bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Ebola Community Health Worker programme performance in Kenema District, Sierra Leone: A long way to go!
Authors: Thomas Harold , Hann Katrina , Vandi Mohamed , Sesay Joseph Bengalie , Alpha Koi Sylvester , Najjemba Robinah
Published: June 2019

Background: The devastating 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone could erode the gains of the health system including the Community Health Worker (CHW) programme. We conducted a study to ascertain if the positive trend in reporting cases of malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea treated by CHWs in the post-Ebola period has been sustained 18 months post-Ebola.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study using aggregated CHW programme data (2013-2017) from all Primary Health Units in Kenema district. Data was extracted from the District Health Information System and analysed using STATA. Data in the pre- (June 2013-April 2014), during- (June 2014-April 2015) and post-Ebola recovery (June 2016-April 2017) periods was compared and analysed for reporting completeness; Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) performed and cases of malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia treated per month. Differences across periods were tested using two-sample t-test with significance set at 0.05.

Results: CHW reporting increased from pre-Ebola by 8% (p-value=0.29) intra-Ebola and 19% (p-value=0.012) post-Ebola. Compared to the pre-Ebola period, in the post-Ebola recovery period, there was a significant increase in the mean monthly reported RDTs of 35% (p-value=0.020); malaria treatments 66% (p-value<0.001); and pneumonia treatments increased by 80% (p-value=0.004). Conversely, the mean monthly diarrhoea cases treated decreased by 20% (p-value=0.16) in the post-Ebola period.

Conclusion: The resiliency demonstrated by the CHW programme during and immediately after the Ebola outbreak has been sustained in the post-Ebola recovery period. Continued programme investments in supportive supervision and financial incentives for CHWs will be critical to ensure uninterrupted contribution towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.
Traditional eye medicine use in microbial keratitis in Uganda: a mixed methods study
Authors: Arunga Simon , Asiimwe Allen , Apio Olet Eunice , Kagoro-Rugunda Grace , Ayebazibwe Bosco , Onyango John , Newton Robert , Leck Astrid , Macleod David , Hu Victor H. , Seeley Janet , Burton Matthew J.
Published: June 2019

Background: Traditional eye medicine (TEM) is frequently used to treat microbial keratitis (MK) in many parts of Africa. Few reports have suggested that this is associated with a worse outcome. We undertook this large prospective study to determine how TEM use impacts presentation and outcome of MK and to explore reasons why people use TEM for treatment in Uganda.

Methods: In a mixed method prospective cohort study, we enrolled patients presenting with MK at the two main eye units in Southern Uganda between December 2016 and March 2018 and collected information on history, TEM use, microbiology and 3-month outcomes. We conducted qualitative interviews with patients, carers traditional healers on reasons why people use TEM. Outcome measures included presenting vision and at 3-months, comparing TEM Users versus Non-Users. A thematic coding framework was deployed to explore reasons for use of TEM.

Results: 188 out of 313 participants reported TEM use. TEM Users had a delayed presentation; median presenting time 18 days versus 14 days, p= 0.005; had larger ulcers 5.6 mm versus 4.3 mm p=0.0005; a worse presenting visual acuity median logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (Log MAR) 1.5 versus 0.6, p=0.005; and, a worse visual acuity at 3 months median Log MAR 0.6 versus 0.2, p=0.010. In a multivariable logistic regression model, distance from the eye hospital  and delayed presentation were associated with TEM use. Reasons for TEM use included lack of confidence in conventional medicine, health system breakdown, poverty, fear of the eye hospital, cultural belief in TEM, influence from traditional healers, personal circumstances and ignorance.

Conclusion: TEM users had poorer clinical presentation and outcomes. Capacity building of the primary health centres to improve access to eye care and community behavioural change initiatives against TEM use should be encouraged.
Scientific and practical methods of improving soil treatment in modern adaptive-landscape farming systems
Authors: Беленков Алексей , Belenkov Aleksey , Шевченко Виктор , Shevchenko Viktor , Трофимова Татьяна , Trofimova Tat'yana , Шачнев Владимир , Shachnev Vladimir
Published: June 2019

The monograph presents the results of many years of research and production research of authors in various soil and climatic zones of the Russian Federation.
Designed for a wide range of scientific and practical workers in the agricultural sector of the country, can be used in the educational process in higher and secondary specialized educational institutions.
Structure of machines, mechanisms and structures
Authors: Смелягин Анатолий , Smelyagin Anatoliy
Published: June 2019

The work consists of a preface, introduction, five sections and conclusion.
It sets out the tasks of structural analysis and synthesis of machines, mechanisms and building structures. A brief analysis of the work of scientists who have made a significant contribution to the creation and development of the theory of the structure of machines, mechanisms and building structures is given. The basic terminology is given, the basic concepts and definitions are given. The most common in practice machines, mechanisms and building structures are considered. The spaces in which these objects exist are investigated. Universal formulas for the determination of mobility and static definability of mechanisms and structures are obtained. A classification and structural analysis of various machines, mechanisms and building structures is given. Developed original structural mathematical models describing the structure of machines, mechanisms, building structures and structural groups. The methods of formation of machines, mechanisms, building structures and structural groups are considered, and also the structural-parametric synthesis of lever mechanisms is given.
The manual is intended for students, undergraduates and graduate students who master the courses "Theories of Mechanisms and Machines", "Applied Mechanics", "Technical Mechanics", "Fundamentals of Machine Design", "Robotics", "Construction Mechanics", etc., it also It will be useful to developers and experts of new technology.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of rehabilitation of people diagnosed with schizophrenia using clinical tools, psychological tests, QEEG, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Authors: Markiewcz Renata , Markiewicz-Gospodarek Agnieszka , Kozioł Małgorzata , Szulecka Beata , Olajossy Marcin , Plech Tomasz
Published: June 2019

Cel pracy

Celem badań randomizowanych była ocena poziomu funkcjonowania poznawczego i społecznego dwóch grup pacjentów z rozpoznaniem schizofrenii przy wykorzystaniu narzędzi klinicznych, testów psychologicznych, QEEG Biofeedback oraz zmian w aktywności neurotropowego czynnika BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) w surowicy badanych pacjentów.

Metoda

Do badań zakwalifikowano losowo wybranych mężczyzn z rozpoznaniem schizofrenii, których podzielono na dwie grupy. Gr.1 stanowili pacjenci, wobec których nie stosowano ustrukturalizowanego programu działań rehabilitacyjnych, Gr.2 pacjenci, których poddano standardowym oddziaływaniom rehabilitacyjnym. W celu oceny wpływu oddziaływań rehabilitacyjnych uzyskane wyniki w obu grupach porównano po 12 tyg. i dokonano analizy zgodnie z założeniem projektu eksperymentalnego.

Wyniki

Z uzyskanych analiz w post-test wynika, że ustrukturalizowane oddziaływania rehabilitacyjne redukują objawy negatywne, powodują wzrost poziomu czynnika BDNF, powodują poprawę w zakresie funkcjonowania poznawczo-społecznego oraz pozytywnie wpływają na szybkość i dokładność spostrzegania.

Wnioski

Pozytywny wpływ ustrukturalizowanych oddziaływań rehabilitacyjnych pozwala stwierdzić, że rehabilitacja jest niezbędną częścią kompleksowego leczenia psychiatrycznego i powinna być wdrażana już podczas pierwszego epizodu choroby.
Computing Stable Outcomes in Symmetric Additively Separable Hedonic Games
Authors: Gairing Martin , Savani Rahul
Published: June 2019

We study the computational complexity of finding stable outcomes in hedonic games, which are a class of coalition formation games. We restrict our attention to symmetric additively separable hedonic games, which are a nontrivial subclass of such games that are guaranteed to possess stable outcomes. These games are specified by undirected edge-weighted graphs: nodes are players, an outcome of the game is a partition of the nodes into coalitions, and the utility of a node is the sum of incident edge weights in the same coalition. We consider several stability requirements defined in the literature. These are based on restricting feasible player deviations, for example, by giving existing coalition members veto power. We extend these restrictions by considering more general forms of preference aggregation for coalition members. In particular, we consider voting schemes to decide whether coalition members will allow a player to enter or leave their coalition. For all of the stability requirements we consider, the existence of a stable outcome is guaranteed by a potential function argument, and local improvements will converge to a stable outcome. We provide an almost complete characterization of these games in terms of the tractability of computing such stable outcomes. Our findings comprise positive results in the form of polynomial-time algorithms and negative results in the form of proofs of polynomial local search (PLS)–hardness. The negative results extend to more general hedonic games.
Brexit: a requiem for the post-national society?
Authors: Favell Adrian
Published: June 2019

The ‘fourth freedom’ of freedom of movement of persons – somewhat misleadingly labelled ‘European citizenship’ – lay at the normative heart of the European project. Although sceptics have often suggested it was part of the building of a European fortress, or even a last gasp of elite European colonial privilege, the essential point of EU freedom of movement was its revolutionary introduction of a regionally expansive non-discrimination by nationality, going well beyond established abstract notions of ‘personhood’ and human rights on which other global egalitarian movements depend. For sure, it had been battered by roll back in national courts, suspension of Schengen, and new external borderings, well before the Brexit vote. Yet the practice of the fourth freedom in terms of everyday transactions and interactions struck at the heart of the core of the modern Hobbesian nation state: its sovereignty to decide on the boundaries of its own, increasingly de-territorialised population, which was also its power to shore up the most potent source of global inequalities – the birthright lottery which protects the ‘wealth of nations’ and the privileges of democratic ‘peoples’ from the unbounded effects of de-territorialised mobilities. As we are also seeing – and hearing among many ostensibly progressive academic voices – the putatively egalitarian voice of people’s democracy can be used to further bolster the shrinkage of moral community within the nation state. The essay takes upon itself to evaluate what is being lost normatively in terms of the return of the national – methodologically as much as politically – as the slow motion car crash of Brexit happens and after it takes place.
Entering the ‘post-shame era’: the rise of illiberal democracy, populism and neo-authoritarianism in EUrope
Authors: Wodak Ruth
Published: June 2019

The term ‘illiberal democracy’, coined by Fareed Zakaria in 1997, has gained much traction, specifically since its use by Hungarian Prime Minster Victor Orbán in 2014. Ever since, Orbán and his governing party Fidesz have been implementing this vision resulting in major cutdowns on free speech, freedom of press, of various NGOs which support human rights, and so forth. Moreover, Fidesz won the 2018 national election with a strong focus on antiimmigration policies. Although Orbán’s restrictive migration policies were widely criticised during the so-called refugee crisis 2015, many EU member states have started to follow the Hungarian policy of closing borders and protecting the EU from asylum-seekers and an alleged invasion by Muslims. Hence, I claim that formerly taboo subjects and expressions in mainstream discourse are being accepted more and more (‘normalisation’). Such normalisation goes hand in hand with a certain ‘shamelessness’: the limits of the sayable are shifting regarding both the frequency of lies and the violating of discourse conventions – as well as regarding repeated attacks on central democratic institutions. Normalising the assessment of migrants as a threat to inner security and a burden on the welfare state and education system must be perceived as an international development – generally instrumentalising a ‘politics of fear’.
O NEORRETRIBUCIONISMO EM MATÉRIA PUNITIVA
Authors: Do Amaral Augusto Jobim , Gloeckner Ricardo Jacobsen
Published: June 2019

O artigo explora as bases do neorretribucionismo e as suas relaçõescom as teorias denominadas relativas ou utilitárias da pena. Como hipótese de trabalho, partiu-se do pressuposto de que a grande maioria das teorias chamadas de neorretribucionistas ampara-se largamente em elementos preventivos, tratando de integrá-los por meio de posturas ecléticas. Como método exploratório e a fim de testar a hipótese, tratou-se de examinar em particular as obras de dois autores, Andrew von Hirsh, com a sua teoria do “justo merecimento”, e a releitura da pena como retribuição em José de Faria Costa.
A SUPREMA CORTE AMERICANA E O DIREITO À LIBERDADE RELIGIOSA: O CASO MASTERPIECE CAKESHOP VS. COLORADO CIVIL RIGHTS COMMISSION
Authors: De Azevedo Marcelo Sampaio Soares , Bonissoni Natammy Luana de Aguiar
Published: June 2019

O presente artigo analisa recente decisão da Suprema Corte americanaacerca da liberdade religiosa, proferida no caso Masterpiece Cakeshop vs. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, que aborda a livre expressão religiosa quando esta é manifestada no comércio público e em quais circunstâncias é legítima tal manifestação. A decisão final da Suprema Corte releva para julgamento posterior a análise da constitucionalidade da livre manifestação da crença religiosa daqueles que trabalham com a comercialização de bens e serviços num mercado aberto, e se assenta unicamente na garantia constitucional oferecida pela Primeira Emenda de que os entes estatais e os agentes públicos devem agir com neutralidade e respeito perante a fé das pessoas. A partir de uma análise de aspectos da decisão proferida neste caso, pretende-se refletir acerca desta deliberação que, apesar de ter sido celebrada como uma vitória da liberdade religiosa, pode demonstrar um ambiente instável e inseguro para o exercício dos direitos à liberdade de expressão e de religião.
REMARKS ON DISCIPLINARY LIABILITY OF A RETIRED JUDGE. SELECTED COMPARATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Stępień-Załucka Beata
Published: June 2019

The problems of the judiciary, in some countries, seem to haverecently become an important dilemma of constitutional law. One such issue is the issue of retired judges, who at the end of their judicial careers still remain judges, but in a retired state. This raises a wide range of issues, including the proper conduct and behaviour of such judges. Under the rules of many countries in force in this area, such judges are still subject to what is termed disciplinary responsibility and may be held liable for offences committed outside the service, as well as for those committed in the course of the service. The author looks at these solutions and tries to present a model of retired judges’ liability.
ÉTICA, MORAL E AMIZADE EM TEMPOS LÍQUIDOS: FUNDAMENTOS CRÍTICOS PARA UMA PRÁXIS DE DIREITOS HUMANOS
Authors: De Aquino Sérgio Ricardo Fernandes , Dos Santos Wagner , Ficagna Victoria
Published: June 2019

A caracterização do momento presente como “tempo líquido” mostra a amplitude das comunicações humanas e, ao mesmo tempo, a fragilidade e o esvaziamento das relações humanas. Valores como a Ética, Moral, Amizade e Fraternidade são considerados descartáveis, já que nada, hoje, foi feito para durar, ou, numa expressão, não se deseja hipotecar o futuro. Por esse motivo, o objetivo geral deste estudo é analisar se Ética, Moral, Amizade e Fraternidade são, ainda, vetores indispensáveis para a constituição das relações humanas nesse tempo líquido. O método de investigação escolhido é o Dedutivo. Percebe-se, como parte das conclusões, que a práxis das relações humanas não pode se desenvolver sob as premissas axiológicas vazias de um tempo líquido, mas necessitam, ainda, dessa proximidade entre as pessoas a fim de tornar eficaz o discurso dos Direitos Humanos.
REVISITANDO A ESQUERDA PUNITIVA: RELAÇÕES SOCIAIS, PODER E AGENDA ATUAL DA CRIMINOLOGIA CRÍTICA
Authors: Divan Gabriel Antinolfi
Published: June 2019

O presente artigo propõe uma série de revisões conceituais do arcabouço teórico e do discurso político-criminal que costuma se aglutinar em torno do termo esquerda punitiva. Utilizando uma leitura dialética dos padrões ligados a esse conceito, e revisitando as premissas do trabalho mais influente escrito no país sobre a temática após duas décadas de sua publicação (“A esquerda punitiva”, de Maria Lúcia Karam), o artigo procura rever sob o prisma de uma visão crítica os próprios elementos assentidos da crítica criminológica nessa quadra histórica. A conclusão é a de que enquanto uma série de premissas teóricas sobre a temática se mantém legítimas desde uma visão teórica calcada em predicados da segunda metade do século XX, outras necessariamente clamam por revisão quanto a seu teor político-criminal atual.
Continuing Medical Education Questions: June 2019
Authors: Carpenter Steven L.
Published: June 2019

Article Title: Sclerosing Mesenteritis
Continuing Medical Education Questions: June 2019
Authors: Yaghoobi Mohammad
Published: June 2019

Article Title: The Efficacy of Split-Dose Bowel Preparations for Polyp Detection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Factors Influencing the Pore Structure Parameters of Lightweight Cement-Based Foams
Authors: Batool Farnaz , Masood Rafi Muhammad , Bindiganavile Vivek
Published: June 2019

This study quantifies the pore wall spacing and shape factor of lightweight cement-based foam pore structure and investigates its correlation with density, pozzolan, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity. The lightweight cement-based foam mixtures were prepared for the densities of 800–400 kg/m3 and by replacing cement with fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin up to 20 % by mass. The nondestructive technique of X-ray microtomography was used for quantifying the pore structure parameters. In addition, the transient plane heat source technique was used to evaluate the thermal conductivity of these mixtures. The results show that the optimal pore wall spacing increases from 0.28 to 0.55 mm as the density rises from 400 to 800 kg/m3. It was observed that the median pore wall spacing (SP50) values increases as the cast density get higher. While the reduction in thermal conductivity was noticed for lower SP50 values. Furthermore, incorporating pozzolanic admixtures at higher cement replacement ratios affects the pore wall spacing. Moreover, spherically shaped pores were found in all mixtures.
Enhanced bottom-ice algal biomass across a tidal strait in the Kitikmeot Sea of the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Dalman Laura A. , Else Brent G. T. , Barber David , Carmack Eddy , Williams William J. , Campbell Karley , Duke Patrick J. , Kirillov Sergei , Mundy Christopher J.
Published: June 2019

Sea ice algae are an important contributor of primary production in the Arctic ecosystem. Within the bottom-ice environment, access to nutrients from the underlying ocean is a major factor controlling production, phenology, and taxonomic composition of ice algae. Previous studies have demonstrated that tides and currents play an important role in driving the flux of nutrients to bottom-ice algal communities when biological demand during the spring bloom is high. In this study we investigate how surface currents under landfast first-year ice influence nutrient supply based on stoichiometric composition, algal chlorophyll a biomass and species composition during spring 2016, in Dease Strait, Nunavut. Stronger water dynamics over a shoaled and constricted strait dominated by tidal currents (tidal strait) supported turbulent flow more than 85% of the deployment duration in comparison to outside the tidal strait in an embayment where turbulent flow was only evidenced a small percentage (<15%) of the time. The system appeared to be nitrate-depleted with surface water concentrations averaging 1.3 μmol L–1. Increased currents were correlated significantly with a decrease in ice thickness and an increase in ice algal chlorophyll a. Furthermore, pennate diatoms dominated the ice algal community abundance with greater contribution within the strait where currents were greatest. These observations all support the existence of a greater nutrient flux to the ice bottom where currents increased towards the center of the tidal strait, resulting in an increase of bottom ice chlorophyll a biomass by 5–7 times relative to that outside of the strait. Therefore, expanding beyond the long identified biological hotspots of open water polynyas, this paper presents the argument for newly identified hotspots in regions of strong sub-ice currents but persistent ice covers, so called “invisible polynyas”.
The pre- and postoperative illness trajectory in patients with pituitary tumours
Authors: Jakobsson Ung Eva , Olofsson Ann-Charlotte , Björkman Ida , Hallén Tobias , Olsson Daniel S , Ragnarsson Oskar , Skoglund Thomas , Jakobsson Sofie , Johannsson Gudmundur
Published: June 2019

Objective

Experiences and need of support during surgery and start of replacement therapy in patients with pituitary tumours are highly unknown. This study aimed at exploring patient experiences during pre- and postoperative care and recovery after pituitary surgery in patients with a pituitary tumour.

Methods

Within a qualitative study design, 16 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for pituitary tumours were repeatedly interviewed. In total, 42 interviews were performed before and after surgery. Analysis was performed using qualitative interpretation.

Results

Suffering a pituitary tumour was overwhelming for many patients and struggling with existential issues was common. Patients expressed loneliness and vulnerability before and after surgery. How professionals handled information in connection with diagnosis greatly affected the patients. Other patients with the same diagnosis were experienced as the greatest support. Normalisation of bodily symptoms and relationships with others were reported during postoperative recovery. However, a fear that the tumour would return was present.

Conclusions

Patients with pituitary tumours need structured support, including peer support, which acknowledges physical, cognitive as well as emotional and existential concerns. Information related to diagnosis and surgery should be adapted in relation to the loneliness and the existential seriousness of the situation. Care and support for patients with pituitary tumours should preferably be organised based on continuity and an unbroken care pathway from the first pre-operative evaluation through to postoperative care and the start of a life-long endocrine treatment and tumour surveillance.
Experimental Introgression To Evaluate the Impact of Sex Specific Traits onDrosophila melanogasterIncipient Speciation
Authors: Cortot Jérôme , Farine Jean-Pierre , Houot Benjamin , Everaerts Claude , Ferveur Jean-François
Published: June 2019

Sex specific traits are involved in speciation but it is difficult to determine whether their variation initiates or reinforces sexual isolation. In some insects, speciation depends of the rapid change of expression in desaturase genes coding for sex pheromones. Two closely related desaturase genes are involved in Drosophila melanogaster pheromonal communication: desat1 affects both the production and the reception of sex pheromones while desat2 is involved in their production in flies of Zimbabwe populations. There is a strong asymmetric sexual isolation between Zimbabwe populations and all other “Cosmopolitan” populations: Zimbabwe females rarely copulate with Cosmopolitan males whereas Zimbabwe males readily copulate with all females. All populations express desat1 but only Zimbabwe strains show high desat2 expression. To evaluate the impact of sex pheromones, female receptivity and desat expression on the incipient speciation process between Zimbabwe and Cosmopolitan populations, we introgressed the Zimbabwe genome into a Cosmopolitan genome labeled with the white mutation, using a multi-generation procedure. The association between these sex-specific traits was determined during the procedure. The production of pheromones was largely dissociated between the sexes. The copulation frequency (but not latency) was highly correlated with the female—but not with the male—principal pheromones. We finally obtained two stable white lines showing Zimbabwe-like sex pheromones, copulation discrimination and desat expression. Our study indicates that the variation of sex pheromones and mating discrimination depend of distinct—yet overlapping—sets of genes in each sex suggesting that their cumulated effects participate to reinforce the speciation process.
Inserción Laboral de personas con Diversidad Funcional Cognitiva
Authors: Solís Alfaro María José , Camacho Vásquez Maribel
Published: June 2019

El artículo presente se desarrollará una investigación de índole cuantitativa en acerca de la inserción dentro del campo laboral de personas con diversidad funcional cognitiva. El objetivo de la misma fue reconocer la situación laboral de personas con diversidad funcional cognitiva en Naranjo de Alajuela, desde la perspectiva de dos expertas en el cuido y trabajo con personas con diversidad funcional cognitiva, y de tres personas con diversidad funcional cognitiva. Dentro de los resultados se encontró que estas personas no perciben el apoyo ni las oportunidades necesarias para laborar, tanto de parte de reclutadores y jefaturas, como por parte de familiares. Por otra parte las expertas mencionan que las leyes que protegen a estas personas no se cumplen como se deben ya que no se perciben igual para todas las personas, sino que cada jefe la aplica según sea su conveniencia. Las leyes para la inclusión de personas con discapacidad o diversidad se adecúan mejor para personas con diversidades físicas y no tanto para diversidades cognitivas.

Palabras clave: Diversidad, diversidad funcional cognitiva, Inserción laboral, leyes.
Vulnerabilidades emergentes en procesos de relocalización forzada de personas
Authors: Vega Catalina Ramírez , Arrieta Salas Carlos
Published: June 2019

Resumen

 

La noción de vulnerabilidad como algo intrínseco a una persona o a una población y que apunta a condiciones deficitarias, ha venido siendo desplazada por una concepción más dinámica y menos reduccionista, aquélla que en vez de hablar de vulnerabilidad como una condición atribuible al sujeto o al colectivo enfoca el tema más en términos de procesos de vulnerabilización.  Desde esta perspectiva, en este artículo se analizan precisamente las vulnerabilidades emergentes que surgen en procesos de relocalización de personas que se vieron forzadas a dejar su comunidad como resultado de la declaración de inhabitabilidad provocada por lo riegos a que estaban expuestas por las erupciones del volcán Chaitén en Chile.  Con este propósito, se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a personas de la comunidad de Chaitén relocalizadas en Futaleufú y mediante un análisis de contenido se identificaron cuatro dimensiones emergentes de vulnerabilidad: ruptura del tejido social, cambios en las condiciones de vida, cambios en las condiciones de salud y desinformación.  A partir de estos hallazgos se analiza también el rol del Estado en la atención de esta emergencia, identificándose un “vacío psicosocial” significativo en el abordaje integral de la intervención con estas personas desplazadas de manera forzada de su territorio, por la prevalencia en este caso de un enfoque “emergencista”  cuya  atención se centra en apoyo material y económico dejándose de lado la atención de los aspectos psicosociales.
Comparative efficacy of two heterologous capripox vaccines to control lumpy skin disease in cattle
Authors: Norian R. , Afzal Ahangran N. , Varshovi H. R. , Azadmehr A.
Published: June 2019

This longitudinal study was performed for field trial of heterologous vaccine strains of lumpy skin disease (LSD) to provide details on the characteristics of induced immune responses by measurement of specific antibody and target cytokines – critical parameters in immune response that can be related to the durability of protection. The experimental calves were vaccinated with Gorgan-GPV and RM/65-SPV vaccines and humoral and cellular immunity were evaluated weekly. In each vaccinated groups, cross-neutralising antibody titers against LSD virus (LSDV) could be detected, and this rate in GGPV-vaccinated calves (GC) was higher than RSPV-vaccinated calves (RC) in all weeks of experiments. The stimulation index and IFN-γ and IL-4 production in response to homologous virus were higher than to the heterologous virus in all time points. The highest difference between them was observed in RVC, and a significant difference were only shown at 21-day post vaccination (DPV) (p<0.001). The results of this study indicated that GGPV-vaccine had a good immunogenic response due to induction of high antibody titre and higher lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ and IL-4 production. Therefore, it was considered suitable to control LSD.
Neutron Scattering Studies of Glassy Solid-State Lithium Ion Based Electrolytes
Authors: Heitmann Tom , Zaidi Syed Ali S. , Zella Leo , Rathore Munesh , Dalvi Anshuman , Mitra Saibal
Published: June 2019

We present neutron diffraction results on superionic materials that are good candidates for use as solid-state electrolytes in next generation Li+ ion batteries. Lithium ion conducting glasses of the compositions xLi2SO4-(1-x) [0.5Li2O-0.5(2NH4H2PO2)] ; x=0 and 0.1 were synthesized by conventional melt-quenching. The transparent homogeneous glassy flakes were thus obtained and used for the characterization. The materials are glassy in nature and composed of a complex network of the following sub-units: Li2O, Li2SO4, and 2NH4H2PO2. This disordered structure is integral to its function in that it promotes Li+ ion conduction while suppressing electronic conduction, the necessary qualities of a good Li+ electrolyte. We used neutron diffraction to study the formation of crystallites upon heating of the material above 400°C. The crystallite formation is understood to be detrimental to the Li+ ion mobility and, hence, is identified with a diminished performance in devices that require heating in their fabrication processs. Here, we report the changes in the material, as observed by neutron diffraction, as a function of annealing temperature and temperature history.
The Impacts of Societal Context on Student Motivation and Engagement
Authors: Stolk Jonathan D.
Published: June 2019

Promoting a sense of societal connectedness is critical in today’s engineering educational environment. The NAE’s Grand Challenges for Engineering point to broad human concerns — sustainability, health, vulnerability, and joy of living — and human connectivity as the future of engineering problem solving. Engineering studies, however, are often presented in a completely decontextualized manner, with an emphasis on technical content that is free of any human meaning. As a result, students may have difficulty identifying either personal or societal value in their learning tasks. Through their course design, instructors can help students situate themselves and their engineering learning experiences within the larger human system. Studying technologies and technological development within the broader societal context may, in turn, offer significant benefits to student motivation and engagement in learning. In this paper, we report findings from a three-year investigation of the effects of disciplinary integration on student motivation and learning engagement in introductory materials science courses. The quantitative results show that integrating materials science with humanities provides for increased student motivation and cognitive engagement in learning. Compared to students in non-integrated project-based courses, students in integrated project-based courses show higher intrinsic motivation and task value. In addition to these motivational gains, students in the integrated materials science-history course report significantly higher use of critical thinking strategies in their project work, indicating that an emphasis on societal context may help students cognitively engage in their engineering studies. Our findings also indicate that women in the integrated materials-history course report higher intrinsic motivation, task value, self-efficacy, and critical thinking strategy use compared to women in the non-integrated materials course. Overall, our research suggests that putting human contexts at the center of engineering learning can help students build a sense of societal relatedness that promotes better learning.
Web-based Interactive Resources for Studying OLED Technology
Authors: Cherner Phillip I.
Published: June 2019

The paper describes a virtual OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) laboratory designed to introduce young people to one of the most contemporary devices and technologies which is heavily used in many gadgets familiar to every teenager. In order to make learning science and engineering fun, such an introduction is made in an interactive multimedia-rich format. In the context of touch screen displays for mobile phones., tablets and TVs, the fundamental principles underlying the design, application, and production of OLEDs and OLED-based devices are demonstrated and explained. The lab enables students to practice preparing an OLED and operating an active matrix OLED (AMOLED) online in a virtual environment.
Pioneering Application of Corona Charge-Kelvin Probe Metrology to Noncontact Characterization of In0.53 Ga0.47 As/Al2O3/HfO2 Stack
Authors: Savtchouk Alexandre , D’Amico John , Wilson Marshall , Lagowski Jacek , Wang Wei-E , Kim Taewoo , Bersuker Gennadi , Veksler Dmitry , Koh Donghyi
Published: June 2019

We report the first successful application of corona charging noncontact C-V and I-V metrology to interface and dielectric characterization of high-k/III-V structures. The metrology, which has been commonly used in Si IC manufacturing, uses incremental corona charge dosing, ΔQC, on the dielectric surface, and the measurement of surface voltage response, ΔVS, using a Kelvin-probe. Its application to In0.53Ga0.47As with a high-k stack required modifications related to the effects of dielectric trap induced voltage transients. The developed Corona Charge-Kelvin Probe Metrology adopted strictly differential measurements using ΔQC and ΔV, and corresponding differential capacitance rather than measurements based on total global charge, Q, and voltage, V, values.

Electrical characterization data including interface trap density, electrical oxide thickness, and dielectric leakage are presented for a sample containing an In0.53 Ga0.47 As channel overlaid with a bilayer (2nm Al2O3/5nm HfO2) dielectric stack that is considered to be very promising for application in performance NFETs with high-mobility channels.
Methods of Modelling the C-V Profiles of Arbitrary Homopolar Heterostructures
Authors: Rimmer J.S. , Hawkins I.D. , Hamilton B. , Peaker A.R.
Published: June 2019

Two methods have been developed for simulating the C-V profiles of semiconductors. Each method uses a different approach to the problem so that, between them, degeneracy, interface charge, deep levels, low temperatures and quantum effects may be included. Computer run times depend on the complexity of the structure being modelled but are generally quite fast. The profile for a typical single heterostructure may be obtained on a desk-top HP200 in less than two minutes.
Fracture of B2 Aluminide Single Crystals
Authors: Chang Kehi-Minn , Darolia R. , Lipsitt H.A.
Published: June 2019

Single crystals of B2 aluminides, including FeAl, NiAl, and CoAl, were tested to investigate their fracture behavior. Specimens were aligned along specific orientations of the crystal lattice. Both uniaxial tension and notched bend tests revealed a cleavage fracture in all crystals. The cleavage occurred along a specific crystalline plane: {100} for FeAl; {110} for NiAl and CoAl. A model based on the ordering energy of unlike atoms is proposed to explain the preferred cleavage plane in these B2 structures. Fracture on transient planes around {115} are observed in NiAl before the crack growth continues on a cleavage plane.
Morphological Patterns During Quasi-Two-Dimensional Electrodeposition
Authors: Jorne Jacob , Wu Sen-Wei
Published: June 2019

The quasi-two-dimensional electrodeposition of several metals (zinc, copper, silver and lithium) of varying levels of anisotropy has been investigated. The morphologies are very diverse for the different metals and the morphology selection depends on the degree of anisotropy. The fast propagation of the quasi-two-dimensional deposit is due to the lack of convection in the confined electrolyte. The velocity of the deposit is determined by the drift velocity of the anions, as the system is attempting to maintain electroneutrality and reduce the electric field in the space charge region. The effects of impurities and natural convection on the morphology are investigated as well.
Epitaxial Growth of Organic Molecules on Vicinal Surfaces of Single Crystals
Authors: Shimada Toshihiro , Sakurada Takafumi , Koma Atsushi
Published: June 2019

Ultrathin film growth of vanadyl phthalocyanine was attempted on vicinal surfaces of hydrogen-terminated Si(111) in order to see the effect of regularly spaced steps to the growth feature. It has been observed that molecular arrangement was substantially affected when the terrace width was narrower than 2∼4 times of the molecular lattice constants. This result is probably due to the weakness of molecular interaction in the material and it accounts for the reason why ordinary graphoepitaxy has not been successful for the organic thin films.
Chemical and Electrochemical Heteroepitaxial Growth of Chalcogenide Semiconductors from Solutions
Authors: Lincot D. , Furlong M. J. , Froment M. , Cortes R. , Bernard M. C.
Published: June 2019

Chalcogenide semiconductors have been deposited epitaxially from aqueous solutions either chemically or electrochemically at growth rates of up to 0.7 μmhr−1. After recalling the basic principles of these deposition processes, results are presented concerning chemically deposited CdS on InP, GaP and CuInSe2 substrates, electrodeposited CdTe on InP, and CdSAnP heterostructures. Characterisation of these structures by RHEED, TEM, HRTEM, and glazing angle X ray diffraction allows to analyse the effects of substrate orientation, polarity, lattice match plus the influence of temperature on epitaxial growth. These results are discussed in terms of self organisation and a site selective growth mechanisms due to the free enegy of formation of each compound.
Modification of the Silicon Surface by Electroless Deposition of Platinum from HF Solutions
Authors: Gorostiza P. , Servat J. , Diaz R. , Sanz F. , Morante J. R.
Published: June 2019

Platinum electroless deposition on Si(lOO) from HF solutions is hindered on n+ substrates as compared to p-substrates defining an induction period and displaying a more local behavior. The results are discussed in terms of a global electrochemical process. Platinum reduces injecting holes to the silicon valence band and silicon atoms oxidizes. The final morphological situation is a porous silicon layer which contains platinum nuclei formed by filling pits originated in the first stages of the deposition process.
Embedded Atom Model of Surface Stress and Early Film Growth in Electrodeposition: Ag/Au(111)
Authors: Haftel Michael I. , Rosen Nervine , Corcoran Sean G.
Published: June 2019

We develop an embedded-atom-model (EAM) for simulations of metallic film growth under electrodeposition. The surface charge induced by the electric field is handled as an addition to the electron density to be used in the EAM. Parameters relating the shift in electron density to the electrolytic potential are calibrated to measurements of the capacitance and of surface stress versus potential for Au. For Ag the calibration is to capacitance and local density approximation calculations of surface energy. The resulting parameters are physically realistic for the experiments performed. The model is then applied to calculating migration and step edge barriers for Ag electrodeposited on Au (111) as an explanation of the observed Stranski-Krastanov growth.
Electrochemical Modification of La2CuO4: The Role Played by Microstructure
Authors: Williams E. J. , Daridon A. , Arrouy F. , Fompeyrine J. , Mächler E. , Siegenthaler H. , Locquet J.-P.
Published: June 2019

Using electrochemical oxidation as a probe technique for the mechanisms by which oxidation occurs in c-axis La2CuO4 films, the vital role played by specific through-film microstructural defects has been observed using transmission electron microscopy. These defects are namely the large through-film precipitates sometimes found in these films and {111} planar faults. Two high-oxygen-content phases are formed; one locally and with a superstructure, the other of reduced orthor-hombicity and larger c-axis than as-grown material. Some films were found not to oxidize, and the defects in these films were compared with those in the oxidizable films.
Electrodeposited WO3 Thin Films
Authors: Meulenkamp E. A. , de Groot R. J. J. , de Vries J. M. L.
Published: June 2019

The electrodeposition of WO3 thin films from peroxy-tungstate solution is discussed. The emphasis is on the feasibility of this deposition technique for production of electrochromic devices. Therefore, the influence of deposition parameters (solution composition, electrodeposition potential, mass transport, etc.) on the properties of WO3 was studied. Furthermore, it was investigated whether electrodeposition of WO3 offers unique possibilities as compared to WO3 deposition by other techniques.
Micromechanical Stress Sensors for Electrochemical Studies
Authors: Brunt T. A. , Ip W. F. , Rayment T. , O'Shea S. J. , Weiland M. E.
Published: June 2019

Cantilevers developed for atomic force microscopy can be used to construct sensitive thermal and stress sensors. We have shown how the stress changes which accompany deposition and desorption may be measured on single crystal electrodes. In this work we describe the surface stress changes associated with three processes: the electrodeposition of Pb and I and desorption of self assembled thiol monolayers on the Au(111) surface.
Production of Magnetic Nanopowders by Pulsed Sonoelectrochemistry
Authors: Delplancke J-L. , Bouesnard O. , Reisse J. , Winand R.
Published: June 2019

Sonoelectrochemistry, or pulsed electrodeposition at high current density in presence of high intensity ultrasound, is used to produce magnetic powders with a mean diameter in the range of 100 nm. Pure iron, cobalt and nickel powders are produced together with their binary and ternary alloys. The powders are crystalline and homogeneous as observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. The compositions of the binary and ternary alloy powders reproduce strictly the iron, nickel and cobalt compositions of the starting electrolytes except for the nickel-cobalt alloys.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of Electrodeposited Cobalt/Platinum Multilayers
Authors: Kashiwabara S. , Jyoko Y. , Hayashi Y.
Published: June 2019

The electrodeposition of Co/Pt multilayers have been carried out under potential control. The influence of the deposition polential on the structure of the multilayers is investigated. Deposition of the Pt layers at an electrode potential in the Co dissolution region gives rise to the destruction of the compositionally modulated structure and a large internal stress. The structure and magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co/Pt multilayers are discussed in connection with the dissolution of Co during Pt deposition
Electrodeposition of Strained-Layer Superlattices
Authors: Moffat T. P.
Published: June 2019

A variety of Cu/(Ni, Co) multilayers have been grown on Cu single crystals by pulse plating from an alloy electroplating bath. Copper is deposited under mass transport control while the iron group metal is deposited under interfacial charge transfer control. The structural evolution of these films is influenced by the morphological instability of the mass transport limited copper deposition reaction and the development of growth twins during iron-group metal deposition. Specular films have been obtained for growth on Cu(100) while rough, defective films were typically obtained for growth on Cu(111) and Cu(110).
Study of Nucleation of Electroless Cu Deposition on Pd
Authors: Amster R. , Johnson B. , Vanasupa L. S.
Published: June 2019

We studied the nucleation of Cu deposited by an electroless bath. A Pd seed layer was sputtered onto a (100) Si substrate and analyzed with GIX, STM, and AFM. The seed layer was then placed in varying ED-Cu bath conditions and also analyzed using GIX, STM, and AFM. GIX analysis results show a (111) texture for the Pd seed layer as well as the ED-Cu layer. The seed layer's influence on the deposited Cu grain's texture was found to be inconclusive.
Electroless CoWP Barrier/Protection Layer Deposition for Cu Metallization
Authors: Lopatin S. , Shacham-Diamand Y. , Dubin V. , Vasudev P. K. , Pellerin J. , Zhao B.
Published: June 2019

A fully encapsulated copper interconnect with CoWP barrier and protection layer can be produced by conformai electroless CoWP barrier layer deposition at the bottom and on the sidewalls of trenches and selective electroless CoWP deposition on in-laid Cu lines. The electroless CoWP deposition is an autocatalytic reaction with activation energy of about 0.985 eV. Deposition rate of about 10 nm/min at 80°C and average surface roughness of 5 nm for 200 nm thick films were measured. CoWP layer with resistivity of 25 μOhms·cm was obtained. Resistivity of electroless CoWP films was decreased from 25 μOhms·cm to 20 μOhms·cm after annealing in vacuum with 10−7 torr at 400°C for 30 min. The RBS spectra of the Cu/CoWP/Co/Si structure formed by electroless CoWP barrier and Cu deposition and annealed at 400°C for 60 min in vacuum 10−7torr showed no interdiffusion in deposited films.
Electrochemical Preparation of Amorphous Feb Films Containing a large Quantity of Plastics
Authors: Lim P. B. , Fujita N. , Squire P. T. , Inoue M. , Fujii T.
Published: June 2019

Amorphous Fe80B20 alloy films with a large quantity of plastics (polymethyl methacrylate: PMMA) are prepared using a combined technique of electrochemical plating and spin coating. The embedding of amorphous alloys into PMMA plastics is expected to reduce the effective conductivities of alloy films, and hence to improve their magnetomechanical coupling coefficients at high frequency by reducing effective eddy-current losses. Preparation conditions for obtaining Fe100−XBX (X=20±5at%) films with amorphous structure are determined, and the composite films are formed in accordance with the plating conditions. The resultant composite films are studied by examining their surface states and magnetic properties.