bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Energy Storage Mechanism for A Solar Flare by Shearing the Magnetic Field
Authors: Liu Xinping
Published: June 2019

The complete set of MHD equations is solved by numerical calculation. The aim is to study the energy storage mechanism of a solar flare by shearing the magnetic field. Results show that the magnetic energy is stored in local regions and is large enough to explain a big solar flare.
The Microfiche of Standard Stars
Authors: Philip A. G. Davis
Published: June 2019

At the meeting, Calibration of Fundamental Stellar Quantities, IAU Symposium No. III held in Como, Italy in May, 1984, Philip and Egret (1985) suggested that the facilities of the Strasbourg Data Center be used to construct a microfiche of standard stars and other stars for which fundamental data have been obtained. A start had been made on this idea in Egret and Philip (1979) who published a microfiche, “Photometric Systems and Standard Stars” as part of the proceedings of the workshop “Problems of Calibration of Multicolor Photometric Photometry”. Now the plan is to expand this idea to cover standard stars in many systems and other stars for which fundamental data have been obtained.
Energy Distribution, Photometry and Physical Characteristics of the Sun and Solar Analogs
Authors: Glushneva I. N. , Markova E. A. , Kharitonov A. V.
Published: June 2019

Color indices of solar analogs in the Vilnius seven-color photometric system are discussed. The physical parameters (effective temperatures, radii and luminosities) for solar analogs with reliable spectrophotometric and photometric data were obtained by means of infrared fluxes. The effective temperatures of 16 Cyg A and B, which are considered to be the closest solar analogs are 5854 and 5664 K, respectively. The radii of both stars are in the range of 1 Ro < R < 1.4 Ro and luminosities 1.2Lo < L < 2.1 Lo for 16 Cyg A and Lo < L < 1.7 Lo for 16 Cyg B depending on different evaluations of the distances. We find that the relative solar energy distribution in the 0.33 – 1.25 μm range determined by Neckel and Labs (1984) is reliable enough, however the absolute fluxes are slightly too low at the maximum of energy distribution.
Spectroscopic Binaries Among Low-Mass Pre-Main Sequence Stars
Authors: Mathieu Robert D.
Published: June 2019

Although the unusual nature of T Tau was noted over four decades ago, the first orbit for a low-mass pre-main sequence (PMS) spectroscopic binary was not determined until Mundt et al. (1983) serendipitously discovered the double-lined nature of V826 Tau. To some degree the paucity of spectroscopic binary detections may be attributed to the faintness of such stars and the consequent difficulty in obtaining high resolution spectra; the first high-precision radial-velocity survey was that of Herbig (1977). Advances in radial-velocity measurement technology now permit relatively easy velocity measurements of PMS stars. However, V826 Tau was also one of the first discovered members of the naked T Tauri (NTTS) class of PMS stars (Walter 1987) and its discovery as a spectroscopic binary foreshadowed a prevalence for binary detection among this population. In this short paper we review the present observational status of PMS spectroscopic binaries and present several initial results and thoughts for consideration.
The Formation and Evolution of Binaries in Globular Clusters
Authors: Verbunt Frank
Published: June 2019

The number density of stars in the cores of globular clusters is high enough for close encounters between stars to be frequent. These encounters may lead to the formation of binaries. Those binaries which do not easily form via the evolution of primordial main-sequence star binaries, and are therefore rare in the galactic disk, can be common in globular clusters. Examples of such binaries are the low-mass X-ray binaries. Such binaries may evolve into radiopulsars.
The Binaries from Unstable Triples. Dynamical Processes of Formation
Authors: Anosova Joanna P.
Published: June 2019

The dynamical processes of formation, evolution and disruption of binaries may be effectively studied by computer simulations in the N > 3-body gravitational problem. As a result of analysis of these investigations of diverse authors, the classification of the dynamical processes of formation of wide and close binaries may be proposed (see Table 1). This Table shows the following general processes: I-triple approaches of the single bodies; II-approaches of binaries with single bodies; Ill-escape from physical triples. The actions of these processes, and kinetics of a frequency of binaries in general field were studied at the Astronomical Observatory of the Leningrad State University (1965-1988) by computer simulations in the three-body problem. More than 3.104 orbits with negative total energy E < 0 and 5.104 with E > 0 have been run on the computers. The film “Dynamical evolution of triple systems” was produced. Part I of this movie shows the evolution of the unstable non-hierarchical triplet as well as the processes of formation, evolution, and disruption of temporary wide and final close binaries inside the physical triples. Part II of film presents in detail the trajectories of the bodies on the triple approaches of “fly-by”-and of “exchange”-types. The triple approach of “fly-by”-type results often in an escape from triple as well as the formation of final close binary. The triple approach of “exchange”-type consists as a rule of a few close double approaches of bodies and rarely results in an escape from triplet, it results in formation of temporary wide binary inside triplet. Part III of movie presents the trajectories of the different-mass bodies: an escape of the minimum-mass body, the intermediate-mass body, and the maximum-mass body as well as a formation of binaries with different-mass components.
Dynamics and Spatial Shape of Short-Period Meteoroid Streams
Authors: Babadzhanov P.B. , Obrubov Yu.V.
Published: June 2019

At the early stage of evolution the meteoroid streams may be considered as elliptical rings of relatively small thickness. The influence of planetary perturbations can essentially increase the stream width and its thickness. As a result one stream may produce several couples of meteor showers active in different seasons of the year. 22 short-period meteoroid streams under review may theoretically produce 104 meteor showers. The existence of 67 is confirmed by observations.
Very Long Baseline Interferometry
Authors: Moran J.M.
Published: June 2019

The technique of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) has undergone two decades of steady growth and refinement since its inception in 1967. In the beginning, only crude measurements of visibility on single baselines were possible. Now 18-station arrays have been used to produce images with dynamic ranges exceeding 2000:1; relative motions of cosmic masers have been tracked at the microarcsecond level of accuracy; and angular size measurements have been made with baseline lengths up to 2 two earth diameters with an orbiting satellite as a receiving element.
Active Control and Adaptive Optics for Optical Interferometers
Authors: Merkle Fritz
Published: June 2019

Long baseline interferometry requires the full phasing of a telescope array. Especially for future arrays with large unit telescopes active control systems are mandatory. Adaptive optics can be applied for real-time phase compensation of the individual pupils due to atmospheric distortions. Additional to phasing of the individual pupils of independently mounted telescopes, the whole array has to be phased, including pupil position corrections due to pupil foreshortening and shift effects in order to reach a reasonable phased field-of-view.
Co in NGC4438 and Tidal Stripping in the Virgo Cluster
Authors: Combes F. , Dupraz C. , Casoli F. , Pagani L.
Published: June 2019

It is now well established that the environment plays an essential role in the morphology and evolution of galaxies: in particular, the HI gaseous content is often deficient for galaxies in clusters, and the deficiency increases towards the cluster center (cf for the Virgo cluster: Chamaraux et al 1980, Cayatte et al 1988, in prep). The gas is mostly deficient in the outer parts of galaxies, which considerably reduces the size of HI disks (van Gorkom & Kotanyi 1985). However the central gaseous content, usually under the form of molecular hydrogen traced by CO emission, seems normal, at least in the Virgo cluster, the only one surveyed at millimetric wavelengths (Kenney & Young 1986).
Can Galactic GMCs be Identified from l-v Diagrams?
Authors: Adler David S. , Roberts William W.
Published: June 2019

Identifying the spiral nature of the distribution of gas in the Galaxy has been a subject of much research in the past thirty years. The position of the sun in the disk of the Galaxy presents us with a problem of perspective: how does one identify the cloud system from within the system? Longitude-velocity (l-v) diagrams have been used to try to determine the distribution of interstellar gas, but problems inherent in the methods have been pointed out previously (Burton 1971). Recent Galactic CO surveys have been used in attempts to map the distribution of molecular cloud complexes in the disk of the Galaxy (Dame, et al. 1986). Here, we use numerical simulations of the molecular cloud system in a spiral galaxy to consider the following question: to what extent can concentrations of emission in the l-v diagram (LVCs) be considered complexes of gas in the disk of the Galaxy (GMCs)?
CO in Early Type Galaxies
Authors: Wiklind Tommy , Henkel Christian
Published: June 2019

During the last two years, observations of the molecular cloud content of early type galaxies have drastically changed our view of these systems as inert gas-poor galaxies with little or no star formation activity. Systematic surveys in the CO (J=1-0) line (Wiklind and Henkel, 1988a,b; Thronson, private communication) have shown that an IR selected sample of early type galaxies contains typically 107-108 Mo of molecular hydrogen gas. This is similar to the typical HI masses found in these galaxies (Knapp et al., 1985; Wardle and Knapp, 1986).
The status of Big Bang nucleosynthesis in July 1988
Authors: Reeves Hubert
Published: June 2019

Important progresses have been made in two fronts in the few past years.

On the theoretical ground, we have realized the importance of the quark-hadron phase transition as possibly influencing in a major way the yields of die primordial nucleosynthesis isotopes.

On the observational ground, the status of lithium as a bona-fide cosmological observable has been confirmed and its primordial abundance can be evaluated with increased confidence.
Observational Problems in Extragalactic Astronomy
Authors: Arp Halton
Published: June 2019

A large number of observations have accumulated which represent baffling mysteries from the standpoint of current astronomy. A sample of the most crucial of these cases is reviewed and updated. Evidence has slowly built up to the point where often each individual object is a formidable challenge to conventional theory. But, most importantly, it is now possible to appreciate the common pattern which mutually reinforces all the separate results.

These empirical discordances point directly at known weaknesses in the Big Bane theory of the origin of the universe. New data is used to introduce a proposal which accounts for both the data which gave rise to the Big Bang interpretation and which also satisfies the discordant results which have accumulated over the last quarter of a century. Though perhaps only a primitive beginning, the new interpretation demonstrates that observations need not be discarded because they disagree with current theory. The major conclusion from the cases discussed here is that the present observational paradoxes represent spectacular opportunities to make new and fundamental discoveries about the universe.
The Intercloud Gases of the Interstellar Medium
Authors: Liszt H. S.
Published: June 2019

This paper summarizes the physical conditions in interstellar gas occurring outside classical atomic or molecular clouds, from a view-point which is purely observational.
Theoretical Problems in the Interstellar Medium
Authors: Shull J. Michael
Published: June 2019

I review recent theoretical developments in the structure, heating, and ionization of the interstellar medium. Among the unsolved issues are: the vertical support of the gas layer; the ionization source for the H+ layer and diffuse line emission above the Galactic plane; the physics of stochastic heating of small dust grains and the resulting infrared spectra. Turbulent mixing may play an important role in the intercloud medium and diffuse emission above the disk. I conclude with some possible analogies between the intergalactic medium and the interstellar medium.
Comments on Recommendation III of the IAU Working Group on Reference Systems
Authors: Standish E.M.
Published: June 2019

IAU Recommendations should 1) help to avoid confusion and 2) help to enhance scientific capability. Recommendation III does neither. It would create confusion while doing nothing to improve scientific results.

If Recommendation III is ever implemented, the result will be sheer chaos. This recommendation proposes that the rate of the basic ephemeris time scale be changed – by an amount of nearly one-half second per year. This implies that all existing planetary, lunar, satellite, spacecraft, asteroid and comet ephemerides would be referenced to an obsolete time scale; all existing sets of orbital elements would need a modification; that epoch J2000 (JED 2451545.0) would differ from the presently defined one by nearly 15 seconds.
Recent Ginga Results on Extragalactic X-Ray Sources
Authors: Tanaka Y.
Published: June 2019

Many active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have been observed from Ginga, and their spectra as well as the time variations have been studied. Study of the sky brightness fluctuation has given a new result related to the cosmic X-ray background.
Highlights from the Gamma Ray Observatory Mission
Authors: Bertsch D. L.
Published: June 2019

The Gamma Ray Observatory was launched on April 7, 1991 for a mission expected to last several years. Its four instruments are designed to study gamma ray emission over a wide energy regime from 0.02 to over 30,000 MeV. Following a brief description of the capabilities of each instrument and their status, the viewing program and is discussed, and some very early results are presented.
Optical Observations of the Beta Pictoris Disk
Authors: Smith B. A.
Published: June 2019

Multispectral photometric and polarimetrie observations of the Beta Pictoris circumstellar disk, made with a coronagraphic CCD camera at the Las Campanas Observatory between 1984 and 1989 (Smith et al 1992a), indicate that the nearly edge-on, highly flattened disk extends to a distance of more than 60 arcsec (1000au) from the star, with a nearly constant projected thickness of 2.8 arcsec (45 au) on the plane of the sky. A peculiar morphological property of the disk is its apparent asymmetry, with the northeast extension appearing somewhat longer and brighter than its southwest counterpart. Because of its implications for disk dynamics and morphology, this anomalous structure is perhaps the most puzzling phenomenon yet associated with the Beta Pictoris disk and deserves further study.
The Input Catalogue Tested by the First Hipparcos Observations II. The Photometry and Variable Stars
Authors: Grenon M. , Mattei J. , Mennessier M.O.
Published: June 2019

The methods developed to predict instrumental magnitudes, to monitor the ageing of the optics, to calibrate photometrically the payload and finally to build up a high accuracy photometric reference system are tested against space observations. The quality of ephemerides for long period variables are also discussed.
Performances of the HIPPARCOS Data Reduction on the Great Circle
Authors: Kovalevsky J. , Petersen C. , Marel H. Van Der , Donati F.
Published: June 2019

The procedures used to reduce the Hipparcos data in both FAST and NDAC consortia follow the so-called three step procedure described in 1976 by L. Lindegren (unpublished). It consists in a first place to treat data collected during a few hours and, since the sky scanning is only slowly drifting, deduce the abscissae of observed stars on a given mean great circle, called the reference great circle (RGC). The object of this presentation is to discuss the quality of the results obtained at this stage of the reduction. The results presented here are, we believe, representative of the 3000 or so great circle reductions that shall be made during the full data treatment.
HST Image Restoration
Authors: Rosa Michael R.
Published: June 2019

Experience gained in a world wide effort to exploit restoration methods in order to improve the scientific return from the degraded HST optics calms down fears that HST might have lost all of its spatial resolving power. However, the problems posed by the characteristics of the point spread function (PSF) and of the detectors are such that “black-box” image restoration in an automatic procedure during pipe-line calibration is not applicable. Results from restoration experiments show the directions for future research: On the practical side ways are required to properly estimate the complicated PSF, to objectively describe errors, to treat undersampling and non-linear detectors, and to gain factors in throughput for large amounts of data; innovative example are methods to combine data obtained with differing PSFs (ground – space, space – space) and sampling.
Atomic Data Needed for X-ray and EUV Astronomy
Authors: Raymond John C.
Published: June 2019

The astronomical X-ray and EUV satellites of the past generally had low enough spectral resolution that atomic data of modest quality was sufficient for most interpretation of the data. Typical proportional counter resolution Δ E/E ~ 1 permits a determination of the spectral shape sufficient for an estimate of the temperature of the emitting gas, but only the Fe K feature at 6.7 keV stands out as a distinct emission line. The higher spectral resolution Einstein Transmission Grating, Solid State Spectrometer, and Focal Plane Crystal Spectrometer instruments measured a score of emission lines or line blends, permitting determinations of the elemental abundances, temperature, and ionization state of the emitting gas. The higher spectral resolution and throughput of the BBXRT aboard the ASTRO mission and the instruments planned for EUVE, ASTRO-D, AXAF, and XMM will make possible a far more detailed analysis of the data. It should be possible to derive better abundances for more elements, accurate temperature distributions, electron densities, and accurate ionization states.
The Planetary Nebula Phase
Authors: Peimbert Manuel
Published: June 2019

Some recent results on planetary nebulae research are discussed.
Heating and Momentum Deposition in Hot Stars
Authors: Castor J.I.
Published: June 2019

The one great point of similarity between the coronae of hot and cool stars is that both are spatially extended regions of more-or-less tenuous gas that is flowing outward, and at least some of which is at a temperature in excess of 106 K. Coronae defined in this way are almost universal among stars—excepting cool supergiants—but this similarity may hide significant differences in the processes that produce coronae. There are two rather different paradigms for their origin: the cool-star paradigm and the hot star paradigm.

The coronae of cool stars like the sun are of such a low density that radiative cooling is inefficient; the outward flow is weak enough that there is a fairly extended subsonic flow region. The outer corona is heated by a flux of wave energy, and some of this energy is then conducted inward to heat the inner corona. The outflow is driven by the pressure of the heated gas, assisted perhaps by wave pressure. The structure of the corona is greatly affected by the topology of the magnetic field, which channels the outflow and governs the transport of energy and momentum by waves.
Companions to High Redshift Quasars
Authors: Hu Esther M.
Published: June 2019

Lyman a companions to high-redshift quasars appear associated with radio activity in the quasar. Of the five known companion systems seen at typical Lα fluxes of a few x 10-16 ergs cm-2 sec-1, all are associated with quasars which are radio sources, and lie within a few arcseconds of the quasar. We summarize results of searches for the companions, and report on subsequent investigations into the spectral energy distribution and radio studies of these objects. Multi-color imaging from 3400 Å to 2.2/μ shows the companion to PKS 1614+051 possesses a blue SED similar to an irregular at that redshift. VLA observations show double-lobed structure around Q1033+137 with depolarization of the counterjet lobe.
Deep Galaxy Counts and Cosmology
Authors: Fukugita Masataka
Published: June 2019

The test of the world geometry with the number count of galaxies is one of the most classical subjects. Yet it is only quite recent that observations started to yield useful information on the world geometry (Tyson 1988). We have been studying this cosmology test over the last few years (Fukugita et al. 1990; see also Yoshii and Takahara 1988), recently with more emphasis given to galaxy evolution and selection effects of the observation. In this talk we summarise the main result from our study (Fukugita et al. 1991; Yoshii and Fukugita 1991b).
The Archiving of Space Astronomy Data
Authors: Mead Jaylee M.
Published: June 2019

When considering the archiving of space astronomy data, one has only to look at the current and projected astrophysics missions to be aware of the enormity of the archival requirements and the urgent need for careful planning in order to properly manage all the data which is and will be acquired. The current list of astrophysics missions for which NASA supports observing/archival phases during the next ten years numbers 23! Even when a mission’s observing period was less than a year, as for the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS), or only a week, as for Astro-1, the archival phases last for many years, especially if the archives are user-friendly and easily accessible.
CARA - The Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica
Authors: Harper D A , Bally John
Published: June 2019

The Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica is a new National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center formed to explore and exploit the unique advantages of the Antarctic Plateau for astrophysical observations.
Ovidiana
Authors: Diggle James
Published: June 2019

Ars Am. 3. 627-30

tuta quoque est fallitque oculos e lacte recenti

littera (carbonis puluere tange: leges),

fallet et umiduli quae fiet acumine lini,

et feret occultas pura tabella notas.

‘Also safe and invisible is a letter written with fresh milk (sprinkle charcoal dust over it and it will become legible), and invisible, too, will be the letter which will be made with the point of moist flax, and an unmarked tablet will bear the hidden message.’

No one has ever explained how or why a letter should be written ‘with the point of moist flax’. Mr Kenney records sympathetically in his critical note Burman's declaration ‘locus sine dubio corruptas’, though he does not apply the obelus. Burman himself diffidently conjectured alumine limini in emulation of Heinsius' equally unhappy alumine nitri. Burman's note is not very illuminating, but it offers the only serious attempt I have seen to confront the problems of the passage. He assumes – and no one has questioned the assumption, which I shall later suggest may be false – that the first couplet alludes to the use of milk on paper; and he assumes, rightly, that the second couplet alludes to the use of a wax tablet. But when he suggests that the occultae notae may have been written on wood and then concealed beneath an overlay of wax, he forfeits conviction. Crispinus, the Delphin editor, expressed the opinion, which prevails in modern translations,3 that the words acumine lini allude to the use of the stalk of the flax plant in the manner of a pen; it is small wonder that he added ‘sed potiora habemus nos, quibus chartas nostras inficimus, succum puta ceparum, citreo-rum, immo lotium’. P. Brandt in his edition of 1902 contributes a mixture of irrelevance and evasion.
Plato on Flux, Perception and Language
Authors: Reed N. H.
Published: June 2019

The object of this paper is to demonstrate an intimate coherence of thought on the problems of flux and language between the Cratylus, Theaetetus and Timaeus, and as a consequence to salvage the traditional view that the Theaetetus and Timaeus both propound versions of Plato's own theory of perception. This undertaking will involve grappling with views which were given their most forceful expression by Owen, but which have frequently been adopted and marshalled afresh since his classic article. The burden of these views is that the Cratylus and Theaetetus are engaged in analytical work which is more sophisticated than anything in the Timaeus; that this is supported by a number of points on which they are demonstrably correcting the Timaeus (and other earlier works); and that the similarities on the subject of perception, for example, are to be explained on the grounds that Plato in the Theaetetus is concerned to expose the essential incoherence of the basis on which a theory such as that of the Timaeus rests. It will be desirable, therefore, to examine first the passages on which this argument is principally based.
Effect of breed on behaviour of lactating dairy cows in an open-field test
Authors: Mullan H.E. , Beattie V.E. , Mayne C.S. , Kilpatrick D.J.
Published: June 2019

The open-field test can be used to measure temperament in dairy cows (Kilgour, 1975). Temperament or emotional reactivity reflects an animal’s ability to cope with an environmental change or challenge (Lawerenceet al, 1991; Manteca & Deag, 1993), and consequently assessment of this can be effective in the development of novel production systems. The aim of this experiment was to identify temperament differences between two breeds of dairy cattle, Dutch Holsteins (DH) and Norwegian Dairy Cattle (NC), in two production systems.
Braude Scholarship 2000 The effect of voluntary food intake on the postweaning growth of the pig
Authors: Edge H.L.
Published: June 2019

Characteristically, voluntary food intake in the young pig in the days after weaning is low and very variable. Such low feed intakes can lead to reduced digestive efficiency and ultimately poorer physical performance. This is due to the digestive tract requiring a continuous supply of nutrients to maintain gut integrity and digestive capacity.

The presence of this check in a young pigs growth immediately after weaning is a well documented problem of commercial significance. It is multi faceted and has been found to encompass many issues such as stocking density, mixing of litters, feeder type and space and the formulation and presentation of the feed.

The Braude scholarship enabled me to travel across Europe to visit various research institutes and commercial companies in the Netherlands, Belgium and Poland including, ID-Lelystad, Institute for Animal Health, Netherlands, Rosmalen Institute for Pig Research, Netherlands and the experimental farms of the Provimi Group in Veldriel, Netherlands and Central Soya, Chelmno, Poland who were all engaged in trying to find solutions to the postweaning problem. The research they were involved in was as diverse as the problem itself appears to be.
The effects of straw-only feeding prior to transport and journey time on faecal pathogen excretion and hide contamination of finished cattle
Authors: Heasman L. , Webster S. D. , Hutchison M. L. , Davies M. H.
Published: June 2019

Many cases of food-borne illness in the UK are related to the consumption of contaminated meat products. This has highlighted the importance of adopting hygienic procedures throughout the meat production chain, including the farm environment (Pennington, 2000). Many factors are known to affect the hygienic condition of finished cattle (Davies et al., 2000) and various husbandry practices may be used to improve cleanliness at slaughter. Feed withdrawal, for example, may be used to reduce faecal output and improve the visible cleanliness of hides. However, the extent to which this impacts upon microbiological contamination of the hide, and its effects on pathogen levels following transport to the abattoir remain to be determined. This study investigated the interactive effects of feeding a straw-only diet prior to transport and journey time on the microbiological status of cattle faeces and hides.
Inclusion of varying levels of urad (Vigna mungo) chuni in concentrate mixtures on nutrient utilization in native male buffaloes
Authors: Rao D.S. , Reddy K.S. , Rao Z. Prabhakara , Prasad J. Rama
Published: June 2019

Pulse chunies are popular agro-industrial byproducts, obtained from processing of pulses in the preparation of dals and are available to extent of 3 million tonnes in India. These chunies comprise broken seed coat, germ and small pieces of broken cotyledons and constitute about 15-20% of total weight of pulse seeds. Very little information is available in the literature on effective levels of inclusion of chunies in complete rations for ruminants. An attempt was made to study the effect of inclusion of varying levels of urad (Vigna mungo) chuni in the concentrate mixtures on the nutrient utilization in native male buffaloes.
Voluntary intake of five forage trees in a cafeteria trial
Authors: Lizarraga-Sánchez H. L. , Solorio-Sánchez F. J. , Sandoval-Castro C. A.
Published: June 2019

In tropical countries is a common practice to feed cattle with variety of forage trees as supplements. In order to develop adequate strategies for management of trees, an assessment is needed of their potential use (intake) by cattle. Little research has been conducted in this area, and most effort has been focused on single forage evaluation. The objective of this experiment was to assess the preference by cattle of five forage trees. Preference was taken as the voluntary intake of a tree forage offered in a cafeteria trial.
Rumen microbial degradation of full-fat and defatted palm oil sludge (POS) in a consecutive batch culture system
Authors: Ismartoyo  , Nohong B.
Published: June 2019

In Indonesia the production of POS increased rapidly as the areas of palm oil plantation increased. The POS contains high protein (15%), fibre (18%), and fat (20%) and thus likely to have the potential to provide high levels of protein and carbohydrate supplements for ruminant. However, the fast development of POS production in Indonesia is not supported by good researches to examine its nutritive value. High fat content in the diet of steers (Mooreet al, 1986) has been found to depress the fibre digestibility; it is thought that high fat content in POS could be the limiting factor for the utilisation of the POS by ruminant. Therefore, an experimentin vitrowas conducted to examine the degradation and fermentation of full-fat and defatted POS by rumen micro-organisms.
Phosphorus pollution by dairy cows and its mitigation by dietary manipulation
Authors: Kebreab E. , Crompton L.A. , Mills J.A.N. , France J.
Published: June 2019

Phosphorus (P) is a key mineral in energy metabolism and is essential in nearly every biochemical aspect of dairy cow metabolism. Therefore, P needs to be supplied in sufficient quantity to optimize animal performance. However, dairy cows only use 30 – 45% of their dietary P intake and the rest is excreted mainly in faeces. Excess faecal excretion can lead to P accumulation and saturation in the soil and filter into groundwater or remain in surface water (Tamminga, 1996), which is known to cause eutrophication. It is therefore desirable to formulate P rations according to the requirement of the animals and thereby reduce P pollution. The objective of the present study was to develop a dynamic model of P metabolism in dairy cows and use that to identify and quantify trends of P excretion as a function of P intake and investigate effects of energy supplementation on P utilisation.
Effect of Ca: P ratio on grower-finisher pig performance and mineral excretion
Authors: Brady S.M. , Callan J.J. , Cowan D. , McGrane M. , O’Doherty J.V.
Published: June 2019

The level of calcium (Ca) in the diet affects the utilisation of phytic acid-phosphorus (P) through the formation of insoluble Ca phytate and/or reduction of phytase activity (Larsen 1993). High Ca: total P ratios (Ca: tP) (1.5:1 to 2.0:1) in corn-soya bean meal diets supplemented with microbial phytase decreased the utilisation of P for weanling (Lei et al., 1994) and growing-finishing (Liu et al., 1998) pigs. However, it is important to note that the majority of research using supplemental microbial phytase and Ca:P ratios was carried out using maize-soyabean meal based diets. The objective of this experiment is to examine the effect of Ca: tP ratio on the efficacy of microbial phytase and its effects on pig performance, nutrient digestion and mineral metabolism using wheat, barley and soya bean meal based diets.
In vitro microbial growth as affected by the type of carbohydrate and the source of nitrogen
Authors: Tejido M.L. , Carro M.D. , Ranilla M. J. , López S.
Published: June 2019

The nitrogen (N) requirements for optimum growth of ruminal micro-organisms are still a matter of controversy. Whereas the results of some experiments indicate that peptides and amino acids stimulate the growth of mixed rumen bacteria in comparison to ammonia, no effect due to the N form has been found in other studies. Therefore, it has been suggested that growth of rumen micro-organisms would be stimulated only when the rate of provision of energy permitted (Cruz Soto et al., 1994). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two N sources (ammonia and isolated soyabean protein) on the in vitro fermentation of two substrates (starch and cellulose) differing in their rate of fermentation.
Relationship between the scoring of hoof lesions and lameness in dairy cows
Authors: Winkler B. , Margerison J. K.
Published: June 2019

Claw horn lesions are the most common cause of lameness in dairy cows and the development of lesions is related to the days in lactation. The lameness caused by this lesions is influenced by different factors (Offer et al., 2000). The objective of this experiment was to study the relationship of severity of lameness and severity of scoring for hoof horn lesions.
Effects of the ratio of effective rumen degradable protein to fermentable metabolizable energy on voluntary intake and milk yields of dairy cows
Authors: Cabrita A.R.J. , Fonseca A.J.M. , Sampaio C. , Gomes E. , Dewhurst R.J.
Published: June 2019

Diets with low ratios of effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP) to fermentable metabolizable energy (FME) are often offered to dairy cows in Portugal, because they are based on maize silage and protein sources are very expensive. It seems likely that this will restrict microbial protein synthesis and voluntary intake and, consequently, lead to reduced milk yields. The objective of this study was to examine the production response of dairy cows offered diets differing in ERDP/FME ratio.
The development of a system based on near infrared spectroscopy to predict the intake of grass silage as the sole feed by the dairy cow
Authors: Agnew R. E. , Offer N W , McNamee B , Park R S
Published: June 2019

Grass silage remains the major forage component of winter dairy rations, yet its intake characteristics are particularly variable. Major research projects at SAC and ARINI over the past few years have produced two large datasets on ad libitum intake of grass silage and shown that improved silage characterisation methods (NIRS and electrometric titration) can substantially improve the accuracy of prediction of silage intake as the sole forage (Offer et al., 1994; Steen et al., 1995). The objective of this research programme was to integrate these two datasets to provide a common prediction system which would be appropriate for adoption across the United Kingdom
Utilization of three biodegraded agro-industrial by-products (AIBs) by layers
Authors: Iyayi E. A. , Dosumu R. J. , Aderolu Z.
Published: June 2019

In Nigeria, the need to improve poultry production cannot be overemphasized because increase in population has necessitated an increase in the demand for animal protein. Increased egg production holds a unique position in bridging this animal protein supply (Longe, 1984). But the conventional energy sources like maize and sorghum are very expensive making feed to account for about 60% of cost of egg production. Alternatives are now being searched for in agro-industrial by-products because these by-products can be biodegraded to improve their energy value for poultry feeding.
The effect of breed and parity on the relationship between condition score and live weight in dairy cows
Authors: Friggens N. C. , Nielsen H. M. , Lovendahl P. , Ingvartsen K. L. , Jensen J.
Published: June 2019

Size, or its commonly used proxy live weight, is a necessary input when calculating the energy requirements of an animal. It is also a major factor in determining the intake capacity of an animal. The sole use of live weight as a determinant of size incorporates the implicit assumption that body fat and body protein mass are equivalent for the purposes of calculating energy requirements and intake capacity. Recent evidence indicates that this is not so in either case (Birnie et al., 2000; Friggens et al., 1998). The use of live weight may be acceptable where it can be reasonably assumed that there is a stable relationship between body fat and protein. However, when making breed or parity comparisons there is no reason to assume a stable relationship between body fat and protein. Meaningful comparisons can be made if live weights can be adjusted for differences in body fat content. In the applied context this means adjusting to a standard body condition score. This study provided the opportunity to examine the relationships between condition score and live weight in three breeds across three parities.
The effect of rearing environment upon behaviour and the rate of 5-HT synthesis and hypothalamic 5-HT levels in pigs
Authors: Burrows M.S. , Moss B.W. , Beattie V.E.
Published: June 2019

Enriching the environment of young pigs reduces aggressive behaviour and increases exploratory behaviour. This difference in behaviour is maintained throughout life, even in the absence of enriching stimuli (Beattieet al., 1995). Although the exact neurochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying aggression are not well understood there is evidence which indicates that low brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) may be involved in the etiology of aggression (Burrows, 1999). This study examined the possibility that behavioural changes induced by environmental enrichment may be associated with subtle alterations in brain 5-HT chemistry.
The influence of positive human-animal interaction during rearing on the approach behaviour of young dairy heifers
Authors: Bertenshaw C. , Rowlinson P.
Published: June 2019

Modern management of dairy heifers leads to lack of familiarisation with humans. Consequently when the dairy heifer calves and enters the milking herd in close contact with humans whom she innately fears, her productivity and welfare are at risk. The rearing period has potential for shaping the heifers experiences of people prior to the regular contact of milking where productivity can suffer and behaviour be disruptive. This experiment was to determine if positive treatment reduced fear of humans and if so if heifers generalise this response to other humans. The results will be used in further analysis relating to subsequent measures of behaviour, production and welfare associated with milking.
Effects of rearing regime on milk production and metabolic hormone concentrations in high genetic merit Holstein-Friesian dairy heifers
Authors: Woods S.M. , Carson A.F. , Wylie A.R.G. , McEvoy J.D.
Published: June 2019

Nutrition during the rearing period has significant effects on subsequent milk production and reproductive performance of dairy herd replacements. Carson et al. (2002) reported that heifers reared to calve down at 620 kg, in contrast to 540 kg live weight, produced 11% more milk, lost more weight and body condition score (BCS) post-calving and had a 30 day longer calving interval. This suggests that a higher BCS at calving and/or a greater rate of BCS loss during lactation appear to be correlated with poorer fertility. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effect of (1) diet composition during the rearing period and (2) live weight at first calving on body size and condition score changes during the first lactation and to assess linkages with metabolic hormone concentrations.
The effects of games on the dog-owner relationship
Authors: Rooney N. J. , Bradshaw J. W. S.
Published: June 2019

It is often claimed that certain dominance-related problems in dogs can be triggered by the games played by dog and owner. In particular it is thought that allowing a dog to win uncontrolled games such as Tug-of-War will increase the likelihood of it attempting to become dominant over its owner. However questionnaires (Goodloe & Borchelt, 1998) and experimental studies of Labrador and Golden Retrievers (Rooney & Bradshaw, 2002) have found no evidence for these postulated effects. In this paper we further investigate possible links between the types of games played in the domestic environment and both dominance and attachment dimensions of the dog-owner relationship.
Prediction of dairy cattle reproductive performance in pastoral feeding systems
Authors: Pryce J.E. , Harris B.L. , Verkerk G.
Published: June 2019

As NZ milk production is predominantly seasonal and reliant on pasture growth, a high pregnancy rate within a short time after planned start of mating is essential to match feed supply to production. A Holstein-Friesian strain trial was established in Hamilton, New Zealand, to investigate the physical and financial performance of three strains of dairy cattle under a range of pasture based systems that differ in stocking rate and supplementary feeding. The three strains of cows were: Overseas High genetic merit (OS), New Zealand High genetic merit (NZH) and New Zealand Low genetic merit (NZL). The objective of this study was to predict reproductive performance from information available prior to mating, as an aid to on-farm decisions.
Preferential associations between group-housed growing pigs
Authors: Durrell J. L. , Sneddon I. A. , O’Connell N. E. , Beattie V. E.
Published: June 2019

Evidence suggests that pigs prefer to associate with their mother and littermates over other group members (e.g. Newberry & Wood-Gush, 1986) and with pigs introduced with them into an established group over resident pigs (Durrell et al., 2000). Few studies, however, have examined whether long-term preferential associations or ‘friendships’ are formed between pairs of pigs within a group. Those studies that have been carried out have either involved observations carried out over extremely limited time periods (e.g. Stookey & Gonyou, 1998) or have simply identified pairs that spend the most time together instead of examining statistically whether some pairs associate significantly more than others (Newberry & Wood-Gush, 1986). The aim of this investigation was to determine whether pairs of pigs form preferential associations, based on statistical analyses of long-term lying partner preferences.
Alternatives to nose-ringing in outdoor sows: the provision of root crops
Authors: Edge H.L. , Bulman C.A. , Edwards S.A.
Published: June 2019

Nose rings have been proven to reduce the occurrence of paddock rooting behaviour, however, the practice has been questioned on ethical grounds. The aim of this experiment was to identify a suitable alternative. Previous attempts to reduce paddock damage by dietary means have succeeded in redirecting rooting behaviour (Bornett et al., 2002) or at reducing the overall frequency of paddock rooting behaviour (Braund et al., 1998) but neither succeeded in reducing paddock damage. It is hypothesised that whilst the experiment of Bornett et al. (2002) fulfilled the sow’s desire to forage, and the experiment of Braund et al. (1998) fulfilled the sow’s need to feel satiated; neither fulfilled both criteria simultaneously. In this experiment, both of these needs were considered and it was therefore hypothesised that paddock damage would be reduced.
Modeling growth of lambs of two breeds and their cross on different feed types
Authors: Macfarlane J.M. , Lewis R.M. , Emmans G.C. , Donbavand J.E. , Simm G.
Published: June 2019

In order for producers to meet market requirements for lamb carcasses from the resources available, they need to know how breeds differ in growth and development over time and how this is affected by feeding regime. A previous paper explored the effect of diverse breed and feed types on carcass composition, growth and feed intake. This paper uses different mathematical descriptions of growth to study the relationships between live weight and time and between live weight and cumulative feed intake.
Integrated approach combining genetics, genomics and muscle biology to manage beef quality
Authors: Cassar-Malek I. , Sudre K. , Bouley J. , Listrat A. , Ueda Y. , Jurie C. , Briand Y. , Briand M. , Meunier B. , Leroux C. , Amarger V. , Delourme D. , Renand G. , Picard B. , Martin P. , Levéziel H. , Hocquette J.F.
Published: June 2019

Up to now, genetic selection in cattle has been directed in favour of muscle growth, which changes muscle characteristics, and hence meat quality. One key concern, that now needs examination, is to understand the relationships between muscle growth and muscle characteristics related to meat quality. To achieve such a goal, muscles of divergently selected animals were analysed by three complementary approaches: (i) determination of muscle biochemical characteristics, (ii) identification of differentially expressed genes using transcriptomic and proteomic tools, (iii) identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) within candidate genes.
The effect of maternal undernutrition on muscle fibre type in the newborn lamb
Authors: Fahey A.J. , Brameld J.M. , Parr T. , Buttery P.J.
Published: June 2019

Muscle fibre type can influence meat quality (Maltinet al1997). Muscle fibre formation occurs during gestation and in the sheep the total number of fibres in a muscle is essentially fixed at birth. (Ashmereet al1972). Postnatal growth of muscle is entirely due to elongation and widening of the existing muscle fibres. Therefore the gestational period is important in the long-term growth potential of the animal. By investigating changes in muscle fibre type, the aim of this study was to test the general hypothesis that the poor carcass quality sometimes seen in ruminant animals may be due to poor nutrition at strategic time points during the animal’s development. As agricultural practices continue to become more extensive, variation in the nutrient supply to the animal is becoming more common. Therefore it is important to understand the effect of any changes in nutrient supply to the mother, during gestation on the subsequent muscle development of the fetus and ultimately the effects on meat quality.