bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Potential Red Phosphor Na0.5Gd0.5MoO4:Eu3+ For Light‐Emitting Diode Application
Authors: Zhou Liya , Yi Linghong , Sun Ruifang , Gong Fuzhong , Sun Jianhua
Published: July 2008

The intense red‐emitting phosphor Na0.5Gd0.5MoO4:Eu3+ with tetragonal structure was prepared by solid‐state reaction and its photoluminescence properties were investigated. Compared with Y2O2S:0.05Eu3+, the obtained Na0.5Gd0.375MoO4:Eu0.1253+ phosphor shows a stronger excitation band near 400 nm as well as enhanced red emissions. The strong red‐emission lines at 616 nm correspond to the forced electric dipole 5D0→7F2 transitions on Eu3+. The chromaticity coordinates of Na0.5Gd0.375MoO4:Eu0.1253+ (x=0.652, y=0.348) are closer to the standard of National Television Standard Committee values (x=0.670, y=0.330) than that of Y2O2S:0.05Eu3+ (x=0.645, y=0.354). The optical properties suggest that Na0.5Gd0.375MoO4:Eu0.1253+ is an efficient red‐emitting phosphor for light‐emitting diode applications.
Genotypic characterization of Porphyromonas gingivalis isolated from subgingival plaque and blood sample in positive bacteremia subjects with periodontitis
Authors: Pérez‐Chaparro P. Juliana , Gracieux Patrice , Lafaurie Gloria Inés , Donnio Pierre‐Yves , Bonnaure‐Mallet Martine
Published: July 2008

Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate clonal relationship among Porphyromonas gingivalis isolated from subgingival plaque and blood samples in positive transient bacteremia subjects with periodontitis.

Material and Methods: Unrelated patients with general chronic periodontitis or general aggressive periodontitis requiring scaling and root planing (SRP) were included in the study. Genotyping of each isolate was performed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis technique. Genetic relatedness of strains isolated within an individual or between different patients was determined by dendogram analysis.

Results: Following SRP, from 16 patients, seven patients showed positive P. gingivalis bacteremia and nine were negative. Thirty‐two strains were isolated from subgingival plaque and blood samples before and during induced transient bacteremia. The majority of the patients harboured one clonal type. Two patients showed different clones in plaque and blood samples suggesting that more than one clone can be found in subgingival plaque. P. gingivalis isolates from periodontitis patients after transient bacteremia following SRP, revealed a high heterogeneity among isolates.

Conclusion: In 6/16 subjects the same P. gingivalis isolate was found in the blood and in oral cavity. P. gingivalis heterogeneity suggests no association of a unique clonal type with transient bacteremia.
Melatonin and the circadian entrainment of metabolic and hormonal activities in primary isolated adipocytes
Authors: Alonso‐Vale Maria Isabel Cardoso , Andreotti Sandra , Mukai Paula Yuri , Borges‐Silva Cristina das Neves , Peres Sidney Barnabé , Cipolla‐Neto José , Lima Fabio Bessa
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the in vitro circadian‐like exposure to melatonin [in the presence or absence of insulin (Ins)] on the metabolism and clock gene expression in adipocytes. To simulate the cyclic characteristics of the daily melatonin profile, isolated rat adipocytes were exposed in a circadian‐like pattern to melatonin added to the incubating medium for 12 hr (mimicking the night), followed by an equal period without melatonin (mimicking the day) combined or not with Ins. This intermittent incubation was interrupted when four and a half 24‐hr cycles were fulfilled. At the end, either during the induced night (melatonin present) or the induced day (melatonin absent), the rates of lipolysis and D‐[U‐14C]‐glucose incorporation into lipids were estimated, in addition to the determination of lipogenic [glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase (FAS)] and lipolytic (hormone sensitive lipase) enzymes and clock gene (Bmal‐1b, Clock, Per‐1 and Cry‐1) mRNA expression. The leptin release was also measured. During the induced night, the following effects were observed: an increase in the mRNA expression of Clock, Per‐1 and FAS; a rise in lipogenic response and leptin secretion; and a decrease in the lipolytic activity. The intermittent exposure of adipocytes to melatonin temporally and rhythmically synchronized their metabolic and hormonal function in a circadian fashion, mimicking what is observed in vivo in animals during the daily light–dark cycle. Therefore, this work helps to clarify the physiological relevance of the circadian pattern of melatonin secretion and its interactions with Ins, contributing to a better understanding of the adipocyte biology.
Tapered toothbrush filaments in relation to gingival abrasion, removal of plaque and treatment of gingivitis
Authors: Versteeg PA , Piscaer M , Rosema NAM , Timmerman MF , Van der Velden U , Van der Weijden GA
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Objectives:  To compare a tapered filament toothbrush (TFTB) to a control toothbrush (ADA) in their potential to cause gingival abrasion and improve the gingival condition following a period of experimental gingivitis.

Methods:  Thirty‐two subjects refrained from brushing mandibular teeth for 21 days. During a subsequent 4‐week treatment phase, the left or right side of the mouth was brushed with either the TFTB or ADA as randomly allocated. Gingival abrasion, plaque and gingival bleeding were assessed.

Results:  During the treatment phase gingival abrasion showed a trend to be lower with the TFTB than the ADA, which was significant at the 2‐week assessment. The mean plaque scores changed from 2.98 (day 21) to 1.59 for the TFTB and from 3.00 (day 21) to 1.31 for the ADA. The mean bleeding scores changed from 1.86 (day 21) to 1.35 for the TFTB and from 1.85 (day 21) to 1.20 for the ADA. Plaque and bleeding scores were significantly lower with the ADA.

Conclusions:  Both toothbrushes improved gingival health and effectively removed plaque. Although there was a tendency towards fewer sites with gingival abrasion with the TFTB brush, it was less effective than the ADA in the removal of plaque biofilm and reduction of bleeding. Subjects considered the TFTB to be more pleasant to use.
Microbiology and Cytokine Levels Around Healthy Dental Implants and Teeth
Authors: Nowzari Hessam , Botero Javier Enrique , DeGiacomo Marina , Villacres Maria C. , Rich Sandra K.
Published: July 2008

Background: Elicitation of the relationship of periodontopathogens and pro‐inflammatory cytokines to bone resorption and formation is significant to a growing body of research known as osteoimmunology. It is essential that clinically healthy peri‐implant and periodontal sites are studied to contribute comparison data for investigations that are addressing diseased sites.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe levels of selected pro‐inflammatory cytokines in clinically healthy peri‐implant and periodontal sites, and to examine whether cytokine levels may be related to specific bacterial/viral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: Eleven subjects (mean age 56.2 ± 10) participated in the study. Subgingival microbial samples were cultured for periodontopathic bacteria. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were analyzed by nested polymerase chain reaction for Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and were tested for the quantification of Interleukin (IL)‐8, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)‐α, and IL‐12p70 using flow cytometry (FACS). Findings for microbiota composition and cytokine levels were compared between implants and teeth (chi square, Kruskall–Wallis, Mann–Whitney; p ≤ .05).

Results: Both the frequency (%) and levels (%) of periodontopathic bacteria were higher around teeth than implants. The concentration (picogram per milliliter) of cytokines was more prominent around implants than teeth, reaching nearly twofold differences in some instances. Cytokine levels were higher when the sites analyzed were positive for any bacteria tested. HCMV was not detected.

Conclusions: Pro‐inflammatory cytokine production was unrelated to heavy bacterial challenge. Nevertheless, when periodontopathic bacteria were detected by culture, cytokine levels were increased around both implants and teeth. Studies are needed to investigate the pro‐inflammatory cytokines (especially IL‐1β and TNF‐α) produced in spite of minimal bacterial accumulation.
A Conservative Approach for Treating Young Adult Patients with Porcelain Laminate Veneers
Authors: CHEN YEN‐WEI , RAIGRODSKI ARIEL J.
Published: July 2008

Controversy persists regarding the treatment planning criteria for young adult patients in need of esthetic restorations. The trend of conservative treatment modalities continues to become widely acknowledged. One of the conservative treatment modalities is porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs). PLVs not only provide suitable esthetics but also reliable functional strength. This article presents two anterior esthetic cases to demonstrate a conservative treatment planning approach and its application as a nontraditional solution for young adult patients. It is recommended that a conservative approach be used wherever possible as an alternative to treatment options that may aggressively sacrifice tooth structure as well as the health of the supporting tissues.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

By using a conservative approach to treatment with porcelain veneers, long‐lasting, esthetic, and functional results may be achieved. Sacrificing as little tooth structure as possible and conserving the supporting tissues will facilitate prospective treatments for young adult patients.
Effect of Curing Lights and Bleaching Agents on Physical Properties of a Hybrid Composite Resin
Authors: LIMA DÉBORA ALVES NUNES LEITE , DE ALEXANDRE RODRIGO SVERSUT , MARTINS ANA CLÁUDIA MORAES , AGUIAR FLÁVIO HENRIQUE BAGGIO , AMBROSANO GLÁUCIA MARIA BOVI , LOVADINO JOSÉ ROBERTO
Published: July 2008

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the microhardness (MH) and diametral tensile strength (DTS) of a minifill hybrid composite (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE), polymerized with halogen lamp or second generation light‐emitting diode (LED), submitted to different bleaching agents. Composite resin specimens were randomly polymerized according to experimental groups (halogen, 550 mW/cm2/20 seconds; LED, 550 mW/cm2/25 seconds) and subdivided into three subgroups (N = 8): A, without bleaching (control); H, 35% hydrogen peroxide; and C, 16% carbamide peroxide. After that, the MH test and DTS test were performed. Two‐way analysis of variance (whitening × light) and Tukey's tests (α = 5%) were performed. For DTS, there were no statistical differences among the bleaching agents and the control group; however, the halogen group presented statistically lower DTS (p < 0.05) than the LED group. For the MH test, the carbamide peroxide group presented statistically lower MH means (p < 0.05) than the control groups, and there were no statistical differences among the light‐curing units. Sixteen percent carbamide peroxide reduced the MH of the hybrid composite tested. The second generation LED presented a performance similar to or better than the halogen lamp for hardness and DTS, respectively.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Repolishing of minifill hybrid composite is suggested, as the alteration caused after the contact with 16% carbamide peroxide was limited to the material surface. The second generation light‐emitting diode is a good option for a curing light device when the polymerization initiator of composite resin is camphorquinone.
Mitochondrial diversity of native pigs in the mainland South and South‐east Asian countries and its relationships between local wild boars
Authors: TANAKA Kazuaki , IWAKI Yoshiatsu , TAKIZAWA Tatsuya , DORJI Tashi , TSHERING Gyem , KUROSAWA Yaetsu , MAEDA Yoshizane , MANNEN Hideyuki , NOMURA Koh , DANG Vu‐Binh , CHHUM‐PHITH Loan , BOUAHOM Bounthong , YAMAMOTO Yoshio , DAING Than , NAMIKAWA Takao
Published: July 2008

In this study, we analyzed DNA sequence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control regions on the 130 native domestic pigs and eight wild boars in the mainland South and South‐east Asian countries including Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Forty‐four haplotypes were found in the 138 individuals, 41 were in the domestic and four were in wild boars. Only one haplotype was shared by domestic and wild population in Bhutan. In other cases, mtDNA of wild boars did not show close affinity to that of the domestic pigs in the same location, indicating that the native domestic pigs in these countries did not originate in the present habitat. Phylogenetic analyzes of mtDNA haplotypes recapitulated several major clusters identified in other studies, but 11 haplotypes were grouped in a new cluster we named MTSEA. In most cases, more than one lineage group were present in a sampling station, indicating that the present indigenous domestic pigs may have multiple origins. The MTSEA haplotypes were present in relatively high frequencies in domestic pigs in the mountainous area of mainland South‐east Asia (Cambodia and Laos), with a few found in Myanmar and Bhutan. The distributions of MTSEA haplotypes are in great conformity with the distribution of present‐day Mon‐Khmer language and indicated the existence of yet another independent domestication. The D2 haplotypes that distribute high frequency (almost 100%) throughout the Chinese breeds were dominant in Bhutan, Myanmar, and Vietnam. These results suggest an existence of human‐mediated dispersal of domestic pigs from north to the south during the historical expansion of Sino‐Tibetan and Tai peoples. The D3 haplotypes previously reported in north India were found in sympatric domestic and wild pigs in Bhutan. The D3 haplotype is an important proof of independent domestication event and/or great gene flow between wild and domestic pigs in the foot of Himalaya.
The effects of protein sources supplemented with urea‐treated potato pulp (PP) silage and feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steers
Authors: SUGIMOTO Masahito , KANAMOTO Masayo , CHIBA Takuya , HIDARI Hisashi , KIDA Katsuya , SAITO Waka , OOI Motoki , SATO Yukinobu , SAITO Toshiro
Published: July 2008

Six Japanese Black (Wagyu) steers (average initial weight 467 ± 45 kg) fitted with a ruminal cannula were used in a split‐plot design experiment comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole‐plot) and a randomized block design (subplot). The whole‐plot treatments were three different feeding levels of urea‐treated potato pulp (PP) silage‐based concentrate: 1.00%, 1.75% and 2.50% of body weight (BW) (on a dry matter (DM) basis). The subplot treatments consisted of the concentrate formulated to contain either soybean meal (SBM) as a rapidly rumen‐degraded protein source or corn gluten meal (CGM) as a slowly degraded protein source. Dry matter intake tended to be lower (P = 0.071) for CGM (8.9 kg/day) than for SBM (9.4 kg/day). Protein sources had no significant effect on digestibility and in situ degradation. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3‐N) was lower (P = 0.033) for CGM (7.5 mg/dL) than for SBM (9.5 mg/dL). Protein sources did not affect ruminal pH and the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. The molar proportions of ruminal acetate and valerate were higher (P = 0.032) for CGM than for SBM. The maximum daily intake of the PP silage‐based concentrate expressed as a percentage of BW was approximately 1.4% of BW. Dry matter intake was higher (P = 0.046) for steers fed at 1.0% of BW of the PP silage‐based concentrate than for steers fed at 1.75% or 2.5% of BW of the concentrate. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate had no effect on DM and nutrients digestibility, except for crude protein (CP) digestibility. CP digestibility tended to be lower (P = 0.071) for steers fed at 1.75% of BW of the PP silage‐based concentrate than for steers fed at 1.0% or 2.5% of BW of the concentrate. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate also did not affect the in situ degradation parameter of hay and PP silage. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate did not affect ruminal pH, NH3‐N and total VFA concentrations. The molar proportion of acetate was highest for steers fed at 1.0% of BW of the concentrate. In conclusion, in the urea‐treated PP silage‐based concentrate, CGM seems to be more effective than SBM for stabilizing the ruminal NH3‐N concentration and to be advantageous for fiber digestion in the rumen. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate did not change the amount of VFA production in the rumen and the DM digestibility.
Efficacy of a genetically modified yeast phytase on phosphorus bioavailability in a corn‐soybean meal based diet for growing pigs
Authors: CHU Gyo‐Moon , KOMORI Motoharu , NAKAYAMA Akira , ASANAGI Mineko , YANO Hideo , MATSUI Tohru
Published: July 2008

We investigated the efficacy of genetically modified yeast (GMY) phytase on phosphorus (P) bioavailability in growing pigs fed a corn–soybean meal based diet. Crossbred barrows were fed a P‐adequate, a low‐P or a P‐deficient diet containing 0.37, 0.27 and 0.14% non‐phytate‐P, respectively. The P‐deficient diet was supplemented with wild‐type yeast (WTY), Aspergillus (ASP) or GMY phytase at 750 PU per kilogram of food. Dietary ASP and GMY phytases increased plasma inorganic P (Pi) concentration and the apparent absorption of P, and decreased the concentration of a bone resorption marker, plasma type‐I collagen C‐terminal telopeptide (ICTP). Wild‐type yeast phytase also increased the apparent absorption of P, but the changes in plasma Pi and ICTP concentrations were not significant. Although the dietary Pi‐equivalencies based on plasma Pi and ICTP concentrations did not differ between WTY and ASP phytases, the equivalency of ASP phytase based on apparent absorption of P was higher than that of WTY phytase. The equivalency of GMY phytase calculated from each parameter was higher than that of WTY phytase, and did not differ from that of ASP phytase. These results suggest that efficacy of GMY phytase on P bioavailability was higher than WTY phytase, and as effective as ASP phytase in growing pigs.
Effects of the rearing system on the quality traits of the carcass, meat and fat of the Chato Murciano pig
Authors: GALIÁN Miguel , POTO Ángel , SANTAELLA Marina , PEINADO Begoña
Published: July 2008

To evaluate the performance of the Spanish autochthonous pig breed Chato Murciano under different rearing conditions, a total of 30 castrated male pigs were used. Eighteen pigs were reared in an outdoor system, and sent to slaughter with an average age of 210 days and live weight (LW) of 124.41 kg; and 12 pigs were reared in an indoor system, and slaughtered with 119.58 kg of LW and 236 days old. The pigs reared outdoors showed a better growing rate and final live weight in relation to age, as well as higher hot and cold carcass yields, and superior weights for the most valuable meat cuts, but their morphometric parameters were similar to those of the pigs reared indoors. The rearing system did not affect many of the meat quality traits (intramuscular fat (IMF) content, pH, color, tenderness and cooking loss), but drip losses were higher in the outdoor group. The levels of IMF found in this study in both rearing systems (2.65–3.19%) were notably lower than those from previous studies, probably due to differences in the diet used. The rearing system affected the mineral and fatty acid (FA) composition. The distribution of fatty acids in both groups, with a low Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) content, can be expected to produce good quality processed products.
Short‐term transportation in a small vehicle affects the physiological state and subsequent water consumption in goats
Authors: AOYAMA Masato , NEGISHI Akihito , ABE Akiko , MAEJIMA Yuko , SUGITA Shoei
Published: July 2008

We investigated the physiological effects on goats of transportation for one hour in a small truck. We also investigated food and water consumption after transportation. Eight adult goats (four castrated males and four ovariectomized females) were used. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids increased significantly within 15 min of the start of transportation, and these higher levels were maintained throughout transportation. These results indicate that transportation in a small truck activates the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system in goats. Despite activation of the sympathetic nervous system, heart rate (HR) in subjected animals during transportation did not differ from during the control animals, which were housed in their usual pen. However, after the transportation had ended and the goats started to eat fodder, HR increased significantly. There was no difference in the amount of food consumption between the control and transported goats. Water consumption in the first three hours after transportation was significantly lower in the transported goats than in the controls for the equivalent period. In the subsequent three hours, however, the transported goats consumed more water than the controls. Consequently, the total water consumption of the transported goats did not differ from that of the controls during the six hours after transportation. In conclusion, short‐term transportation with a small vehicle activated the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system in goats. HR was not increased during transportation, but after the transportation had ended HR in transported goats was higher than that in control goats. After transportation, goats had consumed the same amount of food as control goats, but water consumption during three hours after the transportation was lower than that of control goats.
Discovery of Gynoecium Color Polymorphism in an Aquatic Plant
Authors: Huang Shuang‐Quan , Tang Xiao‐Xin
Published: July 2008

Flower color polymorphism exhibited by natural populations provides an opportunity for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms contributing to the diversity of floral morphology. However, little is known about the color polymorphism of female organs in flowering plants. Here we report gynoecium color polymorphism in Butomus umbellatus (Butomaceae), an emergent, aquatic monocot. Populations from Mishan, northeastern China comprised two morphs; gynoecia are either pink, as observed in other areas, or white. We measured floral traits and female fecundity in the two gynoecium color morphs in the field. There was no significant difference in plant height, pedicel length, and flower size including petal, sepal and gynoecium between the two morphs, but plants with pink gynoecia had wider inflorescence stalks, larger inner whorl anthers and produced more pollen and ovules than those with white gynoecia. Correspondingly, we found that seed production was significantly higher in the pink than in the white morph. This new finding suggested selection against white gynoecia in part because of low fecundity, consistent
with the rarity of the white gynoecium morph in this species.
CHEMOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF FIVE TUNISIAN VARIETALS OF OLEA EUROPAEA L. OLIVE FRUIT ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT MATURATION INDICES
Authors: ISSAOUI MANEL , MECHRI BELIGH , ECHBILI ADEL , DABBOU SAMIA , YANGUI ABDELMAJID , BELGUITH HASSEN , TRIGUI AHMED , HAMMAMI MOHAMED
Published: July 2008

The usefulness of some chemical parameters as a tool to discriminate five varietals of olives was evaluated. Fruits were collected from the same orchard in order to eliminate geographical and climatic effects. Biochemical and quality characteristics in the fruits at complete ripeness were also investigated. Results showed that pomological characteristics and fatty acid composition may differ, depending on the variety and ripeness state, which is confirmed by an analysis of variance. A linear trend between mannitol and oil content was observed (r = 0.665; P < 0.001). Jeddaria Chaal olive oil had both the highest triolein (39.33%) and oleic acid value (74.43%). However, Chemlali Chouamekh olive oil showed the highest pigment (59.29 and 26.37 mg/kg of chlorophylls and carotenes, respectively) and α‐tocopherol content (201.40 mg/kg). Thus, the cultivars were clearly differentiated in their metabolic behavior and the biochemical characteristics of their oils. Ripening state is used mainly as a guideline to establish the olive harvest time. The present data provide information about the maturation patterns of different cultivars and how it can influence the quality of the final product.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research is strongly oriented to the agronomic application. The obtained results can orient an agronomist to the optimum ripening date of olive fruits with a good amount of oil and a balanced fatty acid composition.
8‐HYDROXY‐2′‐DEOXYGUANOSINE AS A BIOMARKER FOR DETECTION OF THE EARLY STAGE INDUCED ADENOCARCINOMA IN RATS
Authors: TOKARZ ANDRZEJ , BOBROWSKA BARBARA , GORZATA KOSK MAŁ
Published: July 2008

The influence of fats on carcinogenesis is associated with oxidative DNA lesions. In this study, the effect of heated (for 10 min at 200C) and unheated olive and sunflower oils on oxidative DNA damage (8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine [8‐OhdG]) in rats in which breast cancer was simultaneously induced with 7,8‐dimethylbenz[a]antracene (DMBA) was assessed. The research focused on the kinetics of alterations in urinary 8‐OHdG at the early stage of carcinogenesis, as well as the influence of dietary factors on the process. Urine samples were obtained from animals placed individually in metabolic cages for 24 h. The study results showed that both the quantity and quality of dietary fats exert their influence on urinary 8‐OHdG in rats. In addition, DMBA‐induced carcinogenesis was accompanied by increased urinary 8‐OHdG levels in rats, regardless of their diet.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

It is estimated that approximately one‐third of human cancers are associated with inappropriate dietary habits and lifestyle. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of olive and sunflower oils, heated and unheated, on the severity of oxidative DNA lesions (8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine) in rats in which breast adenocarcinoma was simultaneously induced with 7,8‐dimethylbenz[a]antracene. The results presented in this work can be useful in the analysis of fats' influence on cancer process in humans.
ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DESI CHICKPEA VARIETIES COMMONLY CONSUMED IN PAKISTAN
Authors: ZIA‐UL‐HAQ MUHAMMAD , IQBAL SHAHID , AHMAD SHAKEEL , BHANGER MUHAMMAD IQBAL , WICZKOWSKI WIESLAW , AMAROWICZ RYSZARD
Published: July 2008

Antioxidant potential of four Desi chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties indigenous to Pakistan, namely Balksar 2000, CM98, Dasht and Winhar 2000, was evaluated. All studied varieties exhibited appreciable total phenolic content (0.92–1.12 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), total flavonoid content (0.79–0.99 mg catechin equivalent [CAE]/g) and condensed tannin content (0.58–0.69 mg CAE/g). In addition, antioxidant activities were tested using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (1.05–1.24 µmol trolox/g), 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (37.24–45.32 µmol trolox/g), ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (0.73–0.90 mmol Fe2+equivalents/100 g) and oxygen radical‐absorbing capacity (8.58–11.4 µmol trolox/g). All varieties exhibited appreciable antioxidant potential and significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among the varieties in different systems of antioxidant activity evaluation. The results of the present analytical study showed Desi chickpea (C. arietinum L.) indigenous to Pakistan to be a potentially valuable legume crop with high antioxidant potential.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The analytical findings of this study provide a regional database for this valuable legume crop, which has not been explored so far. The data obtained will be useful to both producers and consumers. Chickpeas may be used as functional ingredients for processing into health foods in the food industry.
LIPID CLASSES, FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS AND TRIACYLGLYCEROL MOLECULAR SPECIES FROM ADZUKI BEANS (VIGNA ANGULARIS)
Authors: YOSHIDA HIROMI , TOMIYAMA YUKA , YOSHIDA NAOKO , SAIKI MASAYUKI , MIZUSHINA YOSHIYUKI
Published: July 2008

The lipids extracted from adzuki beans grown in Japan were classified by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) into eight fractions. Molecular species and fatty acid distributions of triacylglycerols (TAGs) isolated from the total lipids in the beans were determined from a combination of argentation‐TLC and gas chromatography. The major lipid components were phospholipids (PL; 63.5%) and TAG (21.2%), while hydrocarbons (5.1%), steryl esters (7.5%), free fatty acids (0.9%), diacylglycerols (1.3%) and monoacylglycerols (0.5%) were also present in minor proportions. Both major samples had high amounts of total unsaturated fatty acids, representing 62.1% for TAG and 65.9% for PL. Seventeen different molecular species were detected. The major TAG components were SMD (5.0%), S2T (19.3%), SD2 (13.8%), SMT (9.3%), MD2 (4.5%), SDT (7.0%), D3 (8.8%) and ST2 (15.9%), where S, M, D and T denote a saturated fatty acid, a monoene, a diene and a triene, respectively.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This article describes the characteristics of lipid components, fatty acid compositions as well as the profiles of triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species of adzuki beans. α‐Linolenic (18:3n‐3) acid was detected as 24.8, 21.2 and 15.2% in the TAG, total lipids and phospholipids, respectively. The oil from legumes, except the profitable fatty acid content, could be a potential source of tocopherols. The data obtained in this study would be useful to both consumers and producers for manufacturing traditional adzuki confectionaries (wagashi) in Japan and elsewhere.
EXTRACTION OF VICTORIA AND RED GLOBE GRAPE SEED OILS USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE WITH AND WITHOUT ETHANOL
Authors: DA SILVA TERESA LOPES , BERNARDO ELINA C. , NOBRE BEATRIZ , MENDES RUI L. , REIS ALBERTO
Published: July 2008

SFE of the oils of two varieties of grape seeds (Victoria and Red Globe) was performed in a flow apparatus at 40C and 250 bar. The effect of the solvent on the extraction yield was studied using CO2 and CO2 modified with ethanol, and the yield of extraction was compared with conventional extraction methods (Bligh and Dyer and Soxhlet using hexane). SC CO2 + ethanol extracted higher lipid amounts from both varieties, compared with SC CO2 extraction. The comparison between SFE and conventional extraction methods showed that the highest extraction yield was obtained with SC CO2 + ethanol (10%, w/w) (14.7 and 11.8% for Red Globe and Victoria grape seeds, respectively), while pure SC CO2 afforded the lowest lipid yields. The fatty acid compositions of the oils obtained by SFE were analyzed. Fractions containing higher proportions of PUFAs were obtained at lower solvent/dry grape seed ratios, while fractions richer in SFAs and MUFAs were obtained at higher solvent/dry grape seed ratios.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

SFE could fractionate grape seed oil and afford various grades of oil containing different proportions of fatty acids. The highest grape seed lipid yield obtained was with SC CO2 + ethanol, making this solvent a promising and powerful one for grape seed oil extraction, showing a great advantage compared with conventional extraction methods.
LIPIDS AND FATTY ACIDS OF WILD EDIBLE MUSHROOMS OF THE GENUS BOLETUS
Authors: HANUŠ LUMÍR O. , SHKROB ILIA , DEMBITSKY VALERY M.
Published: July 2008

Fifteen species of wild edible mushrooms belonging to the genus Boletus (phylum Basidiomycota) were examined by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic (HP‐TLC) analysis and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis for the presence of neutral, glyco‐, phospholipids, betaine lipids and fatty acids. The most abundant fatty acids were oleic acid (9‐18:1, 15–42%), linoleic acid (9,12‐18:2, 38–58%) and palmitic acid (16:0, 7–17%), but a great variation of the ester composition from one to another one was found. A comparison of neutral lipids, glycolipids, polar lipids and fatty acid composition of four species was done. Diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine and phosphatidylcholine were found as major components among polar lipids. Chemical constituents were characterized by GC‐MS, HP‐TLC and other chemical methods. Biologic activity of some isolated compounds from the genus Boletus is also discussed.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Mushrooms are important wildlife food in the Mediterranean countries. The lipids of mushrooms, sampled from the Upper Galilee, Golan Heights and Mount Carmel areas, and also from the forest around Jerusalem, were examined. The benefits of including fatty acids in the diets of humans are well documented. Fatty acids play a major role in the functioning of the immune system and the maintenance of all hormonal systems in the body. Mushrooms from the genus Boletus are an excellent source of both fatty acids and neutral and polar lipids. Boletus mushrooms are one of the most popular treats in Israeli houses.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ENGLISH WALNUT (JUGLANS REGIA L.)
Authors: SAMARANAYAKA ANUSHA G.P. , JOHN JENNY A. , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON
Published: July 2008

Phenolic contents of different fractions (contents of whole nut, skin and kernel) of English walnut (Juglans regia L.) were determined and their antioxidative capacities investigated using a number of in vitro model systems. Phenolic compounds extracted from walnut skin into 95% ethanol contained the highest amount of total phenolics and exhibited the highest antioxidative capacity as evaluated by the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. Extracts of walnut phenolics showed a high ferrous ion chelating ability and effectively scavenged 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radicals, the latter considerably stronger for the skin with 50% inhibition concentration of 3.4 µg extract per mL. Further, inhibition of 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances formation in a bulk corn oil model system was also significant (P < 0.05) for all three phenolic extracts and for pure gallic acid at 10 ppm gallic acid equivalents final assay concentration after four days of storage at 60C.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Walnut is a healthful nut that contains alpha‐linolenic acid in its lipid fraction, and its skin is rich in polyphenolics with strong antioxidant properties, as demonstrated in this study. Thus, walnut with skin and skin of walnuts serve as good free radical scavengers and could be effective in reducing oxidative stress among other beneficial health effects, which could be exploited for product development.
Brain Extracellular Matrix in Neurodegeneration
Authors: Bonneh‐Barkay Dafna , Wiley Clayton A.
Published: July 2008

The role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in neurological development, function and degeneration has evolved from a simplistic physical adhesion to a system of intricate cellular signaling. While most cells require ECM adhesion to survive, it is now clear that differentiated function is intimately dependent upon cellular interaction with the ECM. Therefore, it is not surprising that the ECM is increasingly found to be involved in the enigmatic process of neurodegeneration. Descriptive studies of human neurodegenerative disorders and experimental studies of animal models of neurodegeneration have begun to define potential mechanisms of ECM disruption that can lead to synaptic and neuronal loss.
The effects of an auditory startle on obstacle avoidance during walking
Authors: Queralt Ana , Weerdesteyn Vivian , Van Duijnhoven Hanneke J. R. , Castellote Juan M. , Valls‐Solé Josep , Duysens Jacques
Published: July 2008

Movement execution is speeded up when a startle auditory stimulus is applied with an imperative signal in a simple reaction time task experiment, a phenomenon described as StartReact. The effect has been recently observed in a step adjustment task requiring fast selection of specific movements in a choice reaction time task. Therefore, we hypothesized that inducing a StartReact effect may be beneficial in obstacle avoidance under time pressure, when subjects have to perform fast gait adjustments. Twelve healthy young adults walked on a treadmill and obstacles were released in specific moments of the step cycle. On average the EMG onset latency in the biceps femoris shortened by 20% while amplitude increased by 50%, in trials in which an auditory startle accompanied obstacle avoidance. The presentation of a startle increased the probability of using a long step strategy, enlarged stride length modifications and resulted in higher success rates, to avoid the obstacle. We also examined the effects of the startle in a condition in which the obstacle was not present in comparison to a condition in which the obstacle was visibly present but it did not fall. In the latter condition, the obstacle avoidance reaction occurred with a similar latency but smaller amplitude as in trials in which the obstacle was actually released. Our results suggest that the motor programmes used for obstacle avoidance are probably stored at subcortical structures. The release of these motor programmes by a startling auditory stimulus may combine intersensory facilitation and the StartReact effect.
Afferent hypersensitivity in a mouse model of post‐inflammatory gut dysfunction: role of altered serotonin metabolism
Authors: Keating Christopher , Beyak Michael , Foley Stephen , Singh Gulzar , Marsden Charles , Spiller Robin , Grundy David
Published: July 2008

Visceral hypersensitivity is an important clinical feature associated with irritable bowel syndrome which in some patients has been linked to prior infection. Here we employ an animal model in which transient infection leads to persistent gut dysfunction to investigate the role of altered 5‐HT metabolism upon afferent mechanosensensitivity in the post‐infected gut. Jejunal segments isolated from Trichinella spiralis‐infected mice were used to assess 5‐HT metabolism whilst afferent activity in T. spiralis‐infected mice was studied by extracellular recordings from jejunal mesenteric afferent bundles and patch clamp recordings of isolated nodose ganglion neurons (NGNs). During acute infection, intestinal 5‐HT content and release increased, 5‐HT turnover decreased and afferent discharge in response to mechanical stimulation was attenuated. By day 28 post infection (PI), 5‐HT turnover had normalized, but 5‐HT content and release were still elevated. This was associated with afferent mechano‐hypersensitivity, which persisted for 8 weeks PI and was susceptible to 5‐HT3 receptor blockade. NGNs from post‐infected animals were more excitable than controls but their current densities in response to 2‐methyl‐5‐HT were lower. T. spiralis infection increased mucosal 5‐HT bioavailability and affected the spontaneous activity and mechanosensitivity of gastrointestinal sensory nerves. This involved an initial hyposensitivity occurring during acute infection followed by long‐term hypersensitivity in the post‐infectious period that was in part mediated by 5‐HT acting via 5‐HT3 receptors. Functional down‐regulation of 5‐HT3 receptors also occurs in the post‐infected animals, which may represent an adaptive response to increased mucosal 5‐HT bioavailability.
Low‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation suppresses specific excitatory circuits in the human motor cortex
Authors: Di Lazzaro V. , Pilato F. , Dileone M. , Profice P. , Oliviero A. , Mazzone P. , Insola A. , Ranieri F. , Tonali P. A. , Rothwell J. C.
Published: July 2008

Previous studies have shown that low‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) suppresses motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) evoked by single pulse TMS. The aim of the present paper was to investigate the central nervous system level at which rTMS produces a suppression of MEP amplitude. We recorded corticospinal volleys evoked by single pulse TMS of the motor cortex before and after 1 Hz rTMS in five conscious subjects who had an electrode implanted in the cervical epidural space for the control of pain. One of the patients had Parkinson's disease and was studied on medication. Repetitive TMS significantly suppressed the amplitude of later I‐waves, and reduced the amplitude of concomitantly recorded MEPs. The earliest I‐wave was not significantly modified by rTMS. The present results show that 1 Hz rTMS may decrease the amplitude of later descending waves, consistent with a cortical origin of the effect of 1 Hz rTMS on MEPs.
Critical Velocity of a Non-Linearly Supported Multi-Span Tube Bundle
Authors: Au-Yang M. K. , Burgess J. A.
Published: July 2008

The phenomenon of fluid-elastic instability and the velocity at which a heat exchanger tube bundle becomes unstable, known as the critical velocity, was discovered and empirically determined based upon single-span, linearly supported tube bundles. In this idealized configuration, the normal modes are well separated in frequency with negligible cross-modal contribution to the critical velocity. As a result, a critical velocity can be defined and determined for each mode. In an industrial heat exchanger or steam generator, not only do the tube bundles have multiple spans, they are also supported in over-sized holes. The normal modes of a multi-span tube bundle are closely spaced in frequency, and the non-linear effect of the tube-support plate interaction further promotes cross-modal contribution to the tube responses. The net effect of cross-modal participation in the tube vibration is to delay the instability threshold. Tube bundles in industrial exchangers often have critical velocities far above what were determined in the laboratory based upon single-span, linearly supported tube bundles. In this paper, the authors attempt to solve this non-linear problem in the time domain, using a time history modal superposition method. Time history forcing functions are first obtained by inverse Fourier transform of the power spectral density function used in classical turbulence-induced vibration analyses. The fluid-structure coupling force, which is dependent on the cross-flow velocity, is linearly superimposed onto the turbulence forcing function. The tube responses are then computed by direct integration in the time domain. By gradually increasing the cross-flow velocity, a threshold value is obtained at which the tube response just starts to diverge. The value of the cross-flow velocity at which the tube response starts to diverge is defined as the critical velocity of this non-linearly supported, multi-span tube bundle.
Structure- and Fluid-Borne Acoustic Power Sources in 90 Degree Piping Elbows Excited by Turbulent Flow
Authors: Hambric Stephen A. , Boger David A. , Fahnline John B. , Campbell Robert L.
Published: July 2008

The structure-borne and fluid-borne vibro-acoustic power spectra induced by turbulent fluid flow over the walls of a continuous 90 degree piping elbow are computed. Although the actual power input by the wall pressure fluctuations to the piping is distributed throughout the elbow, equivalent total powers input to various structural wavetypes (bending, torsion, axial) and fluid (plane waves) at the inlet and discharge of the elbow are computed. The powers at the elbow ‘ports’ are suitable inputs to wave-based and statistically-based models of larger piping systems that include the elbow. Calculations for several flow and structural parameters, including pipe wall thickness, flow speed, and flow Reynolds number are shown. The power spectra are scaled on flow and structural-acoustic parameters so that levels for conditions other than those considered in the paper may be estimated, subject to geometric similarity constraints (elbow radius/pipe diameter). The approach for computing the powers, which links Computational Fluid Dynamics, Finite Element and Boundary Element modeling, and efficient random analysis techniques, is general, and may be applied to other piping system components excited by turbulent fluid flow, such as U-bends and T-sections.
Vibration Fatigue of Centrifugal Fan Impeller Due to Structural-Acoustic Coupling and Its Prevention: A Case Study
Authors: Eisinger Frantisek L. , Sullivan Robert E.
Published: July 2008

Fatigue cracks from high cycle vibratory loading have developed in a centrifugal fan impeller after a relatively short period of operation. Based on vibration tests of the impeller and acoustic analysis of the internal spaces of the fan, structural-acoustic coupling with matching frequencies involving two nodal diameter modes (structural and acoustic) was identified as the cause of the vibration problem. The paper gives a description of the problem and identifies available remedies for its elimination. Special attention is given in Case 1 to the acoustics of the system where changes to the fan casing utilizing a decoupling acoustic chamber attached to the casing was investigated, and in Case 2 where changes needed to the structural characteristics of the impeller by utilizing a modified impeller with a substantially increased natural frequency (by 44%) of the two nodal diameter vibratory mode shape were studied. Experimental tests confirmed that the structural-acoustic coupling and vibration was significantly reduced in Case 1 and was fully eliminated in Case 2.
Estimation Method for First Excursion Probability of System With Collision Characteristic
Authors: Aoki Shigeru
Published: July 2008

Safety of structures subjected to seismic excitations should be evaluated in probabilistic manner. First excursion failure is one of the most important failure modes of structures. Many structures have nonlinear characteristics. Collision characteristic is one of the most common nonlinear characteristics observed in pressure vessels and piping systems. In this paper, an estimation method for the first excursion probability of structure with collision characteristic is proposed. The first excursion probability is the function of many parameters. It is shown that when the tolerance level is normalized by the expected value of the maximum response of the structures, the first excursion probability can be shown to be in dependent of many parameters.
A Parametric Study of the Resonance Mechanism of Two Tandem Cylinders in Cross-Flow
Authors: Mohany Atef , Ziada Samir
Published: July 2008

A parametric study has been performed to investigate the effect of cylinder diameter on the acoustic resonance mechanism of two tandem cylinders exposed to cross-flow in a duct. Three spacing ratios corresponding to different flow regimes inside the “proximity interference” region are considered, L/D = 1.5, 1.75 and 2.5, where L is the spacing between the cylinders and D is the diameter. For each spacing ratio, six cylinder diameters in the range of D = 7.6 mm to 27.5 mm, have been tested. For small diameter cylinders, the acoustic resonance mechanism of the tandem cylinders seems to be similar to that observed for single cylinders. However, for larger diameter cylinders, the resonance of a given acoustic mode occurs over two different ranges of flow velocity. The first resonance range, the pre-coincidence resonance, occurs at flow velocities much lower than that of frequency coincidence. The second resonance range, the coincidence resonance, is initiated near the condition of frequency coincidence. Thus, the occurrence and the intensity of the pre-coincidence resonance are found to be strongly dependent on the diameter of the cylinders. It is shown that increasing the cylinder diameter affects several flow parameters, which make the tandem cylinders more susceptible to the pre-coincidence acoustic resonance.