bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terahertz transmission through rings of quantum dots-nanogap
Authors: Tripathi Laxmi-Narayan , Bahk Young-Mi , Choi Geunchang , Han Sanghoon , Park Namkyoo , Kim Dai-Sik
Published: January 2016

We report resonant funneling of terahertz (THz) waves through (9 ± 1) nm wide quantum dots-nanogap of cadmium selenide quantum dots silver nanogap metamaterials. We observed a giant THz intensity enhancement (∼104) through the quantum dots-nanogap at the resonant frequency. We, further report the experimentally measured effective mode indices for these metamaterials. A finite difference time domain simulation of the nanogap enabled by the quantum dots supports the experimentally measured THz intensity enhancement across the nanogap. We propose that these low effective mode index terahertz resonators will be useful as bio/chemical sensors, gain-enhanced antennas, and wave guides.
Write-once memory effects observed in Ga-doped ZnO/organic semiconductor/MoO3/Au structures
Authors: Hasegawa Junya , Nagase Takashi , Kobayashi Takashi , Naito Hiroyoshi
Published: January 2016

Electrical switching phenomena in a device configuration of inverted organic light-emitting diodes have been observed. The device structure was Ga-doped ZnO (GZO)/N,N′-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (m-CP)/MoO3 (10 nm)/Au (50 nm) fabricated by solution coating. The devices are write-once-read-many-times (WORM) memory devices with low switching voltage (<3 V) and long retention time (>700 h). Equivalent circuits in OFF and ON states are determined from the Cole–Cole plots measured by impedance spectroscopy. The switching phenomena and nonvolatile memory behavior are attributable to the formation conductive Au filaments in the m-CP layer of the ON state.
Simulation of spectral properties of bundlelike gold nanorods
Authors: Ozaki Ryotaro , Nagao Yoshiki , Kadowaki Kazunori , Kuwahara Yutaka
Published: January 2016

Metal nanoparticles have become increasingly important in fields such as electronics, photonics, and biotechnology. In particular, anisotropic gold nanoparticles, such as gold nanorods, exhibit unique properties owing to their anisotropy. Optical properties of isolated gold nanorods and dimers of gold nanorods have been investigated from both experimental and theoretical points of view. We have reported a method for three-dimensional assembly of anisotropic gold nanoparticles by two-phase transfer in which the morphologies of the assemblies can be controlled by the aspect ratio of nanorods. In this study, we numerically calculate extinction spectra to investigate the plasmonic properties of bundlelike assemblies by the finite-element method. Their plasmonic properties depend on not only the three orthogonal directions but also the alignment of the nanorod assembly.
A systematic analysis of the science of sandboxing
Authors: Maass Michael , Sales Adam , Chung Benjamin , Sunshine Joshua
Published: January 2016

Sandboxes are increasingly important building materials for secure software systems. In recognition of their potential to improve the security posture of many systems at various points in the development lifecycle, researchers have spent the last several decades developing, improving, and evaluating sandboxing techniques. What has been done in this space? Where are the barriers to advancement? What are the gaps in these efforts? We systematically analyze a decade of sandbox research from five top-tier security and systems conferences using qualitative content analysis, statistical clustering, and graph-based metrics to answer these questions and more. We find that the term “sandbox” currently has no widely accepted or acceptable definition. We use our broad scope to propose the first concise and comprehensive definition for “sandbox” that consistently encompasses research sandboxes. We learn that the sandboxing landscape covers a range of deployment options and policy enforcement techniques collectively capable of defending diverse sets of components while mitigating a wide range of vulnerabilities. Researchers consistently make security, performance, and applicability claims about their sandboxes and tend to narrowly define the claims to ensure they can be evaluated. Those claims are validated using multi-faceted strategies spanning proof, analytical analysis, benchmark suites, case studies, and argumentation. However, we find two cases for improvement: (1) the arguments researchers present are oftenad hocand (2) sandbox usability is mostly uncharted territory. We propose ways to structure arguments to ensure they fully support their corresponding claims and suggest lightweight means of evaluating sandbox usability.
A subset of enteroendocrine cells is activated by amino acids in the Drosophila midgut
Authors: Park Jeong‐Ho , Chen Ji , Jang Sooin , Ahn Tae Jung , Kang KyeongJin , Choi Min Sung , Kwon Jae Young
Published: January 2016

The intestine is involved in digestion and absorption, as well as the regulation of metabolism upon sensation of the internal intestinal environment. Enteroendocrine cells are thought to mediate these internal intestinal chemosensory functions. Using the CaLexA (calcium‐dependent nuclear import of LexA) method, we examined the enteroendocrine cell populations that are activated when flies are subjected to various dietary conditions such as starvation, sugar, high fat, protein, or pathogen exposure. We find that a specific subpopulation of enteroendocrine cells in the posterior midgut which express Dh31 and tachykinin are activated by the presence of proteins and amino acids.
Erosion rate study at the Allchar deposit (Macedonia) based on radioactive and stable cosmogenic nuclides (26Al, 36Cl, 3He, and 21Ne)
Authors: Pavićević M. K. , Cvetković V. , Niedermann S. , Pejović V. , Amthauer G. , Boev B. , Bosch F. , Aničin I. , Henning W. F.
Published: January 2016

This paper focuses on constraining the erosion rate in the area of the Allchar Sb‐As‐Tl‐Au deposit (Macedonia). It contains the largest known reserves of lorandite (TlAsS2), which is essential for the LORanditeEXperiment (LOREX), aimed at determining the long‐term solar neutrino flux. Because the erosion history of the Allchar area is crucial for the success of LOREX, we applied terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides including both radioactive (26Al and 36Cl) and stable (3He and 21Ne) nuclides in quartz, dolomite/calcite, sanidine, and diopside. The obtained results suggest that there is accordance in the values obtained by applying 26Al, 36Cl, and 21Ne for around 85% of the entire sample collection, with resulting erosion rates varying from several tens of m/Ma to ∼165 m/Ma. The samples from four locations (L‐8 CD, L1b/R, L1c/R, and L‐4/ADR) give erosion rates between 300 and 400 m/Ma. Although these localities reveal remarkably higher values, which may be explained by burial events that occurred in part of Allchar, the erosion rate estimates mostly in the range between 50 and 100 m/Ma. This range further enables us to estimate the vertical erosion rate values for the two main ore bodies Crven Dol and Centralni Deo. We also estimate that the lower and upper limits of average paleo‐depths for the ore body Centralni Deo from 4.3 Ma to the present are 250–290 and 750–790 m, respectively, whereas the upper limit of paleo‐depth for the ore body Crven Dol over the same geological age is 860 m. The estimated paleo‐depth values allow estimating the relative contributions of 205Pb derived from pp‐neutrino and fast cosmic‐ray muons, respectively, which is an important prerequisite for the LOREX experiment.
Paleo‐methane emissions recorded in foraminifera near the landward limit of the gas hydrate stability zone offshore western Svalbard
Authors: Panieri Giuliana , Graves Carolyn A. , James Rachael H.
Published: January 2016

We present stable isotope and geochemical data from four sediment cores from west of Prins Karls Forland (ca. 340 m water depth), offshore western Svalbard, recovered from close to sites of active methane seepage, as well as from shallower water depths where methane seepage is not presently observed. Our analyses provide insight into the record of methane seepage in an area where ongoing ocean warming may be fueling the destabilization of shallow methane hydrate. The δ13C values of benthic and planktonic foraminifera at the methane seep sites show distinct intervals with negative values (as low as −27.8‰) that do not coincide with the present‐day depth of the sulfate methane transition zone (SMTZ). These intervals are interpreted to record long‐term fluctuations in methane release at the present‐day landward limit of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). Shifts in the radiocarbon ages obtained from planktonic foraminifera toward older values are related to methane‐derived authigenic carbonate overgrowths of the foraminiferal tests, and prevent us from establishing the chronology of seepage events. At shallower water depths, where seepage is not presently observed, no record of past methane seepage is recorded in foraminifera from sediments spanning the last 14 ka cal BP (14C‐AMS dating). δ13C values of foraminiferal carbonate tests appear to be much more sensitive to methane seepage than other sediment parameters. By providing nucleation sites for authigenic carbonate precipitation, foraminifera thus record the position of even a transiently stable SMTZ, which is likely to be a characteristic of temporally variable methane fluxes.
Dynamical downscaling of historical climate over CORDEX East Asia domain: A comparison of regional ocean‐atmosphere coupled model to stand‐alone RCM simulations
Authors: Zou Liwei , Zhou Tianjun , Peng Dongdong
Published: January 2016

The FROALS (flexible regional ocean‐atmosphere‐land system) model, a regional ocean‐atmosphere coupled model, has been applied to the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) East Asia domain. Driven by historical simulations from a global climate system model, dynamical downscaling for the period from 1980 to 2005 has been conducted at a uniform horizontal resolution of 50 km. The impacts of regional air‐sea couplings on the simulations of East Asian summer monsoon rainfall have been investigated, and comparisons have been made to corresponding simulations performed using a stand‐alone regional climate model (RCM). The added value of the FROALS model with respect to the driving global climate model was evident in terms of both climatology and the interannual variability of summer rainfall over East China by the contributions of both the high horizontal resolution and the reasonably simulated convergence of the moisture fluxes. Compared with the stand‐alone RCM simulations, the spatial pattern of the simulated low‐level monsoon flow over East Asia and the western North Pacific was improved in the FROALS model due to its inclusion of regional air‐sea coupling. The results indicated that the simulated sea surface temperature (SSTs) resulting from the regional air‐sea coupling were lower than those derived directly from the driving global model over the western North Pacific north of 15°N. These colder SSTs had both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, they strengthened the western Pacific subtropical high, which improved the simulation of the summer monsoon circulation over East Asia. On the other hand, the colder SSTs suppressed surface evaporation and favored weaker local interannual variability in the SST, which led to less summer rainfall and weaker interannual rainfall variability over the Korean Peninsula and Japan. Overall, the reference simulation performed using the FROALS model is reasonable in terms of rainfall over the land area of East Asia and will become the basis for the generation of climate change scenarios for the CORDEX East Asia domain that will be described in future reports.
Chemical composition, sources, and aging process of submicron aerosols in Beijing: Contrast between summer and winter
Authors: Hu Weiwei , Hu Min , Hu Wei , Jimenez Jose L. , Yuan Bin , Chen Wentai , Wang Ming , Wu Yusheng , Chen Chen , Wang Zhibin , Peng Jianfei , Zeng Limin , Shao Min
Published: January 2016

To investigate the seasonal characteristics of submicron aerosol (PM1) in Beijing urban areas, a high‐resolution time‐of‐flight aerosol‐mass‐spectrometer (HR‐ToF‐AMS) was utilized at an urban site in summer (August to September 2011) and winter (November to December 2010), coupled with multiple state of the art online instruments. The average mass concentrations of PM1 (60–84 µg m−3) and its chemical compositions in different campaigns of Beijing were relatively consistent in recent years. In summer, the daily variations of PM1 mass concentrations were stable and repeatable. Eighty‐two percent of the PM1 mass concentration on average was composed of secondary species, where 62% is secondary inorganic aerosol and 20% secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In winter, PM1 mass concentrations changed dramatically because of the different meteorological conditions. The high average fraction (58%) of primary species in PM1 including primary organic aerosol (POA), black carbon, and chloride indicates primary emissions usually played a more important role in the winter. However, aqueous chemistry resulting in efficient secondary formation during occasional periods with high relative humidity may also contribute substantially to haze in winter. Results of past OA source apportionment studies in Beijing show 45–67% of OA in summer and 22–50% of OA in winter can be composed of SOA. Based on the source apportionment results, we found 45% POA in winter and 61% POA in summer are from nonfossil sources, contributed by cooking OA in both seasons and biomass burning OA (BBOA) in winter. Cooking OA, accounting for 13–24% of OA, is an important nonfossil carbon source in all years of Beijing and should not be neglected. The fossil sources of POA include hydrocarbon‐like OA from vehicle emissions in both seasons and coal combustion OA (CCOA) in winter. The CCOA and BBOA were the two main contributors (57% of OA) for the highest OA concentrations (>100 µg m−3) in winter. The POA/ΔCO ratios in winter and summer are 11 and 16 µg m−3 ppm−1, respectively, similar to ratios from western cities. Higher OOA/Ox (= NO2 + O3) ratio (0.49 µg m−3 ppb−1) in winter study than these ratios from western cities (0.03–0.16 µg m−3 ppb−1) was observed, which may be due to the aqueous reaction or extra SOA formation contributed by semivolatile organic compounds from various primary sources (e.g., BBOA or CCOA) in Beijing. The evolution of oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) with photochemical age allows to estimate an equivalent rate constant for chemical aging of OA in summer as kOH ~ 4.1 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, which is of the same order as obtained in other anthropogenic influenced areas and may be useful for OA modeling.
An assessment of the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model representation of near‐surface meteorological variables over West Antarctica
Authors: Deb Pranab , Orr Andrew , Hosking J. Scott , Phillips Tony , Turner John , Bannister Daniel , Pope James O. , Colwell Steve
Published: January 2016

Despite the recent significant climatic changes observed over West Antarctica, which include large warming in central West Antarctica and accelerated ice loss, adequate validation of regional simulations of meteorological variables are rare for this region. To address this gap, results from a recent version of the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting model (Polar WRF) covering West Antarctica at a high horizontal resolution of 5 km were validated against near‐surface meteorological observations. The model employed physics options that included the Mellor‐Yamada‐Nakanishi‐Niino boundary layer scheme, the WRF Single Moment 5‐Class cloud microphysics scheme, the new version of the rapid radiative transfer model for both shortwave and longwave radiation, and the Noah land surface model. Our evaluation finds this model to be a useful tool for realistically capturing the near‐surface meteorological conditions. It showed high skill in simulating surface pressure (correlation ≥0.97), good skill for wind speed with better correlation at inland sites (0.7–0.8) compared to coastal sites (0.3–0.6), generally good representation of strong wind events, and good skill for temperature in winter (correlation ≥0.8). The main shortcomings of this configuration of Polar WRF are an occasional failure to properly represent transient cyclones and their influence on coastal winds, an amplified diurnal temperature cycle in summer, and a general tendency to underestimate the wind speed at inland sites in summer. Additional sensitivity studies were performed to quantify the impact of the choice of boundary layer scheme and surface boundary conditions. It is shown that the model is most sensitive to the choice of boundary layer scheme, with the representation of the temperature diurnal cycle in summer significantly improved by selecting the Mellor‐Yamada‐Janjic boundary layer scheme. By contrast, the model results showed little sensitivity to whether the horizontal resolution was 5 or 15 km.
New insights into the wind‐dust relationship in sandblasting and direct aerodynamic entrainment from wind tunnel experiments
Authors: Parajuli Sagar Prasad , Zobeck Ted M. , Kocurek Gary , Yang Zong‐Liang , Stenchikov Georgiy L.
Published: January 2016

Numerous parameterizations have been developed for predicting wind erosion, yet the physical mechanism of dust emission is not fully understood. Sandblasting is thought to be the primary mechanism, but recent studies suggest that dust emission by direct aerodynamic entrainment can be significant under certain conditions. In this work, using wind tunnel experiments, we investigated some of the lesser understood aspects of dust emission in sandblasting and aerodynamic entrainment for three soil types, namely, clay, silty clay loam, and clay loam. First, we explored the role of erodible surface roughness on dust emitted by aerodynamic entrainment. Second, we compared the emitted dust concentration in sandblasting and aerodynamic entrainment under a range of wind friction velocities. Finally, we explored the sensitivity of emitted dust particle size distribution (PSD) to soil type and wind friction velocity in these two processes. The dust concentration in aerodynamic entrainment showed strong positive correlation, no significant correlation, and weak negative correlation, for the clay, silty clay loam, and clay loam, respectively, with the erodible soil surface roughness. The dust in aerodynamic entrainment was significant constituting up to 28.3, 41.4, and 146.4% compared to sandblasting for the clay, silty clay loam, and clay loam, respectively. PSD of emitted dust was sensitive to soil type in both sandblasting and aerodynamic entrainment. PSD was sensitive to the friction velocity in aerodynamic entrainment but not in sandblasting. Our results highlight the need to consider the details of sandblasting and direct aerodynamic entrainment processes in parameterizing dust emission in global/regional climate models.
Global carbon cycle perturbation across the Eocene‐Oligocene climate transition
Authors: Armstrong McKay David I. , Tyrrell Toby , Wilson Paul A.
Published: January 2016

The Eocene‐Oligocene transition (EOT), ~34 Ma, marks a tipping point in the long‐term Cenozoic greenhouse to icehouse climate transition. Paleorecords reveal stepwise rapid cooling and ice growth across the EOT tightly coupled to a transient benthic δ13C excursion and a major and permanent deepening of the carbonate compensation depth (CCD). Based on biogeochemical box modeling, Merico et al. (2008) suggested that a combination of (1) glacioeustatic sea level fall‐induced shelf‐basin carbonate burial fractionation and (2) shelf carbonate weathering can account for the carbon cycle perturbation, but this finding has been questioned. Alternative proposed mechanisms include increased ocean ventilation, decreased carbonate burial, increased organic carbon burial, increased silicate weathering, and increased ocean calcium concentration. Here we use an improved version of the biogeochemical box model of Merico et al. (2008) to reevaluate these competing hypotheses and an additional mechanism, the expansion of “carbon capacitors” such as permafrost and peatlands. We find that changes in calcium concentration, silicate weathering, and carbonate or organic carbon burial each yield a response that is fundamentally at odds with the form and/or sign of the paleorecords. Shelf‐basin carbonate burial fractionation (CCD change), plus shelf carbonate weathering, sequestration of 12C‐enriched carbon into carbon capacitors, and possibly increased ocean ventilation (δ13C excursion), offers the best fit to the paleorecords. Further work is needed to understand why the EOT carbon cycle perturbation is so unique when the forcing mechanisms hypothesized to be responsible (cooling and ice growth) are not peculiar to this event.
Southwest Pacific Ocean surface reservoir ages since the last glaciation: Circulation insights from multiple‐core studies
Authors: Sikes Elisabeth L. , Guilderson Thomas P.
Published: January 2016

Radiocarbon (14C) in dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean can trace the age of ocean water relative to the atmosphere and provide insight into climate‐driven changes in ocean circulation since the last glaciation. Here we estimate surface radiocarbon ages from the last glaciation through the deglaciation into the Holocene in the southwestern Pacific by using tephras, both as stratigraphic tie points and for the availability of existing radiocarbon dates from terrestrial‐ based analyses of the organic carbon associated with them, as markers of past atmospheric Δ14C. The glacial surface reservoir age of subtropical waters was ~700 14C years older than the coeval atmosphere at ~25,000 cal yr B.P. This was significantly older (more 14C depleted) by ~ 300 14C years, than modern reservoir ages. At the same time, subantarctic surface water reservoir age was ~3200 14C years, almost 5 times the modern reservoir age, making the difference in age between subtropical and subantarctic surface water masses treble the modern difference. This pattern is attributed to the upwelling and exchange of very old deep waters from the glacial abyss in the Southern Ocean. In the early deglaciation, surface reservoir ages were ~600 to 700 14C years. Recent atmospheric Δ14C calibrations project that these surface reservoir ages were older than modern by 1.2‐fold to 2‐fold. This increased reservoir effect can be attributed to shallow circulation that differed from modern, delivering waters with lower 14C content to the region. Early Holocene surface reservoir ages of ~300 to 500 14C years, similar to recent, suggest modern circulation patterns were in place by that time.
Influence of particle size and density, and channel velocity on the deposition patterns around a circular patch of model emergent vegetation
Authors: Shi Ying , Jiang Beihan , Nepf Heidi M.
Published: January 2016

This laboratory study examined the influence of particle size and density, and channel velocity on the spatial deposition pattern around an emergent (extending through the entire water depth), circular patch of model vegetation located at the center of a channel. Three flow conditions and three particles of different size and density were considered. Across all particle and velocity conditions, three basic deposition patterns were observed: (1) high deposition in the patch wake and low deposition in the zones adjacent to the patch; (2) high deposition in both the wake and adjacent zones; and (3) low deposition in both the wake and adjacent zones. The observed deposition pattern correlated with the ratio of channel shear velocity (
to critical shear velocity (
Specifically, for
or
, the deposition was high (or low, respectively) over the entire channel with little difference between the wake and adjacent regions. In contrast, for
divergence in net deposition between the wake and the adjacent zones occurred, with higher net deposition in the wake and lower net deposition in the adjacent zones. The peak divergence was observed at
. The deposition patterns were more closely correlated with the ratio
than with
(with
the particle settling velocity), suggesting that the spatial variation in net deposition was driven by resuspension (associated with
) and not settling (associated with
).
Intense low‐frequency chorus waves observed by Van Allen Probes: Fine structures and potential effect on radiation belt electrons
Authors: Gao Zhonglei , Su Zhenpeng , Zhu Hui , Xiao Fuliang , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Shen Chao , Wang Shui
Published: January 2016

Frequency distribution is a vital factor in determining the contribution of whistler mode chorus to radiation belt electron dynamics. Chorus is usually considered to occur in the frequency range 0.1–0.8fce_eq (with the equatorial electron gyrofrequency fce_eq). We here report an event of intense low‐frequency chorus with nearly half of wave power distributed below 0.1fce_eq observed by Van Allen Probe A on 27 August 2014. This emission propagated quasi‐parallel to the magnetic field and exhibited hiss‐like signatures most of the time. The low‐frequency chorus can produce the rapid loss of low‐energy (∼0.1 MeV) electrons, different from the normal chorus. For high‐energy (≥0.5 MeV) electrons, the low‐frequency chorus can yield comparable momentum diffusion to that of the normal chorus but much stronger (up to 2 orders of magnitude) pitch angle diffusion near the loss cone.
Multi‐period planning, design, and strategic models for long‐term, quality‐sensitive shale gas development
Authors: Drouven Markus G. , Grossmann Ignacio E.
Published: January 2016

In this work we address the long‐term, quality‐sensitive shale gas development problem. This problem involves planning, design, and strategic decisions such as where, when, and how many shale gas wells to drill, where to lay out gathering pipelines, as well as which delivery agreements to arrange. Our objective is to use computational models to identify the most profitable shale gas development strategies. For this purpose we propose a large‐scale, nonconvex, mixed‐integer nonlinear programming model. We rely on generalized disjunctive programming to systematically derive the building blocks of this model. Based on a tailor‐designed solution strategy we identify near‐global solutions to the resulting large‐scale problems. Finally, we apply the proposed modeling framework to two case studies based on real data to quantify the value of optimization models for shale gas development. Our results suggest that the proposed models can increase upstream operators’ profitability by several million U.S. dollars. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2296–2323, 2016
Study on rheology and thermal stability of mixed (nonionic–anionic) surfactant based fracturing fluids
Authors: Baruah Atrayee , Pathak Akhilendra K. , Ojha Keka
Published: January 2016

Mixed surfactant systems have gained significant importance in the development of fracturing fluid due to polymorphism of self‐assembly structures that have combined properties of the surfactants in the mixture. In this article, a comparative study on the phase behavior and viscoelastic properties of mixed surfactant based fluids, prepared from Tween 80+NaOA/2‐ethyl hexanol/clove oil/water and Tween 20+NaOA/2‐ethyl hexanol/clove oil/water quaternary system is investigated in details. The viscoelastic surfactant (VES) based fluids prepared from the former system offered superior rheological properties than the latter system. The addition of 0.1% NaOH and 500 ppm ZnO nano‐particles in the VES fluids presented enhanced viscoelastic properties as concluded by static and dynamic rheological tests. Miscibility test indicated the miscibility of the VES fluids with water, unlike in the presence of diesel oil and satisfactory proppant suspension capabilities were exhibited by the developed fluids. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2177–2187, 2016
Drying of a system of multiple solvents: Modeling by the reaction engineering approach
Authors: Putranto Aditya , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: January 2016

Drying is a very important industrial operation in society. In drying, solute may dissolve in an aqueous solvent, a nonaqueous solvent or a mixture of solvents. Many mathematical models have been published previously to model drying of solute in water. The reaction engineering approach (REA) is known to be an easy‐to‐use approach. It can describe well many drying cases of water removal. Currently, no simple lumped model has been attempted to describe drying of porous materials containing a mixture of solvents. In this study, for the first time, REA is constructively implemented to model drying in a mixture of one aqueous and one nonaqueous solvent. The REA is applied here to model the drying of polyvinyl alcohol/methanol/water under constant and time‐varying environmental conditions. Similar to the relative activation energy of water, that of methanol is generated through one accurate drying run. For modeling the time‐varying drying, the relative activation energies are the same as those for modeling convective drying under constant ambient conditions but combined with the equilibrium activation energies at the corresponding humidity, methanol concentration, and temperature for each drying period. The REA is accurate to model drying of a solute in nonaqueous solvent as well as in a mixture of noninteracting solvents. In the future, spatially distributed REA for nonaqueous or mixtures of both aqueous and nonaqueous solvent will be explored for fundamental understanding and for practical application. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2144–2153, 2016
TAK‐228 (formerly MLN0128), an investigational oral dual TORC1/2 inhibitor: A phase I dose escalation study in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, or Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
Authors: Ghobrial Irene M. , Siegel David S. , Vij Ravi , Berdeja Jesus G. , Richardson Paul G. , Neuwirth Rachel , Patel Chirag G. , Zohren Fabian , Wolf Jeffrey L.
Published: January 2016

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways are frequently dysregulated in multiple human cancers, including multiple myeloma (MM), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). This was the first clinical study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, maximal‐tolerated dose (MTD), dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT), pharmacokinetics, and preliminary clinical activity of TAK‐228, an oral TORC1/2 inhibitor, in patients with MM, NHL, or WM. Thirty‐nine patients received TAK‐228 once daily (QD) at 2, 4, 6, or 7 mg, or QD for 3 days on and 4 days off each week (QDx3d QW) at 9 or 12 mg, in 28‐day cycles. The overall median age was 61.0 years (range 46–85); 31 patients had MM, four NHL, and four WM. Cycle 1 DLTs occurred in five QD patients (stomatitis, urticaria, blood creatinine elevation, fatigue, and nausea and vomiting) and four QDx3d QW patients (erythematous rash, fatigue, asthenia, mucosal inflammation, and thrombocytopenia). The MTDs were determined to be 4 mg QD and 9 mg QDx3d QW. Thirty‐six patients (92%) reported at least one drug‐related toxicity; the most common grade ≥3 drug‐related toxicities were thrombocytopenia (15%), fatigue (10%), and neutropenia (5%). TAK‐228 exhibited a dose‐dependent increase in plasma exposure and no appreciable accumulation with repeat dosing; mean plasma elimination half‐life was 6–8 hr. Of the 33 response‐evaluable patients, one MM patient had a minimal response, one WM patient achieved partial response, one WM patient had a minor response, and 18 patients (14 MM, two NHL, and two WM) had stable disease. These findings encourage further studies including combination strategies. Am. J. Hematol. 91:400–405, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of novel mutations in hemochromatosis genes by targeted next generation sequencing in Italian patients with unexplained iron overload
Authors: Badar Sadaf , Busti Fabiana , Ferrarini Alberto , Xumerle Luciano , Bozzini Paolo , Capelli Paola , Pozzi‐Mucelli Roberto , Campostrini Natascia , De Matteis Giovanna , Marin Vargas Sergio , Giorgetti Alejandro , Delledonne Massimo , Olivieri Oliviero , Girelli Domenico
Published: January 2016

Hereditary hemochromatosis, one of the commonest genetic disorder in Caucasians, is mainly associated to homozygosity for the C282Y mutation in the HFE gene, which is highly prevalent (allele frequency up to near 10% in Northern Europe) and easily detectable through a widely available “first level” molecular test. However, in certain geographical regions like the Mediterranean area, up to 30% of patients with a HH phenotype has a negative or non‐diagnostic (i.e. simple heterozygosity) test, because of a known heterogeneity involving at least four other genes (HAMP, HJV, TFR2, and SLC40A1). Mutations in such genes are generally rare/private, making the diagnosis of atypical HH essentially a matter of exclusion in clinical practice (from here the term of “non‐HFE” HH), unless cumbersome traditional sequencing is applied. We developed a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)‐based test targeting the five HH genes, and applied it to patients with clinically relevant iron overload (IO) and a non‐diagnostic first level genetic test. We identified several mutations, some of which were novel (i.e. HFE W163X, HAMP R59X, and TFR2 D555N) and allowed molecular reclassification of “non‐HFE” HH clinical diagnosis, particularly in some highly selected IO patients without concurring acquired risk factors. This NGS‐based “second level” genetic test may represent a useful tool for molecular diagnosis of HH in patients in whom HH phenotype remains unexplained after the search of common HFE mutations. Am. J. Hematol. 91:420–425, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Statin use is safe and does not impact prognosis in patient with de novo follicular lymphoma treated with immunochemotherapy: An exploratory analysis of the PRIMA cohort study
Authors: Bachy Emmanuel , Estell Jane A. , Van de Neste Eric , Bouabdallah Réda , Bargay Joan , Delmer Alain , Gelas‐Dore Bénédicte , Gomes da Silva Maria , Fitoussi Olivier , Belada David , Maisonneuve Hervé , Intragumtornchai Tanin , Lamy Thierry , Dartigues Peggy , Francis Seymour John , Salles Gilles
Published: January 2016

An adverse prognostic impact of statin use in lymphoma was first suspected from in vitro data showing an impairment of anti‐CD20 antibody binding. However, further clinical studies suggested an improved outcome associated with their use in hematological malignancies. In particular, a survival benefit was reported for patients with follicular lymphoma on statins. Our objective was to assess the outcome of follicular lymphoma patients treated in the PRIMA study with immunochemotherapy according to the use of statins. Among the 1,217 patients enrolled in the PRIMA study, 1,135 were included in the present study. Concomitant treatments at registration were available for all patients. Among those 1,135 patients, 119 were on statins (10.5%) at diagnosis. Adverse events frequencies, event‐free survival (EFS), time to next lymphoma treatment (TTNLT), time to next chemotherapy (TTNCT), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated according to the use of statins. The rates of overall and specific cardiovascular adverse events between the two groups of patients were comparable both during induction and maintenance. Outcome in terms of response rates or EFS, TTNLT, TTNCT, and OS were similar regardless of the use of statins (P = 0.57, P = 0.85, P = 0.30, and P = 0.43, respectively) in univariate analysis and after further adjustments for potential confounding factors in multivariate analysis. In conclusion, statin use does not impact the prognosis of patients with follicular lymphoma treated with immunochemotherapy. Am. J. Hematol. 91:410–415, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant in patients with myeloid neoplasms carrying spliceosomal mutations
Authors: Hamilton Betty Ky , Visconte Valeria , Jia Xuefei , Tabarroki Ali , Makishima Hideki , Hasrouni Edy , Abounader Donna , Kalaycio Matt , Sekeres Mikkael A. , Sobecks Ronald , Duong Liu Hien , Bolwell Brian , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P. , Copelan Edward , Tiu Ramon V.
Published: January 2016

Molecular predictors of outcome are increasingly important in determining optimal therapy for myeloid neoplasms. Mutations in the spliceosomal genes (U2AF1 and SRSF2) predict for poor outcomes in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and related diseases. We investigated the effect of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) on the negative prognostic impact of U2AF1 and SRSF2 mutations. In total, 122 patients with MDS (30%), acute myeloid leukemia (51%), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) (11%), and MDS/MPN (8%) receiving a HCT from 2003 to 2012 were evaluated for mutations in U2AF1 and SRSF2 by direct sequencing. Median time of follow up was 24 months (range 0.46–110). SRSF2 mutations were detected in 11 (10%) patients and U2AF1 in 3 (3%) patients. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between mutated and wild‐type (WT) patients. Patients carrying SRSF2 and U2AF1 mutations had similar overall survival (P = 0.84), relapse mortality (P = 0.50), and non‐relapse mortality (P = 0.72) compared to WT patients. However, taking into account disease status and cytogenetics in a subset of AML patients, SRSF2 and U2AF1 mutations were associated with worse survival (HR 3.71, P = 0.035). Am. J. Hematol. 91:406–409, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ductile tear behavior of multilayered polypropylene homopolymer/ethylene 1‐octene copolymer sheets
Authors: He Guansong , Zhang Fengshun , Yu Huaning , Li Jiang , Guo Shaoyun
Published: January 2016

The tear resistance of the polypropylene homopolymer (HPP)/ethylene 1‐octene copolymer (POE) alternating multilayered sheets, which were prepared through multilayered coextrusion, was evaluated. Polarized optical microscope (POM) photographs revealed that HPP and POE layers aligned alternately vertical to the interfaces and continuously parallel to the extrusion direction. Tear results demonstrated the conventional blends had less tear‐resistant than the multilayered samples. Large plastic deformation of HPP layer occurred in the multilayered structure during the stable crack growth, causing the tear energy to increase with the number of layers increasing. The measurements of PCMW2D IR and WAXD revealed that the large plastic deformation had a direct relationship with the crystal structure and termination of micro‐cracks by interface. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43298.
Improvement of the mechanical behavior of bioplastic poly(lactic acid)/polyamide blends by reactive compatibilization
Authors: Gug JeongIn , Sobkowicz Margaret J.
Published: January 2016

Polymer blends are of significant interest for reinforcing bioplastics via addition of a second polymer and a blend compatibilizer or in situ reaction. However, increased costs associated with additional materials and extra processing steps can limit the viability of this solution. Here, a simple, continuous reactive extrusion processing method was examined for producing tougher bioplastic blends. p‐Toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) catalyst was added to two immiscible biobased polymers, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyamide11 (PA11), to induce ester‐amide exchange reaction. The mechanical properties of PLA were improved through mixing with PA11 by introducing copolymers at the interface thereby reducing interfacial tension. The morphology, chemical structure analysis, and tensile testing supported that copolymerization reaction occurred resulting in improved bonding between PLA and PA11 with 0.5 wt % TsOH catalyst in the batch mixing, but depolymerization dominated at higher shear stress (2000 rpm) and catalyst loading (over 2 wt %). The PLA/PA11 blend with 0.5 wt % TsOH catalyst displayed around 50% improvement in elongation at break in twin‐screw extruder blending (around 5 min mixing time) at 250 rpm screw speed, which was similar to the improvement using batch mixing (20 min mixing time). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43350.
Use of polyethylene films photografted with 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate as a potential adsorbent for removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous medium
Authors: Asamoto Hiromichi , Kimura Yuji , Ishiguro Yohei , Minamisawa Hiroaki , Yamada Kazunori
Published: January 2016

A new polymeric adsorbent material based on polyethylene (PE) was prepared by photografting of 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as a positively chargeable monomer to a PE film. The effects of the experimental parameters, such as the pH value, temperature, and grafted amount on adsorption of chromium(VI) (Cr(VI)) ions were investigated for the DMAEMA‐grafted PE (PE‐g‐PDAMEMA) films. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at the initial pH value of 3.0 for a PE‐g‐PDMAEMA film with 1.8 mmol/g and the maximum adsorption capacity obtained was higher than or compatible to those of many of the other polymeric adsorbents prepared for Cr(VI) ions. The adsorption kinetics obeyed the mechanism of the pseudo‐second order kinetic model and adsorption of Cr(VI) ions on PE‐g‐PDMAEMA films was well expressed by the Langmuir isotherm model. A high Langmuir adsorption constant suggests that the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions occurs between protonated dimethylamino groups and
ions mainly through the electrostatic interaction. Cr(VI) ions adsorbed were successfully desorbed from a PE‐g‐PDMAEMA film in solutions of NaCl, NH4Cl, NH4Cl containing NaOH, and NaOH and a PE‐g‐PDMAEMA film was regenerated and repeatedly used for adsorption of Cr(VI) ions without appreciable loss in the adsorption capacity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43360.
Micromechanical modeling of roll‐to‐roll processing of oriented polyethylene terephthalate films
Authors: Poluektov M. , van Dommelen J. A. W. , Govaert L. E. , MacKerron D. H. , Geers M. G. D.
Published: January 2016

In this article, the thermo‐mechanical time‐dependent behavior of oriented polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films, which are used as a substrate material for flexible Organic Light‐Emitting Diode (OLED)s, is analyzed. These films are subjected to conditions that are representative for the industrial manufacturing process. Effects of creep and thermal shrinkage are experimentally observed simultaneously. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the ability of the micromechanically‐based model, which was previously used to separately describe both creep and thermal shrinkage of the polyethylene terephthalate film, to simulate experimentally observed anisotropic behavior of the film under complex loading conditions. This anisotropic behavior results from the microstructure, the internal stress state, and differences in constitutive behavior of the phases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43384.
Polyimide‐based porous hollow carbon nanofibers for supercapacitor electrode
Authors: Le Trung Hieu , Yang Ying , Yu Liu , Gao Tianji , Huang Zhenghong , Kang Feiyu
Published: January 2016

Porous hollow carbon nanofibers (PHCNFs) using styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) solution as core and polyacrylic acid (PAA) as shell were manufactured by co‐axial electrospinning technique, taking polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a pore inducer additive in the shell. The shell thickness of PHCNFs could be adjusted by controlling flow rates of core and shell fluids. The prepared PHCNFs showed excellent electrochemical properties with the high specific capacitance of 221 F g−1 and superior cycling stability, remaining a capacitance retention of 95% after 5000 cycles under a scan rate of 0.1 V s−1. In this system, hollow structures bring a 20% capacitance improvement, while the porous morphology brings a 47% capacitance improvement. The attractive performances exhibited by these sponge supercapacitors make them potentially promising candidates for future energy storage systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43397.
The preparation of SPEEK/phosphate salts membranes and application for CO2/CH4 separation
Authors: Lv Jianfei , Liu Yuanyuan , Qin Yun , Guo Ruili , Zhang Jianshu , Wei Zhong
Published: January 2016

SPEEK/phosphate salts membranes were prepared and utilized for CO2/CH4 separation. SPEEK with abundant –SO3H groups and EO groups on polymer chains would be beneficial for CO2 transport. The doped phosphate salts (NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4 and Na3PO4) with different acid‐base properties increased the water content in the membrane, and water was expected to increase both the solubility and diffusivity of CO2 in the membrane. All membranes were characterized by FTIR, TGA, and XRD. The CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity of SPEEK/Na3PO4 membranes were higher than that of SPEEK/NaH2PO4 and SPEEK/Na2HPO4 membranes. Compared to the pure SPEEK membrane, the CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity of SPEEK/Na3PO4−10 membrane were increased by 144% and 65%, respectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43399.
Novel floating photocatalysts based on polyurethane composite foams modified with silver/titanium dioxide/graphene ternary nanoparticles for the visible‐light‐mediated remediation of diesel‐polluted surface water
Authors: Ni Lingfeng , Li Yi , Zhang Chi , Li Linze , Zhang Wenlong , Wang Dawei
Published: January 2016

Photocatalyst loading on a floating substitute is accepted as a promising method for the remediation of diesel‐polluted surface water. Therefore, novel photocatalysts based on polyurethane foams modified with silver/titanium dioxide/graphene ternary nanoparticles (PU–Ag/P25/G) were synthesized and investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy showed the coexistence of Ag, Degussa P25 (P25), and graphene and the nanoscale dispersion of nanoparticles in the matrix and on the surface of the polyurethane (PU) foam. The diesel adsorption capacity of the photocatalyst reached 96 g/g. The maximum diesel degradation was found to be 76% in a period of 16 h. Compared with polyurethane‐foam‐supported P25/graphene (PU–P25/G) and polyurethane‐foam‐supported P25 (PU–P25), all of the adsorption isotherm and degradation kinetics followed the order PU–Ag/P25/G > PU–P25/G > PU–P25 > PU; this was due to the loading of different nanoparticles. Moreover, the degradation efficiency was reduced only 5% after five consecutive reactions; this showed good stability and reusability of the photocatalyst for surface water restoration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43400.
Unusual poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) biosynthesis behavior of Pseudomonas putida Bet001 and Delftia tsuruhatensis Bet002 isolated from palm oil mill effluent
Authors: Razaif‐Mazinah Mohd Rafais Mohd , Anis Siti Nor Syairah , Harun Hazwani Izzati , Rashid Khairunnisa Abdul , Annuar Mohamad Suffian Mohamad
Published: January 2016

Pseudomonas putida Bet001 and Delftia tsuruhatensis Bet002, isolated from palm oil mill effluent, accumulated poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) when grown on aliphatic fatty acids, sugars, and glycerol. The substrates were supplied at 20:1 C/N mole ratio. Among C‐even n‐alkanoic acids, myristic acid gave the highest PHA content 26 and 28 wt% in P. putida and D. tsuruhatensis, respectively. Among C‐odd n‐alkanoic acids, undecanoic gave the highest PHA content at 40 wt% in P. putida and 46 wt% in D. tsuruhatensis on pentadecanoic acid. Sugar and glycerol gave <10 wt% of PHA content for both bacteria. Interestingly, D. tsuruhatensis accumulated both short‐ and medium‐chain length PHA when supplied with n‐alkanoic acids ranging from octanoic to lauric, sucrose, and glycerol with 3‐hydroxybutyrate as the major monomer unit. In P. putida, the major hydroxyalkanoates unit was 3‐hydroxyoctanoate and 3‐hydroxydecanoate when grown on C‐even acids. Conversely, 3‐hydroxyheptanoate, 3‐hydrxoynonanoate, and 3‐hydroxyundecanoate were accumulated with C‐odd acids. Weight‐averaged molecular weight (Mw) was in the range of 53–81 kDa and 107–415 kDa for P. putida and D. tsuruhatensis, respectively. Calorimetric analyses indicated that both bacteria synthesized semicrystalline polymer with good thermal stability with degradation temperature (Td) ranging from 178 to 282 °C.