bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interstitial glucose concentrations and hypoglycemia during 2 days of caloric deficit and sustained exercise: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Smith Tracey J. , Wilson Marques A. , Karl J. Philip , Austin Krista , Bukhari Asma , Pasiakos Stefan M. , O’Connor Kristie L. , Lieberman Harris R.
Published: September 2016

Military personnel and some athlete populations endure short-term energy deficits from reduced energy intake and/or increased energy expenditure (EE) that may degrade physical and cognitive performance due to severe hypoglycemia (<3.1 mmol/l). The extent to which energy deficits alter normoglycemia (3.9–7.8 mmol/l) in healthy individuals is not known, since prior studies measured glucose infrequently, not continuously. The purpose of this study was to characterize the glycemic response to acute, severe energy deficit compared with fully fed control condition, using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). For 2 days during a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 23 volunteers (17 men/6 women; age: 21.3 ± 3.0 yr; body mass index: 25 ± 3 kg/m) increased habitual daily EE [2,300 ± 450 kcal/day [means ± SD)] by 1,647 ± 345 kcal/day through prescribed exercise (~3 h/day; 40–65% peak O2 consumption), and consumed diets designed to maintain energy balance (FED) or induce 93% energy deficit (DEF). Interstitial glucose concentrations were measured continuously by CGM (Medtronic Minimed). Interstitial glucose concentrations were 1.0 ± 0.9 mmol/l lower during DEF vs. FED ( P < 0.0001). The percentage of time spent in mild (3.1–3.8 mmol/l) hypoglycemia was higher during DEF compared with FED [mean difference = 20.5%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 13.1%, 27.9%; P = 0.04], while time spent in severe (<3.1 mmol/l) hypoglycemia was not different between interventions (mean difference = 4.6%; 95% CI: −0.6%, 9.8%; P = 0.10). Three of 23 participants spontaneously reported symptoms (e.g., nausea) potentially related to hypoglycemia during DEF, and an additional participant reported symptoms during both interventions. These findings suggest that severe hypoglycemia rarely occurs in healthy individuals enduring severe, short-term energy deficit secondary to heavy exercise and inadequate energy intake.
Endothelial Cells Require CD98 for Efficient Angiogenesis—Brief Report
Authors: Liao Zhongji , Cantor Joseph M.
Published: September 2016

Objective—

CD98 regulates integrin signaling and is critical for tumor cell proliferation. It is also expressed on endothelial cells (EC), but its role in angiogenesis is unclear.

Approach and Results—

We used specific genetic targeting and antibody blockade approaches to examine the function of CD98 in EC proliferation, blood vessel growth, and tumor angiogenesis. It is upregulated on angiogenic ECs, and EC-specific deletion of CD98 in mice inhibited tumor growth, retinal angiogenesis, and EC proliferation. Reconstitution with CD98 mutants showed that integrin and CD98 interaction is necessary for EC survival and growth. Moreover, anti-CD98 treatment inhibited vessel formation and reversed EC-assisted tumor growth.

Conclusions—

Our findings demonstrate a requirement for CD98 in EC growth and suggest that CD98-specific reagents could have a dual anticancer effect: directly by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and indirectly by preventing tumor angiogenesis.
Sex Differences and Survival in Adults With Bicuspid Aortic Valves: Verification in 3 Contemporary Echocardiographic Cohorts
Authors: Michelena Hector I. , Suri Rakesh M. , Katan Ognjen , Eleid Mackram F. , Clavel Marie‐Annick , Maurer Mathew J. , Pellikka Patricia A. , Mahoney Douglas , Enriquez‐Sarano Maurice
Published: September 2016

Background

Sex‐related differences in morbidity and survival in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) adults are fundamentally unknown. Contemporary studies portend excellent survival for BAV patients identified at early echocardiographic‐clinical stages. Whether BAV adults incur a survival disadvantage throughout subsequent echocardiographic‐clinical stages remains undetermined.

Methods and Results

Analysis was done of 3 different cohorts of consecutive patients with echocardiographic diagnosis of BAV identified retrospectively: (1) a community cohort of 416 patients with first BAV diagnosis (age 35±21 years, follow‐up 16±7 years), (2) a tertiary clinical referral cohort of 2824 BAV adults (age 51±16 years, follow‐up 9±6 years), and (3) a surgical referral cohort of 2242 BAV adults referred for aortic valve replacement (AVR) (age 62±14 years, follow‐up 6±5 years). For the community cohort, 20‐year risks of aortic regurgitation (AR), AVR, and infective endocarditis were higher in men (all
P
≤0.04); for a total BAV‐related morbidity risk of 52±4% vs 35±6% in women (
P
=0.01). The cohort's 25‐year survival was identical to that in the general population (
P
=0.98). AR independently predicted mortality in women (
P
=0.001). Baseline AR was more common in men (
P
≤0.02) in the tertiary cohort, with 20‐year survival lower than that in the general population (
P
<0.0001); age‐adjusted relative death risk was 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05‐1.29) for men versus 1.67 (95% CI 1.38‐2.03) for women (
P
=0.001). AR independently predicted mortality in women (
P
=0.01). Baseline AR and infective endocarditis were higher in men (both ≤0.001) for the surgical referral cohort, with 15‐year survival lower than that in the general population (
P
<0.0001); age‐adjusted relative death risk was 1.34 (95% CI 1.22‐1.47) for men versus 1.63 (95% CI 1.40‐1.89) for women (
P
=0.026). AR and NYHA class independently predicted mortality in women (both
P
≤0.04).

Conclusions

Within evolving echocardiographic‐clinical stages, the long‐term survival of adults with BAV is not benign, as both men and women incur excess mortality. Although BAV‐related morbidity is higher in men in the community, and AR and infective endocarditis are more prevalent in men, women exhibit a significantly higher relative risk of death in tertiary and surgical referral cohorts, which is independently associated with AR.
Organizing Design-for-Wellbeing Projects: Using the Capability Approach
Authors: Steen Marc
Published: September 2016

Design expertise is increasingly being applied in projects that aim to promote people's wellbeing. Relatively little knowledge, however, exists on appropriate and effective ways to organize such Design-for-Wellbeing (DfW) projects. This paper sets out to explore this topic. First, we propose that DfW projects are distinct in their aim to create opportunities for people to engage in meaningful and fulfilling activities. Then we turn to the Capability Approach, which focuses on creating conditions for people to expand their capabilities. We explore several principles that would be needed in organizing DfW projects: promoting participation and empowerment; improving external conditions and personal resources; and facilitating freedom and accounting for diversity. The paper closes with a discussion of design expertise and an example of a tool that can help to focus a project on enabling people to expand relevant capabilities.
How Designers Play: The Ludic Modalities of the Creative Process
Authors: Ham Derek A.
Published: September 2016

In any endeavor, play has the ability to bring forth creativity. Some say it is impossible not to be creative while in a state of play; the two have a strong correlation. In this paper, we look at play through the lenses of both Johan Huizinga and Roger Caillois to establish a foundation for play discourse in the design process. Their perspectives help provide formal definitions for several of the ludic activities found in the design process. Play allows us to create in very intuitive ways. It provides for moments of reflection and for moments of whimsical imagination. It is the key to being creative.
Freaks of Fancy, Revisited: Nineteenth-Century Ornamented Typography in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Stern Arden
Published: September 2016

This article offers a historical analysis of 21st-century American engagements with 19th-century ornamented typography, demonstrating how this form of historicist practice constructs purposeful continuities between past and present by aligning 19th- and 21st-century modes of production. These alignments, balanced on fraught cultural divisions between handmade/machine-made and authentic/artificial, are resolutely ahistorical yet speak volumes about the dynamics of information capitalism, deindustrialization, and recession in recent US history. The analysis focuses upon two genres of neo-19th-century typographic revivals: heritage letterpress fetishism, which invokes an imagined return to authentic handcraft, and revivalist authentications of digital design practice, in which designers use the old to confer legitimacy upon the new.
Growth and Characterization of a Nonlinear Optical Single Crystal: Bis(4-nitrobenzoate) Tetraaquamanganese (II) Dihydrate (BNMD)
Authors: Vetrivel S. , Mullai R. U. , Kanagasabapathy K. , Aruljothi R. , Praveenkumar V.
Published: September 2016

Semiorganic optically transparent Bis(4-nitrobenzoate) tetraaquamanganese (II) dihydrate [Mn (p-NO2C6H4COO)2 (H2O)4]·2H2O (BNMD) single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique at room
temperature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to determine the lattice parameters of the crystal. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern was recorded and indexed for the structural confirmation. The crystalline quality was confirmed by HRXRD. The presence of functional group
in the compound has been confirmed by FTIR analysis. UV-Visible transmission spectrum has been recorded to determine the cut-off wavelength region of the crystal. The Second Harmonic Generation of BNMD crystal was confirmed by Kurtz-Perry powder method using Nd:YAG laser and found to be 0.59
times that of KDP. The dielectric response of the crystal was also investigated and reported. The microhardness study reveals that the hardness number (Hv) increases with load. From the values of work hardening coefficients, it was concluded that BNMD crystal belong to the
category of soft materials. Thermal studies were performed using differential thermal analysis (DTA).
Mechanical and Optical Properties for Li2O–ZnO–P2O5:xYb2O3 Glasses
Authors: Algradee M. A. , B. Alwany A. Elwhab. , Higazy A. A.
Published: September 2016

The Yb3+-doped Lithium-Zinc-Phosphate glasses were prepared by means of conventional melt quenching method. The elastic moduli of the entire vitreous range of this doped glass system have been measured by the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique at 4 MHz. The ultrasonic wave velocities,
the bulk, shear, longitudinal and Young's moduli are found to be rather sensitive to the Yb2O3 wt% content. The infrared absorption spectra were recorded in the frequencies range 4000 to 400 cm–1. Absorption bands and mode attributions have been
fully discussed. Absorption midband positions and intensities are found to be strongly dependent on Yb2O3 wt%. The optical absorption spectra in the visible and ultraviolet region were recorded at room temperature. The obtained results showed that a gradual shift
in the fundamental absorption edge toward longer wavelengths occurred and it is observed that the values ofEopt. are decreased and ΔE increased with the increase of Yb2O3 wt% content.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Models for Removal of Thorium from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Indhumathi P. , Sathiyaraj S. , Shoba U. S. , Syed Shabudeen P. S. , Jayabalakrishnan C.
Published: September 2016

Adsorption is a unique process for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater since the process is cost effective, easily adoptable and environmentally compatible. The micro algae are a promising way to produce a useful adsorbent for Thorium (VI) removal from aqueous solution.
The specific surface area of the microalgae was determined and its properties studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adsorptive removal of Thorium (VI) from aqueous solution on micro algae has been studied under varying conditions of agitation time, metal ion concentration, adsorbent
dose and pH to assess the kinetic and equilibrium parameters. Adsorption equilibrium was obtained in 120 min for 20 to 120 mg/L of Thorium (VI) concentrations. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson isotherm models, kinetic models and thermodynamic models were found to provide
an excellent fitting of the adsorption data. The adsorption capacity of thorium 91.73% maximum percent removal in thorium at pH 3. This adsorbent was found to be effective and economically attractive.
The Vertical Structure of Low-Frequency Motions in the Nearshore. Part I: Observations
Authors: Lippmann Thomas C. , Thornton Edward B. , Stanton Timothy P.
Published: September 2016

Field observations of oscillating currents in the surfzone of a natural beach show significant vertical structure in energy, phase, and rotation at low frequencies around 0.005 Hz, where most of the energy is associated with vorticity motions. Energy levels in the cross-shore component of the flow seaward of the sandbar decay near the bottom. Shoreward of the bar crest, the flow decays nearly linearly over the water column. Conversely, a weaker alongshore component of the flow increases near the bottom seaward of the sandbar and is roughly depth-uniform inside the bar crest. Near this 0.005-Hz frequency band, the coherence between the uppermost and successive vertically separated sensors drops off quickly, with as much as a 70%–80% coherence drop over the water column (ranging from 2.5 to 4 m). The phase relative to the uppermost sensor shifts approximately linearly over depth, with as much as 50° phase lag at the bottom that can lag or lead the surface. Rotary coefficients also vary across the surfzone and are generally nonzero with rotational directions (cyclonic or anticyclonic) and orientation that depend on sensor position relative to the sandbar and alongshore current profile. The rotary coefficients are generally not uniform with depth and can change sign in the vertical. The observed behavior is qualitatively predicted by boundary layer theory (discussed in the companion paper by Lippmann and Bowen). The nonuniform vertical structure has implications to the interpretation of field data and horizontal nearshore mixing.
Forecasting Destination Weekly Hotel Occupancy with Big Data
Authors: Pan Bing , Yang Yang
Published: September 2016

Hospitality constituencies need accurate forecasting of future performance of hotels in specific destinations to benchmark their properties and better optimize operations. As competition increases, hotel managers have urgent need for accurate short-term forecasts. In this study, time-series models incorporating several tourism big data sources, including search engine queries, website traffic, and weekly weather information, are tested in order to construct an accurate forecasting model of weekly hotel occupancy for a destination. The results show the superiority of ARMAX models with both search engine queries and website traffic data in accurate forecasting. Also, the results suggest that weekly dummies are superior to Fourier terms in capturing the hotel seasonality. The limitations of the inclusion of multiple big data sources are noted since the reduction in forecasting error is minimal.
Occupation-based intervention versus rote exercise in modified constraint-induced movement therapy for patients with median and ulnar nerve injuries: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rostami Hamid Reza , Akbarfahimi Malahat , Hassani Mehraban Afsoon , Akbarinia Ali Reza , Samani Susan
Published: September 2016

Objective:

To investigate effect of practice type during modified constraint-induced movement therapy on hand function in patients with chronic median and ulnar nerve injuries.

Design:

A prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting:

Participants’ private home.

Subjects:

A convenience sample of 36 outpatient participants allocated randomly to three equal groups.

Interventions:

Intervention groups underwent 3-hour intensive training of affected hand each day, 3-day a week, 4-week in association with immobilisation of healthy hand: occupation-based group practiced meaningful occupations while rote exercise-based group performed rote exercises during constraint-induced movement therapy. Control group performed different activities with affected hand for 1.5-hour each day during 4-week without restriction of healthy hand.

Main measures:

A blinded assessor tested Canadian occupational performance measure, box and block, Static two-point discrimination, disabilities of arm, shoulder, hand questionnaire, and self-assessment manikin in a random order across sessions 3-time as baseline (pre-test), after 4-week intervention (post-test), and 1-month after intervention period (follow up).

Results:

Scores significantly changed in intervention groups compared to control. Despite significantly more improvement in occupation-based than rote exercise-based group in subjective measures at post-test and follow up (Canadian occupational performance measure: mean change 4.7 vs. 2.1 for performance, P< 0.001 and mean change 5.3 vs. 2.6 for satisfaction, P< 0.001), it was significant just at follow up for box and block and static two-point discrimination.

Conclusions:

Practice content of constraint-induced movement therapy is a critical part of its effectiveness on improving outcomes following peripheral nerve repair in favour of occupation-based intervention in present study.
Estimating the need for palliative care at the population level: A cross-national study in 12 countries
Authors: Morin Lucas , Aubry Régis , Frova Luisa , MacLeod Roderick , Wilson Donna M , Loucka Martin , Csikos Agnes , Ruiz-Ramos Miguel , Cardenas-Turanzas Marylou , Rhee YongJoo , Teno Joan , Öhlén Joakim , Deliens Luc , Houttekier Dirk , Cohen Joachim
Published: September 2016

Background:

To implement the appropriate services and develop adequate interventions, detailed estimates of the needs for palliative care in the population are needed.

Aim:

To estimate the proportion of decedents potentially in need of palliative care across 12 European and non-European countries.

Design:

This is a cross-sectional study using death certificate data.

Setting/participants:

All adults (⩾18 years) who died in 2008 in Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Italy, Spain (Andalusia, 2010), Sweden, Canada, the United States (2007), Korea, Mexico, and New Zealand ( N = 4,908,114). Underlying causes of death were used to apply three estimation methods developed by Rosenwax et al., the French National Observatory on End-of-Life Care, and Murtagh et al., respectively.

Results:

The proportion of individuals who died from diseases that indicate palliative care needs at the end of life ranged from 38% to 74%. We found important cross-country variation: the population potentially in need of palliative care was lower in Mexico (24%–58%) than in the United States (41%–76%) and varied from 31%–83% in Hungary to 42%–79% in Spain. Irrespective of the estimation methods, female sex and higher age were independently associated with the likelihood of being in need of palliative care near the end of life. Home and nursing home were the two places of deaths with the highest prevalence of palliative care needs.

Conclusion:

These estimations of the size of the population potentially in need of palliative care provide robust indications of the challenge countries are facing if they want to seriously address palliative care needs at the population level.
Stroke-induced blood–brain barrier breakdown along the vascular tree – No preferential affection of arteries in different animal models and in humans
Authors: Krueger Martin , Härtig Wolfgang , Frydrychowicz Clara , Mueller Wolf C , Reichenbach Andreas , Bechmann Ingo , Michalski Dominik
Published: September 2016

Stroke-induced blood–brain barrier breakdown promotes complications like cerebral edema and hemorrhagic transformation, especially in association with therapeutical recanalization of occluded vessels. As arteries, capillaries and veins display distinct functional and morphological characteristics, we here investigated patterns of blood–brain barrier breakdown for each segment of the vascular tree in rodent models of embolic, permanent, and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, added by analyses of human stroke tissue. Twenty-four hours after ischemia induction, loss of blood–brain barrier function towards FITC-albumin was equally observed for arteries, capillaries, and veins in rodent brains. Noteworthy, veins showed highest ratios of leaky vessels, whereas capillaries exhibited the most and arteries the least widespread perivascular tracer extravasation. In contrast, human autoptic stroke tissue exhibited pronounced extravasations of albumin around arteries and veins, while the pericapillary immunoreactivity appeared only faint. Although electron microscopy revealed comparable alterations of the arterial and capillary endothelium throughout the applied animal models, structural loss of arterial smooth muscle cells was only observed in the translationally relevant model of embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion. In light of the so far available concepts of stroke treatment, the consideration of a differential vascular pathophysiology along the cerebral vasculature is likely to allow development of novel effective treatment strategies.
Understanding the Effects of Competition for Constrained Colonoscopy Services with the Introduction of Population-level Colorectal Cancer Screening
Authors: Campbell Leslie Anne , Blake John T. , Kephart George , Grunfeld Eva , MacIntosh Donald
Published: September 2016

Background: Median wait times for gastroenterology services in Canada exceed consensus-recommended targets and have worsened substantially over the past decade. Meanwhile, efforts to control colorectal cancer have shifted their focus to screening asymptomatic, average-risk individuals. Along with increasing prevalence of colorectal cancer due to an aging population, screening programs are expected to add substantially to the existing burden on colonoscopy services, and create competition for limited services among individuals of varying risk. Failure to understand the effects of operational programmatic screening decisions may cause unintended harm to both screening participants and higher-risk patients, make inefficient use of limited health care resources, and ultimately hinder a program’s success. Methods: We present a new simulation model (Simulation of Cancer Outcomes for Planning Exercises, or SCOPE) for colorectal cancer screening which, unlike many other colorectal cancer screening models, reflects the effects of competition for limited colonoscopy services between patient groups and can be used to guide planning to ensure adequate resource allocation. We include verification and validation results for the SCOPE model. Results: A discrete event simulation model was developed based on an epidemiological representation of colorectal cancer in a sample population. Colonoscopy service and screening modules were added to allow observation of screening scenarios and resource considerations. The model reproduces population-based data on prevalence of colorectal cancer by stage, and mortality by cause of death, age, and sex, and attendant demand and wait times for colonoscopy services. Conclusions: The study model differs from existing screening models in that it explicitly considers the colonoscopy resource implications of screening activities and the impact of constrained resources on screening effectiveness.
Reflexive Global Bollywood and Metacinematic Gender Politics in Om Shanti Om (2007), Luck By Chance (2008), and Dhobi Ghat (2010)
Authors: Ciecko Anne
Published: September 2016

This essay examines reflexive strategies in three contemporary Hindi-language feature films directed by women, Om Shanti Om (2007), Luck By Chance (2008), and Dhobi Ghat/Mumbai Diaries (2010). These Mumbai-set films, directed and written by Farah Khan, Zoya Akhtar, and Kiran Rao, respectively, offer insider industry perspectives and a variety of outlooks on Bollywood and Indian society more generally. I introduce the concepts of “selective reflection” to critically examine self-conscious representations of the excessively star-driven world of Bollywood filmmaking in an age of globalization (and the dominant figure of the male hero), directing styles and strategies of image-making, and the blurred boundaries between reality and artifice. This article presents a close analysis of narrative tropes (especially “breaking in” to Bollywood), filmi references, casting, spectator dynamics, and gendered agency in films that represent a taxonomic range from commercial blockbuster to art cinema.
Numerical investigation on thermo-acoustic effects and flow characteristics in semi-conical Hartmann–Sprenger resonance tube
Authors: Afzali Babak , Karimi Hassan
Published: September 2016

Hartmann–Sprenger tube is a device in which an underexpanded jet enters a closed end tube that is placed in a specific distance from the nozzle. In specific conditions, a standing shock is built in front of the tube, which oscillates based on the tube resonance frequency and creates oscillatory flows with periodic shock motions along the tube. In these conditions, intensive temperature rise could be observed near the tube end wall. Considering these thermal effects, the device could be used as a combustion starter in the space propulsion systems. The present study focuses on flow analysis in various phases of the oscillatory process in a semi-conical PTFE resonance tube by the aim of numerical simulation results. An experimental test is also performed for validation purposes. The T–S diagram is plotted to describe the thermal effects in detail during the oscillatory processes. Various modes of shock contact with flow front are described. In order to follow up the shock traveling process, the diagrams of changes related to major flow properties inside the tube are used. Generation of small turbulences at the moments of combination of compression waves and beginning of flow entrance is also detected. According to the results, traveling of shock waves through the trapped gas was found to be the major mechanism for heat generation inside the tube. The thermal effects are also compared in the conical and cylindrical tubes. The flow analysis will lead to increase in insight for shock motion and heat generation mechanism in a semi-conical Hartmann–Sprenger tube.
Increased cerebrospinal fluid metalloproteinase-2 and interleukin-6 are associated with albumin quotient in neuromyelitis optica: Their possible role on blood–brain barrier disruption
Authors: Uchida Tomohiko , Mori Masahiro , Uzawa Akiyuki , Masuda Hiroki , Muto Mayumi , Ohtani Ryohei , Kuwabara Satoshi
Published: September 2016

Background:

Inflammation in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is triggered by a serum antibody against the aquaporin-4 (AQP4). This process requires antibody penetration of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), but the mechanisms for BBB disruption in NMO remain unknown.

Objective:

We examined whether changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and cytokines are associated with BBB disruption in NMO.

Methods:

The concentrations 9 MMPs, 4 TIMPs, and 14 cytokines were measured by multiplex assay in CSF and serum samples from 29 NMO patients, 29 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and 27 patients with other neurological disorders. We also performed immunohistochemistry for MMP-2 and TIMP-1 expression in post-mortem brain tissues from NMO patients.

Results:

NMO patients exhibited significantly elevated MMP-2, TIMP-1, interleukin-6, and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in CSF (but not sera) than the other groups. The CSF/serum albumin ratio, an index of BBB permeability, was most strongly correlated with CSF MMP-2 concentration, which in turn correlated with CSF interleukin-6 levels. Immunohistochemistry revealed MMP-2- and TIMP-1-positive cells surrounding vessels in NMO lesions.

Conclusion:

In NMO, increased CSF MMP-2, likely induced by interleukin-6 signaling, may disrupt the BBB and enable serum anti-AQP-4 antibodies migration into the central nervous system (CNS).
Eosinophilic esophagitis: What can we learn from Crohn’s disease?
Authors: Molina‐Infante Javier , Schoepfer Alain M , Lucendo Alfredo J. , Dellon Evan S
Published: September 2016

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging esophageal inflammatory disorder affecting children and young adults. As a relatively new disease, EoE is still burdened by frequent diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls in clinical practice. This manuscript posits a number of similarities with Crohn’s disease, which may help optimize EoE patient management. Commonalities include epidemiologic trends (Westernized diseases, rising incidence, early‐life risk factors), diagnostic considerations (symptoms are poor predictors of disease activity, difficulties in disease activity assessment) and therapeutic issues (similar natural history and therapeutic goals, induction and maintenance phases, combination of drug and endoscopic treatment, potential drug interchangeability, long‐term unsolved issues). Physicians devoted to EoE should learn from the extraordinary achievements fulfilled in Crohn’s disease: increased disease awareness, multidisciplinary specialized clinics, structured childhood and transition programs, and an ongoing roadmap for personalized treatments, including genetic susceptibility, risk factors for progression, genotype‐phenotype correlation, drug monitoring and microbial data.
Arteriovenous Access
Authors: MacRae Jennifer M. , Dipchand Christine , Oliver Matthew , Moist Louise , Yilmaz Serdar , Lok Charmaine , Leung Kelvin , Clark Edward , Hiremath Swapnil , Kappel Joanne , Kiaii Mercedeh , Luscombe Rick , Miller Lisa M. ,   on behalf of the Canadian Society of Nephrology Vascular Access Work Group
Published: September 2016

Complications of vascular access lead to morbidity and may reduce quality of life. In this module, we review both infectious and noninfectious arteriovenous access complications including neuropathy, aneurysm, and high-output access. For the challenging patients who have developed many complications and are now nearing their last vascular access, we highlight some potentially novel approaches.
Hemodialysis Tunneled Catheter-Related Infections
Authors: Miller Lisa M. , Clark Edward , Dipchand Christine , Hiremath Swapnil , Kappel Joanne , Kiaii Mercedeh , Lok Charmaine , Luscombe Rick , Moist Louise , Oliver Matthew , MacRae Jennifer ,   on behalf of the Canadian Society of Nephrology Vascular Access Work Group
Published: September 2016

Catheter-related bloodstream infections, exit-site infections, and tunnel infections are common complications related to hemodialysis central venous catheter use. The various definitions of catheter-related infections are reviewed, and various preventive strategies are discussed. Treatment options, for both empiric and definitive infections, including antibiotic locks and systemic antibiotics, are reviewed.
Antigen modulation as a potential mechanism of anti-KEL immunoprophylaxis in mice
Authors: Liu Jingchun , Santhanakrishnan Manjula , Natarajan Prabitha , Gibb David R. , Eisenbarth Stephanie C. , Tormey Christopher A. , Siddon Alexa J. , Stowell Sean R. , Branch Donald R. , Hendrickson Jeanne E.
Published: September 2016

Publisher's Note: There is an Inside Blood Commentary on this article in this issue.
Ordinary Literature Philosophy: Literary Studies After Cultural Studies
Authors: Habjan Jernej
Published: September 2016

This article looks at cultural studies as an alternative to literary studies. To cofound cultural studies, Stuart Hall had to abandon literary studies. Later development, however, enabled cultural studies itself to engulf literary studies. Today, with radical approaches such as Franco Moretti‘s distant reading, literary studies has itself started to approach cultural studies. But it is no longer the dominant kind of cultural studies; it is something much closer to Hall's initial project. Moretti's literary studies is not mimicking the cultural studies that is subsuming literary studies anyway; on the contrary, it is proposing a repoliticization similar to Hall's original intervention. Thus Moretti is effectively following up on Hall's own critique of the depoliticized cultural studies that came to dominate early cultural studies as well as literary studies. At stake, then, is not only literary studies vis-à-vis cultural studies but the politics of cultural studies itself.
Stuart Hall and the “Detour Through Theory” Revisited
Authors: Nealon Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2016

Following Stuart Hall's provocation to understand theory as the “process of theorizing, of the development and refinement of new concepts and explanations which, alone, is the sign of a living body of thought, capable still of engaging and grasping something of the truth about new historical realities,” this essay looks at Hall's understanding of theory as a “detour” in the 1980s and 1990s and wonders whether new historical realities might force us to rethink theory's relation to everyday life—perhaps less as a detour than as a main road forward for cultural studies.
Feel the heat: Activation, orientation, and feeding responses of bed bugs to targets at different temperatures
Authors: DeVries Zachary C. , Mick Russell , Schal Coby
Published: September 2016

Host location in bed bugs is poorly understood. Of the primary host-associated cues known to attract bed bugs – CO2, odors, heat – heat has received little attention as an independent stimulus. We evaluated the effects of target temperatures ranging from 23-48°C on bed bug activation, orientation, and feeding. Activation and orientation responses were assessed using a heated target in a circular arena. All targets heated above ambient temperature activated bed bugs (initiated movement) and elicited oriented movement toward the target, with higher temperatures generally resulting in faster activation and orientation. The distance over which bed bugs could orient toward a heat source was measured using a 2-choice T-maze assay. Positive thermotaxis was limited to distances<3 cm. Bed bug feeding responses on an artificial feeding system increased with feeder temperature up to 38°C and 43°C, and declined precipitously at 48°C. In addition, bed bugs responded to the relative difference between ambient and feeder temperatures. These results highlight the wide range of temperatures which elicit activation, orientation, and feeding responses in bed bugs. In contrast, the ability of bed bugs to correctly orient towards a heated target, independently of other cues, is limited to very short distances (< 3 cm). Finally, bed bug feeding is shown to be relative to ambient temperature, not an absolute response to feeder-blood temperature.
Managerial Attention and Worker Performance
Authors: Halac Marina , Prat Andrea
Published: September 2016

We present a novel theory of the employment relationship. A manager can invest in attention technology to recognize good worker performance. The technology may break and is costly to replace. We show that as time passes without recognition, the worker's belief about the manager's technology worsens and his effort declines. The manager responds by investing, but this investment is insufficient to stop the decline in effort and eventually becomes decreasing. The relationship therefore continues deteriorating, and a return to high performance becomes increasingly unlikely. These deteriorating dynamics do not arise when recognition is of bad performance or independent of effort. (JEL D21, D82, J24, M54)
The mesh controversy
Authors: Cohn Joshua A. , Brown Elizabeth Timbrook , Kowalik Casey G. , Kaufman Melissa R. , Dmochowski Roger R. , Reynolds W. Stuart
Published: September 2016

Pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence are common conditions for which approximately 11% of women will undergo surgical intervention in their lifetime. The use of vaginal mesh for pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence rose rapidly in the early 2000s as over 100 mesh products were introduced into the clinical armamentarium with little regulatory oversight for their use. US Food and Drug Administration Public Health Notifications in 2008 and 2011, as well as reclassification of transvaginal mesh for prolapse to class III in early 2016, were a response to debilitating complications associated with transvaginal mesh placement in many women. The midurethral sling has not been subject to the same reclassification and continues to be endorsed as the “gold standard” for surgical management of stress urinary incontinence by subspecialty societies. However, litigators have not differentiated between mesh for prolapse and mesh for incontinence. As such, all mesh, including that placed for stress urinary incontinence, faces continued controversy amidst an uncertain future. In this article, we review the background of the mesh controversy, recent developments, and the anticipated role of mesh in surgery for prolapse and stress urinary incontinence going forward.
The Role and Importance of Monitoring of the Organization and Holding of the All-Russian Olympiad for Improving the Quality of Education
Authors: Абатурова  , Abaturova Valentina , Цветкова  , Tsvetkova Marina
Published: September 2016

The article justifies the necessity of reduction to practice of education the system of evaluation and realization of stages of the All-Russian Olympiad at

school. The method is shown, which allows to collect and analyze the results of the organization and carrying out of each stage on the basis of content

and organizational aspects of the subject, taking into account the specifics. Methods of assessment of the organization and carrying out of the All-

Russian Olympiad on school, municipal, regional and final stages of general education subjects are developed based on the experience of the Olympic

Games in general subjects at the school, municipal, regional and final stages of accumulated Russian regions over the past few years.
One step beyond
Authors: Toibin Ian
Published: September 2016

How big a step is it to becoming a hands-on clinician? Dr Ian Toibin started his dental career as a dental nurse, moving into dental therapy before qualifying as a dentist. Here, he extols the virtues of dental therapy in practice
10 reasons to attend the Oral Health Conference
Authors: ONeill Michaela
Published: September 2016

Michaela ONeill, president of the British Society of Dental Hygiene and Therapy, on why this event may appeal to dental nurses, too
Elderly care
Authors: Wake Charlotte
Published: September 2016

Caring for the elderly requires different skills to caring for other age groups. Charlotte Wake considers them all when meeting best practice as a dental nurse
What is your battery drainer?
Authors: Fowler John
Published: September 2016

John Fowler continues to explore the leadership skills of the dental nurse, with a look at stress
Are your patients grinding in their sleep?
Authors: Bissett Julie
Published: September 2016

Stress and sleep issues are very much a part of dentistry, as Julie Bissett discovers
Julian Webber's 10 steps to endodontic heaven
Authors: Webber Julian
Published: September 2016

The most important endodontic principles in 10 bullet points
Muscle regeneration following repair of the rotator cuff
Authors: Butt U. , Rashid M. S. , Temperley D. , Crank S. , Birch A. , Freemont A. J. , Trail I. A.
Published: September 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to analyse human muscle tissue before and after rotator cuff repair to look for evidence of regeneration, and to characterise the changes seen in the type of muscle fibre.

Patients and Methods

Patients were assessed pre-operatively and one year post-operatively using the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) and MRI. The cross-sectional area and distribution of the type of muscle fibre were assessed on biopsies, which were taken at surgery and one year post-operatively. Paired samples from eight patients were analysed. There were three men and five women with a mean age of 63 years (50 to 73).

Results

All but one patient showed improvement in OSS (p = 0.004). The mean increase in the cross-sectional area of the muscle was 1220 μm2(-801 to 3712; p = 0.03). There was a reduction of type 2a fibres (p = 0.02). A clear relationship could not be seen between the MRI findings and the histological appearances.

Conclusion

This is the first study to provide evidence that atrophy of the supraspinatus muscle is reversible. Changes in the types of fibre are discussed. MRI assessment of muscle atrophy may not be fully representative of myofibre atrophy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1389–94.
Management of sports injuries of the foot and ankle
Authors: Hong C. C. , Pearce C. J. , Ballal M. S. , Calder J. D. F.
Published: September 2016

Injuries to the foot in athletes are often subtle and can lead to a substantial loss of function if not diagnosed and treated appropriately. For these injuries in general, even after a diagnosis is made, treatment options are controversial and become even more so in high level athletes where limiting the time away from training and competition is a significant consideration.

In this review, we cover some of the common and important sporting injuries affecting the foot including updates on their management and outcomes.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1299–1311.
Anatomy of the terminal branch of the posterior circumflex humeral artery
Authors: Smith C. D. , Booker S. J. , Uppal H. S. , Kitson J. , Bunker T. D.
Published: September 2016

Aims

Despite the expansion of arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder, the open deltopectoral approach is increasingly used for the fixation of fractures and arthroplasty of the shoulder. The anatomy of the terminal branches of the posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) has not been described before. We undertook an investigation to correct this omission.

Patients and Methods

The vascular anatomy encountered during 100 consecutive elective deltopectoral approaches was recorded, and the common variants of the terminal branches of the PCHA are described.

Results

In total, 92 patients (92%) had a terminal branch that crossed the space between the deltoid and the proximal humerus and which was therefore vulnerable to tearing or avulsion during the insertion of the blade of a retractor during the deltopectoral approach to the shoulder. In 75 patients (75%) there was a single vessel, in 16 (16%) a double vessel and in one a triple vessel.

Conclusion

The relationship of these vessels to the landmark of the tendon of the insertion of pectoralis major into the proximal humerus is described. Damage to these previously undocumented branches can cause persistent bleeding leading to prolonged surgery and post-operative haematoma and infection, as well as poor visualisation during the procedure. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1395–8.
Can a urine dipstick test be used to assess smoking status in patients undergoing planned orthopaedic surgery?
Authors: Salandy A. , Malhotra K. , Goldberg A. J. , Cullen N. , Singh D.
Published: September 2016

Aims

Smoking is associated with post-operative complications but smokers often under-report the amount they smoke. Our objective was to determine whether a urine dipstick test could be used as a substitute for quantitative cotinine assays to determine smoking status in patients.

Patients and Methods

Between September 2013 and July 2014 we conducted a prospective cohort study in which 127 consecutive patients undergoing a planned foot and ankle arthrodesis or osteotomy were included. Patients self-reported their smoking status and were classified as: ‘never smoked’ (61 patients), ‘ex-smoker’ (46 patients), or ‘current smoker’ (20 patients). Urine samples were analysed with cotinine assays and cotinine dipstick tests.

Results

There was a high degree of concordance between dipstick and assay results (Kappa coefficient = 0.842, p < 0.001). Compared with the quantitative assay, the dipstick had a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity of 97.3%. Patients claiming to have stopped smoking just before surgery had the highest rate of disagreement between reported smoking status and urine testing.

Conclusion

Urine cotinine dipstick testing is cheap, fast, reliable, and easy to use. It may be used in place of a quantitative assay as a screening tool for detecting patients who may be smoking. A positive test may be used as a trigger for further assessment and counselling. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1418–24.
Book Review
Authors: Massari Sonia
Published: September 2016

DESIGN FOR FOOD AND NUTRITION, ADIPER (2015) Milan: ADIper srl, 247 pp., ISBN: 9788894033922, p/bk, €30
The tirailleurs and the migrants: Malian postcolonial criticism remembers
Authors: Lecadet Clara
Published: September 2016

This article explores how the strengthening of migration policies in Europe from the 1970s onwards contributed to a renewal of the issues at stake in postcolonial criticism. It shows the place of the historical figure of the ‘tirailleur’ in negotiations and mobilizations related to migration policies. The sacrifice during the two world wars of colonial subjects integrated into the colonial army at the end of the nineteenth century appears as a central narrative in the development of a critique of the hegemonic and unilateral policies pursued by the former colonial powers towards their former colonies in relation to migration control. The invocation of the ‘tirailleur’ and of the ‘debt of blood’ is the basis of a postcolonial critique, which sees contemporary constraints on migration in the light of the sacrifice of the tirailleurs, and revives the question of colonial responsibility in a postcolonial context.
How the French Operation Serval was viewed on the ground: A journalistic perspective
Authors: Hicks Celeste
Published: September 2016

When France launched Operation Serval in January 2013 – an intervention to fight back against jihadists threatening to overrun the West African nation of Mali – they were in the first instance warmly welcomed by a section of Malian public opinion. Seeing that their country, which had long been held up as a beacon of stability and democracy in West Africa, was facing what seemed an existential threat from a group of Islamic radicals who had already conquered almost half the national territory, many initially felt a huge sense of relief that the former colonial power with its strong military resources was coming to the rescue. This article examines the strength and nature of this sentiment in Malian public opinion, through my experience of visiting Mali as a freelance journalist at several points in the crisis from 2012–2013, and also through being based in Bamako from 2007–2008 as a BBC correspondent. It seeks to understand how the initial jubilation that greeted the French intervention in early 2013 soon began to turn to disappointment and frustration.