bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abundance and Consumption Rate of Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Peaches and Plums
Authors: Andersen Peter C. , Mizell Russell F. , Brodbeck Brent V. , Beckman Thomas G. , Krewer Gerard
Published: September 2017

Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar), the glassy-winged sharpshooter, is a primary vector of phony peach and plum leaf scald diseases caused by Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. A survey of H. vitripennis on peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] varieties established that leafhopper abundances varied from 0–13 per tree. Prunus persica cvs. Flordaking and June Gold and Prunus salicina Lindl. (cvs. Methley and Santa Rosa) were then budded on each of 3 P. persica rootstocks (cvs. Aldrighi, Lovell and Nemaguard). Leafhopper abundance was monitored on each of the two scions budded on each rootstock and on non budded rootstocks over a 2-yr period. The genotypes were container-grown in Year 1 and were planted in the field in Year 2. For both years leafhopper abundance was greatest during early June and on Methley and Santa Rosa cultivars compared with the peach genotypes. The feeding rates of leafhoppers were substantially higher on plum scions than on peach scions, and nocturnal feeding rates were often higher than daytime feeding rates. Mean leafhopper feeding rates were correlated with leafhopper abundance on Prunus genotypes from 3–8 June in a quadratic manner (F = 53.8; df = 2,12; R2 = 0.90; P < 0.0001); the mean nighttime feeding rate was best correlated linearly to mean cumulative leafhopper abundance (F= 446.9; df = 1,13; R2 = 0.972; P < 0.0001).
Phenology and Development of the Yellow Rose Aphid, Acythrosiphon porosum (Sanderson), in Northern Florida and Southern Georgia
Authors: Mizell Russell F. , Hudson William G.
Published: September 2017

The yellow rose aphid, Acythrosiphon porosum (Sanderson), is a cosmopolitan pest of roses and strawberries. Acythrosiphon porosum is one of only a few arthropod pests of roses occurring in northern Florida and southern Georgia. Hybrid roses are widely planted around the city of Thomasville, GA, which is known as the Rose City. Three ‘Grandiflora’ rose cultivars ‘Queen Elizabeth’, ‘Roundelay’ and ‘Spartan’ were used to determine cultivar and location effects on A. porosum seasonal abundance and natural enemies. Developmental rate, longevity and nymph production of A. porosum were also investigated at 4 temperatures, 10.0, 15.5, 21.1, and 26.7°C, in environmental chambers using cut leaf discs of ‘Queen Elizabeth’ on agar plates. Acythrosiphon porosum occurred throughout much of the year except for the coldest winter and warmest summer months and reached highest populations during the cooler weather of spring and fall. Cultivar differences were statistically significant at all locations where ‘Queen Elizabeth’ averaged higher aphids per leaf than ‘Roundelay’, which averaged higher aphids than ‘Spartan’. Aphid numbers did not significantly differ in comparisons of leaves sampled from the bottom, middle or top third of the plant's canopy height. Developmental rate calculated as the time from nymph to nymph was most rapid (x̄ = 10.3 d) at 21.1 °C, but no aphid development was observed at 26.7°C. Total egg production was highest (x̄ = 27.5 nymphs per aphid) at 10.0°C as was longevity of 60.1 d. Highest nymph production (1.5 per d) was observed at 21.1 °C. Many generalist predators and two parasitoid species were found in low numbers attacking A. porosum: Syrphophagous aphidovorus (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Encyrticidae) and Ephedius sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae).
Developmental Variation in the Dermal Glands and Wax Secretions of the Mealybug, Phenacoccus fraxinus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Zhang Yanfeng , Xie Yingping , Xue Jiaoliang , Liu Weimin
Published: September 2017

A microscopic study of the dermal glands and wax secretions of the mealybug Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang demonstrated that the type, structure, size, quantity and distribution of dermal glands varied with life stage. These variations resulted in different quantities and morphology of waxy secretions with development. The apertures of the trilocular pores were initially small, irregular narrow seams on 1st instars. By the 3rd nymphal stage, these apertures were large and figure-8 shaped. Slender wax filaments were produced in the 1st stage, whereas wax filaments produced in the 3rd stage had an indentation along the middle. These tilocular pores were distributed on the dorsum and the venter of both stages, corresponding to the shape of the aperture. Quinquilocular pores were characterized by a thick rim and were scattered on the ventral surface, but these were not distributed in spiracle furrows as observed with other scale insects. Tubular ducts were composed of 2 layers—outer and inner ductiles—that resulted in the wax secreted from them being long, hollow filaments that served as a framework for the cocoon and ovisac structures. Wax production from these tubular ducts occurred at two distinct times during development. One occurred in late autumn and was produced by the older 2nd -instar nymphs. These waxy filaments were used to construct cocoons for the overwintering mealybugs. The other event occurred in early summer with adult females. These filaments were used to construct the ovisac. During other times of the year, these tubular ducts produced no additional wax.
Response of Tortricid Moths and Non-Target Insects to PheromoneTrap Color in Commercial Apple Orchards
Authors: Myers Clayton T. , Krawczyk Grzegorz , Agnello Arthur M.
Published: September 2017

Pheromone traps are a widely-used tool for monitoring pest activity in commercial apple orchards. Studies were conducted to evaluate delta-style traps painted with different colors (orange, red, yellow, green, blue, and white) for capture of obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), as well as nontarget muscoid flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and honeybees, Apis mellifera L. An additional study evaluated plastic, four-sided LepTrap® traps of various colors in comparison with a standard delta trap for capture of obliquebanded leafroller, oriental fruit moth, tufted apple bud moth (Platynota idaeusalis (Walker)), and codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.). Capture of obliquebanded leafroller and oriental fruit moth was not significantly affected by trap color. Capture of nontarget flies and honeybees tended to be higher in blue and white (both painted and unpainted) delta-style traps in New York apple orchards, although there was some variability in this response by orchard site. There were no differences in capture of 4 pest species in Pennsylvania between colored, plastic LepTrap® traps and standard unpainted white delta-style traps. Given the observed differences in nontarget capture and the improved efficiencies of finding traps placed within tree canopies, we recommend using yellow, red, or orange delta traps for monitoring of obliquebanded leafroller, oriental fruit moth, and tufted apple bud moth in apple production areas in the eastern United States.
Assessing the Efficacy of a Product Containing Bacillus thuringiensis Applied to Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Foundation as a Control for Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Ellis Amanda M. , Hayes G. W.
Published: September 2017

Greater (Galleria mellonella L.) and lesser wax moth (Achroia grisella F.) larval feeding can cause significant damage in active honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies and stored equipment. This damage may lead to significant material and financial losses. Traditional control methods use toxic chemicals that may leave residues in wax and honey and are potentially hazardous to bees and humans. In this study, we evaluated the use of a product (B401®; Vita [Europe] Ltd., Basingstoke, UK) that contains Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, a bacterium that is not harmful to bees or humans. The main objectives of our research were to determine if B401 could be successfully applied to the midrib of foundation during its production and if combs constructed on the foundation were protected from wax moth damage. B401 significantly reduced the comb damage score that was given to combs on a scale from 0–10, with 0 equal to no damage and 10 equal to complete damage (B401 = 1.70 ± 0.39 and 0.45 ±0.16, control = 8.55 ± 0.32 and 3.80 ± 0.71) and the proportion of larvae surviving at 6 wk (B401 = 0.69 = 0.07, control = 0.95 ± 0.04). Yet, as administered in our study, the product did not eliminate all wax moth damage to combs.
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Little Ohoopee River Dunes, Emanuel County, Georgia
Authors: MacGown Joe A. , Hill JoVonn G. , Deyrup Mark
Published: September 2017

Ants were surveyed at the Ohoopee Dunes Natural Area and the Ohoopee Dunes Preserve in Emanuel Co., Georgia. Seventy-seven species were collected from the dunes including a new state record, Paratrechina phantasma Trager, and a distinctive species of Forelius that appears to be undescribed. Native ants dominated the sites, with exotic species generally being relegated to disturbed areas along the margins of the sites.
Pheromone Production by the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Fed Cotton Squares and Bolls
Authors: Spurgeon D. W. , Suh C. P.-C.
Published: September 2017

The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, produces pheromone on a variety of diets, but access to flower buds (squares) or small fruit (bolls) of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., is thought necessary for high levels of pheromone production. However, estimates of the pheromone emitted by weevils fed bolls are not available. We used headspace collections to determine (1) whether male weevils already emitting pheromone could sustain production on bolls, and (2) whether pheromone emission could be initiated on a boll diet. Male weevils switched to a diet of small (12 - 15 mm diam) or medium (20 - 23 mm diam) sized bolls after feeding on squares (5 - 7 mm diam) for 7 d maintained pheromone releases at levels ≥ that of weevils remaining on squares through the 13th day of adulthood. Pheromone composition did not vary substantially among the diets. When the diets were provided beginning at adult eclosion, weevils initiated pheromone emission similarly on all diets, but weevils fed small bolls released the most pheromone by day 9 of adulthood. No difference in pheromone composition was observed among the diet treatments. In addition, weevils that entered diapause by the end of the experiments produced only small amounts of pheromone. The high levels of pheromone production by weevils fed bolls may be ecologically important in ensuring that potential overwintering females are mated before emigrating from maturing cotton. Our findings also suggest that diminished competition between naturally-produced pheromone and traps is not an adequate explanation for commonly observed increases in late-season captures by pheromone traps.
History, Distribution, Damage, and Life Cycle of a Pine Shoot Gall Sawfly, Xyela gallicaulis (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae)
Authors: Yates Harry O. , Smith David R.
Published: September 2017

Larvae of Xyela gallicaulis Smith cause shoot stem galls in young pines. Loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., is the most seriously damaged, but galls have been observed on slash pine, P. elliottii var. elliottii Engelm., and shortleaf pine, P. echinata Mill. Studies in Virginia and Georgia confirm a 2-year life cycle. Larval development takes 4 - 6 wks. After feeding, larvae bore out of the galls and drop to the ground where they form a papery cocoon in the soil to pupate, and where they remain for 22 - 25 months. Adults emerge from cells constructed in the soil from early-December to mid-January of the second year. Eggs are inserted into the vegetative buds during odd-numbered years. Insect associates found feeding in or on gall tissues are the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Tortricidae), and the weevil Conotrachelus carolinensis Schoof (Curculionidae).
Oral and Topical Toxicity of Fipronil to Melon Fly and Oriental Fruit Fly (Diptera:Tephritidae)
Authors: Stark John D. , Vargas Roger , Miller Neil , Chaney Nancy
Published: September 2017

The objective of this study was to develop oral and topical toxicity data for fipronil in Solulys protein bait to wild melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), and the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). For the oral study, both females and males were evaluated, whereas in the contact study only females were evaluated. The 24 h oral LC50 estimates for female B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis were 113 and 108 mg ai/l, respectively. Female B. cucurbitae were more susceptible than males, but female and male B. dorsalis were equally susceptible to fipronil after the oral route of exposure. Female B. cucurbitae were significantly less susceptible to the fipronil-bait mixture after topical exposure compared with feeding exposure. However, female B. dorsalis were equally susceptible to either route of exposure. At the LC50, B. dorsalis was significantly more susceptible than B. cucurbitae by the topical route of exposure. At the LC90, B. dorsalis was significantly more susceptible than B. cucurbitae by both oral and topical routes of exposure. Results of this study indicate that there are differences In susceptibility between B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis to fipronil, especially at the LC90. Bactrocera dorsalis was more susceptible to fipronil than B. cucurbitae by oral and topical routes of exposure. LC90 estimates were significantly lower than the 5,333 mg ai/l applied to Amulet Attract and Kill Stations for control of B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis.
Expansion of Distribution Records for Nine Subfamilies Of Carabidae (Coleoptera) With Two New Records in Turkey
Authors: Avgin Sakine Serap , Nodmar Owe
Published: September 2017

Carabid (Coleoptera: Carabidae) specimens from various environs in Turkey were examined. Eighty-one species/subspecies representing 20 genera in 9 subfamilies were identified. The subfamilies represented were Brachininae (5 species/subspecies), Broscinae (1 species), Carabinae (24 species/subspecies), Elaphrinae (1 species), Nebriinae (6 species/subspecies), Omophorninae (1 species), Paussinae (1 species), Scartinae (5 species/subspecies), and Trechinae (37 species/subspecies). All but a few of these species/subspecies are new records of distribution in several Turkish provinces. Furthermore, identification of Bembidion (Be-mbidionetolitzkya) cyaneum Chaudoir, 1846 and Bembidion (Bembidionetolitzkya) coeruleum Audinet-Serville, 1821 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae) are the first recorded occurrences of these species in Turkey. Previously published records from Turkey, geographical distribution and chorotype information are provided for each species.
An Annotated Checklist and Review of the Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) of the Syrian Arab Republic with New Locality Records
Authors: Avgin Sakine Serap , Wiesner Jürgen
Published: September 2017

An annotated list of the tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) reported from the Syrian Arab Republic was developed from existing literature and collections. Thirteen species/subspecies representing 7 genera are confirmed as occurring in modern-day Syria. These are differentiated from those reported from regions adjacent to the Syrian borders and likely to occur in Syria and from those reported from ancient Syria and likely do not occur in modern-day Syria. Habitat and distribution records along with other available remarks are provided for each species listed. These data further clarify the occurrence of tiger beetles in the Syrian Arab Republic and its environs.
Gênese Instrumental do GeoGebra na Formação de Professores
Authors: Basso Marcus , Notare Márcia Rodrigues
Published: September 2017

Este artigo apresenta a análise do processo de gênese instrumental pessoal a partir de atividades de geometria dinâmica desenvolvidas no Curso de Especialização Matemática - Mídias Digitais - Didática do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Matemática da UFRGS, na modalidade a distância para professores do Ensino Básico. O artigo também apresenta análise de indícios de gênese instrumental profissional a partir de implementação de situações de aprendizagem utilizando o software GeoGebra. As análises encontram ancoragem na abordagem instrumental de Rabardel (1995) e fazem parte de pesquisa desenvolvida em cooperação com o Laboratoire de Didactique Andre Revuz da Université Denis Diderot – Paris 7. Identificou-se, mediante estudo de caso, avanços no processo de gênese instrumental pessoal do GeoGebra. Da mesma forma, identificou-se indícios do processo de gênese instrumental profissional, na qual o professor-cursista propôs o uso do GeoGebra como um instrumento didático.
Dos livros didáticos para os cadernos de matemática: a emergência dos saberes profissionais
Authors: Valente Wagner Rodrigues
Published: September 2017

O texto analisa a emergência dos saberes profissionais do professor que ensina matemática a partir da inclusão de novas referências que são constituídas no estado de São Paulo, desde finais do século XIX. A análise leva em consideração as categorias “saber a ensinar” e “saber para ensinar” vindas de estudos que conjugam o desenvolvimento histórico-didático da formação de professores. Como documentos de pesquisa o estudo lança mão de livros didáticos e cadernos de aulas indicados para o trabalho dos professores que ensinam matemática. Os resultados do estudo mostram que a passagem de uma cultura do ensino secundário para o estabelecimento de uma formação profissional do professor tem lugar nos saberes objetivados pelos novos materiais, pelos cadernos de aulas. Tais materiais configuram saberes pedagógicos, saberes para ensinar, a “matemática para ensinar” como referência profissional do professor que ensina matemática.
Histórias da posição cientifico-acadêmica da Educação Matemática no Brasil: sistematização e perspectivas
Authors: Fernandes Filipe Santos
Published: September 2017

Este texto busca apresentar uma sistematização das pesquisas que centram seu interesse na produção de histórias – ou, que ocasionalmente tratam de aspectos de historicidade – da posição científico-acadêmica da Educação Matemática no Brasil. Junto a um conjunto de investigações, foi possível estabelecer cinco categorias: a) Investigações que discutem a constituição e consolidação da Educação Matemática como campo profissional e científico; b) Investigações sobre a construção de sociedades organizadas, de atuação político-institucional; c) Investigações que estudam a formação de grupos de estudo, pesquisa e trabalho em Educação Matemática; d) Investigações que analisam a inserção da Educação Matemática em programas de pós-graduação no país; e e) Investigações que, ao discutirem dimensões da pesquisa em Educação Matemática, tocam em questões da historicidade dessa área de pesquisa. Ao elaborar tal sistematização pretendemos mostrar como a Educação Matemática tem se ocupado com essa discussão, de modo a permitir que perspectivas de investigação sejam evidenciadas e outras questões de cunho historiográfico sejam colocadas.
The nutritional status and nutrition habits in a group of patients with end stage renal failure treated with hemodialysis
Authors: Moszak Małgorzata , Kucharski Marcin Andrzej , Kondracka Ewelina , Grzymisławski Marain
Published: September 2017

Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status and nutrition habits in a group of patients with end stage renal failure treated with hemodialysis.Material and Methods. The study group consisted of 50 patients treated with hemodialysis, including 16 women and 34 men. The average age of researched patients was 67.02 ± 10.71 years. We used an authorial questionnaire in the research, which contained questions about feeding behavior and nutritional status. In addition, patients underwent anthropometric measurements.Results. The research revealed that the nutritional status of patients with chronic kidney disease treated with hemodialysis was poor. The supply of energy, carbohydrates, protein and dietary fiber in the studied group were 1583.41 ± 379.55 kcal, 222.68 ± 55.08 g, 63.75 ± 15.25 g and 55.75 ± 18.55 g respectively, which were all below the standard daily requirement. The deficiencies of magnesium, iron and vitamins were also observed. More than half of respondents (52%) ate only 3 meals a day.Conclusions. The results of research show that both – nutritional state and eating habits of patients were abnormal and deviated from the dietary recommendations for this group of patients. Changes of the nutrition will positively influence the nutritional state of patients, as well as improve their quality and length of life.
Evaluation of the effect of selected social and demographic criteria on the frequency of the consumption of lunch and products purchased at school by pupils
Authors: Kwiatkowska Małgorzata , Walczak Zbigniew , Wawrzyniak Agata
Published: September 2017

Introduction. The research shows that eating disorders currently occur in 22% of girls and 28% of boys. Such high overweight and obesity rates are often caused by unbalanced diet, low nutritional awareness of students and parents and, in consequence, bad nutritional habits developed at home. Nutritional awareness of mothers can affect the  dietary behaviour and choices of children and, in consequence, their proper nutritional status. Aim. The aim of the research was to evaluate the frequency of the consumption of breakfast and lunch prepared at home and the frequency of purchases in school shops and vending machines in relation to the child’s sex and the mother’s educational level.Material and Methods. The research material consisted of a survey questionnaire from 76 children aged 9 years, containing questions related to the frequency of consuming breakfast and lunch prepared at home, the frequency of purchasing food products in school shops/vending machines in the past three months and the types of those products.Results. On the basis of conducted research, it was found that the sex of a child did not have any effect on the number of meals consumed (p = 0.14), the frequency of consuming breakfast at home (p = 0.44), the frequency of consuming lunch (brought from home) at school (p = 0.46), or the frequency of purchasing products in school shops/vending machines (p = 0.50). It was found that mothers’ educational level had an effect on dietary habits of children (p < 0.001). Children of mothers with vocational education significantly more often did not consume breakfast at home. Mother’s education also showed a statistically significant effect on the frequency of consuming lunch at school (p = 0.02) and the frequency of purchasing food products in school shops (p < 0.001).Conclusions. The frequency of consuming breakfast and lunch and the frequency of buying food products in school shops/vending machines was significantly statistically dependent on the mother’s level of education.
Pharmacist’s age affect information provided for pharmacy clients about generic substitution
Authors: Lewek Pawel , Śmigielski Janusz , Banaś Izabela , Kardas Przemyslaw
Published: September 2017

Introduction. According to WHO, increase in usage of generic drugs may be one of the ways to reduce costs of healthcare systems around the world. However, according to scientific data, physicians and pharmacists doubt in their effectiveness – the reason for that is not well known. Due to this fact an evidence of factors affecting their opinion is being searched for. Aim. The aim of this study was to assess whether correlation exist between the age of pharmacist and the way information about generic drugs is provided.Material and Methods. This was a questionnaire-based study. Especially prepared questionnaire was made available to pharmacists of Lodzkie province. Survey was conducted in Lodz (81.8%) and other towns of lodzkie province.Results. One hundred and forty eight pharmacists working in Lodzkie province have answered the questionnaire (84.5% women and 13.5% men, aged 23–59, working mainly in private pharmacies – 89.1%). Most of pharmacists (47; 31.8%) younger than 35 years provided information about generic drugs, after being asked about it. Most of pharmacists older than 35 years had given information before patients asked them about it. Correlation analysis revealed that strong statistically significant correlation between pharmacist’s age and the moment when he provides an information about generic drugs exist (P < 0.05).Conclusions. Age of pharmacists affect their commitment to provide information about generic drugs for pharmacy clients.
The legal basis for the functioning of teaching hospitals in Poland: selected issues
Authors: Urbaniak Monika
Published: September 2017

The teaching hospitals occupy a unique position in the health care system. The specific nature of teaching hospitals calls for a different legal regime from that governing other hospitals. Their activity includes not only the provision of health care, but also teaching, under- and postgraduate training, and conducting research and clinical trials. Teaching hospitals operate as autonomous public health care units endowed with legal personality, founded by institutions of higher education. This fact is not reflected in the provisions of generally applicable law, which lack regulations relating to the particular nature of the activity carried out by this type of health care entity.
Glenohumeral Mismatch in Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Schoch Bradley , Abboud Joseph , Namdari Surena , Lazarus Mark
Published: September 2017

* The optimal amount of glenohumeral radial mismatch in anatomic shoulder arthroplasty remains undefined, but the consensus among multiple studies suggests between 4 and 8 mm.

* Current implant designs offer mismatch of the radii of curvature between the humeral head and the glenoid ranging from 1 to 38 mm.

* Clinically, conforming glenoids demonstrate greater loosening and lucency scores compared with nonconforming glenoid components; however, survivorship advantages have not been proven.

* There remains a range of radial mismatch tolerances that improve glenohumeral kinematics and wear patterns, which appear to be greater when the glenoid is loaded centrally and is supported in neutral glenoid version.
IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF BLACK CINCAU (MESONA PALUSTRIS BL.) SUPPLEMENT ON ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAIN O157-INFECTED MICE
Authors: Widyaningsih Tri Dewanti , Martati Erryana , Lukitasari Diah Mustika
Published: September 2017

Objective: This study objective was to determine the immunomodulatory effects of the black cincau (Mesona palustris BL.) supplement on Escherichia coli strain O157-infected mice.Methods: Black cincau (Mesona palustris BL.) and red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) were extracted on a pilot plant scale. For the animal experiment, the mice were adapted for 7 days with black cincau supplement at a dose of 43.29 mg/kg b.w. (SSP I), a dose of 85.58 mg/kg b.w. (SSP II), a dose of 4.33 mg/kg b.w. of a commercial immunomodulator (SK) and buffer saline for the negative control (KN) and positive control (KP). Then, mice were infected intraperitoneally (intraperitoneally) with E. coli strain O157 1010 cfu/mL, except KN. On day 21, the cell of mouse spleen was analyzed using flow cytometry.Results: Result showed that administration of black cincau supplement up to 85.58 mg/kg b.w gave immunomodulator effects in infected mice. Immunomodulator effect can be seen through the increasing of the relative average of a cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ CD8+ T cells, CD4+ CD62L T cells, CD8+CD62L T cells, and CD68+interferonγ (Interferon gamma) monocytes cells. Exposure of black cincau supplement on infected mice can recover small intestine mucosa structure of mice.Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the supplement of black cincau extract can give an immunomodulatory effect on E. coli-infected mice.
THE EMERGING ROLE OF BOTULINUM TOXIN IN THE TREATMENT OF OROFACIAL DISORDERS: LITERATURE UPDATE
Authors: Kumar Santhosh
Published: September 2017

Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a lethal neurotoxin produced by Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium called Clostridium botulinum. It is the first toxin used fortherapeutic purposes since 1989. BTX treatment is relatively safe and efficacious, less invasive, conservative, and the effects are faster and reversible.The purpose of this article is to review the literature regarding the applications of BTX in the treatment of various orofacial disorders, their mechanismof action, contraindications, and complications. From the recently published literature, it is clear that the role of BTX as a therapeutic agent for severalconditions is expanding. With the training of BTX-A injection techniques and adequate knowledge about treatment protocols, general dentists cansafely administer BTX injections. The ability to use Botox as an adjuvant and primary mode of the treatment for various maxillofacial disorders offersexciting treatment options for dentists and patients in the future.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF GARCINIA MANGOSTANA
Authors: Lalitha Jebalsy , P Prince Clarance , T Jerin Sales , A Mary Archana , P Agastian
Published: September 2017

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts of Garcinia mangostana leaves.Methods: The powdered leaf was subjected to sequential extraction using hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), and methanol. The extracts were subjected to quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. The best solvent extract was subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.Results: The highest activity was recorded in EA extract which was subjected to GC-MS analysis revealing the presence of squalene (17.09%).Conclusion: From this present study, we conclude that EA is the best solvent for extracting antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds from the leaves of G. mangostana.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND AND SCAR MOBILIZATION OVER PERSISTENT POSTNATAL DYSPAREUNIA
Authors: Sf Mariyam Farzana , P Ponmathi , Pvr Sivakumar
Published: September 2017

Objective: Dyspareunia is known as the painful sexual intercourse. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness between therapeutic ultrasound and scar mobilization in persistent postnatal dyspareunia.Methods: This is an experimental study. 30 subjects with superficial dyspareunia, age group between 25 and 35 years are taken in this study and 15 subjects in Group A were treated with ultrasound therapy, 15 subjects in Group B were treated with scar mobilization. Female sexual functional index questionnaire (FSFI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) were used as the outcome measure.Results: Results showed a significant difference in FSFI and VAS measurements in both the groups, but clinically Group A showed better improvement in pain and quality of life than Group B.Conclusion: There is no significant difference between ultrasound therapy and scar mobilization over the pain and quality of life in patients with persistent postnatal dyspareunia.
VALPROIC ACID TOXICITY INDUCED BY LACOSAMIDE: A RARE CASE REPORT
Authors: Kumar Karthika Ashok , Chandran Chanshi , Reghu Remya
Published: September 2017

Valproic acid is commonly used in the treatment of both focal and generalized epilepsies and is often tolerated well.Valproic acid is usually tolerated well, but serious complications, including hepatotoxicity and hyperammonemic encephalopathy, may occur. Here we report a case of valproic acid induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy on concomitant use with lacosamide.
MYCOSYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES: CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY FROM PLEUROTUS FLORIDA (MONT) SINGER: A MACRO FUNGI
Authors: Ragunath Athira , Nisha Parveen , R Kumuthakalavalli
Published: September 2017

Objective: To determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of myco-synthesized silver nanoparticle (AgNP) from Pleurotus florida. Methods: Fresh mushrooms were collected, processed, and the AgNPs were synthesized using standard reducing agent 1 mM of silver nitrate. The characteristics of synthesized particles were confirmed using ultraviolet, Fourier transmission infrared, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. These nanoparticles were subjected for antioxidant activity through 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and anti-inflammatory activity using bovine serum albumin denaturation assay, respectively, and the percentage of inhibition of AgNPs was calculated with standard error mean.Results: The AgNPs were recorded the absorbance band at 410 nm was the particle size of 20-50 nm with a rod in shape. In DPPH assay the antioxidant activity was recorded as 96.2% with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 85 μg/ml. In anti-inflammatory activity, the activity was recorded as 92.10±0.005% and IC50 value was recorded as 100 μg/ml.Conclusion: The results indicated the significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of AgNPs from P. florida. Hence, further in vivo studies are focused to confirm the anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities.
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF FRESH AND FREEZE-DRIED SELECTED FRUIT JUICES
Authors: Toobpeng Naritsara , Powthong Pannapa , Suntornthiticharoen Pattra
Published: September 2017

Objective: The objective of this investigation was to assess the biological activity of fresh fruit juices and freeze dried fruit juices including antioxidant and antibacterial activity.Methods: The fruits used in this study were Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, Carissa carandas L., and Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. The fresh juice sample (FJS) was extracted and also prepared for freeze drying sample (FDS) by freeze dryer. The antioxidant capacity of FJS and FDS was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assays and determination for total phenolic contents (TPCs) by Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent. Antimicrobial tests were carried out by agar diffusion methods and evaluated by measuring the zone of inhibition against 10 isolates of pathogenic bacteria.Results: The highest antioxidant activity of FJS and FDS was found in S. oleosa and related to the scavenging effect on DPPH radical of FJS (100% concentration) and FDS (200 mg/ml) was found in the value of 93.05±0.31% and 82.18±0.33%, respectively. TPC of FJS and FDS from S. oleosa at the same concentration as in the DPPH assay was 1,003.53±1.96 ug GAE/300 g of matter and 827.77±23.15 ug GAE/100 ml of matter, respectively. Both FJS and FDS revealed antibacterial activity. The zone of inhibition of FJS was ranging from 8.3±0.6 to 24.0±1.0 mm and FDS values of 7.3±0.5-21.0±0.9 mm. The most potent sample against bacteria was FJS and FDS from S. oleosa which FJSs against Escherichia coli ESBL and FDS against Pseudomonas aeruginosa MDR2.Conclusion: Fruit juices of S. oleosa, C. carandas, and S. koetjape associated with antioxidant activity in the form of both fresh fruit juices and FDS. The result of this study showed that the value of DPPH and TPCs were slightly decreased in FDS compare with fresh juice. Screening of FJS and FDS of C. carandas revealed broad spectrum antibacterial activity. However, FJS of S. oleosa and S. koetjape showed inhibition of growth of bacteria, but few of FDS from these fruits could inhibit limited bacterial isolates. For antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, the samples of fresh and freeze dried exhibited a different degree of activity.
KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR RELATED TO KALA-AZAR IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF EAST CHAMPARAN DISTRICT, BIHAR
Authors: Kumar Navin , B Singh T , P Meena L
Published: September 2017

Objective: To find out the sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and health seeking behavior related to KA in the East Champaran district, Bihar among study subject.Methods: A case-control study was conducted to understand the knowledge and health seeking behavior related to KA in the East Champaran district. A total of 100 KA cases and 100 healthy controls selected from the neighborhoods of cases.Results: The knowledge of the population showed that the male constituted 58% of the total population in which 56% were case and 60% were control. Majority of the respondent 76.5% were aware from the KA. Maximum of the respondent 72.5% believed that biting time of sand flies were in the night. Moreover, 71% respondent cannot know how to protect the KA transmission.Conclusion: These results will be useful for further improvement in the KA control programs for intervention strategies. The knowledge of the study subject about KA, the vectors, the transmission of KA, and control measures was poor which needs some effort of the public health system by the Ministry working in the field of health.
CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ALKALOIDS EXTRACTED FROM THREE IRAQI PLANTS AGAINST BREAST CANCER CELL LINE
Authors: Al-marzook Farah A , Omran Rabab
Published: September 2017

Objectives: Screening for cytotoxic activity of total alkaloid extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Aloe vera, and Capparis spinosa against breast cancer cell line Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) and nontumorigenic fetal hepatic cell line (WRL-68).Methods: The plant powders were extracted separately with 80% methanol and chloroform at pH 2 and 10. Total alkaloids were detected qualitatively by Mayer’s, Dragendorff’s, and Hager‘s reagents and estimated quantitatively by bromocresol green spectrophotometry depending on the atropine calibration curve. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated by 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazoyl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Results: The extract of E. camaldulensis had highest total alkaloid content (24.50±1.70 mg/100 g plant dry weight) than the others. The total alkaloids (400 μg/ml) of E. camaldulensis reduced the cell viability of both cell lines MCF-7 and WRL-68 to 45.25±2.20% and 92.00±1.55%, respectively, and the inhibitory concentration 50% of cells were 375.50 μg/ml for MCF-7. The alkaloids of C. spinosa had effect 79.80±7.08% and 89.50±0.09% against MCF-7and WRL-68, respectively. While the total alkaloids of A. vera had slightly effect on both cell lines.Conclusion: Plant alkaloids appeared variable cytotoxic activity against cancer and normal cell lines depending on the alkaloid contents, concentrations, purity, and cell line types.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF STREPTOMYCES VARIABILIS STRAIN-VITUMVB03 ISOLATED FROM KANYAKUMARI MARINE SEDIMENTS
Authors: M Shubha , B Ushashi , S Veena , Kv Bhaskara Rao
Published: September 2017

Objective: This study was focused on an evaluation of antimicrobial activity of actinobacterial isolated from Kanyakumari marine sediments.Methods: This study includes sample collection from Kanyakumari beach, followed by isolation of marine actinobacteria, screening for antibacterial activity and antifungal activity. Finally, the most active isolate was identified using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: Marine actinobacteria are one of the leading microbes of the ocean known for producing excellent secondary metabolites and having a broad spectrum of anti-microbial activity, hence they are very important from an industrial point of view. The marine sediment sample used was collected from Kanyakumari beach, in the month of July, falling in the latitudinal range of 8.5074°N and in the longitude of 76.9730°E. A total of 8 actinobacterial colonies were isolated by spread plate technique on Actinomycetes isolation agar, Kuster's agar and Starch casein agar. The isolate cultures were designated as UST1- UST8. Among them, UST3 showed a maximum zone of inhibition against clinical pathogens Salmonella typhi and Aspergillus niger with a zone of inhibition of 22mm and 20mm respectively. In solvent extraction study ethyl acetate and hexane was found as best solvents for extraction. Potential isolate UST3 was identified as Streptomyces variabilis using morphological studies and 16S rRNA sequencing. Potential strain was submitted as Streptomyces variabilis- VITUMVB03Conclusion:  Results obtained in this study concluded that marine actinobacteria have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and can be used in the pharmaceutical industry.Keywords: Anti-fungal activity, Anti-bacterial activity, Salmonella typhi, Aspergillus niger, Streptomyces variabilis
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF ROOT OF AN ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANT, CENCHRUS CILIARIS L. FROM THAR DESERT, RAJASTHAN (INDIA)
Authors: Arora Sunita , Kumar Ganesh , Meena Sonam
Published: September 2017

Objective: The study was carried out with an objective to characterize the possible bioactive phytochemical constituents from the root of Cenchrus ciliaris L. using various solvents of different polarities, i.e., methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis.Methods: Plant material was collected from harsh, xeric conditions of “Thar” during August to October. The shade-dried plant root powder was extracted with solvents using Soxhlet extractor. The phytochemical compounds were investigated using PerkinElmer GC-MS, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and Willey 8 library.Results: Maximum % area is found for stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol and present in maximum amount (12.68%) with reaction time (RT)=36.461 minutes in the methanolic extract. 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1-acetate is present in maximum amount (13.15%) with RT=6.582 minutes in the ethyl acetate extract. Tetracontane is present in maximum amount (16.70%) with RT=18.744 minutes in the hexane extract of root of C. ciliaris L.Conclusions: Green plants synthesize and preserve a variety of biochemical compounds. Plant secondary metabolites are commercially important and are used by pharmaceutical industry as well as the traditional practitioners. The GC-MS study helps to predict the formula and structure of phytoconstituents that can be used for drug design, and further investigation may lead to the development of various drug formulations.
PREPARATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF FAST RELEASE DIAZEPAM SUPPOSITORIES FOR FEBRILE SEIZURES
Authors: Alsamman Aseel , Othman Mohammad
Published: September 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to optimize the best formula for fast release suppositories of diazepam.Methods: Suppositories were prepared by fusion method using Witepsol H15 as oleaginous base, polyethylene glycol as water-soluble polymer and poloxamer 188 as water miscible base. All suppositories were evaluated for physical characteristics, in vitro drug release and kinetic models. The effects of incorporating Tween 80 as a nonionic surfactant, propylene glycol as a cosolvent, and effervescent pair on the release rate of diazepam from suppositories were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry were used to characterize physical mixtures of diazepam and the different used bases.Results: Fast release of diazepam has been obtained from suppositories containing the effervescent pair. Many formulations of diazepam have been prepared and in vitro evaluated. PEG suppositories released diazepam more efficiently than poloxamer and Witepsol suppositories. The including of an effervescent pair in the formulation of suppositories greatly enhanced the release of diazepam. The addition of Tween 80 to Witepsol suppositories, PG to poloxamer suppositories, increased the rate and extent of diazepam release.Conclusion: Fast release of diazepam has been obtained from suppositories containing the effervescent pair (formula F3), which also have good physical properties.
SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN E 400 IU DECREASES MALONDIALDEHYDE LEVEL OF OBESE WOMEN STAFF AT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
Authors: Sundari Luh Putu Ratna , Adiputra Nyoman , Dinata Made Krisna
Published: September 2017

Objective: Increasing of adipose tissue in obesity make an inflammation cellular due to stress oxidative. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is produced by that cellular reaction and used as indicator peroxidation lipid reaction in many tissues. Vitamin E will inhibit lipid peroxidation reaction. This study is about the effectiveness of vitamin E to decrease the MDA level in obesity women.Methods: The pre- and post-test control group design study was conducted on 24 female obese women. Subjects were divided into two groups randomly with 12 women each group. Control group was given placebo capsules, and the experimental group was given vitamin E capsules 400 IU for 30 days. MDA level was measured before and after treatment, analyzed by independent t-test and the p<0.05 was considered significant.Results: The decreasing of MDA level of the control group was 1.601±0.313 μmol/ml, and experimental group was 2.161±0.471 μmol/ml. From post-test result comparison, the experimental group shows a significant decrease (p<0.05) of MDA level.Conclusion: Vitamin E supplementation can decrease MDA level in obese women staff at School of Medicine Udayana University.
CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE: NEW MENACE TO OUR ANTIBIOTIC ARMAMENTARIUM!
Authors: Porwal Ankita , Bhat Sevitha
Published: September 2017

Objective: To study the risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcome in patients with infections due to CRE infections.Methods: Retrospective study was carried out in a microbiology laboratory for 6 months. 152 CRE isolates identified by the Vitek 2 compact system were included in the study. The risk factors, antibiotic treatment and clinical outcome were studied from the case sheets, Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.Results: Of the 2520 positive cultures for Enterobacteriaceae, isolation rate of CRE was 152 (6%). 76 (50%) belonged to exudates, 22 (14.1%) blood culture, 90 (59.2%) urine. The common infection was UTI. The risk factors were prior exposure to antimicrobials, admission to intensive care unit, indwelling devices and prior hospitalization. The effective antibiotic was colistin, polymyxin B, tigecycline, cefoperazone-sulbactum, piperacillin-tazobactum. The mortality was 19.7%.Conclusion: We have demonstrated the value of understanding local epidemiology to help modify our risk-based screening as a strategy to limit the spread of CRE.
A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF AGOMELATINE ON FOOD INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHT IN RESTRAINT STRESS MODEL IN ADULT SWISS ALBINO MICE
Authors: Priya Shanmuga , S Nivedhithaa , K Huvaneswari
Published: September 2017

Objectives: Agomelatine is a novel melatonin (MT) receptor agonist at MT 1 and 2, serotonin receptor antagonist and an effective chronobiotic agent. The study was designed to evaluate the effects of agomelatine on body weight and food intake in restraint stress model in adult Swiss albino mice.Methods: After the approval of Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, 40 male Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into four groups of 10 animals each; two were treatment groups which received 25 mg/kg (low dose) agomelatine, 50 mg/kg (high dose) agomelatine, standard group given trazodone and the control group administered the vehicle (1% hydroxyethyl cellulose [HEC]) intraperitoneally for the last 14 days in the 3 weeks study period. Chronic restraint stress was given for 4 hrs per day for all groups starting from day 0 to 21.Results: Using paired t-test, both 12 hrs (p=0.011) and 24 hrs (p<0.001) food intake in the high dose agomelatine group were significantly increased. Between groups using ANOVA test showed a statistically significant increase in food intake for this group when compared to the control group. Unlike the low dose agomelatine group (p=0.205), the mean body weight in the group treated with high dose agomelatine revealed a statistically significant rise compared to that of the control (p=0.001) in ANOVA test.Conclusion: High dose agomelatine was effective in antagonizing the body weight lowering effect of restraint stress in addition to amelioration of reduced food intake. The study has potentially brought out the additional therapeutic benefit of agomelatine in improving the altered feeding and body weight changes when used in the treatment of the depression.