bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Granularity and Adaptivity on Private/Shared Classification for Coherence
Authors: Davari Mahdad , Ros Alberto , Hagersten Erik , Kaxiras Stefanos
Published: September 2015

Classification of data into private and shared has proven to be a catalyst for techniques to reduce coherence cost, since private data can be taken out of coherence and resources can be concentrated on providing coherence for shared data. In this article, we examine how granularity—page-level versus cache-line level—and adaptivity—going from shared to private—affect the outcome of classification and its final impact on coherence. We create a classification technique, called
Generational Classification
, and a coherence protocol called
Generational Coherence,
which treats data as private or shared based on cache-line generations. We compare two coherence protocols based on self-invalidation/self-downgrade with respect to data classification. Our findings are enlightening: (i) Some programs benefit from finer granularity, some benefit further from adaptivity, but some do not benefit from either. (ii) Reducing the amount of shared data has no perceptible impact on coherence misses caused by self-invalidation of shared data, hence no impact on performance. (iii) In contrast, classifying more data as private has implications for protocols that employ write-through as a means of self-downgrade, resulting in network traffic reduction—up to 30%—by reducing write-through traffic.
DPCS
Authors: Gottscho Mark , BanaiyanMofrad Abbas , Dutt Nikil , Nicolau Alex , Gupta Puneet
Published: September 2015

Fault-Tolerant Voltage-Scalable (FTVS) SRAM cache architectures are a promising approach to improve energy efficiency of memories in the presence of nanoscale process variation. Complex FTVS schemes are commonly proposed to achieve very low minimum supply voltages, but these can suffer from high overheads and thus do not always offer the best power/capacity trade-offs. We observe on our 45nm test chips that the “fault inclusion property” can enable lightweight fault maps that support multiple runtime supply voltages.

Based on this observation, we propose a simple and low-overhead FTVS cache architecture for power/capacity scaling. Our mechanism combines multilevel voltage scaling with optional architectural support for power gating of blocks as they become faulty at low voltages. A static (SPCS) policy sets the runtime cache VDD once such that a only a few cache blocks may be faulty in order to minimize the impact on performance. We describe a Static Power/Capacity Scaling (SPCS) policy and two alternate Dynamic Power/Capacity Scaling (DPCS) policies that opportunistically reduce the cache voltage even further for more energy savings.

This architecture achieves lower static power for all effective cache capacities than a recent more complex FTVS scheme. This is due to significantly lower overheads, despite the inability of our approach to match the min-VDD of the competing work at a fixed target yield. Over a set of SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks on two system configurations, the average total cache (system) energy saved by SPCS is 62% (22%), while the two DPCS policies achieve roughly similar energy reduction, around 79% (26%). On average, the DPCS approaches incur 2.24% performance and 6% area penalties.
Shielding Applications from an Untrusted Cloud with Haven
Authors: Baumann Andrew , Peinado Marcus , Hunt Galen
Published: September 2015

Today’s cloud computing infrastructure requires substantial trust. Cloud users rely on both the provider’s staff and its globally distributed software/hardware platform not to expose any of their private data.

We introduce the notion of shielded execution, which protects the confidentiality and integrity of a program and its data from the platform on which it runs (i.e., the cloud operator’s OS, VM, and firmware). Our prototype, Haven, is the first system to achieve shielded execution of unmodified legacy applications, including SQL Server and Apache, on a commodity OS (Windows) and commodity hardware. Haven leverages the hardware protection of Intel SGX to defend against privileged code and physical attacks such as memory probes, and also addresses the dual challenges of executing unmodified legacy binaries and protecting them from a malicious host. This work motivated recent changes in the SGX specification.
Design thinking and UX
Authors: Knemeyer Dirk
Published: September 2015

This forum is dedicated to maximizing the success of HCI practitioners within the frenetic world of product and service design. It focuses on UX strategy approaches, leadership, management techniques, and above all the challenge of bringing HCI to peer-level status with longstanding business disciplines such as marketing and engineering.
--- Daniel Rosenberg, Editor
Using stereoscopy to teach complex biological concepts
Authors: Ferdig Richard , Blank James , Kratcoski Annette , Clements Robert
Published: September 2015

Used effectively, stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) technologies can engage students with complex disciplinary content as they are presented with informative representations of abstract concepts. In addition, preliminary evidence suggests that stereoscopy may enhance learning and retention in some educational settings. Biological concepts particularly benefit from this type of presentation since complex spatially oriented structures frequently define function within these systems. Viewing biological phenomena in 3D as they are in real life allows the user to relate these spatial relationships and easily grasp concepts making the key connection between structure and function. In addition, viewing these concepts interactively in 3D and in a manner that leads to increased engagement for young prospective scientists can further increase the impact. We conducted two studies evaluating the use of this technology as an instructional tool to teach high school students complex biological concepts. The first study tested the use of stereoscopic materials for teaching brain function and human anatomy to four classes. The second study evaluated stereoscopic images to support the learning of cell structure and DNA in four different high school classes. Most important, students who used stereoscopic 3D had significantly higher test scores than those who did not. In addition, students reported enjoying 3D presentations, and it was among their top choices for learning about these complex concepts. In summary, our evidence adds further support for the benefits of 3D images to students' learning of science concepts.
An exploration of the factors that contribute to learning satisfaction of first-year anatomy and physiology students
Authors: Eagleton Saramarie
Published: September 2015

Lecturers have reverted to using a “blended” approach when teaching anatomy and physiology. Student responses as to how this contributes to their learning satisfaction were investigated using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of closed- and open-ended questions that were based on three determinants of learning satisfaction: perceived course learnability, learning community support, and perceived learning effectiveness. Regarding course learnability, students responded positively on questions regarding the relevance of the subject for their future careers. However, students identified a number of distractions that prevented them from paying full attention to their studies. As far as learning community support was concerned, respondents indicated that they were more comfortable asking a peer for support if they were unsure of concepts than approaching the lecturing staff. Most of the students study in their second language, and this was identified as a stumbling block for success. There was a difference in opinion among students regarding the use of technology for teaching and learning of anatomy and physiology. From students' perceptions regarding learning effectiveness, it became clear that students' expectations of anatomy and physiology were unrealistic; they did not expect the module to be so comprehensive. Many of the students were also “grade oriented” rather than “learning oriented” as they indicated that they were more concerned about results than “owning” the content of the module. Asking students to evaluate aspects of the teaching and learning process have provided valuable information to improve future offerings of anatomy and physiology.
Learning style-based teaching harvests a superior comprehension of respiratory physiology
Authors: M Anbarasi , G Rajkumar , S Krishnakumar , P Rajendran , R Venkatesan , T Dinesh , J Mohan , S Venkidusamy
Published: September 2015

Students entering medical college generally show vast diversity in their school education. It becomes the responsibility of teachers to motivate students and meet the needs of all diversities. One such measure is teaching students in their own preferred learning style. The present study was aimed to incorporate a learning style-based teaching-learning program for medical students and to reveal its significance and utility. Learning styles of students were assessed online using the visual-auditory-kinesthetic (VAK) learning style self-assessment questionnaire. When respiratory physiology was taught, students were divided into three groups, namely, visual ( n = 34), auditory ( n = 44), and kinesthetic ( n = 28), based on their learning style. A fourth group (the traditional group; n = 40) was formed by choosing students randomly from the above three groups. Visual, auditory, and kinesthetic groups were taught following the appropriate teaching-learning strategies. The traditional group was taught via the routine didactic lecture method. The effectiveness of this intervention was evaluated by a pretest and two posttests, posttest 1 immediately after the intervention and posttest 2 after a month. In posttest 1, one-way ANOVA showed a significant statistical difference ( P=0.005). Post hoc analysis showed significance between the kinesthetic group and traditional group ( P=0.002). One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in posttest 2 scores ( P < 0.0001). Post hoc analysis showed significance between the three learning style-based groups compared with the traditional group [visual vs. traditional groups (p=0.002), auditory vs. traditional groups (p=0.03), and Kinesthetic vs. traditional groups (p=0.001)]. This study emphasizes that teaching methods tailored to students' style of learning definitely improve their understanding, performance, and retrieval of the subject.
Peptide YY signaling in the lateral parabrachial nucleus increases food intake through the Y1 receptor
Authors: Alhadeff Amber L. , Golub Danielle , Hayes Matthew R. , Grill Harvey J.
Published: September 2015

Although central PYY delivery potently increases food intake, the sites of action and mechanisms mediating these hyperphagic effects are not fully understood. The present studies investigate the contribution of lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) PYY-Y receptor signaling to food intake control, as lPBN neurons express Y receptors and receive PYY fibers and are known to integrate circulating and visceral sensory signals to regulate energy balance. Immunohistochemical results identified a subpopulation of gigantocellular reticular nucleus PYY-producing neurons that project monosynaptically to the lPBN, providing an endogenous source of PYY to the lPBN. lPBN microinjection of PYY-(1–36) or PYY-(3–36) markedly increased food intake by increasing meal size. To determine which receptors mediate these behavioral results, we first performed quantitative real-time PCR to examine the relative levels of Y receptor expression in lPBN tissue. Gene expression analyses revealed that, while Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptors are each expressed in lPBN tissue, Y1 receptor mRNA is expressed at fivefold higher levels than the others. Furthermore, behavioral/pharmacological results demonstrated that the hyperphagic effects of PYY-(3–36) were eliminated by lPBN pretreatment with a selective Y1 receptor antagonist. Together, these results highlight the lPBN as a novel site of action for the intake-stimulatory effects of central PYY-Y1 receptor signaling.
Patterns of gene expression in the sheep heart during the perinatal period revealed by transcriptomic modeling
Authors: Richards Elaine M. , Rabaglino M. Belen , Antolic Andrew , Wood Charles E. , Keller-Wood Maureen
Published: September 2015

Septa from sheep hearts at 130 days gestation, term, and 14-day-old lambs were used to model the changes in gene expression patterns during the perinatal period using Agilent 15k ovine microarrays. We used Bioconductor for R to model five major patterns of coexpressed genes. Gene ontology and transcription factor analyses using Webgestalt modeled the biological significances and transcription factors of the gene expression patterns. Modeling indicated a decreased expression of genes associated with anatomical development and differentiation during this period, whereas those associated with increased protein synthesis and growth associated with maturation of the endoplasmic reticulum rose to term but did not further increase from the near term expression. Expression of genes associated with cell responsiveness, for example, immune responses, decreased at term but expression returned by postnatal day 14. Changes in genes related to metabolism showed differential substrate-associated patterns: those related to carbohydrate metabolism rose to term and remained stable thereafter, whereas those associated with fatty acid oxidation facility rose throughout the period. The timing of many of these maturational processes was earlier in relation to birth than in the rodent. The importance of the transcription factors, estrogen-related receptors, and v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog was also highlighted in the pattern of gene expression during development of the perinatal sheep heart.
FRET‐Based Detection of Enzymatic Reaction of Botulinum on Microfluidic Device
Authors: Bae Young Min , Jin Seung Oh , Kim Insoo , Shin Ki Young
Published: September 2015

A microfluidic device was implemented to detect the enzymatic reaction of botulinum toxin A (BTA) using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The microfluidic device comprised a main channel having two loading zones, a reaction chamber and a side channel perpendicular to the main channel. The reaction chamber defined by weir in the main channel was packed with microbeads. The movement of the peptide substrate and the BTA in the microfluidic device was controlled by electrophoresis, and the enzymatic reaction of the BTA was detected through the changes of the fluorescence intensity in the reaction chamber. As a result, it was observed that the enzymatic reaction was affected by the electric voltage applied for the movement of the BTA and the peptide and improved by packing the microbeads in the reaction chamber. The microfluidic device provides the tool to investigate the proteolysis of the substrate by the BTA.
The Surgical Management of Concomitant Gallbladder and Common Bile Duct Stones
Authors: Darrien J. H. , Connor K. , Janeczko A. , Casey J. J. , Paterson-Brown S.
Published: September 2015

Background. The management of choledocholithiasis has evolved from open common bile duct exploration (OCBDE) to therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE). Each entails a degree of difficulty. Aim. To review 5-year results of bile duct exploration in an UGI unit. Methods. Common bile duct explorations (CBDEs) performed between January 2008 and January 2013 were identified from a prospectively collected clinical audit system and results reviewed retrospectively. Results. 216 CBDEs were performed, 119 (55%) as an emergency and 52 (24%) following failed ERCP. Open CBDE (OCBDE) was performed primarily in 34/216 (16%) patients and attempted laparoscopically in 182 (84%). Fifty nine (32%) Laparoscopic CBDEs (LCBDEs) were converted to OCBDE. Of the remaining 123 LCBDEs, 51 (41%) primary choledochotomies and 72 (59%) primary transcystic CBDEs (TC-CBDEs) were performed. Forty nine (68%) TC-CBDEs were considered successful and 23 (32%) failed. Fifteen failed TC-CBDEs were converted to a successful laparoscopic choledochotomy. Ductal clearance was achieved in 187/216 (87%) patients and retained stones were identified in 20/123 (16%) LCBDEs. Complications occurred in 52/216 (24%) patients. There were 8/216 (4%) bile leaks requiring further intervention. Postoperative ERCP was carried out in 32/216 (15%) patients and 9/216 (4%) required relaparoscopy/laparotomy. No patient died. Conclusions. Successful management of choledocholithiasis requires a breadth of laparoscopic and endoscopic expertise.
A Population-Based Model to Consider the Effect of Seasonal Variation on Serum 25(OH)D and Vitamin D Status
Authors: Vuistiner Philippe , Rousson Valentin , Henry Hugues , Lescuyer Pierre , Boulat Olivier , Gaspoz Jean-Michel , Mooser Vincent , Vollenweider Peter , Waeber Gerard , Cornuz Jacques , Paccaud Fred , Bochud Murielle , Guessous Idris
Published: September 2015

Background. We elaborated a model that predicts the centiles of the 25(OH)D distribution taking into account seasonal variation.Methods. Data from two Swiss population-based studies were used to generate (CoLaus) and validate (Bus Santé) the model. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by ultra high pressure LC-MS/MS and immunoassay. Linear regression models on square-root transformed 25(OH)D values were used to predict centiles of the 25(OH)D distribution. Distribution functions of the observations from the replication set predicted with the model were inspected to assess replication.Results. Overall, 4,912 and 2,537 Caucasians were included in original and replication sets, respectively. Mean (SD) 25(OH)D, age, BMI, and % of men were 47.5 (22.1) nmol/L, 49.8 (8.5) years, 25.6 (4.1) kg/m2, and 49.3% in the original study. The best model included gender, BMI, and sin-cos functions of measurement day. Sex- and BMI-specific 25(OH)D centile curves as a function of measurement date were generated. The model estimates any centile of the 25(OH)D distribution for given values of sex, BMI, and date and the quantile corresponding to a 25(OH)D measurement.Conclusions. We generated and validated centile curves of 25(OH)D in the general adult Caucasian population. These curves can help rank vitamin D centile independently of when 25(OH)D is measured.
Riga-Fede Disease Associated with Natal Teeth: Two Different Approaches in the Same Case
Authors: Volpato Luiz Evaristo Ricci , Simões Cintia Aparecida Damo , Simões Flávio , Nespolo Priscila Alves , Borges Álvaro Henrique
Published: September 2015

Natal teeth are those present in the oral cavity at the child’s birth. These teeth can cause ulcers on the ventral surface of the tongue, lip, and the mother’s breast characterizing the Riga-Fede Disease. The treatment depends on the tooth’s mobility and the risk of aspiration or swallowing; whether it is supernumerary or regular primary teeth; whether it is causing interference in breastfeeding; breast and oral soft tissue injuries; and the general state of child’s health. A 1-month-old female infant was diagnosed with two natal teeth and an ulcerated lesion on the ventral surface of the tongue, leading to the clinical diagnosis of Riga-Fede Disease. The treatment performed consisted of the maintenance of the natal tooth that showed no increased mobility, adding a small increment of glass ionomer cement to its incisal edge, and orientation for hygiene with saline solution. Due to the increased mobility of the other natal tooth, surgical removal was performed. There was regular monitoring of the patient and complete wound healing was observed after 15 days. The proposed treatment was successful and the patient is still in follow-up without recurrence of the lesion after one year.
Modeling and Analyzing CSMA/CA Protocol for Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Chen Zhi , Peng Ya , Yue Wenjing
Published: September 2015

Well-designed wireless sensor networks (WSNs) usually provide vital support for collecting, processing, and forwarding the real-time information in mission-critical applications where medium access control (MAC) protocols determine the channel access control capabilities and the energy consumption properties of these networks. This paper models the MAC protocol of CSMA/CA using timed automata on the message communication and the energy harvesting and analyzes the protocol through model checking of the major CTL properties. The modeling and analysis of CSMA/CA protocol with the comparative experiments give some performance results and also reveal that timing error may cause deadlock, and the accessibility is satisfied if no deadlock exists.
Energy-Based Spectrum Sensing under Nonreconstruction Framework
Authors: Gao Yulong , Chen Yanping
Published: September 2015

To reduce the computational complexity and rest on less prior knowledge, energy-based spectrum sensing under nonreconstruction framework is studied. Compressed measurements are adopted directly to eliminate the effect of reconstruction error and high computational complexity caused by reconstruction algorithm of compressive sensing. Firstly, we summarize the conventional energy-based spectrum sensing methods. Next, the major effort is placed on obtaining the statistical characteristics of compressed measurements and its corresponding squared form, such as mean, variance, and the probability density function. And then, energy-based spectrum sensing under nonreconstruction framework is addressed and its performance is evaluated theoretically and experimentally. Simulations for the different parameters are performed to verify the performance of the presented algorithm. The theoretical analysis and simulation results reveal that the performance drops slightly less than that of conventional energy-normalization method and reconstruction-based spectrum sensing algorithm, but its computational complexity decreases remarkably, which is the first thing one should think about for practical applications. Accordingly, the presented method is reasonable and effective for fast detection in most cognitive scenarios.
Expression Signatures of Long Noncoding RNAs in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Liu Xiao-Yang , Wang Liang , Yu Bin , Zhuang Qian-yu , Wang Yi-Peng
Published: September 2015

Purpose. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the most common pediatric spinal deformity, is considered a complex genetic disease. Causing genes and pathogenesis of AIS are still unclear. This study was designed to identify differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) involving the pathogenesis of AIS.Methods. We first performed comprehensive screening of lncRNA and mRNA in AIS patients and healthy children using Agilent human lncRNA + mRNA Array V3.0 microarray. LncRNAs expression in different AIS patients was further evaluated using quantitative PCR.Results. A total of 139 lncRNAs and 546 mRNAs were differentially expressed between AIS patients and healthy control. GO and Pathway analysis showed that these mRNAs might be involved in bone mineralization, neuromuscular junction, skeletal system morphogenesis, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism, and regulation of signal pathway. Four lncRNAs (ENST00000440778.1, ENST00000602322.1, ENST00000414894.1, and TCONS_00028768) were differentially expressed between different patients when grouped according to age, height, classification, severity of scoliosis, and Risser grade.Conclusions. This study demonstrates the abnormal expression of lncRNAs and mRNAs in AIS, and the expression of some lncRNAs was related to clinical features. This study is helpful for further understanding of lncRNAs in pathogenesis, treatment, and prognosis of AIS.
Reconstruction Method for Optical Tomography Based on the Linearized Bregman Iteration with Sparse Regularization
Authors: Leng Chengcai , Yu Dongdong , Zhang Shuang , An Yu , Hu Yifang
Published: September 2015

Optical molecular imaging is a promising technique and has been widely used in physiology, and pathology at cellular and molecular levels, which includes different modalities such as bioluminescence tomography, fluorescence molecular tomography and Cerenkov luminescence tomography. The inverse problem is ill-posed for the above modalities, which cause a nonunique solution. In this paper, we propose an effective reconstruction method based on the linearized Bregman iterative algorithm with sparse regularization (LBSR) for reconstruction. Considering the sparsity characteristics of the reconstructed sources, the sparsity can be regarded as a kind ofa prioriinformation and sparse regularization is incorporated, which can accurately locate the position of the source. The linearized Bregman iteration method is exploited to minimize the sparse regularization problem so as to further achieve fast and accurate reconstruction results. Experimental results in a numerical simulation andin vivomouse demonstrate the effectiveness and potential of the proposed method.
A Novel Analytical Method for Trace Ammonium in Freshwater and Seawater Using 4-Methoxyphthalaldehyde as Fluorescent Reagent
Authors: Liang Ying , Pan Yingming , Guo Qing , Hu Hongzhi , Wu Chancui , Zhang Qian
Published: September 2015

A novel fluorescent reagent for determination of ammonium, 4-methoxyphthalaldehyde (MOPA), was successfully synthesized in this study. Under alkaline conditions, MOPA could reacted with ammonium rapidly at room temperature, producing fluorescent substance which had maximum excitation at 370 nm and emission wavelength at 454 nm. Based on this, a novel fluorescence analysis method was established for the determination of trace ammonium in natural water. Experimental parameters including reagent concentration, pH, reaction equilibrium time, and metal ions masking agent were optimized. The results showed that the optimized MOPA concentration was 0.12 g/L, pH was in the range of 11.2–12.0, and sulfite concentration was 0.051 g/L, respectively. Metal ions masking agent had no obvious effect on the fluorescence signal. With the reaction time of 15 minutes, linear range of this method was between 0.025 and 0.300 μmol/L, and the method detecting limit was 0.0058 μmol/L. The matrix recovery of the proposed method was in the range of 93.6–108.1%. Compared with the OPA method, this method was much more sensitive and rapid without the interference of background peak and would be more suitable for developing a portable fluorescence detection system.
Evaluation of Liver Fibrosis Using Texture Analysis on Combined-Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Images at 3.0T
Authors: Yokoo Takeshi , Wolfson Tanya , Iwaisako Keiko , Peterson Michael R. , Mani Haresh , Goodman Zachary , Changchien Christopher , Middleton Michael S. , Gamst Anthony C. , Mazhar Sameer M. , Kono Yuko , Ho Samuel B. , Sirlin Claude B.
Published: September 2015

Purpose. To noninvasively assess liver fibrosis using combined-contrast-enhanced (CCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and texture analysis.Materials and Methods. In this IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant prospective study, 46 adults with newly diagnosed HCV infection and recent liver biopsy underwent CCE liver MRI following intravenous administration of superparamagnetic iron oxides (ferumoxides) and gadolinium DTPA (gadopentetate dimeglumine). The image texture of the liver was quantified in regions-of-interest by calculating 165 texture features. Liver biopsy specimens were stained with Masson trichrome and assessed qualitatively (METAVIR fibrosis score) and quantitatively (% collagen stained area). UsingL1regularization path algorithm, two texture-based multivariate linear models were constructed, one for quantitative and the other for quantitative histology prediction. The prediction performance of each model was assessed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and correlation analyses.Results. The texture-based predicted fibrosis score significantly correlated with qualitative (r=0.698,P<0.001) and quantitative (r=0.757,P<0.001) histology. The prediction model for qualitative histology had 0.814–0.976 areas under the curve (AUC), 0.659–1.000 sensitivity, 0.778–0.930 specificity, and 0.674–0.935 accuracy, depending on the binary classification threshold. The prediction model for quantitative histology had 0.742–0.950 AUC, 0.688–1.000 sensitivity, 0.679–0.857 specificity, and 0.696–0.848 accuracy, depending on the binary classification threshold.Conclusion. CCE MRI and texture analysis may permit noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis.
Bilateral Spontaneous Perirenal Hemorrhage due to Initial Presentation of Polyarteritis Nodosa
Authors: Choi Hyung-Il , Kim Yang-Gyun , Kim Se-Yun , Jeong Da Wun , Kim Ki-Pyo , Jeong Kyung-Hwan , Lee Sang-Ho , Moon Ju-Young
Published: September 2015

Spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage (SPH) is uncommon but can be a life-threatening condition which is associated with flank or abdominal pain and hypovolemia. The etiologies of SPH include tumor, vascular disease, and infection. Among the vascular diseases, polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is common cause of the SPH. However, patients with PAN usually complain of nonspecific symptoms and the incidence of PAN is relatively rare. So, diagnosis is difficult even though tissue biopsy and angiography help to confirm the PAN. Particularly bilateral perirenal hemorrhage is very rare complication in patients with PAN. We reported a case of bilateral perirenal hemorrhage in the patients with PAN who have continued to take exogenous sex hormone.
Comparison of Capsule Endoscopy Findings to Subsequent Double Balloon Enteroscopy: A Dual Center Experience
Authors: Kalra Amandeep S. , Walker Andrew J. , Benson Mark E. , Soni Anurag , Guda Nalini M. , Misha Mehak , Gopal Deepak V.
Published: September 2015

Background. There has been a growing use of both capsule endoscopy (CE) and double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) to diagnose and treat patients with obscure gastrointestinal blood loss and suspected small bowel pathology. Aim. To compare and correlate sequential CE and DBE findings in a large series of patients at two tertiary level hospitals in Wisconsin. Methods. An IRB approved retrospective study of patients who underwent sequential CE and DBE, at two separate tertiary care academic centers from May 2007 to December 2011, was performed. Results.
116 patients were included in the study. The mean age ± SD was 66.6 ± 13.2 years. There were 56% males and 43.9% females. Measure of agreement between prior capsule and DBE findings was performed using kappa statistics, which gave kappa value of 0.396 with P<0.001. Also contingency coefficient was calculated and was found to be 0.732 (P<0.001). Conclusions. Our study showed good overall agreement between DBE and CE. Findings of angioectasia had maximum agreement of 69%.
Cholesteryl Pullulan Encapsulated TNF-αNanoparticles Are an Effective Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvant against Influenza Virus
Authors: Nagatomo Daiki , Taniai Madoka , Ariyasu Harumi , Taniguchi Mutsuko , Aga Miho , Ariyasu Toshio , Ohta Tsunetaka , Fukuda Shigeharu
Published: September 2015

We encapsulated tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), a major proinflammatory cytokine, into cholesteryl pullulan (CHP) to prepare TNF/CHP nanoparticles. In this report, we describe the immune-enhancing capability of the nanoparticles to act as a vaccine adjuvant. TNF/CHP nanoparticles showed excellent storage stability and enhanced host immune responses to external immunogens. The nanoparticles were effective via the nasal route of administration for inducing systemic IgG1as well as mucosal IgA. We applied the nanoparticles in a model experimental influenza virus infection to investigate their adjuvant ability. TNF/CHP nanoparticles combined with a conventional split vaccine protected mice via nasal administration against a lethal challenge of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) influenza virus. Mechanistic studies showed that the nanoparticles enhanced antigen uptake by dendritic cells (DCs) and moderately induced the expression of inflammation-related genes in nasopharynx lymphoid tissue (NALT), leading to the activation of both B and T cells. Preliminary safety study revealed no severe toxicity to TNF/CHP nanoparticles. Slight-to-moderate influences in nasal mucosa were observed only in the repeated administration and they seemed to be reversible. Our data show that TNF/CHP nanoparticles effectively enhance both humoral and cellular immunity and could be a potential adjuvant for vaccines against infectious diseases, especially in the mucosa.
Weighted Weak Local Hardy Spaces Associated with Schrödinger Operators
Authors: Zhu Hua
Published: September 2015

We characterize the weighted weak local Hardy spacesWhρp(ω)related to the critical radius functionρand weightsω∈A∞ρ,∞(Rn)which locally behave as Muckenhoupt’s weights and actually include them, by the atomic decomposition. As an application, we show that localized Riesz transforms are bounded on the weighted weak local Hardy spaces.
A Core Model for Parts Suppliers Selecting Method in Manufacturing Supply Chain
Authors: Chen Guorong , Zhao Jiangyuan , Deng Juli
Published: September 2015

Service-oriented manufacturing is the new development of manufacturing systems, and manufacturing supply chain service is also an important part of the service-oriented manufacturing systems; hence, the optimal selection of parts suppliers becomes one of key problems in the supply chain system. Complex network theories made a rapid progress in recent years, but the classical models such as BA model and WS model can not resolve the widespread problems of manufacturing supply chain, such as the repeated attachment of edge and fixed number of vertices, but edges increased with preferential connectivity, and flexible edges’ probability. A core model is proposed to resolve the problem in the paper: it maps the parts supply relationship as a repeatable core; a vertex’s probability distribution function integrating the edge’s rate and vertex’s degree is put forward; some simulations, such as the growth of core, the degree distribution characteristics, and the impacting of parameter, are carried out in our experiments, and the case study is set also. The paper proposed a novel model to analyze the manufacturing supply chain system from the insights of complex network.
Coincidence of Incomplete Pentalogy of Cantrell and Meningomyelocele in a Dizygotic Twin Pregnancy
Authors: Timur Hakan , Tokmak Aytekin , Bayram Hatice , Şükran Çakar Esra , Danışman Nuri
Published: September 2015

Pentalogy of Cantrell is an extremely rare and lethal syndrome. Ectopia cordis is frequently found in fetuses with POC but not required for incomplete forms. Likewise, meningomyelocele is a relatively uncommon neural tube defect affecting central nervous system and associated with neurological problems. Herein, we presented a woman with dizygotic twin pregnancy having coincidence of incomplete POC and MMC in each individual fetus, which has never been reported previously.
A Game-Based Secure Localization Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Bao Tianyue , Wan Jiangwen , Yi Kefu , Zhang Qiang
Published: September 2015

The issue of node localization is a fundamental problem in wireless sensor networks. Recently, the localization problem for mobile sensor networks in hostile environment has received significant attention. Due to the mobility of the sensor nodes, it is more challenging to achieve node localization in attacked sensor networks than in static ones. To address these challenges, the paper presents a novel game-based secure localization algorithm. The nodes' strategy level can be indicated through the results of trust evaluation and then by means of constructing reasonable strategy space and payoff function using game theory; all kinds of nodes within the network can achieve the optimal payoffs. The performance of our algorithm is evaluated by extensive simulation experiments. The simulation results show that the localization error of our proposed algorithm is lower than those of the existing ones in attacked environment.
Molecular Biomarkers for Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cell and Neurogenesis
Authors: Zhang Juan , Jiao Jianwei
Published: September 2015

The procedure of neurogenesis has made numerous achievements in the past decades, during which various molecular biomarkers have been emerging and have been broadly utilized for the investigation of embryonic and adult neural stem cell (NSC). Nevertheless, there is not a consistent and systematic illustration to depict the functional characteristics of the specific markers expressed in distinct cell types during the different stages of neurogenesis. Here we gathered and generalized a series of NSC biomarkers emerging during the procedures of embryonic and adult neural stem cell, which may be used to identify the subpopulation cells with distinguishing characters in different timeframes of neurogenesis. The identifications of cell patterns will provide applications to the detailed investigations of diverse developmental cell stages and the extents of cell differentiation, which will facilitate the tracing of cell time-course and fate determination of specific cell types and promote the further and literal discoveries of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Meanwhile, via the utilization of comprehensive applications under the aiding of the systematic knowledge framework, researchers may broaden their insights into the derivation and establishment of novel technologies to analyze the more detailed process of embryogenesis and adult neurogenesis.
Genomic Copy Number Variation Affecting Genes Involved in the Cell Cycle Pathway: Implications for Somatic Mosaicism
Authors: Iourov Ivan Y. , Vorsanova Svetlana G. , Zelenova Maria A. , Korostelev Sergei A. , Yurov Yuri B.
Published: September 2015

Somatic genome variations (mosaicism) seem to represent a common mechanism for human intercellular/interindividual diversity in health and disease. However, origins and mechanisms of somatic mosaicism remain a matter of conjecture. Recently, it has been hypothesized that zygotic genomic variation naturally occurring in humans is likely to predispose to nonheritable genetic changes (aneuploidy) acquired during the lifetime through affecting cell cycle regulation, genome stability maintenance, and related pathways. Here, we have evaluated genomic copy number variation (CNV) in genes implicated in the cell cycle pathway (according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes/KEGG) within a cohort of patients with intellectual disability, autism, and/or epilepsy, in which the phenotype was not associated with genomic rearrangements altering this pathway. Benign CNVs affecting 20 genes of the cell cycle pathway were detected in 161 out of 255 patients (71.6%). Among them, 62 individuals exhibited >2 CNVs affecting the cell cycle pathway. Taking into account the number of individuals demonstrating CNV of these genes, a support for this hypothesis appears to be presented. Accordingly, we speculate that further studies of CNV burden across the genes implicated in related pathways might clarify whether zygotic genomic variation generates somatic mosaicism in health and disease.
Syndecan-1 in Cancer: Implications for Cell Signaling, Differentiation, and Prognostication
Authors: Szatmári Tünde , Ötvös Rita , Hjerpe Anders , Dobra Katalin
Published: September 2015

Syndecan-1, a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is critically involved in the differentiation and prognosis of various tumors. In this review, we highlight the synthesis, cellular interactions, and the signalling pathways regulated by syndecan-1. The basal syndecan-1 level is also crucial for understanding the sequential changes involving malignant transformation, tumor progression, and advanced or disseminated cancer stages. Moreover, we focus on the cellular localization of this proteoglycan as cell membrane anchored and/or shed, soluble syndecan-1 with stromal or nuclear accumulation and how this may carry different, highly tissue specific prognostic information for individual tumor types.
Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Solution for Exothermic Reactions Model with Constant Heat Source in a Porous Medium
Authors: Mabood Fazle , Pochai Nopparat
Published: September 2015

The heat flow patterns profiles are required for heat transfer simulation in each type of the thermal insulation. The exothermic reaction models in porous medium can prescribe the problems in the form of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. In this research, the driving force model due to the temperature gradients is considered. A governing equation of the model is restricted into an energy balance equation that provides the temperature profile in conduction state with constant heat source on the steady state. The proposed optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM) is used to compute the solutions of the exothermic reactions equation.
Molecular Detection of Equine Herpesvirus Types 1 and 4 Infection in Healthy Horses in Isfahan Central and Shahrekord Southwest Regions, Iran
Authors: Taktaz Hafshejani Taghi , Nekoei Shahin , Vazirian Behnam , Doosti Abbas , Khamesipour Faham , Anyanwu Madubuike Umunna
Published: September 2015

This study was undertaken to investigate molecularly the occurrence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection among equine population in regions, Iran. Blood samples from 53 and 37 randomly selected horses settled in Isfahan and Shahrekord, Iran, respectively, were collected. Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 genes in the blood samples was done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of 53 and 37 samples from Isfahan and Shahrekord, 4 (18.18%) and 3 (8.10%) were positive for PCR of EHV-1, respectively. Nine (16.98%) and 6 (16.21%) were positive for PCR of EHV-4, while 6 (11.32%) and 3 (8.10%) were positive for PCR of both EHV-1 and EHV-4, in Isfahan and Shahrekord, respectively. Of the 7 blood samples positive for EHV-1, 4 (16.66%) and 3 (8.10%) were from horses >3 years old while 2 (18.18%) and 1 (16.66%) were from 2-3 years old horses, in Isfahan and Shahrekord, respectively. Out of the 7 and 3 samples positive for PCR of EHV-1 in Isfahan and Shahrekord, 4 (22.2%) and 1 (7.69%) were Standardbred, while 3 (14.28%) and 2 (13.33%) were Thoroughbreds, respectively. EHV-4 was detected in blood of 4 (22.22%) and 2 (15.83%) Standardbreds and from 4 (19.04%) and 4 (26.66%) Thoroughbred horses in Isfahan and Shahrekord, respectively. This study has shown that horses settled in Isfahan central and Shahrekord southwest regions, Iran, are infected by EHV-1 and EHV-4 and thus serve as potential reservoirs and disseminators of the viruses.
A Formal Verification Methodology for DDD Mode Pacemaker Control Programs
Authors: Shuja Sana , Srinivasan Sudarshan K. , Jabeen Shaista , Nawarathna Dharmakeerthi
Published: September 2015

Pacemakers are safety-critical devices whose faulty behaviors can cause harm or even death. Often these faulty behaviors are caused due to bugs in programs used for digital control of pacemakers. We present a formal verification methodology that can be used to check the correctness of object code programs that implement the safety-critical control functions of DDD mode pacemakers. Our methodology is based on the theory of Well-Founded Equivalence Bisimulation (WEB) refinement, where both formal specifications and implementation are treated as transition systems. We develop a simple and general formal specification for DDD mode pacemakers. We also develop correctness proof obligations that can be applied to validate object code programs used for pacemaker control. Using our methodology, we were able to verify a control program with millions of transitions against the simple specification with only 10 transitions. Our method also found several bugs during the verification process.
Distributed Multiagent for NAO Robot Joint Position Control Based on Echo State Network
Authors: Qin Ling , Lei Bo
Published: September 2015

Based on echo state networks, the joints position control of NAO robot is studied in this paper. The process to control the robot position can be divided into two phases. The senor parameters are released during the first phase. Depending on the dynamic coupling effect between the angle acceleration of passive joint and the torque of active joint, passive joint can be controlled indirectly to the desired position along the desired trajectory. The ESN control rules during the first phase are described and ESN controller is designed to control the motion of passive joint. The brake is locked during the second phase; then active joint is controlled to the desired position. The experimental control system based on PMAC controller is designed and developed. Finally, the joint position control of the NAO robot is achieved successfully by experiments. Echo state networks utilized incremental updates driven by new sensor readings and massive short memory with history inputs; thus varying communication rates can help imitate human upper limb motion based on wearable sensors to obtain human joint angles.
Successful Treatment of Acute on Chronic Mesenteric Ischaemia by Common Iliac to Inferior Mesenteric Artery Bypass
Authors: Coakley D. N. , Shaikh F. M. , Kavanagh E. G.
Published: September 2015

Chronic mesenteric ischaemia is a rare and potentially fatal condition most commonly due to atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion of two or more mesenteric arteries. Multivessel revascularisation of both primary mesenteric vessels, the celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery (SMA), is the current mainstay of treatment; however, in a certain cohort of patients, revascularisation one or both vessels may not be possible. Arteries may be technically unreconstructable or the patient may be surgically unfit for the prolonged aortic cross clamping times required. Here we present a case involving a 72-year-old woman with acute on chronic mesenteric ischaemia. She was a high risk surgical patient with severe unreconstructable stenotic disease of the SMA and celiac arteries. She was successfully treated with single vessel revascularisation of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) via a common iliac to IMA reversed vein bypass. At two-year follow-up, the graft remains patent and the patient continues to be symptom-free and is maintaining her weight.
Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century
Authors: Kanthan Rani , Senger Jenna-Lynn , Ahmed Shahid , Kanthan Selliah Chandra
Published: September 2015

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an uncommon disease in the majority of the world despite being the most common and aggressive malignancy of the biliary tree. Early diagnosis is essential for improved prognosis; however, indolent and nonspecific clinical presentations with a paucity of pathognomonic/predictive radiological features often preclude accurate identification of GBC at an early stage. As such, GBC remains a highly lethal disease, with only 10% of all patients presenting at a stage amenable to surgical resection. Among this select population, continued improvements in survival during the 21st century are attributable to aggressive radical surgery with improved surgical techniques. This paper reviews the current available literature of the 21st century on PubMed and Medline to provide a detailed summary of the epidemiology and risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, radiology, pathology, management, and prognosis of GBC.