bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyunsaturated liposomes are antiviral against hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV by decreasing cholesterol levels in infected cells
Authors: Pollock Stephanie , Nichita Norica Branza , Böhmer Annette , Radulescu Cristina , Dwek Raymond A. , Zitzmann Nicole
Published: September 2010

The pressing need for broad-spectrum antivirals could be met by targeting host rather than viral processes. Cholesterol biosynthesis within the infected cell is one promising target for a large number of viral systems, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV. Liposomes developed for intracellular, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeted in vivo drug delivery have been modified to include polyunsaturated fatty acids that exert an independent antiviral activity through the reduction of cellular cholesterol. These polyunsaturated ER liposomes (PERLs) have greater activity than lovastatin (Mevacor, Altoprev), which is clinically approved for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. Treatment of HCV, HBV, and HIV infections with PERLs significantly decreased viral secretion and infectivity, and pretreatment of naïve cells reduced the ability of both HCV and HIV to establish infections because of the decreased levels of plasma membrane cholesterol. Direct competition for cellular receptors was an added effect of PERLs against HCV infections. The greatest antiviral activity in all three systems was the inhibition of viral infectivity through the reduction of virus-associated cholesterol. Our study demonstrates that PERLs are a broadly effective antiviral therapy and should be developed further in combination with encapsulated drug mixtures for enhanced in vivo efficacy.
Dengue virus nonstructural protein 3 redistributes fatty acid synthase to sites of viral replication and increases cellular fatty acid synthesis
Authors: Heaton Nicholas S. , Perera Rushika , Berger Kristi L. , Khadka Sudip , LaCount Douglas J. , Kuhn Richard J. , Randall Glenn
Published: September 2010

Dengue virus (DENV) modifies cellular membranes to establish its sites of replication. Although the 3D architecture of these structures has recently been described, little is known about the cellular pathways required for their formation and expansion. In this report, we examine the host requirements for DENV replication using a focused RNAi analysis combined with validation studies using pharmacological inhibitors. This approach identified three cellular pathways required for DENV replication: autophagy, actin polymerization, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Further characterization of the viral modulation of fatty acid biosynthesis revealed that a key enzyme in this pathway, fatty acid synthase (FASN), is relocalized to sites of DENV replication. DENV nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) is responsible for FASN recruitment, inasmuch as (
i
) NS3 expressed in the absence of other viral proteins colocalizes with FASN and (
ii
) NS3 interacts with FASN in a two-hybrid assay. There is an associated increase in the rate of fatty acid biosynthesis in DENV-infected cells, and de novo synthesized lipids preferentially cofractionate with DENV RNA. Finally, purified recombinant NS3 stimulates the activity of FASN in vitro. Taken together, these experiments suggest that DENV co-opts the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway to establish its replication complexes. This study provides mechanistic insight into DENV membrane remodeling and highlights the potential for the development of therapeutics that inhibit DENV replication by targeting the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway.
GLD-2/RNP-8 cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase is a broad-spectrum regulator of the oogenesis program
Authors: Kim Kyung Won , Wilson Tracy L. , Kimble Judith
Published: September 2010

Regulated polyadenylation is a broadly conserved mechanism that controls key events during oogenesis. Pivotal to that mechanism is GLD-2, a catalytic subunit of cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase (PAP).
Caenorhabditis elegans
GLD-2 forms an active PAP with multiple RNA-binding partners to regulate diverse aspects of germline and early embryonic development. One GLD-2 partner, RNP-8, was previously shown to influence oocyte fate specification. Here we use a genomic approach to identify transcripts selectively associated with both GLD-2 and RNP-8. Among the 335 GLD-2/RNP-8 potential targets, most were annotated as germline mRNAs and many as maternal mRNAs. These targets include
gld-2
and
rnp-8
themselves, suggesting autoregulation. Removal of either GLD-2 or RNP-8 resulted in shortened poly(A) tails and lowered abundance of four target mRNAs (
oma-2
,
egg-1
,
pup-2
, and
tra-2
); GLD-2 depletion also lowered the abundance of most GLD-2/RNP-8 putative target mRNAs when assayed on microarrays. Therefore, GLD-2/RNP-8 appears to polyadenylate and stabilize its target mRNAs. We also provide evidence that
rnp-8
influences oocyte development;
rnp-8
null mutants have more germ cell corpses and fewer oocytes than normal. Furthermore, RNP-8 appears to work synergistically with another GLD-2–binding partner, GLD-3, to ensure normal oogenesis. We propose that the GLD-2/RNP-8 enzyme is a broad-spectrum regulator of the oogenesis program that acts within an RNA regulatory network to specify and produce fully functional oocytes.
Polymorphic genetic control of tumor invasion in a mouse model of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinogenesis
Authors: Chun Matthew G. H. , Mao Jian-Hua , Chiu Christopher W. , Balmain Allan , Hanahan Douglas
Published: September 2010

Cancer is a disease subject to both genetic and environmental influences. In this study, we used theRIP1-Tag2(RT2) mouse model of islet cell carcinogenesis to identify a genetic locus that influences tumor progression to an invasive growth state.RT2mice inbred into theC57BL/6(B6) background develop both noninvasive pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) and invasive carcinomas with varying degrees of aggressiveness. In contrast,RT2mice inbred into theC3HeB/Fe(C3H) background are comparatively resistant to the development of invasive tumors, as areRT2 C3HB6(F1)hybrid mice. Using linkage analysis, we identified a 13-Mb locus on mouse chromosome 17 with significant linkage to the development of highly invasive PNETs. A gene residing in this locus, the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk), was expressed at significantly lower levels in PNETs from invasion-resistantC3Hmice compared with invasion-susceptibleB6mice, and pharmacological inhibition ofAlkled to reduced tumor invasiveness inRT2 B6mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that tumor invasion is subject to polymorphic genetic control and identifyAlkas a genetic modifier of invasive tumor growth.
γδ T cells protect against lung fibrosis via IL-22
Authors: Simonian Philip L. , Wehrmann Fabian , Roark Christina L. , Born Willi K. , O'Brien Rebecca L. , Fontenot Andrew P.
Published: September 2010

Inflammation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) leads to irreversible loss of lung function and is a predictor of mortality in numerous lung diseases. Why some subjects with lung inflammation but not others develop PF is unclear. In a mouse model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis that progresses to lung fibrosis upon repeated exposure to the ubiquitous microorganism Bacillus subtilis, γδ T cells expand in the lung and inhibit collagen deposition. We show that a subset of these γδ cells represents the predominant source of the Th17 cytokine IL-22 in this model. Preventing expression of IL-22, either by mutating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) or inhibiting AhR signaling, accelerated lung fibrosis. Direct blockade of IL-22 also enhanced collagen deposition in the lung, whereas administration of recombinant IL-22 inhibited lung fibrosis. Moreover, the presence of protective γδ T cells and IL-22 diminished recruitment of CD4+ T cells to lung. These data reveal a protective pathway that involves the inhibition of αβ T cells by regulatory IL-22–secreting γδ T cells.
Lnk-dependent axis of SCF–cKit signal for osteogenesis in bone fracture healing
Authors: Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Ii Masaaki , Nishimura Hiromi , Shoji Taro , Mifune Yutaka , Kawamoto Atsuhiko , Kuroda Ryosuke , Fukui Tomoaki , Kawakami Yohei , Kuroda Tomoya , Kwon Sang Mo , Iwasaki Hiroto , Horii Miki , Yokoyama Ayumi , Oyamada Akira , Lee Sang Yang , Hayashi Shinya , Kurosaka Masahiro , Takaki Satoshi , Asahara Takayuki
Published: September 2010

The therapeutic potential of hematopoietic stem cells/endothelial progenitor cells (HSCs/EPCs) for fracture healing has been demonstrated with evidence for enhanced vasculogenesis/angiogenesis and osteogenesis at the site of fracture. The adaptor protein Lnk has recently been identified as an essential inhibitor of stem cell factor (SCF)–cKit signaling during stem cell self-renewal, and Lnk-deficient mice demonstrate enhanced hematopoietic reconstitution. In this study, we investigated whether the loss of Lnk signaling enhances the regenerative response during fracture healing. Radiological and histological examination showed accelerated fracture healing and remodeling in Lnk-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Molecular, physiological, and morphological approaches showed that vasculogenesis/angiogenesis and osteogenesis were promoted in Lnk-deficient mice by the mobilization and recruitment of HSCs/EPCs via activation of the SCF–cKit signaling pathway in the perifracture zone, which established a favorable environment for bone healing and remodeling. In addition, osteoblasts (OBs) from Lnk-deficient mice had a greater potential for terminal differentiation in response to SCF–cKit signaling in vitro. These findings suggest that inhibition of Lnk may have therapeutic potential by promoting an environment conducive to vasculogenesis/angiogenesis and osteogenesis and by facilitating OB terminal differentiation, leading to enhanced fracture healing.
NKX3.1 is a direct TAL1 target gene that mediates proliferation of TAL1-expressing human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Kusy Sophie , Gerby Bastien , Goardon Nicolas , Gault Nathalie , Ferri Federica , Gérard Delphine , Armstrong Florence , Ballerini Paola , Cayuela Jean-Michel , Baruchel André , Pflumio Françoise , Roméo Paul-Henri
Published: September 2010

TAL1 (also known as SCL) is expressed in >40% of human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs). TAL1 encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that can interfere with the transcriptional activity of E2A and HEB during T cell leukemogenesis; however, the oncogenic pathways directly activated by TAL1 are not characterized. In this study, we show that, in human TAL1–expressing T-ALL cell lines, TAL1 directly activates NKX3.1, a tumor suppressor gene required for prostate stem cell maintenance. In human T-ALL cell lines, NKX3.1 gene activation is mediated by a TAL1–LMO–Ldb1 complex that is recruited by GATA-3 bound to an NKX3.1 gene promoter regulatory sequence. TAL1-induced NKX3.1 activation is associated with suppression of HP1-α (heterochromatin protein 1 α) binding and opening of chromatin on the NKX3.1 gene promoter. NKX3.1 is necessary for T-ALL proliferation, can partially restore proliferation in TAL1 knockdown cells, and directly regulates miR-17-92. In primary human TAL1-expressing leukemic cells, the NKX3.1 gene is expressed independently of the Notch pathway, and its inactivation impairs proliferation. Finally, TAL1 or NKX3.1 knockdown abrogates the ability of human T-ALL cells to efficiently induce leukemia development in mice. These results suggest that tumor suppressor or oncogenic activity of NKX3.1 depends on tissue expression.
Modelling of streamer propagation in atmospheric-pressure helium plasma jets
Authors: Naidis G V
Published: September 2010

The results of a two-dimensional numerical simulation of positive streamer propagation in atmospheric-pressure helium jets injected into ambient air are presented. It is shown that depending on the jet width and the initial radial distribution of electron number density streamer structures of two types can be formed: one with maxima of electric field and electron density at the jet axis and another with maxima of these parameters near the boundary between the jet and surrounding air. The latter structure is similar to the observed ring-shaped structures of plasma bullets.
Effects of deposition temperature and elemental layer thickness on the properties of Fe/Co multilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Carbucicchio M , Ciprian R , Nasi L
Published: September 2010

Fe/Co multilayers were grown at different temperatures up to 200 °C onto MgO-(1 0 0) monocrystalline substrates, varying both the Co and Fe elemental layer thicknesses. All samples show a multilayered structure where the elemental layers are separated by a thin interfacial region which, for high-temperature growths, is constituted by an equiatomic FeCo compound. The multilayers grown at room temperature show an in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. The increase in the growing temperature determines an improvement of the sample smoothness and the appearance of two preferred in-plane orientations of the easy magnetization axis having different strengths. By increasing the Co layer thickness, the in-plane magnetic behaviour becomes isotropic, while by increasing the Fe layer thickness, an out-of-plane contribution to the magnetization vector is established, which is responsible for the appearance of a well-defined magnetic morphology constituted by stripe-like domains.
Efficient and colour-stable hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes utilizing electron–hole balanced spacers
Authors: Leem Dong-Seok , Kim Ji Whan , Jung Sung Ouk , Kim Seul-Ong , Kim Se Hoon , Kim Kee Young , Kim Yun-Hi , Kwon Soon-Ki , Kim Jang-Joo
Published: September 2010

High-efficiency two-colour white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) comprising a newly synthesized iridium complex orange phosphor ((impy)2Ir(acac)) and a blue fluorophor (BD012) have been realized by placing several kinds of thin spacers between two emitters. Hybrid WOLEDs with a spacer composed of a hole-transporting N,N-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP) and an electron-transporting 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen) exhibit a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of up to 8.4% and a negligible colour change (the colour coordinate of (0.39, 0.41) at 1000 cd m−2) with increasing brightness, whereas the device using a hole-transporting mCP spacer shows a relatively low EQE of 6.2% and a large shift of emitting colour with increasing brightness. Device performance is further characterized based on the charge transport behaviour of the spacers inserted between the two emitters.
PARTICLE–GAS DYNAMICS WITH ATHENA: METHOD AND
CONVERGENCE
Authors: Bai Xue-Ning , Stone James M.
Published: September 2010

The Athena magnetohydrodynamics code has been extended to integrate the motion of
particles coupled with the gas via aerodynamic drag in order to study the
dynamics of gas and solids in protoplanetary disks (PPDs) and the formation of
planetesimals. Our particle–gas hybrid scheme is based on a second-order
predictor–corrector method. Careful treatment of the momentum feedback on the
gas guarantees exact conservation. The hybrid scheme is stable and convergent in
most regimes relevant to PPDs. We describe a semi-implicit integrator
generalized from the leap-frog approach. In the absence of drag force, it
preserves the geometric properties of a particle orbit. We also present a fully
implicit integrator that is unconditionally stable for all regimes of
particle–gas coupling. Using our hybrid code, we study the numerical convergence
of the nonlinear saturated state of the streaming instability. We find that gas
flow properties are well converged with modest grid resolution (128 cells per
pressure length ηr for dimensionless stopping time
τ
s
= 0.1) and an equal number of particles
and grid cells. On the other hand, particle clumping properties converge only at
higher resolutions, and finer resolution leads to stronger clumping before
convergence is reached. Finally, we find that the measurement of particle
transport properties resulted from the streaming instability may be subject to
error of about ±20%.
Iron deficiency and anaemia in heart failure: understanding the FAIR‐HF trial
Authors: González‐Costello José , Comín‐Colet Josep
Published: September 2010

Treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction has traditionally focused on erythropoietin‐stimulating agents. However, recent studies have shown that treatment with intravenous (IV) iron can improve the symptoms and quality of life in patients with CHF and iron deficiency (ID), with or without anaemia. The management of ID is becoming an important therapeutic target in patients with CHF, and in this article, we will review iron metabolism in the context of anaemia and heart failure. We will also focus on the importance of diagnosing and treating ID, preferably with IV iron preparations, in patients with CHF.
Diagnosis and Management of Stable Angina in Primary Care
Authors: Kasouridis Ioannis , Simon Chantal , Bajwa Junaid , Shabeeh Husain
Published: September 2010

Stable angina is a common presentation in primary care. It is a symptom indicative of myocardial ischaemia rather than a disease itself. Two million people in the UK suffer from angina, and coronary heart disease accounts for around one in six deaths in the UK. Therefore, it is of pivotal importance that doctors should be informed about the symptoms of angina and their management.
Varicose Veins
Authors: Jadavji Radhika , Stephenson James , Arshad Ali , Al-Leswas Dhya , McCarthy Mark J.
Published: September 2010

Varicose veins are a common problem in the developed world estimated to affect up to a third of adults in the UK aged 18–64 years. They are tortuous or dilated veins in the subcutaneous tissues that rarely present as an acute emergency but bear a significant impact upon quality of life, which can be improved by surgery or in most cases effective reassurance. The key role of the GP remains to appropriately reassure patients with varicose veins and identify those that require referral for further assessment and therapy.
Decision‐Making Success in Public, Private and Third Sector Organisations: Finding Sector Dependent Best Practice
Authors: Nutt Paul C.
Published: September 2010

Strategic decisions in public, private and third sector organizations were examined to isolate and compare the practices used to uncover alternatives. The approaches applied to uncover alternatives in these organizations and decision outcomes were identified from a systematic examination of 376 strategic decisions. The preference for and sucess of innovation, benchmarking, search and existing solution approaches applied to uncover alternatives by decision makers in each sector is discussed. Some prescriptions are offered.
Mindreading and Verbal Communication
Authors: Papafragou Anna
Published: September 2010

In this paper, I illustrate how children’s mentalizing abilities interface with both implicit and explicit aspects of communication. I use two examples to make this point. First, I argue that some understanding that other people have mental states which can be affected by communication is present already in infancy. I show that this early sensitivity to intentionality is responsible for early communicative successes. Second, I suggest that mindreading is involved in learning the meaning of evidentials and other mental terms. I present some cross‐linguistic evidence for the acquisition of evidential morphemes and relate those findings to young children’s ability to reason about beliefs, evidence and information.
Work Roles and Careers of R&D Scientists in Network Organizations
Authors: LAM ALICE
Published: September 2010

Despite the burgeoning literature on the network organization as a new mode of innovation, we know little about how the flow of knowledge across organizational boundaries is intertwined with careers. This study explores the implications of the network model of R&D organization for the work roles and careers of R&D scientists within the changing relationship between industry and the academia. It examines how firms seek to resolve the tension between science and business by developing closer human resource ties with universities. It argues that firms have sought to construct “extended” internal labour markets (EILMs) between themselves and the universities with which they collaborate, leading to the formation of a hybrid scientific community straddling the two sectors.
The Last American Shoe Manufacturers: Decreasing Productivity and Increasing Profits in the Shift from Piece Rates to Continuous Flow Production*
Authors: FREEMAN RICHARD B. , KLEINER MORRIS M.
Published: September 2010

This study examines the economic effects of changes in a group of managerial policies, a key element of which was the switch from piece rate to time rate modes of compensation, in one of the last remaining firms in the U.S. shoe industry in the 1990s. The firm, which we call “Big Foot” (BF), entered the 1990s using a set of human resource policies that included piece rates to motivate workers, which induced relatively high productivity. But, faced with severe foreign competition, it switched to time rates and associated managerial policies, which produced higher profits despite lowering productivity. The reason profits increased is that time rate‐related labor management policies reduced labor and other costs by enough to offset a fall in productivity. Data for shoe manufacturing from the Longitudinal Research Data (LRD) files of the U.S. Census show, more generally, that establishments with high labor costs and relatively many nonproduction workers, both of which are associated with management policies that often include piece rates, had lower rates of survival in this period than other establishments. Our finding that labor management policies associated with piece rate compensation can raise productivity but lower profitability is consistent with the broad decline of piece rate pay in advanced economies.
The Effect of Employer‐Sponsored Education on Job Mobility: Evidence from the U.S. Navy
Authors: BUDDIN RICHARD , KAPUR KANIKA
Published: September 2010

We examined the impact of employer‐sponsored part‐time college education on job mobility, using the case of the Tuition Assistance (TA) program of the U.S. Navy. We used two modeling approaches—a bivariate probit model of job mobility and TA usage that accounts for the endogeneity of TA usage, and a propensity score model. The results from both models showed that TA usage significantly decreases the probability of staying in the Navy.
Imperfect Knowledge of Social Security and Pensions
Authors: GUSTMAN ALAN L. , STEINMEIER THOMAS L.
Published: September 2010

This paper measures knowledge about future Social Security and pension benefits by comparing respondent reports with benefits calculated from Social Security records and employer pension plan descriptions. About half of all respondents are unable to report their expected Social Security and pension benefits. For only half of those who do report does Social Security and pension wealth fall within 25 percent of the objective measures. Knowledge about Social Security and pensions is related systematically to information provided in the work environment through the firm and union, and also depends on various factors related to the costs and benefits of gathering information.
Bed‐rest post‐femoral arterial sheath removal – What is safe practice? A clinical audit
Authors: Tagney Jenny , Lackie Dawna
Published: September 2010

Numbers of patients undergoing coronary angiography and angioplasty procedures have increased in England due to targets within the National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease. Little evidence is available regarding optimal bed‐rest duration for patients post‐femoral arterial sheath removal following these procedures. Through literature review and clinical benchmarking, we aimed to identify what best practice was in the UK and whether bed rest times at our centre could be reduced without increasing complications to enable increased day case procedures. An audit tool was designed to collect data regarding method of obtaining haemostasis, length of bed‐rest post‐sheath removal and any post‐procedural complications experienced by the patient. From a convenience sample of consecutive patients, 195 complete sets of baseline data revealed an average (median) period of 6‐h bed rest. This was reduced to 3 h and audit repeated yielding 176 complete data sets using the same audit tool. Femoral wound site complication rates were not significantly affected by reducing bed‐rest time for diagnostic or interventional procedures. These findings contributed to an important change in practice, reducing length of stay post‐procedure and should be re‐explored due to increased use of femoral arterial closure devices.
Nurses’ knowledge of chest drain care: an exploratory descriptive survey
Authors: Lehwaldt Daniela , Timmins Fiona
Published: September 2010

Chest drains are a common feature of patients admitted to acute respiratory or cardio‐thoracic surgery care areas. Chest drains are either inserted intraoperatively or as part of the conservative management of a respiratory illness or thoracic injury. Anecdotally, there appears to be a lack of consensus among nurses on the major principles of chest drain management. Many decisions tend to be based on personal factors rather than sound clinical evidence. This inconsistency of treatment regimes, together with the lack of evidence‐based nursing care, creates a general uncertainty regarding the care of patients with chest drains. This study aimed to identify the nurses’ levels of knowledge with regard to chest drain management. The research objective of this study was to describe the nurses’ levels of knowledge regarding the care of the patient with chest drains. The data were collected using survey method. The results of the study revealed deficits in knowledge in a select group of nurses. Several service‐led options exist with regard to improving knowledge in this area, such as service study days as well as ward‐based tutorials. However, in an era of increasing accountability together with the impetus for each nurse to provide evidence‐based care, it is crucial for individual nurse responsibility in the pursuit of knowledge in this area. Nurses must be supported by local practice development and through personal portfolio use to identify gaps in knowledge and seek appropriate training and resources.
A review of the information needs of patients with acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Timmins Fiona
Published: September 2010

The individual nature of information required by hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) has been of concern to nurses for over 20 years. An information need is not necessarily a gap in knowledge that can be satisfied by education. It represents what the patient wants to know from the professional in order to cope effectively with the current situation. Through analysis of available literature, it seems that patients appear to prioritize information that is pertinent to survival, such as symptom management, rather than broader lifestyle issues such as exercise and diet. Although information needs are individual and subjective to each patient, trends emerge within patient groups. Information needs of patients with CHD in coronary care unit and ward setting occur across eight or more common areas. Through patient‐centred communication, patients’f preferences for information in these topics can be derived and used as the basis for information delivery. Individual idiosyncratic needs can also be noted and addressed.
Fibrosis with emphysema
Authors: Wright Joanne L , Tazelaar Henry D , Churg Andrew
Published: September 2010

Wright J L, Tazelaar H D & Churg A (2011) Histopathology 58, 517–524 Fibrosis with emphysema

The concept of fibrosis with emphysema is confused by the existence of two very different clinical/pathological scenarios: first, cases in which a diffuse fibrosing interstitial pneumonia, most commonly usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), occurs in a patient with emphysema. This combination is largely of clinical interest because of its effects on pulmonary function and pulmonary hypertension, but can produce unusual appearances in surgical lung biopsies when the fibrotic areas are wrapped around emphysematous spaces. However, the underlying morphology of emphysema and UIP or other interstitial lung disease remains unchanged. Radiological consultation is often helpful to show that the patient has both lesions; secondly, cases in which there is localized fibrosis that is part of emphysema, or related to respiratory bronchiolitis, or both. These lesions have been called ‘respiratory bronchiolitis’ (RB), ‘respiratory bronchiolitis–interstitial lung disease’ (RB‐ILD), ‘airspace enlargement with fibrosis’, ‘RB‐ILD with fibrosis’ and ‘clinically occult interstitial fibrosis in smokers’, but are probably all the same entity. Such changes are associated only rarely with the physiological or radiological features of an interstitial lung disease. Care should be taken when describing these lesions in biopsies so as not to give the impression that a diffuse interstitial lung disease is present.
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Tazelaar Henry D , Wright Joanne L , Churg Andrew
Published: September 2010

Tazelaar H D, Wright J L & Churg A (2011)Histopathology 58, 509–516 Desquamative interstitial pneumonia

Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) is one of the rarest of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. It is characterized by the accumulation of macrophages in large numbers in the alveolar spaces associated with interstitial inflammation and/or fibrosis. The macrophages frequently contain light brown pigment, and because of their association with smoking have been called ‘smoker’s macrophages’. Lymphoid nodules are common, as is a sparse but distinct eosinophil infiltrate. Most cases of DIP are caused by cigarette smoking, but drugs and other inhaled agents, including marijuana smoke, can also produce the same disease. Although respiratory bronchiolitis‐interstitial lung disease (RB‐ILD) is a closely related process, there are prognostic reasons for continuing to separate it from DIP when possible. The proposed relationship of DIP to fibrotic non‐specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) remains uncertain. The prognosis of DIP appears to be significantly better than that of fibrotic NSIP, so while there can be morphological overlap between the two, merging them into one disease may hide important prognostic information. Although the majority of DIP patients improve on treatment, some patients develop progressive irreversible fibrosis.
Expression of diverse midgut serine proteinases in the sericigenous Lepidoptera Antheraea assamensis (Helfer) is influenced by choice of host plant species
Authors: Saikia M. , Singh Y. T. , Bhattacharya A. , Mazumdar‐Leighton S.
Published: September 2010

Antheraea assamensis is reared on various species of the Lauraceae family from north‐east India for its distinctive cocoon silk. We demonstrate differential expression of digestive trypsin and chymotrypsins in larvae feeding on a primary host, Persea bombycina Kosterm., in comparison to larvae feeding on Litsea monopetala Roxb. using in vitro proteolytic assays, zymogram analyses with proteinase inhibitors, restriction digestion of RNA‐PCR amplicons and quantitative real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR). Eight novel members of the serine proteinase gene family were identified, including an intron‐spliced trypsin (AaPb4) and seven putative chymotrypsins (AaPb2, AaPb4, AaPb12, AaLm4, AaLm6, AaLm19 and AaLm29). Midgut transcript levels of the putative trypsin were higher in larvae fed P. bombycina whereas levels of transcripts encoding putative chymotrypsins were higher in larvae reared on L. monopetala. Complex, differential expression of sequence divergent midgut serine proteinases may reflect the ability of lepidopteran larvae to feed on different species of host plants. Possible implications of host plant choice on the digestive physiology of A. assamensis are discussed.
A shorter interval between irradiation of recipient testis and germ cell transplantation is detrimental to recovery of fertility in rams
Authors: Herrid M. , Davey R. , Stockwell S. , Olejnik J. , Schmoelzl S. , Suchowerska N. , Jackson M. , Holland M. , Hill J. R.
Published: September 2010

The objective of the current study was to identify an optimal time period for donor cell transplantation after irradiation in sheep. The testes of recipient rams were treated with a single dose of 15 Gray (Gy) irradiation followed by germ cell transplantation either 3 or 6 weeks later. Transplantation of donor cells at 6 weeks after irradiation resulted in production of donor sperm by all five recipient rams compared with 4 of 11 rams transplanted at 3 weeks. Rams transplanted 3 weeks post‐irradiation appeared to show reduced libido and fertility. Two rams produced sperm with low motility (<20%) and two other rams were azoospermic. More than 1 year after cell transfer, there were heavy infiltrates of CD45‐positive cells and more fibrous tissue in 9 of 14 recipient testes (seven rams) that received cells 3 weeks after irradiation. Taken together, these results suggest that the interval between irradiation of recipients and germ cell transplantation affects the success rate of the procedure, with a 6‐week interval preferable. The elevated inflammatory/immune reaction may be responsible, at least in part, for the reduced fertility and low libido observed in the rams that received cells 3 weeks post‐irradiation.
Spatio‐temporal variation of avian foraging in the rocky intertidal food web
Authors: Hori Masakazu , Noda Takashi
Published: September 2010

While birds are top predators in most rocky intertidal communities, the relationship between foraging pattern and variability in food web structure has not been studied. This study examined the spatio‐temporal variation of both avian foraging and food web structure at an intertidal rocky shore in northern Japan over a 1‐year period.

Seventeen bird species foraged on the intertidal rocky shore. Crows and gulls were dominant, and their major prey was sea urchins that migrated from the sub‐tidal to intertidal habitat. Interspecific interactions (i.e. stealing of food, utilization of food waste by other species) occurred between crows and gulls especially when feeding on sea urchins. The prey of the birds showed spatial and temporal partitioning.

The number of prey items consumed per day by the dominant birds varied with various factors. Factors strongly affecting the foraging pattern of crows were waves, tides, humans and gulls, and those strongly affecting the foraging pattern of gulls were tides, humans, sea urchins and crows.

In the rocky intertidal food web, most of the top predators were birds, and most of the birds were omnivores. The birds consumed many more species than did other consumers. Food‐resource partitioning caused spatio‐temporal compartmentation among subwebs in which the top predators were dominant birds.

Analysis of food web statistics (i.e. web size, numbers of links, linkage density, chain lengths) revealed that the presence/absence of birds did not change the relationships between web size and the other statistics. The food web statistics depended on web size, and the web size was positively related with time spent emersed and temperature when birds were both present and not present.

Birds often foraged across habitat boundaries, and the main food resource of top predators was the prey species from the subtidal habitat. Therefore, the spatial scale of the Hiura rocky intertidal food web temporally varied with birds foraging across habitat boundaries.
Earliest Holocene vegetation history and island biogeography of the Isle of Man, British Isles
Authors: Innes J. B. , Chiverrell R. C. , Blackford J. J. , Davey P. J. , Gonzalez S. , Rutherford M. M. , Tomlinson P. R.
Published: September 2010

Aim  To present radiocarbon dated early Holocene pollen analytical data from two sites on the northern plain of the Isle of Man and to discuss the implications of the vegetation history in relation to severance of the island from the British Isles and to identify further evidence for divergent biogeographical development previously exemplified by the survival and apparent dwarfism of late glacial Megaloceros giganteus (Giant Deer).

Location  The Isle of Man, British Isles.

Methods  Pollen analysis and AMS radiocarbon dating of late glacial to early Holocene lake sequences at Pollies and Curragh‐y‐Cowle on the northern plain of the Isle of Man.

Results  The pollen data indicate a prolonged period of pre‐woodland vegetation after the late Glacial/Holocene transition, which lasted for most of the first post‐glacial millennium. This persistence of pre‐forest environments meant that the expansion of Betula woodland occurred later in this part of the Isle of Man than in adjacent areas of Britain and Ireland.

Conclusions  The Isle of Man, in the northern Irish Sea, was isolated from Britain during the late Glacial period perhaps explaining the delayed arrival of tree species. Delayed rise of the Holocene forest compared with surrounding regions probably reflects severance of the land‐bridge with Cumbria, but also could be a function of climate changes during the early Holocene and local environmental conditions. Late survival and the dwarfism of the Megaloceros giganteus (Giant Deer) fauna is another example of biogeographical divergence during the early Holocene/late Glacial of the Isle of Man. The delayed afforestation and absence of human hunters in the Manx early Holocene offers a permissive environmental context for the as yet unproven survival of Megaloceros into the early Holocene.
Synchrony and asynchrony: observations and hypotheses for the flowering wave in a long‐lived semelparous bamboo
Authors: Franklin Donald C.
Published: September 2010

Aim  (1) To describe the spatio‐temporal patterns of mass‐flowering and die‐off in a long‐lived, semelparous, clumping bamboo, Bambusa arnhemica, at landscape and local scales. (2) To discuss causal processes in the flowering patterns of semelparous bamboos.

Location  The entire range of B. arnhemica, in the monsoonal, tropical, north‐west of the Northern Territory of Australia, mostly along watercourses.

Methods  Landscape‐scale flowering patterns were assessed by a combination of air, boat and ground survey in each year from 2000 to 2002. Areas that flowered prior to 2000, and those in which no flowering occurred, were also recorded, and historic records collated. At local scales, initiation of flowering, rates of die‐off, and subsequent germination densities of seedlings were quantified by ground‐based counts.

Results  After an estimated 40–50 years of vegetative development, B. arnhemica flowered, seeded prolifically, then died. Flowering occurred synchronously within patches ranging from 0.002 to 3200 km2. One or more patches flowered in successive years from 1996 to 2002, forming a temporally‐structured but spatially‐chaotic flowering wave that affected c. 80% of the population. Synchronous flowering took the form of a flowering distribution in which over 95% of clumps within a patch initiated flowering in a central year, most of the remainder flowering the year before or after. Along the Daly River, an exception was observed in which 56% of clumps flowered in the peak year. Seedling densities were three orders of magnitude greater under clumps that flowered in the central rather than the leading year of the flowering distribution.

Main conclusions  Synchrony is argued to be the primal state in semelparous bamboos, promoted by intense selection acting on a endogenous (genetic or biological) clock whose influence largely overrides that of the environment. A flowering wave may develop within an initially synchronous population when stochastic events interact with the biological clock without permanently altering the clock setting, producing an off‐set patch. Off‐set groups may only survive if sufficient individuals are off‐set by the same amount at the same time and in the same vicinity so as to produce a new synchronously‐flowering patch. This could be driven by two processes. Inter‐year climatic variation may alter the biological clock's perception of time, producing off‐sets at local or regional scales or even affecting entire populations. Severe environmental pressures may also force one‐off changes to flowering schedules, as suggested by a severe flood event prior to flowering on the Daly River. A dynamic hypothesis for a wider range of bamboo flowering patterns is proposed in which synchronous flowering is fragmented and disrupted over time but renewed by allochronic speciation and dispersal.
The reform of palaeontology and the rise of biogeography – 25 years after ‘ontogeny, phylogeny, paleontology and the biogenetic law’ (Nelson, 1978)
Authors: Williams David M. , Ebach Malte C.
Published: September 2010

Aim To document the historical development of cladistics and the roles palaeontology and biogeography played in establishing coherent concepts of phylogenetic relationships focusing on some aspects of the contributions of Gareth Nelson.

Conclusions Nelson's reformulation of the threefold parallelism provides a rationale for investigating phylogeny, replacing the central role palaeontology once played with biogeography, adding a spatial dimension to the concept of phylogeny. This approach to phylogeny replaces the old ‘transformationist’ view with the cladistic view, the latter dependent on discovering relationships among taxa. Numerical phylogenetic methods are inherently ‘transformationist’ and have replaced stratigraphy as the key to phylogenetic relationships. Numerical methods in systematics and biogeography are inherently transformational and suffer the same problems as the old palaeontology.
Current and historical factors influencing patterns of species richness and turnover of birds in the Gulf of Guinea highlands
Authors: Graham Catherine H. , Smith Thomas B. , Languy Marc
Published: September 2010

Aim  The aims of this paper are to: examine how current and historical ecological factors affect patterns of species richness, endemism and turnover in the Gulf of Guinea highlands, test theoretical biogeographical predictions and provide information for making informed conservation decisions.

Location  The Gulf of Guinea highlands in West Africa.

Methods  We used multivariate and matrix regression models, and cluster analyses to assess the influence of current climate and current and historical isolation on patterns of richness and turnover for montane birds across the highlands. We examined three groups of birds: montane species (including widespread species), montane endemics and endemic subspecies. We applied a complementarity‐based reserve selection algorithm using species richness with irreplaceability measures to identify areas of high conservation concern.

Results  Environmental factors influenced richness for all groups of birds (species, endemic species and subspecies). Areas with high and consistent annual rainfall showed the highest species and endemic richness. Species clusters for all groups of birds generally differentiated three major montane regions, which are topographically isolated. Multiple mantel tests identified these same regions for endemic species and subspecies. The influence of historical isolation varied by species group; distributions of endemic montane species and subspecies were more associated with historical breaks than were all montane species, which included widespread non‐endemic species.

Main conclusions  Our analyses indicated important geographical structure amongst the bird assemblages in the highlands and, therefore, conservation prioritization should include mountains from within the geographical subregions identified in these analyses because these regions may harbour evolutionarily distinct populations of birds.
The historical biogeography of co‐evolution: emerging infectious diseases are evolutionary accidents waiting to happen
Authors: Brooks Daniel R. , Ferrao Amanda L.
Published: September 2010

Ecological fitting refers to interspecific associations characterized by ecologically specialized, yet phylogenetically conservative, resource utilization. During periods of biotic expansion, parasites and hosts may disperse from their areas of origin. In conjunction with ecological fitting, this sets the stage for host switching without evolving novel host utilization capabilities. This is the evolutionary basis of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Phylogenetic analysis for comparing trees (PACT) is a method developed to delineate both general and unique historically reticulated and non‐reticulated relationships among species and geographical areas, or among parasites and their hosts. PACT is based on ‘Assumption 0’, which states that all species and all hosts in each input phylogeny must be analysed without modification, and the final analysis must be logically consistent with all input data. Assumption 0 will be violated whenever a host or area has a reticulated history with respect to its parasites or species. PACT includes a Duplication Rule, by which hosts or areas are listed for each co‐evolutionary or biogeographical event affecting them, which satisfies Assumption 0 even if there are reticulations. PACT maximizes the search for general patterns by using Ockam's Razor – duplicate only enough to satisfy Assumption 0. PACT applied to the host and geographical distributions of members of two groups of parasitic helminths infecting anthropoid primates indicates a long and continuous association with those hosts. Nonetheless, c. 30% of the host associations are due to host switching. Only one of those involves non‐primate hosts, suggesting that most were constrained by resource requirements that are phylogenetically conservative among primates (ecological fitting). In addition, most of the host switches were associated with episodes of biotic expansion, also as predicted by the ecological fitting view of EIDs.
Ecological stability in a changing world? Reassessment of the palaeoenvironmental history of Cuatrociénegas, Mexico
Authors: Minckley Thomas A. , Jackson Stephen T.
Published: September 2010

Previous work on the palaeoenvironmental history of Cuatrociénegas, Coahuila, Mexico, suggests that the local environments of the basin have been relatively stable since the last glacial period. Reassessment of the palaeoenvironmental record from Cuatrociénegas, combined with the analysis of a glacial‐age packrat midden (∼ 16,900 cal yr bp), shows that this region has experienced substantial climatic and ecological changes during the Late Quaternary. Woodlands occurred near the valley floor until ca. 11,000 years ago, migrating upslope as climate warmed. The apparent lack of change in the flora of the basin floor may be attributable to high soil salinity. This edaphic control led to earlier interpretations that the region was environmentally stable.
Improved ultrastructural preservation of yeast cells for scanning electron microscopy
Authors: HANSCHKE R. , SCHAUER F.
Published: September 2010

The processing of yeast cells for scanning electron microscopy by conventional sequential fixation with glutaralde‐hyde and osmium tetroxide and subsequent dehydration and critical point‐drying caused pronounced deformation and visible shrinkage in all basidiomycetous and ascomy‐cetous yeast strains studied. The mean cell diameter decreased to nearly 60 and 70%, respectively. After an additional sequential fixation with 1% tannic acid and 0–5% uranyl acetate the cell shrinkage was significantly reduced, but the most important result was a considerable reduction of wrinkling and deformation of the yeast cells.