bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Love and intimacy in relationship risk management: HIV positive people and their sexual partners
Authors: Rhodes Tim , Cusick Linda
Published: March 2003

This paper is about intimacy and its role in relationship risk management. Drawing on qualitative interviews with HIV positive people and their primary sexual partners it becomes apparent that a key tension in relationship risk management is the balance struck between ‘relationship safety’ and ‘viral danger’. We find ‘love’ and ‘intimacy’ to be key features of relationship survival, with relationship intimacy and security signalled or strengthened by unprotected sex. Focusing on ‘discordant’ partnerships in particular, we note that relationship risk management is a fragile process characterised by contradiction and anxiety, at once involving risk reduction and risk opportunity. We conclude that the intimate relationship is a prime source of everyday risk management which may be defended, even at potentially high cost, in the time of sexual epidemic. We also note that previous research has painted an overly calculative picture of risk decision‐making in which the lived experiences of intimacy and emotions are largely missing.
The social organisation of chemotherapy treatment consultations
Authors: Díaz Félix
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses doctor‐patient interaction at the outpatients consultations of a Medical Oncology Service in a Spanish public hospital. First, it introduces the cultural and institutional setting of the research. It then describes some details of the sequential organisation of the routine encounters between patients undertaking chemotherapy and their doctors. Three conventionalised doctors’ utterances (‘How are you’, ‘How are you tolerating the treatment’, and ‘The tests are fine’) are shown to be crucial for assessment and treatment activities. It then discusses how the use of these tokens affects the dimension of casual/institutional talk, and doctor‐patient interactional asymmetry. The analysis pays special attention to the way in which treatment decisions are grounded in and projected by the assessment activities in the encounter. The discussion considers how the interactive resources deployed in the consultation relate to the incorporation of patients’ views in routine decisions.
Non‐biomedical health care practices in the State of Morelos, Mexico: analysis of an emergent phenomenon
Authors: Nigenda Gustavo , Lockett Lejeune , Manca Cristina , Mora Gerardo
Published: March 2003

This paper gives the results of one of the first studies of non‐biomedical health care services in the State of Morelos, Mexico. The socio‐cultural matrix of the population of Morelos has attracted many practitioners of medical models which have no foundation in the rationale of the biomedical‐scientific model. There is a considerable variety of non‐biomedical therapists in the area of study which may be categorised in three groups: (a) traditional medicine (b) alternative medicine, and (c) faith healing. There are marked differences regarding the academic background of practitioners, the reasons why they engage in their practice, the types of financial strategies they use to provide care, the creation and utilisation of therapist networks, and, finally, in the type of population for whom they provide care. We strongly recommend further research on non‐biomedical health care models in the state and in Mexico, since the importance of these models is growing as a result of the increasing demand for health care by a diversity of population groups.
Treatment decision‐making during the early stages of heart attack: a case for the role of body and self in influencing delays
Authors: Clark Alexander M.
Published: March 2003

A majority of individuals with the symptoms of heart attack (or myocardial infarction) delay for significant periods before seeking medical assistance. These delays are often lengthy and adversely affect mortality by compromising the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. This qualitative study examined pre‐hospital decision‐making retrospectively in a sample of Scottish myocardial infarction (MI) patients (n=14). From interviews with participants 48 hours after admittance to hospital, decision making was interpreted as following a five‐stage pattern. The phases were: Experiencing symptoms as familiar sensations, moving from the everyday, responding to breakdown, increasing crisis and decisions and dialogue. Throughout these phases, participants drew on aspects of the body, self and society in order to understand and react to what was happening to them. Phenomenologically, echoing movements associated with chronic illness, participants experienced the body and self differently during the different stages of decision making. Their decision making was influenced by their views of the self, interpretations of the body and the symptoms of MI and conceptions of personal and general risk.
‘It was a real good show’: the ultrasound scan, fathers and the power of visual knowledge
Authors: Draper Jan
Published: March 2003

Abstract Drawing on an ethnographic study of the transition to contemporary British fatherhood, this paper discusses men's experiences of the ultrasound scan. Seeing the baby on the screen seemed to herald an escalation of their awareness of the baby, reinforcing its reality. Visual knowledge, as opposed to other forms of knowledge, therefore became a primary means of knowing the baby. In this paper I provide a theoretical analysis of men's empirical accounts of seeing the baby during the ultrasound scan. After a description of method, I set the context by presenting data to illustrate the significance of the ultrasound within men's pregnancy experience. The paper then sets up the theoretical foundations for an analysis of these accounts by first, examining the development of the primacy of vision within medicine and secondly, discussing the illumination of the body interior, initially by dissection but now via contemporary technologies of vision including ultrasound. The final section, draws upon further data and discusses how ultrasound can be constructed as simultaneously both a medical and a social event with the potential to generate epistemological conflicts.
Translating culture and language: a research note on multilingual settings
Authors: Bradby Hannah
Published: March 2003

Abstract Language and translation are not treated as part of the problematic in sociological research when compared with that of social anthropology, and this relative inattention can be related to the parallel development of the two disciplines. Ethnographic evidence from studies of identity, social support and wellbeing among Glasgow Punjabis suggests that the complex and strategic blending and switching of vocabulary, tone and accent is one means through which identities and support networks are negotiated and affirmed. The hybrid use of language can and should be reflected in the way that research is conducted with multilingual communities and some preliminary suggestions are made.
Medicine as discursive resource: legitimation in the work narratives of midwives
Authors: Foley Lara , Faircloth Christopher A.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the work narratives of midwives practicing in the United States, specifically in the State of Florida. We focus analytic attention on how the discourse of medicine is used as a resource in constructing a sense of legitimation for midwifery. Data are drawn from in‐depth interviews with 26 direct‐entry, licensed midwives and certified nurse‐midwives.

 Historically, social scientific literature on midwifery has placed a midwifery, or a holistic, model of childbirth in polar opposition to a technocratic or medical model. In practical work, however, midwives demonstrate knowledge of, and make use of, a discourse of medicine to serve their purpose‐at‐hand. In these ‘narratives of legitimation’, the medical model does not emerge as an entity definable as separate and necessarily at odds with the midwifery model. Rather, the medical model is a resource through which midwives work narratively to construct the validity of their profession.

 The midwives interviewed use the discourse of medicine in three specific ways. First, they draw upon it as a contrast device, setting themselves and their work apart from the medical establishment. Second, midwives use the medical model to communicate necessary daily aspects of their work. Finally, they construct a story of medical collaboration to equate their work with that of physicians.
Depressive symptoms in the Netherlands 1975–1996: a theoretical framework and an empirical analysis of socio‐demographic characteristics, gender differences and changes over time
Authors: Meertens Vivian , Scheepers Peer , Tax Bert
Published: March 2003

This article examines the longitudinal trend of depressive symptoms in the Netherlands, using large‐scale national data recorded over the period 1975–1996. Our analyses showed fluctuations in the overall longitudinal trend. On the basis of a general theoretical framework, we formulated hypotheses concerning which socio‐demographic characteristics determine the likelihood of suffering from depressive symptoms and how these associations might have changed over time.

 Our results revealed that people on low incomes, unemployed people, unmarried people and those who had given up their church membership were associated with depressive symptoms. Some associations between socio‐demographic categories and depressive symptoms have changed over time. Divorced people have become progressively less likely to suffer from depressive symptoms compared with married people, whereas the reverse holds for those who were never married. People on low incomes have become more likely to suffer from depressive symptoms over time in comparison to people with the highest incomes. Gender differences in these associations were also found: educational level and church attendance were more beneficial to women in protecting them from depressive symptoms than they were to men.
On piecewise linear density estimators
Authors: Beirlant J. , Berlinet A. , Györfi L.
Published: March 2003

We study piecewise linear density estimators from the L1 point of view: the frequency polygons investigated by Scott (1985) and Jones et al. (1997), and a new piecewise linear histogram. In contrast to the earlier proposals, a unique multivariate generalization of the new piecewise linear histogram is available. All these estimators are shown to be universally L1 strongly consistent. We derive large deviation inequalities. For twice differentiable densities with compact support their expected L1 error is shown to have the same rate of convergence as have kernel density estimators. Some simulated examples are presented.
Direct density estimation as an ill‐posed inverse estimation problem
Authors: Dey A. K. , Ruymgaart F. H.
Published: March 2003

A possible definition of ill‐posedness in statistical estimation is the lack of qualitative robustness. In this sense direct density estimation shares ill‐posedness with the more obviously ill‐posed indirect density estimation models, of which it is a special case. A general construction pattern for estimators is proposed, based on suitable preconditioning, that works for both direct and indirect density estimation. Special emphasis is on its application to the direct case, where in general it yields delta‐sequence estimators. More specifically both kernel and series type estimators are included depending on the choice of preconditioning operator. In particular sinc and other flattop kernel estimators emerge in a natural way.
Rough‐and‐ready assessment of the degree and importance of smoothing in functional estimation
Authors: Jones M. C.
Published: March 2003

In nonparametric estimation of functionals of a distribution, it may or may not be desirable, or indeed necessary, to introduce a degree of smoothing into this estimation. In this article, I describe a method for assessing, with just a little thought about the functional of interest, (i) whether smoothing is likely to prove worthwhile, and (ii) if so, roughly how much smoothing is appropriate (in order‐of‐magnitude terms). This rule‐of‐thumb is not guaranteed to be accurate nor does it give a complete answer to the smoothing problem. However, I have found it very useful over a number of years; many examples of its use, and limitations, are given.
Relative coarsening at random
Authors: Nielsen S. F.
Published: March 2003

Many types of data are often incompletely observed. How incompletely is typically randomly determined. Heitjan and Rubin (Annals of Statistics, 1991) proposed a condition, “coarsened at random” or CAR, ensuring ignorability of this randomness in discrete sample spaces. In general sample spaces CAR comes in two flavors according to whether it is defined in terms of probabilities or densities. In this paper, CAR defined in terms of densities, called relative CAR, is discussed as a condition for ignorability in a statistical model allowing for partial observation of random elements determining the degree of incompleteness in the observation of the data.
From first submission to citation: an empirical analysis
Authors: Franses Philip Hans
Published: March 2003

The academic publication process consists of two stages. The first stage covers for example the conception of a paper, its submission to a journal, possible revisions due to comments made by (anonymous) reviewers, and acceptance of the manuscript. The second stage concerns the eventual publication of the paper and the second part of its academic life–cycle, which is usually measured by a citation score.

Next to describing this process in some detail, this paper describes the results of an empirical analysis of my personal database with detailed records of 66 published papers. Descriptive statistics give insights as to how long it takes (on average) before the editor returns to the author with the reviews, and also how long it takes for the editor to make a final decision on acceptance, based on a revised manuscript. Econometric models are used to see if, for example, the number of pages, the number of authors, and the number of previous rejections have an impact on these durations. Also, it is examined if a special issue makes a difference. It is found that it does, in the sense that special issue papers get cited more often. Finally, it is studied whether the editorial process and observable properties of the paper have any effect on the number of citations, which can be seen as a measure of quality.
Two–step sequential sampling
Authors: Moors J. J. A. , Strijbosch L. W. G.
Published: March 2003

Choosing the sample size in advance is a familiar problem: often, additional observations appear to be desirable. The final sample size then becomes a random variable, which has rather serious consequences.

Two such sample extension situations will be considered here. In the first situation, the observed sample variance determines whether or not to double the original sample size. In the second situation, the variances observed in two independent samples are compared; their ratio determines the number of additional observations.
Linkage between Adiabatic Invariance and Symmetry of Solutions
Authors: Hu Jishan
Published: March 2003

In this article, for the symmetric pendulum equationand the symmetric bisuperlinear equationrespectively, we show that there are two one‐parameter families of solutions, ys and ya, so that one is adiabatically symmetric, ys(−t)=ys(t)+o(εk) for all k≥0, and the other adiabatically antisymmetric, ya(−t)=−ya(t)+o(εk) for all k≥0. By using the techniques of exponential asymptotics to calculate y′s(0) and ya(0), we demonstrate that, in general, they are not genuinely symmetric or antisymmetric, because these quantities are in fact exponentially small. Finally, after establishing a relationship between the total change in the leading‐order adiabatic invariant and the quantity y′s(0) for the family of solutions ys of the bisuperlinear equation, we are able to reveal explicitly how the behavior of the adiabatic invariant depends on the complex singularities of the equation.

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Dynamics and Coarsening of Interfaces for the Viscous Cahn—Hilliard Equation in One Spatial Dimension
Authors: Sun Xiaodi , Ward Michael J.
Published: March 2003

In one spatial dimension, the metastable dynamics and coarsening process of an n‐layer pattern of internal layers is studied for the Cahn–Hilliard equation, the viscous Cahn–Hilliard equation, and the constrained Allen–Cahn equation. These models from the continuum theory of phase transitions provide a caricature of the physical process of the phase separation of a binary alloy. A homotopy parameter is used to encapsulate these three phase separation models into one parameter‐dependent model. By studying a differential‐algebraic system of ordinary differential equations describing the locations of the internal layers for a metastable pattern for this parameter‐dependent model, we are able to provide detailed comparisons between the internal layer dynamics for the three models. Layer collapse events are studied in detail, and the analytical theory is supplemented by numerical results showing the different behaviors for the different models. Finally, an asymptotic‐numerical algorithm, based on our asymptotic information of layer collapse events and the conservation of mass condition, is devised to characterize the entire coarsening process for each of these models. Numerical realizations of this algorithm are shown.
Group Structure in Circle Theorem
Authors: Padmavati B. Sri , Rajasekhar G. P. , Nigam S. D. , Amaranath T.
Published: March 2003

A general method to discuss the potential flow past two intersecting circles is presented. This is done by introducing two operators L and M, which generate a group G. A procedure called closure is introduced, which determines the order of the group and the angles of intersection of the two circles.
Nonlinear Waves of Vorticity
Authors: Barcilon A. , Drazin P. G.
Published: March 2003

This is a review of solutions of the vorticity equation for two‐dimensional flow of an inviscid incompressible fluid that represent nonlinear waves. Geophysical applications are emphasized. Some of the solutions are valid in the beta‐plane of Rossby. Some are related to weakly nonlinear perturbations of basic parallel flows and axisymmetric flows, to initial‐value problems of hydrodynamic instability and to variational principles of minimal enstrophy or maximal entropy. Some have been found by exploiting well‐known ideas of the theory of solitons. In addition to listing known solutions and presenting a synthesis of their relationship to other fluid dynamic results, we report a few new ideas and new solutions for strongly nonlinear waves.
Reciprocal Figures, Graphical Statics, and Inversive Geometry of the Schwarzian BKP Hierarchy
Authors: Konopelchenko B. G. , Schief W. K.
Published: March 2003

A remarkable connection between soliton theory and an important and beautiful branch of the theory of graphical statics developed by Maxwell and his contemporaries is revealed. Thus, it is demonstrated that reciprocal triangles that constitute the simplest pair of reciprocal figures representing both a framework and a self‐stress encapsulate the integrable discrete BKP equation and its Schwarzian version. The inherent Möbius invariant nature of the Schwarzian BKP equation is then exploited to define reciprocity in an inversive geometric setting. Integrable pairs of lattices of nontrivial combinatorics consisting of reciprocal triangles and their natural generalizations are discussed. Particular reductions of these BKP lattices are related to the integrable discrete versions of Darboux's (2+1)‐dimensional sine‐Gordon equation and the classical Tzitzéica equation of affine geometry. Furthermore, it is shown that octahedral figures and their hexahedral reciprocals as considered by Maxwell likewise give rise to discrete integrable systems and associated integrable lattices.
Symmetrization of Nonsymmetric Macdonald Polynomials and Macdonald's Inner Product Identities
Authors: Nishino Akinori , Komori Yasushi , Ujino Hideaki , Wadati Miki
Published: March 2003

We study the Macdonald polynomials that give eigenstates of some quantum many‐body system with long‐range interactions. Scalar products of the nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials are algebraically evaluated through their Rodrigues‐type formulas. We present a new proof of Macdonald's inner product identities without recourse to the shift operators; that is, we calculate square norms of the Macdonald polynomials through Weyl‐symmetrization of those of the nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials.
SENCOs of the Future?
Authors: Hackney Ann
Published: March 2003

Ann Hackney explores the perceptions of students and teachers in relation to special education needs. Using questionnaires and interviews, she elicits responses that suggest the original motivations that traditionally drew individuals into this field of education are possibly changing, not as a result of declining enthusiasm but rather as an adverse view of the administrative pressures and bureaucracy brought about by legislation. This poses a severe threat to future recruitment of special educational needs coordinators.
Paperwork or Practice? Shifting the Emphasis of the Code Towards Teaching, Learning and Inclusion
Authors: Hart Susan
Published: March 2003

Susan Hart makes some suggestions for revising the Code of Practice in order to place more emphasis upon developments in teaching and learning in the classroom. She describes the outcomes of partnership work between mainstream teachers and Section 11 teachers designed to support bilingual children whose learning is giving cause for concern. This illustrates the advantage of a more fluid, flexible approach to support through a reflective, responsive type of pedagogy.
Children on the Autistic Spectrum: Guidelines for Mainstream Practice
Authors: Connor Michael
Published: March 2003

Gradually, pupils with autism or Asperger syndrome are being included in mainstream situations. Michael Connor presents a set of guidelines for practitioners unfamiliar with these conditions. The detailed strategies are not intended as a blueprint but provide a useful body of information for constructing school‐based strategies.
The financing of special education: lessons from Europe
Authors: Fletcher‐Campbell Felicity
Published: March 2003

The European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education has recently undertaken a study, across all its member countries, of the impact on inclusion of mechanisms for funding special education. In this article, Felicity Fletcher‐Campbell presents some of the findings and discusses the messages which they have for policy makers in the UK.
Science in a special school setting: strategies from Charlton School
Authors: Fisher Elaine
Published: March 2003

Following Derek Bell’s overview in the previous article, Elaine Fisher describes the way in which the science curriculum is being developed in a special school setting. A strong element in this article is the emphasis placed on a creative, outward–looking approach to the curriculum and to the links being actively developed with mainstream schools and a range of relevant organisations.
Notes from a shared classroom: working as a subject–specialist support teacher
Authors: Sutcliffe Andrew
Published: March 2003

In this article Andrew Sutcliffe reflects on his experience as a subject–specialist support teacher in science. His insiders’ view will strike many chords with others, across a range of subject specialisms, who are either developing this role, or perhaps have held it in the past. The issues raised are important, not least among them the vulnerability of the role, but also its potential, in relation to the developing role of the learning support assistant. This suggests that much more research is required to establish the parameters of such a role in the context of rapidly changing policy.
Relating Syntactic Elements. Remarks on Norbert Hornstein's ‘Movement and Chains”
Authors: Brody Michael
Published: March 2003

There are two main arguments in “Movement and chains” (Hornstein 1998) against chains – one based on the correlation of quantifier scope and binding, the other on the correlation between quantifier scope and thematic properties. Both rest on highly dubious background assumptions. Additionally, even granting these assumptions, both arguments are flawed in similar ways. There are numerous additional problems both with H's account of quantifier scope and control and with his arguments against chains. If we take chains to be interpretively constructed, then multiple copies in chains may not differ from other multiple occurrences of lexical items (or structures constructed from lexical items) with respect to their origin. In all cases, multiple occurrences are due to a (set of) element(s) being selected from the lexicon more than once. Multiple occurrences can then be interpreted as chains when they are in the (thematically) appropriate type of identity relation. This approach not only dispenses with syntax‐internal chains, as H justifiably desires, but also eliminates the additional unmotivated, arbitrary, and redundant syntactic mechanism of movement that he (and the minimalist framework in general) assumes.
Review of The Syntax of American Sign Language
Authors: Lillo‐Martin Diane
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

The Syntax of American Sign Language: Functional Categories and Hierachical Structure by Carol Neidle, Judy Kegl, Dawn MacLaughlin, Benjamin Bahan and Robert G. Lee
Tipping the Scales: The Syntax of Scalarity in the Complement of SEEM
Authors: Matushansky Ora
Published: March 2003

This paper argues for a syntactic and semantic distinction between the verb seem that takes propositional complements (i.e., CP and IP) and the verb seem that takes nonpropositional complements. The latter takes a smaller sized complement (in terms of the presence of functional structure), has a perceptual rather than epistemic interpretation, and imposes a scalarity–related restriction on its complement, which will be formalized as a selectional requirement of a DegP complement. The notion of scalarity, heretofore applicable only to adjectives, is extended to PPs, such as out of her mind, and nouns, such as fool. DegP is projected either if a predicate is scalar (has a degree argument slot) or to function as a landing site for QR of degree, which will be shown to function as the licensing mechanism for complements of seem
Requirements for an Assessment Procedure for Beginning Teachers: Implications from Recent Theories on Teaching and Assessment
Authors: Uhlenbeck Anne M. , Verloop Nico , Beijaard Douwe
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the best approach to the development of procedures to assess beginning teachers. First, studies on teacher thinking, teacher development, teacher learning and teacher knowledge were reviewed to obtain information on the most current views on the nature of teaching. Second, studies on new approaches to teacher assessment and on issues of validity and reliability were examined. An analysis of these topics yielded a set of implications that could be used as a basis for an adequate evaluation procedure. We propose a framework that consists of 15 implications for the development of beginning teacher assessments. We illustrate how the framework was applied in the development of an assessment procedure for beginning teachers.
Examining the Role of Critical Inquiry for Transformative Practices: Two Joint Case Studies of Multicultural Teacher Education
Authors: Jennings Louise B. , Smith Cynthia Potter
Published: March 2003

Multicultural teacher education is often conceptualized as a series of courses or in-service programs. However, research suggests that courses may influence teachers’ attitudes but not their practices. By joining two related case studies, we examine how an emphasis on critical inquiry in a multicultural education course influenced one teacher's understandings and practices well beyond the class itself. The first case describes the pedagogy of critical inquiry used in the course and the shift in 14 European American students’ understandings away from traditional “tourist” approaches toward more comprehensive views of multicultural education. These understandings fell short of transformative multicultural approaches that emphasize education for a more democratic, just society. The second case explores one student's evolution in developing transformative multicultural beliefs and practices during the 2 years following the course. We examine how particular processes of critical inquiry supported the teacher's evolving beliefs and practices through dialogue, reflection, and action. We summarize the tools and structures that supported this teacher in creating transformative multicultural practices across classrooms in her school district. These joint case studies suggest that multicultural teacher education needs to include but extend beyond particular courses to more expanded venues that provide opportunities for collaboration and critical reflection in action over time.
Preparing Early Childhood Educators to Work in Diverse Urban Settings
Authors: Horm Diane M.
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on the challenges confronted by early childhood educators as they seek to offer developmentally effective programs and services for all children, especially those who live in urban settings characterized by cultural diversity. To meet the challenges, the programs that prepare these educators must take account of important research findings (e.g., children under age 6 are more likely to be poor than any other age group of Americans). These programs also need to develop practical strategies to ensure that teachers are prepared to work with children from a range of cultural backgrounds (e.g., infuse interdisciplinary perspectives with a focus on cultural diversity throughout professional preparation programs).
Integrating Digital Tools into a Culturally Diverse Curriculum: An Assessment Model for the Pacesetter Program
Authors: Hill Clifford
Published: March 2003

This article reports on a research project in which a digitally based assessment model is being developed for the Pacesetter Program. This program, established by the College Board to prepare culturally diverse students for higher education, is built around a curriculum that reflects not only the world that these students come from but also the rapidly evolving technological society that they are expected to participate in. The assessment model is being developed for an English language arts course, in which students work with culturally diverse material in three domains: print literacy, film literacy, and media literacy. At the heart of the model are three tasks: a planning task that requires students to focus on factual content, an interpretation task that requires them to make sense of that content, and an application task that requires them to deal with the content in a broader context. The students use digital tools to carry out these three tasks: For example, they use a graphic organizer in the planning task to gather information that will be useful as they perform the higher level tasks that follow. As an illustration of how this model works, the article presents an assessment activity built around the ways in which the media have presented the results of Census 2000 with respect to cultural diversity.
CensusAtSchool 2000
Authors: Connor Doreen , Davies Neville , Holmes Peter
Published: March 2003

This article covers the development of an ambitious Internet‐based project to conduct a simple census of the schoolchildren of England and Wales linked to the 2001 UK National Census.
The Toothless Bathing Beauty and the t‐test
Authors: Revak Marie A. , Porter David B.
Published: March 2003

A simple and amusing class experiment is used to introduce many ideas of descriptive and inferential statistics.
Generating Multivariate Normal Data in Excel
Authors: Hunt Neville
Published: March 2003

This article gives further information about generating multivariate Normal data, including a single‐cell Microsoft Excel formula to undertake a Choleski decomposition. References are also made to the bivariate case and the ‘common elements’ approach.
Statistical Laboratories Using Minitab, SPSS and Excel: A Practical Comparison
Authors: Prvan Tania , Reid Anna , Petocz Peter
Published: March 2003

This article discusses three statistical laboratories – on descriptive statistics, statistical inference and regression – for introductory statistics courses. They are presented in Minitab, SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and Excel, three packages widely used in statistics education, and are available from the Web.
Assessment: New Ways of Pupil Evaluation Using Real Data
Authors: Holmes Peter
Published: March 2003

Typically, external assessment of school statistics concentrates on lower–level skills. This article discusses how use of the real data of CensusAtSchool makes it possible to devise questions and activities that assess deeper levels of understanding, as described in Bloom’s Taxonomy of Cognitive Learning.
“For Questioning is the Piety of Thought” But, Not Without Consequences in Technocratic Culture
Authors: Massanari Ronald L.
Published: March 2003

Using a representative anecdote, insights from Jürgen Habermas, Jacques Ellul, and Ivan Illich, and in the form of a collage, this paper advocates a pedagogy of questioning and explores some of the conflicts and consequences of adopting such a pedagogy in a technocratic culture, especially as related to conventional expectations for education framed by efficiency, practicality, and functionality.
Using the Wesleyan Quadrilateral to Teach Biblical Studies in Christian Liberal Arts Colleges
Authors: Cosby Michael R.
Published: March 2003

Biblical studies professors in Christian liberal arts colleges typically face greater hostility from students nurtured in fundamentalist churches than they do from those who attend mainline churches. Guiding them through their first academic study of the Bible poses many challenges. To avoid the course becoming a battlefield, and to facilitate integration on a higher level, the Wesleyan Quadrilateral provides a middle way between right‐wing and left‐wing extremes. This approach gives priority to the Bible as the primary source for determining theology and practice, but relies heavily on tradition, reason, and experience as well. It also promotes interaction with the spiritual, moral, and ethical concerns expressed in the biblical texts. To adopt the Quadrilateral involves active concern for character formation, inspiring students to become better people. If we merely dispense historical‐critical or literary information without considering contemporary relevance, we bore students and fail in our duties as educators.
Teaching Pilgrims to Walk
Authors: Webb‐Mitchell Brett
Published: March 2003

The creation and implementation of a Christian theological seminary course, “The Education of Christian Pilgrims,” in which the purpose was to prepare students to teach members of a church to be and become a consciously “pilgrim Church.” This article describes the genesis of the course, creating a syllabus, the actual pilgrimage undertaken by students and professor, and suggested modifications.
Practice Talks Back to Theory: A Critical Reflection on Teaching
Authors: Mahan Brian J.
Published: March 2003

The article is a reflection on what I perceive to be a confusion about the relation between theoretical judgments and judgments of pedagogical efficacy. My interest in the issue originated with my own confusion over persistent student resistance to certain assigned texts that I had initially felt confident would prove valuable in the classroom. The essay unfolds in three segments. In the first, I recount how this concern about the relation between theoretical judgments and judgments of pedagogical efficacy evolved out of my own teaching. I next list three tentative conclusions about the correlation or lack of correlation between theoretical judgments and judgments of pedagogical efficacy. In the concluding segment, I call for concerted resistance to the tendency of pure rationality to colonize the aesthetic and dramatic components of experience so essential to transformative teaching and learning.
Mining the Archive: Evaluating and Improving a Course
Authors: Chalmers John
Published: March 2003

This classroom note demonstrates that a course may be improved by paying specific attention to Elliot Eisner’s distinction between a course’s explicit, implicit and null criteria. In an attempt to ground and identify those notoriously slippery curricula, this paper appropriates French philosopher Michel Foucault’s concepts of practice, discourse and archival research. Having explored Foucault’s understanding of these concepts, the paper analyses the course Communication and Processes within Groups at two distinctive phases in its twenty–year history. The resulting excavation of the course’s implicit and null curricula twenty years apart shows that two different sets of facilitators teaching the same explicit curriculum to a very different student body, in vastly changed venues, are working out of two different understandings of what competence in the practice of ministry entails, two very different ministerial education discourses. This paper demonstrates that with students’ questions, a teacher’s intentional probing and Foucault’s framework in hand, it is possible to access and articulate a course’s hidden curricula. In such ways, the practice of mining the archive offers an imaginative way of both evaluating and improving a course that has been taught for many years.
Politics And Gastropolitics: Gender And The Power Of Food In Two African Pastoralist Societies
Authors: Holtzman Jon
Published: March 2003

Male‐centred aspects of political behaviour have generally remained the explanatory and interpretive focuses in analyses of the social organization of African pastoralists. While recent work on African pastoralists has shed increasing light on the lives of women, I argue that key assumptions underlying anthropological models of male dominance in these societies have been insufficiently challenged. Drawing on recent approaches in gender and social organization that highlight the mutual constitution of domestic and political domains, I examine comparative material from two well‐known pastoralist societies: the Samburu of northern Kenya and the Nuer of southern Sudan. In doing so, I suggest strong linkages between male‐dominated ‘political spheres’ and areas of domestic life in which the role of women is more significant – particularly processes of domestic food distribution. In re‐examining central facets of Samburu politics – which are best known through Paul Spencer’s seminal analysis of the gerontocratic aspects of Samburu political life – I suggest that the status and identities of Samburu men are in fundamental ways defined through their relationship to women as providers of food within Samburu households. Comparative material from the Nuer suggests, additionally, the strategic use of food by women in influencing male ‘political spheres’. In comparing these cases, I suggest a more general model through which domestic processes of food allocation as realms of female‐centred social action may be seen to play a central role in the forms and processes of pastoral ‘political’ life.
Kesum‐body and the places of the gods: the politics of children’s masking and second‐world realities in OKU (cameroon)
Authors: Argenti Nicolas
Published: March 2003

As emerging nation‐states in sub‐Saharan Africa engender warfare and rapid socio‐political change that increasingly affect children, this article examines the ways in which child masking may represent a means for children in Oku, a kingdom in the Cameroon Grassfields, to incorporate references to exogenous forms of modernist violence in their fantasy‐play. The means by which children overcome their fear of adult masks and the forest spirits they represent by becoming maskers themselves is first examined. Two new children’s masquerades, one representing a white man and the other referring to the SDF opposition political party, then serve as a focus to illustrate how children now extend their use of masking to incorporate the exogenous forces of the state, transforming the fragmentation of social ties and local cosmologies these forces threaten into new trans‐local models of social cohesion.
Kinship, Cultural Preference and Immigration: Consanguineous Marriage Among British Pakistanis
Authors: Shaw Alison
Published: March 2003

This article offers an analysis and interpretation of a high rate of marriage to relatives, especially first cousins, in a sample of second‐generation British Pakistanis. It argues that the high rate of such marriage is not a simple reflection of a cultural preference. A better explanation requires an analysis of the factors that influence the decisions and choices of the marriage arrangers in the particular context of Pakistani migration to Britain. The article also underlines the inadequacy of a blanket category ‘Pakistani’ in relation to marriage patterns and choices. Variation according to region of origin, caste, socio‐economic status, and upbringing must be brought into focus to reveal the processes that have generated the pattern, and to offer clues to its likely persistence.
On the Generification of Culture: From Blow Fish to Melanesian
Authors: Gewertz Frederick Errington & Deborah
Published: March 2003

We extend Wilk’s discussion of how more powerful people can set the dimensions of common understanding through which socio‐cultural groups communicate and contest. Focusing on one group in pluralistic Papua New Guinea, we demonstrate that, in setting these dimensions, representatives of the state and emissaries of global capitalism have been gaining control over culturally specific forms of knowledge. Through analysis of three events, we show that the Chambri have been losing control over their local knowledge as it has been rendered understandable to others. In effect, becoming understandable –‘legible’, in Scott’s apt phrase – has entailed ‘cultural generification’ such that the cultural particular either has become translated into the cultural general or into a general example of the cultural particular. In either case, through such generification, local knowledge and knowledge‐makers have become not only comprehensible to, but also controllable by, outsiders.
Why People Don’t Die ‘Naturally’ any More: Changing Relations Between ‘The Individual’ and ‘The State’ in Post‐Socialist Bulgaria
Authors: Kaneff Deema
Published: March 2003

This article explores the theme of death as a means of illuminating the changing relationship between ‘the individual’ and ‘the state’ in the context of post‐socialist Bulgaria. Previous research carried out on rituals and socialist society indicates a close connection between state ideology and the socially constructed ‘natural’ order – an order partly reproduced through engagement in state‐sponsored life‐cycle rituals, such as funerals. By focusing on the way in which funerals are presently carried out, and more specifically on the way in which villagers talk about death, I suggest that new discourse reveals important changes: a reordering of the relationship between ‘the individual’ and the socially constructed ‘natural’ order. The state is no longer such a strong mediating force in this relationship. Post‐socialist reform, therefore, involves more than ‘just’ political and economic change; it represents a more general breakdown in the total set of relations that constituted the socialist world.
Drum and voice: aesthetics and social process on the Rai Coast of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Leach James
Published: March 2003

Reite people on the Rai Coast of Papua New Guinea describe a large ceremonial drum (a garamut) as a man. In its construction, a garamut is the focus of a process which brings forth a form of social relations, as well as the object itself. I ask, ‘What language might we use to describe such a creation?’. In recent discussions of art, the concepts of aesthetics and technology have been central. Drawing briefly on this literature, I approach an ethnographic description of garamut construction as revealing the particular way in which Reite people generate their social world. The construction is based upon mythic knowledge. This shapes the mode in which persons as gendered agents, and with particular identities, are made to appear. A specific ‘aesthetic’ scheme is thus apparent. The emergence of the garamut cannot be seen as the end of the process. The object has effect within and upon the relations given form by its emergence. Formation is ongoing, with becoming built in.
Financial and Business Services and Uneven Economic Development: Some Welsh Evidence
Authors: Bristow Gillian , Gripaios Peter , Munday Max
Published: March 2003

The economic and policy implications of uneven development in financial and business services are illustrated with reference to Wales, a region that has experienced slow growth in the sector, and an under‐representation in the high value‐adding activities of the sector.
The Geography of Organic Farming in England and Wales in the 1990s
Authors: Ilbery Brian , Holloway Lewis , Arber Ruth
Published: March 2003

Little research has been conducted on the changing geographical distribution of organic farming in England and Wales in the 1990s. Using officially published secondary data, this paper examines the changing patterns of organic farming between 1993 and 1997, based on the number of organic farms, the area devoted to organic farming, the number of exits from and conversions to organic farming, and specific organic enterprises. The analysis indicates a process of spatial rationalisation, in which organic farming is becoming increasingly concentrated in a core area in Central‐Southern England. Further, more detailed work is required, of both an empirical and conceptual nature, before a full explanation of such patterns can be given.
Towards a relational view on industrial location theory
Authors: Witlox Frank
Published: March 2003

In this paper a relational view on industrial location theory is put forward. Such an approach implies that site selection and suitability should be defined and modelled as a matching problem. It involves taking into account the links between the spatial production requirements of an economic activity and the characteristics of a potential production environment. Apart from introducing various model building requirements, an adequate relational matching formalism is advanced. In this respect, use is made of the decision table approach.
Residential real estae transfers in Pietermaritzburg‐Msunduzi, South Africa
Authors: Wood Les
Published: March 2003

Transfers of residential property between white, Indian, black and institutional buyers and sellers in Pietermaritzburg‐Msunduzi over a four‐month period in 1997 give a picture of changes in real estate ownership in a post‐apartheid South African city. Data shows a shift of ownership from white to other groups, with the size of the shift varying between suburbs and housing sub‐markets. Apart from the city centre and one suburb bordering the major area of peripheral black townships, there has been only limited penetration of the formal real estate market by blacks. Similarly and again with the exception of the city centre, the data suggests only limited buying in formerly white‐only areas by people of Indian origin. To 1997, informal housing within the old borough was largely restricted to the sections of the city formerly reserved for Indian and coloured people.
Africa Unbound: Redemption and Representation in the New South African Travelogue
Authors: Crush Jonathan
Published: March 2003

South Africa’s new relationship with the rest of Africa has afforded South Africans novel opportunities for ‘exploration’ of the continent. A stream of travel writing by South Africans has begun to emerge. This paper examines the genealogy of the new South African travelogue and situates it within a longstanding colonial and post‐colonial tradition of travel writing. The ideas and images of Africa that emerge are critically examined. The central question in this paper is whether the ‘new explorers’ are in any meaningful sense able to transcend the tropes and traditions of the colonial past.