bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canadian Pain Society and Canadian Rheumatology Association Recommendations for Rational Care of Persons with Fibromyalgia. A Summary Report
Authors: Fitzcharles Mary-Ann , Ste-Marie Peter A. , Goldenberg Don L. , Pereira John X. , Abbey Susan , Choinière Manon , Ko Gordon , Moulin Dwight E. , Panopalis Pantelis , Proulx Johanne , Shir Yoram
Published: July 2013

Objective.

To summarize the development of evidence-based guidelines for the clinical care of persons with fibromyalgia (FM), taking into account advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of FM, new diagnostic criteria, and new treatment options.

Methods.

Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and patient followup were drafted according to the classification system of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, and following review were endorsed by the Canadian Rheumatology Association and the Canadian Pain Society.

Results.

FM is a polysymptomatic syndrome presenting a spectrum of severity, with a pivotal symptom of body pain. FM is a positive clinical diagnosis, not a diagnosis of exclusion, and not requiring specialist confirmation. There are no confirmatory laboratory tests, although some investigation may be indicated to exclude other conditions. Ideal care is in the primary care setting, incorporating nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic strategies in a multimodal approach with active patient participation. The treatment objective should be reduction of symptoms, but also improved function using a patient-tailored treatment approach that is symptom-based. Self-management strategies combining good lifestyle habits and fostering a strong locus of control are imperative. Medications afford only modest relief, with doses often lower than suggested, and drug combinations used according to clinical judgment. There is a need for continued reassessment of the risk-benefit ratio for any drug treatment. Outcome should be aimed toward functioning within a normal life pattern and any culture of disablement should be discouraged.

Conclusion.

These guidelines should provide the health community with reassurance for the global care of patients with FM with the aim of improving patient outcome by reducing symptoms and maintaining function.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compared to Conventional Radiographs for Detection of Chronic Structural Changes in Sacroiliac Joints in Axial Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Poddubnyy Denis , Gaydukova Inna , Hermann Kay-Geert , Song In-Ho , Haibel Hildrun , Braun Jürgen , Sieper Joachim
Published: July 2013

Objective.

We investigated the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared to conventional radiographs for detection of chronic structural changes in the sacroiliac joints (SIJ) in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (SpA).

Methods.

We included 112 patients with definite axial SpA (68 with ankylosing spondylitis and 44 with nonradiographic axial SpA), for whom radiographs and MRI scans of the SIJ performed at the same time were available. Radiographs and MRI of the SIJ were scored for subchondral sclerosis (score 0–2), erosions (score 0–3), and joint space changes (score 0–5) in each SIJ. Readers provided an overall impression of the extent of damage according to the scoring system of the modified New York criteria.

Results.

In total, 224 SIJ from 112 patients were available for analysis. There was rather low agreement between MRI and radiographs concerning definite erosions of SIJ (κ = 0.11), moderate agreement for definite subchondral sclerosis (κ = 0.46) and definite joint space abnormalities (κ = 0.41), and almost perfect agreement for joint ankylosis (κ = 0.85). MRI demonstrated a good overall performance in detection of definite “chronic” sacroiliitis, with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 61%. For sacroiliitis fulfilling the modified New York criteria, MRI had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 64% using radiographs as the reference method.

Conclusion.

MRI demonstrated good overall performance for detection of chronic structural changes in the SIJ as compared to radiographs.
Loos-en-Gohelle, du noir au vert
Authors: Melin Hélène
Published: July 2013

Située à côté de Lens, Loos en Gohelle s’est ouverte aux manifestations culturelles dès la fermeture des mines. La mine a été transformée en patrimoine du territoire, source de fierté, de transmission de l’histoire, et de revenus touristiques. Cet effort de conservation a été reconnu en 2012 par l’Unesco. C’est sur le site minier lui-même qu’une nouvelle culture commune est produite peu à peu, et que la municipalité transforme le paysage en laboratoire de développement écologique à l’usage d’autres lieux.
Les plis du capitalisme cognitif
Authors: Auray Nicolas
Published: July 2013

On s’intéresse à un roman, Théorie de l’information d’Aurélien Bellanger (Gallimard, 2012), qui est, de l’invention du Minitel à l’empire des fournisseurs d’accès, une fresque de la rupture industrielle induite par la révolution numérique. Mise en réseaux, passion hédoniste de l’activité libre, créativité diffuse, individualisme non possessif : il y est raconté, entre sociologie et fiction, l’émergence du capitalisme cognitif et l’irrésistible ascension d’un de ses entrepreneurs emblématiques. La tolérance au désordre et la terreur que cela engendre en font un roman d’horreur du capitalisme cognitif, un récit de l’oscillation tragique entre perte en monde et affrontement au chaos.
Émotions privées, émotions publiques
Authors: Paperman Patricia
Published: July 2013

L’article examine le privilège accordé par les principales analyses sociologiques des émotions aux émotions et sentiments « collectifs », ou rattachables à des règles sociales de cadrage ou d’interprétation des situations. Il soutient que la pertinence sociologique des émotions réside aussi dans l’identification et la compréhension de ces émotions et sentiments dits « particuliers », « individuels », « personnels », « privés », en décalage avec « la situation ». Les travaux sur les émotions issus de perspectives féministes reconsidèrent ces qualifications – « particulières », « personnelles » – comme un produit de relations sociales, i.e. de domination. Une analyse des émotions, à partir d’une position subordonnée ou dominée, emprunte d’autres chemins dégageant une dimension politique des émotions. Une vision restrictive de la moralité et une vision extensive et conformiste du social font obstacle à un compte rendu sociologiquement acceptable de la moralité des émotions.
Soin de l'apparence, travail émotionnel et service au client
Authors: Arango Luz Gabriela
Published: July 2013

L’article propose des réflexions autour du travail émotionnel des professionnel-le-s de la coiffure et de la manucure, à partir d’une enquête réalisée à Bogotá (Colombie). L’article examine certains des effets de la commercialisation et de la professionnalisation du soin de l’apparence tels que la configuration d’une division sexuelle des occupations qui place au sommet de la hiérarchie la coiffure de prestige réalisée par des hommes de diverses orientations sexuelles, et à la base, la manucure, assumée entièrement par des femmes. Il montre les contrastes du travail émotionnel dans ce secteur où il varie en fonction de la position sociale de la clientèle, le degré de formalisation des règles émotionnelles et l’impératif managérial du service au client.
Unilateral Rainbow Glare After Uncomplicated Femto-LASIK Using the FS-200 Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Gatinel Damien , Saad Alain , Guilbert Emmanuel , Rouger Hélène
Published: July 2013

PURPOSE:

To report a case of rainbow glare following femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK (femto-LASIK) with the Wavelight FS-200 femtosecond laser (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX).

METHODS:

A patient was treated bilaterally for myopia with femto-LASIK using the FS-200 femtosecond laser. Postoperatively, he complained of rainbow glare in his right eye.

RESULTS:

Three months postoperatively, the induced grating pattern (hyperreflective spot-like zones corresponding to the surgeon-programmed spot and line separation distance of the FS-200 femtosecond laser) was demonstrated with confocal microscopy at the level of the flap interface in the right eye.

CONCLUSIONS:

This is the first report of rainbow glare following femto-LASIK with the FS-200 femtosecond laser documented with in vivo confocal microscopy.

[
J Refract Surg.
2013;29(7):498–501.]
ICL Versus Veriflex Phakic IOL for Treatment of Moderately High Myopia: Randomized Paired-Eye Comparison
Authors: Awadein Ahmed , Habib Ahmed E.
Published: July 2013

PURPOSE:

To compare the objective and subjective outcome of implantable collamer lenses (ICLs; Staar Surgical, Monrovia, CA) versus Veriflex lenses (AMO, Santa Ana, CA) for the correction of moderately high myopia.

METHODS:

A prospective randomized comparative eye study was performed on 24 patients with bilateral myopia that ranged from −6 to −14.5 diopters (D). One eye was implanted with an ICL and the other eye was implanted with a Veriflex phakic intraocular lens (PIOL). Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), higher-order aberrations (HOAs), contrast sensitivity, patient satisfaction, central endothelial cell count, and PIOL centration were determined 6 months after surgery

RESULTS:

The logMAR UDVA and CDVA improved significantly in both groups (
P
< .001). There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative logMAR UDVA (
P
= .41) or logMAR CDVA (
P
= .36) between the two groups. Postoperative deviation from target refraction was −0.06 ± 0.41 D in the ICL group and −0.07 ± 0.49 D in the Veriflex group (
P
= .15). The difference in both induced and absolute postoperative HOAs between groups was not statistically significant. The area under the log contrast sensitivity function increased significantly in both groups postoperatively. The difference in patient satisfaction between both PIOLs was not statistically significant. A higher but statistically insignificant central endothelial cell count loss occurred in the Veriflex group (
P
= .11).

CONCLUSION:

Both ICL and Veriflex PIOLs have equally satisfactory objective and subjective visual outcomes after surgery.

[
J Refract Surg.
2013;29(7):445–452.]
Astigmatism Correction With Toric IOL: Analysis of Visual Performance, Position, and Wavefront Error
Authors: Toto Lisa , Vecchiarino Luca , D’Ugo Erminia , Cardone Daniela , Mastropasqua Alessandra , Mastropasqua Rodolfo , Di Nicola Marta
Published: July 2013

PURPOSE:

To evaluate astigmatism correction, visual performance, intraocular lens (IOL) position, and wavefront error after implantation of toric IOLs in patients with cataract.

METHODS:

This prospective study comprised 30 eyes of 30 patients with cataract who were candidates for phacoemulsification and implantation of the AcrySof toric IOL (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX). Mean preoperative corneal keratometric and subjective refractive cylinder were 2.10 ± 0.47 and 2.17 ± 0.41 diopters (D), respectively.

RESULTS:

The refractive cylinder decreased significantly from 2.17 ± 0.41 to 0.73 ± 0.45 D (
P
= .001) at 180 days postoperatively. The difference between preoperative corneal astigmatism and postoperative refractive astigmatism was statistically significant (
P
< .05). At 180 days postoperatively, the uncorrected distance visual acuity was 0.20 logMAR (Snellen 20/32) in 100% of patients and 0.0 logMAR (Snellen 20/20) in 64% of patients. The root mean square of internal coma and trefoil aberrations showed a trend toward reduction; internal spherical aberration significantly decreased, whereas corneal trefoil aberration significantly increased (
P
< .05). A low amount of IOL decentration and tilt were detected at 30 and 180 days postoperatively, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Toric IOL implantation is an effective procedure for correction of preexisting corneal astigmatism, improving visual performance, and inducing a low amount of higher-order aberrations. Moreover, the toric IOLs is well positioned early after surgery and stable over time.

[
J Refract Surg.
2013;29(7):476–483.]
Comparison of IOL Power Calculation Methods and Intraoperative Wavefront Aberrometer in Eyes After Refractive Surgery
Authors: Canto Ana Paula , Chhadva Priyanka , Cabot Florence , Galor Anat , Yoo Sonia H. , Vaddavalli Pravin K. , Culbertson William W.
Published: July 2013

PURPOSE:

To compare preoperative methods for calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power versus the intraoperative wavefront aberrometer in eyes with a history of refractive surgery.

METHODS:

A retrospective study of 46 eyes (33 patients) with previous refractive surgery that underwent subsequent cataract surgery was conducted. Suggested IOL power predicted by ORange intraoperative wavefront aberrometer (WaveTec Vision Systems, Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA) was compared to power predicted by the (1) SRK-T formula using keratometry and axial length measurements from the IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA), (2) average central keratometry (Avg K) from corneal topography, and (3) average IOL power predicted by the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) web site. No historical information was used for the calculations. IOL power required for emmetropia was back-calculated using manifest refraction and implanted IOL power after cataract surgery.

RESULTS:

Mean age was 60 ± 7.9 years. Fifteen percent had a history of myopic photorefractive keratectomy (n = 7), 57% myopic LASIK (n = 26), 13% hyperopic LASIK (n = 6), and 22% radial keratectomy (RK) (n = 10). In 37% of cases, ORange predicted IOL power to within ±0.50 diopters (D) of emmetropia, compared to 30% for IOLMaster keratometry, 26% for Avg K, and 17% for ASCRS web site. In eyes after myopic treatment, ORange, IOLMaster, Avg K, and ASCRS web site predicted within ±0.50 D of emmetropia in 39%, 27%, 24%, and 18%, respectively, and within ±1.0 D in 60%, 39%, 39%, and 51%, respectively. In eyes after RK, ORange, Avg K, and ASCRS web site predicted to within ±0.50 D of emmetropia in 14% and the IOLMaster in 43% cases.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although the ORange most often predicted to within ±0.5 D of emmetropia, no method was able to achieve this accuracy more than 50% of the time. Predictions for eyes after RK were worse than for other types of refractive procedures.

[
J Refract Surg.
2013;29(7):484–489.]
Effect of Hydration State and Storage Media on Corneal Biomechanical Response From In Vitro Inflation Tests
Authors: Kling Sabine , Marcos Susana
Published: July 2013

PURPOSE:

To evaluate corneal deformation with varying intraocular pressure and the dependency of the biomechanical response on the corneal hydration state, modulated by the storage solutions or postmortem period.

METHODS:

Thirty fresh enucleated porcine eyes were used for in vitro whole eye globe inflation experiments. The eyes were separated into five groups and treated with different solutions: 20% dextran, 8% dextran, 0.125% riboflavin–20% dextran, Optisol-GS (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY), and one control group of virgin (untreated) eyes. Intraocular pressure was increased (from 15 to 55 mm Hg) and decreased (to 15 mm Hg) in 5-mm Hg steps and Scheimpflug images were taken at each step. Measurements were repeated after 24 hours. Thickness and curvature changes were analyzed as a function of intraocular pressure.

RESULTS:

Corneal deformation differed across conditions and hydration states. Dehydration by any dextran solution increased the hysteresis after the inflation/deflation cycle (14.29 vs 22.07 to 41.75
μ
m), whereas overnight hydration did not lead to a significant difference. Compared to control corneas, corneas treated with Optisol-GS showed the most similar behavior. Corneas treated with 0.125% riboflavin–20% dextran deformed most (Δthickness
max
= 38.27
μ
m), indicating a softening of the corneal tissue compared to control corneas (23.18
μ
m) and corneas treated with 8% dextran (21.01
μ
m) and 20% dextran (29.07
μ
m). Dextran instillation decreased corneal thickness on average to 56.5% at 0 hours and 72.7% at 24 hours.

CONCLUSIONS:

Corneal hydration and tissue preservation changed corneal biomechanics, in particular its relaxation over a period of 24 hours.

[
J Refract Surg.
2013;29(7):490–497.]
Rotationally Asymmetric Multifocal IOL Implantation in Acquired Nystagmus With Spectacle and Contact Lens Intolerance
Authors: Amigó Alfredo , Bonaque Sergio
Published: July 2013

PURPOSE:

To describe a case of refractive lens exchange with multifocal intraocular lens implantation in a 52-year-old woman with emmetropic presbyopia who had near glasses and contact lens intolerance after acquired nystagmus.

METHODS:

Preoperative corrected distance visual acuity was 20/25 in the right eye, 20/20 in the left eye, and 20/20 binocularly. Corrected near visual acuity was 20/30 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye, reaching 20/20 binocularly but showing unsatisfactory binocular vision with asthenopia and intolerance to prolonged reading. The surgical plan entailed bilateral implantation of multifocal intraocular lens.

RESULTS:

Three months postoperatively, uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye, reaching 20/20 binocularly. Monocular and binocular uncorrected near visual acuity of 20/20 was achieved without symptoms of asthenopia in prolonged reading. There were no changes in nystagmus characteristics after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS:

Multifocal intraocular lens implantation to manage a case of clinically significant acquired nystagmus may be a safe alternative, especially if others options have failed.

[
J Refract Surg.
2013;29(7):506–508.]
Espíritus libres: el alumbradismo y Miguel Servet
Authors: Tausiet María
Published: July 2013

El simbolismo de la luz, asociada al conocimiento y a la elevación espiritual, se encarnó en la España del siglo XVI en una supuesta nueva herejía de signo ambiguo. El llamado «alumbradismo» fue condenado y perseguido sin que nunca llegara a definirse claramente la ideología de sus pretendidos adeptos. Como espiritualista radical, Servet compartía con los alumbrados un tipo de sensibilidad religiosa centrada en el cultivo de la interioridad. El pensamiento servetiano, aunque más elaborado que el atribuido a los llamados alumbrados, coincidía también con el de éstos en un optimismo teológico sin límites. En ambos casos, la defensa de la libertad interior era la pieza clave de una religiosidad basada en el sentimiento de confianza inspirado por un Dios concebido como puro amor. Las numerosas similitudes entre Servet y los alumbrados se enmarcan en el contexto europeo de reforma religiosa generalizada, pero no se explican únicamente por ello. La biografía de Servet incita a pensar que podrían tener una razón mucho más directa, y, en muchos aspectos, reveladora.
«Cartapacios de verbos» Los manuscritos de literatura propia de la compañía de Jesús
Authors: García Gómez Mª Dolores
Published: July 2013

El documento inventarial de la Librería Chica del Colegio Máximo de Alcalá de Henares, realizado tras la expulsión de la Compañía de Jesús por Carlos III en 1767, constituye un rico ejemplo del valor que el ejercicio literario tenía entre los individuos propios de la religión jesuita. Sirve como indicativo del uso de los valores bibliográficos de las bibliotecas de la Compañía de Jesús, pero también del criterio con que se calificaron estos documentos en los registros de la expulsión.
La Santa Sede, la República y los niños vascos: una batalla diplomática dentro de la guerra civil española
Authors: Pazos Antón M.
Published: July 2013

Con la llegada a la España nacional de Ildebrando Antoniutti, enviado por la Santa Sede con la aparente misión humanitaria de ayudar a repatriar a los niños vascos exiliados en 1937, se abrió un período de acercamiento diplomático, pero también se puso en marcha lo que justificaba su presencia en España: repatriar a los niños. Se analizan aquí distintos aspectos de lo que fue una verdadera batalla diplomática, con niños de fondo, a partir de documentación del Archivo Gomá, del archivo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores —franquista y republicano— y del Archivo Secreto Vaticano. El artículo anticipa una próxima monografía sobre el papel de la Santa Sede en la repatriación de los niños durante la guerra civil española.
Censoring of Self-Reactive B Cells by Follicular Dendritic Cell–Displayed Self-Antigen
Authors: Yau Irene W. , Cato Matthew H. , Jellusova Julia , Hurtado de Mendoza Tatiana , Brink Robert , Rickert Robert C.
Published: July 2013

In the secondary lymphoid organs, intimate contact with follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) is required for B cell retention and Ag-driven selection during the germinal center response. However, selection of self-reactive B cells by Ag on FDCs has not been addressed. To this end, we generated a mouse model to conditionally express a membrane-bound self-antigen on FDCs and to monitor the fate of developing self-reactive B cells. In this article, we show that self-antigen displayed on FDCs mediates effective elimination of self-reactive B cells at the transitional stage. Notwithstanding, some self-reactive B cells persist beyond this checkpoint, showing evidence of Ag experience and intact proximal BCR signaling, but they are short-lived and unable to elicit T cell help. These results implicate FDCs as an important component of peripheral B cell tolerance that prevents the emergence of naive B cells capable of responding to sequestered self-antigens.
Histamine H2 Receptor Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis: Studies in a Murine Diabetes Model
Authors: Carlos Daniela , Spiller Fernando , Souto Fabrício O. , Trevelin Silvia C. , Borges Vanessa F. , de Freitas Andressa , Alves-Filho José C. , Silva João S. , Ryffel Bernhard , Cunha Fernando Q.
Published: July 2013

Type 1 diabetes enhances susceptibility to infection and favors the sepsis development. In addition, diabetic mice produced higher levels of histamine in several tissues and in the blood after LPS stimulation than nondiabetic mice. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of mast cells (MCs) and histamine in neutrophil migration and, consequently, infection control in diabetic mice with mild sepsis (MS) induced by cecum ligation and puncture. We used female BALB/c, MC-sufficient (WB/B6), MC-deficient (W/Wv), and NOD mice. Diabetic mice given MS displayed 100% mortality within 24 h, whereas all nondiabetic mice survived for at least 5 d. The mortality rate of diabetic mice was reduced to 57% after the depletion of MC granules with compound 48/80. Moreover, this pretreatment increased neutrophil migration to the focus of infection, which reduced systemic inflammatory response and bacteremia. The downregulation of CXCR2 and upregulation of G protein–coupled receptor kinase 2 in neutrophils was prevented by pretreatment of diabetic mice given MS with compound 48/80. In addition, blocking the histamine H2 receptor restored neutrophil migration, enhanced CXCR2 expression, decreased bacteremia, and improved sepsis survival in alloxan-induced diabetic and spontaneous NOD mice. Finally, diabetic W/Wv mice had neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity, increased CXCR2 expression, and reduced bacteremia compared with diabetic WB/B6 mice. These results demonstrate that histamine released by MCs reduces diabetic host resistance to septic peritonitis in mice.
The Archaic Roles of the Amphioxus NF-κB/IκB Complex in Innate Immune Responses
Authors: Yuan Shaochun , Zhang Jie , Zhang Lingling , Huang Ling , Peng Jian , Huang Shengfeng , Chen Shangwu , Xu Anlong
Published: July 2013

NF-κB transcription factors play important roles in immune responses and the development of the immune system. Many aspects of NF-κB signaling differ significantly among distinct species, although many similarities in signaling exist in flies and humans. Thus, to understand the functional refinement of the NF-κB cascade from invertebrates to vertebrates, the Rel and NF-κB proteins, identified as bbtRel and bbtp105, were characterized in a basal chordate amphioxus. Consistent with the sequence similarities, bbtRel was found to interact with a mammalian κB response element, to move into the nucleus when activated, and to be inhibited by the NF-κB–specific inhibitor helenalin. Similar to the other class I members, bbtp105 could be cleaved into the mature form p58. Such endoproteolysis depends on the GRR sequence and requires both protease degradation and caspase 8 cleavage. Furthermore, we found that bbtIκB and the unprocessed bbtp105 can inhibit the transcriptional activity of bbtRel, whereas bbtp58 forms homodimers or heterodimers with bbtRel to create a mature NF-κB complex. Finally, we found that the survival rate and the expression of bbtIκB and TNF-α–like genes were decreased when adult amphioxus were treated with helanalin before immune challenge, suggesting the archaic roles for NF-κB signaling in innate immune responses in a basal chordate. The presence of the NF-κB–IκB cascade in amphioxus indicates that it is a significant feature linking invertebrates to vertebrates and is refined in vertebrates through the expansion and divergence of genes involved in the cascade.
Regulation of Adaptive Immunity by the Fractalkine Receptor during Autoimmune Inflammation
Authors: Garcia Jenny A. , Pino Paula A. , Mizutani Makiko , Cardona Sandra M. , Charo Israel F. , Ransohoff Richard M. , Forsthuber Thomas G. , Cardona Astrid E.
Published: July 2013

Fractalkine, a chemokine anchored to neurons or peripheral endothelial cells, serves as an adhesion molecule or as a soluble chemoattractant. Fractalkine binds CX3CR1 on microglia and circulating monocytes, dendritic cells, and NK cells. The aim of this study is to determine the role of CX3CR1 in the trafficking and function of myeloid cells to the CNS during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our results show that, in models of active EAE, Cx3cr1−/− mice exhibited more severe neurologic deficiencies. Bone marrow chimeric mice confirmed that CX3CR1 deficiency in bone marrow enhanced EAE severity. Notably, CX3CR1 deficiency was associated with an increased accumulation of CD115+Ly6C−CD11c+ dendritic cells into EAE-affected brains that correlated with enhanced demyelination and neuronal damage. Furthermore, higher IFN-γ and IL-17 levels were detected in cerebellar and spinal cord tissues of CX3CR1-deficient mice. Analyses of peripheral responses during disease initiation revealed a higher frequency of IFN-γ– and IL-17–producing T cells in lymphoid tissues of CX3CR1-deficient as well as enhanced T cell proliferation induced by CX3CR1-deficient dendritic cells. In addition, adoptive transfer of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35–55-reactive wild-type T cells induced substantially more severe EAE in CX3CR1-deficient recipients when compared with wild-type recipients. Collectively, the data demonstrate that besides its role in chemoattraction, CX3CR1 is a key regulator of myeloid cell activation contributing to the establishment of adaptive immune responses.
Synovial Fibroblasts Directly Induce Th17 Pathogenicity via the Cyclooxygenase/Prostaglandin E2 Pathway, Independent of IL-23
Authors: Paulissen Sandra M. J. , van Hamburg Jan Piet , Davelaar Nadine , Asmawidjaja Patrick S. , Hazes Johanna M. W. , Lubberts Erik
Published: July 2013

Th17 cells are critically involved in autoimmune disease induction and severity. Recently, we showed that Th17 cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) directly induced a proinflammatory loop upon interaction with RA synovial fibroblasts (RASF), including increased autocrine IL-17A production. To unravel the mechanism driving this IL-17A production, we obtained primary CD4+CD45RO+CCR6+ (Th17) cells and CD4+CD45RO+CCR6− (CCR6−) T cells from RA patients or healthy individuals and cocultured these with RASF. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23p19, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and PGE2 production in Th17–RASF cultures were higher than in CCR6− T cell–RASF cultures. Cytokine neutralization showed that IL-1β and IL-6, but not IL-23, contributed to autocrine IL-17A induction. Importantly, treatment with celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, resulted in significantly lower PGE2 and IL-17A, but not IFN-γ, production. Combined celecoxib and TNF-α blockade more effectively suppressed the proinflammatory loop than did single treatment, as shown by lower IL-6, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 production. These findings show a critical role for the COX-2/PGE2 pathway in driving Th17-mediated synovial inflammation in an IL-23– and monocyte-independent manner. Therefore, it would be important to control PGE2 in chronic inflammation in RA and potentially other Th17-mediated autoimmune disorders.
A Diametric Role for OX40 in the Response of Effector/Memory CD4+ T Cells and Regulatory T Cells to Alloantigen
Authors: Kinnear Gillian , Wood Kathryn J. , Fallah-Arani Farnaz , Jones Nick D.
Published: July 2013

OX40 is a member of the TNFR superfamily that has potent costimulatory properties. Although the impact of blockade of the OX40–OX40 ligand (OX40L) pathway has been well documented in models of autoimmune disease, its effect on the rejection of allografts is less well defined. In this article, we show that the alloantigen-mediated activation of naive and memory CD4+ T cells results in the induction of OX40 expression and that blockade of OX40–OX40L interactions prevents skin allograft rejection mediated by either subset of T cells. Moreover, a blocking anti-OX40 had no effect on the activation and proliferation of T cells; rather, effector T cells failed to accumulate in peripheral lymph nodes and subsequently migrate to skin allografts. This was found to be the result of an enhanced degree of cell death among proliferating effector cells. In clear contrast, blockade of OX40–OX40L interactions at the time of exposure to alloantigen enhanced the ability of regulatory T cells to suppress T cell responses to alloantigen by supporting, rather than diminishing, regulatory T cell survival. These data show that OX40–OX40L signaling contributes to the evolution of the adaptive immune response to an allograft via the differential control of alloreactive effector and regulatory T cell survival. Moreover, these data serve to further highlight OX40 and OX40L as therapeutic targets to assist the induction of tolerance to allografts and self-Ags.
Francisella tularensisSchuS4 and SchuS4 Lipids Inhibit IL-12p40 in Primary Human Dendritic Cells by Inhibition of IRF1 and IRF8
Authors: Ireland Robin , Wang Rong , Alinger Joshua B. , Small Pamela , Bosio Catharine M.
Published: July 2013

Induction of innate immunity is essential for host survival of infection. Evasion and inhibition of innate immunity constitute a strategy used by pathogens, such as the highly virulent bacterium Francisella tularensis, to ensure their replication and transmission. The mechanism and bacterial components responsible for this suppression of innate immunity by F. tularensis are not defined. In this article, we demonstrate that lipids enriched from virulent F. tularensis strain SchuS4, but not attenuated live vaccine strain, inhibit inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Suppression of inflammatory responses is associated with IκBα-independent inhibition of NF-κBp65 activation and selective inhibition of activation of IFN regulatory factors. Interference with NF-κBp65 and IFN regulatory factors is also observed following infection with viable SchuS4. Together these data provide novel insight into how highly virulent bacteria selectively modulate the host to interfere with innate immune responses required for survival of infection.
Cutting Edge: Direct Recognition of Infected Cells by CD4 T Cells Is Required for Control of Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis In Vivo
Authors: Srivastava Smita , Ernst Joel D.
Published: July 2013

Effector T cells control intracellular infection by secreting cytokines and through contact-dependent cytolysis. Because cytokines can diffuse and act at a distance, we determined whether cytokine diffusion is sufficient to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis or whether direct recognition of infected cells by CD4 T cells is required. Using MHC class II (MHC II) mixed bone marrow chimeras, we compared the bacterial burdens in lung myeloid cells that were capable (MHC II+/+) or not (MHC II−/−) of being recognized by CD4 T cells. MHC II+/+ cells had lower bacterial burdens than did MHC II−/− cells. CD4 T cell depletion increased the number of bacteria associated with MHC II+/+cells but not MHC II−/− cells, indicating that direct recognition of infected cells by CD4 T cells is required for control of intracellular M. tuberculosis. These results show that the effector mechanisms required for CD4 T cell control of distinct intracellular pathogens differ and that long-range cytokine diffusion does not contribute to control of M. tuberculosis.
On knots in overtwisted contact structures
Authors: Etnyre John B.
Published: July 2013

We prove that each overtwisted contact structure has knot types that are represented by infinitely many distinct transverse knots all with the same self-linking number. In some cases, we can even classify all such knots. We also show similar results for Legendrian knots and prove a “folk” result concerning loose transverse and Legendrian knots (that is knots with overtwisted complements) which says that such knots are determined by their classical invariants (up to contactomorphism). Finally we discuss how these results partially fill in our understanding of the “geography” and “botany” problems for Legendrian knots in overtwisted contact structures, as well as many open questions regarding these problems.
Interlaboratory Agreement of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Identification of Leptospira Serovars
Authors: Mende Katrin , Galloway Renee L. , Becker Sara J. , Beckius Miriam L. , Murray Clinton K. , Hospenthal Duane R.
Published: July 2013

Leptospirosis may be caused by > 250 Leptospira serovars. Serovar classification is a complex task that most laboratories cannot perform. We assessed the interlaboratory reproducibility of a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) identification technique developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Blinded exchange of 93 Leptospiraceae strains occurred between San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC) and the CDC. PFGE was performed and gel images were analyzed and compared with patterns present in each laboratory's database (CDC database: > 800 strain patterns; SAMMC database: > 300 strain patterns). Overall, 93.7% (74 of 79) of strains present in each receiving laboratory's database were correctly identified. Five isolates were misidentified, and two isolates did not match serovar PFGE patterns in the receiving laboratory's database. Patterns for these seven isolates were identical between laboratories; four serovars represented misidentified reference strains. The PFGE methodology studied showed excellent interlaboratory reproducibility, enabling standardization and data sharing between laboratories.
Adult Malaria Chemoprophylaxis Prescribing Patterns in the Military Health System from 2007–2011
Authors: Kersgard Colleen M. , Hickey Patrick W.
Published: July 2013

The Military Health System (MHS), with 9.7 million beneficiaries, represents an enormous pool of potential travelers requiring malaria prevention measures. A systematic search of the MHS electronic pharmacy record was performed for prescriptions of atovaquone-proguanil (AP), chloroquine (CQ), doxycycline (DC), mefloquine (MQ), primaquine (PQ) to adult patients from 2007 through 2011. Over 1,000,000 were identified, including 161,341 primary prophylaxis prescriptions originating from civilian facilities. Military facility prescription volume rose from 50,128 (PQ < 1%, AP 4%, CQ 6%, DC 53%, MQ 36%) in 2007 to 166,649 (PQ < 1%, AP 3%, CQ < 1%, DC 94%, MQ 2%) in 2011. Mefloquine use diminished in all clinics over time. The majority of military facility prescriptions originated from primary care clinics (83%); primary care clinics predominantly and increasingly prescribed DC, whereas specialty travel clinics predominantly and increasingly prescribed AP. Prescribing patterns in the MHS varied by time, practice setting, beneficiary status, and provider specialty. These changes, including among non-active duty military patients, are temporally associated with policy changes intended for the active duty force.
Community Diarrhea Incidence Before and After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Nicaragua
Authors: Becker-Dreps Sylvia , Meléndez Marlon , Liu Lan , Zambrana Luis Enrique , Paniagua Margarita , Weber David J. , Hudgens Michael G. , Cáceres Mercedes , Källeståll Carina , Morgan Douglas R. , Espinoza Félix , Peña Rodolfo
Published: July 2013

We estimated the incidence of watery diarrhea in the community before and after introduction of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine in León, Nicaragua. A random sample of households was selected before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction. All children < 5 years of age in selected households were eligible for inclusion. Children were followed every 2 weeks for watery diarrhea episodes. The incidence rate was estimated as numbers of episodes per 100 child-years of exposure time. A mixed effects Poisson regression model was fit to compare incidence rates in the pre-vaccine and vaccine periods. The pre-vaccine cohort (N = 726) experienced 36 episodes per 100 child-years, and the vaccine cohort (N = 826) experienced 25 episodes per 100 child-years. The adjusted incidence rate ratio was 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40, 0.91) during the vaccine period versus the pre-vaccine period, indicating a lower incidence of watery diarrhea in the community during the vaccine period.
A comparison of rainfall measurements from multiple instruments
Authors: Liu X. C. , Gao T. C. , Liu L.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Simultaneous observations of rainfall collected by a tipping bucket rain gauge (TBRG), a weighing rain gauge (WRG), an optical rain gauge (ORG), a present weather detector (PWD), a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer (JWD), and a 2-D video disdrometer (2DVD) during January to October 2012 were analyzed to evaluate how accurately they measure rainfall and drop size distributions (DSDs). For the long-term observations, there were different discrepancies in rain amounts from six instruments on the order of 0% to 27.7%. The TBRG, WRG, and ORG have a good agreement, while the PWD and 2DVD record higher and the JWD lower rain rates when R > 20 mm h−1, the ORG agrees well with JWD and 2DVD, while the TBRG records higher and the WRG lower rain rates when R > 20 mm h−1. Compared with the TBRG and WRG, optical and impact instruments can measure the rain rate accurately in the light rain. The overall DSDs of JWD and 2DVD agree well with each other, except for the small raindrops (D < 1 mm). JWD can measure more moderate-size raindrops (0.3 mm < D < 1.5 mm) than 2DVD, but 2DVD can measure more small-size raindrops (D < 0.3 mm). 2DVD has a larger measurement range; more overall raindrops can be measured by 2DVD than by JWD in different rain rate regimes. But small raindrops might be underestimated by 2DVD when R > 15 mm h−1. The small raindrops tend to be omitted in the more large-size raindrops due to the shadow effect of light. Therefore, the measurement accuracy of small raindrops in the heavy rainfall from 2DVD should be handled carefully.
10Be in last deglacial climate simulated by ECHAM5-HAM – Part 1: Climatological influences on 10Be deposition
Authors: Heikkilä U. , Phipps S. J. , Smith A. M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Reconstruction of solar irradiance has only been possible for the Holocene so far. During the last deglaciation two solar proxies (10Be and 14C) deviate strongly, both of them being influenced by climatic changes in a different way. This work addresses the climate influence on 10Be deposition by means of ECHAM5-HAM atmospheric aerosol-climate model simulations, forced by sea surface temperatures and sea ice extent created by the coupled climate system model CSIRO Mk3L. Three time slice simulations were performed during the last deglaciation: 10 000 BP ("10k"), 11 000 BP ("11k") and 12 000 BP ("12k"), each 30 yr long. The same 10Be production rate was used in each simulation to isolate the impact of climate on 10Be deposition. The changes are found to follow roughly the reduction in the greenhouse gas concentrations within the simulations. The 10k and 11k simulations produce a surface cooling which is symmetrically amplified in the 12k simulation. The precipitation rate is only slightly reduced at high latitudes, but there is a northward shift in the polar jet in the Northern Hemisphere and the stratospheric westerly winds are significantly weakened. These changes occur where the sea ice change is largest in the deglaciation simulations. This leads to a longer residence time of 10Be in the stratosphere by 30 (10k and 11k) to 80 (12k) days, heavily increasing the atmospheric concentrations. Furthermore the shift of westerlies in the troposphere leads to an increase of tropospheric 10Be concentrations, especially at high latitudes. The contribution of dry deposition generally increases, but decreases where sea ice changes are largest. In total, the 10Be deposition rate changes by no more than 20% at mid- to high latitudes, but by up to 50% in the tropics. We conclude that on "long" time scales (a year to a few years), climatic influences on 10Be deposition remain small even though atmospheric concentrations can vary significantly. Averaged over a longer period all 10Be produced has to be deposited by mass conservation. This dominates over any climatic influences on 10Be deposition. Snow concentrations, however, do not follow mass conservation and can potentially be impacted more by climate due to precipitation changes. Quantifying the impact of deglacial climate modulation on 10Be in terms of preserving the solar signal locally is analysed in an accompanying paper (Heikkilä et al., 2013).
Structures of Energetic Acetylene Derivatives HC≡CCH2ONO2, (NO2)3CCH2C≡CCH2C(NO2)3 and Trinitroethane, (NO2)3CCH3
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Moll Richard , Penger Alexander , Sproll Stefan M. , Berger Raphael J. F. , Hayes Stuart A. , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: July 2013

The molecular structures and relative ratios of the two conformers (anti and gauche) of HCCCH2ONO2 detected in the gas phase at room temperature have been determined by electron diffraction. The results are discussed on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. The molecular structures of (NO2)3CCH2C≡CCH2C(NO2)3 and (NO2)3CCH3 have been determined by X-ray diffraction. A109Ag NMR study was performed for silver trinitromethanide Ag[C(NO2)3] in various polar solvents.
Novel Insensitive Energetic Nitrogen-rich Polymers Based on Tetrazoles
Authors: Betzler Franziska M. , Boller Ruth , Grossmann Adriana , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: July 2013

Nitrogen-rich polymers were synthesized by radical polymerization using the reaction of 5- aminotetrazole with methacryloyl chloride and acryloyl chloride, respectively. The nitrogen content of poly(methacrylamidotetrazole) and poly(acrylamidotetrazole), as well as the energetic character of these compounds was increased by nitration of the amido moiety. The products remained however insensitive and had a very good thermal stability. All substances were characterized by using vibrational spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, as well as multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, the impact and friction sensitivities were determined by BAM standards, and also the sensitivity against electrostatic discharge was studied. The energetic properties were investigated by bomb-calorimetric measurements and calculations with the EXPLO5 software, and the thermal stability was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. All compounds are thermally highly stable materials. The high stability of the polymers towards impact and friction and the good energetic character makes these polymers promising candidates for applications as environmentally friendly nitrogen-rich polymers
Synthesis of 6-Ethyl-1,2,9-trioxopyrrolo[3,2-f ]quinoline-8-carboxylic Acid
Authors: Al-As’ad Randa M. , El-abadelah Mustafa M. , Sabri Salim S. , Zahra Jalal A. , Voelter Wolfgang
Published: July 2013

Interaction of 6-amino-1-ethyl-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic ester (7) with chloral hydrate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride gave the corresponding isonitroso-acetamido derivative 8 which, upon treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid, was converted regioselectively into 1,2,9-trioxopyrrolo[ 3,2- f ]quinoline-8-carboxylic acid (3). This novel tricyclic system was isolated in good yield as a stable hydrate 3H. Structural assignments of the new compounds are based on microanalytical and spectral (MS and NMR) data
Single-crystal Data of Ternary Germanides RE2Nb3Ge4 (RE = Sc, Y, Gd–Er, Lu) and Sc2Ta3Ge4 with Ordered Sm5Ge4-type Structure
Authors: Reker Bastian , Matar Samir F. , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Hoffmann Rolf-Dieter , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: July 2013

Small single crystals of the Sm5Ge4-type (space group Pnma) germanides RE2Nb3Ge4 (RE = Sc, Y, Gd-Er, Lu) and Sc2Ta3Ge4 were synthesized by arc-melting of the respective elements. The samples were characterized by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In all structures, except for Sc2.04Nb2.96Ge4 and Sc2.19Ta2.81Ge4, the rare earth and niobium atoms show full ordering on the three crystallographically independent samarium sites of the Sm5Ge4 type. Two sites with coordination number 6 are occupied by niobium, while the slightly larger site with coordination number 7 is filled with the rare earth element. Small homogeneity ranges with RE=Nb and RE=Ta mixing can be expected for all compounds. The ordered substitution of two rare earth sites by niobium or tantalum has drastic effects on the coordination number and chemical bonding. This was studied for the pair Y5Ge4/Y2Nb3Ge4. Electronic structure calculations show larger charge transfer from yttrium to germanium for Y5Ge4, contrary to Y2Nb3Ge4 which shows stronger covalent bonding due to the presence of Nb replacing Y at two sites
Synthesis and Structure of 2,2,2- Nitrilotriacetyl Chloride with a Flat NC3 Pyramide
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Moll Richard
Published: July 2013

The reaction of 2,2,2-nitrilotriacetic acid with phosphorus pentachloride furnished 2,2,2-nitrilotriacetyl chloride (1), a useful chemical intermediate for various further reactions. The compound has been fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, vibrational analysis (IR and Raman), mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Furthermore, the crystal structure of 1 has been determined and discussed thoroughly, showing a NC3 unit with an unusual, nearly planar configuration
Coordination of N-Heterocyclic Carbene to H2SiX2 (X = Cl, OTf) and H3SiOTf (OTf = OSO2CF3): Synthesis of Donor-stabilized Parent Silylium Salts with Four- and Five-coordinate Silicon Atoms
Authors: Xiong Yun , Yao Shenglai , Driess Matthias
Published: July 2013

The reactivity of the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2- ylidene towards dichlorosilane H2SiCl2, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonato)silane H2Si(OTf)2 (OTf = OSO2CF3), and silyl trifluoromethanesulfonate H3SiOTf has been investigated. It turned out that the coordination of the NHC ligand can occur stepwise to form the three neutral compounds (NHC)SiH2Cl2 (1), (NHC)2SiH2Cl2 (2), (NHC)SiH2(OTf)2 (3), as well as the two ion pairs [(NHC)SiH3]+(OTf-) (4) and [(NHC)2SiH3]+(OTf-) (5); the latter represent the first NHC adducts of the parent silylium cation (H3Si+). The multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopic data of the products reflect the characteristics of four-, five-, and six-coordinate silane complexes. All new compounds were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses