bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utopia's New-Found Space: Images of the Village Community in the Early Writings of Ananda Coomaraswamy
Authors: Brow James
Published: July 2002

‘The influence of William Morris, even here.’

Stephen Potter, One-Upmanship

Introduction

In 1978 the village of Kukulewa, in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon), was selected for development under the Gam Udava (Village Awakening) program launched by the recently elected UNP (United National Party) government. Five years later, in 1983, I spent nine months in Kukulewa, studying the changes that had taken place since I had first done ethnographic research there from 1968 to 1970. As I examined the local impact of the Village Awakening project, in the broader context of escalating ethnic violence, I was repeatedly struck by the official priority given to the task of revitalizing the village community, not just in programs of rural development, but in the discourse of Sinhala nationalism more generally (Brow 1988, 1990a, 1990b, 1992, 1996; cf. Moore 1989, 1992; Woost 1993, 1994).
Publication bias and the integrity of psychiatry research
Authors: GILBODY SIMON M. , SONG FUJIAN
Published: July 2002

The cornerstone of evidence-based medicine is the belief that good quality research should form the
basis of clinical practice and decision-making (Muir Gray, 1997). Psychiatry has kept abreast of this
movement (Geddes et al. 1997) and claims have been made that randomized-controlled trials (the
highest quality primary evaluative research) can be used to justify 65% of routine clinical decisions
(Geddes et al. 1996). However, it is largely published research that forms the ‘knowledge base’ of
the evidence movement. A fundamental difficulty arises when published research results are a biased
sample of all research results – published and unpublished. Publication bias presents one such threat
and has been much discussed in wider healthcare (Easterbrook et al. 1991; Dickersin & Min, 1993;
Dickersin, 1997), but has been little discussed or researched in psychiatry, despite the fact that
psychiatry is likely to be at least as prone to publication bias as other specialities.
How good are fast and frugal inference heuristics in case of limited knowledge?
Authors: Erdfelder Edgar , Brandt Martin
Published: July 2002

Gigerenzer and his collaborators have shown that the Take the Best heuristic (TTB) approximates optimal decision behavior for many inference problems. We studied the effect of incomplete cue knowledge on the quality of this approximation. Bayesian algorithms clearly outperformed TTB in case of partial cue knowledge, especially when the validity of the recognition cue is assumed to be low.
Individual differences and Pearson's r: Rationality revealed?
Authors: Krueger Joachim
Published: July 2002

Regardless of the clarity of the patterns they produce, individual differences in reasoning cannot validate norms of rationality. With improved reliability, these correlations will simply reveal which sorts of biases go together and which predict the intelligence of the decision maker. It seems necessary, therefore, to continue efforts to define rational thought independently of intelligence.
Fruitless polarities
Authors: Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly
Published: July 2002

Clear evidence of large individual differences in
children's performance in talent areas can be explained
either in terms of innate gifts (the “talent account”)
or in terms of early exposure (the “no talent account”
proposed by Howe et al.). At this point, there is no conclusive
support for either account, and it is doubtful that talent could
be explained exclusively by only one of them.
A neurobiological approach to imitation
Authors: Decety Jean , Grèzes Julie
Published: July 2002

To explore the neural mechanisms engaged by the perception
of action with the intent to imitate, positron emission tomographic
activation studies were performed in healthy human subjects. We
discuss the results in light of the framework proposed by Byrne &
Russon, especially the distinction between mechanisms subserving
action-level and program-level imitation.
Methodologies, not method, for primate theory of mind
Authors: Miles H. Lyn , Roberts Warren P.
Published: July 2002

Heyes correctly points out some problems in primate theory of
mind, but lacks a critical approach to children's theory of mind,
and at times implies meta-awareness when discussing theory of mind.
Also, in selecting pure experimental designs, she ignores its
limitations, as well as the merits, and at times the necessity,
of other methodologies.
How to combine interpolation with feedback?
Authors: Palm Guenther
Published: July 2002

The Chorus representation is a sparse, similarity-preserving
representation achieved by a feedforward neural network. Hence it
is probably better suited for interpolation than for categorization.
This commentary raises the question of how to combine categorization
with interpolation, whether feedforward networks can be reasonable
models for parts of the cerebral cortex, and whether people can
perform more than one interpolation at a time.
Perirhinal cortex: Lost in space?
Authors: Bilkey David K.
Published: July 2002

Aggleton & Brown argue that the function of the
hippocampus and perirhinal cortex can be dissociated along a
spatial/nonspatial dimension. They further suggest that this division
corresponds to a distinction between episodic and recognition memory.
An analysis of the data, however, fails to support the underlying
dissociation.
Creativity of metaphor in perceptual symbol systems
Authors: Indurkhya Bipin
Published: July 2002

A metaphor can often create novel features in an object or a
situation. This phenomenon has been particularly hard to account for
using amodal symbol systems: although highlighting and downplaying can
explain the shift of focus, it cannot explain how entirely new features
can come about. We suggest here that the dynamism of perceptual symbol
systems, particularly the notion of simulator, provides an elegant
account of the creativity of metaphor. The elegance lies in the idea
that the creation of new features by a metaphor proceeds in the same way
as the creation of regular features in a perceptual symbol.
Obituary
Authors: Rose J.
Published: July 2002

On September 2 1996, Professor Edmond Nicolau, an eminent cybernetician and great intellect, died aged 74. This was, indeed, a great loss to the world of science. I have also lost a devoted friend and active collaborator in the fields of cybernetics and systems, as well as a valuable member of the Editorial Board of Robotica.
Local, Open-Air Performances in Norway as Interdisciplinary Theatre
Authors: Nygaard Jon
Published: July 2002

Each year local amateur actors in small, rural communities all over Norway stage a large number of open-air performances. Most of them are performed annually, and indeed some have been performed for almost fifty years. The interdisciplinary nature of these performances is founded on the principle of dugnad (community cooperation and participation) which brings to the performances local knowledges and skills. These productions thus attract large audiences because of their fusion of elements from theatre, music, dance, sport and crafts performed by skilled professionals turned amateur actors from the community. These interdisciplinary rituals are repeated annually by rural communities as the expression of local cultural disciplines harnessed together in performance.
Carrier Phase GPS Navigation to the North Pole
Authors: Moore T. , Roberts G. W.
Published: July 2002

Over the last few years, on-the-fly integer ambiguity resolution
for GPS has proven to be
successful over short baselines (<20 km). However, the remaining challenge
has been to
extend the length of the baseline between the reference station and the
mobile receiver, whilst
still maintaining the capability of on-the-fly resolution and true carrier-based
kinematic
positioning. The goal has been to achieve centimetric level positioning
at ranges of over
500 km. New techniques have been developed at the University of Nottingham
to allow very
long baseline integer ambiguity resolution, on-the-fly. A major problem
with the use of
carrier phase data is that posed by cycle slips. A technique for detecting
and correcting cycle
slips has been developed, and its use is discussed in this paper. The new
technique has been
proven through a series of trials, one of which included two flights to
the North Pole,
performing centimetric level positioning all the way to the pole. For many
years, the GD
Aero-Systems Course of the Air Warfare Centre based at RAF Cranwell executed
a series
of equipment flight trials to the North Pole, called the ARIES Flights.
In May 1996, the
authors were fortunate to take part in both flights, via Iceland and Greenland,
to the North
Pole. Based on reference stations at Thule Air Base, integer ambiguity
resolution was
accomplished, on-the-fly, and centimetric level navigation maintained throughout
the flights.
Earlier trials detailed in the paper demonstrate that the technique can
resolve integer
ambiguities on-the-fly within a few seconds over a baseline length of approximately
134 km,
resulting in an accuracy of 12 cm. The majority of the residual error source
for this being the
ionosphere.
Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium

DT104 isolates and investigation of strains with transferable

apramycin resistance
Authors: LOW J. C. , ANGUS M. , HOPKINS G. , MUNRO D. , RANKIN S. C.
Published: July 2002

An examination of salmonella isolates collected by the Scottish

Agricultural College Veterinary

Services Division from April 1994 to May 1995 was conducted to determine
the

extent to

which Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium phage type 104
(DT104)

occurred and to

investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates. Typhimurium
DT104

was the

predominant salmonella and was isolated from nine species of animal. All

isolates of this phage

type possessed resistance to at least one antimicrobial and 98% of the
isolates

were resistant to

multiple antimicrobials with R-type ACTSp the predominant resistance pattern.

Various other

resistance patterns were identified and transferable resistance to the

veterinary aminoglycoside

antimicrobial apramycin was demonstrated in three strains. A retrospective
study for

gentamicin resistance in isolates from the Scottish Salmonella Reference

Laboratory collection

revealed a human isolate of Typhimurium DT104 resistant to gentamicin but

sensitive to

apramycin and a bovine isolate with apramycin and gentamicin resistance.
Surveillance of outbreaks of waterborne infectious disease:

categorizing levels of evidence
Authors: TILLETT H. E. , de LOUVOIS J. , WALL P. G.
Published: July 2002

Public health surveillance requires the monitoring of

waterborne disease, but sensitive and

specific detection of relevant incidents is difficult.

The Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre receives

information from various sources

about clusters of cases of illness in England and Wales.

The reporter may suspect that water

consumption or recreational water exposure is the route of

infection, or subsequent

investigation may raise the hypothesis that water is

associated with illness.

It is difficult to prove beyond reasonable doubt that such

a hypothesis is correct. Water

samples from the time of exposure are seldom available,

some organisms are difficult to detect

and almost everyone has some exposure to water. Therefore,

we have developed a method of

categorizing the degree of evidence used to implicate water.

The categories take into account

the epidemiology, microbiology and water quality information.

Thus outbreaks are classified as

being associated with water either

‘strongly’, ‘probably’ or

‘possibly’.

This system allows a broad database for monitoring possible

effects of water and is not

confined to the few outbreaks which have been intensively

investigated or have positive

environmental microbiology. Thus, for reported incidents,

the sensitivity of classifying it as

water associated should be high but this may be at the

expense of specificity, especially with

the ‘possible’ association.
Carriage of a new epidemic strain of Neisseria meningitidis
and its relationship with the incidence of meningococcal
disease in Galicia, Spain
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ S. , ARREAZA L. , SANTIAGO I. , MALVAR A. , BERRÓN S. , VAZQUEZ J. A. , HERVADA X. , GESTAL J. J.
Published: July 2002

In Galicia, Spain, a dramatic increase in the incidence of meningococcal disease was seen in
the 1995–6. The annual incidence rose to 11 per 105 inhabitants, and 80% of identified strains
were C[ratio ]2b[ratio ]P1.2,5. This led to the implementation of an intensive A+C vaccination campaign
for the population aged 18 months to 19 years. During this campaign the prevalence of
carriage in areas with high and low incidence was studied. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken
from 9796 subjects immediately before the administration of meningococcal vaccine, plated
onto Thayer–Martin plates, incubated and sent for analysis to the Reference Laboratory for
Neisseria in Spain. The prevalence of the C[ratio ]2b[ratio ]P1.2,5 strains was 0·6% (95% CI 0·29–0·88) in
the high incidence area, and 0·41% (95% CI 0·00–1·04) in the low incidence area, and that of
serogroup C (all strains) 1·36% (95% CI 0·80–1·80) and 0·89% (95% CI 0·09–1·69)
respectively. The prevalence of N. meningitidis (all strains) was almost the same in both areas
(8%). Carriers of the epidemic strain were not found in the 2–4 year age group, that most
affected by the disease.

Our data showed a wide distribution but a low carriage rate of the epidemic strain
C[ratio ]2b[ratio ]P1.2,5 in the high and low disease incidence areas studied; the difference in the carriage
rates between the two areas was not statistically significant.
Surveillance of influenza viruses isolated from travellers at Nagoya International Airport
Authors: SATO K. , MORISHITA T. , NOBUSAWA E. , SUZUKI Y. , MIYAZAKI Y. , FUKUI Y. , SUZUKI S. , NAKAJIMA K.
Published: July 2002

In order to conduct a survey of influenza viruses entering Japan via travellers arriving by
airplanes, gargle solutions were collected from passengers who reported to the quarantine
station of Nagoya International Airport complaining of respiratory symptoms. From 504
samples collected between August 1996 and March 1999, 30 influenza virus strains were
isolated. Twenty-eight of the isolates were influenza A (H3N2) viruses and two were influenza
B viruses. No H1N1 virus was isolated. Among 28 isolates of H3N2 virus, 3 strains were
obtained outside the influenza season. Nucleotide sequences of the haemagglutinin (HA) genes
of these isolates along with those from domestic patients were analysed in order to determine
the influence of imported influenza viruses by travellers on epidemics in Japan. From the
phylogenetic and chronological aspects, the possibility was suggested in one case in 1997/8 and
two in the 1998/9 season that imported virus by travellers may have influenced the domestic
influenza epidemics.
Chasing the Meaning of ‘Post-communism’: a Transitional Phenomenon or Something to Stay?
Authors: Nodia Ghia
Published: July 2002

Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras, eds., New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 743 pp., ISBN 0–521–57101–4

Bruno Coppieters, Alexei Zverev and Dmitri Trenin, eds., Commonwealth and Independence in Post-Soviet Eurasia (London: Frank Cass, 1998), 232 pp., ISBN 0–714–64480–3

Leslie Holmes, Post-Communism: an Introduction (Oxford: Polity Press, 1997), 260 pp., ISBN 0–745–61311–x

Michael Mandelbaum, ed., Post-Communism: Four Perspectives (US Council of Foreign Relations, 1996), 208 pp., ISBN 0–876–09186–9

Ilya Prizel, National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 443 pp., ISBN 0–521–57157–x

Richard Rose, William Mishler and Christian Haerpfer, Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies (Oxford: Polity Press, 1998), 270 pp., ISBN 0–745–61926–6

Barnett R. Rubin and Jack Snyder, Post-Soviet Political Order (London/New York: Routledge, 1998), 201 pp., ISBN 0–415–17068–0

Graham Smith, Vivien Law, Andrew Wilson, Annette Bohr and Edward Allworth, Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 304 pp., ISBN 0–521–59045–0

Vladimir Tismaneanu, Fantasies of Salvation: Democracy, Nationalism, and Myth in Post-Communist Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 217 pp., ISBN 0–691–04826–6

Gordon Wightman, ed., Party Formation in East-Central Europe: Post-Communist Politics in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Bulgaria (Vermont: Edward Elgar, 1995), 270 pp., ISBN 1–858–898132–8

It is now about 10 years since the communist bloc ceased to exist (1989 is the year when communism was
defeated in central-eastern Europe, and in 1991 its bastion –
the Soviet Union – fell). What it left behind are a couple of die-hard communist
survivor-states, an urge to ‘rethink’ or ‘re-define’ many fundamental concepts of
political science, and a large swathe of land that is still to be properly categorised in registers of comparative political science. ‘Post-communism’ is the most popular
term to cover this territory. But does it refer to something real today, or does it just
express some kind of intellectual inertia? How much do the ‘post-communist
countries’ still have in common with each other and to what extent are they
different from any others?
Difficult Difference
Authors: LEBACQZ KAREN
Published: July 2002

Modern feminism has been preoccupied with difference.
An early and continuing struggle has been to acknowledge
differences between men and women without having those
differences used against women. That struggle has been
extended to recognizing differences among women. By the
end of the 1980s, women were calling for a “politics
of difference” in which “redefining our
differences, learning from them, becomes the central
task.” Although cautioning words were raised by
some, feminists in general moved to trying not only to
recognize but to celebrate difference.
Atmospheric and fuel conditions related to the Puerto Madryn Fire of 21 January, 1994
Authors: Dentoni M C , Defossé G E , Labraga J C , del Valle H F
Published: July 2002

The atmospheric and fuel conditions that led to the case of extreme fire behaviour registered in Puerto Madryn in north‐eastern Patagonia, Argentina, on 21 January 1994 were analysed in this study. The analyses included surface and upper‐air meteorological conditions, fuel composition and load, and morphometry of the burnt area. When the fire occurred the total fuel load was 16688±2 611 kg of dry matter per hectare, with fine fuel representing 66% of the total fuel load. At the time of the major fire run, the air temperature reached 32 °C and relative humidity decreased to 13%. The fuel load and its high proportion of fine fuels, the extreme temperatures, the low relative humidity, and the changes in wind directions which resulted from the conjunction of synoptic and local‐scale phenomena, enhanced the development of a large convection column which favoured the interaction of surface and upper‐air winds. As in similar cases reported for other ecosystems, the combination of these phenomena led to this case of extreme fire behaviour. It is intended that this analysis will contribute to the future development of fire alert systems for the region and to the worldwide knowledge of extreme fire behaviour in different scenarios. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Text and speech translation by means of
subsequential transducers
Authors: VILAR J. M. , JIMÉNEZ V. M. , AMENGUAL J. C. , CASTELLANOS A. , LLORENS D. , VIDAL E.
Published: July 2002

The full paper explores the possibility of using Subsequential
Transducers (SST), a
finite state model, in limited domain translation tasks, both for text
and speech input.
A distinctive advantage of SSTs is that they can be efficiently learned
from sets of
input-output examples by means of OSTIA, the Onward Subsequential Transducer
Inference Algorithm (Oncina et al. 1993). In this work a
technique is proposed to
increase the performance of OSTIA by reducing the asynchrony between the
input
and output sentences, the use of error correcting parsing to increase
the robustness of the models is explored, and an integrated architecture
for
speech input translation by means of SSTs is described.
Multilingual text analysis for text-to-speech synthesis
Authors: SPROAT RICHARD
Published: July 2002

We present a model of text analysis for text-to-speech (TTS)
synthesis based on (weighted)
finite state transducers, which serves as the text analysis module of
the multilingual Bell Labs
TTS system. The transducers are constructed using a lexical toolkit that
allows declarative
descriptions of lexicons, morphological rules, numeral-expansion rules,
and phonological rules,
inter alia. To date, the model has been applied to eight languages:
Spanish, Italian, Romanian,
French, German, Russian, Mandarin and Japanese.
THE EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING DEBATE: COMMENTARY ON ROSEN ET AL. AND POOLE ET AL.
Authors: Richards David
Published: July 2002

The debate conducted in this journal and elsewhere on the effectiveness of
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is characterized by
incredulity, fervent belief and emotion. Theorists and clinical pragmatists,
not to mention the “discovers” of EMDR, have often taken up oppositional stances that impede rationale debate. Whilst some may be offended by the
overt commercialism and messianic fervour of the EMDR lobby, the best
response is to engage in dialogue, collaboration and scientific
experiment. These experiments should combine the best randomized clinical
trial methods with experimental deconstruction of the complex mix that now
comprises EMDR. Those who have developed EMDR should cease the commercial
and empirical protectionism that has characterized the EMDR movement and
open their methods to such investigation by the healthily sceptical.
The aesthetics of computer music: a questionable concept reconsidered
Authors: TRUAX BARRY
Published: July 2002

In some informal remarks I made at a conference in 1979, I expressed a reluctance to deal with the subject of aesthetics, which historically is a product of European philosophy and which remains a troublesome concept for contemporary music where an aesthetic term such as ‘beauty’ seems to be studiously ignored (Truax 1980). In a recent, also informal article (Truax 1999) addressed as a ‘letter to a twenty-five-year old electroacoustic composer’, I predicted that the term ‘computer music’ would probably disappear since in an age where the computer is involved in nearly all electroacoustic music production, this term, which once distinguished a type of music from that made with analogue, electronic equipment, seemed today to be impossible to define rigorously. Therefore, the concept of the ‘aesthetics of computer music’, proposed as a panel discussion topic, initially seemed to me to be doubly suspect as to its meaning.
Functionally distinct, sequence-specific replicator and origin elements are required for Drosophila chorion gene amplification
Authors: Lu Lucy , Zhang Hongjun , Tower John
Published: July 2002

To meet the demand for the rapid synthesis of chorion (eggshell) proteins, Drosophila ovarian follicle cells amplify the chromosomal loci containing the chorion gene clusters up to 60-fold. Amplification occurs by repeated firing of one or more origins located within each gene cluster. Deletion analyses of transgenic constructs derived from the third chromosome cluster have identified a 320-bp amplification control element (ACE3) required for amplification, as well as several stimulatory amplification enhancing regions (AERs). Two-dimensional (2D) gel analyses have identified multiple DNA replication initiation sites (origins) that partially overlap in location with ACE3 and the AERs. To further study sequence requirements for amplification, a vector was used in which transgenic constructs are protected from chromosomal position effects by flanking insulator elements, the suppressor Hairy-wing protein binding site (SHWBS). Using the buffered vector, the 320-bp ACE3 and an 884-bp element designated ori-β were found to be necessary and sufficient for amplification. Two-dimensional gels revealed that ori-β was acting as the origin. In contrast, origin activity could not be detected for ACE3. An insulator placed between ACE3 and ori-β inhibited amplification, indicating that ACE3 activates ori-β in cis. The results suggest that ACE3 acts as a replicator and support and extend the replicator model for the organization of metazoan chromosomal replicons.
AluElements Support Independent Origin of Prosimian, Platyrrhine, and CatarrhineMhc-DRBGenes
Authors: Kriener Karin , O'hUigin Colm , Klein Jan
Published: July 2002

The primate major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) genes fall into two classes and each of the classes into several families. Of the class II families, theDRBfamily has a long and complex evolutionary history marked by gene turnover, rearrangement, and molecular convergence. Because the history is not easily decipherable from sequences alone,Aluelement insertions were used as cladistic markers to support the surmised phylogenetic relationships among theDRBgenes. Intron 1 segments of 24DRBgenes from five platyrrhine species and fiveDRBgenes from three prosimian species were amplified by PCR and cloned, and the amplification products were sequenced or PCR–typed forAlurepeats. ThreeAluelements were identified in the platyrrhine and four in the prosimianDRBgenes. One of the platyrrhine elements (Alu50J) is also found in the Catarrhini, whereas the other two (Alu62Sc, Alu63Sc) are restricted to the New World monkeys. Similarly, the four prosimian elements are found only in this taxon. This distribution ofAluelements is consistent with the phylogeny of theDRBgenes as determined from their intron 1 sequences in an earlier and the present study. It contradicts the exon 2-based phylogeny and thus corroborates the conclusion that the evolution ofDRBexon 2 sequences is, to some extent, shaped by molecular convergence. Taken together, the data indicate that each of the assemblages ofDRBgenes in prosimians, platyrrhines, and catarrhines is derived from a separate ancestral gene.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos.AF197226–AF197240.]
Expression of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Oxidase during Leaf Ontogeny in White Clover1
Authors: Hunter Donald A. , Yoo Sang Dong , Butcher Stephen M. , McManus Michael T.
Published: July 2002

We examined the expression of three distinct 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase genes during leaf ontogeny in white clover (Trifolium repens). Significant production of ethylene occurs at the apex, in newly initiated leaves, and in senescent leaf tissue. We used a combination of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends to identify three distinct DNA sequences designated TRACO1, TRACO2, and TRACO3, each with homology to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase. Southern analysis confirmed that these sequences represent three distinct genes. Northern analysis revealed that TRACO1 is expressed specifically in the apex and TRACO2 is expressed in the apex and in developing and mature green leaves, with maximum expression in developing leaf tissue. The third gene, TRACO3, is expressed in senescent leaf tissue. Antibodies were raised to each gene product expressed in Escherichia coli, and western analysis showed that the TRACO1 antibody recognizes a protein of approximately 205 kD (as determined by gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gel electrophoresis) that is expressed preferentially in apical tissue. The TRACO2 antibody recognizes a protein of approximately 36.4 kD (as determined by gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gel electrophoresis) that is expressed in the apex and in developing and mature green leaves, with maximum expression in mature green tissue. No protein recognition by the TRACO3 antibody could be detected in senescent tissue or at any other stage of leaf development.
The Ultraviolet Action Spectrum for Stomatal Opening in Broad Bean
Authors: Eisinger William , Swartz Trevor E. , Bogomolni Roberto A. , Taiz Lincoln
Published: July 2002

The ultraviolet action spectrum for stomatal opening was measured using epidermal peels from leaves of broad bean (Vicia faba). The spectrum was calculated from hyperbolic fluence response curves using 11 wavelengths ranging from 275 to 459 nm. The action spectrum exhibits a major peak at approximately 280 nm and a minor peak at approximately 360 nm. The response at 280 nm is about three times greater than the response at 459 nm. Under the conditions utilized (i.e. the absence of saturating red light), stomatal opening saturated at extremely low fluence rates: <0.2 μmol m−2 s−1 at 280 nm, and approximately 1.0 μmol m−2 s−1 at 459 nm. The threshold for blue-light-induced stomatal opening was approximately 0.02 μmol m−2 s−1. In light-mixing experiments, the addition of 280 nm light to saturating 650 nm (red) light caused additional stomatal opening, which is indicative of separate photoreceptors. In contrast, adding 280 nm of light to saturating 459 nm (blue) light did not increase stomatal opening, suggesting that they both excite the same receptor. The results with white light were similar to those with blue light. We infer that ultraviolet light acts via the blue light photoreceptor rather than through photosynthesis. The additional absorbance peak at 360 nm suggests that the chromophore is either a flavin or a cis-carotenoid, both of which exhibit peaks in this region. It is proposed that the chromophore can be excited either directly by blue light or by energy transferred from the protein portion of the protein-pigment complex after it absorbs 280 nm light.
Changes in Hechtian Strands in Cold-Hardened Cells Measured by Optical Microsurgery
Authors: Buer Charles S. , Weathers Pamela J. , Swartzlander Grover A.
Published: July 2002

Optical microsurgical techniques were employed to investigate the mechanical properties of Hechtian strands in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Ginkgo biloba callus cells. Using optical tweezers, a 1.5-μm diameter microsphere coated with concanavalin A was inserted though an ablated hole in the cell wall of a plasmolyzed cell and attached to a Hechtian strand. By displacing the adhered microsphere from equilibrium using the optical trapping force, the tensions of individual strands were determined. Measurements were made using both normal and cold-hardened cells, and in both cases, tensions were on the order of 10−12 N. Significant differences were found in the binding strengths of cold-hardened and normal cultured cells. An increased number density of strands in cold-hardened G. biloba compared with normal cultured cells was also observed. Although no Hechtian strands were detected in any Arabidopsis callus cells, strands were present in leaf epidermal cells. Finally, the movement of attached microspheres was monitored along the outside of a strand while cycling the osmotic pressure.
Distinct Patterns of Expression But Similar Biochemical Properties of Protein l-Isoaspartyl Methyltransferase in Higher Plants
Authors: Thapar Nitika , Kim An-Keun , Clarke Steven
Published: July 2002

Protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase is a widely distributed repair enzyme that initiates the conversion of abnormall-isoaspartyl residues to their normall-aspartyl forms. Here we show that this activity is expressed in developing corn (Zea mays) and carrot (Daucus carota var. Danvers Half Long) plants in patterns distinct from those previously seen in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum cv Augusta) and thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), whereas the pattern of expression observed in rice (Oryza sativa) is similar to that of winter wheat. Although high levels of activity are found in the seeds of all of these plants, relatively high levels of activity in vegetative tissues are only found in corn and carrot. The activity in leaves was found to decrease with aging, an unexpected finding given the postulated role of this enzyme in repairing age-damaged proteins. In contrast with the situation in wheat and Arabidopsis, we found that osmotic or salt stress could increase the methyltransferase activity in newly germinated seeds (but not in seeds or seedlings), whereas abscisic acid had no effect. We found that the corn, rice, and carrot enzymes have comparable affinity for methyl-accepting substrates and similar optimal temperatures for activity of 45°C to 55°C as the wheat and Arabidopsis enzymes. These experiments suggest that this enzyme may have specific roles in different plant tissues despite a common catalytic function.
Multilevel structure of reinforcing silica and carbon
Authors: Schaefer D.W. , Rieker T. , Agamalian M. , Lin J.S. , Fischer D. , Sukumaran S. , Chen C. , Beaucage G. , Herd C. , Ivie J.
Published: July 2002

Using small-angle x-ray (SAXS), neutron (SANS), x-ray diffraction and light scattering, we study the structure of colloidal silica and carbon on length scales from 4 Å < q
−1 < 107 Å where q is the magnitude of the scattering vector. These materials consist of primary particles of the order of 100 Å, aggregated into micron-sized aggregates that in turn are agglomerated into 100 µ agglomerates. The diffraction data show that the primary particles in precipitated silica are composed of highly defective amorphous silica with little intermediate-range order (order on the scale of several bond distances). On the next level of morphology, primary particles arise by a complex nucleation process in which primordial nuclei briefly aggregate into rough particles that subsequently smooth out to become the seeds for the primaries. The primaries aggregate to strongly bonded clusters by a complex process involving kinetic growth, mechanical disintegration and restructuring. Finally, the small-angle scattering (SAS) data lead us to postulate that the aggregates cluster into porous, rough-surfaced, non-mass-fractal agglomerates that can be broken down to the more strongly bonded aggregates by application of shear. We find similar structure in pelletized carbon blacks. In this case we show a linear scaling relation between the primary and aggregate sizes. We attribute the scaling to mechanical processing that deforms the fractal aggregates down to the maximum size able to withstand the compaction stress. Finally, we rationalize the observed structure based on empirical optimization by filler suppliers and some recent theoretical ideas due to Witten, Rubenstein and Colby.
Comments onExtinction-corrected mean thickness and integral width used in the program UMWEG98by Rossmanith (2000)
Authors: Larsen Helge B. , Thorkildsen Gunnar
Published: July 2002

Comments are made on a paper by E. Rossmanith [J. Appl. Cryst.(2000),33, 330–333] concerning the use of asymptotic expressions for the extinction-corrected mean thickness.
X-ray diffractometer for structural studies of surfaces and interfaces
Authors: van Silfhout R. G.
Published: July 2002

A novel high-precision X-ray diffractometer for structural studies of crystal surfaces and interfaces is presented. In the construction of this instrument, separate detector and sample circles were adopted. This arrangement allows either horizontal or vertical sample geometries to be combined with a variety of sample chambers. The base of the diffractometer is a hexapod with six hydraulic telescopic struts, which confer six degrees of freedom on the platform. This design replaces the conventional stack of translation and rotation stages for aligning the sample with the X-ray beam. An innovative fast control and data acquisition system eliminates the dead time associated with reorienting a conventional diffractometer. With this new system, the time it takes to perform angular scans is limited only by the available counting rate.
The site occupancy of Mg in the brownmillerite structure and its effect on hydration properties: an X-ray/neutron diffraction and EXAFS study
Authors: Jupe A. C. , Cockcroft J. K. , Barnes P. , Colston S. L. , Sankar G. , Hall C.
Published: July 2002

Samples of pure (Ca2FeAlO5) and lightly doped (Ca2Fe0.95Al0.95Mg0.05Si0.05O5) brownmillerite have been synthesized. Synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction data have been collected so that the structures can be refined using, simultaneously, both diffraction data sets and known compositional information; this overcomes the problem of under-determinacy resulting from multi-occupation of the tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated sites in the structure. For the pure form, a 2.7:1 iron/aluminium preference for octahedral/tetrahedral (respectively) occupation is obtained. This trend is reflected also in the doped brownmillerite, though, because of the low level of Mg doping, the occupancy of Mg is only resolved through the additional use of Mg EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) data, which shows that Mg displays a distinct octahedral site preference rather than a disordered occupation between the octahedral/tetrahedral sites. The consequences of Mg doping are then examined using time-resolved multi-angle energy-dispersive powder X-ray diffraction studies of the mineral undergoing hydration; this shows that the pure form is more active than the doped form.
Interface study of a Co/Si/W/Si multilayer with enhanced thermal stability
Authors: Jergel M. , Anopchenko A. , Holý V. , Majková E. , Luby Š. , Senderák R.
Published: July 2002

The interface evolution in an amorphous Co/Si/W/Si multilayer (ML) of 150 Å nominal period processed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in the temperature range of 523-1273 K for 5-30 s was studied by X-ray reflectivity and diffuse scattering measurements at Cu Kα1 wavelength. The results were simulated within the Fresnel theory and the distorted-wave Born approximation. The interdiffusion and intermixing induced by RTA starts at Co/Si interfaces and takes place via an interface shift without a considerable increase of the interface roughness up to the 873K/30s RTA. A strong conformality of the interface profiles, stretching originally over the entire ML thickness in the whole interval of the interface roughness frequencies covered by the experimental scans, is reduced to about 2 ML periods. After the 1023K/30s RTA, the interface morphology is controlled by the crystallization of Co and W silicide phases leading to interface roughening. The vertical interface correlation is sensititve to the interface roughness frequency. A fast diffusion along grain boundaries leads to a complete interdiffusion and collapse of the ML on 1273K/30s RTA. Compared with a W/Si ML studied previously, the incorporation of Co layers into the ML stack enhanced the thermal stability by about 250 K. Some consequences for optical applications are discussed.
A simple and efficient innovation of the vapor-diffusion method for controlling nucleation and growth of large protein crystals
Authors: Li Genpei , Xiang Ye , Zhang Ying , Wang Da-Cheng
Published: July 2002

The rate of water vaporization in the vapor-diffusion method is critical for the protein crystallization process. Present methods, however, allow little or no control of the equilibration rates. This paper presents a relatively simple innovation of the conventional vapor-diffusion method by introducing a capillary barrier (for hanging drop) or a punched film barrier (for both hanging and sitting drop) between drop and reservoir, which can be beneficial in controlling the water vaporization rate, thereby promoting growth of large protein crystals. The crystallization experiments for lysozyme, trichosanthin and a novel neurotoxin BmK Mu9 show that this modified vapor-controlling-diffusion method is very effective for producing large protein crystals. The improved technique can be routinely used as a method for the preparation of other macromolecular and small-molecule crystals whose crystallization involves vaporization of water.
Application of quantitative texture analysis to Rietveld profile refinement of neutron diffraction patterns of a zircaloy sample
Authors: Kim Y. C. , Seong B. S. , Lee J. H. , Shin E. J.
Published: July 2002

The possibility of extending the Rietveld method to incorporate textured polycrystalline materials is demonstrated with a zircaloy sample. By assigning the pole densities obtained by separate texture analysis to the preferred orientation factors (POFs) in the mathematical model of the Rietveld method, good profile refinement results are achieved with the neutron diffraction patterns. The approach of predetermining the individual POF values from quantitative texture information can be used to improve refinement of other parameters related to the analysis of composite phases as well as to crystal structure refinement.
Estimation of cobalt coating layer thickness on acicular Fe3O4powder using HR-TEM. Erratum
Authors: Sakai Keitarou , Saguchi Hiroto , Nishimura Tadashi
Published: July 2002

In the paper by Sakaiet al.[J. Appl. Cryst.(2001),34, 102–107], Figs. 5 and 6 on pages 106 and 107 were transposed. Revised PDF versions of these pages are available in the online version of this erratum, which is available throughCrystallography Journals Online.
pH, conductivity and long-term stability in the Crystal Screen solutions
Authors: Bukrinsky Jens Thostrup , Poulsen Jens-Christian Navarro
Published: July 2002

Accurate knowledge of pH and ionic strength are very important when crystallization conditions are refined. The pH and conductivity of each of the 50 solutions in the Crystal Screen kit [Jancarik & Kim (1991).J. Appl. Cryst.24, 409–411] were measured before and after incubation in a sealed chamber for six weeks. Two such kits were tested in this way. The results indicate that the measured pH of the solutions in the Crystal Screen is reproducible between different kits but that the measured value is not always related to the buffer system. Furthermore, it was observed that the protein crystal dye Izit (Hampton Research, Laguna Niguel, California, USA) forms crystals when added to several of the conditions in the crystal screen.
MWP-fit: a program for multiple whole-profile fitting of diffraction peak profiles byabinitiotheoretical functions
Authors: Ribárik G. , Ungár T. , Gubicza J.
Published: July 2002

A computer program has been developed for the determination of microstructural parameters from diffraction profiles of materials with cubic or hexagonal crystal lattices. The measured profiles or their Fourier transforms are fitted byabinitiotheoretical functions for size and strain broadening. In the calculation of the theoretical functions, it is assumed that the crystallites have log-normal size distribution and that the strain is caused by dislocations. Strain and size anisotropy are taken into account by the dislocation contrast factors and the ellipticity of the crystallites. The fitting procedure provides the median and the variance of the size distribution and the ellipticity of the crystallites, and the density and arrangement of the dislocations. The efficiency of the program is illustrated by examples of severely deformed copper and ball-milled lead sulfide specimens.
Planar faults in layered Bi-containing perovskites studied by X-ray diffraction line profile analysis
Authors: Boulle A. , Legrand C. , Guinebretière R. , Mercurio J. P. , Dauger A.
Published: July 2002

Profile fitting procedures associated with integral breadth studies and Fourier analysis are applied to the study of the complex Bi-containing layered perovskite SrBi2Nb2O9. Strong line broadening anisotropy is evidenced. Both `size' and `strain' effects contribute to the observed width. However, `size' broadening along the [00l] direction is essentially caused by stacking faults. The coherently diffracting domain sizes are deduced from Fourier analysis of the diffraction patterns and a rough estimate of the mean distance between faults is given. Thermal annealing significantly decreases the stacking fault density.
An automated procedure for the correction of background due to inelastic scattering in electron diffraction patterns
Authors: Fraser R. D. B. , Macrae T. P. , Suzuki E. , Tulloch P. A.
Published: July 2002

The use of electron diffraction in structural studies of fibrous polymers is complicated by the presence of an intense background associated with inelastic scattering. A method of digital processing is described which effectively removes the undesirable features of this background. The method is also applicable in low-angle X-ray diffraction studies.
Dependence of cooling rate of SAXS spectra from a B2O3–PbO–Al2O3 glass
Authors: Craievich A. F. , Olivieri J. R.
Published: July 2002

The phase separation of an 80% B2O3–15% PbO–5% Al2O3 (weight %) glass after splat-cooling was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. The wavenumber which receives maximal amplification and the scattering intensity corresponding to this wavenumber were determined as a function of the cooling rate of the glass. The experimental results qualitatively agree with the main features of previous calculations based on the linear theory of spinodal decomposition, but no quantitative agreement is obtained.
Determination of internal strain tensors by energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction: Results for Si using the 006 forbidden reflection
Authors: Cousins C. S. G. , Gerward L. , Staun Olsen J. , Selsmark B. , Sheldon B. J.
Published: July 2002

The internal strain tensor of crystals having the diamond structure has a single independent component {\bar A}. A value {\bar A} = −0.18±0.01 for silicon has been found by observing the 006 forbidden reflection whilst applying a stress along the [1{\bar 1}0] axis. An energy-dispersive method was used so that advantage could be taken of the simultaneous presence of strong reflections (004 and 008) to align the sample with precision and to normalize the intensity measurements. In the course of investigation it was found that the strong reflections increased in intensity as a function of stress, suggesting that the crystal was undergoing a reversible change from the ideally perfect to the ideally imperfect state.
Experimental and computed HREM images of the structure and defects in gadolinium silicate
Authors: Nissen H.-U. , Kumao A. , Ylä-Jääski J. , Wessicken R.
Published: July 2002

Monoclinic Gd2SiO5 has been investigated by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) at 100 kV. Structure images are observed in the [100] and [001] projections and calculations of the image contrast using the multislice approximation are carried out to interpret the observations. For thin samples the image fit is improved by Fourier filtering of the observed images. For thicker samples the fit is found to be very sensitive to small tilt deviations of the zone axis to the electron beam. For defects observed in a fast-cooled specimen, a model in which Gd atoms replace Si atoms in segments along the (100) plane is proposed and tested by contrast calculations. These defects may be one of the reasons for deviations from stoichiometry as frequently observed in rare-earth silicates.