bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FOCUS Headform Testing Used to Evaluate Head Injury Risk for Ejected Riders of Personal Watercraft
Authors: Mkandawire Chimba , Winkel Eric S. , White Nicholas A. , Schatz Edward
Published: January 2018

Operators of personal watercraft (PWC) can perform maneuvers that may result in riders separating from the moving watercraft; the tested hypothesis was whether substantial brain injury concurrent with substantial facial and skull fractures can occur from contact with the PWC during a fall. The present study reports the potential for AIS2+ facial/skull fractures and AIS2+ traumatic brain injury (TBI) during a generic fall from the PWC in the absence of wave-jumping or other aggressive maneuvers. While it is well known that PWC can be used for wave-jumping which can result in more severe impacts, such impacts are beyond the scope of the present study because of the wide variability in occupant and PWC kinematics and possible impact velocities and orientations. Passenger separation and fall kinematics from both seated and standing positions were analyzed to estimate head impact velocities and possible impact locations on the PWC. A special purpose headform, known as the Facial and Ocular CountermeasUre Safety (FOCUS) device was used to evaluate the potential for facial fractures, skull fractures and TBI. Impacts between the FOCUS headform and the PWC were performed at velocities of 8, 10, and 12 miles per hour at 5 locations near the stern of a PWC. This study reports impact forces for various facial areas, linear and angular head accelerations, and Head Injury Criteria (HIC). The risk for facial fracture and TBI are reported herein. The results of this study indicate that concurrent AIS2 facial fractures, AIS2+ skull fractures, and AIS2+ TBI do not occur during a simple fall from a PWC.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of Emerging Invasive Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup W in Sweden
Authors: Eriksson Lorraine , Hedberg Sara Thulin , Jacobsson Susanne , Fredlund Hans , Mölling Paula , Stenmark Bianca
Published: January 2018

Invasive disease caused by
Neisseria meningitidis
serogroup W (MenW) has historically had a low incidence in Sweden, with an average incidence of 0.03 case/100,000 population from 1995 to 2014. In recent years, a significant increase in the incidence of MenW has been noted in Sweden, to an average incidence of 0.15 case/100,000 population in 2015 to 2016. In 2017 (1 January to 30 June), 33% of invasive meningococcal disease cases (7/21 cases) were caused by MenW. In the present study, all invasive MenW isolates from Sweden collected in 1995 to June 2017 (
n
= 86) were subjected to whole-genome sequencing to determine the population structure and to compare isolates from Sweden with historical and international cases. The increase of MenW in Sweden was determined to be due to isolates belonging to the South American sublineage of MenW clonal complex 11, namely, the novel U.K. 2013 lineage. This lineage was introduced in Sweden in 2013 and has since been the dominant lineage of MenW.
Smoking duration alone provides stronger risk estimates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than pack-years
Authors: Bhatt Surya P , Kim Young-il , Harrington Kathy F , Hokanson John E , Lutz Sharon M , Cho Michael H , DeMeo Dawn L , Wells James M , Make Barry J , Rennard Stephen I , Washko George R , Foreman Marilyn G , Tashkin Donald P , Wise Robert A , Dransfield Mark T , Bailey William C
Published: January 2018

Background

Cigarette smoking is the strongest risk factor for COPD. Smoking burden is frequently measured in pack-years, but the relative contribution of cigarettes smoked per day versus duration towards the development of structural lung disease, airflow obstruction and functional outcomes is not known.

Methods

We analysed cross-sectional data from a large multicentre cohort (COPDGene) of current and former smokers. Primary outcome was airflow obstruction (FEV1/FVC); secondary outcomes included five additional measures of disease: FEV1, CT emphysema, CT gas trapping, functional capacity (6 min walk distance, 6MWD) and respiratory morbidity (St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ). Generalised linear models were estimated to compare the relative contribution of each smoking variable with the outcomes, after adjustment for age, race, sex, body mass index, CT scanner, centre, age of smoking onset and current smoking status. We also estimated adjusted means of each outcome by categories of pack-years and combined groups of categorised smoking duration and cigarettes/day, and estimated linear trends of adjusted means for each outcome by categorised cigarettes/day, smoking duration and pack-years.

Results

10 187 subjects were included. For FEV1/FVC, standardised beta coefficient for smoking duration was greater than for cigarettes/day and pack-years (P<0.001). After categorisation, there was a linear increase in adjusted means FEV1/FVC with increase in pack-years (regression coefficient β=−0.023±SE0.003; P=0.003) and duration over all ranges of smoking cigarettes/day (β=−0.041±0.004; P<0.001) but a relatively flat slope for cigarettes/day across all ranges of smoking duration (β=−0.009±0.0.009; P=0.34). Strength of association of duration was similarly greater than pack-years for emphysema, gas trapping, FEV1, 6MWD and SGRQ.

Conclusion

Smoking duration alone provides stronger risk estimates of COPD than the composite index of pack-years.

Trial registration number

Post-results; NCT00608764.
Zoonotic bacteria and parasites found in raw meat‐based diets for cats and dogs
Authors: van Bree Freek P J , Bokken Gertie C A M , Mineur Robin , Franssen Frits , Opsteegh Marieke , van der Giessen Joke W B , Lipman Len J A , Overgaauw Paul A M
Published: January 2018

Feeding raw meat‐based diets (RMBDs) to companion animals has become increasingly popular. Since these diets may be contaminated with bacteria and parasites, they may pose a risk to both animal and human health. The purpose of this study was to test for the presence of zoonotic bacterial and parasitic pathogens in Dutch commercial RMBDs. We analysed 35 commercial frozen RMBDs from eight different brands. Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 was isolated from eight products (23 per cent) and extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamases‐producing E coli was found in 28 products (80 per cent). Listeria monocytogenes was present in 19 products (54 per cent), other Listeria species in 15 products (43 per cent) and Salmonella species in seven products (20 per cent). Concerning parasites, four products (11 per cent) contained Sarcocystis cruzi and another four (11 per cent) S tenella. In two products (6 per cent) Toxoplasma gondii was found. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of potential zoonotic pathogens in frozen RMBDs that may be a possible source of bacterial infections in pet animals and if transmitted pose a risk for human beings. If non‐frozen meat is fed, parasitic infections are also possible. Pet owners should therefore be informed about the risks associated with feeding their animals RMBDs.
Impact of sodium citrate ingestion during recovery after dehydrating exercise on rehydration and subsequent 40-km cycling time-trial performance in the heat
Authors: Suvi Silva , Mooses Martin , Timpmann Saima , Medijainen Luule , Narõškina Daria , Unt Eve , Ööpik Vahur
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of sodium citrate (CIT) ingestion (600 mg·kg−1) during recovery from dehydrating cycling exercise (DE) on subsequent 40-km cycling performance in a warm environment (32 °C). Twenty male nonheat-acclimated endurance athletes exercised in the heat until 4% body mass (BM) loss occurred. After 16 h recovery with consumption of water ad libitum and prescribed diet (evening meal 20 kcal·kg−1, breakfast 12 kcal·kg−1) supplemented in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner with CIT or placebo (PLC), they performed 40-km time-trial (TT) on a cycle ergometer in a warm environment. During recovery greater increases in BM and plasma volume (PV) concomitant with greater water intake and retention occurred in the CIT trial compared with the PLC trial (p < 0.0001). During TT there was greater water intake and smaller BM loss in the CIT trial than in the PLC trial (p < 0.05) with no between-trial differences (p > 0.05) in sweat loss, PV decrement, ratings of perceived exertion, or TT time (CIT 68.10 ± 3.28 min, PLC 68.11 ± 2.87 min). At the end of TT blood lactate concentration was higher (7.58 ± 2.44 mmol·L−1 vs 5.58 ± 1.32 mmol·L−1; p = 0.0002) and rectal temperature lower (39.54 ± 0.50 °C vs 39.65 ± 0.52 °C; p = 0.033) in the CIT trial than in the PLC trial. Compared with pre-DE time point, PV had decreased to a lower level in the PLC trial than in the CIT trial (p = 0.0001). In conclusion, CIT enhances rehydration after exercise-induced dehydration but has no impact on subsequent 40-km cycling TT performance in a warm uncompensable environment.
Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on serum proinflammatory cytokines in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Yan Yong , Guo Tuan-Mao , Zhu Chao
Published: January 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and the clinical efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: A total of 148 patients with AS were selected and received NSAID treatment. ELISA was used to assess cytokine levels, and patients were assigned into the following groups: positively effective; effective; moderately effective; and ineffective. Spearman and Pearson correlation analyses were used for correlation analysis. Results: The erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels of the case group after NSAID treatment were markedly lower than those before NSAID treatment. After treatment, the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were markedly reduced, while IL-10 levels increased in the positively effective, effective, and moderately effective groups, and IL-12 levels decreased in the positively effective and effective groups. In addition, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were correlated with a greater number in the efficacy indexes and clinical parameters, followed by IL-10 levels, while the levels of IL-17 and IL-12 had relatively weaker correlations with these indexes and parameters. Conclusion: NSAIDs could promote the clinical efficacy of treatment for ankylosing spondylitis by regulating serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
Membrane effect of geosynthetic reinforcement subjected to localized sinkholes
Authors: Feng Shi-Jin , Ai Shu-Gang , Chen Hong-Xin
Published: January 2018

A membrane effect often occurs in geosynthetic-reinforced structures, where subsoil may have voids or sinkholes. An analytical model is proposed to estimate membrane effect of a geosynthetic reinforcement subjected to localized sinkholes. The upper interface friction in the subsided area and vertical deformation of supporting soil in the anchorage area are considered simultaneously. The maximum geosynthetic strain and maximum surface settlement, serving as key design points, can be determined. Based on the proposed method verified using a full-scale experiment, a parametric study is conducted. The results show that ignoring upper interface friction results in significant undervaluation of maximum geosynthetic strain, and ignoring vertical deformation of supporting soil leads to obvious undervaluation of maximum surface settlement. A practical design framework is also proposed and it is an applicable tool for preliminary design of geosynthetic-reinforced structures, especially for cases with soft ground.
Nonperturbative vacuum polarization effects in two-dimensional supercritical Dirac–Coulomb system II. Vacuum energy
Authors: Davydov A. , Sveshnikov K. , Voronina Yu.
Published: January 2018

Nonperturbative vacuum polarization effects are explored for a supercritical Dirac–Coulomb system with [Formula: see text] in 2+1[Formula: see text]D, based on the original combination of analytical methods, computer algebra and numerical calculations, proposed recently in Refs. 1–3. Both the vacuum charge density [Formula: see text] and vacuum energy [Formula: see text] are considered. Due to a lot of details of calculation the whole work is divided into two parts I and II. Taking account of results, obtained in the part I4 for [Formula: see text], in the present part II, the evaluation of the vacuum energy [Formula: see text] is investigated with emphasis on the renormalization and convergence of the partial expansion for [Formula: see text]. It is shown that the renormalization via fermionic loop turns out to be the universal tool, which removes the divergence of the theory both in the purely perturbative and essentially nonperturbative regimes of the vacuum polarization. The main result of calculation is that for a wide range of the system parameters in the overcritical region [Formula: see text] turns out to be a rapidly decreasing function [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] being the size of the external Coulomb source. To the end the similarity in calculations of [Formula: see text] in 2+1 and 3+1[Formula: see text]D is discussed, and qualitative arguments are presented in favor of the possibility for complete screening of the classical electrostatic energy of the Coulomb source by the vacuum polarization effects for [Formula: see text] in 3+1[Formula: see text]D.
An E11 invariant gauge fixing
Authors: Pettit Michaella , West Peter
Published: January 2018

We consider the nonlinear realisation of the semi-direct product of [Formula: see text] and its vector representation which leads to a space-time with tangent group that is the Cartan involution invariant subalgebra of [Formula: see text]. We give an alternative derivation of the invariant tangent space metric that this space–time possesses and compute this metric at low levels in eleven, five and four dimensions. We show that one can gauge fix the nonlinear realisation in an [Formula: see text] invariant manner.
Dependable Interference-Aware Time-Slotted Channel Hopping for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Tavakoli Rasool , Nabi Majid , Basten Twan , Goossens Kees
Published: January 2018

IEEE 802.15.4 Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) aims to improve communication reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) by reducing the impact of the medium access contention, multipath fading, and blocking of wireless links. While TSCH outperforms single-channel communications, cross-technology interference on the license-free ISM bands may affect the performance of TSCH-based WSNs. For applications such as in-vehicle networks for which interference is dynamic over time, it leads to non-guaranteed reliability of the communications over time. This article proposes an Enhanced version of the TSCH protocol together with a Distributed Channel Sensing technique (ETSCH+DCS) that dynamically detects good quality channels to be used for communication. The quality of channels is extracted using a combination of a central and a distributed channel-quality estimation technique. The central technique uses Non-Intrusive Channel-quality Estimation (NICE) technique that proactively performs energy detections in the idle part of each timeslot at the coordinator of the network. NICE enables ETSCH to follow dynamic interference, while it does not reduce throughput of the network. The distributed channel quality estimation technique is executed by all the nodes in the network, based on their communication history, to detect interference sources that are hidden from the coordinator. We did two sets of lab experiments with controlled interferers and a number of simulations using real-world interference datasets to evaluate ETSCH. Experimental and simulation results show that ETSCH improves reliability of network communications, compared to basic TSCH and the state-of-the-art solution. In some experimental scenarios NICE itself has been able to increase the average packet reception ratio by 22% and shorten the length of burst packet losses by half, compared to the plain TSCH protocol. Further experiments show that DCS can reduce the effect of hidden interference (which is not detectable by NICE) on the packet reception ratio of the affected links by 50%.
Warming Up to Cold Start Personalization
Authors: Banovic Nikola , Krumm John
Published: January 2018

Smart agents face abandonment if they are unable to provide value to the users from the very first interaction. Existing smart agents take time to learn about new users before they can offer them personalized services. We present a method for learning personalization information about users quickly and without placing unnecessary hardship on them. Our method enables smart agents to pick which questions to ask the user when they first interact to maximize the agent's overall knowledge about the user. We demonstrate our method on two publically available US census datasets containing 172 user variables from 1,799,394 training and 1,618,489 testing users. The questions selected using our method improve the agent's accuracy when inferring information about future users, including information that they did not ask about. Our work enables smart agents that assist the user with personalized services soon after they start interacting.
A new role for the exhaled nitric oxide as a functional marker of peripheral airway caliber changes: a theoretical study
Authors: Karamaoun Cyril , Haut Benoit , Van Muylem Alain
Published: January 2018

Although considered as an inflammation marker, exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) was shown to be sensitive to airway caliber changes to such an extent that it might be considered as a marker of them. It is thus important to understand how these changes and their localization mechanically affect the total NO flux penetrating the airway lumen ( JawNO), and hence FENO, independently from any inflammatory status change. In this work, a new model was used. It simulates NO production, consumption, and diffusion inside the airway epithelium, NO excretion from the epithelial wall into the airway lumen and, finally, its axial transport by diffusion and convection in the airway lumen. This model may also consider the possible presence of a fluid layer coating the epithelial wall. Simulations were performed. They show the great sensitivity of JawNO to peripheral airway caliber changes. Moreover, FENO shows distinct behaviors, depending on the location of the caliber change. Considering a bronchodilation, absence of FENO change was associated with dilation of central airways, FENO increase with dilation down to pre-acinar small airways, and FENO decrease with intra-acinar dilation due to the amplification of the back diffusion flux. The presence of a fluid layer was also shown to play a significant role in FENO changes. Altogether, the present work theoretically supports that specific FENO changes in acute situations are linked to specifically located airway caliber changes in the lung periphery. This opens the way for a new role for FENO as a functional marker of peripheral airway caliber change.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using a new model of nitric oxide production and transport, allowing realistic simulation of airway caliber change, the present work theoretically supports that specific changes of the molar fraction of nitric oxide in the exhaled air, occurring without any change in the inflammatory status, are linked to specifically located airway caliber changes in the lung periphery. This opens the way for a new role for FENO as a functional marker of peripheral airway caliber change.
Theoretical Modeling of Dielectric Properties of Artificial Shales
Authors: Han Tongcheng , Beloborodov Roman , Pervukhina Marina , Josh Matthew , Cui Yanlin , Zhi Pengyao
Published: January 2018

Accurately modeling the anisotropic dielectric properties of shales is important for the interpretation of dielectric data acquired from shales as source rocks and unconventional reservoirs. We have developed a multiphase incremental model for the frequency dependent anisotropic dielectric properties of sedimentary rocks and presented an approach based on the developed model to simulate the measured anisotropic dielectric behaviors of artificial shales. The new model was built based on the theoretical basis of differential effective medium models for any number of mineral grain components aligned in any direction and was shown to be independent of the mixing order. The model incorporates the measured orientation distribution function of the clay particles to determine the shale dielectric anisotropy, and the frequency dependent dielectric behaviors of the wet clay minerals are obtained by inverting the dielectric properties of the artificial sample composed of clay and the same brine as in other artificial shales. The modeling technique combined important polarization mechanisms in the intermediate frequency range and was shown to give satisfactory fit to the measured frequency dependent anisotropic relative permittivity and conductivity of the artificial shales with varying silt contents by using a reasonable aspect ratio and constant dielectric parameters for the silt grains.
Quercetin Prevents Diastolic Dysfunction Induced by a High‐Cholesterol Diet: Role of Oxidative Stress and Bioenergetics in Hyperglycemic Rats
Authors: Castillo Rodrigo L. , Herrera Emilio A. , Gonzalez-Candia Alejandro , Reyes-Farias Marjorie , de la Jara Nicole , Peña Juan Pedro , Carrasco-Pozo Catalina
Published: January 2018

Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism play a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Hypercholesterolemia associated with bioenergetic impairment and oxidative stress has not been well characterized in the cardiac function under glycemic control deficiency conditions. This work aimed to determine the cardioprotective effects of quercetin (QUE) against the damage induced by a high‐cholesterol (HC) diet in hyperglycemic rats, addressing intracellular antioxidant mechanisms and bioenergetics. Quercetin reduced HC‐induced alterations in the lipid profile and glycemia in rats. In addition, QUE attenuated cardiac diastolic dysfunction (increased E:A ratio), prevented cardiac cholesterol accumulation, and reduced the increase in HC‐induced myocyte density. Moreover, QUE reduced HC‐induced oxidative stress by preventing the decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, HO‐1 expression, and antioxidant enzymatic activity. Quercetin also counteracted HC‐induced bioenergetic impairment, preventing a reduction in ATP levels and alterations in PGC‐1α, UCP2, and PPARγ expression. In conclusion, the mechanisms that support the cardioprotective effect of QUE in rats with HC might be mediated by the upregulation of antioxidant mechanisms and improved bioenergetics on the heart. Targeting bioenergetics with QUE can be used as a pharmacological approach to modulate structural and functional changes of the heart under hypercholesterolemic and hyperglycemic conditions.
Application and Analysis of Multicast Blocking Modelling in Fat‐Tree Data Center Networks
Authors: Li Guozhi , Guo Songtao , Liu Guiyan , Yang Yuanyuan
Published: January 2018

Multicast can improve network performance by eliminating unnecessary duplicated flows in the data center networks (DCNs). Thus it can significantly save network bandwidth. However, the network multicast blocking may cause the retransmission of a large number of data packets and seriously influence the traffic efficiency in data center networks, especially in the fat‐tree DCNs with multirooted tree structure. In this paper, we build a multicast blocking model and apply it to solve the problem of network blocking in the fat‐tree DCNs. Furthermore, we propose a novel multicast scheduling strategy. In the scheduling strategy, we select the uplink connecting to available core switch whose remaining bandwidth is close to and greater than the three times of bandwidth multicast requests so as to reduce the operation time of the proposed algorithm. Then the blocking probability of downlink in the next time‐slot is calculated in multicast subnetwork by using Markov chains theory. With the obtained probability, we select the optimal downlink based on the available core switch. In addition, theoretical analysis shows that the multicast scheduling algorithm has close to zero network blocking probability as well as lower time complexity. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of our proposed multicast scheduling algorithm.
Aromatase Deficiency due to a Homozygous CYP19A1 Mutation in a 46,XX Egyptian Patient with Ambiguous Genitalia
Authors: Mazen Inas , McElreavey Ken , Elaidy Aya , Kamel Alaa K. , Abdel-Hamid Mohamed S.
Published: January 2018

Aromatase deficiency (AD) is a very rare disorder resulting from mutations in the CYP19A1 gene encoding aromatase, a cytochrome P450 enzyme that plays a pivotal role in androgen conversion to estrogens. AD is inherited in an autosomal recessive trait, and to date only 35 cases have been described in the literature. Herein, we depict a new patient reared as a male, who presented at the age of 21 years with no palpable testis, hypoplastic scrotum, penis-like phallus (3 cm), and penoscrotal hypospadias. The patient was born to consanguineous parents, his karyotype was 46,XX, and SRY was negative. Pelvic sonar showed a small hypoplastic uterus, and no testis could be identified. Serum testosterone was within the reference range of females along with high gonadotropins. Pathology of gonadal biopsy showed ovarian stroma negative for oocytic follicle consistent with streak gonads. All these data were suggestive of AD, which was subsequently confirmed by molecular investigation of the CYP19A1 gene. A homozygous splice site mutation in the donor splice site of exon 9 was identified, c.1263 + 1G>T. This is the first report of such a rare disorder in an Egyptian patient. Our results reinforce the importance of considering AD in patients with 46,XX disorders of sex development after ruling out congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Adaptive Sliding Mode Control of PMLSM Drive
Authors: Yahiaoui Maamar , Kechich Abderrahmane , Bouserhane Ismail Khalil
Published: January 2018

In this paper, we propose a study by software MATLAB/Simulink of the adaptive nonlinear controller of permanent magnet linear synchronous machine. The lumped uncertainties due for saturation magnetic and temperature and distribution load effects in performances of the system control. To resolve this problem the sliding mode controller is designed with estimator of load force by MRAS method the simulation results prove clearly the robustness of controlling law and estimator method.
Analysis, Design and Investigation on a New Single-Phase Switched Quasi Z-Source Inverter for Photovoltaic Application
Authors: Bharatiraja C. , Sanjeevikumar P. , Mahes Aganti , Saxena Ayushi , Padmapriya K. , Mithra B. K. , Swathimala AS , Raghu S.
Published: January 2018

This paper addresses the approach to improve the efficiency of the quasi  Z-source inverter. In order to increase the efficiency the reduction of conduction losses is one way to approach. Sequentially to decrease the conduction losses in the quasi z-source inverter the replacement of diode is replacing with switches is proposed which is also called as synchronous rectification. The paper represents basics of the approach, analysis  and comparison of the power losses of the traditional and proposed designs of the grid connected PV-system with quasi z-source inverter system. The proposed approach validated on the computer simulations in the MATLAB environment.
Simulation of an Indirect Rotor Flux Oriented Induction Motor Drive using Matlab/Simulink
Authors: V. Puranik Vivek , N. Gohokar Vijay
Published: January 2018

Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) is very popular technique in industries due to its simple designing and structure, in comparison to the direct method since it requires flux and torque estimators. This paper presents detail calculation of all values needed for the development of an indirect rotor flux oriented induction motor model fed by a current-controlled voltage source inverter. With the calculated values for 1 hp 50 Hz 3 phase induction motor; an indirect rotor flux oriented model is developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results are outlined and discussed.
МІСЦЕ, РОЛЬ І ЗНАЧЕННЯ ЛІКАРСЬКОЇ ПРОФЕСІЇ В УМОВАХ СУЧАСНОГО УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА
Authors: Franchuk V. V.
Published: January 2018

Мета: з’ясування значимості професії лікаря в сучасному українському суспільстві.Матеріали і методи. Показники материнської і малюкової смертності в Україні з щорічного звіту ВООЗ за 2017, соціально демографічні показники, дані судово-медичних експертиз у випадках «лікарських справ» та витримки з офіційних документів органів законодавчої та виконавчої влади, які опрацьовано з використанням методів медичної статистики та контент-аналізу.Результати. Обґрунтовано державно формуюче значення професії лікаря, виокремлено і охарактеризовано 7 суспільно-правових особливостей професійної медичної діяльності: об’єктом лікарської діяльності є життя і здоров’я громадян, велика соціальна значимість, винятковість наслідку професійної помилки, окремий порядок правозастосовної практики у випадках злочинів в сфері охорони здоров’я, легкість у процедурі порушення кримінальних справ проти медичних працівників, докладна правова регламентація медичної діяльності, виконання лікарем професійних обов’язків у ризикованих умовах.Висновки. Першочерговим завданням реформи в медицині має стати забезпечення лікарю достойних умов праці та повернення йому належного статусу в суспільстві.
Зміни функціонального стану прооксидантної та антиоксидантної систем у надниркових залозах морських свинок за умов формування експериментального алергічного альвеоліту
Authors: Kovalska M. Ye.
Published: January 2018

Introduction. Important role in understanding the pathogenesis of allergic alveolitis is played by processes of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant system (AOS). Under physiological conditions, the level of LPO is maintained due to the equilibrium of pro- and antioxidant systems. LPO is considered as a universal mechanism of cell damage at the membrane level in conditions of different pathological conditions. In particular, hypoxia, inflammation, stress, allergy activate lipoperoxidation processes and suppress both an enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity of antioxidant defense. Products of lipoperoxidation negatively affect cell membranes and have a direct damaging effect on the adrenal gland tissue.The aim of the study – to evaluate the influence of lipid peroxidation processes and the state of the antioxidant system in the adrenal glands in the conditions of the formation of experimental allergic alveolitis.Research Methods. The experiments were conducted on 36 guinea pigs, body weight 0.18-0.20 kg. They were divided into four groups (n = 9). Intact – the first group (control). Animals with experimental allergic alveolitis, respectively, on the 1st, 2nd, and 34th day of the experiment. Experimental allergic alveolitis was modeled by O. O. Oriekhov, Yu. A. Kyrylov method. Activity of catalase was studied by B.Holmes, C. Masters method; superoxide dismutase – by R. Fried method; diene conjugates – by V. B. Havrylov, M. I. Mishkorudna method; malonic dialdehyde – by E. N. Korobeinikov method. Statistical processing is standard.Results and Discussion. The results of our studies revealed that the activity of the antioxidant system enzymes varied unidirectionally, depending on the periods of formation of the experimental allergic alveolitis. There is an increase in lipid peroxidation products both in its initial and final stages. At the same time, the activity of individual enzymes of antioxidant system underwent opposite changes.Conclusion. The obtained results indicate significant changes in the state of pro- and antioxidant systems in the thymus of animals with experimental allergic alveolitis and are important for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of experimental allergic alveolitis. These studies provide an opportunity to find more effective and useful ways to correct the detected changes in experimental allergic alveolitis.
Вплив інгібіторів ароматази третього покоління на окремі компоненти перебігу експериментального метаболічного синдрому
Authors: Zagayko A. L. , Lytkin D. V. , Maloshtan A. V.
Published: January 2018

Introduction. Nowadays, about 86 % among patients with metabolic syndrome have serious disorder of glucose tolerance and about 60 % of them suffer from visceral obesity. Moreover in many worldwide studies it was shown that these pathogenetic manifestations of the metabolic syndrome had a significant correlation with the imbalance of sex hormones.The aim of the study – to learn the effect of third-generation aromatase inhibitors on the parameters of insulin resistance and visceral obesity in hamsters with the experimental metabolic syndrome.Research Methods. The insulin level in the hamster`s blood serum was measured by the enzyme immunoassay method, and the glucose level by the electrochemical method. The mass coefficients of anatomical fragments of adipose tissue were calculated to estimate visceral obesity. The results were processed by using the Mann-Whitney U-test and the 4Pl method.Results and Discussion. All studied drugs, in varying degrees, influenced on the pathogenetic components of the experimental metabolic syndrome. Exemestane was demonstrated the greatest effectiveness in reducing parameter of the insulin resistance by, butletrozole – in decreasing of visceral obesity ratio.Сonclusion. Romatase inhibitors can become promising drugs for correcting the pathogenetic components of the metabolic syndrome, in particular insulin resistance and visceral obesity.
Вміст фактора некрозу пухлин α і трансформуючого фактора росту β1 у сироватці крові хворих на гострий апендицит та абдомінальний туберкульоз
Authors: Akimova V. M.
Published: January 2018

Introduction. Differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis with abdominal tuberculosis is аn urgent problem of medicine. Тhe immune system is involved іn the pathogenesis of diseases, and cytokines are the regulators of inflammation.The aim of the study – to determine the level of cytokines with the pro- and anti-inflammatory potential of TNFα and TGFβ1 and their correlation in the blood of patients with acute appendicitis and abdominal tuberculosis in order to improve diagnosis and treatment tactics. Research Methods. 51 patients with urgent abdominal pathology were examined, 21 of them with phlegmonous form of acute appendicitis, 30 patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis. The content of TNFα и ТGFβ1 in serum was examined by the ELISA method by the reagents “Diaclone” and “DRG Diagnostic”.Results and Discussion. The results of studies have shown that the development of acute and chronic inflammatory process in the abdominal cavity is determined by activation of the macrophage-monocytic system, manifested by a significant increase in the serum level of TNFα. It was established that in patients with abdominal tuberculosis on the background of increased serum level of TNFα ((17.57±1.05) vs. (4.97±0.18) pg/ml) the TGFβ1 level does not differ from the control ((16.52±1.15) vs. (17.94±0.71) ng/ml) at that time, as with acute appendicitis, its level decreased ((11.32±0.65) vs. (17.94±0.71) ng/ml). ТGFβ1/TNFα ratio during the abdominal inflammation was much lower than control, but in abdominal tuberculosis in 1.5 times higher than in acute appendicitis.Conclusions. The serum level and ratio of monocyte-macrofage derived TNFα and ТGFβ1 determines the type of inflammation and may be useful in differential diagnostic of acute appendicitis and abdominal tuberculosis.
Дослідження жирнокислотного складу часнику листя та цибулин
Authors: Fedosov A. I. , Kyslychenko V. S. , Novosel O. M.
Published: January 2018

Introduction. Polyunsaturated fatty acids show a wide spectrum of biological activity in human body, including lowering blood cholesterol level, arterial pressure, improving blood circulation, take part in prostaglandins synthesis etc. Thus, the search of new herbal sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids is an important task of modern pharmaceutical science aimed at creation of effective Ukrainian medicines and dietary supplements on their basis.The aim of the study – to learn of qualitative composition and quantitative content of fatty acids in garlic leaves and bulbs.Research Methods. The fatty acid composition of garlic leaves and bulbs was carried out using gas chromatography.Results and Discussion. As a result of the research 13 fatty acids were identified and their content was determined in garlic leaves, and 11 fatty acids – in garlic bulbs. Among the saturated fatty acids palmitic acid dominated in the leaves – 17.85 % and in bulbs – 13.67 %, and among unsaturated ones – linoleic acid – 46.40 % and 64.45 % respectively. The sum of unsaturated fatty acids both in the leaves and bulbs prevailed over the sum of saturated ones, which allows to expect hypocholesteremic, hypolipidemic, antiaggregant and hypotensive activity in the medicines containing the studied plant material types.Conclusions. 1. The fatty acid composition of garlic leaves and bulbs was carried out using gas chromatography. As a result of the research 13 fatty acids were identified and their content was determined in garlic leaves, and 11 fatty acids – in garlic bulbs. The sum of unsaturated fatty acids both in the leaves and bulbs prevailed over the sum of saturated ones, with prevalence of linoleic acid – 46,40% in the leaves and 64.45 % in bulbs. The obtained results allow recommending garlic leaves and bulbs as herbal source of polyunsaturated fatty acids with the following creation of effective Ukrainian medicines and dietary supplements on their basis.
Проблема оцінки гематотоксичності пестицидів
Authors: Usenko T. V.
Published: January 2018

Introduction. The article presents the results of studies of hematoxicity of pesticides, which at the present stage acquire special significance in connection with the widespread use of pesticides. The obtained data testify to the need for laboratory monitoring of the effectiveness and safety of the use and accumulation of pesticides in the environment and in humans and animals, therefore they justify the urgency of preventing side effects of pesticide preparations. The author came to the conclusion that when carrying out hematological studies with a diagnostic purpose, it is necessary to take into account the changes that arise in the blood system under the influence of potential toxicants, including drugs. In order to prevent hematotoxic effects, pharmacotherapy should strictly adhere to metered regimens and regimens.The need to study the state of the blood system is dictated, first of all, by its importance for maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the organism and the risk of the emergence of various pathological conditions when the functioning of the blood system is disturbed. It is especially important to note the relevance of differential diagnosis of blood damage and diseases that occur with lymphoproliferative and autoimmune syndromes. Taking this into account, it is necessary to note the importance of differential diagnosis of leukemoid reactions arising from exposure to potential toxicants.The current state of control of the side effects of pesticides does not provide an opportunity to objectively assess the significance of the problem of medicinal and pesticidaltoxicoses and the post-toxication complications caused by them, including the risk of hematotoxic effects. The potential risk of hematotoxic complications is the violation of the basic functions of the blood.The aim of the study – to note the importance of research and a deeper study of the processes that arise when the blood system is exposed to potentially dangerous chemicals (XP) and leads to the development of hematological dysfunctions.Conclusions. The effect of substances of various groups of pesticides on the blood system was established, violations of hematological parameters of peripheral blood and their connection with morphological indices under conditions of exposure to potential toxicants were revealed, which is of fundamental importance in the diagnosis of hematotoxic effects.
The indices of metabolismin rats with periodontitis on the background of hyper- and hypothyroidism
Authors: Shcherba V. V. , Korda M. M. , Krynytska I. Ya. , Luchynsky V. M.
Published: January 2018

Introduction. The multifaceted action of thyroid hormones on the rate of metabolic processes reflected on the tissues of periodontium has been known for a long time. In this case, the prevalence of periodontitis in the population, the complexity of the implementation of prevention and treatment of the disease, ambiguity in the interpretation of the main pathogenetic mechanisms makes this problem extremely relevant.The aim of the study – to learn the indices of metabolismin blood serum of rats with periodontitis without concomitant pathology and against the background of hyper- and hypothyroidism.Research Methods. The study was carried out on 48 white non-linear male rats. Determination of glucose, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, α-cholesterol and β-cholesterol in serum was carried out on a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer Humalyzer 2000 (Human, Germany).Results and Discussion. Experimental periodontitis is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood serum, hypoalbuminemia, an increase in the concentration of urea, total cholesterol, β-cholesterol and a decrease in the concentration of α-cholesterol. The imbalance of thyroid hormones has a multifaceted effect on metabolism in experimental periodontitis. Thus, in rats with periodontitis in case of hyperthyroidism, the concentration of glucose and total protein increased, albumin concentration decreased, urea concentration increased, total cholesterol and α-cholesterol concentrations decreased, and no significant changes in β-cholesterol concentration were observed. In rats with periodontitis, combined with hypothyroidism, glucose concentration decreased, total protein concentration increased, albumin concentration decreased, urea concentration increased, total cholesterol and β-cholesterol concentrations increased, and the concentration of α-cholesterol decreased.Conclusions. Reasonable changes in all major spectra of metabolism – carbohydrate, protein and lipid in case of experimental periodontitis indicate that periodontitis is a local process that affects the general state of the organism. The imbalance of thyroid hormones has a pronounced effect on the overall metabolic processes, especially on proatherogenic changes in serum, which are more pronounced in case of an experimental periodontitis in the background of hypothyroidism.
Метаболізм цистеїну при експериментальному гіпер- та гіпотиреозі в щурів
Authors: Nechyporuk V. M. , Korda M. M.
Published: January 2018

Introduction. Sulfur-containing amino acids provide vital processes of the cell, maintain the integrity of the redox potential, neutralize free radicals and toxic agents that provide remethylation cycle and transsulfuration processes. It is known that cysteine is formed in cells from homocysteine, and can be used, depending on the needs of the cell for the synthesis of protein, glutathione, in a desulfuration pathway with the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Regulation of the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids is carried out at different levels, including the endocrine system, in particular, thyroid hormones.Theaim of the study – to investigate experimentally the influence of thyroid gland functional state on the main enzymatic systems of the cysteine cycle in the tissues (liver, kidneys, brain, heart), concentration of cysteine and reduced glutathione and H2S in the blood.Research Methods. 40 male rats weighing 150–180 g were used in the study. To model hyper- and hypothyroidism, animals were daily enterally administered with a solution of L-thyroxine (200 μg / day per 1 kg of weight) or mercazolil (10 mg / day per 1 kg) for the 14th and 21st days. In the brain of animals, the desulfurase activity of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CGL) enzymes was determined, and cysteine, GC, and H2S content in the blood.Results and Discussion. The rats were administered with L-thyroxine and mercazolil to simulate the states of hyper- and hypothyroidism, which were confirmed by the content of fT3, fT4 and TSH in the blood. In organs of animals with hypothyroidism, a decrease in the activity of CBS, CGL, and CAP was observed. At the same time, the introduction of L-thyroxin led to an increase in the activity of these enzymes in the kidney and brain. Hyperthyroidism was accompanied by a decrease, and hypothyroidism did not affect the concentration of glutathione in the blood and its content in the organs of animals. A significant decrease in the concentration of H2S in the blood with hypothyroidism was established.Conclusions. The disorder of the cardiovascular system in hypothyroidism may be a consequence of the disoders of desulfuration processes in organs and tissues, the administration of L-thyroxin leads to a decrease in the synthesis of glutathione in the serum and animal organs may be one of the causes of the resultformation of oxidative stress in patients with hyperthyroidism.
FOXO3a (Forkhead Transcription Factor O Subfamily Member 3a) Links Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis, Matrix Breakdown, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Remodeling Through a Novel Pathway Involving MMP13 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 13)
Authors: Yu Haixiang , Fellows Adam , Foote Kirsty , Yang Zhaoqing , Figg Nichola , Littlewood Trevor , Bennett Martin
Published: January 2018

Objective—

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis accelerates atherosclerosis and promotes breakdown of the extracellular matrix, but the mechanistic links between these 2 processes are unknown. The forkhead protein FOXO3a (forkhead transcription factor O subfamily member 3a) is activated in human atherosclerosis and induces a range of proapoptotic and other transcriptional targets. We, therefore, determined the mechanisms and consequences of FOXO3a activation in atherosclerosis and arterial remodeling after injury.

Approach and Results—

Expression of a conditional FOXO3a allele (FOXO3aA3ER) potently induced VSMC apoptosis, expression and activation of MMP13 (matrix metalloproteinase 13), and downregulation of endogenous TIMPs (tissue inhibitors of MMPs).
mmp13
and
mmp2
were direct FOXO3a transcriptional targets in VSMCs. Activation of endogenous FOXO3a also induced MMP13, extracellular matrix degradation, and apoptosis, and MMP13-specific inhibitors and fibronectin reduced FOXO3a-mediated apoptosis. FOXO3a activation in mice with VSMC-restricted FOXO3aA3ER induced MMP13 expression and activity and medial VSMC apoptosis. FOXO3a activation in FOXO3aA3ER/ApoE
−/−
(apolipoprotein E deficient) mice increased atherosclerosis, increased necrotic core and reduced fibrous cap areas, and induced features of medial degeneration. After carotid artery ligation, FOXO3a activation increased VSMC apoptosis, VSMC proliferation, and neointima formation, all of which were reduced by MMP13 inhibition.

Conclusions—

FOXO3a activation induces VSMC apoptosis and extracellular matrix breakdown, in part, because of transcriptional activation of MMP13. FOXO3a activation promotes atherosclerosis and medial degeneration and increases neointima after injury that is partly dependent on MMP13. FOXO3a-induced MMP activation represents a direct mechanistic link between VSMC apoptosis and matrix breakdown in vascular disease.