bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new impedance accounting for short‐ and long‐range effects in mixed substructured formulations of nonlinear problems
Authors: Negrello Camille , Gosselet Pierre , Rey Christian
Published: January 2018

An efficient method for solving large nonlinear problems combines Newton solvers and domain decomposition methods. In the domain decomposition method framework, the boundary conditions can be chosen to be primal, dual, or mixed. The mixed approach presents the advantage to be eligible for the research of an optimal interface parameter (often called impedance), which can increase the convergence rate. The optimal value for this parameter is usually too expensive to be computed exactly in practice: An approximate version has to be sought, along with a compromise between efficiency and computational cost. In the context of parallel algorithms for solving nonlinear structural mechanical problems, we propose a new heuristic for the impedance, which combines short‐ and long‐range effects at a low computational cost.
The development of hypothalamic obesity in craniopharyngioma patients: A risk factor analysis in a well‐defined cohort
Authors: van Iersel Laura , Meijneke Ruud W.H. , Schouten‐van Meeteren Antoinette Y.N. , Reneman Liesbeth , de Win Maartje M. , van Trotsenburg A.S. Paul , Bisschop Peter H. , Finken Martijn J.J. , Vandertop W. Peter , van Furth Wouter R. , van Santen Hanneke M.
Published: January 2018

Background

Hypothalamic obesity (HO) is a major concern in patients treated for craniopharyngioma (CP). The influence of degree of resection on development of HO, event‐free survival (EFS), and neuroendocrine sequelae is an issue of debate.

Procedure

A retrospective cohort consisting of all CP patients treated between 2002 and 2012 in two university hospitals was identified. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study the associations between preoperative BMI, age at diagnosis, tumor volume, performed surgical resection, and presence of HO at follow‐up.

Results

Thirty‐five patients (21 children and 14 adults) were included. Median follow‐up time was 35.6 months (4.1–114.7). Four patients were obese at diagnosis. HO was present in 19 (54.3%) patients at last follow‐up of whom eight were morbidly obese. Thirteen (37.1%) patients underwent partial resection (PR) and 22 (62.9%) gross total resection (GTR). GTR was related to HO (OR 9.19, 95% CI 1.43–59.01), but for morbid HO, obesity at diagnosis was the only risk factor (OR 12.92, 95% CI 1.05–158.73). EFS in patients after GTR was 86%, compared to 42% after PR (log‐rank 9.2, P = 0.003). Adjuvant radiotherapy after PR improved EFS (log‐rank 8.2, P = 0.004). Panhypopituitarism, present in 15 patients, was mainly seen after GTR.

Conclusions

HO is less frequent after PR than after GTR, but PR cannot always prevent the development of morbid obesity in patients with obesity at diagnosis. PR reduces the occurrence of panhypopituitarism. When developing a treatment algorithm, all these factors should be considered.
Multifunctional nano‐ZnO/PMMA composites with high transparency prepared by one‐step in situ polymerization
Authors: Chen Xiao , Xu Tao , Lei Hua , Tan Lu , Yang Le
Published: January 2018

Multifunctional nano‐ZnO/PMMA composites have wide application prospects in many fields such as antibacterial, photocatalysis, photoluminescence, and UV resistance. For mass production, one‐step in situ polymerization process was employed to prepare nano‐ZnO/PMMA composites, which is simple, environmentally friendly, and economical. The growth of nano‐ZnO was inhibited by PMMA thus nano‐ZnO with small particle sizes of 3–5 nm was dispersed homogeneously in PMMA matrix. Thermal stability and molecular weight of nano‐ZnO/PMMA composites were enhanced obviously in comparison with pure PMMA. Nano‐ZnO/PMMA composites with high visible transparency (91.8% at 600 nm) and efficient UV‐shielding capacity (97.7% at 320 nm) can be used as a substitute for inorganic glass and further extended to optical sensors or optical filters. In addition, the blue‐green luminescence emission under UV light makes nano‐ZnO/PMMA composites a promising candidate for promoting the photosynthesis of plants. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:657–663, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
In situ preparation of magnetite/cuprous oxide/poly(AMPS/NIPAm) for removal of methylene blue from waste water
Authors: Atta Ayman M , Al‐Hussain Sami A , Al‐Lohedan Hamad A , Ezzat Abdelrhman O , Tawfeek Ahmed M , Al‐Otabi Talal
Published: January 2018

In situ techniques have attracted great attention for the formation of nanomaterials with controlled sizes, shapes and dispersion within supramolecular hydrogels. In the present work, the doping of copper oxides onto magnetite nanoparticles into hydrogels based on sodium 2‐acylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate (AMPS) and N‐isopropylacrylamide NIPAm copolymers was investigated. The contents, morphology and thermal stability of magnetite, cupreous oxide and doped copper oxides onto the magnetite nanoparticles were evaluated. The optimum conditions for removal the cationic dye methylene blue (MB), such as solution pH, concentration of adsorbents, contact time and stirring time, were determined to investigate the effect of MB concentrations on the removal efficiencies of the prepared adsorbents. The recyclability of the prepared AMPS/NIPAm composites for the removal of MB was examined for up to six cycles without changes in removal effectiveness. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Cancer patients' motives for psychosocial consultation—Oncology social workers' perceptions of 226 patient cases
Authors: Isaksson Joakim , Lilliehorn Sara , Salander Pär
Published: January 2018

Objective

Although oncology social workers (OSWs) have emerged as a core profession in the provision of psychosocial services, there is a lack of empirical studies that describe their daily clinical work with patients. The overall aim of this study was to explore cancer patients' motives for consulting an OSW.

Methods

From a nationwide survey, we used data from 226 patient cases that OSWs met face to face. The OSWs were asked to describe how the case was referred to them, the patient's characteristics, and what they perceived as the patient's motives for contacting them as well as additional motives that came up during the consultations.

Results

Patients have different motives for consulting an OSW, and these motives change over the course of consultations; while feelings associated with being diagnosed with cancer were often the initial motive, questions associated with moving on in life and dealing with relationships and the overall life situation were added over time.

Conclusions

The results show that Swedish OSWs' function is multifaceted and that the initial motives among patients rarely predict the content in consultations over time. Based on the diversity of motives, it seems obvious that OSWs (at least in Sweden) need a broad education in the psychology of counselling. It also seems obvious that even if patients initially were referred by health care staff to the OSW due to psychological reactions to being ill, staff should also be attentive to the fact that relational and socio‐economic/juridical issues are of great concern for the patients.
A bench study of inhaled nitric oxide delivery during high frequency percussive ventilation
Authors: Branson Richard D. , Griebel Jeff , Rodriquez Dario
Published: January 2018

Background

Safe and effective delivery of inhaled nitric oxide (INO) requires the appropriate interface of ventilator and INO delivery device.

Methods

We compared INO delivery using four configurations with the Transport Sinusoidal Bronchotron® and INOmax DSIR Plus® in a lung model. Ventilator settings and lung model values were held constant. Delivered NO, NO2, and inspired oxygen (FIO2) were measured. The mean difference between set and measured NO was calculated and compared using ANOVA.

Results

Placement of the injector module in line with the sliding venturi resulted in a ventilator failure. With both continuous flow techniques there was no appreciable NO2 generated and the mean difference between set NO and measured NO at 20 and 40 ppm was −16.5 ppm and −33.2 ppm at flows of 5 and 10 L/min. Placement of the injector module between the sliding venturi and lung model resulted in an increase of NO2 to a peak of 2.4 ppm (mean 2.3 + 0.1) and a mean difference between set and measured NO of + 11.3 ppm and +30 ppm at 20 and 40 ppm, 300 cycles per minute (cpm), and 22.1 ppm and 37.6 ppm, at 20 and 40 ppm, 600 cpm. None of the test configurations delivered INO within 30% of set concentrations. No alarms or interruption of INO delivery occurred.

Conclusion

The dual gas delivery system of the Bronchotron prevents accurate delivery of INO. The combination of these two devices should be accomplished with caution and vigilance.
Respiratory viral infections in infancy and school age respiratory outcomes and healthcare costs
Authors: MacBean Victoria , Drysdale Simon B. , Yarzi Muska N. , Peacock Janet L. , Rafferty Gerrard F. , Greenough Anne
Published: January 2018

Objectives

To determine the impact of viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infancy including rhinovirus (RV) and infancy respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), on school age pulmonary function and healthcare utilization in prematurely born children.

Working hypothesis

School age respiratory outcomes would be worse and healthcare utilization greater in children who had viral LRTIs in infancy.

Study design

Prospective study.

Subject selection

A cohort of prematurely born children who had symptomatic LRTIs during infancy documented, was recalled.

Methods

Pulmonary function was assessed at 5 to 7 years of age and health related costs of care from aged one to follow‐up determined.

Results

Fifty‐one children, median gestational age 33+6 weeks, were assessed at a median (IQR) age 7.03 (6.37–7.26) years. Twenty‐one children had no LRTI, 14 RV LRTI, 10 RSV LRTI, and 6 another viral LRTI (other LRTI). Compared to the no LRTI group, the RV group had a lower FEV1 (P = 0.033) and the other LRTI group a lower FVC (P = 0.006). Non‐respiratory medication costs were higher in the RV (P = 0.018) and RSV (P = 0.013) groups. Overall respiratory healthcare costs in the RV (£153/year) and RSV (£27/year) groups did not differ significantly from the no LRTI group (£56/year); the other LRTI group (£431/year) had higher respiratory healthcare costs (P = 0.042).

Conclusions

In moderately prematurely born children, RV and RSV LRTIs in infancy were not associated with higher respiratory healthcare costs after infancy. Children who experienced LRTIs caused by other respiratory viruses (including RV) had higher respiratory healthcare costs and greater pulmonary function impairment.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: A marker of lung disease severity
Authors: Berdah Laura , Taytard Jessica , Leyronnas Sophie , Clement Annick , Boelle Pierre‐Yves , Corvol Harriet
Published: January 2018

Background

While the prevalence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia lung infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients has increased in the last decades, its pathogenicity remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of S. maltophilia initial infection on the progression of lung disease in CF children.

Methods

This case‐control retrospective study took place in a pediatric CF center. A total of 23 cases defined by at least one sputum culture positive for S. maltophilia, were matched for age, sex, and CFTR mutations to 23 never infected CF controls. The clinical data were collected for 2 years before and after S. maltophilia initial infection and comprised lung function analyses, rates of exacerbations and of antibiotic courses.

Results

Compared with controls, cases had lower lung function (P = 0.05), more frequent pulmonary exacerbations (P = 0.01), hospitalizations (P = 0.02), and intravenous antibiotic courses (P = 0.04) before S. maltophilia acquisition. In the year following S. maltophilia initial infection, lung function decline was similar in cases and controls but cases remained more severe, with more frequent pulmonary exacerbations (P = 0.01), hospitalizations (P = 0.02) and intravenous antibiotic courses (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

S. maltophilia seems to be a marker of CF lung disease severity and international recommendations to reduce lung infection by this pathogen should rapidly emerge.
Fridge: Focused fine‐tuning of ridge regression for personalized predictions
Authors: Hellton Kristoffer H. , Hjort Nils Lid
Published: January 2018

Statistical prediction methods typically require some form of fine‐tuning of tuning parameter(s), withK‐fold cross‐validation as the canonical procedure. For ridge regression, there exist numerous procedures, but common for all, including cross‐validation, is that one single parameter is chosen for all future predictions. We propose instead to calculate a unique tuning parameter for each individual for which we wish to predict an outcome. This generates an individualized prediction by focusing on the vector of covariates of a specific individual. The focused ridge—fridge—procedure is introduced with a 2‐part contribution: First we define an oracle tuning parameter minimizing the mean squared prediction error of a specific covariate vector, and then we propose to estimate this tuning parameter by using plug‐in estimates of the regression coefficients and error variance parameter. The procedure is extended to logistic ridge regression by using parametric bootstrap. For high‐dimensional data, we propose to use ridge regression with cross‐validation as the plug‐in estimate, and simulations show that fridge gives smaller average prediction error than ridge with cross‐validation for both simulated and real data. We illustrate the new concept for both linear and logistic regression models in 2 applications of personalized medicine: predicting individual risk and treatment response based on gene expression data. The method is implemented in the R packagefridge.
Scale matters:The scale of environmental issues in corporate collective actions
Authors: Bowen Frances E. , Bansal Pratima , Slawinski Natalie
Published: January 2018

Research Summary:Much of the research on corporate collective action to manage common pool resources is focused on coordinated actions, such as voluntary programs, rather than collaborative actions, such as technology sharing. In this article, we examine inductively the collective actions taken by a consortium of 12 oil sands companies to address three environmental issues of different scale. We identified a set of organizing rules that determined whether the relationship among industry members would be collaborative or competitive, and found that the organizing rules for collaborative collective action were more effective for smaller scale issues (i.e., tailings ponds and water) than the larger scale issue (i.e., greenhouse gas emissions). Our findings contribute to research on the competitive dynamics of collaborating with competitors and on industry self‐regulation.

Managerial Summary:Many environmental issues, such as climate change, water quality, and contaminated land, are caused by the overexploitation of commonly shared natural resources. Firms will often overuse resources because their cost of use is less than the benefit that accrues. In Alberta’s oil sands, 12 of the major oil sands operators, all competitors, have agreed to collaborate by sharing technology, which goes against the received wisdom of competition. This multiparty collaboration among competitors, while still relatively rare, is becoming increasingly commonplace. In this article, we outline the rules that allow this collaboration to flourish. Our most important finding is that the rules are shaped by the scale of the issue being managed, not the size of the collaboration.
Follow the leader (or not): The influence of peer CEOs’ characteristics on interorganizational imitation
Authors: Gupta Abhinav , Misangyi Vilmos F.
Published: January 2018

Research Summary:We argue that because charisma and narcissism represent widely held prototypes of effective and ineffective forms of leadership, respectively, the likelihood that a focal firm will imitate the practices of its peer firms is affected by these peer firms’ CEO characteristics. We theorize that peer firm CEO charisma enhances the focal firm’s imitation of peer firms’ behaviors, while peer firm CEO narcissism diminishes it. We further posit that the uncertainty of the context affects these imitation processes: industry dynamism and prior experience in a given strategic domain, respectively, strengthens and dampens focal firms’ susceptibility to these peer CEOs’ attributes. We test and find support for these ideas using a longitudinal sample of Fortune 500 firms in two distinct domains, corporate strategy and corporate social responsibility.

Managerial Summary:When companies are uncertain about the costs and benefits of strategic actions this may lead them to imitate the actions of peer companies. But given the uncertainty, the challenge for executives is: which companies to emulate and which to ignore? In a sample of Fortune 500 companies, we find that the charisma or narcissism of a peer company’s CEO positively or negatively influences, respectively, the degree to which the peer company’s strategic actions are imitated. We reason that this is because these particular CEO attributes are widely believed to drive leadership effectiveness or ineffectiveness, respectively. We also find that the effects of these CEO characteristics on imitation are stronger in dynamic industry environments and weaker for companies that already have experience with the given strategy.
Performance and preparation of cation‐exchange chromatographic stationary phases without negatively charged groups for protein separation
Authors: Yang Fan , Wang Fei , Zhang Lian
Published: January 2018

We synthesized a novel polymer‐based stationary phase modified by N‐methyl‐d‐glucamine. Although there is a tertiary amine group on the ligand of the special stationary phase, the performance of protein separation is cation exchange chromatography, instead of anion exchange chromatography. The similar retention behavior was also observed in ion exchange chromatography mode of two similar stationary phases and a commercial hydrophobic interaction chromatography column, which have no negatively charged groups. It could be caused by the hydrogen‐bonding interaction between chloride ions and hydroxyl groups.
A-Kinase Anchor Protein 12 Is Required for Oligodendrocyte Differentiation in Adult White Matter
Authors: Maki Takakuni , Choi Yoon Kyung , Miyamoto Nobukazu , Shindo Akihiro , Liang Anna C. , Ahn Bum Ju , Mandeville Emiri T. , Kaji Seiji , Itoh Kanako , Seo Ji Hae , Gelman Irwin H. , Lok Josephine , Takahashi Ryosuke , Kim Kyu-Won , Lo Eng H. , Arai Ken
Published: January 2018

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) give rise to oligodendrocytes in cerebral white matter. However, the underlying mechanisms that regulate this process remain to be fully defined, especially in adult brains. Recently, it has been suggested that signaling via A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12), a scaffolding protein that associates with intracellular molecules such as protein kinase A, may be involved in Schwann cell homeostasis and peripheral myelination. Here, we asked whether AKAP12 also regulates the mechanisms of myelination in the CNS. AKAP12 knockout mice were compared against wild-type (WT) mice in a series of neurochemical and behavioral assays. Compared with WTs, 2-months old AKAP12 knockout mice exhibited loss of myelin in white matter of the corpus callosum, along with perturbations in working memory as measured by a standard Y-maze test. Unexpectedly, very few OPCs expressed AKAP12 in the corpus callosum region. Instead, pericytes appeared to be one of the major AKAP12-expressing cells. In a cell culture model system, conditioned culture media from normal pericytes promoted in-vitro OPC maturation. However, conditioned media from AKAP12-deficient pericytes did not support the OPC function. These findings suggest that AKAP12 signaling in pericytes may be required for OPC-to-oligodendrocyte renewal to maintain the white matter homeostasis in adult brain.
Second Generation of a Fast‐track Liver Resection Programme
Authors: Schultz Nicolai A. , Larsen Peter N. , Klarskov B. , Plum L. M. , Frederiksen Hans‐Jørgen , Kehlet Henrik , Hillingsø Jens G.
Published: January 2018

Background

Recent developments in perioperative pathophysiology and care have documented evidence‐based, multimodal rehabilitation (fast‐track) to hasten recovery and decrease morbidity and hospital stay in several major surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect over time of a modified previously published fast‐track programme in unselected patients undergoing open or laparoscopic liver resection.

Methods

A prospective study includes the first 121 consecutive patients following an updated fast‐track programme for liver resection. High‐dose methylprednisolone was given to all patients before surgery, catheters and drains were systematically removed early, and patients were mobilized and started eating and drinking from the day of surgery. An opioid‐sparing multimodal pain treatment was given for the first week. The discharge criteria were (1) pain sufficiently controlled by oral analgesics only; (2) patient comfortable with discharge; (3) no untreated complications.

Results

The median length of stay (LOS) for all patients was 4 days, with 2 days after laparoscopic vs. 4 days for open resections. The median LOS after major hepatectomies (≥3 segments) was 5 days. The readmission rate was 6% and the 30‐day mortality zero. The LOS decreased compared to our first‐generation fast‐track programme with LOS 5 days.

Conclusions

Fast‐track principles for perioperative care and early discharge are safe even after major liver resection. The introduction of high‐dose steroids preoperatively might have facilitated a shorter LOS. Routine discharge on POD 1 or 2 after laparoscopic resection and on POD 4 after open liver resection has proven to be feasible.
Does Surgery Without Lugol’s Solution Pretreatment for Graves’ Disease Increase Surgical Morbidity?
Authors: Mercier Frederic , Bonal Mathieu , Fanget Florian , Maillard Laure , Laplace Nathalie , Peix Jean‐Louis , Lifante Jean‐Christophe
Published: January 2018

Background

Total thyroidectomy can be performed for Graves’ disease after a euthyroid state is achieved using inhibitors of thyroid hormone synthesis (thioamides). However, hypervascularization of the thyroid gland is associated with increased hemorrhage risk, in addition to complicating identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid gland. Saturated iodine solution (Lugol’s solution) has been recommended to reduce thyroid gland hypervascularization and intraoperative blood loss, although this approach is not used at our center based on our experience that it induces thyroid firmness and potentially hypoparathyroidism.

Methods

This retrospective single‐center study evaluated patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease between November 2010 and November 2015. The rates of various complications at our center were compared to those from the literature (e.g., cervical hematoma, hypocalcemia, and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy).

Results

Three hundred and eighty consecutive patients underwent total thyroidectomy without preoperative Lugol’s solution (311 women [81.84%] and 69 men [18.16%], mean age 43.41 years). No postoperative deaths were reported, although 30 patients (7.89%) experienced recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and 9 patients experienced permanent injuries (2.37%). Hypoparathyroidism was experienced by 87 patients (25.53%) and 14 patients experienced permanent hypoparathyroidism (3.68%). Four patients required reoperation for cervical hematoma (1.05%; 2 deep and 2 superficial hematomas).

Conclusion

Despite the recommendation of iodine pretreatment, few of our non‐pretreated patients experienced permanent nerve injury (2.37%) or permanent hypoparathyroidism (3.68%). These results are comparable to the outcomes from the literature. Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether iodine pretreatment is necessary before surgery for Graves’ disease.
Basic modelling of tertiary creep of copper
Authors: Sui Fangfei , Sandström Rolf
Published: January 2018

Mechanisms that are associated with acceleration of the creep rate in the tertiary stage such as microstructure degradation, cavitation, necking instability and recovery have been known for a long time. Numerous empirical models for tertiary creep exist in the literature, not least to describe the development of creep damage, which is vital for understanding creep rupture. Unfortunately, these models almost invariably involve parameters that are not accurately known and have to be fitted to experimental data. Basic models that take all the relevant mechanisms into account which makes them predictive have been missing. Only recently, quantitative basic models have been developed for the recovery of the dislocation structure during tertiary creep and for the formation and growth of creep cavities. These models are employed in the present paper to compute the creep strain versus time curves for copper including tertiary creep without the use of any adjustable parameters. A satisfactory representation of observed tertiary creep has been achieved. In addition, the role of necking is analysed with both uniaxial and multiaxial methods.
Prevalence of Rotator Cuff Repairs with and without Concomitant Subacromial Decompressions Has Not Changed
Authors: Buss Daniel D. , Stern Steve H. , Tervola Ned , McCarty L. Pearce , Giveans M. Russell
Published: January 2018

Background

Recent research from the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery database indicates a decreasing rate of subacromial decompression (SAD) performed with rotator cuff repair (RCR) by younger orthopedic surgeons.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of RCR with and without SAD and whether the rate of RCR with SAD decreased over time. Further, we set out to determine if there was significant variation in the rate of RCR with SAD by state.

Methods

Rates of RCR with and without open or arthroscopic SAD from 2010 to 2012 were determined based upon de-identified data from a national health insurance carrier. Data were normalized per 10, 000 insured patients for comparative analysis.

Results

Rates of RCR with concomitant SAD were higher than RCR without SAD in each year analyzed. In patients 50 years old and older, this same significant difference was also seen for each year. The rate of RCR with or without SAD did not decrease over the 3-year time period. The rate of RCR performed concomitantly with SAD was significantly higher than RCR performed without SAD in all patient age groups combined. There was wide variation in the rate of RCR with or without concurrent SAD across states.

Conclusion

Disproving our hypothesis, the overall rate of RCR with or without SAD did not decrease over the period from 2010 to 2012. There was wide variation in the rate of RCR by state; however, this variation was not seen in the incidence of SAD performed concomitant with the RCR.
First Trimester Diagnosis of Iniencephaly Confirmed by Postnatal Autopsy
Authors: Sharma Shreyasi , Singh Chanchal , Aggarwal Aradhana , Kant Anita , Thakur Seema , Kaul Anita
Published: January 2018

Iniencephaly (Greek: “inoin” meaning nape of neck) is an extremely rare and uniformly lethal form of neural tube defect. We report a case diagnosed in the first trimester using two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound. The diagnosis was confirmed on postnatal autopsy. This case highlights the importance of diagnosing structural abnormalities in the first trimester itself.
Blending design of composite laminated structure with panel permutation sequence
Authors: Jin P. , Wang Y. , Zhong X. , Yang J. , Sun Z.
Published: January 2018

Previously, the concept of Ply Drop Sequence (PDS) is introduced by the authors for the designing of composite laminated structures with multiple regions. Compared to deleting a contiguous innermost/outermost plies in the classical guide-based blending, using PDS is more flexible than dropping plies between adjacent regions. In this article, a new blending model called the Permutation for Panel Sequence (PPS) blending model is proposed to correct the problem of repeated searching of discrete points in the design space for the previous PDS blending model. The proposed method is also applied to an 18-panel horseshoe benchmark problem. The results demonstrate that the useful searching points in the PPS method are less than those in the PDS method when the number of the panels is less than the number of plies in the guide laminate, and the PPS method obtains a faster convergence speed compared with the PDS method.
A model for the effect of pressure gradient on turbulent axisymmetric wakes
Authors: Shamsoddin Sina , Porté-Agel Fernando
Published: January 2018

Turbulent axisymmetric wakes under pressure gradient have received little attention in the literature, in spite of their fundamental and practical importance, for example, in the case of wind turbine wakes over topography. In this paper, we develop an analytical framework to analyse turbulent axisymmetric wakes under different pressure gradient conditions. Specifically, we develop a model to predict how an arbitrary imposed pressure gradient perturbs the evolution of the zero-pressure-gradient wake. The starting point of the model is the basic mean conservation of the streamwise momentum equation. We take advantage of the self-similarity of the wake velocity deficit and the assumption that the ratio of the maximum velocity deficit to the wake width is independent of the pressure gradient; such an assumption is supported experimentally for planar wakes, and numerically for axisymmetric wakes in this study. Furthermore, an asymptotic solution for the problem is also derived. The problem is considered for both an axisymmetric strain and a planar strain. The inputs to the model are the imposed pressure gradient and the wake width in the zero-pressure-gradient case. To validate the model results, a set of large-eddy simulations (LES) are performed. Comparing the evolution of the maximum velocity deficit and the wake width, the model results and the LES data show good agreement. Similarly to planar wakes, it is observed that the axisymmetric wake recovers faster in the favourable pressure gradient compared with the adverse one.
Bronislaw Malinowski, “Indirect Rule,” and the Colonial Politics of Functionalist Anthropology, ca. 1925–1940
Authors: Foks Freddy
Published: January 2018

Functionalist anthropology has a contested legacy. Some scholars have praised functionalism as a contributor to the relativizing of civilizations and cultures while others have criticized it as a colonial science smoothing the interwar workings of indirect rule. This article argues that the colonial politics of functionalist anthropology can only be understood against the background of resurgent settler colonialism in British East Africa. Supporters of indirect rule increasingly relied on a language of scientific administration and welfarist policies associated with the League of Nations to bolster their position against the settlers in the 1920s and 1930s. Functionalism offered them some means of support on this count. The functionalists, meanwhile, co-opted the language of indirect rule to pursue their own intra-disciplinary ends. This combination of interests was pragmatic and flexible rather than ossified and ideological, marked more by what both opposed (settler colonialism) than a shared ideal towards which they aspired (indirect rule). Anthropologists and colonial administrators possessed very different ideas of indirect rule, with strikingly different implications for the future of Britain's African Empire.
A Sea of Difference, a History of Gaps: Migrations between Italy and Albania, 1939–1992
Authors: Ballinger Pamela
Published: January 2018

This article examines extended debates after World War II over the repatriation of Italian civilians from Albania, part of the Italian fascist empire from 1939 until 1943. Italy's decolonization, when it is studied at all, usually figures as rapid and non-traumatic, and an inevitable byproduct of Italy's defeat in the war. The tendency to gloss over the complexities of decolonization proves particularly marked in the Albanian case, given the brevity of Italy's formal rule over that country and the overwhelming historiographical focus on the Italian military experience there. In recovering the complex history of Italian and Albanian relations within which negotiations over repatriation occurred, this article demonstrates the prolonged process of imperial repatriation and its consequences for the individuals involved. In some cases, Italian citizens, and their families, only “returned” home to Italy in the 1990s. The repatriation of these “remainders” of empire concerned not only the Italian and Albanian states but also local committees (notably the Circolo Garibaldi) and international organizations, including the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and the International Committee of the Red Cross. In recuperating this history, the analysis rejects seeming truisms about the forgotten or repressed memory of Italian colonialism. Drawing upon critical theories of “gaps,” the article addresses the methodological challenges in writing such a history.
Long-Term Impact of Aerial Application of 2,4,5-T to Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)
Authors: Michael J. L.
Published: January 2018

Twenty years after aerial application of 2.24 kg ae/ha of the butoxy ethanol ester of 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] to release grass stage longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings, stocking was the same for each of three treated and control 4-ha plots. Treated plots, however, had significantly greater tree diameter (10%), taller trees (17%), and more merchantable tree volume/ha (40%). Merchantable tree volume differences 20 yr after treatment represent an 8 yr growth advantage for treated plots.
Effect of Growth Stage and Water Stress on Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Control and on Glyphosate Absorption and Translocation
Authors: Ahmadi M. S. , Haderlie L. C. , Wicks G. A.
Published: January 2018

Under greenhouse conditions, postemergence herbicide effectiveness was greater when barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.] plants were 5-or 10-cm tall as compared to 15-or 20-cm tall. Absorption of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] decreased from 58% of applied to 47% as plant height increased from 5 to 15 cm, and an additional reduction (to 32% of applied at 5 cm) occurred when terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] was added to glyphosate. Translocation of14C-glyphosate was reduced in older plants or when terbutryn was added to glyphosate. Water stress studies included soil moisture levels of 10, 20, 30, and 40% moisture (PW). Herbicide treatments were less effective at soil moisture levels below field capacity (30 PW). When soil moisture was 10 PW (-37 bar) absorption of14C-glyphosate was greatly reduced in plants treated at both 7.5-and 15-cm heights with or without terbutryn. At 10 PW only 15 to 20% of applied14C was absorbed whereas at 40 PW, absorption was over 45% and 62% with and without terbutryn, respectively. The addition of terbutryn to glyphosate resulted in decreased translocation for all soil moisture levels except the 20 PW treatment at the 15-cm height. Translocation of14C was greatly reduced for plants in soils at 10 PW for both herbicide treatments.
Site of Uptake and Translocation of14C-Buthidazole in Corn (Zea mays) and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
Authors: Hatzios Kriton K. , Penner Donald
Published: January 2018

Uptake and translocation of14C-buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone} in corn (Zea maysL.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) were studied following both foliar and root treatments under greenhouse and growth chamber environments. Following foliar application,14C-buthidazole was absorbed by the leaves of corn and redroot pigweed seedlings in similar amounts. Translocation occurred only toward the tip of the treated leaves in corn, whereas in redroot pigweed the14C moved both acropetally and basipetally. Rapid uptake by the roots and rapid movement to the leaves via the xylem seems to be the main pathway of uptake and translocation of14C-buthidazole supplied to the roots of redroot pigweed plants. Uptake by both the roots and the emerging coleoptile and transport to the foliage seems to be the pattern of absorption and translocation of buthidazole in corn following preemergence application. Differences in absorption did not appear to be an important factor contributing to selectivity of buthidazole between corn and redroot pigweed. However, translocation of14C-buthidazole supplied to the roots was faster to the redroot pigweed shoots than to corn shoots.
Purposefully Introduced Plants that Have Become Noxious or Poisonous Weeds
Authors: Williams M. C.
Published: January 2018

Purposefully introduced plants that have become weeds cost the United States millions of dollars annually by reducing yields of crops and livestock, clogging navigable and recreational waterways, reducing productivity and value of grazing lands, poisoning humans and livestock, and increasing weed control costs. Research is in progress to develop methods of intercepting foreign plants that might be toxic to livestock if introduced on western ranges and pastures. Methods of intercepting include identifying poisonous plants from seed inventories, chemical analysis, chemotaxonomic investigations of biochemical relationships between related taxa, and feeding suspected plants to laboratory and domestic animals.
FMC 57020 Effects on Chloroplast Development in Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) Cotyledons
Authors: Duke Stephen O. , Kenyon William H. , Paul Rex N.
Published: January 2018

The effect of FMC 57020 [2-(2-chlorophenyl) methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxalidinone] on chloroplast development was examined in the cotyledons of 5-day-old, etiolated pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL. ♯ IPOLA) seedlings grown from seeds inbibed for 24 h in water or 0.5 mM FMC 57020. In etiolated tissues, protochlorophyllide content was unaffected by FMC 57020; however, the herbicide eliminated carotenoid accumulation. There was no effect of FMC 57020 on phytoene or phytofluene content, although norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl) phenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] increased phytoene content in these tissues. The Shibata shift was greatly retarded in FMC 57020-treated cotyledons, suggesting that phytol levels are also reduced by the herbicide. There were no ultrastructural effects on etioplasts; however, under low white light (150 μE·m-2·s-1PAR), plastids of FMC 57020-treated seedlings did not develop into chloroplasts but rapidly developed ultrastructural symptoms of photobleaching. Starch was not mobilized in herbicide-treated plastids and sugar levels were higher in these plastids than in control plastids. Etiolated hypocotyl growth was inhibited by FMC 57020, whereas norflurazon had no effect upon it. Our results suggest that FMC 57020 blocks both diterpene and tetraterpene synthesis.
Prickly Smartweed (Polygonum bungeanum), a New Weed in North America
Authors: Andersen Robert N. , Lueschen William E. , Zaremba James R.
Published: January 2018

An annual weed, found in Minnesota in the summer of 1984, was identified as Polygonum bungeanum Turcz. This species is not included in floras of North America and may have been introduced from Asia as long ago as 25 yr. Because the stems of this weed are prickly, we propose “prickly smartweed” as a common name for this species. Currently, we know the weed to occur in six counties in southern Minnesota and one county in northern Iowa. Field observations suggest that this species may be at least as competitive as other annual smartweeds.
Contribution of Soil Spray Deposit from Postemergence Herbicide Applications to Control of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Hall J. Christopher , Bestman Hank D. , Devine Malcolm D. , Vanden Born William H.
Published: January 2018

Foliage-only, soil-only, and foliage plus soil applications of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide}, and metsulfuron {2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid} were used to determine the contribution of soil spray deposit to the control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] under greenhouse conditions. Herbicide reaching the soil contributed significantly to the suppression of secondary shoot growth, particularly when pots were watered from above. In subirrigated pots, the herbicides showed activity if they were sprayed on moist soil, but not if they were sprayed on dry soil. These results suggest that it is important to shield the soil during postemergence applications of herbicides in greenhouse experiments in order to avoid overestimating foliar activity.
Use of a Mathematical Model to Determine the Fate of Atrazine in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Plants
Authors: Raynaud Sylvie , Bastide Jean , Coste Camille
Published: January 2018

A model of the pharmacokinetics of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Escourgnon’) plants has been described. Uptake of atrazine conforms to a first-order kinetic model. Roots play a small role as a sink for atrazine. Metabolism of the herbicide conforms to a second-order kinetic model. Using this model, the amount of atrazine in leaves can be evaluated at any time if the concentration of herbicide in solution is known.
Relative Costs of a Weed-Activated Versus Conventional Sprayer in Northern Great Plains Fallow
Authors: Ahrens William H.
Published: January 2018

Detectspray™ weed-activated sprayer (WAS) technology enables individual nozzles on a sprayer to turn on and off in response to the presence of green vegetation. WAS operated full season at two fallow sites in North Dakota reduced POST herbicide requirement 47 to 88%. Full-season WAS applied as needed at West Fargo reduced cost to the farmer by only 13% compared with broadcast application with a farmer-owned sprayer and assuming free labor. Winds of 8 to 16 km/h apparently moved spray off target, thereby necessitating retreatment and increasing the relative costs of WAS at Fargo. The percentage of sample quadrats having greater than 3% vegetative cover correlated positively (r = 0.78 to 0.80) with percentage reduction in spray volume achieved by WAS.
Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Control with Fall-Applied Imazapyr, Imazaquin, and Imazethapyr
Authors: Masters Robert A. , Stougaard Robert N. , Nissen Scott J.
Published: January 2018

Imazapyr, imazaquin, and imazethapyr were evaluated for control of leafy spurge. Herbicides were applied at 70, 140, and 280 g ae/ha in Fall 1989, 1990, or 1991 on a sub-irrigated meadow near Ainsworth, NE and a tallgrass prairie near Columbus, NE. Imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr at 280 g/ha controlled leafy spurge 58, 82 and 73%, respectively, 9 mo after treatment (MAT) at Ainsworth. Leafy spurge control averaged 49% 9 MAT at Columbus where 280 g/ha of the imidazolinone herbicides were applied. Leafy spurge yields were reduced at Ainsworth by 29 and 78% where the imidazolinones were applied at 140 and 280 g/ha. By 11 MAT, leafy spurge control on areas treated with 280 g/ha declined to less than 60% at Ainsworth and 10% at Columbus. Perennial forage grass yields at both sites were generally unaffected by imazaquin or imazethapyr, but imazapyr at 280 g/ha reduced yields by 69 and 44% at Ainsworth and Columbus, respectively. Imidazolinone herbicides applied in the fall partially controlled leafy spurge, but did not increase perennial forage grass yields.
Interference of Two Kyllinga Species (Kyllinga nemoralis and Kyllinga brevifolia) on Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Growth
Authors: Kawabata Osamu , Nishimoto Roy K. , Tang Chung-Shih
Published: January 2018

The influence of green kyllinga and white kyllinga on common bermudagrass growth was compared by planting one to three green or white kyllinga rhizomes with two bermudagrass stolons. White kyllinga reduced bermudagrass shoot fresh weight to 56% of the control, but green kyllinga did not reduce bermudagrass shoot fresh weight significantly. Increased planting densities of both kyllinga species linearly increased kyllinga shoot fresh weight and decreased bermudagrass shoot fresh weight similarly. White kyllinga produced more leaf fresh weight, leaf area, and roots and rhizomes than green kyllinga, which produced more shoots and inflorescences.
Efficacy of Starch-Encapsulated Formulations of Atrazine Containing Two or Three Herbicides in Same Granule
Authors: Schreiber Marvin M. , Hickman Michael V. , Vail Gordon D.
Published: January 2018

Field experiments were conducted in 1990, 1991, and 1992 to evaluate and compare the efficacy of commercial herbicide formulations with starch encapsulated granules that contain one, two, or three herbicides. Atrazine in combination with alachlor or metolachlor composed the two-component granules and the addition of dicamba to both composed the three-component granules. All starch-encapsulated formulations were produced by twin screw extrusion technology and evaluated in two granule sizes, 1.4 to 0.5-mm (14 to 20 mesh) and 0.85 to 0.43-mm (20 to 40 mesh). Active ingredient rates applied were selected for the existing soil conditions and combination granules contained active ingredients proportional to premixed commercial formulations available or suggested for tank mixes. Evaluations were performed under conventional, chisel, and no-tillage systems. PRE and PPI applications of starch encapsulated two-component (atrazine-alachlor) in 1990 controlled giant foxtail (except at the low rate with large granule size), redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters excellently but control of velvetleaf was fair to poor. Smaller-sized granules were generally more effective for controlling weeds than the larger-sized granules. In 1991, starch-encapsulated two-component (atrazine-metolachlor) granules applied both PRE and PPI in conventional, chisel, and no-till systems gave results similar to 1990 with the small granules more effective on velvetleaf. The addition of dicamba in the granule to form three-component starch-encapsulated granules in 1992 resulted in control of velvetleaf, ivyleaf morningglory, and jimsonweed statistically equal to commercial formulations except in one case of no-till corn. In our experiments, herbicide formulations (granular vs. commercial) had no significant effect on corn yield in 28 out of 31 treatments. These data indicate that if the experimental three-component starch-encapsulated formulations of corn herbicides used in these studies were optimized they could become as efficacious as commercial formulations presently on the market. This is the first report of research containing data on two- and three-component starch-encapsulated granular formulations.
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control in No-Tillage Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Glenn Scott , Heimer Lane K.
Published: January 2018

Canada thistle control in no-tillage corn was studied in Western Maryland from 1990 to 1992. The best treatment at planting for controlling Canada thistle was a tank mixture of 2240 g/ha glyphosate plus 560 g/ha 2,4-D. Clopyralid applied at 210 and 280 g/ha alone and 106 g/ha tank mixed with 560 g/ha 2,4-D effectively controlled Canada thistle in no-tillage corn (85 to 96%). Nicosulfuron applied at 35 g/ha and 20 or 40 g/ha primisulfuron suppressed Canada thistle (59 to 75%). Tank mixtures of nicosulfuron or primisulfuron with 2,4-D or dicamba generally increased Canada thistle control (75 to 87%) compared with control by these herbicides applied alone. Treatments that controlled Canada thistle generally increased corn yields compared with the weedy controls. Yield increases were most dramatic in 1991 when precipitation was low.