bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myelin alters the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages by activating PPARs
Authors: Bogie Jeroen FJ , Jorissen Winde , Mailleux Jo , Nijland Philip G , Zelcer Noam , Vanmierlo Tim , Van Horssen Jack , Stinissen Piet , Hellings Niels , Hendriks Jerome JA
Published: August 2013

Background

Foamy macrophages, containing myelin degradation products, are abundantly found in active multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. Recent studies have described an altered phenotype of macrophages after myelin internalization. However, mechanisms by which myelin affects the phenotype of macrophages and how this phenotype influences lesion progression remain unclear.

Results

We demonstrate that myelin as well as phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid found in myelin, reduce nitric oxide production by macrophages through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ). Furthermore, uptake of PS by macrophages, after intravenous injection of PS-containing liposomes (PSLs), suppresses the production of inflammatory mediators and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The protective effect of PSLs in EAE animals is associated with a reduced immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system and decreased splenic cognate antigen specific proliferation. Interestingly, PPARβ/δ is activated in foamy macrophages in active MS lesions, indicating that myelin also activates PPARβ/δ in macrophages in the human brain.

Conclusion

Our data show that myelin modulates the phenotype of macrophages by PPAR activation, which may subsequently dampen MS lesion progression. Moreover, our results suggest that myelin-derived PS mediates PPARβ/δ activation in macrophages after myelin uptake. The immunoregulatory impact of naturally-occurring myelin lipids may hold promise for future MS therapeutics.
Establishing quantitative real-time quaking-induced conversion (qRT-QuIC) for highly sensitive detection and quantification of PrPSc in prion-infected tissues
Authors: Shi Song , Mitteregger-Kretzschmar Gerda , Giese Armin , Kretzschmar Hans A
Published: August 2013

Background

PrPSc, the only known constituent of prions, the infectious agents causing prion diseases, can be detected by real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). However, there is no efficient method to quantify the amount of PrPSc by RT-QuIC.

Results

Here we introduce quantitative RT-QuIC (qRT-QuIC) to quantify with high accuracy minute amounts of PrPSc in the brain and various peripheral tissues at levels far below detection by in vivo transmission. PrPSc is relatively resistant to treatment with proteinase K (PK). However, as there can also be a fraction of pathological PrP that is digested by PK, we use the term PrP27-30 to denote to the amount of PrPSc that can be detected by immunoblot after PK treatment. qRT-QuIC is based upon the quantitative correlation between the seeded amount of PrP27-30 and the lag time to the start of the conversion reaction detected by RT-QuIC. By seeding known amounts of PrP27-30 quantified by immunoblot into qRT-QuIC a standard calibration curve can be obtained. Based on this calibration curve, seeded undetermined amounts of PrP27-30 can be directly calculated. qRT-QuIC allowed to quantify PrP27-30 concentrations at extremely low levels as low as 10-15.5 g PrP27-30, which corresponds to 0.001 LD50 units obtained by in vivo i.c. transmission studies. We find that PrP27-30 concentration increases steadily in the brain after inoculation and can be detected at various time points during the incubation period in peripheral organs (spleen, heart, muscle, liver, kidney) in two experimental scrapie strains (RML, ME7) in the mouse.

Conclusions

We suggest that an automatic quantitative system to measure disease progression as well as prion contamination of organs, blood and food product is feasible. Moreover, the concept of qRT-QuIC should be applicable to measure other disease-associated proteins rich in β-pleated structures (amyloid) that bind ThT and that show seeded aggregation.
Effect of organic matter on cyanide removal by illuminated titanium dioxide or zinc oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Farrokhi Mehrdad , Yang Jae-Kyu , Lee Seung-Mok , Shirzad-Siboni Mehdi
Published: August 2013

Effect of different type of organic compounds (humic acid, oxalate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, phenol) on the photocatalytic removal of cyanide with TiO2or ZnO was studied in this work with variation of the solution pH, contact time, initial cyanide concentration and type of organic compounds. Photocatalytic oxidation efficiency of cyanide with TiO2was greatly affected by the solution pH. It increased as the solution pH decreased. Also maximum removal of cyanide by ZnO was observed near at neutral pH because of the reduced photocatalytic activity of ZnO at exceedingly low and high pH values originated from either acidic/photochemical corrosion of the catalyst and/or surface passivation with Zn(OH)2. Removal efficiency of cyanide greatly decreased in the presence of humic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid compared to that without presence of organic compound because of the competitive oxidation as well as surface blocking by relatively large organic compounds. The oxidation pattern of cyanide was better described by first-order kinetic model. Finally photocatalytic reaction with TiO2or ZnO can be effectively applied to treat synthetic wastewater contaminated with cyanide.
Clinicopathological analysis of primary adrenal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: effectiveness of rituximab-containing chemotherapy including central nervous system prophylaxis
Authors: Ichikawa Satoshi , Fukuhara Noriko , Inoue Ai , Katsushima Hiroki , Ohba Rie , Katsuoka Yuna , Onishi Yasushi , Yamamoto Joji , Sasaki Osamu , Nomura Jun , Fukuhara Osamu , Ishizawa Kenichi , Ichinohasama Ryo , Harigae Hideo
Published: August 2013

Background

Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is an extremely rare subtype of extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Some researchers have reported some of the characteristics of PAL and its association with poor prognosis; however, the clinicopathological features of PAL remain to be elucidated.

Methods

From 2008 to 2011 we experienced seven cases of PAL in our institutions. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and pathological features of these patients.

Results

The patients ranged in age from 50 to 85 years, with a median of 71 years. The overall male:female ratio was 6:1. All seven patients were diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) pathologically. Bilateral adrenal involvement was confirmed in five patients. The median largest tumor diameter at diagnosis was 58 mm. The Ki-67 index was generally high (>70%). All patients were treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy, and central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis was conducted for three patients. One patient with CNS involvement at the time of the diagnosis also received whole-brain radiation. The overall survival rate at two years was 57% (median follow-up; 24.8 months). It is noteworthy that the three patients who received a full course of the rituximab-containing regimen and CNS prophylaxis are currently alive without disease relapse, and that none of the seven patients died due to progression of lymphoma.

Conclusions

Primary adrenal DLBCL can be a clinically aggressive disease entity. Rituximab-containing chemotherapy combined with CNS prophylaxis could be a reasonable option for the treatment of PAL; however, analyses of more PAL cases are needed for the establishment of this strategy.
The earnings of immigrants and the quality adjustment of immigrant human capital
Authors: Sharaf Mesbah Fathy
Published: August 2013

The quality dimension of immigrant human capital has received little attention in the
economic assimilation literature. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how
human capital acquired in different source countries may be adjusted according to its
quality in the Canadian labor market. This is achieved by deriving quality-adjustment
indices using data from the 2001 Canadian census. These indices are then used to
examine the role of schooling quality in explaining differential returns to schooling
and over-education rates by country-of-origin. The key finding is that accounting for
schooling quality virtually eliminates native-immigrant gaps in returns to schooling
and the incidence of over-education. The quality of human capital is important for
understanding the economic integration of immigrants.

JEL Codes

F22; I2; J15; J31
Diffraction traveltime approximation for TI media with an inhomogeneous background
Authors: Waheed Umair bin , Alkhalifah Tariq , Stovas Alexey
Published: August 2013

Diffractions in seismic data contain valuable information that can help improve our modeling capability for better imaging of the subsurface. They are especially useful for anisotropic media because they inherently possess a wide range of dips necessary to resolve the angular dependence of velocity. We develop a scheme for diffraction traveltime computations based on perturbation of the anellipticity anisotropy parameter for transversely isotropic media with tilted axis of symmetry (TTI). The expansion, therefore, uses an elliptically anisotropic medium with tilt as the background model. This formulation has advantages on two fronts: first, it alleviates the computational complexity associated with solving the TTI eikonal equation, and second, it provides a mechanism to scan for the best-fitting anellipticity parameter [Formula: see text] without the need for repetitive modeling of traveltimes, because the traveltime coefficients of the expansion are independent of the perturbed parameter [Formula: see text]. The accuracy of such an expansion is further enhanced by the use of Shanks transform. We established the effectiveness of the proposed formulation with tests on a homogeneous TTI model and complex media such as the Marmousi and BP models.
High-resolution coherency functionals for velocity analysis: An application for subbasalt seismic exploration
Authors: Tognarelli Andrea , Stucchi Eusebio , Ravasio Alessia , Mazzotti Alfredo
Published: August 2013

We tested the properties of three different coherency functionals for the velocity analysis of seismic data relative to subbasalt exploration. We evaluated the performance of the standard semblance algorithm and two high-resolution coherency functionals based on the use of analytic signals and of the covariance estimation along hyperbolic traveltime trajectories. Approximate knowledge of the wavelet was exploited to design appropriate filters that matched the primary reflections, thereby further improving the ability of the functionals to highlight the events of interest. The tests were carried out on two synthetic seismograms computed on models reproducing the geologic setting of basaltic intrusions and on common midpoint gathers from a 3D survey. Synthetic and field data had a very low signal-to-noise ratio, strong multiple contamination, and weak primary subbasalt signals. The results revealed that high-resolution coherency functionals were more suitable than semblance algorithms to detect primary signals and to distinguish them from multiples and other interfering events. This early discrimination between primaries and multiples could help to target specific signal enhancement and demultiple operations.
Colonial Techniques in the Imperial Capital: The Prefecture of Police and the Surveillance of North Africans in Paris, 1925-circa 1970
Authors: Prakash Amit
Published: August 2013

The presence of North African colonial migrants during the interwar years spurred the Parisian Prefecture of Police to adopt some elements of colonial administration. From 1925 to approximately 1970, the Parisian police engaged in the specialized surveillance of the North African community. While official North African police services existed only from 1925 to 1945 and again from 1958 to 1962, a durable conception of North Africans as prone to violence and susceptible to anticolonial politics led the police to undertake systematic if at times unofficial surveillance of North Africans for the entire period under study. This colonial perspective on policing became integrated into the general policing of Paris and outlasted colonialism itself.

Pendant l’entre-deux-guerres, la présence de migrants nord-africains incita la Préfecture de police de Paris à adopter certaines procédures de l’administration coloniale. A partir de 1925 et jusqu’aux années 1970, la police parisienne fut chargée de surveiller de façon spécifique la communauté maghrébine. Alors que les services de police relatifs aux Nord-Africains n’ont fonctionné officiellement qu’entre 1925 et 1945, puis de 1958 à 1962, l’idée, solidement ancrée, que les Maghrébins étaient enclins à la violence et susceptibles de fomenter des troubles anticoloniaux, conduisit la police à entreprendre une surveillance systématique, et parfois non officielle, des Nord-Africains pendant la période étudiée ici (1925-70). Ce dispositif colonial fut intégré au fonctionnement de la police en général et a survécu au colonialisme lui-même.
Peer Disagreement, Evidence, and Well-Groundedness
Authors: van Wietmarschen Han
Published: August 2013

The central question of the peer disagreement debate is: what should you believe about the disputed proposition if you have good reason to believe that an epistemic peer disagrees with you? This article shows that this question is ambiguous between evidential support (or propositional justification) and well-groundedness (or doxastic justification). The discussion focuses on conciliatory views, according to which peer disagreements require you to significantly revise your view or to suspend judgment. The article argues that for a wide range of conceptions of evidential support, conciliatory views are false if they are understood entirely in terms of evidential support. Alternative conceptions of evidential support face some serious difficulties. These arguments speak against conciliationism, but the article then goes on to defend a conciliatory view about well-grounded belief: when you believe p, and you have good reason to believe that your epistemic peer disagrees with you, you are not justified in believing p because that belief is no longer well grounded. This picture of the epistemology of peer disagreement offers a reconciliation of some of the main competing views in the literature: conciliationism is true when we look at well-grounded belief, but a nonconciliatory view like Thomas Kelly's “total evidence view” is correct when we look at peer disagreement exclusively in terms of evidential support.
Genetic dissection of a cell-autonomous neurodegenerative disorder: lessons learned from mouse models of Niemann-Pick disease type C
Authors: Lopez Manuel E. , Scott Matthew P.
Published: August 2013

Understanding neurodegenerative disease progression and its treatment requires the systematic characterization and manipulation of relevant cell types and molecular pathways. The neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is highly amenable to genetic approaches that allow exploration of the disease biology at the organismal, cellular and molecular level. Although NPC is a rare disease, genetic analysis of the associated neuropathology promises to provide insight into the logic of disease neural circuitry, selective neuron vulnerability and neural-glial interactions. The ability to control the disorder cell-autonomously and in naturally occurring spontaneous animal models that recapitulate many aspects of the human disease allows for an unparalleled dissection of the disease neurobiology in vivo. Here, we review progress in mouse-model-based studies of NPC disease, specifically focusing on the subtype that is caused by a deficiency in NPC1, a sterol-binding late endosomal membrane protein involved in lipid trafficking. We also discuss recent findings and future directions in NPC disease research that are pertinent to understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in general.
A Fluorescent Sensor Based on Covalently Immobilized Allylcalcein for Determining pH
Authors: Qin Pinzhu , Huang Dawei
Published: August 2013

A new type of fluorescent pH sensor using allylcalcein as the fluorophore is described. The allylcalcein was photo-copolymerized on a silanized glass surface. With increasing pH, the fluorescence intensity decreased noticeably. The proposed pH sensor showed good reproducibility, stability, and response time. In the pH range 6.8–11.7, the fluorescence intensity of membrane varied linearly as a function of pH. It has been applied to the analysis of wastewater, river water, and spring water samples.
Driving under the (Cellular) Influence
Authors: Bhargava Saurabh , Pathania Vikram S
Published: August 2013

We investigate the causal link between driver cell phone use and crash rates by exploiting a natural experiment induced by the 9 pm price discontinuity that characterizes a majority of recent cellular plans. We first document a 7.2 percent jump in driver call likelihood at the 9 pm threshold. Using a prior period as a comparison, we next document no corresponding change in the relative crash rate. Our estimates imply an upper bound in the crash risk odds ratio of 3.0, which rejects the 4.3 asserted by Redelmeier and Tibshirani (1997). Additional panel analyses of cell phone ownership and cellular bans confirm our result. (JEL R41)
Cortical long-range interactions embed statistical knowledge of natural sensory input: a voltage-sensitive dye imaging study
Authors: Onat Selim , Jancke Dirk , König Peter
Published: August 2013

How is contextual processing as demonstrated with simplified stimuli, cortically enacted in response to ecologically relevant complex and dynamic stimuli? Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging, we captured mesoscopic population dynamics across several square millimeters of cat primary visual cortex. By presenting natural movies locally through either one or two adjacent apertures, we show that simultaneous presentation leads to mutual facilitation of activity. These synergistic effects were most effective when both movie patches originated from the same natural movie, thus forming a coherent stimulus in which the inherent spatio-temporal structure of natural movies were preserved in accord with Gestalt principles of perceptual organization. These results suggest that natural sensory input triggers cooperative mechanisms that are imprinted into the cortical functional architecture as early as in primary visual cortex.
The Geometry of Online Packing Linear Programs
Authors: Molinaro Marco , Ravi R.
Published: August 2013

We consider packing linear programs with m rows where all constraint coefficients are normalized to be in the unit interval. The n columns arrive in random order and the goal is to set the corresponding decision variables irrevocably when they arrive to obtain a feasible solution maximizing the expected reward. Previous (1 − ϵ)-competitive algorithms require the right-hand side of the linear program to be Ω((m/ϵ2)log(n/ϵ)), a bound that worsens with the number of columns and rows. However, the dependence on the number of columns is not required in the single-row case, and known lower bounds for the general case are also independent of n.

Our goal is to understand whether the dependence on n is required in the multirow case, making it fundamentally harder than the single-row version. We refute this by exhibiting an algorithm that is (1 − ϵ)-competitive as long as the right-hand sides are Ω((m2/ϵ2)log(m/ϵ)). Our techniques refine previous probably approximately correct learning based approaches that interpret the online decisions as linear classifications of the columns based on sampled dual prices. The key ingredient of our improvement comes from a nonstandard covering argument together with the realization that only when the columns of the linear program belong to few one-dimensional subspaces we can obtain such small covers; bounding the size of the cover constructed also relies on the geometry of linear classifiers. General packing linear programs are handled by perturbing the input columns, which can be seen as making the learning problem more robust.
Treatment Needs and Adverse Events Related to Dental Treatment Under General Anesthesia for Individuals With Autism
Authors: Rada Robert E.
Published: August 2013

Individuals with autism can be quite challenging to treat in a routine dental-office setting, especially when extensive dental treatment and disruptive behavioral issues exist. Individuals with autism may also be at higher risk for oral disease. Frequently, general anesthesia is the only method to facilitate completion of the needed dental treatment. General anesthesia is not without complications, and unique occurrences are a necessary consideration for special-needs populations. In addition, behavior challenges may occur which can be disruptive to hospital staff. This article describes treatment needs and determines adverse events during the perioperative period for individuals with autism who have had general anesthesia for comprehensive dental treatment in the hospital.
The Transformation of Disabilities Organizations
Authors: Schalock Robert L. , Verdugo Miguel-Angel
Published: August 2013

This article summarizes the five major characteristics of the transformation era and describes how intellectual and closely related developmental disabilities organizations can apply specific transformation strategies associated with each characteristic. Collectively, the characteristics and strategies provide a framework for transformation thinking, learning, and acting. Specific application examples are given.
Light shaping for illumination
Authors: Wester Rolf , Bäuerle Axel
Published: August 2013

The ever-increasing use of LED as a solid-state light source in general and specialized lighting has pushed the field of optics further for illumination towards sophistication and high precision. In this paper, we provide an overview of this domain, starting with a formulation of the underlying, fundamental mathematical problem, which in itself is not easily and directly solvable. We then describe various algorithms that have been developed as approximations for specialized cases, providing references to the relevant publications. Finally, two examples show the new possibilities in light shaping that have been made possible through the use of nonimaging freeform optics.
Backlight illumination design using constant extinction
Authors: Baumgart Jörg
Published: August 2013

Light guiding backlights are a good solution to attain ambient or display illuminations. Generally, they are attained using intended macroscopic defects (dots). Their size, shape and density are designed using ray tracing software. Smaller defects have the fascinating feature that they may not be perceived by the eye. Such a light guide will therefore look transparent and undisturbed. However, such microscopic or even nanoscaled defects are well beyond the limitations of geometrical optics and therefore need other approaches for their design. An interesting alternative to surface defects are particles inside the material or a well-defined surface roughness. In contrast to a defect structure, particle densities or surface roughness cannot be changed without difficulty. These may, however, be much more easily manufactured. In this paper, a simple analytical method for the design of such light guides will be presented. This method is compared to the results of commercial software and will be used to design a homogeneous illumination adopting constant particle density inside the material.
“Life Ain’t Easy for a President Named Barack”: Party, Ideology, and Tea Party Freshman Support for the Nation’s First Black President
Authors: Bond Jon R.
Published: August 2013

In the heated rhetoric of the 2010 elections, there were some accusations that the Tea Party movement was racist, and charges of Tea Party racism persisted through 2011 as President Obama attempted to deal with an intransigent Republican majority. This paper seeks to refute the charge of Tea Party racism. In particular, I treat the charge of racism as a research hypothesis (HR): If racial animosity is a systematic motivation, then Republican freshmen elected to the House in 2010 with Tea Party endorsements should be significantly less supportive of the nation’s first Black president than are other conservative Republicans. The null hypothesis (H0) is of course that Tea Party freshmen support for Obama is not different from that of other conservative Republicans. Controlling for the most obvious competing hypotheses (party, ideology, district partisanship) while comparing the results to analogous control groups, the analysis is able to reject the null hypothesis: ceteris paribus, Tea Party freshman support is significantly lower than should be expected, and this behavior is different from that of control groups. Although these results fail to provide evidence to refute charges of racism, it does not prove that President Obama’s race is the cause of lower Tea Party support. In the end, it suggests that more research is needed to look for causes other than race to explain Tea Party behavior.
Nuclear receptor-mediated regulation of lipid droplet-associated protein gene expression in adipose tissue
Authors: Christian Mark
Published: August 2013

In adipose tissues, nuclear receptors (NRs) have important metabolic actions on cellular lipid-storing capacity through targeted gene regulation. Lipid droplets (LDs) are the organelles for intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) storage and are present in all eukaryotic cells. They are small in most cells, but in white adipocytes, they can occupy 90% of the cytoplasm. LDs consist of a TAG core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and an array of associated proteins that determine size, stability, inter-droplet interaction, and lipid storage capacity. The genes that encode these proteins are more highly expressed in brown compared with white fat, correlating with the greater LD surface area in multilocular brown adipocytes. Gene expression profiling reveals that most NRs are present in adipose tissues, with some showing greater expression in brown compared with white fat, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, estrogen-related receptor α, and NURR1. NR signaling is important for the regulated expression of most genes that encode LD-associated proteins. For example, estradiol signals via estrogen receptor α to regulate the levels of PLIN1 and the lipase ATGL controlling LD size and total lipid accumulation. PPARγ is essential for adipocyte differentiation and function, and analysis of data obtained through chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing shows that it binds to the promoters of many genes encoding LD proteins in adipocytes. Of these genes, the greatest PPARγ binding was to regulatory regions for Plin1, Cidec, and G0s2. NRs represent an important target for controlling LD dynamics in diseases affected by altered fat storage encompassing obesity and lipodystrophy, which are an increasing health problem.
Planes of illusion
Authors: Fitzgerald Jon , Hayward Philip , Brennan David
Published: August 2013

Mainstream commercial cinema’s increasing access to highly advanced computer-generated imagery (CGI) has allowed it to produce convincing evocations of places and experiences that increasingly blur the line between the represented ‘real’ of actual locations and digitally generated fictional spaces. This article discusses one such evocation: the spectacular cave system featured in the film Sanctum (2011), directed by Alister Grierson. The first part of this article examines the manner in which audio-visual elements of the film produce a representation of a Papua New Guinean landscape and locale and, in particular, analyses the manner in which David Hirschfelder’s score provides an element of musical exoticism that serves to complement this. The second part of the article discusses issues of cultural use relevant to the film score’s prominent use of an unattributed vocal sequence.
Electronic dance music, the rock myth, and authenticity
Authors: Gunders John
Published: August 2013

Most discussions of authenticity in popular music mobilize the ‘rock myth’, a loose collection of assumptions that pit rock against an inauthentic other, such as pop, dance or electronic music. Some academic studies attempt to discuss authenticity in these genres by side-stepping the rock myth and focusing on other aspects of the genre’s construction. This article, however, examines the structures of power in electronic dance music showing that for the fans of this genre, as revealed through music journalism and online fan sites, the same discourses are at work as in discussions of rock.
Processos de significação na elaboração de conhecimentos de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais
Authors: Monteiro Maria Inês Bacellar , Freitas Ana Paula de
Published: August 2013

Este estudo aborda a temática da educação inclusiva, com interesse nas práticas educacionais orientadas por relações de ensino significativas. Temos como objetivo refletir sobre o papel de educadores e pares diante das possibilidades de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais. Partimos do pressuposto de que o sujeito interativo elabora conhecimentos sobre objetos em processos necessariamente mediados pelo outro e constituídos pela linguagem, pelo funcionamento dialógico. Assumimos os princípios metodológicos da pesquisa histórico-cultural e utilizamos como forma de análise o que se denomina análise microgenética. Utilizamos um banco de dados composto por filmagens de práticas pedagógicas de uma sala de aula e gravações de reuniões periódicas ocorridas entre uma das pesquisadoras e a professora de um aluno do 1º ano do ensino fundamental, com 8 anos de idade e atraso no desenvolvimento global. Os resultados mostram que houve participação do outro nas atividades propostas, configurando relações intersubjetivas nem sempre harmoniosas e diferentes formas de envolvimento entre a professora e o aluno na dinâmica dialógica. As ações da professora ganham um lugar importante ao reconhecermos a relevância de sua participação no processo de elaboração do conhecimento escolar. Destacamos o papel que o outro representa no processo de ensino e aprendizagem e explicitamos modos de ação que podem contribuir, no âmbito educacional, para tornar o processo de ensino significativo também para os alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais.
How much is too much? Identifying benchmarks of adverse effects of macroalgae on the macrofauna in intertidal flats
Authors: Green Lauri , Sutula Martha , Fong Peggy
Published: August 2013

Eutrophication, defined as the accumulation of organic matter typically in response to anthropogenically enhanced nutrient inputs, often takes the form of macroalgal blooms in shallow estuaries and causes a cascade of adverse ecosystem effects. Confidence in the use of macroalgae as an indicator of eutrophication in estuaries is limited by the lack of quantitative data on thresholds of adverse effects. Field experiments can provide “benchmarks” of no effect or adverse effects that can be used to validate thresholds derived statistically from field data. To determine a benchmark of adverse effects of macroalgal abundance on macrobenthic faunal communities in intertidal flats, experiments were conducted in two sites in Bodega Harbor (BOD) and two sites in Upper Newport Bay (UNB), California, USA. At each site, 24 cages maintained six treatments of macroalgae for eight weeks, with mat depths of 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 5.0 cm composed mostly of bloom‐forming green macroalgae in the genus Ulva. Every two weeks, cores of sediment (10 cm deep) were collected, and macrofauna were quantified. Mats 1 cm deep, equivalent to a biomass of 110–120 g dry mass (dm)/m2 or 840–930 g wet mass/m2, resulted in the reduction of macrofaunal abundance by at least 67% and species richness by at least 19% within two weeks at three of four sites. Loss was attributed to the decline of key functional groups. Surface‐deposit feeders were eliminated from one site at BOD within four weeks and at one site in UNB within six weeks, while 1‐cm mats negatively affected suspension feeders and herbivores in the second site at BOD. In contrast, the other site at UNB was not affected by macroalgal treatment, likely due to an initial community composed of a high proportion of subsurface‐deposit feeders tolerant of stressful environments. Macroalgal abundances as low as 110–120 g dm/m2 had significant and rapid negative effects on macrobenthic invertebrates, providing a clear benchmark of adverse effects of macroalgal blooms on macrofaunal abundance and community structure, two indicators of ecosystem health. This information can inform the establishment of appropriate metrics for macroalgal abundance in eutrophic estuaries.
Effects of thinning on drought vulnerability and climate response in north temperate forest ecosystems
Authors: D'Amato Anthony W. , Bradford John B. , Fraver Shawn , Palik Brian J.
Published: August 2013

Reducing tree densities through silvicultural thinning has been widely advocated as a strategy for enhancing resistance and resilience to drought, yet few empirical evaluations of this approach exist. We examined detailed dendrochronological data from a long‐term (>50 years) replicated thinning experiment to determine if density reductions conferred greater resistance and/or resilience to droughts, assessed by the magnitude of stand‐level growth reductions. Our results suggest that thinning generally enhanced drought resistance and resilience; however, this relationship showed a pronounced reversal over time in stands maintained at lower tree densities. Specifically, lower‐density stands exhibited greater resistance and resilience at younger ages (49 years), yet exhibited lower resistance and resilience at older ages (76 years), relative to higher‐density stands. We attribute this reversal to significantly greater tree sizes attained within the lower‐density stands through stand development, which in turn increased tree‐level water demand during the later droughts. Results from response–function analyses indicate that thinning altered growth–climate relationships, such that higher‐density stands were more sensitive to growing‐season precipitation relative to lower‐density stands. These results confirm the potential of density management to moderate drought impacts on growth, and they highlight the importance of accounting for stand structure when predicting climate‐change impacts to forests.
What do predators really want? The role of gerbil energetic state in determining prey choice by Barn Owls
Authors: Embar Keren , Mukherjee Shomen , Kotler Burt P.
Published: August 2013

In predator–prey foraging games, predators should respond to variations in prey state. The value of energy for the prey changes depending on season. Prey in a low energetic state and/or in a reproductive state should invest more in foraging and tolerate higher predation risk. This should make the prey more catchable, and thereby, more preferable to predators. We ask, can predators respond to prey state? How does season and state affect the foraging game from the predator's perspective? By letting owls choose between gerbils whose states we experimentally manipulated, we could demonstrate predator sensitivity to prey state and predator selectivity that otherwise may be obscured by the foraging game. During spring, owls invested more time and attacks in the patch with well‐fed gerbils. During summer, owls attacked both patches equally, yet allocated more time to the patch with hungry gerbils. Energetic state per se does not seem to be the basis of owl choice. The owls strongly responded to these subtle differences. In summer, gerbils managed their behavior primarily for survival, and the owls equalized capture opportunities by attacking both patches equally.
Modeling the Interfering Effects of Gas Condensate and Geological Heterogeneities on Transient Pressure Response
Authors: Hamdi H.. , Jamiolahmady M.. , Corbett P.W.M.. W.M.
Published: August 2013

Numerous publications have investigated the effect of gas condensate fluid on the transient pressure well-test (WT) response. However, to the best of our knowledge, its combined effect with geology has rarely been studied. Our findings in the present report demonstrate that geology can complicate the WT response and make it difficult for interpretation. In this study, the impact of geological heterogeneities on the WT response of a commingled braided fluvial gas condensate reservoir has been investigated. Numerical WT data were generated for a single-well model with a commercial compositional reservoir simulator. Several sensitivity simulations were performed to explore the effects of correlation length, vertical permeability, production rate, and drawdown time on the pseudopressure-derivative curves. The WT weighting kernel function and the calculated well-pressure sensitivity coefficients were implemented to demonstrate different trends of drawdown and buildup responses encountered in this study.

The results clarified the idea that some geological heterogeneities and production parameters can alter pressure distribution and condensate saturation and mask the native model WT signatures. In this exercise, it was demonstrated that ramp effect, a geologically complex phenomenon in high-net/gross commingled reservoirs, is affected by the condensate formation. This interfering phenomenon is reflected on the derivative curves and is magnified in the presence of the shorter correlation lengths, the lower vertical communications, and the higher production rates. We also examined the stepwise stripping of the reservoir heterogeneity, demonstrating the significant impact of some facies on the buildup and drawdown transient pressure response. The time-dependent sensitivity coefficients were calculated to show that the drawdown test is sensitive to effective permeability in near-wellbore regions, in which condensate is prone to build up with time. In the buildup, on the other hand, the condensate saturation is almost invariant with time and affects the early-time region. This work leads toward better understanding of the influence of geology in gas condensate WT interpretation of fluvial reservoirs.
Performance of Automated Near‐Infrared Reflectance Spectrometry for Continuous in Situ Mapping of Soil Fertility at Field Scale
Authors: Schirrmann M. , Gebbers R. , Kramer E.
Published: August 2013

Diffuse reflectance of soils in the near‐infrared reflectance (NIR) has been related to many chemical soil properties. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy may become a part of proximal soil sensing and contribute to bridge the gap of knowledge imposed by the inability of conventional methods to resolve the spatial patterns of soil fertility at field scale. We used a mobile automated NIR spectrophotometer (1100–2300 nm) to map the topsoil of three fields located in an organic farm “on‐the‐go” at a speed of 3 to 6 km h−1 to a depth of 15 cm. Spectral data were related to results from conventional laboratory analysis of soil P, K, Mg, soil organic matter (SOM), N, and pH. Maps and semivariograms of the principal component scores computed from the spectral information showed consistent spatial patterns present at two different scales. The strength of correlation between field spectra and soil chemical parameters was location dependent, which will make it difficult to develop cross‐field calibration models. Stable, semiquantitative predictions were obtained for soil pH, N‐tot, SOM, K‐tot, and Mg‐tot (R2: 0.71, 0.69, 0.61, 0.55, 0.53) when training data from all fields where included. To improve relationships between soil spectra and soil attributes, dual‐wavelength indices (DWIs) were used. Even though DWIs showed better partial least squares regression model results compared with smoothed or differentiated spectra, they did not improve cross‐field model calibration.
Estimation of Regional Groundwater Recharge Using Data from a Distributed Soil Moisture Network
Authors: Andreasen Mie , Andreasen Louise Andie , Jensen Karsten H. , Sonnenborg Torben O. , Bircher Simone
Published: August 2013

Regional groundwater recharge and actual evapotranspiration were estimated by calibrating the one‐dimensional soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer model Daisy against soil moisture measurements from 30 stations and at 3 depths located within a 1050 km2 subcatchment of the Danish hydrological observatory HOBE. Thirty models were constructed considering the local climate, soil texture, land use, and field practice. First estimates of the hydraulic parameters were obtained from textural data using a pedotransfer function. On the basis of sensitivity analysis, hydraulic conductivity ks and van Genuchten parameter n were found to be most sensitive, and these two parameters were therefore subject to calibration at each site using the parameter estimation code PEST. From the calibrated models, the regional variation of evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge was predicted and tested against local measurements, giving annual catchment scale values of 474 and 505 mm, respectively, for the period 2009 to 2011. These values corresponded well with comparable field observations. Various formulations of effective parameterizations were tested. Effective parameters of ks and n for forest, heath, and agriculture found by autocalibration against average soil moisture measurements of the three land cover types provided evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge estimates comparable to individual field observations (stream gauge and eddy covariance [EC] data).
Remote Sensing for Vadose Zone Hydrology—A Synthesis from the Vantage Point
Authors: Mohanty Binayak P. , Cosh Michael , Lakshmi Venkat , Montzka Carsten
Published: August 2013

Ground‐based, air‐borne, and space‐borne remote sensing techniques have evolved over the past several decades and provided many new techniques for estimating various land surface attributes at multiple scales related to mass and energy dynamics. The vadose zone, encompassing land surface, root zone, and the deeper soil profile down to the groundwater table, is a complex domain, particularly related to various hydrologic and biological processes across different scales. In this zone, spatial distributions and temporal dynamics of soil moisture and evapotranspiration (ET), including their interdependence, are critical to climate feedback, hydrology, and plant canopy health. Their temporal and spatial variability across catchments affect surface and subsurface runoff, modulates evaporation and transpiration, determines the extent of groundwater recharge and contaminant transport, and initiates or sustains feedback between the land surface and the atmosphere. With the recent development and deployment of various remote sensing platforms working with different techniques such as optical, microwave, gravitational, infrared, and other sensors, improved temporal and spatial measurement or estimates of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, soil hydraulic parameters, soil salinity, and vegetation attributes are possible. In this special section “Remote Sensing for Vadose Zone Hydrology,” 14 contributions on fundamental and applied studies using different remote sensing platforms, including satellite retrieval algorithm development, data assimilation techniques, scaling issues, ground validation, and field applications in the context of vadose zone hydrology are presented. The foci of these papers range across root zone soil moisture retrieval and variability, evapotranspiration dynamics and distribution, agricultural water management, soil hydraulic and mechanical property estimation, ecosystems assessment, land–atmosphere interaction, and land surface hazard assessment. Here we organized the summary of these papers in four overlapping sections including (i) estimation, variability, scaling, and data assimilation of soil moisture by microwave remote sensing; (ii) estimating evapotranspiration by remote sensing and water management applications; (iii) estimating vadose zone properties by remote sensing; and (iv) ground‐based soil moisture for calibration and validation of microwave remote sensing.
A Complication During Femoral Broaching in Total Hip Arthroplasty:
A Case Report
Authors: Waldstein Wenzel , Boettner Friedrich
Published: August 2013

Press-fit component fixation is one of the primary goals in uncemented total hip arthroplasty. When aiming at proximal load transfer, the stem size has to be selected with regard to the shape of the proximal femoral canal. This can be challenging in patients with ‘champagne flute’ femurs with a relatively narrow diaphysis, especially when a long stem femoral component is used. The present case report describes a complication during femoral broaching for a primary uncemented femoral component. Because of the narrow diaphysis, the distal portion of the broach got caught in the narrow canal and it became impossible to remove the broach with conventional techniques. Via a second distal incision, the femur was split from the distal tip of the broach to approximately 5 cm distal of the femoral neck cut along the posterior aspects of the femur. This loosened the broach enough to allow for an uncomplicated removal. The longitudinal split was secured with cables before a similar size primary implant was press fitted into the femoral canal.
Children involved in the life and work on the streets as victims of exploitation and abuse
Authors: Stevanovic Ivana
Published: August 2013

Noting the importance of the topic of this paper the author gives an overview
of relevant research in this area in the Republic of Serbia, the available
data on children involved in the life or work on the streets, and emphasizes
the risk factors that contribute to involving a child in the life and work on
the streets and becoming a victim of abuse and exploitation. Taking into
account the terminological inconsistency in this area, for this study the
term ?children involved in life or work on the street? the author used, while
stressing the need for clear terminology of the observed phenomenon, as well
as clear definition and differentiation of the terms ?a child on the street?
and ?a child from the street.? Based on the analysis of the current
situation, the main goal of the paper is to indicate the areas for priority
action and the necessity for a systemic response to this phenomenon.
Cyberstalking victimization
Authors: Vilic Vida
Published: August 2013

Global social networks contributed to the creation of new, inconspicuous,
technically perfect shape of criminality which is hard to suppress because of
its intangible characteristics. The most common forms of virtual
communications? abuse are: cyberstalking and harassment, identity theft,
online fraud, manipulation and misuse of personal information and personal
photos, monitoring e-mail accounts and spamming, interception and recording
of chat rooms. Cyberstalking is defined as persistent and targeted harassment
of an individual by using electronic communication. The victim becomes
insecure, frightened, intimidated and does not figure out the best reaction
which will terminate the harassment. The aim of this paper is to emphasize
the importance and necessity of studying cyberstalking and to point out its
forms in order to find the best ways to prevent this negative social
phenomenon. Basic topics that will be analyzed in this paper are the various
definitions of cyberstalking, forms of cyberstalking, and the most important
characteristics of victims and perpetators.