bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Televised Interpreted COVID-19 Briefings and Deaf Viewers: A Preliminary Investigation of Associated Concerns
Authors: Adigun Olufemi Timothy
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT Since its emergence, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has placed a strain on human existence and social interactions. With its disruptive potentials, basic information on COVID-19 is essential for all including those who are deaf. However, until now access to COVID-19 related information to the deaf via sign language on television vis-à-vis quality and comprehensibility of deaf viewers remains a concern. Hence, the researchers initiated this study to explore and to provide understanding to concerns about COVID-19 press briefing as perceived by the Nigerian deaf community. The study adopted a qualitative research design using a semi-structured interview, this study found that visibility, incomplete interpretation, inadequate knowledge of deafness and deaf communication processes were factors that influenced perceived quality of televised interpreted PTF COVID-19 briefings. Participants had partial comprehension of interpreted COVID-19 briefings. Based on the findings, recommendations were made.
¡De los amores, el mejor!
Authors: Ospina Botero Mireya , Ortiz Villegas Luisa Fernanda
Published: December 2021

Se utilizó un método de corte cualitativo para analizar la experiencia del poliamor, en relación a las transformaciones ideológicas, culturales y sociales que han favorecido su surgimiento. Se realiza un recorrido histórico acerca del comportamiento amoroso y sus características a la luz del modelo de amor romántico y lo que se entiende por poliamor. Posteriormente, se abordan los hallazgos que muestran cómo el poliamor responde a un continuo de cambios y críticas a la forma tradicional de amar desde las narrativas de algunos entrevistados. Las conclusiones se constituyen en una perspectiva abarcadora para la comprensión sobre las prácticas sexo-afectivas y las relaciones amorosas que han contribuido a la creación de nuevas ideologías.
Religión y poliamor: dos miradas al fenómeno amoroso
Authors: Ospina Botero Mireya , Zuluaga Zuluaga Alejandra
Published: December 2021

El presente capítulo surge de los hallazgos desarrollados por la investigación sobre dinámicas y sentidos de las relaciones poliamorosas en la ciudad de Pereira. Tiene como propósito realizar un análisis comparativo de los postulados de la Iglesia Católica frente a los de la ideología poliamorosa. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con entrevistas y grupos focales. En sus resultados se concluye la tensión existente entre ambas perspectivas, alrededor de temas como la monogamia, la fidelidad y la reproducción.
Ungovernable Earth: Resurgence, Translocal Infrastructures and More-than-Social Movements
Authors: Ghelfi Andrea , Papadopoulos Dimitris
Published: December 2021

How do social movements respond to the ecological crisis? In this paper, we reframe social movements as ‘more-than-social movements’ to highlight the fact that many contemporary mobilisations do much more than target recognised social institutions and political governance; indeed, they are practically transforming eco-societies with and within both the human and the nonhuman world. What constitutes the core of more-than-social movements’ action is the capacity to set up alternative ecologies of existence, or ‘alterontologies’, as we call them in the paper. In what follows, we engage with the imaginaries and practices of agroecology, AIDS treatment activism and permaculture in order to rethink what autonomy and justice might look like in the context of today's ecological crisis.
الأفكار الخرافية الزائفة لدى عينة من الراشدين وكبار السنّ في جنوب فلسطين
Authors: Katalo Kamel H.
Published: December 2021

هدفت الدّراسةُ معرفةَ بعضِ الأفكارِ الخرافيّةِ الزّائفِة لدى عينةٍ من الرّاشدين، وكبارِ السنّ في جنوبِ فلسطينَ، ومعرفةَ الفروق على وفق متغيرِ الجنس، والعُمر والمستوى الاقتصاديّ والحالة المهنيّة.  تحقيقاً لأهدافِ الدّراسةِ تمّ بناءُ مقياس الأفكار الخرافية وتطويرها، وبحسبت الخصائص السيكومترية له، واستعمل الباحثُ المنهجَ الوصفيّ التحليليّ، طُبقت الدّراسةُ على عينةٍ من (196) من الراشدين وكبار السن (94ذكراً، 102أنثى)، تمّ اختيارُهم بالطّريقة العشوائيّة البسيطة من مدينة راهط خلف الخط الأخضر. توصلت الدراسة إلى عددٍ من النّتائج منها: أَنّ انتشار الأفِكار الخرافيّة كان متوسطاً، وعدم وجود فروق في الجنس والمستوى الاقتصادي والحالة المهنية ووجود فروق في العمر. تمّت مناقشتُها في ضوءِ الدّراسات السّابقة والإطار النّظريّ، وتمّ تقديمُ بعضِ التّوصيات.
منطلقات الغزو البريطاني على العراق 1918
Authors: Mijbil Qatran Abbas
Published: December 2021

عملت بريطانيا قبل الاحتلال العسكري للعراق إلى مد جذورا لها داخل العراق من خلال اتباعها عدة اساليب وطرائق كان في مقدمة تلك الاساليب عمليات التبشير وانشاء البنوك، الأمر الذي جعل منها بالتماس من العراق والعراقيين مما سهل لها عملية الاحتلال، وأنَّ مسالة تأخرها في عملية استكمال الاحتلال أربعة سنوات يدل على المقاومة العنيفة التي شهدتها في عملياتها العسكرية ، وكذلك استطاعت القوات العثمانية من محاصرة الجنرال البريطاني (طاوزند) مع قواته ولمدة خمسة اشهر حتى اضطر الاستسلام عام 1916م، لكن حملة بريطانية جديدة وصلت العراق من الهند وقد نجحت في ايقاع الهزيمة بالجيش العثماني واحتلال مدينة الموصل عام1918م ، وقد نشرت بريطانيا تصريحا في نهاية الحرب اعلنت ان غايتها من خوض الحرب مع العثمانيين هو لتحرير العرب من السيطرة العثمانية وقد اثرت هذه التصريحات في نفوس العراقيين وحمايتهم لغرض تأسيس حكومة وطنية في بلادهم ولكن امالهم خابت بعد أن وجدوا أنَّ الدول الكبرى تتجه الى وضع العراق لكن الانتداب البريطاني وهذا يعني استمرار السيطرة الاجنبية وعدم قيام حكم وطني مســــــتقل.
الاعتناء بمخطوطات السيرة النبوية وتوظيفها في الدراسات التاريخية
Authors: Al–Leheabi Saleh Muhammad Zeki Mahmood
Published: December 2021

يسلط هذا البحث الضوء على مخطوطات السيرة النبوية والجهود المبذولة للاعتناء بها، سواء من خلال المؤسسات أم العلماء والأفراد، وبيان قيمتها ومكانتها العلمية التاريخية وأثرها في الدراسات في هذا المجال.

إن أهمية موضوع البحث تنبع من كونه يرتكز على بيان أهمية نخبة من مخطوطات السيرة النبوية الموجودة في مكتبات عدة في أرجاء المعمورة، وماهي السبل والطرق التي اتبعت للعناية بها، والواقع والمأمول لها، مع تبيان وتفصيل لنماذج لاتزال مخطوطة من كتب السيرة النبوية وأخرى مطبوعة، ومدى التنوع الموجود في مخطوطات السيرة النبوية، والأقسام والتفريعات في أوصاف كتب السيرة النبوية.

ويتبين من خلال البحث أن مخطوطات السيرة النبوية شأنها شأن الكثير من مصادر تراثنا تعاني من عدم توحيد الجهود في عملية الاعتناء بهذه المخطوطات خصوصاً في مجال الدراسة والتحقيق حيث لايزال النقص يعتريها وبشكل كبير.

كما نلمس تمكن الكثير من المستشرقين من إنجاز أعمال عدة أسهمت في الاعتناء بالمخطوطات وتحقيقها وإظهارها للنور بشكل قد يفوق أحياناً ما قدمه الباحثون المسلمون، مما يستوجب حث الخطى في هذا المجال للوصول إلى نتائج مرضية في مجال السيرة النبوية.

ويبين البحث بأن مخطوطات السيرة النبوية لم تكن على شكل واحد بل تعددت فمنها المستقلة والمفردة والمدمجة وغيرها وكل ذلك تابع لأسلوب الكتابة المتبع في التأليف والدوافع الكامنة وراء تأليف كتب السيرة النبوية والمرحلة التارخية التي كتبت فيها.
العنف المدرسي في إمارة الشارقة
Authors: Al-Teneijii Noura Mohammed , Alomosh Ahmad Falah
Published: December 2021

تهدف الدراسة الى التعرف على العنف المدرسي في إمارة الشارقة، والمتمثلة في التعرف على أشكال العنف المدرسي ومظاهرها وأسبابها والحلول المقترحة للحد منها، وقد صممت استبانة خاصة لموضوع الدراسة، وتم تطبيقها على طلبة إمارة الشارقة والعدد الكلي 137 طالب (35) وطالبة (102) من خلال استعمال طريقة العينة الغرضية غير الاحتمالية.

ولقد كشفت الدراسة عن أن مظاهر وأشكال العنف المدرسي جاءت مرتبة تنازلياً حسب درجة شدتها على النحو الآتي: العنف الموجّه من الهيئة التدريسية نحو الطلبة، ومن ثم العنف الموجّه من الطلبة نحو زملائهم الطلبة، فالعنف الموجّه من الطلبة نحو ممتلكات المدرسة، وأخيراً العنف الموجّه من الطلبة نحو الهيئة التدريسية. كما كشفت الدراسة عن أسباب العنف المدرسي والحلول المقترحة للحد منه.

  ومن النتائج المهمة التي توصلت لها الدراسة أن التدليل الزائد من الأسرة والسيطرة على الطالب أو الحرمان من المصروف ليس من الدوافع التي تؤدي إلى العنف وإن أهم الأمور التي تؤدي إلى العنف هي الاختلاط برفقاء السوء، وغياب التوجيه والإرشاد المدرسي وطبيعة مرحلة المراهقة وكذلك عدم استثمار وقت الفراغ بالنشاطات التي تنمي مواهب الطالب لما يفيده.
La Comprensión lingüística del texto coránico
Authors: Ahmed Ibtihaj Abbas
Published: December 2021

خوليو كورتيس مؤلف القاموس الحديث للغة العربية يعتبر أحد المراجع الرئيسية لتعريب اللغة الإسبانية حتى يومنا. قام بترجمة القرآن الكريم و تضمنت ترجمته جميع الآيات القرآنية وكان من الواضح أنها لغوية في الغالب. اما المقدمة فهي مقدمة عامة لتاريخ الإسلام وخاصة فجر الإسلام وظهوره. نحاول في عملنا تحليل ومناقشة الاختلاف الدلالي والترجمة بين كلمتي (قبر واجداث) التي اختارها المستشرق الإسباني خوليو كورتيس في ترجمة القرآن الكريم إلى اللغة الإسبانية وما هو معناها;وفهمها حسب القرآن العربي.

أطلق الناقد الفرنسي جيرارد جنيت مصطلح النص الموازي وهو كل ماله صلة بالنص المركزي المدروس ويشمل الخطابات القديمة واسماء الناشرين والمؤلفين وكل ما يحيط بالنص الموازي من رسوم توضيحية وافتتاحيات الفصول وكل نص مبهم. والنص الموازي هي ملحقات وعناصر تحيط بالنص سواء من الداخل او الخارج وتتحدث بشكل مباشر او غير مباشر عن النص او تفسره او تضيء جوانبه المبهمة. النص الموازي في الترجمة هو ما يجعل من الترجمة منتوج ترجمي يمكن عرضه للجمهور بشكل عام (الفرنسي خوسيه بوستي) النص الموازي في القران ينقسم الى قسمين (1.  النص الموازي الداخلي الداخلي (القران الكريم واسماء السور). 2. النص الموازي الخارجي هو كل الكتب المتعلقة بعلوم القران من كتب التفسير واسباب النزول) أما بالنسبة للملاحظة الأساسية والمحصلة النهائية بالنسبة لنا، فهي تتعلق بتسمية الترجمة، وفي هذه المرحلة يمكننا التمييز بين اتجاهين واضحين: تجنب استخدام كلمة "ترجمة" من جهة، وربطها من الجانب الاخر بكلمات مثل: تفسير/ ترجمة تأويلية/ تعليق.
التحليل الساينوبتيكي لموجة البرد وتساقط الثلوج على العراق في شهر شباط 2020
Authors: Abdul Rahman Maisara Adnan
Published: December 2021

يهدف هذا البحث في دراسة الموجة الباردة والتساقط الثلجي على العراق في شهر شباط من عام 2020 التي بدأت بتاريخ 9-13 واختيرت المحطات على أساس تسجيلات الانواء الجوية العراقية للتساقط الثلجي وتشمل الموصل وبغداد والرطبة والحلة والكوت وكربلاء، وأشارت النتائج  الى أنَّ أعلى عدد أيام تساقط للثلوج كان لمحطة الموصل بلغ ثلاثة أيام ، أمَّا باقي محطات الدراسة فقد اقتصر التساقط على يوم واحد فقط بتاريخ 11/2. وبلغت اقل درجة حرارة صغرى المرافقة للهطول الثلجي)  0.7 - م) لكل من الموصل وبغداد ولم تتجاوز الحرارة عن ( 2 م)، أمَّا قيم الضغط الجوي تراوحت بين القيم المتوسطة والعالية (1019.9-1031.8) مليبار، وتراوحت قيم سرع الرياح بين المتوسطة والسكون (6 ) – ( 00 ) م/ثا،  أمَّا الاتجاه السائد كان شمالي شرقي ووصلت الرطوبة الى نسب عالية تراوحت ما بين 51 - 100% وغطت الغيوم السماء بنسبة 8 اثمان بأغلبية الأوقات. وكان التساقط الثلجي بسبب سيطرة كتلة هوائية قطبية باردة المتمثلة بالمرتفع السيبيري على المستوى الضغطي السطحي ، واتضح أنَّ هذا المرتفع ضحل اذ سيطر منخفض جوي على المستوى 850 مليباراً ، أمَّا خطوط الحرارة المتساوية لهذا المستوى فبلغت ما بين (0- / 5-) والمغذي الأساسي لهذه الموجة هو سيطرة الاخدود على المستوى 500 مليبار، إذ بلغت درجة الحرارة في المنطقة الوسطى من العراق ( 25 - م ) والجنوبية ( 20 - م ) واخيراً ظهور محور التيار النفاث القطبي مرافقاً للهطول الثلجي بسرعة تصل الى 100 عقدة في وسط العراق واتضح من التحليل لهذه المستويات السابقة وجود اخدود عميق يمتد من ارتفاع 300 مليبار الى 850 مليباراً،  وأيضاً تبين وجود حالة الحاجز الضغطي (البلوكنك) والذي امتد من المستوى الضغطي 300 مليبار نزولا الى المستوى الضغطي السطحي بنوعية الحاجز اوميغا والمرتفع فوق منخفض.
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS A REFLECTION OF THE PECULIARITIES OF NATIONAL THINKING
Authors: Kadhim Majdi Hussein
Published: December 2021

В статье отмечается взаимосвязь языка, культуры и мышления. Рассмотрены некоторые устойчивые языковые выражения, предающие значения конкретных явлений в русском и английском языке и отражающие явления окружающего мира через особенности передачи значений присущих конкретной стране. Приведен анализ влияния менталитета на особенности национального мышления. Описаны факторы обусловливающие формирование национального мышления и менталитета русского народа. Приведены особенности черт русского народа в сопоставлении с особенностями американского народа.
الآفات الاجتماعية في العصر المملوكي
Authors: ABDULQADER  IMRAN MAYYADAH
Published: December 2021

تناول البحث ظاهرة منتشرة في العصور المتأخرة، ولاسيما في العصر المملوكي هي (الحشيشة) نتيجة لما واجهه المجتمع من ظروف قاهرة، نتجتْ عنه آفة اجتماعية أساء الناس استعمالها، ولاسيما في الأوساط الشعبية (الفقراء) وأكثروا من تعاطيها لتُنسيهم واقعهم المزري، لذا أراد شعراء العصر التعبير عن سخطهم ونقمهم من هذه الآفة خلال أشعارهم، فاتجهوا اتجاهين: الأوّل المؤيد لها لما تبعثه في نفس شاربها من نشوة ومتعة وتخرجه من واقعه المؤلم، والآخر الرافض لها لما تجلبه من أمراض وتعب وربما يؤدي بحياته إلى الموت.
التخطيط الحضري ودوره في الحد من الجريمة
Authors: Abdulaziz Ahmad Abdulaziz , Alsabaawi Yousif Hamid
Published: December 2021

على الرغم من التقدم الذي احرزته الدول على الأصعدة  كافة  لاسيما التخطيط الحضري – مدار البحث - لمدنها وما توصلت اليه من تصاميم اساسية من تطور جعلت الحياة الحضرية أكثر سهولة من الناحية المكانية (المادية) غير أنَّ هناك قصور كبير في الجوانب الاجتماعية (المعنوية)، فقد اضحت أغلب المدن اليوم لوحة فنية رائعة لا روح لها، وأصبح الفرد يعيش فيها بعزلة اجتماعية ونفسية وعلاقات ثانوية مع أقرب من يجاوره مكانياً.

     وينطبق هذا الواقع نفسه اليوم في المدن العراقية عموماً ومدينة الموصل – منطقة الدراسة - على وجه الخصوص، فعلى الرغم من أن أصحاب القرار التخطيطي حاولوا أن يجسدوا وما توصل اليه مخططي المدن الغربيين من أفكار تصميمية في واقع المدن العراقية بحيث أصبحت المدن العراقية في  النصف الثاني من القرن الماضي من أجمل المدن العربية ومدينة الموصل احدى أجمل المدن العراقية، غير أنَّهم في ذات الوقت أهملوا الجانب الاجتماعي الذي يعد من الأهمية بمكان أن عرف الفرد (العراقي – العربي) بعلاقاته الاجتماعية المتينة مع محيطه المكاني والاجتماعي، ليصبح اليوم يعيش في عزلة اجتماعية ونفسية وجعلته ينطوي على نفسه وأسرته الصغيرة.

     وما زاد الامر تعقيداً في مدينة الموصل جملة من الأحداث التي مرت بها لاسيما بـــــعد (الاحتلال الامريكي للعراق عام 2003) وما خلفه من انفلات أمني وانتشار لعصابات القتل والجريمة المنظمة إدى الى زيادة كبيرة في معدلات الجريمة ، كما كان لأحداث (غزو تنظيم داعش الارهابي لمدينة الموصل عام 2014، وحرب التحرير المباركة ضد داعش عام 2017) أثر مهما في دمار البنية التخطيطية والاجتماعية لمدينة الموصل، الامر الذي تطلب من الباحثين في هذا المجال تقديم الأفكار المناسبة من أجل اعادة بلورة الفكر التخطيطي للقائمين على المدن وتحقيق أفضل تصميم لمدينة الموصل يؤخذ فيها بالحسبان الناحيتين (المادية والاجتماعية).
The Subjective Adaptation of Syrian Emigrant Families in Algeria
Authors: KAOUACHE Raouf , BOUGHERZA Rédha
Published: December 2021

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على مستوى التكيف الذاتي لعائلات المهاجرين السوريين في الجزائر اعتماد على نموذج " مونتغومري". تضم متغيرات الدراسة الراتب، استعمال المهارات في الوظيفة الحالية، الرضا العام، إسهام الوظيفة في التثاقف، الأمان الوظيفي والفرق بين ظروف الوظيفة الحالية والمتوقع منها كعناصر للتكيف الذاتي. تم جمع البيانات باستعمال مقابلات مع 49 مهاجرا سوريا يعيشون في ولايتي جيجل والجزائر، لمدة تسعة أشهر سنة 2016م ، حُللت البيانات باستعمال الحزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية. توصلت الدراسة إلى وجود اتجاه سلبي نحو غالبية عناصر التكيف الذاتي، مع وجود بعض التوجهات الإيجابية. كما بينت النتائج كذلك وجود علاقة دالة بين نوع العمل الممارس، الجنس، سنة القدوم، اللغة، والأجر على التوالي مع مستوى التكيف الذاتي.
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF FOSFOMYCIN AND NITROFURANTOIN THERAPY IN URINARY TRACT INFECTION DURING PREGNANCY.
Authors: Baheti Vishwas
Published: December 2021

Background: Urinary tract infections in pregnancy can be complications if the microbes causing it are proven to be resistant to standard use antibiotics. Routinely a multi-dose regimen of nitrofurantoin is used as a management protocol, however recent literatures have highlighted the relative efficacy of Fosfomycin in successful treatment. The present study was done to comparatively assess the efficacy of single dose Fosfomycin and standard dose nitrofurantoin in UTI among pregnant females, Methodology: Study employed a pool of 60 subjects divided equally in two groups. The groups were provided either with Fosfomycin or nitrofurantoin. Observations: Fosfomycin showed a lower rate of side effects and microbial resistance as compared to nitrofurantoin. The clinical and laboratory analysis revealed a statistically significant superiority of Fosfomycin in the selected study sample. Conclusion: Fosfomycin showed a better outcome compared to nitrofurantoin in the selected study sample.

Keywords: Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Pregnancy, UTI
The Effectiveness of Humor Training on Happiness and Life Satisfaction of Female Patients With Epilepsy
Authors:   Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran., Bagherzadeh Shirvan Nazanin , Khodabakhshi-Koolaee Anahita ,   Department of Psychology and Education Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran.
Published: December 2021

Background: Women with epilepsy face many physical and psychological problems due to their illness. Epilepsy affects women’s motherhood, parenting role, and quality of life. Thus, in addition to medical interventions, their recovery programs should also cover psychological therapies. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of humor training on happiness and life satisfaction of female patients with epilepsy. Methods: This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest design and control group. The research population included all female patients who were members of the Iranian Epilepsy Association, Tehran, in 2020. The subjects were selected using convenience sampling. To this end, 30 women who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned into the intervention and control groups. The intervention group attended eight 2-hour humor training sessions and the control group did not receive any training. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were completed by the subjects before and after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed by one-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) using SPSS software (version 24). Results: According to the findings, the patients who received humor training reported significantly higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction compared to the control group. There was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of happiness (pre-test: 38.20±3.59; post-test: 45.27±4.18) (F=26.37; P=0.001) and also, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of pre-test and post-test of life satisfaction (pre-test: 13.01±6.16; post-test: 18.67±5.70) (F=30.07; P=0.001) in the intervention group. This difference was not significant in the control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Humor training increased happiness and life satisfaction among women with epilepsy. This low-cost and easy-to-implement training is recommended to be used by psychologists and psychiatric nurses as a non-pharmacologic alternative along with other treatment options.
REFORMS VERSUS REVOLUTION: ANARCHISM AND THE SECOND REPUBLIC
Authors:   University of Zaragoza, Casanova Ruiz Julian
Published: December 2021

The CNT maintained very difficult relations with the Republic and ex-perienced different states of mind, from the initial expectations of some to the useless insurrections of others, passing through the hostility of the majority of its affiliates. When all these roads were being remade, the military uprising of July 1936 arrived. Suddenly, anarcho-syndicalism found what it had sought so badly without success, with its historic opportunity to make revolution, to make the egalitarian dream come true. It is an eight-year story that ended, after the victory of Franco's army, in tragedy for Spanish anarchism, with thousands of its militants killed, in prisons or in exile.
ECHOES AND REPERCUSSIONS OF THE PROCLAMATION OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC AND THE START OF THE CIVIL WAR IN LATIN AMERICA: A PRELIMINARY APPROXIMATION
Authors:   Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina), Buchbinder Pablo
Published: December 2021

The aim of the article is to study the repercussions of the beginning of the Spanish Second Republic and the rebellion of July 18 in various Latin American countries. The cases of Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay are studied in particular. These repercussions are analyzed in the framework of the rise of dictatorial and authoritarian governments in most of these countries with the exception of Mexico since the early 1930s. The way in which governments, the Spanish immigrant com-munities and the different social groups in these countries acted in the face of both episodes are studied. The repercussions generated by the anticlerical policy of the first government of the second republic are an-alyzed, especially in the face of the dissolution of the company of Jesus and the introduction of secular education. The tensions that these poli-cies provoked in Argentina and Chile and the support that the second republic obtained in Mexico are analyzed. On the other hand, the way in which the news of the uprising of July 18, 1936 was received is studied. The support for the army by the governments of Uruguay and Chile and, again, the support that the Spanish legal government obtained in Mexico is analyzed.
RUSSIAN-CUBAN INTERNATIONALIST IN DEFENSE OF THE SPANISH REPUBLIC: MOISES RAIGORODSKY
Authors:   Instituto Juan Marinello de La Habana, Massón Sena Caridad
Published: December 2021

More than a thousand Cubans fought in favor of the Spanish Republic. Some of them were people born in the Iberian Peninsula, settled in Cuba a long time ago and before the outbreak of the civil war, they launched themselves to the defense of the legally established government. But there is a very interesting example that reflects how solidarity has no borders or impediments: the case of Moisés Raigorodsky. A young Russian who lived in Havana since he was a child and had participated in the struggles against the dictator Gerardo Machado, showing great courage despite his young age. For this reason he was very persecuted by the police forces and the Communist Youth League, to which he belonged, organized his departure from the country to Spain in 1935. Months later, Moisés did not hesitate to join the Fifth Regiment to defend the Republic from the attack of the Falangist hosts and died heroically in the battle of Casa de Campo, in November 1936.
THE EXHIBITION “REVOLUTIONARY SPAIN FIGHTING AGAINST FASCISM” AS A PRODUCT OF SOCIALIST REAL-IST CULTURE
Authors:   The State Museum of the History of Religion, Suslova Natalia
Published: December 2021

The author explores the exhibition "Revolutionary Spain Fighting against Fascism" (1936–1939, Museum of the History of Religion, Leningrad), focusing on the approaches and methods used for construct-ing and representation of the images of "great family" (hero, mother, fa-ther) and enemy, who opposed them. These archetypes were widely re-produced in Soviet culture, most particularly in the novels and stories created in the genre of socialist realism. The museum narrative was a kind of political parable, in which "Revolutionary Spain" (the hero) struggled against the "church and fascism" (the enemy). The role of the stern, but loving and caring father-mentor belonged to Stalin, whose portraits appeared several times at the exhibition. Homeland was the mother, for whose freedom the Republicans (sons and daughters) fought. Not all the Republicans, but only Communists were the ones, who gained the victory in this war.
THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD FROM THE SPANISH COMMUNIST EXILE POINT OF VIEW
Authors:   Autonomous University of Barcelona, Puigsech Farràs Josep
Published: December 2021

This article analyzes how the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) interpreted the Republican period from a double point of view. The PCE fought against the Republic because considered a bourgeois republic that had to be destroyed by a workers' revolution that culminated in a proletariat dictatorship. The sectarianism and scarce social support began to be overcome from 1934 and, especially, from 1935 with the Popular Front tactics from the Communist International. In addition to this, the PCE was included in the electoral coalition of the Popular Front in February 1936: the PCE was presented as a popular party more than a worker party. The Civil War facilitated its social and political penetration as a popular front party. The exile times created a myth in the Republican period, focused on the years of the war. The PCE interpreted the Republican period from the interests of the foreign policy of the URSS. For this reason, it was interpreted as a national and international struggle against fascism aggression, except in the period between the German-Soviet Pact and the Nazi attack on the USSR.
ANARCHO-SYNDICALISTS AND THE SPANISH REPUBLIC (1931–1936)
Authors:   Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Science., Damier Vadim
Published: December 2021

Many anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists in Spain generally welcomed the fall of the monarchy in April 1931, hoping that these changes would open the way for a more free development of the libertarian trade union movement and for anarchist agitation. However, the initial calculations of those who had pinned their hopes on the republic were quickly shaken. The policy of the republican governments was diametrically opposed to the ideas of the anarcho-syndicalists, and the repression of the authorities against the strike and protest movement led to the fact that the republic began to be perceived in the libertarian environment as a hostile regime. This contributed to the strengthening of internal divisions in the anarcho-syndicalist trade union association, the National Confederation of Labor (CNT), causing it to split into radical and moderate trends. The first of them, having won a victory, took a course towards the immediate accomplishment of the social revolution. The political and social regime of the Spanish Republic, in the view of the anarcho-syndicalists, was to be overthrown and replaced by the system of stateless libertarian communism, which was perceived as an alternative to the fascist threat. This article examines the stages and vicissitudes in the development of relations between the anarcho-syndicalist movement and the Spanish Republic in the period preceding the military-nationalist rebellion of July 1936, and analyzes the reasons and motives for the change in the positions of the CNT and anarchists.
THE UPRISING OF JULY 1936 AND INTERNATIONAL GANGSTERISM OF THE FASCIST ITALY
Authors:   Universidad Complutense, Viñas Ángel
Published: December 2021

The origin of the civil war is a central theme in the history of Spain in the 20th century and has given rise to intense debates. In the author's opinion, it was the result of the combination of structural conditions (economic and social underdevelopment, accelerated modernization pro-cess, resistance to it), all necessary, but not sufficient. The latter were determined by two factors: the existence of a conspiracy against the Spanish Republic since its very advent in 1931 and the inability of the republican governments to effectively cut it off in 1936. They did not know how to do so despite all the measures adopted but, at the same time Dessert, they could not either because from the first years of his life his monarchical adversaries had the help of fascist Italy. This was gradually materializing until an agreement was reached in March 1934, well known, but also very disfigured. It was the unequivocal signal that Mussolini was willing to curtail the republican experience in Spain in order to establish fascist influence in the western Mediterranean. The unequivocal signal was given in October 1935, in parallel with the in-vasion of Abyssinia. In June 1936, after victory, he turned again to Spain. His commitment materialized in contracts for the supply of war material, for a short war, on July 1 of the same year. The author has uncovered one of the most disfigured enigmas of the origin of the civil war.
ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ PR-КАМПАНІЇ З ВИВЕДЕННЯ КАВИ STARBUCKS НА УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ РИНОК
Authors: Соловйова Юлія , Горіла Анастасія
Published: December 2021

Бренд Starbucks за 50 років свого існування став лідером світового кавового ринку в сегменті рітейлу та HoReCa. Однак бренд продовжує розвиватись та завойовувати нові світові ринки. Вихід бренду на український ринок очікувався з 2011 р., але тільки на початку 2021 р. компанія Nestle стала дистриб'ютором торгової марки кави Starbucks. Наразі кава Starbucks представлена тільки в рітейл сегменті. Наукова стаття присвячена особливостям розробки та реалізації PR-кампанії з виведення кави бренду Starbucks на український ринок. Визначено мету, завдання, учасників PR-кампанії. Розглянуто комплекс інструментів, що були використані для PR-підтримки бренду (прес-конференція, прес-реліз, інфлюенс-маркетинг, креативна розсилка для журналістів та блогерів, івент для лайфстайл ЗМІ) та проаналізовано їхню результативність. Завдяки вдало дібраним інструментам PR-кампанії було досягнуто її мету – підвищення пізнаваності бренду серед цільової аудиторії.
The tensile strength: The most fundamental mechanical characteristics of concrete
Authors: Windisch Andor
Published: December 2021

Concrete is an inhomogeneous building material. It has a considerable and reliable compressive strength and a relative low tensile strength which can be even exhausted locally under unfortunate conditions. It is quite obvious that the concrete tensile strength was always reprehended as the most unreliable concrete property. A simple relationship between tensile- and compressive strength is introduced. The mechanical background of the relation tensile- to compressive strength in case of ‘normal’ and high strength concretes is elucidated. Mechanical bond, too, relies completely on the tensile strength. In the design of structural concrete members the tension fields are more characteristic than the compression fields. Effective concrete strengths are not successful. Tensile strength can be applied as ‘yield condition’ for the lower bound solution in the theory of plasticity. The paper intends to contribute to the acceptance of the tensile strength as the more fundamental concrete characteristics.
PRÁTICAS DE MARKETING RELACIONAL EM LOJAS DE GAMES: UM ESTUDO SOBRE A PERCEPÇÃO DOS ALUNOS DE UMA INSTITUIÇÃO FEDERAL
Authors: Kuchertt Artur , Fagherazzi Pizzoli Maria de Fátima , Ganzer Paula Patrícia , Dullius Rodrigo
Published: December 2021

A pesquisa apresenta um estudo acerca da percepção dos alunos de uma Instituição Federal de ensino sobre as práticas de marketing de relacionamento adotadas por varejistas de jogos eletrônicos. A abrangência do estudo considera o universo de lojas físicas instaladas na cidade de Caxias do Sul – RS, como também lojas que realizam vendas por meio online. O procedimento metodológico utilizou abordagem quantitativa, de objetivo descritivo, como procedimento técnico utilizou uma Survey. A amostra foi composta por duzentos e vinte e seis os respondentes da pesquisa, e os resultados do estudo apontaram que as práticas de marketing relacional são mais percebidas em alunos que efetuam compras em lojas online. Os resultados da pesquisa possibilitaram também o levantamento de características do comportamento de compra dos alunos, como as suas categorias de jogos preferidas, plataformas e marcas de console em que jogam habitualmente.
ONLINE COURSE REGISTRATION APPLICATION AT EDEN EVERYDAY ENGLISH BOGOR
Authors: Muthia Dinda Ayu , Efendy Yetrivo
Published: December 2021

The course is one of the education provided outside formal (non-formal) schools to develop personal abilities and skills. Eden Everyday English Course Institute is an Institution located in Bogor. In this institution, the registration process for students is done manually by filling in the registration form provided by the admin. Eden Everyday English Course Institute is one of the courses where the number of applicants increases every year, this causes the administration department cannot manage everything properly and feels overwhelmed so that it is not effective. With the increase in the number of students registering each year, it would be better if a web-based registration system was created, so that it could simultaneously serve as a medium for promoting the course institution. The purpose of this research is to create a web-based application to help the process of registration for new students in Eden Everyday English Course Institute using the waterfall method. Many studies, especially in the field of information system development, use the Waterfall method. This online course registration application is effective and efficient because it is supported by an integrated system. This application improves the quality of information and the efficiency of the implementation of online course registration.
ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE TOPONYM KAMCHATKA
Authors: Tikhonov Dmitrii , Poarch Elisabeth
Published: December 2021

There is extensive literature and a large number of hypotheses about the origin of the toponym, Kamchatka. These are analyzed in detail by the historian, B. P. Polevoy, in his work “New About the Discovery of Kamchatka”. This hypothesis has been criticized by a number of authors. We have analyzed publications on the development of Northeast Asia by Russia in the 17th century, associated with Kamchatka and archival documents of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA). We have published a new look about the forgotten hypothesis of A. N. Bondareva, about the Yakut roots of the toponym "Kamchatka" is published on the basis of the original documents of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (petition of the foreman Ivan Rubets, etc.) and an attempt is made to understand the etymology of the word Kamchatka, its connection with the Yakut word "khamcha" (in Yakut - a smoking pipe).
Independent Character Building of Special Needs Children in Special Elementary School
Authors: Putra Rico Yuda Permana , Suyatno Suyatno
Published: December 2021

This study aims to describe the implementation of instilling independent character in SLB N 1 of Yogyakarta. The used research design was qualitative research using a case study. Data collection was conducted by interview, observation, and documentation. The collected data was analyzed using interactive-inductive analysis technique encompassed data reduction, data representation, and conclusion. The research result showed that (1) the indicator of independent character in SLB N 1 of Yogyakarta showed by preparing the need for studying, having self-confidence, individually finishing the assignments, being dare to express an opinion, group cooperation, reading and writing correctly also adequately., doing the calculation task independently. (2) Instilling independent character addressing special-needs students was carried out through learning activities, direct teaching, spontaneous activity, exemplary, and daily habituation. This finding can be used by stakeholders and inclusive educational practitioners to organize and conduct independent character building for special-needs students at school.
Development of 21st Century Skills-Based Stereochemistry Learning Tools to Train Students' Argumentation Skills
Authors: Erika Farah , Rahmadani Agung
Published: December 2021

This study aims to describe the validity of 21st century skills-based stereochemistry learning tools to train students' argumentation skills. This research is an educational design research with reference to the design of the Wademan development research model. The research instrument used was a learning tools validation sheet consisting of several validation sheets, namely: syllabus validation sheet, lesson plan validation sheet, teaching material validation sheet, student worksheet validation sheet, and argumentation skills assessment instrument validation sheet. The research data obtained from the validation and review sheets were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The expert's assessment of validation for each aspect of the assessment has good and very good validity criteria. These results indicate that learning tools that integrate the nature and complexity of the stereochemical structure of natural compounds from tropical rain forests can be used in the stereochemistry learning process.
Higher Order Thinking Skills of Children Aged 4-6 Years in Early Language Learning Based on Lesson Study
Authors: Samad Farida , Samad Rita , Sasmayunita Sasmayunita
Published: December 2021

This study aims to describe the higher order thinking skills of children aged 4-6 years in early language learning based on lesson study. The research method used descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this study were B group students of Telkom Preschool Ternate in  2020/2021 academic year. Data collection was carried out using direct observation, in-depth interviews and documentation that explored children's abilities of critical and creative thinking aspects. Data were analyzed which followed to the three main steps; data reduction, data presentation and verification, and concluding. The study found that early language learning based-on lesson study activities can stimulate children's abilities in critical aspect; 18 students (81.8%) answered questions and retold and 4 students (18.2%) are able to interpret stories. Meanwhile, in creative thinking aspects 10 students (45.5%) have criteria that often appear of completing assignments in the form of the work given by the teacher. The children identify the problem, giving various responses and comments; become active learner both collaboratively in completing sharing and jumping tasks on ‘ profession’
Buğday üretiminde farklı toprak işleme ve ekim yöntemlerinin verim, maliyet ve net kar yönünden karşılaştırılması
Authors: KARA Orhan , ARSLAN Emine
Published: December 2021

Araştırmada; Çukurova koşulları buğday üretiminde uygulanan doğrudan ekim ile azaltılmış, geleneksel toprak işleme ve ekim yöntemleri dane verimi, sap verimi, maliyet ve net kar yönünden karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma 2019-2020 yılları buğday üretim dönemini kapsamaktadır. Bu amaçla ele alınan farklı toprak işleme ve ekim yöntemlerinin (T1: Geleneksel toprak işleme (Pulluk + goble diskaro + tapan + ekim makinası), T2: Azaltılmış toprak işleme (kombine çizel-rototiller-dişli tırmık + ekim makinası), T3: Azaltılmış toprak işleme (çizel + goble diskaro + ekim makinası), T4: Sırta Ekim ( Pulluk + goble diskaro + tapan + sırta ekim makinası), T5: Doğrudan Ekim (Doğrudan ekim makinası)) buğday üretimine etkileri agronomik ve ekonomik yönden farklı düzeylerde olmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda, birinci yıl en yüksek tane verimi elde edilen T2 uygulaması ile en düşük tane verimi elde edilen T4 uygulaması arasında ilk yıl yaklaşık %7, ikinci yıl ise yaklaşık %3 fark belirlenmiştir. Farklı toprak işleme ve ekim yöntemleri, sap veriminin her iki yıl ortalamasının 994.9 – 944.8 kg/da arasında değişmesini etkilemiştir. Üretim maliyeti yönünden her iki yılda en düşük üretim maliyeti ve en yüksek net kar T2 uygulamasında tespit edilmiştir.
Levantamento de atividades e fontes fixas poluidoras do ar na cidade de Balsas-MA
Authors: Martins Marcos Vinicius Elias , Rosa Rayssa Guimarães , Oliveira Gislane Pinho de
Published: December 2021

Este trabalho apresenta um diagnóstico da poluição do ar através da quantificação e análise das características das principais fontes poluidoras da região do município de Balsas-MA, por meio do levantamento de dados acerca dos pontos referidos. O município de Balsas, localizado na região sul do estado do Maranhão, além de já ser uma região bastante conhecida pelo Agronegócio e intensificação de mecanização agrícola, passa por um processo cada vez mais crescente de industrialização. Do ponto de vista comercial, essa situação é excelente, porém do ponto de vista sanitário, toxicológico e ambiental tal situação, quando não realizada de forma correta, pode gerar danos à população e ao ecossistema da região. Diante disso, o trabalho tem como objetivo, verificar quais e quantos são os pontos de emissão de poluentes fixos que se localizam na região do município de Balsas, além de realizar uma caracterização dos possíveis poluentes que são emitidos por estes pontos. Assim, o presente trabalho mostrou que mesmo em um perfil dado como moderado, a cidade possui tendência a ter índices que podem se elevar com o tempo, por alguns motivos, tais como: falta de fiscalização por parte de órgãos ambientais; e falta de Conscientização por parte da população, que ignora todos os sinais de que os danos gerados pela emissão de poluentes não afetam apenas o meio ambiente, mas todos os seres que vivem naquele determinado meio, e isto inclui o ser humano.
Genetic structure and diversity among individuals of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. from Mato Grosso, Brazilian Amazon, using ISSR markers
Authors: Maltezo Daniele Paula , Medeiros Julliane Dutra , Rossi Ana Aparecida Bandini
Published: December 2021

The Amazon is the largest tropical forest in the world and is home to around 20% of all the biodiversity on the planet, among the species present in the Amazon is Copaifera langsdorffii, exploited mainly for the extraction of oil-resin and wood, often in ways incorrect, which can cause the loss of genetic variability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic structure and diversity among individuals of C. langsdorffii located in Mato Grosso, Brazil, using ISSR markers. We sampled leaves from 27 adult individuals of C. langsdorffii, whose total genomic DNA was extracted. A total of 12 ISSR primers were used for the molecular characterization of the individuals. A grouping analysis was performed using the unweighted pair group method, Bayesian analysis and characterized by the genetic diversity. The genetic diversity among and within the groups was demonstrated by the AMOVA. As a result, 106 fragments were amplified and 98.11% were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content of each primer ranged from 0.45 to 0.81.  The dendrogram showed the formation of 4 distinct groups. The greatest genetic variability is found within the groups and not between them. The percentage of polymorphism, genetic dissimilarity values and genetic diversity indexes indicate that there is high genetic variability among Copaifera langsdorffii individuals, suggesting that ISSR primers were efficient in detecting polymorphism in this species and that the individuals have potential for compose programs aimed at the preservation of the species and the ability to integrate germplasm banks.
O comprometimento de gestores acadêmicos na universidade pública: relações afetivas, instrumentais e normativas
Authors: Amaral Daniela Vieira , Mello Simone Portella Teixeira , Iepsen Luã Borges
Published: December 2021

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o comprometimento de gestores(as) acadêmicos(as) na universidade pública. A população da pesquisa foi composta por 80 gestores(as), tendo como amostra 46 respondentes. O questionário aplicado é composto pelo perfil sociodemográfico e pela escala de comprometimento organizacional desenvolvida por Meyer, Allen e Smith (1993). A análise dos dados se dá por meio de métodos estatísticos e a técnica análise de conteúdo, útil na interpretação dos resultados, pois melhor esclarece os dados quantitativos. Os resultados demonstram elevado comprometimento afetivo, enquanto que o normativo e o instrumental se equivalem em termos estatísticos, sendo este o ponto chave da pesquisa, objeto de análise mais profunda. Os gestores demonstram vontade de permanência e identificação com a universidade, que é a principal característica da base afetiva de comprometimento. Há um laço do servidor com a instituição que não exclusivamente o profissional. A base normativa é basicamente expressa pela lealdade. A gratidão constrói-se ao longo do tempo de trabalho, conforme consolida-se o vínculo entre o trabalhador e a organização. A base instrumental demonstra que os gestores estão na universidade mais por vontade do que por necessidade. O(A) docente chegou onde queria em termos de carreira, e assumiu uma função pública como coordenador(a) de curso de graduação, inferindo-se daí que não tenha interesse em atuar em outra universidade pública, visto as garantias legais serem iguais. Esses dados resultantes levam à reflexão a respeito das complexas ligações entre docente e universidade, ensejando outras pesquisas futuras para continuidade do tema.
A oficina pedagógica “Percepções e sentimentos das pessoas com deficiência sobre o mundo do trabalho” e o aplicativo “eficiente”
Authors: Araújo Joelze Linhares de , Dantas Aleksandre Saraiva
Published: December 2021

Visando compreender como ocorre o acesso de pessoas com deficiência (PcD) ao trabalho, este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados da  aplicação de uma oficina pedagógica destinada a alunos e ex-alunos com deficiência do Instituto Federal do Piauí-IFPI (Teresina-Central), onde buscou-se com esta proposta educacional revelar a percepção das pessoas com deficiência (PcD) sobre o mundo do trabalho, refletir questões que envolvem as dificuldades de acesso e permanência das PcD em atividades laborais, bem como discutir as leis trabalhistas que amparam a pessoa com deficiência e apresentar uma ferramenta tecnológica o aplicativo “Eficiente” que visa dar mais autonomia e agilidade as vagas de emprego que são reservadas para este público.  A proposta desta pesquisa se encontra no perfil da pesquisa-ação apoiada na metodologia qualitativa, onde se propôs a averiguar as dificuldades de inserção no mundo do trabalho das pessoas com deficiência, utilizando-se de questionários semiestruturados aplicados em cada etapa para a produção de dados. Os resultados mostraram que a oficina pedagógica trouxe reflexões significativas contribuindo para a formação das PcD, trazendo discussões pertinentes relacionadas à inserção ao mundo do trabalho, revelando também a importância do uso da tecnologia como facilitador à inclusão das pessoas com deficiência.
Analysis of processing variables in Equiangular Channel Press deformations
Authors: Santos Reinan Tiago Fernandes dos , Batista Wilton Walter
Published: December 2021

Equiangular Channel Pressing (ECAP) is by far the most promising technique, by the severe plastic deformation (SPD) method, being able to produce large volumes of materials sufficient for practical applications. The ECAP process can be repeated until refining saturation is reached, leading to large amounts of shear strain. The reason behind the exceptional properties obtained in materials processed by ECAP was attributed to the microstructure of the material obtained in this deformation process. This work investigated the ECAP strain variables in the literature in order to analyze the effect of each of these on the microstructure of processed materials. The articles were collected from the following databases: ScienceDirect and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) electronic library, as they include national and international literature. Based on the results found, it could be seen that several parameters must be analyzed to deform pure metals and alloys, to refine the microstructure, such as bending angle and channel angle of the strain matrix, number of passes, and pressing temperature. It was possible to verify that changes in these variables configure changes in the microstructure.