bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Administrative Review the Experience of the First Twelve Years
Authors: Mason Anthony
Published: January 2019

My long-standing interest in our federal system of administrative law traces back to 1968. I then suggested to the Attorney-General (now Sir Nigel Bowen, Chief Justice of the Federal Court) that he establish the Commonwealth Administrative Review Committee (of which I became a member). Through the work of that Committee and later committees and the efforts of Mr Ellicott QC, who subsequently became Attorney-General, the system as we know it today came into being.

The federal system incorporates features of the review structures of the United Kingdom and the United States. As you know, the four elements in the federal system are:

(1)

the Administrative Review Council (‘the ARC’);

(2)

review by the ombudsman;

(3)

judicial review under the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) (‘the ADJR Act’); and

(4)

review on the merits by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (‘the AAT’).
Section 57 of the Constitution — The Sixth Double Dissolution
Authors: Carney G.F.
Published: January 2019

The events leading up to the sixth double dissolution of the Commonwealth Parliament on 2 June 1987 and the subsequent abandonment of the Australia Card Bill 1986 highlight the difficulties any Federal Government faces when negotiating the passage of controversial legislation through a hostile Senate.

In the light of the legislative history of the Australia Card Bill, I propose to discuss the requirement of “identical bills” in s 57 of the Constitution, the amendments which ajoint sitting may consider and finally, the disallowance of regulations by the Senate with reference to s 57.
The Limits and the Social Legacy of Guardianship in Australia
Authors: Carney Terry
Published: January 2019

Guardianship laws either for intellectually disadvantaged people alone, or for anyone with diminished functional capacity (such as victims of brain trauma), are now popular in Australia (other than in Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory) and New Zealand. These laws are based on North American experience, particularly that of the Dependent Adults Act 1976 (Alberta). The common thread is that it permits a guardian to be appointed to manage the property or the personal affairs of the disadvantaged person, or to make one or more of the multitude of decisions lying within these two broad areas of human living.

Contemporary legislation is notable for three things. First, partial orders are permitted (in place of only plenary orders). Indeed they are positively encouraged where any intervention at all is called for (the normalisation principle). Secondly, personal guardianships have been revived (having existed all along under cumbersome equity jurisdictions of – or associated with – superior courts).
Acquired Distinctiveness as a Sole Criterion for the Registration of Trade Marks under Section 25 of the Trade Marks Act 1955 (CTH)
Authors: Agyemang Augustus Asante
Published: January 2019

The Trade Marks Act 1955 (Cth) (referred to in this article as “the Act”) provides in ss 24-26 various criteria for establishing the registrability of trade marks under the Act Those provisions require a trade mark to be distinctive or if not distinctive, capable of becoming distinctive of goods or services in respect of which registration of the trade mark is sought, before it could be registered.

This article examines s 25 of the Act, which provides for the registration of trade marks in Part B of the Trade Marks Register, in the light of some of the decisions of Australian courts. The object is to determine if such decisions conform with the terms of the provision. Some comparisons are made with the relevant provisions of the Trade Marks Act 1938 (UK). The article concludes that given the terms of s 25 of the Act, acquired distinctiveness could be a sole criterion for the registration of trade marks in Part B of the Register. The frrst part of the article considers the background to the section.
The Torres Strait Islands: Some Questions Relating to Their Annexation and Status
Authors: Lumb R D
Published: January 2019

Questions relating to the Torres Strait Islands and the rights of their inhabitants have come before the High Court in the last decade. In one of these cases the High Court examined the constituent instruments by which the islands were annexed to Queensland in the nineteenth century. That case, Wacando v Commonwealth, established that Damley Island, which is situated about 92 miles north-east of Cape York Peninsula, was part of the Colony of Queensland and therefore within its boundaries at federation. The ratio of Wacando centred on the validating provisions of the Colonial Boundaries Act 1895 (Imp). There was however disagreement between various Justices in that case as to the effect of Imperial letters patent and local legislation passed in 1878 and 1879 which raised questions as to British constitutional law and practice relating to the annexation of new territory and the modification of colonial boundaries. These issues will be examined below.
Company Law and the Economics of Federalism
Authors: Ramsay Ian M
Published: January 2019

This essay links corporate regulation with developments in economic and corporate theory. The issue employed for this purpose is one that dates back more than one hundred years: whether companies should be regulated by the national government or by state governments. With the enactment of the Corporations Act 1989 (Cth) and the decision of the High Court in New South Wales v Commonwealth much attention has focused on the constitutional power of the federal government to regulate both the incorporation of companies and the trading activities of companies. A fundamental question however is whether it is better to regulate companies at the national level rather than the state level.
Constitutional Interpretation in the Corporations Case
Authors: Kennett Geoffrey
Published: January 2019

In the recent decision in New South Wales v Commonwealth (hereafter referred to as the Corporations case), the High Court's interpretation of s 51(xx) of the Constitution frustrated the Commonwealth Government's attempt to create a single national system for the regulation of companies and securities by denying the Commonwealth Parliament the ability to legislate for the incorporation of companies. Corporate existence, and the privilege of limited liability which arises from it, flows from registration under applicable companies legislation. The Commonwealth's ability to displace State companies legislation and bring all or most corporations within its scheme would therefore be significantly enhanced by the ability to legislate with respect to the incorporation of companies. The Corporations Act 1989 (Cth) was, for reasons mentioned below, a complex piece of legislation. However, any effort by the Commonwealth to extend its control of corporate regulation without the ability to control incorporation would be likely to generate a system whereby companies came into being by registration under a State Act, but were then bound to conduct their affairs in accordance with Commonwealth legislation - a system which might almost have been constructed by opponents of federalism in order to demonstrate its absurdity.
Sir Edward McTiernan - A Centenary Reflection
Authors: Kirby Michael
Published: January 2019

Year by eventful year, a century has passed since the birth of Edward Aloysius McTiernan on 16 February 1892 at Glen Innes, New South Wales. The second of two children of Patrick McTiernan, police constable, and Isabella McTiernan (nee Diamond) came into a world on the brink of great political and legal changes. His life virtually spanned the whole history to date of the Commonwealth of Australia. It saw mighty wars, great scientific and social changes and the apogee and fall of the British Empire. Instructive it is to reflect upon the world he entered and the controversies which were agitating Australia and the mother country at a time young Edward was born.

A year before his birth, an event was to take place which affected the course of his life. In 1890, provision was first made for the payment of members of Parliament elected at the next general election in the colony of New South Wales.
The Role of the Family Court of Australia in Child Welfare Matters
Authors: Seymour John
Published: January 2019

This paper examines the recent expansion of the powers of the Family Court of Australia with regard to children. The nature of the change was underlined in Marion's case, in which a majority of the High Court confmned that the Family Court had jurisdiction to hear an application relating to the performance of a hysterectomy on a severely retarded girl. No matrimonial dispute was involved. The fact that the Court may deal with children's cases in the absence of such a dispute has implications for State Children's Courts (which apply child welfare legislation) and for State Supreme Courts (in the exercise of the parens patriae jurisdiction). It is these implications which are the principal concern of this paper. Before they are explored, however, it is necessary to consider the Family Court's constitutional and legislative foundations.
Interstate Conflicts and the Enforcement of An Australian State’s “Governmental Interests” Within Australia
Authors: Howard Matthew
Published: January 2019

It has been clearly established in the common law world for a long time that foreign penal and revenue laws are unenforceable in a forum court. Dicey and Morris state the rule thus: “English courts have no jurisdiction to entertain an action for the enforcement, either directly or indirectly, of a penal, revenue or other public law of a foreign State”. While the first two categories of foreign laws are well established, there is considerable doubtt outside of Australiat as to whether the third residual category of “public laws” can be justified.

The High Court in Attorney-General (UK) v Heinemann Publishers Australia Pty Ltd (which will be referred to in this article as “Spycatcher”), was called on to decide whether it would allow a claim of the British Government to be heard in Australia. One of the arguments raised against allowing the action to go ahead was that it would potentially involve an Australian court enforcing a foreign penalt revenue or other public law. In the course of rendering its decisiont the Court reformulated the principles stated above into a broader principle. The Court stated that Australian courts will not enforce the “governmental interests” of a foreign sovereign. By this, the Court meant “the interests of a foreign sovereign which arise from the exercise of certain powers peculiar to government”. This rule or principle will be referred to, in this paper, as the “non-enforcement principle”.
Our Fragmented Federation: Forum Bias and Forum Shopping in Australia
Authors: Moore Cameron
Published: January 2019

In Breavington v Godleman, Deane J stated: Basic to the jurisprudence of this country is the notion that the courts apply, as distinct from make, the law, that is to say, that the law operates contemporaneously to regulate lawfulness and consequences of conduct independently of judicial proceedings. In that context, it would be to substitute the bedlam of a Babel for an ordered system of law to recognise the right of each of the country's court systems, notwithstanding the place of this Court inall of them, to speak at the same time but in conflicting terms about the lawfulness, consequences or attributes of a particular act or thing in a particular place at a particular time.
The Right to Review in the Australian On-Shore Refugee Status Determination Process: Is It an Adequate Procedural Safeguard against Refoulement?
Authors: Taylor Savitri
Published: January 2019

Australia acceded to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (the Refugee Convention) on 21 January 1954 and acceded to the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (the Refugee Protocol) on 13 December 1973. The prohibition on refoulement is the key provision of the Refugee Convention. Article 33(1) provides that no State “shall expel or return (“refouler”) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” Article 33(2) provides that the benefit of article 33(1) cannot be invoked by a refugee “whom there are reasonable grounds for regarding as a danger to the security of the country in which he is, or who, having been convicted by a final judgment of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a danger to the community of that country.”
A Radical Tory: Garfield Barwick's Reflections and Recollections (1995)
Authors: Rumble Gary A
Published: January 2019

Garfield Edward John Barwick, born on 22 June 1903, is undoubtedly one of the most important Australians of the century. As counsel, Barwick had an important role in the landmark cases in the High Court and the Privy Council in the 1940s and the 1950s. As Attorney-General for the Commonwealth through 1958 to 1963, he was involved in initiatives in matrimonial causes, company law and trade practices. Sir Garfield's career also included service as Minister for External Affairs (1961-1964).

This book of his recollections and reflections has a clarity and force which come in part from its simplicity of style and in part from the personality of the author. It provides an important historical record of Sir Garfield's view of a number of key events in Australian history — especially Australian legal history. It also provides insight into the philosophy and values of this influential Australian lawyer.
The Disciples' Lack of Comprehension in the Gospel of Mark
Authors: Hur Unsok
Published: January 2019

This article begins with William Wrede's (1901) suggestion that the writer of the Gospel of Mark added the scene of Jesus predicting his crucifixion and the text indicating that even when Jesus predicts his death his disciples remain unaware of that prediction. I agree with Wrede. Moreover, I argue that several passages describing the disciples’ ignorance throughout Mark's Gospel are the creation of the Marcan gospel writer in order to make sense of the disciples’ ignorance when Jesus predicts his death. The prime example is that when Jesus performed the second miracle of the loaves and fishes, they had totally forgotten the first miracle of the loaves and fishes. To conclude the article, I argue that the disciples’ lack of comprehension described in Mark can be understood as fictional. That is, the description of the disciples in Mark differs from how the disciples actually acted historically. Unlike what is described in Mark, I argue that at the time of Jesus’ crucifixion, the disciples neither ran away from Jesus nor lost faith in Jesus, but they had unwavering trust in him.
Hotel recommendation system by bipartite networks and link prediction
Authors: Kaya Buket
Published: January 2019

With the rapid growth of the Internet in recent years, online social media has become very important for people. People often use social media tools to communicate and share their ideas or experiences regardless of time and place. One of the areas where the use of these tools is widespread is tourism. It is one of the hardest tasks to find a suitable hotel for travellers. There are many websites where accommodation services of the tourism enterprises are evaluated. People share their experiences about the hotels they stayed through these websites. Positive or negative comments are an effective factor in hotel selection. The purpose of this study is to construct a hotel recommendation system based on user’s location using online hotel reviews. The reviews crawled from TripAdvisor.com were filtered according to their total scores, and a dataset was obtained consisting of users and reviews of their liked hotels. For the recommendation task, first, three different bipartite networks consisting of users and hotels were modelled, which were global, country and city based. Then, in these networks, it was recommended hotels to users for their next choice with link prediction methods, using the common hotels where the users prefer to stay in the past. The most successful results were obtained in the city-based network. With this study, it was tried to reduce the time spent reading the online reviews and finding the suitable hotel. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on recommending a hotel using online reviews by bipartite networks.
Mitral valve repair for a patient with presternal esophageal reconstruction
Authors: Zaikokuji Kenta , Mizuno Akihiro , Ogawa Tatsuhito , Saito Jien , Suda Hisao
Published: January 2019

A 68-year-old man presented with dyspnea and pulsation. He had a history of esophagectomy and presternal gastric tube reconstruction for esophageal cancer 1 year earlier. Electrocardiography revealed atrial fibrillation, and an echocardiogram showed severe mitral valve regurgitation and moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation. He underwent mitral valve repair, tricuspid valve annuloplasty, and isolation of bilateral pulmonary veins via a standard median sternotomy. The mitral and tricuspid valves were evaluated by epicardial echocardiography, and both valves were successfully repaired. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient was discharged without any complications 6 days after the operation.
Psychiatrists’ reflections on a medication-free program for patients with psychosis
Authors: Yeisen Rafal AH , Bjørnestad Jone , Joa Inge , Johannessen Jan Olav , Opjordsmoen Stein
Published: January 2019

Background:

Based on a collective action from a number of Norwegian user organizations for mental health, the Norwegian government demanded the regional health authorities to establish a medication-free treatment option for patients with severe mental illnesses. This change in governmental health policy has several direct implications, including making antipsychotic medication to a greater extent optional for patients with active psychosis.

Aims:

The sim of this study was to investigate psychiatrists’ reflections on the public medication-free program and how they think it will affect patients’ adherence to antipsychotics generally.

Method:

We used a thematic analytic approach within an interpretative phenomenological framework. Consecutively semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 23 psychiatrists (16 female, with 4–35 years of specialist experience).

Results:

Thematic analysis revealed four main interrelated themes. Psychiatrists considered medication-free treatment as an unscientific option for a stigmatized patient group; they believed that the advent of such a program is due to proposals from some dissatisfied users and their supporters and not from the majority of patients; in spite of active psychotic symptoms and lack of insight, patients had a crucial impact on choice of treatment and accordingly on adherence to medication; and psychiatrists reported that they in spite of governmental instructions utilized professionalism against unscientific ideology.

Conclusions:

Despite all the internal and external pressure that the psychiatrists reported being exposed to, this did not affect their professional integrity in medical decisions based on guidelines, expertise and research studies. They believed that this treatment option would exacerbate negative attitudes towards medication and further worsen already existing adherence issues.
Panicolytic-like effect of µ1-opioid receptor blockade in the inferior colliculus of prey threatened by Crotalus durissus terrificus pit vipers
Authors: Calvo Fabrício , Almada Rafael Carvalho , dos Anjos-Garcia Tayllon , Falconi- Sobrinho Luiz Luciano , Paschoalin-Maurin Tatiana , Bazaglia-de-Sousa Guilherme , Medeiros Priscila , Silva Juliana Almeida da , Lobão-Soares Bruno , Coimbra Norberto Cysne
Published: January 2019

Background:

The endogenous opioid peptide system has been implicated in the neural modulation of fear and anxiety organised by the dorsal midbrain. Furthermore, previous results indicate a fundamental role played by inferior colliculus (IC) opioid mechanisms during the expression of defensive behaviours, but the involvement of the IC µ1-opioid receptor in the modulation of anxiety- and panic attack-related behaviours remains unclear. Using a prey-versus-snake confrontation paradigm, we sought to investigate the effects of µ1-opioid receptor blockade in the IC on the defensive behaviour displayed by rats in a dangerous situation.

Methods:

Specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were treated with microinjection of the selective µ1-opioid receptor antagonist naloxonazine into the IC at different concentrations (1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 µg/0.2 µL) and then confronted with rattlesnakes ( Crotalus durissus terrificus). The defensive behavioural repertoire, such as defensive attention, flat back approach (FBA), startle, defensive immobility, escape or active avoidance, displayed by rats either during the confrontations with wild snakes or during re-exposure to the experimental context without the predator was analysed.

Results:

The blockade of µ1-opioid receptors in the IC decreased the expression of both anxiety-related behaviours (defensive attention, FBA) and panic attack-related responses (startle, defensive immobility and escape) during the confrontation with rattlesnakes. A significant decrease in defensive attention was also recorded during re-exposure of the prey to the experimental apparatus context without the predator.

Conclusion:

Taken together, these results suggest that a decrease in µ1-opioid receptor signalling activity within the IC modulates anxiety- and panic attack-related behaviours in dangerous environments.
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: diagnostic performance of radiologists with varying levels of experience in comparing MR images acquired using field strengths of 1.5 and 3 Tesla
Authors: Shim Euddeum , Lee Joon Woo , Lee Eugene , Kang Yusuhn , Kang Heung Sik , Kang Woo Young , Im Tae Seong
Published: January 2019

Background

Although both 1.5-Tesla (T) and 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely used for the diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), there have been no comparative studies.

Purpose

This study compared the performance of both imaging modalities for diagnosing CSM among radiologists with varying experience levels.

Material and Methods

Four independent readers with different levels of experience reviewed 1.5-T and 3-T MR images of 79 patients with cervical spondylopathies. For both field strengths, images were evaluated for the depiction of intramedullary T2 hyperintensity of the cord according to disc level using a 5-point scale: –2 = definitely absent; –1 = probably absent; 0 = equivocally absent or present; 1 = probably present; and 2 = definitely present. The score was transformed into a 3-point certainty scale, which converted to absolute value (0 = equivocal, 1 = probable, 2 = definite lesion). Linear mixed model statistics were used to compare the depiction and certainty scale between 1.5-T and 3-T images. Inter-observer agreement was assessed by using Kendall’s W statistics.

Results

Inter-observer agreements among the four readers were 0.718 for 1.5-T and 0.784 for 3-T MR images. Diagnostic accuracy of each reader was slightly increased using 3-T and varied regardless of level of reader experience. The certainty of CSM diagnosis was significantly improved using 3-T field strength. Equivocal lesions were significantly decreased in 3-T MRI in all readers.

Conclusion

Compared with 1.5-T MRI, 3-T imaging increased the certainty of the lesion and decreased the number of equivocal lesions in patients with CSM. Diagnostic accuracy was not affected by levels of reader experience.
Intubation without Muscle Relaxant: An Alternative Technique for Rapid Tracheal Intubation
Authors: Wong A. K. H. , Teoh G. S.
Published: January 2019

The quality of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation with propofol augmented by alfentanil was investigated as an alternative technique for rapid tracheal intubation. 119 patients aged between 18 and 60 years (ASA 1 and 2) undergoing elective surgery were prospectively studied in a randomized double-blind controlled fashion. Tracheal intubation facilitated by suxamethonium 1.0 mg/kg, alfentanil 15 μg/kg, alfentanil 30 μg/kg or saline control was compared after propofol induction. The quality of laryngoscopy and intubation were graded according to jaw relaxation, ease of insertion of the endotracheal tube and coughing on intubation. Failure to intubate occurred in 4% and 17% with alfentanil 15 μg/kg and saline control respectively. Tracheal intubation was successful in all patients with alfentanil 30 μg/kg and suxamethonium 1.0 mg/kg. Alfentanil 15 μg/kg was not statistically significantly different from saline (P = 0.112). Alfentanil 30 μg/kg provided similar overall intubating conditions (P = 0.5) to suxamethonium 1.0 mg/kg. Alfentanil in both dosages effectively attenuated the haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Catchment Ditches along Ohio Roadways
Authors: Davis Jesse W. , Shakoor Abdul
Published: January 2019

The effectiveness of catchment ditches along Ohio roadways was evaluated for 100 sites with the Oregon Rockfall Hazard Rating System (RHRS), the New York State Rock Slope Rating Procedure (RSRP), the Colorado Rockfall Simulation Program (CRSP), and the Oregon Rockfall Catchment Area Design Guide. From the results of this evaluation, 48% of the ditches were ranked as adequate within an acceptable level of risk, 28% were ranked as marginally adequate, and 24% were ranked as inadequate. Although qualitative in nature, the ditch evaluation portion of the Oregon RHRS was found useful. None of the ditches evaluated met the Ritchie ditch depth criteria as used in RSRP. CRSP provided valuable information when the entire road cut was accessible for data collection. Because of slope height restrictions, the Oregon Rockfall Catchment Area Design Guide provided ditch evaluations for only 44% of the sites.
Economic Incentives to Mitigate Impacts of State Low-Emission Vehicle Standard for Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Authors: Kornfield Thomas , Skolnik Jonathan
Published: January 2019

Economic incentive concepts that might reduce the likelihood that heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) operators will move their base operations out of California as a result of potential low-emission standards for HDVs based in the state are examined. In particular, 11 economic incentives that fall into the categories of rebates, taxes and fees, loans, and trading measures are examined. The results support the adoption of a fee-bate system under which registration fees would be based on the emission contributions of HDVs. Such a system could be applied to instate and out-of-state HDVs, thereby eliminating the incentive for operators to relocate outside California while encouraging the purchase and use of low-emission HDVs.
Modal Emissions Modeling: A Physical Approach
Authors: Barth Matthew , An Feng , Norbeck Joseph , Ross Marc
Published: January 2019

Mobile source emission models currently used by state and federal agencies (e.g., Environmental Protection Agency's MOBILE and California Air Resources Board's EMFAC) are often inadequate for analyzing the emissions impact of various transportation control measures, intelligent transportation systems, alternative fuel vehicles, and more sophisticated inspection/maintenance programs contained in most state air quality management plans. These emission models are based on the assumption that vehicle running exhaust emissions can be represented as integrated values for a specific driving cycle, and then later adjusted by speed correction factors. What is needed in addition to these “regional-type” mobile source models is an emissions model that considers at a more fundamental level the modal operation of a vehicle (i.e., emissions that directly relate to vehicle operating modes such as idle, steady-state cruise, various levels of acceleration/deceleration, and so forth). A new modal-emissions modeling approach that is deterministic and based on analytical functions that describe the physical phenomena associated with vehicle operation and emissions productions is presented. This model relies on highly time-resolved emissions and vehicle operation data that must be collected from a wide range of vehicles of varying emission control technologies. Current emission modeling techniques are discussed and the modeling approach and implementation plan for a new, three-year NCHRP Project entitled “Development of a Modal Emissions Model” are described.
Strategies for Reducing Energy Consumption and Emissions in Texas Transportation Sector
Authors: Euritt Mark A. , Martello Mike , Qin Jiefeng , Weissmann Angela , Bernow Stephen , Fulmer Mark , Peters Irene
Published: January 2019

Texas is the nation's highest energy consumer, and it is the highest emitter of carbon dioxide. Texans consume 23 percent more energy per capita on transportation than the nation as a whole. The state's contribution to global climate stabilization and local environmental quality requires reexamination of its transportation system. In this study, four scenarios were constructed reflecting different energy strategies that Texas could pursue to address these issues. These alternative scenarios were measured against a reference scenario that reflects current trends in transport policy. The first alternative, a “roll-back” scenario, examined the consequences of revoking the current alternative fuels programs. Moderate, aggressive and visionary scenarios were also developed consisting of increasingly aggressive policies to reduce energy consumption and emissions. Included in the analyses are various transportation control measures, employee trip-reduction programs, broader use of telecommunications technologies, accelerated vehicle scrappage, “feebates,” mode shifts from automobile to various public transit alternatives and from truck to rail freight, and fuel taxes. The effects of these measures are discussed to identify the ones that have the greatest impact. Only if very aggressive policies are adopted—such as those modeled in the visionary scenario—will transport energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Texas stabilize, let alone decline. The major stumbling block to implementing such an aggressive suite of transportation policies is the long time frame required for the impacts to come to fruition; the conclusion is political difficulties in taking a long-term perspective will need to be overcome.
State Vehicle Fleets and Their Potential Acquisition of Alternative Fuel Vehicles under EPACT 507
Authors: Hu P. S. , Wang M. Q.
Published: January 2019

Section 507(o) of the Energy Policy Act (EPACT) requires state governments to purchase an increasing percentage of alternative fuel vehicles for their light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleets. This requirement began in model year 1996. To determine the effect of this mandate, the total number of state vehicles that may be covered under this mandate and the number of alternative-fuel LDVs that may be acquired is estimated. In addition, operating characteristics, fuel use, turnover rate, and refueling practices of state fleet vehicles are presented.
Application of Network-Level Pavement Management System Technology to a Unique Pavement Deterioration Problem
Authors: Helali K. , Kazmierowski T.J. , Bradbury A. , Karan M. A.
Published: January 2019

A study is described that was conducted in response to the premature deterioration of dense friction course/open friction course (DFC/OFC) hot mix surfaces with steel slag aggregates in the greater Toronto area. The deterioration manifested itself in the form of severe raveling and early formation of map cracking. A network-level pavement management system (PMS) was applied to this unique problem. A pavement condition evaluation was conducted, and a steel slag DFC/OFC-specific deterioration model was developed. The application of the PMS has been efficient. It facilitated estimating the rehabilitation needs, prioritizing the rehabilitation strategies, and demonstrating the most cost-effective budget.
Backcalculation of Pavement Profiles from Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves Test by Neural Networks Using Individual Receiver Spacing Approach
Authors: Gucunski N. , Krstic V.
Published: January 2019

The Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method is a seismic technique for in situ evaluation of elastic moduli and layer thicknesses for layered systems, such as pavements and soils. The objective of the SASW test is to obtain the experimental dispersion curve and, through an inversion procedure, obtain the profile of an elastic moduli of the layered system. The inversion process in practice uses an average of dispersion curves for different receiver spacings. Results of theoretical studies indicate that differences in dispersion curves for various spacings are a result of interference of a number of body and surface waves. The development and application of neural networks to perform the inversion procedure for SASW testing of asphalt concrete (AC) pavements is presented. The most important feature of the developed network is that training of the network was done by the dispersion curves for individual receiver spacings. The training set consists of dispersion curves for seven receiver spacings and 78 dimensionless frequencies, while output is presented by elastic moduli and layer thicknesses of a four-course AC pavement. The dispersion curves used to train the neural networks are synthetic dispersion curves developed from numerical simulations of the SASW test. The obtained neural network model is compared to the previously developed model for backcalculation of moduli from the SASW test based on the averaged dispersion curve. Although both approaches can accurately define profiles, each has some advantages in evaluation of the thickness of the subbase.
Neural Modeling of Kansas Soil Swelling
Authors: Najjar Yacoub M. , Basheer Imad A. , Mcreynolds Richard
Published: January 2019

Damage due to soil swelling is very noticeable in a wide spectrum of structures such as roads, buildings, canal linings, and landfill liners. To control or overcome any damage, swelling soils are commonly chemically stabilized (e.g., by lime treatment). To evaluate the severity of swelling and design for the best and most economical stabilization strategy, an accurate assessment of the swell potential is acquired. In this study, a huge data base representing 413 soils retrieved from 45 different projects covering 28 counties in Kansas was used to develop prediction models. Neural network-based models and a statistical model were developed. It is shown that neural models provide significant improvements in prediction accuracy over statistical models.
Three-Dimensional Image Analysis of Aggregate Particles from Orthogonal Projections
Authors: Kuo C.-Y. , Frost J.D. , Lai J.S. , Wang L.B.
Published: January 2019

Digital image analysis provides the capability for rapid measurement of particle characteristics. When an image is captured and digitized, numerous measurements can be made in near real time for each particle. Usually, image analysis techniques treat particles as two-dimensional objects since only the two-dimensional projection of the particles is captured. In this study, three-dimensional analysis of aggregate particles that was performed by attaching aggregates in sample trays with two perpendicular faces is described. After the initial projected image of the aggregates is captured and measured, the sample trays are rotated 90 degrees so that the aggregates are now perpendicular to their original orientation and the dimensions of the aggregates in the new projected image are captured and measured. The long, intermediate, and short particle dimensions ( dL, dI, and dS, respectively) provide direct measures of the flatness and elongation of the particles. Some other shape indexes can also be derived from the measurements of area and perimeter length. The proposed image analysis method was verified by comparing the results obtained with manual measurements of particle dimensions for uniform size [passing 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) sieve and retained on 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) sieve] aggregates. Three-dimensional image analysis was also performed on five aggregates of standard size No. 89 from different sources, and the results are summarized herein. The proposed method is expected to improve field quality control of aggregates used in hot mix asphalt.
Evaluating Clay Microfabric Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Digital Information Processing
Authors: Penumadu Dayakar
Published: January 2019

Several aspects related to the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of clay microfabric are presented. A digital image processing technique called “intensity gradient analysis” is used in evaluating clay microfabric from scanning electron micrographs. Details are given of three computer programs (histogram.c, average.c and ellipse.c) that provide for the quantitative analysis of the orientation of clay particles. The important aspects related to sample and surface preparation, digital image acquisition, and analysis are explained. Two natural clays, Pennsylvanian fire clay and Pleistocene varved glacial lake clay, considered in the analysis show well-defined preferred and random fabric. The polar histograms of the intensity gradient analysis for the two clays are compared at varying magnifications, and conclusions were drawn. The output data was conveniently reduced to a few parameters that indicate the strength and magnitude of a given orientation. The concept of fabric index is used to quantitatively describe the preferential or randomness of clay microfabric. A simple scheme is proposed by which clay microfabric is classified as preferred when the fabric index is less than a value of 0.75 and random otherwise. The advantages of the signal intensity gradient method are that it is based on intensity changes rather than absolute values, the rosette diagrams of several micrographs can simply be added to get an overall idea, and it provides a common frame of reference for description of microfabric. The disadvantages are that it requires careful surface preparation, and the technique is valid for linear features. With the advent of inexpensive and powerful image processing tools, the technique has the potential to become a routine tool for the orientation analysis of clay micrographs seen in scanning electron microscopy.
Experiment with Reduced Salting of Rural Main Roads in Finland
Authors: Kallberg Veli-Pekka
Published: January 2019

An experiment was conducted in the road district of Kuopio in the winters of 1992–1993 and 1993–1994 in which the use of salt in winter maintenance on rural main roads was reduced to 1 to 2 T/road kilometer from the approximately 10 T of salt that typically had been used per road kilometer in similar conditions in recent years. On the experimental roads, salting was replaced by sanding. The cost of winter maintenance on the experimental roads increased by 20 percent on average, and the increase was higher on roads with higher traffic volumes. Slippery conditions due to ice and snow on the road surface were twice as frequent (30 to 40 percent of the time) on the experimental roads as on the control roads in the neighboring road district. There were 27 injury accidents on the experimental roads in the first winter and 25 in the second. This was about the same as the average of the five previous winters. Because the accident trend on other roads in the same time was decreasing, it was concluded that the experiment increased the number of injury accidents by approximately 20 percent on most experimental road sections. Reduced salting decreased the sodium and chloride concentrations in the needles of roadside pine trees. There were also indications of decreased sodium and chloride concentrations in groundwater. Three quarters of the population in the area was pleased with the experiment.
Snow and Ice Control System Based on Slipperiness Data Transmitted by Drivers: Usefulness of Subjective Slipperiness Data
Authors: Nakatsuji Takashi , Fujiwara Takashi , Hagawara Toru , Onodera Yuki
Published: January 2019

In Japan, the regulation of studded tires requires the establishment of new countermeasures for effective ice control on slippery roads in winter. The most important information for snow and ice control systems is determining the slipperiness of road surfaces. To detect the slipperiness simply and precisely, a monitoring system was examined in which drivers judged the slipperiness. To evaluate the suitability of such slipperiness data, three investigations were carried out: (a) the relationship between the road condition classification and the slipperiness index, (b) the effectiveness of the subdivision of road classification, and (c) the comparison of slipperiness indexes with the actual friction coefficients. To address the first problem, the road conditions were investigated for 1 month with the cooperation of 10 taxi companies. It was found that the subjective slipperiness index was more sensitive to changes in weather conditions than the road classifications, and that icy roads do not always correspond to slippery roads. That is, there was a limitation on expressing road conditions by road classification. For the second problem, a similar investigation was performed by subdividing the road conditions into more classes. It was concluded that the subdivision of road classification is not so effective in precisely representing the slipperiness of roads. For the third problem, it was clarified that the subjective slipperiness indexes more or less agree with the actual friction coefficients. As for the results, the slipperiness index showed potential for use in snow and ice control systems.
Hot In-Place Recycling of Asphalt Pavements: Oregon Experience
Authors: Rogge David F. , Hislop Walter P. , Dominick Richard L.
Published: January 2019

A study was carried out to evaluate the potential of using hot in-place recycling (HIR) as a rehabilitation alternative in Oregon. Data from six Oregon Department of Transportation HIR projects constructed in 1992–1993 were analyzed. The construction equipment, pavement properties, project selection, mix design, and resulting performance are summarized and presented. Only one HIR project was successful in rejuvenating the pavement and restoring ride quality. Of particular interest are the problems encountered in the other projects, which are discussed and show the importance of preliminary engineering and project selection for successful HIR. The lessons learned from the six projects are used as guidelines for selecting suitable candidate pavements for HIR. The results from the HIR projects combined with a literature review and limited laboratory testing led to a recommended HIR mix design procedure. Significant findings include the following: (a) HIR is a developing technology that shows promise for properly selected projects, (b) project selection is the most critical step in the HIR process, and (c) critical mix design inputs come from testing in situ pavement properties and laboratory specimens remolded with rejuvenating agent added.
Implementing Integrated Transportation Planning in Metropolitan Planning Organization: Procedural and Analytical Issues
Authors: Reinke David , Malarkey Daniel
Published: January 2019

Integrated transportation planning is an emerging transportation planning concept that is intended to help seek those policies, programs, and projects that meet a given set of transportation goals and objectives for the minimum total social cost. Its elements include analysis of a full range of alternatives, the use of benefit-cost analysis to compare alternatives, public involvement in the development and evaluation of alternatives, analysis of uncertainties in forecasts of future conditions, and continuous monitoring of transportation system performance. The theory and methods of integrated transportation planning for implementation by a metropolitan planning organization developed for the Puget Sound Regional Council are discussed. The discussion includes how integrated transportation planning fits into the strategic planning process, the similarities and differences between integrated transportation planning and the current transportation planning process, and the analytic issues raised by implementing integrated transportation planning.
Transportation, Congestion, and Density: New Insights
Authors: Dunphy Robert T. , Fisher Kimberly
Published: January 2019

Part of the case for higher density development is based on the belief that compact urban forms are more efficient than low density development known as suburban sprawl. Some broad relationships among driving, transit use, urban form, and congestion using urban area data, and special analysis of the 1990 National Personal Transportation Survey are examined. Although generally supporting the prevailing wisdom, the regional data show that there are other factors involved in explaining such differences, and the national household data present a less robust relationship. The national data show that there are significant differences in the household characteristics of persons living at different density levels—characteristics that are themselves important determinants of travel. Issues relating to these findings in the context of public policies on development and transportation are explored.
Challenges toTraining for Use of Changeable-Message Signs: Implications for Intelligent Transportation Systems
Authors: Miller John S. , Newman Bruce R.
Published: January 2019

Following the creation of an operator's manual for the effective use of changeable-message signs (CMSs), the Virginia Transportation Research Council (VTRC) developed and taught a pilot short course on how to use the signs effectively. The 1-day course included an overview of pitfalls to avoid when using CMSs, a training video depicting motorists who are not focused on a CMS, an explanation of the challenges of CMS operations, and case studies in which the participants apply the operator's manual to determine effective CMS usage. Experience with teaching the course suggests that although research is a vital component of CMS operation, training will also be required to successfully deploy intelligent transportation system (ITS) communication technologies. Such tasks as determining the proper audience for ITS training, establishing what lessons should be taught, and developing examples that impart these lessons meaningfully render the establishment of an ITS training program more difficult than might be initially suspected. For instance, while previous research and the VTRC operator's manual note that multiple-screen messages are difficult to understand, the need to keep messages to one or two screens becomes clear only when highly illustrative methods are used, such as videotape of motorists not paying attention to a CMS. It is suggested that the lessons learned from such challenges be extended to training for future ITS technologies.