bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bridging Action Frames: Instagram Infographics in U.S. Ethnic Movements
Authors: Kaviani Darya , Salehi Niloufar
Published: April 2022

Instagram infographics are a digital activism tool that have redefined action frames for technology-facilitated social movements. From the 1960s through the 1980s, United States ethnic movements practiced collective action: ideologically unified, resource-intensive activism. Researchers have argued that modern technologically mediated movements, in contrast, practice connective action: individualized, low-resource online activism. We argue that Instagram infographics are both connective and collective. We conducted a qualitative interview study juxtaposing the insights of past and present U.S. ethnic movement activists and analyzed Black Lives Matter Instagram data over the course of 7 years (2014-2020). We find that Instagram infographic activism bridges connective and collective action in three ways: (1) Scope for Education: Visually enticing and digestible infographics reduce the friction of information dissemination, facilitating collective movement education while preserving customizability. (2) Reconciliation for Credibility: Activists use connective features to combat infographic misinformation and resolve internal differences, creating a trusted collective movement front. (3) High-Resource Efforts for Transformative Change: Instagram infographic activism has been paired with boots on the ground and action-oriented content, curating a connective-to-collective pipeline that expends movement resources. Our work unveils the vitality of evaluating digital activism action frames at the movement integration level, exemplifies the powerful coexistence of connective and collective action, and offers design implications for activists seeking to leverage this novel tool.
Comparing the Perceived Legitimacy of Content Moderation Processes: Contractors, Algorithms, Expert Panels, and Digital Juries
Authors: Pan Christina A. , Yakhmi Sahil , Iyer Tara P. , Strasnick Evan , Zhang Amy X. , Bernstein Michael S.
Published: April 2022

While research continues to investigate and improve the accuracy, fairness, and normative appropriateness of content moderation processes on large social media platforms, even the best process cannot be effective if users reject its authority as illegitimate. We present a survey experiment comparing the perceived institutional legitimacy of four popular content moderation processes. We conducted a within-subjects experiment in which we showed US Facebook users moderation decisions and randomized the description of whether those decisions were made by paid contractors, algorithms, expert panels, or juries of users. Prior work suggests that juries will have the highest perceived legitimacy due to the benefits of judicial independence and democratic representation. However, expert panels had greater perceived legitimacy than algorithms or juries. Moreover, outcome alignment -agreement with the decision - played a larger role than process in determining perceived legitimacy. These results suggest benefits to incorporating expert oversight in content moderation and underscore that any process will face legitimacy challenges derived from disagreement about outcomes.
Facilitating Global Team Meetings Between Language-Based Subgroups: When and How Can Machine Translation Help?
Authors: Zhang Yongle , Asamoah Owusu Dennis , Carpuat Marine , Gao Ge
Published: April 2022

Global teams frequently consist of language-based subgroups who put together complementary information to achieve common goals. Previous research outlines a two-step work communication flow in these teams. There are team meetings using a required common language (i.e., English); in preparation for those meetings, people have subgroup conversations in their native languages. Work communication at team meetings is often less effective than in subgroup conversations. In the current study, we investigate the idea of leveraging machine translation (MT) to facilitate global team meetings. We hypothesize that exchanging subgroup conversation logs before a team meeting offers contextual information that benefits teamwork at the meeting. MT can translate these logs, which enables comprehension at a low cost. To test our hypothesis, we conducted a between-subjects experiment where twenty quartets of participants performed a personnel selection task. Each quartet included two English native speakers (NS) and two non-native speakers (NNS) whose native language was Mandarin. All participants began the task with subgroup conversations in their native languages, then proceeded to team meetings in English. We manipulated the exchange of subgroup conversation logs prior to team meetings: with MT-mediated exchanges versus without. Analysis of participants' subjective experience, task performance, and depth of discussions as reflected through their conversational moves jointly indicates that team meeting quality improved when there were MT-mediated exchanges of subgroup conversation logs as opposed to no exchanges. We conclude with reflections on when and how MT could be applied to enhance global teamwork across a language barrier.
Home-Life and Work Rhythm Diversity in Distributed Teamwork: A Study with Information Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Breideband Thomas , Talkad Sukumar Poorna , Mark Gloria , Caruso Megan , D'Mello Sidney , Striegel Aaron D.
Published: April 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of previously co-located information workers had to work from home, a trend expected to become much more commonplace in the future. We interviewed 53 information workers from 17 U.S. teams to understand how this unique extended work-from-home setting influenced teamwork and how they adapted to it. Using a grounded theory approach, we discovered that extended remote work highlighted diversity in team members' home-lives and daily work rhythms. Whereas these types of diversity played only marginal roles for teams in the co-located office, they had a more tangible impact in the work-from-home setting, from coordination delays and interruptions to conflicts related to workload fairness, miscommunication, and trust. Importantly, workers reported that their teams adapted to these challenges by setting explicit norms and standards for online communication and asynchronous collaboration and by promoting general social and situational awareness. We discuss computer-supported designs to help teams manage these latent diversities in an extended remote teamwork setting.
People Talk in Stories. Responders Talk in Data: A Framework for Temporal Sensemaking in Time- and Safety-critical Work
Authors: Norris Wendy , Voida Amy , Voida Stephen
Published: April 2022

Global crowdsourcing teams who conduct humanitarian response use temporal narratives as a sensemaking device when time is a critical element of the data story. In dynamic situations in which the flow of online information is rapid, fluid, and disordered, the process of how distributed teams construct a temporal narrative is not well understood nor well supported by information and communication technologies (ICTs). Here, we examine an intense need for temporal sensemaking: time- and safety-critical information work during the 2017 Hurricane Maria crisis response in Puerto Rico. Our analysis of semi-structured interviews reveals how members of a global digital humanitarian group, The Standby Task Force (SBTF), use a process of triage, evaluation, negotiation, and synchronization to construct collective temporal narratives in their high-tempo, distributed information work. Informed by these empirical insights, we reflect on the design implications for cloud-based, collaborative ICTs used in time- and safety-critical remote work.
Perceptions of Diversity in Electronic Music: the Impact of Listener, Artist, and Track Characteristics
Authors: Porcaro Lorenzo , Gómez Emilia , Castillo Carlos
Published: April 2022

Shared practices to assess the diversity of retrieval system results are still debated in the Information Retrieval community, partly because of the challenges of determining what diversity means in specific scenarios, and of understanding how diversity is perceived by end-users. The field of Music Information Retrieval is not exempt from this issue. Even if fields such as Musicology or Sociology of Music have a long tradition in questioning the representation and the impact of diversity in cultural environments, such knowledge has not been yet embedded into the design and development of music technologies. In this paper, focusing on electronic music, we investigate the characteristics of listeners, artists, and tracks that are influential in the perception of diversity. Specifically, we center our attention on 1) understanding the relationship between perceived diversity and computational methods to measure diversity, and 2) analyzing how listeners' domain knowledge and familiarity influence such perceived diversity. To accomplish this, we design a user-study in which listeners are asked to compare pairs of lists of tracks and artists, and to select the most diverse list from each pair. We compare participants' ratings with results obtained through computational models built using audio tracks' features and artist attributes. We find that such models are generally aligned with participants' choices when most of them agree that one list is more diverse than the other, while they present a mixed behaviour in cases where participants have little agreement. Moreover, we observe how differences in domain knowledge, familiarity, and demographics can influence the level of agreement among listeners, and between listeners and diversity metrics computed automatically.
Reshaping the Smart Home Research and Development in the Pandemic Era: Considerations around Scalable and Easy-to-Install Design
Authors: Son Heesuk , Lee Chaiwoo , FakhrHosseini Shabnam , Lee Shenghung , Coughlin Joseph F. , Rudnik John
Published: April 2022

Smart home research has traditionally included visiting participants' homes to build testbed environments and evaluate their experience. However, in-person home deployment poses limitations around scalability and is not a feasible method in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The smart home research community is now facing the need to reshape and innovate research methods and design approaches. This study introduces a scalable smart home platform prototype that demonstrates possible solutions to address issues and limitations posed by the pandemic, such as improving package design, enabling user-driven installation, and facilitating remote evaluation and maintenance. The prototype uses off-the-shelf products with specially designed packaging to ensure interoperability as well as ease of shipping and installation. In this study, the prototype kits were shipped to participants' homes to understand and evaluate user perceptions and experiences around installation and initial use. Responses to a post-installation questionnaire and remote monitoring of system status showed that the participants easily completed their self-installation of the prototype without any on-site support. The study also showed potential for a scenario-based evaluation of the prototype using a remote, contactless research procedure.
Separating Polarization from Noise: Comparison and Normalization of Structural Polarization Measures
Authors: Salloum Ali , Chen Ted Hsuan Yun , Kivelä Mikko
Published: April 2022

Quantifying the amount of polarization is crucial for understanding and studying political polarization in political and social systems. Several methods are used commonly to measure polarization in social networks by purely inspecting their structure. We analyse eight of such methods and show that all of them yield high polarization scores even for random networks with similar density and degree distributions to typical real-world networks. Further, some of the methods are sensitive to degree distributions and relative sizes of the polarized groups. We propose normalization to the existing scores and a minimal set of tests that a score should pass in order for it to be suitable for separating polarized networks from random noise. The performance of the scores increased by 38%-220% after normalization in a classification task of 203 networks. Further, we find that the choice of method is not as important as normalization, after which most of the methods have better performance than the best-performing method before normalization. This work opens up the possibility to critically assess and compare the features and performance of different methods for measuring structural polarization.
Social Debunking of Misinformation on WhatsApp: The Case for Strong and In-group Ties
Authors: Pasquetto Irene V. , Jahani Eaman , Atreja Shubham , Baum Matthew
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we argue that WhatsApp can play an important role in correcting misinformation. We show how specific WhatsApp affordances (flexibility in format and audience selection) and existing social capital (prevalence of strong ties; homophily in political groups) can be leveraged to maximize the re-sharing of debunking messages, such as those accessed by WhatsApp users via ChatBots and Tip-Lines. Debunking messages received in the format of audio files generated more interest and were more effective in correcting beliefs than text- or image-based messages. In addition, we found clear evidence that users re-share debunks at higher rates when they received them from people close to them (strong ties), from individuals who generally agree with them politically (in-group members), or when both conditions are met. We suggest that WhatsApp leverages our findings to maximize the re-share of those fact-checks that are already circulating on the platform by using the existing social capital in the network, unlocking the potential for such debunks to reach a larger audience on WhatsApp.
The Invisible Labor of Access in Academic Writing Practices: A Case Analysis with Dyslexic Adults
Authors: Wang Emily Q. , Piper Anne Marie
Published: April 2022

Writing is the currency of academia. Although technology-mediated writing has been studied extensively in CSCW, we know little about how writing practices unfold with disabled people, such as dyslexic writers whose neurodivergence shapes how they process language. Our qualitative analysis reveals how dyslexic professionals simultaneously identify how editing tools break down on academic language; develop workarounds that re-appropriate other tools as language sources; cultivate ad-hoc collaborations to compensate for technology's limitations; and navigate culturally ingrained ableist expectations for writing. We discuss how dyslexic writers' experiences with shouldering invisible work to participate in academic writing processes indicates that current tools and services do not support their needs. We then draw on our findings to inform design opportunities to make writing processes more accessible through changes to writing tools, institutional services, and peer review practices.
The Moral Orders of Matchmaking Work: Digitization of Matrimonial Services and the Future of Work
Authors: Lalvani Simiran , Pal Joyojeet
Published: April 2022

The digitization of matrimonial matchmaking has implications for work but also subjective notions of family, femininity, parent-child relations, community boundaries which this work relies on. This paper is based on qualitative, ethnographic fieldwork with matchmakers working with middle-class, upper-caste Hindu and Parsi communities in metropolitan India and offering services alongside, or as an alternative to the now widely used online matrimonial services. Through our fieldwork, we found all matchmakers engaged with digital technologies' involvement in the ongoing churn around modern choice. Matchmakers engaged with this wider social discourse through ideas of trust, autonomy and genealogy and in doing so they responded to and re/produced varying imaginations of the future of families, community, individuals. Our findings contribute to an understanding of the digitization of a service as well as make a case for widening the conceptual scope of the future of work debate currently dominated by economistic conceptions of work. By paying attention to the links between the productive and reproductive spheres of life, we follow labor and capital into the families and communities they reside in order to see the variety of moral projects capital can be invested in.
The Reintegration Journey Following a Psychiatric Hospitalization: Examining the Role of Social Technologies
Authors: Ernala Sindhu Kiranmai , Seybolt Jordyn , Yoo Dong Whi , Birnbaum Michael L. , Kane John M. , De Choudhury Munmun
Published: April 2022

For people diagnosed with mental health conditions, psychiatric hospitalization is a major life transition, involving clinical treatment, crisis stabilization and loss of access of social networks and technology. The period after hospitalization involves not only management of the condition and clinical recovery but also re-establishing social connections and getting back to social and vocational roles for successful reintegration ? a significant portion of which is mediated by social technology. However, little is known about how people get back to social lives after psychiatric hospitalization and the role social technology plays during the reintegration process. We address this gap through an interview study with 19 individuals who experienced psychiatric hospitalization in the recent past. Our findings shed light on how people's offline and online social lives are deeply intertwined with management of the mental health condition after hospitalization. We find that social technology supports reintegration journeys after hospitalization as well as presents certain obstacles. We discuss the role of social technology in significant life transitions such as reintegration and conclude with implications for social computing research, platform design and clinical care.
The Relationship between Co-Creative Dialogue and High School Learners' Satisfaction with their Collaborator in Computational Music Remixing
Authors: Katuka Gloria Ashiya , Webber Alexander R. , Wiggins Joseph B. , Boyer Kristy Elizabeth , Magerko Brian , McKlin Tom , Freeman Jason
Published: April 2022

Co-creative proccesses between people can be characterized by rich dialogue that carries each person's ideas into the collaborative space. When people co-create an artifact that is both technical and aesthetic, their dialogue reflects the interplay between these two dimensions. However, the dialogue mechanisms that express this interplay and the extent to which they are related to outcomes, such as peer satisfaction, are not well understood. This paper reports on a study of 68 high school learner dyads' textual dialogues as they create music by writing code together in a digital learning environment for musical remixing. We report on a novel dialogue taxonomy built to capture the technical and aesthetic dimensions of learners' collaborative dialogues. We identified dialogue act n-grams (sequences of length 1, 2, or 3) that are present within the corpus and discovered five significant n-gram predictors for whether a learner felt satisfied with their partner during the collaboration. The learner was more likely to report higher satisfaction with their partner when the learner frequently acknowledges their partner, exchanges positive feedback with their partner, and their partner proposes an idea and elaborates on the idea. In contrast, the learner is more likely to report lower satisfaction with their partner when the learner frequently accepts back-to-back proposals from their partner and when the partner responds to the learner's statements with positive feedback. This work advances understanding of collaborative dialogue within co-creative domains and suggests dialogue strategies that may be helpful to foster co-creativity as learners collaborate to produce a creative artifact. The findings also suggest important areas of focus for intelligent or adaptive systems that aim to support learners during the co-creative process.
Understanding Cross-lingual Pragmatic Misunderstandings in Email Communication
Authors: Lim Hajin , Cosley Dan , Fussell Susan R.
Published: April 2022

Communication tools such as email facilitate communication and collaboration between speakers of different languages, who use two primary strategies-English as a common language and machine translation (MT) tools-to help them overcome language barriers. However, each of these communication strategies creates its own challenges for cross-lingual communication. In this paper, we compare how people's interpretations of an email sender's social intention, and their evaluation of the email and the senders, differ when using a common language versus MT in email communication. We conducted an online experiment in which monolingual native English speakers read and rated request emails written by native English speakers, emails written by bilingual Chinese speakers in English, and emails written in Chinese then machine-translated into English. We found that participants interpreted the social intentions of the email sender less accurately for machine-translated emails than for emails written by non-native speakers in English. Participants also rated the senders and emails less positively overall for machine-translated emails compared to emails written by non-native speakers in English. Based on these findings, we suggest design possibilities that could better aid multilingual communication.
The Elusive Explanation for the Declining Labor Share
Authors: Grossman Gene M. , Oberfield Ezra
Published: April 2022

A vast literature seeks to measure and explain the apparent decline in the labor share in national income that has occurred in recent times in the United States and elsewhere. The culprits include technological change, increased globalization and the rise of China, the enhanced exercise of market power by large firms in concentrated product markets, the decline in unionization rates and the erosion in the bargaining power of workers in labor markets, and the changing composition of the workforce due to a slowdown in population growth and a rise in educational attaintment. We review this literature, with special emphasis on the pitfalls associated with using cross-sectional data to assess this phenomenon and the reasons why the body of papers collectively explains the phenomenon many times over.
The Phloem as an Arena for Plant Pathogens
Authors: Lewis Jennifer D. , Knoblauch Michael , Turgeon Robert
Published: April 2022

Although the phloem is a highly specialized tissue, certain pathogens, including phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and viruses, have evolved to access and live in this sequestered and protected environment, causing substantial economic harm. In particular, Candidatus Liberibacter spp. are devastating citrus in many parts of the world. Given that most phloem pathogens are vectored, they are not exposed to applied chemicals and are therefore difficult to control. Furthermore, pathogens use the phloem network to escape mounted defenses. Our review summarizes the current knowledge of phloem anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry relevant to phloem/pathogen interactions. We focus on aspects of anatomy specific to pathogen movement, including sieve plate structure and phloem-specific proteins. Phloem sampling techniques are discussed. Finally, pathogens that cause particular harm to the phloem of crop species are considered in detail.
Photodetectors with Buckminsterfullerene Decorated WSe2
Authors: Jayanand Kishan , Kaul Anupama B.
Published: April 2022

In this work, we have studied the interactions of van der Waals (vdWs) hybrid structures composed of two-dimensional tungsten diselenide (WSe2) with zero-dimensional buckminsterfullerene (C60) spheres. The organic-inorganic vdWs heterostructure was fabricated using the spin coated dispersion of C60 over monolayer WSe2 crystallites. The morphology of the spin coated C60 on the surface of monolayer (1L) WSe2 was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to reveal the

p

-type doping of WSe2 by the C60 molecules. Photodetector devices were then fabricated with Ti-contacted electrodes and the photodetector figures of merit for WSe2 and C60-WSe2 hybrids were examined as a function of illumination power and incoming wavelength which showed the C60 decoration of 1L-WSe2 provides an improvement in device performance. Furthermore, the temporal response of the devices was analyzed which showed a reduction in response times by more than two times for the hybrid system. Our results indicate that the C60-WSe2 vdWs hybrid heterostructure appears to be an attractive architecture for enabling charge transfer and high performance photodetection capabilities.
Solid Gel Electrolytes with Highly Concentrated Liquid Electrolyte in Polymer Networks and Their Physical and Electrochemical Properties and Application to Sodium Secondary Batteries
Authors: Yokomaku Yuji , Hiraoka Koji , Inaba Kohei , Seki Shiro
Published: April 2022

Gel polymer electrolytes consisting of sulfolane (SL)-NaN(SO2CF3)2 liquid electrolyte and a polyether-based host polymer were prepared, and their physicochemical and electrochemical properties were investigated. The prepared gel electrolytes generally exhibited high thermal stability regardless of the NaN(SO2CF3)2 concentrations. The glass transition temperature decreased with the NaN(SO2CF3)2 concentration owing to the strong interaction between SL and Na+. The ionic conductivities of all gel polymer electrolytes were higher than 10−4 S cm−1 at 303.15 K as a result of the plasticizer effect of SL. Although a relatively large interfacial resistance of the electrolyte/Na metal electrode was observed owing to the high reactivity of the SL-NaN(SO2CF3)2 electrolyte, the fabricated [Na metal negative electrode∣gel polymer electrolyte∣sulfur-modified polyacrylonitrile positive electrode] cell, i.e., the Na-S battery, achieved reversible charge-discharge operation at 333 K and demonstrated its potential to serve as an electric power storage system capable of low-temperature operation.
SP3 Hybridized Carbon Atom Dependent Redox Activity and Charge Storage of Quinonoid Main Chain Polymers
Authors: Chola Noufal Merukan , Nagarale Rajaram K.
Published: April 2022

Uncontrolled stereochemical flipping of the substituents indirectly affects the redox chemistry of benzoquinone. With this assumption, herein we prepared three different polymers, quinone rings directly bonded (DHBP), quinone rings boned through a methylene bridge (DHB), and phenyl rings substituted methylene bridge (DADC). The substitution of phenyl ring generates the stereo-centered sp3 hybridized carbon center which inhibits ring flipping and uncontrolled stereochemistry. It also affects the electrochemical properties and charge storage ability of the polymer. The polymer with a stereo-centered carbon center (DADC) exhibited 245.4 mAhg−1 specific capacity at 100 mAg−1 current density in an aqueous zinc ion battery. It is far better than the polymers without the stereo-centered polymer, even it is better than the reported quinone cathodes. The outperformance in the charge storage ability was explained in detail based on the stabilization of quinonoid radicals and/or quinonoid anions by the stereochemically restricted carbon center with a bulky phenyl group. The cycling stability was evaluated in galvanostatic charging/discharging over 3000 cycles at 100 mAg−1 current density. The specific capacity was found to be 250.1 mAhg−1 with 91.2% capacity retention and 89.6% coulombic efficiency suggesting the importance of stereo-centered carbon in designing new redox-active organic molecules for energy storage applications.
Facile Synthesis of N and P Co-Doped NiMoO4 Hollow Nanowires and Electrochemical Deposition of NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxide for Boosting Overall Seawater Splitting
Authors: Yang Ping , Ren Menglei , Jin Congcong , Xing Honglong
Published: April 2022

NiMoO4 (NM) nanowires coated on nickel foam (NF) were prepared by the facile hydrothermal method. After calcination at low temperature, the nitrogen and phosphorus were co-doped into bimetal NF@NM nanowires. The hollow nanowire structure could be obtained after low-temperature calcination and nonmetallic doping. The as-synthesized hollow NF@NiMoO4/N/P (NF@NM-NP) nanowires exhibit excellent hydrogen evolution reaction performance (with an overpotential of −164 mV at −100 mA cm−2) due to the existence of planar defects and the hollow structure. To further improve the catalytic activity in the oxygen evolution reaction, amorphous lamellar NiFe-layered double hydroxide (NiFe LDH) was deposited onto the NF@NM-NP nanowires via an electrochemical method to form core–shell NF@NM-NP@NiFe LDH, which deliver an overpotential of 218 mV at 100 mA cm−2. Furthermore, an asymmetric setup composed of NF@NM-NP hollow nanowires and core–shell NF@NM-NP@NiFe LDH electrode were fabricated for overall seawater splitting, which can deliver potentials of 1.46 and 1.70 V at current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2 in simulated alkaline seawater (1 M KOH and 0.5 M NaCl), respectively. This may provide an effective path for the formation of a green energy conversion system.
Conformal Pressure and Fast-Charging Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Cao Chuntian , Steinrück Hans-Georg , Paul Partha P. , Dunlop Alison R. , Trask Stephen E. , Jansen Andrew N. , Kasse Robert M. , Thampy Vivek , Yusuf Maha , Weker Johanna Nelson , Shyam Badri , Subbaraman Ram , Davis Kelly , Johnston Christina M. , Takacs Christopher J. , Toney Michael F.
Published: April 2022

Batteries capable of extreme fast-charging (XFC) are a necessity for the deployment of electric vehicles. Material properties of electrodes and electrolytes along with cell parameters such as stack pressure and temperature have coupled, synergistic, and sometimes deleterious effects on fast-charging performance. We develop a new experimental testbed that allows precise and conformal application of electrode stack pressure. We focus on cell capacity degradation using single-layer pouch cells with graphite anodes, LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532) cathodes, and carbonate-based electrolyte. In the tested range (10–125 psi), cells cycled at higher pressure show higher capacity and less capacity fading. Additionally, Li plating decreases with increasing pressure as observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical imaging. While the loss of Li inventory from Li plating is the largest contributor to capacity fade, electrochemical and SEM examination of the NMC cathodes after XFC experiments show increased secondary particle damage at lower pressure. We infer that the better performance at higher pressure is due to more homogeneous reactions of active materials across the electrode and less polarization through the electrode thickness. Our study emphasizes the importance of electrode stack pressure in XFC batteries and highlights its subtle role in cell conditions.
Pre-Lithiation Strategies and Energy Density Theory of Lithium-Ion and Beyond Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zheng Jim P. , Andrei Petru , Jin Liming , Zheng Junsheng , Zhang Cunman
Published: April 2022

Pre-lithiation is the most effective method to overcome the initial capacity loss of high-capacity electrodes and has the potential to be used in beyond-conventional lithium-ion batteries. In this article we focus on two types of pre-lithiation: the first type can be applied to batteries in which the cathode has been fully lithiated but the anode has a large initial capacity loss, such as batteries made with lithium metal oxide cathode and silicon-carbon anode. The second type can be applied to batteries in which both electrodes are initially lithium-free and suffer a loss of lithium during the initial cycles, such as batteries made with sulfurized-polyacrylonitrile cathode and silicon-carbon anode. We describe the pre-lithiation procedures and electrode potential profiles during pre-lithiation corresponding to different pre-lithiation sources for both types of pre-lithiation. We also derive formulas for the theoretical specific energy and energy density that are based entirely on measurable parameters such as specific capacities, porosities, mass densities of two electrodes and extra lithium source, Coulombic efficiencies of electrodes, and the voltage of the cell. These formulas can be applied to different pre-lithiation sources to predict the specific energy of conventional and beyond-conventional lithium-ion batteries as a function of the type of pre-lithiation.
Tuning Photophysical Properties of ZnO/TiO2 Nanocomposite Thin Films by Controlling Anatase Titania Content
Authors: Al-Asbahi Bandar Ali
Published: April 2022

The influence of the anatase titania nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) content on the structural and optical properties of ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposites (ZTNCs) was demonstrated. The solution blending method was employed to prepare the ZTNCs with various ratios prior to their deposition onto glass substrates to form thin films. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques revealed that the crystallite size, grain size, and particle size of each TiO2 and ZnO NPs are almost equal. In addition to these techniques, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evidenced the homogeneity distribution of the TiO2 within the ZnO NPs. The structural properties of the wurtzite ZnO NPs such as crystallite size, lattice strain, dislocation density, bond length (L) of Zn–O, energy density (u), lattice stress (L
S), Young’s modulus, and unit cell volume (V), can be tuned by incorporation of anatase TiO2 NPs in various content. Moreover, the optical properties of the wurtzite ZnO NPs such as absorbance, optical energy band gap (E
g), energy gap tail (E
u), steepness parameter (σ), and emission intensity can be tuned by incorporation of anatase TiO2 NPs in various contents. The E
g and σ of ZnO NPs were decreased to reach at 2.41 eV and 0.0051, respectively, whereas the E

u
was increased to 4.598 eV upon the increment content of TiO2 NPs.
Preparation and Assessment of Physicochemical Possessions, Solubility, and Antimicrobial Properties of Dental Prosthesis Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Curcumin Nanocrystals
Authors: Choukhachizadeh Moghaddam Sahar , Negahdari Ramin , Sharifi Simin , Maleki Dizaj Solmaz , Torab Ali , Rezaei Yashar
Published: April 2022

The physicochemical, antibacterial, and mechanical properties of the cement used in fixed dental prostheses show particular importance in the successful treatment. The objective of this in vitro study was to prepare glass ionomer cements (GIC) containing curcumin nanocrystals, as a sealant between the prepared tooth and crown. The prepared cements containing curcumin nanocrystals with concentration of 20% and 30% were evaluated by conventional physicochemical methods, and then, the effects of adding nanocrystals on the cement water solubility and sorption were measured. Finally, the antibacterial effects of the prepared cement were evaluated against three bacterial strains of Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The results showed that the solubility and sorption of both GIC containing curcumin nanocrystals did not change significantly compared with the control (p > 0.05). The cement containing 20% and 30% curcumin nanocrystals showed significant increase in antibacterial effect (p < 0.05). Considering the suitable physicochemical properties and worthy antibacterial result GIC containing curcumin nanocrystals, it seems that it can be a suitable restorative material.
Development of New Correlations and Parametric Optimization in Nanofluid Flow through Protruded Roughened Square Channel
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Gupta Gaurav , Tchier Fairouz , Xin Qin , Kumar Anil , Shami Faria Ahmed
Published: April 2022

This study discusses the optimization of heat-transfer parameters in nanofluid flow through a rough square surface channel including a protruded rib compound transverse pattern using response surface methodology (RSM). Flow and geometrical characteristics are optimized, resulting in optimal flow friction and heat transfer performances. The comparison of RSM’s estimated values to experimentally observed values was abandoned. The results demonstrate that the RSM-calculated values agree with the observed values and are within the 5.5 percent uncertainty limitations. Statistical correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor have been developed as functions of protrusion transverse rib height, protrusion transverse rib diameter, X-axis pitch, Y-axis pitch, and Reynolds number. These correlations have been found to predict the values within the error limits of ±8.9% and ±8.7%, respectively. On the basis of correlations developed for Nusselt number and friction factor, an attempt has been made to compare the thermohydraulic performance of protruded roughened square channel.
Complex‐Valued Migrativity of Complex Fuzzy Operations
Authors: Xu Yingying , Song Haifeng , Du Lei , Dai Songsong
Published: April 2022

Complex fuzzy sets (CFSs), as an important extension of fuzzy sets, have been investigated in the literature. Operators of CFSs are of high importance. In addition, α−migrativity for various fuzzy operations on [0, 1] has been well discussed, where α is a real number and α ∈ [0,1]. Thus, this paper studies α−migrativity for binary functions on the unit circle of the complex plane O, where α is a complex number and α ∈ O. In particular, we show that a binary function is α−migrativity for all α ∈ O if and only if it is α−migrativity for all , where is the boundary point subset of O. Finally, we discuss the relationship between migrativity and rotational invariance of binary operators on O.
Experimental Investigation of Sorghum Stalk and Sugarcane Bagasse Hybrid Composite for Particleboard
Authors: Adefris Legesse Addisalem , Desalegn Dawit , Selvaraj Senthil Kumaran , Paramasivam Velmurugan , Chadha Utkarsh
Published: April 2022

This study evaluated the physical-mechanical properties of three-layer particleboard made from sorghum stalk and sugarcane bagasse hybrid reinforced bonded with urea-formaldehyde resin. The production of particleboards using the sorghum and bagasse particles has been established at the ratio of (25 : 50 : 75) sorghum stalk and sugarcane bagasse with urea-formaldehyde as a matrix at different concentrations (50 kg/m3, 60 kg/m3, and 70 kg/m3) and pressing pressure (18 MPa, 20 MPa, and 22 MPa) through hand mixing from 3 to 5 minutes and then hot press within a temperature range of 160°C to 180°C for 4 minutes. The particleboards were produced with their proportions through the Taguchi design of the experiment (L9) approach. The experimental results were analyzed using Taguchi design and ANOVA with a general linear model. The experimental results showed that internal bonding, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and moisture content were significantly improved with high resin content and pressing pressure from 18 MPa to 22 MPa. The thickness swelling value also dropped where the resin concentration varies from 50 kg/m3 to 70 kg/m3 and shows better board stability. In contrast, the water absorption increased as resin content was increased. Results from ANOVA provide that SS3B1P3UFR3 (3 : 1 ratio of Sorghum with bagasse, 22 MPa of pressing load, and 70 kg/m3 urea-formaldehyde concentration) is the most optimal combination of variables for the better performance of particleboard.
Digital Image Analysis-Based Evaluation of Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 Delocalization in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and in Its Precancerous State
Authors: Xu Lina , Pan Yunlei , Tang Shunli , Bai Juan , Wu Yinhua , Qiao Jianjun , Fang Hong
Published: April 2022

Accumulating evidence has revealed that delocalization of the transmembrane proteins, Claudin-1 and Claudin-7, to the cytoplasm and/or nucleus occurs in various tumors. However, their subcellular distribution in terms of the membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus and relationship with signaling pathways have not been elucidated during carcinogenesis. We first determined the expression of these proteins in the membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus using ImageJ software and automatically collected the immunohistochemical quantification of dysplasia (actinic keratosis (AK)), carcinoma in situ (CIS; Bowen’s disease (BD)), and invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) for digital image analysis (DIA). The activity of p-ERK, p-AKT, and p-mTOR and their correlation with subcellular Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 were also performed. Finally, we validated Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 delocalization at the cytoplasm and nucleus in cultured human normal keratinocytes and cutaneous SCC cells. Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 were delocalized as revealed by membranous, cytoplasmic, and nuclear staining in sun-exposed skin, AK, BD, and SCC. In BD, both membranous and cytoplasmic Claudin-1 (nuclear Claudin-1 decrease but no significant difference) were higher than AK, while Claudin-7 almost had the opposite situation. In SCC, cytoplasmic and nuclear Claudin-1 (membranous Claudin-1 no significant difference) was lower than in AK and sun-exposed skin, while Claudin-7 had higher membranous and cytoplasmic but lower nuclear expression. Moreover, p-AKT and p-mTOR (but not p-ERK) were downregulated in the SCC. Subcellular Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 were not only correlated with each other, but also correlated with p-ERK in BD and p-AKT and p-mTOR in SCC. Together, these results imply the delocalization of Claudin-1 and Claudin-7 and their correlation with MAPK/ERK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathways in tumorigenesis and infiltration in cutaneous SCC.
Performance Evaluation of Hospital Economic Management with the Clustering Algorithm Oriented towards Electronic Health Management
Authors: Tian Tian , Deng Dixin
Published: April 2022

In order to study the clustering algorithm based on density grid, the performance evaluation index system of hospital economic management under the application of electronic health management system is constructed. Firstly, this work designs the basic architecture of electronic health management system, classifies and screens the process of index system of electronic health management system, compares the clustering algorithm based on density grid with the simple clustering algorithm based on density or grid, and then applies it to the performance evaluation index system of hospital economic management. According to the principle of Mitchell scoring method, the expert questionnaire of hospital economic management performance evaluation index system was designed, and Delphi method was used to evaluate the candidate indexes from the three dimensions of right, legitimacy, and urgency. The results show that, compared with simple network clustering algorithm and density clustering algorithm, the clustering algorithm based on density network produces higher purity (94% VS 73% VS 67%) and lower entropy (0.9 VS 1.4 VS 1.54), which effectively saves memory consumption, and the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05). The core indicators with scores above 4.5 in both dimensions include budget revenue implementation rate, budget expenditure implementation rate, implementation rate of special financial appropriation, asset-liability ratio, hospitalization income cost rate, medical insurance settlement rate, average cost of discharged patients, and drug proportion. The coefficient of variation of the first grade index is between 0.05 and 0.14 and that of the second grade index is between 0.05 and 0.15. Clustering algorithm based on density network has higher purity and lower entropy, which can effectively save memory consumption. The performance evaluation index system of hospital economic management finally determines 6 first-level indexes: budget management, financial fund management, cost management, medical expense management, medical efficiency, medical quality, and 25 second-level indexes.
Comparison of the Nutritional and Taste Characteristics of 5 Edible Fungus Powders Based on the Composition of Hydrolyzed Amino Acids and Free Amino Acids
Authors: Li Jian , Ma Junmei , Fan Sufang , Mi Shengquan , Zhang Yan
Published: April 2022

The nutritional characteristics and taste of some edible fungus powders were scientifically evaluated and compared. Five common edible fungus powders were used as test materials (Agrocybe chaxinggu edible fungus powder, Pleurotus citrinopileatus edible fungus powder, Flammulina velutipes edible fungus powder, Lentinus edodes edible fungus powder, and Hericium erinaceus edible fungus powder). The hydrolyzed amino acid and free amino acid content were measured by an automatic amino acid analyzer, and the ratios of hydrolyzed amino acid and free amino acid components and the taste characteristics of these eatables were systematically compared. The results showed that the total amount of hydrolyzed amino acids contained in the 5 edible fungus powders was between 2.583 and 14.656 g/100 g. The total amount of free amino acids contained in the 5 edible fungus powders was between 0.550 and 2.612 g/100 g. Comparative analysis of the mass fractions and composition of amino acids indicated that Pleurotus citrinopileatus edible fungus powder best met the ideal protein standard. The taste characteristics of protein were evaluated by calculating the taste active value (TAV) of taste-producing free amino acids. The most significant TAV values of the 5 edible fungus powders appeared in glutamic acid, and this amino acid is an umami amino acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that four principal components could reflect all the information on the free amino acids with a total cumulative variance contribution rate of 100%, and three principal components could reflect most of the information on the hydrolyzed amino acids with a total cumulative variance contribution rate of 99.143%, which could represent the main trends of free amino acids and hydrolyzed acids in edible fungus powder. The comprehensive evaluation model was established, and the comprehensive score indicated that Agrocybe chaxinggu edible fungus powder had the best comprehensive amino acid quality.
Cooperative Control of Interconnected Air Suspension Based on Energy Consumption Optimization
Authors: Geng Guoqing , Zeng Shuai , Sun Liqin , Li Zhongxing , Yu Wenhao
Published: April 2022

In this study, a cooperative control method based on model predictive control and multiagent theory is proposed to control an interconnected air suspension system with three controllable structures of interconnection mode, damping, and vehicle height. The model predictive controller is constructed based on a discrete-time state-space model. The optimal interval for suspension force is obtained through solving cost functions while satisfying a set of constraints on controlled variables and thereby reducing the coupling complexity of a multivariable control system. Deliberative agents are involved in building cost functions of interconnection mode, vehicle height adjustment, and damping force, and the energy consumption control strategy is established to realize suspension force distribution with low energy consumption. Finally, the test results show that the proposed control method can significantly improve vehicle ride comfort and restrain rollover on the premise of ensuring energy efficiency. Compared with traditional control, the peak value of the sprung mass acceleration speed decreases by 70% and the peak value of the unsprung mass acceleration speed decreases by 75% under straight-driving condition. The roll angle decreases by 40% under the steering condition. As for the traditional control, they are skyhook, imitation skyhook, and PID-PWM control strategies.