bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alcohol and the Accident Department
Authors: WATSON J. P.
Published: January 2006

Résumé On rapporte un fragment d'un travail basé sur l'évaluation d'antécédents des cas liés à l'alcoolisme et poursuivi dans le service d'accidents et d'urgence de l'hôpital King's College de Londres en 1965.

L'alcohol a été remarqué dasns les dossiers d'environ 1% de tous les nouveaux patinets pendant l'année respective. L'alcoolisme chroniqe était défini ou possible seulement dans un ters des cas.

Des patients qui vinrent au moins une fois pour le traitement d'un probléme psychiatriqe, vinrent également souvent, pendant la même année, pour des blessures. Comme un groupe cependant, ils montrérent beaucoup plus de morbidité psychiatrique que les patients qui vinrent seulement pour être traités pour une seule ou quelques blessures. Les implications de ces résultats sot discuitées.
The Great Jewish Drink Mystery*
Authors: KELLER MARK
Published: January 2006

Résumén— L'infréquence relative d'ivresse et d'alcooiisme parmi les juifs, decrite dans plusieurs pays, est attributée, par les scientistes sociaux (sans consideration de facteurs nedques possibles) a integration dans leurs pratiques religieuses et culturelles de la boisson ainsi que dans leurs importantes cérémonies et rites de passage. Toutefbis, il à jamais été tente de rendre compte de la frequence d'ivresse historiquemeat indiquee parmi les ancetres des juifs durant le temps des prophfetes, ni de l'epoque et de la manire dc sa disparition. Dun examen de source post‐biblique il est suggéer que la transition est survenue principalement durant la preriode de 200 aré apres le retour du premier exil (Babylonien), lorsque la concurrence des dieux Canaaens, avec leurs festivites d'orgies de boissons, ont été bards avec succés, la Bible a été formellement adoptée par le peuple comnic sa Constitution et les Scribes‐une nouvelle voie de direction ouverte a tous ceux qiii veulent siristruire‐tablirent des synagogues locales comme endroits d'education populaire ainsi que de devotion sur tout le territoire, et fixérent et sanctififerent i'usage rituéi de la boisson. Lévidence ést prouvee de sources Midrachiques, Talmudiques et plus tard rabbiniques que la boisson et une certaine peur de Tivresse a survécu quelques centaines d'annés, mais au moyen‐âge en Europe, ni la boisson ni la peur de l'ivresse n'ont survécu dans les communautés Juivés, considérés comme un phenomene étranger.
Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Amongst Jews*
Authors: GLATT M. M.
Published: January 2006

Résumén— A travers les ages l'alcoolisme parmi les Juifs a été frappant par sa relative absence. Parmi les différentes hypothèses avancées pour expliquer ce fait a été celle de la signification rituelle de l'alcool parmi les Juifs, (en contraste par exemple avec l'alcoolisme séculaire parmi les Irlandais). D'autre part deux médecins praticiens londoniens ont trouvé parmi leurs adonnés aux drogues une proportion de Juifs de presque 20 pour cent. Cependant, dans notre propre expérience avec les alcooliques et les adonnés aux drogues dans la région Londonienne, l'alcoolisme parmi les Juifs n'est pas tellement rare et le penchant pour les drogues n'est pas tellement common, comme il a été indiqué précédemment. II pourrait y avoir un rapport causal entre le fait que peu de Juifs alcooliques et adonnés aux drogues ont des liens solides avec le Judasime.

Des recherches dans la prétendue incidence plus grande du penchant pour les drogues parmi les Juifs, en contraste avec la rarité de l'alcoolisme devraient fournir des indices importants sur la valeur de l'étude de l'étiologie de ces problèmes en général.
Some Sociological Characteristics of Male Alcoholic Patients from London admitted to a Mental Hospital
Authors: TIDMARSH DAVID
Published: January 2006

Résumén— On décrit le fond social et psychiatrique de 117 alcooliques mâles admis dans un hôpital pour maladies mentales de Londres.

On a trouvé que ces malades faisaient preuve d'une plus grande détérioration du point de vue social que des malades admis dans une Unité Alcoolique mais moins que des alcooliques provenant du Skid Row de Londres.

On suggère que certaines caractéristiques de la zone d'action de l'hôpital attirent ces malades de zones s'en trouvant bien à l'extérieur. Les moyens isuffisants pour le traitement à la fois des malades hospitalisés et après leur départ de l'hôpital sont soulignés
A Two‐year Follow‐up of a Cohort of Opiate Users from a Provincial Town
Authors: HITCHINS LAURA , MITCHESON MARTIN , ZACUNE JIM , HAWKS DAVID
Published: January 2006

A second year's follow‐up of a cohort of 36 opiate users and 27 subsequent cases in one town was conducted by individual interview, observation, and record abstraction. At some time during 1969 all but five of those at liberty consumed some opiate drug, and four of those five took an illicit non‐opiate drug. Compared with the previous year there was a reduction in the taking of heroin, cocaine and methylamphetamine and an increased consumption of methadone, barbiturates and oral amphetamine. Seven persons were daily users of opiates for at least part of the year, and 13 were irregular opiate users, without receiving a legitimate prescription. Abstinence was not significantly related to any obvious social or demographic variable including age, or duration of drug use. Nevertheless, it appeared that unless patients had a satisfactory social situation open to them, continued abstinence could not be achieved following withdrawal. Drug taking in this locality is consistent with national experience.
Folate Status of Alcoholic In‐Patients *
Authors: GARDNER A. J.
Published: January 2006

The folate status in 51 alcoholics from 4 different hospitals was studied. Forty seven per cent had subnormal S. folic acid levels.

A comparison with 22 normal controls shows the difference between the groups to be highly significant.
Amphetamine Abuse and Government Legislation
Authors: Wilson C. W. M.
Published: January 2006

Urine samples from boys admitted to a Remand Home in Ireland during the last quarter of 1969 and the first quarter of J970 hone been analysed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of amphetamine and nicotine. Government control of the import, distribution, and sale of amphetamine preparations was imposed in Ireland at the beginning of 1970. During the last quarter of 1969 amphetamine was detected in the urine of 11–4 per cent of the sample of 123 boys. During the first quarter of 1970, 171 samples of urine were tested, and amphetamine was found in 0–6 per cent. Nicotine was detected in 69 per cent of the specimens during the last quarter of 1969 and in 71 per cent during the first quarter of 1970. The reported results of analyses for amphetamine in urines from English Remand Home boys have been analysed during the period 1965 to 1970. There has been a consistent and slow reduction in percentage of positive samples from 17–2 per cent in 1965 to 2–0 per cent in 1970. This reduction is compared with the sadden fall from 11–4 per cent to 0–6 per cent which took place in Ireland during the six month period when the Government control order on amphetamines came into effect.
The Use of Heroin and Methadone by Injection in a New Town
Authors: Rathod N. H.
Published: January 2006

Data from the Home Office1 shows a nearly three‐fold increase in the number of notified “addicts” to heroin and methadone over a four year period (1965–68). These figures reflect the national trends and as such are of considerable value. They however give little insight into another important aspect of this phenomenon‐i.e. into regional differences and regional trends. The value of such information cannot be over‐emphasised. Community surveys of those using narcotics or other drugs by injection are sconce, and so are serial surveys on one particular community. Unique amongst such are the series of periodic surveys on a provincial town. They all emanate from the Addiction Research Unit at the Institute of Psychiatry. 2‐A These reports show that the number of known, opiate users has increased from 37 m 1968 to 63 in 1970.

This paper concerns changes in the use of narcotics by infection in a New Town where an initial survey was carried out in 1967.5,6 It deals primarily with trends in incidence and prevalence, examines relationship between oral use of illicit drugs and practice of injecting and with trends in the types of drugs injected.
Treatment of Drug Addiction: Past Myths and Present Problems
Authors: Mayer Joseph
Published: January 2006

Drug addiction has recently become a major mental health and public health problem in the United Slates as well as in other parts of the world. Large scale heroin addiction among minority groups in the United States, notably blacks and Puerto Ricans, can be dated from World War II, while wide‐spread drug abuse among the youth, whites, and middle class is less than jive years old. In recent years, as addiction has spread in these latter groups, treatment efforts have doubled and redoubled. This article examines some of the past myths and current problems associated with drug addiction.
Afterword
Authors: Bewley Thomas H.
Published: January 2006

In this Symposium various papers have been presented dealing with many aspects of work in progress in the United Kingdom recently. I have been asked to make a comparison between this and what is happening elsewhere in the world and also to consider where these various reports may lead. The papers have dealt with such basic concepts as the pharmacological, psychological and social basis of various types of drug dependence, epidemiological reports on changes in incidence and prevalence in England and Ireland; the effects of legislation on prevention and some aspects of treatment in specialised units and by voluntary bodies.
Operant Behavior of a Chronic Alcoholic Under Fixed Ratio and Fixed Interval Schedules of Reinforcement Using Alcohol as a Reinforcer*
Authors: O'Brien John S.
Published: January 2006

One chronic male alcoholic was used in an experimental designed to investigate the feasibility of using the free operant technique, in a restricted laboratory setting, as a means of analyzing the behavior patterns of an alcoholic. Further, the variability of the reinforcing value of beverage alcohol was investigated under Fixed Ratio and Fixed Interval schedules of reinforcement. The subject was run for 192 consecutive hours under both non‐drinking and drinking conditions. Operant and temporal data on response rate and beverage alcohol consumption were collected Whisky as a reinforcer with an alcoholic generated response behavior under fixed ratio and fixed interval schedules similar to the performance found in infrahuman subjects and in retarded and non‐retarded children. The temporal analysis suggested that work patterns may be evident in the alcoholic working and drinking practices.
Drug and Alcohol use by Young People Attending a Psychiatric Emergency Service*
Authors: Rosenberg Chaim M. , Dolinsky Harriet
Published: January 2006

One hundred young people aged 15 to 25 years were seen in the walk‐in psychiatric emergency stroke of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Eighty‐three had used alcohol and 58 had used drugs on at least six separate occasions. In most cases the use of these substances seemed incidental to the clinical presentation. However, serious abuse of drugs or alcohol was linked with a history of other behavioral disturbances such as delinquent acts, school drop‐out and work instability. These behavioral abnormalities were usually apparent from an early age.

This study indicates that certain individuals run a substantially higher risk than others of becoming heavily involved with drugs and alcohol. Established drug and alcohol dependence present formidable treatment problems. An emphasis on early prevention—by reaching these high risk individuals while they art still at school—may help to reduce the incidence of these disorders among the young.
Drug Dependence in Psychiatric Admissions
Authors: Ballinger Brian R.
Published: January 2006

A full drug history was taken from 378 patients admitted to a Psychiatric Service. Individuals who had received continuous psychotropic medication for 4 weeks were assessed for evidence of drug dependence as manifested by emotioned distress an withdrawal or threat of withdrawal of the drug. 104 patients (27.5 per cent) were regarded as being drug dependent. Further characteristics of the patients and drugs are reviewed.
Changes in Personality Response Ratings Induced by Smoking Marihuana
Authors: Abel Ernest L.
Published: January 2006

Despite the fact that the use of marihuana (cannabis sativa, L.) dates back to the third millenium B.C. and that at present there art reportedly more than 200 million users of marihuana, the effects of this substance on Humans are still a source of controversy. Some of the effects attributed to its usage are its potential for “destroying the will”, “loss of self‐control”, failure of memory, instigating crimes of violence suck as murder or rape. While there hose been some attempts to experimentally assess the effects of marihuana on humans, more often than not, the subjects used in these studies have been inmates of penal institutions (e.g. 5–6–7—surely not a representative sample of the majority of marihuana users. In contrast, the following study involves a preliminary assessment of the psychological reactions which occur in normal volunteer subjects after they have smoked marihuana.
Psychosis Associated with Cannabis Smoking
Authors: Davison Kenneth , Wilson C. Helen
Published: January 2006

While the debate en whether cannabis is harmless or not continues it is helpful to record the casualties of its increasingly widespread use. A report is given of the occurrence of a prolonged psychosis in a University student in which cannabis smoking was thought to be a significant aetiological factor.
Diagnostic Tests in Alcoholism
Authors: Benjafield J. G. , Rutter L. F.
Published: January 2006

The biochemical, physiological and psychological features of metabolic and endocrine disorders prevalent in alcoholics, in conjunction with reactions to carbohydrate, amino acid and nicotinic acid tolerance tests, suggest a means of distinguishing the alcoholism from heavy drinking.

Case and family histories, considered in relation to genetic factors, dermatoglyphics and diet preferences, provide additional data which are of value in diagnosis, assessment of predisposition to addiction, and choice of treatment.
Anti‐Addictive Chemotherapy—Metronidazole and Alcohol Aversion*
Authors: Lysloff George O.
Published: January 2006

The following paper gives an account of the setting up of a research design which would investigate the effects of Metronidazole on a relatively large number of patients.
Social Characteristics of Addiction to Heroin
Authors: Merry Julius
Published: January 2006

The social backgrounds of 63 heroin addicts and 63 non‐addict personality disorders are compared. Backgrounds of both groups are disturbed. Common to both groups is an unstable home in childhood. The backgrounds of 20 female addicts and 20 healthy primiparae are compared and a marked contrast in stability is demonstrated. It is suggested that the spread of addiction will be contained more by stabilizing the family structure than by treatment of the addict.
Some Characteristics of an Ex‐Addict Self‐Help Therapeutic Community and its Members
Authors: Weppner Robert S.
Published: January 2006

People who joined Matrix House, an autonomous self‐help group at the Lexington, Kentucky, Federal Narcotics Hospital, tended to be dissimilar to a white “street” addict on a number of variables. Proportionately, they came from a higher socio‐economic background; they were more often young, white, and single males; they were inclined toward “less complicated” kinds of crime while on the streets; they were less criminally oriented in that they had fewer arrests and spent less time incarcerated; they had somewhat shorter addiction careers; and finally they abused different types of drugs, primarily psychedelics. Overall, the Stayers seemed to differ from a sample of 267 STs (other Lexington patients) and the Leavers were more similar to the STs, which may partially account for the fact they left Matrix House. The main point derived from this study is that Matrix House, as a self‐help modality which could have drawn its members from a fairly representative population of narcotics addicts, attracted only a certain type, as indicated above. It tended to choose people who had similar characteristics, or perhaps conversely, only a certain type of individual chose this self‐help modality. Unfortunately, whatever the characteristics of an individual who entered this treatment modality, on the average he only remained a short five months.
Misuse of Heroin and Methadone in the City of Oxford
Authors: Arroyave Fernando , Little Doreen , Letemendia Felix , de Alarcon Richard
Published: January 2006

Home Office statistics provide some evidence of the rapid growth of heroin abuse. In 1960 there were 63 known addicts in the age group 34 years and under, and by 1968, when notification of addiction to heroin was made compulsory under the Notification of Addicts' Act, the number had risen to 2,294. The use of methadone (“Physeptone”) both in withdrawal and in long‐term maintenance therapy, has resulted in cases of additional dependence.

The aim of this paper is to present an enumerative survey of abuse of these two drugs by persons of 30 years of age and under, known to have resided at some time within the Oxford City boundaries during the year 1969. The initial model for this study was that published by de Alarcon and Rathod in 1968.1
The Heroin Overdose as a Method of Attempted Suicide
Authors: Friedman Richard C. , Friedman Judith Green , Ramirez Terry
Published: January 2006

Thirteen of 103 patients at a methadone maintenance clinic admitted taking 33 heroin overdoses during their lives. Historical reconstruction revealed that most overdoses were covert suicide attempts. Only 12% were accidents due to variability of street samples. 38% of the covert suicide attempts were related to incarceration and the role of jail in contributing to the etiology of suicidal behavior in addicts is noted. Five cases are presented illustrating the causes of overdose in this group.
Attitude Manipulation in Restricted Environments: IV. Psychologically Addicted Smokers Treated in Sensory Deprivation *
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Ikard Frederick F.
Published: January 2006

Five psychologically addicted smokers with smoking rates of between 30–50 cigarettes per day, underwent a procedur consisting of 24 hours of sensory deprivation with periodic taped messages. Two of the subjects were given “booster” sessions two months later. All five subjects reported that their craving for cigarettes disappeared during and for some days after the treatment, and all showed significant reductions in smoking rate (75–100 per cent) for at least two weeks afterwards. Three subjects have quit smoking and have each gone at least one month without any cigarettes or craving for cigarettes.
The First 100 Referrals to a Scottish Drug Addiction Treatment Centre*
Authors: Woodside Moya
Published: January 2006

This is a report on the first 3 years' experience at the Drug Addiction Treatment Centre which was established at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital in April, 1968, The statutory requirements, and the hospital polity for dealing with persons addicted to dangerous drugs are outlined, followed by a demographic and social analysis of the 100 probands including childhood circumstances, work record, delinquent background, and known record of non‐drug offences. Drug taking habits are surveyed, together with medical and pyschiatric complications reported. The reasons given for coming to hospital, and the attitudes of these drug‐takers are presented in detail, showing the problems of management to which they give rise. Local difficulties impeding social rehabilitation are also discussed. It is questioned whether hospital addiction centres, as at present organised, can be effective in the treatment of young unmotivated drug misusers.
Dependence on Analgesics in Analgesic Nephropathy
Authors: Murray Robin M.
Published: January 2006

Fifty‐one patients with analgesic nephropathy were studied over 3 years. Askit Powders and Codeine Co. were the main preparations they had abused, and the average amount they admitted was 6 daily for 20 years. The cause of analgesic nephropathy is dependence on analgesics, the characteristics of which include 1 A need to continue taking the analgesics. 2 A tendency to slowly increase the dose, partly owing to tolerance and partly to treat symptoms the analgesic ingestion has caused, 3 A psychic dependence which results from appreciation of the psychotropic effects of the compound analgesics. 4 Severe withdrawal effects are rare. 5 The dependence causes a characteristic “syndrome of analgesic abuse.”
The Intensity of the Addictive Drive or What Price Pleasure?
Authors: Tozman Seymour , Kramer Steven S.
Published: January 2006

This paper makes observation as to the nature and intensity of the addictive drive. Three cases of addicts displaying physical mutilations of various sorts are described and others alluded to, wherein the addict failed to remove himself from a life‐threatening situation. The recklessness of addictive behavior and its relationship to a drive state based on biological and pharmacological principles is discussed.
A Follow‐up Study of Nineteen Alcoholic Patients Treated by Means of Tetraethyl‐Thiuram Disulfide (Antabuse) Implants
Authors: Obholzer A. M.
Published: January 2006

Over a period of 11 months 20 implants were performed on 19 patients suffering from alcoholism. It was the aim of this study to assess the efficacy of this technique as a form of treatment for alcoholism as well as assessing the complications thereof.
Public Health Implications of the Enroll and Clayson Licensing Reports*
Authors: Glatt M. M.
Published: January 2006

It is well known and emphasized by the Erroll Committee itself that “the picture …, particularly over the last 20 years, is of rising overall consumption, accompanied by an increase in alcoholism death rates and in offences of drunkenness…”, and among the young in the last few years not only a rise in drunkenness offences but also in the rates of alcoholism. (Glass 1972). Further research in this field is obviously necessary, but from the public health point of view one may seriously question whether this is the best time to recommend a marked relaxation of licensing laws, and increase the availability of drink, venues, hours and opportunities for drinking, for all age groups, thus making drink more widely available and socially more acceptable.
Self‐Reported Unpleasant Effects from Illicit Use of Fourteen Substances
Authors: Patterson Carroll D.
Published: January 2006

Over a six month period, 19,948 new military inductees were confidentially surveyed about their previous illicit usage of fourteen substances. Of these men, 6,203 (32%) indicated usage, at least once, of one or more of the fourteen substances. Of the 6,203 users, sixteen percent reported that they had experienced an unpleasant effect from their drug use upon one or more occasions. The substance most often mentioned as causing unpleasant effects was LSD, followed at some distance, in second and third place, by heroin and STP.

The average number of other drugs used by those reporting unpleasant effects varied from 7.6 in the heroin users to 1.4 in the marihuana users.
The Choice of Intoxicant Among the Chinese
Authors: Singer K.
Published: January 2006

The choice of alcohol and narcotics and the prevalence pattern of dependence en these substances among the Chinese are found tit differ significantly from those in the West. Possible factors responsible for the distinctive pattern in the Chinest are considered. Probably significant are cultural ideology sanctioning acquiescence, moderation, propriety conformity and intellectual control; historical events leading to easy availability of opiates over a long period; and, a high level of social pathology associated with culture change, economic hardship and easy accessibility to drugs.
Measures Associated with Outcome on One Year Follow‐up of Male Alcoholics
Authors: Adamson John D. , Fostaiowsky Robert T. , Chebib Farouk S.
Published: January 2006

Fifty‐two alcoholics were studied at a time when they were receiving treatment either as hospital in‐patients or as residents in a rehabilitation facility. Information was obtained regarding past and present social level and functioning and drinking history. The subjects also completed a motivation checklist and an affect checklist. A particular focus of the investigation was to investigate the proposition that anomy would be associated with poor prognosis.

A year later 38 subjects were successfully followed up; 13 were abstinent and 25 had resumed drinking. Of many life history variables only level of education and residential stability were found to be significantly associated with outcome. Measures of anomy derived from principal component analysis of the motivation checklist likewise were not significantly associated with outcome. However, a discriminant function, composed of variables from the motivation and affect checklists, completely separated the two outcome groups. When this function was applied to the subjects who were not followed up most were predicted to have returned to drinking. While the specific discriminant function derived here might not apply to other populations, it is proposed that the results here demonstrate that attitudinal measures are better predictors of outcome than are life history variables. Suggestions are made regarding further research in this area.
Some Notes on Milieu Management for Drag Addicts*
Authors: Sorensen Andrew A.
Published: January 2006

Although many milieu management systems for the treatment of drug addicts constitute an extended drug subculture, many systems do not. Observations from a treatment program of the latter sort indicate that integration of residents in suck programs with non‐addict community persons is antithetical to the development of an extended drug subculture.

It is recommended that in a society characterized by extensive use of psychoactive drugs and a diversity of ethnic groups, therapeutic communities oriented to abstinence from addictive drugs be viewed as a responsibly conceived avenue of treatment for some addicts. Furthermore, it is recommended that these treatment facilities, and the society in general, demonstrate increased sensitivity to the cultural identities of all addicts and ex‐addicts.
Dependence on Alcohol and Drugs following Treatment for Neurosis
Authors: Sims Andrew
Published: January 2006

A 12 year follow‐up study was carried out on a sample of 146 patients treated in hospital for neurosis. 10 per cent of these patients were found to show evidence of alcohol or drug abuse at follow‐up. These tended to be patients with worse social adjustment at the time of admission to hospital and they tended to have a much worse outcome at follow‐up than the rest of the ex‐neurotic patients. Severely neurotic patients are considered to be “at risk” for development of dependence and abuse. From studying individual case histories the progression from neurosis to dependence is demonstrated.
Some Shortcomings of Methadone Maintenance
Authors: Harms Ernest
Published: January 2006

More careful examination of methadone patients evidences that they have not less severe after‐effects than have the heroin addicts, Difference is that the symptoms after methadone intake are not as clearly observable than those after heroin use. The most disagreeable of the after‐effect of methadone is profuse sweating. As a very helpful remedy has been established one drop of Tine. Phosphoric Acid with each dose of methadone. (A similar addiction is administered by the softdrink industry to stop perspiration.)
Types of Arrests Recorded for Methadone Maintenance Patients Before, During, and After Treatment
Authors: Schut Jacob , Steer Robert A. , Gonzalez Frank I.
Published: January 2006

The police records of 65 male heroin addicts were compared before and after admission to a methadone maintenance program for occurrences of (1) violence, (2) property, and (3) drug related arrests. Occurrences of arrests for all three categories of crime decreased while the men were in treatment, and the police records of 19 men who prematurely left treatment indicated that their incidences of arrests for violence, property, and drug related crimes did not increase after leaving the program. The conclusions were drawn (1) that male addicts' incidences of arrests are reduced after admission to a methadone maintenance program and (2) that dropouts from methadone maintenance have incidences of arrests comparable to those incurred while in treatment.
Notes Toward the Analysis of Loss of Control in Normal and Pathological Drinkers
Authors: Storm Thomas , Cutler Ronald
Published: January 2006

The general distribution of alcohol consumption and its responsiveness to price variations relative to disposable income suggest that there is no qualitative distinction between alcoholics and other heavy drinkers. The disease concept of alcoholism and the notion of loss of control, on the other hand, imply such a distinction. A reinterpretation of loss of control is offered which assumes that loss of control exists but does not distinguish between pathological and non‐pathological drinkers. The notion of control and some speculations about factors affecting the frequency and success of controls are discussed.
A Study into the Aetiology of Delirium Tremens
Authors: Whitwell F. D.
Published: January 2006

A group of 60 members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) were examined by an individually administered questionnaire to look for factors positively correlated with the occurrence of Delirium Tremens (DTs). The main factors found to be positively correlated with DTs were (i) more serious social consequences of alcoholism; (ii) lower social class. There was no relationship to (i) duration of drinking (ii) type of drink consumed. The possible significance of these findings with reference to aetiology is discussed.
Alcoholics' Perceptions of Selected Counseling Techniques
Authors: Obitz Frederick W.
Published: January 2006

Fifty male alcoholics were shown motion picture films of a directive and a non‐directive therapist counseling the same client. After viewing the films the subjects rated the therapists on thirty‐two variables using a seven point rating scale. Subjects perceived the non‐directive technique as more socially desirable but preferred the directive technique in working on their own problems. It was suggested that a method of preferential selection of therapists by alcoholic clients might contribute to increasing the length of stay in treatment and provide an effective model for matching individual treatment modalities with individual client needs.
Selected Demographic Characteristics and Patterns of Drug Abuse among Treated Addicts from a Suburban Community *†
Authors: Copemann Chester D. , Shaw Paula L.
Published: January 2006

The nemesis of drug addiction, once regarded as a black, lower class, urban problem, is now considered a problem affecting all ethnic and socioeconomic groups, as well as suburban communities. Current statistics on drug addiction, however, are based primarily on urban populations and reflect little knowledge of drug use in the suburbs.

This paper presents not only a description of those individuals entering treatment at the Alba‐Neck Halfway House, which is located in a suburban area on Long Island, New York, but it also compares those addicts who dropped out of treatment prematurely, with those addicts who completed treatment.
On Understanding and Treating Narcotic Dependence: A Neuropsychopharmacological Perspective
Authors: Ng Lorenz K. Y. , Szara Stephen , Bunney William E.
Published: January 2006

The etiology of narcotic dependence in man is multifactorial and complex. Social, psychological and pharmacological factors all play important roles in Ike genesis of this disorder. Viewed from a scientific standpoint, addiction to narcotics is a remarkable phenomenon; that a foreign substance (the narcotic drug) with no known biological function can produce a “hunger” of such intensity that the drive for the toxic foreign substance displaces all other basic needs and responsibilities. Such a profound alteration of human behavior by a foreign chemical may originated in some important biochemical events somewhere in the body. This review examines the psycho‐pharmacological and biochemical factors that may be pertinent and the interaction of these fators which may contribute to the phenomenon of narcotic‐seeking behavior. Rational guidelines for new and improved biomedical modalities for treatment of narcotic dependence are suggested by past and ongoing research.
Is Australia Going to Pot: Some Trends Relating to Marihuana
Authors: Hasleton Simon , Simmonds Derek
Published: January 2006

This paper is based on material presented to the Sociology Section at the A.N.Z.A.A.S. conference, Perth, Western Australia, August, 1973
Young Drug and Alcohol Casualties Compared: Review of 100 Patients at a Scottish Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Plant Martin A.
Published: January 2006

The case notes of 100 young drug and alcohol abusers attending a psychiatric hospital were reviewed. Only two of the study group were recorded by the hospital as dependent upon both drugs and alcohol. Case notes revealed that an additional 32 individuals abused both drugs and alcohol, often taking these in conjunction. It was concluded that many of the study group were multi‐problem patients whose general lifestyles were more problematic than the varied substances they abused.
Abuse of Stimulant Drugs in Nigeria
Authors: Oviasu V. O.
Published: January 2006

Abuse of drugs is becoming more common in Nigeria. This article reviews 491 casts of abuse of amphetamines and proplus (caffeine) seen at the Usetu Nervous Diseases Clinic, Benin City during the period 1969 to 1972. Of the 360young people (322 males and 38 females) abusing amphetamine, 67–2 per cent were wider the age of 20, and 80 per cent of them were students attending secondary grammar schools. Of the 131 young people (116 males and 15 females) abusing proplus 76–3 per cent of them were under the age of 20, and 95–4 per cent of them were students.

Amphetamine has turned out to be the most popular stimulant drug abused in Nigeria, The pattern of abuse in Nigeria is described and the ways in which it is different from the pattern seen in the United Kingdom is discussed. The case of availability of drugs playing a major role in the abuse of these drugs is emphasized.

Only 2 per cent of the total 491 young people came from homes where the stability had been interrupted by death, divorce or parental separation before they were ten years old.

The psychiatric illness associated with abuse of amphetamines and proplus are mentioned.

The similarity between some of the symptomatology found in this series and the “brain fag syndrome” is pointed out and the question of whether abuse of stimulant drugs may be a factor in the causation of “brain fag” is raised.

The need for early preventive measures to reduce the incidence and consequences of drug abuse is emphasized.
Prevalence of Self‐Reported Drug Use among London Undergraduates
Authors: Somekh David
Published: January 2006

The results of a sample survey of self‐reported drug use by under‐graduates carried out between May 1971 and April 1972 are presented. A response rate of 65per cent to an anonymous questionnaire was obtained.

A third of the sample of 1113 reported that they had ‘ever used’ controlled drugs with half of these reporting that they had only used cannabis and with 2 per cent reporting not having used this drug. Eight per cent of the self‐reported drug users said they had tried hallucinogens, mainly LSD. The social science students reported the highest incidence of drug use in all three undergraduate years, compared with the students in the physical science, arts and medical faculties. Rather more than half the self‐reported drug users had used drugs before coming to university. The heads of department in each faculty who were interviewed did not consider that drug use was a problem in respect to academic work. However, concern is expressed about the small proportion of students (less than 10 per cent to the total) who admitted to polydrug use, including regular cannabis use, and who, while at the greatest risk of adverse reactions to drug use, may be unwilling to seek the assistance of the Student Health Service.
A Further Comparison of Cannabis (Marijuana) Users and Non‐Users
Authors: Wells Brian , Stacey Barrie
Published: January 2006

This paper is concerned with the hypothesis that individuals who take cannabis occasionally or even regularly differ little in personality from those who do not partake. Data were obtained from a field study of the prevalence of drug misuse among 2809 young Glasgow people. Cannabis was the most frequently used illegal drug among the drug takers, though multi‐drug misuse proved to be far more common than single‐drug misuse. On the basis of group comparisons, increasing involvement with cannabis was found to be related to (a) increasingly elevated levels of anxiety, neuroticism and psychoticism; (b) increasingly frequent difficulties with interpersonal relationships; (c) employment problems; and (d) an increasing emphasis on drinking liquor. In terms of personality characteristics, female occasional takers of cannabis differ rather more from non‐misusers than male occasional takers. The results indicate that non‐misusers, occasional takers, and regular takers of cannabis differ in personality characteristics.
Effects of Contingent Management of Addicts Expecting Commitment to A Community Based Treatment Program*
Authors: Copemann Chester D. , Shaw Paula L.
Published: January 2006

The results presented support previous evidence of a relationship between length of stay in treatment and clinical outcome. This was not unexpected since the longer a client remains in treatment, a greater exposure to the treatment regimen should occur, which increases the likelihood that some change in behavior will take place as a function of treatment. In addition, the results suggest that when a clearly contingent relationship between behavior and its consequence exists and the contingency is systematically manipulated, addicts are likely to remain longer and do better in treatment. The finding that subjects with criminal charges pending did better than subjects on probation (who in turn were no better than volunteers) may suggest that the failure of civil commitment programs is a result of the failure of the personnel evolved to systematically enforce stated contingent relationships. Thus, the civil commitment of addicts to community based treatment facilities is a viable approach when coupled with an effective therapeutic regimen. However, whenever outside agencies (e.g., probation/parole units) as opposed to the treatment facility are required to enforce contingent relationships, retention rate and successful outcome will greatly depend upon the extent to which the outside agencies systematically enforce contingent relationships.
Alcohol and Blacks: Survey of the Periodical Literature
Authors: Harper Frederick D. , Dawkins Marvin P.
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the state of the periodical literature on alcohol and Blacks. Three major professional indexes were used in the literature search. Although 16,000 alcohol‐related studies were reported in scientific journals over the last 30 years, only 77 dealt with Blacks. Non‐scientific articles were also scarce. Articles were categorized by topic and sample description. Drinking patterns and behavior appeared most frequently, while no articles involved alcohol education and prevention. Few studies dealt with Blacks, exclusively, and no studies were found on Black youth. A criticism of the literature was that many of the studies on alcohol and Blacks were limited in terms of theoretical background and research methodology. Some recommendations are offered.
The Manson Evaluation as an Indicator of Heroin Independence*
Authors: Gubernachuk Eugene , Brockman Lois M.
Published: January 2006

The Manson Evaluation, designed to identify alcoholics and potential alcoholics, was administered to groups of male and female drug additcs, alcoholics, criminals, and normal subjects. Among the males the mean scores of drug addicts and alcoholics were similar and significantly higher than those of criminals and normal subjects. The mean scores of criminal and normal males did not differ significantly. Mean scores of female drug addicts, alcoholics and criminals did not differ but each was significantly higher than the mean score of normal females. Trait differences among the four groups were also examined.
Methadone Maintenance: A Review and Critique
Authors: Peck David G. , Beckett Wayne
Published: January 2006

The problem of heroin addiction and rehabilitation has caused considerable alarm in the past few years. The number of heroin addicts alone in the United States has been estimated at 300,000 (“The Heroin Plague: What Can Be Done”, 1971, p. 27).

Methadone maintenance is one approach to this problem of treating the addict so that he can become a productive member of society. It is being used in such cities as New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Chicago, Mew Orleans, Portland, San Francisco, and Racine.

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of methadone maintenance by examining topics such as the program's background, the rationale behind the program, legal aspects of methadone maintenance, results, advantages, disadvantages, and criticisms of the program.
Dimensions of Addict Life‐style* after Treatment
Authors: Mandell Wallace , Amsel Zili
Published: January 2006

A review of the literature suggests that there are life‐style patterns typical of addicts. However, these descriptions are usually based on limited samples of addicts.

In the present study, systematic data were collected for a national sample of addict respondents who had applied for treatment under PL89–793 by the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Branch of NIMH. Twenty‐one dimensions representing the seven content areas of criminality, health, living arrangement, employment, heterosexual adjustment, drug use and social competence were entered into a principal component analysis. A ten‐factor solution which allowed for maximum interpretation was selected. The clustering of responses supports the view that life‐style dimensions exist which can describe the addict after treatment. Thus the popular stereotypes of association of behaviors among addicts are called into question.
γ‐Aminobutyric Acid in Alcohol, Barbiturate and Morphine Dependence: A review*
Authors: Rix Keith J. B. , Davidson Neil
Published: January 2006

The literature on the γ‐aminobutyric acid system in acute and chronic effects of alcohol, barbiturates and morphine is reviewed. Results are conflicting and in the light of present knowledge of the nervous system there is no evidence to date which would implicate disturbance of the γ‐aminobutyric acid system as having a causal role in the genesis or maintenance of alcoholism or other drug dependent states.
The Use of Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride (Lomotil) in the Management of the Minor Withdrawal Syndrome during Methadone Detoxification: A Clinical Report
Authors: Kleinman Marc H. , Arnon Dan
Published: January 2006

Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride (Lomotil) was effective in alleviating the minor withdrawal symptoms that accompanies complete methadone detoxification. None of the subjects developed a tolerance to Lomotil nor did they experience withdrawal symptoms or craving when Lomotil was discontinued. This report indicates that the elimination of this minor withdrawal syndrome facilitates complete methadone detoxification.
Family Surrogates? The Drug Culture or the Methadone Maintenance Program
Authors: Kamback M. C. , Bosma Willem G. A. , D'Lugoff Burton C.
Published: January 2006

Review af existing treatment methods coupled with extensive clinical contact with outpatient methadone maintenance clients suggests that, the primary difficulty in treatment u nut in the chemical properties af the drug “per se” but rather what the drug represents – a sustaining familial life style system.

Item analysis of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles indicates that social deviance is incorporated as an adopted life style which extremely resistant to change. The tenacity with which the individual dings to the drug abuse life style is an indicant of the support provided by the drug culture and is indicative of the amount of support which must be provided before any permanent change can be effected.
Arrests for Drunkenness and Recidivism in Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Virkkunen Matti
Published: January 2006

An attempt was made to clarify the extent to which arrests for drunkenness could be considered reliable in predicting later criminality. The investigation based on the juvenile delinquents (aged 16–20) convicted in 1965 in Finland, totalling 741 subjects. Of these subjects 242 had been arrested for drunkenness at juvenile deliquent age. In the 51/2year period included in the investigation it emerged that the subjects with arrests for drunkenness clearly showed more criminality than the remainder (p <0.001). They were guilty of violent acts more often then the remainder (p <0.001). This was also true of the offences against property (p <0.0l), but not much of traffic offences (p <0.05).
Manipulativeness among Drug Abusers: Reliability and Validity of the Mach IV Scale
Authors: Kaestner Elisabeth , Rosen Linda , Appel Philip , Sofer Stephen
Published: January 2006

In order to measure manipulative tendencies among narcotics abusers, the Machiavellianism (Mach IV) Scale was administered to a sample of narcotics abusers in residential treatment. Obtained means and standard deviations were well within the range of values reported for non‐drug abusing samples. Examination of the retest‐reliability and validity of the present Mach IV scores confirmed the reliability of the scale. However, a three ‐person bargaining situation failed to validate Mach Scale scores, possibly due to constraints imposed by the institutional setting and for to the educational level of the sample.
Teenage Drinking in South‐West Scotland
Authors: McKechnie R. J. , Cameron D. , Cameron I. A. , Drewery J.
Published: January 2006

By the age of fourteen most children have tasted alcohol. There is a suggestion that drinking behaviour starts wry early within the family home and progresses in a common manner through other social situations leading to peer group drinking. It is argued that this early experience and progression may be a prerequisite of normal social drinking in later life.
A Speech Deficit Syndrome Associated with Addictive Drug Use
Authors: Tozman Seymour , Kramer Steven S.
Published: January 2006

The authors make note of a speech deficit syndrome which seems to be appearing with some frequency on New York City drug detoxification units. It is suggested that this is a concomitant of changing drug use patterns and that it probably represents a release phenomenon based on methadone‐alcohol interaction in the process of withdrawal.
Locus of Control and Treatment Dropout in an Alcoholic Population
Authors: Bowen William T. , Twemlow Stuart W.
Published: January 2006

An experiment was conducted to determine whether an individual's locus of control was associated with premature drop‐out from treatment. No association was found, but a tendency was observed amongst those who remained in treatment to have more homogeneous attitudes. The possibility that measures of locus of control can be utilized as indicators of social cohesion should be explored.