bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Sensitivity Training Effects on Self-Actualization, Purpose in Life, and Religious Attitudes of Theological Students
Authors: Klingberg Haddon E.
Published: February 2018

An overview is presented of the “small groups movement” which is the context of sensitivity training in general and of this experimental study. Seven problems in the literature on group experiences are delineated. The nature and extent of small groups used in theological education are explored through catalogs of accredited seminaries. A research project is presented in which four groups of theological students were used to evaluate sensitivity training effects on self-actualization (Personal Orientation Inventory), purpose in life (Purpose in Life Test), and theological beliefs (Religious Attitude Inventory). A statistical analysis of data compared the two professionally-directed groups, the self-directed group, and the control group before and after treatment. T-groups did have an effect on the students who participated, but the changes were not consistent. There was no overall significant change in scores as the experimental treatments affected individuals differently.
Hazards to Effective Pastoral Counseling: Part Two
Authors: Wagner Maurice E.
Published: February 2018

The contemporary pastor is doing more and more counseling. There is a very realistic need in our society for someone who understands how life should be 'put together for fulfillment in living. The pastor has answers from the Bible and insights derived from the doctrines of Scripture and is constantly learning more about how God intended man to think and live. But the pastoral counselor is confronted with certain hazards which interfere with his effectiveness. Ten hazards are discussed and suggestions are offered which are intended to help the pastor avoid these dangers and counsel more effectively.
Parents are People
Authors: Stedman Ray C.
Published: February 2018

There is a parental priority and it begins with us who are parents. Parents do not exist for their children; they exist to be people before God, first of all. The Christian family must begin and end and have its being in facing the fact of the oneness of God, the fact that God is at the heart of all things. Husbands and wives must take the time to relate to each other so that they can be persons before God. That is the important thing. Children follow models and not words. You cannot pass along something that you yourself do not practice. The problem with so many Christian homes is that the children have been taught and reared to perpetuate dependency so that it goes on even into late teens. There is no escape from this unless responsibility is placed upon them as quickly as they can bear it, and unless they are taught that responsibility is the ground of authority, and that without responsibility there can be no authority.
The Psalms and Personal Counseling
Authors: Meyer Stephen G.
Published: February 2018

The therapeutic role of the symbolic language in the Psalms is discussed. First, the symbolic language of the psalm allows for the expression of difficulties and emotions not expressible through normal prosaic language. Second, the depth of expression may allow the troubled person to identify with another human being in comparable difficulty and thus find hope through the other's experience. Third, the symbolic language of the psalm may restructure the symbols by which a person lives his life and thus lead to a new manner of living. With the analysis of the language completed, the technique is applied to three psalms by tracing their potential impact on the reader's mind. Finally, suggestions are made for use of the Psalms in individual or group therapy.
What is Marriage?
Authors: Barber Cyril J.
Published: February 2018

In a day when marriage as an institution is coming progressively under fire and counter-culture groups are attempting to change social mores, there is an ever-increasing need for a clear understanding of marriage. This article seeks to determine whether marriage is a social arrangement, a legal contract or a religious rite. Three things which are believed to be interrelated and constitute the primary ingredients of marriage are posited: (a) a commitment on the part of two people to live together in a unique and abiding relationship; (b) sexual union; and (c) the need for children as a natural consequence of this union.
Cognitive Style, North American Values, and the Body of Christ,
Authors: Stewart V. Mary
Published: February 2018

The Reformation doctrine of “the Word and the Spirit,” as outlined by Bernard Ramm, is related to various psychological models of cognitive and personal style. It is suggested that Witkin's distinction between “analytic” and “global” cognitive styles has its parallel in two differing religious styles, which are labelled “Word-oriented” and “Spirited-oriented.” The implications of these two styles for the functioning of pastors, parishioners and Christian workers are examined in detail.
A Theology of Communication: Putting the Question
Authors: Ellens J. Harold
Published: February 2018

The development of a theology of communication is currently imperative. The matter is of special urgency for Christians in the “helping professions,” especially Christian counselors. Communications is basic to humaneness and apparently to being “in God's image.” Though basic and natural, communication is extremely inefficient in humans. While our knowledge explodes, our communication deteriorates with the rise of cultural tribalism in society. The purpose of this piece is to explore the definitions, assumptions and contentions in terms of which a sound thesis about the nature of Christian communication can be formulated and the question of a sound theology of communication can be developed.
Counseling in the Medical Office
Authors: Berry C. Markham
Published: February 2018

The physician who does psychological counseling in his medical office faces some special problems which are not shared with those doing longer term psychotherapy. For this reason, he often finds the traditional methods of counseling of limited usefulness to him. He must develop special techniques if he stays within the context of his office practice. A type of in-process counseling is described herein and some suggestions given for techniques which have been found effective in the office of the author. The principles involved center around the scriptural idea of the paraklesis.
Guilt: Christian Motivation or Neurotic Masochism?
Authors: Narramore S. Bruce
Published: February 2018

The first two articles of this series traced the origins, content and extent of guilt's influence. They also surveyed some of the major defenses utilized in the struggle against guilt and suggested that in one way or another guilt feelings are at the root of all psychogenic pathology. This article turns to a consideration of the biblical teachings on the role of guilt in the Christian's life. It begins with a discussion of some common examples of guilt motivation in Christian literature and develops the theses that (a) according to the Bible, guilt motivation is never utilized by God to motivate the Christian and, (b) guilt feelings in the experience of Christians are always self-destructive.
Self-Actualization and Sanctification
Authors: Oakland James A.
Published: February 2018

The theoloical concept of sanctification is discussed from the reformed and Wesleyan perspective and equated with the psychological concept of self-actualization. Both concepts attempt to describe a long term growth process in the individual whereby certain characteristics become increasingly prominent. Christ is set forth as the outstanding example of a self-actualizing person and a study of sanctification in the history of Christianity will unearth some very significant and helpful discoveries for growth-oriented people.
Personality Characteristics of Students not Identifying with Their Parents’ Denominations at Entrance into a Christian College
Authors: Dodrill Carl B.
Published: February 2018

This study investigated (a) the degree to which students did not identify with their parents’ denominations at entrance into a Christian college and (b) the differences between the personalities of students who did identify with their parents’ denominations and those who did not. Ss were 344 Westmont College students who had taken the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey at the time of entrance. Results showed that (a) about five out of six students identified with their parents’ denominations and (b) those who did not identify had greater tendencies than those who did toward independent thinking, social ascendance, introspectiveness and reflectiveness. The results are interpreted in harmony with existing studies to suggest that personality factors may be important in certain aspects of religious behavior. Specific suggestions for future research are offered.
Ego and Superego Variables as Related to Moral Behavior
Authors: Clouse Bonnidell
Published: February 2018

Psychologists are becoming increasingly interested in the topic of morality and the variables that comprise mature, responsible behavior. One of the more engaging models that may be applied to this concern is psychoanalytic in nature. The ego which relates to the world of reality and the superego that comprises the realm of the conscience may be combined to produce optimal conduct. Implications of this paradigm for the Christian are explored.
The Psychology of Gothard and Basic Youth Conflicts Seminar
Authors: Carter John D.
Published: February 2018

The structure of Gothard's thought as it is outlined in the Seminar on Basic Youth Conflicts and the “red notebook” was analyzed. The analysis focused on three categories which are related to psychology: the nature of man, theory of pathology and theory of therapy. The strengths and weaknesses of Gothard's system of thought is evaluated from a biblical perspective since this is his chosen frame of reference. it was concluded that Gothard has developed a vertical psychology of God the Father and omitted a loving relational psychology of the Son and a spontaneous or joyous psychology of the Spirit.
The Misunderstanding and Mishandling of Anger
Authors: Hower John T.
Published: February 2018

The anger of God as depicted in Scripture is seen as a reaction of indignation at unrighteousness. The purpose of God's anger is to induce repentance in the unrighteous individual. The anger of man is seen as essentially the same as God's in that it is a reaction to violations of one's personal system of righteousness (or one's view of “how things ought to be”). Anger in man is more difficult to understand and deal with because of three confounding factors. First, men have distorted and individualized views of righteousness. Second, men may mis-express their legitimate feelings of anger (e.g., vengeance). Third, men may shirk their responsibility to build up others by never expressing angry feelings. A biblical approach to handling angry feelings is suggested.
The Psychology and Theology of Sexism
Authors: Kahoe Richard D.
Published: February 2018

Studied the relationships between two dimensions of sexism and ten personality variables among 92 college students, sexes analyzed separately. The psychological data were interpreted and discussed in the context of traditional evangelical theologies of woman. Particular emphasis was given to the fact that basic sexism was associated generally with maladaptive personality variables but for the women was also positively correlated with intrinsic religious orientation, which has been positively related to mental health. The Chivalry dimension of sexism was associated with positive personality traits for men and with negative for women, implying that optimum adjustments would have men but not women pursue preferential treatment of women.
Anxiety and the Rise of Religious Experience
Authors: Ellens J. Harold
Published: February 2018

Humans everywhere worship. To do so seems native to human personality. Liturgies of worship grow out of psychological and spiritual sources deep within the human personality. Those psychic (psyche) sources of human religion are closely related to the native human anxiety patterns discernible in human personality. Some forms of worship and religion meet the deep human psychic needs better than other forms. Most religious practices in human life and history reinforce the anxiety of man through the frustrating dynamics of guilt and the sense of the ultimate helplessness in the face of human morality problems and mortality threat. Authentic Judeo-Christianity is unique in its gospel of grace. That cuts to the center of the human problem with the assurance of both the meaningfulness of life and the promise of immortality. Distinguishing between what is authentic spirituality and what is psychic pathology is, therefore, crucial.
Identity, Faith, and Maturity
Authors: Kao Charles C. L.
Published: February 2018

In an attempt to find correlations between psychology and theology and East and West, the article centered on three key concepts: identity, faith, and maturity. These concepts are related in their common emphasis on internal integration which is manifested in identity formation, the Holy Trinity, and the Confucian self-cultivation as well as Taoist sagehood. The quality of sameness which characterizes the process of identity formation is theologically significant in the understanding of eternity and the Eternal who is the source of maturity. Also, the three concepts are tied together by love and community in historical contexts.
A Feminist Response to Three Critiques
Authors: Mollenkott Virginia Ramey
Published: February 2018

A reply to the reactions of Stewart, Saucy and Ryrie to Mollenkott's article, “The Women's Movement Challenges the Church,” published in the Fall 1974 issue of the Journal of Psychology and Theology.
The Value of Freud's Illusion
Authors: Westendorp Floyd
Published: February 2018

Freud wrote extensively regarding religion and his interpretation of the meaning of religious experience. Since Freud was a self-proclaimed atheist his writings have been largely ignored by the Christian church in general. This article summarizes some of Freud's basic insights into the psychology of religion, some criticisms presented of his perspectives by his Christian colleagues, and some potential practical applications of the insights that Freud has made in his writings, both in the church and in the practice of psychotherapy.
A Case for Christian Psychotherapy
Authors: Carr L. Charles
Published: February 2018

The article is designed to explore the potential for an integrative therapeutic approach with a client who has severe fears of God. A psychological understanding of the case is pursued as a basis for synthesizing client needs with appropriate biblical data. Major points of focus in the paper include the following: case history, pathology, and therapy. The article is written as a statement of interest in the development of a Christian mode of therapeutic intervention.
A Christian Response to Atheistic and Scientific Humanism
Authors: Hammes John A.
Published: February 2018

The recent 1973 Humanist Manifesto II, exemplifying atheistic and scientific humanism, is a challenge to the Christian model of man. Some of the principles of atheistic humanism are discussed and evaluated from a Christian perspective.
The Development of the God Concept: A Symbolic Interaction Approach
Authors: Day Larry G.
Published: February 2018

Study in the area of the development of the God concept of children has been attempted by many writers in the past several years. Several theories have been put forth as to the nature of the formation of a child's God concept with some of the theories dealing with the great influence the parents have on this development. This article will give special attention to the theory of Symbolic Interaction and how its major tenets (reference group, interpretation, role-taking, Self, and Mind) offer a social psychology approach to the development of the child's God concept as seen in parent-child interactions around religious gestures and symbols.
A Fundamentalist Church as an Autonomous Community and Its Relationship to the Larger Community
Authors: Rogers Martha L.
Published: February 2018

A small fundamentalist church was hypothesized to be definable as an autonomous community meeting many of its own needs. A questionnaire was used to study intra-community relationships, goals, and interaction with the larger community. The hypothesis of autonomy with little exchange with the larger community was confirmed while their primary goal, identified as bringing others to Christ was seen to be thwarted by separatism. An individual's role in the church was largly predictable by sex, age, and marital status. Adolescents’ responses suggested that neither their needs for spiritual guidance nor their social needs were being adequately met. Recommendations to further change were made and limitations of the study were discussed.
The New Testament Teaching on the Role Relationship of Male and Female with Special Reference to the Teaching/Ruling Functions in the Church
Authors: Knight George W.
Published: February 2018

In considering the ministry of men and women in the church, three biblical truths must be held in correlation: (a) Men and women are equal as image bearers and, therefore, in their standing in and before Christ male and female are equal; (b) men and women manifest in their sexuality a difference created and ordered by God — women by God's creative order are to be in subjection to men in the home and church, and are therefore excluded from the ruling and teaching offices; and (c) women have a unique function to fulfill in the diaconal task of the church, along with men, and in teaching situations in relation to women and children.
Interpersonal Communication: Biblical Insights on the Problem and the Solution
Authors: Howard J. Grant
Published: February 2018

The communication problem is placed in biblical perspective by analyzing the effects of the fall of man on his communication with God and with his fellow man. The solution is placed in a similar perspective; viewing the process of sanctification as a developing relationship wherein God communicates with the Christian through the Word and the Christian communicates with God through prayer. Some of the man-to-man implications of this God-to-man communication pattern are germinally explored.
Toward the Development of a Christian Psychology: Man
Authors: Koteskey Ronald L.
Published: February 2018

The relationship between God, man, and animals is explored by showing that man is similar to animals in some respects but different in others and that he is similar to God in some respects but different in others. It is shown how a Christian perspective could be used to integrate existing psychological knowledge and has the potential for predicting new findings.
The Nature and Scope of Integration: A Proposal
Authors: Carter John D. , Mohline Richard J.
Published: February 2018

A model for the total integration of psychology and theology based on seven common areas is outlined. The common areas are: Theology Proper-Science of Psychology, Anthropology-Personality, Hamartiology-Pathology, Christology-Counselor, Soteriology-Growth, Ecclesiology-Social Psychology, Eschatology-Hope, and Expectation and Purpose. The difference between psychology and theology in terms of level of explanation, locus of explanation and epistomology is discussed. The methodology used in constructing the model is also described.
A History of Method in the Psychology of Religion (1900–1960)
Authors: Flakoll David A.
Published: February 2018

This paper deals with an historical overview of the study of religion by American psychologists. Included is a discussion of methods which have been used over the last half century. These are presented with particular attention being given to description of the method, its history in other approaches and references in which it was used. Significant contributions to the history and theory of methodology are evaluated. The final section deals with a brief review of certain developments in the 1940s and 1950s which have resulted in the present upsurge of interest in the psychology of religion.
Parental Image and the Concept of God: An Evangelical Protestant—Catholic Comparison
Authors: Keyser Mark D. , Collins Gary R.
Published: February 2018

The study investigated similarities between the concept of Cod and the image of the parents in evangelical Protestants. The results were then compared with a previous study done with Catholic subjects. The study found that among evangelicals the image of God was rated equally high on maternal and paternal items. This suggests that God is perceived as a well integrated parental image by evangelicals. When compared with Catholics, it was found that evangelicals perceived God as more maternal. The possible effects of the Mother Mary figure on the divine image as an explanation for this difference are considered. Furthermore, it was found that evangelicals also perceived God as more paternal than did Catholics. It is suggested that this indicates that evangelicals understand God as a parental figure while Catholics perceive Him as an institutional figure. Implications are drawn for Christian education in both the church and home.
Salvation: Individualistic or Communal?
Authors: Ratzlaff Lloyd W.
Published: February 2018

The popular evangelical conception of salvation as an almost exclusively intrapersonal phenomenon was shown to be the result of a shift in Christian thought which fails to do justice to the emphasis of the Apostle Paul. Paul's concern was demonstrated to be the integration of the Gentiles into the messianic community (hence, a social problem), and not merely to posit by means of Law-justification theology the solution to the problem of a plagued conscience and assurance of personal acceptance by God. It was further shown how modern Western humanity's emptiness stemming from the scientific-technological revolution has induced a breakdown in communal life and given rise to a self-destructive alienation, both in society as well as in the institutional church. A summary statement was given of an empirical study conducted by one congregation which explored the logotherapeutic effects of an attempt to embody a fuller expression of the meaning of salvation by creating a sense of community through a six-week encounter-type group experience.
The Study of “Religiosity”: Its History and Its Future
Authors: Ragan Claude P. , Malony H. Newton
Published: February 2018

Dittes’ distinctions of “inside” versus “outside” views of religiosity and unidimensional versus multidimensional definitions are useful for reviewing the empirical research. Correlations of religiosity with undesirable traits have encouraged the development of more precise measurement tools. Factor analytic studies have offered support for multidimensional definitions, which have greater explanatory power. Future research should explore religious behavior more intensively, rather than broaden the scope of phenomena studied.
Religious Values and their Effect on the Perception of a Therapist in a Psychotherapy Analogue
Authors: Haugen Carl D. , Edwards Keith J.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of the study was, first, to determine whether labeling a taped therapist in terms of the therapist's religious value orientation (Christian/non-Christian) and interpersonal style (warm/cold) would change religious subjects’ perceptions of the relationship. Second, it was to determine whether the strength of attraction of the religious value orientation was greater than the interpersonal style. Seventy-one Christian evangelical undergraduates were randomly assigned to five groups. Four groups were given different information with regard to a therapist's warmth and Christianity. The fifth group acted as a control. Following structuring, all subjects listened to the same tape of a simulated therapy session. At the conclusion, the subjects rated the tape using scales to measure the dependent variables of attraction, receptivity, persuasibility, and willingness to meet. A two by two and one by five analysis of covariance and analysis of variance were computed. The only significant results found were that the control group evidenced more persuasibility than the Christian/cold and non-Christian/cold groups. Examination of group means showed a trend in the direction hypothesized for attraction and receptivity. A Pearson correlation was computed to determine the relationship between perception of the therapist's religious orientation and the dependent variables and perception of the therapist's interpersonal style and the dependent variables. There was a positive correlation between rating the therapist as Christian and the dependent variables of attraction and receptivity, p<.05. There was also a positive correlation between rating the therapist as warm and attraction and receptivity, p<.05.
Nouthetic Counseling Defended
Authors: Ganz Richard L.
Published: February 2018

This paper is an analysis and refutation of John Carter's article entitled, “Adams’ Theory of Nouthetic Counseling,” in which Carter attacked Jay Adams’ nouthetic counseling as being inadequate and unbiblical. Carter's accusation of Adams as being close to a “full-fledged” behaviorist is also refuted. Further examined are Carter's attack of Adams’ theory of man, Adams’ counseling model, process, and technology. In all of these areas, Carter either misunderstood or misrepresented Adams and in places contradicted his own argument. A further analysis is made of Carter's understanding of authority and ecclesiology.
A Selection of Recent Literature on Human Sexuality with Special Reference to Marriage Counseling Practice
Authors: Hunter William F.
Published: February 2018

There is a staggering volume of literature on human sexuality these days. It is difficult for professionals to have time to assess the value of much of this literature, though much of it would be useful to the Christian marriage and family counselor whether for his own professional growth, for bibliotherapy with clients, or as resource material for teaching and speaking in community service.

This article surveys representative literature dealing with different aspects of human sexuality and attempts some assessment of it for professional and client use in marriage and family counseling. Some are very heavy tomes, others fairly frothy, popular-level treatments. All, however, add in some measure depth and perspective to the marriage and family counselor's understanding of sexuality at a time when values are shifting and traditional ideas about sexuality are rapidly changing.

Most of the books discussed are relatively recent; that is, from the 1970s. A few, on the other hand, come from the latter part of the 1960s. It was thought that Masters and Johnson's Human Sexual Response was so basic to the whole tenor of contemporary sexual therapy and counseling that it has been included in this brief survey.

It is a most encouraging sign that there is a literature on sexuality (cf. Small & Smedes) that is indicative of a new approach to sex and sexuality coming for the Christian in our time. This is a development long overdue and God is to be praised for stirring up gifted men to do the writing at this time. Much solid theological thinking about sexuality is bound to increase in the future. That evangelical writers would see the need and rise to meet it is thrilling beyond measure. New directions in understanding sexuality for Christians are being established in our time.
The Holy Spirit and Human Personality
Authors: Craker Wendel D.
Published: February 2018

Concepts of an ultimate and eternal reality in the universe can no longer be taken for granted. People living within a contemporary frame of reference often find it difficult even to talk about the Holy Spirit as an interacting personality with the spirit of man. Yet the experience of life for even the most “modern” of men forces him to move outside of his closed system in order to satisfy his underlying quest for meaning. It is at this point that talk about the Holy Spirit once more becomes possible.

The search for an understanding of the complex aspects of human personality is by no means over. The conflict model of personality structure generated by Freud and the fulfillment models exemplified in Adler, Maslow, and others have each made their contribution to understanding. Current trends often focus on the consistency models that emphasize the role of interaction with one's environment in the process of becoming.

With the theological understanding of God as person, and man as person, not only the possibility, but the necessity of man's personality (spirit) interacting with the personality (Spirit) of God is before us. This is described by H. Wheeler Robinson's phrase, “the pressure of Spirit upon spirit.” Too often this spiritual dimension of man is overlooked when one talks about interaction with the environment. But the “environment of the Spirit” is an ever present factor and in itself may account for personality changes within man. This is reflected in the biblical concept of the goal directed man (andra telion) and his search for integration and completeness.
Brain Functions of Christians and Non-Christians
Authors: Dodrill Carl B.
Published: February 2018

Meyer (1975) has hypothesized that Christians might have “a peculiar organization of neurons” in their right cerebral hemispheres which reflects their approach to the world and which is relevant to the perception and integration of their experience (p. 286). This hypothesis was evaluated employing 20 Christians and 24 non-Christians who were selected by a series of criteria designed to rule out doubtful cases. Each individual took an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests known to be sensitive to a wide range of brain functions. The results showed no differences whatever between the groups. Interpretation of the data recognized the lack of a one-to-one correlation between the spiritual and physical aspects of the individual and emphasized the importance of empirical methods in the integration of psychology and theology.
Demon Possession or Psychopathology?: A Clinical Differentiation
Authors: Sall Millard J.
Published: February 2018

This paper focuses on the distinction between demon possession and mental pathology in response to the phenomenon of increasing occultism in our culture and the sometimes inaccurate judgments of well-meaning Christians. Beginning with a brief discussion of demonology and witchcraft in Western culture, the author continues in presentation of a biblical perspective. The heart and remainder of the treatise deals with the legitimate question, “Is mental illness demon possession?” The contrast and distinction between the two is shown in light of demonic reaction of Jesus, the separate personality, rational nature and object-relatedness of demons, and the difference in cure.
The Counseling Ministry of the Churches of Christ
Authors: Givens Randal J.
Published: February 2018

To survey the extent and the nature of the counseling ministries of the preachers of the churches of Christ, questionnaires were mailed to a stratified random sample of preachers. The results generally indicated that the preachers consider counseling to be useful to essential in their overall ministry as the majority spend between 10 and 20% of their time in counseling. The preachers indicated that the most frequent types of counseling cases in order were: (a) marriage counseling, (b) premarital counseling, (c) doctrinal cases, (d) alcohol cases, (e) drug cases, (f) suicide cases, and (g) severe emotional cases. The most frequently counseled age group was 19 and under, while people 61 and over were counseled least. Few of the preachers had an adequate educational background in psychology, though over 75% desired to take a course now in this area.
A Psychological Paradigm for the Interpretation of the Charismatic Phenomenon of Prophecy
Authors: Tappeiner Daniel A.
Published: February 2018

This article is set in a two-fold context: theological and psychological. The theological context assumes both the general validity of present day charismatic experience and the propriety of examining such experiences scientifically. The psychological context is basically holistic, constructed eclectically from the insights of Freud, Horney, Allport, Maslow, Jung, and more recent efforts of transcendental psychology. The thesis of this article is that the present day experience of charismatic prophecy can be understood (mechanistically) in terms of the recently studied phenomena of hypnagogic imagery. The article proceeds by describing first prophetic experience (both Old Testament and present day) and then hypnagogic imagery and the hypnagogic state, followed by a discussion of the possible relationship between the two types of experience. The approach of this article is not experimental but theoretical and hypothetical. The proposed hypothesis seems susceptible of specific experimental follow-up.
Toward a Biblical Theology of Marriage and Family Part One: Pentateuch and Historical Books
Authors: Gangel Kenneth O.
Published: February 2018

This first installment in a series of four studies on family theology represents only a scant outline form of what the author has assembled from the early books of the Old Testament constituting what Bible scholars call the Pentateuch and Historical Books. Multiple biblical references are representative of the wealth of family Scripture found throughout the Bible. Both writer and reader must be careful not to read into the revelation which appears in early Old Testament History and Law our advantageous understanding of the New Testament. Future installments will treat poetical books and prophets, Gospels and Acts, Pauline Epistles, and general Epistles and Revelation.
The Introjected and the Intrinsic in Psychology and Christianity
Authors: Oakland James A.
Published: February 2018

The psychoanalytic description of introjection, e.g., in the development of the superego, emphasizes the “swallowed whole,” unassimilated, split-off quality of the introject. Psychology is seen to have introjects, e.g., from 19th century physics; Christianity, either in individual or institutionalized form, is likewise seen to often have this split-off quality. In contrast, the “intrinsic religious orientation” (Allport) is correlated with self-actualization, sanctification, and healthy functioning. Institutional Christianity (and psychology) as well as an individual Christian (and psychologist) needs the growth process of moving from an introjected to an intrinsic relationship to its beliefs and styles.
Adlerian Theory and Pastoral Counseling
Authors: Brink T. L.
Published: February 2018

This article is based on the view that an adlerian perspective on psychotherapy is more consistent with Christian theology than conventional psychoanalysis and that pastoral counselors should, therefore, find it more useful in their counseling. An overview of adlerian theory is presented, including views on “social interest” and “inferiority feelings.” These views are compared to Christian theology and conclusions are drawn as to implications for psychotherapy.
The Assessment and Treatment of Moral Problems : A Developmental and Holistic Approach
Authors: Schmidt Paul F.
Published: February 2018

A hypothetical case is presented of a man who requests counseling because he is bothered by his infidelity to his wife. The literature on moral development is then summarized in three aspects — intellectual, emotional, and behavioral development. Each aspect is reviewed so as to enable the counselor to assess the level of development of his client and identify the key aspects of the client's growth which are deficient. Strategies for assessing and treating these underdeveloped abilities are presented with respect to the hypothetical case. Implications for the moral development and dilemmas of the counselor are explored. Knowledge of moral development as presented in the literature is found to be inadequate, and a more theologically and spiritually open approach to counseling is encouraged.
Holiness and Health: An Examination of the Relationship between Christian Holiness and Mental Health
Authors: Cohen Eric J.
Published: February 2018

This writer proposes that functional integration of clinical psychology and Christian theology requires a consideration of the relationship between holiness and mental health. The nature of this relationship is explored through a definitional investigation of the terms involved and a systematic examination of the relational possibilities. The following questions are examined: a) Are holiness and mental health one in the same? b) If not, are they antithetical? c) If not, is there a correlational relationship involved? d) Is there any causality present between the two? This writer concludes that the relationship between holiness and health is very complex due to the possibility of numerous interactions. The relationship, however, is seen to be correlational with unidirectional causality involved.
Beyond Self-Actualization: Comments on the Life and Death of Stephen the Martyr
Authors: Hamon Steven A.
Published: February 2018

This paper represents an attempt to introduce consideration of Christian martyrdom as a subject of study for students of the psychology of religion. Maslow (1962) has posited that the highest development possible in realizing personhood is the creative and integrative process known as self-actualization. The suggestion herein, based on material from the Book of Acts, is that in the circumstances surrounding his death, Stephen demonstrates development that is beyond self-actualization in scope. The implications of this for the follower of Jesus Christ are discussed. Further discussion centers around a presentation of the need for more exploration of martyrdom as a psychological legacy for Christians.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development and the Christian Faith
Authors: Motet Dan
Published: February 2018

An integration of Kohlberg's theory with Christian faith is attempted. The theory is analogous to what is found in the Bible. Practical applications for evangelism are discussed.
The Circumstantial Relatedness of the Horizontal and the Vertical in the Psychotherapy and Conversion Relationship
Authors: Pfrimmer Gene
Published: February 2018

The Christian psychotherapist attempting to integrate his/her psychology and theology on the practical level must grapple with previous integrative efforts based on the identification of the horizontal (psychotherapy) and vertical (conversion) dimensions of human life. These efforts at practical integration based on “identity” are rejected in favor of the concept of the “circumstantial relatedness” of psychotherapy (horizontal dimension) and conversion (vertical dimension). The horizontal and vertical are related by the circumstances of human experience and existence. The horizontal-vertical dichotomies of symptom-sin health-holiness, and conversion-psychotherapy are all circumstantially related by virtue of the ability of the horizontal to impede or enhance the perception or development of the vertical.
A Personality Sketch of Cain, the Son of Adam
Authors: Cole Dick T.
Published: February 2018

A brief personality sketch of the biblical character, Cain, is discussed in light of Karen Horney's description of neurotic functioning. The author proposes that Cain corresponds to the “moving against,” expansive neurotic type of Horney's three directional model. It is also hypothesized that Cain chose this mode of functioning as a means of solving his own interpersonal difficulties and as an attempt to satisfy the needs of his idealized self-image.
Paralinguistic Cues in Religious Broadcasting
Authors: Court John H.
Published: February 2018

A small study is reported of responses to paralinguistic cues in religious broadcasting. Respondents indicated their assessment of speakers’ age, sex, and style of presentation together with evaluations of 14 excerpts. Questions are raised about the effectiveness with which the goals of such broadcasting are reached.
Is Creativity Incompatible with Orthodoxy?
Authors: Ridley Dennis R. , Schroer Nathan A.
Published: February 2018

Several psychological studies linking creativity with unorthodox religious beliefs were reviewed. The conclusion that orthodox belief and creativity are infrequently found together in our time and culture was accepted as probably valid but by no means inevitable. Scientific creativity was analyzed by applying a decision theory approach to scientific behavior. Outstanding scientific creativity was viewed as, in part, resulting from a decision strategy to “ Discover truth by any means” rather than to “Avoid error at all costs.” An important parallel between scientific creativity and the dynamics of faith was delineated, suggesting that an improved understanding of this kinship might remove some mental obstacles to creativity among orthodox believers in our culture.
The Prospects for a Normative Psychology of Religion: G. W. Allport as a Paradigm
Authors: Palma Robert J.
Published: February 2018

Although problematical, a normative psychology of religion and its contribution merit serious attention along with other normative approaches to religion. To clarify “norm” and “normal,” use is made of a Scale of Norms in comparing major types of norms in terms of their status and derivation. Allport is cited as a paradigm because of his awareness of assumed values and the limits of psychological inquiry; because his normative perspective is multifaceted, his criteria are interrelated, and he opens the way for interaction with other normative approaches. Through the use of tables, his criteria, their sources, and their functions are compared and analyzed. In conclusion, it is noted that an established direct correlation between one set of criteria and another does not determine whether we ought to satisfy these criteria; rather, ideal norms must finally be determined by personal beliefs and ethical choices.
Jonathan Edwards’ Analysis of Religious Experience
Authors: Hutch Richard A.
Published: February 2018

Jonathan Edwards’ appraisal of religious experience is analyzed from three perspectives: (a) the cultural and historical setting in which he lived; (b) his psychological understanding of human nature; and (c) his theological analysis of religious experience. The conclusion is that for Edwards such experience is not a product of an “either/or” choice between reason and emotion. Rather, it is an integrated experience of seizure of the whole man expressed thereafter in the inclination of love.
The Nature of Human Nature
Authors: Johnson Fred R.
Published: February 2018

Controversial opinions about human nature perpetuate man's interest in what he really is. The present article develops a biblical model of human nature for a science of man. The essence of human nature is the Imago Dei which is spirit that consists of affective, cognitive, and moral domains. The model describes each domain, shows the effects of man's sin on each, and explains the results of the birth and baptism in the Spirit on each domain. The model also describes how the Holy Spirit, by means of an inner impression, assures the believer's conscience that his sins are forgiven, confirms to his mind that he is adopted into God's family, and ignites his emotions with love, joy, and peace. A Christian who emphasizes one domain of spirit to the neglect of the other domains violates Christ's perfect pattern of growth and becomes maladjusted.
Cognitive Theory/Therapy and Sanctification: A Study in Integration
Authors: Pecheur David
Published: February 2018

The fundamental proposition to which this article is addressed is that the process, posited by cognitive theorists, to underlie change and growth is identical to the scriptural process of sanctification. The essential tenets of cognitive theory are presented after a brief introduction. The veracity of these principles is then substantiated by an examination of relevant empirical research studies. Next, the methodology of cognitive therapy a la Meichenbaum is set forth. This particular conceptualization of the therapeutic process is subsequently described as forming a model of the sanctification process in which the processes in these two spheres (the psychological and theological) are seen as the same, but the contents are seen as different. The role of the will is evaluated in the context of the change process followed, finally, by a Christian rationale of cognitive therapy.
Toward the Development of Adequate Training Programs for Urban Ministry
Authors: Steele Robert E.
Published: February 2018

The focus of this article is to address issues which are generally not a part of training programs preparing persons for urban ministry. The failure of many social action programs in the sixties can be contributed in part to these oversights. Specifically, the following three areas have been neglected: (a) the lack of understanding of the role and the nature of power relationships in the plight of the urban poor. Most training programs for urban ministry do not provide students with a theory and/or understanding of power which is theologically, psychologically, and politically sound. (b) Our current training models for urban ministry do not produce graduates who are anthropologically sophisticated. (c) Adequate training programs for urban ministry must de-emphasize the primary focus on the psychological and social pathologies of groups in the urban communities. We must train our students to be sensitive to the pockets of strength and health that exist in so-called ghettoes.
Models for Effective Innercity Ministry
Authors: Villarreal Luis
Published: February 2018

This article looks at Christian professionals in mental health in the context of the inner city. Many have contracted out of the inner city, forgetting the lower class, deprived, and underserved clientele, and preferring to serve the middle class. Jesus Christ taught an involvement with “all peoples.” Five models for involvement with inner city clientele have been considered: 1) Community work — inner city clientele do not frequently respond to the conventional modes of treatment. Community work and crisis intervention seem more relevant. 2) Private practice in the inner city — Christians should consider a practice based un financial principles of many not-for-profit religious organizations. 3) Church based mental health programs — inner city churches can take an active role to meet mental health needs by providing financial assistance and space for clinic s in the community. 4) Christians of minority status in mental health — biculturality is important and essential to bridge existing barriers between mental health clinics and the target minority clientele. 5) Christians in secular agencies — the name of Christ must be exposed in the services we deliver.
Moving through the Jungle: A Decade of Integration
Authors: Collins Gary R.
Published: February 2018

Moving into the field of integration has been compared to the challenging but pioneering task of clearing away brush at the edge of a jungle. Building on the work of early leaders in the psychology-religion dialogue, it is suggested that in future issues of the Journal writers should work at clarifying our goals for integration, retaining our evangelical theology, sharpening our assumptions, focusing on the practical, evaluating emerging trends, sharpening the focus of each issue, and admitting the personal implications of integration.
Christianity and Psychoanalysis: Original Sin—Oedipal Or Preoedipal?
Authors: Bridgman Laird P. , Carter John D.
Published: February 2018

The concept of original sin has been considered from many different perspectives. The primary question for Christian psychologists is, “How does original sin manifest itself in the human psyche?” Vitz and Gartner (1984) provocatively argued for a psychoanalytic understanding of original sin as grounded in the oedipal complex, and that Jesus, the remedy for sin, embodies an anti-Oedipus stance. This article critically examines their theory and presents an alternative interpretation: original sin is better understood as a manifestation of the preoedipal drive towards omnipotence arising from the infant state of primary narcissism.