bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cellular Phone-Based Image Acquisition and Quantitative Ratiometric Method for Detecting Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine for Biological and Forensic Applications
Authors: Cadle Brian A. , Rasmus Kristin C. , Varela Juan A. , Leverich Leah S. , O'Neill Casey E. , Bachtell Ryan K. , Cooper Donald C.
Published: March 2011

Here we describe the first report of using low-cost cellular or web-based digital cameras to image and quantify standardized rapid immunoassay strips as a new point-of-care diagnostic and forensics tool with health applications. Quantitative ratiometric pixel density analysis (QRPDA) is an automated method requiring end-users to utilize inexpensive (~ $1 USD/each) immunotest strips, a commonly available web or mobile phone camera or scanner, and internet or cellular service. A model is described whereby a central computer server and freely available IMAGEJ image analysis software records and analyzes the incoming image data with time-stamp and geo-tag information and performs the QRPDA using custom JAVA based macros ( http://www.neurocloud.org ). To demonstrate QRPDA we developed a standardized method using rapid immunotest strips directed against cocaine and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine. Images from standardized samples were acquired using several devices, including a mobile phone camera, web cam, and scanner. We performed image analysis of three brands of commercially available dye-conjugated anti-cocaine/benzoylecgonine (COC/BE) antibody test strips in response to three different series of cocaine concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 300 ng/ml and BE concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 0.1 ng/ml. This data was then used to create standard curves to allow quantification of COC/BE in biological samples. Across all devices, QRPDA quantification of COC and BE proved to be a sensitive, economical, and faster alternative to more costly methods, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, or high pressure liquid chromatography. The limit of detection was determined to be between 0.1 and 5 ng/ml. To simulate conditions in the field, QRPDA was found to be robust under a variety of image acquisition and testing conditions that varied temperature, lighting, resolution, magnification and concentrations of biological fluid in a sample. To determine the effectiveness of the QRPDA method for quantifying cocaine in biological samples, mice were injected with a sub-locomotor activating dose of cocaine (5 mg/kg; i.p.) and were found to have detectable levels of COC/BE in their urine (160.6 ng/ml) and blood plasma (8.1 ng/ml) after 15–30 minutes. By comparison rats self-administering cocaine in a 4 hour session obtained a final BE blood plasma level of 910 ng/ml with an average of 62.5 infusions. It is concluded that automated QRPDA is a low-cost, rapid and highly sensitive method for the detection of COC/BE with health, forensics, and bioinformatics application and the potential to be used with other rapid immunotest strips directed at several other targets. Thus, this report serves as a general reference and method describing the use of image analysis of lateral flow rapid test strips.
The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Bone Healing in Elderly Individuals with Colle's Fracture
Authors: Al-Mukhtar Sadeq A.
Published: March 2011

Background

Elderly men and women who smoke for many years are more likely to sustain fractures after minimal trauma than are nonsmokers. The two major risk factors for fractures are low bone mineralization density (BMD) and a propensity for falling in smokers known to have poorer neuromuscular function compared with nonsmokers. Smokers are weaker and have poorer balance, gait, and integrated physical function. Older people who smoke cigarettes have significantly lower BMD than those who do not. Cadaveric studies show that a decrease of BMD by 10% results in decrease of bone strength by three-fold. Thus, it is reasonable to expect an increased incidence of fractures among smokers on the basis of BMD level alone.

Aim

The aim of the study is to find the effects of cigarettes smoking on the time of healing in comparison with nonsmoker patients with colles fracture.

Patients and Methods

A cross-sectional study was done in AlKindy Teaching Hospital, AlKarkh General Hospital, and AlJarah Private Hospital in the period between March 1999 and February 2006. 280 patients with colles fracture were included and divided into two groups (smokers and nonsmokers). Age, sex, causes of the trauma type of the fracture, number of cigarettes smoking, body mass index, time of healing and others were studied.

Results

Group A • Male to female ratio was 1:2.29. • The commonest age group was between (60–69) years 64.3%. • Body mass index (BMI), 50% of patients were within 20–24 score and 25% were within 25–29 score. • The type of fracture was 86.6% displaced fracture. • The time of healing was 61.6% within 4 weeks and 33.93% healed within 5–6 weeks. Group B • Male to female ratio was 1:2.36. • The commonest age group was 50–59 years 52.4. • The type of fracture was 86.9% displaced. • Regarding BMI, 51.2% of patients were within score less than 20, and 34.5% were within 20–40 score. • The time of healing was 67.3% within 5–6 weeks and 18.5% healed within 4 weeks.

Conclusion

Cigarette smoking increases the time of healing in elderly individuals with colles fracture.
Intrabody-based Mapping of Latency-associated Nuclear Antigen from Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus Show Conserved Epitopes for Viral Latency Inhibition
Authors: Corte-Real Sofia , Fonseca Lídia , Barbas Carlos , Goncalves Joao
Published: March 2011

Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV or human herpesvirus 8 [HHV-8]) is a gammaherpesvirus highly associated with KS, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease, an aggressive lymphoproliferative disorder. KSHV, like other gammaherpesvirus latently infects predominantly B-cells and endothelial cells. Infected cells retain the virus from one generation to the next existing as a multicopy circular episomal DNA in the nucleus, expressing a limited subset of viral genes. Of these latently expressed genes, LANA1, the latency associated nuclear antigen is highly expressed in all forms of KS-associated malignancies. Various studies so far show that LANA1 tethers the viral episomes to host chromosomes and binds to specific sites within and close to the TR elements contributing to the stable maintenance of the viral episomes in successive daughter cells. Anti-LANA1 intrabody strategies might represent a new therapeutic approach to treatment of KSHV infections, since LANA1 is regained for KSHV latency. In addition, the use of intrabodies can help drug development by mapping LANA1 inhibiting regions. We report development of several LANA1 specific single chain antibodies from immunized rabbits that can be expressed intracellularly, bind to LANA1 epitopes and can be used for functional KSHV studies on viral latency.
Linear Dispersive Decay Estimates for the 3+1 Dimensional Water Wave Equation with Surface Tension
Authors: Spirn Daniel , Wright J. Douglas
Published: March 2011

We consider the linearization of the three-dimensional water waves equation with surface tension about a flat interface. Using oscillatory integral methods, we prove that solutions of this equation demonstrate dispersive decay at the somewhat surprising rate of t–5/6. This rate is due to competition between surface tension and gravitation at O(1) wave numbers and is connected to the fact that, in the presence of surface tension, there is a so-called “slowest wave”. Additionally, we combine our dispersive estimates with L2 type energy bounds to prove a family of Strichartz estimates.
Rational Points in Arithmetic Progressions on y2 = xn + k
Authors: Ulas Maciej
Published: March 2011

Let C be a hyperelliptic curve given by the equation y2 = f(x) for f ∈ ℤ[x] without multiple roots. We say that points Pi = (xi, yi) ∈ C(ℚ) for i = 1, 2, … , m are in arithmetic progression if the numbers xi for i = 1, 2, … , m are in arithmetic progression.

In this paper we show that there exists a polynomial k ∈ ℤ[t] with the property that on the elliptic curve ε′ : y2 = x3+k(t) (defined over the field ℚ(t)) we can find four points in arithmetic progression that are independent in the group of all ℚ(t)-rational points on the curve Ε′. In particular this result generalizes earlier results of Lee and Vélez. We also show that if n ∈ ℕ is odd, then there are infinitely many k's with the property that on curves y2 = xn + k there are four rational points in arithmetic progressions. In the case when n is even we can find infinitely many k's such that on curves y2 = xn +k there are six rational points in arithmetic progression.
SO2 and BrO observation in the plume of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano 2010: CARIBIC and GOME-2 retrievals
Authors: Heue K.-P. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Baker A. K. , Rauthe-Schöch A. , Walter D. , Wagner T. , Hörmann C. , Sihler H. , Dix B. , Frieß U. , Platt U. , Martinsson B. G. , van Velthoven P. F. J. , Zahn A. , Ebinghaus R.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The ash cloud of the Eyjafjallajökull (also referred to as: Eyjafjalla (e.g. Schumann et al., 2011), Eyjafjöll or Eyjafjoll (e.g. Ansmann et al., 2010)) volcano on Iceland caused closure of large parts of European airspace in April and May 2010. For the validation and improvement of the European volcanic ash forecast models several research flights were performed. Also the CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) flying laboratory, which routinely measures at cruise altitude (≈11 km) performed three dedicated measurements flights through sections of the ash plume. Although the focus of these flights was on the detection and quantification of the volcanic ash, we report here on sulphur dioxide (SO2) and bromine monoxide (BrO) measurements with the CARIBIC DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) instrument during the second of these special flights on 16 May 2010. As the BrO and the SO2 observations coincide, we assume the BrO to have been formed inside the volcanic plume. Average SO2 and BrO mixing ratios of ≈40 ppb and ≈5 ppt respectively are retrieved inside the plume. The BrO to SO2 ratio retrieved from the CARIBIC observation is ≈1.3×10−4. Both SO2 and BrO observations agree well with simultaneous satellite (GOME-2) observations. SO2 column densities retrieved from satellite observations are often used as an indicator for volcanic ash. As the CARIBIC O4 column densities changed rapidly during the plume observation, we conclude that the aerosol and the SO2 plume are collocated. For SO2 some additional information on the local distribution can be derived from a comparison of forward and back scan GOME-2 data. More details on the local plume size and position are retrieved by combining CARIBIC and GOME-2 data.
Isoprene oxidation mechanisms: measurements and modelling of OH and HO2 over a South-East Asian tropical rainforest during the OP3 field campaign
Authors: Stone D. , Evans M. J. , Edwards P. M. , Commane R. , Ingham T. , Rickard A. R. , Brookes D. M. , Hopkins J. , Leigh R. J. , Lewis A. C. , Monks P. S. , Oram D. , Reeves C. E. , Stewart D. , Heard D. E.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Forests are the dominant source of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere, with isoprene being the most significant species. The oxidation chemistry of these compounds is a significant driver of local, regional and global atmospheric composition. Observations made over Borneo during the OP3 project in 2008, together with an observationally constrained box model are used to assess our understanding of this oxidation chemistry. In line with previous work in tropical forests, we find that the standard model based on MCM chemistry significantly underestimates the observed OH concentrations. Geometric mean observed to modelled ratios of OH and HO2 in airmasses impacted with isoprene are 5.32−4.43+3.68 and 1.18−0.30+0.30 respectively, with 68% of the observations being within the specified variation. We implement a variety of mechanistic changes into the model, including epoxide formation and unimolecular decomposition of isoprene peroxy radicals, and assess their impact on the model success. We conclude that none of the current suggestions can simultaneously remove the bias from both OH and HO2 simulations and believe that detailed laboratory studies are now needed to resolve this issue.
Correlation between air-sea heat fluxes over the Aegean Sea and the total precipitable water over Europe and North Africa
Authors: Papadopoulos V. P. , Bartzokas A. , Chronis T. , Ruiz S. , Zarokanellos N. , Ferentinos G.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The relation between the air-sea heat fluxes in the Aegean Sea and the total precipitable water (TPW) over Europe and North Africa is investigated. An one-point linear correlation between the components of surface heat exchange and TPW is employed. During winter and for the shortwave radiation, a dipole of opposite correlation (see-saw teleconnection), is observed between the northeast Europe and the East Mediterranean Sea. This pattern is inverted for the longwave radiation and especially during the summer is limited to a strong positive south pole. Both spatial correlation patterns underline the influence of cloudiness during the winter season and the specific humidity during summer on the radiative fluxes behavior. Regarding the turbulent air-sea heat flux components – latent and sensible heat – the correlation pattern is enhanced. The winter pattern exhibits positive correlation over Europe with the highest values (r>0.75) over the Balkan Peninsula. The identified correlation patterns, although they remain dominant, weaken during the summer. The herein findings suggest that the stronger relation between the TPW and the turbulent fluxes is regulated by the wind regime.
Insights from a joint analysis of Indian and Chinese monsoon rainfall data
Authors: Zhou M. , Tian F. , Lall U. , Hu H.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Monsoon rainfall is of great importance for the agricultural production in both China and India. Understanding its rule and possibility of long term prediction is a challenge for research. This paper gives a joint analysis of Indian monsoon and Chinese monsoon, finds their teleconnection to Sea Surface Temperature anomaly (SSTa) and other climate indices individually and relationship in common. The results show that northern China garners less rainfall when whole Indian rainfall is below normal. Also, with cold SSTa over the Indonesia region, more rainfall would be distributed over India and South China.
The within-day behaviour of 6 minute rainfall intensity in Australia
Authors: Western A. W. , Anderson B. , Siriwardena L. , Chiew F. H. S. , Seed A. , Blöschl G.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The statistical behaviour and distribution of high-resolution (6 min) rainfall intensity within the wet part of rainy days (total rainfall depth >10 mm) is investigated for 42 stations across Australia. This paper compares nine theoretical distribution functions (TDFs) in representing these data. Two goodness-of-fit statistics are reported: the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the fitted and observed within-day distribution; and the efficiency of prediction of the highest rainfall intensities (average intensity of the 5 highest intensity intervals). The three-parameter Generalised Pareto distribution was clearly the best performer. Good results were also obtained from Exponential, Gamma, and two-parameter Generalized Pareto distributions, each of which are two parameter functions, which may be advantageous when predicting parameter values. Results of different fitting methods are compared for different estimation techniques. The behaviour of the statistical properties of the within-day intensity distributions was also investigated and trends with latitude, Köppen climate zone (strongly related to latitude) and daily rainfall amount were identified. The latitudinal trends are likely related to a changing mix of rainfall generation mechanisms across the Australian continent.
A Mesoproterozoic continental flood rhyolite province, the Gawler Ranges, Australia: the end member example of the Large Igneous Province clan
Authors: Pankhurst M. J. , Schaefer B. F. , Betts P. G. , Phillips N. , Hand M.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Rhyolite and dacite lavas of the Mesoproterozoic upper Gawler Range Volcanics (GRV) (>30 000 km3 preserved), South Australia, represent the remnants of one of the most voluminous felsic magmatic events preserved on Earth. Geophysical interpretation suggests eruption from a central cluster of feeder vents which supplied large-scale lobate flows >100 km in length. Pigeonite inversion thermometers indicate eruption temperatures of 950–1100 °C. The lavas are A-type in composition (e.g. high Ga/Al ratios) and characterised by elevated primary halogen concentrations (~1600 ppm fluorine, ~400 ppm chlorine). These depolymerised the magma such that temperature-composition-volatile non-Arrhenian melt viscosity modelling suggests they had viscosities of <3.5 log η (Pa s). These physicochemical properties have led to the emplacement of a Large Rhyolite Province, which has affinities in emplacement style to Large Basaltic Provinces. The low viscosity of these felsic magmas has produced a unique igneous system on a scale which is either not present or poorly preserved elsewhere on the planet. The Gawler Range Volcanic Province represents the erupted portion of the felsic end member of the family of voluminous, rapidly emplaced terrestrial magmatic provinces.
Pancorneal Contact Lens with a Toric Edge: A New Concept in Keratoconus
Authors: Kamar Sizar , Vervaet Charles , Luyten Gregohus P.M. , Jager Martine J.
Published: March 2011

Purpose.

To investigate whether fitting a patient with keratoconus to a pancorneal toric rigid gas-permeable (RGP) contact lens leads to a change in corneal compression and improves the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and keratometry values.

Methods.

Thirty eyes with keratoconus were fitted with a newly designed pancorneal toric RGP contact lens. Each patient was examined at the time of enrollment and after having used the new contact lens for at least 2 months. Corneal topography was performed both times.

Results.

A change in corneal compression was noticed in 23 eyes (77%). Following the use of the pancorneal toric RGP contact lens, the average BCVA improved significantly (p=0.007), with a mean BCVA of 0.63 (SD 0.15) before and 0.70 (SD 0.18) after using the toric contact lens. No significant changes were seen in the mean vertical and horizontal K-values or the mean E-values.

Conclusions.

While no significant measurable differences in K- and E-values were observed, fitting of a pancorneal toric RGP contact lens in keratoconus led to a marked improvement in visual acuity and a visible change in corneal compression.
Bilateral Cystoid Macular Edema after Cataract Surgery Resolved by Vitrectomy
Authors: Scarpa Giuseppe
Published: March 2011

Purpose

To describe a case of bilateral postsurgical cystoid macular edema (CME) resolved by vitrectomy.

Methods

Case report.

Results

The author describes the case of a 72-year-old woman who developed bilateral CME after uneventful phacoemulsification of cataract (Irvine-Gass syndrome). Her maculae were clinically normal in both eyes before the surgery. The patient was initially treated with conventional medical therapy, with no success. Vitreomacular traction was documented after surgery and therefore vitreoretinal surgery was planned. Vitrectomy with removal of a clinically invisible epiretinal membrane in one eye and of a strongly adherent posterior hyaloid and of the internal limiting membrane in both eyes was rapidly successful in resolving the CME with full recovery of visual acuity.

Conclusions

A fractional component may add to the pathogenesis of CME. Vitrectomy should therefore be considered a treatment modality if vitreomacular traction is evident.
Lens Opacities in Valencia, Spain
Authors: Díez-Ajenjo M Amparo , García-Domene M Carmen , Artigas José M , Felipe Adelina , Peris-Martínez Cristina , Menezo José Luis
Published: March 2011

Purpose.

To evaluate the most common lens opacities in Valencia (Spain), analyzed by gender, grade, and type of cataracts. The results are compared with other studies performed at other geographical latitudes and on different races.

Methods.

A total of 1951 eyes of patients diagnosed with cataracts, aged between 30 and 96 years, were evaluated in accordance with age, gender, type and degree of the cataract, bilaterality and symmetry of this disease. Lens Opacities Classification System III was used to classify the cataract and the degree was graded as mild or moderate to advanced.

Results.

The most common type of cataract is corticonuclear in the elderly and subcapsular in younger subjects. The most common are nuclear (28.4%) followed by cortical (6.2%), if combined cataracts are ruled out. There is a greater incidence of cortical cataracts in women (70%) and subcapsular cataracts in men (70%).

Conclusions.

The results suggest the existence of a gender factor in cataract formation and coincide with those obtained in similar studies performed in areas at a similar latitude (40° N) and with different race population. The geographical location (intensity and length of exposure to solar radiation) seems to be a determining factor in the formation of a specific type of cataract, more than race, although there are other factors that contribute in the formation of a specific type of cataract.
Maintenance of Periprosthetic Bone Mineral Density with a Cementless Three Dimensional Straight Tapered Stem
Authors: Hayashi Shinya , Nishiyama Takayuki , Fujishiro Takaaki , Kanzaki Noriyuki , Hashimoto Shingo , Takebe Ken , Kurosaka Masahiro
Published: March 2011

Periprosthetic bone loss is a well documented phenomenon after cementless total hip arthroplasty. We compared the bone mineral density (BMD) in 33 patients using the three dimension taper shape stem and 13 patients with a straight component with a distal taper.

Postoperative follow-up was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMD was recorded in seven Gruen zones. BMD was correlated with clinical examination, Harris Hip Score (HHS), Body Mass Index (BMI) and age. Clinical assessment took place at 12 months post operation.

Periprosthetic BMD loss using the three dimensional straight tapered stem was consistently much less in comparison with the straight type component with a distal tapered design stem. BMD in Gruen zone 1 was maintained. There was no correlation between periprosthetic bone mineral density and clinical factors.
Revision Hip Arthroplasty Using An Extensively Porous Coated Stem: Medium Term Results
Authors: Jayakumar Prakash , Malik Ahmad K. , Islam Saif U. , Haddad Fares S.
Published: March 2011

This is a medium-term, prospective assessment of 56 revision total hip replacements using a.cementless, extensively porous-coated femoral stem.with a mean follow-up of 6 years. All implants demonstrated evidence of bony ingrowth and stable fixation with no cases of loosening, instability, deep infection, stress shielding, subsidence or osteolysis at last follow-up. Complications included two intra-operative fractures, three dislocations, one superficial infection, and one patient with thigh pain. No femoral stems were revised. Good to excellent clinical outcomes were achieved on Harris Hip Score (90% (n = 47/52), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (92% (n = 48/52), and University of California Los Angeles activity score (96% (n=50/52). This supports the use of this system in the revision hip surgery armamentarium.
Urologic Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery (LESS): Current Status
Authors: Autorino Riccardo , Kim Fernando J.
Published: March 2011

Background

The evolution of minimally invasive surgery led to the development of laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery (LESS).

Methods

A comprehensive literature electronic search was conducted in December 2010 by using PudMed as search engine to identify all publications relating to LESS in urology.

Discussion

The feasibility of almost all types of urologic procedures has been shown. Comparative series between conventional laparoscopy and LESS for different kidney procedures suggest a non-inferiority of LESS over standard laparoscopy but the only objective benefit remains an improved cosmetic outcome. Challenging ergonomics, instruments clashing, lacks of true triangulation, in-line vision are the main concerns of LESS surgery. LESS pre-bent and articulating instruments have been designed but only experienced laparoscopists and well-selected patients are pivotal for a successful LESS procedure. Da Vinci® assisted LESS procedures have been performed. The available robotic platform remains bulky, but innovative instruments and platforms may facilitate the future unrestricted development of LESS.

Conclusions

A steep learning curve limits the application of LESS procedures to well trained and experienced surgeons. Nevertheless, the adoption of LESS principles and the clinical experience with LESS techniques have significantly grown in the past few years worldwide. Improvements in the instruments and platforms will expand the application of LESS surgery, allowing us to better assess its advantages and disadvantages compared to other minimally invasive procedures.
Scribes Before and After 587 BCE: A Conversation
Authors: Leuchter Mark , Wright Jacob L. , Geoghegan Jeffrey C. , Monroe Lauren A. S.
Published: March 2011

The conversation represented here originated in a special
session at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Association for Jewish Studies that
dealt with the issue of the shifting role of scribes leading up to and following
the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem in 587 BCE. The essays situate all
scribal groups in relation to the nation's priestly tradition and circles,
address diverse matters of socio-political agenda, and identify trends in the
development of literary methodology. This conversation includes an introduction
by the editor, and contributions by M. Leuchter, Jacob L. Wright, Jeffrey C.
Geoghegan, and Lauren A. S. Monroe.
Composition, Rhetoric and Theology in Haggai 1:1–11
Authors: Assis Elie
Published: March 2011

The present analysis of Haggai 1:4-11 points at a
sophisticated structure that differs at some points from those widely accepted.
In addition, while some scholars explain the complexity of the passage as a
composite process of formation, this paper has shown a well structured sermon
designed to influence an adversary audience. The first part of the prophet’s
words (1:4-6) is meant to demonstrate to the people their erroneous approach.
The second part (1:7-9) intends to show the people the right way. The last part
of Haggai’s words (1:10-11) construes the economic stress in terms of the
covenantal relationship between God and Yehud that continues to play a central
role, as in the pre-destruction period.
Did Second Temple High Priests Possess the Urim and Thummim?
Authors: Fried Lisbeth S.
Published: March 2011

According to TB Yoma 21b, the urim and the thummim and the
spirit of prophecy were among the things missing from the Second Temple.
According to Ezra 2:61-63 (Neh.7:63-65), they were missing from the time of the
return. Josephus suggests, however, that the urim and thummim stopped shining,
that is they ceased to function, only around 104 BCE, about the time of John
Hyrcanus’ death. According to Josephus, then, second temple high priests
consulted urim and thummim. To decide between these two claims, we examine
second temple texts dated to the period before Hyrcanus’ death. These texts
confirm Josephus and suggest that the contemporary high priest may have used
urim and thummim as an oracular device.
“Word Play” in Qoheleth
Authors: Noegel Scott B.
Published: March 2011

This study offers a comprehensive treatment of the subject
of “word play” in the book of Qoheleth. After discussing the problematic nature
of the term “word play,” and explaining my preference for the word “punning,” I
examine six different types of punning found in Qoheleth. The first, focuses on
alliteration, or the repeated use of consonants. The second section collects
examples of assonance, or the repeated use of vowel patterns. The third section
focuses on illustrations of polysemy; cases in which words bear more than one
meaning in a single context. The fourth section, which is related to polysemy,
details cases of antanaclasis. Antanaclasis occurs when a word is used multiple
times, but with different meanings. In the fifth section, I provide examples of
allusive punning, i.e., the use of words or forms that imply by way of
similarity of sound another word that does not occur in the text. The sixth
section is devoted to instances of numerical punning. After providing the data
for each of these devices, I offer some general observations on punning in
Qoheleth.
“White Trash” Wisdom: Proverbs 9 Deconstructed
Authors: Sneed Mark
Published: March 2011

Though Woman Wisdom has often been viewed as a positive
figure for feminism, I will show that the picture is much grimmer. The article
has two parts. First, I will demonstrate that the personification of wisdom
reinscribes the typical ideology of the time along gender, social class, and
racial lines. The eroticization of wisdom as female actually excludes the woman
from the search for truth and knowledge because it assumes its adherents are
male. Woman Wisdom is shown to be upper class, while Folly is poor. And Woman
Wisdom is shown to be xenophobic in her preference for Jewish boys. Second,
wisdom/folly, the dominant dichotomy of these chapters, will be shown to
deconstruct, showing how both Woman Wisdom and Folly are inextricably connected
and partake of each other’s identity. The boundary between the two begins to
blur.
John Van Seters, Author or Redactor?
Authors: Van Seters John
Published: March 2011

In two recent articles and in his book, The Edited Bible,
Van Seters challenged the existence of a redactor in antiquity and the
subsequent development of redaction criticism as a viable method in biblical
literary criticism. This debate between whether a source of the Pentateuch, such
as J, or the writer of the Deuteronomistic History should be understood as
author or editor is reflected in the responses to Van Seters by Jean-Louis Ska,
Eckart Otto and Christoph Levin. In this essay Van Seters seeks to answer the
various points raised by these scholars and to clarify what is meant by an
ancient author as well as the view that the concept of editor is anachronistic
before the modern period. He also defends his view that both von Rad and Noth,
in the case of J, and Noth, in the case of Dtr, believed that the Yahwist and
Dtr were authors and historians and not merely editors.
DiOlistic Labeling in Fixed Brain Slices: Phenotype, Morphology, and Dendritic Spines
Authors: Staffend Nancy A. , Meisel Robert L.
Published: April 2011

Identifying neuronal morphology is a key component in understanding neuronal function. Several techniques have been developed to address this issue, including Golgi staining, electroporation of fluorescent dyes, and transfection of fluorescent constructs. Ballistic delivery of transgenic constructs has been a successful means of rapidly transfecting a nonbiased population of cells within tissue or culture. Recently, this technique was modified for the ballistic delivery of dye‐coated gold or tungsten particles, enabling a nonbiased, rapid fluorescent membrane labeling of individual neurons in both fixed and nonfixed tissue. This unit outlines a step‐by‐step protocol for the ballistic method of dye delivery (“DiOlistic” labeling) to fixed tissue, including optimal tissue fixation conditions. In addition, a protocol for coupling “DiOlistic” labeling with other immunofluorescent methods is detailed, enabling the association of neuronal morphology with a specific cellular phenotype. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 55:2.13.1‐2.13.15. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring the Killing of Intracellular Pathogens: Leishmania
Authors: Stenger S. , van Zandbergen G.
Published: April 2011

Macrophages are professional phagocytes serving as a first line of defence against pathogenic organisms. Macrophages are equipped with efficient effector functions to kill invading microorganisms. The first important mechanism of macrophage host‐defence is phagocytosis of pathogens. Subsequently, internalized pathogens are targeted for destruction in maturating phagolysosomal compartments. This process is mediated by lysosomal proteases and an acidified compartment. To investigate macrophages' killing potential in this chapter, we describe an assay based on human primary cells infected with the obligatory intracellular parasite Leishmania. For this pathogen the macrophage has a dual role. The parasite can use macrophages for its intracellular multiplication, but at the same time host macrophages, upon stimulation, can kill the parasite. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 93:14.23.1‐14.23.12. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optical Filters for Wavelength Selection in Fluorescence Instrumentation
Authors: Erdogan Turan
Published: April 2011

Fluorescence imaging and analysis techniques have become ubiquitous in life science research, and they are poised to play an equally vital role in in vitro diagnostics (IVD) in the future. Optical filters are crucial for nearly all fluorescence microscopes and instruments, not only to provide the obvious function of spectral control, but also to ensure the highest possible detection sensitivity and imaging resolution. Filters make it possible for the sample to “see” light within only the absorption band, and the detector to “see” light within only the emission band. Without filters, the detector would not be able to distinguish the desired fluorescence from scattered excitation light and autofluorescence from the sample, substrate, and other optics in the system. Today the vast majority of fluorescence instruments, including the widely popular fluorescence microscope, use thin‐film interference filters to control the spectra of the excitation and emission light. Hence, this unit emphasizes thin‐film filters. After briefly introducing different types of thin‐film filters and how they are made, the unit describes in detail different optical filter configurations in fluorescence instruments, including both single‐color and multicolor imaging systems. Several key properties of thin‐film filters, which can significantly affect optical system performance, are then described. In the final section, tunable optical filters are also addressed in a relative comparison. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 56:2.4.1‐2.4.25. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative Assessment of Pancreatic Islets Using Laser Scanning Cytometry
Authors: Krull David
Published: April 2011

Insulin‐dependent (type II) diabetes is characterized by an inability to metabolize glucose, resulting from insufficient insulin function for glucose transport from the blood to tissues. One cause of insufficiency is malfunction of the insulin‐producing beta cells within the pancreatic islets. Various compounds to stimulate and restore normal islet function are under development. Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat animal models are used to measure efficacy of drug candidates, as they show clinical effects similar to those in diabetic patients. Drug effects are evaluated by removing the pancreas from ZDF rats, processing the tissue with paraffin and sectioning it, and then analyzing the sections utilizing antibodies against targeted proteins to quantify morphology and metabolic activity. This protocol describes quantitative analysis of insulin, glucagon, mitochondria (all on a per‐islet basis), and insulin‐positive proliferating cells in ZDF and lean rat pancreatic tissue sections using the iCyte Imaging Cytometer. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 56:6.32.1‐6.32.17. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Situ Proximity Ligation Assay for Microscopy and Flow Cytometry
Authors: Leuchowius Karl‐Johan , Weibrecht Irene , Söderberg Ola
Published: April 2011

The ability to study proteins and protein interactions inside cells and tissues is important for elucidating how cells function in health and disease. The in situ proximity ligation assay (in situ PLA) presented here can be used to visualize proteins, protein‐protein interactions, and post‐translational modifications in cells and tissues. The method is based upon the use of antibodies that target the proteins involved in an interaction; hence, the method has the advantage that it can be used in clinical specimens, providing localized, quantifiable single molecule detection in single cells. This unit describes how in situ PLA can be used with fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry to study proteins (obtaining high sensitivity and specificity of detection) and protein interactions. It also includes information on expected results and information on how to troubleshoot the assay. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 56:9.36.1‐9.36.15. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of porosity, fiber size, and layering sequence on sound absorption performance of needle‐punched nonwovens
Authors: Yilmaz Nazire Deniz , Banks‐Lee Pamela , Powell Nancy B. , Michielsen Stephen
Published: March 2011

The relationships between the material parameters, i.e., the fiber fineness, porosity, areal density, layering sequence, and airflow resistivity with the normal‐incidence sound absorption coefficient of nonwoven composites consisting of three layers have been studied. The monofiber or multifiber needle‐punched nonwovens included poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polypropylene (PP), glass fiber, and hemp fibers. Air flow resistivity was statistically modeled and was found to increase with decreasing fiber size and nonwoven porosity. The former models developed for glass fiber mats in the literature were found to be inconsistent with the air flow resistance of the nonwovens reported below. The effects of the layering sequence on air flow resistivity and sound absorption were obtained. It was found that when the layer including reinforcement fibers, i.e., hemp or glass fiber, faced the air flow/sound source, the air flow resistance and the absorption coefficient were higher than the case when the layer including reinforcement fibers was farthest from the air flow/sound source. The difference was more pronounced if there was a greater difference between the resistivity values of the constituent layers of the nonwoven composite. Sound absorption coefficient was statistically modeled in terms of air flow resistivity and frequency. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Rheological and mechanical properties of poly (ethylene acrylic acid) and low density polyethylene blends
Authors: Siddaramaiah  , Kumar M. N. Satheesh , Nando G. B.
Published: March 2011

Rheological properties of poly (ethylene‐acrylic acid) (PEA) and low density poly ethylene (LDPE) blends having varied amounts of LDPE from 0 to 100% have been evaluated at different temperatures (115, 120, and 130°C) and shear rates (61.33–613.30 s−1) using a Monsanto processability tester. A reduction in the melt viscosity of the PEA/LDPE blends was noticed with increasing the shear rate. The observed positive deviation in the experimental melt viscosities of the blends is an indication of the synergy present in the blends during melt processing. The activation energy (Ea) of flow calculated using Arrhenius relation for PEA, LDPE, and their respective blends lies in the range 29.98–40.56 kJ mol−1. The experimental activation energy of flow of the blends was higher than that obtained from the additivity rule. Highest activation energy was noticed for the blends containing 60–80% by weight of LDPE in PEA/LDPE blends, which is an indication for the miscibility of the blends at these ratios. The physicomechanical properties such as density, tensile behavior, tear strength, and hardness (Shore A) of PEA, LDPE, and their blends have been evaluated as a function of varying amounts of LDPE. The obtained physicomechanical properties of the PEA/LDPE blends lie in between that of pure polymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Detecting the Shape Differences of the Corpus Callosum in Behçet's Disease by Statistical Shape Analysis
Authors: Colak Cemil , Ercan Ilker , Dogan Metin , Ozdemir Senem Turan , Sener Serpil , Alkan Alpay
Published: March 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the shape differences of the corpus callosum (CC) in patients with Behçet's disease using statistical shape analysis (SSA). Additionally, an attempt was made to investigate the changes in CC size according to disease duration. Twenty‐five adults with clinically diagnosed Behçet's disease and 25 age‐ and gender‐matched controls were examined by high‐resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging. The data obtained from the coordinate of landmarks were analyzed with Euclidean distance matrix analysis and a thin‐plate spline analysis. SSA and growth curve models were performed to investigate group differences and to fit the curves. A significant difference was determined between CC shape of Behçet patients and controls (P = 0.006). Based on the analysis, a decrease occurred in the CC size of the Behçet patients as the duration of disease increased. Maximum deformations were determined in the landmarks of interior notch of the splenium, inferior tip of the splenium, posterior‐most point of the CC, and topmost point of the CC. Similarly, the landmark of anterior‐most point of the CC was identified as having the minimum deformation. Behçet patients had significantly different CC shapes from control subjects. The results suggest that SSA is a promising tool for distinguishing Behçet patients from normal subjects, and that it can give useful information to assist clinicians. Additionally, SSA might be applied to detect shape differences in anatomical structures that are affected by a broad range of neurological diseases. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hand factors as regulators of cardiac morphogenesis and implications for congenital heart defects
Authors: Vincentz Joshua W. , Barnes Ralston M. , Firulli Anthony B.
Published: April 2011

Almost 15 years of careful study have established the related basic Helix‐Loop‐Helix (bHLH) transcription factorsHand1andHand2as critical for heart development across evolution. Hand factors make broad contributions, revealed through animal models, to the development of multiple cellular lineages that ultimately contribute to the heart. They perform critical roles in ventricular cardiomyocyte growth, differentiation, morphogenesis, and conduction. They are also important for the proper development of the cardiac outflow tract, epicardium, and endocardium. Molecularly, they function both through DNA binding and through protein‐protein interactions, which are regulated transcriptionally, posttranscriptionally by microRNAs, and posttranslationally through phosphoregulation. Although direct Hand factor transcriptional targets are progressively being identified, confirmed direct targets of Hand factor transcriptional activity in the heart are limited. Identification of these targets will be critical to model the mechanisms by which Hand factor bHLH interactions affect developmental pathways. Improved understanding of Hand factor‐mediated transcriptional cascades will be necessary to determine how Hand factor dysregulation translates to human disease phenotypes. This review summarizes the insight that animal models have provided into the regulation and function of these factors during heart development, in addition to the recent findings that suggest roles forHAND1andHAND2in human congenital heart disease. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vorbemessung von Aussteifungselementen für Starkbebenbeanspruchungen
Authors: Fastabend Michael , Schäfers Tobias
Published: April 2011

Ausgehend von den positiven Erfahrungen mit steifen Gebäuden in Starkbebengebieten wird auf der Basis der türkischen Erdbebennorm ein Vorschlag zur Vorbemessung von Aussteifungselementen für erhöhte seismische Beanspruchungen ausgearbeitet. Die entwickelten Gleichungen beschreiben auf der Basis von wenigen Kenndaten wie Grundbeschleunigung und Betonzugfestigkeit notwendige Wandquerschnittsflächen bzw. Wandlängen in den jeweiligen Geschossen. Ein Beispiel für einen typischen Gewerbebau verdeutlicht den Rechenablauf der Vorbemessung.

Preliminary Design of Bracing Elements for Heavy Earthquake Loads

Due to the positive experience with stiff buildings in areas of strong earthquakes, a proposition for the preliminary design of the bracing elements will be prepared based on the Turkish earthquake regulation. The developed equations, based on few characteristics like basic acceleration and concrete tensile strength, will describe the necessary cross sectional areas of the wall, respectively the wall length of each level. One example for a typical commercial building will clarify the calculation process of the preliminary design.
Modellkorrekturfaktoren als “Performance Indikatoren” für die Langzeitbewertung der integralen Marktwasserbrücke S33.24
Authors: Strauss Alfred , Wendner Roman , Bergmeister Konrad , Reiterer Michael , Horvatits Johann
Published: April 2011

Monitoring hat für den Entwurf und die Beurteilung sowohl neuer als auch bestehender Ingenieurtragwerke eine enorme Wichtigkeit. Die praktische Erfahrung und Beobachtungen zeigen, dass Monitoring die Grundlage für neue normative Grundlagen oder effiziente Erhaltungsprogramme liefern kann. Darüber hinaus können Monitoringsysteme erhebliche Instandsetzungskosten und Unannehmlichkeiten infolge von Störungen vermeiden. Dies begründet den erheblichen Forschungsaufwand, um eine effektive Implementierung der aufgenommenen Monitoringdaten in ein numerisches oder analytisches Strukturmodell zu erreichen, welches die Ermittlung eines vom erwarteten Verhalten abweichenden Strukturverhaltens und die Entdeckung eines beginnenden Verschlechterungsprozesses erlaubt.

Dieser Aufsatz behandelt ein Konzept für eine effektive Einbindung einer Monitoringinformation in ein numerisches Modell auf Basis des Konzeptes der Modellkorrekturfaktoren. Insbesondere entstand diese Studie aus den Fragestellungen im Zuge des Forschungsprojektes “Monitoringbasierte Analyse von Integralen Brücken (MAIB)”. Das Forschungsvorhaben MAIB verfolgt Fragestellungen, welche das Tragwerk, die Interaktion zwischen Tragwerk und Bodenkörper, die Stabilität des Bodenkörpers hinter dem Widerlager und den Übergangsbereich zwischen dem Tragwerk und dem Boden im Fahrbahnbereich betreffen.

Monitoring and Influence Lines Based Performance Indicators

Monitoring is of most practical significance for the design and assessment of new as well as of existing engineering structures. Practical experience and observations show that monitoring can provide the basis for new code specifications or efficient maintenance programs. Moreover, monitoring systems can avoid considerable costs of repairs and inconvenience to the public due to interruptions. This gives rise to the need for a thorough investigation to achieve an effective implementation of recorded monitoring data in numerical or analytical structural models that allow the detection of a deviant behavior from the proposed and the detection of initial deterioration processes. This study attempts to derive a concept for the effective incorporation of monitoring information in numerical models based on the concept of model correction factors. In particular, these studies are performed on the abutment free bridge structure S33.24 that has been proof loaded in February 2010 and monitored since December 2008. A merit of models derived based on monitoring data is that they are directly related to performance indicators which can be used for the assessment of the existing structural capacity and for an efficient life cycle analysis.