bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic helicity of a flux rope in the magnetotail: THEMIS results
Authors: Zhang Y. C. , Shen C. , Liu Z. X. , Narita Y.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The magnetic field in many regions of magnetosphere has a complex topological structure. As a parameter to measure the topological complexity, the concept of magnetic helicity is a useful tool in magnetospheric physics. Here we present a case study of magnetic helicity in the flux rope (FR) in the near-Earth plasma sheet (PS) based on the in-situ observation from THEMIS for the first time. With the help of the Grad-Shafranov reconstruction technique, we determine the spatial distribution of magnetic field and evaluate the magnetic helicity in the flux rope. The conservation of magnetic helicity during multiple X-line reconnections and the transport of magnetic helicity between different magnetic field configurations are also discussed. The further application of helicity in magnetosphere will provide us more knowledge about the topologic property of the magnetic fields there and more attention should be paid to that.
Cluster-C1 observations on the geometrical structure of linear magnetic holes in the solar wind at 1 AU
Authors: Xiao T. , Shi Q. Q. , Zhang T. L. , Fu S. Y. , Li L. , Zong Q. G. , Pu Z. Y. , Xie L. , Sun W. J. , Liu Z. X. , Lucek E. , Reme H.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Interplanetary linear magnetic holes (LMHs) are structures in which the magnetic field magnitude decreases with little change in the field direction. They are a 10–30% subset of all interplanetary magnetic holes (MHs). Using magnetic field and plasma measurements obtained by Cluster-C1, we surveyed the LMHs in the solar wind at 1 AU. In total 567 interplanetary LMHs are identified from the magnetic field data when Cluster-C1 was in the solar wind from 2001 to 2004. We studied the relationship between the durations and the magnetic field orientations, as well as that of the scales and the field orientations of LMHs in the solar wind. It is found that the geometrical structure of the LMHs in the solar wind at 1 AU is consistent with rotational ellipsoid and the ratio of scales along and across the magnetic field is about 1.93:1. In other words, the structure is elongated along the magnetic field at 1 AU. The occurrence rate of LMHs in the solar wind at 1 AU is about 3.7 per day. It is shown that not only the occurrence rate but also the geometrical shape of interplanetary LMHs has no significant change from 0.72 AU to 1 AU in comparison with previous studies. It is thus inferred that most of interplanetary LMHs observed at 1 AU are formed and fully developed before 0.72 AU. The present results help us to study the formation mechanism of the LMHs in the solar wind.
Regional flow duration curves for ungauged sites in Sicily
Authors: Viola F. , Noto L. V. , Cannarozzo M. , La Loggia G.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Flow duration curves are simple and powerful tools to deal with many hydrological and environmental problems related to water quality assessment, water-use assessment and water allocation. Unfortunately the scarcity of streamflow data enables the use of these instruments only for gauged basins. A regional model is developed here for estimating flow duration curves at ungauged basins in Sicily, Italy. Due to the complex ephemeral behaviour of the examined region, this study distinguishes dry periods, when flows are zero, from wet periods using a three parameters power law to describe the frequency distribution of flows. A large dataset of streamflows has been analysed and the parameters of flow duration curves have been derived for about fifty basins. Regional regression equations have been developed to derive flow duration curves starting from morphological basin characteristics.
Recent aspects on possible interrelation between precursory electric signals and anomalous bioeffects
Authors: Dologlou E.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. A possible geophysical mechanism based on the conception of criticality and on new aspects of biological effects caused by electromagnetic fields is discussed as a stimulus to the unusual animal behavior prior to large earthquakes. This mechanism is related to transient electric signals of low frequency and intensity, which are emitted from the pre-focal area several days before the impending earthquake and fulfill all the conditions set by a recent bioeffect model.
Multiobjective Optimization for Drug Discovery
Authors: Ekins Sean , Honeycutt J. Dana , Metz James T.
Published: September 2010

Drug discovery requires the simultaneous optimization of many properties such as bioactivity, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity, and the underlying physicochemical properties. The ability to consider many such requirements is termed multiobjective optimization, and we will discuss the importance of this for drug discovery with a specific focus on ADME/Tox. In particular, we provide examples of Pareto optimization methods and how they can be used in drug discovery to make trade‐offs between these different predicted or real molecular properties and describe a computer program, Pareto Ligand Designer, created using Pipeline Pilot™.
Structural Genomics, Its Application in Chemistry, Biology, and Drug Discovery
Authors: Schapira Matthieu
Published: September 2010

Structural genomics has evolved from an emerging technology operating out of pilot centers into a mature scientific enterprise. We review the strategy, implementation, and production of the major structural genomics centers, their contributions to the structural coverage of the human proteome, as well as proteomes of human pathogens. Cased studies are used to illustrate how structural genomic data dissect mechanistic determinants for receptor specificity, contribute to the chemogenomic coverage of pioneer clinical intervention points, and accelerate target validation and drug discovery.
Assessing The Bioavailability of Drug Delivery Systems: Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Jean‐Maurice Vergnaud , Iosif‐Daniel Rosca
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this chapter is to describe a method of calculation leading to what it could be called a “quantitative pharmacokinetics,” since the plasma drug profiles are reckoned. This is the answer to the questions set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the late 1980s about a possible correlation between thein vivotests and thein vitrotests for oral dosage forms with controlled release.
Polymorphic Crystal Forms and Cocrystals in Drug Delivery (Crystal Engineering)
Authors: Shan Ning , Zaworotko Michael J.
Published: September 2010

Active pharmaceutical ingredients, APIs, are most conveniently developed and delivered orally as solid dosage forms that contain a defined crystalline form of an API. This means that the pharmacokinetic profile of a dosage form is at the very least linked to the physicochemical properties of the crystal form that is selected for development. Furthermore, that crystal forms of new chemical entities are novel, lack obviousness, and have utility makes them patentable. Therefore, selection of a specific crystal form for a given API is a profoundly important step in drug development from clinical, legal, and regulatory perspectives. In this context, scientific developments that afford greater understanding of and diversity in the number of crystalline forms available for a given API, which have traditionally been limited to salts, polymorphs, and hydrates/solvates [(a) Byrn SR, Pfeiffer RR, Stowell JG. Solid State Chemistry of Drugs. 2nd ed. West Lafayette, IN: SSCI, Inc.; 1999. (b) Haleblian JK. J. Pharm. Sci. 1975;64:1269–1288.], are obviously of relevance to the pharmaceutical industry. The science of crystal engineering [(a) Etter MC. J Phys Chem 1991;95:4601–4610. (b) Zerkowski JA, MacDonald JC, Seto CT, Wierda DA, Whitesides GM. J Am Chem Soc 1994;116:2382–2391. (c) Pepinsky R. Phys Rev 1955;100:971. (d) Schmidt GMJ. Pure Appl Chem 1971;27:647–678. (e) Desiraju GR. Crystal Engineering: The Design of Organic Solids. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1989. (f) Moulton B, Zaworotko MJ. Chem Rev 2001;101: 1629–1658. (g) Braga D. Chem Commun 2003;22:2751–2754. (h) Hosseini MW. Coord Chem Rev 2003;240:157–166. (i) Desiraju GR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995;34: 2311–2327.] focuses upon self‐assembly of existing molecules or ions and it has evolved in such a manner that a wide range of new crystal forms can be generated without the need to invoke covalent‐bond breakage or formation. This contribution will address the impact of crystal engineering upon our fundamental understanding of crystal form diversity and how physical properties of crystals can be customized via the emerging class of crystal forms that have been termed pharmaceutical cocrystals [(a) Almarsson Ö, Zaworotko MJ. Chem Commun 2004; 1889–1896. (b) Vishweshwar P, McMahon JA, Bis JA, Zaworotko MJ. J Pharm Sci 2006;95:499–516. (c) Peterson ML, Hickey MB, Zaworotko MJ, Almarsson O. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2006;9:317–326. (d) Zaworotko M. Am Pharm Outsourc 2004;5: 16–23. (e) Shan N, Zaworotko MJ. Drug Discov Today 2008;13:440–446. (f) Blagden N, de Matas M, Gavan PT, Yoark P, Crystal engineering of active pharmaceutical ingredients to improve solubility and dissolution rates Adv Drug Del Rev 2007;59:617–630. (g) Nangia A. Cryst Growth Des 2008;8:1079–1081].
Ophthalmic Agents
Authors: Gerard Klimko Peter
Published: September 2010

The eye consists of geographically and functionally diverse layers of tissue that cooperate to focus, collect, and transmit light energy to the brain for interpretation. The maintenance of such a complicated organ across many phylogenetic lineages suggests the evolutionarily important role of vision. In this chapter, two major sight‐threatening diseases in the western world, namely, glaucoma and age‐related macular degeneration, are discussed in detail. Current and potential drug treatments of these afflictions are examined in light of the normal homeostatic function of the relevant cells and tissue, such as photoreceptors, retinal pigmented epithelial cells, Bruch's membrane, retinal ganglion cells, and the trabecular meshwork.
Structure‐Based Design of Kinase Inhibitors: Molecular Recognition of Protein Multiple Conformations
Authors: Liao Jeffrey Jie‐Lou
Published: September 2010

Kinase enzymes switch functionally from one conformational state to another during the cell cycle. Binding a protein kinase into such a conformation can trap the enzyme, either competing with ATP binding or shifting the equilibrium toward an inactive state, thereby inhibiting the kinase activity. Multiple conformations of a protein kinase target offer an opportunity to design small‐molecule inhibitors with distinct but clinically useful profiles. The rationale underlying this strategy is that in different kinase conformations, the size, availability, and topological distribution of the binding pockets are different, molecular recognition of which can help to develop distinct kinase inhibitors. In particular, as toxicity‐related promiscuity and drug‐resistant mutations currently are two major issues in anti‐kinase therapy, targeting kinase multiple conformations is a structure‐based strategy to optimize the selectivity and acquired resistance profiles of kinase inhibitors in the field of protein kinase drug discovery.

This chapter starts with the introduction of recent important advances and challenges in the early‐stage protein kinase drug discovery. In Section 2, the binding pockets and their topological distributions in multiple conformational states of a kinase target are analyzed and classified. Targeting these different conformations to develop kinase inhibitors with potency, selectivity, and acquired resistance profiles is elucidated and exemplified in Sections 3 and 4. Conclusion remarks are given in Section 5.
Structure‐Morphology‐Property Relationships of Non‐Perfluorinated Proton‐Conducting Membranes
Authors: Peckham Timothy J. , Holdcroft Steven
Published: September 2010

A fundamental understanding of structure‐morphology‐property relationships of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) is crucial in order to improve the cost, performance, and durability of PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this context, there has been an explosion over the past five years in the volume of research carried out in the area of non‐perfluorinated, proton‐conducting polymer membranes, with a particular emphasis on exploiting phase behavior associated with block and graft copolymers. This progress report highlights a selection of interesting studies in the area that have appeared since 2005, which illustrate the effects of factors such as acid and water contents and morphology upon proton conduction. It concludes with an outlook on future directions.
Photoresist Latent and Developer Images as Probed by Neutron Reflectivity Methods
Authors: Prabhu Vivek M. , Kang Shuhui , VanderHart David L. , Satija Sushil K. , Lin Eric K. , Wu Wen‐li
Published: September 2010

Photoresist materials enable the fabrication of advanced integrated circuits with ever‐decreasing feature sizes. As next‐generation light sources are developed, using extreme ultraviolet light of wavelength 13.5 nm, these highly tuned formulations must meet strict image‐fidelity criteria to maintain the expected performance gains from decreases in feature size. However, polymer photoresists appear to be reaching resolution limits and advancements in measurements of the in situ formed solid/solid and solid/liquid interface is necessary. This Review focuses on the chemical and physical structure of chemically amplified photoresists at the lithographic feature edge at length scales between 1 nm and 100 nm. Neutron reflectivity measurements provide insight into the nanometer‐scale composition profiling of the chemical latent image at an ideal lithographic line‐edge that separates optical resolution effects from materials processing effects. Four generations of advanced photoresist formulations were examined over the course of seven years to quantify photoresist/photoacid and photoresist/developer interactions on the fidelity of lithographic features. The outcome of these measurements complement traditional resist design criteria by providing the effects of the impacts of the photoresist and processing on the feature fidelity. These physical relations are also described in the context of novel resist architectures under consideration for next‐generation photolithography with extreme‐ultraviolet radiation.
CNT Cytotoxicity: Carbon Nanotubes in the Biological Interphase: The Relevance of Noncovalence (Adv. Mater. 36/2010)
Authors: Lee Yeonju , Geckeler Kurt E.
Published: September 2010

With the increasing interest in the biological applications of carbon nanotubes, their interactions in the biological interphase and their general cytotoxicity have become major issues. In spite of their salient properties, major hurdles still exist for their use in biological applications, due to their main characteristics, including their hydrophobic surfaces and tendency to aggregate, as well as their unknown interactions in the cellular interphase. In this Research News, these characteristics of carbon nanotubes, a model nanomaterial, are investigated. Thus, the cytotoxicity of carbon nanotubes, the influence of functionalization, as well as their interactions with different mammalian cell lines are studied. Moreover, suggestions for the improvement of their biocompatibility and the design of biocompatible carbon nanotube‐based systems are provided.
Establishment of a Mouse IgA Nephropathy Model With the MBP‐20‐Peptide Fusion Protein
Authors: Zhang Lei , Ye Fei , He Yan , Kong Dan , Han Changsong , Zhao Zhijie , Zhu Jiang , Meng Hongxue , Liu Xinghan , Jin Xiaoming
Published: September 2010

Here, we aimed to determine whether immunoglobulin‐A nephropathy (IgAN) could be induced in Balb/c mice by immunizing them with a fusion protein (MBP‐20 peptide) comprising the maltose‐binding protein (MBP) and a 20‐amino‐acid peptide derived from Staphylococcus aureus. A recombinant plasmid encoding the fusion protein was constructed and expressed in bacterial cells. The synthetic 20‐peptide was used to prepare the monoclonal antibody. Balb/c mice were immunized with the MBP‐20‐peptide fusion protein over a 21‐week course before renal histology was examined at the light and electron microscopic levels. Direct immunofluorescence staining with the anti‐20‐peptide monoclonal antibody was also performed using renal biopsy tissue from human IgAN patients as a comparison. IgA and IgG specific for the 20‐peptide in human and mice serum were detected. The IgAN experimental mice developed a clinical and pathological profile that closely resembled that of human IgAN patients, including the induction of hematuria and numerous histopathological features. Levels of IgA and IgG specific for the 20‐peptide were significantly increased in serum from the IgAN experimental mice and IgAN patients compared with control mice and non‐IgAN patients. In IgAN model mice, the anti‐20‐peptide antibody labeled glomeruli, while the antibody strongly labeled glomeruli and weakly labeled tubular epithelial cells in renal tissue from human IgAN patients. In conclusion, immunization with an MBP‐20‐peptide fusion protein is able to induce clinical and pathological features closely resembling IgAN in Balb/c mice, indicating a potentially useful role for the model in the study of IgAN and related diseases. Anat Rec 293:1729–1737, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Versican G1 Domain and V3 Isoform Overexpression Results in Increased Chondrogenesis in the Developing Chick Limb In Ovo
Authors: Hudson Karla S. , Andrews Kristen , Early June , Mjaatvedt Corey H. , Capehart Anthony A.
Published: September 2010

Previous work has shown that versican proteoglycan is highly expressed in the extracellular matrix of precartilage limb mesenchyme. Although much of versican's role in chondrogenesis has been attributed to its glycosaminoglycan complement, N‐ and C‐terminal G1 and G3 domains of versican have been shown to possess distinct functions when expressed ectopically. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that overexpression of the versican G1 domain and short V3 isoform, comprised of only G1 and G3, in the chick wing in ovo would result in increased chondrogenesis, suggesting function for discrete versican domains in limb skeletal development. Recombinant adenoviruses encoding G1 and V3 proteins were microinjected into proximal HH19–25 chick wing buds which resulted in significant enlargement of humeral primordia at HH35. Enhanced cartilage deposition appeared due to increased chondrogenic aggregation as a result of recombinant G1 or V3 overexpression, further implicating versican in early stages of limb development. Anat Rec 293:1669–1678, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The transcriptional response of normal and rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts to hypoxia
Authors: Del Rey Manuel J. , Izquierdo Elena , Usategui Alicia , Gonzalo Elena , Blanco Francisco J. , Acquadro Francesco , Pablos José L.
Published: September 2010

Objective

Hypoxia is a prominent feature in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium. However, its contribution to the pathogenesis of RA remains unclear. We undertook this study to systematically characterize the changes in gene expression induced by hypoxia in synovial fibroblasts.

Methods

We used microarray expression profiling in paired normoxic and hypoxic cultures of healthy synovial fibroblasts (HSFs) and RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). We used Student's paired t‐test with Benjamini and Hochberg multiple testing correction to determine statistical significance. Validation of microarray data was performed by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis of selected genes. Biologic pathways differentially modulated by hypoxia in RASFs or HSFs were identified using unsupervised Ingenuity Pathways Analysis.

Results

Hypoxia induced significant changes in the expression of a large group of genes in both HSFs and RASFs. In RASFs, we observed a lower number of hypoxia‐regulated genes and partial differences in their functional categories. The number of differentially expressed genes in RASFs compared with HSFs was significantly increased by hypoxia. Multiple gene sets involved in energy metabolism, intracellular signal transduction, angiogenesis, and immune and inflammatory pathways were significantly modified, the last in both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory directions.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate that hypoxia induces significant changes in gene expression in HSFs and RASFs and identify differences between RASF and HSF profiles. The hypoxia‐induced gene expression program in synovial fibroblasts identifies new factors and pathways relevant to understanding their contribution to the pathogenesis of chronic arthritis.
The mechanics of development: Models and methods for tissue morphogenesis
Authors: Gjorevski Nikolce , Nelson Celeste M.
Published: September 2010

Embryonic development is a physical process during which groups of cells are sculpted into functional organs. The mechanical properties of tissues and the forces exerted on them serve as epigenetic regulators of morphogenesis. Understanding these mechanobiological effects in the embryo requires new experimental approaches. Here we focus on branching of the lung airways and bending of the heart tube to describe examples of mechanical and physical cues that guide cell fate decisions and organogenesis. We highlight recent technological advances to measure tissue elasticity and endogenous mechanical stresses in real time during organ development. We also discuss recent progress in manipulating forces in intact embryos. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 90:193–202, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cryopreservation of mammalian embryos: Advancement of putting life on hold
Authors: Tsang Wai Hung , Chow King L.
Published: September 2010

Rodent transgenesis and human‐assisted reproductive programs involve multistep handling of preimplantation embryos. The efficacy of production and quality of results from conventionally scheduled programs are limited by temporal constraints other than the quality and quantities of embryos per se. The emergence of vitrification, a water ice‐free cryopreservation technique, as a reliable way to arrest further growth of preimplantation embryos, provides an option to eliminate the time constraint. In this article, current and potential applications of cryopreservation to facilitate laboratory animal experiments, colony management, and human‐assisted reproductive programs are reviewed. Carrier devices developed for vitrification in the last two decades are compared with an emphasis on their physical properties that infer cooling rate of samples and sterility assurance. Biological impacts of improved cryopreservation on preimplantation embryos are also discussed. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 90:163–175, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging modalities to assess structural birth defects in mutant mouse models
Authors: Tobita Kimimasa , Liu Xiaoqin , Lo Cecilia W.
Published: September 2010

Assessment of structural birth defects (SBDs) in animal models usually entails conducting detailed necropsy for anatomical defects followed by histological analysis for tissue defects. Recent advances in new imaging technologies have provided the means for rapid phenotyping of SBDs, such as using ultra‐high frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography, micro‐CT, and micro‐MRI. These imaging modalities allow the detailed assessment of organ/tissue structure, and with ultrasound biomicroscopy, structure and function of the cardiovascular system also can be assessed noninvasively, allowing the longitudinal tracking of the fetus in utero. In this review, we briefly discuss the application of these state‐of‐the‐art imaging technologies for phenotyping of SBDs in rodent embryos and fetuses, showing how these imaging modalities may be used for the detection of a wide variety of SBDs. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 90:176–184, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolic engineering of resveratrol and other longevity boosting compounds
Authors: Wang Yechun , Chen Hui , Yu Oliver
Published: September 2010

Resveratrol, a compound commonly found in red wine, has attracted many attentions recently. It is a diphenolic natural product accumulated in grapes and a few other species under stress conditions. It possesses a special ability to increase the life span of eukaryotic organisms, ranging from yeast, to fruit fly, to obese mouse. The demand for resveratrol as a food and nutrition supplement has increased significantly in recent years. Extensive work has been carried out to increase the production of resveratrol in plants and microbes. In this review, we will discuss the biosynthetic pathway of resveratrol and engineering methods to heterologously express the pathway in various organisms. We will outline the shortcuts and limitations of common engineering efforts. We will also discuss briefly the features and engineering challenges of other longevity boosting compounds.
Phytochemical Analysis andin vitroFree‐Radical‐Scavenging Activities of the Essential Oils from Leaf and Fruit ofMelaleuca leucadendraL.
Authors: Pino Jorge A. , Regalado Erik L. , Rodríguez José L. , Fernández Miguel D.
Published: September 2010

The phytochemical profile ofMelaleuca leucadendraL. leaf and fruit oils from Cuba was investigated by GC and GC/MS. Forty‐one and sixty‐four volatile compounds were identified and quantified, accounting for 99.2 and 99.5% of the leaf‐oil and fruit‐oil total composition, respectively. The main components were 1,8‐cineol (43.0%), viridiflorol (24.2%),α‐terpineol (7.0%),α‐pinene (5.3%), and limonene (4.8%) in the leaf oil, and viridiflorol (47.6%), globulol (5.8%), guaiol (5.3%), andα‐pinene (4.5%) in the fruit oil. The antioxidant capacity of these essential oils was determined by three differentin vitroassays (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), and 2,2′‐Azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation), and significant activities were evidenced for all of them.
Early‐Season Headspace Volatiles from Apple and Their Effect on the Apple Blossom Weevil Anthonomus pomorum
Authors: Piskorski Rafal , Dorn Silvia
Published: September 2010

Apple volatiles emitted at early phenological stages are little investigated, although they may influence behavior of early‐season pests. The apple blossom weevil Anthonomus pomorum is a herbivore pest of orchards in Europe. It colonizes apple trees in early season and oviposits into developing flower buds, often leading to economic damage. Using in situ radial diffusive sampling and thermal desorption, followed by GC/MS analysis, headspace volatiles from apple twigs with flower buds at three early phenological tree stages were identified and quantified. The volatile blend consisted of 13 compounds for the first, and increased to 15 compounds for the third phenological stage sampled. These blends included benzenoids, terpenes, and derivatives of fatty acids. A recombined synthetic blend served as the odor source in a still‐air dual‐choice olfactometer bioassay, in which individual male and female weevils were tested. Results from this behavioral test document an attraction of both sexes to odors of their host plant, suggesting that apple volatiles emitted in early season serve as olfactory cues for host location of A. pomorum in the field.
Community college as liminal space
Authors: Lichtmann Maria R.
Published: September 2010

Contemplative teaching can offer both teachers and students a middle way between two reigning fundamentalisms: the secularist one of nonadvocacy, relativism, and equivocation and the forced univocity of fundamentalism. Its antidote is the depth, relatedness, and even transcendence of a contemplative teaching style.
Dicationic Tellurium Analogues of the Classic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene
Authors: Dutton Jason L. , Ragogna Paul J.
Published: September 2010

The synthesis and comprehensive characterization of the first dicationic tellurium analogues of N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has been reported, in both the +2 and +4 oxidation states. For the +2 oxidation state, a base‐stabilized form of TeCl2 is used as the starting material. The dications are isolated by means of halide metathesis and the solid‐state structures confirm the previously calculated diimine bonding arrangement. For TeIV, a diamine is used in a high‐yielding dehydrohalogen coupling reaction from TeCl4. The dicationic NHC analogue is isolated in a base‐stabilized form through halide abstraction and subsequent coordination by pyridine.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyfluoride Anions, a Matrix‐Isolation and Quantum‐Chemical Investigation.
Authors: Riedel Sebastian , Koechner Tobias , Wang Xuefeng , Andrews Lester
Published: September 2010

Isolated [F3]‐ anions are identidied by IR spectroscopy to be formed by electron capture processes from laser‐ablated metals (Cu, Ag, Au, Ti, Zr, Sc, Y) with excess F2 in Ne and Ar during condensation at 4 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structures, and Physical Properties of Caged Ternary Cu‐Rich Antimonide: BaCu7.31(3)Sb5.
Authors: Zheng Wu‐Zui , Wang Peng , Wu Li‐Ming , Chen Ling
Published: September 2010

The title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of the elements (graphite crucible, 950 °C, 80 h) and characterized by single crystal XRD, electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements, and CASTEP electronic band structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermoelectric Properties of A0.05Mo3Sb5.4Te1.6 (A: Mn, Fe, Co, Ni).
Authors: Xu Hong , Kleinke Katja M. , Holgate Tim , Rossouw David , Botton Gianluigi , Tritt Terry M. , Kleinke H.
Published: September 2010

The high temperature thermoelectric properties of the title compounds and Mo3Sb5.4Te1.6 are examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Production by Water Dissociation in Surface‐Modified BaCoxFeyZr1‐x‐yO3‐δ Hollow‐Fiber Membrane Reactor with Improved Oxygen Permeation.
Authors: Jiang Heqing , Liang Fangyi , Czuprat Oliver , Efimov Konstantin , Feldhoff Armin , Schirrmeister Steffen , Schiestel Thomas , Wang Haihui , Caro Juergen
Published: September 2010

A BaCoxFeyZr1‐x‐yO3‐δ hollow‐fiber membrane is surface modified by a catalytically active BaCoxFeyZr0.9‐x‐yPd0.1 O3‐δ porous layer.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Photocatalytic Activity of Cuprous Oxides.
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxia , Song Jimei , Jiao Jian , Mei Xuefeng
Published: September 2010

Cu2O nanoparticles and microcubes are successfully prepared by reduction of CuSO4 with ascorbic acid in aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Transition‐Metal Sulfide Dendrites or Microspheres with Functional Imidazolium Salt.
Authors: Li Kangfeng , Wang Qiaojian , Cheng Xianyi , Lv Tianxi , Ying Taokai
Published: September 2010

Dendritic nanostructures of PbS and CdS, as well as microspheres of ZnS, CoS, and Cu2S are hydrothermally prepared from aqueous solutions of MCl2 (M: Cd, Co, Cu) or M(OAc)2 (M: Pb, Zn) and [bmim][SCN] as both sulfur source and capping ligand (autoclave, 200 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Alkaline Beryllium Borate NaBeB3O6 and ABe2B3O7 (A: K, Rb) as UV Nonlinear Optical Crystals.
Authors: Wang Shichao , Ye Ning , Li Wei , Zhao Dan
Published: September 2010

Single crystals of NaBeB3O6 (I), α‐KBe2B3O7 (II), β‐KBe2B3O7 (III), γ‐KBe2B3O7 (IV), and RbBe2B3O7 (V) are grown by the reactive flux method starting with appropriate mixtures of M2CO3 (M:K, Rb), BeO, and B2O3 (Pt crucible, 1050 °C, cooling to the crystallization temperatures).
ChemInform Abstract: Ionothermal Synthesis of an Aluminophosphate Molecular Sieve with 20‐Ring Pore Openings.
Authors: Tian Zhijian , et al. et al.
Published: September 2010

[(H2dah)104(emim)80 (H2O)910] [Al768P768O2976 (OH)192F288] is ionothermally synthesized from a mixture of Al(OiPr)3, H3PO4, HF, 1,6‐hexanediamine (dah), [emim]Br, and H2O (autoclave, 210 °C, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of a New Organically Templated Three‐Dimensional Open‐Framework Gallium Phosphate—Phosphite (C6N2H18)2 (C6N2H17)Ga15(OH)8 (PO4)2(HPO4)12 (HPO3)6·2H2O.
Authors: Zhou Guangpeng , Yang Yulin , Fan Ruiqing , Liu Xinrong , Hong Hengwu , Wang Fuping
Published: September 2010

Title compound (II) crystallizes in the trigonal space group P$\bar 3$ with Z = 1 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: New Bismuth Calcium Oxysilicate with Apatite Structure: Synthesis and Structural Characterization.
Authors: Uvarov Vladimir , Shenawi‐Khalil Sanaa , Popov Inna
Published: September 2010

Ca4Bi4.3(SiO4) (HSiO4)5O0.95 is prepared by ultrasound‐assisted dissolution of Ca(NO3)2·4H2O and Bi(NO3)3·5H2O in ethanolic HNO3 solution, addition of mesoporous silica KIT‐6, heating to dryness (80 °C, 12 h), and calcination (800 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: An Acetate‐Functionalized Tetranuclear Zirconium Sandwiching Polyoxometalate Complex.
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Shu‐Xia , Zhang Chun‐Dan , Tan Rui‐Kang , Ma Feng‐Ji , Li Shu‐Jun , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan
Published: September 2010

K4H6 [Zr4(OH)6(OAc)2 (α‐PW10O37)2]·23H2O is synthesized by reaction of K7[PW11O39] and ZrCl4 in a AcOH/AcOK buffer solution (pH 4.8, 50 °C, 1 h, 63% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Growth of a New Series of Non‐Centrosymmetric Oxides, Ln3FeO6 (Ln: La, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd).
Authors: Roof Irina P. , Smith Mark D. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: September 2010

Single crystals of the title compound are prepared by reaction of an equimolar mixture of Fe2O3, Ln2O3 (Ln: La, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd), and Nb2O5 in a Sr(OH)2/KOH melt (Ag tube, 600 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Ba8Co2Mn6ClO22, a Quasi‐1D Hexagonal Perovskite Polytype Containing New 8H‐Blocks.
Authors: Iorgulescu Mihaela , Kabbour Houria , Tancret Nathalie , Mentre Olivier , Roussel Pascal
Published: September 2010

The title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of BaCO3, MnO, Co3O4, and excess BaCl2 at 1000 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Pyridyl Phosphinites with Large Aryl Substituents as Efficient Ligands for the Asymmetric Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Difficult Substrates.
Authors: Woodmansee David H. , Mueller Marc‐Andre , Neuburger Marcus , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: September 2010

Unprecedented enantioselectivities are obtained in the hydrogenation of α‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated esters and dihydronaphthalenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Indan‐1,3‐dione with 1,2‐Dichloroethane and 1,3‐Dibromopropane.
Authors: Gyul'maliev T. M. , Ismailov V. M. , Yusubov N. N. , Moskva V. V.
Published: September 2010

Reaction of indandions (I) with dichloroethane affords dispiro‐compound (III), whereas similar reaction of (I) with dibromopropane gives the intramolecular C,O‐alkylation product (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of Aromatic and Aliphatic Keto Esters Using Sodium Borohydride/MeOH at Room Temperature: A Thorough Investigation.
Authors: Kim Juryoung , De Castro Kathlia A. , Lim Minkyung , Rhee Hakjune
Published: September 2010

The reduction of α‐, β‐, and γ‐keto esters to the corresponding diols using NaBH4/MeOH is shown to be accelerated by the formation of five‐ or six‐membered alkoxyborane‐derived ring intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Hf(OTf)4‐Catalyzed Regioselective N‐Aminomethylation of Indoles and Related NH‐Containing Heterocycles.
Authors: Sakai Norio , Shimamura Kazuyori , Ikeda Reiko , Konakahara Takeo
Published: September 2010

Treatment of various N‐heterocycles with N,O‐acetals like (II) results in unusual, regioselective formation of N‐aminomethylated products.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Heterocycle Carbon—Hydrogen Bonds.
Authors: Do Hien‐Quang , Daugulis Olafs
Published: September 2010

Two procedures are presented which allow the regioselective sequential iodination/cyanation of heterocycles and azulene.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkoxydienes via Copper‐Promoted Couplings: Utilizing an Alkyne Effect.
Authors: Winternheimer David J. , Merlic Craig A.
Published: September 2010

By screening of a variety of phosphines, alkenes, and alkynes as ligands for the copper‐promoted coupling of boronate (Ib) with alcohol (II), 3‐hexyne (HXY) is found to be the best ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Selective Methoxymethylation of Alcohols and Phenols Catalyzed by Reusable ZrO(OTf)2 under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Moghadam Majid , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mirkhani Valiollah , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Khajehzadeh Mostafa
Published: September 2010

Various primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols and phenols are highly efficiently converted to their corresponding methoxymethyl ethers under optimized reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed [3,3]‐Rearrangement for the Facile Synthesis of Allenamides.
Authors: Danowitz Amy M. , Taylor Christopher E. , Shrikian Tamar M. , Mapp Anna K.
Published: September 2010

The method can be successfully applied to the synthesis of racemic target compounds bearing different substitution patterns and enantiomerically enriched analogues.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbamate Synthesis from Amines and Dialkyl Carbonate over Inexpensive and Clean Acidic Catalyst—Sulfamic Acid.
Authors: Wang Bo , He Jing , Sun Run Cang
Published: September 2010

Sulfamic acid acts as catalyst for the synthesis of carbamates from aliphatic amines and dialkyl carbonates.
ChemInform Abstract: Sodium Bromodifluoroacetate: A Difluorocarbene Source for the Synthesis of gem‐Difluorocyclopropanes.
Authors: Oshiro Kojun , Morimoto Yoshimichi , Amii Hideki
Published: September 2010

Thermolysis of (II) is developed as a novel source of difluorocarbene allowing an effective synthesis of the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Iminocyclobutenones: Synthesis and Building‐Blocks of Aminohydroquinones and Annulated Quinolines.
Authors: Oppermann Gerrit , Stranberg Michael , Moore Harold W. , Schaumann Ernst , Adiwidjaja Gunadi
Published: September 2010

Two synthetic methods are presented for the title compounds (IV) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(I)‐Catalyzed [(3 + 2) + 1] Cycloaddition of 1‐Yne/Ene‐vinylcyclopropanes and CO: Homologous Pauson—Khand Reaction and Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐α‐Agarofuran (XIII).
Authors: Jiao Lei , Lin Mu , Zhuo Lian‐Gang , Yu Zhi‐Xiang
Published: September 2010

The novel reaction is developed to prepare bicyclic cyclohexanone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective and Regiodivergent Copper‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition Trialkylaluminum Reagents to Extended Nitro‐Michael Acceptors.
Authors: Tissot Matthieu , Mueller Daniel , Belot Sebastien , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: September 2010

Regio‐ and enantioselective conjugate addition reaction of trimethyl aluminium (II) to nitroenynes (I) and nitrodienes (VI) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Propargylation of Azo Compounds with Barium Reagents.
Authors: Yanagisawa Akira , Koide Takanori , Yoshida Kazuhiro
Published: September 2010

The use of reactive barium under optimized conditions allows the exclusive preparation of α‐adducts.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkoxy‐Substituted MeO‐BIPHEP‐Type Diphosphines Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aryl Ketones.
Authors: Ma Meng Lin , Peng Zong Hai , Guo Yu , Chen Li , Chen Hua , Li Xian Jun
Published: September 2010

The influence of the para‐substituents in the chiral biaryldiphosphine ligands is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Allenamide Hydro—Hydroxyalkylation: 1,2‐Amino Alcohols via Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Carbonyl anti‐Aminoallylation.
Authors: Zbieg Jason R. , McInturff Emma L. , Krische Michael J.
Published: September 2010

The catalyst system allows the alcohol—allene (I) coupling under transfer hydrogenation conditions to produce 1,2‐amino alcohols with anti selectivities < 20:1.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Catalyzed Transformation of Aromatic Aldehydes to Acids by Carbon Dioxide: An Unexpected Reaction.
Authors: Nair Vijay , Varghese Vimal , Paul Rony Rajan , Jose Anu , Sinu C. R. , Menon Rajeev S.
Published: September 2010

The reaction affords the corresponding carboxylic acids instead of the expected glyoxylic acids (III) (mechanism).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Application for Diethyl Azodicarboxylate: Efficient and Regioselective Thiocyanation of Aromatics Amines.
Authors: Iranpoor Nasser , Firouzabadi Habib , Khalili Dariush , Shahin Rezvan
Published: September 2010

The simple, optimized method can be applied to indoles, anilines and pyrrole to give the products in good to excellent yield within a relatively short time.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Thiomethylated Alkynes with Functionalized Organozinc Reagents.
Authors: Melzig Laurin , Stemper Jeremy , Knochel Paul
Published: September 2010

The method is carried out at moderate temperature without the need for copper salts.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Allenoates and Dual Activated Olefins Catalyzed by Simple Bifunctional N‐Acyl Aminophosphines.
Authors: Xiao Hua , Chai Zhuo , Zheng Chang‐Wu , Yang Ying‐Quan , Liu Wen , Zhang Jun‐Kang , Zhao Gang
Published: September 2010

A screening of 16 N‐acyl aminophosphines in the reaction of dinitrile (Ia) with allenoate (II) exhibits aminophosphine APH as most enantioselective catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioenriched Naphthoquinone Mannich Bases by Organocatalyzed Nucleophilic Additions to in situ Formed Imines.
Authors: Ayaz Muhammad , Westermann Bernhard
Published: September 2010

The procedure affords the biologically interesting products with good to excellent yields and moderate enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization of Dienol Silyl Ethers for the Preparation of Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane Derivatives.
Authors: Kusama Hiroyuki , Karibe Yusuke , Onizawa Yuji , Iwasawa Nobuharu
Published: September 2010

The products are obtained as single isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular C—H Activation: A Synthetic Approach Towards Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Authors: Paul Sunanda , Jana Rathin , Ray Jayanta K.
Published: September 2010

Phenanthene, benzophenanthrene and chrysene derivatives are easily prepared by Pd‐catalyzed C—H activation and acid‐mediated water elimination.
ChemInform Abstract: Fullerene Sugar Balls
Authors: Nierengarten Jean‐Francois , et al. et al.
Published: September 2010

preparation of four novel fullerene derivatives containing 12 peripheral sugar residues via copper‐mediated Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions
ChemInform Abstract: Silver(I)—Diene Complexes as Versatile Catalysts for the C‐Arylation of N‐Tosylaziridines: Mechanistic Insight from in situ Diagnostics.
Authors: Bera Milan , Roy Sujit
Published: September 2010

It is found that [Ag(cod)2]PF6 as well as [Ag(nbd)2]PF6 and [Ag(cyclohexadiene)2]PF6 efficiently promote the C‐arylation of arylated N‐tosylaziridines giving β‐diaryl amines with excellent regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Construction/Stereoselective Functionalization Cascade: Total Synthesis of Pachastrissamine (Jaspine B) Through Palladium‐Catalyzed Bis‐cyclization of Propargyl Chlorides and Carbonates.
Authors: Inuki Shinsuke , Yoshimitsu Yuji , Oishi Shinya , Fujii Nobutaka , Ohno Hiroaki
Published: September 2010

In the presence of Pd(PPh3)4, substrates (I) and (V) undergo bis‐cyclization to give furooxazole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of 2‐Alkyl‐Substituted 2,5‐Dihydropyrroles from Optically Active Aza‐Baylis—Hillman Adducts. Formal Synthesis of (‐)‐Trachelanthamidine.
Authors: Ishikawa Shingo , Noguchi Fumiaki , Kamimura Akio
Published: September 2010

The efficient method is applied to the preparation of pyrroles (V) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Rearrangements and Intramolecular Diels—Alder Reactions of Normal and Vinylogous Aza‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman Products Leading to Isoindoline Derivatives.
Authors: Clary Kristen N. , Parvez Masood , Back Thomas G.
Published: September 2010

The reactions allow a convenient access to diverse substituted isoindoline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Dearomatization in the Synthesis of Erythrina, Oxindole and Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indole Skeletons.
Authors: Liang Jixuan , Chen Jingbo , Liu Jianping , Li Liang , Zhang Hongbin
Published: September 2010

New synthetic strategies to highly functionalized erythrina, oxindole and pyrrolidinoindoline skeletons from phenolic amide derivatives, e.g. (I) and (XI), are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Sc(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Aza‐Prins Cyclization for the Synthesis of Heterobicycles.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Borkar Prashant , Chakravarthy P. Pawan , Yadav J. S. , Gree Rene
Published: September 2010

Coupling of (E)‐olefins (I) or (VII) with aldehydes provides trans‐fused heterobicycles which are accompanied by small amounts of the cis‐fused products, which are removed by chromatography.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and in vitro Antitumor Activity of 1,3,4‐Triaryl‐5‐N‐arylpyrazole‐carboxamides.
Authors: Abdel‐Aziz Hatem A. , El‐Zahabi Heba S. A. , Dawood Kamal M.
Published: September 2010

Regioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilamines, prepared in situ from hydrazonoyl chlorides (V) with thiazolidinones (IV) and thiazolobenzimidazolones (VIII) afford the arylpyrazolecarboxamides (VI) and pyrazolylbenzimidazoles (IX), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Pyrazolylpyrazolines as Antiinflammatory—Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Sharma Pawan K. , Kumar Satish , Kumar Pawan , Kaushik Pawan , Kaushik Dhirender , Dhingra Yogita , Aneja Kamal R.
Published: September 2010

All newly synthesized compounds are screened for their antiinflammatory and antibacterial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: 4,5‐Dihydroxyimidazolidin‐2‐ones in α‐Ureidoalkylation of N‐Carboxy‐, N‐Hydroxy‐, and N‐Aminoalkylureas. Part 2. α‐Ureidoalkylation of N‐(Hydroxyalkyl)ureas.
Authors: Kravchenko A. N. , Sigachev A. S. , Belyakov P. A. , Ilyin M. M. , Lyssenko K. A. , Davankov V. A. , Lebedev O. V. , Makhova N. N. , Tartakovsky V. A.
Published: September 2010

A general method for the synthesis of glycolurils (III) via α‐ureidoalkylation of 4,5‐dihydroxyimidazolidin‐2‐ones (I) with ureido alcohols (II) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐Proline Triflate as an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted Imidazoles and 1,2,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles.
Authors: Li Jianjun , Lin Shouwang , Dai Jiajia , Su Weike
Published: September 2010

The solvent is a crucial factor in the presented method.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Trifluoromethyl‐1,3‐oxazolidines as Hydrolytically Stable Pseudoprolines.
Authors: Chaume Gregory , Barbeau Olivier , Lesot Philippe , Brigaud Thierry
Published: September 2010

Coupling of serine esters with trifluoroacetone or the hemiacetal (V) allows convenient access to the target compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Study of Methylene‐bis‐tetrahydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,5‐c]isoxazoles as Potential Nematicidal Agents.
Authors: Srinivas Avula , Nagaraj Adki , Reddy Cherkupally Sanjeeva
Published: September 2010

The title compounds (VII) are prepared via key intermediate (IV) which is obtained under microwave irradiation as well as under conventional heating conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Determination of Antifungal Activity of 5(6)‐Substituted Benzotriazoles.
Authors: Patel Pallav D. , Patel Maulik R. , Kocsis Bela , Kocsis Erika , Graham Steven M. , Warren Andrew R. , Nicholson Stacia M. , Billack Blase , Fronczek Frank R. , Talele Tanaji T.
Published: September 2010

Benzotriazoles (III), (IV), (VI), and (VII) are prepared by ring opening of the crystalline key intermediate (II) in the presence of potassium carbonate.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Dialkyl‐1,2,3‐triazolium Ionic Liquids and Their Applications to the Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Jeong Yunkyung , Ryu Jae‐Sang
Published: September 2010

Various title compounds are prepared via click reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of Valsartan via a Suzuki Reaction.
Authors: Ghosh Samir , Kumar A. Sanjeev , Mehta G. N.
Published: September 2010

An efficient synthesis of the angiotensin II inhibitor valsartan (VI) is presented with a Suzuki coupling for aryl—aryl bond formation as the key step.