bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presidential Speech IAPSCON 2023
Authors: Khokar Dasmit Singh
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Respected Chief Guest, guests from overseas, esteemed colleagues, dear students, and friends, I am deeply honoured to address you at this prestigious gathering at the Indian Association of Paediatric Surgeons (IAPS) Conference. I take this opportunity to remind all members that our responsibility extends far beyond our operating theatres. The Incidence of congenital anomalies in India is still 18.2/1000 live births with a high mortality of about 6.78/1000 live births, with a vast majority of these children with congenital anomalies being born into poor families, resulting in a large proportion of children being left untreated or incompletely treated. To address these problems, the IAPS makes the following suggestions: (1) Urgent instructions from the government to insurance providers to launch affordable and easily accessible insurance policies that address the needs of newborns, infants, and children. (2) To ensure the appointment of at least one pediatric surgeon for every pediatric intensive care unit/neonatal intensive care unit being set up in district hospitals. (3) To make pediatric surgery an essential subject in the undergraduate curriculum at MBBS level and ensure that medical colleges and district hospitals have at least one full-time pediatric surgeon on their faculty. (4) To ensure that newborns and children (up to the age of 18 years) have access to a pediatric surgeon or specialist who is well trained in surgery on children, much like medical problems in this age group are treated by pediatricians, surgical problems should be entrusted to pediatric surgeons. Someday, a pediatric surgeon for every child’s operation may become a reality. Hope that day is not too far away.
Primary Pelvic Hydatid Cyst in Adolescent Female
Authors: Goel Eesha , Gupta Sonalika , Lone Yasir Ahmad
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Primary pelvic hydatid cyst occurs through hematogenous or lymphatic route. Adolescent female presented with complaints of suprapubic discomfort and constipation. Imaging revealed a cystic lesion in pouch of Douglas and removed surgically. This case emphasizes considering hydatid disease as a differential diagnosis of cystic pelvic mass, especially in the endemic regions.
The debatable role of aspirin as a primary prophylactic drug for coronary artery disease: A review
Authors: Manak Seema , Inder Deep
Published: January 2024

Aspirin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, inhibits thromboxane A2 synthesis in platelets and prevents platelet aggregation. It is commonly employed as an antiplatelet drug in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CVDs are no longer limited to the elderly group; the incidence of myocardial infarction has increased in the young adult population too. Low-dose aspirin (75–325 mg/day) has an established role in secondary prophylaxis of CVD, but its role in primary prophylaxis is debatable. It increases the risk of bleeding. Therefore, it is an attempt to understand the therapeutic status of aspirin as a prophylactic drug, and hence, this review is needed to understand its role.
Digital Transformation in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain: An African Case
Authors: Ashiwaju Bankole Ibrahim , Agho Mercy Odochi , Okogwu Casandra , Orikpete Ochuko Felix , Daraojimba Chibuike
Published: January 2024

Background:

The pharmaceutical supply chain, pivotal in ensuring timely and efficient delivery of medical goods, has experienced significant challenges in the African context. Infrastructure deficiencies, fragmented distribution networks, and limited transparency have historically been obstacles in ensuring the consistent flow of essential drugs and treatments.

Materials and Methods:

The transformative power of digital technologies in reconfiguring the pharmaceutical supply chain across Africa. Drawing on multiple case studies, this paper presents evidence of how technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are being employed to enhance traceability, improve inventory management, and optimize distribution routes. These digital innovations are not only ensuring the integrity of medicines by reducing counterfeit products but are also enhancing the agility of the supply chain to respond to sudden market and health demands.

Results:

Executed in a thorough data analysis strategy to interpret the results and extract significant insights by investigating the challenges faced in this digital transformation, which include the need for skills development, infrastructure investment, and the creation of supportive regulatory environments. The study underscores the role of partnerships between governments, international organizations, and private enterprises in driving these innovations.

Conclusion:

While the journey of digital transformation in Africa’s pharmaceutical supply chain is ongoing, there are promising strides being made. By embracing digital solutions, Africa is positioning itself to better tackle health challenges and ensuring that its populace has access to genuine and essential medicines. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of digital transition strategies and offers actionable insights for stakeholders involved in global health and supply chain management.
Investigating the Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Essential Oil on Hemato-biochemical Indices, Immune Response, and Oxidative Stress of Weaned Rabbits
Authors: Alagbe J. O.
Published: January 2024

Aims:

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil on haemato-biochemical indices, immune response and oxidative stress of weaned rabbits.

Methods:

Sixty healthy weanling crossbred male rabbits (4 weeks old) with an initial body weight (BW) of 460.1 ± 0.25 g were grouped based on their BW into four treatments containing treatment 1 (T1) of a base diet without E. camaldulensis oil (ECO), T2, T3, and T4 were fed basal diets with 200 mg, 400 mg, and 600 mg/kg, respectively, in a completely randomized design. Feed and clean water was supplied ad libitum throughout the experiment which lasted for 56 days.

Results:

All haematological parameters (pack cell volume, red blood cell, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations, white blood cells and its differentials) were higher (P<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 relative to T1. Total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, cholesterol, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alanine phosphatase values were greater in ECO supplemented diets whereas urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and bicarbonate were influenced by the treatments.

Conclusion:

However, all values were within the optimal range for healthy rabbits. Immunoglobulins, melanodialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and total antioxidant capacity were higher (P<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 than in other diet. Result revealed that ECO can be supplemented up to 600 mg/kg without negatively affecting the performance and health status of rabbits.
Bioaugmentation with Advenella kashmirensis for the treatment of a kraft pulp effluent by aerated lagoon
Authors: Coelho Bruna Durat , Carvalho Jáderson de Paula , Couto Gustavo Henrique , Almeida José Daniel de , Celinski Fernanda , Xavier Claudia Regina
Published: January 2024

Brazil is considered a world leader in paper production. It is estimated that the sector contributes 46.5% of the national gross domestic product, and its effluents have high concentrations of organic matter and recalcitrant compounds which can cause coloration and ecotoxicity, generating impact if not properly treated. A potential strategy for the treatment of this wastewater is bioaugmentation with native bacteria isolated from the industrial sludge and effluent, which, due to their potential metabolism adapted to adverse environmental conditions, may favor the removal of specific compounds. When associated with immobilization techniques, the inoculum can develop as a biofilm adhered to a support medium, which provides surfaces for adhesion, growth and survival of bacteria. We therefore investigated the treatment of Kraft pulp effluent by bioaugmentation with the autochthonous bacterium Advenella kashmirensis both immobilized in a spongy support medium - Aqua Porous Gel (APG) - and in free-swimming (planktonic) form, denominated Phase I and II, respectively. The investigation was performed in a bench-scale aerated lagoon system with untreated industrial effluent. The effect of the use of bacteria in bioaugmentation was assessed by the removal parameters of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Color, Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and Lignin Compounds (LC). The results indicate that both Phases I and II were efficient for the treatment of COD, BOD5 and color parameters. However, the biofilm form provided better stability to the biological system in the treatment of the Kraft pulp effluent.

Keywords: adhered, kraft effluent, SEM, suspended solids.
Antimicrobial resistance profile of Aeromonas spp. isolated from tambaqui fish (Colossoma macropomum)
Authors: Silva Alanna Raíssa de Araújo , Braga Joyce Caroline Campos Mendes , Vieira Vanielly Viana Rodrigues , Jesus Greiciene dos Santos de , Bezerra Danilo Cutrim , Coimbra Viviane Correa Silva , Teles Amanda Mara , Bezerra Nancyleni Pinto Chaves
Published: January 2024

The current study assesses the resistance profile of Aeromonas spp. individuals isolated from tambaqui fish (Colossoma macropomum) grown in fish farms located in São Luís Metropolitan Region - MA. In total, 114 bacterial strains belonging to species Aeromonas spp. were used in the experiment. Antimicrobial resistance profile was defined based on using the disk diffusion method and 10 antimicrobials. Isolates were classified as susceptible, susceptible upon increased exposure and resistant to the assessed principles; phenotypes showing resistance to multiple tested drugs (MDR) were classified. Bacterial strains presented widespread resistance to penicillin; as well as high oxacillin-, cefepime-, cefadroxil- and azithromycin-resistance rates. Ampicillin associated with sulbactam, neomycin and ofloxacin were the antimicrobials recording the highest sensitivity rate; high frequency of isolates (34.21%) were categorized as MDR phenotypes. Antimicrobial resistance was observed in the herein assessed Aeromonas spp. isolates, despite the lack of antimicrobials registered in Brazil to be used for C. macropomum fish farming purposes.

Keywords: Aeromonadaceae, bacterial resistance, fish farming.
A characterization of random analytic functions satisfying Blaschke-type conditions
Authors: Duan Yongjiang , Fang Xiang , Zhan Na
Published: January 2024

Let
$f(z)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a_n z^n \in H(\mathbb {D})$
be an analytic function over the unit disk in the complex plane, and let
$\mathcal {R} f$
be its randomization:
$$ \begin{align*}(\mathcal{R} f)(z)= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} a_n X_n z^n \in H(\mathbb{D}),\end{align*} $$

where
$(X_n)_{n\ge 0}$
is a standard sequence of independent Bernoulli, Steinhaus, or Gaussian random variables. In this note, we characterize those
$f(z) \in H(\mathbb {D})$
such that the zero set of
$\mathcal {R} f$
satisfies a Blaschke-type condition almost surely:
$$ \begin{align*}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(1-|z_n|)^t<\infty, \quad t>1.\end{align*} $$
Borel reducibility of equivalence relations on
$\omega _1$
Authors: Camerlo Riccardo
Published: January 2024

The structure of Borel reducibility for equivalence relations on
$\omega _1$
is determined.
Corrigendum to “Lagrangian cobordisms and Lagrangian surgery”
Authors: Hicks Jeff
Published: January 2024

This corrigendum draws attention to a missing attribution in [Comment. Math. Helv. 98, 509–595 (2023)].
Clinical implications of pleural effusion following left ventricular assist device implantation
Authors: Lim So-Min , Kim Ah-Ram , Hyun Junho , Lee Sang-Eun , Kang Pil-Je , Jung Sung-Ho , Kim Min-Seok
Published: January 2024

Background: Studies on the association between pleural effusion (PE) and left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are limited. This study aimed to examine the characteristics and the clinical impact of PE following LVAD implantation.Methods: This study is a prospective analysis of patients who underwent LVAD implantation from June 2015 to December 2022. We investigated the prognostic impact of therapeutic drainage (TD) on clinical outcomes. We also compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes between early and late PE and examined the factors related to the development of late PE.Results: A total of 71 patients was analyzed. The TD group (n=45) had a longer ward stay (days; median [interquartile range]) (31.0 [23.0–46.0] vs. 21.0 [16.0–34.0], P=0.006) and total hospital stay (47.0 [36.0–82.0] vs. 31.0 [22.0–48.0], P=0.002) compared to the no TD group (n=26). Early PE was mostly exudate, left-sided, and neutrophil-dominant even though predominance of lymphocytes was the most common finding in late PE. Patients with late PE had a higher rate of reintubation within 14 days (31.8% vs. 4.1%, P=0.004) and longer hospital stays than those without late PE (67.0 [43.0–104.0] vs. 36.0 [28.0–48.0], P<0.001). Subgroup analysis indicated that female sex, low body mass index, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and hypoalbuminemia were associated with late PE.Conclusions: Compared to patients not undergoing TD, those undergoing TD had a longer hospital stay but not a higher 90-day mortality. Patients with late PE had poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, the correction of risk factors, like hypoalbuminemia, may be required.
Optimizing Intralogistics in an Engineer-to-Order Enterprise with Job
Shop Production: A Case Study of the Control Cabinet
Manufacturing
Authors: Bründl Patrick , Stoidner Micha , Nguyen Huong Giang , Abrass Ahmad , Franke Jörg
Published: January 2024

This study underscores the benefits of refining the intralogistics process for
small- to medium-sized manufacturing businesses (SMEs) in the engineer-to-order
(ETO) sector, which relies heavily on manual tasks. Based on industrial visits
and primary data from six SMEs, a new intralogistics concept and process was
formulated. This approach enhances the value-added time of manufacturing workers
while also facilitating complete digital integration as well as improving
transparency and traceability. A practical application of this method in a
company lead to cutting its lead time by roughly 11.3%. Additionally, improved
oversight pinpointed excess inventory, resulting in advantages such as reduced
capital needs and storage requirements. Anticipated future enhancements include
better efficiency from more experienced warehouse staff and streamlined picking
methods. Further, digital advancements hold promise for cost reductions in
administrative and supportive roles.
Designing Manual Workplace Systems in Engineer-to-Order Enterprises to Improve Productivity: A Kano Analysis
Authors: Stoidner Micha , Bründl Patrick , Matthes Tina , Nguyen Huong Giang , Abrass Ahmadd , Franke Jörg
Published: January 2024

Being an engineer-to-order (ETO) operating industry, the control cabinet industry faces difficulties in process and workplace optimizations due to changing requirements and lot size one combined with volatile orders. To optimize workplaces for employees, current literature is focusing on ergonomic designs, providing frameworks to analyze workplaces, leaving out the optimal design for productivity. This work thus utilizes a Kano analysis, collecting empirical data to identify essential design requirements for assembly workplaces, incorporating input from switchgear manufacturing employees. The results emphasize the need for a balance between ergonomics and efficiency in workplace design. Surprisingly, few participants agree on the correlation between improved processes and workspaces having a positive impact on their well-being and product quality. Ultimately, the study offers a list of requirements that are needed at ETO assembly stations to satisfy employees and improve efficiency of the production processes.
Flexible Heating and Heat Retention Technology for Efficient Treatment of Exhaust Gases in Diesel Engines
Authors: YS Ananthkumar , K Sabareeswaran , M Jayashree
Published: January 2024

In the Journey towards Zero Emission and decarbonization, with emerging advancement in technology form current BS6 to near future EURO7 standards of emission, these emission norms are achievable when we amalgamate with an assistive technology of Electrically Heated System for thermal management in Diesel emission control i.e., called CatVap®. With the increasingly stringent limits on vehicle pollutants- including NOx emission levels are fulfilled with Twin Urea Dosing mechanism. These comprehensive lists of advanced technology to converge lowest NOx emissions without increasing CO2 emissions. The Major effort in the existing structure is to accelerate the SCR temperature and enhance the conversion efficiency of NOx in Real Drive Emission during cold start and low load duty cycle. CatVap®system provides sufficient thermal energy to facilitate rapid heating in the course of low load cycles and cold city rides for efficient gas conversion. As they are used to accelerate the light-off temperature for Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), this system is also highly adaptable for effective regeneration in Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and overall, it is an important promoter to accomplish Zero emission Internal Combustion Engines. Albonair is targeting towards optimization of well adapted and cost-effective CatVap technology and dual dosing system to improve BS6 emission standards and to meet BS7/Euro7 regulations. The Development cost and the estimated timeline to encounter BS7 System would not be much challengeable when compared to the implementation of BS6 system.
HVAC NVH Refinement in Electric Vehicle
Authors: S Nataraja Moorthy , Rao Manchi , Raghavendran Prasath , Manivannan Giridharan
Published: January 2024

Customers expect more advanced features and comfort in electric vehicles. It is challenging for NVH engineers to reduce the vibration levels to a great extent in the vehicle without adding cost and weight.

This paper focuses on reducing the tactile vibration in electric vehicle when AC is switched ON. Vibration levels were not acceptable and modulating in nature on the test vehicle. Electric compressor is used for cabin cooling and battery cooling in the vehicle. Compressor is connected to body with the help of isolators. Depending upon cooling load, the compressor operates between 1000 rpm and 8000 rpm. The 1st order vibration of compressor was dominant on tactile locations at all the compressor speeds. Vibration levels on steering wheel were improved by 10 dB on reducing the dynamic stiffness of isolators. To reduce the transfer of compressor vibration further, isolators are provided on HVAC line connection on body and mufflers are provided in suction and discharge line. With the above modifications, steering wheel vibration levels were reduced by ~ 2 dB. It is identified that radiator fan Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) frequency is also contributing to higher tactile vibration. Shifting PWM frequency to high frequency and stiffness increase on the fan motor casing has reduced the vibration levels by ~ 16 dB and cabin noise by ~ 2 dB (A). Alternative solutions like reducing of fan isolator stiffness is also explored. Blower vibrations contributing to steering wheel vibrations were reduced by controlling the unbalance on the blower. With all the modifications, tactile vibration levels are reduced considerably by ~ 20 dB. Modal criteria during design of compressor bushes and the NVH requirements during selection of fan PWM frequency to avoid higher levels of vibration during AC ON condition are explained.
Implementation of Machine Learning in Acoustics Source Detection by Leveraging Synthetic Sound Data Generation Approach
Authors: Shukle Srinidhi , Iyer Ganesh , Faizan Mohammed
Published: January 2024

E-Mobility and low noise IC Engines has pushed product development teams to focus more on sound quality rather than just on reduced noise levels and legislative needs. Furthermore, qualification of products from a sound quality perspective from an end of line testing requirement is also a major challenge. End of line (EOL) NVH testing is key evaluation criteria for product quality with respect to NVH and warranty. Currently for subsystem or component level evaluation, subjective assessment of the components is done by a person to segregate OK and NOK components. As human factor is included, the process becomes very subjective and time consuming. Components with different acceptance criteria will be present and it’s difficult to point out the root cause for NOK components. In this paper, implementation of machine learning is done for acoustic source detection at end of line testing. To improve the fault detection an automated intelligent tool has been developed for subjective to objective method conversion using ML model to segregate OK and NOK components and its root causes. However, the key challenge with ML models is its reliance on significant amounts of data that are subjectively tagged. This paper talks about a unique approach to generate large synthetic sound data from smaller set of tagged sound data sets.
Front-Loading: Virtual Validation and Calibration on LABCAR
Authors: Samaddar Soumik , Varsha Anuroopa , Garg Charu , Galgali Abhishek , P R Renjith
Published: January 2024

The advent of BS6 coupled with RDE emission norms has increased the development efforts and costs due to the shear amount of testing and validation on real engines and vehicles which are necessitated by these stringent norms.

Front-loading of tasks by moving actual vehicle and engine tasks on to virtual setup, will reduce the development efforts and costs significantly. This front-loading of tasks on to a LABCAR would need real time and highly accurate plant models, tools to parameterize these plant models and accurate data driven models to predict dynamic parameters like emissions.

In this collaborative work between Maruti Suzuki India Ltd and ETAS India, ETAS VVTB and ICE plant models were parameterized with the data generated on engine test with ASCMO Global DoE test plan by using ASCMO MOCA. The ASCMO Global test plan also ensures the coverage of data points across the entire engine operating space. These plants models were optimized to an accuracy level of more than 95%. The optimized plant model parameters are integrated on ETAS LABCAR and necessary fine tuning is carried out on the LABCAR.

The results show, for MIDC cycle the accuracy of simulation torque and airflow results are greater than 95% and fuel consumption simulation has an error less than 6%. Accuracy levels of ASCMO dynamic emission models also have good accuracy levels.
E-Drive System Selection Criterion for EV Commercial and Passenger Vehicles Segments
Authors: Jadhav Vaibhav V. , Shendge Raman S. , Warule Prasad B. , Wani Kalpesh S.
Published: January 2024

Climate change due to global warming are major concerns. Electric vehicles are one of the promising technologies to curb the climate change by reducing CO2 emissions significantly. Electric vehicle component selection is a complex process, which has to fulfil multiple requirements with trade-off between performance & efficiency, efficiency & cost, performance & NVH, packaging & performance etc. In addition, E-drive selection in passenger & commercial vehicle is different due to application difference. Hence, it is a great challenge to select right E-Drive comprising motor, MCU and overall gear ratio to meet EV program constraints and targets.

This study focuses on criterion used for selecting an E-Drive system comprising motor, MCU and overall gear ratio for electric vehicles in commercial and passenger vehicle segments. The automotive market in India is analysed and the most popular vehicles in CV and PV segments with comparable kerb weights have been identified; small commercial vehicle, and compact SUV. The criterion based on vehicle performance, design, cost, and NVH and efficiency requirements. The simulation done to estimate motor torque/power requirements & overall gear ratio meeting the vehicle target and constraints.

Based on the analysis, a comparative matrix consisting of various parameters for commercial and passenger vehicle application is established. The analysed results and established comparative matrix conclude that

1
Small commercial vehicles require durable E-drive system with high torque at low speed, deeper gear ratios, low cost and low speed system.

2
Passenger vehicles require E-drive system with high power at high speed, nominal gear ratios with optimized powertrain efficiency and a high-speed system.

3
Small commercial vehicles need development for separating MCU/inverter from motor, integrated unit not suitable for e-Axle. A separate MCU & motor need to be developed.

4
Same existing E-drive system used cannot be interchange in passenger and commercial vehicle applications (similar kerb weight) due to oversizing, operation in low efficiency zones, axle limitation, NVH and integration issues.

Thus E-drive system selection criterion sets guidelines and helps in identifying the parameters for selection E-drive system for commercial and passenger applications
Method of Generating Real-Time Digital Customer Feedback Loop for Connected Vehicle Applications
Authors: Tidke Pradeep , Venugopal Vaisakh , Jali Nagarjuna , Shukla Manoj , Rathod Chirag
Published: January 2024

This paper focuses on developing an application to extract insights from Android app reviews of Connected Car Applications and Twitter conversations related to OEM’ PV & EV Vehicles and features. Analyzing user sentiments and preferences in real-time can drive innovation and elevate OEMs' customer satisfaction. These insights have the potential to enhance vehicle performance and the manufacturing process. The application employs data collection and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, including User-Driven Sentiment Classification and topic modeling, to analyze user sentiments and identify key discussion topics visually.
Defect Based Fatigue Life Predictions for Aluminum Castings
Authors: Kumar Rohit , Gawture Majnoo M
Published: January 2024

Aluminum casting parts generally have inherent internal defects such as porosity which lowers the fatigue strength of such castings. Accounting for such a fatigue strength reduction for Aluminum casted parts is the primary purpose of this paper. Authors have used Murakami et al [1] approach to calculate porosity correction factor for fatigue. The actual material S-N curve is modified using fatigue factors to account for the fatigue strength reduction due to presence of porosity. This approach was then validated on one of the fatigue failure cases on Aluminum casted housing. There was a close match between the test data and proposed approach for fatigue prediction. With this approach, engineers will be able to do fatigue predictions in presence of material defects like porosity with simple porosity correction factor, rather than using complex modeling of porosity in FEA or using detailed fracture mechanics methods. Engineers can also be able to provide acceptable levels of porosity in castings based on the methods suggested in this paper.
Advanced Material Modelling for Failure Prediction of ISOFIX Anchorages
Authors: Neve Vijay Shrikrishna , Kumar Saket , Bandru Shreenu , Sharma Ankur , van der Loos Philipp
Published: January 2024

ISOFIX anchorage plays a critical role in restraining child occupants during crashes. Effective design of ISOFIX anchorages is essential for achieving controlled child occupant kinematics. CAE simulations are extensively used for the development of ISOFIX anchorages. Comprehensive material characterization of ISOFIX wires play a vital role for achieving desired prediction accuracy. This paper covers the detailed process of ISOFIX material characterization for material failure prediction. ISOFIX wires are case hardened to exhibit required strength characteristics. Due to its material characteristics, the conventional material models don't give desired prediction accuracy for failure prediction. Therefore, advanced material models are developed in LS Dyna environment, which can accurately predict plastic and fracture behavior of ISOFIX wires. Extensive coupon level material testing was done to achieve the material hardening and failure characteristic in Tension, Compression, Shear, and Bending and combine loadings. A series of simulations were carried out to correlate these tests and development of LS Dyna executable material model. This material model includes, yield locus definition considering state of loading, strain hardening data covering quasi static and dynamic strain rates and failure limit curves considering Instability, ductile normal fracture and ductile shear fracture criteria. This material model is validated with component level physical tests. The developed material model can predict the accurate plastic deformation and failure behavior of ISOFIX anchorages. The detailed process for new material model development and its validation through series of digital and physical tests presented in this paper
Application of the Design of Experiments to Study the Sensitivity and Contribution of a Seat Back Bladder Bolster on Occupant Lateral Support Performance
Authors: Kamaraju Pavankumar , Ro Hee
Published: January 2024

Automotive seat comfort systems provide occupants with a choice to adjust the seat to individual preference, enhancing the customized comfort feel. Seat comfort systems such as massager, lumbar support bladders, seat cushion bolster bladders and seat back bolster bladders are increasingly adopted in automotive seats as customer demand for customizable seats is on the rise. Development of seat comfort systems is mainly driven by Tier 1 suppliers to an automotive original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The Automotive OEM must wait until the final seat prototype is ready with all the seat comfort systems packaged to evaluate the seat comfort performance. Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) Tools like CASIMIR provide detail dummies representing humans with tissues and muscles, allowing occupant seat comfort to be predicted virtually. This study describes the development of a CAE based seat back bolster bladder evaluation method focusing on seat comfort performance to drive design during early stages of vehicle development. The study specifically uses the Design of Experiments approach to understand the effect of input factors on the seat back bolster bladder lateral performance.
Quantitative Criteria for Correlating Simulation-Based Fatigue Life Predictions with Test Outcomes
Authors: Dasamaneni Vinod Kumar , Gawture Majnoo M
Published: January 2024

Fatigue life of a component is influenced by multiple factors like material, manufacturing, load & geometric variations and due to this there is a huge scatter in both test & predicted life through simulations. There are different methods available to account for these variations while predicting fatigue life. However, whenever a fatigue simulation engineer tries to correlate predictions with test outcomes, he/she will face a challenge as to: How to account for scatter in test? How to compare predicted life through simulations with test data? How much difference between test outcome and predictions is acceptable? To address these challenges, authors have suggested two approaches in this paper – 1. Sample to Sample approach and 2. Statistical approach. This paper suggests a set of criteria under both these approaches to conclude confidently that the prediction model is able to match the test outcomes. Also, the paper highlights the kind of measurements that needs to be done and the statistical tools that needs to be used for such a correlation. This paper intends to help engineers to select appropriate design margin for fatigue of metallic components without being overly conservative and to validate their fatigue predictions with test outcomes.
A Methodology to Predict Mobile Air-Conditioning System (MAC) Performance for Low GWP Drop-In Refrigerant Using 1D CAE Simulation Tool
Authors: Kulkarni Shridhar , Shah Geet , Jaybhay Sambhaji , Varma Mohit
Published: January 2024

In developing nations, most passenger vehicles are equipped with mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems that work on Hydro Fluoro Carbons (HFC) based refrigerants. These refrigerants have a high global warming potential (GWP) and hence adversely affect the environment. According to the Kigali amendment to Montreal Protocol, Article-5 Group-2 countries including India must start phasing down HFCs from 2028 and replace them with low Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants. One such class of low GWP refrigerant is Hydro Fluoro Olefins (HFO)

In order to replace HFCs with HFOs in existing MAC systems, the various system performance parameters with the new refrigerant are required to be evaluated. Performance evaluation of MAC system is rendered quicker and cost-effective by deploying a digital simulation tool. There is good correlation and confidence established for MAC performance prediction with HFCs through 1D CAE. Further, to enable AC performance simulation with drop-in refrigerant through 1D CAE, a simulation methodology needs to be formulated to build correlation with physical test.

This work comprises generating the physical test data by replacing the R-134a refrigerant in a test vehicle with low GWP R-1234yf drop-in refrigerant. The MAC system performance is validated at severe ambient condition (>40°C) and then compared with baseline performance with R-134a refrigerant. Preliminary work comprises performing first-cut simulation by replacing R-134a in the correlated model with R-1234yf and analyzing the gap between physical test data and 1D CAE outcome. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to understand the impact of different parameters like warm-up temperatures, duct heat gain values etc. on MAC performance. Simulation results obtained by tuning these parameters are found to correlate with physical test data by > 95% accuracy. With the correlated model, this simulation methodology is deployed for another vehicle to predict the MAC performance with drop-in refrigerant.

The proposed methodology will help to understand the impact of drop-in refrigerants on present HFC-based MAC systems and enable us to provide feasible recommendations to meet the target MAC performance for intended climatic usage conditions well before prototyping and physical validation.
3-D Multiphase Flow Simulation of Coolant Filling and Deaeration Processes in an Engine Coolant System
Authors: Khandagale Vitthal , Pasunurthi Shyam Sundar , Maiti Dipak , Bollu Theja , Saha Rohit
Published: January 2024

The thermal performance of an engine coolant system is efficient when the engine head temperature is maintained within its optimum working range. For this, it is desired that air should not be entrapped in the coolant system which can lead to localized hot spots at critical locations. However, it is difficult to eliminate the trapped air pockets completely. So, the target is to minimize the entrapped air as much as possible during the coolant filling and deaeration processes, especially in major components such as the radiator, engine head, pump etc. The filling processes and duration are typically optimized in an engine test stand along with design changes for augmenting the coolant filling efficiency. However, it is expensive and time consuming to identify air entrapped locations in tests, decide on the filling strategy and make the design changes in the piping accordingly.

In the current effort, a simulation-based testing method for coolant filling and deaeration processes is developed for an engine coolant system using an advanced 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool, Simerics-MP+. The multiphase flow of coolant and air in a 38-litre coolant system for Cummins OFF-highways Tier 4 engine are modeled and analyzed in detail to identify the air entrapped locations and predict the coolant filling efficiency. Explicit Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach with high resolution interface tracking scheme is used to capture the sharp coolant-air interface for better conservation of mass for both the phases. The simulation is performed for gravity filling followed by stabilization, deaeration at different pump speeds, and a drawdown process to understand the effect of leakages. The computed coolant filling efficiency matches within 5% with the test data at the end of gravity filling and deaeration processes. The complete simulation process is automated through a Python script which helps to reduce the run time up to 30% without any manual intervention.
Gasket Joint Sealing Behavior Prediction Using a Simplified FEA Approach
Authors: Samshette Shivkumar , Shedge Vikram , Nilangekar Abhijit
Published: January 2024

Gaskets are used widely for sealing of bolted joints. This paper focuses on Rubber over Metal (ROM) gaskets, which are widely used in the automotive industry. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of ROM gaskets is complex and involves material (hyper-elastic), contact and geometric nonlinearity. Gaskets can be flat or have one or multiple beads. Analytical approaches are available for flat gaskets without bead patterns. This paper focuses on analyzing ROM gaskets with beads in automotive axle differential carrier housings and cover pans.

This paper describes a simplified FEA approach that uses 1D and 2D elements with derived properties for gasket joints instead of modeling ROM gaskets with three-dimensional (3D) elements. The major characteristics that determine sealing behavior are contact pressure and contact width. These characteristics are determined by the cover pan deflection. The cover pan deflection was calculated using a simplified FEA approach. The regression model is used to establish the link between cover pan deflection and the controlling parameters. 3D FEA is used to validate the simplified FEA approach. While keeping the accuracy of the results, this approach makes FE modeling easier. This method significantly improved computational efficiency by minimizing the barriers to solution convergence caused by material hyper-elasticity and large deformation. These added benefits make this approach more efficient for both standard ROM gasket bolted joint evaluations and DOE studies to find the transfer function between input/output parameters to analyze joint sealing behavior.
Integrated Simulation Methodology to Predict Engine Head, Block, and Piston Temperatures
Authors: Sahu Abhay Kumar , Chakkamadathil Shirdi , Das Debasis
Published: January 2024

With the constant strive towards increase in performance and corresponding stringent emission standards of modern IC engine, engine components such as the head, block and piston are subjected to higher thermal loads. An integrated simulation methodology is proposed where the head, the block and the piston are integral part of the analysis. The CFD – CHT methodology is used to simulate and predict the temperature of these engine components. The head and block are run in a steady-state conjugate heat transfer framework while the transient multiphase volume of fluid approach is used to determine piston temperatures. Combustion surfaces boundary conditions are derived from 3D CFD open-loop combustion simulation, while cooling and lubrication surface boundary condition are mapped from 1D system simulation or experimental data. The heat transfer boundary conditions are exchanged between the two simulations. The temperature field obtained from simulation is used further as input to perform the thermo-mechanical fatigue analysis to predict the useful life and durability of engine and piston. Physics involving nucleate boiling and contact resistance are also incorporated and studies are conducted to predict their sensitivity.

The simulation methodology is applicable and validated for both Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) engines. A good correlation is established between the simulation and experimental data. This study serves to predict the location of critical failures, optimize the design faster and save time and costs for the organization.
Study of Critical Vias Design Parameters for Power Electronics Thermal Management
Authors: Bhardwaj Divyanshu , Patil Sachin , Datta Sauradeep , Pawar Sunny , Dougherty Derek
Published: January 2024

With the advent of wide band gap semiconductor devices like SiC based MOSFETs/Diodes, there is a growing demand for utilizing electrical power instead of the conventional fuel-based power generation in both automotive and aerospace industry. In automotive/aerospace industry the focus on electrification has resulted in a need for sub-systems like inverters, power distribution units, motor controllers, DC-DC converters that actively utilize SiC based power electronics devices. To address the growing power density requirements for electronics in next generation product families, more efficient & reliable thermal management solution plays a critical role. The effective thermal management of the power electronics is also critical aspect to ensure overall system reliability. The conventional thermal management system (TMS) optimization targets heat sink/ cold plate design parameters like fin spacing, thickness, height etc. or sizing of the required cooling pump/fan. This paper focuses on reducing the thermal resistance offered by printed circuit boards (PCBs) with the use of Via-in-pad technology embedded inside the PCBs for power electronics thermal management. In this work Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling has been extensively used to study different Vias arrangements and arrive at an optimum design. The critical parameters associated with the design of thermal Vias like spacing, diameter, plating thickness and conductive fill have been studied and the optimized PCB design has been prototyped and tested to validate the analysis findings. The studies presented in this paper will help in optimizing the cooling architecture for power electronics assemblies used in automotive and aerospace industry that will enhance system reliability.
Development of India Specific Biaxial Test Cycle for Fatigue Testing of Wheel Rims and Wheel Hub Bearings for Heavy Commercial Vehicles
Authors: Bakal Nikhil R. , Kuwar Virendra S. , Shinde Vikram V. , Thorat Omkar A. , Pawar Prashant R.
Published: January 2024

Wheel rims and wheel hub bearings are critical components of Heavy Commercial Vehicle (HCV) suspension systems and are subjected to extensive fatigue loading throughout their operational life. Actual loading conditions on wheels are a combination of radial loads (vertical loads) and cornering loads (lateral loads) acting simultaneously and are directly influenced by payload and road conditions. Currently for Indian usage, there are test guidelines [1] only for separate uniaxial Radial Fatigue Test (RFT) and Cornering Fatigue Test (CFT) for wheel rims which might not represent realistic combined loading conditions, and no generic guidelines are available for testing of wheel hub bearings. There is a biaxial test guideline defined for European usage scenario, but no guidelines defined for Indian usage scenario [5] Thus, there was a need to define test guidelines for biaxial fatigue testing of wheel rims and wheel hub bearings, based on data acquired for Indian roads and usage conditions, which can serve as a basis for durability evaluation of these components

The results of this paper use a novel approach to provide guidelines for biaxial testing of wheel rims and wheel hub bearings, both of which are safety critical suspension components. Extensive road load data acquisition (RLDA) is carried out on Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCVs) from 16 Ton to 55 Ton capacity. This data is then further normalized and mixed as per a target duty cycle mix for a defined life of 10 Lac kilometer. Further this data is then analyzed in wheel revolution history and two-dimensional histograms (joint distributions) are created for radial and lateral loads. Based on this data and using damage theory a test cycle is created that can be used for biaxial testing of wheel rims. For wheel hub bearings, an accelerated test cycle is created considering the joint radial and lateral load distributions and contact stresses between bearing surfaces.
Reliability Prediction and Demonstration for Wear Failure Mechanism
Authors: SR Ranjith Kumar , Soma Nagaraju
Published: January 2024

Wear phenomenon has extensively been published in the literature and this paper presents a methodology of how the wear models were used to assess the risk of failures in a field application, through endurance testing at a system level. Correlation of the wear prediction by the model with actual measurement was performed and used to predict the field operation reliability. Results are shown for sliding wear as well as impact wear phenomenon in this paper. In the case of sliding wear, wear modeling and prediction was done for a friction material using a system level metric, and the mean wear predicted was not different from the model predicted values at 95% confidence under a field application duty cycle.
Development of System Level Testing Method for Passenger Car Engine Mounts
Authors: Tormal Uday Bapurao , Satale Sunil , V Dhage Yogesh , Shinde Vikram V.
Published: January 2024

Engine mount is an integral part of any Internal Combustion engine. It is the medium which isolates the vibrations coming from engine being transferred to the chassis or body. Engine or power plant is the main source of unbalanced vibrations. The major role of an engine mount is to reduce those vibration levels, improve ride comfort and increase the life of an engine and its parts [1].

This work determines the Test methodology development for passenger car engine mounts in the Laboratory by using Multi-axial environment [2]. This explains the details of truly Multi-axial test rig development, Drive file creation and the Durability Testing with the maintained vehicle conditions by simulating field conditions in the laboratory. The Multi-axial test rig developed with incorporation of vehicle’s both Front Drive shafts torques and One Propeller shaft which simulates the Front wheel drives and the rear prop shaft torque. Drive file generation done by using MTS controller using rpc software. Durability testing for the identified engine mounts carried out by maintaining the actual vehicle conditions.
Integrated Testing at Lab from Road by Doing Conversion and Correlation between Subjective to Objective Assessment on Ride Comfort Parameter of Gear Shifting Quality in Two- Wheeler
Authors: Manoranjan R. , K S Sreekanth
Published: January 2024

The evaluations of ride comfort in gear shifting have been known as one of the dominant factors for vehicle quality assessment. However, those factors have not been assessed and analyzed objectively in-depth in conjunction and integration with general ride and handling parameters. In recent, the criteria set by customer have changed on account of heightened expectations, resulting in a growing demand for enhanced ride comfort. the quality of gear shifting experienced by a customer is evaluated subjectively on road leads to difficulty in arriving inferences and taking decisions due to variation in responses of people on the same situation.

This study is involved the process of conversion from subjective to objective assessment on gear shifting quality by identifying the objective parameters for contributing the quality of gear shifting feel.

Measuring and analyzing those parameters like lever travel, lever effort, and noise while shifting during dynamic condition at vehicle level on road with the use of digital data capturing by data acquisition from the sensors like Strain gauge, Accelerometer and potentiometers. The captured data has been analyzed and corelated to subjective ratings between intended vehicles.

The same experiment has done at lab with the use of dynamometer and robotic arms, data are captured and correlated with on road dynamic measurement. As a result, the comparative report and experimental results are discussed in terms of gear shifting quality by triangular approach as follows: subjective evaluation - objective evaluation @ on road – Objective evaluation @ lab.