bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Void eliminating toolpath for extrusion‐based multi‐material layered manufacturing
Authors: Qiu Dan , Langrana Noshir A.
Published: July 2002

For extrusion based multi‐material layered manufacturing (LM) processes, a CAD system has been developed which generates high quality toolpath for part fabrication. This closed loop CAD system includes solid model design and slicing, single‐material toolpath generation, multi‐material toolpath generation and virtual simulation modules. The solid model is sliced equally. Intelligent features and adaptive roadwidth optimum toolpath generation algorithm computes void sizes and their location and generates void free toolpath. The virtual simulation visualizes and validates the toolpath generated for the part. When the computed toolpath quality is acceptable, it is sent to the in house hardware Fused Deposition of Multiple Ceramics (FDMC) machine for fabrication.
Architectural scale modelling using stereolithography
Authors: Giannatsis J. , Dedoussis V. , Karalekas D.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the applicability and effectiveness of Stereolithography rapid prototyping to the field of scale modelling for architectural design evaluation and demonstration purposes. Two scale models concerning a modern renovated track and field sports facility and a reconstructed ancient stadium are examined. Both models were constructed by assembling together resin parts fabricated with Stereolithography instead of milling. Critical issues encountered during the building phase of the two models are addressed and presented in detail. Comments are made on the CAD requirements of the parts geometry, on the part building and the post‐processing phases as well as on the end achieved accuracy. Problems associated with the computational time, related to the 3‐D solid modelling, and with the physical properties of the parts, are also discussed. The present Stereolithography methodology is compared to conventional model building techniques by investigating efficiency and productivity factors, quality matters and time requirements.
A typology of technology‐based entrepreneurs
Authors: Jones‐Evans Dylan
Published: July 2002

Despite increasing evidence of the use of typologies in
entrepreneurship research, comparatively little work has attempted to
distinguish between different types of technical entrepreneur. Aims to
develop such a typology. Examines previous research into the
organizational backgrounds from which technical entrepreneurs have
emerged to form new ventures. Follows this with an analysis of detailed
qualitative interviews administered to a sample of technical
entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom, which leads to the formulation of a
typology of technical entrepreneurs based on their previous occupations
and, in particular, on the role played by the technical entrepreneurs in
the development of technology with past employers.
Sponsorship as relationships and networks: implications for research
Authors: Olkkonen Rami , Tikkanen Henrikki , Alajoutsijärvi Kimmo
Published: July 2002

Despite the fact that commercial sponsorship nowadays is a common phenomenon with salient effects on different aspects of developed societies at large (e.g. sports, the arts, the public sector, the media), academic research interest in this closely marketing‐related field seems to be rather low. Although there have been significant changes in marketing thinking during the 1990s, current research on sponsorship seems to be “stuck” in the more traditional, marketing‐mix management – and mass communicative effects‐based discourse. This paper aims at presenting a theoretical overview of how current sponsorship research could be developed further by applying the basic ideas and concepts provided by the interaction/network approach to the study of sponsorship‐related phenomena. Adopting an interaction/network perspective means that, instead of measuring the mass‐communicative effects on various audiences, the focus is on understanding the development of sponsorship relationships and networks, as well as on interpersonal communication processes going on between the sponsorship parties.
Profiling practitioners in British companies
Authors: Dolphin Richard R. , Fan Ying
Published: July 2002

This article reports an empirical study conducted in 20 British organisations with a focus on the director of corporate communications. It examines the origin and role of corporate communication executives and identifies those essential characteristics that constitute the most successful communication practitioners.
Television: force multiplier or town crier in the global village?
Authors: Taylor Philip M.
Published: July 2002

Examines the role of television in domestic and foreign affairs, discussing the way it has changed from being a passive observer of events to being a significant player in international affairs. Discusses new developments in media and their consequences to both politicians and the public. Explains the flawed nature of media reporting in that it evokes strong, often uniformed reactions to events by making news converage “exciting” rather than in depth and informative. This has influenced governments and the military to invest heavily in public affairs activity to help shape public perception via the media. Concludes that this can be dangerous as live television bypasses the editors and journalists, meaning broadcasts can become an extension of public diplomacy and even propaganda.
The many faces of English: intra‐language variation and its implications for international business
Authors: Bloch Brian , Starks Donna
Published: July 2002

Business people in the English‐speaking world tend to underrate the significance of language skills in general, and in particular, the importance of variation within the English language. This article considers the various types of English that are spoken throughtout the world and the implications for business transactions. Attention is paid to the problems that arise owing to the use of one type of English as opposed to another owing to the various forms of distortion and misunderstanding that arise. Attitudes towards different varieties of English are also considered in terms of a possible negative impact on negotiation of business dealings in general. The impact of ways of learning English is outlined and some suggestions made as to how to overcome the problems that arise through intra‐language variation in business.
Evaluating media exposure: an application of advertising methods to publicity measurement
Authors: Kim Yungwook , Kim Jihye , Park Jungki , Choi Youjin
Published: July 2002

Tests new proposed tools for measuring media exposure in a crisis management situation. A theoretical formulae based on a literature review is applied to two crises: the TWA 800 crash and the ValuJet 592 crash. The application of the proposed formulae was generally successful. The outcomes showed that diverse comparisons of media exposure are possible through the new methods.
Netiquette: a behavioral guide to electronic business communication
Authors: Spinks Nelda , Wells Barron , Meche Melanie
Published: July 2002

Making writers of e‐mail messages aware of appropriate “netiquette” will enhance today’s instant communication process. Researchers determined what the literature recommends as being appropriate “netiquette”, surveyed a university business faculty to determine their knowledge of appropriate “netiquette”, and compared the faculty
members’ knowledge with guidelines from the literature.
Some results obtained with diffusion patterning technology
Authors: Belavic Darko , Hrovat Marko , Pavlin Marko , Holc Janez
Published: July 2002

Diffusion patterning is a dielectric patterning technology, which is used in the screen printed thick film technology for higher density multilayer circuits. This technology is suitable for producing lower cost multichip modules and requires a low additional investment in conventional thick film technology production lines. Comparisons of via resolution capability of diffusion patterning versus conventional thick film technology are described and discussed. Preliminary experimental results obtained with a test circuit showed that 200μm lines and 200μm vias could be achieved with acceptable yield and with minimal modification to standard production lines. The electronic circuit for the pressure sensor was designed and realised with the verified technology as a low‐cost ceramic multichip module. A few results of an investigation of some thick film materials, which comprise the “set” of pastes for diffusion patterning technology, are presented.
Thick film microstrip rejection filter with improved Q using overlay
Authors: Rane Sunit , Puri Vijaya
Published: July 2002

In this paper studies on the lab formulated fritless silver thick film paste with two different binder compositions that have been used to fabricate λ/2 microstrip rejection filter in the X and Ku band are reported. These have been compared with ESL (USA) paste and copper thin film metallization for the same circuit. The thick film circuits were overlayed with TiO2 thick film of different thickness and changes in the characteristics studied. In the X band, the Q of the filter improves with overlay and is also dependent on the Ag paste formulation, whereas in the Ku band there are no thick film paste dependent properties observed due to overlay. Thickness of overlay and metallization paste formulation dependent factors should be taken into consideration during fabrication of high density and multi‐layer microwave integrated circuits.
Achieving Low Moisture Levels in Hermetic Packages containing
Silver Glass with Organic Solvent Die Attach Materials
Authors: Coupier P. , Peltier J. Ph. , Pilat E.
Published: July 2002

For a considerable time moisture level has been a problem for hermetic package
assembly, although the materials used were only metallics. Today semiconductor technology is
cost driven, therefore organic materials must be taken into account. Obviously there are many
different issues involved. This paper focuses on mechanisms involving hermetic packages with
silver glass die attach material. Silver glass, as a die attach paste, is mixed with organic
solvents, so different chemical reactions are studied. It is then shown how to achieve a low
moisture level. the authors' company has performed a design of experiments
(DoX) in order to identify the key parameters and their interactions. A
mathematical prediction model has been determined, and the result of this theoretical study is
confirmed with experimental results.
A comparative analysis of interconnection technologies for integrated multilayer inductors
Authors: O’ Reilly Stephen , Flannery John , O’ Donnell Terence , Muddiman Andrew , Healy Gerard , Byrne Michael , Cian Ó Mathúna Sean
Published: July 2002

Multilayer aircore inductors fabricated in a range of interconnection technologies which are MCM compatible are presented and compared. These consist of thick‐film, low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC), printed circuit board (PCB) and fine‐line plated copper on ceramic (copper plating). From a comparison of simulated and measured results, it can be concluded that a predictive design capability has been achieved for inductance and self‐resonant frequency (SRF). Modelling of AC resistance and Q requires further investigation.
Current noise of trimmed thick‐film resistors: measurement and simulation
Authors: Raab Achim , Jung Christian , Dullenkopf Peter
Published: July 2002

An investigation of laser‐trimmed thick‐film resistors’ current noise was carried out. A large number of samples from two pastes with different P‐ and L‐cuts were prepared. The noise spectrum of the trimmed resistors was measured to obtain a relationship between the current noise and the cut parameters. A simple but comprehensive electrical model for the simulation of the current noise of trimmed resistors is also presented. The results from the noise simulation agree with the measured data.
Thermodynamic aspect of the wire‐bonding process
Authors: Falk J.
Published: July 2002

The influence of process heat, with regard to wire‐ and substrate‐materials, on the adhesion of wire‐bonds was investigated. Temperature increases up to 200°C were measured on the interface between surface and wire. This temperature is the basis for demonstrating the important influence of dissipated process heat on the cold welding process of wire‐bonding. Complementary calculations to evaluate the equation of thermal conductivity were carried out using the finite element (FE) method. Bonding tests were able to verify the calculations. These thermodynamical considerations give us a new method to optimize the construction and the choice of materials within the wire‐bond process.
Low‐cost fibre‐chip coupling for electro‐optic EMC‐probes
Authors: Vanwassenhove Luc
Published: July 2002

A straightforward flip‐chip mounting technique is described using gold bumps, a silicon motherboard and non‐conductive adhesives to fabricate electro‐optical modules coupling light from arrays of laser diodes into arrays of fibres. This enables the fabrication of non‐hermetic, potentially cheap modules for short‐distance, parallel‐optical interconnection. As an application, the realisation of a compact, active electro‐optical dipole and loop probe is presented. During assembly of the probes, attention was paid to sensitivity, susceptibility to interfering electromagnetic fields and to high‐frequency behaviour. The probes show sensitivities comparable with, or better than, conventional probes of the same size. They show a linear dynamic behaviour of at least 60dB, and measure electric fields up to 30mV/m or magnetic fields up to 0.1mA/m, respectively. The antenna signal modulates the optical signal of a biased laser diode, and because all the spectral information of the electromagnetic field is preserved during measurement, these probes are excellent instruments for diagnostic EMC‐measurements with a high spatial resolution.
Effect of dissolution and intermetallic formation on the reliability of FC joints
Authors: Kulojärvi Kari , Vuorinen Vesa , Kivilahti Jorma
Published: July 2002

The dissolution processes and subsequent intermetallic reactions between high tin solder bump alloys and Cu‐ or Ni‐based UBM‐metallisations were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The results showed that when the Cu UBM layer is used together with eutectic or higher Sn‐based solder alloys the dissolution of Cu and the rate of the Cu6Sn5 formation is too high for reliable interconnections. On the contrary, Ni provides feasible solution for UBM/high tin solder applications. Although there is strong chemical interaction between nickel and high Sn solder bump alloys, the dissolution and subsequent Ni3Sn4 layer growth rates are very low. Thus, a thin Ni layer can sustain interactions with high Sn liquid as well as solid solders during high temperature use. On the basis of the results obtained flip chip bonding with Ni‐based UBM structures provides a viable interconnection solution for reliable fine‐pitch applications.
Thermal performance of a low‐cost thermal enhanced plastic ball grid array package ‐ NuBGA
Authors: Lau John H. , Chen K.L. , Wu F.
Published: July 2002

NuBGA is a low‐cost, single‐core, two‐metal layer, cavity‐down plastic ball grid array package. With special design concepts, NuBGA provides electrical and thermal enhancements for electronic packaging applications. The concepts of these innovative designs are briefly described. Thermal resistance of junction to air is investigated first by finite element simulations, and the results are then compared to experimental measurements. Also, thermal measurements are carried out for both with, and without, heat sink attachment. Geometric dependence of thermal resistance on structural parameters such as thickness of the copper heat spreader and organic substrate, power and ground planes in printed circuit board (PCB), and the size of PCB are also discussed.
Frits in thick film superconductors: a special approach for improving superconducting and adhesion properties
Authors: Harsányi Gábor , Liu Yanqing , Kinzy Jones W.
Published: July 2002

Specially formulated frit materials have been applied in thick film superconductors similar to the standard thick film materials in order to achieve processing parameters closely compatible with conventional thick film technology and alumina substrates. The applied frits have improved the adhesion and superconductor properties at the same time due to a superconductor bridge formation between the grains. Both YBCO and BSCCO systems have been analyzed. The results are promising.
A new under bump metallurgy for solder bump flip chip applications
Authors: Kulojärvi Kari , Kivilahti Jorma
Published: July 2002

A new under bump metallurgy (UBM) solution consisting of the TiW‐, Au‐ and Ni‐layers for solder flip chip applications has been developed. The metallurgy, being based on the well‐known TAB metallisation procedure, was modified by producing the galvanic nickel layer on the top of the Au‐TiW metallisation. Nickel is needed between high Sn liquid solder bumps and the Au layer to prevent fast and extensive dissolution of thin Cu or Au layers and consequently excessive intermetallic formation. The flip chip joints were manufactured, employing both the 60Sn40Pb‐ and pure Sn‐bumped chips together with the new UBM, which is relatively easy to implement into volume production. The different ageing tests demonstrated that reliable joints can be produced by using the UBM. On the basis of the results obtained the new UBM was found to be a significant improvement in the production of reliable flip chip joints.
The dynamics of continuous improvement
Authors: Michela John L. , Noori Hamid , Jha Shailendra
Published: July 2002

Examines the literature to identify the essential components of kaizen or continuous improvement programmes. Relying on published sources on the North American experience with continuous improvement, also tries to identify organizational structures and practices likely to lead to successful implementation of such programmes. Distinguishes between kaizen and more radical, “strategic leap” improvement approaches, and describes the North American record of success with continuous improvement programmes. An emergent theme is that success with continuous improvement requires a wide array of systems, processes, and orientations to be congruent within the organization. Argues that the study of when, how, and why kaizen succeeds is by no means complete, and proposes a set of open research questions whose investigation is likely to be useful to both scholars and practitioners. Finally, discusses some of the ways in which the existing literature can be immediately useful for practice in organizations.
A second‐order factor analysis of critical TQM factors
Authors: Tamimi Nabil
Published: July 2002

The quality management literature prescribes various critical quality improvement strategies. However, there have been few empirical studies that tested for the synergy or the relationships among these critical quality constructs. This study develops a second‐order factor model to test whether a set of critical quality management factors load on an overall construct that may be termed “Total quality management”. Using survey data collected from 173 manufacturing and service firms, the LISREL VII computer program is used to estimate and validate the proposed model. The results provide an initial empirical evidence of the importance of implementing the quality management strategies holistically rather than piecemeal.
System building and implementations of TQM in Greater China: an overview
Authors: Tuan Chyau , Fung‐Yee Ng Linda
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the recent quality movement in Greater China and the development of total quality management (TQM) since the 1980s in the following three aspects. First, China is determined to upgrade quality management at the enterprise level by a top‐down approach. The efforts of the PRC Government in establishing quality systems to comply with international standard is reviewed. The Provisional Total Quality Management Guide for Industrial Enterprises and the GB/T 19000 standard (the Chinese version of ISO 9000) for national standards and quality certification are examined. Second, at the implementation level, the development of TQM and other quality systems is found to be less than satisfactory. A brief review of major empirical studies regarding TQM practices in China’s state‐owned enterprises and collective‐owned township enterprises is carried out. Third, TQM practices in Hong Kong, a Chinese market‐oriented economy, are reviewed and compared with those in China to explore any possible implications emerging from the political integration of these two regions in 1997.
Application of data envelop analysis in benchmarking
Authors: Madu Christian N. , Kuei Chu‐Hua
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we demonstrate how data envelopment analysis (DEA) could be used in benchmarking studies. Our study is based on an empirical survey of small family‐owned businesses. This survey identified the separating variables between “high performing” and “low performing” firms in improving organizational performance through quality management. However, it did not suggest how “low performers” can transform to “high performers”. In the present study, we demonstrate this transformation by specifically showing how inefficient companies can become more efficient. This is done by identifying a company or composite companies that an inefficient firm needs to benchmark on a specific quality instrument. The current study will make empirical surveys more functional to industrial practitioners. It is more important to show how companies can continuously improve their processes than to classify them as “high” or “low” performers.
Implementing TQM: a contingency approach to intervention and change
Authors: Melan Eugene H.
Published: July 2002

Traditional approaches to the implementation of TQM in an organization do not address the social aspects of intervention and change. This paper describes two action research cases of TQM implementation in higher education in the context of contingency theory and associated factors that emerged during the intervention and attempted transformation. The analysis suggested that factors such as goal alignment, motivation, role uncertainty, leadership and others are variables that can affect the success of the intervention. It is proposed that a contingency approach is appropriate in the development of a TQM implementation strategy.
An optimization approach to determining the number of vendors to employ
Authors: Weber Charles A. , Current John , Desai Anand
Published: July 2002

Presents an approach for evaluating the number of vendors to employ in a procurement situation using multi‐objective programming (MOP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA). The approach advocates developing vendor‐order quantity solutions (referred to as supervendors) using MOP and then evaluating the efficiency of these supervendors on multiple criteria using DEA. Formulations are presented for both the MOP and DEA models. A case study is presented for a Fortune 500 company in a just‐in‐time (JIT) manufacturing environment.
Closer vertical co‐ordination in agri‐food supply chains: a conceptual framework and some preliminary evidence
Authors: Hobbs Jill E. , Young Linda M.
Published: July 2002

Closer vertical co‐ordination of supply chains is becoming a prevalent feature in the agri‐food sectors of many countries. Presents a framework within which to analyse these changes. The framework links drivers for change to product characteristics, which in turn affect transaction characteristics and transaction costs, thereby leading to a change in vertical co‐ordination. A case study of the US grains industry provides an illustration of the framework. Implications for agricultural producers, producer groups and policy makers are discussed.
Using data envelopment analysis to compare suppliers for supplier selection and performance improvement
Authors: Liu Jian , Ding Fong‐Yuen , Lall Vinod
Published: July 2002

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been widely applied to address various decision analysis problems due to its usefulness in evaluating multi‐criterion systems and providing improvement targets for such systems. A supplier selection problem is inherently a multi‐criterion decision problem, and DEA has been applied to evaluate suppliers for an individual product. This paper proposes and demonstrates the application of DEA in evaluating the overall performances of suppliers in a manufacturing firm. A simplified DEA model for supplier selection is first presented to evaluate the overall performances of suppliers with a strategic orientation of being able to reduce the number of suppliers. A case study is then presented to demonstrate supplier performance evaluation using DEA for supplier selection and performance improvement considerations.
Purchasing organization involvement in risk assessments, contingency plans, and risk management: an exploratory study
Authors: Zsidisin George A. , Panelli Alex , Upton Rebecca
Published: July 2002

Purchasing organizations use various strategies and techniques to minimize the chance and impact of detrimental events occurring in the supply base. Supply risk assessments are a necessary first step in managing those risks. An analysis of in‐depth interviews with purchasing professionals from nine companies indicates that purchasing organizations often create contingency plans, and implement process‐improvement and buffer strategies in response to perceived supply risks discovered in assessments. Even though risk assessments, contingency plans, and risk management efforts are generally acknowledged as being important, many of those interviewed believed that there was not enough done in their organizations to mitigate supply‐related risks.
Communication – the route to successful change management: lessons from the Guinness Integrated Business Programme
Authors: Collyer Mark
Published: July 2002

Asserts that over 75 per cent of business transformations fail. Suggests that two of the main problems are lack of communication with employees, and the failure to recognise the impact of change. Presents the successful case of Guinness, who wished to strengthen its brand presence globally. In order to do this, it partnered with the management consultancy firm, Druid plc. Guinness, therefore, embarked on a project that broke down geographic barriers to ensure that its business processes and IT systems supported its brand development. This insight from industry describes and discusses the processes.
The importance of congruence in implementing electronic data interchange systems
Authors: Angeles Rebecca , Nath Ravinder
Published: July 2002

Examines the importance of congruence between trading partners, along several dimensions, for the successful implementation of EDI networks. The results of a survey of 64 dyads, drawn from US manufacturing firms and their suppliers, are reported, which suggest that congruence is not a critical factor in determining successful EDI implementation, at least amongst firms operating a “traditional” EDI system, in which the links are direct, rather than via the Internet and where the customer has significant bargaining power.
Realizing savings from online reverse auctions
Authors: Emiliani M.L. , Stec D.J.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the savings that can result from online reverse auctions for the specific case of buyer‐designed machined parts. Distinguishes between gross and net savings, and highlights factors that can reduce the magnitude of anticipated savings. Determines that the savings actually achieved are less than that reported by suppliers of online auction services for the type of buyer‐designed production materials under consideration. Examines the root cause of why managers use online reverse auctions to reduce the price of purchased goods and services. Concludes that the root cause of online reverse auctions is local optimization of the business system along functional, managerial, or financial dimensions, which in turn perpetuates chronic underutilization of valuable internal and external resources.
Questioning the relentless shift to offshore manufacturing
Authors: Warburton Roger D.H. , Stratton Roy
Published: July 2002

The last 20 years has seen a relentless shift to offshore manufacturing as retailers chase ever‐lower labor costs. The results of this strategy can now be evaluated and we propose that some adjustments are in order. We analyze the case of a North American apparel manufacturer (Griffin Manufacturing, Inc.) that has successfully emerged from a period of major change with a strong and strategic position in the apparel supply chain. This case study documents Griffin’s survival through evolution in capabilities, technology, and especially attitude. The Griffin case study suggests that keeping a portion of the manufacturing onshore at an agile, quick response factory is cost effective: it increases sales and improves margins. However, the new relationship between the parties is much more complex and requires commitment on both sides.
ECR ‐ breaking china in the US supermarket industry
Authors: Collins Richard
Published: July 2002

Lipton is one of the companies most advanced in the implementation of efficient consumer response (ECR) in the USA. Describes the hostile grocery industry environment leading up to the introduction of ECR in the early 1990s and discusses the key aspects of implementation, as experienced at Lipton. Emphasizes the need to focus on the capability of human resources, the pricing of activities rather than products, and the use of information on consumer behaviour. ECR adoption requires organizational change, the introduction of new business processes and the breaking down of functional silos. The key issues for the future are: the realization of genuine benefits for the consumer; building ECR implementation into the profit and loss account; the role of the Internet; and the development of meal solutions within category management.
Cloning: will it change the management of supply chains?
Authors: Hobbs Jill E. , Kerr William A.
Published: July 2002

The announcement in February 1997, that scientists at the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh and at PPL Therapeutics had successfully cloned a sheep from another adult sheep raised many interesting questions. Ignoring the hotly debated and important ethical issues, this note explores the potential consequences of this breakthrough for vertical co‐ordination in meat supply chains. By reducing the biological variation inherent in animal production, cloning technology could allow the final quality of meat products to be linked more closely to managerial ability. It may result in closer contractual relationships between farmers, processors and retailers. This would bring with it, however, the problems of asset specificity and increased risks of opportunism for farmers if they invest in livestock with a specific genetic code for a single buyer. The purpose of this short paper is to raise interesting questions which bear further investigation rather than to offer definitive answers to these questions.
Local supply chain development in the transition economies: the case of Kazakhstan
Authors: Bateman Milford
Published: July 2002

Considers the development of local supply chains in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The reconstruction of supply chains, torn apart by the collapse of central planning, is a very important task for national economic recovery in all the transition economies but, as Western experience shows, it could be especially germane to economic development at the local and regional level. Using the results of research carried out in Kazakhstan during late 1995 and 1996, we outline the local supply chains which are beginning to emerge and attitudes towards them. The case is made for increased local policy intervention to promote local supply chain development in Kazakhstan and, by implication, elsewhere in the transition economies.
The evolution of partnerships in the meat supply chain: insights from the British beef industry
Authors: Fearne Andrew
Published: July 2002

This case study describes the evolution of supply chain partnerships in the British beef industry, driven by changing consumer demand, food safety legislation, a concentrated and highly competitive retail sector and the BSE crisis. The case examples demonstrate the importance of establishing trust in supply chain partnerships, breaking out of the spot trading environment which characterises commodity markets and focusing explicitly on value added initiatives as a source of differentiation and competitive advantage.
Collaborative planning: supporting automatic replenishment programs
Authors: Stank Theodore P. , Daugherty Patricia J. , Autry Chad W.
Published: July 2002

Automatic replenishment systems that restock inventory based on actual demand triggers rather than relying on long‐range forecasts and layers of safety stock have been implemented in a great number of firms in recent years. Now these same firms are taking supply chain cooperation to another level through involvement in collaborative planning/forecasting/replenishment (CPFR). The results of a recent survey assessing current levels of involvement in cross‐organizational collaboration among firms utilizing automatic inventory replenishment are presented. The results provide strong support for positive associations between high levels of CPFR and implementation of operating process change and information system capabilities. Results supported only a very weak association between CPFR and effectiveness in achieving operational performance goals.
Lamb‐buying preferences of Canadian abattoirs and producer marketing groups: implications for the Canadian supply chain
Authors: Stanford K. , Hobbs J.E. , Gilbert M. , Jones S.D.M. , Price M.A. , Klein K.K. , Kerr W.A.
Published: July 2002

The Canadian lamb industry is small compared to lamb industries in many other countries and the supply chain for lamb is weak and fragmented. Without improvements in the flow of information, product quality and continuity of supply, the formal supply chain in Canada may collapse and Canadian lamb will become a local cottage industry with the retail chain and institutional markets serviced by offshore suppliers. Examines one of the key interfaces in the Canadian lamb supply chain. Conjoint analysis is used to assess the attitudes of the major commercial buyers of lambs ‐ abbatoirs and producer marketing groups ‐ towards key attributes of the lamb supply chain. The relative importance of a number of characteristics are assessed: a regular supplier, the basis of payment, reduced handling of lambs from farm to abattoir and the price paid for the lambs.
Preconditions and dynamics of logistics networks in the Dutch building industry
Authors: Voordijk Hans
Published: July 2002

Argues that logistics networks in the building industry will develop in relation to transaction‐specific investments in new information technologies such as EDI and PDI. This is particularly the case where strategic considerations play a subordinate role and efficiency arguments are stressed. The limitations of the transaction cost approach are also discussed. In the building industry, logistics networks are not only directed towards a minimisation of transaction costs, but are also striving for joint value maximisation. Co‐operation between designing and constructing parties makes it possible to present a “total product” to the market. Opportunistic behaviour is replaced by mutual trust. Instead of bounded rationality, know‐how is transferred between firms for product development. This change will fundamentally alter the nature of competition in the building industry in the near future.
A research agenda for supply chain and business management thinking
Authors: Cox Andrew
Published: July 2002

Summarises the key learning points in supply and value chain mapping. It demonstrates that there is no best way to manage supply chains. Concludes that the key to success in business is based on recognising the types of supply chains that exist and aligning strategy and operational practice with the specific properties of the supply chain that the company is positioned within. It is argued that some supply chain structures do not lend themselves to effective value appropriation, so that entrepreneurial rents may not be achievable in all circumstances. It is argued, in conclusion, that this way of thinking about supply chains and supply innovation – referred to here as procurement and supply competence – is underdeveloped in business management thinking.
A conceptual model of the fashion process – part 1
Authors: Cholachatpinyo A. , Fletcher B. , Padgett I. , Crocker M.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to present a new framework to conceptualise the fashion process called “the fashion transformation process model”. This model integrates much previous research about the fashion process, fills important gaps that the symbolic interactionist (SI) theory of fashion omits, and makes a number of new predictions about the translation of social trends into specific lifestyles and individual differences. Those new emerging lifestyles are interpreted by fashion designers into fashion concepts and then translated into fashion commodities. The model proposes two important fashion forces: the “differentiating force” and the “socialising force”. These operate at different levels (macro and micro) and through different fashion practitioners. Two empirical studies investigate the framework: a case study at the macro level and a survey interview study at the micro level. The studies provide excellent support for the reconceptualisation and, in particular, suggest that individual psychological factors might be given a new prominence in the overall fashion process and the way in which new fashions emerge.
Casual wear product attributes
Authors: Zhang Zhiming , Li Yi , Gong Chen , Wu Haidong
Published: July 2002

In this paper, the importance of product attributes of casual wear for Chinese consumers was investigated. Data were gathered from a questionnaire survey conducted in six cities of China. A total of 15 attributes were identified, and it was found that fit, comfort, style, color and workmanship were the most important attributes for Chinese consumers. It was also found that geographic and demographic factors had impacts on the importance of these attributes. These 15 attributes could be grouped into four factors, which may indicate a simplified process in information processing on the attributes by Chinese consumers. Marketing implication of the results was also discussed.
Exploring differences between Internet apparel purchasers, browsers and non‐purchasers
Authors: Lee MiYoung , Johnson Kim K.P.
Published: July 2002

We investigated whether differences existed among Internet apparel purchasers, browsers, and non‐purchasers in terms of their attitudes about Internet shopping and retailers, willingness to provide credit card information, Internet use behavior, and demographic characteristics. Data were obtained from an Internet survey conducted by the Graphic, Visualization, and Usability (GVU) Center from the Georgia Institute of Technology. Internet apparel purchasers were significantly different both from the Internet apparel browsers and non‐purchasers, but browsers were not significantly different from non‐purchasers.
Leaders as role models: 12 rules
Authors: Scarnati James T.
Published: July 2002

Discusses personal attributes of leadership that have a positive influence on the organization and champion career progression. The article is based on experience, observations and the use of metaphors and analogies to drive home the theme. Everything a leader says, everything a leader does and every feeling a leader expresses is observed by others and has an effect on the organization. Offers pragmatic advice predicated on sound principles that are directly applicable to the workplace. Provides guidance, techniques and examples of best practices that successfully shape the perception of leadership. Role modeling by leaders is featured as a primary tool for motivating employees and establishing a positive corporate culture. The article is designed for guiding the conduct of emerging leaders. Establishes a sound philosophy to increase the probability for long‐term success and professional fulfillment. Includes quotes from contemporary as well as historical leaders.
Knowledge management in careers services: implications for Connexions managers
Authors: Tyler Alison , Swailes Stephen
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews the literature on knowledge management in the context of a major organisational change. The organisations studied provide statutory public services and are responsible for providing advice and guidance to young people. A postal survey of 123 managers in careers service organisations showed that, while technical infrastructures for knowledge management are present, managers do not fully recognise the capabilities of the infrastructures that they have. Knowledge management infrastructures are examined in the context of prevailing organisational cultures. Implications for top managers in careers services organisations and Connexions partnerships are offered.
High‐involvement leadership: moving from talk to action
Authors: Howard Ann
Published: July 2002

Finds in a study across 25 organizations more talk about high‐involvement leadership than effective implementation. Part of the problem was that senior managers wore rose‐coloured glasses when viewing high involvement in their organizations, which obscured the need for more action. There were many other barriers to empowerment, including a lack of appropriate rewards, mistrust and lack of self‐motivation on the part of front‐line employees, and leaders’ skills. Identifies various factors that hurt and helped high‐involvement leadership. But if used well, empowering leadership practices had handsome payoffs for leaders, their direct reports, and organizational effectiveness. Makes five recommendations to help managers implement high‐involvement leadership better.
Personal competences and outdoor development for managers
Authors: MacLean Donald , Paton Robert , de Vries Elaine
Published: July 2002

Describes the use of outdoor management development exercises in relation to the issue of personal competences. Presents findings of a pilot study by the University of Glasgow Business School, which is researching the relationship between traditional and vocational models of learning. Finds that in general, there are potential personal benefits for participants to explore their managerial skills through outdoor development exercises, but that research needs to continue to ensure a greater emphasis on self‐confidence, drive, personal learning and development.
Towards a team‐based approach
Authors: Rowe Richard G.
Published: July 2002

Many organizations in Australia, in both public and private sectors, are introducing organization structures and cultures which consolidate the major technological and structural reforms of the 1980s and early 1990s and provide a platform for ongoing micro‐reform. Outlines the processes and interim outcomes of a cultural change programme in one decentralized area of the Department of Social Security, Victoria, Australia. The change was towards teamwork rather than individual performance. The strategy was based on the Margerison‐McCann Team Management Systems model, and involved progressively training teams in the concepts and language of teamwork, systematically interlinking the teams across the area and aligning other organizational systems and structures to the teamwork model. Outcomes support the contention that the rigorous and consistent application of a well‐founded theoretical model can provide a solid platform for cultural change.
I was upward appraised… and survived!
Authors: Jones Owen
Published: July 2002

Reflects on the personal experience of using upward appraisal in Barclays Home Finance. Explains how upward appraisal was introduced and the underlying principles. Covers the stages of the process from a personal point of view and some of the learning that has been gained so far. Goes on to explain the conditions for the successful introduction of upward appraisal.
360‐degree feedback: an integrated perspective
Authors: Heisler William J.
Published: July 2002

Uses a case‐study approach. Asserts that for successful implementation multi‐source feedback must be viewed from an integrated perspective and that 360‐degree feedback must be seen as more than a data collection and feedback system. Suggests that the measured characteristics and behaviours must be related to the organization’s strategic objectives and culture and that the feedback process must be supported by tools which facilitate the analysis and interpretation of the data and developmental planning.
The expatriate experience: implications for career success
Authors: Webb Allison
Published: July 2002

Discusses the implications for the employee and the company of an expatriate assignment. Presents the reasons why the expatriate assignment is not always a success. Suggests a methodology for choosing an employee for overseas work and discusses such aspects as personality, competences, cross‐cultural management and family issues. Suggests ways in which companies could improve the outcome of assignments for all concerned.
Employees and the community: how successful companies meet human resource needs through community involvement
Authors: Tuffrey Michael
Published: July 2002

This year‐long study has collected such evidence as is available from companies that there is a positive link between corporate community involvement and human resource issues; and devised new ways to manage, monitor and evaluate community involvement so as to identify and then quantify its impact. The study concentrated on skills development and staff motivation, while also addressing recruitment. It has found firm evidence from both companies and individual employees that community involvement can impact these business issues; however, many of the current evaluation techniques lack rigour and the data are often empirical, not confirmed objectively. Techniques to monitor and evaluate include: a competence matrix to identify specific competences which can be developed and a scoring system to measure the development gain; structured questions for staff attitude surveys, which can contribute to a morale index; various methodologies for cost comparison and cost/benefit analysis to evaluate alternatives; a matrix and scoring system to identify and evaluate the contribution to addressing strategic human resource objectives. Concludes that the contribution from community involvement can be best quantified through balanced business performance measurements that go beyond the bottom line.
The attitudes of service industry managers towards upward appraisal
Authors: Mathews Brian P. , Redman Tom
Published: July 2002

Reports on the results from a survey of the attitudes of managers employed in the service sector towards upward appraisal. Describes what constitutes upward appraisal. Discusses recent developments in the UK and in particular its application in the service sector. Examines the factor most critical to the success of any appraisal system ‐ its acceptability to the parties involved. Concludes with an examination of the implications of the findings for practitioners. The results indicate that strong feelings are held by some, both positive and negative, but these are difficult to attribute to particular groups. Many of the concerns expressed in the literature are found, on average, not to be major issues for service managers themselves.