bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Profile of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Agrawal Bimal K , Aggarwal Gaurav , Gahlawat Robin , Prasad Suvarna , Saini Amit , Kaur Barinder , Agrawal Usha
Published: December 2020

Objective: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is fast becoming animportant public health issue. Nearly fifty percent of all heart failure cases are due to HFPEF.There are many associated comorbidities has been associated with this condition which maybe pathophysiologically related. There is no specific treatment yet. The focus remains onsymptomatic treatment of heart failure along with carefully managing the associated conditions.The present study was aimed at analyzing the comorbidities in HFPEF in a tertiary care centre.

Method: Patient diagnosed with heart failure wereechocardiographically analyzed. Thoseshowing diastolic dysfunction on tissue Doppler imaging were diagnosed as HFPEF. Patientswith chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, valvular heart disease, constrictive pericarditis,restrictive/ hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sepsis related diastolic dysfunction were excluded.One hundred such patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Plasma Btype natriuretic peptide(BNP) level was assayed in all participants. Institutional Ethics Committeeapproval was taken beforehand. Written informed consent was taken from each patient.

Result: The mean age of the patients in the study group was 63.06yrs. HFPEF was more commonin females(62%). The common comorbidities observed were hypertension(82%), high bodymass index (80%),anaemia (76%), hyperlipidemia (30%) diabetes mellitus(28%). The plasmaBNP was elevated in all except 2 patients. The BNP level was higher in those with higherleft atrial size and those showing more severe diastolic dysfunction on tissue doppler imaging.Conclusion- HFPEF can be diagnosed clinically with the help of echocardiography. Plasma BNPlevel assay may be done when diagnosis is in doubt. The patients with HfpEf are heterogeneousand treatment need to be individualized depending on the associated comorbidities. Furtherstudies with larger sample size are required to define the profile of this disease.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.39-44
Anatomical variations of the middle Turbinate among adult Sudanese Population -A Computed Tomographic Study
Authors: Madani Gisma Ahmed , Badawi Kamal Eldin , Gouse Helen Suban Mohammed , Gouse Suban Mohammed
Published: December 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the anatomical variations of themiddle turbinate among adult Sudanese population which include Concha Bullosa (CB) andParadoxical middle turbinate (PMT) and their relationship with age and sex.

Methods: The studypopulation involved 29 males (47.5%) and 32 females (52.5 %) with a mean age of 37 years.Exploration was done in the radio-diagnostic department of Ribat University Teaching Hospital,Khartoum- Sudan in the period from January to September 2018. Patients were scanned on slicecollimation of 1mm thickness with a slice thickness of 4 mm. Computed Tomography (CT) scanswere retrospectively reviewed for the presence of CB and PMT coronal planes, bony windowsand reported the results in the datasheet. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS andcompared with previous results on similar studies.

Result: In the current study, the prevalence ofthe CB was 22.9%, observed bilaterally in 6 cases (9.8%), unilaterally in 8 (13.1%). PMT waspresent only in 3 cases (4.9%) all of them were unilateral.

Conclusion: Computed Tomography(CT) may easily identify such uncommon anatomic variations of the osteomeatal region,determination of these variations aids in providing a better surgical orientation and avoiding orminimizing the possible complications.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.62-67
Comparison of dengue and other febrile illnesses in patients admitted to Teaching Hospital- Peradeniya
Authors: Nandasena Chamila Kumari , Abeysinghe Sathya Charuni , Kula Senanayake Abeysinghe Mudiyanselage , Rathnayak Rathnayake Mudiyanselage Manel , Ralapanawa Udaya , Rajapakse Jayantha , Bandar Jayasekara Mudiyanselage Kithsiri
Published: December 2020

Background: Dengue is a severe and notifiable infection in Sri Lanka and other tropical countries.There are other febrile illnesses,which have the same symptoms as dengue. Identifying early changingmarkers in blood and their changing patterns in dengue and other febrile illnesses will help to differentiatedengue patients from other febrile illnesses.It is important for the early recovery and management of the dengue patients.

Methods: Dengue suspected 288 patients were selected from adult medical wards inTeaching hospital-Peradeniya, after initial screening process. Out of whole population, 56% were RTPCRpositive for dengue and RT-PCR negative population (44%) was named as other febrile illnesses.Results of variations in liver enzymes, full blood count (FBC), demographic and hospitalization detailsin both groups were obtained from hospital records.

Results: Male predominance and highly affectedyoung population were detected in both groups. Number of days from onset of fever to admission tothe hospital is lower and hospitalization period is higher in dengue than other febrile illnesses. Onadmission, higher level of aspartate transaminase, significant lymphopenia and higher mean cell volume(MCV) were noticed in dengue patients. On discharge, lower total white blood cell count, lower absolutelymphocyte count, lower platelet count and increased levels of transaminases were detected in denguecompared with other febrile illnesses.

Conclusion: From dengue suspected admissions, 44% was due toother febrile illnesses which was very difficult to distinguish by symptoms of dengue. Young patients withmale predominance is common in dengue as well as in other febrile illnesses. Recovery of cytopenia inFBC and normalization of liver transaminases were lower in dengue.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.101-106
“Concept mapping – an innovative approach to learning”
Authors: Paul Preetha , Easuraj Rajarajan , Arumugam Sasikumar , Srirangaramasamy Jamunarani
Published: December 2020

Background:For a medical student to blossom into a competent doctor with critical thinkingand decision-making skills, appropriate learning techniques that will enhance his learning anddevelop higher-order thinking skills are needed. Concept mapping is a learning technique thatcreates a mind map. It serves to represent information in a structured format with appropriate linkage and sequencing.

Objective:This article describes a concept mapping workshop that wasorganized in our institution, our pre- and post-test results and the feedback we received.

Materialsand methods:An innovative workshop on “Learning by concept mapping” was organized forfirst year MBBS students. Twelve facilitators and 150 students participated. The workshopbegan with an introductory talk on concept mapping. Then, a demonstration on how to createconcept maps was given. This was followed by a hands – on session where the students createdtheir own concept maps under the guidance of facilitators. Pre- and post-tests were administeredand feedback on the workshop was taken.

Results and Discussion:Statistical analysis showedsignificant improvement betweenpre- and post-test scores. Participants appreciated the workshopand felt that concept mapping was an innovative way of learning and could help in assimilatingcomplicated subject matter.

Conclusion:Concept mapping, asa learning technique, can lead toa meaningful learning experience. Such innovative approaches to learning are welcomed bystudents.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.115-121
Adherence to Home-based Neuro-rehabilitation Exercise program in Stroke survivors
Authors: Babbar Priyanka , Kumar K Vijaya , Joshua PT Abraham , Chakrapani M , Misri ZK
Published: December 2020

Background:Post discharge, Home-based exercise program (HEP), prescribed by physiotherapistis an integral part, to plan effective stroke rehabilitation, with the intended goal of maintainingfunctional motor performance and enhancing functional progress.Earlier studies have shown thatmany factors attribute to adherence and barriers for structured group based exercise program.

Objective: This study was designed to identify the factors in stroke subjects, which mayinfluence the adherence and barriers to individually tailored HEP post-discharge, in strokesubjects.

Method: An analytical cross-sectional study, with non-random sampling, consistingof first onset stroke subjects who had received acute stroke rehabilitation from tertiary carehospitals. Post-discharge, seventy-four participants were followed up and their responses relatedto adherence and barriers to the prescribed HEP by administering a self-reported adherence to home exercise questionnaire.

Results: 63.5% were adherent and 36.5% were non-adherent toHEP, among 74 subjects. The adherent group had performed exercises for at least 5-6 times in aweek, for 31-45 minutes each day. Intrinsic factors related to self-efficacy and perceived level ofanticipated recovery had found an association with adherent and non-adherent groups.The mostcommon barriers for adherence to HEP were fear of fall or injury and fatigue for both adherent and non-adherent subjects.

Conclusion: This present study helped to put an insight, onto sociodemographicand intrinsic factors, with the level of adherence and to identify the barriers foradherence to individually tailored HEP.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.145-153
Cytochrome c adsorption in a continuous flow system by using Cu(II)-chelated magnetic affinity particles
Authors: AKKAYA Recep , AKKAYA Birnur
Published: December 2020

Background and methodology: In the current study magnetic poly(ethylene glycoldimethacrylate-N-methacryloyl-(L)-histidine methyl ester) poly(Egdma–Mah)) was used as ametal chelated affinity particles. Cu2+ ions loaded directly to MAH ligand of magnetic particlesfor the adsorption of cytochrome c (Cyt c) in a continuous flow system.

Results: The maximumCyt c adsorption capacity on the magnetic particles and Cu2+-chelated magnetic particles were42 mg/g and 197 mg/g in phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), respectively. Cu2+ loading increased theCyt c adsorption capacity, significantly. Cyt c adsorption capacity decreased with increasedtemperature and with increasing magnetic field. According to reusability studies Cyt c moleculescould be reversibly adsorbed and desorbed five times. The binding isotherm was determined byscatchard analysis followed by application of Hill equation to the data obtained, then bindingconstant and nH Hill coefficient were calculated.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.159-163
Measuring the Capacity of Urine in the Post Mortem Human Urinary Bladder in a Selected Medical College
Authors: Khatoon Mahmuda , Begum Meherunnessa , Mazumder Mohammad Kamruzzaman , Yazdi Qazi Salim , Mansura Farzana , Sultana Mahmuda , Sultana Zakia
Published: December 2020

Background: Urinary bladder diseases are one of the clinical problems encountered in our daily practice.The incidence of these diseases rises with advanced age. These diseases are diagnosed clinically andconfirmed by various non invasive as well as invasive procedures and wall abnormalities are themost important indicator to diagnose such diseases. All these conditions require medical and surgicalintervention. Thereby knowledge regarding normal capacity of urinary bladder is essential to determinethe physiologic variation of this organ. Therefore, full knowledge about gross and histological features ofthe urinary bladder has hard & fast implication for the investigation, diagnosis and further management.With this background the present study has been designed to evaluate the capacity of urine in postmortemhuman urinary bladder.

Objectives: To identify the socio-demographic determinants and to determine thecapacity of urine in post mortem human urinary bladder.

Materials and Methods: This was a descriptivetype of longitudinal study. Sample size was estimated by reviewing literatures and by expert opinion and70 human postmortem urinary bladders fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected in thisstudy. This study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College,Sylhet in collaboration with the Department of Forensic Medicine, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College,Sylhet from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015.

Results: The age of the cadaver ranged from 10 to65 years with the mean age of 32.20 (SD ± 14.38) years; 15 (21.40%) cadavers were in the age group of10-20 years, 36 (51.4%) cadavers were in the age group of 21-40 years and 19 (27.1%) cadavers werein the age group 41-65 years. There were 52 (74.3%) male and 18 (25.7%) female with a ratio of maleto female was 2.89:1. The mean capacity was 35.23 (SD ± 7.48) ml. The mean capacity of the urinarybladder was 31.20 ml (SD ± 7.28); 37.92 ml (SD ± 7.31) and 33.32 ml (SD ± 6.13) in the age group of A,B and C respectively. The difference between group A and B was highly significant (p=0.004); betweengroup B and C was significant (p=0.023); but not significant between group A and C (p=0.364). The meancapacity of urinary bladder of male and female did not differ significantly in age group A (p=0.117),group B (p=0.145) and group C (p=0.241).

Conclusion: The gross capacity of urinary bladder was foundincreased with age up to certain limit then slightly decreased in the late age. But the capacity did not differsignificantly between male and female.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.170-176
“Snow storm” testis
Authors: Raveendran AV , Ismail Syed Mohammed , Kumar KG Sajeeth
Published: December 2020

Testicular microlithiasis is an asymptomatic condition associated with calcification within theseminiferous tubule, natural history of which is not clearly known.Association with varioustesticular malignancies warrant regular follow up in patients with microlithiasis.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.194-196
Antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh and Ulva (Enteromorpha) intestinalis L.
Authors: Uddin S Aftab , Akter S , Hossen S , Rahman MA
Published: December 2020

Seaweeds are fresh sources of phytochemical compounds with immense medicinal potential, which have attracted the attention of agriculture, aquaculture and the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study was to test the antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity and screening the phytochemical properties of methanol crude extract from two green seaweeds Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J.Agardh and Ulva (Enteromorpha) intestinalis L. The antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of these seaweeds were assessed by 2,2diphenyl, 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging technique and brine shrimp lethality bioassay method, respectively. The antibacterial activities against Vibrio fluvialis was determined using the standard disc diffusion method. The U. intestinalis showed higher total phenolic content with the value of 149.87 ± 18.17 mg of GAE/g than 73.95 ± 16.09 mg of GAE/g of C. racemosa. However, the recorded inhibition concentration (IC50) to corresponding standards ascorbic acid of C. racemosa and U. intestinalis were 119.62 and 34.274 μg/mL, respectively. The values were statistically significant (p <0.05) compared to the reference antioxidative agent ascorbic acid. In antibacterial assay, C. racemosa extract showed higher inhibition zone (22.65 ± 0.58 mm) than U. intestinalis (17± 0.28 mm). Moreover, U. intestinalis exhibited a lower LC50 value than C. racemosa in cytotoxic activity. Phytochemical analysis revealed that these two seaweeds have alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids and tannins.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(4), 237-244, 2020
Quality evaluation and determination of heavy metal contents in palm oil
Authors: Khan MSH , Sikdar KMYK , Saqueeb N , Hossain MH , Ahmed F , Faroque ABM , Sarkar MR
Published: December 2020

Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil, extracted from the fruit of the Elaeis guineensis which is used for frying foods in most of the restaurants and confectionaries as well as for cosmetic preparations in industries. As the quality of palm oil in Bangladesh is deteriorating day by day, ten brands (S-1 to S-10) of commercially available palm oils were collected from different local markets, their physicochemical properties were tested and compared with the standard parameters stated by Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI). Results revealed that the acid value, free fatty acid value and relative density of all the palm oils (S-1 to S-10) were within the range of BSTI standard. However, the saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value, insoluble impurities and moisture content were much higher than the ranges of BSTI standard in all the samples. Moreover, lead content was higher than the standard value (>0.1 ppm) in brands S-1, S-4 and S-10. In addition, Copper and Iron contents were higher than the BSTI standards (0.1 and 1.5 ppm) in all the tested samples, whereas Cadmium content was below than the standard level (1.0 ppm).

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(4), 301-310, 2020
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) yield influenced by Albizia leaf mould and banana peel with half dosage of NP chemical fertilizers
Authors: Gayathri UHN , Seran Thayamini H
Published: December 2020

Dried Albizia leaf mould (10 mt/ha) and banana peel (0.1-0.5 mt/ha) with reduced level of NP chemical fertilizers were applied on the production of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.).The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments. The result revealed that the combined application of 10 mt/ha leaf mould and 0.1 mt/ha banana peel with 50% NP chemical fertilizer as basal and 50% N as top dressing (T6) exhibited higher yield than recommended 100% NPK chemical fertilizer alone (T2). Plants treated with fertilizers showed significant influences (P<0.05) in the growth parameters such as leaf area, length, fresh and dry weight among treatments. Remarkable differences (P>0.05) in number of fruits per plant were obtained. Among the treatments, considerable variations in fruit diameter, fresh and dry weight of fruit (P<0.05) were observed. An increase in the fresh weight of fruit per plant by approximately 8.5% was obtained in T6 when compared with the control (T2). The marketable fruit yield per m2 was 654.71 g in T6 and 603.61 g in the control. It was also noted that combined use of organic (leaf mould with banana peel) and chemical fertilizers increased fruit yield when compared to the application of organic fertilizer (leaf mould with banana peel) alone as basal application. From this study, it could be concluded that Albizialeaf mould (10 mt/ha) and banana peel (0.1 mt/ha) with 50% NP chemical fertilizers as basal and also 50% N chemical fertilizer as top dressing could be used for obtaining high fruit yield in okra cultivation.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(4), 273-282, 2020
OXFORD DICTIONARY OF IDIOMS ADLI SÖZLÜKTEKİ DEYİMLER
VE DEYİM OLMAYAN SÖZ ÖBEKLERİYLE İLGİLİ BİR
DEĞERLENDİRME (V)
Authors: AKYALÇIN Necmi , AYDOĞAN Damla
Published: December 2020

Türkçe, söz varlığı zengin ve köklü bir dildir. Böylesi zengin ve köklü bir dilin söz varlığı içerisinde deyimlerin yeri de elbette fazladır. Ancak, deyimler yalnızca Türkçeye özgü söz öbekleri değildir. Dünyanın diğer dillerinin söz varlığı içerisinde de deyimler bulunmaktadır. İngilizce bu dillerden yalnızca biridir. Bu çalışmanın evrenini İngilizce deyimlerin ele alındığı “Oxford Dictionary Of Idioms” adlı sözlük oluşturmaktadır. Konusunu ise, bu sözlükteki H, I-İ ve J harflerinin madde başlarında deyim olarak değerlendirilen; ancak deyim özelliği tartışmalı yapılar oluşturmaktadır. Bu konuda daha önce yayımlanan dört makalede, sözlükteki A ve B harfleri altında madde başı olarak verilen deyimler; C harfi altında madde başı olarak verilen deyimler; D ve E harfi altında madde başı olarak verilen deyimler ve son olarak da F ve G harfi altında madde başı olarak verilen deyimler incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma da diğerlerinin devamı olduğundan, aynı yaklaşım ve değerlendirmelerle H, I-İ ve J harflerinde yer alan deyim olabilecek yapılar saptanarak sayısal verilerle ortaya konmuştur.
Anticipated or delayed responses to rainfall: Effects of rainfall on arthropods assemblage in an enclave of evergreen forest
Authors: Azevedo Raul , Ferreira Raimundo Nonato Costa , Azevedo Francisco Roberto de , Nascimento Larissa da Silva , Santos João Roberto Pereira dos , Ferreira Rita de Cássia Alves de Brito , Mesquita Francisco de Oliveira
Published: December 2020

In northeast Brazil, the most part of vegetation is a deciduous seasonally dry tropical forest called of “Caatinga”. Despite the semi-arid areas correspond to most of the caatinga vegetation, there are some areas 500 m above sea level with an annual rainfall up to 1200 mm forming evergreen forest enclaves. Macroarthropod abundance and fauna composition differences in Caatinga are related to seasonal rainfall effects but, this difference is unclear in the enclaves of evergreen forests. Thus, the aim of this study was to measure the effects of rainfall on insect, arachnid, and centipede assemblages in an enclave of evergreen forest within the Caatinga vegetation. We tested the following hypotheses: 1) rainfall changes arthropod abundance and species richness; 2) predator abundance correlate with prey, and 3) abundance arthropod abundance and species richness exhibit a delayed or anticipated response to rainfall. No effects of rainfall on insects and arachnids abudance were observed. There was a significant correlation between prey and predator abundance with changes in dominant species between the rainy and dry seasons. The insects and arachnids can show some anticipated responses to rainfall. The abundance and richness of centipedes were influenced by rainfall whith a delayed response. Our findings indicate that, in evergreen forest enclaves within Caatinga vegetation, the soil arthropods show different responses compared to rainfall than the most common areas of the Caatinga domain and an increase in the detection of insects and arachnids just before the beginning of the rainy season.
Necessidades formativas docentes e a educação de jovens e adultos: desafios e aprendizados
Authors: Silva Regina Celi Delfino da , Gonçalves Luiz Gonzaga
Published: December 2020

Este estudo buscou analisar e discutir as principais necessidades formativas docentes no que se refere à Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA). A pesquisa teve como finalidade responder à seguinte questão de pesquisa: É possível apresentar algo fecundo que ajude no pensar e no agir dos professores envolvidos com a sala de aula da EJA? Desse modo, o objetivo do estudo consistiu em analisar e discutir sobre a categoria “necessidade formativa” como estratégia fundamental na formação de professores da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) e sua importância para construção dos princípios gerais que possam embasar a formação necessária aos professores envolvidos e, assim, melhor responder a sua realidade. Quanto à metodologia, utilizamos a pesquisa qualitativa, de natureza exploratória e aplicamos uma entrevista semiestruturada para a coleta dos dados. Como resultados, apontamos os problemas e as dificuldades dos professores, ou seja, as necessidades formativas fundamentais que eles gostariam de conhecer, rever, aprofundar, na perspectiva do aperfeiçoamento de sua prática pedagógica em EJA. Concluímos que a categoria “necessidade formativa” é um elemento fundamental e estratégico na organização da formação continuada e essa organização exige tempo, pesquisa e aprofundamentos sobre o tema.
YÜKSEK RAFLI DEPOLAMA SİSTEMLERİNİN ENERJİ OPTİMİZASYONUNDA ANOMALİ TESPİTİ İÇİN SINIFLAMA ALGORİTMALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Authors: BAYRAKTAR Cihan , GÖKÇEN Hadi
Published: December 2020

Birimler arasında sağlıklı veri akışının sağlanması ile dijitalleşen üretim sistemleri ve bu dijitalleşme süreci doğrultusunda otomatikleşen zeki fabrika yapıları gün geçtikçe üretim endüstrisinde kendisine daha fazla yer bulmaktadır. Bu tür sistemler, üretim önemli gelişmeler ve teknolojik ilerlemeler sağlamış olsa da çeşitli sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bunlardan bir tanesi de otonom çalışan üretim sistemlerinde gerçekleşen bir anormal durumun hızlı bir şekilde tespit edilerek, çözüme kavuşturulması sürecidir. Bu kapsamda son zamanlarda anomali tespiti için çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Anomali tespiti konusunda en çok destek alınan alanlardan bir tanesi de makine öğrenmesi algoritmalarıdır. Bu çalışmada, yüksek depolama sistemlerinin enerji optimizasyonu hakkında uygulanmış bir prototip çalışmadan elde edilmiş olan iki farklı veri seti üzerinde çeşitli makine öğrenmesi algoritmalarının performansları test edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Yapay Sinir Ağları, C4.5 Karar Ağacı, Rastgele Orman ve k En Yakın Komşu algoritmaları ile oluşturulan öğrenme modelleri, test edilen veri setleri içerisindeki anomalileri tespit etme konusunda yüksek başarım oranı elde etmişlerdir. Özellikle bu algoritmalar içerisinde Rastgele Orman algoritması yaklaşık %98 seviyesindeki doğruluk performansı ile dikkat çekmiştir.
Ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry-based review on the antimalarial potential of Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.
Authors: Zothantluanga James H.
Published: December 2020

A protozoan infection called malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. In 2018, it infected more than 228 million people and caused 405,000 fatalities. Worryingly, the present antimalarial drugs had developed drug resistance. Furthermore, they are associated with adverse effects and price issues. Amidst the gloomy scenario, drug discovery based on natural products had renewed the hope to overcome the burdens associated with the present antimalarial drugs. Auspiciously, medicinal plants had contributed significantly to the modern pharmacotherapy of malaria. Interestingly, Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. was also documented as a traditional antimalarial agent. However, there is still no scientific evidence regarding its antimalarial activity. Therefore, this article was aimed to study the phytochemical profile of A. pennata and explore their potential activity against malarial parasites. A. pennata contains different classes of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, terpenoids, phytosterols, and saponins whose antimalarial activities had been reported. Accordingly, the future scopes and challenges regarding the possible antimalarial activity for A. pennata are also discussed. To maximize the chances for finding a new antimalarial chemical entity from A. pennata, a schematic flow chart on the ethnopharmacology based drug discovery approach is also provided. Thus, this literary work may be used by researchers as a referential guide in the search for new antimalarial phytochemicals.
Транс- і міждисциплінарні підходи пізнання предмета та методу муніципального права України
Authors: ГАЛІАХМЕТОВ ІГОР
Published: December 2020

У статті розглядається роль трансі міждисциплінарної методології в інтерпретації сучасного знання та розуміння предмета муніципального права України. Наведено авторське визначення трансі міждисциплінарних підходів до тлумачення складових поняття та предмета муніципального права. Мета статті полягає в обґрунтуванні об’єктивних підходів до інтеграції наук, які можуть бути визначені на базі аналізу процесу автономізації наукового пізнання всіма гуманітарними та іншими науками, осмисленні особливостей і закономірнос - тей дисциплінарного розвитку науки про місцеве самоврядування, аналізі процесів виділення у структурі правової науки самостійної галузі муніципального права. Трансі міждисциплінарні підходи, які забезпечують інтеграцію наукового пізнання місцевого самоврядування вже на стадії проєктування науково-правового дослідження, розглядаються як досягнення взаємного обміну науковими результатами і, нарешті, взаємопов’язаний розвиток тих або інших галузей наукового знання, а також тієї нової наукової галузі, яка формується у процесі взаємообміну інформацією щодо місцевого самоврядування. Поняття “міждисциплінарність” у статті використовується у різних значеннях і контекстах, головним чином, як інструмент щодо предмета дослідження – місцевого самоврядування. Автор визначає онтологічні та гносеологічні підстави інтеграції наукового знання про місцеве самоврядування, що є основою предмета муніципального права. У муніципальному праві поєднуються дві внутрішньо протилежні складові предмета (публічне й приватне) і методу (субординації та координації), що створює особливий режим муніципально-правового регулювання. Поряд із традиційними методами розвиваються відносно самостійні прийоми (методи), а саме: ціннісних орієнтацій та принципу пропорційності або доктрини балансу, які визначають унікальність сучасного муніципально-правового впливу та допомагають здійснювати захист права місцевого самоврядування у конституційному процесі. Транс і міждисциплінарна теорія цивілізованої детермінації права дає змогу дослі джувати сучасні тенденції розвитку чинної системи місцевого самоврядування в Україні. Системне осмислення муніципального права орієнтоване на сприйняття системи місцевого самоврядування, тобто правової системи, яка є цілеспрямовано встановленою сукупністю норм і складається із цілеспрямованих складників – муніципально-правових інститутів, які й самі входять до складу більш цілеспрямованої правової системи України.
Природа, поняття звичаєвого права та його функціональна роль у структурі права
Authors: МІРОШНИЧЕНКО МАРІЯ
Published: December 2020

Стаття присвячена з’ясуванню природи, визначенню поняття звичаєвого права та його функціональної ролі в структурі права як об’єкта історико-правової науки.
Мета статті полягає у тому, щоб на основі концептів тотального бачення права та його універсальності як системи, присутньої в людському суспільстві на будь-якій стадії його розвитку, сформульованих, відповідно, російським філософом Г. Гурвічем та українським соціологом М. Ковалевським, проаналізувати природу звичаєвого права та його роль у структурі права як інструменту замиреного середовища.
Розкрито зміст поняття “право”, яке однаково ефективно можна застосовувати для аналізу правових процесів як у суспільствах організованих у державу, так і тих, що перебувають на стадії цієї організації. Здійснено аналіз відношення понять “звичай”, “правовий звичай”, “звичаєве право”. Доведено різницю в поняттях “правовий звичай” і “юридичний звичай”.
Встановлено, що в основі трансформації звичаю або кількох звичаїв у правовий звичай лежав колективний договір санкціонування. Позитивно регулятивну роль правового звичаю в механізмі дії права легалізували не владні інститути, а суд – общин ний інститут, не відчужений від загальної, цілісної системи владних відношень, який знаходив, формулював і застосовував уже новостворену норму, наповнюючи її юридичним змістом.
Доведено, що за способом утворення правові звичаї поділяються на два види: 1) власне правові звичаї, способом утворення яких був договір; 2) юридичні звичаї – способом утворення яких була судова правотворчість і судове правозастосування.
Із застосуванням методики дихотомічного аналізу об’єктів наукового дослідження встановлено, що звичаєве право в структурі права як об’єкті наукового аналізу історії права є ідеальною основою, що з’єднує дихотомічні опозиції об’єкта в цілісність і виконує функцію транслятора природного права на соціокультурний пласт. Воно поєднує в цілісність на рівні соціально-духовної практики, що є основою самоорганізації та організації суспільних відносин, всі основні регулятори правового життя народу і виконує роль стимулятора для вписування будь-якого закону в національну культуру.
Сформульовано гіпотезу, що природа звичаєвого права укорінена в соціокультурному просторі правового спілкування, яке породжує автономні регулятивні механізми в організаційно-нормативній системі суспільних відносин, підпорядкованих законам природного права.
THE EFFECT OF TAXPAYERS’ AWARENESS ON TAX COMPLIANCE CASE OF PRIVATE BUSINESS SECTOR IN BANADIR REGION, MOGADISHU-SOMALIA
Authors: Abdulle Bashir Mohamed
Published: December 2020

Tax is very important in any country around the world. Since revenue collected from taxes enables a country to provide services to its citizens and for developmental progress as well. This study is about the effect of taxpayers’ awareness on tax compliance of PBSs in the Banadir region and carried out with the scope of May 2018 to March 2019. The variables used in the study was the level of taxpayers’ knowledge and tax law. While the study was explanatory research design the target population of 250 from the private business sector within the Banadir region. Data collected by administered questionnaire and were analyzed in descriptive statistics using statistical package for social science (SPSS20.0) and is presented in form of the frequency distribution of tables. It was also found a Correlation coefficient of a positive moderate degree of 0.637 and independent variables have enough explanations for the dependent variable with R2 of 87% Thus, the study recommends there was a need for effective taxpayers’ awareness programs to improve tax compliance. Also, to reduce corruption, improve accountability, and establish effective independent revenue authority.
Generational Diversity as a Powerful Workplace Tool in the South African Hospitality Industry
Authors: Birtha Maja Makgotso , Nkala-Dlamini Dr. Busisiwe
Published: December 2020

Globalization, advances in technology, climate change, and population growth are influencing the transformation agenda of the workplace. As with any industry, tourism and hospitality have a diverse blend of older generation workers with institutional memory and a younger, more technology-oriented generation. This research aimed to understand the effect of generational differences on employee relationships, performance, and engagement, with a specific focus on the challenges experienced and coping strategies employed by various generational groups. A qualitative approach was applied and entailed semi-structured interviews with 16 participants employed within the hospitality sector. The findings revealed that, while notable differences exist between generational groups in the workplace, they experience difficulties in the same way, and that some common ground could be found with respect to their demands and expectations. The research proposes that employers invest more in programs that seek to improve the performance and engagement of different generations while developing strategies and policies that seek to address employees’ concerns while augmenting their developmental and coping skills.
Mirando al Cuidador: Personas Significativas de Quienes Sufren de Trastorno de Estrés Post-Traumático
Authors: Ortuño Soria Maria Auxiliadora , Duarte Neves Cidália Maria
Published: December 2020

Según Helzer et al. (1987) y Pérez-Olmos et al. (2005), el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) tiene una prevalencia en el mundo del 1% al 4%. Es un trastorno que surge después de un acontecimiento traumático significativo. Tras la vivencia de un evento traumático, el cuidado de las víctimas con TEPT es imperativo. Por lo que los cuidadores directos o personas significativas al ser testigos o conocer del evento traumático tras convivir con la persona diagnosticada con TEPT, corren el riesgo de sufrir Trastorno de Estrés Traumático Secundario (TETS) (Figley, 1995). Por tanto, ¿quiénes son las personas significativas de las víctimas primarias que corren el riesgo de sufrir TETS? ¿qué signos, síntomas y trastornos mentales manifiestan tras la vivencia indirecta del evento y cuidado directo de la víctima primaria? Este estudio implicó una revisión narrativa de 321 estudios publicados entre el 2000 y 2017 en bases de datos académicas tales como EBSCO, LILACS, Pubmed, PsycINFO y SciELO. Se encontró que el 75% de las investigaciones identificaron a la pareja como persona significativa. Asimismo, los signos y síntomas de las personas significativas eran la tensión, angustia y problemas de pareja. Además, problemas en las relaciones sociales como la evitación al apego y las suposiciones negativas del mundo. Concluí la necesidad e importancia de realizar investigaciones sobre la persona significativa, así como su cuidado físico y mental. Esto permitirá combinar el conocimiento teórico con el trabajo de campo consiguiendo un adecuado esquema de prevención, tratamiento y control enfocado en la víctima secundaria.
Does furrow irrigation system improve yield and water use efficiency of Kinnow mandarin (citrus reticulata blanco)?
Authors: Raza Ahmed , Warraich Imtiaz A. , Nawaz Muhammad A. , Asim Muhammad , Aziz Abdul , Shireen Fareeha , Rahman Malik A.
Published: December 2020

In Pakistan, orchards are irrigated using flood irrigation system that is considered sub-economical regarding water use efficiency. Considering the importance of natural water resources, there was a need to devise the method of applying irrigation water that would save water consumption, environmentally friendly and easily adopted by the growers. Thus, a research trial was conducted at Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha, Pakistan on 0.41 ha area of Kinnow mandarin. The total area was divided into two parts, half of the area was used for furrow irrigation system and the remaining half was used for flood irrigation system. Tensiometers were installed in the soil in furrow and flood irrigation system to assess the moisture condition in the soil. Irrigations were applied when tensiometer readings reached 40 centibars. The quantity of water used for irrigation was measured with a flume meter and then percentage of water saving was calculated. The study revealed that furrow irrigation system significantly improved the number of fruits per tree (1153), fruit yield (179.89 kg per plant) and juice percentage (48.38%) compared with flood irrigation system where the number of fruits per tree were711, fruit yield was 110.61 kg per plant and juice percentage was 46.31%. However, TSS/acidity ratio, and peel and rag percentage were not affected by the different irrigation systems. In furrow irrigation system 24 irrigations were applied per year with average water saving of 46.14% and water use efficiency (WUE) was 4.58 kg m-3 whereas in flood irrigation system average numbers of irrigations were 15 per year and WUE was 2.34 kg m-3only. Therefore, furrow irrigation system is recommended for the citrus growers to improve the water use efficiency, yield and fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin.
“Entrepreneurship in Algeria & The Approach of Diversify” Local Investment Background (2002 - 2015)
Authors: SEKIOU Anwar , ABDELLAOUI Abderrahim
Published: December 2020

Bu makalede, (2002-2015) arasındaki dönemde Cezayir'deki yatırımın istatistiksel olarak gerçekliği ortaya konulurken, girişimcilik konusu ve ekonomik çeşitlendirme yaklaşımı ele alındı. Bu, ulusal ve uluslararası olarak onaylanmış istatistiksel veriler aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra bu işletmelerdeki rekabet ölçütlerine ek olarak küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerin genel durumu ve yenilik sorunu netleştirildi. Bu nedenle, gerçek dünyaya yatırım yapma ufku ve yaklaşımının yanı sıra çeşitli girişimcilik sektörlerinde zengin yatırım fırsatlarına ışık tutuldu. Çalışmanın sonunda, Cezayir'deki yatırımın doğasının, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve kalkınma yaratmak için çeşitlendirilmiş bir ekonomik sistemi teşvik etme potansiyeli açısından sahip olduklarına kıyasla hala büyük ölçüde gerilediği sonucuna varalmıştır. KOBİ'lerin faaliyeti durumunda ve girişimciliğin temel rolünü iyileştirmek için, yeni yöntemleri takip etmek, yönlendirmek ve onlara olumlu tepki vermek için yeni bir yol ve vizyon önerilmektedir. Böylece aranılan çeşitliliği gerçekten ortaya çıkarbilecek yeni bir iyi kobi proje dalgası başlatılabilecektir.
Symptoms of the maın dıseases of Punica granatum L. in the condıtıons of western Аzerbaıjan
Authors: Guliev F. , Huseinova L.
Published: December 2020

Pomegranate growing is one of the leading branches of agriculture in Azerbaijan. One of the problemsthat reduce production efficiency is the developmentof harmful mycobiota.The pomegranate is affected by many fungal diseases, due to which, in some years, the yield of this crop can decrease by up to 95%. In order to establish the mycobiota of pomegranate in 2018–2020. carried out mycological examinations of pomegranate plantations in the western part of Azerbaijan. The survey method consisted in a systematic inspection of pomegranate plantations. All aboveground plant organs were examined. Microscopic analyzes of the collected material were carried out at the Central Phytosanitary Laboratory of the AzerbaijanInstitute for Food Safety. Thus, according to the results of 3-year phytopathological monitoring, it was established that the dominant role in the frequency of occurrence in young fruiting plantations of pomegranate belongs to the causative agents of anthracnose or scab of pomegranate fruits (Sphacelomapunicae Bitank. et Jenk.) and zithiosis (Zythiaversoniana Sacc.). After identifying the causative agents of the most dangerousdiseases, studies were carried out to study their prevalence in the western regions of the republic.The timing of the appearance, the study of thedynamics of the development of phytopathogens was carried out against the background of their natural development according to generally accepted methods. Isolation into pure cultures, microscopic and microbiological studies of phytopathogens were carried out according to generally accepted methods.The species composition of phytopathogens in youngfruiting pomegranate orchards was determined according to the characteristics of pathogenesis andsymptoms, according to determinants. When establishing the prevalence of the main diseases of pomegranate in the farms of Goranboy, Shamkir and Kazakh districts, pomegranate plantations were examined in 2–3 plots. The dynamics of the development of the main diseases were studied in a special area in the Goranboy region. In the fight against the main diseases of pomegranate, the following drugs were tested: 0.4% Selphate, 0.3% P-hydroxyride, 0.05% Conazole, 0.05% Azoxifen and control without chemical treatment. In 2019–2020, an assessment was made of the prevalence and intensity of major diseases in the region, and a scientifically based and improved integrated control system was developed.
THE USE OF COMPLEX SOLAR INSTALLATIONS FOR POWER SUPPLY OF ENTERPRISES OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF UKRAINE
Authors: Toniuk Maryna
Published: December 2020

The article highlights the trends of introduction of integrated solar installations in the field of agroindustrial production, highlights the main tasks of energy supply and energy saving in the activities of agricultural enterprises. The subject of research is theoretical, methodological and applied aspects of energy supply of agricultural production processes. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the feasibility of using complex solar installations for energy supply of agro-industrial enterprises. The methodological basis of the study was a system of general and special methods, including the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, systematic elaboration of domestic and foreign researchers, modern economic theory, management theory, organization and systems, evolutionary theory of firm, theory of information and communication. The method of scientific abstraction was used in systematization of theoretical bases ofapplication of complex solar installations, the method of system-structural analysis was used in determining the peculiarities of application of complex solar installations in the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, the method of logical generalization was used and synthesis and the graphical method was used to develop organizational measures for the use of integrated solar installations in the agro-industrial complex. The publication identifies the main problems of energy supply, without the elimination of which, agricultural consumers connected to the centralized power supply system will significantly lose profits from theirown activities. Ways to increase the efficiency of solar installations are proposed, including: developmentof advanced technologies for the manufacture of integrated solar installations, aimed at reducing theircost and increasing the efficiency (efficiency); use of solar concentrators; application of solar tracking systems. The economic indicators of the use of complex solar installations in the agro-industrial complex are calculated. The results of calculation of economic efficiency of application of systems of solar installations for power supply of the agro-industrial enterprises are resulted.
What is a global state of consciousness?
Authors: Mckilliam Andy Kenneth
Published: December 2020

The notion of a global state (or level) of consciousness is an increasingly important construct in the science of consciousness. However, exactly what a global state of consciousness is remains poorly understood. In this paper I offer an account of global states of consciousness as consciousness-related capacity modulations. On this view global states are not themselves phenomenal states – they are not occurring experiences. Rather, they are states that specify which of a creature’s overall consciousness-related capacities are currently online. Given that the search for the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), as it is currently conceived, is the search for the neural basis of occurrent experiences, the NCC framework is incapable of revealing the neural basis of global states. As such, a mature science of consciousness will need to move beyond the search for NCCs, as that project is currently conceived.
Explanation in the science of consciousness: From the neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs) to the difference makers of consciousness (DMCs)
Authors: Klein Colin , Hohwy Jakob , Bayne Tim
Published: December 2020

At present, the science of consciousness is structured around the search for the neural correlates of consciousness (the NCCs). One of the alleged advantages of the NCCs framework is its metaphysical neutrality—the fact that it begs no contested questions with respect to debates about the fundamental nature of consciousness. Here, we argue that even if the NCC framework is metaphysically neutral, it is structurally committed, for it presupposes a certain model—what we call the Lite-Brite model—of consciousness. This, we argue, represents a serious liability for the NCC framework for the plausibility of the Lite-Brite model is very much an open question, and the science of consciousness would be better served by a framework that does not presuppose it. Drawing on interventionist ideas in the philosophy of science, we suggest that the Difference-Maker framework can provide just such an alternative. Instead of searching for the neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs), we ought to be searching for the difference makers of consciousness (DMCs). We detail how a shift to searching DMCs will change both the practice of consciousness science and the interpretation of existing results.
Generality and content-specificity in the study of the neural correlates of perceptual consciousness
Authors: Marvan Tomáš , Polák Michal
Published: December 2020

The present paper was written as a contribution to ongoing methodological debates within the NCC project. We focus on the neural correlates of conscious perceptual episodes. Our claim is that the NCC notion, as applied to conscious perceptual episodes, needs to be reconceptualized. It mixes together the processing related to the perceived contents and the neural substrate of consciousness proper, i.e. mechanisms making the perceptual contents conscious. We thus propose that the perceptual NCC be divided into two constitutive subnotions. The paper elaborates the distinction, marshals some initial arguments in its favour, and sketches advantages of the proposed reconceptualization.