bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transparent vertical nanotube electrode arrays on graphene for cellular recording and optical imaging
Authors: Lee Jamin , Lee Keundong , Kang Kyumeen , Ali Asad , Kim Dong Wook , Ahn Hyerim , Ko Gwanho , Choi Myunghwan , Tchoe Youngbin , Park Hye Yoon , Yi Gyu-Chul
Published: March 2024

Here, we report the fabrication of transparent multichannel vertical nanotube electrode arrays for detecting cellular activity and optically imaging neuronal networks. To fabricate these transparent electrode arrays, position- and morphology-controlled ZnO nanotube arrays consisting of ultrathin nanowalls were grown on transparent graphene layers and coated with Ti/Au metal layers. Using these multichannel arrays, electrophysiological signals were individually recorded from primary mouse hippocampal neurons and recorded distinctive intracellular potential-like signals. Moreover, the transparent electrode array enabled fluorescence imaging of neuron cell bodies and neurite connections. This transparent graphene- and nanotube-based recording device is proposed to greatly increase the versatility of capabilities for investigating neuronal activity through simultaneous recording and imaging of neuron cultures.
A genomic toolkit for winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
Authors: Ho Wai Kuan , Tanzi Alberto Stefano , Sang Fei , Tsoutsoura Niki , Shah Niraj , Moore Christopher , Bhosale Rahul , Wright Victoria , Massawe Festo , Mayes Sean
Published: March 2024

A sustainable supply of plant protein is critical for future generations and needs to be achieved while reducing green house gas emissions from agriculture and increasing agricultural resilience in the face of climate volatility. Agricultural diversification with more nutrient-rich and stress tolerant crops could provide the solution. However, this is often hampered by the limited availability of genomic resources and the lack of understanding of the genetic structure of breeding germplasm and the inheritance of important traits. One such crop with potential is winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), a high seed protein tropical legume which has been termed ‘the soybean for the tropics’. Here, we present a chromosome level winged bean genome assembly, an investigation of the genetic diversity of 130 worldwide accessions, together with two linked genetic maps and a trait QTL analysis (and expression studies) for regions of the genome with desirable ideotype traits for breeding, namely architecture, protein content and phytonutrients.
Distinct transcriptomes and autocrine cytokines underpin maturation and survival of antibody-secreting cells in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Chen Weirong , Hong So-Hee , Jenks Scott A. , Anam Fabliha A. , Tipton Christopher M. , Woodruff Matthew C. , Hom Jennifer R. , Cashman Kevin S. , Faliti Caterina Elisa , Wang Xiaoqian , Kyu Shuya , Wei Chungwen , Scharer Christopher D. , Mi Tian , Hicks Sakeenah , Hartson Louise , Nguyen Doan C. , Khosroshahi Arezou , Lee Saeyun , Wang Youliang , Bugrovsky Regina , Ishii Yusho , Lee F. Eun-Hyung , Sanz Ignacio
Published: March 2024

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple autoantibody types, some of which are produced by long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). Active SLE generates increased circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Here, we examine the phenotypic, molecular, structural, and functional features of ASC in SLE. Relative to post-vaccination ASC in healthy controls, circulating blood ASC from patients with active SLE are enriched with newly generated mature CD19−CD138+ ASC, similar to bone marrow LLPC. ASC from patients with SLE displayed morphological features of premature maturation and a transcriptome epigenetically initiated in SLE B cells. ASC from patients with SLE exhibited elevated protein levels of CXCR4, CXCR3 and CD138, along with molecular programs that promote survival. Furthermore, they demonstrate autocrine production of APRIL and IL-10, which contributed to their prolonged in vitro survival. Our work provides insight into the mechanisms of generation, expansion, maturation and survival of SLE ASC.
Distinct neurochemical influences on fMRI response polarity in the striatum
Authors: Cerri Domenic H. , Albaugh Daniel L. , Walton Lindsay R. , Katz Brittany , Wang Tzu-Wen , Chao Tzu-Hao Harry , Zhang Weiting , Nonneman Randal J. , Jiang Jing , Lee Sung-Ho , Etkin Amit , Hall Catherine N. , Stuber Garret D. , Shih Yen-Yu Ian
Published: March 2024

The striatum, known as the input nucleus of the basal ganglia, is extensively studied for its diverse behavioral roles. However, the relationship between its neuronal and vascular activity, vital for interpreting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals, has not received comprehensive examination within the striatum. Here, we demonstrate that optogenetic stimulation of dorsal striatal neurons or their afferents from various cortical and subcortical regions induces negative striatal fMRI responses in rats, manifesting as vasoconstriction. These responses occur even with heightened striatal neuronal activity, confirmed by electrophysiology and fiber-photometry. In parallel, midbrain dopaminergic neuron optogenetic modulation, coupled with electrochemical measurements, establishes a link between striatal vasodilation and dopamine release. Intriguingly, in vivo intra-striatal pharmacological manipulations during optogenetic stimulation highlight a critical role of opioidergic signaling in generating striatal vasoconstriction. This observation is substantiated by detecting striatal vasoconstriction in brain slices after synthetic opioid application. In humans, manipulations aimed at increasing striatal neuronal activity likewise elicit negative striatal fMRI responses. Our results emphasize the necessity of considering vasoactive neurotransmission alongside neuronal activity when interpreting fMRI signal.
Spatiotemporal control of photochromic upconversion through interfacial energy transfer
Authors: Yan Long , Huang Jinshu , An Zhengce , Zhang Qinyuan , Zhou Bo
Published: March 2024

Dynamic control of multi-photon upconversion with rich and tunable emission colors is stimulating extensive interest in both fundamental research and frontier applications of lanthanide based materials. However, manipulating photochromic upconversion towards color-switchable emissions of a single lanthanide emitter is still challenging. Here, we report a conceptual model to realize the spatiotemporal control of upconversion dynamics and photochromic evolution of Er3+ through interfacial energy transfer (IET) in a core-shell nanostructure. The design of Yb sublattice sensitization interlayer, instead of regular Yb3+ doping, is able to raise the absorption capability of excitation energy and enhance the upconversion. We find that a nanoscale spatial manipulation of interfacial interactions between Er and Yb sublattices can further contribute to upconversion. Moreover, the red/green color-switchable upconversion of Er3+ is achieved through using the temporal modulation ways of non-steady-state excitation and time-gating technique. Our results allow for versatile designs and dynamic management of emission colors from luminescent materials and provide more chances for their frontier photonic applications such as optical anti-counterfeiting and speed monitoring.
Plasma GFAP as a prognostic biomarker of motor subtype in early Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Che Ningning , Ou Ruwei , Li Chunyu , Zhang Lingyu , Wei Qianqian , Wang Shichan , Jiang Qirui , Yang Tianmi , Xiao Yi , Lin Junyu , Zhao Bi , Chen Xueping , Shang Huifang
Published: March 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous movement disorder with different motor subtypes including tremor dominant (TD), indeterminate and postural instability, and gait disturbance (PIGD) motor subtypes. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was elevated in PD patients and may be regarded as a biomarker for motor and cognitive progression. Here we explore if there was an association between plasma GFAP and different motor subtypes and whether baseline plasma GFAP level can predict motor subtype conversion. Patients with PD classified as TD, PIGD or indeterminate subtypes underwent neurological evaluation at baseline and 2 years follow-up. Plasma GFAP in PD patients and controls were measured using an ultrasensitive single molecule array. The study enrolled 184 PD patients and 95 control subjects. Plasma GFAP levels were significantly higher in the PIGD group compared to the TD group at 2-year follow-up. Finally, 45% of TD patients at baseline had a subtype shift and 85% of PIGD patients at baseline remained as PIGD subtypes at 2 years follow-up. Baseline plasma GFAP levels were significantly higher in TD patients converted to PIGD than non-converters in the baseline TD group. Higher baseline plasma GFAP levels were significantly associated with the TD motor subtype conversion (OR = 1.283, P = 0.033) and lower baseline plasma GFAP levels in PIGD patients were likely to shift to TD and indeterminate subtype (OR = 0.551, P = 0.021) after adjusting for confounders. Plasma GFAP may serve as a clinical utility biomarker in differentiating motor subtypes and predicting baseline motor subtypes conversion in PD patients.
Gene-environment interaction analysis of school quality and educational inequality
Authors: Stienstra Kim , Knigge Antonie , Maas Ineke
Published: March 2024

We study to what extent schools increase or decrease environmental and genetic influences on educational performance. Building on behavioral genetics literature on gene-environment interactions and sociological literature on the compensating and amplifying effects of schools on inequality, we investigate whether the role of genes and the shared environment is larger or smaller in higher-quality school environments. We apply twin models to Dutch administrative data on the educational performance of 18,384 same-sex and 11,050 opposite-sex twin pairs, enriched with data on the quality of primary schools. Our results show that school quality does not moderate genetic and shared-environmental influences on educational performance once the moderation by SES is considered. We find a gene-environment interplay for school SES: genetic variance decreases with increasing school SES. This school SES effect partly reflects parental SES influences. Yet, parental SES does not account for all the school SES moderation, suggesting that school-based processes play a role too.
Climate threats to coastal infrastructure and sustainable development outcomes
Authors: Adshead Daniel , Paszkowski Amelie , Gall Sarah S. , Peard Alison M. , Adnan Mohammed Sarfaraz Gani , Verschuur Jasper , Hall Jim W.
Published: March 2024

Climate hazards pose increasing threats to development outcomes across the world’s coastal regions by impacting infrastructure service delivery. Using a high-resolution dataset of 8.2 million households in Bangladesh’s coastal zone, we assess the extent to which infrastructure service disruptions induced by flood, cyclone and erosion hazards can thwart progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Results show that climate hazards potentially threaten infrastructure service access to all households, with the poorest being disproportionately threatened in 69% of coastal subdistricts. Targeting adaptation to these climatic threats in one-third (33%) of the most vulnerable areas could help to safeguard 50–85% of achieved progress towards SDG 3, 4, 7, 8 and 13 indicators. These findings illustrate the potential of geospatial climate risk analyses, which incorporate direct household exposure and essential service access. Such high-resolution analyses are becoming feasible even in data-scarce parts of the world, helping decision-makers target and prioritize pro-poor development.
Living in disadvantaged neighborhoods linked to less intervention for severe aortic stenosis
Authors: Ram Chirag , Yousef Sameh , Ma Wei-Guo , Vallabhajosyula Ishani , Singh Saket , Agarwal Ritu , Milewski Rita K. , Assi Roland , Patel Prakash A. , Williams Matthew , Geirsson Arnar , Vallabhajosyula Prashanth
Published: February 2024

To investigate the association between area deprivation index (ADI) and aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Patients aged 40–95 years with severe AS confirmed by echocardiography were included. The 9-digit zip code of patient residence address was used to identify the ADI ranking, based on which patients were divided into 5 groups (with Group E being most deprived). The rates of AV intervention were compared among 5 groups using competing risks analysis, with death as a competing event. We included 1751 patients with severe AS from 2013 to 2018 followed for a median 2.8 (interquartile range, 1.5–4.8) years. The more distressed ADI groups tended to be younger (P = 0.002), female (P < 0.001), and of African American race (P < 0.001), have higher presentation of sepsis (P = 0.031), arrhythmia (P = 0.022), less likely to have previous diagnosis of AS (P < 0.001); and were less likely to undergo AVR (52.5% vs 46.9% vs 46.1% vs 48.9% vs 39.7%, P = 0.023). Using competing risk analysis, the highest ADI group (E) were the least and the lowest ADI group (A) the most likely to undergo AVR (Gray’s test, P = 0.025). The association between ADI ranking and AVR rates was influenced by sex and race. Within group analysis, there was significant association between race and AVR (Gray’s test, P < 0.001), and between sex and AVR (Gray’s test, P < 0.001). Patients with severe AS living in more deprived neighborhoods were less likely to undergo aortic valve interventions, which was influenced by female gender, and African American race.
Sleep traits and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS in Iran: a two-step clustering analysis
Authors: Mohammadnejhad Safieh , Najafi Arezu , Earnshaw Valerie A. , Mousavi Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh , Fotouhi Akbar , Akbarpour Samaneh
Published: March 2024

Sleep plays an essential role in improving the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLWH); however, sleep traits in this population are not well studied. This study aims to evaluate the sleep traits and related associated factors among PLWH in Iran. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted with 1185 PLWH who attended Voluntary Counseling and Testing centers in 15 provinces in Iran between April 2021 and March 2022. The Berlin Obstructive Sleep Apnea questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Insomnia Severity Index were used. A two-step clustering method was employed to identify the number of sleep clusters in PLWH. Prevalence of poor sleep quality, sleepiness and insomnia were 49.6%, 21.15% and 42.7% respectively. Three sleep trait clusters were identified: I. minor sleep problems (45.6%); II. Snoring & sleep apnea (27.8%), and III. poor sleep quality and insomnia (26.7%). Age (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.033, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.017–1.050), academic education (OR 0.542, 95% CI 0.294–0.998) and HIV duration were associated with being in Snoring & sleep apnea cluster, while age (OR = 1.027, 95% CI 1.009–1.040) was associated with being in Poor sleep quality and insomnia cluster. PLWH with depression had higher odds of being in Poor sleep quality and insomnia cluster, and those with anxiety had higher odds of being in Snoring & sleep apnea cluster and Poor sleep quality and insomnia cluster. A significant proportion of PLWH have poor sleep quality, sleepiness, and insomnia. The identification of three distinct sleep trait clusters underscores the need for increased attention and tailored interventions to address the specific sleep issues experienced by PLWH.
Understanding social dynamics and patient experience in out of hospital care: validation of a co-responsibility questionnaire (CoReCare)
Authors: Knufinke-Meyfroyt Melanie , Lancia Carlo , Lodewijks Yentl , Nienhuijs Simon , Deckers Eva
Published: February 2024

Patient experiences are commonly assessed through patient reported experience measures (PREMs). Ambulatory care models extend traditional care into the patients’ home, meaning that a triangle of health care professionals, patients, and their families need to be considered when assessing the remote care experience. These intertwined responsibilities are described by co-responsibility. Currently, PREMs don’t reflect how elements to remote care impact this remote care experience. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a questionnaire assessing perceived patient-partner co-responsibility as a PREM in remote care. A 30-item questionnaire was assessed among 1000 individuals aged between 18 and 65 years that tried to lose weight with a partner, friend or family member supporting them. Pairwise item correlations, Exploratory Factor Analysis, and Cronbach’s alpha were used for validation. 29-items were identified to reflect co-responsibility across 6 factors: empowerment and support, relational aspects, lack of sympathy, co-participation, accepting help and awareness. Cronbach’s alpha ranged between 0.66 and 0.93, showing good internal consistency. We present a validated CoReCare Questionnaire to understand the impact of social dynamics on achieving desired health outcomes in a remote care setting. The CoReCare Questionnaire extends current PREMs when aiming to assess and improve the patient experience of a care episode outside of the hospital.
Smartphones enabled up to 58 s strong-shaking warning in the M7.8 Türkiye earthquake
Authors: Finazzi Francesco , Bossu Rémy , Cotton Fabrice
Published: February 2024

Public earthquake early warning systems (PEEWSs) have the potential to save lives by warning people of incoming seismic waves up to tens of seconds in advance. Given the scale and geographical extent of their impact, this potential is greatest for destructive earthquakes, such as the M7.8 Pazarcik (Türkiye) event of 6 February 2023, which killed almost 60,000 people. However, warning people of imminent strong shaking is particularly difficult for large-magnitude earthquakes because the warning must be given before the earthquake has reached its final size. Here, we show that the Earthquake Network (EQN), the first operational smartphone-based PEEWS and apparently the only one operating during this earthquake, issued a cross-border alert within 12 s of the beginning of the rupture. A comparison with accelerometer and macroseismic data reveals that, owing to the EQN alerting strategy, Turkish and Syrian EQN users exposed to intensity IX and above benefitted from a warning time of up to 58 s before the onset of strong ground shaking. If the alert had been extended to the entire population, approximately 2.7 million Turkish and Syrian people exposed to a life-threatening earthquake would have received a warning ranging from 30 to 66 s in advance.
Preparation of dyed polymer microspheres by a physical–chemical dual-binding method and their application in lateral flow immunoassay
Authors: Li Jiatong , Zhang Pengfei , Xu Qianrui , Nie Yingrui , Shao Shimin , Wang Zhifei , Jiang Yong
Published: March 2024

A physical–chemical dual-binding strategy was developed to prepare high-dyed microspheres, which were further used for the qualitative detection of COVID-19 virus N protein in LFIA.
Novel non-peripheral mercaptopyridine-substituted mono- and double-decker lutetium(iii) phthalocyanines: synthesis, photophysicochemical and electrochemical properties
Authors: Ömeroğlu İpek
Published: March 2024

Novel non-peripheral tetra-mercaptopyridine-substituted mono- and double-decker lutetium(iii) phthalocyanines were synthesized and their photophysicochemical and electrochemical properties were investigated.
Molecular mechanisms of dimethylarsinic acid adsorption onto aluminum substituted ferrihydrite surfaces
Authors: Ge Yiting , Wang Jiaqi , Guo Fayang , Yuan Meng , Wang Wentao , Li Jiangshan , Zhang Jing , Feng Xionghan , Tan Wenfeng , Wu Yupeng , Yin Hui
Published: March 2024

Aluminum substitution in ferrihydrite promotes the formation of monodentate mononuclear and outer-sphere complexes of dimethylarsinic acid on the mineral surfaces at the expense of bidentate binuclear complexes at pH 6.
PSMA-targeted dendrimer as an efficient anticancer drug delivery vehicle for prostate cancer
Authors: Dhull Anubhav , Wei Jing , Pulukuri Anunay James , Rani Anu , Sharma Rishi , Mesbahi Nooshin , Yoon Hosog , Savoy Emily A. , Xaivong Vi Sylvia , Goody Kenneth John , Berkman Clifford E. , Wu Boyang Jason , Sharma Anjali
Published: March 2024

We present PD-CTT1298 nanoplatform as a versatile approach for selective systemic delivery of high payloads of potent chemotherapeutics to PSMA (+) prostate cancer, where dose related systemic side-effects are a major concern.
Bio-based, random terpolymers with defined functionality based on poly(limonene carbonate-ran-menth-1-ene carbonate)
Authors: Höferth Marcel , Schmalz Holger , Greiner Andreas
Published: March 2024

Random terpolymerization of limonene oxide with its hydrogenated analogue menth-1-ene oxide and CO2 produces a bio-based platform of terpolycarbonates with a defined number and homogeneous distribution of functional groups within the polymer chain.
Biomass-based graphene aerogel for the removal of emerging pollutants from wastewater
Authors: Tripathi Vijayendra Kumar , Shrivastava Manish , Dwivedi Jaya , Gupta Raju Kumar , Jangir Lokesh Kumar , Tripathi Kumud Malika
Published: March 2024

This review article provides a detailed overview of the synthesis techniques of biomass-based graphene aerogels and highlights the influence of fabrication parameters on the performance of the resulting aerogels for wastewater treatment applications.
Triple para-substitution reactions of B(C6F5)3 and [(C6F5)3PF]+ with P(SiMe3)3
Authors: Thomson Jordan , Michailovich Sofia , Miao Linkun , Farrell Jeffrey M. , Murray Jillian A. , Lough Alan , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: March 2024

The triple para-substitution products B(C6F4P(SiMe3)2)3 or [FP(C6F4P(SiMe3)2)3][B(C6F5)4] were prepared, while subsequent reactions gave (H2O)B(C6F4PH2)3 and [(MeO)P(C6F4PH2)3][B(C6F5)4].
Impact of flexible hexyl chain ordering in a mononuclear spin crossover iron(iii) complex
Authors: Hagiwara Hiroaki , Sonoda Kento
Published: March 2024

Temperature-dependent variation of flexible hexyl groups in an iron(iii) complex influences cation-to-cation and cation-to-anion interactions, leading to an unusual two-step SCO transition in the 400–10 K temperature range.
Cobalt-catalyzed amination of aziridines and azetidines toward 1,2- and 1,3-diamines
Authors: Cheng Ling-Chao , Wang Zhihua , He Xinglei , Liang Wangfu , Ye Ke-Yin
Published: March 2024

A cobalt-catalyzed ring opening, nucleophilic amination of aziridines and azetidines with N-fluorosulfonamides has been established toward a wide range of 1,2- and 1,3-diamine derivatives in moderate to good yields under mild conditions.
Visible light-induced organo-photocatalyzed route to synthesize substituted pyrazoles
Authors: Pal Koustav , Srinivasu Vinjamuri , Biswas Sourabh , Sureshkumar Devarajulu
Published: March 2024

Herein we developed an efficient organo-photocatalytic method to synthesize tetra-substituted pyrazole derivatives using azoalkenes via [4 + 1] annulation strategy with in situ generated acyl radical using visible-light under milder reaction conditions.
Porphyrin-based photosensitizers for visible-light polymerization and antibacterial applications
Authors: Schnetz Fanny , Knysh Iryna , Jacquemin Denis , Andaloussi Samir Abbad , Presset Marc , Lajnef Sonia , Peyrot Fabienne , Versace Davy-Louis
Published: March 2024

This study highlights the outstanding photo-initiating properties of two new visible-light absorbing benzophenone porphyrin-based photosensitizers for the synthesis of photoactivable materials with antibacterial properties.
Sequential radical and cationic reactivity at separated sites within one molecule in solution
Authors: Liu Shihua , Li Yinwu , Lin Jieli , Ke Zhuofeng , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Su Cheng-Yong , Li Zhongshu
Published: March 2024

Distonic radical cations (DRCs) with spatially separated charge and radical sites are expected to show both radical and cationic reactivity at different sites within one molecule.
Mean Length of Utterance in Czech Toddlers: Validity Estimates and Comparison of Words, Morphemes, and Syllables
Authors: Matiasovitsová Klára , Čechová Petra , Sláma Jakub , Homolková Kamila , Smolík Filip
Published: February 2024

Purpose:

We examined the properties of mean length of utterance (MLU) in Czech, a morphologically complex Slavic language. We compared the scores of MLU calculated in different units and based on different sample lengths and assessed its validity against another transcript and test-based measures.

Method:

One hundred nine children were recorded during free-play at 2;6 and 3;11 (years;months). We compared MLU in syllables, morphemes, and words (MLU
w
) in transcripts of different lengths (50, 75, 100, and all available utterances). For evaluating the validity of MLU, we also calculated Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn) and number of different words (NDW) and used results of receptive vocabulary and grammar comprehension tests.

Results:

The different MLU measures based on different sample lengths correlated closely with MLU in transcripts of all utterances (all
r
s > .87). We found mostly strong correlations between MLU, IPSyn, and NDW at both time points and weak or moderate correlations between MLU and grammar and vocabulary. Regression models showed the significant unique effect of MLU
w
at 2;6 for MLU
w
(β = .29) and grammar (β = .33) at 3;11 and vocabulary (β = .27) at 3;7.

Conclusion:

MLU
w
based on all utterances was confirmed as a valid measure of early language skills in Czech, as it is stable in time and shows concurrent and predictive relations with other transcript-based and test-based measures.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25215203
A Viewpoint on Simulation Debriefing to Optimize Student Learning
Authors: Martin Kenyan L.
Published: March 2024

Purpose:

The purpose of this article is to promote the viewpoint that simulation debriefing is a critical element of the simulation experience, which serves to facilitate students' ability to synthesize information and construct new mental models as they prepare for their future work as speech-language pathologists. The use of simulations in communication sciences and disorders (CSD) has grown significantly over the last decade. This article reviews key concepts in clinical simulation pedagogy and highlights the importance of debriefing as part of the simulation learning experience. Current guidelines and standards for simulations and debriefing in CSD are discussed, and debriefing models commonly used in nursing and medicine are described. Suggestions are provided to enhance current debriefing practices and guide future research in CSD.

Conclusions:

Clinical simulation, particularly the debriefing component, has the power to close the gaps in students' clinical knowledge and skills and to prepare students for robust and diverse careers. In a review of debriefing models originating from nursing and medicine, several crucial debriefing components are noted. Students need time to (a) react to and defuse emotions related to the simulation experience, (b) gather and describe key simulation details, (c) analyze simulation outcomes, and (d) summarize new knowledge and consider how it applies to future contexts. Additional research is needed to continue developing and refining simulation and debriefing best practices in CSD. Debriefing models from nursing and medicine ought to be explored and replicated in future CSD research.
Semiparametric constant false alarm rate method for radar and sonar images
Authors: Li Ke , Zhang Peng , Yang Ziyuan
Published: March 2024

This work proposed a novel constant false alarm rate detection method based on Gaussian mixture model (GMM). The main contribution contains two aspects. First, the Gabor wavelet is used to determine the GMM component number. Second, the expression of probability of false alarm is derived based on the GMM parameter.
Enhanced classification performance through GauGAN‐based data augmentation for tomato leaf images
Authors: Cho Seung‐Beom , Cheng Yu , Sul Sanghun
Published: March 2024

This study investigated a data augmentation method for plant disease classification and early diagnosis based on a generative adversarial neural network (GAN). In the development of classification models using deep learning, data imbalance is a primary factor that reduces classification performance. To address this issue, tomato disease images from the public dataset PlantVillage were used to evaluate the performance of the GauGAN algorithm. The images generated by the proposed GauGAN model were used to train a MobileNet‐based classification model and compared with methods trained with conventional data augmentation techniques and cut‐mix and mix‐up algorithms. The experimental results demonstrate that based on F1‐scores, GauGAN‐based data augmentation outperformed conventional methods by more than 10%. In addition, after the model was retrained on data collected in the field, it efficiently generated various disease images. The evaluation results from those images also revealed a data augmentation effect of about 10% compared with traditional augmentation techniques.
EUHFORIA modelling of the Sun-Earth chain of the magnetic cloud of 28 June 2013
Authors: Prete G. , Niemela A. , Schmieder B. , Al-Haddad N. , Zhuang B. , Lepreti F. , Carbone V. , Poedts S.
Published: March 2024

Context. Predicting geomagnetic events starts with an understanding of the Sun-Earth chain phenomena in which (interplanetary) coronal mass ejections (CMEs) play an important role in bringing about intense geomagnetic storms. It is not always straightforward to determine the solar source of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) detected at 1 au.

Aims. The aim of this study is to test by a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation the chain of a series of CME events detected from L1 back to the Sun in order to determine the relationship between remote and in situ CMEs.

Methods. We analysed both remote-sensing observations and in situ measurements of a well-defined magnetic cloud (MC) detected at L1 occurring on 28 June 2013. The MHD modelling is provided by the 3D MHD European Heliospheric FORecasting Information Asset (EUHFORIA) simulation model.

Results. After computing the background solar wind, we tested the trajectories of six CMEs occurring in a time window of five days before a well-defined MC at L1 that may act as the candidate of the MC. We modelled each CME using the cone model. The test involving all the CMEs indicated that the main driver of the well-defined, long-duration MC was a slow CME. For the corresponding MC, we retrieved the arrival time and the observed proton density.

Conclusions. EUHFORIA confirms the results obtained in the George Mason data catalogue concerning this chain of events. However, their proposed solar source of the CME is disputable. The slow CME at the origin of the MC could have its solar source in a small, emerging region at the border of a filament channel at latitude and longitude equal to +14 degrees.
A newborn active galactic nucleus in a star-forming galaxy
Authors: Arévalo P. , López-Navas E. , Martínez-Aldama M. L. , Lira P. , Bernal S. , Sánchez-Sáez P. , Salvato M. , Hernández-García L. , Ricci C. , Merloni A. , Krumpe M.
Published: March 2024

Aims. We report on the finding of a newborn active galactic nucleus (AGN), based on the observation of current AGN activity in a galaxy previously classified as non-active. We subsequently characterize the AGN’s evolution.

Methods. Black hole ignition event candidates were selected from a parent sample of spectrally classified non-active galaxies (2 394 312 objects), which currently show optical flux variability indicative of a type I AGN, according to the ALeRCE light curve classifier. A second epoch spectrum for a sample of candidate newborn AGNs was obtained with the SOAR telescope to search for new AGN features.

Results. We present the spectral results for the most convincing case of new AGN activity for a galaxy with a prior star-forming optical classification, where the second epoch spectrum shows the appearance of prominent, broad Balmer lines, without any significant changes seen in the narrow line flux ratios. The long-term optical light curves show a steady increase in luminosity starting 1.5 years after the SDSS spectrum was taken and continuing for at least 7 years. Mid-infrared (MIR) colors from the WISE catalog have also evolved from typical non-active galaxy colors to AGN-like colors. Recent X-ray flux detections confirm its nature as an AGN.
La génétique équine au service de l’élevage
Authors: Legrand Loïc , Colin Margot
Published: March 2024

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, de grandes avancées ont été réalisées dans le domaine de la génomique équine, notamment par la mise en évidence de nombreuses mutations génétiques impliquées dans l’expression de maladies ou encore pour une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes infectieux. Ces modifications suscitent l’intérêt à plusieurs niveaux de la filière, des vétérinaires aux éleveurs en passant par les entraîneurs. Plusieurs tests génétiques ont ainsi pu être développés et proposés à l’ensemble de ces acteurs. Ces tests apportent une aide à l’élevage pour éviter la naissance de poulains porteurs d’anomalies congénitales, en leur permettant de réfléchir à des croisements raisonnés en amont de la mise à la reproduction. Les praticiens vétérinaires équins, en première ligne lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à ces cas, ont ainsi un rôle majeur à jouer dans la gestion de la clinique et le conseil à apporter aux éleveurs voire, dans certains cas, pour initier et promouvoir des études d’épidémio-génétiques.
Mieux s’y retrouver grâce à la génétique des robes
Authors: Sabbagh Margot
Published: March 2024

La génétique des robes peut paraître complexe mais peut être d’une grande aide lors de l’identification d’un poulain « de couleur ». La multitude de robes des équidés est un dérivé de trois robes de bases : l’Alezan, le Noir, le Bai, sur laquelle s’ajoute l’action de gènes de dilution et d’adjonction de blanc. L’eumélanine et la phéomélanine sont les deux pigments donnant la couleur des poils. Leur synthèse est permise grâce à l’action des gènes Agouti (robe unie ou dégradée) et Extension (robe claire ou foncée). La combinaison de ces deux gènes permet d’avoir les trois robes de bases. Sans connaître exactement le génotype d’un cheval, on sait que deux chevaux de robe alezan ne donneront que des poulains alezans et que le croisement entre deux noirs donnera 93,75 % de poulains noirs et 6,25 % de poulains alezans. Une fois la robe de base d’un équidé déterminée, il est possible de raisonner sur les gènes de dilution et d’adjonction de blanc. Leur majorité (Champagne, Dun, Silver, KIT, Overo Frame, Splash, Gris) a un fonctionnement par dominance, un allèle muté suffit pour que la robe de base soit modifiée. Il est souvent impossible de faire la différence à l’œil nu entre un homozygote porteur de la mutation et un hétérozygote. Certains gènes sont particuliers. Le gène KIT, par exemple, module les patrons Tobiano, Roan, Sabino et Dominant White. Par conséquent, un cheval né Tobiano Roan pourra transmettre soit le Roan soit le Tobiano mais pas les 2.
Énergies de stock, énergies de flux : mode d’emploi
Authors: Treiner Jacques
Published: March 2024

Cet article explore d’une part les échelles de temps de l’épuisement des ressources de stock carbonées, d’autre part les fluctuations des deux principales énergies de flux disponibles, l’éolien et le solaire photovoltaïque. L’ampleur de ces fluctuations, en l’état actuel des possibilitiés de stockage de l’énergie, limite leur taux de pénétration dans les réseaux électriques.
L’énergie éolienne, du point de vue de la physique
Authors: Peinke Joachim , Fuchs André
Published: March 2024

L’énergie électrique est l’une des formes d’énergie les plus précieuses, car elle peut être transportée de manière optimale et convertie en d’autres formes d’énergie avec de faibles pertes. La plupart des scénarios d’avenir prévoient que la consommation d’énergie électrique continuera à augmenter de manière significative, et que la part des énergies renouvelables, en raison de leur abondance, ira également croissant.

Dans la présente contribution, on se concentre sur l’énergie éolienne, dont on discute le fonctionnement et la contribution à l’approvisionnement énergétique global.
Resonant multiphoton processes and excitation limits to structural dynamics
Authors: Francis William J. C. , Grewal Harmanjot , Wainwright Alexander A. C. , Yang Xuchun , Olivucci Massimo , Miller R. J. Dwayne
Published: March 2024

Understanding the chemical reactions that give rise to functional biological systems is at the core of structural biology. As techniques are developed to study the chemical reactions that drive biological processes, it must be ensured that the reaction occurring is indeed a biologically relevant pathway. There is mounting evidence indicating that there has been a propagation of systematic error in the study of photoactive biological processes; the optical methods used to probe the structural dynamics of light activated protein functions have failed to ensure that the photoexcitation prepares a well-defined initial state relevant to the biological process of interest. Photoexcitation in nature occurs in the linear (one-photon per chromophore) regime; however, the extreme excitation conditions used experimentally give rise to biologically irrelevant multiphoton absorption. To evaluate and ensure the biological relevance of past and future experiments, a theoretical framework has been developed to determine the excitation conditions, which lead to resonant multiphoton absorption (RMPA) and thus define the excitation limit in general for the study of structural dynamics within the 1-photon excitation regime. Here, we apply the theoretical model to bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and show that RMPA occurs when excitation conditions exceed the linear saturation threshold, well below typical excitation conditions used in this class of experiments. This work provides the guidelines to ensure excitation in the linear 1-photon regime is relevant to biological and chemical processes.
Local defect and mid-gap state analysis of GaN using monochromated EELS combined with nanodiffraction and atomic-resolution imaging
Authors: Yamashita Shunsuke , Fukushima Sei , Kikkawa Jun , Arai Ryoji , Kanitani Yuya , Kimoto Koji , Kudo Yoshihiro
Published: March 2024

Defects in semiconductor materials significantly impact their inherent properties, making the evaluation of local defects and their energy levels crucial for controlling device performance. With advancements in monochromators, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) combined with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has emerged as a promising approach for assessing crystal and band structures of semiconductor materials at the nanoscale. However, there is limited experimental research investigating the relationship between actual defective structures in local regions and mid-gap states. In this study, we conducted high-energy resolution EELS (HR-EELS) measurements with an energy resolution of less than 100 meV to detect the mid-gap states of GaN. Various defects were intentionally induced through Ga-ion implantation, and the defect concentration varied in the depth direction. To understand the origin of the mid-gap states, we performed 4D-STEM analysis and atomic-resolution STEM observations. The HR-EELS measurements provided insights into the depth-dependent valence-loss spectra, revealing that the intensities corresponding to mid-gap states gradually increased toward the surface, whereas the slope at the onsets corresponding to interband transition decreased. Furthermore, local structural analysis unveiled the presence of structural disorder and defective structures, indicating the existence of extended defects such as stacking faults and domain boundaries. Observably, these defective structures were abundant near the surface and less pronounced in deeper regions. Based on these experimental findings, we concluded that the variations in valence-loss spectra can be utilized to qualitatively evaluate the crystal imperfections at the nanoscale.
Giant microwave–optical Kerr nonlinearity via Rydberg excitons in cuprous oxide
Authors: Pritchett Jon D. , Gallagher Liam A. P. , Brewin Alistair , Wong Horatio Q. X. , Langbein Wolfgang , Lynch Stephen A. , Adams C. Stuart , Jones Matthew P. A.
Published: March 2024

Microwave–optical conversion is key to future networks of quantum devices, such as those based on superconducting technology. Conversion at the single quantum level requires strong nonlinearity, high bandwidth, and compatibility with a millikelvin environment. A large nonlinearity is observed in Rydberg atoms, but combining atomic gases with dilution refrigerators is technically challenging. Here, we demonstrate a strong microwave–optical nonlinearity in a cryogenic, solid-state system by exploiting Rydberg states of excitons in Cu2O. We measure a microwave–optical cross-Kerr coefficient of B0 = 0.022 ± 0.008 m V−2 at 4 K, which is several orders of magnitude larger than other solid-state systems. The results are in quantitative agreement with a nonlinear susceptibility model based on the giant microwave dipole moment between nearby excitonic states. Our results highlight the potential of Rydberg excitons for nonlinear optics and form the basis for a microwave–optical frequency converter based on Cu2O.
NASA unveils a supersonic plane with a quiet boom
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2024

A simple concept, a sophisticated process: Reshape contours to prevent coalescence of shock waves.
Making sense of the induced emf in a coil using sensors and visualisation of the voltage–force parametric plot
Authors: Wong Darren , Lee Paul
Published: March 2024

We investigated the emf (V) induced with time (t) in a search coil due to an oscillating bar magnet along the axis of the coil using the IOLab device. Experimental data was simultaneously collected with the force sensor which tracked the oscillation of the magnet and the voltage sensor which gave real-time readings of the induced emf in the coil. For small amplitudes of oscillation, where the predominant interaction involved the top end of the magnet cutting through the plane of the coil, the V–t graph appeared sinusoidal. With increasing amplitudes of oscillation, the V–t graph started to lose its symmetry with an initial kink appearing within one half cycle and which eventually became an increasing hump as the amplitude of oscillation increased further due to the influence from the bottom end of the bar magnet which affected the overall rate of change of magnetic flux linkage through the coil. The data collected from the experiment was visualised using a novel parametric series of plots of induced emf (V) with force (F). We discussed various cases of the V–F parametric plot. Using a suitable Φ–h function and taking into consideration the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage with respect to displacement along the coil, we discussed how the emf induced changes with time with increasing amplitudes of oscillation.
Dark ages, a window on the dark sector. Hunting for ultra-light axions
Authors: Vanzan Eleonora , Raccanelli Alvise , Bartolo Nicola
Published: March 2024

Measurements of 21 cm intensity mapping (IM) during the dark ages can potentially provide us with an unprecedented window on high redshifts and small scales.
One of the main advantages this can bring involves the possibility to probe the nature of dark matter.
Tests of dark matter models with the large-scale structure of the Universe are limited by non-linearities and astrophysical effects, which are not present for IM measurements during the dark ages.
In this paper we focus on constraining the model in which dark matter is comprised, totally or in part, by ultra-light axion-like particles around the 10-18– 10-22 eV mass scale.
For this model, the angular power spectrum of 21 cm brightness temperature fluctuations will exhibit a small-scale suppression.
However, this effect is intertwined with the imprint of baryon-dark matter relative velocity at recombination, causing at the same time an enhancement at large-scales, which is affected by the mass and abundance of axion dark matter.
In this work we forecast how future radio arrays will be able to constrain ultra-light axion mass through both these effects on the angular power spectrum.
Formation of gel and solid phases in acrylic cuvettes upon exposure to DMSO, oxygen and light: implications for fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Alvarez Alain Bolaño , Petersen Steffen B
Published: March 2024

We here report the formation of a turbid-gel phase in acrylic cuvettes upon exposure to pure Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) at room temperature. The observed phenomenon occurred over a 10 h to 14 h incubation in the presence of environmental oxygen. After the turbid gel was removed from the cuvette, it became a white solid exhibiting unique emission behavior. The formation of the turbid-gel phase was accelerated upon exposure to UV 295 LED pulses of light from 6 h to 8 h. Surprisingly, subsequent exposure of the white solid to a few microliters of pure DMSO and vortexing resulted in its transformation into a transparent gel state in just a few minutes, eventually acquiring transparent and liquid properties. Additionally, the white-solid phase can load other molecules, such as Resveratrol and Quercetin, leading to shifts in the respective emission spectra compared with the same molecule in liquid and pure DMSO. These novel findings highlight the interaction between UV photons, oxygen, DMSO and Acrylic, and potentially distort fluorescence spectroscopy experiments.
Investigating anatomical traits and molecular mechanisms involved in resistance to Pierce’s disease. A commentary on ‘Xylem-dwelling pathogen unaffected by local xylem vessel network properties in grapevines (Vitisspp.)’
Authors: Miller Robert Neil Gerard
Published: March 2024

This article comments on:

Ana Clara Fanton, Martin Bouda and Craig Brodersen, Xylem-dwelling pathogen unaffected by local xylem vessel network properties in grapevines (Vitis spp.), Annals of Botany, Volume 133, Issue 4, 1 April 2024, Pages 521–532 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcae016
Adjustment of scRNA-seq data to improve cell-type decomposition of spatial transcriptomics
Authors: Wang Lanying , Hu Yuxuan , Gao Lin
Published: March 2024

Most sequencing-based spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies do not achieve single-cell resolution where each captured location (spot) may contain a mixture of cells from heterogeneous cell types, and several cell-type decomposition methods have been proposed to estimate cell type proportions of each spot by integrating with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. However, these existing methods did not fully consider the effect of distribution difference between scRNA-seq and ST data for decomposition, leading to biased cell-type-specific genes derived from scRNA-seq for ST data. To address this issue, we develop an instance-based transfer learning framework to adjust scRNA-seq data by ST data to correctly match cell-type-specific gene expression. We evaluate the effect of raw and adjusted scRNA-seq data on cell-type decomposition by eight leading decomposition methods using both simulated and real datasets. Experimental results show that data adjustment can effectively reduce distribution difference and improve decomposition, thus enabling for a more precise depiction on spatial organization of cell types. We highlight the importance of data adjustment in integrative analysis of scRNA-seq with ST data and provide guidance for improved cell-type decomposition.