bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Startling Acoustic Stimuli on Word Repetition in Individuals With Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech Following Stroke
Authors: Swann Zoe , Daliri Ayoub , Honeycutt Claire F.
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

The StartReact effect, whereby movements are elicited by loud, startling acoustic stimuli (SAS), allows the evaluation of movements when initiated through involuntary circuitry, before auditory feedback. When StartReact is applied during poststroke upper extremity movements, individuals exhibit increased muscle recruitment, reaction times, and reaching distances. StartReact releases unimpaired speech with similar increases in muscle recruitment and reaction time. However, as poststroke communication disorders have divergent neural circuitry from upper extremity tasks, it is unclear if StartReact will enhance speech poststroke. Our objective is to determine if (a) StartReact is present in individuals with poststroke aphasia and apraxia and (b) SAS exposure enhances speech intelligibility.

Method:

We remotely delivered startling, 105-dB white noise bursts (SAS) and quiet, non-SAS cues to 15 individuals with poststroke aphasia and apraxia during repetition of six words. We evaluated average word intensity, pitch, pitch trajectories, vowel formants F1 and F2 (first and second formants), phonemic error rate, and percent incidence of each SAS versus non–SAS-elicited phoneme produced under each cue type.

Results:

For SAS trials compared to non-SAS, speech intensity increased (∆ + 0.6 dB), speech pitch increased (∆ + 22.7 Hz), and formants (F1 and F2) changed, resulting in a smaller vowel space after SAS. SAS affected pitch trajectories for some, but not all, words. Non-SAS trials had more stops (∆ + 4.7 utterances) while SAS trials had more sustained phonemes (fricatives, glides, affricates, liquids; ∆ + 5.4 utterances). SAS trials had fewer distortion errors but no change in substitution errors or overall error rate compared to non-SAS trials.

Conclusions:

We show that stroke-impaired speech is susceptible to StartReact, evidenced by decreased intelligibility due to altered formants, pitch trajectories, and articulation, including increased incidence of sounds that could not be produced without SAS. Future studies should examine the impact of SAS on voluntary speech intelligibility and clinical measures of aphasia and apraxia.
Implementing Speech Perception and Phonological Awareness Intervention for Children With Speech Sound Disorders
Authors: Brosseau-Lapré Françoise , Roepke Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

Children with speech sound disorders have more difficulties producing speech sounds accurately than same-age peers. In addition, they often have difficulties with speech perception, and weaker phonological awareness skills than their peers and are at risk for negative long-term academic and socio-emotional outcomes. In this tutorial, we describe ways in which clinicians can target speech perception and/or phonological awareness within the context of speech production practice.

Method:

First, we briefly describe the speech perception and phonological awareness skills of children with speech sound disorders and summarize previous intervention studies that targeted speech production and speech perception and/or phonological awareness skills. Next, we demonstrate how clinicians may incorporate speech perception and phonological awareness intervention in speech therapy through example instructional objectives and activities and include a case study.

Conclusion:

Incorporating speech perception and phonological awareness into speech production intervention may improve speech and literacy outcomes for children with speech sound disorders.
Prädiktion suizidalen Verhaltens
Authors: Teismann Tobias , Hilbert Kevin , Forkmann Thomas
Published: April 2022

Eine Vorhersage suizidalen Verhaltens ist nicht sicher möglich. Frühe Arbeiten zeigen genauso wie aktuelle Metaanalysen, dass weder das klinische Urteil noch Risikoskalen und Fragebögen eine zufriedenstellende Vorhersage suizidalen Verhaltens erlauben. Gründe für die unzureichende Prädiktion werden erläutert und Chancen sowie Grenzen der Anwendung künstlicher Intelligenz werden reflektiert. Abschließend wird hervorgehoben, dass Suizidprävention möglich ist, auch wenn sichere Suizidprädiktion nicht möglich ist.
Identifikation von potenziellen Risikopatienten auf Basis von PROMs in einem zertifizierten EndoProthetikZentrum am Beispiel der primären Knieendoprothetik
Authors: Osmanski-Zenk Katrin , Klinder Annett , Darowski Martin , Goosmann Martin , Mittelmeier Wolfram , Ellenrieder Martin
Published: April 2022

Hintergrund Die subjektive Bewertung des Patienten zum Gesundheitszustand mithilfe von Patient-reported Outcome Measurements (PROMs) bietet wertvolle Informationen für die
Beurteilung des Behandlungsergebnisses und die weitere Behandlungsplanung. Der Einsatz von PROMs im Bereich der Gelenkendoprothetik ist nicht verpflichtend und es fehlt an Standards bez.
deren Erfassung und Interpretation. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen auf der Basis von postoperativen PROMs zukünftig Patienten einfacher identifiziert werden, die nach Implantation einer
Knieendoprothese die avisierten Behandlungsziele bez. Schmerz, Funktion und Lebensqualität nicht erreicht haben.

Material und Methoden Die Datenerhebung (zur 3-Monats-Kontrolle postoperativ) umfasste eine standardisierte klinische Nachuntersuchung (NU) und einen Fragenkatalog aus verschiedenen
PROMs (Oxford Knee Score [OKS], OKS-Schmerzscore [OKSS] und EndoCert-Risk-Score [ERS]). Im Rahmen der fachärztlichen klinischen Untersuchung wurde beurteilt, ob weitere medizinische
Maßnahmen durchgeführt werden sollten. Entsprechend erfolgte die Eingruppierung der Patienten in 4 Nachbehandlungskategorien (NU nicht erforderlich/weitere Diagnostik/neue
Verordnung/Revision erforderlich).

Ergebnisse Für einzelne Scores und Fragen gab es signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen, die sich aus der klinischen Nachuntersuchung ergeben haben. Der OKS, OKS-Schmerzscore
und der ERS eignen sich für die Ermittlung von Trennwerten, um die Notwendigkeit einer Nachuntersuchung zu ermitteln. Die postoperativen Trennwerte der Scores liegen beim OKS-Gesamtscore bei
24, beim OKS-Schmerzscore bei 52 und bei der Schmerzintensitätsangabe des ERS bei 4.

Schlussfolgerung Im frühen Verlauf 3 Monate nach Knieendoprothese eignen sich bestimmte PROMs, um Patienten zu identifizieren, bei denen eine weitere Diagnostik und Therapie
indiziert ist. Dabei eignen sich insbesondere der OKS und die Schmerzintensitätsangabe des ERS zur Detektion eines potenziell ungünstigen Behandlungsverlaufes.
Whether the Unilateral Transverse Process-pedicle Approach has Advantages over the Traditional Transpedicle Approach: A Systematic review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Lingbin , Zhu Linfeng , Li Junjie
Published: April 2022

Purpose To summarize the literature and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the unilateral transverse process-pedicle approach (UTPA) and conventional transpedicular approach
(CTPA) vertebral augmentation in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF).

Methods A single researcher performed a systematic literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Online
scientific databases were searched in September 2021 for English- and Chinese-language publications. A series of comparative studies were included, with UTPA as the main intervention and
CTPA as the comparison indicator. A meta-analysis was performed for studies that reported clinical outcome indicators. The χ2 was used to study heterogeneity between trials, and
the I2 statistic was calculated to estimate variation across studies.

Results A total of eight studies were included for meta-analysis, all of which were observational studies with mixed bias risk. There were 613 subjects in the UTPA group and 488
subjects in the CTPA group. The results of the meta-analysis showed that there was no difference between the UTPA group and the CTPA group in terms of visual analogue scale scores
(p = 0.31), Oswestry Disability Index scores (p = 0.50), correction of kyphosis angle (p = 0.65), and the amount of bone cement (p = 0.13), but the UTPA group had a shorter operative time
(p < 0.001), bone cement leakage rates (p = 0.02), and fluoroscopy times than the CTPA group (p < 0.001). Partial analysis results had a high risk of bias, and the most common source
of bias was that there was high heterogeneity between studies, and the sensitivity can only be reduced by a random effect model, and some studies (four items) did not clearly describe the
confounders that they controlled.

Conclusion The limited evidence obtained in this study proves that the new puncture method does not have more advantages than the traditional technique, so it is no longer meaningful
to continue to obsess over the impact of the puncture method on surgical outcome.
Assessment of esophagogastroduodenoscopy skills on simulators before real-life performance
Authors: Nielsen Anders Bo , Pedersen Finn Møller , Laursen Christian B. , Konge Lars , Laursen Stig
Published: April 2022

Background and study aims Operator competency is essential for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) quality, which makes appropriate training with a final test important. The aims of this study were to develop a test for assessing skills in performing EGD, gather validity evidence for the test, and establish a credible pass/fail score.

Methods An expert panel developed a practical test using the Simbionix GI Mentor II simulator (3 D Systems) and an EGD phantom (OGI 4, CLA Medical) with a diagnostic (DP) and a technical skills part (TSP) for a prospective validation study. During the test a supervisor measured: 1) total time; 2) degree of mucosal visualization; and 3) landmarks and pathology identification. The contrasting groups standard setting method was used to establish a pass/fail score.

Results We included 15 novices (N), 10 intermediates (I), and 10 experienced endoscopists (E). The internal structure was high with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.76 for TSP time consumption and 0.74 for the identification of landmarks.

Mean total times, in minutes, for the DP were N 15.7, I 11.3, and E 7.0, and for TSP., they were N 7.9, I 8.9, and E 2.9. The total numbers of identified landmarks were N 26, I 41, and E 48. Mean visualization percentages were N 80, I 71, and E 71. A pass/fail standard was established requiring identification of all landmarks and performance of the TSP in < 5 minutes. All experienced endoscopists passed, while none of the endoscopists in the other categories did.

Conclusions We established a test that can distinguish between participants with different competencies. This enables an objective and evidence-based approach to assessment of competencies in EGD.
Dealing with a Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor after COVID-19 Infection: Report of One Case
Authors: Masoudi Mohammad Sadegh , Taheri Reza , Liaghat Alireza
Published: April 2022

Plain Language Summary

Having the issue of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in mind, there is always a dilemma surrounding elective and non-urgent neurosurgical operations. The unanswered question is regarding whether there is any post-COVID-19 complications that hinder a patient from becoming a candidate for a neurosurgical operation. If that is the case, what should we do?

In the present article, we report our single-center experience with an unusual bleeding during the operation of a huge cerebellar tumor in a girl previously infected with COVID-19. In the end, we recommend our experience to our colleagues.

Abstract

There are still some conditions that pediatric neurosurgeons may face in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which have not been fully addressed so far. Authors have postulated an ongoing inflammatory myocardial status in a significant proportion of patients who have recovered from COVID-19. We report our experience with a 10-month-old girl who had recovered form COVID-19 and had a case of fourth-ventricle mass in the midline of the posterior fossa. She was scheduled for microneurosurgical resection of the mass following the insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. There were no significant issues regarding the induction of anesthesia. A midline suboccipital approach was chosen, and the patient was fully prepared and draped. Suboccipital soft tissues and muscles were dissected layer by layer through the midline avascular line. A marked gush of blood off the midline was observed during the opening in Y of the dura mater. Then, we started to approach the occipital sinus. However, there was an unusual loss of ∼ 200 mL of blood lost from this area. Despite the proper packed-cell transfusion, the patient developed bradycardia and a sudden rhythm of asystole. The cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) was initiated immediately. Despite the maximal effort, the heart rate did not change and remained asystole. We recommend that pediatric neurosurgeons postpone the procedures to be performed in patients who have recovered from COVID-19 for more than one month after a thorough preoperative cardiac evaluation has been performed.
Primary Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma of the Thoracolumbar Epidural Space: Rare Case Report in a Child
Authors: Silva Aldo José Ferreira da , Ruela Pires Ana Carolina de Carvalho , Costa Auxiliadora Damianne Pereira Vieira da , Amaral Fabiana Lopes , Bomfim Rodrigo C. , Bomfim Filho Ângelo M. S. , Feitosa Alessandra Lamenha , Buarque Igor Lima
Published: April 2022

Introduction Ewing sarcomas are a family of tumors that can be of skeletal or extraskeletal origin. We report a rare case of a child with extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma in the thoracolumbar epidural space.

Case Report The patient was a 1-year-old female child with sphincter alteration, flaccid paraplegia, and areflexia. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed a large extensive epidural lesion with compression of the dural sac in the D6–L2 segment, and a left paravertebral extension through the L1–L2 foramen. Laminotomy was performed, with subtotal resection of the lesion. The histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses indicated Ewing sarcoma. Due to the child's age, radiotherapy was not performed, only chemotherapy, due to the aggressiveness of the neoplasm. The patient showed rapid tumor recurrence and ended up dying.

Discussion Extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma can appear in different locations in the body. They are aggressive tumors with local recurrence and distant metastases. In our case, a combination of MRI and positron-emission tomography–computed tomography scan presented a clearer result, especially in the presence of metastasis. In the histopathological analysis, small blue cells with a clear cytoplasm and indistinct nucleoli were observed. In the immunohistochemical analysis, CD99 (MIC2) expression is highlighted. The best treatment outcome would have been surgical resection with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Conclusion We reported a rare case of thoracolumbar epidural Ewing sarcoma in which, despite surgery and chemotherapy, the tumor behaved very aggressively, leading to an unfavorable prognosis.
Changes in high school students’ perception of sexual education based on preconception care
Authors: Tateoka Yumiko , Itani Fuyuki
Published: April 2022

This study examined the effect of sexual education, incorporating preconception care, through a text mining analysis. Between November 2018 and October 2019, we performed a cross-sectional study of 502 high school students in Japan. These two high schools had requested sexual education from midwives associated with Shiga University of Medical Science. The midwives conducted one 60–90-min presentation on sexual education at each school. After the intervention, an anonymous self-administered, paper-based questionnaire survey was administered to the students. Correspondence and cluster analyses were then performed using text mining software. After receiving sexual education taught by midwives, 50.1% of respondents answered that their sexual awareness and thoughts had ‘changed’ or ‘changed somewhat’. It became clear that students who felt that they had changed after taking sexual education also felt that it was important to think seriously about various things such as dating violence, sex, and life. On the other hand, among the students who answered that they did not experience any change in their sexual awareness and thinking, it became clear that this was owing to the content of the sexual education received at junior high school being similar to the current content (p < 0.05). The results of the correspondence and cluster analyses indicate that sexual education that includes instruction on preconception care can help raise students’ awareness, helping avoid unexpected pregnancies, and could possibly contribute to better reproductive health for both men and women (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that teaching preconception care is an important midwifery activity that will help improve the health of the next generation, including supporting the World Health Organization’s major goals of reducing perinatal and infant mortality rates.
Simulation of the impact of using a novel neutron conversion screen on detector time characteristics and efficiency
Authors: Liu Yiheng , He Kai , Wang Gang , Gao Guilong , Yan Xin , Xue Yanhua , Chen Ping , Yao Dong , Yue Mengmeng , Sheng Liang , Yuan Xiaohui , Tian Jinshou
Published: April 2022

To directly measure the DT neutrons from inertial confinement fusion with a high time resolution, a new type of neutron conversion composed of a CH2 conversion layer, a metal moderation layer, and a CsI secondary electron emission layer is proposed. The conversion screen is based on the principle that recoil protons produced by elastic scattering of the neutrons in CH2 interact with CsI to generate secondary electrons. The moderation layer can filter the energy spectrum of protons to prevent low-energy protons from reaching CsI, which shortens the duration of the secondary electron pulse and improves the temporal resolution of the conversion screen. Based on the Monte Carlo method, both the neutron impulse and background γ-rays response of this conversion screen were calculated. The simulation indicates that the temporal resolution of the conversion screen can reach up to 4.9 ps when the thickness of the gold layer is 100 µm. The detection efficiency of secondary electrons/neutrons can reach 7.4 × 10−3. The detection efficiency of the neutron conversion screen for secondary electrons/γ-rays is an order of magnitude lower than the neutron impulse response, and the response time of γ-rays is 20 ps earlier than the neutron pulses. This means that using this conversion screen is beneficial to distinguish between neutrons and γ-rays and has a good signal-to-noise ratio.
Gate control of interlayer exchange coupling in ferromagnetic semiconductor trilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Authors: Chongthanaphisut Phunvira , Lee Kyung Jae , Lee Sanghoon , Liu X. , Dobrowolska M. , Furdyna J. K.
Published: April 2022

Interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) has been intensively investigated in magnetic multilayers, owing to its potential for magnetic memory and logic device applications. Although IEC can be reliably obtained in metallic ferromagnetic multilayer systems by adjusting structural parameters, it is difficult to achieve gate control of IEC in metallic systems due to their large carrier densities. Here, we demonstrate that IEC can be reliably controlled in ferromagnetic semiconductor (FMS) trilayer structures by means of an external gate voltage. We show that, by designing a quantum-well-type trilayer structure based on (Ga,Mn)(As,P) FMSs and adapting the ionic liquid gating technique, the carrier density in the nonmagnetic spacer of the system can be modulated with gate voltages of only a few volts. Due to this capability, we are able to vary the strength of IEC by as much as 49% in the FMS trilayer. These results provide important insights into design of spintronic devices and their energy-efficient operation.
Wavelet analysis for cyclic combustion dynamics of a multi-cylinder CRDI diesel engine fuelled with a blending of argemone biodiesel–diesel oil
Authors: Kumar Prem , Singh Mandeep , Sandhu Sarbjot Singh
Published: April 2022

Higher cyclic variability in combustion adversely influences emissions, efficiency, and driveability of internal combustion engines. In this paper, we used wavelet transform techniques to investigate the dynamical characteristics of a combustion process in numerous combustion parameters of a 4-cylinder turbocharged common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine fuelled with Argemone mexicana biodiesel (AGB)/diesel blended fuel. In addition, statistical analysis is described to validate the results of the wavelet spectrum methods for cyclic variation in the diesel engine. The results show that the cyclic variations in IMEP and Pmax are sensitive to the engine load and fuel properties. The coefficient of variation of both combustion parameters decreases as engine load increases for all tested fuels. Moreover, adding Argemone mexicana biodiesel (AGB) into diesel fuel up to 20% (AB20) reduces cyclic variations in combustion parameters at all tested engine loads. Furthermore, the global wavelet spectrum and wavelet power spectrum are utilized to identify the dominant oscillatory combustion modes. The cycle-to-cycle fluctuations in combustion parameters (i.e., IMEP and Pmax) exhibit multi-scale dynamics for all experimental conditions. Compared to long and intermediate oscillations in diesel fuel, AB10 and AB20 fuel showed short and intermittent period fluctuations. The findings of this experimental work will be helpful to optimize engine control strategies for AGB/diesel blended fueled multi-cylinder CRDI diesel engines.
Improved high-order high-resolution energy stable weighted essentially non-oscillatory plus scheme for shock/vortex problems
Authors: Park S. H. , Kwon O. J. , Lee S.
Published: April 2022

In the present study, a high-order high-resolution energy stable weighted essentially non-oscillatory plus (ESWENO-P) scheme was developed by improving the weighting function in the energy stable weighted essentially non-oscillatory (ESWENO) scheme. First, the weighting function was modified by introducing a new user-defined parameter. Then, the fine-tuning term in the weighted essentially non-oscillatory-Z plus (WENO-ZP) scheme was adopted to the modified weighting function. A parametric study was conducted to determine the value of the user-defined parameter included in the fine-tuning term. To validate the accuracy and the resolution of the present ESWENO-P scheme, well known one- and two-dimensional benchmark flow problems involving shocks and vortices were tested. It was found that, compared to the ESWENO, the present ESWENO-P scheme is more stable near strong discontinuities. It was also observed that, compared to the WENO-ZP, the present ESWENO-P scheme was less sensitive to the user-defined parameter included in the fine-tuning term. Overall, compared to the existing weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) family schemes, the present ESWENO-P scheme consistently resolves flows with high resolution without much computational overhead.
Effect of ion temperature on ion acoustic shock structures in dissipative (r,q) distributed plasma
Authors: Bhatti M. A. , Qureshi M. N. S. , Shah K. H.
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we have studied the effect of ion temperature on the propagation of ion acoustic shock waves in unmagnetized, collisionless plasma in the presence of electrons that follow the generalized (r, q) distribution. The Korteweg–de Vries–Burger equation has been derived, and shock structures have been presented. It has been found that only positive polarity shock structures might be observed for both Maxwellian and kappa distribution; however, both positive and negative polarity structures have been possible for the (r, q) distribution. Interestingly, it has also been observed that the shock polarity changes with the ion temperature for the case of spiky distribution. We also found that the strength and steepening of the shock structures are directly proportional to the concentration of high energy particles, whereas the low energy particles are responsible of the reversal of shock polarity.
How to determine the capacitance of a nanocomposite capacitor
Authors: Bordo Vladimir , Ebel Thomas
Published: April 2022

The theory of the effective dielectric function of a nanocomposite dielectric disposed between the metallic electrodes in a capacitor is developed from first principles. Following the Maxwell Garnett approach, the spherical nanosized inclusions in the dielectric are modeled by point dipoles and the electromagnetic field of the induced dipoles reflected from the electrodes is taken into account using the dyadic Green’s function. The developed theory substitutes the Maxwell Garnett approximation for nanocomposites in the subwavelength regime, which is realized in electrical engineering.
Power balance in the smallest tokamak
Authors: Kimata Sora , Okamoto Atsushi , Fujita Takaaki , Arimoto Hideki , Yasuda Kouhei , Kado Keitaro , Tsunoda Keishi
Published: April 2022

The ion temperature of the smallest tokamak, the major radius of 0.1 m, is measured using Doppler broadening spectroscopy. Experiments are performed for helium discharge. Ion temperature Ti = 0.7eV is obtained from the Doppler broadened line spectrum of the helium ion. The electron temperature and density measured using line emission intensities of the helium atom are Te = 4.7eV and ne = 3.2 × 1018m−3. The major radius R0 = 0.11m and the minor radius a = 0.03m are obtained from magnetic measurements. Then, the energy flow from the electron to the ion is evaluated as well as ohmic heating and power losses due to atomic processes. The main loss channel for electron stored energy is conduction even though the tokamak is immersed in the residual neutral gas. Total energy confinement time τE = 2.3µs is determined from the power balance, which is comparable with that deduced from the neo-Alcator scaling law.
Long-time stable and high-performance YBa2Cu3O7 nanoSQUIDs with more interfaces
Authors: Lin Jianxin , Zhang Deheng , Zhao Lianjun , Shi Zejun , Wang Qimin , Qin Shenghao
Published: April 2022

We report on the fabrication and characterization of nanopatterned superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) based on grain boundary Josephson junctions in epitaxially grown multilayer YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO)/SiTrO3 (STO) thin films. Nanopatterning is performed by Ga+ focused ion beam milling. The evolution of the electric transport and noise properties of the YBCO nanoSQUIDs over a time span of more than one year are recorded and analyzed. We find that the multilayer YBCO/STO nanoSQUIDs show stable and high performance over time. The critical current decreases within ∼40 days by 30%–50% and then remains almost constant without obvious decline trend for nanoSQUIDs with STO layer as the interface even more than 380 days, which demonstrates the superiority of STO as the capping layer. Moreover, we find that the multilayer nanoSQUIDs have about an order of magnitude smaller low-frequency excess flux noise (compared to similar single layer devices) with root-mean-square spectral density ∼5–6 µΦ0/Hz1/2 at 1 Hz. For one device, we show that the low-frequency excess noise does not degrade within three months.
Border collision bifurcation of a resonant closed invariant curve
Authors: Zhusubaliyev Zh. T. , Avrutin V. , Sushko I. , Gardini L.
Published: April 2022

This paper contributes to studying the bifurcations of closed invariant curves in piecewise-smooth maps. Specifically, we discuss a border collision bifurcation of a repelling resonant closed invariant curve (a repelling saddle-node connection) colliding with the border by a point of the repelling cycle. As a result, this cycle becomes attracting and the curve is destroyed, while a new repelling closed invariant curve appears (not in a neighborhood of the previously existing invariant curve), being associated with quasiperiodic dynamics. This leads to a global restructuring of the phase portrait since both curves mentioned above belong to basin boundaries of coexisting attractors.
What controls electrostatic vs electrochemical response in electrolyte-gated materials? A perspective on critical materials factors
Authors: Leighton Chris , Birol Turan , Walter Jeff
Published: April 2022

Electrolyte-gate transistors are a powerful platform for control of material properties, spanning semiconducting behavior, insulator-metal transitions, superconductivity, magnetism, optical properties, etc. When applied to magnetic materials, for example, electrolyte-gate devices are promising for magnetoionics, wherein voltage-driven ionic motion enables low-power control of magnetic order and properties. The mechanisms of electrolyte gating with ionic liquids and gels vary from predominantly electrostatic to entirely electrochemical, however, sometimes even in single material families, for reasons that remain unclear. In this Perspective, we compare literature ionic liquid and ion gel gating data on two rather different material classes—perovskite oxides and pyrite-structure sulfides—seeking to understand which material factors dictate the electrostatic vs electrochemical gate response. From these comparisons, we argue that the ambient-temperature anion vacancy diffusion coefficient (not the vacancy formation energy) is a critical factor controlling electrostatic vs electrochemical mechanisms in electrolyte gating of these materials. We, in fact, suggest that the diffusivity of lowest-formation-energy defects may often dictate the electrostatic vs electrochemical response in electrolyte-gated inorganic materials, thereby advancing a concrete hypothesis for further exploration in a broader range of materials.
A quantitative revision of the waterlogging tolerance of perennial forage grasses
Authors: Di Bella Carla E. , Grimoldi Agustín A. , Striker Gustavo G.
Published: April 2022

Waterlogging tolerance of eight C4 and seven C3 perennial forage grasses was reviewed. The median waterlogging duration was similar between species’ type, ranging between 18 and 21 days. Inter- and intra-species variability was found in shoot and root biomass in response to waterlogging. Urochloa brizantha (C4), Brachiaria hybrid (C4) and Dactylis glomerata (C3) were the less tolerant species to waterlogging (shoot biomass median of 45%, 53% and 80% of controls), while U. humidicola (C4), Paspalum dilatatum (C4), Festuca arundinacea (C3) and Lolium perenne (C3) were the most tolerant (shoot biomass median of 97%, 101%, 87% and 94% of controls). A similar ranking of responses was found among species for root biomass. The formation of aerenchyma/root porosity (a key trait for waterlogging tolerance) was evaluated mainly in U. humidicola and P. dilatatum (C4 waterlogging-tolerant species), which showed considerable constitutive porosity (13% and 32%) and final values of 30% and 41% under waterlogging. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance as typical leaf physiological responses matched species’ waterlogging tolerance, with the impact of hypoxia higher in C3 than in C4 species. Gaps in knowledge about waterlogging tolerance in forage grasses are: (i) additional studies on C3 perennial grasses for temperate pasture areas prone to waterlogging, (ii) identification of traits and responses aiding plant recovery after waterlogging (and also during the stress), (iii) reassessment of waterlogging tolerance considering plant developmental stage (e.g. adult vs young plants), and (iv) evaluation of sequential (i.e. waterlogging − drought) and combined (i.e. waterlogging + salinity) stresses, which often co-occur in pasture lands.
Archean eclogite-facies oceanic crust indicates modern-style plate tectonics
Authors: Ning Wenbin , Kusky Timothy , Wang Lu , Huang Bo
Published: April 2022

Significance

The onset time of plate tectonics is highly debated in the Earth sciences. A key indicator of modern-style plate tectonics, with deep subduction of oceanic plates, is the presence of eclogite (oceanic crust metamorphosed at high-pressure and low-temperature) in orogenic belts. Since no orogenic eclogites older than 2.1 billion y are currently documented, many scientists argue that modern plate tectonics started only 2.1 billion y ago (Ga). We document an Archean orogenic eclogite, providing robust evidence that subduction of oceanic crust reached to at least 65 to 70 km in depth at circa 2.5 Ga. This extends the known age of subduction-related eclogite-facies metamorphism back 400 My, showing that modern-style plate tectonics operated by the close of the Archean.
Underrepresentation of women in the economics profession more pronounced in the United States compared to heterogeneous Europe
Authors: Auriol Emmanuelle , Friebel Guido , Weinberger Alisa , Wilhelm Sascha
Published: April 2022

Significance

In economics, as in many high-skilled professions, women are underrepresented. Web-scraped data provide information on the situation of women in economics around the globe. We document the underrepresentation of women for a large set of countries using the same objective method. We find differences between countries and regions, which might reflect cultural aspects and norms. Europe is more gender-equal than the United States; institutions that are higher ranked in terms of research output have fewer women in senior positions than lower-ranked institutions. In the United States, this also holds for junior positions. The paper thus further informs the debate and shows how female ratios differ on a global scale.
A generalist–specialist trade-off between switchgrass cytotypes impacts climate adaptation and geographic range
Authors: Napier Joseph D. , Grabowski Paul P. , Lovell John T. , Bonnette Jason , Mamidi Sujan , Gomez-Hughes Maria Jose , VanWallendael Acer , Weng Xiaoyu , Handley Lori H. , Kim Min K. , Boe Arvid R. , Fay Philip A. , Fritschi Felix B. , Jastrow Julie D. , Lloyd-Reilley John , Lowry David B. , Matamala Roser , Mitchell Robert B. , Rouquette Francis M. , Wu Yanqi , Webber Jenell , Jones Teresa , Barry Kerrie , Grimwood Jane , Schmutz Jeremy , Juenger Thomas E.
Published: April 2022

Significance

Polyploidy, which occurs in roughly half of all flowering plants and an even higher percentage of grasses, is thought to be a major driver of adaptation. Higher numbers of copies of each gene in polyploid genomes can increase genetic diversity, which could drive shifts in habitat preference, adaptability, and fitness. To test the effects of increased ploidy, we compared genomic diversity, environmental niche, and fitness responses across climatic gradients between tetraploid and octoploid switchgrass. We found that the octoploids contained novel combinations of the ancestral tetraploid genetic diversity, which was linked to the expansion of switchgrass into unsuitable habitats for tetraploid populations. Our experiments revealed evidence of niche divergence, differential fitness, and a generalist–specialist trade-off between cytotypes.
Biological matrix composites from cultured plant cells
Authors: Roumeli Eleftheria , Hendrickx Rodinde , Bonanomi Luca , Vashisth Aniruddh , Rinaldi Katherine , Daraio Chiara
Published: April 2022

Significance

The development of novel degradable biocomposites can contribute to answering the increasing global demand for sustainable materials. We present a method to obtain self-bonded biocomposite materials from cultured plant cells. Subjecting cells to a cold-compression molding process creates hierarchical biocomposites that have stiffness and strength comparable to commodity plastics, while being 100% biodegradable in soil. Introducing fillers expands the attainable functionalities, demonstrating the versatility of the proposed platform. The use of fast-growing plant cells offers the benefits of short harvest time, zero biomass waste during processing, in situ manufacturing, and no arable land requirement. The approach allows the possibility of further tuning the final material properties by genetically engineering the processed cells.
Cellular and transcriptional diversity over the course of human lactation
Authors: Nyquist Sarah K. , Gao Patricia , Haining Tessa K. J. , Retchin Michael R. , Golan Yarden , Drake Riley S. , Kolb Kellie , Mead Benjamin E. , Ahituv Nadav , Martinez Micaela E. , Shalek Alex K. , Berger Bonnie , Goods Brittany A.
Published: April 2022

Significance

Human breast milk is the nutritional food source evolved specifically to meet the needs of infants, but much remains to be learned about its composition and changes over the course of lactation. Our description of the cellular components of breast milk, their associations with maternal–infant dyad metadata, and quantification of alterations at the gene and pathway levels provide a longitudinal picture of human breast milk cells across lactational time. These results pave the way for improved therapeutic support of healthy lactation and milk production.
Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of copper selenides (Cu2−x
Se) thin films for quantum dots-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Wang Baomei , Liu Xingna , Liu Zhen , Ma Zinan , Li Zhongwei , Wang Bingrui , Dong Xiao , Wang Yongyong , Song Xiaohui
Published: April 2022

In this work, copper selenide (Cu2−x
Se) thin films were grown on FTO conductive glass substrates using a facile microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The effects of synthesis parameters such as precursor components and deposition time on the stoichiometry and morphology of the synthesized films were systematically investigated through different techniques including XRD, SEM, and AFM. In order to evaluate the electrochemical catalytic performance of the synthesized copper selenide in electrolyte containing the sulfide/polysulfide redox couple, we assembled liquid-junction quantum dots-sensitized solar cells (QDSSC) using the synthesized copper selenide thin films as counter electrodes and CdSe quantum dots-sensitized mesoporous TiO2 as photoanodes. Under the illumination of one Sun (100 mW cm−2), the QDSSC assembled with the optimal copper selenide CEs (Cu:Se = 1:1) exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 2.07%, which is much higher than that of traditional Pt counter electrode (0.76%).
Simulation of energy transport by dark matter scattering in stars
Authors: Banks Hannah , Ansari Siyam , Vincent Aaron C. , Scott Pat
Published: April 2022

Asymmetric dark matter (ADM) that is captured in stars can
act as an efficient conductor of heat. Small ADM-induced changes in
a star's temperature gradient are known to alter neutrino fluxes and
asteroseismological signatures, erase convective cores and modify a
star's main sequence lifetime. The Sun's proximity to us makes it an
ideal laboratory for studying these effects. However, the two
formalisms commonly used to parametrize such heat transport were
developed over 30 years ago, and calibrated with a single set of
simulations. What's more, both are based on assumptions that break
down at the Knudsen transition, where heat transport is
maximized. We construct a Monte Carlo simulation to exactly solve
the Boltzmann collision equation, determining the steady-state
distribution and luminosity carried in stars by ADM with cross
sections that depend on velocity and momentum. We find that,
although the established (Gould & Raffelt) formalism based on local
thermal equilibrium does well for constant cross sections, the
isothermal (Spergel & Press) method actually performs better across
all models with a simple, universal rescaling function. Based on
simulation results, we provide recommendations on the
parametrization of DM heat transport in stellar evolution models.
Characterization of the polarized synchrotron emission from Planck and WMAP data
Authors: Martire F.A. , Barreiro R.B. , Martínez-González E.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this work is to characterize the diffuse
Galactic polarized synchrotron, which is the dominant CMB foreground
emission at low frequency. We present EE, BB, and EB power spectra
estimated from polarization frequency maps at 23 and 30 GHz as
observed respectively by the WMAP K-band and the 
Planck lowest frequency channel, for a set of six sky
regions covering from 30% to 94% of the sky. We study the
synchrotron polarization angular distribution and spectral energy
distribution (SED) by means of the so-called pseudo-C
ℓ 
formalism, provided by the NaMaster package, in the
multipole interval 30 ≤ ℓ ≤ 300. Best results are
obtained cross-correlating Planck and WMAP 
data. The EE and BB angular power spectra show a steep decay of the
spectral amplitude as a function of multipole, approximated by a
power law CEE,BB
∝ ℓαEE,BB
, with
αEE = -2.95 ± 0.04 and αBB = -2.85 ± 0.14. The B/E
power asymmetry is proved with a B-to-E ratio, computed as the
amplitude ratio at the pivot multipole ℓ = 80, of
0.22 ± 0.02. The EB cross-component is compatible with zero at
1σ, with an upper constraint on the EB/EE ratio of 1.2% at
the 2σ level. We show that the EE and BB power-law model with
null EB cross-correlation describes reasonably well the diffuse
synchrotron polarization emission for the full sky if the bright
Galactic center and point sources are masked. The recovered SED
shows power-law spectral indices βEE
= -3.00 ± 0.10 and 
βBB
= -3.05 ± 0.36 compatible between themselves, in the
frequency range 23–30 GHz. Results also seem to indicate that the
SED gets steeper from low to high Galactic latitude.
X-Ray Performance of a Customized Large-format Scientific CMOS Detector
Authors: Wu Qinyu , Jia Zhenqing , Wang Wenxin , Ling Zhixing , Zhang Chen , Zhang Shuangnan , Yuan Weimin
Published: April 2022

In recent years, the performance of Scientific Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (sCMOS) sensors has been improved significantly. Compared with charge-coupled Device sensors, sCMOS sensors have various advantages, making them potentially better devices for optical and X-ray detection, especially in time-domain astronomy. After a series of tests of sCMOS sensors, we proposed a new dedicated high-speed, large-format X-ray detector in 2016 cooperating with Gpixel Inc. This new sCMOS sensor has a physical size of 6 cm × 6 cm, with an array of 4096 × 4096 pixels and a pixel size of 15 μm. The frame rate is 20.1 fps under current condition and can be boosted to a maximum value around 100 fps. The epitaxial thickness is increased to 10 μm compared to the previous sCMOS product. We show the results of its first taped-out product in this work. The dark current of this sCMOS is lower than 10 e− pixel−1 s−1 at 20°C, and lower than 0.02 e− pixel−1 s−1 at −30°C. The fixed pattern noise and the readout noise are lower than 5 e− in high-gain situation and show a small increase at low temperature. The energy resolution reaches 180.1 eV (3.1%) at 5.90 keV for single-pixel events and 212.3 eV (3.6%) for all split events. The continuous X-ray spectrum measurement shows that this sensor is able to response to X-ray photons from 500 eV to 37 keV. The excellent performance, as demonstrated from these test results, makes sCMOS sensor an ideal detector for X-ray imaging and spectroscopic application.
Photometric Redshifts and Galaxy Clusters for DES DR2, DESI DR9, and HSC-SSP PDR3 Data
Authors: Zou Hu , Sui Jipeng , Xue Suijian , Zhou Xu , Ma Jun , Zhou Zhimin , Nie Jundan , Zhang Tianmeng , Feng Lu , Shen Zhixia , Wang Jiali
Published: April 2022

Photometric redshift (photoz) is a fundamental parameter for multi-wavelength photometric surveys, while galaxy clusters are important cosmological probes and ideal objects for exploring the dense environmental impact on galaxy evolution. We extend our previous work on estimating photoz and detecting galaxy clusters to the latest data releases of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) imaging surveys, Dark Energy Survey (DES) and Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) imaging surveys and make corresponding catalogs publicly available for more extensive scientific applications. The photoz catalogs include accurate measurements of photoz and stellar mass for about 320, 293 and 134 million galaxies with r < 23, i < 24 and i < 25 in DESI DR9, DES DR2 and HSC-SSP PDR3 data, respectively. The photoz accuracy is about 0.017, 0.024 and 0.029 and the general redshift coverage is z < 1, z < 1.2 and z < 1.6, respectively for those three surveys. The uncertainty of the logarithmic stellar mass that is inferred from stellar population synthesis fitting is about 0.2 dex. With the above photoz catalogs, galaxy clusters are detected using a fast cluster-finding algorithm. A total of 532,810, 86,963 and 36,566 galaxy clusters with the number of members larger than 10 is discovered for DESI, DES and HSC-SSP, respectively. Their photoz accuracy is at the level of 0.01. The total mass of our clusters is also estimated by using the calibration relations between the optical richness and the mass measurement from X-ray and radio observations. The photoz and cluster catalogs are available at ScienceDB (https://www.doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.o00069.00003) and PaperData Repository (https://doi.org/10.12149/101089).
The First Photometric Study of AH Mic Contact Binary System
Authors: Poro Atila , Blackford M. G. , Ranjbar Salehian S. , Jahangiri E. , Samiei Dastjerdi M. , Gozarandi M. , Karimi R. , Madayen T. , Bakhshi E. , Hedayati F.
Published: April 2022

The first multi-color light curve analysis of the AH Mic binary system is presented. This system has very few past observations from the southern hemisphere. We extracted the minima times from the light curves based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach and obtained a new ephemeris. To provide modern photometric light curve solutions, we used the Physics of Eclipsing Binaries (PHOEBE) software package and the MCMC approach. Light curve solutions yielded a system temperature ratio of 0.950, and we assumed a cold starspot for the hotter star based on the O’Connell effect. This analysis reveals that AH Mic is a W-subtype W UMa contact system with a fill-out factor of 21.3% and a mass ratio of 2.32. The absolute physical parameters of the components are estimated by using the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) parallax method to be M

h
(M
⊙) = 0.702(26), M

c
(M
⊙) = 1.629(104), R

h
(R
⊙) = 0.852(21), R

c
(R
⊙) = 1.240(28), L

h
(L
⊙) = 0.618(3) and L

c
(L
⊙) = 1.067(7). The orbital angular momentum of the AH Mic binary system was found to be 51.866(35). The components’ positions of this system are plotted in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.
Constraining Brans–Dicke Cosmology with the CSST Galaxy Clustering Spectroscopic Survey
Authors: Chen Anda , Gong Yan , Wu Fengquan , Wang Yougang , Chen Xuelei
Published: April 2022

The Brans–Dicke (BD) theory is the simplest Scalar-Tensor theory of gravity, which can be considered as a candidate of modified Einstein’s theory of general relativity. In this work, we forecast the constraints on BD theory in the CSST galaxy clustering spectroscopic survey with a magnitude limit ∼23 AB mag for point-source 5σ detection. We generate mock data based on the zCOSMOS catalog and consider the observational and instrumental effects of the CSST spectroscopic survey. We predict galaxy power spectra in the BD theory from z = 0 to 1.5, and the galaxy bias and other systematical parameters are also included. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique is employed to find the best-fits and probability distributions of the cosmological and systematical parameters. A BD parameter ζ is introduced, which satisfies

ζ
=
ln

1
+

1

ω

. We find that the CSST spectroscopic galaxy clustering survey can give ∣ζ∣ < 10−2, or equivalently

∣
ω
∣
>

(

10

2

)

and

∣

G

̇

/

G
∣
<

10

−
13

, under the assumption ζ = 0. These constraints are almost at the same order of magnitude compared to the joint constraints using the current cosmic microwave background, baryon acoustic oscillations and Type Ia supernova data, indicating that the CSST galaxy clustering spectroscopic survey would be powerful for constraining the BD theory and other modified gravity theories.