bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF FACTORS DETERMINING LABOR MIGRATION
Authors: Vorontsova A.
Published: May 2021

Mechanical movements of the population in the form of migrations constantly accompanied the development of mankind. In this regard, scientists at different times were interested in the reasons that can cause migration waves and, accordingly, ways to manage this phenomenon at the state level. This article is devoted to the study of basic scientific approaches and economic theories on the selection of factors that cause migration in general and labor migration in particular. To accomplish the task, the author analyzes the main generally accepted economic theories, in particular: mercantilism, classical economic theory, marxism, neoclassical theory, keynesianism, monetarism and more. In addition, the selection of factors that provoke migration in the theories of socio-economic orientation as a theory of human capital and social networks, structural-historical approach was considered. The next step the author explored a more specific economic direction - migration theories (classical theory of E. Ravenstein, the theory of pull-push factors E. Lee, a new economic theory of labor migration, dual theory of labor market, the theory of relative differences, the theory of world systems, the concept of mobile transition , synthetic theory of international migration, etc.). Based on the theoretical analysis, it can be argued that the factors that cause migration can be classified on various grounds. The most characteristic of these are the selection of objective and subjective reasons; controlled, partially and uncontrolled; micro-, macro-level; social and natural nature; economic, social, political, ethnic, psychological, pedagogical nature, etc. The conducted research makes a thorough theoretical basis for further work in this direction.
GLOBAL MARKET OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS: CURRENT STATE AND PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Bezugla K. , Kostyuchenko N.
Published: May 2021

The paper is devoted to the peculiarities and perspectives of the global petroleum market development. The peculiarities of supply and demand formation at the global market of petroleum products are investigated in the article. The balance of supply and demand at the petroleum market is determined. The paper outlines the peculiarities of pricing for petroleum products. The dynamics of price changes on the global petroleum market in the period of 2010-2020 is studied. The conclusion was made that there is a price volatility on the global petroleum market.
An analysis of the dynamics and structure of the world petroleum production by regions revealed that the total output of oil has increased due to the development of new technologies and due to the increased efficiency of petroleum production.
The performed forecasting made it possible to conclude that petroleum price is expected to increase in the coming two periods. That will allow to establish a balance between supply and demand at the petroleum products’ market. Accordingly, the equalization of supply and demand for petroleum products is forecasted (even despite the crisis in the world).
The econometric method of economic analysis was applied in the paper. The authors constructed an additive model for time series data to predict the dynamics of prices on the global market of petroleum products. The model was designed based on 16 observations in the period of October 2016 – July 2020.
Autoantibody formation after alloimmunization inducing bystander immune hemolysis
Authors: Mota M. , Bley C. , Aravechia M.G. , Hamerschlak N. , Sakashita A. , Kutner J.M. , Castilho L.
Published: May 2021

The development of RBC autoantibodies resulting from or associated with allogeneic blood transfusions is not an easily determined complication of RBC transfusions. This report discusses one patient who developed RBC autoantibodies in association with an allogeneic blood transfusion and alloimmunization leading to a temporary bystander immune hemolysis. A 72-year-old woman was hospitalized as a result of severe anemia and received two units of ABO- and D-compatible RBCs. She had a history of two pregnancies 40 years before, but no history of RBC transfusion, and her antibody screen was negative. On the tenth day after transfusion her hemoglobin dropped, and alloanti-c was identified in her serum and eluate. At this time she received another two units of compatible blood according to her phenotype (group O, R1R1, K:-1). After 48 hours, she developed joint pain, pyrexia, and hemoglobinuria, and her Hb dropped from 9.2 g/dL to 5.3 g/dL. The direct antiglobulin test was positive, an IgG autoantibody was present in the eluate, and the antibody investigation revealed the presence of anti-Jkb in addition to the previously identified alloanti-c. Her genotype was determined, and, based on the findings, two additional units were selected, found to be compatible, and transfused without incident. Transfusions were discontinued, and she was treated with IVIG and corticosteroids. Her Hb increased to 9.7 g/dL, and the patient made an uneventful recovery. It was concluded that transfusion of incompatible RBCs induced the formation of an autoantibody in this patient, resulting in lysis of bystander RBCs. The need for additional blood transfusion was successfully avoided by treatment with IVIG, steroid therapy, and rituximab.
Immunohematology

2009;25:9–12.
The ABO blood group system revisited: a review and update
Authors: Storry J.R. , Olsson M.L.
Published: May 2021

The antigens of the ABO system were the first to be recognized as blood groups and actually the first human genetic markers known. Their presence and the realization of naturally occurring antibodies to those antigens lacking from the cells made sense of the erratic failure of blood transfusion hitherto and opened up the possibility of a safe treatment practice in life-threatening blood loss. Although initially apparently simple, the ABO system has come to grow in complexity over the years. The mass of knowledge relating to carbohydrate chemistry, enzymology, molecular genetics, and structural and evolutionary biology is now enormous thanks to more than a century of research using ABO as a principal model. This has provided us with data to form a solid platform of evidence-based transfusion and transplantation medicine used every day in laboratories and clinics around the globe. This review aims to summarize key findings and recent progress made toward further understanding of this surprisingly polymorphic system.
Immunohematology

2009;25:48–59.
Clinical evaluation for lymphoproliferative disease prompted by finding of IgM warm autoanti-IT in two cases
Authors: Leger R.M. , Lowder F. , Dungo M.C. , Chen W. , Mason H.M. , Garratty G.
Published: May 2021

Anti-IT is an unusual specificity originally described as a naturally occurring cold agglutinin. The antibody reacts strongly with cord RBCs, weakly with adult I RBCs, and most weakly with the rare adult i RBCs. IgG anti-IT in patients with hemolytic anemia has been associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Difficulties in blood grouping tests and the presence of a warm reactive agglutinin in samples from two patients with hemolytic anemia led to further serologic studies and the identification of anti-IT. In both cases, the anti-IT was a rarely encountered IgM warm reactive agglutinin; in one case, the IgG component was also anti-IT, whereas in the second case the IgG antibody was broadly reactive. The unusual serologic finding of anti-IT prompted further clinical evaluation for lymphoproliferative disease in these two patients.
Immunohematology

2009;25:60–62.
MNS blood group system: a review
Authors: Reid M.E.
Published: May 2021

The MNS blood group system is second only to the Rh blood group system in its complexity. Many alloantibodies to antigens in the MNS system are not generally clinically significant although antibodies to low-prevalence and high-prevalence MNS antigens have caused hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. The MNS antigens are carried on glycophorin A (GPA), glycophorin B (GPB), or hybrids thereof, which arise from single-nucleotide substitution, unequal crossing over, or gene conversion between the glycophorin genes. Antigens in the MNS system are fully developed at birth. This review summarizes aspects of the MNS system, including the molecular basis of some antigens in the MNS blood group system. Readers are referred to existing excellent reviews for background information.1–9 Throughout this document, information given without references can be found in the reviews listed previously, and the reader is referred to these reviews for references to original reports.
Immunohematology

2009;25:95–101.
Logistical aspects of human surgical tissue management in a hospital setting
Authors: Alden B.M. , Schlueter A.J.
Published: May 2021

Many hospital transfusion services have assumed responsibility for the coordinated management of human allograft tissue. This overview summarizes logistical aspects of tissue management based on the experience of a centralized tissue service at a large academic hospital, in which tissue is stored in a location remote from patient care areas. Operational aspects include determination of which personnel classifications will perform the necessary functions, establishment and maintenance of the standing tissue inventory (including pros and cons of alternative approaches to inventory acquisition), and necessary considerations for making tissue available for surgical cases in the hospital. The nature of communications regarding tissue orders for individual surgical cases is discussed, as well as mechanisms for storage of tissue and transportation and delivery of tissue to the surgical suites. Finally, options for the disposition of tissue that has been dispensed from the tissue service but was not used during the surgical procedure are summarized. With attention to these details, a tissue service can provide reliable, high-quality tissue in a timely fashion.
Immunohematology

2009;25:107–111.
Lutheran
Authors: Daniels G.
Published: May 2021

The Lutheran blood group system consists of 19 antigens: four pairs of antithetical antigens—Lua /Lub, Lu6/Lu9, Lu8/Lu14, and Aua /Aub —and 11 antigens of very high frequency. These antigens are located on four of the five immunoglobulin-like domains of both isoforms of the Lutheran glycoprotein. The LU gene is on chromosome 19 and comprises 15 exons. The two glycoprotein isoforms differ in the length of their cytoplasmic tails as a result of alternative splicing of intron 13. Lunullphenotype arises from homozygosity for inactivating mutations in the LU gene. The dominantly inherited Lumodphenotype, In(Lu), results from heterozygosity for inactivating mutations in KLF1, the gene for the erythroid transcription binding factor EKLF. Clinically, antibodies of the Lutheran system are relatively benign. When hemolytic, they generally cause only mild, delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn that can be treated by phototherapy. The Lutheran glycoproteins, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion molecules and receptors, bind isoforms of laminin with α5 chains, components of the extracellular matrix abundant in vascular endothelia. The primary function of the Lutheran glycoproteins on RBCs could involve the transfer of maturing RBCs from the bone marrow to the peripheral circulation. They could also be involved in vascular occlusion and thrombotic events as complications of sickle cell disease and polycythemia vera, respectively.
Immunohematology

2009;25:152–159.
Cost-effectiveness of FDA variance for blood collection from individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis at a 398-bed hospital-based donor center
Authors: Gribble D.M. , Chaffin D.J. , Bryant B.J.
Published: May 2021

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is treated by therapeutic phlebotomy to reduce excess body iron. This 398-bed, hospital-based donor center wanted to determine whether there was a financial advantage to requesting FDA approval to allow transfusion of blood components from eligible individuals with HH. Donor center records from 2008 were reviewed to identify all therapeutic phlebotomy patients with a diagnosis of HH. HH patients were contacted and asked to complete the AABB Uniform Donor History Questionnaire (UDHQ) to determine their eligibility as potential allogeneic blood donors. Financial ramifications attributable to loss of revenue from the therapeutic phlebotomies ($100/collection) were compared with the potential gain in revenue from collecting units for transfusion ($429/collection) in a 12-month period. Nineteen HH patients were identified and screened for allogeneic eligibility. Seventeen patients (89%) met the eligibility criteria for allogeneic donors, and two patients (11%) did not. Retrospective review of donor records indicated that a total of 60 units were collected from these HH patients from January 2008 through December 2008. Fifty-five of the 60 units collected (92%) were eligible for allogeneic use, potentially generating gross revenue of $23,595. After deducting expenses for infectious disease testing and loss of revenue for the nonqualified therapeutic phlebotomies, the net revenue from the collection of 55 RBC units that could have potentially been used for allogeneic transfusion was $20,345. In contrast, the current revenue generated by the collection of 60 therapeutic phlebotomies was only $6,000. In 2008, using eligible HH individuals as allogeneic blood donors would have resulted in an increase in revenue of $14,345 for our blood center. This study demonstrates that even at a medium-size, hospital-based donor center, obtaining a variance from the FDA to establish an HH blood donor program is a cost-effective endeavor, which does not compromise donor or patient safety.
Immunohematology

2009;25:170–173.
The ARC Hemovigilance Program: advancing the safety of blood donation and transfusion
Authors: Eder A.F. , Dy B.A. , Barton J. , Kennedy J.M. , Benjamin R.J.
Published: May 2021

Since 2005, the American Red Cross (ARC) Hemovigilance Program has systematically evaluated adverse reactions and complications after blood donation and transfusion, which has led to improvements in safety for both donors and patients. After establishing baseline estimates of the risk of transfusion reactions such as transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) and sepsis from bacterially contaminated platelet components, the program has demonstrated that the preventive measures that were implemented to reduce their occurrence were effective.1–4 Reports of transfusion-transmitted infections, most commonly babesiosis linked to RBC components, have identified the need for targeted interventions.5 The program has also described the spectrum of adverse reactions experienced by healthy volunteers after whole blood or apheresis donation, including systemic (e.g., vasovagal), phlebotomy-related, and other complications.6,7 The information about donor reactions has led to several initiatives to reduce the already low rates of complications among the most susceptible groups and improve the donors’ experience.8,9 In this report, we present annual data on donation and transfusion complications in the ARC in 2007 and discuss the strengths and limitations of our national hemovigilance program.
Technical issues in neonatal transfusions
Authors: Sloan S.R.
Published: May 2021

Neonatal transfusions provide challenges at several steps in the process. Neonates are often transfused with relatively small volumes at slow flow rates from syringes,whereas at other times they require relatively massive transfusions or exchange transfusions. To facilitate these specialized transfusions, blood banks often modify their procedures to provide small volumes of blood components that are sometimes dispensed in syringes or to reconstitute whole blood for exchange transfusions. Hospitals must implement policies and procedures to ensure that the blood components are transfused safely when using these specialized techniques for infants. Nevertheless, some issues remain in many hospitals, such as the difficulty in safely warming blood components for neonatal transfusions and the difficulties in using approved labels for small containers that are sometimes prepared at the bedside.
Immunohematology

2008;24:4–9.
Automation in the transfusion service
Authors: Butch S.H.
Published: May 2021

Several instruments are now available for full automation of serologic testing in the transfusion service. Selection of an instrument is based on the facility’s needs for testing and its resources. Installation, validation, interfacing, and operations require new skill sets for most transfusion service personnel. The newer instruments are suitable for use in smaller transfusion services, where procedures may not have changed recently and installing new equipment is a rarity. It is difficult to compare turnaround times and the cost of operating the instrument because the number of specimens and specific tests per run and test optimization features of the instrument’s software all can vary. Automated instruments have proved to be suitable for testing most, but not all, specimens submitted for testing. While automation reduces overall turnaround time, the quickest way to determine a patient’s blood type remains the manual tube test. Autoverification of results and placing these instruments in an automation line in a core laboratory may lie in the future.
Immunohematology

2008;24:86–92.
Cryopreserving and deglycerolizing sickle cell trait red blood cell components using an automated cell-processing system
Authors: Ackley R.J. , Lee-Stroka A.H. , Bryant B.J. , Stroncek D.F. , Byrne K.M.
Published: May 2021

RBC components with rare phenotypes are sometimes required for patients with sickle cell disease, and these rare components can often be found among donors with sickle cell trait. Cryopreserving RBC components from sickle cell trait donors requires a modified deglycerolization method to preserve the integrity of the RBCs. This study evaluated the feasibility of using an automated cell-processing system to cryopreserve and deglycerolize sickle cell trait donor RBC components. CP2D/AS-3 RBC components were collected from three donors with sickle cell trait. Each component was processed with an automated cell-processing system (ACP 215, Haemonetics Corp., Braintree, MA) and cryopreserved within 6 days of collection. The components were stored at –65°C or less for at least 2 days and were deglycerolized using the automated cell-processing system’s standard procedure. Before cryopreservation and after deglycerolization, several variables were measured. Deglycerolization resulted in recovery of 43.0, 76.5, and 67.5 percent of RBCs from the three sickle-cell-trait donor components compared with 80 percent or greater for all six control components. A small, dark red, jelly-like mass was noted in the bowl of the disposable set after deglycerolization of each of the three RBC sickle cell trait components. The osmolalities of all three sickle cell trait components were less than 400 mOsm/kg, but only one of the three was acceptable for a 14-day outdate. Freezing and deglycerolization of sickle cell trait donor RBC components with the automated cell-processing system resulted in recovery of some RBCs, but a decrease in RBC recovery was problematic. Modifications of the procedure are needed for processing sickle cell trait donor RBC components.
Immunohematology

2008:24:107–111.
Overt immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction attributable to anti-Wra
Authors: Boctor F.N.
Published: May 2021

Wra is a low-prevalence antigen. Anti-Wra is a relatively common antibody present in approximately 1 in 100 healthy blood donors. Anti-Wra is reported to cause different degrees of hemolysis in transfusion and in HDN, ranging from benign to severe. This report describes an acute overt hemolytic transfusion reaction in a patient whose serum contained anti-Wra and who received a Wr(a+) RBC component.
Immunohematology

2008;24:113–115.
Rapid, single-subject genotyping to predict red blood cell antigen expression
Authors: Slezak S.L. , Adams S. , Lee-Stroka H. , Martin J.E. , Caruccio L. , Stroncek D.F.
Published: May 2021

Genotyping is useful to predict the expression of those RBC antigens for which antisera are difficult to obtain and to determine the probable phenotype of highly transfused patients, and it can be used to test stored DNA when a blood sample is not available. This study assessed a sequence-specific primer (SSP)-based genotyping system for blood group alleles suitable for the rapid testing of a small number of samples and assessed the use of stored whole blood. Genomic DNA was isolated from fresh and 1- and 2-week-old stored blood from 20 donors with known ABO and Rh phenotypes and was used for ABO, RHD, and RHCE genotyping using SSPs. The amplicons were analyzed using gel electrophoresis and a novel microfluidic onchip electrophoresis system. Analysis of DNA from fresh and 1- and 2-week-old blood by SSP and gel electrophoresis yielded the correct ABO, RHD, and RHCE type in all samples, but with DNA from 2-week-old stored blood the amplicons were more difficult to visualize. Analysis of the same samples with the SSP on-chip electrophoresis assay correctly typed all samples except for one RHCE typing discrepancy of a fresh sample and one RHCE typing discrepancy of a 2-week-old sample. Analysis of amplicons by on-chip electrophoresis required one tenth the DNA that gel electrophoresis did and could be completed within 30 minutes compared with 2 hours with gel electrophoresis. Amplicons were also more readily visualized with on-chip electrophoresis. Fresh and 1- and 2-week-old samples could be ABO and RH genotyped with SSP. Analysis using on-chip electrophoresis was easier and more rapid than that using gel electrophoresis, but test reliability was slightly more variable.
Immunohematology

2008;24:154–159.
From DNA to blood groups
Authors: Reid M.E.
Published: May 2021

A blood group antigen is a protein or carbohydrate on the outer surface of a RBC. Portions of DNA are transcribed and translated into proteins. A protein-based blood group antigen is the direct product of a gene whereas a carbohydrate-based blood group antigen is an indirect product of a gene; the gene product is a glycosyltransferase that transfers a carbohydrate moiety to a protein, or to another carbohydrate to form a chain of sugars. This report gives a brief description of a gene, its processing from DNA through RNA to an amino acid sequence, and how changes in nucleotides give rise to blood group antigens.
Immunohematology

2008;24:166–169.
Principles of PCR-based assays
Authors: Hue-Roye K. , Vege S.
Published: May 2021

DNA-based assays are powerful tools to predict the blood group of an individual and are rapidly gaining in popularity. DNA, which can be extracted from various sources using commercial kits, is amplified by PCR to obtain a sufficient amount of the target of interest for analysis. There are different types of PCR assays: standard single PCR (followed by RFLP or sequencing), allele-specific PCR, multiplex PCR, and real-time PCR. Microarray platforms are a newer application of molecular testing, popular because they analyze multiple nucleotides in a single assay and have a high-throughput potential. This review briefly describes the principles of PCR-based assays that are commonly used in transfusion medicine.
Immunohematology

2008;24:170–175.
Value of DNA-based assays for donor screening and regulatory issues
Authors: Strauss D. , Reid M.E.
Published: May 2021

Hemagglutination, the gold standard method to detect the presence or absence of blood group antigens on RBCs, has served the transfusion community well for decades. It is simple, and, when done correctly, it has a specificity and sensitivity that is appropriate for most testing in the vast majority of patients requiring blood transfusion. The limitations of hemagglutination for screening donor blood include that both testing and data entry are labor-intensive, that the required antibody is not always commercially available, and that it may be limited in volume, weakly reactive, or costly. These scenarios can make it difficult to screen for large numbers of antigen-negative blood donors. The knowledge of the molecular bases of blood group antigens makes it possible to screen donors to predict their antigen status. High-throughput platforms provide a means to test relatively large numbers of donors, thereby opening the door to change the way antigen-negative blood is provided to patients. This review discusses testing for blood group antigens by hemagglutination and bead chip technology. It also reviews regulatory issues, including validation and training, and suggests an algorithm for screening and confirming blood types of donors.
Immunohematology

2008;24:175–179.
The potential of blood group genotyping for transfusion medicine practice
Authors: Westhoff C.M.
Published: May 2021

Molecular diagnostics is the fastest growing area of clinical laboratory medicine. The ability to rapidly amplify genes of bacterial, viral, or human origin, and the development of DNA array platforms, are driving a technology revolution in the clinical laboratory. A DNA-based testing approach is particularly applicable to blood bank and transfusion medicine for rapid, cost-effective antigen typing. Experience with DNA-based methods during the past decade has shown that these assays are reproducible and highly correlated with the RBC phenotype. The recent availability of automated, high-throughput, DNA-array platforms now moves testing from the reference laboratory setting into hospital and donor testing centers. This approach has the potential to revolutionize the process of locating antigen-negative donor units by testing for all clinically significant blood group antigens in a single assay. When partnered with the same extended typing of the patient, electronic selection of units antigen-matched at multiple blood group loci is then possible. This paper discusses the potential of this approach to improve transfusion therapy by reducing or eliminating alloantibody production in specific patient populations. These include patients facing long-term transfusion therapy and at high risk for sensitization; patients with warm autoantibodies when compatibility cannot be demonstrated by standard methods; and women for whom the production of atypical antibodies carries a risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, or at the very least, monitoring for an at-risk pregnancy.
Immunohematology

2008;24:190–195.
Red blood cell transfusion in a patient with anti-AnWj: a case report
Authors: Stowers R.E , Richa E.M. , Stubbs J.R. , Moore S.B.
Published: May 2021

Anti-AnWj (Anton) has been associated with clinically significant hemolytic transfusion reactions. More than 99 percent of studied populations have RBCs that express the antigen. Reported here is a patient with anti-AnWj who was transfused with antigen-positive RBCs without adverse reaction.
Immunohematology

2007; 23:55–58.
Management of pregnancy complicated by anti-hrB/anti-HrB
Authors: Win N. , Needs M. , Tillyer L.
Published: May 2021

Anti-hrB and anti-HrB are rare alloantibodies found predominantly in people of Black African descent. It has been assumed that strongly reacting examples of anti-hrB may cause hemolytic transfusion reactions, but precise information is limited. Anti-HrB is a clinically significant antibody and may cause hemolytic transfusion reactions and HDN. Selection of blood for transfusion support for patients with these alloantibodies, and especially with anti-HrB, imposes a special challenge in the United Kingdom. We report two antenatal patients (both patients were of the partial D phenotype DIII), one with anti-hrB, anti-Ce, and anti-D; the other, with anti-hrB and anti-D, who later formed anti-HrB. Transfusion support and the outcome of the pregnancies are discussed. A literature search confirms that, apart from some publications in abstract form, there is not much detailed clinical information available for either anti-hrB or anti-HrB. Further information and publications are warranted to gain more knowledge of these rare antibodies.
Immunohematology

2007;23:143–5.
An alloantibody to a high-prevalence MNS antigen in a person with a GP.JL/Mk phenotype
Authors: Ratliff J. , Veneman S. , Ward J. , Lomas-Francis C. , Hue-Roye K. , Velliquette R.W , Sausais L. , Maldonado T. , Miyamoto J. , Martin Y. , Slater D. , Reid M.E.
Published: May 2021

The low-prevalence MNS blood group antigen TSEN is located at the junction of glycophorin A (GPA) to glycophorin B (GPB) in several hybrid glycophorin molecules. Extremely rare people have RBCs with a double dose of the TSEN antigen and have made an antibody to a high-prevalence MNS antigen. We report the first patient who is heterozygous for GYP.JL and Mk
. During prenatal tests, an alloantibody to a high-prevalence antigen was detected in the serum of a 21-year-old Hispanic woman. The antibody detected an antigen resistant to treatment by papain, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, or DTT. The antibody was strongly reactive by the IAT with all RBCs tested except those having the MkMk, GP.Hil/GP.Hil, or GP.JL/GP.JL phenotypes. The patient’s RBCs typed M+N–S+/–s–U+, En(a+/–), Hut–, Mi(a–), Mur–, Vw–, Wr(a–b–), and were TSEN+, MINY+. Reactivity with Glycine soja suggested that her RBCs had a decreased level of sialic acid. Immunoblotting showed the presence of monomer and dimer forms of a GP(A-B) hybrid and an absence of GPA and GPB. Sequencing of DNA and PCR-RFLP using the restriction enzyme RsaI confirmed the presence of a hybrid GYP(A-B). The patient’s antibody was determined to be anti-EnaFR. She is the first person reported with the GP.JL phenotype associated with a deletion of GYPA and GYPB in trans to GYP.JL. Immunohematology

2007;23:146–9.
ISBT 128 blood labeling: introduction and reference laboratory applications
Authors: Butch S.H. , Distler P.B
Published: May 2021

ISBT 128 will be implemented in the United States during the next two years. In addition to improving unit traceability and lookback tracking, this information technology standard has the power to detect and prevent errors in data entry by using data identifiers and check characters. Additionally, its ability to encode special testing results such as CMV and RBC phenotype on a label provides laboratories a computerized mechanism to verify the accuracy of such labels.
Immunohematology

2006; 22:30–36.
Serologic and molecular genetic management of a pregnancy complicated by anti-Rh18
Authors: Haspel R.L. , Vege S. , Michelle D. , Kaufman R.M. , Westhoff C.M
Published: May 2021

Antibodies, such as anti-Rh18 (Hr/HrS), that react with the common products of RHCE can cause HDN as well as severe hemolytic transfusion reactions. Individuals with anti-Rh18 antibodies can have different RHCE genetic backgrounds; therefore, sera and RBCs from these individuals may cross-react. In these situations, genotyping may be the best method to determine compatibility. We report a 26-year-old pregnant Puerto Rican woman who presented at 31 weeks’ gestation with anti-E and anti-Rh18 in her serum. No potential donors were identified among family members or within the American Rare Donor Program; therefore, a unit of the patient’s RBCs was collected one week before her planned caesarian section. To improve our ability to supply blood for this patient in the future, molecular testing was performed. The patient was found to be homozygous for an RH haplotype in which a variant RHD*DAR, is linked to a variant RHCE*ceAR. The DAR-ceAR haplotype has been described in Dutch-African populations, but this is the first report of an individual self-identified of Hispanic ethnicity. This case report demonstrates the clinical importance of molecular testing of patients with rare Rh phenotypes.
Immunohematology

2006;22:132–135.
In search of red blood cells for alloimmunized patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Flickinger C.
Published: May 2021

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) typically require transfusions with RBC components, which exposes them to numerous, possibly foreign antigens and potentially causes them to produce an antibody or antibodies to the antigens they lack. As transfusion of these patients increases, the likelihood that they will produce an initial antibody or additional antibodies increases. Once a clinically significant antibody is produced, units of RBCs that lack the associated antigen should be transfused. Often patients with SCD present to the transfusion service with numerous antibodies in their serum, making the search for compatible RBCs a challenge. The American Rare Donor Program (ARDP) has been used to search for RBCs to meet the transfusion needs of this patient population. Between January 2005 and June 2006, approximately 33 percent of the requests to the ARDP for RBC components were for alloimmunized patients with SCD. Of these requests, 94.9 percent were completely or partially filled; requests for r"r", Hy–, and E–, hrS– units of RBCs were among the most difficult to fill. This article will discuss the use and effectiveness of the ARDP and testing laboratories associated with the National Reference Laboratory for Blood Group Serology at the American Red Cross in obtaining compatible RBCs for alloimmunized patients with SCD.
Immunohematology

2006;22:136–142.
Efficacy of murine monoclonal antibodies in RBC phenotyping of DAT-positive samples
Authors: Lee E. , Hart K. , Burgess G. , Halverson G.R. , Reid M.E
Published: May 2021

Determining the phenotype of patient RBCs that are positive by the DAT may prove problematic. Antigen typing of RBCs coated with IgG requires direct agglutinating reagents or chemical treatment (such as chloroquine diphosphate [CDP] or citric acid) to remove sufficient IgG to permit testing with IAT-reactive reagents. The citric acid elution method is commonly used in the United States; however, antigens in the Kell system are altered to the extent that they may appear to be absent by this method. There are a limited number of direct agglutinating monoclonal antibodies available. Murine monoclonal antibodies provide an additional tool for typing RBCs with a positive DAT. Five murine monoclonal IgG antibodies (anti-K: MIMA-22, MIMA-23; anti-Kpa: MIMA-21, MIMA-27; anti-Fya: MIMA-19) were used in this study. Donor RBCs with known phenotypes were sensitized in vitro with alloanti-D, alloanti-c, and alloanti-K and with 20 autoantibodies (autoanti-D [n=3], autoanti-e [n=5], autoanti-Ce/e [n=5], autoanti-e+D+E [n=1], autoanti-I [n=1], and nonspecific [n=5]) to simulate a positive in vivo DAT. The sensitized RBCs were treated with CDP to remove IgG. To determine the efficacy of the murine monoclonal antibodies when testing DAT-positive samples, both sensitized and CDP-treated RBCs were tested with these monoclonal antibodies by the IAT using anti-mouse IgG. No discrepancies were noted with the unsensitized, sensitized, or CDP-treated RBCs. An exception was noted with a potent autoanti-I, where direct agglutination of the sensitized RBCs was obtained. This study demonstrates the value of using murine monoclonal antibodies to determine the phenotype of RBCs with a positive DAT caused by autoantibodies (e.g., in autoimmune hemolytic anemia) and supports previous studies showing that RBCs sensitized in vivo can be typed without chemical manipulation.
Immunohematology

2006;22:161–165.
Review: molecular basis of MNS blood group variants
Authors: Palacajornsuk P.
Published: May 2021

The MNS blood group antigens are expressed in the RBC membrane on glycophorin A (GPA), glycophorin B (GPB), or combinations of both. GPA expresses the M or N antigen, whereas GPB expresses the S or s antigen and the N antigen (′N′). Both glycophorin genes (GYPA and GYPB) are located on the long arm of chromosome 4 and share 95 percent sequence identity. This high degree of sequence identity, together with the rare involvement of a third homologous gene (GYPE), provides an increased chance of recombination, resulting in hybrid molecules that often carry one or more novel antigens. Some of the antigens in the MNS system result from a single nucleotide substitution. The MNS blood group system now consists of more than 40 distinct antigens. This review summarizes the molecular basis associated with some of the antigens in the MNS blood group system.
Immunohematology

2006;22:171–182.
Update on HDFN: new information on long-standing controversies
Authors: Eder A.F.
Published: May 2021

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) results from maternal IgG antibodies that cross the placenta to the fetal circulation during gestation and cause RBC destruction and complications before birth (HDF), or anemia and hyperbilirubinemia after birth (HDN), or both. In its most severe form, HDF produces hydrops fetalis, which is characterized by total body edema, hepatosplenomegaly, and heart failure and can lead to intrauterine death. Before discovery of Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG), HDFN from anti-D was a significant cause of perinatal mortality or long-term disability. Routine administration of RhIG to D– women during pregnancy and shortly after the birth of D+ infants effectively reduced the incidence of HDFN caused by anti-D. Maternal alloimmunization to other RBC antigens in the Rh, Kell, and other blood group systems can not be routinely prevented and these antibodies can also cause HDFN. Advances in prenatal care, noninvasive monitoring, and intrauterine transfusion have improved the outlook for affected pregnancies to the extent that even hydrops fetalis can be reversed and effectively treated in many cases. This review will provide an update on the current issues in prevention and treatment of HDFN, emphasizing recent insights into long-standing controversies regarding maternal weak D phenotypes and D alloimmunization, noninvasive fetal diagnosis and monitoring of affected pregnancies, and recent treatment guidelines.
Immunohematology

2006;22:188–195.
Gene frequencies of the HPA-1 to 6 and Gov human platelet antigens in Thai blood donors
Authors: Kupatawintu P. , Nathalang O. , O-Charoen R. , Patmasiriwat P.
Published: May 2021

Human platelet alloantigens (HPA) are important in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), posttransfusion purpura (PTP), platelet transfusion refractoriness, passive alloimmune thrombocytopenia, and transplantation-associated alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Thus, HPA genotyping is essential in diagnosis and treatment. We analyzed HPA-1 to 6 and Gov alleles, using PCR with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) in 500 Thai blood donors who had been HLA class I antigen typed. HPA-4a was present in all samples. HPA-1b, -2b, -5b, and -6b were rare, and HPA-4b was not found. HPA-3a and -3b showed frequencies of 56.0 percent and 44.0 percent, respectively. Gova
and Govb
showed frequencies of 49.1 percent and 50.9 percent, respectively. The prevalence rates of HPA-1 to 6 gene frequencies (GFs) were consistent with those of other Asian populations rather than those of Caucasians. We also report on the GFs of Gova
and Govb
, which also are comparable to those of Asian populations. Our results could establish a useful HPA- and HLA-matched plateletpheresis donor file and provide an improvement of platelet alloantibody detection in alloimmune thrombocytopenic patients, and, therefore, a more effective platelet transfusion program.
Immunohematology

2005;21:5–9.
FCGR3B polymorphism in three ethnic Chinese populations
Authors: Yan L. , Zhu F. , Jin L. , Lv Q. , Fu Q.
Published: May 2021

FcγRIIIb receptor is expressed primarily on neutrophils as three polymorphic antigens (HNA-1a, HNA-1b, and HNA-1c) that are encoded by alleles FCGR3B*1, FCGR3B*2, and FCGR3B*3, respectively. These antigens play an important role in immune neutropenia; their absence predisposes individuals who lack them to life-threatening infections. This study investigated the FCGR3B gene frequencies in three ethnic Chinese populations: Han, She, and Tajik. FCGR3B*1, FCGR3B*2, and FCGR3B*3 were genotyped by PCR using sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). The results showed the gene frequencies were 0.55 for FCGR3B*1 and 0.45 for FCGR3B*2 in 177 Han individuals, 0.69 for FCGR3B*1 and 0.31 for FCGR3B*2 in 87 She individuals, and 0.35 for FCGR3B*1 and 0.65 for FCGR3B*2 in 99 Tajik individuals, respectively. The FCGR3Bnull
genotype was not found, but the FCGR3B*3 allele was identified in only three individuals in the Tajik population. DNA clone and sequencing confirmed that these individuals had the C⇒A mutation at position 266 on exon 3. This study found that the gene frequencies in Han and She ethnic groups were similar to those previously reported in the Asian population, but the FCGR3B allele frequencies in the Tajik population were more similar to that of Caucasians.
Immunohematology

2005;21:25–28.
Case report: massive postpartum transfusion of Jr(a+) red cells in the presence of anti-Jra
Authors: Yuan S. , Armour R. , Reid A. , Abdel-Rahman K.F , Phillips M. , Rumsey D.M. , Nester T.
Published: May 2021

Jra is a high-prevalence antigen. The rare Jr(a–) individuals can form anti-Jra after exposure to the Jra antigen through transfusion or pregnancy. The clinical significance of anti-Jra is not well established. This study reports a case of a 31-year-old woman with a previously identified anti-Jra who required massive transfusion of RBCs after developing life-threatening postpartum disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Despite the emergent transfusion of 15 units of Jra untested RBCs, she did not develop laboratory or clinical evidence of acute hemolysis. The patient’s anti-Jra had a pretransfusion titer of 4 and a monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) reactivity of 68.5% (reactivity > 5% is considered capable of shortening the survival of incompatible RBCs). The titer increased fourfold to 64 and the MMA reactivity was 72.5% on Day 10 posttransfusion. Review of laboratory data showed evidence of a mild delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction by Day 10 posttransfusion. Despite rare reports of hemolytic transfusion reactions due to anti-Jra in the literature, most cases, including this one, report that this antibody is clinically insignificant or causes only mild delayed hemolysis. Clinicians should be advised to balance the risks of withholding transfusion with the small chance of significant hemolysis after transfusion of Jr(a+) RBCs in the presence of anti-Jra.
Immunohematology

2005;21:97–101.
Review: transfusion-related acute lung injury: pathophysiology, laboratory investigation, and donor management
Authors: Kopko P.M.
Published: May 2021

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a serious clinical syndrome that is temporally associated with the transfusion of plasma-containing blood components. The syndrome typically occurs within 6 hours of transfusion. Approximately 80 percent of cases will resolve within 96 hours with supportive care. The syndrome has been associated with antibodies to WBC antigens and generation of biologically active mediators in stored cellular blood components. Appropriate laboratory investigation of TRALI can be crucial in confirmation of the clinical diagnosis, as well as in decisions regarding donor management.
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-Fyb caused by a primary immune response: a case study and a review of the literature
Authors: Kim H.H. , Park T.S. , Oh S.H. , Chang C.L. , Lee E.Y. , Son H.C.
Published: May 2021

Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTRs) usually occur between 3 and 14 days posttransfusion as a result of a secondary immune response, with a drop in Hb level, fever, jaundice, or hemoglobinuria. DHTRs caused by a primary immune response are particularly rare events, and only a few reports have been known. In this report, we describe an unusual case of a DHTR caused by anti-Fyb in a 42-year-old man, who had no prior history of transfusion. Although it seems to be a rare phenomenon, we suggest that DHTRs by a primary immune response may be considered even in the case of the patient who had typical evidence of hemolysis but who had no previous transfusion history.
Maternal alloanti-hr’—an absence of HDN
Authors: Kakaiya R. , Cseri J. , Jochum B. , Gillard L. , Silberman S.
Published: May 2021

A 24-year old female, gravida ΠI, para ΠI, delivered a full-term infant by cesarean section. A maternal blood sample at the time of admission showed antibody in her serum that had apparent anti-e specificity and that her RBCs were e+. Further studies determined that the antibody was anti-hrs. Cord RBCs had a negative DAT and a normal Hb level. There was no clinical evidence for increased hemolysis in the infant. We describe an hrs+ infant with no evidence of HDN due to anti-hr5.
Halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) contents in silt and clay fractions of a Cambisol from a temperate forest
Authors: Epp Tatjana , Marks Michael A.W. , Neidhardt Harald , Oelmann Yvonne , Markl Gregor
Published: May 2021

In spite of considerable efforts to understand the role of halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) in soil, concentration data for different soil size fractions is still sparse and information on the sorption behavior of halogens in natural soils is limited. We determined total halogen concentrations in different soil horizons and particle size fractions (i.e., coarse silt with 20–63 µm, medium and fine silt with 2–20 µm, coarse clay with 0.2 to <2 µm and medium clay with 0.02–0.2 µm) of a Cambisol from a temperate forest ecosystem in SW Germany. Furthermore, we estimated the minimum proportions of sorbed halogens onto clay minerals and pedogenic oxides for different soil horizons and different particle size fractions.

Vertical depth profiles of halogens in the individual soil particle size fractions matched with the bulk soil vertical patterns. The lack of vertical differences of total halogens concentrations (Ftot, Brtot, and Itot) in the mineral soil during soil development may be due to steady state or equilibrium conditions between weathering, sorption processes, and surface input. In contrast, the vertical depth pattern of Cltot tended to decrease, suggesting the process of Cl accumulation in the topsoil and nutrient uplift. While F was likely mainly incorporated into the crystal lattice of clay minerals and gibbsite occupying OH-sites, significant amounts of the halogens with larger ionic radii (Cl, Br, and I) were sorbed. The largest amounts (around 90% Cl and 70% Br and I, respectively) were sorbed on the smallest particle size fraction investigated (medium clay fraction; 0.02–0.2 µm), although this fraction only contributed about 1 wt% to the bulk soil. This is probably related to the highest sorption capacity of small particles due to their large surface area.

Our study provides new data on sorption behavior of the various halogens in soils of forest ecosystems, which is different between F and the heavier halogens (Cl, Br, I) and further depends on soil particle sizes. The understanding of the chemical behavior of halogens in soils has implications for the retention processes of pollutants in landfills or radioactive waste disposal.