bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Net Foreign Assets, Net Domestic Assets, and Their Implications for The Money Supply in Indonesia
Authors:   Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, Widyatama University, Indonesia, Ali Muhammad , Apriliana Tria ,   Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, Widyatama University, Indonesia, Fathonah Andina Nur ,   Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, Widyatama University, Indonesia
Published: November 2024

Finding net foreign and net domestic assets as well as their effects on Indonesia's money supply from 2018 to 2023 is the aim of this study. This study discusses the money supply, net domestic assets, and net foreign assets. Theories pertaining to these domains are the method used in this regard. This study was carried out in Indonesia. Quantitative research is what this kind of study is. The study employed secondary data from the Bank Indonesia website in the form of time series publications of the money supply, net foreign assets, and net domestic assets from January 2018 to December 2023. The research method used in this study is the explanatory method. The data analysis techniques in this study are descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study, both partially and simultaneously, indicate that there is an influence of net foreign assets and net domestic assets on money in circulation in Indonesia for the period 2018-2023.
Eisenmenger Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Contemporary Management Approaches in Advanced Cardiopulmonary Disease
Authors:   Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Monterrey. Nuevo León, México., López Donaldo Emiliano Silva , Vázquez Geraldine Nieves ,   Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México., Vélez María Fernanda Saavedra ,   Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México., Rodríguez Karla Valdos ,   Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México., González Marcela Martínez Celis ,   Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Monterrey. Nuevo León, México., Jiménez Andrés Gerardo Herrera ,   Universidad Cuauhtémoc plantel Aguascalientes. Mexico.
Published: November 2024

Eisenmenger syndrome, a complex and severe form of congenital heart disease, results from prolonged left-to-right shunting due to underlying cardiac defects such as ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, or patent ductus arteriosus, ultimately leading to irreversible pulmonary arterial hypertension and a reversal of the initial shunt. This syndrome represents the most severe spectrum of pulmonary vascular disease associated with congenital heart defects and is characterized by hypoxemia, erythrocytosis, and systemic cyanosis. Despite advances in early diagnosis and intervention in congenital heart disease, Eisenmenger syndrome remains a significant concern due to the irreversible nature of pulmonary vascular changes and associated multisystem complications. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and the role of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapies, including advanced palliative care, to improve patient quality of life. Emerging therapies such as endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and prostacyclin analogs show promise in symptom management, though surgical interventions, such as heart-lung transplantation, remain reserved for selected cases. Given the high mortality associated with Eisenmenger syndrome, a multidisciplinary approach is critical in managing complications, improving patient outcomes, and supporting functional status.
Job Satisfaction, Job Insecurity and Employee Engagement
Authors:   University 17 August 1945 Surabaya, Indonesia, Kusbiantoro Dwi Sandy , Rini Amanda Pasca ,   University 17 August 1945 Surabaya, Indonesia, Matulessy Andik ,   University 17 August 1945 Surabaya, Indonesia
Published: November 2024

This study aims to analyze correlation between job insecurity, job satisfaction and employee engagement in employees of PT. PNM, Surabaya Branch. Method being used in this research is quantitative. Researchers are using primary data and gathering the data, straight from subjects in their office. Researchers are using google form as a tool to gather the answer. There are 3 scales that’s been delivered via Google form, job satisfaction, job insecurity and employee engagement scale. Answers from subjects are being tested using statistic app named SPSS 21 for windows. Conclusion from the test are, f score for α = 5%, df = 842 meaning 3,006441544 the f-count number is 222,030. Meanwhile the significant number is 0,001 which smaller than 0,05 (0,001 < 0,05). This can be translated as accepted hypothesis, meaning job satisfaction and job insecurity, together, give positive influence and significantly to employee engagement. Significant score for job satisfaction variable is 0,001 < 0,005 meaning the variable influences employee engagement. The significant score for job insecurity is 0,001 < 0,005, meaning there is influence between the variable and employee engagement. Adjusted R Square showed the number of 0,344, which can be concluded as job satisfaction and job insecurity, together, influencing employee engagement by 34,4%. Meanwhile, the other 65,5% is influenced by other variables that didn’t used in this research.
Contribution of University Partner Islamic Boarding Schools in Maintaining Moral Values in Banyumas Indonesia
Authors:   Department of Islamic Religious Education, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Prof. K.H. Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia, Sholeh Muhammad , M. MIsbah M. MIsbah ,   Department of Islamic Religious Education, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Prof. K.H. Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia
Published: November 2024

Islamic boarding schools, as educational institutions and religious institutions, contribute to maintaining community morals (moral guardians) within the Islamic boarding school environment. This is based on the reality that Islamic boarding schools are religious educational institutions that have basic values as a moral foundation for society in responding to social changes that occur. It is hoped that the religious cultures that emerge from Islamic boarding schools can be an antithesis to the moral degradation of urban society, which is caused by several things, including the influence of massive technological developments and urbanization in cities such as Purwokerto. This research aims to analyze the contribution of the UIN Saizu Purwokerto partner Islamic boarding school in maintaining community morals in Banyumas Regency. Using qualitative research methods, this research explores various educational programs and social activities implemented by Islamic boarding schools. The results of the research show that Islamic boarding schools play an important role in instilling moral values and Islamic teachings, as well as shaping the positive character of students. The approach used in teaching, which includes a relevant curriculum and daily life based on religious values, contributes significantly to increasing moral awareness in society. In addition, interactions between Islamic boarding schools and local communities strengthen social relations and create an environment that supports the practice of moral life. This research confirms the important role of Islamic boarding schools as agents of change in the moral formation of society in the modern era.
Unveiling Shadows: Stigma Among Family Members of Children With Trisomy 21
Authors:   College of Education. Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City, 6500, Philippines, M. Eleptico, Jonathan , Jr. O. Gil, Tyrone ,   College of Education. Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City, 6500, Philippines, Cristian L. Gonzaga, Vince ,   College of Education. Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City, 6500, Philippines
Published: November 2024

The experiences of family members of children with Trisomy 21 revealed the stigmatization these families face. This stigma arises from a combination of societal and cultural factors, mainly driven by people's tendency to judge based on physical appearance. Participants pointed out that the focus on facial features, where visible differences trigger prejudice, often leads to hurtful name-calling and exclusion. Additionally, a lack of awareness about Trisomy 21 in communities significantly affects families. Limited knowledge creates misunderstandings resulting in judgment and emotional distress. Disparities in education add another layer to the issue, as educational gaps foster unconscious biases and negative stereotypes. The data show that people's attitudes contribute to ongoing stigma. The uniqueness of this study is that it explored the pervasive stigma experienced by family members and extended family members of children with Trisomy 21, commonly known as Down syndrome. Through qualitative interviews, the researchers were able to investigate the stigmatization and prejudices faced by these families. The findings revealed that stigma manifests in various forms, including social exclusion, discrimination, and emotional distress, significantly impacting the psychological well-being and social integration of both the children and their family members. Through these experiences that were highlighted, it helped to create the themes. By examining these experiences, the study recommends for urgent need for raising awareness, inclusive policies, and supportive interventions to mitigate stigma and promote a more accepting and understanding society. Future research on the stigma faced by family members of children with Trisomy 21 may also delve deeper into the different cultural and regional contexts that influence the stigmatization that these families encounter. Future studies may examine how effective different laws, anti-stigma programs, and awareness programs are in order to promote a more inclusive and welcoming environment for these families. The data that were gathered highlights the need for raising awareness and the government giving more focus to these people to foster empathy and reduce the negative perceptions associated with Trisomy 21.
Volleyball Training Programs and Athletic Endurance among Selected Urban College Athletes of Henan, China
Authors:   Graduate School, Emilio Aguinaldo College, Paco, Manila, Philippines, Wei Zhang
Published: November 2024

The current research examined a volleyball program at an urban college in Henan, China, including performance indicators, course content and methodologies of teaching and assessment of athletes. The assessment provided program effectiveness in terms of addressing structural barriers, utilizing mental skills training strategies, embracing digital technologies, using competition-based approaches to training methods as well as injury prevention behaviors and coaching techniques. This indicates psychological training is beneficial on the plyometric endurance and also stresses the important role of mental performance in physical tasks. However, an excessive reliance on digital technology was detrimental to sport-specific conditioning in endurance, showing a need for well-balanced training.
Examining the Use of Pearson Activeteach and Myenglishlab in Teaching English for General Purposes (EGP): A Classroom Action Research
Authors:   Universitas Pradita, Indonesia, Gufron Gufron , Zamin Ainul Azmin Md ,   International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
Published: November 2024

This classroom action research study aims to delve into the experiences of students in learning English for General Purposes (EGP) by utilizing Pearson MyEnglishLab and ActiveTeach, two online teaching and learning tools developed by Pearson Education. Through a mixed-method approach that combines quantitative and qualitative research methods, the study investigates the effects of these tools on student engagement and learning outcomes. Over the course of one semester, the researchers observed the learning process, conducted interviews with students, and administered questionnaires to gather comprehensive data. The analysis of the collected data reveals that teaching EGP with ActiveTeach and Pearson MyEnglishLab yields significantly more engaging and impressive outcomes in comparison to traditional teaching methods. These online tools offer various benefits, including the consolidation of teaching materials within a single application. Students appreciate the convenience and accessibility of having reading passages, listening audio, and assessments readily available in one platform, thereby streamlining their learning experience. Overall, this study underscores the positive impact of online tools, specifically Pearson MyEnglishLab and ActiveTeach, on EGP classrooms. The findings highlight the potential of these tools to enhance student experiences, foster engagement, and promote effective language learning. By embracing digital platforms, educators can harness the benefits of technology to optimize the teaching and learning process in EGP contexts.
The Relationship Between Physical Literacy, Strategies and Approaches in Physical Education
Authors:   Department of Sports Science, Postgraduate Program, Sebelas Maret University, Kusuma David Anggar , Hidayatullah M. Furqon ,   Department of Sports Science, Postgraduate Program, Sebelas Maret University, Riyadi Slamet ,   Department of Sports Science, Postgraduate Program, Sebelas Maret University
Published: November 2024

Physical literacy is an idea or concept that has relatively recently developed in the international world, including Indonesia, when compared to other literacy concepts. This new knowledge has an important role when we carry out our teaching duties as physical education, sports and health teachers at school. Schools, through extracurricular physical education, sports and health activities, curricular projects to strengthen the profile of Pancasila students, as well as extracurricular sports activities have an important role in promoting physical literacy. This role should make schools a forum for creating learning that is appropriate to the level of development and characteristics of students. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between physical literacy and strategies and approaches in physical education. This research uses a literature review method, namely by reviewing the results of previous research based on theories that can be accounted for to produce new, more up-to-date theories. Based on the cause and effect interpretation of 10 articles related to physical literacy with approaches to physical education, a very firm conclusion was drawn from this research, namely that physical literacy carried out in physical education increases physical fitness, potential and academic achievement.
Enhancing Community Participation in Government-Funded School Projects in Morogoro Region
Authors:   Jordan University College, P.O. Box 1787, Morogoro-Tanzania, Gonjo Bonephace , Mushi Paul Dominic ,   Jordan University College, P.O. Box 1787, Morogoro-Tanzania, Omer Solomon ,   Jordan University College, P.O. Box 1787, Morogoro-Tanzania
Published: November 2024

The study investigated the strategies for enhancing community participation in government–funded school project in Morogoro region. The study used case study research design to determine the strategies from a total sample of 23 comprising of 10 Head Masters, 1 Ward Councillor, 2 Ward Educational Officers and 10 School Board Chairmen. Semi-structured interviews were used in collecting data which were then analzyed using thematic analysis. The study found that, early community involvement in project design ensures educational initiatives are more relevant, effective and sustainable. Community contributions in constructing classrooms and laboratories, supported by government funding, enhance the academic environment and promote practical learning opportunities, particularly in science. Furthermore, engaging the community in supervising and securing school projects strengthens accountability and fosters a sense of ownership, improving long-term project sustainability. The study recommends that government-funded school projects should actively involve community members from the outset to reflect local needs, encourage participation in building educational facilities through various contributions, provide clear guidelines for overseeing projects, maintain ongoing community engagement for security and upkeep, and implement training programs to enhance management and collaboration skills among school and community leaders.
Spatial Analysis of Agricultural Investment in the Desert Of Muthanna Governorate for 2023.
Authors:   Al-Muthanna University/ College of Education for Human Sciences, Al-Khazali Anam Ali , Al-Rikabi Anmar sami ,   Al-Muthanna University/ College of Education for Human Sciences, Aljawhar Sajida Moussa ,   Al-Muthanna University/ College of Education for Human Sciences
Published: November 2024

In nearly every nation on the planet, agriculture has an essential function and holds a prominent political and economic position, regardless of the prevailing monetary and political systems. Present-day monetary and political systems. Agriculture is a science, an art, and a practice. The more awareness among farmers, the more. It generated more profitable and high-quality agricultural products, provided new opportunities for problem-solving in the field of agriculture, Numerous geographical factors, both natural and human, affect the agriculture and production of the study area. It influences the crop productivity of the land, which in turn influences the quantity of production required to meet the demand for harvests. The research yielded many results, the most important of which is large areas remain unexploited for agricultural production. Agricultural production suffers from the impact of the desert climate on agricultural productivity. The sylvan aspect may sometimes lead to its destruction or affect output and productivity. This study came to be analyzed. And a survey of the areas cultivated with crops in the desert of Al-Muthanna Governorate. The study began with a theoretical framework. For the study, the first section studied the natural factors affecting areas planted with crops. Agriculture in the Desert of Al-Muthanna Governorate: the second section represents the human factors affecting the cultivated areas crops in the desert of Muthanna Governorate, and the third section is concerned with studying the reality of the agricultural regions for crops in the desert of Muthanna Governorate for the year 2023. The research concluded with the most important results, which are as follows: first, the prevailing pattern. Agriculture in the study area is the pattern of cultivation of fundamental crops. Additionally, the irrigation methods used are primary methods, which cause a rise in water losses through evaporation and penetration into the soil.
Factors Affecting Employee Job Performance in the Poultry Processing Sector: A Case Study from Gampola, Sri Lanka
Authors:   Department of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Passara Road, 90000 Badulla, Sri Lanka., Amarathunga M.K.S.L.D. , Jayasinghe M.A.E.K. ,   Department of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Passara Road, 90000 Badulla, Sri Lanka., Dissanayaka D.M.D.N. ,   Department of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Passara Road, 90000 Badulla, Sri Lanka., Baanagala C.H.M. ,   Department of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Passara Road, 90000 Badulla, Sri Lanka.
Published: November 2024

In the poultry processing sector, employee performance plays a critical role in productivity and operational efficiency. Employee performance is shaped by multiple internal and external factors, ranging from demographic characteristics to organizational practices. This study explores the impact of various factors, demographic factors (age, gender, work experience, education level), working conditions, compensation, relationships with coworkers and supervisors, training and development, and performance appraisal on employee performance at a poultry processing plant in Gampola, Sri Lanka. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire from a sample of 131 employees, chosen through simple random sampling. The variables were measured on a five-point Likert scale, and data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), involving both descriptive and inferential statistics. According to the results, a significant positive relationship was found between employee performance and factors such as work environment, performance appraisal, compensation, gender, and experience. In contrast, no significant impact on employee performance was shown by relationships with coworkers, relationships with supervisors, training and development, and age. The study findings proved that employing well experienced labourers with a sound compensation plan, creating a better working environment, and applying employee friendly performance appraisal methods would enhance the job performance of employees, and management should take in to consideration such relationships in developing strategies to increase employee’s productivity of the Poultry Processing Sector.
WORK ENGAGEMENT AMONG NURSES
Authors: Rasheedi Mr. Ahmad Al , Jaya Chandra Dr. Premalatha
Published: November 2024

Work engagement, driven by intrinsic motivation, builds a sense of pride and results in work flow. According to Wikipedia, the employee “engagement is about ‘one who is fully absorbed by and enthusiastic about their work by taking positive action to the organization’s reputation and interests.’” The basic care of nursing is patient
assessment, monitoring vital signs, ensuring patient safety, providing comfort, administering medication,
communication and intervention. Work engagement in nursing is the care directed towards their work as holistic
‘engaged wellbeing solutions.’ When nurses are cognitively engaged – they are committed to their job; when
physically engaged – they are invested in their work; when emotionally engaged – they are emotionally connected to their work and when behaviourally engaged - they are focused on the behaviour of individuals with no consideration of the context.
EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISTED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING COLOSTRUM FEEDING & BREAST-FEEDING TECHNIQUE AMONG PRIMIGRAVIDA MOTHERS
Authors: sheela Ms. Mary , george Dr martha
Published: November 2024

Colostrum is a liquid with high content of nitrogen, antibodies and vitamins that is secreted from the mammary
gland just after giving birth. The change of secretion from colostrum to proper milk takes place gradually during
the day after birth. Colostrum feeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for the health growth and
development of the newborn baby and has unique biological and emotional influence on the health of both
mother and child. A thin, clear, viscous secretory material can be found in the acini cells by the third month of
gestation. The pre colostrum thickens as term approaches and is then known as colostrum. Colostrum, the
creamy, white to yellowish to orange pre milk fluid ,may be expressed from the nipple as early as 16 weeks of
gestation. Setting and Design: A quantitative evaluative research approach was used in the current study. A
pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test group design. In the present study the setting was the selected
hospitals of Bangalore. The target population was primi gravida mothers. The sample and the sample size in
the present study is 100 primi gravida mothers from selected hospitals of Bangalore. Non-probability
convenient sampling technique was used in the present study. Results: The knowledge score level of primi
gravida mothers in pre-test shows that majority of mothers i.e. 95 (95%) have inadequate knowledge, Whereas
in post-test the highest number of participants i.e. 92 (92%) have shown adequate knowledge. The comparison
of pre-test knowledge level and post-test knowledge level have shown that there is improvement in knowledge
level of participants. The pre-test knowledge mean and standard deviation is 5.35±2.50 and the post-test
mean and standard deviation is 9.78±2.40. The mean difference calculated as 4.43±.10. The t test value
measured as 37.427, and the calculated p value is <0.001. Since the calculated p value (<0.001) is smaller
than the assumed p value (>0.05), which indicated that the provided intervention VATP is significantly effective
to improve the knowledge level of primi gravida mothers. This indicated that the H1 is accepted for knowledge
score, means given intervention the VATP found significantly effective to improve the knowledge level of primi
gravida mothers.
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAM ON POST-TEST KNOWLEDGE REGARDING ALCOHOLISM AMONG STUDENTS IN SELECTED NURSING COLLEGES OF MADHYA PRADESH
Authors: Mary J Sobia Gnana , sohi Dr. Darshan Kaur
Published: November 2024

High-volume alcohol consumption and risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD) drinking are the leading causes of injury
and death among university students and young adults. They are associated with personal adverse consequences,
such as academic failure, unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, property damage, and criminal
consequences that jeopardize future job prospects. The study employed a quasi-experimental research design with
a pre-test and post-test approach. The study targeted nursing students from selected nursing colleges in Madhya
Pradesh. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select participants. The sample size for the study was 100 students, with 50 students in the intervention group and 50 students in the control group.
EXPLORING ACADEMIC AND NON-ACADEMIC IMPACTS OF SINGLE-GENDER VERSUS COEDUCATIONAL SCHOOLING
Authors: Kozha Marziya
Published: November 2024

School education is the foundation for a person's lifelong education. Consequently, providing students with a comfortable learning environment has significant importance. A vast amount of education researchis focusing on the type of schooling. However, the question of which type of schooling leads to higher academic achievement remains unclear. This articleis an exploratory literature focusing on the academic and non-academic advantages and disadvantages of single-gender versus coeducational schooling. The review showed that research on single-gender versuscoeducational schools covered both academic and non-academic issues. It appears that in some contexts, both types of schooling show better academic outcomes. Further research is needed to understand how contextual or organizational factors may influence these differences.
ҚАЗАҚ АҢЫЗ-ЕРТЕГІЛЕРІНДЕГІ АРХЕТИПТІК ОБРАЗДАРДЫҢ ЗЕРТТЕЛУІ
Authors: Гауһар Сағынғанова
Published: November 2024

This article analyzes the study of archetypal images and plots in Kazakh fairy tales and legends. The article shows the importance of mythological ideas about the world and their influence on the formation of cultural subjects and images in Kazakh knowledge. The works of various researchers, their conclusions and hypotheses regarding the meaning and interpretation of archetypes in Kazakh literature are differentiated.Outstanding scientists Kaskabasov S., Kondybay S., Igilikova S.I., Kamzabekuly D. analyzed the conclusions drawn from the study of archetypal plots and images in Kazakh literature. In general, the article is aimed at studying the cultural heritage and literary creativity of the Kazakh people through the prism of archetypal plots and images. The article concludes with a conclusion about the importance of studying archetypes to understand the characteristics of archetypes, cultural heritage and literary creativity of the Kazakh people.
Addressing incentive-driven prescribing
Authors: Zafar Mirza
Published: November 2024

Market failures in health care1 thrive on conflict ofinterest. Take the example of market failure due to“information discrepancy” between doctors and patients.This uneven knowledge is the basis for exploitation by thealliance between the health technology industry andmedical profession an alliance fraught with conflict ofinterest. Patients pay the cost through their health andmoney.Whereas market failures are well established and wellstudiedphenomenon in health economics and healthcare literature, there is a weak research base, including inPakistan, for conflict of interest in health care despite itscharacterization as “an invisible force shaping healthsystems and policies”.2 It “remain(s) a global issue that isneglected, underestimated, and overlooked by healthpolicy makers and researchers”.
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Understanding the socioeconomic dimensions of antibiotic resistance: a critical marketing perspective of healthcare stakeholders
Authors: Fazle Malik  , Arsalan Shahzad  , Zahid Mehmood
Published: November 2024

Objective: To explore the socioeconomic dimensions of antimicrobial resistance, emphasising the risks associated with imprudent use of antibiotics and the consequent emergence of drug-resistant "superbugs.”Method: The study employed constructivist grounded theory to investigate the perspectives of stakeholders, including physicians, patients, pharmacists, sales managers, and Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP) employees. In-depth interviews were conducted with these stakeholders at their workplaces in 2022 and 2023, and transcripts were meticulously transcribed for analysis. The process of data analysis consists of open coding, then axial coding, and finally, selective coding to integrate categories into theories while the constant comparison ofdata was exercised to develop a cohesive theory.Results: Data analysis revealed a dominant theme: "Navigating the Socioeconomic Terrain of Antimicrobial Resistance." Subsequently, several categories emerged, such as pharmaceutical marketting transgression, materialism among physicians and marketers, imprudent antibiotic usage, self-medication practices, lack of awareness among patients and the general public, and malpractice by unqualified and illicit practitioners.Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated that critical marketing could mitigate the socioeconomic repercussions of AMR by encouraging ethical practices among the healthcare stakeholders, and hence benefit the entire society.Keywords: Pharmaceutical Marketing, Ethical Marketing, Critical Theory, Critical Marketing.
Incentive-linked prescribing and the plights of patients: a qualitative study in Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Naveed Noor  , Zahida Azizullah  , Haider Safdar Abbasi  , Nina van der Mark  , Afifah Rahman-Shepherd  , Amna Rehana Siddiqui  , Mishal Sameer Khan  , Rumina Hasan  , Sadia Shakoor
Published: November 2024

Objective: To examine the perceived impact of incentive-linked prescribing (ILP) on the everyday lives of patients in Pakistan.Methods: Adopting a qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with 26 patients in Karachi. A convenient sampling method was used to recruit patients from different pharmacies located in all six districts of Karachi namely East, West, South, Central, Korangi, and Malir. The interviews were thematically analyzed using the software NVivo Version.12.Results: ILP was perceived to affect patients in three interrelated ways: financial difficulty, mental distress, and difficulty in adhering to medical treatments. Most of the participants reported experiencing financial difficulties and were unable to afford everyday household needs. ILP was believed to make physicians prescribe expensive brands, which in turn, added to patients’ financial difficulties. Due to expensive medications, some patients stopped seeking healthcare from physicians and instead relied on home remedies. ILP-related financial burden on patients was also perceived to be a contributor to their mental distress.Conclusion: Patients are increasingly becoming aware of physicians’ engagement in ILP, and believe it harms them in different ways. It has important implications for physicians’ reputations in society. Physicians must adhere to the principles of patient-centred care by avoiding ILP.Keywords: Incentives, physicians, patients, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare, patient-centered care, Pakistan
Relationship of physicians with the pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan: present status, issues, and way forward
Authors: Waris Qidwai
Published: November 2024

This manuscript examines the ethics of the relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and practising physicians. The pharmaceutical industry is alleged to provide incentives to physicians and who in return are expected to prescribe their manufactured medications. Such practices are often considered unethical and against the rules and regulations of the regulatory bodies. The core issue facing physicians and pharmaceutical industry relationships is lack of regulation and accountability.Public education and awareness are lacking, and they are unable to question prescription practices of practicing physicians. Patient advocacy groups do not exist to safeguard the patient’s rights. There is a need to strengthen regulatory control to ensure the physician community and pharmaceutical industry relationship remains ethical. Both the physician community and pharmaceutical industry are important stakeholders in healthcare delivery and the ethical relationship between them will benefit health care services. Further discussion and debate on this important yet extremely sensitive issue is strongly recommended.Keywords: Physicians; Pharmaceutical industry; Ethics; Regulatory body; Monitoring
Prescription ethics in a low-middle income country: Thematic analysis of research from Pakistan
Authors: Tashfeen Ahmad  , Ceemal Khan  , Kausar Saeed Khan
Published: November 2024

The ethics of physician prescriptions is a matter of globalconcern. While commonalities exist in reasons forunethical prescribing practices such as physicianincentivization by pharmaceutical companies, theunderlying social determinants may be different acrosscountries and socioeconomic strata. This scoping reviewhas collected themes from publications aroundprescription ethics from Pakistan. Four major themeswere identified: 1) Impact – including physical andfinancial harm to patients, deficit in trust anddevelopment of antibiotic resistance, 2) Causes –including personal financial needs, peer pressure,inadequacy of education in ethics and professionalism,lack of evidence for policy-making, and weak regulatoryframework, 3) Type – includes unethical practices likeexcessive, inappropriate/unnecessary, expensive, nonevidence-based, and off-label prescriptions, andprescription of controlled drugs to addicts, and 4)Solution – proposed strategies to curb unethicalprescribing practices included education of communityand undergraduates, trainees and practicing physicians,improvement in policies/laws on drugdispensation/prescriptions, their enforcement andaccountability, as well as making health care accessible. Insummary, this review identifies various socialdeterminants of prescription ethics in the context ofPakistan, a low-middle income country, and highlightslocally applicable measures to prevent unethicalprescribing practices.
Keywords: Ethics, prescriptions, incentive-linked,inducement, enticement, incentivization, Pakistan
Developing a conceptual framework for the practical ethics of prescribing in medical school curricula
Authors: Emma Kelley  , Janet Grant  , Muhammad Shahid Shamim  , Mohammed Ahmed Rashid
Published: November 2024

Prescribing medications has traditionally been conceptualised as a technical process and skill in medical education, failing to acknowledge broader social, political, and economic dimensions. Consequently it’s ethical component is often overlooked. Existing educational approaches in medicine have predominantly covered ethics in abstract terms, which fail to equip students with an understanding of the complexity of ethical decision-making in real-world medical practice. This essay seeks to address this gap by proposing a conceptual framework to understand the practical ethics of prescribing in terms of its broader determinants. The authors emphasise the contextual factors that determine how ethical prescribing, and its coverage in medical curricula, can be defined. They propose that the framework outlined in this article can be the basis for cross-cultural dialogue. It can help tailor educational approaches and support future physicians in understanding and navigating the complex landscape that shapes their prescribing decisions.
Keywords: Ethical Prescribing, Conceptual Framework, Professionalism, Medical Education, Healthcare Systems.
Physician's prescription and pharmaceutical industry's influence - where have the ethics gone?
Authors: Zaeema Ahmer
Published: November 2024

The relationship between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry has evolved significantly over the years, raising concerns about ethical practices in medical prescribing. This article explores the multifaceted influence of pharmaceutical companies on physician behaviour, highlighting how marketing strategies, financial incentives, and promotional activities can compromise the integrity of clinical decision-making. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, the article examines the implications of inculcating ethics in undergraduate medical programmes, so future healthcare professionals understand the importance of making evidence-based decisions. Furthermore, this article calls for a critical evaluation of existing regulatory frameworks and advocates for stronger ethical guidelines to ensure that physician prescriptions are based solely on patient needs rather than external pressures from the pharmaceutical industry. Ultimately, it emphasizes the importance of restoring ethical standards in medicine to safeguard patient welfare and maintain the sanctity of the physician-patient relationship.
Keywords: Physician’s prescription, pharmaceutical industry, Ethics.
Commentary on prescribing ethics and conflict of interest
Authors: Amna Rehana Siddiqui  , Mishal Sameer Khan
Published: November 2024

The medical profession is inherently built on the pillars of trust, integrity and ethical conduct. Patients entrust their health, and often their lives, to medical practitioners, expecting that the care they receive is solely guided by the patient’s best interest. However, with the complexities of modern healthcare, these ethical standards are increasingly difficult to maintain. Conflict of interest in healthcare arises when the professional judgment of a healthcare provider is compromised such that they are at risk of not acting in the best interest of the patient because of the potential for personal gain.1-3 The theme of this supplement issue being conflict of interest (COI) affecting medical practice is a challenge particularly in the settings where regulatory systems are underresourced. Conflict of interest in health care provision not only occurs in physicians, but also among pharmacists and laboratory workforce. The healthcare provider-patient relationship is one of trust and confidence that the healthcare provider will act to maximize better health outcomes for the patient; therefore, the challenge of conflict of interest and unethical medical practices need to be addressed improving the quality of care and maintain trust in health systems.2-3
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Pemanfaatan Media Kartu Huruf dalam Meningkatkan Pembelajaran Makharijul Huruf Hijaiyah di Tadika Alfikh Orchard Pendamar
Authors: Raisa Amanda ZM  , Munawir Pasaribu
Published: November 2024

This research was carried out at Tadika Al Fikh Orchard Pendamar, with research subjects being 4 students. The problem that became the urgency for conducting this research was the discovery of problems with students' pronunciation of the hijaiyah letters which were still inaccurate due to a lack of knowledge about the makharijul hijaiyah letters which were in accordance with the rules of recitation science. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study design. This research aims to find out whether the use of letter card media can improve the learning of makharijul hijaiyah letters for 4 students at Tadika Al Fikh Orchard Pendamar. The focus of this research is the hijaiyah letters which are similar but different in terms of makharijul letters. The results of the research show that 4 students at Tadika Al Fikh Orchard Pendamar succeeded in pronouncing the hijaiyah letters correctly after learning the makharijul hijaiyah letters using letter cards, so it can be concluded that the use of letter cards succeeded in increasing the learning of makharijul hijaiyah letters at Tadika Al Fikh Orchard Pendamar.
Strategies for Minimizing Material Waste with the Application of Lean Construction in Building Construction Projects
Authors: Juniawan Ngakan Agung Biben , Putera I Gusti Agung Adnyana , Aribudiman I Nyoman
Published: November 2024

Waste of construction materials is one of the problems often experienced by several construction service actors in Bali, especially in Gianyar, the utilization of materials is not efficient so that the project experiences cost overruns. The purpose of this study is to identify the dominant indicators causing building construction material waste and formulate strategies to minimize material waste by applying lean construction principles to building construction projects. The research sample was 15 small-scale contracting companies in Gianyar with 2 to 3 respondents in each company, namely directors, site managers and implementers. Data collection using questionnaires. The data processing technique used is factor analysis and focus group discussion. The test results show that there are 10 indicators of the causes of material waste that often occur, namely, the design does not adjust the size of the available materials, lack of knowledge about construction implementation techniques, drawings with volume calculations are not well integrated, construction materials cannot be stored for a long time, excessive mixture of wet materials, distant material storage locations, incorrect use of conventional formwork, lack of periodic checks related to work results, installed material specifications are not appropriate, lack of attention to material specifications on site. The results of the focus group discussion found that the strategies to reduce material waste based on the application of lean construction principles are training for workers involved, scheduling good material procurement, using standard components available on the market by taking into account modules that can be applied, increasing communication with various parties in exchanging information through discussion forums, checking work results and material specifications regularly.
ОБЗОР МИРОВЫХ ПРАКТИК ОЦЕНКИ СТОИМОСТИ ВЕНЧУРНЫХ КОМПАНИЙ-СТАРТАПОВ
Authors: А.Ю. Виноградов
Published: November 2024

Оценка рыночной стоимости стартапов является одной из ключевых задач для инвесторов, предпринимателей и аналитиков. Правильное определение стоимости таких компаний на каждом этапе развития позволяет принимать обоснованные стратегические решения. Однако процесс оценки стартапов существенно отличается от оценки зрелых компаний, так как они часто обладают ограниченной финансовой историей, неопределенными перспективами роста и значительными рисками. Существует множество методик и подходов к оценке рыночной стоимости стартапов, каждая из которых имеет свои преимущества и ограничения. Одни методы основываются на анализе финансовых показателей, другие – на оценке потенциала рынка и уникальности продукта, третьи – на экспертных оценках и аналогиях с уже состоявшимися проектами. В данной статье рассмотрены наиболее распространенные мировые практики оценки стартапов.

Market valuation of startups is one of the key tasks for investors, entrepreneurs, and analysts. Properly determining the value of such companies at each development stage allows for making well-founded strategic decisions. However, the process of evaluating startups significantly differs from that of mature companies, as they often have limited financial history, uncertain growth prospects, and considerable risks. There are many methods and approaches to valuation the market value of startups worldwide, each with its own advantages and limitations. Some methods are based on the analysis of financial indicators, others on the assessment of market potential and product uniqueness, and still others on expert evaluations and analogies with already successful projects. This article examines the most common global practices for startups valuation.
“Empowering Young Voices for a Possible Pacific World”.
Authors: Nteh Bengyedla Ferdinant
Published: November 2024

In most communities across the globe, the idea of war is usually conceived by the old and ageing population. Paradoxically, those who effectively execute these ideas as combatants between the belligerents are the youths who have the strength to wage war as the protagonists. This paper examines the possibilities of transforming the mindsets of young people at a tender age. This is to ensure that as they grow to maturity, they would shone war, conflicts, and arm struggle. This has adversely affected the sustainable development of the African Continent in particular and the world at large. So, Can the mindsets of young people be really transformed to shone conflicts, war and confrontations in the world today? The paper is a critical and analytical content that shows the lacunae of arm struggle as a way out of conflict and underlines dialogue through transformation of the mindsets of young people as a sustainable modus operandi. Proper analysis of data drawn from primary and secondary sources will result in a continent of peacemakers who will establish peace structures manned by young voices from Think Tank Clubs created in our communities in collaboration with the Community Connectors for Peace, Traditional Authorities, Religious Leaders, Community Based Organizations, Civil Societies, and Community Elders. With these peace structures firmly rooted in our contemporary world with other groups quietly working to mitigate conflict with their people; peace building, reconciliatory measures and dialogue would prevail in all circumstances whereby discord may escalate. As such, there is cohesion and collaboration between Community Connectors for Peace, Local Government Authorities, Traditional Authorities, Community Elders, Civil Society Organizations, and Community Based Organizations. The emergence of Cooperatives engaged in Income Generating Activities and these Community Based Organizations championed by youths are obvious. Intensification of Communication through the social media animated by the young stars with nurtured mindsets in Citizenship Education, Peace Education, Civics and Moral Education will reduce radicalization of the young people and easy recruitment as combatants in case war- mongers start nursing ideas about confrontations. The culture and structures of peace created in each community in the world would lead to development and stability of the African continent and the world as a whole since the youths, who play the role of combatants between two belligerent Nations, would be against armed struggle perpetrated by war-mongers who are mostly the old and the ageing population. The youths at this stage already know that confrontations and war in a day can desecrate the environment and infrastructures build over centuries.