bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REBCO tapes for applications in ultra-high fields: critical current surface and scaling relations
Authors: Senatore Carmine , Bonura Marco , Bagni Tommaso
Published: September 2024

REBa2Cu3O7−x
(REBCO) tapes produced by leading manufacturers were tested at UNIGE to characterize the dependence of the critical current on temperature, field intensity and orientation. This measurement campaign was carried out in the frame of international collaborations having the common goal of developing technology for ultra-high field magnets in the 30–50 T range. The examined samples differ in many respects, e.g. processing methods, thickness of the superconducting layer, Rare Earth element in REBCO, and type of artificial pinning centers (3D nanoparticles vs extended 1D nanorods). We measured the transport critical current of full-width tapes at 4.2 K and 20 K in magnetic fields up to 19 T and at various orientations of the field with respect to the tape surface. Additionally, magnetic characterization was conducted over a wider temperature range (4.2–77 K). The highly engineered vortex pinning results in outstanding critical current performance for all examined tapes: the non-copper critical current density, i.e. the critical current divided by the wire cross-section area minus the Cu area, ranges between 1500 and 2000 A mm−2 at 4.2 K, 19 T and close to 1000 A mm−2 at 20 K, 19 T in the perpendicular field orientation. We obtained scaling expressions for the critical current surface based on the analysis of the pinning-force curves but the pinning-force shape parameters were found to vary from one manufacturer to another. The results presented in this work may offer valuable information not only to magnet designers but also to manufacturers looking to optimize their tapes and achieve better performance.
On the learning of high order polynomial reconstructions for essentially non-oscillatory schemes
Authors: Kumar Jayswal Vikas , Kumar Dubey Ritesh
Published: September 2024

Approximation accuracy and convergence behavior are essential required properties for the computed numerical solution of differential equations. These requirements restrict the application of deep learning networks in the domain of scientific computing. Moreover, the recipe to create suitable synthetic data which can be used to train a good model is also not very clear. This study focuses on learning of third order essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) and weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) reconstructions using classification neural networks with small data sets. In particular, this work (i) proposes a novel way to obtain a third order WENO reconstruction which can be posed as classification problem, (ii) gives simple and novel approach to sample data sets which are small but rich enough to inherit the latent feature of inter-spatial regularity information in the constructed data, (iii) it is established that sampling of train data sets impacts quantitatively as well as qualitatively the required accuracy and non-oscillatory properties of resulting ENO3 and WENO3 schemes, (iv) proposes to use a limiter based multi model to retain desired accuracy as well as non-oscillatory properties of the resulting numerical schemes. Computational results are given which established that learned networks perform well and retain the features of the reconstruction methods.
Evaluation of antiviral efficacy of graphene oxide nanosheets on dengue virus-infected Vero cells: in-vitro and in-silico approaches
Authors: Babu Vimalanathan A , Vijaya J Judith , Al-Lohedan Hamad , Jayavel Ramasamy
Published: September 2024

Emerging viral diseases have led to an increased demand for novel therapeutic medicines. Graphene nanostructures exhibit excellent inhibitory antiviral effects owing to their unique physic-chemical properties. In this study we have investigated the potential of graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures for antiviral activity. GO was synthesized by Modified Hummer’s method and fully characterized using several chemical-physical techniques to confirm the structure, morphology, optical properties, chemical composition and oxidation states. The antiviral property of the GO was investigated against serotype-2 dengue virus. The results suggest that the antiviral action is attributed to the negative charge of the graphene sheets due to the presence of oxygenated functional groups. Dengue virus −2 infection was suppressed by 90% with GO in a dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic features of GO against Vero cells were observed when treated at higher concentrations (>75 μg ml−1 IC 50 concentration). The in-silico investigation showed that the interaction between GO nanosheets and serotype-2 dengue virus occurred within the ligand-protein complex as confirmed by molecular docking studies. These results emphasize that GO has strong antiviral activity against serotype-2 dengue virus.
Germanium doped D-shaped PCF-SPR methane high sensitivity sensor
Authors: Liu Qingmin , Dong Jie , Liu Jiayuan , Hou Shanglin , Wu Gang , Yan Zuyong
Published: September 2024

A D-shaped photonic crystal fiber doped with germanium dioxide methane gas sensor based on SPR effect is proposed. The substrate of the fiber is silicon dioxide doped with germanium dioxide, and the polished surface is used as a substrate for gold-plated and methane-sensitive membranes where the sensing area is in direct contact with methane gas. Effects of different germanium dioxide doping concentrations and the structural parameters of the photonic crystal fiber on the performance of the sensor are numerically investigated by the finite element method. Simulation results show that when the germanium dioxide doping concentration is 4.1%, the maximum sensitivity of sensor is 82 nm/% with a maximum resolution of 1.2195 × 10–4 in the range of 0 ∼ 3.5% methane concentration. The proposed sensor not only has a simple structure, but also exhibits high sensitivity, thus the sensor has great potential in pre-warning and remote monitoring of methane gas leakage.
Role of nonlocal heat transport on the laser ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability
Authors: Chen Z.H. , Yang X.H. , Zhang G.B. , Ma Y.Y. , Yan R. , Xu H. , Sheng Z.M. , Shao F.Q. , Zhang J.
Published: September 2024

Ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability (ARTI) and nonlocal heat transport are the critical problems in laser-driven inertial confinement fusion, while their coupling with each other is not completely understood yet. Here the ARTI in the presence of nonlocal heat transport is studied self-consistently for the first time theoretically and by using radiation hydrodynamic simulations. It is found that the nonlocal heat flux generated by the hot electron transport tends to attenuate the growth of instability, especially for short wavelength perturbations. A linear theory of the ARTI coupled with the nonlocal heat flux is developed, and a prominent stabilization of the ablation front via the nonlocal heat flux is found, in good agreement with numerical simulations. This effect becomes more significant as the laser intensity increases. Our results should have important references for the target designing for inertial confinement fusion.
Patterns in Isotopic Compositions and Magic Numbers: Insights from a Geometric Model
Authors: Lin Jingfeng
Published: September 2024

This paper identifies a regularity in the composition of isotopes and the magic number phenomenon, where nuclei exhibit enhanced stability when the number of nucleons, A, approaches or equals S(S+1) - 2. Using S as the shell number, we derive a nucleon arrangement model consistent with magic numbers and the evolution of shell structure. These patterns emerge from an intriguing torus-helix model with three lobes, resembling Kelvin and Maxwell’s concept of vortex structures, and align with Rutherford’s neutron hypothesis. Furthermore, the proposed toroidal helix nucleon cloud model, which possesses a string-like structure, aligns with the concept of “interactions between strings” insightfully observed in resonance states and Veneziano four-point amplitudes in String Theory.
Research on the Calculation Method and Influence Law of High-speed Railway Line Sound Source Propagation Attenuation Caused by Building Sheltering
Authors: Chang Liang
Published: September 2024

In recent years, China’s rail transit system, particularly the high-speed railway network, has experienced rapid development. However, the issue of noise pollution along these railways has become increasingly severe. The accurate prediction of sound levels at specific points near buildings is challenging due to complex factors such as differences in line height, distance, and angle relative to the building. To address this challenge and improve predictions of sound propagation attenuation caused by building shelter from high-speed railway line sources, this study derives an integral expression for diffraction attenuation based on Curze and Meakawa’s point source acoustic diffraction theory. Numerical calculations are conducted to investigate the sound propagation attenuation patterns under different position relationships between buildings and railway lines. Field tests are also carried out along a high-speed railway in China. The findings are as follows: (1) The calculated results show a difference of less than 0.5 dB compared to measured values, indicating that they accurately reflect sound attenuation caused by building shelter. (2) The angle between the building and the railway as well as the distance between the sound point and the edge of the building significantly influence building shelter attenuation; with angle being most prominent among them within a frequency band of 500~2000 Hz resulting in an attenuation range of 0.6~15 dB variation should be considered when predicting noise levels at sensitive points or designing vibration and noise reduction measures accordingly. (3) Different distances between buildings and railway lines result in additional effects on attenuations.
Research on Spatial Electric Field Measurement of DC Line with MEMS Electric Field Sensor
Authors: Lei Yuqing , Qiu Zhenhui , Tan Yuanpeng , Lu Chenxi , Song Rui , Yang Qing
Published: September 2024

As more and more UHVDC transmission lines are put into operation or under construction, the demand for space electromagnetic environment monitoring around transmission lines is increasingly urgent. In view of the lack of effective measuring instruments and methods for spatial DC electric field, this paper studies the spatial electric field measurement of DC line with a field mills MEMS electric field sensor. The relationship between the output current of the sensor and the intensity of the DC electric field is derived. In view of the error caused by the space accumulation of induced charge on the cover of the sensor, the structure of the sensor is further designed. In the new structure design, the shielding electrode grounding method is used to solve the accumulation of space charge on the shielding sheet. After calibrating and testing the response characteristics of the sensor in the performance test platform, the sensor is used in the DC line space electric field simulation test experiment. The output results of MEMS sensor at different spacing and voltage levels are consistent with the electric field distribution law. The measurement results prove that the designed structure is feasible to measure the space electric field of DC line, which is important for monitoring the electromagnetic environment.
Application of CSAMT Geophysical Method in Geothermal Exploration of Beijing
Authors: Gu Guangyu , Liu Wei , Wang Yushi , Feng Dan
Published: September 2024

Geothermal resources are abundant in the southeast urban area of Beijing, but the complex geological structure and high geomagnetic interference in the urban area make it difficult to detect the distribution characteristics of geothermal resources by the electromagnetic exploration method from natural sources. This paper presents an integrated physical exploration method combining the controlled source acoustic magneto-telluric (CSAMT) and gravity exploration for middle-deep geothermal exploration in the southeast Beijing urban area. The method is verified by examining the recommended boreholes, which have produced water at temperatures of 62.5°C and 63°C. This is a highly beneficial and socially impactful outcome, and it serves as a valuable reference for future exploration and utilization of geothermal resources in this area. It also has significant implications for future exploration and utilization of geothermal resources not only in the southeastern urban area of Beijing but also in similar urban environments around the world. The methodologies and findings from this research offer a valuable blueprint for future geothermal energy prospecting and development, contributing to the global transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy alternatives.
The effectiveness of combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and compost ameliorant on sengon growth in former coal mine soil
Authors: Dewi R S , Nisa I , Rosianita E , Ahmad R Z , Basuki B J
Published: September 2024

Mining activities give a negative impact to the soil which become the ex-coal mine soil. The soil has a solid soil structure and low nutrient content so is not suitable for planting. The problems need to be improved by being treated with biological agents from soil microorganisms such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). The provision of AMF on ex-coal mine soil with the addition of ameliorant compost can be one strategy that can be used. AMF can help increase plant growth and help the process of absorption of phosphate (P) by plants. Compost from goat manure can help the association between AMF and plant roots, also being a source of nutrients that are free from chemicals. The plants which suitable for this association are sengon. Sengon commonly used to help revegetation of ex-mining soil because it is able to withstand various conditions of overgrown soil. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of a combination of AMF and compost on the growth of sengon plants in the soil of ex-coal mines. Observations were made weekly until the age of three months, the best results were the results at the end of the observation. The results showed that the AMF dose and the addition of compost had an effect on percent AMF colonization, increasing plant height, dry weight of plant roots increasing plant stem diameter, and number of leaves.
Evaluating the performance effectiveness of briquettes made from coconut dreg charcoal (CDC), tea residue (TR), and cocoa pod (CP)
Authors: Chusniyah D A , Pratiwi R , Benyamin  , Hartono K F , Djumantara M , Wijayanto Y P
Published: September 2024

Environmental pollution, depletion of fossil fuels, and a significant rise in the human population are contributing to an increase in the greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Addressing these challenges necessitates the production of clean, low-carbon emission, and sustainable bioenergy, such as briquettes, which can significantly contribute to knowledge and innovation. To assess the effectiveness of briquettes, their characteristics need to be tested using proximate analysis. In examining the characteristics of briquettes, the average moisture content of coconut dreg charcoal and tea residue (CDC+TR) measured 4.835%, contrasting with the 5.9% found in the cocoa pod (CP). The average ash content in CDC+TR was 2.351%, while CP recorded 3.2%. The average volatile matter in CDC+TR was 24.993%, while in CP, it was 31.5%. CDC+TR had an average fixed carbon of 67.815%, compared to CP of 59.5%. Furthermore, the average gross calorific value in CDC+TR was 4562.16 cal/g, whereas in CP, it was 4205.2 cal/g. In conclusion, CP briquettes could serve as an alternative energy source due to ease of production, low sulfur content, and favorable calorific value. CDC+TR, on the other hand, enhanced energy efficiency because of their lower moisture content, ash content, and volatile matter. Additionally, CDC+TR briquettes had higher fixed carbon and gross calorific values compared to CP, making them a suitable energy source.
Study of improving the quality of charcoal briquettes mixed to sago barks and sago dregs as an alternative energy source
Authors: Hafidawati  , Yenie Elvi , Zahrina Ida , Khairat  , Daniel Muhammad , Duhan Irfandy Bagus
Published: September 2024

The sago processing industry generates waste in the form of sago barks and dregs, which often polluting the environment, To address this issue, one promising solution is the conversion of these waste into renewable energy such as briquettes. This study aims to improve the quality of sago dreg briquettes by incorporating sago barks, aiming for compliance with charcoal briquette standards and indoor air quality regulations concerning to briquette combustion emissions. Various mixing ratios were examined, to determine the optimal composition. The manufacturing process followed the standard guidelines outlined in SNI 01-6235-2000. Testing procedures encompassed proximate analysis, calorific value determination via bomb calorimetry, and assessment of CO gas emissions using an Environmental Combustion Analysis (ECA) tool. Results indicated a significant influence of the Barks-dreg ratio on physical characteristics, combustion behavior, and CO emissions. The KBA2 mixture, comprising 90% barks and 10% dregs, exhibited the most good attributes, including moisture (2%), ash (10.32%), fly matter (20.66%), bound carbon content (69.02%), and calorific value (5806.4 cal/g). Emission testing with the ECA tool confirmed CO emissions of 357 mg/Nm3, well within acceptable limits. In conclusion, this study shows that mixing sago barks and sago dregs in certain proportions can produces briquettes that meet quality standars, which have the potential for sustainable energy production in the sago industry.
An innovative 4D printing approach for fabrication of anisotropic collagen scaffolds
Authors: Patrawalla Nashaita Y , Liebendorfer Karly , Kishore Vipuil
Published: September 2024

Collagen anisotropy is known to provide the essential topographical cues to guide tissue-specific cell function. Recent work has shown that extrusion-based printing using collagenous inks yield 3D scaffolds with high geometric precision and print fidelity. However, these scaffolds lack collagen anisotropy. In this study, extrusion-based 3D printing was combined with a magnetic alignment approach in an innovative 4D printing scheme to generate 3D collagen scaffolds with high degree of collagen anisotropy. Specifically, the 4D printing process parameters—collagen (Col):xanthan gum (XG) ratio (Col:XG; 1:1, 4:1, 9:1 v/v), streptavidin-coated magnetic particle concentration (SMP; 0, 0.2, 0.4 mg ml−1), and print flow speed (2, 3 mm s−1)—were modulated and the effects of these parameters on rheological properties, print fidelity, and collagen alignment were assessed. Further, the effects of collagen anisotropy on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) morphology, orientation, metabolic activity, and ligamentous differentiation were investigated. Results showed that increasing the XG composition (Col:XG 1:1) enhanced ink viscosity and yielded scaffolds with good print fidelity but poor collagen alignment. On the other hand, use of inks with lower XG composition (Col:XG 4:1 and 9:1) together with 0.4 mg ml−1 SMP concentration yielded scaffolds with high degree of collagen alignment albeit with suboptimal print fidelity. Modulating the print flow speed conditions (2 mm s−1) with 4:1 Col:XG inks and 0.4 mg ml−1 SMP resulted in improved print fidelity of the collagen scaffolds while retaining high level of collagen anisotropy. Cell studies revealed hMSCs orient uniformly on aligned collagen scaffolds. More importantly, collagen anisotropy was found to trigger tendon or ligament-like differentiation of hMSCs. Together, these results suggest that 4D printing is a viable strategy to generate anisotropic collagen scaffolds with significant potential for use in tendon and ligament tissue engineering applications.
Purifying quantum-dot light in a coherent frequency interface
Authors: Chiriano F , Morrison C L , Ho J , Jaeken T , Fedrizzi A
Published: September 2024

Quantum networks typically operate in the telecom wavelengths to take advantage of low-loss transmission in optical fibres. However, bright quantum dots (QDs) emitting highly indistinguishable quantum states of light, such as InGaAs QDs, often emit photons in the near infrared thus necessitating frequency conversion (FC) to the telecom band. Furthermore, the signal quality of quantum emissions is crucial for the effective performance of these networks. In this work we report a method for simultaneously implementing spectral purification and frequency shifting of single photons from QD sources to the c-band in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide. We consider difference frequency generation in the counter-propagating configuration to implement FC with the output emission bandwidth in units of GHz. Our approach establishes a clear path to integrating high-performance single-emitter sources in a hybrid quantum network.
Dams, dams and more dams: issues in evaluating business cases for dam expansion in Australia
Authors: Kandulu John M , Wheeler Sarah , Kingsford Richard
Published: September 2024

Conventional interventions for mitigating flood risk and increasing water security often focus on large-scale engineering solutions despite evidence of significant cost overruns and negative environmental impacts. This study is an example of participatory research in water economics, motivated (and requested) by concerns from downstream communities and Indigenous stakeholders that impacts of a proposed dam upgrade and storage increase were not adequately considered. We reviewed the preliminary benefit-cost analysis (BCA) of the proposed AUD$2.1 billion infrastructure investment to expand the Wyangala Dam in Australia and conducted a new BCA incorporating downstream community perspectives. The original economic analysis favoured the proposed investment, but it underestimated costs and overestimated benefits. Our economic analysis was complemented with a qualitative analysis of downstream community perspectives, plus a quantitative analysis indicating that total project costs were underestimated by a minimum of 116%. In comparison, total benefits were overestimated by 56%. Neglecting the potential impact of climate change also severely overestimated the original benefit-cost ratio. Based on our calculations, expanding the dam was unlikely to yield a net social benefit. In 2023, a new government decided the dam expansion was too expensive. We recommend policymakers prioritise independent evaluations and community engagement for BCAs on large-scale water infrastructure projects to ensure equitable investment decisions that maximise social welfare and adequate environmental assessment.
State-of-the-Art titanium carbide hard coatings: a comprehensive review of mechanical and tribological behaviour
Authors: Kavishwar Samrat , Bhaiswar Vinod , Kochhar Sonika , Fande Ashish , Tandon Vipin
Published: September 2024

This present paper focuses on various conventional and advanced surface modification techniques to enhance surface characteristics, tribological behaviour, and mechanical properties of metals and alloys exposed to abrasive or corrosive environments. A particular importance is given on the utilization of hard protective coatings, notably Titanium Carbide (TiC), known for its exceptional attributes including high chemical and thermal stability, elevated hardness, substantial elastic modulus and a low coefficient of friction. TiC coatings significantly contribute to the improved hardness, wear and corrosion resistance of metals and alloys. Deposition of TiC coatings using various technologies including chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition (PVD) and laser-based approaches finds application in automobile manufacturing, cutting tools, marine environments, aerospace components, machinery parts among others. In this context the discussion intricately analyses the influence of processing parameters on wear and hardness of TiC coatings along with characterization techniques employed for testing microstructure and tribological properties. A comparative study of various deposition methods is meticulously presented, offering insights into the strengths and limitations of each approach.
Med13 is required for efficient P-body recruitment and autophagic degradation of Edc3 following nitrogen starvation
Authors: Hanley Sara E. , Willis Stephen D. , Friedson Brittany , Cooper Katrina F.
Published: September 2024

The Cdk8 kinase module (CKM), a conserved, detachable unit of the Mediator complex, plays a vital role in regulating transcription and communicating stress signals from the nucleus to other organelles. Here, we describe a new transcription-independent role for Med13, a CKM scaffold protein, following nitrogen starvation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nitrogen starvation triggers Med13 to translocate to the cytoplasm. This stress also induces the assembly of conserved membraneless condensates called processing bodies (P-bodies) that dynamically sequester translationally inactive messenger ribonucleoprotein particles. Cytosolic Med13 colocalizes with P-bodies, where it helps recruit Edc3, a highly conserved decapping activator and P-body assembly factor, into these conserved ribonucleoprotein granules. Moreover, Med13 orchestrates the autophagic degradation of Edc3 through a selective cargo-hitchhiking autophagy pathway that utilizes Ksp1 as its autophagic receptor protein. In contrast, the autophagic degradation of Xrn1, another conserved P-body assembly factor, is Med13 independent. These results place Med13 as a new player in P-body assembly and regulation following nitrogen starvation. They support a model in which Med13 acts as a conduit between P-bodies and phagophores, two condensates that use liquid-liquid phase separation in their assembly.
Development and validation of claims-based algorithms for estimating gestational age of spontaneous abortion and termination
Authors: Zhu Yanmin , Hernandez-Diaz Sonia , Bateman Brian T , Gray Kathryn J , Alt Ethan M , Straub Loreen , Taylor Lockwood G , Ouellet-Hellstrom Rita , Ma Yong , Qiang Yandong , Vine Seanna , Mogun Helen , Hua Wei , Huybrechts Krista F
Published: September 2024

To study the risk of spontaneous abortion (SAB) or termination using healthcare utilization databases, algorithms to estimate the gestational age (GA) are needed. Using Medicaid data, we developed a hierarchical algorithm to classify pregnancy outcomes. We identified the subset of potential SAB and termination cases, and abstracted the GA from linked electronic medical records (gold standard). We developed three approaches: (1) assign median GA for SAB and termination cases in the US; (2) draw a random GA from the population distributions; (3) estimate GA based on regression models. Algorithm performance was assessed based on the proportion of pregnancies with estimated GA within 1-4 weeks of the gold standard, the mean squared error (MSE) and the R-squared. Approach 1 and Approach 3 had similar performance, though approach 3 using random forest models with variables selected via the Boruta algorithm had better MSE and R-squared. For SAB, 58.0% of pregnancies were correctly classified within 2 weeks of the gold standard (MSE: 8.7, R-squared: 0.09). For termination, the proportions were 66.3% (MSE: 11.7; R-squared: 0.35). SABs and terminations can be studied in healthcare utilization data with careful implementation of validated algorithms though higher level of GA misclassification is expected compared to live births.
Prenatal exposure to green space and mental health in early adolescence: findings from the TRAILS study
Authors: Zeng Yi , Stevens Gonneke W J M , Paus Tomáš , Helbich Marco
Published: September 2024

Little is known about whether prenatal green space exposure contributes to mental health later in life. Using data from a Dutch cohort (TRAILS; n=1,476), we assessed associations between prenatal (1989-1991) green space exposure and four mental health outcomes, namely externalizing problems, internalizing problems, tobacco use, and alcohol use, self-reported at eleven-year-old (2001-2002), and mediation of gestational age and birthweight on these associations. In a structural equational model, adolescents with one standard deviation (SD) unit more prenatal green space exposure showed a 0.119 SD (95%CI:0.028,0.210) more externalizing problems in early adolescence. There are two potential explanations for this unexpected positive association. First, controlling for urbanicity attenuated this association to become insignificant, but the degree of attenuation was minor [0.096, (95%CI:-0.003,0.195)]. Second, this unexpected association might be a consequence of changes in green space exposure in the intervening years, namely childhood (from birth to early adolescence), indicating that individuals with increased green space exposure over childhood exhibited fewer externalizing problems in early adolescence. For the prenatal green space-externalizing problems association, we did not observe mediation by gestational age or birthweight. Overall, these findings suggest no beneficial role of prenatal green space on adolescent mental health. Instead, increased green space exposure in childhood may lead to lower externalizing problems in early adolescence.
Scaling of cotyledon and primary leaf mass versus area in Acer platanoides seedlings under different light conditions
Authors: Wang Jinfeng , Almutairi Bader O , Wang Lin , Shi Peijian , Yao Weihao , Niinemets Ülo
Published: September 2024

Cotyledons play an important role in early seedling establishment. However, relative to primary leaves, cotyledons tend to have a different investment-on-return strategy. To detect the potential differences in the mass (M) versus area (A) scaling relationships between cotyledons and primary leaves in different light environments, a total of 75 Acer platanoides seedlings were sampled at an open site (n = 52; light availability: 74 ± 5 %) and a shaded site (n = 23; light availability: 4.2 ± 1.2 %). Reduced major axis regression protocols were used to fit the M versus A scaling relationships of primary leaves and cotyledons. The bootstrap percentile method was used to test the significance of the differences in the scaling exponents of M versus A between the two light environments. The scaling exponents of cotyledons at both two sites, as well as the primary leaves at the shade site, were greater than unity indicating ‘diminishing returns’, while the scaling exponent of primary leaves at the open site was smaller than unity indicating ‘increasing returns’. The data collectively indicated light-dependent shifts in support investments and differences in the function of cotyledons and primary leaves. Average leaf structural traits displayed significant differences between the two light environments in accordance with the premium in enhancing photosynthetic capacity in high light and light interception in low light. Although the trait responses to light availability were similar for primary leaves and cotyledons, primary leaves were more responsive to light availability, indicating lower plasticity of cotyledons in response to light levels. These results advance our understanding of the roles of cotyledons and primary leaves in the life history of seedlings in different forest light environments.
Introduction: Political Ecologies of Paper in Early Modern Art, 1500–1800
Authors: Brisman Shira , Fowler Caroline
Published: September 2024

This special issue examines paper as it became the definitive material for both artistic practice and jurisprudence. European paper made from pulped rags and linens to create the mythic white empty grounds for design was foundational to early modern European ideas about both sovereignty and the creative act. The materiality of paper—as a surface created from refuse—also introduced a form of ecological thinking into both artistic practice and political theory that recognised the value and revolutionary potential of the material world to create from the detritus of failed projects and revolutions. Surveying artistic production across the European continent and into the Ottoman empire, this series of essays examines paper as both a material force that redefined the limits of the creative act while also being inseparable from the consolidation of new political regimes emerging from the rise of early modern colonialism. Paper was both the tool of dispossession and also the grounds on which the potential of artistic practice was reimagined.
Erythematous papule over a tattoo
Authors: Martín-Nieto González Jorge , Rodríguez-Sánchez Belén , Jiménez-Briones Luis , Arias-Lotto Francisco , Avilés-Izquierdo José Antonio
Published: September 2024

A 38-year-old man presented with an erythematous papule over a longstanding back tattoo. Dermoscopy, which is very useful in the differential diagnosis of dermatological lesions, shows shiny white lines indicating a fibrotic stroma and various vascular patterns. The presence of a fenestrated histological pattern confirms the diagnosis. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice.
The phase coherence of cortical oscillations predicts dynamic changes in perceived visibility
Authors: Akdogan Irem , Ogmen Haluk , Kafaligonul Hulusi
Published: September 2024

The phase synchronization of brain oscillations plays an important role in visual processing, perceptual awareness, and performance. Yet, the cortical mechanisms underlying modulatory effects of post-stimulus phase coherence and frequency-specific oscillations associated with different aspects of vision are still subject to debate. In this study, we aimed to identify the post-stimulus phase coherence of cortical oscillations associated with perceived visibility and contour discrimination. We analyzed electroencephalogram data from two masking experiments where target visibility was manipulated by the contrast ratio or polarity of the mask under various onset timing conditions (stimulus onset asynchronies, SOAs). The behavioral results indicated an SOA-dependent suppression of target visibility due to masking. The time-frequency analyses revealed significant modulations of phase coherence over occipital and parieto-occipital regions. We particularly identified modulations of phase coherence in the (i) 2–5 Hz frequency range, which may reflect feedforward-mediated contour detection and sustained visibility; and (ii) 10–25 Hz frequency range, which may be associated with suppressed visibility through inhibitory interactions between and within synchronized neural pathways. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that oscillatory phase alignments, not only in the pre-stimulus but also in the post-stimulus window, play a crucial role in shaping perceived visibility and dynamic vision.
Prognostic value of echocardiographic-derived stroke volume in severe primary mitral regurgitation
Authors: Granot Yoav , Gefen Sheizaf , Karlsberg Daniel , Ran Sapir Orly , Laufer Perl Michal , Zahler David , Viskin Dana , Banai Shmuel , Topilsky Yan , Havakuk Ofer
Published: September 2024

Aims

Studies have demonstrated the importance of forward flow, and specifically of stroke volume (SV) and SV index (SVI), as prognostic markers in different cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we aim to evaluate the association between SV and SVI thresholds and prognosis in patients with severe primary mitral regurgitation (MR).

Methods and results

The association between either SV (<55, 55–70, and >70 mL) or SVI (<30, 30–35, and >35 mL/m2) thresholds and all-cause mortality and heart failure (HF) hospitalizations was examined in a retrospective analysis of 283 patients [60% male, median age 70 years, interquartile range (IQR) 58–82] with severe primary MR, normal left ventricular size and systolic function, and no other significant left-sided valvular abnormalities. Compared with normal values, SV < 55 mL was found to be associated with worse outcomes (hazard ratio 1.8, IQR 1.1–2.8, P = 0.016), whereas SV between 55 and 70 mL was not. A non-significant trend for worse outcomes was noted for SVI < 35 mL/m2 compared with normal SVI.

Conclusion

In patients with severe primary MR, SV < 55 mL was found to be associated with increased rates of HF hospitalization and all-cause mortality. This easily obtainable parameter may allow for better risk stratification of patients with primary MR.
Is it just another case of vaccine-induced myocarditis? A case report and key insights
Authors: Natarajan Nalin , Al-Mohammad Abdulrahman , Ngan Thomas , Dutta Roy Smita
Published: September 2024

Background

As the number of individuals receiving the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine continues to rise, we have observed a concurrent increase in myopericarditis cases within the general population. This case serves as a reminder of the necessity to approach such occurrences with an open mind. Additionally, it underscores the importance of employing multi-modal imaging techniques alongside a collaborative, multi-disciplinary approach when addressing complex medical cases.

Case summary

We present a case of a woman in her 50s attending the emergency department with pyrexia, lethargy, and chest pain following the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. She had a background of systemic lupus erythematosus that was treated with immunosuppressive medication.

Initial assessments revealed abnormal electrocardiogram, elevated troponin, and raised inflammatory markers. A diagnosis of likely vaccine-induced myopericarditis was made. However, blood cultures revealed Listeria monocytogenes, and cardiac imaging confirmed a right atrial (RA) thrombus that was considered to be infected. Subsequently, she was treated for Listeria myopericarditis and infected thrombus with intravenous antibiotics and anticoagulation. The patient did not wish for any invasive investigations given her clinical improvement. This is the first case of Listeria-related myopericarditis with an infected thrombus in the RA. We saw the full resolution of RA mass with medical management.

Discussion

This case highlights the importance of multi-modality imaging techniques to facilitate the diagnosis of Listeria-related myopericarditis accompanied by an infected thrombus. It also emphasizes the importance of conducting interval scanning and follow-up assessments to ensure the resolution of the disease. To improve diagnostic accuracy, an endomyocardial biopsy can also be considered.
Myocardial infarction showing non-ischaemic late gadolinium enhancement pattern in the mid-septum: a case report
Authors: Tassetti Luigi , Massa Ludovica , Pontone Gianluca
Published: September 2024

Background

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is gaining an important role in the setting of acute coronary syndromes: it gives prognostic information based on oedema and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) extension in acute myocardial infarction, and has a diagnostic value in myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) thanks to its capability to distinguish, based on different LGE patterns, ischaemic and non-ischaemic myocardial injuries.

Case summary

We describe a case of acute myocardial infarction involving a recurrent apical branch showing an atypical intramyocardial LGE pattern in the medium inferior septum.

Discussion

An intramyocardial LGE pattern might be determined by an ischaemic injury involving the interventricular septum. The knowledge of this misleading LGE pattern is important to adequately interpret CMR findings in this clinical setting.
Exploring Perceived Limitations to Daily Activities Due to Chronic Conditions: A Person-Centered Approach to Measuring Multimorbidity Severity
Authors: Bishop Nicholas J , Nagel Corey , Quiñones Ana R
Published: September 2024

Background

Person-centered approaches to measuring severity of multimorbidity (≥ 2 chronic conditions) can help clinicians assess the individual experience of multimorbidity and inform effective caregiving and intervention strategies. We examine how limitations in everyday activities attributable to specific chronic conditions act independently and in tandem to influence individual perceptions of multimorbidity severity.

Methods

Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (2005–2021) were used to investigate self-reported limitations in normal daily activities resulting from nine chronic conditions (hypertension, arthritis, diabetes, heart condition [heart disease/heart attack], cancer, lung disease, stroke, depression, and memory loss) in 4 318 adults aged 55–95 (18 878 person-wave observations). We used descriptive and inferential analyses to estimate limitations resulting from specific conditions, limitations attributable to condition combinations, and the contribution of comorbid conditions to condition-specific and overall severity. Follow-up analyses addressed mortality selection using inverse probability weighting and examined cancer type and cancer status/treatment modality among respondents reporting cancer diagnosis.

Results

Of the more prevalent conditions, arthritis was associated with the most severe limitations to normal activities. Memory loss was the least frequent condition reported but resulted in the most severe limitations, and as a comorbid condition, increased limitations reported for most conditions. Inverse probability weighting adjusted models revealed heterogeneity in estimates for some conditions including cancer and cancer survivors tended to report less lethal cancers that were cured or in remission.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that efforts to prevent and treat arthritis and support cognitive function may reduce the severity of multimorbidity experienced by the individual.
The HHMP Decomposition of the Permutohedron and Degenerations of Torus Orbits in Flag Varieties
Authors: Lian Carl
Published: September 2024

Let $Z\subset \operatorname{Fl}(n)$ be the closure of a generic torus orbit in the full flag variety. Anderson–Tymoczko express the cohomology class of $Z$ as a sum of classes of Richardson varieties. Harada–Horiguchi–Masuda–Park give a decomposition of the permutohedron, the moment map image of $Z$, into subpolytopes corresponding to the summands of the Anderson–Tymoczko formula. We construct an explicit toric degeneration inside $\operatorname{Fl}(n)$ of $Z$ into Richardson varieties, whose moment map images coincide with the HHMP decomposition, thereby obtaining a new proof of the Anderson–Tymoczko formula.
Diversity Representations in Advertising: Enhancing Variety Perceptions and Brand Outcomes
Authors: Khan Uzma , Kim Saetbyeol , Choi Suwon , Labroo Aparna
Published: September 2024

We present a novel business case for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) by showing that DEI representations in advertisements have important, and yet unestablished, implications for brands. We show that depicting observably diverse (e.g., in race, gender, or age) models in advertisements creates a perception that the brand offers greater product variety, even when the advertisement neither showcases nor directly suggests greater variety. This effect arises because people believe that observably different customers have more varied needs. Diversity representations, therefore, increase the perception that the brand offers greater product variety, presumably to meet the varied needs of its observably different customers. The findings are important because perceptions of variety improve brand impression, perceptions of a brand’s creativity, willingness to pay, willingness to use, and choice. The findings are particularly relevant for brands that offer limited variety, face resource constraints to diversify, and/or want to benefit from generating perceptions of large product variety while avoiding the drawbacks of managing large assortments.
When market access gains do not spur urban growth
Authors: Klein Marius , Rauch Ferdinand
Published: September 2024

We revisit the natural experiments of division and unification of Germany. The negative shock to local market access following the division of Germany led to a fast and strong downward adjustment of the size of West German cities near the new border. In contrast, the positive shock of reunification did not lead to any change in their relative size. Even three decades after reunification, no convergence can be observed. We show that local subsidies to East Germany could have contributed to this asymmetry in time.
Corn stover variability drives differences in bisabolene production by engineered Rhodotorula toruloides
Authors: Okonkwo Onyinye , Dou Chang , Oksen Ethan , Narani Akash , Marcondes Wilian , Chen Xiaowen , Kim Joonhoon , Gao Yuqian , Burnet Meagan C , Webb-Robertson Bobbie-Jo M , Poirier Brenton C , Tanjore Deepti , Magnuson Jon K , Munoz Nathalie Munoz , Gardner James
Published: September 2024

Microbial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass represents an alternative route for production of biofuels and bioproducts. While researchers have mostly focused on engineering strains such as Rhodotorula toruloides for better bisabolene production as a sustainable aviation fuel, less is known about the impact of the feedstock heterogeneity on bisabolene production. Critical material attributes like feedstock composition, nutritional content, and inhibitory compounds can all influence bioconversion. Further, the given feedstocks can have a marked influence on selection of suitable pretreatment and hydrolysis technologies, optimizing the fermentation conditions, and possibly even modifying the microorganism's metabolic pathways, to better utilize the available feedstock. This work aimed to examine and understand how variations in corn stover batches, anatomical fractions, and storage conditions impact the efficiency of bisabolene production by R. toruloides. All of these represent different facets of feedstock heterogeneity. Deacetylation, mechanical refining, and enzymatic hydrolysis of these variable feedstocks served as the basis of this research. The resulting hydrolysates were converted to bisabolene via fermentation, a sustainable aviation fuel precursor, using an engineered R. toruloides strain. This study showed that different sources of feedstock heterogeneity can influence microbial growth and product titer in counterintuitive ways, as revealed through global analysis of protein expression. The maximum bisabolene produced by R. toruloides was on the stalk fraction of corn stover hydrolysate (8.89 ± 0.47 g/L). Further, proteomics analysis comparing the protein expression between the anatomic fractions showed that proteins relating to carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, and conversion as well as inorganic ion transport metabolism were either significantly upregulated or downregulated. Specifically, downregulation of proteins related to the iron–sulfur cluster in stalk fraction suggests a coordinated response by R. toruloides to maintain overall metabolic balance, and this was corroborated by the concentration of iron in the feedstocks.

One-Sentence Summary

This study elucidates the effects of different sources of corn stover on bisabolene production by engineered Rhodotorula toruloides, highlighting the importance of understanding feedstock variability to enhance bioprocess efficiency and economic outcomes.