bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global trends in grassland carrying capacity and relative stocking density of livestock
Authors: Piipponen Johannes , Jalava Mika , de Leeuw Jan , Rizayeva Afag , Godde Cecile , Cramer Gabriel , Herrero Mario , Kummu Matti
Published: March 2022

Although the role of livestock in future food systems is debated, animal proteins are unlikely to completely disappear from our diet. Grasslands are a key source of primary productivity for livestock, and feed‐food competition is often limited on such land. Previous research on the potential for sustainable grazing has focused on restricted geographical areas or does not consider inter‐annual changes in grazing opportunities. Here, we developed a robust method to estimate trends and interannual variability (IV) in global livestock carrying capacity (number of grazing animals a piece of land can support) over 2001–2015, as well as relative stocking density (the reported livestock distribution relative to the estimated carrying capacity [CC]) in 2010. We first estimated the aboveground biomass that is available for grazers on global grasslands based on the MODIS Net Primary Production product. This was then used to calculate livestock carrying capacities using slopes, forest cover, and animal forage requirements as restrictions. We found that globally, CC decreased on 27% of total grasslands area, mostly in Europe and southeastern Brazil, while it increased on 15% of grasslands, particularly in Sudano‐Sahel and some parts of South America. In 2010, livestock forage requirements exceeded forage availability in northwestern Europe, and southern and eastern Asia. Although our findings imply some opportunities to increase grazing pressures in cold regions, Central Africa, and Australia, the high IV or low biomass supply might prevent considerable increases in stocking densities. The approach and derived open access data sets can feed into global food system modelling, support conservation efforts to reduce land degradation associated with overgrazing, and help identify undergrazed areas for targeted sustainable intensification efforts or rewilding purposes.
Centre‐based comparison of double versus single prevention strategy on transfusion‐transmitted cytomegalovirus in at‐risk haemopoietic stem cell transplant patients and a state survey on cytomegalovirus‐seronegative ordering practises
Authors: Zantomio Daniela , Bayly Emma , Wong Kimberly , Spencer Andrew , Ritchie David , Morgan Susan , Kelsey Giles , Dennington Peta M.
Published: March 2022

Background

Universal leucocyte depletion reduces the risk of transfusion‐transmitted cytomegalovirus; however, many clinicians still prescribe cytomegalovirus seronegative units.

Aim

Our retrospective study aims to confirm the low risk of transfusion‐transmitted cytomegalovirus with leucocyte depletion alone and demonstrate the ongoing variability in cytomegalovirus seronegative transfusion prescribing.

Methods

Over a 9‐year period (July 2009–July 2018), occurrences of transfusion transmitted cytomegalovirus in cytomegalovirus seronegative donor/recipient haemopoietic stem cell transplant pairs were compared at one allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant centre providing cytomegalovirus seronegative blood products and leucocyte depletion (double prevention) versus another providing leucocyte depletion only (single prevention). Retrospective chart audit identified patient demographics, blood product exposure and cytomegalovirus infection by polymerase chain reaction. A separate audit examined cytomegalovirus seronegative blood product ordering in a broader range of hospital types.

Results

We identified 122 and 66 cytomegalovirus‐negative donor/recipient haemopoietic stem cell transplant pairs using double and single transfusion prevention strategy respectively. Transfusion exposure to red cells and pooled platelets was similar, although more apheresis platelets were used in the double prevention group. The cytomegalovirus infection rate was 3 (2.4%) and zero in the double and single prevention groups respectively. Cytomegalovirus seronegative unit ordering was not limited to hospitals with obstetric or neonatal populations, suggesting ongoing reliance of cytomegalovirus seronegative units outside this population.

Conclusions

The analysis suggests a double prevention strategy does not provide additional protection against transfusion‐transmitted cytomegalovirus. There is ongoing variability in the acceptance of leucocyte depletion alone despite the low risk of cytomegalovirus infection.
An integrative review of community nurse‐led interventions to identify and respond to domestic abuse in the postnatal period
Authors: Boyle Marie , Murphy‐Tighe Sylvia
Published: March 2022

Aim

To critically review community nurse‐led domestic abuse interventions aimed at identifying and responding to domestic abuse in the postnatal period.

Background

Domestic abuse is a global problem resulting in dire consequences for women and children. Public Health Nurses (PHNs) are ideally placed to give women the opportunity to disclose in a safe and confidential manner; however, community settings present complex challenges.

Design

An integrative review and narrative summary.

Data Sources

Five electronic databases: CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Scopus, and peer‐reviewed journals were searched for research papers published between 01 January 2005 and 01 March 2019. Fifteen papers met the inclusion criteria.

Review Methods

An integrative review where qualitative and quantitative data were extracted. Following quality appraisal, data were collated, analysed and themes were identified.

Results

Quantitative outcomes from short‐term interventions include an increase in routine enquiry, documentation of alone status and safety planning, however, referrals remained low. There was a reduction in victimization seen in intensive home visiting interventions. One study reported potential harm to mothers experiencing domestic abuse prior to the intervention. Thematic analysis generated three themes: (1) benefits to women and nurses, (2) approaches to domestic abuse identification and response and (3) implementation of community nurse‐led interventions.

Conclusion

Community nurse‐led domestic abuse interventions have shown to have positive outcomes for women, provided the appropriate supports are in place such as: interagency training; guidelines, referral pathways and safety protocols; collaborative working with domestic abuse services and organizational support.

Impact

Professionals such as PHNs are challenged to respond appropriately and compassionately to domestic abuse disclosures, while ensuring the safety of women and children is central to service delivery. This integrative review will inform further development, implementation and the sustainability of community nurse‐led domestic abuse initiatives worldwide.
Environment and space drive the community assembly of Atlantic European grasslands: Insights from multiple facets
Authors: Mugnai Michele , Trindade Diego P. F. , Thierry Mélanie , Kaushik Krishan , Hrček Jan , Götzenberger Lars
Published: March 2022

Aim

Ecological communities are assembled by regional and local processes. These processes select species through their traits, which are tied to species' evolutionary history. A multifaceted approach, encompassing taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity can thus help us to better understand community assembly. We asked what the relative importance of geography, climate and soil parameters is in driving taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversities at local (alpha) and larger scales (beta diversity).

Location

Atlantic Europe.

Taxon

Plant communities of Violion caninae grasslands.

Methods

Alpha and beta taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversities were calculated for 153 sites. Traits were obtained from the LEDA database and phylogeny from Daphne. We summarized climatic (CHELSA database) and soil variables using principal component analysis (PCA), and geographical distance using Moran's Eigenvector Maps (MEMs). To assess the importance of environment and space on all three facets, we performed redundancy and distance‐based redundancy analyses for alpha and beta diversity, respectively, using the PCA and MEM axes as predictors.

Results

Compared to alpha diversity, beta diversity was relatively high in taxonomic diversity, but very low in functional and phylogenetic diversity. Geography and climate were relatively more important at larger scales, whereas soil conditions acted more strongly at the local scales, with alpha diversity of all facets decreasing towards richer and acidic soils.

Main Conclusions

Considering multiple biodiversity facets along environmental and spatial gradients enables advancing both theoretical and applied aspects of community assembly. Accordingly, the observed turnover across the study area was mediated by species that share similar suites of traits and evolutionary history. Towards richer and acidic soils, exclusion of weaker competitors was an important filter at local scales. In summary, assessing multiple biodiversity facets and broad scale environmental gradients is key to understand the relative importance of multi‐scale processes driving the community assembly of European grasslands.
Myometrial‐derived CXCL12 promotes lipopolysaccharide induced preterm labour by regulating macrophage migration, polarization and function in mice
Authors: Zhang Lijuan , Mamillapalli Ramanaiah , Habata Shutaro , McAdow Molly , Taylor Hugh S.
Published: March 2022

Preterm birth is a major contributor to neonatal mortality and morbidity. Infection results in elevation of inflammation‐related cytokines followed by infiltration of immune cells into gestational tissue. CXCL12 levels are elevated in preterm birth indicating it may have a role in preterm labour (PTL); however, the pathophysiological correlations between CXCL12/CXCR4 signalling and premature labour are poorly understood. In this study, PTL was induced using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a murine model. LPS induced CXCL12 RNA and protein levels significantly and specifically in myometrium compared with controls (3‐fold and 3.5‐fold respectively). Highest levels were found just before the start of labour. LPS also enhanced the infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and T cells, and induced macrophage M1 polarization. In vitro studies showed that condition medium from LPS‐treated primary smooth muscle cells (SMC) induced macrophage migration, M1 polarization and upregulated inflammation‐related cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐1, IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). AMD3100 treatment in pregnant mice led to a significant decrease in the rate of PTL (70%), prolonged pregnancy duration and suppressed macrophage infiltration into gestation tissue by 2.5‐fold. Further, in‐vitro treatment of SMC by AMD3100 suppressed the macrophage migration, decreased polarization and downregulated IL‐1, IL‐6 and TNF‐α expression. LPS treatment in pregnant mice induced PTL by increasing myometrial CXCL12, which recruits immune cells that in turn produce inflammation‐related cytokines. These effects stimulated by LPS were completely reversed by AMD3100 through blocking of CXCL12/CXCR4 signalling. Thus, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis presents an excellent target for preventing infection and inflammation‐related PTL.
Maternal mental health mediates the effects of pandemic‐related stressors on adolescent psychopathology during COVID‐19
Authors: Lengua Liliana J. , Thompson Stephanie F. , Kim Stephanie Gyuri , Rosen Maya L. , Rodman Alexandra , Kasparek Steven , Mayes Makeda , Zalewski Maureen , Meltzoff Andrew , McLaughlin Kate A.
Published: March 2022

Background

This study examined whether COVID‐19‐related maternal mental health changes contributed to changes in adolescent psychopathology.

Methods

A community sample of 226 adolescents (12 years old before COVID‐19) and their mothers were asked to complete COVID‐19 surveys early in the pandemic (April–May 2020, adolescents 14 years) and approximately 6 months later (November 2020–January 2021). Surveys assessed pandemic‐related stressors (health, financial, social, school, environment) and mental health.

Results

Lower pre‐pandemic family income‐to‐needs ratio was associated with higher pre‐pandemic maternal mental health symptoms (anxiety, depression) and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems, and with experiencing more pandemic‐related stressors. Pandemic‐related stressors predicted increases in maternal mental health symptoms, but not adolescent symptoms when other variables were covaried. Higher maternal mental health symptoms predicted concurrent increases in adolescent internalizing and externalizing. Maternal mental health mediated the effects of pre‐pandemic income and pandemic‐related stressors on adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems.

Conclusions

Results indicate that adolescent mental health is closely tied to maternal mental health during community‐level stressors such as COVID‐19, and that pre‐existing family economic context and adolescent symptoms increase risk for elevations in symptoms of psychopathology.
Rapid authentication of the geographical origin of milk using portable near‐infrared spectrometer and fuzzy uncorrelated discriminant transformation
Authors: Zhang Tingfei , Wu Xiaohong , Wu Bin , Dai Chunxia , Fu Haijun
Published: March 2022

The quality of milk is related to its geographical origin. In addition, the geographical origin of milk plays an important role in its commercial value. Therefore, this research aimed to design an identification system including a portable near‐infrared (NIR) spectrometer and feature extraction algorithms to authenticate the geographical origin of milk. In order to improve the classification accuracy, fuzzy uncorrelated discriminant transformation (FUDT) was used to deal with the NIR spectra of milk collected by a portable NIR spectrometer. In this system, Savitzky–Golay (SG) algorithm and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to remove noise and reduce dimensionality, respectively. Then, three feature extraction algorithms, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), uncorrelated discriminant transformation (UDT), and FUDT were applied to separate the NIR spectra. Finally, K‐nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier was utilized to assess the performance of this identification system. The results showed that the maximum classification accuracies of FUDT, UDT, and LDA were 98.67%, 97.33%, and 93.33%, respectively. The results confirmed the great potential for authenticating the geographical origin of milk by the combination of the portable NIR spectrometer and FUDT.

Practical Applications

The geographical origin of milk is vitally important to evaluate the milk quality in dairy market. Compared with traditional detection methods, NIR spectroscopy is considered to be a fast, accurate, and nondestructive detection method, so it is widely used in the field of food detection. In this article, FUDT with portable NIR spectrometer can be used to detect the adulteration of geographical origin in milk correctly and rapidly. The experimental result indicated that application potential in identifying the geographical origin of milk.
Life cycle assessment‐based Absolute Environmental Sustainability Assessment is also relative
Authors: Guinée Jeroen B. , de Koning Arjan , Heijungs Reinout
Published: March 2022

Over the past years, an increasing number of scholarly papers have used the planetary boundaries (PBs) within life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine if the life cycle impacts of a product system fit within those PBs and thereby establish the absolute sustainability of the product system. This type of LCA is nowadays coined as LCA‐based Absolute Environmental Sustainability Assessment (AESA). “Absolute” thereby refers to methods enabling the comparison of environmental impacts of products, companies, nations, and so on, with an assigned share of environmental carrying capacity for various impact categories. A recent review of LCA‐based AESA methods and their applications characterized 47 studies “according to their intended application, impact categories, basis of carrying capacity estimates, spatial differentiation of environmental model and principles for assigning carrying capacity.” However, the review and the majority of studies reviewed did not, or only to a limited extent, discuss potential temporal issues of assigning carrying capacity to product systems. Several of the carrying capacity estimates have a time dimension while LCA results lack a time dimension. In this article, we show that assigning PBs to product systems is only technically possible when adopting several fundamental though unrealistic assumptions, and conclude that even product LCA‐based AESA is relative. This should not withhold scholars from developing approaches applying the PBs in LCA, but it should prevent them from claiming and using the term “absolute.”
Greenhouse gas emissions from the global transportation of crude oil: Current status and mitigation potential
Authors: Ankathi Sharath , Lu Zifeng , Zaimes George G. , Hawkins Troy , Gan Yu , Wang Michael
Published: March 2022

Global crude‐oil transportation contributes a significant portion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the marine transportation sector. In this work, we first compile a detailed country‐level global crude‐oil transportation network in 2018 and estimate that the direct and well‐to‐hull GHG emissions related to crude transportation were 97 and 109 million metric tons, respectively. Combining with the country‐specific crude recovery GHG intensities, the consumption‐based well‐to‐country‐gate crude‐oil GHG intensities are derived for individual countries, ranging from 2.99 to 27.32 g CO2eq/MJ, with a global crude‐volume‐weighted average of 8.67 g CO2eq/MJ. We then project the global crude transportation emissions at the regional level in 2050 under a static (no change) scenario (based on current ship energy efficiency) and a sustainable‐development (SD) scenario (based on the International Energy Agency's projections of ship energy efficiency and penetration of alternative marine fuels). Results show that the global well‐to‐hull GHG emissions related to crude transportation would be 82 and 59 million metric tons in 2050 in the static and SD scenarios, respectively. To further evaluate the impact of potential fuel‐switching on decarbonizing the crude oil transportation sector, we estimate the GHG emissions for 20 fuel/production options in 2050. We find that, in comparison to the static scenario, ∼50% reduction in global well‐to‐hull GHG emissions from crude transportation could be achieved under the SD scenario if green ammonia further replaces conventional ammonia. The methodology developed here can be applied to other commodities to estimate the emissions associated with their global marine transportation and to evaluate the potential emission mitigation options.
Development of simplified characterization factors for the assessment of expanded polystyrene and tire wear microplastic emissions applied in a food container life cycle assessment
Authors: Corella‐Puertas Elena , Guieu Pauline , Aufoujal Alessio , Bulle Cécile , Boulay Anne‐Marie
Published: March 2022

To date, life cycle assessment (LCA) does not include a methodology for assessing the impacts of plastic litter leaked to the environment. This limits the applicability of LCA as a tool to compare the potential impacts of single‐use plastics and their alternatives on ecosystem quality and human health. As a contribution to tackle this issue, this work proposes simplified fate and characterization factors (CFs) for modeling the impacts of two types of microplastics—expanded polystyrene and tire and road wear particles—in the marine environment. In terms of fate mechanisms, this work explores different sedimentation, degradation, and fragmentation rate scenarios, based on literature values and expert estimates. Whereas the fate of expanded polystyrene is sensitive to the different fragmentation, degradation, and sedimentation scenarios, for tire and road wear particles the fate is primarily sensitive to sedimentation. The fate factors are integrated into CFs using an existing exposure and effect factor for microplastics in aquatic environments. Since the CFs of the two studied microplastics show important differences, these results reveal the need for developing polymer‐specific CFs. Finally, the CFs are tested in a case study of on‐the‐go food containers (one single‐use plastic, two compostable alternatives, and one reusable plate). Depending on the fate scenario, plastic litter impacts range from barely noticeable to more than doubling the total potential damage to ecosystem quality, compared to no plastic litter impact assessment. The high uncertainty of the results encourages further research on modeling microplastic fate and impacts in detail.
Prevalence of ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes in dogs with acute pancreatitis: A retrospective study (2012‐2020)
Authors: Hardwick Joshua J. , Reeve Elizabeth J. , Hezzell Melanie J. , Reeve Jenny A.
Published: March 2022

Background

Ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes in dogs with acute pancreatitis (AP) are not well characterized in the literature. No detailed studies have described their prevalence, characteristics, distribution, or clinical relevance.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Describe the prevalence of ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes in a population of dogs with AP and evaluate for associations between the presence of gastrointestinal wall changes and clinical or clinicopathological variables.

Animals

Referral population of 66 client‐owned dogs with AP.

Methods

Retrospective search of clinical records to identify dogs with AP. Clinical variables, clinicopathological variables and ultrasonographic findings were reported using descriptive statistics. A binary logistic regression model was used to evaluate for associations between the presence of gastrointestinal wall changes and clinical or clinicopathological variables.

Results

Sixty‐six dogs were included. Forty‐seven percent of dogs (95% confidence interval [CI], 35.0%‐59.0%; n = 31) with AP had ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes. Gastrointestinal wall changes were most common in the duodenum and identified in 71% (n = 22) of affected dogs. Of dogs with gastrointestinal wall changes, 74.2% (n = 23) had wall thickening, 61.3% (n = 19) had abnormal wall layering, and 35.5% (n = 11) had wall corrugation. In the multivariable model, only heart rate remained an independent predictor of ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes (P = .02).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes in this population of dogs with AP were common. Increased heart rate was the only independent predictor of gastrointestinal wall changes, which might imply more severe disease. Additional studies are required to elucidate whether ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes reflect disease severity in AP.
Changing epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia
Authors: Zhang Chen‐hao , Cheng Yifei , Zhang Shu , Fan Jia , Gao Qiang
Published: March 2022

Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the second leading cause of malignant death in Asia, and Asia reports 72.5% of the world's cases in 2020. As the most common histological type, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of incidence and mortality of liver cancer cases. This review presents the changing epidemiology of HCC in Asian countries in recent years. Globally, aged, male and Asian populations remain the group with the highest risk of HCC. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are still the leading risk factors of HCC with a slight decline in most Asian countries, which is mainly attributed to HBV vaccination of newborns, prevention of HCV horizontal transmission and treatment of chronic hepatitis. However, the prevalence of HCC caused by metabolic factors, including metabolic syndrome, obesity and non‐alcoholic fatty liver diseases, is increasing rapidly in Asian countries, which may eventually become the major cause of HCC. Excessive alcohol consumption continues to be an important risk factor as the average consumption of alcohol is still growing. Hopefully, great effort has been made to better prevention and treatment of HCC in most Asian regions, which significantly prolongs the survival of HCC patients. Asian countries tend to use more aggressive intervention than European and American countries, but it remains unclear whether this preference is related to a better prognosis. In conclusion, HCC remains a major disease burden in Asia, and the management of HCC should be adjusted dynamically based on the changing epidemiology.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: The virus or the liver?
Authors: Papatheodoridi Alkistis , Papatheodoridis George
Published: March 2022

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a major public health problem being one of the most common causes of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. Hepatitis B (HBV) and C viruses have been classified as oncoviruses and are responsible for the majority of HCC cases, while the role of hepatitis D virus (HDV) in liver carcinogenesis has not been elucidated. HDV/HBV coinfection is related to more severe liver damage than HBV mono‐infection and recent studies suggest that HDV/HBV patients are at increased risk of developing HCC compared to HBV mono‐infected patients. HBV is known to promote hepatocarcinogenesis via DNA integration into host DNA, disruption of molecular pathways by regulatory HBV x (HBx) protein and excessive oxidative stress. Recently, several molecular mechanisms have been proposed to clarify the pathogenesis of HDV‐related HCC including activation of signalling pathways by specific HDV antigens, epigenetic dysregulation and altered gene expression. Alongside, ongoing chronic inflammation and impaired immune responses have also been suggested to facilitate carcinogenesis. Finally, cellular senescence seems to play an important role in chronic viral infection and inflammation leading to hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the impact of HDV in HCC development and discuss the potential interplay between HBV, HDV and neighbouring liver tissue in liver carcinogenesis.
A CTNNB1‐altered medulloblastoma shows the immunophenotypic, DNA methylation and transcriptomic profiles of SHH‐activated, and not WNT‐activated, medulloblastoma
Authors: Chiang Jason , Moreira Daniel C. , Pytel Nicholas J. , Liu Yen‐Chun , Blackburn Patrick R. , Shi Zonggao , Cardenas Maria , Wheeler David A. , Furtado Larissa V.
Published: March 2022

Recent advancements in molecular characterisation have identified four principal molecular groups of medulloblastoma: WNT, SHH, group 3 and group 4. Each has its characteristic clinical features, signature genetic alterations and distinct DNA methylome profiles. Thus far, CTNNB1 mutations have been considered pathognomonic of WNT‐activated medulloblastoma. Furthermore, it has been shown that CTNNB1 mutations dominantly drive the WNT‐activated phenotype in medulloblastoma, even in the presence of alterations in the SHH pathway. We herein report an illustrative case that challenges this belief—a medulloblastoma with a pathogenic CTNNB1 mutation that otherwise showed the histopathology, immunophenotype and methylation and transcriptomic profiles of an SHH‐activated medulloblastoma. Detailed molecular analyses, including whole exome sequencing, transcriptome analysis and DNA methylation profiling with DKFZ brain tumour classifier and St. Jude MLPnet neural network classifier analyses, have been performed on the tumour. Our example emphasises the diagnostic value of the immunohistochemistry panel with YAP1, GAB1 and β‐catenin and DNA methylation profiling, combined with exome sequencing, in the characterisation of medulloblastoma. CTNNB1 mutations are not specific for WNT‐activated medulloblastoma, and different CTNNB1 mutations have diverse oncogenic potential.
Beyond a reference genome: pangenomes and population genomics of underutilized and orphan crops for future food and nutrition security
Authors: Chapman Mark A. , He Yuqi , Zhou Meiliang
Published: March 2022

Underutilized crops are, by definition, under‐researched compared to staple crops yet come with traits that may be especially important given climate change and the need to feed a globally increasing population. These crops are often stress‐tolerant, and this combined with unique and beneficial nutritional profiles. Whilst progress is being made by generating reference genome sequences, in this Tansley Review, we show how this is only the very first step. We advocate that going ‘beyond a reference genome’ should be a priority, as it is only at this stage one can identify the specific genes and the adaptive alleles that underpin the valuable traits. We sum up how population genomic and pangenomic approaches have led to the identification of stress‐ and disease‐tolerant alleles in staple crops and compare this to the small number of examples from underutilized crops. We also demonstrate how previously underutilized crops have benefitted from genomic advances and that many breeding targets in underutilized crops are often well studied in staple crops. This cross‐crop population‐level resequencing could lead to an understanding of the genetic basis of adaptive traits in underutilized crops. This level of investment may be crucial for fully understanding the value of these crops before they are lost.
Change and Variation in U.S. Couples’ Earnings Equality Following Parenthood
Authors: Musick Kelly , Gonalons‐Pons Pilar , Schwartz Christine R.
Published: March 2022

In the context of broad increases in gender equality and growing socioeconomic disparities along multiple dimensions of family life, we examine changes in within‐family earnings equality following parenthood and the extent to which they have played out differently by education. Our analysis relies on links between rich surveys and administrative tax records that provide high‐quality earnings data for husbands and wives spanning two years before and up to 10 years following first births from the 1980s to the 2000s in the United States (Survey of Income and Program Participation Synthetic Beta files; N = 21,300 couples and 194,100 couple‐years). Accounting for time‐invariant couple characteristics and year and age fixed effects, we find that wives’ share of total couple earnings declines substantially after parenthood and remains lower over the observation window, irrespective of cohort and education. Cohort changes in within‐family earnings equality are modest and concentrated among the earliest cohort of parents, and data provide little evidence of differential change by education. These findings have implications for women's economic vulnerability, particularly in the United States where divorce remains common and public support for families is weak.
Equex STM paste improves post‐thawed epididymal sperm motility and acrosome integrity in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Navanukraw Pakpoom , Lugo‐Roman Luis A. , Im‐erbsin Rawiwan , Suwimonteerabutr Junpen , Chotimanukul Sroisuda , Chatdarong Kaywalee
Published: March 2022

Equex STM paste, a water‐soluble detergent, exerts the protective effect of egg‐yolk during sperm cryopreservation. This study aims to evaluate the post‐thaw quality of rhesus monkeys’ epididymal spermatozoa in the Tris–citric–glucose egg‐yolk extender, supplemented with or without Equex STM paste (0.5%, v/v) (n = 6). Sperm motility, progressive motility, motion characteristics, viability, acrosome integrity and mitochondrial activity were compared immediately post‐thaw. Equex STM paste supplementation significantly improved sperm motility (35.0 ± 4.5 vs. 23.7 ± 5.0%), progressive motility (15.4 ± 2.1 vs. 9.8 ± 2.7%) and percentage of sperm with intact acrosome (30.4 ± 4.5 vs. 26.3 ± 4.6%) compared to the controls, respectively. This is the first report applying Equex STM paste for monkey epididymal sperm cryopreservation and is expected to be beneficial as a model for endangered non‐human primates.
Language modality influences risk perception: Innovations read well but sound even better
Authors: Geipel Janet , Hadjichristidis Constantinos , Savadori Lucia , Keysar Boaz
Published: March 2022

Psychological theories implicitly assume that the modality in which information is conveyed—spoken or written—leaves judgment and choice unaltered. Modality is rarely considered in textbooks on judgment and decision making, and the selection of modality in research is often based on convenience. We challenge this theoretical assumption. Three experiments (N = 984) show that the modality in which novel technologies are described systematically influences their perceived risk and benefit. Participants either read or heard advantages and disadvantages of novel technologies and then assessed their risk and benefit. In Study 1, spoken descriptions prompted more positive evaluations toward the technologies in terms of overall risks and benefits than written descriptions. Studies 2 and 3 replicated this modality effect and demonstrated that affect partially explains it, as spoken descriptions induced more positive feelings toward the new technologies than written descriptions. Study 3 (preregistered) showed that the influence of modality is unique to novel technologies and does not extend to familiar ones. These findings contribute theoretically to the understanding of the relationship between language and thought, and carry implications for survey research and the use of voice assistant technology.
An Impossible Awakening: Husserl and the Limits of Time‐Consciousness
Authors: Driker‐Ohren Charles R.
Published: March 2022

This article critiques Edmund Husserl’s account of affective awakening—the process mediating between one’s present perception of objects and their retrieval through memory. I argue that Husserl’s account of affective awakening is flawed and requires a rethinking of the relation between past and present. First, I reconstruct Husserl’s account of affection, the manner in which objects are given as prominent against a background and vie with one another for the ego’s attention. Next, I turn to affective awakening, through which a present perception can bring a past perception back to intuitive clarity. I argue that Husserl’s account of affective awakening is aporetic. The deep past cannot be awakened because it lacks the very features that allow it to form an affective connection with the present. After tracing this deadlock within Husserl’s descriptions, I interrogate his assumptions concerning the priority of the present over the past. In my conclusion, I sketch an alternate line of inquiry that begins with psychological trauma. Viewing the body as a site of vulnerability provides a way to conceive the complex entanglement between present and past without subordinating one to the other.
Efficient Analysis of Stationary Dynamics of Piecewise-Linear Nonlinear Systems Modeled Using General State-Space Representations
Authors: Tien Meng-Hsuan , Lu Ming-Fu , D'Souza Kiran
Published: March 2022

In this paper, a new technique is presented for parametrically studying the steady-state dynamics of piecewise-linear nonsmooth oscillators. This new method can be used as an efficient computational tool for analyzing the nonlinear behavior of dynamic systems with piecewise-linear nonlinearity. The new technique modifies and generalizes the bilinear amplitude approximation method, which was created for analyzing proportionally damped structural systems, to more general systems governed by state-space models; thus, the applicability of the method is expanded to many engineering disciplines. The new method utilizes the analytical solutions of the linear subsystems of the nonsmooth oscillators and uses a numerical optimization tool to construct the nonlinear periodic response of the oscillators. The method is validated both numerically and experimentally in this work. The proposed computational framework is demonstrated on a mechanical oscillator with contacting elements and an analog circuit with nonlinear resistance to show its broad applicability.
Envelope Method for Time- and Space-Dependent Reliability Prediction
Authors: Wu Hao , Du Xiaoping
Published: March 2022

Reliability can be predicted by a limit-state function, which may vary with time and space. This work extends the envelope method for a time-dependent limit-state function to a time- and space-dependent limit-state function. The proposed method uses the envelope function of time- and space-dependent limit-state function. It at first searches for the most probable point (MPP) of the envelope function using the sequential efficient global optimization in the domain of the space and time under consideration. Then the envelope function is approximated by a quadratic function at the MPP for which analytic gradient and Hessian matrix of the envelope function are derived. Subsequently, the second-order saddlepoint approximation method is employed to estimate the probability of failure. Three examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The method can efficiently produce an accurate reliability prediction when the MPP is within the domain of the space and time under consideration.
Radiotherapy orchestrates natural killer cell dependent antitumor immune responses through CXCL8
Authors: Walle Thomas , Kraske Joscha A. , Liao Boyu , Lenoir Bénédicte , Timke Carmen , von Bohlen und Halbach Emilia , Tran Florian , Griebel Paul , Albrecht Dorothee , Ahmed Azaz , Suarez-Carmona Meggy , Jiménez-Sánchez Alejandro , Beikert Tizian , Tietz-Dahlfuß Alexandra , Menevse Ayse Nur , Schmidt Gabriele , Brom Manuela , Pahl Jens H. W. , Antonopoulos Wiebke , Miller Matthias , Perez Ramon Lopez , Bestvater Felix , Giese Nathalia A. , Beckhove Philipp , Rosenstiel Philip , Jäger Dirk , Strobel Oliver , Pe’er Dana , Halama Niels , Debus Jürgen , Cerwenka Adelheid , Huber Peter E.
Published: March 2022

Radiotherapy is a mainstay cancer therapy whose antitumor effects partially depend on T cell responses. However, the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in radiotherapy remains unclear. Here, using a reverse translational approach, we show a central role of NK cells in the radiation-induced immune response involving a CXCL8/IL-8–dependent mechanism. In a randomized controlled pancreatic cancer trial, CXCL8 increased under radiotherapy, and NK cell positively correlated with prolonged overall survival. Accordingly, NK cells preferentially infiltrated irradiated pancreatic tumors and exhibited CD56
dim
-like cytotoxic transcriptomic states. In experimental models, NF-κB and mTOR orchestrated radiation-induced CXCL8 secretion from tumor cells with senescence features causing directional migration of CD56
dim
NK cells, thus linking senescence-associated CXCL8 release to innate immune surveillance of human tumors. Moreover, combined high-dose radiotherapy and adoptive NK cell transfer improved tumor control over monotherapies in xenografted mice, suggesting NK cells combined with radiotherapy as a rational cancer treatment strategy.
Emerged human-like facial expression representation in a deep convolutional neural network
Authors: Zhou Liqin , Yang Anmin , Meng Ming , Zhou Ke
Published: March 2022

Recent studies found that the deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) trained to recognize facial identities spontaneously learned features that support facial expression recognition, and vice versa. Here, we showed that the self-emerged expression-selective units in a VGG-Face trained for facial identification were tuned to distinct basic expressions and, importantly, exhibited hallmarks of human expression recognition (i.e., facial expression confusion and categorical perception). We then investigated whether the emergence of expression-selective units is attributed to either face-specific experience or domain-general processing by conducting the same analysis on a VGG-16 trained for object classification and an untrained VGG-Face without any visual experience, both having the identical architecture with the pretrained VGG-Face. Although similar expression-selective units were found in both DCNNs, they did not exhibit reliable human-like characteristics of facial expression perception. Together, these findings revealed the necessity of domain-specific visual experience of face identity for the development of facial expression perception, highlighting the contribution of nurture to form human-like facial expression perception.
Relaxation time asymmetry in stator dynamics of the bacterial flagellar motor
Authors: Perez-Carrasco Ruben , Franco-Oñate María-José , Walter Jean-Charles , Dorignac Jérôme , Geniet Fred , Palmeri John , Parmeggiani Andrea , Walliser Nils-Ole , Nord Ashley L.
Published: March 2022

The bacterial flagellar motor is the membrane-embedded rotary motor, which turns the flagellum that provides thrust to many bacteria. This large multimeric complex, composed of a few dozen constituent proteins, is a hallmark of dynamic subunit exchange. The stator units are inner-membrane ion channels that dynamically bind to the peptidoglycan at the rotor periphery and apply torque. Their dynamic exchange is a function of the viscous load on the flagellum, allowing the bacterium to adapt to its local environment, although the molecular mechanisms of mechanosensitivity remain unknown. Here, by actively perturbing the steady-state stator stoichiometry of individual motors, we reveal a stoichiometry-dependent asymmetry in stator remodeling kinetics. We interrogate the potential effect of next-neighbor interactions and local stator unit depletion and find that neither can explain the observed asymmetry. We then simulate and fit two mechanistically diverse models that recapitulate the asymmetry, finding assembly dynamics to be particularly well described by a two-state catch-bond mechanism.
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone genes encode effectors of long-term memory
Authors: Chatterjee Snehajyoti , Bahl Ethan , Mukherjee Utsav , Walsh Emily N. , Shetty Mahesh Shivarama , Yan Amy L. , Vanrobaeys Yann , Lederman Joseph D. , Giese K. Peter , Michaelson Jacob , Abel Ted
Published: March 2022

The mechanisms underlying memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) remain unclear, and no effective treatments exist. Fundamental studies have shown that a set of transcriptional regulatory proteins of the nuclear receptor 4a (Nr4a) family serve as molecular switches for long-term memory. Here, we show that Nr4a proteins regulate the transcription of genes encoding chaperones that localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These chaperones fold and traffic plasticity-related proteins to the cell surface during long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity and memory. Dysregulation of Nr4a transcription factors and ER chaperones is linked to ADRD, and overexpressing Nr4a1 or the chaperone Hspa5 ameliorates long-term memory deficits in a tau-based mouse model of ADRD, pointing toward innovative therapeutic approaches for treating memory loss. Our findings establish a unique molecular concept underlying long-term memory and provide insights into the mechanistic basis of cognitive deficits in dementia.
Illuminating the lung regenerative potential of prostanoids
Authors: Fortier Sean M. , Penke Loka R. , Peters-Golden Marc
Published: March 2022

PGE
2
and PGI
2
receptors are potential targets for the treatment of chronic lung disease.
Complete Genome Sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Siphophage Sonora
Authors: Teve Michael , Clark James , Le Tram , Burrowes Ben , Liu Mei
Published: March 2022

Phage Sonora is a siphophage that was isolated against the opportunistic human pathogen
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
. The genome of phage Sonora is 63,825 bp long and is not related to that of any phage at the nucleotide level. Sonora shares 46 of 97 total proteins with the
Bordetella
phages CN2, MW2, and FP1.
Genome Sequence of a Beak and Feather Disease Virus from an Unusual Novel Host, Australian Boobook Owl (Ninox boobook)
Authors: Sarker Subir , Athukorala Ajani , Phalen David N.
Published: March 2022

The beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a pathogen of psittacine birds. BFDVs infecting nonpsittacine birds remain largely uncharacterized. We report the genome of a BFDV from a boobook owl (
Ninox boobook
), a nonpsittacine bird. The genome consisted of 1,993 bp containing two major bidirectionally transcribed open reading frames.
Multiple Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Energy Analysis Unravel the Dynamic Properties and Binding Mechanism of Mutants HIV-1 Protease with DRV and CA-p2
Authors: Wang Ruige , Zheng Qingchuan
Published: March 2022

Developing effective anti-HIV inhibitors is the current requirement to cope with the emergence of the resistance of mutants. Compared with the experiments, MD simulations along with energy calculations help reduce the time and cost of designing new inhibitors. Based on our simulation results, we propose two factors that may help design effective inhibitors against HIV-1 PR: (i) importance of hydrophobic cavity, and (ii) introduction of polar groups similar to the guanidine group.
Metagenomic Approaches Reveal Strain Profiling and Genotyping of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Hospitalized Patients in China
Authors: Liu Jiao , Xu Zhuofei , Li Haibo , Chen Fuhui , Han Kaiyu , Hu Xiaoman , Fang Yuan , Chen Dechang
Published: March 2022

Routine culture and PCR-based molecular testing in the clinical microbiology laboratory are unable to recognize pathogens at the strain level and to detect strain-specific genetic determinants involved in virulence and resistance. To address this issue, we explored the strain-level profiling of
K. pneumoniae
prevalent in China based on metagenome-sequenced patient materials.
Experience of diagnosing and managing a patient with spinal Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease in a tuberculosis hyperendemic region
Authors: Tan Ming Han , Foo Choong Hoon , Ohn May Honey , Ohn Khin Maung
Published: March 2022

Classic Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease (RDD) is a rare histiocytic disorder with bilateral massive painless cervical lymphadenopathy. It is a mysterious disease and there is little knowledge of its pathogenesis, clinical features, radiological findings, laboratory investigations, effective treatments and prognosis. Some of its clinical presentations may overlap with those ofMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection. Just like tuberculosis infection, RDD may involve many other organs, for example, skin, kidney, bone, brain and spine. The diagnosis can easily be overlooked, especially in communities hyperendemic to tuberculosis infection. We report our experience in diagnosing and managing a patient with spinal RDD with concurrent tuberculosis infection, who was treated empirically for cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis without a conclusive laboratory finding prior to her spinal condition. In view of her acute neurological deficit, emergency spinal decompression was performed. Her intraoperative spinal samples had shown classic histopathological features of RDD. We believe the lymphadenopathy was part of the clinical presentation of RDD. She showed favourable neurological recovery throughout the follow-up.
Wernicke encephalopathy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a young patient
Authors: Kalbi Deepak , Al Sbihi Ali , Parekh Harsh , Chaudhary Ahmed J
Published: March 2022

We report a case of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) in a woman in her 20s who had Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for severe obesity, which resulted in a severe depletion of the patient’s thiamine reserve and development of WE syndrome, we also emphasise the importance of prompt diagnosis of this serious complication in addition to the importance of adequate therapy.