Covid-19 Infection in Hematological Malignancies: Registry Data from India
Authors: Jain Arihant , Nayak Lingaraj , Kulkarni Uday Prakash , Mehra Nikita , Yanamandra Uday , Kayal Smita , Damodar Sharat , M John Joseph , Singh Suvir , Mehta Prashant , Munot Pritesh , Selvarajan Sushil , Radhakrishnan Venkatraman , Kapoor Rajan , Dubashi Biswajit , Ram S Bharath , Jain Hasmukh , PK Jayachandran , Lakshmanan Jeyaseelan , Mani Thenmozhi , Prakash Om , Thorat Jayashree , Das Satyaranjan , George Biju , Lad Deepesh , Malhotra Pankaj 
Published: November 2021

Background: The impact of COVID-19 pandemic has been highly heterogeneous across the globe and different regions within the country. The differences in the outcome of these patients is related to their demographic profile, genetics, socio-economic conditions, and government health policies. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for hematological malignancies (HAQ index &lt;30) in a low-middle socio-demographic index(SDI) country like India was less than the mean HAQ index for all other diseases (HAQ index 41) with a significant regional disparity.(1)Several national and international registries from high socio-demographic Index (SDI) countries have reported worse short-term outcomes of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in patients with hematologic as compared to other solid cancers. The outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with hematologic malignancies from a low-middle SDI country are yet unknown. The COVID-19 Hematologic Cancer registry of India reports these outcomes from India.

Methods: Ten tertiary referral hospitals across India reported the demographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment, and outcomes of COVID-19 infection in patients with hematological malignancies. The registry was retrospective from March 21, 2020, and prospective from November 1, 2020, till March 20, 2021. Risk factors associated with severity and mortality were evaluated using the penalised logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards model.

Findings: Data from 565 patients was included in this study. Among these, 429 (76%) patients were hospitalized, 186 (33%) patients had moderate/severe COVID-19.There were 116 (20.5%) non-survivors at a mean follow up of 147 (95% CI : 142-153) days. Age &gt;60 years (HR 2·55, 1·23 - 5·27), diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (HR 2·85, 1·58 - 5·13), interruption or alteration of anticancer therapy (HR 2·78, 1·65 - 4·68), and post hematopoietic cell transplant status (HR 3·68, 1·82 - 7·45) predicted mortality. In contrast, increasing age [20-40 years (OR 2·54, 1·32 - 4·90), 41-60 years (OR 3·51, 1·84 - 6·71), &gt;60 years (OR 6·04, 3·01 - 12·10), comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (OR 1·89, 1·18 - 3·04), hypertension (OR 1·94, 1·17 - 3·19), diagnosis of AML (OR 3·70, 2·06 - 6·67), indolent non-hodgkin lymphoma (OR 3·20, 1·68 - 6·09), multiple myeloma (OR 2·88, 1·64 - 5·05), malignancy not being in remission (OR 1·71, 1·12 - 2·60)were significantly associated with severe COVID-19 on univariate analysis. Of these, only increasing age [20-40 years (OR 2·60 (1·31 - 5·15), 40-60 years (OR 3·44, 1.60 - 7·41), more than 60 years (OR 5·70, 2·43 - 13·35)] , AML (OR 2·73, 1·45 - 5·12), and malignancy not being in remission (OR 1·85, 1·18 - 2·89) were significantly associated with severe COVID-19 on multivariable analysis

Conclusion: The overall mortality from COVID-19 infection of the entire cohort was 20.5%; the mortality was 46.2% in patients who had moderate to severe disease COVID-19 illness. Similar to previous studies, age, diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia and a post stem cell transplant status was associated with mortality. In addition, interruption or de-escalation of anticancer therapy during Covid-19 infection was identified as an important factor associated with higher mortality on follow up in the current study.

References

1. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet (London, England)2018; 391(10136): 2236-71.Lee AJX, Purshouse K. COVID-19 and cancer registries: learning from the first peak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Br J Cancer 2021; 124(11): 1777-84.

Figure 1 Figure 1.

Disclosures

No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.