bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating a Measure of the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Mroczek Daniel K. , Ozer Daniel J. , Spiro Avron , Kaiser Robert T.
Published: March 2007

An evaluation is made of Goldberg's (1992) 100 Unipolar Markers of the five-factor model of personality. The factor structure of these items in samples of older men from the Normative Aging Study and undergraduate students are examined, and both item transformation and consistency testing approaches are used to evaluate replications of the five-factor structure. Results show that the five-factor structure is difficult to replicate in the sample of older men. While item transformations and sample trimming based on a consistency test did improve the quality of the replication in this older, nonstudent sample, both methods have serious drawbacks. The five-factor solution appeared in the student sample without sample trimming or data transformation. Additionally, in both student and nonstudent samples, oblique rotation resulted in inter-factor correlations relevant to more general issues in the study of trait structure. We conclude that the 100 Unipolar Markers may be unsuitable for use in older populations or with nonstudent samples.
What the Rorschach Can Do for You: Incremental Validity in Clinical. Applications
Authors: Weiner Irving B.
Published: March 2007

Psychological assessment instruments vary in how much structure they provide and the extent to which their meaning and purpose are apparent. The Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM) is a relatively unstructured instrument whereas the MMPI-2 is a relatively structured instrument: People respond to these two instruments at different levels of conscious awareness concerning the possible significance of their responses. Because of its relatively unstructured nature, the RIM is less susceptible than the MMPI-2 to impression management. This complementarity makes it possible for Rorschach findings to enrich clinical assessments, especially when efforts to fake good result in MMPI-2 protocols that provide little reliable information. There is solid conceptual basis in psychology for employing multi-method assessment, and clinical applications in which Rorschach data contribute to fuller or more accurate formulations than would otherwise be possible attest the incremental validity that can derive from including relatively unstructured measures in a test battery.
■ REVIEW : Chaos Theory and Epilepsy
Authors: Iasemidis Leonidas D. , Sackellares J. Chris
Published: March 2007

Recently, interest has turned to the mathematical concept of chaos as an explanation for a variety of complex processes in nature. Chaotic systems, among other characteristics, can produce what appears to be random output. Another property of chaotic systems is that they may exhibit abrupt intermittent transitions between highly ordered and disordered states. Because of this property, it is hypothesized that epilepsy may be an example of chaos. In this review, some of the basic concepts of nonlinear dynamics and chaos are illustrated. Mathematical techniques developed to study the properties of nonlinear dynamical systems are outlined. Finally, the results of applying these techniques to the study of human epilepsy are discussed. The application of these powerful and novel mathematical techniques to analysis of the electroencephalogram has provided new insights into the epileptogenic process and may have considerable utility in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. The Neuroscientist 2:118-126, 1996
Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Relationship to Neurological Disability
Authors: Trapp Bruce D. , Ransohoff Richard M. , Fisher Elizabeth , Rudick Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Most MS patients follow a relapsing-remitting course (RR-MS) for 8 to 15 years that transforms into a secondary progressive disease course (SP-MS). In this review, we discuss current data that describe MS as a neurodegenerative disease in which axonal loss is the major cause of irreversible neurological disability in MS patients. Neurological deficits in MS patients have two pathogeneses: acute inflammatory demyelination and axonal degeneration. Disability caused by inflammatory demyelination clinically dominates the early stages of RR-MS and is reversible. Axonal transection occurs at sites of inflammation and begins at disease onset but is clinically silent in RR-MS because the CNS compensates for neuronal loss. Once a threshold of axon loss is ex ceeded, MS patients enter an irreversible secondary progressive stage. In SP-MS, axonal degeneration is caused by chronic demyelination and may be irreversibly progressive. This view of MS provides a concep tional framework that explains conversion of RR-MS to SP-MS and provides a rationale for early aggressive anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective therapies. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:48-57, 1999
A National Survey of Graduate Family Nursing Educators
Authors: Richards Eleanor , Lansberry Carolyn R.
Published: March 2007

A descriptive study was undertaken to explore the philosophical and educational beliefs of graduate faculty teaching advanced nursing with families. Data from 177 faculty representing 107 graduate nursing programs accredited by the National LeagueforNursingwere used in the analyses. Descriptive data were gathered on program and faculty demographics, conceptual frameworks that faculty identified as influencing their teaching offamily content, and faculty beliefs about concepts central to family nursing. A Family Nursing Belief Inventory (FNBI) was developed to elicit faculty beliefs. The FNBI consisted of 14 item pairs of dichotomous statements reflecting divergent nursing paradigm (totality and simultaneity) beliefs about thefamily. Results show thatfaculty clearly preferred statements that reflect the beliefs of the simultaneity worldview, whereas most nursing models that influenced their teaching reflect the beliefs of the totality worldview. Less than 1% of respondents taught a corefamily course in graduate programs and the majority offaculty usedfamily rather than nursing frameworks. Seventy-nine percent offaculty reported that a diagnostic taxonomy is not essential in family nursing practice. Continuing dialogue between nursing theorists and educators is necessary.
Older Spouses: Similarity of Health Promotion Behaviors
Authors: Conn Vicki S. , Armer Jane S.
Published: March 2007

Families provide an important context within which individuals select and perform health-promoting behaviors. The spouse is a particularly important family influence among married older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of similarity in health-promoting behaviors reported by older married women and men. Subjects answered an open-ended question about health behaviors and completed the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP). Statistically significant correlations between HPLP scores werefoundfor exercise, nutrition, interpersonal support, self-actualization, and health responsibility. Corresponding similarities werefound between spouses' responses to open-ended questions. Suggestions for future research include investigations of the pattern of influence among healthy couples and among couples experiencing health deviations. Thesefindings suggest that, although individual variation continues even among long-married persons, the older couple may provide a targetfor nursing interventions to enhance health-promoting behaviors.
Dementia Caregiving Studies: A Typology for Family Interventions
Authors: Davis Linda Lindsey
Published: March 2007

The number of elders in the population with some degree of cognitive impairment or dementia is expected to increase 500% over the next 50 years. In that few elderly individuals are institutionalized, this means manyfamilies will have the experience of providing home care for a cognitively impaired or demented elder. The health and well-being of all family members-regardless of whether they are direct caregivers or not-are affected by having a demented elder in the home. This article is a review of caregivng literature ofthe past decade to identify and classify interventions that have been successful in assisting caregivers of impaired elders. The intent ofthis classification is to generate a typology of empirically based interventionsfor nurses and other service providers who work with families caring for a cognitively impaired elder in the home.
Health Care Professionals and Their Relationships with Families Who Have Members with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Faux Sandra A. , Seideman Ruth Young
Published: March 2007

The authors conducted a secondary analysis using combined data sets from two studies offamilies with children and adults with developmental disabilities/mental retardation (DD/MR). The combined sample (N = 72) included 42 parents and siblings of children and adults with DD/MR in Oklahoma and 30 parents and siblings of adults with DD/MR in Ontario. Families identifedfour themes that influenced their interactions with health professionals: valuation of the individual; quality of individual and family life; knowledge of health care professionals; andfacilitative/obstructive professional characteristics. The majorfinding was that parentsfelt that many health care professionals demonstrated a lack of respect toward their children and themselves, ignored their expertise in managing the disability situation, and rarely listened to them.
Telephone-Based Interventions with Family Caregivers: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Davis Linda Lindsey
Published: March 2007

Although telephone care has been reported with various patient populations, telephone-based interventions usually are described as part of multimethod treatments-combined with support group activities or home visits,for example-such that the separate effects of the telephone-based intervention cannot be assessed. This article describes the design, implementation, and outcomes of a pilot study to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of telephone-based skill buildingfor reducing caregiving stress and improvingfamily caregiver coping and adaptation around home carefor a dementia patient.
Family Transitions in Congenital Heart Disease Management: The Impact of Hospitalization in Early Adulthood
Authors: Kools Susan , Gilliss Catherine L. , Tong Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2007

With advances in medical and surgical management of congenital heart disease (CHD), it is becoming more common for patients to survive into adulthood. This article reviews family management of CHD over the life course of the disease and presents the findings of a study of the psychosocial needs of hospitalized adults with CHD and their families. Thirty-four patients, family members, and nurses were interviewed for their perceptions of the hospital experience. Hospitalization was characterized by differing expectations of care between participant groups, resulting in conflict, tension, and dissatisfaction. This dissonance in care had a negative impact on individual and family transitions in illness management. The data suggest that family-centered standards of nursing practice based on an understanding of both the physical and psychosocial effects of CHD on adults are needed.
The "Feudalistic" Legacy of Japanese Science
Authors: Bartholomew James R.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the legacy of Tokugawa (1600-1867) feudalism and its meaning for modern science in Japan (1868-1920). With "feudalism" defined in terms of former samurai roles and privileges, its importance is considered in respect to the formation of a scientific community, creation of research institutions, decision making about science, and scientists' conduct in the laboratory setting. Special attention is also given to the impact of World War I on the policies and patterns of conduct associated, in part, with this earlier tradition. Analysis does not ignore Western influence but does stress the Japanese background. The principal conclusions are these: Most scientists in the period were samurai because of opportunity and motivation. A tendency to conflate science with technology and the government's desire to retain jurisdiction were forces in how institutions for research evolved. Role expectations for scientists did restrict their participation in public decisions that shaped their careers. And the feudalistic legacy in the laboratory setting was more positive than often suggested.
Who Needs What Social Research for Policymaking?
Authors: Lindblom Charles E.
Published: March 2007

In reflecting on changes in policy analysis, the author notes the climate of suspicion for policy advising and some of the major errors or "sins " in the way policy analysts choose, define, and analyze problems. All too often policy analysts and their sponsors, the users of analysis, react to typical issues, have an investment in change, and ignore the imperatives of the policy process.
Knowledge Use as Knowledge Creation
Authors: DeMartini Joseph R. , Whitbeck Les B.
Published: March 2007

The use of social science knowledge by policymakers has fallen short of what many social scientists would prefer. Research that supports this conclusion may be flawed by a methodological bias that overlooks the variety of knowledge sources used by decision makers. A survey of social workers that measures knowledge use from the perspective of the user, rather than the producer, of information identifies three types of knowledge sources, all of which are integrated in the decision-making process. We argue here for a shift in the direction of knowledge utilization research that will recognize similarities between knowledge use and knowledge creation.
Knowledge Management and Policymaking
Authors: Wali Van Lohuizen C.W.
Published: March 2007

Each policy process is in need of knowledge. Policy research is supposed to provide it, but it does so only in part. One of the reasons is that a policy researcher tends to produce new knowledge, although the need is more general. Knowledge management is considered to be a necessary prerequisite to nourished policymaking. Apart from the production of knowledge it includes activities like translation, structuring, interpretation, and so on, of both existing and newly produced knowledge elements. The primate of the two-cultures approach is rejected. Knowledge types are articulated, rules for handling knowledge are explored. A framework is developed for harmonizing the requirements of both pol icymaking and research.
Critical Sociology of Science and Scientific Validity
Authors: Restivo Sal , Loughlin Julia
Published: March 2007

Critical sociology of science, in conjunction with an emancipatory epistemology, focuses attention on the social and especially value aspects of validity and objectivity. This is the foundation for our arguments concerning the relevance of the sociology of science for explaining and understanding science, and for fashioning science policy. After outlining the basic features of critical sociology of science and emancipatory epistemology, we explore their implications for the problem of validity in applied social science research. Drawing on research on the use of illegal drugs, we argue that Campbell's suggestions regarding how to define research problems and treat qualitative methods, as well as other aspects of his "sociology of scientific validity, " may improve validity in the sense of achieving consensus and vigor within specialties. More generally, however, his program may inhibit progress in developing accurate, objective knowledge of science and society. Formal policy research is inevitably ideological; validity is enhanced by broadening the basis of research support, adopting the perspectives of a variety of communities, and resisting the temptation to enthrone particular methods or work styles.
Usable Knowledge, Usable Ignorance
Authors: Ravetz Jerome R.
Published: March 2007

Despite all our research, a truthful response to questions such as "What's going to happen to the biosphere? " will most often be "We don't know, and we won't know." We go on to explore how, in the face of overwhelming ignorance, scientific inquiries in policy-related contexts can most responsibly and effectively be conducted. Better procedures for self- criticism and quality control in science are argued to be central to the construction of "usable ignorance. "A key role is also assigned to the design of approaches through which incomplete science can be better integrated into policy debates.
Book Review Essay : Policy, Political Reasoning, and the Real Worlds
Authors: Connelly Michael
Published: March 2007

This book review essay examines the concept of world construction as applied to public policy making Specifically, it relates Nelson Goodman's "irrealistic, " world-version perspective and his suggestions about how world-versions are correctly constructed to Deborah Stone's discussion of the multiple interpretations of policy goals and processes and how they should be resolved. Goodman and Stone come independently to a concept of reality as a "fit" of expectations and cultural constructs rather than a definite, knowable realm. This notion is applied to Leonard Levy's analysis of original intent doctrine in constitutional interpretation, achieving verification through triangulation of the utility of the approach for policy study.
The District Education Extension Agent as "Strategic Broker"
Authors: Peters Laurence
Published: March 2007

This article describes a new program designed to prevent the marginalization of educational dissemination within the context of national education reform efforts. In 1991, the Subcommittee on Select Education in the U.S. House of Representatives recommended establishment of a District Education Agent program comparable to the agricultural extension service. This article discusses the initiative and explores how such a community-based dissemination program might incorporate new technological capabilities.
IT Development:
Authors: KORAC-BOISVERT NADA , KOUZMIN ALEXANDER
Published: March 2007

The overwhelming evidence of contemporary information technology (IT) design failures, or “soft-core disasters,” and the dynamic synergy within the IT industry promote an urgency for the adoption of new methodologies that will facilitate design-in-action and promote an organizational ability for “learning to learn.” An examination of the various methodologies and management techniques that underlie the IT industry reveals a common strategy of dividing organizational functions into tasks in a “top-down” fashion. One engineering analogy, the cybernetic control model, has been a major influence on IT management and design, and it underlies much of the management thinking of the engineer, the auditor, and, as such, IT design. The research and development approach is recommended for design-in-action development and an open-ended IT strategy to facilitate an organizational ability for learning to learn.
Coming of Age in Science and Technology Studies
Authors: JASANOFF SHEILA
Published: March 2007

Before science and technology studies can play more important roles in the research agendas for science communication, science and engineering education, and science and technology policy, the field must first restore its credibility among scientists, address its internal fragmentation, and reestablish its relevance to public affairs. Accomplishing these goals will require the reassessment of tools and approaches that the field has already developed, as well as an open appraisal of where the field has fallen short in the past.
Commentary: Should Reporters Use Risk as a Determinant of Environmental Coverage?
Authors: SACHSMAN DAVID B.
Published: March 2007

Although many of the news sources that provide environmental information to the media discuss environmental issues in terms of degree of risk, journalists continue to rely on their own traditional determinants of news. They cover the politics, the economics, the social aspects, and even the racial aspects of environmental stories, in addition to the scientific questions involved. By hanging on to their own ways of looking at things, the media have steered clear of the influence of those involved in environmental affairs. They have set their own environmental agendas instead of relying on the value judgments of their sources.
Can Earnings Decline Cause a Retirement Flight of Physicians? Financial Compensation and the Decision to Stay in Practice
Authors: Powell Philip T. , Nakata David A.
Published: March 2007

The authors analyze the historical correlation between annual change in the population of inactive physicians and annual change in the real net income earned by the average physician per hour of patient care. For a sample of nine census divisions across 8 years (1986-1989 and 1994-1997), two regression models conclude with 99% confidence that a fall in net income increases the outflow of physicians from active practice. Regression coefficients estimate that a $1.00 fall in hourly net income increases the population of inactive physicians by 1.46 percent after a 2-year period. Based on 1999 population data, the authors project that an earnings decline of $10.00 per patient care hour motivates 11,000 physicians to retire early. With projections of between 50,000 and 150,000 excess practitioners in the U.S. health care system, the analysis suggests that deterioration in financial compensation can erase part but not all of a physician surplus through early retirement.
Nursing Staff Reductions in Pennsylvania Hospitals: Exploring the Discrepancy between Perceptions and Data
Authors: Unruh Lynn
Published: March 2007

Previous research has not confirmed public and practitioner perceptions of a decline in hospital nurse staffing. One reason for this discrepancy is that aggregate or mean values may not be an accurate description of the situation in a sizable percentage of hospitals. This article calculates the mean percentage change in various measures of nursing staff in Pennsylvania hospitals, 1991-1997, and the percentage of hospitals that experienced various degrees of this change. Major findings are that the means of changes in nursing staff understate the declines. When adjusted for patient severity and outpatient care, 50 percent of the hospitals experienced large decreases in RNs per patient days of care, 70 percent had large decreases in LPNs per patient days of care, and 56 percent had large declines in licensed nurses per patient days of care. Overall, the findings support perceptions of a decline in licensed nurse staffing. Policy implications are discussed.
The Social Behavior Inventory for Children in a Child Abuse Treatment Program: Development of a Tool to Measure Interpersonal Behavior
Authors: Gully Kevin J.
Published: March 2007

This article presents information about a tool that can be completed in a few minutes to measure the interpersonal behavior of children participating in a child abuse treatment program. One sample of children came from the community and had no reported history of abuse or mental health services. A second sample was children obtaining therapy services through a child abuse treatment program. Factor analysis of scores provided by parents for their children obtaining therapy services led to the development of three scales to assess aversive interpersonal behavior, two to measure prosocial interpersonal behavior, and one to measure total interpersonal competence. Numerous indices of reliability and validity are presented. Data delineated the potential value of the scales for assessing the impact of therapy. The current results suggested that the Social Behavior Inventory may have value as a measure of interpersonal behavior when providing therapy to children in a child abuse treatment program if used prudently.
Comparative Efficacies of Supportive and Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapies for Young Children Who have been Sexually Abused and their Nonoffending Mothers
Authors: Deblinger Esther , Stauffer Lori B. , Steer Robert A.
Published: March 2007

The differential efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioral group therapy models designed for young children (ages 2 to 8) who have experienced sexual abuse and their nonoffending mothers were compared. Forty-four mothers and their respective children participated in either supportive or cognitive behavioral therapy groups with the group format being randomly determined. Repeated measures MANOVAs indicated that compared to mothers who participated in the support groups, the mothers who participated in cognitive behavioral groups reported greater reductions at posttest in (a) their intrusive thoughts and (b) their negative parental emotional reactions regarding the sexual abuse. The children treated with cognitive behavioral therapy demonstrated greater improvement in their knowledge regarding body safety skills at posttest than did the children who received supportive therapy.
Cognitive Behavioral Groups for Nonoffending Mothers and their Young Sexually Abused Children: A Preliminary Treatment Outcome Study
Authors: Stauffer Lori B. , Deblinger Esther
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of concurrent 11-week cognitive behavioral groups for 19 nonoffending mothers and their young sexually abused children. Evaluation included standardized assessment of maternal distress levels and maternal reports of children's behavioral functioning at initial contact, pretreatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. A series of one-way repeated measures ANOVAs indicated significant decreases in parental distress and children's sexual behaviors across evaluations. Post-hoc analyses suggest that these improvements occurred as a function of group participation and were maintained at follow-up.
Improving Children's Person Identification
Authors: Schwartz-Kenney Beth M. , Bottoms Bette L. , Goodman Gail S.
Published: March 2007

The accuracy of children's person identification on a recall task was compared to their accuracy on specially developed feature lineup tasks. In two experiments, children participated in a play session with a stranger and subsequently were interviewed about the stranger's appearance. Each child was first asked to recall appearance features (e.g., height, age, skin color) and then was asked to identify the features using target-present lineups. In Experiment 1, 48 3- to 6-year-olds used feature lineups immediately after the play session. In Experiment 2, 48 4- to 9-year-olds used modified feature lineups that included a “don't know” option after a 2-week delay. Children's identification accuracy was significantly related to age and type of identification task. In Experiment 1, use of the feature lineups increased children's correct responses but also increased their incorrect responses. Use of the modified feature lineups in Experiment 2 led to increased accuracy with mixed results concerning commission errors. In both experiments, older children were more accurate than younger children.
A Conceptual Framework for the Long-Term Psychological Effects of Traumatic Childhood Abuse
Authors: Carlson Eve B. , Furby Lita , Armstrong Judith , Shlaes Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Although trauma is not an intrinsic part of all child abuse, the impact of some abuse may be best conceptualized from a traumatic stress perspective. The authors first propose three critical elements that make some abuse traumatic. They then describe the response at the time of trauma and the processes that lead to persistence of that response. Reexperiencing and avoidance are proposed as the core trauma responses, and six secondary and associated symptoms are also described. In addition, the influences on long-term adjustment of biological factors, developmental level at the time of abuse, severity of abuse, social context, and prior and subsequent life events are discussed. The authors' conceptual framework is applied to make specific predictions about the relationships between particular abuse characteristics and later symptoms, and research on adults with histories of child abuse and on abused children is reviewed for consistency with these predictions.
The Role of Shame and Attributional Style in Children's and Adolescents' Adaptation to Sexual Abuse
Authors: Feiring Candice , Taska Lynn , Lewis Michael
Published: March 2007

This study examined the role of shame and a self-blaming attributional style as factors that can help explain the level of psychological distress in child and adolescent victims of sexual abuse. A total of 142 participants (82 children, 60 adolescents) were seen within 8 weeks of discovery of the abuse. Regression analyses were used to examine how age at discovery, gender, abuse characteristics, shame, and attribution were related to depression, self-esteem, and traumatic events sequelae. As expected, shame and self-blaming attributions were strongly related to depression, self-esteem, and traumatic events sequelae and accounted for significant variance even after age, gender, and abuse characteristics had been controlled. The relations between number of abusive events and depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and eroticism were mediated by shame and attributional style.
The Effects of Sociodemographic Variables, Training, and Attitudes on the Lifetime Reporting Practices of Mandated Reporters
Authors: King Gary , Reece Robert , Bendel Robert , Patel Vrunda
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of sociodemographic, training, and attitudinal variables on the child maltreatment lifetime reporting proportion (LRP) of 382 randomly selected pediatricians, master's level social workers (MSWs), and physician assistants (PAs). Findings indicated a lifetime mean of 24 suspected cases of child maltreatment and an average of 16 reported cases with an LRP of 69%. Pediatricians reported the highest LRP (76%), followed by MSWs (63%) and PAs (60%); differences in LRP were partially reduced to nonsignificance after adjusting for the other independent variables. Multivariate analysis revealed that the strongest predictors of LRP were case-related attitudes, professional concerns, institutional setting, and the amount of training the professional received. These results demonstrate the importance of professional education and opinions of mandated reporters in reporting practices.
Compulsive Consumption Tendencies Among Television Shoppers
Authors: Lee Seung‐Hee , Lennon Sharron J. , Rudd Nancy A.
Published: March 2007

Compulsive buying and binge eating are consumption behaviors that are similarly related to low self‐esteem and poor impulse control, occurring more frequently in women. Using a national random sample, the authors examined the extent to which compulsive buying and binge eating were related in a nonclinical population of known television shoppers. Mailed questionnaires were completed by 334 women. Multiple regression analyses revealed that (a) binge‐eating and compulsive‐buying scores were positively related, and (b) both compulsive‐buying and bingeeating scores were positively related to television shopping channel exposure. About 10% of the television shoppers in this study were found to have compulsive‐buying tendencies. Strategies for coping with unwise compulsive consumption are offered.
Clothin as a Nonverbal Communicator of Social and Political Attitudes
Authors: Buckley Hilda Mayer , Roach Mary Ellen
Published: March 2007

This research analyzed the responses of 96 subjects on a questionnaire in which they indicated (1) their own attitudes toward social and political issues, (2) their perceptions of attitudes of probable wearers of clothing shown in stimulus photographs, and (3) their own responses to types of clothing shown in the photographs. The subjects represented two types of students attending a large midwestern university: “conservatives,” oriented to the established American culture, and “liberals,” oriented to a counterculture. Data from the two types of subjects were contrasted and compared with data from a random sample of all students. Findings indicated that clothing communicated social and political attitudes among both types of students, those oriented to the established culture and those oriented to the counterculture. In addition, all subjects tended to like and wear types of clothes that they perceived to be consistent with their own attitudes. However, subjects with attitudes oriented to the countercul ture indicated more liking for and more wearing of clothing that reflected their own attitudes than did subjects oriented to the established culture.
Person and Costume: Effects on the Formation of First Impressions
Authors: Conner Barbara Hunt , Peters Kathleen , Nagasawa Richard H.
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study examined the effects of the stimulus person and the clothing worn by the stimulus person on the formation of first impressions, where the stimulus per son and the observer were female peers. A four‐by‐four factorial experiment was designed to measure the simultaneous effects of person‐costume photographic stimuli on the subjects' initial formation of athletic, social, and intellectual impressions. Each of 240 female uni versity students was randomly assigned to respond to one of 16 person‐costume photo graphs on an Impression Measure developed for this study using the semantic differential technique. Analysis of variance and correlation ratios measured the extent to which person and costume affected the initial formation of the impression dimensions studied. Costume exerted major influence on the formation of social impression, person had greater effect on athletic impression, and neither person nor costume had a significant effect on intellectual impression.
Clothing Interest: Conceptualization and Measurement
Authors: Gurel Lois M. , Gurel Lee
Published: March 2007

Scientific inquiry in the area of clothing, while of long standing and involving some distin guished investigators, has been decidedly sporadic. The purpose of this study was to advance con ceptualization and measurement of clothing interest. An 89‐item clothing inventory, administered to 500 undergraduates in a clothing and textiles course, was factor analyzed in order to identify underlying dimensionality. Of eight interpretable factors, five were seen as central components of clothing interest: Concern with Personal Appearance, Experimenting with Appearance, Height ened Awareness of Clothes, Clothing as Enhancement of Security, and Clothing as Enhancement of Individuality. Three other dimensions, Conformity, Modesty, and Attention to Comfort, were interpreted by the authors as primarily personality variables and as more properly outside the do main of clothing interest, per se.
Information Seeking by Fashion Opinion Leaders and Followers
Authors: Polegato Rosemary , Wall Marjorie
Published: March 2007

A self‐designating scale was included in a mailed questionnaire to identify fashion opinion leaders, followers, and indeterminates among female undergraduates. The number, fre quency, type, and variety of fashion information sources used by leaders and followers in the awareness, comprehension, and legitimation stages of the fashion adoption process were studied. The demographic characteristics of the respondents were also examined.

Both the leaders and followers used all of the twenty‐one sources studied. However, the leaders consulted a greater number of sources more frequently than did the followers. Both the leaders and followers recalled marketer‐dominated sources as creating awareness of new clothing styles. However, the most important sources in the comprehension stage were marketer‐dominated sources for the leaders and consumer‐dominated sources for the fol lowers. Leaders and followers could not be differentiated by demographic characteristics.
The Effect of Homemakers' Employment on Meal Preparation Time, Meals at Home, and Meals Away from Home
Authors: Ortiz Bonnie , MacDonald Maurice , Ackerman Norleen , Goebel Karen
Published: March 2007

Using a sample of Wisconsin families the authors conducted multiple regression analyses of the effects of homemakers' employment on the amount of time spent in food preparation, the number of persons served meals at home, and the percentage of meals eaten away from home. Preliminary analysis revealed a homemaker was more likely to be employed if her husband's earnings were low, if she had older children, and if she had higher education. The regressions on each of the three dependent variables used hours of homemaker's employment, her educa tional attainment, family income, age of the youngest child, and rural‐urban residence as in dependent variables. Significant at the 0.05 level or better, the regression coefficients revealed that employed homemakers spent less time in food preparation and that their families ate more meals away from home. There was no statistically significant effect of homemakers' employment on the average number of persons served meals at home. Other findings signifi cant at least at the 0. 05 level suggest that homemakers' education, family income, and the age of the youngest child influence the three dependent variables more than does rural‐urban residence.
Determinants and Patterns of Family Saving
Authors: Hefferan Colien
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to determine the relative importance of income, wealth, and family characteristics in explaining the decision to save, the level of saving in house holds, and the patterns of saving in several types of families. Data from the 1972 ‐1973 Consumer Expenditure Survey were analyzed using multiple regression and difference of means tests. The results supported the general hypotheses that the decision to save and the level of saving are influenced by income, wealth, and family characteristics and that saving patterns vary among different types of families. The findings suggest that while income is the primary determinant of families' initial decision to save, their level of saving is best explained by their current wealth position.
Abrasion Resistance of Rayon/Nylon Composite Fibers
Authors: Collier Billie J. , Collier John R. , McDonald Jean E.
Published: March 2007

Composite rayonlnylon skin/core fibers have been produced with the objective of combining synthetic and natural fiber properties. Acid etching of the core fiber is examined as a pretreatment to increase adhesion between skin and core layers. The adhesion between skin and core layers is assessed using the technique of a carrier fabric for abrasion testing. Fibers are stitched into a plain weave carrier fabric, which is then abraded. Results indicate that pretreatment with sulfuric acid, followed by a bleach rinse, improved adhesion over untreated core fibers. However, further improvement in adhesion is necessary to produce fibers with acceptable abrasion resistance. The carrier fabric method was effective in assess ing adhesion and abrasion resistance of single fibers.
The Role of Clothing in Extended Inferences
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Johnson Kim K. P.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was (1) to examine whether interpretative inferences about others, made on the basis of their clothing, go beyond personal char acteristics to include extended inferences about the company for which an individual works, and (2) to determine whether these extended inferences were correlated with the interpretative inferences. The study utilized a 2 × 2 between‐ subjects factorial design with two levels of clothing—appropriate and inappropri ate—and two levels of sex of subject (male, female). Volunteer subjects (354 undergraduates) viewed a photograph of a bogus taxicab driver, appearing in either appropriate or inappropriate clothing, and made inferences about his per sonality characteristics and abilities and the characteristics of the company, in this case the city, for which he worked. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and Pearson's product moment correlation. Results indicated that a driver dressed in appropriate clothing elicited favorable inferences about both his personal characteristics and characteristics of the city, and that these sets of inferences were positively correlated.
Environmental Influences on Dress: Creek Nation, 1885–1900
Authors: Richards Lynne , Farr Cheryl , Gaitros Cyria
Published: March 2007

Women's daydressfrom the Creek Indian Nation (1885–1900) was studied to ascertain the degree to which it paralleled dress being promulgated as fashionable in eastern U.S. newspapers and reprinted as fashion news in Creek Nation newspapers. The results indicated that dresses actually worn in the Creek Nation contained (a) more ease, (b) simpler construction, (c) garment components requiring less fabric yardage, and (d) more durable trims than those dresses publicized as beingfashionable. The investigators concluded that these differences reflected the rigorous Creek Nation environment. The results substantiated that the mere promotion of a fashion product to a targeted market does not ensure consumer acquisition or purchase behavior if that product is not congruent with the environmental conditions, needs, and values of the targeted population.
Consumer Textile Recycling as a Means of Solid Waste Reduction
Authors: Koch Kathryn , Domina Tanya
Published: March 2007

Consumer recycling of traditional commodities such as glass, paper, plastic, and tin is well established in many communities. However, to continue to reduce the amount of solid waste that is annually diverted to landfills, recycling must be extended to include a greater diversity of postconsumer waste products. This exploratory study examines consumer practices regarding the disposal of postconsumer textile waste. Responses to a mailed questionnaire indicated use of a variety of textile disposal methods. The most commonly used methods of textile disposition were Salvation Army, passing on to family and friends, and using as rags. Furthermore, convenience and familiarity with the disposal method influenced which methods were chosen for textile recycling. Findings lend support to the idea that textiles can become a viable commodity for recycling as ease and opportunity for textile recycling increase.
Foldback Analysis: A Method to Reduce Bias in Behavioral Health Research Conducted in Cross-Cultural Settings
Authors: Loos Gregory P.
Published: March 2007

Although quantitative methods used in epidemiology and biostatistics are useful for assessing health care needs and the effects of research interventions on improved health status, qualitative methods have long been advocated as the approach of choice to assess health behaviors. Unfortunately, many qualitative methods used are cumbersome and not easily measurable. The author presents an approach, foldback analysis, that combines better the rich detail provided by qualitative studies with the numerical preciseness of quantitative analysis. The individual methods used in the foldback process are not new, but the multimethod combination and sequence is distinct. This article presents the methodology discussing each subprocess and describing the experiences of the author using foldback analysis in health behavior research in cross-cultural settings.
A North-South Convergence on the Quest for Meaning
Authors: Fals-Borda Orlando
Published: March 2007

Personal experience in Latin America led the author from academic work to fieldwork in participatory action research (PAR). This type of research implies a quest for meaning not only in life experiences but also within the intellectual endeavor. A comparison is made between Agnes Heller's version of such a quest and a previous attempt made in Colombia during the period when PAR was being constructed.
Significant Absences
Authors: McMahon Martha
Published: March 2007

This article looks at how research accounts can conceal stories about the experiences of those who do not appear to be present in the research project. Some of these hidden selves or shadow others in research may be called "significantly absent" because their invisi bility holds particular significance for the sorts of research stories researchers tell. Recognizing these absent others stretches these stories beyond the temporal, spatial, and conceptual boundaries of the original project and draws in those who are no longer here now, and even those who might have been but never were.
Accomplishing the Impossible
Authors: X LAURA
Published: March 2007

The history of marital rape legislation from the 1960s to the present is a long battle on many political, cultural, legal, and social levels. The author, a peace, civil, and human rights activist, has been central to the struggle, working one-on-one with a tremendous diversity of people in 45 states and several countries as the director of the National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape in Berkeley, California. Early on, major court cases brought the issue of marital rape to the attention of legislators, media, and the public nationally due to the shock of a woman saying “no” to her husband at all. Each high court or legislative victory came only after much resistance and even sabotage.
The Bang and the Whimper
Authors: Hinckley Katherine A.
Published: March 2007

This article gauges the success of the first-year Houston Model Cities program according to criteria based on neighborhood resident opinion rather than outside program evalua tion. The percentage of residents knowing of the program was low, as expected; but these tended to be the "neediest," in the sense of being distrustful and perceiving neighbor hood problems. They also possessed slightly more potential for political support of the program. Though residents' program evaluations were strongly favorable, the "neediest" were much less favorable; and there was no relationship with potential political support. The program's success by these standards must therefore be regarded as highly mixed.
Contemporary Neighborhood Theories
Authors: Stever James A.
Published: March 2007

Theories of neighborhood government can be divided into three categories. Integrative theories grant neighborhoods a significant role in the metropolitan political process. Romantic theories outline nonattainable goals for the neighborhood. Reactive theories juxtapose neighborhood against metropolis by assuming that the neighborhood can be an instrument of social change. This article endorses integrative theories and criticizes theories which are romantic and reactive. The urban reform movement stimulated the development of romantic and reactive theories by attempting to suppress neighborhood politics. Mary Parker Follett suggests a viable way to integrate neighborhood and metropolis which deserves reconsideration.
Partisan Campaigns, Ballots, and Voting Patterns
Authors: Arrington Theodore S.
Published: March 2007

This article uses the unique election history of Charlotte, North Carolina, to study the effects of ballot and campaign types. Charlotte had a nonpartisan campaign and ballot in 1971, a partisan campaign with a nonpartisan ballot in 1973, and a partisan campaign and ballot in 1975. The voting pattern by precinct in these three municipal elections shows that a partisan voting pattern failed to occur in the absence of a partisan ballot, even when the campaign was vigorously partisan. Racial voting patterns were muted when the partisan ballot was introduced, but not in the partisan campaign without a partisan ballot.
Fiscal Effects of Urban Zoning
Authors: Zech Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Suburban governments are not the only agencies that engage in fiscal zoning. In this article, the author demonstrates how a city can employ land-use controls to improve its fiscal situation while discriminating against low-income households. This is achieved by restricting the location of low-income clusters to specific sections of the city through land-use controls. These clusters are then provided with low levels of municipal services while they are assigned high property tax assessments. The author has labeled this type of behavior "urban fiscal zoning."