bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring The Generation Of Digital Elevation Models From Same‐Side Ers Sar Images: Topographic And Temporal Effects
Authors: Li Zhilin , Liu Guoxiang , Ding Xiaoli
Published: April 2006

This paper presents an attempt to explore the generation of digital elevation models (DEMs) by radargrammetry from same‐side ERS‐1/2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Two ERS‐1 and two ERS‐2 C‐band (wavelength 5·6 cm) SAR images along parallel descending orbits, acquired in 1996 and 1997, are used to form four stereopairs. The test area is western Hong Kong which is dominated by mountains/hills that are largely covered by evergreen‐broadleaf trees. The stereopairs covering the same area but with different time intervals (varying from 16 days to 1·5 years) have an intersection angle of 4·5° and a relatively small overlap of 30% (30 km). In addition to the effect of topography, the effect of temporal correlation on the accuracy of the resulting DEMs is also analysed for the first time. From the experimental results obtained in this study, the following conclusions may be drawn: (a) with same‐side ERS‐1/2 SAR images, an accuracy of 30 to 35 m is achievable; (b) the accuracy of a resulting DEM degrades almost linearly with an increase in slope when the terrain slope is below 30°, and in the areas with slope over 30°, the accuracy of the DEM is significantly degraded and even becomes unacceptable; (c) the worst accuracy is obtained in the foreslope directions and the best accuracy is obtained in the backslope directions; (d) the time interval between two SAR images has no significant effect on the accuracy of the DEM in general; (e) the time interval between two SAR images has no significant effect on the reliability of image matching.
On the Second Edition of Lukes' Third Face
Authors: Shapiro Ian
Published: April 2006

In this article I argue for two propositions. The first is that Lukes has established the possibility of power's third face, but that the most interesting social science questions about it are empirical: How often does it operate and under what conditions? These are topics for empirical research, not armchair reflection. The second proposition I defend is that the most interesting normative questions about power are best thought of as questions of institutional design geared to preventing domination without interfering with the legitimate exercise of power. Examples in support of both propositions are supplied.
VASCULAR ANOMALY CAUSING SUBCLAVIAN STEAL AND CERVICAL MYELOPATHY IN A DOG: DIAGNOSIS AND ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT
Authors: WESTWORTH DICCON R. , VERNAU KAREN M. , CULLEN SEAN P. , LONG CRAIG D. , HALBACH VAN V. , LECOUTEUR RICHARD A.
Published: April 2006

A 3‐year‐old dog with cervical myelopathy resulting from a vascular anomaly is described. Marked intradural‐extramedullary spinal cord compression was observed, in association with multilevel ectatic anastomotic radicular arterial branches connecting the left and right vertebral arteries. A nonpatent proximal segment of the right subclavian artery had resulted in compensatory enlargement of the left vertebral artery. Flow within the right vertebral artery was retrograde and fed into the patent distal segment of the right subclavian artery. Multiple imaging techniques including myelography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and selective digital angiography were used to document this anomaly. To reduce spinal cord compression the largest collateral vessel was embolized without complication. Good clinical response was observed within 6 weeks and improved clinical neurologic function was maintained at the time of a 12‐month re‐evaluation.
Evaluating Willingness‐to‐Pay for Bison Attributes: An Experimental Auction Approach
Authors: Hobbs Jill E. , Sanderson Kim , Haghiri Morteza
Published: April 2006

Domestic bison herds in Canada and the United States have grown rapidly over the past decade. For this growth to be sustainable, viable markets for bison meat products are necessary. Bison products are available at the retail level to only a limited extent in some localized markets. Very little is known about consumer preferences for bison in Canada. A consumer research study was conducted across five Canadian locations. An experimental auction was used to evaluate willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for bison versus beef, plus the marginal WTP for bison with additional health‐related attributes. Bison products verified to be lower in fat than beef, and bison verified to have been produced without the use of growth hormones were evaluated. Results suggest that there was no significant WTP for bison over beef, either with or without the additional quality assurances. Delivering a positive eating experience to consumers was more important than the health‐related attributes per se. Distinct market segments with significantly different WTP for bison are identified. Some regional differences are also apparent. The industry cannot rely solely on the touted health benefits of bison to deliver a competitive advantage over beef. While some consumers may be willing to pay more for these health‐related attributes, consumers in general are unlikely to compromise eating experience.

Au Canada et aux États‐Unis, les troupeaux de bisons domestiques ont crû rapidement au cours de la dernière décennie. Pour que cette croissance soit durable, il faut développer des marchés viables pour le bison. Le bison est vendu au détail dans quelques marchés locaux seulement. Au Canada, les préférences des consommateurs pour le bison sont peu connues. Une étude à cet effet a été réalisée dans cinq villes canadiennes. La volonté de payer (VDP) des consommateurs pour du bison plutôt que pour du bœuf de même que la VDP marginale des consommateurs pour du bison ayant des propriétés supplémentaires pour la santé ont étéévaluées à l'aide d'enchères expérimentales. Des produits du bison ayant une teneur en gras inférieure à celle du bœuf et provenant d'élevages sans hormones de croissance ont étéévalués. Les résultats ont montré qu'il n'existait pas de VDP significative pour du bison plutôt que pour du bœuf, et ce, avec ou sans assurance de qualité supplémentaire. L'expérience alimentaire s'est révélée plus importante que les propriétés pour la santé en soi. Nous avons identifié des segments de marché distincts où la VDP pour du bison était significativement différente. Certaines différences régionales étaient aussi apparentes. L'industrie ne peut pas se fier qu'aux avantages vantés de la viande de bison pour la santé pour offrir un avantage concurrentiel par rapport au bœuf. Bien que certains consommateurs soient prêts à payer davantage pour des propriétés favorables pour la santé, il est peu probable que les consommateurs en général compromettent une nouvelle expérience alimentaire.
Use of radiographic measurements in distinguishing myasthenia gravis from other causes of canine megaoesophagus
Authors: Wray J. D. , Sparkes A. H.
Published: April 2006

Objectives:To evaluate whether dogs with megaoesophagus due to myasthenia gravis display less oesophageal dilatation radiographically than dogs with other causes of megaoesophagus.

Methods:Thoracic radiographs of 66 dogs with megaoesophagus in which concurrent acetylcholine receptor antibody titre was known were analysed retrospectively. Maximum oesophageal diameter was transformed to a “relative oesophageal diameter” using a ratio with thoracic inlet diameter. Dogs were divided into two groups according to “MG” or “non‐MG” antibody status and median relative oesophageal diameter values were compared between groups and with age, weight and sex. A receiver operating characteristic plot was used to evaluate a suitable relative oesophageal diameter cut‐off.

Results:Twenty dogs were diagnosed with myasthenia gravis and 46 with other causes of megaoesophagus. Thoracic inlet size correlated significantly with bodyweight and surface area (r2=0·627 and 0·669, respectively). Median values of relative oesophageal diameter for the MG group and non‐MG group were 0·58 and 0·66, respectively, and these showed a small, but significant, difference (P=0·029), although there was complete overlap in the range of relative oesophageal diameter values between groups. There was no significant association between relative oesophageal diameter and sex, age or weight or significant difference in age, sex or weight between the two groups. An increased odds ratio for myasthenia gravis existed in golden retrievers and German shepherd dogs.

ClinicalSignificance:Relative oesophageal diameter appears to be of limited diagnostic utility in distinguishing dogs with megaoesophagus due to myasthenia gravis from those with megaoesophagus due to other causes.
Focal canine tetanus: diagnostic value of electromyography
Authors: De Risio L. , Zavattiero S. , Venzi C. , Del Bue M. , Poncelet L.
Published: April 2006

A four‐year‐old, male Italian hound was presented with severe spasticity of both thoracic limbs that worsened with external stimuli. The remainder of the neurological and general physical examination was normal. Complete blood cell count, chemistry profile, and serology for protozoal diseases were within normal limits. Survey radiography of the cervicothoracic spine and abdominal ultrasonography showed no abnormalities. Electromyography of the thoracic limbs demonstrated the presence of ‘doublets’ and simultaneous activity in both agonist and antagonist muscles. These abnormalities may be explained by a defective glycinergic inhibition at the spinal cord level. Together with the history, progression of signs, and clinical findings, electromyography supported a presumptive diagnosis of focal tetanus. The dog received tetanus antitoxin and antibiotic treatment and gradually improved over four months.
Natural Convection From a Square Disk in the Intermediate Rayleigh Range
Authors: Willockx Arnout , De Mey Gilbert , T'Joen Christophe , Steeman Hendrik-Jan , De Paepe Michel
Published: April 2006

This technical brief reports on an experiment in which Ra is varied in an intermediate range. It is an interesting range because the values lie in a transition zone between laminar thin boundary layer dominated and conduction dominated natural convection. The experimental data are compared with existing correlations to check the accuracy and validity of these correlations for this transitional range of Ra. A new correlation that is only valid in this transitional zone is also proposed and compared with correlations of the same kind.
SUPPRESSING SUPER-HORIZON CURVATURE PERTURBATIONS?
Authors: SLOTH MARTIN S.
Published: April 2006

We consider the possibility of suppressing super-horizon curvature perturbations after the end of the ordinary slow-roll inflationary stage. This is the opposite of the curvaton limit. We assume that large curvature perturbations are created by the inflaton and investigate if they can be diluted or suppressed by a second very homogeneous field which starts to dominate the energy density of the universe shortly after the end of inflation. We show explicit that the gravitational sourcing of inhomogeneities from the more inhomogeneous fluid to the more homogeneous fluid makes the suppression difficult if not impossible to achieve.
The Role of GOES Satellite Imagery in Tracking Low-Level Moisture
Authors: Bikos Dan , Weaver John F. , Braun Jeff
Published: April 2006

This note provides examples of how geostationary satellite data can be applied to augment other data sources in tracking warm, moist air masses as they move northward from the Gulf of Mexico. These so-called returning air masses are often a key ingredient in bringing about severe weather outbreaks in the central and southeastern United States. The newer NOAA–GOES imagery provides high spatial and temporal resolution. Together, surface observations, upper-air soundings, and high-resolution satellite imagery provide a comprehensive picture of the returning moist air mass.
Intraluminal instillation of urokinase and autologous plasma: a method to unblock occluded central venous ports
Authors: Seifert Georg , Riess Hanno , Seeger Karl , Henze Guenter , Borgmann Anja
Published: April 2006

Background

Therapeutic use and effective function of recombinant urokinase (r-UK) for occluded ports need the presence of plasminogen.

Methods

As a therapeutic proof of principle, we demonstrate that the use of r-UK and autologous plasma effectively reestablishes the function of occluded central venous ports (CVP) resistant to routine management of catheter occlusion. Five patients with occluded ports resistant to the routine management were treated.

Results

All patients were successfully treated with thrombolytic therapy using intraluminal instillation of r-UK and autologous plasma.

Conclusion

Instillation of r-UK and autologous plasma is a safe and effective method for management of CVP occlusion.
Sustained Benefits from Previous Physical Activity on Bone Mineral Density in Males
Authors: Nordström Anna , Olsson Tommy , Nordström Peter
Published: April 2006

Context: The effect of physical activity on bone mineral density (BMD) is not well investigated longitudinally after puberty in men.

Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the effect of exercise and reduced exercise on BMD after puberty in men.

Design: We conducted a longitudinal study.

Participants: Sixty-three healthy young athletes and 27 male controls, both with a mean age of 17 yr at baseline, participated. Also, 136 of the participants’ parents were investigated to evaluate heritable influences.

Main Outcome Measures: Total body, total hip, femoral neck, and humerus BMD (grams per square centimeter) were measured at baseline and after mean periods of 27, 68, and 94 months in the young cohort.

Results: BMDs of control parents and athlete parents were equal, suggesting absence of selection bias. The 23 athletes that remained active throughout the study increased BMD at all sites when compared with controls (mean difference, 0.04–0.12 g/cm2; P < 0.05) during the study period. After an average of 3 yr, 27 athletes ended their active careers. Although this group initially lost BMD at the hip compared with active athletes, the former athletes still had higher BMD than controls at the femoral neck (0.12 g/cm2; P = 0.007), total hip (0.11 g/cm2; P = 0.02), and humerus (0.10 g/cm2; P = 0.02) at the final follow-up.

Conclusions: High sensitivity to physical loading persists after puberty in men. Reduced physical activity is associated with BMD loss in the first 3 yr in weight-bearing bone. Sustained benefits in BMD are preserved 5 yr after intensive training ends.
Effects of Six Months of Daily Low-Dose Perchlorate Exposure on Thyroid Function in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Braverman Lewis E. , Pearce Elizabeth N. , He Xuemei , Pino Sam , Seeley Mara , Beck Barbara , Magnani Barbarajean , Blount Benjamin C. , Firek Anthony
Published: April 2006

Context: Perchlorate has been detected in U.S. drinking water supplies at levels ranging from 4 to 200 μg/liter as well as in agricultural products. Perchlorate is known to be a competitive inhibitor of iodine uptake by the thyroid through the sodium-iodide symporter.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether prolonged exposure (6 months) to low levels of perchlorate would perturb thyroid function.

Design: This was a prospective, double-blinded, randomized trial.

Participants: The study population consisted of 13 healthy volunteers.

Intervention: Interventions included placebo vs. 0.5 mg or 3.0 mg potassium perchlorate daily.

Main Outcome Measures: Serum thyroid function tests, 24-h radioactive iodine uptake, serum thyroglobulin (Tg), urinary iodine and perchlorate, and serum perchlorate were measured.

Results: Mean urinary perchlorate value during ingestion of 0.5 mg perchlorate daily was 332.7 ± 66.1 μg per 24 h or 248.5 ± 64.5 μg/g creatinine and mean values for the four subjects who received 3 mg perchlorate daily were 2079.5 ± 430.0 μg per 24 h or 1941.7 ± 138.5 μg/g creatinine. There was no significant change in the thyroid 123I uptakes during perchlorate administration. There were no significant changes in serum T3, free T4 index, TSH, or Tg concentrations during the exposure period, compared to baseline or postexposure values. Urine iodine values for the 3-mg perchlorate group were higher, but not significantly so, at baseline than during perchlorate exposure.

Conclusions: We observed that a 6-month exposure to perchlorate at doses up to 3 mg/d had no effect on thyroid function, including inhibition of thyroid iodide uptake as well as serum levels of thyroid hormones, TSH, and Tg.
A Planar Phthalocyaninylnaphthalocyanine as a Broad Near-Infrared Absorber
Authors: Kobayashi Nagao , Higashi Yasuhiro , Osa Tetsuo
Published: April 2006

A planar heterodinuclear phthalocyaninylnaphthalocyanine (1) in which a phthalocyanine (Pc) and naphthalocyanine (Nc) share a common benzene ring has been synthesized for the first time and its electronic absorption, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and fluorescence data are reported. 1 and its deprotonated species show broad Q bands in the near-IR region.
Investigations on the thermal release of iodine from liquid eutectic lead-bismuth alloy
Authors: Neuhausen Jörg , Eichler B.
Published: April 2006

The release of iodine from liquid eutectic lead-bismuth alloy (LBE) under a flowing Ar/7%H2 atmosphere has been studied in a temperature range from 428 to 1223 K using γ-ray spectroscopy. During short-term experiments, significant amounts of iodine evaporate from liquid LBE at temperatures higher than 800 K. Long-term experiments reveal that the release of iodine at temperatures of relevance to technical applications, such as liquid metal spallation targets or Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS), is below our detection limits for periods up to 7 days. The release rate is determined by the desorption/evaporation process rather than by diffusion within the liquid alloy.
Thoughts, Things, and Theories … What is Culture?
Authors: VIRTANEN HILARY JOY
Published: April 2006

Thoughts, Things, and Theories … What is Culture?. Mathers Museum of World Cultures, Indiana University. Opened November 2, 2005.
Woven Stories: Andean Textiles and Rituals
Authors: SCHEVILL MARGOT BLUM
Published: April 2006

Woven Stories: Andean Textiles and Rituals. ANDREA M.HECKMAN. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003. 199 pp.
Psychosocial and Ethical Issues Relating to Genetic Testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes
Authors: Winchester E , Hodgson Shirley V
Published: April 2006

Two breast cancer susceptibility genes have been identified, BRCA1 and BRCA2, which when inherited in altered form, confer a substantially increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Genetic testing for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is available to adult men and women at increased risk of carrying such a mutation based on their personal and/or family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. Testing has profound implications not only for the individual being tested but for their entire family. It is therefore important that the psychosocial and ethical issues are explored through genetic counseling to ensure individuals make informed decisions about testing. Genetic testing may impact on psychological wellbeing, decisions regarding cancer risk management, childbearing and the wider family. Individuals who test positive for a mutation may face ethical dilemmas regarding childbearing and when and how to inform relatives of the genetic information. Female carriers will also face complex and challenging decisions concerning cancer risk management.
Is there a Need for Recombinant Human Luteinizing Hormone (Lutropin Alfa) Supplementation in Ovarian Stimulation for Assisted Reproduction?
Authors: Nawroth Frank , Ludwig Michael
Published: April 2006

Luteinizing hormone is now available as the recombinant product, lutropin alfa for the treatment of female infertility. It is necessary in the natural process of follicular growth and maturation. It is not yet clear which patients really benefit from the addition of this medication to conventional gonadotropin stimulation procedures in infertility treatment. Certainly, it has a proven benefit in patients suffering from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (WHO I). Others may be older patients, patients with a profound gonadotropin suppression stimulated in long gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist protocols, or patients with poor ovarian response to conventional stimulation strategies. The available data are reviewed herein.
Gender Differences in Depression
Authors: Sloan Denise M , Sandt Arthur R
Published: April 2006

Depression is among the most prevalent and debilitating psychiatric disorders in the world. A striking feature of this disorder is that women are twice as likely to experience depression compared with men. Research indicates that genetic, biological and environmental factors contribute to the gender differences noted in depression. Women are more likely to suffer a greater number of and more severe stressful life events compared with men, although no gender difference has been found to explain the genetic vulnerability. As individuals with depression most frequently present to general practitioners, healthcare providers should consider screening for depression and using rigorous treatment strategies for depressed patients with comorbid medical illnesses.
Installment Credit Before 1870
Authors: Lynn Robert A.
Published: April 2006

Neither cash sale nor barter were adequate means for bringing a growing number of high-priced durable goods to the American consumer. The employment of installment credit facilitated the growth of a mass market for such products and provides an example of the utilization of an old commercial technique for a new purpose.
The Kress Library of Business and Economics
Authors: Reeves Dorothea D.
Published: April 2006

This monograph is another in a bibliographical series designed to call attention to accessible major repositories of business history source materials, describing both the basic collections and recent acquisitions.
Gompers and Business Unionism, 1873–90
Authors: Mandel Bernard
Published: April 2006

The development of the administration of business firms has been studied by many scholars in the last 25 years. By comparison, the history of the administration of trade unions is an untouched field; most historians of the American labor movement have dealt only summarily with administrative changes. But efficient internal organization was crucial, in the years after 1873, to trade union survival and growth. Under the prodding of Samuel Gompers, the Cigarmakers' International Union pioneered several improvements. Its major innovations were: centralized control, especially of strikes; benefit payments for sickness, unemployment, and death; high dues and high initiation fees.
The Fleece and the Loom: Wool Growers and Wool Manufacturers during the Civil War Decade
Authors: Brown Harry
Published: April 2006

Almost by definition American wool manufacturers and wool growers stood on opposite sides of any question relating to tariffs. Yet the Wool and Woolens Act of 1867 served the interests of both groups and was pushed through Congress and across the desk of a reluctant President by their determined joint efforts. The circumstances surrounding this historic episode of commercial alliance are revealing as to the forces that have shaped American tariff policy and provide an insight into incipient efforts on the part of the businessman to control his environment by co-operative as well as by competitive means.
Legal Progressivism, the Courts, and the Crisis of the 1890's
Authors: Paul Arnold M.
Published: April 2006

Reform spokesmen, believing that fundamental issues of social control were involved, hailed the refusal of the judiciary to intervene in the 1880's against state regulation of corporate power. The progressive triumph was short-lived. Reversing the earlier trend, the courts retreated into economic conservatism, but in so doing generated the fierce pressures that were later to explode into new outbursts of legal and social revolt.
The Business Community and the Origins of the 1875 Resumption Act
Authors: Unger Irwin
Published: April 2006

Far from being a manifestation of the rising tide of business influence in society, the 1875 Resumption Act really demonstrated that to legislators of the day the wishes of important segments of the community were less important than considerations of party politics.
The Hawkes Papers: A Case Study of a Kansas Mortgage Brokerage Business, 1871–1888
Authors: Miller Glenn H.
Published: April 2006

Much of the capital to finance economic growth flowed from East to West in numerous trickling streams, having as their source the middle-income professional class and as their destination the small farmer. Uniting such borrowers and lenders were middlemen like Charles M. Hawkes, whose operations — here described in detail — were characterized by direct cognizance, financial mobility, deliberate restriction, and great prudence in the face of a shifting, hazardous market.
The Early Evolution of Business Organization in France
Authors: Adelson Judah
Published: April 2006

National divergencies in economic development produce variant national patterns of business organization. But the reverse is also true. In France, the legal structuring of business has been a causative factor of some importance, imparting a distinctive character to the timing and nature of French economic growth. At the same time, however, the history of organizational evolution in France has a certain universality. Here, as elsewhere, such evolution essentially has taken the form of a series of compromises between the need for greater corporate flexibility and the fear of abuse. From 1673, when the unlimited liability of partners was affirmed, the pressures of economic expansion produced a succession of devices aimed at facilitating the flow of investment funds into commerce and industry. When, however, that point was finally reached where limited investor liability, freely negotiable shares, and recognition of a corporate autonomy had been achieved, fear of fraudulent practice became a dominant factor. Legislative steps to protect the investing public introduced rigidities into French business at the very time when internal growth and international competition for markets called for a highly adaptable business system.
Some Significant Developments of Public Accounting in the United States
Authors: Edwards James Don
Published: April 2006

Business historians have become increasingly aware of the pertinence to their endeavors of developments in the field of public accountancy. The present article is a pithy summary of the rise of the profession in the United States. British precedent and personnel were influential in the formation of early American accounting firms and associations. The movement for state regulation developed early, as did efforts directed at institutionalizing on a sound basis the education of young men seeking a career in the field. Public recognition of the profession came in the wake of the income tax laws of 1909 and 1913, the important effects of which are set forth. Early associations of accountants gave way to new organizations with a broader professional base, while a series of important legal actions have continued down to the present time to alter the nature of the accountants' services and responsibilities.
The Emergence of the Professional Manager in the Scottish Coal Industry, 1760–1815
Authors: Duckham Baron F.
Published: April 2006

In the mid-eighteenth century, the Scottish coal industry was characterized by small pits, lagging technology, serf labor, and owner management. Thus, severe bottlenecks in the supply of responsible managerial personnel occurred when the market expanded as the result of the establishment of coke-using iron works and the growth of urban centers in the last four decades of the century. By 1815, however, the Scottish industry had seen the rise of large firms, an advance in technology, the abolition of serf labor, and the attainment of near self-sufficiency in the supply of essential professional managers.
China, the United States Navy, and the Bethlehem Steel Company, 1909–1929
Authors: Braisted William R.
Published: April 2006

The tangled purposes of national economic policy in the early decades of the twentieth century are highlighted in Professor Braisted's analysis of an episode which pledged officers and secrets of the U.S. Navy to the advancement of American business in the Far East.
Isaac Tyson, Jr.: Pioneer Industrialist
Authors: Abbott Collamer M.
Published: April 2006

In an era when American specialists in mining, metallurgy, and industrial chemistry were few, Isaac Tyson, Jr. (1792–1861) was an exceptional practitioner. His blending of science and business was a valuable asset during the pioneer stage of natural resource development in the United States.
“From Sputniks to Panties:” Is Economic Development Really That Easy?
Authors: Goldman Marshall I.
Published: April 2006

This article analyzes the shifting role of the fashion and consumer-goods industries in Soviet Russia's transition from an economy of scarcity to one of greater abundance.
American Negro Newspapers, 1880–1914
Authors: Thornbrough Emma Lou
Published: April 2006

The organizational and financial sides of Negro publishing are examined in this study of weekly newspapers before World War I.
Kleagles and Cash: The Ku Klux Klan As a Business Organization, 1915-1930
Authors: Alexander Charles C.
Published: April 2006

The promotional, financial, and manufacturing enterprises of the Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc. are examined in this study of its most prosperous years.
Why Railroads Supported Regulation: The Case of Wisconsin, 1905–1910
Authors: Caine Stanley
Published: April 2006

Recent studies of the progressive era by Gabriel Kolko and Robert Wiebe have proven that much reform legislation was supported by many of the interests against which the bills were ostensibly written. Professor Caine shows that, in at least one important state, railroads fought reform bitterly, accepting the principle of regulation only when conservative administration of the Railroad Regulation Act of 1905 offered them unexpected protection from progressive reformers.
The Missouri and Kansas Zinc Miners' Association, 1899–1905
Authors: Norris James D.
Published: April 2006

The origins of an American zinc-miners' trade association and its experiments with cooperative price controls illustrate several of the supply and demand problems of an industry characterized by many sellers and few buyers.
American Railroads and Agricultural Extension, 1900-1914: A Study in Railway Developmental Techniques
Authors: Scott Roy V.
Published: April 2006

Professor Scott illustrates how railroads came to undertake the furtherance of agricultural education as a part of their business activities and, in some instances, pioneered projects that subsequently became widely copied models in the field.
Early American Checks: Forms and Functions
Authors: Baughman James P.
Published: April 2006

In the manner of the Creole tradesmen of Louisiana, whose lagniappe to their patrons is legendary, the Editor offers a similar bonus to readers of the Review. Instead of trifling presents added to a purchase, however, our lagniappe will be notes and documents illustrative of the evolution of business enterprise.
Textile Bleaching and the Birth of the Chemical Industry
Authors: Wolff Klaus H.
Published: April 2006

During the early Industrial Revolution, the discovery and widespread commercial adoption of crucial technological advances permitted enormous productivity increases in the finishing of textiles and also marked the beginnings of the modern chemical industry in Europe.
Market Structure before the Age of Big Business: Concentration and Profit in Early Southern Manufacturing
Authors: Bateman Fred , Weiss Thomas
Published: April 2006

This study finds that the average degree of concentration in southern industrial markets was high in the period 1850–1860. Although the potential for monopolistic control existed, the authors argue, it does not appear to have been exploited systematically to gain rates of return exceeding those in less concentrated industries.
The Establishment of Banking Institutions in a Backward Economy: Brazil, 1800–1851
Authors: Peláez Carlos Manuel
Published: April 2006

This study analyzes the Brazilian experience as a case study in the role of banking in the early stages of economic growth and development.
Federal Bank Policy, Bank Market Structure, and Bank Performance: Wisconsin, 1863–1914
Authors: Keehn Richard H.
Published: April 2006

Utilizing data from a single state, Professor Keehn examines a number of important hypotheses about banking history and the role of banking in the process of economic growth and development in America from the Civil War to the creation of the Federal Reserve System.
Growth or a Clean Environment? Responses to Petroleum-related Pollution in the Gulf Coast Refining Region
Authors: Pratt Joseph A.
Published: April 2006

The power of history to instruct policy makers and enforcers is demonstrated in this study of the seventy-five-year effort to control pollution by the petroleum industry of the upper Texas Gulf coast. Dividing his subject into three time periods, Professor Pratt shows that the goal of economic growth, even with highly inefficient and polluting production methods, ruled until about 1914; from 1914 to 1940, progress in pollution control resulted primarily from less wasteful refining technology; and in the most recent era pollution, having become critical, is finally being controlled insofar as industry cooperation and national regulation can achieve it. But, he warns, the problem has now attained international proportions, and he asks where the social institutions to effect regulation are to be found on that plane.
Americans in Britain's Backyard: The Railway Era in Upper Canada, 1850–1880
Authors: Baskerville Peter
Published: April 2006

Canadian lines that were spreading out over what would become the Province of Ontario looked forward, in the years before the American Civil War, to becoming important east-west carriers between the rapidly growing American cities of the eastern seaboard and the still-new cities of the American Midwest. Canada's small population and undeveloped industry would force her railroads to rely heavily on traffic going from one American city to another. Lines like the Grand Trunk and the Great Western struggled desperately therefore, to avoid American financial control. With the help of British capital, they succeeded. But America's contribution to Canadian railroading ran much deeper than money. Dominating the skilled engineers and experienced construction contractors who came from south of the border was more difficult for Canadian directors to manage. In the end, however, it was the early failure of top Canadian management to bury their rivalries, ignore their English creditors, emulate Americans like Vanderbilt, Thomson, and Garrett, and consolidate into an integrated line between New England, the Middle Atlantic seaboard, and the Midwest that doomed their railroads to becoming, as one Canadian put it, “side streets to the trade thoroughfare.”
Air Brakes for Freight Trains: Technological Innovation in the American Railroad Industry, 1869–1900
Authors: Usselman Steven W.
Published: April 2006

The Westinghouse air brake, a significant technical innovation in the railroad industry of the late nineteenth century, was applied to freight trains much more gradually than it was to passenger trains. In this article, Mr. Usselman explains why this was the case. Many factors, including the public movement for railroad safety, the organization of railroad brakemen, the rise of effective regulatory mechanisms at the federal level, and technical problems with the device, influenced the diffusion of the air brake and differentiated the freight and passenger cases. New administrative procedures for moving freight trains through the extensive national railroad system, which involved the interchange of equipment among many companies, presented obstacles to innovation that did not exist in the passenger branch of the industry. Individual companies seeking to adopt the air brake for freight service found that these procedures limited the independence they had traditionally enjoyed when assessing new technology. Most railroads equipped their freight trains with air brakes only after they developed new methods of coordinating industrywide action on matters of technological change.
Archival Sources for Latin American Business History
Authors: Reber Vera Blinn
Published: April 2006

Since the Business History Review's special issue on Latin America twenty years ago, many articles and monographs have been published utilizing archival sources. An examination of many of these studies and experience in archives suggest that the historian of Latin American business must use a variety of sources to study individual firms and the relationships between business and the national societies in which they operate. In this essay Professor Reber discusses eight types of archives found in the United States, Latin America, Great Britain, France, and Spain which hold manuscripts of interest to those studying both the economic and business history of Latin America. She also offers advice about bibliographic aids, guides, and, briefly, printed primary source materials useful in supplementing the often hard-to-find archival data.
Small Business in the Peruvian Oil Industry: Lobitos Oilfields Limited Before 1934
Authors: Miller Rory
Published: April 2006

For much of the twentieth century, the petroleum industry of Peru was dominated by the International Petroleum Company (or IPC), a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. Yet IPC never obtained a monopoly. Other firms, such as Lobitos Oilfields Limited, a concern founded by British merchants, produced a significant amount of Peru's output. In this article, Professor Miller examines Lobitos's development from the time of the company's founding in 1900 through the pivotal year of 1934. Although the fortunes of Lobitos were closely linked to the pertubations of the international market and the shifting policies of the Peruvian government, corporate management enjoyed an unusual flexibility not only because the firm's interests were sometimes identical with those of its powerful rival IPC, but also because its merchant founders had established a vast trading network throughout South America. These additional factors allowed Lobitos to survive as a relatively small, unintegrated independent in an age of giant, fully-integrated multinationals.
Business History at the Hagley Museum and Library
Authors: Nash Michael
Published: April 2006

From its beginnings in the private library of Pierre S. du Pont, the Hagley Museum and Library has grown into a leading resource for business historians, particularly for those interested in the development of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. In this thorough description of the Hagley's collections, Dr. Nash demonstrates the breadth and depth of its holdings, from the papers of the eighteenth-century Physiocrats to those of New Deal and post-World War II companies and business leaders.
Mechanical and Organizational Innovation: The Drapers and the Automatic Loom
Authors: Mass William
Published: April 2006

The Draper Company's commitment to research and development was unparalleled among other nineteenth-century American manufacturers in older industries. This innovative drive, coupled with a strategy of patent defense and control, carried the firm to the top of the cotton textile machine industry by the end of the century. The company's 1907 decision to follow a less innovative path seemed sensible in light of its secure position in a volatile market, but the costs in long-term competitive strength were high.
The Price of Air Power: Technological Change, Industrial Policy, and Military Aircraft Contracts in the Era of British Rearmament, 1935–39
Authors: Ritchie Sebastian
Published: April 2006

During the Second World War leading belligerents such as Britain, the United States, and Germany, favored the use of fixed-price contracts for purchasing military aircraft. These contracts were believed to encourage economical and efficient production. Yet only Britain succeeded in developing contractual procedures based primarily upon the fixed price. This article examines the evolution of British contractual policy in the later 1930s, drawing upon both corporate and official records to explain why Britain succeeded where both America and Germany failed. Efforts to develop the fixed-price system in Britain were initially frustrated by the technological revolution which transformed aviation during the 1930s. Moreover, divided opinions within both the government and the aircraft industry helped prevent the emergence of a coherent contractual policy. By 1939, however, British aircraft manufacturers were unanimous in their support for fixed-price contracts.
The People's Welfare and the Origins of Corporate Reorganization: The Wabash Receivership Reconsidered
Authors: Hansen Bradley
Published: April 2006

The 1884 receivership of the Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway is widely regarded as a turning point in the development of corporate insolvency law. It is said to have created a “new-fashioned receivership,” which enabled debtors to initiate and, to a great extent, control receiverships. It is said that these new-fashioned receiverships facilitated reorganization of the insolvent firm at the expense of creditors' rights. An examination of the history of railroad receiverships reveals that for decades before 1884 judges allowed managers to initiate receiverships, appointed managers as receivers, and forced creditors to accept changes in their contractual rights. Judges also refused to extend reorganization procedures to corporations outside the railroad industry, justifying their special treatment of railroads on the grounds that the foremost obligation of railroads was to serve the public. Analysis of railroad bond prices supports the conclusion that creditors' rights were not transformed by the courts in the mid-1880s.
“Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?” The Federal Reserve System's Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War
Authors: Roberts Priscilla
Published: April 2006

The First World War presented the newly formed Federal Reserve System with issues that were crucial in defining its future institutional character and operational strategies and priorities. From 1914 to 1917 disputes over the relationship between the U.S. and belligerent European nations divided competing groups of New York bankers who had helped to create the Federal Reserve System and who otherwise shared many of the same objectives for its future purpose and functions. These divisions grew particularly acrimonious over policies concerning acceptances, a new financial instrument that could substantially affect the Allied powers' ability to obtain war funding in the United States. Despite these wartime splits, the rival financial groups, led by Benjamin Strong and Paul M. Warburg, generally concurred in assigning a higher priority to the international implications of Federal Reserve policies than to domestic consequences. Likewise, after the war both united in using the Federal Reserve System to facilitate Europe's economic recovery.
Business Enterprise and the Great Depression in Brazil: A Study of Profits and Losses in Textile Manufacturing
Authors: Haber Stephen H.
Published: April 2006

This article employs previously unused accounting data and manuscript censuses to determine the impact of the Great Depression on Brazil's most important cotton textile manufacturers. It argues that the Great Depression, when viewed at the level of the individual business enterprise, had far more serious consequences than the previous literature, which relied on aggregate statistical data, suggests. The analysis presented here leads to the conclusion that Brazil's major cotton firms were in serious trouble prior to the 1929 Crash and that they took longer to recover than most other studies of Brazilian industrialization have indicated.
External Economies and Economic Progress: The Case of the Microcomputer Industry
Authors: Langlois Richard N.
Published: April 2006

The following article provides a thorough chronicle of the microcomputer industry. That industry is a striking case, in which industrial growth took place through the creation of “external” capabilities—that is, capabilities produced by and residing in a specialized market network rather than in large organizations enjoying internal economies of scale and scope. In the microcomputer industry, the most successful products were those that took the greatest advantage—and allowed users to take the greatest advantage—of the market; and the greatest failures occurred when business enterprises bypassed the external network and attempted to rely significantly on internal capabilities.
G. Harold Powell and the Corporate Consolidation of the Modern Citrus Enterprise, 1904–1922
Authors: Moses H. Vincent
Published: April 2006

This article answers, in part, questions raised by new rural and agricultural historians concerning how farmers interacted with the rise of large-scale organizational society in the era after the 1896 Presidential election. It argues that California citrus growers reacted by bringing the revolution of corporate capitalism to Southern California, 1893–1920. The article tests the activities of California orange growers against the theoretical models of Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. and Martin J. Sklar. It concludes that a pro-corporate group of orange growers embraced corporate managerial capitalism at a time when most other American farmers were in open revolt against industrialization. In 1912, these growers appointed G. Harold Powell, pomologist with the USDA's Bureau of Plant Industry, as General manager of their mammoth California Fruit Growers Exchange. By 1920, Powell and the Exchange board of directors completed the corporate consolidation of the citrus enterprise, and by example the reconstruction of California's potent agricultural empire.
Corporate Culture and Marketing in the American Railway Locomotive Industry: American Locomotive and Electro-Motive Despond to Dieselization
Authors: Churella Albert
Published: April 2006

By the 1930s, the American Locomotive Company (ALCo) and the Electromotive Company (EMC) controlled the diesel locomotive industry. Although ALCo enjoyed sound financial status, decades of experience in steam locomotive production, and close ties with its customers, it quickly lost ground to the newly established EMC. Electromotive's founder, Harold Hamilton, emphasized the importance of marketing, including post-sales support services, and his strategy helped Electromotive to surpass ALCo's diesel locomotive production by 1935. ALCo continued to neglect its marketing capabilities, and remained a poor second to Electromotive until it ceased production altogether in 1969. ALCo failed in large part because it could not modify its corporate culture, which was superbly equipped for steam locomotive production but ill-suited to the diesel locomotive industry.
Collective Diversification : Manchester Cotton Merchants and the Insurance Business in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Pearson Robin
Published: April 2006

It has been claimed that the diversified mercantile capitalist of eighteenth-century Britain was replaced by the specialist industrialist of the nineteenth. This study of Manchester cotton merchants who moved into fire insurance in the 1820s examines the neglected strategy of collective diversification. It argues that the merchants' decision to diversify cannot be explained by short-term financial or economic considerations arising out of the insurance or cotton markets and only partly by long-run issues such as profit maximization and constraints on growth. Collective diversification is best understood as part of a broader attempt to create a system of interlocking services by an urban oligarchy seeking both to improve the economic infrastructure of their region and to consolidate the economic and political power of their group.