bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generalized focus intervention
Authors: Law Jess , Li Haoze
Published: June 2015

In a recent article, Li & Law (to appear) argue that focus intervention is a manifestation of inappropriate quantificational domains of focus-sensitive operators, resulting from the interaction of focus alternatives and ordinary alternatives. Their theory predicts that expressions introducing ordinary alternatives should all be subject to focus intervention, just as interrogative wh-phrases do. This paper bears out the prediction with non-interrogative wh-phrases and disjunctive phrases.
Plural indefinite articles: the case of unos and des
Authors: Le Bruyn Bert , Pozas-Loyo Julia
Published: June 2015

Plurality typically comes in two flavors: an inclusive and an exclusive one. We exploit these different plurality ‘flavors’ to argue that there are two types of plural indefinite articles, each with their own characteristics with respect to ‘blocking’ and aspect. We argue that French des instantiates the ‘inclusive’ plural indefinite article and Spanish unos the ‘exclusive’ plural indefinite article.
Unlikely Imperfectives
Authors: Grinsell Timothy W.
Published: June 2015

The event-in-progress reading of the English incremental-theme progressive (Elena is drawing a circle) displays vagueness effects, especially when the culmination of the event denoted by the progressive is  unlikely. This paper explains these unexpected vagueness effects by adopting a modal theory of the progressive and a gradable theory of modality. It is then possible to explain vagueness effects in the progressive as a result of the same semantic phenomena that generate vagueness effects in gradable adjectives like healthy.
Bootstrapping attitudes
Authors: Hacquard Valentine
Published: June 2015

This paper explores two classic problems at the semantics-pragmatics interface from a learner’s perspective. First, the meaning that speakers convey often goes beyond the literal meaning of the sentences they utter. Second, not all content encoded in utterances has equal standing: some is foregrounded, some backgrounded. Yet a sentence does not formally distinguish what a speaker asserts from what she presupposes or merely implicates. For this reason, the child acquiring a language has a daunting task. She must both extract the literal meaning from the overall message, and separate the background assumptions that are linguistically required from those that are incidental. This paper discusses the ways in which the syntax might guide the child with this daunting task, through a few case studies on children’s acquisition of attitude verbs.
Processing of ACD gives no evidence for QR
Authors: Jacobson Pauline , Gibson Edward
Published: June 2015

Hackl, Koster-Hale and Varvoutis (2012) argue for the existence of QR on the basis of the processing of ACD. But they failed to include a crucial control, and once included, one can show that the effect they demonstrate has nothing to do with QR but comes instead from a pressure to insert word like also or same where the reported events are 'the same'. We further show that the asymmetry between every and the is due to the fact that use of every in the relevant cases makes it easier to establish a causal connection between the events, removing the pressure to insert also or same. Finally we show that - for their 'Large Ellipsis' condition in their Experiment 2 -  their hypothesis does not account for their reported data (at least not without additional assumptions), but ours does.
A new metalinguistic degree morpheme
Authors: Bochnak Ryan , Csipak Eva
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we discuss and analyze ...ish/-ish in three of its uses: as a modifier of gradable adjectives; as a clause-final particle that hedges on a speaker’s degree of commitment to a proposition; and as a general precision-regulator. In each case, -ish/. . . ish makes reference to a degree that is slightly less than the standard for the constituent it applies to. We propose that proposition-modifying . . . ish belongs to the class of metalinguistic degree morphology alongside metalinguistic comparisons, which have received recent attention in the literature (e.g., Giannakidou & Yoon 2011; Morzycki 2011). We argue for a unified analysis of ...ish/-ish as a degree modifier, where the relevant degree variable can be provided lexically, or through a type-shifting operation that makes available a degree of precision in the sense of Morzycki (2011). This study has implications for research on the semantics of metalinguistic degree morphology, imprecision, speaker-oriented phenomena, and the role of subjectification in semantic change. 
Preface by the organizers
Authors: Champollion Lucas , Szabolcsi Anna
Published: June 2015

The papers collected in this online volume were presented at the 24th Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory, North America’s foremost conference devoted to natural language semantics with relevance to linguistic theory. SALT 24 was hosted at New York University from May 30th to June 1st, 2014.

The four invited speakers were Emmanuel Chemla (ENS), Valentine Hacquard (Maryland), Lauri Karttunen (Stanford), and Sarah Moss (Michigan).

The conference featured 14 talks and 24 posters. They were selected from 246 submissions, based on 955 reviews by 187 reviewer colleagues, by the program committee, consisting of Chris Barker, Lucas Champollion, Simon Charlow, Salvador Mascarenhas, Philippe Schlenker, and Anna Szabolcsi.

Not all presenters have submitted papers to this volume. For the full program, with abstracts, slides, handouts, and posters for download, see nyu.edu/salt2014.

115 people registered for the conference, and audiences over the three days held steady at just under 100. We gratefully thank our graduate students, department chairs Chris Barker and Alec Marantz, and Deans Michael Laver and Thomas J. Carew for their help, which made this conference possible.

The lead editor for this volume is Todd Snider, and his fellow editors at the Cornell Linguistics Circle are Sarah D’Antonio and Mia Wiegand.

Starting with this year, the SALT proceedings are no longer using eLanguage to host them and are moving to a differently branded server based on Open Journal Systems. As was the case for previous proceedings, this volume is released online for free. Both platforms are hosted by the Linguistic Society of America, whose support we gratefully acknowledge.

 

Lucas Champollion and Anna Szabolcsi

for the organizing team
On the Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Syntactic Trees
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
The Said and the Unsaid
Authors: Horn Laurence R.
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
The Semantics of Number in Arabic
Authors: Ojeda Almerindo E.
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Two Kinds of Indexicality
Authors: Nunberg Geoffrey
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Weak Islands, Individuals, and Scope
Authors: Szabolcsi Anna
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
A Presuppositional Account of Proportional Ambiguity
Authors: Barker Chris
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Lexical Distributivity and Implicit Arguments
Authors: Lasersohn Peter
Published: June 2015

Popular assumptions about distributive predicates and implicit arguments interact to predict incorrect truth conditions for sentences in which a predi­cate takes both an implicit argument and an overt distributive argument. This paper argues that the conflict provides evidence for a particular approach to argument structure and in particular to the semantics of implicit arguments: namely, a "neo-Davidsonian" approach, in which thematic roles are analyzed as relations between events and individuals, and existentially interpreted implicit arguments do not appear in the syntax or in logical representation at all. The effect of implicit arguments is produced through the use of meaning postulates guaranteeing that any atomic event of a given type must bear the appropriate thematic relation to some individual.
On the Distribution and Interpretation of Subjects and their Numeral Classifiers
Authors: Kawashima Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Tools Deepening Cross Cultural Collaboration and Leadership
Authors: Erbe Nancy D. , Singh Swaranjit
Published: June 2015

The authors have led cross cultural collaboration in their organizations for twenty two and thirty years respectively. They have also been in a cross cultural partnership for the last decade. In this chapter they share the practices, attitudes and insights earned over years of cross cultural collaboration with an emphasis on professional reflective practice, or evaluation of impact, and tools and skills from the interdisciplinary field of negotiation, conflict resolution and peace building. Based on their experience, particularly author Erbe's work with those from an estimated eighty countries, they advocate these practices for all cross cultural collaboration and leadership in modern organizations. Rather than introduce relevant literature and research separately from pragmatic tools, the chapter integrates scholarship to help explain skills and empower readers to immediately begin practicing what is advocated here.
Coordinating Meaning and Joint Identity
Authors: Peleg Samuel
Published: June 2015

This chapter is based on an ongoing research of intercultural relationships in a mixed Jewish-Arab town in Israel. The goal of the project is to establish patterns of constructive communication between the two groups, using the methods and models of Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) practical theory (Pearce, 1997) to promote the viability and sustainability of the community. Our case-study depicts Jews and Arabs in the human organization called the town of Ramla, where two cultural communities are divided along several reinforcing rifts including ethnic, religious, lingual and cultural (Horowitz & Lissak, 1989). These dissimilar backgrounds generate psychological, emotional and communicational difficulties, which encumber coexistence and impairs prosperity for the town's 62,000 residents. The keys to grapple with such challenges are prudent and inspiring leadership and effective cross-cultural collaboration. These two goals—finding adept leaders and establishing cross-cultural cooperation--are primary in the strategic intervention in the divided society of Ramla.
Culturally Responsive Educational Leadership in Cross-Cultural International Contexts
Authors: Santamaría Lorri J.
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides a model for thinking about educational leadership responsive to dynamic multicultural and global societies. Leadership conditions and behaviours associated with the author's experiences in five cross-cultural international research projects across 6 countries (United States, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, and Canada) are presented as a comparative case-study. A definition for culturally responsive educational leadership is proposed with examples of circumstances under which this type of leadership might occur. This contribution is framed by empirical findings and characteristics identified in previous research. Current findings suggest leadership in cross-cultural international contexts is culturally responsive when grounded in (1) the kaupapa or ethos of participating cultures; (2) shared and distributed power; (3) the collective being more highly regarded than the individual; (4) collective knowledge generation based on strengths individual members bring to ‘the table;' (5) reciprocity; and (6) a prevailing spirit of pro-activism.
Diversity and the Need for Cross-Cultural Leadership and Collaboration
Authors: Roth Kenneth R. , Ritter Zachary S.
Published: June 2015

This chapter identifies current issues and methods for enhancing organizational climate by and through practices that embrace, promote and accommodate diversity and cross-cultural collaboration. We identify ongoing areas of insensitivity and focus on practices that individuals and organizations need to develop in order to accommodate diversity, and to cultivate cross-cultural collaboration and leadership development. Future leaders must possess skills that are just and respectful of increasing difference in organizations. We believe higher education is the logical site for developing these skills and practices but before we can fully enjoy the benefits of diverse organizations and communities, we must develop and practice these skills at colleges and universities – organizations whose ongoing social relevance may very well depend on their efforts and abilities to prepare culturally-competent graduates for work in the globalizing workplace.
Creating a Framework to Analyse the Perception of Selfhood in Artistic Practice within Second Life
Authors: Wardle Pete
Published: June 2015

This chapter draws upon existing identity theories to create a framework with which to examine the expression of self via avatars within Second Life. The framework is then applied to the practice of a number of artists working with themes relating to identity using avatars within Second Life, by drawing upon the author's own experience of these works and the artists comments taken from their writings and from discussions and correspondence with them, to examine the role their work plays in changing our understanding of the way that identity is expressed and perceived within virtual worlds.
Found Objects, Bought Selves
Authors: Heller Lynne
Published: June 2015

This chapter traces a process of creating using found object collage, through collecting/consuming practices and finally to the notion of the bought self, avatar representation through consumerist artistic practice in Second Life (SL) the online, user generated, virtual environment. Positioning collage as a reinvigorated current in art, the text couples this mode of making with shopping as found object. Collaboration is inherent in an online virtual world, where programmers, designers and other content providers determine the parameters of what is possible. Found object/shopping is a synergistic fit with the nature of predetermined boundaries coupled with late-stage capitalism. This mode of self-making encourages the idea of buying identification through the construction of an avatar. Through a review of the practices of the Situationists, an aesthetic turn in political tactics is revealed through contemporary art making. The text uses the author's own virtual/material practice as a case study for the theories explored.
SL-Bots
Authors: Turner Jeremy Owen , Nixon Michael , Bizzocchi Jim
Published: June 2015

This chapter explores the history, state-of-the art, and interactive aesthetic potential of “SL-Bots”. SL-Bots are avatars (i.e. “agents”) that are designed and controlled using Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Second Life. Many of these SL-Bots were originally created in Second Life for purposes such as: rudimentary chatinventory management and copying, asset curation, embodied customer service, generic responsive environments, scripted objects, or as proxy-audience members (aka “campers”). However, virtual performance and installation artists – including two of the chapter's authors [ca. 2011-present] - have created their own SL-Bots for aesthetic purposes. This chapter suggests ways in which SL-Bots are gradually being extended beyond their conventional applications as avatar-placeholders. This book chapter concludes with the speculation that future virtual agents (including next generation SL-Bots) might one day transcend their teleological aesthetic purpose as mere automated-objects by evolving into more complex autonomous aesthetic personas.
The Environmental and Technological Factors of Multitasking
Authors: Lin Lin , Lipsmeyer Bill
Published: June 2015

Research on multitasking, that is, conducting two or more tasks simultaneously or switching quickly between two or more tasks, has focused mostly on a human's capacity to do so inside their brain. However, our daily life experience indicates that our ability to multitask is not only dependent on our brain capacity, but is also related to other factors such as our environments and available resources. Different individuals may have different abilities to multitask due to their expertise, situational awareness, or ability to plan ahead. This chapter discusses the environmental and technological factors of multitasking based on a prior study. The goal is to expand interdisciplinary dialogues and research methodologies to better understand this prevalent phenomenon in our society.
A Reference Application Architecture for the CRM Domain
Authors: Cruz André , Vasconcelos André
Published: June 2015

This paper presents the definition of a Reference Application Architecture for the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) domain. The definition of the Reference Application Architecture is done by extracting best practices from five CRM commercial solutions: SugarCRM, Microsoft Dynamics CRM, Sage CRM, Oracle Siebel CRM and Salesforce CRM. The CRM Reference Architecture was developed considering the shared functionalities and information entities among these commercial solutions. In the Reference Architecture the authors identify six modules in the CRM system and five systems, which interact with the CRM system. The six CRM modules are: Account module, Sales module, Marketing module, Service module, Scheduler Module and Administration module. The five interacting systems are: Portal, Contact Center, Document and Knowledge Base Management system, Workflow system and Reporting and Analytics system. Then the authors apply the defined architecture in a case study from the Portuguese Public Administration, the Citizen Spaces provided by the Agency for the Administrative Modernization. The authors compare the current state of the Citizen Spaces with a possible architecture reached through the Reference Architecture, and assess the benefits and pitfalls of the purposed architecture.
Document Clustering Using an Ontology-Based Vector Space Model
Authors: Costa Ruben , Lima Celson
Published: June 2015

This paper introduces a novel conceptual framework to support the creation of knowledge representations based on enriched Semantic Vectors, using the classical vector space model approach extended with ontological support. One of the primary research challenges addressed here relates to the process of formalization and representation of document contents, where most existing approaches are limited and only take into account the explicit, word-based information in the document. This research explores how traditional knowledge representations can be enriched through incorporation of implicit information derived from the complex relationships (semantic associations) modelled by domain ontologies with the addition of information presented in documents. The relevant achievements pursued by this work are the following: (i) conceptualization of a model that enables the semantic enrichment of knowledge sources supported by domain experts; and (ii) implementation of a proof-of-concept, named SENSE (Semantic Enrichment knowledge Sources).
Fast Selective Encryption Methods for Bitmap Images
Authors: Qiu Han , Memmi Gerard
Published: June 2015

The authors are interested in image protection within resource environments offered by commodity computers such as desktops, laptops, tablets, or even smartphones. Additionally, the authors have in mind use cases where a large amount images are to be protected. Traditional encryption is not fast enough for such environments and such use cases. The authors derived a new solution by parallelizing selective encryption and using available GPU (Graphic Process Unit) acceleration. Progress obtained in terms of performance allows considering selective encryption as a general purpose solution for the use cases considered. After presenting related works, a ‘first level' of protection is described and a new ‘strong level' of protection method is introduced. Different architecture designs and implementation choices are extensively discussed, considering various criteria: performance indeed, but also image reconstruction quality and quality of data protection.
The Mammalian Sterile 20–like 1 Kinase Controls Selective CCR7-Dependent Functions in Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Torres-Bacete Jesús , Delgado-Martín Cristina , Gómez-Moreira Carolina , Simizu Siro , Rodríguez-Fernández José Luis
Published: June 2015

The chemokine receptor CCR7 directs mature dendritic cells (mDCs) to the lymph nodes where these cells control the initiation of the immune response. CCR7 regulates chemotaxis, endocytosis, survival, migratory speed, and cytoarchitecture in mDCs. The molecular mechanisms used by CCR7 to regulate these functions in mDCs are not completely understood. The mammalian sterile 20–like 1 kinase (Mst1) plays a proapoptotic role under stress conditions; however, recently, it has been shown that Mst1 can also control homeostatic cell functions under normal conditions. In this study, we show that stimulation of CCR7 in mDCs induces Gαi-dependent activation of Mst1, suggesting the involvement of this kinase in the control of CCR7-dependent functions. Analysis of the mDCs in which Mst1 expression levels were reduced with small interfering RNA shows that this kinase mediates CCR7-dependent effects on cytoarchitecture, endocytosis and migratory speed but not on chemotaxis or survival. In line with these results, biochemical analysis indicates that Mst1 does not control key signaling regulators of CCR7-dependent chemotaxis or survival. In contrast, Mst1 regulates downstream of CCR7 and, of note, independently of Gα13, the RhoA pathway. Reduction of Mst1 inhibits CCR7-dependent phosphorylation of downstream targets of RhoA, including cofilin, myosin L chain, and myosin L chain phosphatase. Consistent with the role of the latter molecules as modulators of the actin cytoskeleton, mDCs with reduced Mst1 also displayed a dramatic reduction in actin barbed-end formation that could not be recovered by stimulating CCR7. The results indicate that the kinase Mst1 controls selective CCR7-dependent functions in human mDCs.
Primary Central Nervous System (CNS) Lymphoma B Cell Receptors Recognize CNS Proteins
Authors: Montesinos-Rongen Manuel , Purschke Frauke G. , Brunn Anna , May Caroline , Nordhoff Eckhard , Marcus Katrin , Deckert Martina
Published: June 2015

Primary lymphoma of the CNS (PCNSL) is a diffuse large B cell lymphoma confined to the CNS. To elucidate its peculiar organ tropism, we generated recombinant Abs (recAbs) identical to the BCR of 23 PCNSLs from immunocompetent patients. Although none of the recAbs showed self-reactivity upon testing with common autoantigens, they recognized 1547 proteins present on a large-scale protein microarray, indicating polyreactivity. Interestingly, proteins (GRINL1A, centaurin-α, BAIAP2) recognized by the recAbs are physiologically expressed by CNS neurons. Furthermore, 87% (20/23) of the recAbs, including all Abs derived from IGHV4-34 using PCNSL, recognized galectin-3, which was upregulated on microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, and cerebral endothelial cells upon CNS invasion by PCNSL. Thus, PCNSL Ig may recognize CNS proteins as self-Ags. Their interaction may contribute to BCR signaling with sustained NF-κB activation and, ultimately, may foster tumor cell proliferation and survival. These data may also explain, at least in part, the affinity of PCNSL cells for the CNS.
CD4 T Cell Depletion Substantially Augments the Rescue Potential of PD-L1 Blockade for Deeply Exhausted CD8 T Cells
Authors: Penaloza-MacMaster Pablo , Provine Nicholas M. , Blass Eryn , Barouch Dan H.
Published: June 2015

In various models of chronic infections and cancers, blockade of the inhibitory programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway has been shown to be promising at restoring immune function. However, there is not a complete understanding of the factors that influence responsiveness to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade. In particular, it is currently unclear whether the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade is dependent on the stage of disease. In a model of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice, we show that exhausted CD8 T cells during the late stage of infection are refractory to rescue by PD-L1 blockade. Interestingly, PD-L1 blockade during the late stage of infection resulted in a biased expansion of PD-1+ CTLA-4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) over antiviral CD8 T cells. Although previous studies have shown that Treg ablation can enhance the immune rescue by PD-L1 blockade, this regimen may induce lethal autoimmunity. In this report, we show that PD-L1 blockade together with CD4 T cell depletion effectively rescued deeply exhausted CD8 T cells and enhanced antiviral control during the late stage of chronic infection without any associated mortality. These data demonstrate the pleiotropic effects of anti–PD-L1 therapy on both virus-specific CD8 T cells and Tregs, and suggest a novel strategy for effectively rescuing deeply exhausted CD8 T cells.
IL-10 Production in Macrophages Is Regulated by a TLR-Driven CREB-Mediated Mechanism That Is Linked to Genes Involved in Cell Metabolism
Authors: Sanin David E. , Prendergast Catriona T. , Mountford Adrian P.
Published: June 2015

IL-10 is produced by macrophages in diverse immune settings and is critical in limiting immune-mediated pathology. In helminth infections, macrophages are an important source of IL-10; however, the molecular mechanism underpinning production of IL-10 by these cells is poorly characterized. In this study, bone marrow–derived macrophages exposed to excretory/secretory products released by Schistosoma mansoni cercariae rapidly produce IL-10 as a result of MyD88-mediated activation of MEK/ERK/RSK and p38. The phosphorylation of these kinases was triggered by TLR2 and TLR4 and converged on activation of the transcription factor CREB. Following phosphorylation, CREB is recruited to a novel regulatory element in the Il10 promoter and is also responsible for regulating a network of genes involved in metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, skin-resident tissue macrophages, which encounter S. mansoni excretory/secretory products during infection, are the first monocytes to produce IL-10 in vivo early postinfection with S. mansoni cercariae. The early and rapid release of IL-10 by these cells has the potential to condition the dermal microenvironment encountered by immune cells recruited to this infection site, and we propose a mechanism by which CREB regulates the production of IL-10 by macrophages in the skin, but also has a major effect on their metabolic state.
Human Mesenchymal Stem (Stromal) Cells Promote the Resolution of Acute Lung Injury in Part through Lipoxin A4
Authors: Fang Xiaohui , Abbott Jason , Cheng Linda , Colby Jennifer K. , Lee Jae Woo , Levy Bruce D. , Matthay Michael A.
Published: June 2015

Previous studies demonstrated that bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) reduce the severity of acute lung injury in animal models and in an ex vivo perfused human lung model. However, the mechanisms by which MSCs reduce lung injury are not well understood. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that human MSCs promote the resolution of acute lung injury in part through the effects of a specialized proresolving mediator lipoxin A4 (LXA4). Human alveolar epithelial type II cells and MSCs expressed biosynthetic enzymes and receptors for LXA4. Coculture of human MSCs with alveolar epithelial type II cells in the presence of cytomix significantly increased the production of LXA4 by 117%. The adoptive transfer of MSCs after the onset of LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice led to improved survival (48 h), and blocking the LXA4 receptor with WRW4, a LXA4 receptor antagonist, significantly reversed the protective effect of MSCs on both survival and the accumulation of pulmonary edema. LXA4 alone improved survival in mice, and it also significantly decreased the production of TNF-α and MIP-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In summary, these experiments demonstrated two novel findings: human MSCs promote the resolution of lung injury in mice in part through the proresolving lipid mediator LXA4, and LXA4 itself should be considered as a therapeutic for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Control of Viremia Enables Acquisition of Resting Memory B Cells with Age and Normalization of Activated B Cell Phenotypes in HIV-Infected Children
Authors: Muema Daniel M. , Macharia Gladys N. , Hassan Amin S. , Mwaringa Shalton M. , Fegan Greg W. , Berkley James A. , Nduati Eunice W. , Urban Britta C.
Published: June 2015

HIV affects the function of all lymphocyte populations, including B cells. Phenotypic and functional defects of B cells in HIV-infected adults have been well characterized, but defects in children have not been studied to the same extent. We determined the proportion of B cell subsets and frequencies of Ag-specific memory B cells in peripheral blood from HIV-infected children and healthy controls, using flow cytometry and B cell ELISPOT, respectively. In addition, we measured the quantities and avidities of plasma Abs against various Ags by ELISA. We also determined plasma levels of BAFF and expression of BAFF receptors on B cells. Children with high HIV viremia had increased proportions of activated mature B cells, tissue-like memory B cells and plasmablasts, and low proportions of naive B cells when compared with community controls and children with low HIV viremia, similar to adults infected with HIV. HIV-infected groups had lower proportions of resting memory B cells than did community controls. Notably, high HIV viremia prevented the age-dependent accumulation of class-switched resting memory B cells. HIV-infected children, regardless of the level of viremia, showed lower quantities and avidities of IgG and lower frequencies of memory B cells against Expanded Program on Immunization vaccines. The HIV-infected children had an altered BAFF profile that could have affected their B cell compartment. Therefore, B cell defects in HIV-infected children are similar to those seen in HIV-infected adults. However, control of HIV viremia is associated with normalization of activated B cell subsets and allows age-dependent accumulation of resting memory B cells.
Obstructive Uropathy Secondary to Uretero-inguinal Hernia
Authors: Hong Lih En , Tan Chrismin , Li Jordan
Published: June 2015

Uretero-inguinal hernia in patients with native kidneys is rare. We report a case of an 84-year-old man who was diagnosed with obstructive uropathy secondary to uretero-inguinal hernia, with no past history of herniorrhaphy or congenital genitourinary malformation. Uretero-inguinal hernias are predominantly indirect inguinal hernias and may be paraperitoneal or extraperitoneal. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive diagnostic tool for uretero-inguinal hernia. Herniorrhaphy is indicated in all cases of uretero-inguinal hernia to prevent obstructive uropathy.
Hydrogen peroxide in the marine boundary layer over the South Atlantic during the OOMPH cruise in March 2007
Authors: Fischer H. , Pozzer A. , Schmitt T. , Jöckel P. , Klippel T. , Taraborrelli D. , Lelieveld J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In the OOMPH (Ocean Organics Modifying Particles in both Hemispheres) project a ship measurement cruise took place in the late austral summer from 01 to 23 March 2007. The French research vessel Marion Dufresne sailed from Punta Arenas, Chile (70.85° W, 53.12° S), to Réunion island (55.36° E, 21.06° S) across the South Atlantic Ocean. In situ measurements of hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide and ozone were performed and are compared to simulations with the atmospheric chemistry global circulation model EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry). The model generally reproduces the measured trace gas levels, but it underestimates hydrogen peroxide mixing ratios at high wind speeds, indicating too-strong dry deposition to the ocean surface. An interesting feature during the cruise is a strong increase of hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide and ozone shortly after midnight off the west coast of Africa due to an increase in the boundary layer height, leading to downward transport from the free troposphere, which is qualitatively reproduced by the model.
Effects of eustatic sea-level change, ocean dynamics, and iron fertilization on atmospheric pCO2 and seawater composition over the last 130 000 years
Authors: Wallmann K. , Schneider B. , Sarnthein M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We developed and employed an earth system model to explore the forcings of atmospheric pCO2 change and the chemical and isotopic evolution of seawater over the last glacial cycle. Concentrations of dissolved phosphorus, reactive nitrogen, molecular oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), 13C-DIC and 14C-DIC were calculated for 24 ocean boxes. The bi-directional water fluxes between these model boxes were derived from a 3-D circulation field of the modern ocean (Opa 8.2, NEMO) and tuned such that tracer distributions calculated by the box model were consistent with observational data from the modern ocean. To model the last 130 kyr, we employed records of past changes in sea-level, ocean circulation, and dust deposition. According to the model, about half of the glacial pCO2 drawdown may be attributed to marine regressions. The glacial sea-level low-stands implied steepened ocean margins, a reduced burial of particulate organic carbon, phosphorus, and neritic carbonate at the margin seafloor, a decline in benthic denitrification, and enhanced weathering of emerged shelf sediments. In turn, they led to a distinct rise in the standing stocks of DIC, TA, and nutrients in the global ocean, promoted the glacial sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in the ocean, and added 13C- and 14C-depleted DIC to the ocean as recorded in benthic foraminifera signals. The other half of the glacial drop in pCO2 was linked to reduced deep ocean dynamics, a shoaling of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, and a rise in iron fertilization. The increased transit time of deep waters in the glacial ocean led to significant 14C depletions with respect to the atmosphere. The deglacial rapid and stepwise rise in atmospheric pCO2 was induced by upwelling both in the Southern Ocean and subarctic North Pacific and promoted by a drop in dust-borne iron discharge to the Southern Ocean. The deglacial sea-level rise led to a gradual decline in nutrient, DIC, and TA stocks, a slow change due to the large size and extended residence times of dissolved chemical species in the ocean. Thus, the rapid deglacial rise in pCO2 was dominated by fast changes in ocean dynamics and reduced dust deposition whereas the gradual pCO2 rise over the Holocene may be linked to the slow drop in nutrient and TA stocks that continued to promote an ongoing CO2 transfer from the ocean into the atmosphere.
Hydrologic analysis of a flood based on a new Digital Elevation Model
Authors: Nishio M. , Mori M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. These The present study aims to simulate the hydrologic processes of a flood, based on a new, highly accurate Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The DEM is provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) of Japan, and has a spatial resolution of five meters. It was generated by the new National Project in 2012. The Hydrologic Engineering Center - Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) is used to simulate the hydrologic process of a flood of the Onga River in Iizuka City, Japan. A large flood event in the typhoon season in 2003 caused serious damage around the Iizuka City area. Precise records of rainfall data from the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS) were input into the HEC-HMS. The estimated flood area of the simulation results by HEC-HMS was identical to the observed flood area. A watershed aggregation map is also generated by HEC-HMS around the Onga River.
Multipolarimetric SAR image change detection based on multiscale feature-level fusion
Authors: Sun X. , Zhang J. , Zhai L.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Many methodologies of change detection have been discussed in the literature, but most of them are tested on only optical images or traditional synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images. Few studies have investigated multipolarimetric SAR image change detection. In this study, we presented a type of multipolarimetric SAR image change detection approach based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform and multiscale feature-level fusion techniques. In this approach, Instead of denoising an image in advance, the nonsubsampled contourlet transform multiscale decomposition was used to reduce the effect of speckle noise by processing only the low-frequency sub-band coefficients of the decomposed image, and the multiscale feature-level fusion technique was employed to integrate the rich information obtained from various polarization images. Because SAR image information is dependent on scale, a multiscale multipolarimetric feature-level fusion strategy is introduced into the change detection to improve change detection precision; this feature-level fusion can not only achieve complementation of information with different polarizations and on different scales, but also has better robustness against noise. Compared with PCA methods, the proposed method constructs better differential images, resulting in higher change detection precision.
Research on dimension reduction method for hyperspectral remote sensing image based on global mixture coordination factor analysis
Authors: Wang S. , Wang C.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Over the past thirty years, the hyperspectral remote sensing technology is attracted more and more attentions by the researchers. The dimension reduction technology for hyperspectral remote sensing image data is one of the hotspots in current research of hyperspectral remote sensing. In order to solve the problems of nonlinearity, the high dimensions and the redundancy of the bands that exist in the hyperspectral data, this paper proposes a dimension reduction method for hyperspectral remote sensing image data based on the global mixture coordination factor analysis. In the first place, a linear low dimensional manifold is obtained from the nonlinear and high dimensional hyperspectral image data by mixture factor analysis method. In the second place, the parameters of linear low dimensional manifold are estimated by the EM algorithm of find a local maximum of the data log-likelihood. In the third place, the manifold is aligned to a global parameterization by the global coordinated factor analysis model and then the lowdimension image data of hyperspectral image data is obtained at last. Through the comparison of different dimensionality reduction method and different classification method for the low-dimensional data, the result illuminates the proposed method can retain maximum spectral information in hyperspectral image data and can eliminate the redundant among bands.
A Survey of Appliactions and Researches on Schema Matching between GIS Spatial Data
Authors: Wang Y.-H. , Zhang H.-B. , Xu J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. As a fundamental problem of data management and application technology, schema matching has aroused the universal concern of the academic circles worldwide in recent years. In order to deepen the understandings of schema matching between spatial data and to identify its uses, the documentation method is adopted in this paper to firstly summarize and describe the foundation position and guidance role of schema matching in some typical applications such as spatial data integration (including schema-level integration and instance-level integration), updating information propagation, semantic query and handling, web geo-service finding. Then, aiming to the manual performance limitations of schema matching task in most systems, the previous works on schema matching are discussed mainly from four aspects of matching implementation approaches, matching efficiency optimization, matching results representation and matching capability evaluation for designing an automated approach and system. The related theories, models, approaches, limitations and new trends of current researches on schema matching are respectively analyzed. The conclusion is drawn by these analyses that schema matching researches are still faced with many theoretical and technological problems, the matching between schemas of spatial data will be more difficult and severe, and thus needs further studies since they are more heterogeneous, vaster and complex in structure than schemas of common data.
Research Status and Development Trend of Remote Sensing in China Using Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Zeng Y. , Zhang J. , Niu R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Remote sensing was introduced into China in 1970s and then began to flourish. At present, China has developed into a big remote sensing country, and remote sensing is increasingly playing an important role in various fields of national economic construction and social development. Based on China Academic Journals Full-text Database and China Citation Database published by China National Knowledge Infrastructure, this paper analyzed academic characteristics of 963 highly cited papers published by 16 professional and academic journals in the field of surveying and mapping from January 2010 to December 2014 in China, which include hot topics, literature authors, research institutions, and fundations. At the same time, it studied a total of 51,149 keywords published by these 16 journals during the same period. Firstly by keyword selection, keyword normalization, keyword consistency and keyword incorporation, and then by analysis of high frequency keywords, the progress and prospect of China's remote sensing technology in data acquisition, data processing and applications during the past five years were further explored and revealed. It can be seen that: highly cited paper analysis and word frequency analysis is complementary on subject progress analysis; in data acquisition phase, research focus is new civilian remote sensing satellite systems and UAV remote sensing system; research focus of data processing and analysis is multi-source information extraction and classification, laser point cloud data processing, objectoriented high resolution image analysis, SAR data and hyper-spectral image processing, etc.; development trend of remote sensing data processing is quantitative, intelligent, automated, and real-time, and the breadth and depth of remote sensing application is gradually increased; parallel computing, cloud computing and geographic conditions monitoring and census are the new research focuses to be paid attention to.
Semi-automatic Road Extraction from SAR images using EKF and PF
Authors: Zhao J. Q. , Yang J. , Li P. X. , Lu J. M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Recently, the use of linear features for processing remote sensing images has shown its importance in applications. As one of typical linear targets, road is a hot spot of remote sensing image interpretation. Since extracting road by manual processing is too expensive and time consuming, researches based on automatic and semi-automatic have become more and more popular. Such interest is motivated by the requirements for civilian and military applications, such as road maps, traffic monitoring, navigation applications, and topographic mapping. How to extract road accurately and efficiently from SAR images is a key problem. In this paper, through analyzing characteristics of road, semi-automatic road extraction based on Extend Kalman Filtering (EKF) and Particles Filtering (PF), is presented. These two methods have the same algorithm flow which is an iterative approach based on prediction and update. The specific procedure as follows: at prediction stage, we obtain prior probability density function by the prior stage and prediction model, and through prior probability density function and the new measurement, at update stage we obtain the posterior probability density function which is the optimal estimation of road system state. Both EKF and PF repeat the steps above until the extracting tasks are finished. We use these two methods to extract road respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through the experiments from Howland by UAVSAR in L-band. And through contrast experiments, we discover that extracting difference complexity of road based on different methods can improve accuracy and efficiency. The results show that EKF has better performance on road with middle noise and PF has better performance on road with high noise.
A Framework for Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) based on geographic ontology
Authors: Gu H. Y. , Li H. T. , Yan L. , Lu X. J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. GEOBIA (Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis) is not only a hot topic of current remote sensing and geographical research. It is believed to be a paradigm in remote sensing and GIScience. The lack of a systematic approach designed to conceptualize and formalize the class definitions makes GEOBIA a highly subjective and difficult method to reproduce. This paper aims to put forward a framework for GEOBIA based on geographic ontology theory, which could implement "Geographic entities - Image objects - Geographic objects" true reappearance. It consists of three steps, first, geographical entities are described by geographic ontology, second, semantic network model is built based on OWL(ontology web language), at last, geographical objects are classified with decision rule or other classifiers. A case study of farmland ontology was conducted for describing the framework. The strength of this framework is that it provides interpretation strategies and global framework for GEOBIA with the property of objective, overall, universal, universality, etc., which avoids inconsistencies caused by different experts’ experience and provides an objective model for mage analysis.
Application of Surface Deformation Monitoring in Mining Area by the Fusion of InSAR and Laser Scan Data
Authors: Huang J. L. , Deng K. Z. , Fan H. D. , Yang J. K.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (D-InSAR) as a new earth observation technique has become an important tool for monitoring ground movements caused by underground coal mining. However, the low resolution and accuracy of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) cause more error value of InSAR line-of-sight(LOS) surface deformation measurement. In this paper, a couple of Radarsat-2 and a pair of TerraSAR with SRTM, GDEM and LiDAR DEM are processed respectively to reveal the subsidence basin and the results have been compared each other. It illustrate that the accuracy of D-InSAR results been better improved by the high accuracy and resolution DEM.
Extraction of Peak Feature Based on Synthetic Sinc Model in SAR images
Authors: Kong Y. Y. , Leung H. , Yan S. , Xing S. Y.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Peak is an important feature in Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR), which represents essence of scattering centre. There are two general approaches in the literature to extract peak. One way is to extract peak after speckle suppression filtering. Using this method, the extracted feature is in accurate, and the algorithm is more complicated. Another is that detecting the amplitude of the peak directly. In order to have a fast and accurate peak extraction, we proposed using the Sinc peak model algorithm in this paper. It directly extracts peak features from the original SAR image without any noise suppression filtering, which is instead of Gauss mask function. The estimation parameters of peaks use QE theorists. Finally, we can get accuracy three parameters to describe peak features. Analytic fluctuation of parameters is compared with Gauss model peaks using truth SAR images. Experimental demonstrate that the new algorithm is more effective than others for extracting peak features in SAR images.