bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conformational analysis about the N-N bond by P.M.R. spectroscopy: N'-derivatives of N-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-oxo-1,4-ethanonaphthalene-endo-2,3-dicarboximide
Authors: Verma SM , Subba Rao O
Published: September 2010

A series of N?-derivatives
of N-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-oxo-1,4- ethanonaphthalene-endo-2,3-dicarboximide
have been prepared and their p.m.r. spectra studied. The
non-planar ?cage-moiety? structure has been used in the conformational study.
Temperature dependent spectral changes have been related to conformational
changes about the N-N bond. ��� The endo configuration of the major product
obtained in Diels-Alder addition of maleic anhydride on β-naphthol has been strongly evidenced.
Laser Raman and infrared spectral studies on imidazolium complexes of bivalent copper and zinc
Authors: Colyvas K , Cooney RP , Walker WR
Published: September 2010

The complexes [imH2]2
[CuCl4], [imH2], [CuBr4], and [imH2]2
[ZnCl4] containing the imidazolium cation [imH2]+ have
been prepared for the first time and studied by laser Raman and infrared
spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data are compared to those from studies with
imidazole, imidazolium chloride, methylammonium tetrachlorocuprate(II), caesium
tetrachlorocuprate(II), and caesium tetrachlorozincate(II). It is concluded
that in [imH2]2 [MCl4] (M = Cu and Zn), a
distorted tetrahedral (D2d) model is favoured for [CuCl4]2-
and that [ZnCl4]2- possesses a slight distortion from Td
symmetry.
Chemistry of the indoleninones. II. Isolation from the hypobranchial glands of marine molluscs of 6-Bromo-2,2-dimethylthioindolin-3-one and 6-\Bromo-2-methylthioindoleninone as alternative precursors to Tyrian purple
Authors: Baker JT , Duke CC
Published: September 2010

6-Bromo-2-methylthioindoleninone
and 6-bromo-2,2-dimethylthioindolin-3- one have been isolated from ether
extracts of Dicathais orbita Gmelin. Both compounds are derived from the
absolute precursor sodium tyrindoxyl sulphate. ��� Isolation of the compounds from certain
other species of molluscs is reported.
Phosphorus trifluoride complexes of rhodium
Authors: Bennett MA , Turney TW
Published: September 2010

The chlorine-bridged rhodium@) complex [RhCl(PF3)2]2 is conveniently obtained
by treatment of [RhCl(CO)2]2 with PF, in solution. In the solid state, the CO groups
are not completely displaced. Recent reports by Nixon et al. that in solution there is
rapid ligand exchange between [RhC1(C0)2]2 and [RhCI(PF3)2]2, and between
[RhCI(C2H4)2]2 and [RhCl(PF3)2]2, are confirmed. The dimers [RhX(PF,),],
(X = C1, Br, or I) react reversibly with an excess of PF, at low temperature to give
RhX(PF,),, which are probably five-coordinate and which increase in stability in the
order C1 < Br < I. There is no evidence for the analogous carbonyl complex
RhCI(CO),. Triphenyl phosphite and 1,2-bis(dipheny1phosphino)ethane (diphos)
displace all the PF, groups from [RhC1(PF3),I2, but triphenylphosphine, triphenylarsine,
and tris(dimethy1amino)phosphine give complexes of the type RhCl(PF,)(ligand),,
and triphenylphosphine also forms a dimeric complex [RhC1(PF3)(PPh3)l2. These
complexes are generally more air-sensitive and thermally unstable than the analogous
carbonyl complexes. Anomalously low molecular weights determined osmometrically
for the complex RhC1(PF3)(PPh3)2 are attributed to oxidation in solution. This
complex forms adducts with chlorine, hydrogen halides, and sulphur dioxide which
are thermally less stable than the analogous 1 : 1 adducts formed by RhC1(CO)(PPh3)2.
The complex RhCl(PF3){P(NMe2)3}2 loses one molecule of tris(dimethy1amino)-
phosphine at room temperature and undergoes exchange of substituents on the
coordinated ligands to give mixtures containing coordinated PF,NMe2 and
PF(NMe2)2. 19F n.m.r. and infrared data are given. The trends in P-F stretching
frequencies [v(P-F)] are like those in v(C0) in analogous carbonyl complexes and
can be interpreted in terms of metal-to-PF, n-bonding.
Nitrones and oxaziridines. X. Photorearrangement of some bicyclic oxaziridines
Authors: Black DSC , Watson KG
Published: September 2010

Photochemical irradiation
of cis-5-t-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-6-oxa- 1-aza-bicyclo[3,1,0]hexane (4) afforded 5,5-dimethyl-4- phenylpyrrolidin-2-one (7) and 2,2-di-methyl-3-phenyl-1-
pivaloylazetidine (8), which was further hydrolysed
by acid to 2-t- butyl-6,6-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine (9).
Photochemical irradiation of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-6-oxa-1-
azabicyclo[3,1,0]hexane (5) gave only
2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-azetidine-1- carbaldehyde (12).
Carbonyl halides of the Group VIII transition metals. VI. Compounds of palladium(I)
Authors: Colton R , Farthing RH , McCormick MJ
Published: September 2010

The carbonyl halides Pd(CO)Cl and Pd(CO)Br have been prepared by the action of carbon
monoxide on palladium(II) halides in aqueous hydrohalic acid solution. In
addition, the caesium salts CsPd(CO)Cl2 and CsPd(CO)Br2, and the rubidium salt RbPd(CO)Cl2, were also isolated. The corresponding iodo
complexes could not be prepared. ��� By direct interaction of the carbonyl
halides with bis(diphenylarsino)methane (dam) the compounds [Pd(dam)X]2
(X = Cl, Br) were prepared. The formulation of all
these complexes as compounds of palladium(I) was confirmed on the basis of
various physical measurements.
Conversion of 2,5-disubstituted furam into (Z)-jasmone
Authors: Birch AJ , Keogh KS , Mamdapur VR
Published: September 2010

Two new syntheses of
(Z)-jasmone (3; R = (Z)-CH2CH=CHCH2Me)
are reported. One is based on an initial oxidative opening of a 2,5- disubstituted
furan (1; R = (Z)-CH2CH2CH=CHCH2Me)
to an enedione (2; R = (Z)-CH2CH2- CH=CHCH2Me),
the other on an efficient procedure for obtaining the keto acid (3; R = CH2CO2H)
and the extension of the acetic acid side chain stereospecifically.
Agricultural fungicides. V. Preparation of 3-Methyl-4-(3'-pyridylhydrazono)-isoxazol-5-one and related compounds
Authors: Summers LA
Published: September 2010

3-Methyl-4-(3?-pyridylhydrazono)isoxazol-one,
3-methyl-4-(3?- quinolylhydrazono)isoxazol-5-one, and related pyrazol-5-ones
and 1- phenylpyrazol-5-ones have been prepared for examination as fungicides
for the control of plant pathogens. They were inactive as foliage fungicides at
1000 p.p.m, against five fungi.
Constituents of Melicope perspicuinervia (Rutaceae). The Structures of Halfordinine and Melinervin, a New Flavone
Authors: Murphy S , Ritchie E , Taylor W
Published: September 2010

From the leaves of Melicope perspicuinervia
Merr. & Perry the following substances were
isolated: skimmianine, kokusaginine,
(�)-platydesmine, halfordinine,
piperonylic acid, α-onocerin,
β-sitosterol, quercetin 3,3'-dimethyl ether and
a new flavone, melinervin.
The latter was shown to be 3,5,7-trihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyflavone
by its spectroscopic properties and by synthesis. Halfordinine was shown to be
6,7,8-trimethoxydictamnine by degradative methods.
Constituents of the Tumour-Inhibitory Extract of Olearia muelleri
Authors: Jefferies P , Knox J , Price K , Scaf B
Published: September 2010

The new rearranged
diterpenoid (1)* and the flavonoids, centaureidin (9) and quercetagetin
3,6-dimethyl ether (10), have been isolated from an extract of Olearia muelleri (Sond.) Benth. Centaureidin has a
weak cytotoxic action in an anti-tumor assay system,
accounting, in part, for bioactivity of the plant extract.
The application of pyrolysis methylation and esterification to the mass spectrometric sequencing of small peptides
Authors: Schier GM , Halpern B
Published: September 2010

The derivatization of
peptides for mass spectrometric sequencing involves treatment with trimethylanilinium
hydroxide and methyl trifluoroacetate, followed by pyrolytic conversion to the
corresponding TFA-peptide esters in the solid probe tip of a mass spectrometer.
The mass spectra of TFA- peptide esters obtained by the pyrolysis procedure are
essentially identical to reference spectra obtained from TFA derivatives
prepared by conventional esterification procedures.
Substituted carbonyl derivatives of the Group VI transition metals. V. Complexes with tolyl-substituted Bis(diphenylarsino)methane ligands
Authors: Bowden JA , Colton R , Sztajer Z
Published: September 2010

Ligands of the type
bis(ditoly1arsino)methane have been synthesized and their derivatives with hexacarbonylmolybdenum(0) prepared. Nuclear magnetic
resonance and infrared spectroscopy have been used to determine the
stereochemistry of the complexes and also to study steric effects within the
molecules.
Radical nature of the reaction of 4-nitrobenzal chloride with sodium hydroxide
Authors: Chan KC , Goh SH , Teoh SE , Wong WH
Published: September 2010

The reaction of
4-nitrobenzal chloride with sodium hydroxide in aqueous methanol gave products which
can be accounted for as arising from the dimerization and cross-coupling of the
radicals 4-O2NC6H4CCl2 and 4-O2NC6H4CHCl.
Pulse-radiolysis of binary liquid alcohol systems containing benzene
Authors: Brown BJ , Barker NT , Sangster DF
Published: September 2010

The effect of added benzene
on the yield and decay rate of the solvated electron in liquid methanol, ethanol
and propan-1-ol has been investigated by pulse-radiolysis. The optical
transition energyof es-
is independent of mixture composition, but the decay rate increases and the G(es-) value decreases with increasing
benzene concentration. The nature of the electron trap and the mechanism ofelectron solvation in the
alcohols is apparently unaltered by the presence of aromatic hydrocarbon. The results
are interpreted in terms of electron reactions with the scavenger before, and
after, solvation.
Isoflavonoids. III. Constituents of Cotoneaster Species
Authors: Cooke R , Fletcher RH
Published: September 2010

Extracts of Cotoneaster serotina
yielded biochanin-7-O-glucoside, biochanin, the triterpenoid ursolic acid, benzoic acid and mandelic
acid. The first three of these compounds and the triterpenoid
uvaolwere isolated from Cotoneaster pannosa.
Complexes of carbohydrates with metal cations. III. Conformations of alditols in aqueous solution
Authors: Angyal SJ , Greeves D , Mills JA
Published: September 2010

Complex formation of alditols with metal ions in aqueous solution has been
investigated by electrophoresis and by the study of the N.M.R. spectra in the
presence of europium ions. Complexing occurs at three consecutive oxygen atoms
which are in a gauche-gauche
arrangement; the energy required to form this arrangement (by rotation around
carbon-carbon bonds) determines the extent of complex formation. It appears
that the alditols in aqueous solution are essentially
in the same conformations as are their acetates in chloroform solution.
A synthesis of freelingyne
Authors: Ingham CF , Massy-Westropp RA , Reynolds GD
Published: September 2010

Acetylation of the tertiary
alcohol prepared from the Reformatsky reaction of 1-bromo-3-(3'-furyl)prop-2-yne
with (2Z,4E)-2-methyl-6-oxohepta-2,4-dien-4-olide gave the acetate. Flash
vacuum pyrolysis of the tertiary acetate gave a mixture of predominantly two
isomers, one of which was freelingyne, (2Z,4Z,6E)-9-(3'-furyl)-2,6-dimethylnona-2,4,6-trien-8-yn-4-oide
(1). The synthesis of the phenyl analogues is also described.
Synthesis of fungitoxic analogues of N-(2,2,2-Trichloro-1-methoxyethyl)formamide
Authors: Chamberlain K , Summers LA
Published: September 2010

The synthesis of 40 fungitoxic analogues of the systemic fungicides N-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-methoxyethy1)formamide
and triforine is described. The compounds comprise N-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-alkoxyethy1)formamides and related alkylaminoethyl,
alkylthioethyl and arylthioethyl
derivatives.
Liquid junction potentials in electrochemical cells involving a dissimilar solvent junction
Authors: Diggle JW , Parker AJ
Published: September 2010

The liquid junction
potential at a number of dissimilar solvent junctions has been determined
within the framework of the tetraphenylarsonium tetraphenylborate extrathermodynamic
assumption. The junctions investigated were H2O/solvent S, MeCN/solvent S and propylene carbonate (pcar)/solvent
S. The liquid junction potentials obtained have primarily been related to
solvent-solvent interactions at the junction, being, for water, lowest for an
alcohol /H2O junction (10 mV) and the greatest for a dipolar aprotic/H20
junction (100-200 mV).
Genus Crotalaria. XVII. The stereochemistry of croalbinecine
Authors: Sawhney RS , Atal CK , Culvenor CCJ , Smith LW
Published: September 2010

The stereochemistry of the pyrrolizidine triol, croalbinecine, is defined as lα-hydroxymethyl-8α-
pyrrolizidine-2β,7β-diol, by means of nuclear magnetic resonance
measurements and the conversion of croalbidine into turneforcidine.
Vibrational spectroscopic studies and normal coordinate analyses of TiCl4 donor-acceptor complexes
Authors: Cooney RP , Fraser DB
Published: September 2010

Laser Raman spectra and
infrared spectra are reported for TiCl4,2MeCN, TiCl4,2PhCN,
TiCl4,2py, TiBr4,2MeCN. For purposes of comparison the
Raman spectrum of SnC14,2Ph3P has been recorded and
assigned. Analysis of data indicates that a cis
octahedral configuration is adopted by the TiC14,2L complexes and a trans configuration by SnCl4,2Ph3P.
In addition a new complex, 3TiC14,4cpy, has been prepared and
spectral data indicate the ligand bonds through its nitrogen heteroatom. Normal
coordinate analyses and Urey-Bradley force constants
are reported for TiC14,2MeCN and TiCl4,- 2PhCN.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and redox behaviour of transtion metal dithiocarbamates
Authors: Golding RM , Lehtonen K
Published: September 2010

From a study of the
isotropic proton hyperfine interaction constants for a series of metal dithiocarbamates, and their redox behaviour, it is shown
that for iron(111) and manganese(111) dithiocarbamates
there is a simple relationship between E1/2 and the NCH2
proton hyperfine interaction constant in the 6Al state.
Hence the redox process for these compounds is inferred to take place through
the nitrogen atom.
Thermodynamics of metal-ligand bond formation. XIV. Adducts of hetercyclic bases with nickel(II) alkylxanthates
Authors: Graddon DP , Prakash S
Published: September 2010

Thermodynamic data have
been obtained for the formation in benzene solution of adducts of nickel(11) O-alkylxanthate complexes with one
molecule of 2,2'-bipyridine or two molecules of pyridine or 4-methylpyridine.
The results show that changes in the free energy and enthalpy of adduct
formation with variation of the alkyl group in the xanthate can be explained
wholly by inductive effects; there is no evidence for steric effects even with
branched alkyl chains.
The capillary rise between concentric circular tubes
Authors: Bottomley GA
Published: September 2010

The differential equation
which results when the Laplace equation is applied to the meniscus of a fluid
lying in the form of an annulus between two vertical, concentric and coaxial
cylindrical tubes has been integrated numerically by computer application of
Kelvin's graphical method. Results for the capillary rise as a function of the
radii of the inner and outer cylinders are presented in tabular form for ranges
of the variables likely to be encountered in surface tension studies.
Kinetics, stoichiometry and mechanism in the bromination of aromatic heterocycles. III. Aqueous bromination of indazole
Authors: Boulton BE , Coller BAW
Published: September 2010

It is inferred from the
products of bromination under appropriate conditions that the sequences of
reactivity of various positions in indazole species
are: cationic, 5 > 7 � others; molecular, 5 > 3 > 7 � others; anionic,
3 � others. Kinetic studies lead to
bimolecular rate coefficients for attack by Br2 on molecular indazole (aq., 25�C), as follows:

Position 5 3 7
10-3k�bi/dm3
mol-1 s-l 4.2 2.8 0.4

Direct and indirect
syntheses of 7-bromoindazole and other derivatives are described.
The application of pyrolytic methylation and esterification to the mass spectrometric sequencing of N-protected peptides
Authors: Schier GM , Halpern B
Published: September 2010

Amino protecting groups
suitable for mass spectrometric peptide sequencing by pyrolytic methylation are
described. Aldehyde and β- diketone condensates of peptide trimethylanilinium (TMAH) salts are conveniently prepared
in a one-step reaction. Mass spectrometric sequencing by pyrolytic methylation
is possible without further purification or isolation of the N-protected
peptide trimethyl- anilinium salts.
Stereochemistry and absolute signs of 3JP,H nuclear spin coupling constants in methylplatinum(IV) tertiary phosphine complexes
Authors: Bramley R , Hall JR , Swile GA , Tomkins IB
Published: September 2010

1H-{31P} and 1H-{195Pt}
INDOR spectra have been recorded for PtMe3(acac)PPh3.
The stereochemical dependence of the absolute signs of 3JP.H
for the platinum methyl protons has been determined. An earlier suggestion of
the value of such signs in structural studies of alkylplatinum(II)tertiary
phosphine complexes has been extended to such complexes of platinum(IV).
cis and trans Isomers of Dihalobis(2-acetylaminothiazole)nickel(II)
Authors: Singh PP , Srivastava AK , Khan SA
Published: September 2010

The cis and trans isomers
of Ni(aatz)2,X2 (X = Cl, Br, I and aatz = 2- acetylaminothiazole)
have been prepared and characterized with the help of magnetic moment data and
infrared and electronic spectra. The number of bands in the far infrared region
(650-50 cm-1) suggests a C2h symmetry for the trans and C2v
symmetry for the cis isomers. Electronic spectral bands of cis isomers have
higher molar extinction coefficients and show less splitting than the trans
isomers. The ligand exerts a stronger ligand field in cis than in trans
isomers. The spin orbit coupling constant values (λ?) and the Bohr
magneton values increase from chloro to iodo in the case of cis complexes and
decrease in trans complexes. The X-ray powder pattern data for both the isomers
are identical. 2- Acetylaminothiazole acts as a bidentate ligand and the donor
sites are carbonyl oxygen and ring sulphur.
Dihalocarbene insertions into carbon-hydrogen bonds of hydrocarbons and ethers
Authors: Goh S , Chan K , Kam T , Chong H
Published: September 2010

Fair to moderate yields of
insertion products of dichloro- and dibromo- carbenes can be achieved from aqueous
reaction mixtures using the phase transfer method. Insertions are very
selective; benzylic, tertiary C-H bonds of hydrocarbons and α-C-H bonds of
ethers are particularly reactive. The convenience of this method makes it
potentially attractive for certain synthetic applications.
Electrophilic substitution. I. The reactivity of toluene in nitration by acetyl nitrate. Pyrolysis reactions of phenylnitromethane
Authors: Narang SC , Thompson MJ
Published: September 2010

Nitration of toluene by
acetyl nitrate has been conclusively shown not to lead to the formation of
phenylnitromethane as previously claimed. Implications of this result on the kT/kB ratio are discussed. The
thermolysis reactions of phenylnitromethane have been investigated.
The pyrolysis of pinanes. IX. On the mechanism of [σ2+σ2] cyclo-reversion in pinane thermolysis
Authors: Cant PAE , Coxon JM , Hartshorn MP
Published: September 2010

The formation of (E)- and
(Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dienyl acetate (8) and (9) from pyrolysis of
endo-10β-pinan-7-yl acetate (5b) is consistent with the intermediacy of
the 1,4-biradical (18) or with the reaction proceeding in part by a concerted [σ2S
+ σ2a] process.
Some reactions of Quinoline-8- and Ureidobenzene-sulphonyl chlorides
Authors: Chivers GE , Cremlyn RJ , Guy R , Honeyman R , Reynolds P
Published: September 2010

Quinoline-8-sulphonyl
chloride (1) with hydrazine, phenylhydrazine and sodium azide gave the
corresponding hydrazide (3); phenylhydrazide (4); and azide (12). The hydrazide
(3) undergoes facile hydrolysis, in contrast to the rather inert sulphonyl
azide (12). ��� Chlorosulphonation of m- and p-chlorophenylureas was unsuccessful. However, the N,N-di-methylurea (18) reacted with chlorosulphonic
acid to give p-(N,N-dimethy1ureido)benzenesulphonyl chloride (19), which has
been converted into the hydrazide (21) and the azide (20). Both 3- methyl-4-ureidobenzenesulphonyl
azide (25) and the azide (20) failed to add to norbornene, although they did
react with triphenylphosphine.
Catalysed gas phase decompositions. XXVIII. Cyclopropane and boron trichloride
Authors: Johnson RL , Stimson VR
Published: September 2010

Boron trichloride catalyses
the isomerization of cyclopropane into propene at 360-470�. The reaction is
first order in the pressure of each reactant, and the variation of rate with
temperature is given by the Arrhenius equation:

������������ k2 = 1011.35�0.2exp[(-106600
� 3100)/8.314T] s-1 ml mol-1

The reaction is believed to
be homogeneous and molecular. This is the first example of the series where the
catalyst has been a Lewis acid.
Chromium(III) complexes in dipolar aprotic solvents. VI. The anation of Hexa(dimethyl sulphoxide)chromium(III) [Cr(Me2SO)6]3+ in dimethyl sulphoxide
Authors: Lo STD , Watts DW
Published: September 2010

The anation reactions:

�������������������� Cr(Me2SO)63+
+ X- → CrX(Me2SO)52+
+ Me2SO

have been studied in detail
for X- = N3- and SCN- as a function of
concentration, temperature and ionic strength in both conditions of X-
in excess over Cr(Me2SO)63+, and Cr(Me2SO)63+
in excess over X-, where greater certainty exists concerning the
nature of the solution species. The reactions are interpreted as dissociative
interchange reactions in which anation is a probable result of dissociation
only when the anion occupies a position in the first solvation sphere of the
complex. ��� Less complete results are presented for the
less tractable anation of Cr(Me2SO)63+ by Cl- in Me2SO, and the analogous
reaction of Cr(HCONMe2)63+ by Cl- in dimethylformamide.
Electron impact studies. LXXXIX. Nucleophilic substitution at carbonyl centres. Acetic anhydride. An ion cyclotron resonance study
Authors: Bowie JH
Published: September 2010

The gas phase reaction
between the acetate anion and acetic anhydride yields a 1 : 1 adduct, which may
decompose by loss of ketene. The extent of these reactions depend upon both the
sample pressure and the transit time of ions in the cell. Power absorption
maxima are obtained for electron beam energies of 0 eV,
4 eV and values in excess of 10 eV.
Synthesis and P.M.R. study of 2-(2',4'-Dihydroxy-6'-methylbenzoyl)-3,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid and its methyl ethers
Authors: Au-Yeung BW , Chan T , Tam SW
Published: September 2010

The syntheses of
2-(2?,4?-dihydroxy-6?-methylbenzoyl)-3,6- dihydroxybenzoic
acid (4) and its methyl ethers are described. Treatment of
6-hydroxy-2-(2?-hydroxy-4?-methoxy-6?-methylbenzoyl)-3- methoxybenzoic acid (8)
with alcoholic potassium hydroxide gave 2- hydroxy-6-methoxy-8-methyl-9-oxoxanthene-1-carboxylic
acid (9). Comparison of the p.m.r. spectra of these
structurally related 2- benzoylbenzoic acids revealed that the chemical shifts
of the aryl methyl and the ring protons are significantly influenced by the
existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Dioxouranium(VI) complexes with N-salicylsalicylaldimines and their Lewis base adducts
Authors: Hsieh ATT , Sheahan RM , West BO
Published: September 2010

New dioxouranium(VI)
complexes with the dibasic terdentate Schiff bases, XC6H3(2-OH)CH=N-CH2C6H4(2?-OH)
(X = H, 5-Cl or 3-MeO), have been synthesized and characterized as their 1 : 1
alcohol adducts. The labile alcohol molecules in these complexes are readily
replaced by various oxygen or nitrogen donor ligands, affording six- or seven- coordinate
complexes. Evidence is presented for the rather weak coordination of these
Lewis bases to the uranium metal atom. The various possible conformations for
these [6,6]-membered chelate complexes are also discussed.
A new coronene synthesis
Authors: Craig JT , Halton B , Lo S
Published: September 2010

A convenient synthesis of
coronene, in which the compound is prepared in 5% overall yield from 3,6-bis(bromomethyl)phenanthrene,
is described.
Some quantitative relationships for ionization reactions at high pressures
Authors: El'yanov BS , Hamann SD
Published: September 2010

A simple formula is
proposed to describe the pressure dependence of the variable Φ in El?yanov and Gonikberg's linear
free energy relationship for ionization reactions in solution at high pressure.
��� The expression, given in equations (10) and
(12), provides a good description of the influence of pressure on ionization
equilibria in aqueous solutions. It permits El'yanov's
general linear relationships between Φ and ionization free energies,
enthalpies and entropies, pH and Hammett's p parameter, to be expressed in
terms of the pressure in convenient analytical forms. ��� The formula is shown to be consistent with
the simple electrostatic theory of ion hydration, allowing for the effect of
pressure on the dielectric constant of water. Combined with the theory, it
provides a general means of predicting ionization constants over a wide range
of pressures and temperatures simply from knowledge of the changes in molar
volume, enthalpy and entropy which accompany the reactions at atmospheric
pressure.
Chemistry of the Podocarpaceae. LIII. Rearrangement of a tetrasubstituted epoxide
Authors: Cambie RC , Denny WA
Published: September 2010

Boron trifluoride induced
rearrangement of the tetrasubstituted diterpenoid epoxide (6) gives the 8α-hydroxy
ether (25) and the spiro ketone (28).
The stuctural nature of a Bender's salt: an X-ray study of potassium O-methyl monothiocarbonate
Authors: Hoskins BF , Murphy CN
Published: September 2010

The structure of the
Bender's salt, potassium O-methyl monothiocarbonate (C2H3O2S-K+),
has been determined by single crystal X- ray diffraction methods. The crystals
are monoclinic of space group P21/c with a 6.7295(5), b 6.9438(5), c
11.1520(10) Ǻ, β 110.93(2)� and Z 4. The structure was solved using a
direct phasing programme in conjunction with the
Patterson synthesis and refined by a full-matrix least-squares method to R
0.041 for the 788 independent statistically significant reflections collected
by counter methods. The crystals are composed of potassium ions and O-methyl
monothiocarbonate anions. Each anion is essentially planar with bond lengths
and angles having values very similar to those of related systems.
Solvolysis of exo- and endo-Tricyclo[3,3,0,02,8]oct-4-yl p-Toluenesulphonates
Authors: Buckeridge RG , Frayne KJ , Johnson BL
Published: September 2010

The structure of
endo-tricyclo[3,3,0,02,8]octan-4-ol (3; X = OH) has been confirmed
by hydrogenolysis which affords the known alcohols endo-
(equatorial)-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-2-(11) and cis-bicyclo[3,3,0]octan- anti-2-ol (12). Hydrolysis of derived p-toluenesulphonate
(3; X = OTs) in 70% aqueous acetone at 21.6� proceeds
with a first-order rate constant of 6.67�0.21x10-4s-1,
and under buffered conditions yields endo- tricyclo[3,3,0,02,8]octan-4-ol
(3; X = OH) as the only observable product. The results suggest that ionization
of (3; X = OTs) proceeds with participation of the C
1 to C2 bonding electrons to give the intermediate trishomocyclopropenyl
cation (4) which suffers stereospecific solvent capture to yield (3; X = OH).
The results obtained with the monodeuterated isotopomer (17; X = OTs) are consistent with this mechanism. Hydrolysis of exo-
tricyclo[3,3,0,02,8]oct-4-yl p-toluenesulphonate (5; X = OTs) is a little slower than its epimer(3; X = OTs), and proceeds with a first-order rate constant of
(1.9�0.04)x 10-4s-1 at 49.9� in 70% aqueous acetone. The
mechanism in this instance appears to involve anchimerically assisted ionization
and subsequent formation of the intermediate tricyclo[3,2,1,02,7]oct-6-yl
cation (24)which yields a characteristic mixture of products consisting of
endo-tricyclo[3,2,1,02,7]octan-6-ol(20; X = OH) (mainly), its epimer
(21; X = OH), exo-bicyclo[3,2,1]oct-6-en- 2-ol (18; X =OH)and
exo-bicyclo[2,2,2]oct-5-en-2-ol (19; X = OH).��� A reinvestigation of the buffered
acetolysis of exo- tricyclo[3,2,1,02,7]oct-6-yl p-nitrobenzoate(21;
X = OPnb) has shown that, contrary to previous
conclusions, there is no leakage from the L series to the G series in this
system.
Mass spectral studies of lanthanide chelates. I. Samarium, europium, gadolinium and terbium chelates of thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Authors: Das M , Livingstone SE
Published: September 2010

The mass spectra of the
lanthanide chelates of thenoyltrifluoroacetone, viz. Met{CF3COCH=C(O-)-C4H3S}3
(Met = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb), have been obtained. All four spectra display similar
fragmentation patterns. Fluorine migration to the metal with the concomitant
loss of :CF2 occurs with all four lanthanide chelates. Peaks were
observed for the ions [MetF2]+ (Met = Sm, Gd, Tb) and
[MetF]+ (Met = Sm, Eu). The occurrence of [MetF]+ in the
spectra of the samarium and europium chelates is in keeping with the tendency of
these two lanthanides to be reduced to the bivalent state. On the other hand,
oxidation of terbium(III) to terbium(IV) was not observed in the mass spectra.
The stereochemistry of organometallic compounds. XIII. The 13C N.M.R. spectra of some Tricarbonyl(arene)chromium compounds
Authors: Jackson WR , Pincombe CF , Rae ID , Thapebinkarn S
Published: September 2010

The 13C n.m.r,
spectra of a series of tricarbonyl(arene)chromiums have been determined. The
spectra are interpreted in terms of electronic effects of the substituent
together with effects arising from con- formational preferences of the
tricarbonylchromium residue. ��� No evidence for kinetic restriction of
rotation could be found for any of the complexes at temperatures greater than
-60�.
Formulas for the vibrational eigenvalues of the Lennard-Jones N-6 potentials
Authors: Guest PG
Published: September 2010

Formulas are given for
integral N in the range from 8 to 18. A general program for any N in this range
is also presented. The maximum errors are less than 0.000015 of the well depth.
Derivatives of manganese carbonyl with Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane and Bis(diphenylarsino)methane
Authors: Colton R , Commons CJ
Published: September 2010

The reactions of manganese
carbonyl with the ditertiary phosphorus ligand bis(diphenylphosphino)-methane, dpm, and its arsenic analogue, dam, have been investigated.
The major products are of the types Mn2(CO)8(L-L), [(L-L)
= dpm or dam], Mn2(CO)6(dpm)2 and Mn2(CO)5(dpm)2.��� Mn2(CO)5(dpm)2 displays a carbonyl stretch at the extremely
low frequency of 1645 cm-1. It has been shown that the molecule
contains a carbonyl group bridging between the manganese atoms in a previously
unknown manner.
1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galactofurano
Authors: Lemieux RU , Stick RV
Published: September 2010

The potential use of the
title compound in glycoside synthesis is discussed and improvements in its synthesis
noted.
Indole alkaloids from Ervatamia orientalis. I. Isolation of alkaloids and structural identification of two dimers
Authors: Knox JR , Slobbe J
Published: September 2010

Ethanol extracts of
Ervatamia orientalis have yielded the following known alkaloids: ibogaine,
iboxygaine, voacristine, vobasine, dregamine, tabernaemontanine, apparicine,
voacamine and 16- demethoxycarbonylvoacamine. In addition, two new dimeric
alkaloids of the voacamine group and the novel 2-acylindoles ervatamine, 20- epiervatamine
and 19-dehydroervatamine have been isolated from the extracts. The two new
dimeric compounds have been identified by physical and chemical methods as
16-demethoxycarbonyldihydrovoacamine and 16-demethoxycarbonyl-20?-epi-dihydrovoacamine.
Indole alkaloids from Ervatamia orientalis. II. The constitution of the ervatamine group
Authors: Knox JR , Slobbe J
Published: September 2010

This paper describes the
combination of physical and chemical degradative methods that has led to the elucidation
of the constitution of the novel 2-acylindole alkaloids, ervatamine (5),
20-epi-ervatamine (6) and 19-dehydroervatamine (7). The alkaloids show
differences in the N.M.R. spectra and in the rates of methylation which
indicate that ervatamine has a different conformation from the other two
alkaloids; the conformations which are suggested for the alkaloids (35)-(37)
have alternative chair conformations of the piperidine rings. Correlations in
the mass spectra of the natural alkaloids and of several simple derivatives are
discussed.
Ion-molecule reactions in uranium hexafluoride
Authors: McAskill NA
Published: September 2010

The ion-molecule reactions
of UF6 in the gas phase were studied in a mass spectrometer fitted
with a medium-pressure ion source. The main reactions were the
collision-stabilized formation of U2F11+ from
UF5+, U2F10+ from UF4+
and U3F16+ from U2F10+.
Rate coefficients for the reactions of UF5+ and UF4+
with UF6 and the distribution of their products were found to depend
upon the ion kinetic energy.
A 35Cl magnetic resonance study of chloride exchange on indium(III) and thallium(III) in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution
Authors: Lincoln SF , Sandercock AC , Stranks DR
Published: September 2010

The parameters describing
chloride exchange on indium(III), determined by 35Cl N.M.R., are:
k(298 K)= (8.8�0+4) x 106 s-1, ΔH? =
45.7�2.3 kJ mol-1 and
ΔS? = 42�8 J mol-1 K-1; and k(298 K)=
(2.0�0.1)x106 s-1, ΔH? = 37.7�1.9 kJ mol-1,
and ΔS? = 3�6 J mol-1 K-1 in 10.95M and
7.00M aqueous hydrochloric acid respectively, calculated from the observed
exchange rate kex4[InCl4(H2O)2-].��� For thallium(III) lower limits of kex(219
K) = 1.6 x 106 s-1 and 1.3 x 106 s-1 were
obtained in 10.95M and 7.00M aqueous hydrochloric acid, respectively, where
[TlCl6]3- is assumed to be the exchanging species.
Theoretical predictions of the molecular structure of sulphur tetrafluoride
Authors: Radom L , Schaefer III HF
Published: September 2010

The equilibrium geometry of the SF4 molecule
has been investigated by means of ab initio
electronic structure theory. Self-consistent-field (SCF) calculations employing
a minimum basis set (MBS) incorrectly predict SF4 to have a square-
pyramidal (C4V) structure.

The correct
qualitative prediction of a C2V geometry is obtained with a basis of
nearly double zeta quality. Comparable calculations on H2S and SF2
suggest that it may only be for hypervalent molecules containing sulphur that
minimum basis sets are inappropriate. However, polarization functions seem to
be necessary for an accurate prediction of S-F bond distances.
Stoichiometry and mechanism of the cathodic reduction process for HCl dissolved in LiCI-KCl eutectic
Authors: Minh NQ , Welch BJ
Published: September 2010

The electrochemical
reduction of HCl dissolved in LiCl-KCl
eutectic has been studied by linear sweep voltammetry and chronopotentiometry
at a glassy carbon electrode. The dissolved HCl is
found to be completely dissociated into protons and chloride ions, and the cathodic
evolution of hydrogen proceeds by the two-step mechanism

���������������������������� H+ + e ↔
H ���������������������������� H + H ↔ H2

The charge-transfer step is
reversible and faster than the hydrogen atom combination reaction.
A study of surfactant micelles with a fluorescent probe
Authors: Khuanga U , Selinger BK , McDonald R
Published: September 2010

The fluorescence probe technique has been used to study
micelles of anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants. The solute was pyrene.
The formation of a fluorescent excited dimer (excimer) by pyrene means that
this probe can be used not only to explore intramicellar kinetics, but also to
monitor the manner in which micelles change their size. The change in size of
ionic surfactants with electrolyte concentration and of non-ionic surfactants
with temperature is explored. We have developed a simple method involving the
effect of oxygen (in air) on the fluorescence spectrum for detecting
statistical distribution effects in the solubilization of pyrene in micelles.
The combination of fluorescence spectra with time-dependent fluorescence
intensity (fluorescence 'decay') allows a full analysis.
Photo- and electro-chemical processes at organic crystal electrodes. I. Chronophotometry: a technique to study processes at electrodes
Authors: McGregor KG
Published: September 2010

A 'chronophotometer' is
described in this, the first of a series of connected papers. It measures, at a
selected wavelength, absorbance changes with a resolution of 4 x 106
and a response time of 0.1s. It is suitable for following species with suitable
absorption peaks generated by chemical or electrochemical processes in amounts
as low as The long-term stability of the instrument allows these processes to
be monitored after sufficiently long periods have elapsed for detectable
absorbance to occur. The chronophotometer is used in following papers on
electrochemical processes at organic crystal electrodes.
Donor properties of thiohydantoin and pseudothiohydantoin towards cobalt(II) and nickel(II) salts
Authors: Singh PP , Shukla UP , Srivastava AK
Published: September 2010

Coordination complexes of
the type [CoL2] X2 (L = thiohydantoin
(thn), pseudothiohydantoin
(pthn); X = Cl, Br, I),
[Ni(thn)4] Cl,
and [Co(pthn)6] (ClO4), have
been prepared and characterized by elementary analysis. The sites of bonding in
ligands and configuration of the complexes have been determined with the help
of physical properties, magnetic data, conductance data, i.r.
and electronic spectral studies. The site of bonding in thn
is thiocarbonyl sulphur and
in pthn carbonyl oxygen. The cobalt halide complexes
of thn and pthn are
tetrahedral with C2v symmetry, [Ni(thn)4]
Cl2 is octahedral with D4h symmetry and [Co(pthn)6] (ClO4), is octahedral with Oh
cubic symmetry. All complexes except [Co(pthn)6]
(ClO4)2, which is a 1 : 2 electrolyte, are non-conducting.
Chemistry of fungi. XI. Corticins A, B, and C, benzobisbenzofurans from Corticium caeruleum
Authors: Briggs LH , Cambie RC , Dean IC , Hodges R , Ingram WB , Rutledge PS
Published: September 2010

Structures for corticin A (5), B (6), and C (14), benzobisbenzofuranoid
metabolites of the fungus Corticium caeruleum are suggested. The synthesis of a number of benzobisbenzofuranoid derivatives is described and their
mass spectra are discussed.
Mossbauer spectrum, molecular and crystal structure of tin(II) diethyldithiocarbamate
Authors: Hoskins BF , Martin RL , Rohde NM
Published: September 2010

The syntheses and Mossbauer
spectra of four sulphur-chelated compounds of tin(11) are reported. A
single-crystal X-ray structure determination of Sn(dedtc)2 has
established that the molecule possesses a strongly distorted trigonal
bipyramidal configuration with a sterically active lone pair of electrons
occupying an equatorial coordination position. While the Mossbauer quadrupole
splitting for tin(11) compounds, in general, is consistent with a sterically
active pair of electrons, its magnitude appears to be more sensitive to the
nature of the ligand rather than the tin stereochemistry.
Ammonia oxide. I. Geometry and stability
Authors: Hart BT
Published: September 2010

Ab initio calculations, utilizing Gaussian lobe functions, are reported for the
molecule ammonia oxide, NH3O. Results indicate that ammonia oxide
has a bound ground state, an abnormally long NO bond length (169 pm) and is
125.9 kJ mol-1 less stable than the tautomeric form hydroxylamine,
NH2OH. Possible means of production of the molecule are discussed.
The 3E excited state of ammonia oxide was found to have a repulsive
potential curve. Possible reasons for this instability are advanced.
Effect of pressures to 3 kbar on the electrical conductivity of tetramethyl-ammonium bromide and hydrobromic acid in propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol
Authors: Cukurins JF , Strauss W
Published: September 2010

The conductances
of tetramethylammonium bromide and hydrogen bromide
have been measured in propan-1- and -2-ol at 25�C to pressures of 3 kbar. The
increase in pressure has an almost identical effect on the excess proton
conductance in both solvents, approximately doubling this to 1.5 kbar, after which it remains approximately constant.
Behaviour of some uranium(VI) compounds in disulphuric acid
Authors: Bali A , Malhotra KC
Published: September 2010

Uranium(V1) oxide, uranyl sulphate, uranyl carboxylates and uranyl chloride
form UO2(HS04)2 when dissolved in disulphuric acid which polymerizes at higher
concentrations. Uranium(V1) chloride gets solvolysed
to form the acids H [U(HS04)7] or H2 [U(HS04)8]
which behave as non-electrolytes in disulphuric acid.
Ab initio molecular orbital study of simple 1,3-dipolar reactions
Authors: Poppinger D
Published: September 2010

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations with minimal and extended basis sets
have been carried out for the 1,3-dipolar addition of fulminic
acid to acetylene, ethylene, ethynamine and propynenitrile. Optimized geometries are reported for the
transition states HCNO+C2H2, HCNO+C2H4,
HCNO+ C2HNH2, for the adducts isoxazole
and 2-isoxazoline, and for nitrosocyclopropene as a
possible intermediate. The calculations indicate that (a) these 1,3-dipolar
reactions are synchronous processes, (b) the geometry of the transition state
is insensitive to substitution and (c) of the isomeric substituted adducts,
5-aminoisoxazole and isoxazole-4-carbonitrile should be formed preferentially.
Exchange reactions in hot atom chemistry. II. Liquid methyl iodide
Authors: Cattell FCR
Published: September 2010

When dilute solutions of
iodine in methyl iodide are irradiated with neutrons more than 56% of the radioactive
iodine-128 appears in organic combination. This increase arises from an isotope
exchange reaction with a rate independent of iodine concentration. When more
concentratedsolutions are irradiated
the organic radioactivity is reduced below 56% and the reduction depends on the
square root of iodine concentration. Results are examined in terms of the
kinetic theory of hot reactions and also a treatment for distinguishing between
'Rot' and 'hot spot diffusive'reactions.
The non-stoichiometry and electrical conductivity of pink zinc oxide
Authors: Norman VJ
Published: September 2010

The electrical
conductivities of samples of pink zinc oxide made by two different processes,
and that of the white zinc oxide from which they were prepared, are shown to be
proportional to their non- stoichiometry provided that the concentration of
chemisorbed oxygen is expressed as a function of the surface area of the zinc
oxide.
Studies on the application of the quinhydrone electrode in formamide. VII. The ionization constants and related thermodynamic quantities of (E)-cinnamic acid from E.M F. measurements at different temperatures
Authors: Dash UN
Published: September 2010

The e.m.f.
of the cell

Ag-AgCl/NaCl(m3),
NaA(m2), HA(m1) QH2-Q/Pt

(where HA is cinnamic acid) in formamide has been measured at 5�
intervals over the temperature range 5-45�C. The pKa value of (E)-cinnamic
acid ranges from 7.02 � 0.03 at 5� to 6.78 � 0.05 at 45�.
The influence of pressure on the infrared spectra of hydrogen-bonded solids. III. Compounds with N-H...X bonds
Authors: Hamann SD , Linton M
Published: September 2010

Infrared measurements have
been made of the influence of pressures between 0 and 40 kbar
on the stretching and bending frequencies of N-H groups in a range of
crystalline compounds which have N-H. . .N, N-H. . .O, N-H. . .S or N-H. . .Cl hydrogen bonds. The frequencies have been found to
change in accordance with rules that were derived and tested in Parts I and I1
for other kinds of hydrogen-bond systems.
Carbonyl halides of the Group VII transition metals. VI. Further comments on derivatives of rhenium halocarbonyls and Bis(diphenylarsino)methane
Authors: Colton R
Published: September 2010

A revision is made of the
proposed structures of a series of rhenium halocarbonyls with dam on the basis
of recent crystallographic evidence and a reassessment of N.M.R. data.
Protonation of tricarbonyldieneiron complexes: Acid-catalysed cyclization of tricarbonylmyrceneiron
Authors: Pearson AJ
Published: September 2010

Treatment of
tricarbonylmyrceneiron (1) with catalytic amounts of anhydrous tetrafluoroboric
acid results in cyclization to give
tricarbonyl(3,3-dimethyl-1-vinylcyclohexene)iron (4). Protonation of (4) with
excess anhydrous tetrafluoroboric acid gives a tetracarbonylallyliron complex
(5) which can be reduced with sodium borohydride to 1-ethylidene-3,3-dimethylcyclohexane
(6).
The chemical constituents of Australian Flindersia species. XXI. An examination of the bark and the leaves of F. laevicarpa
Authors: Picker K , Ritchie E , Taylor WC
Published: September 2010

From extracts of the bark
of Flindersia laevicarpa C.
T. White & Francis (Rutaceae), the known substances
lupeol, β-sitosterol, hesperidin
and salicylic acid were isolated together with eight othersubstances. Three of them,
flindercarpin-1, C25,H22O11, flindercarpin-2,
C32H40O13,and flindercarpin-3, C26H32O9,
were reserved for further study. The others were shown to be (-)-nerolidol,(+)-threo-1,5-diphenylpentane-1,3-diol,
2-(2-pheny1ethyl)chromone (flindersiachromone),
its 2,3-dihydro derivative, and its 8-methoxy derivative
(8-methoxyflindersiachromone).The leaves yielded hesperidin, flindercarpin-2, harmalan
and five other products. A triterpene, flindersolide,
C30H48O4, was reserved for further study. Acetylation of the harmalan
mother liquors gave acetylharmalan, a mixture of
dimers of the latter and also N-[2-(2-acetyl-3-indolyl)ethyl]acetamide, all of which are artefacts.
The remaining substance, a flavone, carpachromene, C20H16O5, was
shown to be 5-hydroxy-8-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-2H,6H-benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']dipyran-6-one.
Grand ensemble Monte Carlo calculation of the thermodynamic properties of a solid/vapour interface
Authors: Lane JE , Spurling TH
Published: September 2010

The thermodynamic
properties of the krypton/graphite interface have been evaluated by the grand
canonical ensemble Monte Carlo method. Submonolayer adsorption isotherms have
been calculated at temperatures of 77.31, 84.11 and 90.12 K, together with
particle distribution functions, surface pressures and isosteric
heats of adsorption. The results are compared with experiment and discussed in
relation to the existence of surface phase transitions. The Monte Carlo
adsorptions were used to check the error in assuming Henry's law adsorption at
low pressure.
Preparation and properties of alkali metal chromium oxides of the formula MCr3O8
Authors: Foster JJ , Hambly AN
Published: September 2010

Alkali metal chromium
oxides of the formula MCr3O8 can be prepared by thermal
decomposition of chlorochromates, trichromates
and tetrachromates and by heating chlorochromates
or alkali halides with chromium(V1) oxide. The preparation of lithium chlorochromate, LiCrO3Cl, is described and new
metastable phases of RbCr2O8 and CsCr3O8
are reported. The temperatures, products and enthalpies of decomposition for
LiCr3O8, KCr3O8, RbCr3O8
and two forms of CsCr3O8 have been determined. The
decomposition is modified in the presence of alkali halides.
The crystal structure of tetraethylammonium Tris(O-ethylxanthato)tellurate(II): An example of five-coordinate pentagonal-planar geometry
Authors: Hoskins BF , Pannan CD
Published: September 2010

The crystal structure of tetraethylammonium tris(O-ethylxanthato) tellurate(11), [Et4N]
[Te(S2COEt)3], has been determined by single-crystal
three-dimensional X-ray diffraction methods. Crystals are monoclinic of space
group P21/c with four cation-anion pairs per unit cell which has the
dimensions a 8.121(1), b 18.858(2), c 19.260(2) � and β 105.22(2)�. The structure was solved by
the normal Fourier methods and was refined with anisotropic thermal parameters
by a full-matrix least-squares method converging with R and Rw
values of 0.061 and 0.082 for the 2404 independent statistically significant
reflections collected by counter methods. The tris(ethylxanthato)tellurate(11) anion has a novel five-coordinate
pentagonal-planar structure with only two of the xanthato
ligands bidentate and with the Te-S bond distances having values in the range
2.503(4)-3.059(3)�. The TeS5 atoms are coplanar, the maximum
deviation from the plane being 0.122 �. This, together with the intra-planar S...S
distances of 3.340-3.661 �, indicates that the ligand atoms of the pentagonal
plane are not over-crowded. The geometry of the anion configuration can be
explained in terms of the VSEPR theory using a pentagonal-bipyramidal
arrangement of the seven electron pairs in the valence shell of the tellurium.