bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The production of table poultry
Authors: Coles R.
Published: November 2006

Increased production of poultry meat in the U.K. could play an important part in improving the national diet while the world shortage of red meat persists. The obstacle in the way of table‐poultry expansion in the past has been the high price to the consumer, relegating chicken meat to a luxury trade. The experimental work described gives an account of the rate of growth of chicken over a 20‐week growing period, together with the food‐conversion rates at weekly stages. The data presented indicate that at certain ages chicken can be produced with a carcass weight and conformation appealing to the customer, and with a favourable food‐conversion ratio. The economic implications of sales at the various stages are discussed.
Studies on egg shells. III.—Some physical and chemical characteristics of the egg shells of domestic hens
Authors: Tyler C. , Geake F. H.
Published: November 2006

Fifty eggs have been examined and a number of physical and chemical characteristics determined. These include shell thickness, porosity coefficients, pore counts, membrane‐, pore‐ and matrix‐protein, calcium, carbonate, magnesium, phosphorus and citric acid. Apart from calcium, carbonate and magnesium, the characteristics all show pronounced bird differences. Certain relationships such as shell thickness: weight per unit area, shell weight: calcium content, calcium content: carbonate content and pore count: porosity coefficient have also been developed, and some may prove to be of value in eliminating laborious work such as shell‐thickness measurements and calcium and carbonate determinations.
Procedures for the extraction, separation and estimation of the major fat‐soluble pigments of hay
Authors: Davidson J.
Published: November 2006

New methods are described for the extraction, chromatographic separation and spectro‐photometric identification and estimation of chlorophyll‐a, chlorophyll‐b, phaeophytin‐a, phaeophytin‐b, carotene and xanthophyll in hay. The most suitable solvent for extraction was 85% acetone. The chlorophylls were separated chromatographically from the phaeophytins, carotene and xanthophyll on a sucrose‐sodium sulphate mixture. The chlorophyll‐a and chlorophyll‐b were estimated simultaneously in the green solution, and phaeophytin‐a and phaeophytin‐b were estimated simultaneously in the yellow solution, by spectrophotometry. Carotene and, subsequently, xanthophyll were separated chromato‐graphically from the yellow solution on magnesium oxide, and were estimated separately.
Soil fumigation. I.—the sorption of ethylene dibromide by soils
Authors: Wade Peter
Published: November 2006

Sorption of ethylene dibromide by soils is rapid, the greater part of the total amount sorbed being taken up within half an hour. Equilibrium was established by the end of 24 hours. Sorption isotherms on the air‐dried and moist soils have been plotted. Over the usual field range of moisture content the amount of ethylene dibromide held by the soil remains constant; the total amount sorbed increases slightly with increasing moisture content owing to solution of the fumigant in the soil water. In this range of moisture content the amount sorbed is proportional to the content of organic carbon of the soils. Very little evidence for any irreversible sorption or decomposition of ethylene dibromide by the soils has been found over the range 10‐25°.
Connective tissue of meat. III.—Determination of collagen in tendon tissue by the hydroxyproline method
Authors: Baker L. C. , Lampitt L. H. , Brown K. P.
Published: November 2006

Samples of ‘collagen’ have been prepared from tendon dissected from shin of beef and found to have a maximum hydroxyproline content of 13.2%, giving a factor of 7.57 for converting hydroxyproline into ‘collagen’. A comparison has been made of the results obtained for the ‘collagen’ content of freeze‐dried tendon preparations (a) by the hydroxyproline method and (b) by the modification of the Lowry, Gilligan & Katersky method previously published.
Studies on composts prepared from waste materials. II.—the fractionation of orǵaanic nitroǵaen
Authors: Mattingly G. E. G.
Published: November 2006

1. The effect of acid concentration and time of hydrolysis on the amount of nitrogen dissolved from sewage sludge and composts was investigated. The amounts of α‐amino‐nitrogen and ammonia‐nitrogen in solution were determined.

2. The amount of total nitrogen dissolved by 22% (w/v) hydrochloric acid in 16 hours at 100° was 83‐88%, and this did not increase appreciably in 48 hours.

3. α‐Amino‐nitrogen in this solution reached a maximum in 16 hours and then decreased; ammonia‐nitrogen continued to increase up to 48 hours. The increase in ammonia was attributed to deamination.

4. The α‐amino‐nitrogen and amide‐nitrogen contents of composts from wheat straw and sewage sludge, and wheat straw and ammonium sulphate, and the solubility of the nitrogen in 2% and 22% (w/v) hydrochloric acid were determined at different stages of decomposition.

5. The changes in the percentage of total nitrogen present as α‐amino‐nitrogen and amide‐nitrogen were greatest during the first few weeks of composting.

6. The percentage composition of the insoluble organic nitrogen present, defined as the nitrogen not soluble in cold o.IN‐hydrochloric acid, appeared to be almost independent after 3 months' decomposition of the initial source of nitrogen used in composting.
The separation of mixtures of methyl ketones
Authors: Berridge N. J. , Watts J. D.
Published: November 2006

The application of gas‐liquid partition chromatography to the separation of some methyl ketones is described. Continuous titration of the effluent gases was less quantitative than the collection of separate fractions.
Physicochemical studies on the application of insecticides to sheep fleece. VI.—Successive treatment of solutions of cationic wetting aǵaents with natural fleece under non‐equilibrium conditions
Authors: Addison C. C. , Furmidge C. G. L.
Published: November 2006

The curves representing variation of activation or inactivation of cationic wetting agents with period of immersion are classified into four clear types, according to carbonchain length and halide ion of the wetting agent. Solutions of these compounds have been treated with successive samples of natural fleece, and the change in interfacial activity of the solutions has been measured. Immersion periods of less than 5 minutes were used, so that the solutions were not able to reach equilibrium with the fleece. The results are correlated with activation‐time curves for single samples of fleece.
The sugars of manufactured tea
Authors: Cartwright R. A. , Roberts E. A. H.
Published: November 2006

An aqueous extract of made tea, after removal of polyphenolic matter and passage through ion‐exchange resins, was examined for sugars by paper chromatography. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose and ribose were detected. Less positive identifications were made of maltose, raffinose and rhamnose. mesoInositol was also found.
Stability of carotene from dried grass meal and of synthetic vitamin D3 in chick mash
Authors: Booth V. H. , Coates M. E. , Cox C. P. , Thompson S. Y. , Healy M. J. R.
Published: November 2006

Two experiments were carried out to determine whether 5% of dried grass meal as a source of carotene, together with 1 i.u./g. of synthetic vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), can satisfactorily replace cod‐liver oil in providing vitamins. A and D3 in chick mashes, and to assess the stability of these vitamins in normal commercial storage for up to 16 weeks. The rate of loss of carotene varied for different mashes and averaged 1% per week; grass meal stored alone lost only 0.5% of its carotene per week. The vitamin‐D supplement proved ample at the end of the storage period, and with dried grass of good quality satisfactorily supplied the needs of chicks.
A study of the use of a small panel to estimate consumer judgments
Authors: Prentice J. H. , Sheppard D.
Published: November 2006

Two methods of validating the judgments made on butter, compound fat and margarine by a small panel are described. In each case the panel's judgments, made to a rating scale, were compared from time to time with the judgments of larger, consumer, groups. In the first method the averages of the panel members' ratings for each attribute were compared with the averages of the consumer group's ratings, and significant regression coefficients were obtained for the attributes flavour, spreadability and firmness. The panel and the consumers did not agree about texture or overall quality. In the second, fuller, method, the individual panel members' judgments were examined for self‐consistency and possible drift with time, and multiple regression equations were calculated for the estimation of consumer judgments from the panel members' judgments for each attribute.
The fate of γ‐benzene hexachloride in normal and resistant houseflies. I
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Standen H.
Published: November 2006

The fate of γ‐benzene hexachloride in both normal and benzene hexachloride‐resistant houseflies (Musca domestica) has been studied by radiochemical methods by means of 14C‐labelled γ‐benzene hexachloride. After exposure to the insecticide the resistant flies showed less radioactivity in carbon tetrachloride extracts than did the normal flies, but paper chromatography of these extracts showed the radioactive compound present to be γ‐benzene hexachloride. A proportion of the absorbed benzene hexachloride in both kinds of flies is converted into water‐soluble products which are not extracted by carbon tetrachloride, and the amount of this product is greater for resistant flies, being approximately 50% of the total benzene hexachloride absorbed during six hours' exposure of the insects to the insecticide.
The nitrogenous extractives from fresh fish muscle. III. —Comparison of several flat fishes and members of the herring‐mackerel group
Authors: Shewan J. M.
Published: November 2006

The fractionation by displacement chromatography on ion‐exchange resins of the aqueous‐alcoholic extracts of the muscle of six species of flat fish, as well as four members of the pelagic group, has shown the presence of a variety of amino‐acids in addition to creatine, creatinine and trimethylamine oxide, which are common to all. On the whole, the diagrams for the flat fishes are rather similar to those previously recorded for the gadoids. The pelagic species differ from both these groups by the presence of large amounts of histidine and by the absence of carnosine, anserine and the latter's constituent amino‐acids, methylhistidine and β‐alanine.
A colorimetric method for the determination of molybdenum in soils
Authors: Williams C. H.
Published: November 2006

The dithiol (4‐methyl‐1 : 2‐dimercaptobenzene) reagent is more sensitive for the determination of molybdenum than is the more commonly used thiocyanate. A method is described for the determination of molybdenum in soils, in which dithiol is used for the final colorimetric estimation. The soil extract is evaporated to dryness, dissolved in hydrochloric acid and copper extracted with dithizone. Molybdenum is then separated from iron by extraction as the thiocyanate, which is then decomposed by digestion with sulphuric acid. The molybdenum is finally precipitated as the dithiol complex and extracted by amyl acetate for colorimetric estimation. The whole determination can be carried out in a Quickfit test‐tube and is both rapid and accurate.

The results indicate that none of the elements commonly found in soils, tested in the quantities in which they normally occur, is likely to interfere with the determination.
A study of the drying of milk crumb
Authors: Saunders James
Published: November 2006

The investigation was carried out on a large‐scale vacuum shelf drier.

The rate of drying falls from the start and is influenced more by the degree of vacuum in the drier and the moisture content of the mass introduced to the drier than by the shelf temperature.

The drying mechanism was investigated by measuring the temperature and moisture content at various positions within a drying block. It was found that drying takes place across the section of each block towards its centre, thus causing substantial variations in temperature and moisture content at different levels within the block.

It is suggested that such variations during the drying of milk crumb will affect the characteristics of chocolate made from it.
The reported lecithinase activity of egg yolk and dried egg
Authors: Lea C. H. , Wilson R. A. L.
Published: November 2006

Acker, Diemair & Jäger have reported the presence in spray‐dried whole egg and egg yolk of an enzyme capable of rapidly decomposing lecithin with the liberation of choline but not of fatty acids, and have pointed out the similarity of this enzyme to the phospholipase D

In this paper the enzyme that hydrolyses lecithin to phosphorylcholine and a diglyceride is referred to as phospholipase C, and that which produces choline and a phosphatidic acid as phospholipase D. Some authors, e.g. Hanahan & Vercamer,6 reverse these definitions.

recently discovered in carrots and other vegetables.

We have been unable to confirm the existence of any considerable lecithinase activity in fresh egg yolk or in spray‐dried whole egg of good quality and suggest that the observed results may have been due to the action of microbial enzymes, possibly phospholipase C, present in the samples examined by the German workers.
Solanine, glycoside of the potato. III. —An improved method of extraction and determination
Authors: Baker L. C. , Lampitt L. H. , Meredith O. B.
Published: November 2006

The colorimetric method for the determination of solanine and solanidine has been standardized and the molecular extinction coefficient of the coloured solutions at wavelength 570 mμ have been determined. A method has been developed for the extraction of solanine from potato tubers by using a Soxhlet apparatus. This method gave consistently higher results than the method of Rooke et al.; it may also be used for cooked potato.
The use of ion‐exchange resins in the determination of potassium
Authors: Ashton W. M. , Williams J. H.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for removing sulphates and phosphates from potash salts and compound fertilizers prior to the determination of potassium. An ion‐exchange resin column containing Amberlite IR‐4B was used for anion absorption, and potassium was determined in the eluate by the perchlorate method. Good agreement was obtained with methods involving removal of sulphate as barium sulphate or preliminary precipitation of potassium as cobaltinitrite. Potassium was also determined by flame photometry.
Vegetable oils. IV. —A new method of determining the component acids of oils containing epoxy‐ and/or hydroxy‐acids
Authors: Bharucha K. E. , Gunstone F. D.
Published: November 2006

A new method of determining the component acids of oils containing epoxy‐ and/or hydroxy‐acids is described and applied to the seed oils of Vernonia anthelmintica and Strophanthus hispidus containing 12:13‐epoxyoctadec‐9‐enoic (74%) and 9‐hydroxyoctadec‐12enoic acid (15%) respectively. Some new derivatives of this latter acid are reported and the periodate method of determining α‐glycols is criticized.
Plant proteins. III. —Amino‐acid content of isolated hay proteins
Authors: Koloušek J. , Coulson C. B.
Published: November 2006

Approximate values of the amino‐acid content of the proteins of lucerne hay cut at various stages of growth and the hays of lucerne, red clover, timothy and orchard grass cut for hay in maturity are given, a modified method of rapid direct estimation on two‐dimensional paper chromatograms being used. A higher glycine value is found for casein and the hay proteins than those previously reported for these proteins. There is some evidence that the haymaking process together with the stage of growth and the species of grass may effect the end amino‐acid composition of the hay proteins, but the composition changes are small for certain amino‐acids.
Moisture equilibrium of palm kernels
Authors: Somade B.
Published: November 2006

Determinations have been made of the moisture contents of whole palm kernels kept for times up to 35 days in desiccators over saturated salt solutions for which the relative humidities at 30° are known. The temperature fluctuated between 24° and 31°.
The vacuum contact‐plate dehydration of foodstuffs. II.—equipment
Authors: Hay J. M.
Published: November 2006

On account of the lower temperatures of vaporization at reduced pressures, vacuum evaporators and vacuum dryers have for long been in use for the drying of thermally unstable materials. During the Second World War attempts were made to dehydrate foodstuffs using vacuum‐drying equipment of the types then available but, except in the case of finely divided materials, the results were unsatisfactory. The equipment described in this article comprises a large steel vacuum cabinet accommodating 21 trays enabling about a ton of material to be dried per batch. The movable heating plates, arranged in such a manner as to maintain good thermal contact with foodstuff undergoing dehydration, are responsible, more than any other feature of the plant, for the successful drying of meat steaks, fish fillets, sliced root vegetables and certain whole fruits.
Colorimetric analysis of p‐chlorobenzyl p‐chlorophenyl sulphide (chlorbenside) residues in plant and animal tissue
Authors: Higgons D. J. , Kilbey D. W.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the colorimetric analysis of residues of p‐chlorobenzyl p‐chlorophenyl sulphide on leaf and fruit samples and in animal tissue. The method is based on pre‐oxidation of the spray residues followed by intensive nitration of the resulting p‐chlorobenzyl p‐chlorophenyl sulphone, and the formation of a purple colour on interaction of the nitrated products in benzene with sodium methylate.

The method is sensitive to 0.05 mg. and is specific in the presence of all likely contaminants except DDT.
The seed oils of Bombax sessile and of Lupinus termis
Authors: Grindley D. N. , Akour A. A.
Published: November 2006

The seed oils of the species Bombax sessile and Lupinus termis have been examined in detail and their fatty acid composition determined. The former has a composition closely resembling that of palm oil, while the latter resembles other members of the Papilionaceae in that it contains minor quantities of linolenic acid and also of higher saturated fatty acids.
The salt‐soluble proteins of barley. III.—the detailed composition of saline extracts of barley‐fractionation by precipitation with ethanol
Authors: Pool A. A. , Shooter E. M.
Published: November 2006

The electrophoretic analyses of fractions prepared from saline extracts of barley grain by precipitation in aqueous ethanol solutions at low temperatures give a clearer picture of the protein composition of these extracts than can be obtained from analyses of fractions precipitated with ammonium sulphate. At least six major and eight minor components may be detected, as well as a group of inhomogeneous components which are concentrated in one fraction. All the major components appear to be proteins. The analyses suggest that these components are individual components and are not interaction products. The carbohydrate material derived from the barley gums is again concentrated in the last fraction. Comparison with previous work suggests that these numerous components which have been identified by electrophoresis can probably be assigned to one or other of the already known five major sedimenting groups of barley compounds.
A tentative method for investigating the influence of application rate on the penetrative power of herbicide sprays
Authors: Hebblethwaite P.
Published: November 2006

A method suitable for investigating the penetration of herbicide spray into ground‐crop foliage is presented. The sampling variation is likely to be rather high, but the method can at least differentiate between broadly different treatments. Under the conditions of the trial, a high‐volume application resulted in a greater retention of spray at the level of the weeds than did a low‐volume application.
Seaweed as a source of yeast food. II
Authors: Morris E. O.
Published: November 2006

In continuation of the work described in Part I

Part I: J. Set. Fd Agric., 1955, 6, 611.

of this series, attempts have been made to carry out the hydrolysis of seaweed polysaccharide fractions by means of various enzymes. Malt extracts and filtrates of Myrothecium verrucaria were found to be particularly effective in this respect. Furthermore seaweeds treated with these enzymes afforded excellent media for yeast propagation.
Leaf leachates as a factor in pedogenesis
Authors: Bloomfield C.
Published: November 2006

The phenomena of iron reduction and migration, which are characteristic of gley and podsolized soils, are generally regarded as being caused by the action of the humose upper horizons normally present in these soils.

In this paper are given the results of an investigation of the properties of water extracts of unhumified plant debris; from the results of this work it seems that the relatively simple organic compounds present in such extracts are a much more important factor than colloidal ‘humus’ in causing migration of sesquioxides and clay.
Studies in starch structure. I.—analytical methods
Authors: Fuller C. H. F. , Lampitt L. H. , Coton L.
Published: November 2006

In order to characterize starch fractions which cannot be prepared in the form of homogeneous dry powders without degradation, the scheme of analysis has been modified so as to avoid working on a previously‐dried substance. A modified semi‐micro method for the determination of the concentration of starch solutions is described in which the starch is hydrolysed and the reducing power of the neutralized hydrolysate is determined without transfer from a single boiling tube. Modifications in the method of determination of reducing power, limiting viscosity number, properties of the polysaccharide‐iodine complex and the limit of conversion by β‐amylase permit the determination of these characteristics using dilutions of a solution of known concentration. Adoption of these modified methods leads to greater precision and a net saving of time.
The variations in limestone and flint grit consumptions by laying birds
Authors: Tyler C.
Published: November 2006

An experiment has been performed to find the quantities of limestone and flint grit consumed (a) by different birds, (6) on different days and (c) between two‐hourly periods within the day. The influence of two different feeding regimes was also considered. It was found that with limestone grit there were differences between birds and also differences between days, but with flint grit there were no such differences. It was possible to show that the need for calcium created by shell deposition did not cause a greater consumption of limestone grit in any one period directly related to a specific time of shell formation nor over the whole period of shell formation. The period of greatest consumption of limestone grit was always immediately before dusk. Most flint grit was also consumed at this time. Grit balances and an examination of the contents of the alimentary tract showed that there was a very great wastage of both limestone and flint grit but that the amount of limestone dissolved was probably adequate for the needs of the bird.
Some observations on the ‘research’ extensometer
Authors: Hlynka I.
Published: November 2006

A comparative study of the ‘Research’ Extensometer and the Brabender Extensograph has been made using three different schedules for the test samples and three types of dough holders with the Extensometer.

In general, differences in the procedure of handling dough‐pieces cause more effect on the shape of the load‐extension curve than do differences between machines. Impaling of the dough directly on the Extensometer modifies the shape of the load‐extension curves: this is attributed to structural activation of the dough in the impaling process. An Extensometer dough holder is described which permits the dough to be rested between impaling and stretching.

For structural relaxation studies the range of extensibility provided by the Extensometer must be increased by lengthening the drive shaft.
Fumigation of agricultural products. XI.—sorption of mercury vapour by wheat
Authors: Gorringe B. S.
Published: November 2006

A more sensitive modification of an ultra‐violet absorption method for detecting mercury vapour is described, capable of detecting IO−10 g. of mercury vapour in approximately 50 ml. of air. No sorption of mercury vapour could be detected on Pyrex glass vessels. Sorption on wheat is influenced much more by changes in the moisture content than by changes of temperature within the normal range of both factors. Most of the mercury sorbed is chemically combined, but with drier grain some can be recovered by airing. The reaction of mercury vapour with wheat continues even after two years' exposure to the fumigant. Concentrations of mercury lethal to normal grain weevil eggs are likely to extend for two feet around foci of diffusion in a mass of grain. Health hazards appear to be slight.
Fumigation of agricultural products. XII.—sorption of methyl bromide on groundnuts
Authors: Somade H. M. B.
Published: November 2006

Groundnuts, both undecorticated and separated into husk, cotyledon and germ, have been fumigated with methyl bromide. The sorption of the fumigant increases in all cases with the moisture content. Sorption is disproportionately greater as dosage increases, for cotyledons and germ, but not for husks. Over a wide range of relative humidities, the equilibrium moisture content of the husk is greater than, and that of the cotyledons less than, the moisture content of the germ.

Field trials in England and in Nigeria have confirmed that under normal conditions groundnuts are unharmed by methyl bromide fumigation. Fungal attack is suppressed and early development mildly stimulated by the treatment.

High doses of methyl bromide will impair the germination of groundnuts of too high a moisture content. The tip of the radicle is destroyed, but there is no evidence of combination of the gas with any major constituent of the seed.
The application of the anthrone reagent to the estimation of starch in cereals
Authors: Clegg K. M.
Published: November 2006

A colorimetric method using anthrone is described for the estimation of starch and soluble sugars in cereals, cereal by‐products, and mixed poultry rations. The method is rapid and requires no elaborate apparatus. An internal glucose standard is used. Results for the starch content of these materials show a standard deviation of 2–2% of the mean value.
The connective‐tissue content and toughness of sheep muscles
Authors: Nottingham P. M.
Published: November 2006

The connective‐tissue content of a number of sheep muscles was determined by extraction of the muscle with o‐IN‐sodium hydroxide in the cold, and determination of nitrogen in the residual tissue. The toughness of these muscles as determined by measurement of shear force parallel to the muscle fibres appears to be related to connective‐tissue content, but no such correlation was found with shear force across the fibres.
The role of lipids in baking. III.—some breadmaking and other properties of defatted flours and of flour lipids
Authors: Cookson M. A. , Coppock J. B. M.
Published: November 2006

The importance of flour lipids in breadmaking is reviewed and described. Particular attention is drawn to a flour lipid fraction, perhaps lipoprotein, which appears to be an important factor in the mechanism of bread improvement. Some properties of flour lipids are given, including ultra‐violet spectrophotometric and countercurrent distribution data; the effects of different extracting solvents are considered. The influences of flour extraction rate, treatment and natural ageing are indicated in relation to defatted flours. The properties of bread made from defatted flour and of bread lipids are also discussed. The unusual behaviour of added shortening in bread prepared from defatted flour is examined.
Fumigation of agricultural products. XIII.—Trials of onion seed treated with methyl bromide, and an improved method for its analysis
Authors: Lubatti O. F. , Blackith R. E.
Published: November 2006

Two varieties of onion seed have been fumigated with methyl bromide over a range of moisture contents. Improvements in the method used for determination of methyl bromide are described. The highest concentration‐time product used was applied either as a high dose for a short time or a low dose for a longer period. The germination of seeds in soil is a better measure of the damage done by fumigating moist seed than are laboratory tests on paper pads. Once a seed succeeds in germinating in soil its eventual yield is independent of the treatment received by the seed. Seed dry enough to store with unimpaired germination should not contain more than 10% of moisture and will then withstand concentration‐time products of 1100 mg. h./1. irrespective of the way in which this product is made up.
Studies of spray deposits. I.—Effect of spray supplements on the tenacity of a copper fungicide
Authors: Somers E.
Published: November 2006

The influence of 47 materials on the tenacity of cupric oxide on a cellulose acetate surface has been determined. From these screening tests, seven of the most promising stickers, agar, linseed oil, lime casein, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), coumarone resin, rubber latex and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were used as supplements to cupric oxide in a potato blight field trial. Although most of the supplements increased the tenacity of the cupric oxide, little, if any, improved blight control was observed. Linseed oil and rubber latex were also used as supplements in a field trial on tomato foliage and the copper residue level was determined chemically.

The effect of varying the supplement concentration of boiled linseed oil, PVA and rubber latex on the tenacity of cupric oxide on cellulose acetate and bean leaves was determined. The most effective concentrations were the same for both surfaces. Sedimentation analysis showed that both boiled linseed oil and rubber latex flocculated the cupric oxide suspension, whilst PVA at a high concentration increased its dispersibility.

Assays in vitro against Alternaria tenuis showed that, of the seven CuO‐supplement treatments listed above, PVC and PVA were the only supplements that did not decrease the fungitoxicity of the cupric oxide. The physico‐chemical aspects of this inhibition are discussed. It is suggested that PVA, at sufficiently high concentration, should prove to be a suitable sticker for copper fungicides.
Chemical investigation of the leaves of Anona senegalensis. I.—Constituents of the leaf wax
Authors: MacKie Alexander , Misra Anand L.
Published: November 2006

The constituents of the leaf wax of Anona senegalensis have been investigated when hard and soft waxes were isolated. Both yielded higher saturated fatty acids. In addition, primary alcohols (C28, C30, C32) and palmitone were obtained from the hard wax, and unsaturated acids, palmitone, and yellow sesquiterpene oils from the soft wax. The soft wax was effective against Sclerostome larvae from horse faeces.
Mycological formation of fat. II.—Synthesis of fat from various carbohydrates in surface cultures of Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium javanicum and Penicillium spinulosum and the influence of the nitrogen source on the synthesis of fat from glucose
Authors: Garrido J. M. , Walker T. K.
Published: November 2006

Next to glucose (and excluding comparison with sucrose) the sugar most effective as a substrate for fat‐production by these moulds was xylose. The highest rate of fat synthesis from xylose was achieved by Penicillium javanicum which in 9 days metabolized 21.40 g. to produce 4.61 g. of felt containing 1.24 g. of fat while, in the same time, Aspergillus nidulans consumed 7.86 g. of xylose and developed 3.61 g. of felt containing 0.69 g. of fat. The latter mould had a fat coefficient (g. fat/g. xylose utilized) of 8.8; that of P. javanicum, which was 5.8, indicates a less economical conversion. Ammonium nitrate was the best source of nitrogen for all three moulds; sodium nitrate was also very suitable for A. nidulans.
A rapid method for the determination of total solids in tomatoes
Authors: Mabrouk Ahmed Fahmy , Hussein Abdel Aziz , Aref Hussein
Published: November 2006

An equation correlating the total solids in raw tomato pulp to its refractive index was formulated.

The derived formula for total solids is as follows: Total solids in percentage by weight ‐ 522.60nD — 695.26.
Studies on protein hydrolysis. III.—The preparation and analysis of sulphurous acid hydrolysates of casein
Authors: Parsons T. R. , Baker B. E.
Published: November 2006

Casein was hydrolysed with a mixture of sulphurous acid and hydrochloric acid and the sulphur dioxide was removed from the hydrolysate by evaporation under reduced pressure and the hydrochloric acid by the use of an ion‐exchange resin. The hydrolysate contained relatively somewhat less of the acidic amino‐acids and slightly more of the basic amino‐acids than does casein. The tryptophan content of the hydrolysate was approximately half of that of casein.

The results of a rat feeding trial showed that the nutritional value of the sulphurous acid‐hydrochloric acid casein hydrolysate did not differ significantly from that of the casein from which the hydrolysate had been prepared.
A sedimentation method for the determination of the effective particle size distribution of DDT dispersible powders
Authors: Thomas W. D. E.
Published: November 2006

A modified Andreasen sedimentation method is described for the analysis of the DDT and carrier constituents of DDT dispersible powders.

As an illustration of the use of the method, a 1% (w/v) aqueous suspension of the powder is sampled with a pipette at four different times from the commencement of settling. Variation of concentration of dispersible powder in the suspension within the range 0.2–2.0% (w/v) is without effect on the results. The method is shown to be suitable for use at any temperature (±0.05°) within the range 10–30°.
Flavour of dehydrated potatoes made from material treated with tetrachloronitrobenzene
Authors: Gooding E. G. B. , Tucker C. G. , Harries J. M.
Published: November 2006

Tests by two independent taste panels showed that potatoes, treated with TCNB* to reduce sprouting during storage, yielded a dehydrated product with a definite ‘earthy’ taint, which increased with the period of storage of the raw potatoes. Heavy leaching during processing slightly reduced the intensity of the taint. When the dehydrated product had been stored for a year or more under temperate conditions the taint was still apparent.
Cereal product fortification: The B vitamins, with special reference to thiamine losses in baked products
Authors: Coppock J. B. M. , Carpenter B. R. , Knight R. A.
Published: November 2006

Certain aspects of cereal product enrichment with vitamins of the B group, especially thiamine, are discussed with particular reference to wheaten flour and rice.

Losses of thiamine during the baking of bread and certain cakes and biscuits were found by the thiochrome method to be 17.3–23.3%, 22.7–33.1% and 26.0–29.7%, respectively. During the toasting of bread, thiamine losses ranged from 13.4 to 31.0% depending on the thickness of the slice. There was no indication that thiamine is destroyed during fermentation of bread dough.

It is suggested that some degree of enrichment of existing National flour, in addition to that of low extraction flours, may be desirable in Great Britain.
The analysis of formulated schradan insecticides
Authors: Gardner K. , Owen B. D.
Published: November 2006

A tentative method, based on differential hydrolysis and solvent extraction, followed by phosphorus determination, is suggested for the analysis of formulated schradan insecticides.
The colour of cooked cured pork. I.—Estimation of the Nitric oxide‐Haem Pigments
Authors: Hornsey H. C.
Published: November 2006

A simple and rapid method is described for extracting and measuring the nitric oxide‐haem pigments present in cooked cured meat.

Selective extraction as a nitric oxide‐haem‐acetone complex is achieved by the use of an acetone/water solvent. Other meat pigments are not extracted under the conditions used.

The acetone/water ratio is shown to be critical, maximum extraction being obtained with a ratio of 4: 1, due allowance being made for the moisture present in the meat. After filtration, the optical density is measured spectrophotometrically.

With the inclusion of hydrochloric acid in the solvent, the method can be adapted to measure the total pigments present.
The proximate analysis of wheat flour carbohydrates. I.—Methods and Scheme of Analysis
Authors: Fraser J. R. , Brandon‐Bravo M. , Holmes D. C.
Published: November 2006

Methods are given for the determination of the four main classes of carbohydrate in wheat flour, viz., starch, pentosan, sugars and cellulosic material. The sum of the individual classes so found agrees closely with the figures obtained as ‘carbohydrate by difference’.
Vegetable oils. V.—The Component Acids of Cephalocroton cordofanus (Muell.‐Arg.) Seed Oil
Authors: Bharucha K. E. , Gunstone F. D.
Published: November 2006

Cephalocroton cordofanus seed oil has been examined and found to consist chiefly of cis‐12:13‐epoxyoleic acid (62%) along with linoleic (17%), oleic (10%), threo‐12:13‐dihydroxyoleic acid (4%) and saturated acids (7%). The structure of the epoxy acid follows from its identity with the acid from Vernonia anthelmintica seed oil.
Studies on protein hydrolysis. IV.—Further Observations on the Taste of Enzymic Protein Hydrolysates
Authors: Carr J. W. , Loughheed T. C. , Baker B. E.
Published: November 2006

Enzymic hydrolysates have been prepared from α‐, β‐ and γ‐fractions of the casein complex by use of trypsin, and from commercial muriatic casein by use of crystalline trypsin and of crystalline chymotrypsin. These hydrolysates had a bitter taste.

Muriatic casein was incubated with dilute sodium hydroxide so as to split off orthophosphate before digestion with ‘Protease’ (Takamine). Muriatic casein was also treated with crude proteolytic enzyme preparations and the degree of liberation of orthophosphate was measured. In these experiments the taste of the hydrolysates was improved in parallel with the liberation of orthophosphate. However, a similar improvement in taste was not observed when the orthophosphate was removed by use of intestinal phosphatase following the tryptic hydrolysis.

A series of fractionations of a tryptic casein hydrolysate yielded a product that had an extremely bitter taste. Chromatographic and electrophoretic studies have suggested that this material was a single polypeptide. Use of 2: 4‐dinitrofluorobenzene failed to reveal the presence of N‐terminal amino‐acids; the material yielded leucine, valine, and glutamic acid on hydrolysis with carboxypeptidase.
The flavonols of tea
Authors: Roberts E. A. H. , Cartwright R. A. , Wood D. J.
Published: November 2006

The flavonols quercetin‐3‐glucoside (isoquercitrin), kaempferol‐3‐glucoside (astragalin), quercetin‐3‐rhamnoglucoside (rutin), kaempferol‐3‐rhamnoglucoside, quercetin‐3‐rhamno‐diglucoside, and kaempferol‐3‐rhamnodiglucoside, previously isolated and characterized in Japanese green teas, have also been detected in unprocessed tea‐leaf and black tea from North East India. From the latter sources two glycosides of myricetin, tentatively identified as the 3‐glucoside and 3‐rhamnoglucoside, have also been isolated.
Bitter principles of the cucurbitaceae. III.—Elaterase, an Active Enzyme for the Hydrolysis of Bitter Principle Glycosides
Authors: Enslin P. R. , Joubert F. J. , Rehm S.
Published: November 2006

An investigation has been made of elaterase, a relatively specific enzyme for the hydrolysis of bitter principle glycosides of the Cucurbitaceae. A comparative study covering 33 different species showed that this enzyme is widely spread in this family. Elaterase was isolated from the fruit juice of Ecballium elaterium, Cucumis myriocarpus and Lagenaria siceraria and was examined in the ultracentrifuge. The effects of pH, temperature, time and enzyme concentration on the rate of hydrolysis of elaterinide, the monoglucoside of elaterin, have been investigated. In addition, the action of elaterase on various other glycosides was determined.
Notes on the 2: 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine method for pyrethrum assay
Authors: Moore B. P.
Published: November 2006

Experiments are described which have clarified the chemistry of the D.N.P. * method1 for pyrethrum and allethrin assay. The fate during the course of analysis of a number of the non‐insecticidal contaminants has been determined and the scope and limitations of the method are reviewed in the light of the new findings.
Studies in selective toxicity. III.—Benzenesulphonanilides as DDT‐synergists
Authors: Neeman M. , Mer G. G. , Cwilich R. , Modiano A. , Zacks S.
Published: November 2006

Benzenesulphonanilides with halogen or methyl substituents in the phenyl radicals, with or withoutN‐alkyl substituents, were assayed as DDT‐synergists against DDT‐resistant houseflies. Contrasting test methods provided a guide to the intrinsic biological activity of the synergists, and to their ‘availability’ for insects by pick‐up from residual deposits and by absorption through the cuticle.

The homologous series ofN‐n‐alkyl‐4‐chloro‐ and ‐4‐bromo‐benzenesulphon‐4′‐chloro‐anilides were studied. In both series the biological response to topical application of dilute toxicant solutions was highest for theN‐methyl compounds. The ‘availability’ from deposits appeared highest in the intermediate range C4to C8. In this range the ‘availability’ appeared to oscillate between homologues having an odd number and those having an even number of carbon atoms. The homologues in the medium range showed a high solubility in kerosene. Homologues above C9showed no biological activity.

The possible modes of action and penetration of the benzenesulphonanilide synergists are discussed.
Determination of the vapour pressure of ethylene dibromide
Authors: Call F.
Published: November 2006

The vapour pressure of ethylene dibromide has been determined over the temperature range 0–25° by both static and dynamic methods.
The organic acid metabolism of apple fruits: Changes in individual acids during growth on the tree
Authors: Hulme A. C. , Wooltorton L. S. C.
Published: November 2006

A study is made by ion‐exchange and chromatography on silica gel of the organic acids present in apple pulp and peel at various stages of maturity.

The concentration of quinic acid falls rapidly throughout the developmental period, whilst that of malic acid reaches a peak at 50–60 days after petal fall. Citric acid, present in much smaller proportion than the other two acids, shows considerable changes in amount and concentration.
The amino‐acids of apple juices and ciders
Authors: Burroughs L. F.
Published: November 2006

The free amino‐acids of apple juices and ciders have been examined by paper chromatography. Asparagine, aspartic and glutamic acids were the principal amino‐acids in most juices, together with small to medium amounts of serine, α‐alanine, γ‐aminobutyric acid, valine, isoleucine, and methylhydroxyproline. Ten other amino‐acids were sometimes present in trace amounts.

The amino‐acid content of ciders was extremely small and consisted usually of aspartic and glutamic acids, methylhydroxyproline, an unidentified peptide and traces of several other amino‐acids and possible peptides. Yeast autolysis caused a marked increase in the amino‐acid content of a cider left on its lees.

The presence of nucleotide material in juices and cider is indicated.
Quantitative determinations of amino‐acids in undesalted hydrolysates by buffer filter‐paper chromatography
Authors: Baker B. E. , Khan N. A.
Published: November 2006

The amino‐acids of undesalted casein hydrolysates have been determined successfully by quantitative chromatography on buffered filter paper. The technique proposed includes the use of five newly developed solvent systems.

The values for the amino‐acid content of casein found by this technique were in agreement with the values reported in the literature. The coefficients of variation for the determination of individual amino‐acids ranged from 7.4% for glycine to 1.3% for arginine.
Investigations on soil nitrogen. I.—The influence of nitrogen fertilizers and rainfall on soil nitrate concentrations
Authors: Cooke G. W. , Bates J. A. R. , Tinker P. B.
Published: November 2006

Changes in the concentration of nitrate in soils taken during field experiments on cereals were followed for two months in Spring, 1955. At centres where nitrogen fertilizer increased yields of wheat and barley, soil nitrate at planting did not exceed 7 p.p.m. of N; in two experiments where the crops did not respond to fertilizer nitrogen there were 10 p.p.m. or more of nitrate present. Soil nitrate levels were markedly increased by additions of calcium nitrate and to a lesser extent by ammonium sulphate. Light rainfall which did not percolate deeply into the soil did not reduce nitrate concentrations seriously in the surface layers, but nitrate was reduced to very low levels at all centres by rain which percolated through 20 in. of soil.
The natural ageing of flour
Authors: Bennett Ruth , Coppock J. B. M.
Published: November 2006

Since 1951 untreated and commercially treated flours of different extraction rates have been stored under temperate conditions for eight‐month periods and periodically examined to ascertain the naturally occurring change in baking quality. Doughs were tested by physical methods and other data associated with flour testing obtained. An increase in flour water absorption required to make doughs of normal consistency was observed which in part can be explained by drying out of the flour on storage. A slight toughening in doughs prepared from the earlier untreated flour was evident and was associated with some improvement in bread quality up to storage periods of about 4 months. The change, however, was very much less than has generally been supposed and in no case was it comparable in extent to the improvement in flour produced immediately by commercial gaseous and/or powder treatment. The slight natural toughening of the doughs from treated flour was in some cases detrimental to bread quality. No significant change in the breadmaking properties of flour could be detected during the first few days after milling.
The effect of dietary penicillin on calcium and nitrogen retention in chicks on a low mineral diet
Authors: Brown W. O.
Published: November 2006

By the use of a balance technique for growing chicks fed a low mineral diet it is shown that a significant increase in calcium retention in the body is brought about by the addition of penicillin to the diet. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to growth experiments with antibiotics and their mode of action in growth stimulation.
Surface properties of phosphate materials by isotopic exchange. I.—Rock phosphate
Authors: Ruiz J. Cano , Talibudeen O.
Published: November 2006

Radioactive phosphorus is used in the estimation of the surface phosphate of apatite rock. Surface areas of these materials calculated from these estimates are smaller than those derived from gas‐adsorption methods. Less than 2.5% of the total phosphorus exists as surface phosphorus in the 100‐mesh size fraction of these materials.
The effect of aluminium sulphate and other polyvalent metals on the viscosity of gelatin solutions
Authors: Kragh A. M.
Published: November 2006

The addition of aluminium salts to gelatin solutions may give rise to considerable, though to some extent impermanent, viscosity increases. These effects are very dependent on pH. They also depend on the type of gelatin and on the concentration of the reactants. Similar effects are obtained when certain other polyvalent metal salts interact with gelatin in solution. The complicated viscosity effects can be largely accounted for by the hypothesis that electrostatic cross‐linkages are formed between a hydrated oxide of the metal, preserved in a metastable state by the gelatin, and two gelatin molecules.