bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
РОЗРОБКА ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ СИРКОВИХ ПАСТ З ХАРЧОВИМИ ВОЛОКНАМИ
Authors: Новгородська Надія , Берник Ірина
Published: September 2022

Необхідність покращення споживчих властивостей, підвищення конкуренто- спроможності, забезпечення стабільних якісних показників продуктів вимагає раціоналізації складу та коригування традиційних технологій сиркових виробів. Ефективним способом удосконалення технології сиркових виробів є оптимізація рецептурного складу за рахунок додавання гарбузового пюре, багатого харчовими волокнами. Мета роботи: розробка технології кисломолочного продукту, збагаченого харчовими волокнами. Предмет досліджень: технологічні показники кисломолочного продукту. Методи досліджень: сенсорні (зовнішній вигляд, колір, смак, консистенція) та фізико-хімічні. Результати досліджень. У роботі висвітлені питання технології застосування гарбузів сорту «Новинка» в якості рослинної добавки, як джерело харчових волокон при виробництві сиркових виробів. Вивчено способи підготовки пропонованих рослинних добавок (гарбуза) при виробництві сиркових мас, розроблені та запропоновані відповідні рецептури. У дослідних зразках сиркової пасти вивчено органолептичні та фізико-хімічні показники сиркових паст із використанням гарбузового пюре. Застосування гарбузового пюре, попередньо запеченого в якості рослинної добавки, у технології сиркових виробів впливає на зовнішній вигляд, колір продуктів, відбивається на складі даної продукції, поряд із цим інші технологічні показники знаходяться в межах нормативних вимог, як при виготовленні, так і при зберіганні. Висновки. Сиркові вироби із застосуванням рослинної добавки, що багата харчовими волокнами є продукцією підвищеної біологічної цінності, виробництво якої не вимагає додаткового спеціалізованого обладнання, а також це потенційне джерело, щодо розширення продуктів вітчизняного асортименту лікувально-профілактичного призначення. Таким чином, сиркова паста, виготовлена з використанням рослинної сировини, з метою збагачення харчовими волокнами гарбуза поєднує в собі традиційні споживчі властивості з технологічними можливостями функціонально-технологічних інгредієнтів рослинного походження. Застосування результатів. Введення в рецептуру функціонального інгредієнту, дозволяє розширити асортимент сиркових паст з особливими властивостями.
ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ СКЛАДУ СТАБІЛІЗАЦІЙНИХ СИСТЕМ ДЛЯ МОЛОЧНИХ ДЕСЕРТІВ З КОМБІНОВАНИМ СКЛАДОМ СИРОВИНИ
Authors: Рудакова Тетяна , Романчук Ірина , Мінорова Антоніна , Моісеєва Людмила , Крушельницька Наталія , Наріжний Сергій
Published: September 2022

Предмет досліджень. Одним із перспективних напрямів розвитку технологій є розширення асортименту десертної продукції за рахунок використання нових видів сучасних інгредієнтів, зокрема продуктів переробки молочної і рослинної сировини. Результатом складання рецептурних композицій молочних десертів з різними компонентами є одночасне підвищення органолептичних показників, структурно- механічних властивостей, біологічної та харчової цінності готового продукту. Використання у виробництві молочних десертів зі складною дисперсною структурою комплексу стабілізуючих речовин (сироваткових білків, інуліну, крохмалю та борошна), потребує оцінки сенсорних властивостей продуктів, оскільки під час взаємодії з компонентами молочної основи рослинні компоненти, здатні надавати готовому продукту нових органолептичних характеристик. Метою роботи було обґрунтування технологічних рішень щодо вибору стабілізаційних систем для різних видів молочних десертів на підставі сенсорної оцінки їх властивостей. Методологія. Проведено дослідження щодо розроблення таких різновидів молочних десертів як пудинги та креми на основі маслянки або ретентату. Враховуючи конкретні властивості кожного інгредієнту, що входить до стабілізатору структури, нами запропоновано стабілізаційні системи для пудингу: «желатин - крохмаль» та «концентрат сироваткових білків - рисове борошно - інулін»; для крему: «концентрат сироваткових білків - інулін» та «сироватка суха демінералізована - рисове борошно-інулін». Результати. Встановлено, що вдалим поєднанням компонентів у складі стабілізаційної системи для пудингу було «желатин-крохмаль», для крему – «концентрат сироваткових білків-інулін», як на основі маслянки, так і ретентату. Органолептична оцінка вищеозначених молочних десертів знаходилася в межах 5-4 балів за смаковими профілями. З точки зору структурних характеристик, то за консистенцією вони відповідали заданим вимогам. Висновки. Підібрано сировину тваринного і рослинного походження та співвідношення компонентіву складі стабілізаційних систем для молочних десертів. Відмічено, що у формуванні органолептичних показників молочних десертів одним зі значимих показників є реологічні характеристики структурованих продуктів, які залежали від складу стабілізаційної системи.
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ АНТИСЕПТИКУ ДЛЯ ОБРОБЛЕННЯ ДИФУЗІЙНОГО СОКУ
Authors: Хомічак Любомир , Кузнєцова Інга , Ткаченко Сергій , Джоган Ольга , Зайчук Людмила , Данілова Катерина
Published: September 2022

Підвищенню ефективності виробництва в цукробуряковому комплексі повинна сприяти диверсифікація виробництва, яка направлена на освоєння виробництва нового виду продуктів, тобто вдосконалення і освоєння нових технологій виробництва. Для удосконалення процесу отримання цукропродуктів, одним з важливих етапів є дослідження умов отримання дифузійного соку із застосуванням антисептику «Бактрілон-А». Метою роботи було дослідити вплив антисептику «Бактрілон-А» на якість отриманого дифузійного соку. Методика досліджень. Отримували зразки дифузійного соку шляхом ошпарювання стружки, екстрагуванням та з обробленням бурякостружкової суміші «Бактрілоном-А». Вивчали оптимальну введену кількість антисептику в сокостружкову суміш (с.-с.с.) у кількості 0,25, 0,5 і 1,0% до м.с.-с.с. Результати досліджень. Застосування ошпарювання сприяє прискоренню процесу утворення барвних сполук у соці. Досліджено вплив і кількість введення антисептику «Бактрілон-А» в сокостружкову суміш на якість отриманого дифузійного соку. Показано, що застосування антисептику «Бактрілон-А» призводить до гальмування процесу окиснення барвних сполук, про що свідчить світло коричневий колір соку. Висновки. Встановлено, що препарат «Бактрілон-А» не впливає на значення оптичного обертання вуглеводів і відповідно, не впливає на точність визначення вмісту цукрози в соці. Визначено, що внесення «Бактрілону-А» в сокостружкову суміш знижує забарвленість дифузійного соку в 3,3 рази порівняно із способами екстрагування у воді або із ошпаренням стружки перед дифузією. Обґрунтовано, що кращим є дозування «Бактрілону-А» в кількості 0,5% до маси сокостружкової суміші.
Transforming the response variable can change estimates and inference for linear models
Authors: Totterman Stephen
Published: September 2022

1. The choice between applying Generalised Linear Models for count response variables versus transforming the counts first and then applying Linear Models has been a controversial subject in Methods in Ecology and Evolution.2. This study investigated how data transformation changes statistical inference for Student’s independent two sample t-test because the difference between means on the transformed scale is not consistent with that on the original scale.3. The disagreement between t-test results for transformed counts compared to those for the original counts was large for overdispersed data with large differences in variances.4. It is concluded that data transformation should not be used for the sole purpose of satisfying Linear Model assumptions without consideration of changes to estimates and inference.
Protocol for a methodological systematic review of statistical fragility in hip and knee arthroplasty randomized trials
Authors: Madden Kim , Ekhtiari Seper , Mangala Sophia , Bhandari Mohit , Adili Anthony
Published: September 2022

The fragility index (FI) is a measure of how many events in one randomized controlled trial (RCT) group need to be changed from a non-event to an event for a statistically significant finding to become non-significant. Until recently, the FI could only be calculated for dichotomous outcomes. In 2021, Caldwell et al published a method for calculating continuous fragility index (CFI) for trials with continuous outcomes. A 2021 systematic review of statistical fragility of hip and knee arthroplasty trials found that the median FI in arthroplasty trials was 1, indicating very high fragility. This was a well-conducted systematic review, but like other research on the topic of statistical fragility, it included only trials with dichotomous outcomes. Now that there is a method available to calculate CFIs, we aim to expand on the previous review to include continuous outcomes to provide a more complete picture of the state of statistical fragility in arthroplasty RCTs. The primary objective of this systematic review is to describe the statistical fragility of RCTs in hip and knee arthroplasty in the past decade. Our secondary objective is to determine study characteristics that are associated with fragility. This is a protocol for a descriptive systematic review of statistical fragility of arthroplasty RCTs.
Solving problems with an Aha! increases risk preference
Authors: Yu Yuhua , Salvi Carola , Becker Maxi , Beeman Mark
Published: September 2022

Solving problems with insight culminates in an “Aha! moment”: a feeling of confidence and pleasure. In daily life, insights are often followed by important decisions, such as deciding what to do with a new idea. Here, we investigated whether having an Aha! moment affects subsequent decision-making. Because Aha! moments tend to elicit positive affect, which is generally associated with an increased risk-taking tendency, we hypothesized that people would favor a monetary payout with more upside despite greater uncertainty after solving a problem with insight. Participants were asked to solve verbal puzzles and report whether they solved them with insight or without insight. After each puzzle, they chose between two bonuses: a fixed payout or a risk payout with 50% chance of receiving a high or a low payout. Participants were more likely to choose the risk payout after they solved with insight compared to without, suggesting a temporarily higher risk preference. The study provided preliminary evidence of a carryover effect - the impact of an Aha! moment on the subsequent risk choice - that can have implications in everyday decision-making.
The transparency and reproducibility of systematic reviews in forensic science
Authors: Chin Jason , Growns Bethany , Sebastian Joel , Page Matthew James , Nakagawa Shinichi
Published: September 2022

Systematic reviews are indispensable tools for both reliably informing decision-makers about the state of the field and for identifying areas that need further study. Their value, however, depends on their transparency and reproducibility. Readers should be able to determine what was searched for and when, where the authors searched, and whether that search was predetermined or evolved based on what was found. In this article, we measured the transparency and reproducibility of systematic reviews in forensic science, a field where courts, policymakers, and legislators count on systematic reviews to make informed decisions. In a sample of 100 systematic reviews published between 2018 and 2021, we found that completeness of reporting varied markedly. For instance, 50% of reviews claimed to follow a reporting guideline and such statements were only modestly related to compliance with that reporting guideline. As to specific reporting items, 82% reported all of the databases searched, 22% reported the review’s full Boolean search logic, and just 7% reported the review was registered. Among meta-analyses (n = 23), only one stated data was available and none stated the analytic code was available. After considering the results, we end with recommendations for improved regulation of reporting practices, especially among journals. Our results may serve as a useful benchmark as the field evolves.
Groundwatersheds of protected areas reveal globally overlooked risks and opportunities
Authors: Serrano David , Huggins Xander , Gleeson Tom , Zipper Sam , Jehn Florian , Rohde Melissa , Abell Robin , Vigerstol Kari , Hartmann Andreas
Published: September 2022

Protected areas are a key tool for conserving biodiversity, sustaining ecosystem services and improving human well-being. Global initiatives that aim to expand and connect protected areas generally focus on controlling ‘above ground’ impacts such as land use, overlooking the potential for human actions in adjacent areas to affect protected areas through groundwater flow. Here, we assess the potential footprint of these impacts by mapping groundwatersheds. We find that over five in six protected areas globally (85%) have groundwatersheds that are underprotected. Half of all protected areas have a groundwatershed with a spatial footprint that lies predominantly (i.e., at least 50%) outside of the protected area’s boundary. These findings highlight a widespread potential risk to protected areas from activities affecting groundwater within their groundwatersheds, underscoring the need for groundwatershed-based protection measures. Delineating groundwatersheds can catalyze needed discussions about protected area connectivity and robustness, and investments in groundwatershed conservation and management can help protect groundwater-dependent ecosystems from external threats.
Proximate analysis of fruits and vegetables wastes from Nairobi County, Kenya
Authors:   University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya., Kamau J. M. , Mbui D. N. ,   University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya., Mwaniki J. M. ,   University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya., Mwaura F. B. ,   University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
Published: September 2022

Proximate analysis of twenty fruits and vegetable waste from Nairobi County was evaluated. They were obtained from Kangemi and Wakulima markets. Standard procedures were used for the analysis of crude fat, protein, fiber, carbohydrates, moisture, ash, nitrogen-free extract and energy. The results obtained revealed that moisture content was in the range of 82.8 to 95.86% apart from sweet potato and banana which was 62.05 and 74.30% respectively. Protein range was between 0.57 to 3.49% with high-fat content being recorded in avocado at 9.03%. The ash content was highest in comfrey at 3.46% and lowest in mango at 0.44%. The carbohydrate level obtained by the difference method was lowest in courgette at 1.99% with crude fiber ranging from 0.69 to 2.73%. The total calculated energy ranged from 1.94 to 39.98 Kcal/100g. The macro-nutrient concentrations were 3.59 and 1.53% for potassium and calcium respectively. Lead, iron and zinc were detected at 15.1±3.6, 3742±235 and 176±11 ppm respectively. There is the presence of proximate properties in the edible portion of wasted fruits and vegetable and therefore, this study recommends proper fruits and vegetable handling during harvest, transportation, storage and marketing. Besides, the unavoidable waste should be used as biomass in energy production to deal with landfilling issues in the market places.
Impact of school garden on dietary diversity and micronutrient level of pre-school children in Makueni County –Kenya
Authors:   Department of Community Health and Epidemiology in the School of Public Health and Applied Human Sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya., Lubeka Crippina , Kimiywe Judith ,   Department of Community Health and Epidemiology in the School of Public Health and Applied Human Sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya., Nyambaka Hudson ,   Department of Chemistry in the school of pure and applied sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya.
Published: September 2022

Pre-school children are more vulnerable to malnutrition. This study sought to assess the effect of school gardens intervention in improving serum zinc, iron, and retinol levels of pre-school children in the early childhood center through diet diversity in Mulala ward, Makueni County, Kenya. A between-group quasi-experimental design study on a sample of 63 children was adopted. The intervention early childhood centres were giving vegetables and animal proteins to children from the school garden as part of the ten o'clock snack of porridge and lunchtime meal of maize and beans for six months while the control early childhood centres had the usual ten o'clock porridge and lunchtime maize and beans meal. Questionnaires were used to collect end line data on demographic, socio-economic, feeding practices, and diet diversity. Blood samples were also collected from the children and blood tests for zinc, iron, and retinol done. Blood tests for serum zinc and iron were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, serum retinol was assessed by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography. The mean dietary diversity score of the control and intervention groups was found to be significantly different at post-intervention (p-value = <0.001). A significant and positive correlation between the levels of serum hemoglobin, retinol, zinc and dietary diversity was observed among the intervention population (P-value =0.045, n= 31 R=0.363), (P-value =0.033, n= 31 R=0.384), and (P-value =0.048, n= 31 R=0.358). The study concludes that the use of a variety of green leafy vegetables and small animals in diets of young children; can improve both dietary diversity and micronutrient levels.
Evaluation of maize-based, vitamin A-enriched flat bread from blending ratio of orange fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) flour at Arbaminch, Southern Ethiopia
Authors:   South Agricultural Research Institute, Arba Minch Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 2228, Arbaminch, Ethiopia., Wale Wasihun , Dureto Ermias ,   South Agricultural Research Institute, Arba Minch Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 2228, Arbaminch, Ethiopia.
Published: September 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate maize-based; vitamin A enriched flat breads from orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP). To enhance vitamin A content of maize based flour, five formulations of flat breads were prepared from blending ratio of 100%(S1), 85:15% (S2), 75:25%(S3), 65:35% (S4) and 55:45% (S5) maize and OFSP flours, respectively. Designs of the study were Completely Randomized for nutritional composition and randomized complete block design for sensory acceptability with 5 treatments and three replications. Sensory acceptability and nutritional compositions of maize-based, vitamin A-enriched flat bread samples prepared from maize and OFSP were evaluated in triplicate. Sample (S5) was most accepted in all sensorial acceptability except color at community level panelists compared with other flat bread samples. The nutritional composition of the flat bread samples showed an increase in the values of crude fiber, moisture, ash and carbohydrate content while the protein, fat and energy content of flat bread were increased as OFSP flours were increased in the formulation. The OFSP and maize flour blends flat bread samples and control sample were observed to have significantly different (p<0.05) in mean scores of vitamin A content. The vitamin A (µg RAE) content of the sample (S1) was 0.00 µg RAE. The vitamin A content was highest (331.60 µg RAE) for the S5 sample. OFSP flour up to 45% can possibly be incorporated in maize-based, flat bread to increase vitamin A content. The moisture content of maize based, vitamin A-enriched flat bread samples are gradual increased with the amount of OFSP flour in blend increased, therefore microbial quality and physical properties of samples will be needed for further research.
Functional and pasting properties of wheat and cooking banana flour blends and their utilization in cookies production
Authors:   Department of Home Science and Management, Rivers State University, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria., China M. A. H. , madi AG. A. ,   Department of Home Science and Management, Rivers State University, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria., Ujong A. E. ,   Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Published: September 2022

The main objective of this study was to investigate the functional and pasting properties of wheat and cooking banana flour blends and their utilization in cookie production. Wheat and cooking banana composite flour were mixed in the ratios of 100:0, 0:100, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20, coded as samples AKCA, AKCB, AKCC, AKCD, AKCE, and AKCF respectively and used to produce cookies. The cookies were subjected to proximate and sensory evaluation while the flour blends were analyzed for their functional and pasting properties. Proximate analysis of the cookies revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in moisture (5.81 to 7.80%), ash (4.00 to 5.25%), and crude fibre (2.07 to 3.10%) with a corresponding decrease in protein (8.40 to 7.69%), fat (25.84 to 23.95%) and carbohydrate (53.87 to 52.21%). Results for functional properties revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the water absorption capacity (0.75 to 2.28 g/ml) while bulk density and oil absorption capacity ranged from 0.82 to 0.88 g/g and 1.08 to 1.31 g/g, respectively with least gelation concentration of 2%. Results for pasting properties revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the peak viscosity (191.25 to 669.10 RVU), trough viscosity (104.70 to 380.54 RVU), breakdown viscosity (85.96 to 288.63 RVU), final viscosity (191.25 to 669.17 RVU), and setback viscosity (94.05 to 139.34 RVU). On the other hand, a decrease in the peak time (6.07 to 4.93 minutes) and pasting temperature (94.80 to 83.33°C) was observed. Sensory evaluation of the cookies showed that the control sample (100% wheat cookies) was the most preferred for colour, texture, taste and overall acceptability. Based on the overall scores, the control sample did not differ significantly (p<0.05) from the cookie samples substituted with cooking banana flour. This, therefore, shows that cooking bananas can be substituted with wheat flour at levels of 0 to 20% for the production of acceptable cookies of nutritional quality. The flour blends may also be utilized in households for the production of other functional bakery products such as bread, biscuits, and cakes thereby reducing the dependency on wheat flour.
Overview of Higher Education in the 21st Century
Authors: Kumar Suman , Pandey D.C.
Published: September 2022

No nation gets world-class topper status in higher education overnight. Investment made in the field of education proves its significance or futility after one and a half to two decades. In the contemporary Indian scenario, higher education is shifting away from quality to being market-oriented. The imprecision which is seen in it results in a shift from the traditional pass to the state-of-the-art. It doesn't seem to fit our needs. The level of human resources that are expected to be created from higher education is completely lacking in practical life in our country. Following the policies of Lord Macaulay Mahaprabhu, our education system is sowing the seeds of inequality instead of social harmony. Ignoring the national needs and requirements, our higher education society cannot be relative without the air planners getting acquainted with the ground reality. Where is the adoption of higher education policies of developed nations in societies without basic infrastructure, leading us blindly, social governments can be established in higher education by connecting modern global ideas with traditional knowledge. In this country full of diversities, it is possible to implement a perspective higher education policy. The need is strong willpower. By keeping higher education away from appeasement and political ambivalence, it can be saved from being frivolous.

Education is the backbone of human civilization. Education is the foundation of civilization and culture. Education is the most effective means of all-round development and transformation of human beings. From ancient times, education in Indian society was broad, knowledge-oriented, well-planned, and well-organized. Through education, our lives are not only refined, refined and refined, pure, intelligent and advanced, but by following the sattvik and moral values-directives of the entire society, human welfare is achieved. Perhaps that is why education is declared as an important parameter of development. Higher education works to strengthen any society and nation within the world. Higher Education Objectives To acquire knowledge or to earn money, in the Indian context, whether higher education is deviating from its original objectives, the seeds of the present form of the Indian education system can be traced in the mirror of the British rule that ruled for almost two hundred years. If it is to be said that the present entire education system is a gift of the British Raj, then there will be no exaggeration. Charles Grant, who is called the father of this education system.01 what they must have imagined in this present distorted form is well known that the British used education in their own interest. They planned to create a new educated class in India who could conduct their colonial rule according to their vision plan. The goal of English education in the early stages was to nurture the roots of the British government while spreading Christianity in India.
Controlled Release Floating Matrix Tablet of Captopril
Authors: N. Abed Haithem , A. Abdulrasool Alaa , M. Ghareeb Mowafaq
Published: September 2022

The present study was done to prepare a gastroretentive floating tablet of captopril (CAP) which is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-inhibitor) used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. CAP is mainly absorbed from the proximal intestine and to a lesser extent from the stomach, also CAP stability decreases as the pH raised above 1.2 and this makes it a suitable candidate for floating dosage form.Effervescent floating tablets of CAP were prepared in order to prolong the gastric residence time and increase the bioavailability of the drug. The floating tablets of CAP were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation technique, using the polymer hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) as the primary retarding polymer together with carboxymethylcellulose(CMC) ,ethyl cellulose(EC) and pectin as a secondary release modifying polymers in different ratios of (1:1, 3:1 and 9:1). Different formulation parameters were studied such as type of diluents, amount of effervescent agent, methods of preparation and their effects on buoyancy and the in vitro drug release profile as well as their physical characteristics. The wet granulation method shows a good flow and compressibility characteristics and a better dose uniformity in comparison with direct compression technique. Pectin together with HPMC in the ratio of 1:1 was found to meet the requirement for a good matrix formation and floating characteristics and the drug release was sufficiently sustained for 12 h with floating time >24h and floating lag time of 2 min. Kinetic modeling of the release data for the selected formula showed that the mechanism of drug release pattern follows anomalous or non â€“fickian diffusion.

Key words: Captopril, floating, matrix tablet, pectin.
Effect of Administration of Crystalloid IV Fluids Preoperatively on Postoperative Pain
Authors: M. Al-Nema Zeena , I. Mohammed Samer , T. Ahmed Fadia
Published: September 2022

Pain is a sensory and emotional experience that is influenced by physiologic, sensory, affective, cognitive, socio-cultural and behavioral factors. Postoperative pain is the commonest reason for delayed discharge and unanticipated hospital admission after ambulatory surgery. Our Objective is to test the hypothesis that administration of 2 ml/kg/hr preoperative IV fluids may attenuates postoperative pain.The study was carried out in the Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Al-Yarmok Teaching Hospital and Al-Karama Teaching Hospital from 12 May till 17 June 2009. The total number of patients was 120 (35 males and 85 females) with their age ranged between 10-90 years. The patients were divided into two groups according to administration of preoperative IV fluids, group A (65 patients) did not receive IV fluids and group B (55 patients) received IV fluids preoperatively. Regarding group A, the pain scale was â‰¤ 5 in 15.3% of patients, and it was >5 in 84.7% of patients and these results obtained within 0-5 hours after awaking from anesthesia. Whereas in group B, the pain scale was â‰¤5 in 29.09% of patients and was >5 in 70.9% of patients. We have demonstrated that the preoperative administration of 2ml/kg/hr IV fluids (crystalloid) to patients who had fasted from fluids decreased the severity of postoperative pain, and the need for postoperative analgesia.  We report for the first time that administration of large volume preoperative IV fluids significantly reduce the incidence and severity of pain in patients at high risk for pain.

Key words: I.V fluids, Pain, Surgery.
Nitric Oxide, Peroxynitrite and Malondialdehyde Levels as Markers for Nitrosative/Oxidative Stress in Iraqi Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: M. Mohammed Shaimaa , A. Amin Inaam , Z. Sabri Zeina
Published: September 2022

Systemic lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology affecting multiple organ system. Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species are claimed to play a role in this disease. However, the potential of Nitrosative/Oxidative Stress to elicit an autoimmune, response remain till now largely unexplored in humans. This study was done to investigate the status and contribution of nitrosative/oxidative stress in Iraqi patients for systemic lupus erythematosus. Blood samples from 19 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 19 age-and sex- matched apparently healthy controls were evaluated for serum levels of nitrosative/oxidative stress markers including nitric oxide, peroxynitrite and malondialdehyde. Nitric oxide levels were measured by spectrophetometric method depending on Griss method, while peroxynitrite levels were measured by spectrophetometric method based on peroxynitrite mediated nitration of phenol. Malondialdehyde levels were measured by the thiobarbitoric acid method. Serum nitric oxide levels were significantly elevated in SLE patients (mean + SE 263.58 + 35.42 mmol/L) as compared with healthy control (162.48 +10.42 mmol/L). Peroxynitrite levels were also significantly elevated in a disease group (mean + SE 7.23 +0.92 mmol/L) as compared to healthy control (4.47 + 0.38 mmol/L). On the other hand, malondialdehyde levels were slightly elevated in SLE patient (mean + SE 4.53 + 0.22 nmol/ml) as compared to control group (4.32 + 0.58nmol/ml). The study findings support an association between nitrosative/oxidative stress and SLE through elevated level of NO, peroxynitrite and MDA in the serum of SLE patients.

Key words: Nitric oxide, Peroxynitrite, SLE.
Effect of Different Diluent and Binder Types on the Preparation of Bisoprolol Fumarate as Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: A. Fatohy Heba , A. Abdul-Rasool Alaa
Published: September 2022

Hypertension is one of the main causes of heart disease; beta- blockers play a crucial role in the management of patients with essential hypertension. Bisoprolol is one of the widely used drugs for the treatment of hypertension. Bisoprolol tablets were prepared by two methods (direct and wet) using different proportion and types of diluents, different binder types and forms, then evaluated for, weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution rate. The results were compared with a reference Bisoprolol tablet.

Both methods of preparation wet and direct compression method gave good results, which are consistent with the requirements of British Pharmacopeia and United States Pharmacopeia. It was found that the type of diluent (mannitol and lactose), binder type (polyvinyl pyrrolidone and acacia) and the presence of starch as a disintegrant affect the hardness, disintegration and the dissolution rate of the tablet. While liquid binder (polyvinyl pyrrolidone solution) gave longer disintegration time (12 min) with higher hardness compared with the powdered binder (polyvinyl pyrrolidone powder) that gave (5 min).

The results indicate that formula F1 which consists of [Mannitol (65mg)/ Avicel 102 (26 mg), starch and magnesium stearate] showed the best results as it has lower disintegration time (2.7 min), faster dissolution rate (100% release within 20 min) and prepared by a low cost method (direct method).

Key words: Bisoprolol, diluent, binder, direct compression, wet granulation.
Response Surface Methodology for Development and Optimization of Theophylline Pulmonary Delivery System
Authors: A. Yas Ali , I. Khalil Yehia , S. Mohamed Mohamed
Published: September 2022

The aim of the present study was to develop theophylline (TP) inhalable sustained delivery system by preparing solid lipid microparticles using glyceryl behenate (GB) and poloxamer 188 (PX) as a lipid carrier and a surfactant respectively. The method involves loading TP nanoparticles into the lipid using high shear homogenization â€“ ultrasonication technique followed by lyophilization. The compositional variations and interactions were evaluated using response surface methodology, a Box â€“ Behnken design of experiment (DOE). The DOE constructed using TP (X1), GB (X2) and PX (X3) levels as independent factors. Responses measured were the entrapment efficiency (% EE) (Y1), mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD, daer) (Y2), zeta potential (ZP, Î¾) (Y3), fine particles fraction (% FPF) (Y4) and percentage of dissolution efficiency at 420 minutes (% DE420) (Y5). The optimized formula was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X â€“ ray powder diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that prolonged release physically due to the loaded TP exists mostly in its crystalline state . Analysis of dissolution data of the optimized formula indicated that the best fitting is with Higuchi model, whereas the mechanism of drug release pattern follows anomalous or non â€“ Fickian diffusion.

Key words: Glyceryl behenate, solid lipid microparticles, theophylline nanoparticles
The Relationship between ABO Blood Group Distribution and the incidence of Upper Gastric and Duodenal Ulcer in Iraqi Patients
Authors: K. Abdulridha Manal
Published: September 2022

The relationship between blood group antigens and peptic ulcer disease has been widely evaluated in the past, but only one study relating H pylori seroprevalence to ABO blood groups among Iraqi patients with peptic ulcer disease is available. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of peptic ulcer disease among different ABO blood groups in Iraqi patients, and we thought it was worthwhile to try to determine whether these components take some part in disease etiology. One hundred and six patients with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (43 male and 63 female; mean  age: 48 Â± 18 years) who attended Baghdad teaching hospital and Al- Yarmouk teaching hospital endoscopy centers were enrolled , and 238 control Subjects.  Finger blood samples were used for ABO/Rhesus (Rh) blood group antigen typing. The ABO blood group phenotype frequency in peptic ulcer patients was as follows: 18.9% for blood group A, 15.1% for blood group B, 57.5 % for blood group O and 8.5% for blood group AB.  Rh positivity was found in 100% of patients. Significant higher percentage of patients with both gastric and duodenal ulcer disease are those holding  blood group O+   compared to other blood group phenotypes  (57.5%)( p= 0.003) .The present study show higher incidence of doudenal ulcer( DU) in patients  with blood group O+ compared to gastric ulcer( GU)   patients (65.6%vs 54.1%) , although no  statistical difference between both diseases was found,( p Ëƒ 0.05) in respect to other blood  group phenotypes.   Peptic ulcer disease is predominant in patients aged between 50-59 years represents with higher percentage (26.4%) compared to other age groups.  Patients with blood group O+ phenotype presented with a highly significant percentage of Peptic ulcer disease, since those individuals may express a higher inflammatory responses to H. pylori with higher levels of lymphocyte infiltration in the gastrointestinal mucosa   , and a higher frequency of secretor status  . In addition, they do not produce the substance on the surface of blood group O+ cells that may protect the lining of the duodenum .According to these results, probably ABO/Rh blood group (mainly blood group O+)   has an important role in patients with peptic ulcer disease as additional risk . The functional significance of ABO blood group distribution might be associated with biological behavior of Peptic ulcer disease. The impact of blood group on Peptic ulcer disease may be a focus for further studies.

Keywords:  ABO/ Rh Blood group system - Upper gastrointestinal disorders â€“Age &  Gender distribution
Phytochemical Study of Steroidal Sapogenin â€œTigogeninâ€ Present in the Leaves of Yucca aloifolia Cultivated in Iraq
Authors: M.Ibrahem Nabaa , J. Awad Zainab
Published: September 2022

This study detects the presence of the most important steroidal sapogenin â€œTigogeninâ€ in the leaves of Yucca aloifolia widely cultivated in Iraq. The absence of any study concerning the Tigogenin content of this medicinal plant in Iraq, and the industrial importance of Tigogenin depending on its role as a precursor in the synthesis of some steroidal drugs, acquired this study its value. This study concerned with extraction, identification, isolation, and purification of Tigogenin from the leaves of Yucca aloifolia. Extraction of this compound was carried out using two methods. Identification of this compound was done using thin layer chromatography (TLC) where different solvent systems had been tried. Libermann â€“ Burchard reagent was used for detection. This identification was further augmented by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then this steroidal saponin was isolated and purified. The identification of isolated Tigogenin was carried out using melting point (M.P.), Thin layer chromatography (TLC), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) . This study confirms the presence of Tigogenin in the leaves of Yucca aloifolia cultivated in Iraq. Also the result of this study showed that the second extraction method was the best, because the amount of both extract and Tigogenin were higher than one extraction method.

Key words : Yucca aloifolia , Steroidal saponin , "Tigogenin"
Antimicrobial Activity of Hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) Lignan
Authors: M.K. Al-Ani Widad , M. Aziz Fitua
Published: September 2022

Lignans are natural products widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They are composed of two Î²-Î²-linked phenylpropane (shikimate-derived biogenetic subunits). Although the backbone of lignans is composed of phenylpropane units, there is enormous diversity in the structure of lignans leading to different classes of lignans, such as Î³-butyrolactone derivatives, eg. Hymatairesinol, bicyclooctadiene derivatives, e.g. pinoresinol, tetrahydrofuran derivatives e.g.lariciresinol, di-arylbutandiol derivatives, e.g. secoisolariciresinol. Introduction of a further carbon â€“carbon linkage leads to a class of lignans collectively known as cyclolignans such as tetrahydro-naphthalene derivatives, for example podophyllotoxin. Lignans have a broad range of biological activities; many of them show significant antitumour, antimitotic, and antiviral effects. They also have cardiovascular effects, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities. The efflux mechanisms of bacteria to some antibiotics and resistance of bacteria to many antibiotics led to search for antibacterial compound of plant origin to overcome these problems. The antibacterial activity of HMR lignan was determined using the disc diffusion method and the MIC of the isolated compound was tested by the broth micro-dilution method. HMR lignan showed activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis(17 mm), Candida albicans (13mm), Proteussp(12mm) and Klebsiella sp (12mm).

Key words: Lignans, Hydroxymatiaresinol, Antimicrobial activity
Measurement of some Biochemical Values in Hemodialysis Patients in Baghdad
Authors: A.Hassan Hiba
Published: September 2022

One hundred of dialysis patients' mean age ( 51.18Â±8.28) years and one hundred healthy control group , where carried out  from different hospitals of Baghdad city , during the period between November /2012 until March/2013. Blood samples were collected before dialyzing for estimation   the concentration of urea, creatinine, uric acid, random blood sugar , calcium and cholesterol by enzymatic method detected spectrophotometerically.

The  aim of this  study is   to determine concentration of urea, creatinine, uric acid, RBS , calcium and cholesterol in hemodialysis patients in Baghdad . The results showed that there were  highly significant increases (P<0.01) in the mean of creatinine , urea , uric acid and RBS for patients  (587.86Âµmol/l , 25.57 mmol/l, 414.36mmol/l and 6.47mmol/l) compared to  the mean of   healthy control  (88.60 Âµmol/l , 5.07mmol/l ,270.76mmol/l and 4.65mmol/l ) was detected . Also there was highly significant decrease(P< 0.01) in the mean of calcium and  cholesterol for patients  (1.93mmol/l and3.33mmol/l) compared to  the mean of   healthy control  (2.34mmol/l and5.02mmol/l). It is concluded that in hemodialysis was associated with  the higher levels of urea ,creatinine , uric acid and RBS with low level of cholesterol and calcium. 

Key words: RBS (random blood sugar), SUA (serum uric acid), Cholesterol, Urea, Creatinine
Isolation and Characterization of Triterpenoid Saponin Hederacoside C. Present in the Leaves of Hedera helix L. Cultivated in Iraq
Authors: A. Hussien Suhaib , J. Awad Zainab
Published: September 2022

Hedera helix L. plant belongs to the family Araliaceae that provide a host of bioactive compounds (mainly saponins) of important biological activities, like spasmolytic, secretolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. Literature survey revealed that there was no previously study concerning H. helix L. which is cultivated in Iraq, so we decided to carry out this study which include extraction, isolation, purification and identification of biologically important triterpenoid saponin hederacoside C from leaves of H. helix L. Extraction of hederacoside C was carried out using two methods; in the first method maceration  was done with methanol 99.8% and in the second method soxhlet extraction with ethanol 99.8%, was followed, then  fractionation using column chromatography. Preliminary identification of this saponin hederacoside C was done using thin layer chromatography (TLC) where different solvent systems had been tried. Liebermann-Burchard reagent where used for detection. The most suitable extraction method was fully described in this study. The characterization of the isolated hederacoside C was carried out using melting point (M.P.), thin layer chromatography (TLC), FT-IR, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Keywords: Hedera helix L., Hederacoside C, Column chromatography.
Preparation and Evaluation of Meloxicam Microsponges as Transdermal Delivery System
Authors: A. Nief Roaa , A. Hussein Ahmed
Published: September 2022

The aim of present study was to develop gel formulation of microsponges of poorly soluble drug meloxicam (MLX) in order to enhance the release and dissolution of MLX which is the limitation for preparation in topical forms. Also skin delivery is an alternative administration for MLX that can minimize gastrointestinal (GI) side effects and improve patient compliance. The microsponges of MLX were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method.  The effects of drug:polymer ratio, stirring time and Eudragit polymer type on the physical characteristics of microsponges were investigated and characterized for production yield, loading efficiency, particle size, surface morphology, and in vitro drug release from microsponges. The selected microsponge formula was incorporated into gel. The prepared microsponge gel was evaluated as visual inspection, pH, spreadability, viscosity, in addition to in vitro drug release. The results showed that the microsponge formula with Eudragit L100 polymer had optimum physical properties and enhanced the dissolution and release of MLX when compared with other formulas and pure drug. MLX microsponge carbopol gel produced a significant (p<0.05) improvement of the in vitro release than pure MLX gel. Hence quasi emulsion solvent diffusion method was a promising method to produce MLX microsponges with markedly enhanced dissolution rate.

 Keywords: Meloxicam, Microsponges, Gel.
Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Preliminary Anticancer Study for Methotrexate Silibinin Conjugates
Authors: A. Nadhum Shams , H. Mohammed Mohammed
Published: September 2022

The spectrum of clinical efficacy of Methotrexate (MTX) is broad in that MTX is used in the treatment of certain cancers, severe psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.Various mechanisms by which cancer cells grown in tissue culture become resistant to anticancer drugs. The use of multiple  drugs with different mechanisms of entry into cells and different cellular targets allows for effective chemotherapy and high cure rates. In an efforts to develop effective strategies that increase the therapeutic potential of anticancer drugs with less systemic toxicity ,are being directed  towards the investigation of dietary supplements and other phytotherapeutic agents for their synergistic efficacy in combination with anticancer drugs. A promising approach to improve the cancer cell selectivity of methotrexate is the chemical transformation into reversible derivatives which convert the conjugate to the parent drug by virtue of enzyme within cancer tissue. The present study includes the synthesis of  two derivatives of methotrexate which are :-Schiff base methotrexate-silibinin conjugate ( compound 5), and Methotrexate-silibinin conjugate (compound 6).The synthesis  of the target compounds was  accomplished following multistep reaction procedures. The chemical reactions were followed up and purity of the products was checked by TLC. The structures of the final compounds and their intermediates were characterized and identified by their melting points, infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR and elemental microanalysis(C H N S).The anticancer activity of these compounds was investigated by HEP-2 cell line(Larynx carcinoma), which showed  that compounds 5 and 6 have the higher activity than methotrexate or silibinin alone.These are promising data for the discovery of new anticancer agents in future. These compounds may deliver the parent drug  selectively  into the cancer cells to be hydrolyzed by enzymes that are elevated in  tumor tissues compared with normal tissues .

Keywords: Methotrexate, Silibinin, Cancer treatment resistance, Folate receptor, Cancer cell targeting.