bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Emission Conversion Performance of Gasoline Particulate Filters Over Lifetime
Authors: Sterlepper Stefan , Claßen Johannes , Pischinger Stefan , Schernus Christof , Görgen Michael , Cox Jim , Nijs Martin , Scharf Johannes , Rose Dominik , Boger Thorsten
Published: September 2019

Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) recently entered the market, and are already regarded a state-of-the-art solution for gasoline exhaust aftertreatment systems to enable EU6d-TEMP fulfilment and beyond. Especially for coated GPF applications, the prognosis of the emission conversion performance over lifetime poses an ambitious challenge, which significantly influences future catalyst diagnosis calibrations. The paper presents key-findings for the different GPF application variants. In the first part, experimental GPF ash loading results are presented. Ash accumulates as thin wall layers and short plugs, but does not penetrate into the wall. However, it suppresses deep bed filtration of soot, initially decreasing the soot-loaded backpressure. For the emission calibration, the non-linear backpressure development complicates the soot load monitoring, eventually leading to compromises between high safety against soot overloading and a low number of active regenerations. In the second part, a relevant share of ash deposits inside three-way catalysts (TWC) is depicted. In an experiment, the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of a three-way catalyst was significantly lowered by ash, while a coated GPF showed little effects. A subsequent OSC regeneration of the TWC showed that the OSC drop is not necessarily permanent, reducing the selectivity between full useful life and borderline catalysts.
Investigando o Esforço Cognitivo, o conhecimento sobre Tradução e a Satisfação na Tradução LIBRAS-Português
Authors: Fonseca Norma Barbosa de Lima , Gonçalves José Luiz Vila Real , Oliveira Pedro Zampier Lopes Vieira de
Published: September 2019

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo exploratório-experimental que utilizou rastreamento ocular, registro de ações de teclado e mouse, protocolos verbais retrospectivos livres e questionários prospectivo e de satisfação como ferramentas metodológicas para as suas coletas e análises de dados. A fundamentação teórica apresenta aportes de diferentes áreas, como dos estudos empírico-experimentais com línguas de sinais (EMMOREY; THOMPSON; COLVIN, 2009; WEHRMEYER, 2014) e dos estudos processuais da tradução (JAKOBSEN; JENSEN, 2008; PAVLOVIĆ; JENSEN, 2009; HVELPLUND, 2017, dentre outros), que se apoiam em conceitos e princípios dos estudos da cognição. Os resultados obtidos e as análises e discussões desenvolvidas corroboram a validade e a produtividade do modelo de desenho experimental aplicado para abordar as questões em tela, além de trazerem contribuições relevantes para os ramos dos Estudos da Tradução em que se inserem e potencializarem questões para futuras pesquisas na área.
A presença do sagrado em duas traduções do conto “The Hammer of God”, de Gilbert K. Chesterton: uma análise à luz da linguística de corpus
Authors: Pereira Aline Milani Romeiro , Camargo Diva Cardoso de
Published: September 2019

Este estudo apresenta uma análise de duas traduções para o português brasileiro do conto “The Hammer of God”, da coletânea The Innocence of Father Brown, de Gilbert K. Chesterton, publicada pela primeira vez em 1911, sendo o primeiro dos cinco volumes sobre o padre-detetive. As traduções selecionadas para este estudo, foram: “O Martelo de Deus”, de Carlos Nougué (2006) e “A Marreta de Deus”, do grupo de tradução de Beatriz Viégas-Faria (2011). A partir do arcabouço teórico dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (ETBC) (BAKER, 1995, 1996, 2000; CAMARGO, 2007) observamos o que diferencia os textos em termos de apropriação do universo religioso habitado por Father Brown, personagem principal da série. Para efetuar as análises utilizou-se o programa WordSmith Tools, em especial as ferramentas WordList, Concord e Aligner, adotadas para a verificação das opções tradutórias dadas aos vocábulos pertencentes ao campo semântico da religião. Os resultados sugerem a valorização do aspecto religioso em ambas as traduções, em termos de frequência e variedade, a despeito das diferenças entre as escolhas tradutórias em cada caso. O estudo do corpus evidencia que o caráter investigado está mais presente em “A Marreta de Deus”.
DI GIOVANNI, Elena; GAMBIER, Yves. (Eds.). Reception Studies and Audiovisual Translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2018. 353 p.
Authors: Oliveira Kamila Moreira de
Published: September 2019

Reception Studies and Audiovisual Translation fornece um panorama das interseções entre os estudos da recepção e a tradução audiovisual. O livro é dividido em quatro partes que tratam, nesta sequência, de pesquisas em estudos da recepção, metodologias de pesquisa voltada para o público, modalidades de tradução audiovisual, e mídias híbridas e novos tipos de público. Os quinze capítulos que compõem a obra traçam um histórico dos desenvolvimentos destes estudos e estimulam novas pesquisas na área, sugerindo uma abordagem multi e interdisciplinar que utilize metodologias quantitativas e qualitativas de forma integrada.
DEMETRIOU, Tania e Tomlinson, ROWAN. The Culture of Translation Early Modern England and France, 1500–1660. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, 244 p.
Authors: Da Silva Luciana Alves
Published: September 2019

The Culture of Translation Early Modern England and France, 1500–1660, organizado por Tania Demetriou e Rowan Tomlinson, conta com uma introdução feita pelas autoras e dez capítulos, cada um composto por um artigo de um pesquisador. The Culture of Translation Early Modern England and France, 1500–1660 explora as variadas modalidades e intervenções relacionadas à tradução na Inglaterra e na França, importantes polos de produção literária e cultural no início da Idade Moderna. Embora marcados por tradições literárias e tradutológicas distintas, os dois países estiveram sempre vinculados por laços políticos, comerciais, intelectuais e religiosos.
Bolaño, Roberto. O espírito da ficção científica. Tradução de Eduardo Brandão – 1ª ed. – São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 2017, 182 p.
Authors: Dos Santos Francisco Ewerton Almeida
Published: September 2019

Trata-se de Resenha de tradução. A obra analisada é O espírito da ficção científica, tradução para o português brasileiro realizada por Eduardo Brandão para o romance El espiritu de la ciência-ficción, do escritor chileno Roberto Bolaño.
A empatia racional como postura de tradução
Authors: Amancio Maria Angélica
Published: September 2019

Este artigo analisa o ato de traduzir, a partir da perspectiva da “empatia racional”. Tal empatia, como se explica por meio de conceitos como os de “personificação” e “Leitor Modelo” (Umberto Eco) deve se estabelecer, da parte do tradutor, em relação ao texto, ao autor, ao leitor e até mesmo ao editor. Embora a pesquisadora examine, sobretudo, a passagem do inglês para o francês (especialmente, o canadense), suas observações são válidas também para se refletir sobre a tradução do inglês para o português, bem como sobre questões comuns a todas as línguas, como a contraposição entre tradução literária e pragmática ou o papel da cultura geral e do código linguístico na prática da tradução.
Traduzindo cultura vs. tradução cultural
Authors: Mendes Vicente Santos
Published: September 2019

Traduzindo cultura vs. tradução cultural
Presence of the Jehol Biota turtle Ordosemys liaoxiensis in the Early Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation of southern Jilin Province, China
Authors: Zhou Chang-Fu , Wu Wen-Hao , Rabi Márton
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Recently, a vertebrate assemblage of the Jehol Biota has been reported from
the Early Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation of Xingling Town, Meihekou City,
Jilin Province, China. It is dominated by the fishes Lycoptera and Sinamia and the sinemydid
turtle Ordosemys. Here, we describe the turtle specimens and referral to Ordosemys liaoxiensis, otherwise
known from the older Yixian Formation of the Jehol Biota. It is characterized
by a subcircular shell, wide vertebral scales, well-developed plastral
fenestrae, and a major contribution from the xiphiplastra to enclose the
hypo-xiphiplastral fenestra. As the first Mesozoic turtle of Jilin Province,
this record represents the first tetrapod to indicate the presence of the
Jehol Biota in the region. Given the geographic and temporal distance from
the Yixian Formation, future collections from the Hengtongshan Formation
have good potential for evaluating spatiotemporal patterns of the Jehol
Biota.
A REVIEW OF BENCHMARKING IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING
Authors: Bakuła K. , Mills J. P. , Remondino F.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. This paper is a preface of the ISPRS/EuroSDR Workshop on the “Evaluation and Benchmarking of Sensors, Systems and Geospatial Data in Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing” that was held in Warsaw University of Technology on 16-17 September 2019. The paper reviews benchmarking in photogrammetry and remote sensing found in the literature relating to geodata. The first part of the paper is a bibliographic analysis based on queries in Scopus and Web of Science databases which shows an increase in research activities based on benchmarking data. In the second part, a review of past and ongoing benchmarking initiatives is presented, providing examples of initiatives within e.g. ISPRS and EuroSDR. The topic of evaluating data, sensors and algorithms with benchmarking activities is interesting as it provides the opportunity to compare, with a unique approach, research results from independent scientists. As hereafter reported, benchmarking has increased in recent years, with many benchmarks being presented in the photogrammetric and remote sensing communities.
KORTOWO TEST FIELD FOR TESTING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PRODUCTS ACCURACY – DESIGN AND FIRST EVALUATION
Authors: Gabara G. , Sawicki P.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The continuous development of sensors, methods and technologies in the modern digital photogrammetry requires testing the quality and accuracy of software, processing workflow and products. The paper presents a new test field for performance analysis of software processing and accuracy assessment of photogrammetric 2D and 3D data collection, mapping, 3D object reconstruction and modeling based on low-altitude imagery with particular regard to unmanned aerial vehicles imagery. The first experiment was carried out using images captured by Phase One iXU-RS 1000 medium format aerial digital camera and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point cloud acquired by RIEGL LMS-Q680i airborne laser scanner. The process of complex digital processing was performed in Agisoft Metashape packages. The subblock of 169 images and 16 signalized ground points measured by Global Navigation Satellite Systems in the WGS 84 coordinate system using the Real-Time Network method were adopted in the preliminary investigations. The root mean square error RMSEXYZ on check points in the bundle block adjustment was equal to 0.032 m. Vertical deviations between digital elevation model and LiDAR point clouds belong to the range from −0.020 m to 0.020 m which is related to RIEGL LMS-Q680i accuracy and precision. Georeferenced orthomosaic was generated with ground sampling distance (GSD) equal to 0.020 m, which was the same as the GSD of input images. The high accuracy of obtained processing results is related to accuracy of initial data, and it proves the usefulness of Kortowo test field.
EVALUATION OF A MOBILE MULTI-SENSOR SYSTEM FOR SEAMLESS OUTDOOR AND INDOOR MAPPING
Authors: Iwaszczuk D. , Koppanyi Z. , Pfrang J. , Toth C.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Indoor mapping has been gaining importance recently. One of the main applications of indoor maps is personal navigation. For this application, the connection to the outdoor map is very important, as users typically enter the building from outside and navigate to their destination inside. Obtaining this connection, however, is challenging, as the georeferencing of indoor maps is difficult due to the weak or total lack of GPS signal which makes positioning impossible in general. One solution for this problem could be matching indoor and outdoor datasets. Unfortunately, this is difficult due to the very low or non-existing overlap between the indoor and outdoor datasets as well as the differences in different. To overcome this problem, we propose a mobile mapping system, which can seamlessly capture the outdoor and indoor scene. Our prototype system contains three laser scanners, six RGB cameras, two GPS receivers and one IMU. In this paper, we propose an approach to seamlessly map a building and define the requirements for the mapping system. We primarily describe the construction phase of this system. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our mapping system with regard to the defined requirements.
Significant multidecadal variability in German wind energy generation
Authors: Wohland Jan , Omrani Nour Eddine , Keenlyside Noel , Witthaut Dirk
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Wind energy has seen large deployment and substantial cost reductions over the last decades. Further ambitious upscaling is urgently needed to keep the goals of the Paris Agreement within reach. While the variability in wind power generation poses a challenge to grid integration, much progress in quantifying, understanding and managing it has been made over the last years. Despite this progress, relevant modes of variability in energy generation have been overlooked. Based on long-term reanalyses of the 20th century, we demonstrate that multidecadal wind variability has significant impact on wind energy generation in Germany. These modes of variability can not be detected in modern reanalyses that are typically used for energy applications because modern reanalyses are too short (around 40 years of data). We show that energy generation over a 20-year wind park lifetime varies by around ±5 % and the summer-to-winter ratio varies by around ±15 %. Moreover, ERA-Interim-based annual and winter generations are biased high as the period 1979–2010 overlaps with a multidecadal maximum of wind energy generation. The induced variations in wind park lifetime revenues are on the order of 10 % with direct implications for profitability. Our results suggest rethinking energy system design as an ongoing and dynamic process. Revenues and seasonalities change on a multidecadal timescale, and so does the optimum energy system layout.
Understanding the Role of Summer Camps in the Learning Landscape: An Exploratory Sequential Study
Authors: Richmond Dan , Sibthorp Jim , Wilson Cait
Published: September 2019

Summer camp is an important setting within the learning landscape of youth—a landscape that also includes school, sports, arts and music, religious settings, home, and eventually, work. While research on camp outcomes is abundant, practitioners and policymakers have little empirical evidence that summer camp participation offers long-term impact and value. The purpose of this study was to build on existing camp research to identify learning outcomes that are highly attributable to camp participation and to determine whether these outcomes are considered important in everyday life. A second purpose was to identify other settings that may contribute to learning outcomes often associated with camp participation. This study used mixed methods design and involved a national sample of 352 individuals (18-25 years old) who had attended camp for at least 3 weeks in their youth and had not worked at a camp. Alumni reported that the development of independence, perseverance, responsibility, appreciation for differences, and appreciation for being present were camp-related outcomes that were highly attributable to their camp experiences and that these outcomes were also of high importance in daily life. Among all outcomes that were highly attributable to camp, study participants noted that camp was a primary setting for developing affinity for nature, how to live with peers, leisure skills, a willingness to try new things, independence, being present, and empathy and compassion. School and home were primary learning settings for other outcomes. Findings from this study help identify where camp is particularly effective in promoting lasting outcomes and areas where camps may need more intentionality and resources.
ESTADO DEMOCRÁTICO DE DIREITO:UMA UTOPIA POSSÍVEL?
Authors: Santiago Marcus Firmino
Published: September 2019

A Constituição Federal de 1988 foi estruturada em torno do paradigma do Estado Democrático de Direito, com o que inseriu o Brasil em uma nova dimensão do constitucionalismo. A expressão inserida no artigo 1º, contudo, traduz um sistema complexo de conceitos e propostas transformadoras, cuja implementação vem sendo tentada em diferentes países há tempos, com sucesso apenas relativo. A democracia radical desejada no pós-Segunda Guerra deu origem a uma ampla revisão das estruturas e fins do Estado, o que permitiu avanços sociais significativos. Porém, o tempo todo o modelo se viu contestado, realidade que se agravou no início do Século XXI, momento em que se alarga a opção por medidas de força como resposta a diferentes crises, com a consequente fragilização de direitos fundamentais e do cânone democrático, no que se denomina de estado de exceção permanente.
RECONFIGURACION DEL CAPITAL EN LA ARGENTINA. EL DEBATE SOBRE LA FRACCION HEGEMONICA EN EL GOBIERNO DE MACRI
Authors: Cieza Daniel
Published: September 2019

El surgimiento de gobiernos reaccionarios en América Latina durante los últimos años estaría indicando un nuevo ciclo conservador que tiene algunas similitudes con los años 90. Es por eso que algunos autores hablan de un neoliberalismo tardío, con referencia a las gestiones de Mauricio Macri, Michel Temer, Iván Duque o Enrique Peña Nieto. Consideramos que, en rigor, se trata de un fenómeno distinto al neoliberalismo de los 90, ya que en los últimos años se viene operando una reconfiguración del capital y por ende de las clases dominantes. No sólo se ha dado un proceso de financierización, sino que en los últimos años se observa un gran dinamismo de la economía ilícita en el ámbito internacional.  En el caso argentino se ha configurado un régimen mafioso. A tres años y medio de Gobierno, se ha consumado una fuga hacia delante de saqueo y autoritarismo. Pero además cobra fuerza la hipótesis de que el “Macrismo” no es un hecho aislado sino expresión de un capitalismo trasnacional mafioso. En efecto, si hay que señalar un sector que se ha beneficiado con la gestión Macrista sería el de grandes corporaciones locales e internacionales que no se caracterizan precisamente por generar inversiones productivas y empleo de calidad, sino que se destacan por ser evasores sistemáticos del cumplimiento de la legislación fiscal y laboral.
Vietnam-China Trade Relations and the Effects of the US-China Trade War
Authors: Hiep Nguyen Quang
Published: September 2019

By calculating the trade indexes (TII, RCA and IIT), mainly in the period 2001-2017, the article analyzes current situation of the dependent relationship and ability to complement each other on trade between Vietnam and China. The results show that Vietnam and China are increasingly becoming important trade partners of each other; Vietnam and China have a particular advantage in the export structure of its exports, showing the trade relations between the two countries are complementary to each other; and the level of intra-industry trade between Vietnam and China is quite high. The US - China trade war broke out will cause the  reversal of the global trade environment. However, in short term, the trade context of the Vietnam - China less affected by this tension. But in the long term, the sanctions are expanded to different sectors will can have unpredictable effects.
Chemical and Mineral Composition, Kinetics of Degradation and in vitro Gas Production of Native Cactus
Authors: Magalhães André Luiz Rodrigues , Teodoro Ana Lúcia , Gois Glayciane Costa , Campos Fleming Sena , Souza Julyana de Sena Rodrigues , De Andrade Alberício Pereira , Lima Isislayne Estevão de , Oliveira Leandro Pereira de , Nascimento Daniel Bezerra do
Published: September 2019

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and minerals composition, fractions of carbohydrate and nitrogen compounds, kinetics of degradation and in vitro gas production of native cactus species of the brazilian Semiarid. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with five native cactus species and 4 replications per species were randomly selected. The native cactus species evaluated were: Cereus jamacaru DC., Melocactus bahiensis Br. Et Rose Werderm, Opuntia inamoene K. Schum, Pilosocereus gounellei (A. Weber ex K. Schum) Bly ex Rowl and Pilosocereus pachycladus Ritter, all in natura. The native cactus species showed differences for chemical and mineral compositions (P <0.05). The nitrogenous components, C. jamacaru cactaceae presented higher contents of fractions A (228.1 g/kg CP) and B3 (241.7 g/kg CP) and smaller fraction C (174.0 g/kg CP). For carbohydrate fraction C. jamacaru presented lower fractions A + B1 (412.2 g/kg TC) and C (38.2 g/kg TC) and high fraction B2 (549.7 g/kg TC) and low fraction C. The cactus C. jamacaru and M. bahiensis presented a high PD (856.6 and 837.9 g/kg DM, respectively). The parameters a and b and the effective degradability present diferences (P<0.05) in function of 2% and 5% passage rate. The in vitro true digestibility of dry matter was above 700 g/kg of DM for all species. Cactus have high levels of potentially digestible fractions of total carbohydrates, indicating their importance as food for ruminants in created in the semiarid, where Caatinga vegetation is a basal resource.
The Househelp in African Literature and Its Implication for Identity Representations: Evidence from Adichie’s Select Prose Fictions
Authors: Dick Angela Ngozi
Published: September 2019

Househelps are usually boys and girls who go to live with other families to serve as domestic workers. They are usually not paid but their services are converted training them in school or in entrepreneurial empowerment. Their place in African Literature has been explored in Oyono’s Houseboy to portray colonialist policy of assimilation. In Ekwensi’s Jagua Nana’s Daughter, the househelp takes over the home as the protagonist combines the search for her mother and her carrier as a lawyer. Adichie’s prose fictions are inundated with househelps. This article probes the roles of househelps in the development of the plot and finds out that they are portrayed as human beings with rights and privileges. Such portrayal is determined by the attitude of their Masters or Madams. In Purple Hibiscus, the househelp shares in the subjugation of the family because of the harsh treatment of their father. In Half of a Yellow Sun and “Imitation”, the househelps participate in the decision making around food and emotional problems of their Masters and Madams. The author’s portrayal of the househelps brings into focus the need to accept this category of people as human beings to be valued. The literary theory that will inform the analysis of the texts is New Historicism propounded by Stephen Jay Greenbalt.
All-Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on Graphite Paste for Determination of Calcium(II) and Nitrate
Authors: Schwarz Johannes , Enseleit Ute , Trommer Kathrin , Mertig Michael
Published: September 2019

Robust and easy-to-handle ion-selective electrodes in all-solid-state configurations based on graphite paste have been developed for applications in environmental samples. The electrode consists of different functional layers (graphite paste, conducting polymer, ion-selective membrane). The ion-selective compounds have been incorporated in polyvinylchloride (PVC) membranes. Polypyrrole (PPy) acts as a solid contact and an intermediate layer between the ion-selective membrane and the graphite paste. As ion-complexing compounds tridodecylmethylammonium nitrate (TDMA-NO3) for nitrate, N,N,N’,N’-tetra[cyclohexyl]diglycolic acid diamide and N,N-dicyclohexyl-N‘,N‘-dioctadecyl-diglycolic diamide for calcium(II) determinations have been used. The electrodes have been tested in drinking and well water samples by direct potentiometric determination and by titrations. The results have been compared to ion chromatography as the reference method. Both ion selective electrodes exhibit linear response from 10-5 mol/L to 10-1 mol/L respectively. The detection limits for the target ions are below 10-6 mol/L based on the respective ion.
Ascertaining the Discursive Construction of the Cosmopolitan Identity: An Analysis of Bharati Mukherjee’s Jasmine
Authors: Ullah Zia , Hussain Wajid , Ullah Anayat
Published: September 2019

This paper anatomizes Bharati Mukherjee’s Jasmine in the perspective of cultural assimilation and determines the extent of establishing cosmopolitan identity through discourse. The researcher uses the theoretical framework propounded by Appiah to examine the contribution and representation of literary globalization in the making of ‘universal citizen’ whose cultural and geographical boundary crossing results into the formation of post-modern fluid identities. Methodologically, this qualitative content analysis uses the joint venture of Appiah’s concept of cosmopolitanism and Fairclough’s notion of naturalization focusing on three scenarios which specify an acceptance of differences, accentuation of differences, and attempt to resolve the differences. The analysis reflects that boundary crossing by the immigrants has formed fluidity and has given exponential boost to the idea of harmony and coexistence. It also reveals that this transformation of identity owes to the discourse of the dominant culture which reshapes fundamental knowledge and values for the individuals of minorities. However, it also signifies that postmodern cosmopolitan fluidity continues to thrive.
Korzyści z prefabrykacji
Authors: Gachowski Marek
Published: September 2019

Prefabrykowane żelbetowe systemy
szkieletowe słupowo-płytowe mogą być
z powodzeniem zastosowane w budownictwie
wielkopowierzchniowych obiektów handlowo-
usługowych – bardziej skomplikowanych
niż hale produkcyjne i magazynowe.Potwierdza
to doświadczenie zebrane z realizacji
takich obiektów, jak galerie handlowe wielopoziomowe
w Bochni, Nowym Sączu i Jarosławiu,
często o skomplikowanym obrysie
oraz wewnętrznym układzie funkcjonalnym.
W artykule podsumowano doświadczenia z realizacji,
a następnie użytkowania wybranych
galerii handlowo-usługowych, gdzie głównym
projektantem architektury był autor niniejszego
opracowania
Niezawodność obiektów budowlanych. Podstawy prawne
Authors: Rawska Anna , Tylek Izabela , Kuchta Krzysztof
Published: September 2019

W artykule przedstawiono pojęcie niezawodności oraz wskazano, w jaki sposób należy je zapewniać w odniesieniu do obiektów budowlanych. Omówiono, kto i w jaki sposób odpowiada za zapewnienie niezawodności zgodnie z przepisami krajowymi oraz normami europejskimi.
The Ethics of Insurance Industry Step Therapy Policies
Authors: Santoro Michael A. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2019

Step therapy is an insurance company policy whereby patients must try a less costly treatment and fail-first before the insurer will cover another, more costly treatment. This article argues that (1) there are relevant and well-established principles of medical ethics—the duty to practice evidenced-based medicine and the duty to consider cost-effectiveness when treating patients—that constrain and guide physician behavior with respect to step therapy; (2) clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) promulgated by authoritative physician groups attempt to incorporate and reconcile the competing demands of evidenced-based and cost-effective medicine, although it is unclear whether they do so in a manner that appropriately considers all relevant ethical factors relating to cost-effectiveness; and (3) despite the potential shortcomings of CPGs, the ethical principles guiding and constraining physician behavior can help demarcate the ethical boundaries for other actors in the drug prescribing and reimbursement matrix, including insurance companies and benefit managers.
TRAIL Spotlight
Authors: Altamirano Isabel
Published: September 2019

The first thing that you feel when an airplane lands is the effect of the brakes to slow it down. But, as the report “The Use of Wheel Brakes on Airplanes” points out, the use of brakes had to be proven to be safe before becoming part of standard operating procedures.
Ce que le développement fait au traitement d’un passé violent. Élites et pratiques de la « réparation communautaire » au Maroc
Authors: Vairel Frédéric
Published: September 2019

Cet article analyse le programme de réparation communautaire issu des recommandations formulées en 2005 par l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation, la Commission vérité marocaine. Il interroge la façon dont les prescriptions internationales en matière de gestion des passés violents, ladite « justice transitionnelle », influencent les dynamiques locales d’élaboration et de mise en oeuvre du programme et comment, dans le même temps, l’action publique s’inscrit dans des logiques qui la précèdent, à ses différentes échelles. Le texte souligne deux processus. D’une part, la réparation communautaire met en lien des acteurs aux ressources et aux positionnements divers : militants entrés en politiques publiques, administrations, collectivités locales, associations, bailleurs de fonds, agence de mise en oeuvre (Caisse des dépôts et de gestion). Les investissements multiples dont la réparation fait l’objet sont au principe de définitions hétérogènes du programme. De l’autre, la réparation communautaire est formulée en termes de gouvernance et mise en oeuvre de façon managériale : l’internationalisation et l’inscription dans un ensemble de réformes menées sans toucher aux équilibres du système politique vont de pair. L’enquête révèle cependant le déploiement de politisations inattendues. Ces dernières opèrent dans la captation des fonds du programme, qui permet à des leaderships locaux de consolider leur assise ou de se déployer, dans un contexte de stress sur les ressources.
Entre décharge participative et État développeur : des élites rurales marocaines en quête de légitimité
Authors: Mayaux Pierre-Louis , Massot Audrey
Published: September 2019

Cet article interroge la capacité des associations marocaines d’irrigants (AUEA) à renforcer la position sociale et politique locale de leurs dirigeants. Il se demande, en particulier, dans quelle mesure le leadership associatif confère aux dirigeants une légitimité procédurale particulière (throughput), fondée sur leur élection et sur leur capacité à représenter un collectif; en même temps qu’une légitimité par les résultats (outputs) liée à leur gestion efficace d’un service collectif très valorisé. Pour l’évaluer, nous étudions le processus d’aménagement, toujours en cours, d’un périmètre irrigué de taille réduire (300 hectares) situé dans l’arrière-pays de Casablanca. Le projet semble en effet propice à cette double légitimation : d’une part, l’association d’irrigants est l’une des rares de la région, ce qui pourrait offrir à ses dirigeants une légitimité procédurale distinctive; d’autre part, leur légitimité par les résultats pourrait être soutenue par le caractère innovant du projet, l’eau d’irrigation provenant d’une station de traitement des eaux usées urbaines. Malgré ces conditions favorables, nous montrons que les dirigeants associatifs ont plutôt vu jusqu’à présent leur légitimité fragilisée, tant du fait de la forte hétérogénéité du collectif à représenter que des multiples délais entourant la fourniture du service. Au-delà de facteurs circonstanciels, nous pointons une cause structurelle à ces difficultés : la désarticulation entre un processus ancien de décharge participative, qui se poursuit, et la réaffirmation actuelle d’un État développeur qui centralise les décisions et concentre les ressources.
Electron cryo-microscopy of bacteriophage PR772 reveals the elusive vertex complex and the capsid architecture
Authors: Reddy Hemanth KN , Carroni Marta , Hajdu Janos , Svenda Martin
Published: September 2019

Bacteriophage PR772, a member of the Tectiviridae family, has a 70 nm diameter icosahedral protein capsid that encapsulates a lipid membrane, dsDNA, and various internal proteins. An icosahedrally averaged CryoEM reconstruction of the wild-type virion and a localized reconstruction of the vertex region reveal the composition and the structure of the vertex complex along with new protein conformations that play a vital role in maintaining the capsid architecture of the virion. The overall resolution of the virion is 2.75 Å, while the resolution of the protein capsid is 2.3 Å. The conventional penta-symmetron formed by the capsomeres is replaced by a large vertex complex in the pseudo T = 25 capsid. All the vertices contain the host-recognition protein, P5; two of these vertices show the presence of the receptor-binding protein, P2. The 3D structure of the vertex complex shows interactions with the viral membrane, indicating a possible mechanism for viral infection.
Ligand recognition and gating mechanism through three ligand-binding sites of human TRPM2 channel
Authors: Huang Yihe , Roth Becca , Lü Wei , Du Juan
Published: September 2019

TRPM2 is critically involved in diverse physiological processes including core temperature sensing, apoptosis, and immune response. TRPM2’s activation by Ca2+ and ADP ribose (ADPR), an NAD+-metabolite produced under oxidative stress and neurodegenerative conditions, suggests a role in neurological disorders. We provide a central concept between triple-site ligand binding and the channel gating of human TRPM2. We show consecutive structural rearrangements and channel activation of TRPM2 induced by binding of ADPR in two indispensable locations, and the binding of Ca2+ in the transmembrane domain. The 8-Br-cADPR—an antagonist of cADPR—binds only to the MHR1/2 domain and inhibits TRPM2 by stabilizing the channel in an apo-like conformation. We conclude that MHR1/2 acts as a orthostatic ligand-binding site for TRPM2. The NUDT9-H domain binds to a second ADPR to assist channel activation in vertebrates, but not necessary in invertebrates. Our work provides insights into the gating mechanism of human TRPM2 and its pharmacology.
Dietary fermented products usingkojimold and sweet potato-shochudistillery by-product promotes hepatic and serum cholesterol levels and modulates gut microbiota in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet
Authors: Kosakai Toshiki , Kato Hirotaka , Sho Cho , Kawano Kuniaki , Iwai Ken-ichi , Takase Yoshikazu , Ogawa Kenjiro , Nishiyama Kazuo , Yamasaki Masao
Published: September 2019

It has been reported that fermented products (FPs) prepared from sweet potato-shochudistillery by-product suppressed weight gain and decreased serum cholesterol levels in mice under normal dietary conditions. Furthermore, from the information gained from the above data regarding health benefits of the FPs, the aim of this study was evaluating the effects of dietary FPs on lipid accumulation and gut microbiota in mice with or without cholesterol-load in the diet. C57BL/6N mice were fed normal (CO) diet, CO with 10% FPs (CO + FPs) diet, cholesterol loaded (HC) diet, or HC with 10% FPs (HC + FPs) diet for 8 weeks. The mice were then euthanized, and blood samples, tissue samples, and feces were collected. The adipose tissue weight and liver triglyceride levels in the HC + FPs diet groups were significantly reduced compared to that in the HC diet groups. However, FPs significantly increased the serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, the ratio of non-HDL-C to HDL-C and hepatic total cholesterol levels in mice fed cholesterol-loaded diet compared with that of the HC diet group. Since dietary FPs significantly decreased the protein expression levels of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase 1 in the HC + FPs diet groups, the cholesterol accumulation in FPs group may be explained by insufficient catabolism from cholesterol to bile acid. In addition, the dietary FPs tended to increaseClostridiumcluster IV and XIVa, which are butyrate-producing bacteria. Related to the result,n-butyrate was significantly increased in the CO + FPs and the HC + FPs diet groups compared to their respective control groups. These findings suggested that dietary FPs modulated the lipid pool and gut microbiota.
Comparative Effect of Biological Fixation of Nitrogen and Chemical Fertilizer on Yield Optimization of Two Sorghum Varieties in the Western Highlands
Authors: Kamtchoum Stephane Martial , Nchoutnji Ibrahim , Temegne Carine Nono , Tonfack Libert Brice , Fofe Lucas , Seutchueng Thierry Gaitan Tchuenga , Kemayou Christelle Mbieji , Notche Frank Kamdem , Suh Christopher , Youmbi Emmanuel
Published: September 2019

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) is a staple food in Africa, South Asia and Central America. In Cameroon, it is the main food of the population of the Sudano-Sahelian zone. Its production could decline by up to 20% by the middle of the century, due to climatic disturbances. This climatic disturbance in Cameroon has led to several consequences among which, low crop yields. The comparative effect of the biological fixation of nitrogen and chemical fertilizer on the optimization of yield of two varieties of Sorghum, was conducted from July to October at IRAD (Institute of Agricultural Research for Development) station of Foumbot. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with two factors: varieties of sorghum (V1: S35 and V2: BIOGLOR) and treatments (T0: Control, T1: 20-10-10 and T2: Sorghum / NITU beans). The collar diameter, the number of leaves and plant height were evaluated each week and yield in the end of the cropping season. As a result, treatment T1 induced very significantly (P ˂ .01) growth (shoot length, leaf and collar diameter). T1 (V1: 1.30 ± 0.11 t.ha-1, V2: 2.01 ± 0.07 t.ha-1) and T2 (V1: 1.12 ± 0.02 t.ha-1, V2: 2.15 ± 0.03 t.ha-1) showed statistically equal yields, and significantly different from T0 (V1: 0.50 ± 0.06 t.ha-1, V2: 0.55 ± 0.05 t.ha-1). The BIOGLOR variety had the highest yield (1.57 ± 0.57 t.ha-1) compared to the S35 variety (0.97 ± 0.19 t.ha-1). The treatment T2 is the recommended fertilizer system because of the higher grain yield of sorghum and its ability to protect the environment.
Consequence of Groundwater Irrigation on Physico-chemical Properties of Soils of Kanholibara Village in Nagpur District, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Ingle Sagar N. , Babhulkar V. P. , Girdekar Shubham B. , Sarkate S. K.
Published: September 2019

A field experiment entitled “Effect of Groundwater irrigation on various soil properties of Kanholi-Bara in Nagpur District Was conducted during Kharif season of 2015-2016 at Kanholi-Bara of Hingana tahsil in Nagpur District Maharashtra, India. The soil samples were collected from that area comprises two source of irrigations viz well water and bore well water and soybean crop which were taken in these fields. The mean value of pH 7.79 was recorded with ground water irrigation and EC in groundwater irrigated soil 0.81 dS m-1.The organic carbon contains in ground water irrigated soil with high Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) was lower by 35.19 per cent less than mean value of organic carbon. The lowest available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status were 185.44, 15.65 and 178.80 kg ha-1 respectively were obtained with the application of ground water of high RSC and SAR. Whereas the highest accumulation of heavy metal in soil 1.16 mg kg-1 lead, 1.30 mg kg-1 Cobalt, 1.19 mg Kg-1Nikel and 0.037 mg kg-1 Cadmium were present in soil with the application of high SAR and RSC irrigation water. Due to continuous and injudicious irrigation with poor quality groundwater adversely affect the physical and chemical properties of soil.
Design of Stand-alone Solar-Wind-Hydro Based Hybrid Power System: Case of Rural Village in Malawi
Authors: Chisale Sylvester W. , Sari Zaki
Published: September 2019

Malawi has current electrification rate of less than 10% for a population of 18 million connected to the grid. The electricity generation company in Malawi (EGENCO) is greatly affected by low water levels making it difficult to satisfy the existing demand of electricity. This makes it difficult for Malawi to extend its National electricity grid. Thus, the aim of the study is to design stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system which is economically and technically feasible with focus on hydropower, wind, solar and battery bank within Dwangwa area. The study area is estimated to have 420 households, commercial and public service load with primary load demand of 5,556.31 kWh/day and peak load of 302.93 kW. River discharge data were collected from ministry of irrigation and water development while solar and wind data were collected from NASA. HOMER modeling tool was used to design a stand-alone system. From simulation results, the best design flow for Dwangwa river is 159 L/s at elevation of 100 metres and the best hybrid system combination was hydropower-wind-solar-battery and converter. The whole hybrid system initial capital cost was $2,662,638 while Net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) were $3,597,197 and $0.134/kWh respectively. However, the cost of electricity in Malawi on the grid is K88.02/kWh ($0.11/kWh) which makes the system expensive. Therefore, the study has shown that the hybrid system is not economically viable. However, Government intervention can help to make the system monetarily acceptable and viable.
Open Landfill Biomedical Wastes Disposal System and Impact on Health as Perceived by Health Workers
Authors: Effangha E. Ita, , John E. Effiom,
Published: September 2019

This paper examined the influence of open land fill as a biomedical wastes disposal system and perceived impact on health among health workers in Calabar Education Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. One hypothesis was formulated to guide the study. Literature review was carried out based on the variable under study. Ex-post facto research design was considered most suitable for the study. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were adopted in selecting the 401 respondents sampled for the study. A validated 30 item four point modified likert scale questionnaire was the instrument utilized for data collection. The reliability estimate of the instrument was 0.91 using Cronbach Alpha method. To test the hypotheses formulated for the study simple linear regression statistical too was used at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that there was a significant positive influence of open land fill of biomedical wastes on health as perceived by health workers in Calabar Education Zone of Cross River State. It was recommended among others that dumpsites should be properly located and managed to minimize its effects on residents and government and municipalities should revise laws regarding the locations of the dumpsites.
Closed fumarase C active‐site structures reveal SS Loop residue contribution in catalysis
Authors: Stuttgen Gage M. , Grosskopf Julian D. , Berger Colton R. , May John F. , Bhattacharyya Basudeb , Weaver Todd M.
Published: September 2019

Fumarase C (FumC) catalyzes the reversible conversion of fumarate to S‐malate. Previous structural investigations within the superfamily have reported a dynamic structural segment, termed the SS Loop. To date, active‐site asymmetry has raised the question of how SS Loop placement affects participation of key residues during the reaction. Herein, we report structural and kinetic analyses from Escherichia coli FumC variants to understand the contribution of SS Loop residues S318, K324, and N326. High‐resolution X‐ray crystallographic results reveal three distinct FumC active‐site conformations; disordered‐open, ordered‐open, and the newly discovered ordered‐closed. Surprisingly, each SS Loop variant has unaffected Michaelis constants coupled to reductions in turnover number. Based upon our structural and functional analyses, we propose structural and catalytic roles for each of the aforementioned residues.
Chasing the “Killer” Phonon Mode for the Rational Design of Low‐Disorder, High‐Mobility Molecular Semiconductors
Authors: Schweicher Guillaume , D'Avino Gabriele , Ruggiero Michael T. , Harkin David J. , Broch Katharina , Venkateshvaran Deepak , Liu Guoming , Richard Audrey , Ruzié Christian , Armstrong Jeff , Kennedy Alan R. , Shankland Kenneth , Takimiya Kazuo , Geerts Yves H. , Zeitler J. Axel , Fratini Simone , Sirringhaus Henning
Published: September 2019

Molecular vibrations play a critical role in the charge transport properties of weakly van der Waals bonded organic semiconductors. To understand which specific phonon modes contribute most strongly to the electron–phonon coupling and ensuing thermal energetic disorder in some of the most widely studied high‐mobility molecular semiconductors, state‐of‐the‐art quantum mechanical simulations of the vibrational modes and the ensuing electron–phonon coupling constants are combined with experimental measurements of the low‐frequency vibrations using inelastic neutron scattering and terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy. In this way, the long‐axis sliding motion is identified as a “killer” phonon mode, which in some molecules contributes more than 80% to the total thermal disorder. Based on this insight, a way to rationalize mobility trends between different materials and derive important molecular design guidelines for new high‐mobility molecular semiconductors is suggested.
Li–CO2 and Na–CO2 Batteries: Toward Greener and Sustainable Electrical Energy Storage
Authors: Mu Xiaowei , Pan Hui , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen
Published: September 2019

Metal–CO2 batteries, especially Li–CO2 and Na–CO2 batteries, offer a novel and attractive strategy for CO2 capture as well as energy conversion and storage with high specific energy densities. However, some scientific issues and challenges existing restrict their practical applications. Here, recent progress of crucial reaction mechanisms on cathodes in Li–CO2 and Na–CO2 batteries are summarized. The detailed reaction pathways can be modified by operation conditions, electrolyte compositions, and catalysts. Besides, specific discussions from aspects of catalyst design, stability of electrolytes, and anode protection are presented. Perspectives of several innovative directions are also put forward. This review provides an intensive understanding of Li–CO2 and Na–CO2 batteries and gives a useful guideline for the practical development of metal–CO2 batteries and even metal–air batteries.
Direct Synthesis of a Self‐Assembled WSe2/MoS2 Heterostructure Array and its Optoelectrical Properties
Authors: Lee Jae‐Bok , Lim Yi Rang , Katiyar Ajit K. , Song Wooseok , Lim Jongsun , Bae Sukang , Kim Tae‐Wook , Lee Seoung‐Ki , Ahn Jong‐Hyun
Published: September 2019

Functional van der Waals heterojunctions of transition metal dichalcogenides are emerging as a potential candidate for the basis of next‐generation logic devices and optoelectronics. However, the complexity of synthesis processes so far has delayed the successful integration of the heterostructure device array within a large scale, which is necessary for practical applications. Here, a direct synthesis method is introduced to fabricate an array of self‐assembled WSe2/MoS2 heterostructures through facile solution‐based directional precipitation. By manipulating the internal convection flow (i.e., Marangoni flow) of the solution, the WSe2 wires are selectively stacked over the MoS2 wires at a specific angle, which enables the formation of parallel‐ and cross‐aligned heterostructures. The realized WSe2/MoS2‐based p–n heterojunction shows not only high rectification (ideality factor: 1.18) but also promising optoelectrical properties with a high responsivity of 5.39 A W−1 and response speed of 16 µs. As a feasible application, a WSe2/MoS2‐based photodiode array (10 × 10) is demonstrated, which proves that the photosensing system can detect the position and intensity of an external light source. The solution‐based growth of hierarchical structures with various alignments could offer a method for the further development of large‐area electronic and optoelectronic applications.