bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pepper Weevil and Broad Mite Control on Bell Pepper, Fall 1996
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 6 Sep, 12 inches apart on 8-inch-high and 32-inch-wide beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single row of 10 plants with rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5-gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 27 Sep, 4, 12, 18, 25 Oct, 1, 8 Nov 6, 13 and 24 Dec. The sprayer was outfitted with a single nozzle with a D-5 disk and #45 core and delivered 100 gpa at 60 psi. All plots were sprayed weekly with Bacillus thuringiensis for control of armyworm larvae. Fruit were harvested on 14, 26 Nov, 13, and 30 Dec and the number and weight of undamaged fruit were determined. On 18 Nov, 1 leaf from a terminal of each plant in each plot was examined for the presence of eggs and motile forms of the broad mite. On 22 Nov, each plant in each plot was rated 1-4 for increasing severity of foliar damaged by the broad mite. Fruit also were examined for the presence of oviposition scars on the outside of the fruit and for the presence of larval feeding damage caused by the pepper weevil inside the fruit.
Control of Leafminers on Potatoes, Spring 1996
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. , McCord Elzie
Published: December 2017

Potato seed pieces were planted in Rockdale soil on 10 Dec, 1995. A RCB design was employed to provide 4 replicates each for 8 treatments comprising a plot size of 4 rows, 30 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated two weeks after planting. Insecticides were soil applied by drenching in 4 X 4 furrows. Foliar insecticides were applied weekly using a CO2-powered back-pack sprayer using 2 nozzles per row at 40 PSI delivering 100 GPA. No phytotoxicity was observed with either product. Evaluations were conducted on four dates by randomly selecting five plants from plot middles and recording total mines per mature leaf.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Irish Potato, 1997
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: December 2017

The experiments were RCB designs with 5 replicates, each planted 02 Jun at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1996. The 3.0-m space between blocks and the 1.8-rn space between the four-row plots were bare soil. All rows were hand-planted 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy Katahdin seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by 7 foliar applications of mancozeb. Furrow applications of insecticides were made by sprinkle can. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 5.6 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.47 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted weekly on 20 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log|0(x + 1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 5.6, 6.6 and 10.3 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.7, 20.8, and 18.3 deg. C.
Evaluation of Foliar Treatments for Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa, 1997
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisely J. B. , Jasinski J. R.
Published: December 2017

A study to evaluate the efficacy of 9 foliar insecticide treatments to control PLH was conducted on the second cutting of alfalfa at the OARDC Western Branch Station near South Charleston, OH. Plots were 20 X 50 ft with four replications in a RCBD. Treatments were applied 25 Jul with a custom-built sprayer having a boom length of 10 ft and TeeJet 8002 nozzles spaced at 15-inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 25 gpa at 35 psi at a tractor speed of 3 mph. Abundance of PLH adults and nymphs were estimated prior to treatment and at 7, 14, and 20 DAT by taking 10 pendulum sweeps per plot. Alfalfa stand heights were recorded prior to treatment and at 20 DAT to determine stand growth per treatment
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Larval European Corn Borer on Whorl-Stage Corn, 1997
Authors: DeVries Terry A. , Wright Robert J.
Published: December 2017

Experimental and labelled insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against larval ECB in whorl-stage field corn near Clay Center, NE. Experimental design was a RGB with four replicates. ‘Dekalb 641’ hybrid field corn was planted on 25 Apr into soybean stubble at a seeding rate of 29,900 plants/acre. Each plot consisted of a single row, 40 ft long with a 30-inch row spacing. Soil type was a Crete silt loam with a 0-1% slope. A CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer mounted on the planter was used to apply liquid insecticides at planting. A TeeJet #250017 nozzle positioned between the disc openers was used to direct an in-furrow spray of 1.25 gpa at 8 psi (LP). Five plants per plot were artificially infested with 10 ECB egg masses each on 20 Jun. These plants were free of larval whorl damage prior to infestation based on visual inspection. Also, five naturally infested plants which exhibited active larval whorl feeding were marked at the time of artificial infestation. When the crop was in 8-leaf growth stage, the plants were artificially infested with egg masses in black-head stage on 21 Jun. All whorl treatments were applied on 26 Jun when crop was in 10-11-leaf growth stage. Granular insecticides were applied using the mason jar ‘shaker’ method (G). Liquid insecticides were broadcast over the top of the plant whorl with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 21 gpa at 30 psi (L). The stalks of both the artificial and naturally infested plants were split lengthwise and the total number of tunnels in the five plants per plot were recorded to evaluate ECB larval damage. The percent infestation at evaluation was determined by the number of plants with a minimum of 1 cavity. The artificially infested plants were evaluated on 21 Jul. The naturally infested plants were evaluated on 22 Jul and 28-29 Jul. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for RCB with mean separation using DMRT.
Cultivation and Planting-Time Insecticide Treatments for Control of Corn Rootworms in South Dakota, 1997
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A.
Published: December 2017

Cornfields located near New Holland and Garretson in central and eastern South Dakota, respectively, were chosen for this study. The experiment was conducted to evaluate insecticide efficacy using ground-driven Noble metering and electronic Smartbox metering units with band or in-furrow insecticide placement methods for control of northern and/or western com rootworm larvae. Treatment plots (15.2-m-long rows spaced 0.96 m apart) were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Noble and Smartbox metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18-cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of directing granules immediately between double-disk furrow openers. Pioneer IR-3751 (100-day) com seed was planted at approximately 23,000 kernels per acre at each location. Five roots per replicate were dug, washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Data were analyzed with the ANOVA procedure and means were compared using LSD.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control with Counter in 15- and 30-Inch Row Centers, 1997
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Nowatzki T. M. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was designed to test the efficacy of Counter 20 CR in 15- and 30-inch row centers at both full and half labeled rates. The experimental design was a split plot with four replications. Row center was the whole-plot treatment and insecticide was the subplot. The test was planned as conventional-till on 5 May into an area that had been planted to a rootworm trap crop the previous year (silty loam soil type). Treatments in the 3-inch row centers consisted of four rows 10 ft wide by 30 ft long. Treatments in the 15-inch row centers consisted of eight rows (10 ft wide) by 30 ft in length. Fifteen-inch row centers were accomplished by splitting the 30-inch centers with a second pass of the planter. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble meter-ing units mounted on a 4-row John Deere 7100 planter (30-inch row centers). Seeding rate was 26,100/acre for 30-inch centers and 33,200 for 15-inch centers (16,600 each pass). The Noble insecticide metering units were field calibrated at both seeding rates and set accordingly. Insecticide was applied at the same oz (AI)/1000 row-ft rate, for each row-center treatment, regardless of seeding rate. Rootworm larval feeding was evaluated on 15 Jul by digging 3 roots from the center two rows of each treatment and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 = no damage or only a few minor feeding scars; 6 = 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken on 22 Oct. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was 45° or less. ANOVA was used to examine treatment main effects and interactions with row spacing. Means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Bollworms on Cotton, 1997
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 12 May in 38-inch rows at the Upper Coastal Plain Research Station near Rocky Mount in central North Carolina. The fertility and herbicide programs followed extension recommendations for cotton in this region. Temik at 5.0 lb (AI)/acre was used at planting. Plot size was 50 ft X 6 rows with 4 replications arranged in a RCBD. Insecticide applications were applied on 20 and 26 Aug with a backpack-type, CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spray Systems nozzle 18 inches over the row. All treatments were evaluated for fruit damage and live caterpillars on 2 and 26 Sep. Twenty-five squares and bolls were examined for BW, FAW, and ECB damage and live larvae per replicate (total 100 per treatment). Plots were harvested from the middle 2 rows with a 2-row John Deere picker on 23 Oct. Seed cotton yields were converted to lint cotton/acre using 40% gin turnout. All data were analyzed by ANOVA and DMRT.
Field Cage Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bugs, 1997
Authors: Howell Michael S. , Reed Jack T.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 2 rows wide by 50 ft long with 4 unsprayed buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied on 1 Jul with a high-clearance spray tractor equipped with two Sprayings Systems TX4 hollow-cone nozzles per row spaced at 19 inches and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 40 psi and a speed of 4 mph. Carrier of the insecticide was water. Plant bugs were collected the morning of application by sweeping wild flowers with a 15-inch diameter sweep net. After plots were sprayed and allowed to dry, finemesh cloth sleeves were placed on each of 2 plants per plot and fastened at the mainstream with an elastic holder. Five plant bugs were then placed into each cage. The sleeves were then fastened at the top with another elastic holder. The plants were cut below the bags 24 h after infestation and were trans-ported to the label where insects were counted. Insects failing to move when prodded were classified as dead.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Cotton Aphid on Cotton, 1997B
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Leonard B. R. , Fife J. H. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in non-irrigated cotton at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Test 1 was planted 1 May and Test 2 was planted on 5 May. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. No foliar insecticides were applied to the plots before the test was initiated. Prior to treatment, cotton plants with infestations of cotton aphids in the plant terminals (20/plot) were identified with plastic bags. Treatments were applied on 25 Jun and 1 Jul to Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. In both tests, insecticides were applied with a handboom and CO2-charged system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through Teejet 8002 flat-fan nozzles (2/row) at 28 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling 10 tagged plant terminals (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) from each plot at 3, 6, and 11 DAT. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling ten plant terminals (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) from each plot. Treatments were evaluated in Test 1 on 27 Jun (2 DAT) and 1 Jul (6 DAT) and in Test 2 on 3 Jul (2 DAT) and 7 Jul (6 DAT). Cotton aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300-mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm), and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. These plots received 0.11 and 1.98 inches rainfall on 28 Jun and 6 Jul, respectively. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means were separated according to DMRT.
Control of Insects on Spring Peas, 1997
Authors: Bragg D. E. , Burns J. W.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established 12 May near Albion, Washington, on the Mills-Farr Farm, in a RCBD with 4 replicates 6 x 10 ft. each. Eleven insecticide treatments and an untreated check were used, with Gaucho 480 applied as a seed treatment at 1.0 and 0.5 oz (AI)/cwt. Foliar treatments were applied at the appearance of PA using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 20 gpa at 20 psi. All treatments were rated by counts of PA per 20 cm of terminal stem 4 per replicate at pre-treatment, 2, 5,7, 10, and 15 DAT. Counts of PW-damaged peas/100 pea sample per replicate were made at harvest. Yield data in oz peas per replicate were collected by threshing in a stationary thresher.
Effects of Insecticides on Thrips Populations, Peanut Injury, Growth, and Yield, Chickasha, Okla-Homa, 1996
Authors: Mulder P. G.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated for tobacco thrips control and for effects on growth and yield of ‘Okrun’ runner type peanut in Chickasha, OK. Peanut was planted on 36-inch rows on 22 May. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates. Plots were 4 rows wide by 45 ft long. Granular insecticides were applied into the seed furrow at planting with a tractor-mounted John Deere granular applicator. Peanut planted with Orthene in the hopperbox was done last, to avoid planter box contamination. Preweighted amounts of Orthene 75 S were added evenly over the seed, alter-nating one-third seed then one-third chemical, until the boxes were filled. Foliar treatments were applied after plant emergence using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 30 psi through one 8004 E flat-fan nozzle per row. Spray treatments were applied 18 days after planting (9 Jun). Treatments were evaluated by comparing plant stand counts per 1/1000 of an acre and injury ratings on a 0 to 10 scale: 0 = no thrips-injured leaves; 10 = 100% injured leaves and dead plants. In addition, thrips control was evaluated by collecting 5 unopened quadrifoliate leaves per plot on 3 Jun. 13 Jun, 20 Jun, and 27 Jun. Unopened leaves were placed in vials of alcohol and returned to the laboratory where adult and larval thrips were separated and counted under a dissecting microscope. Yields were based on digging, combining, drying, and weighing peanuts from 2 rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Registered Insecticides for Control of the Sugarbeet Root Maggot, 1997
Authors: Armstrong J. S. , Carlson B. , Anderson A. , Dregseth B. , Schroeder A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental test plots were established 1 mile south and 5 miles east of St. Thomas, Pembina County, ND. Planting was accomplished on 16 May in a sandy loam soil. Fifteen treatments and an rntreated check were replicated four times in an RCB design. Individual plots were four rows (22 inch spacing) wide by 35 ft length. Temik 15 G, Counter CR, Counter 15 G, Lorsban 15 G, and Chlorfos 15 G were applied at different rates. Treatments also varied by insecticide placement: MIF = modified in-furrow, 2-inch band; B = banded over the row in a 5-inch band; IF = insecticide dropped in-furrow with the beet seed. Drag chains followed all treatments for incorporation. Ten beets were removed from the outer two rows on 23 Jul and rated on a 5 point scale (0 = no scars; 1 = 1-4 small scars of pinlead size; 2 = 5-10 small scars to 3 large scars; 3 = more than 3 large scars; 4 = H to 3A of root area blackened by scars; 5 = more than % of root surface slackened, dying beet) to estimate SBRM feeding injury. Plant stand counts were taken just before harvest on the center two rows that were harvested 70 row ft). On 29 Sep the center two rows of each plot were machine lifted, weighed, and sent to the American Crystal Research Laboratory, Grand Forks, ND where they were cleaned, reweighted and adjusted for tare. All data were analyzed using ANOVA and SNK.
Impact of Sugarcane Borer Control Insecticides on Non-Target Arthropods, 1997
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Woolwine A. E. , Ostheimer E. A. , Reagan T. E.
Published: December 2017

Three insecticide treatments were evaluated for their effects on non-target insects in sugarcane borer management programs. Treatments were randomly assigned to plots (ca. 1.51 to 2.08 acre each) according to RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were treated when 5% of sugarcane stalks contained live larvae of 3rd instar or smaller in leaf sheats (30 Jun and 13 Aug). Treatments were applied in water using an Ag Cat B aircraft with swaths of 54 ft delivering 2 gpa finished formulation. Non-target arthropods were monitored from 2 Jul to 24 Sep using 3 pitfall traps (pt jars filled with 150ml 70% ethanol and 40 ml mineral oil) embedded to the soil surface near the center of each plot and spaced 20 m apart. Traps were sheltered by a 22 cm diam disc supported on a tripod at 4 cm above the surface.
Aphid Control on the Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agric. Res. and Ext. Cntr., Blackstone, VA to evaluate various foliar insecticides for TA control and to determine the effects of the treatments on the yield of flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco ‘Coker 371Gold’ was transplanted into experimental plots on 19 May. Seven treatments and an un-treated control was established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by a single untreated guard rows. Except for insect control, flue-cured tobacco production methods followed the recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 30 gpa at 50 psi through TX-12 nozzles (3/row) on 4 and 22 Jul. Temperatures ranged from 88-90 °F during both applications. TA counts were made on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot before treatment and at 3 to 24 DAT. On 21 Aug, TA damage was rated on a scale of 0-10: 0 = no injury; 10 = very severe injury as indicated by necrotic leaf tissue, honey-dew, and sooty mold. Dipel 4 L at 0.5 qt/acre was applied to the entire test for budworm and tobacco hornworm control on 3 Jul. Tobacco was harvested, cured and yield was determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by Waller-Duncan K-ratio t-test (K = 100). TA count data were transformed to log10 (x + 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Effect of Miticides on Cyclamen Mites, 1994
Authors: Cowles Richard S. , Kido Ken
Published: December 2017

A trial was conducted in a commercial greenhouse (70-80°F) in Riverside, CA. This experiment was conducted as a 20 (treatments) x 2 (one or two application) factorial RCB, with 5 single-plant replicates. All treatments were applied to run-off with a COz-pressurized sprayer at 40 psi with an 8002 TeeJet nozzles. All plants were sprayed on 18 Mar and half of the plants were sprayed again on 25 March. Treatments were evaluated on 1-4 Apr by removing 5 terminals from each plant and dissecting the buds to count the mites. Ratings were: 0, no mites; 1, 1 mobile mite; 10, > 1 mite. The ratings were totaled for each plant to give a composite rating between 0 and 50. Longer-term plant growth response was evaluated 30 DAT (25 Apr) by counting the number of terminals exhibiting cupped leaves and shortened internodes typical of cyclamen mite injury. Ratings for the number of injured terminals were 0, none; 1, 1-2; 2, 3-4 3, 5-6; 4, >6 damaged terminals.
Control of Early Instar Black Cutworm Larvae with Spinosad Formulations and Dursban, 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan
Published: December 2017

The rial was conducted at Hanover Country Club, Hanover, NH on a bentgrass nursery. One hundred 3rd-instar larvae per treatment were placed in a PVC cylinder on 9 Jul. Treatments in all cylinders were applied on 10 Jul. There were a total of 12 treatments, replicated 4 times, with 3 rating dates, in a RCB design. The insecticides were applied using 32-oz, hand-held pump sprayers. The volume of water and insecticide mixture per cylinder was 2 gal/1000 ft2. vVeather conditions were as follows: air temp, 68°F; sky, mostly sunny; wind, light. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 78°F; at 1-inch depth, 74°F; at 2-inch depth, 70°F; texture, loam; sand, 64%; silt, 28%; clay, 8%; moisture, 21%; organic matter, 4.8%; pH, 7.3. The trial was rated on 11 Jul, 13 lul, and 17 Jul by applying to each cylinder a dilution of Joy dish soap and water to each cylinder to force live larvae to the surface for counting. During : he rating period, peak daytime surface temperatures were hot (90°F).
Comparison of Mach-2 and Tempo for Residual Control of Black Cutworm on Bentgrass, 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at Amherst Country Club, Amherst, NH. Four replicates of each treatment were laid out on a bentgrass nursery. At 4-, 2- and 1 -week intervals prior to installation of larvae, the insecticides were applied on their respective areas. Liquid formulations were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray nozzles; each nozzle was fitted with an 8005 fan-type nozzle and a 50-mesh strainer. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000 ft2 delivered at 40 psi. Granulars were evenly dispersed using large commercial-style salt shakers, and were irrigated to approximately 1/4-inch of water per plot. Weather conditions on each spray date were as follows: 4-week interval (25 Jul): air temp, 66°F; sky, overcast; soil surface temp, 66°F; at 1-inch depth, 67°F; at 2-inch depth, 66°F; 2-week interval (8 Aug): air temp, 72°F; sky, mostly sunny; soil surface temp, 70°F; at 1-inch depth, 68°; at 2-inch depth, 66°; 1-week interval (15 Aug): air temp, 66°F; sky, cloudy; soil surface temp, 67°F; at 1 -inch depth, 66°F; at 2-inch depth, 65°F. Soil analysis resulted in the following: texture, loam; sand, 44%; silt, 38%; clay, 18%; soil pH, 5.7; moisture, 21%; organic matter, 5%. PVC cylinders were installed in all plots, and 19 3rd-instar larvae were put into each cylinder on 22 Aug. The trial was rated at 1-, 3-, and 7-day intervals after installation of larvae by applying a mixture of Joy dish soap and water to each cylinder to force live larvae to the surface for counting.
Annual Bluegrass Weevil Management on a Golf Course Fairway with Chlorpyrifos and Bifenthrin Formulations, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway located in Bedford County, PA, consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Applications were made when flowering dogwood was in full bloom. Treatment plots were 6 X 5 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 5 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker with top-dressing sand used to provide even distribution of product. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed-air sprayer with four 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 227 ml of wa-ter/30 ft2 or delivering 2 gal water/1,000 ft 2. At treatment time (2 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 61° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 54° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 64° F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil textural class, clay loam; soil particle size analysis: 21.2% sand, 43.8% silt, 35.0% clay; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 42.8%; organic matter, 11.1%; soil pH, 6.1; water pH, 7; application time, mid-morning; and clear skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 in of water immediately after treatment. A total of 9.83 inches of rainfall was recorded from 2 May through 30 Jun. Post-treatment counts were made on 30 Jun. Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing two 4-inch cup cutter sod samples from each replicate and recording the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) per sample. Totals were than converted to a ft2 count.
Blueberry, Insect Control, 1997
Authors: Drummond F. A. , Collins J. A.
Published: December 2017

Laboratory control tests were conducted using a Burkard computer controlled spray apparatus to apply the materials at 10 lb psi air pressure and an orifice setting of 6. Treatments were applied to blueberry foliage placed in filter-paper-lined, 10-cm-diam petri dishes. Insects were introduced immediately after spray application. For all applications, 0.2 ml were sprayed into each petri dish. Foliage was changed every 2-3 days. The number of insects per dish depended on pest species and developmental stage and ranged from 5-11. Replicates ranged from 3-8, and the frequency of sampling dishes for the assessment of mortality was 1-7 days (see tables). Insects were determined dead if they did not move upon being touched with a laboratory dissecting needle. Dead insects were held in separate petri dishes for up to 2 weeks in order to detect symptoms of mycosis or parasitism by parasitoids. Log (dose)-probit or dose-probit regressions were used to quantify the relationship between dose of control agent and mortality. The criteria used to select the date for the regression was evidence of significant mortality across the dosages with insignificant mortality of the control group.
Topical and Residual Assays of Selected Pesticides Against the Silverleaf Whitefly, Winter 1997
Authors: Bethke J. A. , Redak R. A.
Published: December 2017

Two trials were conducted for testing the efficacy of selected pesticides against the silverleaf whitefly. A residual assay was performed in the following manner: Poinsettia leaves were collected from an existing colony and placed in water. Treatments were applied to the adaxial surface of the leaf with a janitorial spray bottle. The leaves were allowed to dry then placed in a Munger cell with the adaxial surface exposed. Adult whiteflies from an existing colony were aspirated into a 25-dram plastic vial, anesthetized using COz, and placed into the Munger cell. Mortality was observed at 24 and 48 h. A topical assay was prepared at the same time as the residual trial. Leaves were left untreated, and placed in the Munger cell as described above. Whiteflies were also collected and anesthetized as above, but were placed on a piece of filter paper and sprayed with the same treatments as in the residual trial. They were immediately placed into the Munger cell. Post-treatment counts of live and dead adult whiteflies were made at 24 and 48 h. A RCB design was used with five replicates per treatment. ANOVA was performed on the data, and LSD (P = 0.05) was used to separate the means.
Evaluation of Selected Runner-Type Peanuts for Plant Stand, Susceptibility to Thrips Injury, and Yield, 1997
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Selected runner-type peanuts, with and without standard insecticide protection, were evaluated for plant stand, TT injury, and yield. ‘GK 7’, ‘Georgia Green’, ‘Andru 93’ and ‘Georgia Runner’ were evaluated and ‘VA-C 92R’ was included as a Virginia-type standard. Peanuts were planted 7 May at the Virginia Tech Tidewater Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Suffolk, VA using 36-inch row spacing. Eight gpa of metam-sodium 42% was injected into rows as a soil fumigant on 11 April, about 4 weeks prior to planting. Thrips protection was provided by Orthene 75 S applied dissolved in water with a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5.0 gap at 24 psi through one SS8001E flat fan nozzle mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to row direction to deliver the spray fan into the seed furrow. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Plant stand was determined by counting all seedlings in the 2 center rows (80 row ft) of each plot on 6 and 19 Jun. TT injury was evaluated on a 0 to 10 scale: 0 = no thrips induced plant injury, 1 = 10% injured leaves, 2 = 20% injured leaves, 3 = 30% injured leaves, 4 = 40% injured leaves, 5 = ≥ 50% injured leaves + ≤5% terminal buds injured, 6 = ≥50% injured leaves + 25% terminal buds injured, 7 = ≥50% injured leaves + 50% terminal buds injured, 8 = ≤ 50% injured leaves + 75% terminal buds injured, 9 = ≥50% injured leaves + ≥90% terminal buds injured, and 10 = dead plants. Yield was determined by digging, drying, and combining peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, 1995
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: December 2017

Fresh-market cabbage was direct seeded on 11 October, 1995 at Weslaco, TX in 100-cm-wide beds and maintained with standard cultural practices. Plots consisted of two rows by 10.7 m and were arranged in a RCB design with sixteen treatments and four replicates. Spray applications were made on 2 Nov, 29 Nov, 14 Dec 1995, and 17 Jan 1996 with three hollow-cone tips per row. Applications were made with 284 1/ha of water. Cabbage loopers, diamondback moth larvae, and beet armyworms were counted on five whole plants per plot. Cabbage heads were harvested on 30 Jan, 5 Feb, and 21 Feb and evaluated for damage from 0 = none to 4 = severe damage to wrapper leaves and/or head. Harvested weight of cabbage was based on an average of two harvests from 5 plants each. Analysis of variance and LSD tests for separation of treatment means were calculated from averages over all sample dates.
Interlocking K Wires Followed by Immediate Mobilization for Fractures of the Hand
Authors: Farias Efrain , Lichterman Mayron , Yuhas Mark , Thirkannad Sunil M.
Published: December 2017

We describe a technique of interlocking Kirschner wires to improve stability after fixation of fractures of the hand. This enables immediate mobilization of the injured fingers thus reducing the need for prolonged postoperative physical therapy and consequently diminishing chances of posttraumatic stiffness. This study analyzes outcomes in 83 fractures in 70 patients including 26 metacarpal and 57 phalangeal fractures. The technique has proven to be simple, versatile, and cost-effective. Patient compliance and satisfaction has been high and results have been gratifying.
Tolerability and Product Properties of a Gum-Containing Thickener in Patients With Dysphagia
Authors: Killeen Linda , Lansink Mirian , Schröder Dea
Published: December 2017

Purpose:

The aim of the study was to determine the gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability of drinks and foods thickened with a gum-containing thickener compared to a starch-based thickener in patients with dysphagia.

Design:

A randomized, double-blind, controlled, parallel group study.

Methods:

Subjects started with a 3-day run-in period on a starch-based thickener and continued with a 14-day intervention on either the starch-based or gum-containing thickener. GI tolerance parameters were recorded at baseline and for three consecutive days in both weeks. Product properties were studied using a feedback questionnaire from carers.

Findings:

Incidence and intensity of GI symptoms was low and not significantly different between groups. Carers indicated that starch-thickened drinks became significantly thinner with time compared to gum-containing thickened drinks (p = .029).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:

No differences in GI tolerance parameters between groups were observed. We hypothesize that use of the gum-containing thickener is preferred to a starch-based thickener due to the stability of its viscosity during consumption.
Consenting on Principles of Rehabilitation Nursing Care: A Delphi Study
Authors: Suter-Riederer Susanne , Mahrer Imhof Romy , Gabriel Claudia , Kesselring Jürg , Schnepp Wilfried , Imhof Lorenz
Published: December 2017

Purpose

Patient-centeredness, evidence-based interventions, and interdisciplinary teamwork have been described as key in neurological rehabilitation nursing. In order to develop future action plans, a group of Swiss rehabilitation nurses sought agreement on concrete principles that led the efforts to develop a common understanding of rehabilitation nursing care in Switzerland.

Design

A three-round Delphi study was conducted.

Methods

Literature-based statements were formulated and sent out twice to 54 rehabilitation nursing stakeholders. In the third round, the participants ranked the three most important statements out of 13.

Findings

Highest priority reached the statements: Rehabilitation nursing care (1) considers the uniqueness of the patients and their family, (2) offers support that promises the greatest potential for patients and their family, and (3) uses evidence-based knowledge.

Conclusion

Statements on patient- and family-centeredness were ranked highest. Patients and families’ preferences have to be considered as much as evidence-based knowledge and interventions to support patients and family.

Clinical Relevance

The study supported the discussion on action plans and enlivened new services and nursing interventions in a Swiss nursing community.
Ecological and political economy lenses for school health education: a critical pedagogy shift
Authors: Martinson Marty , Elia John P.
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to critically examine school health education in the USA and present alternative approaches for more critical and comprehensive health education.

Design/methodology/approach

An ecological model framework is used to identify the limitations and opportunities for improvement in school health education in the USA. An argument is made for school health education that embraces ecological approaches, political economy theory, and critical pedagogies.

Findings

US schools have been tasked with providing health education that is primarily rooted in individualistic approaches. Often missing from this education is recognition of the social and structural determinants of health that greatly influence one’s ability to practice the health behaviors promoted in schools. This raises pedagogical and ethical concerns, which can be addressed by teaching health education that is grounded in ecological and political economy understandings of health and in critical pedagogies that allow students to more comprehensively and accurately understand health, how their worlds influence health, and their agency within those worlds.

Practical implications

This paper offers justification for a critical model of school health education and for the professional preparation of school health educators that is grounded in critical pedagogy and ecological approaches.

Originality/value

This work complements other research on critical health education by adding explicit integration of the ecological model and the political economy theory within critical pedagogies.
A theoretical and statistical approach of Six Sigma differentiation from other quality systems
Authors: Ismyrlis Vasileios , Moschidis Odysseas
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate in which management aspects could Six Sigma (SS) methodology help the organization that implements it. Another subject to be examined is the integration of SS and other quality management systems (QMSs) in practice and in a theoretical way.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was addressed to 146 Greek companies of all business sectors, with at least one QMS; here was ISO 9001:2008. It included questions concerning the importance of the critical success factors (CSFs) of QMSs and performance measures after the implementation of ISO 9001. Correspondence analysis was used for the analysis of the data. A theoretical investigation in literature was also accomplished to express the characteristic aspects of SS.

Findings

Companies implementing SS seemed to outperform the companies without it, in the importance given in most CSFs and equally in the performance measures. People-oriented factors distinguished as more important, and this is consistent with the literature concerning SS.

Practical implications

This paper provides information for practitioners and researchers about SS methodology and presents some of its advantages, deriving from its integration with ISO 9001 QMS.

Originality/value

It makes available a perspective of SS deployment in Greek organizations. It also clarifies points that demonstrate the differentiation of SS from other quality approaches and the case of integration with ISO 9001. It also presents the demographic profile of the companies that implement SS.
How firms borrow in international bond markets
Authors: Fuertes Alberto , Serena Jose María
Published: December 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate how firms from emerging economies choose among different international bond markets: global, US144A and Eurobond markets. The authors explore if the ranking in regulatory stringency –global bonds have the most stringent regulations and Eurobonds have the most lenient regulations – leads to a segmentation of borrowers.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use a novel data set from emerging economy firms, treating them as consolidated entities. The authors also obtain descriptive evidence and perform univariate non-parametric analyses, conditional and multinomial logit analyses to study firms’ marginal debt choice decisions.

Findings

The authors show that firms with poorer credit quality, less ability to absorb flotation costs and more informational asymmetries issue debt in US144A and Eurobond markets. On the contrary, firms issuing global bonds – subject to full Securities and Exchange Commission requirements – are financially sounder and larger. This exercise also shows that following the global crisis, firms from emerging economies are more likely to tap less regulated debt markets.

Originality/value

This is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first study that examines if the ranking in stringency of regulation – global bonds have the most stringent regulations and Eurobonds have the most lenient regulations – is consistent with an ordinal choice by firms. The authors also explore if this ranking is monotonic in all determinants or there are firm-specific features which make firms unlikely to borrow in a given market. Finally, the authors analyze if there are any changes in the debt-choice behavior of firms after the global financial crisis.
Pathways to Medical Home Recognition: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of the PCMH Transformation Process
Authors: Mendel Peter , Chen Emily K. , Green Harold D. , Armstrong Courtney , Timbie Justin W. , Kress Amii M. , Friedberg Mark W. , Kahn Katherine L.
Published: December 2017

Objective

To understand the process of practice transformation by identifying pathways for attaining patient‐centered medical home (PCMH) recognition.

Data Sources/Study Setting

The CMS Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) Advanced Primary Care Practice Demonstration was designed to help FQHCs achieve NCQA Level 3 PCMH recognition and improve patient outcomes. We used a stratified random sample of 20 (out of 503) participating sites for this analysis.

Study Design

We developed a conceptual model of structural, cultural, and implementation factors affecting PCMH transformation based on literature and initial qualitative interview themes. We then used conventional cross‐case analysis, followed by qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), a cross‐case method based on Boolean logic algorithms, to systematically identify pathways (i.e., combinations of factors) associated with attaining—or not attaining—Level 3 recognition.

Data Collection Methods

Site‐level indicators were derived from semistructured interviews with site leaders at two points in time (mid‐ and late‐implementation) and administrative data collected prior to and during the demonstration period.

Principal Findings

The QCA results identified five distinct pathways to attaining PCMH recognition and four distinct pathways to not attaining recognition by the end of the demonstration. Across these pathways, one condition (change leader capacity) was common to all pathways for attaining recognition, and another (previous improvement or recognition experience) was absent in all pathways for not attaining recognition. In general, sites could compensate for deficiencies in one factor with capacity in others, but they needed a threshold of strengths in cultural and implementation factors to attain PCMH recognition.

Conclusions

Future efforts at primary care transformation should take into account multiple pathways sites may pursue. Sites should be assessed on key cultural and implementation factors, in addition to structural components, in order to differentiate interventions and technical assistance.
Mental Health Risk Adjustment with Clinical Categories and Machine Learning
Authors: Shrestha Akritee , Bergquist Savannah , Montz Ellen , Rose Sherri
Published: December 2017

Objective

To propose nonparametric ensemble machine learning for mental health and substance use disorders (MHSUD) spending risk adjustment formulas, including considering Clinical Classification Software (CCS) categories as diagnostic covariates over the commonly used Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) system.

Data Sources

2012–2013 Truven MarketScan database.

Study Design

We implement 21 algorithms to predict MHSUD spending, as well as a weighted combination of these algorithms called super learning. The algorithm collection included seven unique algorithms that were supplied with three differing sets of MHSUD‐related predictors alongside demographic covariates: HCC, CCS, and HCC + CCS diagnostic variables. Performance was evaluated based on cross‐validated R2 and predictive ratios.

Principal Findings

Results show that super learning had the best performance based on both metrics. The top single algorithm was random forests, which improved on ordinary least squares regression by 10 percent with respect to relative efficiency. CCS categories‐based formulas were generally more predictive of MHSUD spending compared to HCC‐based formulas.

Conclusions

Literature supports the potential benefit of implementing a separate MHSUD spending risk adjustment formula. Our results suggest there is an incentive to explore machine learning for MHSUD‐specific risk adjustment, as well as considering CCS categories over HCCs.
A Reaction‐Based Novel Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide and Its Application in Wine
Authors: Wang Hao , Wang Jialin , Yang Shaoxiang , Tian Hongyu , Sun Baoguo , Liu Yongguo
Published: December 2017

A new reaction‐based fluorescent probe 6‐cyanonaphthalen‐2‐yl‐2,4‐ dinitrobenzenesulfonate (probe 1) was designed and synthesized for detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The addition of H2S to a solution of probe 1 resulted in a marked fluorescence increased accompanied by a visual color change from colorless to yellow. Importantly, this distinct color response indicates that probe 1 could be used as a visual tool for detection of H2S. H2S can be detected quantitatively in the concentration range 0 to 25 μM and the detection limit was 30 nM. Moreover, probe 1 was successfully used as a sensor to determine H2S levels in red wine and beer.

Practical Application

Fluorescent probe 1 could be employed as a visible sensor for H2S. Probe 1 could be used to detect H2S quantitatively in food simple.
Explaining auditors’ propensity to issue going‐concern opinions in Australia after the global financial crisis
Authors: Carson Elizabeth , Fargher Neil , Zhang Yuyu
Published: December 2017

We document an increase in auditors issuing going‐concern opinions in Australia over a prolonged period since the Global Financial Crisis that is not fully explained by changes in client risk. Overall, our evidence is consistent with auditors reporting more conservatively with the increased level of scrutiny from Australian Securities and Investments Commission inspections and other increased regulation, and in particular, the negative attention following the 2011–2012 inspections. As a result, auditor reports with reference to going‐concern issues have become less informative regarding future corporate failure.
Identification of an (−)‐englerin A analogue, which antagonizes (−)‐englerin A at TRPC1/4/5 channels
Authors: Rubaiy Hussein N , Seitz Tobias , Hahn Sven , Choidas Axel , Habenberger Peter , Klebl Bert , Dinkel Klaus , Nussbaumer Peter , Waldmann Herbert , Christmann Mathias , Beech David J
Published: December 2017

Background and Purpose

(−)‐Englerin A (EA) is a potent cytotoxic agent against renal carcinoma cells. It achieves its effects by activation of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)4/TRPC1 heteromeric channels. It is also an agonist at channels formed by the related protein, TRPC5. Here, we sought an EA analogue, which might enable a better understanding of these effects of EA.

Experimental Approach

An EA analogue, A54, was synthesized by chemical elaboration of EA. The effects of EA and A54 on the activity of human TRPC4 or TRPC5 channels overexpressed on A498 and HEK 293 cells were investigated, firstly, by measuring intracellular Ca2+ and, secondly, current using whole‐cell patch clamp recordings.

Key Results

A54 had weak or no agonist activity at endogenous TRPC4/TRPC1 channels in A498 cells or TRPC4 or TRPC5 homomeric channels overexpressed in HEK 293 cells. A54 strongly inhibited EA‐mediated activation of TRPC4/TRPC1 or TRPC5 and weakly inhibited activation of TRPC4. Studies of TRPC5 showed that A54 shifted the EA concentration–response curve to the right without changing its slope, consistent with competitive antagonism. In contrast, Gd3+‐activated TRPC5 or sphingosine‐1‐phosphate‐activated TRPC4 channels were not inhibited but potentiated by A54. A54 did not activate TRPC3 channels or affect the activation of these channels by the agonist 1‐oleoyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycerol.

Conclusions and Implications

This study has revealed a new tool compound for EA and TRPC1/4/5 channel research, which could be useful for characterizing endogenous TRPC1/4/5 channels and understanding EA‐binding sites and their physiological relevance.