bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Sardinian Flora against Cutibacterium (Formerly Propionibacterium) acnes and Its Enhancement by Chitosan
Authors: Juliano Claudia , Marchetti Mauro , Pisu Maria Luisa , Usai Marianna
Published: September 2018

The in vitro antibacterial activity of some essential oils from Sardinian flora, both alone and in combination with chitosan, was investigated against a strain of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterium involved in pathogenesis of acne. The composition of the essential oils was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results of this investigation demonstrated that some of the oils examined, characterised by different chemical profiles, possessed some activity against C. acnes. Interestingly, this antibacterial effect was enhanced by sub-inhibitory concentrations of chitosan. These observations suggest the potential application of this synergy in the development of innovative topical formulations useful in the management of acne.
Assessing the Role of Family Structure in Racial/Ethnic Residential Isolation
Authors: Wynn Colleen E. , Friedman Samantha
Published: September 2018

Fifty years after the passage of the Fair Housing Act, racial/ethnic residential segregation and discrimination persist in the housing market. In 2018, the National Fair Housing Alliance reported that the third and fifth largest discrimination complaints are made on the bases of familial status and sex, respectively. However, housing research has largely ignored how family structure may shape patterns of racial/ethnic residential segregation. By assessing residential isolation, our analyses add to the small body of literature exploring racial/ethnic segregation by family structure using data from the 1990–2010 decennial censuses and the 2006–2010 American Community Survey (ACS) drawn from the Neighborhood Change Database (NCDB) and the National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS). Our results reveal that white, married-couple families experience the greatest levels of residential isolation, net of controls for relevant socioeconomic and demographic factors. In addition, our within racial/ethnic group analyses indicate that black, female-headed families experience significantly more isolation than their married-couple counterparts, while the reverse is true for Hispanic and white families. Our results provide support for the tenets of the place stratification model and suggest researchers should consider family structure when assessing racial/ethnic residential segregation as race/ethnicity and family structure interact to shape housing outcomes in metropolitan America.
Sport Courage, Worry and Fear in Relation to Success of Alpine Ski Learning
Authors: Cigrovski Vjekoslav , Radman Ivan , Konter Erkut , Očić Mateja , Ružić Lana
Published: September 2018

(1) Background: Individuals’ psychological traits can influence not just success in sport but also the ability to learn new motor skills. We investigated whether sport courage, worry and fear differ between alpine ski-naive and basic level skiers and how they affect ski learning. (2): A total of 337 students (249 ski-naive and 88 basic level) participated in research consisting of a four-part questionnaire and structured skiing program. (3) Results: For beginners, lower fear (r = −0.30, p < 0.01) and higher Self-efficiency (r = 0.28, p < 0.05) and mastery (r = 0.20, p < 0.01) were associated with better performance; reducing fear and increasing self-efficiency and worry increased performance. Experienced skiers were better in determination, mastery, and self-efficiency (all p < 0.05). In case of lower score in worry (r = −0.28, p < 0.01) and higher in self-efficiency (r = 0.22, p < 0.05) performance was better. Males scored higher in sport courage scale-31 (all p < 0.05). In particular, self-efficiency was associated with better (r = 0.39, p < 0.01), and higher fear with poorer performance (r = −0.33, p < 0.01). Moreover, self-efficiency was a predictor of ski success (p < 0.001). On the other hand, females like ski beginners scored higher in fear (p < 0.001). In females, determination, mastery and self-efficiency had a positive correlation with skiing (r = 0.21, p < 0.05, r = 0.28, p < 0.01, and r = 0.33, p < 0.01, respectively), while association between Fear and skiing (r = −0.46, p < 0.01) was negative, and fear (p < 0.001) was inversely related to success. (4): Conclusions: Psychological factors and gender differences need to be considered during learning phases of alpine skiing. There is a positive association between self-efficiency and performance of male ski beginners, and negative association between fear and achieved results in basic alpine ski school in case of female ski beginners.
Visitors’ Attitudes towards Bicycle Use in the Teide National Park
Authors: González Rosa Marina , Román Concepción , Marrero Ángel Simón
Published: September 2018

Few studies have examined visitor preferences with regard to public bike-sharing inside national parks. Here, we present a case study of the Teide National Park (TNP), the most visited national park in Spain. The TNP is a clear example of a natural site suffering the effects of mass tourism, largely due to the fact that 70% of visitors access the TNP by car. This puts the park’s sustainability under considerable pressure, may well affect visitor enjoyment, and highlights the need to implement alternative transportation systems. The main aim of this paper is to assess the attitudes of visitors to the TNP towards the implementation of a public bike-sharing system. To do so, we combine information on revealed and stated preferences and estimate ordered logit models to establish the determinants of the propensity to choose the bicycle to move around the park. Our findings suggest that the bicycle has potential as a means of transport in this setting. The results have implications for the design of mobility management measures aiming to increase visit quality and reduce the negative externalities associated with mobility patterns in national parks.
Cryptanalysis and Improvement on an Image Encryption Algorithm Design Using a Novel Chaos Based S-Box
Authors: Zhu Congxu , Wang Guojun , Sun Kehui
Published: September 2018

This article performs the cryptanalysis of an image encryption algorithm using an S-box generated by chaos. The algorithm has the advantages of simple structure, high encryption efficiency, and good encryption performance. However, an attentive investigation reveals that it has some undiscovered security flaws. The image cryptosystem is totally breakable under proposed chosen-plaintext attack, and only two chosen plain-images are required. An array equivalent to the S-box is constructed by an elaborately designed chosen-plaintext image, and the cipher-image is deciphered without having to know the S-box itself. Both mathematical deduction and experimental results validate the feasibility of the attacking scheme. Furthermore, an improved encryption scheme is proposed, in which a feedback mechanism is introduced, a bidirectional diffusion scheme is designed, and values of the ciphertext are associated with more parameters in each diffusion process. Testing results and security analysis verify that the improved cryptographic system can achieve a higher security level and has a better performance than some of the latest encryption algorithms.
Extended Targeted and Non-Targeted Strategies for the Analysis of Marine Toxins in Mussels and Oysters by (LC-HRMS)
Authors: Dom Inès , Biré Ronel , Hort Vincent , Lavison-Bompard Gwenaëlle , Nicolas Marina , Guérin Thierry
Published: September 2018

When considering the geographical expansion of marine toxins, the emergence of new toxins and the associated risk for human health, there is urgent need for versatile and efficient analytical methods that are able to detect a range, as wide as possible, of known or emerging toxins. Current detection methods for marine toxins rely on a priori defined target lists of toxins and are generally inappropriate for the detection and identification of emerging compounds. The authors describe the implementation of a recent approach for the non-targeted analysis of marine toxins in shellfish with a focus on a comprehensive workflow for the acquisition and treatment of the data generated after liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis. First, the study was carried out in targeted mode to assess the performance of the method for known toxins with an extended range of polarities, including lipophilic toxins (okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, azaspiracids, pectenotoxins, yessotoxins, cyclic imines, brevetoxins) and domoic acid. The targeted method, assessed for 14 toxins, shows good performance both in mussel and oyster extracts. The non-target potential of the method was then challenged via suspects and without a priori screening by blind analyzing mussel and oyster samples spiked with marine toxins. The data processing was optimized and successfully identified the toxins that were spiked in the blind samples.
Proteogenomic Identification of a Novel Protein-Encoding Gene in Bovine Herpesvirus 1 That Is Expressed during Productive Infection
Authors: Jefferson Victoria A. , Barber Kaley A. , El-mayet Fouad S. , Jones Clinton , Nanduri Bindu , Meyer Florencia
Published: September 2018

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is one of several microbes that contributes to the development of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and can also induce abortions in cattle. As other alpha-herpesvirinae subfamily members, BoHV-1 efficiently replicates in many cell types and subsequently establishes a life-long latent infection in sensory neurons. BoHV-1 encodes more than 70 proteins that are expressed in a well-defined manner during productive infection. However, in silico open reading frame (ORF) prediction of the BoHV-1 genome suggests that the virus may encode more than one hundred proteins. In this study we used mass spectrometry followed by proteogenomic mapping to reveal the existence of 92 peptides that map to previously un-annotated regions of the viral genome. Twenty-one of the newly termed “intergenic peptides” were predicted to have a viable ORF around them. Twelve of these produced an mRNA transcript as demonstrated by strand-specific RT-PCR. We further characterized the 5′ and 3′ termini of one mRNA transcript, ORF-A, and detected a 55 kDa protein produced during active infection using a custom-synthesized antibody. We conclude that the coding potential of BoHV-1 is underestimated.
Influence of Land and Water Rights on Land Degradation in Central Asia
Authors: Strikeleva Ekaterina , Abdullaev Iskandar , Reznikova Tais
Published: September 2018

Land degradation is a key issue for Central Asia as an agrarian region. Land degradation in Central Asia is usually seen as a technological challenge and corresponding solutions are associated with the improvement of land-use technology. However, the reality is more complicated and multi-faceted. Institutional aspects of land degradation in the region are more prominent and yet unnoticed. De-linked water and land rights, increased land production functions, water infrastructure degradation, a lack of water-use monitoring, and a lack of knowledge among water users constitute the major institutional aspects of land degradation in Central Asia. This paper looks at the linkages between water and land rights and the main aspects of land degradation. The research was built on a literature review, including internationally funded project reports and in-house investigations.
Soil Moisture, Grass Production and Mesquite Resprout Architecture Following Mesquite Above-Ground Mortality
Authors: Ansley R. James , Zhang Tian , Cooper Caitlyn
Published: September 2018

Honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) is an invasive native woody plant in the southern Great Plains, USA. Treatments used to slow the invasion rate have either killed the plant (“root-kill”) or killed above-ground tissue (“top-kill”). Top-killing provides temporary suppression, but stimulates multi-stemmed regrowth. This study from north central Texas quantified soil moisture, grass production and mesquite resprout architecture following a mechanical clearing treatment that top-killed mesquite (cleared) compared to untreated mesquite woodland (woodland) over a 10-year period. During an extreme drought at 5 and 6 years post-clearing, soil moisture at 60-cm depth became lower in cleared than in woodland, suggesting that, as early as 5 years after top-kill, water use by regrowth mesquite could be greater than that by woodland mesquite. Perennial grass production was greater in cleared treatments than in woodland treatments in all years except the extreme drought years. Mesquite regrowth biomass increased numerically each year and was independent of annual precipitation with one exception. During the year 5 and 6 drought, mesquite stopped lateral expansion of larger stems and increased growth of smaller stems and twigs. In summary, top-killing mesquite generated short-term benefits of increased grass production, but regrowth created potentially negative consequences related to soil moisture.
Describing and Visualizing a Water–Energy–Food Nexus System
Authors: Endo Aiko , Kumazawa Terukazu , Kimura Michinori , Yamada Makoto , Kato Takaaki , Kozaki Kouji
Published: September 2018

The objective of this study is to describe a target water–energy–food (WEF) nexus domain world including causal linkages and trade-off relationships between WEF resources and their stakeholders, and to develop a WEF nexus system map as an interdisciplinary tool used for understanding the subsequent complexity of WEF nexus systems. An ontology engineering method, which is a qualitative method, was applied for the replicability of the WEF nexus domain ontology and the map, because ontology engineering is a method of semantic web development for enhancing the compatibility of qualitative descriptions logically or objectively. The WEF nexus system map has three underlying concepts: (1) systems thinking, (2) holistic thinking, and (3) an integrated approach at an operational level, according to the hypothesis that the chains of changes in linkages between water, energy, and food resources holistically and systemically affect the WEF nexus system, including natural and social systems, both temporally and spatially. This study is significant because it allows us to (1) develop the WEF nexus domain ontology database, including defining the concepts and sub-concepts of trade-offs relating to WEF for the replicability of this study; (2) integrate the qualitative ontology method and quantitative network analysis method to identify key concepts serving as linkage hubs in the WEF nexus domain ontology; and (3) visualize human–nature interactions such as linkages between water, energy, and food resources and their stakeholders in social and natural systems. This paper also discusses future challenges in the application of the map for a science–policy–society interface.
Water Quality as an Indicator of Stream Restoration Effects—A Case Study of the Kwacza River Restoration Project
Authors: Mrozińska Natalia , Glińska-Lewczuk Katarzyna , Burandt Paweł , Kobus Szymon , Gotkiewicz Wojciech , Szymańska Monika , Bąkowska Martyna , Obolewski Krystian
Published: September 2018

River restoration projects rely on environmental engineering solutions to improve the health of riparian ecosystems and restore their natural characteristics. The Kwacza River, the left tributary of the Słupia River in northern Poland, and the recipient of nutrients from an agriculturally used catchment area, was restored in 2007. The ecological status of the river’s biotope was improved with the use of various hydraulic structures, including palisades, groynes and stone islands, by protecting the banks with trunks, exposing a fragment of the river channel, and building a by-pass near a defunct culvert. The effects of restoration treatments were evaluated by comparing the physicochemical parameters of river water along the 2.5 km restored section between the source and the mouth to the Słupia, before restoration and 6 years after hydrotechnical treatments. A total of 18 physicochemical parameters were analyzed at 10 cross-sections along the river. The greatest changes were observed in the concentrations of NO3−-N and NH4+-N, which decreased by 70% and 50%, respectively. Dissolved oxygen concentration increased by 65%. Chloride values increased by 44%, and chlorophyll-a concentration increased by 30% after the project. The cut-off channel (by-pass), semi-palisades, and single groynes were the treatments that contributed most to water quality improvement. The results of this study indicate that river restoration projects can substantially reduce nitrogen pollution, which is particularly important in agricultural areas. Such measures can effectively reinstate natural conditions in river ecosystems. Hydrochemical monitoring is required to control the parameters of restored rivers.
Optimal Operation of Cascade Reservoirs for Flood Control of Multiple Areas Downstream: A Case Study in the Upper Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Zhou Chao , Sun Na , Chen Lu , Ding Yi , Zhou Jianzhong , Zha Gang , Luo Guanglei , Dai Ling , Yang Xin
Published: September 2018

The purpose of a flood control reservoir operation is to prevent flood damage downstream of the reservoir and the safety of the reservoir itself. When a single reservoir cannot provide enough storage capacity for certain flood control points downstream, cascade reservoirs should be operated together to protect these areas from flooding. In this study, for efficient use of the reservoir storage, an optimal flood control operation model of cascade reservoirs for certain flood control points downstream was proposed. In the proposed model, the upstream reservoirs with the optimal operation strategy were considered to reduce the inflow of the reservoir downstream. For a large river basin, the flood routing and time-lag cannot be neglected. So, dynamic programming (DP) combined with the progressive optimality algorithm (POA) method, DP-POA, was proposed. Thus, the innovation of this study is to propose a two-stage optimal reservoir operation model with a DP-POA algorithm to solve the problem of optimal co-operation of cascade reservoirs for multiple flood control points downstream during the flood season. The upper Yangtze River was selected as a case study. Three reservoirs from upstream to downstream, Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba and the Three Gorges reservoirs (TGR) in the upper Yangtze River, were taken into account. Results demonstrate that the two-stage optimization algorithm has a good performance in solving the cascade reservoirs optimization problem, because the inflow of reservoir downstream and the division volumes were largely reduced. After the optimal operation of Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba reservoirs, the average reduction of flood peak for all these 13 typical flood hydrographs (TFHs) is 13.6%. Meanwhile, the cascade reservoirs can also store much more storm water during a flood event, and the maximum volumes stored in those two reservoirs upstream in this study can reach 25.2 billion m3 during a flood event. Comprising the proposed method with the current operation method, results demonstrate that the flood diversion volumes at the flood control points along the river decrease significantly.
Evaporation from (Blue-)Green Roofs: Assessing the Benefits of a Storage and Capillary Irrigation System Based on Measurements and Modeling
Authors: Cirkel Dirk , Voortman Bernard , Van Veen Thijs , Bartholomeus Ruud
Published: September 2018

Worldwide cities are facing increasing temperatures due to climate change and increasing urban density. Green roofs are promoted as a climate adaptation measure to lower air temperatures and improve comfort in urban areas, especially during intensive dry and warm spells. However, there is much debate on the effectiveness of this measure, because of a lack of fundamental knowledge about evaporation from different green roof systems. In this study, we investigate the water and energy balance of different roof types on a rooftop in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Based on lysimeter measurements and modeling, we compared the water and energy balance of a conventional green roof with blue-green roofs equipped with a novel storage and capillary irrigation system. The roofs were covered either with Sedum or by grasses and herbs. Our measurements and modeling showed that conventional green roof systems (i.e., a Sedum cover and a few centimeters of substrate) have a low evaporation rate and due to a rapid decline in available moisture, a minor cooling effect. Roofs equipped with a storage and capillary irrigation system showed a remarkably large evaporation rate for Sedum species behaving as C3 plants during hot, dry periods. Covered with grasses and herbs, the evaporation rate was even larger. Precipitation storage and capillary irrigation strongly reduced the number of days with dry-out events. Implementing these systems therefore could lead to better cooling efficiencies in cities.
Implementation of an Adjustable Target Modulation Index for a Variable DC Voltage Control in an Electric Delivery Truck
Authors: Najmabadi Ali , Humphries Kieran , Boulet Benoit
Published: September 2018

This paper introduces an alternative control strategy for the variable voltage control of an electric drivetrain for a Class 4 medium-duty delivery truck and compares the resulting vehicle energy consumption over standardized drive cycles. The baseline system, S1, uses a standard electric drivetrain without a DC-DC and a battery at 460 V. The proposed system, S2, contains a DC-DC converter and a lower voltage battery with three voltage options being investigated: 200 V, 230 V, and 300 V. Previous work has shown that using a bi-directional DC-DC converter, the Fixed Target Modulation Index (FTMI) of the power electronics can be optimized in order to reduce the energy consumption across a drive cycle. In this study an Adjustable Target Modulation Index (ATMI) is proposed, which combines the best aspects of the fixed target modulation index control to attempt to improve efficiency even further. The new control strategy is shown to improve the energy consumption by up to 2.34% over a vehicle with a conventional electric drivetrain, depending on the required drive cycle.
Color Classification of Extrasolar Giant Planets: Prospects and Cautions
Authors: Batalha Natasha E. , Smith Adam J. R. W. , Lewis Nikole K. , Marley Mark S. , Fortney Jonathan J. , Macintosh Bruce
Published: September 2018

Atmospheric characterization of directly imaged planets has thus far been limited to ground-based observations of young, self-luminous, Jovian planets. Near-term space- and ground- based facilities like WFIRST and ELTs will be able to directly image mature Jovian planets in reflected light, a critical step in support of future facilities that aim to directly image terrestrial planets in reflected light (e.g., HabEx, LUVOIR). These future facilities are considering the use of photometry to classify planets. Here, we investigate the intricacies of using colors to classify gas-giant planets by analyzing a grid of 9120 theoretical reflected light spectra spread across different metallicities, pressure–temperature profiles, cloud properties, and phase angles. We determine how correlated these planet parameters are with the colors in the WFIRST photometric bins and other photometric bins proposed in the literature. Then we outline under what conditions giant planet populations can be classified using several supervised multivariate classification algorithms. We find that giant planets imaged in reflected light can be classified by metallicity with an accuracy of >90% if they are a prior known to not have significant cloud coverage in the visible part of the atmosphere, and at least three filter observations are available. If the presence of clouds is not known a priori, directly imaged planets can be more accurately classified by their cloud properties, as oppposed to metallicity or temperature. Furthermore, we are able to distinguish between cloudy and cloud-free populations with >90% accuracy with three filter observations. Our statistical pipeline is available on GitHub and can be extended to optimize science yield of future mission concepts.
The Influence of Planet Nine on the Orbits of Distant TNOs: The Case for a Low-perihelion Planet
Authors: Cáceres Jessica , Gomes Rodney
Published: September 2018

The hypothesis of an additional planet in the outer solar system has gained new support as a result of the confinement noted in the angular orbital elements of distant trans-Neptunian objects. Orbital parameters proposed for the external perturber suggest semimajor axes between 500 and 1000 au, perihelion distances between 200 and 400 au for masses between 10 and 20 M
⊕. In this paper, we study the possibility that lower perihelion distances for the additional planet can lead to angular confinements as observed in the population of objects with semimajor axes greater than 250 au and perihelion distances higher than 40 au. We performed numerical integrations of a set of particles subjected to the influence of the Sun, the known giant planets, and the putative perturber during the age of the solar system and compared our outputs with the observed population through a statistical analysis. Our investigations showed that lower perihelion distances from the outer planet usually lead to more substantial confinements than higher ones, while retaining the Classical Kuiper Belt as well as the ratio of the number of detached with perihelion distances higher than 42 au to scattering objects in the range of semimajor axes from 100 to 200 au.
German Military Transformation - the Never-Ending Quest for Appropriate Military Capacities
Authors: Kříž Zdeněk
Published: September 2018

Since the end of the Cold War, several military reforms have been carried out in Germany so far and a new military transformation is in the process of preparation. Over the years, the definition of the Bundeswehr's main missions has gradually shifted towards crisis management operations and the structure of the armed forces has accommodated to this shift. After the 2010-2011 reform, it was entirely evident that crisis management operations have become the main task of the armed forces. At present, German military policy places the main emphasis on "restoring the capacities" for collective defence. The strengthening of the expeditionary element in the German armed forces was made possible by the most efficient use of resources and investment inherited from the Cold War era and cutting capacities tailored to territorial defence. The author comes to the conclusion, that such policy is now evidently exhausted and is no longer sustainable - if German collective defence capacities are to be truly restored.
Balkan Foreign Fighters
Authors: Stojarová Věra
Published: September 2018

The article focuses on the issue of foreign fighters from the Balkan peninsula, and examines the measures that have been taken by governments in the region to combat it. The author asserts that the first ISIS losses and the thinning of the first wave of enthusiastic recruits accompanied with the first disillusioned returnees and changes in public policies and in public discourse (political narrative and narrative of Islamic communities, mass media) caused the unprecedented decline in the number of new recruits.
Perfecting the Instrument: Learning Operations at the Beginning of Campaigns
Authors: Berman Lazar , Friedman Yaniv
Published: September 2018

Uncertainty is a constant in war. Militaries regularly go into conflicts with operational concepts that are not relevant in the face of the enemy and his plans. The authors propose a way to reduce uncertainty and rapidly check, then adapt, the operational concept - designed learning operations at the beginning of campaigns. These relatively small operations will create friction with the enemy, giving learning teams crucial information to assess their operational concepts. Learning operations offer conventional militaries a way to maximize their advantages over sub-state enemies, by concentrating learning at the outset of the fight and adapting first.
Contemporary Security Policy of the European Union in Mali
Authors: Rechtik Marek
Published: September 2018

The European Union is interested in ensuring the security of African countries in the region of Sahel because some of the threats originating from this region can potentially endanger its member states. With the deteriorating situation in northern Mali, the EU has decided to become more active in this country through Common Security and Defence Policy missions. The aim of this article is to introduce and subsequently assess the contemporary policy of EU in Mali. Particular attention will be paid to the European Union Training Mission in Mali and European Union Capacity Building Mission in Mali, which have so far produced rather mixed results. The article will also focus on the EU strategy in the Sahel region and partly on the EU counterterrorist and counterinsurgency activities in Mali.
Role of International Cooperation in the Development of the Czech Armed Forces Medical Capabilities
Authors: Král Petr , Novotný Antonín
Published: September 2018

The article deals with the use and future prospects of the international cooperation for the development some of Czech Armed Forces capabilities in the field of military medicine. It has no ambition to address this issue in its entirety, but only contains an analysis of some of the current formats and initiatives of international cooperation in the field of military medicine, with the justification of their origins and a brief evaluation of their contribution. Part of the article is also a proposal for possible measures to improve the development of medical capabilities in the framework of international cooperation.
Eutrema nanum (Brassicaceae), a new species from Chola Shan, Southwest China
Authors: Hao Guoqian , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan A. , Zhang Lei , Guo Xinyi , Songbai Xu , Liu Jianquan
Published: September 2018

Eutremananum, a new high-elevation (4500–4600 m) species from Chola Shan, Sichuan (Southwest China), is described and illustrated. It is similar morphologically to E.nepalense but is readily distinguished by having oblong to elliptic or obovate to spatulate (vs. suborbicular to broadly ovate) leaves, glabrous (vs. puberulent) sepals and ovate to oblong fruit 4–7 × 2–3 mm with flattened valves (vs. ovoid to subglobose fruit 2–3 × 1.8–2 mm with rounded valves). The genetic differences amongst E.nanum, E.nepalense and other close relatives are further confirmed by phylogenetic analyses using ITS and cpDNA sequence variations. The new combination E.sinense is proposed.
Commander la guerre depuis Washington D.C. Les évolutions organiques du « National Defense Establishment » à partir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Authors: David François
Published: September 2018

Aux États-Unis, l’édification d’un appareil de défense unifié a nécessité beaucoup de patience et d’allers et retours législatifs depuis 1947, année de la loi de sécurité nationale au statut quasi-constitutionnel. Malgré la guerre froide, néanmoins, les particularismes de chaque armée persistent à se concurrencer tandis que, inversement, la création d’un « secrétaire à », et d’un « département de » la Défense uniques instaure un début d’homogénéisation. On attendra toutefois 1986 et la loi Goldwater-Nichols pour atteindre un équilibre organisationnel, durable et cohérent : la vraie interarmisation s’opère au niveau des commandants en chef des théâtres d’opération ( Unified Combatant Commands ) tandis que les  Joint Chiefs of Staff planifient la stratégie sans prérogative de commandement.
La guerre américaine au Cambodge, 1969-1975
Authors: Coppolani Antoine
Published: September 2018

Entre 1969 et 1975, la guerre américaine au Cambodge n’eut rien d’un corollaire de second plan à la guerre du Vietnam. Bien au contraire, au fil des années, le pays khmer devint le point focal de la guerre en Indochine, puis de la Guerre froide. Depuis cette époque et la victoire des Khmers rouges qui en fut le point d’orgue, plusieurs questions ont fait débat. S’appuyant sur les archives désormais disponibles et prenant en compte près de quarante années de recherches d’auteurs variés, cet article s’efforce de dissiper certains mythes sur la guerre américaine au Cambodge.
Faire réseau pour construire des luttes internationales
Authors: Enjalran Stéphane
Published: September 2018

Pour lutter contre le capitalisme financiarisé mondialisé et pour retrouver l’esprit du syndicalisme ouvrier international de la fin du XIX e siècle, la forme réticulaire apparaît particulièrement prometteuse. Elle permet en effet de contourner les obstacles organisationnels et politiques nationaux classiques, pour partager l’information et réagir de manière coordonnée à l’échelle internationale. À partir des exemples de combats menés depuis 2013 par le Réseau syndical international de solidarité et de luttes, Stéphane Enjalran de Solidaires évoque les potentialités de ces nouveaux moyens d’action. Il s’agit notamment de rendre visibles les abus des multinationales, de dénoncer la répression étatique et de diffuser des expériences d’alternatives au capitalisme.
Exploring the Role of Ketamine in Maintaining the Antidepressant Response
Authors: Virani Sanya , Brainch Navjot , Albuquerque Camila , Mitra Souparno , Bodic Maria , Bazzi Lama
Published: September 2018

A large body of research indicates that ketamine is safe and well tolerated at sub-anesthetic doses and shows potential as a novel antidepressant. However, the effect of single infusions of ketamine, although reliably replicated and effective in relieving depressive symptoms, is transient, with relapse occurring within 2 weeks of treatment. Recent studies have focused on identifying a safe and effective ketamine administration protocol for the rapid and sustained relief of depressive symptoms. A comprehensive literature search was conducted (for studies from January 2010 to April 2018 that administered intravenous ketamine in multiple infusions) and a total of 17 studies meeting criteria were included in this review. We enumerate principle points of studies that administered multiple infusions of ketamine and followed patients over a longer period of time. We also identify the pressing need for additional research to fill in the gaps that exist around appropriate dosage regimens and an effective maintenance strategy.

[
Psychiatr Ann.
2018;48(9):437–446.]
Mechanical behaviour of rammed earth column: A comparison between unreinforced, steel and bamboo reinforced columns
Authors: Tripura D. D. , Singh K. D.
Published: September 2018

This paper presents an experimental study on the behavior of cement stabilized rammed earth (CSRE) column reinforced with steel under axial loading and its comparison with unreinforced and bamboo reinforced columns. Effects of structural parameters such as tie / stirrup spacing on the failure pattern, lateral and axial deformation of columns are studied. Test results show that the load-capacity of columns increases with increase in lateral / tie reinforcement ratio. Maximum axial and lateral deformations occur in columns with least tie spacing. Behavior of CSRE columns reinforced with close tie spacing is characterized by gradual spalling of cover at the failure zone. Steel reinforced columns perform better than other column types in terms of load-capacity; hence it may be used as structural member adjacent to walls for low-rise rammed earth houses. Proposed reinforcement technique can be adopted in the field for enhancement of greater strength and performance of columns.
Une approche nouvelle des modes d’extraction et des traces d’outil
Authors: Blondeau Céline
Published: September 2018

La découverte d’une carrière de pierre à ciel ouvert du premier Moyen Âge, exceptionnellement bien conservée, a permis de mettre en place une technique de relevé à échelle un des traces d’outil présentes sur les parois calcaires de cette carrière. Les outils utilisés et les gestes techniques précis d’extraction de la pierre ont pu être déterminés grâce à une grille d’analyse établie à partir des traces d’outil et après expérimentation. L’utilisation du marteau taillant a ainsi été démontrée pour la première fois pour l’extraction de la pierre. Cet outil impose un mode d’extraction original : tranchées verticales à profil en V, produisant des blocs caractéristiques de profil et de plan trapézoïdaux.
La dynamique du peuplement et des espaces agraires médiévaux en Berry : propositions pour une évaluation de l’opportunisme des sociétés anciennes
Authors: Poirier Nicolas
Published: September 2018

L’intérêt d’étudier le peuplement et les espaces agraires dans la longue durée réside notamment dans la possibilité d’apprécier la part d’héritage dont chaque phase de peuplement bénéficie. Les notions d’opportunisme ou d’innovation dans les choix opérés par les sociétés anciennes pour l’implantation des habitats ou des espaces cultivés ne sont que rarement abordées. Nous proposons ici deux indicateurs d’estimation de l’opportunisme des sociétés médiévales qui, combinés à la restitution du contexte environnemental, expliquent en partie différents épisodes d’emprise, de déprise ou de mobilité du tissu de peuplement et des finages au cours du Moyen Âge.
Sept nouveaux exemplaires de plaques-boucles mérovingiennes en matière dure animale
Authors: Lemoine Yvon , Rodet-Belarbi Isabelle , Poignant Sébastien , Marchaisseau Vincent , Goret Jean-François
Published: September 2018

Sept plaques-boucles, accompagnées ou non de leur boucle, façonnées à partir d’os ou de bois de cervidé, ont récemment été découvertes. Elles proviennent d’Île-de-France, de Champagne et du sud-est de la France. Six d’entre elles se trouvaient dans des sépultures, la septième a été mise au jour dans un dépotoir. Cet article présente leur étude et met en exergue un type de mobilier peu fréquent.
Le village de Noli en Ligurie occidentale entre l’Antiquité tardive et le haut Moyen Âge
Authors: de Vingo Paolo
Published: September 2018

Le site de Noli, en Ligurie occidentale, connu pour les enquêtes archéologiques autour de l’église de San Paragorio commencées au xixe siècle, a fait l’objet, entre 2004 et 2007, de nouvelles campagnes de fouilles. Dans deux zones différentes, les interventions ont confirmé les antécédents romains du village du haut Moyen Âge et démontré l’existence d’un habitat qui, datant de la Rome républicaine, se prolonge jusqu’au xe siècle. Ce texte examine les modalités de formation d’un habitat romain et sa transformation en un village du haut Moyen Âge, où coexistent zones résidentielles et zones artisanales.
Rythmes et pratiques de la métallurgie du fer aux xive et xve siècles : les « bloomeries » de Tudeley (Kent) et de Byrkeknott (comté de Durham)
Authors: Arribet-Deroin Danielle
Published: September 2018

Les comptabilités des forges anglaises de Tudeley (1329-1354) et de Byrkeknott (1408-1409) donnent des renseignements très concrets sur le fonctionnement des forges à la fin du Moyen Âge. On connaît la composition des ateliers et les opérations qui y sont conduites : grillage et réduction à Tudeley, réduction et épuration à Byrkeknott où l’énergie hydraulique est utilisée, sans doute pour actionner la soufflerie du bas fourneau. Les forges produisent des loupes selon un rythme intensif de cinq à six par semaine, mais à Tudeley le nombre de semaines travaillées d’une année à l’autre est très irrégulier. Des calculs de consommation et de production sont proposés, le travail des forgerons et leur rémunération décrites, de même que la construction et la mise en route de la forge de Byrkeknott. Ces documents permettent de comparer forge manuelle et forge hydraulique et alimentent le dialogue avec l’archéologie de terrain et l’expérimentation.
Computer-Aided Design of Composite Materials Using Reversible Multiscale Homogenization and Graph-Based Software Engineering
Authors: Sokolov Alexander Pavlovich , Pershin Anton Yurievich
Published: September 2018

In this work, a new software for computer-aided design of composite materials with predefined thermomechanical properties is presented in case of incomplete input data. The mathematical basis of underlying computational method of the properties identification is a modified method of multiscale homogenization named reversible multiscale homogenization method. The system has a modular architecture and includes software implementation of the reversible multiscale homogenization method based on a new technique of construction of software implementations of complex computational methods. The latter was named «Graph-based software engineering» (GBSE) and is based on category and graph theories. The corresponding numerical and experimental results were obtained and compared. The expediency of GBSE approach is discussed for the case of the development of complex computational methods required when solving the applied problems of the design of new heterogeneous materials.
The Nanoporous Carbon Derived from Melamine Based Polybenzoxazine and NaCl Templating
Authors: Rattanopas Onnicha , Naewrittikul Worawut , Chaisuwan Thanyalak
Published: September 2018

Nanoporous carbon was successfully prepared by using polybenzoxazine synthesized from bisphenol-A, melamine and formaldehyde as a precursor. The varied HCl amounts have been added into the pre-polymer solution as a catalyst for the ring-opening polymerization. The reaction was traced by FTIR and DSC. In addition, the degradation behavior was studied by TGA and the textural properties were characterized by SEM and surface area analysis (AS1-MP). The nanoporous carbon obtained showed the highest char yield up to 48%. The interconnected structure from the SEM images of the nanoporous carbon exhibited significantly high surface area of 632 m2/g, high total pore volume up to 1.78 cm2/g, small average pore diameter and narrow pore size distribution detected by AS1-MP. After the activation process, the surface area has been drastically improved leading to the increasing of surface area and total pore volume up to 1119 m2/g and 1.93 cm2/g, respectively. In order to further study on the enhancement of surface area, NaCl, a water soluble compound, has been used as a template. As a result, the surface area has been improved up to 1516 m2/g.
Practical Research of Evaporation Control of Fuel Storage in Horizontal Oil Tank
Authors: Ma Jun , Fei Yi Wei , Yang Hong Wei , Ruan Shao Jun
Published: September 2018

Based on the special designed fluorinated hollow polymeric spheres, the practical research of their evaporation control is studied in a horizontal oil tank. The hollow spheres could float on the surface of fuel oil, which is proved as an effective method to resolve the evaporation loss problem. Compared with the oil tank without hollow spheres, the evaporation control method would reduce as much as about 73.1% fuel evaporation loss in practical experiments. The results suggest a potential significant application of the evaporation control method in the fields of the fuel storage and transport.
Evaluation of Low Velocity Impact Response of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Condruz Mihaela  Raluca , Paraschiv Alexandru , Vintilă Ionuț  Sebastian , Sima Mihail , Deutschlander Andreea , Dumitru Florin
Published: September 2018

The analysis of damage resulted from concentrated out-of-plane impact forces is a concern in case of fiber reinforced polymeric composite aerostructures. Thereby, it can be quantified in terms of resulting size/damage type by drop weight impact testing. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the impact response of CFRP laminates by FEA and experimental tests. For FEA, two failure criterions were used, energetic criterion and Tsai Wu criterion. In both modeling scenarios the laminate was fractured. In case of the energetic criterion it was observed a meandering crack along with internal delamination of the material plies, while in case of the Tsai Wu criterion the impactor passes through the specimen, destroying the impacted area. Experimental tests performed at 0.7 meters height and 33 J of impact energy showed that all material plies were visible damaged, but the impactor didn’t pass through all specimen thickness. Different damage modes were observed on the tested specimens, the impacted face of the specimen presented a combined damage consisting in large cracks with fiber breakage indentation/puncture and a dent while on the non-impacted side of the specimen splits, cracks and a small swelling were observed. Considering the results from FEA and experimental tests, it can be said that regarding the damage shape, the experimental results are in a good agreement with a combination of the results obtained from the two failure models of FEA.
A Clinical Trial for Bone Void Filler Made from Derived Hydroxyapatite from Cockle Shell Mixed with Rice Starch
Authors: Punyanitya Sittiporn , Koonawoot Rungsarit , Punyanitya Warangkul , Chankachang Phanlob
Published: September 2018

In this study, we have demonstrated that bone void filler made from hydroxyapatite (HAP) which derived from cockle shell. This sample mixed with rice starch and can be used to augment new bone growth in the empty space defects of damaged hard tissue, such as bone, spine and skull. The chemical compositions of HAP get along with standard specification for composition of ceramic HAP for surgical implants (ASTM International: F1185-88). The starch content was in the safety range of classical cell culture formulation. 60 patients were treated with this bone void filler show successfully healing and recovery, after 6 months period of follow up, confirmed safety and efficacy of the medical device properties. It should be an alternative choice for bone substitute in the future.
Biodegradation of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) and Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxy-4-Methylvalerate) Films by Porcine Pancreatic Lipase
Authors: Zhuikov Vsevolod , Rusakov Alexey , Useinov Alexey , Akulina Elizaveta , Voinova Vera
Published: September 2018

In the current work, the degradation of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate) (PHB4MV) films was studied in vitro by pancreatic lipase. The changes in film properties were traced by several analytical methods: the change of weight, molecular weight, and Young’s modulus (by nanoindentation) were measured. During the six months of polymer films degradation the weight of samples decreased slightly, while a great increase in Young's modulus due to the relatively fast degradation of the amorphous areas was observed, as well as molecular weight of polymers decreased significantly. Weight loss of PHB4MV is faster than degradation rate of PHB, but the molecular weight of PHB 1700 decrease rapidly than PHB4MV; the Young’s modulus of polymers remained relatively unchanged.