bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemispheric Asymmetry in Stratospheric Trends of HCl and Ozone: Impact of Chemical Feedback on Ozone Recovery
Authors: Chrysanthou Andreas , Dubé Kimberlee , Tegtmeier Susann , Chipperfield Martyn P.
Published: January 2025

We use trace gas profiles from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment ‐ Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) satellite measurements and the TOMCAT three‐dimensional chemical transport model to diagnose stratospheric trends in O3, HCl and N2O. We find that the 2004–2021 ACE‐FTS trends exhibit a clear lower stratosphere (LS) interhemispheric asymmetry with positive (negative) O3 and N2O (HCl) trends in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and trends of opposite sign in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The trends are larger for the shorter time period of 2004–2018. TOMCAT qualitatively agrees with the ACE‐FTS LS N2O and HCl trends, confirming that transport variability drives such patterns, despite some discrepancies for O3. An additional model simulation is used to quantify the sensitivity of O3 to long‐term changes in chlorine and bromine and thus determine the chemical contribution of the spatially varying halogen trends to both observed and modeled O3 trends. Overall, the recent dynamically induced variation in mid‐latitude LS halogen abundance has, through chemical feedback, accentuated the O3 recovery signal in the SH and delayed it in the NH, reflecting the enhanced dynamical variability of the NH. These results further indicate the complexities that exist in the search for the signal of ozone recovery in the mid‐latitude LS.
Pediatric obesity and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a nationwide prospective cohort study
Authors: Hagman Emilia , Putri Resthie R. , Danielsson Pernilla , Marcus Claude
Published: January 2025

Background

Emerging evidence implies a link between high pediatric body mass index (BMI) and an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, previous research suggests this association is only present for adolescent obesity and not childhood obesity. The present study aimed to assess the association between pediatric obesity and risk of developing MS, and to investigate if degree of obesity and age at obesity treatment initiation affects the risk. In a subgroup, response to obesity treatment on MS risk was assessed.

Methods

In this cohort study, patients aged 2–19 years from the Swedish Childhood Obesity Treatment Register (BORIS), and matched individuals from the general population were followed prospectively. MS was identified through the National Patient Register. Hazard ratios (HR) adjusted for parental MS were calculated.

Results

The study included 21,652 individuals with pediatric obesity and 102,187 general population comparators. The median age at follow-up was 21 (Q1, Q3 18, 25) years. The adjusted HR (95% CI) for developing MS in the pediatric obesity cohort was 2.28 (1.45–3.58). In stratified analyses, obesity class I was not associated with MS, HR = 1.34 (0.64–2.81), while the association between obesity class II and MS was strengthened, HR = 3.42 (1.89–6.19). MS was associated with both childhood obesity, HR = 3.16 (1.12–8.87), and adolescent obesity, HR = 2.12 (1.28–3.51). A decrease in BMI SDS was not associated with lower likelihood of MS, HR = 1.09 (0.92–1.29) per 0.25 BMI SDS unit decrease.

Conclusions

Both childhood and adolescent obesity are associated with an increased risk of MS. Moreover, a dose-response relationship between the degree of obesity and the risk of future MS was indicated, while response to pediatric obesity treatment did not affect the association, highlighting the importance of preventing high degree of obesity early in life.
Exploring the link between dietary inflammatory index, inflammatory biomarkers, and sleep quality in adults with obesity: a pilot investigation
Authors: Toğuç Hakan , Öngün Yılmaz Hande , Yaprak Bülent
Published: January 2025

Objective

Obesity is known to be associated with inflammation and impaired sleep quality. In addition, the anti-inflammatory properties of the daily diet provide positive effects on health. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the inflammatory index of the diet consumed by people with obesity and inflammatory biomarkers and sleep quality.

Method

This study included 124 people with obesity (F: 75; M: 49) with a mean age of 42.20 ± 11.00 years, who presented to a dietary outpatient clinic in Malatya between November 2021 and May 2022. Three-day dietary intake records were collected to calculate Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores, which were then compared with inflammatory biomarkers, anthropometric measurements, and sleep quality measures.

Results

Among the biochemical parameters, C-reactive protein (CRP) was found to be significantly higher in the groups with higher DII score (p = 0.006), and CRP (r = 0.258; p = 0.004) and total cholesterol (r = −0.243; p = 0.007) increased significantly with increasing inflammatory score of the diet. As the inflammatory burden of the diet consumed by the participants increased, their Body Mass Index (BMI) also increased (p = 0.009). No significant correlation was found between DII and sleep quality (p = 0.348).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that an anti-inflammatory diet can effectively reduce inflammation and BMI in people with obesity, but has a limited effect on sleep quality. Therefore, it is recommended that dietitians integrate anti-inflammatory dietary strategies for people with obesity into their clinical practice.
Phase separation of a microtubule plus-end tracking protein into a fluid fractal network
Authors: Czub Mateusz P. , Uliana Federico , Grubić Tarik , Padeste Celestino , Rosowski Kathryn A. , Lorenz Charlotta , Dufresne Eric R. , Menzel Andreas , Vakonakis Ioannis , Gasser Urs , Steinmetz Michel O.
Published: January 2025

Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) participate in nearly all microtubule-based cellular processes and have recently been proposed to function as liquid condensates. However, their formation and internal organization remain poorly understood. Here, we have study the phase separation of Bik1, a CLIP-170 family member and key +TIP involved in budding yeast cell division. Bik1 is a dimer with a rod-shaped conformation primarily defined by its central coiled-coil domain. Its liquid condensation likely involves the formation of higher-order oligomers that phase separate in a manner dependent on the protein’s N-terminal CAP-Gly domain and C-terminal EEY/F-like motif. This process is accompanied by conformational rearrangements in Bik1, leading to at least a two-fold increase in multivalent interactions between its folded and disordered domains. Unlike classical liquids, Bik1 condensates exhibit a heterogeneous, fractal supramolecular structure with protein- and solvent-rich regions. This structural evidence supports recent percolation-based models of biomolecular condensates. Together, our findings offer insights into the structure, dynamic rearrangement, and organization of a complex, oligomeric, and multidomain protein in both dilute and condensed states. Our experimental framework can be applied to other biomolecular condensates, including more complex +TIP networks.
Condensate droplet roaming on nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Lam Cheuk Wing Edmond , Regulagadda Kartik , Donati Matteo , Tripathy Abinash , Pal Gopal Chandra , Sharma Chander Shekhar , Milionis Athanasios , Poulikakos Dimos
Published: January 2025

Jumping of coalescing condensate droplets from superhydrophobic surfaces is an interesting phenomenon which yields marked heat transfer enhancement over the more explored gravity-driven droplet removal mode in surface condensation, a phase change process of central interest to applications ranging from energy to water harvesting. However, when condensate microdroplets coalesce, they can also spontaneously propel themselves omnidirectionally on the surface independent of gravity and grow by feeding from droplets they sweep along the way. Here we observe and explain the physics behind this phenomenon of roaming of coalescing condensate microdroplets on solely nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces, where the microdroplets are orders of magnitude larger than the underlaying surface nanotexture. We quantify and show that it is the inherent asymmetries in droplet adhesion during condensation, arising from the stochastic nature of nucleation within the nanostructures, that generates the tangential momentum driving the roaming motion. Subsequent dewetting during this conversion initiates a vivid roaming and successive coalescence process, preventing condensate flooding of the surface, and enhancing surface renewal. Finally, we show that the more efficient conversion process of roaming from excess surface energy to kinetic energy results in significantly improved heat transfer efficiency over condensate droplet jumping, the mechanism currently understood as maximum.
Optimized PID controller and model order reduction of reheated turbine for load frequency control using teaching learning-based optimization
Authors: Singh Anurag , Yadav Shekhar , Tiwari Nitesh , Nishad Dinesh Kumar , Khalid Saifullah
Published: January 2025

Load frequency control (LFC) systems in power grids face challenges in maintaining stability while managing computational complexity. This research presents an optimized approach combining model order reduction techniques with Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) for PID controller tuning in single-area LFC systems. Three reduction methods—Routh Approximation, Balanced Truncation, and Hankel Norm Approximation—were implemented to reduce system order from 4th to 2nd order, achieving a 47.3% reduction in computational time. The TLBO-optimized PID controller was compared with conventional tuning methods (Ziegler-Nichols, AMIGO, S-IMC, and CHR), demonstrating superior performance with a 38.2% decrease in settling time and 42.7% reduction in peak overshoot. The Routh Approximation method exhibited optimal performance with minimum settling time (2.8s) and peak overshoot (8.4%). Sensitivity analysis revealed stable system behavior with phase margin maintained at 84.25 degrees across parameter variations. The proposed approach achieved a 56.8% reduction in Integral Square Error compared to conventional methods, establishing its effectiveness for modern power grid applications. This research provides a robust framework for implementing efficient load frequency control in power systems while maintaining system stability and performance.
An efficient ESIPT-based ratio-/fluorimetric probe for rapid and sensitive detection of the sarin surrogate diethylchlorophosphate in solution and vapor phases
Authors: Tohora Najmin , Debnath Chayan , Ahamed Sabbir , Chourasia Jyoti , Mahato Manas , Ali Shreya , Lama Shubham , Pradhan Subekchha , Das Sudhir Kumar
Published: January 2025

An efficient ESIPT-based ratio-fluorimetric probe is reported for rapid and sensitive detection of sarin surrogate diethylchlorophosphate in solution and vapor phases with detection and quantification limits in the μM range.
Hierarchical Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O microsphere adsorbents for highly-efficient removal of Pb2+
Authors: Wang Miao , Liu Kelin , Huang Qing , Zu Huimin , Lv Congrong , Tang Yanfeng , Sun Tongming
Published: January 2025

Hierarchical Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O (ZVO) microspheres were synthesized and used as nano-adsorbents for the removal of Pb2+.
Photochromic pyridylfulgenates and their cadmium complexes
Authors: Mai Ying-Ying , Liu Li , Dai Jing-Cao
Published: January 2025

Two novel photochromic pyridylfulgenates, Fulg1 and Fulg2, were successfully synthesized, and their further reactions with Cd2+ species resulted in four interesting cadmium–fulgenate frameworks, namely, complexes 1, 2, 3, and 4.
A review on the catalytic upgradation of vegetable/pyrolysis bio-oil from renewable sources: kinetic studies and environmental impact assessment
Authors: Das Prasanta
Published: January 2025

This study examines several aspects of bio-oil upgrading from vegetable oil (triglyceride-based) and pyrolysis oil through various catalysts, process conditions.
Oxidation of 1,2-propanediol to methyl lactate over hydroxyapatite-supported Au–Cu catalysts with varying Ca/P ratios
Authors: Tian Junying , Fan Yingying , Wei Tao , Guo Qingxia , Fang Weiguo , Cong Yuanyuan , Zhang Dongqiang , Guo Yongle
Published: January 2025

1,2-Propanediol was converted to methyl lactate efficiently in an alkali-free methanol system over Au–Cu/HAP catalysts.
Cost-effective microfluidic flow cytometry for precise and gentle cell sorting
Authors: Yang Canfeng , He Chunhua , Zhuo Huasheng , Wang Jianxin , Yong Tuying , Gan Lu , Yang Xiangliang , Nie Lei , Xi Shuang , Liu Zhiyong , Liao Guanglan , Shi Tielin
Published: January 2025

This microfluidic flow cytometry system uses photon incremental counting to simplify structure, reduce costs, and ensure high detection recoveries, precise droplet deflection, and preserved cell viability.
Ultrafast synthesis of porous Fe3C/carbon hybrid materials via a carbothermal shock reactor for advanced energy storage applications
Authors: Cao Jun , Ji Kai-Yue , Du Ming-He , Zhang Chi , Sun Qi , Yi Ying , Chai Ze-Fan , Yan Chun-Jie , Deng Heng
Published: January 2025

Template-assisted pyrolysis enables the synthesis of Fe-based carbonaceous materials with a defined morphology and structure from iron–carbon precursors.
An energy efficient and sustainable approach to structural health monitoring in carbon fiber composites: harnessing sound-induced vibration with Ti3C2Tx MXene/AgNPs modified P(VDF-TrFE) sensors
Authors: Mokhtari Fatemeh , Symes Richard W. , Simon Žan , Dharmasiri Bhagya , Henderson Luke C. , Joosten Mathew W. , Varley Russell J.
Published: January 2025

2D MXenes and silver enhance the piezo sensor sensitivity for sound-induced vibration. These flexible, self-powered sensors enable damage detection in carbon fiber composites for structural health monitoring in automotive and aerospace sectors.
A tin-based composite oxide confined by reduced graphene oxide as a high-rate anode for sodium-ion capacitors
Authors: Sun Yongmei , Fan Qingwen , Song Chaoyun , Cong Hailin , Hao Sanwei , Ma Mei , Fu Peng
Published: January 2025

Sn2P2O7/rGO composites were synthesized using a molecular grafting strategy, enhancing stability through strong adhesion. Sn2P2O7/rGO-based SIBs show high capacity and rate performance, while SICs exhibit excellent rate capability and energy density.
Particle size-dependent viscoelastic Fe(ii)-triazole composites in the low-spin state
Authors: Kermarrec Matthieu , Gómez-García Carlos J. , Marchivie Mathieu , Roquefort Philippe , Aubry Thierry , Triki Smaïl
Published: January 2025

A series of soft viscoelastic spin crossover nanocomposite materials exhibiting critical gel behaviors has been prepared. The strong impact of the SCO particles on the viscoelastic properties of the organic polymer has been studied.
Rapid assessment of the gate function and membrane properties of connexin-embedded giant plasma membrane vesicles in a microwell array
Authors: Eguchi Ryu , Isozaki Yushi , Suzuki Masato , Yasukawa Tomoyuki
Published: January 2025

A novel method is proposed to assess the gate function of hemichannels on GPMVs using a microwell array. This approach enables time-series observation of the transport of fluorescent molecules through hemichannels.
Probing the rest-frame wavelength dependence of quasar variability. Insights from the Zwicky Transient Facility Survey
Authors: Patel P. , Lira P. , Arévalo P. , Sun Mouyuan , Bernal S. , Mart'inez-Aldama M.L.
Published: January 2025

Quasar variability can potentially unlock crucial insights into the accretion process. Understanding how this variability is influenced by wavelength is crucial for validating and refining quasar variability models. This paper aims to enhance the understanding of the dependence of variability on the rest-frame wavelength (λ_RF) by isolating the variance in different timescales in well-defined wavelength bins and examining the corona-heated accretion disk (CHAR) model. We investigated the relation between variance and rest-frame wavelength (λ_RF) using optical g- and r-band light curves from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) Data Release 15 (DR15) for ∼ 5000 quasars within narrow ranges of the black hole mass (M_BH) and Eddington ratio (R_Edd). A spectral model taking into account disk continuum emission, Balmer transitions, Fe II pseudo-continuum emission, and other emission lines is necessary to best interpret the variance spectrum. Our analysis indicates a strong anticorrelation between median variance and λ_RF for quasars with M_ BH M_ ⊙ and R_ Edd at different timescales. This anticorrelation is more pronounced at shorter timescales. The results align well with a bending power-law power spectral density (PSD) model with both the damping timescale and the high-frequency slope of the PSD depending on the wavelength. The predictions provided by the CHAR model on the variance spectrum across most timescales studied showcase its potential in constraining temperature variations within the accretion disk.
The role of shocks and the velocity gradient in the relative orientation of the magnetic field and dense gas clouds
Authors: Granda-Muñoz Guido , Vázquez-Semadeni Enrique , Gómez Gilberto C.
Published: January 2025

Context. Magnetic fields are known to exhibit different relative orientations with density structures in different density regimes. However, the physical mechanisms behind these relative orientations remain unclear.

Aims. We investigate the role of the flow features on the relative orientation between the magnetic field and cold neutral medium (CNM) clouds, as well as that of molecular clouds (MCs) as a corollary.

Methods. We performed three- and two-dimensional (3D+2D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of warm gas streams in the thermally bistable atomic interstellar medium (ISM) colliding with velocities of the order of the velocity dispersion in the ISM to form CNM clouds. In these simulations, we followed the evolution of magnetic field lines to identify and elucidate the physical processes behind their evolution.

Results. The collision produces a fast MHD shock, as well as a condensation front roughly one cooling length behind it, on each side of the collision front. A compressive, decelerating velocity field arises between the shock and the condensation fronts, and a cold dense layer forms behind the condensation front. The magnetic field lines, initially oriented parallel to the flow direction, are perturbed by the fast MHD shock, across which the magnetic field fluctuations parallel to the shock front are amplified. The downstream perturbations of the magnetic field lines are further amplified by the compressive downstream velocity gradient between the shock and the condensation front caused by the settlement of the gas onto the dense layer. This process causes the magnetic field to become progressively aligned with the dense layer, leading to the formation of a shear flow around it, due to the field’s backreaction on the flow. By extension, we suggest that a tidal stretching velocity gradient, such as that produced in gas infalling into a self-gravitating structure, must straighten the field lines along the accretion flow, orienting them perpendicular to the density structures. We also find that the initially super-Alfvénic upstream flow becomes trans-Alfvénic between the shock and the condensation front, and then sub-Alfvénic inside the condensation. Finally, in 2D simulations with a curved collision front, the presence of the magnetic field inhibits the generation of turbulence by the shear around the dense layer.

Conclusions. Our results provide a feasible physical mechanism for orienting the magnetic field parallel to CNM clouds through the action of fast MHD shocks and compressive velocity fields.
Associations between Advanced Paternal Age and Adverse Reproductive Outcomes in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be (nuMoM2b)
Authors: Newman Rachel A. , Conley Patrick , Esakoff Tania , Grobman William , Haas David , Wapner Ronald , Chung Judith , Saade George , Bello Natalie A.
Published: January 2025

Objective The association between paternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) has not been well studied. We sought to determine whether advanced paternal age (APA) is associated with adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes.

Study Design Secondary analysis of 8,863 pregnancies from the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study Monitoring Mothers-to-Be (nuMoM2b) prospective cohort in which both maternal and paternal age at conception were known. APA was defined as age ≥ 40 years and AMA was defined as age ≥ 35 years. Composite maternal and fetal/neonatal APO outcomes were adjudicated by experts using previously defined methods. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between APA, AMA, and their combination (AMA and APA), with the outcomes of interest (APO, fetal/neonatal, and combined APO or fetal/neonatal outcomes). Multivariable analyses were adjusted for covariates identified a priori: self-reported race and ethnicity, education, body mass index, maternal medical conditions, assisted reproductive technology (ART), and maternal age in APA only models.

Results APA in isolation was not significantly associated with maternal or fetal/neonatal adverse outcomes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.89 – 1.32). In contrast, AMA pregnancies and pregnancies in which both parents were of advanced age were associated with significantly increased risk of maternal or fetal/neonatal adverse outcome (aOR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.17 – 1.59, p < 0.001 and aOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.25 – 2.05, p < 0.001), respectively. Findings were similar when individuals who used assisted reproductive technology (ART) were excluded from analyses.

Conclusion In our study of nulliparous birthing people, in contrast to AMA pregnancies, APA alone was not significantly associated with a heightened risk of maternal or fetal/neonatal APOs. However, pregnancies from both AMA and APA individuals demonstrated a trend toward a higher risk of APOs compared with AMA pregnancies. Further research is needed to delineate the mechanism driving this finding.

Key Points
Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of pressure riveting connection using the smoothed particle Galerkin method
Authors: Zhang Jianhui , Huang Tongxiang , Qin Xuan , Yin Changcheng , Yan Xianchao
Published: January 2025

This paper conducts experimental and numerical simulations of the riveting process using the Smoothed Particle Galerkin (SPG) method. The riveting process involves significant material failure, making precise simulation challenging. Initially, the mechanical process of riveting and quality testing experiments are briefly described. In addition, the SPG method is introduced. The SPG method is a truly meshless method where nodes are connected through keys, and material failure is simulated by the breakage of these keys. This approach avoids the non-physical responses or erroneous failure modes associated with element deletion methods. Subsequently, three-dimensional finite element models for press-in push-out and press-in twist-out are established to simulate the riveting process and meet the requirements for quality testing of riveted joints. Finally, we compare the force–displacement curves obtained from the simulations and experiments: The maximum riveting force measured in the experiments was 18.5 kN, while the simulated value was 17.8 kN, which is 3.78% lower than the experimental value. The maximum push-out force measured in the experiments was 3.2 kN, and the simulated value was 3.39 kN, which is 5.9% higher than the experimental value. The maximum applied torque measured in the experiments was 24.875 N m, while the simulated value was 24.12 N m, which is 3.03% lower than the experimental value. These comparisons validate the accuracy and limitations of the numerical method. Pressure-riveting connections are extensively used in the high-voltage distribution boxes of electric vehicles, and the quality of these connections is crucial for ensuring vehicle safety. Parameters such as the diameter and thickness of the components being connected can significantly affect the quality of the pressure-riveting connection. Accurate simulation of this process can aid in better understanding of the material behavior during riveting and in designing assembly process parameters.
Absorption loss and Kerr nonlinearity in barium titanate waveguides
Authors: Riedhauser Annina , Möhl Charles , Schading Johannes , Caimi Daniele , Indolese David I. , Karg Thomas M. , Seidler Paul
Published: January 2025

Because of its exceptionally large Pockels coefficient, barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a promising material for various photonic applications at both room and cryogenic temperatures, including electro-optic modulation, frequency comb generation, and microwave-optical transduction. These applications rely on devices with low optical loss to achieve high efficiency. Material absorption sets a lower limit to optical loss and is thus a crucial property to determine, particularly for integrated photonic devices. Using cavity-enhanced photothermal spectroscopy, we measure the absorption loss of BaTiO3 ridge waveguides at wavelengths near 1550 nm to be αabs = 10.9−0.4+5.8 dB m−1, well below the propagation losses due to other sources, such as scattering. We simultaneously determine that the BaTiO3 has a large Kerr nonlinear refractive index of n2,BaTiO3 = 1.8−0.3+0.3 × 10−18 m2 W−1. Considering these results, photonic integrated circuits utilizing BaTiO3 have the potential to achieve significantly higher efficiency than demonstrated to date and are especially interesting for applications exploiting the combination of Pockels and Kerr effects.
“Do not approach men. You will be miserable.”
Authors: Zhang Yi , Zhang Luoxiangyu
Published: January 2025

This study investigates a type of internet memes, namely, “misandry memes,” which often exhibit critical
evaluations of heterosexual males and traditional masculinity in China. Drawing on the notion of feminist humor, we examine how
“misandry” memes assemble semiotic resources for humorous effect, reveal perceived sexist realities, and disrupt
dominant gender ideologies. Data were collected through keyword searches on the most visited microblogging site in China, i.e.,
Weibo, totaling a dataset of 63 memes. A multimodal analysis identified seven themes emerging from the data, including
mystification of males, jocular abuse against males, reversal of gender ethics, parody of popular stereotypes of males,
demonstration of feminine superiority, satire of males’ genitalia, and sexual objectification of males. The findings demonstrate
that misandry memes in our dataset playfully challenge traditional gender ideologies that privilege men over women via positioning
women in the social hierarchies of power, while simultaneously unsettling heterosexual males’ privilege, supremacy, and hegemony
in a humorous discourse.
Iterative regularization in classification via hinge loss diagonal descent
Authors: Apidopoulos Vassilis , Poggio Tomaso , Rosasco Lorenzo , Villa Silvia
Published: January 2025

Iterative regularization is a classic idea in regularization theory, that has recently become popular in machine learning. On the one hand, it allows to design efficient algorithms controlling at the same time numerical and statistical accuracy. On the other hand it allows to shed light on the learning curves observed while training neural networks. In this paper, we focus on iterative regularization in the context of classification. After contrasting this setting with that of linear inverse problems, we develop an iterative regularization approach based on the use of the hinge loss function. More precisely we consider a diagonal approach for a family of algorithms for which we prove convergence as well as rates of convergence and stability results for a suitable classification noise model. Our approach compares favorably with other alternatives, as confirmed by numerical simulations.
Assessment of cell electroporation on nanosecond timescales based on electroporation current
Authors: Guo Yuyi , Kolb Juergen F , Wang Weidong , Wu Xiaodong , Shi Fukun , Zhuang Jie
Published: January 2025

Electroporation of the cell membrane has been widely used in biology, medicine, and food engineering. However, there is still a lack of direct and real-time characterization methods to investigate the highly rapid dynamic process of nano-electroporation. In this study, voltage and current measurements of cell suspensions, combined with impedance spectroscopy and an equivalent circuit model, were used to calculate macroscopic electroporation current (I
ep). The results demonstrated that high voltage induces rapid pore formation, with I
ep accuracy influenced by waveform smoothness and oscilloscope resolution. Averaging three sampling points (6 ns) effectively minimized the waveform oscillations, allowing for a clear differentiation of changes across varying electric field strengths. Overall, I
ep increased as the electric field strength increased, exhibiting a field strength-dependent manner. Compared to cell membrane conductivity and instantaneous impedance, I
ep is more directly correlated with membrane electroporation and is applicable to various biological samples, including cell suspensions and tissues. This study indicates that based on electrical measurements and a simple circuit model, online monitoring of real-time electroporation processes can be conducted in situ with high temporal resolution, sensitivity, and broad applicability.
Study on electric field shielding in SiO2 and CaF2 vapor cell for Rydberg atom electric field sensors
Authors: Ma Kai , Xiao Dongping , Zhang Huaiqing , Wang Xin , Wei Xutao
Published: January 2025

The measurement of Rydberg atoms in low-frequency electric fields is hindered due to the shielding effect of the vapor cell against low-frequency electric fields. This study analyzes the electric field shielding effect of Vapor Cell in Rydberg atom electric field sensors, which arises primarily from the polarization charges generated in dielectric materials under electric field influence, as well as the reduced surface resistivity caused by the adsorption of alkali metal atoms on the inner surfaces of the vapor cell. To investigate the electric field shielding resulting from the dielectric materials, we utilized finite element simulation software for analysis and normalized the influencing factors. For the shielding associated with reduced surface resistivity, we measured the electric field transmission coefficients of SiO2 in the 0–60 MHz range using the Stark effect of Rydberg atoms. Additionally, we combined finite element simulations with molecular dynamics analysis software to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the properties of the SiO2 surface after cesium atom adsorption. Building on this foundation, we conducted a simulation analysis of vapor cell made from CaF2. Our results indicate that after cesium atom adsorption, CaF2 retains excellent insulating properties, with a surface resistivity exceeding 1 × 1012 Ω/sq, making it suitable for electric field measurements in the tens of Hz range. Furthermore, we examined the influence of laser transmittance in Vapor Cell on the peak of electromagnetically induced transparency. We measured the laser transmittance of SiO2 and Al2O3 vapor cells and compared these values to the calculated laser transmittance of CaF2. The results revealed that CaF2 exhibits slightly higher laser transmittance than SiO2, demonstrating favorable optical characteristics for use in optical systems. In summary, this research provides significant theoretical insights and experimental support for enhancing the performance of Rydberg atom electric field sensors.
Time-dependent propulsion of fully inertial active stochastic particles: theory and simulations
Authors: Gutierrez-Martinez Luis L , Sandoval Mario
Published: January 2025

Up to now, studies on fully inertial (adding mass and moment of inertia) active Brownian particles (IABPs) have only considered a constant propulsion force. This work overcomes this by studying IABPs but with a time-dependent propulsion and analytically characterizes this system by finding its mean-square displacement and effective diffusion for any periodic time-dependent propulsion speed. To exemplify the periodic general expressions, three particular self-propulsion signals are addressed, expressly, a cosine, a square-wave, and a zig-zag propulsion force. Langevin dynamics simulations are also employed to validate the analytical findings.
A novel weak signal reception algorithm integrating a soft-limiter with adaptive stochastic resonance in alpha-stable-distributed noise environments
Authors: Liu Jin , Li Zan , Gao Yue , Yang Li , Wang Danyang , Qi Peihan
Published: January 2025

The alpha-stable distribution is capable of modeling non-Gaussian impulsive noise, which widely exists in practical applications. Research on weak signal reception with alpha-stable-distributed noise is not only of great significance but also faces substantial challenges. In light of this, an innovative weak signal reception algorithm integrating a soft-limiter with the adaptive stochastic resonance (ASR) technique is proposed. This approach capitalizes on the initial noise suppression capability of the nonlinear soft-limiter, coupled with the unique benefit of the ASR technique in fostering a cooperative resonance effect through automatically adjusting stochastic resonance system parameters, even amidst highly dynamic signal and noise conditions. Through an in-depth quantitative study of the stochastic resonance system mechanism, detailed steps for ASR system implementation are provided. The realization of the ASR system can make full use of the random noise energy transferring to ordered signals, thus achieving the goal of using random noise to enhance weak, useful signals. By employing the ASR system as a weak signal pre-enhancement unit, the performance of weak signal reception in alpha-stable-distributed noise environments can be significantly improved. Finally, extensive numerical simulations are provided to verify the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.
Exploring the relation between transonic dislocation glide and stacking fault width in FCC metals
Authors: Jones Kathryn R , Dang Khanh , Blaschke Daniel N , Fensin Saryu J , Hunter Abigail
Published: January 2025

Theory predicts limiting gliding velocities that dislocations cannot overcome. Computational and recent experiments have shown that these limiting velocities are soft barriers and dislocations can reach transonic speeds in high rate plastic deformation scenarios. In this paper we systematically examine the mobility of edge and screw dislocations in several face centered cubic (FCC) metals (Al, Au, Pt, and Ni) in the extreme large-applied-stress regime using molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that edge dislocations are more likely to move at transonic velocities due to their high mobility and lower limiting velocity than screw dislocations. Importantly, among the considered FCC metals, the dislocation core structure determines the dislocation’s ability to reach transonic velocities. This is likely due to the variation in stacking fault width due to relativistic effects near the limiting velocities.
Validating the galaxy and quasar catalog-level blinding scheme for the DESI 2024 analysis
Authors: Andrade U. , Mena-Fernández J. , Awan H. , Ross A.J. , Brieden S. , Pan J. , de Mattia A. , Aguilar J. , Ahlen S. , Alves O. , Brooks D. , Buckley-Geer E. , Chaussidon E. , Claybaugh T. , Cole S. , de la Macorra A. , Dey A. , Doel P. , Fanning K. , Forero-Romero J.E. , Gaztañaga E. , Gil-Marín H. , Gontcho S.Gontcho A. , Guy J. , Hahn C. , Hanif M.M.S. , Honscheid K. , Howlett C. , Huterer D. , Juneau S. , Kremin A. , Landriau M. , Le Guillou L. , Levi M.E. , Manera M. , Martini P. , Meisner A. , Miquel R. , Moustakas J. , Mueller E. , Muñoz-Gutiérrez A. , Myers A.D. , Nadathur S. , Newman J.A. , Nie J. , Niz G. , Paillas E. , Palanque-Delabrouille N. , Percival W.J. , Pinon M. , Poppett C. , Prada F. , Pérez-Fernández A. , Rashkovetskyi M. , Rezaie M. , Rossi G. , Sanchez E. , Schlegel D. , Schubnell M. , Seo H. , Sprayberry D. , Tarlé G. , Vargas-Magaña M. , Verde L. , Weaver B.A.
Published: January 2025

In the era of precision cosmology, ensuring the integrity of data analysis through blinding techniques is paramount — a challenge particularly relevant for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). DESI represents a monumental effort to map the cosmic web, with the goal to measure the redshifts of tens of millions of galaxies and quasars. Given the data volume and the impact of the findings, the potential for confirmation bias poses a significant challenge. To address this, we implement and validate a comprehensive blind analysis strategy for DESI Data Release 1 (DR1), tailored to the specific observables DESI is most sensitive to: Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAO), Redshift-Space Distortion (RSD) and primordial non-Gaussianities (PNG). We carry out the blinding at the catalog level, implementing shifts in the redshifts of the observed galaxies to blind for BAO and RSD signals and weights to blind for PNG through a scale-dependent bias. We validate the blinding technique on mocks as well as on data by applying a second blinding layer to perform a series of sanity checks; the latter allows probing complexities in real data not captured in mocks.
We find that the blinding strategy alters the data vector in a controlled way, and the BAO and RSD analysis choices are robust to blinding. The successful validation of the blinding strategy paves the way for the unblinded DESI DR1 analysis, alongside future blind analyses with DESI and other surveys.
Upgrade of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter for High-Luminosity LHC
Authors: Amendola Chiara ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: January 2025

The CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is a homogeneous PbWO4-based detector. The upcoming High-Luminosity upgrade of the CERN LHC will provide detectors with unprecedented instantaneous luminosity, entailing an increase of the average number of proton-proton collisions per bunch crossing up to a value of 200. To cope with such busy environment and with the trigger latency and rate, the ECAL readout and trigger electronics system will be replaced. The front-end electronics will deploy custom ASICs optimised for precise timing, improved signal discrimination, lossless data compression, and fast transmission. Off-detector FPGA processor boards will form trigger primitives and perform basic signal reconstruction. The upgraded system has been validated over several test beam campaigns. In terms of physics performance, it will match the outstanding energy resolution of the current ECAL detector, while significantly enhancing the time resolution of electrons and photons above 50 GeV.
A BMP-2 sustained-release scaffold accelerated bone regeneration in rats via the BMP-2 consistent activation maintained by a non-sulfate polysaccharide
Authors: Sun Jinghe , Gao Rongchun , Qin Ningbo , Yang Jingfeng
Published: January 2025

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and a polysaccharide (SUP) were embedded in the calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffold, and the bone repair ability was evaluated. The new scaffolds were characterized using x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses. CPC-BMP2-SUPH scaffold promoted the BMP-2 release by 1.21 folds of the CPC-BMP2 scaffold on day 3. SUP sustained the release of BMP-2 within 21 d. It enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity by 25.9% in comparison to the CPC scaffold. These results suggest that the SUP consistently activated and sustained BMP-2 release in vitro. Furthermore, the CPC-BMP2-SUPH scaffold activated the BMP-2/Smads and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2) pathways in MC3T3-E1 cells to up-regulate the levels of osteogenic relative genes (BMP-2, bone sialoprotein, collagen 1, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and Runx-2). The in vivo result showed that the bone defect area in the CPC-BMP2-SUPH scaffold-treated Sprague–Dawley rats lessened significantly compared with the CPC group after 4 weeks. CPC-BNP2-SUPH scaffold also improved collagen regeneration in bone. The bone surface and bone volume in the CPC-BMP2-SUPH group improved by 3.68 and 2.17-fold compared with the CPC group, respectively. In conclusion, the CPC-BMP2-SUPH scaffold represents a novel biomaterial capable of accelerating osteoblast differentiation and promoting bone injury repair.
On Hagedorn wavepackets associated with different Gaussians
Authors: Vaníček Jiří J L , Zhang Zhan Tong
Published: January 2025

Hagedorn functions are carefully constructed generalizations of Hermite functions to the setting of many-dimensional squeezed and coupled harmonic systems. Wavepackets formed by superpositions of Hagedorn functions have been successfully used to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation exactly in harmonic systems and variationally in anharmonic systems. To evaluate typical observables, such as position or kinetic energy, it is sufficient to consider orthonormal Hagedorn functions with a single Gaussian center. Instead, we derive various relations between Hagedorn bases associated with different Gaussians, including their overlaps, which are necessary for evaluating quantities nonlocal in time, such as the time correlation functions needed for computing spectra. First, we use the Bogoliubov transformation to obtain the commutation relations between the ladder operators associated with different Gaussians. Then, instead of using numerical quadrature, we employ these commutation relations to derive exact recurrence relations for the overlap integrals between Hagedorn functions with different Gaussian centers. Finally, we present numerical experiments that demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our algebraic method as well as its suitability for treating problems in spectroscopy and chemical dynamics.
First return times on sparse random graphs
Authors: Evnin Oleg , Horinouchi Weerawit
Published: January 2025

We consider random walks in the form of nearest-neighbor hopping on Erdős–Rényi random graphs of finite fixed mean degree c as the number of vertices N tends to infinity. In this regime, using statistical field theory methods, we develop an analytic theory of the first return time probability distribution. The problem turns out closely related to finding the spectrum of the normalized graph Laplacian that controls the continuum time version of the nearest-neighbor-hopping random walk. In the infinite graph limit, where loops are highly improbable, the returns operate in a manner qualitatively similar to c-regular trees, and the expressions for probabilities resemble those on random c-regular graphs. Because the vertex degrees are not exactly constant, however, the way c enters the formulas differs from the dependence on the graph degree of first return probabilities on random regular graphs.
Exact analysis of the two-dimensional asymmetric simple exclusion process with attachment and detachment of particles
Authors: Ishiguro Yuki , Sato Jun
Published: January 2025

The asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) is a paradigmatic driven-diffusive system that describes the asymmetric diffusion of particles with hardcore interactions in a lattice. Although the ASEP is known as an exactly solvable model where physical quantities can be evaluated without approximations, most exact results are limited to one-dimensional systems. Recently, the exact steady states in the multi-dimensional ASEP have been proposed (Ishiguro and Sato 2024 Phys. Rev. Res.
6 033030). The research focused on the situations where the number of particles is conserved. In this paper, we consider the two-dimensional ASEP with attachment and detachment of particles (ASEP-LK), where particle number conservation is violated. By applying the results from (Ishiguro and Sato 2024 Phys. Rev. Res.
6 033030), we construct the exact steady states of the ASEP-LK and reveal their properties through the exact computation of physical quantities.
Performance evaluation and optimization of triple cascode operational transconductance amplifiers using GNRFET technology for low power smart devices
Authors: Hashmi Faraz , Nizamuddin M , Amin Syed Umar
Published: January 2025

Front-end circuits are crucial interfaces between digital electronics and real-world applications in Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems and portable smart devices, necessitating high-speed, energy-efficient, and compact designs. Advanced mixed-signal processing and actuation technologies are essential for leveraging the pivotal role of analog sensors in Artificial Intelligence (AI) functionalities. This study investigates emerging low-power nanoelectronics for analog circuit applications, focusing on Graphene Nano-ribbon Field-Effect Transistors (GNRFETs), particularly one-dimensional armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs). Triple cascode operational transconductance amplifiers (TCOTAs) are implemented using GNRFETs and MOSFETs at the 32-nanometer technology node using HSPICE. Three distinct GNR-based TCOTA configurations are analyzed against conventional CMOS-based TCOTA to assess performance improvements. The evaluation highlights significant enhancements in GNR-based TCOTAs, particularly in the pure GNRFET-TCOTA variant, which exhibits a notable 33.8% increase in DC gain, a 21.4% improvement in common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), and substantial growth rates of 5.85 and 8.47 times for slew rate and 3-dB bandwidth, respectively. The pure GNR-based TCOTA shows a 9.4% delay in comparison to Si-CMOS-based TCOTA. Insights into critical design parameters such as dimer lines (N), number of GNRs (n

Rib
), and ribbon spacing (W

SP
) are provided, emphasizing their impact on circuit performance. This research underscores the potential of GNRFET to optimize operational transconductance amplifiers, enhancing analog circuit capabilities for IoT systems and portable electronics. The findings contribute to advancing nanoelectronics toward achieving higher performance and efficiency in future electronic applications.
Real-time monitoring and prediction of compressive strength of mortar and concrete
Authors: S Kishore , A Arun Kumar
Published: January 2025

Developing a real-time monitoring system for evaluating the compressive strength of concrete on construction sites is essential. In this current study, an affordable and detachable automated system using the Internet of Things (IoT) is developed to assess the compressive strength of mortar and concrete in real-time. This system, composed of a digital sensor and Wi-Fi-enabled microcontroller, is coded with mathematical algorithms to help forecast the real-time compressive strength. The system uses a pre-programmed algorithm linked to a cloud platform using IoT, and a mobile application has been developed to view the predicted strength remotely. The methodology adopted in this study is the maturity method based on ASTM C1074. The precision of the sensor’s estimated strength is validated by comparing the predicted compressive strength with the experimental strength obtained through accelerated and normal water curing methods. The difference between the predicted strength results using the sensor and the actual laboratory results at 14 days is 0.76% and 1.12%, whereas at 28 days, it is observed to be 7.83% and 7.54%, respectively. The developed system accurately predicts the real-time compressive strength and offers remote access to the results through mobile applications.
An analytic study of hybrid inflationary model with quantum gravity corrections
Authors: Moiz M A , Ansari Rizwan Ul Haq
Published: January 2025

We study the modified hybrid inflationary model to incorporate quantum gravity effects using an effective field theory approach. The inflationary parameters are computed, and they are modified in the presence of higher dimensional operators. We obtain a bound on the Wilsonian coefficient of higher dimensional operator and find that it depends on the vacuum energy density. Our study provides an avenue to explore the quantum gravity effects on hybrid inflationary model and can be extended to include other hybrid inflation models.