bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unsettling the Settlers: Principles of a Decolonial Approach to Creating Safe(r) Spaces in Post‐secondary Education
Authors: Mitchell Terry L. , Thomas Darren , Smith Jackson A.
Published: December 2018

In this paper we discuss the ongoing colonial relationship between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous peoples in Canada with a consideration of how to align the principles and core values of community psychology in relation to Indigenous rights, decolonization, and social justice. In working with Community Psychology values to address issues of social justice it is necessary to recognize that empowerment alone is only one half of the solution. While our discipline focuses on oppression and the empowerment of vulnerable and disenfranchised populations we generally fail to consider the relational aspects of power and justice. Specifically, in recognizing power inequities the focus is often placed on empowerment among vulnerable or subjugated communities while neglecting the requisite counterbalance of consciousness‐raising and de‐powerment of dominant populations. The authors provide three personal accounts from a non‐Indigenous faculty member, an Indigenous doctoral student, and a recently graduated non‐Indigenous Masters student. We share our experiences of conscientization and decolonization within the post‐secondary and graduate education systems. We describe an educational context, a pedagogical praxis, and our efforts to bridge the theories of Settler colonialism and community psychology. From our individual and collective reflections of engagement with decolonization in the education system we present an emergent framework that highlights four principles for decolonization. In implementing these principles we discuss the co‐creation of safe(r), decolonized spaces within post‐secondary institutions through deconstructing dominant narratives and illuminating Indigenous narratives of self‐determination with attention to the de‐powerment of non‐Indigenous faculty and students.
Critical Reflexivity in Indigenous and Cross‐cultural Psychology: A Decolonial Approach to Curriculum?
Authors: Castell Emily , Bullen Jonathan , Garvey Darren , Jones Nicola
Published: December 2018

Highlights

Critical reflexivity is a mechanism for working toward decoloniality in higher education.

We analyzed Indigenous and cross‐cultural psychology students’ written reflections.

Analyses revealed that students negotiate experiences of discomfort and uncertainty in the classroom.

Findings support the value of discomfort for prompting transformations among students.

We pose a commentary on the tensions inherent to accompanying our students in this uncertain space.
Decolonizing Community Psychology by Supporting Indigenous Knowledge, Projects, and Students: Lessons from Aotearoa New Zealand and Canada
Authors: McNamara Rita Anne , Naepi Sereana
Published: December 2018

Community psychology has long stood as a social justice agitator that encouraged reformation both within and outside of the academy, while keeping a firm goal of building greater well‐being for people in communities. However, community psychology's historically Euro‐centric orientation and applied, interventionist focus may inadvertently promote colonial agendas. In this paper, we focus on the example of Indigenous Pacific peoples, drawing upon experience working among Indigenous iTaukei Fijian communities and with Indigenous frameworks for promoting student success in Aotearoa New Zealand and Canada. We outline how community psychology curricula can strive toward decolonization by (a) teaching students to respectfully navigate complexities of Indigenous knowledge and traditions that contest colonial ways of being and doing, (b) act as facilitators who build toward collaborative community projects and model this research practice to students, and (c) boost Indigenous student success by fostering relationships with instructors and fellow students that are embedded within the relational model of self that is often absent in individualistic‐oriented Western academic settings.
Validation of the Prediction of Delirium for Intensive Care model to predict subsyndromal delirium
Authors: Azuma Kazunari , Mishima Shiro , Shimoyama Keiichiro , Ishii Yuri , Ueda Yasuhiro , Sakurai Masako , Morinaga Kentaro , Fujikawa Tsubasa , Oda Jun
Published: December 2018

Aim

Subsyndromal delirium is associated with prolonged intensive care unit stays, and prolonged mechanical ventilation requirements. The Prediction of Delirium for Intensive Care (PRE‐DELIRIC) model can predict delirium. This study was designed to verify if it can also predict development of subsyndromal delirium.

Methods

We undertook a single‐center, retrospective observation study in Japan. We diagnosed subsyndromal delirium based on the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of the PRE‐DELIRIC model and obtained a diagnostic cut‐off value.

Results

We evaluated data from 70 patients admitted to the mixed medical intensive care unit of the Tokyo Medical University Hospital (Tokyo, Japan) between May 2015 and February 2017. The prevalence of subsyndromal delirium by Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist was 31.4%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.83 of the PRE‐DELIRIC model for subsyndromal delirium. The calculated cut‐off value was 36 points with a sensitivity of 94.3% and specificity of 57.1%. Subsyndromal delirium was associated with a higher incidence of delirium (odds ratio, 8.81; P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The PRE‐DELIRIC model could be a tool for predicting subsyndromal delirium using a cut‐off value of 36 points.
Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis Microencapsulated by Spray Drying: Characterization and Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Zhao Xiaoyan , Liu Hongkai , Zhang Xiaowei , Zhang Guixiang , Zhu Haitao
Published: December 2018

Astaxanthin (AX) is an unstable functional food ingredient. A stable AX powder was developed and its characteristics (such as moisture content, bulk density, solubility, repose angle, and morphology) and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The microencapsulated AX powder was produced by spray drying using maltodextrin (MD)–gelatin and the parameters were optimized by response surface methodology. The results revealed that an optimal microencapsulation process has a ratio of MD to gelatin of 2.1:1, a ratio of wall to core materials of 5.9:1, and a ratio of glycerol monostearate to sucrose fatty‐acid ester of 1.1:1. The AX encapsulation yield and encapsulation efficiency were 38.02% and 71.76%, respectively. AX microcapsules had a lower moisture content and bulk density, greater solubility, and good flowability. AX microcapsules showed antioxidant activities greater than Vitamin C, which indicated that the antioxidant activity of AX was not lost. AX microcapsule micrographs showed almost no cracks or fissures on the surface of microcapsules produced by spray drying under the optimal conditions.
Formation of Low‐Density and Free‐Flowing Hollow Microparticles from Butter and Fractionated Palm Oil Mixture
Authors: Gudeman Joshua , Yang Junsi , Ciftci Ozan N.
Published: December 2018

The use of solid fats is challenging due to difficulty in incorporating into foods, handling during industrial food production, and relatively high‐calorie contributions. The objective of this study was to form free‐flowing and low‐density hollow microparticles from nonhydrogenated fats, namely, butter and fractionated palm oil, using a novel method based on atomization of a carbon dioxide (CO2)‐expanded lipid mixture. The melting point of the fractionated palm oil decreased from 66.2 to 47.3°C above 120 bar in the presence of pressurized CO2. The density of the particles decreased fivefolds compared to that of the original oils. The average particle size D [4,3] decreased from 67.0 to 27.1 μm when the concentration of fractionated palm oil was increased from 50% to 100%. The hollow structure was more pronounced for the particles obtained from higher melting oils/oil blends, as well as with more spherical uniformity. Ten percent (d10%) and 50% (d50%) of the palm oil particles were smaller than 4.5 and 23.0 μm, respectively, whereas they were 14.5 and 58.3 μm when mixed with butter at 50% butter concentration, respectively. Polymorphic form of α was more pronounced in the solid lipid particles, indicating that they had a less‐ordered crystalline structure than the original oil. This new method forms low‐density and free‐flowing lipid powders that make the handling and storage of solid lipids feasible and convenient, and may provide reduced fat usage and calorie intake, and more rapid oil melting in mouth.
Correlation between fibril structures and mechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile fibers during the dry‐jet wet spinning process
Authors: Gao Quan , Jing Min , Wang Chengguo , Chen Meiling , Zhao Shengyao , Wang Wenli , Qin Jianjie
Published: December 2018

The high quality polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers, which were used to manufacture the high performance carbon fibers, were prepared by the dry‐jet wet spinning process. The fiber samples were treated by using the ultrathin sectioning and solution etching methods. Subsequently, the changes of the fibril structures and mechanical properties were investigated by utilizing scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and mechanical tester. The fiber titer and diameters, the amount of the pores decreased during the spinning process. The microfibrils were oriented along the fiber axis to form the fiber backbone in PAN fibers. Furthermore, the microfibrils with small size were incorporated into the large fibrils and some fold chains formed the interfibril transverse joint bridges to reinforce the connection of the fibril elements. The fibrils served as self‐reinforcing element to efficiently resist the cracks propagation and dissipate much energy to increase the tensile strength and initial modulus. Consequently, the PAN precursor fibers with the homogeneous, compact, well‐oriented, and closely interlinked fibrils, presented high tensile strength and initial modulus. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47336.
Monitoring Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Single‐Molecule Array Digital Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay Quantification of Serum Interferon‐α
Authors: Mathian Alexis , Mouries‐Martin Suzanne , Dorgham Karim , Devilliers Hervé , Barnabei Laura , Ben Salah Elyès , Cohen‐Aubart Fleur , Garrido Castillo Laura , Haroche Julien , Hie Miguel , Pineton de Chambrun Marc , Miyara Makoto , Sterlin Delphine , Pha Micheline , Lê Thi Huong Du , Rieux‐Laucat Frédéric , Rozenberg Flore , Gorochov Guy , Amoura Zahir
Published: December 2018

Objective

No simple or standardized assay is available to quantify interferon‐α (IFNα) in routine clinical practice. Single‐molecule array (Simoa) digital enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology enables direct IFNα quantification at attomolar (femtogram per milliliter [fg/ml]) concentrations. This study was undertaken to assess IFNα digital ELISA diagnostic performances to monitor systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity.

Methods

IFNα concentrations in serum samples from 150 consecutive SLE patients in a cross‐sectional study were determined with digital ELISA and a functional biologic activity assay (bioassay). According to their Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment version of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) flare composite scores, patients were divided into groups with inactive SLE (SLEDAI score of <4 or clinical SLEDAI score of 0) or active SLE (SLEDAI score of ≥4 or clinical SLEDAI score of >0), and into groups with no flare or mild/moderate flare or severe flare.

Results

Based on serum samples from healthy blood donors, the abnormal serum IFNα level threshold value was 136 fg/ml. Next, using receiver operating characteristic curves for an SLE patient series that was widely heterogeneous in terms of disease activity and organ involvement, the threshold IFNα value associated with active disease was determined to be 266 fg/ml. The digital ELISA–assessed serum IFNα level was a better biomarker of disease activity than the Farr assay because its specificity, likelihood ratio for positive results, and positive predictive value better discerned active SLE or flare from inactive disease. The digital ELISA was more sensitive than the bioassay for detecting low‐abnormal serum IFNα concentrations and identifying patients with low disease activity.

Conclusion

Direct serum IFNα determination with a highly sensitive assay might improve monitoring of clinical SLE activity and selection of the best candidates for anti‐IFNα treatment.
Defect Engineering of MoS2 and Its Impacts on Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Behavior in Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Zhang Yuxiao , Kuwahara Yasutaka , Mori Kohsuke , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: December 2018

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been regarded as a favorable photocatalytic co‐catalyst and efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst alternative to expensive noble‐metals catalysts, owing to earth‐abundance, proper band gap, high surface area, and fast electron transfer ability. In order to achieve a higher catalytic efficiency, defects strategies such as phase engineering and vacancy introduction are considered as promising methods for natural 2H‐MoS2 to increase its active sites and promote electron transfer rate. In this study, we report a new two‐step defect engineering process to generate vacancies‐rich hybrid‐phase MoS2 and to introduce Ru particles at the same time, which includes hydrothermal reaction and a subsequent hydrogen reduction. Compositional and structural properties of the synthesized defects‐rich MoS2 are investigated by XRD, XPS, XAFS and Raman measurements, and the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction performance, as well as photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance in the ammonia borane dehydrogenation are evaluated. Both catalytic activities are boosted with the increase of defects concentrations in MoS2, which ascertains that the defects engineering is a promising route to promote catalytic performance of MoS2.
Separation of Spectroscopically Uniform Nanographenes
Authors: Yamato Kairi , Sekiya Ryo , Abe Manabu , Haino Takeharu
Published: December 2018

Excitation‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) is a well‐known property of graphene quantum dots (GQDs). For the development of carbon‐based photofunctional materials, GQDs possessing uniform PL properties are in high demand. A protocol has been established to separate spectroscopically uniform lipophilic GQD‐1 a from a mixture of GQD‐1 mainly composed of GQD‐1 a and GQD‐1 b. The mixture of GQD‐1 was synthesized through the reaction of p‐methoxybenzylamine with GQD‐2 prepared from graphite by common oxidative exfoliation. Size‐exclusion chromatography gave rise to GQD‐1 a and GQD‐1 b, with diameters of 19.8 and 4.9 nm, respectively. Large GQD‐1 a showed that the PL was fairly independent of the excitation wavelengths, whereas the PL of small GQD‐1 b was dependent on excitation. The excitation‐dependent nature is most likely to be associated with the structures of sp2 domains on the graphene surfaces. The large sp2‐conjugated surface of GQD‐1 a is likely to possess well‐developed and large sp2 domains, the band gaps of which do not significantly vary. The small sp2‐conjugated surface of GQD‐1 b produces small sp2‐conjugated domains that generate band gaps differing with domain sizes.
Heteroatom‐doped MoSe2 Nanosheets with Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Kinetics for Alkaline Water Splitting
Authors: Zhao Guoqiang , Wang Xingyong , Wang Shaolan , Rui Kun , Chen Yaping , Yu Haibo , Ma Jing , Dou Shi Xue , Sun Wenping
Published: December 2018

Electrochemical water splitting for hydrogen generation is a vital part for the prospect of future energy systems, however, the practical utilization relies on the development of highly active and earth‐abundant catalysts to boost the energy conversion efficiency as well as reduce the cost. Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) is a promising nonprecious metal‐based electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media, but it exhibits inferior alkaline HER kinetics in great part due to the sluggish water adsorption/dissociation process. Herein, the alkaline HER kinetics of MoSe2 is substantially accelerated by heteroatom doping with transition metal ions. Specifically, the Ni‐doped MoSe2 nanosheets exhibit the most impressive catalytic activity in terms of lower overpotential and larger exchange current density. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation results reveal that Ni/Co doping plays a key role in facilitating water adsorption as well as optimizing hydrogen adsorption. The present work paves a new way to the development of low‐cost and efficient electrocatalysts towards alkaline HER.
Bayesian hierarchical classification and information sharing for clinical trials with subgroups and binary outcomes
Authors: Chen Nan , Lee J. Jack
Published: December 2018

Bayesian hierarchical models have been applied in clinical trials to allow for information sharing across subgroups. Traditional Bayesian hierarchical models do not have subgroup classifications; thus, information is shared across all subgroups. When the difference between subgroups is large, it suggests that the subgroups belong to different clusters. In that case, placing all subgroups in one pool and borrowing information across all subgroups can result in substantial bias for the subgroups with strong borrowing, or a lack of efficiency gain with weak borrowing. To resolve this difficulty, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian classification and information sharing (BaCIS) model for the design of multigroup phase II clinical trials with binary outcomes. We introduce subgroup classification into the hierarchical model. Subgroups are classified into two clusters on the basis of their outcomes mimicking the hypothesis testing framework. Subsequently, information sharing takes place within subgroups in the same cluster, rather than across all subgroups. This method can be applied to the design and analysis of multigroup clinical trials with binary outcomes. Compared to the traditional hierarchical models, better operating characteristics are obtained with the BaCIS model under various scenarios.
„The forgotten kingdom“ im Naturschutz
Authors: Bässler Claus , Karasch Peter , Leibl Franz
Published: December 2018

Pilze sind sehr artenreich und spielen eine zentrale Rolle im Stoffhaushalt unserer Waldökosysteme. Durch intensive forstliche Nutzung sind heute viele Arten aus unseren Wäldern verschwunden oder hochgradig bedroht. Im Vergleich zu andere Artengruppen spielen Pilze heute immer noch eine untergeordnete Rolle im Naturschutz. Die Forschungsergebnisse des Nationalparks Bayerischer Wald zeigen, dass sich seltene holzbewohnende Pilzarten und Artengemeinschaften nach Einstellung forstlicher Nutzung wieder erholen können. Es gibt eine Reihe von Arten, die heute deutschlandweit ihren Schwerpunkt in den Zonen ohne Nutzung haben. Zum Erhalt der gesamten holzbewohnenden Pilzdiversität in Deutschland müssten aber auch die Eigentümer von Wirtschaftswäldern ihrer Verantwortung gerecht werden. Hierzu gehören der Erhalt und die Förderung von alten Bäumen (Habitatbäume) sowie die künstliche Schaffung spezifischer Totholzstrukturen. Weiterhin sollten Konzepte zur Wiederansiedelung lokal ausgestorbener Arten entwickelt werden.
Ein Felsbiotop inmitten der Großstadt
Authors: Kremer Bruno P.
Published: December 2018

Das UNESCO‐Weltkulturerbe Kölner Dom ist in vieler Hinsicht ein Bauwerk der Superlative. Bei seiner (vorläufigen) Fertigstellung im Jahre 1880 war er das höchste Gebäude der Welt. Der Südturm beherbergt die weltweit schwerste freischwingende Glocke (24 t). Die Westfassade ist fast so groß wie ein Fußballfeld.

Der Dom ist aber nicht nur eines der wichtigsten historischen Baudenkmäler in Deutschland, sondern fasziniert außer mit seiner Architektur und seinen zahlreichen Kunstschätze auch als artenreiches Biotopgefüge. Alle fünf Organismenreiche sind hier vertreten. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen Überblick zu den zahlreichen Verwandtschaftsgruppen, die sich unterdessen auf dem Dom erfolgreich etabliert haben.
Die Grundel und ihr Krebs
Authors: Stiefel Klaus
Published: December 2018

Über hundert Arten kleiner Meeresfische, der Grundeln, leben in einer Symbiose mit Krebsen. Bei dieser Symbiose gräbt der Krebs einen unterirdischen Bau, während die Grundel am Eingang des Baus nach Fressfeinden Ausschau hält. So können die beiden gemeinsam sandige Ebenen ohne andere Versteckmöglichkeiten besiedeln.
Lactobacillus – Evolution und Kulturgeschichte
Authors: Engelhardt Harald
Published: December 2018

Lactobacillus ist eine artenreiche Gattung der Milchsäurebakterien, die sich vor etwa 2,5 Milliarden Jahren von anaeroben Bakterien abzweigten, sauerstofftolerant sind und komplexe Nährstoffansprüche haben. Sie bauen Kohlenhydrate ab und vergären Zucker zu Milchsäure sowie teilweise zu Ethanol oder Acetat und CO2. Sie besiedeln O2‐arme und nährstoffreiche Habitate, kommen freilebend, temporär im Gastrointestinaltrakt von Insekten, Tieren und Menschen und auch als spezialisierte Symbionten vor. Lactobacilli spielen seit der Neolithischen Revolution für die Ernährung durch die Fermentation von Milch und pflanzlichen Lebensmitteln eine bedeutende Rolle. Heute werden weltweit rund 5000 Lebensmittel durch Lactobacilli fermentiert.
Jenseits von Mendel
Authors: Hepper Jens
Published: December 2018

Farbvererbung interessiert – spätestens dann, wenn es an die Erklärung geht, welche Haarfarbe man beim eigenen Kind erwartet und warum doch manchmal etwas gänzlich Unerwartetes dabei herauskommt. Wie dies unterrichtlich vorbereitet werden kann, soll anhand eines Beispiels dargestellt werden.
„Das Gehirn – Intelligenz, Bewusstsein, Gefühl“ – interaktiv erlebbares Leistungsspektrum der Steuerzentrale bei Mensch und Tier
Authors: Högermann Christiane
Published: December 2018

In 13 Themenbereichen hat der Besucher an über 770 Objekten mit 63 Medienstationen vielfache Möglichkeiten, die allgegenwärtige Steuerfunktion des Gehirns einschließlich potenzieller Leistungen im Pflanzenreich zu erforschen.
Nachrichten des Verbandes Biologie, Biowissenschaften & Biomedizin in Deutschland
Authors: Haszprunar Gerhard
Published: December 2018

Wissenschaft & Gesellschaft

Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)

Ausbildung & Karriere

Ars legendi‐Preis

Karrierewege für Biowissenschaftler

Landesverbände

Bayern
Der Nikolaustag
Authors: Hauk Andrea
Published: December 2018

Es wird viel diskutiert über die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Andrea Hauk – BIUZ‐Lesern bekannt als Autorin der Laborseite – hat den Praxistest gemacht und berichtet nun im zwölften Teil unserer Reihe von ihren Erfahrungen als Mutter eines Krabbelkindes.
Randomized trial of two types of gastrojejunostomy after pancreatoduodenectomy and risk of delayed gastric emptying (PAUDA trial)
Authors: Busquets J , Martín S , Fabregat J , Secanella L , Pelaez N , Ramos E
Published: December 2018

Background

Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is the most important cause of an extended hospital stay after pancreatoduodenectomy. Reports suggest that a Roux-en-Y gastroenteric anastomosis may have lower incidence of DGE than a Billroth II reconstruction. The primary aim of this RCT was to compare Billroth II (single loop) and Roux-en-Y (double loop) after pancreatoduodenectomy to determine whether Roux-en-Y reconstruction is associated with a lower incidence of DGE. Secondary endpoints were postoperative complications.

Methods

This was a randomized unblinded single-centre trial without masked evaluation of the main outcome. Patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy between 2013 and 2015 were randomized to undergo one of two types of gastroenteric anastomosis for reconstruction.

Results

A total of 80 patients were randomized, 40 in each group. The incidence of DGE was the same in patients undergoing Billroth II or Roux-en-Y gastroenteric anastomosis (both 18 of 40 patients; P = 1·000). The grade of DGE was also similar in the Billroth II and Roux-en-Y groups (grade A, both 10 of 40; grade B, 5 of 40 versus 6 of 40; grade C, 3 of 40 versus 2 of 40; P = 0·962). The mortality rate was 3 per cent, with no significant difference between the two groups. There were no differences in the overall rate of postoperative morbidity, relaparotomy rate or duration of hospital stay.

Conclusion

The incidence and severity of DGE does not differ between single- or double-loop gastroenteric anastomosis performed after pancreatoduodenectomy. Registration number: NCT00915863 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Relationship between R1 resection, tumour rupture and recurrence in resected gastrointestinal stromal tumour
Authors: Hølmebakk T , Bjerkehagen B , Hompland I , Stoldt S , Boye K
Published: December 2018

Background

According to guidelines, adjuvant treatment or re-excision should be considered after R1 resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). However, the prognostic significance of R1 resection is uncertain and tumour rupture confounds its assessment. Here, the impact of positive margins was examined and related to rupture in a population-based cohort.

Methods

Patients undergoing surgery for non-metastatic GIST since 2000 were identified in the sarcoma database of Oslo University Hospital. Margins were coded according to the residual tumour (R) classification and tumour rupture defined according to the Oslo criteria.

Results

Among 410 patients, there were 47 who underwent R1 resection and 52 had tumour rupture. The relative risk of R1 resection with rupture was 3·55 (95 per cent c.i. 2·09 to 6·03; P < 0·001). In patients without rupture, there was no difference in estimated 5-year recurrence-free survival after R0 versus R1 resection (87·6 versus 93 per cent; hazard ratio (HR) 0·71, 95 per cent c.i. 0·17 to 2·98; P = 0·638); nor was there any difference among patients with rupture (37 versus 31 per cent; HR 1·31, 0·68 to 2·54; P = 0·420). In multivariable analysis, tumour rupture but not R1 resection was independently associated with recurrence. Twenty-four patients at very low, low or intermediate risk did not receive adjuvant imatinib after R1 resection and remained recurrence-free.

Conclusion

Positive resection margins are strongly associated with tumour rupture. R1 resection does not independently influence prognosis. Adjuvant imatinib may not be justified after R1 resection in the absence of tumour rupture or other high-risk features.
High School Is Not the Finish Line
Authors: Popp Patricia A. , Roberts Allyson F. , Robinson Paula F. , Strawn Rachel Mayes
Published: December 2018

This chapter describes the challenges and opportunities associated with creating sophisticated support networks designed to support youth experiencing homelessness. The authors offer an overview of programs and policies that is interwoven with the story of Susan, a composite of youth with whom they have worked, to illustrate the ways Virginia is addressing students’ needs.
Responses to Hunger on the Community College Campus
Authors: Fincher Mark , Coomer Traci , Hicks Janice , Johnson Jessica , Lineros Jose , Olivarez Catherine P. , Randolph A. J.
Published: December 2018

Using an original representative national survey, data were gathered on the ways colleges have responded to student hunger through the provision of campus‐based food banks.
Students for Students
Authors: Feiger H. Tina
Published: December 2018

Students in postsecondary education experience housing and food insecurity in increasing numbers. Their particular needs as students make it difficult for them to use traditional shelters. This chapter describes how two students from University of California, Los Angeles, created a shelter designed for students from the university and from Santa Monica College.
Strategies for Campus Leaders
Authors: Perry Kimberly
Published: December 2018

This issue of New Directions provides an overview of the increasing numbers of students who are experiencing homelessness, housing insecurity, and food insecurity. College presidents are in a unique position to lead campus efforts to identify students in need and to develop strategies for supporting this increasing, often invisible, student population. In this chapter, a college president offers advice for campus leaders.
Olympiade für Chemie‐Begeisterte
Authors: Fischer‐Henningsen Doris
Published: December 2018

In diesem Sommer wetteiferten zum 50. Mal Schülerinnen und Schüler allgemeinbildender Schulen bei der Internationalen Chemie‐Olympiade (IChO) um die begehrten Medaillen. Anlässlich des Jubiläums kehrte der Wettbewerb, der jedes Jahr in einem anderen Land stattfindet, zurück zu den Ursprüngen, nach Prag. Dort wurde 1968 die erste Chemie‐Olympiade zwischen 18 Wettbewerbern ausgetragen – aus den bescheidenen Anfängen hat sich ein Großereignis entwickelt, das in diesem Jahr 300 Studenten aus 76 Nationen an die Moldau zog.
Enantioselective Intramolecular Desymmetric α‐Addition of Cyclohexanone to Propiolamide Catalyzed by Sodium L‐Prolinate
Authors: Li Bao‐Le , Gao Wei‐Yang , Li Han , Zhang Shuo‐Qing , Han Xiao‐Qing , Lu Jun , Liang Ren‐Xiao , Hong Xin , Jia Yi‐Xia
Published: December 2018

Summary of main observation and conclusion

An enantioselective desymmetric nucleophilic α‐addition of cyclohexanone to propiolamide has been developed through a 6‐exo‐dig cyclization reaction. By employing simple and readily available L‐proline sodium salt as a bifunctional catalyst, a series of chiral 6,6‐bicyclic bridged products bearing morphan scaffold have been isolated in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidated the origins of the enantioselectivity and regioselectivity of this transformation. A salt bridge that links the amide carbonyl group with proline carboxylate in the transition state was proven to be the driving force for the induction of excellent enantioselectivity.
Impact of Splitting or Crushing on the Relative Bioavailability of the Darunavir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Single‐Tablet Regimen
Authors: Brown Kimberley , Thomas David , McKenney Kevin , Reeder Michael , Simonson Richard Bruce , Bicer Ceyhun , Nettles Richard E. , Crauwels Herta
Published: December 2018

Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) is an oral once‐daily single‐tablet regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus‐1 infection. Different administration modalities for the D/C/F/TAF fixed‐dose combination tablet were explored in this phase 1 randomized, open‐label, 3‐period, 3‐treatment crossover study enrolling 30 healthy adults. The primary objective was to assess the relative bioavailability of each component after a single dose of D/C/F/TAF (800/150/200/10 mg) administered as a split or crushed tablet (tests) versus swallowed whole (reference). Pharmacokinetic parameters (noncompartmental analysis; logarithm‐transformed) for each component were compared using linear mixed‐effects modeling. For the split versus whole tablet, the bioavailabilities (maximum plasma concentration [Cmax] and area under the plasma concentration‐time curve [AUClast]) of each D/C/F/TAF component were comparable. For the crushed versus whole tablet, the bioavailabilities of darunavir, cobicistat, and emtricitabine were comparable, except for a 17% decrease in emtricitabine Cmax; the relative bioavailability of tenofovir alafenamide decreased by 29% and 19% for Cmax and AUClast, respectively. All intakes were safe and generally well tolerated. In summary, there was no clinically relevant impact on the bioavailability of D/C/F/TAF components when administered as a split tablet compared with a tablet swallowed whole. Administration of a crushed tablet resulted in a modest decrease in tenofovir alafenamide bioavailability; the clinical relevance of this change has not been assessed but is expected to be minimal based on the wide therapeutic window for this agent.
Differential Radial Capillary Action of Ligand Assay (DRaCALA)
Authors: Seminara Anna B. , Turdiev Asan , Turdiev Husan , Lee Vincent T.
Published: December 2018

Protein interactions with nucleic acids are important for the synthesis, regulation, and stability of macromolecules. While a number of assays are available for interrogating these interactions, the differential radial capillary action of ligand assay (DRaCALA) has been developed as an easy and flexible platform that allows for the study of individual interactions when carrying out high‐throughput screening for novel binding proteins and small molecule inhibitors. In this article, we describe the principle of DRaCALA and methods that utilize DRaCALA to determine the affinity and specificity of individual protein‐nucleic acid interactions as well as uses for screening for binding proteins and chemical inhibitors. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection of Apoptotic Circulating Tumor Cells Using in vivo Fluorescence Flow Cytometry
Authors: Nolan Jacqueline , Nedosekin Dmitry A. , Galanzha Ekaterina I. , Zharov Vladimir P.
Published: December 2018

Most cancer patients die from metastatic disease as a result of a circulating tumor cell (CTC) spreading from a primary tumor through the blood circulation to distant organs. Many studies have demonstrated the tremendous potential of using CTC counts as prognostic markers of metastatic development and therapeutic efficacy. However, it is only the viable CTCs capable of surviving in the blood circulation that can create distant metastasis. To date, little progress has been made in understanding what proportion of CTCs is viable and what proportion is in an apoptotic state. Here, we introduce a novel approach toward in situ characterization of CTC apoptosis status using a multicolor in vivo flow cytometry platform with fluorescent detection for the real‐time identification and enumeration of such cells directly in blood flow. The proof of concept was demonstrated with two‐color fluorescence flow cytometry (FFC) using breast cancer cells MDA‐MB‐231 expressing green fluorescein protein (GFP), staurosporine as an activator of apoptosis, Annexin‐V apoptotic kit with orange dye color, and a mouse model. The future application of this new platform for real‐time monitoring of antitumor drug efficiency is discussed. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Hair analysis to discriminate voluntary doping vs inadvertent ingestion of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole
Authors: Favretto Donata , Snenghi Rossella , Pertile Roberto , El Mazloum Rafi , Tucci Marianna , Visentin Sindi , Vogliardi Susanna
Published: December 2018

Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor, used to treat postmenopausal women with hormone receptor‐positive or unknown advanced breast cancer. It is prohibited in sport because it is used together with androgen anabolizing steroids to avoid their adverse effects. In the case of an adverse analytical finding, it may be important to distinguish between repetitive use due to voluntary administration and occasional use, possibly due to involuntary intake. With the objective to identify the dose capable of producing a positive hair test, and to apply these results to the scenarios of inadvertent letrozole ingestion by an athlete, this study investigates the urinary excretion and incorporation into hair of single doses of letrozole. Seven subjects were recruited for an excretion study of letrozole and its metabolite bis(4‐cyanophenyl) methanol (M1) in urine, after the consumption of 0.62 mg, 1.25 mg, and 2.5 mg of letrozole, and to investigate the incorporation in hair after ingestion of 0.62 mg and 2.5 mg of letrozole. Urine and hair samples were also obtained from two women in chronic therapy. Urinary concentrations of letrozole and its metabolite M1 were lower in subjects administered once with 0.62 mg, 1.25 mg, or 2.5 mg letrozole than in women in regular therapy with 2.5 mg/day. In hair collected after a single dosage, concentrations of 16–60 pg/mg were detected while in women in chronic therapy concentrations were higher than 160 pg/mg all along the hair shaft. Hair analysis turned to be a promising possibility for the discrimination of letrozole repetitive use vs occasional/inadvertent administration.
Ecosystem functions in mixed cropland–grassland systems influenced by soil legacies of past crop cultivation decisions
Authors: Turner Benjamin L. , Wuellner Melissa , Malo Douglas D. , Herrick Jeffrey E. , Dunn Barry H. , Gates Roger
Published: December 2018

As global food demand continues to grow, private landowners and agricultural managers have increased incentives to convert grasslands to expand crop production. These conversions are increasingly occurring on marginal soils susceptible to rapid degradation, which threatens delivery of diverse bundles of ecosystem goods and services (EGS). A growing number of studies have demonstrated that previous land management decisions continue to effect current soil ecosystem functions in the long‐term (i.e., soil legacies persist after previous management has ceased). Such legacies could further alterEGSdeliveries, especially in mixed‐use agroecosystems (grass and croplands) that are susceptible to large, rapid changes in land use. The objective of this work was therefore to identify potential soil legacy effects and recovery time delays after land transformation and to place those effects in the context ofEGStradeoffs. Our overall hypotheses were that soil legacies can be traced back to management'sEGSprioritization, that soil legacies persist due to the nature of land use (grass versus cultivation) and the time (years) under management, and that anthropomorphic manipulation from cultivation creates specific kinds of soil legacies. Using a systems approach that integrated ecosystem indicators, physical soil data, and human dimensions, we tested our hypotheses in South Dakota (USA), along the 100th Meridian (west), where recent and rapid cultivation expansion has reached historic highs. We conducted intensive interviews of four private land managers to identify historical land transformations, current goals, and strategies employed to achieve those goals on varying sites within their operations (nine grassland sites, nine cultivated sites;n = 18). Ecosystem assessments were conducted on each site using theUSinteragency assessment protocol Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health. Field aggregate stability and soil organic matter using loss‐on‐ignition were also measured. We found that (1) soil legacies continued to be detectable up to 20 yr after land transformation; (2) producers’ personal values ofEGSwere directly linked to observed land uses and ecosystem ratings; and (3) opportunities for reintroducing grasses into crop rotations or crop–livestock integration could likely improveEGSdelivery from converted lands while enhancing rural economic outcomes at a low‐ to no‐cost trade‐off between ecosystem functions.
Specificity of plant–plant communication for Baccharis salicifolia sexes but not genotypes
Authors: Moreira Xoaquín , Nell Colleen S. , Meza‐Lopez Maria M. , Rasmann Sergio , Mooney Kailen A.
Published: December 2018

Plants are able to adjust their anti‐herbivore defenses in response to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by herbivore‐damaged neighbors, and some of these changes increase resistance against subsequent herbivory. This phenomenon of plant–plant communication is thought to be widespread, but recent investigations have cautioned that it can be context dependent, including variation in the strength of communication based on the identity of plants and their associated herbivores. Here, we performed three greenhouse experiments using multiple male and female genotypes of the dioecious woody shrub Baccharis salicifolia and its specialist aphid Uroleucon macolai to test for specificity of plant–plant communication with respect to plant sex and genotype. Moreover, we evaluated plant sexual dimorphism and genotypic variation in VOC emissions (i.e., the “speaking” side of the interaction) and response of plants to VOC exposure (i.e., the “listening” side of the interaction) in order to identify the chemical mechanisms underlying such specificity. We did not find genotypic specificity of communication; emitter plants damaged by U. macolai significantly reduced subsequent U. macolai performance on receivers, but these effects were indistinguishable for communication within vs. among genotypes. In contrast, we found sex specificity of communication; male emitter plants reduced subsequent U. macolai performance on male and female receiver plants equally, while female emitter plants only did so for female receivers. We found sexual (but not genotypic) dimorphism in speaking but not listening; of the seven compounds induced by U. macolai feeding (speaking), pinocarvone was approximately fivefold greater in female than in male plants, while exposure of plants to pinocarvone emissions (listening) reduced U. macolai performance equally in both male and female plants. Together, our study demonstrates novel evidence for sexually dimorphic specificity of plant–plant communication and the chemical mechanism underlying this effect.
Quantification of bedform dynamics and bedload sediment flux in sandy braided rivers from airborne and satellite imagery
Authors: Strick Robert J.P. , Ashworth Philip J. , Sambrook Smith Gregory H. , Nicholas Andrew P. , Best James L. , Lane Stuart N. , Parsons Daniel R. , Simpson Christopher J. , Unsworth Christopher A. , Dale Jonathan
Published: December 2018

Images from specially‐commissioned aeroplane sorties (manned aerial vehicle, MAV), repeat unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys, and Planet CubeSat satellites are used to quantify dune and bar dynamics in the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada. Structure‐from‐Motion (SfM) techniques and application of a depth‐brightness model are used to produce a series of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) at low and near‐bankfull flows. A number of technical and image processing challenges are described that arise from the application of SfM in dry and submerged environments. A model for best practice is presented and analysis suggests a depth‐brightness model approach can represent the different scales of bedforms present in sandy braided rivers with low‐turbidity and shallow (< 2 m deep) water.

The aerial imagery is used to quantify the spatial distribution of unit bar and dune migration rate in an 18 km reach and three ~1 km long reaches respectively. Dune and unit bar migration rates are highly variable in response to local variations in planform morphology. Sediment transport rates for dunes and unit bars, obtained by integrating migration rates (from UAV) with the volume of sediment moved (from DSMs using MAV imagery) show near‐equivalence in sediment flux. Hence, reach‐based sediment transport rate estimates can be derived from unit bar data alone. Moreover, it is shown that reasonable estimates of sediment transport rate can be made using just unit bar migration rates as measured from 2D imagery, including from satellite images, so long as informed assumptions are made regarding average bar shape and height. With recent availability of frequent, repeat satellite imagery, and the ease of undertaking repeat MAV and UAV surveys, for the first time, it may be possible to provide global estimates of bedload sediment flux for large or inaccessible low‐turbidity rivers that currently have sparse information on bedload sediment transport rates. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Effects of grain‐size distribution and shape on sediment bed stability, near‐bed flow and bed microstructure
Authors: Staudt Franziska , Mullarney Julia C. , Pilditch Conrad A. , Huhn Katrin
Published: December 2018

Different studies investigating the stability of mixed sediment have found that the fine fraction can either stabilize or mobilize the bed. This study aims to find where the transition between these two modes occurs for sandy sediment and to identify the underlying (grain‐scale) processes. Flume experiments with bimodal sediment were used to investigate near‐bed processes of a non‐cohesive sediment bed, and in particular how the grain shape and the ratio of different grain sizes influence bed mobility. Medium sand (D50,c ≈ 400 μm) was mixed with 40 % fine material of different diameters (D50,f = 53; 111; 193 μm) and subjected to increasing flow velocities (U = 1.3–22.2 cm s‐1). The bed mobility (i.e. the change of the bed level over time), turbidity and near‐bed hydrodynamics were analysed. Selected results were compared with similar previous experiments with spherical glass beads. The findings indicate that, due to the complex grain shapes of natural sediment, a sand bed is more stable than a bed composed of glass beads. The grain‐size ratio RD = Dc /Df between the coarse and fine grain diameters controls whether the mixed bed is stabilized or mobilized by the presence of fines, with the transition between the modes occurring at RD = 4–5.5. Mixed beds with a very low RD < 2 behave like a unimodal bed. The results suggest that RD and grain shape influence bed roughness, near‐bed flow, bed microstructure and the flow into and through the upper bed layers, which subsequently governs bed mobility. The interplay between all these processes can explain the transition between the stabilizing effect (high RD, small pore space) and the mobilizing effect (low RD, large pore space) of a fine fraction in a grain‐size mixture. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Target site model: Predicting mode of action and aquatic organism acute toxicity using Abraham parameters and feature-weighted k-nearest neighbors classification
Authors: Boone Kathleen S. , Di Toro Dominic M.
Published: December 2018

A database of 1480 chemicals with 47 associated modes of action compiled from the literature encompasses a wide range of chemical classes (alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and polar compounds) and includes toxicity data for 79 different aquatic genera. The data were split into a calibration group and a validation group (80/20) to apply k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) methodology to predict the toxic mode of action for the compound. Other approaches were tested (support vector machines and linear discriminant analysis) as well as variations in the k-NN technique (distance weighting, feature weighting). Best-prediction results were found with k = 3, in a voting platform with optimized feature weighting. Using the predicted mode of action, the appropriate polyparameter target site model for that mode of action is applied to calculate the 50% lethal concentration (LC50). Predicted LC50s for the validation database resulted in a root-mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.752. This can be compared to an RMSE of 0.655 for the same validation set using the reference mode of action labels. The complete database resulted in an RMSE of 0.793 for reference mode of action labels. This confirms that the classification model has sufficient accuracy for predicting the mode of action and for determining toxicity using the target site model. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:375–386. © 2018 SETAC
Gut Microbial Metabolism and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Sharpton Suzanne R. , Yong Germaine J.M. , Terrault Norah A. , Lynch Susan V.
Published: December 2018

The gut microbiome, the multispecies community of microbes that exists in the gastrointestinal tract, encodes several orders of magnitude more functional genes than the human genome. It also plays a pivotal role in human health, in part due to metabolism of environmental, dietary, and host‐derived substrates, which produce bioactive metabolites. Perturbations to the composition and associated metabolic output of the gut microbiome have been associated with a number of chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we review the rapidly evolving suite of next‐generation techniques used for studying gut microbiome composition, functional gene content, and bioactive products and discuss relationships with the pathogenesis of NAFLD.