Enhanced Intracoronary Thrombolysis With Urokinase Using a Novel, Local Drug Delivery System
Authors: Mitchel Joseph F. , Fram Daniel B. , Palme Donald F. , Foster Rosemary , Hirst Jeffrey A. , Azrin Michael A. , Bow Laurine M. , Eldin Adel M. , Waters David D. , McKay Raymond G. 
Published: June 2012

Background
Current pharmacological regimens for treating intracoronary thrombus in the cardiac catheterization laboratory generally involve the administration of thrombolytic agents that result in a systemic fibrinolytic state and/or require prolonged arterial drug infusion. The purpose of the present study was to assess a new technique for treating intracoronary thrombus consisting of the local infusion of limited quantities of urokinase with a novel drug delivery device.

Methods and Results
The Dispatch coronary infusion catheter is a new local drug delivery system that allows for the prolonged infusion of therapeutic agents at an angioplasty site while distal coronary flow is maintained. Three experimental protocols were performed to determine the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical efficacy of this device. First, in vitro thrombolysis of fresh, porcine thrombus trapped in a 4-mm plastic tube with a 50% constriction and perfused with 20% porcine plasma was measured. Twenty-three thrombi were weighed before and after no treatment (n=5), “systemic” urokinase administration (n=4), local infusion of 150 000 U urokinase with a standard end-hole catheter (n=4), local infusion of saline with the Dispatch catheter (n=5), and local infusion of 150 000 U urokinase with the Dispatch catheter (n=5). Second, 25 porcine coronary arteries in 23 pigs were dilated in vivo with conventional balloon angioplasty and then treated with
123
I-labeled urokinase that was administered either by the Dispatch catheter (150 000 U; n=16), intravenous systemic bolus (1 000 000 U; n=3), guiding catheter infusion (500 000 U; n=3), or local end-hole catheter infusion (150 000 U; n=3). All vessels were subsequently harvested to quantify intramural deposition and subsequent washout of urokinase at the angioplasty site. Finally, 19 patients with angiographic evidence of intracoronary thrombus were treated with local urokinase infusion with the Dispatch catheter either before or after balloon angioplasty or directional atherectomy. In vitro studies demonstrated that infusion of urokinase with the Dispatch catheter decreased thrombus weight by 66% compared with no treatment (−25%), “systemic” urokinase administration (25%), end-hole catheter urokinase infusion (32%), or infusion of saline by the Dispatch catheter (32%) (
P
≤.005). In vivo studies demonstrated immediate deposition of 0.12% of the urokinase delivered by the Dispatch catheter to the angioplasty site, compared with 0.0007% with systemic bolus, 0.003% with guiding catheter infusion, and 0.007% with local infusion with an end-hole catheter (
P
<.001). Urokinase deposited by the Dispatch catheter persisted intramurally for at least 5 hours. Patient studies demonstrated reduction of thrombus-containing stenoses and complete disappearance of intracoronary thrombus in all cases in which 150 000 U urokinase was locally infused over 30 minutes. There was no evidence of abrupt closure, distal embolization, or no reflow in any patient.

Conclusions
Local urokinase delivery with the Dispatch catheter can result in rapid and complete intracoronary thrombolysis using substantially less drug than standard thrombolytic techniques. Intramural deposition of drug with this technique creates a local reservoir of urokinase that may provide prolonged thrombolytic activity at the infusion site.