bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing Value-added Practices and Branding for High-Sugar Tomatoes
Authors: Harlow Christopher D. , Larrea Elizabeth S. , Peet* Mary M.
Published: February 2019

Research was initiated at the N.C. State Univ. Horticultural Field Laboratory, Raleigh, to identify cultural practices and tomato cultivars giving superior taste under North Carolina greenhouse conditions. The specialty cultivars `67', `Diana', `Elegance', `Momotaro', and `S630' were grown and harvested, as well as `Trust', which is grown on 85% of the North American greenhouse tomato acreage. Additionally, two fertilizer regimes were provided to the plants: standard greenhouse tomato fertilization (EC ≈1.75 dS·m-1) or high fertilization (EC ≈3.75 dS·m-1). Fertilizers were the same in both treatments. Seeds were started in October 2002 and transplanted, 2 per pot, into `Bato' buckets containing perlite in November. Standard cultural practices were followed, and plants were fertigated using the Harrow Fertigation Manager™ system. Taste tests conducted on three dates revealed differences among cultivars, with `67', `Elegance' and `Momotaro' consistently scoring well. Overall, all test varieties were scored higher than `Trust'; however flavor was somewhat less sweet than anticipated, especially early in the season, averaging 2-3 on a scale of 5, where 5 was “best”. No significant differences were seen between the standard and high fertilization treatments. Differences in total harvest weight were seen among cultivars. `Elegance' and `67' produced fruit consistently well through the harvest season, while the remaining cultivars' yields were sporadic. Harvested fruit were homogenized, and Brix was measured as an indicator of fruit quality. Significant differences in Brix were seen among the cultivars, with `67' significantly higher than all other varieties and `Elegance' and `Momotaro' higher than the remaining cultivars. All specialty cultivars had higher °Brix than `Trust'.
Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) a Potential Vegetable for Special Nutritional and Medicinal Values in America
Authors: Jalaluddin M. , Islam* Md. Shahidul
Published: February 2019

Foods from plants can provide enough energy and essential nutrients for maintaining human health as well as for prevention of many serious diseases. Many exotic vegetables are known for their special nutritional and medicinal properties. Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.), an annual vegetable of Cucurbitaceae family, is found to be one of the important vegetables of special nutritional and medicinal qualities. Germplasm lines and land races of Bitter Melon were evaluated in 2000 and 2001 for their adaptability in Southeast Arkansas. Seven adaptable lines/varieties were tested in replicated field trials for productivity at the Univ. of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Agricultural Research Center in 2002 and 2003. Melons were harvested at their marketable stages beginning in June and ending in September for yield estimation. Nutritional qualities of Bitter Melons were examined by chemical analyses conducted at the Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville (UAF) Food Science Laboratory. Analyses for antioxidants and other compounds as well as cooking qualities are currently underway. Several recipes have been tasted for consumer acceptance. The popular belief of bitter melon to improve glucose tolerance in Type II diabetes and lower blood cholesterol are being investigated. It is still to be determined if the chemical constituents such as certain alkaloids and polypeptides found in bitter melons are effective individually or in combination.
Improved Fruit Color, Quality, and Shelf Life of `Pink Lady' Apples with Preharvest Application of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) in Combination with Ethephon
Authors: Whale* Suparna , Singh Zora , Janes John
Published: February 2019

The effects of preharvest application of AVG and ethephon alone, or in combinations, on color development, fruit quality and shelf life were tested in `Pink Lady' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) in Western Australia during 2002.The experiment aimed at improving color without adversely affecting fruit quality at harvest and after long term cold storage. Treatments included 124.5 g·ha-1 AVG only [148 Days after full bloom (DAFB)]; 280 g·ha-1 ethephon only (148 DAFB); AVG (148 DAFB) followed by ethephon (166 DAFB); and control. Fruit were evaluated for color development, internal ethylene concentration (IEC) and quality at commercial harvest(181DAFB) and 45, 90, and135 days after cold storage (1 °C ± 0.5 °C). At harvest, ethephon with or without AVG significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved red blush and total anthocyanin in fruit skin. AVG+ethephon treated-fruit had higher total anthocyanin and TSS compared to AVG alone and control fruit. There were no significant differences among different AVG and ethephon treatments for fruit firmness and IEC. During different storage periods, fruit treated with AVG alone and AVG+ethephon had significantly lower IEC compared to fruit treated with ethephon only and the control, however the interactions between treatments and storage periods were not significant for fruit firmness. AVG + ethephon and ethephon alone did not significantly affect fruit color during different storage periods, which showed that the subsequent ethephon spray on AVG-treated fruit had overcome the inhibitory effect of AVG. Our experimental results showed that application of AVG followed by ethephon improved color in `Pink Lady' apples without compromising fruit quality including firmness during extended cold storage.
Identifying Flavor Metabolites Under Ethylene Regulation in Apples
Authors: Defilippi* Bruno , Dandekar Abhaya , Kader Adel
Published: February 2019

To understand the role of ethylene in overall flavor of apple fruits, ethylene production, and action were reduced using apple trees lines transformed for suppressing activity of ACC-synthase or ACC-oxidase enzymes, and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene action inhibitor. A major reduction in ethylene biosynthesis and respiration rates was measured in fruits from these treatments. As expected, we found differential levels of dependence of flavor components on ethylene biosynthesis and action. Regarding aroma production, an ethyleneassociated event, headspace analysis showed a reduction in ester production in the ethylene-suppressed lines and in the apples treated with 1.0 μL·L-1 1-MCP for 20 hours at 20 °C. However, no major differences were observed in concentrations of alcohol and aldehyde volatiles. Other flavor metabolites that showed an ethylene-dependent pattern were organic acids and sugars. Malic acid degradation was significantly reduced under ethylene suppressed conditions, showing a recovery after exposing the fruit to ethylene. Sucrose and fructose concentrations were influenced by suppression or enhancement of ethylene. Total phenolics and individual phenolics showed an ethylene-dependent behavior only when ethylene biosynthesis was reduced, but not when ethylene action was affected. These results suggest that the regulatory mechanisms of aroma biosynthesis in apple are under partial ethylene regulation. Therefore, we are using the ethylene suppressed apple fruits study the channeling and regulation of other metabolic pathways that lead to the manifestation of a complex trait like fruit quality.
Cultivar Variation in Response to AVG and Heat Treatments for Sustaining Apple Fruit Quality in Cold Storage
Authors: Escalada* Valeria Sigal , Archbold Douglas D.
Published: February 2019

To determine if apple cultivars vary in their response to aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and heat treatment, alone or combined, postharvest ripening traits and storability of treated Lodi, Senshu, Red Delicious and Fuji have been studied. An aqueous solution of AVG was applied 4 weeks before harvest of each cultivar at 124 g·ha-1 a.i. Control and AVG-treated fruit were heated at 38 °C for 4 days. Fruit were ripened at ambient temperature immediately harvest and treatment, or after storage at 4 °C for 30 days. AVG reduced firmness loss in all but Fuji apples immediately after harvest, and that effect was maintained in Senshu and Red Delicious apples after 30 days in cold storage. All AVG-treated fruit showed a reduction in respiration rate and ethylene production immediately after harvest as well as after removal from cold storage. Heat treatment alone prevented firmness loss in Senshu and Red Delicious cultivars, and slightly reduced respiration rate of Lodi and Senshu apples. Ethylene production was clearly lower in heated compared to non-heated fruit in Senshu, Red Delicious and Fuji. After cold storage, AVG and heat treatments combined decreased flesh firmness loss of Lodi apples, reduced respiration in Lodi and Fuji apples, and highly repressed ethylene production of Red Delicious and Fuji fruit. Overall, AVG seemed to have a stronger effect on the measured ripening traits, and its combination with heat treatment improved fruit quality of cold-stored Lodi apples and reduced ethylene production the most for all but Lodi.
A Case Study of the Mighty Morris Blooms: Quantitative and Qualitative Program Assessment of a Youth Gardening Program in a 3rd Grade Classroom
Authors: Dirks Amy , Orvis* Kathryn
Published: February 2019

Research has shown that hands-on, experiential learning is very effective in the classroom and school gardening utilizes this method of learning. Gardening has been shown to have many positive effects on children including in academic areas. Of the youth gardening programs that exist, little research has been done with the Junior Master Gardener® program to evaluate it for its use in the classroom. JMG® is a youth gardening program designed to teach aspects of horticulture and environmental science through hands-on activities in both informal and formal learning environments. A case study of one particular classroom evolved from a larger evaluation study of the JMG® program in Indiana third grade classrooms. Research with this classroom utilized a mixed approach to acquire quantitative and qualitative data of knowledge and attitudes toward science, horticulture, and the environment. Quantitative measurements were made pre, post, and post-post (after summer break) the program. Qualitative methods included weekly classroom observations during the study, student post and post-post program evaluations, and post program teacher evaluations. Results indicated that students had significant levels of knowledge and positive attitude gain from pre to post tests. Observations and evaluations supported the quantitative results showing that the students and teacher found the JMG® program to be valuable in the classroom, as well as enjoyable which may lead to more student interest in science. Through this case-study post-post program assessment showed that the students retained a significant amount of positive attitudes toward science, horticulture and the environment.
Sensory Evaluation of Edible Daylilies (Hemerocallis sp.)
Authors: Pollard* Ashley N. , Coggins Patti C. , Knight Patricia R.
Published: February 2019

Flowers are traditionally used to flavor and garnish dishes. There are many different varieties of edible flowers such as daylilies (Hemerocallis sp.). Daylilies come in many varieties and colors. Their blooms and buds are tasty and nutritious. The objective of this study was to indicate most preferred to least preferred among 15 daylily cultivars (Gentle Shepherd, Lavender Doll, Siloam Powder Pink, Aztec Gold, Rosie Meyers, Catherine Woodberry, Pink Charm, Virginia Henson, Lemon Yellow, Joan Senior, Along the Way, Border Baby, Bonanza, Pandora's Box, and Apricot Beauty). A consumer panel was conducted evaluating the taste preference of fifteen participants to an assortment of daylilies. Panelists were associated with Mississippi State Univ.. Each panelist received 15 different daylily blooms. The ranking methods and analysis of variance were used to determine the preference. The questionnaire for ranking given to each panelist stated to “Please taste each numbered sample and rank in order of preference with the first being most preferred and last being least preferred and to provide comments.” Among the 15 daylilies tested, Rosie Meyer was the most preferred, followed by a second group that consisted of Lavender Doll, Jones Senior, and Aztec Gold. The third most preferred group consisted of two, Gentle Shepherd and Along the Way. The preference for the remainder tapered off with the last two samples, Bonanza and Border Baby. These results suggest that of the 15 daylily varieties, Border Baby and Bonanza were statistically non-preferred with no daylily being statistically preferred.
The Kentucky Master Gardener Program
Authors: Durham* Richard E.
Published: February 2019

The Kentucy Master Gardener Program is administered through the Cooperative Extension Service of the Univ. of Kentucky with assistance from the Kentucky State Univ. Land Grant Program. Master Gardener Programs in Kentucky were originally established in urban areas of the state, but have more recently expanded to rural areas as well. Master Gardener Programs are currently active in over 25 Kentucky counties. Individual Master Gardener programs are under the direction of a county extension agent (or group of agents if the program involves multiple counties) who is assisted by two, part-time state co-coordinators (extension horticulture specialists). The county agents are responsible for Master Gardener recruitment, training, and volunteer management. A required “core content” for Master Gardener training includes a total of 24 hours of instruction in basic plant science and an orientation to Cooperative Extension. State extension specialists have compiled an extensive training manual that covers the required topics as well as additional subject areas. To become certified Master Gardeners, trainees must complete assigned homework, pass a comprehensive final exam, and complete at least one hour of volunteer service for each hour of formal instruction. The county agents determine requirements for continued certification and agents may also offer advanced Master Gardener training. This poster will provide details regarding Master Gardener recruitment, training, and retention in Kentucky.
Simulation of Phenology, Growth and Yield of Cucumis melo
Authors: Rahman* S.M. Lutfor , Baker Jeffrey T. , Cabrera Raul I. , Timlin Dennis J. , Quebedeaux Bruno
Published: February 2019

We collected growth and yield data on eight cantaloupe cultivars and constructed a simple phenology model that uses local weather data to allow growers to quantify phenological growth and development to project harvest dates. Main vine plastochron interval (PI), time to harvest, and final yield were determined. PI was calculated for each cultivar × transplanting date combination as the reciprocal of the slope of main vine node number vs. growing degree days. Among the tested cultivars,`Ovation' and `Primo' produced significantly higher yields of marketable melons (51.3 Mg/ha, 49.5 Mg/ha, respectively), whereas `Santa Fe' produced the lowest (28.6 Mg/ha). The rest of the tested cultivars produced on average 34.4 Mg/ha. Fruit weight was significantly higher in `Morning Ice' (2.7 kg/fruit) and lowest in `Mission' (1.4 kg/fruit). There were also significant differences among cultivars in the number of marketable melons/ha, which ranged from 11500 melons/ha for `Morning Ice' to 32300 melons/ha for `Ovation'. Plant dry matter production was higher in `Ovation' and `Mission' than all the other cultivars. The relative days to maturity were significantly higher in `Morning Ice' and `Honey Brew' (115 days) and lower in `Gold Rush' (72 days). There were no differences found in days to maturity for `Mission', and `Ovation'(82 days). The average % of soluble solids content ranged from 9.5 for `Ovation' to 14.5 for `Mission' and `Honey Brew'. The variety cantaloupensis types are earlier in maturity than inodorus types. PI was significantly different for all cultivars. Main vine node number was a useful descriptor of vegetative development for cantaloupes. Procedures for calibrating and fitting the model for these cultivars will be discussed and outlined
Transformation of HVA1 Gene Into Malus hupenensis var. `Pingyitiancha'
Authors: Shen* Xian , Guo Ling , Wei Zhenlin
Published: February 2019

Malus hupenensis var. `Pingyitiancha' is an important apple stock with many good characteristics, including waterloggig resistance, cold resistance, salt resistance and so on. The three group gene-HVA1 come from barley was transformed into `Pingyitiancha' mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and transformed regeneration plants were obtained in this research. The HAV1 gene cloned from plasmid containing it (offered by Dr. Guo Weidong) by PCR with high fidelity pfu Taq DNA polymerase. It was ligated between BamH 1 and Sac 1 site in PUC118 vector, and identified by electrophoresis after digested with BamH 1 and Sac 1. Through nuclear sequence detecting, it is confirmed that the HAV1 gene cloned in this research is 703bp.This fragment was ligated with 11kb fragment from pB121 plasmid and constructed pBHA vetor. The pBHA vector was introduced in A.tum LBA4404 by triparental mating and the binary vector was obtained. It is cinfirmed that HVA1 gene had been insert in T-DNA by in situ hybirdization. Using `Pingyitiancha' shoot apex, mediated by A. tum. System, the HAV 1 gene was transformed into the plant. Kam resistance regeneration plants were obtained, 6 of them were confirmed as transformation plants by PCR and dot blot.
Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers for Raspberry and Blackberry
Authors: Lewers* Kim S. , Stafne Eric T. , Clark John R. , Weber Courtney A. , Graham Julie
Published: February 2019

Some raspberry and blackberry breeders are interested in using molecular markers to assist with selection. Simple Sequence Repeat markers (SSRs) have many advantages, and SSRs developed from one species can sometimes be used with related species. Six SSRs derived from the weed R. alceifolius, and 74 SSRs from R. idaeus red raspberry `Glen Moy' were tested on R. idaeus red raspberry selection NY322 from Cornell Univ., R. occidentalis `Jewel' black raspberry, Rubus spp. blackberry `Arapaho', and blackberry selection APF-12 from the Univ. of Arkansas. The two raspberry genotypes are parents of an interspecific mapping population segregating for primocane fruiting and other traits. The two blackberry genotypes are parents of a population segregating for primocane fruiting and thornlessness. Of the six R. alceifolius SSRs, two amplified a product from all genotypes. Of the 74 red raspberry SSRs, 56 (74%) amplified a product from NY322, 39 (53%) amplified a product from `Jewel', and 24 (32%) amplified a product from blackberry. Of the 56 SSRs that amplified a product from NY322, 17 failed to amplify a product from `Jewel' and, therefore, detected polymorphisms between the parents of this mapping population. Twice as many detected polymorphisms of this type between blackberry and red raspberry, since 33 SSRs amplified a product from NY322, but neither of the blackberry genotypes. Differences in PCR product sizes from these genotypes reveal additional polymorphisms. Rubus is among the most diverse genera in the plant kingdom, so it is not surprising that only 19 of the 74 raspberry-derived SSRs amplified a product from all four of the genotypes tested. These SSRs will be useful in interspecific mapping and cultivar development.
Rooting of Elaeocarpus yoga, an Ornamental Tree Indigenous to Guam
Authors: Guedon* Jean-Marc G. , McConnell James
Published: February 2019

Elaeocarpus yoga Merr. (Tiliaceae) is an attractive tree indigenous to the Mariana Islands and Palau. Recently its population has declined due to deforestation, typhoon damage, and pest problems. Stem cuttings of E. yoga were taken from hardwood, semihardwood, or softwood and treated with acid or salt forms of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at several concentrations. The cuttings were treated with on of the following: acid form at 0.5 mL·L-1 IBA + 0.25 mL·L-1 NAA; 1 mL·L-1 IBA + 0.5 mL·L-1 NAA, 2 mL·L-1 IBA + 1 mL·L-1 NAA; salt form at 1, 3, and 8 g·kg-1 IBA/. Rooting after 8 weeks was compared among treatments. The salt form of the IBA treatment at 3 g·kg-1 produced the greatest rooting percentage, root number and length. The acid form containing both IBA and NAA produced the smallest average rooting percentage.
Induction of Flowering in Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata)
Authors: Rukavina* Hrvoje , Hughes Harrison
Published: February 2019

Efforts are ongoing at Colorado State Univ. to develop cultivars of saltgrass for turf use. Crossing among genotypes have been limited because of the species' short flowering period that generally occurs in late May or early June. Therefore, this study was made to establish a floral induction procedure for saltgrass to facilitate winter crosses in the greenhouse. The effects of vernalization/photoperiod, nitrogen and burning on the flowering induction of three saltgrass genotypes were investigated in the Colorado State Univ. greenhouse. Genotypes 49 and C66 from South Dakota and Nevada, respectively did not respond to flowering induction treatments. Only genotype A54 from the Colorado Front Range gave adequate response to flowering induction treatments. Saltgrass genotype (origin of clone) is a major factor relative to floral induction with the treatments used. All three treatment factors significantly influenced the number of spikes or flowering in saltgrass clone A54. There was a highly significant effect of vernalization/photoperiod (P < 0.01) and burning treatment (P < 0.01), with a smaller but significant interaction (P <0.05) among these two factors. There was also a significant effect of nitrogen (P <0.05). Burning had a significant influence on flowering only in treatments without vernalization/photoperiod effect. Vernalization/photoperiod levels significantly influenced flowering regardless of the burning treatment. Since flowering induction requirements differ among saltgrass genotypes originating in different areas, further studies will evaluate more Colorado genotypes as well as different lengths of vernalization/photoperiod on efficiency of flower induction.
Paclobutrazol and Ancymidol Spray Applications Affect Production Responses and Subsequent Landscape Performance of Ornamental Cabbage, Calendula, and Pansy
Authors: McDonald* Garry V. , Arnold Michael A.
Published: February 2019

Previous experiments indicated that plant growth regulators applied during greenhouse production can have a negative effect on subsequent landscape performance of pansy (Viola × wittrockiana H. Gams `Crown Yellow'). Three experiments were initiated in September 2003 to determine the affects of paclobutrazol and ancymidol on production and landscape performance of ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala A.P. deCandolle `Dynasty Pink'), calendula (Calendula officinalis L. `Bon Bon Orange'), and pansy. Seeds were germinated in plug trays (1.5 cm3 inverted cone-shaped pockets) in a growth chamber with a 12 h photoperiod at 25/21 °C day/night. Plants were sprayed with paclobutrazol (formaulated as Bonzi) or ancymidol (formulated as Arest) at plug stage (cabbage, pansy, and calendula on 25 Sept., 2 Oct., 11 Nov., respectively), at 14 days after transplant into 0.73 L containers, or at both stages. Paclobutrazol was applied at 0, 5, 10 or 15 mg·L-1 and ancymidol at 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg·L-1. Cabbage (30 Oct.), pansy (6 Nov.), and calendula (4 Dec.) were transplanted to landscape beds to assess residual effects on growth and flowering. Cabbage and calendula, showed minor differences in growth during greenhouse production due to varying rates of either paclobutrazol or ancymidol, but exhibited a greater response to application time. Only minor differences in growth occurred with pansy during greenhouse production due to rate or time of application using ancymidol, but exhibited major differences in response to both rate and time of application using paclobutrazol. Residual effects on growth and flowering during landscape performance phase will be discussed.
Flower Thinning of the Pear Cultivar `Abbé Fetel' with Lime Sulphur
Authors: Garriz* Patricia I. , Alvarez Hugo L. , Colavita Graciela M. , Gajdos María S.
Published: February 2019

Flower thinning of pears has advantages over fruit thinning in that the earlier it is performed the greater the potential effect on fruit size. At the Comahue National Univ. in Argentina (lat. 38°56' 67°59'W), lime sulphur was evaluated as flower thinner on 10-year-old `AbbAbbé Fetel' (Pyrus communis L.) pear trees trained to palmette leader. Cultural practices were similar to those of commercial orchards in the High Valley. Treatments were 1) control, and 2) 7% lime sulphur, applied on 16 Sept. 2002 (30% bloom) using an orchard sprayer. Fruit diameter (FD) was recorded two weekly (n = 20 per date and treatment). At 144 days after full bloom (DAFB), or initial commercial harvest, crop load, fruit weight and the maturity indices were determined. Fruits were then graded into size categories. Growth equations were developed with SYSTAT procedure and mean separations were computed with Student's t-test. Mean FD was significantly increased by the lime sulphur sprays, starting from 115 DAFB. Logistic models best fitted the fruit growth vs. time curves. The equation was: FD = 77.87/1+e2.26-0.03DAFB (R2 = 0.97), for the non-thinned trees. Treatment 2 increased the percentage of fruits ≥70mm by 42.16%. At 144 DAFB, thinned trees showed firmer fruits than the controls (64.4 vs. 61.7 N) and there were no statistical differences among treatments in soluble solids concentration and starch index; the values were 11.5 °Brix and 3.55, respectively, for the control fruits. Consequently, our data indicate that lime sulphur applied at 30% bloom was an effective practice to thin `Abbé Fetel' pears and to enhance fruit quality at ripening.
Effects of CPPU on Fruit Size, Set, and Yield of Southern Highbush Blueberry in Florida
Authors: Williamson* Jeffrey G. , Miller E. Paul
Published: February 2019

Poor fruit set and sub-optimum berry size are potential yield- and profit-limiting factors for southern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) blueberry production in Florida. The cytokinin N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) has increased fruit size and fruit set of a number of fruit crops including rabbiteye blueberry. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of CPPU applied at different rates and phenological stages of bloom and/or fruit development on fruit size, set, and yield of southern highbush blueberry. `Millennia' and `Star' southern highbush blueberry plants located on a commercial blueberry farm in Alachua County, Fla., were treated with 5 or 10 ppm CPPU at various stages of development ranging from full bloom to 20 days after full bloom. In contrast to findings with rabbiteye blueberry, fruit set in this study of southern highbush blueberry was not affected by any of the CPPU treatments when compared to the controls. Nor was total fruit yield affected by CPPU treatments. The most noticeable potential benefit found in this study was an increase in mean fruit fresh weight from CPPU treatments. However, cultivars responded differently to CPPU with respect to mean fruit fresh weight. For `Millennia', only one CPPU treatment increased mean fruit weight compared to controls. However, for `Star', all but one CPPU treatment increased mean fruit fresh weight. Several CPPU treatments resulted in delayed fruit ripening for `Star' but not for `Millennia'. For `Star', the treatments that most consistently delayed fruit ripening tended to have greater fruit fresh weights.
Use Diluted Tomato Petiole Sap for K Measurement with the Cardy Meter
Authors: Taber* Henry G. , Lawson Vince , Shogren Diane
Published: February 2019

Undiluted tomato petiole sap from a variety by K rate experiment (48 treatment rep combinations) was used to measure K concentration via the battery operated portable Cardy meter and ICP laboratory instrumentation. Three sample 1998 dates, 16 July., 21 Aug., and 8 Sept., resulted in K sap readings by ICP of 3917, 2612, and 2297 ppm, respectively. At sap levels below 3000 ppm the linear Cardy:ICP correlation was r = 0.04, but above 3000 ppm only 0.53. From 3500 to 5000 ppm K the Cardy meter under estimated actual sap K by 200 to 900 ppm. For the years 1999 and 2001, tomato petiole sap at each sample date (4) was diluted 1:1 with deionized water. The linear regression equation describing the relationship between ICP and Cardy meter measurements was: Cardy K ppm = 0.733 * ICP + 685 (r = 0.92, n = 190). The Cardy meter error over the 2000 to 5000 ppm K range was 8 to 12%. Petiole sap K, measured by either Cardy or ICP, was highly correlated to whole leaf K concentration both years. But even though the slope of the regression lines was similar the intercepts were significantly different (P≤.01). The significant 0.32% K difference in whole leaf between years precluded the development of a common regression line to predict whole leaf K from Cardy petiole sap determinations. The Cardy meter can be reliably used for tomato petiole K determination provided the sap is diluted and the usual handling precautions are taken to prevent petiole moisture loss.
Boron Fertilization and Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus) Fruit Quality
Authors: Xu* Yufei , Hanson Eric , Flore James , Loescher Wayne
Published: February 2019

In Michigan boron (B) deficiencies in sour cherry have resulted in routine use of B sprays to enhance fruit set and increase fruit yield. However, field observations indicate that high B levels are associated with premature softening, making fruit unacceptable for processing. Our fertilization studies show that fruit B levels are higher, but B generally has little or no effect on fruit size, maturity, color, or pull force. However, at some locations, B applications increase the number of soft fruit, especially when harvest is delayed well after the optimum maturity date (as indicated by pull force). B-induced yield increases can be achieved without inducing excessive fruit softening by careful monitoring of fruit maturation and prompt harvest. Leaf and fruit B levels will be presented.
Nutrient Release Characteristics From Four Types of Controlled-release Fertilizers
Authors: Merhaut* Donald J. , Albano Joseph , Blythe Eugene K. , Newman Julie
Published: February 2019

Release patterns of ammonium, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and zinc were measured during an eleven month period for four types of Controlled Release Fertilizers (CRF): Apex 17-5-11, Multicote 17-5-11, Nutricote 18-6-8 and Osmocote 24-4-9. Rate of fertilizer incorporation was 2.3 kg/m3 of nitrogen. Media consisted of 50% composted forest products, 35% ¼%-3/4% pine bark and 15% washed Builder's sand. The media was also amended with 0.60 kg/m3 of dolomite. Fertilizer was incorporated into the media with a cement mixer and placed into 2.6-L black polyethylene containers. Containers were placed on benches outside. Air and media temperature were monitored throughout the 11-month period. Containers were irrigated through a ring-dripper system. Leachate was collected twice weekly. Leachate electrical conductivity, pH, and nutrient content were measured weekly. Significant differences in the nutrient release patterns were observed between fertilizer types throughout much of the experimental period. Release rates were significantly greater during the first 20 weeks of the study compared to the last 20 weeks of the study, regardless of the fertilizer type.
Antioxidant and Ethylene-related Changes in `Chandler' Strawberry Fruit as Influenced by Maturity
Authors: Woods* Floyd M. , Dozier William A. , Ebel Robert C. , Himelrick David G. , Mosjidis Cecilia , Thomas Raymond H. , Wilkins Bryan S. , Pitts James A.
Published: February 2019

The relationship between fruit maturation and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2), lipid peroxidation, ethylene (C2 H4) production, antioxidant activity (hydrophilic, lipophilic and total) and the antioxidant enzyme ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) in fruit pericarp tissue of `Chandler' (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) strawberry were measured. `Chandler' fruit pericarp maturation and ripening were accompanied by a decline in H2 O2 content early in fruit development followed by a rapid accumulation. An increase in membrane lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) coincided with accumulation of H2 O2, which preceded a rise in C2 H4 production. In general, antioxidant activity declined as fruit matured and ripened. APX enzyme activity increased by 2-fold and peaked at the pink stage of development and then gradually declined with ripening. H2 O2 may serve as a signal molecule to initiate the cascade of oxidative processes during maturation and ripening. APX enzyme activity during maturation and ripening was not substantial and thus, may not have a role in alleviating accumulation of H2 O2 and subsequent events related to oxidative senescence in fruit pericarp. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present fractionated antioxidant activities (HAA, LAA and TAA) from strawberry pericarp as assessed by the ABTS∼+ radical cation assay. A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved in the senescent related-oxidative changes during strawberry fruit ontogeny in relation to quality and nutrition is discussed.
Pollen Viability of Clerodendrum
Authors: Hebert* Cary , Kuehny Jeff , Johnson Charles , Delaune Annina
Published: February 2019

The genus Clerodendrum belongs to the family Verbenaceae of which there are over 400 tree, shrub, and vine species. Species of Clerodendrum vary in leaf size, shape and texture; inflorescence shape; and flower shape, size and color. There is commercial interest in developing hybrids with desirable floricultural attributes. Interspecific hybridization could be used to increase variability in flower color, inflorescence shape, plant vigor, leaf color and shape for selection. Pollen viability among species is in question because of absence of seed set on many selected plants. The need for assessing viability of pollen used is important in determining the strategies to be used in hybridization. Clerodendrum floribundum, C. speciosissimum, C. splendens, C. × speciosum (C. thompsonia × C. splendens) and C. quadriloculare grown in a greenhouse under natural daylight were used as pollen sources. Pollen was collected from recently opened anther, placed in a scintillation vial on ice, and brought into the laboratory. A peroxidase test, dehydrogenase test, and the fluorescein diacetate procedure were used to determine percent viability of pollen before, during and after anthesis for each Clerodendrum species.
Identification of Specialty Potato Selections with High Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Reddivari* Lavanya , Hale Anna L. , Scheuring Douglas C. , Miller J. Creighton
Published: February 2019

In recent years, much emphasis has been placed on functional/antioxidant properties of various fruits and vegetables and their contribution to human health. Since average per capita consumption of potatoes in the United States is about 137 pounds, even moderate levels of antioxidants could be viewed as an important human health benefit. Variation in antioxidant activity has not been extensively investigated for colored potatoes (specialty selections). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate antioxidant activity of specialty selections from the Texas Potato Variety Development Program and identify elite lines to use in breeding for improvement of this trait. Potato tubers were also assessed for their outer appearance, skin color, flesh color, spoilage and yield characteristics. Specialty potato selections (320 lines) were screened for total antioxidant activity using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. After an initial screening, the top 10 % of selections were reevaluated in the following year. Significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences were found among selections and, for some selections, differences were found between seasons. Total antioxidant activity ranged from 27 μg/gfw to 832 μg/gfw. The specialty selection CO112F2-2 (purple flesh) had the highest antioxidant activity (832 μg/gfw) irrespective of season. In most cases, purple flesh selections produced the highest antioxidant activity, probably due to the presence of anthocyanins, followed by yellow selections.
Renewal Method of Lateral Branches Using Water Sprouts in Japanese Apricot
Authors: Na Yang-Key , Kim Byeong-Sam , Choi Kyong-Ju , Kim Young , Kim* Wol-Soo
Published: February 2019

Recently, the acreages Japanese apricot have been increased for being known of the medical functions. However, the increase of tree height, overgrowing trees and light deficiency at the bottom of canopy induced the poor fruit quality and higher labor charges. This study was conducted to assess the effects of training time, angle and length of water sprout on tree growth, the shoot-curbing, and the occurrence of new shoot for 2 years. Water sprouts were trained on 5, and 25 June, and 15 July with three varying angles of 30°, 45° and 60°, and cut at three lengths (50, 80, 110_) after harvest. Compared to control, the treatment on June 25 showed the highest values of 76%, 82% of internode and shoot length respectiely. In the treatment of training angle, shoot length was 71% in both 30° and 45° but heavily limited to 36% in 60° with comparing to control. The occurrence of shoots showed 18.1, 24.6, and 36.3 in treatment of 50, 80 and 110 cm, respectively, and in 80 cm, the number of shoot with diameter more than 0.5 mm, which is suitable for bearing mother branch, was higher. The best result was obtained in method of branch training with 45° and heading-back 80 cm at height on 15 June for the renewal of lateral branch.
Morphological Characteristics of Stone Cells in Fruit of Asian, European, and Chinese Pears
Authors: Kim* Wol-Soo , Choi Jin-Ho
Published: February 2019

The stone cells are observed in the process of lignifications of tissues in flesh of pear as a depressing factor of fruit quality. These studies were carried out to search the effect of stone cells on fruit quality, to investigate the anatomical characteristics, such as formative period and distribution of stone cell, to seek forming causes. During the growing seasons of 2002 and 2003, samples for anatomical investigations were taken periodically in Pyrus pyriforia cv. Niitaka, P. communis cv. Bartlett and P. ussiriansis cv. Yari. The morphology of stone cell in the fruit flesh was observed by using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). By optical microscope, stone cell observed first from 14 days after full bloom. The adjacent cells to stone cell was first showed spherical type on initial forming stage but showed radial form at 90 days after full bloom. The shape of stone cell inspected by SEM was like a cluster and its size was various. By using TEM, components of stone cell, such as nucleus and vacuole, and secondary cell wall thickening were observed, so it could consider that the stone cell is living thing. The largest amount of stone cell clusters existed beneath fruit skin.
1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for Extending Postharvest Quality of Chinese Winter Jujube
Authors: Shen* Lin , Sheng Jiping
Published: February 2019

Chinese Winter Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) is a kind of new fresh consumed jujube fruit with high quality originated in China, but its postharvest shelf-life is short at room temperature (often 7 days). A study was conducted to determine the effect on 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on changes in ethylene production, respiration rate, firmness, electrolyte leakage and vitamin C. Chinese Winter Jujube fruits harvested at half-red stage, were randomized into rigid, vented containers (0.5 m3; n = 5), treated with 1 μL·L-1 for 12h at room temperature (20 ± 2 °C), then stored at 20 °C. Fruits treated with 1-MCP had significant lower ethylene production, it showed 21% lower (0.128 μL·kg-1 per hour) at 8th day. Respiration rate had no significant difference between treated and control during the 12d storage. Firmness of treated fruits was from 15.4% to 26.3% higher than that of control, while the electrolyte leakage was from 12.2% to 27.4% lower than that of control. The content of vitamin C by 1-MCP treatment was 11.2% higher than control at the last day of storage (368 mg/100 g). The results indicated that 1-MCP had positive results on maintaining postharvest shelf-life of half-red stage of Chinese Winter Jujube fruit.
Influence of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the Shelf Life and Deterioration of Fresh-cut Cantaloupe
Authors: Jeong* Jiwon , Brecht Jeffrey , Huber Donald , Sargent Steve
Published: February 2019

A study was conducted to determine the influence of the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the shelf life and deterioration of fresh-cut cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus) during storage at 5 °C. Intact cantaloupe fruit, cv. Durango (3/4 to full-slip stage) were treated with 1-MCP (1 μL·L-1) for 24 h at 20 °C. Following cooling to 5 °C, the fruit were processed into ≈2.5-cm cubes and subsequently dipped in 1.34 mm sodium hypochlorite solution for 20 s. Fresh-cut cubes were stored in 1.7-L vented plastic containers for 12 d at 5 °C (85% RH). Intact fruit treated and stored under identical conditions were also examined. While 1-MCP-treated cantaloupe cubes were about 35% firmer than control cubes after the 24-h at 20 °C 1-MCP treatment, little softening occurred in either treatment during the subsequent 12-d at 5 °C storage period. In contrast, control and 1-MCP-treated intact fruit softened nearly 40% and 15%, respectively. 1-MCP did not significantly influence flesh color and soluble solid contents of either intact cantaloupe or fresh-cut cubes during storage at 5 °C. Increased decay incidence was observed in 1-MCP-treated fresh-cut cantaloupe cubes.
Impact of 1-Methycyclopropene and Controlled Atmosphere Storage on Volatile Production in `Gala' Apples
Authors: Singh* Harmander Pal , Murr Dennis P. , Paliyath Gopi , DeEll Jennifer R.
Published: February 2019

`Gala' apples (Malus × domestica Borkh) were harvested at optimum maturity for long-term storage, precooled overnight at 0 °C, treated with 1 μL·L-1; 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 24 hours at 0 °C, and then placed in controlled atmosphere (CA) to determine the storage regime that would have the least negative impact on post-storage aroma volatile production. Fruit were stored at 0° and 2.5° C in ultra low oxygen (0.6% O2 -0.6% CO2; ULOCA), low oxygen (1.2% O2 -1.2% CO2; LOCA) and standard (2.5% O2 -2.5% CO2; SCA) CA for 120 and 240 days, and in ambient air for 60, 90, 120 and 150 days. Post-storage fruit volatiles were quantified by headspace analysis using a solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) probe and FID-GC, and key volatiles were identified by GC-MS. Fruit volatile production was greatest at harvest, and decreased thereafter for fruit held in air and CA for up to 150 or 240 days, respectively. 1-MCP treatment resulted in reduced rates of respiration, ethylene and volatile production, regardless of storage regime, and resulted in a reduced production rate of all the major volatile compounds, including esters, alcohols, acids, aldehydes and ketones. Post-storage volatile production was the least in fruits removed from 0 °C in ULO, followed by LO, SCA, and then air. 1-MCP treatment inhibited post-storage volatile production in CA- and air-stored fruit by as much as 95 percent. However, recovery of aroma was delayed significantly in fruit which had been held at 0 °C vs. 2.5 ° C, suggesting aroma volatile synthesis in `Gala' is chilling sensitive.
Quality of Tomato Slices Freshly Cut from Fruit Treated with Methyl Jasmonate
Authors: Wang* Chien
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study was to determine if treatment with methyl jasmonate (MJ), a naturally occurring substance, would extend the shelf life of tomato slices, specifically when slices were cut from fruit previously treated with this natural product. Tomatoes were harvested at breaker stage. The fruit were divided into four lots. The first three lots were treated with MJ right after harvest at the breaker stage. Fruit from the first lot were sliced immediately after MJ treatment. Fruit from the second lot were placed at 20 °C and allowed to ripen to red stage before slicing. Fruit from the third lot were treated the same way as those in the second lot except they received an additional MJ treatment just before slicing. Fruit from the fourth lot were placed at 20 °C and allowed to ripen to red stage before MJ treatment and slicing. Each lot also included an untreated control. MJ treatments were carried out in 200-L airtight containers. MJ was spotted onto filter paper at final vapor concentration of 10-5 M. Fruit were cut with a meat slicer to obtain slices with 5-mm thickness. Slices were placed in 1-L clear plastic trays with lids and stored at 5 °C. Samples were transferred daily from 5 to 20 °C for evaluation. Fresh-cut tomatoes treated with MJ and sliced at breaker stage (lot 1) had less decay, better quality, and longer shelf life than the untreated slices. However, no differences were found between the control slices and treated slices at the red stage regardless the time of MJ treatment and whether or not additional MJ treatments were applied (lots 2, 3 & 4). The results indicate that the effectiveness of MJ in reducing decay and maintaining quality is affected by the stages of ripeness of tomatoes and the types of decay.
Differential Growth, Quality and Nutrient Responses of Azalea Hybrids to Salinity
Authors: Cabrera* Raul I.
Published: February 2019

The azalea hybrids `Delaware Valley White' (`DVW') and `Hershey Red' (`HR') were grown in 7-L containers filled with a 4 sphagnum peat: 2 pine bark: 1 sand medium (v/v) and fertigated for 15 weeks with a complete nutrient solution supplemented with 0, 6 and 12 mm NaCl-CaCl2 (2:1 molar ratio). Regardless of salinity stress, `DVW' plants had dry weights and leaf areas significantly higher (by 24.7% and 10.2%, respectively) than in `HR' plants. Salinity, however, caused differential growth and quality responses between the hybrids. Growth in `DVW' plants decreased with salinity increases, with 22.6% and 32.4% reductions in total dry weight and leaf area, respectively, observed at 12 mm salt compared to controls. Conversely, `HR' plants exposed to 12 mm salt showed no differences in yield parameters with respect to the controls, whereas plants receiving 6 mm salt showed increases of 14.0% and 7.1% in total dry weight and leaf area, respectively, with respect to the controls. Plant quality, as assessed by visual symptoms of salt injury (“salt burn”), was significantly reduced by salinity increases in `DVW' plants, but was not affected in `HR' plants. While unaffected by salinity, leaf K status in `HR' plants was significantly lower than in `DVW', which showed increases in K concentration with salinity increases. Leaf Ca, Cl and Na concentrations increased with added salinity in both hybrids. The `DVW' plants, however, accumulated exceedingly higher Cl and Na concentrations (up to 3.33% and 5,650 mg·L-1 respectively) than in `HR' plants (up to 1.31% and 463 mg·L-1, respectively). Only the yield and quality of `DVW' plants were negatively and significantly correlated to increases in leaf Cl and Na concentrations.