bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting Subsurface Voids Using Ground-Coupled Penetrating Radar
Authors: Chen Dar Hao , Scullion Tom
Published: January 2008

Detecting the presence and extent of subsurface voids under a roadway structure is critical in preventing major failures from occurring. In this study, a 400 MHz Ground-coupled Penetrating Radar (GCPR) was utilized in four projects to locate voids. The air voids present a strong dielectric contrast to GPR waves and therefore these anomalies are clearly identified on GCPR results/plots. In one study, a large void more than 1.8 m in depth was located under the continuous reinforced concrete pavement on IH40 in the Amarillo District of Texas. In total, 3.8 cubic metres of flowable fill was used to fill the void. Voids with depths from 50 to 400 mm were identified and verified in studies on SH6, IH35, and Spur 380. The voids are typically located directly under the surface pavement layer. This study has successfully demonstrated that the GCPR is able to identify void locations. However, drilling and coring should also be done to determine the extent and depth of the void.
From Political Reform and Economic Crisis to Coup d'état in Thailand: The Twists and Turns of the Political Economy, 1997–2006
Authors: Prasirtsuk Kitti
Published: January 2008

Political reform and the Asian financial crisis set the pretexts for the Thai political crisis. The financial crisis spawned certain big businesses that survived the economic downturn, while the 1997 Constitution eased their ability to make political inroads. In the end, Thaksin's business-centered administration so disrupted the traditional bases of society and government that it was overthrown by a coup d'état in 2006.
Suspended Identity: Identity Transformation in a Maximum Security Prison
Authors: Schmid Thomas J. , Jones Richard S.
Published: January 2008

This article presents an empirically‐grounded model of identity transformation that differs both from the gradual transformation processes that characterize most adult identity changes and from such radical transformation processes as brainwashing or conversion. Data for the study are derived from participant observation and focused interviews with first‐time, short‐term inmates at a maximum security prison. By attempting to suspend their preprison identities and constructing inauthentic prison identities through impression management, these inmates are able to forestall more radical identity change and to maintain a general sense of identity continuity for most of their prison careers.
Evaluating Loss to Follow-up in Newborn Hearing Screening in Massachusetts
Authors: Liu Chia-ling , Farrell Janet , MacNeil Jessica R. , Stone Sarah , Barfield Wanda
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to examine loss to follow-up on the use of diagnostic or intervention services for Massachusetts infants and children screened or diagnosed with hearing loss and risk factors for becoming lost to follow-up.

METHODS. We used data from the Massachusetts Childhood Hearing Data System and Early Intervention Information System. We calculated the percent use of audiologic evaluation for Massachusetts infants born in 2002–2003 who did not pass hearing screening and Early Intervention services for those with hearing loss. We generated crude and adjusted relative risks, as well as confidence intervals, to estimate associations of maternal and infant factors with the use of audiologic evaluation and early intervention services. Factors evaluated included child's birth weight and hearing screening or diagnostic results and maternal age, race or ethnicity, marital status, smoking status during pregnancy, educational attainment, health insurance, and residence region.

RESULTS. In 2002–2003, 11% of Massachusetts children who did not pass hearing screening became lost to follow-up on the audiologic evaluation, and 25% of those with hearing loss did not receive early intervention services. Children were at higher risk of becoming lost to follow-up on audiologic evaluation if their mothers were nonwhite, covered by public insurance, smokers during pregnancy, or residing in western, northeastern, or southeastern Massachusetts compared with those in the Boston region. Of children with hearing loss, those with a unilateral or mild or moderate degree of hearing loss, normal birth weight, or living in the southeastern or Boston region were more likely to go without early intervention services.

CONCLUSIONS. Massachusetts has excellent follow-up rates overall. Our analyses allow the program to prioritize limited resources to subgroups of infants who are at high risk of becoming lost to follow-up.
Monitoring for Cardiovascular Disease in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Report From the Cardiovascular Disease Task Force of the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Shankar Sadhna M. , Marina Neyssa , Hudson Melissa M. , Hodgson David C. , Adams M. Jacob , Landier Wendy , Bhatia Smita , Meeske Kathleen , Chen Ming Hui , Kinahan Karen E. , Steinberger Julia , Rosenthal David
Published: January 2008

Curative therapy for childhood cancer has improved significantly in the last 2 decades such that, at present, ∼80% of all children with cancer are likely to survive ≥5 years after diagnosis. Prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of long-term sequelae of therapy have become increasingly more significant as survival rates continue to improve. Cardiovascular disease is a well-recognized cause of increased late morbidity and mortality among survivors of childhood cancer. The Children's Oncology Group Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and Patient Advocacy Committee have recently developed guidelines for follow-up of long-term survivors of pediatric cancer. A multidisciplinary task force critically reviewed the existing literature to evaluate the evidence for the cardiovascular screening recommended by the Children's Oncology Group guidelines. In this review we outline the clinical manifestations of late cardiovascular toxicities, suggest modalities and frequency of monitoring, and address some of the controversial and unresolved issues regarding cardiovascular disease in childhood cancer survivors.
Sophistication in Simplicity
Authors: Crewe Lindy
Published: January 2008

My aim in this paper is to explore the significance of the first production of wheelmade pottery during the earlier part of the Late Bronze Age on Cyprus (ca. 1650–1320 BC), considering a combination of technological and stylistic ceramic attributes. I examine the evidence—using unpublished pottery data from the key site of Enkomi in comparison with other published settlements—within the framework of a range of transformations in society and material culture that occurred during this period. I argue that the initial impact of integration into eastern Mediterranean trading systems precipitated an attempt by sectors of the population to acquire the accoutrements of ‘urban’ living, including the introduction of a range of Levantine-inspired vessels of standardized and simplified appearance, particularly associated with new communal consumption practices. However, lacking the urban infrastructure with which the introduction of wheel-forming technology is otherwise associated, the Cypriot response appears to be unique for the Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean. This challenges the persistent assumption of an evolutionary sequence whereby ostensibly superior wheelmade pottery gradually replaces handmade wares.The evidence suggests instead a dynamic process whereby the entire Cypriot population is actively involved in the construction of social identity as expressed through material culture.
Diplomatic Notes
Authors: Carr Graham
Published: January 2008

This article examines the US State Department's use of jazz and classical musicians as cultural diplomats in the Near and Middle East in the period from 1954–60 when the region had suddenly assumed new geopolitical significance. Focusing on tours sponsored by the President's Emergency Fund for the Arts, the article describes the strategic rationale for the programs and analyzes diplomatic assessments of their political value. Operating within the intellectual paradigms of Western canonicity and orientalism, government officials and musicians alike saw music as a positive expression of American national identity even as they extolled its ostensibly universal appeal for local populations.
"Sing Me a Song of Araby" and "My Blue Heaven"
Authors: Mitsui Toru
Published: January 2008

This article examines developments within the Japanese music industry in the period between 1927 and 1929. It argues that this was a time of unprecedented change in people’s musical experience not only through the development of sound-reproduction technology and the rapid growth of the media forms of radio and talkies, but also in the type of music that became successful in the Japanese market. The article suggests that the formation of three major Japanese record companies as joint ventures with US and European companies in 1927 marked the start of the gradual adoption of the use of songs composed specifically for the purposes of recording as a major part of their business strategies. The article examines significant hit recordings in the Japanese market in 1928 and 1929. It discusses how these songs were written and produced and examines how the rise of new pentatonicism in Japanese popular music, the mass mediation of orchestral sound and the emergence of new media forms served to produce hybrid forms of popular music that would dominate the market in subsequent decades. It describes how a handful of “new folksong” recordings began to have notable sales in early 1928, with their emphasis on poetical colloquialism and musical pentatonicism. It argues that this paved the way for the success of two cover versions of American songs, “My Blue Heaven” and “Sing Me a Song of Araby” with their pentatonicism mixed with chromatic sentimentality and orchestrated sound. This commercial achievement prompted the recording industry into commissioning more and more original material.
A Question of Standards
Authors: Stanbridge Alan
Published: January 2008

Umberto Eco’s understanding of postmodernism as the “ironic rethinking” of the past is one that insists – by definition – on a contextualist reading of cultural texts. In this sense, then, an understanding of the dialogical mutuality of texts and contexts – “postmodern” or otherwise – is inherent in Eco’s formulation, suggesting that any analysis of intertextuality must engage with issues not only of textuality but also of social and cultural history. In this paper, drawing on Eco’s insightful model, I propose an expanded understanding of musical intertextuality that moves beyond issues of appropriation and quotation, to examine not only the interrelationship of cultural texts but also the interaction of those texts with their socio-historical contexts: aspects of intertextuality which textually biased approaches inevitably fail to address. My analysis focuses on recordings of the popular standard “My Funny Valentine” by Frank Sinatra, Tony Bennett, and Miles Davis, addressing a range of both textual and contextual issues, and tracing the song back to its Broadway origins in Babes in Arms, the 1937 stage musical by the songwriting team of Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The analytical method is one that allows a broadly eclectic theoretical approach to the complexities of contemporary music and its canons, denying narrow interpretations of musical meaning and cultural value, and offering instead a suggestively intertextual reading of musical forms and practices. I argue that intertextuality needs to be understood as a fundamentally historical phenomenon, in which questions of meaning and value remain constantly in flux – revisited, reinterpreted, and reassessed as an understanding of the complex interrelationship of texts and contexts is broadened and deepened.
Estágio curricular supervisionado na Graduação em Enfermagem: revisitando a história
Authors: Costa Lauriana Medeiros e , Germano Raimunda Medeiros
Published: January 2008

Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura acerca do estágio curricular supervisionado do curso graduação em enfermagem, tendo como objetivos compreender como este a estrutura atual e identificar os desafios atuais, a partir do resgate de sua história e da compreensão da legislação que o rege. Utilizou-se como fonte principal a Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, no período de 1954 a 2006. O estudo demonstrou que esta atividade acadêmica tem passado por várias transformações desde sua estruturação em 1972, quando era realizada numa perspectiva biologicista e hospitalocêntrica. A partir de 1994 busca estruturar-se com base na integralidade e na articulação entre teoria/prática e ensino/serviço, com vistas à construção do SUS, processo intensificado em 2001 com a implementação das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais.
Human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, between 2002 and 2006
Authors: Dantas-Torres Filipe , Oliveira-Filho Edmilson Ferreira de
Published: January 2008

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the data on human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Data from 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies prophylactic treatment in Olinda between 2002 and 2006 were analyzed. As expected, dogs and cats were involved in most of the cases; i.e. 82.3 and 16.3%, respectively. Attacks by nonhuman primates, bats and other species (unspecified) were also reported. Among the 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies treatment, 582 patients abandoned the treatment, either by indication from the health unit (195) or by their own decision (387). In conclusion, this study has indicated that prophylaxis for human rabies in this urban area will require a multifaceted approach, including health education, post-exposure prophylaxis, systematic vaccination for dogs and cats, and possibly selective control over wild animals such as hematophagous bats.
Efeito da ovitrampa letal na longevidade de fêmeas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Gama Renata Antonaci , Eiras Álvaro Eduardo , Resende Marcelo Carvalho de
Published: January 2008

A armadilha de oviposição acrescida de inseticida pode funcionar como novo método de controle de fêmeas do mosquito Aedes aegypti. Fêmeas de Aedes aegypti foram colocadas em contato com ovitrampas letais envelhecidas e a mortalidade variou de 60,3% a 100% sendo significativo o efeito do envelhecimento das palhetas impregnadas com deltametrina no percentual de mortalidade.
História natural da hepatite crônica B
Authors: Fonseca José Carlos Ferraz da
Published: January 2008

Estima-se que existam 350 milhões de portadores crônicos do VHB distribuídos ao redor do mundo. Três fases de infecção crônica pelo VHB são reconhecidas: fase de imunotolerância (HBsAg e HBeAg positivos, altos títulos de HBV-DNA, ALT normal e não evidência de doença hepática ativa); fase imunoativa ou de hepatite crônica B (HBsAg e HBeAg positivos, altos títulos de HBV-DNA, ALT elevada e evidência de doença hepática ativa); fase de portador inativo do VHB ou assintomático (HBsAg no soro sem o HBeAg , títulos do HBV-DNA < 10(5) cópias p/ml, ALT normal). Hepatite crônica B é dividida em duas formas maiores: doença HBeAg positiva (VHB tipo selvagem); doença HBeAg negativa (pré-core, core promoter VHB variante). As duas formas podem evoluir para cirrose hepática, descompensação hepática e câncer hepático. A proposta deste artigo foi o de rever os principais aspectos da história natural da hepatite crônica B.
Programa de tratamento assertivo na comunidade (PACT) e gerenciamento de casos (case management): revisão de 20 anos da literatura
Authors: Machado Louise de França , Dahl Catarina Magalhães , Carvalho Maria Cecília de Araújo , Cavalcanti Maria Tavares
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão de estudos sobre programa de tratamento assertivo na comunidade (PACT) e case management para verificar se os resultados demonstram desfechos mais favoráveis quando tais modelos são implementados na rede comunitária de assistência para portadores de doença mental grave e persistente. MÉTODOS: A coleta de artigos - publicados entre 1985 e 2005 - foi realizada em duas etapas: a primeira, na base de dados PubMed, com expressões-chave mental health, community care, services evaluation e seleção de artigos cuja temática era PACT e case management, e a segunda, no banco de dados da revista Psychiatric Services, com palavras-chave assertive community treatment, PACT e case management. Foram desconsiderados estudos que analisavam serviços exclusivos para crianças, idosos e pacientes com diagnóstico único de abuso de álcool/drogas; abordavam unicamente os custos da intervenção e se referiam exclusivamente a serviços hospitalares. RESULTADOS: A partir da leitura dos 73 estudos selecionados, os autores descreveram oito categorias nas quais os artigos foram agrupados, visto que um artigo poderia pertencer a mais de uma categoria. CONCLUSÕES: O PACT e o case management são estratégias importantes e reconhecidamente mais eficazes, quando comparados a outros modelos de cuidado, em trazer evoluções favoráveis para indivíduos com doença mental grave e persistente.
Desempenho em consciência fonológica, memória operacional, leitura e escrita na dislexia familial
Authors: Capellini Simone Aparecida , Padula Niura Aparecida de Mouro Ribeiro , Santos Lara Cristina Antunes dos , Lourenceti Maria Dalva , Carrenho Erika Hasse , Ribeiro Lucilene Arilho
Published: January 2008

TEMA: dislexia familial. OBJETIVO: caracterizar o desempenho em consciência fonológica, memória operacional, leitura e escrita do probando com dislexia e de seus familiares afetados. MÉTODO: participaram deste estudo 10 núcleos familiais de parentesco natural de indivíduos com queixa específica de problemas de leitura e compreensão. Foram selecionadas famílias de probandos naturais e residentes na região do oeste do estado de São Paulo. Os requisitos de inclusão dos probandos foram: ser falante nativo do Português Brasileiro, ter idade acima de oito anos, apresentar histórico familial positivo para os problemas de aprendizagem, ou seja, apresentar no mínimo um outro parente com dificuldade para aprender em três gerações. Os critérios de exclusão para o grupo de probandos foram: apresentar qualquer distúrbio neurológico-genético tais como distonia, doenças extras piramidais, deficiência mental, epilepsia, transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH); sintomas ou condições psiquiátricas; ou outras condições pertinentes que poderiam gerar erros no diagnóstico. Para o diagnóstico de dislexia do desenvolvimento foram coletados dados de antecedente familial na histórica clínica com os pais das crianças e adolescentes para realização do heredograma. Foram realizadas avaliações neurológica, fonoaudiológica, psicológica e de desempenho escolar nos probandos e em seus parentes. RESULTADOS: os resultados deste estudo sugeriram que os probandos e seus familiares com dislexia apresentaram desempenho inferior ao grupo controle quanto à nomeação rápida, leitura, escrita e consciência fonológica. CONCLUSÃO: alterações em consciência fonológica, memória de trabalho, leitura e escrita tem susceptibilidade genética que possivelmente em interação com o meio ambiente determinam o quadro de dislexia.
Relação entre o índice de massa corporal e a gravidade da asma em adultos
Authors: Pelegrino Nilva Regina Gelamo , Faganello Márcia Maria , Sanchez Fernanda Figueirôa , Padovani Carlos Roberto , Godoy Irma de
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: O aumento do índice de massa corporal (IMC) tem sido associado a uma maior prevalência da asma em adultos. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar a associação entre a prevalência da obesidade e a gravidade da asma. MÉTODOS: Prontuários de duzentos asmáticos acima dos 20 anos de idade foram avaliados retrospectivamente. A asma foi classificada quanto à gravidade através da história clínica e do diagnóstico registrados, dos resultados da espirometria e da medicação prescrita. O IMC foi calculado e foram considerados obesos os pacientes com IMC > 30 kg/m². RESULTADOS: 23% dos pacientes apresentavam asma intermitente, 25,5%, asma persistente leve, 24%, asma persistente moderada e 27,5%, asma persistente grave. O IMC < 29,9 kg/m² foi observado em 68% dos pacientes e em 32% o IMC foi > 30 kg/m². O odds ratio da relação entre a obesidade e a gravidade da asma foi de 1,17 (CI95%: 0,90-1,53; p > 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Na amostra estudada não foi encontrada correlação entre a obesidade e a gravidade da asma nem no sexo masculino, nem no feminino.
Serviços de intermediação para crianças-testemunhas que depõem em tribunais criminais da África do Sul
Authors: Jonker Gert , Swanzen Rika
Published: January 2008

Os esforços para reduzir o trauma num sistema forense contencioso são dificultados pela alegação de que o processo por abuso sexual não pode ser realizado sem que se observem os direitos do pretenso perpetrador. Inquirir uma criança-testemunha é uma tarefa muito especializada; os promotores e o advogado de defesa não estão treinados nestes métodos. Apesar disso, os serviços de intermediação para crianças-testemunhas num tribunal são importantes para reduzir o trauma experimentado pela criança. Este artigo objetiva destacar que os crimes contra crianças e os subseqüentes procedimentos criminais nos quais se exige que a criança participe como testemunha ocorrem com suficiente freqüência para que se garantam serviços de intermediação a todas as crianças-testemunhas. Ele destaca as implicações práticas a fim de melhorar o processo corrente de intermediação, em nível regional, provincial e nacional. Primeiramente, o artigo faz uma reflexão sobre os serviços de intermediação oferecidos a crianças-testemunhas em algumas áreas dos subúrbios da região oeste de Johannesburgo; em segundo lugar, discute experiências práticas e literatura de apoio, assim como a experiência da Bethany House com o projeto Child in Crisis Foundation (SA).
"Pride Africa" Ultradeep Drillship: From Concept to Start of Operations
Authors: Duhen Thomas , Antonio Jose C. , de Bonnafos Olivier , Fourtine André , Sauteron Didier
Published: January 2008

In 1997, when Ultradeep Water Drillships, capable of drilling in water depths of 10,000 ft were needed by Oil Companies to explore Ultradeep offshore fields, a conceptual idea for a vessel optimized for drilling operations of these water depths had been developed with Gusto Engineering, the designer of the Pelican class.

Specific features such as optimized vessel motion, efficient power and Dynamic Positioning systems, together with a "Dual Handling System" to reduce tubular handling time, were integrated into the design. Innovative technology has been used to obtain a Drillship operating with no downtime and low unproductive periods such as tripping time.

The success in finding an existing hull which fit well in the design (allowing a shorter construction time), the creation of a Joint Venture between Sonangol and Pride International, and the finalization of a drilling contract with Elf to develop the Girassol field offshore Angola, triggered the launching of an exciting construction program.

This paper describes the process of turning a concept into an Ultradeep Drillship, ready to start operations in less than twenty-two months. We will present the details on the setup of an organization and a plan, the way the detailed design was developed and adapted to the existing hull, how the shipyard was selected and supervised, the selection and the cooperation of the vendors of the Owner Furnished Equipment, and the commissioning and testing program.

We will describe in particular the tools that have been developed for an accurate control of the cost and the schedule, with an ongoing risk analysis.
Silica Micro-Encapsulation Technology for Treatment of Oil and/or Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Drill Cuttings
Authors: Quintero Lirio , Limia Jose M. , Stocks-Fischer Shannon
Published: January 2008

Silica micro-encapsulation is a new technology that has significant economic and environmental value, since it allows disposal of oil- and/or hydrocarbon-contaminated drill cuttings, either onshore or offshore, in an environmentally safe manner.

Silica micro-encapsulation is a process by which the oil attached to the drill cuttings is physically encapsulated within an insoluble matrix of amorphous silica. The process consists of two stages:

Application of an emulsifier, in an acidic environment, to the hydrocarbon- or oil-contaminated drill cuttings. This emulsifies the oil into microscopic droplets (less than 10 microns). Application of reactive alkaline silicate to the emulsified oil. An instantaneous acid-base reaction occurs between the reactive silicate and the acid, producing a solid amorphous silica shell that surrounds and traps the micron-size oil droplets.

Specific emulsifiers are selected to cover hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) requirements for a broad range of oils, including synthetics, mineral oil, diesel, crude oil and bitumen.

Laboratory and pilot tests using silica micro-encapsulation technology for treatment of cuttings contaminated with oil or hydrocarbon show:

The end product is a system of microscopic oil droplets encapsulated with precipitated amorphous silica. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) verifies that the external surface is composed primarily of silica. The droplet size of emulsified oil-in-water, measured by light scattering, is less than 10 microns. After processing, the particle size of silica-encapsulated oil ranges from 10 to 30 microns. Determination of free oil on the treated cuttings via liquid-liquid extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy techniques indicates over 99.9% efficiency of the encapsulation of the treated cuttings in a large-scale mixer.

Results indicate that silica micro-encapsulation eliminates or minimizes the environmental impact for discharge of cuttings in onshore and offshore drilling operations. This novel technology satisfies the new environmental regulations that are under consideration at this time.
Real-Time Formation Integrity Tests Using Downhole Data
Authors: Rezmer-Cooper Iain M. , Rambow Frederick H. K. , Arasteh Mike , Hashem Mohamed N. , Swanson Bruce , Gzara Kais
Published: January 2008

Because of shallow water flow concerns in deepwater wells with narrow stability margins, pressure differences of a few tenths of a lbm/gal can make the difference between straightforward drilling and the need for an extra string of casing to protect shallow intervals. Accurate leak off tests (LOTs) / formation integrity tests (FITs) are essential to enable efficient management of the equivalent circulating density (ECD) within the safe pressure window.

The rate of downhole pressure build-up is traditionally estimated from the standpipe pressure, but can now be monitored directly with a downhole annular pressure measurement. We discuss two methods that can be applied to give a real-time LOT/FIT profile.

The first method is a real-time FIT from a deepwater well in the Gulf of Mexico. The low flowrates used during an FIT/LOT preclude the use of traditional MWD systems to transmit data to the surface. However, with the use of a wireline coupling, downhole pressure was transmitted to surface in real-time, allowing the operator to simultaneously view the surface and downhole pressure build-up, and evaluate both the formation integrity and mud compressibility.

The second method uses both surface and downhole data from a North Sea well. We describe an algorithm and procedure whereby two downhole pressure points are used to calibrate the hydrostatic and compressibility offsets between surface and downhole. A complete LOT profile is then created at surface as soon as conventional pumping resumes.

Advantages of the real-time annular pressure measurements are:

Instantaneous data to correctly stop the test, thus avoiding unnecessary overpressuring of the formation. Removing the uncertainties in the compressibility of the drilling fluid; this is particularly true of synthetic muds. Avoiding the need for additional circulation(s) to condition the mud. Increasing the accuracy of the LOT/FIT, allowing more precise casing point determination.
New Considerations for Handling Gas in a Deepwater Riser
Authors: Lloyd Warren L. , Andrea Mark D. , Kozicz R.
Published: January 2008

As the drilling industry advances to drilling wells in deeper waters, technology must also advance so that we understand and manage the associated risks. We must be careful not to extrapolate existing conventional procedures. The rules that we apply to gas migration behavior in shallow water drilling risers may not be adequate when the riser is significantly deeper and new factors start to dominate. Factors such as bubble fragmentation and suspension, which have little effect in a shallow water situation, begin to have a significant effect as the riser depth increases. Under certain conditions, the gas bubbles stop migrating. The gas is then held static by the yield stress of the mud, and must be circulated out of the riser.

This paper reviews the theory on the behavior of gas migration through water based drilling fluids and shows how this can affect operations in a deepwater well. The operations following gas getting above the BOP stack and into the riser during a well control incident are considered. Computer model simulations are presented to define a range of conditions. Field test data is compared to simulator data to validate the predictions.

If the amount of gas that gets above the BOP stack is limited by successful detection, the gas can be safely removed from the riser using controlled circulating procedures, without the need for much specific equipment. These proposed procedures are also presented. The use of advanced kick detection equipment is evaluated as a method of minimizing the risk of gas volumes in the riser.
Delivering World Class Exploration Drilling - Integration of Design, Planning and Execution.
Authors: Thorogood John L. , Jackson Michael D. , Thorsen Ole Henning
Published: January 2008

Over the last two years a series of organisational structures, systems and processes have allowed delivery of what was promised to management, with outstanding results over a 5 well exploration drilling programme involving three different rigs and teams.

Risk assessment is a key thread that runs through the whole story, from the high level risks in a conceptual design to the details of day to day execution. It is robustly linked to the process for estimating well times and contingency costs and provides a means of communicating risks to business delivery upwards to management.

A correct set of well objectives and basis of design is the foundation of an effective detailed planning phase involving a large team of contractors. Key to the success of planning and execution is the integration of the service suppliers and drilling contractor into a comprehensive planning effort. Standard project management techniques are combined with the structuring of the organisation round delivery of key elements of the well to ensure that a large project team is properly focused on delivering a world class operational target.

Detailed planning ensures flawless operation and efficient recovery from setbacks. The rig team is critical to getting the detail right. In the end, rigorous post analysis is essential to ensure that lessons learned, not only about the technical aspects of the well, but also the process, are fed back into the planning of future operations.
Analysis of HSE - Performance Indicators
Authors: Rozendal S. , Hale A. R.
Published: January 2008

The correct use and interpretation of performance indicators enables a company to take the right decisions to maintain and improve its achievements. With respect to safety quite some performance indicators have already been developed. They all have their pitfalls. In particular in those cases where long term indicators are used to explain short term effects.

The industry and authorities seem to be agreed that a further step-change in safety performance may occur by more and better workforce involvement. Case studies have shown that workforce involvement may indeed stimulate safety performance and motivation.

An additional performance indicator has been developed which incorporates workforce participation and which measures and quantifies the capacity of (a part of) the organisation to solve (HSE) problems. This indicator is defined as "coping capacity". It is suitable for measuring performance in the short term.
Advances in Coiled Tubing Jetting Technology
Authors: Campbell A. , Brunskill D.
Published: January 2008

For many years, various types of simple nozzles have been regularly used for wellbore cleaning with coiled tubing. This paper describes the advances made in fluid jetting technology, associated tools and the parameters that are crucial to the efficiency of these techniques. A laboratory and field testing programme has been completed and data is included.

By detailed design of the internal fluid path, orifice geometry, jet stand off and pump rates, tool effectiveness has now been improved to a level several times more efficient than previously available for the same feed pressures and flow rates. Pre-engineering using computer simulation to optimise the job design parameters has proven essential in designing clean out jobs and sizing the appropriate coiled tubing and pumping equipment.

Three distinct categories of tools have emerged; conventional drilled nozzles, non-rotating high-pressure nozzles and high pressure rotating tools.

All three types have gained a common advantage from the development of a Downhole Phase Separator. The high-energy losses previously associated with a two-phase fluid necessary in low hydrostatic wells can now be eliminated. A step change in operational efficiency has resulted through combining the major improvements in jetting tool design with the ability to separate gas and liquid phases downhole. With this development, the full benefits of using single phase fluid jetting can be realised in low hydrostatic wells.
Going Digital: The Transformation of Scholarly Communication and Academic Libraries
Authors: Dunlap Isaac Hunter
Published: January 2008

Not since the age of Gutenberg has an information upheaval so thoroughly disrupted the processes of scholarly knowledge creation, management and preservation as the digital revolution currently under way. Academic libraries have traditionally been structured to effectively facilitate the access, use and storage of mostly static, print-based research collections. In the midst of sweeping change university libraries are attempting to re-imagine services, embrace emerging technologies, reallocate resources and provide proactive leadership in a new digital knowledge society. This article provides both historical perspective and a forward-looking examination into how academic libraries are transforming themselves to both cope with, and help shape, unprecedented transitions in scholarly research and communication.
SPARC: Creating Innovative Models and Environments for Scholarly Research and Communication
Authors: Joseph Heather
Published: January 2008

The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC), a strategic initiative founded by the Association of Research Libraries, is a catalyst for promoting a scholarly communication environment that is more open, financially tenable, and supportive of the current research and information needs of academe. Established in response to imbalances in the scholarly publishing system and the skyrocketing costs of commercial peer-reviewed journals, SPARC is successfully leveraging digital technology and collaboratively finding ways to facilitate the access, sharing and use of scholarly information. This article explores three of SPARC's major programmatic areas (education, incubation, advocacy), and examines how the organization is playing an active role in developing alternate scholarly communication models while constructively influencing public policy in the service of libraries and university communities.
Meeting and Serving Users in Their New Work (and Play) Spaces
Authors: Peters Tom
Published: January 2008

This article examines the public services component of digital and virtual libraries, focusing on the end-user experience. As the number and types of ‘places’ where library users access library collections and services continue to expand (now including cell phones, iPods, and three-dimensional virtual reality environments populated by avatars), librarians and educators need to examine the key components of these experiential environments, then establish and deploy service programs and underlying policies and procedures that exploit the affordances offered by these new usage environments. Several of the characteristics of these new service environments (e.g. the competition – or conflation – between learning and entertainment, the competition between various libraries and information services in the same space, the read–write participatory nature of many of these environments, and the arrival in a big way of multimedia – both concurrent and serial) are explored.
Virtual Libraries and Education in Virtual Worlds: Twenty-First Century Library Services
Authors: Bell Lori , Lindbloom Mary-Carol , Peters Tom , Pope Kitty
Published: January 2008

As the use of the Internet and time spent on the Internet by individuals grows, and the use of virtual worlds like Active Worlds and Second Life increases, the library needs to have an interactive place and role in these worlds as well as a bricks and mortar space. This article provides an overview of what some libraries are doing in these worlds, especially on a collaborative library project in Second Life that was set up by two of the authors, Bell and Pope. The authors discuss and share successes and challenges with the project, how libraries are very relevant in these worlds, and how they can create partnerships with educators.
Digital Libraries and Digitisation: An Overview and Critique
Authors: Rikowski Ruth
Published: January 2008

This article provides an overview of some of the main areas surrounding the broad topic of ‘Digital Libraries’. This includes the advantages and costs of digitisation; the traditional and digital library; the library community and digitisation; and an examination of various digital library projects. It is not exhaustive, but hopefully, it provides some general information and guidelines for the reader. The article concludes with a critique within a social and political angle, including a consideration of the gender issue.
The New Generation of Citation Indexing in the Age of Digital Libraries
Authors: Liu Mengxiong , Cabrera Peggy
Published: January 2008

As the Web is becoming a powerful new medium in scientific publication and scholarly communication, citation indexing has found a new application in the digital environment. The authors reviewed the new developments in Web-based citation indexing and conducted a case study in three major citation search tools, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Based on the evaluations and comparisons of citing reference searches, the authors concluded that there is no single solution for a complete citing reference search without a Universal Citation Digital Library.
Electronic Theses and Dissertations: Promoting ‘Hidden’ Research
Authors: Copeland Susan
Published: January 2008

Since the mid 1990s an increasing number of higher education institutions and organisations have been encouraging the production and submission of theses and dissertations in electronic format. Where access to electronic theses and dissertations is available via the Internet, usage figures indicate that this is a much consulted resource. However, until recently, only a small percentage of the theses produced internationally have been mounted on web pages. The situation is now changing as efforts to promote ‘open access’ are leading many universities to develop institutional repositories which contain the full text of theses and dissertations alongside journal articles, book chapters, conference proceedings, reports and associated research data sets, etc. Attention is now being directed towards the identification and dissemination of examples of good practice, and attempts are being made to coordinate activities across institutions both nationally and internationally (to reduce unnecessary duplication of effort and encourage developmental work in areas where this will be beneficial). This article highlights key issues associated with the creation, management and use of electronic theses and dissertations and provides information about organisations that are actively working to promote this useful source of research data. Information is provided on topics such as training, technical and administrative requirements, and the issues to address, whether adopting a local, institutional, approach or participating in a national level service.
A Four-Week, Task-Specific Neuroprosthesis Program for a Person With No Active Wrist or Finger Movement Because of Chronic Stroke
Authors: Dunning Kari , Berberich Ashley , Albers Bethany , Mortellite Kelly , Levine Peter G , Hill Hermann Valerie A , Page Stephen J
Published: January 2008

Background and Purpose

This case report describes a task-specific training protocol incorporating functional electrical stimulation for a person who had chronic stroke and who initially exhibited no active wrist or finger movement.

Case Description

A 63-year-old man with hemiparesis caused by an ischemic stroke 7 years before the intervention described here received task-specific training incorporating an electrical stimulation neuroprosthesis 3 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. Testing was conducted before and after the intervention and again 6 weeks later with stroke-specific outcome measures.

Outcomes

Increases in function and quality of life were observed after the intervention.

Discussion

An intervention incorporating task-specific training with functional electrical stimulation appears to have increased function and quality of life in a person with chronic stroke. This type of intervention might provide a pathway by which people with similar impairments would become eligible for more advanced treatment regimens, such as modified constraint-induced therapy.
Defining the Attributes Expected of Graduating Veterinary Medical Students, Part 2: External Evaluation and Outcomes Assessment
Authors: Walsh Donal A. , Osburn Bennie I. , Schumacher Richard L.
Published: January 2008

We have previously defined a set of 62 attributes—12 in the area of professional characteristics, 28 addressing knowledge and understanding, and 22 delineating skills—that veterinary students should be expected to have demonstrated by the time of their graduation (Walsh DA, Osburn BI, Christopher MM. Defining the attributes expected of graduating veterinary medical students. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1358–1365, 2001). We have used this set of attributes as the basis of an outcomes assessment completed by California practitioners to determine whether graduates from the University of California School of Veterinary Medicine are meeting these expectations. Based upon this assessment, these 62 defined attributes appear to reflect very well practicing veterinarians’ views and expectations of DVM graduates. The survey results also indicate that, overall, the recent University of California graduates are meeting these set of expectations. Simultaneously, the outcomes assessment focused attention on several areas, including private practice management, work expectations for successful practice, and surgical capabilities. For each, California practitioners recommended that the definition of the expectation be expanded and that the level of achievement by graduates be improved. Defining a set of attributes expected of veterinary graduates is a key step in obtaining an effective outcomes assessment of a professional educational program.
Outcomes Assessment Planning: An Overview with Applications in Health Sciences
Authors: Trent Ava M.
Published: January 2008

This article provides a brief overview of the process of outcomes assessment and examples of its application in professional health science education. The article is intended to provide a background for other articles in this issue describing ongoing activities in outcomes assessment in veterinary education and for programs considering developing a plan. The focus is on health professions other than veterinary medicine. The paper is not intended to be a comprehensive review of outcomes assessment; rather, it provides examples and models that may help clarify the outcomes assessment movement and identify trends in health care education.
An Interactive, Student-Centered Approach to Teaching Large-Group Sessions in Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Authors: Canfield Paul J.
Published: January 2008

Introduction – The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate an interactive, student-centered approach to teaching large-group sessions in Veterinary Clinical Pathology. The strategy was designed to operate in the place of expository lectures and to encourage a deep approach to learning though discussion and problem solving.

Methodology – The teaching strategy ran over two hours and required students to answer a series of questions on the topic to be discussed before attending the session. In the first part of the session, limited information and laboratory data related to a series of cases were presented to the students for discussion and analysis. These cases were selected on the basis of their usefulness for discussion in relation to the answers to the previously set questions and to reinforce an approach to the analysis of laboratory data. After a break, students were given a series of multiple-choice questions, related to the topic previously discussed, to answer. Students were given the opportunity to discuss the reasons for their answers. Finally, the students were given information and laboratory data from an unknown case and asked to analyze them, through a mechanism previously practiced in small-group tutorials, in order to reach conclusions and to consider the need for further investigation and implications for case management. A consensus diagnosis and plan for the case was reached after reflective observation and discussion. The teaching strategy was evaluated, utilizing teacher reflection and a student questionnaire, on the basis of its success in encouraging active and simulated experiential learning.

Conclusion – The evaluation of one session indicated that students strongly valued the strategy in relation to actively engaging them in discussion, providing feedback on how they were learning, and enhancing their understanding of how theoretical knowledge can be applied to actual clinical cases. These pedagogical principles appeared to give students greater confidence in analyzing laboratory data through a mechanism of diagnostic reasoning. More sessions of this kind, tied to specific content or skills areas, will allow better evaluation of the perceived student outcomes, which can then be correlated with actual student outcomes through formal assessment.