bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology Focus: Artificial Lift (July 2015)
Authors: Berry Mike
Published: June 2016

Technology Focus

I have been in the oil-extraction business for a long time, and I have seen more boom/ bust cycles than I care to remember. We have started another down cycle, but I have hopes that the rapid decline rate of horizontal wells will make it a short one. One thing this cycle has in common with all of the other down cycles the industry has been through is that most companies ignore the opportunities a down cycle presents. During a boom, companies tend to focus on how much they are making, not how much they are spending. If a USD 250,000 electrical submersible pump (ESP) fails after 30 days, it is just replaced, usually before anyone knows why it failed. The new one will pay out in a few days, and no one can tolerate deferring revenue. This amount also reflects a senior engineer’s salary and benefits for a year, but this can pass notice in a boom. Meanwhile, that senior engineer who should be looking at why the ESP lasted only 30 days is doing well to find time to turn in an approval-for-expenditure form for the replacement ESP.

No one notices each instance, but it is not at all unusual for a horizontal well to see three or four artificial-lift installations the first few months of its life. No one who works in horizontal-well artificial lift can doubt that tens of millions, if not hundreds of millions, of dollars are wasted by industry in a boom.

When a bust arrives (and it will arrive), it presents an opportunity to review those failures. It presents an opportunity to update (or maybe create) failure tracking databases and maybe get in a little training or go to a couple of conferences. It presents an opportunity to see what has and has not worked and, more importantly, to document what does and what does not work so that, when the next boom arrives (and it will arrive), you are prepared with trained personnel and best practices so that maybe you will not throw away quite so much money.

Instead, what happens is that companies tend to see a zero-sum game (for this quarter). Employees sometimes are not viewed as assets. Companies do not see what their staff can save; they just see what they cost. So what happens? Corporate tells the divisions to reduce expenses by X. Local managers may see the value of their personnel and see the opportunities, but they no longer have the latitude to act accordingly. So now, when the next boom arrives, you are just as short-handed, you still do not know what does and does not work, and resources are still being squandered. I selected these papers because they were submitted by authors who somehow found the time to use their heads to increase production or reduce failure rates with what they had. They demonstrate what engineers can accomplish if they are allowed to function as engineers instead of project managers. JPT
Use of a CO2-Hybrid Fracturing Design To Enhance Production
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: June 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 173380, “Use of a CO2-Hybrid Fracturing Design To Enhance Production From Unpropped-Fracture Networks,” by Lionel H. Ribeiro, Huina Li, and Jason E. Bryant, Statoil, prepared for the 2015 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 3–5 February. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

This paper introduces a new carbon dioxide (CO2) -hybrid fracturing-fluid design that intends to improve production from ultratight reservoirs and reduces freshwater usage. The authors present simulation work that demonstrates how CO2, with its low viscosity, can extend the bottomhole treating pressure deeper into the reservoir and generate a larger producible surface area. They also present experimental evidence that CO2 leaves behind higher unpropped-fracture conductivities than slickwater (hereafter designated as FR water).

Introduction

The theory of improved recovery with the CO2-hybrid fracturing design is predicated on the assumption that current stimulation treatments with water- based fluids understimulate the reservoir by leaving behind damaged (conductivity-inhibited) stimulated regions deeper in the reservoir. Conversely, CO2 can improve drainage and recovery from these unpropped regions by (1) extending the bottomhole treating pressure deeper into the reservoir, (2) improving the stimulated fracture coverage by increasing both the number of stimulated fractures and their density (number of fractures per unit of volume), and (3) improving the conductivity of the stimulated unpropped channels.

The ambition is that CO2, with its subwater viscosity, can stimulate even more reservoir surface area per unit volume pumped (Fig. 1). To do so, the proposed design is not limited to a simple sequence (CO2 pad followed by gelled slurry) but may also include several variations such as alternated slugs of CO2 and gelled slurry to enhance the fingering of CO2 through high-viscosity slugs, or low-viscosity alternatives to CO2 such as nitrogen or compressed gas.

Cracked-Core-Conductivity Experiments

One of the key hypotheses in the success of the CO2-hybrid design is that a large portion of the stimulated surface area contributes significantly to production. If this is the case, stimulated unpropped fractures bolster the effective drainage area and accelerate production. To test this hypothesis, we conducted cracked-core- conductivity experiments on Middle Bakken samples for three fracturing fluids (CO2, base water, and FR water). The experimental procedures and results are discussed in detail in the complete paper.
GESTÃO EM SAÚDE - DO EMPIRISMO À PROFISSIONALIZAÇÃO: UM ESTUDO DE CASO EM INSTITUIÇÃO DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Authors: Müller Vanessa Cabral , Martins Douglas Ames , Fossatti Paulo , Güths Henrique , Ribeiro Debora Veber
Published: June 2016

Resumo: A competitividade na área da saúde está cada vez mais acirrada. O atual cenário faz com que as organizações busquem meios para melhorar seus processos internos, reduzir os custos e facilitar a tomada de decisões. Este trabalho tem por objetivo mostrar a importância do uso das ferramentas de gestão nos processos internos das Clínicas integradas da Saúde (CIS) de uma Instituição se Ensino Superior (IES) do sul do Brasil. Metodologia: Os procedimentos metodológicos deram-se por diário de campo, análise documental (relatório de indicadores semestral, prontuários de atendimentos, lista de espera e presença e outros registros). Para melhor compreensão da análise dos dados, realizou-se uma entrevista com o secretário das CIS. Resultados: A análise dos dados evidencia os seguintes resultados: Não padronização dos processos de atendimento; Prontuários incompletos; Indefinições das atribuições comprometem as atividades das CIS. Conclusão: Com este estudo, observa-se que as CIS têm uma grande potencialidade para a melhora da gestão e da qualidade dos serviços. Embora os objetivos acadêmicos estejam sendo contemplados pelas atividades práticas, o uso de ferramentas de gestão adequadas podem fornecer, entre outros aspectos, indicadores para melhorias dos processos.
Evaluation of iron-coated ZSM-5 zeolite for removal of As(III) from aqueous solutions in batch and column systems
Authors: Ezati Saeid , Souri Bubak , Maleki Afshin
Published: June 2016

Influential parameters to produce iron-coated ZSM-5 zeolite including iron loading concentration, calcination temperature and time, synthesis temperature and mixing intensity were investigated. Results showed that the optimized iron-coated ZSM-5 nano-adsorbent is produced if 40 wt.% iron loading concentration at 30 °C synthesis temperature under 60 rpm mixing intensity and 400 °C calcination temperature for 3 h are applied. Also, optimization of some parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature for removal of arsenite from aqueous solution with 400 μg/L initial concentration was considered. Evidently, the highest adsorption of arsenite occurred under pH 7, adsorbent dose 2.5 g/L, contact time 30 min and temperature 40 °C. Kinetic and isotherm models studied showed that arsenite adsorption by iron-coated ZSM-5 follows a pseudo-third-order equation and well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model. Evaluation showed that the optimized iron-coated ZSM-5 zeolite is able to remove up to 98.37% of arsenite under the best conditions in a batch reactor. For the column system, arsenite concentration range of 0.04–97.53 μg/L in output at 1–35 min interval was confirmed and the breakthrough curve showed that iron-coated ZSM-5 nano-adsorbent was saturated after 215 min whereas Fe, pH and EC measured in output solution were 0.90 mg/L, 6.65 and 148.40 μs/cm, respectively.
Discussion about initial runoff and volume capture ratio of annual rainfall
Authors: Zhang Kun , Che Wu , Zhang Wei , Zhao Yang
Published: June 2016

In recent years, runoff pollution from urban areas has become a major concern all over the world. But there exists a worldwide confusion about how much stormwater should be captured for the purpose of runoff pollution control. Furthermore, the construction cost and pollution control efficiency are closely linked with the size of stormwater facilities, which is then related to the first flush (FF) phenomenon and volume capture ratio of annual rainfall (VCRa). Based on this background, analysis of the random and changeable characteristics of the occurrence of FF was carried out first, which was proved to vary with catchment characteristics and pollutant types. Secondly, the distribution of design rainfall depth toward 85% VCRa in China and its causes have been analyzed. Thirdly, the relationship between initial runoff and VCRa has been studied at both conceptual and numerical levels, and the change rule of VCRa along with design rainfall depth in different regions has been studied. The limitation of initial runoff has been illustrated from the perspective of runoff characteristics of single rainfall events in the first part, and from the perspective of regional differences in the two subsequent parts.
Eficacia de la terapia de ondas de choque como alternativa de tratamiento en lesiones del manguito rotador
Authors: Del Gordo-D´Amato Roberto Joaquín , Trout-Guardiola Guillermo Orlando , Acuña-Pinilla José
Published: June 2016

Las lesiones del manguito rotador resultan motivo de consulta frecuente en pacientes mayores. La mayoría de las veces no existen antecedentes traumáticos agudos generando limitación progresiva en actividades la vida diaria (AVD). El objetivo de este estudio es mostrar resultados en tendinosis del manguito rotador, en pacientes tratados con terapia de ondas de choque extracorpóreas (TOCE). Se realiza un estudio observacional descriptivo prospectivo en el cual presentan resultados clínicos y funcionales en pacientes con lesión descrita, tratados con TOCE con pobre respuesta a tratamientos convencionales y cuadros clínicos de larga data mediante la aplicación de Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) del dolor y valoración del rango de movilidad. La mayor presencia de lesión se presentó en mujeres 63.6%. El hombro mayormente afectado fue derecho en un 63.6%. Se encontró cambios significativos en EVA pre y post tratamiento con medias de 7.9 y 0.5 respectivamente y diferencia estadística p<0.001. Igualmente se evidenció diferencia estadísticamente significativa de los diferentes rangos de movimiento pre y post tratamiento p<0.001. Se concluye que la TOCE es un método eficaz en el tratamiento de las tendinosis del manguito rotador con alivio del dolor y retorno a niveles funcionales.
Editorial
Authors: Ceballos Ospino Guillermo Augusto
Published: June 2016

Estimados lectores, les doy la bienvenida a nuestro primer número del año 2016, no sin antes comentarles que es todo un reto para mí volver a ser editor de nuestra querida revista DUAZARY, de la cual fui su “creador y primer editor”, bajo la guía de varias personas que prefiero no mencionar para no correr el riesgo de dejar a alguno en el olvido.
Representación social de la memoria en una muestra universitaria de ingeniería de sistemas y antropología
Authors: Rodríguez de Ávila Ubaldo , Espitia Correa Joseph Luciano , Montenegro Arroyave Walberto Enrique , Ortiz Rúa Faissulys Milena , Suárez Colorado Yuly Paola
Published: June 2016

Objetivo: A partir de las representaciones sociales (RS) se establecen las concepciones que determinarían la opinión, actitudes e intereses de los individuos. Materiales y métodos: El presente es un estudio cualitativo de tipo descriptivo y diseño transversal, que tuvo por objetivo identificar la RS de la memoria en estudiantes universitarios. La muestra estuvo conformada por 60 sujetos estudiantes de antropología e ingeniería de sistemas con edades entre 16 a 30 años (Media = 21,35 Desv. Tip = 3,3), quienes fueron evaluados por medio de una entrevista semiestructurada, en la que se indagó sobre la definición de la memoria y el universo semántico del constructo mediante la técnica de asociación libre. Resultados: La información obtenida fue manejada mediante las teorías de análisis del discurso y del contenido; los resultados arrojaron cuatro categorías relacionadas con la memoria: neuropsicológicas, culturales, experienciales y tecnológicas, las cuales fueron posteriormente contrastadas con las teorías científicas existentes.
Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall: The Mirror Effect in Jean Anouilh’s Le voyageur sans bagage
Authors: Christiansen Hope
Published: June 2016

Widely regarded as Anouilh’s first mature play and first critical success, Le voyageur sans bagage features Gaston, a World War I amnesia victim who, after almost two decades in an asylum, is pressured by a philanthropic Duchess to find his family. She escorts him to the family she prefers, whose missing member was an unsavoury character bearing no resemblance to the person Gaston believes himself to be. The plot centres on Gaston’s struggles to come to terms with a past that horrifies him. The play has garnered little scholarly attention; the few existing studies look broadly at Anouilh’s generic categories, the play’s anti-war theme, or its final plot twist. What has not been explored is an element informing the play at every turn: mirroring or dédoublement. This article shows how the myriad instances of mirroring or doubling highlight the duality inherent in Anouilh’s protagonist.
Indoktrination oder Innovation?
Authors: Niethammer Verena
Published: June 2016

Indoctrination or Innovation? Educational Film as a New Teaching Medium under National Socialism

Seit 1934 wurden im Deutschen Reich von einer zentralen Stelle, der
Reichsstelle für den Unterrichtsfilm (RfdU) und seinem Nachfolger der Reichsanstalt
für Film und Bild in Wissenschaft und Unterricht (RWU), stumme, schwarz-weiße
Unterrichtsfilme als Lehrmedien für allgemeinbildende Schulen hergestellt. Von
der filmpädagogischen Diskussion begleitet, entwickelt die Filmgattung bereits
in ihrer Frühzeit spezifische Erzähl- und Darstellungsweisen, bei denen innovative
Filmtechniken und Verfahren zum Einsatz kommen. Aufgrund der Entstehungszeit
zwischen 1934 bis 1944 werden die RWU-Filme heute verdächtigt, primär der Indoktrination
der Schüler gedient zu haben. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand ausgewählter
Unterrichtsfilme und unter Berücksichtigung der RWU-Gesamtproduktion
dargelegt, dass – obwohl kaum direkte Spuren von nationalsozialistischer Ideologie
auszumachen sind – ein zweiter Blick auf den damaligen Film als Lehrmedium
nötig ist. Mit Hilfe filmanalytischer Verfahren werden hier wiederkehrende Themen
und visuellen Stereotype ausgemacht, welche die Einstellungen der Zielgruppe
prägen konnten.
RAF-Spielfilme im Geschichtsunterricht
Authors: Gerber Sophia E.
Published: June 2016

RAF-Feature Films in History Lessons

1970 gründete eine kleine Gruppe radikaler Linker, die ursprünglich in
der frühen Studentenbewegung Westdeutschlands angesiedelt war (Andreas
Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler und Ulrike Meinhof) die Rote Armee Fraktion,
RAF. Seit den frühen 1970er Jahren bis 1998 beging diese militante Gruppe zahlreiche
Terrorakte, besonders Ende 1977 als sie eine Nationalkrise auslöste, die als
der Deutsche Herbst bekannt geworden ist. Über einen Zeitraum von fast dreißig
Jahren ist sie verantwortlich zu machen für zahlreiche Verletzungen und vierunddreißig
Tode, zu denen auch viele sekundäre Ziele wie Chauffeure und Bodyguards
zählen. Obwohl die RAF erheblichen politischen Konflikt provozierte und Verbindungen
ins Ausland aufrechterhielt, wird der Linksterrorismus der RAF in der Regel
im Geschichtsunterricht behandelt. Dieser Artikel untersucht, wie das Thema über
Filme vermittelt werden kann zumal Filmregisseure seit den frühen 1970ern als
sorgfältige Beobachter politischer Ereignisse in Erscheinung treten.
PIVKA-II correlates with INR but not protein C or protein S concentrations in cord blood among newborns
Authors: Teruya M. , Soundar E. , Hui S.R. , Eldin K. , Adcock D. , Teruya J.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND: Protein induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA)-II, inactive precursor of prothrombin, is elevated in vitamin K (VK) deficiency. Our aims were to find the prevalence of VK deficiency in neonates, assess the utility of international normalized ratio (INR) as a screening tool, and explore the relationship between PIVKA-II, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and VK dependent anticoagulants.

METHODS: INR, aPTT, PIVKA-II, and proteins C and S activities were measured in neonatal cord blood prior to VK administration.

RESULTS: We found 45% of neonates had subclinical VK deficiency based on PIVKA-II levels and 7% based on INR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed the utility of INR in detecting >4 ng/mL of PIVKA-II and ROC of the area under the curve was 0.70 (95% CI 0.46–0.92, p = 0.07). Proteins C and S activities were normal for age and did not correlate with PIVKA-II [(r = 0.40, p = 0.14) and (r = 0.29, p = 0.29), respectively]. There was no association between aPTT and PIVKA-II ( p = 0.83).

CONCLUSION: PIVKA-II seems to be a sensitive indicator of mild VK deficiency. Further studies are needed to investigate the lack of relationship between PIVKA-II and functional protein C or S levels.
Authorship in Scientific Papers
Authors: Khan Md Aminul Haque , Parvin Rukhsana , Yeasmeen Tahmina
Published: June 2016

Abstract not availableJ Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2):64-66
Eczema among the Outdoor Diabetic Patients of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) Hospital, Dhaka
Authors: Khan Mohammad Moniruzzaman , Islam Mir Nazrul , Khanum Hamida , Sultana Sohely
Published: June 2016

Background: Eczema is one of the important causes of public health problem. So, we conducted a study to assess the socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, occupation, socio-economic condition, site of lesion, diabetes status etc) and to find out their relationship with the complicated eczema.Objective: The objective of the study was to find out the eczema cases attending in Department of Dermatology of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) Hospital and to identify the surface complications of eczema and the occurrence of eczema among the diabetic patients of BIRDEM Hospital.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among the outdoor diabetic patients attending the Department of Dermatology of BIRDEM Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of 1st September to 31st November, 2014.Results: A total of 600 patients were interviewed. Of them, 60% were female and 40% were male. Among them, majority (29.17%) were in the age group of 4049 years. Most of the subjects (66.67%) were service holders. Majority of the subjects (61.67%) were from low socio-economic status. In majority cases (41.67%) lesions were in hand and in 33.33% in legs. Diabetes was uncontrolled in 76.67% cases and only 15% controlled it and 8.33% controlled strictly.Conclusion: Factors like occupation, diabetes status etc. were found associated with high occurrence of eczema.J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2): 93-96
Suicidal Death due to Organophosphorus Compound Poisoning ? an Experience of 67 Cases
Authors: Khan Nashid Tabassum , Bose Palash Kumar , Haque Syed Tanjilul , Mahmud Sohel , Sultana Rezina
Published: June 2016

Background: Bangladesh is an agro-based country. Suicide by agrochemical compounds are increasing day by day in this country. Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) are commonly used for suicide. Mostly these are used for suicidal purpose in rural areas in our country due to low cost, toxicity and availability.Objective: To find out the relationship of age and sex variation along with the causes that influenced different income group people to ingest OPC for committing suicide.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College during January to December 2010. Data were collected at the time of autopsy and from postmortem examination report of viscera. Viscera were preserved and sent to the Chief Chemical Examiners Office, Dhaka for toxicological analysis.Results: In this study, middle aged subjects (2030 years) were found to commit suicide using OPC in comparison to other age groups. Among the cases male were 57% and female 43%. Poverty was found as the most common cause (20%) of OPC poisoning.Conclusion: Poverty is the leading cause of death of OPC poisoning followed by failure in love and adultery. Business failure, unhappiness in conjugal life, demand for dowry and violence against women are other causes to commit suicide by OPC.J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2): 97-100
A 16-Year-Old Lady with Transformer Oil Poisoning in Intensive Care Unit of Enam Medical College Hospital
Authors: Khanum Easnem , Islam Md Ashraful , Rahman Nelufa Tahera , Islam ASM Rafiqul , Haque Md Rezaul
Published: June 2016

Transformer oil is one kind of highly refined oil which is used as coolant and heat exchanger in different electronic equipments. Poisoning with this oil is a rare type of chemical poisoning as it is not easily available for household purpose. The main constituent of transformer oil is polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) which is responsible for producing toxicity in humans. Chronic exposure with PCB may cause some toxicity such as hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Here we present a case of acute toxicity with transformer oil of a rural woman in Bangladesh who ingested this oil as suicidal attempt. She was managed efficiently through conservative treatment along with artificial ventilation.J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2): 110-113
Images in Clinical Medicine 6(2)
Authors: Parvin Rukhsana , Hossain Mahbub
Published: June 2016

Abstract not availableJ Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2): 114-116
College News 6(2)
Authors: Khan Md Aminul Haque , Parvin Rukhsana
Published: June 2016

Abstract not availableJ Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2): 117
Comparing suctioning techniques used to assist mechanical ventilation: Protecting you and your patients
Authors: Lavigne Mark
Published: June 2016

Removal of patients’ airway secretions is an important ancillary procedure for ensuring the effectiveness of mechanical ventilation (MV). Healthcare professionals may choose the closed suctioning (CS) or open suctioning (OS) method to remove airway secretions. While each procedure adequately achieves its primary purpose, caregivers may prefer CS due to the relative advantages it offers with respect to patient and caregiver safety. To compare closed and open airway suctioning methods with respect to patient and caregiver safety, evaluations of peer-reviewed literature and clinical practice recommendations were conducted. Safety concerns specifically for treated patients were accentuated by recurring emphasis on comparative effects of OS and CS on physiological parameters, which cited more robust disturbances in association with OS. The safety information for caregivers and neighboring patients pertained to an awareness of the potential for bacteria to be inadvertently distributed to caregivers and patient environments during OS, and the preferred choice of CS use to help contain microbial outbreaks in clinical settings. Compared to OS, CS appears to be a safer method, with respect to patients and caregivers for suctioning airway secretions during MV. The benefit of having potentially fewer complications associated with CS compared to OS suggests less overall deleterious impact of suctioning on patients and caregivers, thereby making CS worth the investment.
Hand hygiene and catheter related bacteraemia rates in ICU patients in Latvia during five years, before and after interventions
Authors: Melbarde-Kelmere Agita , Dumpis Uga
Published: June 2016

Implementation of a procedure of evidence-based measures resulted in reduced incidence of catheter related bacteraemia from 13.3 to 2.1 cases per 1000 bed days. This improved the results of patient treatment, and shortened the length of hospitalisation. Correct personnel hand hygiene is one of the infection control measures. The results obtained during the study showed that at the beginning hand hygiene compliance indicators were very low (8%), but after implementing targeted measures, these results improved.
Effect of central line bundle implementation on central line-associated bloodstream infection rates in NICU in KSA
Authors: Ratna Amin Salim , El-Saed Aiman , Alsaif Saif , Tannous Joseph , Dagunton Nimfa , Balkhy Hanan
Published: June 2016

Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) remained a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in neonatal patients admitted to the neonatal ICU (NICU) who require central line insertion for whatever medical reason. Recent introduction of Central line bundle strategies was associated with a drop in the CLABSI rates. Data about the effect of central line bundle on the rate of CLABSI in neonatal patients in Saudi Arabia are lacking. In this prospective targeted surveillance study, we examined the association between central line bundle implementation and the incidence rate of CLABSI in a neonatal ICU in a tertiary teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia during the period between 2009 and 2011. We looked also at the rate of compliance with the CL bundle. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in umbilical catheter- related BSI rate (p= 0.048). Other types of central lines did not show any statistically significant association. The overall catheter utilization ratio was generally higher than that reported by the US National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). The overall CL bundle compliance was below the targeted rate adopted by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). Further efforts towards increasing compliance with central line bundle strategies and reducing the use of central lines is needed to further decrease of the current rates of CLABSI in our NICU. Other factors contributing to the development of CLABSI, which were not explored in this study, need to be examined as well.
The frequency of hospital-acquired infections in Mousavi Hospital Zanjan, Iran
Authors: Kamali aghdam Mojtaba , Sadeghzadeh Mansour , Fallah Ramezan , Motamdinasab Elaheh
Published: June 2016

Hospital-acquired infections occur in 5 to 10% of admitted patients in hospital. It is one of the main reasons for death of many hospitalized patients especially in developing countries. Therefore, finding ways to control these infections should be a priority and certainly the first step in achieving this goal. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of hospital-acquired infections and related factors in Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan, Iran. The demographic data and data about the kind of infection, admission, duration and the ward of admission were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 16.0. Among 34102 admitted patients from 21st March 2013 to 21st March 2014 in Mousavi hospital in Zanjan, Iran, 206 (0.6%) patients, 141 (68.4%) male and 65 (31.6%) female, met the criteria of hospital-acquired infections. The highest frequency was in the burn ward with 82 (20.55%) patients. The most common type of infections were surgical site infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, sepsis and eye infection respectively. There was a significant correlation between the type of hospital-acquired infections and hospital wards (P=0.0001). The rate of hospital-acquired infections in this study is lower than other studies, which can be due to an effective way of infection control with continuous surveillance and health education for hospital staffs. However, poor diagnostic methods and failure in the reporting system of infections should be considered.
Synthesis of 2-substituted tetraphenylenes via transition-metal-catalyzed derivatization of tetraphenylene
Authors: Pan Shulei , Jiang Hang , Zhang Yanghui , Zhang Yu , Chen Dushen
Published: June 2016

A new strategy for the synthesis of 2-substituted tetraphenylenes through a transition-metal-catalyzed derivatization has been developed. Three types of functionalities, including OAc, X (Cl, Br, I) and carbonyl, were introduced onto tetraphenylene, which allows the easy access to a variety of monosubstituted tetraphenylenes. These reactions could accelerate research on the properties and application of tetraphenylene derivatives.
THE X-SHAPED BULGE OF THE MILKY WAY REVEALED BY WISE
Authors: Ness Melissa , Lang Dustin
Published: June 2016

The Milky Way bulge has a boxy/peanut morphology and an X-shaped structure. This X-shape has been revealed by the “split in the red clump” from star counts along the line of sight toward the bulge, measured from photometric surveys. This boxy, X-shaped bulge morphology is not unique to the Milky Way and such bulges are observed in other barred spiral galaxies. N-body simulations show that boxy and X-shaped bulges are formed from the disk via dynamical instabilities. It has also been proposed that the Milky Way bulge is not X-shaped, but rather, the apparent split in the red clump stars is a consequence of different stellar populations, in an old classical spheroidal bulge. We present a Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) image of the Milky Way bulge, produced by downsampling the publicly available “unWISE” coadds. The WISE image of the Milky Way bulge shows that the X-shaped nature of the Milky Way bulge is self-evident and irrefutable. The X-shape morphology of the bulge in itself and the fraction of bulge stars that comprise orbits within this structure has important implications for the formation history of the Milky Way, and, given the ubiquity of boxy X-shaped bulges, spiral galaxies in general.
BOLOMETRIC FLUX ESTIMATION FOR COOL EVOLVED STARS
Authors: Belle Gerard T. van , J. Creech-Eakman Michelle , E. Ruiz-Velasco Alma
Published: June 2016

Estimation of bolometric fluxes

is an essential component of stellar effective temperature determination with optical and near-infrared interferometry. Reliable estimation of

simply from broadband K-band photometry data is a useful tool in those cases were contemporaneous and/or wide-range photometry is unavailable for a detailed spectral energy distribution (SED) fit, as was demonstrated in Dyck et al. Recalibrating the intrinsic

versus observed

relationship of that study with modern SED fitting routines, which incorporate the significantly non-blackbody, empirical spectral templates of the INGS spectral library (an update of the library in Pickles) and estimation of reddening, serves to greatly improve the accuracy and observational utility of this relationship. We find that

values predicted are roughly 11% less than the corresponding values predicted in Dyck et al., indicating the effects of SED absorption features across bolometric flux curves.
RAPID EVOLUTION OF GSC 03144-595, A NEW TRIPLE-MODE RADIALLY PULSATING HIGH-AMPLITUDE δ SCUTI
Authors: Mow Benjamin , Reinhart Erik , Nhim Samantha , Watkins Richard
Published: June 2016

We present the results of a multi-year study of the high-amplitude δ Scuti (HADS) star GSC 03144-595. The star was observed between June and September in 2011 and 2014 for 13 nights and 28 nights, respectively. Based on our results, we argue that GSC 03144-595 is a new triple-mode radially pulsating HADS, only the fifth discovered and only the second that has a fundamental frequency in the traditional δ Scuti regime. While the frequencies and amplitudes of the fundamental and first harmonic were found to be unchanged between 2011 and 2014, we found that the amplitude of the second harmonic increased by 44%, a form of evolution not previously seen. This finding suggests that the second harmonic may be transient, thus explaining the scarcity of triple-mode HADS stars.
TIME-DEPENDENT ELECTRON ACCELERATION IN BLAZAR TRANSIENTS: X-RAY TIME LAGS AND SPECTRAL FORMATION
Authors: Lewis Tiffany R. , Becker Peter A. , Finke Justin D.
Published: June 2016

Electromagnetic radiation from blazar jets often displays strong variability, extending from radio to γ-ray frequencies. In a few cases, this variability has been characterized using Fourier time lags, such as those detected in the X-rays from Mrk 421 using BeppoSAX. The lack of a theoretical framework to interpret the data has motivated us to develop a new model for the formation of the X-ray spectrum and the time lags in blazar jets based on a transport equation including terms describing stochastic Fermi acceleration, synchrotron losses, shock acceleration, adiabatic expansion, and spatial diffusion. We derive the exact solution for the Fourier transform of the electron distribution and use it to compute the Fourier transform of the synchrotron radiation spectrum and the associated X-ray time lags. The same theoretical framework is also used to compute the peak flare X-ray spectrum, assuming that a steady-state electron distribution is achieved during the peak of the flare. The model parameters are constrained by comparing the theoretical predictions with the observational data for Mrk 421. The resulting integrated model yields, for the first time, a complete first-principles physical explanation for both the formation of the observed time lags and the shape of the peak flare X-ray spectrum. It also yields direct estimates of the strength of the shock and the stochastic magnetohydrodynamical wave acceleration components in the Mrk 421 jet.
ON THE LIMITS OF MEASURING THE BULGE AND DISK PROPERTIES OF LOCAL AND HIGH-REDSHIFT MASSIVE GALAXIES
Authors: Davari Roozbeh , Ho Luis C. , Peng Chien Y.
Published: June 2016

A considerable fraction of the massive quiescent galaxies at z ≈ 2, which are known to be much more compact than galaxies of comparable mass today, appear to have a disk. How well can we measure the bulge and disk properties of these systems? We simulate two-component model galaxies in order to systematically quantify the effects of non-homology in structures and the methods employed. We employ empirical scaling relations to produce realistic-looking local galaxies with a uniform and wide range of bulge-to-total ratios (B/T), and then rescale them to mimic the signal-to-noise ratios and sizes of observed galaxies at z ≈ 2. This provides the most complete set of simulations to date for which we can examine the robustness of two-component decomposition of compact disk galaxies at different B/T. We confirm that the size of these massive, compact galaxies can be measured robustly using a single Sérsic fit. We can measure B/T accurately without imposing any constraints on the light profile shape of the bulge, but, due to the small angular sizes of bulges at high redshift, their detailed properties can only be recovered for galaxies with B/T ≳ 0.2. The disk component, by contrast, can be measured with little difficulty.
DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EXOPLANETS USING PROJECTIONS ON KARHUNEN–LOEVE EIGENIMAGES: FORWARD MODELING
Authors: Pueyo Laurent
Published: June 2016

A new class of high-contrast image analysis algorithms that empirically fit and subtract systematic noise has lead to recent discoveries of faint exoplanet/substellar companions and scattered light images of circumstellar disks. These methods are extremely efficient at enhancing the detectability of a faint astrophysical signal, but they generally create systematic biases in their observed properties. This paper provides a general solution for this outstanding problem. We present an analytical derivation of a linear expansion that captures the impact of astrophysical over-subtraction or self-subtraction in current image analysis techniques. We examine the general case for which the reference images of the astrophysical scene move azimuthally and/or radially across the field of view as a result of the observation strategy. Our new method is based on perturbing the covariance matrix underlying any least-squares speckles problem, and propagating this perturbation through the data analysis algorithm. Most of the work in this paper is presented in the Principal Component Analysis framework, but it can be easily generalized to methods relying on the linear combination of images (instead of eigenmodes). Based on this linear expansion, which is obtained in the most general case, we then demonstrate practical applications of this new algorithm. We first consider the spectral extraction of faint point sources in IFS data and illustrate, using public Gemini Planet Imager commissioning data, that our novel perturbation-based Forward Modeling, which we named Karhunen Loeve Image Processing (KLIP-FM), can indeed alleviate algorithmic biases. We then apply KLIP-FM to the detection of point sources and show how it decreases the rate of false negatives while keeping the rate of false positives unchanged when compared to classical KLIP. This can potentially have important consequences on the design of follow-up strategies of ongoing direct imaging surveys.
THE KINETIC SUNYAEV–ZEL’DOVICH EFFECT FROM REIONIZATION: SIMULATED FULL-SKY MAPS AT ARCMINUTE RESOLUTION
Authors: Alvarez Marcelo A.
Published: June 2016

The kinetic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (kSZ) effect results from Thomson scattering by coherent flows in the reionized intergalactic medium. We present new results based on ray-tracing an 8 Gpc/h realization of reionization with resolution elements 2 Mpc/h (subtending

′ at z = 6) on a side to create a full-sky kSZ map. The realization includes, self-consistently, the effects of reionization on scales corresponding to multipoles

. We separate the kSZ map into Doppler (

), Ostriker–Vishniac (

), patchy (

), and third-order (

) components, and compute explicitly all the auto- and cross-correlations (e.g.,

,

, etc.) that contribute to the total power. We find a complex and nonmonotonic dependence on the duration of reionization at

and evidence for a non-negligible (10%–30%) contribution from connected four-point correlations,

, usually neglected in analytical models. We also investigate the cross-correlation of linear matter and large-scale kSZ temperature fluctuations, focusing on (1) cross-power spectra with biased tracers of the matter density and (2) cold spots from infall onto large, rare H ii regions centered on peaks in the matter distribution at redshifts

that are a generic non-Gaussian feature of patchy reionization. Finally, we show that the reionization history can be reconstructed at 5σ–10σ significance by correlating full-sky 21 cm maps stacked in bins with

with existing cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature maps at

, raising the prospects for probing reionization by correlating CMB and LSS measurements. The resulting kSZ maps have been made publicly available at www.cita.utoronto.ca/~malvarez/research/ksz-data/.
FORMATION OF MASSIVE PRIMORDIAL STARS: INTERMITTENT UV FEEDBACK WITH EPISODIC MASS ACCRETION
Authors: Hosokawa Takashi , Hirano Shingo , Kuiper Rolf , Yorke Harold W. , Omukai Kazuyuki , Yoshida Naoki
Published: June 2016

We present coupled stellar evolution (SE) and 3D radiation-hydrodynamic (RHD) simulations of the evolution of primordial protostars, their immediate environment, and the dynamic accretion history under the influence of stellar ionizing and dissociating UV feedback. Our coupled SE RHD calculations result in a wide diversity of final stellar masses covering 10

 ≲ M
* ≲ 103

. The formation of very massive (≳250

) stars is possible under weak UV feedback, whereas ordinary massive (a few ×10

) stars form when UV feedback can efficiently halt the accretion. This may explain the peculiar abundance pattern of a Galactic metal-poor star recently reported by Aoki et al., possibly the observational signature of very massive precursor primordial stars. Weak UV feedback occurs in cases of variable accretion, in particular when repeated short accretion bursts temporarily exceed 0.01

, causing the protostar to inflate. In the bloated state, the protostar has low surface temperature and UV feedback is suppressed until the star eventually contracts, on a thermal adjustment timescale, to create an H ii region. If the delay time between successive accretion bursts is sufficiently short, the protostar remains bloated for extended periods, initiating at most only short periods of UV feedback. Disk fragmentation does not necessarily reduce the final stellar mass. Quite the contrary, we find that disk fragmentation enhances episodic accretion as many fragments migrate inward and are accreted onto the star, thus allowing continued stellar mass growth under conditions of intermittent UV feedback. This trend becomes more prominent as we improve the resolution of our simulations. We argue that simulations with significantly higher resolution than reported previously are needed to derive accurate gas mass accretion rates onto primordial protostars.
THE ENERGY BUDGET OF GRBs BASED ON A LARGE SAMPLE OF PROMPT AND AFTERGLOW OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Wygoda N. , Guetta D. , Mandich M. A. , Waxman E.
Published: June 2016

We compare the isotropic equivalent 15–2000 keV γ-ray energy, E

γ
, emitted by a sample of 91 swift Gamma-Ray Bursts with known redshifts, with the isotropic equivalent fireball energy, E
fb, as estimated within the fireball model framework from X-ray afterglow observations of these bursts. The uncertainty in E

γ
, which spans the range of ∼1051 to ∼1053.5 erg, is ≈25% on average, due mainly to the extrapolation from the BAT detector band to the 15–2000 keV band. The uncertainty in E
fb is approximately a factor of 2, due mainly to the X-ray measurements’ scatter. We find E

γ
and E
fb to be tightly correlated. The average(std) of

are −0.34(0.60), and the upper limit on the intrinsic spread of η

γ
is approximately 0.5 (

is the fraction of energy carried by electrons and

is inferred from the X-ray flux at x hours).

and

are similar, with an average(std) of

of 0.04(0.28). The small variance of η

γ
implies that burst-to-burst variations in

and in the efficiency of fireball energy conversion to γ-rays are small, and suggests that both are of order unity. The small variance of η

γ
and the similarity of

and

further imply that deviations from a simple fireball model description, if present, are small. This puts stringent constraints on models incorporating such modifications (due e.g., to radiative losses, energy injection, off-axis viewing).
C IV BROAD ABSORPTION LINE ACCELERATION IN SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY QUASARS
Authors: Grier C. J. , Brandt W. N. , Hall P. B. , Trump J. R. , Filiz Ak N. , Anderson S. F. , Green Paul J. , Schneider D. P. , Sun M. , Vivek M. , Beatty T. G. , Brownstein Joel R. , Roman-Lopes Alexandre
Published: June 2016

We present results from the largest systematic investigation of broad absorption line (BAL) acceleration to date. We use spectra of 140 quasars from three Sloan Digital Sky Survey programs to search for global velocity offsets in BALs over timescales of ≈2.5–5.5 years in the quasar rest frame. We carefully select acceleration candidates by requiring monolithic velocity shifts over the entire BAL trough, avoiding BALs with velocity shifts that might be caused by profile variability. The C iv BALs of two quasars show velocity shifts consistent with the expected signatures of BAL acceleration, and the BAL of one quasar shows a velocity-shift signature of deceleration. In our two acceleration candidates, we see evidence that the magnitude of the acceleration is not constant over time; the magnitudes of the change in acceleration for both acceleration candidates are difficult to produce with a standard disk-wind model or via geometric projection effects. We measure upper limits to acceleration and deceleration for 76 additional BAL troughs and find that the majority of BALs are stable to within about 3% of their mean velocities. The lack of widespread acceleration/deceleration could indicate that the gas producing most BALs is located at large radii from the central black hole and/or is not currently strongly interacting with ambient material within the host galaxy along our line of sight.
ALMA SCIENCE VERIFICATION DATA: MILLIMETER CONTINUUM POLARIMETRY OF THE BRIGHT RADIO QUASAR 3C 286
Authors: Nagai H. , Nakanishi K. , Paladino R. , Hull C. L. H. , Cortes P. , Moellenbrock G. , Fomalont E. , Asada K. , Hada K.
Published: June 2016

We present full-polarization observations of the compact, steep-spectrum radio quasar 3C 286 made with the Atacama Large Millimeter and Submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 1.3 mm. These are the first full-polarization ALMA observations, which were obtained in the framework of Science Verification. A bright core and a south–west component are detected in the total intensity image, similar to previous centimeter images. Polarized emission is also detected toward both components. The fractional polarization of the core is about 17%; this is higher than the fractional polarization at centimeter wavelengths, suggesting that the magnetic field is even more ordered in the millimeter radio core than it is further downstream in the jet. The observed polarization position angle (or electric vector position angle (EVPA)) in the core is ∼39◦, which confirms the trend that the EVPA slowly increases from centimeter to millimeter wavelengths. With the aid of multi-frequency VLBI observations, we argue that this EVPA change is associated with the frequency-dependent core position. We also report a serendipitous detection of a sub-mJy source in the field of view, which is likely to be a submillimeter galaxy.
THE HE II PROXIMITY EFFECT AND THE LIFETIME OF QUASARS
Authors: Khrykin I. S. , Hennawi J. F. , McQuinn M. , Worseck G.
Published: June 2016

The lifetime of quasars is fundamental for understanding the growth of supermassive black holes, and is an important ingredient in models of the reionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM). However, despite various attempts to determine quasar lifetimes, current estimates from a variety of methods are uncertain by orders of magnitude. This work combines cosmological hydrodynamical simulations and 1D radiative transfer to investigate the structure and evolution of the He ii Lyα proximity zones around quasars at z ≃ 3–4. We show that the time evolution in the proximity zone can be described by a simple analytical model for the approach of the He ii fraction

to ionization equilibrium, and use this picture to illustrate how the transmission profile depends on the quasar lifetime, quasar UV luminosity, and the ionization state of Helium in the ambient IGM (i.e., the average He ii fraction, or equivalently the metagalactic He ii ionizing background). A significant degeneracy exists between the lifetime and the average He ii fraction, however the latter can be determined from measurements of the He ii Lyα optical depth far from quasars, allowing the lifetime to be measured. We advocate stacking existing He ii quasar spectra at z ∼ 3, and show that the shape of this average proximity zone profile is sensitive to lifetimes as long as ∼30 Myr. At higher redshift z ∼ 4 where the He ii fraction is poorly constrained, degeneracies will make it challenging to determine these parameters independently. Our analytical model for He ii proximity zones should also provide a useful description of the properties of H i proximity zones around quasars at z ≃ 6–7.