bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Sunflower Moth on Sunflower with Selected Insecticides, 1987
Authors: DePew L. J.
Published: March 2022

Sunwheat' sunflower was planted 20 May at the Southwest Kansas Experiment Station, Garden City, in a furrow-irrigated field. Seven insecticidal treatments and 1 untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 4 rows (3 m) × 12 m with 1.52 m separating blocks. Plots were irrigated and cultivated as needed. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 106.6 liters of finished material/ha at an operating pressure at 2.1 kg/cm2. All treatments were applied on 22 Jul (50% bloom) and again on 27 Jul (100% bloom). The initial treatment was scheduled for 20% bloom, but poor weather conditions prevented this. Only the 2 middle rows of each plot were sprayed to minimize plot-to-plot contamination from drift. Temperatures at the start of application (early morning) were 17.2°C and 18.3°C on 22 and 27 Jul, respectively. Larval densities were determined by dissecting and examining 5 heads randomly selected from each plot. Heads were sampled 2 wk after the first insecticide application. Total rainfall from 1st application to posttreatment evaluation was 3.35 cm. Plots were not harvested for seed yield because severe bird depredation and head rot negated any differences that might have occurred as a result of insecticidal treatments.
Corn Earworm Control in Soybeans, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

Soybean was planted in 30 inch rows at the Wye Research and Education Center neai Queenstown, Md., on 28 Jun. Treatment plots were 10 × 25 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. At the time ol treatment on 4 Sep the plants were in the pod fill stage. Sprays were applied by CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Earworms were sampled by counting the number of larvae from 2 6-ft row samples/plot taken at random. Posttreatment samples were taken on 9 Sep.
Combined Insecticide Efficacy, When Applied at Two Plant Stages, Against Banded Sunflower Moth Larvae, Trial 2, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Ford Harlan
Published: March 2022

Two ranges were planted to sunflower on 21 May at Lamberton, Minn. Plots consisted of 4 30-inch rows, 30 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied at stage 4 and 5.1 (90) on 25 Jul and 1 Aug, respectively. Application was made using a hand-held C02 sprayer, broadcast at 40 psi. About 17 gal total material/acre was applied. Temperatures were 82°F and 96°F at application times. Heads were taken from 2 center rows (5 × 25 ft), dried, and threshed without air. An uncleaned sample was removed for banded sunflower moth (BSM) larval counts. The remainder were cleaned, and the cleaned material and the BSM sample were weighed for yield. BSM populations were sufficient to provide good comparisons. All insecticides performed better than the untreated check. Karate at 0.025-and 0.05 lb (AI)/acre, Pydrin at 0.2 lb (AI)/acre, and Asana at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre provided better BSM control than Furadan. The highest yields were provided by Karate at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre and Pydrin at 0.2 lb (AI)/acre. In terms of timing it appears that 5.1 (90 +) is too late for maximum efficacy; application at stage 4 is better. It would be desirable to obtain efficacy data from early bloom application in the same trial.
Furadan Soil Systemics and Sunflower Seed Yield, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Wiersma John
Published: March 2022

The trial was planted at the Northwest Experiment Station on 1 Jun. The soil was very finely textured and contained less than average moisture. Plots were 4 30-inch rows replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized ; complete block. Planting-time Furadan treatments were made 4 Jun and lightly incorporated. Furadan 4F was applied in a 4-inch band in the press wheel tracks and covered on 4 Jun. Foliars were applied 20 and 29 Jun and 15 Jul to maintain defoliation as near zero as possible. Yields were taken from 20 rowft.
Soil Systemic Vs. Foliar Insecticide Combinations and Sunflower Seed Yield, Trial 1, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Wiersma John
Published: March 2022

Sunflower seed was planted on 20 May at the Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, Minn. Plots were 4 rows × 30 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Liquid and granular soil systemics were applied in a 4-to-6-inch band 48 h after seeding and were covered with soil. Soil moisture in these finely textured soils was excellent. Foliars were applied on 26 Jun and 10 and 27 Jul using a hand-held C02 sprayer with 40 psi pressure and 17 gal total material/acre. Larval counts were taken 15 Jul. Plant height, stem infestation (not reported), and percent lodging were measured the third week of August. Yields were collected from a 5- × 10-ft area in the center 2 plot rows.
Green Peach and Potato Aphid Control on Maryland Tobacco, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco MD 609’ was transplanted on 15 Jul at the University of Maryland Tobacco Research Farm near Upper Marlboro. Plots were 4 rows × 25 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Temik 15G was applied with a mechanical drop spreader. Furadan 15G and Disyston 15G were applied with a hand held shaker can. All treatments were applied the day of planting. Posttreatment counts were made on 29 Sep by counting the number of aphids on 5 plants/plot. The percentage of green peach aphid ranged from a high of 60% to a low of 30% from plant to plant.
Insecticides for the Control of Green Peach Aphid on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1987
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. Plots consisted of single 40-ft rows of tobacco on 4-ft centers separated by untreated border rows. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Flue-cured tobacco was transplated on 12 May. Insecticides were applied on 1 Jul with a C02-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 24 gal through 3 TX-10 tips at 60 psi. Triton AG-98 was applied at 8 oz/100 gal to all insecticide spray mixtures except Ivory Liquid, Safer Soap, and one Orthene treatment. Aphids were counted between the 4th and 6th veins on the underside of 4 upper leaves of 10 plants/plot. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened. It was then cured, weighed, and graded for determination of its returns. There was 1.95 inches of precipitation during the 1st 3 days after transplanting. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and significant means were separated using DMRT. Aphid counts were transformed to Log10 (X + 1) before analysis of variance, but data are presented in the table as untransformed means.
Control of Tobacco Insect Pests on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water 1987
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted in test plots on 18 May. Transplant water applications of RH-7988 alone and in combination with Orthene were compared to Orthene applied in the transplant water and Temik 15G applied in a band for the control of insect pests feeding on tobacco foliage. Two row plots, 8 × 40 ft, were established in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Temik 15G was applied in a 12-inch band using a Gandy applicator mounted on a pushcart and incorporated with a rotary tiller on 15 May. The transplant water treatments were applied on 18 May as the plants were being set with a hand transplanter that delivered 200 gal/acre. Rainfall totals were 0.34, 1.10, 1.95, and 1.15 inches for May, June, July, and August, respectively. The test plots were also irrigated on 24 June (1.3 inches), 15 Jul (1.3 inches), 23 Jul (1.5 inches), 28 Jul, (1.5 inches) and 7 Aug (1 inch). Tobacco flea beetles were counted on 10 plants/plot at various times after transplanting. Flea beetle feeding holes were counted on the most damaged leaf of 10 plants/ plot on the first 2 observation dates and on 1 upper leaf of 10 plants/plot on the next 2 dates. Green peach aphids were counted on the right underside between the 4th and 6th lateral vein of 4 upper leaves on 10 plants/plot. Tomato and tobacco hornworms were counted together on all 24 plants of 1 row/plot. Tobacco leaves were harvested, cured, weighed, and graded for determination of returns in $/acre. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and! significant means were separated using DMRT. Aphid counts were transformed to log10(X + 1) before analysis of variance, but data are presented in the tables as untransformed means.
Control of Tobacco Insect Pests with Foliar Insecticides and An Insect Growth Regulator, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Hunter P. P.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen foliarapplied insecticides, including 1 insect growth regulator (IGR), were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station in Greeneville, Tenn. Burley tobacco was transplanted on 1 Jun. Plots were 4 rows × 30 ft, and plants were spaced 18 inches apart. Four randomized complete blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys. Soil type was Cumberland silt loam, pH 6.4. Chemical treatments were applied 4 times during the season (6 and 23 Jul, and 6 and 16 Aug). Sprays were applied with 2.5-gal compressed-C02 sprayers at 30 gal/acre and 30 psi. Flea beetle damage was evaluated as number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the 5th leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from top of plant. Aphid rating ranged from 0 (no evident infestation) to 5 (heavy infestation with necrosis of lower leaf bases). Budworm and hornworm larvae were counted on 75 plants from each plot. Tobacco was harvested on 19 Sep.
Evaluation of Cyromazine for Hessian Fly Control in Winter Wheat, 1986-1987
Authors: David Buntin G. , Kinard Danny J. , Sisk Lee R.
Published: March 2022

Trials 1 and 3 were conducted at the Bledsoe Research Farm in northern Pike County, Ga., and Trial 2 was conducted at the Southwest Branch Experiment Station in Sumter County. Seed in Trials 1 and 2 was planted in 8-inch rows at 90 lb of seed/acre on 1 and 29 Oct, respectively. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow at planting with a small-seed box attached to the Tye grain drill. Plots measured 7 ft (10 rows) × 23 ft. Seed in Trial 3 was planted in 7-inch rows at 90 lb of seed/acre on 29 Oct using a small-plot grain drill. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow at planting with Nobel granular applicator units mounted on the drill. Plots i:. Trial 3 measured 5 ft (7 rows) × 12 ft. Plots in all trials were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with 4 replications. Hessian fly infestations Where evaluated in each plot by determining the percentage of infested tillers from all plants in a 1-ft section of row. Samples were collected in Trials 1, 2, and 3 on 22 Nov, 5 Dec, and 5 Jan, respectively. Plots were harvested in Trials 1 and 2 on 2 and 20 Jun, respectively, by threshing all grain heads in 2 adjacent 1.1-yd sections of row using a small-bundle thresher. Grain yield was adjusted to 13.5% moisture content, and test weight was measured.
Cutworm Control in Creeping Bentgrass, 1987
Authors: Ali A. D. , Garcia J. M. , Van Dam J.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on a golf course putting green in Apple Valley, Calif. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plot size was 100 ft2. The granular formulation was shaken from a glass jar over the plots and watered in the 10 liters/100 sq ft of water. Liquid formulations were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 32 psi and a spray rate of 4 gal/1,000 sq ft. Cutworm larval density was estimated by flooding two randomly selected areas of 1 sq yd/plot, each with 1 gal of a 1% household detergent solution. After 2-3 min the cutworms became irritated and emerged to the surface. Pretreatment larval counts were taken on 23 Jul, after which treatments were applied. There was an average of 0.16 larvae/sq yd pretreatment. Posttreatment counts were taken on 28 Jul. Soil texture was sandy loam. Water was pH 7.4. Thatch was negligible (Vm inch). The plots were irrigated once with 1.25 inches of water during the study.
Cutworm Control in Hybrid Bermudagrass, 1987
Authors: Garcia J. M. , Ali A. D. , Van Dam J.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on a sod farm in Thermal, Calif. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plot size was 100 sq ft. Liquid formulations were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 32 psi, and a spray rate of 4 gal/1000 sq ft. Cutworm larval density was estimated by flooding 2 randomly selected 1 sq yd areas per plot. After 2-3 min the cutworms emerged to the surface and were counted. Pretreatment larval counts were taken on 28 Aug, after which treatments were applied. There was an average of 0.94 larvae/yd2 pretreatment. Posttreatment counts were taken on 1 Sep. Soil texture was sandy loam. Water was pH 7.2. Thatch was negligible (Vie inch). Average temperature during the study was 95°F. The plots were irrigated daily with 0.1 inch of water during the study. All treatments
White Grub Control in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1987
Authors: Ali A. D. , Garcia J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a golf course fairway in Apple Valley, Calif. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plot size was 5 × 20 sq ft. Granular formulations were shaken from a glass jar manually over the plots. Liquids were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 32 psi, and a spray rate of 6 gal/1000 sq ft. Immediately after application, treatments were watered in with 0.5 inch of water. Pretreatment grub density was determined on 15 Sep by cutting 41 ft × 1 ft × 3 inch randomly selected sections in the sod in each plot and counting the number of grubs. Insecticide treatments were applied the same date. Posttreatment grub density was determined in the same manner on 14 Oct. Average thatch thickness was 0.5 inch. Water was pH 7.4. The course was irrigated daily with 0.25 inch as normal.
Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway, 1987
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were evaluated on a golf course fairway at the Grove Park Inn near Asheville, N.C. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass and annual bluegrass maintained at a height of 2 inches with 0.5 inch of thatch. Soil type was mineral (0.7% organic matter) at pH 6.6. Treatments were applied 28 Apr (except the second application in the 2- + 2-lb Diazinon split treatment, which was applied 5 May) to 10- × 10-ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Air temperature was 67°F and soil temperature was 58°F. Soil was moist at time of insecticide application. Granular formulations were applied using a hand-held glass shaker jar with a perforated top. Sprays were applied with a COz-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using 8002 flat-fan nozzles. After application, all plots were irrigated with 0.5 inch of water. Plots were sampled on 21 May (23 DAT) by inspecting 1 sq ft of sod and all the underlying soil to a depth of 4 inches (most grubs were within 2 inches of the soil surface during both treatment and sampling). Two samples/plot were selected at random. All grubs (100% Japanese beetle grubs, 3rd instar) were counted and removed. Counts from the 2 samples were averaged and the data were transformed × + 0.5 prior to analysis.
Summer Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi at a spray rate of 5 gal/1000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, and mixed with a fine grade of sand top dressing to facilitate product distribution. Three Diazinon treatments were applied in a split application; 2 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 25 Aug and again 7 days later (1 Sep). At treatment time (25 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68°F; soil temperature, 79°F; RH, 55% amount of thatch, 0.25-0.75 inches; soil type, loam; soil size separation, 40.2% sand, 43.6% silt, 16.2% clay; soil moisture, 26.3% soil moisture, soil pH 5.4; % organic matter, 3.0; water pH, slightly acidic; 4.85 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. The following conditions existed on 1 Sep for the second split application of Diazinon treatments: air temperature, 63°F; soil temperature, 61°F, RH, 85% % soil moisture, 20.3. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 25 days later (19 Sep). Three sq ft sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/sq ft was recorded.
Efficacy of Insecticides for Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs in Kentucky, 1987
Authors: Redmond C. , Potter D. A.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in a bluegrass plot in Fayette County. The thatch layer was <0.25 inch. On 5 Aug, 72 turf and soil cores (6 × 6 inches) were removed from the plot and set inside 6-inch-diam × 7-inch-long sections of PVC pipe; the bottoms of the soil cores were even with the bottom of the pipe. A piece of fiberglass window, screen was placed over each hole and the pipes were replaced in the plot. The plot was then irrigated. Third-instar southern masked chafer grubs were collected from an untreated golf course rough on 26 Aug. Ten grubs were placed in each cylinder. Grubs not burrowing into the soil within 30 min were replaced. Insecticide treatments were applied 31 Aug. The randomized complete block design consisted of 6 replications with 12 treatments, including a control. Granular insecticides were mixed with dry sand and hand shaken into the cylinders. The liquid formulations were sprayed with 10 ml of water into the cylinders. The nematode treatment was mixed with 3.8 ml of water and applied. The plot was then irrigated with 0.75 inches of water. On 17 Sep, the cylinders were removed from the plot, the soil cores were broken apart, and the surviving grubs were counted. Data were analyzed by Anova and Tukey's mean separation test.
Fall Control of Oriental Beetle Grubs with Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course J 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Wright R. J. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides and 1 species of entomogenous nematode were applied to a rough at Lido Beach Country Club, Long Island, N.Y., on 12 Aug fori control of Oriental beetle grubs. The rough consisted of annual bluegrass (75%) and broadleaf weeds (25%). The experimental design was a randomized! complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid,- materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied in 2 directions within each plot with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. At treatment time-(12 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 81°F; soil temperature, 86°F (1 inch), 82°F (3 inches); soil pH 6.1; water pH 5.84; soil moisture, 21.4%; soil texture, 7.9% coarse sand, 45.5% medium sand, 36.4% fine sand, 5.9% very fine sand, and 4.3% silt and clay; thatch, 0.25 inches. Following treatment, the plots recieved 0.5 inches of irrigation by sprinkler. The nematodes, Heterorhabditis sp. (strain HP 88), were applied on 20 Aug at a rate of 5 billion/acre in 5 liters of water through a sprinkling can to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. The nematode application site was immediately watered in by hand with additional water for a total of 11.4 liters. At this time the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temp, 79°F (1 inch). Posttreatment counts were taken on 22 Sep by cutting a 1- × 3-ft strip lengthwise through the middle of each plot by hand and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time oriental beetle grubs were 80% third instars and 20% second instars.
White Grub Control on a Golf Course Fairway, West Virginia, 1987
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Diazinon at standard rates and in a split application was compared with four other insecticides for control of white grubs on a fairway. The only species present during the test was Japanese beetle. Treatments were applied 25 Aug in a completely random design and replicated 4 times. Plot size was 10 × 10 ft. Liquid formulations were applied in 1 gal of water with a hand-held sprinkling can; granules were applied with a hand shaker. All plots were irrigated with fairway sprinklers about 2 h after treatments were applied; about 2 gal of water was used/plot. The second application of Diazinon was applied 1 wk after the initial application. Environmental and soil conditions at treatment time were as follows: air temperature, 68°F, soil moist; soil temperature 70°F (4 inches), soil pH 6.2; organic matter, 5.5%; thatch layer Vs to l4 inches. Four locations on each plot were sampled using a cup changer (4.25 inches diam).
Phytotoxicity on Chrysanthemums, Hawaii, 1987
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted from 23 Jun to 18 Aug on 'Eclipse,' 'Envy,' Tridon,' 'Yellow Mandalay,' and 'Splendor' chrysanthemums. Cuttings were planted in 5-inch-diam pots containing 3 parts peat, 1 part vermiculite, 1 part perlite. Chrysanthemums were fertilized and maintained by commercial growers' standard practice. Pots were arranged in a randomized complete block with 9 pots/treatment and 3 blocks/cultivar. Insecticides were applied at twice the recommended rate 7 days after planting on 23 Jun and continued at weekly intervals until full bloom on 18 Aug. A total of 9 applications of selected insecticides were made at the following rates: Danitol 2.4EC, 0.6 lb (AI)/100 gal, Tempo 2EC, 0.125 lb (AI)/100 gal; Talstar 10WP, 0.2 lb (AI)/100 gal; and Carzol 92SP, 0.92 lb (AI)/100 gal. Treatments were applied using a compressedair sprayer with a 2503 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Plants were observed weekly for any abnormalities as compared to control plants.
Control of White Grub in Tall Fescue Turf, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Patton V. L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were applied to a private estate in Washington, DC, on 9 Sep. Thatch accumulation was about 0.15 inches and the soil contained 3-5% organic matter. Grub populations averaged 12-15/sq ft. Plots were 8 × 8 i arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Granular treatments were applied by a hand-held shaker can, and liquid treatments weie applied in 2 gal of water by sprinkling can. All plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water immediately after treatment. The treatment area received anotht r 0.5 inches of water on 18 Sep. The second application of 2 lb (AI)/acre of Diazinon for Diazinon 5G (2.0 + 2.0) and Diazinon AG500 (2.0 + 2.0) treatments was applied on 18 Sep. Seven 4-inch plug samples were taken 12 Oct from each plot, and the number of grubs was recorded from each sample.
Chinch Bug Control in Red Fescue Turf, 1985
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Vinis L. , Grove J.
Published: March 2022

The turf area was a red fescue home lawn located near Potomac, Montgomery County, Md. At the time of precounts and treatment on 24 Aug damage to the lawn was severe. The chinch bugs averaged 25 adults and nymphs/sq ft. Test plots were 10 × 10 ft replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied by hand-held shaker can, and all liquid treatments were applied by sprinkling can. All treatments wereapplied in 2 directions across each plot. All treatments were watered into the thatch with at least 0.25 inches of water. Chinch bugs were sampled with a metal cylinder floatation method on 26 and 30 Aug.
Woody Ornamental Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Asana in North Carolina, 1987
Authors: Booth Donald C.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity of Asana 1.9EC (esfenvalerate) was evaluated on 20 varieties of field-grown woody ornamentals. Plants were growing in full sun without irrigation. Rainfall was 6.4 cm total for the preceding 3 mo, causing a water-stressed condition in all test plants. Asana was applied to the point of runoff on 20-21 Jul to all leaf surfaces using an Echo SHR-200E power backpack sprayer with an adjustable-jet nozzle. Applications at each rate were made to at least 2 mature plants of each species with the exception of the hydrangea; only 1 plant was sprayed at the low rate. Temperatures during application were 30-37°C, 35-45% humidity. Plants were evaluated at 1, 7, and 14 days after application.
Control of Soft Scale and Aphids in Red Ginger, Hawaii, 1986
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy trials were conducted from 4 Aug through 2 Sep in field plantings of red ginger. Plots measured 9 × 10 ft with 11 plantings/plot arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Pretreatment counts of the number of flowers infested with green scales and aphids were taken on 31 Jul. Insecticides were applied to runoff (160 gal/acre) every 2 wk, for a total of 3 applications, using a compressed-air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. A spreader sticker, Triton B 1956, was added to each treatment (including the check) at a rate of 3 fl oz/100 gal.
Control of Green Peach Aphid on Snapdragons, 1987
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Ann Schwartz Mary , Price Richard , Gladin Jodie
Published: March 2022

Green peach aphid control was evaluated on greenhouse grown snapdragons on 12 Jun. The plants were in 4-inch pots, evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until runoff with a Gilmore all-purpose hand sprayer. A surfactant (Triton B) was added to all treatments. Infestations were determined by examining 4 leaves/plant and counting the number of live aphids/leaf at 1, 7, and 14 DAT.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Black Vine Weevil Adults, Wooster, Ohio, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Taxus and rhododendron growing in containers were used to evaluate efficacy of insecticides against black vine weevil adults by feeding sprayed foliage to weevils at specified intervals after application. A CO2 compression sprayer with aTeeJet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle operating at 40 psi was used to apply 450 ml/36-cm plant (to run-off). Rhododendron and taxus were both sprayed 24 Jul under sunny skies at 25°C and a 16-32 km/h wind. Plants received 1.27 cm of overhead irrigation every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday after the first samples were removed. Two 10- to 15-cm twigs were removed from each taxus plant and, along with 3 ovipositing weevils, were placed in a 1-liter fonda cup with a mesh top. Two rhododendron leaves were taken from each plant and caged with weevils in the same manner. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Weevils had been collected from a taxus nursery in Lake County and maintained on taxus foliage in the laboratory at 21-23°C, >80% RH, with a 16 h (L:D) cycle until used in the test. Efficacy was evaluated 2, 3, 7, and 14 days after application by allowing the weevils to feed on treated foliage for 72 h. After 72 h, moribund weevils were placed on unsprayed foliage, and percent mortality was assessed 48 h later. A separate test with taxus was conducted 19 Aug under sunny skies, 24°C, and a 8-10 km/h breeze. The above procedures were followed except that efficacy was evaluated 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after application.
Control of ELM Leaf Beetle on Siberian Elms, 1987
Authors: Price Richard , Gladin Jodie , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on 2 windbreak plantings of Siberian elm. The trees in Test 1 were 15-20 ft high and located 2 miles south of Stillwater, Okla. In Test 2, trees were 10-15 ft high and located 1 mile south of Stillwater. Both plantings were treated on 21 May. Applications were made with a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered material at 35 psi. Trees were separated by enough distance to avoid drift. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Temperature and wind velocity at time of treatment were 77°F and 5-10 mph, respectively. Larval counts were made by examining 18 inches of terminal branch at 10 locations/tree.
Spruce Spider Mite Control, 1986
Authors: Kard Bradford M. R. , Hain Fred P.
Published: March 2022

A study was conducted in August to compare the efficacy of 3 formulations of Zectran mexacarbate insecticide for spruce spider mite (SSM) control. Pydrin insecticide was used as a comparison standard. A Fraser fir Christmas tree plantation near Cullowhee in Jackson County, N.C., was selected as the test site. Using a 2.5-gal hand-pressurized portable sprayer, the foliage and main stem of 2 SSM-infested fir trees (6-7 ft tall) per treatment were sprayed until wet. Two control trees received water sprays only. Ten to 12 trees could be sprayed per gal. Treatments were applied in a completely random design. Pretreatment counts were taken on 1 Aug by clipping 5 5-cm-long SSM infested twigs (1 twig/replicate) from each tree. All live SSM life stages were counted, and the mean density per 5 cm twig was determined. In the same manner, posttreatment counts were taken 2 wk after treatments and compared to corresponding pretreatment counts to determine % live SSM density changes.
Spruce Spider Mite Control and Balsam FIR, Coshocton County, Ohio, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Balsam fir (3-4 m high) growing at the OSUOARDC Pomerene Forestry Research Facility near Coshocton, Ohio, were used to evaluate acaricides against spruce spider mite. Treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design with 4 single-tree replicates. Treatments were applied with a KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle on aperture setting 4 for 75 s to deliver 1892 ml of finished spray/tree. Applications were made 30 Jul under sunny skies at 30°C and no breeze. Treatments were evaluated 6 Aug by removing 5 branch ends 10-15 cm long from each tree and transporting them in paper bags in an air conditioned vehicle to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brush 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Phytotoxicity Test, Selected Woody Plants, Lake County, Ohio, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Four pesticides were evaluated for potential phytotoxic effects on 15 species or cultivars of woody plants growing in containers at a commercial nursery in Madison, Ohio. Plants were managed to promote optimum growth and aesthetic appeal. Treatments were applied 28 May to 3 plants of each cultivar under sunny skies at 24°C with winds at 0-8 km/h. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi (2.8 kg/cm2) was used to apply spray to runoff. Morestan treatments were applied again to the same plants 9 Jun under sunny skies at 21°C with winds at 8-17 km/h. Plants were inspected for symptoms of phytotoxicity on 9, 16, and 27 Jun and 18 Jul.
Dormant Application of Selected Insecticides on Scotch Pine for Controlling Pine Tortoise Scale, Mont-Gomery County, Ohio, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pine (1-2 m high) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used to evaluate efficacy of insecticides against mature scales. Infested trees were sprayed 26 Mar, using a COa compression sprayer at 40 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle delivering sprays to run-off. Sprays were directed toward the infested limbs of each of 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Conditions while spraying were sunny at 7-10°C with winds of 16-23 km/h. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 9 Apr by removing 3 infested twigs from each tree and evaluating mortality using a dissecting microscope.
Laboratory Evaluation of TD-2222 and Chlorpyrifos Against the German Cockroach 1986
Authors: Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of TD-2222 (24.4% A.I.), an experimental microencapsulated flowable insecticide and 2 formulations of Chlorpyrifos were evaluated on painted white pine panels. The Chlorpyrifos formulations were Duraban ME (11.7% A.I.) and Dursban 4E (44.4% A.I.)- Pin e blocks (232.25 cm2) were cut, painted with 2 coats of semigloss latex paint, and allowed to dry. A 4 mm-deep circular groove was cut into the surface of the wood, so that an inverted plastic Petri dish cover (92 mm diam) could effectively contain cockroaches on the surface. The test surfaces were prepared by applying a 1 ml water solution of the insecticide, with a saturated natural bristle brush. The panels were than held at 25°C scotophase until bioassay. Three panels for each formulation and concentration were used at 1, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days to perform the assay. Each panel was considered a replication. Ten male German cockroaches (Orlando normal strain) per panel were anesthetized and placed on the treated surfaces. Mortality (moribund cockroaches were considered dead) was recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h after placement, with the cockroaches encountering continuous exposure. Data were analyzed by probit analysis, which yielded mean LT50 values in hours for each formulation, concentration, and age of panel.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies on Pastured Dairy Heifers with Insecticidal Ear Tags Or Tapes, 1987
Authors: Miller R. W.
Published: March 2022

Ear tag efficacy trials were conducted on pastured herds (15-50 head/herd) of dairy heifers in Howard and Carroll counties, Maryland. Two herds were not tagged and served as checks. During the period of time from 20 Apr-20 May, 2, 3, and 4 herds were tagged (2/head) with the following commercially available tags: Ectrin, Guardian, and Terminator. These herds, as well as 1 additional herd in which the heifers were treated with 1 Ectiban tape attached to an identification tag, were monitored for face flies and horn flies during the months of May-Sep. Fly density was determined by making weekly counts of the number of face flies/face and horn flies/side on 15 animals in each herd.
Beef Cattle Fly Control with Methoprene Bolus and Diflubenzuron (Vigilante Tm) Bolus Followed by Atro- 3An Tagging, 1987
Authors: Webb J. , Cilek J. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Two herds of cows/calves were treated with 50g Vigilante boluses containing 4.9g AI diflubenzuron on 3 Mar to determine the efficacy igainst the horn fly and face fly. Only the cows were treated at the rate of 1 bolus/250kg of body weight and 1/2 bolus for less than 250kg of body weight. Ten wk later these cattle were treated with Atroban eartags. One herd received 1 tag/cow and the other received 2 tags/cow. Prior to tagging, 5 fresh manure samples from each herd were bioassayed with newly emerged laboratory face flies to determine if the Vigilante treatment was still effective against the face ily. An untreated cow/calf herd in the same general area served as controls. In a separate investigation, 2 different formulations of 1.5% S-methoprene (F- 257-67-3 and F-257-64-3) were investigated for their efficacy against horn flies. A Vigilante bolus treatment was used for a comparison test, as was a separate ontrol herd. All 4 herds were cow/calf operations and all within 2 miles radius of each other. Treatment was on 12 May. Horn fly estimates were made at 2 wk intervals on one side of each of 10 animals in each test. Face fly counts were made on the same animal. No fly counts were made on the early Vigilante lest until 4 wk posttreatment as no flies were present.
Efficacy of Two Temephos Formulations Against Mosquito Larvae, 1986
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Webb J. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Two deep metal containers, measuring 45 inches (length) × 24 inches (width) × 20 inches (depth) and 2 shallow metal containers, 95 inches (length) × 27 inches (width) × 8 inches (depth), each filled with 70 gal of water, were used in simulated field tests. Test I utilized tap water only; 25 lb of fresh cow manure were added to the water in test II to determine the effect of organic matter on the residual activity of both temephos formulations. A 2% plaster formulation of temephos was applied at a rate of 5mg/gal and compared to a 2% celatom formulation (Abate 2-CG) at a rate of 5mg/gal. Each formulation was replicated twice in both deep and shallow containers. In test II, only 1 deep container was utilized for each of the above formulations. Because water evaporated in the containers during each test period, additional tap water was added to all containers prior to sampling. At each sampling interval the water in all containers was stirred slowly to attain as equal mixing as possible without disturbing the pesticide formulation granules in the bottom of each container. After 5 min, 3 random 600 ml water samples were taken for subsequent mosquito larval bioassays. Laboratory reared Aedes aegypti and wild collected Culex pipiens larvae were used in test I, while Ae. aegypti larvae were used in test II. About 200 ml of water from each water sample were placed in separate 250 ml glass beakers and bioassayed against 25 3rd-instar mosquito larvae. Untreated tap water was used as a control. All treatments and controls were replicated 3 times. Larval mortality was based on the inability of larvae to move when the side of the beaker was tapped at 24 h, posttreatment.
Evaluation of Alfacron for Control of Cat Flea Adults, 1986
Authors: Lemke L. A. , Patterson R. S. , Koehler P. G. , Moore D.
Published: March 2022

Technical alfacron was evaluated for control of adult cat fleas in the laboratory. A 2% stock solution of technical grade alfacron was made up in acetone. From the stock solution 1%, .5%, .25%, .125%, and .0625% serial dilutions were made. Each dilution and the stock solution were used to treat 10 pieces of filter paper (1.5 by 5 cm) by applying 0.1 ml of solution to each paper. The control group consisted of 5 pieces of filter paper each treated with 0.1 ml of acetone. All treated papers were allowed to dry for 2 h and then were placed in a test tube (ca 80 ml). Ten newly-emerged fleas were placed in each tube which was then covered with parafilm. The parafilm covering each tube had been pierced with a dissecting needle to provide air circulation. After 24 h, the number of dead fleas in each tube was recorded.
Control of Sweet Corn Pests, 1987:
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Snowbelle’ sweet corn was planted on 3 Jim near Benson, N.C. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle (18 x ) operating at 60 psi to apply 80 gal/acre. Treatments were initiated at early tassel stage, and were applied 14 and 17 Jul (tassel); 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31 Jul; and 2, 5, and 8 Aug. All mature ears in each plot were harvested 3 and 10 Aug and scored for larval damage. Counts were combined, and the percentage of damaged ears was determined.
Control in Late Planted Sweet Corn, 1988:
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 7 Jul near Georgetown, Del. Two-row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 75 gals/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 23, 26, and 31 Aug and 2 and 6 Sep. At harvest maturity (8 Sep), all ears from each plot were examined for economic damage and all live larvae were counted.
Onion Maggot Control, 1988:
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted 12 Apr in muck soil near Potter, N.Y., on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed furrow treatments were applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gal/acre through a gravity-fed system. Insecticide band treatments were based on a 15-inch row width. Dithane M-45 (80 W) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each treatment. Stand counts were taken 26 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants twice each wk from the time of stand counts until 28 Jul.
Control on Potato in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota, 1988:
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 4 May at the University of Minnesota Northwest Experimental Station, Crookston, and at the Red River Valley Grower’s Association Research Farm, Grand Forks. Experimental plots were 25 ft long with 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Insecticidal sprays were applied 23 Jun with a CO2-powered hand sprayer delivering 36 gal/acre. Posttreatment evaluations were done 24 h, 72 h, and 168 h later. They consisted of direct counts on all second and third instars on 10 randomly selected plants/plot.
Soil Systemics Applied at Planting and Emergence, 1988:
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 21 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. The field, a Waukegan silt loam, had been in soybeans the previous year. Treatments were 2 rows, 40 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Granular insecticides were applied at planting in furrow with a planter-mounted granular applicator and at emergence over the rows on 2 Jul and sidedressed on 23 Jul. An additional treatment consisted of 3 foliar sprays of Pydrin at 0.1 lb/acre on 16 Jul, 15 Aug, and 30 Aug. Plots were evaluated by counting CPB larvae by instar on 10 randomly selected plants in each plot on 7 Jul, 28 Jul, 11 Aug, 18 Aug, 23 Aug, 31 Aug, and 9 Sep. Plots were also evaluated for PLH by sampling 35 mid-plant leaves in each plot. Temik and Thimet plots were not sprayed with any foliar insecticide. On 15 Oct potatoes were harvested and sorted by grade. Two-way ANOVA was used to test for treatment differences in PLH and CPB densities.
Control with Foliar Sprays, 1988:
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots were established in a potato field on the University of Idaho Research and Extension Center, Caldwell. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by surface flow. Thirteen treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36-inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long. Applications were made as a broadcast spray using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer. Each acre received 20 gal finished spray at 30 psi from X-8 (Spraying Systems) hollow-cone nozzles. A spreader-sticker (B-1956, Rohm and Haas, 0.25% vol/vol) was added to the 3 applications of RH-5849. Adult and larval CPB were counted by recording the number of each stage observed infesting the middle 2 rows of each plot as the observer walked between those rows. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls studentized range test.
Control with Bacterial Insecticides, 1988:
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established on a field of “organic” potatoes near Castleford, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by surface flow. An untreated control and 7 treatments were replicated in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 4 rows (36-inch spacing) by 25 ft. Treatments were applied in a broadcast spray using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 20 gal finished spray/acre. Spraying pressure was 30 psi and nozzle type was X-8 (Spraying Systems) hollow cone. A spreader-sticker was added to the ABG-6263 spray solutions (Leffingwell Activate 90, 3 cc/21 spray solution). The bacterial plots received a second spray 7 d after the initial application because larvae were still present. Larvae and adults were visually counted on the middle 2 rows of each plot as the observer walked between those plot rows. The percentage of defoliation estimates were made 14 d after the initial application. Data analyses were conducted using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls studentized range test.
Control in Tomato, 1986
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Schweissing Frank
Published: March 2022

‘Highlander’ tomatoes, planted 12 May at the Arkansas Valley Research Center, Rocky Ford, Colo., were used in this study. Plots were 2 rows (30-inch bed), 24 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 13 Aug using a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 96 gal/acre. Plots were sampled 19 Aug by taking 25 blossoms/plot and counting all thrips in blossoms.
Control on No-Till Transplanted Tomatoes, 1988
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Ohio 7870’ tomato transplants were planted no-till in 25-ft rows on 24 May with a 2-row Holland transplanter equipped with a 2-inch-wide flutted coulter in front of each planter shoe. Plots consisted of a single treatment row buffered on each side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 12 inches. Transplanting was made in overwintered wheat. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied 13 and 27 Jul and 4 Aug. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of CPB adults and larvae/10 plants and the percentage of defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 30 Aug from a 10-ft section of row.
Control on Watermelon, 1988
Authors: Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of several insecticides was investigated in 2 tests with small plots of watermelons grown on a sandy loam soil near Hinton, Okla. Plots in each test were 30 ft long by 6 ft wide, and each treatment was replicated 3 times. A single insecticide application was made on 1 Sep 1988 using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. The sprayer delivered 28 gal/acre at 60 psi through 2 TX-10 hollow-cone nozzles. Rigo crop oil concentrate was added to the RH-7988 treatments at the rate of 1 qt/acre to improve leaf penetration. Efficacy was assessed by counting aphids (alate and apterous) on 15 leaves randomly selected from each plot. Counts were made on 5 Sep (4 DAT), 8 Sep (7 DAT), and 15 Sep (14 DAT). Henderson's formula was used to calculate percentage of control for each treatment.