bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Emission Reduction Measures and Simulation of PM2.5 Concentrations in the Main Cotton Production Areas of Xinjiang in 2025
Authors: Fang Chunsheng , Li Zhuoqiong , Liu Xiao , Shi Weihao , Wang Dali , Wang Ju
Published: February 2024

Cotton production in Xinjiang is increasing year by year, and the improved crop yields have had an impact on the environment. This study investigated the changes in six significant pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO) from 2017 to 2022 in Xinjiang. We compiled a biomass burning emission inventory to make the MEIC emission inventory more complete. The Weather Research and Forecasting Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF–CMAQ) model was employed to simulate air quality in different reduction scenarios in 2025, and it explored ways to alleviate air pollution in the main cotton areas of Xinjiang. The result shows that the main pollutant in Xinjiang is particulate matter (PM particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 µm and 10 µm), and the concentration of particulate matter decreased from the northern mountains toward the south. The concentrations of O3 (ozone) were highest in summer, while the concentrations of other pollutants were high in autumn and winter. If the pollution is not strictly controlled in terms of emission reduction, it is impossible to achieve the target of a 35 μg/m3 PM2.5 concentration in the planting area. In the scenario of enhanced emission reduction measures and the scenario of higher intensity emission reduction measures, there was a failure to reach the target, despite the reduction in the PM2.5 concentration. In the best emission reduction scenario, PM2.5 in Xinjiang is expected to drop to 22.5 μg/m3 in November and 34 μg/m3 in March, respectively. Therefore, in the optimal emission reduction scenario, the target of 35 μg/m3 will be reached. This study emphasized the importance of future air pollution mitigation and identified a feasible pathway to achieve the target of 35 μg/m3 PM2.5 concentration by 2025. The research findings provide useful insights for the local government which can be used to develop strategies aimed at mitigating substantial pollution emissions.
Linear Programming-Based Fuzzy Alternative Ranking Order Method Accounting for Two-Step Normalization for Comprehensive Evaluation of Digital Economy Development in Provincial Regions
Authors: Xiang Huiling , Farid Hafiz Muhammad Athar , Riaz Muhammad
Published: February 2024

As digital technologies continue to reshape economic landscapes, the comprehensive evaluation of digital economy (DE) development in provincial regions becomes a critical endeavor. This article proposes a novel approach, integrating the linear programming method, fuzzy logic, and the alternative ranking order method accounting for two-step normalization (AROMAN), to assess the multifaceted facets of DE growth. The primary contribution of the AROMAN is the coupling of vector and linear normalization techniques in order to produce accurate data structures that are subsequently utilized in calculations. The proposed methodology accommodates the inherent uncertainties and complexities associated with the evaluation process, offering a robust framework for decision-makers. The linear programming aspect optimizes the weightings assigned to different evaluation criteria, ensuring a dynamic and context-specific assessment. By incorporating fuzzy logic, the model captures the vagueness and imprecision inherent in qualitative assessments, providing a more realistic representation of the DE’s multifaceted nature. The AROMAN further refines the ranking process, considering the interdependencies among the criteria and enhancing the accuracy of the evaluation. In order to ascertain the efficacy of the suggested methodology, a case study is undertaken pertaining to provincial areas, showcasing its implementation in the evaluation and a comparison of DE progress in various geographical settings. The outcomes illustrate the capacity of the model to produce perceptive and implementable insights for policymakers, thereby enabling them to make well-informed decisions and implement focused interventions that promote the expansion of the DE. Moreover, managerial implications, theoretical limitations, and a comparative analysis are also given of the proposed method.
Bubble Wrap-like Carbon-Coated Rattle-Type silica@silicon Nanoparticles as Hybrid Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries via Surface-Protected Etching
Authors: Martino Angelica , Jeon Jiyun , Park Hyun-Ho , Lee Hochun , Lee Chang-Seop
Published: February 2024

Severe volumetric expansion (~400%) limits practical application of silicon nanoparticles as anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, we describe the fabrication and characterization of a conformal polydopamine carbon shell encapsulating rattle-type silica@silicon nanoparticles (PDA–PEI@PVP–SiO2@Si) with a tunable void structure using a dual template strategy with TEOS and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) pretreated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) as SiO2 sacrificial template via a modified Stöber process. Polyethylene imine (PEI) crosslinking facilitated the construction of an interconnected three-dimensional bubble wrap-like carbon matrix structure through hydrothermal treatment, pyrolysis, and subsequent surface-protected etching. The composite anode material delivered satisfactory capacities of 539 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, 512.76 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1, and 453 mAh g−1 rate performance at 5 A g−1, respectively. The electrochemical performance of PDA–PEI@PVP–SiO2@Si was attributed to the rattle-type structure providing void space for Si volume expansion, PVP K30-pretreated APTES/TEOS SiO2 seeds via catalyst-free, hydrothermal-assisted Stöber protecting Si/C spheres upon etching, carbon coating strategy increasing Si conductivity while stabilizing the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and PEI carbon crosslinks providing continuous conductive pathways across the electrode structure. The present work describes a promising strategy to synthesize tunable yolk shell C@void@Si composite anode materials for high power/energy-density LIBs applications.
Profiling Elastoplastic and Chemical Parameters to Assess Polymerization Quality in Flowable Bulk-Fill Composites
Authors: Ilie Nicoleta
Published: February 2024

In the chronology of polymer-based composite materials, flowable bulk-fill composites represent the most recent development. They enable a significant reduction in treatment time by being applied in larger increments of 4 to 5 mm. The aim of the investigation was to assess the polymerization quality and mechanical performance of a new formulation that has just entered the market and was still in experimental formulation at the time of the investigation, and to compare these results in the context of clinically established materials of the same category. Adequate curing in increments of up to 4 mm could be confirmed both by profiling the elastoplastic material behavior of large increments in 100 µm steps and by real-time assessment of the degree of conversion and the associated polymerization kinetic. A slightly lower amount of filler in the experimental material was associated with slightly lower hardness and elastic modulus parameters, but the creep was similar and the elastic and total indentation work was higher. The kinetic parameters were assigned to the specific characteristics of each tested material. The mechanical macroscopic strength, evaluated in a three-point bending test and supplemented by a reliability analysis, met or exceeded the standards and values measured in clinically established materials, which for all materials is related to the higher flexibility of the beams during testing, while the modulus of elasticity was low. The low elastic modulus of all flowable bulk-fill materials must be taken into account when deciding the clinical indication of this material category.
Cytokines and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Childhood: Study of a Group of Children
Authors: Nosetti Luana Maria , Tirelli Claudio , Marino Franca , Gaiazzi Michela , Sacchi Lucia , De Amici Mara , Barocci Fiorella , Maio Ramona , Cosentino Marco , Nespoli Luigi
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in children is characterized by repeated episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airways that impair normal ventilation and cause hypoxia and sleep disruption. These episodes activate innate and adaptive immunity resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and reactive oxygen species. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPT) axis is also activated with alteration of the circadian rhythm of cortisol synthesis. OSA in children, and even more in adults, induces a systemic inflammatory condition that contributes to the genesis of clinical complications: poor growth, learning disabilities, cardiovascular changes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Methods: A total of 42 non-obese children (age 1–15 years) were enrolled among those sent to our sleep center to perform full polysomnography (PSG). After PSG, 6 children did not show OSA (controls), 20 had mild OSA (m OSA), and 16 had medium-severe OSA (MS OSA). In vitro IL-1β, TNF-α, and serum cortisol levels were measured at 2 and 8 am in the analyzed groups. Results: Cortisol levels did not differ between controls and OSA children. At 2 am, there were no differences between controls and OSA in TNF-α production, whereas at 8 am, TNF-α was reduced in MS-OSA. IL-1β production showed no differences between OSA and controls. Conclusions: In our population, only TNF-α production is suppressed in MS-OSA: this might indicate a role of OSA severity in inducing inflammation. In adults, the phenomenon is more pronounced due to the habitual greater severity/duration of OSA, presence of comorbidities (cardiovascular and metabolic), and different immune system function.
Bicarbonate-Dependent Detoxification by Mitigating Ammonium-Induced Hypoxic Stress in Triticum aestivum Root
Authors: Liu Xiao , Zhang Yunxiu , Tang Chengming , Li Huawei , Xia Haiyong , Fan Shoujin , Kong Lingan
Published: February 2024

Ammonium (NH4+) toxicity is ubiquitous in plants. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity and bicarbonate (HCO3−)-dependent alleviation, wheat plants were hydroponically cultivated in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution containing 7.5 mM NO3− (CK), 7.5 mM NH4+ (SA), or 7.5 mM NH4+ + 3 mM HCO3− (AC). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that compared to CK, SA treatment at 48 h significantly upregulated the expression of genes encoding fermentation enzymes (pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) and oxygen consumption enzymes (respiratory burst oxidase homologs, dioxygenases, and alternative oxidases), downregulated the expression of genes encoding oxygen transporters (PIP-type aquaporins, non-symbiotic hemoglobins), and those involved in energy metabolism, including tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes and ATP synthases, but upregulated the glycolytic enzymes in the roots and downregulated the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle and elongation. The physiological assay showed that SA treatment significantly increased PDC, ADH, and LDH activity by 36.69%, 43.66%, and 61.60%, respectively; root ethanol concentration by 62.95%; and lactate efflux by 23.20%, and significantly decreased the concentrations of pyruvate and most TCA cycle intermediates, the complex V activity, ATP content, and ATP/ADP ratio. As a consequence, SA significantly inhibited root growth. AC treatment reversed the changes caused by SA and alleviated the inhibition of root growth. In conclusion, NH4+ treatment alone may cause hypoxic stress in the roots, inhibit energy generation, suppress cell division and elongation, and ultimately inhibit root growth, and adding HCO3− remarkably alleviates the NH4+-induced inhibitory effects on root growth largely by attenuating the hypoxic stress.
Calcium-Associated Proteins in Neuroregeneration
Authors: Lisek Malwina , Tomczak Julia , Boczek Tomasz , Zylinska Ludmila
Published: February 2024

The dysregulation of intracellular calcium levels is a critical factor in neurodegeneration, leading to the aberrant activation of calcium-dependent processes and, ultimately, cell death. Ca2+ signals vary in magnitude, duration, and the type of neuron affected. A moderate Ca2+ concentration can initiate certain cellular repair pathways and promote neuroregeneration. While the peripheral nervous system exhibits an intrinsic regenerative capability, the central nervous system has limited self-repair potential. There is evidence that significant variations exist in evoked calcium responses and axonal regeneration among neurons, and individual differences in regenerative capacity are apparent even within the same type of neurons. Furthermore, some studies have shown that neuronal activity could serve as a potent regulator of this process. The spatio-temporal patterns of calcium dynamics are intricately controlled by a variety of proteins, including channels, ion pumps, enzymes, and various calcium-binding proteins, each of which can exert either positive or negative effects on neural repair, depending on the cellular context. In this concise review, we focus on several calcium-associated proteins such as CaM kinase II, GAP-43, oncomodulin, caldendrin, calneuron, and NCS-1 in order to elaborate on their roles in the intrinsic mechanisms governing neuronal regeneration following traumatic damage processes.
S-Allyl-L-Cysteine Affects Cell Proliferation and Expression of H2S-Synthetizing Enzymes in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines
Authors: Bentke-Imiolek Anna , Szlęzak Dominika , Zarzycka Marta , Wróbel Maria , Bronowicka-Adamska Patrycja
Published: February 2024

S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) is a sulfur compound present in fresh garlic. The reference literature describes its anticancer, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Breast cancer is infamously known as one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies among women worldwide. Its morbidity and mortality make it reasonable to complete and expand knowledge on this cancer’s characteristics. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and its naturally occurring donors are well-known investigation subjects for diverse therapeutic purposes. This study was conducted to investigate the SAC antiproliferative potential and effect on three enzymes involved in H2S metabolism: 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH), and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). We chose the in vitro cellular model of human breast adenocarcinomas: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The expression of enzymes after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h incubation with 2.24 mM, 3.37 mM, and 4.50 mM SAC concentrations was examined. The number of living cells was determined by the MTS assay. Changes in cellular plasma membrane integrity were measured by the LDH test. Expression changes at the protein level were analyzed using Western blot. A significant decrease in viable cells was registered for MCF-7 cells after all incubation times upon 4.50 mM SAC exposure, and after 6 and 24 h only in MDA-MB-231 upon 4.50 mM SAC. In both cell lines, the MPST gene expression significantly increased after the 24 h incubation with 4.50 mM SAC. S-allyl-L-cysteine had opposite effects on changes in CTH and CBS expression in both cell lines. In our research model, we confirmed the antiproliferative potential of SAC and concluded that our studies provided current information about the increase in MPST gene expression mediated by S-allyl-L-cysteine in the adenocarcinoma in vitro cellular model for the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Further investigation of this in vitro model can bring useful information regarding sulfur enzyme metabolism of breast adenocarcinoma and regulating its activity and expression (gene silencing) in anticancer therapy.
PPARγ Modulators in Lung Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Prospects, and Challenges
Authors: Zhang Jiyun , Tang Miru , Shang Jinsai
Published: February 2024

Lung cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ, NR1C3) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor that governs the expression of genes involved in glucolipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell differentiation, and inflammation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that PPARγ activation exerts anti-tumor effects in lung cancer through regulation of lipid metabolism, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, as well as inhibition of invasion and migration. Interestingly, PPARγ activation may have pro-tumor effects on cells of the tumor microenvironment, especially myeloid cells. Recent clinical data has substantiated the potential of PPARγ agonists as therapeutic agents for lung cancer. Additionally, PPARγ agonists also show synergistic effects with traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, the clinical application of PPARγ agonists remains limited due to the presence of adverse side effects. Thus, further research and clinical trials are necessary to comprehensively explore the actions of PPARγ in both tumor and stromal cells and to evaluate the in vivo toxicity. This review aims to consolidate the molecular mechanism of PPARγ modulators and to discuss their clinical prospects and challenges in tackling lung cancer.
Zinc Finger and BTB Domain-Containing 20: A Newly Emerging Player in Pathogenesis and Development of Human Cancers
Authors: Liu Jiangyuan , Zhang Han
Published: February 2024

Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing 20 (ZBTB20), which was initially identified in human dendritic cells, belongs to a family of transcription factors (TFs) with an N-terminal BTB domain and one or more C-terminal DNA-binding zinc finger domains. Under physiological conditions, ZBTB20 acts as a transcriptional repressor in cellular development and differentiation, metabolism, and innate immunity. Interestingly, multiple lines of evidence from mice and human systems have revealed the importance of ZBTB20 in the pathogenesis and development of cancers. ZBTB20 is not only a hotspot of genetic variation or fusion in many types of human cancers, but also a key TF or intermediator involving in the dysregulation of cancer cells. Given the diverse functions of ZBTB20 in both health and disease, we herein summarize the structure and physiological roles of ZBTB20, with an emphasis on the latest findings on tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
Effect of 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Prostate Cancer Detection
Authors: Morote Juan , Picola Natàlia , Muñoz-Rodriguez Jesús , Paesano Nahuel , Ruiz-Plazas Xavier , Muñoz-Rivero Marta V. , Celma Ana , Manuel Gemma García-de , Miró Berta , Servian Pol , Abascal José M.
Published: February 2024

Concerns exist regarding the effects of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) on multipa-rametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) detection. Our objective is to analyze the effect of 5-ARI on the prostate imaging–reporting and data system (PI-RADS) distribution and csPCa and insignificant PCa (iPCa) detection. Among 2212 men with serum prostate-specific antigen levels of >3.0 ng/mL and/or suspicious digital rectal examinations who underwent mpMRI and targeted and/or systematic biopsies, 120 individuals exposed to 5-ARI treatment for over a year were identified. CsPCa was defined when the grade group (GG) was >2. The overall csPCa and iPCa detection rates were 44.6% and 18.8%, respectively. Since logistic regression revealed independent predictors of PCa, a randomized matched group of 236 individuals was selected for analysis. The PI-RADS distribution was comparable with 5-ARI exposure (p 0.685). The CsPCa detection rates in 5-ARI-naïve men and 5-ARI-exposed men were 52.6% and 47.4%, respectively (p 0.596). IPCa was detected in 37.6 and 62.5%, respectively (p 0.089). The tumor GG distribution based on 5-ARI exposure was similar (p 0.149) to the rates of csPCa and iPCa across the PI-RADS categories. We conclude that exposure to 5-ARI in suspected PCa men did not change the PI-RADS distribution and the csPCa and iPCa detection rates.
Could Children’s Myopization Have Been Avoided during the Pandemic Confinement? The Conjunctival Ultraviolet Autofluorescence (CUVAF) Biomarker as an Answer
Authors: de la Puente Miriam , Irigoyen-Bañegil Cristina , Ortega Claici Aura , González-Zamora Jorge , Bilbao-Malavé Valentina , Fernandez-Robredo Patricia , Hernández María , Barrio Jesús , García-Layana Alfredo , Recalde Sergio
Published: February 2024

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of the presence of conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) with the level and progression of myopia and the impact of reduced sunlight exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic confinement (PC). Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out using three cohorts, children (9–17 years old), young adults (18–25 years old), and adults (>40 years old) with myopia (≤0.75D) and at least three annual eye examinations (before and after PC). All participants underwent an automatic objective refraction and CUVAF area analysis. All the participants filled out a questionnaire regarding lifestyle and myopia history. Results: The 298 recruited participants showed that during the PC, children’s and young adults' myopia progression rate increased on average by −0.50 and −0.30 D/year, respectively, compared with the pre-pandemic level (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01). A significantly greater progression was observed in those with low baseline myopia compared to those with moderate or high myopia (p < 0.01). CUVAF shows its protective effect associated with outdoor activity (OA) with regard to the age of onset of myopia and mean diopters (p < 0.01). In fact, although there were no differences in the increase in diopters between children with and without CUVAF during the PC, those who had CUVAF started with lower gains (−0.3 D/year) compared to those who did not (−0.5 D/year; p < 0.05). The myopia treatments (atropine drops, Ortho-K, and MiSight® contact lenses) showed a reduction effect in myopic progression rate post-PC in comparison with non-treated children (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: The strict restriction of OA during PC led to the rate of myopia progression doubling among children and young adults. This progression occurred mainly in children with previously low myopia, and CUVAF, as a biomarker of OA, reflects its potential to provide benefits in the form of recommended behavioral changes to protect against the development of myopia.
Beyond the Brain: Perinatal Exposure of Rats to Serotonin Enhancers Induces Long-Term Changes in the Jejunum and Liver
Authors: Gračan Romana , Blažević Sofia Ana , Brižić Matea , Hranilovic Dubravka
Published: February 2024

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) homeostasis is essential for many physiological processes in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Hyperserotonemia, a measurable sign of 5HT homeostasis disruption, can be caused by 5HT-directed treatment of psychiatric and gastrointestinal diseases. Its impact on the long-term balance and function of 5HT in the peripheral compartment remains unresolved and requires further research due to possible effects on human health. We explored the effects of perinatal 5HT imbalance on the peripheral organs responsible for serotonin metabolism—the jejunum, a synthesis site, and the liver, a catabolism site—in adult rats. Hyperserotonemia was induced by subchronic treatment with serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) or serotonin degradation inhibitor tranylcypromine (TCP). The jejunum and liver were collected on postnatal day 70 and analyzed histomorphometrically. Relative mRNA levels of 5HT-regulating proteins were determined using qRT-PCR. Compared to controls, 5HTP- and TCP-treated rats had a reduced number of 5HT-producing cells and expression of the 5HT-synthesising enzyme in the jejunum, and an increased expression of 5HT-transporter accompanied by karyomegaly in hepatocytes, with these differences being more pronounced in the TCP-treated animals. Here, we report that perinatal 5HT disbalance induced long-term cellular and molecular changes in organs regulating 5HT-metabolism, which may have a negative impact on 5HT availability and function in the periphery. Our rat model demonstrates a link between the developmental abnormalities of serotonin homeostasis and 5HT-related changes in adult life and may be suitable for exploring the neurobiological substrates of vulnerability to behavioral and metabolic disorders, as well as for modeling the adverse effects of the prenatal exposure to 5HT enhancers in the human population.
Can Shockwave Treatment Elicit a Molecular Response to Enhance Clinical Outcomes in Pressure Ulcers? The SHOck Waves in wouNds Project
Authors: Sopel Mirosław , Kuberka Izabela , Szczuka Izabela , Taradaj Jakub , Rosińczuk Joanna , Dymarek Robert
Published: February 2024

Wound healing requires the coordinated interaction of dermis cells, the proper deposition of extracellular matrix, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis. Extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) is a promising therapeutic modality for chronic wounds. This study determined the biological mechanisms activated under ESW, facilitating the healing of pressure ulcers (PUs). A group of 10 patients with PUs received two sessions of radial ESW (300 + 100 pulses, 2.5 bars, 0.15 mJ/mm2, 5 Hz). Histomorphological and immunocytochemical assessments were performed on tissue sections obtained from the wound edges before the ESW (M0) and after the first (M1) and second (M2) ESW. The proliferation index of keratinocytes and fibroblasts (Ki-67), the micro-vessels’ density (CD31), and the number of myofibroblasts (α-SMA) were evaluated. The involvement of the yes-associated protein (YAP1) in sensing mechanical strain, and whether the nuclear localization of YAP1, was shown. The increased proliferative activity of epidermal cells and skin fibroblasts and the increased number of myofibroblasts, often visible as integrated cell bands, were also demonstrated as an effect of wound exposure to an ESW. The results indicate that the major skin cells, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts are mechanosensitive. They intensify proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling in response to mechanical stress. A significant improvement in clinical wound parameters was also observed.
Influence of Ultrasound Stimulation on the Viability, Proliferation and Protein Expression of Osteoblasts and Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts
Authors: Pascoal Selma , Oliveira Sofia , Monteiro Francisca , Padrão Jorge , Costa Rita , Zille Andrea , Catarino Susana O. , Silva Filipe S. , Pinho Teresa , Carvalho Óscar
Published: February 2024

Among the adjunctive procedures to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), ultrasound (US) is a nonsurgical form of mechanical stimulus that has been explored as an alternative to the currently available treatments. This study aimed to clarify the role of US in OTM by exploring different stimulation parameters and their effects on the biological responses of cells involved in OTM. Human fetal osteoblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts cell lines were stimulated with US at 1.0 and 1.5 MHz central frequencies and power densities of 30 and 60 mW/cm2 in continuous mode for 5 and 10 min. Cellular proliferation, metabolic activity and protein expression were analyzed. The US parameters that significantly improved the metabolic activity were 1.0 MHz at 30 mW/cm2 for 5 min and 1.0 MHz at 60 mW/cm2 for 5 and 10 min for osteoblasts; and 1.0 MHz at 30 mW/cm2 for 5 min and 1.5 MHz at 60 mW/cm2 for 5 and 10 min for fibroblasts. By stimulating with these parameters, the expression of alkaline phosphatase was maintained, while osteoprotegerin synthesis was induced after three days of US stimulation. The US stimulation improved the biological activity of both osteoblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts, inducing their osteogenic differentiation.
Breaking Barriers: The Promise and Challenges of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Said Sawsan Sudqi , Ibrahim Wisam Nabeel
Published: February 2024

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with pronounced immunogenicity, exhibiting rapid proliferation and immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. TNBC’s heterogeneity poses challenges to immunological treatments, inducing resistance mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, are explored in preclinical and clinical trials. Promising results emerge from combining ICIs with anti-TGF-β and VISTA, hindering TNBC tumor growth. TNBC cells employ complex evasion strategies involving interactions with stromal and immune cells, suppressing immune recognition through various cytokines, chemokines, and metabolites. The recent focus on unraveling humoral and cellular components aims to disrupt cancer crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment. This review identifies TNBC’s latest resistance mechanisms, exploring potential targets for clinical trials to overcome immune checkpoint resistance and enhance patient survival rates.
Identifying Potent Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein Inhibitors Using Deep Learning-Based Hybrid Procedures
Authors: Mayuri Kannan , Varalakshmi Durairaj , Tharaheswari Mayakrishnan , Somala Chaitanya Sree , Priya Selvaraj Sathya , Bharathkumar Nagaraj , Senthil Renganathan , Kushwah Raja Babu Singh , Vickram Sundaram , Anand Thirunavukarasou , Saravanan Konda Mani
Published: February 2024

The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein catalyzes metal-dependent modifications of nucleic acids, namely the demethylation of methyl adenosine inside mRNA molecules. The FTO protein has been identified as a potential target for developing anticancer therapies. Identifying a suitable ligand-targeting FTO protein is crucial to developing chemotherapeutic medicines to combat obesity and cancer. Scientists worldwide have employed many methodologies to discover a potent inhibitor for the FTO protein. This study uses deep learning-based methods and molecular docking techniques to investigate the FTO protein as a target. Our strategy involves systematically screening a database of small chemical compounds. By utilizing the crystal structures of the FTO complexed with ligands, we successfully identified three small-molecule chemical compounds (ZINC000003643476, ZINC000000517415, and ZINC000001562130) as inhibitors of the FTO protein. The identification process was accomplished by employing a combination of screening techniques, specifically deep learning (DeepBindGCN) and Autodock vina, on the ZINC database. These compounds were subjected to comprehensive analysis using 100 nanoseconds of molecular dynamics and binding free energy calculations. The findings of our study indicate the identification of three candidate inhibitors that might effectively target the human fat mass and obesity protein. The results of this study have the potential to facilitate the exploration of other chemicals that can interact with FTO. Conducting biochemical studies to evaluate these compounds’ effectiveness may contribute to improving fat mass and obesity treatment strategies.
Can the Cans: Determinants of Container Deposit Behavior before and after Introduction of a Container Refund Scheme
Authors: Phipps Daniel J. , Brown Daniel J. , Hagger Martin S. , Hamilton Kyra
Published: February 2024

Objective: Container deposit schemes are often hailed as a useful avenue to increase consumer recycling rates. Yet, there is little research investigating within-person changes in people’s beliefs and behavior following the implementation of these schemes, or tests of the mechanisms by which such change has occurred. Methods: The current study fills this knowledge gap and assessed container recycling behavior and habits as well as the social cognition factors of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions in a sample of 90 Queenslanders before the implementation of the container deposit scheme and one and three months post-implementation. Results: Analysis of variance indicated more frequent recycling behavior following the implementation of the scheme, as well as stronger habits, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Conclusions: Such a concomitant change in behavior, beliefs, and habits provides support for behavior change theory, while also flagging potential targets for strategies that can be paired with container deposit schemes to enhance their efficacy and uptake.
A Scientometric Examination on Performance-Driven Optimization in Urban Block Design Research: State of the Art and Future Perspectives
Authors: Xiong Yuya , Liu Taiyu , Qin Yinghong , Chen Hong
Published: February 2024

The study of performance-driven optimization (PDO) in urban block design is essential in the context of architectural form and urban sustainability. PDO focuses on the integrated and comprehensive optimization of various quantifiable performances of buildings, such as solar energy usage, thermal comfort, and energy efficiency. This method aligns urban spaces with sustainable development principles, ensuring they are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functionally efficient. This study explores the existing deficiency in the literature by conducting an in-depth scientometric analysis of PDO in urban block design. Employing science mapping coupled with bibliometric analysis using Python, this study meticulously analyzes the prevailing literature to map out the current intellectual landscape, understand trends, and identify key themes within this domain. This review identifies the key trends, methodologies, and influential works shaping the dynamic field of PDO. It emphasizes the critical roles of computational simulation, artificial intelligence integration, and big data analytics in refining urban block design strategies. This study highlights the growing importance of energy efficiency, environmental sustainability, and human-centric design elements. This review points to an increasing trend towards using sophisticated modeling techniques and data-driven analysis as essential tools in urban planning, crucial for developing sustainable, resilient, and adaptable urban spaces.
Structural Behaviour of FRP-Reinforced Tubular T-Joint Subjected to Combined In-Plane Bending and Axial Load
Authors: Deng Peng , Chen Yunkai , Zhu Zhongyi , Liu Yan , Zhao Shiqi , Guo Jian
Published: February 2024

In this study, 90 finite-element models are used to explore the behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced joints under combined in-plane bending (IPB) and axial load (AX). The effects of joint geometry, FRP layer count, and AX levels of the chord or brace are considered. Three typical failure modes are observed: chord plastic failure, brace plastic failure, and brace buckling failure. Increasing the number of FRP layers can ensure that failure is chord-related failure in a ductility manner rather than the unexpectedly brace-related brittle failure. Depending on the stress distribution of fibres, FRP reinforcement can restrict the deformation of joints subjected to complex loading patterns. Moreover, added FRP layers efficiently reduce the effect of brace AX on the IPB resistance. Finally, a modified strength equation is established, including the influence of FRP reinforcement, chord AX, and brace AX.
Wind-Induced Response Assessment of CAARC Building Based on LBM and FSI Simulation
Authors: Zhang Shen , Wang Yifan , Cheng Ming , Li Yun , Wang Jie
Published: February 2024

It is very important for the wind-resistant design of high-rise buildings to assess wind-induced vibrations efficiently. The Lattice Boltzmann Method-based Large Eddy Simulation and Fluid–Structure Interaction techniques are used to identify the surface wind pressure and wind-induced dynamic response of a CAARC standard high-rise building. Compared with wind tunnel tests, a detailed analysis of the accuracy of simulated wind pressures and base moments of the CAARC model are discussed under multiple wind direction angles. The differences between one-way and two-way Fluid–Structure Interaction simulations are compared under two different reduced wind velocities. The research results show that the simulated mean surface wind pressures of building under seven wind direction conditions have an error within 15% compared to probe measurements, and the average and root mean square base bending moments agree well with the wind tunnel tests. The top transverse wind-induced vibrations of the buildings are significantly larger when the reduced wind velocity reaches 4.6, indicating that aerodynamic damping effects on structural responses should not be overlooked. The research findings of this article provide valuable technical references for the application of LBM methods in the wind load effect assessments of high-rise buildings.
An Investigation of BIM Advantages in Analysing Claims Procedures Related to the Extension of Time and Money in the KSA Construction Industry
Authors: Abougamil Reda Abdelshafy , Thorpe David , Heravi Amirhossein
Published: February 2024

The construction industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is a significant sector in the Middle East, with annual expenditures exceeding USD 120 billion. It employs 15% of the workforce and consumes more than 14% of the country’s energy resources. Despite the significant growth in the Saudi construction sector, it faces various challenges due to the rapid launch of mega projects, such as the Line project engaged with the NEOM project, as well as other new projects as part of the Saudi Vision 2030. The challenges might be limited to a shortage of skilled labourers, rising costs, construction disputes, and material shortages. This study aims to investigate claims management procedures under traditional practice and compare them with a proposed BIM package as an alternative solution to mitigate construction disputes. The objective of the study focuses on reducing the time consumed when analysing claims against the level of accuracy of claims values. The proposed BIM model improves and streamlines the claims process through automation. This study presents prospective and retrospective methods in delay analysis under an accepted programme. A questionnaire survey was conducted, and out of a total of 123 practitioners, 79 replied. The findings in tables in this article reveal that there are demands and a growing awareness of BIM in the KSA construction industry. The results reveal that BIM can help to reduce potential disputes and can reduce overall project cost overruns.
Machine Learning Prediction Model for Boundary Transverse Reinforcement of Shear Walls
Authors: Ding Jiannan , Li Jianhui , Xiao Congzhen , Qiao Baojuan
Published: February 2024

Due to their roles as efficient lateral force-resisting systems, reinforced concrete shear walls exert a tremendous degree of influence on the overall seismic performance of buildings. The ability to predict the boundary transverse reinforcement of shear walls is critical to the seismic design process, as well as in the overall evaluation and retrofitting of existing buildings. Contemporary empirical models attain low predictive accuracy, with an inability to capture nonlinearity between boundary transverse reinforcement and different influencing variables. This study proposes a boundary transverse reinforcement prediction model for shear walls with boundary elements based on the demand of ductility. Using the extreme gradient boosting machine learning algorithm and 501 samples, some 52 input variables are considered, and a subset with six features is selected, monitored, and analyzed using both internal methods (gain and cover) and external methods. The results (R2=0.884) display superior predictive capacity compared with existing models. Interpretation and error analysis are performed. Safety analysis is conducted to obtain references for use in practical engineering. Overall, this study presents a more accurate tool for use in seismic design and provides references for the evaluation and retrofitting of existing buildings. Our contributions hold significant implications for enhancing the safety and resilience of reinforced concrete structures.
A BIM-FDS Based Evacuation Assessment of Complex Rail Transit Stations under Post-Earthquake Fires for Sustainable Buildings
Authors: Xu Hui , Wei Yuxi , Tan Yongtao , Zhou Qilin
Published: February 2024

Post-earthquake fire is considered as a catastrophic secondary disaster to personal and property safety, especially in complex rail transit station. This is primarily attributed to intricate infrastructure, densely populated floors, and the unrestricted layout of these areas. The aim of this study is to evaluate the evacuation capacity of complex railway stations under post-earthquake fires, and provide sustainable recommendations for building design. In this article, an evacuation assessment of a complex rail transit station under the post-earthquake fire for sustainable buildings was conducted from the internal environment and external rescue based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Fire Dynamic Simulation (FDS). The internal environment evacuation assessment simulation experiments were conducted in six hypothetical high-risk scenarios. In addition, the external rescue assessment was based on investigation of the route and the required rescue time during different periods of holidays and workdays. The results show that (1) The influence caused by different sizes of fire area in the power distribution room is smaller than those in the train at the platform floor. (2) In fire scenarios with the same fire area but different fire locations, the temperature is more affected than the CO concentration in the power distribution room. (3) It shows slight differences between single-floor fire and double-floor fire on evacuation of small area fire in power distribution room. Meanwhile, optimized design recommendations are proposed to reduce the risk of emergency evacuation in both internal and external environments of rail transit stations for sustainable future buildings, which include strategically locating the power distribution room away from public areas, installing fire-resistant doors around the room, increasing the quantity of smoke detectors and alarms with regular maintenance, minimizing the size of the power distribution room, developing specific emergency plans for train fires, and incorporating small fire stations in urban planning near complex public buildings to mitigate post-earthquake road obstruction challenges.
Safety Assessment of Airtight Protective Doors of Nuclear Power Plants Subjected to Wind-Borne Missile Impact
Authors: Zhang Wenna , Zhao Wuchao , Qian Jiang
Published: February 2024

This paper aims to study the dynamic response and damage of airtight protective doors of nuclear power plants subjected to tornado and wind-borne missile impact. Firstly, a safety performance evaluation method is proposed, considering the structural characteristics of the airtight protective door and relying on support rotation and airtightness. Then, the commercial finite element (FE) program LS-DYNA is utilized to perform the numerical simulations of airtight protective doors in nuclear power plants exposed to tornadoes and wind-borne missile impacts. Subsequently, the parameter analysis method is employed to investigate the impact of keel quantity, size and arrangement, door panel thickness, door core material, and boundary conditions on the dynamic response, airtightness, and failure mode of the airtight protective door. The results show that tornado wind pressure has little effect on the resistance of airtight protective doors and that the impact load of wind-borne missiles plays a leading role. The number and thickness of the keel have significant effects on the force transfer mode and failure mode of airtight protective doors. The thickness of the door panel has a great influence on the damage mode and airtightness of airtight protective doors. The door core improves the local resistance of the airtight protective door to a certain extent, and foam aluminum material has a better energy absorption effect. The change in boundary conditions has little influence on the resistance of airtight protective doors.
Naphthalene Dehydrogenation on Ni(111) in the Presence of Chemisorbed Oxygen and Nickel Oxide
Authors: Marks Kess , Erbing Axel , Hohmann Lea , Chien Tzu-En , Yazdi Milad Ghadami , Muntwiler Matthias , Hansson Tony , Engvall Klas , Harding Dan J. , Öström Henrik , Odelius Michael , Göthelid Mats
Published: February 2024

Catalyst passivation through carbon poisoning is a common and costly problem as it reduces the lifetime and performance of the catalyst. Adding oxygen to the feed stream could reduce poisoning but may also affect the activity negatively. We have studied the dehydrogenation, decomposition, and desorption of naphthalene co-adsorbed with oxygen on Ni(111) by combining temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG), photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), and density functional theory (DFT). Chemisorbed oxygen reduces the sticking of naphthalene and shifts H2 production and desorption to higher temperatures by blocking active Ni sites. Oxygen increases the production of CO and reduces carbon residues on the surface. Chemisorbed oxygen is readily removed when naphthalene is decomposed. Oxide passivates the surface and reduces the sticking coefficient. But it also increases the production of CO dramatically and reduces the carbon residues. Ni2O3 is more active than NiO.
GPR55 Inactivation Diminishes Splenic Responses and Improves Neurological Outcomes in the Mouse Ischemia/Reperfusion Stroke Model
Authors: Gajghate Sachin , Li Hongbo , Rom Slava
Published: February 2024

Although strokes are frequent and severe, treatment options are scarce. Plasminogen activators, the only FDA-approved agents for clot treatment (tissue plasminogen activators (tPAs)), are used in a limited patient group. Moreover, there are few approaches for handling the brain’s inflammatory reactions to a stroke. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55)’s connection to inflammatory processes has been recently reported; however, its role in stroke remains to be discovered. Post-stroke neuroinflammation involves the central nervous system (CNS)’s resident microglia activation and the infiltration of leukocytes from circulation into the brain. Additionally, splenic responses have been shown to be detrimental to stroke recovery. While lymphocytes enter the brain in small numbers, they regularly emerge as a very influential leukocyte subset that causes secondary inflammatory cerebral damage. However, an understanding of how this limited lymphocyte presence profoundly impacts stroke outcomes remains largely unclear. In this study, a mouse model for transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was used to mimic ischemia followed by a reperfusion (IS/R) stroke. GPR55 inactivation, with a potent GPR55-specific antagonist, ML-193, starting 6 h after tMCAO or the absence of the GPR55 in mice (GPR55 knock out (GPR55ko)) resulted in a reduced infarction volume, improved neurological outcomes, and decreased splenic responses. The inhibition of GPR55 with ML-193 diminished CD4+T-cell spleen egress and attenuated CD4+T-cell brain infiltration. Additionally, ML-193 treatment resulted in an augmented number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the brain post-tMCAO. Our report offers documentation and the functional evaluation of GPR55 in the brain–spleen axis and lays the foundation for refining therapeutics for patients after ischemic attacks.