bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elegies On Sidney (1586) And On Queen Elizabeth (1603)
Authors: Kay Dennis
Published: November 2023

‘The habit of elegy’, claims Pigman, ‘pervades Renaissance culture’. To move from the poems of Spenser and Sidney to consider the response of elegists to two major public events—the death of Sidney in 1586 and of Queen Elizabeth in 1603—is to observe the period which demonstrates the aptness of such a remark. Elegy ceased to be the exclusive preserve of versifying chroniclers, and became instead a genre in which any writer could aspire to perform. Although Sidney died long before his own writings could have any influence beyond the tiny circle of those who knew him well, and although the political constraints of lamenting a monarch at the very moment of her successor’s arrival from a foreign country presented challenges which may writers opted to avoid, it will nevertheless, I hope, become evident in the course of this chapter that the range, ambition, and focus of elegy were changing. The Tudor modes gradually became unequal to the task: they came to seem inadequate both as a medium for rehearsing the excellences of the subject and for considering, anatomizing, consoling the grief of the speaker.
The World: Centres and Edges
Authors: Gray Douglas
Published: November 2023

The fifteenth century in England was, said the historian C. L. Kingsford in 1925, ‘an age not of stagnation but of ferment’. While many readers will be prepared to grant the brilliance of fifteenth-century achievements in the sister arts of painting, sculpture, architecture, and music, in both Europe and in England, many still approach the literature of the period expecting to find dullness, a lack of imagination—in fact, stagnation. This study will argue that on the contrary, although like every other period of literature it contains some uninspired writing, the unbiased reader will find in its literature much that is surprising, delightful, and exciting—and a diversity that is clear evidence of ferment.
‘Books of Ensaumples and Doctryne’: The Prose of Moral Instruction
Authors: Gray Douglas
Published: November 2023

Prose works of this kind seem to have been avidly read by fifteenthcentury readers, but are almost always despised or ignored by their modern counterparts. The very large group certainly did not produce any great individual masterpiece, but as Johnson admitted, ‘that book which pleases many must have some degree of merit’, and, moreover, the taste reflects a genuine and admirable desire for knowledge. The group certainly produces some writings of real interest. Since it is extremely large and heterogeneous it is impractical to attempt to list every item it contains. There were distinguished and influential antecedents in the late fourteenth century, such as the prose translations of encyclopedic works of instruction made by the scholarly cleric John Trevisa.
History in Verse
Authors: Bennett J A W
Published: November 2023

The tradition of verse-chronicle that began with Brunanburh shows signs of petering out in the anonymous couplets that go under the title of a Short English Metrical Chronicle but are better described (in one manuscript) as ‘le brute d’Engleterre abrege’. It is so short that it often degenerates into a mere list of regal names, though it has neither graces of style nor a care for verisimilitude that might make one wish it longer. In one manuscript it follows directly on the chronicle of ‘Robert of Gloucester’, in another (which includes an Anglo-Norman prose rendering of the English verse) it accompanies a text of Peter Langtoft’s Chronicle.
Drab Age Prose—Religious Controversy And Translation
Authors: Lewis C S
Published: November 2023

In England, as elsewhere, the Reformation was a process that occurred on three planes: firstly in the thought and conscience of the individual, secondly in the intertangled realms of ecclesiastical and political activity, and thirdly on the printed page. All are connected but only the third is our direct concern. We are to consider what men wrote, and our judgement on it must, of course, attempt to be literary, not theological. This does not mean that we are to confine ourselves rigidly to questions of style. Though we must not judge our authors’ doctrine as doctrine, we must certainly attempt to disengage the spirit and temper of their writings to see what particular insights or insensibilities went with the varying beliefs, what kinds of sentiment and imagination they unwittingly encouraged. It will not be easy to do so without giving offence: I ask my readers to believe that I have at least intended to be impartial. Unfortunately the very names we have to use in describing this controversy are themselves controversial. To call the one party Catholics implicitly grants their claim; to call them Roman Catholics implicitly denies it. I shall therefore call them Papists: the word, I believe, is not now used dyslogistically except in Ulster, and it is certainly not so intended here. ‘Reformation’ is a term equally ambiguous. Reform of the Church, in some sense or other, was desired by innumerable laymen and many clergy of all parties. The controversy was fought about ‘Reformation’ in a different, almost a technical sense: about certain changes in doctrine and order. To call these changes ‘reformation’ again begs the question: but the word is now so deeply entrenched in historical usage that I shall continue to employ it—as a mere label, intending no petitio.
Sidney and Spenser
Authors: Lewis C S
Published: November 2023

At the outset of this chapter I once more beg the reader to remember that the adjective Golden is not here used in a eulogistic sense. By ‘Golden poetry’ I do not mean simply good poetry (that is another question) but poetry in its innocent—as the theologians would say, its ‘once—born’-condition. Marlowe’s ‘Come liue with me’ is Golden, Donne’s answer to it is not. The rhythm in ‘beauty making beautiful old rhyme’ is Golden, that in ‘Burnt after them to the bottomless pit’ is not. Phoebus dancing forth from the oriental gate is a Golden image; snow coming down to periwig the baldpate woods is far otherwise. A clear recognition of the difference should be common to those whose preferences are quite opposed.
Parenting Frankenstein
Authors: Leader Zachary
Published: November 2023

Mary Shelley’S Frankenstein might well be cited in the debate about editions and personal identity at the centre of Part 1 of this book. The novel was begun in June 1816 and finished eleven months later, in May 1817. After two rejections (from John Murray and Charles Oilier), it was published anonymously in March 1818 by Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, and Jones of Finsbury Square, London, and in 1823 a two-volume reprint was issued, this time under the author’s name. The year 1 82 3 was also when Mary Shelley presented a hand-corrected first-edition copy (including additions, marginal notes, excisions, and substitutions) to an acquaintance from Italy, a Mrs Thomas.’ It was not, however, until 1831 that corrections from this copy, together with other revisions, were incorporated into the version known to most Victorian and twentieth-century readers, the Colburn and Bentley ‘Standard Novels’ edition. It is often argued that the differences between the first or 181 8 and the third or 1 83r editions are analagous to the differences between the 1805 and r850 versions of The Prelude; both have their champions, and the arguments adduced for earlier or later versions-growing orthodoxy, energy versus clarity-are familiarly Wordsworthian.
Jacobin-Spenceans: Thomas Evans and the revolutionary underground
Authors: Mccalman Iain
Published: November 2023

Between seven and eight o’clock every Wednesday evening in October 1814 a gang of fisherwomen selling their wares at the door of a low alehouse called the Cock on the corner of Lumber Court and Grafton Street. Soho, would watch a group of around forty men arrive in twos and threes and make their way into the tap-room. Once inside, the men were welcomed by the publicans, Thomas and Susannah Harrison, who knew them to be members of a convivial debating club, and were sufficiently glad of their custom not to inquire too closely into their proceedings. In spite of Susannah’s pretended ignorance during later government interrogation, she must have known that these were followers of Thomas Spence, an eccentric pamphlet-seller and land-reformer who had been conducting political free-and-easies at the Cock for some years until his death in September 1814. Still, the government could hardly expect the Harrisons to have reported the Jacobinical views of the debating group when one of their own informers had earlier failed to do so. In an intelligence report of 1813 Arthur Kidder had thought their names not worth mentioning because they consisted mainly of ‘low tradesmen’ from around Grosvenor Market. Had he bothered, he might have been surprised at the response: many were well known to the government from the 1790s. They would certainly have recognised Thomas Evans. a Strand braces-maker, and the man who in October 1814 was to reconstitute Spence’s tavern following as the Society of Spencean Philanthropists.
‘Old blackguard’ Spenceans: Evans and unrespectable radicalism
Authors: Mccalman Iain
Published: November 2023

‘Refuse’ was how Francis Place dismissed Thomas Evans and his radical associates - a reference not only to their predilection for extremist politics, but also to their degraded social positions and supposed low morality. From the vantage-point of the 1820s c1nd 30s when the values of respectability had become widely diffused, Place felt able to explain and condemn the post-Jacobin political careers of men like Evans on the grounds that they adhered to the values and practices of an ‘old blackguard’, ‘profligate’ or ‘dissolute culture.
Spence’s successor, 1814-17
Authors: Mccalman Iain
Published: November 2023

More than twenty years ago E.P. Thompson called the mass reform movement which sprang up during the post-war distress of 1816-20, The heroic age of popular radicalism’; it has continued to fascinate historians ever since - whether as the ‘forcing-frame’ of working-class consciousness, the cradle of Chartism or the flash-point of an English revolution that never came. Because of their reputation as proto-socialists and revolutionaries manqués, the London Spenceans of this period have received a fair share of attention in recent years, yet their character, purpose and influence remains surprisingly misunderstood.
Grub Street Jacks: obscene populism and pornography
Authors: Mccalman Iain
Published: November 2023

The authorities caught up with George Cannon for the first time in October 1830. Early the following yem, after twoseparate prosecutions, he was sentenced to a total of twelve months’ imprisonment in Tothill Fields, not as we might expect for blasphemy or sedition, but on charges of obscene libel. By the end of the 1820s Rev.
Introduction
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

IN 1912, May Sinclair wrote of one of her favourite authors, Charlotte Bronte, that she had an outer life where no great and moving event ever came, saving only death (Charlotte’s marriage hardly counts beside it); an outer life of a strange and almost oppressive simplicity and silence; and an inner life, tumultuous and profound in suffering, a life to all appearances frustrate, where all nourishment of the emotions was reduced to the barest allowance a woman’s heart can depend on and yet live. (TB, 192) Sinclair’s description of the meagreness of Brontë’s life is full of a peculiarly imaginative sympathy. Although Sinclair was born in 1863, eight years after Brontë’s death, there were many similarities between her life and that of her illustrious predecessor.
Sublimation and Mary Olivier: A Life
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Mary olivier: A Life, published when Sinclair was 56, was the book of which she was the most proud. ‘Probably in some ways the only decent thing I’ve ever done or shall do’, she wrote to Ezra Pound on 24 October 1919.1 Critics have largely agreed that it is her best novel: certainly it is the one that has received the most scholarly attention.2 It tells the story of a woman, born, like Sinclair, in 1863, who defies the cramped conditions of a mid-Victorian daughter’s life to evolve her own sceptical modernist consciousness. In many crucial ways Mary’s story was Sinclair’s own. The novel dramatizes all the contradictions that ran like fault-lines through its author’s thought and experience. Sinclair used a radically modern literary techniquestream of consciousness-to explore such typically Victorian concerns as heredity, the boundaries of the self, and family relationships.
Henry James and Revision
Authors: Horne Philip
Published: November 2023

At the height of his powers Henry James turned from the creation of new fiction to the `writing over' of his past works for the definitive New York Edition of his novels and tales. His anxious scrutiny of what he had written across his long career - up to thirty-six years before - led sometimes to rejection, but more often to a renewed imaginative intimacy with the creations of his old self through the intensive revision of his texts. In the first major study of the subject Philip Horne examines the revision of particular works, shedding new light on interpretative controversies (as with The Portrait of a Lady and Daisy Miller). He attends to questions of principle raised by the paradoxical processes of the reviser. Using much new material, this book tells the painful but impressive story of James's lifelong struggle for perfection, and illuminates his genius as a framer of sentences and a master of dramatic nuance. James's engagement with revision is connected with every other aspect of his achievement; it displays vividly and accurately his close experience of the life of writing.
A Woman in a Man’s World
Authors: Jay Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

Mrs Oliphant was justly renowned in her fiction and her private life for the ‘half contemptuous’ view she took of men. Her readiness to publicize her view of men as a separate and inferior race was remarkable in an age when two of the most notable fictional exponents of the injustices suffered by women, George Eliot and Charlotte Bronte, often used male mentor or saviour figures to monitor or reward a woman’s moral progress. If Mrs Oliphant’s tales do not represent marriage as the reward for woman’s moral progress neither do they repudiate marriage and motherhood as desirable goals, for in these relationships women find their best hope of attaining moral excellence. Her contempt for men is tempered always by her sense of them as the necessary raw material upon which women practise the daily self-denial which will sharpen their moral faculties.
A Woman and the Wider World
Authors: Jay Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

Mrs Oliphant was only 35 and had half of her life still to come when she made this comparison of herself with Charlotte Bronte, who had died at the age of 39. Although she was nine years younger than her sovereign and was to predecease her by four years, her memories and her exceptionally long writing career effectively spanned the period normally characterized as ‘Victorian’. She shared to the full her age’s self-consciousness about the speed with which change was being effected and its passion for constant reassessment to determine whether change could be equated with progress.
Cambridge, 1629–1632
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

As a Bachelor of Arts working toward the M.A. degree Milton had more freedom and more privileges than he had enjoyed as an undergraduate. The residence requirement had been considerably relaxed since the statutes of 1561, and he was welcome to come and go much as he pleased. The academic requirements, in our somewhat clouded perspective, seem vague and few. The three years ahead held, therefore, the promise of real intellectual and literary productivity. At their close he might, if an appropriate vacancy existed, be elected a Fellow of his College.1 In any case, after seven additional years he could apply for the B.D. degree. Such was the prospect open to clever students, and it often led, Milton knew, to ecclesiastical preferment and other rewards. Meanwhile, he was expected to continue his studies, increase his skill at disputation, and prepare himself for the ‘Acts’ required for the Master’s degree. If he wished to travel, or to study away from the University, he seems to have been at liberty to do so.
Isolated Towers and Forts
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P
Published: November 2023

During the Hellenistic period the numerous small fortifications were as indispensable as the defences of cities. A few ‘minor fortifications ‘ of the fourth century are described in Chapter 2, but in general I have preferred to limit the discussion of fortresses, towers, and field walls. The reasons for this are their frequent anonymity and their comparative lack of diagnostic features. In this chapter we shall examine four forts-a keep, a signal station, and two strongholds-probably be longing to the second and first centuries BC.
Greek Architectural Terra Cottas
Authors: Winter Nancy A
Published: November 2023

Ancient Greek buildings were renowned for their terracotta roofs, an invention which may have first occurred in prehistoric times and been rediscovered in the seventh century BC. This is the first book to look in detail at the complex variations in tile shape, technical features, and decorative motifs which occurs across Greece, particularly during the Archaic period. Inscriptions refer to Corinthian and Spartan tiles, and two different types of tiles characterizing the roofs of Corinth and Sparta confirm these nomenclatures. A careful analysis of the preserved elements or roofs found in each major city or district, however, reveals considerably more variation, and shows that there were regional styles which distinguished the roofs of north-western Greece. Arcadia, the Argolid, Central Greece, Attica, and the Aegean islands as well. The importance of this new work is not only that it brings a fresh approach to the topic, revealing the regional styles of roofs as of pottery and sculpture, but also that it shows exactly how ancient roofs were assembled, by providing detailed drawings of several characteristic roofs for each regional system. The book is illustrated with numerous photographs, figures, and maps. It should be invaluable for excavators, surveyors, and architectural historians.
The Evidence from Temple Inventories
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris
Published: November 2023

A number of temple inventories from the ancient world, that is lists of valuables kept in temple treasuries compiled by the officers in charge, offer a welcome insight into the way luxurious gifts to a deity would be stored and valued. The short entries for the objects recorded in these inscriptions provide a comment on what has actually survived from antiquity, while at the same time they point out those qualities of ancient crafts that were valued by their contemporaries. Needless to say, not all accounts from Classical Greek and Hellenistic temples survived, but we are fortunate to possess two almost-complete series of such inventories, from Athens (the Parthenon) and the sanctuaries of Delos, in convenient chronological sequence. These are complemented by scantier epigraphical evidence from other parts of the Greek world. Although the period covered by these temple inventories is wider than the span of the present book, it seems worth while to study the references to intaglios and rings from the fifth and fourth centuries also. These are bound to give a useful introduction on the appreciation of gemstones and jewellery in the Classical period, and also enable a comparison with what went on in the Hellenistic period.
Kafka’s Clothes
Authors: Siècle Fin de , Anderson Mark M
Published: November 2023

`One should either be a work of art, or wear one' proclaimed Oscar Wilde at the end of the nineteenth century; `I am made of literature, I am nothing else, and cannot be anything else' Franz Kafka proclaimed a brief decade later. Between these two claims lies the largely unexplored region in which the European decadent movement turned into the modernist avant-garde. In this original historical study, Mark Anderson explores Kafka's early dandyism, his interest in fashion, literary decadence and the `superficial' spectacle of modern urban life, as well as his subsequent repudiation of these phenomena in forging a literary identity as the isolated, otherworldly `poet' of modern alienation. Rather than posit a break between these two personae, Anderson charts the historical continuities between the young Kafka and the author of The Metamorphosis and The Trial. The book demonstrates how clothing functions as a semi-private code of meaning in his literary works and the extent to which the aestheticist notion of becoming the work of art haunts Kafka's conception of writing throughout his life. The result is a startlingly unconventional portrait of Kafka and Prague at the turn of the century, involving such issues as Jugendstil aesthetics, Otto Weininger's `egoless' woman, the Viennese critique of architectural ornament, the clothing-reform movement, anti-Semitism, and the question of Jewish-German writing.
The Traffic of Clothes: Meditation and Description of a Struggle
Authors: Siècle Fin de , Anderson Mark M
Published: November 2023

The story of Kafka’s clothes begins with Kafka’s father, whose shop in Prague specialized in fashion accessories or what in German are called Galanteriewaren, ‘fancy goods’. Like many Jews of the Bohemian provinces, Hermann Kafka had decided to leave his native village to seek his fortune in the city. After a brief stint in the Austro-Hungarian army as a drill sergeant, he set up a retail store in Prague dealing in ‘haberdashery, fashion articles, fancy goods, parasols, umbrellas, walking sticks, cotton’,1 and gradually expanded it through hard work and an advantageous marriage into one of the major wholesale businesses in the city and the surrounding provinces. His first shop was in the Zeltner gasse; later he moved it to the Kinsky Palace, an elegant building on the Old Town Square which was also the site of Kafka’s Gymnasium.
The Jugendstil Body: Reform Clothing and the Cultural Politics of the Kunstwart
Authors: Siècle Fin de , Anderson Mark M
Published: November 2023

‘When I free my body from its clothes, from all their buttons, belts, and laces, it seems to me that my soul takes a deeper, freer breath. And when I get into bed after my Eastern ablutions, my entire being begins to expand. The will to life, struggle, and conflict fades away, and the longing for sleep resembles the yearning for death’. As witnessed in the previous chapter, Strind berg’s metaphysical lament in ‘Alone’ depicts clothing as the tangible incursion on the freedom of body and spirit. Clothes are fetters on the soul. The metaphor is a common one for the European fin de Siècle with its overdressed bodies and stuffed interiors. Strindberg responds with a mystical turn to Oriental philosophies of abnegation of the will, to the melancholy resignation of Schopenhauer. Others, younger than Strindberg, turn to a socially enlightened hedonism that frees the body from its material fetters and exposes it to the restorative elements oflight, air, water, and earth. Clothing reforms, especially for women, are proposed; nudist colonies and natural health centres are set up in isolated rural landscapes; the enervated, consumptive Stadt mensch yearns for the invigorating freedom of the country in which body and soul, unencumbered by the ‘clothes’ of city life, may at last thrive like innocent children or healthy plants.
The Ornaments of Writing: ‘In the Penal Colony’
Authors: Siècle Fin de , Anderson Mark M
Published: November 2023

In Kafka’s fictions certainty of perception is often undermined by an absence of light. Darkness, shadows, snow, or rain habitually obstruct the main character’s vision of the object or scene he must interpret. The evening landscapes of The Castle, The Trial, the darkness of Gregor Samsa’s room in The Metamorphosis—these elements distance the characters from truth and make Kafka’s fictional topography akin to that of Dante’s Inferno, which is not only the moral realm of guilt and sin but also an epistemological realm of error and confusion, the realm into which God’s light refuses to penetrate.
The epistle of sālim b. Dhakwān
Authors: Crone Patricia , Zimmermann Fritz
Published: November 2023

1. Praise be to God, beside whom there is no lord and like whom there is no thing (cf. 42: 11). ‘When He desires something, His command is simply to say to it “Be” and it is’ (36: 82). 2. We enjoin you to fear mighty God, for that is what God enjoined among the earlier and later generations, as He says: ‘We have enjoined those who were given the book before you, and you, to fear God. If you disbelieve, to God belongs all that is in the heavens and in the earth.
Introduction: reading Froissart
Authors: Ainsworth Peter F
Published: November 2023

Since the day when Caxton enjoined his contemporaries to ‘Read Froissart’, the chronicler of Valenciennes has not ceased to provoke admiration and enthusiasm in all those readers who have complied with the injunction. Even the more austere among his critics still read him for pleasure; others, historians of chivalry or of fourteenth-century society, continue to find in the Chroniques a choice terrain for the examination of the military and chivalrous mentalites of the period.
Knight, Magnate, King, and Clerk: Froissart’s vision of aristocratic and military society
Authors: Ainsworth Peter F
Published: November 2023

In the chancel of Bunbury parish church, Cheshire, right in front of the sanctuary, lies an unusually powerful iconographic representation of the chivalry so beloved of Jean Froissart: the funeral effigy of Sir Hugh Calveley, former brother-in-arms of Edward, prince of Wales and—when truces permitted temporary changes of affiliation—of Bertrand du Guesclin. Calveley awaits the Last Judgement beneath his own effigy, recumbent upon a stone catafalque surrounded by its original cast-iron herse or spiked railing. A knight of modest extraction, he had been promoted to the ranks of the great captains on the strength of his qualities as a war-leader. He is in this way fully representative of the type of ‘opportunist’ knight whose career expressed, for Froissart, the happy triumph of genuine Proece over (mere) lineage: ‘pluiseur chevalier et escuier se sont fait et avanciet, plus par leur proece que par leur linage’.
Rewriting the Past: dramatic ‘landscape’ in the Rome Manuscript
Authors: Ainsworth Peter F
Published: November 2023

The manifold problems involved in interpreting the precise status and value of any of the three principal redactions of Book I constitute one of the thorniest issues in Froissart studies. The best initial approach to these matters is to be found in John Palmer’s opening chapter for the symposium edited by him and published in 1981. It informs the presentation offered here, which seeks to provide a necessarily concise introduction to the manuscript tradition of Book I in advance of a close reading of several key episodes in Froissart’s Rome Manuscript account of the reign of Edward III. It should be stated from the outset that, although I have myself written elsewhere1 about this manuscript tradition, the hypotheses presented by Palmer appear to me to represent the most judicious approach so far to the issues raised; they are, moreover, given cautious endorsement in the 1981 symposium by Richard Barber and P. E. Russell, as well as by George Diller—whose careful study of Book I will also be referred to below, in conjunction with references to his edition of the Rome manuscript. Readers wishing to enjoy the labyrinthine delights afforded by the various manuscripts of Book I are invited to consult these works and their scholarly apparatus (which must of course include Shears’s monograph of 1930, and the introductions to the editions prepared by Siméon Luce and Kervyn de Lettenhove for, respectively, the Société de l’Histoire de France, and the Academie royale de Belgique).
The Algerian War: History And Ideology, Mythology and Fiction
Authors: Dine Philip
Published: November 2023

The Algerian war of national liberation is generally held to have begun on the eve of All Saints' Day, 1 November 1954, when the newly formed Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) launched its armed challenge to a century and a quarter of French colonial rule. However, the small-scale and amateurish execution of these first attacks on people and property meant that it was only with hindsight that their historical significance became apparent. Certainly the immediate response of the French press was to play down this latest manifestation of Algerian nationalist sentiment, presenting it as a mere footnote to troubles already being experienced elsewhere in France's North African territories.
The Myth of the Paratrooper
Authors: Dine Philip
Published: November 2023

In his 1962 novel Entre chiens et loups [Between Dogs and Wolves], the liberal Catholic writer Gilbert Cesbron describes the experience of a French schoolmaster who sets his class an essay on the ideal hero. Expecting a range of conventional answers, the teacher is horrified to discover that his star pupil has chosen a disturbingly contemporary subject:‘ For the disgusted schoolmaster, we learn, the subject of this paean is to be regarded neither as an ‘archangel’, nor yet as a ‘leopard-man’, but rather as ‘une brute’ (78). The teacher’s nearhysterical reaction draws the attention of the reader to the French paratrooper’s status as a central mythical figure of the literary and cinematic imaging of the Algerian war. For by the time Cesbron wrote his novel, the para had become well-established as a focus for hero-worship;
Le Même et L’Autre: Imaging The Algerians
Authors: Dine Philip
Published: November 2023

This fundamental dichotomy has its origins in the exploitative economy of the colonial relationship, which is itself both articulated through and, crucially, legitimized by an all-encompassing colonial discourse. Such sub-varieties of this discourse as the administrative, juridical, academic, and anthropological paroles were all drawn upon and added to by that of the prose fiction produced in an attempt to come to terms with militant Algerian nationalism’s challenge to the existing social order. The primary thrust of this specifically literary contribution to the defence of the European ascendancy may be said to consist in the ideological manipulation of the linguistic/philosophical categories of the Self and the Other.
The Reading Encounter
Authors: Wilson Emma
Published: November 2023

‘Avant de faire l’amour vraiment, on le fait d’abord au cinéma.’2 These lines, spoken in Marguerite Duras’s novel Un Barrage contre le Paci-fique, focus the reader’s mind on the possibilities of previewing existence in fictions. For Duras, film prefigures reality; it performs the desire which will be replayed and commemorated by her characters. Hers are texts obsessed with relations between viewing and desire, between fictions and their lived re-enactment. The cinema becomes a privileged space and
The State Of Italian Theatre Before The Advent Of Futurism
Authors: Berghaus Günter
Published: November 2023

Since its unification in 1871, Italy had gained in national status and prestige and had experienced a resurgence of artistic activities, which led - especially in the fields of poetry and opera - to some achievements of the highest artistic merit. Theatre, however, had not yet recovered from a long history of decline. In terms of both dramatic writing and stage art, Italy lagged hopelessly behind developments in northern Europe. At the turn of the century, most theatre performances were still organized in a manner which did not differ much from that of the Renaissance period. Hamlet's question: ‘How chances it they travel?’ (Hamlet II.ii) would still have been topical in nineteenth-century Italy. Hundreds of companies still perambulated up and down the peninsula on their Thespis Wagons, because the teatro stabile system was still only in its infancy and had not yet progressed much beyond some first tentative steps.
The Revival Of Futurist Theatre In The 1920s
Authors: Berghaus Günter
Published: November 2023

In the 1920s, Futurist activities flourished throughout Italy and extended to the farthest corners of the peninsula. Year after year, new local branches sprang up in smaller cities and even in provincial towns, with the result that the movement increasingly lost its early character of a compact, centrally funded organization run more or less single-handedly by its original founder. Although Marinetti was still in charge of the headquarters - which he moved from Milan to Rome - he had only nominal control over the large number of artists operating under the Futurist umbrella. Many of the first adherents of the movement had in the meantime gone their separate ways. Quite a few of the remaining artists had changed their political allegiances (often from the Left to the Right). But there was also a new generation of Futurists, usually only in their early twenties, whose political and artistic concerns were very different from the ‘old guard ‘ gathered around Marinetti and the journal Roma futurista. Many of them maintained only loose contact with the headquarters, some even operated more or less independently. Primo Conti remembered the days of internal debates and dissentions: ‘Futurism was like a bar, where you could come and go at will. The thing that attracted us most about it was its anarchical feeling, this sense of unlimited freedom, which also allowed us to be against Futurism.
Futurist Cabarets, Artists ‘ Festivals, And Banquets
Authors: Berghaus Günter
Published: November 2023

After the extreme hardship of the immediate postwar era, Italian life began to return to normal. A clear sign of this was the development in the early 1920s of a sophisticated night-life in the capital. The Futurists made their contribution to this trend by founding three nightclubs, which became the favourite haunts of Roman Futurists, Dadaists, Metaphysics, and Arditi, of artists, writers, actors, and dancers, but also of the fashionable youth and haut monde of the capital. The Futurist nightclubs were no simple ‘watering holes ‘ for the chic and fanciful inhabitants of Rome, but trendy cabaret venues where the Futurist idea of a ‘reconstruction of the universe ‘ was given concrete realization. Although the format of the cabarets basically followed the French and German model, the Futurist nightclubs were very different in their design. French and German small-scale, artistic entertainment in the cabaret mould more often than not took place in rather dingy and seedy bars, where for a few sous or pfennig one could drink a ballon or Humpen, and maybe even get it free if one contributed a sketch or a song to the evening ‘s entertainment. In the Futurist cabarets, the thespian offerings followed the formulas of the serata and Futurist variety theatre. But rather than performing these shows in traditional music-hall venues, the artists now created their own environments, where everything from the furniture to the wall paintings, from the lampshades to the colours of the cocktails was designed according to Futurist principles.
The Machine Art Of Vinicio Paladini And Ivo Pannaggi
Authors: Berghaus Günter
Published: November 2023

Vinicio Paladini (1902-71)1 was born of a Russian mother and an Italian father in Moscow in 1902, but received his artistic and political education in Rome, where his parents had settled in 1903. He was active in the socialist movement, travelled to Russia, and was converted to the Bolshevik cause. In 1921 he began to frequent Bragaglia ‘s Circolo delle Cronache d ‘Attualita and collaborated with Virgilio Marchi on the outfitting of the Teatro degli Indipendenti. He became a disciple of Balla and joined the Futurists, but pursued an independent artistic and political line that sought to combine Futurism and Communism along the Soviet model. He became involved with Gramsci ‘s Ordine Nuovo circle in Turin and entertained good personal relations with the Italian Communist Party and their partisans at the Casa del Popolo in Rome.
Enrico Prampolini‘s Theatrical Career Inthe 1920s
Authors: Berghaus Günter
Published: November 2023

With his successful production of Matoum et Tevibar, his well-publicized contribution to the Teatro del Colore season at the Teatro Argentina, and the Synthetic Theatre bill in Prague, Prampolini had staked his claim to a position in the top rank of European avant-garde theatre design. In the following years he undertook concerted efforts to build on these achievements and to consolidate his reputation in the European art world. I mentioned above in Part II, Chapter 7 his collaboration with the Dadaists in Zurich, his contacts with Albert-Birot ‘s journal SIC, and the propagandist function of his own magazine Noi. At his Casa d ‘ Arte he ran a ‘Boite d ‘art futuriste: Club per la propaganda e lo sviluppo dell ‘arte italiana e internazionale contemporanea ‘ and organized major exhibitions of the German Novembergruppe and the French Section d ‘Or. In the following years he intensified his collaboration with a variety of avant-garde journals in Europe (e.g. Der Sturm, L ‘EspritNouveau, De Stijl, Het Overzicht), continued the publication of Noi, and acted as art critic of the Futurist-Fascist newspaper L ‘impero. He became a member of the International Society of Modern Art in Berlin and New York, the International League of Avant-garde Artists in Rotterdam and the International Union of lntellectuals in Paris. These contacts bore fruit when he was invited to exhibit in Geneva, Berlin, Paris, Prague, Dusseldorf, Amsterdam, London, New York, and Vienna.
Vasarl‘s Apocalyptic Vision Of The Futurist Machine Age
Authors: Berghaus Günter
Published: November 2023

Azari ‘s ultimate dream of a perfectly mechanized world found dramatic illustration in Anguish of the Machines (Angoscia delle macchine)1 by the Sicilian playwright Ruggero Vasari (1898-1968). This three-act play is set in a ‘Realm of the Machine ‘ which has been erected on an unnamed planet bearing a close resemblance to earth. A hierarchical structure according to the degree of mechanization divides the lower orders of inhabitants into robots, androids, workers condemned to become machines, and engineers who supervise the machine park. At the top we find a Promethean inventor aspiring to become God (Tronchir), a powerful commander (Singar), and a despotic ruler called Bacal, who has renounced all human feelings, has acquired ultimate power, and is ready to undertake ‘the conquest of the Sun ‘ (169). This triad exercises perfect control over its dominion by means of a Brain-Machine, which reads their thoughts, translates them into orders, and communicates these to their subjects.
(Un-)Happy Families Heimat and Anti-Heimat in West German Film and Theatre
Authors: Boa Elizabeth , Palfreyman Rachel
Published: November 2023

Students of German are familiar with a syllabus centred on post-war realist literature dealing with the war and its aftermath of shattered cities and a starving populace, which then modulated in the mid-1950s into a formally more complex, critical reckoning with the National Socialist past. To claim that escapist Heimat films showing happy, if naive, country dwellers in beautiful surroundings such as the Black Forest, the Luneburger Heide, or the Alps might offer a more authentic image of postwar West Germany than authors such as Böll or Grass would be perverse. Yet the enormous popularity of Heimatfilms in the 1950s and their continuing success in the video market and as standard fillers in the television schedules suggest that such films did and still do in some sense represent an authentic expression of widespread attitudes among the German population: as the essayist and film critic Siegfried Kracauer put it, every popular film corresponds to popular desires. Film does not, of course, simply emanate from a people as a spontaneous expression of feeling. Of all art forms it is arguably the most institutionally bound, being dependent on a complex process of production and distribution which in Occupied Germany was also politically steered; the different cultural policies pursued by the Americans and the Russians would in part account for the very different film histories in East and West. Through its marketing the film industry builds up a public for popular genres and helps to shape public attitudes by the films it distributes, the choices frequently being informed byan underlying political agenda.
39/Thirty-Nine Stepsto ‘The Borders of the Possible’ by Alfred Hitchcock, Amateur Observer
Authors: Miller Toby
Published: November 2023

That is the way the newspapers talk about the world. These actual words were splashed across the StaronAugust 29,1938....Of course, that is assuming that Britain, and the rest of Europe, really were at that time ‘tensely watching’. But were they? The first of these quotations details a shift in discourse between fiction and fact of the kind mentioned in Chapter 1. This transformation happened because Le Queux claimed his novel was founded in fact, that thousands of Germans were ‘planted’ as barbers and waiters across the Edwardian Jerusalem.
Cultural Imperialism and James Bond’s Penis
Authors: Miller Toby
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 looked for points of weakness in the domination of class and governmentality. The burden of this chapter to discern something progressive may seem more formidable. The James Bond books and films are routinely held up as significant contributors to, and symptoms of, imperialism, sexism, Orientalism, class hierarchy, and jingoism; even as the first form of mass pornography (Baron 69-70; Bold; Drummond 66-7; Moniot 29; Denning 225). And the usually non moralistic Manny Farber refers to Thunder ball(Terence Young, 1965) as ‘a catalogue of posh-vulgar items for licentious living’ (Farber 161).
Women Making Trouble—The Avengers, Honey West, and Modesty Blaise
Authors: Miller Toby
Published: November 2023

John le Carréalls spying ‘the passion of my time’ (‘Spying ... ‘ 270 ). And there is something truly passionate about this least typical of bureaucratic pursuits. Julie Wheelwright’s feminist history traces a nostrum in popular accounts of spying that stereotypes women as the ‘poisoned honey’. Male officials, propagandists, journalists, and historians have produced accounts of women as incapable of separating emotion from intelligence and/or as seducing secrets from hapless men. The New York Timesrefers to a 1987 story told by a marine.
Reading Nathalie Sarraute
Authors: O’beirne Emer
Published: November 2023

Spanning seven decades, Nathalie Sarraute's literary career has established her as one of the most prominent and highly respected French writers of the twentieth century. From the outset she has sought, through consistent formal innovation, to develop a mode of literary expression adequate to an endlessly mobile and mutable self stifled as much in public discourse as in traditional fictional characterization. Central to that enterprise is the dream of full and transparent communication with another, and ultimately with an ideal reader. This study is the first to explore in detail the interaction between the increasing move towards dialogue in Sarraute's prose works (Tu ne t'aimes pas is an extreme example), and the dialogue those works initiate with their readers. Intensely aware of the pitfalls of communication, both spoken and written, Sarraute's prose writings illuminate not only the dynamics of conversation, but also those of the reading process.
Reading in Theory and Practice
Authors: O’beirne Emer
Published: November 2023

Sarraute’s attitude to the reader is, as we have seen, a highly complex one: while the amount of attention her work gives him makes clear that his cooperation is considered vital (‘il ne m’est pas possible de m’en passer’: EVM 171), his ideal role in relation to the text seems limited to recognizing and acquiescing in its authority. The fact that her novels progressively abandon the representation of such an ideal reader may acknowledge at some level the impossibility of an addressee who on the one hand would be other enough for his affirmative response to have value, yet whose total approbation would deny that otherness.
Manuscripts Of Molinet’s Poetry
Authors: Armstrong Adrian
Published: November 2023

During his long career, spent primarily as indiciaire of the dukes of Burgundy while based in Valenciennes, Molinet composed a wide variety of poems, with differing forms and functions. In his capacity as oficial historiographer, he produced encomiastic and occasional poems, including weighty prosimetrum pieces on political subjects. However, his proliic output also includes didactic, devotional, parodic, and bawdy verse, and epistles in both verse and prose. It is only to be expected that such a heterogeneous œuvre should display a varying range of self-conscious techniques.
Gioseffo Zarlino and the Accademia Venetiana della Fama
Authors: Fenlon Iain
Published: November 2023

In his treatise on the academies, Scipione Bargagli recommends them as ‘contributing to the glory of cities and to the education of young nobles in the government of the state’. This strong sense of the responsibilities of the academy, of its function as the engine of civic virtue, was as common in Venice as it was elsewhere in Italy, but there it took the particular form of a direct equation between the Academy and the Republic in which the one could be expressed as a metaphor of the other.
Civil Politics and Musical Opinion
Authors: Mccoll Sandra
Published: November 2023

During the fin de siecle, while Austria’s foreign affairs gave no particular cause for concern, conflicting forces inside the state were hardening their fronts against each other. Pan-Germanic, pan-Slavistic and Italian Irredentist movements were preparing to tear the Dual Monarchy apart.1

Given that so many of Vienna’s newspapers were owned and run by specific political parties and interest groups, it is not surprising to find that often all manner of reporting, including reporting of musi€al events, has a strong political flavour. The most significant issue in Austro Hungarian politics in the 1890s was the issue of nationality, with the numerous non-German minorities of the empire seeking at most independent self-determination and at the very least the right to conduct business and to be educated in their own languages. These aspirations had been mirrored in the arts of these peoples throughout the nineteenth century, whose latter half in particular had seen the flowering of outspokenly nationalistic schools of musical composition, especially among the Slavic peoples of central and eastern Europe. Among the responses of the dominant German population of the empire in general and of Vienna in particular was a rise in German nationalism, a xenophobic reaction of a section of the populace which saw its privileges being eroded. With the rise of German nationalism, anti-Semitism, which had once been religious in origin, giving Jews a chance of assimilation into the dominant society by means of baptism, was now racially driven, leaving Jews with no escape from their minority status.