bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The attached algae of the Clyde and Garnock Estuaries
Authors: Wilkinson Martin , Fuller Ian , Rendall David
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

During the period of severe sewage pollution of the Clyde Estuary and severe industrial pollution of the Garnock Estuary, these two estuaries could be distinguished by unusual abundances of one particular alga in each estuary, respectivelyMelosira nummuloidesandRosenvingiella polyrhiza.However, in terms of species presence data alone these estuaries did not differ from others in the British Isles. The unusual abundances of these two algal species might be ascribed to their special characteristics, related to the polluted conditions in the estuaries.
Classification and Phylogenetic Significance of Molluscan Shell Microstructure
Authors: Carter Joseph G. , Clark George R.
Published: June 2019

Like most classifications of molluscan shell microstructure published during the past 25 years (e.g., MacClintock, 1967; Kobayashi, 1964, 1971; Taylor, Kennedy and Hall, 1969, 1973; Grégoire, 1972a), the present one is based largely on Bøggild's (1930) monographic work, redefined from a modern perspective of combined light and scanning electron microscopy. However, this is the first attempt to integrate shell microstructure terminology for mollusks with that employed by students of bryozoan and brachiopod shell microstructure (e.g., Williams, 1968a,b, 1970, 1973; Williams and Wright, 1970; Armstrong 1968, 1969; Sandberg, 1971, 1977; Brunton, 1972; MacKinnon, 1974, 1977; MacKinnon and Williams, 1974; Iwata, 1981, 1982). An integration of nomenclatorial schemes is desirable for purposes of interphylum comparison, and is presently needed because there is considerable overlap and inconsistency in the application of microstructural terminology even within single molluscan classes. The present synthesis of shell microstructure nomenclature is possible primarily because of the extensive data base of invertebrate shell mineralogy, microstructure and especially ultrastructure published in more than 300 references in the past 15 years. To these data, the authors have contributed original information of shell mineralogy and microstructure for scores of Recent and fossil mollusks, brachiopods and bryozoans, with a clear emphasis on bivalved mollusks. Many inadequately described microstructure terms have been reanalyzed during the course of this study, either by examining species cited in the literature, or by using closely related species. Perhaps because they are better studied, but probably for other reasons as well, the diversity of molluscan shell microstructures is considerably greater than that of brachiopods and bryozoans combined (Carter, 1979). Consequently, most of the present nomenclature is based on mollusks, and only three of the major microstructural arrangements described in this guide (crossed bladed, semi-nacreous and semi-foliated) were known first in brachiopods or bryozoans and later recognized in molluscs.
Flat rate versus step feeding of concentrates for dairy cows
Authors: Poole D A
Published: June 2019

Two trials have compared flat rate feeding in which cows received the same amount of concentrates each day, with a step system in which higher levels were fed in early lactation. Whereas step feeding is similar to traditional methods of concentrate allocation, flat rate feeding is a recently developed system. It is practised with success on some farms and has the advantage of simplicity, since it is not necessary to separate or identify cows-for concentrate feeding.
The response of store lambs to protein supplementation of alkali treated straw based diets
Authors: Marchment Susan M. , Miller E.L.
Published: June 2019

Factors affecting voluntary food intake (VFI) in ruminants are well documented and suggest that both physical and chemical factors are involved. An understanding of VFI controls is important for the formulation of economical diets to achieve maximum levels of production.

The effect of protein supply on VFI is unclear. While the need for rumen degradable protein (RDP) to maximise microbial activity and consequently VFI is clearly established ARC (1960), the effect of undegraded dietary protein (UDP) on VFI is equivocal.
The effect of silage dry matter content and protein supplementation on the intake and performance of housed store lambs
Authors: Stone C R , Appleton M
Published: June 2019

Silage based diets fed to store lambs have often produced unsatisfactory growth rates. The factors affecting silage dry matter intake and the utilisation of silage by store lambs are not clearly understood.

In each of two years 1981/2 and 1982/3 spring born store lambs (initial liveweight 31 kg) were housed from October until January. Three types of silage were fed ad-libitum:-

1. Unwilted + additive (UN + A).

2. Wilted + additive (W + A).

3. Wilted without additive (W).

Two groups of 23 lambs were fed on each type of silage; one group without supplementation (Nil) and the other at 60 g white fishmeal per lamb per day (WFM).
Studies on the effect of the gut microflora on dietary nitrogen digestibility in pigs
Authors: Ratcliffe B. , Low A.G.
Published: June 2019

Proteins which escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine of the pig are extensively metabolized by the microbial flora of the large intestine. It is known that bacterial enzymes are potentially capable of catabolizing all amino acids (Michel, 1966). Furthermore, it has been shown that virtually all soluble protein or amino acids introduced into the caecum are rapidly metabolized, absorbed (presumably as ammonia, amines etc.) and the nitrogen (N) derived from them is rapidly excreted as urea (Zebrowska, 1973). This has led to the general recognition that the amino acid composition is not a reliable measure of undigested dietary amino acids in pigs. It has been estimated that only 6% of faecal N is of undigested dietary origin, while the remainder is of bacterial or endogenous origin (Low, Sambrook & Yoshimoto, 1978). It was therefore of interest to estimate which proportions of faecal N derived from a barley-soya diet, are of either bacterial, endogenous or undigested dietary origin. We have used germ-free or conventional miniature pigs for this work because they are small enough to be kept in our isolators for periods of up to 20 weeks. It is emphasised that this is a preliminary report on our first efforts at raising miniature pigs under germ-free conditions.
An additive and linear general energy scale
Authors: Emmans G.C.
Published: June 2019

Armsby (1903) coined the term metabolisable energy, ME, for the gross energy of a diet less the energy in the faeces, urine and methane apparently produced from it. He stated an animal's requirement for ME as the sum of its fasting heat production, FHP, its positive energy retention, ER, and the heat increment, HI. In this paper a general method for predicting HI is proposed and tested.
The performance of pigs genetically resistant to k88 E. coli
Authors: Walters J.R. , Sellwood R.
Published: June 2019

In some pig herds it is common for 20% or more of pigs born alive to die before weaning, indeed the national average across all herds is approximately 12% (Meat and Livestock Commission, 1983). A large number of these deaths are caused by Esherichia coli, of which up to half are caused by the K88 serotype (Walters and Sellwood, 1982). Several reports (eg. Gibbons, Sellwood, Burrows and Hunter, 1977) have shown that resistance to K88 E. coli is inherited as a simple Mendelian recessive. Of potential practical significance is the evidence that suggests that the sole use of resistant boars within a herd would prevent any K88 scour since the only susceptible progeny produced would be born to susceptible dams which would provide passive maternal protection to their piglets. However, the obvious advantage in using resistant boars in a herd would be nullified if performance of the offspring was significantly lower in important economic traits. Two trials on different farms were set up to investigate this possibility.
The Effect of Extended Photoperiod in Winter on the Growth and Coat Characteristics of Heifer Calves
Authors: Bourne R.A. , Trump P.R. , Kirk J.A.
Published: June 2019

Additional daily artificial illumination during winter has been reported to increase growth rates in both cattle and sheep.

In an experiment conducted at Seale-Hayne College between September 22, 1982 and March 29, 1983, 20 Hereford x Friesian heifer calves (approximately 7 days of age at the start of the trial) were randomly allocated to either a natural daylength treatment or an artificially supplemented 16L:8D photoperiod. Animals were weaned at 5 weeks of age and then fed on a restricted concentrate ration (2.5 kg/head/day) with hay provided ad libitum. Body weight, girth and height at shoulder measurements were taken at 2-week intervals. Hair samples (4 cm2) were taken from the mid-flank on January 13.
Whole grain cereal diets for rabbits
Authors: Payne Mary , Owen E. , Capper B.S. , Wood J.F.
Published: June 2019

The suitability of feeding whole grain cereal (maize or sorghum) in diets was investigated in three individual-feeding trials conducted under simulated tropical conditions. In each trial rabbits were allocated to one of four diets (Table 1); complete pelleted diet based on maize (PM), whole maize plus pelleted concentrate supplement (WM), complete pelleted diet based on sorghum (PS) or whole sorghum plus pelleted concentrate supplement (WS). In Trial 1 whole maise and whole sorghum contained 84 and 103 g crude protein/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. In Trials 3 and 3 whole maize and whole sorghum contained 60 and 98 g crude protein/kg DM and 18.87 and 18.67 MJ gross energy/kg DM respectively.
An intraruminal soluble glass bolus containing melatonin — a potential system for early lamb production
Authors: Poulton A.L. , Symons A.M. , Kelly M.I. , Arendt J.
Published: June 2019

Seasonal changes in daylength (photoperiod) are effectively monitored by the eye transmitting a neural signal to the pineal gland which responds by secreting a hormone, melatonin, during the hours of darkness. Decreasing daylength is accompanied by an increase in the duration of melatonin secretion and stimulates breeding activity in sheep.

It has been demonstrated that both timed (afternoon feeding and injection) and continuous (subcutaneous and vaginal implant) administration of supplementary melatonin to ewes in mid-summer mimics the effect of short or decreasing photoperiod and can advance the onset of breeding activity. Such treatments can also increase relative fecundity at early mating by phase-advancing the mid-breeding season peak in ovulation rate. As the U.K. is not sufficient in lamb production and bearing in mind the economic pressure for early lamb marketing, effective melatonin treatment offers considerable potential for commercial application.
The effect of strain, initial liveweight and feed type on the growth, performance and carcass characteristics of Scottish Blackface lambs
Authors: Lloyd M. , Clark I.A. , McClelland T.H. , Phillips P. , Dickson I.A. , Waterhouse A. , MacCalman D.
Published: June 2019

Store lambs produced from hill ewes make a significant contribution to lamb meat production, particularly during the winter months. Studies of store stock marketing in Scotland reveal that hill store lambs are criticised frequently for unpredictable growth, poor conformation and low carcass and saleable meat yields (1,2). Trials using Scottish Blackface lambs of a single strain and source suggest that poor performance is a function of inappropriate feeding method and premature slaughter (3). This trial looks at strain ,feeding systems and strain:feed interaction as sources of variation in the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Scottish Blackface lambs.
Effect of diet formulation using apparent faecal and ileal amino acid digestibility of heated fish meals on pig performance
Authors: Jagger S. , Wiseman J. , Cole D.J.A.
Published: June 2019

In general apparent ileal digestibility values of amino acids are lower than apparent faecal digestibility values (Just, 1980) and since nitrogen entering the large intestine may not be utilised by the pig (Zebrowska, 1973) apparent ileal digestibility values should offer a better estimation of the nutritive value of dietary protein. However, for this to be confirmed it must be demonstrated that such values when used in diet formulation are more accurate predictors of pig performance. Therefore, a trial was conducted to examine whether the detrimental effect of heat treated fish meal on pig performance could be reduced by formulating diets based upon either apparent faecal or ileal amino acid digestibility values.
Level of wheat bran and saturation of lipid on fibre digestibility in the pig
Authors: Stebbens H R , Morgan C A , Whittemore C T
Published: June 2019

The recent renewed interest in the feeding of fibrous feedstuffs to pigs has been precipitated by a number of economic and welfare issues. To reduce the costs of pig meat production, farmers have increased the use of cheaper ingredients which tend to contain a high proportion of fibre. The feeding of finely ground cereals in intensive systems has been linked with high rates of mortality resultant from gastric lesions. Adding materials rich in fibre can be beneficial in this respect through its effects on the gut environment.

The addition of fibrous feeds to a diet will however have the effect of diluting the energy concentration of the diet and it is likely that counterbalancing levels of high energy materials will need to be added in order to maintain energy levels.

Fibre digestion in the ruminant is known to be depressed by the addition of lipid to a diet and it may be that fermentation in the hind gut of the pig is similarly affected. Tallow, a saturated fat, and maize oil, an unsaturated oil, were used to investigate the effect of saturation of lipid on the digestibility of fibre from wheat bran. The effect of level of wheat bran on fibre digestibility was also examined.
The effects of ecosyl, scotsil and add-f treated grass silages on the intake and performance of friesiah steers
Authors: Weddell J R , Yackiminie D S
Published: June 2019

The use of an effective silage additive to help achieve a good preservation is recommended in poor silage-making conditions. At present over 70 additives are available, varying widely in content, application rate, cost and effectiveness. This trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of three silage additives in improving silage fermentation quality, enhancing animal production and reducing dry matter (DM) losses in silo. Additives studied were the bacterial inoculant Ecosyl, the sulphuric acid based Scotsil and the formic acid product Add-F.
Les origines de l'adoubement chevaleresque: Étude des remises d'armes et du vocabulaire qui les exprime dans les sources historiques latines jusqu'au début du XIIIe siècle
Authors: Flori Jean
Published: June 2019

Lorsqu'on lit dans les documents du 13e siècle qu'un jeune noble a reçu les armes, le ceinturon de la militia ou l'épée, qu'il est devenu ou a été fait miles, ou encore qu'il a été promu à la militia, on traduit tout naturellement que ce jeune noble a été ‘adoubé’; on exprime par ces mots la cérémonie de remise des armes par laquelle il a été ‘fait Chevalier’ et est ainsi entré dans l'Ordre de la Chevalerie. Mais lorsque cette remise d'armes se passe au 9e ou au 10e siècle, bien avant que la chevalerie telle qu'on l'entend généralement soit apparue, on ne peut évidemment pas donner à cet événement la même signification ‘chevaleresque.’
Saint John Chrysostom, ‘De fato et providentia’: A Study of its Authenticity
Authors: Halton Thomas P.
Published: June 2019

Montfaucon's edition of St. John Chrysostom and Migne's Patrologia after him put among the dubia six sermons De fato et providentia (Πεϱὶ εἱμαϱμένης τε ϰαὶ πϱονοίας). In the Admonitio we read: ‘Et vero cum de fato Chrysostomus disserit, alio orationis utitur modo: unde forte nascatur quaedam νοθείας suspicio.’ Henry Savile, in his edition (1612), rejected the view of Fronton du Duc, who had written of these orations: ‘Videntur concionum a Chrysostomo habitarum ἀπανθίσματα potius et florilegia, seu morales digressiones, quam integrae homiliae: necdum tamen areolae et loca unde sunt decerptae, nobis occurrerunt.’ Savile's rejection reads: ‘Non assentior Frontoni Ducaeo has πεϱί πϱονοίας orationes ἀπανθίσματα esse: neque enim memini ea quae hic afferuntur alibi apud hunc nostrum legisse eodem modo dicta.’
Sulcard of Westminster: ‘Prologus de construccione Westmonasterii’
Authors: Scholz Bernhard W.
Published: June 2019

Sulcard, a monk of Westminster in the eleventh century, is the author of the first history of his monastery, the unprintedPrologus de construccione Westmonasterii.In this brief tract he describes the foundation of Westminster in the days, as he claims, of King Æthelberht of Kent, and the patronage and endowment extended by various benefactors, notably Archbishop Dunstan of Canterbury and King Edward the Confessor. Sulcard also records the marvellous dedication of Westminster by St. Peter, patron of the church, and two other miracles worked in Westminster by the prince of the apostles. Another chapter is devoted to King Æthelred II and Alfred the Ætheling. It has nothing to do with Westminster and was obviously inserted to bridge the gap in the history of the monastery between the reigns of Kings Edgar and Edward the Confessor. It does, however, contain some information on Æthelred's siege of Rochester in 986 and a brief reference bearing on the question whether Edward or Alfred was the elder of Æthelred's two sons by Emma. The purpose of this paper is to examine the content of Sulcard'sPrologusand to print for the first time the entire text.
Arctic 2.0: How Artificial Intelligence Can Help Develop a Frontier
Authors: Lin Patrick , Allhoff Fritz
Published: June 2019

Technology has an outsized impact on the modern world; it is how we have tamed our frontiers. But that role is largely ignored when it comes to the Arctic frontier. Emerging technologies, especially AI, can enable desperately needed services and infrastructure—but they can also challenge ethics, law, and policy, as they usually do. For instance, autonomous icebreaker ships pose a dual-use dilemma since they can be used for both humanitarian and military purposes. As a lesson for other frontiers, this article will broadly introduce the potential role of AI in the changing Arctic and some of the ethical concerns that deserve attention before that future arrives.
Decolonizing Global Ethics: Thinking with the Pluriverse
Authors: Hutchings Kimberly
Published: June 2019

This essay examines the idea of the pluriverse as one response to recent calls for the decolonization of international and global ethics. It argues that taking pluriversality seriously challenges prevailing understandings of global ethics as the acquisition and application of moral expertise. Instead of aiming to know the meaning of global justice and then apply it to particular contexts, a pluriversal ethics addresses the question of how to cultivate a practical ethic of coexistence and collaboration with others in an ontologically plural and radically hierarchical world.
SALVIA DAIGUII (LAMIACEAE): A NEW SPECIES FROM WEST HUNAN, CHINA
Authors: Wei Y. K. , Pendry C. A. , Zhang D. G. , Huang Y. B.
Published: June 2019

Salvia daiguii Y.K.Wei & Y.B.Huang, a new species from China, is described. Salvia daiguii belongs to Salvia subg. Glutinaria (Raf.) G.X.Hu, C.L.Xiang & B.T.Drew, sect. Sobiso (Raf.) G.X.Hu, A.Takano & B.T.Drew, and is distinguished from morphologically similar species by differences in its habit, leaves, inflorescences and flowers. It has a narrow distribution in a karst region of Yongding District, Hunan Province, central China. A key to the Chinese species of section Sobiso is also presented.
Development of international genetic evaluations of dairy cattle for sustainable breeding programs
Authors: Fikse W.F. , Philipsson J.
Published: June 2019

A large proportion of dairy foods consumed by humans are produced using milk from commercial dairy breeds. The result of high selection intensities, narrow breeding objectives and ignoring inbreeding in past decades is that much attention now needs to be given to conserving these commercial breeds to maintain and increase food production and meet future demands. The characteristics of a sustainable breeding program are broad breeding objectives, measures to control inbreeding rates and continuous genetic improvement to keep populations competitive. It is necessary to include traits in the breeding objectives that reduce the cost price of products in addition to traits that increase the output of products. Breeding objectives differ between countries (production environments), and together with genotype-environment interaction for single traits (e.g. milk yield) the implication is that ranking of animals for local breeding goals differs between countries (production environments). Acknowledging this in selection programs leads to larger number of selected animals - at least on a global level, adding to the global diversity in commercial dairy cattle populations. Interbull provides international comparisons of bulls from six dairy breeds for most of the economically important traits, thereby enabling global selection for broad breeding objectives in many countries around the world.
Back to the future. How scenarios of future globalisation, biotechnology, disease and climate change can inform present animal genetic resources policy development
Authors: Drucker A.G. , Hiemstra S.J. , Louwaars N. , Oldenbroek J.K. , Tvedt M.W. , Hoffmann I. , Awgichew K. , Kehedé S. Abegaz , Bhat P.N. , da Silva Manante A.
Published: June 2019

With the aim of assessing how exchange practices regarding Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (AnGR) affect the various stakeholders in the livestock sector and to identify policies and regulatory options that could guide the global exchange, use and conservation of AnGR, an exploration of future scenarios was used as a complementary approach to reviewing the current situation, as well as to identify stakeholders’ views on AnGR policy development.

Four 2050 future scenarios were developed and included:

1. Globalization and regionalization.

2. Biotechnology development.

3. Climate change and environmental degradation.

4. Diseases and disasters.

Having developed the scenarios, these were then used as an input point for a wide range of stakeholder consultations.

The findings show that such an approach has been a useful analytical tool. The ‘far’ future perspective appeared to make people less defensive, especially in a situation where current exchange problems were not yet particularly visible or well documented. Many interviewees broadly considered that it was not a question of ‘if’ the scenarios would happen, but rather a question of ‘when’. This implies that we might do well to consider the need to respond to future challenges through the proactive development of new policies or regulations. Such a finding is partly in contrast with the general perception of the current regulatory situation being broadly acceptable.
Stable Isotopes and the Study of Evolution in Planktonic Foraminifera
Authors: Pearson Paul N.
Published: June 2019

The study of evolution by natural selection is difficult because, by definition, it occurs under uncontrolled conditions. All biological organisms are highly complex entities and their interactions with the environment and each other are unpredictable, except in the most general terms. Countless chance events impact cumulatively on the genetic composition of a descendant lineage, resulting in substantial evolutionary change over very long periods of time. Understanding how evolution works in practice is a matter for basic science, but it is attended by unique and difficult problems.
Isotopic Proxies for Ecological Collapse and Recovery from Mass Extinctions
Authors: D'Hondt Steven
Published: June 2019

Carbon isotopic studies have documented the effects of mass extinctions and biological recoveries on the global carbon cycle. Stable carbon isotopes can also be used to document the disappearance and re-appearance of specific ecological strategies (such as life span, seasonality of growth, relative depth of habitat, and photosymbiont reliance) during mass extinctions and evolutionary recoveries. Nitrogen isotopes have never been used to study ecological collapse and recovery from mass extinctions. However, they have strong potential for testing the effects of mass extinctions and biological recoveries on the biologically mediated global nitrogen cycle. They may also be very helpful for documenting the effect of mass extinctions and taxonomic radiations on the trophic structure of terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
Debates on Autochthonous and Allochthonous Origin of Coal: Empirical Science versus the Diluvialists
Authors: Gastaldo Robert A.
Published: June 2019

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel resource, acting as a terrestrial carbon sink since the evolution of forests in the Late Devonian. Debate concerning its accumulation began centuries ago when naturalists ascribed its formation to catastrophism associated with the Genesis Flood. With empirical data derived from both modern peat accumulations and ancient coal deposits in the mid-to-late 19thCentury, the general scientific community developed a set of criteria upon which to demonstrate the autochthonous (in situ) nature of most peat accumulations. At the same time, adherents to the teachings of Ellen G. White, the Seventh Day Adventist leader, and George McCready Price continued to propagate the idea that our global coal (and oil) reserves were the result of the Noachian Flood. In Price's model, adapted and changed by recent creationists, all continents were denuded by strong tidal activity inherent in the Flood waters. Rafts of floating vegetation were transported to ocean basins where they sanken masse, forming coal deposits, with subsequent burial by siliciclastics and limestones derived from the erosion of alternative source areas. The alternation of vegetation mats derived from one source area and sediments derived from another throughout the year of the Flood accounted for the stratigraphic sequence in coal-bearing strata.
Post-Paleozoic Patterns in Marine Predation: Was there a Mesozoic and Cenozoic Marine Predatory Revolution?
Authors: Walker Sally E. , Brett Carlton E.
Published: June 2019

Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of predators involved a series of episodes. Predators rebounded rather rapidly after the Permo-Triassic extinction and by the Middle Triassic a variety of new predator guilds had appeared, including decapod crustaceans with crushing claws, shell-crushing sharks and bony fish, as well as marine reptiles adapted for crushing, smashing, and piercing shells. While several groups (e.g., placodonts, nothosaurs) became extinct in the Late Triassic crises, others (e.g., ichthyosaurs) survived; and the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous saw the rise of malacostracan crustaceans with crushing chelae and predatory vertebrates—in particular, the marine crocodilians, ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs. The late Cretaceous saw unprecedented levels of diversity of marine predaceous vertebrates including pliosaurids, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs. The great Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction decimated marine reptiles. However, most invertebrate and fish predatory groups survived; and during the Paleogene, predatory benthic invertebrates showed a spurt of evolution with neogastropods and new groups of decapods, while the teleosts and neoselachian sharks both underwent parallel rapid evolutionary radiations; these were joined by new predatory guilds of sea birds and marine mammals. Thus, although escalation is sometimes cast as an ongoing “arms race,” in actuality the predatory record shows long interludes of relative stability puncturated by episodes of abrupt biotic reorganization during and after mass extinctions. This pattern suggests episodic, but generally increasing, predation pressure on marine organisms through the Mesozoic-Cenozoic interval. However, review of the Cenozoic record of predation suggests that there are not unambiguous escalatory trends in regard to antipredatory shell architecture, such as conchiolin and spines; nor do shell drilling and shell repair data show a major increase from the Late Mesozoic through the Cenozoic. Most durophagous groups are generalists, and thus it may be that they had a diffuse effect on their invertebrate prey.
The Fossil Record of Predation in Dinosaurs
Authors: Farlow James O. , Holtz Thomas R.
Published: June 2019

Predatory theropod dinosaurs can usually be identified as such by features of their jaws, teeth, and postcrania, but different clades of these reptiles differed in their adaptations for prey handling. Inferences about theropod diets and hunting behavior based on functional morphology are sometimes supported by evidence from taphonomic associations with likely prey species, bite marks, gut contents, coprolites, and trackways. Very large theropods likeTyrannosaurusare unlikely to have been pure hunters or scavengers, and probably ate whatever meat they could easily obtain, dead or alive. Theropods were not the only dinosaur hunters, though; other kinds of large reptiles undoubtedly fed on dinosaurs as well The taxonomic composition of dinosaurian predator-prey complexes varies as a function of time and geography, but an ecologically remarkable feature of dinosaurian faunas, as compared with terrestrial mammalian faunas, is the very large size commonly attained by both herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs. The K/T extinction event(s) did not end dinosaurian predation, because carnivorous birds remained prominent predators throughout the Cenozoic Era.
Evolutionary Patterns in the History of Permo-Triassic and Cenozoic Synapsid Predators
Authors: Van Valkenburgh Blaire , Jenkins Ian
Published: June 2019

Synapsids include modern mammals and their fossil ancestors, the non-mammalian synapsids, or ‘mammal-like reptiles' of old classifications. The synapsid fossil record extends from the Late Carboniferous to the present, a span of nearly 300 million years. However, it can be broken into two distinct phases of diversification, separated by about 150 million years. The first phase extends from the Late Carboniferous to the mid-Triassic, includes the first large land predators on Earth, and is almost entirely non-mammalian. The second phase begins about 65 million years ago after the demise of the dinosaurs, includes only mammals, and extends to the present. In this overview of synapsid predators, we emphasize terrestrial species of large size, and their adaptations for killing and feeding, rather than locomotion. Despite fundamental differences in jaw mechanics and tooth morphology, there are significant parallels in the non-mammalian and mammalian radiations of synapsid predators. Both groups evolve sabertooth forms more than once, and both evolve short-snouted, powerful biting forms. In addition, both the Late Carboniferous—Triassic and Cenozoic phases are characterized by repeated patterns of clade replacement, in which one or a few clades evolve large size and seem to dominate the carnivore guild for several million years, but then decline and are replaced by new taxa. Moreover, within both ancient and Cenozoic predator clades, there are parallel trends over time toward increased body size and hypercarnivory that likely result from a combination of interspecific competition and energetic constraints.
Action at a distance
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin
Published: June 2019

In the broadest sense of the phrase, there is action at a distance whenever there is a spatial or temporal gap (or both) between a cause and its effect. In this sense, it is not at all controversial that there is action at a distance. To cite a few instances: the page a few inches in front of you is impinging on your senses; the Sun is now warming the Earth; we are still living with the consequences of the Second World War. Whatiscontroversial is the idea ofunmediatedaction at a distance, where there is both a gap between cause and effect and no intermediate causes and effects to fill it. The three examples just mentioned are cases of action at a distance, certainly, but not, surely, unmediated action at a distance. What we expect to find, in each case, is a spatially and temporally continuous causal series stretching across time and space.
The Ravens Revisited
Authors: Lipton Peter
Published: June 2019

Astronomers study the behaviour of the stars; philosophers of science study the behaviour of the astronomers. Philosophers of science, alongside historians and sociologists of science, are in the business of accounting for how science works and what it achieves. There is more to the philosophy of science than principled descriptions of scientific activity, since there are also all the normative questions of justification and warrant, but the descriptive task is an important part of the discipline and the primary focus of the present essay.
Miracles and Models: Why reports of the death of Structural Realism may be exaggerated
Authors: Worrall John
Published: June 2019

What is it reasonable to believe about our most successful scientific theories such as the general theory of relativity or quantum mechanics? That they are true, or at any rate approximately true? Or only that they successfully ‘save the phenomena’, by being ‘empirically adequate’? In earlier work I explored the attractions of a view called Structural Scientific Realism (hereafter: SSR). This holds that it is reasonable to believe that our successful theories are (approximately) structurally correct (and also that this is the strongest epistemic claim about them that it is reasonable to make). In the first part of this paper I shall explain in some detail what this thesis means and outline the reasons why it seems attractive. The second section outlines a number of criticisms that have none the less been brought against SSR in the recent (and as we shall see, in some cases, not so recent) literature; and the third and final section argues that, despite the fact that these criticisms might seem initially deeply troubling (or worse), the position remains viable.
Natural Kinds: Rosy Dawn, Scholastic Twilight
Authors: Hacking Ian
Published: June 2019

The rosy dawn of my title refers to that optimistic time when the logical concept of a natural kind originated in Victorian England. The scholastic twilight refers to the present state of affairs. I devote more space to dawn than twilight, because one basic problem was there from the start, and by now those origins have been forgotten. Philosophers have learned many things about classification from the tradition of natural kinds. But now it is in disarray and is unlikely to be put back together again. My argument is less founded on objections to the numerous theories now in circulation, than on the sheer proliferation of incompatible views. There no longer exists what Bertrand Russell called ‘the doctrine of natural kinds’—one doctrine. Instead we have a slew of distinct analyses directed at unrelated projects.
The impact on adolescents of a Transtheoretical Model-based programme on fruit and vegetable consumption
Authors: Gur Kamer , Erol Saime , Kadioglu Hasibe , Ergun Ayse , Boluktas Rukiye
Published: June 2019

Objective:

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a Transtheoretical Model-based programme titled ‘Fruit & Vegetable-Friendly’ on the fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption of adolescents.

Design:

A quasi-experimental study. The ‘Fruit & Vegetable-Friendly’, a multicomponent intervention based on the Transtheoretical Model, was completed in eight weeks. The data were collected one week before the intervention, one week after the completion of the intervention and six months after the post-test with an F&V intake questionnaire and the stages of change, processes of change (α = 0·91), situational self-efficacy (α = 0·91) and decisional balance (α = 0·90 for pros, α = 0·87 for cons) scales. Data were analysed with the Friedman, Wilcoxon and marginal homogeneity tests.

Setting:

A public secondary school in Istanbul, Turkey.

Participants:

Seven hundred and two adolescents.

Results:

The mean (sd) F&V intake of adolescents in the passive stages rose from the daily average at the time of the pre-test of 3·40 (1·79) portions to 5·45 (2·54) portions on the post-test and to 5·75 (2·70) portions on the follow-up test (P < 0·01). While the students in the passive stages represented 41·6 % of the participants prior to the programme, this rate fell to 23·7 % at the post-test and to 22·7 % at the follow-up. Students in the active stages first represented 58·5 % of the participants; this rate rose to 76·4 % at the post-test and to 77·2 % at the follow-up test.

Conclusions:

The programme was effective in increasing the amount of F&V the adolescents consumed on a daily basis.
From determinism to accountability. Archaeology, anthropology and ethics
Authors: Samuels Kathryn Lafrenz
Published: June 2019

The discussion by Arponen et al. inserts itself into long-standing debates about the place of causality and determinism in archaeological interpretation. While some of the discussion might feel like retreading familiar ground in those debates, the authors bring a refreshing clarity of exposition to the problem, and more importantly they propose several promising directions for future research. For example, their exhortation to ‘see the human–environment relationship as always already sociocultural’ (p. 8) should be firmly established by now, but I agree with their assertion that this perspective ‘seems underdeveloped in archaeology’ (p. 8) and that looking to anthropology is one especially productive route for developing such a sensibility. In the following I wish to extend and respond to their arguments by (1) addressing how anthropological approaches might best be incorporated into archaeological research on palaeo-environments and coupled human–environment systems, and (2) highlighting the ethical and moral dimensions of this process as integral to it.
Annexin A2 Enhances the Progression of Colorectal Cancer and Hepatocarcinoma via Cytoskeleton Structural Rearrangements
Authors: He Huimin , Xiao Li , Cheng Sinan , Yang Qian , Li Jinmei , Hou Yifan , Song Fengying , Su Xiaorong , Jin Huijuan , Liu Zheng , Dong Jing , Zuo Ruiye , Song Xigui , Wang Yanyan , Zhang Kun , Duan Wei , Hou Yingchun
Published: June 2019

Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is reported to be associated with cancer development. To investigate the roles ANXA2 plays during the development of cancer, the RNAi method was used to inhibit the ANXA2 expression in caco2 (human colorectal cancer cell line) and SMMC7721 (human hepatocarcinoma cell line) cells. The results showed that when the expression of ANXA2 was efficiently inhibited, the growth and motility of both cell lines were significantly decreased, and the development of the motility relevant microstructures, such as pseudopodia, filopodia, and the polymerization of microfilaments and microtubules were obviously inhibited. The cancer cell apoptosis was enhanced without obvious significance. The possible regulating pathway in the process was also predicted and discussed. Our results suggested that ANXA2 plays important roles in maintaining the malignancy of colorectal and hepatic cancer by enhancing the cell proliferation, motility, and development of the motility associated microstructures of cancer cells based on a possible complicated signal pathway.
THE QUOTIENT ALGEBRA OF COMPACT-BY-APPROXIMABLE OPERATORS ON BANACH SPACES FAILING THE APPROXIMATION PROPERTY
Authors: TYLLI HANS-OLAV , WIRZENIUS HENRIK
Published: June 2019

We initiate a study of structural properties of the quotient algebra ${\mathcal{K}}(X)/{\mathcal{A}}(X)$ of the compact-by-approximable operators on Banach spaces $X$ failing the approximation property. Our main results and examples include the following: (i) there is a linear isomorphic embedding from $c_{0}$ into ${\mathcal{K}}(Z)/{\mathcal{A}}(Z)$, where $Z$ belongs to the class of Banach spaces constructed by Willis that have the metric compact approximation property but fail the approximation property, (ii) there is a linear isomorphic embedding from a nonseparable space $c_{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4})$ into ${\mathcal{K}}(Z_{FJ})/{\mathcal{A}}(Z_{FJ})$, where $Z_{FJ}$ is a universal compact factorisation space arising from the work of Johnson and Figiel.
Stress and feelings in mothers and fathers in NICU: identifying risk factors for early interventions
Authors: Ionio Chiara , Mascheroni Eleonora , Colombo Caterina , Castoldi Francesca , Lista Gianluca
Published: June 2019

Aims

The aims of this study were to explore parents’ stress levels and negative feelings after premature births and to identify the risk factors related to parents’ stress and negative feelings during their children’s neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay.

Background

Preterm birth is a multi-problematic event that may put the babies in danger for both their medical and neurophysiological conditions and could have a negative impact on both the mother–father relationship and the parent–child interactions.

Methods

The study involved 43 mothers and 38 fathers of preterm infants. All participants filled out the Parental Stressor Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and the Profile of Mood States.

Findings

The results revealed significant differences between mothers’ and fathers’ responses to preterm births in terms of both stress and negative feelings. We found that, for mothers, their own young age and the baby’s need for respiratory support were significant predictors of stress; for fathers, their own young age and the baby’s lower gestational age and worse condition at birth were significant predictors of stress and negative feelings. The NICU may be a stressful place both for mothers and fathers. Identifying which mothers and fathers are at risk immediately after their children are born could help to direct specific interventions that can reduce these parents’ stress and prevent them from negative feelings.
Environmental impacts of livestock production
Authors: Cumby T. R. , Phillips V. R.
Published: June 2019

Livestock production under Northern European conditions can affect water, air and soil. Examples of the possible environmental effects on water are fish kills or microbial contamination, if solid manure, slurry, “dirty water” or silage effluent are collected, stored, handled or spread inappropriately. Examples of the possible environmental effects on air are emissions of ammonia (which can lead to acidification and, after subsequent deposition, to eutrophication), the greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide, odours and particulates.

In the case of water pollution, good management practices using existing technology are usually adequate for preventing most environmental impacts. This often requires storage during periods when conditions are unsuitable for spreading, followed by carefully controlled application. However, for relatively dilute effluents (such as dairy farm “dirty water”), it may be more cost-effective to use different approaches, such as waste minimisation and/or continuous treatment and land spreading. Recent research results are reviewed and compared in this paper, to identify ways in which farmers can prevent water pollution at least cost. The potential implications of such measures on further reductions in the annual numbers of pollution incidents are discussed in conjunction with the impacts of different regulatory and punitive approaches.

In the case of preventing air pollution, although good management can achieve much, there is a need for new technology to back it up. Existing ammonia abatement techniques are mostly expensive and farmer-unfriendly. In the longer term, changes to the animals' diet should hold the greater potential for abatement, not only of ammonia emissions but also of methane emissions. Reducing one form of pollution can often increase another, so an integrated approach to solving pollution problems is necessary.
Responding to the increasing global demand for animal products: implications for the livelihoods of livestock producers in developing countries
Authors: Thomas D. , Rangnekar D.
Published: June 2019

Livestock production currently accounts for some 40% of the gross value of world agricultural production, and its share is rising (FAO, 2002). Livestock production is the largest user of agricultural land; directly through grazing of pastures and indirectly through the production of forage crops and other feeds. Over the next 20 years, there will be a massive increase in demand for food of animal origin in developing countries, and this increase will be greater than for either the major cereals or roots and tubers (IFPRI, 1995; Delgadoet al., 1999).
Development of Farmer Field School methodology for smallholder dairy farmers in Kenya
Authors: Minjauw B. , Muriuki H.G. , Romney D.
Published: June 2019

Considering the escalating population growth, shrinking grazing land and increased demand for animal products, sustainable livestock production through improved management is critical to the issue of food security and poverty alleviation in most developing countries. The challenge facing the research and extension services in these countries is to increase productivity in the livestock sector while sustaining and enhancing the productive potential of the available natural resources.
Demand and supply changes in the livestock sector and their impact on smallholders: the case of dairying in Kenya: a summary
Authors: Staal S.J. , Waithaka M.M. , Owour G.A. , Herrero M.
Published: June 2019

Smallholder dairy production in Kenya is one of the developing world’s success stories. Kenya's improved dairy cattle herd of more than 3 million is the largest in Africa, and significantly is held mostly by smallholders. As a result, dairy production is a major part of the agricultural sector and an important source of livelihoods for at least an estimated 600,000 smallholder farm families in Kenya (Omore et al., 1999). Compared to its neighbours, the country has a welldeveloped dairy production and processing industry, and the country has broadly managed to be self-reliant in dairy products, so that except during extreme dry years, imports are negligible.
Photometry of the Recent Eclipse of Epsilon Aurigae
Authors: Stencel Robert E.
Published: June 2019

New observations of the long period eclipsing system Epsilon Aurigae are discussed, including optical and infrared photometry, ultraviolet spectrophotometry and optical polarization. Trends are noted in the light curves and compared to previous eclipses. Comments regarding interpretation are also provided.
Summary and Critique of Joint Discussion II
Authors: Koch Robert H.
Published: June 2019

Notes made during the presentations of Joint Discussion II have been distilled into the interpretation of this summary.
Very Long Period Supergiant Semidetached and Contact Systems
Authors: Li Zhong-Yuen , Leung Kam-Ching
Published: June 2019

It has been well known for some time that some close binary stars have a semidetached or contact configuration. Many late-type systems ----- W WMa systems ----- are known to have these configurations. Their dimensions are typically of solar mass to fractions of solar masses, and solar radius to fractions of solar radii. Early-type systems with semidetached and contact configurations have been found in recent years. Their typical dimensions are from several solar masses to tens of solar masses, and from several solar radii to tens of solar radii. Generally, both late and early-type close systems are located in the vicinity of ZAMS and TAMS in an H-R diagram. They are believed to be the result of case A or B mass exchange of close binary evolution. Some of us have been wondering why we do not find semidetached or contact systems with much larger dimensions consisting of supergiant stars?