bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canons and Heroes: The Reception of the Complete Works Translation Project in Finland, 2002-13
Authors: Keinänen Nely
Published: January 2018

This essay examines the reception of the ten-year Complete Works translation project undertaken by the Finnish publishing company Werner Söderström Oy (WSOY) in 2004-13. Focusing on reviews published in the first and last years of the project, the essay details ongoing processes of Shakespeare (re-)canonization in Finland, as each new generation explains to itself what Shakespeare means to them, and why it continues to read, translate and perform Shakespeare. These processes are visible in comments from the series editors and translators extolling the importance of Shakespeare’s work and the necessity of creating new, modern translations so Finns can read Shakespeare in their mother tongue; in discussions of the literary qualities of a good Shakespeare translation, e.g. whether it is advisable to use iambic pentameter in Finnish, a trochaic language; and in the creation of publisher and translator “heroes,” who at significant cost to themselves, whether in money in terms of the publisher, or time and effort in terms of the translators, labour to provide the public with their Shakespeare in modern Finnish. While on the whole reviewers celebrated the new translations, there was some resistance to changes in familiar lines from older translations, such as Macbeth’s “tomorrow” speech, suggesting that there are nevertheless some limits on modernizing “classic” translations.
Plant stress activated by chlorine from disinfectants prepared on the base of sodium hypochlorite
Authors: Fargašová Agáta
Published: January 2018

In this study, the phytotoxicity of disinfectants prepared on the base of sodium hypochlorite was determined. For our tests two commercial products, Savo and Dom Amor, as well as 10% NaClO solution were used. While Savo contained only NaClO, Dom Amor contained NaClO and earthworm enzymes. Products on the base of NaClO are used in households for cleaning and disinfection of floors, furniture, sanitary and kitchen equipment. Savo may be used for the disinfection of drinking waters as well. Products with NaClO are also used for bacteria, algae and pathogens reduction in irrigation waters. As a subject, young seedlings of mustard Sinapis alba L. were used for the study of chronic toxicity. The observed parameters of the inhibition of roots and shoots growth, dry (DM) and fresh (FM) mass as well as photosynthetic pigments production (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids) and water content in the plants were determined. The results point out that Dom Amor was the most toxic for S. alba seedlings growth and the rank order of the FAC contents for both plant parts was arranged as: Dom Amor > Savo > NaClO. All disinfectants reduced the DM and FM of roots; however, they stimulated biomass production in the shoots. On the basis of the obtained results it could be concluded, that disinfectants stimulated photosynthetic pigments production and reduced water content mainly in the roots. Dom Amor did not significantly reduced the water content in the shoots and for this parameter the following rank orders of inhibition for roots and shoots could be arranged as NaClO > Dom Amor > Savo and NaClO > Savo > Dom Amor, respectively. All commercial products increased chlorophyll a (Chla) and the carotenoids (Car) content in the shoots. As significant increase was confirmed first for Chla whose content in the presence of NaClO at concentration 24 mL/L overextended that in the control by 3.5 times. The rank orders of stimulation for Chla and Car were NaClO > Savo > Dom Amor and Dom Amor > NaClO > Savo, respectively.
Variable dynamics of cadmium uptake and allocation in four soybean cultivars
Authors: Bardáčová Monika , Konotop Yevheniia , Gregorová Zuzana , Horník Miroslav , Moravčíková Jana , Kraic Ján , Matušíková Ildikó
Published: January 2018

Cadmium is a serious environmental pollutant and its uptake by plant represents a serious health risk. Uptake, accumulation as well as sensitivity of soybean plants to metals have been shown to vary with genotype, while the dynamics of this uptake has rarely been studied. Here we studied the uptake and accumulation of Cd2+ ions in different parts of soybean plants of four cultivars Moravians, Gallec, Kent and Cardiff. The plants at early developmental stage were immersed in Hoagland nutrient solution in the presence or absence of 50 mg.L−1 and the isotope of 109Cd2+ to monitor its accumulation continuously at 24 h intervals for 10 days. Our results showed that the uptake rate varied among the cultivars, being the highest in roots of the cv. Moravians and the lowest in the cv. Gallec. We also observed a non-even distribution of radioactivity within the entire plants of individual cultivars. The most of Cd2+ isotope was translocated into primary leaves and leaves in the cvs. Kent and Moravians; on the contrary, relatively less in the cvs. Cardiff and Gallec. The results were fitted with genetic potential, growth as well as defense parameters such as proline accumulation. Combining uptake dynamics and biochemical data are indicative for different tolerance strategies of soybeans.
The optimization of propagation medium for the increase of laccase production by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus
Authors: Hazuchová Miroslava , Chmelová Daniela , Ondrejovič Miroslav
Published: January 2018

The lignocellulolytic enzymes are routinely produced by submerged fermentation using lignocellulosic material, but for more effective production, it would be suitable to precede the production phase on the lignocellulose by propagation phase in the nutrition medium suitable for growth of the fungi. Therefore, the aim of this study was to increase the laccase production by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus by two-step cultivation strategy. In the first step, propagation medium was optimized for the maximal biomass growth, the second step included the laccase production by produced fungal biomass in media with the selected lignocellulosic material (pine sawdust, alfalfa steam and corn straw). From our experiments, parameters such as glucose concentration, yeast extract concentration and pH of propagation medium were selected as key factors affecting growth of P. ostreatus. The optimal conditions of propagation medium for maximal fungal growth determined by response surface methodology were: glucose concentration 102.68 g/L, yeast extract concentration 43.65 g/L and pH of propagation medium 7.24. These values were experimentally verified and used statistical model of biomass production prediction was appropriate adjusted. Thus prepared fungal biomass produced in the media with lignocellulose approximately 9-16 times higher concentrations of the laccase in 3 times shorter time than the fungal biomass without propagation phase in optimized propagation medium.
Microextraction based on solidified floating organic drop coupled with ETAAS for the determination of lead in herbs
Authors: Thongsaw Arnon , Sananmuang Ratana , Ross Gareth M. , Chaiyasith Wipharat Chuachuad
Published: January 2018

A rapid, inexpensive and practical solidified of floating organic droplet microextraction (SFODME) prior to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) was proposed for lead (Pb) determination in herb samples. For SFODME procedure, 1-(2-pysidylazo)-2-naphthol was used as a complexing agent. Analytical parameters influencing the extraction efficiency, i.e. types and volume of extracting solvent, concentration of 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol, pH, extraction temperature and time were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, LOD and LOQ were 0.064 and 0.214 μg L−1, respectively, and an enrichment factor was achieved at 18.71 with the relative standard deviation ranging from 1.3 to 2.5% (n=6). The proposed method was effectively applied to the determination of lead in Spinach leaves (SRM-1570a) and Thai herb samples with acceptable results.
The crystal structure of (E)-4-chloro-2-(((5-methylpyridin-2-yl)imino)methyl)phenol, C13H11ClN2O
Authors: Pu Xiaohua
Published: January 2018

C13H11ClN2O, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 13.997(5) Å, b = 4.6734(15) Å, c = 18.019(7) Å, β = 102.714(5)°, V = 1149.7(7) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0481, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1141, T = 153(2) K.
The crystal structure of N-((3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide, C28H35N3S
Authors: Guan Xiao-Yu , Liu Sheng-Shu , Zhang Liang-Dong , Guo Xin , Ma Xuebing , Liu Zhang-Qin
Published: January 2018

C28H35NO3S, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 10.3965(4) Å, b = 10.7525(5) Å, c = 12.2772(6) Å, α = 86.651(4)°, β = 86.653(4)°, γ = 75.323(4)°, V = 1324.05(11) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0472, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1298, T = 291 K.
Anabaptism in Italy
Authors: Disseau Maël Leo David Soliman
Published: January 2018

While relatively unknown to Anglophone circles, there was a thriving Anabaptist community in Italy during the reformation. It is the scope of this article to help retrace the origins of the Anabaptist movement in Italy (a movement which lasted at best for sixty years, from the 1520s-1530s to the 1570s, and did not leave us with the theological writings such as those produced by Hubmaier, Marpeck, or Simons) and to set straight some misconceptions unintentionally (or intentionally) perpetuated by some who have attempted this journey in the past. This is done in the hopes of raising appreciation for the movement and of enticing future research interest in this forgotten branch of the Radical Reformation.
The Ecclesiological Contributions of Thomas Helwys’s Reformation in a Baptist Context
Authors: Jones Marvin
Published: January 2018

The English Separatist movement provided the background for which John Smyth and Thomas Helwys emerged to reconstitute a biblical ecclesiology. Through the study of the New Testament, they came to the position that infant baptism and covenantal theology could not be the foundation for the New Testament church. Both men embraced believer’s baptism as the basic foundation in which a recovered church should be built. Unfortunately, Smyth defected to the Mennonites, leaving Thomas Helwys to continue the fledging work known as Baptists. This article will examine the life of Thomas Helwys and his contribution to Baptist ecclesiology; it will also review selected literary works that contributed to the recovery of a New Testament church and the founding of Baptist ecclesiology.
Green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles from strawberry fruit extract
Authors: Umoren Saviour A. , Nzila Alexis M. , Sankaran Saravanan , Solomon Moses M. , Umoren Peace S.
Published: January 2018

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been synthesized in the presence of Strawberry fruit extract (SBFE) at room temperature. The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDS, XRD, TEM and FTIR. The UV-vis spectra of the AgNPs show SPR band at 450 nm. TEM results indicate that AgNPs are spherical in shape and size range between 7–65 nm. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs has been assessed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus licheniformis. The results show that AgNPs exhibit inhibitory effect and effect is a function of AgNPs concentration. The antibacterial activity of the prepared AgNPs has been compared with two antibiotics, amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. It is found that the antibiotics perform better than AgNPs.
Provincializing Constitutions: History, Narrative, and the Disappearance of Canada’s Provincial Constitutions
Authors: Price Peter
Published: January 2018

Constitutional scholarship in Canada since Confederation has been characterized by two primary narratives. The dualist narrative, which characterized constitutional scholarship between the late-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, focussed on the parallel developments of provincial and federal constitutions. The monist narrative, which has become the dominant model of interpretation since the mid-twentieth century, focusses on the federal constitution as a singular foundation of constitutionalism in Canada. As a result of the shift from dualism to monism, provincial constitutions have become largely ignored in Canada and subsumed by the “mega-constitutional” politics of the federal constitution. This paper examines provincial constitutions to highlight the significant reorientation of constitutional scholarship in Canada over the past 150 years, which has become primarily focussed on post-Confederation constitutional history and written constitutionalism.
The Canadian Living Tree Doctrine as a Comparative Model of Evolutionary Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Pierdominici Leonardo
Published: January 2018

This paper starts with a general contextualisation of how Canadian constitutional law acquired an important role in global constitutional conversations in recent decades. It then considers, in particular, the well-known Canadian Living tree doctrine as a model of evolutionary constitutional interpretation, and argues that it is a relevant case study for our purposes since it is able to precisely link the ‘history, evolution, influence and reform’ of constitutional law in a comprehensive doctrine. The doctrine's comparative influence will be analysed in particular: the Living tree is especially relevant, since its comparative influence is traceable both in the work of courts that are historical participants in transnational judicial conversations, and courts that are new players in the game.
Seismic Isolation of Bridges Using the Principle of Electromagnetic Attraction and Repulsion
Authors: Constantinescu Silviu Alexandru , Răcănel Ionuț Radu
Published: January 2018

This paper presents a new type of seismic isolator that uses the principle of electromagnetic attraction and repulsion, to control the friction force between two electromagnets during earthquakes. The two electromagnets are used in conjunction with a secondary high friction dissipating and damping mechanism composed from a 10mm thick neoprene ring layer and two steel surfaces coated with Si3N4 that are used to dissipate the kinetic energy in the bridge deck at some maximum ground accelerations. The isolator utilizes tri-axial accelerometers embedded in the abutments, high current rechargeable batteries and an automated controlling unit. The presented isolator was developed specifically for a concrete bridge deck with a span of 36 meters and simple supported on two abutments, using time history electromagnetic and structural analyses. The paper presents the advantages of using this active seismic isolation system, compared to classical passive devices and the important results obtained in terms of decreasing internal forces on the substructure elements cross sections together with the reduction of relative displacements between the two electromagnets.
Dynamic Test of a Viaduct on the Orastie–Sibiu Highway
Authors: Lucian Ghindea Cristian , Radu Răcănel Ionuţ , Iuliu Cruciat Radu
Published: January 2018

Dynamic testing of bridges has as target to establish their response on pulse forces between the wheels and unevenness of road surface. Generally, during the tests, real time accelerations or deformations are to be measured and which through successive processing methods lead to other data as velocities, displacements, dynamic impact factor, but also the damping ratio. In order to validate the bridge response following testing, the measured data are compared both with allowable limits existing in standards and with the results obtained using analytical or numerical models.

In Romania, the dynamic testing of bridges is recommended by the current standards, only for important bridges, erected in complex or special solutions and also for large span bridges.

The aim of this paper is to outline the results obtained from the on-site measurements during dynamic testing of a viaduct placed on the motorway A1, sector Orăştie-Sibiu. The bridge superstructure is a composite one, continuous girder on 12 spans: 40+10×60+40 m, the substructure consisting in 11 piers with lamellar elevations and variable height in the range 8.50-24m.

In the paper a finite element model is also presented which was used for time-history analyses using an impulse type load. Finally, the results obtained on the site and using the numerical model are compared and discussed.
The Peculiarities of Physical Education Teachers’ Professional Training: Foreign Experience
Authors: Soltyk Oleksandr
Published: January 2018

The article deals with professional training of future teachers of physical education within the context of leading countries, namely the USA, Great Britain, China, Germany, France. The aforementioned countries are not just leaders in economical development; they are also leaders in sports. The analysis of literature resources allowed revealing a number of peculiarities, implementation of which in the process of professional training of teachers of physical education in Ukraine will have positive impact. They are reorientation of professional training, as well as future activity on health protection of students, individual physical development, skills development, big-scale implementation of health-improving systems, non-standard types of motor activity in educational process. This calls for improvement of medical knowledge, health fundamentals, disease prevention, and injury prevention. Increase of the role and duration of teaching practice and implementation of compulsory year-long training at future workplace are of great importance. Taking into account national traditions, historical experience of the development of physical culture in native land, and introduction of national types of motor activity to the curricula have positive effect. The division on two individual stages is common in professional training of teachers. The first one is primarily oriented on theoretical component of educational, while the second one emphasizes practical activity of a future teacher. Along with standardization, independence and autonomy of educational institutions in matters of professional training organization have positive effect in educational process. Governmental support, namely financing of physical training and sports and educational sphere, improvement of material and technical base, plays a key role in the process of professional training of future teacher of physical education.
Tendencies of Future Doctors’ Ethical Competence Formation at Medical Universities in Europe and the USA
Authors: Dudikova Larysa
Published: January 2018

The materials presented in this article are the result of a documentary-bibliographic study, which is based on the use of methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization. The results of the study have shown that the problem of professional ethics and culture of health care professionals is of significant interest. Problems of ethics, culture and deontology are the subject of consideration by scholars from the countries of Europe and the United States. There have been defined the main modern tendencies of training doctors for their professional activity in the leading countries of the world in the context of the professional and ethical competence formation. It has been found out that the development of higher medical education is carried out on the basis of the Bologna process principles, which involves introduction of two degrees (Bachelor and Master of Science), implementation of the ECTS system, introduction of the single diploma supplement, etc. It has been estimated that the educational programs for future doctors' training are aimed at the development of the students’ analytical and critical thinking; behavioral and social sciences, medical ethics, bioethics, provide knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of communication, clinical decision making, application of ethical norms, work in the multi-staff teams etc. The integrated programs play an important role in the educational process. Over the last decades studying bioethics is a compulsory component of the medical education. However, not only bioethics is the basis for the formation of future doctors’ professional and ethical competence at medical Universities abroad. The Oath of Hippocrates is of great significance for the students who devote themselves to medicine. In various countries it has been transformed into codes, oaths, etc., and now it is carried out by the students (future physicians) during their studies at higher medical educational institutions.
Modern Trends in Continuous Professional Development of Foreign Language Teachers (On the Basis of the British Council Research)
Authors: Sadovets Olesia
Published: January 2018

Research conducted by the British Council concerning modern continuous professional development of teachers has been analyzed. The issue concerning foreign language teachers’ professional development has been considered. Productive approach to this process that gives a teacher the opportunities to define aspects of their professional activities that are in need of improvement and introduce appropriate strategies of their own professional development has been characterized. Direct connection between continuous teachers’ professional development and the level of students’ academic achievements has been stressed. Key characteristics of effective professional development have been defined, namely: being correspondent to actual needs of teachers and students; teachers’ involvement into the decision making concerning the content and the fulfillment of professional development; provision of cooperation and teachers’ experience exchange; collegiality presupposing common work of teachers and educational establishments in general; practicality, that is the fulfillment of professional development directly in the process of teachers’ work in class; obligatory character of professional development as indispensable part of teachers’ work; constant reflection and research; prioritizing academic achievements of students as the main stimulus for professional learning of teachers; continuity of professional development and its consideration not as separate forms of work. Modern widely used forms of teacher professional development have been analyzed, namely: self-education, common lessons planning with their further analysis; professional discussions concerning new teaching techniques and the appropriateness of their application; reflexive groups for teaching experience exchange and lessons analysis (video recording of lessons or students’ works), observation/attending teachers’ lessons with their further discussion in constructive form and without formal evaluation; participation in professional learning communities to solve urgent issues concerning school work and teachers’ professional activities; common work of teachers with curricula for detailed studying of problematic issues and their elimination; common teachers’ elaboration of learning materials for definite groups of students; participation in mentoring programs; work in online educational communities It has been proved that modern professional development of foreign language teachers shifts its focus from the competency of a teacher to the level of students’ academic achievements which is the direct indicator of a teacher’s competency.
Some Peculiarities in Training Future Masters in Technology Education in European Countries
Authors: Samborska Olena
Published: January 2018

In the article, the importance of studying foreign experience in order to improve quality of future Masters’ training in higher education institutions has been justified. The main peculiarities of training Masters in Technology education in European countries, namely, in Germany, Sweden and France have been outlined. It has been revealed that European education systems aim at developing future handicraft and technology teachers’ practical abilities and skills. It has been established that organization of teacher placements in each European country somehow differs: in Germany, teacher placement lasts approximately one or two years; in Sweden, teacher placement is rather cross-cutting; in France, teacher placement contributes to individualizing future technology teachers’ training. It has been determined that syllabi for training handicraft and home economics teachers in Germany are oriented toward not a specific discipline, but toward a set of specialties within the framework of general professional industry. It has been specified that modern challenges and paradigm shifts in education have led to implementation of the latest reform in training Future Masters in Technology Education in Sweden. It has been justified that modern French teacher education, in particular, education of technology teachers, is based on the principles of individualization. It has been noted that syllabi of European higher education institutions are rather variative, yet they always contain three types of disciplines – compulsory, partially elective and completely elective. Based on the research findings, it has been concluded that exchanging experience is extremely necessary nowadays and will contribute to improving Ukrainian system of teacher education. It has been determined that education systems in Germany, Sweden and France possess several advantages, namely, information openness, a diversified network of higher education institutions, favourable conditions for lifelong learning.
Content of Future Economists’ Professional Mobility in Researches of Foreign Scientists
Authors: Chorna Iryna
Published: January 2018

The content of professional mobility of future economists in the writings of foreign scientists have been presented. The components of future economists’ professional mobility formation have been considered. It has been established that the possession of a combination of these components enables future specialists to achieve a high level of generalized professional knowledge, improve them and acquire them on their own, and also determines the ability to set professional goals, choose ways to achieve them and to control this process. It has been determined that an integral part of professional mobility is the activity of a person, professional development and personal growth of the learner. A professional mobile specialist who is capable of professional development, possessing theoretical knowledge in the field of economics and other basic sciences, is able to critically treat information, find and use information rationally, organize his day-to-day educational and professional activities, independently and promptly solve the task of a problem nature, quickly switch from one activity to another. It has been established that a professionally mobile specialist should be capable of professional development, be theoretically knowledgeable in the field of economics and other basic sciences, critically treat information, find and use information rationally, organize his day-to-day educational and professional activity, solve problems independently and promptly, quickly switch from one activity to another. As the modern labor market necessitates the training of specialists in various fields of activity, it substantiates the requirements for the formation of social and professional qualities of a future specialist on the basis of general knowledge, as well as on the development of the ability to solve non-standard professional tasks, think alternatively, constantly be ready to improve professional activity and specialists’ training, be capable of constant development for performance of various tasks.
Pre-School Educational Institutions and Family Interaction in the System of Pre-School Education in Ukraine and Poland
Authors: Perepelyuk Inna
Published: January 2018

The problem of the relationship between a child's institution and a family that acquires a new social significance has been considered. It has been defined that for the current level and pace of civilization development, cooperation with the pupils’ families goes beyond the educators’ implementation of the traditional social order for supervision, education and training of children. Parents themselves show an increasing desire not to passively observe the process of raising their child in a preschool institution, but to be an active participant. The cooperation of parents and educators as partners in the child's upbringing is a stable and expressive tendency of modern preschool functioning. It has been substantiated that modern teachers of pre-school establishments need a thorough preparation that will allow them not only to implement innovative approaches to the education and child's upbringing, but also to involve parents in this process, create conditions for fruitful constructive cooperation with the family. Polish experience can serve as an important source for future teachers to prepare for cooperation with the child's family on a qualitatively new level. In Poland there are peculiar standards of good quality work of kindergarten, including fruitful cooperation between parents and teachers. Integration of a kindergarten with the child's home is a necessity of modern preschool education in the context of caring for a child. It has been established that the use of the “partnership” concept, which means social intercourse based on the equality and voluntariness of partners, is traditionally used in relation to the work of a pre-school institution with parents in Poland. The conditions of the partnership of a preschool institution and a family in the child’s upbringing have been revealed, its basic principles (mutual trust, mutual recognition of rights and competence, integration of actions, mutual loyalty) have been analyzed.
Historical development of analytical methods for anti-doping control
Authors: Stojanović Emilija , Radovanović Dragan
Published: January 2018

Although the fight against the use of doping in sport has been going on for almost 90 years, its effects have become tangible in the last 45 years only, thanks to the use of valid and sensitive analytical methods. Historically, extensive international scientific cooperation and technological progress have laid down the basis for the development of high quality doping control laboratories worldwide. New biotechnology products are constantly being discovered and are made available on the doping market, so that anti-doping approaches must be raised to a higher level, and analytical methods must be constantly improved and refined, since it has become obvious that to some extent they lag behind new sophisticated doping agents. However, all the methods must first be scientifically proven and tested in order to be adequately used against doping in sport. If the technology and systematic use of the latest scientific anti-doping knowledge continue to develop and advance, it will greatly contribute to the development of analytical methods.
NPI licensing in Jordanian Arabic: An argument for downward entailment and syntax-semantics interface
Authors: Khalaf Eman Al
Published: January 2018

Recent work shows that downward entailment (DE) cannot be the right semantic domain that licenses negative polarity items (NPIs). Zwarts (1995), Giannakidou (1998), among others, argue that NPIs are licensed in non-veridical domains, those that do not entail or presuppose the truth of the propositions they embed. In this paper, based on empirical facts, I argue that DE theory is the right analysis for Jordanian Arabic. I propose an analysis of NPI licensing in which three components of grammar interface: syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Semantics defines the class of NPI licensors, pragmatics forces quantificational closure of NPIs, and syntax executes the licensing via AGREE between a phasal head and the NPI. The analysis contributes to the debate on what components of grammar are responsible for NPI licensing and provides a new perspective on the interface between different components of grammar.
Studying text coherence in Czech – a corpus-based analysis
Authors: Rysová Magdaléna
Published: January 2018

The paper deals with the field of Czech corpus linguistics and represents one of various current studies analysing text coherence through language interactions. It presents a corpusbased analysis of grammatical coreference and sentence information structure (in terms of contextual boundness) in Czech. It focuses on examining the interaction of these two language phenomena and observes where they meet to participate in text structuring. Specifically, the paper analyses contextually bound and non-bound sentence items and examines whether (and how often) they are involved in relations of grammatical coreference in Czech newspaper articles. The analysis is carried out on the language data of the Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) containing 3,165 Czech texts. The results of the analysis are helpful in automatic text annotation - the paper presents how (or to what extent) the annotation of grammatical coreference may be used in automatic (pre-)annotation of sentence information structure in Czech. It demonstrates how accurately we may (automatically) assume the value of contextual boundness for the antecedent and anaphor (as the two participants of a grammatical coreference relation). The results of the paper demonstrate that the anaphor of grammatical coreference is automatically predictable - it is a non-contrastive contextually bound sentence item in 99.18% of cases. On the other hand, the value of contextual boundness of the antecedent is not so easy to estimate (according to the PDT, the antecedent is contextually non-bound in 37% of cases, non-contrastive contextually bound in 50% and contrastive contextually bound in 13% of cases).
The functions of external voices in hard news Appraisal: A dialogic perspective
Authors: Nádraská Zuzana
Published: January 2018

This paper discusses the interaction between voices in the so-called Appraisal satellite, a section in the generic structure of hard news concerned with evaluation (White, 1998). The discussion focuses primarily on the interplay between external voices brought into the discourse by various forms of presentation, i.e. forms of reporting the language of others (Semino and Short, 2004); in addition, the paper touches upon the interplay between external voices and the internal authorial voice of the journalist. External voices are considered in terms of the function they fulfil in hard news Appraisal. Prototypically, external voices serve as the main source of evaluation but also fulfil various subsidiary roles; for instance, voices serve as the target of evaluation, express attitude, and provide a summary, background information and justification. Correspondences are found between voice functions and forms of presentation. Voice functions are interpreted from a dialogic perspective, more specifically in terms of their potential to expand and contract the established dialogic space (Martin and White, 2005).
Physical Fitness Performance of Young Professional Soccer Players Does Not Change During Several Training Seasons in a Spanish Elite Reserve Team: Club Study, 1996–2013
Authors: Los Arcos Asier , Martins Javier
Published: January 2018

Los Arcos, A and Martins, J. Physical fitness performance of young professional soccer players does not change during several training seasons in a Spanish elite reserve team: club study, 1996–2013. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2577–2583, 2018—The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in physical fitness performance in young professional soccer players during several training seasons in a Spanish elite reserve team. Physical test values (i.e., vertical jump test, straight line sprint test, and discontinuous and progressive submaximal running test) of 97 young professional soccer players who belonged for at least 2 consecutive seasons to the reserve team of a Spanish professional team from 1996 to 2013 were analyzed. A distinction was made between the soccer players who were promoted to the Spanish first/second divisions (n = 38) and those who were not (n = 59) (until the end of the 2016/2017 season). Players were also classified according to their playing positions. Independently of the competitive level reached and the playing position, the variability of the fitness performance was limited (coefficient of variation <6%) and the players did not improve their fitness values (effect size ≤ small) from the first to the last season in which they were enrolled in the team (after 2–4 seasons). During the last stage of training in an elite soccer academy, young professional soccer players achieve a very similar physical fitness performance when their soccer competence is evaluated, and other soccer performance factors are those which make them stand out for selection.
Determination of Trace Elements in High Purity Silver Granules Using Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tripathy S. Swarupa , Swati  , Saxena Rajiv K. , Singh Nahar
Published: January 2018

The trace impurities in high-purity silver granules were determined by fast scanning single collector sector field high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICPMS) after selective separation of the major matrix and silver as silver metal by hydroxylamine hydrochloride. In the filtrate, 32 major and minor metallic impurities including silver were determined using NIST SRM 1643e, Trace Elements in Water, VHG SM75 and SM90 (VHC Labs, Inc., Manchester, NH), and internal standards 7Li, 9Be, 45Sc, 72Ge, 115ln, 209Bi, and 238U. To minimize the matrix effect, reagent blank was measured and subtracted from the samples. The spectral interferences have been resolved by measuring the isotopes 55Mn, 56Fe, 75As, and 78Se in high-resolution mode (m/Δm = 10,000); 52Cr, 63Cu, and 64Zn in medium-resolution mode (m/Δm = 4,000); and others in low-resolution mode (m/Δm = 300). In the present study, the purity of the tested silver granules was found to be 99.9898 ± 0.00007 % with 95 % confidence level. The purity results obtained from impurity assessment by HR-ICPMS were compared with those of the results of the conventional gravimetric method and found to be comparable. Though the gravimetric process is a primary technique for purity determination and the results obtained are directly traceable to SI units, HR-ICPMS provides more information about the impurities present in the silver granules. The proposed method is convenient, accurate, and precise and can be used for purity as well as for determination of trace impurities in silver metal.
BMP/SMAD Pathway Promotes Neurogenesis of Midbrain Dopaminergic NeuronsIn Vivoand in Human Induced Pluripotent and Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Jovanovic Vukasin M. , Salti Ahmad , Tilleman Hadas , Zega Ksenija , Jukic Marin M. , Zou Hongyan , Friedel Roland H. , Prakash Nilima , Blaess Sandra , Edenhofer Frank , Brodski Claude
Published: January 2018

The embryonic formation of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuronsin vivoprovides critical guidelines for thein vitrodifferentiation of mDA neurons from stem cells, which are currently being developed for Parkinson's disease cell replacement therapy. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/SMAD inhibition is routinely used during early steps of stem cell differentiation protocols, including for the generation of mDA neurons. However, the function of the BMP/SMAD pathway forin vivospecification of mammalian mDA neurons is virtually unknown. Here, we report that BMP5/7-deficient mice (Bmp5−/−;Bmp7−/−) lack mDA neurons due to reduced neurogenesis in the mDA progenitor domain. As molecular mechanisms accounting for these alterations inBmp5−/−;Bmp7−/−mutants, we have identified expression changes of the BMP/SMAD target genes MSX1/2 (msh homeobox 1/2) and SHH (sonic hedgehog). Conditionally inactivating SMAD1 in neural stem cells of micein vivo(Smad1Nes) hampered the differentiation of progenitor cells into mDA neurons by preventing cell cycle exit, especially of TH+SOX6+(tyrosine hydroxylase, SRY-box 6) and TH+GIRK2+(potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily-J member-6) substantia nigra neurons. BMP5/7 robustly increased thein vitrodifferentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells and induced neural stem cells to mDA neurons by up to threefold. In conclusion, we have identified BMP/SMAD signaling as a novel critical pathway orchestrating essential steps of mammalian mDA neurogenesisin vivothat balances progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, we demonstrate the potential of BMPs to improve the generation of stem-cell-derived mDA neuronsin vitro, highlighting the importance of sequential BMP/SMAD inhibition and activation in this process.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe identify bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/SMAD signaling as a novel essential pathway regulating the development of mammalian midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuronsin vivoand provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of this process. BMP5/7 regulate MSX1/2 (msh homeobox 1/2) and SHH (sonic hedgehog) expression to direct mDA neurogenesis. Moreover, the BMP signaling component SMAD1 controls the differentiation of mDA progenitors, particularly to substantia nigra neurons, by directing their cell cycle exit. Importantly, BMP5/7 increase robustly the differentiation of human induced pluripotent and induced neural stem cells to mDA neurons. BMP/SMAD are routinely inhibited in initial stages of stem cell differentiation protocols currently being developed for Parkinson's disease cell replacement therapies. Therefore, our findings on opposing roles of the BMP/SMAD pathway duringin vitromDA neurogenesis might improve these procedures significantly.
IAPs cause resistance to TRAIL-dependent apoptosis in follicular thyroid cancer
Authors: Werner Thomas A , Nolten Inga , Dizdar Levent , Riemer Jasmin C , Schütte Sina C , Verde Pablo E , Raba Katharina , Schott Matthias , Knoefel Wolfram T , Krieg Andreas
Published: January 2018

Follicular thyroid cancer’s (FTC) excellent long-term prognosis is mainly dependent on postoperative radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment. However, once the tumour becomes refractory, the 10-year disease-specific survival rate drops below 10%. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic and biological role of the TRAIL system in FTC and to elucidate the influence of small-molecule-mediated antagonisation of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) on TRAIL sensitivityin vitro. Tissue microarrays were constructed from forty-four patients with histologically confirmed FTC. Expression levels of TRAIL and its receptors were correlated with clinicopathological data and overall as well as recurrence-free survival. Non-iodine-retaining FTC cell lines TT2609-bib2 and FTC133 were treated with recombinant human TRAIL alone and in combination with Smac mimetics GDC-0152 or Birinapant. TRAIL-R2/DR5 as well as TRAIL-R3/DcR1 and TRAIL-R4/DcR2 were significantly higher expressed in advanced tumour stages. Both decoy receptors were negatively associated with recurrence-free and overall survival. TRAIL-R4/DcR2 additionally proved to be an independent negative prognostic marker in FTC (HR = 1.446, 95% CI: 1.144–1.826;P < 0.001).In vitro, the co-incubation of Birinapant or GDC-0152 with rh-TRAIL-sensitised FTC cell lines for TRAIL-induced apoptosis, through degradation of cIAP1/2. The TRAIL system plays an important role in FTC tumour biology. Its decoy receptors are associated with poor prognosis as well as earlier recurrence. The specific degradation of cIAP1/2 sensitises FTC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and might highlight a new point of attack in patients with RAI refractory disease.
Melanocortin overexpression limits diet-induced inflammation and atherosclerosis in LDLR−/− mice
Authors: Nuutinen Salla , Ailanen Liisa , Savontaus Eriika , Rinne Petteri
Published: January 2018

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arteries. The disease is initiated by endothelial dysfunction that allows the transport of leukocytes and low-density lipoprotein into the vessel wall forming atherosclerotic plaques. The melanocortin system is an endogenous peptide system that regulates, for example, energy homeostasis and cardiovascular function. Melanocortin treatment with endogenous or synthetic melanocortin peptides reduces body weight, protects the endothelium and alleviates vascular inflammation, but the long-term effects of melanocortin system activation on atheroprogression remain largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effects of transgenic melanocortin overexpression in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice overexpressing alpha- and gamma3-MSH (MSH-OE) and their wild-type littermates were fed either a regular chow or Western-style diet for 16 weeks. During this time, their metabolic parameters were monitored. The aortae were collected for functional analysis, and the plaques in the aortic root and arch were characterised by histological and immunohistochemical stainings. The aortic expression of inflammatory mediators was determined by quantitative PCR. We found that transgenic MSH-OE improved glucose tolerance and limited atherosclerotic plaque formation particularly in Western diet-fed mice. In terms of aortic vasoreactivity, MSH-OE blunted alpha1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction and enhanced relaxation response to acetylcholine, indicating improved endothelial function. In addition, MSH-OE markedly attenuated Western diet-induced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (Ccl2,Ccl5andIl6) that contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These results show that the activation of the melanocortin system improves glucose homeostasis and limits diet-induced vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque formation.
Gene Identification of Pheromone Gland Genes Involved in Type II Sex Pheromone Biosynthesis and Transportation in Female Tea Pest Ectropis grisescens
Authors: Li Zhao-Qun , Ma Long , Yin Qian , Cai Xiao-Ming , Luo Zong-Xiu , Bian Lei , Xin Zhao-Jun , He Peng , Chen Zong-Mao
Published: January 2018

Moths can biosynthesize sex pheromones in the female sex pheromone glands (PGs) and can distinguish species-specific sex pheromones using their antennae. However, the biosynthesis and transportation mechanism for Type II sex pheromone components has rarely been documented in moths. In this study, we constructed a massive PG transcriptome database (14.72 Gb) from a moth species, Ectropis grisescens, which uses type II sex pheromones and is a major tea pest in China. We further identified putative sex pheromone biosynthesis and transportation-related unigenes: 111 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), 25 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), and 20 chemosensory proteins (CSPs). Tissue expression and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that one CYP (EgriCYP341-fragment3), one OBP (EgriOBP4), and one CSP (EgriCSP10) gene displayed an enriched expression in the PGs, and that EgriOBP2, 3, and 25 are clustered in the moth pheromone-binding protein clade. We considered these our candidate genes. Our results yielded large-scale PG sequence information for further functional studies.
WOODWORKING TOOLS: TRIBOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND DIRECTIONS OF SOLUTIONS
Authors: Kazlauskas D. , Jankauskas V.
Published: January 2018

The article reviews wood as a constructional material – its chemical composition and mechanical properties. The materials of woodworking tools and their properties are reviewed. The wood milling process is described. The mechanisms of wear of blades of wood cutting tools are overviewed in wide scope. Besides, the methods, how to increase resistance of tool materials to wear, are described.