bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pig Vomit
Authors: Brazil Kevin
Published: November 2018

Towards the end of his life Samuel Beckett reflected that ‘[l]iterature and painting are like oil and water’—two substances that can never be mixed together. Yet in spite of this—or perhaps because of it—Beckett repeatedly used writing about art as a means to reflect on his own practice as a novelist: in letters, diaries, and in his published art criticism. This chapter traces Beckett’s engagement with art during the 1930s and 1940s, the period when he wrote his most significant novels: Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unnamable. It argues that Beckett saw modernist painting as offering an example of formal necessity that could stand against the demands for political commitment circulating in postwar French critical debates, and it draws on detailed archival and manuscript research to show how Beckett’s art criticism informed the style and composition of his postwar trilogy.
Canvas in the Cold War
Authors: Brazil Kevin
Published: November 2018

William Gaddis’s The Recognitions is an encyclopaedic collage of 1940s and 1950s American culture, including its art: Abstract Expressionism, appropriation, and a booming market in forgeries. Drawing on letters and unpublished archival material, this chapter shows the ways in which the novel’s focus on authenticity in art, and Gaddis’s work more broadly, arose from his experience of Cold War paranoia and polarization, and his engagement with the legacy of modernist fiction. It then moves on to show the ways in which The Recognitions anticipates with uncanny precision some of the key tensions in subsequent American art between art and objecthood and originality and appropriation, and incorporates these tensions into its own relationship to its historical moment.
God & the Gothic
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

God and the Gothic undertakes a complete reimagining of the Gothic literary canon to examine its engagement with theological ideas, tracing its origins to the apocalyptic critique of the Reformation female martyrs, and to the Dissolution of the Monasteries, now seen as usurpation of power by the authorities. A double gesture of repudiation and regret is evident in the consequent search for political, aesthetic, and religious mediation, which characterizes the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution and Whig Providential discourse. Part I interprets eighteenth-century Gothic novels in terms of this Whig debate about the true heir, culminating in Ann Radcliffe’s melancholic theology which uses distance and loss to enable a new mediation. Part II traces the origins of the doppelgänger in Calvinist anthropology and establishes that its employment by a range of Scottish writers offers a productive mode of subjectivity, necessary in a culture equally concerned with historical continuity. In Part III, Irish Gothic is shown to be seeking ways to mediate between Catholic and Protestant identities through models of sacrifice and ecumenism, while in Part IV, nineteenth-century Gothic is read as increasingly theological, responding to materialism by a project of re-enchantment. Ghost-story writers assert the metaphysical priority of the supernatural to establish the material world. Arthur Machen and other Order of the Golden Dawn members explore the double and other Gothic tropes as modes of mystical ascent, while raising the physical to the spiritual through magical control, and the M. R. James circle restores the sacramental and psychical efficacy of objects.
Introduction
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

Where Gothic criticism has attended to religious themes at all, it has been reductive, and not paid attention to creative theological work being performed through the texts. This book theologizes the Gothic by attending to its narration of the rupture of the Reformation both as Protestant escape but also as something to be mourned, especially the loss of mediating spiritual practices. The politics of the Glorious Revolution replays this double gesture in Whig and Tory modes. The Introduction lays out briefly the argument and structure of the book, from the Whig Providentialism of Part I, through the examination of Scottish Calvinist duality in Part II, the attention to ideas of blood and sacrifice in Irish Gothic in Part III, to the confrontation of the materialism that ensues from this hollowed out cultural imaginary in Part IV, where Gothic becomes increasingly theological throughout the nineteenth century, re-enchanting the material.
Bare, Ruined Quires
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

Chapter 2 examines an antiquarian nostalgia for the monastic and Catholic past, equally characteristic of the aftermaths of the Reformation and the Gothic, which represents a loss of the numinous, of sacredness of place. This dislocation is to be found in the self-conscious Gothicizing of certain medieval chantries and reveals a melancholic register in the feeling of historical distance itself. Spenser’s Faerie Queene is again advanced as an example, with its positive Catholic images and dislike of sacrilege. Through attention to Shakespeare and Richard Corbet’s fairy poetry the loss of mediation as a result of Protestantism is explored and the importance of melancholy as a religious mode of registering this loss is discussed in Milton’s influential Il Penseroso. Sophia Lee’s The Recess mourns the impossibility of connecting the Catholic past with the Protestant present, while Ann Radcliffe’s poetic romance, St Alban’s Abbey demonstrates the redemptive power of melancholy to raise the dead imaginatively in the one and the same gesture that mourns their loss.
Corrective Justice
Authors: Thornton Fanny
Published: November 2018

The chapter builds on its predecessor in acknowledging that causality issues in the climate change and people movement context are complex. The chapter works with the premise that those who are nevertheless adversely affected and those that may wish to seek a remedy should be able to seek redress. The chapter therefore relies on the logic which has informed the establishment of no-fault compensatory mechanisms—especially those akin to insurance—in exploring alternative, ‘rougher’ mechanisms of correction through compensation. Detailed attention is paid to existing support for such mechanisms under international law and governance regimes.
Prologue
Authors: Roach Rebecca
Published: November 2018

This prologue sets the scene by talking in detail about one early flashpoint in the history of the interview and literature: the so-called ‘Hawthorne–Lowell scandal’. This 1886 dispute followed the publication of a newspaper interview between Julian Hawthorne (son of Nathaniel) and James Russell Lowell. Attending to the terms of this debate and to the interview form itself offers important insights into individual, national, and transatlantic responses to the changing nature of public debate and authorship, in part the result of new journalism, in an increasingly saturated and mediated public sphere. A crisis in the early history of the interview, the Hawthorne–Lowell affair demonstrates the degree to which the cultural embedding of the practice and form was closely associated with the experience of modernity itself.
Personality, Celebrity, and Modernism’s ‘Impossible Interviews’
Authors: Roach Rebecca
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the impact of an emergent promotional culture on interviews in the early years of the twentieth century. Enthusiastically adopted by self-help proponents, who encouraged ‘instrumental’ reading habits, and by Hollywood fan magazines, which emphasized the interview’s ties to spectatorship and visuality, the interview became a means of promoting surface-based reading. Meanwhile, most modernist writers (Djuna Barnes excepted) and little magazines such as Close Up and The New Age reacted negatively to interviews; where they did use them, they favoured the ‘impersonal’ interview, a version that expunges the subject’s body and personality in favour of immaterial ideas and impersonality. The poetics of impersonality that T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound so enthusiastically promote becomes, in this reading, as much a reaction against the culture that popularized this new visually oriented form of interviewing as against a Romantic cult of the author.
St Gregory of Nyssa
Authors: McGuckin John Anthony
Published: November 2018

Chapter 1 gives Biographical background and studies the historical context(s) of Gregory of Nyssa and his close family members, situating them as aristocratic and long-established Christian leaders of the Cappadocian area. It offers along with the course of Gregory’s Vita a general outline of the main philosophical and religious controversies of his era, particularly his ecclesiastical involvement in the Neo-Nicene apologetical movement associated with the leadership of his brother Basil (of Caesarea), which he himself inherited in Cappadocia, with imperial approval, after 380. It concludes with a review of Gregory’s significance as author: in terms of his style as a writer, his work as an exegete, his body of spiritual teaching, and lastly, the manner in which his reputation waxed and waned from antiquity to the present.
The Soul as Dynamis in Gregory of Nyssa’s On the Soul and Resurrection
Authors: Zachhuber Johannes
Published: November 2018

This chapter investigates Gregory of Nyssa’s understanding of the soul in his dialogue De Aanima et Rresurrectione. This text has often been interpreted against the backdrop of Platonic doctrine. Close attention to Gregory’s wording and especially his use of the concept of power (dynamis) in this connection, however, shows that his argument is better explained on the basis of the doctrine of the resurrection of the body which he set out to defend in his treatise.
German Catholicism at War, 1939-1945
Authors: Brodie Thomas
Published: November 2018

This book is a study of German Catholics’ mentalities and experiences during the Second World War. Taking the German Home Front, and most specifically, the Rhineland and Westphalia, as its core focus, the book explores Catholics’ responses to developments in the war, their complex and shifting relationships with the Nazi regime, and religious practices. Drawing on a wide range of source materials stretching from personal diaries to pastoral letters and Gestapo reports, this study explores the attitudes of laypeople, lower clergymen and the episcopate alike, and enriches our understandings of the roles played by religious belief and community in wartime German society. Individual chapters analyse how German Catholics responded to the outbreak of war, Bishop Galen’s protests against ‘euthanasia’ in summer 1941, and the turning tide of war during the years 1942-44. Thematic chapters explore the social and cultural histories of religious practice on the German Home Front, and a final section addresses the German Church’s transition from war to peace in 1945.
Religious Life on the German Home Front
Authors: Brodie Thomas
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on the social and cultural histories of religious practice and belief on the German home front. Focusing on Catholics in the Rhineland and Westphalia, it explores the impact exerted on the Church’s pastoral structures by wartime legislation and Allied bombing, and analyses the fluctuations of church attendance from 1939 to 1945. The chapter analyses popular religious beliefs through examination of letters and diaries, and considers the emotional and psychological functions of religiosity in wartime. In addition to examining Catholics’ responses to Allied bombing and bereavement, the chapter analyses how the theological leadership provided by the higher clergy was received by laypeople. Moreover, it considers how far the devout perceived their religious faith as distancing themselves from the Nazi regime and German war effort. To do so, the chapter examines wartime religious services such as funerals, and the languages and rituals employed by clergymen in their conduct.
The Catholic Diaspora—Experiences of Evacuation
Authors: Brodie Thomas
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyses the impact exerted on the Catholic Church’s pastoral networks in Germany by the mass evacuation of laypeople from bombed urban areas as of 1941. Drawing on the voluminous correspondence of priests and curates despatched from the Rhineland and Westphalia to Saxony, Thuringia, Silesia, Austria, and elsewhere to minister to Catholic evacuees, this chapter provides in-depth analysis of the social and cultural histories of religious practice in wartime Germany. It demonstrates that the evacuation of laypeople—a topic long neglected within histories of wartime religious practice—exerted a profound influence on pastoral practice by the years 1943–5, placing unprecedented pressures on the Catholic clergy of the dioceses central to this study (Aachen, Cologne and Münster). This chapter therefore also casts new light on regionalism in Germany during the Nazi era.
Of Collapses and Rebirths
Authors: Brodie Thomas
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyses German Catholics’ transitions from war to peace during the mid-1940s. Beginning its analysis in summer 1944, the chapter initially explores Catholics’ attitudes as the Reich collapsed under the weight of Allied offensives, and the theological frameworks employed to understand this devastation and defeat. The chapter then proceeds to examine the reasons behind the Catholic Church’s rising power and influence over the later 1940s during the Allied occupation of the Rhineland and Westphalia, and considers whether this reflected continuity or discontinuity from its position during the Second World War itself. The chapter argues that the Catholic Church’s newfound influence during the early post-war period reflected the peculiar circumstances of foreign occupation, with the clergy emerging as champions of the German population’s grievances vis-à-vis the Allied occupiers in the absence of secular German authorities.
Soldiers
Authors: Auerbach Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2018

Although the story of the British Empire has often been told in terms of its military campaigns, and although military heroism was part of the lore of empire, Chapter 4 shows that by the mid-nineteenth century soldiers were spending much of their time sitting in tents in the heat with little to do but drink. Many soldiers, in fact, went years without participating in a single skirmish. In combination with the army’s enormous advantage in firepower following the invention of the repeating rifle, battles were shorter, more one-sided, and increasingly described as banal. The increase in references to boredom align with new definitions of masculinity, suggesting that the boredom soldiers expressed was at least partly related to their inability to demonstrate bravery and physical prowess in the absence of hand-to-hand combat. In the end, many soldiers found themselves deeply disillusioned with imperial service. The well-known saying that war consists of “Months of boredom punctuated by moments of terror,” a phrase first used during the First World War, had its figurative origins in the nineteenth-century British empire.
Conclusion
Authors: Auerbach Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2018

The Conclusion links the emergence of boredom to the modernist construction of the individual as the producer of meaning in his or her own life. It explains how imperial boredom differed from domestic forms of boredom, and not only reflected changes in the empire, but was also the product of unmet expectations about personal happiness, professional fulfillment, and financial security. It asserts that expressions of boredom were veiled confessions of discontent with the empire. And, it locates imperial boredom in the ongoing debate about whether the British Empire—and by extension empire more broadly—should be regarded as a force for good in the world, suggesting, as Hannah Arendt did, that the imperial experience was fundamentally banal. It calls into question key assumptions about the British Empire, not least that it was glamorous, glorious, and filled with adventure, excitement, and opportunity. It also hints at the broader applicability of the notion of imperial boredom to empire building in the twenty-first century, as well as to the challenges of finding meaning and engagement in a world increasingly orientated around rapid stimulation.
National Development Banks as Active Financiers
Authors: Moslener Ulf , Thiemann Matthias , Volberding Peter
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that Germany’s national development bank, KfW, derives its legitimacy as an important policy actor through three characteristics: (i) it acts on the financial market with the government’s backing to pursue economic—rather than purely commercial—objectives; (ii) as a government agency, it has privileged access to officials and regulators; and (iii) it has extensive in-house technical and engineering expertise. As such, KfW can profoundly impact how these policies are implemented at five stages of the policy process: agenda setting, negotiation, implementation, monitoring, and enforcement. This conceptualization is applied to two illustrative case studies: facilitating Germany’s shift towards a green economy (the Energiewende) and coping with challenges of the 2008 global financial crisis.
Financial Sustainability and Infrastructure Finance
Authors: Rezende Felipe Carvalho de
Published: November 2018

Among the lessons that can be drawn from the global financial crisis is that private financial institutions have failed to promote the capital development of the affected economies, and to dampen financial fragility. This chapter analyses the macroeconomic role that development banks can play in this context, not only providing long-term funding necessary to promote economic development, but also fostering financial stability. The chapter discusses, in particular, the need for public financial institutions to provide support for infrastructure and sustainable development projects. It concludes that development banks play a strategic role by funding infrastructure projects in particular, and outlines the lessons for enhancing their role as catalysts for mitigating risks associated with such projects.
Early Jewish Writings
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter treats Hermann Cohen’s early Jewish writings: his essays on Heinrich Heine, on the Sabbath and on the Virchow affair. It is argued that after leaving the Breslau seminar Cohen never broke with Judaism, though he insisted on approaching it in his own critical and independent terms. The young Cohen was very sympathetic to Heine and his pantheism, which seemed to be a feasible form of Judaism for someone in the modern era. Cohen’s early interpretation of the Sabbath ritual reveals his sympathy with the Jewish tradition and his attempt to interpret it in modern political terms.
The Focus of Interpersonal Morality
Authors: Dorsey Dale
Published: November 2018

An important question that a theory of morality must answer concerns morality’s focus: what about people matters? What do we take into consideration when we consider a person from the moral point of view? This paper discusses two answers to this question, and proposes a third. The first, and perhaps most obvious, answer is welfarist: what matters about people, from the moral point of view, is their well-being, the quality of their lives. But a welfarist account of the focus of interpersonal morality has faced a number of challenges, to which a preferentist account has been thought to adequately respond. However, this paper argues that neither a welfarist nor a preferentist account of the focus of morality is adequate. It proposes an alternative, according to which the focus of morality can and should reflect the special normative circumstances that people inhabit given their normatively significant roles, associations, or commitments.
Moral Responsibility without Wrongdoing or Blame
Authors: Tannenbaum Julie
Published: November 2018

In most discussions of moral responsibility, an agent’s moral responsibility for harming or failing to aid is equated with the agent’s being blameworthy for having done wrong. In this paper, it is argued that one can be morally responsible for one’s action even if the action was not wrong, not blameworthy, and not the result of blameworthy deliberation or bad motivation. This makes a difference to how we should relate to each other and ourselves in the aftermath. Some people have blown off their responsibility when they shouldn’t have, and others have held themselves responsible—or second and third parties have held them responsible—as if they were wrongdoers and blameworthy when neither is the case.
Eliminating Prudential Reasons
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues, contrary to the consensus of most contemporary Western ethics, that there are no (distinctively, fundamentally) prudential reasons for action. That is to say: there is no class of reasons for action that is distinctively and fundamentally about the promotion of the agent’s own well-being. Considerations to do with the agent’s well-being can supply the agent with reasons only in virtue of her well-being mattering morally or in virtue of her caring about her own well-being. In both of these cases, the way that such prudential considerations supply reasons for action is a way that the well-being of others can supply reasons for action too.
Governance
Authors: Cantwell Brendan , Pinheiro Rómulo , Kwiek Marek
Published: November 2018

This chapter finds that governance is necessarily complex in high participation systems (HPS) of higher education and discusses actual governance arrangements. Extensive social entanglement de-activates the boundaries that separate higher education from other social relations. Assuming these conditions hold for all HPS, three prepositions are advanced. The first posits that HPS are governed through complex, multi-level coordination and accountability processes. The second claims that governance involves the management of institutional differentiation. The third predicts that higher education intuitions develop robust corporate capacities to manage the more complex demands to which they are subjected. Although common conditions, as expressed through the propositions, are assumed to hold across all HPS, the chapter recognizes that no two systems of higher education have the same governance arraignments, and considers various national contingencies.
Equity
Authors: Marginson Simon
Published: November 2018

The chapter discusses educational and social equity in the context of high participation systems (HPS) of higher education. It begins by discussing the terms ‘equity’ and ‘equality’ in a historical perspective. Noting that the growth of HPS is associated with more intensive competition at the entrance to elite higher education, the chapter develops four propositions in relation to equity in HPS: as systems expand, equity in the form of social inclusion is enhanced; growth is associated with increased stratification of higher education, and greater social inequality in educational and graduate outcomes, unless there is compensating state policy; the positional structure of the higher education system increasingly resembles that of society; and it becomes more difficult for states and institutions to redistribute social opportunities in education. In short, social inclusion via greater participation is more readily achieved, while an improved social mix in elite higher education institutions is more difficult to achieve.
Regulated Isomorphic Competition and the Middle Layer of Institutions: High Participation Higher Education in Australia
Authors: Marginson Simon
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides a detailed and extensive assessment of Australia’s high participation systems (HPS) of higher education, in terms of the HPS propositions in relation to governance, horizontal diversity, vertical stratification, and equity. The propositions generally fit the country case. In Australia, the state has created a symbiotic relationship between the growth of participation and neo-liberal competition. Higher education institutions of all types within this system are impelled to grow, facilitating and legitimating expanding social demand for places. Australia’s ‘unified national system’ is a state regulated quasi market in which public universities carry out commercial activity, rather than a producer-driven commercial market. Social competition between families has been modified by standardized tuition charges and especially by income-contingent loans, and the government carefully sustains a large middle layer of universities that are competitive in the global market for fee-paying students. However, the hierarchy between artisanal and demand-responsive institutions remains steep.
Stratification by the State and the Market: High Participation Higher Education in Russia
Authors: Smolentseva Anna , Froumin Isak , Konstantinovskiy David L. , Lisyutkin Mikhail
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides a detailed and extensive assessment of Russia’s high participation system (HPS) of higher education in historical perspective, also testing the seventeen propositions about HPS in terms of governance, horizontal diversity, vertical stratification, and social equity. The chapter provides substantial data on Russian higher education previously unavailable in the world literature. It argues that mass higher education was achieved by 1970s during the Soviet period, and the transition to HPS was largely shaped during the major social transformations of the post-Soviet period, marked by its association with the marketization of higher education and a diminished role of the state. Today’s Russian HPS has contracted over the last decade due to demographic decline. There is institutional corporatization and decreasing horizontal diversification, accompanied by growing vertical stratification and social inequalities. The Russian case conforms to all HPS propositions, except those related to multi-level governance: the state has regained centralized control.
Reproducing Social Equality across the Generations: The Nordic Model of High Participation Higher Education in Finland
Authors: Välimaa Jussi , Muhonen Reetta
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides a detailed and extensive assessment of Finland’s high participation system (HPS) of higher education, in a historical perspective and with focus on Finland’s core values of equality and equity. The country case challenges some of the HPS propositions. The Nordic model is built upon a distinctive cultural tradition in which the state administers a social consensus based on solidarity, equality, and trust, and higher education is of high quality and has equal esteem. Since World War II equality of opportunity has been central in national policymaking. The chapter focuses especially on the nature of access to higher education and continuing binary diversity between the university sector and the Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS, the former polytechnics) .While there is continuing social competition for access to elite professional programmes, and cultural capital provides certain families with advantages, the Finnish HPS is less competitive and stratified than other HPS.
Balancing Efficiency and Equity in a Welfare State Setting: High Participation Higher Education in Norway
Authors: Pinheiro Rómulo , Stensaker Bjørn
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides a detailed and extensive assessment of Norway’s high participation system (HPS) of higher education. It starts from a historical analysis of higher education enrolment since massification after World War II. Norway attempts to combine equity with relevancy, efficiency, and accountability. In relation to the general process of expansion, driven by family aspirations, and HPS governance and diversity, including the growing importance of larger institutions with comprehensive missions, Norway largely fits HPS propositions, though like other Nordic countries it departs significantly from the propositions in terms of stratification (low) and equity (high). There are signs however of increased research competition and formation of a steeper hierarchy.
The Art of Hunger
Authors: Moody Alys
Published: November 2018

As literary modernism was emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a number of its most important figures and precursors began to talk about their own writing as a kind of starvation. The Art of Hunger: Aesthetic Autonomy and the Afterlives of Modernism uses this trope as a lens through which to examine contemporary literature’s engagement with modernism, arguing that hunger offers a way of grappling with the fate of aesthetic autonomy through modernism’s late twentieth-century afterlives. The art of hunger appears at moments where aesthetic autonomy enters a period of crisis, and in this context, the writers examined here develop an alternate theory of aesthetic autonomy, which imagines art not as a conduit for freedom, but rather as an enactment of unfreedom. This book traces this theme from the origins of modernism to the end of the twentieth century, focusing particularly on three authors who redeploy the modernist art of hunger as a response to key moments in the history of modernist aesthetic autonomy’s delegitimization: Samuel Beckett in post-Vichy France; Paul Auster in post-1968 Paris and New York; and J. M. Coetzee in late apartheid South Africa. Combining historical analysis of these literary fields with close readings of individual texts, and drawing extensively on new archival research, this book offers a counter-history of modernism’s post-World War II reception and a new theory of aesthetic autonomy as a practice of unfreedom.
Headquarters Economy
Authors: Shaver J. Myles
Published: November 2018

Regional economies characterized by concentrations of headquarters from diverse industries stand out as influential dynamic economies. However, there is little discussion about these “headquarters economies.” Why do some metropolitan areas develop vibrant headquarters economies whereas others do not? The answer lies in understanding the essence of headquarters—the managerial talent pool that guides and governs these companies. By investigating an exemplar headquarters economy—Minneapolis-St. Paul—this book demonstrates that this talent pool (Managers), its movement among companies and industries in a region (Mobility), and the nature of its inflow and outflow from a region (Migration) can create a virtuous cycle that strengthens regional companies and draws in additional talent. Comparing the migration pattern of educated, high-earning individuals across metropolitan areas in the United States, and drawing upon a proprietary survey of thousands of headquarters employees in Minneapolis-St. Paul, the book provides supportive evidence for this dynamic. A central insight of the research is that professional managerial talent is a determinant of regional vitality that has largely been overlooked. The underlying factors of managers, mobility, and migration, although here identified in the context of the Minneapolis-St. Paul headquarters economy, exist in metropolitan areas around the world. This demonstrates the scope of the research findings’ applicability, and highlights the benefit of focusing on these underlying factors.
What Creates a Vibrant Headquarters Economy?
Authors: Shaver J. Myles
Published: November 2018

Building from experiences in the Minneapolis-St. Paul headquarters economy, this chapter advances the building blocks for what creates and sustains a headquarters economy. Managers possess skills that are applicable across a variety of industries. Companies often benefit when they hire managers with different experiences and skills than those existing in the company. This benefit is especially salient when companies hire managerial talent from outside of their industry. Regions with a diverse headquarters base and little outward migration of managerial talent magnify this beneficial effect of cross-industry managerial mobility. Together, managers, mobility, and migration can create a virtuous cycle that strengthens local companies and draws talent to a region.
The International Nuclear Order after the Cold War—Progress and Regress
Authors: Walker William
Published: November 2018

The nuclear weapon’s emergence as an instrument of rivalry and deterrence, coupled with desire to use nuclear technology for civil purposes, created a pressing need, which continues, for the regulation of nuclear activity and relations. During the Cold War, a rule-based international nuclear order took shape around institutions of arms control and non-proliferation, resting upon ideas of mutual restraint, obligation, and eventual abolition whilst maintaining room for nuclear deterrence in specific contexts. Extended and deepened between the mid-1980s and 1990s, the order has since suffered a loss of coherence and respect for reasons including further weapon proliferation, Russia’s return to Cold War-style nuclear posturing, loss of US authority and consistency, regional conflict, and failure to honor Non-Proliferation Treaty pledges on disarmament. The Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty has been one response. The greatest ordering challenges may come from technological changes, in cyber and other domains, threatening the safety and reliability of nuclear deterrence.
Conclusions
Authors: Maull Hanns W.
Published: November 2018

This chapter compares the developments in the nine partial orders surveyed, looking at legitimacy and effectiveness; the incidence of violence; their principles, rules, norms, and institutions; rules enforcement through collective sanctions; dominant actors and interaction patterns; and their evolution over time. It then assesses the roles and performances of the USA and the People’s Republic of China as “ordering powers” and summarizes the characteristics of changes in the international order since 1990. What emerges is a paradox: the world needs more international order and global governance, but recent changes have mostly been in the opposite direction. The final section offers observations about the causes for this paradoxical decline of the post-Cold War order and reflects on the implications of what has been happening for the future of international order.
Reducing Early Pregnancy in Low-Income Countries
Authors: Berge Lars Ivar Oppedal , Bjorvatn Kjetil , Maalim Amina Mohamed , Somville Vincent , Tungodden Bertil
Published: November 2018

Many adolescent girls in low-income countries face the challenge of early pregnancy and lifelong dependence upon family and partners. In this chapter, we review the literature on field interventions aimed at reducing early pregnancies in low-income countries, classifying the contributions into those targeting girls’ mindset (preferences and beliefs) and economic opportunities. We also report from an analysis of more than 3,000 essays written by adolescent girls in Tanzania about their hopes for the future. Our literature review and text analysis suggest that interventions that aim at strengthening economic opportunities, such as entrepreneurship programmes or incentives to increase school attendance, are more effective in reducing early pregnancy than those that only target the mindset dimension, such as educational programmes on reproductive health and family planning.
Career Dynamics and Gender Gaps Among Employees in the Microfinance Sector
Authors: Ganguli Ina , Hausmann Ricardo , Viarengo Martina
Published: November 2018

Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are commonly identified as empowering women and making them key actors in generating social change and economic development. Yet little is known about the gender parity among employees within the lending institutions themselves and how this can impact development. While MFIs are increasingly important as employers in the developing world, there is little micro-level evidence about gender differences among MFI employees and MFIs’ relation to economic development. We use a unique panel dataset of employees from Latin America’s largest MFI to show that gender gaps favouring men for promotion exist primarily in the sales division, while there is a significant gender wage gap in the administrative division. Among loan officers in the sales division, the gender gap in promotion and wages reverses. Finally, female employees tend to work with clients with better loan terms and a history of loans with the institution.
Governance and the Reversal of Women’s Rights
Authors: Viterna Jocelyn , Bautista José Santos Guardado , Barrios Silvia Ivette Juarez , Cortez Alba Evelyn
Published: November 2018

States’ governance of gender is not unidirectional. In addition to stagnation and progress, there can be an active reversal of women’s rights. Using the case of abortion rights in El Salvador, this chapter investigates the following questions. What are the likely causes of rights reversals? How might rights reversals be more consequential for women’s lives than rights stagnations? And how might studying rights reversals as separate and distinct phenomena improve our scholarly understanding of the relationship between gender and development more broadly? Examining the full range of possible transformations in state governance (reversals, stagnations, and progress), we conclude, results in improved theory and more effective interventions.
Excess Female Mortality in Africa
Authors: Anderson Siwan , Ray Debraj
Published: November 2018

Building on and extending the detailed work of demographers on sex ratios, Amartya Sen coined the phrase ‘missing women’. Relative to developed countries, there are far fewer women than men in parts of the developing world. Estimates suggest that more than 200 million women are demographically ‘missing’ worldwide. To explain the global phenomenon, research has mainly focused on excess female mortality in Asia. However, as emphasized in the authors’ earlier research (Anderson and Ray 2010), at least 30 per cent of the missing women are ‘missing’ from Africa. This chapter employs a novel methodology to determine how the phenomenon of missing women is distributed across Africa. Moreover, it provides estimates of the extent of excess female mortality within different age groups and by disease category. The empirical results reiterate the importance of excess female mortality for women in Africa.
The Participatory Turn in Gender Equality and its Relevance for Multicultural Feminism
Authors: Kymlicka Will , Rubio-Marín Ruth
Published: November 2018

This chapter identifies two parallel ‘participatory turns’ in the pursuit of gender equality. At the state level, this participatory turn is best epitomized by the global adoption of gender quotas to promote gender equality and democratic legitimacy. At the level of minority groups, multicultural feminists have proposed institutional innovations to strengthen the voice of women within minority groups in decisions about the interpretation and evolution of cultural and religious practices. These two trends have largely occurred in isolation from each other, with little academic or political attention to how they might enrich or conflict with each other. This chapter introduces these two fields of academic debate and political practice, and lays out a range of questions about how they might be connected, which the following chapters explore. The chapter concludes with summaries of the remaining chapters.
European Consensus and International Law
Authors: Ziemele Ineta
Published: November 2018

The concept of ‘European consensus’ is the creation of the European Court of Human Rights. Early on, the Court determined that the European Convention on Human Rights is a living instrument and that, in interpreting the Convention over time, the Court has to take the changing attitudes in societies into consideration. The European consensus is an element within the so-called evolutive interpretation of the Convention. Nevertheless, the details as to its origin and scope remain controversial and give rise, from time to time, to a criticism of the Court as to its use of the concept of European consensus in the case at hand. This chapter focuses on any possible analogy that the concept of European consensus may have to the sources of international law and its possible relationship with the general rule of interpretation of a treaty. This is done with the aim of providing the elements of reflection within the debate which claim that the Court, in interpreting the Convention, overshadows State consent on the scope and content of the Convention. The chapter concludes that, upon a closer look, the Court has resorted to European consensus largely within the confines of the general rule of interpretation of a treaty. The notion has denoted both subsequent State practice as well as new regional customary law. Clearer differentiation between these types of situation would help the Court avoid the criticism of too much evolutive interpretation.
Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Karakaş Işıl , Bakırcı Hasan
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyses the evolution of the Strasbourg case law on the concept of jurisdiction within the meaning of Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights by attempting to provide a comprehensive answer to the question of extraterritorial jurisdiction. It ascertains whether there exists any truth in the criticism directed towards the European Court of Human Rights’ case law and, most importantly, any room for its further development. The chapter will first examine the early jurisprudence of the Convention bodies and explain how they dealt with the difficult question of extraterritorial jurisdiction. It will then discuss the two tests developed by the Court when determining extraterritorial jurisdiction in various case scenarios. Finally, the concluding section of the chapter will summarize these discussions and pose a question for future development of the Court’s case law.
The Structure of State Responsibility under the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Crawford James , Keene Amelia
Published: November 2018

While some commentators claim that the rules of State responsibility are irrelevant in applying the European Convention on Human Rights, the rules of State responsibility operate on the completely contrary assumption that they fully apply in the human rights context. The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights sits somewhere between these two positions. In some cases, the State responsibility rules have not been applied, such as when the Court developed a novel ‘acquiescence or connivance’ rule to hold a third State responsible for the acts of another State on its territory (El-Masri) despite Article 16 of the Articles on State Responsibility (ARSIWA); or refused to apply Article 7 of the Articles on the Responsibility International Organisations (ARIO) (Behrami). Nevertheless, more recent cases show that the Court is more fully applying the rules on State responsibility, pulling back from some of its earlier departures (Kotov; Al Nashiri).
Theological and Philosophical Objections
Authors: Austin Michael W.
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers several objections to the analysis of humility offered in chapter 2, both to defend its accuracy and to develop the view further in dialogue with alternative perspectives concerning the nature and value of humility. The theological objections include whether or not the Christian God can be humble, whether or not imitatio Christi is a Christian norm with sufficient theological and biblical support, and whether humility is consistent with the command of Jesus to love our neighbors as ourselves. The chapter considers philosophical objections having to do with the truth of the account, its demanding nature, whether it sufficiently individuates humility from other virtues, and how humility can be a virtue for the oppressed and marginalized. Finally, it considers skeptical challenges concerning humility’s status as a virtue. It concludes that none of these objections are successful.
Moral Norms in Social Contexts
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: November 2018

This chapter sets out the normative foundations on which the book is based. It starts by defending the case for the ‘pervasiveness’ of morality: no social sphere is ‘beyond’ morality, even if there is some degree of institutional ‘division of labour’. Next, it states and explains the moral norms this study is based on: the norm to respect all individuals as moral equals, and norms about the avoidance of individual harm, and about avoiding contributing to collective harm. These norms lie within an ‘overlapping consensus’ of different moral theories and worldviews. In pluralist societies, we should focus on such a consensus—even if it may sometimes be hard to delineate—when reflecting on the moral dimensions of organizations.
Failing to Learn
Authors: Stark Alastair
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides the reader with an introduction to the book’s fundamentals. It begins with a challenge to the conventional view that public inquiries are ineffective, which stresses that inquiry scholarship has simply not been rigorous enough to justify that position. The book’s response to that lack of rigour, in the form of its research design and theoretical framework, is then set out and justified. Thereafter three outputs are summarized as the book’s main contributions. First, an updated conceptual account of what the public inquiry is in relation to contemporary public policy and governance. Second, a central argument that inquiries produce certain types of policy learning that reduce our vulnerability to future crises. Finally, the identification of a series of factors that influence inquiry success and failure.
Types of Policy Learning and the Inquiry Process
Authors: Stark Alastair
Published: November 2018

This chapter begins the theoretical work of the book through an exploration of the types of policy learning that we might see emerging from a public inquiry and the nature of the inquiry learning process. The purpose of this discussion is to reconceptualize the public inquiry in ways which better reflect its modern character and, in doing so, to build an organizing framework for the subsequent analysis of the book’s case studies. The chapter first presents a typology of policy learning that is used to show that inquiries have the potential to produce a range of learning outcomes that have not been properly considered before. It then discusses the learning process, making the case that we need to think about multiple, complex sequences of learning if we are to properly understand and evaluate inquiries.
Logics for Action and Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Stark Alastair
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the logics for action that inquiry actors bring into a lesson-learning episode. Logics for action is a term that describes the knowledge-related preferences that actors use in inquiries to make decisions. Analysis of the logics in these cases leads to three specific arguments. First, that political logics for action do not compromise inquiries in the ways which inquiry research currently suggests. Second, that public-managerial logics are essential to inquiry success in terms of policy learning. Finally, that legal-judicial logics need not necessarily lead to blaming and adversarial proceedings, which derail the lesson-learning function. These three arguments once again suggest that we need to rethink much of the conventional wisdom surrounding inquiries.
Introduction
Authors: Bowd Stephen D.
Published: November 2018

The fate of civilians during the Italian Wars (1494–1559) has sometimes been overshadowed by the historical attention paid to high politics, diplomacy, and military manoeuvres. A balanced picture of the Italian Wars ought to bring the experiences of civilians to the fore, and in this way help to illuminate broader debates about war and violence in the period after c.1450. The mass murder of civilians in the Italian Wars was a regular and significant event, which may be compared with the violence of subsequent conflicts, including the Thirty Years War (1618–48). This behaviour could be justified and often served a tactical or strategic goal, and it was far from being simply pathological or the expression of soldierly brutishness or northern barbarianism as it was presented by Francesco Guicciardini and other Italian observers.