bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paleoceanography of the Santa Barbara Basin During the Last 8000 Years
Authors: Pisias Nicklas G.
Published: July 2006

The varved sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin off southern California, offer a unique opportunity to study the changes in oceanographic conditions of this nearshore area during the last 8000 yr. Quantitative analysis of Radiolaria found in recent surface sediment samples from the eastern North Pacific allows the identification of four “assemblages” which can be related to the physical oceanography of the California Current. Two assemblages are associated with the southerly flowing California Current, one with the main stream of the current (California Current Assemblage) and the other with the offshore flow along northern California (Central Assemblage). The two other assemblages are associated with the subtropical region of the eastern North Pacific (Subtropical Assemblage) and one found mostly off the coast of Baja California (Baja Assemblage). Analysis of the Radiolaria found in the varved sediments of a core from the Santa Barbara Basin give an 8000-yr continuous record of these four assemblages. The California and Baja Assemblages show only minor fluctuations in their importance in the sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin. The California Assemblage, however, shows a steady increase during this time period. Prior to 5400 yr B.P. the Radiolaria were predominately subtropical in character, whereas after 5400 yr B.P. the Central Assemblage becomes more important. Since 5400 yr B.P. most of the changes in the radiolarian fauna consist of fluctuations in the importance of these two assemblages. Past sea-surface temperatures for the month of February were calculated using the transfer function technique of J. Imbrie and N. G. Kipp (1971, In “The Late Cenozore Glacial Ages” L. K. Turekian, Ed.), (Chap. 5, Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Conn.). The time series of paleotemperature estimates show major changes in the average February temperature of Santa Barbara Basin waters. The range of estimated temperatures (12°C) exceeds that of the historical observations of February temperatures in the Santa Barbara Basin but does not exceed the observed range for the California Current region. The intervals from 800 to 1800 yr B.P. 3600 to 3800 yr B.P. and 5400 to the end of the record appear to have been generally warmer than today. Comparison of the Holocene record of alpine glacial advances with the radiolarian assemblage and paleotemperature time series shows that the initiations of advances was coincident with a decrease in sea-surface temperatures and an increase in the importance of the Central Assemblage in the Santa Barbara Basin. The terminations of these advances were not marked by any consistent characteristic in the Santa Barbara Basin time series.
Postglacial Diatom Stratigraphy of Kirchner Marsh, Minnesota
Authors: Brugam Richard B.
Published: July 2006

Fossil diatom assemblages from a 12-m core from Kirchner Marsh were compared with modern surface assemblages from 159 Minnesota and Labrador lakes using cluster analysis. The deepest levels of the core (spruce pollen zone 13,000 to 10,200 yr B.P.) resemble modern diatom assemblages from deep oligotrophic lakes of northeastern Minnesota. Diatom assemblages of the pine pollen zone (about 10,200 to 9500 yr B.P.) have few modern analogs. In the oak zone (9500 yr B.P. to present) after a brief pulse of diatom species indicative of eutrophication, the assemblages are dominated by species characteristic of shallow lakes, suggesting a drop in the lake water level during the prairie period (5500 to 7500 yr B.P.). Macrofossil data of W. A. Watts and T. C. Winter (1966,Geological Society of America Bulletin77, 1339–1360) show that this shift to shallow-water diatoms occurred when aquatic macrophytes appeared at the site in abundance.
Emergent Littoral Deposits in the Eastern Canary Islands
Authors: Meco Joaquin , Stearns Charles E.
Published: July 2006

K-Ar ages (A. Abdel-Monem, P. D. Watkins, and P. W. Gast, 1971, American Journal of Science 271, 490–521; this paper) and revised paleontological determinations (J. Meco, 1977, “Los Strombus neogenos y cuatenarios del Atlantico euroafricano”, Las Palmas, Ediciones del Excmo. Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria) show that “Quaternary” (R. Crofts, 1967, Quaternaria 9, 247–260; G. Lecointre, K. J. Tinkler, and G. Richards, 1967, Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia Proceedings 119, 325–344) littoral deposits on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura are early Pliocene and late Pleistocene. Early and middle Pleistocene strand lines are not represented. Early Pliocene littoral and marine deposits contain a characteristic fossil assemblage: Strombus coronatus, Nerità emiliana, Gryphaea virleti, Patella cf. intermedia, and Rothpletzia rudista. Differences in elevation record differential post-Pliocene uplift of the coastal platforms on which they lie. Late Pleistocene beach deposits at low elevations belong to two groups, an older with Strombus bubonius and a younger without. Differences in elevation of early Pliocene littoral deposits are reflected by differences in elevation of late Pleistocene beach deposits nearby.
A Postglacial Coleopterous Assemblage from Lockport Gulf, New York
Authors: Miller Randy F. , Morgan Alan V.
Published: July 2006

The Lockport Gulf site near Lockport, New York, is a 1.9-m sequence of organic-rich marls having a basal date of approximately 10,920 yr B.P. Six bulk samples with a combined weight of 48 kg produced over 780 individual fossil insects representing five orders, as well as molluscs and abundant plant macrofossils. Coleoptera were represented by 24 families. Several major beetle groups (Carabidae, ground beetles; Hydrophilidae, water scavenger beetles; Elmidae, riffle beetles; Staphylinidae, rove beetles; and Scolytidae, bark beetles) indicate a riffle-and-pool stream, surrounded by marsh, with open riparian habitats and nearby trees. Two zones were recognized based on the Coleoptera assemblages. The Zone 1 fauna (ca. 10,920–9800 yr B.P.) was dominated by boreal forest taxa with abundant bark beetles indicating the presence of spruce trees. In Zone 2 (ca. 9700-9100 yr B.P.) the combination of species with a restricted modern distribution in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest region and pine and deciduous tree inhabitants suggests a change in vegetation by 9700 yr B.P. Thermal estimates from a faunal analysis indicate that the climatic conditions were stable across the spruce-pine transition, with the mean July temperature in the range of 16° to 18°C.
Geochronology of a Rich Early Pleistocene Vertebrate Fauna, Leisey Shell Pit, Tampa Bay, Florida
Authors: Webb S.D. , Morgan G.S. , Hulbert R.C. , Jones D.S. , MacFadden B.J. , Mueller P.A.
Published: July 2006

Leisey Shell Pit, on the southeastern edge of Tampa Bay, has produced the largest early Pleistocene vertebrate fauna in North America, consisting of about 30,000 cataloged specimens. The predominantly terrestrial and freshwater vertebrate fauna was transported into an estuarine environment during a regressive phase in an otherwise marine, bay-bottom sequence of sandy shell beds. The biochronological age of the Leisey Shell Pit local fauna is late Sappan (or late early Irvingtonian) based on the presence of such mammalian species as Mammuthus meridionalis and Smilodon gracilis, the absence of any Blancan holdovers, and early records of Lutra, Nothrotheriops, Palaeolama, and a new small glyptodont. Magnetostratigraphy indicates that the entire Pleistocene section at Leisey is reversed and thus presumably accumulated in the post-Olduvai part of the Matuyama Magnetochron (i.e., 1.66 myr or younger). Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) sampled from aragonitic bivalve shells (Chione cancellata) trend higher with increasing height in the section, yielding a mean age estimate for the two major bone beds of 1.7 ± 0.35 myr. In combination, these three geochronologic methods provide a high-resolution approach toward age determination and delimit the age of Leisey Shell Pit local fauna as between 1.66 and 1.4 myr.
Reinterpretation of Pingos in Antarctica
Authors: Fitzsimons Sean J.
Published: July 2006

In 1983 pingos were reported in the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. The features form dome-shaped hills up to 4 m high and 12 m in diameter and occur on an ice-cored moraine. Their form, structure, and sedimentary processes observed on the surface of the moraine, together with a consideration of the environmental requirements for pingo growth preclude their origin as pingos. They appear to be residual landforms that have formed on the surface of the moraine as the ice core has been destroyed by ablation and thermal erosion. The previous interpretation of the features has relied on the shape of the hills and their occurrence in a similar geologic setting to pingos in the Northern Hemisphere. The interpretation appears to have misinterpreted tension cracks and coherent slumping of sediment as dilation cracks and as evidence for the extrusion of a central sediment plug. Pingos on supraglacial debris have not been described from any other locations and it seems that their formation is inconsistent with the ablation of the ice core of moraines.
Reconnaissance Thermoluminescence Dating of Northern Australian Coastal Dune Systems
Authors: Lees Brian G. , Yanchou Lu , Head John
Published: July 2006

Quaternary lithostratigraphic units in coastal dunes have been dated at three locations in northern Australia, Cobourg Peninsula, Shelburne Bay, and Cape Flattery, by both radiocarbon dating of shell and organic carbon and thermoluminescence (TL) sediment dating. Both coarse fraction and fine fraction TL methods were used. Seventeen TL dates were measured. None of the TL dates contradict the ages given by radiocarbon. Where multiple TL dates were taken from a unit, they overlap within 2 standard deviation giving added confidence in the results. A phase of dune emplacement during the late Holocene (ca. 2700-1800 yr B.P.) was identified in two of the dune-fields, an early Holocene phase of dune emplacement (ca. 8600-7500 yr B.P.) in two of the dune-fields, and a late Pleistocene episode (ca. 24,000–17,000 yr B.P.) in both the Cape York dunefields. Three older units gave dates of about 29,000, 81,000, and 171,000 yr B.P., but these must be treated with caution.
Evidence for a Holocene High Sea-Level Stand, Vanua Levu, Fiji
Authors: Miyata Takao , Maeda Yasuo , Matsumoto Eiji , Matsushima Yoshiaki , Rodda Peter , Sugimura Arata , Kayanne Hajime
Published: July 2006

Two distinct elevations of emerged notches can be recognized on the southeastern coast of Vanua Levu: the higher notch is +2.22 to +3.30 m above low-tide level and the lower +1.52 to +1.65 m above low-tide level. Many emerged Holocene corals encrust higher notch floors and benches or occur as microatolls and from these radiocarbon ages ranging from 6000 to 3400 yr B.P. were obtained. The higher notches are significantly higher than present high-tide level, even allowing for relative tectonic uplift. This is supported by elevations of emerged microatolls and their 14C ages. Thus, mean sea level of the mid-Holocene was higher than that at present.
Chronology of Holocene vertebrate extinction in the Galápagos Islands
Authors: Steadman David W. , Stafford Thomas W. , Donahue Douglas J. , Jull A. J.
Published: July 2006

Eleven conventional and 15 AMS (accelerator mass spectrometer) radiocarbon dates establish chronologies for nine Holocene vertebrate fossil sites in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. A Holocene fossil record approaching 500,000 bones, more than 90% of which predate the arrival of people, shows that most or all cases of extinction or extirpation in the Galápagos occurred after first human contact in AD 1535. This is especially significant for two species of large rodents (Megaoryzomys spp.) that are known only from bones found in lava tubes. The highest rate of background (prehuman) extinction interpreted from the Galápagos fossil record is probably hundreds of times less than the modern rate of human-related extinction.
A Quantitative Assessment of the Arabian Sea Sediment Record Using GCM Simulated Upwelling
Authors: Bigg Grant R. , Jiang Dongxiang , Mitchell John F. B.
Published: July 2006

A general circulation model (GCM) of the ocean is used to study the effects of changes in the monsoon winds of present day and 9000 yr B.P. on the upwelling in the Arabian Sea. The vertical transport from the ocean GCM is used as a measure of upwelling strength to assess the relative abundance of Globigerina bulloides at present and 9000 yr B.P., during the climatic optimum. The high abundance of G. bulloides at 9000 yr B.P. is probably a result of a doubling of the vertical transport at that time.
Magnetomineralogy and Revised Excursions for the Last Interglacial-Glacial Cycle in the Grande Pile Lacustrine Sequence, France
Authors: Ellingsen Kari Lise , Løvlie Reidar , Seret Guy
Published: July 2006

A paleomagnetic record for the Grande Pile lacustrine sequence deposited during the last interglacial-glacial cycle has been constructed based on continuous sampling (n = 792) of a 15-m-long oriented core (GPXX). The NRM intensity, magnetic susceptibility, and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization show pronounced variations related to the climatic zonations in the sequence. The stratigraphic consistency of the paleomagnetic directions vary considerably due to variations in signal/noise ratios. Paleosecular variation patterns occur throughout most of the core, as well as several zones of inferred geomagnetic excursions. The application of magnetic fabric (AMS) shows that some apparent Lanterne (Weichselian) excursions reside in deformed sediments, while anomalous paleomagnetic directions in the 70,000 to 120,000 yr B.P. time interval appear in sediments with low signal/noise ratios and a high degree of compaction. The signature is hence not likely to reflect genuine records of geomagnetic field variations in these levels. Discrepancies between the magnetostratigraphy of GPXX and a previously investigated core implies that the earlier claimed regional correlations based on the paleomagnetic signature of low intensity levels should be critically reassessed. The Grande Pile sequence is not regarded as a magnetostratigraphic standard for the last interglacial-glacial cycle.
Cyprinid herpes virus‐3 (CyHV‐3) bears genes of genetically distant large DNA viruses
Authors: Ilouze Maya , Dishon Arnon , Kahan Tamar , Kotler Moshe
Published: July 2006

A large DNA virus, designated koi herpes virus (KHV), carp interstitial nephritis gill necrosis virus (CNGV) and Cyprinid herpes virus‐3 (CyHV‐3), causes massive mortality of carp. Morphologically, the virus resembles herpes viruses, but it contains a genome of ca 295 kbp, larger than that of any Herpesviridae member. Interestingly, three CyHV‐3 genes, thymidylate monophosphate kinase (TmpK), ribonucleotide reductase and thymidine kinase, which are involved in deoxynucleotide tri‐phosphate synthesis, resemble those of pox viruses. In addition to the TmpK gene, which is nonexistent in the genome of herpes viruses, CyHV‐3 contains a B22R‐like gene, exclusively expressed by pox viruses. These results raise questions on the phylogenic origin of CyHV‐3.
Circadian clock genes cause activation of the human PAI‐1 gene promoter with 4G/5G allelic preference
Authors: Chong Nelson W. , Codd Veryan , Chan Danny , Samani Nilesh J.
Published: July 2006

Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) activity is associated with greater risk of myocardial infarction. PAI‐1 expression is regulated by a 4G/5G promoter polymorphism. The 4G allele is associated with higher PAI‐levels and greater circadian variation. Here we show that clock protein heterodimers BMAL/CLOCK cause greater activation (≈2‐fold, P
< 0.05) of the 4G allele. Site‐directed mutagenesis studies suggest that clock genes act on two canonical E‐boxes to regulate PAI‐1 promoter activity. These results identify a potential novel mechanism whereby allele‐specific clock genes – mediated modulation of PAI‐1 expression may contribute to circadian variation in cardiac risk.
Localized methylation in the key regulator gene endothelin‐1 is associated with cell type‐specific transcriptional silencing
Authors: Vallender Tammy W. , Lahn Bruce T.
Published: July 2006

DNA methylation can contribute to the stable transcriptional silencing of mammalian genes. Often times, these genes are important developmental regulators, and their silencing in cell types where they are not supposed to be active is important for the phenotypic stability of the cells. To identify key developmental regulator genes whose expression in terminally differentiated cells may be inhibited by DNA methylation, mouse dermal fibroblasts were demethylated with 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine, and changes in gene expression monitored by microarray analysis. Endothelin‐1 (Et1 or Edn1), which encodes a cytokine with diverse regulatory functions, was among the genes upregulated following demethylation. We found that CpG dinucleotides within a short region in intron 1 of the gene have dramatically higher levels of methylation in Et1‐non‐expressing fibroblasts and chondrocytes as compared to the Et1‐expressing mouse cell line, mIMCD‐3. Strong evolutionary conservation of this region implies its role in the cis‐regulation of Et1 transcription. To confirm that should Et1 in dermal fibroblasts become aberrantly activated, it could indeed lead to the dysregulation of many downstream genes, we exposed fibroblasts to exogenous ET1 peptide and assayed for transcriptional changes by microarray. ET1 treatment resulted in significant expression changes – primarily downregulation – of a significant number of genes. In particular, Tgfβ2 and Tgfβ3 were among the downregulated genes, which in turn alter the expression status of their many target genes. These data suggest that the stable silencing of Et1 through its associated DNA methylation in intron 1 is critical for the developmental stability of dermal fibroblasts, and perhaps other cell types as well.
NF1 mRNA biogenesis: Effect of the genomic milieu in splicing regulation of the NF1 exon 37 region
Authors: Baralle Marco , Skoko Natasa , Knezevich Anna , De Conti Laura , Motti Dario , Bhuvanagiri Madhuri , Baralle Diana , Buratti Emanuele , Baralle Francisco E.
Published: July 2006

We have studied the splicing regulation of NF1 exons 36 and 37. We show that they not only require an intact exonic Splicing Enhancer (ESE) within exon 37, but also need the genomic region stretching from exons 31 to 38. Any nucleotide change in two exon 37 third codon positions disrupts the ESE. The extent of exons 36 and 37 skipping due to a mutated ESE depends on the genomic context. This is a unique example of what may be a more general phenomena involved in the tuning of pre‐mRNA processing and gene expression modulation in the chromosomal setting.
Barth syndrome, a human disorder of cardiolipin metabolism
Authors: Schlame Michael , Ren Mindong
Published: July 2006

Barth syndrome is an X‐linked recessive disease caused by mutations in the tafazzin gene. Patients have reduced concentration and altered composition of cardiolipin, the specific mitochondrial phospholipid, and they have variable clinical findings, often including heart failure, myopathy, neutropenia, and growth retardation. This article provides an overview of the molecular basis of Barth syndrome. It is argued that tafazzin, a phospholipid acyltransferase, is involved in acyl‐specific remodeling of cardiolipin, which promotes structural uniformity and molecular symmetry among the cardiolipin molecular species. Inhibition of this pathway leads to changes in mitochondrial architecture and function.
Trends in cannabis use prior to first presentation with schizophrenia, in South-East London between 1965 and 1999
Authors: BOYDELL J. , VAN OS J. , CASPI A. , KENNEDY N. , GIOUROUKOU E. , FEARON P. , FARRELL M. , MURRAY R. M.
Published: July 2006

Background. There is evidence that cannabis use might be relevant to the aetiology of schizophrenia. We aimed to measure any change in cannabis use over time in those first presenting with schizophrenia in South-East London from 1965 to 1999, and compare this with change in use in those presenting with non-psychotic psychiatric disorders.

Method. The rate of cannabis use in the year prior to first ever presentation was measured over seven time periods. Logistic regression modelling was used to determine (a) whether cannabis use changed over time, after controlling for age, sex and ethnicity, and (b) whether there was an interaction between diagnosis and time.

Results. Cannabis use increased over time in both the schizophrenia group [odds ratio per time period (OR) 2·03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·74–2·38, p<0·0001] and the non-psychotic disorders group (OR 1·24, 95% CI 1·05–1·47, p=0·012), after controlling for age, sex and ethnicity. However, the effect of time was significantly greater in the schizophrenia group than in the non-schizophrenia group (χ2=17, p<0·0001).

Conclusion. Cannabis use in the year prior to presentation with schizophrenia increased markedly between 1965 and 1999, and disproportionately so compared to increase in cannabis use in other psychiatric disorders.
Lebenszufriedenheit von Menschen nach schwersten Hirnschädigungen
Authors: Benson Sven , Albs-Fichtenberg Birgit , Weimar Inge , Krampen Günter
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Um die langfristigen Auswirkungen schwerer Hirnschädigungen zu untersuchen, wurden bei 135 ehemaligen Patienten einer neurologischen Frührehabilitation Angaben zum funktionellen und psychosozialen Outcome sowie zur Lebenszufriedenheit erhoben. Die querschnittlich angelegte Fragebogenuntersuchung erfolgte durchschnittlich 3.5 Jahre nach der Erkrankung. In basalen Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens konnte mehr als die Hälfte der früheren Patienten eine weitgehende Selbstständigkeit wiedererlangen, in komplexen Alltagstätigkeiten und kognitiven Leistungsbereichen bestanden deutlichere Einschränkungen. Über 60 % der Teilnehmer waren unabhängig von professioneller Pflege, über 80 % wohnten wieder in einem häuslichen Umfeld. Scheidungen waren selten. Eine Rückkehr in den Beruf gelang ca. 23 % der Teilnehmer. Die Lebenszufriedenheit unterschied sich mit Ausnahme der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebenszufriedenheit nicht von der bundesdeutschen Durchschnittsbevölkerung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die untersuchten Patienten trotz bestehender Defizite ihre Lebenssituation weitgehend positiv bewerten.
Effekte pharmakologischer und psychotherapeutischer Interventionen auf Depressionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Pössel Patrick , Hautzinger Martin
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung: Entgegen früheren Überzeugungen besteht heute Konsens und Evidenz dahingehend, dass Depressionen eine bedeutsame Problematik bei Jugendlichen darstellen. Aus diesem Grund stellt sich die Frage nach effektiven Therapieangeboten für depressive Kinder und Jugendliche. Deshalb werden in der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit 24 Originalstudien (Kriterium: kontrollierte, randomisierte Interventionsstudien) zu pharmakologischen, 11 Studien zu psychotherapeutischen Interventionen und zwei Studien zur Kombinationsbehandlung dargestellt. Für etwa die Hälfte der Behandlungmethoden (pharmakologische Methoden 3/8; psychotherapeutische Methoden: 2/5) liegen keine randomisierten Kontrollgruppenstudien vor. Weiterhin liegen nur für einige SSRIs (Fluoxetin, Citalopram, Sertralin) ausschließlich positive Daten bezüglich der Besserung depressiver Symptomatik vor. Weiterhin zeigen sich nur für Fluoxetin keine Hinweise, dass Suizidalität im Vergleich zu einer Placebokontrollgruppe steigt ( Hammad et al., 2006 ; Whittington et al., 2004 ). Auch für KVT, IPT und Familientherapie liegen überwiegend positive Daten zur Effektivität vor. Weiterhin zeigen erste Ergebnisse, dass eine Kombinationsbehandlung (SSRI & KVT) Monotherapien gegenüber überlegen ist. Nach der Darstellung der bisherigen empirischen Daten werden Stärken und Kritikpunkte der bisherigen Therapieforschung zur Behandlung von Depression bei Kindern und Jugendlichen diskutiert.
Zur Erfassung der depressiven Persönlichkeitsstörung
Authors: Victor Daniela , Backenstrass Matthias , Herdtle Beate , Fiedler Peter , Mundt Christoph , Kronmüller Klaus-Thomas
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung: Nachdem der depressiven Persönlichkeitsstörung lange Zeit nur eine historische Bedeutung zukam, gewann sie in letzter Zeit im Zusammenhang mit der Differenzierung leichterer und chronisch verlaufender Formen der Depression wieder an Bedeutung. Dies drückt sich auch in der Aufnahme des Konzeptes in die Forschungskriterien des DSM-IV aus. Zu den Hauptmerkmalen der depressiven Persönlichkeitsstörung zählen negative, pessimistische Vorstellungen über die eigene Person und andere Menschen. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war die psychometrische Evaluation einer deutschsprachigen Version des Diagnostischen Interviews für die Depressive Persönlichkeit (DID) ( Gunderson, Phillips, Triebwasser & Hirschfeld, 1994 ). Die Untersuchung wurde an N = 96 stationär behandelten Patienten, die an einer Major Depression gemäß DSM-IV litten, durchgeführt. Es fand sich eine Interraterreliabilität für den DID-Gesamtwert von 0.90, für die Subskalen zwischen 0.83 und 0.90. Die Übereinstimmung darin, ob eine depressive Persönlichkeitsstörung vorliegt oder nicht, ergab ein κ von 0.77. Die interne Konsistenz für die DID-Skalen lag zwischen Cronbachs α von 0.53 und 0.84. Bezüglich der Validität zeigte sich eine hohe Korrelation zwischen dem DID und dem Strukturierten Klinischen Interview für DSM-IV, Achse II (SKID-II). Eine Faktorenanalyse mit allen Persönlichkeitsstörungen des DSM-IV zeigte, dass die depressive Persönlichkeitsstörung in den Cluster C eingeordnet werden kann. Zudem ist die depressive Persönlichkeitsstörung die Persönlichkeitsstörung des Clusters C, die den Persönlichkeitsstörungen des Clusters B am nächsten steht. Insgesamt sprechen die Ergebnisse für eine gute Reliabilität und Validität des DID als einem Instrument zur mehrdimensionalen Erfassung der depressiven Persönlichkeitsstörung.
Tiermodelle für Angst und Angststörungen
Authors: Pawlak Cornelius R. , Weyers Peter
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Zahlreiche Tiermodelle haben entscheidend zur Aufklärung der neurobiopsychologischen Grundlagen von Angst und damit auch zum Verständnis von Angststörungen beigetragen. An zwei unterschiedlichen Tiermodellen, dem Elevated Plus-Maze und der potenzierten Schreckreaktion, sollen die verschiedenen Ansätze exemplarisch veranschaulicht werden. Ansätze zur Untersuchung individueller Differenzen habitueller Angstmerkmale ergeben sich bei der Betrachtung natürlich vorkommender Variation innerhalb einer Stammesgeneration, bei selektiven Züchtungen und bei genetisch manipulierten Modellen. Schließlich bestehen auch Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung kognitiver Prozesse in Tieren. Auch zukünftig werden tierexperimentelle Ansätze wesentlich zu unserem Wissen um die behavioralen und neurobiologischen Grundlagen der Angst im Humanbereich beitragen.
Fragebogen zum Screening psychischer Störungen im Jugendalter (SPS-J)
Authors: Hampel Petra , Petermann Franz
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Das Reynolds Adolescent Adjustment Screening Inventory (RAASI) von Reynolds (2001) ist ein ökonomisches Screening-Verfahren mit 32 Items zur Selbsteinschätzung von psychischen Störungen. Fragestellung: Ist die deutschsprachige Version, das Screening psychischer Störungen im Jugendalter (SPS-J), reliabel und valide? Methode: Die Konstruktvaldität wurde an N = 669 Jugendlichen im Alter zwischen 11 und 16 Jahren untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die internen Konsistenzen sind als gut zu bewerten und die Retest-Reliabilitäten als zufriedenstellend. Die faktorielle und korrelative Validität ist gegeben. Die moderaten bis hohen Korrelationen des SPS-J mit Kennwerten des Youth Self-Report (YSR) unterstützen eine konvergente Validität. Die Differenzierung depressiver und nicht-depressiver jugendlicher Mädchen in dem Subtest “Ängstlichkeit/Depressivität“ im Rahmen einer ersten klinischen Studie deutet außerdem eine kriterienbezogene Validität an. Schlussfolgerungen: Insgesamt liegt mit dem SPS-J ein reliables und valides Messinstrument vor, das als Entscheidungskriterium für eine weitere Abklärung psychischer Störungen im Jugendalter herangezogen werden kann.
Factor Structure Invariance in the Children's Big Five Questionnaire
Authors: del Barrio Victoria , Carrasco Miguel Angel , Holgado Francisco Pablo
Published: July 2006

The factor structure invariance in the Big Five personality questionnaire was studied based on the self-reports of 852 Spanish children. Different degrees of invariance across age groups from 8 to 15 years old, and also according to gender, were investigated by means of confirmatory factor analysis with a matrix of polychoric correlations. The results provide empirical evidence for the invariant factor structure of the Big Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-C) measurement across age and gender in children. The five-factor structure, the factor pattern coefficients, the factor variances/co-variances and, finally, the theoretical constructs were all found to be reasonably invariant across these groups, and especially across gender. The five-factor model adequately represented the data for each of these groups. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Wayfinding Behavior and Spatial Knowledge of Adults and Children in a Virtual Environment
Authors: Jansen-Osmann Petra , Fuchs Petra
Published: July 2006

This study investigated the effect of different organizations of landmark-location pairings as fine-space information on wayfinding behavior and spatial knowledge on a total of 90 participants: 30 second graders, 30 sixth graders, and 30 adults. All participants had to find their way to a goal in a virtual environment with either randomized or categorical landmarks, or without any landmarks. Thereafter, they had to find the shortest way from the start position to the goal in two consecutive trials (wayfinding performance), and they had to solve a number of spatial knowledge tasks. The results showed that independent of their categorical function, the existence of landmarks influenced the wayfinding performance of adults and children in the same way. Whereas the presence of landmarks had no effect on spatial survey knowledge, landmark knowledge itself was influenced by the categorical function of the landmarks presented. Moreover, second graders showed limited achievement compared to adults independent of the existence of landmarks. The main results implicate firstly that children at school age indeed are able to use landmark-location pairings as fine-space information like adults during learning an unknown environmental space, and secondly that a dissociation between wayfinding behavior and spatial knowledge might exist.
Does Solution of Mental Arithmetic Problems Such as 2 + 6 and 3 × 8 Rely on the Process of “Memory Updating”?
Authors: Deschuyteneer Maud , Vandierendonck André , Muyllaert Isabel
Published: July 2006

Two experiments are reported that used the selective interference paradigm to study whether, besides response selection, the process of memory updating is involved in simple mental arithmetic. Participants were asked to solve simple sums (e.g., 2 + 6, Experiment 1) or simple products (e.g., 3 × 8, Experiment 2) in a single-task control condition and in three dual-task conditions with a selective interference task, simple reactions, choice reactions, or delayed choice reactions. The role of memory updating was estimated on the basis of the difference in impairment due to the choice reaction time and the delayed choice reaction time task, whereas the difference in impairment between the simple reaction time and the choice reaction time task indicates the role of response selection. While replicating previous results concerning response selection ( Deschuyteneer & Vandierendonck, 2005 , in press ), the study showed that memory updating is strongly involved in solving simple mental arithmetic sums and products.
Software for Generating Psychological Experiments
Authors: Stahl Christoph
Published: July 2006

This review compares four software packages for generating and running psychological computer experiments. It aims to inform researchers' decisions about which software to choose for their lab. Four widely used general purpose commercial packages available for the Windows platform are considered: DirectRT, E-Prime, Inquisit, and SuperLab. An overview of each package is given, and the implementation of two test experiments is described. Packages are evaluated with regard to the amount of complexity reduction they provide for the task of programming an experiment and the variety of experimental designs they can accommodate.
The Mere Exposure Effect Is Sensitive to Color Information
Authors: Hupbach Almut , Melzer André , Hardt Oliver
Published: July 2006

Priming effects in perceptual tests of implicit memory are assumed to be perceptually specific. Surprisingly, changing object colors from study to test did not diminish priming in most previous studies. However, these studies used implicit tests that are based on object identification, which mainly depends on the analysis of the object shape and therefore operates color-independently. The present study shows that color effects can be found in perceptual implicit tests when the test task requires the processing of color information. In Experiment 1, reliable color priming was found in a mere exposure design (preference test). In Experiment 2, the preference test was contrasted with a conceptually driven color-choice test. Altering the shape of object from study to test resulted in significant priming in the color-choice test but eliminated priming in the preference test. Preference judgments thus largely depend on perceptual processes. In Experiment 3, the preference and the color-choice test were studied under explicit test instructions. Differences in reaction times between the implicit and the explicit test suggest that the implicit test results were not an artifact of explicit retrieval attempts. In contrast with previous assumptions, it is therefore concluded that color is part of the representation that mediates perceptual priming.
Baseline high‐latitude ionospheric parameters and field‐aligned ion motion
Authors: Remick K. J.
Published: July 2006

Establishing baseline values for ionospheric parameters allows for the identification of special events and comparison of events that occur at different magnetic local times, seasons, or solar cycle phases. Variations in average electron densities, ion and electron temperatures, and ion velocities between 100 and 800 km altitude are determined from Svalbard and Sondrestrom radar data. Despite their similar geomagnetic latitudes, Svalbard and Sondrestrom are found to measure significantly different populations. The average ion flux and ion, electron and plasma pressures can be calculated from the measured quantities. The primary location for upward moving ions is the dayside noon region, where the cusp can be expected. The role of plasma pressure is discussed.
Nitrogen cycling in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Results from a three‐dimensional model and implications for the North Atlantic nitrogen budget
Authors: Fennel Katja , Wilkin John , Levin Julia , Moisan John , O'Reilly John , Haidvogel Dale
Published: July 2006

The biogeochemistry of continental shelf systems plays an important role in the global elemental cycling of nitrogen and carbon, but remains poorly quantified. We have developed a high‐resolution physical‐biological model for the U.S. east coast continental shelf and adjacent deep ocean that is nested within a basin‐wide North Atlantic circulation model in order to estimate nitrogen fluxes in the shelf area of the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). Our biological model is a relatively simple representation of nitrogen cycling processes in the water column and organic matter remineralization at the water‐sediment interface that explicitly accounts for sediment denitrification. Climatological and regionally integrated means of nitrate, ammonium, and surface chlorophyll are compared with its model equivalents and were found to agree within 1 standard deviation. We also present regional means of primary production and denitrification, and statistical measures of chlorophyll pattern variability. A nitrogen budget for the MAB shows that the sediment denitrification flux is quantitatively important in determining the availability of fixed nitrogen and shelf primary production (it was found to remove 90% of all the nitrogen entering the MAB). Extrapolation of nitrogen fluxes estimated for the MAB to the North Atlantic basin suggests that shelf denitrification removes 2.3 × 1012 mol N annually; this estimate exceeds estimates of N2 fixation by up to an order of magnitude. Our results emphasize the importance of representing shelf processes in biogeochemical models.
Basin‐scale pCO2 distribution using satellite sea surface temperature, Chl a, and climatological salinity in the North Pacific in spring and summer
Authors: Sarma V. V. S. S. , Saino T. , Sasaoka K. , Nojiri Y. , Ono T. , Ishii M. , Inoue H. Y. , Matsumoto K.
Published: July 2006

An empirical method is presented for the estimation of basin‐scale distribution of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the North Pacific using satellite‐derived sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll‐a concentrations (chl a), and climatological sea surface salinity (SSS). In this approach, multiple regression equations were developed to compute mixed layer dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) based on SST, SSS and Chl a, whereas mixed layer total alkalinity (TA) was linearly regressed with SSS. The DIC‐SST relation exhibited three different slopes at SST < 20°, 20° < SST < 27.5° and SST>27.5°C. Therefore data have been grouped with reference to SST. Regression equations were developed for two seasons (spring and summer). The regression errors for DIC and TA were 10.5 and 5 μmol kg−1, respectively. The pCO2 was computed from the estimated DIC and TA using dissociation constants given by Mehrbach et al. (1973), refit by Dickson and Millero (1987). The derived pCO2 agreed with the shipboard pCO2 observations within an error of 17–23 μatm. The sensitivity test on the regression equations for DIC estimation indicated that SSS is the most influencing parameter, followed by SST and Chl a. Using the monthly average SST and Chl a fields derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and SeaWiFS (Sea‐viewing Wide Field of view Sensor), respectively, and climatological SSS, monthly basin‐scale pCO2 fields were computed. The statistical model derived pCO2 results are in agreement with underway pCO2 in the North Pacific. This study strongly suggests that satellite‐based techniques are promising tools for estimation of pCO2 fields on a basin scale but the associated error bars are larger than required to study anthropogenic carbon uptake by the oceans. Incorporation of more in situ shipboard data may help in refining the estimating equations and reducing the errors further.
Warming and freshening of Baffin Bay, 1916–2003
Authors: Zweng Melissa M. , Münchow Andreas
Published: July 2006

Regression analysis of historical hydrographic data is used to determine changes in temperature and salinity in Baffin Bay for the time period from 1916 to 2003. We find two distinct sets of changes in the Baffin: First, areas affected by the Atlantic inflow to Baffin Bay show substantial and statistically significant warming trends. In the more than 2000 m deep basin the warming peaks at 0.11 ± 0.06°C/decade at 700 m depth below the 640 m sill depth of Davis Strait connecting Baffin Bay to the North Atlantic Ocean. A vertical heat flux divergence of 0.25 W/m2 is required to warm Baffin Bay below 900 m by the amount observed. The required heat appears to be advected from the shelf and slope regions of the eastern Labrador Sea via Davis Strait along the west Greenland shelf break and diffuses vertically and horizontally into the deep central basin. The North Atlantic Oscillation index accounts for about 30% of the interannual variance of temperature fluctuations below the Davis Strait sill depth. Second, areas affected by Arctic inflow to Baffin Bay show a marginally significant freshening of up to about 0.086 ± 0.039 psu/decade. This freshening trend extends along the western margin of Baffin Island to Davis Strait and into the Labrador Sea. The freshening in the northern reaches of Baffin Bay is similar in size to that at its southern reaches. Temporal variability of annual composites between these locations appears to be in phase, suggesting a swift transition of Arctic waters at 76°N to Labrador Sea waters at 62°N.
MAX‐DOAS O4 measurements: A new technique to derive information on atmospheric aerosols: 2. Modeling studies
Authors: Frieß U. , Monks P. S. , Remedios J. J. , Rozanov A. , Sinreich R. , Wagner T. , Platt U.
Published: July 2006

A new retrieval algorithm for the determination of aerosol properties using Multi‐AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX‐DOAS) measurements based on nonlinear optimal estimation is presented. Using simulated MAX‐DOAS measurements of the optical depth of the collision complex of oxygen (O4) as well as the variation of the intensity of diffuse skylight measured at different viewing directions and wavelengths, the capability of this measurement technique to derive the aerosol extinction profile as well as information on the phase function and single scattering albedo is demonstrated. The information content, vertical resolution and retrieval errors under various atmospheric conditions are discussed. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the assumption of a smooth variation of the aerosol properties between successive measurements can be used to improve the quality of the retrieval by applying a Kalman smoother. The results of these model studies suggest that the achievable precision of MAX‐DOAS measurements of the aerosol total optical depth is better than 0.01 and thus comparable with established methods of aerosol detection by Sun photometers (e.g., within the AERONET network) over a wide range of atmospheric conditions. Moreover, MAX‐DOAS measurements contain information on the vertical profile of the aerosol extinction, and can be performed with relatively simple, robust and self‐calibrating instruments.
Radiation from narrow axial slots on a conducting circular cylinder
Authors: Shin Dong H. , Eom Hyo J.
Published: July 2006

The problem of radiation from narrow axial slots on a conducting circular cylinder with transverse electric (TE11, where the first 1 refers to the number of circumferential variation ad the second 1 refers to the number of radial variation) mode excitation was solved. The Fourier transform and mode matching were used to obtain a set of simultaneous equations. Fast convergent series solutions for radiation, transmission, and reflection coefficients were presented in terms of discrete modal coefficients. A 20‐slot antenna was fabricated, and its radiation patterns were measured. Our numerical results agree favorably with measured data.
Occasional intensification of semidiurnal internal tide in Bungo Channel, Japan
Authors: Kawamura Yuji , Hayami Yuichi , Kohama Takeshi , Kaneda Atsushi , Takeoka Hidetaka
Published: July 2006

Data of mooring observation in Kitanada Bay, located on the eastern coast of Bungo Channel in Japan, obtained during summer 2001 are analyzed to investigate a modification process of the semidiurnal internal tide by density currents, occasionally occurring in the channel. The mooring data show that the semidiurnal internal tide has the character of low vertical mode standing wave. When the bottom slope near the mooring station is near‐critical, the energy of the semidiurnal internal tide in the lower layer reached the maximum value. Since the density current modifies the density stratification occasionally creating the near‐critical condition, it strongly affects the intensity of the semidiurnal internal tide energy in the lower layer.
Influence of mixing on evaluation of the aerosol first indirect effect
Authors: Shao Hongfei , Liu Guosheng
Published: July 2006

The aerosol first indirect effect is known to cool the Earth radiatively. However, its magnitude is very uncertain. One of the difficulties in deriving this effect is caused by the coherent variation between aerosol abundance and meteorological conditions. In this study, we demonstrate that evaluation of the aerosol first indirect effect based on comparisons of clouds with different aerosol concentrations suffers an influence of the different degrees of mixing between clean and polluted clouds. By introducing a new method capable to remove this influence, we show that the strength of the aerosol first indirect effect is about half of that estimated by many previous investigators.
Chlorophyll bloom in the western Pacific at the end of the 1997–1998 El Niño: The role of the Kiribati Islands
Authors: Messié M. , Radenac M.‐H. , Lefèvre J. , Marchesiello P.
Published: July 2006

During the transition between El Niño and La Niña conditions in 1998, a dramatic bloom occurred near the equator around 170°E, with chlorophyll concentrations reaching more than 0.8 mg m−3 in May. Previous studies attributed this bloom to a wind‐driven upwelling and to the shoaling of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC), but they did not explain its particular location near the Kiribati Islands. By combining simulations with observations, we determined that these islands were able to locally disrupt the physical dynamics and the nutrient fields to the extent that they were directly responsible for the location and the amazing strength of the bloom. Our results suggest that an island mass effect was responsible for generating the bloom, while the barrier formed by the islands increased EUC shoaling to the west of them, which explained the bloom peak.
Testing for fault activity at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, using independent GPS results from the BARGEN network
Authors: Hill Emma M. , Blewitt Geoffrey
Published: July 2006

Data from BARGEN GPS stations around Yucca Mountain (YM) have been independently processed using GIPSY‐OASIS and GAMIT/GLOBK. The RMS velocity differences between these solutions is 0.06 mm/yr (east component) and 0.10 mm/yr (north), indicating an ability to resolve tectonic signals >0.3 mm/yr with high confidence. Inversion of GPS station velocities for Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) fault parameters produces an unreasonably deep locking depth of ∼30 km for the Death Valley‐Furnace Creek fault system, contradicting seismological evidence. The GPS cluster locally west of YM observes a strain rate of 17.0 ± 1.8 ns/yr, marginally higher than our ECSZ model predicts (13.9 ± 0.7 ns/yr). Significantly, the cluster to the east observes 22.3 ± 2.1 ns/yr, which is 6.2σ higher than the model (8.6 ± 0.7 ns/yr), suggesting that additional sources of strain more local to YM (<30 km) are currently active, collectively accumulating >0.7 mm/yr.
Using microwave observations to assess large‐scale control of free tropospheric water vapor in the mid‐latitudes
Authors: Brogniez Hélène , Pierrehumbert Raymond T.
Published: July 2006

The hypothesis of large scale control of midlatitude water vapor is evaluated through reconstructions of the water vapor field using a Lagrangian advection‐condensation model without microphysics or diffusion. The reconstruction is validated against satellite observations in the 183.31 ± 1 GHz band from the AMSU‐B radiometer following a model‐to‐satellite approach. Because microwave radiation can penetrate clouds, the validation can be performed for cloudy as well as clear sky scenes, with the exception of very cold or precipitating clouds, which are screened out. The results show very good agreement between the simulated top of the atmosphere radiation and the observations, in clear as well as cloudy regions, with a general bias of less than 2K. The results suggest that cloud microphysics and small scale mixing play at most a secondary role in determining midlatitude free tropospheric humidity except perhaps indirectly through their effect on large scale circulation.