bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tetracycline Antibiotics in Shrimp Preservation
Authors: Southcott B. A. , Boyd J. W.
Published: April 2011

Certain bacteria isolated from raw and cooked shrimp displayed reduced sensitivity to tetracycline antibiotics in the presence of multivalent metallic cations or shrimp extracts; addition of a chelating agent resulted in reduction of the antagonism of such ions and extracts toward the antibacterial action of these antibiotics. In shrimp preservation, a dip in the chelating agent increased the efficacy of a subsequent tetracycline antibiotic dip when the product was judged by organoleptic observation or by viable bacterial counts.
Significance of Early Emergence, Environmental Rearing Capacity, and Behavioral Ecology of Juvenile Coho Salmon in Stream Channels
Authors: Mason J. C. , Chapman D. W.
Published: April 2011

Coho behavior was examined in two glass-walled stream channels containing riffle-pool series. The apparatus permitted volitional residence. Experimental groups of coho in each channel were permitted to emerge from a simulated redd environment and subsequently studied for 5 months.Aggressive behavior in these coho fry was initiated within 1 week of emergence from the gravel. Within 10 days of emergence, coho occupied and defended feeding territories well-distributed in riffles. Initial aggression was nipping and chasing but within 2 weeks of emergence, aggression also involved threat.Pools appear to constitute principal security features of coho environment. A behavioral pattern termed "fright huddle" was observed and described. Individual fish developed habitual living patterns in the channels, and smaller fish tended to occupy downstream areas.Earliest-emerging coho enjoyed ecological advantages over later-emerging fish. The former were larger at a given time and had a greater tendency to remain in stream channels, suggesting that they have "settler's rights" to available environment and/or better feeding opportunity. The results are discussed with reference to environmental rearing capacity and volitional residence.
Changes in a Stream Population of Trout Associated with Increased Silt
Authors: Saunders J.W. , Smith M.W.
Published: April 2011

Low standing crops of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, were closely associated with silting in Ellerslie Brook, Prince Edward Island, and appeared to result from the destruction of hiding places. Spawning was also curtailed by silting. Following scouring, trout stocks soon increased. The remarkable adaptability of trout to silting, in a habitat with favourable flow and water temperature, was illustrated.
Lysolecithinase of Cod Muscle
Authors: Yurkowski M. , Brockerhoff H.
Published: April 2011

During the cold storage of cod fillets there is a gradual increase in the concentration of free fatty acids which are derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of cod muscle phospholipid. One of the enzymes responsible, a lysophospholipase, was investigated in this study and its properties were found to be similar to those of mammalian lysophospholipases. Lysolecithin was hydrolysed to free fatty acids and glycerylphosphorylcholine; oleic acid strongly inhibited this reaction. The enzyme had maximal activity at pH 7.6 and it was deactivated by heating at 60 °C. Muscle extracts kept their activity undiminished for several weeks at −9 °C. The lysolecithinase activity of cod flesh was many times greater than its lecithinase activity. There were great, and yet unexplained, variations of activity among various cod.
Water Exchange in Port Moody, British Columbia, and Its Effect on Waste Disposal
Authors: Waldichuk Michael
Published: April 2011

Port Moody is a comparatively shallow appendage of the Burrard Inlet–Indian Arm system on the southern coast of British Columbia. Although highly stratified, it receives little direct run-off, its oceanography being strongly influenced by the properties of contiguous waters. Wastes from various industries surrounding the harbour have altered the natural characteristics and created mildly polluted conditions. Exchange occurs mainly by turbulent diffusion and advection arising out of tidal action. From current measurements at the entrance to Port Moody, taken on a number of surveys since 1957, net currents were evaluated for periods of a tidal day. A layer of no net motion near 10 m corresponded to a dissolved oxygen minimum. Volume transport through different layers of the harbour was estimated from current data and compared with transport derived from predicted tide heights. The ratios of predicted to measured transport averaged 0.77 on both flood and ebb but ranged from 0.71 to 1.01 on the flood and from 0.55 to 1.00 on the ebb. Estimates of flushing rates, based on exchange ratios in different layers of Port Moody, show that for a survey in September 1962 slightly more than 50% of an introduced contaminant was removed from the upper 12.5-m layer, 83% from the 12.5–17.5-m layer, and 74% from the near-bottom layer, in one tidal day.
Diurnal and Seasonal Changes in Distribution of Two Planktonic Ostracods, Conchoecia elegans and Conchoecia alata minor
Authors: McHardy R. A. , Bary B. McK.
Published: April 2011

Diurnal and seasonal changes in the distributions of two planktonic ostracods, Conchoecia elegans Sars and C. alata minor McHardy, have been considered in relation to changes in the temperature, salinity, oxygen concentration, and subsurface light in Indian Arm, British Columbia. Both species occurred frequently throughout the water column except near the surface. There is the suggestion (reinforced by data from other B.C. inlets) of an upper temperature limit for C. alata minor, which is lower than for C. elegans. Salinity and dissolved oxygen environments appear to have been similar for the two species. An upinlet displacement of both species-populations which took place in the early months of the year could possibly have been initiated by water which had intruded into the depths of Indian Arm. The vertical distributions of the two species showed statistically significant changes which varied with time of day, season, and geographic position. It was not possible to show that the depth of daylight distribution was strongly related to the penetration of light.
Reactor for Determination of Dimethyl-β-Propiothetin in Tissue of Marine Origin by Gas–Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Dale J.
Published: April 2011

Dimethyl-β-propiothetin is found in a number of marine plants and may accumulate in fish. The decomposition of this material by cold concentrated alkali, yielding dimethyl sulphide, is believed to be a specific reaction. A versatile reactor system, suitable for the production of such volatile materials, is described. Coupling of this reactor system to a gas–liquid chromatograph employing a flame ionization detector permits rapid and quantitative estimation of the dimethyl-β-propiothetin present in fish tissues through determination of the dimethyl sulphide.
Activity Coefficient of the Sodium Ion in Sea Water
Authors: Platford R. F.
Published: April 2011

The activity coefficient of the sodium ion in sea water has been measured by means of a sodium ion glass electrode. The activity coefficient was 0.68 at 25 C and 35‰ salinity and increased with decreasing concentration and decreasing temperature.
Time-Lapse Photography of an ASDIC Echo-Sounder PPI-Scope as a Technique for Recording Fish Movements During Migration
Authors: Groot C. , Wiley W. L.
Published: April 2011

The use of time-lapse photography in combination with sonar as a means of observing the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolt migration in a large lake is discussed. A description of the gear used is given with some examples of the type of information that can be derived from this technique.The scanning rate of the sonar equipment used, combined with time-lapse photography, resulted in a compression of time to [Formula: see text] when scanning at a range of 400 ft and to [Formula: see text] at a range of 800 ft. A 24-hr period may thus be viewed on film in respectively S and [Formula: see text] when projected at a speed of 24 frames/sec. This speeded-up process facilitates separation of moving targets from stationary ones, even in the clutter of surface and/or ground echoes.Although subject to all the usual vagaries of target identification which accompany use of all echo-sounding gear, analysis of the movies with a time-motion projector appears to give meaningful information on such parameters as the speed and direction of migration or movement, and the distribution of migratory activity throughout a 24-hr period.
Parasites as an Auxiliary Source of Information About the Biology of Pacific Salmons (Genus Oncorhynchus)
Authors: Margolis L.
Published: April 2011

The value of data from parasitology in providing supplementary information about the food and feeding habits, the associated fauna (other than food organisms) in the freshwater habitat, the ocean distribution of specific stocks, the "homing" phenomenon, and the freshwater origin of anadromous Pacific salmon is demonstrated.
The Fall Domestic Fishery at Snowdrift, Northwest Territories
Authors: Keleher J. J. , Haight C. G.
Published: April 2011

not available
Free Fatty Acid Formation in Cod Livers Sterilized by Irradiation
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Stewart J. E. , Power H. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Northeastern Pacific Records of Anoplogaster cornuta Valenciennes (Anoplogasteridae: Pisces) and Cyema atrum Günther (Cyemidae: Pisces)
Authors: Grinols Richard B.
Published: April 2011

not available
Selectivity of Gill Nets, Especially to Lake Whitefish
Authors: Regier H. A. , Robson D. S.
Published: April 2011

This paper re-examines five methods previously described for estimating the selectivity of gill nets as influenced by mesh size, and introduces four more. Those that appeared appropriate for lake whitefish on the basis of preliminary analysis were employed to estimate selectivity using data on whitefish from South Bay, Manitoulin Island, Ontario.The methods considered most reliable yielded estimates of selectivity curves for whitefish resembling the normal probability function with a positive skew. The length at which the mode occurred was a significantly nonlinear function of mesh size, the variance was approximately proportional to the square of the mesh size, and the coefficient of skewness not related to mesh size.An implication of these findings is that, for general sampling purposes, standard gangs in which mesh size increased in a certain geometric progression would be more efficient than those with mesh sizes in the usual arithmetic progression. The series for lake whitefish might be 1.40(1.275)x with x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.Under the assumption that at peak efficiency all mesh sizes are equally efficient with respect to number of fish, "total efficiency" of a mesh size is defined as the area under the selectivity curve. With respect to number, we estimated that, for whitefish, total efficiency r = 12 + 5.5 (mesh size, stretch measure in inches). Here peak efficiency is taken as 100, with length units as inches. Similarly with respect to weight total efficiency r = 0.80 (mesh size)3.2. Thus with respect to weight, total efficiency increases from about 7.5 for 2-inch mesh to 100 for 4.5-inch mesh to about 200 for 5.5-inch mesh.
Diel Activity and Vertical Distribution of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) Under the Ice
Authors: Hergenrader Gary L. , Hasler Arthur D.
Published: April 2011

Use of echo sounders showed that, under the ice in Lake Mendota, yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) have a bimodal diel pattern of activity. The first peak of activity, during midmorning, was much higher than the second, in midafternoon. Schools of fish in mid water made up the bulk of the fish traces per hour although individual fish were also commonly recorded. At night, when activity was much reduced, principally single fish were observed. The fish swam much more slowly at night than during the day.The activity pattern generally agreed with those reported by investigators for other lakes in that the perch were active during the day and relatively inactive at night.No well-defined change in depth distribution was noted. There was a tendency for the fish to move away from the bottom to a limited extent at night but no marked movement was recorded. The majority of fish were most often recorded at a depth of 30–60 ft (9–18 m), the main concentrations being in areas of the lake more than 50 ft (15 m) deep.
The Advent of the Spring Bloom in the Eastern Subarctic Pacific Ocean
Authors: Parsons T. R. , Giovando L. F. , LeBrasseur R. J.
Published: April 2011

The spring phytoplankton bloom in the eastern subarctic Pacific Ocean was described from estimations of the critical depth and the depth of the mixed layer. The results suggested that the spring bloom begins during February in the area south of 45°N and east of 135°W. During March the bloom area advances in a northwesterly direction to 50°N at 125°W and 45°N at 135°W. A net increase in primary production is also possible during March near 55°N and 155°W. During April, the spring bloom is generally well established throughout the region except in a central area where suitable conditions are not firmly established until May. This description is supported by the distribution of copepods in the region during April.
Pilot Plant Fractionation of Marine Oils Methyl Esters
Authors: Jangaard Peter M.
Published: April 2011

A pilot-plant procedure is described whereby marine oils with low to medium iodine values can be converted into fractions of methyl esters of denned fatty acid composition. Three major fractions were obtained having 61% saturated, 73% monounsaturated, and 72% polyunsaturated esters, respectively.Methyl esters were produced continuously and glycerol separated by centrifuge, the shorter chain-length esters distilled under vacuum and the remainder countercurrently fractionated with nitromethane. By cooling the nitromethane-rich raffinate, a highly unsaturated ester concentrate was obtained. Gas–liquid chromatography was used to follow the efficiency of the various steps.
Analysis of an Aerial Census of Ringed Seals
Authors: McLaren I. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Nucleotide Interference with Glycogen Estimation in White and Red Muscle of Cod
Authors: Fraser Doris I. , Lo E. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Influence of Fishing Methods on the Incidence of Chalkiness in Halibut
Authors: Tomlinson N. , Geiger S. E. , Dollinger E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Southern Occurrence of Acantholiparis opercularis Gilbert and Burke in the Eastern Subarctic Pacific Region
Authors: Grinols Richard B.
Published: April 2011

not available
Feeding Relationship of Walleye and Smallmouth Bass
Authors: Fedoruk Alex N.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effect of Starvation and Refeeding on Some Liver and Blood Constituents of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)
Authors: Kamra S. K.
Published: April 2011

Changes in body weight, liver weight, liver glycogen, blood plasma pH, hematocrit, plasma protein, and glucose levels in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) during feeding, fasting, and liver regeneration are recorded. Resting liver glycogen content (37 ± 7 mg/100 g liver) is much lower than in many terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates. There is a transient increase in liver glycogen (702 ± 188 mg/100 g liver) with resumed feeding after prolonged fasting. Average resting levels of plasma protein (4.66 ± 0.36% w/v), glucose (100 ± 4 mg/100 ml plasma) and hematocrit (23.2 ± 1.2% v/v) decreased during the initial stages of food depletion. A reversal of this trend resulting in apparent increased levels is observed in acute malnutrition. This is attributed to dehydration of plasma with consequent drop in the total blood volume. The steady increase in plasma pH (7.24–7.54) with the duration of fasting may be due to extensive deamination of tissue protein amino acids for gluconeogenesis.
Development of the Anal Fin of the Capelin
Authors: Pitt T. K.
Published: April 2011

not available
Sea-Floor Conditions Around the Magdalen Islands in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Loring D. H. , Nota D. J. G.
Published: April 2011

Acoustical, underwater photographic, and bottom sediment sampling data indicated that the major geomorphological features of the shelf throughout the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence are not related to the present environmental conditions. Submarine troughs and tunnel valleys give ample morphological evidence of extensive Pleistocene glaciation. Bottom samples and acoustical records revealed that sandstone bedrock with an intermittent veneer of sediments occurs on the sea floor between Prince Edward Island and the Magdalen Islands, as well as to the north of the Magdalen Islands. In contrast, the shelf areas west and east of the Magdalen Islands have an almost continuous sediment cover with only small exposures of bedrock. These sediments are considered to be mainly the erosional products of the local bedrock. Areas of elevated bottom relief such as Bradelle Bank are bedrock elevations on top of which there is a nearly continuous but relatively thin sediment cover. A submarine terrace between approximately 28 and 34 fath, well developed around the Magdalen Islands, is considered to mark a former sea level.
Food and Growth of Fishes.: III. Relations Among Food, Body Size, and Growth Efficiency
Authors: Paloheimo J. E. , Dickie L. M.
Published: April 2011

Reexamination of published data on growth and feeding of fishes shows that when fish are fed on one type of food, the logarithm of the gross growth efficiency (log K) decreases with increase in rations. For a number of species and experimental situations this relation is adequately described by the linear equation[Formula: see text]whence[Formula: see text]where ΔW is the growth, R the rations intake during the period of time Δt, and a and b are the parameters fitted to the linear form of the equation. With a single food-supply level, rations are highly correlated with body weight so that either one may be used to predict the growth efficiency. However, comparison with experimental situations which induce changes in rations intake at given body size, suggests that body size is not the determining factor as long as environmental conditions are within the normal biokinetic range. That is, the basic pattern of distribution within the animals of the energy intake is described by a knowledge of the rate of intake and two parameters.The action of various environmental factors appears to be reflected in this equation in different ways. In the experiments examined changes in temperature, which are known to affect the level of total metabolism, affected the value of R but the parameters a and b remained unchanged. That is, temperature changes appeared to affect only the energy turnover rate, not the distribution of energy in the fish. By contrast, changes in factors such as salinity and metabolic wastes, which are known to affect the metabolic load, affected the values of a and b, and showed interaction with body-size as well. The factor having the most important influence on the parameters seemed to be the type of food, especially with respect to particle-size. We infer that this simple effect on the linear equation is a characteristic expression of the complex integration of expenditures during searching and grazing with the success of this activity.These observations imply that the growth efficiency equation, or what we term K-line, provides a useful index of the costs of particular behaviour patterns in particular ecological situations. Together with observations on metabolic rates it may also be used to describe the growth of fishes in relation to their food supplies. It is thus a potential indicator of the relative positions of life-history phases of various species in the production system represented by a natural community.
Dry Weight, Ash, and Volume Data for Some Freshwater Planktonic Algae
Authors: Nalewajko C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Premating and Mating Behavior of the Dungeness Crab (Cancer magister Dana)
Authors: Snow C. Dale , Neilsen John R.
Published: April 2011

A male and female Dungeness crab (Cancer magister Dana) were kept under continuous observation in an aquarium to observe the premating embrace, female ecdysis, and mating. The male held the female in premating embrace from June 10 until June 18, 1965, when she molted. The male allowed the female to reverse her position from the premating embrace, sternum to sternum, to that of female carapace to male sternum only after she became aggressive. The male never allowed the female to escape from his control while she molted. Copulation occurred 1 hr and 32 min after female ecdysis, when the new exoskeleton had firmed somewhat, and the male carried the female in a postmating embrace for 2 days.Extensive wear on the chelipeds of male crabs may reflect prolonged periods in the premating embrace and stroking of the female by the male rather than matings with several females. The male crab probably becomes aware of the female's readiness to molt by her aggressive pinching of maxillae and eyestalks.
Incidence of Gaffkya homari in Natural Lobster (Homarus americanus) Populations of the Atlantic Region of Canada
Authors: Stewart James E. , Cornick John W. , Spears Doris I. , McLeese D. W.
Published: April 2011

Hemolymph samples drawn from 2035 lobsters captured in five areas off the Canadian Atlantic coast were individually tested for the bacterium Gaffkya homari, using a qualitative, presumptive test, followed by a confirmatory procedure. Ninety-six lobsters, or almost 5% of the total, were confirmed as being infected. The approximate range of G. homari incidence was from 2 to 40% indicating that G. homari is resident in the natural lobster population of this region. Evidence suggested that a high natural incidence can lead to an epizootic among stored, captive lobsters. The possibility that an infection source exists in addition to the G. homari strains resident in the lobster population is discussed.
Oxidative Rancidity in Frozen Stored Cod Fillets
Authors: Castell C. H. , Moore B. A. , Jangaard P. M. , Neal Wanda E.
Published: April 2011

During frozen storage at −18 and −25 C the lipids in cod muscle did not undergo oxidation, as indicated by thiobarbituric acid values and odours. In fact they underwent a marked decrease in the ease with which they were oxidized by added Cu++, Fe++, or hemoglobin. This change preceded the protein denaturation that occurs in stored frozen muscle and appeared to be directly related to the formation of free fatty acids in the muscle. A similar change in the sensitivity to metal-induced oxidations could be produced in fresh, unfrozen muscle by the addition of mixed fatty acids prepared from several marine lipids.The addition of four pure saturated fatty acids had little or no effect on the development of rancidity in muscle, either in the presence or absence of added metal catalysts. Fish muscle appears to exert a protective action against the oxidation of added linolenic or linoleic acids. Unlike the mixed marine fatty acids, pure linoleic and linolenic acids did not suppress the development of metal-induced rancidities in fish muscle lipids.
A Simple Two-Dimensional Electrical Analog Model for Wind-Driven Circulation in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Blackford B. L.
Published: April 2011

A mathematical model of water circulation in an enclosed basin was examined, taking into account the effects of vertical friction, Coriolis force, and horizontal pressure gradients. Wind stress at the free surface was the only excitation force taken into account. The resulting vorticity equation was applied to the Gulf of St. Lawrence by using an electrical analog simulation technique. Solutions were obtained for two situations: one in which the circulation was vertically averaged and another which showed the circulation at several depths. Comparison of the results with broad features of the Gulf circulation derived from synoptic surveys suggested that the wind plays an important role in producing the long-term circulation. The model did not duplicate all of the features of the long-term circulation, but suggested several phenomena for further direct study.
Northern Range Extension Records for Two Rockfish Species (Sebastodes caurinus and S. elongatus)
Authors: Westrheim S. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Effect of Hemolysis Upon the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin in the Atlantic (Salmo salar) and Landlocked Salmon (Salmo salar sebago)
Authors: Black Edgar C. , Tucker Harold H. , Kirkpatrick Donald
Published: April 2011

Confirming the work of other investigators, hemolysis was shown to diminish the influence exerted by carbon dioxide upon the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin (Bohr effect). There was no consistent difference between blood taken from salmon acclimated to summer and winter conditions. Furthermore, there was no consistent difference between the effect of hemolysis on the Bohr effect between Atlantic and landlocked salmon.
Oxygen Dissociation Curves of the Blood of Landlocked Salmon (Salmo salar sebago) Acclimated to Summer and Winter Temperatures
Authors: Black Edgar C. , Kirkpatrick Donald , Tucker Harold H.
Published: April 2011

Oxygen dissociation curves for the blood of landlocked salmon (Salmo salar sebago) were constructed at three tensions of carbon dioxide, viz. 0–1 mm Hg, 10 mm Hg, and 40 mm Hg; and at two temperatures: 5 C and 25 C. Carbon dioxide dissociation curves were constructed at 5 C. Gas tensions in mixed venous blood were determined for one salmon only, at 5 C. Oxygen dissociation curves at two temperatures were carried out for fish acclimated to summer and winter conditions.Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissociation curves for the landlocked were similar in character to those of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The Bohr effect in the landlocked salmon is of sufficient magnitude to counterbalance the effect of lowered temperature upon the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. No influence of acclimation was observed for the effect of carbon dioxide on the equilibrium between oxygen and hemoglobin.
Blood Lipids of the Lobster, Homarus americanus
Authors: Bligh E. G. , Scott Margaret A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Hypoxanthine in the Muscle of Chill-Stored Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Murray J. , Jones N. R. , Burt J. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Second Record of an Accessory Fin on Esox lucius
Authors: Lawler G. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Population Dynamics of the Arcto-Norwegian Cod
Authors: Garrod D. J.
Published: April 2011

By reason of its geographical distribution, the Arcto-Norwegian cod (Gadus morhua) supports three distinct fisheries, two feeding fisheries in the Barents Sea and at Bear Island–Spitsbergen, and a spawning fishery off the Norway coast. In the past this diversity of fishing on the one stock has made it difficult to unify all the data to give an overall description of post-war changes in the stock. In this contribution three modifications of conventional procedures are introduced which enable this to be done. These are: (i) a system of weighting the catch per unit effort data from each fishery to a level of comparability; (ii) a more rigorous definition of the effective fishing effort on each age-group; (iii) a method of estimation of the effective fishing effort on partially recruited age-groups.Using these methods the analysis presents the effects of fishing on each fishery in the context of its effect on the total stock, and at the same time it indicates ways in which factors other than fishing may have influenced the apparent abundance of the stock. The treatment of the data is also used to derive estimates of spawning stock and recruitment of 3-year-old cod for subsequent analysis of stock–recruitment relationships.
Desiccation of Frozen Fish
Authors: Boyd J. W. , Southcott B. A. , Boothby G. F.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Zooplankton of Tanquary Fjord, Ellesmere Island, with Special Reference to Calanoid Copepods
Authors: Cairns Alan A.
Published: April 2011

Tanquary Fjord is ice-covered for a large part of the summer and hence very unproductive. The zooplankton showed variation between the years 1963 and 1964 both in abundance and in species composition, suggesting an unstable system. Development rates and breeding cycles of the calanoid copepods were indicated by the numbers in the various developmental stages. Two forms of Pseudocalanus, differing in the relation of urosome to cephalothorax length, were found. It is unknown whether the two forms are reproductively isolated. The dominant form has a biennial life cycle. Microcalanus pygmaeus appeared to breed biennially. The species Calanus glacialis and C. hyperboreus were shown to be opportunistic breeders; they developed to maturity over a period of several years.
Some Linear, Iso, Anteiso, and Multiple-Branched Fatty Acids of Marine Origin: Analyses on Packed and Open-Tubular Gas–Liquid Chromatographic Columns with Particular Reference to Pristanic and Phytanic Acids
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Sipos J. C. , Tocher C. S.
Published: April 2011

The analysis of esters of saturated fatty acids isolated from marine lipids, or of the saturated esters produced by hydrogénation of whole ester mixtures, must be carried out on both polar and non-polar columns to obtain adequate qualitative identification and quantitative estimation of minor saturated components. On packed columns linear odd-numbered, Iso, Anteiso, and multiple-branched acids such as pristanic (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic), phytanic (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic), and 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoic acids can be determined. On open-tubular (capillary) columns the foregoing acids and additional minor components are more readily determined. Polyester (butanediol succinate) open-tubular columns do not show the effect of shift of retention time with relative concentration, whereas this may be a severe handicap in reliable use of silicone (SE-30) open-tubular columns. High-efficiency polyester open-tubular columns partially resolved stereoisomers of pristanic and phytanic acids.
Distribution of Low Mobility Proteins in the Blood of Fishes
Authors: Bouck G. R. , Ball R. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effects of Forest Spraying with DDT in New Brunswick on Food of Young Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Keenleyside Miles H. A.
Published: April 2011

Food in stomachs of young Atlantic salmon from the Northwest Miramichi River, N.B., changed following aerial DDT spraying of the surrounding watershed. Before spraying, young salmon typically ate immature aquatic insects, fry (underyearlings) concentrating on Diptera and small Ephemeroptera, and parr (overyearlings) on Diptera, Trichoptera, and all sizes of Ephemeroptera. Reduction of all aquatic insects by DDT was soon followed by resurgence of Chironomidae and other Diptera, and surviving fry fed heavily on these; parr fed on Diptera but also ate snails, worms, and fish, previously unimportant in their diet. Five years after the last spraying the pre-spray complexity of young salmon food was being approached. Trichoptera were slowest of the major fish-food types to reappear in stomachs.In fry stomachs Ephemeroptera, and in parr stomachs Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera, were relatively more abundant than in the surrounding stream fauna. Greater availability of these insects and active selection by fish are discussed as possible causes of these relationships.
Protein in Extracts of Prerigor and Postrigor Scallop Striated Muscle
Authors: Matsumoto J. J. , Dyer W. J. , Dingle J. R. , Ellis D. G.
Published: April 2011

The extraction of protein from the striated muscle (prerigor and postrigor) of scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) by salt solutions of various strengths and at pH 7 was investigated. With postrigor muscle the structural proteins appeared in the extract only at ionic concentrations (Γ/2) greater than 0.3.With prerigor muscle, most of the protein was extracted at Γ/2 = 0.15. A large part of this protein precipitated from the extract upon standing, and when redissolved in stronger salt solutions resembled myosin B in sedimentation behavior and ultraviolet absorption.
Fecundity of Steelhead Trout, Salmo gairdneri, from Alsea River, Oregon
Authors: Bulkley Ross V.
Published: April 2011

In a sample of 73 females of winter steelhead, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, from the 1965–66 spawning run in the Alsea River, Oregon, egg size and egg number were correlated with body length. Alsea steelhead produced approximately 32% fewer eggs than females from Trinity River, California, and 51% less than fish of similar size from Scott Creek, California.
Limnetic Larval Fish in Northern Wisconsin Lakes
Authors: Faber Daniel J.
Published: April 2011

The open water of two northern Wisconsin lakes was sampled for larval fish at night with fine-mesh conical townets. Those collected were identified to genus or species and enumerated. The majority of larval fish were captured in the limnetic region but a few never strayed from the littoral region.The seasonal changes of the limnetic species were similar for the two lakes and 3 years of study. Their abundance varied greatly from year to year but yellow perch, sunfish, and black crappies always dominated.
Introduction to Biological Studies of Ogac Lake, a Landlocked Fiord on Baffin Island
Authors: McLaren Ian A.
Published: April 2011

Ogac Lake is the almost isolated head of a fiord, Ney Harbour, on the south coast of Frobisher Bay, N.W.T. Earlier knowledge of the lake is summarized, a brief account is given of expeditions to the lake in 1957 and 1962, and the scope of the studies is outlined.
A System to Digitize Bathythermograph Aperture Cards
Authors: Hope E. L. V. , Sauer C. D.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes a system which allows the automatic transformation of bathythermograph (BT) data to their digital equivalent. The BT data now stored on aperture cards, a technique described by Sauer (J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3), 1964), form the input to digitization equipment especially modified for this application. A description of the system and required equipment is followed by the mathematical approach employed in the Cartesian to BT grid coordinate transformation. It comprises a type of double inverse interpolation in the coordinates of the major grid intersections. Firstly, a point P on the BT trace is localized in or near a group of four "cells" in the grid. Secondly, the grid data belonging to this four-cell block are used in an iterative process based on two separate Lagrangian interpolations. The latter, both 3-point formulae, appear more than adequate in coping with BT grid distortions. This, in turn, leads to a two-dimensional fit up to fourth order terms. Any subsequent needs for translation, rotation, and linear amplification or reduction of the BT trace relative to its grid may be dealt with by means of a linear transformation.
Bactericidal Effect of Acetylated Monoglycerides as Protective Coating on Frozen Fish
Authors: Dussault H. P.
Published: April 2011

not available
Sampling Research Trawl Catches at Sea
Authors: Westrheim S. J.
Published: April 2011

During 1963 and 1964, studies were conducted aboard the research vessel G. B. Reed to test schemes for sampling individual trawl catches of groundfish, principally Pacific ocean perch (Sebastodes alutus), for size composition, weight and numbers caught, and sex ratio. A species sort into tub lots preceded sampling. Empirical tests were used to evaluate sampling methods for all parameters except sex ratio. Size composition and sex ratio samples were evaluated with chi-square tests. Estimates of weight and numbers caught were arbitrarily evaluated on the basis of their percentage deviations from actual values.For ocean perch the size composition, weight caught, numbers caught, and sex ratio were best estimated from a stratified sample consisting of the first 2, middle 2, and last 2 full tubs weighed. For 21 test hauls, the error range for weight estimates was −6 to +5%; for estimated numbers caught, −5 to +4%. Sex ratio was homogeneous among tubs within hauls.For six other groundfish species, weight caught was satisfactorily estimated from a serial sample consisting of the first 6 full tubs weighed, providing the tubs within hauls were filled uniformly. For 13 tests, the error range was −3 to +1%.
Comparative Zone Electropherograms of Muscle Myogens and Blood Proteins of Adult and Ammocoete Lamprey
Authors: Uthe J. F. , Tsuyuki H.
Published: April 2011

Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis of plasma proteins and starch-gel electrophoresis of hemoglobins and muscle myogens of adult and ammocoete forms of three species of Great Lakes lamprey were carried out. Blood proteins were shown to undergo marked changes upon transformation of the ammocoete into the adult form. Muscle myogen did not undergo any change during transformation. The muscle myogen electropherograms of Ichthyomyzon unicuspis and Lampetra lamottei were found to be the same.
Adult Redfish, Sebastes mentella, Pelagic over Oceanic Depths in the Labrador Sea
Authors: Templeman Wilfred
Published: April 2011

Fifteen adult redfish were taken on floating longlines set at 180–460 m, July 16–19, 1965 and two on March 21 and 24, 1966 on floating longlines set at 180–550 m at the mid-mouth of the Labrador Sea over depths of 3060–3660 m. Additionally two were taken from a porbeagle's stomach in the same area on August 23, 1965. The redfish were mature Sebastes mentella, 33–41 cm long, and relatively heavily infested with Sphyrion lumpi.These redfish were probably part of an oceanic population of pelagic S. mentella which has previously been shown to exist in the eastern portion of the large eddy system extending from south of Iceland and Greenland, east of Labrador and Northeast Newfoundland shelves, and north of the Grand Bank and Flemish Cap slopes.The biology and distribution of the pelagic oceanic redfish of this area are reviewed.
Some Oceanographic Characteristics of the Larger Inlets of Southeast Alaska
Authors: Pickard G. L.
Published: April 2011

Observations were made of salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen in 15 inlets in southeast Alaska in June 1964 and August 1965 with some observations in the southern inlets in May 1966. The data are summarized in tables, vertical profiles, and characteristic diagrams to provide a general description of the water property distributions in the larger inlets. Some comparisons are made with corresponding distributions in British Columbia inlets, previously described by Pickard in June 1961 in the Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada.The larger Alaska inlets are longer and wider than those in British Columbia but the mean and maximum depths are similar. Sill depths are also similar and there are few very shallow sills. The river runoff into the Alaska inlets is generally less than into the British Columbia ones. The larger rivers (the minority) have a summer maximum from glacier and snowfield melt whereas the smaller ones generally have fall and winter maxima. Icebergs occur in some of the Alaska inlets; they are not found in any British Columbia inlets.Surface salinities were generally higher in Alaska than in British Columbia, and at the heads of the inlets the highest salinity values were in the "iceberg" inlets. Surface temperatures were between 5 C (in the iceberg inlets) and 18 C. Salinity increased with depth, reaching 90% of the deep water values by 20 m or less. The deepwater characteristics extended the British Columbia inlet values toward higher salinity (to 34‰) and lower temperature (to 2.5 C in the north). Dissolved oxygen decreased with depth in most cases with the lowest values of 1.5–2 ml/liter in the deep water where there was direct access for northeast Pacific Ocean waters. A conspicuous exception was that the deepwater oxygen values were high in the iceberg inlets (5–6.5 ml/liter). Secchi disc depths varied from 0.1 m near the large rivers to 11 m near the Pacific Ocean.There were some differences between the property distributions observed in 1964 and in 1965. Salinity and temperature differences in the surface layers are presumed to be due to seasonal variation in river runoff and net heat input. Lower temperatures in the deep water of some of the northern inlets in 1965 compared to 1964 may be due to larger than usual winter cooling between the years.
Hydrography of the Penobscot River (Maine) Estuary
Authors: Haefner Jr. Paul A.
Published: April 2011

A hydrographic survey of the Penobscot River (Maine) estuary, made during 1963–65, showed that the lower estuary is subject to a high degree of stratification, extensive mixing occurs within intermediate strata in the middle reaches of the estuary, and near-uniform conditions prevail at the head of the estuary. This pattern generally prevails throughout the year, but it is subject to seasonal and tidal variations.Cold weather and high spring river discharge establish uniformly cold water temperatures, high dissolved oxygen, and low salinity conditions in the upper half of the study area. A pycnocline is readily identifiable and high dissolved oxygen prevails throughout the lower half of the estuary.Summer temperatures and low freshwater inflow accompanied by high turbidity and extensive pollution lead to partial stagnation and anoxic conditions in the upper estuary. Conditions improve slightly in the middle reaches and are favorable in the lower estuary, where marked vertical stratification exists for temperature, salinity, and density.Qualitative bottom samples indicated an absence of benthos in the upper estuary, limited numbers of species in the middle reaches, and an enriched fauna in the lower estuary. These findings are discussed with reference to bottom types and prevailing hydrographic data.
Cardiovascular Dynamics in Swimming Adult Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Smith L. S. , Brett J. R. , Davis J. C.
Published: April 2011

Dorsal aortic blood pressure, heart rate, and oral water pressure were recorded in adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) while they were resting in darkened aquaria or swimming in an illuminated tunnel-respirometer. Pressures were recorded on an oscillograph attached to pressure transducers connected with cannulae in the dorsal aorta and oral cavity. The velocity of the water in the swimming chamber was increased in stepwise fashion every 30 min until the fish stopped swimming and were swept against an electrified grid. At the cessation of swimming, which was considered as the onset of fatigue, water velocity was decreased to a minimum which permitted the fish to rest and dorsal aortic blood pressure, heart rate, and oral water pressure were recorded for about 1 hr as they returned toward resting levels. Resting values were 44/38 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic) and 49 heartbeats/min. At maximal swimming speed dorsal aortic blood pressure was 55/49 mm Hg and heart rate was 83 beats/min. No abrupt changes in cardiovascular function occurred at the onset of fatigue.A number of morphological (length and weights of the body and ventricle) and cardiovascular (pressures, rates) variables were measured in six adult sockeye salmon. A significant correlation was found between hematocrit, ventricle weight, and heart rate; a change in one apparently caused adjustments in the other two in order to maintain a constant supply of oxygen to the tissues during subfatigue levels of activity.The effects of removal and replacement of blood or isotanic saline in the dorsal aorta were observed in three adult sockeye salmon. Removal of blood produced a proportionate decrease in blood pressure and an increase in heart rate. Neither dilution of the blood by replacement with saline nor increase in blood volume from addition of saline had any significant effect on heart rate and blood pressure.
Germination of Spores of Clostridium botulinum Type E in Fish and Shellfish Extracts
Authors: Strasdine G. A. , Kelly Joanne M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Sebastodes reedi, a New Scorpaenid Fish in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Westrheim S. J. , Tsuyuki H.
Published: April 2011

A new scorpaenid species, Sebastodes reedi (yellowmouth rockfish), is described by conventional and biochemical methods (starch gel electrophoresis of proteins from hemoglobin and muscle). Sebastodes reedi resembles S. alutus, S. crameri, and S. proriger, but is readily separated from these morphologically and biochemically. It differs from all of these in having yellow and black blotches in the mouth, and individually in respect to numbers of scales, gill rakers, and spines, and electrophoretic patterns. Sebastodes reedi appears to exist in two variant forms based on hemoglobin electropherograms, although no corresponding morphometric or meristic differences have been detected.Present geographical range extends from Cape Blanco, Oregon, to Sitka, Alaska, and the bathymetric range, 77–200 fath (141–366 m). Substantial aggregations of this species have been discovered in three areas off British Columbia, all of which are virtually unfishable with conventional groundfish trawls. Otolith readings suggest an age range of 5–34 years for specimens 25–53 cm in fork length. No mature fish were less than 31–33 cm long or 9 years old.
Neurofibroma in a Teleost Fish,Lumpenus sagitta
Authors: McArn Glynn , Wellings S. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
The White Sucker Population of South Bay, Lake Huron, and Effects of the Sea Lamprey on It
Authors: Coble Daniel W.
Published: April 2011

Information on ecology and dynamics of white suckers, Catostomus commersoni (Lacépède), in South Bay, Lake Huron, was obtained from experimental fishing over more than a decade and from a tagging program in 1955 and 1956. (A total of 1667 suckers were tagged and 8% of them were subsequently recovered.) The fish moved about extensively in the bay, minimal distance travelled averaging 3.8 km during a summer. Nevertheless, it was necessary to divide the bay into discrete fishing areas for calculating population and mortality estimates. The length–weight relationship of adult suckers in June was W = 5.883 × 10−4 L2.92262; where W is weight in pounds and L is fork length in inches. Growth averaged only about 7.6 mm/year, and an annulus was not formed on the scales every year. In 1956 the population may have amounted to about 160,000 adult white suckers, or 23 fish per hectare or 17.5 kg/hectare, for the part of the bay less than 36 m deep. The exploitation rate appeared to be less than 2%. The annual survival rate of suckers larger than approximately 38 cm appeared to be about 70–75% decreasing with size of fish. Although it is not known if the size of the population has changed, the size composition changed between 1953 and 1964 through the loss of larger fish. Marked changes in the fauna of South Bay subsequent to the late 1940's include the invasion of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, and the alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), the disappearance of the lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), and the decline of the population of the cisco, Coregonus (= Leucichthys) artedii LeSueur. The loss of the larger fish in the white sucker population was probably caused by the sea lamprey, for it occurred after the destruction of the lake trout population and corresponded with increased incidence of lamprey scarring of suckers.