bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of PEDOT: PSS-PAs with Good Electrical Conductivity for Supercapacitor
Authors: Shen Long , Kim Yoon , Lee Dong-Ju , Kim Tae-Dong
Published: July 2023

Recently, researches on molecular engineering of PEDOT:PSS is being actively conducted to improve the electrical conductivity and device performance. In this paper, we prepared and characterized a series of PSS substituted with alkyl sulfonate (PSS-co-PA3, PSS-co-PA5, PSS-co-PA10, and PSS-co-PA30) proceeding to prepare PEDOT:PSS/graphene oxide (GO) aerogels with different amounts of alkyl sulfonate functional groups that could be applied to supercapacitor electrodes. The introduction of alkyl sulfonate groups in PSS can enhance its solubility due to the flexible alkyl sulfonate groups. The cycle stability of supercapacitors using PEDOT:PSS-co-PA30/rGO electrode (88%) was improved compared to that of Clevios 4083/rGO electrode (53%) after 5000 cycles.
Evaluation of DSSAT-CROPGRO Module for Spatial Yield Estimation of Chickpea in Vidisha (Madhya Pradesh) and Nagaur (Rajasthan), India
Authors: Ragul A. , Pazhanivelan S. , Sivamurugan A. P. , Boomiraj K. , Raghunath K. P. , Mrunalini Kancheti
Published: July 2023

Crop simulation models are often used to characterize, develop and assess field crop production practices. The present study was carried out for chickpea spatial yield estimation at Vidisha of Madhya Pradesh and Nagaur district of Rajasthan employing the DSSAT model. In this study, the DSSAT-CROPGRO module was used to estimate chickpea yield during rabi 2022. To simulate the yield, DSSAT required datasets of crop growth and management, daily weather data, and soil data were provided. The simulated yield was validated using the observed yield through CCEs from farmers’ fields. When the observed and simulated yields were compared, their deviation was found to be less than 20 percent for all varieties at experimental locations of the Vidisha and Nagaur districts. The observed yield of Chickpea matched well after calibration which showed that model could simulate the yield with high accuracy as it showed R2, d, and MAPE of 0.87, 0.92, and 7.30 for calibration and 0.88, 0.90, and 7.60 for the validation, respectively. The model has been successfully calibrated and validated for the chickpea at spatial level and it can be taken for further applications in natural resources management and climate change impact studies.
Influence of Spacing and Phosphorus Management on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Chandana D. Sai , Singh Shikha , Nahwal Anu
Published: July 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the crop research farm, Department of agronomy, Naini agriculture institute, Sam Higginbottom university of agriculture, Technology and sciences, Prayagraj (U.P) India during Rabi season of 2022 to “study the influence of spacing and phosphorus management on growth and yield of chickpea”. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 10 treatments replicated thrice. The treatments consisting of three spacing 25 cm × 25 cm, 35 cm× 20 cm, 45 cm × 20 cm and three levels of Recommended dose of phosphorus (RDP) viz., 50% RDP (20 kg/ha), 75% RDP (30 kg/ha), 100% RDP (40 kg/ha). The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loamy in texture, neutral in soil reaction (pH-7.0), available N (278.93 kg/ha), available P (26.3 kg/ha), available K (223.6 kg/ha). Results revealed that the significantly higher plant height (54.77 cm), dry weight (11.97 g), number of nodules (40.77), number of pods /plant (39.87), number of seeds/pod (1.81), seed index (26.33), harvest index (40.22), seed yield (1.71 t/ha) and stover yield (3.99 t/ha) were recorded with the treatment 35 cm × 20 cm + 100% RDP. Higher gross returns (1,41,646.67 INR/ha), Net returns (99,975.67 INR/ha) and Benefit cost ratio (2.40) were also recorded in the same.
Studies on the Effect of Different Levels of Organic Compost on Growth, Yield, Betalain Content and Quality of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) under Prayagraj Agro-Climatic Condition
Authors: Eraqui Suhel , Topno Samir E. , Kerketta Anita , Husain Mohammad Faizan , Mishra Rahul
Published: July 2023

The present investigation entitled “Studies on the effect of different levels of organic compost on growth, yield and betalain content of beetroot (Beta vulgaris) under Prayagraj agro-climatic condition” was carried out during rabi season 2022 at Departmental Field of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Resign (RBD) with three replication and 10 treatments. The minimum days taken to germination 7.87, highest plant height 47.03 centimetre, maximum number of leaves 13.53 and highest leaf area 108.99 cm2 was recorded from T4: 50% vermicompost+50% poultry manure. The yield parameters i.e. diameter 6.0 centimetre ,polar length of beetroot 6.8 centimetre, weight of beetroot 126.92 gram and yield 21.93q/hac. was recorded highest among all treatments from T4 followed by T0. The quality parameters i.e. T.S.S 10.910 Brix, chlorophyll content (SPAD value) 68.61 and betalain content 58.46% was recorded highest from T4 among all treatments. The benefit cost ratio among all treatments was highest recorded in T4 2.53 respectively.
Long-term Impact of Zero Tillage and Residue Retention on Soil Nutrients and Microbial Biomass in a Maize-Mustard Cropping System
Authors: Behera Chinmayee , Das Shrila , Bhattacharyya Ranjan , Meena Mahesh Chand , Dey Abir , Das Tapas Kumar , Meena Siyaram
Published: July 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare different cropping systems and tillage practices, specifically focusing on the maize (Zea mays L.)-mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cropping system. The field experiment on maize (Zea mays L.)-mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cropping system commenced in monsoon 2010 at ICAR-IARI, New Delhi. Eight treatments were evaluated in a randomized block design, comprising four double cropping ZT (zero till) and two triple cropping ZT systems with or without crops residue retention along with two conventional till systems (control) [T1: ZTMZ-ZTM; T2: ZTMZ+BM-ZTM; T3: ZTMZ(+R)-ZTM(+R); T4: ZTMZ(+R)+BM-ZTM(+R); T5: ZTMZ-ZTM-ZTSMB; T6: ZTMZ(+R)-ZTM(+R)-ZTSMB(+R); T7: CTMZ-ZTM; T8: CTMZ-CTM] with three replications. Result showed that highest mineralizable nitrogen (388 kg ha-1) was found in T6 treatment (in 0-5 cm soil layer) whereas T8 treatment recorded the lowest mineralisable N (297 kg ha-1). ZTMZ(+R)-ZTM(+R)-ZTSMB(+R) treatment obtained a significant increase (81.3%) in Olsen extractable P over CTMZ-CTM treatment. MBP was observed to be maximum in T6 treatment (10.1 mg kg-1) whereas lowest values were recorded in T8 treatment (2.67 mg kg-1) in the upper layer. Therefore, under CA, utilization of microorganisms to increase the availability of P in soil is an attractive proposition for developing a more sustainable agriculture. This is relevant to the high-input production systems of the developed world, and also to developing countries where access to mineral fertilizers is restricted, which will give better results and outputs in future by giving easily available inputs without harming the environment and conserving soil fertility for future generations.
Soil Properties of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Crop as Affected by Zinc-Based Fertilizers
Authors: Singh Yash Vardhan , Yadav K. K. , Yadav Bharti , Sharma Shalini , Kumar Kishan , Sharma Kriti , Sharma Sonal , Salvi Kartik
Published: July 2023

The field experiment conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2021-22 at the Agricultural Research Sub-station in Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan, aimed to assess the influence of zinc-based fertilizers on soil properties including chemical and biological properties after harvest of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop. The experimental design followed a split plot arrangement, with main plot treatments consisting of a control, 5 kg Zn per hectare as soil application, and seed treatment with zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) at a rate of 5 ml per kg of seed. The sub plot treatments included a control and three foliar sprays of nano Zn at 5 ml per litre of water, applied at 15, 30, and 45 days after sowing. Each treatment was replicated three times. The soil application of zinc @ 5 kg Zn ha-1 along with foliar spray of nano Zn @ 5 ml per litre of water at 45 days after sowing had significantly influenced availability of macronutrients (N and K), micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) as well as microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) in post-harvest soil of barley crop over control. The combined application of conventional zinc fertilizer and foliar spray of nano zinc offers a promising strategy to improve nutrient availability and enhance soil microbial population in soil after the harvest of barley crop.
Vitiligo: Highlights on Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation and Treatment
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed Ashraf Elsaid , Elgarhy Lamia Hamouda , Elsaka Ayman Mohamed , Elsamongy Marwa , Nassar Samia Othman
Published: July 2023

Vitiligo is a common acquired skin depigmentation that affects people of all races, but is significantly more disfiguring in black individuals. The exact cause of vitiligo is unknown. It is believed that an autoimmune process targeting melanocytes mediates its pathogenesis. In accordance with this hypothesis, histopathological examinations of vitiliginous skin have revealed the absence of melanocytes.

Multiple autoantibodies against melanocyte antigens, including various enzymes and other substances, have been detected in the sera of some vitiligo patients. Twenty to thirty percent of patients were reported to have a family history of the disease, suggesting that genetic factors play a role. Despite this, a substantial proportion of vitiligo sufferers have neither a family history of vitiligo nor a history of other autoimmune diseases. As a result, numerous alternative hypotheses have been proposed to explain the underlying causes of this disorder, such as a weak defence against the toxic effects of free radicals and exposure to industrial pollutants.

The most frequently prescribed treatments for vitiligo are systemic and topical phototherapy, immunomodulators such as corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and vitamin D analogues, as well as cosmetics that can camouflage the condition and improve quality of life. Other forms of treatment include surgical grafting and depigmenting procedures.
A Study on Irrigation Water Productivity under Different Irrigation Environments of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Kamesh T. M. , Kumar D. Suresh , Vidhyavathi A. , Nagarajan K. , Duraisamy M. R.
Published: July 2023

The world is attempting to increase water efficiency in all activities, especially in irrigation, which consumes three-fourths of total available water. Concerning  the near future food demand and sustainability issues, views are directed to reduce the usage of water or increase the efficiency of water use. India is a major contributor to the agricultural production and food supply to many countries. Irrigated agriculture is being followed by the many farmers in India which consumes huge amounts of water. Considering the monsoon failure and   increased   water demand, one must find  solutions for retaining  water in an available manner. The focus is on finding major water-consuming crops and irrigation methods under different irrigation environments of Tamil Nadu. Pudukottai, Salem and Erode are the districts of Tamil Nadu state selected as a study area. In each district, blocks, villages and respondents are selected through multi-stage random sampling. This study is entirely based on primary data which is collected using a well-structured interview schedule. The collected data is used to estimate the Physical Water Productivity (PWP) and Economic Water Productivity (EWP). The results show that PWP and EWP are  variable across crops under different irrigation environments. In a tank environment, the alternate drying and wetting method of irrigation in paddy is effective and saves around 39 per cent of water compared to the conventional method  by flooding. For Groundnut crops, drip irrigation is more effective than check basins which are better than the flood irrigation method.   We can conclude that the farmers should follow water-saving irrigation methods/technologies and cultivate   crops that show less demand for water  during the   season when the water is scarce and  turn to   cultivation of  crops like sugarcane and banana in water surplus season.
Automation in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Authors: Emmanuel Kolawole , Ridwanullah Abdulrahman , Ayomide Animasaun , Funsho Kolapo , Mercy Ayodele , Stephen Adeyemo
Published: July 2023

During the industrial revolution, agriculture saw a tremendous improvement in the way it was done. For the first time in the history of agriculture, steam and internal combustion engines were used to carry out laborious on-site farm activities, the first milling machines were built, and several other hitherto manually operated and tiresome operations were mechanized. Since then, however, just like in other fields, the industrial revolution has served as a turning point in the way things are done. Continuous research was carried out in a quest for more improvements and developments. Agricultural machinery has never seen as much improvement as it has in the technological age, which started around the mid-twentieth century. Transformations occurred in the way agricultural machines are being built, and one of the most significant transformations is the automation incorporated into machines such as harvesters, ploughing machines, and irrigation systems. Each of these machines has made their dedicated operations easier, faster, and more efficient, and with little human supervision. Traditional manual machines were also known to make work easier, faster, and more efficient, but not without the full supervision of man. Automation, however, ensures that work is carried out more efficiently by making machines work on their own accord, precisely and accurately, with very little or no human supervision. This research was carried out utilizing literature reviews on other earlier researches to show more clearly how agricultural machines have been automated in developed countries and to suggest how they can be emulated by a developing country like Nigeria. Nigeria, as a developing country blessed with resources, can rise and become the next great nation by fully harnessing the power of automation in agriculture.
Black Seeds (Nigella sativa) for the Management of COVID-19 in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women: An Insight
Authors: Maideen Naina Mohamed Pakkir , Hadda Taibi Ben , Almalki Faisal A. , Moueqquit Mohammed , Kawsar Sarkar M. A.
Published: July 2023

Aims: About 10% of pregnant women were suspected or confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection, while the risk of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and the use of invasive mechanical ventilation reach up to ~ 5%. This review aimed to discuss the potential of black seeds (Nigella sativa) in the management of COVID-10 in pregnant and breastfeeding women. Nigella sativa is a medicinal cum nutraceutical herb that is used in many traditional medicine systems to manage several ailments including asthma, back pain, headache, and many others. 

Methodology: Online databases such as LitCOVID, Web of Science, Google Scholar, bioRxiv, medRxiv, Science Direct, EBSCO, Scopus, and EMBASE were searched to identify all scientific data relevant to the use of N. sativa in the treatment of COVID-19 pregnant patients. The safety and efficacy of N. sativa and thymoquinone were reported in different experimental studies on pregnant as well as lactating animals. Moreover, several clinical studies and in silico molecular docking studies demonstrated the potential of N. sativa in the management of COVID-19.

Results: The data indicate that N. sativa seeds in powdered or oil form can be employed as a potential adjunct therapy to manage COVID-19 in pregnant and lactating women to prevent disease severity and hospitalizations.

Conclusion: Based on these results, pregnant women with COVID-19 may use powdered N. sativa seeds or oil as adjunctive therapy along with standard care, to prevent severe illnesses and hospitalizations.
Studies on the Malting Parameters of Two Acha Species Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua
Authors: Ogu C. T. , Nwakoby N. E. , Odibo F. J. C.
Published: July 2023

The malting parameters of two acha species (Digitaria exilis-white and Digitaria iburua-black), a small annual herbaceous indigenous African cereal grain were studied. This study was aimed at assessing the brewing potential of the two acha species. The research was carried out in Microbiology Laboratory of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The brewing properties assessed were; moisture content, cold water extract, hot water extract, diastatic  power, total nitrogen, cold water soluble protein, total soluble protein and free amino nitrogen. Extraction, digestion, titration, colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods were used to assess the above brewing properties. The moisture content of the white species malt (11.0 - 12.4%) was higher than that of the black (10.3 – 11.2%) and increased with germination time but decreased after the peak (4th) day. The lower moisture content of the black acha malts gave a resultant effect of more extract production from cold water extract ( CWE 27.5, 30.10%), hot water extract (HWE 278, 304ol/kg) and diastatic power (DP 19 ,23oL) of the two acha malts on the fourth (peak) day of germination. The peak values for total nitrogen (1.6, 1.75%), cold water soluble protein (120, 128%), total soluble protein (6.2, 7.5%) and free amino nitrogen (FAN 105, 114.5%) were also higher for the black acha on the peak day of germination. The correlation studies between the HWE (R2=0.9903, 0.9551), Cold water soluble protein (CWS-P- R2= 0.9809, 0.9285) and Diastatic power for the black and white species, respectively, were positively significant depicting a strong relationship between the correlated parameters. The black acha malt recorded more extract yield than the white acha and the result of the two acha species assessed showed that they possess brewing properties.
A Covid-19 e as Implicações do Isolamento Social para as Pessoas Idosas: Uma Revisão Integrativa
Authors: Bessa Renata B.H. , Barbosa Rafael A. F. Barbosa , Ferreira Karla Patrícia M.
Published: July 2023

The need to contain transmission of the COVID-19 virus demanded restrictive health measures on social interaction, mobility and access to services, aﬀ ecting health promotion. These measures were found to have a range of eﬀ ects on mental health and other areas, and older people were a particularly aﬀ ected group during the pandemic. The present study aimed to present an integrative review of the literature about the implications of the health measures adopted against COVID-19 for the mental health of elderly people asylum/hospitalized and/or in social isolation, and the strategies to mitigate the eﬀ ects. In particular, the health measures adopted that had isolation/conﬁ nement and/or loss of autonomy characteristics were considered. The search was carried out in the CAPES journals portal in the second half of July 2021, and 19 articles were included. The results pointed out that social isolation during the pandemic period signiﬁ cantly aﬀ ected the mental health of the elderly population. Reduced autonomy, mobility, and physical activity accentuated cognitive and physical decline. The physical detachment can be associated with an increase in depression, anxiety, and feelings of loneliness and helplessness in the elderly population. The eﬀ ects of the pandemic have further reinforced the need for public policies, strategies to care for the elderly and combat ageism. The strengthening of the social support network and the use of digital tools as mediators of social exchanges and health care have shown to be promising tools. In the case of the latter, one should oﬀ er access to equipment, instructions, and monitoring in its use. Keywords: Mental health, aged, covid-19, hospitalization, social isolation
Liderança em Tempos de Crise: Refl exos da Pandemia de COVID-19 sob a Perspectiva de Gênero
Authors: Silva Ligia Carolina O.
Published: July 2023

Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, the study of how leaders act in times of crisis is essential to understand their impacts on society, as well as on ways of leading, which brings to light examples of how leaders manage the pandemic situation and how much leaders’ gender infl uence this. The purpose of this article is to carry out a theoretical-conceptual discussion about leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic from a gender perspective, analyzing how the consequences of the pandemic can help question prevailing models of leadership. This study analyzes the performance of leaders during the coronavirus crisis and the phenomena that involve the exercise of leadership, discussing how the search for gender equity in positions of power contributes to the post-pandemic world. It is urgent that we re-signify the concept of leadership and its surrounding culture, which requires studies that analyze exclusion phenomena and that consider the scarcity of women and minority groups in leadership positions .Keywords: Leadership, COVID-19, crisis, gender, women.
Fabric‐Based TENG Woven with Bio‐Fabricated Superhydrophobic Bacterial Cellulose Fiber for Energy Harvesting and Motion Detection
Authors: Chen Kun , Li Yangyang , Yang Ganguang , Hu Sanming , Shi Zhijun , Yang Guang
Published: July 2023

Fabric‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) exhibit superior output performance, flexibility, and wearability. However, the fabric structure often creates gaps that accumulate contaminants, which weaken the performance and durability of the TENGs. To address this challenge, a novel eco‐friendly superhydrophobic fabric‐based TENG (SF‐TENG) woven with superhydrophobic electroconductive bacterial cellulose fiber (SEBC fiber) is presented. To construct durable superhydrophobicity, an ingenious bio‐fabricated method is employed for the shell–core structure. SEBC fibers with bio‐fabricated shell–core structure exhibit excellent electroconductibility, mechanical property, biodegradability, and durable superhydrophobicity. SF‐TENG displays a maximum open‐circuit voltage of 266.0 V, a short‐circuit current of 5.9 µA, and an output power of 489.7 µW, and successfully powers devices such as stopwatch and calculator. Abilities of self‐cleaning and anti‐fouling guarantee the stable output performance of SF‐TENG under harsh environmental conditions such as liquids pouring. Furthermore, the intelligent clothing is designed based on SF‐TENG to detect motion signals, and it is further utilized to construct a Sports and Health Monitoring System as a deep application. In summary, this study provides a novel strategy of bio‐fabrication for the design and preparation of superhydrophobic electroconductive fiber with shell–core structure. The SF‐TENG demonstrates practicability, stability and is promising for wearable devices in harsh environmental conditions.
Light‐Activatable Liquid Metal Immunostimulants for Cancer Nanotheranostics
Authors: Qi Yun , Miyahara Mikako , Iwata Seigo , Miyako Eijiro
Published: July 2023

Gallium‐based liquid metal (LM) nanoparticles are among the most promising nanoscale materials for biomedicinal applications because of their outstanding physicochemical properties, including unique flexibility, easy surface modification, excellent photothermal conversion efficiency, and high biocompatibility. Further exploration of the modification and remote‐controlling performances of LM nanoparticles with functional bioactive molecules for the development of an innovative treatment modality for diseases is challenging. Herein, it is reported that near‐infrared (NIR) light‐activatable LM nanoparticle, which functionalized with immunological activators of T and dendritic cells, can work as highly immunogenic and photo‐exothermic nanoscale stimulants for cancer treatment. The synthesized LM nanostimulant, which has low toxicity, powerful photothermal conversion property, and high immunogenic features, can effectively eliminate cancer cells, cancer spheroids, and colorectal tumors in living mice under NIR laser illumination. Moreover, the fluorescent LM nanostimulant can express strong fluorescence as a reporter agent to identify the targeted tumors in living mice for optical cancer diagnosis. Therefore, such a smart nanostimulant represents a way toward combination photothermal immunotheranostics.
Dimensional Engineering of Hierarchical Nanopagodas for Customizing Cross‐Scale Magnetic Coupling Networks to Enhance Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Rao Longjun , Liu Zhengwang , Wang Lei , You Wenbin , Yang Chendi , Zhang Ruixuan , Xiong Xuhui , Yang Liting , Zhang Huibin , Zhang Jincang , Lv Hualiang , Che Renchao
Published: July 2023

Dimensional engineering of appropriate structure is an effective approach to achieve high‐performance electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption for magnetic materials. However, controllable modulation of the material configuration and a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between structure and loss mechanism remain challenging. Herein, magnetic CoNi pentagonal nanopagodas (PNPs) are ingeniously tailored using a competition orientation strategy, in which high‐density PNPs with sharp corners/edges and hierarchical structure are rooted in situ on the surface of CoNi alloy microsphere. This unique configuration of PNPs originates from the orientation growth of CoNi fivefold twins, which can be effectively regulated by manipulating metal ratio and evolves into flake‐, serrated thorn‐, prismoid‐, and blocks‐like morphologies. Optimized CoNi microspheres with high‐density PNPs exhibit a broad absorption bandwidth of 6.82 GHz at only 1.8 mm thickness. Cross‐scale magnetic coupling networks strengthen magnetic loss ability, magnetocrystalline defects induce dielectric polarization enhancement, which are intuitively confirmed by Lorentz off‐axis electron holography and geometric phase analysis. The underlying mechanism of enhanced magnetic interaction in sharp structure is clearly deciphered by micromagnetic simulation. This study provides methodological guidance for dimensional engineering in fabricating hierarchical magnetic structure and significant insights into the morphology‐dependent loss mechanism for magnetic EM absorption materials.
A Personalized Cancer Nanovaccine that Enhances T‐Cell Responses and Efficacy Through Dual Interactions with Dendritic Cells and T Cells
Authors: Go Seokhyeong , Jung Mungyo , Lee Suyoung , Moon Sangjun , Hong Jihye , Kim Cheesue , Chung Yeonseok , Kim Byung‐Soo
Published: July 2023

Conventional approaches to developing therapeutic cancer vaccines that primarily activate tumor‐specific T cells via dendritic cells (DCs) often demonstrate limited efficacy due to the suboptimal activation of these T cells. To address this limitation, here a therapeutic cancer nanovaccine is developed that enhances T cell responses by interacting with both DCs and T cells. The nanovaccine is based on a cancer cell membrane nanoparticle (CCM‐MPLA) that utilizes monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as an adjuvant. To allow direct interaction between the nanovaccine and tumor‐specific T cells, anti‐CD28 antibodies (aCD28) are conjugated onto CCM‐MPLA, resulting in CCM–MPLA–aCD28. This nanovaccine activates tumor‐specific CD8+ T cells in both the presence and absence of DCs. Compared with nanovaccines that interact with either DCs (CCM–MPLA) or T cells (CCM–aCD28), CCM–MPLA–aCD28 induces more potent responses of tumor‐specific CD8+ T cells and exhibits a higher antitumor efficacy in tumor‐bearing mice. No differences in T cell activation efficiency and therapeutic efficacy are observed between CCM–MPLA and CCM–aCD28. This approach may lead to the development of effective personalized therapeutic cancer vaccines prepared from autologous cancer cells.
Investigating Mass Transfer Relationships in Stereolithography 3D Printed Electrodes for Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: van der Heijden Maxime , Kroese Marit , Borneman Zandrie , Forner‐Cuenca Antoni
Published: July 2023

Porous electrodes govern the electrochemical performance and pumping requirements in redox flow batteries, yet conventional carbon‐fiber‐based porous electrodes have not been tailored to sustain the requirements of liquid‐phase electrochemistry. 3D printing is an effective approach to manufacturing deterministic architectures, enabling the tuning of electrochemical performance and pressure drop. In this work, model grid structures are manufactured with stereolithography 3D printing followed by carbonization and tested as flow battery electrode materials. Microscopy, tomography, spectroscopy, fluid dynamics, and electrochemical diagnostics are employed to investigate the resulting electrode properties, mass transport, and pressure drop of ordered lattice structures. The influence of the printing direction, pillar geometry, and flow field type on the cell performance is investigated and mass transfer vs. electrode structure correlations are elucidated. It is found that the printing direction impacts the electrode performance through a change in morphology, resulting in enhanced performance for diagonally printed electrodes. Furthermore, mass transfer rates within the electrode are improved by helical or triangular pillar shapes or by using interdigitated flow field designs. This study shows the potential of stereolithography 3D printing to manufacture customized electrode scaffolds, which could enable multiscale structures with superior electrochemical performance and low pumping losses.
Strong Coupling in Two‐Phase Metamaterials Fabricated by Sequential Self‐Assembly
Authors: Wohlwend Jelena , Haberfehlner Georg , Galinski Henning
Published: July 2023

Self‐assembly processes provide the means to achieve scalable and versatile metamaterials by “bottom‐up” fabrication. Despite their enormous potential, especially as a platform for energy materials, self‐assembled metamaterials are often limited to single phase systems, and complex multi‐phase metamaterials have scarcely been explored. A new approach based on sequential self‐assembly (SSA) that enables the formation of a two‐phase metamaterial (TPM) composed of a disordered network metamaterial with embedded nanoparticles (NPs) is proposed. Taking advantage of both the high‐spatial and high‐energy resolution of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), inhomogeneous localization of light in the network is observed, concurrent with dipolar and higher‐order localized surface plasmon modes in the nanoparticles. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the coupling strength deviates from the interaction of two classical dipoles when entering the strong coupling regime. The observed energy exchange between two phases in this complex metamaterial, realized solely through self‐assembly, implies the possibility to exploit these disordered systems for plasmon‐enhanced catalysis.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of TiO2@CeO2 Hollow Structure through Synergetic Surface and Interface Engineering
Authors: Lin Chun‐Hsien , Chen Yi‐Che , Hsu Pei‐Kai , Gloter Alexandre , Huang Wei‐Hsiang , Chen Chi‐Liang , Song Jenn‐Ming , Chen Shih‐Yun
Published: July 2023

In this study, a synergetic structural design is developed to improve the photocatalytic performance of the sub‐micro core–shell hollow sphere (TiO2@H‐CeO2). TiO2@H‐CeO2 with maximum surface/interface effect is chosen as the substrate and then reacts with different concentrations of Ce(NO3)3·6H2O solutions. Optical properties analysis shows that after the reaction, the band gap of the composite structure and the electron–hole recombination efficiency both decrease while the photodegradation ability is effectively improved. Spectroscopic and microscopic observations reveal two changes in the structure after the reaction. The first is the deposition of CeO2 nanoparticles that can be observed inside and on the surface of the shell; the second is the doping of Ce3+ in the TiO2 nanoparticles of this shell. The deposition of CeO2 particles increases the interfacial area between the CeO2 and TiO2 and facilitates the corresponding charge transfer. The Ce3+ doping in the TiO2 shell changes the optical properties of TiO2. Therefore, the improved performance of the composite structure can be attributed to the synergy of different surfaces and interfacial effects caused by the reactions.
Using Unlabeled Information of Embryo Siblings from the Same Cohort Cycle to Enhance In Vitro Fertilization Implantation Prediction
Authors: Tzukerman Noam , Rotem Oded , Shapiro Maya Tsarfati , Maor Ron , Meseguer Marcos , Gilboa Daniella , Seidman Daniel S. , Zaritsky Assaf
Published: July 2023

High‐content time‐lapse embryo imaging assessed by machine learning is revolutionizing the field of in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, the vast majority of IVF embryos are not transferred to the uterus, and these masses of embryos with unknown implantation outcomes are ignored in current efforts that aim to predict implantation. Here, whether, and to what extent the information encoded within “sibling” embryos from the same IVF cohort contributes to the performance of machine learning‐based implantation prediction is explored. First, it is shown that the implantation outcome is correlated with attributes derived from the cohort siblings. Second, it is demonstrated that this unlabeled data boosts implantation prediction performance. Third, the cohort properties driving embryo prediction, especially those that rescued erroneous predictions, are characterized. The results suggest that predictive models for embryo implantation can benefit from the overlooked, widely available unlabeled data of sibling embryos by reducing the inherent noise of the individual transferred embryo.
Highly Stable Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries Enabled by an Ultrathin Crack‐Free Hydrophobic Layer with Rigid Sub‐Nanochannels
Authors: Xu Dongming , Ren Xueting , Xu Yan , Wang Yijiang , Zhang Shibin , Chen Benqiang , Chang Zhi , Pan Anqiang , Zhou Haoshen
Published: July 2023

Aqueous zinc‐metal batteries (AZMBs) have received tremendous attentions due to their high safety, low cost, environmental friendliness, and simple process. However, zinc‐metal still suffer from uncontrollable dendrite growth and surface parasitic reactions that reduce the Coulombic efficiency (CE) and lifetime of AZMBs. These problems which are closely related to the active water are not well‐solved. Here, an ultrathin crack‐free metal–organic framework (ZIF‐7x‐8) with rigid sub‐nanopore (0.3 nm) is constructed on Zn‐metal to promote the de‐solvation of zinc‐ions before approaching Zn‐metal surface, reduce the contacting opportunity between water and Zn, and consequently eliminate water‐induced corrosion and side‐reactions. Due to the presence of rigid and ordered sub‐nanochannels, Zn‐ions deposits on Zn‐metal follow a highly ordered manner, resulting in a dendrite‐free Zn‐metal with negligible by‐products, which significantly improve the reversibility and lifespan of Zn‐metals. As a result, Zn‐metal protected by ultrathin crack‐free ZIF‐7x‐8 layer exhibits excellent cycling stability (over 2200 h) and extremely‐high 99.96% CE during 6000 cycles. The aqueous PANI‐V2O5//ZIF‐7x‐8@Zn full‐cell preserves 86% high‐capacity retention even after ultra‐long 2000 cycles. The practical pouch‐cell can also be cycled for more than 120 cycles. It is believed that the simple strategy demonstrated in this work can accelerate the practical utilizations of AZMBs.
In‐Depth Physical Mechanism Analysis of Polymer Artificial Optoelectronic Synapse with High Endurance and Applications of Visual System and Operant Conditioning
Authors: Qian Yangzhou , Li Jiayu , Shen Junhao , Ke Yunxin , Yu Songcheng , Li Wen , Xu Xiao , Ling Haifeng , Huang Wei , Yi Mingdong
Published: July 2023

Being capable of dealing with both electrical signals and light, artificial optoelectronic synapses are considered to be an important cornerstone of neuromorphic computing. Here, an artificial optoelectronic synapse is reported through a simple solution process using organic poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a remarkable analog switching characteristic similar to synaptic behavior is observed. The endurance and data retention capability of the P3HT‐based optoelectronic synapse exhibit stable characteristics up to 5000 consecutive cycles and 104 s. Through in‐depth physical mechanism analysis, it is confirmed that the analog switching characteristics of the device are mainly caused by a tunneling mechanism and space charge limited conduction. Furthermore, characterizations such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic layer deposition prove that the memristive properties of device can be attributed to ion migration. More importantly, the device can co‐modulate the optoelectronic signal and successfully implement a photo‐triggered multi‐signal mode response. Based on this, a 3 × 3 synapse array is developed to demonstrate the potential application of the proposed P3HT‐based optoelectronic synapse in constructing an artificial visual system. Finally, operant conditioning is successfully simulated in the synaptic device. This work provides a reference for the construction of optoelectronic synapses in the neuromorphic visual system.
Why Increased CdSeTe Charge Carrier Lifetimes and Radiative Efficiencies did not Result in Voltage Boost for CdTe Solar Cells
Authors: Kuciauskas Darius , Nardone Marco , Bothwell Alexandra , Albin David , Reich Carey , Lee Chungho , Colegrove Eric
Published: July 2023

After a focused effort over the last decade, order‐of‐magnitude improvements in doping and electro‐optical characteristics (radiative efficiency, carrier lifetime, and passivation) have been reported for polycrystalline CdSeTe solar cells. Surprisingly, this did not result in higher solar cell voltages regardless of device contacting layers, absorber grading profiles, and other changes in device architecture. From detailed evaluation of radiative emission and carrier dynamics in CdSeTe heterostructures and devices, it is shown that the complexity introduced to the absorber to achieve lifetime and passivation metrics resulted in charge carrier trapping, which now negatively affects CdSeTe absorbers. It is found that the defects with activation energy Ea ≈ 0.14‐0.22 eV dominate radiative emission and carrier dynamics in undoped CdSeTe, and electronic potential fluctuations with the amplitude γ ≈ 45–60 meV are present in As‐doped CdSeTe/CdTe. Because of potential fluctuations, radiative voltage is reduced by ≈ −100 mV, to  = 1020‐1050 mV (for 1.4 eV bandgap). For record‐efficiency solar cells with VOC ≥900 mV, radiative and nonradiative recombination voltage losses are comparable, and future research needs to focus on reducing dopant compensation which causes potential fluctuations. This represents a paradigm shift for CdTe solar cells, with non‐radiative bulk recombination no longer representing a dominant voltage loss pathway.
Preparation and Characterization of ZnTiO3/g‐C3N4 Heterojunction Composite Catalyst with Highly Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Performance
Authors: Huang Haohui , Liu Xingqiang , Li Feng , He Qingyun , Tao Chengfa , Wei Longfu , Yu Changlin , Ji Hongbing
Published: July 2023

Herein, well‐crystallized ZnTiO3 particles are first prepared by hydrothermal method. A series of S‐scheme heterojunction photocatalysts of ZnTiO3/g‐C3N4 (referred to as ZTO/CN) with different mass ratios are synthesized by successfully doping ZnTiO3 in g‐C3N4 precursors and loading ZnTiO3 onto g‐C3N4 nanosheets by calcination. It is clearly found that the ZnTiO3 particles are successfully loaded on g‐C3N4 nanosheets by the X‐ray diffractometer, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectra, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images. Moreover, the specific surface area of 3.0% ZTO/CN is higher than that of pure g‐C3N4. Using triethanolamine as the hole sacrificial agent, the highest CO and H2 yields are achieved in the 3.0% ZTO/CN composite catalyst under the xenon lamp irradiation for 1 h. The generation rates of CO and H2 reach 15.19 and 5.77 μmol g−1 h−1, respectively, which are 2.9 and 4.1 times higher than that of pure g‐C3N4. The CO and H2 yields of the ZTO/CN composite catalyst show a trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increasing of ZnTiO3 content, which is due to the fact that excess ZnTiO3 can lead to a reduction of the effective heterojunction interface between ZnTiO3 and g‐C3N4, decreasing the transfer and separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes and thus reducing the photocatalytic activity.
The effects of different biochar‐dairy manure co‐composts on soil moisture and nutrients retention, greenhouse gas emissions, and tomato productivity: Observations from a soil column experiment
Authors: Thao Touyee , Harrison Brendan P. , Gao Si , Ryals Rebecca , Dahlquist‐Willard Ruth , Diaz Gerardo C. , Ghezzehei Teamrat A.
Published: July 2023

Finding feasible solutions for sustainable food production is challenging. Here we try to understand the balance between crop productivity and ecological stewardship using agroecological‐based soil management strategies. We evaluated the potential of different organic materials such as dairy manure compost and different biochar manure co‐composts, derived locally from agricultural wastes, to enhance soil ecosystem services. We assessed their potential impact on soil moisture and nutrient retention, greenhouse gas emissions, and crop productivity using data collected from an outdoor tomato column study. Results from the experiment showed potential of biochar co‐composts to positively affect soil health by lessening loss of essential nutrients such as NO3−‐N and NH4+‐N, sustained tomato yield, and uphold crop water use efficiency. However, yield response to soil organic amendment is constrained by external factors such as irrigation strategies, with treatments under deficit irrigation greatly impacted. Overall, we observed a positive effect of adding biochar manure co‐composts to soil, although best management practices are needed to optimize crop productivity and avoid unintentional consequences.
Visually assessed body condition shows high heritability in a pedigreed great ape population
Authors: Torfs Jonas R. R. , Eens Marcel , Laméris Daan W. , Stevens Jeroen M. G. , Verspeek Jonas , Guery Jean‐Pascal , Staes Nicky
Published: July 2023

Body condition, a measure for relative fat mass, is associated with primate health, fitness, and overall welfare. Body condition is often influenced by dietary factors, age, and/or sex, but several body condition measures (body weight, weight‐to‐height ratios, and so on) also show high heritability across primate species, indicating a role of genetic effects. Although different measures for body condition exist, many require direct handling of animals, which is invasive, time‐consuming, and expensive, making them impractical in wild and captive settings. Therefore, noninvasive visual body condition score (BCS) systems were developed for various animal species, including macaques and chimpanzees, to visually assess relative fat mass. Here we evaluate the utility of a visual BCS system in bonobos by assessing (1) inter‐rater reliability, (2) links with body mass, a traditional hands‐on measure of condition, and (3) the factors driving individual variation in BCS. We adapted the chimpanzee BCS system to rate 76 bonobos in 11 European zoos (92% of the adult population). Inter‐rater reliability was high (s* = 0.948), BCSs were positively associated with body mass (β = 0.075) and not predicted by diet, sex, or age, nor were they associated with a higher abundance of obesity‐related diseases. Instead, BCSs showed high levels of heritability (h2 = 0.637), indicating that a majority of body condition variation in bonobos is attributable to genetic similarity of the individuals. This is in line with reported h2‐values for traditional body condition measures in primates and provides support for the reliability of visual BCS systems in great apes. The results of this study emphasize an often unanticipated role of genetics in determining primate body fat and health that has implications for the management of captive primates. Application of this tool in wild populations would aid to unravel environmental from genetic drivers of body condition variation in primates.
Postnatal growth restriction impairs rat lung structure and function
Authors: Zhao James , Ballard Craig , Cohen Adrienne J. , Ringham Ben , Zhao Brooke , Wang Haimei , Zuspan Katie , Rebentisch Andrew , Locklear Brent A. , Dahl MarJanna , Maschek J. Alan , Cox James E. , Joss‐Moore Lisa A.
Published: July 2023

The negative impact of nutritional deficits in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia is well recognized, yet mechanisms by which nutrition alters lung outcomes and nutritional strategies that optimize development and protect the lung remain elusive. Here, we use a rat model to assess the isolated effects of postnatal nutrition on lung structural development without concomitant lung injury. We hypothesize that postnatal growth restriction (PGR) impairs lung structure and function, critical mediators of lung development, and fatty acid profiles at postnatal day 21 in the rat. Rat pups were cross‐fostered at birth to rat dams with litter sizes of 8 (control) or 16 (PGR). Lung structure and function, as well as serum and lung tissue fatty acids, and lung molecular mediators of development, were measured. Male and female PGR rat pups had thicker airspace walls, decreased lung compliance, and increased tissue damping. Male rats also had increased lung elastance, increased lung elastin protein abundance, and lysol oxidase expression, and increased elastic fiber deposition. Female rat lungs had increased conducting airway resistance and reduced levels of docosahexaenoic acid in lung tissue. We conclude that PGR impairs lung structure and function in both male and female rats, with sex‐divergent changes in lung molecular mediators of development.
Liposomal formulation of model pentathiepin improves solubility and stability toward glutathione while preserving anticancer activity
Authors: Napierkowski Martin , Janke Una , Rong Alena , Delcea Mihaela , Bandaru Siva Sankar M. , Schulzke Carola , Bednarski Patrick J.
Published: July 2023

The biological properties of pentathiepins have been attracting increased attention in recent years. Experiments have shown a wide range of effects of pentathiepins in vitro, such as induction of apoptosis and alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential in cancer cells, and inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, for example, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1). Biological evaluation is sometimes limited due to low aqueous solubility, high lipophilicity, and poor stability toward thiols, for example, glutathione (GSH). To assess whether liposomes are suitable as drug carriers to overcome these drawbacks, a model pentathiepin was formulated in a liposomal preparation. The success of loading liposomes with pentathiepins was evaluated by using ultraviolet‐visible light (UV‐Vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Through inclusion into 100‐nm‐sized 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine liposomes, the aqueous solubility of a representative pentathiepin could be increased by several orders of magnitude to ca. 400 µM. The stability of the pentathiepin in the presence of GSH was increased fourfold as determined by UV‐Vis spectroscopy. In antiproliferation experiments with two human cancer cell lines, no decrease in potency in the liposomal loaded pentathiepin compared to the free pentathiepin was found. In conclusion, liposomes are a suitable carrier for pentathiepins and improve both solubility and stability in the presence of thiols without compromising anticancer activity.