bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schools, Charter
Authors: Wells Amy Stuart , Keener Abbey
Published: January 2023

Since the beginning of charter school reform in the United States nearly 30 years ago, the number of charter schools and state laws approving them has ballooned despite a lack of evidence that they achieve their intended goals. A total of 45 states and the District of Columbia have charter school laws, and approximately 7,000 charter schools enrolling 3.2 million students existed as of fall 2019. Meanwhile, the research findings on charter schools are mixed, but, overall, far less positive than advocates for charter schools predicted. In fact, this charter school research raises important red flags about any deregulatory education reforms, including vouchers and tax credits, and the need for greater oversight of and accountability for public funds. At the same time, the rate of growth in the charter school sector is slowing. As this review of sociological and other empirical research on charter school reform demonstrates, there is no consistent evidence that charter schools have delivered on their promises of raising student achievement, making schools more accountable, or providing meaningful choices that further the goals of a diverse democracy. Researchers must continue to ask hard questions about whose interests are being served by this reform.
Sexuality, Religion and
Authors: Liao Yen‐Chiao
Published: January 2023

This entry introduces how the five major religious traditions of the world – Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism – conceptualize sexuality. These five major religions are chosen because they share some common characteristics: They tend to have relatively large populations and a long history of religious traditions; they exist in many different countries; there have been consistent data collections among the religious believers; and the data are easily accessible. The entry starts with a brief introduction on the intersection of sexuality and religion studies, and then reviews some of the major dimensions of the field: attitudes to heterosexuality (i.e., abortion, sex within marriage, and extramarital sex), attitudes to homosexuality, and how religions affect public policies about sexuality. Each dimension covers the basic understanding of how different religions view or conceptualize sexuality or sexual behaviors, the changes over time, and the more recent findings on the relationship between sexual attitudes and religions. It ends with possible directions for future research on sexuality and religions studies so the two areas of studies can be enriched by one other.
Social Epidemiology
Authors: Kaufman Jay S.
Published: January 2023

Epidemiology is the study of illness in populations, and social epidemiology is the branch of this field that focuses on the study of relations between social factors and disease in populations. This study includes surveillance, prediction, and etiologic investigations on distribution of disease according to all manner of social identity, position, status, and class. The most common dimensions employed are race/ethnicity, gender, and various measures of socioeconomic class or position. While these variables are common in all epidemiological research, social epidemiology is distinguished by a focus on these quantities as exposures or by explicit reference to social science theory in the interpretation.
Social Structure of Victims
Authors: Hasegawa Koichi
Published: January 2023

Nobuko Iijima (1938–2001), a pioneer of environmental sociology both in Japan and internationally, applied her notion of the social structure of victims to the multidimensional and multilayered nature of the damage caused by pollution. The physical damage done to victims is relatively easy to discern, but equally costly is the mental and social damage that occurs in the wake of the physical impact. Iijima attempted to describe the complex structure of the suffering of victims, from physical suffering to worsening relationships between family members and neighbors. She demonstrated how such suffering affects every aspect of a family's daily life, including loss of income and an increase in medical expenses, and often leads to family breakdown. Through her research on Minamata disease, mercury poisoning of indigenous Canadians, and drug‐induced disease, Iijima discovered that the structure of victims was very similar whether the damage was caused by a work accident, a drug‐induced disease, or an environmental hazard.
Social Work: History and Institutions
Authors: McNutt John
Published: January 2023

This entry discusses the history of the profession of social work and the major structures that shape and define the profession. Social work exists in many nations throughout the world and its structure differs from nation to nation. Social work is a profession that emerged in the Industrial Revolution and progressed along with the development of social welfare and the welfare state in evolving societies.
State
Authors: Agnew John
Published: January 2023

A discussion of how the dominant view of the state as an apparatus of territorial rule came about is followed by an exploration of the more specific meanings the term has acquired in sociology. Attention then turns to how the term can be related to concepts of nation, society, and market with which it is frequently paired. Finally, recent efforts at displacing the dominant definition while still endowing states as such with significant practical powers within and, in some cases, beyond their territorial borders, illustrate how much the term stands in need of historicizing and relating to specific historical‐geographical circumstances for it to offer continuing explanatory purchase. Thinking about states as pre‐existing equivalent entities that form in isolation but then bang up against one another thereafter provides an overly simplified model of the world that stands in need of correction. Putting “the state” in the global context of expansive capitalism and imperialist competition provides one way of doing this.
Modality‐general benefit of eye‐closure on the retrieval of intentionally learned information
Authors: Ebersbach Mirjam
Published: January 2023

The beneficial effect of eye‐closure during retrieval was demonstrated in many studies addressing eyewitness memory or memory of episodic events. Fewer studies examined the effect concerning the intentional learning of verbal information. Furthermore, the question of whether the eye‐closure effect is modality‐specific, boosting visual memory only, or modality‐general, boosting also other forms of memory (e.g., auditory memory), is still open. These issues were addressed in the present study. Participants (N = 129) were asked to study aurally and visually presented lists of unrelated nouns (within‐subjects). During free recall, participants either kept their eyes open or closed their eyes (between‐subjects). Eye‐closure resulted in better free recall than keeping the eyes open. Importantly, this effect emerged for both visually and aurally presented word lists, suggesting that the effect of closing the eyes is rather modality‐general. The results are discussed with respect to limitations of previous studies and practical implications.
Sebum‐Membrane‐Inspired Protein‐Based Bioprotonic Hydrogel for Artificial Skin and Human‐Machine Merging Interface
Authors: Leng Ziwei , Zhu Pengcheng , Wang Xiangcheng , Wang Yifan , Li Peishuo , Huang Wei , Li Bingchen , Jin Rui , Han Ningning , Wu Jing , Mao Yanchao
Published: January 2023

As an on‐skin electronic device, artificial skin shows great potential in medical monitoring and personal electronics, which also holds promise to develop human‐machine merging interfaces. However, merging artificial skins with human bodies is largely restricted by the dissimilarity of material compositions in existing artificial skins and biological tissues. Naturally conductive protein is a potential material candidate for artificial skins, nevertheless, it suffers from the critical issue of dehydration which harms its proton conductivity. Inspired by the sebum membrane of human skin, herein, a protein‐based bioprotonic hydrogel (PBH) with reliable water retention ability is reported for artificial skins. The bovine serum albumin with natural proton conductivity is utilized in the PBH, and the glycerol that originally presents on human skin surface is used as an artificial sebum membrane to retain water. The PBH can act as a bioprotonic skin (B‐skin) for collecting electrophysiological signals and self‐powered sensing. Based on the B‐skin, intelligent robot and cellphone control systems are demonstrated. Compared with present artificial skins, this B‐skin is all made out of biological materials that are consistent with material components of human skin tissues including proteins, endogenous glycerol, and water. Such a B‐skin may enable the development of next‐generation human‐machine merging interfaces.
Complex 3D‐Printed Mechanochromic Materials with Iridescent Structural Colors Based on Core–Shell Particles
Authors: Siegwardt Lukas , Gallei Markus
Published: January 2023

A scalable protocol for design and subsequent 3D‐printing of polymeric core‐shell‐particles is reported. The particle synthesis by emulsion polymerization in starved‐feed mode is used for tailoring particle architecture and composition. Control of size, mechanical properties, and chemical functionalities allow to achieve the specific requirement profile for subsequent extrusion‐based additive manufacturing. The core‐shell particles consist of hard polystyrene cores and a comparably soft polyalkylacrylate‐based shell. Size and monodispersity, as well as core‐to‐shell ratio, are determined by means of dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Thermal and rheological properties are investigated by means of dynamic scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis as well as oscillation and capillary rheometry. During 3D‐printing, the monodisperse particles self‐assemble into an ordered close packed lattice structure, leading to visible reflection colors according to Bragg's law of diffraction. Distinct and angle‐dependent reflection colors are recorded via UV‐vis spectroscopy. As the structural color depends, inter alia, on the underlying particle sizes, resulting colors are easily tunable by adjusting the applied synthesis parameters. Under mechanical deformation, the color changes due to controlled lattice deformation, which enables mechanochromic sensing with the printed objects. They are also promising candidates for decorative ornaments, smart optical coatings, or advanced security devices.
Recent Developments of Polymer Solar Cells with Photovoltaic Performance over 17%
Authors: Jin Jianghao , Wang Qiao , Ma Kaige , Shen Wenfei , Belfiore Laurence Alphonse , Bao Xichang , Tang Jianguo
Published: January 2023

With the emergence of ADA'DA‐type (Y‐series) non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs), the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic photovoltaic devices have been constantly refreshed and gradually reached 20% in recent years (19% for single junction and 20% for tandem device). The acceptors possess specific design concept, which greatly enrich the NFA types and have excellent compatibility with many donor materials. It is gratifying to note that the previously underperforming donor materials combine with these regulated acceptors to shine again. Nowadays, the concept of modular design is widely used in the research of acceptors and donors, injecting new vitality into the field of organic photovoltaics. Furthermore, these acceptors also promote the research of multicomponent devices, tandem devices, bilayer devices, processing solvent engineering, and additive engineering. Herein, the latest progresses of polymer solar cells with efficiency over 17% are briefly reviewed from the aspects of active material design, interface material development, and device technology. At last, the opportunities and challenges of organic photovoltaic commercialization in the future are discussed.
Intercalative Motifs‐Induced Space Confinement and Bonding Covalency Enhancement Enable Ultrafast and Large Sodium Storage
Authors: Lv Zhuoran , Peng Baixin , Lv Ximeng , Gao Yusha , Hu Keyan , Dong Wujie , Zheng Gengfeng , Huang Fuqiang
Published: January 2023

Alloying‐type metal sulfides with high theoretical capacities are promising anodes for sodium‐ion batteries, but suffer from sluggish sodiation kinetics and huge volume expansion. Introducing intercalative motifs into alloying‐type metal sulfides is an efficient strategy to solve the above issues. Herein, robust intercalative InS motifs are grafted to high‐capacity layered Bi2S3 to form a cation‐disordered (BiIn)2S3, synergistically realizing high‐rate and large‐capacity sodium storage. The InS motif with strong bonding serves as a space‐confinement unit to buffer the volume expansion, maintaining superior structural stability. Moreover, the grafted high‐metallicity Indium increases the bonding covalency of BiS, realizing controllable reconstruction of BiS bond during cycling to effectively prevent the migration and aggregation of atomic Bi. The novel (BiIn)2S3 anode delivers a high capacity of 537 mAh g−1 at 0.4 C and a superior high‐rate stability of 247 mAh g−1 at 40 C over 10000 cycles. Further in situ and ex situ characterizations reveal the in‐depth reaction mechanism and the breakage and formation of reversible BiS bonds. The proposed space confinement and bonding covalency enhancement strategy via grafting intercalative motifs can be conducive to developing novel high‐rate and large‐capacity anodes.
Manipulating Polymer Backbone Configuration via Halogenated Asymmetric End‐Groups Enables Over 18% Efficiency All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Guo Jing , Xia Xinxin , Qiu Beibei , Zhang Jinyuan , Qin Shucheng , Li Xiaojun , Lai Wenbin , Lu Xinhui , Meng Lei , Zhang Zhanjun , Li Yongfang
Published: January 2023

High‐performance all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) deeply rely on the joint contributions of desirable optical absorption, adaptive energy levels, and appropriate morphology. Herein, two structural analogous polymerized small‐molecule acceptors (PSMAs), PYFCl‐T and PYF&PYCl‐T, are synthesized, and then incorporated into the PM6:PY‐IT binary blends to construct ternary all‐PSCs. Due to the superior compatibility of PY‐IT and PYFCl‐T, the ternary all‐PSC based on PM6:PY‐IT:PYFCl‐T with 10 wt% PYFCl‐T, presents higher and more balanced charge mobility, suppressed charge recombination, and faster charge‐transfer kinetics, resulting in an outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.12% with enhanced Jsc and FF, which is much higher than that (PCE of 16.09%) of the binary all‐PSCs based on PM6:PY‐IT. Besides, the ternary all‐PSCs also exhibit improved photostability. The conspicuous performance enhancement principally should give the credit to the miscibility‐driven phase optimization of the donor and acceptor. These findings highlight the significance of polymer‐backbone configuration modulation of PSMAs in morphology optimization toward boosting the device properties of all‐PSCs.
Spin‐Decoupled Beam Steering with Active Optical Chirality Based on Terahertz Liquid Crystal Chiral Metadevice
Authors: Fan Fei , Zhao Hui‐Jun , Ji Yun‐Yun , Jiang Song‐Lin , Tan Zhi‐Yu , Cheng Jie‐Rong , Chang Sheng‐Jiang
Published: January 2023

Broadband terahertz (THz) chirality and wavefront manipulation play important roles in wireless communication, imaging, and radar systems. In this work, by integrating liquid crystal (LC) into a dielectric metasurface, the gradient phase distribution from the Si metasurface and the tunable birefringent phase shift from LC are engineered to perform an active spin‐decoupled beam steering with the strong spin asymmetric transmission. By using geometric symmetry analysis, the relationships between the symmetry breaking and the optical chirality of the metadevice are revealed under different LC orientations, and both the simulations and experiments further verify the dependence of this chirality on spin‐decoupled beam steering with different spin states. The results show that with the orientation changes of the LC by driving the different magnetic fields, the circular dichroism of the device at the 0° deflection angle is ≈100% dynamically modulated and even flipped in the broadband range of 0.8–1.3 THz. With these changes in THz chirality, a tunable spin‐decoupled beam steering occurs in the range of 25°‐45°. This work shows that tunable LC anisotropy leads to more complex symmetry breaking in this structure, and results in more functions than conventional spin‐decoupled wavefront manipulations, which expands the scope of THz chiral metadevice and its applications.
Focused Review on Print‐Patterned Contact Electrodes for Metal‐Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Liu Fei , Gillan Liam , Leppäniemi Jaakko , Alastalo Ari
Published: January 2023

Metal‐oxide‐semiconductor‐based thin‐film transistors (TFTs) are exploited in display backplanes and X‐ray detectors fabricated by vacuum deposition and lithographic patterning. However, there is growing interest to use scalable printing technologies to lower the environmental impact and cost of processing. There have been substantial research efforts on oxide dielectric and semiconductor materials and their interfaces. Materials for the source/drain (S/D) contact electrodes and their interface to the semiconductor have received less attention, particularly concerning the usage of printing processes. Specific contact resistivity of oxide TFTs with print‐patterned S/D contacts can be 10−2 to 101 Ω cm2, significantly higher than vacuum‐deposited contacts around 10−5 to 10−3 Ω cm2. Problems at the semiconductor/S/D interface, such as large contact resistance, poor adhesion, or cross‐interface contact material migration, affect device characteristics causing hysteresis loops, kink or step‐like distortion, and threshold voltage shift. This work reviews advances in materials and fabrication methods of print‐patterned S/D electrodes for oxide TFTs. Differences in characterization methods among existing literature hamper comparing the performance of print‐patterned S/D contacts. Therefore, systematic and standardized measurements are proposed to assist identification of possible problems, which to some degree can then be mitigated by device fabrication strategies, facilitating well‐performing printed contact electrodes for metal‐oxide TFTs.
Effect of External Pressure and Quantum State on the Local Magnetization of Germanium Layers: Ab Initio Calculation
Authors: Goncharov Aleksei Vasilievich , Nikolaevich Chibisov Andrey
Published: January 2023

Designing stable quantum computers with the ability to correct errors responsibly requires a detailed understanding of the physical processes that underlie these devices. In this study, detailed quantum mechanical simulations of the atomic structure, charge distribution of electron density, and distribution and orientation of magnetic and quantum states as a function of applied external pressure performed for ultrathin layers of germanium. The results show that, even in the absence of holes, in the negative pressure range, the total spin is characterized by the quantum state |1〉 in the Bloch sphere. It found that the hole states predominantly localized in the volume structure of ultrathin germanium layers. In this structure, there is an ordering of magnetic states with a repetition period of 2a along the elongation axis of the slab.
Design and Synthesis of SERS Materials for In Vivo Molecular Imaging and Biosensing
Authors: Li Qingqing , Huo Hongqi , Wu Ying , Chen Lanlan , Su Lichao , Zhang Xuan , Song Jibin , Yang Huanghao
Published: January 2023

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a feasible and ultra‐sensitive method for biomedical imaging and disease diagnosis. SERS is widely applied to in vivo imaging due to the development of functional nanoparticles encoded by Raman active molecules (SERS nanoprobes) and improvements in instruments. Herein, the recent developments in SERS active materials and their in vivo imaging and biosensing applications are overviewed. Various SERS substrates that have been successfully used for in vivo imaging are described. Then, the applications of SERS imaging in cancer detection and in vivo intraoperative guidance are summarized. The role of highly sensitive SERS biosensors in guiding the detection and prevention of diseases is discussed in detail. Moreover, its role in the identification and resection of microtumors and as a diagnostic and therapeutic platform is also reviewed. Finally, the progress and challenges associated with SERS active materials, equipment, and clinical translation are described. The present evidence suggests that SERS could be applied in clinical practice in the future.
Metabolic Reprogramming of NK Cells by Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Potentiates Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: He Lizhen , Zhao Jianfu , Li Hongjun , Xie Bin , Xu Ligeng , Huang Guanning , Liu Ting , Gu Zhen , Chen Tianfeng
Published: January 2023

Low persistence, metabolic dysfunction in microenvironment, and tumor‐derived immunosuppression of Natural killer (NK) cells in patients are greatly limited the successful clinical application of NK cell‐based cancer immunotherapy. Interestingly, herein that human serum albumin‐encapsulated black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs@HSA) can effectively augment antitumor efficacy of clinical patients‐derived NK cell immunotherapy is found. As the donor of phosphate group, BPQDs@HSA binds with the protein of phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate 5‐kinase type‐1 gamma (PIP5K1A) and activates the downstream PI3K‐Akt and mTOR signaling pathways to reprogram cell metabolism of glycolysis and further promote the oxidative phosphorylation, sequentially maintains the cell viability and immunity of NK cells. And multiomics analysis is therefore conducted to reveal the underlying immunoregulation mechanisms, and that BPQDs@HSA can interact with the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) on the NK cell surface and increase the expression level of mTOR, and thus activate downstream NF‐κB signalling pathways to regulate cytokine secretion and enhance immune tumoricidal is found. BPQDs@HSA can also enhance immune surveillance, relieve immune suppression, and inhibit tumor immune escape. Collectively, this study not only demonstrates a successful strategy for nanomedicine‐potentiated immune‐cancer therapy, but also sheds light on the understanding of interface between nanomedicine and immune cells activation.
High‐Purity Graphitic Carbon for Energy Storage: Sustainable Electrochemical Conversion from Petroleum Coke
Authors: Zhu Fei , Song Wei‐Li , Ge Jianbang , Wang Zhe , Huang Zheng , Li Shijie , Wang Mingyong , Zuo Haibin , Jiao Shuqiang , Zhu Hongmin
Published: January 2023

The petroleum coke (PC) has been widely used as raw materials for the preparation of electrodes in aluminium electrolysis and lithium‐ion batteries (LIB), during which massive CO2 gases are produced. To meet global CO2 reduction, an environmentally friendly route for utilizing PC is highly required. Here, a simple, scalable, catalyst‐free process that can directly convert high‐sulfur PC into graphitic nanomaterials under cathodic polarization in molten CaCl2‐LiCl at mild temperatures is proposed. The energy consumption of the proposed process is calculated to be 3 627.08 kWh t−1, half that of the traditional graphitization process (≈7,825.21 kWh t−1 graphite). When applied as a negative electrode for LIBs, the as‐converted graphite materials deliver a competitive specific capacity of ≈360 mAh g−1 (0.2 C) compared with commercial graphite. This approach has great potential to scale up for sustainably converting low‐value PC into high‐quality graphite for energy storage.
Overcoming the On‐Target Toxicity in Antibody‐Mediated Therapies via an Indirect Active Targeting Strategy
Authors: Tang Zhongjie , Wang Xiaoyou , Tang Mei , Wu Jin , Zhang Jiexuan , Liu Xinlong , Gao Feiyan , Fu Yu , Tang Peng , Li Chong
Published: January 2023

Antibody‐based therapies could be led astray when target receptors are expressed on nontarget sites, and the on‐target toxicity poses critical challenges to clinical applications. Here, a biomimetic indirect active targeting (INTACT) strategy is proposed based on receptor expression disparities between nontarget sites and the targets. By prebinding the antibodies using cell membrane vesicles with appropriate receptor expressions, the INTACT strategy could filter out the interactions on nontarget sites due to their inferior receptor expression, whereas ensure on‐demand release at the targets by competitive binding. The strategy is verified on CD47 antibody, realizing drastic alleviation of its clinically concerned hematotoxicity on a series of animal models including humanized patient‐derived xenograft platforms, accompanied by preferable therapeutic effects. Furthermore, the INTACT strategy proves extensive applicability for various systems including antibody, antibody–drug conjugate, and targeted delivery systems, providing a potential platform refining the specificity for frontier antibody‐related therapies.
Synergistic Defect Passivation by the Treatment of Ionic Liquids for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Zelong , Jiang Zhixuan , Ji Wenxi , Fu Jianfei , Wu Tiao , Wu Wenting , Rui Dong , Xu Pan , Zhou Yi , Dong Bin , Song Bo
Published: January 2023

The quality of perovskite films plays a crucial role in the performance of perovskite solar cells (Pero‐SCs) in terms of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability. Herein, an ionic liquid, tetra‐butylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (denoted TBASF), is used to treat perovskite films. The tetra‐butylammonium cation (TBA+) can bind the unreacted PbI2 and form a low‐dimensional material on the surface of the perovskite. This membrane improves the water resistance of the perovskite film. Meanwhile, trifluoromethanesulfonate anion (SF−) can passivate the uncoordinated Pb2+ and stabilize I− on the perovskite surface, which is beneficial to the stability of the devices. After the treatment, the Pero‐SCs achieve a champion PCE of 22.80% and excellent stability in highly humid conditions.
Organisational fragility among urban FNOs in the era of New Public Management
Authors: Howard‐Wagner Deirdre , Soldatic Karen , Riemer June , Leha John , Mason Chris , Goh Cheryl , Hunt Janet , Gibson Jack
Published: January 2023

While Australian governments generally acknowledge that First Nations organisations (FNOs) have better reach into First Nations communities than mainstream not‐for‐profit (NFP) organisations and governments, as we document in this paper, a survey of community‐controlled FNOs in significant urban areas in New South Wales (NSW) suggests that funding and administrative arrangements in the era of New Public Management (NPM) are at odds, and in some instances, actually undermine the effectiveness of FNOs. To explore and gain an explicit insight into the potential tensions in, contradictions with and constraints of NPM on governments supporting and realising the full potential of FNOs in achieving community outcomes, this paper turns its attention to the results of a survey designed by senior position holders from six community‐controlled FNOs in the Greater Sydney region and three academics. The survey was designed to examine the relationship of the ability of FNOs to act in the interests of their community members with the normalisation of NPM as policy discourse and practice across all layers of government (Federal, State and Local). Urban areas within the state of NSW as its focus, the core findings from the survey suggest that in the NPM era, urban FNOs face numerous difficulties in realising their community mandates and simultaneously guaranteeing their sustainability for the future. The findings suggest that rather than extending the capacity of FNOs and their reach into their communities, NPM policy structures and mandates create increased administrative burdens, precarity and fragility, as well as decreased organisational autonomy and self‐determination.
Biological sex as a modulator in rhinologic anatomy, physiology, and pathology: A scoping review
Authors: Ramkumar Shreya P. , Brar Tripti , Marks Lisa , Marino Michael J. , Lal Devyani
Published: January 2023

Background

Biological sex is increasingly recognized as a critical variable in health care. The authors reviewed the current literature regarding sex‐based differences in rhinology to summarize the data and identify critical knowledge gaps.

Methods

A scoping review was conducted. Publications reporting sex‐based differences in anatomy, physiology, and pathology focusing on disease prevalence, disease burden, and outcomes in rhinology were identified.

Results

Seventy‐five relevant manuscripts were identified. While paranasal sinuses are of similar size at birth, they become larger in males leading to differences in ostium location. Females outperform males in olfactory identification but only in the 18‐ to 50‐year age group. Estrogen and progesterone administration can impact muscarinic and α1‐adrenergic nasal mucosa receptor density. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and CRS without nasal polyps are more prevalent in females while CRS with nasal polyps is more prevalent in males. CRS symptom burden is higher in females before and after endoscopic sinus surgery; however, no difference in endoscopic sinus surgery utilization was found based on sex. Allergic rhinitis is more common in males before puberty and in females after puberty. Epistaxis is more prevalent in males and postmenopausal females compared with premenopausal females, perhaps from differences in sex‐hormonal and hypertension status. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the incidence of sinus abnormalities was higher in males than females.

Conclusions

Although many sex‐based differences exist in rhinology, further research is necessary to offer evidence‐based treatment guidelines. Gonadal hormones should be studied as a therapeutic in rhinologic pathology as baseline physiologic differences exist such as those found in nasal mucosa receptor density.
Recent Developments on Understanding Charge Transfer in Molecular Electron Donor‐Acceptor Systems
Authors: Chen Xi , Zhang Xue , Xiao Xiao , Wang Zhijia , Zhao Jianzhang
Published: January 2023

Charge transfer (CT) in molecular electron donor‐acceptor systems is pivotal for artificial photosynthesis, photocatalysis, photovoltaics and fundamental photochemistry. We summarized the recent development in study of CT and discussed its application in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. The direct experimental proof of the spin multiplicity of the charge separated (CS) state with pulsed laser excited time‐resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy was discussed. Experimental determination of the electron exchange energy (J) of the CS state, with magnetic field effect on its yield or lifetime was introduced. The electron spin transfer accompanying the CT, studied with pulsed EPR spectra was briefly discussed. Tuning of the CT yield and kinetics with selective vibration excitation of the linker (the bridge) with IR pulse was presented. Above all, these studies show that there are more fun than simply monitoring the formation of the cations and anions and the kinetics or CS yields in this area.
Optically Controlled Recovery and Recycling of Homogeneous Organocatalysts Enabled by Photoswitches
Authors: Qiu Qianfeng , Sun Zhenhuan , Joubran Danielle , Li Xiang , Wan Joshua , Schmidt‐Rohr Klaus , Han Grace G. D.
Published: January 2023

We address a critical challenge of recovering and recycling homogeneous organocatalysts by designing photoswitchable catalyst structures that display a reversible solubility change in response to light. Initially insoluble catalysts are UV‐switched to a soluble isomeric state, which catalyzes the reaction, then back‐isomerizes to the insoluble state upon completion of the reaction to be filtered and recycled. The molecular design principles that allow for the drastic solubility change over 10 times between the isomeric states, 87 % recovery by the light‐induced precipitation, and multiple rounds of catalyst recycling are revealed. This proof of concept will open up opportunities to develop highly recyclable homogeneous catalysts that are important for the synthesis of critical compounds in various industries, which is anticipated to significantly reduce environmental impact and costs.
Galvanic Redox Potentiometry for Fouling‐Free and Stable Serotonin Sensing in a Living Animal Brain
Authors: Zhu Fenghui , Xue Yifei , Ji Wenliang , Li Xin , Ma Wenjie , Yu Ping , Jiang Ying , Mao Lanqun
Published: January 2023

Serotonin (5‐HT) is a major neurotransmitter broadly involved in many aspects of feeling and behavior. Although its electro‐activity makes it a promising candidate for electrochemical sensing, the persistent generation of fouling layers on the electrode by its oxidation products presents a hurdle for reliable sensing. Here, we present a fouling‐free 5‐HT sensor based on galvanic redox potentiometry. The sensor efficiently minimizes electrode fouling as revealed by in situ Raman spectroscopy, ensuring a less than 3 % signal change in a 2 hour continuous experiment, whereas amperometric sensors losing 90 % within 30 min. Most importantly, the sensor is highly amenable for in vivo studies, permitting real‐time 5‐HT monitoring, and supporting the mechanism associated with serotonin release in brain. Our system offers an effective way for sensing different neurochemicals having significant fouling issues, thus facilitating the molecular‐level understanding of brain function.
Characterization and model‐based mechanical analysis of moisture gradients in PA 6
Authors: Sambale Anna Katharina , Stanko Michael , Uhlig Kai , Stommel Markus
Published: January 2023

In this contribution, a numerical calculation environment for the determination of the moisture absorption of polyamide 6 (PA 6) is developed. The focus in this context is on modeling and evaluating the influence of locally varying water concentrations and existing moisture gradients on the mechanical properties of the material. Defined moisture distributions are set by specific conditioning processes and compared to the results of an FE calculation environment. The developed numerical method combines a mass diffusion with a subsequent structural‐mechanical simulation. The first includes a transient analysis of moisture absorption and the resulting swelling processes and residual stresses. The water concentration and residual stress distributions determined within this calculation are implemented as initial conditions in the structural mechanics FE analysis. The experimental setup of the three‐point bending test is considered in this case. The evaluation of the moisture‐induced influence on the mechanical behavior of the considered PA 6 is performed using a linear elastic modeling approach. The validation and evaluation of the calculation quality is carried out for the sorption and swelling calculation as well as for the FE model by means of experimental test data. The calculation methodology presented in this work provides a novel and even more accurate approach for the design of plastic components which are exposed to the influence of environmental humidity or direct water contact in their application.
Processability‐enhanced aromatic thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyesters via the introduction of the unsymmetrical units
Authors: Pan Ziyi , Gao Shuxi , Zhao Yifang , Liao Bing , Cui Yihua , Guo Jianwei , Pang Hao
Published: January 2023

A series of ternary thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyesters was synthesized through a simple one‐pot melt condensation based on 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), 6‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid (HNA) and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid (4‐HNA). The structures were modified via the introduction of the asymmetric 4‐HNA unit. High glass transition temperature values (>80°C) and relatively low melting temperature values (<265°C) were achieved with 4‐HNA molar fraction of over 0.5%, and the copolymer exhibited 5% degradation temperatures of 442–453°C and the char yields of 35.80%–36.74% at 800°C. This indicated that the introduction of asymmetric 4‐HNA blocks into the backbone provides a “torsion axis” to regulate the dense stacking between different main‐chains, which was crucial for the mobility of polyester during thermal processes. Moreover, crystallinity decreased with the increase of 4‐HNA content. The incorporation of 4‐HNA also endowed the obtained copolyester fiber with a skin‐core structure and microfiber morphology. Due to the excellent temperature resistance and fibrous morphology of P‐HBA/HNA/4‐HNA. This work provided a novel strategy to synthesize aromatic thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyesters, which can be promising candidates for processing additives or reinforcing materials with improved processing properties, and potential application in processing, personal protection, and other extreme temperature environments.
Removal of chromium from tannery wastewater by rice husk ash nanosilica
Authors: S Kandasamy , S Meenachi , K Ohm Prakash , Kr Siraj Kumar , V Thamaraikannan
Published: January 2023

A study on the removal of hexavalent chromium by adsorption of rice husk nanosilica was attempted. The usage of chromium causes immense pollution as it is used in the leather industry, metal finishing, electroplating, and chromate preparations. To understand the adsorption capacity and its behavior, as well as the adsorption potential of rice husk nanosilica, the effluent used in this experiment is tannery wastewater. The experiment was conducted in tannery industrial wastewater using nanosilica extracted from rice husks ash for various pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosages. The result shows 88.3% chromium removal using rice husk ash nanosilica (RHANS) at pH 4, 1.75 mg adsorbent dosage, and 50 min of contact time. Removal of chromium by this method was a more economical and alternative process. RHANS was selected due to its source availability and antimicrobial properties.
Development of fruit beverages with coconut water: Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant potential, and sensory properties
Authors: Aniceto Adriana , Lemos Isabela da Mota Leal , Jacintho Maria Eduarda de Souza , Cadena Rafael da Silva , Teodoro Anderson J.
Published: January 2023

Fruit beverages blends have been consumed for the balance between nutrients and flavor. The coconut water to replace water is a more natural solution and an option for blending in the fruit beverages. The present study aimed to develop fruit beverages using coconut water as a base, guava, watermelon, and was added apple juice as natural sweetener. Experimental design was used for the development of beverages, considering a factorial design 22, followed by the physicochemical and sensory analysis. The guava fruit was highlighted on antioxidant capacity results compared with the watermelon fruit, in the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (86.0 ± 2.5 and 11.7 ± 4.5% of reduction, respectively) and in the 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (31.7 ± 0.0 μmol trolox/g 12.8 ± 1.6 μmol trolox/g, respectively). The physicochemical results of the blends revealed that the beverages with guava (0.5 ± 0.0%) are more acidic than those with watermelon (0.2 ± 0.0%), indicating the impact of the intrinsic characteristics of each fruit in the final composition. According to the results of the sensory analysis and response surface methodology, verified the potential optimized formulas contain in their composition 40 g of fruit, 30 g of coconut water, and 30 g of apple juice per 100 mL of beverage, this composition affected the sensory acceptance of the beverages. Our findings indicated the fruit beverages with coconut water have functional attributes, sensory acceptance and can be used as one more option for beverages category.
Effect of prenatal diaphragmatic hernia on pulmonary arterial morphology
Authors: Stainsby Andrew V. , DeKoninck Philip L. J. , Crossley Kelly J. , Thiel Alison , Wallace Megan J. , Pearson James T. , Kashyap Aidan J. , Croughan Michelle K. , Allison Beth A. , Hodges Ryan , Thio Marta , Flemmer Andreas W. , McGillick Erin V. , te Pas Arjan B. , Hooper Stuart B. , Kitchen Marcus J.
Published: January 2023

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a major cause of severe lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension in the newborn. While the pulmonary hypertension is thought to result from abnormal vascular development and arterial vasoreactivity, the anatomical changes in vascular development are unclear. We have examined the 3D structure of the pulmonary arterial tree in rabbits with a surgically induced diaphragmatic hernia (DH). Fetal rabbits (n = 6) had a left‐sided DH created at gestational day 23 (GD23), delivered at GD30, and briefly ventilated; sham‐operated litter mates (n = 5) acted as controls. At postmortem the pulmonary arteries were filled with a radio‐opaque resin before the lungs were scanned using computed tomography (CT). The 3D reconstructed images were analyzed based on vascular branching hierarchy using the software Avizo 2020.2. DH significantly reduced median number of arteries (2,579 (8440) versus 576 (442), p = .017), artery numbers per arterial generation, mean total arterial volume (43.5 ± 8.4 vs. 19.9 ± 3.1 μl, p = .020) and mean total arterial cross‐sectional area (82.5 ± 2.3 vs. 28.2 ± 6.2 mm2, p =.036). Mean arterial radius was increased in DH kittens between the eighth and sixth branching generation and mean arterial length between the sixth and 28th branching generation. A DH in kittens resulted in threefold reduction in pulmonary arterial cross‐sectional area, primarily due to reduced arterial branching. Thus, the reduction in arterial cross‐sectional area could be a major contributor to pulmonary hypertension infants with CDH.
Statistical Modeling of Lead Service Line Locations Using Open‐Source Data
Authors: Feider‐Blazer Estelle , Chen Thomas Ying‐Jeh , Yazdekhasti Sepideh , Daly Craig Michael
Published: January 2023

Key Takeaways

Lead service lines in drinking water systems pose a serious public health threat, but many utilities lack complete records of their locations.

Statistical models trained from freely available public data sources have the potential to provide an efficient way to prioritize service line inspection plans.

Factors such as choice of machine learning algorithm and spatial distribution of parcel records must be considered to ensure precision when developing a predictive model.
Auxotrophs compromise cell growth and fatty acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yan Chunxiao , Gao Ning , Cao Xuan , Yao Lun , Zhou Yongjin J. , Gao Jiaoqi
Published: January 2023

Auxotrophic marker genes have been widely used for genetic engineering in yeast. However, the effects of amino acids or nucleotides deficiency in auxotrophic strains on cell growth and product synthesis were rarely reported. In this study, a total of eight auxotrophic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with single knockout of selection markers were obtained. Cell growth and free fatty acid (FFA) production of these auxotrophic strains were evaluated with supplementation of different concentrations of amino acids or nucleotides. Generally, except ade2Δ mutants, most auxotrophic strains showed decreased cell growth and FFA production, which could be recovered by adding higher concentrations of supplements. LEU2 deletion (leu2Δ) damaged both cell growth and FFA production even with supplementation of 1000 mg L−1 leucine. This study shows that growth and product biosynthesis of auxotrophs could be limited by insufficient supplementation of amino acids or nucleotides, and provides guidance on supplementation of these nutrients during fermentation to maximize cell growth and product biosynthesis.
Combination of chemical profiling and network pharmacology analysis to investigate the potential mechanism of Li‐Zhong‐Xiao‐Pi granules in the treatment of gastric precancerous lesions
Authors: Liu Chenchen , Chen Huiling , Zhang Yida , Li Meng , Jiang Qiyao , Wang Zhendong , Yu Liangwen , Wang Qi , Pan Huafeng , Zhuo Yue
Published: January 2023

Li‐Zhong‐Xiao‐Pi granules (LZXP) are effective for treating gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the active compounds of LZXP and their potential therapeutic mechanism in GPL remained unclarified. The purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical composition and potential targets of LZXP. Based on the accurate masses, ion fragments, and literature data, a total of 128 compounds were identified in the LZXP sample using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–Q‐TOF–MS) in both positive and negative ion modes, and 28 of these compounds were exactly determined by comparison with authentic reference standards. Meanwhile, 11 typical components were quantified via UPLC during a 24 min period. The linearity, accuracy, stability and recovery of the method were all proven. Through the network pharmacological analysis, six chemicals (quercetin, 4′‐hydroxywogonin, sinensetin, 5, 7, 8, 3′, 4′‐pentamethoxyflavanone, 8‐gingerdione and quercetin) were identified as the active ingredients, and five LZXP targets (AKT1, CYP1B1, PTGS2, MMP9 and EGFR) were found to be the crucial molecules in the treatment of GPL. This study provides a systematic and applicable method for the rapid screening and identification of the chemical constituents from LZXP, and an effective understanding the mechanism of LZXP in the treatment of GPL.
A laparoscopic approach to address massive splenomegaly, symptomatic cholelithiasis, and a planned postoperative pregnancy: A case report
Authors: Bishop Alexandra A. , Krohn Eric , Vakayil Victor R. , Pribyl Kyle , Reding Mark T. , Tignanelli Christopher , Harmon James V.
Published: January 2023

We report long‐term follow‐up of a patient who underwent a tailored laparoscopic procedure for symptomatic cholelithiasis, massive splenomegaly, and a planned pregnancy. There were no complications, and the patient remained symptom‐free at the 5‐year follow‐up. We supplemented our case report with national surgical data demonstrating the safety of laparoscopic splenectomy.
A case of Candida metapsilosis conjunctivitis in a neonate admitted to the cardiac heart intensive care unit
Authors: Aboutalebian Shima , Charsizadeh Arezoo , Eshaghi Hamid , Nikmaesh Bahram , Mirhendi Hossein
Published: January 2023

Harmless commensal Candida species, especially uncommon and rare ones may rarely cause a serious infection. Candida metapsilosis is a recently described yeast that is phenotypically indistinguishable from Candida parapsilosis and molecular methods are essential for its identification. We report the first case of Candida conjunctivitis due to C. metapsilosis obtained from the eye discharge of a 40‐day‐old girl with congenital heart disease admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU). The yeast isolate was identified by sequencing the entire ITS1‐5.8 rRNA‐ITS2 region. Antifungal susceptibility testing performed according to the CLSI M27‐A3 showed that the isolate was susceptible to amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, clotrimazole, nystatin, terbinafine, 5‐fluorocytosine, and caspofungin. Differentiation of the fungal new species allows us the accurate diagnosis and treatment, and a better understanding the microbial epidemiology.
Synthesis of High‐Value Tricarballylate Plasticizers Directly from Citric Acid Esters on Bifunctional Pd/Nb2O5.nH2O Catalysts
Authors: Stuyck Wouter , Windels Simon , Wilms Giel , De Vos Dirk E.
Published: January 2023

Tricarballylate esters are considered as an appealing class of biobased plasticizers. This work focusses on the production of tricarballylate esters from citrate esters through a one‐pot sequential dehydration‐hydrogenation process, in order to circumvent the undesired decarboxylation side reaction in the synthesis of tricarballylic acid directly from citric acid. High yields up to 93 % of different tricarballylate esters were obtained with a self‐synthesised bifunctional 0.2 wt % Pd/Nb2O5.nH2O catalyst employed in methylcyclohexane as inert solvent.