bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Implementation of a Quality Improvement Process for Echocardiographic Laboratory Accreditation
Authors: Gilliland Yvonne E. , Lavie Carl J. , Ahmad Homaa , Bernal Jose A. , Cash Michael E. , Dinshaw Homeyar , Milani Richard V. , Shah Sangeeta , Bienvenu Lisa , White Christopher J.
Published: January 2016

We describe our process for quality improvement (QI) for a 3‐year accreditation cycle in echocardiography by the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC) for a large group practice. Echocardiographic laboratory accreditation by the IAC was introduced in 1996, which is not required but could impact reimbursement. To ensure high‐quality patient care and community recognition as a facility committed to providing high‐quality echocardiographic services, we applied for IAC accreditation in 2010. Currently, there is little published data regarding the IAC process to meet echocardiography standards. We describe our approach for developing a multicampus QI process for echocardiographic laboratory accreditation during the 3‐year cycle of accreditation by the IAC. We developed a quarterly review assessing (1) the variability of the interpretations, (2) the quality of the examinations, (3) a correlation of echocardiographic studies with other imaging modalities, (4) the timely completion of reports, (5) procedure volume, (6) maintenance of Continuing Medical Education credits by faculty, and (7) meeting Appropriate Use Criteria. We developed and implemented a multicampus process for QI during the 3‐year accreditation cycle by the IAC for Echocardiography. We documented both the process and the achievement of those metrics by the Echocardiography Laboratories at the Ochsner Medical Institutions. We found the QI process using IAC standards to be a continuous educational experience for our Echocardiography Laboratory physicians and staff. We offer our process as an example and guide for other echocardiography laboratories who wish to apply for such accreditation or reaccreditation.
The Eucalyptus stem canker pathogen Teratosphaeria gauchensis represents distinct genetic groups in Africa and South America
Authors: Jimu L. , Chen S. F. , Wingfield M. J. , Mwenje E. , Roux J.
Published: January 2016

Teratosphaeria gauchensis (Capnodiales) causes a serious stem canker disease on commercially propagated Eucalyptus species in South America. Recently, this pathogen was detected for the first time in Africa. Very little is known regarding the biology or origin of T. gauchensis, but it has been suggested that it is native to South America. The aim of this study was to compare isolates from Africa and South America using microsatellite markers. Bayesian analysis conducted in STRUCTURE, principal coordinates analysis and a UPGMA dendrogram revealed two distinct genetic groups for these isolates. The South American isolates were more genetically diverse than those from Africa. Patterns of genetic diversity in Africa suggest that T. gauchensis could have been introduced into Zimbabwe before spreading north‐eastwards. The existence of the two genetic groups and high haplotype richness associated with the South American and Zimbabwean populations suggest that it will be more difficult to reduce the impact of disease caused by T. gauchensis in these regions than in those areas where there is limited genetic diversity.
Variations in virulence and hyphal growth of four Raffaelea quercivora isolates within Quercus crispula
Authors: Torii M. , Ito M. , Nagao M. , Matsuda Y. , Ito S.
Published: January 2016

Mass mortality of fagaceous trees caused by Japanese oak wilt has occurred widely in Japan. Although virulence of the causal fungus, Raffaelea quercivora, appeared to differ among isolates, its relation to the fungal growth within trees was unknown. To clarify the differences in fungal virulence against susceptible Quercus crispula, we examined fungal growth of four R. quercivora isolates within trees and the resulting virulence. In our study, the isolates were multiple‐inoculated in seedlings and single‐inoculated in twigs of mature trees. In the multiple‐inoculation test, mortality rates were examined by the observation of external symptoms. In the single‐inoculation test, water conductance and hyphal growth within the trees were examined by applying aqueous dyes and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Mortality rates, the proportion of the cross‐sectional area comprising non‐conductive sapwood and horizontal hyphal growth differed significantly among the isolates. Univariate logistic regression analyses showed that both the proportion of non‐conductive sapwood and hyphal growth were significantly positively related to mortality rates. For three isolates, hyphal growth was significantly positively correlated with the proportion of non‐conductive sapwood. These results suggested that the virulence against Q. crispula varies among R. quercivora isolates and that the extent of fungal colonization of the tree determines fungal virulence.
Individual resistance of Fraxinus angustifolia clones to ash dieback
Authors: Hauptman T. , Ogris N. , de Groot M. , Piškur B. , Jurc D.
Published: January 2016

The presumed resistance of individual ash trees to ash dieback caused by invasive pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is an important issue for the maintenance of ash in European forests. All known studies regarding the resistance of ash trees to ash dieback were conducted in plantations and stands of F. excelsior; however, no such data exist for F. angustifolia. Crown damage assessments were performed over four consecutive years between 2009 and 2012 at a F. angustifolia clonal plantation in Hraščica, Slovenia. Inoculation of H. fraxineus into the branches of the most and least damaged clones of F. angustifolia and leaf phenology assessments was performed to verify the presence of defence mechanisms that limit fungal growth or promote disease escape. Additionally, root collars of selected clones were inspected for fungal infections. The crown damage assessments showed considerable differences among F. angustifolia clones, indicating genetic variability in susceptibility to ash dieback. Crown dieback progressed significantly over the 4‐year time period; the mean crown damage of individual clones in 2012 varied between 16.7% and 83.8%. Significant differences among F. angustifolia clones were found in the inoculation trials and leaf phenology assessments. However, defence mechanisms such as early leaf flushing, early leaf shedding and the ability to inhibit pathogen growth in host tissues were not confirmed. High frequency of Armillaria spp. and H. fraxineus root collar infection demonstrated the need for whole tree inspection to determine causal agent of damages on individual ash trees. Armillaria spp. may be highly associated with ash decline epidemiology.
The distribution ofDothistroma septosporumand its mating types in Poland
Authors: Boroń P. , Lenart‐Boroń A. , Mullett M.
Published: January 2016

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB), one of the most dangerous foliar diseases of pines, is the cause of much economic loss in pine plantations worldwide. The threat to pine‐dominated Polish forestry from this disease is therefore very large. However, the impact ofDNBhas not been high mainly due to the planting ofP. sylvestris, a less susceptible native species. Until now,DNBwas recorded in Poland only on highly susceptible exoticP. nigra. The current situation concerning the disease in Poland is described in this article. This disease, caused byDothistroma septosporum, was first recorded in a single location (Domiarki) in southern Poland in 1990. This study reports the occurrence ofD. septosporumin 37 new locations, demonstrating that the disease has now spread across the whole country.Pinus nigraremains the predominant host species in Poland. However, three new hosts for this fungus are reported, that isP. sylvestris,P. mugoandP. ponderosa. The ratio ofD. septosporummating types varies significantly between sites, ranging from an equal proportion of each mating type to single mating type populations. For the oldest known Polish population ofD. septosporum,the mating type ratio has shifted towards equilibrium over time.
Ready to stop: socioeconomic status and the fertility transition in Stockholm, 1878–1926
Authors: MOLITORIS JOSEPH , DRIBE MARTIN
Published: January 2016

The western fertility decline is arguably the most significant demographic change to have occurred in the past 200 years, yet its causes and processes are still shrouded in ambiguity due to a lack of individual‐level longitudinal data. A growing body of research has helped improve our understanding of the decline's causes by examining the development of socioeconomic differences in fertility using historical micro‐data, but these have largely only considered rural areas where fertility was generally slower to decline. This article contributes to the literature by utilizing individual‐level data from the Roteman Database for Stockholm, Sweden between 1878 and 1926 to examine the association of socioeconomic status and fertility and the adoption of stopping behaviour during the city's transition. Using piecewise constant hazard models and logistic regression, we find that a clear class pattern arises in which the elite were early practitioners of fertility control, followed by the working classes. As the transition unfolded, socioeconomic differences in stopping behaviour disappeared and overall fertility differentials were also minimized, both of them being consistent with patterns observed in rural populations. The implications of these findings for major explanations of the decline are discussed in the concluding section.
The effects of asymmetric competition on the life history of Trinidadian guppies
Authors: Bassar Ronald D. , Childs Dylan Z. , Rees Mark , Tuljapurkar Shripad , Reznick David N. , Coulson Tim
Published: January 2016

The effects of asymmetric interactions on population dynamics has been widely investigated, but there has been little work aimed at understanding how life history parameters like generation time, life expectancy and the variance in lifetime reproductive success are impacted by different types of competition. We develop a new framework for incorporating trait‐mediated density‐dependence into size‐structured models and use Trinidadian guppies to show how different types of competitive interactions impact life history parameters. Our results show the degree of symmetry in competitive interactions can have dramatic effects on the speed of the life history. For some vital rates, shifting the competitive superiority from small to large individuals resulted in a doubling of the generation time. Such large influences of competitive symmetry on the timescale of demographic processes, and hence evolution, highlights the interwoven nature of ecological and evolutionary processes and the importance of density‐dependence in understanding eco‐evolutionary dynamics.
A founder mutation p.H701P identified as a major cause of SPG7 in Norway
Authors: Rydning S. L. , Wedding I. M. , Koht J. , Chawla M. , Øye A.‐M. , Sheng Y. , Vigeland M. D. , Selmer K. K. , Tallaksen C. M. E.
Published: January 2016

Background and purpose

SPG7 is one of the most common forms of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia. The phenotype has been shown to be heterogeneous, varying from a complex spastic ataxia to pure spastic paraplegia or pure ataxia. The aim of this study was to clinically and genetically characterize patients with SPG7 in Norway.

Methods

Six Norwegian families with a clinical diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia were diagnosed with SPG7 through Sanger sequencing and whole‐exome sequencing. Haplotypes were established to identify a possible founder mutation. All patients were thoroughly examined and the clinical and molecular findings are described.

Results

The core phenotype was spastic paraparesis with ataxia, bladder disturbances and progressive external ophthalmoplegia. The variant p.H701P was identified in homozygous state in one family and in compound heterozygous state in three families. Haplotype analysis of seven surrounding single nucleotide polymorphisms supports that this variant resides on a founder haplotype. Four of the families were compound heterozygous for the previously well‐described p.A510V variant.

Conclusion

SPG7 is a common subgroup of hereditary spinocerebellar disorders in Norway. The broad phenotype in the Norwegian SPG7 population illustrates the challenges with the traditional dichotomous classification of hereditary spinocerebellar disorders into hereditary spastic paraplegia or hereditary ataxia. A Norwegian founder mutation p.H701P was identified in four out of six families, making it a major cause of SPG7 in Norway.
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids – a volumetric and radiological comparison with multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls
Authors: Granberg T. , Hashim F. , Andersen O. , Sundal C. , Karrenbauer V. D.
Published: January 2016

Background and purpose

Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene mutations, resulting in demyelination and axonal degeneration with spheroids. The clinical expression is variable, including behavioral changes, cognitive impairment, motor symptoms and parkinsonism. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals white matter (WM) changes and atrophy. The indistinct phenotype has led to misdiagnoses. This study's aim was to compare brain volumetry and radiological ratings inHDLSwith multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and controls.

Methods

FiveHDLSpatients with c.2562T>A p.Asn854LysCSF1Rmutation, five age‐ and gender‐matchedMSpatients and five healthy controls were cross‐sectionally studied. All patients were examined neurologically.HDLSpatients underwent Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). BrainMRIscans were analyzed volumetrically with FreeSurfer and Lesion Segmentation Toolbox and neuroradiologically with the brainMRIscoring system forHDLS.

Results

Patients withHDLShad lower brain, grey matter andWMfractions (66.3%; 37.9%; 27.6%) compared with controls (78.5%,P= 0.008; 44.4%,P= 0.008; 32.0%,P= 0.008), but not compared withMSpatients (65.7%,P= 0.7; 36.8%,P= 0.4; 27.3%,P= 0.7). CerebellarWMchanges and atrophy were not seen in theHDLSgroup. TheHDLSlesion volume fraction correlated withMMSEscores (r= −0.90,P= 0.04).

Conclusions

Brain volume fractions inHDLSwere lower than in controls and similar to those seen inMS. The cerebellum was relatively spared inHDLS, which may help in differentiatingHDLS WMchanges fromMS. The strong relationship ofHDLSlesions withMMSEscores indicates that accumulatingWMpathology inHDLSis associated with cognitive decline.
A review of how magnetic resonance imaging can aid in case management of common pathological conditions of the equine foot
Authors: Barrett M. F. , Frisbie D. D. , King M. R. , Werpy N. M. , Kawcak C. E.
Published: January 2016

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a valuable tool for the diagnosis of a multitude of conditions previously grouped into the vague diagnosis of palmar heel pain based on the response to palmar digital nerve diagnostic analgesia. The use of MRI not only determines a specific pathological diagnosis of the numerous structures within the foot but also the findings of the MRI help direct treatment and rehabilitation protocols, as well as providing prognostic information. Common injuries include damage to the navicular apparatus, deep digital flexor tendon, arthropathy of the distal interphalangeal joint and desmopathy of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint. This article reviews common MRI abnormalities in the equine foot and how treatment can be directed by the findings. Medical and surgical treatment options, as well as shoeing and rehabilitation protocols, are also discussed in relation to MRI findings. Using MRI can help create a more individually tailored and case‐specific treatment regimen, which can, in turn, promote a more positive outcome in equine cases.
Nutritional management of recurrent colic and colonic impactions
Authors: House A. M. , Warren L. K.
Published: January 2016

Although diagnosis and treatment of horses with colic have improved in the last 30 years, horses with recurrent colic can be a diagnostic and management challenge for both owners and veterinarians, and colic remains a high priority health concern of owners (Melloret al.). Nutritional management of these cases is often based on previous experience combined with recommendations from the evidence‐based literature. This review will briefly summarise the aetiologies of recurrent colic and primarily focus on evidence‐based nutritional management of colonic impactions, sand enteropathy, inflammatory bowel disease, and idiopathic recurrent colic, which is limited. Additional topics to be covered elsewhere in this series that are relevant to this topic include nutritional management of gastric ulceration, liver disease, colitis, geriatric horses, and feeding the horse pre‐ and post surgery.
Testicular ischaemic necrosis as a cause of equine cryptorchidism
Authors: Gardner A. K. , Santschi E. M. , Aeffner F. , Pigott J. H. , Russell D. S.
Published: January 2016

Cryptorchidism is a fairly common pathology presented to equine surgical facilities with the cryptorchid testicle most commonly located in the abdomen or ipsilateral inguinal canal. The causes of cryptorchidism are not known, but testicular abnormalities have been suggested. Monorchidism as a cause of maldescent of one or both testicles is rare and is hypothesised to be the result of a vascular insult, similar to testicular regression in man. This case report details laparoscopic abdominal exploration of a cryptorchid horse and identification of an abnormal testicular remnant affected by ischaemic necrosis.
Factors associated with long‐term CD4 cell recovery in HIV‐infected patients on successful antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Collazos J , Valle‐Garay E , Carton JA , Montes AH , Suarez‐Zarracina T , De la Fuente B , Asensi V
Published: January 2016

Objectives

The aim of the study was to study the factors associated with immunological recovery in HIV‐infected patients with suppressed viral load.

Methods

Nadir and current CD4 cell counts were recorded in 821 patients, as well as many demographic, epidemiological, lifestyle, clinical, therapeutic, genetic, laboratory, liver fibrosis and viral hepatitis parameters.

Results

The median age of the patients was 44.4 years [interquartile range (IQR) 40.3–48.0 years], the median time since HIV diagnosis was 15.3 years (IQR 10.5–18.9 years), the median time of suppressed viral load was 7.0 years (IQR 4.0–10.0 years) and the median time on the current antiretroviral regimen was 2.8 years (IQR 1.4–4.7 years). The median nadir and current CD4 counts were 193.0 (IQR 84.0–301.0) and 522.0 (IQR 361.0–760) cells/μL, respectively, separated by a median period of 10.2 years (IQR 5.9–12.9 years). The median CD4 count gain during follow‐up was 317.0 (IQR 173.0–508.0) cells/μL. Many variables were associated with CD4 cell gains in univariate analyses, including age, gender, epidemiology, prior clinical conditions, fibrosis stage, transient elastometry, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), nadir CD4 count and hepatitis B and C virus infections and genotypes, as well as the durations of follow‐up since nadir CD4 count, overall antiretroviral treatment, current antiretroviral regimen, protease inhibitor therapy and suppression of viral load. Multivariate analysis revealed that longer duration of HIV suppression (P < 0.0001), more advanced clinical Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stages (P < 0.0001), younger age (P = 0.0003), hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 4 (P = 0.003), sexual acquisition of HIV (P = 0.004), and lower transient elastometry values (P = 0.03) were independent predictors of CD4 cell gains. Overall, the model accounted for 14.2% of the variability in CD4 count.

Conclusions

In addition to the duration of HIV suppression, HIV‐related diseases, HIV epidemiology, age, hepatitis C virus genotypes, and liver fibrosis were independently associated with long‐term immunological recovery.
What Does It Mean to Be a Postcolonial Feminist? The Artwork of Mithu Sen
Authors: Chatterjee Sushmita
Published: January 2016

This article examines what the work of New Delhi‐based artist Mithu Sen brings to thinking about being a postcolonial feminist. Using images from Sen's solo exhibit in New Delhi and New York titledHalf Full(2007), I theorize on the complexities that proliferate when thinking about postcolonial feminism. Sen's images play with “an” identity to showcase the hybrid and mobile configuration of postcolonial subjectivity. Sen's provocative aesthetic urges us to rethink defining a set of conditions or tenets for postcolonial feminism. Rather, her aesthetic politics propels through humor and provides a prism to constantly reimagine postcolonial feminist subjectivity by urging a consideration of maps that intersect and overlap.
Perception of Nepalese dental hygiene and dentistry students towards the dental hygienists profession
Authors: Knevel RJM , Gussy MG , Farmer J , Karimi L
Published: January 2016

Objectives

This study investigates student and stakeholder perceptions of the role of the dental hygienist in Nepal. The impact of these perceptions on the professionalization of dental hygienists is described whilst exploring the consequences for oral health workforce planning.

Methods

Dentistry and dental hygiene students from one dental college in Nepal were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire; 171 students returned the questionnaire containing a mix of forced response and open‐ended items. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS® 22. These data were complemented with qualitative information from survey open questions and from semi‐structured interviews with key informants from several relevant organizations. Qualitative data were manually analysed and coded. Data were triangulated to contextualize quantitative data.

Results

A high level of positive regard for the role of the dental hygienist in Nepal was evident amongst dentistry and dental hygiene students in this college. Both groups believe that the dental hygienist can play a major role in raising oral health awareness in Nepal. The scope of practice of the dental hygienist was unclear with issues surrounding the scope of practice and reports of illegal practice by dental hygienists. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were noted between dental hygiene and dentistry students in relation to their opinion regarding independent practice and the need of supervision by a dentist.

Discussion and conclusion

Supervision of the dental hygienist by dentists and issues surrounding the scope of practice are polarizing the relationship between dentists, dental hygienists and the relevant professional organizations. This could hinder cooperation between these oral health professionals and might lead to underutilization of the dental hygienist. To improve the understanding about the roles of each oral health professional, establishing functional relationships and intraprofessional education involving dentistry and dental hygiene students needs to be introduced. This will benefit the introduction of preventative oral health services in Nepal. Government jobs and incentives to increase the retention and distribution of oral health professionals should be created. The government and professional organizations need to consider professionalizing the dental hygiene workforce and formalize the scope of practice. The unique demographic details of Nepal require a paradigm shift in oral health workforce management in Nepal.
Quick benefits of interval training versus continuous training on bone: a dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry comparative study
Authors: Boudenot Arnaud , Maurel Delphine B. , Pallu Stéphane , Ingrand Isabelle , Boisseau Nathalie , Jaffré Christelle , Portier Hugues
Published: January 2016

To delay age‐related bone loss, physical activity is recommended during growth. However, it is unknown whether interval training is more efficient than continuous training to increase bone mass both quickly and to a greater extent. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a 10‐week interval training regime with a 14‐week continuous training regime on bone mineral density (BMD). Forty‐four male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were separated into four groups: control for 10 weeks (C10), control for 14 weeks (C14), moderate interval training for 10 weeks (IT) and moderate continuous training for 14 weeks (CT). Rats were exercised 1 h/day, 5 day/week. Body composition and BMD of the whole body and femur respectively were assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry at baseline and after training to determine raw gain and weight‐normalized BMD gain. Both trained groups had lower weight and fat mass gain when compared to controls. Both trained groups gained more BMD compared to controls when normalized to body weight. Using a 30% shorter training period, the IT group showed more than 20% higher whole body and femur BMD gains compared to the CT. Our data suggest that moderate IT was able to produce faster bone adaptations than moderate CT.
Lichen scrofulosorum and endometrial tuberculosis: a novel association
Authors: Singal Archana , Pandhi Deepika
Published: January 2016

Background

Lichen scrofulosorum (LS) is a rare tuberculid with an underlying systemic focus of tuberculosis (Tb) detected in majority of cases. The associated Tb foci reported in literature include pulmonary, lymph node, intracranial, abdominal, and cutaneous Tb. We report two women who presented with LS and infertility due to endometrial Tb; an association hitherto undescribed.

Case report

Case 1: A 24‐year‐old woman presented with asymptomatic grouped papules of LS over the trunk associated with secondary infertility. Endometrial biopsy was suggestive of endometrial Tb, and PCR was positive for M. tuberculosis. The skin lesions resolved after 3 months of anti‐tubercular therapy (ATT). Case 2: A 27‐year‐old woman presented with erythematous, grouped, perifollicular papules over the trunk 5 weeks after starting ATT for endometrial Tb that was diagnosed during work up for primary infertility. A skin biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of LS, and lesions resolved with continuation of ATT for 10 weeks.

Conclusion

LS can mimic several dermatologic diseases, and a high index of suspicion is required for the diagnosis and initiation of investigations to detect the underlying Tb focus. A good obstetric history in females will aid in early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate therapy.
Herman Bavinck on the Image of God and Original Sin
Authors: Sutanto Nathaniel
Published: January 2016

The organic motif is Bavinck's preferred means to communicate creation's triune shape. An archetypal unity‐in‐diversity in the Godhead implies that creation displays an ectypal unity‐in‐diversity. This article argues that Bavinck's organic ontology provides him with a theological rationale for a doctrine of original sin in which the covenant headship of Adam reflects the organic character of humanity in unity and diversity. Thus, the transmission of original guilt on account of Adam's trespass is not a mere special ordinance by an inscrutable divine will, but an expression of humanity's organic shape. The article concludes by drawing some implications of Bavinck's construction for current discussion concerning original sin.
Efficacy of Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: GUHL EMILY N. , SIDDOWAY DONALD , ADELSTEIN EVAN , VOIGT ANDREW , SABA SAMIR , JAIN SANDEEP K.
Published: January 2016

Cryoballoon Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction

Cryoballoon PVI has emerged as an alternative to radiofrequency PVI for the treatment of paroxysmal AF. The optimal strategy for patients with persistent AF is unclear as data are limited.

Methods

We analyzed a prospective registry of consecutive patients with persistent AF who underwent Cryoballoon PVI at a single center between 2011 and 2014. Patients were assessed for atrial arrhythmia recurrence after a 3‐month blanking period at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postprocedure. Recurrence was based on typical symptoms, ECG, or event monitor evidence of AF. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to estimate arrhythmia‐free survival.

Results

Final analysis included 69 patients who underwent Cryoballoon PVI with a mean age 59.4 ± 8.1 years, 85.5% male, 53.6% HTN patients, CHA2DS2‐VASC score 1.6 ± 1.2, and LA size 4.5 ± 0.6 cm. The single procedure atrial arrhythmia recurrence‐free rate at 1‐year postprocedure after a 3‐month blanking period was 59% and 50% at a mean follow‐up of 607 days. Of the recurrence‐free group, 17% were taking previously ineffective antiarrhythmic medications. In comparing patients with persistent AF duration <1 year versus >1 year, there was a trend toward greater AF recurrence‐free rates in the <1 year group (66% vs. 55%, P = 0.09).

Conclusion

Cryoballoon PVI appears to be an effective initial strategy in treating persistent AF, with an AF recurrence‐free rate of 59% at 1 year.
RUNX3 is down‐regulated in glioma by Myc‐regulated miR‐4295
Authors: Li Xinxing , Zheng Jihui , Diao Hongyu , Liu Yunhui
Published: January 2016

MicroRNAs are increasingly reported as tumour suppressors that regulate gene expression after transcription. Our results demonstrated that miR‐4295 is overexpression in glioma tissues and its level is significantly correlated with clinical stage. We also found that miR‐4295 inhibited the cell G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis leading to promoted cell proliferation and activity. The murine modelling study revealed that female nude mice injected with U87/anti‐miR‐4295 exhibit subcutaneous tumours in the right groin. Compared with anti‐NC, the tumour volume was significantly decreased in anti‐miR‐4295 treatment group. Furthermore, we confirmed miR‐4295 mediates the expression of RUNX3 by targeting its 3′untranslation region. In addition, N‐myc protein also could bind to the promoter of pri‐miR‐4295 and inhibit the expression of RUNX3 in glioma cells. These results validate a pathogenetic role of a miR‐4295 in gliomas and establish a potentially regulatory and signalling pathway involving N‐myc/miR‐4295/RUNX3 in gliomas.
Alpha fetoprotein plays a critical role in promoting metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Lu Yan , Zhu Mingyue , Li Wei , Lin Bo , Dong Xu , Chen Yi , Xie Xieju , Guo Junli , Li Mengsen
Published: January 2016

A high level of serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is positively associated with human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) carcinogenesis and metastasis; however, the function of AFP in HCC metastasis is unknown. This study has explored the effects of AFP on regulating metastatic and invasive capacity of human HCC cells. Forty‐seven clinical patients' liver samples were collected and diagnosed; HCC cells line, Bel 7402 cells (AFP‐producing) and liver cancer cell line cells (non‐AFP‐producing) were selected to analyse the role of AFP in the metastasis of HCC cells. The results indicated that high serum concentration of AFP was positively correlated with HCC intrahepatic, lymph nodes and lung metastasis. Repressed expression of AFP significantly inhibited the capability of migration and invasion of Bel 7402 cells, expression of keratin 19 (K19), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 (MMP2/9) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) were also down‐regulated in Bel 7402 cells; migration and invasion, expression of K19, EpCAM, MMP2/9 and CXCR4 were significantly enhanced when HLE cells were transfected with AFP‐expressed vector. The results demonstrated that AFP plays a critical role in promoting metastasis of HCC; AFP promoted HCC cell invasion and metastasis via up‐regulating expression of metastasis‐related proteins. Thus, AFP may be used as a novel therapeutic target for treating HCC patients.
MicroRNA‐503 promotes angiotensin II‐induced cardiac fibrosis by targeting Apelin‐13
Authors: Zhou Yuhong , Deng Lin , Zhao Dandan , Chen Lanlan , Yao Zhen , Guo Xiaowei , Liu Xue , Lv Lifang , Leng Bing , Xu Wei , Qiao Guofen , Shan Hongli
Published: January 2016

Cardiac fibrosis is a major cause of heart failure. MicroRNAs (miRs) are important epigenetic regulators of cardiac function and cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac fibrosis. This study aimed to explore the role of miR‐503 and its mechanisms in regulating cardiac fibrosis. miR‐503 was found up‐regulated in the mouse LV tissues subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and in neonatal cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) cultured with Angiotension II. The role of miR‐503 in regulating CF cell proliferation and/or collagen production in mice neonatal CFs were determined using an MTT assay and RT‐PCR respectively. Forced expression of miR‐503 increased the cellular proliferation and collagen production in mice neonatal CFs. The effects were abrogated by cotransfection with AMO‐503 (a specific inhibitor of miR‐503). Injection of antagomiR‐503 elevated cardiac function and inhibited the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β in the TAC mice. Additional analysis revealed that Apelin‐13 is a direct target of miR‐503, as the overexpression of miR‐503 decreased the protein and mRNA expression levels of Apelin‐13. In the CFs with pre‐treatment of AngII, we transfected AMO‐503 into the cells treated with siRNA‐APLN. siRNA‐APLN abolished the effects of AMO‐503 on the production of collagen I and III and the expression of TGF‐β and CTGF. Furthermore, pre‐treatment of CFs with Apelin‐13 (1–100 nmol/l) inhibited angiotensin II‐mediated collagen production and activation of CTGF and TGF‐β. So we conclude that miR‐503 promotes cardiac fibrosis via miR‐503‐Apelin‐13‐TGF‐β‐CTGF‐collagen production pathway. Thus, miR‐503 is a promising therapeutic target for reducing cardiac fibrosis.
Magnetic Bead‐Based Immunoassay Coupled with Tyramide Signal Amplification for Detection of Salmonella in Foods
Authors: Herzig Gene P. D. , Aydin Muhsin , Dunigan Samantha , Shah Parth , Jeong Kwang Cheol , Park Si Hong , Ricke Steven C. , Ahn Soohyoun
Published: January 2016

Salmonella is the leading cause of bacteria‐associated foodborne illnesses in the United States. Early detection of this pathogen by a rapid and sensitive assay is important to prevent salmonellosis. In this study, we describe a magnetic bead‐based immunoassay for detection of Salmonella consisting of immunomagnetic separation for simple target concentration with tyramide signal amplification to increase the assay sensitivity. The developed immunoassay was able to detect Salmonella Typhimurium in culture with the detection limit of 280 CFU/mL in less than 3 h without any enrichment and further decreased to 70 CFU/mL with 3 h enrichment. When tested with ground beef and poultry samples artificially contaminated with S. Typhimurium and Enteritidis, the assay showed increased detection limits with 800 and 200 CFU/mL, respectively, due to the effect of complex food matrices. However, when 12 h enrichment was added, the detection limits in both food matrices decreased to 1 CFU.

Practical Applications

This study demonstrated that using immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and tyramide signal amplification can enhance sensitivity and specificity for the detection of Salmonella in food samples. The developed assay has great potential as a simple monitoring system for foodborne pathogens in food samples, which can improve food safety and public health. The results were also compared with sandwich type enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which showed the developed assay is approximately 50 times more sensitive than enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.
Modeling Growth of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Single Cells with Temperature Shifts
Authors: Wang Xin , Dong Qingli , Liu Yangtai , Shi Yujiao , Song Xiaoyu , Liu Qing
Published: January 2016

In this article, a single‐cell growth and imaging system was used to study how the growth of single cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was affected by temperature shifts. An individual‐based modeling was conducted to predict the growth of bacterial single cells. We found that shifts to lower temperatures lengthened the division times of P. aeruginosa single cells, whereas shifts to higher temperature caused a rapid shortening of the division times. The coefficient of variation of the division time decreased as the magnitude of the temperature shifts increased which suggested that the variability of the growth of single P. aeruginosa cells was increased with bigger temperature shifts. Furthermore, the individual‐based modeling proposed in this study turned out to be a useful way for predicting the stochastic growth of single bacterial cells under nonconstant temperature conditions.

Practical Applications

It was deduced that studying the microbial dynamics at the single cell level, which take into account the growth viability and uncertainty of bacterial single cells, could help to establish a more reliable set of microbe‐influenced food shelf life and food safety criteria.
Effects of Conventional and High‐Oleic Peanut Medium on Extracellular Enzyme Production and Mycelial Growth of Aspergillus Flavus
Authors: Zorzete Patricia , Oliveira Rodrigo Cardoso , Corrêa Benedito
Published: January 2016

The search for improved quality and preservation of peanuts has led to the use of cultivars known as high‐oleic peanuts (HOPs). In addition to being highly productive, these peanut cultivars are characterized by their high oleic acid content, improving durability and flavor stability and increasing resistance to fungal contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological changes that occur in 10 strains of Aspergillus flavus when inoculated into culture media containing conventional and HOPs. For this purpose, the production of 19 extracellular enzymes was evaluated using the API‐ZYM kit. Additionally, the mycelial growth rate was determined. The results showed a qualitative and quantitative reduction in extracellular enzyme production in isolates grown on HOP medium, as well as a decrease in the mycelial growth rate and speed. It can be suggested that the high concentration of oleic acid in the peanuts cultivars contributes to the prevention or reduction of infection and growth of A. flavus.

Practical Aplications

The reducing effect of high‐oleic peanut (HOP) medium on the growth and extracellular enzyme production of Aspergillus flavus observed in this in vitro study suggests that HOP cultivars may be an effective and low‐cost tool for reducing growth of A. flavus in peanut kernels.
Physicians' recognition of death in the foreseeable future in patients with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Vrijmoeth C. , Christians M. G. M. , Festen D. A. M. , Groot M. , Tonino M. , Echteld M. A.
Published: January 2016

Background

Physicians are increasingly confronted with people with intellectual disabilities (ID) who are facing life‐threatening diseases. We aimed to explore when and based on which information sources and signals physicians recognised that a patient with ID would die in the foreseeable future. Insights may help in identifying patients in need of palliative care.

Method

In this study, 81 physicians for people with ID and 16 general practitioners completed a retrospective survey about their last case of a patient with ID with a non‐sudden death.

Results

More than 20% of all physicians foresaw death not until the last week of life. In 30% of all patients, the physician did not discuss the start of the palliative care phase until the last week. The most reported information sources based on which physicians foresaw death were the physicians themselves and professional caregivers. We found 40 different signals that lead to physicians' foreseeing death. These were not only medical signals but also behavioural and physical signals.

Conclusions

Results indicate that the physicians' ability to foresee death is a result of a process of growing awareness in which multiple signals from different information sources converge. This demands continuous multi‐disciplinary communication because people involved have their own unique interactions with the patient and can therefore contribute to a growing and timely awareness of patients' death in the future.
A proposed dosing algorithm for the individualized dosing of human immunoglobulin in chronic inflammatory neuropathies
Authors: Lunn Michael P. , Ellis Lauren , Hadden Robert D. , Rajabally Yusuf A. , Winer John B. , Reilly Mary M.
Published: January 2016

Dosing guidelines for immunoglobulin (Ig) treatment in neurological disorders do not consider variations in Ig half‐life or between patients. Individualization of therapy could optimize clinical outcomes and help control costs. We developed an algorithm to optimize Ig dose based on patient's response and present this here as an example of how dosing might be individualized in a pharmacokinetically rational way and how this achieves potential dose and cost savings. Patients are “normalized” with no more than two initial doses of 2 g/kg, identifying responders. A third dose is not administered until the patient's condition deteriorates, allowing a “dose interval” to be set. The dose is then reduced until relapse allowing dose optimization. Using this algorithm, we have individualized Ig doses for 71 chronic inflammatory neuropathy patients. The majority of patients had chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (n = 39) or multifocal motor neuropathy (n = 24). The mean (standard deviation) dose of Ig administered was 1.4 (0.6) g/kg, with a mean dosing interval of 4.3 weeks (median 4 weeks, range 0.5–10). Use of our standardized algorithm has allowed us to quickly optimize Ig dosing.
A World beyond Family: How External Factors Impact the Level of Materialism in Children
Authors: Dávila Juan Francisco , Casabayó Mònica , Singh Jatinder Jit
Published: January 2016

This article explores and puts together eight important factors influencing materialism in children aged 8–12 years using a large sample from Spain. An analysis of the relationship of this set of factors with children's materialism using structural equation modeling is provided as well. Results suggest that external influences are more important for Spanish children than family influences. Finally, the article provides a road map for practitioners as well as government agencies, and suggestions for further research.
In vitro and clinical evaluation of SIG1273: a cosmetic functional ingredient with a broad spectrum of anti‐aging and antioxidant activities
Authors: Fernández José R. , Rouzard Karl , Voronkov Michael , Huber Kristen L. , Webb Corey , Stock Jeffry B. , Stock Maxwell , Gordon Joel S. , Pérez Eduardo
Published: January 2016

Background

Isoprenylcysteine (IPC) small molecules were identified as a new class of anti‐inflammatory compounds over 20 years ago. Since then, they have been developed as novel cosmetic functional ingredients (CFI) and topical drug candidates. SIG1273 is a second generation CFI that has previously been shown to provide a broad spectrum of benefits for the skin through its anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

Objective

To determine whether SIG1273 possesses anti‐aging properties in vitro and evaluate the tolerability and activity of SIG1273 when applied topically to human subjects.

Methods

To model photoaging in vitro, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were exposed in culture to UVA to induce collagenase (MMP‐1) production. An in vitro wound‐healing model was based on the activation of HDF migration into cell‐free tissue culture surface. Hydrogen peroxide‐induced oxidative stress was performed using HDFs to measure intracellular ROS activity. Radical scavenging capacity was determined using a colorimetric antioxidant assay kit (ABTS method). Lastly, a 4‐week, 29‐subject study was performed in which SIG1273 was applied topically as a cream to assess its tolerance and activity in reducing the appearance of aging.

Results

In vitro studies demonstrate SIG1273 inhibits UVA‐induced MMP‐1 production, hydrogen peroxide‐induced oxidative stress and promotes wound healing. Moreover, SIG1273 was shown to be a radical scavenging antioxidant. Clinical assessment of SIG1273 cream (0.25%) showed it was well tolerated with significant improvement in the appearance of fine lines, coarse wrinkles, radiance/luminosity, pore size, texture/smoothness, hydration and increased firmness.

Conclusions

SIG1273 represents a novel CFI with antioxidant, anti‐aging, and anti‐inflammatory properties that when applied topically is well tolerated and provides benefits to individuals with aging skin.
Melatonin's protective effect on the salivary gland against ionized radiation damage in rats
Authors: Cakmak Karaer Isil , Simsek Gokce , Yildiz Azibe , Vardi Nigar , Polat Alaadin , Tanbek Kevser , Gurocak Simay , Parlakpinar Hakan
Published: January 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of melatonin on ionized radiation‐induced salivary gland damage using an experimental model.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐two rats were randomized into four groups: (i) the control group (C, n = 8) that received intraperitoneal (i.p.) 0.9% NaCl; (ii) the melatonin group (M, n = 8) that received i.p. 5 mg/kg melatonin; (iii) the radiotherapy group (RT, n = 8) that underwent irradiation; (iv) the melatonin plus radiotherapy group (M+RT, n = 8) that received i.p. 5 mg/kg of melatonin, followed by irradiation 30 min later; and (v) the radiotherapy plus melatonin group (RT+M, n = 8) that received irradiation followed by i.p. 5 mg/kg of melatonin 30 min later. The medications and irradiation were administered for 5 days and the salivary glands of the rats were excised 10 days later; the histopathological changes in the salivary glands were assessed and biochemical analyses were conducted (tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI)).

Results

Regardless of whether melatonin was administered before or after radiotherapy, melatonin decreased the radiation‐induced parotid and submandibular histological damage. In addition, regardless of whether administration occurred before or after radiotherapy, melatonin decreased oxidative stress markers, such as MDA, TOS, and OSI. On the contrary, levels of antioxidative markers, such as CAT and GPx, were increased by melatonin.

Conclusions

Melatonin may have a significant protective effect on salivary gland damage secondary to ionizing radiation.