bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Panacea or paradox? Cross‐sector partnerships, climate change, and development
Authors: Forsyth Tim
Published: September 2010

Cross‐sector partnerships between representatives of state, private business, and civil society are widely proposed as means to involve non‐state actors in public policy. Yet, critics have argued partnerships contain paradoxes that prevent effective regulation or social inclusion. This paper reviews these debates and applies them to climate change policy in developing countries, and especially technology transfer and forest governance. The paper argues that debate about partnerships needs to move from rhetoric to identifying institutional designs that maximize contractual obligations and enhance local deliberation. But enhancing deliberation also implies looking at how partnerships reflect, rather than create, wider norms and advocacy coalitions, and by creating standardized means of collaboration such as free and prior informed consent. Rethinking partnerships in these ways not only accelerates climate change mitigation but also builds local adaptive capacity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > Governing Climate Change in Communities, Cities, and Regions
Use a Reduced Heston or Reduce the Use of Heston?
Authors: Guillaume Florence , Schoutens Wim
Published: September 2010

This paper features the calibration performance of the Heston model for two different calibration procedures. The first consists of the standard calibration on the whole parameter set and the second one, called reduced calibration, consists of a calibration on the reduced parameter set {κ, λ, ρ} where the spot variance v0 and the long run variance η are inferred beforehand from the time series of the VIX volatility index. It is shown that both calibration procedures lead to an accurate fit of the vanilla option surface. Furthermore, both the computation time and the calibration risk of the reduced calibration procedure turn out to be significantly lower, which might turn out to be a considerable advantage for practitioners. This paper also features a comparison of the price of different exotic options for the two calibration procedures.
Differences in hydrolytic abilities of two crude lipases from Geotrichum candidum 4013
Authors: Brabcová Jana , Zarevúcka Marie , Macková Martina
Published: September 2010

The fungus Geotrichum candidum 4013 produces two types of lipases (extracellular and cell‐bound). Both enzymes were tested for their hydrolytic ability to p‐nitrophenyl esters and compounds having a structure similar to the original substrate (triacylglycerols). Higher lipolytic activity of extracellular lipase was observed when triacylglycerols of medium‐ (C12) and long‐ (C18) chain fatty acids were used as substrates. Cell‐bound lipase preferentially hydrolysed trimyristate (C14). The differences in the abilities of these two enzymes to hydrolyse p‐nitrophenyl esters were observed as well. The order of extracellular lipase hydrolysis relation velocity was as follows: p‐nitrophenyl decanoate > p‐nitrophenyl caprylate > p‐nitrophenyl laurate > p‐nitrophenyl palmitate > p‐nitrophenyl stearate. The cell‐bound lipase indicates preference for p‐nitrophenyl palmitate. The most striking differences in the ratios between the activity of both lipases (extracellular : cell‐bound) towards different fatty acid methyl esters were 2.2 towards methyl hexanoate and 0.46 towards methyl stearate (C18). The Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum reaction rate (Vmax) for p‐nitrophenyl palmitate hydrolysis of cell‐bound lipase were significantly higher (Km 2.462 mM and Vmax 0.210 U/g/min) than those of extracellular lipase (Km 0.406 mM and Vmax 0.006 U/g/min). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Facile Route for the Synthesis of Polycationic Tellurium Cluster Compounds: Synthesis in Ionic Liquid Media and Characterization by Single‐Crystal X‐ray Crystallography and Magnetic Susceptibility
Authors: Ahmed Ejaz , Ahrens Eike , Heise Martin , Ruck Michael
Published: September 2010

An innovative soft chemical approach was applied, using ionic liquids as an alternative reaction medium for the synthesis of tellurium polycationic cluster compounds at room temperature. [Mo2Te12]I6, Te6[WOCl4]2, and Te4[AlCl4]2 were isolated from the ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl/AlCl3 ([BMIM]+: 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) and characterized. Black, cube‐shaped crystals of [Mo2Te12]I6, which is not accessible by conventional chemical transport reaction, were obtained by reaction of the elements at room temperature in [BMIM]Cl/AlCl3. The monoclinic structure (P21/n, a = 1138.92(2) pm, b = 1628.13(2) pm, c = 1611.05(2) pm, β = 105.88(1) °) is homeotypic to the triclinic bromide [Mo2Te12]Br6. In the binulear complex [Mo2Te12]6+, the molybdenum(III) atoms are η4‐coordinated by terminal Te42+ rings and two bridging η2‐Te22– dumbbells. Despite the short Mo···Mo distance of 297.16(5) pm, coupling of the magnetic moments is not observed. The paramagnetic moment of 3.53 μB per molybdenum(III) atom corresponds to an electron count of seventeen. Black crystals of monoclinic Te6[WOCl4]2 are obtained by the oxidation of tellurium with WOCl4 in [BMIM]Cl/AlCl3. Tellurium and tellurium(IV) synproportionate in the ionic liquid at room temperature yielding violet crystals of orthorhombic Te4[AlCl4]2.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of t‐Butyl‐Pyridine Adducts of ZnR2 (R = Me, i‐Pr, t‐Bu, Cp*)
Authors: Schulz Stephan , Schäper Raphaela , Krech Daniel , Schuchmann Daniella , Bläser Dieter , Boese Roland
Published: September 2010

Lewis acid‐base adducts of the general type R2Zn(4‐tBuPy)x (R = Me 1, iPr 2, tBu 3, Cp* 4; x = 1, 2) were obtained in high yields from reactions of ZnR2 with the Lewis base 4‐tBu‐Pyridine. Compounds 1–4 were characterized by multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C) and IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses, 1 and 4 also by X‐ray diffraction at single crystals.
Reactivity of Extra‐framework Species of USY Zeolites in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Bertram Rainer , Heidemann Detlef , Kurzhals Rolf , Rüscher Claus , Kryukova Galina
Published: September 2010

Zeolites of type USY (ultra‐stable Y) were obtained by steaming of NH4NaY modification. Samples were modified by subsequent alkaline treatment in KOH solution. USY and USY‐KOH were characterised by chemical element analysis, XRD, IR, 29Al and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopic measurements. Correct silicon to aluminium ratios (Si/Al) were determined by XRD and IR (double ring vibration wDR) data whereas values calculated according to data of 29Si MAS NMR and IR spectroscopy (asymmetrical TOT valence vibration wTOT) appeared to be too high., In the latter case, the signals of the zeolite framework were strongly superimposed by that of extra‐framework silica gel (EFSi) formed during steaming. It was found that alkaline leaching induces desilication of silicon‐rich area of the zeolite framework and partial dissolution of EFSi. Silicate ions of both react with likewise dissolved extra‐framework aluminium (EFAl) to form X‐ray amorphous aluminosilicate. Consequently, the superposition of the 29Si MAS NMR signals of the zeolite framework by silica gel was reduced for Q4(0Al) but increased for Q4 (2Al) and Q4(3Al) structure units. A reinsertion of EFAl into the zeolite framework has not been observed.
Differential Pathologic Variables and Outcomes across the Spectrum of Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction
Authors: Reynolds John V. , Ravi Narayanasamy , Muldoon Cian , Larkin John O. , Rowley Suzanne , O’Byrne Ken , Hollywood Donal , O’Toole Dermot
Published: September 2010

Background

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) as described by Siewert et al. is classified as one entity in the latest (7th Edition) American Joint Cancer Committee/International Union Against Cancer (AJCC/UICC) manual, compared with the previous mix of esophageal and gastric staging systems. The origin of AEG tumors, esophageal or gastric, and their biology remain controversial, particularly for AEG type II (cardia) tumors.

Methods

We adapted a large prospective database (n = 520: 180 type I, 182 type II, 158 type III) to compare AEG tumors under the new TNM system Pathological variables associated with prognosis were compared (pT, pN, stage, differentiation, R status, lymphovascular invasion, perineural involvement, number of positive nodes, percent of positive nodes, and tumor length), as well as overall survival.

Results

Compared with AEG type I tumors, type II and type III tumors had significantly (p < 0.05) more advanced pN stages, greater number and percentage of positive nodes, poorer differentiation, more radial margin involvement, and more perineural invasion. In AEG type I, 14/180 patients (8%) had >6 involved nodes (pN3), compared with 16 and 30% of patients classified type II and III, respectively. Median survival was significantly (p = 0.03) improved for type I patients (38 months) compared with those with tumors classified as type II (28 months) and type III (24 months). In multivariate analysis node positivity and pN staging but not AEG site had an impact on survival.

Conclusions

In this series AEG type I is associated with more favorable pathologic features and improved outcomes compared with AEG type II and III. This may reflect earlier diagnosis, but an alternative possibility, that type I may be a unique paradigm with more favorable biology, requires further study.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Characterization of Argentinean Chia Seed Oil
Authors: Ixtaina Vanesa Y. , Mattea Facundo , Cardarelli Damián A. , Mattea Miguel A. , Nolasco Susana M. , Tomás Mabel C.
Published: September 2010

Extraction of chia seed oil was performed with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2). To investigate the effects of pressure and temperature on the oil solubility and yield, two isobaric (250 and 450 bar) and two isothermal (40 and 60 °C) extraction conditions were selected. The global extraction yield of chia oil increased with pressure enhancement, but temperature had a little influence on it. The maximum oil recovery using SC‐CO2 at a mass flow rate of 8 kg/h was 97%, which was obtained at 60 °C, 450 bar for a 138‐min extraction. The results showed that solubility changed from 4.8 g oil/kg CO2 at 60 °C–250 bar to 28.8 g oil/kg CO2 at 60 °C–450 bar. The final extract obtained by SC‐CO2 under different conditions and Soxhlet extraction contained mainly α‐linolenic (64.9–65.6%) and linoleic (19.8–20.3%) acids. SC‐CO2 extraction is an interesting alternative methodology because it is possible to achieve a chia oil yield close to that obtained by conventional extraction with a similar fatty acid composition using an environmentally friendly process.
What precedes the initial tyrosine phosphorylation of the high affinity IgE receptor in antigen‐activated mast cell?
Authors: Bugajev Viktor , Bambousková Monika , Dráberová Lubica , Dráber Petr
Published: September 2010

An interaction of multivalent antigen with its IgE bound to the high‐affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on the surface of mast cells or basophils initiates a series of signaling events leading to degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators. Earlier studies showed that the first biochemically defined step in this signaling cascade is tyrosine phosphorylation of the FcεRI β subunit by Src family kinase Lyn. However, the processes affecting this step remained elusive. In this review we critically evaluate three current models (transphosphorylation, lipid raft, and our preferential protein tyrosine kinase–protein tyrosine phosphatase interplay model) substantiating three different mechanisms of FcεRI phosphorylation.
RNA editing competence of trans‐factor MEF1 is modulated by ecotype‐specific differences but requires the DYW domain
Authors: Zehrmann Anja , Verbitskiy Daniil , Härtel Barbara , Brennicke Axel , Takenaka Mizuki
Published: September 2010

RNA editing in plant mitochondria posttranscriptionally changes multiple cytidines to uridines. The RNA editing trans‐factor MEF1 was identified via ecotype‐specific editing polymorphisms in Arabidopsis thaliana. Complementation assays reveal that none of the three amino acid changes between Columbia (Col) and C24 individually alters RNA editing. Only one combination of these polymorphisms lowers editing at two of the three target sites, suggesting additive effects of the involved SNPs. Functional importance of the C‐terminal DYW domain was analysed with DYW‐truncated and extended constructs. These do not recover RNA editing in protoplasts and regain only low levels in stable transformants. In MEF1, the DYW domain is thus required for full competence in RNA editing and its C‐terminus has to be accessible.
Interplay between the cpSRP pathway components, the substrate LHCP and the translocase Alb3: An in vivo and in vitro study
Authors: Bals Thomas , Dünschede Beatrix , Funke Silke , Schünemann Danja
Published: September 2010

MINT‐7993004: cpSRP43 (uniprotkb:O22265) physically interacts (MI:0915) with SRP54 (uniprotkb:P37106) and Alb3 (uniprotkb:Q8LBP4) by pull down (MI:0096)
Pre‐clustered TCR complexes
Authors: Molnár Eszter , Deswal Sumit , Schamel Wolfgang W.A.
Published: September 2010

The T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a multisubunit transmembrane complex that mediates the antigen‐specific activation of T cells. Using a variety of techniques, several research groups have shown that TCRs are at least partially pre‐clustered before antigen binding. These new findings are contradictory to the “classical” view, according to which TCRs are randomly distributed on the cell surface and only associate upon antigen binding. In this review we try to answer the following questions: What are the experimental evidences for the existence of pre‐clustered TCRs? How can the TCR pre‐clusters be activated upon antigen binding? Which functional consequences for T‐cell activation arise from the pre‐clustering of TCRs.
Immune response of bovine milk somatic cells to endotoxin in healthy quarters with normal and very low cell counts
Authors: Wellnitz Olga , Baumert Amandine , Saudenowa Machabbat , Bruckmaier Rupert M
Published: September 2010

Low somatic cell count (SCC) is a reliable indicator of high-quality milk free of pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, an important goal in dairy practice is to produce milk with low SCC. Selection for cows with low SCC can sometimes lead to extremely low SCC in single quarters. The cells in milk are, however, predominantly immune cells with important immune functions. To investigate the mammary immune competence of quarters with very low SCC, healthy udder quarters of cows with normal SCC of (40–100)×103cells/ml and very low SCC of <20×103cells/ml were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fromEscherichia coli. In the first experiment, SCC and cell viability after a challenge with 50 ng of LPS/quarter was investigated. In the second experiment, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) concentration and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in milk, and mRNA expression of various innate immune factors in milk cells were measured after a challenge with 100 μg LPS/quarter. LPS challenge induced an increase of SCC. SCC levels reached were higher in quarters with normal SCC and maximum SCC was reached 1 h earlier than in very low SCC quarters. The increase of TNF-α concentrations in milk in response to LPS challenge was lower in quarters with very low SCC than in quarters with normal SCC. The viability of cells and the LDH activity in milk increased in response to LPS challenge, however, without a difference between the groups. The mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-8 was increased in milk cells at 12 h after LPS challenge, whereas that of TNF-α and lactoferrin was not increased at the measured time points (12, 24 and 36 h after LPS challenge). No differences of mRNA expression of measured immune factors between normal and very low SCC samples were detected. The study showed that udder quarters with very low SCC responded with a less marked increase of SCC compared with quarters with normal SCC. This difference corresponded with simultaneously lower TNF-α concentrations in milk. However, the immune competence of the cells themselves based on mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β, and lactoferrin, did not differ. The results may indicate that very low SCC can impair the immune competence of udder quarters, because the immune response in udder quarters with lower SCC is less efficient as fewer cells contribute to the production of immunoregulators.
Effects of divergent Holstein-Friesian strain and diet on diurnal patterns of plasma metabolites and hormones
Authors: Meier Susanne , Kolver Eric S , Verkerk Gwyneth A , Roche John R
Published: September 2010

Commonly measured metabolite and hormone concentrations used to describe the metabolic status of lactating cows undergo diurnal variation resulting in distinct patterns. Studies have shown that feeding events can modulate these diurnal patterns as cows respond to the nutrient intake. What is less clear is the extent to which cow genetics and diet interact to modify the diurnal patterns of specific nutritionally related metabolites and hormones. The objective of this study was to investigate diurnal patterns in circulating metabolite and hormone concentrations in divergent strains of Holstein-Friesian cows (North American, NA; and New Zealand, NZ) offered either fresh pasture (FP) or a total mixed ration (TMR). Plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were determined at 4-h intervals for a minimum of three consecutive days. All of the above metabolites and hormones exhibited within-day variability. Main effects of genetic strain and diet were observed for plasma IGF-1, and a strain by diet interaction was observed for GH. Time of day×diet interactions were observed for both glucose and insulin. Three-way interactions (time of day×diet×strain) were observed for BHBA and NEFA. These data indicate different levels of diurnal variation, with glucose, insulin, NEFA and BHBA having the largest daily variation. These diurnal patterns need to be considered in future investigations of these metabolites and hormones.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms at the imprinted bovine insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) locus are associated with dairy performance in Irish Holstein-Friesian cattle
Authors: Berkowicz Erik W , Magee David A , Sikora Klaudia M , Berry Donagh P , Howard Dawn J , Mullen Michael P , Evans Ross D , Spillane Charles , MacHugh David E
Published: September 2010

The imprinted insulin-like growth factor 2 gene (IGF2) encodes a fetal mitogenic hormone protein (IGF-II) and has previously been shown to be associated with performance in dairy cattle. In this study we assessed genotype-phenotype associations between four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within the bovineIGF2locus on chromosome 29 and a range of performance traits related to milk production, animal growth and body size, fertility and progeny survival in 848 progeny-tested Irish Holstein-Friesian sires. Two of the four SNPs (rs42196909andIGF2.g-3815A>G), which were in strong linkage disequilibrium (r2=0·995), were associated with milk yield (P⩽0·01) and milk protein yield (P⩽0·05); thers42196901SNP was also associated (P⩽0·05) with milk fat yield. Associations (P⩽0·05) with milk fat percentage and milk protein percentage were observed at thers42196901andIGF2.g-3815A>GSNPs, respectively. Thers42196909andIGF2.g-3815A>GSNPs were also associated with progeny carcass conformation (P⩽0·05), while an association (P⩽0·01) with progeny carcass weight was observed at thers42194733SNP locus. None of the four SNPs were associated with body size, fertility and progeny survival. These findings support previous work which suggests that theIGF2locus is an important biological regulator of milk production in dairy cattle and add to an accumulating body of research showing that imprinted genes influence many complex performance traits in cattle.
Influenza virus A subtype H1N1 is inhibited by methylated β-lactoglobulin
Authors: Sitohy Mahmoud , Scanu Michela , Besse Bernard , Mollat Claudine , Billaudel Sylviane , Haertlé Thomas , Chobert Jean-Marc
Published: September 2010

Addition of methylated β-lactoglobulin (Met-BLG) in the medium of MDCK cell lines infected with influenza virus subtype H1N1 reduced hemagglutination activity (HA) in a concentration dependent manner. Antiviral activity of Met-BLG depended on its concentration, viral load, and duration of infection. Using 17 μg/ml of Met-BLG inhibited 50% of HA of H1N1 grown in MDCK cells at 1 MOI after 24 h incubation at 37°C and in 5% CO2. Extension of incubation time enhanced antiviral action since the same concentration of Met-BLG inhibited about 61% of viral activity after 48 h. This viral inhibition was accompanied by a protection of MDCK cells as observed by using neutral red or by direct microscope examination. Reduction of viral RNA replication upon the addition of Met-BLG (50 μg/ml) was observed by real time-PCR showing a reduction of viral log value of about 0·9. When viral stock solution was mixed with 25 μg/ml Met-BLG in absence of cell lines, the morphology and viability of virus particles were significantly affected as observed by electron microscopy, and the number of intact virus particles was reduced by roughly 65%.
Observed reduction in recovery of Corynebacterium spp. from bovine milk samples by use of a teat cannula
Authors: Bexiga Ricardo , Pereira Helena , Pereira Octávio , Leitão André , Carneiro Carla , Ellis Kathryn A , Vilela Cristina L
Published: September 2010

Although Corynebacterium bovis and coagulase-negative staphylococci are frequently the most commonly isolated bacteria from milk samples submitted for identification of pathogens causing intramammary infection, the individual quarter somatic cell count (SCC) from those samples is most often low. The present study aimed at evaluating the difference in bacteriology results from milk sampled by the standard technique (as recommended by the National Mastitis Council) and by the use of a teat cannula surpassing the teat canal, since C. bovis is often only found in the teat canal. Single quarter milk samples were collected in duplicate from 132 dairy cows on a commercial dairy farm using the standard milk sampling technique and also using a cannula introduced into the teat. Two groups of quarters were sampled: a group that was selected randomly at cow and quarter level and a group that was selected based on having SCC >200 000 cells/ml at the previous milk recording at cow level and on California mastitis test result at quarter level. Bacteriological culture performed on the samples yielded 29 Corynebacterium spp. isolates from the samples collected with the standard technique and 6 isolates from the samples collected with a cannula. Bacteriological culture yielded 73 and 100 culture negative samples respectively with the standard and the alternative sampling technique. A significant difference between the two sampling techniques was observed for recovery of Corynebacterium spp. and for no-growth samples. There was no significant difference in the isolation of Corynebacterium spp. or other bacterial species when using the standard technique before or after sampling with the cannula; thus the observed difference in bacteriology results could not be attributed to a particular sampling order. No significant change was observed overall in individual quarter SCC measured on the sampling day and 7 d later. Our results agree with several studies showing that Corynebacterium bovis often colonizes the teat canal, without causing true intramammary infection.
Effect of freeze-drying on viability andin vitroprobiotic properties of a mixture of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts isolated from kefir
Authors: Bolla Patricia A , de los Angeles Serradell María , de Urraza Patricio J , De Antoni Graciela L
Published: September 2010

The effect of freeze-drying on viability and probiotic properties of a microbial mixture containing selected bacterial and yeast strains isolated from kefir grains (Lactobacillus kefir,Lactobacillus plantarum,Lactococcus lactis,Saccharomyces cerevisiaeandKluyveromyces marxianus) was studied. The microorganisms were selected according to their potentially probiotic propertiesin vitroalready reported. Two types of formulations were performed, a microbial mixture (MM) suspended in milk and a milk product fermented with MM (FMM). To test the effect of storage on viability of microorganisms, MM and FMM were freeze-dried and maintained at 4°C for six months. After 180 days of storage at 4°C, freeze-dried MM showed better survival rates for each strain than freeze-dried FMM. The addition of sugars (trehalose or sucrose) did not improve the survival rates of any of the microorganisms after freeze-drying. Freeze-drying did not affect the capacity of MM to inhibit growth ofShigella sonnei in vitro, since the co-incubation of this pathogen with freeze-dried MM produced a decrease of 2 log inShigellaviability. The safety of freeze-dried MM was tested in mice and non-translocation of microorganisms to liver or spleen was observed in BALB/c mice feedad libitumduring 7 or 20 days. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the effect of freeze-drying on viability,in vitroprobiotic properties and microbial translocation of a mixture containing different strains of both bacteria and yeasts isolated from kefir.
In situ generation of milk protein-derived peptides in drying-off cows
Authors: Ho Chin H , Chang Chai J , Liu Wen B , Peh Huo C , Chen Shuen E , Chen Hui Y , Ho Tsung H , Chen Ming T , Nagahata Hajime
Published: September 2010

Our previous studies demonstrated prompt elevation of proteinase activity in mammary secretion of drying-off cows and goats. The current study examined the progressive changes in composition of cow mammary secretion following drying-off and, in parallel, characterized the mode of peptide neogenesis using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography-electrospray-ionization (LC-ESI) MS/MS. The results show that the percentage of casein of total milk protein at time of drying-off was 76%, which dropped to 41%, 24%, and 16%, respectively, 1, 2, and 3 weeks after drying-off. Levels of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactoalbumin in mammary secretions of drying-off cows decreased prominently while levels of lactoferrin, BSA, and casein derived-proteins increased concomitantly compared with regular milk. A fractionation procedure was applied to remove molecules larger than 10 kDa before MALDI-TOF MS and LC-ESI MS/MS and the results show that the MALDI-TOF MS peptide profile of mammary secretion ranging from m/z 600 to 4000 was apparently modified after drying-off for 1 week, whereas species 1590 m/z and 2460 m/z were most obviously enriched compared with regular milk. LC-ESI MS/MS results were used to map peptide sequence with Mascot search server and under no post translational modification to reduce database size and 202 novel β-casein-derived peptides were successfully identified in mammary secretion after drying-off for 1 week in contrast to regular milk. Accordingly at least 48 additional cleavage positions were assigned on β-casein for mammary secretion. Among the 202 novel peptides, 5 are homologous with confirmed opioid agonists, angiotensin 1-converting enzyme inhibitors, or immuno-modulators. In conclusion, peptides are releasedin situfrom milk proteins within short intervals following drying-off in cows. They might play roles in the transition of mammary glands from lactating to non-lactating. With specified post-translational modifications and focused functional screening, novel peptides are yet to be discovered in dry cow mammary secretion.
Rapid and direct quantitative detection of viable bifidobacteria in probiotic yogurt by combination of ethidium monoazide and real-time PCR using a molecular beacon approach
Authors: Meng XC , Pang R , Wang C , Wang LQ
Published: September 2010

The potential of ethidium monoazide (EMA) real-time PCR method based on molecular beacon probe for rapid detection of viable bifidobacteria present in probiotic yogurt was evaluated in this work. A real-time PCR with molecular beacon assay was developed to determine genusBifidobacteriumquantitatively in order to increase the sensitivity and specificity of assay. EMA was used to treat probiotic yogurt prior to DNA extraction and real-time PCR detection to allow detection of only viable bacteria. The primer set of Bif-F/Bif-R which is genus-specific forBifid. was designed. The specificity of the probes ensures that no signal is generated by non-target amplicons. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a good correlation (R2=0·9948) between the EMA real-time PCR results and the plate counting, and real-time quantitative PCR results correlated adequately with enumeration of bifidobacteria by culture for commercial probiotic yogurt. This culture-independent approach is promising for the direct and rapid detection of viable bifidobacteria in commercial probiotic yogurt, and the detection can be carried out within 4 h. The detection limit for this method is about 104cell/ml. In conclusion, the direct quantitative EMA real-time PCR assay based on molecular beacon described in this research is a rapid and quantitative method.
Controlling the onset of turbulence by streamwise travelling waves. Part 2. Direct numerical simulation
Authors: LIEU BINH K. , MOARREF RASHAD , JOVANOVIĆ MIHAILO R.
Published: September 2010

This study builds on and confirms the theoretical findings of Part 1 of this paper (Moarref & Jovanović, J. Fluid Mech., 2010, doi:10.1017/S0022112010003393). We use direct numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations to assess the efficacy of blowing and suction in the form of streamwise travelling waves for controlling the onset of turbulence in a channel flow. We highlight the effects of the modified base flow on the dynamics of velocity fluctuations and net power balance. Our simulations verify the theoretical predictions of Part 1 that the upstream travelling waves promote turbulence even when the uncontrolled flow stays laminar. On the other hand, the downstream travelling waves with parameters selected in Part 1 are capable of reducing the fluctuations' kinetic energy, thereby maintaining the laminar flow. In flows driven by a fixed pressure gradient, a positive net efficiency as large as 25 % relative to the uncontrolled turbulent flow can be achieved with downstream waves. Furthermore, we show that these waves can also relaminarize fully developed turbulent flows at low Reynolds numbers. We conclude that the theory developed in Part 1 for the linearized flow equations with uncertainty has considerable ability to predict full-scale phenomena.
Prandtl–Blasius temperature and velocity boundary-layer profiles in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: ZHOU QUAN , STEVENS RICHARD J. A. M. , SUGIYAMA KAZUYASU , GROSSMANN SIEGFRIED , LOHSE DETLEF , XIA KE-QING
Published: September 2010

The shapes of the velocity and temperature profiles near the horizontal conducting plates' centre regions in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection are studied numerically and experimentally over the Rayleigh number range 108≲Ra≲ 3 × 1011and the Prandtl number range 0.7 ≲Pr≲ 5.4. The results show that both the temperature and velocity profiles agree well with the classical Prandtl–Blasius (PB) laminar boundary-layer profiles, if they are re-sampled in the respective dynamical reference frames that fluctuate with the instantaneous thermal and velocity boundary-layer thicknesses. The study further shows that the PB boundary layer in turbulent thermal convection not only holds in a time-averaged sense, but is most of the time also valid in an instantaneous sense.
The development of rediae ofFasciola hepaticainRadix natalensissubjected twice to bimiracidial exposures
Authors: Dar Y. , Vignoles P. , Dreyfuss G. , Rondelaud D.
Published: September 2010

Experimental infections of EgyptianRadix natalensiswith a French isolate ofFasciola hepatica(each snail was subjected twice to a bimiracidial exposure) were carried out to determine how many sporocysts grew in these snails and to study the developmental patterns of redial generations. Single-sporocyst infections were found in 69.3% (34/49) of infected snails, with equivalent numbers of normal and abnormal patterns. Snails with two- and three-sporocyst infections were 24.4% and 6.1%, respectively. In single- and two-sporocyst infections at days 42 and 56 post-exposure, the total redial burden was significantly higher in snails with a normal redial development. In two- and three-sporocyst infections, the overall maturity of rediae was delayed at days 42 and 56. The high frequency of abnormal patterns inR. natalensis(53.1% of all infected snails showed degeneration of a first mother redia) might be due to incomplete adaptation between the snail population and the parasite. The delayed redial maturity in two- and three-sporocyst infections can mainly be explained by the volume of the snail body, which would be insufficient to allow the simultaneous differentiation of most rediae over time.
Opportunity and Solidarity
Authors: TAYLOR-GOOBY PETER
Published: September 2010

Current restructuring of provision across European welfare states emphasises proactivity, individual responsibility and access to opportunities. Much established social protection rests on a more passive approach and seeks to provide security against the risks encountered during a normal life-course, together with some redistribution towards the poor. A more liberal individualism may suit a more globalised and post-industrial world in which the logic of markets is more powerful and the working class correspondingly weaker. From one perspective, it risks damaging the support for collective provision on which the welfare state rests. This paper uses data from the 2008 European Social Survey to examine whether the shift in responsibility for outcomes more towards individuals may threaten the political legitimacy of welfare states. It shows that a corresponding proactivity of government to secure good access to more equal opportunities for vulnerable groups is required to support individual proactivity in grasping opportunities.
Indexing theInternational Law Reports(ILR)
Authors: McGlashan Maureen
Published: September 2010

The index has been a key feature of theInternational Law Reports(ILR)since their inception in 1919. Apart from the individual volume indexes there have been five consolidated versions, each helping, by bringing related material together, to cast the jurisprudence in a new light. A sixth consolidation is in progress, running from Volumes 1–150. Maureen McGlashan, the indexer, describes the principles underlying theILRindexing process and asks whether, with theReportsnow available online at Justis, the index is any longer necessary. She also considers the role of the ancillary apparatus such as the Tables of Cases and Treaties.
Managing Copyright Information
Authors: Rollins Paul
Published: September 2010

A new Law Licence was agreed between the legal profession and the CLA in late 2008 and Paul Rollins of the The Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, describes its main features and the role of the CLA in enforcing copyright law in the UK.
LIM Meets LJI: an Article on an Abstract
Authors: Duffield Claire , Fallon Sarah , Stopford Jean
Published: September 2010

The team responsible for Legal Journals Index explain how journal articles are selected, indexed and loaded to this online legal information service provided by Sweet & Maxwell. They outline the history of LJI and discuss the criteria for determining which journals are included in the service; how the Articles team decides which articles will be indexed; the content of an LJI index entry; how an abstract is written; the use of the taxonomy; the full text journals service on Westlaw; and the work of the Document Delivery team.
Mashing Content: a Case Study
Authors: Fogden Fiona
Published: September 2010

The definition of mashing in the context of content is different depending on where you look. In this example from Fiona Fogden of Baker Tilly, mashing refers to the blending of content from a variety of sources into a single location. It is a process librarians have been undertaking for years in bulletins and abstracts, but new technology brings with it new terminology as well as new opportunities.
Transient rift opening in response to multiple dike injections in the Manda Hararo rift (Afar, Ethiopia) imaged by time‐dependent elastic inversion of interferometric synthetic aperture radar data
Authors: Grandin R. , Socquet A. , Doin M.‐P. , Jacques E. , de Chabalier J.‐B. , King G. C. P.
Published: September 2010

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data spanning the time intervals separating thirteen dike intrusions in the Manda Hararo–Dabbahu rift (Afar, Ethiopia) from 2005 to 2009 show that transient deformation occurs in the inter‐diking period. This deformation can be explained by the presence of seven inflating or deflating pressure sources. By combining the data acquired on four different InSAR tracks, through time‐dependent elastic models, we are able to track these deformation modes with a time resolution smaller than 1 month. Sustained deflation of a deep magma reservoir at Dabbahu in the 6 months following the main rifting event of 2005, and slow decelerating post‐eruptive re‐inflation of two shallow magma reservoirs below Dabbahu and Gabho volcanoes, are monitored. A deflation signal of deep origin on the neighboring rift system is also detected, possibly caused by outflow of material from a preexisting reservoir into the deep plate boundary. In contrast, rapidly evolving deformation is observed at the center of the Manda Hararo rift segment. Transient deformation events are monitored in the weeks/months following the diking events, with pulses of localized rift opening after the dike intrusions, followed by an exponential‐like decay of opening rate. This signal may be associated with the replenishment of the central magma reservoir involved in feeding the 2005–2009 dikes. Alternatively, the predominantly horizontal mode of deformation suggests an interaction between the response of the lithosphere to tectonic strain accumulation, and the process of hydraulic connectivity within the central magma plumbing system.
Tidal amplification of seabed light
Authors: Bowers D. G. , Brubaker J. M.
Published: September 2010

Because solar irradiance decreases approximately exponentially with depth in the sea, the increase in irradiance at the seabed from mid to low tide is greater than the decrease from mid to high tide. Summed over a day, this can lead to a net amplification of seabed irradiance in tidal waters compared to nontidal waters with the same mean depth and transparency. In this paper, this effect is quantified by numerical and analytical integration of the Lambert‐Beer equation to derive the ratio of daily total seabed irradiance with and without a tide. Greatest amplification occurs in turbid water with large tidal range and low tide occurring at noon. The theoretical prediction is tested against observations of seabed irradiance in the coastal waters of North Wales where tidal amplification of seabed light by up to a factor of 7 is both observed and predicted. Increasing the strength of tidal currents tends to increase the turbidity of the water and hence reduce the light reaching the seabed, but this effect is made less by increasing tidal amplification, especially when low water is in the middle of the day. The ecological implications of tidal amplification are discussed. The productivity of benthic algae will be greater than that predicted by simple models which calculate seabed irradiance using the mean depth of water alone. Benthic algae are also able to live at greater depths in tidal waters than in nontidal waters with the same transparency.
Effect of radar‐rainfall uncertainties on the spatial characterization of rainfall events
Authors: Mandapaka Pradeep V. , Villarini Gabriele , Seo Bong‐Chul , Krajewski Witold F.
Published: September 2010

Remotely sensed precipitation products, due to their large areal coverage and high resolution, have been widely used to provide information on the spatiotemporal structure of rainfall. However, it is well known that these precipitation products also suffer from large uncertainties that originate from various sources. In this study, we selected radar‐rainfall (RR) data corresponding to 10 warm season events over a 256 × 256 km2 domain with a data resolution of 4 × 4 km2 in space and 1 h in time. We characterized their spatial structure using correlation function, power spectrum, and moment scaling function. We then employed a recently developed RR error model and rainfall generator to obtain an ensemble of probable rainfall fields that are consistent with the RR estimation error structure. We parameterized the spatial correlation functions with a two‐parameter power exponential function, the Fourier spectra with a power law function, and the moment scaling functions with the universal multifractal model. The parameters estimated from the ensemble were compared with those obtained from the RR products to quantify the impact of radar‐rainfall estimation errors on the spatial characterization of rainfall events. From the spatial correlation and power spectrum analyses, we observed that RR estimation uncertainties introduce spurious correlations with greater impact for the smaller scales. The RR errors also significantly bias the estimation of the moment scaling functions.
Thermo‐evaporative fluxes from heterogeneous porous surfaces resolved by infrared thermography
Authors: Shahraeeni Ebrahim , Or Dani
Published: September 2010

Variations in evaporative fluxes from heterogeneous wet terrestrial surfaces may induce a distinct and spatially variable thermal signature detectable by modern infrared thermography (IRT) methods. Combining measured temperature distribution for an evaporative surface with surface energy balance offers a means for extraction of spatial and temporal distributions of evaporative flux as a function of surface temperature. Recent advances in IRT technology offer spatially resolved thermal images at unprecedented sensitivity for in situ estimation of surface evaporation flux distribution currently unobservable by other methods. We studied evaporation patterns from surfaces of initially saturated sand columns containing sharp vertical textural contrasts (fine‐sand inclusion in coarse‐sand background) to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. We examined several algorithms for model validation. Spatial and temporal IRT data are numerically inverted to obtain evaporation flux values that are compared with rates of mass loss from direct weighing of the samples. Analytical solutions of some special cases are also compared with the experimental data. We introduce a convenient approximation based on mean surface temperatures of similar textural regions to resolve spatial evaporative fluxes. Estimates are in good agreement with experimental results. Our results also confirm the occurrence of lateral capillary flows from coarse to fine sand in the presence of sharp heterogeneity during evaporation. The proposed method could under certain conditions be used to convert highly resolved temperature fields to deduce drying patterns of interest in various fields from hydrology to food processing and other engineering applications.
Long‐term runoff and sediment yields from small semiarid watersheds in southern Arizona
Authors: Polyakov V. O. , Nearing M. A. , Nichols M. H. , Scott R. L. , Stone J. J. , McClaran M. P.
Published: September 2010

This study presents analysis of 34 years of precipitation, runoff, and sediment data collected from eight small (1.1–4.0 ha) semiarid rangeland watersheds in southern Arizona, USA. Average annual precipitation ranged between 354 and 458 mm with 53% of the total rainfall occurring from July through September. Runoff depth was 3.5%–13.9% of annual precipitation depth for individual watersheds and 9.2% on average. Runoff events with missing sediment data were estimated to account for 30% of the total sediment yield. Sediment yields were highly variable, ranging between 0.85 t ha−1 yr−1 and 6.69 t ha−1 yr−1 with an average of 2.4 t ha−1 yr−1. Ten percent of rainfall events with the largest sediment yields produced over 50% of the total sediment yield during the 34 year period. Linear regression models were developed to relate precipitation and runoff characteristics to watershed sediment yield. Maximum 30 min precipitation intensity was the primary factor affecting runoff, and runoff was the best predictor for sediment yield, explaining up to 90% of its variability. Fire and drought may have significantly altered the hydrologic and sediment response on some of the watersheds, but lack of continuous monitoring of vegetation on the watershed areas complicated interpretation of both fire and grazing management effects.
Behavior of halogens during the degassing of felsic magmas
Authors: Balcone‐Boissard H. , Villemant B. , Boudon G.
Published: September 2010

Residual concentrations of halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) and H2O in glass (matrix glass and melt inclusions) have been determined in a series of volcanic clasts (pumice and lava‐dome fragments) of plinian, vulcanian and lava dome‐forming eruptions. Felsic magmas from calc‐alkaline, trachytic and phonolitic systems have been investigated: Montagne Pelée and Soufrière Hills of Montserrat (Lesser Antilles), Santa Maria‐Santiaguito (Guatemala), Fogo (Azores) and Vesuvius (Italy). The behavior of halogens during shallow H2O degassing primarily depends on their incompatible character and their partitioning between melt and exsolved H2O vapor. However, variations in pre‐eruptive conditions, degassing kinetics, and syn‐eruptive melt crystallization induce large variations in the efficiency of halogen extraction. In all systems studied, Cl, Br and I are not fractionated from each other by differentiation or by degassing processes. Cl/Br/I ratios in melt remain almost constant from the magma reservoir to the surface. The ratios measured in erupted clasts are thus characteristic of pre‐eruptive magma compositions and may be used to trace deep magmatic processes. F behaves as an incompatible element and, unlike the other halogens, is never significantly extracted by degassing. Cl, Br and I are efficiently extracted from melts at high pressure by H2O‐rich fluids exsolved from magmas or during slow effusive magma degassing, but not during rapid explosive degassing. Because H2O and halogen mobility depends on their speciation, which strongly varies with pressure in both silicate melts and exsolved fluids, we suggest that the rapid pressure decrease during highly explosive eruptions prevents complete equilibrium between the diverse species of the volatiles and consequently limits their degassing. Conversely, degassing in effusive eruptions is an equilibrium process and leads to significant halogen output in volcanic plumes.
Astrocytes are ‘Good Scouts’: Being Prepared Also Helps Neighboring Neurons
Authors: Dienel Gerald A
Published: September 2010

Recognition of glycogen as an active participant in the energetics of brain activation is replacing the long-held concept of glycogen as an emergency energy reserve, but the functional roles of glycogen and the cellular utilization of glycogen carbon are unresolved issues. Metabolic modeling by DiNuzzo et al, in this issue predicts that mobilization of glycogen during brain activation provides fuel for activated astrocytes and increases product inhibition of hexokinase thereby reducing astrocytic utilization of blood-borne glucose and increasing glucose availability for activated neurons. Glucose buffering and glucose channeling (not lactate shuttling to neurons) are proposed to be the consequences of glycogenolysis.