bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF USING FULL-ENGLISH AS LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION IN IMPROVING CHILDREN’S SPEAKING SKILL
Authors: KANIADEWI NITA , SRIYANTO WIDI
Published: May 2019

This research was an attempt to prove the effectiveness of using full-English as a language of instruction in improving children’s English-speaking skill. Treatments were given in 6 meetings for each of the control and experimental class. Two types of lesson plans were arranged, one used full-English as the language of instruction for the experiment class and the other used mixed language (a combination of English and mother tongue) for the control class. An experiment with a quasi-experimental design and an oral test were used as the method and instrument. Based on the calculation of Chi-square and Fisher tests, it was found that the data of both classes were homogeneous and normally distributed. After fulfilling the requirements, the hypothesis was tested by using the T-test at 0.05 significance level. The findings discovered that t-computation was higher than t-table (+3.25 > +1.67). It indicated that the mean of the experiment class was significantly higher than the control class. The findings above led to a conclusion that the use of full-English as language of instruction was effective in improving children’s English-speaking skill. However, since the children were still beginners of English as a foreign language, then it was advisable to ensure that the English used by teachers be inside the children’s zone of proximal development. It was also recommended for teachers to use broken instead of standard English and to accompany their language input with gestures in order deliver meaning easier.
Preface
Authors: Shuford John
Published: May 2019

This volume, like Volume 11, focuses primarily on presenting peerreviewed scholarly articles developed from the selected proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Hate Studies. Themed “The Pursuit of Justice: Understanding Hatred, Confronting Intolerance, Eliminating Inequality,” the conference was co-organized and hosted by the Gonzaga Institute for Hate Studies, the Gonzaga School of Law, and the Washington State Task Force on Race and the Criminal Justice System. Presenters and attendees from two dozen countries worldwide came to Spokane, Washington for four days in April 2013, in order to concentrate on how fear and ignorance of the “other” manifest in hatred, intolerance, and inequality, and thus affect the pursuit of justice for all.
Irrationalism: The Foundation of Hate Propaganda
Authors: Lanning Robert
Published: May 2019

This article proposes that hate propaganda be examined in terms of its basis in irrationalism as a philosophical orientation. In the first part of the paper, irrationalism is discussed from the perspectives of various 20th century philosophers engaged against the rise of fascism or responding to it. In the second part, selected examples of contemporary propaganda are discussed, demonstrating continuity in the use of irrationalism as a limitation to thought and analysis.
Constitutionalizing Anarchy: Liberalism, Lynching, and the Law
Authors: Kato Daniel
Published: May 2019

Overall review of Supreme Court cases regarding racial violence suggests that while the Court did rule in favor of acquitting lynchers of federal prosecution, it did not completely strip all authority for federal rights enforcement. This essay reassesses the Supreme Court’s handling of racial violence and formulates a theory of law that can account for how lynchings could exist as a tacitly accepted practice without being explicitly sanctioned by the law. Rather than cracking down on lynchers and/or the states that failed to deal with lynchers, the Supreme Court decided to create “zones” wherein questionable activities like lynchings could occur unhampered. Lynchings for the most part were situated within a constructed zone of permissiveness that was contingent not upon the sanctioning of political authorities per se, but rather upon political authorities choosing to maintain an active policy of non-interference. Drawing from Ernst Fraenkel’s model of the dual state and Gerald Neuman’s concept of anomalous zones, constitutional anarchy illuminates how the U.S. carved out legally bounded regions of lawlessness. Implications of existentially demarcated spaces can be seen in a variety of arenas and highlight the commensurability of illiberalism and liberalism via the distinction between content and scope of law.
Defining Characteristics and Politicising Victims: A Legal Perspective
Authors: Schweppe Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Legislatures worldwide experience the same problem in drafting or amending hate crimes statutes: How is it possible to discriminate between victim groups, and which groups are worthy of legislative protection? This article explores some of the experiences of legislatures, highlighting the political inconsistencies which go on to shape the legal system. It focusses on the experience of a number of common law jurisdictions, and seeks to establish a normative platform from which hate crimes statutes can be based, drawing on the legislative experiences of the United States. This platform draws on two other areas of law, particularly the criminal defence of provocation and equality legislation, and shows that the determination of victim groups for hate crimes legislation need not be the politically charged, discriminatory, and exclusionary process that it is today.
The Love and Hate Relationship of Colonial Heritage: Exploring Changes of the Heritage Archive in Zimbabwe
Authors: Chipangura Njabulo
Published: May 2019

This article present some of the main debates circling around the conservation of colonial heritage in Zimbabwe and the contestations that undergird its protection because of a shift in understandings of the heritage archive, the former British colony’s national monuments register, which is constituted by a list of declared and protected heritage sites. In the conventional archive, archivability is “the product of a judgement, the result of the exercise of a specific power and authority, which involves placing certain documents in an archive at the same time as others are discarded” (Mbembe, 2002, p. 2), and so it is unsurprising that what should be kept or discarded is often contested. In Zimbabwe’s heritage archive, conservation and protection is selectively offered to liberation war heritage while colonial heritage has been marginalised, discarded, and left to deteriorate. The Southern African nation’s heritage archive is often constructed to suit the needs of the ruling government and veterans of Zimbabwe’s War of Liberation (1964-1979), and colonial heritage has been vandalised and destroyed without considering that it can be utilised for the purpose of a critical heritage practice so that questions about the experience of colonialism in Zimbabwe can be answered using colonial heritage as a key reference point.
How Could This Happen: Explaining the Holocaust by Dan McMillan (New York: Basic Books, 2014. 288 pp. $27.99 ISBN 978-0-465-08024-3).
Authors: Perl Sondra
Published: May 2019

Eighty-two years after Hitler became Reich Chancellor of Germany, seventy-seven years after Kristallnacht, seventy years after the liberation of Auschwitz: time makes no difference. The Holocaust remains an inexplicable phenomenon, the catastrophe of catastrophes, an omnipresent stain on the soul of humanity. In his thoughtful book, Dan McMillan attempts, with remarkable success, to demystify the Shoah, to explain how it happened and why. In doing so, McMillan is well aware of the pitfalls: to explain means to understand; to understand, to render the incomprehensible comprehensible, is to challenge the special status of the Holocaust as unique.
The Changing Face of England: Marc Isaacs' All White in Barking
Authors: Polek Jan
Published: May 2019

A film review of All White in Barking. [Icarus Films, 2007, 73 minutes]
Habits of Hate: A Pragmatist Analysis of Habits of Racism and Nativism
Authors: MacMullan Terrence
Published: May 2019

There are many different ways of recognizing, describing, and combating racism. This essay extends my previously published research on the topic of whiteness and habit to advance the argument that A) racism (by which I mean primarily white supremacist racism directed against people of color) still exists as a corrosive impediment to the realization of a truly fair and democratic American community, and B) it is best understood as a network of flexible, persistent, yet correctable habits. The primary value of seeing racism in America as being a problem of bad habits rather than as conscious actions or attitudes is that it helps white people understand that we are all, to greater or lesser extents, vessels for hateful and uncivil habits even if we consciously reject the ideology of white supremacist racism. Further, by using a pragmatist framework of habits, we can reconstruct these habits and effect positive social change.
From Hate to Collective Violence: Research and Practical Implications
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: May 2019

This paper deals with the question of how hate leads to collective physical violence: Why is it that people who are filled with hateful emotions sometimes use violent action but mostly do not? By themselves, underlying emotions such as hate are not sufficient conditions for physical violence. However, emotions are not irrelevant for the emergence of violence. My main argument is that situational interaction sequences create emotional dynamics that make collective actors overcome their inhibition threshold and act violently. Insights into the micro-timing of interaction sequences prior to violence are therefore crucial. As social movement demonstrations have recently become reconstructable in great detail, they are especially promising for analyzing the connection of micro-timings to collective violence. If we are able to identify sequences of micro-interactions and emotional dynamics leading to violence, we might be able to avoid violence by interrupting decisive sequences.
Is Peacemaking Unpatriotic?: The Function of Homophobia in the Discursive World
Authors: Matsuda Mari J
Published: May 2019

Self-doubt is not the custom in public debate. In adversarial speech performance, the voice of certainty carries weight. Probing, intersubjective, self-reflective conversation is odd. Yet if speech is a cornerstone of democracy, if developing better ways to live on this planet without destroying it is a prerequisite to our survival, we need to bring all the necessary ideas to the table. The First Amendment can save your life; the wrong idea can kill you. This is why I am concerned about the mechanisms by which speech is suppressed in daily life, and am searching to understand the ways in which Hate Studies tells us something about conversation ending.
Islamophobia, Hateful Speech, and the Need to Practice Democratic Virtues
Authors: Dunn Shannon
Published: May 2019

This essay examines the relationship between hateful speech and its potential and realized harmful effects socially and politically vulnerable groups, particularly Muslims, in a democratic society. I critically evaluate the assumption that free speech is an absolute value of secularism and the corresponding definition of Muslims as religious “others” in European and American democratic culture. Instead of arguing strictly for the legal regulation of hateful speech, however, I contend that the cultivation of civic virtues—specifically charity and solidarity—may counteract the harmful effects of such speech, and can lend moral justification for the right of free speech.
Evil Black Guns: Hate, Instrumentality, and the Neutrality of Firearms
Authors: Strain Christopher B
Published: May 2019

In the wake of mass shootings in Aurora, Colorado, where 12 moviegoers were killed and 70 injured; Newtown, Connecticut, where 20 children and 6 adult staff members were killed at Sandy Hook Elementary School; and elsewhere, concerned citizens may question whether guns are neutral actors in the rage killings and rampage murders that have become increasingly familiar in U.S. society. Rather than revisit the well-worn aphorism “guns don’t kill people: people do,” this article considers a provocative counter thesis—that firearms may serve not only as mechanisms of violence in shooting rampages but also as catalysts. Can guns themselves cause violence, apart from the motivation and intent of those who wield them? What is the relationship of guns to the triumvirate of hate speech, hate groups, and hate crime? This paper seeks to explore these questions in depth to examine how guns and hate-fueled rhetoric may combine in American soci- ety with deadly effect.
Y Kuşağı Üniversite Son Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Beş Faktör Kişilik Özellikleri ve Liderlik Uygulamaları Tercihleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: SAYIN Utku , ZEYBEK SAYIN Hatice
Published: May 2019

Kişilik,
yüzyıllardan beri psikoloji ve sosyoloji gibi birçok disiplinin ilgisini çeken,
tanımı, içeriği ve etkileri üzerinde çeşitli tartışmalara sahip bir kavramdır.
Tıpkı kişilik gibi, liderlik kavramı da özellikle geçen yüzyılda popüler bir
bilimsel konu haline gelmiştir. Liderlik,
bir organizasyonda ve/veya bir toplumda diğerleri üzerindeki etkileri ve
nesiller arası geçiş gücünden dolayı kişilikten daha etkili ve daha geniş bir
kavram olarak düşünülebilir. Hem
kuşaklar arasındaki geçiş kapasitesi hem de sosyal yapıları etkileme yeteneği
nedeniyle, liderlik kavramını kişilik ve nesil açısından değerlendirmek yararlı
olacaktır. Bu çerçevede
çalışmamız ülkenin ve dünyanın gelecek elli yılına yön verecek olan Y-Kuşağı
bireylerinin kişilik özellikleri ve liderlik algıları arasında ilişki olup
olmadığını, üniversite öğrencilerinden oluşan çalışma grubuyla ortaya koymayı
hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla, çalışmanın ölçme araçları Mersin ili sınırları
içerisinde bulunan devlet ve özel üniversitelere devam etmekte olan son sınıf
öğrencilerine uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerle yapılan analizlerde, özel
veya kamu üniversitesi öğrencisi olma durumuna göre dışadönüklük ve sorumluluk
kişilik alt boyutlarında istatistiki olarak anlamlı farklılık ortaya çıkarken,
aynı değişkenin liderlik uygulamaları alt boyutlarında farklık yaratmadığı
görülmüştür. Kişilik ile liderlik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin
değerlendirmesinde duygusal denge kişilik alt boyutu ile hiçbir liderlik alt
boyutu arasında istatistiki bir ilişki olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Sorumluluk
kişilik alt boyutunun ise vizyon oluşturma ve risk alma liderlik alt
boyutlarıyla ilişkili değilken diğer üç alt boyutla korelasyonu olduğu
bulunmuştur. Uyumluluk, dışadönüklük ve deneyime açıklık kişilik özelliklerinin
ise tüm kişilik alt boyutlarıyla negatif yönlü ilişkiye sahip oldukları
belirlenmiştir.
Microstructure of chromium spinel and pyrite as indicators of thermomechanical history of chromitite from Kenting melange, Taiwan
Authors: Hwang Shyh-Lung , Shen Pouyan , Chu Hao-Tsu , Jeng Ruey-Chang
Published: May 2019

Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the microstructure of chromium spinel and pyrite in the serpentinized chromitite occurrence of the Kenting melange at Hengchun, southern Taiwan. The deformation episodes of the Hengchun chromitite were then inferred from the defect microstructures on the basis of the known creep behaviour of analogue spinel materials and pyrite. Dislocations arranged as dipoles, tangles and subgrain boundaries were found in chromium spinel indicating that the chromium spinel was probably plastically deformed and polygonized later in the upper mantle.

The dislocations arranged as dipoles, loops, tangles and subgrain boundaries in pyrite correspond probably to later episodes of the ocean floor metamorphism during which dynamic recrystallization of pyrite occurred, together with brittle deformation of chromium spinel. The breccias of chromium spinel and pyrite are in part due to brittle deformation during emplacement of the ophiolite at a convergent plate boundary.
Diversity of fluids in the formation of ore assemblages in the Bohemian Massif (Czechoslovakia)
Authors: Ďurišová Jana
Published: May 2019

Fluid inclusions in minerals from various ore assemblages in the Czech part of the Bohemian Massif were studied by optical microthermometry.

Tin and tungsten vein and greisen deposits related to the early hydrothermal post-magmatic activity of Variscan granitic plutons were formed at temperatures between 300 and 500 °C from chloride solutions, NaCl being the main component. The presence of two unmixing fluids (low salinity ~ 5 wt.% NaCl equiv. and brines 35-40 wt.% NaCl) is typical. CO2 is present only in neglibible amounts (a few mol. %).

Hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits and fluorite-barite veins (without any relationship with magmatism) originated from fluids of moderate to high salinity (9-25 wt.% NaCl equiv.) and complex composition (Na, Ca, Mg salts), which did not contain CO2. Fluorite deposits were formed in the temperature range 110-150 °C, whereas polymetallic ore veins were formed at 100-280 °C.

The metamorphosed ores (massive sulphide and gold deposits) contain fluids characterized by the presence of H2O, CO2 and CH4. A high density of CO2 is common (500-960 kg/m3), and corresponding with the metamorphic conditions. A change in the fluid composition with metamorphic grade is evident. As grade decreases, the amount of CO2 falls, methane appears and the amount of water increases. The salinity of fluids varied from 5 to 20 wt.% NaCl equiv. (NaCl predominates).
Détermination des teneurs en carbone de quelques verres basaltiques ; analyses par réactions nucléaires
Authors: Métrich Nicole , Mosbah Michelle
Published: May 2019

Carbon concentrations have been determined in basaltic glasses using the 12C(d,p)13C nuclear reaction technique. The selected energy of the incident charged particles (1.4 MeV) allows an accurate determination of the deep carbon. In oceanic tholeiitic glasses (glassy rims of pillow-lava) from E.P.R. (20°49') carbon ranges in concentration from 30 ppm (close to the detection limit) to 130 ppm (PCO2) = 25-30 MPa) after the nucleation of the CO2 vesicles. The dissolved carbon contents of the alkali basalt glasses, trapped in the olivine phenocrysts (Fo81.7) from Etna volcano, vary from 450 to 700 ppm. But carbonates (daughter minerals) occur on the walls of the shrinkage bubbles of the melt inclusions as the result of post-entrapment reactions between a CO2 fluid phase and the glass. Carbon is much lower (60 ppm) in the melt inclusions of olivine (Fo82.96) from Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion Island). Our results exhibit :

— a heterogeneous distribution of carbon in the submarine glasses, probably related with the CO2 vesicles nucleation process,

— a relation between the carbon content of the melt inclusions and the pressure (PCO2) of crystallization of the host mineral.
Georges Le Rider et le Cabinet des médailles de la Bibliothèque nationale
Authors: Duyrat Frédérique
Published: May 2019

Georges Le Rider (1928-2014) a été successivement conservateur des monnaies grecques (1958-1961) puis conservateur en chef (1961-1975) du Cabinet des médailles de la Bibliothèque nationale. Durant ces années, il a profondément marqué la numismatique grecque en la transformant en discipline historique à part entière alors qu’elle était encore souvent limitée à une pratique érudite et antiquaire. Il a aussi complètement transformé le Cabinet des Médailles, son organisation administrative, le traitement des collections, les acquisitions, les locaux eux-mêmes et le musée, le plus ancien de France, dont il a obtenu l’extension et la modernisation après de nombreuses années de fermeture.
Les dernières monnaies d’argent du Péloponnèse (2)
Authors: Grandjean Catherine
Published: May 2019

Publication of the Zougra-Pellene hoard 1859 (IGCH 261) and study in progress of the Olympia 1939/ 1940 hoard (IGCH 270) provide new data on the last silver Peloponnesian coins, issued by the Achaian koinon and by a few cities. The chronology of these series (during the Achaian War ca. 146 or much later, until the 40s BC) is challenged. The aim of this paper is to include both hoards into the relative chronology of the so-called “ Achaian League Hoards”, in order to see the progression of the deposits. It seems that, concerning the coins of the Achaian koinon, the Zougra hoard gives an earlier numismatic contex than the Olympia hoard.
À propos de quelques trésors : la circulation monétaire en Asie Mineure à la fin du IIIe siècle av. J.-C.
Authors: Marcellesi Marie-Christine
Published: May 2019

Three tetradrachm-hoards found in the excavations of the Asclepieion of Pergamon (IGCH 1303) and Gordion in Phrygia (IGCH 1405, 1406) are analysed from the perspective which was that of G. Le Rider in his works on monetary circulation. Buried in the last decade of the 3rd century B. C., they show the decline of Alexander’s type drachms and the development of new Attic-weight coinages in Asia Minor ; some features are explained by the presence of the Gauls. Three other hoards, from Gordion (IGCH 1401, 1403) and Oylum Höyügü (CH 9, 501) are also discussed.
Aigai, Zeus Olympios et le terroir de l’Αἰγαΐς
Authors: Boulay Thibaut
Published: May 2019

The presence of Zeus on the wreathed coinage of Aegae issued in the middle of the 2nd century BC and afterwards on its bronze coinage until the 3rd century AD may be related to the extension of the city’s territory during the Hellenistic era and in particular to the absorption of the neighboring city of Olympos and its tutelary gods. The cult of Zeus Olympios in the highlands of Aeolis also cemented the kinship between the Aeolians of Asia and the Aeolians of Thessaly. Finally, the god ensured the fertility of the burned land of the Αἰγαΐς, favorable to the development of viticulture.
Les statères aux types de Philippe II de Macédoine : de l’Égée à la Gaule, des originaux aux imitations
Authors: Nieto Sylvia , Olivier Julien
Published: May 2019

The staters with types of Philip II of Macedonia are as crucial an issue for specialists of the Greek world – in which they are one of the main gold coinages – as for those of Gaul, where these coins were much imitated. This article aims to provide a cross-perspective on these staters, both as a Greek coinage and as the model for a large number of Gaulish gold coinages. We first offer a revised inventory of original staters found in Gaul based on the existing literature and a table summarizing the first series of imitations. Through the study of the main series issued in Macedonia and in northern Asia Minor, we then try to give a more accurate view of the circumstances and extent of import the gold coins of Philip in Gaul. Finally, after replacing these phenomena in the context of transition and expansion of the Celtic world in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, we discuss the various hypotheses explaining the arrival of these coins in Gaul.
Diva Paulina in Rome and in the East
Authors: Calomino Dario
Published: May 2019

Cette étude propose un réexamen de l’ensemble des sources (littéraires, épigraphiques et numismatiques) disponibles à propos de Diva Caecilia Paulina, femme de l’empereur Maximin le Thrace. En raison de l’extrême rareté des sources la concernant et compte tenu du fait que les auteurs anciens l’évoquent quasi-exclusivement en tant de «Diva » , les chercheurs ont généralement considéré que Paulina était déjà décédée au moment où Maximin prit le pouvoir. Toutefois, cette idée se fonde essentiellement sur l’étude des sources de nature impériale. Or, l’analyse de rares inscriptions et monnaies issues des provinces laisse penser qu’en Orient, Paulina a pu être honorée de son vivant en tant qu’Augusta, et permet de remettre en question les opinions traditionnelles quant au milieu culturel et social duquel elle est issue.
L’atelier tétrarchique d’Alexandrie de 304 à 307
Authors: Dharmadhikari Jay
Published: May 2019

The nummi struck in the Alexandrian mint at the end of the first Tetrarchy obviously break the uniformity of the Tetrarchic coinage while using new reverse legends :

HERCVLI -VICTORI for Maximian Hercules Augustus and Constantius Chlorus Caesar, IOVI CO-NS CAES for Diocletian Augustus and Maximian Galerius Caesar. This aes coinage continued to be struck during the second and the third Tetrarchies, also using new types of reverse, with a restored gold coinage and a short reappearance of silver coinage. This constitutes a specific iconographic program for the time which is certainly to be linked in particular to the political, economic and religious background of the city of Alexandria at the beginning of the 4th Century. Considered as a whole, this coinage is far more diverse and complex than it is usually thought.
Matériaux pour servir à la numismatique byzantine tardive : le « CNG hoard »
Authors: Morrisson Cécile , Papadopoulou Pagona
Published: May 2019

This collection – probably a hoard – of 93 Byzantine copper coins (1204-1341) together with a grosh of Ivan Alexander and an asper of the Golden Horde, was offered on the market by CNG in 1993. Dumbarton Oaks acquired 15 and the BnF 18 specimens. The detailed inventory, originally made by Peter Lampinen, is updated here. The “ CNG hoard” is thus added to the rare mid-fourteenth-century deposits known to now (Prilep, Longuet, Serres, Vidin, Pella). It differs from them by the mix of issues from the two Byzantine mints : Constantinople and Thessalonica.
Les monnaies de Phalsbourg et Lixheim conservées à la BnF : un héritage de la collection royale
Authors: Charlet Christian
Published: May 2019

The coins of Henriette de Lorraine (1633-1634), princess of Phalsbourg and Lixheim, preserved in the Cabinet des Médailles of the BnF were inventoried in 1846 and 1862 without any regard to their origin. Further catalogues, from 1865 through 2002, let the question aside. Besides, these issues were not related to monetary ordinances that cried several of them down at that time. In fact five silver and billon issues have been found mentioned in the ancient inventories of the royal collection as well as other informations in the documents bequeathed by Morel-Fatio to the Cabinet in 1887. These discoveries allow now to present an updated catalogue of the issues, respecting the types of monetary imitations decreed by this princess.
The role of network administrative organizations in the development of social capital in inter-organizational food networks
Authors: Virginie M. Lefebvre  , Adrienn Molnár  , Xavier Gellynck
Published: May 2019

This paper is concerned with the role of network administrative organizations (NAOs) in the development of social capital in interorganizationalnetworks aiming at supporting their members to innovate in the food sector through interacting with one another. A multi-case study approach is used whereby three Belgian interorganizational networks are investigated i.e. Wagralim, Réseau-Club and Flanders Food.Our study shows that there are many options available to NAOs to build social capital within the networks they are responsible for. We propose to categorize these options in three main distinct groups. First, NAOs may nurture the development of social capital within the network through creating ‘space’ boundary objects which appear, in our study, to be an absolute precondition for the development of interactions and hence creation of ties between network members. Second, NAOs may impact the development of social capital by favoring certain members – or set of members – over others due to their characteristics such as good reputation, possession of common past experiences, multidisciplinary  experiences, non-conflicting goals, similarity in terms of sector of activity and/or experience level and common mindset towards information exchange. Third and finally, NAOs may foster social capital development by enhancing effective communication between members on the one hand, and between members and the NAOs’ coordination and decision bodies on the other hand, via a clear mandate, network decision makingbodies composed of members, the use of ex-post evaluations and formal governance mechanisms (e.g. legal contracts), and the selection of staff endowed with a proactive and perspective taking behavior and able to show neutrality when conflict arise.
Mapping agricultural performance and environmental parameters aimed at generic regional studies
Authors: Károly Livius Bakos  , Attila Dobos  , János Nagy
Published: May 2019

In this paper we present the interim results and the methodology applied to create web GIS ready cartographic representations of agricultural performance related information and environmental parameters. The main aim of the research is to eventually create a web GIS based decision  support system that can enable decsision makers and general users to create useful and representative map layouts of certain environment and agriculture related phenomena that can be easily analyzed and interpreted to make strategic decisions on environmental issues. In this aim the initial steps are to evaluate the available data for cartographic representation, analyze the possibilities of visualization, create a GIS ready data structure and implement the database and revise additional possibilities to incorporate further environment related datasets of auxiliary sources. The main results of the study are a comprehensive set of visual layouts that could serve as guideline for mapping statistical information of agriculture and some steps towards the incorporation of environmental parameters to the system.
Modern approaches to assessment of PAHs bioavailability in soil for environmental toxicology research
Authors: B. V. Krektun  , V. V. Snitynskiy  , B. Maliszewszka-Kordibach  , B. Smreczak
Published: May 2019

The efficiency of TENAX beads sorption method enabling to separate the bioavailable fraction of PAHs in the soil has been estimated. Due to the method the PAHs effects on soil biota have been explored. Laboratory investigations have ascertained possibility of application of TENAX beads sorption for soil quality assessment.
Towards good land governance in Ukraine
Authors: Kuryltsiv Roman
Published: May 2019

The article presents the analysis of transformation of land governance system in Ukraine and explores peculiarities of every component of that system. The carried investigation reveals problematic aspects and the ways for improvement of state land policy, land reform conducting, land management instruments applying and land administration system building to promote good governance in land sector of Ukraine.
Environmental inspection agro tech – guarantee sustainable development agricultural systems
Authors: Makarenko Natalia , Bondor Valeria , Makarenko Volodymur
Published: May 2019

Shown the expediency of the environmental expertise technologies of growing crops in terms of impact on soil fertility, crop phytosanitary status, quality, chemicals migration, biological soil activity, crop productivity, which ensure avoidance of adverse impact on the environment and human health.
Land use changes in suburban areas – case study of Lublin
Authors: Mariola Ferenc
Published: May 2019

The main reason to analyzing the space structure in the Lublin area is to determine the direction and pace of suburbanization in municipalities adjacent to Lublin, distinction factors and motives of population movements to the suburbs, complain rural-urban interaction and multifunctionality of land use. Housing development over the years was accompanied by confusion in planning documents and the law. Changes in regulations on land use in 1994 and 2003 in Poland additionally deepened the negative situation. Local authorities failed to control the spontaneous process of suburbanization, which adversely affected not only the spatial structure of municipalities, but also on local relationship, landscape, land use and the former urban systems. The result are long-term problems associated with incompatibility rural areas to support a growing number of residents, such as failure of the social and technical infrastructure.
Some basic problems concerning world animal production at the beginning of the XXI century
Authors: Horn Péter
Published: May 2019

The author summarizes the main new challenges facing animal agriculture: growing GDP in many countries increasing animal protein demand, bioenergy industry as a new player using potential food or feedstuffs, increasing demand, Growing water and land scarcity, weaking the position of plant agriculture, feed production. Forecasts are summarized regarding the magnitude of meat consumption increases, and the possible plant biomass quantities required additionally in the next 20 years to cover the needs of food, feed and biofuel on a global scale.Efficiencies of various animal production sectors, poultry, pork, beef, mutton meat, milk and eggs and their environmental footprints are compared, summarizing the most important research  results concerning UK, USA, OECD evaluations. Intensive systems using highly productive plant and animal population will play an even more important role in the future especially in poultry, pig, milk and aquaculture production system being efficient users of resources (feed, water, land) and the environmental foot print is smaller per unit product.
A decade of Australian reconstructive burn surgery in Nepal 2004-2014
Authors: Pennington David G
Published: May 2019

Nepal is a nation with an emerging economy that traditionally has faced challenges related to terrain, weather, political instability, natural disasters and poverty. It has a very high rate of burn injury. Due to the above factors, adequate primary treatment of burns is frequently rudimentary, resulting in a significant burden of human misery in the form of chronic debilitating burn-scar contractures. For several decades, international health teams have played a significant role in relieving the burden of disease and deformity, such as cleft lip and palate and burn-scar reconstruction. The current article summarises the experience of an Australian surgical team assembled to manage problems of burn-scar contracture in Nepal over the ten-year period 2004–2014.
A novel application of the lotus petal flap in high-risk perineal urethrostomy: principles and outcomes
Authors: Reilly Daniel J , Sham Eric K , Chee Justin BL , Chauhan Ajay
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Perineal urethrostomy is a valuable technique in the management of complex anterior urethral strictures, as well as following penectomy or urethrectomy. Traditional techniques that employ perineal or scrotal skin flaps have documented failure rates of up to 30 per cent. Current techniques for salvage have only modest success, leaving patients few options other than permanent suprapubic catheter or cystectomy and ileal conduit formation. Results: We present a new method of perineal urethrostomy using perforator-based lotus petal flaps in cases which were high risk or unsuitable for traditional perineal urethrostomy techniques, or where traditional strategies had failed. All patients demonstrated continent voiding at a minimum of 22 months follow-up, with patency confirmed by flexible cystoscopy. No complications were encountered.**Conclusion**: Utilisation of lotus petal flaps in high-risk cases of perineal urethrostomy will lead to significant improvements in patient outcomes. The availability of larger amounts of soft tissue coverage will obviate the need for compromise on either resection of involved urethra, or calibre and inset of urethrostomy. This will subsequently minimise the rates of failure, reduce the requirement for urinary diversion procedures and lead to improved quality of life.
Developing professional judgement in surgical trainees: the role of critical reflection
Authors: Gray Timothy W , Coombs Christopher J
Published: May 2019

Critical reflection is a disciplined process that aims to critically evaluate everyday medical practices to more fully understand and learn from them. It can lead to improved professionalism and clinical reasoning and is increasingly seen as a core component of continuing professional development in a number of disciplines. While critical reflection is a central element of expert surgical practice, its processes are often tacit and hence invisible to trainees. In this paper, we describe a pilot project aimed at introducing critical reflection techniques into a plastic surgery training program. We also discuss the use of critical reflection as a tool to allow learning surgeons to develop, observe and critique their own clinical thinking, and outline a framework for surgical supervisors and trainers to guide, monitor and assess the development of professional judgement in their trainees.
The evolution of head and neck reconstruction
Authors: Ch'ng Sydney , Neligan Peter C
Published: May 2019

Like most areas of plastic surgery, head and neck reconstruction has evolved considerably over the past half century, incorporating new techniques and innovations. Inmany parts of the world it has become part of the specialty of head and neck surgery, which itself evolved from general surgery, plastic surgery and otolaryngology, such that it is no longer thought of as part of plastic surgery alone. This discipline now includes new techniques, new flaps and new approaches. In addition, we have seen the blending of hitherto unrelated subspecialties, so that microsurgery and craniofacial surgery are now often practiced by a new breed of practitioners who are trained in both techniques. We have also seen a blending of resection and reconstruction, often by the same surgeon, which though it may seem like a new approach, is how it was done originally. The sheer scope of the subject prevents this paper from being exhaustive, so we attempt to give a broad overview of the changes and to give some background on how and why these advances happened. Such an overview is considered timely and useful for an early issue of this journal. Key references are cited to provide further reading.
Imaging of perforasome territories: the evolution of techniques
Authors: Rozen Warren M , Leung Rachael , Chae Michael P , Hunter-Smith David J
Published: May 2019

Background: Perforator flaps are widely used in reconstructive plastic surgery and technological advances in preoperative imaging have facilitated improvements in flap perfusion and clinical outcomes. The ‘perforasome’ concept describes the vascular territory supplied by a single arterial perforator and the imaging of these zones of perfusion has become increasingly advanced. Methods: This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the current literature on perforasome imaging. A review of the literature was performed using PubMed and Medline. Historical and background studies were also included for completeness. Results: The review identified an initial 858 records for assessment, with 52 studies formally reviewed. To date, there is largely level III and IV evidence for the available imaging techniques, although level II studies are emerging. There is currently no level I evidence for any imaging technique. Conclusion: There have been significant developments in imaging techniques since the introduction of the perforasome concept nearly a decade ago. In this review we have described the evolution of these methods over time, from simple perforator location to advanced three- and four-dimensional imaging and real-time dynamic perfusion imaging. With this progression and ongoing innovation, we believe perforasome imaging has the potential to improve outcomes in perforator flap surgery.
Measuring quality of life and patient satisfaction in hand conditions
Authors: Sierakowski Kyra L , Evans Sanchez Kathleen A , Damarell Rachael A , Dean Nicola R , Griffin Philip A , Bain Gregory I
Published: May 2019

Background: Patient reported outcomes are important for the assessment of the effectiveness of surgical interventions. If patient reported outcome measures are used to prioritise resources, then it is important to ensure that the instruments are scientifically valid. This review aims to assess whether the currently available patient reported outcome measures in hand surgery adhere to international development guidelines and whether they incorporate the use of item response theory or Rasch Analysis. Methods: A systematic review was performed to identify all patient reported outcome measures that are relevant to the field of hand surgery. An a priori protocol with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria was followed. Only instruments developed in the English language were included. A comprehensive search of nine databases was undertaken. The development methodology of the identified instruments was then analysed, followed by examination of the domain content and initial psychometric validation of each instrument. Results: A total of 3,039 article citations were retrieved, 139 citations went on to a full text review. A total of 24 patient reported outcome instruments were identified. This consisted of 10 regional upper limbs, six hand and/or wrist specific and a further eight condition specific instruments. Documentation of the details of patient reported outcome measure development was lacking for many instruments. Conclusion: The field of hand surgery has many instruments available, but few fulfil international development guidelines or use item response theory or Rasch Analysis psychometric techniques. There are limitations in either the breadth of the domains explored, or the developmental methodology used in all currently available instruments.
Using collagenase to treat Dupuytren’s disease: a hypothetical cost benefit analysis
Authors: Livingston Ryan , Wagels Michael , Heald Alicia
Published: May 2019

Background: Collagenase, an enzyme produced by clostridium histolyticum (CCH), is a relatively new injection able to cleave collagen strands in vitro. While not yet available on the PBS, the side effect profile and risk of recurrence of collegenase injections are comparable to fasciectomy in appropriately selected patients. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the safety and cost-effectiveness of collagenase for the treatment of Dupuytren’s disease.
Method: Twenty-five patients at our hospital received collagenase injections for treatment of their Dupuytren’s disease. Data from this cohort was compared to a hypothetical group extrapolated from the literature.
Results: Surgical treatment, excluding outpatient visits, costs on average AU$5852 per patient and collagenase costs AU$1176 per patient (gross cost difference AU$4676). Moderating this cost difference by the effect of complications using the incremental cost effectiveness ratio, the cost saving is AU$1137.71 per unit decrease in complications with collagenase treatment. Surgical fasciectomy has a lower risk of recurrence than collagenase but costs up to AU$543 more for patients for whom the condition does not recur within five years of treatment. In our cohort, 25 patients had 31 cords injected with collagenase. All but two patients achieved full range of motion of their affected joint and 20 per cent sustained minor skin tears requiring dressings.
Conclusion: This analysis suggests that the investment of public health funds in the treatment of suitable patients with collagenase should produce a substantial cost saving without increasing the risk of complications.
Collagenase injections for Dupuytren’s in Australian public hospitals: a cost analysis
Authors: Elliott Devlin , Bindra Randy , Roychowdhury Sujoy , Comans Tracy , Fletcher Jason
Published: May 2019

Background: Collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) injection is an established alternative to surgical fasciectomy in selected patients with Dupuytren’s contracture. Collagenase is currently not listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme creating a barrier to its use in the Australian public health system. This study compares the cost of CCH delivered in an outpatient setting with a comparable surgical fasciectomy cohort, calculated retrospectively.
Methods: A retrospective audit of hospital data was conducted to determine the cost of single-digit surgical fasciectomy compared to CCH treatment delivered in an outpatient setting. Medicare Benefits Schedule coding was used to identify surgical fasciectomy patients between March 2014 and April 2015. The CCH group was prospectively followed from June 2014 to March 2016.
Results: Thirty-seven patients were successfully treated with CCH, with one patient requiring two injections. This group required less follow-up visits (4.0 outpatient clinic and 4.9 allied health) compared to the surgical group (n=38; 4.4 outpatient clinic and 6.1 allied health). The total cost of treatment for the CCH group was AU$2589 compared to a mean total of AU$6155 for the surgical group (AU$3574– AU$14,599)—a potential saving of AU$119,698.
Conclusion: The overall cost of CCH is substantially lower than surgical fasciectomy despite the cost of the medication (AU$1206). Additionally, CCH patients avoid a visit to the operating room thereby freeing up theatre time that is generally under pressure with long public waiting lists.
Superomedial pedicle reduction mammaplasty with and without drains: a comparative analysis
Authors: Liang Derek G , Harish Varun , Merten Steven L
Published: May 2019

Background: Postoperative suction drainage following reduction mammaplasty are purported to reduce complications such as haematoma, seroma, delayed wound healing and loss of nipple or areola. The aim of this study is to compare the complication profile of breast reduction surgery patients who received postoperative drains and those who did not.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of 172 patients over the period January 2011 to June 2017 were identified. Statistical analysis with regression modelling was used to compare the complication profile between patients who had and had not received postoperative drainage.
Results: Patients were divided between ‘drained’ (n=86) and ‘drainless’ (n=86) cohorts with no significant difference in age, smoking and diabetic status between the two groups (p>0.05). Mean body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in the drained group (29.0) compared to 25.7 in the drainless cohort (p<0.05). Patients in the drained group also had a significantly higher breast weight reduction (660g compared to 536g, p<0.05). There was significantly more vertical skin resection patterns in the drained group (n=25 or 29.1%) compared to the drainless group (n=8 or 9.3%) (with p=0.001). Using multivariate logistic regression, drains resulted in a slightly lower risk for complications but this difference was not statistically significant (OR 0.84; 95% CI=0.39-1.81; p=0.66). However, BMI was strongly associated with complications (p=0.007).
Conclusions: Our results support the contention that routine postoperative drain insertion in reduction mammaplasty does not significantly reduce complications irrespective of the patient’s BMI, breast tissue reduction weight, use of liposuction or skin resection pattern.
Complications of polyacrylamide gel filler in the Asian-Australian population
Authors: Shen Amanda Yang , Lin Frank
Published: May 2019

Polyacrylamide gel (PAAG), known as Aquamid® (Contura Limited, London, United Kingdom, EC4A 1LB) in Australia, is a hydrophilic, non-toxic substance introduced in the 1970s as a soft tissue filler. Banned in the late 1990s due to concerns regarding side effects such as breast cancer and glandular atrophy, there is currently no published data regarding PAAG fillers in the Australian literature. Given the increasing population of Chinese immigrants to Australia, complications will likely be seen more frequently within our healthcare system in the coming decades. This case series highlights two case in Australia with discussion of symptoms, signs and best-practice management.