bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scythe cleavage during Fas (APO‐1)‐and staurosporine‐mediated apoptosis
Authors: Preta Giulio , Fadeel Bengt
Published: January 2012

Scythe is a nuclear protein that has been implicated in the apoptotic process in Drosophila melanogaster; however, its role in apoptosis of mammalian cells is not fully elucidated. Here we show that cleavage of Scythe by caspase‐3 occurs after activation of both the extrinsic (i.e. Fas/APO‐1‐mediated) and the intrinsic (i.e. staurosporine‐induced) apoptosis pathway. Moreover, this caspase‐dependent cleavage correlates with Scythe translocation from the nucleus to the cytosol. We also show that cytosolic re‐localization of Scythe is required for Fas/APO‐1‐triggered phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, a signal for macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells. Our data suggest that Scythe cleavage may represent a marker for caspase‐3 activation and implicate cytosolic re‐localization of Scythe in the pathway of PS exposure.
Diversity of the helminth community of the Pampean grassland mouse (Akodon azarae) on poultry farms in central Argentina
Authors: Miño M.H. , Rojas Herrera E.J. , Notarnicola J. , Robles M. del R. , Navone G.T.
Published: January 2012

This paper describes the helminth community of the Pampean grassland mouse (Akodon azarae) inhabiting poultry farms in central Argentina. Winter diversity (season of high rodent abundance) has been compared to spring diversity (season of low rodent abundance). Species richness was seven in both seasons: five nematodes (Syphacia carlitosi,Stilestrongylusspp.,Trichuris laevitestis,Pterygodermatites (Paucipectines) azaraiandProtospirura numidica criceticola) and two cestodes (adults of Cyclophyllidea andTaenia taeniaeformishepatic cysts). No difference in richness was detected between host sexes in each season or among host age classes. However, the helminth community showed 67% similarity between winter and spring, with diversity being significantly higher in spring (H = 0.873) than in winter (H = 0.546;P < 0.0005). This could be attributed to different factors, such as host abundance, host diet or environmental factors, that affect the transmission of each species differently. On the other hand,Stilestrongylusspp. andS. carlitosishowed higher dominance and intensity in both seasons compared to their cohabiting species,P. (P.) azaraiandT. laevitestis, respectively. The lower values of the latter two species may be related to a crowding effect due to their large body sizes. This is the first report of cestodes inA. azarae. The finding ofT. taeniaeformisstrobilocerci could be important in the epidemiology of parasitosis in domestic animals of the farms.
XX. On the Occurrence of Flint Implements in undisturbed Beds of Gravel, Sand, and Clay
Authors: Evans John
Published: January 2012

The natural connection between Geology and Archaeology has at various times been pointed out by more than one writer on each subject; and it must, indeed, be apparent to all who consider that both sciences treat of time past as compared with time present. The one, indeed, merges by almost imperceptible degrees in the other; while the object of both is, from the examination of ancient remains, to recall into an ideal existence days long since passed away, to trace the conditions of a previous state of things, and, as it were, to repeople the earth with its former inhabitants.
XXV. On a Historical Tablet of the Reign of Thothmes III. recently discovered at Thebes
Authors: Birch Samuel
Published: January 2012

I am enabled by the kindness of Mr. Perry to lay before the Society an impression in paper from a large tablet, dated in the reign of Thothmes III., which has been recently discovered at Thebes. The impression of it was made by Lord John Hay, when on a visit to Thebes, and has only just reached this country. The tablet contains a text of twenty-four lines of hieroglyphs, accompanied by a scene representing Thothmes in adoration to the principal Thebandeities. The purport of the text is religious, announcing the benefits conferred by the god Amen Ra on the monarch, but it contains several historical allusions of importance to the history of this reign. As it helps to complete the “Annals of Thothmes III.” of which I have already given some account to the Society, I trust the short accompanying notice of the inscription and its contents may prove acceptable.
XVI.—On certain Inaccuracies in the ordinary Accounts of the early years of the Reign of King Edward IV
Authors: Perceval Charles Spencer
Published: January 2012

Having lately had occasion to examine with some particularity the sequence of domestic events during the first four years of King Edward the Fourth, especially in connection with the movements, during part of that time, of the deposed King Henry and his consort, Margaret of Anjou, it has surprised me to find how confusedly the period in question has been treated.
XVII.—Sir John Daunce's Accounts of Money received from the Treasurer of the King's Chamber temp. Henry VIII
Authors: Martin Charles Trice
Published: January 2012

The Roll of Accounts, which is here printed in full, is the property of Colonel Smyth of Welwyn, and was sent to the Society for exhibition by the Right Rev. the Bishop Suffragan of Nottingham, D.D., F.S.A. There are, in fact, two separate rolls, measuring in length, the first six feet six inches, the second twelve feet. Each roll is composed of sheets of paper sewn together, and the reason for the two being now joined is, that they were presented for audit as one account; and the receipt for the balance due to the king is still appended to them.
XXIV.—On the Antiquity of the Egyptian Calendar
Authors: Conder Francis Roubiliac
Published: January 2012

The commemoration in the Egyptian Calendar of the rising of the Dog Star is a subject that has excited the curiosity of historians and antiquaries from the time of Sir Isaac Newton to the present day. One of the most learned of modern Egyptologists, Herr Brugsch, who has himself written a work on the Egyptian Calendar, has admitted, in his latest book, that this great secular problem is as yet unsolved.
VIII.—The Ecclesiology and Architecture of some Towns in Mecklenburg and Pomerania
Authors: Hill Arthur G.
Published: January 2012

I venture this evening to call attention to the ecclesiology and architecture of a part of Europe which, though tolerably well known to a few architects and others who have visited and written about its remarkable medieval treasures, is yet, in my opinion, a country which still requires a very extensive exploration, and which rejoices in the possession of some of the most interesting productions of the art of the middle ages which can be found anywhere on the continent.
XIX.—Life of Bishop Lloyd
Authors: Cooke James Herbert
Published: January 2012

William Lloyd, one of the most learned and eminent of English bishops, descended from an ancient Welsh family seated in the island of Anglesea, was born in 1627, at Tilehurst, in Berkshire, of which place his father was rector, and also vicar of Sunning, in the same county. He received his early education from his father, and was entered in 1638 a student of Oriel college, Oxford, and the following year obtained a scholarship at Jesus college. In 1642 he proceeded B.A. and left the university, but returned in 1646, when he commenced M.A. and was chosen fellow of his college. He was ordained deacon in 1649 and afterwards became tutor to the children of Sir William Backhouse of Swallowfield, Berks. In 1654 he was presented to the living of Bradfield by Elias Ashmole, but, a dispute arising as to the right of presentation, he resigned the living. In 1656 he was ordained priest, and went to Wadham college, Oxon. as governor to John Backhouse, Esq., a gentleman commoner, with whom he continued till 1659. In September 1660 he was incorporated M.A. at Cambridge, and was made a prebendary of Ripon. In 1666 he was appointed a king's chaplain, and in 1667 was collated to a prebend of Salisbury, having shortly before proceeded D.D. at Oxford.
XX.—On a terra-cotta head of Greek workmanship, found on the Esquiline at Rome
Authors: Fortnum C. Drury E.
Published: January 2012

The head in terra-cotta shown in the accompanying plate was dug up in the summer of 1881, during the course of excavations, levellings, and other earthwork, preparatory to building some of the many streets of houses which now nearly cover the Esquiline hill at Rome. With it were found, near the present Via Paolina, some fragments of terra-cotta mouldings and architectural ornaments, and a pine cone formed of the same material, some 12 or 15 inches high; from this we may infer that the building, of which these were fragments, was probably of a sepulchral character.
I.—Recent Researches in Barrows in Yorkshire, Wiltshire, Berkshire, etc.
Authors: Greenwell William
Published: January 2012

Subsequent to the publication of British Barrows in 1877, which recorded the opening of two hundred and thirty-four sepulchral mounds, situated in six counties, all, with the exception of Gloucestershire, in the north of England, I have examined sixty-one in addition. I propose in the following account to give the precise details of the exploration of these barrows, in order that the facts then observed may be put on record, and made available for the use of those interested in this important branch of our native archæology.
II.—On a Sculptured Cross at Kelloe, Durham
Authors: Fowler J.T.
Published: January 2012

In the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London for April 6th, 1874, it is mentioned that the Durham Archaeological Society had “undertaken to give an account of a very curious cross at Kelloe, sculptured with subjects relating to the Invention of the Cross.” This undertaking has not yet been carried out, but we have recently had a drawing made, and this I send for exhibition at one of our meetings, in the hope that some further information may be brought to bear upon it. It will at once be seen that the cross is of Norman, not Saxon date. It had been broken up and used as walling material, but on the discovery of the pieces they were put together again and fixed up against the inside of the chancel wall, where they now are. We were told by the then rector, who had this done, that the back is quite plain, from which, and from its being so thin, it would seem to have always stood against a wall, as at present, or at any rate not to have been an outdoor cross. The material is a fine greenish grey sandstone. The sculpture for the most part speaks for itself. In the transverse arms of the cross we have the inscription, IN HOC VINCES. The uppermost subject is that of an angel revealing to St. Helen in a dream where the cross would be found. Below this are two figures, one probably representing St. Helen, to whom the church is dedicated.
IX.—On a bas-relief symbolising Music, in the cathedral church of Rimini
Authors: Waller J.G.
Published: January 2012

The figure on which I am about to offer some remarks, is one of eighteen basreliefs on the piers supporting the arch leading into the chapel of S. Gaudenzio, in the cathedral church of Rimini. All the subjects represented are worthy of some notice, but this, being an unique symbolism of music, specially commended itself to me. I made a drawing of it under somewhat difficult circumstances, and it is my intention to set before you, if possible, the motives which influenced the artist in its design. These are evidently of classic origin and the suggestions of a scholar. Now, very few artists of the period of the early Renaissance had any claim to be so called. Their education began in the studio (bottega), and they entered at so early an age that there was little time for the humanities. We have it on record by Vasari how some, Botticelli for instance, cared nothing for school learning, yet there are works in the Uffizi by this artist full of classic knowledge, and, to my mind, the most interesting of his productions. In fact, the artist worked under the instruction of the clergy, as regards his treatment of ecclesiastical subjects; it was dangerous to travel too much out of the circle, for a charge of heresy might ensue, which was really suggested against poor Botticelli, one certainly as innocent of theology, except that taught him, as he was of Horace or Virgil. We possess a painting of his in our National Gallery, mentioned by Vasari in connection with the cleric's name who suggested its treatment. It is very orthodox in its elements.
XI.—On an Inventory of the Vestry in Westminster Abbey, taken in 1388
Authors: Legg J. Wickham
Published: January 2012

All documents which bear upon the history of Westminster Abbey must have a considerable interest for Englishmen. A church in which so many of the English kings since the Conquest have been crowned and anointed will always be venerable in the eyes of the more thoughtful portion of our countrymen, just as Aken and Rhemes must be honoured by Germans and Frenchmen. But, unlike Rhemes, Westminster is not an episcopal church. It became cathedral only for a moment, after its suppression as a monastery, in the reign of Henry VIII. as Aken became cathedral for a few years at the beginning of this century, also a time of much confusion. When we cross the Alps we find again a like case in a church which is not episcopal but collegiate, the church of St. Ambrose at Milan, where the kings of Italy took the iron crown; and a still greater instance in the Vatican Basilica, only a collegiate church, where the golden crown of the world was bestowed upon the Roman emperor. There is a further likeness in the history of St. Peter's at Westminster and of St. Peter's across the Tiber. In both cases the bishop who bestowed the crown has left his seat close to his own metropolitan church and come to live hard by the church where he should crown and anoint his sovereign. The successor of St. Anselm, papa alterius orbis, has left Christchurch, Canterbury, for his manor of Lambeth; just as the pope has left his patriarchal church of St. John Lateran for his palace on the Vatican.
XIII.—The Oratory of the Holy Trinity at Barton, in the Isle of Wight
Authors: Kirby Thomas F.
Published: January 2012

The Oratory of the Holy Trinity at Barton, in the Isle of Wight, came to an end long before the general dissolution of religious houses, and thus escaped the notice of Dugdale. Sir Richard Worsley's History of the Isle of Wight (page 177) contains a short account of it. The oratory was founded in 1275, by two parish priests, master Thomas de Winton, rector of Godshill, and Sir John de Insula (de l'lsle), rector of Shalfleet. They were men of property and good family, and I suppose that their object in adding another to the numerous religious houses in the island was that there should be one such house under the direct jurisdiction of the bishop of the diocese, owing no allegiance to the pope, or to any of the existing monastic bodies under his influence.
XV.—Wall painting in St. Anselm's chapel in Canterbury cathedral church
Authors: Morris John
Published: January 2012

I am enabled by the kindness of a friend in Canterbury to place before the Society a tracing and a photograph of the wall painting which has been recently discovered in the apse of St. Anselm's chapel in Canterbury cathedral church, together with a ground plan of the chapel, showing its position. The painting is worthy of attention: first on account of its antiquity, and secondly on account of the singular fact that for seven hundred years it has been hidden from sight.
XVI.—On the Hieratic Papyrus of Nesi-Amsu, a scribe in the Temple of Amen-Rā at Thebes, about B.C. 305
Authors: Budge E.A. Wallis
Published: January 2012

The papyrus which is transcribed and translated in the following pages is preserved in the collection of Egyptian antiquities in the British Museum, where it bears the number 10188. It was found at Thebes in the year 1860, and was purchased by the late Mr. A. H. Rhind; in 1865 it was sold to the trustees of the British Museum by Mr. David Bremner, together with a number of other papyri collected by Mr. Rhind. A few years later its existence was pointed out by Dr. Birch to Dr. Pleyte, who wrote a short article upon it, in which he gave a description of the chapters and translated some passages principally from the first work written on the papyrus. In November, 1886, a further account of it was given by me, together with hieroglyphic transcripts of some important passages in it.
XXII.—On the use of the terms Crosier, Pastoral Staff, and Cross
Authors: Fowler J.T.
Published: January 2012

Having for some time been collecting evidence on the use of these terms, I think it may be acceptable to our Society to have the results brought before them in a systematic form, and the more so, because we find what I cannot but regard as mistakes on the subject, not only made but defended, in quarters where we should least of all expect anything of the kind. I think I am able to show conclusively that, except during the last half-century, the terms “pastoral staff” and “crosier” have all but invariably been applied to the same thing, namely a bishop's crook, and that the term “crosier” was scarcely ever applied to an archbishop's cross until about 1826. About ten years later, the new nomenclature all at once manifested extraordinary vitality, and was regarded by Anglican ecclesiologists as strictly “correct.” We find it even in the writings of Blore, M. H. Bloxam, J. H. Parker, the younger Pugin, Dr. Hook, Webb, Haines, Boutell, Browne of York, Lee, Blunt, Shipley, Marriott, Mackenzie Walcott, Mrs. Jameson, and Fairholt, also in several dictionaries, though not in that of Skeat. Roman Catholic writers of the old school, unaffected by the Anglican eccelsiological revival, such as Bishop Milner, used the terms in the old English way.
XIV.—On the Roof of the Church of St. Andrew, Mildenhall, Suffolk
Authors: Waller J. G.
Published: January 2012

The interior of the beautiful church of Mildenhall in Suffolk is remarkable for its spacious and noble proportions. Its roof of oak must take a chief place amongst the many fine examples in the eastern counties. The chancel is of Early English architecture, but the nave and aisles belong to the fifteenth century. It is to the roof of the latter to which I shall direct your attention. It has never been painted, as was so commonly the practice in the county, and therefore has that grey colour which ensues when no extraneous matter has been applied. The roof of the nave is divided by seven principal beams, supported by spandrels with tracery, with additions sustaining the rafters.
XXIII.—On a Latin Deed of Sale of a Slave; 24th May, A.D. 166
Authors: Thompson Edward Maunde
Published: January 2012

In the year 1893 the British Museum acquired a remarkable Latin deed on papyrus, which, it is believed, was found a short time before in the Fayyum of Egypt. (Plate XLIV.) As in many particulars it is of unusual interest, I submit the following description to the Fellows of the Society.
XXIV.—Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants, in 1894; with Appendices on: (1) a hoard of Roman coins found at Silchester; and (2) hoards of Roman silver coins found in Britain
Authors: Fox George E. , Grueber H. A. , Haverfield F.
Published: January 2012

The report which. I have the honour to lay before the Society to-night on behalf of the Executive Committee of the Silchester Excavation Fund deals with the excavations carried on during the fifth year of the systematic exploration of the site.
Dramaturgies of Exile: Brecht and Benjamin ‘Playing’ Chess and Go
Authors: ROKEM FREDDIE
Published: January 2012

In my book Philosophers and Thespians: Thinking Performance (Stanford University Press, 2010) I analysed four encounters between philosophers and theatre people – the thespians in the title – as a point of departure for presenting a typology based on the exploration of the complex border landscapes between the discursive practices of philosophy and performance/theatre. In this article, I take a closer look at one of these encounters, exploring the narrative strategies of Bertolt Brecht and Walter Benjamin, as well as Franz Kafka, suggesting that they can be analysed on the basis of the games of chess and go. The differences between the rules of these two board games serve as the basis for a dramaturgical analysis where different aspects of performance/theatre and philosophy (practice and theory) are brought together. This hermeneutic ‘approach’ also reflects the basic pedagogic situation of studying and researching theatre and performance as well as many of the ethical concerns raised by our involvement with these artistic practices, along with those of philosophy.
Performance as Philosophy: Responding to the Problem of ‘Application’
Authors: CULL LAURA
Published: January 2012

This article begins from the premise that a ‘critical turning point’ has been reached in terms of the relationship between performance and philosophy. Theatre and performance scholars are becoming increasingly engaged in philosophical discourse and there are growing amounts of work that take philosophy – from the work of Plato to Heidegger and Deleuze – as their guiding methodology for performance analysis. However, this article argues that we need to go further in questioning how we use philosophy in relation to performance, and that theatre and performance scholarship should attempt to go beyond merely applying philosophical concepts to performance ‘examples’. One way to do this, the article suggests, is by questioning the very distinction between performance and philosophy, for instance by exploring the idea of performance as philosophy. The article concludes by drawing from the work of figures such as Allan Kaprow, Henri Bergson, François Laruelle and John Mullarkey to argue that philosophers and performance scholars alike might extend their conception of what counts as thinking to include not only activities like performance, but embodied experiences and material processes of all kinds.
Identity Politics in Australian Context
Authors: VARNEY DENISE
Published: January 2012

Identity mobilises feminist politics in Australia and shapes discursive and theatrical practices. Energised by the affirmative politics of hope, celebration and unity, Australian feminism is also motivated by injustice, prejudice and loss, particularly among Indigenous women and minorities. During the 1970s, when feminist theatre opened up creative spaces on the margins of Australian theatre, women identified with each other on the basis of an unproblematized gender identity, a commitment to socialist collectivism and theatre as a mode of self-representation. The emphasis on shared experience, collectivism and gender unity gave way in the 1980s to a more nuanced critical awareness of inequalities and divisions among women based on sexuality, class, race and ethnicity. My discussion spans broadly the period from the 1970s to the present and concludes with some commentary on recent twists and turns in identity politics.
Identity Politics: A View from Sweden
Authors: ROSENBERG TIINA
Published: January 2012

The concept of identity has undergone such a major revision that it is difficult to know where one might begin discussing it. Generally, with movement across borders of all kinds, especially the geopolitical, identities are now considered problematic. Earlier views of individuals as self-determined and integrated human beings have been replaced by more complex notions that people comprise multiple subjectivities, sometimes described as fractured or split. This notion also relates to a political function in devaluing shared experience and shared identities. In recent decades, European political culture has increasingly emphasized neo-liberal economic gain and fast turnover, with the result that historical ties and collective identities come to mean less and less. Collectivity has been transformed into a plethora of individual confusion disguised as ‘choice’. Is there anything left to rebel against when everything is said to be open to all?
Socioeconomic status and child health: what is the role of health care, health conditions, injuries and maternal health?
Authors: Allin Sara , Stabile Mark
Published: January 2012

There is a persistent relationship between socioeconomic status and health that appears to have its roots in childhood. Not only do children in families with lower income and with mothers with lower levels of education have worse health on average than those with greater socioeconomic advantage, but also the gradient appears to steepen with age. This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between socioeconomic status and child health by testing the hypothesis that the increasing effect of family income on children's health with age relates to the children's use of health care services. It also investigates the role of specific health conditions, injuries or maternal health in explaining the steepening gradient. Drawing on a nationally representative survey from Canada, the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth from the period 1994/95–2008/09, this study provides further evidence of a steepening socioeconomic gradient in child health with age. It finds that accounting for health care use does not explain the steepening gradient and that the protective effect of income appears to be greater for those who had contact with the health system, in particular with regard to physician care and prescription drug use.
Influence of nutrients and currents on the genomic composition of microbes across an upwelling mosaic
Authors: Allen Lisa Zeigler , Allen Eric E , Badger Jonathan H , McCrow John P , Paulsen Ian T , Elbourne Liam D H , Thiagarajan Mathangi , Rusch Doug B , Nealson Kenneth H , Williamson Shannon J , Venter J Craig , Allen Andrew E
Published: January 2012

Metagenomic data sets were generated from samples collected along a coastal to open ocean transect between Southern California Bight and California Current waters during a seasonal upwelling event, providing an opportunity to examine the impact of episodic pulses of cold nutrient-rich water into surface ocean microbial communities. The data set consists of ∼5.8 million predicted proteins across seven sites, from three different size classes: 0.1–0.8, 0.8–3.0 and 3.0–200.0 μm. Taxonomic and metabolic analyses suggest that sequences from the 0.1–0.8 μm size class correlated with their position along the upwelling mosaic. However, taxonomic profiles of bacteria from the larger size classes (0.8–200 μm) were less constrained by habitat and characterized by an increase in Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Flavobacteria and double-stranded DNA viral sequences. Functional annotation of transmembrane proteins indicate that sites comprised of organisms with small genomes have an enrichment of transporters with substrate specificities for amino acids, iron and cadmium, whereas organisms with larger genomes have a higher percentage of transporters for ammonium and potassium. Eukaryotic-type glutamine synthetase (GS) II proteins were identified and taxonomically classified as viral, most closely related to the GSII in Mimivirus, suggesting that marine Mimivirus-like particles may have played a role in the transfer of GSII gene functions. Additionally, a Planctomycete bloom was sampled from one upwelling site providing a rare opportunity to assess the genomic composition of a marine Planctomycete population. The significant correlations observed between genomic properties, community structure and nutrient availability provide insights into habitat-driven dynamics among oligotrophic versus upwelled marine waters adjoining each other spatially.
Expression of the blood-group-related glycosyltransferase B4galnt2 influences the intestinal microbiota in mice
Authors: Staubach Fabian , Künzel Sven , Baines Andrea C , Yee Andrew , McGee Beth M , Bäckhed Fredrik , Baines John F , Johnsen Jill M
Published: January 2012

Glycans on mucosal surfaces have an important role in host–microbe interactions. The locus encoding the blood-group-related glycosyltransferase β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B4galnt2) is subject to strong selective forces in natural house-mouse populations that contain a common allelic variant that confers loss of B4galnt2 gene expression in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We reasoned that altered glycan-dependent intestinal host–microbe interactions may underlie these signatures of selection. To determine whether B4galnt2 influences the intestinal microbial ecology, we profiled the microbiota of wild-type and B4galnt2-deficient siblings throughout the GI tract using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. This revealed both distinct communities at different anatomic sites and significant changes in composition with respect to genotype, indicating a previously unappreciated role of B4galnt2 in host–microbial homeostasis. Among the numerous B4galnt2-dependent differences identified in the abundance of specific bacterial taxa, we unexpectedly detected a difference in the pathogenic genus, Helicobacter, suggesting Helicobacter spp. also interact with B4galnt2 glycans. In contrast to other glycosyltransferases, we found that the host intestinal B4galnt2 expression is not dependent on presence of the microbiota. Given the long-term maintenance of alleles influencing B4galnt2 expression by natural selection and the GI phenotypes presented here, we suggest that variation in B4galnt2 GI expression may alter susceptibility to GI diseases such as infectious gastroenteritis.
A Review of Family and Environmental Correlates of Health Behaviors in High‐Risk Youth
Authors: Lawman Hannah G. , Wilson Dawn K.
Published: January 2012

Disparities in the prevalence of obesity in youth place minority and low socioeconomic status youth at increased risk for the development of chronic disease, such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Contributing factors to the increases in obesity include a decline in positive health behaviors, such as making healthy dietary choices, engaging in physical activity, and limiting sedentary behaviors. Family and physical environmental contextual factors related to health behaviors are increasingly the focus of health behavior interventions in line with the bioecological model that encourages a system‐focused perspective on understanding health behavior influences. Physical environmental characteristics, such as home and neighborhood characteristics and resources, provide the tangible means to support health behaviors and are important contextual variables to consider that may increase intervention effectiveness. Therefore, the current review seeks to highlight the importance of investigating influences of behavior beyond individual characteristics in understanding factors related to the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in youth at high risk for developing chronic disease. The current study reviews the non‐intervention literature on family and physical environmental factors related to health behaviors (i.e., diet, physical activity, and sedentary behavior) in youth who are considered to be at‐risk for developing metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Results on 38 published articles of diet, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors showed support for the role of parenting and physical environmental factors, particularly parental monitoring and neighborhood context, such as social cohesion, as they relate to health behaviors in high‐risk youth. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Sleep Duration and BMI in a Sample of Young Adults
Authors: Meyer Katie A. , Wall Melanie M. , Larson Nicole I. , Laska Melissa N. , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne
Published: January 2012

We examined the association between sleep duration and BMI in young adults, and, specifically, in possible gender differences. The population‐based sample included 955 young men and 1051 young women (mean age = 25.3 years, s.d. = 1.7) who participated in Project EAT‐III (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults)‐III. In 2008–2009, study participants completed a survey, on which they reported their weight, height, and typical bed and awakening times. Gender‐specific regression models estimated cross‐sectional associations between sleep duration and weight status, adjusting for age, race, SES, family structure, depressive symptoms, physical activity, and sedentary and dietary behaviors. In multivariable‐adjusted linear regression models, an hour increase in sleep was associated with a −0.38 (−0.70, −0.048) BMI in men. Men who slept <7 h had a 1.4 unit higher mean BMI (27.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 26.9, 28.9) than men who slept 7–9 h/day (26.5; 95% CI: 26.1, 27.0). Prevalence estimates of overweight (BMI ≥25) and obesity (BMI ≥30) were also inversely associated with sleep duration among men. Sleep duration was not associated with BMI, overweight, or obesity in women. Among women, but not men, there was a statistically significant positive association between trouble falling or staying asleep and mean BMI. Sleep may be an important modifiable risk factor for obesity, particularly in young adult men.
Long‐Term Beneficial Effect of a 16‐Week Very Low Calorie Diet on Pericardial Fat in Obese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Authors: Snel Marieke , Jonker Jacqueline T. , Hammer Sebastian , Kerpershoek Gijs , Lamb Hildo J. , Meinders A. Edo , Pijl Hanno , de Roos Albert , Romijn Johannes A. , Smit Johannes W.A. , Jazet Ingrid M.
Published: January 2012

Pericardial fat accumulation has been associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. A very low calorie diet (VLCD) improves the cardiovascular risk profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), by improving the metabolic profile, heart function, and triglyceride (TG) stores in (non)adipose tissues. However, long‐term effects of a VLCD on pericardial fat volume and tissue‐specific TG accumulation have not been documented. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the effects of a 16‐week VLCD and of subsequent 14 months follow‐up on a regular diet on pericardial fat in relation to other TG stores in obese T2DM patients. We included 14 obese patients with insulin‐treated T2DM (mean ± s.e.m.: age 53 ± 2 years; BMI 35 ± 1 kg/m2). Pericardial fat and other (non)adipose TG stores were measured using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and proton spectroscopy before and after a 16‐week VLCD and after a 14‐month follow‐up without dietary interventions. A 16‐week VLCD reduced body weight, pericardial fat, hepatic TG content, visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat volumes to 78, 83, 16, 40, and 53% of baseline values respectively, (all P < 0.05). After an additional 14 months of follow‐up on a regular diet, the reduction in pericardial fat volume sustained, despite a substantial regain in body weight, visceral abdominal fat, and hepatic TG content (respectively 90, 83 and 73% of baseline values). In conclusion, VLCD‐induced weight loss in obese T2DM patients is accompanied by a substantial decrease in pericardial fat volume, which is sustained even after subsequent weight regain.
Establishment of ultra long‐lived cell lines by transfection of TERT into normal human fibroblast TIG‐1 and their characterization
Authors: Kamada Mizuna , Kumazaki Tsutomu , Matsuo Taira , Mitsui Youji , Takahashi Tomoko
Published: January 2012

To establish useful human normal cell lines, TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) cDNA was transfected into normal female lung fibroblast, TIG‐1. After long‐term‐sub‐cultivation of 74 individual clones selected for resistance to G418, we obtained 55 cultures with normal range of life span [75 PDL (population doubling level)], 16 cultures with extended life span (75–140 PDL). In addition, 3 immortal cell strains and unexpectedly, one ultra long‐lived cell line (ULT‐1) with life span of 166 PDL were established. IMT‐1, one of the immortal cell strains was confirmed to maintain long telomere length, high telomerase activity and an extremely low level of p16INK4A. They also showed moderate p53 and p21CIP1 expression, keeping vigorous growth rate even at 450 PDL. High level of fibronectin and collagen 1α expression confirmed IMT‐1 as normal fibroblasts, although one X chromosome had been lost. ULT‐1, however, kept a near normal karyotypes and had shortening of telomere length, high expression of p16INK4A, moderate levels of senescence associated‐β‐galactosidase positive cells and decreased growth rate only after 150 PDs (population doublings), and finally reached senescence at 166 PDL with morphology of normal senescent fibroblasts. As resources of standard normal human cell, abundant vials of early and middle passages of ULT‐1 have been stocked. The use of the cell line is discussed, focusing on isograft of artificial skin and screening of anti‐aging or safe chemical agents.
Supraorbital Keyhole Approach to Upper Basilar Artery Aneurysms via the Optico-Carotid Window: A Cadaveric Anatomic Study and Preliminary Application
Authors: Ma Y. , Lan Q.
Published: January 2012

No anatomic data are available addressing the surgical indication for upper BA aneurysms via the supraorbital keyhole approach (SOKA).

An anatomic study of the SOKA to the upper BA via the optico-carotid window (OCW) was designed. Our clinical experience is reported.

After completing the SOKA craniotomy on 8 cadaveric heads, the width and length of OCW and the length of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (SCICA) were measured. Measurement of the following was carried out through the OCW: (i) linear distance (a) of the BA from the most proximal point of visualization of the BA to the posterior clinoid process level, (ii) perpendicular distance (b) from the most distal point of visualization along the elongation of the BA to the anterior fossa level. After posterior clinoidectomy and orbitectomy, the measurement of (a) and (b) was repeated.

The width and length of OCW and the SCICA length were 7.6±2.1 mm, 11.6±2.3 mm, and 12.7±2.4 mm. The distance (a) was 5.0±1.2 mm, increased by 3.4±1.0 mm after posterior clinoidectomy. The distance (b) was 12.8±2.6 mm, increased by 3.3±1.2 mm after orbitectomy. 9 aneurysms were completely clipped.

When the width and length of the OCW are > 5 mm and > 7 mm, respectively, the SOKA can meet the requirement of exposure and manipulation of the upper BA. The upper BA aneurysms located < 10 mm higher than the anterior fossa and not more than 5 mm lower than the PCP can be treated via the SOKA. Posterior clinoidectomy and orbitectomy can increase the proximal and the distal exposure of the BA, respectively.
Performance of copper coated two stroke spark ignition engine with methanol-blended gasoline with catalytic converter
Authors: Murali Krishna M. V. S. , Kishor K. , Gupta A. V. S. S. K. S. , Murthy P. V. K. , Narasimha Kumar S.
Published: January 2012

This paper reports performance evaluation of two-stroke, single cylinder spark ignition (SI) engine with methanol blended gasoline (80% gasoline, 20% methanol by volume) having copper coated engine (CCE) [copper (thickness, 300 μm) coated on piston crown, and inner side of cylinder head] provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst and compared with conventional SI engine with gasoline operation. Brake thermal efficiency increased with methanol blended gasoline with both versions of the engine. CCE showed improved performance when compared to conventional engine (CE) with both test fuels. Catalytic converter with air injection significantly reduced pollutants with both test fuels on both configurations of the engine.
Magnetopolaronic effects in electron transport through a single-level vibrating quantum dot
Authors: Skorobagatko G. A. , Kulinich S. I. , Krive I. V. , Shekhter R. I. , Jonson M.
Published: January 2012

Magnetopolaronic effects are considered in electron transport through a single-level vibrating quantum dot subjected to a transverse (to the current flow) magnetic field. It is shown that the effects are most pronounced in the regime of sequential electron tunneling, where a polaronic blockade of the current at low temperatures and an anomalous temperature dependence of the magnetoconductance are predicted. In contrast, for resonant tunneling of polarons the peak conductance is not affected by the magnetic field.
Molecular rotation in p-H2 and o-D2 in phase I under pressure
Authors: Freiman Yu. A. , Tretyak S. M. , Goncharov Alexander F. , Mao Ho-kwang , Hemley Russell J.
Published: January 2012

The orientational order parameter, rotational ground-state energy, and lattice distortion parameter (the deviation of the c/a ratio from the ideal hcp value 1.633) in hcp lattice of phase I of p-H2 and o-D2 are calculated using a semi-empirical approach. It is shown that the lattice distortion in these J-even species is small compared with that found in n-H2, and n-D2. The difference presumably is caused by the J-odd species.
Free and bound states of excitons in a percolation cluster of ZnSe quantum dots in a dielectric matrix
Authors: Bondar N. V. , Brodyn M. S.
Published: January 2012

Two-phase systems (borosilicate glass with ZnSe quantum dots) were studied. The results obtained provided an insight both into the mechanism of formation of a phase percolation transition of excitons in the array of quantum dots at the critical concentration and radii and the contribution of dielectric mismatch between ZnSe and matrix to the transition. Using the above two-phase system as an example, it was found for the first time that such a complex fractal object as the percolation cluster of quantum dots had not only free (mobile) states, but bound (immobile) ones also. These bound (immobile) states resemble the type-II excitons in superlattices or the impurity states in bulk semiconductors. It is shown that the polarization of the two-phase system interface is the main source of these immobile states whose energy is dependent on the size of quantum dots and their average separation.
Structural and electronic properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes with various nitrogen content
Authors: Boutko V. G. , Gusev A. A. , Shevtsova T. N. , Pashkevich Yu. G.
Published: January 2012

The band structure of a carbon-nitrogen nanotube of “zigzag” type (8, 0) with nitrogen atom concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25% and “armchair” (5, 5) carbon-nitrogen nanotube with nitrogen atom concentrations of 10% and 20% is calculated within the density functional theory approach. The calculations are carried out taking into account optimizations of both the longitudinal and transverse nanotube structural parameters. The structure is distorted significantly both lengthwise and across with increasing nitrogen concentrations. In particular, their cross-sectional profile ceases to be a circle. Dependence of the energies of interband electronic transitions on the concentration of nitrogen can be observed in the form of a peak shift in the optical absorption spectrum.
Investigation of titanium nanostructure deformed at low temperatures
Authors: Braude I. S. , Gal’tsov N. N. , Moskalenko V. A. , Smirnov A. R.
Published: January 2012

The bulk titanium with a grain size from nanometer to submicron was obtained using cryomechanical treatment. An investigation of nanostructure, determining unusual mechanical properties of the new material, was performed by methods of transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results of a comparative study of the structures formed by deformation at temperatures close to that of liquid nitrogen and room temperature in the case of different activity of sliding and twinning, showed that large degree of grain diminishment at the cryodeformation is caused by mechanical twinning. In this case, the twinning generating a set of diverse orientations due to fragmentation of grains leads to increasing the number of reflexes in X-ray diffraction patterns, providing a random character of the structure/texture. The data on a mean size of a region of coherent scattering (RCS) in crystallites and values of average microdiformations Δɛ were obtained. It is assumed that much smaller values of microdeformations Δɛ after cryorolling are caused by activated relaxation processes due to warming up to room temperature. It is shown that an X-ray amorphous phase presented in nanostructured titanium is not truly amorphous, and corresponds to RCS with the size d <~ 15 nm.
The polarization properties of an atomic gas in a coherent state
Authors: Poluektov Yu. M.
Published: January 2012

A possibility of polarization of the gas of hydrogen-like atoms at zero temperature in the Bose–Einstein condensate is studied at equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions. The Gross–Pitaevskii equation is generalized for a gas of atoms considering their electronic structure. It is shown that the wave function of the system of interacting bosons in a single-particle condensate at zero temperature looks like the Glauber coherent state. With the help of the generalized Gross–Pitaevskii equation the polarization properties of atomic gas in the Bose–Einstein condensation state are investigated. It is shown that the electron stationary states in atoms of a gas in the coherent state differ from the electron stationary states in free atoms. Because of this the superfluid system can be spontaneously polarized, even if the free atoms in the stationary states have no intrinsic electric dipole moment. The polarization properties of a system of double-level hydrogen-like atoms in the Bose–Einstein condensate are studied more comprehensively. The propagation of both sound and high-frequency small disturbances in the coherent system of polarized atoms is accompanied by oscillations of polarization. The applicability of the developed idea to the analysis of electrical phenomena in superfluid helium is discussed.
Acoustic waves excited by phonon decay govern the fracture of brittle materials
Authors: Kucherov Yan , Hubler Graham , Michopoulos John , Johnson Brant
Published: January 2012

The behavior of brittle materials under ballistic impacts is often associated with failure waves that are producing small fracture particles with a surface area requiring large energy input. Numerous attempts to explain this effect since the 1960s did not yield convincing results. Here we propose that failure waves can be interpreted as the result of the decay of the shock-excited phonon continuum into low frequency peaks in the phonon density of states. This results in a situation where pressure amplitude of the localized acoustic waves exceeds a critical fracture quantity such as the tensile strength of the material. Experimental confirmation of this model is presented by using fractured particle size analyses and comparing their results with predicted acoustic wavelengths.
Optimum quantum dot size for highly efficient fluorescence bioimaging
Authors: Martínez Maestro Laura , Jacinto Carlos , Rocha Uéslen , Carmen Iglesias-de la Cruz M. , Sanz-Rodriguez Francisco , Juarranz Angeles , García Solé José , Jaque Daniel
Published: January 2012

Semiconductor quantum dots of few nanometers have demonstrated a great potential for bioimaging. The size determines the emitted color, but it is also expected to play an important role in the image brightness. In this work, the size dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield of the highly thermal sensitive CdTe quantum dots has been systematically investigated by thermal lens spectroscopy. It has been found that an optimum quantum yield is reached for 3.8-nm quantum dots. The presence of this optimum size has been corroborated in both one-photon excited fluorescence experiments and two-photon fluorescence microscopy of dot-incubated cancer cells. Combination of quantum yield and fluorescence decay time measurements supports that the existence of this optimum size emerges from the interplay between the frequency-dependent radiative emission rate and the size-dependent coupling strength between bulk excitons and surface trapping states.
Comment on “Simulation of Schottky and Ohmic contacts on CdTe” [J. Appl. Phys. 109, 014509 (2011)]
Authors: Dubecký František , Dubecký Matúš
Published: January 2012

In the present comment, it is argued why the model assumed in [J. Appl. Phys. 109, 014509 (2011)] is inappropriate for the modeling of realistic detector grade semi-insulating CdTe devices. Amendments to the model to account for more realistic physics in devices based on semi-insulating materials are briefly pointed out.