bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Spruce Plantations by Snowshoe Hare in New Brunswick
Authors: Parker G. R.
Published: February 2014

Spruce plantations in New Brunswick were examined for seasonal use by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Summer live capture frequencies of adults and winter pellet densities served as indices of summer and winter use, respectively. Hares preferred plantations 11-16 years old both winter and summer. Winter use was correlated with the use (food) of deciduous tree and shrub twigs ≤ 2 m high and the availability (cover) and use (food) of conifer twigs ≤ 2 m high. Summer use was correlated with the availability (cover) of conifer twigs only. Hare densities were lowest in plantations supporting spruce twig densities ≤ 30/m2 and highest where densities > 120/m2. Deciduous twigs were browsed more intensively than conifer twigs. Elimination of potential cover (brush, slash, residual scrub conifer) should reduce damage to young spruce from hare browsing during the first few years after planting. Key words: Spruce plantations, snowshoe hare, New Brunswick, silvicultural management, forestry, animal damage.
Une protection améliorée contre les feux de foudre au Québec
Authors: Proulx Régis
Published: February 2014

A joint effort by scientists from the Petawawa National Forestry Institute and technicians of the Société de Conservation de l'Outaouais (SCO) has made possible the development of lightning fire detection methods and appropriate initial attack strategies in the Ottawa Valley region. Analysis of data collected since 1972 has made it possible to identify high fire concentration zones in the Province of Québec, which are generally associated with large burned areas except in the Ottawa Valley, where, in spite of a very high fire concentration, smaller burned areas are observed. These observations suggest that it would be advisable to implement lightning fire detection and initial attack systems similar to that of the SCO in Quebec's protected forests to the north of the St. Lawrence and to encourage forest fire protective associations (Sociétés de Conservation) to make provisions for inter-associations mobility of fire fighting personnel. Key words: lightning fires, detection, initial attack, Société de Conservation
Socially Optimal Allocation of Publicly Owned Resources Among Competing Uses
Authors: Fox Irving K.
Published: February 2014

Coordination of resource management and use is difficult to achieve where an optimal allocation reduces the net benefits of one or more resource uses. This difficulty is attributable to opposition by those users whose benefits will be reduced under integrated management and obstacles to the technical comparison of benefits and costs. This paper assesses the processes used in British Columbia for integrated management of forest resources, identifies deficiencies and strengths in processes that have been followed, and suggests a set of principles that might guide the design of effective processes. Key words: Integrated resource management, forestry, wildlife, benefits and costs, coordination processes.
A Forestry Perspective on the Carbon Dioxide Issue
Authors: Pollard D. F. W.
Published: February 2014

The global atmosphere is being enriched with carbon dioxide through the combustion of fossil fuels and reduction of forest biomass and soil organic matter. The estimated preindustrial concentration of 260 parts per million by volume is expected to be doubled by the year 2065, with consequential disturbance in global and regional climates. Enrichment will certainly have direct impacts on the forest sector, probably favouring fast growing species, in particular certain hardwoods and weed species. An antitranspirant effect of CO2 may also improve growth rates and water economies, especially in arid regions. Impacts of climatic disturbance are much more difficult to predict, largely because of uncertainty in current climate response theory. Best available information indicates the development of a serious mismatch between Canadian forests and the climatic regions they will occupy. When viewed as empirical models of climate change, past climate variation suggest that forest pest problems will intensify. Operational measures taken in anticipation of climate change are not warranted, however, because of current uncertainties. Judicious analysis and research will enhance realization of opportunities and reduce impacts of future conditions, particularly as presented by CO2-enriched atmospheres.
A Private Landowner Perspective of State Policy, Economics and Responsibility in Spruce Budworm Control
Authors: Williams Jerry R.
Published: February 2014

International Paper Company owns 800 000 acres of timberland in Maine stocked with spruce-fir that has experienced damage from the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)). Until 1982, these lands were included in the State of Maine-conducted aerial spray protection program. Following changes in state policy and administration, program costs, landowner objectives, and marketing requirements, IP withdrew from the state program to conduct its own program in 1983. Various economic and legal considerations with benefit/cost ratios from protection are described. In addition, the future wood supply is questioned and the state is encouraged to spin off the spray program to the private sector and to concentrate its efforts on resource analysis, insect survey and detection and research.
Drainage Effect on Growth and Wood Quality of Some Bog Grown Trees in Alberta
Authors: Wang Eugene I. C. , Micko Michael M. , Mueller Ted
Published: February 2014

Growth rate, wood relative density and tracheid length variation were examined for three species: black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), from two drained wetland sites of north-central Alberta. Increased rates in radial and volume growths were noted for tamarack, white spruce and to a lesser extent, black spruce. The increases were particularly remarkable in younger trees. Accompanying the rapid growth, wood relative density and tracheid length tend to decrease after drainage, at least for a period of several years. In certain trees, the marked decreases in wood relative density might affect the end use of the trees. Key words: drainage, radial growth, volume growth, wood relative density, tracheid length.
A Test of Foliar-applied Systemic Insecticides to Prevent Damage to White Spruce Cones by Insects
Authors: Fogal W. H. , Lopushanski S. M.
Published: February 2014

Cone-bearing portions of white spruce trees were sprayed by means of hydraulic sprayers with 1.0 and 1.5 per cent solutions of dimethoate, methomyl, and acephate in a 12-year-old and a 25-year-old plantation. Cone damage was reduced by insecticides but no differences between the two application rates were detected. In the younger plantation, each insecticide provided highly significant reductions in damage by spruce coneworm, spiral spruce cone maggot, and spruce cone-axis midge, but neither reduced spruce budworm damage; there were no differences among insecticides. In the older plantation, each insecticide provided significant and equal reductions in cone maggot damage; seedmoth and cone-axis midge damage was reduced by dimethoate and methomyl, but not acephate, and no insecticide reduced coneworm damage. Some factors to consider in further testing of these or other insecticides for use against cone-damaging insects on seed trees are discussed.
As Others See Us: Impressions of a Five-Member Technical Mission from the People's Republic of China on the Canadian Forest Inventory and Management Systems
Authors: Lee Y. Jim
Published: February 2014

A five-member Forest Inventory and Management Technical Mission from the Ministry of Forestry, People's Republic of China (PRC) visited Canada, from July 29 to August 19, 1984. This visit was sponsored by the Canadian Forestry Service (CFS) under the Memorandum of Understanding between Environment Canada and the Ministry of Forestry, PRC.The Chinese technical mission consisted of Mr. Zhou Chang-xiang, mission leader and Director of Forest Inventory and Planning Branch, Ministry of Forestry, PRC; Mr. Yuan Yun-chang, Forest Resource Management Branch, Ministry of Forestry, PRC; Mr. Zhao Qing-he, Director of Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Jilin Province; Mr. Liu Hai-ru, Forest Survey and Design Institute, Sichuan Province; and Mr. Yuan Hai-ying, interpreter, Department of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Forestry (Fig. 1).The following is a translation of their report to the Ministry of Forestry, PRC, by Dr. Lee who developed the itinerary and accompanied the visitors as tour coordinator and advisor.
Productivity of Short-Rotation Aspen Stands
Authors: Stiell W. M. , Berry A. B.
Published: February 2014

A study of aspen sucker stands subjected to repeated harvesting at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute compared biomass production at rotations of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,13, and 20 years. The shortest rotation at which sucker production can be physiologically sustained is unlikely to be less than 10 years. Biomass mean annual increment appeared to culminate at about 15 years. Declining yields at the shorter rotations were thought due mainly to starvation of rootstocks by the frequent removal of the photosynthesizing tops on which they depend for nourishment. High incidence of Armillaria infection in stump roots probably contributed to the diminished quantity and size of suckers, and may prove to be a serious factor in short-rotation systems for aspen. On the basis of foliar analysis there was no evidence of nutrient deficiency at any rotation.
Forestry's Future Frustrated or A Condensed History of Canadian Foresters' Concern for Forest Renewal
Authors: Fellows E. S.
Published: February 2014

A 40-year review of the concerns of Canadian foresters over the lack of a national forest policy in general and over failure to provide adequately for forest renewal in particular, as told chiefly in the words of contemporary writings and speeches.
Seed Stratification of Engelmann Spruce and Lodgepole Pine: The Effect of Stratification Duration and Timing of Surface-drying
Authors: Tanaka Yasuomi , Harper L. M. , Kleyn N. J.
Published: February 2014

Based on the speed and completeness of laboratory germination and nursery bed emergence, the present study showed that for both Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii [Parry] Engelmann) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.): (1) longer stratification generally improved the rate, and in some cases completeness, of germination more so under a cool temperature (15 °C/5 °C) regime than under a warm, standard temperature (30 °C/20 °C) regime emphasizing its importance for early spring outdoor sowing under suboptimal germination temperatures, (2) for a given stratification period, surface-drying at the end of stratification was at least as effective as surface-drying prior to or during stratification, and (3) stratification periods of 6 weeks or longer were generally the most effective. A 6- to 8-week stratification with seeds surface-dried at the end of stratification is recommended for nursery sowing of both species. Key Words: stratification, pinus contorta, Picea engelmanni, laboratory germination, nursery bed emergence.
Female Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) Reproductive Tracts from Fenitrothion Treated and Untreated Forest of Southeastern New Brunswick
Authors: LaPierre Louis
Published: February 2014

Between August 15th and September 15th 1979, 1980 and 1981, 77 and 74 red squirrels, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, were captured within the sprayed and unsprayed coniferous forest of southeastern New Brunswick. Following live capture, the squirrels were sacrificed, weighed and the reproductive tracts were removed and preserved in a 10% formalin solution.Counts of placental scars and corpora lutea of squirrels that inhabited the sprayed forest had a mean placental scar count of 3.8 and a mean corpora lutea count of 4.2. Squirrels from the unsprayed coniferous forest had a mean placental count of 3.6 and a corpora lutea count of 3.9. Statistical analyses, using the student's T-test with a probability level of 0.05, revealed no significant differences in reproductive success of the two groups of squirrels.
Forest Management — The Need for Trust
Authors: Bowersock J. N.
Published: February 2014

Satisfactory forest management agreements continue to elude us on a total national basis. Successful agreements exist in at least three provinces and have functioned from 5 to 30 years. The need to review the reasons for the success of these agreements and the need to develop trust between government and corporations are outlined.
Assessing Change in Canada's Forest Resource 1977-1981
Authors: Honer T. G.
Published: February 2014

The statistics on Canada's forest resource for the period 1977–1981 show that annual accruals to timber volume are about 338 million m3 and annual withdrawals total about 287 million m3. This results in an average annual increase in standing timber volume of about 51 million m3 or 0.2%. In terms of land area, about 1.77 million ha were added annually to the stocked productive forest land base whereas annual withdrawals comprised 2.22 million ha. As a result about 452 000 ha of forest land go out of production annually as being not satisfactorily restocked to commercial tree species. Continued erosion of the land base for forestry could result in approximately 14% or 31 million ha of forest land being out of production by the year 2000. Since 1981, federal-provincial agreements to renew the forest have totalled $1.057 billion and emphasis is on planting the backlog of lands that are not satisfactorily restocked. The forestry data base needs improvement and recommendations are presented that could enhance existing classifications and demonstrate the increased productivity attributable to forest renewal funding.
A Comparison of Fire-Weather Severity in Northern Alberta During the 1980 and 1981 Fire Seasons
Authors: Harvey D. A. , Alexander M. E. , Janz B.
Published: February 2014

The burning potential of two major fire seasons in northern Alberta is evaluated with the use of the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS). Fire danger class frequency and severity ratings based on the Fire Weather Index (FWI) component in the CFFDRS were utilized in the evaluation. Daily fire-danger reports from 16 selected fire weather stations distributed throughout the northern half of the province provided the basis for the analysis. Although the Seasonal Severity Rating (SSR) for 1981 was slightly higher (SSR = 3.1) than that of 1980 (SSR = 2.5), the area burned in 1981 was about double that of the previous year. The period of critical fire weather began early in the 1980 fire season and prior to the normal summer lightning pattern, whereas in 1981 it occurred during the latter half of the fire season and coincided with the majority of the lightning incidence. FWI severity ratings were not designed to portray a complete picture of the total potential fire containment job but rather to provide an objective basis on which to compare the severity of one season's fire weather with another. Key words: Fire Weather index, fire season seventy rating, critical fire weather, lightning occurrence, northern Alberta.
Use of Taper Curve Solved by an Algebraic Method in Silvicultural Research
Authors: Thérien Guillaime , Camiré Claude
Published: February 2014

Taper equations are commonly used to predict the bole shape and to calculate its volume. In this study, a new algebraic solution model is proposed for research purposes. This model was found to be as accurate as cubic spline function and simple to use. It would be particularly appropriate for research on stand reactions after silvicultural treatments. The study also evaluated compatible volume equations. The required accuracy can be obtained only with a volume equation taking into account a form class coefficient. Key words: balsam fir, taper equation, volume equation, algebraic solution model
Barking Damage by Red Squirrels in Juvenile-spaced Lodgepole Pine Stands in South-Central British Columbia
Authors: Brockley R. P. , Elmes E.
Published: February 2014

A survey was undertaken to assess the incidence and magnitude of barking injuries by red squirrels in juvenile stands of spaced lodgeppole pine in south-central British Columbia. Eleven of the 40 stands surveyed (27.5%) showed evidence of squirrel damage. Within damaged stands, an average of 51% of lodgepole pine crop trees exhibited barking injuries (ranging from 6 to 90%).The average diameter (6.8 cm) of damaged stands was significantly greater than that of undamaged stands (3.9 cm). Sixty-seven percent of stands with average diameters greater than 6 cm showed evidence of barking injuries, while only 11% of stands with average diameters less than 6 cm had been damaged. Squirrels preferentially attacked the larger-diameter stems in damaged stands. Data indicate that fire-origin stands are more susceptible to barking damage than stands naturally regenerated following harvesting.Inability to accurately assess either squirrel damage potential or its impact on growth and yield indicates that a conservative approach is necessary in spacing juvenile lodgepole pine in areas susceptible to squirrel attack. A two-step spacing strategy may be the most practical method of minimizing the impact of squirrel barking injuries. Key words: lodgepole pine, juvenile-spacing, red squirrels.
Chips off the Old Block: An Old Fuel with a New Twist
Authors: MacIntyre Wendell P.
Published: February 2014

The first settlers in the early 1700's found almost all of Prince Edward Island covered by a magnificent virgin forest of sugar maple, yellow and white birch, beech, red oak and poplar blended with some spruce, fir, white pine, larch, hemlock and cedar. Nearly three hundred years of logging, land clearing and poor forest management have reduced the forest area by 50% and left the remaining forest largely a silvicultural slum. Recent federal/provincial agreements, however, have given rise to the expectation that P.E.I. will once again become self-sufficient for wood and that use of forest biomass will greatly reduce the dependence on oil for energy.
Forest Inventories in Canada: A Framework for Change
Authors: Bonnor G. M. , Magnussen S.
Published: February 2014

A forest inventory System for the acquisition of static and dynamic data, as well as for inventory updating, is developed and demonstrated.In the system, a conventional management type of inventory is completed every 20 years to obtain static data. Some or all sample plots are permanent. Every five years, the area changes are mapped and compiled. These changes include additions and deletions of forest areas as well as changes in the existing forest due to harvesting, forest fires, and other disturbances. Also, plots are remeasured to estimate volume growth on the undisturbed areas and volume losses on the disturbed areas. Finally, the area and volume change data are applied to the initial static inventory to produce updated inventory figures.As an example, the system was applied to an area of mixedwood forests in the upper Ottawa Valley. The results indicate that the system is practical and yields useful summaries.
New Definitions and Canadian Measurement Units for Stacked Roundwood
Authors: Honer T. G.
Published: February 2014

A brief account is presented on the events leading up to the development and approval of new definitions for the cord and stacked cubic metre as Canadian measurement units of stacked roundwood.
Stem Diseases of Lodgepole Pine in the British Columbia Interior Following Juvenile Spacing
Authors: van der Kamp B. J. , Spence M.
Published: February 2014

The incidence of western gall rust, stalactiform and comandra blister rust, and atropellis canker was measured in four sets of permanent sample plots in young lodgepole pine stands in the interior of British Columbia in 1980 shortly following operational juvenile spacing and again in 1985. The incidence of these diseases in 1980 was often higher in the spaced areas than in unspaced controls indicating that comandra rust infections occurred with equal frequency in spaced and control areas while the increase in the incidence of stalactiform rust was much greater in thinned than in unthinned control areas. The pattern for atropellis canker was not clear. The proportion of trees with one or more infections by these diseases in 1980, and the number of infections per diseased tree, increased significantly with diameter in both thinned and control areas. By 1985 only 60.8 percent of the original number of trees in the thinned areas and 74.8 percent in unthinned control areas remained free of stem infections or threatening branch infections by these diseases.
A Microcomputer Program for Assisting in the Design of Simple Random Samples
Authors: Marshall P. L.
Published: February 2014

An interactive microcomputer program was developed to aid the design of simple random sampling with or without replacement. The program determines: (1) sample size for a set of given conditions for up to 20 variables; (2) combinations of conditions that will yield a given samples size; and (3) the relationship between percentage error and sample size for a given set of conditions. Potential applications are illustrated with three simple examples. Key Words: sample size, simple random sampling
Alternate Strip Clearcutting in Upland Black Spruce: II. Factors Affecting Regeneration in First-cut Strips
Authors: Jeglum John K.
Published: February 2014

In a two-cut, alternate strip clearcutting system in upland black spruce, the main factors influencing black spruce regeneration in the first-cut strips were strip width, natural seeding period, amount of receptive seedbed and topographic position. In the three study areas, 80-m strips yielded over 60% stocking and over 7 500 seedlings per hectare with a 4-year natural seeding period. Narrower strips 40 m and 20 m wide showed increasing levels of reproduction. Four years of natural seeding gave better natural regeneration than two years. Seedling density and frequency in quadrats were correlated with the amount of receptive seedbed. Regeneration was more abundant on drainageways and lower slopes, and less abundant on upper slope and crest sites. For successful regeneration under similar climatic and physiographic conditions, strip widths should be no more than 80 m, and leave times no less than 3 years. It is essential to scarify the upland mineral soil sites, but scarification of lowland sites is not recommended, especially where there is abundant Sphagnum.
Alternate Strip Clearcutting in Upland Black Spruce: IV. Projected Nutrient Removals Associated with Harvesting
Authors: Foster Neil W. , Morrison Ian K.
Published: February 2014

Nutrient removals associated with conventional, full-tree, and whole-tree harvesting on 100-year rotations in an upland boreal black spruce stand in northern Ontario were estimated. Conventional (stems only) logging would remove 219 kgha−1 of Ca, 62 of N, 36 of K, 18 of Mg and 9 of P from the site. Increased utilization of phytomass during full-tree harvesting, in comparison with conventional logging, could result in as much as a 400% increase in N removal and a 60% increase in Ca removal. Estimates of projected N and K removals by full-tree harvesting may be conservative, relative to those in other black spruce stands because of the low foliar mass of this forest. The forest floor contained 51% to 72% of the soil's reserves of nutrients, except for P, within the effective rooting zone. Post-harvesting site preparation methods should be restricted to those that ensure that forest floor nutrient reserves are retained on site.
Vérification de la qualité des travaux de contrôle du chancre scléroderrien en plantation
Authors: Laflamme Gaston , Blais Robert
Published: February 2014

Observations on the quality of interventions against the scleroderris canker were noted in 22 7- to 15-year-old red pine plantations located in the Ottawa region. Eight peculiarities have been identified for supervision during investigations. Verification of the quality of work is a necessary step towards successful interventions. Key words: Gremmeniella abietina, Pinus resinosa, Pruning, Ascocalyx abietina.
Forestry-Fisheries Planning Considerations on Coastal Floodplains
Authors: Hartman G. F. , Brown T. G.
Published: February 2014

Minor drainages (ephemeral swamps and intermittent tributaries) located on coastal floodplains are utilized by trout (Salmo sp.) and juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) as over-wintering habitat. This paper describes salmonid habitat associated with these minor drainages, lists the possible impacts of forestry activities on this habitat, and discusses various measures that may be taken to protect these areas. The importance of careful surveys to identify and evaluate potential over-wintering habitat, prior to logging planning, is emphasized.
Alternate Strip Clearcutting in Upland Black Spruce: VI. Harvesting and Renewal Costs of Stripcutting Relative to Those of Clearcutting
Authors: Johnson John D. , Smyth Jack H.
Published: February 2014

This report identifies, estimates and compares harvest and renewal costs of strip-cut harvesting and clear-cut harvesting on the shallow-soil upland black spruce sites of north central Ontario. The additional costs and savings attributable to the strip-cut harvesting system are analyzed for 12 renewal prescriptions and two strip lengths over leave periods of 3, 5, and 10 years. In all, 72 harvest-renewal alternatives were analyzed.
SYLVER: Modelling the Impact of Silviculture on Yield, Lumber Value, and Economic Return
Authors: Mitchell Kenneth J.
Published: February 2014

Intensive forest management requires an understanding of the effect that silvicultural treatments have on wood properties, standing yield, log quality, product value, and net present value. These needs are addressed by a system of models (SYLVER) which includes the Tree and Stand Simulator (TASS), Root Rot Simulator (ROTSIM), Sawmill Simulator (SAWSIM), and the new Financial Analysis System (FAN$Y). The latter will be used by field foresters to compare the merits of candidate treatments for specific stands. Key words: Silviculture, growth and yield, juvenile wood, log quality, end-product value, net present value, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Phellinus weirii, modelling, TASS, ROTSIM, SAWSIM, FAN$Y, SYLVER.
Decision Support Systems for the Forest Insect and Disease Survey and for Pest Management
Authors: Power J. M.
Published: February 2014

Effective forest pest management involves decision-making supported by useful information. The concept of Decision Support Systems is being actively pursued by the Forest Insect and Disease Survey (FIDS) of the Canadian Forestry Service to meet its information needs for analysis of forest pest conditions. The FIDSINFOBASE system was developed to provide FIDS units nationwide access to survey data. Geographic Information System capabilities are being integrated for capture and analysis of infestation maps. Possibilities exist for the integration of systems, data, and models among agencies for information standardization and exchange. Key words: information systems, forest pest management, insect and disease surveys.
The Historical Pattern of Annual Burned Area in Canada
Authors: Wagner C. E. Van
Published: February 2014

The record of national annual burned area from 1918 to 1986 is smoothed and presented as three kinds of running averages: simple arithmetic means, exponential means, and binomial means. The main features of the whole sequence are 1) a gradually decreasing trend for the first few decades followed by a sharp rise in the 1970s and early 1980s, and 2) a subsidiary rise and fall at a fairly regular interval of about ten years. The chance that these patterns are just statistical accidents is very low. Climatic cycles or trends that affect the weather with respect to forest fire are the most likely cause. Whatever the reasons, the fires of the 1970s and early 1980s have quite upset the pre-1970 trend of decreasing national annual burned area.
Jack Pine Regeneration Following Postcut Burning under Seed Trees in Central Saskatchewan
Authors: Chrosciewicz Z.
Published: February 2014

An experimental burn in conjunction with a seed-tree system was successful in regenerating jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) on a fresh to somewhat moist upland, loamy till, cutover site in central Saskatchewan. About 20 well-formed, uniformly spaced seed trees per hectare were left standing during timber harvest. The ignition of logging slash was carried out under preselected weather and fuel conditions so that favorable seedbeds and adequate seed dispersal from the seed trees were produced. Four growing seasons after burning, jack pine stocking by 4-m2 quadrats was 90% with 12 195 seedlings/ha. Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), to a lesser degree black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), and other companion tree species also regenerated with the pine. Various seedbed and regeneration characteristics as well as height growth rates are discussed. Key words: Pinus banksiana, slash burning, seed-tree system, forest regeneration, growth rates, central Saskatchewan.
Comparative Growth and Development of Planted and Natural Stands of Jack Pine
Authors: Janas P. S. , Brand D. G.
Published: February 2014

This study compares growth yield, and stem quality differences at age 21 between plantations spaced at 2.13 × 2.13 m (2204 stems/ha) and 4.27 × 4.27 m (548 stems/ha), and a nearby natural jack pine stand of identical age (initial density of 29 800 stems/ha). Merchantable volume/ha was greatest at the 2.13 m spacing, followed by the less dense plantation and natural stand. Total volume/ha (trees > 1.3 m height) was also greatest in the 2.13 m plantation, followed by the natural stand and the 4.27 m plantation. Individual tree mean merchantable volumes decreased with increasing density. Height growth decreased with increasing density. Height 4.27 m plantation relative to the 2.13 m plantation. Stem quality of the natural stand was markedly better than in both plantations. A comparison of an older natural stand and a plantation in the same area suggests that superiority of tree form of denser natural stands will continue through to rotation. High mortality in the natural stand was largely the result of snow and ice damage which caused patchy and irregular stocking. These results imply that widely spaced plantations of unimproved jack pine will produce large individual tree sizes, but at the expense of quality. Key words: Pinus banksiana, plantations, natural stands, stem quality growth and yield, stand density, mortality, spacing, silviculture.
Use of Polyethylene-covered Greenhouses to Improve the Growth of Quercus rubra Seedlings for Reforestation
Authors: Labrecque Michel , Popovich Stevo
Published: February 2014

Seedlings of Quercus rubra were cultivated outdoors and in a polyethylene-covered greenhouse. Their development over the first growing season was monitored and compared, taking into consideration factors such as the time of sowing (fall or spring). Height, root-collar diameter, and oven-dry mass of tops and roots were significantly greater in greenhouse-cultivated seelings. However, the differences were reduced when the seedlings were sown later in the spring. Analysis of top-root ratios showed that the balance of seedlings was not affected by greenhouse cultivation. The results of this study the rapid growth of the seedlings produced in. the greenhouse lead us to reconsider our current production standards. Key words: Grading criteria, greenhouse production, morphological quality, nursery stock. Quercus rubra, seedling production.
Present Realities and Future Possibilities for Forestry Education
Authors: Thirgood J. V.
Published: February 2014

At present, forestry education at Canadian universities concentrates heavily on the technical, industrial and scientific aspects of forestry. If the profession is to retain its permanent position in managing Canada's forest lands, it must be able to communicate with the public and politicians and respond to their demands. This means providing a broader education to enable foresters to plan for human needs. One approach would be to offer a blend of professional, scientific and liberal education, at the upper division and graduate levels of university along the lines of those at the forestry schools at Yale and Syracuse
Development and the Environment—A Third World Perspective
Authors: Kumar Prem , Sharma K. K.
Published: February 2014

Sustainable economic development and the environment are the two sides of a coin. The World Bank as the largest financier of the Third World development must seek not only a decent return on its investment, but it must also ensure that development projects are appropriate and in the best interests of developing countries. To achieve these goals, the Third World must be allowed to make its own decisions on development issues. This requires the substantial dilution of the World Bank's power and an enhanced role for the Third World technical manpower to act as catalysts for development and technology transfer. Sustainable economic development will remain as a theoretical concept unless this orientation is brought about in the World Bank. Without changes, the World Bank has the potential of becoming the largest agent of environmental degradation in the world.
Ecosystems With Potential for Aspen Management
Authors: Corns Ian G. W.
Published: February 2014

Much has been learned of the ecology, management, and utilization of aspen and several comprehensive reviews are available. The development of forest ecosystem classifications as a framework for intensive management has occurred mainly in the past 10 years and such site classifications are now available for British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Ontario in areas where aspen is important. The relevance of several such ecological site classifications to aspen management in Canada is discussed.
Mortalité du bois laissé sur pied à la suite d'une coupe par bandes dans trois régions du Québec
Authors: Ruel Jean-Claude
Published: February 2014

This paper presents the results of a three-year study of mortality in black spruce leave strips. The effects of various stand and strip layout characteristics are considered and recommendations for reducing blowdown are also provided.Mortality over the three years was highest in the Abitibi region of Quebec (20.2% of initial stand volume) and lowest in the Lac-Saint-Jean area (8.8% of initial stand volume). The Mauricie region was intermediate (17.4% of initial stand volumes). Most of the mortality occurred during the second year.In the Abitibi region, losses tended to increase in the leave strips when stand height was higher than 17 m and when leave strips were oriented SE to NW. In the Mauricie region, mortality increased with stand height and initial volume. In the Lac-Saint-Jean area, losses also increased with stand height but mortality remained relatively low. Key words: Black spruce, strip cutting, windthrow.
Forest Tenures — Requirements, Rights and Responsibilities: An Economic Perspective
Authors: Luckert Martin K. , Haley David
Published: February 2014

The nature of forest tenure arrangements is analysed in terms of requirements, rights and responsibilities. The standards of private management of Crown lands frequently fall below public expectations because: (a) the benefits that rights confer on tenure holders are entirely, or partially, appropriated for the Crown through the imposition of stringent legal requirements; and/or (b) the rights, themselves, are of ambiguous legal status and non-compensable, thus introducing considerable uncertainty into forest tenure arrangements. Without security, tenure holders have less incentive to voluntarily manage Crown forests.Who should manage Crown forests? — is a judgmental question that depends on society's notions of what is morally correct or equitable. Who will manage Crown forests? — is an economic and legal question, the answer to which depends on the existence of legal rights and on the legal requirements imposed by forest tenure agreements.
The Unnecessary Conflict: Resolving the Forestry/Wilderness Stalemate
Authors: M'Gonigle R. Michael
Published: February 2014

In British Columbia and throughout the world, conflicts between forestry and wilderness preservation are escalating. To some degree, this conflict reflects an intellectual conflict within forestry itself. This paper reviews and evaluates the present forestry "paradigm", and presents an emerging paradigm which is better able to resolve this and other new conflicts in forestry.
Road Network Designs in Wood Supply Analysis
Authors: Walker H. D. , Lougheed W. H.
Published: February 2014

A system for designing timber management strategies which considers the location, construction timing, and standards of road networks is presented. The system allows the effects of alternative road networks on economic wood supplies and timber management strategies to be assessed. A geographic information system is used to update stand attributes in response to alternative road networks, prior to analysis using a linear-programming-based forest planning model. A case study illustrating the planning system is briefly reviewed and instructions for obtaining system software are provided. Key Words: timber management planning, geographic information system, spatial analysis, road network design, linear programming, wood supply analysis.
A Statistical Evaluation of LANDSAT TM and MSS Data for Mapping Forest Cutovers
Authors: Hall R. J. , Kruger A. R. , Moore W. C. , Scheffer J. , Titus S. J.
Published: February 2014

The cutover area and boundary placement mapping accuracies from currently used air photo techniques and LANDSAT TM and MSS imagery were determined for Alberta forestry conditions. Overall area accuracies for the air photo techniques. LANDSAT TM, and MSS images were 86.7%, 89.5%, and 86.9%, respectively. The influence of increasing accuracy with increasing cutover size, however, must be kept in perspective. Although interpreted cutover areas were generally smaller compared with their actual areas, the deviation was systematic and could therefore be corrected by regression techniques. Overall boundary placement errors for air photo techniques. LANDSAT TM, and MSS images were 30.1, 24.9, and 38.3 m, respectively. Most of the LANDSAT TM errors were in the 20-m range and were within 5 m of the target 15-20 m desired by the Alberta Forest Service. Improvements to this may be achieved by using larger scale satellite images. The base map scale of 1:20 000 was a limiting factor to this study, however, as it was too small with both plotting errors and pen line widths contributing to existing map errors. LANDSAT TM images offered a 12:1 cost savings in data acquisition and are more efficient in comparison with conventional air photos. Use of either medium scale air photos or LANDSAT TM images can be recommended depending on the level of timber commitment accuracy requirements and is presented in the paper as an operational cutover update mapping strategy. Keywords: Forest inventory, update, LANDSAT, change detection, mapping, accuracy analysis, remote sensing.
Value-added Trends and Technology Feasibility Limits in Canadian Softwood Lumber Producing Regions
Authors: Meil J. K.
Published: February 2014

Value-added is a simple unencumbered profit measure of converting raw materials into products and is sensitive to a host of technological responses. Profitability is a key driver for the adoption of new technologies and, as demonstrated, value-added information in conjuction with conversion cost information can be a useful aid in predicting the timing of such technological change. Value-added and variable cost trends were analyzed over 1970 to 1984 for four softwood lumber producing regions in Canada. The observed value-added trend for each region's total product-mix was found to decline over time. The regional value-added trends for the production of lumber alone were also found to be declining, but at a faster rate than for each region's total product-mix. Projections of value-added and variable production cost trends indicate that all regional total product-mix conversion technologies will reach their profitable limits late in the 1990's. Additional analysis revealed that lumber conversion technologies in three of the four regions have already surpassed their feasible limit, implying that some dramatic changes in the industry's lumber production technological focus are both necessary and imminent.
Trends in Forest Site and Land Classification in Canada
Authors: Burger Dys , Pierpoint Geoffrey
Published: February 2014

Classification trends during the past 60 years to serve different management needs are reviewed. These trends include the adaptation of European vegetation typology to Canadian conditions, the delineation of regions meaningful to forest management, the classification of forest ecosystems relevant to silviculture and of broader landscapes appropriate for integrated resource management and, finally, prime-site classification combining land features and technologic and socio-economic criteria to serve modern rationalization of management. Key words: Site classification, land classification, ecosystem classification, vegetation typology, ecological regions, forest ecology, land use planning, Canada.
Tree Improvement Research and Development in Canada
Authors: Fowler D. P. , Morgenstern E. K.
Published: February 2014

As a result of increased utilization of the forest resources in Canada and large losses to forest fires, insects and diseases natural regeneration has been found to be inadequate and artificial regeneration by seeding and planting has been developed on a large scale during the past 30 years. This expansion of the reforestation program has provided the stimulus for the development of tree improvement programs in all 10 provinces. The role and cooperation of federal and provincial organizations, forest industries and universities in research and development is described.
Stock Production Research in Canada: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Glerum C.
Published: February 2014

The development of stock production research in Canada is described, within the context of the Canadian federated system of government. The first two full-time career researchers in stock production started in the fifties and were employed by provincial governments. At that time, most of the research was on bareroot stock. The development of containerized stock production in Canada is briefly described, as well as the impact container stock has had on the stock production scene. Some of the more prominent findings in stock production research on such topics as storage, fertilization, frost hardiness, photoperidicity and root growth are briefly discussed. Concern over governmental funding is also expressed.
Helping Reforestation in Southeast Asia – The ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre Project
Authors: Case A. B. , Wang B. S. P.
Published: February 2014

The ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre Project is a key development initiative by Canada in addressing the growing deforestation problems in tropical regions. The Centre was established in 1981 as a cooperative venture between Canada and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to help overcome difficulties in acquiring and producing operational quantities of high quality seed and planting material for regional reforestation programs. The Project entered its second phase in 1989 under the direction of Forestry Canada, Petawawa National Forestry Institute. Phase II of the Project is described in terms of Canada's inputs and the anticipated outputs over the 6-year period, 1989–1995.
Some Assumptions underlying Canada's Foreign Aid in Forestry
Authors: Kumar Prem , Sharma K. K. , Bennett Pearl
Published: February 2014

A number of assumptions underlie the foreign aid given by the Canadian International Development Agency to the developing countries. These include: trickle down concept, tied-aid, capital assistance and its delivery through forestry consultants, duplication, and exclusion of Third World Canadians. These assumptions have outlived their usefulness. They only constrict development and undermine the practice of sustainable forestry. Recently the Government of Canda has given CIDA a fresh mandate that rejects the trickle down concept. In its place an integrated approach to forest development involving the local populace has been prescribed. But without glasnost and perestroika within CIDA itself, the mandate will suffer a slow death.
Canada's Second Century of Forestry: Closing the gap between promise and performance
Authors: Reed F. L. C.
Published: February 2014

Canadian forestry suffers from a lack of vision in addressing problems of regional timber supply deficits and broader environmental concerns. Two major problems in forest planning are inadequate data on non-timber values and more traditional inventory information such as growth and yield. A national strategic forestry plan is required in conjunction with a long-term vision for the sector. A number of benefits will be generated through intensive forest management, however economic analyses must be broadened to recognize a wider range of values. New ideas are needed for improved forestry performance in areas such as a better timber and non-timber inventory, computer models, foresters' attitudes, land-use ethics, and strategic thinking. The gaps between vision and reality, and promise and performance must be closed.
How Does Forestry Influence Atmospheric Carbon?
Authors: Hendrickson O. Q.
Published: February 2014

Several approaches to studying the effects of forestry practices on the flux of carbon between forest ecosystems and the atmosphere are examined. If the average live forest biomass carbon pool in mature uncut forests is greater than that in second-growth forests, harvesting causes a long-term loss of carbon to the atmosphere. However, in the short term, increased productivity of cut-over stands relative to comparable uncut stands implies a net carbon flux from the atmosphere to the biomass. Management also affects the return flux of carbon to the atmosphere from non-living pools: values for wood and paper products will differ from those for naturally decomposing materials. The greater the proportion of harvested biomass carbon retained in long-lived forest products, the smaller the increase in atmospheric carbon due to harvesting. Under sustainable management, carbon releases to the atmosphere can also be reduced by use of wood biomass fuels, which displace non-renewable fossil fuels. Models combining growth and decay rates with estimates of major carbon pools will provide the best analyses of forest management impacts on the carbon balance. Key words: carbon dioxide, harvesting, productivity, fire, decomposition, forest products, biomass energy.
Markets, Products and Technology in the 21st Century – A Canadian Solid Wood Products Perspective
Authors: Schuler Albert T. , Meil Jamie K.
Published: February 2014

This paper explores trends in the future development of the Canadian wood products industry in relation to technology, products and markets. Our analysis suggests that the wood products industry of the future may be characterized by: smaller economic units; vertical and horizontal integration to better utilize the resource and add value; market diversification; large multinational corporations; shift from commodities to engineered wood products; resource neutral conversion and product technology; shift from structural to semistructural applications and a move to more environmentally acceptable products and conversion technologies such as biocontrol for wood protection and preservation and energy-self sufficient mills. Key words: Markets, solid wood products industry, technology, competitive position.