bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age of deposition versus age of remobilized sediments in turbidites and implication for the duration of transport
Authors: Large Etienne , Hage Sophie , Dennielou Bernard , Charreau Julien , Blard Pierre-Henri
Published: March 2024

Turbidites are underwater land sliding events that correspond to the most distal part of the source-to-sink system. They can be triggered by a number of processes including flood events, storms, earthquakes or simply destabilization of a continental slope and are a vector of terrestrial sediments to deep depocenters. Marine sedimentary cores recording turbidites represent key sedimentary archives and can be used to track back the occurrence of such land and sea processes giving information on terrestrial paleo conditions.Unfortunately, it is often difficult to assess which process initiated turbidites in particular because these are usually poorly dated. In most studies, turbidites are considered as instantaneous events and dated using foraminifera of the over and underlying hemipelagic layers. In this study, we bring new light on the age of the material remobilized by turbidites. To do so, we use 14C to date 20 samples of foraminifera and 38 samples of vegetal debris contained in two turbidites from two different cores of the Ogooué turbiditic system in western Africa. We have also dated foraminifera in the hemipelagic layers above and under these turbidites. The radiocarbon ages measured in the turbidites, when compared to the depositional ages of under- and overlying hemipelagic layers constrain the total transportation time from the source to the turbidite deposition, including both the duration of transport on land, and the potential storage of the sediments onshore and offshore (on the continental margin).Our results shed new light on the transport and residence time of sediments in the Ogooué drainage system which is under 15 ka, on the residence time of sediments on the continental slopes or margins which is of about 3 ka, and on the depositional sequences and mechanisms of turbidites in said system. In a broader sense, it allows a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling turbidite deposition and its intrinsic timings. 
DOAS related techniques and application in photochemical measurement in Changjiang-Huaihe region
Authors: Tian Xin , Xie Pinhua , Qin Min , Hu Renzhi , Xu Jin , Zheng Jiangyi , Hu Feng , Duan Jun
Published: March 2024

Correspondence: Pinhua Xie(phxie@aiofm.ac.cn)The understanding of the causes of photochemical pollution in Changjiang-Huaihe (Jianghuai) region, China, is limited due to the lack of investigation on the spatial-temporal distribution of secondary pollutants and its precursors, meteorological data and atmospheric oxidation. Aiming at this need, an integrated three-dimensional detection system for the key atmospheric components has been established by combining the in-situ and ground based telemetry. To meet the needs of the three-dimensional distribution detection of key atmospheric trace components (precursors - intermediates - secondary pollutants), a trace gas profile inversion algorithm of 50 m vertical resolution based on Monte Carlo method, named McPrA (Monte carlo Profile retrieval algorithm by AIOFM), and a machine learning algorithm based on MAX-DOAS observation were established, respectively. And the Open-path BroadBand Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OP-BBCEAS) based on ball platform was established to carry out comparative verification and prior optimization for MAX-DOAS inversion algorithm. Long-term spatial-temporal distribution observations of key atmospheric trace components were carried out over the Jianghuai region, China. Aerosol profiles mainly showed the Gaussian shape with the high value concentrated in the range of 0.5-1.5 km. And the key gases profiles showed the exponential shape and concentrated within 1 km of the surface. The potential sources of trace gases at different heights of Hefei City were studied. It was found that aerosol transport from northern Anhui and northern Jiangsu was significant, and its transport layer was concentrated at the altitude of 500 m. For the polluted gases (NO2, SO2 and HCHO), the junction of eastern Anhui and Jiangsu was the main source area for the altitude below 500 m, especially the transport of NO2 was the most significant. With the increase of the altitude, the influence of northern Anhui on Hefei City was gradually enhanced. The result of an integrated analysis of the meteorological factors affecting ozone pollution in Hefei was shown that the highest ozone concentration was mainly under the control of peripheral subsidence of typhoon. Additionally, a typical site for Jianghuai region, named Science Island in Hefei, was set up as a super observatory for photochemical pollution. The characteristics of the ozone control regime in the Jianghuai region were analyzed, and the quantitative response relationship between ozone generation and precursors were revealed.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U19A2044, 42105132, 42030609) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFC3700303). 
How do winter-time extratropical cyclones change in the future over South Africa?
Authors: Chinta Sandeep , Schlosser Adam , Gao Xiang , Hodges Kevin
Published: March 2024

Extratropical cyclones (ETCs) in South Africa usually occur during the winter (June to August), specifically influencing the Western Cape, causing extreme rain and strong winds. We investigate future changes in these winter-time ETCs using the simulations from three CORDEX-CORE Africa models. Each of these models was driven by three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) General Circulation Models (GCMs), resulting in nine sets of simulations. The simulations are from 1970-2100, with scenarios starting from 2006. We identified the cyclone tracks using the Hodges tracking algorithm, which used 6-hourly relative vorticity data at 850 hPa level. We chose a 20-year historical period from 1986 to 2005 for comparison with a future period of the same length from 2080 to 2099, focusing on the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario for the future projections. We observed a projected decrease in the number of ETCs in the future. The average track distance and duration are also projected to reduce. These reductions are statistically significant. We explored the future changes in the ETC-associated rainfall, which is also projected to be reduced in the future. We are currently looking at extending our analysis with the high-resolution 4 km gridded Climate Predictions for Africa (CP4A) data and see how our earlier results compare with the high-resolution data.
A multidecadal high resolution atmospheric and dust dataset for the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Patlakas Platon , Chaniotis Ioannis , Stathopoulos Christos , Kallos Andreas , Sulaymon Ishaq , Mhawish Alaa , Alqahtani Jumaan
Published: March 2024

The Middle East and North African region (MENA) is characterized by unique climate patterns due to its complex topography and large-scale atmospheric circulation. On top of that, MENA is significantly affected by impacts associated with climate change. Moreover, desert dust serves as a crucial component in shaping the regional climate. It is present in high concentrations throughout the year and significantly modifies the radiative budget and energy distribution of the atmosphere. Dust particles can also have a crucial role in cloud physics and shape the evolution of extreme events. Dust storms, however, have a more direct effect on communities, influencing health, transportation, aviation and various socioeconomic activities that are crucial for the local economies.To this end, a multidecadal high resolution atmospheric and dust dataset is developed. The exploration of this comprehensive database can enable the identification of trends, anomalies, and potential climate shifts, in several variables presenting a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and climate scientists. Therefore, this effort not only contributes to a better understanding of the regional climate system but also serves as a basis for future studies and mitigation strategies.
Study on the Climatic Characteristics in the Mount Qomolangma Region during the Last 53 Years
Authors: Wang Shun-Jiu
Published: March 2024

According to the mean seasonal and annual temperature and precipitation from Nielamu and Dingri meteorological stations in the periods of 1967–2019, the variability of temperature and precipitation and their trends are analyzed in the Mount Qomolangma region. The biggest fluctuation of precipitation occured in winter on the seasonal scale, the mean annual temperature showed a wavelike decrease change before 1997 and a wavelike increase change after 1997, the mean seasonal and annual temperature are increased with the increasing of age. There is an increasing trend in mean seasonal and annual temperatures during this period in the Mount Qomolangma region, and the increasing trends in winter seem more significant than those in the other three seasons. The research in this paper showed the seasonal and annual precipitation are no obvious variation in the Mount Qomolangma region. On the other hand, there is obvious local change characteristics for temperature and precipitation in the Mount Qomolangma region. The results of this study would be helpful for the understanding of the climatic characteristics on the Tibetan Plateau, and it could provide a reference for the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP).
High-resolution crosshole seismic imaging of glacial sediments by full-waveform inversion
Authors: Beraus Sarah , Köhn Daniel , Burschil Thomas , Buness Hermann , Bohlen Thomas , Gabriel Gerald
Published: March 2024

During the Quaternary, glaciers shaped the Alpine region by excavating deep valleys and refilling them with the sediments that they transported. One such overdeepened valley is the Tannwald Basin (ICDP site 5068_1), which was created by the Rhine Glacier in what is thought to have been several glaciations. The sediments found in such valleys thus provide climate archives and tell us about the landscape evolution if we understand the sedimentation processes that took place.To study these glacial sediments in terms of their small-scale structure and deposition, we acquired P- and S-wave seismic crosshole data using high-frequency borehole sources. While the pressure field was recorded by a 24-station hydrophone array, the S-waves excited by horizontally and vertically polarizing sources, respectively, were recorded by an 8-station 3C geophone string.  Since the S-wave data is quite complex, we directly apply elastic mono-parameter full-waveform inversion (FWI). This mitigates the phase misidentification problem in deriving an S-wave model from phase picks. In preparation for the inversion, we rotate the data into a ray-based coordinate system so that the SV-wave dominates on the vertical component and the SH- wave dominates the horizontal component. We then invert the vertical component of the SV-dataset and the transverse component of the SH-dataset using the appropriate parameterization. We apply a global correlation norm and preconditioning to ensure proper and fast converge of the inversion. In addition, we use the multistage approach to deal with the non-linearity of the problem. Anisotropic Gaussian filtering of the gradients as a function of the S-wave wavelength at higher frequency stages pushes the vertical resolution of our model below 1 m. This represents a significant improvement over surface seismic and traveltime tomography methods. A comparison with the lithology known for one of the boreholes shows an impressive correlation. Thus, our approach can bridge the gap between traditional surface seismic imaging and borehole methods.In future research, we will repeat this approach for the SH-dataset. In the case of structural similarity, but a systematic difference in the S-wave velocities, this will provide us with evidence of seismic anisotropy, which will then need to be further characterized and quantified. From this, we will be able to infer the sedimentation processes that will help us to understand the evolution of the Alpine landscape. Eventually, FWI of the P-wave data will provide a more comprehensive, high-resolution image of the subsurface at the drill site.
Modeling levee system transformation with human-flood interaction in the Kiso River basin, Japan
Authors: Nakamura Shinichiro , Nakai Fuko , Nitta Tomoko , Oki Taikan
Published: March 2024

The form of the levee system defines the dynamics of human-water interaction on the floodplain: societies with indigenous levee system, such as ring levees and discontinuous levees, are more likely to adapt to flooding, while those relying on modern continuous levees fight against floods. However, those societies are not binary, and in some regions, such as flood-prone areas in Asia, one society has changed from an adapting society to a fighting society along with the levee system transformation (Nakamura et al., 2023). Previous coupled human-flood system models have assumed a fixed society of one or the other. In this study, the coupled human-flood system model was improved to simulate the levee system transformation and the associated changes in the dynamics of human-flood interaction. The improved model was applied to the Kiso River basin in Japan, where levee system transformation has been observed over the past century. The time series results reproduced the process of levee system transformation and human-flood interactions, and the regime shift from an adapting society to a fighting society. This study shows that the improved model has a potential to support the implementation of flood management and governance that integrates indigenous and modern technologies. References:Nakamura, S., Nakai, F., Ito, Y., Okada, G., and Oki, T.: Levee system transformation in coevolution between human and water systems along the Kiso River, Japan, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2866, 2023.Nakamura, S., Nakai, F., and Oki, T.: Levee system transformation and its impacts on the human-water system in the Kiso River Basin, Japan, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-15847, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-15847, 2023.
Time series of major phytoplankton functional types serving as an Ocean Monitoring Indicator (OMI) for Copernicus Marine Service  
Authors: Xi Hongyan , Bretagnon Marine , Demaria Julien , Mangin Antoine , Bracher Astrid
Published: March 2024

In the framework of Copernicus Marine Service Evolution Program, our project GLOPHYTS aims at establishing a complete and systematic approach for a consistent long-term monitoring of surface ocean phytoplankton function types (PFTs) on global scale. The current global PFT products available on CMEMS are generated based on remote sensing reflectance from multi-sensor merged and Sentinel-3 OLCI data and OSTIA sea surface temperature product, using a set of empirical-orthogonal-function based PFT algorithms that were previously developed and recently updated within GLOPHYTS. These products provide global chlorophyll a data with per-pixel uncertainty for five PFTs spanning from 2002 until today. A correction and merging scheme has been applied to these PFT data sets of different sensors to generate long-term consistent satellite PFT products, which are expected to act as potentially important ocean monitoring indicators (OMI). In providing inter-annual variation and trend analyses of the surface phytoplankton community structure, the OMI is likely to help in the assessment of the ocean health. In the context of this study, we present the PFT time series on global scale and for some key regions, e.g.  the Arctic Ocean. For the latter, we will also show the perspective of improving PFT estimations using machine learning techniques. The proposed improved Arctic PFT products can supplement the current ocean colour data sets for the Arctic Ocean in the Copernicus Marine Service.
Aerial Survey Sample Size Requirements for Robust Methane Inventories in the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Johnson Matthew , Conrad Bradley , Tyner David
Published: March 2024

Accurate and frequent measurement-based inventories of methane emissions from the upstream oil and gas (UOG) industry are crucial to developing and implementing effective regulations and achieving sustainable mitigation.  Recent advances in the analysis of large-scale survey data have enabled measurement-based basin/jurisdiction-level methane inventories from remote surveys of UOG infrastructure.  Treating like facility or well types as strata within a larger sample and leveraging analytics that consider measurement uncertainties, probabilities of detection, empirical (non-smooth) source distributions, and sample size effects, specific conclusions can be derived in the context of measurement sensitivities and uncertainties.  These analyses provide useful insights to regulators and industry, including but not limited to the individual contributions of equipment types to overall methane emissions.  However, a priori design and optimization of surveys to cost-effectively derive measurement-based inventories and ensure survey coverage can achieve acceptable levels of uncertainty remains a key challenge. Here, we present an analysis of data from extensive aerial LiDAR and ground-based surveys of UOG facilities in Western Canada to provide much-needed guidance on source- and facility-specific sampling protocols for the UOG industry.  Insights into the temporal intermittency and variability of source rate magnitudes are derived using a statistically robust method that considers the quantification accuracy and probability of detection function of the aerial instrument.  Results provide important context regarding the required survey coverage of aerially detectable sources (greater than approximately 1 kg/h) to support the development of accurate inventories, defensible frequencies of regulated inspections, and alternative leak detection and repair programs. 
A dual-porosity extension of the Arya and Paris pedotransfer function for the hydraulic properties of structured soils
Authors: Hassan Shawkat Basel Mostafa , Dragonetti Giovanna , Comegna Alessandro , Lamaddalena Nicola , Coppola Antonio
Published: March 2024

The primary objective of this paper is to create a bimodal pedotransfer function for predicting soil water retention (WRC) and hydraulic conductivity (HCC) curves. This new pedotransfer function (PTF) builds upon the Arya and Paris (AP) approach, which relies on particle size distribution (PSD), by integrating aggregate-size distribution (ASD) into the PTF to derive bimodal WRC. A bimodal porosity approach was formulated to quantify the proportions of each porous system (matrix and macropores) within the overall soil porosity. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, K0, was determined from WRC using the Kozeny-Carman equation, with parameters inferred from the behaviour of bimodal WRC near saturation. Subsequently, the Mualem model was applied to obtain the HCC. To calibrate the PTF, data on measured soil physical and hydraulic properties were utilised, originating from field infiltration experiments conducted in a 140-ha area of the "Sinistra Ofanto" irrigation system in Apulia, southern Italy. Infiltration data were fitted using both bimodal and unimodal hydraulic properties through an inverse solution of the Richards equation. The bimodal "measured" hydraulic properties were employed to calibrate the scaling parameter (αAP) of the proposed bimodal AP (bimAP) PTF. Similarly, for comparison with the bimodal results, the unimodal hydraulic properties were used to calibrate the αAP of the traditional unimodal AP (unimAP) PTF. In comparison to the unimAP PTF, the proposed bimAP. In contrast to the unimodal AP (unimAP) PTF, the suggested bimodal AP (bimAP) demonstrates a substantial enhancement in predicting mean soil water retention curve (WRC) parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K0), as well as accurately capturing the overall shape of the hydraulic conductivity curve (HCC). Additionally, when compared to the unimodal approach, the bimodal approach proves effective in replicating statistical aspects of hydraulic parameters, such as variance, similar to those observed in the calibration dataset. Furthermore, a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis was conducted to assess the sensitivity of the bimodal parameter αAP to textural and structural characteristics, confirming the notable predictive influence of soil structure on the model.
Evidence of radioactive contamination of the Abai Region, Kazakhstan, from the Chinese nuclear testing program at Lop Nor
Authors: Harbron Richard , Lipikhina Aleksandra , Apsalikov Kazbek , Ostroumova Evgenia
Published: March 2024

Between 1949 and 1990, tests of nuclear weapons and other explosive devices were performed by the Soviet Union at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) in Kazakhstan, resulting in radioactive contamination of surrounding settlements. This contamination and the associated impact on the health of the local population are a subject of ongoing radioecological, radiobiological, dosimetric, and epidemiological research. Less in known about potential additional radioactive contamination of settlements SE of SNTS, close to the border with China. This region may have been contaminated by fallout from weapons tests performed by China at Lop Nor between 1964 and 1981, during which time all tests at SNTS were underground. Here, we review available evidence of this contamination, including the results of sampling campaigns performed both at the time of the Chinese tests and in recent years, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of tooth enamel.Soil, vegetation, and milk sampling performed in the weeks following the Lop Nor tests revealed the presence of short-lived fission products, including I-131, I-133, Sr-89, Zr-95 and Ba-140 well in excess of background levels. Contamination was greatest following the thermonuclear tests on 17/06/1967 and 27/06/1973. Contemporary soil sampling in Kazakhstan and NW China suggests radioactivity levels have returned to background levels, though with ratios of Pu-240 / Pu-239, and Pu-240+239 / Cs-137 that differ from global fallout levels. Efforts to reconstruct exposure levels are ongoing, including collection of fortuitous dosimeters (e.g. bricks from settlement buildings) and teeth of exposed residents.
Accumulation of water and sediments upstream of Tuscan check dams
Authors: Preti Federico , Pini Sara , Cassiani Giorgio , Dani Andrea , Giambastiani Yamuna , Peruzzo Luca , Piemontese Luigi
Published: March 2024

Faced with a decline in water resources due to precipitation reduction and variability, it is fundamental to identify potential natural "reservoirs" and quantify their water retention capacity. This study examined approaches to estimate the water content rapidly and systematically in the sediment upstream of check dams at different scales, even with limited input data.The study was conducted in the northern part of Tuscany, with a specific focus on the Casentino Valley. After gathering the necessary databases and information, an estimation model was developed using QGIS Model Designer, and geophysical surveys were performed using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT).The QGIS-based model relies on limited input data, including the geographical positioning of weirs, the hydrographic network, and a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the study area. This method provides useful initial approximate estimates of the water resources in the study area. The ERT surveys revealed varying patterns depending on the lithology of different areas, but a clear discontinuity between the sediment wedge and the original riverbed was observed, confirming the effectiveness of this tool in analyzing each individual structure. With the data obtained through the databases, it was also possible to conduct an analysis on the relationship between the original slope and the compensation slope of sediment wedges, and the distance between check dams located on the same river reach.In the perspective of utilizing these natural reservoirs, possible maintenance interventions are proposed, especially on the existing spillways, to make a portion of the available water usable, accompanied by an assessment of potential implications. In the future, implementing the outlined procedures and integrating them with other tools could provide support for evaluating and utilizing these "hidden water resources."
Performance variability of the Hydroacoustic and Infrasound IMS stations
Authors: Qorbani Chegeni Ehsan , Bittner Paulina , Applbaum David , Rambolamanana Gerard
Published: March 2024

Seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasound, and radionuclide are the four complementary monitoring technologies of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). The International Monitoring System (IMS) of the CTBTO consists of, when complete, 50 primary and 120 auxiliary seismic stations, 11 hydroacoustic stations, 60 infrasound stations, 80 radionuclide stations and 16 radionuclide laboratories. Hydroacoustic and Infrasound stations of IMS are designed to detect events of any kind in and underwater, and in the atmosphere respectively. Hydroacoustic stations have been in operation since 1999; 11 stations, of which 6 hydrophones and 5 T-phase, have been sending data since the completion of the network in 2016. Infrasound data was introduced to routine data analysis in 2010 after improvements in automatic processing to reduce the number of false detections. Currently, 54 (out of 60) infrasound stations are being processed.Both hydroacoustic and infrasound technologies have had significant contributions to detecting and to improving event location at the International Data Centre (IDC). This presentation assesses the data quality and performance of the hydroacoustic and infrasound stations in the data analysis aspect. We focus on signal and event detection rate and in turn the contribution of the data from hydroacoustic and infrasound stations to the data analysis. We show how the station performance changes temporally and discuss the results.
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) emissions in China: emission characteristics, emission estimates and environmental impacts
Authors: Yuan Bin , Huangfu Yibo , Wang Sihang , Zhang Yuanting , Yang Yang , Chen Yubin , Hu Weiwei , Wang Xuemei
Published: March 2024

As an emerging source for organic compounds in the atmosphere, volatile chemical products (VCPs) emissions can strongly affect regional air quality. However, the emission characteristics and strengths of VCPs is not understood well in China. In this presentation, I will introduce recent experimental and modelling activities in our group to characterize organic compounds from the most important VCPs. Using this information, an updated gridded emission inventory of VCPs in China is compiled and emission patterns will be analyzed. In the end, the contributions of VCPs emissions to organic compounds and secondary formation of ozone and organic aerosols will be investigated.
Social contracts for climate change adaptation: an analytical and normative framework for the distribution of roles and responsibilities
Authors: Garschagen Matthias , Doshi Deepal , Grobusch Lena , Petzold Jan
Published: March 2024

Rapidly increasing climate risks result in a fundamental and quickly growing need for societies to adapt their settlements, infrastructure, managed ecosystems and social systems. In many contexts, this task is so large that is requires to significantly reconsider the roles and responsibilities different actors can and should have in it. Already today, many of the current risk management regimes and their institutionalized distributions of responsibilities are reaching their limits. For example, municipalities around the globe already face difficulties to maintain their established levels of flood risk protection and carry them into the future, hence arguing that private households and firms should more strongly take care of their own protection.However, to date consistent frameworks to analyze the existing distribution of roles and responsibilities for adaptation and to guide a future debate on their re-distribution are lacking, both from an analytical as well as normative point of view. We therefore present and discuss a novel framework to that end, using the lens of social contracts. The framework builds on a comprehensive review of the theoretical literature and empirical data acquired in a range of adaptation projects across the globe. The framework differentiates between legalized, otherwise institutionalized, enacted and envisioned social contracts. It helps to not only lay open these individual dimensions but also to examine the rifts between them. It further proposes a typology of different social contracts with a view towards the level of agreement or disagreement different actors have on how they envision the distribution of roles and responsibilities. In doing so, the framework can be applied to different cultural settings across the globe as well as to the analysis and policy guidance from local to global scales. The framework takes temporal dynamics into account in order to effectively inform transition processes within the context of climate resilient development.The presentation lays out the framework, illustrates it applicability along a number of case studies from different contexts across the globe and discusses its potential for wider application in what is deemed to be a critical decade not only in adaptation science but also adaptation action.
Evaluating the Environmental Justice of Tree Canopy Connectivity in Pheonix, Arizona, USA
Authors: Havens Zane , Macko Stephen
Published: March 2024

Phoenix, Arizona, a metropolis located in the Sonoran Desert in southwester USA, is expected to see major disturbances resulting from global warming, including excessive heat events1 and drought2. Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) has the potential to help mitigate excessive heat3 yet, as water becomes increasingly scarce, efficiency in both the location and configuration of UGI is critical to maximize its positive benefits.  Well-connected UGI provides more ecosystem services and can better mitigate extreme temperatures in urban areas than poorly connected UGI 4. However, owing in part to the current and anticipated scarcity of water, the distribution and connectivity of this lifesaving resource has the potential to be unjust regarding economically vulnerable communities. The purpose of this study is to determine if there are relationships between the coverage/connectivity of Phoenix UGI and sociodemographic variables associated with vulnerability.  Using a 2010 1m landcover classification raster and the landscapemetrics R package, landscape metrics were calculated for sample plots withing areas zoned for single-family residential homes.  Vulnerability statistics were then apportioned for each plot using 2010 ASTER/CDC Social Vulnerability Index data. These variables were then examined to determine relationships between connectivity and vulnerability using Principal Component Analysis.    1.  Stone, B. et al. Climate change and infrastructure risk: Indoor heat exposure during a concurrent heat wave and blackout event in Phoenix, Arizona.Urban Climate 36, 100787 (2021).2.  Bolin, B., Seetharam, M. & Pompeii, B. Water resources, climate change, and urban vulnerability: a case study of Phoenix, Arizona. Local Environment 15, 261–279 (2010).3.  Marando, F. et al. Urban heat island mitigation by green infrastructure in European Functional Urban Areas. Sustainable Cities and Society 77, 103564 (2022).4.  Debbage, N. & Shepherd, J. M. The urban heat island effect and city contiguity. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 54, 181–194 (2015).
Vertical Profiling of Greenhouse Gas Mixing Ratios Above a Coastal Marsh and In a High Desert Using a Laser Heterodyne Radiometer.
Authors: Miller J. Houston , Flores Monica M. , Gomez Anthony L. , Bomse David S.
Published: March 2024

George Washington University and Mesa Photonics are developing a Laser Heterodyne Radiometer (LHR) that simultaneously measures CO2, CH4, H2O, and O2 mixing ratios throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere.  One of the prototype instruments is housed in an observatory installed at the Global Change Environmental wetland (GCREW) at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) near Edgewater, Maryland while a nearly identical instrument is located at Mesa Photonics in Santa Fe, NM providing contrast between two very different ecosystems.  The sea level marsh at GCREW is adjacent to a mature secondary upland forest and is also influenced by emissions from the dense population centers within the northeast US megalopolis. The area surrounding the city of Santa Fe, at ~2 km above sea level, is characterized as Juniper scrubland and is sandwiched between Alpine Conifer ecosystems at higher elevations.  The data record from these instruments is anticipated to not only be complementary to other surface concertation and flux measurements but is also expected to be useful in determining transport and land-air surface exchange rates at larger scales. In this presentation, we will review the instrument design and present measurements from both sites spanning these two environments collected throughout the 2023 calendar year. Two spectral areas will be emphasized:           ~1650 nm for quantification of methane and carbon dioxide mixing ratios and ~1278 nm for refined vertical profiling of temperature using fitting of several molecular oxygen transitions.
Development and implications of a new open-source time-temperature inversion program
Authors: Keller Brenhin , McDannell Kalin
Published: March 2024

Time-temperature inversion is a critical step in the interpretation and application of thermochronologic data. However, the computational source code for such programs has typically not been freely available, limiting reproducibility. Here we present a new fully open-source (GPL-3.0) time-temperature inversion program, Thermochron.jl, developed in the Julia programming language. This program initially aims to invert zircon helium and apatite helium data via a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, and allow for the propagation of uncertainty in diffusion parameters. Here we will present the testing and validation of this model, and consider the implications for some open problems in thermochronology, including the limits of resolution for deep-time thermochronology.
New approaches for estimating the composition of the continental crust and their implications
Authors: Keller Brenhin
Published: March 2024

The composition of the continental crust is one of the central parameters in our understanding of the Earth system and its evolution. While the uppermost crust is available for direct observation, our analysis of even this directly observable crust is not free of biases. The deep crust largely remains deeply enigmatic, as the deepest boreholes reach less than a third of the way through the continental crust, and other samples (xenoliths and exhumed terranes) are modified by the same processes that bring them to the surface. Other information, including gravity and seismic data, do carry direct information about the composition of the deep crust, but this information is often nonunique. Here we consider new Bayesian approaches to estimating the composition of the deep crust, as well as sampling approaches for best understanding the composition of the upper crust, and their implications for our understanding of the operation and evolution of the Earth system.
Storage and fate of volatiles in the shallow mantle: Insights from fluid mobile elements and light element (B, Li) isotopes in serpentinites
Authors: Savov Ivan , Agostini Samuele , DeHoog CeesJan , Osborne William , McCaig Andrew , Rost Detlef , Ryan Jeff , Price Roy , Foustoukos Dyonisis , Liu Haiyang , Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 399 Sci. Party International
Published: March 2024

We will present whole rock and mineral chemistry insights into the systematics of light elements (B, Li) and their isotopes during the serpentinization processes at both divergent and convergent plate margins. For the divergent plate case we have selected Site 1309D and some from the recently drilled (IODP Expedition 399, Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30N) Site 1601C as the deepest in situ gabbo-peridotite drill cores ever recovered from the ocean floor. The downcore variation in fluid mobile elements and the vast Sr and light element isotope fractionations highlight the important role of seawater infiltration and seawater-crust interactions taking place at depth. However, it appears that the role of seawater is gradually diminishing with depth, where rather unaltered lithologies may still be involved in active metamorphic (hydration) reactions. For the convergent plate margin serpentinization we have selected to present the fascinating case of the Mariana serpentinite mud “volcanism” in the W. Pacific. Several key cores were recovered during ODP Legs 125 and 195, as well as during the IODP Expedition 366. The rocks and fluids at these forearc sites also show very large downcore elemental and isotope fractionations. In contrast to the oceanic intraplate sites, these are associated with fluids produced by metamorphic dehydration reactions occurring at blueschist and amphibolite facies conditions as a consequence of subduction of old and cold Pacific slabs. We will attempt to contrast the different tectonic settings and speculate on the importance of variously hydrated ocean crust as a volumetrically important carrier of volatiles from the surface to the deep mantle and back. Serpentinites may be important to kick-start subduction initiation.
Integrating Copernicus Seasonal Forecasting Data with CLIMADA for Heat Wave Impact Analysis: Challenges and Solutions in Pipeline Development
Authors: Araya Dahyann , Kropf Chahan M , Bresch David N
Published: March 2024

Employing seasonal forecasting in the domain of impact and risk assessment is particularly beneficial. It facilitates early warning systems and proactive adaptation strategies, which are essential for minimizing the adverse effects of heat waves. This proactive approach is crucial for public health, urban planning, and disaster management, where timely information can significantly alter response strategies and mitigation measures.This study, we underscore the value of integrating high-quality climate data with impact assessment models. It demonstrates how bridging the gap between climate science and practical risk management can lead to more effective and informed decision-making processes in the face of climate change challenges.In our study, we integrate Copernicus seasonal forecasting data with the CLIMADA platform, adopting a forward-looking approach to assess the potential impacts of heat waves on populations. This integration involved developing a bespoke pipeline to seamlessly bridge the gap between raw forecasting data from Copernicus and the analytical capabilities of CLIMADA, an ETH Zurich-developed tool for climate impact and risk assessment. The focus is not only on facilitating data integration but also on automating the processing and communication of results.One significant aspect of this work is managing extensive datasets containing multiple simulations. To efficiently handle this, we implemented an automated system for data extraction, transformation, and loading. This is crucial in maintaining the integrity and usability of the data within CLIMADA's impact modeling framework. Part of this process also entailed resolving spatial and temporal alignment issues, a step essential to ensuring the ability of the seasonal forecasting data to reflect the potential heat wave impacts. Our approach aim to streamline the complexities of large-scale climate data, enhancing the precision and effectiveness of our assessments.Building a pipeline that links these probabilistic forecasting with impact assessment tools has multiple benefits. It enhances the capability to identify critical data needs and model improvements, thus fostering a feedback loop that drives data and model refinement. Furthermore, it contributes to laying the groundwork for the effective use of the next generation of seasonal forecast data, potentially transforming how we prepare for and adapt to climate risks.
The sensitivity of cloud micro- and macrophysical properties to cloud microphysics parameterisations and simulation setup
Authors: Sela Maor , Weiss Philipp , Stier Philip
Published: March 2024

The climate impact and radiative effect of clouds and aerosols are significant. Both are among the most considerable sources of uncertainties in the climate system and in modelling the climate system. This arises not only from the fundamental uncertainty in cloud microphysics processes but also from their representation in models, and in particular in Cloud-Resolving Models (CRMs). CRMs are powerful tools for weather prediction, climate study, and investigating aerosol-cloud interactions at regional and global scales. However, they introduce a substantial degree of uncertainty due to model construction and parameterisation. To further investigate the sources of uncertainty in CRMs, we isolate two key aspects: the model's configuration (global and regional) and the employed cloud microphysics scheme (single- and double-moment schemes). Then, for each key aspect, we compare the simulated data to identify any discrepancies.We present results from regional simulation with ICON-Sapphire in limited area mode. The region we focused on in this study is the Amazon basin, using a horizontal resolution of about 1.2 km and a time period of 8 days. First, we compare results obtained using both single- and double-moment bulk microphysics schemes, maintaining consistency in other simulation parameters. Then, we compare results obtained from both regional and global simulations utilising the single-moment bulk microphysics scheme, again maintaining consistency in other simulation parameters. We find that the double-moment cloud microphysics scheme yields increased ice levels and reduced precipitation rates compared to the single-moment cloud microphysics scheme. We also find that the Amazonian diurnal cycle of precipitation rate, ice, and liquid water paths is more pronounced in the global runs compared to the regional runs. These results and other results that we will present may have implications on global radiation balance in global km-scale climate models.
Life cycle Assessment of different waste electric vehicle battery reuse strategy – a case study in Taipei 
Authors: Wang Yi-Shin , Kuo Nae-wen
Published: March 2024

Urbanization has led to significant shifts in both natural resource utilization and human activities. The equilibrium between energy and other resources has been disrupted by the concentration of urban populations and the environmental repercussions of economic growth. This issue is of paramount importance on both global and regional scales. Among the various facets of urban life, the transportation sector, an indispensable urban function, is predominantly associated with issues such as pollution, traffic congestion, and inadequate public transportation systems.This research presents a framework for achieving sustainable development objectives in urban transportation by phasing out diesel-powered vehicles in favor of electric ones. The implementation of electric vehicle policies holds the potential to mitigate urban air pollution. Nonetheless, if the government fails to consider the interplay between various policies during the evaluation process, unintended environmental consequences may emerge.
 
For instance, while electric vehicles that supplant traditional gasoline and diesel counterparts do not emit pollutants during their operation, they may shift the burden to power plants, necessitating a more diverse range of resources. As such, a comprehensive assessment of the overall environmental impact becomes imperative.
Hence, in this study, we initially focus on motorcycle batteries as a case in point. We employ methodologies such as material flow analysis, life cycle assessment, and real-world factory inventory to examine the resource consumption across various stages of battery production. Subsequently, we gauge the implications using distinct sustainability and environmental management criteria pertinent to diverse urban settings and resource management strategies. The resulting data is then amalgamated into a comprehensive environmental assessment.
 
In addition, we account for variations in battery reuse rates, such as repurposing them as energy storage units. Ultimately, these scenarios are scrutinized to gain insight into the divergent environmental repercussions associated with different reuse approaches
Diurnal variations of solar-induced fluorescence and photosynthesis in a heterogeneous peatland ecosystem under heatwave and non-heatwave conditions
Authors: Abdelmajeed Abdallah Yussuf Ali , Antala Michal , Albert-Saiz Mar , Stróżecki Marcin , Rastogi Anshu , Poczta Patryk , Julitta Tommaso , Burkart Andreas , Schuettemeyer Dirk , Chojnicki Bogdan , Juszczak Radosław
Published: March 2024

Peatlands are pivotal carbon sinks, storing approximately one-third of the terrestrial carbon. Nevertheless, peatland vegetation is vulnerable to environmental stressors, particularly heatwaves. Delving into the diurnal course of photosynthesis and its relationship with solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) unravels valuable insights into peatland vegetation's physiological responses to environmental stress.The study examines the correlation between SIF and gross primary production (GPP), examining the photosynthetic vigour of peatland vegetation across heatwave and non-heatwave periods in the Rzecin peatland, Poland, from June to October 2019. CO2 fluxes were measured by manual chambers, and GPP was calculated from consecutive net ecosystem exchange and ecosystem respiration measurements. Each campaign's GPP data was modelled with a Michaelis-Menten rectangular hyperbola model. SIF in the O2-A band was retrieved by the improved Fraunhofer Line Depth (iFLD) method from the hyperspectral data measured by the FloX system. The SIF-GPP relationship was further examined based on dates and periods (before noon, noon, and afternoon), with the heatwave and non-heatwave scenarios.Results showed the differences in correlations dependent on date, period, and heatwave scenarios. Generally, correlations increased under cloudy or partially cloudy conditions, where low light intensity and temperature alleviated plant stress, increasing photosynthetic efficiency. The SIF and GPP exhibit positive correlations in the morning and afternoon, but the relationship is broken during midday, underscoring the impact of factors such as intense light and high temperature on the peatland vegetation physiology.Diurnal dynamics reveal a robust linear relationship between GPP and SIF O2-A across non-heatwave days, losing coherence during heatwaves. A notable midday depression during heatwaves, characterized by a dip in SIF-GPP correlation at noon, points to changes in energy distribution in photosynthetic apparatus. The findings stress the significance of considering diurnal variations of SIF and GPP under heatwave conditions when assessing photosynthesis-climate interactions.The findings showed that SIF is a good indicator of changes in plant physiology during midday depression caused by the high intensity of solar radiation and high temperature, mainly during the heatwave periods. The Research was founded by National Science Centre, Poland: 2020/39/O/ST10/00775.