bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Based on Novel Star‐Shaped Ruthenium Polypyridyl Sensitizer: New Insight into the Relationship between Molecular Designing and Its Outstanding Charge Carrier Dynamics
Authors: Shahroosvand Hashem , Abbasi Parisa , Bideh Babak Nemati
Published: June 2018

In this work, we have introduced a star‐shaped sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) consist of three anchoring groups of benzene sulfonic acid with a significant improvement of interfacial electron transfer rate of dye/TiO2‐anatase nanostructures compared to corresponding sensitizers containing only one anchoring group. Physical chemistry aspect of the robust star‐shaped sensitizer has been investigated, employing the Current over Voltage analysis (I−V) and Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (TAS) methods.

The computational studies based on density functional theory (DFT) and quantum calculations were clearly indicated that the rate of the Interfacial electron transfer (IET) significantly depends on the binding mode of a sensitizer to semiconductor surface and the nature of the electronic population in lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) that initially localized on the adsorbate molecule, which is in a good agreement with experimental results. Our main result is that, among different possible binding modes of anchoring group to TiO2 surface, the bridging mode has the shortest life time of 28 fs in the presence of visible light as the excitation source. To investigate negative effect of the sensitizer molecules aggregation on TiO2 surface, on the performance of the cell, was examined the dye loading time on TiO2 surface for 10, 16 and 20 hours, which 16 hours of dye loading on surface exhibited the best DSSC performance. Moreover, transient absorption studies consistently show that the star‐shaped dye (consist of three anchoring groups) has better performance compared to the other dyes (consist of one anchoring groups) (1 and 3), in all aspects of critical parameters for DSSCs, including electron lifetime in TiO2, electron injection, dye regeneration and recombination resistance. The present work explains the fundamental physical chemistry aspects of the excited‐state in star‐shaped ruthenium polypyridyl complexes, along with opening new insight into the design of new sensitizers for enhancing the interfacial electron transfer rate and lowering the charge recombination process, which results in high power conversion efficiency of DSSC.
Facile preparation of a chicken feet yellow membrane coated fiber for application in solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Farrokhzadeh Samaneh , Razmi Habib
Published: June 2018

This work introduces a novel fiber based on chicken feet yellow membrane as a new coating material for application in solid‐phase microextraction methods for the first time. The chicken feet yellow membrane suspension was easily prepared and coated on the surface of an end‐closed glass tube through the dip‐coating procedure. The coating material was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The performance of the prepared fiber was evaluated thorough the solid‐phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Under the optimized experimental conditions, linearity of responses were obtained in the range 0.005–100.0 μg L−1 with the determination coefficients 0.996–0.998. The limits of detection varied between 1.44 and 18.32 ng L−1 and relative standard deviation values was obtained in the range 4.4–8.2%. The intended method was employed for the study of the real samples with reasonable recoveries values ranged between 80 and 110%. The analytical performance of new fiber suggests promising prospects in sample preparation due to easy fabrication, low cost, environmentally friendly, chemical and mechanical stability, high extraction efficiency, long life span, and easy operation.
Progress on Reconstructed Human Skin Models for Allergy Research and Identifying Contact Sensitizers
Authors: Rodrigues Neves Charlotte , Gibbs Susan
Published: June 2018

Contact with the skin is inevitable or desirable for daily life products such as cosmetics, hair dyes, perfumes, drugs, household products, and industrial and agricultural products. Whereas the majority of these products are harmless, a number can become metabolized and/or activate the immunological defense via innate and adaptive mechanisms resulting in sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis upon following exposures to the same substance. Therefore, strict safety (hazard) assessment of actives and ingredients in products and drugs applied to the skin is essential to determine I) whether the chemical is a potential sensitizer and if so II) what is the safe concentration for human exposure to prevent sensitization from occurring. Ex vivo skin is a valuable model for skin penetration studies but due to logistical and viability limitations the development of in vitro alternatives is required. The aim of this review is to give a clear overview of the organotypic in vitro skin models (reconstructed human epidermis, reconstructed human skin, immune competent skin models incorporating Langerhans Cells and T-cells, skin-on-chip) that are currently commercially available or which are being used in a laboratory research setting for hazard assessment of potential sensitizers and for investigating the mechanisms (sensitization key events 1–4) related to allergic contact dermatitis. The limitations of the models, their current applications, and their future potential in replacing animals in allergy-related science are discussed.
Traits and values as predictors of the frequency of everyday behavior: Comparison between models and levels
Authors: Skimina Ewa , Cieciuch Jan , Strus Włodzimierz
Published: June 2018

The aims of this study were to compare (a) personality traits vs personal values, (b) Five-Factor Model (FFM) vs HEXACO model of personality traits, and (c) broad vs narrow personality constructs in terms of their relationship with the frequency of everyday behaviors. These relationships were analyzed at three organizational levels of self-reported behavior: (a) single behavioral acts, (b) behavioral components (empirically derived categories of similar behaviors), and (c) two higher-order factors. The study was conducted on a Polish sample (N = 532, age range 16–72). We found that (a) even the frequencies of single behavioral acts were related to various personality constructs instead of one narrow trait or value, (b) personality traits and personal values were comparable as predictors of a wide range of everyday behaviors, (c) HEXACO correlated with the frequency of behaviors slightly higher than FFM, and (d) narrow and broad personality constructs did not differ substantially as predictors of everyday behavior at the levels of acts and components, but at the level of higher-order behavioral factors, broad personality measures were better predictors than narrow ones.
Designing crowdsourced delivery systems: The effect of driver disclosure and ethnic similarity
Authors: Ta Ha , Esper Terry L. , Hofer Adriana Rossiter
Published: June 2018

Crowdsourced delivery is a service operations model that has proliferated in recent years, bringing unique opportunities and challenges to online retail operations. In particular, new technology enabled features, such as the disclosure of delivery drivers' identities, introduce a social dimension prior to delivery service encounters that might influence customers' service quality expectations and ultimately impact their attitudes towards the retailers. Building on premises of social identity theory, this research investigates effects of various crowdsourced delivery system designs related to driver disclosure and ethnicity on customers' attitudes towards the drivers and retailers. Using data from a scenario‐based experiment with 761 participants across two studies, we find that crowdsourced delivery designs that disclose drivers' identity increase customers' trust, satisfaction, and repurchase intentions only when customers perceive the drivers to be similar to them, particularly with regard to ethnicity. The designs that offer driver choice options are also found to be highly regarded by customers. In addition, the similarity effects of crowdsourced delivery designs differ depending on certain customer characteristics. Overall, our research shows crowdsourced delivery ‐ as a technology‐driven phenomenon ‐ may portend unexpected and challenging social dilemmas for operations managers. Our findings contribute to emerging research on the intersection of service design, technology management, and the sharing economy.
High current pulse forming network switched by static induction thyristor
Authors: Perez Juan , Sugai Taichi , Jiang Weihua , Tokuchi Akira , Horie Masayuki , Ohshio Yuya , Ueno Kazuma
Published: June 2018

A high-current pulse forming network (PFN) has been developed for applications to artificial solar-wind generation. It is switched by static-induction thyristor (SIThy) and is capable of generating pulsed current of ∼9.7 kA for a time duration of ∼1 ms. The SIThy switch module is made that it can be controlled by an optical signal and it can be operated at elevated electrical potential. The experiments reported in this paper used two switch modules connected in series for maximum operating voltage of 3.5 kV. The experimental results have demonstrated a pulsed high-current generator switched by semiconductor devices, as well as the control and operation of SIThy for pulsed power application.
“We Are Not Criminals”: Sex Work Clients in Canada and the Constitution of Risk Knowledge
Authors: Sterling Andrea , van der Meulen Emily
Published: June 2018

While Canada has long criminalized aspects of sex work, the specific act of purchasing sexual services was not against the lawper se.In 2014, however, the then Conservative government implemented new legislation targeting sex work clients. Given the criminalization and persistent stigmatization of their activities, assessing clients’ changing actions, perceptions, and knowledge of the new legislation is challenging. We thus turned to a major Canadian online sex work review forum to examine postings on forum threads. This paper examines the risk knowledge practices in which clients engage as they try to make sense of the modified legal regime and avoid new legal risks. Our findings illuminate clients’ varied understandings of their own criminalization.
A Short History of Glosters
Authors: Burroughes Hugh
Published: June 2018

Much of the Gloster story has already been told by H. F. King in Flight for 27th May 1955. The same edition contains a generous contribution by Air Commodore Alan Wheeler which most vividly portrays a pilot's point of view on the Grebes, Gamecocks and later on, the Gladiators and Meteors.

When I left school with a Scholarship to Cambridge, subsequently transferred to Manchester School of Technology because I thought it would enable me to acquire a more practical knowledge of electrical engineering, the Wrights had only just made their first flight and the idea of a career in the aircraft world never entered my head. However, after the final exams at the end of the three years at Manchester and four years experience in Works and in a Consulting Engineers office, I had the opportunity in 1909 of following my Chief, Mervyn O'Gorman, to Farnborough when he was appointed by Lord Haldane as Superintendent of the Balloon Factory, later rechristened the Royal Aircraft Establishment. My salary was £3 a week and my first job was Personal Assistant to the Superintendent and later I was given the resounding title of Technical Assistant in Charge of Supplies, mostly the special materials which were being developed for aircraft and engines. At the outset I had to make hydrogen for the Airships which were the sole product of the Factory for more than a year. Making hydrogen was more interesting than you might think because occasionally the gasometers, where the hydrogen was stored before compression into steel bottles, used to blow up. We made no less than four new Airships before Lord Haldane gave permission for aircraft design to start and we had some leeway to recover to catch up with A. V. Roe, Sopwith, Blackburn and several others who had started earlier.
Use of Transient Excitation in the Dynamic Analysis of Structures
Authors: White R. G.
Published: June 2018

In recent years many methods have been proposed for the measurement of the frequency response of linear systems but the method most often used in the study of structures is the steady state vector response method, the natural frequencies and damping ratios being measured from the resulting vector diagrams. This method is tedious and time consuming and often cannot be readily applied outside the laboratory. Some effort has been directed in the past to employ quasi-steady state methods such as the slow frequency sweep technique but errors are introduced because the response at resonance is less than the steady state maximum and the frequency at which the maximum occurs is shifted in the direction in which the excitation frequency is changing. Additional errors are introduced in the analysis of the system response because of the necessary averaging time of the function analyser used to derive the vector diagrams. Some refinements in technique have been proposed by Reed who developed the “λ Law” frequency sweep in which the percentage change in frequency per cycle is constant. This offers some reduction in test time when compared with logarithmic and linear frequency sweeps but a knowledge of the minimum damping likely to be encountered at any resonant frequency within the sweep range is essential so that the method may be employed advantageously.
Electric Propulsion Development
Authors: Openshaw P. R.
Published: June 2018

In Part I of this series of papers, the development was described of a kW ion thruster for use as one of a set of primary propulsion units to be used for executing an orbit transfer manoeuvre. Both during the expansion phase, and when the final orbit is attained, micro-thrusters are necessary to provide attitude and position control of the satellite. This paper will describe two types of micro-thruster, each of which has particular merits and areas of use, so that the choice of thruster for a particular mission depends upon a fairly detailed specification of the mission. This consideration and broader system concepts will be dealt with in the final paper of this series (Part III).
The Outer Space Treaties
Authors: Vallat Francis
Published: June 2018

In this lecture I intend to talk about two treaties adopted under the auspices of the General Assembly of the United Nations. To give them their full titles, they are the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies and the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space. For convenience, I shall call them the Treaty on Outer Space and the Agreement on Rescue and Return.
The Harrier — an engineering commentary
Authors: Fozard J. W.
Published: June 2018

“An art can only be learned in the workshop of those who are winning their bread by it”

Samuel Butler

The first drawing showing a recognisable Harrier-type configuration was produced in the Project Office at Hawker Aircraft Limited, Kingston, in October 1957 (Fig. 1).

During the next year the design of this P1127 project was refined by detailed study and the final BE53 engine configuration was settled between the Hawker Team led by the late Sir Sydney Camm, and the Team at Bristol Aero Engines Ltdf led by Dr. S. G. Hooker. Hawker worked on a private venture basis and Bristol proceeded, on manufacture as well as design, with 75% backing from the USA by the Mutual Weapons Development Programme Agency in Paris.
Measurement of Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers
Authors: Rogers B. K. , Head M. R.
Published: June 2018

The instrument described here is designed to measure mean flow directions and velocities in the three-dimensional boundary layer. Its particular advantage is the small amount of interference it introduces, while allowing measurements to be made close to the surface and providing an acceptably large traverse distance normal to it. In its present form it is restricted, however, to flat surfaces where space beneath the surface is not at a premium.
The Air Cushion Performance of a Tracked Hovercraft Entering a Tunnel
Authors: West A. A.
Published: June 2018

When a hovercraft travels at forward speed, the change in ambient pressure due to the airflow around the vehicle affects the forces experienced by the air cushion and hence, the static and dynamic stability of the vehicle. Such changes are likely to be especially important for a tracked hovercraft entering, or operating within, a tunnel. Knowledge of their magnitude is important in determining the smallest, and hence cheapest, acceptable tunnel.
The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—21
Authors: Smelt Ronald
Published: June 2018

I would first like to pay tribute to the inspiration which suggested the series of papers on The Next Hundred Years, the second century of the RAeS. John E. Allen's introductory paper in the January, 1968 issue of the Journal set the stage for a remarkable series of individual papers in which technology, philosophy and sociology have combined to give a vision of a challenging future, often exciting but occasionally sobering. Coming at the conclusion of this series, I have interpreted my task to be that of looking at this future through the eyes of a technical man in the aerospace industry of the United States. Before settling down to this task, it seems appropriate to make a few remarks on the general nature of technological prophesies; in doing so, I am following a pattern which has been set by a number of my predecessors in this series. Occasionally these general remarks have taken the form of a reminder of the uncertainty of the process of technical forecasting.
Review of Post-War Research and Development at Dornier
Authors: Dornier Silvius
Published: June 2018

At the outset, may I emphasise how honoured I feel to be invited to speak before the Royal Aeronautical Society and that I am very grateful for the opportunity to give a report on the work and activities of the Dornier concern.

It is hardly possible within the narrow scope of a lecture to include any exhaustive and detailed discussion of the development and research work accomplished by the Dornier concern in post-war years.

Instead, I shall try to give you an idea of some of the work performed or still under way, which may perhaps reveal characteristics which are typical of our working conditions and methods.
A Symmetry Property of Transfer Matrices
Authors: Whitehead D. S.
Published: June 2018

The transfer matrix method of vibration analysis is widely used for the calculation of the natural frequencies of turbo-generator rotors, and of propeller blades, axial compressor blades, turbine blades, and helicopter rotors. A comprehensive account of the method has been given by Pestel and Leckie. The basis of the method is to deine a state vector, which gives all the generalised displacements and forces at a given cross-section of the system. The state vector at one cross-section is then related to the state vector at a neighbouring cross-section by means of a transfer matrix. It is found that, by a suitable choice of the order and signs of the elements of the state vector, the transfer matrix can in many cases be made symmetrical about the secondary diagonal; that is the diagonal running from the top right corner to the bottom left corner of the matrix and is also often called the “cross diagonal”.
Presidential Address
Authors: Banks F. R.
Published: June 2018

It has recently been decided by the Council that the newly elected and installed President may, if he so wishes, give an Address. While Presidential Addresses are not new to the Society this is now to be a part of its policy, although still voluntary. So, after some thought as to whether I should risk telling you much of what you already may know, I decided to give my views on this and that and also what I conceive to be the role of the Society in relation to the Aircraft Industry.
European Co-operation in the Aviation Industry and its Future Development. Instance of its Application to the Anglo-French Helicopter Programme
Authors: Giusta L.
Published: June 2018

The Twenty-Second Louis Blériot Memorial Lecture held jointly by the Society and the Association Francaise Ingenieurs et Techniciens de I'Aeronautique et de I'Espace (AFITAE) was given in London on 20th March 1969 by M. L. Giusta of Sud Aviation.

Monsieur Robert Blanchet of the Sales Department of Sud Aviation read the Lecture for M. Giusta. The Chair was taken by the President of the Society, Professor D. Keith-Lucas.

For the 22nd time we are here among friends of both sides of the Channel, meeting together for an annual celebration in the memory of Louis Bleriot, who achieved the first liaison by air between our two countries.

Last year's eminent lecturer, Mr. Handel Davies, delivered a brilliant and substantial lecture on world-wide aircraft market forecast and the future progress of technical development. In his conclusion, he stressed the necessity for European co-operation.
Air Transport Facilities and Regional Planning
Authors: Sealy K. R.
Published: June 2018

For many people Stansted represents the best example of the relationship between air transport and regional planning. The public inquiry at least showed up the fact that, although both are subjects with a growing body of knowledge, the interaction between the two is less well known. This is not to say that work of this kind is absent, e.g. the studies undertaken for the Port of New York Authority (PNYA) into the siting of a fourth major airport for that city, the symposia and studies of the Institut de Transport Aerien in Paris or the work of Stratford and others in this country, all pay attention to the relationship. The real crux of the matter is that both air transport and the development of our cities and regions are undergoing rapid change.
On Optimum Fibre Orientation in an Annulus
Authors: Mansfield E. H. , Hanson Carol
Published: June 2018

The development of carbon fibres which exhibit high strength and stiffness raises many problems in the design of such fibre reinforced structures. One such problem concerns the optimum arrangement of fibres to support a given load system or load envelope, and this has been treated by Harris for planar load envelopes bounded by given values of applied stresses σX, σY and τXY. Here we consider a problem of optimum fibre arrangement to transfer a torque T across an annulus bounded by inner and outer radii r0 and kr0, respectively. This problem is much simpler than Harris', insofar as only one load system is considered, but it differs insofar as the stress pattern is not isotropic.
On the Use of the Preston Tube in Concentric Annuli
Authors: Patel V. C.
Published: June 2018

In a recent discussion on measurements made by Quarmby in fully-developed turbulent flow in concentric annuli, Quarmby has made several statements which are incorrect and need to be clarified.

Quarmby states that the pitot displacement corrections measured by MacMillan are those solely due to the shear and that they do not take account of the effect due to the presence of the wall. This is not so. Fig. 9 of MacMillan's original paper shows the total displacement effect. It is this total displacement effect which was used in my paper on the calibration of Preston tubes to relate the calibration curve to the inner-law velocity distribution. It is quite obvious that a Preston tube will be influenced both by shear as well as the wall and it would have been pointless to attempt to correlate its calibration with the velocity distribution using pitot displacement corrections unless these corrections included the rather important influence of the wall.
In Defence of Private, Business and Aerial Work Flying
Authors: Martin Peter
Published: June 2018

This lecture is being given primarily because of the growing tide of concern felt by persons engaged in the class of flying described in the title at what seems to them to be the growing number of prosecutions each year under the Civil Aviation Act 1949 and delegated legislation made under it. During 1966-1967 and 1968 a few low flying cases achieved prominence because the charges were dismissed upon the basis that the prosecution's evidence was inadequate to discharge the burden of proof of low flying. These low flying cases angered not only those directly involved in them but also many persons in the general aviation movement, because it seemed to them unfair that prosecutions should be begun on poor evidence, that large sums of money and a great deal of time and trouble should have to be spent on the defences of them, and that inadequate costs should be recovered from local funds to compensate successful defendants for the costs incurred in their own defences. However, I have chosen to interpret the title as including reference to certain other legal topics outside the criminal.
International Airport Planning as Influenced by Aircraft Development
Authors: Block J. V.
Published: June 2018

All forms of transport generate conflicts between the requirements of vehicles and the limits of infra-structures. The struggle, however, is unfair. Vehicles can be developed quickly and users can purchase and put them into service within a short period of time. Infra-structures, on the contrary, can only be modified slowly, not so much for technical as for administrative and financial reasons.
The Airport and the Aircraft in Relation to Loading Problems
Authors: Davidson G.
Published: June 2018

In the past aircraft loading has only had a minimal effect on terminal design. In principle the only preference was that aircraft should be parked as near to the terminal building as possible so that load was carried over the shortest possible distance.

There are many who have stated that the arrival of the very large aeroplane is going to cause massive congestion in terminal buildings. This is not really the case, as the very large aircraft themselves will not increase the market. The only effect their introduction has is to bring the traffic into terminals in larger clumps.
The Influence of the Airport, its Facilities and Environment on Aircraft Design and Operating Economics
Authors: Lawson K. S.
Published: June 2018

Three subjects have been selected for discussion in this paper, each of which has a major influence on aircraft design and operating economics. These subjects are airfield performance, noise and aircraft utilisation.

For an aircraft to have good operating economics it must be able to operate with a high load factor over a large percentage of the routes on which it is to be used. The permissible take-off or landing weight, and hence the payload, can be limited by any one of many airworthiness requirements. These include take-off distance and climb, landing distance and climb, and obstacle clearance in the vicinity of the airport.
The Creep of Pressurised Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Penny R. K.
Published: June 2018

There are numerous examples in the aero and power producing industries of components which are designed to sustain creep deformation. An important class of structures in this category lies in pressurised shells of revolution. The few analyses which allow predictions of creep deformations to be made are usually restricted to the secondary creep problem, contain approximate relations between stress resultants and deformations or ignore the important effects of bending. While the neglect ot primary creep is not important for cases of steady loading sustained for long periods, stress redistribution should be calculated if the loading period is less than the time taken to reach a stationary state of stress; such a state of affairs is very likely in two-shift operated power producing plant and also in aircraft components. Approximations involving concepts of “sandwich” shells that are often made to form moment-curvature rate relations can be dispensed with by integrating the stress-strain rate relations through the shell thickness. Although the stresses become non-linear through the shell wall they are slowly varying and the integration introduces no problem. The integration requires the use of a digital computer but creep problems have to be solved numerically, except in a very few cases, so that whatever the assumptions automatic computation is necessary. While some practical shells approximate to the momentless condition the most likely case will include bending which, although likely to be relaxed by a process of stress redistribution, will cause additional creep straining.
Part 1. General Description and Comments on CLmax and Stalling Behaviour
Authors: McRae D. M.
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this paper is to outline briefly the aerodynamics of high-lift devices in the most general possible way to provide the background against which the more detailed advances in calculation methods to be described by the RAE may be viewed. At the same time it is intended to discuss the factors affecting maximum lift coefficient in which the methods described in the RAE paper may be used to obtain improved performance.
The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—18
Authors: Stratford Alan H.
Published: June 2018

“It is need, rather than discovery which stimulates progress, and the key to industrial success is the choice of application rather than priority in research”

Sir Robert Cockburn, Director of RAE, 1968

At the first meeting of our Society in January 1866, James Glaisher advised us to “exclude any matter that may seem useless in forwarding the science, or that has the slightest chance of giving rise to ridicule …” this warning was timely and relevant to this theme for to consider the long-term future with as much rationality as is required for short-term forecasting and planning studies, is a valuable exercise in restraint as well as in imagination. So many avenues of possible development are technologically interesting, but in economic terms are sterile and unrewarding. One emerges with a deep conviction that certain areas of research and development may be in a dominant position in their influence on future aviation growth. Two of these are noise control and the evolution of composite materials. Although fairly obvious it seems important that they and some others be given the financial support which they deserve.
Aerodynamic Research for Future Civil Aircraft
Authors: Crabtree L. F.
Published: June 2018

In this lecture I have tried to make a judicious selection of the aerodynamic problems involved in the design of future civil aircraft. The choice is necessarily restrictive because of the time limitations of the lecture, so it must be emphasised that the list of problem areas considered is by no means complete. Also, the choice is flavoured by my present field of activity in low-speed wind tunnel work, so some important areas will be excluded on this account.
Vigilant: A Portable Anti-Tank Weapon for Infantry Use
Authors: Jacob J. E. B.
Published: June 2018

Vigilant is a man-portable, anti-tank guided weapon system primarily designed for infantry use but capable of being mounted on reconnaissance vehicles.

The system employs optical line-of-sight command guidance wherein the commands are manually generated by the operator and are transmitted to the missile by way of a wire link. The system has a maximum range of 1370 m with a time of flight of 12 seconds and can engage long-range targets with an angular coverage of ±39° about the line of fire with a lateral separation between the operator and the launcher of up to 30 m. The minimum range is 275 m with nominal separation and angular coverage.
The Air-to-air Missile Matra 530
Authors: Cadoux J. E.
Published: June 2018

The Matra 530 is currently called a second generation air-to-air missile. Indeed the first generation of air-to-air missiles was represented in France by the Nord 5103 which was command-guided, or the Matra 511 which was a semi-active, pure pursuit curve missile. In the second part of the 1950's the requirement was obvious for a sophisticated interception system capable of coping with the high and medium altitude threat represented by heavy and medium bombers. The destruction of this threat required a close link with an interception system composed of ground radars, ground control equipment, sophisticated high performance interceptor aircraft and, as a last link, a very high performance missile. From the French Air Force point of view, the two main characteristics of this missile as the last link of an interceptor system, were first its flexibility in different weather environment and counter measure environment; second, its capability to decrease to the maximum the penetration of the enemy bomber, which meant that the missile should be capable of attacking not only in the rear sector but also in frontal attack and in fact in all sectors around the attacking bomber.
The Importance of Application Satellites to the European Economy
Authors: Curnow R. C.
Published: June 2018

This paper is a reaction paper, in the sense that the author has recently been concerned, both as an economist and a technological forecaster, with looking at the total economic consequences of space activity. I describe it as a reaction paper because, as a hopefully “professional” worker, I am not amused at the methods used to evaluate proposals in this particular field, and, if one is restricted solely to the normal, customary, accepted criteria of economic reasoning, it is impossible not to react violently to the near confusion of arguments and decision-taking mechanisms in this subject.
Some Technical Aspects of Boeing Helicopters
Authors: Euan Hooper W.
Published: June 2018

I will describe in this paper some features of current Boeing-Vertol production helicopters that I have selected as those which strike me personally as being of particular engineering interest. But first just to provide some perspective on the subject I would like to summarise the background of the present Vertol Division of The Boeing Company. The Company was formed in 1944 as the Piasecki Aircraft Corporation and its first product was the HRP Tandem Rotor Helicopter, which first flew in 1945. This was followed by the HUP in 1948, the H-21 in 1952 and the H-16 in 1953. In 1956 the Company was renamed Vertol and the next aircraft to fly was the Model 107 Prototype in 1958. In 1960 Vertol was acquired by Boeing and became the Vertol Division. The currently manufactured models about which I am going to talk, are the 107 series (now mostly in production as the US Marine Corps Model CH-46, Sea Knight) and the 114 series (in service with the US Army as the CH-47, Chinook) of helicopters.
International Co-operation on Helicopter Airworthiness Requirements
Authors: Joffre B.
Published: June 2018

I have been asked to talk today about international co-operation with respect to helicopter airworthiness regulations. If I confined my talk to this subject only it would be very brief for, to my knowledge, this co-operation is at the present time very limited, if not non-existent.

The airworthiness committee of the ICAO which is the officially appointed organisation for international co-operation does not often deal with helicopter problems. As to the military, except for a number of points of a very limited scope (such as location of the cargo sling control on the cyclic stick) they have never really approached important problems specific to the helicopter from an international stand-point. The trend they are following today is rather to go by the civil regulations in force in their respective countries and there is an increasing tendency in the various manufacturing countries to consider conformity to civil regulations as the prime requirement to be met for the development of a prototype intended for military usage, except of course for a number of specific points related to battlefield applications which impose requirements different from those to be met for civil applications.
The Influence of Incentive Provisions on Project Management
Authors: Walker D.
Published: June 2018

Our previous speaker, Mr. Blyth, in his paper on the Design of Incentive Contracts, has given us a lucid explanation of the basic principles of incentives and examples of cost, performance and delivery conditions which could be used as incentives and the objectives to which they could be directed.

Following on this paper, one could initiate a discussion on the basic philosophy behind the use of incentives, whether the incentives as stated are likely to be achieved, and propose various alternative methods of achieving these objectives without using contractual conditions. I have no doubt that many points such as these will be raised later during the discussion.
Velocity Profiles of Turbulent Boundary Layers
Authors: Bull M. K.
Published: June 2018

Although a numerical solution of the turbulent boundary-layer equations has been achieved by Mellor and Gibson for equilibrium layers, there are many occasions on which it is desirable to have closed-form expressions representing the velocity profile. Probably the best known and most widely used representation of both equilibrium and non-equilibrium layers is that of Coles. However, when velocity profiles are examined in detail it becomes apparent that considerable care is necessary in applying Coles's formulation, and it seems to be worthwhile to draw attention to some of the errors and inconsistencies which may arise if care is not exercised. This will be done mainly by the consideration of experimental data. In the work on constant pressure layers, emphasis tends to fall heavily on the author's own data previously reported in ref. 1, because the details of the measurements are readily available; other experimental work is introduced where the required values can be obtained easily from the published papers.
Air Photography
Authors: Peckham Cyril
Published: June 2018

This Title “Air Photography” covers a tremendous subject. In fact, so big that I am not going to attempt to deal with more than one aspect of it, and even that will have to be severely pruned.

To the best of my knowledge, nobody has yet written the history, but it is certain that picture taking took place long before I came on to the stage. Balloon-to-balloon, airship-to-airship and ‘plane-to-’plane. Wherever there was the promise of a picture, you would find a man with a camera.

Those were really the days of the true pioneers, not only of flying, but of photography itself, because that science was in its infancy, and the exponents of it were few and far between.
Managing Unserviceability
Authors: Wilkinson K. G.
Published: June 2018

This paper deals with the problem of operating a large fleet of transport aircraft and managing the problems that arise from mechanical and avionic defects in the machines.

We, in BEA, for a long time made the common mistake of treating this mainly as a technical problem, requiring for its solution a thorough analysis of defect sources followed by engineering modification action. After pursuing this course for a number of years it became apparent that, although results were achieved, more important influences were nullifying the benefits. A wider analysis of the problem was, therefore, undertaken which made it clear that the primary problem was the management of ground operations at the London hub of BEA's system. At this point the effort of the three operating departments (Flight Operations, Engineering and Traffic) converged and had to be effectively integrated.
Symposium on project management and incentive contracting procedures
Authors: Tyndall F. E.
Published: June 2018

Although difficulties had been experienced for many years in preparing initial estimates for major defence development projects and in the control of subsequent expenditure, they did not become a matter of serious concern until the second half of the 1950's. Then, at a time when the Government was seeking to stabilise defence expenditure, a series of cases came to light where final costs were, or seemed likely to be, substantially higher than the estimates at which they were first approved. Some of these projects attracted the attention of the Public Accounts Committee and led to considerable public criticism.
Project Control in Practice
Authors: Walker-Arnott D. A.
Published: June 2018

I intend to speak briefly on three aspects of Project Management in the amplification of what Mr. Williamson has just said. Members of the audience who have attended lectures at this Society and elsewhere before, will, I am sure, recognise some of the Figures and I should not like it to be thought that I am presenting new or original ideas.

Turning to the control cycle that we at Hunting Engineering Ltd have been using now for a number of years, let me say that we believe that projects lasting two years or more need to be reviewed and re-cast, if necessary, at least every month. We have, therefore, evolved a four week management cycle and Figs. 1-5 explain our modus operandi. Programme re-casting is done at what we call the Management Decisions Meeting (Fig. 1). This takes place at the second week of the four week cycle. The efficacy of management decisions is tested by network re-running on the computer during the third week of the cycle, and on the assumption that the decisions meet the projects target date requirement the PERT time predictions resulting from these re-runs are issued during week three.
A Sequel to Technical Note 13: The Curved Tetrahedronal and Triangular Elements TEC and TRIC for the Matrix Displacement Method
Authors: Argyris J. H. , Scharpf D. W.
Published: June 2018

It is by now well established that the computational analysis of significant problems in structural and continuum mechanics by the matrix displacement method often requires elements of higher sophistication than used in the past. This refers, in particular, to regions of steep stress gradients, which are frequently associated with marked changes in geometry, involving rapid variations of the radius of curvature. The philosophy underlying the idealisation of such configurations into finite elements was discussed in broad terms in ref. 1. It was emphasised that the so successful, constant strain, two-dimensional TRIM 3 and three-dimensional TET 4 elements do not, in general, prove the best choice. For this reason elements with a linear variation of strain like TRIM 6 and TET 10 were originally evolved and followed up with the quadratic strain elements TRIM 15, TRIA 4 (two-dimensional) and TET 20, TEA 8 (three-dimensional) of ref. 2. However, all these elements are characterised by straight edges and necessitate a polygonisation or polyhedrisation in the idealisation process. This may not be critical in many problems, but is sometimes of doubtful validity in the immediate neighbourhood of a curved boundary, where stress concentrations are most pronounced. To overcome this difficulty with a significant (local) increase of elements does not always yield the most economical and technically satisfactory solution. Moreover, there arises another inevitable shortcoming when dealing with TRIM and TET elements with a linear or quadratic variation of strain. Indeed, while TRIM 3 and TET 4 elements permit a very elegant extension into the realm of large displacements, this is not possible for the higher order TRIM and TET elements. This is simply due to the fact that TRIM 3 and TET 4 elements, by virtue of their specification, always remain straight under any magnitude of strain, but this is not so for the triangular and tetrahedron elements of higher sophistication.
A Resumé of the F-111 Flight Test Programme
Authors: Prahl Val E.
Published: June 2018

Among the most interesting aircraft development programmes currently in progress is the Flight Test Programme of the F-111, an aeroplane that is being built for both the USAF (the F-111 A) and the US Navy (F-111B). Although the operational envelope of this aeroplane is only a modest step forward into new regions of flight, the dictates of its multi-mission role over the largest Mach-altitude envelope ever achieved by a tactical aeroplane is a significant advancement in the “state of the art”.

To accomplish these mission objectives, which include short take-off and landing distances, sustained supersonic operation at low altitudes, and a Mach 2.5 capability at high altitudes, the F-111 is configured and equipped with a number of unique design features and advanced systems. This discussion is intended to present a brief description of the more interesting features and a progress summary of the F-111 flight test programme.
The Principles and Objectives of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Stratton A.
Published: June 2018

The terms “cost-effectiveness” and to a lesser degree “cost-benefit” analysis have become familiar words in the technical and national press, the former usually in relation to defence projects—the latter in relation to social projects, such as transport, power generation and building. Indeed, at the time of the last General Election the political correspondent of a national newspaper wrote, “Mr. Heath and Mr. Callaghan, Chancellor of the Exchequer, vied with each other in stressing the importance of cost-effectiveness, which used to be known as getting value for money”.

The apparently simple concept of “value for money” raises three important issues:

(i) how is “value” of defence and social projects quantified?

(ii) what is the “money” involved, i.e. what are all the relevant costs? and

(iii) what are the information and decision processes that are used in attempting to obtain “value for money“?
Reliability and Utilisation of Flight Simulators
Authors: de Wit G. J.
Published: June 2018

Some approaches are indicated for determining, and if necessary raising, the potential utilisation of training equipment, the objectives being:

—to reduce costs;

—to avoid or defer new capital investments;

—to secure more flexible rostering through increased

availability.

The problem is approached from a systems standpoint.

The investigation has been mainly confined to Link equipment, but the solution can be utilised for all auxiliary equipment, e.g. radar, where failures occur during or outside the use phase. Visual aids and pure flight aspects such as motion are not taken into consideration.
Looking ahead in aeronautics—1. An Aerodynamicist's Prospect of the Second Century
Authors: Küchemann D.
Published: June 2018

This is a personal attempt to take a long view into the Second Century and to describe prospects for further possible developments in aviation, with particular emphasis on the part played by aerodynamics in the evolution of aircraft. The overall view is necessarily broad and wide, and the material is taken from the results of earlier papers(1-2). An attempt is made to put the future prospects into the perspective of past developments, and it is concluded that aviation can look forward not only to a vast expansion on the technical side into most promising and as yet unexplored fields, but that it may also be built into a more rational social system with the aim of serving mankind as a whole.