bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review: Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Faeces to Evaluate the Nutrition and Physiology of Herbivores
Authors: Dixon Rob , Coates David
Published: January 2009

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, usually in reflectance mode, has been applied to the analysis of faeces to measure the concentrations of constituents such as total N, fibre, tannins and δ13C. In addition, an unusual and exciting application of faecal NIR (F.NIR) analyses is to directly predict attributes of the diet of herbivores such as crude protein and fibre contents, proportions of plant species and morphological components, diet digestibility and voluntary DM intake. This is an unusual application of NIR spectroscopy insofar as the spectral measurements are made, not on the material of interest (i.e. the diet), but on a derived material (i.e. faeces). Predictions of diet attributes from faecal spectra clearly depend on there being sufficient NIR spectral information in the diet residues present in faeces to describe the diet, although endogenous components of faeces such as undigested debris of micro-organisms from the rumen and large intestine and secretions into the gastrointestinal tract will also contribute spectral information. Spectra of forage and of faeces derived from the forage are generally similar and the observed differences are principally in the spectral regions associated with constituents of forages known to be of low, or of high, digestibility. Some diet components (for example, urea) which are likely to be entirely digested apparently cannot be predicted from faecal NIR spectra because they cannot contribute to faecal spectra except through modifying the microbial and endogenous components. The errors and robustness of F.NIR calibrations to predict the crude protein concentration and digestibility of the diet of herbivores are generally comparable with those to directly predict the same attributes in forage from NIR spectra of the forage. Some attributes of the animal, such as species, gender, pregnancy status and parasite burden have been successfully discriminated into classes based on their faecal NIR spectra. Such discrimination was likely associated with differences in the diet selected and/or differences in the metabolites excreted in the faeces. NIR spectroscopy of faeces has usually involved scanning dried and ground samples in monochromators in the 400–2500 nm or 1100–2500 nm ranges. Results satisfactory for the purpose have also been reported for dried and ground faeces scanned using a diode array instrument in the 800–1700 nm range and for wet faeces and slurries of excreta scanned with monochromators. Chemometric analysis of faecal spectra has generally used the approaches established for forage analysis. The capacity to predict many attributes of the diet, and some aspects of animal physiology, from NIR spectra of faeces is particularly useful to study the quality and quantity of the diet selected by both domestic and feral grazing herbivores and to enhance production and management of both herbivores and their grazing environment.
A Generalized Gittins Index for a Class of Multiarmed Bandits with General Resource Requirements
Authors: Glazebrook K. D. , Minty R.
Published: January 2009

We generalise classical multiarmed bandits to allow for the distribution of a (fixed amount of a) divisible resource among the constituent bandits at each decision point. Bandit activation consumes amounts of the available resource, which may vary by bandit and state. Any collection of bandits may be activated at any decision epoch, provided they do not consume more resource than is available. We propose suitable bandit indices that reduce to those proposed by Gittins [Gittins, J. C. 1979. Bandit processes and dynamic allocation indices (with discussion). J. R. Statist. Soc. B41 148–177] for the classical models. The index that emerges is an elegant generalization of the Gittins index, which measures in a natural way the reward earnable from a bandit per unit of resource consumed. The paper discusses both how such indices may be computed and how they may be used to construct heuristics for resource distribution. We also describe how to develop bounds on the closeness to optimality of index heuristics and demonstrate a form of asymptotic optimality for a greedy index heuristic in a class of simple models. A numerical study testifies to the strong performance of a weighted index heuristic.
Political disagreement in intergroup terms: Contextual variation and the influence of power
Authors: OBrien Léan V. , McGarty Craig
Published: January 2009

In two studies we examined justificatory attributions made in the face of political disagreement. Study 1 showed that Australian supporters and opponents of Australian involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq made stereotypical attributions that justified the superiority of the in‐group over the out‐group. Stereotypical attributions were consistent with the justification that the supporters of the war had been misled by dishonest political leaders. Study 2 replicated this pattern with supporters and opponents of Australia's policy of mandatory detention of asylum seekers. It also identified pragmatism as a dimension that dominant, government‐aligned, groups may use to justify the superiority of the in‐group over the out‐group. In both studies political leaders were seen as more competent than members of the public. The results show the influence of intergroup power and within‐group leader/supporter distinctions on people's attributions about political disagreement. They point to the power of social psychological theory to help analyse important contemporary political concerns.
The coordination of problem solving strategies: When low competence sources exert more influence on task processing than high competence sources
Authors: Quiamzade Alain , Mugny Gabriel , Darnon Céline
Published: January 2009

Previous research has shown that low competence sources, compared to highly competent sources, can exert influence in aptitudes tasks in as much as they induce people to focus on the task and to solve it more deeply. Two experiments aimed at testing the coordination between self and source's problem solving strategies as a main explanation of such a difference in influence. The influence of a low versus high competence source has been examined in an anagram task that allows for distinguishing between three response strategies, including one that corresponds to the coordination between the source's strategy and participants' own strategy. In Study 1 the strategy suggested by the source was either relevant and useful or irrelevant and useless for solving the task. Results indicated that participants used the coordination strategy in a larger extend when they had been confronted to a low competence rather than a highly competent source but only when the source displayed a strategy that was useful to solve the task. In Study 2 the source's strategy was always relevant and useful, but a decentring procedure was introduced for half of the participants. This procedure induced participants to consider other points of view than their own. Results replicated the difference observed in Study 1 when no decentring was introduced. The difference however disappeared when decentring was induced, because of an increase of the high competence source's influence. These results highlight coordination of strategies as one mechanism underlying influence from low competence sources.
Stereotype content model across cultures: Towards universal similarities and some differences
Authors: Cuddy Amy J. C. , Fiske Susan T. , Kwan Virginia S. Y. , Glick Peter , Demoulin Stéphanie , Leyens Jacques‐Philippe , Bond Michael Harris , Croizet Jean‐Claude , Ellemers Naomi , Sleebos Ed , Htun Tin Tin , Kim Hyun‐Jeong , Maio Greg , Perry Judi , Petkova Kristina , Todorov Valery , Rodríguez‐Bailón Rosa , Morales Elena , Moya Miguel , Palacios Marisol , Smith Vanessa , Perez Rolando , Vala Jorge , Ziegler Rene
Published: January 2009

The stereotype content model (SCM) proposes potentially universal principles of societal stereotypes and their relation to social structure. Here, the SCM reveals theoretically grounded, cross‐cultural, cross‐groups similarities and one difference across 10 non‐US nations. Seven European (individualist) and three East Asian (collectivist) nations (N=1,028) support three hypothesized cross‐cultural similarities: (a) perceived warmth and competence reliably differentiate societal group stereotypes; (b) many out‐groups receive ambivalent stereotypes (high on one dimension; low on the other); and (c) high status groups stereotypically are competent, whereas competitive groups stereotypically lack warmth. Data uncover one consequential cross‐cultural difference: (d) the more collectivist cultures do not locate reference groups (in‐groups and societal prototype groups) in the most positive cluster (high‐competence/high‐warmth), unlike individualist cultures. This demonstrates out‐group derogation without obvious reference‐group favouritism. The SCM can serve as a pancultural tool for predicting group stereotypes from structural relations with other groups in society, and comparing across societies.
Health and the Experience of Childhood in Late Neolithic Viet Nam
Authors: Oxenham Marc , Matsumura Hirofumi , Domett Kate , Thuy Nguyen Kim , Dung Nguyen Kim , Cuong Nguyen Lan , Huffer Damien , Muller Sarah
Published: January 2009

The article aims to examine aspects of mortuary behavior in late Neolithic/early Bronze Age (Phung Nguyen phase) populations represented at the site of Man Bac in Viet Nam, specifically how mortuary behavior illuminates the role of children, and adult attitudes toward children. In addition, the authors discuss biological characteristics of the human sample, focusing particularly on the child burials, in order to explore aspects of childhood palaeohealth. The methodology includes combining various measures of health—including palaeodemography (childhood mortality), analysis of oral health (Early Childhood Caries or ECC), and analysis of physiological health ( Cribra Orbitalia and LEH)—with studies of culturally defined mortuary practices to suggest that, while children clearly had significant health deficiencies and many suffered early deaths, their treatment in mortuary rites shows significant economic value and social esteem placed on children.
Settlement Patterns at Saqacengalj, a Slate House Settlement in Southern Taiwan
Authors: Chen Maa-Ling
Published: January 2009

The present work combines archaeology, historical analysis, and ethnography to examine historical continuities in village social organization and settlement patterns in southern Taiwan in the mid- to late second millennium a.d. The focus of the work is Kau-shi village, located in Mu-dan County, Pin-dong District, at the southern tip of Taiwan. Its residents belong to the Southern Pai-wan Group, one of Taiwan’s indigenous populations. Kau-shi people moved and established new settlements six times before they settled on the current village. Their oldest abandoned settlement, Saqacengalj, is located about 7 to 8 km from the current village, an archaeological site covering about 1.4 acres with more than 83 stone structures dated to 500–600 years b.p . (before present), known previously through mystical folktale and oral tradition, and only recently through archaeology. Archaeological mapping of site layout and structural features found that the Saqacengalj settlement shares certain characteristics with later Pai-wan settlements extending into the twentieth century. However, there are certain features distinctly Saqacengalj from these settlements. In addition, a significant percentage of the 83 structures at Saqacengalj have a unique arrangement of small structures within the larger structure not found in later villages. These initial archaeological analyses suggest significant historical changes in the cultural and social meaning of village settlement patterns of the Southern Pai-wan Group over this half-millennium.
Mortuary Treatment, Pathology, and Social Relations of the Jiahu Community
Authors: Smith Barbara Li , Lee Yun Kuen
Published: January 2009

Funeral ritual is a projective symbolic system where the treatment received by a deceased individual does not necessarily reflect the social position of that individual when living. Study of past social relations based on mortuary treatment alone is potentially ambiguous. Because many diseases leave indelible marks on the skeleton, human bones provide independent information reflecting the health and behavior of the deceased. Integrating the studies of mortuary treatment and osteological pathology can achieve a fuller understanding of past societies. Equipped with this hybrid methodology, we tried to unravel the social relations of an early Neolithic community at Jiahu in central China. The considerable difference in the quantity and quality of grave offerings indicates the presence of competitive display in funeral practice. However, the individuals buried in richly furnished graves had higher rates of iron-deficiency anemia than those buried in poorly furnished graves, indicating that higher status at death was not inherited but achieved. Osteoarthritis rates in the females were lower than that of the males, suggesting that they were less engaged in mechanically stressful activities. This sexual division of labor is reflected in a differential mortuary treatment in that fewer females were buried in the communal graveyards and their graves were furnished with less material wealth. Yet, the females had lower iron-deficiency anemia rates, suggesting that playing a physically less strenuous role did not hinder their access to critical resources such as meat in the diet.
The Neolithic of Southern China–Origin, Development, and Dispersal
Authors: Chi Zhang , Hung Hsiao-Chun
Published: January 2009

According to direct evidence from archaeology and supporting evidence from comparative linguistics, the Neolithic cultures of the Yangtze alluvial plain played a significant role in the origins of rice cultivation and agricultural populations in East and Southeast Asia. The ultimate results of these developments, according to many authorities, were the dispersals of Austroasiatic and Austronesian-speaking peoples into Mainland and Island Southeast Asia. New archaeological discoveries suggest that some of the earliest pottery in the world also occurred in southern China. Therefore, the historical significance of this region cannot be overlooked. This paper provides a brief review of cultural developments and settlement histories in southern China from the early Neolithic (c. 11,000–8000 b.c .) to the terminal Neolithic (2000 b.c .). Geographically, we examine the middle and lower Yangtze alluvial plain, the Lingnan (southern Nanling Mountains) and Fujian region, and the Yungui Plateau of southern China. Against the backdrop of the waxing and waning of Neolithic cultures in the Yangtze Valley we plot the spread of material culture, rice farming and animal domestication out of the Yangtze region to the Lingnan-Fujian region and the Yungui Plateau, and later into Taiwan and Southeast Asia. This study suggests that the origins of rice agriculture and the process of farming dispersal were more complicated than previously assumed. Keywords: Neolithic, southern China, Yangtze alluvial plain, farming, migration, dispersal.
Pre-Contact Arboriculture and Vegetation in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia: Charcoal Identification and Radiocarbon Dates from Hatiheu Valley, Nuku Hiva
Authors: Millerstrom Sidsel , Coil James H.
Published: January 2009

In order to address long-standing questions in the field of Pacific Island archaeology regarding the extent, timing, and causes of human-induced environmental change, as well as the deep history of the development of distinct regional agricultural and arboricultural adaptations, this study presents and discusses taxonomic identification data for 15 wood charcoal samples recovered from archaeological excavations in the Hatiheu Valley, Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands. This is some of the first archaeobotanical data collected and analyzed from this archipelago, and the only direct evidence of past distributions of economic and indigenous tree and shrub taxa in specific temporal and spatial contexts. The 14 native and Polynesian-introduced tree and shrub taxa identified are analyzed in view of their archaeobotanical and more modern distributions, as well as in consideration of radiocarbon dates obtained from five of the charcoal samples. Finally, these results are evaluated in regard to the degree to which they can provide useful cultural and environmental information relating to existing models of prehistoric Marquesan and broader Pacific Island settlement, economy, and environmental change over time.
Flexibility and Creativity in Microblade Core Manufacture in Southern Primorye, Far East Russia
Authors: Doelman Trudy
Published: January 2009

The purely typological approach to microblade technology often obscures the range of variability seen in the creative and flexible ways microblade cores were prepared and the reasons behind this variability. There is a real need to understand the situational context of microblade production and move the focus of investigation on to the microblades themselves, as these are the key components of an effective riskreduction strategy. Combining a typological and technological approach to study standardization in core preparation and the resulting microblades made from volcanic glass within a known geological context has shown that key characteristics of both are vital to the successful implementation of this technological approach.
Infant Death in Late Prehistoric Southeast Asia
Authors: Halcrow Siân E. , Tayles Nancy , Livingstone Vicki
Published: January 2009

Important information on demography, epidemiology, inter-population differences in growth, infant burial practices, and social aspects of the community can be gleaned from the study of perinatal bones. The increasing number of perinates unearthed from prehistoric sites in Southeast Asia provides a rare opportunity to investigate these issues. The high number of full-term infants represented at the site of Khok Phanom Di in Central Thailand (4000–3500 b.p. ) remains an enigma. This is an important issue for bioarchaeologists as infant mortality patterns are sensitive barometers of the health and fertility of a population. This study investigated the perinatal age distributions of several chronologically spread sites in prehistoric Southeast Asia with differing subsistence modes and evidence of social complexity. Results show that the age distribution in the collection from Khok Phanom Di is different from the other skeletal samples, with a comparatively higher number of full-term perinates represented. Explanations including infanticide, issues of health and disease, and infant burial practices are considered. It seems likely that the age distribution results from different burial rites of pre-term infants as a consequence of social and cultural differences between Khok Phanom Di and the other sites. This study emphasizes the important contribution bioarchaeological research and the comparative study of infant burial rites can make in understanding aspects of social change in prehistoric communities.
The Use of Flaked Stone Artifacts in Palau, Western Micronesia
Authors: Haslam Michael , Liston Jolie
Published: January 2009

This paper summarizes current research into flaked stone assemblages from the Republic of Palau, Micronesia. We review archaeological analyses of Palau’s flaked stone artifacts, examine ethnohistorical sources for descriptions and potential uses of lithic tools, and present the results of a recent microscopic use-wear and residue study of twenty flaked stone artifacts. We find that while a lithic technology based on bipolar reduction had emerged by at least the beginning of the first millennium b.c. , the archaeological and ethnohistorical records demonstrate the relative obscurity of stone tool use in the final stages of prehistory. The artifacts analyzed for residues are associated with radiocarbon dates ranging from ca. 1120 b.c .– a.d . 1640, with the majority recovered from inland earthwork and village complexes radiocarbon dated to approximately two thousand years ago. Residue evidence for wood and bone/skin working is discussed in terms of past social activities and changes in settlement patterns, and in light of the perceived dominance of shell as a tool material on Palau. The potential for soil fungi to influence the interpretation of artifact residues is also considered. The study emphasizes the unique position of residue analyses in contributing to studies of artifact function in the Pacific, and suggests future directions for flaked-stone research on Palau.
A New Lens For Identifying Potential Adult Persistent Problem Drinkers During College
Authors: Demb Ada , Campbell Corbin M.
Published: January 2009

Because 20% of college high-risk drinkers continue this drinking behavior into adulthood, we used a development lens to compare the characteristics of high-risk college drinkers who matured out (time limited) with those who remained adult persistent. Respondents (4,428 undergraduate alumni over the age of 34) completed surveys about their drinking habits in college and their current drinking habits and personal characteristics. Exploratory factor analysis showed three components (20 items) that distinguished time limited from adult persistent drinkers and that correlated with student development theories related to drinking behavior, reasons for drinking and matters of control, intervention or consequences. Results suggest directions for prevention and intervention programs, and research to extend these findings.
College Student Retention: An Exploration of the Relationship Between Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Purpose in Life Among College Students
Authors: DeWitz S. Joseph , Woolsey M. Lynn , Walsh W. Bruce
Published: January 2009

We investigated the association between Frankl’s (1985, 1988) construct of purpose in life with Bandura’s (1977, 1997) theory of self-efficacy as a possible predictor of students who may be at risk for leaving school. For this study, 344 undergraduate college students (233 females, 111 males; 76% White/Caucasian, 10% Asian American/Asian, 7% African American/African, 5% multiracial/multicultural or other, 2% non-White/Hispanic; 79% freshmen, 13% sophomores, 4% juniors, 3% seniors, 1% unspecified grade/year level) completed the Purpose in Life Test, Part A (Crumbaugh & Maholick, 1964); the College Self-Efficacy Inventory (Solberg, O’Brien, Villarreal, Kennel, & Davis, 1993); the Scale of Perceived Social Self-Efficacy (Smith & Betz, 2000); the General Self-Efficacy Subscale of the Self-Efficacy Scale (Sherer et al., 1982); and finally, the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlow, 1960). All of the variables of self-efficacy were significantly ( p < .01) and positively correlated with purpose in life. Regression analysis revealed that general self-efficacy was the most significant predictor of Purpose in Life scores. The current study lends support to the idea of creating interventions based on self-efficacy theory in order to positively influence students’ subjective sense of purpose in life for the purpose of improving college student retention.
Mental and Social Health Impacts the Use of Protective Behavioral Strategies in Reducing Risky Drinking and Alcohol Consequences
Authors: LaBrie Joseph W. , Kenney Shannon R. , Lac Andrew , Garcia Jonathan A. , Ferraiolo Paul
Published: January 2009

The present study is the first to examine the moderating effects of mental and social health status in the relationship between protective behavioral strategies utilized to reduce high-risk drinking (e.g., alternating alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks or avoiding drinking games) and alcohol outcomes (drinking variables and alcohol-related negative consequences) among first-year college females ( N = 128). Findings revealed that protective behaviors were particularly effective in reducing both alcohol consumption and related risks among participants reporting lower mental health as compared to higher mental health. Further, participants with higher social health who utilized protective behaviors consumed significantly fewer maximum drinks per occasion than did peers who also employed protective behaviors but reported lower social health. Explanation of findings and implications for campus intervention initiatives are discussed.
Stories of Social Class: Self-Identified Mexican Male College Students Crack the Silence
Authors: Schwartz Jana L. , Donovan Jody , Guido-DiBrito Florence
Published: January 2009

This study explores the meaning of social class in the lives of five self-identified Mexican male college students. Participants shared the significant influence social class has on their college experience. Intersections of social class and students’ Mexican identity are illuminated throughout the findings. Themes include: social class rules and symbols, the strong influence of cultural and familial messages, the role of gender and class in the Latino culture, and hope and optimism for their family’s future. Implications for creating affirming environments for Latino students and those from families with socioeconomic disadvantage are highlighted.
A Retrospective Assessment of the Educational Benefits of Interaction Across Racial Boundaries
Authors: Luo Jiali , Jamieson-Drake David
Published: January 2009

Through the analysis of alumni survey data from three graduating cohorts, this study examined the influence of interracial interaction on college outcomes and explored factors that helped to promote interracial interaction on college campuses. Its findings indicate that interracial interaction made unique, consistent contribution to college outcomes and that college activities, such as course-work outside the major, contact with campus staff, intramural sports, performing arts or music, and visiting speakers, were likely to promote interaction across racial boundaries.
Blue-Collar Scholars?: Mediators and Moderators of University Attrition in First-Generation College Students
Authors: Martinez Julia A. , Sher Kenneth J. , Krull Jennifer L. , Wood Phillip K.
Published: January 2009

Many college entrants’ parents do not have college degrees. These entrants are at high risk for attrition, suggesting it is critical to understand mechanisms of attrition relative to parental education. Moderators and mediators of the effect of parental education on attrition were investigated in 3,290 students over 4 years. Low parental education was a risk for attrition; importantly, college GPAs both moderated and mediated this effect, and ACT scores, scholarships, loans, and full-time work mediated this effect. Drug use, psychological distress, and few reported academic challenges predicted attrition, independent of parental education. These findings might inform interventions to decrease attrition.
Asia Out of Place: The Aesthetics of Incorruptibility in Behn's Oroonoko
Authors: Yang Chi-ming
Published: January 2009

This essay excavates two key moments where the Orient appears in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko (1688) to romanticize transatlantic slavery and mediate relations between colonizer and colonized. The Orientalized practices of japanning, embalming, and tiger hunting—all techniques of preservation—feature prominently in the setting of Surinam, and demonstrate the relevance of Asia to colonial encounters of the transatlantic world. In the context of global commerce between East and West, the author borrows from contemporary developments in chinoiserie and natural history to construct a new myth of immortality, one that memorializes and objectifies slave labor through the commodity culture of the East Indies trade.
"Our fellow-creatures": Women Narrating Political Violence in the 1798 Irish Rebellion
Authors: Egenolf Susan B.
Published: January 2009

Protestant women's narratives of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, though few in number, constitute a different and valuable genre of rebellion narrative. Their perspective from the interior of a permeable domestic sphere offers more complex and nuanced versions of the rebellion than those found in the male-authored histories. The women's narratives consistently eschew a systematic dehumanization of the insurgents and considerably complicate the prevailing image of the "savage" rebels. Attending to their voices changes our notion of warfare and what it means to participate in a war, underscoring the extent to which civil warfare disrupts and reconfigures gender and class roles and thwarts easy moral determinations.
The Sartorial Self: Neoclassical Fashion and Gender Identity in France, 1797–1804
Authors: Cage E. Claire
Published: January 2009

This article examines the fashion for dressing à la grecque among elite women in late Directorial and Consular France. The discourse on Greek fashion served multiple, competing agendas. Neoclassical fashion presented opportunities for women's self-fashioning and agency as well as for reifying and essentializing femininity. Laying claim to the political and artistic virtues associated with the grandeur of classical antiquity, women who adopted neoclassical dress took on roles as arbiters of taste and aesthetics and as works of art themselves.
Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland and the Aesthetics of Terror: Revolution, Reaction, and the Radical Enlightenment in Early American Letters
Authors: Galluzzo Anthony
Published: January 2009

Carwin, the ventriloquist anti-hero at the center of Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland , employs his own voice like a catalyst, as his duplicitous tricks expose the unconscious determinants of the Wielands' behavior. Critics have read Carwin and his biloquism as figures for novelist, novel writing, and finally, imaginative pursuits in general. I argue that Carwin's destructive "play" is at least partially valorized in the narrative, and in this way echoes the usefully destabilizing work of imaginative production that I would identify with an interested and insurgent model of aesthetics. This "interested" aesthetic draws on the utopian elements found in both the eighteenth-century tradition of sensibility and the new Kantian aesthetic, moving beyond the legitimating function of these various aesthetic ideologies.
"Temporary Failure of Mind": Déjà vu and Epilepsy in Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho
Authors: Schillace Brandy Lain
Published: January 2009

At the time The Mysteries of Udolpho was published, déjà vu had not been connected to epilepsy. Yet, as déjà vu routinely accompanies epileptic seizures, it is no surprise to find them linked in fiction, even if that link is not clinically explained; the disease and its symptoms pre-exist scientific authentication. Reading Udolpho with an understanding of the epileptic condition—its relationship to melancholy, its production of anxiety over self-boundaries and its mimicry of madness—opens new possibilities for gothic criticism. As a symptomatic text, The Mysteries of Udolpho connects manifestations of epilepsy to the Gothic's preoccupation with dreamy or altered states.
New Light on Crumb's Boswell
Authors: Pritchard Will
Published: January 2009

This article considers a pair of strange bedfellows, the diarist James Boswell and the cartoonist R. Crumb. In 1981, Crumb published a comic-book adaptation of Boswell's London Journal . This essay considers that comic from several angles: as a veiled autobiography, as a Hogarthian satire, and as a parody of the Classics Illustrated comic books of the forties and fifties. Crumb's adaptation, I argue, helps us to a new appreciation of key aspects of Boswell's text: its visual properties (or lack thereof), its generic status, and its relation to the 1950s world which provided it with a mass audience.
The Politics of Queer Time: Retro-Sexual Returns to the Primal Scene of American Studies
Authors: Shahani Nishant
Published: January 2009

This article examines Mark Merlis’s 1994 novel American Studies in order to analyze the performative potential of “queer retrosexualities.” In re-visiting the history of the field through the fictional account of F. O. Matthiessen’s life, Merlis’s novel makes the 50s a primal scene of its narrative. By returning to the 50s, Merlis not only ‘exposes’ the heteronormative exclusions that informed the beginnings of American Studies, he also suggests how a different understanding of temporality could facilitate the creation of queer spaces within the practice of American Studies. I thus argue that the “retrosexual” narrative of the novel thus perform a queering of the field of American Studies.
Not Fading into Another Landscape: Specters of American Empire in Margaret Atwood’s Fiction
Authors: Rule Lauren A.
Published: January 2009

This essay focuses on two of Atwood’s fictions whose landscapes are haunted by US imperialism, The Handmaid’s Tale and the short story “Death by Landscape.” In both of these works, the landscapes illuminate victims of American imperial history by taking female characters hostage: in The Handmaid’s Tale , Offred is trapped within Gilead’s landscape, and in “Death by Landscape” Lucy vanishes in the landscape without a trace. Atwood’s containment of female bodies within these landscapes illustrates that understanding how identity and power are negotiated through landscape necessarily involves taking into account the gendered nature of landscape itself.

I cannot avoid seeing, now, the small tattoo on my ankle. Four digits and an eye, a passport in reverse. It’s supposed to guarantee that I will never be able to fade, finally, into another landscape. I am too important, too scarce, for that. I am a national resource.

—Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale
Situating the Essential Alien: Sui Sin Far’s Depiction of Chinese-White Marriage and the Exclusionary Logic of Citizenship
Authors: Degenhardt Jane Hwang
Published: January 2009

This essay looks at how Sui Sin Far’s short stories contested an emerging model of national citizenship that attempted to expand the rights of blacks and women by excluding Chinese immigrants. It argues that her depiction of Chinese-White marriage strategically redresses anxieties about black-white miscegenation that were fueled by Progressive and post-Reconstruction reform. While Sui Sin Far counters Chinese national exclusion by strategically pointing up the more offensive threat of black racial difference, she also exposes the disingenuous logic that attempted to situate national and racial exclusions on opposite sides of a hinge.
Flaubert, Joyce: Vision, Photography, Cinema
Authors: Baron Scarlett
Published: January 2009

Much attention has been paid in recent years to the influence of the emerging medium of film on modernist literary experimentation. This essay, while acknowledging the importance of this relationship across the art forms, considers the importance of Flaubert’s development of cinematographic techniques of writing as a crucial literary antecedent to Joyce’s adoption and elaboration of such techniques. The essay considers Flaubert and Joyce’s often analogous views of vision and photography and examines Joyce’s attitudes to the cinema before looking in detail at examples from both authors’ works which suggest an extensive technical intertextuality between the two oeuvres .
Crosstown Jakes in 1920s Manhattan: Racial Formations in John Dos Passos’s Manhattan Transfer and Claude Mckay’s Home to Harlem
Authors: Xavier Silvia
Published: January 2009

Extending Toni Morrison's argument that close scrutiny of how American Africanism works in the literary imagination is central to understanding American literature, I compare different but mutually informative racial formations in two novels of the 1920s, one by a white and the other by a black writer. I argue that their overlapping deployments of the onomastic tropes of “Jake” and “Congo” reveal what race means to Dos Passos and McKay as both narrative strategy and cultural experience.
The “Lost Generation” and the Generation of Loss: Ernest Hemingway’s Materiality of Absence and The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Tomkins David
Published: January 2009

This article discusses how Hemingway's depiction of the sexually mutilated WWI veteran and his inverted generic analogue, the cowboy hero, grows out of modernism's vexed enthrallment with material things. The Sun Also Rises explores the impotence of the post-war American, a figure whose lost capacity for generation Hemingway likens to that of the pioneer filled with longing for a frontier he has outlasted. In this novel, Hemingway rewrites the pioneer as a sexually wounded veteran whose desire to transcend loss finds its material correspondent in objects that commemorate losses, not victories, and that embody and perpetuate national myth.
(E)Racing Edmund White: Queer Reading, Race, and Sexuality in A Boy’s Own Story
Authors: Radel Nicholas F.
Published: January 2009

A history of racialized sexuality in the US suggests that sexuality is saturated by race even in American literature written by white gay men. Reading Edmund White’s coming out novel, A Boy’s Own Story , in relation to a little-known work of gay pulp fiction, André Tellier’s Twilight Men , the essay provides a fictional example of the ways white gay identities might be seen simultaneously to collude with and undermine the history of whiteness. The essay also elaborates a strategy for queer reading of the incoherencies of sexual identities within multiple historical discourses.
Remote Melanesia: One History or Two? An Addendum to Donohue and Denham
Authors: Blust Robert
Published: January 2009

Blust (2005) proposed that certain typological traits in the Austronesian languages of Vanuatu and New Caledonia—here called “Remote Melanesia”—suggest Papuan contact influence in situ . Given the absence of any pre-Lapita archaeological tradition in this area, it now seems best to frame this hypothesis in terms of two closely spaced migrations that appear to be archaeologically indistinguishable. The first wave brought Austronesian speakers of southern Mongoloid physical type into Remote Oceania. The second wave brought Papuan speakers who had acquired the outrigger canoe complex, pottery, and some other elements of material culture from the incoming Austronesians in Near Oceania, but who remained biologically and culturally distinct from them in other ways. In time, the Papuan languages of Remote Melanesia were abandoned in favor of the more uniform and widely dispersed speech of late Proto-Oceanic speakers, but not before leaving traces of their former presence in the form of typological divergence toward a pattern that is more typical of Papuan languages than of Austronesian languages outside Melanesia.
Daniel Macdonald and the “Compromise Literary Dialect” in Efate, Central Vanuatu
Authors: Thieberger Nick , Ballard Chris
Published: January 2009

Daniel Macdonald, a Presbyterian Church of Victoria missionary to the New Hebrides from 1872 to 1905, developed a particularly strong interest in language. A prodigious author, he published widely and at length on the languages of Efate, and especially those of the Havannah Harbour area where he was stationed. But if his work is recalled today, it is as something of a curio, both for his insistence—archaic even for the times—on a link between ancient Semitic and Efate, and for his vigorous promotion of the use by the mission and its converts of a single, hybrid Efate language. This paper addresses and seeks to analyze what Macdonald himself called this “compromise literary dialect.” By identifying distinctive features of the three main varieties of Efate languages known today (Nguna or Nakanamanga, South Efate, and Lelepa), we aim to move beyond the lexical comparisons that have been the sole means of gauging relationships among these languages thus far. This enables us to begin the process of investigating the claim of Captain Rason, British Deputy Commissioner for the New Hebrides during Macdonald’s last years on Efate, that the “compromise literary dialect” was in fact a spoken dialect particular to the area of Havannah Harbour. We hope to reconsider and perhaps recuperate some of Macdonald’s writing as a rare if often distorted window on indigenous life and language at a pivotal moment in the transformation of Efate communities.
Whence the Austronesian Indirect Possession Construction?
Authors: Donohue Mark , Schapper Antoinette
Published: January 2009

Possession in some Austronesian languages shows levels of elaboration far in excess of cross-linguistic norms, while in others it is strikingly unelaborated. The appearance of alienable/inalienable contrasts has been assumed to result from contact with Papuan languages, and the existence of a paradigm of indirect possessive classifiers is cited as one of the pieces of evidence for the Oceanic subgroup, while acknowledging that indirect possession constructions can be found in Malayo-Polynesian languages further west. We argue that the appearance of possessive classifiers in these languages is also the result of contact with Papuan languages west of New Guinea.
Liquid Vocalization and Loss in Central Vanuatu
Authors: Lynch John
Published: January 2009

A number of languages in central Vanuatu show merger of Proto-Oceanic *l and *r, but also show a split in the merged phoneme. Although reflected as a liquid in certain environments, especially before or adjacent to a high vowel and also word-initially, *l and *r are also reflected as i , zero, or zero accompanied by fronting and raising of one of the adjacent vowels in the neighborhood of nonhigh vowels. The languages that show this context-sensitive vocalization and loss are geographically fairly contiguous, being spoken in southeast Malakula, Paama, and Epi, but belong to different genetic subgroups of Central Vanuatu. This paper attempts to explain these facts in their historical context.
Subject Agreement in Marovo: Diachronic Explanations of Synchronic Conditions
Authors: Evans Bethwyn
Published: January 2009

In many Oceanic languages, subject arguments are indexed by preverbal markers within the verb complex. In Marovo, an Oceanic language of the Solomon Islands, such subject markers show unusual synchronic behavior, in that their presence is conditioned by both morphosyntactic and pragmatic characteristics of the clause. Thus, in Marovo preverbal subject markers occur obligatorily with certain clause-initial discourse connective particles and with the negative particle. Subject markers also occur outside of these morphosyntactic environments, where their use contrasts with that of other expressions of the subject argument, including lexical or pronominal noun phrases or the lack of overt expression. Within this context of subject expression more generally, the occurrence of Marovo subject markers can be seen to be determined by the discourse role of the subject argument. It is argued here, through comparison of Marovo subject marking with that in closely related languages, that these synchronic condition shave diachronic explanations.
A Conservative Vowel Phoneme Inventory of Sumatra: The Case of Besemah
Authors: McDonnell Bradley
Published: January 2009

In general, the Malayic languages of Sumatra show a vowel phoneme inventory that is either equal to or greater than that of the five phonemes in Standard Malay/Indonesian (not including the so-called pepet vowel); dialects of Jambi Malay, Palembang Malay, and Minangkabau all show five phonemes. However, from recent fieldwork in Besemah, a Malayic language in the highlands of southwest Sumatra, I shall describe an inventory that evinces the smallest number of vowel phonemes in any Malayic language of Sumatra described to date. That is, Besemah has three vowel phonemes. Nevertheless, the analysis of Besemah vowel phonemes is not straightforward; vowel lowering in closed syllables, vowel harmony, and raising of the word-final low central vowel all cloud the analysis of a three-vowel system. Furthermore, Besemah currently is experiencing intense pressure from other standard and nonstandard varieties of Malay/Indonesian, which demonstrates how intense contact involving diglossia and increasing bilingualism in these other varieties of Malay/Indonesian appear to be leading to an emergence of mid vowels in Besemah.
The Language of Lapita: Vanuatu and an Early Papuan Presence in the Pacific
Authors: Donohue Mark , Denham Tim
Published: January 2009

The languages of Vanuatu are uniformly Austronesian, but have long been described as “aberrant.” Blust (2005) points out a number of morphosyntactic features of the Vanuatu languages that might provide evidence for a Papuan element in their history. We add to that argument, presenting phonological evidence that links the languages of Vanuatu and New Caledonia with the non-Austronesian languages of New Guinea. Accepting that the earliest archaeological sites in Vanuatu are Lapita sites, we suggest that this implicates non-Austronesian speaking Melanesians in the earliest occupancy of the islands, calling into question assumptions that the Lapita expansion in the Pacific can be unproblematically associated with the expansion of Austronesian languages of the Oceanic subgroup.
Some Comparative Notes on Proto-Oceanic *mana: Inside and Outside the Austronesian Family
Authors: Blevins Juliette
Published: January 2009

In a recent article, Blust (2007) presents a comprehensive summary of the etymology of Proto-Oceanic *mana ‘potent, effectual; supernatural power’, highlighting an ancient association between this word and the powerful forces of nature. Here I present new lexical data from Oceanic, Central Malayo-Polynesian, and South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages that support the reconstruction of Proto–Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *mana ‘supernatural power, associated with spirits of the ancestors and the forces of nature’. Lexical comparisons from non-Austronesian languages of New Guinea suggest significant prehistoric contact between Austronesian and non-Austronesian speakers, and may support a connection between the meaning of Proto–Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *mana, and the semantics of Proto–Western Malayo-Polynesian *mana(q) ‘inherit(ance)’.
A Reanalysis of Wuvulu Phonology
Authors: Blust Robert
Published: January 2009

Wuvulu, a member of the Admiralty branch of the Oceanic subgroup of Austronesian languages, has been reported in earlier publications as having as many as four allophones of the velar stop /k/, all of which appeared to be in free variation. It is now clear that the allophony of /k/ involves both complementation and free variation. Surprisingly, the complementation of velar obstruent allophones is phonetically conditioned, but follows no obvious phonetic principle. Wuvulu thus presents on the level of the allophone a challenge to phonological theory similar to that presented by sound changes that do not appear to be linguistically motivated.
The Interaction of Syntactic Structure and Postlexical Prosody in Saisiyat of Taiwan
Authors: Chiang Wen-yu , Chiang Fang-mei
Published: January 2009

Postlexical prosodic phenomena in Austronesian languages have received relatively little attention, and consequently their patterns remain unknown. This paper aims to bridge this gap by investigating how syntactic structure interacts with postlexical prosodic phenomena in Saisiyat, an endangered language spoken in Taiwan. Several significant findings are made. First, Saisiyat sentential fundamental frequency (F 0 ) patterns are based largely on its original lexical-level word F 0 contour. The accent of a content word in sentences usually falls on its ultimate syllable, while trisyllabic or quadrisyllabic content words may sometimes undergo postlexical accentual modifications such as accent spreading, accent fronting, and accent adding. Function words, in contrast, play a role of interpolation as an intermediate site in bridging the F 0 of their preceding and following syllables. Second, a yes-no question exhibits substantial prosodic modification by influencing its word preceding sentence-final interrogative particle aj , as compared with its counterpart in a declarative sentence. Third, agents in agent-focus sentences and patients in patient-focus sentences demonstrate higher values with respect to F 0 peak, mean F 0 , and mean intensity. We provide typological explanations for these findings and explore the theoretical implications of postlexical prosodic patterns of Formosan languages in Taiwan.