bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutant SOD1 in cell types other than motor neurons and oligodendrocytes accelerates onset of disease in ALS mice
Authors: Yamanaka Koji , Boillee Severine , Roberts Elizabeth A. , Garcia Michael L. , McAlonis-Downes Melissa , Mikse Oliver R. , Cleveland Don W. , Goldstein Lawrence S. B.
Published: May 2008

Dominant mutations in ubiquitously expressed superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause familial ALS by provoking premature death of adult motor neurons. To test whether mutant damage to cell types beyond motor neurons is required for the onset of motor neuron disease, we generated chimeric mice in which all motor neurons and oligodendrocytes expressed mutant SOD1 at a level sufficient to cause fatal, early-onset motor neuron disease when expressed ubiquitously, but did so in a cellular environment containing variable numbers of non-mutant, non-motor neurons. Despite high-level mutant expression within 100% of motor neurons and oligodendrocytes, in most of these chimeras, the presence of WT non-motor neurons substantially delayed onset of motor neuron degeneration, increasing disease-free life by 50%. Disease onset is therefore non-cell autonomous, and mutant SOD1 damage within cell types other than motor neurons and oligodendrocytes is a central contributor to initiation of motor neuron degeneration.
Perturbational profiling of nanomaterial biologic activity
Authors: Shaw Stanley Y. , Westly Elizabeth C. , Pittet Mikael J. , Subramanian Aravind , Schreiber Stuart L. , Weissleder Ralph
Published: May 2008

Our understanding of the biologic effects (including toxicity) of nanomaterials is incomplete.
In vivo
animal studies remain the gold standard; however, widespread testing remains impractical, and the development of
in vitro
assays that correlate with
in vivo
activity has proven challenging. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of analyzing
in vitro
nanomaterial activity in a generalizable, systematic fashion. We assessed nanoparticle effects in a multidimensional manner, using multiple cell types and multiple assays that reflect different aspects of cellular physiology. Hierarchical clustering of these data identifies nanomaterials with similar patterns of biologic activity across a broad sampling of cellular contexts, as opposed to extrapolating from results of a single
in vitro
assay. We show that this approach yields robust and detailed structure–activity relationships. Furthermore, a subset of nanoparticles were tested in mice, and nanoparticles with similar activity profiles
in vitro
exert similar effects on monocyte number
in vivo
. These data suggest a strategy of multidimensional characterization of nanomaterials
in vitro
that can inform the design of novel nanomaterials and guide studies of
in vivo
activity.
Microbial production of plant benzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Authors: Minami Hiromichi , Kim Ju-Sung , Ikezawa Nobuhiro , Takemura Tomoya , Katayama Takane , Kumagai Hidehiko , Sato Fumihiko
Published: May 2008

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, such as the analgesic compounds morphine and codeine, and the antibacterial agents berberine, palmatine, and magnoflorine, are synthesized from tyrosine in the Papaveraceae, Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae, and many other plant families. It is difficult to produce alkaloids on a large scale under the strict control of secondary metabolism in plants, and they are too complex for cost-effective chemical synthesis. By using a system that combines microbial and plant enzymes to produce desired benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, we synthesized (
S
)-reticuline, the key intermediate in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, from dopamine by crude enzymes from transgenic
Escherichia coli
. The final yield of (
S
)-reticuline was 55 mg/liter within 1 h. Furthermore, we synthesized an aporphine alkaloid, magnoflorine, or a protoberberine alkaloid, scoulerine, from dopamine via reticuline by using different combination cultures of transgenic
E. coli
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
cells. The final yields of magnoflorine and scoulerine were 7.2 and 8.3 mg/liter culture medium. These results indicate that microbial systems that incorporate plant genes cannot only enable the mass production of scarce benzylisoquinoline alkaloids but may also open up pathways for the production of novel benzylisoquinoline alkaloids.
Topology of three-manifolds with positive 𝑃-scalar curvature
Authors: Fan Edward
Published: May 2008

Consider an

n
n

-dimensional smooth Riemannian manifold

(

M
n

,
g
)

(M^n,g)

with a given smooth measure

m
m

on it. We call such a triple

(

M
n

,
g
,
m
)

(M^n,g,m)

a Riemannian measure space. Perelman introduced a variant of scalar curvature in his recent work on solving Poincaré’s conjecture
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper P left-parenthesis g right-parenthesis equals upper R Subscript normal infinity Superscript m Baseline left-parenthesis g right-parenthesis equals upper R left-parenthesis g right-parenthesis minus 2 normal upper Delta Subscript g Baseline l o g phi minus StartAbsoluteValue nabla l o g phi EndAbsoluteValue Subscript g Superscript 2">

P
(
g
)
=

R
∞
m

(
g
)
=
R
(
g
)
−
2

Δ
g

l
o
g
ϕ
−

|

∇
l
o
g
ϕ

|

g
2

P(g)=R^m_\infty (g) = R(g) - 2\Delta _g log\phi - |\nabla log\phi |^2_g

, where

d
m
=
ϕ
d
v
o
l
(
g
)

dm = \phi dvol(g)

and

R
R

is the scalar curvature of

(

M
n

,
g
)

(M^n,g)

. In this note, we study the topological obstruction for the

ϕ
\phi

-stable minimal submanifold with positive

P
P

-scalar curvature in dimension three under the setting of manifolds with density.
Entropy-cost inequalities for diffusion semigroups with curvature unbounded below
Authors: Wang Feng-Yu
Published: May 2008

The weighted log-Sobolev inequality and the entropy-cost inequality are established for a class of diffusion semigroups with curvature unbounded below. Concrete examples are presented to illustrate the main results.
Separation of spectra for block triangles
Authors: Harte Robin , Stack Cora
Published: May 2008

Separation of the spectra of the diagonal elements of a block triangle corresponds to comparison with its fundamental projection.
On contact surgery
Authors: Etnyre John
Published: May 2008

In this note we show that

+
1

+1

-contact surgery on distinct Legendrian knots frequently produces contactomorphic manifolds. We also give examples where this happens for

−
1

-1

-contact surgery. As an amusing corollary we find overtwisted contact structures that contain a large number of distinct Legendrian knots with the same classical invariants and tight complements.
On separation of quadratic forms on the imaginary quadratic field in its Hilbert class field
Authors: Shen Li-Chien
Published: May 2008

Let

K

(
1
)

K^{(1)}

be the Hilbert class field of the imaginary quadratic field

K
=
Q
(

d

)
,
d
>
0.

K=Q(\sqrt {d}),d>0.

We derive the product representations of a class of Dirichlet L-series associated with the character group constructed from the Artin map between the ideal class group of

K
K

and the Galois group

G
a
l
(

K

(
1
)

/

K
)

Gal(K^{(1)}/K)

. The application of the Mellin transform to the product representations of these Dirichlet series yields a family of generating functions for representations of positive integers by the subgroups of the quadratic forms.
On the sign changes of coefficients of general Dirichlet series
Authors: Pribitkin Wladimir
Published: May 2008

Under what conditions do the (possibly complex) coefficients of a general Dirichlet series exhibit oscillatory behavior? In this work we invoke Laguerre’s Rule of Signs and Landau’s Theorem to provide a rather simple answer to this question. Furthermore, we explain how our result easily applies to a multitude of functions.
Maximal 𝑛-orthogonal modules for selfinjective algebras
Authors: Erdmann Karin , Holm Thorsten
Published: May 2008

Let

A
A

be a finite-dimensional selfinjective algebra. We show that, for any

n
≥
1

n\ge 1

, maximal

n
n

-orthogonal

A
A

-modules (in the sense of Iyama) rarely exist. More precisely, we prove that if

A
A

admits a maximal

n
n

-orthogonal module, then all

A
A

-modules are of complexity at most 1.
Generalized inverses and Douglas equations
Authors: Arias M. , Corach Gustavo , Gonzalez M.
Published: May 2008

In this paper we study the general concept of reduced solution for a Douglas type equation and we parametrize these solutions using generalized inverses. On the other hand, we characterize different sorts of generalized inverses by means of solutions of Douglas type equations.
Self-commutators of automorphic composition operators on the Dirichlet space
Authors: Abdollahi A.
Published: May 2008

Let

φ
\varphi

be a conformal automorphism on the unit disk

U

\mathbb {U}

and

C
φ

:

D

⟶

D

C_\varphi :\mathcal {D} \longrightarrow \mathcal {D}

be the composition operator on the Dirichlet space

D

\mathcal {D}

induced by

φ
\varphi

. In this article we completely determine the point spectrum, spectrum, essential spectrum and essential norm of the operators

C
φ
∗

C
φ

,

C
φ

C
φ
∗

C^*_\varphi C_\varphi , C_\varphi C^*_\varphi

and self-commutators of

C
φ

C_\varphi

, which expose that the spectrum and point spectrum coincide. We also find the eigenfunctions of the operators.
The Laplace transform of the digamma function: An integral due to Glasser, Manna and Oloa
Authors: Amdeberhan Tewodros , Espinosa Olivier , Moll Victor
Published: May 2008

The definite integral
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper M left-parenthesis a right-parenthesis colon equals StartFraction 4 Over pi EndFraction integral Subscript 0 Superscript pi slash 2 Baseline StartFraction x squared d x Over x squared plus ln squared left-parenthesis 2 e Superscript negative a Baseline cosine x right-parenthesis EndFraction">

M
(
a
)
:=

4
π

∫

0

π

/

2

x

2

d
x

x

2

+

ln

2

⁡
(
2

e

−
a

cos
⁡
x
)

\begin{equation*} M(a):= \frac {4}{\pi } \int _{0}^{\pi /2} \frac {x^{2} \, dx } {x^{2} + \ln ^{2}( 2 e^{-a} \cos x ) }\end{equation*}

is related to the Laplace transform of the digamma function

L
(
a
)
:=

∫

0

∞

e

−
a
s

ψ
(
s
+
1
)

d
s
,

\begin{equation*} L(a) := \int _{0}^{\infty } e^{-a s} \psi (s+1) \, ds, \end{equation*}

by

M
(
a
)
=
L
(
a
)
+
γ

/

a

M(a) = L(a) + \gamma /a

when

a
>
ln
⁡
2

a > \ln 2

. Certain analytic expressions for

M
(
a
)

M(a)

in the complementary range,

0
>
a
≤
ln
⁡
2

0 > a \leq \ln 2

, are also provided.
A generalization of Miller’s primality theorem
Authors: Berrizbeitia Pedro , Olivieri Aurora
Published: May 2008

For any integer

r
r

we show that the notion of

ω
\omega

-prime to base

a
a

introduced by Berrizbeitia and Berry, 2000, leads to a primality test for numbers

n
n

congruent to

1
1

modulo

r
r

, which runs in polynomial time assuming the Extended Riemann Hypothesis (ERH). For

r
=
2

r = 2

we obtain Miller’s classical result.
First eigenvalue of a Jacobi operator of hypersurfaces with a constant scalar curvature
Authors: Cheng Qing-Ming
Published: May 2008

Let

M
M

be an

n
n

-dimensional compact hypersurface with constant scalar curvature

n
(
n
−
1
)
r

n(n-1)r

,

r
>
1

r> 1

, in a unit sphere

S

n
+
1

(
1
)

S^{n+1}(1)

. We know that such hypersurfaces can be characterized as critical points for a variational problem of the integral

∫
M

H
d
M

\int _MHdM

of the mean curvature

H
H

. In this paper, we first study the eigenvalue of the Jacobi operator

J
s

J_s

of

M
M

. We derive an optimal upper bound for the first eigenvalue of

J
s

J_s

, and this bound is attained if and only if

M
M

is a totally umbilical and non-totally geodesic hypersurface or

M
M

is a Riemannian product

S
m

(
c
)
×

S

n
−
m

(

1
−

c
2

)

S^m(c)\times S^{n-m}(\sqrt {1-c^2})

,

1
≤
m
≤
n
−
1

1\leq m\leq n-1

.
A Schwarz lemma for meromorphic functions and estimates for the hyperbolic metric
Authors: Solynin Alexander
Published: May 2008

We prove a generalization of the Schwarz lemma for meromorphic functions

f
f

mapping the unit disk

D

\mathbb {D}

onto Riemann surfaces

R

{\mathcal {R}}

with bounded in mean radial distances from

f
(
0
)

f(0)

to the boundary of

R

{\mathcal {R}}

. A new variant of the Schwarz lemma is also proved for the Carathèodory class of analytic functions having positive real part in

D

\mathbb {D}

. Our results lead to several improved estimates for the hyperbolic metric.
Maps on the 𝑛-dimensional subspaces of a Hilbert space preserving principal angles
Authors: Molnár Lajos
Published: May 2008

In a former paper we studied transformations on the set of all

n
n

-dimensional subspaces of a Hilbert space

H
H

which preserve the principal angles. In the case when

dim
⁡
H
≠
2
n

\dim H\neq 2n

, we could determine the general form of all such maps. The aim of this paper is to complete our result by considering the problem in the remaining case

dim
⁡
H
=
2
n

\dim H=2n

.
A note on 𝑝-bases of a regular affine domain extension
Authors: Ono Tomoaki
Published: May 2008

Let

R
p

⊆

R
′

⊆
R

R^p\subseteq R’\subseteq R

be a tower of commutative rings where

R
R

is a regular affine domain over an algebraically closed field of prime characteristic

p
p

and

R
′

R’

is a regular domain. Suppose

R
R

has a

p
p

-basis

{

φ
1

,
…
,

φ
r

}

\{\varphi _1,\dots ,\varphi _r\}

over

R
p

R^p

and

[
Q
(

R
′

)

:

Q
(

R
p

)
]
=

p
l

[Q(R’)\, :\, Q(R^p)]=p^l

(
1
≤
l
≤
r
−
1
)

(1\leq l\leq r-1)

. For a subset

Γ

r
−
l

\Gamma _{r-l}

of

R
R

whose elements satisfy a certain condition on linear independence, let

M

Γ

r
−
l

M_{\Gamma _{r-l}}

be a set of maximal ideals

m

\mathfrak m

of

R
R

such that

Γ

r
−
l

\Gamma _{r-l}

is a

p
p

-basis of

R

m

R_{\mathfrak m}

over

R

m

′

′

R’_{\mathfrak m’}

(

m

′

=

m

∩

R
′

)

(\mathfrak m’=\mathfrak m\cap R’)

. We shall characterize this set in a geometrical aspect.
Turán type inequalities for hypergeometric functions
Authors: Baricz Árpád
Published: May 2008

In this note our aim is to establish a Turán type inequality for Gaussian hypergeometric functions. This result completes the earlier result that G. Gasper proved for Jacobi polynomials. Moreover, at the end of this note we present some open problems.
Equifocality of a singular Riemannian foliation
Authors: Alexandrino Marcos , Töben Dirk
Published: May 2008

A singular foliation on a complete Riemannian manifold

M
M

is said to be Riemannian if each geodesic that is perpendicular to a leaf at one point remains perpendicular to every leaf it meets. We prove that the regular leaves are equifocal, i.e., the end point map of a normal foliated vector field has constant rank. This implies that we can reconstruct the singular foliation by taking all parallel submanifolds of a regular leaf with trivial holonomy. In addition, the end point map of a normal foliated vector field on a leaf with trivial holonomy is a covering map. These results generalize previous results of the authors on singular Riemannian foliations with sections.
Near-symmetry in 𝐴_{∞} and refined Jones factorization
Authors: Ou Winston
Published: May 2008

We use variants of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal and the Cruz-Uribe–Neugebauer minimal operators to give direct characterizations of

A
1

A_1

and

R

H
∞

RH_\infty

that clarify their near symmetry and yield elementary proofs of various known results, including Cruz-Uribe and Neugebauer’s refinement of the Jones factorization theorem.
A note on generating functions for Hausdorff moment sequences
Authors: Roth Oliver , Ruscheweyh Stephan , Salinas Luis
Published: May 2008

For functions

f
f

whose Taylor coefficients at the origin form a Hausdorff moment sequence we study the behaviour of

w
(
y
)
:=

|

f
(
γ
+
i
y
)

|

w(y):=|f(\gamma +iy)|

for

y
>
0

y>0

(

γ
≤
1

\gamma \leq 1

fixed).
Concordance crosscap numbers of knots and the Alexander polynomial
Authors: Livingston Charles
Published: May 2008

For a knot

K
K

the concordance crosscap number,

c
(
K
)

c(K)

, is the minimum crosscap number among all knots concordant to

K
K

. Building on work of G. Zhang, which studied the determinants of knots with

c
(
K
)
>
2

c(K) > 2

, we apply the Alexander polynomial to construct new algebraic obstructions to

c
(
K
)
>
2

c(K) > 2

. With the exception of low crossing number knots previously known to have

c
(
K
)
>
2

c(K) > 2

, the obstruction applies to all but four prime knots of 11 or fewer crossings.
On the isotropy constant of random convex sets
Authors: Alonso-Gutiérrez David
Published: May 2008

Let

K
K

be the symmetric convex hull of

m
m

independent random vectors uniformly distributed on the unit sphere of

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

. We prove that, for every

δ
>
0

\delta >0

, the isotropy constant of

K
K

is bounded by a constant

c
(
δ
)

c(\delta )

with high probability, provided that

m
≥
(
1
+
δ
)
n

m\geq (1+\delta )n

.
Aligning LC peaks by converting gradient retention times to retention index of peptides in proteomic experiments
Authors: Shinoda Kosaku , Tomita Masaru , Ishihama Yasushi
Published: May 2008

Motivation: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful tool in proteomics studies, but when peptide retention information is used for identification purposes, it remains challenging to compare multiple LC-MS/MS runs or to match observed and predicted retention times, because small changes of LC conditions unavoidably lead to variability in retention times. In addition, non-contiguous retention data obtained with different LC-MS instruments or in different laboratories must be aligned to confirm and utilize rapidly accumulating published proteomics data.

Results: We have developed a new alignment method for peptide retention times based on linear solvent strength (LSS) theory. We found that log k0 (logarithm of retention factor for a given organic solvent) in the LSS theory can be utilized as a ‘universal’ retention index of peptides (RIP) that is independent of LC gradients, and depends solely on the constituents of the mobile phase and the stationary phases. We introduced a machine learning-based scheme to optimize the conversion function of gradient retention times (tg) to log k0. Using the optimized function, tg values obtained with different LC-MS systems can be directly compared with each other on the RIP scale. In an examination of Arabidopsis proteomic data, the vast majority of retention time variability was removed, and five datasets obtained with various LC-MS systems were successfully aligned on the RIP scale.

Contact:  y-ishi@ttck.keio.ac.jp
MOCSphaser: a haplotype inference tool from a mixture of copy number variation and single nucleotide polymorphism data
Authors: Kato Mamoru , Nakamura Yusuke , Tsunoda Tatsuhiko
Published: May 2008

Summary: Detailed analyses of the population-genetic nature of copy number variations (CNVs) and the linkage disequilibrium between CNV and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci from high-throughput experimental data require a computational tool to accurately infer alleles of CNVs and haplotypes composed of both CNV alleles and SNP alleles. Here we developed a new tool to infer population frequencies of such alleles and haplotypes from observed copy numbers and SNP genotypes, using the expectation–maximization algorithm. This tool can also handle copy numbers ambiguously determined, such as 2 or 3 copies, due to experimental noise.

Availability:  http://emu.src.riken.jp/MOCSphaser/MOCSphaser.zip

Contact:  tsunoda@src.riken.jp

Supplementary information: Additional materials can be found at http://emu.src.riken.jp/MOCSphaser/SuppInfor.doc
Annual prey consumption of a dominant seabird, the common murre, in the California Current system
Authors: Roth Jennifer E. , Nur Nadav , Warzybok Pete , Sydeman William J.
Published: May 2008

Roth, J. E., Nur, N., Warzybok, P., and Sydeman, W. J. 2008. Annual prey consumption of a dominant seabird, the common murre, in the California Current system. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1046–1056. Information compiled from the literature on population size, diet composition, field metabolic rate, prey energy densities, and assimilation efficiency is used to estimate annual prey consumption by common murres (Uria aalge), between Cape Blanco, OR, and Point Conception, CA, USA. The population consumed an estimated 172 313 t of prey based on population estimates and diet data from the mid- to the late 1980s, including 50 125 t consumed by breeding adults, 36 940 t by non-breeding birds during the breeding season, 85 098 t by all birds during the wintering period, and 150 t by dependent chicks before their leaving the breeding colonies. The population in the mid-2000s consumed 225 235 t of prey based on population estimates from 2004, including 65 516 t consumed by breeding adults, 48 283 t by non-breeding birds during the breeding season, 111 226 t by all birds during the wintering period, and 210 t by chicks at breeding colonies. Monte Carlo simulations indicated that the coefficients of variation around our overall prey consumption estimates were ±14.4% for the 1980s and ±13.2% for the 2000s.
Spatial and temporal prediction of fin whale distribution in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Laran Sophie , Gannier Alexandre
Published: May 2008

Laran, S. and Gannier, A. 2008. Spatial and temporal prediction of fin whale distribution in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1260–1269. Understanding the distribution of the cetaceans is crucial to improving their conservation. Therefore, a prediction model of fin whale’s (Balaenoptera physalus) summer distribution was developed from data collected between May and August, in the Pelagos Mediterranean Marine Mammals Sanctuary. Explanatory variables were selected by multiple logistic regression, among several physiographic and oceanographic parameters. Depth, chlorophyll (Chl a) concentration, and sea surface temperature (SST) were selected for characterizing fin whale presence. Remote sensing imagery (Chl a and SST) was used at an 8-d resolution to capture short-term environmental variability. With the selection of a presence/absence threshold by the receiver operating characteristic curve, a correct classification of 70% (49% for presence, 85% for absence) was achieved for the initial dataset. Model reliability was also tested on an independent dataset, collected in the northwestern Basin; a correct classification of 71% (41% for presence prediction, 86% for absence prediction) was obtained. This study contributes to an understanding of where fin whales might concentrate to feed in summer. Weekly predictions of their distribution represent a valuable conservation tool in a marine protected area, for example to prevent collisions with ships.
Outbreak of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Family Geminiviridae) in Georgia
Authors: Pappu S. S. , Pappu H. R. , Langston D. B. , Flanders J. T. , Riley D. G.
Published: May 2008

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) of the family Geminiviridae is a serious production constraint to tomato. In the southeastern United States the virus has been largely confined to Florida. The disease appeared in the southern most Georgia county (Decatur) in 1998, at an incidence rate of less than 1%. During the fall of 1999, tomato plants showing symptoms indicative of TYLCV were observed in commercial fields in Grady, Colquitt, and Lowndes counties and the experimental plots of the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in two locations in Tift County, GA.

Posted 1 June 2000.
Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits
Authors: Latin R. X.
Published: May 2008

Bacterial fruit blotch appeared in the United States in commercial watermelon fields with isolated severe outbreaks in Florida, South Carolina, and Indiana. Because the pathogen is seedborne, and a significant portion of commercial watermelon fields are planted with seedlings raised in greenhouses or other transplant production facilities, recognition of symptoms on seedlings is important.

Posted 2 June 2000.
Stem Blight of Eustoma grandiflorum Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Florida
Authors: McGovern R. J. , Bouzar H. , Harbaugh B. K.
Published: May 2008

During a 4-week period in May through June 1996, 15% of 50 mature lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) ‘Maurine Blue’ and ‘Maurine White’ plants exhibited stem blight in a landscape planting in west-central Florida. Initial disease symptoms included stem necrosis at the soil line, and yellowing and tan discoloration of leaves. As blighting of the stem progressed, infected plants wilted and died.

Posted 6 June 2000.
Outbreaks of Stem and Leaf Blight of Eustoma grandiflorum Caused by a Phomopsis sp. in Florida
Authors: McGovern R. J. , Seijo T. E. , Harbaugh B. K. , Schubert T. S.
Published: May 2008

Between November 1997 and May 1998, numerous lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) cultivars exhibited severe stem and leaf blight at two pot-flower production sites in Hillsborough and Dade counties, FL

Posted 6 June 2000.
First Report of Botrytis Blight, Caused by Botrytis cinerea, on Hibiscus in South Africa
Authors: Swart L. , Langenhoven P.
Published: May 2008

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is an annual herb grown in China, Thailand, Mexico, and Africa. Different plant parts are used for cold and hot beverages, food ingredients, edible oil, and medicinal properties. In May 1999, a disease was observed in a commercial field of 6-month-old H. sabdariffa plants in Eshowe, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Because the disease can result in plant death, Botrytis blight may have a significant impact on the establishment and yield of this crop in the field, especially under cool, wet growing conditions.

Posted 10 June 2000.
Transgenic Virus Resistant Papaya: New Hope for Controlling Papaya Ringspot Virus in Hawaii
Authors: Gonsalves Dennis , Ferreira Steve , Manshardt Richard , Fitch Maureen , Slightom Jerry
Published: May 2008

Papaya ringspot potyvirus (PRSV) is rapidly transmitted by a number of aphid species and causes the most serious virus disease of papaya worldwide. This article reviews research to develop transgenic papaya using ‘pathogen-derived resistance’, transforming plants with a pathogen's gene. A papaya transformation system was developed and a promising transgenic papaya line was identified.

Posted 21 June 2000.
Cover Crops, Mulch Lower Night Temperatures in Citrus
Authors: O'Connell N. V. , Snyder R. L.
Published: May 2008

Winter often brings cold temperatures that can damage fruit or foliage in the San Joaquin Valley, posing an economic threat to citrus producers. Our experiments show that cover crops or mulch can lower minimum nighttime temperatures 0.9°F to 2.2°F in orchards, increasing the threat of freeze (frost) damage. Wind machines are typically used to protect commercial acreage from frost by mixing warmer air aloft with colder air near the surface, thus maintaining warmer minimum temperatures within the orchard. In locations where wind machines are not cost effective, management of the orchard floor is even more important. By using temperature forecast models that adjust for cover crops and mulches, growers can use wind machines more efficiently. Regardless, the decision to use cover crops must take into account all of their cultural benefits and drawbacks.
A New Sharpshooter Threatens Both Crops and Ornamentals
Authors: Blua Matthew J. , Phillips Phil A. , Redak Richard A.
Published: May 2008

The glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulate), an insect that has recently invaded California, and the smoke tree sharpshooter (Homalodisca lacerta) are creating serious new economic problems in both agricultural and ornamental plantings. The greatest threats surround their ability to spread the plantpathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which induces Pierce's disease in grapevines, almond leaf scorch disease, and a new disease known as oleander leaf scorch. Because of the potential distribution and large host range of the glassywinged sharpshooter, other diseases caused by different strains of X. fastidiosa may have an even greater impact on the state's agricultural and ornamental landscape industries in the future.

Posted 27 June 2000.
Yellow Leaf Disease of Muskmelon from Thailand Caused by Tomato leaf curl virus
Authors: Samretwanich K. , Chiemsombat P. , Kittipakorn K. , Ikegami M.
Published: May 2008

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reliculatus) plants exhibiting a yellow leaf disease have been observed in central Thailand since 1993. The pathogen is transmitted to muskmelon by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. Based on leaf yellowing symptoms and whitefly transmission, infection by a geminivirus was suspected.

Posted 17 August 2000.
Panama Disease: A Classic and Destructive Disease of Banana
Authors: Ploetz Randy C.
Published: May 2008

Panama disease, also known as Fusarium wilt of banana (Musa spp.), is one of the most notorious of all plant diseases. Although the pathogen probably originated in Southeast Asia, the disease was first reported in Australia in 1876. By 1950, few banana-producing regions remained free of the disease. Panama disease is now found in all banana-producing regions except islands in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, Melanesia, and Somalia.

Accepted for publication 13 November 2000. Published 4 December 2000.
Effectiveness of Fosetyl-Aluminum and Streptomycin Alone and In Combination for Control of Blister Spot on ‘Mutsu’ Apples in Ohio and New York
Authors: Ellis M. A. , Madden L. V. , Burr T. J.
Published: May 2008

The efficacies of fosetyl-Al (Aliette 80 WDG) and streptomycin (Agri-mycin 17 WP) were evaluated alone and in combination for control of blister spot of ‘Mutsu’ apple in Ohio and New York. In both test orchards, streptomycinresistant strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans were present. The results of field tests conducted in two consecutive years in Ohio were very similar. Fosetyl-Al and streptomycin applied alone resulted in significantly fewer infected fruit and significantly lower disease severity than the nontreated control. In 1997 only, the combination treatment of fosetyl-Al and streptomycin resulted in significantly less infected fruit and significantly less disease severity than the other treatments. For field experiments conducted in two consecutive years in New York, streptomycin and fosetyl-Al plus streptomycin resulted in significantly fewer infected fruit and significantly less disease severity than the untreated control, with no significant differences between treatments. Fosetyl-Al decreased disease severity and increased the percentage of marketable fruit in 1995, but it did not in 1996. The results suggest that fosetyl-Al and streptomycin usually provide a significant level of blister spot control when applied alone. When applied in combination, they may have an additive effect that increases the level of disease control. However, the level of control under the heavy disease pressure that occurred in both years of testing in Ohio was still less than 50% as compared to the nontreated control. The level of control obtained in New York tests was also unsatisfactory. Results indicate that fosetyl-Al and streptomycin alone or in combination are not highly efficacious in orchards where streptomycin-resistant strains of P. syringae pv. papulans are present, and their use in such orchards is not economically feasible. The lack of effective chemical controls could increase the economic importance of blister spot in the U.S.

Accepted for publication 28 November 2000. Published 4 December 2000.
Occurrence and Distribution of Aphis glycines on Soybeans in Illinois in 2000 and Its Potential Control
Authors: Hartman G. L. , Domier L. L. , Wax L. M. , Helm C. G. , Onstad D. W. , Shaw J. T. , Solter L. F. , Voegtlin D. J. , D'Arcy C. J. , Gray M. E. , Steffey K. L. , Isard S. A. , Orwick P. L.
Published: May 2008

During August of the 2000 growing season, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an aphid native to Asia, was found colonizing soybean plants in Illinois.

Accepted for publication 1 February 2001. Published 5 February 2001.
Methionine-Riboflavin and Potassium Bicarbonate-Polymer Sprays Control Apple Flyspeck and Sooty Blotch
Authors: Andrews John H. , O'Mara Jessica K. , McManus Patricia S.
Published: May 2008

Flyspeck (FS) and sooty blotch (SB) are widely distributed and potentially economically damaging fungal diseases of apple and pear. They are particularly significant in warm and moist climates, on late-maturing cultivars, in dense tree canopies, or where growers apply no or few fungicides. To provide an alternative to conventional fungicides for orchards, we tested spray programs based on either a methionine-riboflavin (MR) formulation or potassium bicarbonate-oil polymer for FS/SB control on three scab-resistant apple cultivars -- Prima, Jonafree, and Freedom -- in two Wisconsin orchards between 1998 and 2000. Both programs lowered FS/SB. MR reduced disease significantly and as well as or better than sulfur in every year and on every cultivar. Potassium bicarbonate plus oil, though effective, did not perform as consistently as MR. Both treatments warrant further study to ascertain their efficacy under various regimens, to clarify their modes of action, and to determine their usefulness to growers who wish to avoid or minimize reliance on conventional fungicides.

Accepted for publication 18 June 2001. Published 6 July 2001.
First Report and Virulence Evaluation of Erwinia carotovora subsp. betavasculorum on Sugarbeet in Montana
Authors: Zidack Nina K. , Jacobsen Barry J.
Published: May 2008

Bacterial vascular necrosis of sugarbeet caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. betavasculorum (Ecb) was identified in the Bighorn Valley near Hardin, Montana in 1998 and was observed at low incidence in the Yellowstone River Valley in 1999 and 2000. Until now, this disease had not been reported in Montana. Experiments were performed comparing the Montana isolate with isolates of Ecb from California for virulence against the California standards for sugarbeet resistance to Ecb. In our experiments, the Montana isolate was more virulent than all of the other isolates when plants were inoculated by injecting Ecb into the petiole. Variety USH11 was the most resistant and the most susceptible variety was Beta 4430, which has been shown to be resistant to CA isolates in other tests. In temperature experiments, sugarbeets became severely diseased at temperatures ranging from 20 to 28°C, but severe beet (root) necrosis only developed at 24 and 28°C. Montana farmers and growers in northern sugarbeet-growing areas should be aware of the potential for this disease during warm summers. Also, it is clear from these results that the Montana isolate should be used to screen varieties for resistance for Montana growers and that the California isolates are not suitable for this purpose. Disease management may be accomplished with resistant varieties, avoiding injuries to plants, minimal rates of nitrogen fertilizer, early planting, and plant spacings of 15 to 20 cm between plants (2).

Accepted for publication 18 June 2001. Published 6 July 2001.
Vascular Wilt of Common Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense) Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in Ecuador
Authors: Ochoa J. B. , Yangari B. , Galarza V. , Fiallos J. , Ellis M. A.
Published: May 2008

Farmers have generally abandoned production of “common naranjilla” in many areas mainly due to uncontrollable epidemics of an apparent vascular wilt disease. Naranjilla vascular wilt (NVW) and is currently the major constraint to the production of naranjilla in Ecuador, where losses due to NVW may reach up to 80%.

Accepted for publication 13 September 2001. Published 18 September 2001.
Two Types of Sunburn in Apple Caused by High Fruit Surface (Peel) Temperature
Authors: Schrader Larry E. , Zhang Jianguang , Duplaga William K.
Published: May 2008

Sunburn of apple costs growers millions of dollars in economic losses annually. We have identified two types of sunburn in apple and their causes. The first (sunburn necrosis) is caused by thermal death of epidermal and subepidermal cells (peel), and causes a necrotic spot on the sun-exposed side of the fruit. Thermal death occurs at 126 ± 2°F (52 ± 1°C). Electrolyte leakage increases significantly with necrosis, indicating that membrane integrity is lost during thermal death. The second type (sunburn browning) is sublethal and results in a yellow, bronze, or brown spot on the sun-exposed side of the fruit. Sunburn browning occurs at a fruit surface temperature of 115 to 120°F (46 to 49°C) and has little effect on membrane integrity, but sunlight is required for sunburn browning.

Accepted for publication 24 September 2001. Published 4 October 2001.
The History and Diseases of Poinsettia, the Christmas Flower
Authors: Benson D. Michael , Hall Janet L. , Moorman Gary W. , Daughtrey Margery L. , Chase Ann R. , Lamour Kurt H.
Published: May 2008

An overview of the history of poinsettia cultivation, and a description of the management strategies used by growers of poinsettia to control and prevent the especially challenging diseases faced by this holiday favorite.

Accepted for publication 18 January 2002. Published 12 February 2002.
First Report of Blight Caused by Botrytis cinerea on China Rose in Argentina
Authors: Rivera Marta C. , Wright Eduardo R.
Published: May 2008

B. cinerea has been isolated and found to be causing blight on China rose (also known as Chinese hibiscus and rose-of-China) in Argentina.

Accepted for publication 18 March 2002. Published 22 March 2002.
Interaction Between Flooding or Drought Stress and Potato Leafhopper Injury in Alfalfa
Authors: Barta A. L. , Sulc R. M. , Ogle M. J. , Hammond R. B.
Published: May 2008

Potato leafhopper is a predominant biotic stress in alfalfa production, whereas drought and flooding are frequent abiotic stresses. Controlled environment studies were conducted to examine the interaction between flooding or drought stress and potato leafhopper (PLH, Empoasca fabae [Harris]) feeding damage on seedlings of two cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L): one susceptible to PLH, one resistant to PLH. Flooding treatments reduced shoot dry matter accumulation approximately 50% in the absence of PLH in both cultivars and significantly reduced root dry matter in one cultivar. Drought stress significantly reduced shoot dry matter and increased root dry matter. PLH feeding combined with either flooding or drought stress reduced root dry matter accumulation but not shoot dry matter. Flooding injury and PLH feeding injury showed an additive negative response for root dry matter accumulation. Flooded and non-stressed plants accumulated less root total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) when subjected to PLH feeding. Responses of the two cultivars were similar across all biotic and abiotic treatments. The results clearly show that the most damaging physiological response of seedling alfalfa to PLH feeding is a sharp decline in root growth and TNC accumulation. This suggests that seedlings that have experienced even minor root waterlogging damage may be especially susceptible to damage by PLH feeding.

Accepted for publication 23 April 2002. Published 2 May 2002.
Infection of Grape Berry and Rachis Tissues by Phomopsis viticola
Authors: Erincik O. , Madden L. V. , Ferree D. C. , Ellis M. A.
Published: May 2008

Studies were conducted to determine if Phomopsis viticola can infect grape berries directly and cause latent infections, or if fruit infection occurs via mycelial invasion from infected rachis tissues. Examination of inoculated immature berries using scanning electron microscopy showed that alpha spores of P. viticola germinated on the surface of the berry, produced appressoria, and appeared to penetrate the cuticle. Intact clusters of immature berries on ‘Seyval’ grape vines were inoculated with a spore suspension of P. viticola. Clusters were harvested after various periods (12, 18, 24 and 30 hr) of continuous wetness at 20°C. In a separate study, inoculated berries were incubated for 24 hr at 20°C then moved to a greenhouse for incubation periods of 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Immediately after drying (first study) or after the incubation period (second study) berries were separated from rachises and surface disinfested. Each rachis was divided into 10 sections and was also surface disinfested. Berries and rachis sections were then immersed in a 1:32 dilution of 37% paraquat dichloride to kill plant tissues and induce growth of the fungus. Abundant mycelia and pycnidia of P. viticola formed on inoculated berries and rachis sections for all wetness periods and incubation periods. Results demonstrate that direct infection of berries can result in latent infections on green fruit. Whereas the fungus may invade berries via infected rachis tissues, rachis infection is not required for Phomopsis fruit rot development.

Accepted for publication 16 June 2002. Published 2 July 2002.
Seed Transmission of Fusarium oxysporum in Common Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense) in Ecuador
Authors: Ochoa J. B. , Ellis M. A.
Published: May 2008

Results indicate that F. oxysporum is seedborne in common naranjilla, which is probably responsible for the rapid spread of naranjilla vascular wilt (NVW) in Ecuador. The production and use of disease-free seed should aid in preventing the introduction of the pathogen into new production areas as well as reduce disease spread in established production areas.

Accepted for publication 24 June 2002. Published 19 July 2002.
Fungi Associated With Postemergence Cotton Seedling Disease in Missouri
Authors: Wrather J. A. , Phipps B. , Rothrock C. S.
Published: May 2008

Surveys were conducted to identify fungi associated with postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. Samples consisted of 10 cotton seedlings, 2 to 3 weeks after emergence, with symptoms of seedling diseases collected from a 0.25 ha area in each of 60 fields in 1997 and 1998. Four genera of fungi were cultured from the roots (Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Thielaviopsis) and three species were identified: Rhizoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis basicola, and Pythiumultimum. Rhizoctonia solani, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were cultured from seedlings in 70%, 47%, and 15% of fields sampled in 1997, respectively, and 55%, 17%, and 5% of fields sampled in 1998, respectively. Repeated tests of pathogenicity confirmed that R. solani AG-4, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were major causal agents of postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. This study provides the first documentation on the distribution and frequency of fungi associated with postemergence seedling disease complex of cotton based on a survey of randomly selected fields.

Accepted for publication 9 July 2002. Published 22 July 2002.
A Fungicide Application Decision (FAD) Support System for Postbloom Fruit Drop of Citrus (PFD)
Authors: Peres Natália A. R. , Kim Soonho , Beck Howard W. , Souza Nilton L. , Timmer Lavern W.
Published: May 2008

Surveys were conducted to identify fungi associated with postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. Samples consisted of 10 cotton seedlings, 2 to 3 weeks after emergence, with symptoms of seedling diseases collected from a 0.25 ha area in each of 60 fields in 1997 and 1998. Four genera of fungi were cultured from the roots (Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Thielaviopsis) and three species were identified: Rhizoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis basicola, and Pythiumultimum. Rhizoctonia solani, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were cultured from seedlings in 70%, 47%, and 15% of fields sampled in 1997, respectively, and 55%, 17%, and 5% of fields sampled in 1998, respectively. Repeated tests of pathogenicity confirmed that R. solani AG-4, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were major causal agents of postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. This study provides the first documentation on the distribution and frequency of fungi associated with postemergence seedling disease complex of cotton based on a survey of randomly selected fields.

Accepted for publication 10 July 2002. Published 31 July 2002.
Peanut Disease Management Utilizing an Infurrow Treatment of Azoxystrobin
Authors: Rideout Steve L. , Brenneman Timothy B. , Culbreath Albert K.
Published: May 2008

Applications of azoxystrobin in-furrow have shown inconsistent results in terms of yield and disease control in experimental peanut plots. Two trials were conducted in both 2000 and 2001 to better define the effects of this treatment on peanut disease control and pod yield. Treatments included: azoxystrobin in-furrow alone (102 g ai/ha), azoxystrobin mid-season alone (two applications at 335 g ai/ha), azoxystrobin both in-furrow and mid-season, and a nontreated control. Destructive sampling was conducted throughout the growing season to determine treatment effects. The in-furrow treatment of azoxystrobin had minimal impact on plant stand counts, tomato spotted wilt incidence, yield, and crop value. However, in-furrow applications of azoxystrobin did suppress levels of Aspergillus crown rot (Aspergillus niger) and early season (prior to 60 days after planting) southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii). However, season-long control of stem rot was only accomplished through the use of mid-season applications of azoxystrobin. Similarly, yields and crop value were only significantly increased when in-season applications of azoxystrobin were made. These trials were conducted under optimal planting and growing conditions using high quality seed. Testing under adverse conditions or heavier disease pressure, which may reveal more benefits from a treatment of azoxystrobin in-furrow, needs to be conducted.

Accepted for publication 13 August 2002. Published 16 September 2002.
Etiology of Red Stain in Boxelder
Authors: Morse Andrea C. , Blanchette Robert A.
Published: May 2008

Fusarium reticulatum (F. negundi) has been suggested as the cause of red stain in boxelder (Acer negundo), but the role of the fungus in producing the pigment has never been confirmed. This study elucidated the cause of red stain using a series of wounding and inoculation experiments. Fungal colonization and stain development were examined in 20 wounded boxelder trees at 8, 12, 52, and 64 weeks after wounding. Fusarium solani was isolated from 67 to 83% of the stained, wounded tissue. Boxelder trees were inoculated in the field with F. acuminatum, Hypsizygus tessulatus, or left not inoculated to serve as the control. Eight weeks after inoculation, F. solani was isolated from 67, 17, and 33% of the wounds treated with F. acuminatum, H. tessulatus, and the control, respectively. All wounds had typical red stain 12 weeks after inoculation including those inoculated with H. tessulatus and the control. Fusarium reticulatum was not isolated from any wounded or inoculated boxelder tree. The stain's ubiquitous presence in all wounded tissue and the inability of F. solani isolates obtained from boxelder to stain boxelder red in wood block studies indicates that red stain is most likely produced by the tree as a nonspecific host response to wounding.

Accepted for publication 8 September 2002. Published 17 September 2002.
Alternatives to Vinclozolin (Ronilan) for Controlling Gray and White Mold on Snap Bean Pods in New York
Authors: Shah Denis A. , Dillard Helene R. , Cobb Ann
Published: May 2008

Human health and environmental concerns have led to the eventual phase-out of benomyl (Benlate) and vinclozolin (Ronilan), two efficaceous, broad spectrum fungicides widely used on a range of crops, including snap beans. With fewer registered fungicides available for mold control, snap bean growers are in need of alternatives. We compared six foliar fungicides against Ronilan for gray (Botrytis cinerea) and white (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) mold control on snap bean pods in New York, using data collected over three consecutive years. Ronilan gave the best overall mold control and highest yields of healthy pods. Trifloxystrobin (Flint), iprodione (Rovral), and cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch) gave gray mold control comparable to that obtained with Ronilan. Switch and Rovral significantly reduced the incidence of white mold on pods, but were not as effective as Ronilan. Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) was as effective as Ronilan in controlling white mold on pods. Switch was the most promising alternative to Ronilan for controlling both gray and white mold on pods and for increasing marketable yield. A combination of Rovral and Topsin M may also be an effective alternative to Ronilan.

Accepted for publication 13 September 2002. Published 23 September 2002.