bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sea-level rise and warming mediate coastal groundwater discharge in the Arctic
Authors: Guimond Julia A , Mohammed Aaron A , Walvoord Michelle A , Bense Victor F , Kurylyk Barret L
Published: March 2022

Groundwater discharge is an important mechanism through which fresh water and associated solutes are delivered to the ocean. Permafrost environments have traditionally been considered hydrogeologically inactive, yet with accelerated climate change and permafrost thaw, groundwater flow paths are activating and opening subsurface connections to the coastal zone. While warming has the potential to increase land-sea connectivity, sea-level change has the potential to alter land-sea hydraulic gradients and enhance coastal permafrost thaw, resulting in a complex interplay that will govern future groundwater discharge dynamics along Arctic coastlines. Here, we use a recently developed permafrost hydrological model that simulates variable-density groundwater flow and salinity-dependent freeze-thaw to investigate the impacts of sea-level change and land and ocean warming on the magnitude, spatial distribution, and salinity of coastal groundwater discharge. Results project both an increase and decrease in discharge with climate change depending on the rate of warming and sea-level change. Under high warming and low sea-level rise scenarios, results show up to a 58% increase in coastal groundwater discharge by 2100 due to the formation of a supra-permafrost aquifer that enhances freshwater delivery to the coastal zone. With higher rates of sea-level rise, the increase in discharge due to warming is reduced to 21% as sea-level rise decreased land-sea hydraulic gradients. Under lower warming scenarios for which supra-permafrost groundwater flow was not established, discharge decreased by up to 26% between 1980 and 2100 for high sea-level rise scenarios and increased only 8% under low sea-level rise scenarios. Thus, regions with higher warming rates and lower rates of sea-level change (e.g. northern Nunavut, Canada) will experience a greater increase in discharge than regions with lower warming rates and higher rates of sea-level change. The magnitude, location and salinity of discharge have important implications for ecosystem function, water quality, and carbon dynamics in coastal zones.
Molecular beam epitaxy of PtSe2 using a co-deposition approach
Authors: Hilse Maria , Wang Ke , Engel-Herbert Roman
Published: March 2022

The structural properties of co-deposited ultrathin PtSe2 films grown at low temperatures by molecular beam epitaxy on c-plane Al2O3 are studied. By simultaneously supplying a Se flux from a Knudsen cell and Pt atoms from an electron-beam evaporator, crystalline (001)-oriented PtSe2 films were formed between 200 °C and 300 °C. The long separation between substrate and electron beam evaporator of about 60 cm ensured minimal thermal load. At optimum deposition temperatures, a ten times or even higher supply rate of Se compared to Pt ensured that the pronounced volatility of the Se was compensated and the PtSe2 phase was formed and stabilized at the growth front. Postgrowth anneals under a Se flux was found to dramatically improve the crystalline quality of the films. Even before the postgrowth anneal in Se, the crystallinity of PtSe2 films grown with the co-deposition method was superior to films realized by thermal assisted conversion. Postgrowth annealed films showed Raman modes with narrower peaks and more than twice the intensity. Transmission electron microscopy investigations revealed that the deposited material transitioned to a two-dimensional layered structure only after the postgrowth anneal. PtSe2 growth was found to start as single layer islands that preferentially nucleated at atomic steps of the substrate and progressed in a layer-by-layer like fashion. A close to ideal wetting behavior resulted in coalesced PtSe2 films after depositing about 1.5 PtSe2 layers. Detailed Raman investigation of the observed PtSe2 layer breathing modes of films grown under optimized co-deposition conditions revealed an interlayer coupling force constant of 5.0–5.6 × 1019 N m−3.
An upper bound for the first positive eigenvalue of the Kohn Laplacian on Reinhardt real hypersurfaces
Authors: Dall’Ara Gian Maria , Son Duong Ngoc
Published: March 2022

A real hypersurface in

C

2

\mathbb {C}^2

is said to be Reinhardt if it is invariant under the standard

T

2

\mathbb {T}^2

-action on

C

2

\mathbb {C}^2

. Its CR geometry can be described in terms of the curvature function of its “generating curve”, i.e., the logarithmic image of the hypersurface in the plane

R

2

\mathbb {R}^2

. We give a sharp upper bound for the first positive eigenvalue of the Kohn Laplacian associated to a natural pseudohermitian structure on a compact and strictly pseudoconvex Reinhardt real hypersurface having closed generating curve (which amounts to the

T

2

\mathbb {T}^2

-action being free). Our bound is expressed in terms of the

L
2

L^2

-norm of the curvature function of the generating curve and is attained if and only if the curve is a circle.
The generalized Saint Venant operator and integral moment transforms
Authors: Mishra Rohit , Sahoo Suman
Published: March 2022

In this article, we work with a generalized Saint Venant operator introduced by Vladimir Sharafutdinov [Inverse and ill-posed problems series, VSP, Utrecht, 1994] to describe the kernel of the integral moment transforms over symmetric

m
m

-tensor fields in

n
n

-dimensional Euclidean space. We also provide an equivalence between the injectivity question for the integral moment transforms and generalized Saint Venant operator over symmetric tensor fields of Schwartz class.
Human Resource Management: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Wilkinson Adrian
Published: March 2022

Human Resource Management: A Very Short Introduction describes how the key players and watershed moments in labour history shaped the state of human resource management today. In our era of globalization, human resource management has to contend with a number of new and increasingly complex factors. These include global sourcing, regional trade agreements and labour standards, remote working, strategic alliances, and innovation driven by competition. As traditional sources of competitive advantage evaporate, firms increasingly look to human resource management to offer a competitive edge. This VSI shows how human resource management covers the relations between employees and their employers, exploring the range of HR practices, processes, and line management activities.
What is Human Resource Management and why does it matter?
Authors: Wilkinson Adrian
Published: March 2022

‘What is Human Resource Management and why does it matter?’ discusses what Human Resource Management (HRM) is. At its root, HRM focuses on managing employment relationships, as well as the implicit and explicit agreements established between individuals and organizations. The history and evolution of HRM emphasizes its long-standing concern with a human focus with emphasis on employee well-being. HRM also focuses on employees as a resource in delivering performance. In addition, there is a focus on management, including the changing role of the HR function, its organization, and professionalization as the HR function moves away from administrative and transactional requirements of personnel matters, towards taking a more strategic role focusing on managing change and building organizational culture.
6. Business reorganizations
Authors: Cabrelli David
Published: March 2022

‘Business reorganizations’ addresses the issue of business reorganizations, beginning with an examination of the European Union’s (EU) Acquired Rights Directive (ARD). The objective of the ARD is to end the personal, non-transferable status of the contracts of employment of any employee working in the EU. This reform provided employees with protection in the case of a trade sale. A central question is whether employment law has any business including statutory schemes such as the ARD within its suite of protective measures. There are a number of debates worth looking into, about the inclusion of ‘outsourcing’ transactions, as well as offshoring, within the protective scheme of the ARD.
2. Intimate and gendered violence
Authors: Dwyer Philip
Published: March 2022

‘Intimate and gendered violence’ considers family as one of the most violent social institutions in the world; it has been throughout history. There have been societies in the past where a husband has had the right to discipline his disobedient wife and parents have had the same rule of disciplining their children. In the 19th century, the legislation to protect women and children began to be introduced and required the intervention of the law. There are still forms of intimate and gendered violence carried out by men against women and children. In some parts of the world, domestic violence, sexual assault, and child sexual abuse are still accepted.
1. Less is more
Authors: Post Jonathan F. S.
Published: March 2022

‘Less is more’ offers a brief overview of Bishop’s life and reputation as a poet in an aesthetic context of less is more. A number of chief characteristics of her art have been described by contemporary poets such as Robert Lowell, James Merrill, and Seamus Heaney. The history of Bishop's emergence can be described as one of the most celebrated lyric poets in the English-speaking world of the second half of the 20th century, a period that saw an increasing focus on women’s studies and female writers. In light of her bereft homelife, we should remember the importance of geography and travel in Bishop’s imaginative life. This can be seen through three poems associated with Nova Scotia: ‘Sestina’, ‘Filling Station’, and ‘First Death in Nova Scotia’.
Mary Shelley: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Gordon Charlotte
Published: March 2022

Mary Shelley: A Very Short Introduction examines the distinctive voice and radical themes of Mary Shelley’s writing, which broke conventions, advocated for the rights of women, called for political and social reform, and stretched 19th-century literary genres during the Romantic and Victorian periods. It explores the context, background, and important ideas contained in Shelley’s most famous novel, Frankenstein, an example of the Female Gothic, an early example of science fiction, and a dystopian story with feminist themes. It also demonstrates the significance of her other writings, including a dystopian novel about a pandemic set in the future, historical fiction, travel books, short stories, and essays. It illustrates how she advanced the ideals of her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, the author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, and analyses the role she played in making Percy Shelley one of the most popular poets of the Victorian era.
3. Frankenstein
Authors: Gordon Charlotte
Published: March 2022

‘Frankenstein’ describes Mary Shelley’s desire to write her own stories and follow in the footsteps of her parents, and other Gothic writers. Mary Shelley stayed in Geneva, with Percy, her stepsister, Claire Clairmont, and her illegitimate child during ‘the year without a summer’. Here she met other Romantic writers, including Lord Byron and John Polidori, author of The Vampyre.
Critics were scandalized, calling the group ‘the league of incest’. That summer, she accepted Lord Byron’s challenge to write a horror story during a stormy night at the Villa Diodati. She invented the character Victor Frankenstein, who was obsessed with mastering the creation of life at the expense of those he loved. Not only is the story famous for being an early example of science fiction, it is also a scathing critique of patriarchy, racism, and the slave trade.
4. Early female narrators: A History of a Six Weeks Tour Through a Part of France, Switzerland, and Holland and Mathilda (1817‒1821)
Authors: Gordon Charlotte
Published: March 2022

‘Early female narrators: A History of a Six Weeks Tour Through a Part of France, Switzerland, and Holland and Mathilda (1817‒1821)’ discusses Mary Shelley’s anonymous literary debut after returning to England in the autumn of 1816, recounting her publication of the travel memoir, A History of a Six Weeks Tour Through a Part of France, Switzerland, and Holland in November 1817 and Frankenstein in January 1818. Mary’s father, William Godwin, deemed Mary’s third book, Mathilda, too scandalous for public consumption because of its themes of suicide and incest. Mary uses of the word ‘liberty’ signals to her readers that she is committed to political reform.
A multi-centre cohort study on healthcare use due to medication-related harm: the role of frailty and polypharmacy
Authors: Stevenson Jennifer M , Parekh Nikesh , Chua Kia-Chong , Davies J Graham , Schiff Rebekah , Rajkumar Chakravarthi , Ali Khalid
Published: March 2022

Objectives

To determine the association between frailty and medication-related harm requiring healthcare utilisation.

Design

Prospective observational cohort study.

Setting

Six primary and five secondary care sites across South East England, September 2013–November 2015.

Participants

One thousand and two hundred and eighty participants, ≥65 years old, who were due for discharge from general medicine and older persons’ wards following an acute episode of care. Exclusion criteria were limited life expectancy, transfer to another hospital and consent not gained.

Main outcome measures

Medication-related harm requiring healthcare utilisation (including primary, secondary or tertiary care consultations related to MRH), including adverse drug reactions, non-adherence and medication error determined via the review of data from three sources: patient/carer reports gathered through a structured telephone interview; primary care medical record review; and prospective consultant-led review of readmission to recruiting hospital. Frailty was measured using a Frailty Index, developed using a standardised approach. Marginal estimates were obtained from logistic regression models to examine how probabilities of healthcare service use due to medication-related harm were associated with increasing number of medicines and frailty.

Results

Healthcare utilisation due to medication-related harm was significantly associated with frailty (OR = 10.06, 95% CI 2.06–49.26, P = 0.004), independent of age, gender, and number of medicines. With increasing frailty, the need for healthcare use as a result of MRH increases from a probability of around 0.2–0.4. This is also the case for the number of medicines.

Conclusions

Frailty is associated with MRH, independent of polypharmacy. Reducing the burden of frailty through an integrated health and social care approach, alongside strategies to reduce inappropriate polypharmacy, may reduce MRH related healthcare utilisation.
Narratives of individual capacities: Positive organisational scholarship amongst child welfare workers in Norway
Authors: Olaniyan Oyeniyi Samuel , Hetland Hilde , Karanika-Murray Maria
Published: March 2022

Child welfare services across the world are often criticised for the quality of service and care that they provide. Whilst the validity of some of these criticisms is debatable, critics often neglect to take into account the intense nature and working conditions of this work, staff mental health and well-being, and the range of work-related psychosocial risks in child welfare workers’ (CWW) daily work. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore CWW work experiences and personal capacities to conduct their work. We achieve this through the lens of positive organisational scholarship and in-depth interviews with sixteen CWW in Norway. Thematic narrative analysis yielded five distinct personal capacities: showing commitment and going the extra mile, viewing challenges as opportunities for learning and growth, demonstrating confidence and efficacy beliefs, controlling work behaviours and prioritising work tasks. These personal capacities enabled CWW to perform their work despite excessive pressure and demands at work, since they serve as protective factors for their well-being and performance. Our in-depth findings highlight the utility of making more resources available for building and maintaining individual capacities to support this work group, especially when changing the nature of the work and working conditions is not feasible.
Gender representation in science publication: evidence from Brain Communications
Authors: Marescotti Manuela , Loreto Flavia , Spires-Jones Tara L.
Published: March 2022

The persistent underrepresentation of women in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Medicine (STEMM) points to the need to continue promoting the awareness and understanding of this phenomenon. Being one of the main outputs of scientific work, academic publications provide the opportunity to quantify the gender gap in science as well as to identify possible sources of bias and areas of improvement. Brain Communications is a ‘young’ journal founded in 2019, committed to transparent publication of rigorous work in neuroscience, neurology and psychiatry. For all manuscripts (n = 796) received by the journal between 2019 and 2021, we analysed the gender of all authors (n = 7721) and reviewers (n = 4492). Overall, women were 35.3% of all authors and 31.3% of invited reviewers. A considerably higher proportion of women was found in first authorship (42.4%) than in last authorship positions (24.9%). The representation of women authors and reviewers decreased further in the months following COVID-19 restrictions, suggesting a possible exacerbating role of the pandemic on existing disparities in science publication. The proportion of manuscripts accepted for publication was not significantly different according to the gender of the first, middle or last authors, meaning we found no evidence of gender bias within the review or editorial decision-making processes at Brain Communications.
Screening for Ocular Candidiasis Among Patients With Candidemia: Is It Time to Change Practice?
Authors: O’Donnell Matthew , Eller Andrew W , Waxman Evan L , Clancy Cornelius J , Nguyen M Hong
Published: March 2022

Ocular candidiasis (OC) complicates approximately 10% of candidemia and carries potentially severe morbidity. There are conflicting recommendations about the need for routine funduscopic examinations of candidemic patients. Indirect funduscopy is accurate and safe in diagnosing OC, and positive findings change recommended treatment. However, conclusive evidence that treatment changes improve outcomes is lacking. Bringing perspectives as infectious diseases physicians and ophthalmologists, we review controversies about OC and endorse routine screening during candidemia. We acknowledge difficulties in obtaining inpatient ophthalmologic consults and recommend studies to evaluate digital fundus photography and teleophthalmology as an alternative to funduscopic examinations by ophthalmologists in asymptomatic patients.
Attenuation and recovery of an avoidance response to a chemical antipredator cue in an invasive fish: implications for use as a repellent in conservation
Authors: Wagner C Michael , Bals Jason D , Hanson Mikaela E , Scott Anne M
Published: March 2022

The detection of predation risk without direct engagement with a predator is an important driver of prey movement strategies. Consequently, the application of alarm cues may prove an effective tool in guiding the movements of fishes targeted for control or conservation. However, failure to contemplate the sensory, physiological and cognitive outcomes of repeated or persistent exposure to the cue will likely lead to poor performance of management practices. Using a series of behavioural tests and physiological recordings from the olfactory organ, we examined the timing of onset and recovery of the alarm response in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) when exposed continuously or sporadically to its alarm cue. In the laboratory, sea lamprey exhibited short-term, reversible attenuation of the alarm response over 2–4 h with continuous exposure. The alarm response spontaneously recovered after 30–60 min of removal from the cue. In long-duration free-swimming tests, where the animals were allowed to move into and out of the odour plume volitionally, repeated but sporadic encounter with the alarm cue over 5 h did not alter the alarm response. Electro-olfactogram recordings from the main olfactory epithelium indicated that olfactory sensory neurons quickly adapt to alarm cue and recovered within 15 min. Our findings strongly implicate habituation as the mechanism that induces reduction in the alarm response and provide insight into the design of effective management practices that seek to use fish alarm cues as repellents.
Attentive follow-up to counter alarmism
Authors: Twerenbold Raphael , Cavus Ersin , Blankenberg Stefan
Published: March 2022

This commentary refers to ‘Multi-organ assessment in mainly non-hospitalized individuals after SARS-CoV-2 infection: The Hamburg City Health Study COVID programme’ by E.L. Petersen et al., https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab914 and the discussion piece ‘Alarmist reporting on the pandemic: time to say no!’, by A. Roy https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac163.
Course of pain and fluctuations in pain related to suspected early hip osteoarthritis: the CHECK study
Authors: van Berkel Annemaria C , Schiphof Dieuwke , Waarsing Jan H , Runhaar Jos , van Ochten John M , Bindels Patrick J E , Bierma-Zeinstra Sita M A
Published: March 2022

Objectives

To evaluate the prevalence during a 10-year follow-up of clinically relevant fluctuations in pain and the course of hip pain in participants with hip complaints suspected to be early stage hip osteoarthritis (OA). To distinguish between participants with relevant fluctuations in pain and those without based on baseline characteristics.

Methods

Data were collected at baseline and after 2, 5, 8, and 10 years on 495 participants from the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee Study (CHECK) with hip pain at baseline. Baseline demographic, anamnestic, and physical-examination characteristics were assessed. The primary outcome was levels of pain in the past week (scored using 0–10 Numeric Rating Scale) at follow-up assessments. Relevant fluctuation was defined as average absolute residuals greater than 1 after fitting a straight line to the participant’s pain scores over time.

Results

The majority of the participants (76%) had stable or decreasing pain. Relevant fluctuations were found in 37% of the participants. The following baseline variables were positively associated with the presence of relevant fluctuations: higher levels of pain in the past week, use of pain transformation as a coping style, higher number of comorbidities, use of pain medication, and higher levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. No associations were found for baseline radiographic hip OA or clinical hip OA.

Conclusion

During a 10-year follow-up, the majority of participants had stable or decreasing pain levels. In those participants with relevant fluctuation (37%), a limited number of baseline variables were associated with increased odds of having relevant fluctuations in pain.
Growth and yield model comparisons for mid-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the southeastern US
Authors: Peay W Spencer , Bullock Bronson P , Montes Cristian R
Published: March 2022

Growth and yield models are important tools for forest managers. This study compares six models used for loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern US including the Plantation Management Research Cooperative’s (PMRC) 1996, 2004 and 2014 models, the Loblolly Decision Support System (LobDSS v. 3.0.1.3), PTAEDA (v. 4.0.11) and ForesTech International’s Simulator for Managed Stands (SiMS v. 2009). Model runs were initiated using pre- and post-thin measurement values from first-thinned, Piedmont/Upper Coastal Plain installations of the PMRC’s Mid-rotation Treatment (MRT) Study and were then evaluated using the re-measurement data at 2, 4 and 6 years since treatment (YST). Several plots used in this analysis incorporate mid-rotation treatments including thinning and fertilization; these treatments were incorporated into the appropriate model simulations. Three fit statistics were used to compare model outputs to measured MRT values. A linear mixed-effects model was estimated to compare model green weight (GWT) outputs across the different treatment and YST combinations. Results revealed that GWT estimates from LobDSS, SiMS and the PMRC 2004 and 2014 models were not statistically different from each other or the MRT data GWT estimates. GWT estimates from PTAEDA and the PMRC 1996 models were significantly different from the other four models. Overall, these findings support land managers confidence in growth and yield models and their use for managed stands.
Elements for FIFA’s feminist transformation: The case for indicators on football and women’s rights
Authors: Heerdt Daniela , Bernaz Nadia
Published: March 2022

In 2015, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) commissioned John Ruggie, the architect of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), to help FIFA embed human rights into its operations, taking the UNGPs as the “authoritative standard.” In the following years, FIFA made a number of human rights-related commitments and policy changes. However, progress has been more limited in relation to women’s rights. Cases of women’s rights abuses related to football occur regularly and remain unresolved. In this article we explore key elements for a feminist transformation of FIFA’s policies and practices based on the gender framework developed by the UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights in 2019. We consider the use of indicators as one way to achieve this transformation. Overall, we aim to answer the following research question: how can the 2019 UNGP gender framework help FIFA engage in a feminist transformation of their human rights policies and practices in a way that includes FIFA’s confederations and member associations?
Severe spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema precipitated by pepper spray-induced acute laryngitis: a case report
Authors: Ye Fangfan , Fu Qiang , Huang Jia
Published: March 2022

We report a patient with severe spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM), pneumothorax and widespread subcutaneous emphysema with acute epiglottitis after inhaling pepper spray. The effects of pepper spray, which is a lachrymatory agent, on the respiratory system have not been reported. Upper airway obstruction is not a well-described cause of SPM, with which subcutaneous emphysema and pneumothorax might coexist; thus, mechanical ventilation might be detrimental.
Geometric Generalized Wronskians: Applications in Intermediate Hyperbolicity and Foliation Theory
Authors: Etesse Antoine
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we introduce a sub-family of the usual generalized Wronskians, which we call geometric generalized Wronskians. It is well known that one can test linear dependance of holomorphic functions (of several variables) via the identical vanishing of generalized Wronskians. We show that such a statement remains valid if one tests the identical vanishing only on geometric generalized Wronskians. It turns out that geometric generalized Wronskians allow to define intrinsic objects on projective varieties polarized with an ample line bundle: in this setting, the lack of existence of global functions is compensated by global sections of powers of the fixed ample line bundle. Geometric generalized Wronskians are precisely defined so that their local evaluations on such global sections globalize up to a positive twist by the ample line bundle. We then give three applications of the construction of geometric generalized Wronskians: one in intermediate hyperbolicity and two in foliation theory. In intermediate hyperbolicity, we show the algebraic degeneracy of holomorphic maps from ${\mathbb {C}}^{p}$ to a Fermat hypersurface in $\textbf {P}^{N}$ of degree $\delta> (N+1)(N-p)$: this interpolates between two well-known results, namely for $p=1$ (first proved via Nevanlinna theory) and $p=N-1$ (in which case the Fermat hypersurface is of general type). The first application in foliation theory provides a criterion for algebraic integrability of leaves of foliations: our criterion is not optimal in view of current knowledge, but has the advantage of having an elementary proof. Our second application deals with positivity properties of adjoint line bundles of the form $K_{\mathcal {F}} + L $, where $K_{\mathcal {F}}$ is the canonical bundle of a regular foliation $\mathcal {F}$ on a smooth projective variety $X$, and where $L$ is an ample line bundle on $X$.
Prevalence of carbapenem resistance and its potential association with antimicrobial use in humans and animals in rural communities in Vietnam
Authors: Yen Nguyen Thi Phuong , Nhung Nguyen Thi , Phu Doan Hoang , Dung Nguyen Thi Thuy , Van Nguyen Thi Bich , Kiet Bach Tuan , Hien Vo Be , Larsson Mattias , Olson Linus , Campbell James , Quynh Nguyen Pham Nhu , Duy Pham Thanh , Carrique-Mas Juan
Published: March 2022

Background

Vietnam and Southeast Asia are hotspots for antimicrobial resistance; however, little is known on the prevalence of carriage of carbapenem resistance in non-hospitalized humans and in animals. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), particularly Escherichia coli (CREC) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and also Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) are emerging threats worldwide.

Methods

We investigated healthy humans (n = 652), chickens (n = 237), ducks (n = 150) and pigs (n = 143) in 400 small-scale farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Samples (rectal swabs, faecal swabs) were investigated for carriage of CRE/CRAB and were further characterized phenotypically and genotypically.

Results

In the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, the prevalence of CRE isolates in human rectal swabs was 0.6%, including 4 CREC and 1 CRKP. One pig was infected with CREC (prevalence 0.7%). CRAB was isolated from chickens (n = 4) (prevalence 2.1%) and one duck (prevalence 0.7%). CRKP was isolated from a human who was also colonized with CREC. The CRKP strain (ST16), from an 80 year-old person with pneumonia under antimicrobial treatment, genetically clustered with clinical strains isolated in a hospital outbreak in southern Vietnam. The prevalence of CRE was higher among humans that had used antimicrobials within 90 days of the sampling date than those had not (4.2% versus 0.2%) (P = 0.005). All CRE/CRAB strains were MDR, although they were susceptible to colistin and neomycin. The carbapenemase genes identified in study strains were blaNDM and blaOXA.

Conclusions

The finding of a CRKP strain clustering with previous hospital outbreak raises concerns about potential transmission of carbapenem-resistant organisms from hospital to community settings or vice-versa.
Identification and characterization of a serine racemase in the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Tanaka Yui , Yoshimura Tohru , Hakamata Maho , Saito Chiaki , Sumitani Megumi , Sezutsu Hideki , Hemmi Hisashi , Ito Tomokazu
Published: March 2022

The pupae of lepidopterans contain high concentrations of endogenous d-serine. In the silkworm Bombyx mori, d-serine is negligible during the larval stage but increases markedly during the pupal stage, reaching 50% of the total free serine. However, the physiological function of d-serine and the enzyme responsible for its production is unknown. Herein, we identified a new type of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent serine racemase (SR) that catalyses the racemization of l-serine to d-serine in B. mori. This silkworm SR (BmSR) has an N-terminal PLP-binding domain that is homologous to mammalian SR and a C-terminal putative ligand-binding regulatory-like domain (ACT-like domain) that is absent in mammalian SR. Similar to mammalian SRs, BmSR catalyses the racemization and dehydration of both serine isomers. However, BmSR is different from mammalian SRs as evidenced by its insensitivity to Mg2+/Ca2+ and Mg-ATP—which are required for activation of mammalian SRs—and high d-serine dehydration activity. At the pupal stage, the SR activity was predominantly detected in the fat body, which was consistent with the timing and localization of BmSR expression. The results are an important first step in elucidating the physiological significance of d-serine in lepidopterans.
Population Genomics of New Zealand Pouched Lamprey (kanakana; piharau;Geotria australis)
Authors: Miller Allison K , Timoshevskaya Nataliya , Smith Jeramiah J , Gillum Joanne , Sharif Saeed , Clarke Shannon , Baker Cindy , Kitson Jane , Gemmell Neil J , Alexander Alana
Published: March 2022

Pouched lamprey (Geotria australis) or kanakana/piharau is a culturally and ecologically significant jawless fish that is distributed throughout Aotearoa New Zealand. Despite its importance, much remains unknown about historical relationships and gene flow between populations of this enigmatic species within New Zealand. To help inform management, we assembled a draft G. australis genome and completed the first comprehensive population genomics analysis of pouched lamprey within New Zealand using targeted gene sequencing (Cyt-b and COI) and restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADSeq) methods. Employing 16 000 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from RADSeq (n = 186) and sequence data from Cyt-b (766 bp, n = 94) and COI (589 bp, n = 20), we reveal low levels of structure across 10 sampling locations spanning the species range within New Zealand. F-statistics, outlier analyses, and STRUCTURE suggest a single panmictic population, and Mantel and EEMS tests reveal no significant isolation by distance. This implies either ongoing gene flow among populations or recent shared ancestry among New Zealand pouched lamprey. We can now use the information gained from these genetic tools to assist managers with monitoring effective population size, managing potential diseases, and conservation measures such as artificial propagation programs. We further demonstrate the general utility of these genetic tools for acquiring information about elusive species.
Parvovirus B19-associated transient aplastic crisis following P. falciparum malaria and post-artesunate delayed haemolysis in a returning traveller
Authors: Huits Ralph , Van Ierssel Sabrina , Rosanas-Urgell Anna , Van den Bossche Dorien , Bottieau Emmanuel
Published: March 2022

We report a case of parvovirus B19-associated transient aplastic crisis following Plasmodium falciparum malaria and post-artesunate delayed haemolysis. Concomitant parvovirus B19 infection is an established cause of exacerbation of malaria-related anaemia in endemic countries, but a rare and potentially life-threatening condition in returning travellers.
(Re)Solving reionization with Lyα: how bright Lyα Emitters account for the z ≈ 2–8 cosmic ionizing background
Authors: Matthee Jorryt , Naidu Rohan P , Pezzulli Gabriele , Gronke Max , Sobral David , Oesch Pascal A , Hayes Matthew , Erb Dawn , Schaerer Daniel , Amorín Ricardo , Tacchella Sandro , Paulino-Afonso Ana , Llerena Mario , Calhau João , Röttgering Huub
Published: March 2022

The cosmic ionizing emissivity from star-forming galaxies has long been anchored to UV luminosity functions. Here, we introduce an emissivity framework based on Lyα emitters (LAEs), which naturally hones in on the subset of galaxies responsible for the ionizing background due to the intimate connection between production and escape of Lyα and LyC photons. Using constraints on the escape fractions of bright LAEs (LLyα > 0.2L*) at z ≈ 2 obtained from resolved Lyα profiles, and arguing for their redshift-invariance, we show that: (i) quasars and LAEs together reproduce the relatively flat emissivity at z ≈ 2–6, which is non-trivial given the strong evolution in both the star formation density and quasar number density at these epochs and (ii) LAEs produce late and rapid reionization between z ≈ 6−9 under plausible assumptions. Within this framework, the >10 × rise in the UV population-averaged fesc between z ≈ 3–7 naturally arises due to the same phenomena that drive the growing LAE fraction with redshift. Generally, a LAE dominated emissivity yields a peak in the distribution of the ionizing budget with UV luminosity as reported in latest simulations. Using our adopted parameters ($f_{\rm {esc}}=50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, ξion = 1025.9 Hz erg−1 for half the bright LAEs), a highly ionizing minority of galaxies with MUV < −17 accounts for the entire ionizing budget from star-forming galaxies. Rapid flashes of LyC from such rare galaxies produce a ‘disco’ ionizing background. We conclude proposing tests to further develop our suggested Lyα-anchored formalism.
Decade-long time-monitoring of candidate luminous blue variable stars in the two very metal-deficient star-forming galaxies DDO 68 and PHL 293B
Authors: Guseva N G , Thuan T X , Izotov Y I
Published: March 2022

We have studied the spectral time variations of candidate luminous blue variable (cLBV) stars in two low-metallicity star-forming galaxies, DDO 68 and PHL 293B. The LBV in DDO 68, located in H ii region #3, shows an outburst, with an increase of more than 1000 times in H α luminosity during the period 2008–2010. The broad emission of the H i and He i lines display a P Cygni profile, with a relatively constant terminal velocity of ∼800 km s−1, reaching a maximum luminosity L(H α) of ∼2 × 1038 erg s−1, with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of ∼1000–1200 km s−1. On the other hand, since the discovery of a cLBV in 2001 in PHL 293B, the fluxes of the broad components and the broad-to-narrow flux ratios of the H i and He i emission lines in this galaxy have remained nearly constant over 16 yr, with small variations. The luminosity of the broad H α component varies between ∼2 × 1038 erg s−1 and ∼1039 erg s−1, with the FWHM varying in the range ∼500–1500 km s−1. Unusually persistent P Cygni features are clearly visible until the end of 2020 despite a decrease of the broad-to-narrow flux ratio in the most recent years. A terminal velocity of ∼800 km s−1 is measured from the P Cygni profile, similar to the one in DDO 68, although the latter is 3.7 more metal-deficient than PHL 293B. The relative constancy of the broad H α luminosity in PHL 293B suggests that it is due to a long-lived stellar transient of type LBV/SN IIn.
IGM damping wing constraints on reionization from covariance reconstruction of two z ≳ 7 QSOs
Authors: Greig Bradley , Mesinger Andrei , Davies Frederick B , Wang Feige , Yang Jinyi , Hennawi Joseph F
Published: March 2022

Bright, high-redshift (z > 6) QSOs are powerful probes of the ionization state of the intervening intergalactic medium (IGM). The detection of Ly α damping wing absorption imprinted in the spectrum of high-z QSOs can provide strong constraints on the epoch of reionization (EoR). In this work, we perform an independent Ly α damping wing analysis of two known z > 7 QSOs; DESJ0252−0503 at z = 7.00 (Wang et al.) and J1007+2115 at z = 7.51 (Yang et al.). For this, we utilize our existing Bayesian framework which simultaneously accounts for uncertainties in: (i) the intrinsic Ly α emission profile (reconstructed from a covariance matrix of measured emission lines; extended in this work to include N v) and (ii) the distribution of ionized (H ii) regions within the IGM using a 1.63 Gpc3 reionization simulation. This approach is complementary to that used in the aforementioned works as it focuses solely redward of Ly α (1218 < λ < 1230 Å) making it more robust to modelling uncertainties while also using a different methodology for (i) and (ii). We find, for an EoR morphology driven by galaxies within Mh ≳ 109 M⊙ haloes, $\bar{x}_{\mathrm{H\, {\scriptscriptstyle I}}{}} = 0.64\substack{+0.19 \\-0.23}$ (68 per cent) at z = 7 and $\bar{x}_{\mathrm{H\, {\scriptscriptstyle I}}{}} = 0.27\substack{+0.21 \\-0.17}$ at z = 7.51 consistent within 1σ to the previous works above, though both are slightly lower in amplitude. Following the inclusion of N v into our reconstruction pipeline, we perform a reanalysis of ULASJ1120+0641 at z = 7.09 (Mortlock et al.) and ULASJ1342+0928 at z = 7.54 (Bañados et al.) finding $\bar{x}_{\mathrm{H\, {\scriptscriptstyle I}}{}} = 0.44\substack{+0.23 \\-0.24}$ at z = 7.09 and $\bar{x}_{\mathrm{H\, {\scriptscriptstyle I}}{}} = 0.31\substack{+0.18 \\-0.19}$ at z = 7.54. Finally, we combine the QSO damping wing constraints for all four z ≳ 7 QSOs to obtain a single, unified constraint of $\bar{x}_{\mathrm{H\, {\scriptscriptstyle I}}{}} = 0.49\substack{+0.11 \\-0.11}$ at z = 7.29.
The synchronized dance of the magellanic clouds’ star formation history
Authors: Massana P , Ruiz-Lara T , Noël N E D , Gallart C , Nidever D L , Choi Y , Sakowska J D , Besla G , Olsen K A G , Monelli M , Dorta A , Stringfellow G S , Cassisi S , Bernard E J , Zaritsky D , Cioni M-R L , Monachesi A , van der Marel R P , de Boer T J L , Walker A R
Published: March 2022

We use the SMASH survey to obtain unprecedented deep photometry reaching down to the oldest main-sequence turn-offs in the colour–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and quantitatively derive its star formation history (SFH) using CMD fitting techniques. We identify five distinctive peaks of star formation in the last 3.5 Gyr, at ∼3, ∼2, ∼1.1, ∼0.45 Gyr ago, and one presently. We compare these to the SFH of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), finding unequivocal synchronicity, with both galaxies displaying similar periods of enhanced star formation over the past ∼3.5 Gyr. The parallelism between their SFHs indicates that tidal interactions between the MCs have recurrently played an important role in their evolution for at least the last ∼3.5 Gyr, tidally truncating the SMC and shaping the LMC’s spiral arm. We show, for the first time, an SMC–LMC correlated SFH at recent times in which enhancements of star formation are localized in the northern spiral arm of the LMC, and globally across the SMC. These novel findings should be used to constrain not only the orbital history of the MCs but also how star formation should be treated in simulations.
Contrasting patterns of nickel distribution in the hyperaccumulatorsPhyllanthus balgooyiandPhyllanthus rufuschaneyifrom Malaysian Borneo
Authors: van der Ent Antony , Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz Jolanta , Przybyłowicz Wojciech J , Barnabas Alban D , de Jonge Martin D , Harris Hugh H
Published: March 2022

Globally, the majority of Ni hyperaccumulator plants occur on ultramafic soils in tropical regions, and the genus Phyllanthus, from the Phyllanthaceae family, is globally the most represented taxonomical group. Two species from Sabah (Malaysia) are remarkable because Phyllanthus balgooyi can attain >16 wt% of Ni in its phloem exudate, while Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi reaches foliar concentrations of up to 3.5 wt% Ni, which are amongst the most extreme concentrations of Ni in any plant tissue. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy, nuclear microbe (micro-PIXE+BS) and (cryo) scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to spatially resolve the elemental distribution in the plant organs of P. balgooyi and P. rufuschaneyi. The results show that P. balgooyi has extraordinary enrichment of Ni in the (secondary) veins of the leaves, whereas in contrast, in P. rufuschaneyi Ni occurs in interveinal areas. In the roots and stems, Ni is localized mainly in the cortex and phloem but is much lower in the xylem. The findings of this study show that, even within the same genus, the distribution of nickel and other elements, and inferred processes involved with metal hyperaccumulation, can differ substantially between species.
“I think everybody will have to get together for it to work”: NYCHA Tenant Perspectives on HUD’s 2018 Smoke-Free Mandate Captured Prior to Policy Implementation
Authors: Mohindra Mandakini , Hernández Diana
Published: March 2022

Introduction

In July 2018, a new federal mandate by the Department of Housing and Urban Development went into effect requiring all US public housing authorities to implement policies banning smoking in living units, indoor common areas, administrative buildings, and outdoor areas within 25 feet of these buildings. Although some housing authorities had smoke-free policies in place for decades, others had to implement them for the first time. Housing authorities continue to face challenges in ensuring compliance with these policies, and resident perspectives can greatly inform measures to promote adherence.

Aims and Methods

We conducted in-person interviews with 20 New York City Housing Authority tenants in April 2018. Our thematic analysis examined resident opinions on the upcoming smoke-free housing policy.

Results

Although 65% of residents supported the policy, 50% anticipated poor adherence due to expected lack of enforcement, safety issues with smoking outdoors, and general discontent with the housing authority and living conditions. However, many participants felt adherence could be improved if the housing authority optimized resource-provision and communication with tenants.

Conclusions

Our study adds to existing literature examining tenant views on the controversial topic of mandatory smoke-free housing policies, and our interviews were conducted at a unique time prior to policy implementation in the country’s largest public housing authority. Based on our results, we provide recommendations for housing authorities including: (1) information and resource-provision, (2) safety enhancement, and (3) relationship building with tenants in order to maximize policy adherence.

Implications

Our study is unique because we captured resident views prior to policy implementation in a housing authority without a preexisting smoke-free policy in place. In comparison, most recent research on this topic has focused on the postimplementation period or used survey research methods in the preimplementation phase. Our findings add to extant research about tenant perspectives on smoke-free housing policies and offer suggestions to address barriers to compliance.
Chains of Being
Authors: Cameron Ross P.
Published: March 2022

This book argues for both Metaphysical Infinitism—the view that there can be infinitely descending chains of ontological dependence and grounding, with no bottom level of fundamental things or facts—and Metaphysical Holism—the view that there can be circles of ontological dependence or grounding. It is argued that the orthodox view—Metaphysical Foundationalism, the view that everything in reality is ultimately accounted for by a base class of fundamental phenomena—is unmotivated. It is also argued that we should reject the orthodox view that relations like grounding and ontological dependence are explanatory relations. An alternative account of metaphysical explanation is defended that does not tie explanation to grounding, ontological dependence, or fundamentality. A number of cases are developed across a wide range of philosophical areas, to show the theoretical fruitfulness of allowing infinite regress and circularity, including: non-well-founded set theory, mathematical structuralism, the metaphysics of persons, the metaphysics of gender and sexuality, the semantic paradoxes, and others. In the course of the discussion, distinctive views are defended concerning when an infinite regress is vicious, the nature of truth, non-classical logic and dialetheism, social construction, and more.