bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Verfahren zum Recycling von seltenerdhaltigen Permanentmagneten
Authors: Gauß Roland , Diehl Oliver , Brouwer Eva , Buckow Alexander , Güth Konrad , Gutfleisch Oliver
Published: October 2015

Permanentmagnete sind entscheidend für die Funktion zahlreicher Technologien. Die Entwicklung hin zur verstärkten Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien wird die Nachfrage an Permanentmagneten weiter steigen lassen. Selbst hochwertige, aufwendig hergestellte Magnete werden jedoch bislang nicht auf industriellem Maßstab zurückgewonnen. Die hier vorgestellten metallurgischen und wasserstoffbasierten Recyclingrouten haben das Ziel eines werkstofflichen Recyclings, d.h. der Rückführung und Nutzbarmachung von Permanentmagnetlegierungen. Beide Ansätze sind mit relativ geringem energetischem Aufwand im Vergleich zu klassischen hydrometallurgischen Verfahren verbunden.
Research on viscoelastic properties of water in waxy crude oil emulsion gels with the effect of droplet size and distribution
Authors: Li Si , Huang Qiyu , Wang Lei , Fan Kaifeng
Published: October 2015

The viscoelastic properties of gelled oil can reflect its structural characteristics, which are significant for the restart operation of prolonged‐shutdown pipelines. The viscoelastic properties of water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions are more complicated on account of the influence from the dispersed water phase, which cannot be ignored. This paper attempts to reveal the relationship of viscoelastic characteristics to temperature and water fraction for waxy crude emulsion gels from a micro perspective. As a basis of the rheological analysis, the droplet size and distribution of inner phase are studied with microscopic observation. It is found that both the total number and Sauter mean diameter of dispersed droplets increase with growth of the water fraction. Through a series of small amplitude oscillatory shear experiments, the linear viscoelastic regions and the viscoelastic parameters of emulsion gels with different water fractions are obtained and compared under varying temperatures. The results provide evidence that as the water fraction rises, the structural strength of emulsion gels becomes stronger. This can mainly be attributed to the larger deformable oil‐water interface area with adsorbed wax crystals and the stronger interactions among water droplets. Based on the experimental results, regression formulas for viscoelastic parameters, including elastic modulus, loss modulus, and loss angle, are proposed and proven reliable. This offers useful information for the restart operation of oil‐water multiphase transportation pipelines.
Tuning the EM‐test for finite mixture models
Authors: Chen Jiahua , Li Pengfei
Published: October 2015

There has been rapid progress in developing effective and easy‐to‐use tests of the order of a finite mixture model. The EM‐test is the latest to join the rank. It has a relatively simple limiting distribution and enjoys broad applicability. Based on asymptotic theory, the P‐value of the EM‐test is approximated via its limiting distribution. The built‐in tuning parameter has an important influence on the approximation precision. Thus, choosing an appropriate value for this parameter is important for fully realizing the advantages of the EM‐test. In this article, we develop a novel computer‐experiment approach to address this issue. Through designed experiments, we derive a number of empirical formulas for the tuning parameter. Extensive validation simulation shows that these formulas work well in terms of providing accurate type I errors. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 39: 389–404; 2011 © 2011 Statistical Society of Canada
Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of Silicon‐Containing GPR81 and GPR109A Agonists
Authors: Geyer Marcel , Baus Johannes A. , Fjellström Ola , Wellner Eric , Gustafsson Linda , Tacke Reinhold
Published: October 2015

The GPR81 and GPR109A receptors mediate antilipolytic effects and are potential drug targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. There is still a need to identify potent GPR81 agonists as pharmacological tools. A high‐throughput screen identified an acylurea‐based GPR81 agonist lead series, with activities at the GPR109A receptor as well. To expand the chemical scope and to explore the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic consequences, a series of structurally related organosilicon compounds with a 6‐sila‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole skeleton was synthesized and studied for their physicochemical properties [octanol/water distribution coefficient (pH 7.4), solubility in HBSS buffer (pH 7.4)], agonistic potency at rat GPR81 and GPR109A receptors, and intrinsic clearance in human liver microsomes and rat hepatocytes. The straightforward synthesis of these organosilicon compounds offered a valuable expansion of the chemical scope in the above‐mentioned GPR81 agonist lead series, provided potency and efficacy SAR, and yielded compounds with sub‐micromolar GPR81 potency. This work supports the value of including silicon chemistry into the toolbox of medicinal chemistry.
Performance of a new fluorescence‐labeled MMP inhibitor to image tumor MMP activity in vivo in comparison to an MMP‐activatable probe
Authors: Waschkau Bianca , Faust Andreas , Schäfers Michael , Bremer Christoph
Published: October 2015

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade structural components of the extracellular matrix and participate in pathologies such as cancer and inflammatory disorders. The development of novel contrast agents for optical imaging of MMP activity in vivo is of great interest. The commonly used near‐infrared fluorescence‐compatible agents are dye‐quenched probes that do not emit fluorescence until they interact with MMPs. In contrast, fluorescent synthetic low‐molecular‐weight MMP inhibitors have not been systematically employed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of our recently developed Cy5.5‐labeled MMP inhibitor to image MMP activity in tumors in vivo compared with activatable fluorescent MMP‐sensing probes. The dynamic uptake of Cy5.5‐AF489 into four different tumor entities was analyzed in xenografted mice by intravenous injection and subsequent fluorescence reflectance imaging. Tumors were characterized in regard to their MMP‐2 and −9 mRNA expressions (qRT‐PCR analysis), proteins (immunohistochemistry) and gelatinase/collagenase activities (in situ zymography). Cy5.5‐AF489 was compared with MMPSenseTM 680 and MMPSenseTM 750 FAST, two commercially available MMP‐activatable probes. Cy5.5‐AF489 showed a specific tumor uptake, which was blocked by pre‐injection of the unlabeled MMPI, and discriminated between tumors with high or low MMP‐2/‐9 expressions. Our optical probe facilitated faster visualization of MMP‐active tumors accompanied by excellent tumor‐to‐background ratios when compared with activatable probes. The MMP inhibitor Cy5.5‐AF489 permits fast in vivo imaging of MMP expression/activity in tumors. Given its small molecular weight and non‐peptidic structure, translational imaging from a preclinical application to a diagnostic tool for MMP‐related diseases seems feasible. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of melanoma extent and melanoma metastases invasion using electron paramagnetic resonance and bioluminescence imaging
Authors: Godechal Quentin , Defresne Florence , Danhier Pierre , Leveque Philippe , Porporato Paolo Ettore , Sonveaux Pierre , Baurain Jean‐François , Feron Olivier , Gallez Bernard
Published: October 2015

The clinical outcome of melanoma depends on the local and distant spread of the disease at the time of diagnosis, as the estimated 5‐year survival rate is about 100% for superficial melanoma diagnosed early, but less than 10% for melanoma that has disseminated to major organs such as lungs. There is a crucial need for new effective methods for the detection and the characterization of melanomas. In the pre‐clinical setting, this will help to understand the factors that contribute to the malignancy while the transfer into the clinic will contribute to an early effective treatment of patients. Melanoma lesions can be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) using paramagnetic properties of melanin pigments. As part of the development of EPR imaging to characterize melanomas, we evaluated in the present study the usefulness of EPR to report on the extension of lung metastases by comparing the method with bioluminescence imaging using B16 melanoma cells expressing luciferase. B16 melanoma cells were injected subcutaneously or intravenously in C57/BL6 mice. The primary tumors or the lung colonization by melanoma cells was measured after several delay periods to obtain several degrees of invasiveness. The animals were measured in‐vivo with bioluminescence after i.v. injection of luciferin. The primary tumors or lungs were then excised. After freeze‐drying, the content of melanin in lungs was measured and imaged by EPR at 9 GHz. We observed a direct relationship between the EPR intensity and the bioluminescence intensity. Another tumor model (KHT sarcoma), non‐pigmented but expressing luciferase, was used to confirm that the EPR signal was directly linked to the melanin pigment present in the tumors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of ZnO luminescent nanoparticles in labeling mice
Authors: Pan Zhan‐Yan , Liang Jun , Zheng Zhi‐Zhong , Wang Huan‐Huan , Xiong Huan‐Ming
Published: October 2015

Photoluminescent ZnO@polymer core–shell nanoparticles were used in mouse imaging through intradermal injections and intravenous injections, and the results proved that such ZnO fluorescence probes are nontoxic to live mice and have great potential in in vivo applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entropy, Large Deviations, and Scaling Limits
Authors: Varadhan S. R. S.
Published: October 2015

We often model the evolution of a complex system at the lowest or micro level because that is what makes the most physical sense. But if the system is large, we invariably want answers to questions posed on the larger macro or global scale. This then involves the study of equations with a large number of variables and extracting useful information from their solutions. The macroscopic quantities of interest may not contain complete information about the microscopic variables that drive their evolution. Something has to be done to obtain a closed system of equations for quantities of interest. Different contexts require different approaches. We are concerned here with the evolution of large systems of interacting particles or field variables that have some built‐in noise and outline some of the work done at the Institute during the last 25 years. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synchronization of nonlinear master–slave systems under input delay and slope‐restricted input nonlinearity
Authors: Riaz Muhammad , Rehan Muhammad , Ashraf Muhammad
Published: October 2015

This article addresses the synchronization of nonlinear master–slave systems under input time‐delay and slope‐restricted input nonlinearity. The input nonlinearity is transformed into linear time‐varying parameters belonging to a known range. Using the linear parameter varying (LPV) approach, applying the information of delay range, using the triple‐integral‐based Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and utilizing the bounds on nonlinear dynamics of the nonlinear systems, nonlinear matrix inequalities for designing a simple delay‐range‐dependent state feedback control for synchronization of the drive and response systems is derived. The proposed controller synthesis condition is transformed into an equivalent but relatively simple criterion that can be solved through a recursive linear matrix inequality based approach by application of cone complementary linearization algorithm. In contrast to the conventional adaptive approaches, the proposed approach is simple in design and implementation and is capable to synchronize nonlinear oscillators under input delays in addition to the slope‐restricted nonlinearity. Further, time‐delays are treated using an advanced delay‐range‐dependent approach, which is adequate to synchronize nonlinear systems with either higher or lower delays. Furthermore, the resultant approach is applicable to the input nonlinearity, without using any adaptation law, owing to the utilization of LPV approach. A numerical example is worked out, demonstrating effectiveness of the proposed methodology in synchronization of two chaotic gyro systems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 220–233, 2016
A clinicopathological study of peripheral lymph nodes in HIV‐infected patients with special reference to CD4+ T‐cell counts: Experience from a tertiary care institution in Darjeeling (India)
Authors: Mandal Rupali , Mondal Krishnendu , Datta Saikat , Chakrabarti Indranil , Giri Amita , Goswami Bidyut Krishna
Published: October 2015

Background

HIV/AIDS is a major health burden worldwide. India bears the third highest HIV‐patients load globally. In the Darjeeling district, HIV‐prevalence is >1% with very little known about the profile of HIV‐lymphadenopathy. The aim of this study was to identify the different causes of peripheral lymphadenopathy among HIV–infected patients in this region, correlate them with CD4+ T‐cell counts and formulate some common clinico‐haematological parameters as potential predictors of CD4+ T‐cell count.

Methods

In the present study, 76 cases were evaluated. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was performed as an out‐patient procedure in the Department of Pathology. Smears were stained routinely with Haematoxylin‐Eosin and Leishman stains. ZN stains were done when indicated by the cytological findings. Immediate CD4+ T‐cell count was obtained by referring the patients to the Anti‐retroviral therapy centre.

Results

Cytological diagnoses included tuberculosis (82.9%), reactive hyperplasia (6.6%), nonspecific granulomatous lesions (3.9%), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (2.6%), histoplasmosis (2.6%) and simultaneous filariasis with toxoplasmosis (1.3%). Statistically, the opportunistic infections and lymphomas significantly concurred with a CD4+ T‐cell count <350/μl. Likewise, the number of enlarged lymph nodes and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) were found to be useful predictors of CD4+ T‐cell counts.

Conclusions

Lymph node cytology in HIV‐infected patients is essential to identify opportunistic infections from neoplastic lesions and; to enable therapeutic strategies. Correlation of lesions with mean CD4+ T‐cell count predicts personal immunity, stage of disease and disease activity. Furthermore, enlarged lymph node numbers and ALC can be surrogate markers of CD4+ T‐cell count for monitoring the severity of the immune suppression in under‐resourced countries like India. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:971–977. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antibiotics for the common cold—do they work?
Authors: Robinson Joan
Published: October 2015

Eco‐paediatrics is an occasional feature in Evidence‐Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal. Our goal is to contribute to the worldwide discussion on reducing waste in health care. In each instalment, we will select a recent Cochrane review highlighting a practice, still in use, which the available evidence tells us should be discontinued.
A lane detection algorithm for personal vehicles
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuyuki , Watanabe Kajiro , Ohkubo Tomoyuki , Kurihara Yosuke
Published: October 2015

By the term “personal vehicle,” we mean a simple and lightweight vehicle expected to emerge as a personal ground transportation device. The motorcycle, electric wheelchair, and motor‐powered bicycle are examples of the personal vehicle and have been developed for personal transportation use. Recently, a new type of intelligent personal vehicle called the Segway has been developed, which is controlled and stabilized by using on‐board intelligent multiple sensors. The demand for such personal vehicles is increasing: (1) to enhance human mobility, (2) to support mobility for elderly persons, and (3) to reduce environmental load. With the rapid growth of the personal vehicle market, the number of accidents caused by human error is also increasing. These accidents are associated with driving capabilities; to enhance or support driving capabilities as well as to prevent accidents, intelligent assistance is necessary. One of the most important elementary functions for personal vehicles is robust lane detection. In this paper, we develop a robust lane detection method for personal vehicles in outdoor environments. The proposed lane detection method employs a 360° omnidirectional camera and unique robust image processing algorithm. In order to detect lanes, a combination of the template matching technique and the Hough transform is employed. The validity of the proposed lane detection algorithm was confirmed with a prototype vehicle under various types of sunshine conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(4): 23–32, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21193
UV‐Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of the Simplest 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaboroles [(CHNH)2BX, X = H, CN]
Authors: Chrostowska Anna , Dargelos Alain , Baylère Patrick , Darrigan Clovis , Weber Lothar , Halama Johannes
Published: October 2015

Flash vacuum thermolysis of N,N′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaborole (1) and N,N′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐cyano‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaborole (2) has been performed with a progressive increase in temperature and direct analysis of the gaseous flow by UV‐photoelectron spectroscopy. The generation of isobutene was confirmed by its PE bands, and the formation of 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaborole (1′) and 2‐cyano‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaborole (2′) has also been evidenced. These experimental results have been corroborated by TDDFT and OVGF calculations of the ionization energies.
Electrophile‐Mediated Reactions of Functionalized Propargylic Substrates
Authors: Urbanaitė Aurelija , Jonušis Mantas , Bukšnaitienė Rita , Balkaitis Simonas , Čikotienė Inga
Published: October 2015

Metal‐free halogen, chalcogen, or oxocarbenium ion mediated yne‐carbonyl or yne‐thioxo transformations of a range of N‐ and O‐propargylic compounds have been studied. This investigation has led to the development of a mild, economic, and effective method for the synthesis of functionalized 4H‐1,3‐oxazines, 4H‐1,3‐thiazines, 4,5‐dihydrothiazoles, and α‐substituted enones. The structure of the propargylic substrate and the nature of electrophile influence both the outcome and regioselectivity of processes.
One‐Carbon Homologation of Primary Alcohols and the Reductive Homologation of Aldehydes Involving a Jocic‐Type Reaction
Authors: Li Zhexi , Gupta Manoj K. , Snowden Timothy S.
Published: October 2015

(Trichloromethyl)carbinols, which are formed in one operation from either alcohols or aldehydes, can be converted into primary alcohols in a Jocic‐type reaction involving LiBH4. The net result is a convenient two‐step, one‐carbon homologation of primary alcohols or a reductive one‐carbon homologation of aldehydes featuring a broad substrate scope. The method is step‐economical, and it nicely complements established one‐carbon homologation strategies.
A three‐dimensional multiphysics modeling of thin‐film amorphous silicon solar cells
Authors: Ghahremani Ahmadreza , Fathy Aly E.
Published: October 2015

A 3D multiphysics simulation toolbox for thin‐film amorphous silicon solar cells has been developed. The simulation is rigorous and is based on developing three modules: first to analyze light propagation using electromagnetic techniques, second to account for charge generation and transportation based on the physics of the semiconductor device, and third including electrode modeling by applying electrostatic techniques. Published results of a P‐I‐N thin‐film amorphous silicon solar cell fabricated on a thick glass and experimentally evaluated was used as a vehicle to validate our 3D multiphysics toolbox and demonstrate its capabilities. The toolbox utilizes COMSOL for solving the partial differential equations describing the three modules, and MATLAB to input data, control the solver, and provides the coupling between the three modules. The developed toolbox was used to investigate both the effect of embedding Metallic Nanoparticles (MNPs) and the impact of defects on the external quantum efficiency. The simulator, besides being rigorous, is suitable to model various types of solar cells (organic, inorganic, thick film, thin film, heterojunction, or plasmonic) as well.
Edge‐based reconstruction schemes for unstructured tetrahedral meshes
Authors: Abalakin Ilya , Bakhvalov Pavel , Kozubskaya Tatiana
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we consider edge‐based reconstruction (EBR) schemes for solving the Euler equations on unstructured tetrahedral meshes. These schemes are based on a high‐accuracy quasi‐1D reconstruction of variables on an extended stencil along the edge‐based direction. For an arbitrary tetrahedral mesh, the EBR schemes provide higher accuracy in comparison with most second‐order schemes at rather low computational costs. The EBR schemes are built in the framework of vertex‐centered formulation for the point‐wise values of variables.

Here, we prove the high accuracy of EBR schemes for uniform grid‐like meshes, introduce an economical implementation of quasi‐one‐dimensional reconstruction and the resulting new scheme of EBR family, estimate the computational costs, and give new verification results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auf gute Nachbarschaft
Authors: Hinz Thomas , Wöhler Thomas , Freitag Markus
Published: October 2015

Soziale Integration einmal anders: Wie gelingt die Eingliederung von Migranten fern der problembeladenen sozialen Brennpunkte? Eine deutsch‐schweizerische Studie untersucht das Miteinander von Zuwanderern und Einheimischen in kleineren und mittleren Städten.
Weiter voran mit der Gleichstellung
Authors: Dzwonnek Dorothee
Published: October 2015

Getrübte Bilanz: Die Gleichstellung in der deutschen Wissenschaft hat deutliche Fortschritte gemacht. Doch noch immer ist der Frauenanteil auf den einzelnen Karrierestufen und speziell in Leitungspositionen zu niedrig. Für die DFG ist das Anlass für noch intensiveres Engagement.
Trommeln für die Wissenschaft
Authors: Finetti Marco
Published: October 2015

Drei Tage intensive Diskussionen über die Zukunft des Wissenschaftssystems in Deutschland und die eigene Rolle darin: Die DFG nutzte ihr Berliner Treffen zu einer klaren Positionierung als Sachwalterin erkenntnisgeleiteter Grundlagenforschung
Sherwin B. Nuland
Authors: Traverse Lyn D.
Published: October 2015

Sherwin Nuland's contributions to the field of bioethics were many. In reaching the lay public, How We Die did much for end‐of‐life care, demythologizing the process of dying and helping doctors, patients, and families discuss death more honestly and openly. Ultimately, Shep taught me as much about life as he did about death.
From Applied Ethics to Narrative Ethics: The Rationality and Morality of Telling Stories in Bioethics
Authors: Hoffmaster Barry
Published: October 2015

A commentary on a special report, titled Narrative Ethics: The Role of Stories in Bioethics, that appeared with the January‐February 2014 issue.
Time to Breathe
Authors: Milliken Aimee
Published: October 2015

As health care providers, we become all too familiar with suppressing our emotions, putting on a brave face, and going through the necessary motions at the bedside. We power through these emotionally charged scenarios day after day, patient after patient. We try to remain serene, to appear calm, and to exude confidence, competence, and professionalism. We deliver life‐altering news to devastated families; we sit at dying patients’ bedsides and hold their hands as their hearts stop; we deplete ourselves physically and emotionally when a healthy patient takes a turn for the worse. We skillfully manage the natural process of another person's body decompensating while we hold back our tears, sadness, or sense of defeat.

And then we take a deep breath and walk into the next room to see the next patient. We betray our inner turmoil by putting on a smiling face, by focusing on facts, by completing necessary tasks.
A Fading Decision
Authors: Fewing Ross , Kirk Timothy W. , Meisel Alan
Published: October 2015

Mrs. F, seventy‐five, was diagnosed with Alzheimer's. She and her spouse often discussed how to handle the progression of the disease. She was adamant about not coming to the point where she would be unable to recognize herself, her husband, or their son and daughter. The manner she chose was voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED), and she chose a specific date on which to carry out her plan. She asked her husband to promise, should she ever waver and request nutrition or hydration, to remind her of the reasons she had chosen for pursuing this path.

Mrs. F's ability to function was beginning to wax and wane. Sometimes she was her old self, and sometimes she had no recollection of her past identity. After she voluntarily stopped eating and drinking, the couple's promise created a dilemma for her professional caregivers. She asked for food and drink. Her husband and family reminded her of the reasons she had chosen VSED: “Remember, you didn't want to live in a nursing home, and you didn't want us to be responsible for caring for you at home. You believe that stopping eating and drinking will allow you to die with dignity.” Although they also asked Mrs. F, “What do you want to do?” the family asked the professional caregivers to respect her original choice to stop eating and drinking. Mrs. F still evidenced decision‐making capacity but often did not recall having chosen VSED. She again requested food and drink, from family and the professional caregivers.

Can VSED be carried out for a patient whose advanced dementia makes disciplined voluntary action difficult?
Advance Directives, Dementia, and Withholding Food and Water by Mouth
Authors: Menzel Paul T. , Chandler‐Cramer M. Colette
Published: October 2015

Competent patients have considerable legal authority to control life‐and‐death care. They may refuse medical life support, including medically delivered food and fluids. Even when they are not in need of any life‐saving care, they may expedite death by refusing food and water by mouth—voluntarily stopping eating and drinking, or VSED. Neither right is limited to terminal illness. In addition, in four U.S. states, competent patients, if terminally ill, may obtain lethal drugs for aid‐in‐dying.

For people who have dementia and are no longer competent, however, control over the end of life is much less extensive. They may have written a clear advance directive for refusing life‐saving care in specified circumstances yet subsequently find themselves living for years in severe dementia with no need for life‐saving care that could be refused. Chronic progressive dementia is not itself life threatening until its very final stage. Even in jurisdictions that permit active aid‐in‐dying, individuals with advanced dementia are not eligible; they lack the required current competence, and they are seldom deemed terminally ill. As for the right to VSED, its very name—voluntarily stopping eating and drinking—is seen as excluding noncompetent persons.

One option for ensuring that one does not live years in severe dementia is to use advance directives to withhold food and water by mouth. The driving element behind VSED is that forcing people to ingest food is as objectionable an intrusion on bodily integrity, privacy, and liberty as imposing unwanted medical treatment. Thus, if incompetent people do not lose their rights to refuse life‐saving treatment, and if people when competent have just as strong a right to VSED as they do to refuse life‐saving treatment, then people do not lose their right to VSED when incompetent either. They only have to exercise it by AD.
Diastereoselective and Efficient Synthesis of Indeno[2″,1″: 4′,5′]furo[3′,2′: 5,6]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4,6(1H,3H)‐trione and 6‐(2,3‐Dihydro‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dioxo‐1H‐inden‐2‐yl)‐5,8‐dihydropyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4,7(1H,3H,6H)‐trione Derivatives
Authors: Saberi Dariush , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad Reza , Esmaeili Reza
Published: October 2015

A diastereoselective synthesis of some new N‐containing heterocyclic compounds, indeno[2″,1″: 4′,5′]furo[3′,2′: 5,6]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4,6(1H,3H)‐trione derivatives, is presented. Products were obtained in good to excellent yields by the reaction of amino(thio)uracils with 2‐hydroxy‐2‐(3‐oxobut‐1‐en‐2‐yl)‐2H‐indene‐1,3‐dione in AcOH under reflux conditions. Also, a simple and efficient method was introduced for the synthesis of 6‐(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dioxo‐1H‐inden‐2‐yl)‐5,8‐dihydropyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4,7(1H,3H,6H)‐triones via the reaction of amino(thio)uracils and methyl 2‐(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dioxo‐1H‐inden‐2‐yl)acrylate. The simple procedure and easy work‐up, high yields, short reaction times, and diastereoselectivity of the reaction are salient features of this method. The structural assignments are supported by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and X‐ray crystallography data.
Synthesis of Phenanthrene Derivatives through the Reaction of an α,α‐Dicyanoolefin with α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Hosseini Seyed Yasub , Sedighian Hadi , Bayat Fahimeh
Published: October 2015

Phenanthrene derivatives were prepared by reacting an α,α‐dicyanoolefin with different α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds resulting from Wittig reaction of ninhydrin and phosphanylidene or condensation of barbituric acid and an aldehyde. The easy procedure, mild and metal‐catalyst free, reaction conditions, good yields, and no need for chromatographic purifications are important features of this protocol. The structures of the product of type 3 and 5 were corroborated spectroscopically (IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and EI‐MS). A plausible mechanism for this type of reaction is proposed (Scheme 1).
Promoting Employee Flexibility Through HR Practices
Authors: Beltrán‐Martín Inmaculada , Roca‐Puig Vicente
Published: October 2015

Current competitive environments have created a growing interest in employee flexibility in firms. Recently researchers have differentiated between two facets of employee flexibility: behavior flexibility and skill flexibility. This study proposes a model of relationships between these two facets of employee flexibility and the extent to which HR practices influence them. This model is tested by estimating structural equation models on a sample of 226 commercial departments in Spanish companies. The results of the study show that the two facets of employee flexibility are interrelated, in that skill flexibility influences behavior flexibility. Furthermore, findings confirm the influence of job enrichment on employee flexibility and the significant effect of the internal fit among HR practices on employee flexibility. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SPECT reconstruction with sub‐sinogram acquisitions
Authors: Hwang DoSik , Lee Jeong‐Whan , Zeng Gengsheng L.
Published: October 2015

Described herein are the advantages of using sub‐sinograms for single photon emission computed tomography image reconstruction. A sub‐sinogram is a sinogram acquired with an entire data acquisition protocol, but in a fraction of the total acquisition time. A total‐sinogram is the summation of all sub‐sinograms. Images can be reconstructed from the total‐sinogram or from sub‐sinograms and then be summed to produce the final image. For a linear reconstruction method such as the filtered backprojection algorithm, there is no advantage of using sub‐sinograms. However, for nonlinear methods such as the maximum likelihood (ML) expectation maximization algorithm, the use of sub‐sinograms can produce better results. The ML estimator is a random variable, and one ML reconstruction is one realization of the random variable. The ML solution is better obtained via the mean value of the random variable of the ML estimator. Sub‐sinograms can provide many realizations of the ML estimator. We show that the use of sub‐sinograms can produce better estimations for the ML solution than can the total‐sinogram and can also reduce the statistical noise within iteratively reconstructed images. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 247–252, 2011;
GLOBAL INVENTORY OF CLOSED‐OFF TIDAL BASINS AND DEVELOPMENTS AFTER THE CLOSURE
Authors: Schultz Bart , Hayde Laszlo , Sang‐Hyun Park , Tanaka Kiichiro
Published: October 2015

Closed‐off tidal basin reclamation represents a special type of reclamation. In several countries enclosing dams have been built to close off estuaries, shallow seas, or lagoons, and lands up to 5~6 m − MSL (below mean sea level) have been reclaimed in the former tidal basins. Although these areas were generally primarily reclaimed for agriculture, a second‐stage development may have taken place where parts of these lands were transferred to urban and industrial use. The originally saline water in the created reservoirs was transformed to fresh water that may be used for irrigation, domestic and/or industrial water supply. In several of these reservoirs there are water quality problems, primarily due to pollution in upstream parts of the river basins.

In 2007 the Enclosing Dam of the Zuiderzee Scheme in the Netherlands had existed for 75 years. This occasion was used to conduct a global inventory of closed‐off tidal basin reclamation on which this paper is based. The study shows that closed‐off tidal basin reclamation concerns 25 schemes with a total area of 738 000 ha, of which 337 000 ha have been reclaimed and 401 000 ha freshwater reservoirs have been created.

This paper presents a summarized overview. Attention is paid to safety, land use and changes in it, development of water quality in the reservoirs, as well as to land subsidence and possible impacts of climate change, like rise in mean sea level. In time this may have implications for safety of the deep polders, the management of the reservoirs as well as for the sustainable development of tidal areas in the future. These items are presented for four major tidal reclamation schemes: the Zuiderzee Scheme in the Netherlands, the Saemangeum Scheme in South Korea, the Kuttanad Region in India and the Hachirogata Scheme in Japan. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
APPLICATION OF A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TO SUSTAINABLE LOWLAND PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN YUNLIN AREA, TAIWAN
Authors: Wang Hsiao‐Wen , Yang Chun‐Yao , Kuo Pin‐Han
Published: October 2015

Sustainable approaches are recognized as a necessity for lowland planning and management. The spatial dimension of sustainability engages relations between different land uses, ecosystems, and human effects at different scales and over time. Yunlin County, located in south‐western Taiwan, has abundant natural resources but has been suffering from flooding and land subsidence for a long time. With the effects of climate change, lowland management in this area is becoming complicated. Possible strategies should thus be considered and conveyed to decision‐makers in the most efficient and transparent way, so as to redirect further discussion towards the conflicting aspects.

The study evaluated the possible consequences of three planning scenarios on safety, economic, and ecological resources as a whole based on the future developing trend. The scenarios were then compared by applying OSIRIS, a decision and evaluation support system, to highlight the conflicting sites and to propose an optimal strategy. The results illustrated that the current lowland management policy is not effective and sustainable. Instead, the Coastal Conservation Green Way scenario might not only ease flood threat but also provide ecological benefit. The study could thus contribute to enhanced communication between stakeholders and help achieve sustainable lowland management. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CATCHMENT WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TIDAL AREAS
Authors: Choi Joong‐Dae , Lim Kyoung‐Jae , Won Chul‐Hee
Published: October 2015

Controlling the water quality of a freshwater reservoir that has been created by a tidal land reclamation project is never easy and presents great challenges to engineers and administrators. One of the major factors affecting the water quality of a freshwater reservoir created by tidal area development is pollution entering from catchment areas through rivers and streams. Pollution in a catchment is classified by two sources, point source and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. Point source pollution must be eliminated by adopting cutting‐edge treatment technologies, while NPS pollution is controlled and managed effectively by adopting best management practices (BMPs) in both rural and urban areas for a sustainable development of tidal areas. About 70% of total pollution is NPS pollution and strategies and policies need to be adopted to counter this. NPS pollution is mostly generated and transported by rainfall runoff and groundwater. It is very important to make every effort to minimize runoff during rainfall to reduce NPS pollution. Both runoff and groundwater qualities can be controlled and managed successfully by applying BMPs, enforcing strict legal requirements and supporting participatory catchment management activities. Principles of natural attenuation mechanisms must be applied together with BMPs to ensure the fast and effective decomposition and transformation of the pollutants removed by BMPs. In addition to technological approaches, systematic support for ongoing education, incentives, and legal enforcement of antipollution laws can all help to encourage participatory catchment management activities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MONITORING OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER SALINITY IN LIVESTOCK MANURE APPLICATIONS TO RECLAIMED TIDAL LAND
Authors: Hong Eun Mi , Choi Jin‐Yong , Yoo Seung‐Hwan , Nam Won Ho
Published: October 2015

Reclaimed tidal lands have been developed to provide quality cropland in Korea, mainly for rice cultivation. However, due to rice overproduction, diverse developments of reclaimed land are required for economic and industrial utility. One of the recent plans for developing these areas is to establish a poplar forest in the reclaimed tidal land for green space creation. To establish such a forest, typical problems such as soil salinity, unfavourable soil chemical composition, and a high groundwater table with poor drainage must be addressed. To investigate the effectiveness of low concentration liquid manure (LCLM) application in desalinization, we monitored shallow groundwater salinity in a reclaimed tidal poplar forest including electrical conductivity (EC), pH, cations, anions, T‐N and T‐P. The EC, Na+ and K+ are of lowest average concentration in the LCLM plots, but highest in the control (undrained) plot during and after LCLM application. And those in the control (drained, undrained) plots showed greater salt leaching and accumulation than the LCLM plots. LCLM application plots had lower salinity than control plots, indicating that LCLM application may be an effective desalinization measure. However, because of the high groundwater levels in reclaimed land, applying LCLM may cause shallow or soil water quality problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SEDIMENTS OF THE TAINAN COASTAL AREA, ANPING HARBOR AND TAINAN CANAL, SOUTHWESTERN TAIWAN
Authors: Chen Ping , Liu Ta‐Kang
Published: October 2015

Heavy metal (Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Hg and As) concentrations were analyzed in surface sediments collected from the southwestern coast of Taiwan, the adjacent area of Anping Harbor, and the Tainan Canal. The results clearly indicate that smaller mean grain size and elevated mud content are observed close to Anping Harbor and fishing port. Grain‐size normalized metal concentrations show large spatial variation, and metal distributions in the Tainan coastal sediments are clearly affected by terrestrial river inputs based on the locations of elevated metal concentrations. Heavy metal concentrations in the Tainan Canal sediments are significantly higher than those from the offshore area. Moreover, elevated Igeo (geo‐accumulation index) values also indicate that the Canal sediments were either moderately or strongly contaminated with Zn and Hg. The varying metal concentrations in sediments near the mouth of Anping Harbor with data from December 2002 to January 2005, suggest no clear trends during phases I and II of dredging of the canal and no abnormal concentrations occurred during the dredging period. This result indicates that the metal contaminated sediments are trapped in the canal and then been removed during dredging. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pointing Out Frequent Phrasal Verbs: A Corpus‐Based Analysis
Authors: GARDNER DEE , DAVIES MARK
Published: October 2015

This study attempts to shed new light on one of the most notoriously challenging aspects of English language instruction—the English phrasal verbs. The highest frequency phrasal verb constructions in the 100‐million‐word British National Corpus are identified and analyzed. The findings indicate that a small subset of 20 lexical verbs combines with eight adverbial particles (160 combinations) to account for more than one half of the 518,923 phrasal verb occurrences identified in the megacorpus. A more specific analysis indicates that only 25 phrasal verbs account for nearly one third of all phrasal‐verb occurrences in the British National Corpus, and 100 phrasal verbs account for more than one half of all such items. Subsequent semantic analyses show that these 100 high‐frequency phrasal verb forms have potentially 559 variant‐meaning senses. The authors discuss how learners, teachers, and materials developers might utilize the findings of the study to improve instruction of phrasal verbs in English language education.
Alternative Contexts of Language Policy and Planning in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: OMONIYI TOPE
Published: October 2015

My main contention in this article is that the nation‐state paradigm for policies targeted at effecting development in sub‐Saharan Africa is undermined by arbitrary colonial boundaries and porous borders and the challenges of transnationalism as part of the globalization phenomenon in late modernity. The nation‐state paradigm is also the framework for guaranteed dominance of English and French, the two main excolonial official languages of sub‐Saharan Africa, because the indigenous languages, at least theoretically, operate within ethnic boundaries. I cite evidence of internal migration and displacement across national boundaries to argue that policies which are coterminous with these boundaries motivate people to move. I suggest that the treatment of boundaries as zones of continuity rather than discontinuity will allow for the development of stronger interstate agencies within which framework projects may be better managed. I present evidence of the difficulty in pushing macro—language policy and planning and make a case for micro—language policy and planning not only as a more viable alternative in the region but also one for which success is easier to measure.
Differential Item Functioning on an English Listening Test Across Gender
Authors: PARK GI‐PYO
Published: October 2015

TESOL Quarterly invites readers to submit short reports and updates on their work. These summaries may address any areas of interest to Quarterly readers.
Globalization and Language Learning in Rural Japan: The Role of English in the Local Linguistic Ecology
Authors: KUBOTA RYUKO , MCKAY SANDRA
Published: October 2015

Drawing on a study of current language use in a rural community in Japan, we question to what extent English actually does serve today as a lingua franca in multilingual, internationally diverse communities. Specifically, we report on a critical ethnography of a small Japanese community with a growing number of non—English‐speaking immigrants, largely from Brazil but also from China, Peru, Korea, and Thailand. We investigate how people in the community view and engage in local linguistic diversity and how this is related to their subjectivities and to their experiences in learning and using English. We analyzed the public report of a community survey on diversity conducted by the city and interviewed three Japanese volunteer leaders who are teachers and learners of English and two Japanese who study Portuguese in order to support the local Brazilian migrant workers. Based on our findings, we highlight four emergent themes that provide insights into the significance of learning English in a linguistically diverse context. We also discuss the pedagogical implications of the local linguistic ecology for the teaching and learning of English.
REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: HAWKINS MARGARET , PRODROMOU LUKE
Published: October 2015

Language and Globalisation Norman Fairclough

Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows Alastair Pennycook

English as a Lingua Franca: Attitude and Identity Jennifer Jenkins
On Regularity and Regulation, Health Claims and Hype
Authors: Marks Jonathan H.
Published: October 2015

There is “a broad trend in the food industry—using nutrition‐related claims to market products when the scientific substantiation that consumers will actually benefit is weak or non‐existent. … Going after them one‐by‐one with the legal and resource constraints [that the Food and Drug Administration] work[s] under is a little like playing Whac‐a‐Mole, with one hand tied behind your back.”
The Ethics of Synthetic Biology: Guiding Principles for Emerging Technologies
Authors: GUTMANN AMY
Published: October 2015

Some call synthetic biology an epochal development—the start of a new industrial revolution, the moment humans learned to be gods. Others think it is an incremental advance with an iffy payoff. In these essays, the chair of the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues and participants from a recent Hastings project examine the social challenge it presents.
Barriers and Supports to Substance Abuse Service Use Among Homeless Adults
Authors: Brubaker Michael D. , Amatea Ellen A. , Torres‐Rivera Edil , Miller M. David , Nabors Laura
Published: October 2015

Although there is a great need for substance abuse services among the homeless, many homeless individuals do not use those services. This study examined barriers and supports related to service use. Participants recognized a need for treatment and significant barriers to accessing care.
Do Cultural Attitudes Matter? The Role of Cultural Orientation on Academic Self‐Concept Among Black/African College Students
Authors: Williams Wendi S. , Chung Y. Barry
Published: October 2015

The authors explored the relationship between academic self‐concept and noncognitive variables (i.e., Africentric cultural orientation, academic class level, gender, and involvement in culturally relevant school and community activities) among Black/African college students. Results indicated that Africentric cultural orientation and academic class level were significantly related to academic self‐concept. Female students had higher scores on the Academic Self‐Concept Scale (Reynolds, Ramirez, Magrina, & Allen, 1980) compared with their male peers. Implications for counseling practice and future research are discussed.
1.2.1 Use Cases and Non‐functional Requirements Presented in Compact System Description A3s
Authors: Nilsen Anders Fuglesteg , Muller Gerrit
Published: October 2015

Translating stakeholder requirements into system requirements is important for guiding the detailed design towards a solution that meets the stakeholder needs. The methods typically used today in the company do not sufficiently capture performance requirements. We combined the functional and non‐functional aspects of a system in one diagram. We used compact system description A3s to communicate the diagram and other system information to stakeholders.

We showed that presenting functions through use cases, annotated with non‐functional requirements, help capture the performance aspect of the system, and that compact system description A3s communicate the most important aspect of the system well.