bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing Lost Circulation Material LCM Pills for High Temperature Applications
Authors: Kulkarni Sandeep D. , Savari Sharath , Gupta Nivika , Whitfill Don
Published: August 2016

Large-particle-size (d50 > 300 μm) lost-circulation materials (LCMs) are often used to plug large fractures and manage downhole losses. They are usually added to a fluid to form a pill, which is pumped downhole. If downhole temperatures are high, these large particulates can settle out of the fluid, likely resulting in unsuccessful LCM treatments. This paper discusses temperature-stable fluids that suspend large LCMs and, thereby, efficiently address this challenge and mitigate lost circulation at high temperatures.

A detailed experimental study was conducted to study the rheology-vs.-temperature behavior of several fluids up to 325°F on advanced rheometers/viscometers. The suspension of large LCMs in these fluids at these temperatures was studied experimentally in a lab environment. The same LCM-fluid combinations were also investigated using the standard laboratory permeability plugging apparatus (PPA) tests at high temperatures. The slotted disc in a PPA simulates the fractures in the wellbore, and the slot plugging test is widely used in the industry to test the plugging efficiency of LCM particulates.

The temperature effect on the rheology of the fluids was demonstrated by plotting rheology-vs.-temperature data obtained from the rheometer/viscometers at various applied shear rates. The rheological investigation showed that fluids designed with certain combinations of viscosifiers provided stable rheologies (only a slight drop in rheology with temperature) at high temperatures. During the suspension tests, these temperature-stable fluids demonstrated a superior ability to suspend the large LCMs at high temperatures. The information agreed with the quantitative correlations in the literature on rheology requirements of the fluids to suspend given LCMs. The temperature-stable fluids also improved the LCM performance during the PPA tests, indicating their potential to mitigate losses effectively in high-temperature wells.
Post-Perforation Cleanup for Single Run Multizone Completion in a Complex Deepwater Well
Authors: Maher Peter
Published: August 2016

In deepwater and ultra-deepwater wells with multiple zones to complete, single-trip multizone completions are an increasingly common alternative to standard stacked completions. Several trips are saved by avoiding running plugs, stimulating, and then running sections of completion equipment. In addition to running the completion, stimulating, and gravel packing in a single run, today's multizone systems are rated for higher operating pressures, enabling higher pump rates and higher proppant volumes, as compared to conventional stacked completions. Along with the many benefits that single-trip multizone completions provide, they also introduce additional operational challenges in the well-completion process. One of these challenges is that multiple hydraulic set packers and screens must be run through perforation zones prior to being deployed at the intended depth. This necessitates a run to remove flash, burrs, and other debris that are left behind by the perforating operation from the casing and inside of the well. This is commonly referred to as a deburring run. In addition to restoring a smooth casing wall, a sump packer must be cleaned out and sufficient space below the packer cleared of debris for proper installation of the multizone completion. These two critical objectives have been addressed by running an innovative combination of wellbore clean-out tools, toolstring design, and detailed operating parameters.
Investigation of Shock Wave Interference in Low-Debris Perforating Gun System
Authors: Robey Eric , Hoelscher Chris
Published: August 2016

All perforating operations cause some debris. Perforating debris can damage surface equipment and completion tools and negatively impact production. In high-pressure deepwater wells, minimizing debris becomes more important because costs associated with debris accumulation might impact sensitive completion equipment or might not be realized until later in a well's life. This necessitates a new low-debris perforating system designed to significantly reduce debris associated with high-shot-density big-hole charges. Past solutions at low-shot densities have involved introducing materials into the perforator to retain debris. The close proximity of these materials to energetic components can introduce strong shock waves between individual charge detonation events. This phenomenon has an undesirable effect on perforator performance and should be minimized without compromising debris retention.

Traditional gun designs are based on a trial-and-error approach, using very limited post-testing measurements as design verification tools. The extremely complicated interactions among different components of the gun during a test cannot be observed experimentally, and the detailed physical process is not well understood. Therefore, numerical models have been developed to simulate the detailed dynamic responses of gun systems subjected to multiple shaped-charge detonations. This paper describes the coupling of hydrocode-based three-dimensional (3D) numerical models with FEA and full- scale surface testing. High-fidelity modeling is employed to capture the dynamic response of the materials under shock loading. The model is then used to investigate shock wave interference among the major components of the gun system. The underlying mechanics dominating the gun performance are identified. Consequently, considerable insight is obtained into gun system design for effective shock wave mitigation without compromising low-debris characteristics

Investigations are performed for the original baseline design and a modified design based on numerical simulation results. Numerical and experimental results are presented for both designs. By comparison, the modified design outperforms the baseline design, as predicted by the numerical model, thereby validating the numerical model and providing greater confidence to the design cycle.

Numerical simulations combined with the traditional experiments facilitate effective decision making, thus making the overall design cycle much more efficient.
Cementing Design and Placement Methods to Optimize Seal Integrity and Lower Cost for Deepwater Wells Drilled With Non-Aqueous Drilling Fluid
Authors: Sonnier Paul , Watters Larry , Clapper Dennis , Head Bill , Scherer George , Prod'homme Robert , Choi Myoungsung , Zhang Zhidong
Published: August 2016

The challenges of both primary and remedial cementing in Non-Aqueous Drilling Fluid (NAF) are well known in the deepwater industry. NAFs allow for stable drilling in high pressure high temperature (HPHT) and ultra-deepwater environments. However, mud properties that were beneficial for drilling become detrimental to completions. Fluid incompatibilities resulting from contamination, residue, fluid swapping and other fluid interactions can result in reduced compressive strength, channeling, downhole gelation and a poor cement bond. Incompatibility and incomplete hole cleaning can result in safety and environmental risks including job failure, future operational issues and loss of zonal isolation. Commercially available products are available to assist with mud displacement, however, there is a need for a fundamental characterization of mud-cement interactions on a chemical level to improve the knowledge of related technical risks and the technology required for risk reduction and long-term well integrity.

The objectives of this project are to develop fundamental knowledge of mud-cement compatibility issues related specifically to deepwater cementing, to quantify risks associated with cementing in NAF and to develop best practices and derive recommendations in order to reduce the recognized risks.
Investigating the Chemical Nature of Flat Rheology
Authors: Hilfiger Matthew G. , Thaemlitz Carl J , Moellendick Eric
Published: August 2016

The rheological properties of drilling fluids are crucial parameters in offshore operations, especially in the extreme conditions encountered during deepwater drilling. Oil based muds (OBM) are almost exclusively used in deepwater drilling operations, owing to such factors as their improved temperature stability, effectiveness when drilling through water sensitive formations, and capability to be utilized in narrow-margin drilling. A desired property of the drilling fluid is a minimal sensitivity of the flow properties with respect to temperature, leading to a flat-rheology system. Chemical additives provide the basis for the fluid's rheological properties, but are rarely addressed in detail within published literature. This paper reviews the chemistries of existing additives and their claimed uses. In addition to addressing the current state of the art, results are presented from an investigation into the effects of such emulsifier chemistries upon the rheological properties of the drilling fluid. This includes work on a novel emulsifier and comparative data to an industry standard incumbent. Through an improved study of the chemistry, a design-based approach can lead to the development of optimal properties for these high performance invert emulsion drilling fluids.
Solidification of Synthetic-Based Drilling Mud Using Geopolymers
Authors: Liu Xiangyu , Aughenbaugh Katherine , Nair Sriramya , Shuck Michelle , van Oort Eric
Published: August 2016

When constructing deepwater wells, incompatibility between synthetic-based mud (SBM) and Portland cements can lead to poor cementation and loss of cement integrity, which in turn may compromise zonal isolation. An alternative cementitious material based on geopolymers has been developed with improved SBM compatibility for primary and remedial cementing purposes as well as lost circulation control. Geopolymer benefits go beyond mere SBM compatibility: it is in fact possible to solidify non-aqueous fluids such as SBM and oil-based mud (OBM) using geopolymer formulations. This also means that non-aqueous fluids (SBM, OBM) can be disposed of in a cost-effective way, which presents a viable option for environmentally acceptable on-site or off-site disposal of drilling muds and cuttings.

Geopolymer is a type of alkali activated material that forms when an aluminosilicate precursor powder (such as fly ash) is mixed with an alkaline activating solution (such as sodium hydroxide). A novel SBM solidification method was developed by blending varied amounts of geopolymer and SBM. This solidification method was tested with various sources of precursor powders, SBMs and OBMs. The rheology and strength of the geopolymer/SBM blends were measured under downhole conditions.

Strength testing results showed that geopolymer cement lost only 30% of its strength when blended with 10% SBM, while a neat Portland slurry lost 70% strength. Geopolymer/SBM blends containing up to 40% SBM were found to have measurable strength when cured under downhole conditions. By changing the amount of geopolymer and SBM in the slurry, the geopolymer/SBM system can be developed into a lost circulation treatment with low compressive strength, or into a primary cementation material with higher compressive strength.

The geopolymer/SBM blends at different mixing ratios have shown great improvement in rheology of the geopolymer cement, allowing for pumpability of the slurry for well cementation. For instance, 30% SBM blends have downhole rheology profiles that approach those of neat Portland slurries.
Advanced Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors for Monitoring Poor Zonal Isolation with Hydrocarbon Migration in Cemented Annuli
Authors: Wu Qian , Nair Sriramya , Shuck Michelle , Oort Eric van , Guzik Artur , Kishida Kinzo
Published: August 2016

The cement annulus between a wellbore and a casing string should provide reliable zonal isolation throughout the life of a well. However, zonal isolation may be negatively affected by several factors which can compromise cement integrity and lead to the development of channels that provide migration paths for hydrocarbons. This paper is dedicated to monitoring the unwanted presence and migration of hydrocarbons in cemented annuli using a sophisticated fiber optic sensing system. The system is comprised of a distributed temperature and strain sensing (DTSS) data acquisition unit and a newly designed fiber optic cable that is capable of detecting hydrocarbons in cemented annuli. The DTSS system is based on Brillouin and Rayleigh backscattering mechanisms, which are sensitive to both strain and temperature changes. The cable consists of a single-mode optical fiber packaged with a hydrocarbon-sensitive polymer. This combination was tested extensively and successfully for its ability to identify cement integrity issues through detection of hydrocarbons in the cement. The presence of hydrocarbons causes the polymer around the fiber to swell, leading to changes in strain distribution on the fiber. These strain variations were detected using the DTSS monitoring system. The observed strain variations were found to be dependent on the type of fluids, which indicates that the proposed system has selective sensitivity to certain hydrocarbons. For example, synthetic-based mud had little effect on strain, while kerosene showed a significant response. In conclusion, the new fiber optic sensing system can be beneficial in verifying zonal isolation by detecting and monitoring any unwanted hydrocarbon migration in cemented annuli, identifying zones from which hydrocarbons are originating, and providing other essential information to identify the need for well intervention such as remedial cementing.
Effective Enhancement of Wellbore Stability in Shales with New Families of Nanoparticles
Authors: Gao C.. , Miska S. Z. , Yu M.. , Ozbayoglu E. M. , Takach N. E.
Published: August 2016

Traditional water based fluids tend to penetrate into shale formations, and interact with clay minerals, which results in clay swelling and wellbore instability. The larger content of clay in some deep water shales compared to regular onshore shales generates more wellbore instability problems. To reduce shale-fluid interaction, we need to reduce water invasion by sealing the pores and micro-fractures in shales. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to conduct pore pressure transmission (PPT) tests with test fluids that contain two new families of nanoparticles and to evaluate the major factors that affect pore pressure transmission.

For the first time, Mancos Shale and Eagle Ford Shale have been investigated with PPT tests using fluids that contain nanoparticles in different sizes (10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm), types (aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide) and concentrations (3%, 10%). Results show that nanoparticles of 10 nm size can delay the time needed to reach the equilibrium state to 48.2 hours, compared to 27.8 hours needed for Eagle Ford Shale treated with suspensions that contain 40 nm nanoparticles. Based on the test matrix, the better combinations to decrease pore pressure at the equilibrium state are 10% 10 nm Al2O3 for Eagle Ford Shale and 10% 30 nm Al2O3 for Mancos Shale.

This relatively new plugging technique using nanoparticles has great practical potential for successful application in deep water drilling. A decrease in pore pressure transmission and the delay of the time to reach the equilibrium state will reduce problems of hydration and swelling in shale formations. This study can also help to define water based drilling fluid properties for the purpose of improving wellbore stability in deep water drilling.
Physical Measurement of Downhole Temperature Identifies Variance Between Mathematical Simulations
Authors: Mendonça G.. , Stair T.. , Fiorotti J. P. , Gabarra G.. , Cosentino A.. , Rogers H..
Published: August 2016

Downhole temperature is a parameter of great importance when designing and testing cement slurries and other temperature dependent fluids. A set of recommendations has been published to determine downhole temperature. However, in the strictest sense, these recommendations are only applicable within a narrow set of well conditions. Recently, the industry practice has been to use mathematical simulation to estimate downhole temperature when well conditions fall outside the parameters given in this set of recommendations.

Accurate temperature estimates provide the best test parameters to be used during the qualification of mixtures under simulated downhole conditions. A lack of accurate data could result in premature or delayed cement setting. Both of these phenomena are unwelcome consequences that can result from failing to accurately estimate downhole temperature. It is therefore important to use a tool that best simulates downhole conditions. It is ideal if the results from mathematical simulation are validated using physical measurements. This paper documents how downhole temperature during fluid circulation was physically measured using temperature sensors and was then compared to mathematical simulations.

Multiple case histories are discussed, wherein both simulated and measured temperature were validated to provide improved accuracy of downhole temperature. This led to improved design, laboratory testing, and field implementation. Historical data are presented, demonstrating the importance of accurate temperature predictions. An overview is provided to include a historical review of methods used to estimate downhole temperature gradients and the benefits and potential drawbacks of available gradient tables. A review is presented comparing computational output with data obtained from measurement sensors, resulting in improved accuracy of predictive output. Improved gradient prediction methods are presented to help enable improved laboratory testing to be performed on temperature activated slurries.

The use of downhole temperature gages has been limited in deepwater applications. This paper introduces equipment designed specifically for deepwater applications, data collected, and comparative analysis with conventional mathematical models. The authors believe the material presented will be of interest to society membership.
Cementing Solutions for Salt- and CO2-Laden Presalt Zones
Authors: Simao Cristina Aiex , Folsta Mauricio Gimenes , Campos Gilson , Yerubandi Krishna Babu , Patil Sandip , Jandhyala Siva Rama , Deshpande Abhimanyu , Paiva Maria , Ravi Kris
Published: August 2016

Recent deepwater discoveries in CO2-laden presalt regions have posed new drilling and cementing challenges associated with salt and CO2. Salt can react and gel cement slurry prematurely, resulting in pumping and displacement issues. Further, creeping salts can compromise the mechanical integrity of the cement sheath. Carbonic acid under downhole conditions can react with the cement sheath and adversely affect its integrity. Design of a cementing solution for such environments requires a holistic approach that addresses the chemical and mechanical effects of well operations on the cement sheath during the life of the well.

A combination of chemistry, engineering modeling, thermodynamics, chemical reaction, and experimental characterization was used in this study. The work evaluates the influence of dissolution of different levels and types of salt on the cement slurry's physical properties and modeling the cement sheath response for salt creep loads. It also involved conducting long-term high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) cement carbonation experiments and developing a mathematical model to predict the long-term possibility of corrosion under downhole conditions.

Slurry was designed such that the blend is suitable for salt and presalt zones. By virtue of its chemical nature, the slurry resists dissolution of salt and hence does not cause premature gelling. Mechanical characterization and further engineering analysis predicted that the cured cement had good resistance to failure caused by mechanical loads resulting from salt creep. The slurry was tested to confirm that it mitigates the effect of CO2 corrosion on cement under static and dynamic test conditions. The developed model predicted accurately the extent of corrosion expected under downhole conditions.

The present work provides a solution to cementing salt and presalt zones, with a sound understanding of the associated risks and their mitigation. The cement designs and engineering models developed as part of this study can help reduce the risk of damage to the cement sheath and casing collapse across salt zones. They also help mitigate the corrosion of cement when exposed to CO2 present in presalt zones.
Cross-Discipline Integration Results in More Representative Completion Evaluations - Case Histories
Authors: Ayoub Joseph A.
Published: August 2016

This paper illustrates how minimal integration effort cross-Disciplines can produce more representative models and eliminate incoherent views of completion performance. Single Discipline initial analysis of completion performance, considering only partial data within the Discipline, could still be erroneous even though the analysis may look straightforward and correct when considered standalone. This is illustrated through a few field examples and simulations where single Discipline initial answers were incoherent with additional information provided by other Disciplines. This is not an uncommon situation due to the fundamental non-unicity of data interpretation. To alleviate the latter, additional data within a given Discipline as well as from other Disciplines have to be considered. The resulting integration process illuminates analysis results that are coherent with all available data cross-Disciplines.

Three field examples are presented including results from well test data, tight rock hydraulic fracturing as well as frac-pack data, in addition to data from other Disciplines including logs and cores. They illustrate how integration cross-Disciplines results in a more coherent, hence likely closer to reality picture, which alleviates perplexing initial uncertainties.
Kinetic Energy Recovery System Reduces Fuel Consumption
Authors: Oye Oddbjørn
Published: August 2016

The industry is being challenged to further reduce costs to ensure the economic viability of deepwater projects. To meet this demand, flywheel technology recovers energy during active heave compensation, tripping, and all block movement and the excess energy is transferred back into the drilling system reducing the amount of fuel consumed as well as operating expenses.

This paper details the new approach to rig power systems, the kinetic energy recovery system and its benefits: operating cost savings through reduced energy consumption and maintenance expense, reduced emissions, and improved operation reliability and safety.

During heave compensation, tripping, and all block movement, AC drawworks (DW) motors generate electricity when slowing and stopping the load. During the entire downward half-wave, the supply will be zero since all the kinetic energy is dissipated in the conventional braking resistor.

With this system excessive energy is regenerated, converted into kinetic energy through the flywheel and the kinetic energy is reapplied to rig operations. This smooths out peak power demands, levels the load on generators and provides a back-up power source to get the bit off bottom in the event of a blackout.

The ratio between peak power consumption with and without the flywheel is 1:10 for a given winch with a certain efficiency. The ratio between average power consumption with and without the flywheel is 1:2,5.

This paper will also look at field test data quantifying energy and cost savings.
Integrated Efforts to Understand and Solve Challenges in 26-in Salt Drilling, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Shi Jibin , Durairajan Bala , Harmer Richard , Chen Wei , Verano Fernando , Arevalo Yezid , Douglas Charles , Turner Timothy , Trahan Dexter , Touchet Jude , Shen Yuelin , Zaheer Aamer , Pereda Frank , Robichaux Kirk , Cisneros Dennis
Published: August 2016

Operators of Gulf of Mexico (GOM) wells frequently reported overtorque issue of bottomhole assembly (BHA) connections when drilling the 26-in. section through salt. Such overtorque often leads to costly tool damage beyond repair (DBR), additional trips, and high nonproductive time (NPT). The average DBR cost per BHA can be as high as USD 1 million. Combined with a complete BHA roundtrip, it can easily cost more than USD 3 million for operators if such failure happens. This has been a problem for several years and has caused significant damage: In 2014, of 15 26-in. PDC bit runs in salt, 40% had overtorque connections and 20% led to DBR. This paper discusses how an integrated multidisciplinary team identified the root cause of and the solution to the overtorque problem.

Torsional vibration was believed to be the cause of such failure. Comprehensive drilling dynamics simulation software that is based on empirical bit design knowledge was used to design a new bit to reduce the vibration. A newly developed high frequency downhole recording tool used in the 26-in. section recorded high-frequency torque, acceleration, and RPM fluctuation downhole. This dataset became the key to understanding the downhole vibration in detail because it provided information that cannot be acquired by a traditional MWD tool. Field-recorded data were fed into drilling dynamics simulations to accurately calibrate the drilling dynamics model. The simulations resembled downhole drilling conditions and clearly identified the root cause. The simulations precisely predicted the torque along the entire drillstring and identified why overtorque is present in only a certain part of the drillstring. The calibrated model was used to compare old and new bit designs. The newly designed bit showed much lower torque amplitude with similar torsional vibration frequencies. The simulation indicated that the newly designed bit can significantly alleviate the overtorque issue.

Implementation of the new bit mitigated the overtorque issue immediately. As of May 2016, there have been 18 runs with the new bit. Only one run had a slight overtorque issue whereas the rest showed no sign of overtorque connections. DBR and NPT related to overtorque were eliminated. As a byproduct, the average on-bottom rate of penetration increased by 9%. This case demonstrates the effectiveness of the integrated approach to solving drilling challenges.
Highly efficient long-term storage of carrier-bound anammox biomass
Authors: Engelbrecht Steffen , Fondengcap Mbengamina Terence , Rathsack Kristina , Martienssen Marion
Published: August 2016

The anammox process is a potential alternative to the conventional nitrogen removal from wastewater. However, due to large generation times of anammox bacteria, the start-up of treatment reactors may be impeded. An efficient storage technique can handle this drawback and may be also suitable for seasonally operated treatment plants like in touristic areas. In the current study, several storage techniques were investigated with respect to its suitability for the preservation of the specific anammox activity after long-term storage. Storing conditions differed in terms of temperature, redox buffer and nutrient supplementation. The specific activity of immobilized anammox bacteria (Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis) was determined three times during a long-term preservation of 78 days and 106 days, respectively. The highest activity was ensured at a storing temperature of 4 °C, providing nitrate as redox buffer and a nutrient supplement every 23 days. Thus, 91.4% of the initial anammox activity could be preserved after a storage of 106 days. Superiority of the presented treatment condition was confirmed by a calculated nitrate-ammonium consumption rate close to the optimal ratio of 1.32. This technique provided an economical and simple method suitable for long-term storage of immobilized anammox biomass.
The Effect of Time on the Stability of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Environmental Acids
Authors: Rabajczyk Anna , El Yamani Naouale , Dusinska Maria
Published: August 2016

Advanced technologies seek for development of new materials and substances with extraordinary physicochemical properties at nanoscale level that boosts their increased use in everyday life. Manufacture of metal nanomaterials, including iron, carries the risk of their emission to surface waters. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) plays an important role in the transport of pollutants, such as metals which are an essential component of surface waters. The humic substances (HA), part of the SPM, interact with metal ions present in the aquatic environment. However, the previously available data on these compounds were obtained at the macro level and only scant information exist on nanomaterials. Thus, the present work has focused on the relationship between humic substances and nanosized particles, such as n‐Fe2O3, in environmental acids.
The Dynamism of the Sacraments of Healing in the Service of Church Community Building
Authors: Kluz Marek
Published: August 2016

Pasterze Kościoła w Polsce – inspirowani proroczą wizją błogosławionego Jana Pawła – podjęli się na początku trzeciego tysiąclecia zadania urzeczywistniania Kościoła, aby był domem dla swych dzieci. Taka jest myśl przewodnia trzyletniego Ogólnopolskiego Programu Duszpasterskiego na początku drugiej dekady XXI wieku. W budowaniu wspólnoty Kościoła fundamentalną rolę pełnią sakramenty święte. Spośród wszystkich sakramentów Kościoła ważną rolę spełniają tak zwane sakramenty uzdrowienia, czyli sakrament pokuty i pojednania oraz sakrament namaszczenia chorych. Stanowią one nieodzowny składnik kościelnej tożsamości. Są to sakramenty w szczególny sposób odpowiedzialne za tworzenie i budowanie wspólnoty Kościoła. Z publikacji wynika, że pokuta i namaszczenie mają wyraźnie charakter eklezjalny. Dlatego wierne wypełnianie przez chrześcijan wszystkich zobowiązań płynących z sakramentu pokuty i namaszczenia chorych staje się zaczynem ewangelicznym, który sprawia, że w Kościele uobecnia się wspólnota jedności, miłości i pokoju. Poprzez wierność swojemu powołaniu i świadectwo życia człowiek pojednany z Bogiem w sakramencie pokuty i umocniony przyjęciem sakramentu namaszczenia przyczynia się do wzrostu całego Kościoła i do jego świętości. Wszystko zatem, co istotne w życiu Kościoła i co nadaje mu prawdziwego wymiaru i znaczenia, można odnaleźć w sakramencie pokuty i namaszczenia.
The Unity of the Parish and the Celebration of the Eucharist in Small Parish Communities in the Light of Recent Documents of the Magisterium of the Church
Authors: Broszkowski Krzysztof
Published: August 2016

Autor analizuje zauważane przez niektórych duszpasterzy napięcie pomiędzy celebrowaniem Eucharystii w małych wspólnotach istniejących w parafiach a jednością parafii jako całości oraz teologiczne zasady tej jedności w świetle wybranych wypowiedzi Magisterium Kościoła XX i XXI wieku. Analiza tekstów Magisterium wskazała, że jedność parafii ma wymiar najpierw duchowy, niewidzialny, a następnie także zewnętrzny, widzialny. Konstytuują ją przede wszystkim więzy wyznania wiary, sakramentów, kościelnej hierarchii oraz komunii. Jedność między parafianami buduje się poprzez wtajemniczanie ich w Misterium paschalne oraz w codzienne obcowanie ze Słowem Bożym. W myśl nauczania papieży Jana Pawła II i Benedykta XVI małe wspólnoty zamiast zagrażać jedności parafii, mogą przyczynić się do umocnienia jej jedności poprzez prowadzenie parafian do zjednoczenia z Misterium paschalnym. Wnioski teologiczne autor uzupełnił wynikami badań socjologicznych stanu religijności osób świeckich w parafiach, które sygnalizują poważny kryzys życia wiary i moralności oraz potrzebę sięgania po małe wspólnoty jako środowisko formacyjne i narzędzie wtajemniczenia chrześcijańskiego dorosłych.
Physical Activity and the Risk of Depression in Community-Dwelling Korean Adults With a History of Stroke
Authors: Hong Ickpyo , Aaron Stacey E. , Li Chih-Ying , Simpson Annie N.
Published: August 2016

Background

Physical activity (PA) is believed to improve mental health, including depression. However, whether recommended PA levels have a similar impact in individuals with poststroke depression is unclear.

Objective

The aim of this study was to apply a quasi-experimental propensity score (PS) matching control for covariate differences and compare the effects of PA on reducing depression risk among people with stroke.

Design

A cross-sectional design was used for this study.

Methods

Health-related information for community-dwelling adults (N=4,555) who reported having had a stroke was extracted from the 2013 Korean Community Health Survey data set. The survey participants were asked a series of questions about depression, recommended PA levels (moderate and vigorous intensity), and chronic conditions. A multivariable regression model, inverse probability weighting adjustment, and Greedy algorithms with 1:1 matching and covariate adjustment were used to estimate the effects of PA on risk of depression. The dependent variable was diagnosis of depression, and the primary independent variable was PA. Baseline covariates were 10 demographic and 9 chronic condition variables.

Results

Without PS methods, there were significant differences in baseline covariates (16 out of 19) between people who performed PA and those who did not perform PA. After applying 1:1 matching, the number of patients in each group comparing the effect of PA numbered 1,970, and 13 covariates did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Physical activity reduced the risk of poststroke depression by 36.1% to 42.4% (odds ratio=0.639–0.376) across the 3 methods.

Limitations

Unaccounted-for covariates, including stroke severity, predepression status, and history of depression treatments, may have biased the results.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that recommended PA levels have protective relationships with the risk of poststroke depression.
“Pushing the Limits”: Rethinking Motor and Cognitive Resources After a Highly Challenging Balance Training Program for Parkinson Disease
Authors: Leavy Breiffni , Roaldsen Kirsti Skavberg , Nylund Kamilla , Hagströmer Maria , Franzén Erika
Published: August 2016

Background

There is growing evidence for the positive effects of exercise training programs on balance control in Parkinson disease (PD). To be effective, balance training needs to be specific, progressive, and highly challenging. Little evidence exists, however, for how people with PD-related balance impairments perceive highly challenging and progressive balance training programs with dual-task components.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe perceptions of a highly challenging balance training program among people with mild to moderate PD.

Design

This study was qualitative in nature. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 individuals with mild to moderate PD who had participated in a highly challenging balance training program. Interview transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, with an inductive approach.

Results

The analysis revealed 3 subthemes concerning participants' perceptions of highly challenging and progressive balance training: (1) movement to counter the disease, (2) dual-task training in contrast to everyday strategies, and (3) the struggle to maintain positive effects. The first subtheme reflects how physical activity was used as a short-term and long-term strategy for counteracting PD symptoms and their progression. The second subtheme incorporates the described experiences of being maximally challenged in a secure and supportive group environment, circumstances that stood in contrast to participants' everyday lives. The third subtheme describes participants' long-term struggle to maintain program effects on cognitive and physical function in the face of disease progression. Interpretation of the underlying patterns of these subthemes resulted in one overarching theme: training at the limits of balance capacity causes a rethinking motor and cognitive resources.

Limitations

The findings of this study cannot be considered to reflect the beliefs of those with weaker or negative beliefs concerning physical activity or be transferred to those at more severe stages of the disease.

Conclusions

Findings from this study suggest that being pushed to the limits of balance capacity provoked people with mild to moderate PD to rethink their individual motor and cognitive resources, a process that was further enabled by the PD-specific group setting.
Immunoglobulin G4–related disease mimicking an epidural spinal cord tumor: case report
Authors: Williams Michelle M. , Mashaly Hazem , Puduvalli Vinay K. , Jin Ming , Mendel Ehud
Published: August 2016

The authors report a case of immunoglobulin G4–related disease (IgG4-RD) presenting as a paraspinal, epidural mass. This disease encompasses a host of autoimmune conditions that were previously thought to be separate entities. It is characterized by fibrosis, mediated by the aberrant proliferation and tissue invasion of IgG4-positive plasma cells, which can occur in any organ. As with other autoimmune conditions, it tends to be responsive to steroids and other immunosuppressants. It can rarely present as a tumefactive lesion of the central nervous system, creating the potential for misdiagnosis (given its similar radiological appearance to malignancy) and mistreatment. In 2015, a panel of experts convened to set forth guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of IgG4-RD.

In the case presented here, the patient initially presented with pain and weakness in the left upper extremity. Initial neuroimages revealed a contrast-enhancing mass extending from C-4 to T-1, invading the epidural spinal canal, encasing the exiting nerve roots, infiltrating the paraspinal musculature, and surrounding the left vertebral artery. A PET scan confirmed the mass was hypermetabolic, but results of fine-needle aspiration and CT-guided biopsy were inconclusive. Open biopsy yielded fibrotic tissue that met the pathological criteria for IgG4-RD: lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, fibrosis in a storiform pattern, and obliterative phlebitis. The patient was treated with 2 doses of 4 mg of dexamethasone (Decadron) and then 50 mg of prednisone per day. Within 2 weeks, the mass was radiologically shown to have drastically decreased in size. The prednisone dose was decreased to 40 mg per day, and 100 mg of azathioprine per day was added. The patient continued to improve and the mass continued to decrease over the next 6 months. Currently, she has been weaned from all steroids and will be maintained on a daily dose of 100 mg of azathioprine.
Formulation and Optimization of Carbamazepine Microspheres by 2 Factor 2 Level Central Composite Design
Authors: Ahmed Nusrat , Hasan Ikramul , Saifuddin Mohammad , Chowdhury Jakir Ahmed , Reza Md Selim
Published: August 2016

The present investigation was designed to prepare controlled release microspheres of carbamazepine using two polymers of different solubility and permeability characteristics, Ethocel standard 45 premium and Eudragit RL 100. The drug release profile was optimized with the aid of design of experiments (DoE). Microspheres of combined polymers were designed according to 22 factorial central composite design (CCD), taking drug loading and polymeric ratio as the independent variables. Total thirteen batches were prepared. The dependent variables were percentage of drug released in 3 hours and 6 hours and mean dissolution time (MDT). The regression parameters of the developed model and graphical interpretation for each response with statistical significance were calculated by using Minitab 17. The relationship between the experimental variables and responses were evaluated by generating response surface plots. Increased amount of Eudragit RL 100 had impact on surface morphology of prepared microspheres. It produced larger holes on the surface due to its higher permeability characteristics. Polynomial mathematical models generated for various response variables using multiple linear regression analysis, were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). One optimum formulation (O1) was selected based on USP specification and the second optimum formulation (O2) was selected for the maximization of MDT (hours). Batch O1 showed 22.85 % and 48.78 % drug release after 3 and 6 hours, respectively which were found to be in close agreement with those predicted by the mathematical model. Another optimum formulation, batch O2 showed MDT as 160.61 hours.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 19(2): 152-160, 2016
Prevention of Cap-Locking of Syrup Product by Treating the Manufacturing Process of Sugar Syrup with Citric Acid Monohydrate
Authors: Dulal Mia Mohammad , Islam Md Kaisarul , Chowdhury Abu Asad , Chowdhury Jakir Ahmed
Published: August 2016

The aim of the study was to prevent crystallization of sucrose on the bottle neck and cap of sugar syrup containing products by treating the manufacturing process with citric acid monohydrate. Diphenhydramine HCl syrup was selected as a model product for the experiment. Sugar syrup (66% w/w sucrose) and partially inverted sugar syrup (in which 66% w/w sucrose was treated with citric acid monohydrate for partially conversion of sucrose into invert sugars) were prepared and the content of invert sugar of both the sugar syrups were determined. Sugar syrup and citric acid monohydrate treated sugar syrup (partially inverted) were considered as control and test sugar syrup, respectively which were used to manufacture the Diphenhydramine HCl syrup product. The Diphenhydramine HCl syrup product that prepared using sugar syrup was considered as control syrup product and that was prepared using citric acid monohydrate treated sugar syrup (partially inverted) was considered as the test syrup product. Then experiments were designed in such a way that both control (sugar syrup and product prepared by it) and test samples (partially inverted syrup and product prepared by it) were spread on open petridishes and also spread on the neck of filled bottle, inside of caps and the bottles, which were kept at room temperature (25 0C) for 2 weeks observation. At zero time and after two weeks, crystal growths of sucrose for each experiment were checked visually. No crystal was observed in open petridishes and bottle necks of partially inverted sugar syrup of Diphenhydramine HCl syrup prepared by using partially inverted sugar syrup, where content of invert sugars was more than 75 % w/w, but remarkable crystal growths were found in open petridishes and bottle necks of sugar syrup and Diphenhydramine HCl syrup prepared by using sugar syrup, where the content of invert sugars was less than 15 % w/w.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 19(2): 190-196, 2016
Analgesic and Antidiarrheal Activities of Leaf of Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don
Authors: Razan Md Rahatullah , Rahman Muhammed Mahfuzur , Tahia Faiza , Hossain Md Khalid , Rashid Mohammad A
Published: August 2016

The methanol extract of leaf of Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don exhibited in vivo peripheral analgesic and antidiarrheal activities in Swiss Albino mice. In the peripheral analgesic activity assay, the methanolic extract showed 50.00 ± 8.57% and 70.25 ± 1.18% inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. In addition, the extract also revealed a dose dependant inhibition of castor oil- induced diarrhea with 43.77 ± 3.13% and 56.23 ± 6.49% inhibition of feces at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectivelyBangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 19(2): 215-218, 2016
Design, synthesis, molecular docking studies and anti-microbial activity of novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives
Authors: Padmavathi Sakinala , Tajne Madhukar Rajaram
Published: August 2016

The heterocyclic compounds naming tetrahydrocarbazoles having the significant biological properties. The newly substituted tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives were prepared from substituted phenylhydrazine and cyclohexanone in glacial acetic acid under reflux. These intermediates on reaction with substituted aromatic acid chlorides in alkaline media finally converted to N-Substituted tetrahydrocarbazoles. Fifteen compounds are synthesized and characterized by their melting point (MP), IR, NMR, MS and elemental analysis. All the compounds were subjected to molecular docking studies for Gln-6-p enzyme (1XFF) inhibition. The results of in silico molecular docking showed that all the derivates have significant binding energies, good affinity with active pocket and it may be reflected as a good inhibitor of GlcN-6-P synthase. The anti-microbial activity was assessed by agar cup plate method and the result showed 8 compounds having the better anti-microbial response against the bacterial and fungal strains. In conclusion, the study helps to give the greater scope of developing these tetrahydrocarbazoles derivatives which help to promote the effective anti-bacterial agents.Padmavathi and Tajne, International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, August 2016, 5(9): 73-78http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol5Issue9/01.pdf
Evaluation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes for resistance to late blight at Sinana Southeastern Ethiopia
Authors: Asefa Getachew , Mohammed Wassu , Abebe Tesfaye
Published: August 2016

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is one of the most significant constraints to potato production in Bale high lands and other regions of Ethiopia. Hence, this requires to develop high yielding and late blight resistant varieties. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine host resistance of potato against Phytophthora infestans in order to develop late blight resistant/tolerant genotypes. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications at Sinana Agricultural Research Center during 2014 main cropping season. The genotypes showed highly significant (P<0.01) differences for all the characters studied. Genotypes exhibited wide ranges of mean values for all characters. The highest total tuber yield (46.1 t ha-1) was obtained from the advanced clone, CIP-392640.524 followed by Belete (41 t ha-1). Late blight appeared early on farmer's cultivar Kellacho (48 days after planting) and late on advanced clones CIP- 399062.102(74 days after planting). Percent severity index (PSI) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) ranged from 33.91 to 91.67% and 105 to 2370, respectively. Eleven newly introduced clones and the released variety "Belete" recorded PSI 33 to 39.7% and AUDPC 105 to 264.1. Hence, these genotypes can be categorized as moderately resistant. The study revealed the presence of considerable variability in tested genotypes for economically important traits and the higher chance of selecting genotypes with high yield and moderately resistant to late blight. However, it appears that further evaluation of genotypes across seasons and locations to identify genotypes that could be released as varieties seem to be quite pertinent.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (1): 21-25, June, 2016