bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Land acquisition in India: problems and prospects
Authors: Goswami Sribas
Published: January 2019

The mining activities induces the growth should be a holistic notion that encompasses the progressive development in the quality of individual’s life in terms of food, clothing and shelter and the environment for a healthy living with rising longevity of life and happiness. In West Bengal the development process reveals the indications and effects of widening inequalities between the “haves‟ and “have-nots‟ and the growing deprivation of the vulnerable and marginalized sectors of the population. There are very small trickle down effects of the economic development associated with this model of growth. But when it is necessary to undertake development projects that engage the displacement of communities, it is indispensable that these projects obtain the legal permission and support of the people who are affected and that in return for giving up their land and homes they receive priority if not exclusive rights to the benefits emanating from these projects. For the proposed work the area of the study is South Bengal which includes one district namely West Burdwan which has the highest concentration of several industries in West Bengal, India. Both descriptive and analytical approach is proposed for the study. As a tool an interview schedule is prepared to collect primary information from the people.
Criação de personas para delinear o perfil de alunas de cursos de graduação de TI e direcionar ações para o fortalecimento e empoderamento feminino
Authors: Alves Oliveira Rhenara , Castelo Branco Karina , Beatriz Marques Anna
Published: January 2019

O uso de personas permite obter uma visão das principais características de um público alvo e é amplamente utilizado na proposta de novos produtos e serviços. Esta pesquisa propõe o uso de personas para direcionar a realização de ações de incentivo à permanência e engajamento de alunas nos cursos de TI da Universidade Federal do Ceará no campus de Russas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa baseada em questionário com as alunas do campus para identificar o seu perfil. Com base nos resultados foram criadas três personas. As personas descrevem o perfil das alunas, as problemáticas enfrentadas e fatores de risco que podem acarretar em sua desistência. A partir dos resultados, será possível definir ações a serem realizadas para o fortalecimento e empoderamento das alunas, criando assim uma maior participação feminina nos cursos de TI.
Investigando a usabilidade de um aplicativo internet banking com a participação de usuários da terceira idade
Authors: Furtado Alex , Almeida Naila , Beatriz Marques Anna
Published: January 2019

A popularidade dos smartphones motivou o desenvolvimento de aplicativos para facilitar o acesso à informação. Entre essas aplicações podemos destacar os aplicativos de internet banking, que proporcionam praticidade e facilidade de acesso às transações bancárias. No entanto, esses aplicativos não são percebidos da mesma maneira por todos os perfis de usuário. Os usuários idosos têm mais dificuldades em utilizar sistemas interativos devido a fatores decorrentes da idade, como diminuição da percepção de profundidade ou discriminação de cores. Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa sobre usabilidade de um aplicativo internet banking quando utilizado por idosos
Entendendo o Uso de Design Thinking no Apoio ao Desenvolvimento de Software a` luz das Areas de IHC e Sistemas Colaborativos
Authors: Correa Lauriane , Marczak Sabrina , Conte Tayana
Published: January 2019

O Design Thinking aparece na Engenharia de Software como uma abordagem promissora, incentivando a colaborac¸a~o, auxiliando no entendimento e consequente especificac¸a~o das necessidades do usua´rio. Inspirado em pra´ticas de Design centradas no usua´rio, a abordagem ainda tem seus benefi´cios pouco conhecidos no apoio ao desenvolvimento de software. Assim, este projeto visa identificar como o Design Thinking tem sido usado neste contexto. Propo~e-se uma abordagem empi´rica de pesquisa baseada em mu´ltiplos estudos com usua´rios e profissionais da indu´stria, bem como especialistas no uso da abordagem para explorar o assunto. Estes estudos sera~o conduzidos a` luz de conceitos das areas de Interac¸a~o Humano-Computador (e.g., design centrado no usua´rio, personas) e Sistemas Colaborativos (e.g., colaborac¸a~o), vislumbrando contribuir para a integrac¸a~o das a´reas. Um primeiro estudo esta´ em andamento com instrutores e alunos de academias de musculac¸a~o visando tratar a problema´tica de instrutores e alunos trabalharem distantes uns dos outros e em relac¸a~o aos treinos definidos. Resultados preliminares do estudo indicam que o Design Thinking de fato permite uma melhor compreensa~o do usua´rio e suas necessidades. Estudos futuros fazem parte da nossa proposta de pesquisa para corroborar e expandir estes insights iniciais.
Por onde anda a comunidade de Sistemas Colaborativos?
Authors: Cristina B Garcia Ana , S Vivacqua Adriana , Vieira Vaninha , R S Borges Marcos
Published: January 2019

Este artigo apresenta resultados de um levantamento feito com a comunidade brasileira de sistemas colaborativos sobre sua percepção quanto ao término do Simpósio Brasileiro em Sistemas Colaborativos e da Comissão Especial de Sistemas Colaborativos da SBC.
Clear Cell Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Zhao Jianping , Eyzaguirre Eduardo
Published: January 2019

Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma (ccpRCC) is a recently recognized entity and represents the fourth most common variant of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It has unique morphologic and immunohistochemical features and demonstrates an indolent clinical behavior. Microscopically, it may mimic other RCCs with clear cell features, such as clear cell RCC, translocation RCC, and papillary RCC with clear cell changes. A high index of suspicion is required to keep ccpRCC in the differential diagnosis of RCCs with features of clear cell and/or papillary architecture. In equivocal cases, immunohistochemistry is generally sufficient to substantiate the diagnosis of ccpRCC. In this review, we discuss the clinical, gross, and histopathologic features, immunohistochemical and genetic profiling, and prognosis of ccpRCC.
Mediated and Marginalised: Translations of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature in Spain (1949-2010)
Authors: Marin-Lacarta Maialen
Published: January 2019

The history and reception of translations of modern and contemporary Chinese literature in Spain form the basis of the discussion in this article. Eighty-four translations of modern and contemporary Chinese literature were published in Spain – either in Spanish or in Catalan – between 1949 and 2010. Using this under-researched corpus as a starting-point, this article explores two interrelated premises: the marginalisation of modern and contemporary Chinese literature in Spain and the mediation of its Spanish reception by Anglophone and Francophone literary systems. To do so, the study investigates the history of translations, pays attention to the evolution of types of translation (direct and indirect), and uses concrete examples from paratexts (back covers and prefaces) and translation reviews. After a discussion of the predominance of indirect translations, three recurring motifs inferred from an analysis of the paratexts and reviews are presented: (a) a preference for documentary value, (b) an insistence on difference and (c) an emphasis on politics and trauma (censorship, dissidence and the Cultural Revolution). In addition, I demonstrate the connections between these recurring motifs in the Spanish reception of Chinese literature in relation to European orientalism and area studies. Ultimately, the recent history of translations of modern and contemporary Chinese literature in Spain helps us to reflect on the complexity and hierarchical nature of literary exchanges on a global scale.
Lolita’s Love Affair with the English Language: Heterolingualism and Voice in Translation
Authors: Vale de Gato Margarida
Published: January 2019

This article is a first-person account of the translation of Lolita into Portuguese dealing primarily with the question of how to treat English as a source language that should be replaced by the translating language. The novel foregrounds the narrator’s stridency as a non-“native illusionist” (Nabokov 1955/1991: 317), along with a heterolingual bend, presenting remarkable challenges for translation: how to represent the geopolitics of linguistic hybridity in the TT and how to maintain the ambiguity of alignments between (implied) reader(s), author(s) and competing instances of narratorial authority, including the “fictional translator” (Klinger 2015: 16).

Selective non-translation is suggested as an option for addressing linguistic hybridity through which, in this context, the “differential voice(s)” (Hermans 2007; Suchet: 2013) might foreground linguistic (and hence cultural/ideological) difference and deviation. The adherence to a strategy of “overt translation” (House 2001) is not intended to break the “translator’s pact” (Alvstad: 2014); it refuses, however, the convention of transparency as one of its tenets. It also shifts the focus from phonocentric authority to a polyphonous palimpsest and an archaeology of language(s) – not an entrenched foreignization, but an availability for “other-languagedness” (Bakhtin: 1981).
La traducción del cuento literario costarricense en Estados Unidos: producción, selección e imagen
Authors: Vargas Gómez Francisco Javier
Published: January 2019

Se presentan los resultados de un proyecto de investigación sobre la traducción del cuento literario costarricense. Se adopta un enfoque sociológico (Thompson 1990) para analizar un conjunto de dieciséis antologías de traducción, publicadas en los Estados Unidos durante la segunda mitad del siglo xx y en las que se incluyeron traducciones de cuentos literarios costarricenses. El estudio tenía como objetivo identificar 1) los principios que regularon la producción de aquellas antologías y 2) la imagen que proyectan de la literatura de Costa Rica. El fin último: desvelar en lo posible la mecánica que rige la traducción de literaturas periféricas y su aparición en entornos lingüísticos y literarios hegemónicos. Tras describir y contraponer las realidades contextuales, socio-situacionales y paratextuales del corpus, es posible concluir que la traducción de literaturas periféricas es una actividad y un sistema de carácter subsidiario e instrumental, sin capacidad aparente para establecer sus propios objetivos y al servicio de otras actividades y sistemas (primarios) que la condicionan.
Same-sex Couples in Children’s Picture Books in French and in English: Censorship Somewhere Over the Rainbow?
Authors: Tarif Julie
Published: January 2019

This paper focuses on children’s picture books featuring same-sex couples in Anglophone and Francophone cultures, and more particularly in France and in the United States, with a particular interest in the censorship of these works. Censoring a book is common in the United States. This essay is a reflexion on the publication and reception of Francophone picture books on the topic – originals and translations. In this perspective, it also considers the question of the circulation of these books between the two cultures, as well as towards the two cultures respectively, Francophone picture books tending to be bolder in content than their Anglophone counterparts. Some references used to explain reception are gathered thanks to primary sources, in particular personal communications; others come from secondary sources, such as academic publications, blogs, and newspaper articles. This paper also explores the different forms of censorship, including the translation of a work from another culture or the alterations to the illustrations of an original work in an adaptation. The contrastive approach adopted reveals that, despite the growing number of picture books featuring same-sex couples, censorship is not only an American reality but a French reality as well.
Variation dénominative avec conséquences cognitives : quelques exemples détectés autour de « musée »
Authors: Joan Casademont Anna
Published: January 2019

Cet article se veut une contribution à la description des phénomènes liés au caractère dynamique des discours spécialisés. Concrètement, nous y analysons la variation dénominative (avec conséquences cognitives) dans le domaine de la muséologie et de la muséographie dans un corpus en langue espagnole, et ce, pour les unités présentant le morphèmemuse(o)-extraites à l’aide de l’outilTermoStat(Drouin 2003). Pour ce faire, nous partons de la typologie de la variation dénominative proposée par Fernández-Silva (2013), ce qui nous permet de : (a) confirmer que la typologie est pertinente dans d’autres disciplines que celle pour laquelle elle a été créée, c’est-à-dire la pêche ; (b) relever et caractériser des tendances sur le plan de la variation, si elles existent, dans le domaine des musées. Cela permettra d’orienter postérieurement des choix lexicographiques vers l’information pertinente à expliciter.
Fermenting Sculptures: Edges and Encounters of the Vessel and the Body
Authors: Nash S. E.
Published: January 2019

The significance of microbes in relation to a queer perspective on being is central to my thought process around this work. They/Them/Their was titled in reference to my gender pronouns and also to the multitude of microbes we coexist with. When framing the human in relation to prokaryotes (bacteria), we learn that they outnumber us in our own bodies as well as in the population on Earth, not just in numbers of individuals, but in total biomass as well. Microbes reproduce in myriad ways and cannot be defined by gender. If microbes are without gender and they make up at least half of our human selves, then are we are all pluralities? Are we are all they, them, and their?
L’horizon et le destin de la phénoménologie
Authors: Djian Aurélien
Published: January 2019

L’ambition de cet article est double. Il s’agit d’abord de fixer le contexte philosophique qui sous-tend le débat entre Derrida et Marion en 1999, à l’Université de Villanova, et de réviser la perspective qui y est formulée selon laquelle le destin de la phénoménologie est intimement lié à une décision à prendre à l’égard du concept d’horizon : « il n’y a pas de phénoménologie sans horizon », affirme Derrida à Marion, il faut donc la dépasser ; « la dernière étape en vue d’une véritable phénoménologie serait d’abandonner le concept d’horizon », rétorque Marion à Derrida. Cette révision de perspective nous conduira alors, dans un second temps, à restituer, en se servant de l’histoire du concept d’horizon comme fil directeur heuristique, le sens de ce que nous appellerons l’histoire française de l’herméneutique phénoménologique, dont l’unité, par-delà la multiplicité des étiquettes, réside dans le partage d’une même définition de l’activité philosophique, comme tentative de laisser se montrer soi-même à partir de soi-même le phénomène par excellence, et, avec et contre le second Heidegger, d’une même exigence de dépassement de l’horizon, solidaire de la métaphysique moderne de la subjectivité. Le principe d’une telle reconstruction permettra enfin d’envisager la possibilité d’une histoire différenciée des concepts alternatifs de phénoménologie et d’horizon, qui reste à écrire.
Politiser ou privatiser l’ethnie ? Réflexion à propos du bien commun en Afrique postcoloniale
Authors: BAMAZE N’GANI Essodina
Published: January 2019

En raison de fortes tensions ethniques qui le mettent en branle, l’État en Afrique vit un délitement du tissu collectif. Dans un contexte de pluralisme ethnique fort, la négation de ce pluralisme par la politique d’assimilation a eu pour effet contraire l’édification d’un sectarisme ethnique donnant lieu à une instabilité socio-politique. En réaction, la prise en considération institutionnelle de l’ethnie n’a pu empêcher cette instabilité. Oscillant ainsi entre politique d’assimilation et naturalisation normative de l’ethnie, l’État y vit une crise du bien commun. Le présent article vise à montrer que la gestion du pluralisme ethnique en Afrique ne saurait se réduire à de simples dispositions politico-juridiques. Il s’agit bien plutôt de promouvoir la perspective de la postcommunauté qui vient fédérer trois types de mobilisations enchevêtrées : l’une relative à la conscience, l’autre à la participation de toutes les composantes communautaires au bien commun, enfin celle relative aux nouvelles responsabilités de l’État.
The Education of Inuit Youth in Nunavik: Teachers’ and Students’ Perspectives
Authors: Garakani Tatiana
Published: January 2019

This article draws on data collected in Nunavik between 2011 and 2014 to describe the perceptions of Inuit students and their teachers (Inuit and non-Inuit) about their motivation, the purpose of schooling, the quality of their relationships, and the pedagogical choices and approaches that influence their perseverance. Informed by critical Indigenous methodologies, the research was conducted with the approval of Kativik Ilisarniliriniq, the School Board of Nunavik. A wide range of research tools was used to facilitate participation by teachers from the French, English, and Inuit sectors, in elementary (Kindergarten to Grade 6) and high school (Grades 7 to 11), and participation by students from the French and English sectors (Grades 8 to 11).
A Hunger to Teach: Recruiting Inuit Teachers for Nunavut
Authors: Berger Paul , Inootik Karen , Jones Rebecca , Kadjukiv Jennifer
Published: January 2019

We describe findings from participatory research conducted by a southern-based researcher from Thunder Bay, Ontario, and Nunavut Arctic College’s Teacher Education Program students. Together, they interviewed 128 high school students from 11 communities to determine what attracts Inuit youth to teaching and what might discourage them from becoming teachers. The research was based on the premise that Nunavut’s schools cannot be Inuit schools without many more Inuit teachers. We found that many Inuit youth have considered becoming teachers, but they face barriers to doing so. They expressed concerns about housing, finances, leaving their home communities, and their own academic preparedness. Many lacked information about teacher education programs. We recommend addressing these concerns, in part, by using Nunavut Teacher Education Program students to educate high school students about the program and to encourage them to become teachers.
Le partenariat université-communautés au service du développement d’un curriculum scolaire en inuktitut : Pistes de travail et de réflexion
Authors: Pellerini Glorya , Maheux Gisèle , Bacon Lily , Paul Véronique , Angiyou Sarah , Mangiuk Passa
Published: January 2019

Les communautés d’Ivujivik et de Puvirnituq (Nunavik, Canada), en association avec l’Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), collaborent depuis plus de 30 ans à un projet de développement de l’éducation. Afin d’en faire un bilan, les partenaires inuit et universitaires ont organisé en novembre 2015, à Puvirnituq, un colloque ouvert à la population ainsi qu’aux acteurs intéressés par l’éducation au Nunavik. Une analyse partielle du contenu des échanges et des communications portant sur le processus de partenariat, les composantes du curriculum scolaire et son développement en inuktitut a été réalisée en lien avec les concepts de « dialogue interculturel » et de « curriculum ». Les résultats préliminaires sont ici présentés et laissent entrevoir la complexité méconnue du parcours scolaire des élèves inuit et du travail des enseignants auprès d’eux. Ils soulèvent la question de l’émergence d’une troisième culture, observable à travers la pratique dialogique développée.
To Supplement or Not to Supplement: Are Inuit Getting Enough Vitamin D?
Authors: Frost Peter
Published: January 2019

Inuit have vitamin D blood levels that generally fall within the range of insufficiency, even when they live on a traditional diet of fish and game meat. Without this vitamin, bones soften and become deformed, a condition called rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Until recent times, however, this condition was much rarer among Inuit than among non-Inuit, even when the latter included people living near Inuit communities under similar conditions of climate and housing. This rarity was attributed to extended breastfeeding and a high-meat/low-cereal diet. The situation subsequently reversed, with Inuit becoming more at risk of developing rickets, first in Labrador during the 1920s and later elsewhere. To reduce this excess risk, researchers have recommended vitamin D supplementation, arguing that breast milk has too little vitamin D and that even a traditional diet cannot provide the recommended daily intake. We should ask, however, whether the problem is definitional. Inuit may have lower levels of vitamin D because they need less, having adapted culturally and physiologically to an environment where this vitamin is less easily synthesized in the skin. These adaptations include a diet that enhances calcium bioavailability (by means of β-casein in breast milk, certain unknown substances in meat, and absence of phytic acid), as well as genetic changes that enable vitamin D to be used more efficiently. Although Inuit are today more at risk of developing rickets than are non-Inuit, this excess risk is nonetheless small and seems to have a dietary cause—namely, early weaning and abandonment of a high-meat/low-cereal diet.
From Territorial Peace to Territorial Pacification: Anti-Riot Police Powers and Socio-Environmental Dissent in the Implementation of Colombia’s Peace Agreement
Authors: Olarte-Olarte María Carolina
Published: January 2019

During the negotiation and implementation of the Havana Peace Agreements in Colombia, a twofold mechanism used to deal with the increasing number of socio-environmental conflicts has remained constant: the strengthening of the anti-riot police forces and certain institutional spatial assumptions underlying the promotion of a particular form of postconflict productivity. This article attempts to undertake a preliminary analysis of the relationship between, one the one hand, the enactment and threat of police power in socio-environmental protests and, on the other, the enforcement and reproduction of a sense of the territory as an object whose elements can be neatly fragmented. In contrast, socio-environmental processes put forward a deeply relational, fluid and interdependent sense of their territories. Increased police intervention in these processes, we will argue, are not only framing socio-environmental conflicts arising from or linked to the continuity of conflict related inequalities as security issues, but also reframing so-called “territorial peace” into a territorial pacification.
S-cone photoreceptors in the primate retina are functionally distinct from L and M cones
Authors: Baudin Jacob , Angueyra Juan M , Sinha Raunak , Rieke Fred
Published: January 2019

Daylight vision starts with signals in three classes of cone photoreceptors sensitive to short (S), middle (M), and long (L) wavelengths. Psychophysical studies show that perceptual sensitivity to rapidly varying inputs differs for signals originating in S cones versus L and M cones; notably, S-cone signals appear perceptually delayed relative to L- and M-cone signals. These differences could originate in the cones themselves or in the post-cone circuitry. To determine if the cones could contribute to these and related perceptual phenomena, we compared the light responses of primate S, M, and L cones. We found that S cones generate slower light responses than L and M cones, show much smaller changes in response kinetics as background-light levels increase, and are noisier than L and M cones. It will be important to incorporate these differences into descriptions of how cone signaling shapes human visual perception.
Dynein-mediated transport and membrane trafficking control PAR3 polarised distribution
Authors: Jouette Julie , Guichet Antoine , Claret Sandra B
Published: January 2019

The scaffold protein PAR3 and the kinase PAR1 are essential proteins that control cell polarity. Their precise opposite localisations define plasma membrane domains with specific functions. PAR3 and PAR1 are mutually inhibited by direct or indirect phosphorylations, but their fates once phosphorylated are poorly known. Through precise spatiotemporal quantification of PAR3 localisation in the Drosophila oocyte, we identify several mechanisms responsible for its anterior cortex accumulation and its posterior exclusion. We show that PAR3 posterior plasma membrane exclusion depends on PAR1 and an endocytic mechanism relying on RAB5 and PI(4,5)P2. In a second phase, microtubules and the dynein motor, in connection with vesicular trafficking involving RAB11 and IKK-related kinase, IKKε, are required for PAR3 transport towards the anterior cortex. Altogether, our results point to a connection between membrane trafficking and dynein-mediated transport to sustain PAR3 asymmetry.
HIV-1 nuclear import in macrophages is regulated by CPSF6-capsid interactions at the nuclear pore complex
Authors: Bejarano David Alejandro , Peng Ke , Laketa Vibor , Börner Kathleen , Jost K Laurence , Lucic Bojana , Glass Bärbel , Lusic Marina , Müller Barbara , Kräusslich Hans-Georg
Published: January 2019

Nuclear entry of HIV-1 replication complexes through intact nuclear pore complexes is critical for successful infection. The host protein cleavage-and-polyadenylation-specificity-factor-6 (CPSF6) has been implicated in different stages of early HIV-1 replication. Applying quantitative microscopy of HIV-1 reverse-transcription and pre-integration-complexes (RTC/PIC), we show that CPSF6 is strongly recruited to nuclear replication complexes but absent from cytoplasmic RTC/PIC in primary human macrophages. Depletion of CPSF6 or lack of CPSF6 binding led to accumulation of HIV-1 subviral complexes at the nuclear envelope of macrophages and reduced infectivity. Two-color stimulated-emission-depletion microscopy indicated that under these circumstances HIV-1 complexes are retained inside the nuclear pore and undergo CA-multimer dependent CPSF6 clustering adjacent to the nuclear basket. We propose that nuclear entry of HIV-1 subviral complexes in macrophages is mediated by consecutive binding of Nup153 and CPSF6 to the hexameric CA lattice.
Temporal whole field sawtooth flicker without a spatial component elicits a myopic shift following optical defocus irrespective of waveform direction in chicks
Authors: Murphy Melanie J. , Riddell Nina , Crewther David P. , Simpson David , Crewther Sheila G.
Published: January 2019

Purpose

Myopia (short-sightedness) is the commonest visual disorder and greatest risk factor for sight threatening secondary pathologies. Myopia and hyperopia can be induced in animal models by rearing with optical lens defocus of opposite sign. The degree of refractive compensation to lens-induced defocus in chicks has been shown to be modified by directionally drifting sawtooth spatio-temporal luminance diamond plaids, with Fast-ON sawtooth spatio-temporal luminance profiles inhibiting the myopic shift in response to negative lenses, and Fast-OFF profiles inhibiting the hyperopic shift in response to positive lenses. What is unknown is whether similar sign-of-defocus dependent results produced by spatio-temporal modulation of sawtooth patterns could be achieved by rearing chicks under whole field low temporal frequency sawtooth luminance profiles at 1 or 4 Hz without a spatial component, or whether such stimuli would indiscriminately elicit a myopic shift such as that previously shown with symmetrical (or near-symmetrical) low frequency flicker across a range of species.

Methods

Hatchling chicks (n = 166) were reared from days five to nine under one of three defocus conditions (No Lens, +10D lens, or −10D lens) and five light conditions (No Flicker, 1 Hz Fast-ON/Slow-OFF sawtooth flicker, 4 Hz Fast-ON/Slow-OFF sawtooth flicker, 1 Hz Fast-OFF/Slow-ON sawtooth flicker, or 4Hz Fast-OFF/Slow-ON sawtooth flicker). The sawtooth flicker was produced by light emitting diodes (white LEDs, 1.2 –183 Lux), and had no measurable dark phase. Biometrics (refraction and ocular axial dimensions) were measured on day nine.

Results

Both 1 Hz and 4 Hz Fast-ON and Fast-OFF sawtooth flicker induced an increase in vitreous chamber depth that was greater in the presence of negative compared to positive lens defocus. Both sawtooth profiles at both temporal frequencies inhibited the hyperopic shift in response to +10D lenses, whilst full myopic compensation (or over-compensation) in response to −10D lenses was observed.

Conclusions

Whole field low temporal frequency Fast-ON and Fast-OFF sawtooth flicker induces a generalized myopic shift, similar to that previously shown for symmetrical sine-wave and square-wave flicker. Our findings highlight that temporal modulation of retinal ON/OFF pathways per se (without a spatial component) is insufficient to produce strong sign-of-defocus dependent effect.
The use of one-stage meta-analytic method based on individual participant data for binary adverse events under the rule of three: a simulation study
Authors: Cheng Liang-Liang , Ju Ke , Cai Rui-Lie , Xu Chang
Published: January 2019

Objective

In evidence synthesis practice, dealing with binary rare adverse events (AEs) is a challenging problem. The pooled estimates for rare AEs through traditional inverse variance (IV), Mantel-Haenszel (MH), and Yusuf-Peto (Peto) methods are suboptimal, as the biases tend to be large. We proposed the “one-stage” approach based on multilevel variance component logistic regression (MVCL) to handle this problem.

Methods

We used simulations to generate trials of individual participant data (IPD) with a series of predefined parameters. We compared the performance of the MVCL “one-stage” approach and the five classical methods (fixed/random effect IV, fixed/random effect MH, and Peto) for rare binary AEs under different scenarios, which included different sample size setting rules, effect sizes, between-study heterogeneity, and numbers of studies in each meta-analysis. The percentage bias, mean square error (MSE), coverage probability, and average width of the 95% confidence intervals were used as performance indicators.

Results

We set 52 scenarios and each scenario was simulated 1,000 times. Under the rule of three (a sample size setting rule to ensure a 95% chance of detecting at least one AE case), the MVCL “one-stage” IPD method had the lowest percentage bias in most of the situations and the bias remained at a very low level (<10%), when compared to IV, MH, and Peto methods. In addition, the MVCL “one-stage” IPD method generally had the lowest MSE and the narrowest average width of 95% confidence intervals. However, it did not show better coverage probability over the other five methods.

Conclusions

The MVCL “one-stage” IPD meta-analysis is a useful method to handle binary rare events and superior compared to traditional methods under the rule of three. Further meta-analyses may take account of the “one-stage” IPD method for pooling rare event data.
GenoDup Pipeline: a tool to detect genome duplication using the dS-based method
Authors: Mao Yafei
Published: January 2019

Understanding whole genome duplication (WGD), or polyploidy, is fundamental to investigating the origin and diversification of organisms in evolutionary biology. The wealth of genomic data generated by next generation sequencing (NGS) has resulted in an urgent need for handy and accurate tools to detect WGD. Here, I present a useful and user-friendly pipeline called GenoDup for inferring WGD using the dS-based method. I have successfully applied GenoDup to identify WGD in empirical data from both plants and animals. The GenoDup Pipeline provides a reliable and useful tool to infer WGD from NGS data.
The sensitivity and specificity of methylene blue spray to identify the parathyroid gland during thyroidectomy
Authors: Piromchai Patorn , Juengtrakool Thipphailin , Laohasiriwong Supawan , Kasemsiri Pornthep , Ungarereevittaya Piti
Published: January 2019

Background

Hypocalcemia is a common complication of thyroidectomy resulting from an injury to the parathyroid gland. Methylene blue, which is a medication and dye that has been used for more than a century, is safe and readily available. The previous study has found that methylene blue spray on the surgical field is absorbed by the parathyroid gland faster than in the perithyroidal area. This study was aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of methylene blue spray to identify the parathyroid gland during thyroid lobectomy.

Methods

Patients who underwent thyroid lobectomy were recruited. After the recurrent laryngeal nerve was identified, methylene blue was sprayed onto the thyroid bed. After 5 min, the thyroid bed was inspected for areas in which the blue color had been rapidly absorbed. Biopsies were conducted for histopathology at both the stained area and the area in which the color had faded. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated.

Results

A total of 47 patients participated in this study. The sensitivity of methylene blue spray to identify the parathyroid gland during thyroid lobectomy was 92.31% (95% CI [63.97–99.81]) and specificity was 56.79% (95% CI [45.31–67.76]). The PPV was 25.53% (95% CI [20.34–31.53]) and NPV was 97.87% (95% CI [87.39–99.67]). There were no patients with post-operative hypocalcemia, allergic reactions to the methylene blue, or methylene blue toxicity.

Conclusion

The methylene blue spray could serve as a screening tool for identification of the parathyroid gland.
Synthesis of 2,2,4-Trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine using Treated Natural Zeolite Catalyst
Authors: Firdaus Maulidan , Prameswari Meyta Dyah
Published: January 2019

The cyclocondensation of 1,2-phenylenediamine and acetone in the presence of treated natural zeolite catalyst (TNZ) under solvent-free condition has been done. The research consisted of three steps. The first step was treatment of natural zeolite by mixing this material in hydrochloric acid solution at 50 °C for 1 hour to be followed by soaking the zeolite in ammonium chloride solution for 5 days. The second step was solvent-free condensation of 1,2-phenylenediamine and acetone using TNZ at 50 °C for 2 hours with weight ratio variation of catalyst, i.e. 15, 30, 45, and 60% (wt/wt). The third step was to study catalyst reusability for the condensation reaction. Based on TLC, FTIR, and 1H NMR analyses, the condensation afforded 2,2,4-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine as the product in 73% yield with the optimum of catalyst loading at 30% (wt/wt). The reusability test showed that the catalyst can be reused for the cyclocondensation for four times.
Algerian Acid Activated Clays as Efficient Catalysts for a Green Synthesis of Solketal by Chemoselective Acetalization of Glycerol with Acetone
Authors: Alali Kouider , Lebsir Fouad , Amri Sondes , Rahmouni Ali , Srasra Ezzedine , Besbes Néji
Published: January 2019

The production of solketal and conversion of glycerol takes a major importance in the field of the sustainability of the biodiesel industry. The synthesis of (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methanol by the acetalization of glycerol with acetone successfully applied out using various Algerian acid activated clays (maghnia-H+) under autogenous pressure and without solvent. The acid catalyst clays are prepared by an easy technique by activation with the available and low-cost Maghnia clay. The purified Maghnia clay named ALC and the resulting series of acid-activated clays AL1, AL2, AL3, and AL4 are characterized by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) investigation, N2-adorption/desorption Brunauer–Emmett–Teller  (BET) surface area, X-rays Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, SEM microscopy and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) with copper bisethylenediamine complex method, in order to study the effect of activation at the acid and the catalytic behaviour in the acetalization reaction. The results show a high catalytic activity whose that the yield of solketal production interest reached 95 % at a temperature of 40 °C for a reaction time of 48 hours with full selectivity and glycerol conversion reaching up to 89 %. A mechanistic is proposed to explain the chemoselective of solketal production. These results indicate the potential of this Algerian acid activated clays catalysts for the acetalization of glycerol for an environmentally benign process.
Synthesis of Titania Doped Copper Ferrite Photocatalyst and Its Photoactivity towards Methylene Blue Degradation under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Arifin Md. Noor , Karim Kaykobad Md. Rezaul , Abdullah Hamidah , Khan Maksudur R.
Published: January 2019

This paper reports the photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue (MB) over titania doped copper ferrite, CuFe2O4/TiO2 with 50 wt% loading, synthesized via sol-gel method. The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-vis diffuse reflectance, and photoluminescence, Mott-Schottky (MS) analysis and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The catalyst loadings were varied from 0.25 – 1.0 g/L and the optimum catalyst loading found to be 0.5 g/L. At the optimum loading, the conversion achieved was 83.7%. The other loadings produced slightly lower conversions at 82.7%, 80.6% and 80.0%, corresponding to 0.25, 1 and 0.75 g/L after 3 hours of irradiation. The study on the effect of initial concentration indicated that 20 ppm as the optimum concentration, tested with 0.5 g/L catalyst loading. The spent catalyst was used for the recyclability test and demonstrated a high longevity with a degradation efficiency less than 6 % for each time interval. The novelty of this study lies on the new application of photocatalytic material, CuFe2O4/TiO2 on thiazine dye that shows remarkable activity and reusability performance under visible light irradiation.
Retinal measurements predict 10‐year disability in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rothman Alissa , Murphy Olwen C. , Fitzgerald Kathryn C. , Button Julia , Gordon‐Lipkin Eliza , Ratchford John N. , Newsome Scott D. , Mowry Ellen M. , Sotirchos Elias S. , Syc‐Mazurek Stephanie B. , Nguyen James , Caldito Natalia Gonzalez , Balcer Laura J. , Frohman Elliot M. , Frohman Teresa C. , Reich Daniel S. , Crainiceanu Ciprian , Saidha Shiv , Calabresi Peter A.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐derived measures of the retina correlate with disability and cortical gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, whether such measures predict long‐term disability is unknown. We evaluated whether a single OCT and visual function assessment predict the disability status 10 years later.

Methods

Between 2006 and 2008, 172 people with MS underwent Stratus time domain‐OCT imaging [160 with measurement of total macular volume (TMV)] and high and low‐contrast letter acuity (LCLA) testing (n = 150; 87%). All participants had Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessments at baseline and at 10‐year follow‐up. We applied generalized linear regression models to assess associations between baseline TMV, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, and LCLA with 10‐year EDSS scores (linear) and with clinically significant EDSS worsening (binary), adjusting for age, sex, optic neuritis history, and baseline disability status.

Results

In multivariable models, lower baseline TMV was associated with higher 10‐year EDSS scores (mean increase in EDSS of 0.75 per 1 mm3 loss in TMV (mean difference = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.11–1.39; P = 0.02). In analyses using tertiles, individuals in the lowest tertile of baseline TMV had an average 0.86 higher EDSS scores at 10 years (mean difference = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.23–1.48) and had over 3.5‐fold increased odds of clinically significant EDSS worsening relative to those in the highest tertile of baseline TMV (OR: 3.58; 95% CI: 1.30–9.82; Ptrend = 0.008). pRNFL and LCLA predicted the 10‐year EDSS scores only in univariate models.

Interpretation

Lower baseline TMV measured by OCT significantly predicts higher disability at 10 years, even after accounting for baseline disability status.
Porous Silicon Nanoneedles Modulate Endocytosis to Deliver Biological Payloads
Authors: Gopal Sahana , Chiappini Ciro , Penders Jelle , Leonardo Vincent , Seong Hyejeong , Rothery Stephen , Korchev Yuri , Shevchuk Andrew , Stevens Molly M.
Published: January 2019

Owing to their ability to efficiently deliver biological cargo and sense the intracellular milieu, vertical arrays of high aspect ratio nanostructures, known as nanoneedles, are being developed as minimally invasive tools for cell manipulation. However, little is known of the mechanisms of cargo transfer across the cell membrane‐nanoneedle interface. In particular, the contributions of membrane piercing, modulation of membrane permeability and endocytosis to cargo transfer remain largely unexplored. Here, combining state‐of‐the‐art electron and scanning ion conductance microscopy with molecular biology techniques, it is shown that porous silicon nanoneedle arrays concurrently stimulate independent endocytic pathways which contribute to enhanced biomolecule delivery into human mesenchymal stem cells. Electron microscopy of the cell membrane at nanoneedle sites shows an intact lipid bilayer, accompanied by an accumulation of clathrin‐coated pits and caveolae. Nanoneedles enhance the internalization of biomolecular markers of endocytosis, highlighting the concurrent activation of caveolae‐ and clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, alongside macropinocytosis. These events contribute to the nanoneedle‐mediated delivery (nanoinjection) of nucleic acids into human stem cells, which distribute across the cytosol and the endolysosomal system. This data extends the understanding of how nanoneedles modulate biological processes to mediate interaction with the intracellular space, providing indications for the rational design of improved cell‐manipulation technologies.
Analysis of Ultrahigh Apparent Mobility in Oxide Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Chen Changdong , Yang Bo‐Ru , Li Gongtan , Zhou Hang , Huang Bolong , Wu Qian , Zhan Runze , Noh Yong‐Young , Minari Takeo , Zhang Shengdong , Deng Shaozhi , Sirringhaus Henning , Liu Chuan
Published: January 2019

For newly developed semiconductors, obtaining high‐performance transistors and identifying carrier mobility have been hot and important issues. Here, large‐area fabrications and thorough analysis of InGaZnO transistors with enhanced current by simple encapsulations are reported. The enhancement in the drain current and on–off ratio is remarkable in the long‐channel devices (e.g., 40 times in 200 µm long transistors) but becomes much less pronounced in short‐channel devices (e.g., 2 times in 5 µm long transistors), which limits its application to the display industry. Combining gated four‐probe measurements, scanning Kelvin‐probe microscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and device simulations, it is revealed that the enhanced apparent mobility up to several tens of times is attributed to the stabilized hydrogens in the middle area forming a degenerated channel area while that near the source‐drain contacts are merely doped, which causes artifact in mobility extraction. The studies demonstrate the use of hydrogens to remarkably enhance performance of oxide transistors by inducing a new mode of device operation. Also, this study shows clearly that a thorough analysis is necessary to understand the origin of very high apparent mobilities in thin‐film transistors or field‐effect transistors with advanced semiconductors.
Biomorphic Engineering of Multifunctional Polylactide Stomatocytes toward Therapeutic Nano‐Red Blood Cells
Authors: Shao Jingxin , Pijpers Imke A. B. , Cao Shoupeng , Williams David S. , Yan Xuehai , Li Junbai , Abdelmohsen Loai K. E. A. , van Hest Jan C. M.
Published: January 2019

Morphologically discrete nanoarchitectures, which mimic the structural complexity of biological systems, are an increasingly popular design paradigm in the development of new nanomedical technologies. Herein, engineered polymeric stomatocytes are presented as a structural and functional mimic of red blood cells (RBCs) with multifunctional therapeutic features. Stomatocytes, comprising biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(D,L‐lactide), possess an oblate‐like morphology reminiscent of RBCs. This unique dual‐compartmentalized structure is augmented via encapsulation of multifunctional cargo (oxygen‐binding hemoglobin and the photosensitizer chlorin e6). Furthermore, stomatocytes are decorated with a cell membrane isolated from erythrocytes to ensure that the surface characteristics matched those of RBCs. In vivo biodistribution data reveal that both the uncoated and coated nano‐RBCs have long circulation times in mice, with the membrane‐coated ones outperforming the uncoated stomatoctyes. The capacity of nano‐RBCs to transport oxygen and create oxygen radicals upon exposure to light is effectively explored toward photodynamic therapy, using 2D and 3D tumor models; addressing the challenge presented by cancer‐induced hypoxia. The morphological and functional control demonstrated by this synthetic nanosystem, coupled with indications of therapeutic efficacy, constitutes a highly promising platform for future clinical application.
Identifying and Transmitting the Culture of Emergency Medicine Through Simulation
Authors: Purdy Eve , Alexander Charlotte , Caughley Melissah , Bassett Shane , Brazil Victoria
Published: January 2019

Background

Simulation is commonly used in medical education. It offers the opportunity for participants to apply theoretical knowledge and practice nontechnical skills. We aimed to examine how simulation may also help to identify emergency medicine culture and serve as a tool to transmit values, beliefs, and practices to medical learners.

Methods

We undertook a focused ethnography of a simulated emergency department exercise delivered to 98 third‐year medical students. This ethnography included participant observation, informal interviews, and document review. Analysis was performed using a recursive method, a simultaneous deductive and inductive approach to data interpretation.

Results

All 20 staff (100%) and 92 of 98 medical students (94%) participated in the study. We identified seven core values—identifying and treating dangerous pathology, managing uncertainty, patients and families at the center of care, balancing needs and resources at the system level, value of the team approach, education as integral, and emergency medicine as part of self‐identity—and 27 related beliefs that characterized emergency medicine culture. We observed that culture was transmitted during the simulation exercise.

Conclusion

This study contributes to the characterization of the culture of emergency medicine by identifying core values and beliefs that are foundational to the specialty. Simulation facilitated cultural compression, which allowed for ready identification of values, beliefs, and practices and also facilitated transmission of culture to learners. This study expands understanding of the culture of emergency medicine and the role of simulation in the process of cultural exchange.