bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WRONGS, PREFERENCES, AND THE SELECTION OF CHILDREN: A CRITIQUE OF REBECCA BENNETT'S ARGUMENT AGAINST THE PRINCIPLE OF PROCREATIVE BENEFICENCE
Authors: HERISSONE‐KELLY PETER
Published: February 2011

Rebecca Bennett, in a recent paper dismissing Julian Savulescu's principle of procreative beneficence, advances both a negative and a positive thesis. The negative thesis holds that the principle's theoretical foundation – the notion of impersonal harm or non‐person‐affecting wrong – is indefensible. Therefore, there can be no obligations of the sort that the principle asserts. The positive thesis, on the other hand, attempts to plug an explanatory gap that arises once the principle has been rejected. That is, it holds that the intuitions of those who adhere to the principle are not genuine moral intuitions, but instead simply give voice to mere (non‐moral) preferences.

This paper, while agreeing that Savulescu's principle does not express a genuine moral obligation, takes issue with both of Bennett's theses. It is suggested that the argument for the negative thesis is either weak or question‐begging, while there is insufficient reason to suppose the positive thesis true.
GENETIC ENHANCEMENT, SOCIAL JUSTICE, AND WELFARE‐ORIENTED PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION
Authors: ETIEYIBO EDWIN
Published: February 2011

The debate over the host of moral issues that genetic enhancement technology (GET) raises has been significant. One argument that has been advanced to impugn its moral legitimacy is the ‘unfair advantage argument’ (UAA), which states: allowing access to GET to be determined by socio‐economic status would lead to unjust outcomes, namely, create a genetic caste system, and with it the exacerbation and perpetuation of existing socio‐economic inequalities. Fritz Allhoff has recently objected to the argument, the kernel of which is that it conflates the use of the technology with its distribution. GET, he argues, would generate unjust outcomes only if it is distributed according to principles of an unjust pattern of distribution; for if we can determine what constitutes a ‘just’ distributive scheme, then the technology can be allocated according to the principles of that scheme. In this paper I argue the following cluster of related claims: (1) both UAA and Allhoff's proposed distributive schemes ignore the importance of non‐genetic factors in the development of an individual's characteristics and capacities; (2) if we accept the view that it is good to prevent unjust outcomes that arise because some have exclusive access to GET, then we have to accept wide‐ranging distributive schemes; (3) by tracking genetic and non‐genetic factors wide‐ranging schemes do violate in some sense the widely shared value of neutrality in liberal democracies.
CHILDREN AS MEANS AND ENDS IN LARGE‐SCALE MEDICAL RESEARCH
Authors: WILLIAMS GARRATH
Published: February 2011

This paper considers the often‐expressed fear that medical research may use children merely as means, and not respect them as ends in themselves – especially insofar as they are deemed less able to consent than adults. The main focus is on large‐scale genetic, socio‐medical and epidemiological research. The theoretical starting point of the paper is that to be treated as an end in oneself is to be regarded as – and to act as – a participant in cooperative endeavours. This participatory status is certainly connected with individual authority to consent and dissent; and there is no doubt that consent plays an important role when adults participate in many research projects. However, insofar as consent is located within structures of human cooperation, the authority to consent is not a straightforward privilege. Rather, consent is bound up with responsibility for one's choices and commitment to shared terms of cooperation. Given this understanding, it is argued that consent should not be our principal concern when we involve children in research. This is not because of children's (possible) incompetence to consent as such, but rather because children are still learning how to respect and assess the cooperative terms involved in our institutional lives. Instead, our leading concern should be with the terms regulating their involvement in research. Given suitable safeguards, research is one way in which children may learn what it is to bear responsibilities and to act as an end in oneself – that is, to cooperate with others on reasonable terms and for worthy ends.
CLUSTER RANDOMIZATION AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Authors: CHWANG ERIC
Published: February 2011

In this paper, I will argue that, while the ethical issues raised by cluster randomization can be challenging, they are not new. My thesis divides neatly into two parts. In the first, easier part I argue that many of the ethical challenges posed by cluster randomized human subjects research are clearly present in other types of human subjects research, and so are not novel. In the second, more difficult part I discuss the thorniest ethical challenge for cluster randomized research – cases where consent is genuinely impractical to obtain. I argue that once again these cases require no new analytic insight; instead, we should look to political philosophy for guidance. In other words, the most serious ethical problem that arises in cluster randomized research also arises in political philosophy.
British Conservatism and Foreign Policy: Traditions and Ideas Shaping Cameron's Global View
Authors: Beech Matt
Published: February 2011

This article contributes to a debate on prospective Conservative foreign policy initiated by Klaus Dodds and Stuart Elden in this journal. The central argument is that Cameron's global view is being shaped by the traditions and ideas associated with Liberalism as well as Conservatism. Elite interviews with former Conservative foreign secretaries help illustrate the role played by Conservative assumptions between 1979 and 1997. The article examines Conservative attitudes to the ‘special relationship’; to living in the post-9/11 world; and evaluates continuity and change in the Conservative party's approach to foreign policy. It is argued that while Cameron and Hague are part of the Conservative tradition, their speeches and policy statements also reveal a Liberal perspective.
Cross‐linguistic transfer of oral language, decoding, phonological awareness and reading comprehension: a meta‐analysis of the correlational evidence
Authors: Melby‐Lervåg Monica , Lervåg Arne
Published: February 2011

We present a meta‐analysis of cross‐linguistic transfer of oral language (vocabulary and listening comprehension), phonology (decoding and phonological awareness) and reading comprehension. Our findings show a small meta‐correlation between first (L1) and second (L2) oral language and a moderate to large correlation between L1 and L2 phonological awareness and decoding. This is interpreted in terms of the complexity of oral language compared with phonological awareness and decoding, where the limited number of letter–sound combinations are easier to learn. There were also large variations in the L1–L2 correlations for all language domains. The variation of decoding was moderated by writing system and instructional language. Further, the meta‐correlation between L1 decoding and L2 reading comprehension was small to moderate, and decreased reliably with age, while the correlation between L1 oral language and L2 reading comprehension was close to 0. Overall, we argue that the results can be explained from both interdependence and contrastive perspectives.
Acquiring the complex English orthography: a triliteracy advantage?
Authors: Kahn‐Horwitz Janina , Schwartz Mila , Share David
Published: February 2011

The script‐dependence hypothesis was tested through the examination of the impact of Russian and Hebrew literacy on English orthographic knowledge needed for spelling and decoding among fifth graders. We compared the performance of three groups: Russian–Hebrew‐speaking emerging triliterates, Russian–Hebrew‐speaking emerging biliterates who were not literate in Russian (but only in Hebrew) and Hebrew‐speaking emerging biliterates. Based on similarities between Russian and English orthographies, we hypothesised that Russian–Hebrew‐speaking emerging triliterates would outperform both other groups on spelling and decoding of short vowels and consonant clusters. Further, we hypothesised that all groups would face similar difficulties with novel orthographic conventions. Russian–Hebrew‐speaking emerging triliterates demonstrated advantages for spelling and decoding of short vowels and for decoding of consonant clusters. All three groups experienced difficulty with spelling and decoding the digraph th as well as the split digraph (silent e).
EFFECTS OF TAXES AND BENEFITS ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN KOREA
Authors: SUNG MYUNG JAE , PARK KI‐BAEG
Published: February 2011

This paper examines the redistributive effects of Korea's fiscal policies, including consumption taxes and in‐kind benefits. Using the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of 2007, we find that taxes and transfers reduce income inequality in Korea by 13.8 percent. Contrary to the popular belief that direct taxes are the key tool for redistribution, in‐kind benefits, direct taxes, and social security contributions all decrease the Gini coefficient by 6.7, 4.7, and 2.9 percentage points, respectively. The redistributive effect of consumption taxes is small and negative (−0.5 percentage point). Policy simulations indicate that education spending financed by the personal income tax has a positive redistributive effect and that the lower 70 percent of households enjoy positive net benefits. Spending targeting the poor has a strong redistributive effect, which implies low popularity because the majority of households face net losses.
The Nineteenth‐Century Artist‐Teacher: A Case Study of George Wallis and the Creation of a New Identity
Authors: Daichendt G. James
Published: February 2011

‘Artist‐teacher’ is a conceptually rich term in the field of art and design education used to describe the professionally distinct roles of artist and teacher. George Wallis (1811–91), a nineteenth‐century artist and teacher, the subject of this article, first used the term ‘artist‐teacher’ to describe himself and his theories of art education. To better understand this new term, the researcher organised the diverse aspects of Wallis's life from 1811 to 1845 as a network of enterprises to track the streams of thinking that contributed to this professional statement. Through comparison, ordering and sequencing the various enterprises, a deeper and reflective understanding of Wallis's teaching developed. In fact, the network of enterprises displays the growth of Wallis's thought as a slow and evolving process, eventually highlighting the turbulent situation that provoked Wallis to defend his theories and practices when he conjured the new term.
‘Building Dancing’: Dance within the Context of Architectural Design Pedagogy
Authors: Ersoy Zehra
Published: February 2011

Recent theoretical and technological developments redefine the discipline of architecture substantially. Current day approaches in design pedagogy focus on personal and bodily experiences of the subject and the need for investigating new ways and methods to enhance awareness of spatial experiences is inevitable. In order to establish a heuristic understanding of embodiment in space within design pedagogy, collaborative studies of dance and architecture are important supports. This article introduces ‘Building Dancing’, which is an approach to embodied learning. The project is specifically designed and developed for students of architectural design and aims to integrate the existing body of knowledge and hands‐on exercises under a holistic framework. Within this study, the issue of embodiment is regarded not solely as a theoretical concept but a transforming method for achieving a conception of a reality and an understanding of architectural design processes.
Being an Artist Teacher: A Liberating Identity?
Authors: Thornton Alan
Published: February 2011

Education as a liberating and democratic process remains an aim and belief in discourses within the field and beyond. The arts also have a tradition in which ‘artistic freedom’ is valued even if what constitutes artistic freedom is contested. In this article an educational discourse in which dialogue is considered a means to personal and collective liberation through education is highlighted and related to ‘artistic freedom’ and the dual roles of artist and teacher, in which learners and teachers are encouraged to contribute to and change culture as well as study and absorb it. Conceptualisations of the artist teacher and professional development and practices associated with these are considered to open up creative possibilities for art teachers without undermining other positive aspects of identity as a teacher and practitioner.
Facilitating Meta‐learning in Art and Design Education
Authors: Winters Tara
Published: February 2011

Art and design programmes are educationally unique in that students themselves play a central role in determining their own learning needs. To be successful in their study, art and design students are required to operate with a high degree of independence and self‐direction. Developing the skills for greater self‐reliance requires students to become aware of their conceptions of the subject of study, and of themselves as learners in a particular learning context. Developing greater self‐awareness as a learner and becoming more independent in one's learning is captured by the concept of meta‐learning.

In this article I present an alternative strategy to prevalent diagnostic approaches to assist in developing a student's capacity for meta‐learning in the subject context of art and design. An inquiry cycle was created to provide a structure within which to facilitate generative thinking about learning through engaging with fundamental questions related to the subject of learning (art and design) rather than the learning subject (i.e. the student). This method represents a departure from existing approaches to engaging students in meta‐learning. A pilot study used to trial the effectiveness of this strategy is also presented here. The inquiry map, and the conceptual base upon which it was developed, were found to be useful ways to structure reflective thinking about learning and to assist in developing a student's conception of the subject.
Making Payton's Rocket: Heterotopia and Lines of Flight
Authors: MacRae Christina
Published: February 2011

This article explores the potential of heterotopia as a way to prompt us to think differently about children's art‐making. Foucault uses the term to describe a space of difference. As something that is not easily located within a system of representation, a heterotopia is not amenable to interpretation. It is this resistance to interpretation that can ‘force us to confront the limits of our understanding’. Linking Foucault's idea of the heterogeneous with Deleuze & Guttari's concept of ‘smooth space’ allows me to think differently about representational intent. As a teacher of young children, I have habitually valued and encouraged ‘purposeful’ play. In terms of artwork this has often meant that I have assumed an overriding and usually representational ‘purpose’ that underlies the work and gives it meaning. However, in many of the junk models produced by children during my fieldwork, I glimpsed a quality of the smooth space evoked by Deleuze & Guttari's patchwork quilt where, although ‘they may display equivalents to themes [and] symmetries … there is no centre; its basic motif (“block”) is composed of the single element; the recurrence of this element frees uniquely the rhythmic values’.
The Multiple Faces of Visual Arts Education
Authors: Lindström Lars
Published: February 2011

This article identifies recent, mainly Nordic, research approaches to visual arts education. A concept map was developed as a heuristic tool in order to highlight salient traits and blind spots. Contemporary research typically has its origin either in education or in the art world, with an emphasis either on art as language or on art as text. These two dimensions were used to organise the studies and to select representative exemplars in different domains. The framework helped to chart the knowledge base of, and research approaches to, visual arts education. However, the result of blending subject matter and pedagogy tended to be a ‘mixture’ of viewpoints rather than emerging domains of subject‐specific pedagogical knowledge (Lee Shulman: an ‘amalgam’).
Developmental Pathways in Juvenile Externalizing and Internalizing Problems
Authors: Loeber Rolf , Burke Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2011

This article summarizes the empirical studies showing pathways in the development of externalizing and delinquent behaviors. Pathways are defined as the orderly temporal development between more than two problem behaviors. The paper addresses the following questions: (1) What are the developmental pathways between different diagnoses of Disruptive Behavior Disorders, including Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)? (2) What is a parsimonious model of pathways in externalizing problems that incorporates psychiatric symptoms of Disruptive Behaviors Disorders, other externalizing behaviors, and delinquent acts? And do the data best fit a single or multiple pathways? (3) Which pathways have been documented from externalizing to internalizing behaviors? (4) What are the limitations of past studies and what are the prospects of future studies on developmental pathways? Implications are discussed of the findings for assessments and interventions.
Gender and Adolescent Development
Authors: Perry David G. , Pauletti Rachel E.
Published: February 2011

This article summarizes and critiques recent trends in research and theory on the role of gender in adolescent development. First, gender differences in key areas of adolescent functioning are reviewed. Second, research on 3 constructs that are especially relevant to the investigation of within‐gender individual differences in gender phenomena—gender typing, gender stereotypes, and gender identity—is discussed. Third, trends in theories of gender differentiation are identified. Throughout, issues of conceptualization and of methodology are discussed, and directions for future research are offered.
Older and Newer Media: Patterns of Use and Effects on Adolescents' Health and Well‐Being
Authors: Brown Jane D. , Bobkowski Piotr S.
Published: February 2011

The past decade's research on the use and effects of older (television, music, movies, magazines) and newer media (the Internet, cell phones, social networking) on adolescents' health and well‐being is reviewed. A portrait of patterns of use of the media is provided and then the predictors and effects of those patterns on adolescents' mental health is discussed. Research on the effects of exposure to specific kinds of content on adolescents' aggressive behavior, gender roles, sexual relationships, body image disturbances, obesity, and substance use also are reviewed. Finally, media literacy as a promising strategy for enhancing adolescents' use of the media in the future is considered.
Etiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence: A Decade in Review
Authors: Spruijt‐Metz Donna
Published: February 2011

Childhood obesity has become an epidemic on a worldwide scale. This article gives an overview of the progress made in childhood and adolescent obesity research in the last decade, with a particular emphasis on the transdisciplinary and complex nature of the problem. The following topics are addressed: (1) current definitions of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity; (2) demography of childhood and adolescent obesity both in the United States and globally; (3) current topics in the physiology of fat and obesity; (4) psychosocial correlates of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity; (5) the three major obesity‐related behaviors, that is, dietary intake, physical activity, and sleep; (6) genetic components of childhood and adolescent obesity; (7) environmental influences on childhood and adolescent obesity; and (8) progress in interventions to prevent and treat childhood and adolescent obesity. The article concludes with recommendations for future research, including the need for large‐scale, high‐dose, and long‐term interventions that take into account the complex nature of the problem.
Parenting and Peer Relationships: Reinvigorating Research on Family–Peer Linkages in Adolescence
Authors: Brown B. Bradford , Bakken Jeremy P.
Published: February 2011

Drawing energy from a debate about the efficacy of parental monitoring, research over the first decade of the 21st century has traced numerous ways in which parenting practices and parent–child relationship features affect adolescents' peer interactions, and how these 2 factors interact to affect adolescent adjustment. In reviewing this research, this paper extols methodological advances and growing diversity of samples while critiquing conceptual underpinnings of many investigations. Suggestions are offered to guide research toward a more contextually sensitive, integrative understanding of dynamic, reciprocal processes between general and peer‐focused parenting processes and adolescent peer relations.
Beyond Homophily: A Decade of Advances in Understanding Peer Influence Processes
Authors: Brechwald Whitney A. , Prinstein Mitchell J.
Published: February 2011

This article reviews empirical and theoretical contributions to a multidisciplinary understanding of peer influence processes in adolescence over the past decade. Five themes of peer influence research from this decade were identified, including a broadening of the range of behaviors for which peer influence occurs, distinguishing the sources of influence, probing the conditions under which influence is amplified/attenuated (moderators), testing theoretically based models of peer influence processes (mechanisms), and preliminary exploration of behavioral neuroscience perspectives on peer influence. This review highlights advances in each of these areas, underscores gaps in current knowledge of peer influence processes, and outlines important challenges for future research.
Puberty and Its Measurement: A Decade in Review
Authors: Dorn Lorah D. , Biro Frank M.
Published: February 2011

Since the early 1980s, the focus on the importance of puberty to adolescent development has continued with variability in the methodology selected to measure puberty. To capture the relevant and important issues regarding the measurement of puberty in the last decade, this paper will address (1) the neuroendocrine aspects of puberty and its components, as well as the timing of puberty and its tempo; (2) why puberty is measured, including the relevance of puberty and its timing to health and development as well as the relevance of being off‐time, that is, early or late with respect to a reference group; (3) the measurement of puberty and its methodology with respect to pubertal staging by physical examination, self‐report measures, and their agreement with other methods and measures, hormones and their methods of measurement, and comparison of hormone concentrations to pubertal stage; and (4) recommendations for what is needed in the next decade regarding the measurement of puberty.
Schools as Developmental Contexts During Adolescence
Authors: Eccles Jacquelynne S. , Roeser Robert W.
Published: February 2011

Considerable strides have been made in the past decade in recognizing the centrality of the cultural context of schooling to adolescent development. In this review, adopting a developmental systems conceptualization of schooling, we focus on selected new research findings from the past decade regarding how (a) teachers, curricular tasks, and classroom environments; (b) aspects of the school as an organization; and (c) district policies and practices can play an instrumental role in adolescents' intellectual and social–emotional development.
Normative Sexuality Development in Adolescence: A Decade in Review, 2000–2009
Authors: Tolman Deborah L. , McClelland Sara I.
Published: February 2011

This review details a key innovation across the field of adolescent sexuality research over the last decade—conceptualizing sexuality as a normative aspect of adolescent development. Anchored in a growing articulation of adolescent sexuality as having positive qualities and consequences, we provide an organizing framework for understanding sexuality as normative and developmentally expected. Using this framework, we report on 3 specific areas of research that have developed “critical mass” over the past decade: new views on sexual behavior, sexual selfhood, and sexual socialization in the 21st century. We conclude by suggesting that the next step in the field of adolescent sexuality development is the explicit integration of “positive” dimensions of sexuality with risk management dimensions. Rather than navigating a binary between positive and risky, we propose characterizing the “both/and” quality of adolescent sexuality development as normative. This framework, we argue, encourages empirical research that assumes a wide range of strategies through which adolescents learn about themselves, their bodies, intimate partners, and relationships within contexts where they are required to both manage risks and develop positive patterns for adulthood sexuality. We conclude with considerations for future research and public policy.
Research on Adolescent Sexual Orientation: Development, Health Disparities, Stigma, and Resilience
Authors: Saewyc Elizabeth M.
Published: February 2011

The decade between 1998 and 2008 saw rapid increases in research on adolescent sexual orientation development and related health issues, both in the quantity and in the quality of studies. While much of the research originated in North America, studies from other countries also contributed to emerging understanding of developmental trajectories and social influences on the health of sexual minority adolescents. This paper reviews the body of research from the past decade on adolescent sexual orientation, focused on issues of measurement, developmental trajectories, evidence related to health disparities, and the risks and protective factors that help explain the health and developmental challenges some lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents experience. Although many sexual minority adolescents face stigma and rejection within their families, their schools, or their communities, it should be noted that most successfully navigate the developmental tasks of adolescence and attain similar levels of health and well‐being as their heterosexual peers, often despite the stigma and discrimination they encounter. Further research is needed to understand population trends as well as individual patterns of development, cultural variations in both development and health disparities, the interplay of general and unique risk factors that contribute to various health disparities and protective factors that buffer those risks, and interventions to promote the healthy development of sexual minority adolescents.
Contributions of Anthropology to the Study of Adolescence
Authors: Schlegel Alice , Hewlett Bonnie L.
Published: February 2011

Adolescence researchers can turn to anthropology to learn the methods of ethnography and cultural comparisons, and they can mine its large database of information on cultures worldwide. But anthropology's single most important contribution is the concept of culture, the mosaic of a group's learned and shared, or at least understood, beliefs, practices, and modes of expression. Although there have been several notable anthropological studies of adolescence in the last decade, in general adolescence has been understudied in the fields of anthropology, and anthropology has been underrepresented in the fields of adolescence research. This article reviews work done by anthropologists that contributes directly to the study of adolescence.
Welcome to Our World: Bridging Youth Development Research in Nonprofit and Academic Communities
Authors: Bialeschki M. Deborah , Conn Michael
Published: February 2011

This commentary discusses the emergence of youth development research and evaluation in the nonprofit arena over the past 10 to 15 years. Included in this discussion is the establishment of the context for youth development research in nonprofits, a brief description of key examples of research from three youth nonprofits that illustrate the mission‐driven, action‐oriented application of research, and the need for researchers on adolescence to join together to advance the youth development field. Also included are links to nonprofit research and evaluation information online, especially from members of the National Collaboration for Youth.
The Evolution of Adolescence and the Adolescence of Evolution: The Coming of Age of Humans and the Theory About the Forces That Made Them
Authors: Hawley Patricia H.
Published: February 2011

Adolescence is a period characterized by well‐documented growth and change, including reproductive, social, and cognitive development. Though not unheard of, modern evolutionary approaches to adolescence are still relatively uncommon. Recent treatises in developmental biology, however, have yielded new tools through which to explore human physiological and behavioral growth, highlighted the role of the environment, and provided new avenues of thought for amelioration. Life history, the integration of form with function, and the concept of evolutionary mismatch are discussed.
The Two Social Philosophies of Ostroms' Institutionalism
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Boettke Peter
Published: February 2011

The article argues that Ostroms' institutionalism has a dimension that is complex and profound enough to deserve to be considered a “social theory” or a “social philosophy.” The article pivots around the thesis that the “social philosophy” behind the Bloomington School's research agenda has in fact two facets that may or may not be consistent with each other. The article describes the main features of the two facets, offers a brief overview of the development of these ideas, and clarifies their relationship to Public Choice theory and alternative visions of public goods analysis, public administration, and governance. The argument goes further to raise the provocative question whether the two “social philosophies” involved in the approach undertaken by Elinor Ostrom and Vincent Ostrom are necessarily and inseparably connected with the rest of their research program.
Dissecting Policy Designs: An Application of the Institutional Grammar Tool
Authors: Siddiki Saba , Weible Christopher M. , Basurto Xavier , Calanni John
Published: February 2011

An enduring challenge for the policy and political sciences is valid and reliable depiction of policy designs. One emerging approach for dissecting policy designs is the application of Sue Crawford and Elinor Ostrom's institutional grammar tool. The grammar tool offers a method to identify, systematically, the core elements that comprise policies, including target audiences, expected patterns of behavior, and formal modes of sanctioning for noncompliance. This article provides three contributions to the study of policy designs by developing and applying the institutional grammar tool. First, we provide revised guidelines for applying the institutional grammar tool to the study of policy design. Second, an additional component to the grammar, called the oBject, is introduced. Third, we apply the modified grammar tool to four policies that shape Colorado State Aquaculture to demonstrate its effectiveness and utility in illuminating institutional linkages across levels of analysis. The conclusion summarizes the contributions of the article as well as points to future research and applications of the institutional grammar tool.
Governance Structures: Using IAD to Understand Variation in Service Delivery for Club Goods with Information Asymmetry
Authors: Bushouse Brenda K.
Published: February 2011

Club goods with information asymmetry are frequently provided through mixed economies of for‐profit, nonprofit, and public providers. Theory explaining mixed economies relies on sector to classify providers based on assumptions that sector‐level differences in how organizations either distribute or reinvest profit will affect behavior. However, this classification is overly broad and is not able to adequately capture the diversity of providers of these types of goods. The author utilizes the Institutional Analysis and Development framework to identify six “governance structures” in the for‐profit and nonprofit sectors. Governance structures are constitutional‐choice level rule variations in who has the power to make rules. I argue that there are two types of power that affect rules: (1) concentration of constitutional‐choice level decision‐making power (i.e., how many principals) and (2) proximity of monitoring and enforcement of those rules. The extent to which the constitutional rules actually guide service delivery outcomes depends on a nested rule environment. Only if there is consistency across three level of rules (constitutional, collective, and operational) can we connect sector to outcomes. The empirical reality of service delivery, particularly for club goods with information asymmetry, is far too complex for simplistic assumptions linking profit distribution or its reinvestment to outcomes. This article directs further research toward building contingent theory, with if/then conditions, based on empirical research.
An Introduction to IAD and the Language of the Ostrom Workshop: A Simple Guide to a Complex Framework
Authors: McGinnis Michael D.
Published: February 2011

This guide provides definitions or brief explanations of all the major terms and concepts used in the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework. Also included are terms from the closely related frameworks on local public economies, public service industries, grammar of institutions, and social‐ecological systems (SES).
Power, Memory, and Prehistory: Constructing and Erasing Political Landscapes in the Naco Valley, Northwestern Honduras
Authors: Schortman Edward , Urban Patricia
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT  In this article, we explore how research conducted among societies and social segments that are not historically documented can contribute to a comparative study of social memory. Such investigations, it is suggested, might profitably focus on how different population segments strategically used materials of various sorts to create landscapes for the enactment of power and its precedents. By attending to the strategies through which diverse factions in varied times and places yoked memory and power, we can heighten our appreciation for the ways in which culturally distinct symbols were deployed in broadly comparable processes to centralize control, build hierarchies, and resist both of these effort. This approach is exemplified in the study of the fluid political situation that pertained during the Late Classic (C.E. 600–800) to Terminal Classic (C.E. 800–1000) transition in the Naco Valley, northwestern Honduras.
Psalms and Coping with Uncertainty: Religious Israeli Women's Responses to the 2006 Lebanon War
Authors: Sosis Richard , Handwerker W. Penn
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT Many scholars have argued that rituals serve to help individuals cope with challenges that arise under uncertain conditions. Ongoing research has been examining this claim with data collected on how Israeli women use psalm recitation to cope with the stress of war and terror. Here we compare the efficacy of psalm recitation among religious women who remained in northern Israel during the 2006 Lebanon War and women who relocated to central Israel, out of reach of Hizbollah Katyusha attacks. We show that psalm recitation is associated with lower rates of anxiety among women who remained in the north, but no such relationship was found among women who relocated outside of the warzone. We argue that psalm recitation reduces anxiety caused by the uncontrollable conditions of war but is ineffective at combating more mundane, controllable stressors. These findings will be discussed in light of Malinowski's theory of magic and related models.
Dead Birds: The “Theater” of War among the Dugum Dani
Authors: Roscoe Paul
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT Thanks in part to the filmDead Birds, the theatrical and largely innocuous battles fought by the Dugum Dani of New Guinea are regarded as a classic instance of restrained or “ritualized” combat. This impression is misplaced. Participants were trying to kill one another, but the waterlogged terrain of the mid–Baliem Valley blunted their ability to do so. If they were to engage on a large scale, Dani armies had to prearrange confrontations on one of two narrow ribbons of raised land; the tight confines of these strips lent their fighting its nonserious or “sporting” air; and the surrounding, waterlogged terrain made it hazardous to chase after and massacre a defeated side. The case highlights the importance to an anthropology of war in small‐scale societies of attending not just to “cultural” or symbolic landscapes and “rules” of war but also to military scale and terrain.
The Human Terrain System and Anthropology: A Review of Ongoing Public Debates
Authors: Forte Maximilian C.
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT  The advent of the U.S. Army's Human Terrain System (HTS) and the recruitment of anthropologists to provide “cultural knowledge” for the purpose of more effective counterinsurgency in Iraq and Afghanistan has created numerous conflicts and debates between HTS advocates and anthropological critics. These debates involve issues of ethical research, the role of anthropological research in war, the consequences of militarization, further harm to the reputation of the discipline, and the possible jeopardizing of anthropological fieldworkers who could be mistaken as U.S. spies. Those advocating for HTS claim that it is not unethical, that it helps to save lives, is not involved in collecting intelligence or targeting, and is a key way for anthropology to become relevant. This article serves as a primer on these debates and examines why HTS has largely failed to attract anthropological recruits.
Intestinal metabolite compound K of panaxoside inhibits the growth of gastric carcinoma by augmenting apoptosis via Bid‐mediated mitochondrial pathway
Authors: Hu Chun , Song Gang , Zhang Bing , Liu Zhongchen , Chen Rong , Zhang Hong , Hu Tianhui
Published: February 2011

Compound K (20‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐20(S)‐protopanaxadiol, CK), an intestinal bacterial metabolite of panaxoside, has been shown to inhibit tumour growth in a variety of tumours. However, the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. We use human gastric carcinoma cell lines BGC823, SGC7901 and human gastric carcinoma xenograft in nude mice as models to study the mechanisms of CK in gastric cancers. We found that CK significantly inhibits the viabilities of BGC823 and SGC7901 cells in dose‐ and time‐dependent manners. CK‐induced BGC823 and SGC7901 cells apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G2 phase by up‐regulation of p21 and down‐regulation of cdc2 and cyclin B1. Further studies show that CK induces apoptosis in BGC823 and SGC7901 cells mainly through mitochondria‐mediated internal pathway, and that CK induces the translocation of nuclear Bid to mitochondria. Finally, we found that CK effectively inhibited the tumour formation of SGC7901 cells in nude mice. Our studies show that CK can inhibit the viabilities and induce apoptosis of human gastric carcinoma cells via Bid‐mediated mitochondrial pathway.
Primary stability and self‐tapping blades: biomechanical assessment of dental implants in medium‐density bone
Authors: Kim Yung‐Soo , Lim Young‐Jun
Published: February 2011

Aim: The aim of this biomechanical study was to assess the influence of self‐tapping blades in terms of primary implant stability between implants with self‐tapping blades and implants without self‐tapping blades using five different analytic methods, especially in medium‐density bone.

Materials and methods: Two different types of dental implants (4 × 10 mm) were tested: self‐tapping and non‐self‐tapping. The fixture design including thread profiles was exactly the same between the two groups; the only difference was the presence of cutting blades on one half of the apical portion of the implant body. Solid rigid polyurethane blocks with corresponding densities were selected to simulate medium‐density bone. Five mechanical assessments (insertion torque, resonance frequency analysis [RFA], reverse torque, pull‐out and push in test) were performed for primary stability.

Results: Implants without self‐tapping blades showed significantly higher values (P<0.001) in four biomechanical assessments, except RFA (P=0.684). However, a statistically significant correlation could not be detected between insertion torque values with the four different outcome variables (P>0.05).

Conclusions: The outcomes of the present study indicate that the implant body design without self‐tapping blades has a good primary stability compared with that with self‐tapping blades in medium‐density bone. Considering the RFA, a distinct layer of cortical bone on marginal bone will yield implant stability quotient values similar to those in medium‐bone density when implants have the same diameter.

To cite this article:
 Kim Y‐S, Lim Y‐J. Primary stability and self‐tapping blades: biomechanical assessment of dental implants in medium‐density bone. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 1179–1184. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02089.x
Effect of platform switching on peri‐implant bone levels: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Enkling Norbert , Jöhren Peter , Klimberg Victoria , Bayer Stefan , Mericske‐Stern Regina , Jepsen Søren
Published: February 2011

Objective: The concept of platform switching has been introduced to implant dentistry based on observations of reduced peri‐implant bone loss. However, randomized clinical trials are still lacking. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that platform switching has a positive impact on crestal bone‐level changes.

Material and methods: Two implants with diameters of 4 mm were inserted epicrestally into one side of the posterior mandibles of 25 subjects. After 3 months of submerged healing, the reentry surgery was performed. On the randomly placed test implant, an abutment 3.3 mm in diameter was mounted, resulting in a horizontal circular step of 0.35 mm (platform switching). The control implant was straight, with an abutment 4 mm in diameter. Single‐tooth crowns were cemented provisionally. All patients were monitored at short intervals over the course of 1 year. Standardized radiographs and microbiological samples from the implants' inner spaces were obtained at baseline (implant surgery), and after 3, 4, and 12 months.

Results: After 1 year, the mean radiographic vertical bone loss at the test implants was 0.53±0.35 mm and at the control implants, it was 0.58±0.55 mm. The mean intraindividual difference was 0.05±0.56 mm, which is significantly <0.35 mm (P=0.0093, post hoc power 79.9%). The crestal bone‐level changes depended on time (P<0.001), but not on platform switching (P=0.4). The implants' internal spaces were contaminated by bacteria, with no significant differences in the total counts between the test and the control at any time point (P=0.98).

Conclusions: The present randomized clinical trial could not confirm the hypothesis of a reduced peri‐implant bone loss at implants restored according to the concept of platform switching.

To cite this article:
 Enkling N, Jöhren P, Klimberg V, Bayer S, Mericske‐Stern R, Jepsen S. Effect of platform switching on peri‐implant bone levels: a randomized clinical trial.  Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 1185–1192. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02090.x
Fatigue in adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Newton Julia L. , Reese Jessica A. , Watson Shirley I. , Vesely Sara K. , Bolton‐Maggs Paula H. B. , George James N. , Terrell Deirdra R.
Published: February 2011

Background:  Patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) commonly describe symptoms of fatigue. However, hematologists rarely consider fatigue a manifestation of ITP.

Objectives:  To document the prevalence of fatigue among patients with ITP and to determine the patient characteristics that are associated with fatigue.

Methods:  Using a cross‐sectional design, we surveyed 1871 members of the UK ITP Support Association [585 (31%) responded], and 93 patients enrolled in the Oklahoma (US) ITP Registry [68 (73%) responded] with questions about their ITP and with validated symptom assessment scales for fatigue, daytime sleepiness, and orthostatic symptoms.

Results:  The prevalence of fatigue among both UK (39%) and US (22%) patients was significantly greater than expected compared with normal subjects (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001 respectively). In univariate analysis of the combined cohorts, fatigue was associated with a platelet count <100 000/μL, treatment with steroids, bleeding symptoms, presence of other medical conditions, daytime sleepiness, and orthostatic symptoms. Fatigue was not associated with age, gender, duration of ITP, or splenectomy status. Multivariate analysis of the combined cohorts was stratified for the presence or absence of bleeding symptoms. Among 107 patients with bleeding symptoms, fatigue was independently associated with a platelet count <100 000/μL and female gender. Among 491 patients without bleeding symptoms, fatigue was independently associated with a platelet count <30 000/μL, presence of other medical conditions, daytime sleepiness, and orthostatic symptoms.

Conclusions:  Fatigue is a common symptom among patients with ITP. These data provide the basis for future studies to define the clinical importance of fatigue in ITP.
Analysis of CLLU1 expression levels before and after therapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Buhl Anne Mette , James Danelle F. , Neuberg Donna , Jain Sonia , Rassenti Laura Z. , Kipps Thomas J.
Published: February 2011

Objective:  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is incurable, but therapy leading to eradication of minimal residual disease (MRD) in CLL is associated with improved clinical outcomes. CLL upregulated gene 1 (CLLU1) is solely upregulated in CLL patient samples. We hypothesized that CLLU1 could be used to monitor for residual disease in CLL patient samples after therapy.

Methods:  We examined whether the CLLU1 real‐time quantitative PCR (RQ‐PCR) could detect small numbers of CLL cells in mixtures of normal peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) cells. We then performed a retrospective analysis on time‐matched cryo‐preserved specimens from patients who achieved MRD‐negative remissions that underwent serial marrow biopsies for evaluation of residual disease by 4‐color flow cytometry. RNA from PBMC samples collected at the time of the marrow assessments was analyzed for CLLU1. Nine patients underwent a total of 46 paired blood and marrow evaluations (median 5 assessments per patient).

Results:  CLLU1 RQ‐PCR on PBMCs of healthy donors reconstituted with varying amounts of CLL cells demonstrated leukemia cells could be reliably detected with high sensitivities depending on the CLLU1 expression level. Analysis of time‐matched samples assessed for CLLU1 levels in the blood by RQ‐PCR and residual disease of the marrow determined by 4‐color flow cytometry revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.96 (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:  The CLLU1 RQ‐PCR is a sensitive and specific assay for detecting residual CLL cells after therapy. Assessment of blood CLLU1 levels can be used as a reliable marker of tumor burden and has the potential to complement currently used techniques for MRD monitoring in patients with CLL.