bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGNOSIS IN IMHA CASES – A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Davidow EB , Oncken A
Published: September 2004

Because of the cost and complexity of treating immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) cases, it is important to find accurate prognostic factors. Most information to date has come from retrospective university studies with varying treatment protocols. To better identify prognostic indicators in cases diagnosed with IMHA, a prospective study with a standardized treatment protocol was undertaken. Diagnosis of IMHA was based on standard published criteria and effective rule out of other diseases. For each IMHA case admitted, historical, treatment and clinical data were documented during hospitalization. All discharged cases were followed for at least 3 months.

Of 31 cases originally enrolled in the study, 26 cases were available for analysis in determining chance for discharge and 21 cases were available in determining longer term prognosis. All cases were autoagglutinating. Eighteen cases were discharged (69%), 1 case died, and 7 cases were euthanized in the hospital due to a grave prognosis. Cases that died or were euthanized in the hospital had a significantly higher maximum total bilirubin (Tbili) level than those that were discharged (33.5 versus 4.8, p=0.0004). Between cases that were discharged and those that died or were euthanized, there was no difference in age, packed cell volume, white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count or Tbili on admission, or the presence of hemoglobinuria or hemoglobinemia. The number of transfusions received and hospitalization time were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Only 3 animals had been vaccinated within 2 months; of those, 1 was euthanized and 2 were discharged.

Three‐month follow‐up information was available for 13 of the 18 cases discharged. Of the 13, 7 cases were still alive at 3 months (7/21, 33%). There was no difference in age, PCV, WBC, platelet count, total bilirubin at admission, number of transfusions received, or hospitalization time between survivors and non‐survivors. None of the animals that lived over 3 months had hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria during their hospitalization. Maximum Tbili was significantly higher in non‐survivors versus survivors (23.7 versus 1.9, p=0.0005). A total bilirubin of greater than 5.16 during hospitalization was associated with an extremely poor prognosis.
RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF IMHA – A PROSPECTIVE CASE‐CONTROL STUDY
Authors: Davidow EB , Oncken A
Published: September 2004

A prospective case‐control study was undertaken at DLEAH from May, 2001 to February, 2003 to examine risk factors for development of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). A questionnaire was filled out by the attending doctor for each IMHA case diagnosed. The diagnosis of IMHA was made based on a PCV <25%, effective rule out of other diseases, and the presence of at least 2 of the following: spherocytosis; regenerative response with elevated reticulocytes or polychromasia; hemolysis characterized by bilirubinuria, hyperbilirubinemia, hemoglobinuria or hemoglobinemia; positive slide agglutination or positive Coombs' test. To provide case controls, the same questionnaire was filled out for the next canine patient admitted after diagnosis. Age, breed, vaccine history, previous illness, and medication history were examined. Date of admission was compared to total hospital case numbers to look for seasonality.

The study contained 31 cases and 29 controls. Cases were significantly older than controls (7.45 years versus 5.1 years, p=0.01). Cocker spaniels and Cocker mixes were significantly more likely to be cases than controls (7/31 IMHA versus 1/29 controls, p=0.05). Medication and illness history for the 2 months prior to presentation was not significantly different between cases and controls. None of the IMHA cases had received antibiotics previously reported to be associated with IMHA. In contrast to previous studies, vaccination history was not significantly different between cases and controls. Five out of 31 cases had received vaccines in the previous 2 months; 4 of 9 controls had received vaccines in that same period. At least one case presented each month of the year. Although cases presented more frequently in the summer months, overall hospital case load was also elevated during these times. The monthly distributions of IMHA cases and total hospital case load were not significantly different.
COMPARISON OF SIX NON‐INVASIVE SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN TECHNIQUES IN DOGS AND CATS
Authors: Engelhardt MH , Crowe DT
Published: September 2004

Objective: To determine the amount of time required to reach the highest concentrations of oxygen at the patient's face and to determine what these highest concentrations of oxygen were with various non‐invasive methods of providing supplemental oxygen using a commercial oxygen content analyzer.

Procedure: Three healthy cats and 3 healthy dogs were each individually given supplemental oxygen by 6 different means, each done at 2 rates (5 L and 15 L per minute). The methods tested were: 1) Plastic sheet over conventional cage door (PSCD); 2) Blow‐by where the tubing delivering the oxygen was held 8 cm from the face (BB); 3) Large plastic bag covering the patient (BAG); 4) Anesthesia induction chamber (AIC); 5) Synder oxygen cage (SOC); and 6) Crowe Oxygen E‐Collar (COC). Prior to the testing, the commercial oxygen content analyzer (Mini‐Ox) was calibrated.

Results: Significant repeatable differences were consistently observed between the 6 methods of oxygen delivery. Results of both 5 L and 15 L/min oxygen flow rates consistently indicated that the highest oxygen concentrations were achieved with the anesthesia induction chamber and large plastic bag with oxygen concentrations reaching approximately 95% and 90%, respectively between 5 to 15 min. The BAG method had the advantage of allowing additional room for patient manipulation and the ability to place intravenous catheters while continuing to give supplemental oxygen. The plastic sheet covering a conventional cage door provided oxygen concentrations of 50% and 60% at 15 and 45 min, respectively. The Crowe Oxygen E‐Collar achieved oxygen concentrations of 70% in 1.5 min. Blow‐by was found to be the simplest method. It increased FiO2 to 40% within 2 min. The Synder oxygen cage was able to achieve 45% oxygen concentration within 30 min with an oxygen flow rate of 15 L/min. It was able to achieve 60% at 45 min (similar to the plastic bag on the cage).

Conclusion: The order of effectiveness of providing non‐invasive oxygen supplementation, from the highest to the lowest concentrations, was AIC, BAG, COC, PSCD, SOC, and BB. The fastest to the slowest increases in oxygen concentrations followed the same order at both 5 L and 15 L/min oxygen flow rate and they were BB, COC, AIC, BAG, PSCD, and SOC. SOC was the most inefficient means of providing oxygen while AIC, BAG and COC were the most efficient.
THE USE OF ACEPROMAZINE IN DOGS WITH A HISTORY OF SEIZURES
Authors: Garner JL , Kirby R , Rudloff E
Published: September 2004

Acepromazine (ACE) is a phenothiazine derivative used for its sedative properties. The primary mechanism of action of ACE is through inhibition of dopaminergic‐2 receptors in the brain. It is a common belief that ACE lowers the seizure threshold. The purpose of this clinical study is to retrospectively evaluate the occurrence of seizures in dogs presenting with a history of seizures that were treated with ACE during hospitalization. A retrospective review of records from dogs that had a chronic or acute seizure history and received ACE was done. Factors evaluated included the presenting complaint, historical seizure information, ACE dosage and route of administration, reason for giving and length of hospitalization following ACE, occurrence of seizure activity post‐ACE administration, time interval between ACE and seizure activity, and use of other medications. Thirty‐one dogs qualified for the study, 20 males and 11 females. Age range was 3 months ‐ 14.9 years. Presenting complaint was seizure in 28 patients, bite wound in 1 patient, ruptured cranial cruciate ligament in 1 patient, and hind limb paresis in 1 patient. Twenty‐seven dogs did not seize after ACE administration within an average of 16.4 hours of observation (range: 0.25–66 hours). There was a known history of seizures in 22/31 prior to the day of presentation, and 15/22 were currently on maintenance anti‐epileptic medication. Of the 16 not on anti‐seizure medication at the time of presentation, 13 were started on phenobarbital. One was also started on potassium bromide, and 3 received no anti‐seizure medication during hospitalization. All received at least one dose of ACE while in the hospital (range 1–5). Mean ACE dose was 0.029 mg/kg IV (range: 0.008–0.057 mg/kg; n=46), 0.036 mg/kg IM (range: 0.017–0.059 mg/kg; n=14), 0.53 mg/kg PO (n=2). Twenty‐three received some form of anti‐seizure medication in the hospital prior to being given ACE. Eight seizure episodes occurred 0.3–10 hours after ACE administration in 4. All 4 presented for seizures. The time interval between ACE administration and seizure activity was greater than that expected for measurable effects to be seen in one dog (10 hours). In conclusion, there is no clinical evidence that ACE administration at the listed dosages is associated with increased seizure activity in dogs with seizure disorders. A larger study group is needed to more thoroughly evaluate the safety of short‐term ACE use in dogs with a seizure history.
INDICATIONS, MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME OF LONG TERM POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION IN DOGS AND CATS: 152 CASES (1991–2001)
Authors: Hopper K , Haskins SC , Rezende M
Published: September 2004

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the indications, management and outcome of 152 cases of long‐term positive pressure ventilation (PPV).

Methods: Medical records of patients maintained on PPV for 24 hours or longer, from 1991 to 2001 were reviewed. All cases were categorized into 3 groups according to the reason they required PPV: animals with pulmonary parenchymal disease that were not adequately oxygenating (1), animals with neuromuscular or large airway disease that were not adequately ventilating (2), or animals with both inadequate oxygenation and ventilation (3).

Results: A total of 152 ventilator episodes were identified represented by 124 dogs and 24 cats. The median duration of ventilation was 49 hours (range 24–356 hours). Overall, 41.4% of cases were weaned, and 27% of cases survived to discharge. There were 78 cases with inadequate oxygenation (Group 1), of which 37.2% were weaned and 20.5% survived to discharge. There were 62 cases with inadequate ventilation (Group 2), of which 50% were weaned and 38.7% survived to discharge. In Group 3, 10 cases were identified; 25% were weaned and 8.3% survived to discharge. Arterial blood gases were collected in 61.2% of cases prior to PPV. Venous blood gases were collected in 10.5% of cases and an SpO2 was recorded on 2% of cases. In 26.3% of cases, no blood gas or SpO2 measurements were performed prior to PPV. The mean PaCO2 prior to PPV was 46.9±15.5 mmHg in Group 1, 72.6±26.9 mmHg in Group 2, and 64.3±14.1 mmHg in Group 3. In Groups 1, 2 and 3, the mean PaO2/FIO2 ratio was 101.7±67.6, 262.6±210.9 and 115.7±75.9, respectively. Pentobarbital, with or without diazepam, was the most common induction (28.9%) and maintenance (61.8%) agent utilized. Most cases (91.4%) were initially stabilized with volume or pressure control. Of the animals weaned from PPV, synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation was used in 46% of cases and continuous positive airway pressure was used in 22.2%. Complications included pneumothorax (6.6%), oral ulceration (5.9%), and corneal ulceration (3.9%).

Conclusion: Long‐term PPV can be both practical and successful in veterinary medicine. Patients that require PPV due to pulmonary parenchymal disease had lower weaning and survival rates than those without.
CLINICAL COMPARISON OF LORAZEPAM VS. DIAZEPAM IN THE CONTROL OF CANINE SEIZURES
Authors: Naeser J , Lichtenberger M , Mariani C , Thamm DHM , Kirby R
Published: September 2004

Lorazepam is a long‐acting benzodiazepine that interacts with a high degree of affinity for the GABA receptor complex. This high affinity binding in turn leads to a prolonged duration of action. There are no published clinical studies documenting its duration of action in dogs or its ability to control seizures. The purpose of this study was to compare the duration of seizure control of lorazepam with diazepam in 16 dogs presenting in status epilepticus or with active cluster seizures. Previous seizure history and anticonvulsant therapy was not a consideration for inclusion into this study. Animals were excluded if there was a known metabolic, toxic or traumatic cause of the seizure. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either lorazepam (0.2 mg/kg IV) or diazepam (0.5 mg/kg IV), and the clinicians were blinded as to which drug they were administering. The duration of the study was 12 hours from the time of drug administration, and the animals were monitored for any indication of seizure activity, including generalized motor activity, focal motor activity (e.g., movement of facial or limb musculature) and change in the level of consciousness. The study ended at 12 hours post‐study drug administration or when the dog seized before the end of the 12 hour study period. The results indicated no significant difference between lorazepam versus diazepam with regard to median seizure‐free interval (2.8 h for diazepam versus 3.4 h for lorazepam, p=0.58 by log rank test), or with regard to percent seizure‐free for the duration of the observation period (1/8 for lorazepam versus 3/8 for diazepam, p=0.51 by Fisher's exact test). There was also no difference between the 2 drugs regarding the number of animals in which seizures were initially controlled (6/8 in each group). Lorazepam used at this dose does not appear to result in a significant increase in duration of seizure control for dogs with status epilepticus and cluster seizures. Additional studies may be warranted using higher doses of lorazepam.
USE OF LITHIUM DILUTION AND PULSE CONTOUR ANALYSIS CARDIAC OUTPUT DETERMINATION IN ANAESTHETISED HORSES – A CLINICAL EVALUATION
Authors: Hallowell Gayle D , Corley Kevin TT
Published: September 2004

Pulse contour analysis is a relatively new method of continuously monitoring cardiac output. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the human algorithm for calculation of continuous cardiac output from the pulse waveform, for use in anaesthetised horses. Cardiac output was measured in 27 anaesthetised clinical cases comparing lithium dilution (LiDCO) with a preceding, calibrated cardiac output measured from the pulse waveform (PulseCO) using a commercial system (LiDCOplus, LiDCO Ltd., Cambridge, UK). These comparisons were repeated every 20–30 min. Positive inotropes or vasopressors were administered when clinically indicated. Cardiac output values obtained ranged from 15.2–52.2 L/min, with cardiac indices from 30.7–114.9 ml/kg/min.

Eighty‐nine comparisons were obtained. The mean bias was 0.24 ml/kg/min +/−6.48 ml/kg/min. The limits of agreement were −12.72–13.2 ml/kg/min. The 95% confidence interval for the upper limit of agreement was 12.07–14.33 ml/kg/min and for the lower limit of agreement was −11.59–13.85 ml/kg/min. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.89 and produced an equation of PulseCO (mls kg−1 minute−1)=0.9226LiDCO (mls kg−1minute−1) +5.354.

This method of pulse contour analysis is a relatively non‐invasive and reliable way of monitoring continuous cardiac output in the horse under anaesthesia. The ability to easily continuously monitor cardiac output may improve morbidity and mortality in the anaesthetised horse.
BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF CARDIAC INJURY IN NORMAL AND SURVIVING VERSUS NON‐SURVIVING SEPTICEMIC NEONATAL FOALS
Authors: Peek SF , Slack JA , Darien BJ , Semrad SD , Marques F , Risberg A , Erb HN , Apple FS , McGuirk SM
Published: September 2004

Although myocardial injury can be a significant component of multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) in association with septicemia in critically ill human patients, it is as yet an undefined clinical entity in equine septicemia. With septicemia as the leading cause of death in neonatal foals, a better understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of MODS will be important in further improving survival rates.

We designed a prospective study to establish normal ranges for cardiac troponin I (cTnI), T (cTnT) and CKMB mass in healthy 24–48 hour old foals, as well as septicemic neonatal foals seen over a 2‐year period in a teaching hospital. We also performed a comparison of these biomarkers in surviving and non‐surviving septicemic foals. Sepsis was judged on the basis of the presence of any of the 3 following criteria: blood culture positive at admission, admission sepsis score ≥11, or 3 or more sites of infection during hospitalization in foals ≤14 days of age. cTnI was measured by the ACCESS® (Beckman Coulter), cTnT was measured using the Elecsys 2010® Immunoassay (Roche), and CKMB mass measurements were performed using the Elecsys 2010®. Each parameter was described using range and 95th and 50th percentile. Comparisons were made for each parameter between normal and septic foals as well as surviving and non‐surviving septic foals using the non‐parametric Wilcoxon's rank sum test. Significance was set at p<0.05.

There were 52 control foals and 38 septic foals of which 22 survived. Significant differences were documented for CKMB between septicemic and normal foals, but not for cTnT or cTnI. However, CKMB and cTnT were significantly lower in surviving versus non‐surviving septicemic foals. The 50th and 95th percentiles alongside the ranges for the normal foal population were 0.14, 0.49, (0.01–0.51) μg/L for cTnI, 0.009, 0.03, (0.009–0.04) μg/L for cTnT and 2.3, 7.4, (0.4–9.3) μg/L for CKMB. Our findings suggest that myocardial injury is a component of MODS during septicemia in foals, and that quantitatively significant increases in CKMB and cTnT are seen in non‐surviving septicemic foals versus survivors.
A NEUROLOGICAL SCORE FOR HOSPITALIZED NEONATAL FOALS
Authors: Corley KTT
Published: September 2004

A 15‐point neurological score for foals was developed, and tested on foals (<8 days old) presenting to the Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center (n=75) and the Royal Veterinary College (n=11). The score consists of 2 scales, which are added together to provide the total score. The points and descriptors for the first scale are as follows: Bright, alert, nursing, follows mare (0); Depressed, nursing, follows mare (1); Depressed, nursing, wanders away from mare (2); Depressed, standing, not nursing, will not follow mare (3); Recumbent, able to maintain sternal recumbency part of the time, strong suckle reflex (4); Recumbent, unable to maintain sternal recumbency, suckle reflex (5); Recumbent, no suckle reflex, responds to finger in ear (6); Recumbent, no suckle reflex, legs extended most of the time and muscles tense (7); Comatose, muscles relaxed, no response to finger in ear (8). Foals with a physical cause of recumbency (e.g., flexural deformity) are scored on this scale as if they were standing. The second scale is as follows: No seizure activity (0); Single seizure of less than 10 seconds (3); Single seizure of more than 10 seconds or two seizures of less then 10 seconds (4); Multiple seizures (5); Status epilepticus (7). All scores were assigned at admission by a single investigator.

The median admission neurological scores for hospital survivors and non‐survivors, and for blood culture positive and negative foals were compared with the Mann Whitney U‐test. The correlation of admission neurological scores and arterial lactate concentrations (measured on a NOVA Stat profile M or CCX analyzer) and mean arterial pressure (measured indirectly with a tail cuff) was tested with Spearman's rho coefficient. Analysis of these data was performed using SPSS version 12. Results for all tests were considered significant if the p value was less than 0.05. The median neurological score on admission of all 86 foals was 4, and the range was from 0 to 12. The median score of survivors (2) was less than that of non‐survivors (5) (p<0.001; n=86). There was no significant difference in median score between blood culture positive (4) and negative (3) foals (p=0.109; n=84). The neurological score was moderately correlated with admission lactate concentration (correlation coefficient 0.528, p<0.001, n=68), but only weakly correlated with mean arterial pressure (correlation coefficient −0.285, p=0.011, n=78). This neurological score is statistically associated with clinically important parameters (hospital survival, blood lactate concentration), and warrants further study, including investigation of inter‐observer variation in scoring.
EVALUATION OF A CUSTOMIZED INTESTINAL SUPPORT SOLUTION (GI BOOST) IN NORMAL HORSES AND CLINICAL CASES WITH ABDOMINAL INJURY – A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda M. , Snyder Jack R. , Harmon Faye A.
Published: September 2004

Our laboratory developed a customized solution containing various free‐radical scavengers, energy sources, and vasodilators in an attempt to attenuate intestinal injury following an ischemic insult. This solution has been evaluated with beneficial effects following low flow ischemia and reperfusion using in vitro and in vivo models using intra‐arterial and intraluminal administration. In both investigations, the solution minimized morphologic injury and decreased transmucosal leakage of albumin.

Objective: To determine if the systemic administration of the solution (GI Boost) had any clinical effect on normal horses, and to summarize the outcome of horses undergoing colic surgery that received the solution intravenously and intraluminally.

Animals: 5 healthy adult horses and at the time of submission the outcomes of 10 horses undergoing abdominal surgery for colic.

Methods: 2 L of GI Boost was administered at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75% intravenously (IV) to 5 normal horses. Parameters evaluated included CBC, chemistry panel, blood pressure, and physical examination. In 10 clinical cases, GI Boost was administered IV (intra‐op and post‐op) and intraluminally via the enterotomy.

Results: The administration of GI Boost did not produce any clinical or hematologic abnormalities in normal cases. None of the clinical cases developed any complications associated with the use of the solution. The majority of horses were discharged from the hospital and 1 died following large colon rupture.

Clinical Relevance: The administration of GI Boost may have a beneficial effect in horses presented for colic. Additional cases continue to be acquired to determine if this solution has a beneficial effect relative to traditional methods of treatment.
QUANTITATIVE EEG TO EVALUATE DEPTH OF ANESTHESIA IN THE CAT
Authors: Fletcher DJ , Williams DC , Imai A , Ilkiw JE
Published: September 2004

Introduction: Quantitative measures derived from the electroencephalogram (qEEG) have been used extensively in human medicine to assess the function of the brain under clinical manipulation (such as anesthesia and sedation), as well as in disease states (such as head trauma, coma and stroke). The goal of this study was to determine if qEEG measures could be used to predict the response of cats under isoflurane concentration to noxious stimuli.

Methods: Twelve cats aged 1–2 years were included. Neurological and physical examination, blood chemistries and CBCs were normal in all cats. Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane (ISO) in O2, the cat was intubated and the femoral artery catheterized. The following physiologic data were collected continuously throughout the course of the experiment: temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate, and end‐tidal CO2 and ISO concentrations. An Aspect Medical Systems A‐1050 monitor was used to continuously record the raw electroencephalogram (EEG) and several qEEG measures including bispectral index (BIS), spectral edge frequency (SEF), burst suppression ratio (BSR), and total EEG power (POW). ISO concentration was maintained constant for 15 minutes, after which a tail clamp was applied for 1 minute. If the cat responded, the concentration was increased 10% and the procedure repeated. If the cat did not respond, the ISO concentration was decreased 10% and the procedure repeated. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was the midpoint between a positive and negative response and, for each cat, this was determined three times.

Results: BIS was significantly lower in cats at the lowest concentration at which there was no response (MAC−, 21.3±28.3) than at the highest concentration at which there was a response (MAC+, 63.4±22.1; p<.01, Wilcoxon signed rank). However, in 3/12 cats (25%), BIS was higher at MAC− than at MAC+. Of the other qEEG measures, only BSR was significantly different between MAC− and MAC+ (50.4±34.4 vs. 6.1±19.4, p<.01). Of the physiologic data collected, only respiratory rate was different between MAC− and MAC+ (29.4±10.0 vs. 45.3±17.9, p<.05).

Conclusions: These results suggest that qEEG measures may be useful for anesthesia monitoring in cats, but measures that are less species‐specific than the BIS may hold more promise. In addition, this work suggests that further studies utilizing qEEG measures for evaluation of sedation during ventilation as well as outcome prediction in animals with head trauma and critical illnesses with CNS complications are indicated.
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF OPIOID ANTAGONIST, N‐METHYLNALTREXONE ON MOTILITY IN THE EQUINE JEJUNUM AND PELVIC FLEXURE
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda M. , Boscan Pedro , Snyder Jack R.
Published: September 2004

While potent analgesic agents, opioids reduce intestinal transport in the intestine, thereby increasing transit times and the potential for impaction colic. Methylnaltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist which does not cross the blood‐brain barrier, does not reverse the analgesic effects of morphine, and directly stimulates isolated smooth muscle strips in humans.

Objective: To determine if N‐methynaltrexone has an effect on contractile activity of the equine jejunum and pelvic flexure.

Study Design: In vitro investigation using isolated circular smooth muscle strips.

Animals: 8 adult horses (n=200 muscle strips).

Methods: Increasing concentrations of N‐methylnaltrexone were added to tissue baths in the range of 1×10−9 M to 1×10−5 M, and contractile responses were recorded for 3 minutes. Data was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA with statistical significance as P<0.05.

Results: The administration of N‐methylnaltrexone significantly increased the contractile frequency and amplitude at all concentrations relative to baseline (P <0.0001) for the jejunum. The response was greatest at 1×10−7 M (P=0.0005) with a mean difference from baseline of 0.341 mg/cm2. The highest concentration evaluated (1×10−5 M) had a mean contractile strength of 0.206 mg/cm2 which was significantly greater than baseline activity (P=0.04). A significant increase in contractile activity for the colon was detected at 3×10−6 M (P=0.027) and 1×10−5 M (P=0.002).

Clinical Relevance: Potentially, this agent could be used in conjunction with morphine to provide more potent and effective analgesia without compromising intestinal function.
MEASUREMENT OF ENDOTHELIN‐1 CONCENTRATION IN OXYGEN DEPENDENT AND NON‐OXYGEN DEPENDENT CLONE CALVES, THEIR SURROGATE DAMS AND THEIR FETAL FLUIDS, AT BIRTH
Authors: Wilkins PA , Palmer JE , Armstead WM
Published: September 2004

It has been recognized that a percentage of clone calves suffer from persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate (PPHN). It has been proposed by some investigators that an imbalance between vasoconstrictors, such as endothelin (ET‐1) and vasodilators (such as NO) are involved in the genesis of the problem. Additionally, some clone calves and human infants are refractory to more traditional therapy or require prolonged treatment for PPHN and these patients appear to have increased smooth muscle in their pulmonary small resistance vessels suggesting chronicity. ET‐1 is a known mitogen of vascular smooth muscle.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate ET‐1 concentrations in the blood of clone, the blood of their surrogate dams and in fetal fluids to investigate the utility of using these fluids for prepartum evaluation of the clone. Blood was collected from calves and their surrogates at the time of delivery into heparin tubes; the plasma was separated by centrifugation and frozen until assayed. Fetal fluid samples were also obtained and frozen. Endothelin‐1 concentration was determined using a commercially available RIA. Oxygen‐dependent calves were those calves requiring, at a minimum, intranasal oxygen insufflation at rates of 5 or more L/min to maintain SPO2 values of >90%.

Samples were obtained from a total of 40 calves; 13 calves were considered to be oxygen dependent and 27 calves were deemed non‐oxygen dependent. Plasma ET‐1 concentrations tended to be larger in oxygen‐dependent calves (2‐sample T test; p=0.16). Fetal fluid ET‐1 concentration was significantly larger in the oxygen‐dependent group (2‐sample T test; p=0.0003). No difference between groups was detected in ET‐1 measured in the blood of the surrogates; however, maternal blood ET‐1 concentration was weakly but significantly correlated with fetal fluid ET‐1 concentration overall (Correlation=0.456; p=0.007) and the correlation was stronger within the oxygen dependent group (Correlation 0.780; p=0.002). These data suggest that ET‐1 may play a role in pulmonary function abnormalities in clone calves in the immediate post‐partum period.
CLINICAL VALUE OF CARDIAC TROPONIN I (CTNI), CARDIAC TROPONIN T (CTNT), SERUM B‐TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIED (BNP) AND PRO‐BNP IN DOGS WITH CLASS IV CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE DUE TO MITRAL REGURGITATION
Authors: Linklater AKJ , Lichtenberger MK , Kirby R , Tilley LP
Published: September 2004

Introduction: Mitral valve disease (MVD) is the most common acquired heart disease in dogs. When it results in congestive heart failure (CHF), MVD becomes an important cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs. Markers for determining the severity of cardiac injury and the heart's response to therapy might provide valuable information regarding the overall prognosis early in the course of CHF. This information might also provide a means for identifying those dogs with MVD that are at risk for CHF and those that might benefit from specific therapeutic interventions. In this study, we propose to investigate markers of cardiac myocyte injury in dogs that present in advanced (or Class IV) CHF due to MVD. Cardiac troponin I (CTnI) and cardiac troponin T (CTnT) are markers specific for cardiac myocyte damage, and serum B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP and pro‐BNP), for myocyte stretch. These markers have shown predictive value in human and veterinary medicine, however further investigation is required. It is our hypothesis that one or more of these markers will be elevated at presentation compared to established laboratory normal values.

Methods: Fifteen dogs that presented with Class IV CHF due to MVD based on physical examination findings, thoracic radiographs, and cardiac ultrasound had a blood sample drawn to measure serum levels of CTnT, CTnI and BNP, and pro‐BNP at a commercial laboratory using immunoassays.

Results: Our results show that 1 of 15 dogs had an elevated CTnT, 6 had an elevated CTnI, 0 had an elevated pro‐BNP, and 3 had and elevated BNP level above laboratory normal values.

Conclusions: There was no consistent elevation of CTnI, CTnT, BNP or pro‐BNP in dogs with class IV CHF due to MR at time of presentation. Further studies need to be performed to evaluate these makers in dogs with CHF due to MR at varying intervals after admission to determine their potential benefits as markers of cardiac injury and response to therapy.
FELINE NON‐CARDIOGENIC THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 48 CASES (1991–2002)
Authors: Mittleman E , Luff J , Drobatz KJ , Costello M , Syring RS , VanWinkle TJ
Published: September 2004

Introduction: The study objective was to describe the underlying diseases, predisposing factors, clinical signs and clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with thromboembolic disease of non‐cardiogenic origin in cats.

Study Design: Necropsy‐based retrospective study (1991–2002)

Results: Forty‐eight cats with thromboemboli that were not associated with significant structural heart disease were identified in a retrospective study using case records from the small animal necropsy service of the University of Pennsylvania, from 1991 to 2002. Thirty‐five cats presented for non‐specific signs such as lethargy and anorexia while others presented for signs such as paresis (10) or dyspnea (10) that were referable to the location of the thromboemboli. Thromboembolic disease was suspected clinically in 12 of 48 cats. In cases where a single predisposing factor could be identified, thromboemboli were associated with neoplastic (9), infectious (7) and inflammatory (3) disease. Thirteen cats had multiple predisposing factors and no obvious predisposing factor could be identified in 16 cats. The thromboemboli were found in the systemic arteries (12), systemic veins (9), both systemic arteries and veins (7), pulmonary vasculature (7) and in both the pulmonary and systemic circulation (13). Eleven cats either died at home, presented in respiratory or cardiac arrest, or arrested shortly after presentation to the emergency service. Two cats arrested later during hospitalization and the remainder were euthanized (35). No sex or breed disposition was found. There were no significant differences in serum biochemistries, coagulation profiles, lactate, Doppler blood pressure or rectal temperature when groups were compared by primary disorder. Cats with neoplasia as the underlying disorder were significantly older (median 13.5 years, p=0.04). Cats with infectious disease had statistically significant higher white blood cell counts (median 35,000/μl, p=0.03) and cats with inflammatory disease had significantly longer hospital stays (median 3 days, p=0.006).

Conclusion: These results suggest that most cats with non‐cardiac related thromboemboli often have multiple predisposing factors, non‐specific signs and non‐specific changes on laboratory parameters. More sensitive tests for hypercoagulability may aid in diagnosing thromboemboli in cats.
TRACING THE ORIGIN OF MULTI‐DRUG RESISTANT (MDR) ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS FROM URINARY CATHETERS IN ICU CANINE PATIENTS
Authors: Ogeer‐Gyles J , Mathews KA , Boerlin P
Published: September 2004

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs with urinary catheters in intensive care units (ICUs) are frequent. Historically, multi‐drug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli account for about 10% of the UTIs. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of E. coli infections and of MDR E. coli in dogs with UTIs in our ICU, and to assess whether the MDR E. coli were community‐acquired or nosocomial in origin.

Methods: Over a 1‐year period, rectal swabs were taken from all dogs in the ICU on the day of admission (D0) and on days 3 (D3), 6 (D6), 9 (D9) and 12 (D12). Urine was collected on these days from dogs with an indwelling urinary catheter (n=190). Rectal swabs and urine were routinely cultured. E. coli isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Using NCCLS guidelines, antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion method on fecal and urinary E. coli isolates. Twelve antimicrobial agents were used: nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftiofur, trimethoprim‐sulfa, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanate. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to compare MDR E. coli UTI strains with fecal E. coli strains from the same patient and with MDR fecal E. coli from patients that were adjacent to, or housed in the same cages.

Results: E. coli was cultured from 12 (48%) of 25 UTIs. Two of the E. coli were MDR. For one dog, PFGE showed no similarities among fecal E. coli and the urinary MDR E. coli isolates from the patient or between these isolates and fecal E. coli from a dog housed in the same kennel on the previous day. The MDR E. coli UTI was likely acquired prior to admission to the ICU, as it was present on D0. For the other dog, PFGE showed genetic similarity but not complete identity between the D3 MDR E. coli urinary isolate and the D3, D6, D9 fecal MDR isolates. This suggests that the UTI originated with the fecal E. coli. Using selective plates, fecal MDR E. coli were not found on D0. Selection of the MDR strain in the intestine by the use of antibiotics occurred while the dog was in the ICU and possibly led to the UTI.

Conclusions: Multi‐drug resistant E. coli accounted for 2 of 12 E. coli UTIs in dogs in the ICU over a 1‐year period. Genotyping showed that one of the two MDR E. coli infections could possibly be of nosocomial origin.
Socioeconomic inequalities in oral health in childhood and adulthood in a birth cohort
Authors: Thomson W. M. , Poulton R. , Milne B. J. , Caspi A. , Broughton J. R. , Ayers K. M. S.
Published: September 2004

Abstract – Objectives: To determine whether adult oral health is predicted by (a) childhood socioeconomic advantage or disadvantage (controlling for childhood oral health), or (b) oral health in childhood (controlling for childhood socioeconomic advantage or disadvantage), and whether oral health in adulthood is affected by changes in socioeconomic status (SES).

Methods: Participants in a longstanding cohort study underwent systematic dental examination for dental caries and tooth loss at ages 5 and 26 years. The examination at age 26 years included the collection of data on periodontal attachment loss and plaque level. Childhood SES was determined using parental occupation, and adult SES was determined from each study member's occupation at age 26 years. Regression models were used to test the study hypotheses.

Results: Complete data were available for 789 individuals (47.4% female). After controlling for childhood oral health, those who were of low SES at age 5 years had substantially greater mean DFS and DS scores by age 26 years, were more likely to have lost a tooth in adulthood because of caries, and had greater prevalence and extent of periodontitis. A largely similar pattern was observed (after controlling for childhood SES) among those with greater caries experience at age 5 years. For almost all oral health indicators examined, a clear gradient was observed of greater disease at age 26 years across socioeconomic trajectory groups, in the following order of ascending disease severity and prevalence: ‘high–high’, ‘low–high’ (upwardly mobile), ‘high–low’ (downwardly mobile) and ‘low–low’.

Conclusion: Adult oral health is predicted by not only childhood socioeconomic advantage or disadvantage, but also by oral health in childhood. Changes in socioeconomic advantage or disadvantage are associated with differing levels of oral health in adulthood. The life‐course approach appears to be a useful paradigm for understanding oral health disparities.
Stability of oral health‐related behaviour in a Norwegian cohort between the ages of 15 and 23 years
Authors: Åstrøm Anne Nordrehaug
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Objective:  To assess the stability in self‐reported oral health behaviour in a Norwegian cohort between the ages of 15 and 23 years.

Methods:  Self‐administered questionnaires were used as part of a longitudinal cohort study. In 1992, a representative sample of 963 15‐year‐old adolescents participated, of which 676 (70%) and 567 (58%) remained in the study at ages 18 and 23 years. A total of 389 (40% of baseline) participated at each data collection, i.e. at ages 15, 18, 19, 21 and 23 years.

Results:  General linear model (GLM) repeated‐measures anova revealed statistically significant main effect of time with respect to soft drink and sweet consumption (F=22.4, P < 0.001 and F=4.3, P < 0.05, respectively). Adjusted mean scale scores of soft drink intake increased from 2.3 at age 15 years to 3.4 at age 23 years. The corresponding figures for consumption of sweets were 2.6 and 2.8. Two‐way interactions achieved statistical significance with gender for soft drink consumption and toothbrushing. GLM repeated‐measures with each gender revealed that soft drink consumption increased with time more extensively in boys (from 2.9 to 4.2, F=13.5, P < 0.001) than in girls (from 1.9 to 2.6, F=8.1, P < 0.001). Tracking or maintenance across time of the relative ranking at age 15 years occurred with all the four behaviours investigated. A total of 68–92% remained active and inactive regarding soft drink and sweet consumption, flossing and toothbrushing.

Conclusion:  The results provide evidence of tracking and early consolidation of oral health behaviour. This adds support for the assumption given for early intervention to prevent oral diseases.
Caries management for institutionalized elders using fluoride and chlorhexidine mouthrinses
Authors: Wyatt Chris C. L. , MacEntee Michael I.
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Objectives:  The effectiveness of either a 0.2% neutral sodium fluoride (NaF) solution or a 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution as a daily mouthrinse for controlling caries was tested against a placebo rinse in this 2‐year randomized clinical trial among elders in long‐term care (LTC) facilities.

Methods:  At baseline, 369 recruits were examined clinically for caries and allocated randomly to one of the mouthrinse groups.

Results:  After 2 years, 116 participants remained in the trial. The prevalence of caries and the dental status of the groups were similar at baseline and after 2 years. On average, each group lost less than one tooth per person, but the fluoride group compared with the others had significantly less caries and significantly more reversals from carious to sound dental surfaces at the end of the trial.

Conclusions:  We conclude that 0.2% neutral NaF mouthrinse every day does reduce the incidence of caries among elders in LTC facilities.
Perception of general and oral health in White and African American adults: assessing the effect of neighborhood socioeconomic conditions1
Authors: Borrell Luisa N. , Taylor George W. , Borgnakke Wenche S. , Woolfolk Marilyn W. , Nyquist Linda V.
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Objectives:  This study investigates the independent and joint effects of family income and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) on general health and oral health before and after controlling for traditional risk factors in a representative sample of adults aged 18+ years residing in the Detroit tri‐county area, Michigan.

Methods:  Individuals data were obtained through interviews, while neighborhood data came from the 1990 US Census. SUDAAN was used to accommodate the complex sampling design and correlation of outcomes within the same neighborhoods.

Results:  Whites in disadvantaged neighborhoods were four times more likely to rate their oral health as fair or poor [odds ratio (OR): 4.0; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.6–10.3] than their counterparts in advantaged neighborhoods. When evaluating the joint effects of family income and neighborhood SES, low‐income Whites in disadvantaged neighborhoods were six times more likely to rate their oral health as fair or poor (OR: 6.4; 95% CI: 1.6–26.5) than their high‐income counterparts in advantaged neighborhoods. The odds of rating general health as fair or poor was six times greater in low‐income African Americans in disadvantaged neighborhoods (OR: 6.1; 95% CI: 1.6–23.8) than high‐income African Americans in advantaged neighborhoods. Similarly, low‐income African Americans in disadvantaged neighborhoods were almost three times (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.0–8.1) more likely to rate their oral health as fair/poor than high‐income African Americans in advantaged neighborhoods.

Conclusions:  SES conditions at the neighborhood‐level, independently or jointly with individual‐level income, appear to be important in evaluating racial/ethnic differences in self‐rated oral health. Neighborhood conditions could tap into constructs not captured by individual‐level variables on self‐rated oral health.
Changes in dental status over 10 years in 80‐year‐old people: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Hämäläinen Piia , Meurman Jukka H. , Keskinen Marja , Heikkinen Eino
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to follow‐up the condition of the teeth over a sufficiently long period.

Methods:  Dental examinations were a part of a multidisciplinary 10‐year cohort study on the elderly. These examinations were made in 1990 (n = 226), 1995 (n = 90) and 2000 (n = 65) for the entire population born in 1910 and living in Jyväskylä, Finland. The subjects were divided into two categories, dentate (one tooth or more) and edentulous.

Results: The results showed that men had more intact teeth and lower DMF scores than women, but the differences diminished during the follow‐up period. The number of remaining and filled teeth of those women who took part in all three phases of the present study was higher than that of those who died during the follow‐up. In men the DMF scores showed the opposite trend. The most significant deterioration during the 10‐year follow‐up was found in the number of teeth and DMF scores in men and in the number of remaining and filled teeth in women.

Conclusion:  Among men, in particular, significant changes in oral health status could be seen even between 80 and 90 years of age. Hence, regardless of advanced age, a subject should be motivated by the oral health care team to seek regular dental treatment.
State‐dependency in C. elegans
Authors: Bettinger J. C. , McIntire S. L.
Published: September 2004

Memory and the expression of learned behaviors by an organism are often triggered by contextual cues that resemble those that were present when the initial learning occurred. In state‐dependent learning, the cue eliciting a learned behavior is a neuroactive drug; behaviors initially learned during exposure to centrally acting compounds such as ethanol are subsequently recalled better if the drug stimulus is again present during testing. Although state‐dependent learning is well documented in many vertebrate systems, the molecular mechanisms underlying state‐dependent learning and other forms of contextual learning are not understood. Here we demonstrate and present a genetic analysis of state‐ dependent adaptation in Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans normally exhibits adaptation, or reduced behavioral response, to an olfactory stimulus after prior exposure to the stimulus. If the adaptation to the olfactory stimulus is acquired during ethanol administration, the adaptation is subsequently displayed only if the ethanol stimulus is again present. cat‐1 and cat‐2 mutant animals are defective in dopaminergic neuron signaling and are impaired in state dependency, indicating that dopamine functions in state‐dependent adaptation in C. elegans.