bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexualidade e a interseção com o cuidado na prática profissional de enfermeiras
Authors: Costa Lucia Helena Rodrigues , Coelho Edméia de Almeida Cardoso
Published: June 2015

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a interseção entre sexualidade e cuidado de enfermagem enquanto prática social. Trata-se de pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, tendo como referencial a Teoria Feminista do Ponto de Vista e gênero como categoria analítica. Foi desenvolvida junto a nove enfermeiras de Barbacena, estado de Minas Gerais. O material empírico foi produzido por meio de histórias de vida e analisado através da análise de discurso crítica. Os resultados apontam que a sexualidade possui uma transversalidade que atravessa as maneiras de cuidar nas suas diferentes formas e lugares: do cuidado direto com o corpo do(a) outro(a) às dificuldades apresentadas por algumas enfermeiras em lidar com situações que não se adéquam às normas socialmente aceitas da heterossexualidade.
Desafiando medos: relatos de enfrentamento de usuários com transtornos fóbico-ansiosos
Authors: Almeida Priscylla Araújo , Silva Priscilla Maria de Castro , Espínola Lawrencita Limeira , Azevedo Elisângela Braga de , Ferreira Filha Maria de Oliveira
Published: June 2015

Estudo interpretativo e compreensivo que objetivou investigar as formas de enfrentamento utilizadas pelos portadores de transtornos fóbico-ansiosos do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial I, do município de Queimadas-PB, Brasil, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2010. O material empírico foi produzido por meio de entrevistas e submetido à análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Desse material, foram extraídos os temas principais que formaram a categoria temática denominada CAPS I como lugar de expressão da subjetividade, e os eixos temáticos Reconhecimento da doença; Solidão e isolamento; e Família como principal ponto de apoio. Os resultados identificaram que, ao aderir ao tratamento, os usuários começaram a resgatar a autoestima, fortalecer vínculos e a enfrentar os sintomas biopsicossociais. Ressalta-se a relevância da dimensão afetiva no encontro entre profissionais, usuários e familiares. Conclui-se que a prática humanizada garante e estimula a integração entre os processos de trabalho e os projetos de vida dos usuários.
Avaliação das competências de professores de enfermagem para desenvolver programas educativos para adultos
Authors: Draganov Patricia Bover , Sanna Maria Cristina
Published: June 2015

Avaliar o desempenho que o enfermeiro docente de enfermagem atribui a si, nas competências para desenvolver programas educativos para adultos, foi objetivo desse estudo descritivo, comparativo, transversal e quantitativo, desenvolvido com 226 docentes enfermeiros de cursos de graduação em enfermagem paulistanos. Os dados foram colhidos por escala de Likert, lançados em planilha Excel® e analisados por estatística descritiva e testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon e Friedman. A população tinha predominantemente entre 46-55 anos (87/38,49%), eram mulheres (198/87, 61%) e mestres (180/79, 65%). Os professores consideraram-se distantes das competências que almejavam alcançar. A menor habilidade esteve em construir desenhos de programas para atender às situações de aprendizagem e a maior, em avaliar programas de ensino. O maior desejo esteve em desenhar programas com formatos criativos e o menor desejo para usar conselhos, comitês e força-tarefa. Concluiuse que desenhar programas educativos para adultos ainda é algo pouco explorado e pouco experenciado por esses docentes.
Ambiente, saúde e enfermagem no contexto ecossistêmico
Authors: Zamberlan Claudia , Medeiros Adriane Calvetti de , Dei Svaldi Jaqueline , Siqueira Hedi Crecencia Heckler
Published: June 2015

Trata-se de uma revisão teórico-filosófica que teve como objetivo refletir acerca das inter-relações ambiente, saúde e enfermagem na perspectiva ecossistêmica. A compreensão do ambiente e sua influência na saúde das pessoas, bem como das possibilidades que os sistemas alavancam, podem produzir subsídios para a formulação de novas políticas públicas nos diversos contextos vigentes ou, ainda, propiciar uma (re)organização das práticas já existentes trazendo outras possibilidades de atenção, além de direcionar e qualificar o cuidado em saúde/enfermagem. Os profissionais da enfermagem, ao adotar ações ecossistêmicas no seu fazer cotidiano, tendem a preconizar o atendimento integral ao ser humano, pois têm a oportunidade de pôr em prática ações de cunho ambiental, ecológicas, físicas, psicológicas, espirituais e sociais, criando assim possibilidades de um cuidado interativo e integral.
Enfermagem escolar e sua especialização: uma nova ou antiga atividade
Authors: Rasche Alexandra Schmitt , Santos Maria da Soledade Simeão dos
Published: June 2015

O estudo buscou mostrar a origem do termo enfermeiro escolar e a trajetória desta especialidade na enfermagem brasileira. Oobjetivo foi discutir acerca de novos espaços de atuação do enfermeiro. Utilizamos como metodologia uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo em vista a prática do enfermeiro em uma escola de Ensino Fundamental e a identificação e análise de elementos teóricos obtidos nos levantamentos bibliográficos relacionados à promoção da saúde. Nos resultados demonstramos como a presença do enfermeiro na escola é determinante na atenção aos processos de promoção em saúde ao estimular debates técnicos, apresentar sua perspectiva em relação aos processos de saúde e doença, além de fortificar as relações sociais entre profissionais da educação e da saúde.
Vivência de adolescentes em atividade de promoção da saúde
Authors: Ferreira Júnior Antonio Rodrigues , Barros Erineide Melo Albuquerque de , Sousa Rosalice Araújo de , Souza Luiza Jane Eyre de
Published: June 2015

Este trabalho relata uma experiência ocorrida no município de Uruoca-CE, Brasil, onde enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família envolveram um grupo de adolescentes em práticas de promoção da saúde. Mulheres grávidas foram escolhidas como prioridade, visto que ocorria resistência das usuárias para realização da consulta odontológica e pequena participação familiar no pré-natal. Construiu-se uma peça teatral para as gestantes e seus familiares, enfocando a temática, em que os adolescentes foram roteiristas, cenógrafos e atores. Observou-se grande envolvimento destes no planejamento e implementação das atividades, bem como maior entendimento acerca da relação entre participação comunitária e promoção da saúde. Ocorreu aumento da participação familiar durante as consultas do pré-natal, bem como a frequência das gestantes nos atendimentos odontológicos.
Developing Cooperative Learning through Tasks in Content and Language Integrated Learning
Authors: Ramos Ordoñez María Del Carmen , Pavón Vázquez Victor
Published: June 2015

This article presents the results of a study on teachers’ perceptions regarding specific work with tasks in the CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) classroom, a context where academic content and a foreign language are learnt simultaneously. A questionnaire consisting of closed and open questions was administered to 25 teachers working in a school participating in an innovative project based on the implementation of tasks used as an instrument to promote cooperative learning. Following an interdisciplinary approach, the teachers worked in collaboration to design tasks that were organised and linked around a common topic. These crosscurricular themes were selected in the different subjects with the objective of making students work towards a common final goal through several developmental stages. The results of the study show that the teachers are concerned about the methodological difficulties that the use of tasks entail, about their own ability to cope with them, and about the problems that they encounter to collaborate. However, the teachers also value the benefits of this strategy in terms of achievement of learning objectives, and display a high degree of motivation to continue working with this model.
“Since Feeling is First”: Exploring the Affective Dimension of Teacher Licensure Exams
Authors: Petchauer Emery , Baker-Doyle Kira J. , Mawhinney Lynnette , CiarKowski Brian
Published: June 2015

Teacher licensure exams directly shape the racial demographics of the teaching profession. This is particularly the case for “basic skills” exams that are program entrance requirements in the United States and expanding into other countries. This qualitative study explored an important yet overlooked dimension of these exams for test takers: emotional and affective states. Specifically, we were interested in the affective dimension of the test-taking event. Our findings reveal a number of positive and negative affective states that both African American and White preservice teachers experience during the exam and the processes of appraisal that produce these states. Our findings also highlight the importance of preparation activities prior the exam to help alleviate negative affective states during the exam. 
Reducing the Harm of Criminal Victimization: The Role of Restitution
Authors: Haynes Stacy Hoskins , Cares Alison C. , Ruback R. Barry
Published: June 2015

Restitution is a court-ordered payment by offenders to their victims to cover the victims’ economic losses resulting from the crime. These losses can be substantial and can harm victims and victims’ families both directly and indirectly. But most victims do not receive reparation for their injuries, both because judges do not always impose restitution and because of problems with collecting restitution payments, even if there is a court order to do so. In this article, we review the literature on restitution and suggest that this compensatory mechanism is necessary to restore victims to where they were before the crime occurred. But monetary restitution alone is not sufficient. Making victims whole requires not only financial compensation from the offender but also procedural, informational, and interpersonal justice from the criminal justice system.
What Happens After I Hit? A Qualitative Analysis of the Consequences of Dating Violence for Female Perpetrators
Authors: Cornelius Tara L. , Bell Kathryn M. , Wyngarden Nicole , Shorey Ryan C.
Published: June 2015

Objectives: The primary goal of this study is to qualitatively examine reinforcing and punishing consequences following the perpetration of physical aggression by women in dating relationships because recent theoretical conceptualizations of intimate partner violence have emphasized an examination of such consequences. Method: Participants were 25 undergraduate women in current dating relationships who reported previous perpetration of physical dating violence and completed a qualitative, theoretically based interview on the consequences of their aggression perpetration. Results: Findings demonstrated that violent episodes resulted in both reinforcing and punishing consequences, with 100% of instances resulting in reinforcing consequences for the perpetrator and 76% classified as punishing, which were divided into 15 different classes of outcomes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that dating violence prevention programming could focus their efforts on increasing use of nonaggressive behaviors leading to reinforcing outcomes among dating couples during conflict resolution. This also has important implications for theoretical models of intimate partner violence.
Cumulative Effects of Multiple Forms of Violence and Abuse on Women
Authors: MacIntosh Judith , Wuest Judith , Ford-Gilboe Marilyn , Varcoe Colleen
Published: June 2015

Little is known about how patterns of workplace bullying contribute to the negative effects of lifetime violence. Analysis of longitudinal data from a study of women’s health after separating from an abusive partner revealed that 76% of 229 women had experienced workplace bullying. Workplace bullying was associated with child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and ongoing partner abuse. Timing was critical, with those experiencing past workplace bullying having poorer health and fewer personal and social resources than those experiencing none, ongoing, or past and ongoing bullying. Lifetime sexual harassment (54%) was associated with higher posttraumatic stress disorder symptomology and greater likelihood of leaving workplaces and physical bullying (16%) with poorer health and personal, social, and economic resources. These findings highlight the importance of including bullying in studying lifetime violence.
The Relation of Severity and Type of Community Violence Exposure to Emotional Distress and Problem Behaviors Among Urban African American Adolescents
Authors: Goldner Jonathan , Gross Israel M. , Richards Maryse H. , Ragsdale Brian L.
Published: June 2015

Severity level and type of exposure to community violence were examined to determine their effect on emotional distress and problem behaviors among 234 low-income urban African American early adolescents. There were 4 violence exposure scales developed from a principal component analysis of the Richters and Martinez (1993) exposure to violence scale: moderate and severe witnessing and moderate and severe victimization. Regression analyses indicated that moderate victimization was the most consistent predictor of emotional distress and behavioral problems, whereas moderate witnessing did not relate to any of the dependent variables. Severe victimization predicted depression and delinquency, whereas severe witnessing predicted posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and delinquency. Witnessing and victimization scales based on severity of exposure better represented the experience than combining all data into a single exposure or simply witnessing and victimization scales.
Evidence of the Construct Validity of the Scale of Economic Abuse
Authors: Adams Adrienne E. , Beeble Marisa L. , Gregory Katie A.
Published: June 2015

This study investigated the construct validity of the Scale of Economic Abuse (SEA). Evidence of construct validity was assessed by examining the relationship between the SEA and an economic outcome, financial resources, as perceived by participants. A sample of 93 women with abusive partners were recruited from a domestic violence organization and interviewed 3 times over a period of 4 months. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the relationship between economic abuse and financial resources over time, controlling for the effects of physical and psychological abuse. The findings indicate that baseline economic abuse was significantly related to baseline financial resources, and within-woman change in economic abuse was significantly predicted change in financial resources over time. The findings suggest that the SEA measures what it is intended to measure: an economic dimension of intimate partner abuse that has damaging economic consequences.
Improving Systematic Response in the Face of Homicide: Family and Friends of Homicide Victims Service Needs
Authors: Metzger Jed , Mastrocinque Jeanna M. , Navratil Peter , Cerulli Catherine
Published: June 2015

Homicide is a pressing issue in America. This study used qualitative data obtained from focus groups of family and friends of homicide victims (FFHV) to assess and better meet the needs of victims post homicide. The study results posit myriad changes to the systematic response to homicide. The article concludes with recommendations for training and resources, with specific attention to legal, law enforcement, medical, and behavioral health providers.
Gender and the Acceptance of Retaliatory Violence Among Acquaintance, Dating, and Marital Relationships
Authors: Bradley Mindy S.
Published: June 2015

Those who contemplate retaliatory violence against female intimate partners face two conflicting social norms: chivalry norms that discourage violence against women and social norms that may excuse or even support hitting back when one is victimized. Using a sample of 400 undergraduates, this study examines the degree to which norms discouraging violence against women extend to retaliatory acts of violence and whether normative protection of women varies across type of relationship. Findings indicate that relationship status affects men’s approval of retaliation by women but not their approval of retaliation by men. In contrast, relationship status affects women’s approval of retaliation by men but not their approval of retaliation by women. These findings are consistent with the idea that both men and women subscribe to chivalry norms that inhibit male aggression toward women. Norms that discourage retaliation against women are not limited to wives. Both men and women are more supportive of women’s retaliation against men than men’s retaliation against women. Men are particularly likely to endorse retaliation by wives against their husbands.
An Examination of Emotion Regulation and Alcohol Use as Risk Factors for Female-Perpetrated Dating Violence
Authors: Ortiz Edwin , Shorey Ryan C. , Cornelius Tara L.
Published: June 2015

Dating violence is a serious problem among college students. Research indicates that females perpetrate as much, if not more, psychological and physical aggression against their dating partners relative to their male counterparts. Unfortunately, there is considerably less research on risk factors for female-perpetrated dating violence, hindering efforts aimed at preventing violence in their relationships. This study examined 2 risk factors for female-perpetrated dating violence, namely alcohol use and emotion regulation, within a sample of undergraduate female college students (N = 379). Using structural equation modeling, results demonstrated that emotion regulation was associated with psychological aggression perpetration, and this was partially mediated by alcohol use. Moreover, a 2-chain mediation was present, such that emotion regulation deficits predicted alcohol use, which in turn predicted psychological aggression, which finally predicted physical aggression. These findings are consistent with theoretical models of dating violence and indicate that intervention programs should focus their efforts on increasing adaptive emotion regulation, decreasing alcohol use, and reducing psychological aggression.
Risk Factors in Arrest of Rural and Urban Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Lynch Kellie Rose , Logan TK
Published: June 2015

This study used a sample of women who obtained protective orders (N= 709) from urban and rural communities and identified risk factors in arrest for victims of intimate partner violence 12 months after the protective order was obtained. Lower social support, higher loneliness, living in a rural community, substance abuse/dependency, a history of prior arrest, engaging in illegal behavior, and younger age were all identified as significant predictors of arrest at follow-up. The findings highlight the need for support and resources in vulnerable populations to reduce the risk of offending and recidivism. Implications for reentry programs and services for victimized women at risk are discussed.
Understanding Ecological Factors Associated With Bullying Across the Elementary to Middle School Transition in the United States
Authors: Espelage Dorothy L. , Hong Jun Sung , Rao Mrinalini A. , Thornberg Robert
Published: June 2015

This study examines sociodemographic characteristics and social-environmental factors associated with bullying during the elementary to middle school transition from a sample of 5th-grade students (n= 300) in 3 elementary schools at Time 1. Of these, 237 participated at Time 2 as 6th-grade students. Using cluster analyses, we found groups of students who reported no increase in bullying, some decrease in bullying, and some increase in bullying. Students who reported increases in bullying also reported decreases in school belongingness and teacher affiliation and increases in teacher dissatisfaction. Students who reported decreases in bullying also reported decreases in victimization. These findings suggest that changes across the transition in students’ relations to school and their teachers are predictive of changes in bullying.
Informal Dementia Caregiving Among Indigenous Communities in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Jacklin Kristen , Pace Jessica E. , Warry Wayne
Published: June 2015

Recent studies suggest dementia is an emerging health issue for Indigenous peoples in Canada. In this article, we explore findings concerning informal dementia caregiving in Indigenous communities. Our research has been carried out in partnership with Indigenous communities in Ontario, Canada, over the past 4 years. Semistructured in-depth interviews were carried out with informal Indigenous caregivers (primarily family) to Indigenous people with dementia at 7 geographically and culturally diverse research sites (n = 34). We use a critical interpretive and postcolonial lens to explore common caregiving experiences and patterns to gain insight into Indigenous models of care and better understand how to appropriately support Indigenous families dealing with a dementia diagnosis. Themes from the interview data are explored through a storyline beginning with why and how participants came to the caregiving role; the challenges, struggles, and decisions along the way; and reflections on the rewards and benefits of caring for a loved one with dementia. The findings suggest that underlying Indigenous values created a consistent family caregiving model across the Indigenous cultures and geographic contexts included in the study. Family caregiving was found to facilitate cultural continuity through intergenerational contact and the transmission of cultural knowledge. Diverse community contexts presented significant challenges most immediately attributable to the nature of relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians and the continued colonial policies governing access to services.
New Mathematical Models for Calculating Proppant Embedment and Fracture Conductivity
Authors: Li Kewen , Gao Yuanping , Lyu Youchang , Wang Man
Published: June 2015

Proppant embedment plays a significant role in decreasing fracture aperture and conductivity, especially for weakly consolidated sandstones, shale (oil and gas) rock, and coalbeds. Empirical and semiempirical models were usually used to calculate the embedment of proppants. However, the accuracy of matching or predicting the proppant embedment with these existing models may not be satisfactory in some cases. On the other hand, it is difficult to determine the coefficients of these models. In this study, analytical models were derived to compute proppant embedment and fracture conductivity.

One can use these new models to calculate the proppant embedment, proppant deformation, the change in fracture aperture, and fracture conductivity in the ideal or experimental situations of either single-layer or multilayer patterns in the fractures under closure pressures. The new models showed that the proppant embedment and fracture conductivity are affected by the factors, for example, of closure pressure, fracture aperture, the elastic modulus of proppant and coalbed, the size of proppant, and the concentration of proppant-paving.

Experimental data of proppant embedment in fractures and fracture conductivity of different proppants at different closure pressures were used to test the models derived in this study. The results from matching the experimental data with the new and the existing models were compared. The results showed that the new models, especially the revised new models, could match the experimental data in all the cases studied. The new models for calculating the proppant embedment and fracture conductivity with a better accuracy are of great significance in selecting proppants, which is helpful to achieve high fracture conductivity and then high oil or gas production of conventional and (especially) unconventional resources such as shale oil, shale gas, and coalbed methane.
A New Method To Interpret Fracturing Pressure—Application to Frac Pack
Authors: Pirayesh Elias , Soliman Mohamed Y. , Rafiee Mehdi , Jamali Ali
Published: June 2015

Real-time analysis of fracturing data is an invaluable tool for determining whether a fracturing job is progressing as planned. Since early days, understanding of fracturing pressure was emphasized and practiced by the industry. The most well-known fracturing-pressure-analysis tool is the Nolte-Smith technique. To predict the geometry of a hydraulically induced fracture, the Nolte-Smith technique analyzes the pressure response of a formation during pumping. Extensive application of this technique has proved reliable to interpret fracturing events. However, the compression of data imposed by logarithmic scale may make the detection of some events difficult. In addition, the Nolte-Smith technique necessitates prior accurate knowledge of formation-closure pressure.

In this paper, we present a real-time fracturing diagnostic. This method, which is based on a modification of the Nolte-Smith technique, has proved reliable in the interpretation of fracturing behavior while a fracturing job is being carried out. In addition, it eliminates the shortcomings of the original technique, meaning that while making the interpretation of fracturing pressure faster, the new technique does not require prior knowledge of formation in-situ stresses. This technique was reached by a new innovative moving-reference-point concept assembled with the power-law fracture-propagation theory. Application of the new technique in the analysis of a variety of field cases, including several frac-pack and regular fracturing treatments, proved successful.
Frontal-Stability Analysis of Surfactant Floods
Authors: Tavassoli Shayan , Pope Gary A. , Sepehrnoori Kamy
Published: June 2015

Recent surfactant-flooding experiments have shown that very-efficient oil recovery can be obtained without mobility control when the surfactant solution is injected at less than the critical velocity required for a gravity-stable displacement. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to predict the stability of surfactant floods at the reservoir scale on the basis of gravity-stable surfactant-flooding experiments at the laboratory scale. The scaleup process involves calculation of the appropriate average frontal velocity for the reservoir flood. The frontal velocity depends on the well configuration. We have performed systematic numerical simulations to study the effect of key scaling groups on the performance of gravity-stable surfactant floods. We simulated 3D heterogeneous reservoirs by use of a fine grid and a third-order finite-difference method to ensure numerical accuracy. These simulations have provided new insight into the behavior of gravity-stable surfactant floods, and in particular the importance of the microemulsion properties. The capability to predict when and under what reservoir conditions a gravity-stable surfactant flood can be performed at a reasonable velocity is highly significant. When a surfactant flood can be performed without polymer (or foam) for mobility control, cost and complexity are significantly reduced. Advantages are especially significant when the reservoir temperature is high and the use of polymer becomes increasingly difficult. Our simulations show that gravity-stable surfactant floods can be very efficient using horizontal wells in reservoirs with high vertical permeability.
Systematic Study of Barite Nucleation and Inhibition With Various Polymeric Scale Inhibitors by Novel Laser Apparatus
Authors: Yan Chao , Kan Amy T. , Zhang Fangfu , Liu Ya , Tomson Ross C. , Tomson Mason B.
Published: June 2015

This work reports a reliable and systematic study of barite-nucleation kinetics in the presence of scale inhibitors from 4 to 90°C and at various conditions. In this study, we designed and developed an apparatus to study the nucleation kinetics of barite-scale formation by monitoring the change of photocurrent created by a 5-mW, 635-nm red laser.

The photodetector has a wide wavelength range in which sensitivity has a peak at 960 nm. A set of convex and concave lenses was used to control the beam diameter so that it can pass through more particles and increase the sensitivity. Temperature and mixing procedure were precisely controlled by an external waterbath and magnetic stirplate, respectively. The photocurrent output was constant when the laser is shining through a clear solution before scale formation. After scale occurred, laser was scattered by scale particles, which causes the decrease of photocurrent. One can expand this method to study nucleation kinetics of other scales such as carbonates, other sulfates, and sulfide scales. In addition, one can customize it to perform study under high temperature, high pressure, and anoxic conditions.

With this newly developed “laser” method, we successfully measured the nucleation kinetics of barite in synthetic brine (1 M NaCl, 0.1 M CaCl2) under various combinations of reaction parameters including temperature (T), pH, saturation index (SI), and Ba2+/SO42− ratio (R). Furthermore, the inhibition efficiency of various scale inhibitors including sulfonated polycarboxylic acid, polyvinyl sulfonate, and inulin on barite precipitation was also investigated. On the basis of the experimental results, the relationship of precipitation kinetics of barite as a function of T, pH, SI, and R was established. Results of this study will be incorporated into scale-prediction software to predict the risk of scale formation and the efficiency of scale inhibitors.
Acidic leaching of copper and tin from used consumer equipment
Authors: Orac D. , Havlik T. , Maul A. , Berwanger M.
Published: June 2015

This work is focused on studying thermal pretreatment and leaching of copper
and tin from printed circuit boards (PCBs) from used consumer equipment.
Thermal treatment experiments were realized with and without presence of
oxygen at 300?C, 500?C, 700?C and 900?C for 30 minutes. Leaching experiments
were performed at 80?C in 2M HCl in two stages. The first stage consisted of
classic leaching experiments of samples without and after thermal treatment.
The second stage consisted of oxidative leaching experiments (blowing of air
or oxygen) with the aim to intensify metals leaching. The results of thermal
treatment experiments show that maximal mass loss after burning (combustion)
was 53 % (700?C) and after pyrolysis 47 % (900 %). Oxidative leaching
resulted in complete dissolution of copper and tin after 60. or 90 minutes of
thermally treated samples. Pyrolysis and combustion have positive effects on
metals dissolution in comparison with samples without thermal pretreatment.
Moreover, the dissolution of metals is more effective and needs shorter
leaching time.
Comparative effect of Nickel and beta-aminobutiric Acid on some Secondary Metabolits of Echium amoenum
Authors: Rajaei Peyman , Mohamadi Neda
Published: June 2015

Plants have a wonderful variety of secondary metabolites which may be change due to environmental factors and stress conditions. Considering the importance of Echium amoenum in Iranian traditional medicine, this study aimed to investigate the effect of abiotic stresses on the possibility of further production of secondary metabolites in the plant. In general, according our research findings, beta-aminobutyric acid increased growth indexes. Effect of BABA on secondary metabolites was different. BABA increased plant flavonoids but reduced the tannins. Numerous studies have pointed to the stress effects of this material at high concentrations but the concentrations used in this study increased the plant growth. Nickel in applied concentrations had no significant reduction in plant dry weight but increased the photosynthetic pigments. Ni increased plant flavonoids but reduced the tannins. Nickel and beta-aminobutyric acid at low concentrations, is recommended to use for greater production of secondary metabolites in Echium cultivation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12687
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Capacity of the Various Extracts of Dracocephalum apolychaetum
Authors: Khodami Mojtaba , Mohamadi Neda , Goodarzi Mehran
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect, total phenolic content of the ethanol, methanol and aqueous extract Dracocephalum polychaetum in flowering stage. The total phenolic content of the plant was measured colorimetrically. Antioxidant capacity of the plant extract was evaluated by DPPH method. In the present study, the highest antioxidant effect was to the extract of methanol, ethanol and aqueous, respectively. IC50 values in extracts of ethanol, methanol and water were respectively 11.89, 8.07 and 24.04. This value was obtained 0.86 μg /ml for BHT. The maximum level of phenol was to methanol, ethanol and aqueous extract respectively. Positive correlation was seen between the value of phenol and antioxidant capacity. The results show the various extracts of D. polychaetum have an antioxidant effect and could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants for the treatment of some diseases.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12688
Study and Comparison of Aggression and Anxiety Symptoms among Child Labour and Children of Sex Workers according to their Draw Paintings
Authors: Kisamii Roghie Atashfaraz , Razavi Vida
Published: June 2015

Purpose of this study was to investigate and compare level of anxiety and aggression among labor and street children as well as children whose mothers are sex workers based on analysis of their drawings.  Sample group was selected by convenience sampling method, and included 50 children from Society for Defending Street and Labor Children using Morgan table. Measurement tool was Spence aggression questionnaire and Marx aggression questionnaire and analysis of drawing interpretation according to information in the book by Parirokh Dadsetan was used to verify accuracy of the results. Results of data analysis by covariance analysis showed that anxiety and aggression levels among labor and street children as well as children whose mothers are sex workers are high; however, there was no significant difference between labor and street children and children with sex working mothers in terms of children’s level of anxiety and aggression.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12689
Determination of Organic Acids in Fruit juices by UPLC
Authors: Khosravi Fereshteh , Rastakhiz Nahid , Iranmanesh Behzad , Jafari Olia Seyyed Sina Seyyed
Published: June 2015

A reversed phase UPLC method for separation and quantification of organic acids (oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic and ascorbic and lactic acids) in fruit juices was developed. The chromatographic separation was performed with a Surveyor Thermo Electron system at 10°C by using a potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (pH3.1) as mobile phase, an Hypersil Gold a Q Analytical Column and diode array detection at λ=254 nm for ascorbic acid and λ=214 nm for the other organic acids. Organic acid profiles of seven species of fruits: sweet orange, white and red apple, lemon, lime, white and pink grape fruit were established. Species significantly affect the organic acid distribution of fruit juices. In all juices, the most abundant organic acid was citric acid, ranging from 5.22 to 62.42g/l. Fruit juices are good sources of ascorbic acid (0.137-0.625g/l). The average ascorbic acid was the highest in lemon juice followed by sweet orange juice, sweetie and white grapefruit.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12690
The Effects of Different Levels Discarded Dates on Synthesis of Microbial Protein in Kermani Sheeps
Authors: Zadeh Jalal Bayati , Moradi kor Nasrollah , Abedini Sajjad
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different levels discarded dates on microbial protein synthesis of kermani sheeps. Four rumen cannulated kermani sheeps were used in a 4 × 4 square Latin change-over design within 21 days period. In this experiment, different amount of discarded dates including 0 (control), 10, 20 and 30 % were used. Microbial protein synthesis, blood urea nitrogen and body weight change of sheeps were evaluated. The results of this experiment showed that the increasing levels of discarded dates in diets of sheep increased microbial protein synthesis and reduce nitrogen excretion through urine compared with the control treatment (P<0/05). Body weight change was highest in sheep fed 30% discarded dates and lowest in sheep fed the control diet. Urea blood was affected by using different levels of discarded dates in the diets (P<0/05). Discarded dates as a supplement appears to increase synthesis of microbial protein in rumen. The results must be interpreted with caution as only four sheep were used in the experiment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12691
Determination of Oxalic, Citric, Tartaric and Malic Acids in Whole Fruits by UPLC
Authors: Khosravi Fereshteh , Rastakhiz Nahid
Published: June 2015

A reversed phase UPLC method for separation and quantification of organic acids (oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic, ascorbic and lactic acids) in fruit juices was developed. The chromatographic separation was performed with a Surveyor Thermo Electron system at 10°C by using a potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (pH3.1) as mobile phase, an Hypersil Gold a Q Analytical Column and diode array detection at λ=254 nm for ascorbic acid and λ=214 nm for the other organic acids. Organic acid profiles of seven species of fruits: sweet orange, white and red apple, lemon, lime, white and pink grape fruit were established. Species significantly affect the organic acid distribution of fruit juices. In all juices, the most abundant organic acid was citric acid, ranging from 7.41to 85.26mg/gr. Fruit juices are good sources of ascorbic acid (0.05-0.91mg/gr). The average ascorbic acid was the highest in lemon juice followed by sweet orange juice, sweetie and white grapefruit.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12692
Comparing the Compatibility and Duty of Parents as the Predictor in Relation to the Educational Negligence of Boy Students (High School) in Kerman
Authors: Shahabi Hassan , Robati Leili Nazari
Published: June 2015

Negligence is one of the debates which was attracted the attention of researchers during the recent years. The statistical population of this paper consists of all boy students (high school) of Kerman (about 5514 students) as all of them were studied in the schools such as private and state ones. In order to determine the sample volume of this paper, 255 of them were selected as 128 of them were studied in the state schools as well, 127 of them were studied in the non-state schools.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12694
Ethylene Removal by Bio-filters in order to Increase Storage Life of Bananas
Authors: Moghadam Hesam Zendehdel , Kheirkhah Babak , Kariminik Ashraf
Published: June 2015

Ethylene gas is the simplest plant hormone and cause a variety of physiological effects in plants. This hormone is known as the hormone of aging, due to the hormonal effect on fruit maturation, leaf loss and separation of the fruit from the branches, changing color as fruit maturation because of chlorophyll loss, fruit firmness. Increased ethylene in fruit storage media creates the right conditions for growth of microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria.  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the removal of ethylene by bio-filters to extend the shelf-life of fruits was studied at laboratory scale. Samples were evaluated organoleptic (sensory) and after preparing the best filter, filter efficient were used scale of operation (used in fruit cartons). Removal of ethylene gas by Gas chromatograph system showed that the amount of gas passing through the column 4 substrates including active sludge, peat wood chips, humus with organic soil was 0.6528 ml (ethylene) / L (air) in comparison to the other columns, and control sample. Results showed that the bio-filters with isolated bacteria in this study can be used   to the removal of ethylene gas and increase shelf life of fruit postharvest storage conditions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12696
The ACONTIINAE of Iran (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Kazemi Ehsan , Mohamadi Neda
Published: June 2015

The sub-family Acontinae is placed in Family Noctuidae. In this paper all of genera of this sub-fanily of Iran are listed. Also, new faunal are mentioned.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12698
Reactive oxygen species: Generation, Oxidative Damage, and Signal Transduction
Authors: Abouzari Abouzar , Fakheri Barat Ali
Published: June 2015

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a by-product of normal cell metabolism in plants; however, the balance between production and elimination is disturbed under stress conditions. Several reactive oxygen species are continuously produced in plants as secondary products of aerobic metabolism. Depending on the source of the ROS species, some of them are highly toxic. Plants cellular rapidly use various enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms For detoxify ROS species. Enhanced level of ROS and absence of detoxify systems, can cause damage to biomolecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA and eventually cause to cell death. Despite their destructive activity, they are second messengers in a variety of cellular processes, including conferment of tolerance to various environmental stresses. This review paper describes the Variety of Reactive oxygen species, sources and roles of ROS in plants.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12699
Estimation of Infiltration Parameters and Manning Roughness with SIPAR_ID Software
Authors: Tabatabaei Seyed Mahmoud , Asadi Rasoul
Published: June 2015

Estimation of infiltration parameters is very difficult in furrow irrigation while they have very important effect in design and evaluation of surface irrigation systems. There are different methods for estimating infiltration parameters based on mathematical models such as SIPAR_ID model. SIPAR_ID model uses inverse solution to estimation of infiltration parameters and manning roughness. The objective of this study is to evaluate these models to estimate infiltration parameters in furrow irrigation. The study consisted of field experiments and numerical simulation. Field experiments were conducted in Zarand district of Iran in April 2012. Infiltration parameters and Manning roughness values were estimated with SIPAR_ID software. The estimated values were put into the WinSRFR software, and then the advance trajectory, flow depths in the upstream, and irrigation performance were simulated on each test furrow. The results showed that the simulated values with the WinSRFR software were in excellent agreement with the measured data. Therefore, the infiltration parameters and manning roughness estimated with SIPAR_ID software were reliable. Also that adequate and efficient irrigation can be obtained using closed-end furrows through a proper selection of inflow discharge and cutoff time.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12700
Causes of Allergies and Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Aiubi Saman , Kor Nasroallah Moradi , Azar Omid Lakzaie , Rahmani Fatemeh Asadi , Berenjestanaki Zeinab Hajian , Zoraghi Ebrahim
Published: June 2015

Allergies are diseases of the immune system that cause an overreaction to substances called "allergens." Allergies are grouped by the kind of trigger, time of year or where symptoms appear on the body: indoor and outdoor allergies (also called "hay fever," "seasonal," "perennial" or "nasal" allergies), food allergies, latex allergies, insect allergies, skin allergies and eye allergies. People who have allergies can live healthy and active lives. The search strategy has been devised on ovid medline and then adapted for the other databases (see Additional file 1 for full search strategies). In all cases the databases will be searched from 1 January 2000 to 30 September 2012, and limited to Europe based on the definition provided by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).The resulting quality assessment scores are given alongside other study parameters in three tables. We assessed the systematic reviews based on the type of intervention or subject assessed for the prevention of food allergy or food sensitization. In this overview of systematic reviews concerning the etiology and prevention of food allergy, we identified 14 eligible publications. This systematic review will provide the most up to date estimates of the frequency of food allergy in Europe. Given the presumed increase in IgE mediated food allergy in the recent past, there is much interest in identifying the causes of food allergy and primary preventive strategies. These advances are creating the opportunities for novel therapies for food allergy. However, at the current time, the only treatment is avoidance.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12701
A Study on Relativities of T-Toxin and Fumonisin in Wheat Flours in Iran
Authors: Nosrati Arash Chaichi
Published: June 2015

Wheat is one of the most important grains consumed in the world. Food contamination with toxicogenic moulds increased attention over the last three decades, which impact on food safety. Fumonisins, the TCs and ZEA are hazardous for human and animal health during normal food processing. Therefore, a rapid and sensitive technique for routine assay of mycotoxins in foods is necessary.Attention to this subject that bread is one of the most widely used food substances in cereal series, it is important to continue to monitor the occurrence of these mycotoxins in cereals and cereal products. Since Fusarium species are commonly associated with cereals can produce several secondary toxic metabolites the samples collected from provincial premier and preparation of cell extracts then toxin estimation were done by ELISA (Kits  and Rida Screen T-toxin / Fumonisin analysis R-Bio-Pharm  GmbH )on the samples so that T-toxin/Fumonisin to be analyzed. According to the amount of fusarium toxins measured in grain and fluor samples comparing to the amount of toxin observed in bread flour maintain compliance found that the amount of FT/FFum(NPar-Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for Ftox - FFum;Z; -2.480a,Asymp-Sig; 0.013,Pearson Correlation ;0.266, Sig;0.358)for T-toxin correlations in wheat flour incomparison have no significant correlation despite reverse relations for the both,but not statistically significant was supporting by the Pearson statistical determinations a significant correlation  for the two variables in contrast were statistically meaningful in numerical differences(P<  0/05 ). The determinative  pollutions of wheat flour samples were in the Mean;28.764 ppb,Range; 30.100 (Min; 11.100,Max; 41.200 ppb),Var; 65.922,Std.Dev.; 8.119,Skewness; -0.614,Kurtosis; 0.590 for T toxin and for Fumonisin (Mean; 21.422 ppb, Range; 5.670 (Min; 19.290,Max; 24.960 ppb),Var; 2.623,Std.Dev.; 1.620;Skewness; 0.712,Kurtosis; 0.209) as statistic definitions were showed a considerable disalignmented correlation specialy at a Pearson Correlation ; 0.408/0.266, Sig;0.358, Sig; 0.001-0.013 values.Thus according to the standard values for feed  and food could be serious attention to the cumulative effects of toxins, a serious risk andthat should not be overlooked about the cities and provinces where conducted .The maximum values of found respectively were more than standards 50% up to 100%, so a serious risk are considered.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12703