bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a Dynamic System of Driver Improvement Program Evaluation
Authors: Peck Raymond C.
Published: November 2015

A number of prior driver improvement research studies are reviewed. The evidence indicates that traffic violations are reduced, at least temporarily, by a variety of driver improvement techniques. The evidence for accident reduction is more equivocal, although a few relatively well-designed studies have reported statistically significant accident reduction. It is argued that the statistical and psychological aspects of accidents prohibit high correlations and large treatment effects. The methodological shortcomings of past driver improvement research are discussed, and the research design characteristics of an optimum evaluation system are outlined. An evaluation system currently under construction in California fulfills most of these optimum characteristics, such as built-in experimental replication, randomized treatment assignment, timely on-line computer-generated effectiveness measures, high statistical power, and cost benefit modeling. One of the major methodological issues in past evaluation efforts is the handling of drivers who do not show up for, or who do not complete, the treatment. The need for considering the entire treatment program (shows and no-shows combined) as the primary unit of evaluation is stressed.
An Impression of the Conference at St. Andrews
Authors: Finkelstein L.
Published: November 2015

All scientists and technologists nowadays, and especially, perhaps, those concerned with instrumentation and control, suffer from the information revolution. A flood of publications, ranging from the erudite to the popular, and from the useful to the trivial, pours from the presses of the world. It is in fact becoming impossible to read all the abstracts in one's field, let alone all the papers. Conscious of the need to keep up to date, we often resort to the Conference as a means of finding out about the current state in some area of our art or science. Too often we are disappointed. From the arrival of the bulky bundle of pre-prints, which we have no hope of reading with the attention they require, right through the rapid presentation of some very difficult material by a rapporteur, we grow ever more confused. At best we emerge having made or renewed some personal contacts.

The picture presented is, of course, a caricature, but is I think close enough to reality to be recognisable. The S.I.T. Conference on “Online measurement and inspection: their impact on quality” has, however, shown that given determination to do so, it is still possible to mount a technical meeting at which you can actually follow and enjoy all the papers.
A Dynamic Model for a Packed Batch Distillation Column
Authors: Kropholler H. W. , Spikins D. J. , Whalley F.
Published: November 2015

An analytical solution to the batch distillation equations for packed columns is presented.

The dynamic model thus formed has been compared with experimental results for a 4-inch packed column separating a binary mixture.

The computer time for a solution was only a few seconds, thus rendering the model useful for on line optimisation purposes.
Design of Multi-Loop Modal Control Systems for Plants Having Complex Eigenvalues
Authors: Porter B. , Carter J. D.
Published: November 2015

In this paper a design procedure is developed which makes it possible to alter both the real and imaginary parts of any number of pairs of conjugate complex plant eigenvalues: this procedure alters one pair of conjugate eigenvalues at a time by the provision of a suitable pair of control loops. In this way, multi-variable linear plants can be designed so as to possess oscillatory response modes having any desired decrement and frequency. The procedure is illustrated by designing control loops for second- and fourth-order plants having matrices with conjugate complex eigenvalues.
Comparison of the Frequency Responses and Time Constants of Mineral Insulated Thermocouples in Sodium and Water
Authors: Bentley P. G. , Rowley R.
Published: November 2015

Frequency responses of mineral insulated thermocouples are investigated in sodium by a new method which uses a random temperature field generated by the action of turbulence. This forms the basis for a comparison with the frequency response measured in room temperature, water, and the deduction of time constants for the thermocouples in sodium.
Symbolic Array Programming for Control System Analysis by Digital Computer
Authors: N-Nagy F. L. , Bar O.
Published: November 2015

A novel approach is provided for the analysis of multi-loop control systems by a digital computer introducing operational arrays, in which all the instructions are given through the data input. Changing parameters for optimisation purposes or the introducing of additional networks becomes a matter of changing the operational array in the data, leaving the main programme untouched. Although the method is general, only the frequency response of a control system is considered, but at the same time the way has been left open to expand the method as experience reveals the need for further facilities, i.e. root locus, time response, etc. The programme has been written in Algol, but the basic flow diagram can be easily converted into any other language. Whatever the language is, the programme provides the necessary software design facilities translated into control engineering terms in a readily usable computational form.
A Yield Stress Consistency Transmitter
Authors: Gardner R. C.
Published: November 2015

The rheological properties of paper pulp are examined, and the relationship between yield stress and consistency is established.

A simple consistency transmitter based on yield stress measurement is described, together with observations on by-pass installation and evaluation procedures.

The prediction of performance from laboratory test data is demonstrated.
Digital Techniques in Measurement Instrumentation
Authors: Ibbett R. N.
Published: November 2015

Data acquisition systems employing digital measuring and recording equipment are now being used in many scientific disciplines. To obtain maximum advantage from these systems it is essential to take into account considerations of the Sampling Theorem, the effects of a finite sampling aperture, and the various types of noise which can affect the signal being measured. This paper outlines these considerations and describes some of the digital techniques which have been used in practical systems e.g. cross-correlation methods such as digital synchronous rectification and computer averaging, photo-electron counting and multiplexing.
Modal Control of Linear Time-Invariant Discrete-Time Systems
Authors: Porter B. , Crossley T. R.
Published: November 2015

Modal control theory is applied to the design of feedback loops for linear time-invariant discrete-time systems. Modal theory is also used to demonstrate the explicit relationship which exists between the controllability of a mode of a discrete-time system and the possibility of assigning an arbitrary value to the eigenvalue of that mode.
Mathematical Model of an Internal Combustion Engine and Dynamometer Test Rig
Authors: Monk J. , Comfort J.
Published: November 2015

An electrical circuit model and an analog computer simulation have been developed to represent the dynamic behaviour of an IC engine and eddy current dynamometer system. Various refinements to the model are introduced and its performance is compared with that of the real system using pseudo-random binary sequence and sinewave testing techniques. A brief description of the necessary instrumentation and interfacing is included.
Electrohydraulic Control of Alternator Drives with Wide Speed Range
Authors: Steel G. K.
Published: November 2015

Consideration is given to the problem of controlling the output speed of a hydraulic transmission system, when the main source of disturbance is the changing speed of the prime-mover. A control system is described which will maintain a constant output speed over a range of input speeds of the order of 10:1.

It is shown that satisfactory performance cannot be achieved over this wide speed range by using normal feedback control. The addition of a feedforward control operation overcomes this difficulty and yields a system which offers high performance. This system is particularly advantageous when the moment of inertia of the driven load is high.

The control system has been realised in the form of an electro-hydraulic system and the results of tests on a typical transmission system are presented.
Analysis of the Dynamic Response Characteristics of a Flow Meter for Measurement of Pulsating Flow of Liquids
Authors: Young F. G.
Published: November 2015

An account of the design and development of a prototype flow meter for measuring the flow of liquids under transient conditions was presented by the author at the Symposium on the Measurement of Pulsating Flow at the University of Surrey, April 1970. The flow meter exhibited good transient behaviour in response to rapid flow variations and a favourable correlation existed between theoretically predicted and experimental steady flow results.

This paper gives a derivation of the theory underlying the transient behaviour of the instrument and shows how the essentially non-linear equations of motion may be linearised to produce easily manageable linear equations. The good transient response characteristics are accounted for by virtue of the high value of ‘hydraulic stiffness’.
The D-Partition Method Applied to Systems with Dead Time and Distributed Lag
Authors: McKay J.
Published: November 2015

The results of applying D-partition method to systems with dead-time or distributed lag is examined. Two examples show how information on the influence of system parameters on stability can be conveniently plotted using Bode diagram techniques.
Measurement and Control of Moisture in Wheat
Authors: Brain M.
Published: November 2015

A microwave technique for the continuous on-line measurement of moisture content in wheat is described together with an automatic control system based on these measurements.

The results from a prototype installation are given and the consequent improvement of flour parameters are discussed.
Control Valves: System Flow Characteristics and Controllability
Authors: Bishop D M
Published: November 2015

A theoretical examination is made of the relationship between a control valve and the plant in which it is installed; the effect of valve size and characteristic on the relationship is described.

From the theoretical basis, practical rules are devised for use at the design stage, also for later changes that may be necessary once the plant is in operation. Some well known practical difficulties are described, together with means of evading or overcoming them.
Modelling and Simulation for Applied Control Systems
Authors: Luckett P. R. , Davis D.
Published: November 2015

The convention began with an introductory talk by Prof J. H. Westcott of Imperial College, who highlighted the immense growth of emphasis towards control engineering. He described briefly a few of his own projects including a model of the national economy designed to yield a greater understanding of the major controllable variables influencing the behaviour of the system. Following this introduction, the Pro- Vice Chancellor of the University of Bath, Prof Austwick, welcomed the delegates and The Institute to the University.
A Simplified Electronic Permeameter Suitable for Routine and Standards Use
Authors: Beckley P. , Mildoon J. , Porter C. H.
Published: November 2015

The complexity and range of types of available permeameter make inter-laboratory standardisation and commercial grading difficult. A simplified and inexpensive electronic permeameter offers the prospect of a readily specified standard instrument which is easy to use and rapid in action. A solid-state integrator replaces the usual electromechanical fluxmeter.
Monitoring Hazardous Environments
Authors: Doyle D.
Published: November 2015

This paper describes a computer controlled system for monitoring atmospheric vinyl chloride monomer at one of the BP Chemical complexes. The system has operated virtually trouble free since its inception and the design philosophy which contributed to this performance is discussed. Many of the points raised have implications for the successful application of microprocessors, and the article concludes with a suggested approach to widening the range of applications of small computers.
Hydratect®—A Range of Highly Reliable Self-Validating Water Presence Detectors
Authors: Hasler E. F. , Martin R. E.
Published: November 2015

In conventional instruments high reliability is achieved by using a sound physical principle and ensuring that the system is well engineered with high quality components: the user's confidence in the ability of the instrument to perform correctly then has to be supported by frequent functional checks. Where such instruments are used to detect an infrequent condition, eg, the presence of unwanted water in parts of a steam turbine plant, checks must be made at even more frequent intervals to reveal any inability to operate correctly and this is costly and disadvantageous because of consequent hazards to the main plant. Furthermore, instrument malfunctions can inhibit wanted operation and can also give rise to false operations which may shut down a large plant unnecessarily.

The patented philosophy used in the systems described results in greater availability and eliminates all need for routine testing. The paper outlines a range of water presence detectors (Hydratect) in which any instrument defect is made self-proclaiming thus eliminating the need for testing. This ‘multi-headed’ sytem permits false operations to be discounted and under rare conditions of a failure of one instrument path the system calls for maintenance but still continues to provide useful service.

Although it is at present applied and is being increasingly used for the vital detection of unwanted water in steam turbine plant, the basic method is applicable to both binary and analogue transducers where exceptionally high reliability and availability are necessary. Examples arise wherever a hazard exists due to the possible malfunctioning of conventional instruments.
A Simplified Method of Pure Time Delay Generation
Authors: Newland David E.
Published: November 2015

A method of time delay generation is described that is not dependent on a Pade or similar approximation. It is shown that the use of a serial analogue to digital conversion technique known as Delta Modulation can result in a simple and low cost alternative to the parallel conversion methods normally applied and it is stated that the time delay system described can be used on a low cost analogue computer with the addition of only one shift register.
A Computer Based Control and Supervisory System for an Effluent Treatment Plant
Authors: Windle M. R. , Chappell T. E.
Published: November 2015

This article describes the computer based control and supervisory system installed at the Davyhulme Effluent Treatment Works in Greater Manchester. The advantages of centralised control and supervision of the plant are outlined and the article describes the evaluation of different systems to meet this philosophy. The criteria applied in the selection of the final system are also discussed. The configuration of the computer system and the facilities provided are described including mimic, data and alarm displays, logging, and control of the plant.
Flowmetering in the Oil Industry
Authors: Gold R C
Published: November 2015

The article traces the use of flowmeters in the production and processing of crude oil and its refined products. Emphasis is placed on meters used for accounting purposes and wherever possible, the significance of measurement uncertainty at the various stages of oil production is expressed in financial terms.

The article concludes that improved measurement accuracy is more likely to be achieved from improved calibration and operating procedures than from the use of different types of flowmeters.
Expert Systems for Process Control Rooms
Authors: Sargeant R A E
Published: November 2015

An expert system is a computer software technique which is best (but not necessarily) implemented using languages and hardware systems from the artificial intelligence stable. The software technique offers the potential to encapsulate the experience and knowledge from many human experts and to effectively communicate it to other experts. The knowledge is mostly expressed in simple rules from which the expert system makes inferences that lead (to other rules and ultimately) to solutions to problems.

The feasibility of building real time expert systems for applications in control rooms of process plants has been proven. Companies with sharp forward plans are investing in such systems now in order to obtain early benefits. The benefits can manifest themselves in improved security of production which is frequently directly quantifiable as cost savings.

In 1984 the author led the team which provided one of the first practical demonstrations in the UK of a real time expert system for process control room applications. Here he reflects on practical issues of the pioneering exercise and some of the experience obtained whilst evaluating feasibility of large scale applications with European oil and gas companies. (Fig 1)
Developments in Pipeline Instrumentation
Authors: Furness R A
Published: November 2015

Pipelines are an integral part of the world's economy and literally billions of pounds worth of fluids are moved each year in pipelines of varying lengths and diameters. As the cost of some of these fluids and the price of moving them has increased, so the need to measure the flows more accurately and control and operate the line more effectively has arisen. Instrumentation and control equipment has developed steadily in the past decade but not as fast as the computers and microprocessors that are now a part of most large scale pipeline systems. It is the interfacing of the new generation of digital and sometimes ‘intelligent’ instrumentation with smaller and more powerful computers that has led to a quiet but rapid revolution in pipeline monitoring and control. This paper looks at the more significant developments from the many that have appeared in the past few years and attempts to project future trends in the industry for the next decade.
Recent Advances in Industrial Measurement Techniques
Authors: Medlock R S
Published: November 2015

The paper identifies ten market areas for sensors and then concentrates on the special characteristics, requirements and technologies of the industrial sector with its market purchases of US$2.8 Billion annually. The particular characteristics of this market are variety and a relatively long gestation period between the breadboard and the fully accepted and engineered product. The treatment of the subject and the definition of the word ‘recent’ in the title is related in the first half of the paper towards the fully engineered quantity production end of sensor development rather than on original research work much of which never reaches industrial usage. Some twenty examples, selected by the author, of interesting recent developments are briefly described. These were chosen on the basis of their technical interest and innovatory measurement principles rather than on their industrial importance. The latter part of the paper deals with potentially important technologies likely to influence sensor developments of the future such as Langmuir-Blodgett films and to mention in passing our Prime Minister's erstwhile scientific contribution to this topic.
Remote Monitoring and Control of Water Management Systems, via Satellite
Authors: Bell J C
Published: November 2015

Twenty-five years of experience has proven the high reliability of satellite communications. The creation of the International Maritime Satellite Organisation in 1979 opened the way for development of small satellite terminals for use by individual users. The recent order for a new generation of satellites to serve the needs of this 45-nation co-operative and development of the Standard-C system will enable it to provide a message/data service to small and low cost terminals by 1988. Standard-C will create new opportunities to remotely monitor and control processes regardless of distances from a central operations centre. It will permit those on duty to receive routine reports automatically at fixed intervals and/or when measurements fall outside pre-set limits. In the event of an abnormal situation developing it would be possible for the controller to interrogate the sensors at the site by ‘polling’ at any desired interval. This would enable a process to be continuously monitored and devices or systems remotely controlled as required. Because the satellites provide global coverage vast areas can be monitored and controlled independent of local telephone or microwave links. This may be particularly important in areas where individual sensor sites and their links may be vulnerable to disruption due to the possibility of flooding, landslides, earthquakes, etc. In addition, such a system could be used to control day to day operations of sluice gates, etc. in remote areas and thereby lead to improved water management techniques.
Advanced Design Concepts for Fused Quartz Pressure Transducers
Authors: Worden Ray D.
Published: November 2015

The author presents the engineering design considerations applied in the development of a laboratory grade pressure standard utilising a fused quartz Bourdon tube transducer, and its adaptation to uses in field service and process control industries.
Field Bus
Authors: Gater Christian
Published: November 2015

A report on the field bus symposium held on Tuesday, November 3rd 1987 at the Grosvenor Hotel, London.
Transputers and Sensors for Automated Welding
Authors: Deam R. , Bicknell A.
Published: November 2015

TIG is a high-quality weld process, finding applications in the aerospace industry and nuclear power plant construction/repair. The welding is often carried out in environments hostile to a manual welder. Quality is difficult to guarantee, therefore it is advantageous to automate this process. The work presented in this paper is concerned with sensors for the control of weld bead quality, in particular weld bead penetration. It outlines the welding process before explaining four sensors in detail. Results from these sensors are given in each section. The introduction of transputers into control situations is discussed and the circuits used to control the welding power source and the traverse are described in detail.
The Rheology of Saliva
Authors: Schwarz W. H.
Published: November 2015

The rheology of saliva affects the coating and lubrication of oral surfaces and the consistency of ingested foods. Salivary gland dysfunction can cause tissue damage and dysphagia. Therefore, we have considered the problem of designing a synthetic saliva for medical management. Also, we have measured certain rheological properties [shear-dependent viscosity η(κ)] and the frequency-dependent moduli [G'(f) and η'(f)] of normal stimulated whole saliva. Analysis of the rheological data and consideration of requirements for using artificial saliva have resulted in a better understanding of the rheological functions of natural saliva and the desirable characteristics of synthetic saliva. In addition, we have measured rheological properties of two commercial saliva substitutes for comparison.
Immunologic Approaches to the Therapy of Autoimmune Salivary Gland Disease
Authors: Lane H.C. , Fauci A.S.
Published: November 2015

A variety of immunologic mechanisms may theoretically give rise to disease in the salivary glands. Among them are abnormal antibody production, hyper-reactive T-lymphocytes, and mono- or oligoclonal expansions of B-lymphocytes, While it is not clear which, if any, of these mechanisms are of prime importance in the immunopathology of salivary gland disease, they provide a framework, within which to discuss theoretical approaches to the treatment of autoimmune salivary gland disease. Among the techniques used to decrease antibody-induced damage are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, plasmapheresis, and corticosteroids. Cyclosporin, monoclonal antibodies, and biologic response-modifiers may be used to modulate T-cell function, and anti-idiotype antibodies or immunosuppressive agents may be used to treat malignant expansions of B-cells. Although the generally benign nature of autoimmune salivary gland disease precludes the use of many of the potentially toxic treatment regimens discussed here, the appreciation of these approaches to immunomodulation provides a basis upon which to develop new and innovative therapeutic strategies.
Chemical Events during Tooth Dissolution
Authors: Larsen M.J.
Published: November 2015

The aims of the present survey were to describe some aspects of (a) enamel solubility in relation to pH and to the fluoride concentration, (b) chemical changes which occur during enamel dissolution, and (c) enamel resistance with an attempt to relate chemical events to clinical observations.

The solubility of enamel powder increases dramatically with a decrease of pH. As long as the fluoride concentration in solution is high, the amount of enamel dissolved is low. When fluoride occurs only in the solid phase, the solubility is only slightly affected. Two clinically distinct lesions have been described in dental enamel: the erosion lesion, characterized by a dissolution of enamel from the surface; and the caries lesion, in which the enamel surface layer, accumulating fluoride, remains relatively intact, while the subsurface enamel dissolves. It was concluded that any dissolution of enamel is caused by an undersaturation with respect to enamel apatite. When whole enamel dissolves, the saturation with respect to fluorapatite determines whether a well-mineralized surface layer remains, i.e., whether the dissolution results in an erosion or a caries lesion. The degree of supersaturation with respect to fluorapatite determines the uptake of fluoride in the surface layer and its mineral content. It was observed that different areas of the enamel surface possess different degrees of resistance. A satisfactory explanation for the resistance has not been given.
The Role of Alcohol in Male Partners' Assaults on Wives
Authors: Johnson Holly
Published: November 2015

This study investigates the importance of alcohol abuse as a predictive factor in cases of wife abuse, relative to other socio-demographic variables and proxy measures for male partners' attitudes toward male control and devaluation of wives. In zero-order analysis, heavy drinking on the part of male marital partners doubled the risk of violence against wives. However, when the effects of proxy measures of negative attitudes toward female partners were factored out, the effect of alcohol abuse became non-significant. This suggests that the link between alcohol and violence may be a spurious one in which masculinity is acted out through both heavy drinking and attacks and degradation of female partners.
Recalled Adolescent Peer Norms towards Drug Use in Young Adulthood in a Low-Income, Minority Urban Neighborhood
Authors: Flom Peter L. , Friedman Samuel R. , Kottiri Benny J. , Neaigus Alan , Curtis Richard
Published: November 2015

We investigated the relationship between the drug use norms of young adults' peers (recalled from age 15) and subject's drug use in the past 12 months. Subjects included two samples of 18–24 year olds from a low income, minority neighborhood in New York City: A probabilistically selected household sample, and a targeted sample of users of cocaine, heroin, crack or injected drugs. Norms varied by drug, and were least negative for marijuana, and increasingly negative for cocaine, heroin, crack, and injected drugs. We found a strong relationship between recalled norms and current use both for individual drugs and for a hierarchically defined level of drug use; this relationship remained significant after controlling for sociodemographics and parental and sibling drug use. Intervention programs for young teens that influence peer selection and norms of groups of adolescents should be developed and tested. Research is needed on the social, economic, political, and other determinants of norms in their neighborhood contexts.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Drug Use Reporting among Houston Arrestees
Authors: Johnson Regina J. , Baumler Elizabeth R. , Yacoubian George S. , Peters Ronald J. , Ross Michael W.
Published: November 2015

Previous studies have indicated that certain illegal drugs are self-reported more readily than others. Respondents are typically more willing to report less serious drugs of abuse, such as marijuana, than they are “hard” drugs of abuse, such as cocaine. To date, however, no comprehensive analyses have examined whether the willingness to self-report illegal drugs fluctuates temporally. In the current study, we examine marijuana-, cocaine-, and heroin-positive Houston arrestees surveyed through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program between 1990 and 1997. Using Kappa statistics, we explore the temporal variation of self-reported drug use. Little variation is Identified. Policy Implications are assessed in light of the current findings.
Revisiting the Relationship between Adolescent Drug use and High School Dropout
Authors: Gasper Joseph
Published: November 2015

Compared to youth who stay in high school and graduate, those who drop out are more likely to be involved in drug use. However, the exact reason these two behaviors are connected is uncertain. Whereas some studies suggest that drug use puts youth at risk for dropout, others find that both behaviors are part of a larger pattern of adolescent problem behavior caused by early academic setbacks. Using a sample (N=11,395) of students from the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS), this study examines the relationship between illegal drug use in tenth grade and later dropout. Propensity score matching is used to pair drug users with non-users who are similar on a wide array of characteristics measured in eighth grade that are predictive of both drug use and dropout. Results indicate that drug use is associated with dropping out even after adjusting for these factors. Implications for dropout prevention are discussed.
An Outreach Approach to Facilitating the Transition from Military to Civilian Life: A Critical Choice Point for the Drug Dependent
Authors: Caron Herbert S. , Knight Victoria Bay
Published: November 2015

This paper describes experience with an exciting new form of service that can be offered at a crisis or transition point in the client's life: re-entry into his home community. An application of crisis theory, the approach utilizes outreach methods rather than regular institutional contacts.

The transition between military life and return home presents acute dilemmas for returnees, particularly those who adopted new patterns of alcohol or drug use. Drug use may have filled a need during military service, but may pose new problems at home. Correspondingly, the brief transitional period of re-entry presents some degree of crisis and decision for new veterans. (A crisis refers to special new demands or pressures whose immediate resolution lie beyond the client's usual repertoire of responses or skills.)

This paper presents the rationale, design, and objectives of a re-entry program utilized with 83 men returning from Southeast Asia, many of whom had been exposed to heroin. The paper does not describe the nature of our clients' drug problems or an evaluation of program effectiveness, both of which will be presented in a subsequent publication. Rather, its focus is on the operational problems encountered, for the ability to anticipate such difficulties would be an asset to those contemplating the establishment of comparable programs.
Deception in Advertising and the Failure of Self-Regulation
Authors: Braren Warren
Published: November 2015

Mr. Braren focuses on the problem of deception in OTC drug advertising and the failure of self-regulating mechanisms to deal with this problem effectively. He believes drug advertising has contributed to public misconceptions of the need and usefulness of drugs. He firmly asserts the need for greater social responsibility by the private and public sectors and the need for constant consumer vigilance.
An Advertiser's View of Drug Advertising
Authors: Kallir John
Published: November 2015

Several principles, stages and techniques involved in the agency preparation and presentation of an advertisement are outlined. The advertising of drugs as a necessary and viable method in presenting accurate drug information to physicians and consumers is defended. It is contended that advertising, per se, does not affect the prescribing habits of physicians in an adverse manner. Government control or banning of drug advertising will not solve the problem of drug abuse and misuse. The author feels that advertising is adequately serving society's needs and he sees an increased role for advertising in educational and service-oriented information programs.
TV Advertising and Abuse of Over-the-Counter Drugs
Authors: Kuriansky Judith B.
Published: November 2015

In response to criticism of over-the-counter drug advertising, the National Association of Broadcasters applied voluntary guidelines for television drug commercials. The New York Scientists' Committee for Public Information then conducted an evaluation of the ads shown before and after September 1973 when the guidelines went into effect. This paper presents a summary of their findings as well as recommendations for revision and improvement of the self-regulatory measures.
Public Policy and Judicial Perspectives in Two Canadian Cities: The Case of Heroin
Authors: Leon Jeffrey S.
Published: November 2015

After noting the difficulties of translating social research on drugs into drug policies, this paper focuses on one group within the criminal justice system in Canada, the judiciary, and their responses to several questionnaire items on the use and distribution of heroin. Judges at all levels of the judiciary in two large metropolitan cities in Canada were mailed questionnaires and telephoned to request interviews. Although the response rate was somewhat low, an attempt is made to describe a judicial perspective on heroin offences and offenders. Given a broad range of judicial discretion in sentencing, some possible implications for the effectiveness of policy and policy change are also discussed.
Drug Abuse and Alcoholism: Issues and Recommendations for the Democratic Party 1976
Authors: Blum Richard H.
Published: November 2015

The following document is both a critique of current American policy toward drug abuse and alcoholism and more important, a statement of recommended national policy for the future. It was prepared by Dr. Richard H. Blum on behalf of the Study Groups on Drug Abuse and Alcoholism of the Advisory Council of Elected Officials of the Democratic National Committee. The paper was twice reviewed by members of the Study Group, whose names and affiliations are attached. The Advisory Council of Elected Officials was intended to be a policy recommending body for the Democratic Party and is the successor to the Policy Council of the Democratic National Committee. In February, 1976, the paper was presented to the Democratic Platform Committee as an official recommendation of the Study Group. In July, 1976, a condensed version of the paper was inserted in the Congressional Record by Congressman Scheuer of New York (122 Cong. Rec. Daily Ed., p.p. H 7973–7980, July 29, 1976) during the floor debate preceding creation of the House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, with the recommendation that the paper contained issues and directions worthy of the Select Committee's attention.
Speculations on the Nature and Pattern of Opium Smoking
Authors: Kramer John C.
Published: November 2015

Opium smoking began spreading slowly but steadily in China from early in the 18th Century. It grew through the 19th Century to the point that by the end of the century it became a nearly universal practice among males in some regions. While estimates vary, it appears that most smokers consumed six grams or less daily. Addicted smokers were occasionally found among those smoking as little as three grams daily, but more often addicted smokers reported use of about 12 grams a day or more. An individual smoking twelve grams of opium probably ingests about 80 mg. of morphine. Thirty mg. of morphine daily may induce some withdrawal signs, while 60 mg. daily are clearly addicting. While testimony varied widely, it appears likely that most opium smokers were not disabled by their practice. This appears to be the case today, too, among those peoples in southeast Asia who have continued to smoke opium. There appear to be social and perhaps psychophysiological forces which work toward limiting the liabilities of drug use.
Women Employees and Job-Based Alcoholism Programs
Authors: Trice Harrison M. , Beyer Janice M.
Published: November 2015

Job-based alcoholism and drug abuse policies/programs have been historically geared to male employees. This article examines the basic strategies of these efforts relative to known characteristics of women employees, both as members of the labor force and as drug abusers. The trend toward equalization of male and female drinking and alcoholism problems, together with the growing participation of women in the workplace, makes such an examination an urgent matter. Features of the labor market suggest that high priority be given to the development of job-based programs where women are concentrated in both professional and service occupations. Extant evidence also suggests that the strategy of constructive confrontation is viable for women employees with two prominent cautions: stressful life events, often present at onset of problem drinking, and higher likelihood of attempted suicide suggest some muting of the confrontation process with an emphasis on positive offers of help.
Changes in Drinking Behaviour, Employment Status and other Life Areas for Employed Alcoholics Three, Six and Twelve Months after Treatment
Authors: Freedberg Edmund J. , Johnston William E.
Published: November 2015

The study examined the treatment results with 365 clients who had participated in a multi-modal, behaviourally oriented treatment program. The program involved an intensive three week residential phase and a one year out-patient phase. Seventy-nine percent of the clients sought treatment after confrontation by their employers over inadequate job performance. At the end of the one year out-patient period, 79% had retained their jobs, only 13% had been fired, and 62% showed significant improvement in their drinking behaviour. Some improvement was shown on tests measuring various aspects of psychosocial functioning by virtually all clients, and most of the clients' supervisors reported marked improvement in work performance.
Look-Alike and Sound-Alike Drugs
Authors: Teplitsky Benjamin
Published: November 2015

Look-alike and sound-alike drugs can be misinterpreted by a nurse reading doctors' orders and by a pharmacist compounding physicians' prescriptions. Such misunderstandings can result in the administration of a drug not intended by the prescriber. Awareness of such look-alike and sound-alike drugs can reduce potential errors.
Treatment for Narcotic Addiction in a Buddhist Monastery
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph
Published: November 2015

During the period 1972–74, approximately 3,000 narcotic addicts from Laos were sent to a Buddhist monastery in Thailand (Wat Than Kha Bok). This massive effort was initiated by a devout Buddhist woman. It was funded from a variety of sources including a Buddhist woman's auxiliary in Laos, an international organization funding philanthropic activities, the Ministry of Health in Laos, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the addicted people themselves. These particular data were obtained from 1,192 addicts admitted for treatment during 1973. Data were collected by trained employees in the Ministry of Social Welfare, using a format employed for previous research by the author in Laos.

Demographic characteristics of the 1,192 people in the sample are presented. Clinical information in-eludes their age at addiction and the duration of their addiction. The sudden waxing of addict interest in this non-medical (even anti-medical) program is described, along with its subsequent waning.

A limited evaluation of treatment outcome was conducted by the author in villages of Laos. These data are presented, along with mortality associated with the treatment.
Changing Patterns of Drug Use among Thai Youths 1972 – 1976
Authors: Punnahitanond Serin
Published: November 2015

This study examines changes in rates and types of drug used by youths in Thailand. It reports information collected in two separate studies, one of which was conducted in 1972 and the other, in 1976. This research met the challenge set to serious investigators by informal estimates of increasing drug use among Thai youths that were reported in the mass media. The author and his colleagues undertook to investigate systematically the magnitude of drug usage among two specific populations, students and youthful workers. A survey instrument was administered to a carefully selected sample in order to learn about their degree of personal experience with illicit drugs, their reasons for initiating experience with drugs, their knowledge about the availability of illicit drugs, the types of drugs used, the age at which young people initiate drug use, the circumstances underlying illicit drug use, and youths' reasons for not using drugs.

The author has examined the social factors associated with drug use. It is concluded that drug abuse reflects manifold factors in the larger society and cannot be seen solely as a problem of youth. As a consequence, drug abuse prevention and control measures that only address a youthful audience are likely to be ineffective. Although changing patterns of drug use can be observed among Thai youths, the nature of these changes and the direction of trends do not suggest that drug abuse per se is likely to diminish.
Getting Rowdy with the Boys
Authors: Burns Thomas F.
Published: November 2015

This paper consists of the presentation of ethnographic materials on the drinking behavior of young, working-class males as well as an analysis of those behaviors. The author primarily focuses on the examination of a sequence of drinking situations as experienced by one group of young males during the span of a single summer evening. The narrative reveals that there are available a surprisingly varied number of drinking environments, and that these contexts are appropirate for specific types of behavior that are deliberately sought by the participants. The analysis applies selected theories of drinking behavior to the empirical case. The author concludes that imbibing alcoholic beverages may facilitate attainment of desired masculine roles by promoting opportunities to experience enhancement or validation of “manly” status. In other words, among this group drinking alcoholic beverages aids in making the transition from “boy” to “man.” Moreover, it is shown that these drinking behaviors are shaped by cultural norms and remain within specified boundaries rather than constituting haphazard or random acts and events.
Models for the Treatment of Young Drug Dependents in Scandinavia
Authors: Retterstøl Nils
Published: November 2015

A wave of drug dependents among youngsters in Scandinavia has been met by differentiated treatment programs. First, and still most important, are the “dispersion” and “concentration” models found in psychiatric facilities. New types of out-patient services, field work, and treatment programs located in collectives are described. Idealistically oriented organizations have also initiated programs. Attitudes regarding coercive measures are described. Differences are found between treatment programs. Norway favors a specialized psychiatric treatment approach in medical institutions. In Sweden and Denmark, social-pedagogical treatment seems preferred while in Finland, programs are provided in alcoholic institutions. All Scandinavian countries, however are utilizing different models in confronting and attempting to combat the problem.
Discriminating Participating and Nonparticipating Supervisors in Occupational Alcoholism Programs
Authors: Googins Bradley , Kurtz Norman R.
Published: November 2015

Occupational Alcoholism Programs (OAPs) are based in part on the assumption that supervisors are both suited for and willing to carry out the formal and informal program activities necessary to help alcoholic employees. Virtually every description of the policies or models of OAPs identify the supervisor as the person most likely to identify developing problems and for taking action once deviant drinking begins to disrupt normative behavior in the workplace (Trice and Roman, 1972).

Despite the centrality of the supervisor to the OAP, little explicit data is available on the fit between the expectations of the OAP and the supervisor's role, nor is there empirical information on the differences between supervisors who participate in the roles prescribed by the model and those who do not. Previous research does suggest that there are factors which encourage and discourage participation (Trice, 1965) and additional evidence exists to suggest that supervisors may participate less than would be expected given the model's potential (Trice, 1962:496; Cunnick and Marchesini, 1977:86).

This paper will compare supervisors who have used an OAP (participation) with supervisors who have not (nonparticipation) in order to identify factors that are associated with supervisory referral to an OAP. In addition, an analysis of potential barriers that interfere with the supervisors' ability to carry out the OAP role requirements will be undertaken.
Contingency Contracting in the Treatment of Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Rosenberg Harold , Douthitt Thomas C. , Sobell Mark B. , Sobell Linda C.
Published: November 2015

Historically, contractual agreements to control alcohol consumption have been tied to religious and temperance organizations. Recently, however, contingency contracting has been developed and investigated as a behavior therapy technique. After outlining the standard components of a contingency contract, studies investigating contingency contracting with alcohol abusers are reviewed, and clinical and ethical considerations in contracting are discussed. The research investigations show that the technique has been applied successfully with different populations of alcohol abusers and various drinking and non-drinking target behaviors. Research has also studied important aspects of the contracts themselves and has begun to recognize the role of subject characteristics in contracting. The review suggests that contracting is an effective procedure that can influence drinking and related behaviors, but this technique is relatively new and more research is needed about its most effective components and the most applicable target behaviors.
The War against Drugs
Authors: Szasz Thomas
Published: November 2015

This paper places the concept of the use of coercion in the prevention and treatment of drug abuse within a political context. Coerceive measures are used for control rather than rehabilitation. Whatever the rationale, use of coercion by the state stands in direct opposition to individual liberty.