bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on Magnetic Resonant Coupling AC Magnetic Suspension Considering Electrical Power Transmission
Authors: Ishino Yuji , Mizuno Takeshi , Takasaki Masaya
Published: July 2022

A three-degree-of-freedom AC magnetic suspension system using magnetic resonant coupling was fabricated. The AC magnetic suspension system can produce restoring force without active control. This system is dynamically stabilized by adding indirect damping, which is produced by suspending to the stator with viscoelastic support mechanisms. A non-contact electrical power transmission is achieved simultaneously by magnetic resonant coupling. The structure of magnetic resonant coupling is similar to the structure of the transformer. The magnetic flux path for suspension is combined with that of electrical power transmission. The electric characteristics of the transformer depend on the resistance of a load connecting the secondary circuit. The measured results indicate that the driving frequency needs to be adjusted to achieve stable suspension in relation to the resistance of the load. These characteristics are confirmed experimentally.
Impedance Control Using Selected Compliant Prismatic Joint in a Free-Floating Space Manipulator
Authors: Palma Piotr , Seweryn Karol , Rybus Tomasz
Published: July 2022

The success of space missions like capture-and-deorbit or capture-and-service relies on the ability of the capturing satellite to establish a stable mechanical connection by its gripping tool with the object being intercepted. Most of the potential objects of capture missions are not equipped with dedicated docking ports; hence, the satellite robot intercepting them will have to provide the mechanical compliance necessary for the safe establishment of contact between the two structures. Articulated robotic arms with controlled mechanical impedance are one set of promising solutions for this challenge. In this study, the authors discuss how the mechanical impedance realized only along a single axis can be useful for facilitating the contact between the manipulator arm’s end effector of a free-floating robot and an uncooperative object in microgravity. By distinguishing a dominant direction in the final approach and contact establishment maneuver, the need for impedance control of six degrees of freedom may be relaxed, and a single prismatic joint with controlled impedance can be used at the end effector. Such architecture is simulated and compared with the full model-based six-degree-of-freedom Cartesian impedance control of a free-floating manipulator. Authors then discuss the limitations and possibilities of such architecture in a potential practical setting.
Development of Impact Test Device for Pyroshock Simulation Using Impact Analysis
Authors: Kim Bae-Seong , Lee Juho
Published: July 2022

Pyrotechnic-separation devices are widely used in the separation mission of satellites and projectiles. The pyroshock generated by the pyrotechnic-separation device can cause serious damage to surrounding electronic equipment owing to its high-frequency characteristics, which leads to mission failure. Therefore, solving the pyroshock problem is necessary. Typically, attenuation of the pyroshock propagation based on the understanding of the shock-propagation characteristics of a structure is possible. However, as pyrotechnics (or explosives) cannot be used for every pyroshock-propagation experiment due to the high cost and risk, a device for simulating a pyroshock environment that does not use pyrotechnics is required. In this study, a pyroshock simulator was developed, which could generate the desired shock environment by controlling shock environment-generation variables and be tested for any test structure. For this purpose, a resonator attached to the test structure and a pneumatic launch device was designed and fabricated. A resonator that generates a desired shock environment was designed by predicting the shock generation through impact analysis. A pyroshock simulator that generates a shock like an actual pyroshock was developed through comparison with the shock-response spectrum of a pyrotechnic initiator. The repeatability was verified, and the frequency and magnitude of the shock generated by the pyroshock simulator could be controlled by adjusting the collision velocity of the steel ball and the thickness of the resonator disk.
Effects of Different Mulching Materials on the Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Maize in the North China Plain
Authors: Wang Chuanjuan , Wang Jiandong , Zhang Yanqun , Qin Shanshan , Zhang Yuanyuan , Liu Chaoqun
Published: July 2022

Mulches combined with drip irrigation techniques have been widely applied in China for higher yield and water use efficiency (WUE). To develop an efficient strategy that can improve maize yield and save water in the North China Plain (NCP), we conducted a two-year field experiment, using transparent plastic film mulching (T), black plastic film mulching (B), and straw mulching (S) and non-mulching (N) for spring maize in 2019 and summer maize in 2020, and high drip irrigation amount (H) and low drip irrigation amount (L) were also considered in 2019. We mainly studied the effects of mulches on soil water content, soil temperature, crop growth rate, grain yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). The results indicated that T and B treatment increased soil water content (SWC) and topsoil temperature. The T treatment promoted the growth rate significantly more than N treatment, by 27.7–43.4% at the early stage in two years. The grain yield under TH treatment was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of other treatments, by 9.8–17.4% for spring maize in 2019, and significantly (p < 0.05) higher under both TH and BH than under NH, by 8.9% and 4.7% for summer maize in 2020. There was a significant quadratic parabola relationship between ET and grain yield in 2019, and the correlation between SEAT of 0–10 cm soil depth with grain yield or with biomass was positive. These results indicate that the transparent plastic film with high drip irrigation amount treatment (TH) can be recommended for spring maize, and both transparent and black film mulch treatments (TH and BH) can be recommended for summer maize in the NCP.
Effects of Harvesting Period and Storage Duration on Volatile Organic Compounds and Nutritive Qualities of Alfalfa
Authors: Yuan Ning , Sun Lin , Du Shuai , Ge Gentu , Wang Zhijun , Li Yuyu , Bao Jian , Zhao Muqier , Si Qiang , Hao Junfeng , Jia Yushan
Published: July 2022

Harvest time and storage time had significant effects on nutrient quality and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) of alfalfa. The objective of this study was to use headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to analyze alfalfa at different harvest periods (budding stage, early blooming, full blooming), and storage for 0 d, 90 d, 180 d, 270 d, and 360 d, the dynamic changes in VOCs and nutritional quality. Results indicated that ketones, aldehydes, alcohols and esters were the main volatile components of alfalfa VOCs, accounting for 87.41%, 88.57% and 90.85% of the total volatile components at budding stage, early blooming and full blooming, respectively. VOCs and nutrient quality of alfalfa varied significantly in different harvest periods; delayed harvesting significantly reduced alfalfa aldehydes, alcohols, crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) and significantly increased ketone, dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents (p < 0.05). After Comprehensive consideration ofthe yield, nutritional quality and VOCs of alfalfa, the best harvest time was determined to be the budding stage. The VOCs and nutrient quality of alfalfa were significantly different at different storage durations, and ketones, ADF and NDF were significantly increased and significantly reduced DM, CP and TDN (p < 0.05). Ketone content and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content had a significant positive correlation, (NDF F = 5.5, p = 0.024). Storage 360 d 2-methylbutyraldehyde (musty), 1-octen-3-one (earthy musty odor) content increased. These may be the key compounds that causes the smell of fresh alfalfa to fade away and a musty smell to emerge.
Moringa oleifera L.: A Potential Plant for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Temperate Agriculture Systems
Authors: Mangar Adrian , Muetzel Stefan , Malik Anurag , Bhuker Axay , Mor Virender , Molenaar Adrian , Sofkova-Bobcheva Svetla , Pain Sarah , McGill Craig
Published: July 2022

The earth’s climate is changing because of the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration, to which livestock is a major contributor. Methane produced from cattle can be reduced by using high quality forages. This study compared the GHG produced from M. oleifera in an artificial ruminant system with two high quality pasture species, ryegrass and white clover. Methane and total gas production were measured using an in vitro batch culture system. A preliminary screening using oven dried M. oleifera planted in field and greenhouse, and a main experiment using six provenances of M. oleifera, a composite sample and M. oleifera leaves from greenhouse was undertaken. Both experiments compared the M. oleifera from different sources with high quality ryegrass and white clover. Real time gas production was recorded for 48 h, total gas production, methane analysed at 12 and 24 h. Short chain fatty acids concentration were also determined at the end of the fermentation. Preliminary results showed that M. oleifera leaves grown in field and greenhouse have lower gas and methane production compared with ryegrass, but similar to white clover. The differences were driven by a high production of propionic and butyric acids. The six M. oleifera provenances also produced less methane than ryegrass but were similar to white clover at 12 and 24 h after the start of fermentation. M. oleifera fermented faster than ryegrass or white clover. Hydrogen production from fermentation of M. oleifera might not have been diverted to methane production but removed by other compounds. In vitro fermentation showed differences in methane production across provenances. This suggests that it may be possible to select for low methane genotypes.
Design and Experiment of a Sowing Quality Monitoring System of Cotton Precision Hill-Drop Planters
Authors: Bai Shenghe , Yuan Yanwei , Niu Kang , Shi Zenglu , Zhou Liming , Zhao Bo , Wei Liguo , Liu Lijing , Zheng Yuankun , An Sa , Ma Yihua
Published: July 2022

To realize the real-time monitoring of the cotton precision seeding operation process and improve the intelligence level of cotton precision planters, based on automatic color matching detection technology and visualization technology, this study designs a monitoring system for the sowing quality of cotton precision planters. The monitoring system is based on the double-silo turntable type cotton vertical disc hole seed metering device as the research carrier, and is composed of a missed seeding monitoring module and a visualization module. Among them, the missed seeding monitoring module includes an incremental rotary encoder, color code electric eye color fiber optic sensor, color code sensor amplifier, etc.; the visualization module includes data acquisition module, industrial computer, and so on. The missing seeding monitoring module is installed on the seed spacer of the cotton precision seed metering device. It uses Labview software for graphical programming and is equipped with a multi-functional industrial computer. It realizes the monitoring of parameters such as the number of sowings, the number of missed sowings, the speed of the hole seeder, the forward speed of the machine, and the sowing area. The results of the bench test and field test of the sowing monitoring system showed that the accuracy rate of the system’s broadcast monitoring was over 93%, and the accuracy rate of missed broadcast monitoring was over 91%. The system solved the technical problem that cotton film-laying and sowing were not easy to detect. It could accurately detect the quality of cotton sowing in real time and meet the actual requirements of sowing monitoring.
Biochar Texture—A Parameter Influencing Physicochemical Properties, Morphology, and Agronomical Potential
Authors: Kalina Michal , Sovova Sarka , Hajzler Jan , Kubikova Leona , Trudicova Monika , Smilek Jiri , Enev Vojtech
Published: July 2022

Biochar represents a stable form of carbon-rich organic material produced by the pyrolysis of various biomass residues. It has the potential to stabilize organic carbon in the soil and improve soil fertility, water retention, and enhance plant growth. Despite its potential, there is limited information on the mutual relation of biochar texture with its physicochemical characteristics, morphology, and the content of organic matter. For these reasons, we studied three biochar samples with potential use in agriculture as soil supplements (NovoCarbo, Sonnenerde, Biouhel.cz). Our experimental approach performed on the individual sieved fraction of studied biochars (<0.5; 0.5–2.0; 2.0–4.0 and >4.0 mm) confirmed the importance of a selection of optimal source biomass material as the content of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, together with the conditions of pyrolysis (temperature of pyrolysis), play a crucial role in the managing of the properties of produced biochar. Agronomically more stable biochars containing a higher content of organic matter and organic carbon, with alkaline pH response and well-developed aromatic porous structure, could be produced from lignin-based biomass residues at higher pyrolysis temperatures, which is an important finding taking into account the possible utilization of biochar in soils as a soil conditioner.
Phytophthora sansomeana, an Emerging Threat to Soybean Production
Authors: Detranaltes Christopher Evan , Ma Jianxin , Cai Guohong
Published: July 2022

In 1990, new Phytophthora strains, later recognized as a new species, Phytophthora sansomeana, were found to cause Phytophthora root rot (PRR) in soybean in addition to P. sojae. The emergence and spread of a second pathogen causing PRR poses a significant threat to soybean production. While genetic resistance to P. sojae has been developed and widely deployed as a management tool, these varieties appear largely ineffective at controlling P. sansomeana, which has a broad host-range and can infect and survive on non-leguminous hosts including fir trees, Rosaceous fruit trees, maize, and several herbaceous weeds. This contributes potential for broad distributions worldwide across both agricultural and natural ecosystems. Despite having been studied since the 1980s under a variety of informal designations, little is known about the epidemiology, host-interactions, and management of this emergent pathogen. Due to the lack of management options, increased frequency of first reports in new geographic areas, and the overall limited body of knowledge surrounding this novel pathogen, P. sansomeana warrants more research attention from both biological and disease management perspectives. The aim of this review is to summarize the hosts, distribution, pathogenicity, and current management strategies of P. sansomeana and to provide a concise record of where it has been studied under other informal designations. Its role in PRR of soybean is emphasized due to the economic magnitude of PRR-associated losses and its well-documented aggressiveness as a soybean pathogen.
Assessment of Carrot Production System Using Biologically Active Compounds and Metabolomic Fingerprints
Authors: Schulzova Vera , Koudela Martin , Chmelarova Hana , Hajslova Jana , Novotny Cenek
Published: July 2022

Carrot is the most important root vegetable plant produced worldwide, consumed as a food source rich in bioactive compounds. The purpose was to investigate the effect of different farming conditions on the content of those compounds in the roots of Afalon and Cortina carrot cv. and to use metabolomic fingerprinting for the authentication of the carrots. Carotenoids and ascorbic acid (AA) were detected and quantified using the LC method. The characterization and classification of carrot samples according to the production system, variety and plant density were performed using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The metabolomic fingerprints/profiles were measured in positive and negative ionization mode on a reversed-phase analytical column, and the data were processed using the relevant statistical tools. The respective AA levels in Afalon and Cortina were 217–291 and 318–514 mg.kg−1 dry biomass. The main carotenes were β- and α-carotene whose ratio in Afalon and Cortina was 1.3 and 1.2, respectively. A set of 19 compounds detected by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS, selected on the basis of their importance for statistical distribution into individual groups representing a farming system, cultivar, or seeding density, was established and used for the authentication of the carrot samples. These compounds included various saccharides, phenolics, and lipids with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibiotic activities. The metabolomic data obtained were used for the verification of the farming system in which the carrots were grown.
CFD Simulation and Experiments of Pneumatic Centralized Cylinder Metering Device Cavity and Airflow Distributor
Authors: Wang Baolong , Na Yi , Pan Yihong , Ge Zhenbo , Liu Jian , Luo Xiwen
Published: July 2022

The distribution of airflow field in the pneumatic centralized cylinder metering device cavity, airstream distributor and different angle seed feeding tubes was investigated based on the pneumatic centralized cylinder direct-seeding metering device to study the effect on the movement law of rice seed. In total, three suction hole sizes (1.5 mm, 2 mm and 2.0 mm 45° wedge) were used for CFD simulation. The results showed that under the same inlet vacuum, the pressure at the 1.5 mm hole is higher than the other two types of holes, and the five measurement points of the 2 mm hole are more stable than the other two types of holes. At the positive pressure seed feeding area, the inlet pressure was set as 1.5 kPa, and the outlet pressure was set as 0 Pa. The pressure distribution at different measuring points showed that the 2 mm 45° wedge had the most uneven positive pressure distribution, and the 1.5 mm hole had higher positive pressure distribution than the 2 mm hole in general. Three different structured airflow distributors were designed. CFD simulation experiments showed that the arc transition type presented better uniformity than the other two types. The uniformity experiments at the ends of the seed-feeding tubes indicated that the airflow velocity had the trend of large in the middle and small at two sides. Finally, the movement law of the rice seeds in seed feeding tubes at different angles was obtained by using high-speed photography. The results showed that the rice seeds in tube C (maximum angle) presented a movement posture of falling sector a and kept falling after colliding in sector b; the rice seeds in tube B (the second angle) presented a movement posture of falling in sector a and kept falling after colliding in sector b. The above research provides a reference for the optimal design of a pneumatic centralized cylinder metering device.
Legume/Maize Intercropping and N Application for Improved Yield, Quality, Water and N Utilization for Forage Production
Authors: Zhang Haixing , Shi Wei , Ali Shahzad , Chang Shenghua , Jia Qianmin , Hou Fujiang
Published: July 2022

Legume/maize intercropping has been practiced in many countries as a sustainable cropping system, but the effects of intercropping legumes with maize together with N application rates on biomass yield, quality, water-use efficiency (WUE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) are limited under arid conditions in Northwest China. Field experiments were carried out in arid areas of Northwest China from 2019 to 2020 with three planting patterns (LM: Dolichos lablab (Lablab purpureus L.)/silage maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping; FM: Fodder soybean (Glycine max L.)/silage maize intercropping; M: silage maize monoculture) and four N application levels (N1: 0 kg N ha−1; N2: 120 kg N ha−1; N3: 240 N kg ha−1; N4: 360 N kg ha−1). The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer had a significant (p < 0.01) effect on total yield, WUE, and various nutrient parameters and the interaction between planting mode and nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on the above indicators, but had a significant (p < 0.01) effect on NUE. Compared with N1, the N3 and N4 treatments significantly increased fresh and hay yield, crude protein yield, crude protein concentration, and crude fat concentration of maize, legumes, and the whole silage system, and decreased the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). In comparison with N1, the 2-year average total biomass yield of N3 and N4 increased by 60.38% and 56.45%, respectively, and the total crude protein yield increased by 106.71% and 100.00%, respectively. High N input treatments (N3 and N4) significantly increased WUEB (the WUE of legume and maize biomass), N concentration, N uptake, and NUE than N1, and the 2-year average NUE of N3 was 59.52% greater than that of N4. The results also show that LM and FM increased crude protein concentration and decreased NDF and ADF concentration compared with M, and the forage quality of LM was greater than that of FM. In contrast with M, LM and FM increased biomass yield by 3.70% and 1.72%, crude protein yield by 32.05% and 22.82%, and WUEB by 10.49% and 6.02%, respectively. Application of 240 kg N ha−1 in the Dolichos lablab–maize intercropping systems produced better dry biomass yield with increased forage qualities than other treatments, but the economic analysis is needed before making a recommendation.
Genetic Mapping and Identification of the Gibberellin 3-Oxidase Gene GA3ox Leading to a GA-Deficient Dwarf Phenotype in Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata D.)
Authors: Min Ziyang , Hu Xinjun , Han Xiaoxia , Li Yongqi , Li Jiajia , Wang Duanhua , Sun Longjun , Sun Xiaowu
Published: July 2022

Plant height is an important indicator in the ideal plant model and contributes to optimizing yield and lodging resistance. The emergence of a dwarfing phenotype provides an opportunity for plant height improvement. In a previous study, we identified a dwarf mutant Si1 in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata D.) obtained by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of the inbred line N87. Phenotype identification for Si1 revealed a decrease in cell size and shorter internodes than those of wild type. Genetic analysis revealed that the dwarf mutant trait was controlled by a single recessive gene, CmaSI1. By bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and subsequent fine mapping, we mapped the CmaSI1 locus to a 463 kb region on chromosome 8 that contained 28 annotated genes in the F2 population. Only one nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CmoCh08G006170 was obtained according to whole-genome resequencing of the two parents. CmoCh08G006170, a homolog of Arabidopsis gibberellin 3-beta hydroxylase (GA3ox), is a key enzyme in the regulation of bioactive gibberellins (GAs). RNA-seq analysis and qRT-PCR showed that the expression level of CmoCh08G006170 in stems of Si1 was changed compared with that of wild type. The dwarf phenotype could be restored by exogenous GA3 treatment, suggesting that Si1 is a GA-deficient mutant. The above results demonstrated that CmoCh08G006170 may be the candidate gene controlling the dwarf phenotype. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the genetic regulation of vine length and crop breeding in pumpkin.
Diversity and Potential Function of the Bacterial Rhizobiome Associated to Physalis Ixocarpa Broth. in a Milpa System, in Michoacan, Mexico
Authors: Ariza-Mejía Daniella , Oyoque-Salcedo Guadalupe , Angóa-Pérez Valentina , Mena-Violante Hortencia G. , Álvarez-Bernal Dioselina , Torres-García Jesús R.
Published: July 2022

Michoacan state has a long history in plant domestication’s. Physalis ixocarpa is a native plant that growth associated to maize crops from this region. Due to the domestication process includes the adaptation to environmental factors, we ask if (1) Does P. ixocarpa has the capacity of association with bacterial communities of the zone where it was domesticated? and (2) Does the rhizobiome of this plant can increase the potential functions in the soil? An experiment was established in a traditional milpa system. Samples of rhizobiome from corn, P. ixocarpa, P. philadelphica, and soil were sequenced using Next Generation Sequencing in the region 16S. The potential function, metabolic pathway reconstruction and participation of each bacteria genus was inferred using iVikodak platform. A total of 34 Phyla and 795 genera were identified. Purine metabolism’s was the principal function, where all rhizobiomes showed similar metabolic pathways. However, the difference among plant species is the participation of the distinct genera in the Purine metabolism. We conclude that the rhizobiome of P. ixocarpa maintains the capacity of bacterial association in the region and shows complementarity for the soil functions. Therefore, their utilization can be helpful in zones where the agricultural practices have degraded microbiological soil conditions.
Dry-Aggregate Stability and Soil Nutrients Responses to Reapplication of Biochar and Organic/Inorganic Fertilizers in Urban Vegetable Production
Authors: Okebalama Chinyere Blessing , Marschner Bernd
Published: July 2022

Background: Knowledge of the responses of soil aggregates to various fertilization practices can contribute to sustainable soil management in urban vegetable agriculture. Aims: The study assessed the soil fertility, dry aggregate stability, and aggregate total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) retention after the reapplication of biochar, and organic/inorganic fertilizers. Methods: Four replicates of ecological sanitation (ECOSAN) manure, NPK fertilizer, corncob biochar (CCB), and CCB, combined with urea and cattle manure (UCF), were established in a randomized complete block design. Results: The application of ECOSAN increased the soil pH and also resulted in significant accumulation of available phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Compared to CCB treatment, UCF + CCB produced significant increases in the TC, TN, P, Ca, and Mg concentrations by 53, 140, 227, 27, and 78%, respectively, and additionally increased the 4.75–2.00 mm large macroaggregates and mean weight diameter. The total carbon increased significantly in microaggregates (>0.25 mm); macroaggregates (4.75–0.25 mm); and in the micro- and macroaggregate fractions of the ECOSAN, CCB, and UCF + CCB treatments, respectively. More so, the TN in micro- and macroaggregates was increased maximally by UCF + CCB and minimally by the CCB treatment. Conclusions: The reapplication of CCB had limited potential for carbon sequestration in soil aggregates, but its combination with UCF better reflects carbon and nitrogen stabilization in micro- and macro- aggregates, with greater potential in large macroaggregates.
Carbon Footprint Assessment and Energy Budgeting of Different Annual and Perennial Forage Cropping Systems: A Study from the Semi-Arid Region of Karnataka, India
Authors: Manoj Konapura Nagaraja , Shekara Bommalapura Gundanaik , Sridhara Shankarappa , Mudalagiriyappa  , Chikkarugi Nagesh Malasiddappa , Gopakkali Pradeep , Jha Prakash Kumar , Vara Prasad P. V.
Published: July 2022

Efficient use of available resources in agricultural production is important to minimize carbon footprint considering the state of climate change. In this context, the current research was conducted to identify carbon and energy-efficient fodder cropping systems for sustainable livestock production. Annual monocropping, perennial monocropping, annual cereal + legume intercropping and perennial cereal + legume intercropping systems were evaluated by employing a randomized complete block design with three replications under field conditions. The lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) monocropping system recorded significantly lower carbon input (274 kg-CE ha−1 year−1) and showed higher carbon indices viz., carbon sustainability index (165.8), the carbon efficiency ratio (166.8) and carbon efficiency (347.5 kg kg-CE−1) over other systems. However, higher green fodder biomass led to statistically higher carbon output (78,542 kg-CE ha−1 year−1) in the Bajra–Napier hybrid (Pennisetum glaucum × Pennisetum purpureum) + lucerne perennial system. Similar to carbon input, lower input energy requirement (16,106 MJ ha−1 year−1) and nutrient energy ratio (25.7) were estimated with the lucerne perennial system. However, significantly higher energy output (376,345 and 357,011 MJ ha−1 year−1) and energy indices viz., energy use efficiency (13.3 and 12.2), energy productivity (5.8 and 5.3 kg MJ−1), net energy (327,811 and 347,961 MJ ha−1 year−1) and energy use efficiency (12.3 and 11.2) were recorded with Bajra–Napier hybrid + legume [lucerne and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)] cropping systems, respectively. However, these systems were on par with the lucerne monocropping system. Additionally, Bajra–Napier hybrid + legume [cowpea, sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) and lucerne] cropping systems also showed higher human energy profitability. Concerning various inputs’ contribution to total carbon and energy input, chemical fertilizers were identified as the major contributors (73 and 47%), followed by farmyard manure (20 and 22%) used to cultivate crops, respectively, across the cropping systems. Extensive use of indirect (82%) and non-renewable energy sources (69%) was noticed compared to direct (18%) and renewable energy sources (31%). Overall, perennial monocropping and cereal + legume cropping systems performed well in terms of carbon and energy efficiency. However, in green biomass production and carbon and energy efficiency, Bajra–Napier hybrid + legume (lucerne and cowpea) cropping systems were identified as the best systems for climate-smart livestock feed production.
Comparative Transcriptome Analyses between Resistant and Susceptible Varieties in Response to Soybean Mosaic Virus Infection
Authors: Chen Yuanyuan , Shen Ying , Chen Boyu , Xie Lijun , Xiao Yanmin , Chong Zheng , Cai Han , Xing Guangnan , Zhi Haijian , Li Kai
Published: July 2022

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a worldwide and hardly controlled virus disease in soybean. Kefeng-1 is an elite variety resistant to SMV in China. In order to discover resistance genes and regulation networks in Kefeng-1, we analyzed transcriptome data of resistant (Kefeng-1) and susceptible (NN1138-2) soybean varieties in response to infection of the SMV strain SC18 at 0, 6, and 48 hours post-inoculation (hpi) and 5 days post-inoculation (dpi). Many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with Kefeng-1 and NN 1138-2. Based on the enrichment analysis for gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, we found that 48 hpi was the best time point for the defense response of the two soybean varieties in response to the SMV infection. The expression of seven candidate genes was further verified by qRT-PCR and was relatively consistent with the results of RNA-Seq. The expression of genes for Glyma.11G239000 and Glyma.18G018400, members of the ethylene-insensitive 3/ethylene-insensitive3-like (EIN3/EIL) protein family involved in ETH, were downregulated in NN1138-2 but not in Kefeng-1 and the expression of Glyma.14G041500 was upregulated in Kefeng-1 at 5 dpi. The expression of jasmonic acid repressor genes (TIFY/JAZ) was downregulated in NN1138-2 but not in Kefeng-1. NPR1 involved in the salicylic acid signaling pathway was downregulated in NN1138-2 at 48 hpi but upregulated in Kefeng-1. It shows that ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid signaling pathways may be involved in the disease resistance process to the SMV strain SC18. Our findings would help to understand the molecular mechanism of soybean resistance to SMV.
Development of an Immunochromatographic Test Based on Rhoptry Protein 14 for Serological Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Swine
Authors: Yang Yimin , Huang Yechuan , Zhao Xianfeng , Lin Mi , Chen Lulu , Zhao Mingxiu , Chen Xueqiu , Yang Yi , Ma Guangxu , Yao Chaoqun , Huang Siyang , Du Aifang
Published: July 2022

Toxoplasma gondii, a worldwide distributed apicomplexan protozoan, can infect almost all warm-blooded animals and may cause toxoplasmosis. In order to provide a point-of-care detection method for T. gondii infection, an immunochromatographic test (ICT) was established. The proposed test uses recombinant T. gondii rhoptry protein 14 (ROP14) conjugated with 20 nm gold particles, recombinant protein A as the detection line and monoclonal antibody TgROP14-5D5 as the control line. The specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and stability of this new ICT were evaluated. rTgROP14 was specifically recognized by positive serum of T. gondii but not negative serum. mAb TgROP14-5D5 showed higher specific recognition of T. gondii antigens and was therefore selected for subsequent colloidal gold strip construction. The new ICT based on TgROP14 exhibited good diagnostic performance with high specificity (86.9%) and sensitivity (90.9%) using IHA as a “reference standard”. Among 436 field porcine sera, ICT and IHA detected 134 (30.7%) and 99 (22.7%) positive samples, respectively. The relative agreement was 87.8%. These data indicate that this new ICT based on TgROP14 is a suitable candidate for routine testing of T. gondii in the field.
Genomic Analysis of Antibiotics Resistance in Pathogens
Authors: Nogueira Teresa
Published: July 2022

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens currently represents a serious threat to public health and the economy worldwide [...]
Interactions between Medical Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Antimicrobial Combination Effects
Authors: Vaou Natalia , Stavropoulou Elisavet , Voidarou Chrysoula (Chrysa) , Tsakris Zacharias , Rozos Georgios , Tsigalou Christina , Bezirtzoglou Eugenia
Published: July 2022

It is accepted that the medicinal use of complex mixtures of plant-derived bioactive compounds is more effective than purified bioactive compounds due to beneficial combination interactions. However, synergy and antagonism are very difficult to study in a meticulous fashion since most established methods were designed to reduce the complexity of mixtures and identify single bioactive compounds. This study represents a critical review of the current scientific literature on the combined effects of plant-derived extracts/bioactive compounds. A particular emphasis is provided on the identification of antimicrobial synergistic or antagonistic combinations using recent metabolomics methods and elucidation of approaches identifying potential mechanisms that underlie their interactions. Proven examples of synergistic/antagonistic antimicrobial activity of bioactive compounds are also discussed. The focus is also put on the current challenges, difficulties, and problems that need to be overcome and future perspectives surrounding combination effects. The utilization of bioactive compounds from medicinal plant extracts as appropriate antimicrobials is important and needs to be facilitated by means of new metabolomics technologies to discover the most effective combinations among them. Understanding the nature of the interactions between medicinal plant-derived bioactive compounds will result in the development of new combination antimicrobial therapies.
COVID-19 Secondary Infections in ICU Patients and Prevention Control Measures: A Preliminary Prospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Ruiz-Santana Sergio , Mora-Quintero María-Luisa , Saavedra Pedro , Montiel-González Raquel , Sánchez-Ramírez Catalina , Pérez-Acosta Guillermo , Martín-Velasco Mar , Rodríguez-Mata Cristóbal , Lorenzo-García José-Manuel , Parrilla-Toribio Dácil , Carrillo-García Tanya , Martín-González Juan-Carlos
Published: July 2022

The incidence of secondary infections in critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is worrisome. We investigated whether selective digestive decontamination (SDD) added to infection control measures during an intensive care unit (ICU) stay modified these infection rates. Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study was carried out in four ICUs in Spain. All consecutive ventilated patients with a SARS-CoV-2 infection engaged in national infection control programs between 1 March and 10 December 2020 were investigated. Patients were grouped into two cohorts according to the site of ICU admission. Secondary relevant infections were included. Infection densities corresponding to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter bacteremia, secondary bacteremia, and multi-resistant germs were obtained as the number of events per 1000 days of exposure and were compared between SDD and non-SDD groups using Poisson regression. Factors that had an independent association with mortality were identified using multidimensional logistic analysis. Results: There were 108 patients in the SDD cohort and 157 in the non-SDD cohort. Patients in the SDD cohort showed significantly lower rates (p < 0.001) of VAP (1.9 vs. 9.3 events per 1000 ventilation days) and MDR infections (0.57 vs. 2.28 events per 1000 ICU days) and a non-significant reduction in secondary bacteremia (0.6 vs. 1.41 events per 1000 ICU days) compared with those in the non-SDD cohort. Infections caused by MDR pathogens occurred in 5 patients in the SDD cohort and 21 patients in the non-SDD cohort (p = 0.006). Differences in mortality according to SDD were not found. Conclusion: The implementation of SDD in infection control programs significantly reduced the incidence of VAP and MDR infections in critically ill SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.
The Application of the Neuroprotective and Potential Antioxidant Effect of Ergotamine Mediated by Targeting N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors
Authors: Lee Shinhui , Eom Sanung , Nguyen Khoa V. A. , Lee Jiwon , Park Youngseo , Yeom Hye Duck , Lee Junho H.
Published: July 2022

(1) Background: The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediate fast excitatory currents leading to depolarization. Postsynaptic NMDARs are ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate excitatory glutamate or glycine signaling in the CNS and play a primary role in long-term potentiation, which is a major form of use-dependent synaptic plasticity. The overstimulation of NMDARs mediates excessive Ca2+ influx to postsynaptic neurons and facilitates more production of ROS, which induces neuronal apoptosis. (2) Methods: To confirm the induced inward currents by the coapplication of glutamate and ergotamine on NMDARs, a two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) was conducted. The ergotamine-mediated inhibitory effects of NR1a/NR2A subunits were explored among four different kinds of recombinant NMDA subunits. In silico docking modeling was performed to confirm the main binding site of ergotamine. (3) Results: The ergotamine-mediated inhibitory effect on the NR1a/NR2A subunits has concentration-dependent, reversible, and voltage-independent properties. The major binding sites were V169 of the NR1a subunit and N466 of the NR2A subunit. (4) Conclusion: Ergotamine effectively inhibited NR1a/NR2A subunit among the subtypes of NMDAR. This inhibition effect can prevent excessive Ca2+ influx, which prevents neuronal death.
Response of Thymus lotocephalus In Vitro Cultures to Drought Stress and Role of Green Extracts in Cosmetics
Authors: Mansinhos Inês , Gonçalves Sandra , Rodríguez-Solana Raquel , Duarte Hugo , Ordóñez-Díaz José Luis , Moreno-Rojas José Manuel , Romano Anabela
Published: July 2022

The impact of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) on morphological, physiological, (bio)chemical, and biological characteristics of Thymus lotocephalus López and Morales shoot cultures have been investigated, as well as the potential of iron oxide nanoparticles, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as alleviating drought stress agents. Results showed that PEG caused oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, raising H2O2 levels and reducing shoots’ growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, and phenolic compounds production, especially phenolic acids, including the major compound rosmarinic acid. Moreover, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra analysis revealed that PEG treatment caused changes in shoots’ composition, enhancing terpenoids biosynthesis. PEG also decreased the biological activities (antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and photoprotective) of the eco-friendly extracts obtained with a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent. MeJA was the most efficient agent in protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by drought, by improving the biosynthesis of phenolics, like methyl 6-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and salvianolic acids, as well as improving the extracts’ antioxidant activity. Altogether, the obtained results demonstrated a negative impact of PEG on T. lotocephalus shoots and an effective role of MeJA as a mitigating agent of drought stress. Additionally, extracts showed a good potential to be used in the cosmetics industry as skincare products.
Hydrogen Sulfide, Ethylene, and Nitric Oxide Regulate Redox Homeostasis and Protect Photosynthetic Metabolism under High Temperature Stress in Rice Plants
Authors: Gautam Harsha , Fatma Mehar , Sehar Zebus , Mir Iqbal R. , Khan Nafees A.
Published: July 2022

Rising temperatures worldwide due to global climate change are a major scientific issue at present. The present study reports the effects of gaseous signaling molecules, ethylene (200 µL L−1; 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid; ethephon, Eth), nitric oxide (NO; 100 µM sodium nitroprusside; SNP), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S; 200 µM sodium hydrosulfide, NaHS) in high temperature stress (HS) tolerance, and whether or not H2S contributes to ethylene or NO-induced thermo-tolerance and photosynthetic protection in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, i.e., Taipei-309, and Rasi. Plants exposed to an HS of 40 °C for six h per day for 15 days caused a reduction in rice biomass, associated with decreased photosynthesis and leaf water status. High temperature stress increased oxidative stress by increasing the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in rice leaves. These signaling molecules increased biomass, leaf water status, osmolytes, antioxidants, and photosynthesis of plants under non-stress and high temperature stress. However, the effect was more conspicuous with ethylene than NO and H2S. The application of H2S scavenger hypotaurine (HT) reversed the effect of ethylene or NO on photosynthesis under HS. This supports the findings that the ameliorating effects of Eth or SNP involved H2S. Thus, the presence of H2S with ethylene or NO can enhance thermo-tolerance while also protecting plant photosynthesis.
Effects and Mechanisms of Curcumin for the Prevention and Management of Cancers: An Updated Review
Authors: Yang Zhi-Jun , Huang Si-Yu , Zhou Dan-Dan , Xiong Ruo-Gu , Zhao Cai-Ning , Fang Ai-Ping , Zhang Yun-Jian , Li Hua-Bin , Zhu Hui-Lian
Published: July 2022

Cancer is the leading cause of death in the world. Curcumin is the main ingredient in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and is widely used in the food industry. It shows anticancer properties on different types of cancers, and the underlying mechanisms of action include inhibiting cell proliferation, suppressing invasion and migration, promoting cell apoptosis, inducing autophagy, decreasing cancer stemness, increasing reactive oxygen species production, reducing inflammation, triggering ferroptosis, regulating gut microbiota, and adjuvant therapy. In addition, the anticancer action of curcumin is demonstrated in clinical trials. Moreover, the poor water solubility and low bioavailability of curcumin can be improved by a variety of nanotechnologies, which will promote its clinical effects. Furthermore, although curcumin shows some adverse effects, such as diarrhea and nausea, it is generally safe and tolerable. This paper is an updated review of the prevention and management of cancers by curcumin with a special attention to its mechanisms of action.
RETRACTED: Nahar et al. PSHRisk-Tool: A Python-Based Computational Tool for Developing Site Seismic Hazard Analysis and Failure Risk Assessment of Infrastructure. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 7487
Authors: Nahar Tahmina , Rahman Md , Kim Dookie
Published: July 2022

The journal retracts the article, “PSHRisk-Tool: A Python-Based Computational Tool for Developing Site Seismic Hazard Analysis and Failure Risk Assessment of Infrastructure” [...]
Ni-Co Bearing Laterites from Halmahera Island (Indonesia)
Authors: Konopka Gustaw , Szamałek Krzysztof , Zglinicki Karol
Published: July 2022

Eastern Indonesia, including the island of Halmahera, is a region with a high mineral potential, particularly Ni-Co, Au-Cu, and Ag ores, which are a globally important and critical source of raw materials (CRMs). The research was conducted within the framework of scientific cooperation between the Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw (Poland), and PT Halmahera Resources Percasa Ltd. (Jakarta, Indonesia) Between the years of 2009 and 2011, 42 boreholes were drilled using an impact system (up to 15 m below surface) and 3 test pits (up to 8 m below surface). The presence of a laterite deposit containing Ni-Co mineralization was identified on the license area. The resources estimated in accordance with JORC Code, with a cut-off grade Ni ≥ 0.5%, equaling 185,510 t Ni and 17,747 t Co, with the stock of raw material amounting to 14.8 million t and with an average content of 1.00% Ni and 0.13% Co. The ore in the deposit has mixed character. To date, studies have shown the dominance of oxide ore, but saprolite composed of magnesium silicates was also identified in significant amount. The Ni mineralization in oxide ore (limonite) is bound to goethite and manganese minerals, while in the case of silicate (saprolite) ore, it occurs locally in the form of veins as well as zonally in the weathered serpentinites. Cobalt mineralization is almost entirely related to the Mn minerals that occur in the lower oxide zone. It has been found that both serpentinites and harzburgites (and possibly locally lherzolite) are the parent rocks for laterite deposit.