bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic and molecular analyses reveal an evolutionary trajectory for glycan synthesis in a bacterial protein glycosylation system
Authors: Børud Bente , Viburiene Raimonda , Hartley Meredith D. , Paulsen Berit Smestad , Egge-Jacobsen Wolfgang , Imperiali Barbara , Koomey Michael
Published: May 2011

Although protein glycosylation systems are becoming widely recognized in bacteria, little is known about the mechanisms and evolutionary forces shaping glycan composition. Species within the genus
Neisseria
display remarkable glycoform variability associated with their
O
-linked protein glycosylation (
pgl
) systems and provide a well developed model system to study these phenomena. By examining the potential influence of two ORFs linked to the core
pgl
gene locus, we discovered that one of these, previously designated as
pglH
, encodes a glucosyltransferase that generates unique disaccharide products by using polyprenyl diphosphate-linked monosaccharide substrates. By defining the function of PglH in the glycosylation pathway, we identified a metabolic conflict related to competition for a shared substrate between the opposing glycosyltransferases PglA and PglH. Accordingly, we propose that the presence of a stereotypic, conserved deletion mutation inactivating
pglH
in strains of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
,
Neisseria meningitidis
, and related commensals, reflects a resolution of this conflict with the consequence of reduced glycan diversity. This model of genetic détente is supported by the characterization of
pglH
“missense” alleles encoding proteins devoid of activity or reduced in activity such that they cannot exert their effect in the presence of PglA. Thus, glucose-containing glycans appear to be a trait undergoing regression at the genus level. Together, these findings document a role for intrinsic genetic interactions in shaping glycan evolution in protein glycosylation systems.
Soliton spheres
Authors: Bohle Christoph , Peters G. Paul
Published: May 2011

Soliton spheres are immersed 2–spheres in the conformal 4–sphereS4=HP1S^4=\mathbb {HP}^1that allow rational, conformal parametrizationsf:CP1→HP1f\colon \mathbb {CP}^1\rightarrow \mathbb {HP}^1obtained via twistor projection and dualization from rational curves inCP2n+1\mathbb {CP}^{2n+1}. Soliton spheres can be characterized as the case of equality in the quaternionic Plücker estimate. A special class of soliton spheres introduced by Taimanov are immersions into R3\mathbb {R}^3with rotationally symmetric Weierstrass potentials that are related to solitons of the mKdV–equation via the ZS–AKNS linear problem. We show that Willmore spheres and Bryant spheres with smooth ends are further examples of soliton spheres. The possible values of the Willmore energy for soliton spheres in the 3–sphere are proven to beW=4πdW=4\pi dwithd∈N∖{0,2,3,5,7}d\in \mathbb {N}\backslash \{0,2,3,5,7\}. The same quantization was previously known individually for each of the three special classes of soliton spheres mentioned above.
Generalized exponents of small representations. II
Authors: Ion Bogdan
Published: May 2011

This is the second paper in a sequence devoted to giving manifestly non-negative formulas for generalized exponents of small representations in all types. It contains a first formula for generalized exponents of small weights which extends the Shapiro-Steinberg formula for classical exponents. The formula is made possible by a computation of Fourier coefficients of the degenerate Cherednik kernel. Unlike the usual partition function coefficients, the answer reflects only the combinatorics of minimal expressions as a sum of roots.
Acute pain in pregnancy
Authors: Dick John F.R.
Published: May 2011

Labour pain can be severe, and relieving this pain can reduce physiological stress on mother and baby.

Epidural and spinal analgesia is by far the most effective modality.

Epidurals do not increase the likelihood of Caesarean delivery.

Entonox is the next best choice for labour analgesia.

Intravenous opioids, especially pethidine, have very little analgesic effect and cause sedation as well as other negative effects on the mother and baby.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation has a limited role confined to early labour.
Acute pain in haematological disorders
Authors: Mofeez Ali , Hossain Upal
Published: May 2011

The use of painkillers ranging from simple analgesics to strong opioids is a common feature in the acute pain management of haematological conditions.

However, each disease also has its own specific aetiological factors for pain, requiring specific treatment.

Haematological patients with chronic pain on long-term opioid therapy may require multidisciplinary pain management to improve quality of life and prevent chronic escalation of opioid doses.

Intramuscular injections should be avoided in all patients.

The use of pethidine (meperidine) is not recommended.
Acute pain in chronic opiate users
Authors: Bajaj Sanjay
Published: May 2011

The main goals in treating perioperative pain are effective analgesia and prevention of withdrawal.

An acute pain management plan should be formulated and agreed with the patient.

Discharge planning is only successful if the psychosocial background of the patient is considered.
Phosphate Utilization Efficiency Correlates with Expression of Low-Affinity Phosphate Transporters and Noncoding RNA, IPS1, in Barley
Authors: Huang Chun Y. , Shirley Neil , Genc Yusuf , Shi Bujun , Langridge Peter
Published: May 2011

Genetic variation in phosphorus (P) efficiency exists among wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes, but the underlying mechanisms for the variation remain elusive. High- and low-affinity phosphate (Pi) PHT1 transporters play an indispensable role in P acquisition and remobilization. However, little is known about genetic variation in PHT1 gene expression and association with P acquisition efficiency (PAE) and P utilization efficiency (PUE). Here, we present quantitative analyses of transcript levels of high- and low-affinity PHT1 Pi transporters in four barley genotypes differing in PAE. The results showed that there was no clear pattern in the expression of four paralogs of the high-affinity Pi transporter HvPHT1;1 among the four barley genotypes, but the expression of a low-affinity Pi transporter, HvPHT1;6, and its close homolog HvHPT1;3 was correlated with the genotypes differing in PUE. Interestingly, the expression of HvPHT1;6 and HvPHT1;3 was correlated with the expression of HvIPS1 (for P starvation inducible; noncoding RNA) but not with HvIPS2, suggesting that HvIPS1 plays a distinct role in the regulation of the low-affinity Pi transporters. In addition, high PUE was found to be associated with high root-shoot ratios in low-P conditions, indicating that high carbohydrate partitioning into roots occurs simultaneously with high PUE. However, high PUE accompanying high carbon partitioning into roots could result in low PAE. Therefore, the optimization of PUE through the modification of low-affinity Pi transporter expression may assist further improvement of PAE for low-input agriculture systems.
Identification of an ARGONAUTE for Antiviral RNA Silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Scholthof Herman B. , Alvarado Veria Y. , Vega-Arreguin Julio C. , Ciomperlik Jessica , Odokonyero Denis , Brosseau Chantal , Jaubert Marianne , Zamora Alejandro , Moffett Peter
Published: May 2011

ARGONAUTE proteins (AGOs) are known to be key components of the RNA silencing mechanism in eukaryotes that, among other functions, serves to protect against viral invaders. Higher plants encode at least 10 individual AGOs yet the role played by many in RNA silencing-related antiviral defense is largely unknown, except for reports that AGO1, AGO2, and AGO7 play an antiviral role in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In the plant virus model host Nicotiana benthamiana, Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) P19 suppressor mutants are very susceptible to RNA silencing. Here, we report that a N. benthamiana AGO (NbAGO) with similarity to Arabidopsis AGO2, is involved in antiviral defense against TBSV. The activity of this NbAGO2 is shown to be directly associated with anti-TBSV RNA silencing, while its inactivation does not influence silencing of transiently expressed transgenes. Thus, the role of NbAGO2 might be primarily for antiviral defense.
Steroid 21‐hydroxylase gene mutational spectrum in 454 Argentinean patients: genotype–phenotype correlation in a large cohort of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Marino Roxana , Ramirez Pablo , Galeano Jesica , Perez Garrido Natalia , Rocco Carlos , Ciaccio Marta , Warman Diana M. , Guercio Gabriela , Chaler Eduardo , Maceiras Mercedes , Bergadá Ignacio , Gryngarten Mirta , Balbi Viviana , Pardes Esther , Rivarola Marco A. , Belgorosky Alicia
Published: May 2011

Objective  To report genotype–phenotype correlation in a large cohort of patients.

Context  Study of the CYP21A2 gene in 866 unrelated chromosomes of 21‐hydroxylase deficiency in Argentinean patients with classic and nonclassic (NC) forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Methods  Eleven most common mutations were analysed by allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or southern blot analysis. Gene sequencing was performed when no mutation was detected in one allele or the genotype–phenotype correlation was lacking.

Results  The 11‐most‐common‐mutation screening allowed for the detection of 88·1% of affected alleles (80·3% in the NC and 95·2% in the classic forms). p.V281L, IVS2‐13A/C>G (In2) and gene deletions and large gene conversions were the most prevalent mutations. In2 (35·2%) in salt wasting (SW), p.I172N (37·3%) in simple virilizing and p.V281L (54·1%) in NC CAH were the most prevalent mutations within the clinical forms. In 7/15 p.P30L mutation alleles, a chimeric CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 gene [PromCYP21A1P; p.P30L] was detected, while 6/15 represented a single‐nucleotide substitution, and in 2/15 linkage with mutations, p.[P30L; V281L] and [p.P30L; IVS2‐13A/C > G; p.Q318X] was found. In two SW patients, a novel nonsense mutation, p.Q41X, was observed. In three p.V281L mutation patients, the phenotype was more severe than predicted by genotype. Sequence analysis revealed an intronic alteration in the allele carrying the p.V281L mutation [IVS2 + 5G > A; p.V281L]. An aberrant splicing in this p.V281L mutated allele explains the clinical phenotype.

Conclusions  A high percentage of CYP21A2 affected alleles is detected by the 11‐mutation screening study. Genotype–phenotype correlation was high, but when the phenotype is more severe than predicted by genotype, presence of two alterations in one allele should be ruled out.
Plasma and pulmonary disposition of ceftiofur and its metabolites after intramuscular administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid in weanling foals
Authors: CREDILLE B. C. , GIGUÈRE S. , BERGHAUS L. J. , BURTON A. J. , STURGILL T. L. , GROVER G. S. , DONECKER J. M. , BROWN S. A.
Published: May 2011

Credille, B. C., Giguère, S., Berghaus, L. J., Burton, A. J., Sturgill, T. L., Grover, G. S., Donecker, J. M., Brown, S. A. Plasma and pulmonary disposition of ceftiofur and its metabolites after intramuscular administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid in weanling foals.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 259–264.

The objectives of this study were to determine the plasma and pulmonary disposition of ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA) in weanling foals and to compare the plasma pharmacokinetic profile of weanling foals to that of adult horses. A single dose of CCFA was administered intramuscularly to six weanling foals and six adult horses at a dose of 6.6 mg/kg of body weight. Concentrations of desfuroylceftiofur acetamide (DCA) were determined in the plasma of all animals, and in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells of foals. After intramuscular (IM) administration to foals, median time to maximum plasma and PELF concentrations was 24 h (12–48 h). Mean (±SD) peak DCA concentration in plasma (1.44 ± 0.46 μg/mL) was significantly higher than that in PELF (0.46 ± 0.03 μg/mL) and BAL cells (0.024 ± 0.011 μg/mL). Time above the therapeutic target of 0.2 μg/mL was significantly longer in plasma (185 ± 20 h) than in PELF (107 ± 31 h). The concentration of DCA in BAL cells did not reach the therapeutic level. Adult horses had significantly lower peak plasma concentrations and area under the curve compared to foals. Based on the results of this study, CCFA administered IM at 6.6 mg/kg in weanling foals provided plasma and PELF concentrations above the therapeutic target of 0.2 μg/mL for at least 4 days and would be expected to be an effective treatment for pneumonia caused byStreptococcus equisubsp.zooepidemicusat doses similar to the adult label.
Bacterial chemotaxis towards aromatic hydrocarbons in Pseudomonas
Authors: Lacal Jesús , Muñoz‐Martínez Francisco , Reyes‐Darías José‐Antonio , Duque Estrella , Matilla Miguel , Segura Ana , Calvo José‐J. Ortega , Jímenez‐Sánchez Celía , Krell Tino , Ramos Juan L.
Published: May 2011

Bacterial chemotaxis is an adaptive behaviour, which requires sophisticated information‐processing capabilities that cause motile bacteria to either move towards or flee from chemicals. Pseudomonas putida DOT‐T1E exhibits the capability to move towards different aromatic hydrocarbons present at a wide range of concentrations. The chemotactic response is mediated by the McpT chemoreceptor encoded by the pGRT1 megaplasmid. Two alleles of mcpT are borne on this plasmid and inactivation of either one led to loss of this chemotactic phenotype. Cloning of mcpT into a plasmid complemented not only the mcpT mutants but also its transfer to other Pseudomonas conferred chemotactic response to high concentrations of toluene and other chemicals. Therefore, the phenomenon of chemotaxis towards toxic compounds at high concentrations is gene‐dose dependent. In vitro experiments show that McpT is methylated by CheR and McpT net methylation was diminished in the presence of hydrocarbons, what influences chemotactic movement towards these chemicals.
School competence and emotional/behavioral problems among Norwegian school children as rated by teachers on the Teacher Report Form
Authors: LARSSON BO , DRUGLI MAY BRITT
Published: May 2011

Larsson, B. (2011). School competence and emotional/behavioral problems among Norwegian school children as rated by teachers on the Teacher Report Form. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 553–559.

Of 1,409 eligible children aged 6–13 years in grades 1 to 7 who were randomly selected from a national sample of Norwegian schools, 858 participated in the present study (60.9%). The sample was stratified by school centrality, region and size of grade cohort. The teachers assessed their children’s academic performance, adaptive school functioning, and levels of emotional/behavioral problems using the 2001 version of the Teacher Report Form (TRF). Only one child was randomly selected from each grade cohort. Girls had significantly higher scores than boys in the Working Hard, Appropriate Behavior, Learning, and Total Adaptive Functioning domains. For girls, only the Working Hard domain was of medium effect size. While boys had significantly higher scores than girls on Attention, Thought Problems, Rule‐Breaking, Aggression, Externalizing Problems and Total problems, only Attention Problems showed a medium effect size. Significant sex by age interaction effects were also found for Rule‐Breaking, Externalizing, Internalizing, Anxious‐Depressed and Total Problems. In all these comparisons, 10–13‐year‐old boys had significantly higher scores than 6–9‐year olds, while girls had similar problem levels across age groups. Our mean Total Problems score (17.2) was lower than the grand mean (21.6) reported in a multi‐country comparison but higher than in another Norwegian large‐scale survey. Overall, our findings indicate that teachers in Scandinavia report, just as do parents, relatively low levels of emotional/behavioral problems among school‐aged children.
The effect of a corticosteroid cream and a barrier‐strengthening moisturizer in hand eczema. A double‐blind, randomized, prospective, parallel group clinical trial
Authors: Lodén M. , Wirén K. , Smerud K.T. , Meland N. , Hønnås H. , Mørk G. , Lützow‐Holm C. , Funk J. , Meding B.
Published: May 2011

Background  Hand eczema is a common and persistent disease with a relapsing course. Clinical data suggest that once daily treatment with corticosteroids is just as effective as twice daily treatment.

Objectives  The aim of this study was to compare once and twice daily applications of a strong corticosteroid cream in addition to maintenance therapy with a moisturizer in patients with a recent relapse of hand eczema.

Methods  The study was a parallel, double‐blind, randomized, clinical trial on 44 patients. Twice daily application of a strong corticosteroid cream (betamethasone valerate 0.1%) was compared with once daily application, where a urea‐containing moisturizer was substituted for the corticosteroid cream in the morning. The investigator scored the presence of eczema and the patients judged the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), which measures how much the patient’s skin problem has affected his/her life over the past week. The patients also judged the severity of their eczema daily on a visual analogue scale.

Results  Both groups improved in terms of eczema and DLQI. However, the clinical scoring demonstrated that once daily application of corticosteroid was superior to twice daily application in diminishing eczema, especially in the group of patients with lower eczema scores at inclusion.

Conclusions  Twice daily use of corticosteroids was not superior to once daily use in treating eczema. On the contrary, the clinical assessment showed a larger benefit from once daily treatment compared with twice daily, especially in the group of patients with a moderate eczema at inclusion.
Solid State Field‐Assisted Diffusion of Copper in Multi‐Component Tellurite Glass
Authors: Stepanov Boris , Ren Jing , Wagner Tomas , Lorincik Jan , Frumar Miroslav , Churbanov Mikhail , Chigirinsky Yuri
Published: May 2011

In this work, we have prepared copper‐doped multicomponent tellurite glasses by solid state electric field‐assisted diffusion. The concentration profiles of the elements have been measured by the secondary ion mass spectrometry. The depth profile of copper can be well fitted only by a modified erfc‐like solution of the second Fick's law which assumes that both the Cu+ and Cu2+ ions are involved in the diffusion. The modeling shows that the Cu2+ ions are much more mobile than the Cu+ ones in the tellurite glasses and affected strongly by the applied electric field. Our results demonstrate the possibility of fabricating copper‐doped planar waveguides based on the tellurite glasses.
Interaction of Modified (K,Na)NbO3 Ceramics with Ag‐Containing Electrodes
Authors: Morozov Maxim I. , Bäurer Michael , Hoffmann Michael J.
Published: May 2011

Interaction between modified (K,Na)NbO3 ceramics and metallic silver has been experimentally studied to simulate effects of using Ag‐containing electrode pastes in multilayer actuators with alkali‐based ferroelectric layers. The solubility limit of silver added as an excess component is found to vary in the range of 0.8–2.5 mol% depending on composition and stoichiometry of the ceramics. Inhomogeneous distribution of the residual undissolved silver across the thickness of a single ceramic layer between the co‐fired Ag–Pd electrodes is evidenced by X‐ray diffraction. The overall effect of Ag as excess component on temperature of the orthorhombic–tetragonal phase transition is found different from the known effect of Ag as alkali substituent.
Porous Si3N4 Fabricated by Phase Separation Method Using Benzoic Acid as Pore‐Forming Agent
Authors: Yue Jianshe , Dong Binchao , Wang Hongjie
Published: May 2011

Porous Si3N4 ceramics with interconnected pores were fabricated by the phase separation method using benzoic acid (BA) as a pore‐forming agent. The green bodies were prepared at room temperature under vacuum and pore‐forming agent was quickly removed by sublimation below 200°C. The resulting porous green body exhibits uniform distribution of rod‐like pores in the matrix. The porosity can be controlled by adjusting the BA content in Si3N4 slurry. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of the porous Si3N4 samples are in the range of 85–126 MPa and 1.08–1.7 MPa·m1/2 with the porosity range of 57%–65.8%.
p38α Signaling Induces Anoikis and Lumen Formation During Mammary Morphogenesis
Authors: Wen Huei-Chi , Avivar-Valderas Alvaro , Sosa Maria Soledad , Girnius Nomeda , Farias Eduardo F. , Davis Roger J. , Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
Published: May 2011

The kinase p38α may suppress breast cancer by promoting formation of the proper architecture of mammary glands.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Culture Filtrate Protein 10-Specific Effector/Memory CD4+and CD8+T Cells in Tubercular Pleural Fluid, with Biased Usage of T Cell Receptor Vβ Chains
Authors: Qiao Dan , Li Li , Guo Jian , Lao Suihua , Zhang Xianlan , Zhang Jianping , Wu Changyou
Published: May 2011

T cell-mediated immunity is critical for the control ofMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection. Identifying the precise immune mechanisms that lead to control of initialM. tuberculosisinfection and preventing reactivation of latent infection are crucial for combating tuberculosis. However, a detailed understanding of the role of T cells in the immune response to infection has been hindered. In addition, there are few flow cytometry studies characterizing the Vβ repertoires of T cell receptors (TCRs) at local sites ofM. tuberculosisinfection in adult tuberculosis. In this study, we used culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) fromM. tuberculosisto characterize T cells at local sites of infection. We simultaneously analyzed the correlation of the production of cytokines with TCR Vβ repertoires in CFP-10-specific CD4+and CD8+T cell subsets. For the first time, we demonstrate that CFP-10-specific CD4+or CD8+T cells from tubercular pleural fluid can produce high levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and upregulate the expression of CD107a/b on the cell surface. The CFP-10-specific cells were effector/memory cells with a CD45RO+CD62L−CCR7−CD27−expression profile. In addition, we found CFP-10-specific CD4+and CD8+T cells in tubercular pleural fluid, with biased usage of TCR Vβ9, Vβ12, or Vβ7.2. Our findings of CFP-10-specific CD4+and CD8+T cells in tubercular pleural fluid are critical for understanding the mechanisms of the local cellular immune response and developing more effective therapeutic interventions in cases ofM. tuberculosisinfection.
“General Hospital”: Using Skit-Writing and Role-playing to Teach Pathogenesis
Authors: Dolberry Adrienne A.
Published: May 2011

Creative writing and role-playing may help students retain course information and expand their knowledge on how topics addressed in pathogenesis are related to each other. In the ”General Hospital” assignment, students form groups to write and present a skit based on the pathogenesis of an infectious disease — leading the audience through an educational, albeit entertaining, piece related to many topics in microbiology. This four-to-six week assignment (from introduction to presentation of skits) provides students with an outlet to (1) write an entertaining scenario about topics in pathogenesis, and (2) present the information to the audience in a very natural yet accurate way.
New Teaching Strategies to Improve Student Performance in Fundamentals of Biotechnology
Authors: Cid Alicia G. , Rajal Verónica B.
Published: May 2011

Fundamentals in Biotechnology is part of the Chemical Engineering curriculum at the National University at Salta, in northwest Argentina. This course, given for four months in the fourth year of a five-year program of study, includes concepts of general microbiology, biochemistry, and industrial microbiology and is the first contact by the students with biological issues. Probably due to the long content of the course and to the lack of previous knowledge of biological and microbiological concepts, students have a lot of difficulty passing this course. In order to reach a better understanding of the concepts, to encourage students to learn biotechnology, and to develop critical thinking skills with the ultimate aim of improving performance, two new strategies were adopted, which consisted of including “Complementary Activities” and an “Integration Seminar.”
A Retrospective Look at 20 Years of ASM Education Programs (1990–2010) and a Prospective Look at the Next 20 Years (2011–2030)
Authors: Chang Amy
Published: May 2011

Professional societies provide visibility and legitimacy to the work of their post secondary educator members, advocate best practices in courses and sponsored student research, and establish deep networks and communities that catalyze members to collectively engage in undergraduate teaching and learning scholarship. Within the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), the Education Board, established in the mid-1970s, assumes this role. I have been fortunate enough to watch several pivotal programs support our growth and change the status quo by providing opportunities for biology educators to flourish. In this retrospective review, the background and details I offer about each initiative help explain ASM Education offerings, how our growth has been supported and how the status quo has changed. In this prospective look, I offer my vision of the future in post secondary education where classroom learning is student-centered and focused on global problems affecting our health and environment. For the profession to proliferate, the ASM must provide members as many opportunities in learning biology as they do with advancing biology to new frontiers.
A Sweet Vaccination – the Deadly Hershey’s Kiss
Authors: Williams Ann H.
Published: May 2011

In Immunology courses, concepts such as primary and secondary immune response and the topic of vaccinations can be difficult to visualize for students. Described here is a short activity where students choose and snack on candy to simulate primary and secondary immune responses in the context of a vaccination. This short interactive activity is performed in the lecture course of Immunology, an upper-division Biology course that contains mostly Biology major juniors or seniors (class of 30–40). It is performed on the first day of class, and is consistently referred to as the semester progresses and more complex and detailed topics are introduced. It is utilized to help students understand and visualize the process of primary immune response, secondary immune response, immunological memory, and vaccinations.
Covering All the Bases in Genetics: Simple Shorthands and Diagrams for Teaching Base Pairing to Biology Undergraduates
Authors: Kuchin Sergei
Published: May 2011

Explaining base pairing is an important element in teaching undergraduate genetics. I propose a teaching approach that aims to close the gap between the mantra “A pairs with T, and G pairs with C” and the “intimidating” chemical diagrams. The approach offers a set of simple “shorthands” for the key bases that can be used to quickly deduce all canonical and wobble pairs that the students need to know. The approach can be further developed to analyze mutagenic mismatch pairing.
A Review of
I, Microbiologist
I, Microbiologist;	1st ed.;	SandersErin R.MillerJeffrey H.; (	2010).	ASM Press,	Washington DC.	438 pages with an appendix.
Authors: Leonardo Michael R.
Published: May 2011

Review of:
I, Microbiologist;
1st ed.; Erin R. Sanders and Jeffrey H. Miller; (2010). ASM Press, Washington DC. 438 pages with an appendix.
Practical Strategies to Promote High Quality Authentic Student Research in High School SettingsReview of:	Success with Science: The Winner’s Guide to High School Research;	GaglaniShivDe ObaldiaMaria ElenaKominersScott DukeLiDayanSuhCarol Y; (	2011).	Research Corporation for Scientific Advancement,	Tucson, AZ.	180 pages.
Authors: LaBanca Frank
Published: May 2011

Review of:
Success with Science: The Winner’s Guide to High School Research;
Shiv Gaglani with Maria Elena De Obaldia, Scott Duke Kominers, Dayan Li, and Carol Y. Suh; (2011). Research Corporation for Scientific Advancement, Tucson, AZ. 180 pages.
A Review of
SUCCESS! in Clinical Laboratory Science
SUCCESS! in Clinical Laboratory Science;	CiullaAnnaLehmanDonald; (	2010).	Prentice Hall,	Upper Saddle River, NJ.	1176 pages.
Authors: Buxton* Rebecca , Fenn JoAnn , Pierce Kristina
Published: May 2011

Review of:
SUCCESS! in Clinical Laboratory Science; Anna Ciulla and Donald Lehman;
(2010). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 1176 pages
Intranuclear inclusions in epithelial cells of benign proliferative breast lesions
Authors: Harada Oi , Hoe Rebecca , Lin Jieyan , Thike Aye Aye , Jara-Lazaro Ana Richelia , Petersson Fredrik , Tan Puay Hoon
Published: May 2011

Aim

To document and clarify the nature of intranuclear inclusions of luminal epithelium in benign proliferative breast lesions.

Methods and results

Five benign breast lesions were selected which showed intranuclear inclusions within epithelial cells on light microscopy. Following confirmation of their luminal epithelial (non-myoepithelial) localisation by immunohistochemistry, ultrastructural examination was performed with the following observations: (1) presence of deep nuclear indentations occasionally verging on nuclear inclusions; (2) inclusions with features of helioid bodies; and (3) a morphological spectrum of helioid bodies and their focal coexistence.

Conclusion

Intranuclear inclusions of breast epithelium are likely of cytoplasmic origin. Helioid bodies may be formed by a stepwise process, the nature of which needs further study.
EVOLUTION OF NANOGRAINS AND SOFT MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Fe74Cu0.8Nb2.7Si15.5B7 BY ISOTHERMAL ANNEALING
Authors: HOQUE SHEIKH MANJURA , DHAR UMASREE , HAKIM M. A. , SAHA D. K. , DAS HARI NARAYAN
Published: May 2011

Fe -based alloy of the composition, Fe 74 Cu 0.8 Nb 2.7 Si 15.5 B 7 has been studied thoroughly in order to research the evolution of nanograins and soft magnetic properties. The composition has been significantly deviated from FINEMET type composition given by Fe 73.5 Cu 1 Nb 3 Si 13.5 B 9. It is hard to optimize composition to obtain equally good soft magnetic properties as FINEMET significantly deviating from conventional type alloy. Fe -based alloy of the composition, Fe 74 Cu 0.8 Nb 2.7 Si 15.5 B 7 has been prepared by single roller melt spinning machine. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that the ribbon is in the amorphous state. Evolution of α- Fe ( Si ) nanograins from amorphous matrix were carried out by isothermal annealing in the temperature range from 550°C to 650°C for 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes. Frequency spectrum of real and imaginary part of complex initial permeability has been measured for the samples at different annealing conditions. Short time annealing has been proved to be more efficient than long time annealing for the samples of this composition for most of the annealing temperatures.
ARTIFICIAL MICRO-WORLDS PART III: A TAXONOMY OF SELF-REPRODUCING 2D CA SPECIES
Authors: BILOTTA ELEONORA , PANTANO PIETRO
Published: May 2011

2D k-totalistic CA are life-like Artificial Micro-Worlds (AMWs), which contain a large variety of self-reproducing species. In this paper we present a gallery of these systems, with simple and complex behavior. Firstly, we present two simple self-reproducer species, with a linear behavior and then two self-reproducer species with a rhombic development. A curious double-strand self-reproducer completes this first part of the self-reproducing species taxonomy. We present then other interesting new species: their reproductive phenomena are more complex, resulting in space-time diagrams of great variety.
THE DYNAMICS OF A CHEMOSTAT MODEL WITH STATE DEPENDENT IMPULSIVE EFFECTS
Authors: NIE LINFEI , TENG ZHIDONG , HU LIN
Published: May 2011

We consider the dynamic behaviors of a mathematical chemostat model with state dependent impulsive perturbations. By using the Poincaré map and analogue of Poincaré's criterion, some conditions for the existence and stability of positive periodic solution are obtained. Moreover, we show that there is no periodic solution with order larger than or equal to three. Numerical simulation are carried out to illustrate the feasibility of our main results, thus implying that the presence of pulses makes the dynamic behavior more complex.
TURNING OPEN INNOVATION INTO PRACTICE: OPEN INNOVATION RESEARCH THROUGH THE LENS OF MANAGERS
Authors: GIANNOPOULOU ELENI , YSTRÖM ANNA , OLLILA SUSANNE
Published: May 2011

Despite the fact that Open Innovation (OI) has rapidly become one of the hottest topics in innovation management, comprehensive reviews of the state of the research field and its managerial implications are scarce. This could be one of the reasons why OI still represents a big challenge for innovation managers. This paper, based on a literature review covering the period from 2003 up until June 2009, identifies managerial implications of OI under four major categories: namely organizing for openness, co-creating value, leadership for diversity and intellectual property (IP) management. The contribution of this paper is both practical and theoretical. On the one hand, innovation managers can find useful suggestions for dealing with the challenge of openness in their organization. On the other hand, gaps and omissions in the practical aspects of OI management are identified in order to guide further research on the field.
WHAT TO EXPECT FROM SECTORAL TRADING: A US-CHINA EXAMPLE
Authors: GAVARD CLAIRE , WINCHESTER NIVEN , JACOBY HENRY , PALTSEV SERGEY
Published: May 2011

In the recent United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations, sectoral trading was proposed to encourage early action and spur investment in low carbon technologies in developing countries. This mechanism involves including a sector from one or more nations in an international cap-and-trade system. We analyze trade in carbon permits between the Chinese electricity sector and a US economy-wide cap-and-trade program using the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model. In 2030, the US purchases permits valued at $42 billion from China, which represents 46% of its capped emissions. In China, sectoral trading increases the price of electricity and reduces aggregate electricity generation, especially from coal. However, sectoral trading induces only moderate increases in generation from nuclear and renewables. We also observe increases in emission from other sectors. In the US, the availability of cheap emissions permits reduces the cost of climate policy and increases electricity generation.
Model Reduction of the Flexible Rotating Crankshaft of a Motorcycle Engine Cranktrain
Authors: Ricci Stefano , Troncossi Marco , Rivola Alessandro
Published: May 2011

This paper addresses the development of an elastodynamic model of a motorcycle engine cranktrain aimed at accurately evaluating the interactions between the crankshaft and the engine block, thus allowing an improved structural design. A rigid multibody model is first implemented and simulated; only kinematic joints are involved at this stage, leading to a statically determinate assembly of the mechanism. Such a modelling approach prevents the loads at certain interface locations to be evaluated; furthermore, high-frequency dynamic effects cannot be predicted. These drawbacks can be removed by introducing bushing-like elements and/or modelling component flexibility. In this paper, this latter aspect is the objective of the investigation; in particular, a finite element model of the crankshaft is implemented as a replacement for the corresponding rigid member. The well-established Craig-Bampton model reduction technique is used to represent the elastodynamic behaviour of the component with a limited number of coordinates. The mode selection procedure is emphasized here: a measure of modal dynamic importance, namely the effective interface mass fraction, is used to rank fixed-interface normal modes based upon their contribution to loads at the substructure interface; choosing the modal base according to such ranking leads to a minimal yet accurate representation.
Efficient Resource Sharing Architecture for Multistandard Communication System
Authors: Suresh T. , Shunmuganathan K. L.
Published: May 2011

The Fourth Generation (4G) network is expected to serve mobile subscribers under dynamic network conditions and offer any type service: anytime, anywhere, and anyhow. Two such technologies that can respond to the above said services are Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The main contribution of this paper is to propose a dedicated hardware module which can reconfigure itself either to the OFDM Wireless LAN or WCDMA standard. In this paper, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm is implemented for OFDM standard, and rake receiver is implemented for WCDMA standard. Initially efficient implementations of these two algorithms are tested separately and identified the resources utilized by them. Then the new hardware architecture, which configures to any one of these two standards on demand, is proposed. This architecture efficiently shares the resources needed for these two standards. The proposed architecture is simulated using ModelSimSE v6.5 and mapped onto a virtex 5 FPGA device (xc5v1x30ff324) using the tool Xilinx ISE 9.2i, and the results are compared with the standard approach. These results show that the proposed hardware architecture utilizes less number of resources compared to the conventional Reconfigurable Receiver Architecture System.
Received Power Attenuation Analysis Based on Wavelet for Reflection-Style Optical Antenna Deformations in Free-Space Laser Communications
Authors: Xie Wanqing , Tan Liying , Ma Jing , Liu Yang
Published: May 2011

Diversified deformations on reflection-style optical antennas caused by processing technique and complex outer-space environment in free-space laser communications are modeled by wavelet analysis. Influence due to the deformations on received power is studied by distortion attenuation factor based on the model. Theoretical and numerical analysis shows that distortion attenuation factor increases with shift factor of the model, decreases with dilation factor of the model, and decreases with irregular fluctuations with wavelet coefficient of the model. To the special case that the deformation can be well approximated to a constant, distortion attenuation factor varies periodically with the linear increase of the deformation coefficient. A reference for the requirement on the precision of optical antenna is proposed, and a method to reduce the effect of deformation is recommended. It is hoped that the study can be used in the design of free space laser communication systems.
Patient Characteristics in Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Authors: Roofthooft M. T. R. , Elema A. , Bergman K. A. , Berger R. M. F.
Published: May 2011

Objective. To assess the impact of PPHN on mortality, morbidity, and behavioural skills.Methods. A retrospective observational study of 143 newborns with PPHN, over an 11-year period, using objective health-status data from medical records and family doctors, and subjective health status data from a standardized Child Behaviour Checklist.Results. The majority of patients were males, treated with inhaled nitric oxide had maladaptation/maldevelopment as pathophysiological mechanism and a gestational age >37 weeks. In term newborns, types of pathophysiological mechanism () and Oxygen Index () were independent predicting risk factors for PPHN-related mortality. Analysis of preexisting disease and outcome categories in term newborns showed only a significant correlation between the use of iNO and respiratory complaints (), not confirmed by multivariate analysis and regression analysis.Conclusions. PPHN is a serious, often fatal condition. The incidence of PPHN in preterm newborns is high. In term survivors, PPHN had no additional role in morbidity/outcome.
Effects of Dietary Protein and Fat Contents on Renal Function and Inflammatory Cytokines in Rats with Adriamycin-Induced Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Kim Su Yeon , Lim A Young , Jeon Su Kyung , Lee In Seok , Choue Ryowon
Published: May 2011

The effects of dietary protein and fat on renal function-related blood and urine parameters, such as albumin, urinary protein,and inflammatory cytokines were investigated in adriamycin- (ADR) induced nephrotic syndrome rats. ADR (2 mg/kg BW) was injected i.p. weekly for six weeks to develop nephrotic syndrome; thereafter rats were fed low-protein/high-fat (LPHF) or high-protein/low-fat (HPLF) diets for five weeks. Renal function-related blood and urine parameters were measured before and after dietary intervention. Serum levels of albumin, TG, and creatinine were significantly higher in the LPHF group than in the HPLF group. Serum levels of albumin were low and urinary protein excretion protein was high in HPLF group. BUN and UUN levels were higher in the HPLF group than in the LPHF. Urinary excretion of creatinine was significantly higher in the HPLF group than in the LPHF group. Serum inflammatory cytokine levels did not differ between the two groups, however the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-13 in splenocyte supernatants were significantly higher in the LPHF group than in the HPLF group. We confirmed that protein and fat contents in diet affect renal function-related blood and urine parameters and splenocyte inflammatory cytokine levels in ADR-induced nephrotic syndrome rats.
The Role of the Right Hemisphere for Processing of Social Interactions in Normal Adults Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Semrud-Clikeman Margaret , Goldenring Fine Jodene , Zhu David C.
Published: May 2011

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate whole-brain and hemispheric activation in normal adult volunteers to videos depicting positive and negative social encounters. There are few studies that have utilized dynamic social stimuli to evaluate brain activation. Method: Twenty young adults viewed videotaped vignettes during an functional magnetic resonance imaging procedure. The vignettes included positive and negative interaction scenes of social encounters. Results: Significant right greater than left activation for positive and negative conditions was found for the social interaction videos in the amygdaloid complex, the inferior frontal gyrus, the fusiform gyrus, and the temporal gyri (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: These findings support the hypothesis that the regions of the right hemisphere are more active in the interpretation of social information processing than those regions in the left hemisphere. This study is a first step in understanding processing of dynamic stimuli using ecologically appropriate stimuli that approximate the real-time social processing that is appropriate for use with populations who experience significant social problems.
Clinical anatomy and 3D virtual reconstruction of the lumbar plexus with respect to lumbar surgery
Authors: Lu Sheng , Chang Shan , Zhang Yuan-zhi , Ding Zi-hai , Xu Xin Ming , Xu Yong-qing
Published: May 2011

Background

Exposure of the anterior or lateral lumbar via the retroperitoneal approach easily causes injuries to the lumbar plexus. Lumbar plexus injuries which occur during anterior or transpsoas lumbar spine exposure and placement of instruments have been reported. This study aims is to provide more anatomical data and surgical landmarks in operations concerning the lumbar plexus in order to prevent lumbar plexus injuries and to increase the possibility of safety in anterior approach lumbar surgery.

Methods

To study the applied anatomy related to the lumbar plexus of fifteen formaldehyde-preserved cadavers, Five sets of Virtual Human (VH) data set were prepared and used in the study. Three-dimensional (3D) computerized reconstructions of the lumbar plexus and their adjacent structures were conducted from the VH female data set.

Results

The order of lumbar nerves is regular. From the anterior view, lumbar plexus nerves are arranged from medial at L5 to lateral at L2. From the lateral view, lumbar nerves are arranged from ventral at L2 to dorsal at L5. The angle of each nerve root exiting outward to the corresponding intervertebral foramen increases from L1 to L5. The lumbar plexus nerves are observed to be in close contact with transverse processes (TP). All parts of the lumbar plexus were located by sectional anatomy in the dorsal third of the psoas muscle. Thus, access to the psoas major muscle at the ventral 2/3 region can safely prevent nerve injuries. 3D reconstruction of the lumbar plexus based on VCH data can clearly show the relationships between the lumbar plexus and the blood vessels, vertebral body, kidney, and psoas muscle.

Conclusion

The psoas muscle can be considered as a surgical landmark since incision at the ventral 2/3 of the region can prevent lumbar plexus injuries for procedures requiring exposure of the lateral anterior of the lumbar. The transverse process can be considered as a landmark and reference in surgical operations by its relative position to the lumbar plexus. 3D reconstructions of the lumbar plexus based on VCH data provide a virtual morphological basis for anterior lumbar surgery.