bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lidrandhygiene bei Kontaktlinsenträgern mit Blepharitis
Authors: Khaireddin R.
Published: January 2013

Hintergrund

Blepharitis als Folge der Dysfunktion der Meibom-Drüsen („Meibom gland dysfunction“, MGD) wird als weltweit häufigste Ursache des trockenen Auges angesehen. Wahrscheinlich ist die MGD auch eine wichtige Ursache der Symptome des trockenen Auges bei Kontaktlinsenträgern. Von den Beschwerden und Symptomen des trockenen Auges sind 50–75% der Kontaktlinsenträger betroffen. In der hier vorgestellten prospektiven, randomisierten und verblindeten Beobachtungsstudie soll die Wirksamkeit bekannter Therapieoptionen zur Behandlung der MGD bei Kontaktlinsenträgern anhand objektiver und subjektiver Methoden verglichen und ihre Wirksamkeit hinsichtlich der Beschwerdelinderung bei Kontaktlinsenträgern überprüft werden.

Methoden

An der Untersuchung nahmen 53 symptomatische Kontaktlinsenträger teil, die per Los auf die beiden Behandlungsgruppen „Lidrandhygiene mit verdünntem Babyshampoo“ oder „Lidrandhygiene mit liposomaler Lidrandreinigungslösung“ verteilt wurden. Der Behandlungszeitraum betrug 4 Wochen.

Die vergleichenden Untersuchungen zu Studienbeginn und nach 4 Wochen umfassten die verblindete Bewertung von Spaltlampenfotografien zur Beurteilung der Lidränder, die Bewertung der lidkantenparallelen konjunktivalen Falten (LIPCOF), die Messung der Tränenfilmaufreißzeit (NiBUT) und die subjektive Bewertung durch die Studienteilnehmer anhand des standardisierten Ocular-Surface-Disease-Index(OSDI)-Fragebogens.

Ergebnisse

Von den an der Studie beteiligten 53 Kontaktlinsenträger wurden 32 (60,4%) mit der Phospholipidlösung und 21 (39,6%) mit dem Babyshampoo behandelt. Beide Gruppen zeigten Befund- und Symptomverbesserungen. Die Verbesserungen waren sowohl objektiv als auch subjektiv signifikant stärker in der Phospholipidlösung- als in der Babyshampoo-Behandlungsgruppe ausgeprägt.

Schlussfolgerung

Die gängige klinische Praxis der zumeist einseitig auf die Substitution der wässrigen Tränenfilmphase abzielenden Therapie wird infrage gestellt. Vielmehr ist für Kontaktlinsenträger mit Siccabeschwerden auf evidenzbasierter Grundlage zu empfehlen, die Restitution der Lipidphase des Tränenfilms in den Vordergrund zu stellen. Im Falle einer assoziierten Blepharitis sollte die gängige klinische Praxis, einfach Babyshampoo für die Lidrandhygiene zu empfehlen, überdacht werden, denn die regelmäßige Lidrandhygiene mit einer phospholiposomalen Reinigungslösung, hier Blepha Cura, ist therapeutisch am wirksamsten.
Synthesis of novel inhibitors blocking Wnt signaling downstream of β‐Catenin
Authors: Halbedl Sonja , Kratzer Marie-Claire , Rahm Karolin , Crosta Nicoletta , Masters Kye-Simeon , Zippert Jessica , Bräse Stefan , Gradl Dietmar
Published: January 2013

Large scale screening of libraries consisting of natural and small molecules led to the identification of many small molecule inhibitors repressing Wnt/β‐Catenin signaling. However, targeted synthesis of novel Wnt pathway inhibitors has been rarely described. We developed a modular and expedient way to create the aromatic ring system with an aliphatic ring in between. Our synthesis opens up the possibility, in principle, to substitute all positions at the ring system with any desired substituent. Here, we tested five different haloquinone analogs carrying methoxy‐ and hydroxy‐groups at different positions. Bona fide Wnt activity assays in cell culture and in Xenopus embryos revealed that two of these compounds act as potent inhibitors of aberrant activated Wnt/β‐Catenin signaling.
Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy
Authors: Burnyeat M. F.
Published: January 2013

M. F. Burnyeat taught for 14 years in the Philosophy Department of University College London, then for 18 years in the Classics Faculty at Cambridge, 12 of them as the Laurence Professor of Ancient Philosophy, before migrating to Oxford in 1996 to become a Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at All Souls College. The studies, articles and reviews collected in these two volumes of Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy were all written, and all but two published, before that decisive change. Whether designed for a scholarly audience or for a wider public, they range from the Presocratics to Augustine, from Descartes and Bishop Berkeley to Wittgenstein and G. E. Moore. Their subject-matter falls under four main headings: 'Logic and Dialectic' and 'Scepticism Ancient and Modern', which are contained in this first volume; 'Knowledge' and 'Philosophy and the Good Life' make up the second volume. The title 'Explorations' well expresses Burnyeat's ability to discover new aspects of familiar texts, new ways of solving old problems. In his hands the history of philosophy becomes itself a philosophical activity.
UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLES CONNECTED WITH THE MÖBIUS INVERSION FORMULA
Authors: POLLACK PAUL , SANNA CARLO
Published: January 2013

Two arithmetic functions$f$and$g$form aMöbius pairif$f(n)= {\mathop{\sum }\nolimits}_{d\mid n} g(d)$for all natural numbers$n$. In that case,$g$can be expressed in terms of$f$by the familiar Möbius inversion formula of elementary number theory. In a previous paper, the first-named author showed that if the members$f$and$g$of a Möbius pair are both finitely supported, then both functions vanish identically. Here we prove two significantly stronger versions of this uncertainty principle. A corollary is that in a nonzero Möbius pair, one cannot have both${\mathop{\sum }\nolimits}_{f(n)\not = 0} 1/ n\lt \infty $and${\mathop{\sum }\nolimits}_{g(n)\not = 0} 1/ n\lt \infty $.
Feasibility of conductance catheter-derived pressure–volume loops to investigate ventricular mechanics in shunted single ventricles
Authors: Butts Ryan J. , Hsia Tain-Yen , Hamilton Baker G.
Published: January 2013

We present pressure–volume loops obtained from two patients with single-ventricle physiology, one with a modified Blalock–Taussig shunt and one with a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt. The dissimilarities in pressure–volume loop contour and related indices highlight potentially important differences in ventricular mechanics between the shunt types.
Ischaemic stroke with intact atrial septum – exclude arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Doering Friederike , Eicken Andreas , Hess John
Published: January 2013

A 44-year-old woman was referred to our centre for interventional cardiac catheterisation. The diagnostic work-up after a preceding ischaemic stroke led to the assumption of a patent foramen ovale due to a positive bubble study. Before the planned percutaneous closure of the patent foramen ovale, we performed a second bubble study, which showed an intact atrial septum. However, after two to three heart cycles bubbles could be detected in the left atrium, assuming a right-to-left shunt of an extracardiac origin most likely in the lung. We therefore performed cardiac catheterisation, yielding a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in the lower lobe of the right lung. This was successfully closed interventionally by placing a Cook coil, as well as several plugs into the malformation and feeding vessels.
Insurance accounting: a new era? ‐ Abstract of the London discussion
Authors: Foroughi Kamran
Published: January 2013

This abstract relates to the following paper:

ForoughiK., BarnardC. R., BennettR.W., ClayD. K., ConwayE.L., CorfieldS.R., CoughlanA.J., HarrisonJ.S., HibbettG.J., KendixI.V., Lanari-BoisclairM., O’ BrienC.D. and StrakerJ.S.K.Insurance accounting: a new era?British Actuarial Journal, doi:10.1017/S1357321712000189
Ma-PbFRET: Multiple Acceptors FRET Measurement Based on Partial Acceptor Photobleaching
Authors: Yu Huaina , Zhang Jianwei , Li Huali , Chen Tongsheng
Published: January 2013

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurement based on partial acceptor photobleaching (PbFRET) is easy to implement without external references. However, the current PbFRET methods are inapplicable to the construct with multiple acceptors, which largely increase the Förster distance. Here, we proposed a linear theory for the dependence of the acceptor photobleaching probability of construct with multiple acceptors on the photobleaching degree (x) and developed a multiple acceptors PbFRET method (Ma-PbFRET) to measure the FRET efficiency of construct with multiple acceptors (n) by measuring the fluorescence intensities of both donor and acceptor channels before and after acceptor photobleaching. The Ma-PbFRET method was validated by measuring the FRET efficiency of construct with two or three acceptors under different x in living cells. Our experimental results demonstrate that the Ma-PbFRET method is capable of exactly quantifying the FRET efficiency of construct with multiple acceptors, providing a simple and powerful tool to investigate the assembly/disassembly of biomolecular complexes with larger distance in living cells.
Gunnar Johansson, Events, and Biological Motion
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: January 2013

In 1973, Gunnar Johansson launched the systematic study of the perception of the human body in motion. Merging his applied interests in traffic safety and his theoretical interests in vector analysis and decomposition, Johansson produced captivating displays of people dancing and doing other ordinary activities, but with the people represented only by lights on their joints. This chapter discusses Johansson’s research and some of my own follow-up on his ideas, serving as background for ideas in this volume.
Action Perception from a Common Coding Perspective
Authors: van der Wel Robrecht P. R. D. , Sebanz Natalie , Knoblich Günther
Published: January 2013

This chapter provides an overview of the evidence suggesting that action perception depends upon the interplay of perceptual and motor processes and discusses the implications of such perception–action coupling. The existence of the mirror neuron system, the impact of motor expertise on action perception, and the influence of motor constraints on action perception are discussed as support for the common coding hypothesis. The coupling of the perception and action systems also allows observers to accurately predict the actions of others and to differentiate self-generated from other-generated actions.
Developmental Origins of Biological Motion Perception
Authors: Frankenhuis Willem E. , Barrett, H. Clark , Johnson Scott P.
Published: January 2013

Newborn infants have a special affinity for motion. It is not surprising, therefore, that the perception of biological motion has an important role in the early development of infants. This chapter describes the development of biological motion perception across early development. The chapter provides a critical discussion about whether “limitations” in infants’ visual system may reflect attunements that adaptively orient infants toward significant others (e.g., caregivers), describes the visual behavior of infants as evidence that they are actively selecting agents as targets of their attention, and provides a review of the overlaps between adult and infant vision research.
Inscriptions
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M.
Published: January 2013

The inscriptions preserved from this period nearly all commemorate individuals. They are vital evidence for the culture of the Britons, including the cultural inheritance from Roman Britain, for Irish settlement, and for burial customs. They divide into a Post‐Roman phase up to c. 600, in which the letter‐forms appropriate for inscriptions were inherited from Roman Britain, and in which such memorials were usually not situated in a church precinct, and a subsequent phase in which most letter‐forms were a carry over from a book‐script, half‐uncial, and most inscriptions were now in the precinct of a church.
The Britons, the Northumbrians, and the Rise of Mercia, 550–685
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M.
Published: January 2013

The first section of the chapter considers the origins of the English kingdom of Northumbria, a seventh‐century combination of Bernicia to the North and Deira to the south. Both Bernicia and Deira are British names; and these kingdoms emerged in a British context, probably had relatively large British populations compared with English kingdoms further south and east, and yet enjoyed major successes against English rivals. The second section discusses the borderland between Mercia and the Welsh, Northumbrian interventions in the area, its changing nature and the Welsh loss of what later became Shropshire. The third section discusses the role of the Church in the conflict between Britons and English and argues that the stigmatization of the Britons as heretics and schismatics may have played an important role in anglicization.
Wales from 950 to 1064
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M.
Published: January 2013

After the death of Hywel Dda the Merfynion were divided between his own southern branch and that of ‘the sons of Idwal’, namely of his first cousin, based in Gwynedd. By the 970s both these branches of the Merfynion suffered from internal feuding and external attack. The English alliance and English power in Wales were both casualties of the disintegration of the Merfynion. By the early eleventh century new dynasties were able to take control of Gwynedd and Deheubarth, although the Merfynion survived, the northern branch by taking refuge in the kingdom of Dublin, the southern in Herefordshire. One of the new dynasties produced the most powerful king of Wales of the pre‐Norman period, Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, who came to play a major role in English politics as the ally of Ælfgar of Mercia against the family of Godwine.
Regularities, Rules, Meanings, Truth-Conditions, and Epistemic Norms
Authors: Horwich Paul
Published: January 2013

The project here is to trace an explanatory route through these phenomena. It is argued that the basic facts amongst them are idealized law-like regularities of word use (characterized in non-semantic, non-normative terms); that such regularities help engender (i.e. are the primary reductive basis of) facts about which rules of use we are implicitly following; that these facts suffice to fix what we mean by our words and hence sentences; and that the meanings of our sentences (given contextual factors) determine their truth- conditions — which are the conditions in which we should hope to accept them. This picture is inspired by Wittgenstein’s later ideas about meaning and rule-following. Nonetheless it is at odds with Saul Kripke’s account, which is also billed as Wittgensteinian. It also conflicts with the perspective on them that has been elaborated by Crispin Wright — another influential exponent of Wittgenstein. So a fair part of the defence of the above position will consist in responses to their arguments. What is at stake is both the true nature of these interrelated phenomena, and the most fruitful way of reading Wittgenstein’s discussion of them.
Wright Against the Sceptics
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: January 2013

Wright defines a cornerstone as a deep presupposition of the justificatory procedures appropriate to some vital area of discourse. According to Wright, one of the most powerful sceptical strategies is to argue that no cornerstone commitment can be justified in a non-question-begging way, with the result that beliefs in the area of discourse for which it is a cornerstone also lack warrant. Taking his cue from Wittgenstein, Wright replies that this argumentative strategy involves a lacuna. Cornerstones are rationally warranted, by virtue of being rational but unearned entitlements. Though sympathetic to many things that Wright has to say, the chapter argues that his response to the sceptic is far more concessive that it should be. The chapter concludes by suggesting how a much less concessive response may be attempted.
Sugar and Spice
Authors: Stobart Jon
Published: January 2013

Consumers in eighteenth-century England were firmly embedded in an expanding world of goods, one that incorporated a range of novel foods (tobacco, chocolate, coffee and tea) and new supplies of more established commodities, including sugar, spices and dried fruits. Much has been written about the attraction of these goods, which went from being novelties or expensive luxuries in the mid seventeenth century to central elements of the British diet a century or so later. They have been linked to the rise of Britain as a commercial and imperial power, whilst their consumption is seen as transforming many aspects of British society and culture, from mealtimes to gender identity. Despite this huge significance to ideas of consumer change, we know remarkably little about the everyday processes through which groceries were sold, bought and consumed. In tracing the lines of supply that carried groceries from merchants to consumers, this book reveals how changes in retailing and shopping were central to the broader transformation of consumption and consumer practices, but also questions established ideas about the motivations underpinning consumer choices. It demonstrates the dynamic nature of eighteenth-century retailing; the importance of advertisements in promoting sales and shaping consumer perceptions, and the role of groceries in making shopping an everyday activity. At the same time, it shows how both retailers and their customers were influenced by the practicalities and pleasures of consumption. They were active agents in consumer change, shaping their own practices rather than caught up in a single socially-inclusive cultural project such as politeness or respectability.
4 Geographies of Selling: The Grocery Trades in Provincial Towns
Authors: Stobart Jon
Published: January 2013

Chapter 4 examines in detail the changing geography of the retail grocery trade. At the national scale, retailing responded to shifts in the number and socio‐economic circumstances of consumers, a wide range of goods being made readily available by local shopkeepers and allowing the commercialisation of the household modelled by de Vries. Within towns, the distribution of grocers alongside drapers, mercers and toy shops in the principal shopping areas placed them in the vanguard of changing consumption practices. Similarly, the prominence of the grocer's shop within consumers' mental landscapes made it more influential in shaping consumer behaviour, both in terms of visiting particular premises and promoting the consumption of groceries more generally.
6 Selling Groceries: Service, Credit, and Price
Authors: Stobart Jon
Published: January 2013

This chapter engages with debates over the nature and timing of retail revolution, offering fresh insights from the perspective of the grocery trade. Attention focuses on three areas. First, the importance of ‘traditional’ forms of service‐based retailing and the way in which it related to ideas of sociability. Second, the skills and attributes required of the shopkeeper who sold in this way, and particularly the importance of credit as a mechanism for securing goods and facilitating sales. Third, the emergence of ‘new’ retail practices, including cash sales and fixed prices. The chapter argues that ‘modern’ and traditional practices often went on hand‐in‐hand, procedures being moulded to the changing needs of consumers, and that retailers were active in promoting their wares rather than simply passively responding to shifting demand.
9 Tea and Cakes: Consuming Groceries
Authors: Stobart Jon
Published: January 2013

This chapter examines the ways in which groceries were consumed, linking the practicalities of everyday activities with theorisations of consumer motivation. The chapter begins by critically examining novelty as a motivating factor, arguing that it is especially problematic in the context of groceries. Luxury is perhaps more useful, with its dual significance as a marker of distinction and as sensual pleasure, although ideas of utility and comfort better encapsulate the appeal of sugar, tea, etc. to the poor. A more nuanced reading of consumer practices is offered through analysing recipe books to assess changes in the use of groceries as ingredients. This chapter argues for strong continuities and against the idea that empire was an important point of culinary reference. The actual dining practices of various social groups confirm a strong conservatism, especially amongst the middling sorts who sought to create their own culinary identity rather than emulate elite practices.
Cultural Integration in Italy
Authors: Bisin Alberto , Patacchini Eleonora
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores economic and cultural integration patterns for different immigrant groups in Italy, from first to second generations and across age cohorts. The chapter produces descriptive statistics regarding the differences of immigrants with respect to natives in terms of education, employment, female participation rates, marriage, divorce, exogamous marriage rates, and completed fertility rates. The analysis does not show evidence of slow integration patterns for immigrants into Italy, though inter-marriage rates between immigrants and natives are very low. Severe data limitations, however, suggest caution in the interpretation of these results.
The Spiritual Path
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S.
Published: January 2013

Spirituality is a movement away from suffering, and towards a way of life that liberates us from the self-defeating patterns of the conventional social ego. To further this movement we need a new understanding of ourselves and practices to transform that understanding from a momentary flash of insight to deeply engrained habits. The sequence of pain, new understanding, practices, and developing virtues is often called the “spiritual path.” Here spirituality is a long, difficult, uneven, and unpredictable process. This chapter describes some of the characteristic features of this journey: the contextual nature of spiritual virtues, the dangers of “spiritual materialism,” some paradoxes which arise, how the comparatively unimportant role of verbal creeds combines with the absolutely important place of spiritual discipline, spirituality's connections to and separations from mysticism and morality, how spirituality manifests itself in a wide variety of styles, and the inevitability of suffering
Spirituality in Religious Tradition
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S.
Published: January 2013

This chapter shows that spirituality, understood as the pursuit of spiritual virtues, is not a recent cultural innovation but an important element within traditional religion. This claim is supported by an examination of the role of compassion and paradox in Mahayana Buddhism; ecstatic devotion to God in Sufism; humility in the teachings of the Catholic Saint Thomas a Kempis; and joy in everyday life in Hasidic Judaism. In each case religious tradition stresses aspects of spirituality that are compatible with today's “spiritual but not religious” perspectives, and which often form the basis for many of today's spiritual teachers. In each case the spiritual power of the traditional teaching can be detached from a particular framework of religious belief about God or revelation.
Spiritual but Not Religious?
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S.
Published: January 2013

This chapter examines how and why millions of people describe themselves as ‘spiritual but not religious.’ To do so it describes the relation between ‘spirituality’ and ‘religion’ by exploring different senses of the concept of truth, the nature of belief, and the role of individuality and personal choice in spiritual life. As well, it describes some of the common criticisms “spiritual but not religious” people make of traditional religion. The basic thesis of the chapter is that the practice of spiritual virtues can coexist with a detached or metaphorical understanding of traditional religious claims; that religious belief is defined by the practice of virtue more than by intellectual acceptance; and that the common criticisms of orthodox religion (e.g., that it can be repressive and violent) are true, but apply equally to secular movements and ideologies as well.
Why Now?
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S.
Published: January 2013

This chapter asks: What is the source of the enormous interest in spiritual ideas, values, and practices in today's society? The major answer is the failure or at best very partial success of many of that society's leading values and authorities. There is widespread disenchantment with consumerism and the market, science and technology, professional expertise, organized religion, and reformist political movements. In terms of other historical developments, an interest in spirituality is also a by-product of religious pluralism. On the whole, spirituality's emphasis on psychology and morality over metaphysics matches a widespread cultural trend away from the metaphysical and cosmological in favor of the human, the historical, the empirical; and is part of what philosopher Charles Taylor calls “the massive subjective turn of modern culture” away from roles, duties, and rules, and toward a focus on “how people experience their personal lives.”
Spirituality and Healing
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S.
Published: January 2013

This chapter examines the relation between spiritual practices (e.g., meditation, yoga) and values (e.g., acceptance, compassion) and the three dimensions of healing: the problem of illness itself; a person's understanding of and response to illness; and the role of the caretakers who are serving the sick and trying to help them heal—especially the role of a parents of handicapped children. There is a detailed analysis of the physiological basis of the positive health effects of yoga/meditation, an account of the how people have learned to accept and even use their illnesses for spiritual development; and a discussion of the author's own relationship to his special needs daughter. Throughout the double sided spiritual response to illness is streseds: to use all resources offered by spirituality for healing, and also to use spiritual virtues to live a good life despite our losses.
Spirituality and Nature
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S.
Published: January 2013

This chapter analyses the critical role of spirituality in the human relationship with nature. Different forms of connection (nature as sacred in itself, nature as the word of God, nature “spirits”) are described as are the particular experiences and virtues to which our connection to nature gives rise. The difference between traditional senses of nature and the contemporary sense of ‘environment’—nature assaulted and wounded by humanity—is discussed. The particular relevance of indigenous and ecofeminist spirituality is stressed, as are the social questions of needed ecological change. The chapter concludes by questioning the relation between love of nature and love of people; what can be considered a reasonable level of consumption; and what happens to our concept of the sacred when the sacred is vulnerable and poisoned.
Spirituality and Politics
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S.
Published: January 2013

This chapter shows that authentic spiritual life requires political awareness and activism. Since spirituality requires morality, and modern life connects our everyday actions to people all over the world, we are obligated to engage in the struggle to make social life more rational, just, sustainable and caring. Also, and interestingly, it turns out that spiritual traditions and political ideologies and movements have a great deal to teach each other in terms of understanding the human situation; particularly, about the dual nature of human beings as both timeless and also shaped by their own historical and social situation. Specific attention is paid to a number of particular contexts, including Engaged Buddhism, feminism, the civil rights movement, and the general concept of non-violence.
Bowlby's “Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness”
Authors: Schore Allan N.
Published: January 2013

Chapter 2 proposes that Bowlby's concept of environment of evolutionary adaptedness describes the psychological space that a particular culture, at any point of anthropological history, creates to scaffold the emotional attachment bonding between mothers and infants, the evolutionary mechanism of attachment. This relational space operates at implicit levels, and it can either be expansive and facilitating or constrictive and inhibiting. In terms of attachment theory, a decrement in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) in a particular culture would be expressed in a decrease in secure and an increase in insecure attachment typologies. This in turn would reflect alterations in right brain maturation and limbic-autonomic functioning and reduced efficiency in implicit stress and affect regulation. Early right brain development not only allows entry into a particular culture but also shapes the culture itself.
The Messages of Epigenetic Research
Authors: Kagan Jerome
Published: January 2013

Epigenetic discoveries are having a profound effect on investigators trying to find links between genetics, on the one hand, and physiology and behavior on the other. The findings have yet to influence psychological methods, theory, and basic assumptions about human development.
Nighttime Nurturing: An Evolutionary Perspective on Breastfeeding and Sleep
Authors: Ball Helen L. , Russell Charlotte K.
Published: January 2013

Consideration of the phylogenetic depth and cross-cultural breadth of mother–infant biology and behavior illuminates contemporary infant care. Three key “ancestral environments” (AEs) have defined the care requirements of newborn humans (lactation, frequent suckling, and maternal close contact). These evolved requirements have been challenged by various “new cultural environments” (NCEs) propelling infant care in directions that are incongruent with evolved maternal and infant biology (e.g., postpartum separation of mothers and infants, widespread acceptance of nonhuman milk feeding). As a consequence, over the past century, infant feeding and sleeping have become decoupled from the mother's body—with far-reaching ramifications.
The Value of a Play-Filled Childhood in Development of the Hunter-Gatherer Individual
Authors: Gray Peter
Published: January 2013

Children in band hunter-gatherer cultures, wherever they have been studied, were free to play on their own, essentially from dawn to dusk, every day. This chapter describes the cultural context for such play—which included free age mixing among children and adolescents and direct exposure to essentially all adult activities—and explains how, through free play, children acquired the cultural skills, social values, and personal character traits essential to adult success. In particular, the article explains how play, by its very nature, promotes cooperation, egalitarianism, democratic decision making, personal autonomy, and self-control—all of which were key hunter-gatherer values.
Perspective 2: Play, Plasticity, and the Perils of Conflict: “Problematizing” Sociobiology
Authors: Konner Melvin
Published: January 2013

Dissatisfied with the self-assured genetic-competition models of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, authors in this volume correctly emphasize the role of plasticity—whether in the form or service of cultural evolution, gene–culture coevolution, or adaptive play—in the larger evolutionary process; the fact that most conflict is ritualized or playful; and the role of cooperation in muting competition and the possibility that natural selection can operate at the level of the family or the group. These emphases are all to the good, and certainly provide a counterweight to the emphasis on relentless competition and selection at the level of the individual or the gene, although these are not mutually exclusive possibilities.
Perspective 3: The Emergent Organism: A New Paradigm
Authors: Mason William A.
Published: January 2013

Research on early experience has contributed to a revised and enriched view of basic developmental concepts relating to the individual as an active and creative participant in its own development; to experience, an essential, ubiquitous contributor to the phenotype, at all functional levels; and to the environment, the primary agent that sustains, facilitates, and constrains the plasticity and potential of the developing phenotype. These changes, based largely on animal research, have clear and important implications for understanding human development.
Psychological Legitimization—Views of the Israeli Occupation by Jews in Israel: Data and Implications
Authors: Tamir Magal Neta Oren, Daniel Bar-Tal, , Halperin Eran
Published: January 2013

The chapter explains how the psychological legitimization of the occupation emerged by presenting the various orientations regarding the status of the occupied territories and the perceptions of the Palestinian nation that have prevailed among Israeli Jews from 1967 until the present. It focuses on their reflection in the platforms of the political parties, in the beliefs of the leaders and in public opinion. Viewing the territories as being liberated because they are part of the Jewish homeland, and as belonging exclusively to Jews, and/or that these territories are of supreme importance to secure the existence of the State of Israel, has had imprinting effects on the issue of determining borders, removal of settlements and the division of Jerusalem, as well as on the establishment of a Palestinian State. This view was marginal before the 1967 war, but with the conquest of the West Bank and Gaza Strip it has become a dominant position among the Jewish-Israeli leaders, elite and the public.
The Impact of the Occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on the Political Discourse of the Palestinians in Israel
Authors: Amara Muhammad , Mostafa Mohanad
Published: January 2013

The chapter describes the impact of the Israeli occupation on the Palestinian-Arab citizens of Israel. It focuses on the reflections of the political discourse in the political organization of the Palestinians/Arab in Israel and in their relationship with the State, as compared with that which had prevailed prior to the occupation. The main thesis advanced in the chapter is that since the 1970s a collective attitude has crystallized, seeking civil equality together with a solution to the national question.
Home as Homeland
Authors: Antrim Zayde
Published: January 2013

This chapter argues that the works most centrally occupied with crafting home as a category of belonging in the discourse of place were Arabic literary anthologies from the world of adab dedicated to the theme of homesickness (al-ḥanīn ilā l-awṭān). In order to associate the idea of home with land, they adopt the term waṭan, or “homeland,” as their organizing principle and elaborate on it with a lexicon of other terms designating some form of territoriality. In so doing, they represent homes as land-based categories of belonging that provided physical, social, material, political, or spiritual nurture. This idea of homeland was both geographically and conceptually flexible and allowed a wide variety of people to use attachment to land as a means of petitioning a prince, winning a patron, or expressing religious or political loyalty.
Routes and Realms
Authors: Antrim Zayde
Published: January 2013

This chapter begins by considering three tenth-century geographies of the Mamlakat al-Islām, or “Realm of Islam,” by al-Iṣṭakhrī, Ibn Ḥawqal, and al-Muqaddasī. These works may be distinguished from others in the discourse of place by their systematic and consistent division of the “Realm of Islam” into regions and their representation of each region in both map and writing. Through a comparative analysis of their maps and commentaries, this chapter argues that they portray the regions of the Islamic world as widely recognizable and meaningful territorial entities that were understood as both bounded and connective. It moves on to consider a small group of works devoted to the representation of a single region, most prominently Egypt. These works suggest that some regions were particularly useful in this period for declaring political or religious loyalty and claiming belonging in an expansive, even expansionist, but not exclusive, manner.
Introduction: The Discourse of Place
Authors: Antrim Zayde
Published: January 2013

This chapter introduces the book’s conceptual framework, the “discourse of place,” the genres of texts it includes, and their shared commitment to the representation of territories as categories of belonging. It also discusses the methodology of close reading used in the book and the related ideas of textual and extratextual performance that make it possible to view written and graphic texts as acts of creativity that were intended to interact with audiences. Viewing texts as performances sheds light on the various modes of reception and reproduction of knowledge in this period. This chapter also considers the open-ended processes of manuscript redaction and transmission that have made texts from the ninth through the eleventh centuries available for analysis. Finally, it presents the book’s main argument, that in a period characterized by political fragmentation the discourse of place gave Muslims a powerful language to assert connectivity and belonging.
Media and Early Childhood Development
Authors: Lemish Dafna , Kolucki Barbara
Published: January 2013

This chapter focuses on the role media can play in bettering the lives of young children globally. Although media can have negative influences on child development, we emphasize the positive potential that holistic and developmentally appropriate communication can have on young children and caregivers. Communication for, with, and about young children that is inclusive and culturally sensitive can help them develop cognitively, socially, and emotionally, especially the most disadvantaged and vulnerable. It can also strengthen, be supportive of, and complement broader integrated early child development strategies and specific development goals. We review research and suggest four principles and supporting guidelines for using communication to achieve these goals. The chapter describes several examples of successful communication for young children from low- and middle-income countries. We conclude with recommendations for policymakers and programmers who wish to support similar initiatives.
Improving Policies and Programs for Educational Quality
Authors: Wagner Daniel A.
Published: January 2013

Culture and context are increasingly important in developmental science research, but are often poorly understood when applied to policy contexts in low-income countries. This chapter considers the expanding role that learning assessments play in understanding and promoting early childhood development (ECD) and education. The vast majority of reading research is based on a small number of international languages, which makes it inapplicable to designing educational policies in poor, multilingual contexts. In recent years, international, regional, and local (or hybrid) reading assessments have been developed to greatly expanded our knowledge about how, when, and under what conditions children learn to read. Important debates continue over the credibility of data, especially for very poor and marginalized children. Conducting context- and intervention-relevant research on learning quality is critically important in policy planning to support ECD and basic education. By fostering greater information transparency and an expanded group of stakeholders, learning assessments can more broadly empower communities to improve educational quality.
National Agency Systems
Authors: Homsi Maha B. , Hussein Lara A.
Published: January 2013

Holistic development comes as a result of good health, nutrition, early stimulation, positive social and emotional interactions with significant adults/caregivers, play, learning opportunities, and protection from violence. Coordinating these sectors in policy development and implementation is essential for ensuring holistic child development and efficient use of national resources. The presence of a national agency will ensure that all programs maintain a unified pedagogy that guarantees the holistic approach, continuity, and reliability of these programs and allows the smooth transition of children from one program or stage to another. This chapter examines the effectiveness of the Jordanian National Council for Family Affairs (NCFA)’s work in the field of early childhood and analyzes those factors and roles that contribute to or hinder the operation of a national agency.
On Literary Worlds
Authors: Hayot Eric
Published: January 2013

Though literature is not a technology, the historical models literary scholars use to describe literary history owe a great deal to the languages of originality, novelty, progress, and invention that form the core of the idea of technological development. No real surprise: putting progress at the center of historicity is one of the things that makes us modern. But if you think like a modern person then it's very hard to ever really make a good case for why someone interested in the history of modern literary aesthetics ought to read the literature of the non-Western world. This book makes that case. It does so by rethinking from the ground up our concepts of literary history and progress, redescribing the history we know (or think we know) in a new language that requires us to be far more worldly and global in our arguments about literary change. To do, so, the book begins with an argument that literature is a world-creating activity. Connecting the cosmographical imagination to the historical shifts in world-view caused by the Columbian discoveries and Copernican revolutions, the book shows how the very notion of the modern is, at heart, a cosmographical social form.
The World and the Work of Art
Authors: Hayot Eric
Published: January 2013

This chapter analyzes Heidegger and Jean-Luc Nancy' conceptions of the world and the work of art. The history of the world of the work of art is always, simultaneously, a history of the idea of the world, and a history of the world as a material substrate, and object of human practice. This book proceeds toward a historicization of the world-concept (and its appearances in works of art) that recognizes that its history is not, or not simply, the history of a philosophical concept, but rather a history of the intersection between such a concept and its practical appearance in the realm of human life. Heidegger's work recalls how widely modernity is understood as a fracture in the world-idea. This fracture is literal and metaphorical. Nancy's work on the history of the world-concept confirms for a new era the ways a material understanding of the actual world situation can function as a complement to and subtending force of the world's apprehension as a philosophical concept.
Medium and Form
Authors: Hayot Eric
Published: January 2013

This chapter describes how both medium and form participate in the production or apprehension of diegetic space. That description in turn helps to affirm the vital importance of those categories for the long-run analysis of the history of literary worlds.
Cigarette smoking is associated with high prevalence of chronic rhinitis and low prevalence of allergic rhinitis in men
Authors: Eriksson J. , Ekerljung L. , Sundblad B.‐M. , Lötvall J. , Torén K. , Rönmark E. , Larsson K. , Lundbäck B.
Published: January 2013

Background

The harmful effects of tobacco smoke on human health, including respiratory health, are extensive and well documented. Previous data on the effect of smoking on rhinitis and allergic sensitization are inconsistent. We sought to investigate how smoking correlates with prevalence of allergic and chronic rhinitis among adults in Sweden.

Methods

The study population comprised 27 879 subjects derived from three large randomly selected cross‐sectional population surveys conducted in Sweden between 2006 and 2008. The same postal questionnaire on respiratory health was used in the three surveys, containing questions about obstructive respiratory diseases, rhinitis, respiratory symptoms and possible determinants of disease, including smoking habits. A random sample from one of the cohorts underwent a clinical examination including skin prick testing.

Results

Smoking was associated with a high prevalence of chronic rhinitis in both men and women and a low prevalence of allergic rhinitis in men. These associations were dose dependent and remained when adjusted for a number of possible confounders in multiple logistic regression analysis. Prevalence of chronic rhinitis was lowest in nonsmokers and highest in very heavy smokers (18.5% vs 34.5%, P < 0.001). Prevalence of sensitization to common airborne allergens was lower in current smokers (25.9%, P = 0.008) and ex‐smokers (28.2%, P = 0.022) than in nonsmokers (38.5%).

Conclusion

We found that smoking was associated with a high prevalence of chronic rhinitis in both sexes and a low prevalence of allergic rhinitis in men. The associations were dose dependent and remained when adjusting for several possible confounders.
Precision medicines for B‐cell leukaemias and lymphomas; progress and potential pitfalls
Authors: Dyer Martin J. S. , Vogler Meike , Samuel Jesvin , Jayne Sandrine , Wagner Simon , Pritchard Catrin , Macip Salvador
Published: January 2013

There is now a plethora of new precision medicines for B‐cell malignancy including ‘classical’ kinase inhibitors, rationally designed inhibitors of anti‐apoptotic proteins and antibody or antibody drug/toxin conjugates with functional properties. Some are showing spectacular single agent activity in early phase clinical studies and may reduce or, in combination, even obviate the need for chemotherapy. Nevertheless, significant problems remain if these medicines are to be introduced into routine clinical practice in a rational and affordable manner. Firstly, precision medicines must be carefully matched in a mechanistic fashion with specific subtypes of disease. Whilst sensitivity may be predicted by the detection of key mutations or by expression of target molecules, for therapies that depend on intact intracellular signalling pathways, functional assessment on viable primary malignant cells will be necessary using assays that faithfully mimic in vivo conditions. A second, but no less important challenge is to define mechanism‐based synergistic combinations associated with minimal toxicities rather than simply adding new precision medicines to existing chemotherapeutic regimens. Finally, a closer, open, two‐way interaction between academic medicine and the pharmaceutical industry will be necessary to achieve these aims. Implementing such changes would change radically how and where patients with B‐cell malignancies are managed.