bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Reared in Recirculating Aquaculture System and during Depuration Based on Chemical and Sensory Analysis
Authors: Lindholm-Lehto Petra Camilla , Logrén Nora , Mattila Saila , Pulkkinen Jani Tapio , Vielma Jouni , Hopia Anu
Published: July 2023

In recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), off-flavors can accumulate in fish muscle tissue. They are problematic for consumer acceptance and the reputation of farmed fish products. Although off-flavors are not toxic at low concentrations, they often give fish muscle earthy, muddy, or other unwanted flavors. Traditionally, the study of off-flavors in fish focused on muddy and earthy off-flavors caused by geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), but other unwanted flavors and compounds have also been identified. In this study, the selected off-flavors were chemically quantified in fish from a RAS-rearing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and in different stages of depuration. A group of trained panelists with experience in sensory evaluation was specifically trained in analyzing rainbow trout samples. The panelists evaluated the fish with a sensory profile of 29 sensory attributes (12 odor, 5 taste, and 12 flavor properties). Overall, the concentrations of all the studied off-flavor compounds decreased, some to below the limit of detection and others (e.g., octanal, octanoic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, and acetoin) to a certain low level. Moldy, earthy, and musty odors and flavors especially decreased during depuration compared to fish in RAS. This study shows the consistency of the chemical analysis and sensory profiling. It also provides important information about the effects of the depuration period in RAS and on the chemical and sensorial quality of rainbow trout.
[Retracted] Prediction and Analysis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Qureshi Muhammad Shuaib , Qureshi Muhammad Bilal , Asghar Junaid , Alam Fatima , Aljarbouh Ayman
Published: July 2023

Autism spectrum disorder is a severe, life‐prolonged neurodevelopmental disease typified by disabilities that are chronic or limited in the development of socio‐communication skills, thinking abilities, activities, and behavior. In children aged two to three years, the symptoms of autism are more evident and easier to recognize. The major part of the existing literature on autism spectrum disorder is covered by a prediction system based on traditional machine learning algorithms such as support vector machine, random forest, multiple layer perceptron, naive Bayes, convolution neural network, and deep neural network. The proposed models are validated by using performance measurement parameters such as accuracy, precision, and recall. In this research, autism spectrum disorder prediction has been investigated and compared using common parameters such as application type, simulation method, comparison methodology, and input data. The key purpose of this study is to give a centralized framework to use for researchers working on autism spectrum disorder prediction. The best results were obtained by using the random forest algorithm as it performs better than other traditional machine learning algorithms. The achieved accuracy is 89.23%. The workflow representations of the investigated frameworks assist readers in comprehending the fundamental workings and architectures of these frameworks.
AHP and Machine Learning‐Based Military Strategic Site Selection: A Case Study of Adea District East Shewa Zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Bojer Amanuel Kumsa , Woldesilassie Firesew Feyisso , Debelee Taye Girma , Kebede Samuel Rahimeto , Esubalew Sintayehu Zekarias
Published: July 2023

In dynamic situations, multicriteria decision‐making (MCDM) for classification frequently takes place. The selection of suitable land sites and clear criteria is one of the most significant challenges in strategic military site selection around the world and at the national level. The main objectives of the present study are to find out the strategic military site land suitability in Adea District by using AHP, GIS, and machine learning algorithms. To determine the subject weights of criteria, a novel approach for prioritizing the intuitionistic fuzzy judgement matrix is proposed. An optimization model is developed to determine the objective weights that maximize the distance of each alternative to the negative‐ideal solution. Machine learning methods are mainly employed for filtering, interpreting, and predicting information from satellite image data. The random forest analysis method is used for patterning the military strategic site selection in the Adea District. The results of the study were able to create models and submodels of military strategic site land suitability using the weighted linear combination (WLC) mechanism. From the entire research area woreda, 87.02 km2(9.3%), 439.11 km2(46.9%), 114.59 km2(12.2%), 196.48 km2(20.9%), and 99.19 km2(10.6%) have not suitable, marginally suitable, moderately suitable, suitable, and highly suitable conditions, respectively, for a strategic military site. Changes in the six classes of land use/land cover were assessed with an overall accuracy of above 97% and an overall kappa statistic of 96%. Finally, the study actually suggests that ML, RS, GIS, and AHP algorithms are beneficial for decision‐makers (DMs) that will enhance the procedure for strategic military site, supported by multicriteria decision‐making and its applications for the study area’s land suitability. Furthermore, security and military authorities will be able to propose a planning protocol and suitable sites for strategic military site selection in the near future based on the study’s basic methodological application and main findings.
Supplementary Table S2 from Immunologic assessment of tumors from a race-matched military cohort identifies mast cell depletion as a marker of prostate cancer progression
Authors: Schafer Cara C. , Jiang Jiji , Elsamanoudi Sally , Nousome Darryl , Young Denise Y , Song Yingjie , Sesterhenn Isabell A , Chesnut Gregory T , Tan Shyh-Han
Published: July 2023

Supplementary Table S2 shows gene expression evaluated as a continuous variable and by median and Youden index cutoffs for BCR-free and metastasis-free survival.
Supplementary Table 5 from Phase Ib/II Study of a Liposomal Formulation of Eribulin (E7389-LF) plus Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors: Results from Phase Ib
Authors: Ida Hanae , Shimizu Toshio , Nishino Makoto , Nakamura Yoshiaki , Yazaki Shu , Katsuya Yuki , Sato Jun , Koyama Takafumi , Iwasa Satoru , Sudo Kazuki , Kondo Shunsuke , Yonemori Kan , Shitara Kohei , Shiono Satoshi , Matsuoka Daiko , Yasuda Keisuke , Otake Yohei , Suzuki Takuya , Takase Takao , Takashima Shuya , Yamaguchi Kohei , Semba Taro , Yamamoto Noboru
Published: July 2023

Supplementary Table 5. Summary of Serum Nivolumab Concentrations After the First Dose
Supplementary Table 4 from Phase Ib/II Study of a Liposomal Formulation of Eribulin (E7389-LF) plus Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors: Results from Phase Ib
Authors: Ida Hanae , Shimizu Toshio , Nishino Makoto , Nakamura Yoshiaki , Yazaki Shu , Katsuya Yuki , Sato Jun , Koyama Takafumi , Iwasa Satoru , Sudo Kazuki , Kondo Shunsuke , Yonemori Kan , Shitara Kohei , Shiono Satoshi , Matsuoka Daiko , Yasuda Keisuke , Otake Yohei , Suzuki Takuya , Takase Takao , Takashima Shuya , Yamaguchi Kohei , Semba Taro , Yamamoto Noboru
Published: July 2023

Supplementary Table 4. Pharmacokinetic Parameters After Administration of E7389-LF
Supplementary Table 1 from Phase Ib/II Study of a Liposomal Formulation of Eribulin (E7389-LF) plus Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors: Results from Phase Ib
Authors: Ida Hanae , Shimizu Toshio , Nishino Makoto , Nakamura Yoshiaki , Yazaki Shu , Katsuya Yuki , Sato Jun , Koyama Takafumi , Iwasa Satoru , Sudo Kazuki , Kondo Shunsuke , Yonemori Kan , Shitara Kohei , Shiono Satoshi , Matsuoka Daiko , Yasuda Keisuke , Otake Yohei , Suzuki Takuya , Takase Takao , Takashima Shuya , Yamaguchi Kohei , Semba Taro , Yamamoto Noboru
Published: July 2023

Supplementary Table 1. Dose-Limiting Toxicities
Data from Immunologic assessment of tumors from a race-matched military cohort identifies mast cell depletion as a marker of prostate cancer progression
Authors: Schafer Cara C. , Jiang Jiji , Elsamanoudi Sally , Nousome Darryl , Young Denise Y , Song Yingjie , Sesterhenn Isabell A , Chesnut Gregory T , Tan Shyh-Han
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Elucidating the cellular immune components underlying aggressive prostate cancer, especially among African American (AA) men who are disproportionately affected by this disease compared to Caucasian American (CA) men, will support more inclusive precision medicine treatment strategies. We aimed to evaluate which immune-related genes and cell types are differentially expressed in AA tumors and how immunobiology impacts prostate cancer progression.
We purified nucleic acid from tumor biopsies, obtained following radical prostatectomy, from 51 patients (AA=26, CA=25). Gene expression was measured using the NanoString platform from which we estimated immune cell abundances and assessed differences between groups based on clinico-pathologic data. Product-limit estimates determined associations with biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free and metastasis-free survival.
DVL2 and KLRC2 were significantly upregulated in CA tumors and were also associated with worse disease progression. No significant differences in immune cell abundances by race were observed. Highly significant reductions in abundances of Mast cells vs Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) were found in men with high grade pathologies and in men who later developed metastases. Low ratios of Mast cells vs TILs were associated with worse BCR-free survival and metastasis-free survival.
Although estimated immune cell abundances were not different by race, we identified genes involved in metabolism and Natural Killer cell functions that were differentially expressed between AA and CA tumors. Among the entire cohort, depletion of Mast cells within prostatectomy tumors was characteristic of advanced disease and susceptibility to disease progression.
Immunologic Assessment of Tumors from a Race-matched Military Cohort Identifies Mast Cell Depletion as a Marker of Prostate Cancer Progression
Authors: Schafer Cara C. , Jiang Jiji , Elsamanoudi Sally , Nousome Darryl , Young Denise Y. , Song Yingjie , Sesterhenn Isabell A. , Chesnut Gregory T. , Tan Shyh-Han
Published: July 2023

Elucidating the cellular immune components underlying aggressive prostate cancer, especially among African American (AA) men who are disproportionately affected by this disease compared with Caucasian American (CA) men, will support more inclusive precision medicine treatment strategies. We aimed to evaluate which immune-related genes and cell types are differentially expressed in AA tumors and how immunobiology impacts prostate cancer progression.

We purified nucleic acid from tumor biopsies, obtained following radical prostatectomy, from 51 patients (AA = 26, CA = 25). Gene expression was measured using the NanoString platform from which we estimated immune cell abundances and assessed differences between groups based on clinicopathologic data. Product-limit estimates determined associations with biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free and metastasis-free survival.

DVL2 and KLRC2 were significantly upregulated in CA tumors and were also associated with worse disease progression. No significant differences in immune cell abundances by race were observed. Highly significant reductions in abundances of mast cells versus tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were found in men with high-grade pathologies and in men who later developed metastases. Low ratios of mast cells versus TILs were associated with worse BCR-free survival and metastasis-free survival.

Although estimated immune cell abundances were not different by race, we identified genes involved in metabolism and natural killer cell functions that were differentially expressed between AA and CA tumors. Among the entire cohort, depletion of mast cells within prostatectomy tumors was characteristic of advanced disease and susceptibility to disease progression.

Significance:

Our findings demonstrate that there are immune-related genes and pathways that differ by race. Impaired intratumoral cellular immune composition, especially for TIL-normalized mast cells, may be vital in predicting and contributing to prostate cancer disease progression.
Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Gryllacrididae (Orthoptera) XV: Two new species of Larnaca (Larnaca) from Yunnan Province
Authors: ZHANG QIANWEN , ZHANG BIN , BIAN XUN
Published: July 2023

Two new species of Larnaca Walker, 1869, Larnaca (Larnaca) longispina sp. nov. (Chinese name: 长刺原­蟋螽) and Larnaca (Larnaca) nigrimacula sp. nov. (Chinese name: 黑斑原­蟋螽), are described from Yunnan Province, China based on new material deposited in Guangxi Normal University. The two new species are placed Larnaca (Larnaca) Walker, 1869 and compared to the corresponding closely related species. The male of Larnaca (Larnaca) longispina sp. nov. and both sexes of Larnaca (Larnaca) nigrimacula sp. nov. are illustrated.
Exploring Randomly Wired Neural Networks for Climate Model Emulation
Authors: Yik William , Silva Sam J. , Geiss Andrew , Watson-Parris Duncan
Published: July 2023

Exploring the climate impacts of various anthropogenic emissions scenarios is key to making informed decisions for climate change mitigation and adaptation. State-of-the-art Earth system models can provide detailed insight into these impacts but have a large associated computational cost on a per-scenario basis. This large computational burden has driven recent interest in developing cheap machine learning models for the task of climate model emulation. In this paper, we explore the efficacy of randomly wired neural networks for this task. We describe how they can be constructed and compare them with their standard feedforward counterparts using the ClimateBench dataset. Specifically, we replace the serially connected dense layers in multilayer perceptrons, convolutional neural networks, and convolutional long short-term memory networks with randomly wired dense layers and assess the impact on model performance for models with 1 million and 10 million parameters. We find that models with less-complex architectures see the greatest performance improvement with the addition of random wiring (up to 30.4% for multilayer perceptrons). Furthermore, of 24 different model architecture, parameter count, and prediction task combinations, only one had a statistically significant performance deficit in randomly wired networks relative to their standard counterparts, with 14 cases showing statistically significant improvement. We also find no significant difference in prediction speed between networks with standard feedforward dense layers and those with randomly wired layers. These findings indicate that randomly wired neural networks may be suitable direct replacements for traditional dense layers in many standard models.

Significance Statement

Modeling various greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions scenarios is important for both understanding climate change and making informed political and economic decisions. However, accomplishing this with large Earth system models is a complex and computationally expensive task. As such, data-driven machine learning models have risen in prevalence as cheap emulators of Earth system models. In this work, we explore a special type of machine learning model called randomly wired neural networks and find that they perform competitively for the task of climate model emulation. This indicates that future machine learning models for emulation may significantly benefit from using randomly wired neural networks as opposed to their more-standard counterparts.
Beautiful Days in the Neighborhood: Land–Atmosphere Interactions as Drivers of Forest Expansion
Authors: Shum Greta E. M. , Laguë Marysa M. , Rushley Stephanie S. , Swann Abigail L. S.
Published: July 2023

We explore the possible role of plant–atmosphere feedbacks in accelerating forest expansion using a simple example of forest establishment. We use an unconventional experimental design to simulate an initial forest establishment and the subsequent response of climate and nearby vegetation. We find that the forest’s existence produces favorable nearby growing-season conditions that would promote forest expansion. Specifically, we consider a hypothetical region of forest expansion in modern Alaska. We find that the forest acts as a source of heat and moisture for plants to the west, leading them to experience earlier springtime temperatures, snowmelt, and growth. Summertime cooling and cloud formation over the forest also drive a circulation change that reduces summertime cloud cover south of the forest, increasing solar radiation reaching plants there and driving warming. By isolating these vegetation–atmosphere interactions as the mechanisms of increased growth, we demonstrate the potential for forest expansion to be accelerated in a way that has not been highlighted before. These simulations illuminate two separate mechanisms that lead to increased plant growth nearby: 1) springtime heat advection and 2) summertime cloud feedbacks and circulation changes; both have implications for our understanding of past changes in forest cover and the predictability of biophysical impacts from afforestation projects and climate change–driven forest-cover changes. By examining these feedbacks, we seek to gain a more comprehensive understanding of past and potential future land–atmosphere interactions.

Significance Statement

This study investigates whether the emergence of a high-latitude forest could influence the way water and energy are exchanged between the land and atmosphere in a way that impacts nearby growing conditions and subsequent forest expansion. We use a computer model to simulate a climate with and without forest establishment in the high latitudes and test the response of plants surrounding the forest to the two different climates. We find that a forest is indeed able to spur neighboring plant growth by modifying regional climate and producing more favorable growing conditions for surrounding vegetation. Specifically, forest establishment can bring better growing conditions to plants adjacent to it by warming the air and altering nearby circulation and cloud cover.
Building Trust in Political Office: Testing the Efficacy of Political Contact and Authentic Communication
Authors: Weinberg James
Published: July 2023

While a large literature interrogates the causes and consequences of declining political trust in democracies, considerably less work has considered the everyday leadership strategies that might arrest this trend. I tackle this gap as I ask: what can politicians do to build trust? Going beyond the performance perspective current in political science, I suggest that all politicians can build trust by (1) increasing occasions for political contact and (2) utilising authentic political communication. These arguments are developed out of interviews with national politicians in five democracies (N = 51) and tested empirically with observational and experimental survey data gathered from a longitudinal sample of the UK public (N = 705). Attesting to academic work on the contact hypothesis and ‘authentic trust’, as well as the testimony of politicians themselves, these analyses suggest that both strategies carry appraisive potential. These findings contribute conceptually and practically to our understanding of both trust and leadership in politics.
Assessing the agreement between a global navigation satellite system and an optical-tracking system for measuring total, high-speed running, and sprint distances in official soccer matches
Authors: Makar Piotr , Silva Ana Filipa , Oliveira Rafael , Janusiak Marcin , Parus Przemysław , Smoter Małgorzata , Clemente Filipe Manuel
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to compare the agreement of total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR) distance, and sprint distance during 16 official soccer matches between a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and an optical-tracking system. A total of 24 male soccer players, who are actively participating in the Polish Ekstraklasa professional league, were included in the analysis conducted during official competitions. The players were systematically monitored using Catapult GNSS (10-Hz, S7) and Tracab optical-tracking system (25-Hz, ChyronHego). TD, HSR distance, sprint distance, HSR count (HSRC), and sprint count (SC) were collected. The data were extracted in 5-min epochs. A statistical approach was employed to visually examine the relationship between the systems based on the same measure. Additionally, R2 was utilized as a metric to quantify the proportion of variance accounted for by a variable. To assess agreement, Bland–Altman plots were visually inspected. The data from both systems were compared using the estimates derived from the intraclass correlation (ICC) test and Pearson product–moment correlation. Finally, a paired t-test was employed to compare the measurements obtained from both systems. The interaction between Catapult and Tracab systems revealed an R2 of 0.717 for TD, 0.512 for HSR distance, 0.647 for sprint distance, 0.349 for HSRC, and 0.261 for SC. The ICC values for absolute agreement between the systems were excellent for TD (ICC = 0.974) and good for HSR distance (ICC = 0.766), sprint distance (ICC = 0.822). The ICC values were not good for HSRCs (ICC = 0.659) and SCs (ICC = 0.640). t-test revealed significant differences between Catapult and Tracab for TD ( p < 0.001; d = −0.084), HSR distance ( p < 0.001; d = −0.481), sprint distance ( p < 0.001; d = −0.513), HSRC ( p < 0.001; d = −0.558), and SC ( p < 0.001; d = −0.334). Although both systems present acceptable agreement in TD, they may not be perfectly interchangeable, which sports scientists and coaches must consider when using them.
Smartphones and the education of religious youth in Indonesia: Highway to hell or path of righteousness?
Authors: LARSON Erica M
Published: July 2023

Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in secondary schools in Manado, Indonesia, this article examines digital infrastructures and their accompanying (im)moral potentialities in the development of Christian and Muslim youth as evaluated by educators. On the one hand, smartphones are portrayed as portals to a globalizing world in which youth might succumb to negative influences (with a particular anxiety surrounding pornography) based on their perceived inchoate moral development and insufficiently strong religious foundation. On the other hand, these teachers and administrators recognize the potential that smartphones have to be used for deepening spiritual engagement, connection, and proselytization. This particular case study offers insights into the ways in which institutions charged with religious and moral development of youth seek to leverage rather than categorically reject mainstream culture, navigating the globalizing influences of the secular world toward the possibility of attaining a greater good.
Teaching Cognitive/Behavioral Neuroscience Through a DEI Lens
Authors: Opper Jamie K.
Published: July 2023

Introduction

As higher education continues to prioritize diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), cognitive/behavioral neuroscience and other physiologically based psychology courses may face challenges incorporating DEI issues into the curriculum relative to other subfields of psychology.

Statement of the Problem

Instructors of these courses may believe that their discipline is more objective than other psychology subfields, or may simply be unsure where to insert discussion of DEI issues into their course material.

Literature Review

There is a substantial evidence regarding both the fallacy of total scientific objectivity and how structural inequalities can impact brain structure and function in historically marginalized populations.

Teaching Implications

I discuss where and how in the neuroscience curriculum instructors can implement relevant discussion of DEI issues, as well as provide practical suggestions for how to increase belongingness for historically marginalized students, including open educational resource lecture slides and a critical-thinking assignment.

Conclusion

Excluding DEI content from neuroscience courses harms our students and perpetuates the myth of total scientific objectivity, so it is imperative that faculty include DEI discussions in neuroscience-based courses.
Comparative outcomes of percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy between low and high Wilkins score
Authors: Alidoosti Mohammad , Sattartabar Babak , Pourhoseini Hamidreza , Salarifar Mojtaba , Nematipour Ebrahim , Hajizeinali Alimohammad , Aghajani Hassan , Amirzadegan Alireza , Baharvand Fateme
Published: July 2023

Background

Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) is one of the non-surgical methods for patients with significant mitral stenosis. It is less invasive, less complicating with better outcomes compared to surgery. The Wilkins score ≤8 is used to select patients for PTMC, but the results of several studies suggest that PTMC can also be successful in a higher Wilkins score. The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes of PTMC between two groups.

Methods

In this retrospective study, patients who underwent PTMC between April 2011 and December 2019 were included. Patients were divided into two groups based on Wilkins score: 196 patients (57.64%) with a Wilkins score ≤8 (group I) and 134 patients (39.4%) with a Wilkins score >8 (group II).

Results

There was no difference in demographic characteristics between two groups except for age ( p = 0.04). Pre and post-interventional echocardiographic and catheterization measurements including left atrial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, mitral valve area, mitral valve mean, and peak gradient were measured, and there was no difference between the two groups ( p > 0.05). The most common complication was mitral regurgitation (MR). Serious complications such as stroke and arrhythmias were rare in both groups (<1%). There was no difference between MR, ASD (atrial septal defect) and serious complications between the two groups.

Conclusion

This study shows that the Wilkins score with a cutoff value of 8 is not suitable for patient selection and novel criteria including both mitral valve features and other variables affecting the PTMC outcomes is needed.
Emotion category-modulated interpretation bias in perceiving ambiguous facial expressions
Authors: Todd Emily , Subendran Shaini , Wright George , Guo Kun
Published: July 2023

In contrast to prototypical facial expressions, we show less perceptual tolerance in perceiving vague expressions by demonstrating an interpretation bias, such as more frequent perception of anger or happiness when categorizing ambiguous expressions of angry and happy faces that are morphed in different proportions and displayed under high- or low-quality conditions. However, it remains unclear whether this interpretation bias is specific to emotion categories or reflects a general negativity versus positivity bias and whether the degree of this bias is affected by the valence or category of two morphed expressions. These questions were examined in two eye-tracking experiments by systematically manipulating expression ambiguity and image quality in fear- and sad-happiness faces (Experiment 1) and by directly comparing anger-, fear-, sadness-, and disgust-happiness expressions (Experiment 2). We found that increasing expression ambiguity and degrading image quality induced a general negativity versus positivity bias in expression categorization. The degree of negativity bias, the associated reaction time and face-viewing gaze allocation were further manipulated by different expression combinations. It seems that although we show a viewing condition-dependent bias in interpreting vague facial expressions that display valence-contradicting expressive cues, it appears that the perception of these ambiguous expressions is guided by a categorical process similar to that involved in perceiving prototypical expressions.
Close to the metal: Towards a material political economy of the epistemology of computation
Authors: Rella Ludovico
Published: July 2023

This paper investigates the role of the materiality of computation in two domains: blockchain technologies and artificial intelligence (AI). Although historically designed as parallel computing accelerators for image rendering and videogames, graphics processing units (GPUs) have been instrumental in the explosion of both cryptoasset mining and machine learning models. The political economy associated with video games and Bitcoin and Ethereum mining provided a staggering growth in performance and energy efficiency and this, in turn, fostered a change in the epistemological understanding of AI: from rules-based or symbolic AI towards the matrix multiplications underpinning connectionism, machine learning and neural nets. Combining a material political economy of markets with a material epistemology of science, the article shows that there is no clear-cut division between software and hardware, between instructions and tools, and between frameworks of thought and the material and economic conditions of possibility of thought itself. As the microchip shortage and the growing geopolitical relevance of the hardware and semiconductor supply chain come to the fore, the paper invites social scientists to engage more closely with the materialities and hardware architectures of ‘virtual’ algorithms and software.
New Heuristic Algorithm Based on the Lagrangian Relaxation for a Real-World High-Speed Railway Timetabling Problem
Authors: Yue Yixiang , Yan Xuecheng , Wang Shifeng , Li Mingxin , Faghri Ardeshir
Published: July 2023

High-speed railway (HSR) systems have been developing rapidly in China and other countries throughout the past decade; as a result, efficiently operating these large-scale systems has presented new challenges to the railway industry. A high-quality train timetable should satisfy transportation demands with the best possible benefit. This study presents a scheduling model for double-track HSR lines based on a train service plan for timetable optimization. First, we construct a space–time network and assign each resource a usage cost at every discrete instant of time to maximize the total profit of a train timetable as a whole. Second, we propose a heuristic method based on the Lagrangian relaxation algorithm to solve the model by updating the resource usage costs according to the conflicts caused by trains in each iteration. Finally, we consider the Beijing–Shanghai HSR line as a real-world application of the methodology. In each of the four cases tested, we obtain an approximate optimal solution with a duality gap of less than 8% within 120 s. The results show that the proposed model and heuristic offer an efficient and promising means of addressing HSR timetable problems.
Evaluating the Potential of Crowdsourced Data to Estimate Network-Wide Bicycle Volumes
Authors: Broach Joseph , Kothuri Sirisha , Miah Md Mintu , McNeil Nathan , Hyun Kate , Mattingly Stephen , Nordback Krista , Proulx Frank
Published: July 2023

This research integrated and evaluated emerging user data sources (Strava Metro, StreetLight, and hybrid docked/dockless bike share) of bicycle activity data with conventional “static” demand determinants (land use, built environment, sociodemographics) and measures (permanent and short-duration counts) to estimate annual average daily bicycle traffic (AADBT). We selected six locations (Boulder, Charlotte, Dallas, Portland, Bend, and Eugene) covering varied urban and suburban contexts and specified three sets of Poisson regression models: city-specific models, an Oregon pooled model, and all cities pooled. Static variables, Strava, and StreetLight complemented one another, with each additional data source tending to improve the model performance. Sites with lower volumes were more difficult to predict, with considerable error in even the best-performing models. City-specific models in general exhibited improved fit and prediction performance. Expected prediction error increased by a factor of about 1.4 when using Strava or StreetLight alone, but without static adjustment variables, to predict AADBT. Combining Strava plus StreetLight, but without static variables, increased error slightly less; by 1.3 times. We also found that transferring the model specifications from one year to the next without re-estimating the model parameters resulted in a 10% to 50% increase in error rates across models, so such transfer is not recommended. The findings from this study indicate that rather than replacing conventional bike data sources and count programs, old “small” data sources will likely be very important for big data sources like Strava and StreetLight to achieve their potential for predicting AADBT.
Risk Perception of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Vendors and General Pedestrians: A Comparative Study
Authors: Badhon Farhan Anjum , Chowdhury Shoumic Shahid , Haque Tashdid , Rahman Saifur , Raihan Md Asif , Hossain Moinul , Mamun Md. Abdullah Al
Published: July 2023

Pedestrians account for 65% of all traffic fatalities worldwide. A sub-category of pedestrians is vehicle-to-vehicle vendors, who pose a concern in countries with rapid motorization. For example, 70% of traffic fatalities in Nigeria involve general pedestrians and vendors. Previous studies have highlighted vendors’ heterogeneous road crossing and car-following behaviors. Furthermore, they create a nuisance for general pedestrians. This study contrasts the risk perception of vehicle-to-vehicle vendors and general pedestrians and analyzes grouped and ungrouped illegal crossings of vendors. A questionnaire survey was developed, based on a literature review and expert knowledge, to identify variables associated with risk perception. Interviews based on a questionnaire were conducted in various locations in Dhaka, Bangladesh, which collected 1,019 responses containing information on the respondents’ demographic attributes, risk perception, aggressive behavior, near-crash experiences, and accepted yielding distances. Next, ordinal logit/probit and complementary log-log models were employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that vehicle-to-vehicle vendors had a lower risk perception than general pedestrians. It also indicated that vendors would take a higher risk than general pedestrians. Furthermore, vendors jaywalking alone had a significantly lower perception of risk. Finally, gender, age, education, accepted yielding distance, and aggressive behavior were the most prominent factors affecting vendors’ risk perception. Gradually separating vendors from the traffic system by shifting them to proper street markets could be a critical solution.
The Environmental State: Nature and the Politics of Environmental Protection
Authors: Rea Christopher M. , Frickel Scott
Published: July 2023

Basic oppositions between economic growth and environmental protection are well understood by sociologists, but the state’s role in environmental protection and regulation is underspecified in sociological theory. We define the environmental state and theorize two structuring forces central to its provision of environmental welfare. First, culturally distinctive constructions of nature shape environmental politics and statecraft. State actions linked to charismatic “special” nature often win broad political support, whereas actions linked to less resonant “ordinary” nature do not. Second, historical legacies of developmentalism shape environmental coalitions. Arms of the environmental state that combine extractive pasts with newer regulatory responsibilities are better able to build broad support, whereas narrowly regulatory or developmental arms struggle to do so. We illustrate the relevance of each process for the politics of environmental regulation and of technoscientific expertise. Both processes help explain the varied efficacy of environmental states and set the stage for their comparative study.
Modeling the Effects of Napping and Non-napping Patterns of Light Exposure on the Human Circadian Oscillator
Authors: Stowe Shelby R. , LeBourgeois Monique K. , Diniz Behn Cecilia
Published: July 2023

In early childhood, consolidation of sleep from a biphasic to a monophasic sleep-wake pattern, that is, the transition from sleeping during an afternoon nap and at night to sleeping only during the night, represents a major developmental milestone. Reduced napping behavior is associated with an advance in the timing of the circadian system; however, it is unknown if this advance represents a standard response of the circadian clock to altered patterns of light exposure or if it additionally reflects features of the developing circadian system. Using a mathematical model of the human circadian pacemaker, we investigated the impact of napping and non-napping patterns of light exposure on entrained circadian phases. Simulated light schedules were based on published data from 20 children (34.2 ± 2.0 months) with habitual napping or non-napping sleep patterns (15 nappers). We found the model predicted different circadian phases for napping and non-napping light patterns: both the decrease in afternoon light during the nap and the increase in evening light associated with napping toddlers’ later bedtimes contributed to the observed circadian phase difference produced between napping and non-napping light schedules. We systematically quantified the effects on phase shifting of nap duration, timing, and light intensity, finding larger phase delays occurred for longer and earlier naps. In addition, we simulated phase response curves to a 1-h light pulse and 1-h dark pulse to predict phase and intensity dependence of these changes in light exposure. We found the light pulse produced larger shifts compared with the dark pulse, and we analyzed the model dynamics to identify the features contributing to this asymmetry. These findings suggest that napping status affects circadian timing due to altered patterns of light exposure, with the dynamics of the circadian clock and light processing mediating the effects of the dark pulse associated with a daytime nap.
As the Twig is Bent so the Tree is Inclined? Exploring the Associations of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Relational Impairments in Ghana
Authors: Kyei J. Joana
Published: July 2023

Studies on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which have been conducted predominantly with samples from Western cultures have found ACEs to be associated with poor health outcomes and relational impairments in adulthood. This study sought to contribute to the ACEs literature by investigating the long-term consequences of ACEs on the interpersonal functioning of adult survivors in Ghana, a non-Western culture. In the current study, the associations of five ACEs (high parental conflict, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect) with four types of relational impairments (alienation, insecure attachment, egocentricity, and social incompetence) were examined using a community sample of 403 adults who retrospectively provided self-reports of ACEs. The most frequently reported ACE in this sample was high parental conflict, while sexual abuse was the least frequently reported ACE. Participants with ACE histories had significantly more relational impairments than those with no ACE histories, however multiple regression analyses revealed no significant relational impairments in adulthood following any ACE experience, whether alone or in any combination, suggesting that cultural values such as collectivism and religiosity may play a protective role against ACEs negative effects in the interpersonal domain. The study’s limitations, and the implications of these findings for the Ghanaian and other similar contexts are discussed.
An improved equivalent magnetic network model of IPM motor in electric vehicles for dynamic simulation of transient effects
Authors: Ge Shuaishuai , Yang Yaoze , Zhang Zhigang , Guo Dong , Ren Honghai
Published: July 2023

The existing electric motor model for electric vehicles cannot address the simulation of transient conditions. Moreover, it is difficult to balance the computation time and simulation accuracy. To address these shortcomings, an improved internal permanent magnet motor model containing nonlinear magnetic field factors was proposed based on the equivalent magnetic circuit theory. The effects of the magnetic circuit saturation, cogging torque, and magnetic field harmonics on the electromagnetic torque could be reflected. Furthermore, the electromagnetic vibration and rotor eccentricity could be considered. To improve the computational efficiency of the equivalent magnetic network method, lumped parameter or mesh-based methods were used for flux paths with different complexities. Second, the single-layer mesh-based method with local variable permeability parameters improved the efficiency of the air-gap dynamic analysis and computational efficiency while simulating 2D flux paths. The radial and tangential electromagnetic forces were calculated using the Maxwell tensor method and the action on the rotor. The accuracy of the nonlinear magnetic field modeling was verified by finite element analysis and experimental. In addition, the motion modeling method and dynamic characteristics of the model were studied. A reference was provided for dynamic simulations of electric vehicles and other using permanent magnet motors.
Analysis and optimization of tip-out transient dynamic characteristics of electric vehicle reducer under multi-bearing collaborative preloading
Authors: Guo Dong , Zhou Yufa , Hu Mingmao , Li Ming , Li Yingxue , Zhang Zhigang , Rao Wenyi
Published: July 2023

In this study, the transient dynamic response of an electric vehicle secondary reducer with a multi-bearing cooperative preload was studied. The time-varying mesh stiffness, mesh damping, backlash, axial dynamic stiffness, and axial preload of the system are considered. A novel transient dynamics model was established for the multi-bearing cooperative preloading of the electric vehicle secondary reducer suitable for transient conditions. The accuracy of the built model is verified using a bench test. Subsequently, the transient dynamic response of the reducer system under tip-out working conditions was determined. The optimal preload combination of the bearing was determined using an optimization algorithm. The simulation results show that, under the tip out working condition, increasing the bearing preload can effectively restrain the transient impact of the reducer system, and the optimal bearing preload combination obtained by multi-objective optimization using an optimization algorithm can significantly reduce the transient shock problem of the electric vehicle drivetrain. This study provides theoretical support for suppressing transient shocks in electric vehicle reducer.
Proposing a chemical kinetic mechanism for biodiesel/NG blend in RCCI engine condition
Authors: Aminian Emad , Gharehghani Ayat , Mirsalim Mostafa
Published: July 2023

Abundance of natural gas (NG), its clean combustion characteristics and relatively low cost among various fuels, make it a suitable alternative for gasoline. In use of NG instead of gasoline especially in RCCI engines, due to lower cetane number of NG, using diesel similar fuel with higher cetane number, such as biodiesel, is recommended. Numerical study of biodiesel-NG oxidation needs to have a special chemical kinetic mechanism which predicts characteristics of combustion and emission accurately. There is no compact, accurate and reliable chemical mechanism which predict combustion specification of biodiesel-natural gas blend for using in CFD simulations, especially in RCCI engine conditions. For this purpose, a compact skeletal Methyl decanoate (MD), Methyl-5-Decanoate (MD5D), n-decane, and NG mechanism including 66 species and 229 reactions is constructed in this work for biodiesel-natural gas CFD simulations. The GRI-mech3.0 NG mechanism, consist of 53 species and 325 reactions, is reduced first by DRGEP and FSSA methods in Chemkin Pro 0-Dimensional homogeneous reactor, and then the reduced mechanism containing H2/CO/C1-C3 is merged with the biodiesel sub-mechanisms of MD, MD5D, and n-decane which consist of 60 species and 172 reactions. In following, the coupled mechanism is optimized by reaction rate adjustment and reduced with QSSA method. Ignition delay and flame speed are validated with primary mechanisms results and experimental data. Comparing ignition delay times of based and developed mechanisms revealed that arithmetical mean error (AME) is 1.2% for 0%-NG and 6.34% for 0%-biodiesel, respectively. In 1-D simulation, flame speed is calculated and the AME for 0%-biodiesel and 0%-NG is 7.2% and 4.7%, respectively. To ensure the applicability and accuracy of the developed mechanism, this mechanism was used in the CFD simulation of an RCCI engine and the obtained results such as in-cylinder pressure and the heat release rate, were in appropriate agreement with the experimental results.
Reasons for antiretroviral switching in Colombia: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Valderrama-Beltrán Sandra Liliana , Martínez-Vernaza Samuel , Correa-Forero Shirley Vanessa , Jaimes-Reyes Maria Alejandra , Arévalo-Mora Leonardo , Martínez-Buitrago Ernesto , Franco Julieta , Beltrán-Rodríguez Claudia , Urrego-Reyes Juan , Leon Sebastian , García Garzon Martha , Gonzalez Claudia , Fonseca Norberto , Botero Monica , Andrade Javier , Alzamora Diana , Lenis William , Pardo José , Alzate-Ángel Juan , Mantilla Monica , Sussmann Otto , Montero-Riascos Leonardo , Álvarez-Moreno Carlos Arturo
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Long-term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infection might lead to the necessity of switching regimens. We aimed to analyze the reasons for the ART switch, the time-to-switch of ART, and its associated factors in a Colombian cohort.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort in 20 HIV clinics, including participants ≥18 years old with confirmed HIV infection who underwent an ART switch from January 2017 to December 2019 with at least 6 months of follow-up. A time-to-event analysis and an exploratory Cox model were performed.

Results

796 participants switched ART during the study period. The leading cause of ART switch was drug intolerance ( n = 449; 56.4%) with a median time-to-switch of 12.2 months. The longest median time-to-switch was due to regimen simplification (42.4 months). People ≥50 years old (HR = 0.6; 95% CI (0.5–0.7) and CDC stage 3 at diagnosis (HR = 0.8; 95% CI (0.6–0.9) had less hazard for switching ART over time.

Conclusions

In this Colombian cohort, drug intolerance was the main cause of the ART switch, and the time-to-switch is shorter than reports from other countries. In Colombia, it is crucial to apply current recommendations for ART initiation to choose regimens with a better tolerability profile.
'C’est comme ça qu’on fabrique des automobiles': Race, work, and colonial afterlives in Robert Linhart's L’Établi
Authors: Lyons Patrick James
Published: July 2023

Robert Linhart's L’Établi recounts the author's experience of ‘établissement’ as a young Maoist militant in the months immediately following May ‘68. Ten years after leaving the École normale supérieure to work and politically organize at the Citroën automobile factory in Choisy, Linhart reflects on his experiences on the assembly line, and his attempts to organize an ultimately unsuccessful wildcat strike from within the factory. This article revisits L'Établi alongside Linhart's littlestudied critical writings on racism, imperialism, and capitalist production in order to foreground two interwoven, yet under-appreciated facets of the work, and Linhart's corpus more broadly: first, Linhart's critique of a dense racial and colonial logic which undergirded the division of labor and maintenance of orderly production in the factory despite the purported demise of the French Empire. And second, the his innovation as not just a political memoirist, but as an inventive literary strategist. To this end, this article focuses on the surprising movements of poetic effervescence which appear throughout L'Établi, which reveal themselves to be thoroughly interwoven with Linhart's anti-imperial, anti-capitalist project.