bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Web site redesign: the University of Washington Libraries' experience
Authors: Ward Jennifer L.
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to make a case study of a large academic library's web site redesign, undertaken during the 2003‐2004 academic year.

Design/methodology/approach

During the redesign process, numerous methods of eliciting user feedback were used; this included an online survey, focus groups with each of the Libraries' primary user populations, parallel design process to generate the first round of prototypes, low‐fidelity prototyping, card sorting, high‐fidelity prototyping, and three rounds of usability testing. The results of each type of feedback session were analyzed carefully in order to determine the most important areas for improvement and to provide valuable information regarding how users used the web site.

Findings

The design teams spent nine months developing a web site that was grounded in user‐centered design methodologies and employed appropriate usability standards. Feedback from users was sought at every step in the process and in very different ways. From each interaction with users, the design teams learned something valuable. By working through the design process with user needs at the fore, staff are confident that the resulting interfaces are functional, well‐planned, and most importantly, usable.

Originality/value

The paper provides a case study of UW Libraries' web site redesign process.
Overlap among major web search engines
Authors: Spink Amanda , Jansen Bernard J. , Kathuria Vinish , Koshman Sherry
Published: September 2006

Purpose

This paper reports the findings of a major study examining the overlap among results retrieved by three major web search engines. The goal of the research was to: measure the overlap across three major web search engines on the first results page overlap (i.e. share the same results) and the differences across a wide range of user defined search terms; determine the differences in the first page of search results and their rankings (each web search engine's view of the most relevant content) across single‐source web search engines, including both sponsored and non‐sponsored results; and measure the degree to which a meta‐search web engine, such as Dogpile.com, provides searchers with the most highly ranked search results from three major single source web search engines.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors collected 10,316 random Dogpile.com queries and ran an overlap algorithm using the URL for each result by query. The overlap of first result page search for each query was then summarized across all 10,316 to determine the overall overlap metrics. For a given query, the URL of each result for each engine was retrieved from the database.

Findings

The percent of total results unique retrieved by only one of the three major web search engines was 85 percent, retrieved by two web search engines was 12 percent, and retrieved by all three web search engines was 3 percent. This small level of overlap reflects major differences in web search engines retrieval and ranking results.

Research limitations/implications

This study provides an important contribution to the web research literature. The findings point to the value of meta‐search engines in web retrieval to overcome the biases of single search engines.

Practical implications

The results of this research can inform people and organizations that seek to use the web as part of their information seeking efforts, and the design of web search engines.

Originality/value

This research is a large investigation into web search engine overlap using real data from a major web meta‐search engine and single web search engines that sheds light on the uniqueness of top results retrieved by web search engines.
Do current anti‐cyberloafing disciplinary practices have a replica in research findings?
Authors: Zoghbi Manrique de Lara Pablo , Verano Tacoronte Domingo , Ting Ding Jyh‐Ming
Published: September 2006

Purpose

This study aims to test the extent to which current coercive control strategies receive research support in controlling deviant workplace Internet behavior, also called cyberloafing. Consequently, it examines the relationship between cyberloafing and three classic coercive variables: perceived organizational control (POC), fear of formal punishment (FFP) and physical leadership proximity (LPP) as sensed by the employee. The model tested suggests that perceptions of leader physical proximity (LPP) antecede both the organizational amount of control (POC) and FFP and these both ones, in turn, affect cyberloafing. Additionally, the model suggests that POC increases FFP.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 147 (19.4 percent) of the 758 non‐teaching staff at a Spanish public university. Accessibility of individual e‐mail accounts was similar for all employees. E‐mails asking for collaboration were sent in two phases. A questionnaire was posted on the university intranet and could be accessed by clicking on a link in the e‐mails.

Findings

Structural equation modeling results show that LPP is a significant positively associated antecedent of POC and FFP. Moreover, POC, in turn, decreases cyberloafing, while FFP increases it.

Research limitations/implications

The researched employees have job conditions inherent to the peculiarities of the public sector which may limit the ability to extrapolate the findings in the private sector. The fear construct was assessed by a self‐supplied scale, and thus the presence of shades of other similar emotions could not be discounted. Findings provide a more understandable mechanism of the influence of supervisor proximity on cyberloafing.

Practical implications

These findings contribute to an understanding of the ways in which organizations can control cyberloafing and provide reservations about the intimidator strategy efficiency. Supervisor proximity through the employee's control senses appear as an effective strategy.

Originality/value

The study of the joint interaction of the cited coercive variables against cyberloafing is unprecedented.
Leading the vigilant organization
Authors: Day George S. , Schoemaker Paul J.H.
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The authors posit that most organizations lack sufficient capacity to detect, interpret and act on the critically important but weak and ambiguous signals of fresh threats or new opportunities that emerge on the periphery of their usual business environment. They suggest how organizations can develop this capability so they will not be vulnerable to rivals who see and take advantage of these early, easily missed signals sooner.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors offer a program organizations can put in place to become more vigilant and reduce their risk of being blind‐sided. They also explain the role of leaders in improving the peripheral vision of their organization.

Findings

The authors show how one large organization, the UK's BBC, used peripheral vision programs to better understand its changing environment.

Practical implications

The authors show how a truly vigilant organization manages a process that routinely and effectively watches for, evaluates, and responds to signals from the far reaches of its business environment that are difficult to interpret.

Originality/value

From the authors' six lessons, leaders can learn how to implement a program of monitoring, evaluating and responding to important events on the periphery of their normal business environment.
Business alliances at Eli Lilly: a successful innovation strategy
Authors: Stach Gary
Published: September 2006

Purpose

Eli Lilly's director of alliance management tells how the company has learned to make a success of its partnership strategy.

Design/methodology/approach

The author describes best practices and key principles.

Findings

The Lilly process has proven successful – of the last six products the firm has launched, four are promoted with a partner.

Practical implications

Lilly has developed a “three‐dimensional fit” analysis that helps the firm identify elements of strategic fit, cultural fit and operational fit between Lilly and a partner company.

Originality/value

Lilly describes how the elements of their alliance program increase the likelihood of success for individual partnerships and how a continuous learning process contributes to the success of future alliances.
IBM's global CEO report 2006: business model innovation matters
Authors: Pohle George , Chapman Marc
Published: September 2006

Purpose

To ascertain whether the choices CEOs were making about particular types of innovation and key enablers had any correlation with financial performance, IBM looked at a subset of our sample where publicly reported financial information was available.

Design/methodology/approach

The findings in this report are based on in‐depth, consultative interviews on the topic of innovation with 765 CEOs, business executives and public sector leaders from around the world.

Findings

For a subset, the authors compared their financial performance to that of an industry‐accepted list of their nearest competitors (up to ten companies with similar revenue and publicly available information). Some of their competitors were CEO study participants, but most were not. By taking a five‐year view, the researchers were able to identify which companies outperformed and under‐performed the average revenue growth, operating margin growth and historical operating margins of their closest competitors.

Research limitations/implications

Throughout the analysis, IBM used these top‐half and bottom‐half groupings to look for notable financial correlations. In this report, the term outperformers refers to the study participants that are in the top 50 percent based on this competitive comparison, and under‐performers are those that fall in the bottom 50 percent.

Practical implications

The authors report on how business leaders are seeking and finding new ways to adapt their business models to remain competitive in their current industry – or to seek growth by entering new industries.

Originality/value

Companies focusing on business model innovation have enjoyed significant operating margin growth, while those using products/services/markets and operational innovation have sustained their margins over time.
Team building: a 3‐dimensional teamwork model
Authors: Yeh Elizabeth , Smith Charlene , Jennings Claretha , Castro Nancy
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose is to introduce an innovative team model explaining the context and process of teamwork in an organization.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper illustrates a unique structure of teamwork as a transforming process in the organization.

Findings

The 3‐dimensional teamwork model is adapted from the Belbin Team Role model, Andia's team pyramid model, Thompson et al.'s team process evolution model, and original works of the authors as a doctoral learning team with the University of Phoenix.

Research limitations/implications

The team model is supported with a narrative explanation in four research areas: relevant literature on the concept of team models; model qualities; model application; and a benchmark outline for leadership to adapt the 3‐dimensional teamwork model according to their organization need.

Originality/value

Introduces an innovative teamwork model.
Gender differences in job orientation: the case of Poland
Authors: Frankel Robert , Tomkiewicz Joseph , Adeyemi‐Bello Tope , Sagan Mariusz
Published: September 2006

Purpose

This survey‐based study examines gender‐based perspectives of job orientation, expectations, and motivations in the country of Poland.

Design/methodology/approach

Polish professionals were asked to rate 25 job characteristics according to their importance to the rater on a five‐point scale (5 = very important, 1 = not important). Mean scores were calculated and rank ordered for males and females separately. Two‐tailed t‐tests between male and female scores for each item tested for significant differences. A principle components factor analysis with rotation by the varimax method was performed on the correlation matrix of the 25 job characteristics.

Findings

Results show that males and females differ on 15 of the 25 job characteristics. Standard deviations of the importance ratings were examined. They were higher for males on 21 of 25 items, with a mean standard deviation of 0.96 for males and 0.87 for females. A paired t‐test ((1−(2 = 0)) resulted in rejecting the null hypothesis (p ≤ 0.001). Thus, for the respondents in this study, females as a group are significantly more homogeneous than are the males. Results of factor analysis with orthogonal rotation by the varimax method produced three factors of eigenvalues greater than 1.5, accounting for 37.3 per cent of the total variance. Factor I accounted for 17.9 per cent of the total variance and includes six job characteristics related to long term career objectives. Factor II deals with characteristics which can be classified as intellectual activity and explained 12.7 per cent of the total variance. Factor III included four characteristics related to structure and accounted for 6.7 per cent of the variance.

Research limitations/implications

It would be worthwhile to extend the survey in the future to address three key issues: 1 – group respondents by years of service, for example, less than 5 years, more than 10 years, and so forth; 2 – control for salary levels; 3 – adjust for changes in the unemployment rate.

Practical implications

This research indicates that even though money is an important motivator (number 1 for males and number 5 for females), there are certainly other methods of motivation beyond financial ones. This is particularly significant for foreign corporations investing in Poland. Such knowledge should provide organizations that use it as a competitive advantage not tied exclusively to monetary outlays.

Originality/value

Poland is a developing economy which many observers believe is the most attractive emerging market in the expanding European Union. As such, the findings here should help organizations, both endogenous and exogenous, attract and retain employees.
Foodco and the Beachland Market
Authors: Grunewald Donald F. , Grunewald Donald
Published: September 2006

Purpose

To provide a case study with instructor's note to help students learn about the problems of possible closure of a business or other alternatives for the specific store from the points of view of management of the company, employees, town leaders and possible buyers of the store.

Design/methodology/approach

A large regional supermarket chain in northeastern United States which has European ownership is considering what to do about a small obsolete store in a beachfront community. The supermarket chain could close the store, refurbish it, build a new store, or sell the present store to employees of the store or sell it to competitors. The store is the only supermarket in town. Closure would have adverse economic impacts on the community, which concerns the leadership of the town. Management of the chain needs to consider these options. If management decides to close or sell the store, local employees of the store need to consider whether they should attempt to purchase the store if they can raise the capital needed to buy and refurbish the store.

Findings

Students must come up with solutions to the problems posed in the case. The instructor's note provides some possible findings.

Practical implications

This case will help prepare students to study such issues as closing a business, sale or other disposition of a business and the role of the community in such decisions.

Originality/value

This paper consists of an original case study based upon an actual experience of one of the authors in a supermarket facing possible sale or closure.
Converging and diverging patterns of adopting new technology innovations
Authors: Yang Monica , Ashley Allan
Published: September 2006

Purpose

To demonstrate that multidimensional information technologies (ITs) technologies could manifest different patterns of evolution because each dimension could be exposed to different forces of variation and selection.

Design/methodology/approach

Commercial banks that adopted online banking services in the USA during 1995‐2000 are investigated.

Findings

It is found that the technical dimension of online banking services tends to converge on some agreed upon practices, but the managerial dimension does not converge.

Research limitations implications

This result implies that technical choices are less likely to offer opportunities for banks to differentiate one from another. The variation in managerial choices, however, allows banks to tailor their managerial practices to better support internal operations, which can generate competitive advantages for banks.

Originality/value

Contrary to the traditional viewpoint that these environmental dimensions evolve in a uniform direction, the paper shows that multidimensional ITs manifest different patterns of evolution.
Maintenance performance measurement (MPM): issues and challenges
Authors: Parida Aditya , Kumar Uday
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to identify various issues and challenges associated with development and implementation of a maintenance performance measurement (MPM) system.

Design/methodology/approach

An analytical approach is adopted to identify the issues and challenges associated with MPM.

Findings

The study finds that for successful implementation of MPM all employees should be involved and all relevant issues need to be considered. Furthermore, the traditional overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) used by the companies is inadequate, as it only measures the internal effectiveness. For measuring the total maintenance effectiveness both internal and external effectiveness should be considered.

Practical implications

What cannot be measured cannot be managed effectively. To manage maintenance process operating managers and asset owners need to measure the contribution of maintenance towards their business goals. This paper discusses issues and challenges associated with MPM system, there by helping the managers to take care of the pitfalls of the MPM system and advocates that managers should focus on measuring the total effectiveness of maintenance process.

Originality/value

The paper presents a concept of total maintenance effectiveness with focus on both internal and external effectiveness, and integration of the hierarchical levels and multi‐criteria maintenance performance indicators of MPM system.
Communication of corporate social responsibility by Portuguese banks
Authors: Castelo Branco Manuel , Lima Rodrigues Lúcia
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether Portuguese banks use their web sites as a medium to disclose social responsibility information and identify what types of this kind of information they disclose, and compare such disclosure with similar disclosure in annual reports.

Design/methodology/approach

Examines social responsibility information disclosure on the internet by Portuguese banks in 2004 and compares the internet and 2003 annual reports as disclosure media using content analysis.

Findings

Banks with a higher visibility among consumers seem to exhibit greater concern to improve the corporate image through social responsibility information disclosure. Results thus suggest that legitimacy theory may be an explanation of social responsibility disclosure by Portuguese banks.

Research limitations/implications

The sample is small, although it is constituted by all the relevant Portuguese banks.

Originality/value

Contributes to the scarce literature on social responsibility disclosure by financial institutions. A proxy for public visibility of banks which has not been previously used is proposed in this study.
Benefit sharing in inter‐organizational coordination
Authors: Jain Karuna , Nagar Lokesh , Srivastava Vivek
Published: September 2006

Purpose

To develop an EOQ based model to quantify the benefit accrue due to coordination for the one supplier and n retailer supply chain system and concept to share the benefits derived from coordination.

Design/methodology/approach

An intensive literature review has been done in the area of supply chain coordination covering both marketing and operational perspective. The analysis of literature has shown that models to quantify the benefits for supply chains consisting of a single supplier who supplies a product to multiple heterogeneous buyers are very limited. To fill this critical research gap the benefit sharing mechanism is derived based on optimal order quantity of the supply chain system.

Findings

This paper demonstrates the benefits of coordination to the supply chain system in terms of cost saving and generating the surplus money. It also suggests a way to find the range of prices to facilitated coordination. Under the developed pricing policy, no partner after coordination had to bear a loss. So in that sense we can say that the benefits of coordination are distributed to all the partners.

Practical implications

The proposed model for benefit sharing protects the interest of all supply chain partners and hence will be profitable to all. The pricing scheme suggested will motivate retailers to increase ordering quantity per order, thereby reducing the joint ordering and holding costs.

Originality/value

The paper is unique in terms of quantifying and sharing the benefits of coordination for one supplier – multi heterogeneous buyer supply chain system.
Skill requirements for logistics license in Taiwan
Authors: Jim Wu Yen‐Chun
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the key logistics related skills required at the various levels of management logistics from the licensing certification perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

This exploratory study utilizes the concept mapping methodology to combine the qualitative expert data with quantitative multivariate statistical analysis.

Findings

The research results suggest that certain components of logistics skills are more important than others depending on the level of management. Assessment format preferences also differ at each assessment level.

Research limitations/implications

This paper is not designed to produce a high level of precision in the output. Instead, this study is structured to explore the possibility of building a licensing/certification framework in Taiwan.

Practical implications

This study serves as a “blueprint” of the logistics certification program in Taiwan and provides a practical reference list for logistics‐related firms for the purpose of training and recruiting. Another implication is that the logistics certification program for the middle‐level logisticians deserves the highest priority over the operational and strategic levels.

Originality/value

This study offers an important first step to establishing an executable logistics licensing/certification program/system.
Outsourcing engineering commodity procurement
Authors: Parry Glenn , James‐Moore Mike , Graves Andrew
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and provide an insight into the benefits of outsourcing the procurement function for engineering commodity items.

Design/methodology/approach

Research into the literature presents the development of outsourcing procurement functions and this manuscript adds to the body of knowledge through introducing the outsourcing of engineering commodity procurement, illustrated with the case study example.

Findings

A US Aerospace Fortune 50 company has made savings by outsourcing the procurement of commodity engineering parts. This has occurred in two stages. Firstly the commodity procurement was locally outsourced and staff migrated to the service provider to whom commodity procurement was a core competence enabling them to offer cost savings. Secondly the back office and telephone service was moved to India, further reducing cost whilst enhancing the service through an increased headcount.

Originality/value

The paper provides the first example of the two stages of outsourcing engineering commodity procurement.
Do upstream actors in the food chain know end‐users' quality perceptions? Findings from the Norwegian salmon farming industry
Authors: Grundvåg Ottesen Geir
Published: September 2006

Purpose

To examine whether upstream firms in the food chain are knowledgeable about end‐users or consumers and to identify factors that might influence their acquisition of such knowledge.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross‐disciplinary approach is used to gain theoretical insights into the research questions. Consumer knowledge and influencing factors are revealed through an empirical study of producer and exporter firms in the Norwegian salmon farming industry. The study focuses on managerial knowledge of how consumers perceive the importance of the colour and texture of flesh and the fat content of salmon.

Findings

A relatively large proportion of the managers are not knowledgeable about consumers' quality perceptions. Closeness to consumers in the form of sales to the respective markets, or downstream location in the food chain, do not appear to improve knowledge. A differentiation strategy is not associated with more accurate consumer knowledge.

Research limitations/implications

The study focuses on knowledge of a limited aspect of consumers' quality evaluation only and important chain actors such as retailers were not included in the study. Upstream firms pursuing a quality‐based differentiation strategy must take into account the fact that not all consumers are willing to pay a price premium for high quality, and that those who do might use surrogate indicators to infer quality.

Originality/value

The paper addresses the important but little researched area of distribution of end‐user knowledge in the food chain. It investigates reasons why and when upstream actors will benefit from end‐user knowledge.
An investigation of competitive pricing among apparel retailers and brands
Authors: Fratto Genessa M. , Jones Michelle R. , Cassill Nancy L.
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to investigate competitive pricing strategies of apparel brands and retailers.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper begins with a broad discussion of competition by examining Porter's five forces model, and narrows by examining price competition within price tiers in the retail apparel industry according to store format and brands. Included are case studies of apparel retailers and brands incorporating concepts of pricing strategies, brand positioning, and price competition, with a focus on retail channel relationships. The paper analyzes the impact of price competition on apparel retailers and brands, and further examines price tiers as a competitive strategy.

Findings

The study reveals that the concept of price tiers is applicable to apparel retailers and brands. Price tiering is a vehicle for market positioning for the retail apparel industry. Retailers are enacting a price tier strategy by branding their retail store formats or engaging store brands as a vehicle of differentiation for a tier. Retailers and brands can be successful with a price tier strategy, unless they fail to differentiate between tiers on factors other than on price alone.

Research limitations/implications

The lack of relevant price competition literature, relating to the retailer apparel industry, forced the exploration of price competition literature from grocery and automotive sectors.

Originality/value

The paper provides useful information on the impact of price competition on apparel retailers and brands, and also price tiers as a competitive strategy.
Workaholism, organizational life and well‐being of Norwegian nursing staff
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Berge Matthiesen Stig , Pallesen Stale
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of individual difference personality characteristics (Big Five, generalized self‐efficacy), workaholism components and work life factors on measures of job satisfaction, burnout and health complaints.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were gathered from 496 nursing staff caring for terminally ill patients in five health care facilities in Norway using questionnaires.

Findings

Hierarchical regression analyses, controlling for personal demographic and work setting characteristics, indicated strong relationships of particular Big Five personality factors, workaholism components and work life factors with both job satisfaction and burnout; health complaints were only predicted by personality factors.

Practical implications

Future research must examine the generalizability of these findings to other samples in different countries. Implications for management and organizations are offered.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the understanding of personality factors to workaholics in work outcomes and well‐being.
Participation community crime prevention: who volunteers for police work?
Authors: Ren Ling , “Solomon” Zhao Jihong , Lovrich Nicholas P. , Gaffney Michael J.
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to identify the principal determinants associated with becoming a volunteer in crime prevention programs.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from citizen surveys in a medium sized city located in the West region of USA. The data contained 574 city residents and 264 volunteers. Binomial logistic regression analytical technique was employed to examine the relative contribution of three categories of explanatory variables – demographic background, neighborhood contextual factors, and political viewpoints – on becoming a police volunteer in community crime prevention.

Findings

The primary finding suggests that gender was a significant predictor of participation in police volunteer work. With respect to cognitive factors, the character of citizen perceptions of crime problems in their neighborhoods mattered considerably. Similarly, citizens' political orientation was another important variable among cognitive factors.

Research limitations/implications

Study findings are based on surveys of citizen perceptions of police programs from a single mid‐sized city. Results cannot be generalized to all US cities.

Originality/value

This study provides police administrators and academic scholars with research‐based information on several unanswered questions associated with participation in police volunteer work.
Relations between police and private security officers in South Korea
Authors: Nalla Mahesh K. , Hwang Eui‐Gab
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of the working relationship between police officers and private security officers in South Korea. More specifically, this study examines how police officers and security personnel perceive the working relationships between the two organizations, their attitudes on the professionalism of security personnel, their views of ways to improve the working relationship, and their perceptions of the future of public and private police relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

Similar to the experience of many developed and developing economies, South Korea has experienced a significant increase in the number of private security personnel employed in the last three decades relative to the employment data on law enforcement officers. To reveal the nature of the working relationship between the two groups, this study utilized a recent survey of 258 police officers and 134 private security officers in South Korea.

Findings

While both law enforcement and private security officers were positive about their relationship with each other, security officers are more optimistic about achieving improvements in police/security relationships. Further, the findings also reveal that both police officers and security professionals believe that the other group could do more to encourage a positive working relationship.

Research limitations/implications

While this research has made modest inroads into assessing the views of street level bureaucrats, further research is also needed to assess the extent to which the administrators of both public and private police organizations consider each other viable partners in addressing citizens' safety concerns.

Practical implications

The level of optimism and support among private security personnel concerning the role of security is greater than that of police officers, which indicated that the police could do more to improve the relationship between the two.

Originality/value

Empirical research on the nature of the relationship between the public and the private professionals in a South Korean context enabled investigation into the aspects inherent to developing countries.
Police officers involved in a manhunt of a mass murder
Authors: Karlsson Ingemar , Christianson Sven Å.
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The focus of the present study was on police officers reactions to and memories of a manhunt after a shooting incident. Emotional impact and memories of these events are discussed in relation to time elapsed, support from co‐workers, supervisors and professional debriefing.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 11 police officers responding to a mass shooting carried out by a young offender resulting in seven dead civilians were asked to describe the event ten months after the event, five years after the event, and again nine years after the event.

Findings

All police officers reported having vivid memories of the mass shooting incident, and visual and auditory memories of the event were best retained, although a decline was observed nine years after the incident. Regarding working through the traumatic experience, the police officers had not been offered professional help in connection with the mass shooting incident.

Research limitations/implications

Owing to the fact that police officers in the present study answered the survey anonymously, it was not possible to work out repeated measures statistics for these memories over time.

Practical implications

Knowing that the psychological distress due to exposure to a traumatic event may be long lasting, it is crucial that police organizations consider time as an important factor in working through these experiences.

Originality/value

Research on emotion and memory is highly relevant to the work of police officers and to the legal system.
From transitional to radical knowledge‐based development
Authors: Carrillo Francisco Javier
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to introduce the 2006 annual special issue on knowledge‐based development, focusing on the progress of this emerging field and on the direction it seems to be taking.

Design/methodology/approach

From this viewpoint, a brief outline of the volume contributions is provided.

Findings

A number of characteristics of the contributions along this and the two preceding special issues are identified: multidisciplinarity, theoretical and methodological variety, systems approach, empirical bases and particularly a growing strategic perspective.

Originality/value

This volume may contribute to stimulate further research into the full potential of knowledge‐based social value systems
Intellectual capital within Iberian municipalities (network)
Authors: Bañegil Palacios Tomás M. , Sanguino Galván Ramón
Published: September 2006

Purpose

This article seeks to study the implementation of an intellectual capital model in a network of cities.

Design/methodology/approach

This article provides a case study consisting of 25 key development institutions from six different border cities in Spain and Portugal.

Findings

Using the SWOT methodology, a set of strategic criteria was established to guide local authority decision making. An internet‐based technology platform, with a registered brand, has been set up and is currently functioning (www.redkognopolis.org). One of the main findings of the case concerns the use of key organizations. Certain aspects have been identified which need to be improved in the future.

Research limitations/implications

Although the interpretations offered are plausible in the context of the case studies, it may not be correct to generalize to other situations.

Originality/value

The proposal has introduced several innovative elements: it is a network, where the city entities work together by sharing knowledge; it consists of small cities; and it involves cross‐border interaction among Spanish and Portuguese regions. Formulas have been found to increase cooperation.
Learning conversations: knowledge, meanings and learning networks in Greater Manchester
Authors: Garcia Blanca C.
Published: September 2006

Purpose

This article advances some reflections on learning and knowledge‐sharing strategies within a social learning context in a potential knowledge city (KC).

Design/methodology/approach

For this purpose a reflective sense‐making research exercise has been accounted, aiming to take a closer look at the societal tissue configurations in the Greater Manchester city‐region. An unambiguous emphasis on learning conversations is advanced, conveying the underlying KBD assumptions that only shared knowledge amongst knowledge citizens contributes to the city's system of capitals; and that learning is thus collective, constructive and conversational. Following this approach, the article interprets the KC emergence of the Manchester city‐region as a complex collage of interconnected knowledge moments intrinsically linked to collective learning experiences and thus profoundly conversational.

Findings

Such an approach has drawn forth implications for the role of knowledge moments in this city's knowledge‐based emerging development as a KC. By bringing dialogues, thoughts and conversations to the research surface, new insights on the theoretical relationships between knowledge, learning and conversations have started to emerge. By giving an account of how knowledge citizens witness, create and foster shared key knowledge moments, this article has sought to comprehend Manchester's knowledge city initiative as a conversing city.

Originality/value

This article advances some reflections on learning and knowledge‐sharing strategies within a social learning context in a potential knowledge city.
Culture, cognition and knowledge‐based development
Authors: Raza Ahmad , Rashid Kausar A. , Paul David
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical critique of the concept of the knowledge‐based development.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross‐disciplinary critique is discussed.

Findings

Provides cross‐disciplinary analysis and critique of the concept of the knowledge‐based development.

Originality/value

This paper provides a deeper analysis of the knowledge‐based development and proposes a broadening of the current paradigm on the economic development by integrating psychological and anthropological points‐of‐view.
An introduction to the Enterprise Risk Scorecard
Authors: Calandro Joseph , Lane Scott
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of an Enterprise Risk Scorecard.

Design/methodology/approach

With the accelerating growth in global risk levels leading to an intense current demand for risk management solutions, an analysis was conducted on whether a scorecard framework could be applied to risk measurement. This analysis included a survey of Kaplan and Norton's voluminous and seminal writings on the Balanced Scorecard, in which, surprisingly, relatively little on the measurement of risk was found.

Findings

The findings suggest that a scorecard framework could be an effective risk measurement, management and communication tool. For both design and organizational reasons it is recommended that risk scorecards be separate from performance scorecards.

Research limitations/implications

Utilizing two scorecards – one for performance and a separate one for risk – could provide strategy‐focused organizations with a more comprehensive diagnostic control system. The research implications of this approach could be significant, as it essentially opens up a new field of research.

Originality/value

This is assumed to be the first formal paper on risk and a scorecard framework. Previous work on integrating risk measurement frameworks is very different from the approach proposed here.
Intellectual capital disclosure (ICD)
Authors: Bozzolan Saverio , O'Regan Philip , Ricceri Federica
Published: September 2006

Purpose

To explore the hypothesis that differences in intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) practices can be explained, if in part, by industrial sector (traditional; knowledge intensive) and nationality of origin (Italy; UK).

Design/methodology/approach

Content analysis of the annual reports of two reasonably matched samples of both high‐technology and traditional non‐financial firms in Italy and the UK. Univariate and multivariate analyses are then used to test the hypothesis proposed.

Findings

Size and industrial sector are found to be predictors of levels of ICD; the hypothesis relating nationality of origin to ICD is not supported.

Research limitations/implications

The main limitation relates to sample size due to the onerous nature of this form of research. Further research following this matched‐sample methodology should attempt to maximise sample sizes allowing for the incorporation of more specific nationally of origin factors.

Practical implications

Owing to the increasing importance of intangibles and intellectual capital, how these are reported is of interest to a large range of stakeholders. There is, as yet, no universally accepted form, or indeed regulation, of ICD.

Originality/value

The matched‐sample methodology on international ICD comparison expands on extant approaches.
Rumour, migrants, and the informal economies of Naples, Italy
Authors: Harney Nicholas
Published: September 2006

Purpose

This paper aims to consider the use of rumour by Bangladeshi migrant entrepreneurs in Naples, Italy to comment on informal economic practices and migrant moral hierarchies present in that city.

Design/methodology/approach

It is based on ethnographic fieldwork among migrants conducted by the author in the Naples region in 2004 and 2005. Rumour has been interpreted by some scholars as a way to promote community cohesion and by others to promote the self‐interest of those circulating it.

Findings

In this paper, rumour is seen as a communicative device that offers information or news for evaluation and is a central means of distributing information in all economies. Here, migrants use the information circulating in rumours to interpret their migratory chances in Italy in general and, more specifically, entrepreneurial conditions available to those engaged in informal economic activities in the Neapolitan economy. These rumours travel beyond a circumscribed racialised group to have purchase in wider social fields. In this case, as subjective representations of economic behaviour, these rumours offer models for entrepreneurial activities to be admired, mimicked, condemned, or avoided.

Originality/value

This ethnographic material suggests that greater attention should be paid to how subjective understandings spur social action as reflected here through the use of rumours as a kind of knowledge to be assessed and interpreted to form the basis of decisions about economic behaviour among Bangladeshi migrants in Naples.
Innovative characteristics of small manufacturing firms
Authors: Laforet Sylvie , Tann Jennifer
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is two‐fold: one, to focus on a specific industry – the manufacturing industry. In response to recent criticisms research in small to medium‐sized enterprises (SME) is not sector/industry‐specific, consequently the advice for these companies was too general and not of any particular help. Two, the research addresses innovation management in terms of the interrelationship among the three elements of a business: product, process and ways of working, which were often explored in isolation in the literature. Similarly, a definition of innovation was established and a systematic approach to company innovativeness was adopted.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey of 1000 West‐Midlands‐based manufacturing SMEs (SMMEs) was conducted. Ten indicators were used to measure company innovativeness. The top 20 per cent firms were compared with bottom 80 per cent firms in terms of product innovation management, process and work organisation. Means of responses were compared for two sets of companies. T‐tests were performed to draw some conclusions on the results. Discriminant analysis was used to determine the factors distinguishing more and less innovative companies.

Findings

The results showed SMEs in the manufacturing industry are similar to SMEs in other industries. The drivers of SMME innovativeness were: market anticipation, customer focus and commitment of CEO/owners in NPD, processes and new ways of working. Innovation was part of the business strategy and goal‐oriented. However, innovation in SMME was based more around developing new ways of working than new product innovations. The use of systems/technology and process innovation was not uniform amongst more and less innovative companies. The main constraints of SMMEs were customer dependency, skills and knowledge acquisition through training, poor learning attitude and networking because of their tradition of being insular and autonomous.

Originality/value

The paper provides useful information on innovation management in small manufacturing firms.
Small firm‐large firm experiences in managing NPD projects
Authors: Ledwith Ann , Richardson Ita , Sheahan Ann
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this research paper is to present a modified framework for the waves of change of new product development of McGrath.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative study of new product development (NPD) in four electronic firms (two small indigenous/two large multinational) was conducted. In‐depth interviews were held with employees, including the founding entrepreneur in each of the small firms.

Findings

Analysis of strategic, organisational and development factors shows that firms face different challenges during their NPD process – some related to size. Also, as firms grow, NPD learning may be lost.

Research limitations/implications

The research findings are stated as a result of four cases studies – two in large firms and two in small firms. Further research will establish the generalisability of these findings.

Practical implications

The electronics industry is renowned for its aggressive competitive environment where successful entrepreneurs continuously innovate product and process development. The framework presented will be of use to entrepreneurs who focus on NPD.

Originality/vlaue

A modified version of McGrath's framework, showing separate categories for small and large firms, is presented. These modifications recognise that there are differences between NPD in small and NPD in large firms.