bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Season Insect Control in Alfalfa, 1994
Authors: Berberet R. , Zarrabi A.
Published: December 2017

Nine chemical insecticide treatments were evaluated for efficacy in controlling AW larvae and aphids infesting the first crop of a third yr stand of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa located at the Agronomy Research Station, Stillwater, OK. Pretreatment samples indicated a population of 0.8 AW larvae and 27.5 aphids/stem. Insecticides were applied on 1 Apr using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with flooding nozzles (Spraying Systems Co., TK SS-5) calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 24 psi when traveling at 3 mph. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design on plots 5 × 10 m in size, replicated 4 times. Efficacy of treatments was determined for both AW and aphids at 3, 7, 13, and 20 DAT by pulling samples of 25 stems from each plot and placing them in standard Berlese funnels to extract insects for counting. At 18 DAT, an additional sample was collected by clipping 10 stems/plot and rinsing aphids into alcohol for counting. Subsamples of aphids were identified on each date to determine proportions of species present. Dry matter yields were estimated by removing forage from a 1 × 5 m area in each plot using a flail-type harvester. Subsamples were dried for determination of moisture content and yields were calculated on a dry weight/acre basis.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1994
Authors: McLeod M. J. , Twidwell E. K. , Gallenberg D. J.
Published: December 2017

Alfalfa weevil control was evaluated at 2 locations near Rapid City and 1 location near Gregory. Treatments consisted of various cultural methods and insecticides applied in a final spray volume of 18 gpa at 32 psi using a hand-held spray boom consisting of 4, 8002S nozzles on 19 inch centers. Insecticide applications were made on 22 May and 25 May at Rapid City and Gregory, respectively. Plots were 30 ft × 30 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Early harvest was taken on May 25 at Gregory and May 31 at both Rapid City locations. Cultivation treatments at Rapid City consisted of a single pass over the plots with a spring tooth harrow on May 10. The burning treatment at Gregory consisted of a single pass over plots with a tractor-mounted propane flamer at the time of initial alfalfa growth. Alfalfa weevil density was evaluated prior to insecticide treatments and approximately 7 and 14 DAT by taking 10 sweeps from each plot using a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Larval densities are expressed as mean number of alfalfa weevil larvae per 10 sweeps. Yield was determined from a 45 ft2 area in the center of each plot.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1994B
Authors: McCaffrey J. P. , Harmon B. L.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established at the University of Idaho Plant Science Farms at Genesee and Moscow, ID. Treated and untreated IMC-02 seed was planted at 7 lb/acre using a 6-row (7 inch spacing), small-plot, cone seeder on 6 May at Genesee and 10 May at Moscow. Plots were 3.5 × 16 ft arranged in a RCBD with each treatment replicated 4 times. The plots were cultivated, harrowed and fertilized (200 lb 40-0-0-6 and 150 lb 16-20-0/acre) prior to planting. Seed treated with 5 formulations of Gaucho (imidacloprid) and a benlate-captan (fungicide only) treatment was supplied by Gustafson, Inc. Untreated seed for the foliar treatments and control was supplied by Intermountain Canola. Foliar treatments (Penncap, TD 2342-1, TD 2348-1, methyl parathion, Thiodan, and Sevin) were applied when flea beetle damage to cotyledons was first noted (23 May and 25 May at Genesee and Moscow, respectively) using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 80° fan nozzles on a 6-ft boom that delivered 20 gal/acre at 30 psi. Flea beetle damage ratings and counts of all plants in 6.6 ft of rows 2 and 3 were made 3 and 8 d following the foliar applications. Damage to cotyledons was scored using a 0-6 rating system.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1994
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandra D.
Published: December 2017

Two insecticide efficacy studies for control against mixed populations of NCR (32% Experiment I and 42% Experiment II) and WCR were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA. The experiments were conducted on separate fields approximately 1 mile apart. Corn was planted no-till on 10 May (Experiment I) and 11 May (Experiment II) using a John Deere Max-Emerge 2 row planter with 30-inch row spacing. There were 3 treatments in each experiment which were planted in conventional tillage. Insecticides were applied to 5 × 40 ft plots in a RCBD with 4 replications per treatment. Plants were counted on 1 Jun (Experiment I) and 8 Jun (Experiment II). Root damage ratings were evaluated 26 Jul (Experiment I) and 29 Jul (Experiment II) using the Iowa 1 to 6 system. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting each plot for shelled corn on 11 Nov (Experiment I) and 8 Nov (Experiment II). Percent moisture was determined for each plot and adjusted to 15.5%.
Evaluation of Scout X-Tra and Decis Formulations Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1994
Authors: Leonard B. R. , White C. A. , Graves J. B. , Pankey J. H.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 2 Jun into plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in an RCB design with 4 replications. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer and compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X- 8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Insecticide treatments were applied on 12, 15, 22 Aug. Methyl parathion 4 EC (0.33 lb (AI)/acre) was applied on an “as needed” basis for boll weevil control. Treatment efficacy was determined by examining 50 squares for evidence of damage. The center two rows of each plot were mechanically harvested on 12 Oct to estimate seedcotton yields. The test area received 0.11, 1.9 and 0.13 inches rainfall on 13, 20, 21 Aug, respectively. Supplemental irrigation was provided by an overhead system sprinkler “as needed” during the season, but not within 48 h of treatment applications.
Cotton Aphid Control in Northeast Arkansas, 1994
Authors: Studebaker Glenn
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides in combination with silicon-based surfactants against cotton aphids in northeast Arkansas. These plots consisted of four 38-inch rows 50 ft long. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. The field had been sprayed with oxamyl at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre on 20 and 27 Jun and with cypermethrin at 0.06 lb (AI)/acre on 5 Jul. Treatments were applied on 13 Jul with a handboom calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through 2 TX-4 hollowcone nozzles per row at 70 psi. Pre-treatment counts were made on 13 Jul before treatments were applied. Treatments were evaluated 2 DAT by counting the number of live aphids on 10 leaves per plot. At 5 DAT the beneficial fungus had reduced aphid numbers in all plots and the test was terminated.
Evaluation of Dipel Es for Management of Arthropods in Soybean, 1992
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Soil type was a Midland silty clay loam. Plot size was 60 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing) with 2 buffer rows on either side of each plot. Plots were planted 22 May at about 10 seed/ft and treated with 2 pt Dual and % pt Scepter/acre in a finished spray volume of 20 gal/ acre. Seedlings emerged 26 May. Treatments as described in the tables were applied to the middle 2 rows of each designated plot on 5 Sep when soybeans were R5 and Lepidoptera defoliator populations were beginning to increase. Applications were made with a 4-nozzle hand-held boom sprayer equipped with 800067 tips and 50 mesh screens in a final spray volume of 20.8 gal/acre. The propellant was CO2 at 22 psi. Applications were made during calm conditions. Only 0.05 inches of rain fell within 1 wk after application. From application to the last sampling date (5 Sep-16 Oct), 2.27 inches of rain was recorded. Eight days before and 6, 12, 20, 28, 34, and 41 days after application, 9 ft of row in each plot were sampled with a vertical beat sheet. Samples were placed in plastic bags and refrigerated. At a later date, samples were inspected for arthropods. At maturity, the middle 2 rows of each plot were harvested with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture. Insect data were transformed using Vx + 0.5 and all data were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT where appropriate.
Evaluation of Dimilin and Benlate for Soybean Insect Pest and Disease Control, 1992
Authors: Way M. O. , Whitney N. G. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Soil type was a Midland silty clay loam. Plot size was 40 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing) with 2 buffer rows on either side of each plot. Plots were planted 22 May at about 10 seeds/ft and treated with 2 pt Dual and % pt Scepter/acre in a finished spray volume of 20 gal/acre. Seedlings emerged 26 May. Treatments were applied by a Solo backpack sprayer to the middle 4 rows of each treated plot when soybeans were R 2/3 (6 Aug) and R 5 (28 Aug). Final spray volume was 20 gal/acre. An application of Benlate 50W at R5 was mistakenly added to the treatment with 2 applications of Dimilin at the high rate. One day before and 4, 22, 35, 41, 48, 55, 62, and 69 d after the initial application (6 Aug), 9 ft of row in each plot were sampled for arthropods using a vertical beat sheet. Samples were taken to the lab, frozen, and contents identified at a later date. On 4 Nov plots were visually rated for anthracnose which was the predominant disease. At maturity (19 Nov), 40 ft of row in each plot was harvested with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture. Insect count data were transformed using Vx + 0.05 and all data analyzed by ANOVA and DMRT where appropriate.
Sugarbeet Root Aphid Control in Southern Minnesota, 1994
Authors: Campbell C. D. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in a grower’s field <2 km southeast of Shakopee, MN. Beets were planted 12 May. Plants were thinned once to achieve a uniform stand. Each treatment consisted of three 30 ft rows on 22 inch centers; one untreated row bordered treatments on either side. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each plot was manually infested with SRA adults (or fourth instars) weekly on 8, 15, 22 and 29 Jun, with 6, 10, 10 and 8 aphids/ infestation site/plot, respectively. The same 2 ft section of row near the center of the middle row of each plot was infested each week. All insecticides were applied 30 Jun to all three rows of each plot. Granular insecticides were applied using a Noble applicator in a 7 inch band at the base of both sides of the plants. Liquid materials were applied in a directed spray at the base of the plants using a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 GPA. All treatments were evaluated 9 Sept by recording the percentage of beets infested with one or more SRA/beet and by using the 0-5 scale root rating system (Hutchison & Campbell 1994, J. Econ. Entomol. 87: 465—175), where 0 = uninfested, and 5 = colonies covering 90-100% of the root surface.
Below-Label Soil Insecticide Performance Against Wireworms in Peat Soil, 1994
Authors: Ostlie K. , Savoie R.
Published: December 2017

The performance of soil insecticides at below label rates was evaluated against wireworms near Winsted, MN, in a replant situation. The first corn planting in this depressional area with Muskego muck soil suffered over 95% stand reduction. Plots, measuring 1 rows (30 inch spacing) × 135 ft, were planted at 26,100 seeds/ acre on 9 Jun using a John Deere 7100 planter. Granular insecticides were applied with modified Noble units mounted on the planter. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Surviving stand was evaluated on 14 Jul by evaluating plants without wireworm symptoms in each plot.
Black Cutworm Control in Bentgrass, 1994
Authors: Buhler W. G. , Gibb T. J.
Published: December 2017

Tests were conducted at the Purdue University Agronomy Research Center, W. Lafayette, IN. All treatments were applied to a 4 ft2 area, replicated four times in a RCBD. Dispersible formulations were applied through a TeeJet® 11003 spray tip attached to a 60-ml plastic syringe at a volume of 4 gal water/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied using a homemade salt shaker. All treatments were watered in with one-quarter inch of water within 4 h after application. Galvanized steel circular barriers (60 inch circumference) were buried 1 inch into the soil and projected 2 inches above the soil in the center of each plot. Five fourth-instar black cutworms were infested within each barrier 1 d prior to treatment, 12 Oct. Netting material was clipped to the top of each barrier to prevent bird predation. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temp., 15°C; soil temp, at 1 inch, 14°C; thatch depth (natural), <0.2 inches; soil texture, silt loam; wind speed 0-3 mph. Efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT by applying 1 T of Joy dish washing liquid/gal of water in each arena and recording the number of cutworms that emerged from the turf. The data from three untreated plots in each replicate were averaged to produce a mean for each replicate before statistical analysis.
Control of the Black Turfgrass Ataenius Larvae on a Golf Course Fairway 1994
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on golf course fairway at Seville. Insecticides were applied 23 Jul to plots 10 × 10 ft (3.1 × 3.1 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Granular materials were applied using a drop spreader and shaker jar. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8008VS nozzles at 35 psi (2.46 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha) and pythrethriods with a CO2 sprayer with Teejet 8010 nozzles at 35 psi (2.46 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2 (814 liter/ha). The experimental area was irrigated approximately V* inch (6 mm) of water using the golf course system. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. BTA: eggs, 1st and 2nd instars present, 60 larvae/ ft2. Turf: level, dry, 5A inch (16 mm) height, 70% bentgrass and 30% annual bluegrass. Thatch: dense, moist, % inch (2 cm). Soil, moist, 74°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 72°F at 3 inch (7.6 cm). Weather: sunny, 81°F, 0 mph. Water: pH 4.6. Efficacy data taken 7 Jul (14 DAT) were based on the number of live larvae in six samples 4% inch (10.8 cm) in diam from each plot.
Control of Mites and Thrips in Turfgrass, Golden, Co, 1989
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on a turfgrass growing along the south facing slope of a roadway median that had a previous history of spider mite injury. Individual plots were 10-ft × 15-ft, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. A fall application was applied 28 Nov; spring treatments were applied 7 Apr. Treatments were applied using a hand-operated compressed air sprayer delivering 3 gal/1000 ft2. Evaluations were made by use of a D-Vac suction sampler, of 15-inch diameter, with six “put-downs” per plot. Samples were evaluated for brown wheat mites and grass thrips.
Effect of Kelthane and Omite on European Red Mite and T. Occidentalis, 1994
Authors: Beers Elizabeth H.
Published: December 2017

The test was conducted in a ca. 9-acre apple orchard near Chelan, WA. The replicate plots were 9 to 10 rows by 15 to 19 trees, or about 0.94 acres in size. Each of the three treatments was replicated three times. The original treatments were applied on 15 Jul 1993 with an airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 110 gpa. No additional treatments were applied in 1994 except to the Kelthane plots in response to building mite populations. These plots were re-treated with Omite CR 30WP (7.5 lb/acre) on 6 Jul. Mite counts were taken every 2—4 wk depending on populations found in the previous count. Samples consisted of 100 leaves, 25 from each of four trees in the center of the plot.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional Insecticides on LMRC Home Lawn Research Trial Plots, University Park, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. , Butler J.
Published: December 2017

The home lawn consisted primarily of perennial ryegrass (100%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade topdressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time one (30 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 76°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 74°F; RH, 68%; amount of thatch, 0.125- 0.25 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 12.2% sand, 48.8% silt, 39.0% clay; organic matter, 4.5%; soil moisture (oven baked), 19.0%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.7; and partly cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment time one the experimental area was irrigated with 0.35 inches of water. At treatment time two (13 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 83°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 80°F; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 12.2% sand, 48.8% silt, 39.0% clay; organic matter, 4.5%; soil moisture (oven baked), 14.6%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH 6.7; and partly cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment time two the experimental area was irrigated with 0.4 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 31 DAT (30 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Evaluation of Relative Speed of Incapacitation of Elm Bark Beetle Insecticides, Laboratory Bioassay, 1993
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Branches of Siberian elm were sprayed 17 Aug to point of run-off with insecticides to evaluate their relative speed to incapacitate elm bark beetle adults. High-end labelled rates for foliar application were used for all treatments. Treated branches were collected 23 Aug and 13 Sep and cut twigs placed in petri dishes with beetles. In each trial, elm bark beetles were collected with pheromone-baited Lindgren funnels and placed in groups of 10 in petri dishes and given portions of the treated branches as food. In the first trial 6 replications were used; only 3 were used in the second trial due to declining bark beetle numbers. Mortality and morbidity was assessed at three intervals within 1 DAT. Morbidity was determined as being unable to walk, but still capable of some movement.
Persistence of Dipel Es, 1994
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Burris Gene , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Dipel ES was evaluated for persistence and efficacy against tobacco budworm in a field of Deltapine 51 cotton planted at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA on 18 Apr. Plots consisted of two rows of cotton plants (40 inch centers) by 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments (untreated, Dipel ES at 4.0 and 16 oz (form)/acre) were evaluated at 3 time intervals after treatment (2, 24 and 48 h). Insecticides were applied on 6 Jun with a tractor mounted spray boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 10 GPA at 42 psi through two 8001 fiat fan nozzles equally spaced per row. No rainfall occurred during this study. At 2, 24 and 48 h after insecticide application (HAT), 25 cotton plant terminals were randomly collected from each plot and placed in florist water pics. Two 2nd instar LSU-LAB tobacco budworm larvae (S4 days old; 3.3-7.7 mg) were placed on each plant terminal. Larvae were confined to plant terminals for 72 h after which mortality was recorded. A larva was considered dead if it was unable to right itself within 15 s after being prodded. Mortality was corrected for that observed on untreated plant terminals using Abbott’s formula. All data were subjected to ANOVA and means were compared using Least Significant Differences.
Evaluation of Thuricide 48Lv Against Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth Larvae of Various Age, Laboratory Bioassay, 1992
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted to determine the relative susceptibility of different larval stages of Douglas-fir tussock moth to the Bacillus thuringiensis insecticide Thuricide 48LV. Cultures were established from egg masses collected near Vail, CO and larvae were maintained on field collected foliage of white fir. Bioassays consisted of dipping foliage in various dilutions (1:200-1:3200) which was fed to larvae after air drying. Trials with Instar I involved placing newly hatch caterpillars in groups of twenty with five replications, and maintaining them in petri dishes. Later instar larvae were divided into groups of ten with six replications per treatment. Mortality was checked at varying intervals after exposure and food was replenished as needed.
Toxicity of Admire to Second and Third Instar Silverleaf Whitefly Nymphs on Tomato Leaves, 1994
Authors: Liu T.-X. , Stansly P. A.
Published: December 2017

Bioassays were conducted on 25-29 April 1994 at the Southwest Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida at Immokalee. Two lots of imidacloprid were tested, Admire®1 (2 F) and BAY NTN 33893 (21.4% imidacloprid, Miles, Inc., Kansas City, MO). SLWF used in this study was maintained in established greenhouse cultures on potted tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Miller, cv. ‘Lanai’) (one in each 15-cm pot) using Metro-Mix® 300 growing medium (Grace Sierra, Horticultural Products Company, Milpitas, CA), and fertilized once per wk using a slow release fertilizer (NPK: 12-8-6) (Diamond R Fertilizer Company, Winter Garden, FL). Whitefly-free tomato plants were exposed to whiteflies for 24 hr in the greenhouse. The plants were then disinfested of adult whiteflies with a vacuum cleaner and maintained in whitefly-free cages for 10 days to obtain second and third instars. Infested leaves were dipped in imidacloprid solutions and then placed individually in a 20 ml glass vial filled with water to incubate for 4 d at 25 ± 2°C, 70% (±5%), RH, and fluorescent illumination at 14:10 (L:D) h. Nymphs were examined with a stereoscopic microscope and dead nymphs distinguished as dry or detached from the leaf surface.
Blueberry Maggot Control, Beddington, 1994
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: December 2017

Pyrenone was applied on 12 and 18 Jul to a ca. 200- by 225-ft plot in a bearing blueberry field at Beddington, Maine. There was one replication of Pyrenone, applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CIMA P55D Atomizer Low Volume sprayer mounted on an Agco Allis 6670 tractor operating at 40 psi and driven at ca. 1.8 mph. At first treatment, 5-10% of the berries were ripening and turning blue. On 2 Aug, one quart of berries was raked from each of 9 systematically selected areas within the treated plot and 18 from the untreated area; all samples were collected at least 25 ft from plot boundaries. Berries were refrigerated and processed within 3 days by boiling the berries and extracting the maggots from the pulp. The only significant weather condition during this test was a rain of about 1 inch occurring one day after the second treatment.
Apple, Control of the Obliquebanded Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis and Conventional Products in Spring, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

Different B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Milton-Freewater, OR. Trees were 4-yr-old ‘Fuji’ on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to four-tree plots replicated five times in a RCBD. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Application dates and plant development stages are shown in the table. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 20 May. Each tree was examined and the no. of live leafroller larvae recorded.
Evaluation of AC 303, 630 for Citrus Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1994
Authors: Victor French J. , Jackson Michael B.
Published: December 2017

Experimental AC 303,630 tankmixed with NR 440 oil and Kocide 101 copper fungicide were compared to the standard acaricide, Agri-Mek + NR 440 oil. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times on plots of 4 trees each in a block of 9 yr old ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit on an 18 × 24 ft spacing. Treatment sprays were applied on 29 Jun using an FMC 1229 single volute commercial air blast sprayer with nozzling and pressure calibrated to apply 250 gpa. At each count date, 50 fruit were randomly selected from the center 2 trees in each plot and examined for CRM in situ with a 10X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded sides of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation. In Nov, 50 randomly harvested fruit per treatment replicate were evaluated for CRM feeding damage. If a one third of the fruit surface area was damaged it was downgraded to process or juice fruit. The percent of downgraded fruit for each treatment was determined and expressed as percent russet.
Pecan Phylloxera Control Trials, 1994
Authors: Hall Michael J.
Published: December 2017

Two rates of Admire 2F, with and without a nonionic wetting agent, were evaluated for control of pecan phylloxera. Lorsban 4E was used as the standard insecticide for comparison. The tests were conducted at two sites located in south Caddo Parish, Louisiana. The plots were arranged in a RCBD consisting of 5 single tree blocks. Six shoots, one shoot per treatment, were tagged on each tree. The buds on each shoot were inspected for the presence of pecan phylloxera. Treatments were applied using a hand-held, 3-gallon, compressedair sprayer. One-gallon solutions were prepared for spraying. Treatments were applied on 30 Mar at the first site and 14 Apr at the second site. The entire shoot was sprayed. One bud was randomly selected from each shoot from which gall counts would be made. Each bud developed into a terminal containing 4-9 compound leaves. Gall counts were made on 2 May at site one and 26 May at site two. The time between treatment application and sampling allowed sufficient time for galls to develop. Only galls containing live phylloxera were counted.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insects on Snap Beans, Painter, VA
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Snap beans were planted at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA on 10 Aug. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and with 3 ft spacing between rows. Each plot was replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. Sprays were applied on 31 Aug, 12 and 20 Sep with a backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. KW 556 pre-dissolved soluble film was added to each DPX YB 656 treatment at 3% AI to AI. Evaluation criteria consisted of thrips counts on 5 trifoliate leaves/plot on 7 Sep. These leaves were washed in soapy water, and the soapy water was then filtered through a Buchner funnel. The resulting insects were counted under a stereoscopic microscope. On 6 Oct, 50 pods were handpicked from each plot and examined for insect damage, and then the plots were mechanically harvested and weighed to determine total yields. An estimation of yield loss was evaluated based on the percent damaged pods/50 pods and subtracted from the total yields. These yields and the estimated yield loss are reported in the table.
Control of the Codling Moth with Guthion, Imidan and Oil, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Gut L. J. , Doerr M. D.
Published: December 2017

Guthion, two formulations of Imidan, and a highly refined insecticidal oil, Orchex 796, were evaluated for their ability to control CM over the entire season. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Delicious’. Treatments were applied to two-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Two treatments of Guthion and Imidan were applied against each CM generation, the initial treatment being timed using accumulated degree days following first capture of moths in pheromone traps. Three treatments of Orchex 796 were applied each generation, with the initial application each generation being timed using degree days. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 29 Aug. One hundred apples from one tree per plot were examined, and the number of CM injured fruit was recorded.
Control of Western Black Flea Beetle on Cabbage, FT. Collins, Co 1990
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Patrick Darryl , Rice Lynne , Cooper Dayna
Published: December 2017

‘Copenhagen Market’ cabbage was seeded 4 Apr and transplanted 17 May to a field at the Colorado State University Horticulture Research Farm, north of Ft. Collins, CO. Single row plots were established, each consisting of 5 plants at a 15-in in-row spacing, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Sprays were applied on 5 and 15 Jun using a hand-operated compressed air sprayer delivering 25 gpa. Plots were evaluated by counting all flea beetles on the center 3 plants of each plot.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae with Insecticides, Pasquotank Co., NC, 1994
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Wade Holloway C.
Published: December 2017

‘Blue Vantage’ cabbage was transplanted in late Jul near Weeksville, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backsprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gpa. Applications with Trigard AG-98 (spreader) were made with all treatments 22 Aug and 13, 20, and 27 Sep. No applications were applied between 22 Aug and 13 Sep. Counts were extremely low, and we allowed the DBM and CL populations to increase. A slight increase occurred and we applied treatments on 13 Sep. Visual estimates of foliar damage and insect counts were made 20 and 27 Sep and 3 Oct. No insects were present on 3 Oct.
Corn Earworm Control, Rocky Ford, 1990
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Schweissing Frank
Published: December 2017

‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted 8 Jun 1990 at the Arkansas Valley Research Center, Rocky Ford, CO. At silk emergence, 25-ft × 4-row plots were established, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Sprays (Sevin SL, Pounce, Karate, Margosan-O) were applied 1 and 8 Aug in a hand-operated compressed air-sprayer delivering 43 gal/acre, directed at the ear zone. Entomopathogenic nematodes (BioSafe) were applied 8 Aug, directed at the ear tip. Dusts (Ryan-50) were applied 1 and 8 Aug using a Dustin-Mizer®, directed at the ear zone. Plots were evaluated 22 Aug, examining 50 ears/plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Lettuce, 1994
Authors: Palumbo J. C.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 12 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots consisted of four, 45 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by two unplanted beds. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Foliar treatments were applied on 7 and 12 Oct with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a two-bed boom, having one nozzle per row (TX 12 hollow cone), and delivering 20.5 gal/acre at 40 psi. Latron CS-7 spreader-sticker was applied at 0.125% v/v with all treatments. Evaluations were made on 7, 12, and 17 Oct by selecting 15 plants per replicate, removing all leaves, and counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (>2nd instar) BAW, CL and TBW live larvae. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and a protected LSD.
Evaluation of Adjuvants on Control of Onion Thrips with Cypermethrin 1994
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Al-Dosari Saleh , Schweissing Frank
Published: December 2017

Two trials were initiated in midseason to investigate possible causes of reported poor performance of cypermethrin (Ammo 2.5E) in control of onion thrips. The first trial was conducted on seeded onions (cv. ‘Whitekeeper’) at the Arkansas Valley Research Center, Rocky Ford, CO. Plantings were double row beds, at 44-in centers and individual plots consisted of 50 feet of bed, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Applications were made over the top of the plants 1 Jul using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 23.5 gal/acre at 45 psi. Temperature at the time of application was 92°F. Plot evaluations were made 8 Jul by counting all thrips on 10 consecutive plants.
Onion Thrips Control, 1994
Authors: Davis M. , Anandwala Y. , Bommarito M. , Grafius E.
Published: December 2017

‘Spartan Banner 80’ onions were direct seeded the first week of May at the Michigan State University Muck Research Farm, Laingsburg, MI. Plots were 10 ft long non-adjacent sections of single rows (16 inch spacing between rows), separated by 1 untreated row. Treatments were replicated five times with a randomized complete block arrangement. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with a flat fan nozzle (Teejet 8002VS) at 35 psi and 50 gpa on 3 Aug and 8 Aug. A section of ten consecutive plants was randomly selected in each replicate and thrips were counted on 8 Aug (prior to 2nd spray) and 12 Aug.
Control of Insects on Sweet Corn, 1995
Authors: Foster R. E. , Buhler W. G.
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted 5 Jul at the O’Neall Memorial Farm, Lafayette, Indiana. Plots consisted of four rows, 30 ft long, 30 in apart, arranged in a RCB with four replications. Insecticides were applied via a Hahn HiBoy sprayer and propelled by CO2 using 3 hollow cone nozzle tips per row, one over the top and one directed at each side of the ear zone. Sprays were delivered in 11 gal water/acre at 20 psi. Sprays were applied beginning at row tassel on 18, 21, 24, and 28 Aug and 1 and 5 Sept. On 11 Sept, 25 ears per plot were harvested and evaluated for damage and the number of caterpillars present were counted. Ears with damage confined to the terminal inch were considered marketable. Ears with no visible insect feeding were rated as clean. Results are presented as percentage of damaged ears based on 100 ears examined and counts of caterpillar species per 25 ears.
Foliar Sprays to Control Worms on Early and Late Sweet Corn, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted in two adjacent fields on 18 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. One field was planted in the early maturing cultivar ‘Seneca Horizon’, and the other field was planted in the late maturing cultivar ‘Silver Queen’. Foliar sprays were applied using a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Sprays were initiated at 50% silking and the application dates for each cultivar are listed in the tables The ‘Silver Queen’ received one less application than the ‘Seneca Horizon’ due to a storm on the last scheduled application date. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of the numbers of fresh market (no damage), processing (less than 1.5 inch tip damage), and cull ears (greater than 1.5 inch tip damage and/or damage elsewhere on the ear) in a 12 ear subsample from each plot. The numbers of live worms of each species in the 12 ear subsamples were also recorded.
Evaluation of Two Application Methods of Applying Adios Flow Able for Cucumber Beetle Control in Muskmelon, 1995
Authors: Dively Galen P. , Worden Christopher J.
Published: December 2017

Muskmelon, cultivar ‘Athena’, transplants were established on 24 May at the Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, Maryland. Plants were spaced 24 inches apart in raised plastic-mulched beds 60 inches apart. Plots were arranged in a 2 X 2 split-plot design with four randomized blocks. Whole plot treatments were two insecticide application methods: airblast and standard boom. Individual plots 90 ft long consisted of either six beds for boom application or eight beds for airblast spraying. Subplots were either untreated or treated with flowable Adios at 0.065 lbs (AI) per acre. Boom spraying was performed at 40 psi with 8004 flat fan nozzles delivering 30 gpa of total volume. Spray nozzles were spaced on 30 inch centers. The airblast sprayer delivered 48 gpa at 200 psi. To avoid drift problems, airblast spraying was performed from one direction away from the other blocks. To compare spray deposition between the two application methods, stations of moisture-sensitive cards were placed at the top canopy level within various rows in each plot. Each station consisted of four cards: two opposing each other and positioned on the horizontal plane, and two opposing and positioned on the vertical plane. Stations were established in rows 3 and 5 of the boom-treated plots and in rows 2, 4, 6, and 8 in the airblast-treated plots. Visual counts of live and dead adults of both striped and spotted cucumber beetles were recorded 24 hours after each treatment in a single section of 20 feet of row. The complete treatment and data collection protocol was repeated on three different dates: 26 July, 9 August, and 14 August.
Onion Thrips Control, 1995
Authors: Davis M. Kortier , Grafius E. , Garvin P.
Published: December 2017

Five compounds were tested for their effectiveness at reducing populations of onions thrips in a commercial onion field in Decatur, MI (Van Buren Co.). Plots were 10 ft long sections of double rows separated by one untreated double row, replicated five times in a RCB arrangement. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with a flat fan nozzle at 45 psi and 50 gal per acre of water on 15, 20 and 30 July. Heavy rain (1 + ”) immediately followed the 20 July application. The first and third applications were made in the afternoon in dry, humid weather, followed by heavy dew accumulation in the evening. The field was not irrigated. Thrips were counted on ten consecutive onion plants on 20, 26 July and 7 Aug. Data were log transformed before analysis. Untransformed data are reported.
Apple, Pandemis Leafroller Control with Spinosad and Confirm in Summer, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Spinosad and Confirm were evaluated for their ability to control PLR larvae of the summer generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at Orondo, WA. The trees were 3-yr-old Delicious on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to 10-tree plots replicated three times in a RCB. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 3 Aug. The total number of live PLR larvae found on all 10 trees of a treatment replication was counted.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes With Microbial Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Baumann Donna
Published: December 2017

‘ Red Norland’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 29 Mar, ’95. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. The soil is a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gallacre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 19 and 24 May and 4 Jun. Plots were treated with Asana XL 0.05 Ib (AI)/acre and PBO 8EC 0.375 Ib (AI)/acre on 9 and 19 Jun to control Colorado potato beetle adults. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of CPB adults, larvae, and egg masses110 plants and % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 26 Jun from 20 feet of row.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1995
Authors: McEnhill E.. , Grafius E. , Sirota J. , Brunt C. , Ferrigan J. , Garvin P. , Haas L. , Ricci J.
Published: December 2017

Fifteen insecticide treatments were tested at the MSU Montcalm Research Farm, in Entrican, MI, for their control of Colorado potato beetles (CPB). ‘Snowden’ potatoes were planted 12 inches apart with a 34 inch row spacing on 10 May. Treatments were replicated four times and assigned to plots in a RCB design. The plots measured 40 feet long and were three rows wide. There were at least two rows of bare ground between plots and five feet of untreated potatoes between plots in the same rows. The Admire and Mocap treatments were applied in furrow at planting. The first foliar treatment was applied, at 25% CPB hatch, on 18 June using a tractor-mounted sprayer (30 gal/acre, 40 psi). Subsequent first generation sprays were applied on 29 June and 7 July. Light rain occurred on 7 July before the insecticides had a chance to dry. Insecticide effectiveness was determined by counting the various stages of CPB on two randomly chosen plants from the middle row of each plot. Counts were done on 12 and 23 Jun and 3 and 12 July. Second generation methods were the same as for the first generation with sprays occuring on 19 July, 26 July and 2 Aug and counts on 18, 24 and 31 Jul. All plots other than the two Trigard treatments were sprayed with a maintenance spray of Imidan and PBO. Each plot was assessed for percent defoliation on 3 July and 9 August. The middle row of potatoes from each plot was harvested on 22 August, separated by size and weighed.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control; Asana-Fungicide Interactions, Crookston, Mn, 1994
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby , Miller Jennifer , Holen Carlyle
Published: December 2017

Certified seed potatoes were planted at the Northwest Experiment station on 11 May. Soils were of the Beardon silty clay loam type. Plots were four 40” wide rows, 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Soil treatments were applied 2” above the seed piece and covered immediately with acceptably moist soil. Soil and foliar treatments were hand applied in 20 gal of total material per acre. All foliars were broadcast on 23, 30 June; 6, 15, 21, 28 July and 4 Aug. Dry chemicals were pre-weighed and all chemicals were mixed and sprayed in a single treatment mixture. All Asana 40WP treatments contained KW556-001 WSF, unless otherwise indicated. Early season had less than normal rainfall but from July, onward, plots often contained standing water. Yields were collected from the center 2 rows of each plot.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1995
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: December 2017

The experiments were RCB designs with five replicates each The experiments were planted May 15 and 16 at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1994. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were bare soil. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole seed (ca 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by seven foliar applications of mancozeb. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 5.6 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.47 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted weekly on 20 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x+1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 3.3, 5.8, and 3.8 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 18.8, 22.0 and 18.0 deg. C.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control With Insecticides, Pasquotank Co., N.C., 1995
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Holloway C. Wade
Published: December 2017

‘Atlantic‘ potatoes were planted in early Mar near Elizabeth City, N.C. Plots were 20 ft. long, with single row spacing on 42 inch centers with a guard row left between each treatment and replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Alleys of 10 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gal/acre. On 20 Mar Admire 2F at the rate of 1.0 fluid oz. per 1000 linear ft was applied in the furrow over the top of the potato pieces just before they were covered. Provado 1.6F and M-Trak 1 EC were applied at egg stage on 25 Apr. All treatments were applied on 2 and 9 May with the exception of 1.0 fluid oz/1000 linear ft. of Admire 2F which had been applied on 20 Mar and Provado 1.6F which was applied 25 Apr (egg stage only). Counts of CPB on 3 hills/plot were made 2, 9, 16, 23, 30 May and 9 Jun. Small larvae were assumed to be first and second instar, and large larvae, third and fourth instar. No applications were applied after 9 May due to low insect pressure. Visual CPB damage ratings were made 2, 9, 16, 23, 30 May and 9 Jun. Potatoes were harvested and yields recorded 9 Jun.