bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histórias de formação de professores para a Classe Hospitalar
Authors: Vasconcelos Sandra Maia Farias
Published: January 2015

O serviço hospitalar, antes exclusivo da saúde, hoje comporta propostas educativascada vez mais frequentemente, com pesquisas realizadas por professores deuniversidades. Mas ainda um questionamento se põe: há necessidade de formaçãode professores para trabalhar com pessoas doentes? Quais as estratégias e quandoutilizá-las? Como abordar indivíduos doentes e provocar-lhes interesse emaprender? Como estabelecer um método que respeite desigualdades e valorizepontos em comuns? Partindo dessas reflexões, tivemos como objetivo resgatar ahistória da Classe hospitalar e da formação de professores atuando em ambienteespecial, também aportar conhecimentos acerca do tema, ainda incipiente noBrasil. Nossa pesquisa foi documental, com ênfase na Constituição de 1988 e naLDB, mas também resultante de nossa experiência acadêmica. A prioridade naformação de professores é tornar relevante a escolaridade no hospital, para oindivíduo e sua família.  Educaçãohospitalar é prevista em lei, acontece em instituição de saúde, casa de repousoou em residência e é dirigida a indivíduos que sofreram um rompimento na sua escolarização.A finalidade é mostrar ao paciente que ele mantém sua capacidade de aluno, comatividades que acionam suas habilidades. As atividades não negligenciamcritério e sistematização. O professor hospitalar respeita a fragilidade dessesalunos, seus níveis escolares e seu desejo de voltar à escola. Essa sensibilidadepode ser inerente aos professores quando escolhem este trabalho, mas nada osobriga a continuar se uma situação causar-lhes choque. Esta responsabilidadepermite aos professores perceber que a formação docente é sempre presente emsua vida pessoal e profissional.
Nova alternativa tecnológica para medicamento direcionado à espasticidade
Authors: Cândido Edna Aragão Farias , Freitas Mayanna Machado , Cândido Janaína Farias , Cerqueira Felipe Lima de
Published: January 2015

Os óleos essenciais são utilizados há bastante tempo, principalmente por possuírem possibilidades terapêuticas e podem estar presentes nas raízes, caules, cascas, talos, flores, folhas, sementes e frutos. São constituídos por compostos orgânicos de moléculas de hidrocarbonetos e utilizados amplamente em alimentos, perfumarias, medicamentos tradicionais e alternativos. A utilização dos óleos essenciais como possibilidade terapêutica tornou-se crescente e dentre várias plantas brasileiras terapêuticas tem-se a Alpinia zerumbet também conhecida como Alpinia speciosa, que apresenta várias ações terapêuticas principalmente do óleo essencial extraído das hastes, flores e folhas. O objetivo do presente artigo foi apresentar nova proposta de alternativa tecnológica para medicamento direcionado à espasticidade. As doenças que atingem o Sistema Nervoso Central apresentam fisiopatologias semelhantes em decorrência da área de lesão conhecida como Síndrome Piramidal. São várias as modificações que as estruturas musculares sofrem em decorrência do aumento dos níveis de Ca++, interferindo principalmente na qualidade de tônus e contração muscular. Assim, tem-se uma proposta terapêutica com o óleo essencial de Alpinia zerumbet para controle de espasticidade, uma vez que as doenças do SNC produzem a Síndrome Piramidal e, consequentemente, limitação dos movimentos prejudicando a função motora do indivíduo. Essa alternativa terapêutica diferencia-se das demais encontradas no mercado por se tratar de um produto derivado de óleo essencial, sendo considerado portanto, um bioproduto.
Apitoxina: coleta, composição química, propriedades biológicas e atividades terapêuticas
Authors: Dantas Camila Gomes , Nunes Tássia Luiza Gonçalves Magalhães , Nunes Tâmara Luiza Gonçalves Magalhães , Gomes Margarete Zanardo , Gramacho Kátia Peres
Published: January 2015

A apitoxina é o veneno produzido pelas abelhas do gênero Apis, com objetivo de proteger a colônia contra a extensa variedade de predadores, que vão desde outros artrópodes a vertebrados, e consiste numa mistura complexa de enzimas, peptídeos e aminoácidos, além de pequenas quantidades de carboidratos e lipídios. Tanto a apitoxina, quanto seus compostos bioativos, apresentam diversificada eficácia biológica in vitro e in vivo contra uma variedade de doenças. A terapia com apitoxina tem sido utilizada na Medicina tradicional chinesa, bem como na antiga Grécia e Egito, há milhares de anos, para o tratamento da artrite, reumatismo e outras doenças autoimunes, bem como contra neoplasias, doenças de pele, dor e infecções e mais recentemente contra alguns tipos de câncer. Sua composição desperta o interesse da comunidade científica desde o século XIX, e na década de 80 já estimava-se a importância deste possível agente terapêutico na medicina ocidental. Hoje, vem sendo utilizado em uma ampla gama de fármacos, e a sua utilização do veneno de abelha no cenário atual, tem se configurado como uma proposta diferenciada de produto a ser extraído da apicultura e com grande visibilidade no mercado. Na Europa e em alguns mercados globais já existem fórmulas farmacêuticas registradas com o veneno da abelha bruto. A composição química da apitoxina, os métodos de coleta, as propriedades biológicas e suas possíveis aplicações terapêuticas estão bem documentadas nesta revisão.
Civil society participation in the management of the common good: a case of ethics in biological resource centres
Authors: Calvo Cabezas Patrici , Eriksson Stefan
Published: January 2015

The management of commons is now at the centre of researchers’ attention in many branches of science, particularly those related to the human or social sciences. This paper seeks to demonstrate how civil society participation in common goods or resources is not only possible but is also desirable for society because of the medium and long-term benefits it offers involved and/or affected parties. To this end, we examine the falsity of the discourse underlying the supposed incompetence of civil society to cooperate interpersonally in the pursuit of common objectives, and also analyse a specific example of the necessary and possible participation of civil society in managing common goods through biobanks.La gestión del bien común se ha convertido actualmente en centro de atención para diferentes ramas de la ciencia, especialmente aquellas vinculadas con lo humano y lo social. El presente estudio busca mostrar cómo la participación de la sociedad civil en la gestión de este tipo de bienes o recursos no sólo es posible, sino deseable para la sociedad por los beneficios que reporta a las partes implicadas y/o afectadas a medio y largo plazo. Para ello, se atenderá la falsedad del discurso sobre el cual se asienta la supuesta incompetencia de la sociedad civil para poder cooperar interpersonalmente en busca de objetivos comunes, así como se analizará un ejemplo concreto de la necesaria y posible participación de la sociedad civil en la gestión del bien común a través de los centros de recursos biológicos (brcs).
«Votas, pero no eliges»: la democracia y la crisis de la deuda soberana en la eurozona.
Authors: Alonso Sonia
Published: January 2015

El objetivo de este capítulo es analizar el presunto despliegue de la «democracia sin alternativas» en Europa y sus consecuencias para la calidad de las democracias nacionales, especialmente las de la periferia de la zona euro –giips: Grecia, Irlanda, Italia, Portugal y España. El argumento principal es que la falta de receptividad de los gobiernos nacionales de los países giips hacia los deseos de sus ciudadanos constituye el reverso de la moneda de un exceso de atención de los gobiernos de los países núcleo del euro, en especial de Alemania, a las preferencias de su ciudadanía. En todas las democracias representativas los políticos se enfrentan a un dilema fundamental entre receptividad a las demandas ciudadanas y responsabilidad ante terceros. Enfrentados a este dilema, los países núcleo del euro han optado claramente por lo primero –la receptividad ante las demandas de los electorados nacionales–, mientras que los países de la periferia de la zona euro se han visto forzados a ser responsables –ante sus socios de la ue y ante la ue en su totalidad. Como resultado, la crisis financiera de 2008 ha conducido a una ruptura en tres frentes dentro de la Unión Europea entre el núcleo y la periferia: con relación al ritmo de la recuperación económica, a los grados de autonomía gubernamental y, lo más importante, a la legitimidad democrática. Los países de la periferia de la eurozona se encuentran en el bando perdedor en los tres frentes.The objective of this article is to analyze the alleged unfolding of ‘democracy without choices’ in Europe and its consequences for the quality of national democracies, particularly those of the Eurozone periphery –giips: Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The argument is, in a nutshell, that the lack of responsiveness of giips national Governments to their respective national constituencies is the reverse of the medal of an excess of responsiveness in core Euro countries, particularly Germany. Governments are trapped between the pressure to be responsive at home and the need to be responsible to their European partners and the European project. If the trade-off of all democratic politics is between responsiveness and responsibility, Euro core countries have clearly opted for responsiveness –to domestic constituencies– and Eurozone peripheral countries have been forced to be responsible –towards their eu partners and the eu as a whole. As a result, the 2008 financial crisis has led to a three-fold breach inside the eu between core and periphery concerning the pace of economic recovery, the degrees of governmental autonomy and, most important of all, democratic legitimacy. Eurozone peripheral countries are at the losing side of this three-fold breach.
La Economía Social: su función económica y las políticas públicas de fomento.
Authors: Herrero-Blasco Aurelio
Published: January 2015

El propósito u objeto de este artículo es resaltar la importancia que  la Economía Social tiene y su papel fundamental a nivel de motor económico porque : distribuye de forma más igualitaria la renta y la riqueza, contribuye al desarrollo económico endógeno, incrementa la autonomía de los territorios, corrige los desequilibrios del mercado de trabajo, oferta más servicios de bienestar social, ayuda a la estabilidad económica y hace que el desarrollo económico sea sostenible. Así mismo, una vez justificada la importancia de la utilidad de la Economía Social los poderes públicos deben reforzar y potenciar esas utilidades mediante el fomento de políticas publicas que ayuden a potenciar estas características. Los objetivos que nos marcamos son explicar en qué consiste esta función económica, describir los diferentes métodos de fomento de las políticas públicas y explicar qué está haciendo la Unión Europea al respecto del fomento de las políticas públicas de fomento de la Economía Social. La metodología ha sido acudir a las distintas fuentes primarias y secundarias que refleja la bibliografía utilizada, varios trabajos en los que nos hemos basado comportan análisis empíricos de bases de datos. Los principales resultados son que a nivel español y a nivel europeo se está empezando a tener en cuenta que la Economía Social es un sector estratégico frente a la crisis y el paro. Y las conclusiones más relevantes son que debemos continuar en la senda de la investigación de cómo las políticas públicas son un instrumento de fomento esencial de la Economía Social.The purpose or object of this article is to highlight the importance of the social economy and its level role as economic engine has the following advantages: more equally distributes income and wealth, contributes to endogenous economic development, increases the autonomy of the territories, corrects imbalances in the labor market, offer social welfare services, economic stability helps and makes sustainable economic development. Also, once justified the importance of the utility of the Social Economy, governments should strengthen and boost those profits by encouraging public policies that help drive these features. The goals we set are: explain what this economic function, describe the different methods of promoting public policies that use these and explain what the eu is doing in terms of stimulating the Social Economy. The methodology has been to go to various primary and secondary sources, as reflected in the literature used, and especially consider several jobs that we have relied, and which involve empirical analysis databases. The main results both nationally and at European level show that the administrations are beginning to consider that the social economy is a strategic sector to the crisis and unemployment. Therefore, the most important conclusion is that from the academic must continue investigating how public policy can act as an instrument driver of Social Economy.
Responsible tourism as an agent of sustainable and socially-conscious development
Authors: Musarò Pierluigi
Published: January 2015

Despite the variety of banalities that are often associated with trips and vacations as mass consumption, the study of tourism – due to the commitment of social, economic, political and cultural energy - remains one of the predominant inputs for understanding contemporary society and the new social hierarchies that distinguish it. Tourism, which is  increasingly seen as a process that has become integral to social and cultural life, also plays an essential role in the social and spatial dialectic that gives meaning to the places. Focusing tourism through the lens of "productive consumption" developed by Cultural Studies, the paper moves from the assumption that responsible tourism can be analyzed in the broader paradigm of relational goods to explore the role of responsible tourism as a possible way of sustainable and responsible development.A pesar de la variedad de banalidades que a menudo se asocian con los viajes y las vacaciones, como el consumo de masas, el estudio del turismo –debido al compromiso de la energía social, económica, política y cultural– sigue siendo una de las fuentes predominantes para la comprensión de la sociedad contemporánea y las nuevas jerarquías sociales que la distinguen. El turismo, que se está viendo cada vez más como un proceso que forma parte integral de la vida social y cultural, también juega un papel esencial en la dialéctica social y espacial que da sentido a los lugares. Analizando el turismo desde el punto de vista del consumo productivo desarrollado por los estudios culturales, el artículo parte de la asunción de que el turismo responsable puede ser analizado en el paradigma más amplio de bienes relacionales para explorar el papel del turismo responsable como una forma posible de desarrollo sostenible y responsable.
Economía, valores y democracia. Diálogo con Christian Felber
Authors: Ordóñez Roig Vicente
Published: January 2015

Entrevista a Christian Felber al hilo de su visita a Benicàssim en agosto de 2013. Charlamos con él sobre algunos aspectos de su teoría del bien común, así como de otros temas de corte ético, político, económico y social.
L’internationalisation du capitalisme d’État en question
Authors: Bismuth Régis
Published: January 2015

Longtemps essentiellement confiné au seul marché national, le capitalisme d’État se singularise dorénavant par sa projection internationale, notamment par l’intermédiaire d’entreprises d’État et de fonds souverains multipliant les acquisitions à l’étranger. Lorsqu’elles concernent des secteurs sensibles, ces opérations peuvent être perçues défavorablement par les États d’accueil craignant l’appropriation d’actifs stratégiques par des puissances étrangères. Les conditions économiques de ces investissements souverains génèrent aussi des craintes de distorsion de concurrence en raison des subventions dont ces acteurs bénéficient pour leurs acquisitions. Ces risques politiques et économiques ne sont toutefois pas appréhendés de façon appropriée en droit international économique.
Le corps du roman
Authors: Camus Audrey
Published: January 2015

Dans cet article, l’auteure s’attarde à la romanisation du texte de théâtre à
partir de la célèbre notion de Mikhaïl Bakhtine concernant la contamination des autres
genres littéraires par le roman. L’analyse relève la nature composite du matériau narratif
par le recours à l’épopée, au conte et à la chanson de geste, mais davantage en tant que
résurgence contemporaine de la ménippée ou du comique sérieux. S’ensuit alors l’examen de
l’hybridation de l’oralité et de la littérarité dans l’écriture, mais aussi des tons
— tantôt trivial, tantôt solennel — et des matériaux, dont ceux tirés des rêves ou des arts
visuels. Cette esthétique du mélange est l’orientation formelle donnée par Danis à
l’histoire d’un peuple métissé dont les errances témoignent justement de la recherche d’un
lieu autre pour parler du monde actuel.
Dans le « liquide du récit »
Authors: Lesage Marie-Christine
Published: January 2015

Daniel Danis, après une série impressionnante de pièces tout au long de la décennie 1993-2003, amorce un virage majeur au milieu des années 2000 en poursuivant un programme exploratoire de formes scéniques audacieuses et souvent déroutantes. L’analyse, ici, porte sur le contexte théâtral au seuil du nouveau millénaire et sur le devenir scénique d’un auteur dramatique dès lors qu’il prend les commandes du plateau. C’est le statut même du texte qui s’en trouve relativisé — mais non évacué —, alors que s’offre à l’écrivain de plateau plusieurs langages, notamment audiovisuel et scénographique, sans oublier la gestuelle et la profération des acteurs, pour ne pas dire des performeurs. Émerge ainsi un imaginaire radicalement sensoriel, qui renonce à élaborer une fable pleine au profit d’un paysage mental, livré aux associations libres du spectateur.
Étude descriptive de l’évaluation de comorbidité psychiatrique en déficience intellectuelle adulte
Authors: Brisson Anick , Bolduc Michel , Jourdan-Ionescu Colette
Published: January 2015

Cet article exploratoire discute de l’apport de l’examen cognitif dans l’évaluation de comorbidité psychiatrique en déficience intellectuelle (DI), comme le trouble déficit de l’attention/hyperactivité  (TDA/H). Treize adultes (deux avec DI et TDA/H en comorbidité et onze avec DI sans TDA/H) de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec sont évalués sur dix domaines cognitifs. Les résultats sont en partie déficitaires, avec une variabilité intra-sujet. Malgré la petite taille de l’échantillon, les difficultés cognitives des participants adultes avec DI et TDA/H ne semblent pas plus importantes que celles de participants sans TDA/H. En conclusion, l’évaluation cognitive d’adultes DI apparaît pertinente qualitativement, mais discutable quantitativement. Les limites de cette étude exploratoire et les directions futures sont également discutées.
La fratrie d’adultes porteurs de trisomie 21 : une approche à partir des représentations comparées des frères et soeurs et des parents d’adultes avec trisomie 21
Authors: Lemoine Lise , Schneider Benoît
Published: January 2015

Les relations fraternelles au sein d’une famille dont un des enfants devenu adulte est porteur de trisomie 21 ont été peu étudiées. Ces relations, construites durant les années d’enfance, se posent de façon particulière lors de la vie adulte dans la mesure où la responsabilité de l’accompagnement de l’adulte avec handicap pourra nécessiter un relais lorsque les parents vont avancer en âge. Cette question prend d’autant plus d’importance que l’espérance de vie des personnes avec trisomie 21 s’accroît. Cette recherche vise à comprendre la spécificité des relations fraternelles. Elle s’appuie sur le point de vue comparé des deux générations. Elle a été conduite auprès de 43 frères et soeurs adultes et de 57 parents d’adultes avec trisomie 21. La présente recherche par questionnaire – à exploitation quantitative et qualitative – appréhende la nature de ces relations en prenant en compte le contexte de vie des adultes avec trisomie 21 : insertion professionnelle en milieu ordinaire, en Etablissement et Service d'Aide par le Travail, accueil en Foyer d'Accueil Spécialisé et retour en famille.
Unprecedented genomic diversity of RNA viruses in arthropods reveals the ancestry of negative-sense RNA viruses
Authors: Li Ci-Xiu , Shi Mang , Tian Jun-Hua , Lin Xian-Dan , Kang Yan-Jun , Chen Liang-Jun , Qin Xin-Cheng , Xu Jianguo , Holmes Edward C , Zhang Yong-Zhen
Published: January 2015

Although arthropods are important viral vectors, the biodiversity of arthropod viruses, as well as the role that arthropods have played in viral origins and evolution, is unclear. Through RNA sequencing of 70 arthropod species we discovered 112 novel viruses that appear to be ancestral to much of the documented genetic diversity of negative-sense RNA viruses, a number of which are also present as endogenous genomic copies. With this greatly enriched diversity we revealed that arthropods contain viruses that fall basal to major virus groups, including the vertebrate-specific arenaviruses, filoviruses, hantaviruses, influenza viruses, lyssaviruses, and paramyxoviruses. We similarly documented a remarkable diversity of genome structures in arthropod viruses, including a putative circular form, that sheds new light on the evolution of genome organization. Hence, arthropods are a major reservoir of viral genetic diversity and have likely been central to viral evolution.
Experimental investigation of the aggregation‐disaggregation of colliding volcanic ash particles in turbulent, low‐humidity suspensions
Authors: Del Bello Elisabetta , Taddeucci Jacopo , Scarlato Piergiorgio , Giacalone Emanuele , Cesaroni Claudio
Published: January 2015

We present the results of laboratory experiments on the aggregation and disaggregation of colliding volcanic ash particles. Ash particles of different composition and size <90 µm were held in turbulent suspension and filmed in high speed while colliding, aggregating, and disaggregating, forming a growing layer of electrostatically bound particles along a vertical plate. At room conditions and regardless of composition, 60–80% of the colliding particles smaller than 32 µm remained aggregated. In contrast, aggregation of particles larger than 63 µm was negligible, and, when a layer formed, periods when disaggregation (mainly by collisions or drag) exceeded aggregation occurred twice as frequently than for smaller particles. An empirical relationship linking the aggregation index, i.e., the effective fraction of aggregated particles surviving disaggregation, to the mean particle collision kinetic energy is provided. Our results have potential implications on the dynamics of volcanic plumes and ash mobility in the environment.
Stochastic modeling of decadal variability in ocean gyres
Authors: Kondrashov D. , Berloff P.
Published: January 2015

Decadal large‐scale low‐frequency variability of the ocean circulation due to its nonlinear dynamics remains a big challenge for theoretical understanding and practical ocean modeling. This paper presents a novel fully data driven approach that addresses this challenge. Proposed is non‐Markovian low‐order methodology with stochastic closure and use of mode decomposition by multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis. The multilayer stochastic linear model is obtained from the coarse‐grained eddy‐resolving ocean model solution, and with high accuracy it reproduces the main statistical properties of the decadal variability. The proposed methodology does not depend on the governing fluid dynamics equations and geometry of the problem, and it can be extended to other ocean models and ultimately to the real data.
Interplanetary magnetic field and solar cycle dependence of Northern Hemisphere F region joule heating
Authors: Bjoland L. M. , Chen X. , Jin Y. , Reimer A. S. , Skjæveland Å. , Wessel M. R. , Burchill J. K. , Clausen L. B. N. , Haaland S. E. , McWilliams K. A.
Published: January 2015

Joule heating in the ionosphere takes place through collisions between ions and neutrals. Statistical maps of F region Joule heating in the Northern Hemisphere polar ionosphere are derived from satellite measurements of thermospheric wind and radar measurements of ionospheric ion convection. Persistent mesoscale heating is observed near postnoon and postmidnight magnetic local time and centered around 70° magnetic latitude in regions of strong relative ion and neutral drift. The magnitude of the Joule heating is found to be largest during solar maximum and for a southeast oriented interplanetary magnetic field. These conditions are consistent with stronger ion convection producing a larger relative flow between ions and neutrals. The global‐scale Joule heating maps quantify persistent (in location) regions of heating that may be used to provide a broader context compared to small‐scale studies of the coupling between the thermosphere and ionosphere.
Upper ocean flow statistics estimated from superresolved sea‐surface temperature images
Authors: Keating Shane R. , Smith K. Shafer
Published: January 2015

Ocean turbulence on scales of 10–50 km plays a key role in biogeochemical processes, frontal dynamics, and tracer transport in the upper ocean, but our understanding of these scales is limited because they are too small to be resolved using extant satellite altimetry products. By contrast, microwave imagery of the sea‐surface temperature field does resolve these scales and can be used to estimate the upper ocean flow field due to the strong correlation between the surface density field and the interior potential vorticity. However, because the surface density (or temperature) is a smoothed version of the geostrophic stream function, the resulting velocity field estimates are limited to scales of 100–300 km in the first few hundred meters of the water column. A method is proposed for generating superresolved sea‐surface temperature images using direct low‐resolution (microwave) temperature observations in combination with an empirical parameterization for the unresolved scales modeled on statistical information from high‐resolution (infrared) imagery. Because the method relies only on the statistics of the small‐scale field, it is insensitive to data outages due to cloud cover that affect infrared observations. The method enhances the effective resolution of the temperature images by exploiting the effect of spatial aliasing and generates an optimal estimate of the small‐scale temperature field using standard Bayesian inference. The technique is tested in quasigeostrophic simulations driven by realistic climatological shear and stratification profiles for three contrasting regions at high, middle, and low latitudes. The resulting superresolved sea‐surface temperature images are then used to estimate the three‐dimensional velocity field in the upper ocean on scales of 10–50 km.
Seasonal variation in the South China Sea deep circulation
Authors: Lan Jian , Wang Yu , Cui Fengjuan , Zhang Ningning
Published: January 2015

The previous studies show that the SCS deep circulation is featured by a basin‐scale cyclonic gyre. On the basis of the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), this study attempts to examine its seasonal variability and to investigate the driving mechanism. During summer season, the basin‐scale cyclonic gyre is dominant and strong, corresponding to higher value of the deepwater overflow transport. During winter season, the basin‐scale cyclonic gyre can hardly be identified, corresponding to lower value of the deepwater overflow transport. The control run and the SODA show the similar results. Two sensitivity experiments are designed to investigate what could be possible responsible for the seasonal variation in the SCS deep circulation. The results reveal that the deepwater overflow through the Luzon Strait contributes to the seasonal variability of the SCS deep circulation, and the seasonal variation of the surface forcings have less influence on that. The mechanism is related to the potential vorticity flux by the deepwater overflow.
An interdecadal regime shift in rainfall predictability related to the Ningaloo Niño in the late 1990s
Authors: Doi Takeshi , Behera Swadhin K. , Yamagata Toshio
Published: January 2015

The global warming and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) started influencing the coastal ocean off Western Australia, leading to a dramatic change in the regional climate predictability. The warmer ocean started driving rainfall variability regionally there after the late 1990s. Because of this, rainfall predictability near the coastal region of Western Australia on a seasonal time scale was drastically enhanced in the late 1990s; it is significantly predictable 5 months ahead after the late 1990s. The high prediction skill of the rainfall in recent decades is very encouraging and would help to develop an early warning system of Ningaloo Niño/Niña events to mitigate possible societal as well as agricultural impacts in the granary of Western Australia.
Improving representation of convective transport for scale‐aware parameterization: 2. Analysis of cloud‐resolving model simulations
Authors: Liu Yi‐Chin , Fan Jiwen , Zhang Guang J. , Xu Kuan‐Man , Ghan Steven J.
Published: January 2015

Following Part I, in which 3‐D cloud‐resolving model (CRM) simulations of a squall line and mesoscale convective complex in the midlatitude continental and the tropical regions are conducted and evaluated, we examine the scale dependence of eddy transport of water vapor, evaluate different eddy transport formulations, and improve the representation of convective transport across all scales by proposing a new formulation that more accurately represents the CRM‐calculated eddy flux. CRM results show that there are strong grid‐spacing dependencies of updraft and downdraft fractions regardless of altitudes, cloud life stage, and geographical location. As for the eddy transport of water vapor, updraft eddy flux is a major contributor to total eddy flux in the lower and middle troposphere. However, downdraft eddy transport can be as large as updraft eddy transport in the lower atmosphere especially at the mature stage of midlatitude continental convection. We show that the single‐updraft approach significantly underestimates updraft eddy transport of water vapor because it fails to account for the large internal variability of updrafts, while a single downdraft represents the downdraft eddy transport of water vapor well. We find that using as few as three updrafts can account for the internal variability of updrafts well. Based on the evaluation with the CRM simulated data, we recommend a simplified eddy transport formulation that considers three updrafts and one downdraft. Such formulation is similar to the conventional one but much more accurately represents CRM‐simulated eddy flux across all grid scales.
External influences on the Mertz Glacier Tongue (East Antarctica) in the decade leading up to its calving in 2010
Authors: Massom Robert A. , Giles A. Barry , Warner Roland C. , Fricker Helen A. , Legrésy Benoit , Hyland Glenn , Lescarmontier Lydie , Young Neal
Published: January 2015

The Mertz Glacier Tongue (MGT) in East Antarctica lost ~55% of its floating length in February 2010, when it calved large tabular iceberg C28 (78 × 35 km). We analyze the behavior of the MGT over the preceding 12 years using a variety of satellite data (synthetic aperture radar and Landsat imagery and Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite laser altimetry). Contact of its northwestern tip with the eastern flank of shoals from 2002/2003 caused eastward deflection of the ice flow by up to ~47°. This change contributed to opening of a major rift system ~80 km to the south, along which iceberg C28 eventually calved. Paradoxically, the seabed contact may have also held the glacier tongue in place to delay calving by ~8 years. Our study also reveals the effects of other, more localized external influences on the MGT prior to calving. These include an abrupt sideways displacement of the glacier tongue front by at least ~145 m following an apparent collision with iceberg C08 in early 2002 and calving of numerous small icebergs from the advancing northwestern front due to the “chiseling” action of small grounded icebergs and seabed contact, resulting in the loss of ~36 km2 of ice from 2001 to 2006. The example of the MGT confirms the need for accurate bathymetry in the vicinity of ice shelves and glacier tongues and suggests that the cumulative effect of external factors might be critical to understanding and modeling calving events and ice shelf stability, necessarily on a case‐specific basis.
Land carbon sequestration within the conterminous United States: Regional‐ and state‐level analyses
Authors: Lu Xiaoliang , Kicklighter David W. , Melillo Jerry M. , Reilly John M. , Xu Liyi
Published: January 2015

A quantitative understanding of the rate at which land ecosystems are sequestering or losing carbon at national‐, regional‐, and state‐level scales is needed to develop policies to mitigate climate change. In this study, a new improved historical land use and land cover change data set is developed and combined with a process‐based ecosystem model to estimate carbon sources and sinks in land ecosystems of the conterminous United States for the contemporary period of 2001–2005 and over the last three centuries. We estimate that land ecosystems in the conterminous United States sequestered 323 Tg C yr−1 at the beginning of the 21st century with forests accounting for 97% of this sink. This land carbon sink varied substantially across the conterminous United States, with the largest sinks occurring in the Southeast. Land sinks are large enough to completely compensate fossil fuel emissions in Maine and Mississippi, but nationally, carbon sinks compensate for only 20% of U.S. fossil fuel emissions. We find that regions that are currently large carbon sinks (e.g., Southeast) tend to have been large carbon sources over the longer historical period. Both the land use history and fate of harvested products can be important in determining a region's overall impact on the atmospheric carbon budget. While there are numerous options for reducing fossil fuels (e.g., increase efficiency and displacement by renewable resources), new land management opportunities for sequestering carbon need to be explored. Opportunities include reforestation and managing forest age structure. These opportunities will vary from state to state and over time across the United States.
The Specified Chemistry Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (SC‐WACCM)
Authors: Smith K. L. , Neely R. R. , Marsh D. R. , Polvani L. M.
Published: January 2015

We here present, document and validate a new atmospheric component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1): the Specified Chemistry Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (SC‐WACCM). As the name implies, SC‐WACCM is a middle atmosphere‐resolving model with prescribed, rather than interactive chemistry. Ozone concentrations are specified throughout the atmosphere, using zonal and monthly mean climatologies computed by a companion integration with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). Above 65 km, in addition, the climatological chemical and shortwave heating, nitrogen oxide, atomic and molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide are also prescribed from the companion WACCM integration. We carefully compare the climatology and the climate variability of preindustrial integrations of SC‐WACCM and WACCM each coupled with active land, ocean and sea‐ice components. We note some differences in upper stratospheric and lower mesospheric temperature, just below the 65 km transition level, due to the diurnal ozone cycle that is not captured when monthly mean ozone is used. Nonetheless, we find that the climatology and variability of the stratosphere, the troposphere and surface climate are nearly identical in SC‐WACCM and WACCM. Notably, the frequency and amplitude of Northern Hemisphere stratospheric sudden warmings in the two integrations are not significantly different. Also, we compare WACCM and SC‐WACCM to CCSM4, the “low‐top” version of CESM1, and we find very significant differences in the stratospheric climatology and variability. The removal of the chemistry reduces the computational cost of SC‐WACCM to approximately one half of WACCM: in fact, SC‐WACCM is only 2.5 times more expensive than CCSM4 at the same horizontal resolution. This considerable reduction in computational cost makes the new SC‐WACCM component of CESM1 ideally suited for studies of stratosphere‐troposphere dynamical coupling and, more generally, the role of the stratosphere in the climate system.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fe3O4 @ Polyrhodanine Nanocomposite with Core–Shell Morphology
Authors: Rahmanzadeh Lida , Ghorbani Mohsen , Jahanshahi Mohsen
Published: January 2015

Core‐shell magnetic nanoparticles have received significant attention recently and are actively investigated owing to their large potential for a variety of applications. In this study, the synthesis and characterization properties of magnetite @ polyrhodanine (Fe3O4 @ PRh) core–shell nanoparticles have been investigated. To monitor the morphology, size, structure, thermal stability, and magnetic properties of nanoparticles, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetic analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer were carried out. The results indicate that a thin film of polyrhodanine was coated on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The coated shell of polyrhodanine can protect the Fe3O4 cores from being oxidized. Also, the results presented the crystalline, small size, and high magnetization value for the core–shell structure.
Modified gas‐translation model for prediction of gas permeation through microporous organosilica membranes
Authors: Nagasawa Hiroki , Niimi Takuya , Kanezashi Masakoto , Yoshioka Tomohisa , Tsuru Toshinori
Published: January 2015

A modified gas‐translation (GT) model was applied for the theoretical analysis of gas permeation through microporous organosilica membranes derived from bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTESE) via a sol–gel method using different water/alkoxide molar ratios. The pore sizes of BTESE‐derived membranes were quantitatively determined by normalized Knudsen‐based permeance analysis, which was based on a modified‐GT model, using experimentally obtained permeances of He, H2, N2, C3H8, and SF6. The pore sizes of BTESE‐derived membranes were successfully controlled from 0.65 to 0.46 nm by increasing the H2O/BTESE ratio from 6 to 240. Furthermore, theoretical correlations of all possible pairs of permeance ratios were calculated based on the modified‐GT model. The experimental data were in good agreement with the theoretical correlation curves, indicating that the modified‐GT model can clearly explain gas permeation mechanisms through microporous membranes, and, thus, can be used to predict the gas permeation properties for these membranes. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 4199–4210, 2014
Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is diagnosed late in patients with preexisting plasma cell dyscrasias
Authors: Kourelis Taxiarchis V. , Kumar Shaji K. , Go Ronald S. , Kapoor Prashant , Kyle Robert A. , Buadi Francis K. , Gertz Morie A. , Lacy Martha Q. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Leung Nelson , Dingli David , Lust John A. , Lin Yi , Zeldenrust Stephen R. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Dispenzieri Angela
Published: January 2015

AL amyloidosis (AL) is rare and frequently remains undiagnosed until organ function is compromised, even among patients with known pre‐existing untreated plasma cell dyscrasias (PCD). We identified 168 patients with AL amyloidosis who had a prior untreated PCD. The earliest symptom or sign (s/s) was defined as the first symptom reported by the patient that could be attributed to organ dysfunction caused by AL. The interval from the time of development of s/s to the establishment of diagnosis of AL (Interval‐SA) was calculated. PCD diagnosis preceded recorded onset of s/s in 75% (114/152) of patients, with a median interval‐SA for this group of 10 months. PCD was diagnosed after s/s in 25% (38/152) of patients, with a median interval‐SA of 20 months. Overall survival (OS) from diagnosis of AL was not different between the two groups. AL amyloidosis patients with an identified pre‐existing PCD had less advanced cardiac disease at AL diagnosis when compared to a control group of AL patients without preidentified PCD. Long‐term OS was not significantly superior among patients with a pre‐identified PCD. In patients with “asymptomatic” PCD, symptoms and signs of AL amyloidosis should be solicited, since timely diagnosis is important in AL amyloidosis. Am. J. Hematol. 89:1051–1054, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clotting Activity of Polyphosphate‐Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Kudela Damien , Smith Stephanie A. , May‐Masnou Anna , Braun Gary B. , Pallaoro Alessia , Nguyen Chi K. , Chuong Tracy T. , Nownes Sara , Allen Riley , Parker Nicholas R. , Rashidi Hooman H. , Morrissey James H. , Stucky Galen D.
Published: January 2015

We present a silica nanoparticle (SNP) functionalized with polyphosphate (polyP) that accelerates the natural clotting process of the body. SNPs initiate the contact pathway of the blood‐clotting system; short‐chain polyP accelerates the common pathway by the rapid formation of thrombin, which enhances the overall blood‐clotting system, both by accelerating fibrin generation and by facilitating the regulatory anticoagulation mechanisms essential for hemostasis. Analysis of the clotting properties of bare SNPs, bare polyP, and polyP‐functionalized SNPs in plasma demonstrated that the attachment of polyP to SNPs to form polyP‐SNPs creates a substantially enhanced synergistic effect that lowers clotting time and increases thrombin production at low concentrations. PolyP‐SNP even retains its clotting function at ambient temperature. The polyP‐SNP system has the potential to significantly improve trauma‐treatment protocols and outcomes in hospital and prehospital settings.
Application of the Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III)/(II) Redox Couple in p‐Type Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Perera Ishanie Rangeeka , Daeneke Torben , Makuta Satoshi , Yu Ze , Tachibana Yasuhiro , Mishra Amaresh , Bäuerle Peter , Ohlin C. André , Bach Udo , Spiccia Leone
Published: January 2015

An electrolyte based on the tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III)/(II) redox couple ([Fe(acac)3]0/1−) was developed for p‐type dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Introduction of a NiO blocking layer on the working electrode and the use of chenodeoxycholic acid in the electrolyte enhanced device performance by improving the photocurrent. Devices containing [Fe(acac)3]0/1− and a perylene–thiophene–triphenylamine sensitizer (PMI–6T–TPA) have the highest reported short‐circuit current (JSC=7.65 mA cm−2), and energy conversion efficiency (2.51 %) for p‐type DSSCs coupled with a fill factor of 0.51 and an open‐circuit voltage VOC=645 mV. Measurement of the kinetics of dye regeneration by the redox mediator revealed that the process is diffusion limited as the dye‐regeneration rate constant (1.7×108 M−1 s−1) is very close to the maximum theoretical rate constant of 3.3×108 M−1 s−1. Consequently, a very high dye‐regeneration yield (>99 %) could be calculated for these devices.
A General and Mild Catalytic α‐Alkylation of Unactivated Esters Using Alcohols
Authors: Guo Le , Ma Xiaochen , Fang Huaquan , Jia Xiangqing , Huang Zheng
Published: January 2015

Catalytic α‐alkylation of esters with primary alcohols is a desirable process because it uses low‐toxicity agents and generates water as the by‐product. Reported herein is a NCP pincer/Ir catalyst which is highly efficient for α‐alkylation of a broad scope of unactivated esters under mild reaction conditions. For the first time, alcohols alkylate unactivated α‐substituted acyclic esters, lactones, and even methyl and ethyl acetates. This method can be applied to the synthesis of carboxylic acid derivatives with diverse structures and functional groups, some of which would be impossible to access by conventional enolate alkylations with alkyl halides.
Zethrene and Dibenzozethrene: Masked Biradical Molecules?
Authors: Hsieh Ya‐Chu , Fang Hau‐Yu , Chen Yi‐Ting , Yang Rong , Yang Chen‐I , Chou Pi‐Tai , Kuo Ming‐Yu , Wu Yao‐Ting
Published: January 2015

The syntheses, structures, and physical properties of dibenzozethrenes were explored. The results thus obtained were compared with those for zethrenes. Dibenzozethrenes were synthesized by the nickel‐catalyzed cyclodimerization of 9‐ethynyl‐1‐iodoanthracenes. The substituents in zethrene and dibenzozethrene twisted their backbones, and remarkably influenced their properties. Unlike closed‐shell disubstituted derivatives, the parent zethrene and dibenzozethrene are singlet open‐shell biradicals, which were studied by variable‐temperature 1H NMR, ESR, SQUID and computational methods. Since substituents were observed to affect significantly the biradical properties, the relevant mechanisms were analyzed. The nonlinear optical performance of each of these compounds depends on its π‐conjugation and biradical properties. Dibenzozethrenes have larger two‐photon absorption cross‐sections than zethrenes, as most strongly evidenced by the parent dibenzothrene [σmax=4323 GM at 530 nm].
Eine Enzymkaskade zur Synthese von ε‐Caprolacton und dessen Oligomeren
Authors: Schmidt Sandy , Scherkus Christian , Muschiol Jan , Menyes Ulf , Winkler Till , Hummel Werner , Gröger Harald , Liese Andreas , Herz Hans‐Georg , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: January 2015

In industriellem Maßstab wird Poly‐ε‐caprolacton (PCL) gegenwärtig nur chemisch produziert, wobei mit Peressigsäure ein gefährliches Reagens als Oxidationsmittel genutzt wird. Baeyer‐Villiger‐Monooxygenasen (BVMOs) ermöglichen im Prinzip die enzymatische Synthese von ε‐Caprolacton (ε‐CL) direkt ausgehend von Cyclohexanon mit molekularem Sauerstoff, doch gegenwärtige Systeme leiden unter niedriger Produktivität sowie Substrat‐ und Produktinhibierung. Wir überwanden wesentliche Limitationen eines solchen biokatalytischen Wegs durch die Kombination einer Alkoholdehydrogenase mit einer BVMO für die effiziente Oxidation von Cyclohexanol zu ε‐CL. Entscheidend war die direkte Ringöffnungs‐Oligomerisierung des in situ gebildeten ε‐CL in wässriger Phase unter Nutzung der Lipase A aus Candida antarctica. So wurde das Problem der Produktinhibierung gelöst, und Oligo‐ε‐CL wurde mit >20 g L−1 ausgehend von 200 mM Cyclohexanol erhalten. Dieses Oligomer konnte chemisch leicht zu PCL polymerisiert werden.
Preparation and characterization of composite hydrogels based on crosslinked hyaluronic acid and sodium alginate
Authors: Chen Yong‐Hao , Li Jun , Hao Yan‐Bin , Qi Jian‐Xun , Dong Ning‐Guang , Wu Chun‐Lin , Wang Qiang
Published: January 2015

In this study, a novel composite hydrogel with improved cellular structure and mechanical properties was prepared by the crosslinking of hyaluronic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (SAL). The amide linkages (covalent bonds) in the hydrogel that we expected to form were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hydrogels had a pore size larger than 100 μm and were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Texture profile analysis indicated that the hardness of the hydrogels was enhanced by an increase in the polymer's concentration, but it declined with an increase in the HA/SAL molar ratio. The swelling capacity was reduced with increases in the polymer's concentration and the 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethyl aminopropyl)‐1‐carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/HA molar ratio, and it was enhanced by an increase in the HA/SAL molar ratio. The resistance against hyaluronidase was negatively correlated with the proportion of HA in the hydrogels and positively correlated with the EDC/HA molar ratio. Given the improved physicochemical properties that we produced, these novel hydrogels may have the potential to be applied in tissue engineering scaffolding. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41898.