bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silicon decreases the arsenic level in rice grain by limiting arsenite transport
Authors: Fleck Alexander T. , Mattusch Jürgen , Schenk Manfred K.
Published: August 2013

Silicon (Si) reduces arsenic (As) levels in rice shoot and grain. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of Si application to three rice paddy soils on the dynamics of Si, iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), and As in the soil solution, As accumulation in rice straw, flag leaf, husk, brown rice, and polished rice, and on As speciation in polished rice. Silicon application to soil increased the concentrations of Si, Fe, As, and P in the soil solution, while the redox potential was unaffected. Arsenic concentrations of straw, flag leaf, and husk were reduced by half by Si application, while As concentrations of brown and polished rice were decreased by 22%. The main As species in polished rice was arsenite, As(III), with a fraction of 70%, followed by dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and arsenate, As(V), with 24% and 6%, respectively. Silicon application to the soil did not affect DMA or As(V) concentration of polished rice, while the As(III) concentration was reduced by 33%. These results confirm that Si reduces As(III) uptake and translocation into the shoot. Furthermore, data indicate that decrease of As concentration of polished rice is due to decreased As(III) transport into grain. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.
Smoke‐water and karrikinolide (KAR1) foliar applications promote seedling growth and photosynthetic pigments of the biofuel seed crop Jatropha curcas L.
Authors: Abdelgadir Hafiz A. , Kulkarni Manoj G. , Aremu Adeyemi O. , Van Staden Johannes
Published: August 2013

This greenhouse study tested the effect of smoke‐water and the smoke‐isolated biologically active compound karrikinolide (KAR1) on growth and photosynthetic pigments of Jatropha curcas L. seedlings. Fifteen‐day‐old seedlings were sprayed once weekly for 5 weeks with three dilutions of smoke‐water (1 : 250, 1 : 500, and 1 : 1000 v/v) or KAR1 (10–7, 10–8, and 10–9 M). Growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment concentrations of 75‐d‐old seedlings were measured. Foliar application of both smoke‐water and KAR1 on J. curcas seedlings showed significant increases in stem width, shoot length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and total carotenoid concentrations compared to the untreated control. KAR1 significantly improved leaf area, shoot and root dry mass, seedling‐vigor index, and photosynthetic pigments as compared to control treatments. These results suggest the possible use of smoke‐water and KAR1 to achieve a vigorous and well established crop of J. curcas.
Microencapsulation of Garcinia fruit extract by spray drying and its effect on bread quality
Authors: Ezhilarasi Perumal Natarajan , Indrani Dasappa , Jena Bhabani Sankar , Anandharamakrishnan Chinnaswamy
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND

(−)‐Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is the major acid present in the fruit rinds of certain species of Garcinia. HCA has been reported to have several health benefits. As HCA is highly hygroscopic in nature and thermally sensitive, it is difficult to incorporate in foodstuffs. Hence, Garcinia cowa fruit extract was microencapsulated using three different wall materials such as whey protein isolate (WPI), maltodextrin (MD) and a combination of whey protein isolate and maltodextrin (WPI + MD) by spray drying. Further, these microencapsulated powders were evaluated for their impact on bread quality and HCA retention.

RESULTS

Maltodextrin (MD) encapsulates had higher free (86%) and net HCA (90%) recovery. Microencapsulates incorporated breads had enhanced qualitative characteristics and higher HCA content than water extract incorporated bread due to efficient encapsulation during bread baking. Comparatively, bread with MD encapsulates showed softer crumb texture, desirable sensory attributes with considerable volume and higher HCA content.

CONCLUSION

The higher HCA contents of encapsulate incorporated breads were sufficient to claim for functionality of HCA in bread. Comparatively, MD had efficiently encapsulated Garcinia fruit extract during spray drying and bread baking. Spray drying proved to be an excellent encapsulation technique for incorporation into the food system. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Cycling as a mode of transport: a possible solution for the increasing burden of type 2 diabetes?
Authors: Lamb Maxine JE , Halbesma Nynke , Wild Sarah H
Published: August 2013

In 2012, over 371 million people worldwide were estimated to have type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and the prevalence is expected to continue to increase. Physical inactivity is known to be a risk factor for incidence and complications of T2DM. Randomised controlled trials have shown that regular, structured physical activity can lead to a reduction of HbA1c over the short term. Surveys have found that a substantial proportion of the UK population do not meet the recommendations for physical activity. In addition to these worrying figures, the majority of people in the UK are also unaware of these recommendations. Cycling is a non‐weight bearing, efficient form of aerobic exercise and active travel may be an effective way to target individuals who see time or opportunity as a barrier to physical activity. Cohort studies performed in several European countries have shown active travel to reduce the risk of developing T2DM and to reduce all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality among individuals with T2DM.

We suggest that health education programmes be further developed to encourage individuals with T2DM to increase their physical activity. Several initiatives already exist to promote cycling in the general population, and it may be beneficial to utilise patient groups and diabetes charities to inform diabetes patients about the positive effects of cycling and other physical activity on managing their condition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.
When visuals are boundary objects in system dynamics work
Authors: Black Laura J.
Published: August 2013

Using modeling representations as boundary objects provides an important aid to collective meaning‐making. By understanding the construct of boundary objects, which arises from sociological studies of cross‐boundary work, we can increase our effectiveness in using visual representations to facilitate shared understanding for joint action. This paper draws on theories of social construction, distributed cognition, and boundary objects to build the argument that visual representations provide the crucial pivot between the system dynamics modeling method and socially constructing shared meaning. I highlight the role of visuals particularly in the context of group model building because it provides an explicit occasion devoted to shared meaning‐making through facilitated execution of the system dynamics method. Many system dynamicists use the model‐building process and simulation analyses to socially construct shared understanding among people with differing domain expertise, and the theoretical principles and practical guidelines described here can usefully inform efforts beyond participatory modeling workshops. Copyright © 2013 System Dynamics Society
Scaling laws for the thrust production of flexible pitching panels
Authors: Dewey Peter A. , Boschitsch Birgitt M. , Moored Keith W. , Stone Howard A. , Smits Alexander J.
Published: August 2013

We present experimental results on the role of flexibility and aspect ratio in bio-inspired aquatic propulsion. Direct thrust and power measurements are used to determine the propulsive efficiency of flexible panels undergoing a leading-edge pitching motion. We find that flexible panels can give a significant amplification of thrust production of $\mathscr{O}(100{\unicode{x2013}} 200\hspace{0.167em} \% )$ and propulsive efficiency of $\mathscr{O}(100\hspace{0.167em} \% )$ when compared to rigid panels. The data highlight that the global maximum in propulsive efficiency across a range of panel flexibilities is achieved when two conditions are simultaneously satisfied: (i) the oscillation of the panel yields a Strouhal number in the optimal range ($0. 25\lt \mathit{St}\lt 0. 35$) predicted by Triantafyllou, Triantafyllou & Grosenbaugh (J. Fluid Struct., vol. 7, 1993, pp. 205–224); and (ii) this frequency of motion is tuned to the structural resonant frequency of the panel. In addition, new scaling laws for the thrust production and power input to the fluid are derived for the rigid and flexible panels. It is found that the dominant forces are the characteristic elastic force and the characteristic fluid force. In the flexible regime the data scale using the characteristic elastic force and in the rigid limit the data scale using the characteristic fluid force.
Representative taxa in field trials for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified maize
Authors: Albajes R. , Lumbierres B. , Pons X. , Comas J.
Published: August 2013

When assessing the benefits and risks of transgenic crops, one consideration is their relative effects on non-target arthropod (NTA) abundance and functions within agroecosystems. Several laboratory and field trials have been conducted in Spain since the late 1990s to assess this issue. A consideration in the design of field trials is whether it is necessary to sample most NTAs living in the crop or only representative taxa that perform main ecological functions and have a good capacity to detect small changes in their abundance. Small changes in the field abundance of an effective representative taxon should be detectable using standard experimental protocols. The ability of a species to reveal differences across treatments may be analysed by examining the detectable treatment effects for surveyed non-target organisms. Analysis of data from several NTAs recorded in 14 field trials conducted over 10 years using complete block designs allowed us to select a number of representative taxa capable of detecting changes in the density or activity of arthropod herbivores, predators, parasitoids and decomposers in transgenic and non-transgenic maize varieties. The most suitable NTA as representative taxa (with detectable treatment effects below 50%) included leafhoppers among arthropod herbivores, Orius spp., Araneae, and Carabidae among predators, chalcidids, particularly the family Mymaridae, among parasitoids and Chloropidae as decomposer. Details of sampling techniques for each sampled taxa and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. It is concluded that abundance of taxa is the most influential factor determining their capacity to detect changes caused by genetically modified varieties.
UNBOUNDED HERMITIAN OPERATORS ON KOLASKI SPACES
Authors: JAMISON JAMES , KING RAENA
Published: August 2013

We investigate strongly continuous one-parameter (C0) groups of isometries acting on certain spaces of analytical functions which were introduced by Kolaski (C. J. Kolaski, Isometries of some smooth normed spaces of analytic functions, Complex Var. Theory Appl. 10(2–3) (1988), 115–122). We characterize the generators of these groups of isometries and also the spectrum of the generators. We provide an example on the Bloch space of an unbounded hermitian operator with non-compact resolvent.
The Temple of Castor in the Forum Romanum
Authors: Strong D. E. , Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: August 2013

It is one of the paradoxes of the study of Roman architecture that what, in terms of the written record, is probably the most thoroughly and reliably documented phase of its whole development, the Augustan age, is from the point of view of the architectural historian still one of the most obscure and controversial. That it was a vital turning point in the history of Roman architecture one cannot doubt; and yet the number of monuments in the capital that can be accepted without hesitation and without reservation as representative of the age is very limited. No doubt the full and critical publication of the excavations of the last few decades will increase the number and provide a firm basis for further studies. But in the meantime we are still dependent—all too dependent—upon those few buildings which are securely and unequivocally Augustan, and which may be used therefore as a safe standard of comparison for some at any rate of the architectural practices current in Augustan Rome.
Capena and the Ager Capenas
Authors: Jones G. D. B.
Published: August 2013

The ancient Ager Capenas occupied the elongated triangle of land north of Rome enclosed by the line of the Via Flaminia, M. Soracte and the lower Tiber valley. The study of the archaeology and topography of the area, like that of the Roman Campagna as a whole, has been subject to great fluctuation of interest and emphasis. It was begun, in effect, by the antiquarians of the last century such as Dennis, Nibby and Gell. Then in the early years of this century Ashby took up the subject with an enthusiasm and application that quickly made him the undisputed authority. Since then interest has varied and no general revision of Ashby's topographical scheme has been attempted.

Archaeology in the more general sense of the study of the ancient inhabitants of an area from the remains of their civilisation has made little progress in a remote corner of the Campagna like the Ager Capenas, partly because of its inaccessibility, and partly because there has been no excavation to speak of and because the material visible above ground is so very limited both in variety and quality. There is, however, another side to the coin. The density and history of ordinary, everyday settlement, derived from the close observation of sites on the ground, are aspects of classical topography that are only now beginning to be exploited; and it is in an area such as the Roman Campagna that the greatest opportunities exist not only because the density of ancient settlement was very great, but also because such a high percentage of the material has survived.
Capena and the Ager Capenas: Part II
Authors: Jones G. D. B.
Published: August 2013

The classical topography of the southern and central Ager Capenas has been described in the preceding volume of the Papers (PBSR, xxx, 1962, pp. 116–207, hereafter referred to as Pt. I). In this, the second section of the report, the field survey is concluded with a description of the northern Ager Capenas. There follows a discussion of the development of settlement within the area as a whole and some of the more interesting archaeological features discovered during the survey. The final section deals with the characteristics of the Roman buildings in the area and incorporates a report on the excavation of a small Roman farm in the central Ager Capenas.

To the list of acknowledgements already made (ibid., p. 117) I would like to add the names of Miss G. D. Jones, Mr. G. Duncan, Mr. W. A. C. Knowles and Mr. D. W. R. Ridgway, who all helped in the preparation of the second part of this report.
Medieval studies and the British School at Rome
Authors: Wickham Chris
Published: August 2013

GLI STUDI MEDIEVALI E LA ‘BRITISH SCHOOL AT ROME’

Le ricerche in campo medievale hanno costituito uno dei tratti distintivi dell'attività della ‘British School at Rome’ sin dagli esordi, con la pubblicazione di consistenti ricerche storico artistiche (Rushforth) e di storia amministrativa (Jamison) nella prima decade del ventesimo secolo. Successivamente, però, fino al secondo dopoguerra, itemi medievali vennero trattati in maniera piuttosto discontinua. Negli anni '50 l'attenzione si concentro sugli studi storici, mentre quelli archeologici iniziarono negli anni '60. Questi ultimi conobbero un intenso sviluppo in seguito alla ricognizione dell'Etruria meridionale (‘South Etruria Survey’) condotta dalla ‘British School at Rome’, concentratasi sul periodo romano ma che sollevo numerose questioni relative al periodo successive All'inizio degli anni '60, gli scavi di Santa Cornelia furono tra i primi scavi medievali in Italia. A meta del decennio, le ricerche di David Whitehouse sulla ceramica resero possibile per la prima volta datazioni accurate. Da queste premesse scaturirono tre decenni di lavoro intenso sull'archeologia medievale italiana, nel quale gli archeologici britannici, di solito legati alla ‘British School at Rome’, ebbero un ruolo importante. I decenni piu recenti hanno inoltre contributo allo sviluppo delle discipline storiche è storico-artistiche; John Osborne e stato particolarmente attivo nello sviluppo degli studi sulla cultura visiva altomedievale romana.
‘Qui Perusii in archa saxea tumulatus’: the shrine of Beato Egidio in San Francesco al Prato, Perugia
Authors: Cooper Donal
Published: August 2013

‘QUI PERUSII IN ARCHA SAXEA TUMULATUS’: LA TOMBA DEL BEATO EGIDIO NELLA CHIESA DI SAN FRANCESCO AL PRATO, PERUGIA

L'autore presenta una nuova ricostruzione della tomba del Beato Egidio (†1262), il terzo compagno di San Francesco ed una delle figure più importanti della prima storia francescana. La tomba di Egidio a San Francesco al Prato, Perugia, ha acquisito una notevole considerazione nello studio del primo patrocinio francescano grazie sia all'uso di un sarcofago paleocristiano che all'indiscutibile influenza di quest'arca sulla pala d'altare dipinta su entrambi i lati per la chiesa dal Maestro di San Francesco (c. 1272). Conseguentemente, gli studiosi hanno collocato il sarcofago di Egidio al di sotto dell'altare maggiore di San Francesco al Prato, in modo da formare un unico insieme visivo con il retroaltare. Tuttavia, una serie di fonti inedite indica che il Beato fu invece sepolto nel transetto meridionale. Secondo questa ricostruzione, la sua tomba va invece collocata nella tradizione delle tombe elevate a cassa, esemplificata dall'arca di tredicesimo secolo di San Domenico a Bologna. In termini di accesso e pratica devozionale, la tomba a cassa elevata era da un punto di vista funzionale più soddisfacente della sistemazione dell'altare maggiore impiegata nella stessa tomba di Francesco. La tomba di Egidio dimostra dunque come, quando necessario, i Frati Minori potessero rifiutare il modello fornito dalla loro Chiesa Madre di Assisi.
The Temple of Hadrian at Cyzicus and Roman attitudes to exceptional construction
Authors: DeLaine Janet
Published: August 2013

IL TEMPIO DI ADRIANO A CYZICUS E L'ATTEGGIAMENTO ROMANO VERSO LE COSTRUZIONI COLOSSALI

Partendo dalPanegirico su Cyzicusdi Elio Aristide, questo articolo esplora l'atteggiamento romano verso le imprese costruttive colossali. La struttura di questo contributo è data prima dall'idea delle Sette Meraviglie del Mondo, che suggerisce come tali imprese costruttive venissero ammirate per la loro grandezza e per il livello di sofisticazione tecnologica, in particolare quando realizzate su una scala che andava ben oltre il regno delle normali esperienze umane. Questo tipo di costruzioni sembrava sfidare la natura ma, allo stesso tempo, dimostrava i limiti dell'ingenuità umana e dava unostatusa coloro per i quali questi lavori erano stati creati. Allo stesso tempo, l'atto della costruzione era visto come un simbolo di esistenza civilizzata, e viene dunque dimostrato come le rappresentazioni sia scritte che pittoriche degli edifici avessero un'importanza speciale. Ciò conduce alia discussione dellamagnificentiae del valore della costruzione per il mecenate romano come contributo alia vita della comunita. L'articolo si conclude con un esame delle implicazioni morali delle costruzioni su grande scala, collocandolo all'interno di un discorso più ampio sulle idee romane conflittuali sul rapporto tra umanità e natura, e sul'antico dibattito sulle origini della civilizzazione e l'idea del progresso umano.
The monastic economy in the principality of Salerno during the eleventh and twelfth centuries
Authors: Loud G. A.
Published: August 2013

L'ECONOMIA MONASTICA NEL PRINCIPATO DI SALERNO DURANTE L'XI E IL XII SECOLO

Questo studio esamina il ruolo dei monasteri come proprietari nel principato di Salerno, durante l'XI e XII secolo, con particolare riferimento alla Badia della S. Trinità di Cava posta a confronto con altri edifici monastici, sulla base dell'analisi di documenti inediti dell'archivio di Cava, che contiene più di 3500 pergamene del XII secolo. Dopo una breve discussione sulle fondazioni di monasteri nel principato intorno all'anno Mille, e sullo sviluppo della proprietà della Badia di Cava e dei suoi privilegi, concessi dagli ultimi principi longobardi, dai nuovi duchi normanni e dall'aristocrazia territoriale, l'articolo tratta cinque punti principali. Essi sono: i rapporti della Badia con i suoi coloni (descritti in vari modi, come homines, censiles, servi o villani); la sottomissione volontaria di uomini liberi all'autorità della Badia e le loro relazioni con l'autorità stessa; l'importanza dei servizi di mano d'opera in rapporto ai locatari; le condizioni e le variazioni dei contratti di mezzadria; e, infine, l'importanza del valore relativo all'estensione della proprietà di Cava durante il periodo, particolarmente nel XII secolo. Particolare attenzione è data alla possibilità che lo sviluppo di usi locali possa aver rappresentato un miglioramento delle esistenti condizioni di proprieta. Le operazioni finanziarie di Cava sono illustrate da particolari riferimenti agli anni 1110–19, 1130–49, 1170–4, e 1200–4 e dalle tavole degli acquisti, dei pagamenti e dei prestiti della Badia. Le spese di Cava, aumentate, per esempio, della somma di 25,951 tari nel periodo 1110–14 e di 8,267 tari nel 1170–4, vengono confrontate con le spese più occasionali e modeste sostenute da Montevergine nel tardo XII secolo. Ma i dettagli relativi a come Cava mutasse le sue entrate dirette — la maggior parte delle quali proveniva da affitti e da altri pagamenti in natura, in moneta — restano oscuri. Questo è uno dei punti più controversi dell'argomento, e richiede ricerche più sistematiche tra i numerosi inediti del XII secolo dell'archivio di Cava per il futuro.
Humanists in the Roman Forum
Authors: Muecke Frances
Published: August 2013

GLI UMANISTI NEL FORO ROMANO

L'articolo presenta un excursus inedito sui Fori, ricavato dagli appunti presi da alcuni studenti alle lezioni del 1470 circa, di uno degli antiquari più importanti della fine del XV secolo, Giulio Pomponio Leto. L'excursus è di particolare interesse perché rappresenta uno dei primi tentativi di identificare la posizione di edifici e luoghi nel Foro stesso. L'articolo inserisce l'excursus nel contesto dei primi trattati antiquari e in quello dei tentativi, sia contemporanei che posteriori, di localizzare i monumenti del Foro. L'analisi dettagliata identifica le fonti e dimostra una generale similarità tra il metodo dell'excursus e quello di Pomponio Leto, così come alcune particolari interpretazioni pomponiane. Lo studio dimostra inoltre l'importanza dei commentari umanisti —fonti sino ad ora molto meno studiate dei trattati topografici — per lo studio della crescita e della diffusione dell'antiquariato umanista.
Spectators and spectator comfort in Roman entertainment buildings: a study in functional design
Authors: Rose Peter
Published: August 2013

SPETTATORI E COMFORT PER LO SPETTATORE NEGLI EDIFICI ROMANI DI INTRATTENIMENTO: UNO STUDIO SUL DESIGN FUNZIONALE

Gli edifici per spettacolo di epoca romana costituivano una parte integrante della società e del suo modo di rappresentare una gerarchia sociale. Non solo i posti a sedere dello spettatore erano determinati da un'ampia gamma di regolamenti legali, ma anche il raggiungimento degli stessi e l'ulteriore circolazione all'mterno degli edifici era controllata dalla loro posizione sociale. Le precedenti ricerche sugli edifici di intrattenimento si sono concentrate fondamentalmente sul singolo edificio, considerato un tipo architettonico, o sulla loro natura e funzione nell'ambito della società romana. Non molti studiosi hanno dedicato la loro attenzione alle migliaia di spettatori che realmente usavano questi edifici d'intrattenimento; o sulle precauzioni prese al fine di garantire un ambiente sicuro ed efficiente per il movimento e lo stare seduti in massa della gente. Tutti questi aspetti dovrebbero aver ampiamente influenzato le necessità funzionali e il design degli edifici per spettacolo. L'obiettivo di questo articolo è pertanto quello di approcciare questi argomenti attraverso l'analisi del design funzionale degli edifici d'intrattenimento dal punto di vista di uno spettatore. L'enfasi verrà posta sugli spettatori e sul loro comfort al fine di illustrare come questo possa aver avuto un'influenza sull'organizzazione degli edifici in questione. Lo strumento d'analisi sarà un confronto di tre edifici romani per spettacolo — il teatro di Marcello, il Circo Massimo e il Colosseo — con l'architettura degli stadi moderni.
The Via Latina, the Via Labicana and the location of Ad Pictas
Authors: Thein A. G.
Published: August 2013

LA VIA LATINA, LA VIA LABICANA E LA LOCALIZZAZIONE DIAD PICTAS

La localizzazione del toponimoad Pictasè stata oggetto di una controversia tra topografi della Campagna Romana negli ultimi tre secoli. In genere viene collocata alcune miglia ad ovest di Artena, a Fontanile delle Macere. Questo articolo collocaad Pictasa Colle Tre Are di Valmontone, vicino Labico, e propone una soluzione ad un problema ad esso strettamente connesso — l'incrocio tra la Via Latina e la Via Labicana, che le fonti collocano alternativamente pressoad Pictas, ad Biviume presso ilCompitum Anagninum. Originariamente le strade si incontravano aad Pictas, come ricorda Strabone e come è confermato dall'Itinerario Antonino, a dispetto dell'esplicita asserzione che le strade si incontravano presso ilCompitum. La Via Latina fu in un secondo momenta deviata verso sud, via Fontanile delle Macere, e emergevaad Biviumcome nuovo incrocio, secondo quanto mostrato dalla Tabula Peutingeriana. Il tracciato meridionale della Via Latina emerse nel III secolo d.C. e seguiva una serie di strade realizzate nella media Repubblica nell'area centuriata situata a nord della Civita di Artena. Il cambio è meglio attribuibile alla preferenza di coloro che usavano le strade — la nuova strada fu favorita dai viaggiatori che usufruivano dei punti di sosta concentrati intornoad Biviume il vicino Colle Maiorana.
Borgo San Martino: an early medieval pilgrimage station on the Via Francigena near Sutri
Authors: Matheus Michael
Published: August 2013

BORGO SAN MARTINO: UNA STAZIONE DI PELLEGRINAGGIO ALTO MEDIEVALE SULLA VIA FRANCIGENA VICINO SUTRI

Una ricerca documentaria suggerisce l'esistenza di una stazione di pellegrinaggio alto medievale sulla via Cassia a sud di Sutri, nelle vicinanze del Fontanile di San Martino. Questa parte della via Cassia formava un ramo della via Francigena come riportato nella Vita di Gerald d'Aurillac di Odo di Cluny, e la stazione di pellegrinaggio, Borgo San Martino, rappresentava una delle tappe finali del pellegrinaggio verso Roma. Nel tentativo di localizzare il sito di Borgo San Martino una ricognizione archeologica dell'area è stata effettuata ed ha condotto all'ipotesi che i resti sostanziali di una villa Romana a Prati San Martino possano essere stati utilizzati (vedi articolo di Gilkes, Martin e Matheus in questo volume).
A new date for Agrippa's theatre at Ostia
Authors: Cooley Alison
Published: August 2013

UNA NUOVA DATA PER IL TEATRO DI AGRIPPA AD OSTIA

Quest'articolo riesamina la data di fondazione del teatro di Ostia, e suggerisce che esso possa contribuire a un più generale modello di costruzione dei teatri tipico dell'impero in un periodo particolare del regno di Augusto. Vi è generale consenso sul fatto che il teatro di Ostia sia stato costruito nel periodo augusteo, dietro suggerimento del braccio destro di Augusto, Marco Agrippa, ma è stato talvolta associato con la prima parte del suo regno. La prima parte della discussione sottolinea l'importanza di un frammento epigrafico, che dovrebbe essere aggiunto ai due frammenti pubblicati come CIL XIV 82. Le due lettere del frammento suggeriscono l'ipotesi che la fondazione del teatro appartenga al periodo 18–12 a.C, e forse al 18–17 a.C. Il teatro di Ostia appartiene quindi ad un gruppo di teatri che furono costruiti fra il 25 ed il 15 a.C. e che sono associati con personaggi influenti che avevano legami personali con Augusto.
The Text of the Odyssey
Authors: Allen Thomas W.
Published: August 2013

I have to thank the Director for giving this article a place in the Annual. The Italian collections far outweigh those of the rest of Europe on the subject of Homer; and the opportunity of collating the Vatican Odysseys I owe equally to the self-sacrificing kindness of Father Ehrle, the good offices of my old friend William Bliss, who died early in 1909, and the enviable quarters Augusto mense of the British School at Rome.
The Reliefs in the Palazzo Spada
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: August 2013

This paper deals with the well-known reliefs in the Palazzo Spada at Rome and those related to them, and is an attempt by means of a detailed analysis to determine their date and artistic affinities. As long ago as 1880 Dr. Theodor Schreiber suggested that they contained Hellenistic elements and were to some extent dependent for their motives on paintings. In 1888 he returned to the attack in his book on the Grimani reliefs at Vienna and put forward the view that the Spada and Grimani reliefs and their kin were Alexandrian in origin. In consequence he regards the introduction of rustic and landscape scenes into sculpture as an Alexandrian element, and would assign all reliefs which show such motives to the Alexandrian art of the Hellenistic age.
The Palazzo Odescalchi
Authors: Ashby Thomas
Published: August 2013

The history of the palace of the Colonna family which stood on the site which was afterwards occupied by the Palazzo Odescalchi is by no means completely known : but the researches which Sig. Francesco Tomassetti has been good enough to make in the Boncompagni Ludovisi archives, with the kind permission of the Prince of Piombino, have thrown a considerable amount of light on it : and I therefore give the results of his investigations; which have brought to light some very interesting facts.

We saw that Bufalini's plan of Rome (1551) showed a palace of the Colonna family existing on a part of the site. This palace belonged to Pierfrancesco Colonna, lord of Zagarolo and Colonna, and passed with these estates to his heiress Vittoria, who married Camilla Colonna. The latter died in 1558, and his widow gave it on July 10, 1562, with the rest of her property (Zagarolo and Colonna) to her sons Cardinal Marcantonio and Prospero Colonna and her grandson Marzio, son of Pompeo Colonna, in equal portions, on condition that in case of the death of one, the others should succeed in the order given.
Studies in the Social and Economic History of Ostia: Part I
Authors: Wilson Frederick H.
Published: August 2013

Serious excavation of the archaeological remains of Ostia really began only in the early years of the present century. Spasmodic work upon the site was, it is true, undertaken during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but the earliest excavators, De Norogna, Volpato, La Piccola, Hamilton and Fagan, were little more than treasure-hunters, more intent upon gaining possession of some artistic masterpiece than upon elucidating the problems of the past. Even the distinguished archaeologists of the nineteenth century, Visconti, Lanciani and Gatti, worked at Ostia only spasmodically, and often failed to publish adequate accounts of their discoveries. Nor were serious attempts made to protect from the ravages ofrainand frost the buildings unearthed.
The Paleography of Latin Inscriptions in the Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Centuries in Italy
Authors: Gray Nicolette
Published: August 2013

The inscriptions of Christian, Lombard and Carolingian Italy have been collected and studied continuously almost from the date of their execution until the present day. This accumulation of secondary sources over a period of a thousand years has rendered the complication of the subject extreme.

The history of the clarification and scientific arrangement of Christian epigraphy in Italy begins with the work of de Rossi in the second half of the last century. He separated, and was therefore able to co-ordinate, the study of the inscriptions themselves, and the study of the collections of inscriptions. The first collection of Roman inscriptions possibly dates back to the end of the V century, and was of classical material; the collections of Christian inscriptions begin in the VII century.
Poena legis repetundarum
Authors: Sherwin-White A. N.
Published: August 2013

According to Mommsen the various laws de repetundis, from, the Lex Acilia of the Gracchan period to the Lex Iulia of 59 B.C., never attached any heavier political penalty to the offence than infamia, with consequent exclusion from the Senate, and the exile of those condemned for extortion was solely due to the difficulty of repayment. Mommsen also held that the penalty of twofold restitution introduced by the Lex Acilia was abandoned by the Sullan Lex Cornelia in favour of the simple repayment established by the original Lex Calpurnia of 149 B.C. Only during the Julio-Claudian principate and later were severe penalties in the form of relegatio and exilium inflicted in special circumstances (extra ordinem) by the authority of the senatorial court and not by any remodelling of the Lex Iulia, which continued to inflict only the lesser penalties.

This general doctrine has caused considerable uneasiness for three reasons. First, there is an apparent contradiction between Mommsen's view and two statements of Cicero, which assert that the penalties for extortion were increased in severity by successive laws. Second, Cicero constantly speaks in cases of extortion, whether as prosecutor or in defence, as though the caput of the accused were at stake.
Punic Rock-tombs near Pawla, Malta
Authors: Baldacchino J. G.
Published: August 2013

During the winter of 1948–9, in the course of work undertaken to widen the Tal Liedna and the Ghajn Dwieli Roads, which from Pawla lead to Zabbar and to Cospicua respectively, thirteen rock-cut tombs were discovered (Fig. 1). These operations necessitated the complete clearing away of a layer of field soil, varying in thickness from one to three feet, to expose the surface of the underlying Globigerina Limestone formation. Blasting of the rock was also effected to attain the required level.

The discovery of rock-cut tombs in Malta is not of rare occurrence; but in the majority of cases they are found opened and rifled of all the material originally contained in them. The particular interest attached to the burials under consideration is that, when found, almost all of them were still intact and in a comparatively good state of preservation.
The Lampas Painter
Authors: Cambitoglou Alexander
Published: August 2013

The artist I call the Lampas painter painted the torch-race on the mug in the Karlsruhe Museum that Blümel reproduced on plate 134 of his book Sport der Hellenen. Though I have found it difficult to place the style of the Lampas painter within the whole production of Apulian vases with certainty, I have no doubt that it is Apulian.

Sir John Beazley first pointed out to me that the style of the mug in Karlsruhe was identical with that of the mug Oxford 1934.17. Later I came across two more vases, which, I thought, should go with those in Karlsruhe and Oxford. One was in Truro, the other in Reading. I compared photographs of them with Blümel's reproduction of the Karlsruhe vase and photographs of the Oxford vase, and came to the conclusion that they were all painted by the same hand.

This is a short description of the subjects represented on the four vases by the Lampas painter known to me:

1. Mug (oinochoe shape VIII B). Karlsruhe Museum. Pl. V, 1, after Blümel, Sport der Hellenen, 115, pl. 1 34. Three naked youths in torch-race. On either side of the first racer a post. Height 125 mm.
Arae Philaenorum and Automalax
Authors: Goodchild R. G.
Published: August 2013

From antiquity down to the present century the shores of the Greater Syrtis (the modern Gulf of Sidra) have had the ill fame of constituting the most desolate and inhospitable part of the Mediterranean seaboard. Absence of landmarks, scarcity of water, and abundance of venomous serpents are all attested by the ancient writers, who spared no pains to paint as terrifying a picture as possible of this unhappy region. The child-devouring Lamia did well to select as her residence a cave in this very area, somewhere not far west of Automalax.

Yet where horror is greatest there will heroism shine the most brightly, and we may recall that the Syrtic Gulf was the scene not only of the epic marches of Ophellas and of the younger Cato, but also of the supreme sacrifice of the Philaeni brothers, who gave their lives to secure for Carthage a favourable eastern frontier against the rival claims of Cyrene, and whose tombs later served to mark the political and cultural boundary between the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire.
Constantine and the Origins of the Christian Basilica
Authors: Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: August 2013

Few archaeological problems have been longer and less conclusively debated than that of the origins of the Christian basilica. Ever since the great Renaissance architect, Alberti, noted the similarity of name and of architectural form between the Early Christian basilicas and the forum basilicas of Imperial Roman practice, students of classical architecture have been trying to establish the derivation of the Christian basilica from this, that, or the other type of pagan monument. The measure of their failure to secure general agreement is the very large and still increasing literature that has grown up around the problem. There have, of course, been certain clear advances. Some of the older theories, such as that which derived the basilica from the Pompeian type of Roman house, need no longer be taken seriously; and there is a vastly greater body of reliable evidence available now than there was even a quarter of a century ago. Despite these advances, however, we are still very far from being able to give an agreed answer to the fundamental question, why it was that the fourth-century Church adopted the apsed basilical hall as the standard form of building for the celebration of the Eucharist, and so established an architectural and liturgical pattern that is still effective to the present day. The primary purpose of this article is to review the problem in the light of recent discoveries and of recent research, and to try to define, rather more precisely than is often done, the terms within which it can usefully be discussed.
Per lo studio della scrittura minuscola nell' Italia meridionale
Authors: Mazzoleni Iole
Published: August 2013

Quando si esamina il quadro grafico della scrittura nell' Italia Meridionale dall' VIII al XII secolo e anche agli inizi del sec. XIII, si accetta di considerare l'ampiezza di espansione nel tempo e nello spazio della scrittura beneventana come determinante al punto da trascurare quelle forme diverse esistenti nel periodo della sua fioritura ma non riconosciute mai con una autonomia di scritture vere e proprie a sé stanti.

Così un tipo precarolino indipendente di carattere semionciale corsivo affiora nel periodo formativo di transizione, ma non arriva ad offrire o almeno a lasciare una tradizione grafica fissa ed importante. Il prepotente affermarsi del carattere beneventano distoglie spesso l'occhio dello studioso a cui invece l'indagine archivistica e la revisione locale da farsi per paese in tutte le regioni dell' Italia Meridionale porterebbe alla concretizzazione dell' ipotesi, che l'indagine approfondita può trasformare in certezza, dell' esistenza cioè nelle regioni meridionali, con uno sviluppo ritardato, ma con gli stessi caratteri, della scrittura minuscola rotonda del centro e del nord.

Si vuol proprio accennare nelle presenti note che questa scrittura, con caratteri e tipi calligrafici ben definiti, fa supporre l'esistenza di scuole o di scribi singoli conoscitori di una forma grafica che si infiltra e produce al momento non solo del trapasso della beneventana nella gotica, ma anche contemporanea in alcuni centri a dimostrazione della fisonomia particolare che la forma scrittoria può assumere localmente di fronte al tipo dominante.
The beginnings of manuscript illumination in Norman Sicily
Authors: Buchthal Hugo
Published: August 2013

When Maio of Bari was assassinated at Palermo on 10 November 1160, a remarkable career was brought to a premature end. Maio, a commoner and a layman, had risen in the Sicilian curia to the rank of chancellor of the Norman kingdom under Roger II; William I had created him Grand Admiral immediately upon acceding to the throne in 1154. William lacked the political acumen of his father, and left the administration of Sicily entirely in his minister's hands. Maio asserted the prerogative of the crown against the feudal nobility and the large towns, and successfully intervened in the affairs of the Italian peninsula at a time when the struggle between emperor and pope was at its height. His strong, harsh policy provoked inevitably the implacable hatred of the Sicilian barons, who resented his tyranny and envied his power. They accused him of boundless personal ambition, even of sinister designs on the throne, and in the end organised the plot which led to his murder.

The story of his lowly birth, his immorality and wanton cruelty, reported with relish by the chronicler Hugo Falcandus, has been discredited by modern scholarship. Falcandus favoured the claims of the nobility, and did his best to blacken the reputation both of King William and of the all-powerful minister who executed the king's policy. Even Maio's enemies had to recognise his brilliant gifts. He was the son of a protoiudex of Bari, an eminently capable administrator, and a man of education. He was friendly with some of the leading scholars of the day: it was at Maio's suggestion that Henricus Aristippus translated Diogenes Laertius, and it was to Maio that Cardinal Laborans dedicated one of his legal treatises. Maio was even capable of writing a commentary on the Lord's Prayer, dedicated to his son Stephen, composed in correct and fluent Latin and showing a commendable familiarity with patristic and scholastic literature.
A Roman Pottery near Sutri
Authors: Duncan G. C.
Published: August 2013

In 1957 an archaeological field-survey revealed the presence of a Roman pottery near Sutri. It lay 1·8 km. to the north of the town on an isolated ridge of clay, about 800 m. east of the modern Sutri-Ronciglione road at point 713823 of the 1: 25,000 map of the Istituto Geografico Militare (Sheet ‘Ronciglione’) (fig. 1).

In August 1959, with the kind permission of the Soprintendenza alle Antichitá for Southern Etruria and with the help of half-a-dozen friends, to whom go my warm thanks, the site was partly excavated. The main object of the excavation was to recover, if possible, a closely dated pottery series which might be of use to other archaeologists excavating in central Italy. In this, despite the shallow depth of soil and effects of recent ploughing, the excavation was successful. A kiln was unearthed, a comprehensive range of the pottery's wares was recovered, and the main period of production was securely dated to the third quarter of the first century A.D.
Control-Marks and the Organization of the Roman Republican Mint
Authors: Crawford M. H.
Published: August 2013

Rome under the Republic, from its beginnings as a small barbarian community, gradually took over the Greek world. It then transformed itself and its subjects into an Empire of remarkable stability and continuity of institutions. Similarly, the Roman Republican coinage, modelled originally on that of the Greek citystates of S. Italy, became under Augustus the coinage of the Empire. It would be interesting to know to what extent, if at all, the Republican mint anticipated or foreshadowed the ultimately very sophisticated organisation of the Imperial mint and its systematic use of control-marks forming part of the coin-type.

Certainly for the Republic the problems caused by the need to produce an enormous bulk of coinage already existed and a number of issues display series of marks which can be regarded as controls. For instance, the issue of L. Iulius Bursio displays such marks and alone used nearly as many obverse dies as the entire Athenian New Style silver coinage. It would be surprising if the process of striking was not in some way systematised and controlled by the marks, as it was in the case of the Athenian coinage.
Pompilio Totti: Publisher, Engraver, Roman Antiquary
Authors: Rhodes Dennis E.
Published: August 2013

The traveller who leaves Spoleto in a north-easterly direction by the Norcia road soon comes to the village of Cerreto di Spoleto, most renowned as the birthplace of the famous humanist Giovanni Gioviano Pontano in 1429, but also the home of the Totti family for several centuries. The earliest member known to us by name is one Totto Totti, married to a lady named Isolda, whom Pontano addresses in one of his Tumulorum epigrammata, Book II, which was written about 1490 or 1500.

Pompilio Totti was born at Cerreto, presumably about 1590, and is in his books always proud to proclaim himself a native of ‘Cerreto nell'Umbria,’ as is also his kinsman Sebastiano. As an Umbrian, Pompilio is given a brief entry in the earliest published Umbrian bibliography, as follows:

‘Pompilius Tottus Ceretanus edidit Ristretto delle grandezze di Roma. Rome an. 1637. apud Vitalem Mascardum, & alia.’

The exact date of his arrival in Rome is unknown, but he makes his first appearance in print in 1622, or possibly 1623, when he writes the preface for an edition of the manual on the nature and care of horses originally written by Agostino Colombre, a native of San Severo, whose book had been first printed in Venice as early as 1536.
A Foreign Motif in Etruscan Jewellery
Authors: Culican William
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this paper is to document and discuss some less well known pieces of Etruscan jewellery decorated in the granulated style of the Orientalising period, with special reference to a curious motif occurring on jewels from Praeneste and elsewhere. Although the origin of the motif remains obscure it is almost certainly foreign and is very likely of Phoenician origin. Study of it appears to indicate the impact on Etruscan art of a very highly specialised iconography of which a single Oriental specimen survives.

The motif is found in its simplest—and probably most degenerate—form on pendants embossed with female daemon heads, ending below in a rounded striated boss which resembles a fan-palmette or scallop shell attached below the woman's face. Praeneste jewellery is particularly rich in these. The necklace 1449 of Marshall's Catalogue (Marshall, 1911) has nine stumpy pendants in this form, each consisting of two embossed plaques soldered back to back. The curling side-locks of the fat-faced women are clearly seen. This necklace comes from Praeneste as does necklace 1453 of Marshall's Catalogue (at present mounted with a glass face bead of Phoenician type) where the details of the ‘palmette’ have been picked out in fine granules. Hathoric curled locks are clearly shown on either side of the head, and a ribbed collar separates the head from the shell-like ornament below.