bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Performance of some Egyptian Varieties of Maize at High Plant Densities and Late Dates in the Fall Season in Iraqi Environment (Field Traits)
Authors: Mirza Entidhar Rashid , Hadi Banan Hassan
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out at Research Station A of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Department of Field Crops in the Jadriya region for the fall season (2023) with the aim of evaluating the performance of some Egyptian varieties and comparing them with two local varieties of maize at high plant densities and late planting dates. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split-spilt plots arrangement with four replications and three factors. The first factor included planting dates (1st and 10th August), the second factor included plant densities (70 and 90) thousand plants h-1, and the third factor included varieties (Baghdad 3, Al-Maha, TW-78, TW-345, IY-355 and IY-207). The results showed that the plants planted on the first date of 1stAugust were earlier, reaching 50% tasseling, which took 49.04 days, and 50% silking, which took 54.54 days. Plants of the same date were superior in plant height, as they gave 247.08 cm, the ear height reached 150.82, and the number of effective leaves was 13.97 leaves plant-1, While the first density plants took the least number of days to reach 50% tasseling, which amounted to 49.62 days and 54.04 days for silking. The first density also excelled in plant height (247.93) cm, stem height (147.57) cm, and number of effective leaves (13.43) leaf plant-1. The varieties differed significantly in field traits, as the Egyptian variety TW-78 was the earliest by giving it the least number of days to reach 50% tasseling and silking, while the Egyptian variety TW-345 excelled in plant height, ear height, and number of active leaves. The binary interaction (planting dates × plant density) did not appear significant in the mentioned traits, while the results showed the response of the varieties to delaying the planting dates from1st to 10th August for the mentioned traits with the exception of the number of effective leaves. The results showed the response of the varieties by increasing the plant density from 70 to 90 thousand plants per h-1 for the above-mentioned traits except for the ear height, while the triple interaction (planting dates × plant densities × varieties) showed significance for silking, ear height, and the number of effective leaves plant-1.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Monks Pepper Seeds on some Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Humans
Authors: Altameme Huda Jasim M. , Sahi Nebras Mohammed , Mohammed Huda Abbas , Saad Ali Malik
Published: July 2024

This study has done to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Vitex agnus castus seeds (Lamiaceae family) against several Gram-positive and negative pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus sciuri, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonas sobria and Serratia odorifera were isolated from people suffering from urinary tract infection depended on Laboratory diagnosis procedure via the steps recommended by MaCfadden for diagnosis, from each positive culture take a single colony and then identification according to morphological properties (color, colony shape, texture and edge), using Gram’s stain for detection microscopic properties of bacterial cells also help to differentiate between gram postive and Gram’s negative bacteria. In addition, Confirmation of bacterial study by Vitek 2 compact system. Inhibition zones showed that Enterococcus aerogenes was resistant to all types of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of V.agnus castus seeds and to all concentrations used. Finally, a group of antibiotics was tested against the isolated bacteria under study. The results showed that Erythromycin and Bacitracin were more resistant to the isolated bacteria, in contrast, the antibiotics Azithromycin, Gentamycin, and Ciprofloxacin inhibited the bacteria with varying diameters of inhibition. The current research suggests that the plant includes flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids that may be useful in the creating phytomedicine to treat the bacterial illnesses that were examined. This scientific article reveald that an watery extract of Vitex agnus castus seeds had great antimicrobial effect against dangerous clinical inflammations.
Herbicides and Effective Weed Control in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Alzahawi Sardar , Safi Suhad Mathkoor A. , Taha Abbas Abdulla
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out in the experimental field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / Saladin University (Erbil Governorate) during the fall season of 2023, to evaluate the productivity of the yellow maize crop and control of weeds associated with it using two herbicides and their mixture under different planting distances. The experiment was applied according to a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Plant densities (66,600, 57,100, and 50,000 plants.ha-1) were assigned at the main plots, and control treatments (Nicosulfuron @ 48 g.ha-1, Metribuzin @ 400 g.ha-1, Nicosulfuron + Metribuzine @ 48+ 400 g.ha-1, weedy, and free weed) were assigned at sub-plots. The results showed that Nicosulfuron was superior in giving the best results. The herbicide gave the lowest average weed density after 30 and 60 days, the highest control rate, the highest number of grains per ear, the highest number of rows per ear, and the highest grain yield by (4.08 and 6.26 plant.m-2, 84.98%, 606.3 grains, 16.97 rows, and 5.93 tons.ha-1, respectively). Compared with the comparison equation, which gave the lowest weed density after 30 and 60 days, the lowest weed control rate, the lowest number of grains per ear, the lowest number of rows per ear, the lowest weight of 500 grains, and the lowest grain yield tons.ha-1. Furthermore, the results also showed that the plant density of 66,600 plants.ha-1 exceeded, as it gave the lowest average weed density after 30 and 60 days and the highest grain yield (6.22 and 9.04 plant.m-2 and 5.75 tons.ha-1, respectively). Moreover, the plant density of 57,100 plants.ha-1 also gave the highest average for the number of rows and the number of grains per ear, amounting to 15.83 rows and 5.39 grains, respectively, compared to the low density (50,000 plants.ha-1), which gave the lowest averages for all traits, but it exceeded by giving the highest weight of 500 grains of (119.92 g) only. However, the interaction had a significant effect on all the traits, as the herbicide treatment and the weed-free treatment showed a positive behavior by reducing the weed density, increasing the control rate, and increasing the components of yield and grain yield, according to the different plant densities used.
The Effect of Herbicides and Planting Distances on Growth Traits of Mungbean Crop and Some Traits of Weeds
Authors: Kanoosh Adel A. , Mohammed Yas A.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out during the spring season of 2023 at the acid research station of the College of Agriculture, Anbar University, with the aim of studying 5 weed control treatments. Spraying herbicides at the recommended rate and spraying Bentazon herbicide at the recommended rate of 2 liters per liter + Gallant super at half the rate of 0.375 liters per liter. Spray the same two herbicides at half the recommended rate, in addition to the weed-free treatment and the weedy treatment, and three distances between plants of 10, 20, and 30 cm in the growth of mungbean and the accompanying weeds, with a distance of 50 cm between the rows. The experiment was implemented in a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) in a split plot design with three replications. The main panels included control treatments, and the spaces between plants occupied the secondary panels. It was found that using herbicides at the recommended rate was significantly superior in eliminating and reducing weed density to 12.79 plants m-2, which positively affected all growth traits. The distance of 30 cm recorded the highest average leaf area of 2120.18 cm2 plant-1, dry weight of roots 9.63 g plant-1, and the number of branches per plant 5.46 branches per plant-1. However, the distance of 10 cm was significantly superior in reducing weed density to 18.85. m-2 plants and an increase in plant height and leaf area index (71.69 cm) and (2.88).
The Effect of Mycorrhiza, Phosphorus and Humic Acids on Increasing the Content and Availability of N, P, and K During Vegetative Growth and Wheat Harvest
Authors: Idan Marwan Khaled , Oleiwi Mohammad Salal
Published: July 2024

Mycorrhiza (M1) led to a significant increase in the availability of nutrients (K, P, N) in the soil during the growth stage. Moreover, treatment with phosphorus (P2) led to a significant increase in the availability of macronutrients (K, P, N) in the soil. The addition of humic acids also significantly increased the availability of K, P, and N in the soil. The joint interaction between fungal roots and humic acids was to provide the greatest amount of macronutrients in the soil during the vegetative development and harvest stages. The mutual interaction between mycorrhizae and phosphorus in the M1P2 treatment resulted in the greatest nutritional availability. The macronutrient levels in the soil during the vegetative development and harvest phases are as follows: 46.19 mg.kg-1 soil for the first nutrient, 35.41 mg.kg-1 soil for the second nutrient, 222.91 mg.kg-1 soil for the third nutrient, 39.28 mg.kg-1 soil for the fourth nutrient, and 26.00 mg.kg-1 soil for the fifth nutrient. The combined effect of the research components resulted in a substantial rise in the presence of macronutrients (potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen) in the soil during the stages of plant growth and harvest. The concentrations of these nutrients were measured at 53.81, 39.07, 253.82, 43.80, 30.55, and 210.62 mg kg-1 soil for potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, respectively.
The Effect of Planting Date for Some Barley Varieties on Some Growth Characteristics and Green Fodder Yield and Quality
Authors: Farhan Fadhel Akhlas Abd , Saleh Shaker Mahdi
Published: July 2024

The study was carried out in the fields of a farmer in Salah al-Din Governorate - Al – Dur district for the season (2022-2023) season in a mixed soil with the aim of determining the extent to which barley varieties are affected by five cropping dates and the impact of this on growth characteristics fodder yield and quality. The experiment was designed according to a split – plot design with three replicates, the main panels are devoted to the five agriculture it is September 15, and 1 October, October 15, November 1, and November 15, while barley varieties were placed in secondary panels which (Arevat, Amal, Ebaa99, Boraq, Shoaa, Rehan, Sameer). The results of the experiment were as follow ׃ The last planting date November 15, achieved the highest averages for all the studied traits, namely the average leaf area, the number of tillers, and the yield of green and dry fodder, with values reaching 155.605 cm2, 540 branch. m2, 8.5481 tons.H-1, and 2.71095 tons.H-1 Compared to the third planting date, October 15, which gave the lowest average for leaf area and yields of green and dry fodder, with values reaching 119,743 cm2, 4.7605 tons ha-1, and 0.63286 tons ha-1, respectively, while the first date, September 15, recorded the lowest average number of branch, 317,917 branch. m2, The Sameer variety gave the highest averages for leaf area, number of tillers, green fodder yield, and dry fodder yield at values reached 181.979 cm2, 451,835 beach m2, 7.714 ton H-1, 2.008 ton H-1 respectively. As for the characteristics of protein and fiber percentage, the last date 15 November recorded the highest values of 8.38, 25.826%,, No significant differences were recorded between the varieties in the percentage protein and fiber, As for the interaction, the last date combination with the Shoaa variety achieved the highest values for leaf area, percentage of protein, While the combination of the last date and the variety Samir exceeded the highest averages in the number of shoots and dry fodder yield, The fourth date combination with the Samir cultivar recorded the highest values for fodder green yield,, While the last planting date and the variety ebaa 99 achieved the highest percentage of fiber.
The Effect of Climate Change on some Agricultural Crop Production in Basrah Governorate
Authors: Mahood Al-Hussein Bilal Hussein , Wahhab Al-Asadi Kadhim Abdul , Taher Al-Asadi Widad M.
Published: July 2024

Agricultural production is directly affected by changes in the climatic elements, whether positive or negative, and the impact of this change is reflected in the area, yield and crop production, which affects the crop structure, so this research aims to analyse the impact of climate changes on crops for the period (1983-2022). As a comparative study, this is done by studying the yield and productivity of some crops and the most important appropriate climatic elements affecting their cultivation. These elements include the minimum and maximum temperatures, relative humidity, rainfall and their impact on some grain crops, which are Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, and vegetable crops, which are Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena, Cucumis sativus and Citrullus lanatus, as they were recorded during these periods. The highest mean maximum temperature was 27.67 °C as a general average for the period 2016-2022, and the lowest was 14 °C for the period 1983-1994. Humidity and rainfall were highest at 52.28% and 21.14% for the period 1994-2005, respectively, and the lowest was 47.42 and 12.42 for the period 2016-2022 and 2005-2. 016 on respectively. As for the yield, it was recorded for the grain crops T. aestivum and H. vulgare, the highest being 341083 and 191917 kg for the period 2016-2022, and the lowest being 19557 and 20272 kg for the periods 1983-1994 and 1994-2005, respectively. As for the yield of vegetable crops, the highest yield was for S. lycopersicum, which was 110,500 kg in 2016-2022, and the highest yield for S. melongena was 40,250 kg for the same period. As for the crops of cucumber and watercress, the highest yields were 2,000,000 and 906,750 kg for the periods 1994-2005 and 2016-2022, respectively, and the lowest was 198,700. And 258,482 kg for the two periods of 2016-2022 and 1983-1994, respectively. As for C. lanatus, its highest yield was 906,750 for the period 2016-2022, and the lowest was 258,182 kg for the period 1983-1994. The results also included identifying and knowing the productivity of the studied crops, so it recorded the highest and lowest values for it and for different periods of time, as it reached the highest productivity for T. aestivum and H. vulgare crops 4366714 and 33353105 tons for the time period 2016-2022 and 23185143 tons for S. lycopersicum and 1857167 tons and 1274300 for the crop of C. sativus and 1274300 tons for C. lanatus for the same time period and for S. melongena the highest yield was 243709 tons for the period 1994-2005.
Assessing the Fertilization Effect and Other Parameters about Three Wheat Cultivars’ Performance in Terms of Growth and Yield
Authors: Nahari Falah Mahdi , Hussein Haider Talib , Sarhid Abdullah Fadel
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was coundected to grow the wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) in Babylon provainc / Al-Musayyib District / Mashrou’ Al-Musayyib District on 11/19/2023 in soil with a silty loam texture for the purpose of studying and evaluating the performance of three local cultivars of wheat for growth and yield traits and to estimate some of their genetic parameters. With the effect of foliar fertilization for the winter season (2023/2024). Based on the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) according to the factorial experiment system and with three factors, the first is three types (IPA 99, Buhouth 22 and Adna), and the second is three concentrations of (chelated iron) (0, 50). 100) mg L-1 (Fe0, Fe1, and Fe2). The third is three spraying times (tillering, stem elongation, and booting) (S1, S2, S3). The results show that there are significant differences for the cultivars, where the Adna cultivar excelled and gave the highest average in the traits (plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of spikelets, and number of spike) reaching (106 cm, 167.19 tillers m-2, 43.07 cm, 43.222 SPAD, and 26.815 spikelets and 156.56 spikes m-2) respectively. Iron concentrations (100 mg L-1) gave a significant increase in traits (plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of spikelets, and number of spikes) reaching (101.419 cm, 167.19 shoot m-2, 42.222 cm, 44.356 SPAD, and 25.593 spikelets and 153.48 spike m-2) respectively. Spraying date S3 gave a significantly excelled in the trait (plant height, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of spikelets, and number of ears) amounting to (99.53 cm, 40.485 cm, and 43.667 SPAD 25.593 spikes-2) respectively, while spraying date S1 gave a significantly excelled in traits (number of spikes). The number of spikes reached (159.37 spikes m-2 and 148.26 spike m-2), respectively. The bi and triple interactions gave significant differences in most of the studied traits.
Effect of Biochar and By-Products of Kubeisa Cement Factory on The Characteristics of Vegetative Growth for The Hot Pepper Plant Capsicum annuum L.
Authors: Khalaf Al-Fahdawy Mohammed Ismail , Madhan AlFahdawy Harith Sadaa , Almehemdi Ali F , Al-Fahdawi Omer Ismail , Abdulmajeed Amer Hashim , Abdulmageed Lara Hashim , Dthanoon Nour Shakib
Published: July 2024

The pots experiment was carried out spring season of 2023 in the wooden canopy of the Centre of Desert Studies at the University of Anbar. in soil with an alluvial mixture texture. To study the effect of soil application of biochar in three concentrations (0,15, 25 gm. Pot-1), and the by-products of the Kubeisa Cement Factory (0,10,15 gm. Pot-1) on the vegetative growth characteristics of Capsicum annuum L. A factorial experiment was carried out with a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and three replications, the first factor being the concentrations of the biochar soil and the second factor being the concentrations of by-products. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The addition of biochar in the soil had a significant effect on some vegetative growth characteristics, the level of 15 gm. Pot-1 gave the highest average plant height (59.1 cm), while the concentration of 25 gm. Pot-1 gave the highest average chlorophyll index percentage in the leaves (52.36 spads), the average internode number (14.1 internodes plant-1) and the average stem diameter (0.57). 2. By-products of the Kubeisa Cement Factory addition to the soil led to a significant increase in the average of most studied characteristics, the level of 10 gm. Pot-1 gave the highest average for the number of characteristics, including plant height (59.6 cm), the chlorophyll percentage in the leaves (52.77 spades), the internodes number (14.3 internodes plant-1) and stem diameter (0.57 cm plant-1), and dry weight of the plant (43.8 g plant-1). While 15 gm. Pot-1 recorded the highest average branch number (22.8 branches plant-1). 3. The interaction between the levels of additional biochar and by-products of the Kubeisa Cement Factory affected the vegetative total of the plant and had a significant effect on all the characteristics studied, the addition of 25 gm. Pot-1 with by-products of 15 gm. Pot-1 gave the highest average plant height (60.6 cm) and the chlorophyll percentage in the leaves (53.99 spads), pod length (6.08 cm) and dry weight of the plant (46.0 gm.).
Effect of Ground Application and Foliar Nutrition with Yeast on Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Hot Pepper Plants Capsicum annuum L.
Authors: Khalaf Al-Fahdawy Mohammed Ismail , Madhan AlFahdawy Harith Sadaa , Menajid Mahmood Howedy , Al-Fahdawi Omer Ismail , Abdulmajeed Amer Hashim , Abdulmageed Lara Hashim , Dthanoon Nour Shakib
Published: July 2024

The pots experiment was carried out for the 2023 spring season in the wooden canopy of the Centre of Desert Studies at the University of Anbar, in soil with an alluvial mixture texture. To study the effect of adding baking yeast to the soil and spraying it on the vegetative total of the plant, at three concentrations (0, 2, and 4 gm L-1) on the vegetative growth characteristics of the hot pepper plant Capsicum annuum L. A factorial experiment was carried out with a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and three replications, the first factor being the concentrations of the ground yeast addition and the second factor being the concentrations of the yeast spraying. The results were summarized as follows: (1) The ground addition of yeast had a significant effect on all vegetative growth characteristics, the Y1 level gave the highest average number of internodes (15.33 internodes plant-1), and stem diameter (0.577 cm plant-1), while the Y2 concentration gave the highest average plant height (59.1 cm), the chlorophyll percentage in the leaves (53.24 spads), the branches number (20.6 branches plant-1) and the average dry weight of the plant (47.8 gm plant-1). (2) Foliar feeding with yeast led to a significant increase in the average of most of the studied characteristics, the S1 level achieved the highest average for these characteristics, including plant height (62.8 cm plant-1), the chlorophyll percentage in the leaves (53.51 spades), the internodes number (15.22 internodes plant-1) and stem diameter (0.577 cm plant-1), while concentration S2 gave the highest average number of branches (21.2 branches plant-1) and dry weight of the plant (48.6 g plant-1). (3) The interaction between the levels of ground addition of yeast and spraying on the vegetative total of the plant had a significant effect on all the characteristics studied, as the addition at the Y2 level with foliar feeding at the S1 level gave the highest average plant height (65.6 cm) and stem diameter (0.633 cm plant-1). In contrast, the interaction between the levels gave the Y1 with spraying at the S1 level was superior in terms of leaf chlorophyll index (53.99 spads) and the number of internodes (16.33 internodes) in the interaction record between the two levels. Y1S2 was superior in pod length (6.26 cm pod-1) and dry weight of the plant (57.6 gm plant-1).
Effect of Concentrations and Spraying Stages of NPK Nanofertilizer on the Yield and Components of the Oat Crop (Avena sativa L).
Authors: Al-bakri Rasha Adil , Lehmood Ahmed Mohammed
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons (2021-2022) and (2022-2023) in one of the private agricultural fields in the project area, 30 km north of Babylon province, with the aim of knowing the role of foliar feeding with nano-fertilizer on traits of the yield and its components of the oat crop by arranging split-plots according to the design. with three replicates, the main plot occupied cultivar, namely Genzania, Carolup, and Hamel, while sub plot occupied the spraying stages, which are elongation, booting, and flowering. As for the sub-sub plot, the nanofertilizer concentrations were 0, 1, and 2 g/L, and the results were as follows. The triple interaction showed significant differences, as the combination (Gen Zania) sprayed in the elongation stage with the highest concentration of 1 g excelled, with the highest average reaching 408.1 d.m-2 for the first season when there was an interaction in the second season. As for the number of grains in panicle, the Hamel cultivar was significantly excelled for both seasons, reaching 55.93 and 49.99 grains. The spraying phases were significantly excelled, where the booting and flowering phases were excelled, reaching 64.03 and 60.59 grains, respectively. The second season was given only in the flowering phase, where they reached 56.46 grains. As for the concentrations, they were higher. Concentration 1 and 2 for both seasons, while the triple interaction was not significant for both seasons. As for the weight of a thousand grains, Table (3) showed significant differences between cultivar, with the superior Carolup cultivar giving 36.11 and 33.24 for both season, respectively. As for the spraying stages, the spraying stage at the planting stage outperformed the rest of the stages, reaching 36.74 and 34.13 for both season respectively. As for the triple interaction, it was not significant for both seasons with regard to grain yield. The triple interaction was significant for the first season only, and the combination of Caroiup in booting stage and the concentration of 2 g gave the highest average of 8.53 tons.ha-1.
Effect of Sulfur Fertilizer and Some Biostimulants on Antioxidant Activity of Canola seeds
Authors: Jabr Mohammad Bushra Abdel , Al-Mohammad Maher H. S. , Mustafa Sala B. I.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season (2022/2023) in the fields of the Al-Nouriyah Forest Division of the Ministry of Agriculture in Al-Diwaniyah province. The objective was to examine the impact of three different levels of sulfur fertilizer (0, 40, and 60 kg S ha-1) and certain biostimulants (excluding stimulant, biofertilizer, humic acid, and ascorbic acid) on Canola seed growth, yield, and oxidative activity. The experimental design employed a factorial arrangement with a completely randomized block design and three replicates to distribute treatment combinations among the factors. The means of the combinations were compared using the least significant difference test, with a significance level of 0.05. The results demonstrated that sulfur addition at a rate of 60 kg S ha-1 produced the highest averages for the majority of the measured characteristics. The results of the study were also significantly impacted by the application of biostimulants, including humic acid sprinkling at a 2 g concentration. With the highest average values for leaf pigment content and plant height, L-1 significantly outperformed the competition. The ascorbic acid spray treatment at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 yielded the highest average values for the remaining qualitative and medicinal characteristics that were investigated, with the exception of total chlorophyll and the weight of 200 seeds. The significant impact was also observed in the interaction among the study factors. The experimental condition involving a concentration of 60 kg S ha-1 Humic resulted in the highest weight of 200 seeds, as determined by plant height, total chlorophyll content in foliage, and biological yield.
Effect of some Chemical Herbicides and Seeding Rates on the Growth and Productivity of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Its Associated Weeds in Different Environments
Authors: Al-Jaddir Ammar Salah , Antar Salim H.
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted in one of the farmers’ fields during season (2022-2023) in Nineveh Governorate at two locations, first one in Al-Nimrood, and second one in Hammam Al’aleel. The experiment included two factors: the first factor was chemical herbicides (Navigator, Timeline Trio) at the recommended concentrations, in addition to the control treatment and the second factor was seeding rates (120, 160 kg. ha-1). Planting dates on (22/11, and 1/12/2022) for both locations respectively, using the wheat variety (Babel 113), approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. The experiment was applied as factorial experiment using a split-block experimental design, with complete randomization of treatments (RCBD), with three replicates. A plot size was 12 m2, where the main plots included chemical herbicides, while the sub-plots included seeding rates. The experiment was irrigated using fixed sprinklers, and the harvesting dates was on (24, and 28/5/2023) for both locations respectively. The results showed that herbicides were superiority of in reducing the number of narrow and broad leaves weeds and their dry weights over the control treatment in both locations, Furthermore, the herbicide “Timeline Trio” superiority of the herbicide “Navigator” in traits of grain yield, reached (525.833, 604.167 g.m-2) for both locations respectively, while the control treatment recorded the lowest yield, reached (227.5, 393.5 g.m-2) for both locations respectively. The seeding rate of (160 kg. ha-1) superiority of the seeding rate of (120 kg. ha-1) in reducing the number and dry weights of narrow and broad-leaves weeds, which positively reflected on the increase in yield for both locations.
Quality Assessment of Some Food Products in Iraq
Authors: Zeki Israa N.
Published: July 2024

Food quality has received much attention in recent decades. This analytical study was conducted from January to December 2022. The data was collected from the Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control. The study aimed to evaluate the quality of food products, monitor the application of Iraqi standards (IQS), and identify causes of non-conformity to avoid them. A total (438) samples classified into (4) main categories which subdivided into (12) food products. All of them subjected to precise (microbiological, chemical, physical) tests done by training professionals’ analysers. Results showed the highest frequency of food categories were dried foods (wheat), meat (frozen chicken), variety food (puffed starchy foods), and dairy products (yoghurt) discerningly. Cases of non-conformity were found in dairy products, meat category, variety foods, and dried foods. The six primary reasons of mismatching listed in physical analysis, microbiological contamination, chemical analysis, food labels, packing, and expired duration checks. “Inaccurate food labels” had the highest percentage of non-conformity in (2 out of 4) food categories. Microbiological contamination recorded in some meat and dairy products. Chemical analysis was relatively high in dried food. The variety and dried food products succeed expiry duration check. All of dairy and variety food products were packed very well.
Comparison the Influence of Two Types of Black Cumin Oil (Nigella sativa L.) on Some Physicochemical, Microbiological and Sensory Evaluation of Processed Cheese
Authors: Alhelli Amaal Mohammed , Kanaem Al-Ibady Qater Al-Nada Ali , Obaidi Hadel
Published: July 2024

During storage of processed cheese, structure and flavor slowly change. The destination of the current research was to examine the influence of two types of Nigella sativa L. oil (NSO) extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFNSO) and cold press (CPNSO) via determine the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory attributes of processed cheese. Seven batches of processed cheese were included in the current experiment: control cheese without any addition and cheese samples incorporated separately with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% v/w of SFNSO and CPNSO. Experimental cheese samples were analyzed in triplicate for total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E.coli), total bacteria count (TBc), and yeast & moulds. Moreover, moisture content (%), fat (%), pH, soluble nitrogen (SN%), and total nitrogen (TN%). All treated cheeses without addition and with CPNSO appeared more significant effect on physicochemical properties than the other samples. In addition, sensory evaluation at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months of storage treated with SFNSO shows more impact on microbiological content than CPNSO and control cheeses. Employment SFNSO on processed cheese enhanced the stability of sensory evaluation throughout storage time.
Evaluation of the Use of Lecithin in the Manufacture of Millorin
Authors: Ali Dhaef Ali Hussein , Abd Alsalam Shaimaa Riad
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted with the aim of manufacturing millorin (similar to creamy ice cream), in which the milk fat was replaced with olive oil at a rate of 5 and 8%, with the addition of lecithin (LC) at a rate of 0.25% as an emulsifier to determine its effect, and with the manufacture of a comparison sample to which CMC was added. The product was stored for 60 days, and tests were conducted. Physical, including viscosity, where the LC sample was significantly lower than the comparison in all storage periods, as it ranged between 0.6 and 1.4 Poise, while the comparison was 1-3.95 Poise, and the percentage of melting was estimated at a time of 90 minutes, where the increase in melting in the LC sample was 89.18–97.5%. In comparison, it was 82.5–89.44%. While the deflation characteristic was constant and did not change during the storage period, the overrun percentage increased in comparison to the LC sample, where it was approximately 76.65%, and in the LC sample, the overrun percentage was 66.89%. The results also showed a decrease in the LC sample’s microbial content, as the total number of bacteria was approximately 20. × 2–10 watts/ml. In comparison, it was 46 × 2-10, while no growth of cold-loving bacteria or coliform was detected. The samples obtained high scores during the sensory evaluation, as the LC sample obtained a score of 93.75.
Isolating and Identifying the Bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens from Cheese and Studying its Effect on some Chemical Properties of Soft Cheese Contaminated with It
Authors: Al-Sabaawi Anas Saad , Al-Dally Khazal Shaban , Al-Nomaan Adeba Younis
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted to determine the extent of the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria on protolysis, lipolysis, and changing pH values in soft cheese. P. fluorescens bacteria was isolated from soft cheese stored for seven days at a temperature of 4-7 degrees Celsius. The isolate showed bacillary characteristics, gram-negative, and positive. It was tested for oxidase and negative for nitrate reductase, in addition to its protein decomposition of fat and the production of fluorescin pigment. This isolate showed its ability to change many of the properties of the cheese contaminated with it, as it caused an increase in the decomposition of protein and fat in the cheese as the storage period increased, reaching the highest decomposition on the twenty-first day, and that the values The pH decreased as the storage period increased.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Study Effects of (Agaricus bisporus) Extracts Which was Cultured in Our Mushroom’s Farm
Authors: Al-Rubaiee Zaid Shaker , Hussin Moayad Salh , Abbood Zinah Ameer
Published: July 2024

Mushrooms, which are a common type of fungi, can often be found growing in fields and forests alongside decaying tree trunks and weeds. There are over one hundred thousand species of fungi that live on animal or plant waste within the soil. By using GC-MS, the chemical content of A. bisporus. We found 55 compounds were identified as a major compound: phenol (42.65%), Glucitol (24.26%) and Urea (20.14%) as a major compound, followed by Octadecadienoic acid ethyl ester (16.12%), linoleic acid (8.25%), Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (4.56%), Hydroxy acetic acid (4.32%), oleic acid (4.22%) and Acetic acid phenyl ester (3.88%). We found that the bacteria (gram-positive) were responded effect of Aquatic and methanolic extracts more than other (gram-negative). The Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genera were more sensitive rather than other microbial isolates against mushroom extracts. Meanwhile, Klebsiella spp was most resistant rather than other microbial. The methanolic extract has the most antioxidant effects (57.05%) compared with aquatic extract (37.17%). These results were revealed due to their importance.
The Effect of Dried Stevia Leaves on Some Biochemical Characteristics in the Blood of Diabetic Rats
Authors: Rashid Ali Hussein , Mohammed Mohammed Jameel , Hussein Faryal Farouk
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted in the laboratories of the College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Mosul/Animal House belonging to the College of Veterinary Medicine for the period from 3/3/2023 to 5/5/2023. The study included the use of dried astvia leaf powder to determine its effect on male rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. The study included We used (27) adult male white rats whose ages ranged from 14 to 15 weeks, at a rate of nine rats per group, which included three groups and were divided as follows: the first group (T1) is a healthy control group and the second group (T2) is afflicted with Alloxan-induced diabetes. Which was left without treatment. The third group (T3) had induced diabetes and was dosed orally with a solution of powdered dried leaves at a concentration of 60 mg/kg/day of body weight, which was mixed with 0.5 ml of distilled water. Blood tests were taken to measure the percentage of glucose, the percentage of white and red blood cells, platelets, and liver enzymes. The results of the study in the treatment that was dosed with a solution of powdered stevia leaves showed that there was a significant decrease in the concentration of glucose, white blood cells, platelets, and liver enzymes (ALT). (AST) and (ALP) at the level of (P<0.05) compared with the control group with alloxan-induced diabetes, and there was a significant increase in the level of red blood cells in the treated treatment (T3) compared with the infected treatment.
Spraying Different Combinations of Glutamate and Arginine on Yield Traits and Components of Several Genotypes of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Mohammad Al-Jumaili Ammar Abdullah , Jassim Wael Mustafa , Abdullah Anees Ahmed Hawas
Published: July 2024

Experiment was carried out during the winter (2022-2023)A.D. at a site called Sayada - the Agricultural Research and Experiments Station of College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk in the Iraqi city of Kirkuk, using Randomized Completely Block Design with a split-plot arrangements and three replicates, where main plots were filled with spray combinations of glutamic acid and arginine (0, 100 and 200 mg L-1). and genotypes (Al-Fayyad, Mawaddah, Buhouth 22, Babylon 113, Gemmayzeh 9, Giza 164, Sakha 95, Sakha 61 and Misr 3) were used in secondary panels to reach best combination for spraying of glutamic and arginine in yield traits and its components for several genotypes from bread wheat. Results showed significant differences for studied and their interaction for traits spike length, number of spikes, number of grains per spike, grains1000 weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index, where spraying with e combinations (200 mg L-1 glutamic acid + 200 mg L-1) achieved the highest arithmetic means for all traits compared to control treatment, and Gemmayzeh 9 genotype was superior in traits of spike length, number of spikes, grain yield and harvest index giving it highest means of (12.19) cm, (402.00) spike m2 and (6.25) tons ha-1 and 42.36%, respectively, variety misr 3 had a significant superiority in terms of number of grains per spike and biological yield, recording means of 76.47 grains per spike and 14.84 tons ha-1 according to the order. As for grains 1000 weight, two varieties Misr 3 and Gemmayzeh 9 were significantly superior, recording highest means (46.32 and 46.10) g. According to arrangement, therefore mechanism of spraying leaves of wheat plants with amino acids can be adopted because of their effective role in increasing traits of crop and its components and their positive effect in increasing crop productivity per unit area by adopting introduced genotypes and testing them with several factors within the conditions of region.
An Economic and Econometric Analysis of the Factors Affecting Food Security for the Wheat Crop in Iraq for the Period (1995-2022)
Authors: Abbas Omar Khudair , Rahim Firas Ibrahim , Mohammed Mohammed Khalid
Published: July 2024

Despite the expansion of the use of formal variables as explanatory variables, their use as dependent variables is still limited. This may be due to the many problems that arise when using these variables as dependent variables. Therefore, the research aimed to use qualitative response models to measure the food security factor for wheat crops in Iraq for the period (1995-2022). The study aims to apply the TOBIT qualitative response model to identify the most important factors that increase the food security of the wheat crop in Iraq, by studying the relationship between the food security factor of the wheat crop and the independent variables (consumption, imports, national income, population, production, local price, exchange rate). The Tobit model regression parameters as a whole showed their significance at the 1% level, which is greater than 0.05. This is explained by the fact that the explanatory variables have a significant effect on the probability of the dependent variable (food security factor). Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H
1) is accepted, which states that the parameters of the explanatory variables (bs
) for the Tobit model is not equal to zero. The production growth rate for the wheat crop during the research period appeared to be about (0.6%) and showed a positive sign.
Physiological Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Male Laboratory Rats
Authors: Ayyed Mohammed F. , Hussein Feryal F. , Mohammed Mohammed J.
Published: July 2024

To better understand the causes and effects of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and to help find effective treatments for it, the animal model is seen as an alternate model. For this investigation, researchers utilised adult male rats of the Sprague dawely strain that were albino (Rattus norvegicus) and had an age range of 2-3 months. Their mass ranged from 170 to 200 grammes. Two axes were used to divide the experiment. There were two categories on the first axis, which represented the infection stage. Five animals served as a healthy control group in the first set. The first group consumed regular food and water for forty-five days, whereas the second group consumed animal fats. Combine with the meal at a rate of thirty percent of the diet’s weight (HF), for fifteen animals over the course of forty-five days. Both groups had blood biochemical testing once the infectious stage came to a close. At the end of the infection phase, blood biochemical tests were performed for both groups. In comparison to the healthy control group, the study found that glucose, total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly higher. In contrast, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations were significantly lower. Sugar, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins, and malondialdehyde were measured during the 28-day therapy period. Alternatively, there was a significant decrease in levels of glutathione (GSH) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). While contrasted with the infected control group. The lactic acid bacteria (L. plantarum) and lactic acid bacteria (L. rhamnose) caused significant weight loss in animals when administered in a dosage. Infected control rats (HF) that were treated with these bacterial groups while still eating a high-fat diet showed significant improvements in liver function and blood parameters, such as lower percentages of total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). There was an uptick in both HDL and very high-density lipoprotein (VLDL). In comparison to the afflicted control groups, the therapy groups demonstrated a marked recovery while simultaneously lowering oxidative stress factor levels.
Performance Several Genotypes of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Effect Spraying with Glutamic Acid and Arginine (Growth and Yield Traits)
Authors: Mohammad Al-Jumaili Ammar Abdullah , Abdullah Anees Ahmed Hawas , Jassim Wael Mustafa
Published: July 2024

Experiment dealt with the cultivation of nine genotypes of bread wheat were (Al-Fayyad, Mawaddah, Buhouth 22, Babylon 113, Gemmayzeh 9, Giza 164, Sakha 61, Sakha 95, and Misr 3), which were sprayed with a combination of glutamic acid and Arginine (Glutamic 0 + Arginine 0 and Glutamic 200 mg L-1 and Arginine 200 mg L-1 and Glutamic 100 mg L-1 + Arginine 100 mg L-1, Glutamic 100 mg L-1 + Arginine 200 mg L-1, Glutamic 200 mg L-1 + Arginine 100 mg L-1 and Glutamic 200 mg L-1 + Arginine 200 mg L-1), in two stages of plant life (GSZ22) and (GSZ39), Experiment was carried out in Kirkuk Governorate during winter agricultural season (2022-2023) at Sayada site - Agricultural Research and Experimentation Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk (longitude 44.42° east and latitude 35.16° north) to achieve best combination of spraying with glutamic and arginine for traits of growth and yield of several genotypes of bread wheat for the traits of number of days from planting until heading 50% of spikes, flag leaf area, plant height, chlorophyll content in flag leaf and grain yield, Randomized Complete Block Design was used in split plots arrangements, where main plots included combinations of glutamic acids and arginine, while secondary plots included the genotypes. Results showed significant superiority for highest level of spray treatment (200 mg L-1 glutamic acid + 200 mg L-1 arginine acid) for number of days from planting until heading 50% of spikes, flag leaf area, plant height, chlorophyll content in leaf area and grain yield compared to control treatment and other combinations of glutamic acid and arginine.
Effect of Adding Malv aneglecta L. Leaves Powder on the Sensory Properties of Laboratory Biscuits
Authors: Hammood Ezuldeen K. , Khalaf Muna N. , Naser Jassim M.
Published: July 2024

The current study aimed to identify the effect of adding different concentrations (1-2-3-4)% of Malva neglecta L. mallow’s leaves powder to the soft wheat flour for the manufacturing of laboratory biscuits and to study its sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance. The percentages of protein, fat, fiber, dry matter, moisture, ash, and carbohydrates in wheat flour (fresh brand) and mallow’s powder were (85.5, 14.5, 0.65, 7, 1, 0.7, 76.15%) and (98.38, 1.62, 7.93, 12.69, 1.58, 6.34, 69.84%), respectively, according to the results of the chemical analysis. The percentages of ash, fat, protein, and mineral elements in the flour seemed to be lower than those in the powdered mallow leaves. The diameter of the biscuit pieces increased as the percentage of mallow powder increased, according to the results, until it reached (41.6 cm2) at a concentration of 4%. This increase was reflected in the spread factor, which reached (111.02%) for the same treatment compared to the control. The external sensory characteristics of the biscuits did not show a statistically significant difference between the treatments. While the internal characteristics were affected by the percentage of addition. This may be due to the increase in the intensity of the green color and the emergence of an uncommon flavour from the use of this type of herb, as it is often eaten fresh and cooked. All of this was reflected in the total degrees of general acceptance of this product, although there were no significant differences between the treatments. Therefore, it is possible to add a 4% concentration of mallow leaf powder to the manufactured biscuit without causing a significant decrease in consumer acceptance.