bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ability of Elementary School Children to Analyse General Reference and Thematic Maps
Authors: Michaelidou Evanthia , Nakos Byron , Filippakopoulou Vassiliki
Published: April 2007

Physical maps with hypsometric tints, political maps with a monochromatic background, large-scale maps for younger students, and small-scale maps for older students, as well as maps with a limited number of thematic layers, are the predominant map forms found in elementary school textbooks in both Greece and Cyprus. The ability of elementary school children between Grade 3 and Grade 6 to analyse map content on these types of maps is investigated in a series of tests. The variables considered are map scale, complexity of background, number of thematic layers, and representation of land-forms. Results indicate the need for strategic use of different map forms in order to help students to develop the ability to analyse map content.
Semantics of Parallel Object Hierarchies in a Multi-Scale Environmental Decision-Support System for Watershed Management
Authors: Bishr Yaser , Molenaar M. , Radwan M.
Published: April 2007

Multi-scale representations in GIS traditionally refer to the spatial resolution of geographic objects. That approach stems from the fact that GIS is often used as a mapping tool, with emphasis on the graphical representation of objects. Currently, GIS is not only a mapping tool but also a component that plays an important role in Spatial Decision-Support Systems (SDSSS). Environmental decision making (EDM) in general and watershed management in particular are applications that can benefit from SDSS. These applications may involve agencies of several kinds (e. g., economic, environmental, social) and several levels of decision-making authority (e.g., local, regional, and national). In this context, there is a need for terrain object representations that can he used by various agencies, and at different levels. Inter-agency representations are analogous to the differing semantic descriptions of real-world entitics that appear in various databases, necessitated by different applications. Multi-level representations are analogous to the various levels of abstraction of a real-world entity used within one project.

Each agency and/or level of decision making encountered in watershed management may have its own SDSS. A high level of communication between them is required to allow seamless sharing of data and knowledge. In this chapter, we show that services must he shared on the semantic level, rather than the syntactic level, to achieve that objective. An example of three parallel object hierarchies required for watershed management (WSM) will he demonstrated. The concept presented will provide an extension of GIS theory, and will formalize the link between semantically dissimilar hierarchies.
Maps from Inspections of the Northern Frontier of New Spain in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: REINHARTZ DENNIS
Published: April 2007

Two significant manuscript maps from military inspections of northern New Spain in the 1770s from the Virginia Garrett Cartographic History Library at The University of Texas at Arlington are examined to delineate the dynamics of this frontier of the Spanish New World Empire at a critical and controversial period in its history. In line with the most current historiography, the issues of stagnation and decline are investigated and refuted. These cartographic primary sources reflect the rationalization of the empire under the Bourbon Dynasty for New Spain, especially after the opening up of the vast silver mines in Chihuahua—a time of population growth, restructuring, and reform, when the empire reached its greatest geographical extent in North America. Also communicated by them is the mapping activity of the Royal Corps of Engineers, created by royal decree in 1711 to help rebuild the empire after the War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War).
THE CONSULTATIVE MACHINERY OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY
Authors: BALCHIN W. G. V. , COLEMAN ALICE M.
Published: April 2007

The Ordnance Survey of Great Britain has evolved a system of 'consultative machinery' in which, by means of periodical conferences, user requirements are collected, sifted, compared, and where possible incorporated into mapping and publication programmes. Separate conferences were originally held periodically with representatives of government departments and with local authorities and nationalized industries. Success was such that, since 1962, annual conferences have been held with non-official users such as academic societies, professional bodies, road users, country-lovers and commercial map-users. The conferences have proven to be a valuable instrument for the collection of proposals from users, the dissemination of information to users, and for the discussion of common problems and conflicting requirements. Improvements in the usefulness of maps has already resulted from the conferences and solutions are still being sought for many problems raised. Le Ordnance Survey of Great Britain (Service cartographique de la Grande-Bretagne) a développé un système de 'mécanisme consultatif dans lequel, au moyen de conférences périodiques, on recueille, examine minutieusement et compare les exigences de l'usufruitier qui, si possible, seront incorporées dans les programmes de cartographie et de publication. A l'origine, il y avait, périodiquement, des conférences séparées avec les représentants de services du gouvernement et avec des autorités locales et des industries étatifiées. Le succès était tel que, depuis 1962, des conférences annuelles se tiennent avec des usufruitiers non-officiels à savoir des sociétés académiques, des corps professionnels, des usufruitiers de la voirie, des amateurs de la vie champêtre, et des usufruitiers de cartes commerciales. Les conférences se sont montrées comme un instrument précieux pour l'assemblage de propositions des usufruitiers et pour la propagation d'informations à eux et servent, en plus, aux discussions de problèmes communs et aux demandes discordantes. Des améliorations dans l'utilité des cartes sont déjà le résultat des conférences et l'on cherche toujours à trouver des solutions pour bien des problèmes qui se présentent tous les jours.
AN INSTRUCTIONAL COMPUTER PROGRAM ON STATISTICAL CLASS INTERVALS
Authors: CHANG KANG-TSUNG
Published: April 2007

To develop an effective classification for a set of data can be very time-consuming in choropleth mapping. This paper presents a computer program written in BASIC language as a solution to this problem. The program will perform three major tasks. First, class limits will be computed upon the choice of classification method and the number of classes. There are seven methods to choose from: quintiles, arithmetic, geometric, reciprocal, the use of mean and standard deviation, and nested-means. An eighth option is included in case the user decides to use his own class limits. The number of classes can be from three to eight. Second, class frequencies will be compiled. Third, the D value, a measure of the effectiveness of data classification as proposed by Jenks and Coulson, will be computed. This paper also includes program limitations, classification methods, classroom experience, and a sample run.
David Thompson's Surveying Instruments and Methods in the Northwest 1790–1812
Authors: SMYTH DAVID
Published: April 2007

The paper examines the surveying instruments and methods of David Thompson, the renowned Canadian fur trader, explorer, surveyor and cartographer. A description is provided of his instruments and of the publications which he used in conducting his surveys. A brief background of the state of the science of practical astronomy is given, followed by a layman's look at Thompson's surveying methods in the North American wilderness. His methods of determining latitude and longitude are examined, with particular emphasis on the method of measuring lunar distances to calculate longitude. Finally, Thompson's use of his astronomic observations and track surveys in the making of his maps is outlined.
THE PEYTO GLACIER MAP / A THREE-DIMENSIONAL DEPICTION OF MOUNTAIN RELIEF
Authors: HENOCH W E S , CROIZET J L
Published: April 2007

The production of the Peyto Glacier map, desiged to serve as a base for glaciological research in mass, energy and water balance studies, is described. The map is embellished by hatched bedrock portrayal and shaded relief, both to provide information between the contours and to achieve the three-dimensional effect of the relief. The merits of this type of relief as a research tool for earth scientists and as an aid in teaching are discussed. The authors conclude that this type of map combining high accuracy and cartographic artistry should be introduced for a new series of maps of national and provincial parks in high, mountainous areas. Cet exposé décrit la réalisation de la carte du glacier Peyto, destinée à servir de référence pour les recherches glaciologiques sur les bilans massique, énergétique et hydrologique. La carte est ornée par la représentation des roches de fond au moyen de hachures et par l'estompage du relief; ces procédés complètent les renseignements fournis par les courbes de niveau et donnent l'effet tridimensionnel du relief. Les auteurs discutent des mérites de ce type de représentation du relief comme instrument de recherche pour les géoscientifiques et comme aide à l'enseignement. Ils concluent que ce type de carte, qui allie une grande précision à l'art du cartographe, devrait être introduit dans les nouvelles séries de cartes des parcs nationaux et provinciaux pour les régions montagneuses et élevées.
CARTOGRAMS AND TOPOLOGY
Authors: Kadmon Naftali
Published: April 2007

Highly generalized cartograms which are not rigidly bound to the geometry of the globe can often supply effective graphic solutions to problematical thematic situations, especially where non-metric object spaces are involved. While it is possible to reduce noise and to distribute information evenly over the map area, topological properties should be retained; some of these are described in this paper. In addition to uncontrolled cartograms, special distorting projections can now be employed in producing quantitative area cartograms.
Map And Language / A Metaphor Extended
Authors: ANDREWS J H
Published: April 2007

Interpreted as a metaphor rather than a hypothesis, the analogy between map and language is incapable of being conclusively refuted by logical argument, and its weaknesses cannot be proved to outweigh its strengths. The weaknesses have been explained by Robinson and others, but justice has not yet been done to the strengths. This paper offers cartographic parallels for the sentence and the phrase together with nearly all the parts of speech of traditional grammar. The possibility of a cartographic equivalent for comparative linguistics is considered, and maps are used to illustrate the philosophical distinction between object languages and metalanguages.
AUTOMATION OF THEMATIC MAPS WITH ELECTRO-OPTICAL COLORMATION METHODS
Authors: HSU SHIN-YI
Published: April 2007

Electro-optical colormation methods have been widely employed in the TV industry and remote-sensing field for visual display of image data ; however, its use in the production of color maps is relatively new, and developing rapidly. This paper examines one such system installed at Rome Air Development Center, Rome, N.Y. regarding its applicability for producing thematic maps. Using digitized image data, two analytical models were developed for producing thematic maps: Model 1 takes the z-value as scalar for producing single-subject maps, and Model 2 takes the z-values as a vector for multi-subject maps. Preliminary experiments conducted using landuse categories have produced color transparencies rated as excellent in quality. The electro-optical colormation technologies are currently available commercially, and will be cost-effective in the near future.
A PATTERN IDENTIFICATION APPROACH TO CARTOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION
Authors: MACEACHREN ALAN M , GANTER JOHN H
Published: April 2007

Mental visualization and tools that foster it have recently been acknowledged as significant factors in scientific creativity. Cartography occupies a critical position in the growing array of scientific visualization tools, particularly for geographers, earth scientists and atmospheric scientists. Treating the map as a visualization tool leads to a different perspective on cartography than that generally taken when the map is viewed as a communication device. The goal of cartography and cartographic research shifts from a search for the optimal map to a search for spatial data abstraction methods that prompt pattern identification and lead to insight. A model is proposed for cartographic visualization that stresses the role of maps in data exploration. Emphasis is on the potential for maps to stimulate scientific insight by facilitating the discovery of patterns and relationships in spatial data. Following from this pattern identification model for cartographic visualization some perspectives are offered on the design of cartographic visualization tools to facilitate pattern identification. Attention to visualization quality is considered as a key component in the successful development of such tools. In conclusion, the relationship between visualization tools used to foster scientific insight and those developed for other applications such as urban planning or navigation is considered.
JUDGING THE SIMILARITY OF CHOROPLETH MAP IMAGES
Authors: STEINKE THEODORE , STEINKE ROBERT
Published: April 2007

An experiment was conducted to determine if people can form mental images of choropleth maps, if they can compare map patterns on those images, and if they make the comparisons in the same way that people make visual comparisons of map patterns. Subjects committed choropleth maps to memory and were given experience in the use of these images to make judgments of pattern similarity. After using imagery in a preliminary comparison task, the subjects were asked to rank the similarity of all possible map pairs. The subjective similarity rankings were compared to objective measures of the map patterns. The findings of this experiment are related to those of an earlier study in which the subjects compared the similarity of the same maps visually. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the way choropleth map patterns were compared visually or from memory.
Towards a Theory of Interpretation: Cartographic Semiosis
Authors: Casti Emanuela
Published: April 2007

Over the last 10 years a new theory in the interpretation of cartography has taken shape. In her overview of the various interpretative approaches that have variously contributed to the present critical approach, the author identifies semiotics as one of the trails principally worth pursuing. A semiotic approach, namely a theory of cartographic semiosis, effectively shifts the emphasis from maps intended as a mediation of territory to maps taken as agents, whereby actions to be carried out on territory are determined. This perspective may be defined as cartographic hermeneutics, since it undermines the very semiotic notion of map analysis: the study of maps relies not on autonomous semiosis but on a second level (or meta-semiotic) semiosis that is deeply rooted in and strictly related to first-level, territorial semiosis. In particular, the author focuses on two concepts: self-reference and iconization. The former, which constitutes the core of cartographic communication, is used to indicate the map's ability to be accepted as such (by its mere existence) and to communicate independently of the intentions of the cartographer. The latter is the communicative process that results in circumstances and contingencies being communicated as truths (thanks to the self-referential nature of the map). Hence, as a model, the map does not represent territory but replaces it. Iconization means that direct knowledge of the world is sidelined, with the greater relevance being given to the knowledge generated by the map itself.
50 Years Of Soviet Cartography
Authors: NIKISHOV M. I. , TEREKHOV N. M.
Published: April 2007

The authors review the contents and cartographic techniques of the principal atlases and maps published under the Soviet regime, noting their large numbers, wide variety, high quality and favourable reception. Most of these publications have appeared since World War II, and have been general reference works covering the physical, economic and political patterns of the U.S.S.R., rather than works on specific topics. In addition, however, several world atlases and maps of a topical nature have been issued. Soviet cartographic output has been closely geared to the needs of schools, research institutions, planning agencies, and the general public. The authors conclude by listing présent shortcomings and also the immediate tasks of Soviet cartography. Les auteurs étudient le contenu et les techniques de production des cartes et atlas les plus importants publiés sous le régime soviétique; ils ont noté leur grand nombre, leur variété, leur haute qualité et l'accueil favorable qu'ils ont reçu. La plupart de ces publications sont apparues depuis la Seconde guerre mondiale; ce sont surtout des ouvrages généraux de référence traitant des caractères physiques, économiques et politiques de l'U.R.S.S., plutôt que des études spécialisées. L'U.R.S.S. a également publié plusieurs atlas et cartes du monde portant sur un thème particulier. La production de carte en U.R.S.S. a été établie en fonction des besoins des écoles, des institutions de recherche, des agences de planification et du grand public. Les auteurs terminent leur étude en signalant les carences actuelles et la tâche qui attend les cartographes soviétiques dans l'avenir immédiat.
CONSENSUS OR CONFUSION: CARTOGRAPHERS' KNOWLEDGE OF GENERALIZATION
Authors: RIEGER MONIKA K , COULSON MICHAEL R C
Published: April 2007

Cartographers' knowledge of cartographic generalization must be captured and compared in order to understand the process and to make this knowledge available for use in cartographic expert systems. The interactive knowledge elicitation program, KSSO, was used to elicit this knowledge from 23 cartographers. The elicitations provided insights into each subject's understanding of generalization, and a comparison of the responses of a subgroup of these subjects revealed areas of agreement and disagreement in the concepts these cartographers held regarding generalization and its procedures.

There is a lack of standardization among the entire group with regards to their definitions of generalization procedures. As well, there are major areas of disagreement and little agreement among the conceptual systems of a subgroup of these experts with regards to six common generalization procedures. This lack of consensus about generalization can be a serious impediment to the successful implementation of knowledge-based systems for automated generalization. Further research is necessary into how cartographers understand generalization, and the terminology of generalization should be standardized and the concepts underlying generalization need to be clarified by the cartographic community.
Towards an Introductory Cartographic Curriculum for the 21st Century
Authors: Keller C.
Published: April 2007

The structure of introductory cartographic education advocated by popular texts may no longer suit the times and the discipline. Cartographic education needs to respond to changes in the traditional and emerging mapping sub-disciplines: to changing visions, administrative realities, and technological advances that offer new opportunities. Proposed is a reorganization of the curriculum to remove the need to teach fundamentals of spatial data in introductory cartography. Instead, it would insist on prerequisite knowledge. That would allow higher priority to be given in introductory cartography to expansion of our view of space and its representation, to advances in graphics and media technology, to the theory of communication, visualization, and design, and to professional code and conduct. A call is made for professional organizations to coordinate the design and distribution of introductory lecture notes, laboratory exercises, anecdotes, and teaching aids of other types.
THE PLACEMENT OF DISPERSED COMMUNITY NAMES ON MEDIUM- AND LARGE-SCALE MAPS
Authors: RAYBURN J. A.
Published: April 2007

The placement of names on maps to identify dispersed settlements is a cartographic problem that has received less attention than it deserves. On topographic maps the lettering is normally placed adjacent to the densest concentrations of building symbols or other conventionalized symbols. Field investigations in eastern Ontario have convinced the writer that name placement of dispersed communities demands greater attention so as to identify the particular area concerned. The writer proposes that the names of dispersed communities should be lettered throughout their respective areas on medium- and large-scale Canadian topographic maps. In order to achieve greater accuracy in name placement field work in toponymy is becoming more necessary now that topographic mapping uses photogrammetric methods that require less investigation in the field.
THE 1: 25,000 SERIES OF THE NATIONAL TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING PROGRAM
Authors: SEBERT L M
Published: April 2007

This paper traces the history of Canadian topographic maps at scales between 1:20,000 and 1:31,680 from 1916, when the first sheet in this range was published, to the time when these scales were standardized at 1 :25,000. Lists are included of sheets that were available at various dates, and a short description is given of the different projections used. Cet exposé retrace l'histoire des cartes topographiques à l'échelle variant de 1/20,000 à 1/31,680 à partir de 1916, date de la publication de la première carte, jusqu'au moment de la normalisation des échelles à la grandeur 1/25,000. Il présente aussi une liste des feuilles qui ont été disponibles à diverses dates et une courte description des différents systèmes de projection utilisés.
Realities Of Teaching Cartography In The Developing World
Authors: Ormeling Ferjan
Published: April 2007

Two general aspects of education in developing countries are attitudinal problems and the lack of quality standards. In the case of cartographic education, their effect is sharpened by the restricted numbers of students requiring education and training. This in turn causes isolation of training centres and a lack of suitable training material. Current options to redress these problems include sending in lecturers or visiting committees, organizing seminars, and establishing regional cartographic training centres — but even if their contribution may be important, the effects of these options are expected to be short-term only. More permanent help is expected from Personal Computers and the Internet, which will help in the innovation of the cartographic curriculum and its integration into a geomatics course structure. The role of international and national professional societies in supervising and monitoring the innovation process is emphasized.
THE EFFECT OF ORIENTATION ON THE RECOGNITION OF SIMPLE MAPS
Authors: CERNY JAMES W , WILSON JOHN
Published: April 2007

Orientation of maps with north at the top is a cartographic convention, though many notable exceptions exist. Psychological studies suggest map users will have difficulty in recognizing other orientations. Simple outline maps were presented to geography and psychology students in both normal and rotated orientations. The effects of class membership, order of maps, and viewing time were examined and the only qignificant factor affecting map recognition was class membership. Geography students were better at recognizing normally oriented maps, but the groups were more similar in recognizing rotated maps.
A Brief History and Progress of Mountain Cartography in Canada
Authors: WHEATE ROGER , ALEXANDER NANCY , FISHER MICHAEL , MOUAFO DIEUDONNE
Published: April 2007

Canada's mountain ranges offer great opportunities in high-mountain cartography, but also great challenges, given limited national mapping resources to deal with such extensive areas. Following post-war initiatives that introduced Swiss mapping styles into Canadian cartography, federal cuts and restructuring diverted resources to the generation and management of digital data. The increasing accessibility to GIS and mapping software and digital elevation data are enabling progress from government agencies, private companies, and university researchers, albeit to a relatively limited degree, when compared to the terrain to be mapped.
CENTRAL ASIA ON RUSSIAN MAPS OF THE 17TH CENTURY
Authors: FEDCHINA V N
Published: April 2007

The author, one of the most prolific Soviet specialists on the history of Russian cartography, discusses the representation of Central Asia on the lost "Great Map" (late 1500s), the Book of the Great Map (1627), Nicholas Spafary's map and accompanying description (1678), Semyon Remezov's duplicate map of Siberia (1684), Andrey Vinius' map (1670s–1680s), and Remezov's new map of Siberia (1697), all of whose information reflected increasing knowledge of Central Asia supplied by Russian travellers and emissaries trying to develop trade with the region and to find shorter routes to the Orient. She concludes that the "Great Map" was the first Russian map to depict Central Asia, that Spafary's map of 1678 borrowed heavily from he "Great Map" and Remezov's map of 1684 virtually reproduced it, that Vinius' map was the first one to show both the Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya entering the Aral Sea, and that Remezov's detailed and accurate map of 1697 was a composite map that summarized Russian information on Central Asia at the end of the 17th century.
Indigenous Knowledge, Mapping, and GIS: A Diffusion of Innovation Perspective
Authors: Chambers Kimberlee , Corbett Jonathan , Keller C. , Wood Colin
Published: April 2007

This article explores the relationship between Indigenous knowledge, mapping, and contemporary GIS applications. It commences with an introduction to Indigenous peoples and Indigenous knowledge, as well as a review of reasons why Indigenous peoples are mapping. Using a diffusion of innovation model as an organizational framework, the article then examines the adoption and use of GIS by Indigenous peoples, based on published literature as well as on the authors' fieldwork, personal observations, and experiences. Attention is drawn to research areas and issues that seem lacking or are poorly addressed. Suggestions for future inquiry to advance understanding of the relationship between high-technology mapping and the recording and communication of Indigenous knowledge are offered.
MAP USE IN REGIONAL NEWSPAPERS IN THE MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES 1930-1985
Authors: KENT ROBERT B , SANDERS JAMES M
Published: April 2007

Map use in three metropolitan newspapers in Ohio, the Cleveland Plain Dealer, the Cincinnati Enquirer, and the Columbus Dispatch is sampled between 1930 and 1985. Each has daily and Sunday circulations between 250,000 and 500,000. The frequency of map use, the thematic focus of map-illustrated articles, and the geographic area mapped are all examined. Overall, map use has been limited. Similar temporal trends in map use are demonstrated by each of the newspapers, with increases in the 1940s, 1960s and 1980s. Military conflict dominated the focus of most maps, accounting for 40% of all maps published. Economic resources/development/transportation and tourism/ travel/sports are also important foci of map-illustrated articles, together representing another 25%. Newspapers generally have increased the range of article topics they supplement with maps. In a geographic sense, most maps have focused on areas outside the borders of the United States, almost 60%. Maps focusing on a newspaper's respective metropolitan area or the state of Ohio have been relatively uncommon. Map use among the three newspapers did vary. The somewhat more cosmopolitan Plain Dealer used maps more frequently and focused more attention on a wider variety of thematic topics man did the other two newspapers.
Toward a Conceptual Framework for the Cartographic Visualization of Network Information
Authors: Ruggles Amy , Armstrong Marc
Published: April 2007

Geographic information systems (GIS) are now widely used to manage and visualize transportation and other network information and to plan for changes in network infrastructure. As GIS technology becomes more portable and as planning styles evolve, these network data and derived analyses will be presented, sometimes interactively, not only to professional analysts but also to a wider audience of administrators, planners, and the general public. Such presentations require the effective communication of a combination of static and dynamic attributes of complex spatial networks to a diverse audience for a variety of purposes. A large quantity of data that describes the geometry and attributes of network infrastructures is already accumulated on a regular basis and is readily available in digital formats. Like most raw data, however, this massive digital resource is often not used to its fullest potential because methods for rendering it and synthesizing it for visual display are not well developed or implemented within standard GIS software. In this paper we develop a framework in which the formal functions of networks are tied to the information that must be communicated given a set of demands that influence the choice of a basic representational strategy.
MILESTONES OF MAPPING
Authors: BALDOCK E. D.
Published: April 2007

The development of map-making is traced from its earliest beginnings in ancient Babylon and from the Greeks who laid the foundations of systematic cartography through to the present. The writer describes and illustrates the work of outstanding cartographers who contributed to the progress of map-making, and shows how changes in technology have advanced both the science and art of cartography. Map reproduction processes are detailed from the invention of printing in the fifteenth century through to present-day methods of scribing on plastic, and the writer analyses the impact of the advances in technique on the production of maps.
A MAP OF TORONTO'S WATERFRONT
Authors: GREENBERG KENNETH , MERRENS H. ROY
Published: April 2007

A map of Toronto's waterfront is presented in the context of the city's indifference to its waterfront. Factors that have contributed to the alienation of the city from its waterfront are identified. Attention is drawn to some consequences of the lack of public consciousness of the qualities of the waterfront and of its potential as a major urban resource. The map was compiled and drawn as a first step in an attempt to deliberately encourage a judicious exploitation of an invaluable asset. Qualities of the map are described and some conclusions are drawn from it.
MAINTAINING THE CANADA - UNITED STATES BOUNDARY
Authors: LAMBERT A. F.
Published: April 2007

Le tracé de la frontière canado-américaine a été mis au point par divers traités et conventions s'échelonnant de 1783 à 1925. Le manque de bonnes cartes utilisables à l'époque des premiers traités de démarcation a provoqué des désaccords ultérieurs et la frontière n'a pu être tracée définitivement qu'après la réalisation de bonnes cartes des régions frontalières. Cette étude esquisse les nombreux aspects de la délimitation de la frontière, allant des délimitations géodésiques et des cartes des régions frontières jusqu' à la pose de bornes-frontière et au dégagement d'une éclaircie. A l'époque où le travail de délimitation de la frontière s'achevait, des mesures ont été prises en vertu du traité de 1925 pour assurer l'entretien d'une ligne-frontière efficace. La présente étude passe en revue les travaux accomplis d'année en année par la Commission de la frontière internationale et les différentes modifications qu'on apporte actuellement à la nature de ces travaux.
Developing New Strategies to Support Future Caregivers of Older Canadians with Disabilities: Projections of Need and their Policy Implications
Authors: Keefe Janice , Légaré Jacques , Carrière Yves
Published: April 2007

This paper projects annual growth rates between 2001 and 2031 in the need for informal and formal support among elderly Canadians with disabilities. The paper also discusses the policy implications of the increasing demand for informal caregivers. Using Statistics Canada's LifePaths microsimulation model, these projections incorporate disability rates and the potential availability of family caregivers. The authors conclude that continued focus on family to meet the needs of elderly Canadians is not sustainable. New public policies involving financial support and respite for family caregivers are proposed and their economic feasibility is evaluated.
HONORING DISCONTINUITIES AND OTHER SURFACE FEATURES DURING GRID PROCESSING ON VECTOR COMPUTERS
Authors: ZORASTER STEVEN
Published: April 2007

This paper describes how certain mathematical smoothing operations can be applied to cartographic grid models using software designed to run on an array processor or supercomputer. The grids may have imbedded surface discontinuities, grid nodes with no assigned node values and grid nodes with fixed values. Many computer programs have been written to produce and to process grids with these characteristics, but when executed against large grids on standard sequential computers those programs use large amounts of computer time. One way to achieve significantly faster grid processing is to use algorithms which utilize the non-standard computer architectures provided by array processors or supercomputers.
OVERLAPPING GRADUATED CIRCLES / MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION AND METHOD OF PORTRAYAL
Authors: GROOP RICHARD E , COLE DANIEL
Published: April 2007

Overlap is a common occurrence on most graduated circle maps, but little is known about the relationship between overlap and circle size estimation. A psychophysical test was conducted using maps with varying amounts of circle overlap and different methods of overlap portrayal. Results indicate that "transparent" overlap portrayal is more effective in terms of estimation error than conventional "cut-out" circles. Le recouvrement est chose commune sur la plupart des cartes à cercles gradués, mais on sait peu de chose sur la relation qui existe entre le recouvrement et l'évaluation de la taille des cercles. On a effectué un test psychophysique sur des cartes comportant des quantités variées de recouvrements de cercles et différentes méthodes de représentation du recouvrement. Les résultats indiquent que la représentation à recouvrement "transparent" est plus efficace en ce qui concerne les erreurs d'estimation que les cercles "découpés" classiques.
La Grande RiviRe Et Fleuve De L'Ouest/The Realities And Reasons Behind A Major Mistake In The 18th-Century Geography Of North America
Authors: LEWIS G MALCOLM
Published: April 2007

This is a sequel to an earlier (1987) paper. Using archival and historical evidence, the previous paper traced the cartographic antecedents of the false 'La Grande Rivire et Fleuve de I'Ouest' as represented on 18th-century printed maps of western North America. This paper uses ethno-graphical and environmental evidence to establish and evaluate possible ground referents for three associated features which, as represented on the printed maps, were equally false: a small 'Rivire au Vermillon'; an isolated 'Montagne de pierre brillante' that supposedly shone day and night; and a place far downstream where the river was said to commence to ebb and flow. Each of these represented features was based on information received from Indians. Their reports, however, were distorted by Europeans. Furthermore, the Indians were reporting environmental features that had quite different cultural significance, physical characteristics and geographical locations from those represented and implied by the European cartographers.
Cartographic Characteristics of Current Christian Pilgrimage Maps of The Holy Land
Authors: Collins-Kreiner Noga
Published: April 2007

This article investigates some aspects of the cartography of current Christian pilgrimage maps of the Holy Land, using the research method of cartographic content analysis. It was found that uniform characteristics occur in the cartographic representations of Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The maps are designed to convey a Christian-religious message, are politically and religiously biased, and lead to misinformation and misinterpretation.

Another conclusion is that a complex continuum can be derived in which the features that characterize the maps — secularism and tourism as opposed to devoutness, holiness and pilgrimage — can be rated. This is important because it allows us to classify and to analyze the maps for practical purposes on the basis of their position on the continuum.

Pilgrimage maps were found to have a special cartographic status because of their subjective nature and their attempt to combine a contemporary reality with a tradition of maps of the ancient Holy Land. After the recognition of the biases in the maps, they should be examined for their practical implications: the influence of the different messages on Israel's ability to attract various groups of pilgrims.
The Needs of Selected Map Users: Mapping Expedients To Meet Military Requirements
Authors: Schaubel E.V.
Published: April 2007

Military requirements for map content are assessed to be similar to those of most other users; the major difference is in the degree of dependence on maps on the part of the soldier. In battle the commander must be provided with maps with the least possible delay. To compensate for the dearth of mapping at the soldiers' tactical scale, 1:50,000, the Canadian Forces' Mapping and Charting Establishment is developing a rapid mapping capability. Where maps do exist, improvised methods are often required to correct deficiencies in outdated maps or insufficient stocks. A few special-purpose products have been designed to provide specific information for military use. Les milieux militaires et civils ont des besoins analogues en ce qui a trait au contenu des cartes, la principale différence étant la plus grande dépendance des militaires vis-à-vis des cartes. En campagne, l'état-major doit pouvoir se procurer les cartes requises très rapidement. Pour rémédier au manque de cartes militaires à l'échelle tactique du 50,000e, le Service cartographique des Forces armées canadiennes a amorcé un programme de production rapide. Il lui faut parfois improviser des méthodes pour corriger les cartes périmées ou remédier a l'insuffisance des stocks. Certains produits spécialises ont été mis au point pour fournir des données particulières a des fins militaires.
PPGIS in Community Development Planning: Framing the Organizational Context
Authors: ELWOOD SARAH , GHOSE RINA
Published: April 2007

This article examines the local variability of public participation GIS (PPGIS) by urban community revitalization organizations, arguing that this variability is in part shaped by a variety of organizational factors. Existing research has shown PPGIS production to be highly context dependent, identifying an ever-growing set of key elements of this context, including a variety of locally available resources for GIS access and use as well as organizational capacities and characteristics. Contributing to current efforts to expand the conceptual basis of PPGIS research, this article argues that the conceptualization of organizational context must be expanded beyond internal capacities to include organizational networks with local actors, institutions, and resources; organizational knowledge and stability; and organization mission and priorities, all of which shape its activities and relationships, as well as the utility of available GIS resources. This broadened conception of organizational context enables a stronger explanation of the influencing role of organizations in PPGIS, as well as of local variability in PPGIS. These arguments are developed from comparative case study research with six Milwaukee, WI, community revitalization organizations engaged in PPGIS within a city-wide participatory planning initiative.
Component-Color And Final-Color Separation In Mapping
Authors: OLSON JUDY M
Published: April 2007

There are two methods of pre-separating discrete (i.e., non-continuous) colors for printed color maps. In component-color separation an overlay is created for each percentage of each ink used in producing the image; in final-color separation an overlay is created for each color that appears on the final image regardless of how many inks and which percentages are used to produce it. Choice of separation method can greatly affect the ease with which the map can be executed, the ease with which colors can be modified, the amount of material used, and the time required to expose proofs and plates. Choices should be made consciously, based on the needs of the specific project rather than on habit.
The Influence of Map Design on Resource Management Decision Making
Authors: McKendry Jean
Published: April 2007

The popular use of GIS and related mapping technologies has changed approaches to map-making. Cartography is no longer the domain of experts, and the potential for poorly designed maps has increased. This trend has raised concerns that poorly designed maps might mislead decision makers. Hence, an important research question is this: Can different cartographic displays of one data set so influence decision makers as to alter a decision that relies on the mapped data? This question was studied using a spatial decision problem typical for decision makers in a resource management agency in the United States (the USDA Forest Service). Cartographic display was varied by constructing three hypothetical map treatments from the same data set. Map treatments and other test materials were mailed to Forest Service District Rangers. All District Rangers received the same decision problem, but each received only one of the three map treatments. The participants were asked to make a decision using the decision problem and map treatment. Information about the decision and the influence of each map treatment was obtained through a questionnaire. The research and its implications for map-based decision making are presented and discussed.
The Cartographic Projections of R.V. Putninš
Authors: Capek Richard , Forstová Jana
Published: April 2007

This article is a re-examination of the 12 pseudocylindrical world map projections developed by R.V. Putninš. Projection properties, graticule shapes, and formulae are introduced. The principal aims of this article are the derivation of distortion formulae and appreciation of each projection's quality. Projections are assessed on the basis of global distortion characterization, labelled Q: Q is the ratio of the part of globe represented on the map with permissible distortion to the area, expressed as a percentage of the whole globe. Different combinations of permissible limits of angular and areal distortion are analysed. Maximum angular distortion of 40° and a 1.5 multiple of the smallest areal distortion are taken to be representative distortion limits. The final winner in the sequence of Putninš projections is the Putninš PI'. It is comparable to the best widely used world map projections.
On the Study of the Geometric Properties of Historical Cartographic Representations
Authors: Livieratos Evangelos
Published: April 2007

The long but partial and still open question of the geometric and projective characteristics and properties of early cartographic representations is revisited in view of the advancements in digital analytical and visual technologies that are now offered in a “part and parcel” operational environment, allowing a level of interactivity almost unthinkable even in the recent past. In this new technology frame, the geometric study of early maps is treated analytically via a typical two-dimensional comparison with relevant modern map counterparts or georeference. By bringing in the early map with a one-to-one correspondence to its modern reference, the comparison retains all those proper transformational steps that result in the visualization of map differences and, thus, the study of the geometric and projective properties of early maps. To illustrate the proposed process, two indicative examples are treated, related to two distinct schematic typologies of early maps: (1) a georeferenced map of the Ptolemy type, and (2) a non-georeferenced early map of the portolan type. A number of results related to these examples open a perspective for new pathways in the fascinating and adventurous field of map history.
TEXTURE ANALYSIS / A CARTOGRAPHIC APPROACH AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN PATTERN RECOGNITION
Authors: HSU SHIN-YI
Published: April 2007

Texture is an important element of pattern analysis in cartography and remote sensing. A positive relationship exists between human perceptual discrimination and machine/ mathematical discrimination of certain textural attributes of images and mapped data. Map-based and image-based statistical surfaces can be used in automated cartography. Cartography and remote sensing are both concerned with the analysis of the information on statistical surfaces and should be considered as an integrated discipline. La texture est un élément important de l'analyse des configurations en cartographie et en télédétection. Il y a une relation certaine entre le discernement perceptif humain et le discernement automatique et mathématique pour certaines qualités de textures des images et des données représentées sur carte. Les surfaces statistiques fondées sur les cartes et les images peuvent être utilisées en cartographie automatisée. La cartographie et la télédétection sont toutes les deux concernées par l'analyse des renseignements portés sur des surfaces statistiques et devraient être considérées comme une discipline intégrée.
Geographic Information Technologies and Personal Privacy
Authors: Armstrong Marc P. , Ruggles Amy J.
Published: April 2007

Concepts of privacy are fluid. They change according to historical contingencies and are mediated by technology. Geospatial technologies are now altering the way privacy is being considered. Remote sensing technologies can be used to observe, or infer, the locations of individuals from space, from remotely piloted aircraft, and from fixed terrestrial observation points. Other geospatial technologies can be used to track movements and to recover individual-level information from maps. These changes are welcomed by some, since they provide a certain level of public safety (e.g., E-911). In other cases, however, a lack of awareness about the sinister aspects of surveillance may lead to complacency. Where personal privacy is eroded, individuals should be aware of the limitations of technology and the degree to which it may be applied to monitor their activities.
CANADA IN SIX ATLASES
Authors: NICHOLSON N L
Published: April 2007

The writer examines six recent Canadian Atlases, the 1958 Atlas of Canada and five provincial atlases, and comments upon some of the patterns, trends and principles that may be observed from their study. The effects of the original aims and purposes of these atlases and the effect of government policy upon them is considered, and it is observed that they may be regarded as pedagogical works organized in accordance with the methodology of geography. It is concluded that the recommendations of the IGU Commission on National Atlases have had an important influence upon each of these publications.