bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adherence to Therapeutic Recommendations in Patients Suffering from Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Olkiewicz Joanna , Bonek Robert , Filipska Karolina , Ślusarz Robert
Published: March 2021

Introduction. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory, immune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The effectiveness of MS treatment depends primarily on the effectiveness of drugs and the patient’s compliance with the principles of therapy.Aim. The main aim of the study was to assess the level of adherence to therapeutic recommendations in patients with multiple sclerosis.Material and Methods. The research was carried out at the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroimmunology of the Regional Specialist Hospital in Grudziądz. On average 165 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis were qualified for the study. The study was conducted using the method of diagnostic survey. The variables were measured using the proprietary questionnaire containing sociodemographic and medical data and the standardized adherence scale in chronic diseases (ACDS).Results. The analysis of own research showed that patients with high-level multiple sclerosis adhere to the therapeutic recommendations (p = 0.001). The study group reported the fatigue syndrome at all ACDS levels (p = 0.002). There was no relationship between the occurrence of adverse effects of pharmacotherapy and the level of compliance with therapeutic recommendations (p > 0.05).Conclusions. It was found that the level of adherence to therapeutic recommendations in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis in the study group remained at a high level. (JNNN 2020;9(3):103–107)
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder — Study Review
Authors: Szrajda Justyna
Published: March 2021

Fetal alcohol syndrome is regarded as a spectrum. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) might be surprisingly common, especially in vulnerable populations. Mental health problems, substance abuse, inappropriate sexual behavior, school and legal problems and unemployment might cooccur with FASD. Treatment of comorbidities might be helpful, however effects of stimulants in FASD are controversial. Women who drink during pregnancy might suffer from nutritional deficiencies, therefore try of compensation might be helpful for both mother and child. Moreover, nutrient of children with FASD might play an important role as a potential supportive therapy. In addition, physical exercise therapy might be beneficial for both mother and children because of neurogenesis induction potential. There is no established therapy for FASD, therefore further studies should focus on formulating one. (JNNN 2020;9(3):119–122)
A Child with Glioblastoma Multiforme — Case Report
Authors: Rozensztrauch Anna , Kołtuniuk Aleksandra
Published: March 2021

Introduction. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common central nervous system (CNS) malignancy. It is characterized by an aggressive course with the presence of rapidly growing cells, infiltrating the adjacent brain tissues.Case Report. The case report concerns a 16-year-old child with glioblastoma multiforme. The paper presents selected care problems observed in the child.Discussion. In caring for a child diagnosed with high-grade glioma, the most important care problems are severe, recurrent headaches, nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, chronic stress and anxiety, as well as a significant decrease in mood, resulting in e.g. social isolation. A nurse caring for a child with glioblastoma should not only focus on activities directly related to medical care, but also provide psychological support, which certainly improves the quality of life of the child and his family.Conclusions. A patient with high-grade glioma has many different types of care problems. Some are problems related to the physical sphere, others concern the psychological and social sphere. (JNNN 2020;9(4):152–159)
CRISE FINANCEIRA E REESTRUTURACIÓN DAS CAIXAS DE AFORRO EN ESPAÑA,2003-2013
Authors: Antonio CALVO BERNARDINO Antonio , MARTÍN DE VIDALES CARRASCO Irene
Published: March 2021

A crise financeira recente provocou unha importante transformación dossistemas financeiros nacionais, en especial, no que se refire ao protagonismo dalgúnsgrupos institucionais tradicionalmente importantes. É o caso do sector das caixas deaforros en España, o cal viuse afectado de forma moi significativa, e por enriba doacontecido noutros grupos institucionais, polas tempestades financeiras dos últimos anos.Coñecer os cambios que se produciron neste importante sector do noso país, tanto a nivelestrutural como de operativa e de presenza no territorio nacional, e tratar de buscar o seuparalelismo cos doutros países nos que estas entidades teñen unha maior relevancia sonos obxectivos perseguidos por este traballo.The recent financial crisis has caused an important transformation of thenational financial systems and especially in those that refer to the prominence of sometraditionally important institutional groups. This is the case of the saving banks sector inSpain which has been affected in a very significant way and because of what has occurredin other institutional groups by the financial storms in the last few years. This essay isaimed at understanding the changes that have been produced in this important sector ofour country, both in a structural level and an operational one, and at the national level,and trying to draw a parallel between those in other countries in which these entities havea major relevance.
THE EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES AS COMPARED TO WITH EXPORT SMES
Authors: GUTIÉRREZ FERNÁNDEZ Arturo , PÉREZ-SUÁREZ Macarena
Published: March 2021

Purpose – This study aims to determine the export competitiveness of the Social Economyin Andalusia, this is carried out by quantifying the export competitiveness of theinternationalized enterprises of the Social Economy in the export sector of the region.Design/methodology/approach – The strengths and weaknesses of this business sector arequantified and the Rasch´s Probability. It is a model used to measure the latent variablecalled export competitiveness, which is defined by items (factors): size, cooperation,number of target markets, competitive advantages, years abroad and percentage of salesabroad. The article provides empirical evidence of 362 Andalusian export enterprises.Findings – The results show that the export competitiveness of social enterprises reflectedtheir strengths as compared with other SMEs.Originality/value – This concept paper empirically combines two different fields ofknowledge (design and behavior of companies) in the construction of the foreign trade.This work standardizes the treatment of two descriptors scarcely discussed in theliterature: Social Enterprises and Export.
THE SYSTEM OF STATE SUPPORT AGRICULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP BOTH FACTS INCREASE THE ACTIVITY OF ENTITIES IN THE INDUSTRY
Authors: K. VOLKOV Sergei , ORLOVAb Ol'ga
Published: March 2021

Developments related to the devaluation of the ruble and the sanctions regime,determined the need to build and upload your own agribusiness opportunities. In recentyears the Russian government is actively supporting the agricultural sector and the wholeand its separate forms. But in a recession, not all forms of state aid can be usedsuccessfully object subsidies. The aim of the study is to analyze the dynamics of thevarious aspects of the agricultural business, as well as identifying the impact on theperformance of state support for agriculture. The author has studied indicators of thelevel of activity of subjects of agricultural businesses, such as the number of agriculturalenterprises, the volume of production industry, as well as production by types of farms.The study determined the volume of state support the various forms of entrepreneurship.In this work, an analysis was conducted periodic printed publications, statisticaldatabases, Government Decrees of the Russian Federation with use of methods of systemapproach, comparison, and statistical analytical method. The article evaluated the level ofentrepreneurial activity in the agricultural sector, which in the opinion of the authorconsists of two of the most significant figures - the number in the economy of theagricultural organizations of different forms of activity and level of production of variousorganizations. These indicators are given the opportunity to reveal that governmentfunding at this stage had a positive impact on the industry. The author noted the highimportance for the Russian economy of small agricultural enterprises, the level of statesupport in recent years has increased. Despite that, there were negative trends in theactivities of small businesses. Proposed a set of measures of state support to change thesituation. The analysis of the system of state support of agricultural business led to theconclusion of its imperfection. Known in the industry trends related to the devaluation ofthe ruble and the subsequent inability of small producers to use bank loans, not tomention allow high efficiency developed by government measures. The practicalsignificance of the study is that the results obtained and the proposed measures can be thebasis for a new public policy support for agriculture.
Synthesis and electrical transport properties of Er1-xScxNiSb semiconducting solid solution
Authors: Romaka L. , Stadnyk Yu. , Romaka V.A. , Klyzub P. , Pashkevych V. , Horyn A. , Garanyuk P.
Published: March 2021

Samples of Er1-xScxNiSb (x = 0–0.10) solid solution were synthesized by an arc-melting and the effect of doping by Sc atoms on the electrokinetic and energetic characteristics of the half-Heusler ErNiSb phase was investigated. It was established that at the studied concentrations the main carriers of electricity in the Er1-xScxNiSb semiconductor are holes. It was shown that doping of p-ErNiSb compound by Sc atoms introduced by substitution of Er atoms in 4a position is accompanied by the occupation of presented vacancies in position 4a, which leads to the reduction and elimination of structural defects of acceptor nature and corresponding acceptor band. The concentration ratio of ionized acceptors and donors generated in Er1-xScxNiSb determines the position of the Fermi level and the mechanisms of electrical conduction. The investigated solid solution Er1-xScxNiSb is a promising thermoelectric material.
Neonatal Outcomes From Arboviruses in the Perinatal Period: A State-of-the-Art Review
Authors: Ginige Shamila , Flower Robert , Viennet Elvina
Published: March 2021

Since the 2016 Zika outbreak and the understanding of the teratogenic effect of this infection, there has been a newfound interest in arbovirus infections and their effects on pregnancy, resulting in numerous publications in the last 5 years. However, limited literature focuses on arbovirus infection in different stages of pregnancy and their effect on the neonate. There is currently no consensus management of perinatal acquisition of arboviruses, and current evidence is largely anecdotal observational reports. Teratogens can have different effects on the developing fetus depending on the time of infection, so infections during pregnancy should be analyzed by trimester. A better understanding of arbovirus infection in the perinatal period is required to assist obstetric, neonatal, and pediatric clinicians in making decisions about the management of mother and neonate. Our objective was to assess the evidence of adverse neonatal outcomes for several arboviral infections when contracted during the perinatal period to guide clinicians in managing these patients. There are 8 arboviruses for which neonatal outcomes from maternal acquisition in the perinatal period have been reported, with the most data for dengue and Chikungunya virus infections. The evidence reviewed in this article supports the adoption of preventive strategies to avoid ticks and mosquitoes close to the date of delivery. For the other arbovirus infections, further community-based cohort studies during outbreaks are required to evaluate whether these infections have a similar teratogenic impact.
Leveraging Delta Smelt Monitoring for Detecting Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the San Francisco Estuary
Authors: Mahardja Brian , Mitchell Lara , Beakes Michael , Johnston Catherine , Graham Cory , Goertler Pascale , Barnard Denise , Castillo Gonzalo , Matthias Bryan
Published: March 2021

Monitoring is an essential component in ecosystem management, and leveraging existing data sources for multiple species of interest can be one effective way to enhance information for management agencies. Here, we analyzed juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) bycatch data that has been collected by the recently established Enhanced Delta Smelt Monitoring program (EDSM), a survey designed to estimate the abundance and distribution of the San Francisco Estuary’s (estuary) endangered Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus). Two key aspects of the EDSM program distinguish it from other fish surveys in the estuary: a stratified random sampling design and the spatial scale of its sampling effort. We integrated the EDSM data set with other existing surveys in the estuary, and used an occupancy model to assess differences in the probability of detecting Delta Smelt across gear types. We saw no large-scale differences in size selectivity, and while detection probability varied among gear types, cumulative detection probability for EDSM was comparable to other surveys because of the program’s use of replicate tows. Based on our occupancy model and sampling effort in the estuary during spring of 2017 and 2018, we highlighted under-sampled regions that saw improvements in monitoring coverage from EDSM. Our analysis also revealed that each sampling method has its own benefits and constraints. Although the use of random sites with replicates, as conducted by EDSM, can provide more statistically robust abundance estimates relative to traditional methods, the use of fixed stations and simple methods such as beach seining may provide a more cost-effective way to monitor salmon occurrence in certain regions of the estuary. Leveraging the strengths of each survey’s method can enable stronger inferences on salmon abundance and distribution. Careful consideration of these trade-offs is crucial as the management agencies of the estuary continue to adapt and improve their monitoring programs.
Az Árpád-Kori Egri Püspöki Központ Kialakulása
Authors: Buzás Gergely
Published: March 2021

2016–2019 között végeztünk feltárásokat az egri várban. Ezek során a vár, illetve az egri püspöki központ 11–13. századi történetére vonatkozó fontos új megfigyeléseket tehettünk. A régészeti megfigyelések alapján a vár legkorábbi előzményeként egy 11. század első feléből származó királyi udvarház épületeit azonosítottuk. Véleményünk szerint ez fogadta be az 1068 után először ideiglenesen, majd 1091 után véglegesen az egyházmegye központját, amely korábban Bihar várában lehetett. Rekonstruáltuk a román kori székesegyház építéstörténetét, és nagyrészt feltártuk a székesegyház északi oldalán a 12. század folyamán több lépésben kiépült káptalani kerengőt és püs pöki palotát, valamint több ponton azonosítottuk a 13. század első felében kiépülő, két részből álló első püspökvár falait (1. kép).

Between 2016 and 2019, we conducted a series of excavations in Eger Castle, in the course of which we gained a number of new insights regarding the 11th–13th century history of the castle and the episcopal seat. On the testimony of the written sources and the archaeological record, the castle’s earliest antecedent was a royal manor house from the first half of the 11th century. In our view, this building functioned as the centre of the diocese – which had earlier probably been located in Bihar Castle – first temporarily after 1068, then, after 1091, permanently. We were able to reconstruct the architectural history of the Romanesque cathedral and we excavated the cathedral’s cloister and the episcopal palace on the cathedral’s northern side, built in a number of successive phases. We also succeeded in identifying the walls of the first episcopal castle built in the first half of the 13th century (Fig. 1).
Ezüsttálka Egy Kora Avar Kori Sírban Bonyhádról
Authors: K. Tóth Gábor
Published: March 2021

Jelen tanulmány a Bonyhádtól (Tolna megye) északra fekvő Szöcske-szántók dűlőben talált kora avar korra keltezhető, viszonylag gazdag melléklettel bíró sírnak és mellékleteinek a leírását tartalmazza. A temetkezés idejét a sírból előkerült leletek alapján a kora avar korra, a 6. század végére – 7. század elejére lehet tenni. A leletegyüttesben a tarsolyzáróként szolgáló egykori bizánci füstölőhöz tartozó elem és az ezüstcsésze a Balkán bizánci térségéből, egy kirabolt templom felszereléséből származhat és egy olyan személy leletegyütteséhez tartozhatott, aki maga is részt vett az avarok balkáni hadjárataiban, vagy ilyen személyekkel kapcsolatban állt.

Presented and discussed here is a burial with a relatively rich array of grave goods dating from the Early Avar period found in an area known as Szöcske-szántók lying north of Bonyhád (County Tolna). On the testimony of the finds recovered from the burial, the grave can be assigned to the Early Avar period, to the late 6th–early 7th century. An element taken from a Byzantine censer that was repurposed to serve as a purse clasp and the silver bowl obviously originated from a looted church in Byzantium’s Balkanic province and were the possessions of a person who had participated in the Avars’ Balkanic campaigns or who had contact with these individuals.
Tudománymetria: Mit Mérünk, Mit Hasonlíthatunk Össze És Mivel? •
Authors: F. Romhányi Beatrix
Published: March 2021

A 2020 tavaszán nyilvánossá vált referencia-adatbázis három paraméter, az idézetek évenkénti átlaga, a Hirsch-index és a Q1-es folyóiratokban megjelent publikációk száma alapján rangsorolja a kutatókat. Az összesített rangsorban a harmadik paraméter kétszeres súllyal szerepel. A cikk a régészek és az ókori kelettel foglalkozó kutatók nyilvános adatainak felhasználásával végzett teszt eredményeit ismerteti, és a felmerülő problémákra alternatív megoldások lehetőségét veti fel.

The reference database “Scientometrics of Hungarian Researchers”, published in spring 2020, classifies researchers on the basis of three parameters: the annual average of citations, the Hirsch index, and the number of publications in Q1 journals. Presented here are the results of a test using the public data of archaeologists and researchers of the Ancient Near East, a review of the specific problems faced by humanities researchers, and a call for a discussion to find a more appropriate set of parameters that would better fit the specifics of the humanities.
Prawo do wyboru rodzaju dawstwa komórek rozrodczych – uwagi na temat tzw. Modelu trzyścieżkowego (triple track system)
Authors:   Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Polska, Łukasiewicz Rafał
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this article is to analyze so-called triple track system of gamete donation. This system gives donors and recipients the right to choose an anonymous or identifiable or known gamete donation. In the first part of this article the European perspective of gamete donation is analyzed. Triple track system is not a popular way of regulating gamete donation. However, nowadays IVF clinics sometimes inform donors and recipients about types of gamete donation which are not accessible to them in one country, but they are accessible in other countries. It leads to create new factual possibilities for donors and recipients. In the second part a dispute about types of gamete donation in Poland is presented. It shows that needs of donors and recipients should be taken into consideration in the area of gamete donation. In the last part, I have analyzed the problem if donors and recipients have the right to be informed about other types of gamete donation which are not permitted by the Polish Law. The lack of choice has a great impact on the position of donors and recipients. According to the Polish Law they could choose only an anonymous donation, which means that their right to choose a type of donation is strictly limited. The scope of their choice should be wider than currently, which means that a discussion about changes of Polish Law is necessary.
Zasada szybkości w postępowaniach w sprawach przygotowania i realizacji inwestycji infrastrukturalnych
Authors:   Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Bankowości w Poznaniu, Polska, Ostojski Przemysław
Published: March 2021

The article concerns the principle of speed in the proceedings regarding the implementation of infrastructure investments. The analysis of individual legal institutions is aimed at assessing statutory regulations of investment acts in the scope of the principle of speed. The aim of the analysis is to verify the assertion that the implementation of specific law-related rules in special investment documents connected with giving priority to the speed of administrative proceedings followed the constitutional principle of proportionality. As a result of the conducted analysis, it should be stated that the implementation of the principle of speed of proceedings to investment acts does not fundamentally violate the essence of constitutional rights of individuals – including the right to challenge decisions and the right to protect of rightly acquired rights. The legislator limits the principles of transparency, as well as the principle of active participation of the party in administrative proceedings, but does not eliminate these principles. Regardless of this, the legislator infringes in the analyzed Acts the essence of the party’s right to submit an application for temporary protection in administrative proceedings. The legislator violates in a qualified manner – due to the public interest – the rule of law and two-instance, preventing the appeals authority in the course of the instance of repealing the decision in its entirety, if the defect affects only its part concerning the property.
Prawo zabudowy jako alternatywa dla użytkowania wieczystego gruntów zabudowanych na cele mieszkaniowe
Authors:   Aplikant Adwokacki ORA w Rzeszowie, Polska, Pogorzelec Kamila
Published: March 2021

This article attempts to indicate an alternative right to perpetual usufruct, which pursuant the Act of 20 July 2018 on the transformation of the right of perpetual usufruct of land developed for building purposes into the right of ownership of such land, will be completely transformed into the right of ownership. Analyzing the draft act amending the Civil Code of 9 September 2009, was presented the possibility of introducing the leasehold law to the Polish legal system, which is partly modeled on the regulations of other European countries. The new limited property right, which is leasehold law, has been discussed in this article in terms of its creation, disposition, time and manner of its duration, confirming that it could be a whole alternative to perpetual usufruct.
Błąd w klauzuli ostateczności
Authors:   Uniwersytet Warszawski, Polska, Wojciechowska Karolina
Published: March 2021

The subject matter of the article is the finality clause of an administrative decision, precisely the situation where an error occurs in this clause at the date of finalisation. The form of the finality clause, although commonly used in the practice of public administration authorities, is not regulated in the Code of Administrative Procedure. It is classified in case law and literature as a substantive and technical activity, a type of certificate and on this basis the provisions of Chapter VII of the Code of Administrative Procedure concerning certificates apply to it accordingly. As an official document it benefits from the presumption that there are circumstances that allow to consider the decision as final. If there is an error at the date of the finality, then, in principle, the party that has complied with it should not suffer any negative legal consequences as a result of the authority’s action, since it acts in confidence in public administration authorities.
Obowiązek szczepień a obowiązkowe szczepienia ochronne – podstawy prawne oraz środki egzekucji
Authors:   Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Polska, Fiołek Agata
Published: March 2021

Starting from the fundamental constitutional freedoms and rights of persons and citizens, the article covers the issue of obligation of vaccination as a typical example of a conflict between constitutional values. Then, the author interprets and systematizes the legal concepts concerning required immunization under the Act of 5 December 2008, on preventing and combating infections and infectious diseases among people, which leads, among others to differentiation between the concept of “vaccination obligation” and the concept of “compulsory protective vaccination”. Next, legal bases and enforcement measures for the vaccination obligation are discussed. The analysis focuses on the conditions for the use of coercive measures and leads to the nonobvious conclusion that use of physical coercion in order to implement the “mandatory protective vaccination” or other type of “vaccination obligation” – is currently is not possible. The article also includes the latest amendments to the law, on preventing and combating infections and infectious diseases among people, as well as regulations issued in connection with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic.
Miarkowanie zwrotu kosztów postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego jako sposób rozłożenia tych kosztów pomiędzy stronami
Authors:   Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie, Polska, Kopacz Marta
Published: March 2021

In the article the meaning of institution of moderation of reimbursement of expenses for judicial and administrative proceedings is described. It has been established, that this institution, on the one hand allows the court in certain cases to be guided by a sense of justice (correctness) in determining the distribution of costs of the process; on the other hand, it is a tool for countering the abuse of the right to court. Typical circumstances are also indicated, the occurrence of which in the concrete case entitles the court to take advantage of the institution of moderation of reimbursement of costs for judicial and administrative proceedings. It was demonstrated, that these circumstances refer primarily to the nature of the case and the related efforts of the representative, the actions of the parties and their representatives, the scope of recognition of the case by the court of the instance, as well as the economic situation of the party obliged to bear the costs of the proceedings.
Improving Daylight Availability in Heritage Buildings: A Case Study of Below-grade Classrooms in Tehran
Authors:   Department of Interior Architecture, University of Art, Tehran, Iran, Soleimani Kamyar , Abdollahzadeh Nastaran ,   Department of construction, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, Zomorodian Zahra Sadat ,   Department of construction, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Published: March 2021

Refurbished heritage buildings usually lack in meeting the required standards defined for the new function especially when reused as educational buildings. Therefore, they are usually equipped with different post-occupancy retrofit strategies to achieve an acceptable level of environmental quality and energy demand. Daylight quality and the distribution of natural light is a critical issue in educational spaces, given that the low level of illuminance in classrooms can decrease students' performance and disrupt visual tasks. In this study, daylight performance of below-grade south-facing classrooms in a heritage building in Tehran, Iran is investigated by implementing 57 different daylighting retrofit strategies using climate-based daylight simulations, in relation to the metric Useful Daylight Illuminance 300-3000lux (UDI-Autonomous). The research proposes the use of reflectors on the interior ceiling and exterior side of the windows (on the ground) to achieve the highest result possible. Although, applying these two systems individually, can boost the spatial distribution of daylight to 75 % and 71%, respectively, the combination of them provide users with UDI-Autonomous in 99% of the classroom space for more than half of the occupancy time.
Correlates of South African subject leaders’ perspectives and their perceived competence on instructional leadership
Authors: Moeketsane Maribaneng , Jita Loyiso , Jita Thuthukile
Published: March 2021

Too often, instructional leadership is perceived as an area of competence for principals with less focus on teachers, especially those with subject leadership responsibilities. In the study reported on here we investigated the perspectives of subject leaders and their perceived competence in instructional leadership as a basis for its correlation. Two hundred and five subject leaders from a purposive sample of 100 primary schools across 5 education districts of the Free State province in South Africa were surveyed on their knowledge, beliefs and perceptions of instructional leadership, in relation to their perceived competence. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients and regression. The results show that beliefs about instructional leadership tend to correlate negatively with perceived competencies and make no impact on such competencies. On the other hand, knowledge and perceptions showed significant correlation and are thus considered to be the better predictors of subject leaders’ perceived competencies on instructional leadership. Further examination using regression analysis shows that perceptions may have a high impact on perceived competence. Consequently, we recommend interventions to deliberately target subject leaders’ perceptions of instructional leadership to promote a more distributed practice of subject leadership in schools.
The relationship between school administrators’ leadership styles and organisational cynicism from teachers’ perspectives
Authors: İnandı Yusuf , Gılıç Fahrettin
Published: March 2021

This study reported on here aimed to determine the relationship between leadership styles (democratic, autocratic and transformational) and organisational cynicism in addition to examining whether leadership styles predict organisational cynicism. The data were collected from 426 teachers (183 male and 243 female teachers) from primary and secondary schools in the central districts of Mersin. The sample was formed by availability sampling, which is one of the improbable sampling techniques. Data were collected using the Leadership Style Scale (Taş, Çelik & Tomul, 2007) and the Organizational Cynicism Scale (Kalağan, 2009). Descriptive statistics, t-test, correlation and multiple regression analysis results show that views of teachers on autocratic and democratic leadership differ significantly by gender and also that male and female teachers experience behavioural cynicism to different extents. The findings of the study also reveal that all leadership styles were associated with all sub-dimensions of organisational cynicism. Furthermore, the leadership styles were found to be significant predictors of all 3 types of organisational cynicism. As a result, leadership styles of school administrators are associated to a considerable extent with organisational cynicism experienced by teachers. Thus, it would be recommended that school administrators attend training or seminars on leadership behaviour and also be evaluated by their subordinates.
Striving for equity: Life orientation resources in South African high schools
Authors: van Zyl André , Webb Elizabeth M. , Wolvaardt Jaqueline E.
Published: March 2021

As a school subject, life orientation (LO) aims to improve learner well-being, but a lack of classroom resources may be a barrier. We investigated whether classroom resources were equally available for LO educators in fully funded (no-fee) and partially funded (fee-paying) high schools in Tshwane South, South Africa. In this analytical cross-sectional study, LO representatives completed questionnaires about the availability of resources in their schools. Sixty-seven LO representatives completed the questionnaire. No-fee and fee-paying schools had the same availability of government resources and textbooks, but no-fee schools had less access to audio-visual equipment and printed materials. Representatives from both categories of schools were least satisfied with the availability of resources for the topic: Health. In contrast, they thought that the resources for non-health related topics such as career and skills-development were adequate. Representatives from no-fee schools were less satisfied with physical education resources (U (56) = -2.29, p = 0.02). The government’s efforts to redress inequity is evident in the availability of basic resources. However, a lack of health resources is a source of concern in a society that has a quadruple burden of disease.
Differentiation practices in a private and government high school classroom in Lesotho: Evaluating teacher responses
Authors: Leballo Makatleho , Griffiths Dominic , Bekker Tanya
Published: March 2021

One way in which the practice of inclusion can be actualised in classrooms is through the use of consistent, appropriate differentiated instruction. What remains elusive, however, is insight into what teachers in different contexts think and believe about differentiation, how consistently they differentiate instruction and what challenges they experience in doing so. In the study reported on here high school classrooms in a private and a government school in Lesotho were compared in order to determine teachers’ thoughts and beliefs about differentiation, the frequency of differentiated instruction, and the challenges faced by teachers who implement this inclusive practice. Sampled teachers offered their views on what they understood differentiated instruction to be, the frequency of differentiated instruction, and identified challenges via an administered questionnaire. Data analysis was based on frequency counts and bar charts for comparative purposes. Findings indicate that private school teachers have a higher frequency of differentiated teaching practice, with time constraints indicated as the main challenge. Government school teachers had a lower frequency of differentiation, and identified a lack of resources, and the learner-teacher ratio as challenges, among others. In the study we highlighted the critical role that private schools can play in the national call for the implementation of inclusive teaching in Lesotho, in terms of active collaboration with surrounding government schools. Private schools, with their resources and access to professional development opportunities, can become catalysts in the implementation of inclusive teaching practices.
The implementation of the progression policy in secondary schools of the Limpopo province in South Africa
Authors: Mogale Makobo Lydia , Modipane Mpho Calphonia
Published: March 2021

Globally, policy implementation in the education system has been found to be a challenging area of development. The South African education system is no exception to the ineffective implementation of policies. For example, in South Africa, the progression policy was introduced by the Department of Education in 2013 for the purpose of minimising school drop-out rates. It was intended particularly for learners who had been retained for more than 4 years in a phase. However, progressed learners have been said to be contributing to the decline of Grade 12 national results in 2015 and 2016. We argue that due procedures in the implementation of this policy could have affected the performance of progressed learners, and in turn the overall matriculation results. A qualitative approach was followed and a descriptive case study design was adopted in the study reported on here. Data were collected through document analysis and semi-structured interviews from 2 secondary schools in the Dimamo circuit, Limpopo province. We found that the progression policy was not implemented according to the stipulations. Communication breakdown, negative teacher attitude, overcrowded classrooms, a lack of knowledge and support were found to be contributory factors in the ineffective implementation of the policy.
Foundation phase teachers’ points of view on the viability of Response to Intervention in their school context
Authors: Bester Suzanne , Conway Michè
Published: March 2021

Guided by an interpretivist paradigm, the qualitative case study reported on here provided insight into the points of view of 9 foundation phase teachers on whether they believed that Response to Intervention (RtI) could be a viable approach to implement within their own school context. A semi-structured, focus group interview was conducted to explore the participants’ views regarding the viability of RtI for their school. Through exploring these teachers’ views, we aimed at initiating further research into whether RtI could potentially be a viable approach to assessment and intervention within a South African context. The findings suggest that the participants envisioned numerous challenges in the implementation of RtI within their school context. These challenges related to a lack of resources and challenges associated with the curriculum. The participants envisioned such challenges as potentially preventing the effective implementation of RtI and, therefore, decreasing its viability in their school context. The participants believed that if certain challenges, such as a lack of time and a lack of qualified teaching staff could be addressed and overcome, then an RtI approach could become viable in their school context. They believed that an effective RtI implementation could yield benefits associated with improved overall service delivery to learners and their parents. Furthermore, the participants believed that RtI could potentially result in a reduced need for financial resources to pay for referrals to learner support specialists, which they perceived as a challenge in their learner support interventions. The insights obtained from this study may be useful in guiding further research endeavours into the perceived viability of RtI in other school contexts in South Africa.
Zadeh's Centenary
Authors: DZITAC Ioan
Published: March 2021

This is the introductory paper in a special issue on fuzzy logic dedicated to the centenary of the birth of Lotfi A. Zadeh published by International Journal of Computers Communications & Control (IJCCC). In 1965, Lotfi A. Zadeh published in the journal „Information and Control” the article titled „Fuzzy sets”, which today reaches over 117 thousand citations. The total sum of citations for all his papers is above 253 thousand. Based on the notion of fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic and the concept of soft computing emerged, bringing extremely important implications to the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). In 2017, I published, whith F.G. Filip and M.J. Manolescu, a 42-page long paper in the IJCCC about the life and masterwork of Lotfi A. Zadeh, from which I will use some information in this material [15].
Tunable plasticization of sustainable ethyl cellulose toward thermoplastic elastomers through ATRP grafting
Authors: Ma Yufeng , Kou Zhimin , Geng Xiang , Gong Xuanang , Cui Juqing , Jia Puyou , Liu Chengguo , Wang Chunpeng
Published: March 2021

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) derived from sustainable cellulose and its derivatives have attracted a great deal of attention, because of their abundance, renewable nature, rigid backbone and good mechanical properties. To fabricate TPEs with tunable performance, a series of sustainable ethyl cellulose (EC)-grafted poly(methyl methacrylate (MMA)) (EC-g-P(MMA)) and poly(MMA-co-butyl methacrylate (BMA)) (EC-g-P(MMA-co-BMA)) were fabricated by way of atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). By tuning the molar ratio of MMA/BMA in the copolymer side chains, tunable performance of TPEs with tunable glass transition temperatures (118–47.8°C) was achieved. The chemical structures of EC-bromide and EC graft copolymers were identifiable by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen-1 (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The EC graft copolymers exhibited a higher molecular weight and good thermal stability and mechanical properties. These results suggested that these tunable-performance copolymers with a sustainable cellulose backbone and an acrylate side chain were potential candidates for service as TPEs in some applications.
Castor oil as a platform for preparing bio-based chemicals and polymer materials
Authors: Ma Yufeng , Wang Rui , Li Qiaoguang , Li Mei , Liu Chengguo , Jia Puyou
Published: March 2021

Recent years have seen rapid growth in utilizing vegetable oils to derive a wide variety of bio-based chemicals and polymer materials to replace petroleum-based chemicals and polymer materials for minimizing environmental impact. Castor oil is a renewable resource and an important platform chemical. The interest in preparation of bio-based chemicals and polymer materials using castor oil as raw material has been increasing. Castor-oil-based chemicals mainly include biodiesel fuels, lubricants, plasticizers and polyols, while castor-oil-based polymers mainly include polyurethane, polyesters, resin, elastomers and cross-linked polymers. With this in mind, the present review summarizes and analyzes castor-oil-based chemicals and polymers in a wide range of industries and provides a perspective on future utilization.
Some observations in soil–pipe model tests under vertical uplift loading in compacted clay
Authors: Wong Chee K. , Wan Richard G. , Wong Ron C. K.
Published: March 2021

Physical model tests are conducted to measure the soil resistance exerted on a steel pipe under vertical uplift loading at varying displacement rates in compacted clay. It is observed that the measured soil ultimate resistances are much lower (two to three times in magnitude) than those recommended by existing design guidelines for pipelines buried at shallow depths. This large discrepancy is attributed to the differences in failure modes observed in the tests and assumed in the guidelines. Under vertical uplift loading, the tensile failure mode is more dominant than the shear failure mode in compacted clay at shallow depths, which is not taken into account in the existing guidelines. Furthermore, the results illustrate that the soil–pipe system exhibits a time- or rate-dependent behaviour under vertical uplift loading – that is, ‘isotach’ behaviour. The soil resistance increases with increasing pipe displacement rate, or vice versa. The soil resistance drops by 10–30% when stress relaxation is allowed. Practical implications of this time-dependent behaviour of compacted clay on the performance of buried pipelines subjected to long-term ground movement are addressed.
The Effect of Early Mobilization on ICU and Hospital Length of Stay and Its Impact on the Cost of Care in Post-Open Heart Surgery Patients: A Randomized Control Trial (RCT)
Authors: MA Takroni , A Albarrati , T Akomolafe , M Al Enazy
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Early Mobilization (EM) of patients in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) has received considerable attention in scientific literature over the past several years. It has been reported that EM decrease Hospital Length of Stay (LOS).
Tacrolimus as a Possible Trigger of Tachycardias in a Heart-Transplanted Patient with Severe Diarrhea
Authors: C Blockhaus , P Waibler , J Gulker , B Kokturk , A Bufe , D Shin , H Klues
Published: March 2021

Tacrolimus is a broadly used immunosuppressive agent in organ transplanted patients. It is known that it may induce arrhythmias. We here report on a heart transplanted patient with supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias with an elevated tacrolimus trough serum level due to severe diarrhea.
Levels of Hydrogen Sulphide or Nitric Oxide in Induced Belching are Indicators of Adequate Gastric Voiding
Authors: B Donatini , I Le Blaye
Published: March 2021

Background: Hydrogen Sulphide (H2 S) and Nitric Oxide (NO) are gasotransmitters with neuroprotective and antioxidant properties which can be produced by the gastric microbiota.
Mediator effect of luteolin on electrooxidation of NADH
Authors: BİLGİ KAMAÇ Melike , GYLYJOVA Gulshat
Published: March 2021

The effects of luteolin (LU) as a new mediator on the electrooxidation of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were investigated and developed a new disposable NADH sensor. Firstly, screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNP), and then, LU was deposited on SPCE modified with AuNP (SPCE/AuNP) using cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical behavior of LU on SPCE/AuNP was investigated and, the redox proses of LU on SPCE/AuNP was found to be adsorption controlled. The number of cycles was optimized for the electrochemical deposition of LU and determined to be 15 cycles. LU modified SPCE/AuNP (SPCE/AuNP/LU) was found to show the electrocatalytic effect on electrooxidation of NADH and acts as a mediator. Working potential and pH were optimized for electrochemical detection of NADH with the proposed SPCE/AuNP/LU sensor and found to be +0.225 V and 7.25, respectively. The proposed NADH sensor showed a well linear response from 15.90 to 925 μM with a detection limit of 4.57 μM and a sensitivity of 11.19 μAmM−1. The repeatability of the NADH sensor was tested +0.225 V with 50 µM NADH solution. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated as 3.68% (for n=10). The operational stability studies have shown that the initial amperometric response of sensor to NADH decreased by 62.1% at the 30th day. The analysis of NADH in artificial human serum samples was successfully performed with SPCE/AuNP/LU sensor.
Importance-Performance Analysis of Vietnamese Tourists’ Selection Attributes on Shopping Tourism in Korea
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Phuong Kim Nguyen , Yim Eun-Soon , Ryu Ki-Sang
Published: March 2021

Over the last decades, the Korean Wave’s popularity has spread to a number of South East Asian countries, including Vietnam. Consequently the number of Vietnamese shopping tourists visiting Korea is gradually increasing, and is expected to have an important impact on the Korean tourism market in the future. This study aims to analyze Vietnamese tourists’ selection attributes on shopping tourism in Korea. By using IPA in both traditional and revised views, the present sutdy enhances the understanding of the actual importance and satisfaction attributes considered by Vietnamese shopping tourists. To achieve this purpose, we conducted a survey from February to March, 2020 for 300 Vietnamese tourists who have visited Korea in the last two years. A total of 261 surveys were used for analyses through SPSS 22.0. The study findings indicate that there was a significantly different result between the traditional IPA and revised IPA. Specifically, while in traditional IPA many categories were placed in the first and third quadrants, this problem was improved in the other two methods of revised IPA. Vietnamese tourists put importance on shopping location accessibility, so shopping tourism managers should consider precisely of traffic congestion in the surrounding area when choosing a location for shopping destinations. Also Vietnamese tourists visit Korea to purchase Hallyu products due to Korean Wave, but the lack of products might become dissatisfaction factor. This is a task that must be solved in order for Korea to grow as a global shopping tourism destination.