bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategy and Ecosystem for Microelectronics Assembly in the United States
Authors: Greenwood Jonathon
Published: November 2016

In the 1980's the US based electronics manufacturing and ecosystem witnessed a significant shift from manual operations to automated assembly to enable high volume, lower cost products. The maturation of surface mount technology and the introduction of organic semiconductor packaging were key drivers and enablers during this era. The 1990's brought about the shift from the OEM microelectronics innovation & assembly ecosystem to the outsourced model as OEM's tried to stay ahead of the cost reduction curve during this dotcom era. The end result was a short lived US based model for outsourced volume microelectronics assembly that crashed with many of the other startups in the early 2000's. The severity of the downturn not only affected the volume assembly service model but, more importantly the innovation and development opportunities for microelectronics as well. With the recent renewed emphasis on innovation, security, reshoring and manufacturing job creation the opportunity to create a new model for microelectronics assembly in the US has successfully emerged.
Lift up! to IC Packaging: Trends and Assembly Reliability
Authors: Ghaffarian Reza
Published: November 2016

For five decades, the semiconductor industry has distinguished itself from other industries by continuously reducing IC sizes while exponentially increasing functionality (Moore's Law) that enabled IC shrinkage and lower cost. The problem now is that IC shrinkage hit a brick wall, in response, a new paradigm shift is emerged—packaging technologies. Industries now focusing on shrinking the IC packaging through stacking and system integration. This talk presents electronics packaging miniaturization trends from ball grid arrays to wafer level and stack technologies with emphasis on system to package qualification and reliability testing methodologies and results.
Patient safety and error management in endoscopy ATR Axon MD FRCP
Authors: Axon Anthony Thomas Roger
Published: November 2016

This paper addresses the risk of complications in patients who undergo digestive endoscopy, the reasons why they arise and the precautions that should be taken to prevent them. It also considers issues relating to potential litigation and how to minimize this risk. The advice focuses on the importance of maintaining high-quality endoscopic practice including the day-to-day running of the service. It emphasizes the importance of teamwork, the preparation of in-house protocols, patient management before, during, and after the examination, and what measures should be taken in the event that problems do arise. It is an updated and expanded version of an invited lecture given at the Asian Pacific meeting in Bali in 2014 on behalf of the World Endoscopy Organization.
An uncommon cause of unexplained nonbloody diarrhea: When mind knows eyes may see
Authors: Nayak Hemanta Kumar , Verma Abhai , Ghoshal Uday Chand , Pandey Rakesh
Published: November 2016

Collagenous colitis (CC) is characterized by chronic secretory diarrhea with the apparently normal gross appearance of the colonic mucosa. A biopsy is usually diagnostic. The symptoms of CC appear most commonly in the elderly. In CC, the major microscopic characteristic is a thickened collagen layer beneath the colonic mucosa. The reported case represents unexplained nonbloody diarrhea of a systemic lupus erythematosus patient, on extensive evaluation found to have CC. This case highlights the importance of considering a rare possibility of CC as a differential in a patient of unexplained nonbloody diarrhea.
О разрешимости нелинейного модельного уравнения Больцмана в задаче плоской ударной волны
Authors: Khachatryan Aghavard Khachaturovich , Khachatryan Khachatur Aghavardovich
Published: November 2016

Рассмотрена одна нелинейная система интегральных уравнений, описывающих структуру плоской ударной волны. Исходя из физических соображений предложен итерационный метод построения приближенного решения указанной системы. Задача сведена к изучению отдельных скалярных нелинейных и линейных интегральных уравнений относительно температуры, плотности и скорости газа. Сформулирована теорема существования положительного ограниченного решения для нелинейного уравнения типа Урысона. Доказаны теоремы существования и единственности ограниченных положительных решений для линейных интегральных уравнений в пространстве $L_1[-r,r]$ для всех конечных $r<+\infty$. Для более общего нелинейного интегрального уравнения доказана теорема существования положительного решения, а также найдены оценка снизу и интегральная оценка сверху для построенного решения.
The effect of particle acidity on secondary organic aerosol formation from α-pinene photooxidation under atmospherically relevant conditions
Authors: Han Yuemei , Stroud Craig A. , Liggio John , Li Shao-Meng
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from photooxidation of α-pinene has been investigated in a photochemical reaction chamber under varied inorganic seed particle acidity levels at moderate relative humidity. The effect of particle acidity on SOA yield and chemical composition was examined under high- and low-NOx conditions. The SOA yield (4.2–7.6 %) increased nearly linearly with the increase in particle acidity under high-NOx conditions. In contrast, the SOA yield (28.6–36.3 %) was substantially higher under low-NOx conditions, but its dependency on particle acidity was insignificant. A relatively strong increase in SOA yield (up to 220 %) was observed in the first hour of α-pinene photooxidation under high-NOx conditions, suggesting that SOA formation was more effective for early α-pinene oxidation products in the presence of fresh acidic particles. The SOA yield decreased gradually with the increase in organic mass in the initial stage (approximately 0–1 h) under high-NOx conditions, which is likely due to the inaccessibility to the acidity over time with the coating of α-pinene SOA, assuming a slow particle-phase diffusion of organic molecules into the inorganic seeds. The formation of later-generation SOA was enhanced by particle acidity even under low-NOx conditions when introducing acidic seed particles after α-pinene photooxidation, suggesting a different acidity effect exists for α-pinene SOA derived from later oxidation stages. This effect could be important in the atmosphere under conditions where α-pinene oxidation products in the gas-phase originating in forested areas (with low NOx and SOx) are transported to regions abundant in acidic aerosols such as power plant plumes or urban regions. The fraction of oxygen-containing organic fragments (CxHyO1+ 33–35 % and CxHyO2+ 16–17 %) in the total organics and the O ∕ C ratio (0.52–0.56) of α-pinene SOA were lower under high-NOx conditions than those under low-NOx conditions (39–40, 17–19, and 0.61–0.64 %), suggesting that α-pinene SOA was less oxygenated in the studied high-NOx conditions. The fraction of nitrogen-containing organic fragments (CxHyNz+ and CxHyOzNp+) in the total organics was enhanced with the increases in particle acidity under high-NOx conditions, indicating that organic nitrates may be formed heterogeneously through a mechanism catalyzed by particle acidity or that acidic conditions facilitate the partitioning of gas-phase organic nitrates into particle phase. The results of this study suggest that inorganic acidity has a significant role to play in determining various organic aerosol chemical properties such as mass yields, oxidation state, and organic nitrate content. The acidity effect being further dependent on the timescale of SOA formation is also an important parameter in the modeling of SOA.
Biomass burning emissions in north Australia during the early dry season: an overview of the 2014 SAFIRED campaign
Authors: Mallet Marc D. , Desservettaz Maximilien J. , Miljevic Branka , Milic Andelija , Ristovski Zoran D. , Alroe Joel , Cravigan Luke T. , Jayaratne E. Rohan , Paton-Walsh Clare , Griffith David W. T. , Wilson Stephen R. , Kettlewell Graham , van der Schoot Marcel V. , Selleck Paul , Reisen Fabienne , Lawson Sarah J. , Ward Jason , Harnwell James , Cheng Min , Gillett Rob W. , Molloy Suzie B. , Howard Dean , Nelson Peter F. , Morrison Anthony L. , Edwards Grant C. , Williams Alastair G. , Chambers Scott D. , Werczynski Sylvester , Williams Leah R. , Winton Holly L. , Atkinson Brad , Wang Xianyu , Keywood Melita D.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The SAFIRED (Savannah Fires in the Early Dry Season) campaign took place from 29th of May, 2014 until the 30th June, 2014 at the Australian Tropical Atmospheric Research Station (ATARS) in the Northern Territory, Australia. The purpose of this campaign was to investigate emissions from fires in the early dry season in northern Australia. Measurements were made of biomass burning aerosols, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic carbons, greenhouse gases, radon, mercury cycle, and trace metals. Aspects of the biomass burning aerosol emissions investigated included; emission factors of various emitted species, physical and chemical aerosol properties, aerosol aging, micronutrient supply to the ocean, nucleation, and aerosol water uptake. Over the course of the month-long campaign, biomass burning signals were prevalent and emissions from several large single burning events were observed at ATARS. Biomass burning emissions dominated the gas and aerosol concentrations in this region. Nine major biomass burning events were identified and associated with intense or close individual smoke plumes. Dry season fires are extremely frequent and widespread across the northern region of Australia, which suggests that the measured aerosol and gaseous emissions at ATARS are likely representative of signals across the entire region of north Australia. Air mass forward trajectories show that these biomass burning emissions are carried north west over the Timor Sea and could influence the atmosphere over Indonesia and the tropical atmosphere over the Indian Ocean. The outcomes of this campaign will be numerous. This region is an environment with little human impact and provides a unique look into the characteristics of biomass burning aerosol without the influence of other significant emission sources. Relationships between the aerosol physical and chemical properties, gas concentrations and meteorological data for the entire month will provide fundamental knowledge required to understand the influence of early dry season burning in this tropical region on the atmosphere. In this paper we present characteristics of the biomass burning observed at the sampling site and provide an overview of the more specific outcomes of the SAFIRED campaign.
Accounting for the climate-carbon feedback in emission metrics
Authors: Gasser Thomas , Peters Glen P. , Fuglestvedt Jan S. , Collins William J. , Shindell Drew T. , Ciais Philippe
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Most emission metrics have previously been inconsistently estimated by including the climate-carbon feedback for the reference gas (i.e. CO2) but not the other species (e.g. CH4). In the fifth assessment report of the IPCC, a first attempt was made to consistently account for the climate-carbon feedback in emission metrics. This attempt was based on only one study, and therefore the IPCC presented tentative values and concluded that more research was needed. Here, we carry out this research. First, using the simple carbon-climate model OSCAR v2.2, we establish a new impulse response function for the climate-carbon feedback. Second, we use this impulse response function to provide new estimates for the two most usual metrics: Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature change Potential (GTP). We find that, when the climate-carbon feedback is correctly accounted for, the emission metrics of non-CO2 species increase, but in most cases not as much as initially indicated by IPCC. We also find that, when the feedback is removed for both the reference and studied species, the metric values only have modest changes, compared to when the feedback is included. However, including carbon-climate feedbacks, particularly in absolute metrics or for short time horizons, gives a more realistic representation of the response.
Large-scale application of the flood damage model RAilway Infrastructure Loss (RAIL)
Authors: Kellermann Patric , Schönberger Christine , Thieken Annegret H.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Experience has shown that river floods can significantly hamper the reliability of railway networks and cause extensive structural damage and disruption. As a result, the national railway operator in Austria had to cope with financial losses of more than EUR 100 million due to flooding in recent years. Comprehensive information on potential flood risk hot spots as well as on expected flood damage in Austria is therefore needed for strategic flood risk management. In view of this, the flood damage model RAIL (RAilway Infrastructure Loss) was applied to estimate (1) the expected structural flood damage and (2) the resulting repair costs of railway infrastructure due to a 30-, 100- and 300-year flood in the Austrian Mur River catchment. The results were then used to calculate the expected annual damage of the railway subnetwork and subsequently analysed in terms of their sensitivity to key model assumptions. Additionally, the impact of risk aversion on the estimates was investigated, and the overall results were briefly discussed against the background of climate change and possibly resulting changes in flood risk. The findings indicate that the RAIL model is capable of supporting decision-making in risk management by providing comprehensive risk information on the catchment level. It is furthermore demonstrated that an increased risk aversion of the railway operator has a marked influence on flood damage estimates for the study area and, hence, should be considered with regard to the development of risk management strategies.
Recent updates in experimental protocols for endothelial cells
Authors: Kahaleh Bashar , Guiducci Serena , Kuwana Masataka
Published: November 2016

Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc) is a multisystem autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. The disease is characterized by vascular disorder, activation of the immune system, and excessive deposition of matrix proteins in the skin and involved organs. The vascular disorder is believed to play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis. Endothelial injury and dysfunction, subsequent capillary loss and arteriolar wall thickness, are well documented in all involved organs. The resulting tissue hypoxia and ischemia fail to initiate new vessel formation leading to progressive loss of vasculature with no apparent replenishment. Issues related to endothelial injury/activation, dysfunction and failure of angio/vasculogenesis are central to the understanding of SSc vasculopathy. Isolation of endothelial cells and cells involved in the genesis of new vessels is enormously important in the investigation of mechanisms involved in SSc vasculopathy. Nevertheless, this goal has been difficult to achieve in view of the charac­teristic slow growth of endothelial cells, the high demand for growth factors and rapid growth of contaminating cells and the scarcity of circulating cells involved in angio/vasculogenesis hampered this line of investigation. Nonetheless, recent technologic progress in the last decade provided us with the tools to isolate vascular cells with an acceptable purity based on unique cell surface markers using immunoselection methods. The purpose of this review is to update the readers on current technical state-of-the-art methods of isolation and propagation of vascular cells. We wish that this review will spark interest in more investigations of this crucial phase of SSc pathogenesis.
Histórias em quadrinhos digitais: trabalho interdisciplinar promovendo autoria na EJA
Authors: Andrade Rossana , Plá Jessica Balbinot , Iribarem Joice Balbuena , Rapkiewicz Clevi , Benvenuti Juçara
Published: November 2016

Um dos aspectos importantes da sociedade digital é propiciar aos alunos a oportunidade de serem autores não meros consumidores de conteúdo. Visando incentivar os alunos da EJA a serem autores buscamos uma ação integrada entre Cultura Digital e Língua Portuguesa e Literatura durante dois semestres, envolvendo duas turmas de ensino médio desenvolvendo tirinhas digitais. Os estudantes tiveram oportunidade de letramento a partir da linguagem icônica presente nos quadrinhos, aproveitando ao mesmo tempo o aspecto lúdico que estes apresentam tornando-se autores no mundo digital. Foi possível constatar o alto potencial do uso de desenvolvimento de tirinhas digitais no processo de letramento e autoria entre alunos da EJA, público este muitas vezes esquecido nos projetos educativos.
Análise de uma Proposta Metodológica para Uso das Tecnologias Digitais no Ambiente Escolar
Authors: Lima Filho Cicero Bandeira , Castro Filho José Aires de
Published: November 2016

o presente trabalho analisa as contribuições de uma proposta metodológica que orienta o uso das tecnologias digitais no ambiente escolar a partir da participação ativa dos estudantes e da colaboração entre eles e o professor. No decorrer da intervenção, os participantes produziram desenhos e animações para representar conteúdos de Biologia do Ensino Médio, utilizando o aplicativo Squeak. As análises realizadas permitiram constatar alguns benefícios das estratégias metodológicas utilizadas, a saber: aumento das interações entre estudantes, envolvimento e reflexão sobre o conteúdo estudado, troca de ideias e elaboração compartilhada de novos saberes.
Análise, Revisão e Aplicação da Abordagem para Inclusão do Licenciado em Computação no Ensino Básico (ABILSEN)
Authors: Ferreira Máverick , Araújo Débora , Silva Alisson , S. Neto Sebastião , Santos Higor , Silva Célia , Rodrigues Ariane
Published: November 2016

A sociedade contemporânea exige das pessoas algumas habilidades que não são estimuladas pela escola. Para estimular essas habilidades, tornase perceptível a necessidade da adesão ao ensino de outras ciências ainda na Educação Básica, à exemplo, a Ciência da Computação. Nesse sentido, os cursos de Licenciatura em Computação foram criados para formar profissionais que atendessem essa nova demanda educacional. A presente pesquisa retrata uma análise, revisão e aplicação da Abordagem para Inclusão do Licenciado em Computação no Ensino Básico (ABILSEN). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a ABILSEN pode contribuir com o ensino de computação, de forma interdisciplinar, considerando o atual contexto curricular.
Jogo Educativo com Tema Histórico: Fundação da Cidade de Marabá-PA, e o Ciclo Econômico do Caucho
Authors: Teixeira Rangel Filho , Oliveira Gilberto Pinheiro , Guimarães Lavoizie Carvalho , Araújo Tiago De Souza , Ribeiro Filho Manoel
Published: November 2016

Esse artigo apresenta um jogo educacional com tema histórico sobre a fundação da cidade de Marabá, no estado do Pará, e o seu primeiro ciclo econômico, o ciclo do caucho. O jogo possui duas fases: a fase 1 que ocorre na área do Pontal (encontro dos rios Itacaiúnas e Tocantins), onde a missão será o reflorestamento com árvores de caucho; e a fase 2 que ocorre no encontro das ruas 27 de março e Quintino Bocaiuva, onde a missão será a construção de uma nova "Casa Marabá". Durante todo o jogo se terá como objetivo principal a obtenção de "bônus de informações". O processo de elaboração do jogo é descrito, destacando os aspectos educacionais e lúdicos, assim como os resultados da utilização do jogo pelos alunos de diversas turmas do 8º ano do ensino fundamental, na disciplina estudos amazônicos, que faz parte da grade curricular das escolas do estado do Pará.
Uma Visão do Ensino de Computação nos Cursos Técnicos Integrados ao Ensino Médio em campi do Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro: Uso de Programação no Apoio ao Aprendizado
Authors: Mattos Marcelo Simas , Pinto Sergio Crespo Coelho da Silva
Published: November 2016

Este artigo descreve uma investigação sobre o uso de programação de computadores como apoio ao aprendizado de disciplinas do núcleo comum do Ensino Médio em dois "campi" do Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ). Foi feito um levantamento bibiográfico na Revista Brasileira de Informática na Educação (RBIE), na Revista Novas Tecnologias na Educação (RENOTE) e no Workshop de Informática na Escola (WIE), sobre os recursos de programação usados na educação escolar e nas graduações. Com a aplicação de um questionário aos professores dos "campi" escolhidos, buscou-se verificar os projetos que vêm sendo desenvolvidos e os entendimentos dos docentes sobre o uso de programação de computadores no ensino-aprendizagem escolar.
Formação de professores: Uma experiência de uso de tecnologias educacionais por professores readaptados
Authors: Rodrigues Francisco Sueudo , Nascimento Marcos Dionisio R. , Sales Selma Bessa
Published: November 2016

O presente artigo trata de uma experiência de formação de professores em situação de readaptação funcional, XX, que fizeram a opção por desenvolver uma nova função na escola: apoio pedagógico aos projetos de tecnologias educacionais que visa uma requalificação profissional e criação de novos espaços de trabalho no ambiente escolar. A referida experiência discorre sobre um fazer pedagógico diferenciado tanto pelo público alvo, quanto pela criação de novas estratégias metodológicas. Nota-se na escola uma necessidade de estudos aprofundados sobre a função dos docentes readaptados, bem como uma definição clara do papel a ser desempenhado por esses profissionais, com apropriação e uso de tecnologias digitais sob uma perspectiva de construção colaborativa do conhecimento.
Tecnologias Digitais Aplicadas ao Resgate de Patrimônio Cultural
Authors: Franco Brenno , Ferreira Lara Maria , Maia Ivana Márcia , Paiva Anselmo de
Published: November 2016

O programa de Iniciação Científica do Ensino Médio (PIBIC EM) do IFMA permite ao estudante vivenciar experiências que investem no uso de tecnologia digital aplicada ao resgate da cultura. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo apresenta ações integradas entre a informática e o estudo das técnicas construtivas navais tradicionais populares com o objetivo de contribuir com a preservação dessa cultura secular e com a disseminação desse conhecimento.
Quão distantes estão as metodologias emergentes centradas na geração y, em relação aos nativos efetivamente digitais. Reflexões e apontamento de soluções sob a ótica da estratégia de evolução adaptativa
Authors: Araújo Jr Carlos , Ferreira Divino , Schiovato Nayara , Lima Luciano
Published: November 2016

Observa-se, nestes 12 anos analisando alunos ingressantes em engenharia de computação, que os educadores estão com grande inércia em entender que nos últimos anos o público alvo, geração do futuro, a geração Y, mudou. Uma nova geração, que denominamos por geração efetivamente digitais) tem ingressado nas faculdades trazendo uma visão, missão, ambições e metas completamente diferentes das anteriores. Uma geração que não está perdida, como aparenta, a princípio, aos educadores. Perdidos estão aqueles que procuram reconstruí-las nos moldes ambiciosos que foram idealizados para uma geração altamente capacitada tecnologicamente, a geração Y, mas multifocada, carentes de metas, de por quês, do como, quando e onde.
Pediatric Statin Administration: Navigating a Frontier with Limited Data
Authors: Wagner Jonathan , Abdel-Rahman Susan M.
Published: November 2016

Increasingly, children and adolescents with dyslipidemia qualify for pharmacologic intervention. As they are for adults, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the mainstay of pediatric dyslipidemia treatment when lifestyle modifications have failed. Despite the overall success of these drugs, the magnitude of variability in dose-exposure-response profiles contributes to adverse events and treatment failure. In children, the cause of treatment failures remains unclear. This review describes the updated guidelines for screening and management of pediatric dyslipidemia and statin disposition pathway to assist the provider in recognizing scenarios where alterations in dosage may be warranted to meet patients' specific needs.
Adolescent Clinical Development of Ezogabine/Retigabine as Adjunctive Therapy for Partial-Onset Seizures: Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability
Authors: Tompson Debra J. , Buraglio Mauro , Andrews Susan M. , Wheless James W.
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVES: To explore the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and safety of ezogabine (EZG)/retigabine (RTG) as adjunctive therapy for uncontrolled partial-onset seizures (POS) in adolescents.

METHODS: In this multiple-dose study (NCT01494584), adolescents with POS received EZG/RTG immediate-release tablets three times daily (TID) as adjunctive therapy to 1 to 3 concurrent antiepileptic drugs. The study comprised a screening phase, and a 5- to 8-week treatment phase starting with 100 mg TID up-titrated once weekly by ≤50 mg TID to a maximum dosage of 300 mg TID. There were 8 venous blood samples and 2 finger-prick blood samples collected for PK analysis during 8-hour time periods at the target dosages of 100, 200, and 300 mg TID.

RESULTS: This study was terminated prematurely on US Food and Drug Administration advice due to pigmentation/discoloration findings in long-term, open-label extension studies in adults. Five participants (ages 13–16 years) had enrolled in the study. For the EZG/RTG 100-, 200-, and 300-mg doses, the area under the concentration-time curve during the dosage intervals was 1680, 2559, and 3784 ng/hr/mL; maximum plasma concentrations were 370, 536, and 751 ng/mL, and minimum plasma concentrations were 105, 200, and 287 ng/mL, respectively. Venous and finger-prick concentrations of EZG/RTG were similar. No significant adverse events were observed during treatment (133–213 days).

CONCLUSIONS: EZG/RTG PK appeared linear across the dosage range of 100 to 300 mg TID in adolescents with POS, and were consistent with adult observations. The small sample size and short study duration preclude conclusions regarding the safety and efficacy of EZG/RTG.
Comunicación y turismo sostenible. La emergencia de la innovación durante la tarea de diseño
Authors: Bouzon Arlette , Bermejo Berros Jesús
Published: November 2016

El desarrollo sostenible y la responsabilidad social se han convertido en requisitos de la política global de la empresa, al objeto de preservar el entorno, incluso en el sector turístico. Esta evolución implica profundas modificaciones en las actitudes y comportamientos de las empresas. La innovación es un factor clave para satisfacer a los clientes en esos mercados cada vez más globalizados y, al mismo tiempo, segmentados. En numerosos estudios anteriores se ha insistido en la influencia sobre la innovación de algunos factores como la introducción de las TICs. Sin embargo, hasta ahora, pocos trabajos han abordado el análisis del papel de la dimensión comunicacional en la emergencia de la innovación en el proceso de diseño turístico. Tomando como antecedente una investigación de varios años, en varias empresas del sector turístico, en la que se ha utilizado una metodología de toma de decisión en situación (Naturalistic Decision Making), se presenta una reflexión teórica de cuyos argumentos se desprende la necesidad de incluir, en los procesos innovadores de diseño turístico, la dimensión comunicacional. La primera parte del artículo se centra en la aparición de la innovación en el seno de las estructuras de proyecto e intenta aprehender el lugar que ocupa la comunicación en el proceso de diseño. La segunda parte se interesa por la toma de decisión en esos mismos procesos. La conclusión plantea que la toma en consideración de la dimensión comunicacional es garantía de éxito en el proceso de innovación en el campo turístico, dadas las complejas interacciones en el tiempo entre los agentes que intervienen en el diseño.
Cuando el jugador se refleja en el espejo llamado videojuego
Authors: Parente Daniel
Published: November 2016

Artículo para la sección Tribuna de adComunica.
El antiguo arte del testado
Authors: Molina Emilio
Published: November 2016

Artículo para la sección Tribuna de adComunica.
La cadena de valor del vídeo musical: el videoclip en el circuito comercial de las industrias culturales
Authors: Rodríguez-López Jennifer , Aguaded Ignacio
Published: November 2016

El vídeo musical forma parte de las industrias culturales como mercancía producida por las compañías discográficas, partiendo de un tema musical para la construcción de un producto audiovisual susceptible de venta y al mismo tiempo como impulsor de otros artículos como el disco. Esta naturaleza dual convierte al videoclip tanto en un producto cultural en sí mismo como en una herramienta de promoción para otros artículos de la industria del entretenimiento. El presente artículo plantea la cadena de valor de la industria discográfica a través de los distintos agentes implicados para su posterior extrapolación al vídeo musical como producto de dicha industria cultural. Su objetivo es mostrar la estructura interna de las compañías fonográficas durante las fases de creación, comercialización y distribución del producto así como comparar las cadenas de valor del disco y el videoclip así como diferencias los productos físicos de aquellos creados digitalmente y distribuidos de forma on-line. La metodología aplicada se basa en la descripción y comparación de ambos productos de la industria discográfica. Como conclusión principal se defiende la autonomía del formato clip, creando su propia cadena de valor y estableciéndose como un producto independiente del resto de mercancías producidas por la industria del disco.
Bone Inflammation, Bone Infection and Dental Implants Failure: Histological and Cytological Aspects Related to Cement Excess
Authors: Tatullo Marco , Marrelli Massimo , Mastrangelo Filiberto , Gherlone Enrico
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Background: Dental implant failure can recognize several causes and many of them are quite preventable with the right knowledge of some clinical critical factors. Aim of this paper is to investigate about the histological aspects related to dental implants failure in such cases related to cement excess, how such histological picture can increase the risk of bacterial infections and how the different type of cement can interact with osteoblasts in-vitro.Methods: We randomly selected 5 patients with a diagnosis of dental implant failure requiring to be surgically removed: in all patients was observed an excess of dental cement around the failed implants. Histological investigations were performed of the perimplant bone. Cell culture of purchased human Osteoblasts was performed in order to evaluate cell proliferation and cell morphology at 3 time points among 3 cement types and a control surface.Results: Dental cement has been related to a pathognomonic histological picture with a foreign body reaction and many areas with black particles inside macrophage cells. Finally, cell culture on different dental cements resulted in a lower osteoblasts survival rate.Conclusions: It is appropriate that the dentist puts a small amount of dental cement in the prosthetic crown, so to avoid the clinical alterations related to the excess of cement.
Calcium-Based, Antibiotic-Loaded Bone Substitute as an Implant Coating: A Pilot Clinical Study
Authors: Logoluso N , Drago L , Gallazzi E , George DA , Morelli I , Romanò CL
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Background: Implant-related infections remain a major complication after orthopaedic surgery. Antibacterial coating of implants may prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. However, in spite of extensive preclinical research in the field, antibacterial coatings to protect orthopaedic implants in the clinical setting remain particularly few. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the safety of a calcium-based, antibiotic-loaded bone substitute as an antibacterial coating of cementless joint prosthesis.Methods: From March 2013 to August 2015, 20 consecutive patients scheduled for cementless or hybrid two-stage revision surgery for peri-prosthetic joint infection were included in this prospective, observational, pilot study. Cerament G or Cerament V, a gentamicin or vancomycin-loaded calcium-based resorbable bone substitute (60% calcium sulphate, 40% hydroxyapatite), was applied at surgery on the stem surface of hip (n=7) or knee (n=13) revision prosthesis. After surgery, all patients underwent clinical (HHS or KSS and SF-12 score), laboratory and radiographic evaluation at 3, 6 and 12 months and yearly thereafter.Results: At a minimum of 12 months follow-up, 19/20 (95%) patients showed no recurrence of infection and no signs of radiographic loosening of the stem. No adverse events were associated with the use of Cerament G or V.Conclusions: This is the first pilot clinical study on the short-term safety of using a calcium-based, gentamicin or vancomycin-loaded bone substitute as a surface coating on cementless prosthetic implants. If confirmed by larger studies and at longer follow-ups, these findings may open a new prospective to protect intra-operatively orthopedic implants from bacterial adhesion, through the use of resorbable, osteoconductive, antibiotic carriers.
Terahertz emission from biased conjugated polymers excited by femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Unuma Takeya , Yamada Naruki , Kishida Hideo
Published: November 2016

We perform terahertz emission spectroscopy to investigate the ultrafast motion of electrons and holes in conjugated polymer films excited by femtosecond laser pulses under in-plane bias electric field. The terahertz waveforms are found to exhibit not the features of free carrier acceleration along bias electric field but a characteristic shape reproduced well by the second time derivative of a delta-function-like polarization. Linear-to-quadratic relations between the terahertz emission amplitude and the excitation intensity are observed for three different conjugated polymers, indicating that the polarization is created by either exciton formation or optical rectification involving two-step excitation via localized states.
Lateral carrier confinement of GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting diodes using boron ion implantation
Authors: Hamaguchi Tatsushi , Nakajima Hiroshi , Ito Masamichi , Mitomo Jugo , Satou Susumu , Fuutagawa Noriyuki , Narui Hironobu
Published: November 2016

Boron ion implantation, which is used for confining carriers in gallium nitride (GaN)-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes (VCSELs), was studied. Detailed analysis indicated that boron ion implantation of GaN increases GaN’s absorption coefficient from zero to 800 cm−1 and its refractive index from 2.45 to 2.51 at the surface of the wafer at a wavelength of 453 nm. The depth profile of boron obtained by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) showed an exponential decrease toward the bottom of the wafer. Assuming that the changes in optical parameters caused by implantation are proportional to the concentration of boron in GaN, the boron ion implantation applied to GaN-VCSELs causes optical absorption of 0.04% per round trip in the cavity and extends the light path of the cavity by 2.2 nm, both of which apparently have negligible impact on the operation of GaN-VCSELs. The implanted boron ions pass through the active regions, introducing non-radiative recombination centers at the edges of those active regions made of InGaN multi-quantum wells, which, however, does not cause significant current injection loss.
Lymphopenia Associated With Adjuvant Chemotherapy After Potentially Curative Surgery for Colorectal Cancer Correlates With Recurrence
Authors: Shibutani Masatsune , Maeda Kiyoshi , Nagahara Hisashi , Ohtani Hiroshi , Ikeya Tetsuro , Sugano Kenji , Hirakawa Kosei
Published: November 2016

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of lymphopenia associated with chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy after undergoing potentially curative surgery. Lymphocyte plays an important role in antitumor immunity. Lymphopenia is sometimes induced during the period of adjuvant chemotherapy after potentially curative surgery for colorectal cancer. However, the prognostic significance of lymphopenia associated with chemotherapy is unknown. One hundred fifteen patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy after potentially curative surgery for stage II/III colorectal cancer were enrolled in this study. All patients were classified into 2 groups, the lymphopenia group and the normal group, according to minimum lymphocyte count during the period of adjuvant chemotherapy. Lymphopenia was defined as a lymphocyte count of less than 1000/μL. Lymphopenia associated with chemotherapy was found in 17 of the 115 patients (14.8%). Lymphopenia was associated with a worse disease-free survival (P = 0.018) and overall survival (P = 0.022). Moreover, in a multivariate analysis, lymphopenia associated with chemotherapy was identified to be an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 2.296; 95% confidence interval, 1.089–4.840; P = 0.029) and overall survival (hazard ratio, 2.995; 95% confidence interval, 1.021–8.790; P = 0.046). Lymphopenia associated with chemotherapy is an independent prognostic factor in patients with colorectal cancer who receive adjuvant chemotherapy after undergoing potentially curative surgery.
Indications of a positive feedback between coastal development and beach nourishment
Authors: Armstrong Scott B. , Lazarus Eli D. , Limber Patrick W. , Goldstein Evan B. , Thorpe Curtis , Ballinger Rhoda C.
Published: November 2016

Beach nourishment, a method for mitigating coastal storm damage or chronic erosion by deliberately replacing sand on an eroded beach, has been the leading form of coastal protection in the United States for four decades. However, investment in hazard protection can have the unintended consequence of encouraging development in places especially vulnerable to damage. In a comprehensive, parcel‐scale analysis of all shorefront single‐family homes in the state of Florida, we find that houses in nourishing zones are significantly larger and more numerous than in non‐nourishing zones. The predominance of larger homes in nourishing zones suggests a positive feedback between nourishment and development that is compounding coastal risk in zones already characterized by high vulnerability.
Direct Phosphorus‐Induced Fluoroalkylthiolation with Fluoroalkylsulfonyl Chlorides
Authors: Jiang Lvqi , Yi Wenbin , Liu Qiran
Published: November 2016

A simple and practical method of fluoroalkylthiolation using fluoroalkylsulfonyl chlorides (RfSO2Cl, Rf=CF3, C4F9, C8F17, CF2H and CH2CF3) has been developed. These easy‐to‐handle reagents are powerful and can be used for electrophilic fluoroalkylthiolation of electron‐rich arenes and thiols using diethyl phosphite as reducing agent.

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Catalytic Asymmetric [3+2] Cycloadditions of C‐3 Unsubstituted 2‐Indolylmethanols: Regio‐, Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Construction of the Cyclopenta[b]indole Framework
Authors: Zhu Zi‐Qi , Shen Yang , Sun Xiao‐Xue , Tao Ji‐Yu , Liu Jin‐Xi , Shi Feng
Published: November 2016

The first catalytic asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of 2‐indolylmethanols with 3‐vinylindoles has been established, which makes use of C‐3 unsubstituted 2‐indolylmethanol as a C3 building block in the presence of a chiral phosphoric acid. By using this strategy, biologically important cyclopenta[b]indole frameworks were efficiently constructed with regiospecificity in high yields (up to 99%), excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to >95:5 dr, 96:4 er). This reaction not only represents the first catalytic asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of C‐3 unsubstituted 2‐indolylmethanols, but also has confronted the great challenges in 2‐indolylmethanol‐involved enantioselective transformations.

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Importance of respiratory rate for the prediction of clinical deterioration after emergency department discharge: a single‐center, case–control study
Authors: Mochizuki Katsunori , Shintani Ryosuke , Mori Kotaro , Sato Takahisa , Sakaguchi Osamu , Takeshige Kanako , Nitta Kenichi , Imamura Hiroshi
Published: November 2016

Aim

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the predictors of clinical deterioration soon after emergency department (ED) discharge.

Methods

We undertook a case–control study using the ED database of the Nagano Municipal Hospital (Nagano, Japan) from January 2012 to December 2013. We selected adult patients with medical conditions who revisited the ED with deterioration within 2 days of ED discharge (deterioration group). The deterioration group was compared with a control group.

Results

During the study period, 15,724 adult medical patients were discharged from the ED. Of these, 170 patients revisited the ED because of clinical deterioration within 2 days. Among the initial vital signs, respiratory rate was less frequently recorded than other vital signs (P < 0.001 versus all other vital signs in each group). The frequency of recording each vital sign did not differ significantly between the groups. Overall, patients in the deterioration group had significantly higher respiratory rates than those in the control group (21 ± 5/min versus 18 ± 5/min, respectively; P = 0.002). A binary logistic regression analysis revealed that respiratory rate was an independent risk factor for clinical deterioration (unadjusted odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.04−1.26; adjusted odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.01−1.29).

Conclusions

An increased respiratory rate is a predictor of early clinical deterioration after ED discharge. Vital signs, especially respiratory rate, should be carefully evaluated when making decisions about patient disposition in the ED.
Metallfreie meta‐selektive Oxyarylierung von Alkinen mit Pyridin‐N‐oxiden: schnelle Synthese von Metyrapon‐Analoga
Authors: Chen Xiangyu , Ruider Stefan A. , Hartmann Rolf W. , González Leticia , Maulide Nuno
Published: November 2016

Eine effiziente und metallfreie Oxyarylierung von elektronarmen Alkinen ausgehend von Pyridin‐N‐oxiden wurde entwickelt. Die Transformation liefert meta‐substituierte Pyridine analog zum Wirkstoff Metyrapon in hoher Regioselektivität. DFT‐Rechnungen lieferten wichtige Einblicke in den Reaktionsmechanismus. Die Überprüfung der inhibitorischen Eigenschaften ergab Pyridin 4 o mit einer Hemmaktivität im zweistelligen nanomolaren Bereich (wie Metyrapon) als den aktivsten Inhibitor der 11β‐Hydroxylase CYP11B1.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Protected Cyclohexenylamines and Cyclohexenols by Rhodium‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Masutomi Koji , Sugiyama Haruki , Uekusa Hidehiro , Shibata Yu , Tanaka Ken
Published: November 2016

It has been established that cationic rhodium(I)/axially chiral biaryl bis(phosphine) complexes catalyze the asymmetric [2+2+2] cycloaddition of 1,6‐enynes with electron‐rich functionalized alkenes, enamides, and vinyl carboxylates, to produce the corresponding protected cyclohexenylamines and cyclohexenols. Interestingly, regioselectivity depends on structures of substrates. The present cycloaddition was successfully applied to the enantioselective total synthesis of (−)‐porosadienone by using the amide moiety as a leaving group.
Zero‐Valent Amino‐Olefin Cobalt Complexes as Catalysts for Oxygen Atom Transfer Reactions from Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Gianetti Thomas L. , Rodríguez‐Lugo Rafael E. , Harmer Jeffrey R. , Trincado Monica , Vogt Matthias , Santiso‐Quinones Gustavo , Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: November 2016

The synthesis and characterization of several zero‐valent cobalt complexes with a bis(olefin)‐amino ligand is presented. Some of these complexes proved to be efficient catalysts for the selective oxidation of secondary and allylic phosphanes, as well as diphosphanes, even with a direct P−P bond. With 5 mol % catalyst loadings the oxidations proceed under mild conditions (25–70 °C, 7–22 h, 2 bar N2O) and afford good to excellent yields (65–98 %). In this process, the greenhouse gas N2O is catalytically converted into benign N2 and added‐value organophosphorus compounds, some of which are difficult to obtain otherwise.
Hydroformylation of Olefins by a Rhodium Single‐Atom Catalyst with Activity Comparable to RhCl(PPh3)3
Authors: Lang Rui , Li Tianbo , Matsumura Daiju , Miao Shu , Ren Yujing , Cui Yi‐Tao , Tan Yuan , Qiao Botao , Li Lin , Wang Aiqin , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Tao
Published: November 2016

Homogeneous catalysts generally possess superior catalytic performance compared to heterogeneous catalysts. However, the issue of catalyst separation and recycling severely limits their use in practical applications. Single‐atom catalysts have the advantages of both homogeneous catalysts, such as “isolated sites”, and heterogeneous catalysts, such as stability and reusability, and thus would be a promising alternative to traditional homogeneous catalysts. In the hydroformylation of olefins, single‐atom Rh catalysts supported on ZnO nanowires demonstrate similar efficiency (TON≈40000) compared to that of homogeneous Wilkinson's catalyst (TON≈19000). HAADF‐STEM and infrared CO chemisorption experiments identified isolated Rh atoms on the support. XPS and XANES spectra indicate that the electronic state of Rh is almost metallic. The catalysts are about one or two orders of magnitude more active than most reported heterogeneous catalysts and can be reused four times without an obvious decline in activity.
Formation and Reactivity of Electron‐Precise B−B Single and Multiple Bonds
Authors: Arrowsmith Merle , Braunschweig Holger , Stennett Tom E.
Published: November 2016

Recent years have seen rapid advances in the chemistry of small molecules containing electron‐precise boron–boron bonds. This Review provides an overview of the latest methods for the controlled synthesis of B−B single and multiple bonds as well as the ever‐expanding range of reactivity displayed by B−B multiple bonds.
Microwave‐assisted hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin for the preparation of phenolic formaldehyde adhesive
Authors: Li Yanming , Li Bingzheng , Du Fangli , Wang Yong , Pan Lixia , Chen Dong
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to produce phenolic formaldehyde (PF) adhesives using the liquefaction product of bagasse lignin (LPBL) as a partial substitute for petroleum‐based phenol. Lignin was extracted from bagasse using 93% acetic acid solution and was rapidly degraded in hot‐compressed water by microwave heating using oxalic acid as catalyst. The liquefaction yield reached 78.69% under the optimal reaction condition. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that the main chemical compounds of the liquefaction product included mono‐substituted and bis‐substituted phenols, such as 2,6‐dimethoxyphenol, 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, and so on. The LPBL was employed to replace a portion of phenol at varying ratios from 0 to 20 wt % in the preparation of PF adhesives. The molecular weight, viscosity, and adhesive strength of LPBL‐PF adhesives were found to be lower than those of pure PF adhesives. With the phenol replaced by LPBL up to 20%, the viscosity and adhesive strength of the resin were 4.046 Pa s and 1.017 MPa, respectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44510.
Recent development of centrifugal electrospinning
Authors: Peng Hao , Liu Yong , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: November 2016

As a high‐output nanoscale fiber production method, centrifugal electrospinning (CES) has attracted increasing attention, and this has fostered its quick development. In this article, we review this technique and summarize its mechanism, characteristics, classification, and process equipment. Furthermore, we classify the effects of several CES process parameters on the fiber properties into three different categories. The mechanisms of these effects on the fiber characteristics are analyzed. Finally, the CES issues are summarized, and some strategic solutions and prospects are proposed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44578.