bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Guidance and Instructional Programs for Leadership Preparation
Authors: Rice Joseph P.
Published: January 2012

This article outlines a sequential series of leadership programs, from elementary school to college level, that will serve to integrate the guidance and instructional processes. Leadership is viewed as one of the four main categories of talent: “academic, creative, kinesthetic (e.g., crafts, athletics), and psychosocial (e.g., leadership).” It is suggested that potential participants for leadership training might be identified by screening and nomination, case study, program planning and placement, and follow‐up and evaluation. A four‐front program of counseling‐instructional activities including individual counseling, group counseling, seminars, and advanced classes is described. It is hypothesized that the interaction of teachers and counselors in actual curriculum building will lead to genuinely individualized educational programming.
Specialized Counseling—A New Trend?
Authors: Crary Robert Wall
Published: January 2012

The study, apparently the first of its kind, investigates the activities of the specialized school counselor in the elementary and secondary schools of Ohio. The specialized counselor was defined as a certified counselor who spent at least one‐half of his professional time performing the activities related to a single area of guidance, such as educational or college guidance. Questionnaires were sent to three groups of educators—guidance directors, specialized school counselors, and counselor educators. Participants in the study were asked to provide information relative to the nature and needs of specialized counseling. The data seem to show indications of an increase of specialization in counseling. The functions of such specialists are reported.
A Survey of Undergraduate Women's Social Regulations
Authors: Anderson Ruth Neal
Published: January 2012

Data concerning women undergraduates' social regulations in a selected number of coeducational colleges and universities were collected in order to identify liberal regulations in use or under consideration in these institutions grouped according to size, control, and regional location. The collected information supported considerable liberalization in the areas of room and apartment visiting, off‐campus living, clothing, sign‐out, curfew hours, and coeducational residence halls. Larger respondent institutions' regulations and those of Western institutions evidenced the most liberalization, while regulations of public‐control and private‐control institutions were considered equally liberal.
Sociometry: Rationale and Technique for Effecting Behavior Change in the Elementary School
Authors: Barclay James B.
Published: January 2012

Though sociometry has been used for some years in both educational, psychological, and military settings, it is the argument of this article that it should be used more by elementary counselors and school psychologists as a technique both to assess social desirability in students and as an interim criterion of behavior modification. The theoretical foundations of sociometry are found in both studies relating to the nature of perception and in more modern social learning theory. The suggestion is advanced that social desirability is related to motivation to achieve. Consequently, the assessment of the social climate of the classroom is a first step in introducing procedures designed to enhance the level of effective learning.
Progress of the Merit Scholar: An Eight‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: Nichols Robert C. , Astin Alexander W.
Published: January 2012

Merit scholars from 1956 through 1959 were followed up in 1964 to obtain information about their academic and vocational achievement, current activities, hobbies and interests, future plans, and miscellaneous demographic information.
The Counselor and the Curriculum
Authors: Swan Robert J.
Published: January 2012

The counselor is involved in the curriculum structure of high school because of the amount of time he spends in educational planning with students. His record of participation in curriculum change has been poor. Educational counseling has consisted of adjusting the student to the curriculum that exists, rather than working for curriculum change that can benefit all levels of students. Curriculum resources should be thought of in a broad sense of not only formal courses and units but also extracurricular activities both in and out of school. The counselor is stationed at the crossroads of student and community needs. What is he doing to help integrate these needs through continual curriculum revision?
After School Integration—What? Problems in Social Learning
Authors: Lee Green Robert
Published: January 2012

A totally integrated school must include more than biracial enrollment. Open and positive communication at all social and educational levels is paramount in overcoming the complex problems related to the transition from segregated to integrated education. Remedial classes based on standardized achievement tests results can lead to intraschool de facto segregation and may retard positive interaction. Teachers assigned to integrated schools should be of demonstrated competence and should not be the recipients of a “last chance” teaching assignment. While teachers and counselors sharing race in common with students may lead to more easily established positive interactions and identification, the opportunity for wholesome interactions with competent staff of another race must not be ignored. School integration should occur at the early elementary levels to allow minority group students to profit from quality education throughout their academic careers.
The Counseling Service in the Administrative Setting: Problems and Possible Solutions
Authors: Samler Joseph
Published: January 2012

Friction between counseling personnel and administrators affects the work of each. Background reasons for difficulties in working together are explored. Four areas offering possible remedial measures are examined: the nature of compromise, problems in communication, emotional health, and a framework for understanding behavior. Aspects of a program model are provided. Suggestions are made for specific areas in which data are needed and proposals for method are offered.
Wanted: A Science of Human Effectiveness
Authors: Blocher Donald H.
Published: January 2012

This paper takes the position that counseling must be based upon an underlying discipline that deals with human effectiveness. A possible model for organizing such a discipline is proposed along with certain constructs that may be helpful in conceptualizing the development of effective behavior.
Activities and Academic Achievement
Authors: Behring Daniel W.
Published: January 2012

A quantitative scale of preferences for activities (APAS) which differentiates between high and low achievers as measured by GPA, was developed and validated. Mean APAS scale scores for high and low achievers were significantly different (p < .001). Intercorrelation between APAS scores, high school rank, CEEB‐Verbal scores, CEEB‐Mathematics scores, and GPA of college freshmen showed that the APAS scale predicts GPA (r = .35) almost as well as the CEEB‐Verbal test (r = .36) and better than the CEEB‐Mathematics test (r = .13). Computation of a multiple‐regression equation pointed to the usefulness of the APAS scale in prediction.
Counseling Without Assuming Free Will
Authors: Pohlman Edward
Published: January 2012

Assumptions are presented that might permit the counselor simultaneously to (1) assume that human behavior is completely determined by causal factors and (2) provide an atmosphere for choice to take place, encourage students to make choices, reward students positively if he thinks best—in short, to carry on the usual range of counseling activities. The deterministic assumption has not been empirically proven or refuted, but it appears to be both internally consistent and not in conflict with any customary counseling approaches.
Superior Students' Occupational Preferences and Their Fathers' Occupations
Authors: Mowsesian Richard , Heath Brian R. C. , Rothney John W. M.
Published: January 2012

The relationship between the occupational preferences of 147 superior students and their fathers' occupations was traced over the 4‐year period that the students attended high schools in Wisconsin. Analysis of the data indicated that both male and female superior students tended to state vocational preferences at the professional level early in high school and to maintain this preference throughout. Their occupational preferences were generally at a higher level than those of their fathers. There was no trend away from general preferences for work at a professional level toward naming of specific occupations within that level. The results suggest that theories of vocational development that imply that stages are passed through during later adolescent periods do not apply to the superior student population of this study.
Decision‐Making: A Dilemma and a Purpose for Counseling
Authors: Dilley Josiah S.
Published: January 2012

A goal of counseling is to help decision makers make good decisions. But what is meant by “good”? Two views are discussed: outcome and process. The former is concerned with real‐life results after the decision is made, the latter with the quality of the deliberations during the decision‐making process. The counselor's interaction occurs during the process and is in terms of the decision maker's statements about reality (rather than reality itself). These statements are often unrealistic in that they inaccurately reflect conditions in real life. Counselors should help decision makers change their inaccurate perceptions so that (1) process deliberations are more likely to lead to expected outcomes, and (2) the decision maker is more likely to be prepared for whatever outcomes occur.
Helping‐Relationship Response Tendencies and Occupational Affiliation
Authors: Jones John E.
Published: January 2012

An adaptation of Porter's Counseling Procedures Pre‐test was administered to members of various occupational groups to explore the question, Do counselors as a group exhibit the same helping‐relationship response tendencies as members of other occupational groups? Data were gathered on 370 persons in several occupations—guidance institute enrollees, counseling practicum enrollees, on‐the‐job school counselors in two states, ministers, nursing instructors, firemen, housewives, secretaries, undergraduate students, and lawyers. Many differences were found. Counselors were characterized by a preference for understanding responses and a tendency to reject the evaluative response mode; members of other groups showed the reverse preference.
School Discipline and Home Background
Authors: Sybouts Ward
Published: January 2012

This study investigated the relationship between type of home and the frequency and severity of discipline cases reported to the principal's office in a selected secondary school. All discipline cases over a 6‐year period were recorded by home type, frequency, and severity, and comparisons were then made. In only one home type (united home, mother not employed) was there found a smaller proportion of discipline cases than proportion of homes. Frequency and degree of severity of cases increased with home disruption.
Student Patterns of Financing Education at a Land‐Grant University
Authors: Miller C. Dean , Ivey Allen E. , Goldstein Arnold D.
Published: January 2012

A financial aid survey was administered to the entire student body (10,185) at a land‐grant university. The data showed that parental assistance was the main source of financial support, but that it declined in importance each year, while student employment by the university increased each year. Legislation providing increased opportunities for student employment appears to be appropriate and desirable. A wide variety of individual solutions to financial planning were noted.
Factors Related to Reported Problems of Adolescents
Authors: Clements Hubert M. , Oelke Merritt C.
Published: January 2012

A randomly selected group of 720 adolescents responded to the Mooney Problem Check List. The relationship between the problems reported for each of the 11 problem areas of the MPCL (dependent variables) and the 14 independent variables was analyzed statistically by employing the least‐squares analysis of variance technique. This analysis yielded significant differences for 7 of the 14 independent variables. Possible implications of the findings of this study for educational planning are discussed, and recommendations made for a more comprehensive study of the problems of adolescents at the local level.
The Vocational Interests of Beautiful Women
Authors: Campbell David P.
Published: January 2012

This paper reports the analysis of Strong Vocational Interest Blank scores for about 100 fashion models. Their interest patterns reflect preferences for the dramatic over the routine, the unstructured situation over the structured. These girls favor verbal occupations, and show particular aversion toward working with numbers in precise, disciplined settings. They are pretty, they know it, and they prefer activities that permit them to take advantage of their attractiveness.
The Cooling‐Out Function of the Junior College
Authors: Simon Lora S.
Published: January 2012

The “disjuncture” between level of aspiration and means of accomplishing it can create serious difficulty for the person. The function of the 2‐year college in helping the student to resolve this conflict has been described as a “cooling‐out” process. Essentially, it involves a running evaluation of the student's capacities, and guidance in helping him to find the educational and vocational program for which he is best suited. Several ways of facilitating this process are presented. There is need for an integrated guidance program pervading the entire institution as well as the student's career at the institution.
Self‐Discovery and the Role of the Counselor
Authors: Robb J. Wesley
Published: January 2012

The major thesis of this philosophic treatise is that unless the counselor realizes in his own life the full import of the search for meaning and self‐understanding, he will be unable to empathize adequately with the struggles of another human being who likewise seeks to realize his highest potential. Hindering our self‐discovery are the problems of meaninglessness, alienation, and the loss of our freedom. The path toward breaking out of our insulated selves is: (a) to accept fully, on a personal level, a sense of responsibility for what we are, and (b) to realize that self‐fulfillment occurs within a social context. The former involves a sense of personal integrity and the latter gives a contextual frame of reference to our search for meaning. The path to self‐understanding is difficult and threatening, but as the counselee perceives—on both the intuitive and operational levels—the counselor's sincerity in his own quest for fulfillment, the goals we seek to achieve in the counseling relationship will be facilitated.
The Counselor—An Agent of What Change?
Authors: Vance Barbara
Published: January 2012

Goals in counseling must be clarified before the means of obtaining them can be determined. Success or failure can only be evaluated if these goals are stated in observable behavioral terms. The goals must be directly related to the problem or problems stated by the client. It is the initial responsibility of the counselor to help the client clarify these problems and subsequent behavioral goals through such means as discussion of the feelings of the client and the facts surrounding specific problem situations, and possibly through observation and psychometric evaluation. If the defined goals are within the bounds of the counselor's ethical standards as well as those of his profession, then means can be identified to bring about problem solution.
The Effect of Counselors on the Reward System of Teachers
Authors: Aubrey Roger F.
Published: January 2012

This article discusses the hidden, often manifest, animosity between counselors and teachers. A model and an empirical study by a sociologist are utilized in examining the need‐reward system of teachers and counselors. It is suggested that in their work with students both teachers and counselors receive maximum gratification through similar processes, but in different contexts. Conflict between teachers and counselors is primarily due to the lack of recognition by either party of the differences in criteria of success in learning and work satisfaction. It is hypothesized that at the elementary school level these differences will be most pronounced but have the greatest opportunity for resolution.
Junior High School Athletes Excel in Scholarship
Authors: Airoldi Norman , Peterson Barbara , Webb Dwight
Published: January 2012

Ninth grade boys from a California junior high school who were participants in interscholastic athletics were compared with non‐participants with respect to academic achievement. The athletic group tested higher on academic ability on the School and College Ability Test and earned a higher academic grade‐point average. When athletes and non‐athletes were matched on SCAT test scores, the athletic group showed higher academic achievement. The majority of boys who participated in sports for only one semester did as well as or better academically during their semester of participation than they did the other ninth grade semester. An incidental finding of the study showed that boys in general showed improved grade‐point averages in the ninth grade when compared with their eighth grade records.
Student Response to Three Types of Orientation Programs
Authors: Miller C. Dean , Ivey Allen E.
Published: January 2012

A high proportion of positive responses was obtained from students who participated in three different types of pre‐college orientation programs. Small group approaches consistently elicited more favorable responses than assemblies or large groups. Greater faculty involvement resulted in participants' noting an increased academic emphasis. Participants believed they had benefited in some way from programs which varied considerably as to length, activities, organization, and purposes.
Counseling and Guidance in Non‐Public Schools
Authors: Kremer Bruce J. , Emmet Thomas A.
Published: January 2012

The provision of counseling and guidance services in the secondary schools of one of the nation's largest non‐public school systems is examined and compared with services offered in publicly supported schools from the same geographical area. Findings indicate that the non‐public school lags far behind the public school in the provision of counseling services for its pupils and that the persons assigned to counsel in non‐public schools are not as well qualified as the public school counselors. This lag is traced to a difference in financial support, and a recommendation is made to investigate methods of solving this problem.
A Method of Comparing Student Achievement Levels at Different Colleges
Authors: Hood Albert B.
Published: January 2012

Mean ability levels as measured by high school rank and scholastic aptitude test scores were computed for freshman classes at 38 colleges in Minnesota. The mean grade‐point averages achieved by these freshman classes were also obtained. By comparing mean ability level with mean grade‐point, a “difficulty index” was computed for each college. The validity of the index was tested by using it to predict differences in grades achieved by students who transferred from one college to another and comparing such predicted grades with those actually achieved after transfer. Difficulty indexes computed by this method predicted differences in mean grade‐point averages of transfer students with surprising accuracy.
Needed: Standards for Occupational Licensing
Authors: Opperman Leonard
Published: January 2012

Occupational licensing in the states constitutes a growing public problem from the legislator's point of view. No standards exist to permit sound judgments on specific proposals, and the operation of licensing acts tends to be in the hands of the occupation itself, operating with the sanction of the state. No groups exist to act as counter‐lobbyists or disinterested public representatives to protect the public interest. Licensing sometimes closes off employment opportunities to young people entering the employment market. Standards for occupational licensing and the administration of licensing acts must be developed. Those involved in guidance and personnel work could perform a valuable public service by taking an interest in occupational licensing both from the theoretical standpoint and by actively providing advice to legislatures considering occupational licensing proposals.
Student Opinion on the Location of Occupational Information on a University Campus
Authors: LeMay Morris L. , Warnath Charles F.
Published: January 2012

A questionnaire survey revealed student needs, knowledge, and use of occupational information, as well as opinions about the most suitable location of such a resource on the Oregon State University campus. Results indicated that most students did not know where occupational information was available and only a small percentage knew there were occupational files in the Counseling Center and the University library. The great majority (almost 9 out of 10) wanted the University to provide a central occupational library, with most naming the Student Union (40 per cent) or the University library (25 per cent) as the best location. The Counseling Center was mentioned by only 2 per cent of the students.
The College Dropout: Qualities of His Environment
Authors: Williams Vernon
Published: January 2012

Results of research on college dropouts paint both a negative and a confusing picture of this group. The argument presented in this paper is that consideration of the college student's environment can help to resolve some of the apparent contradictions among the various characteristics of the college dropout. Several environmental dimensions hypothesized to be relevant to the learning process are discussed. Against the background provided by these dimensions, two approaches to the student's interaction with his environment are described. One of these approaches is based on knowledge about the learning process, the other on a developmental conceptualization of the college experience.
The Disappearing Student
Authors: Leach Donald , Goetz Walter
Published: January 2012

359 randomly selected freshmen (1962) at the University of New Mexico were sent a questionnaire related to college attrition, and the attitudes of withdrawees and continuers were compared regarding teachers, counselors, facilities, and various personal experiences and conditions that might lead to withdrawal. The results failed to support reasons for attrition commonly cited in the literature. Only 5 items distinguished the groups' reaction to the college environment. In fact, the continuers were more negative toward the college environment than the withdrawees. Only 3 reasons generally related to attrition differentiated the groups: withdrawees felt that problems of marriage, family finance, and general unhappiness were somewhat more important than did the continuers. These findings indicate that the real causes for college withdrawal have yet to be discovered.
Women's Interests—Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Harmon Lenore W.
Published: January 2012

The data used in this study were made available through the Center for Interest Measurement Research and the Student Counseling Bureau, University of Minnesota. Computer analysis was provided by the Numerical Analysis Center, University of Minnesota.

While attempting to increase the number of A and B+ scores on the women's SVIB by varying the composition of the criterion group on marital status, it was found that the desired effect was achieved by using a different item selection and weighting system from Strong's original one and not by varying the marital status of the criterion group. The experimental scoring keys developed in the study also acted selectively on original scores of B and B—, raising or lowering them, and generally reducing their number. These findings went beyond the original hypotheses and intent of the study and suggested an explanation for the apparent heterogeneity of women's interests and the resulting difficulty in measuring them.
Relationships Between Selected Social Factors and Extent of High School Counseling
Authors: Skager Rodney , Weinberg Carl
Published: January 2012

This research compares highly counseled and non‐counseled secondary school students for differences in social status, attitudinal, and parental characteristics. The 2 guidance functions of career and non‐career guidance were studied. Subjects were selected from a larger pool of seniors at 8 diverse high schools. The data revealed that subjects who received extensive career guidance (a) participated more actively in high status social and leadership activities in school, (b) reported their parents to be more active in community, social, and recreational activities, (c) had higher educational goals, and (d) that extensively counseled males were more other‐directed, while highly counseled females were more inner‐directed. Parental social status and academic achievement did not distinguish between highly counseled and non‐counseled students. Few measures differentiated the 2 groups on amount of non‐career guidance. These results were interpreted as indicating that utilization of secondary school guidance services may be determined to an important degree by factors extrinsic to the interpersonal process of the guidance situation.
Student Perception of Counselor Role
Authors: Strowig R. Wray , Sheets Stanley E.
Published: January 2012

A semantic differential and a Thurstone‐type rating scale of satisfaction with counseling were used to measure changes in the perceptions held by students regarding their high school counselors over a period of 2 years. During this time, the large suburban high school that was the locale for the study changed from a system of deans who had both counseling and disciplinary duties to a system of counselors who did not discipline students. Factor analyses and non‐parametric change tests were conducted. It was found that, especially during the first year, students perceived their counselors more negatively than they had perceived their deans. Some signs of movement toward more favorable views were noted by the end of the second year. Satisfaction with counseling, however, was favorably perceived by students throughout the two years. Students tended to perceive their counselors in evaluative terms. There was no relationship between perception of counselors and satisfaction with counseling. The evidence suggests that discipline may not be the crucial variable in either student perceptions of counselors or student satisfaction with counseling.
The draft and counseling
Authors: KINCAID JOHN , KINCAID MARYLOU
Published: January 2012

This article regards draft counseling as a specialized extension of personal, educational, and vocational counseling. It can be a necessary and valuable outreach program and is needed because most students are unaware of their rights under the Selective Service System. Professional counselors have a crucial role to play in draft counseling by helping to establish a Draft Information Center, by training and supervising students and faculty as draft counselors, and by serving as a referral source for individuals needing further counseling. Suggestions are included for the establishment of a Draft Information Center in high schools and colleges.
A Selective Service primer for counselors
Authors: GOODMAN RICHARD K.
Published: January 2012

This article summarizes the major provisions of the draft law as they pertain to the new registrant. It explains the importance of the registrant's being as cognizant as possible of his rights and obligations under the law. Finally, it describes how a counselor may help a young man obtain all the benefits to which he is entitled.
Black freshmen in large colleges: a survey
Authors: SEDLACEK WILLIAM E. , BROOKS GLENWOOD C.
Published: January 2012

This study sought to answer the basic question: What is the gap between published articles on black admissions and actual admissions practices in the colleges? Results indicated that very few blacks (3 percent of 1969 entering freshmen) are entering the large, primarily white universities. While many schools have established special programs for blacks, the admissions procedures used for these programs and for regular black admissions remain very traditional.
High‐risk students in junior college: a special program
Authors: MILLER THEODORE K. , ANTENEN WAYNE W. , DUNCAN JACK A.
Published: January 2012

The college student who is considered a “high academic risk” offers to teachers, counselors, and curricula a great challenge. Most “bright” students have to exert little effort to achieve academic successs; however, there are other students for whom learning comes only with great personal effort, as well as great patience and concern on the part of their instructors, who can also benefit from higher education. The results of Project speed, representing one attempt to do something with high‐risk students, strongly suggest that developmental programs can have a measurably positive influence upon their participants.
Group guidance
Authors: KIRBY JONELL H.
Published: January 2012

Group guidance is an approach for providing a helping relationship to individuals in a complex and highly specialized society. Incremental guidance is offered as a method of assisting pupils to be wise decision‐makers in day‐to‐day living and learning. This approach examines a sequentially planned program that anticipates the needs of the individual, providing aid through marginal changes and decisions.
Group counseling
Authors: MAHLER CLARENCE A.
Published: January 2012

This article reviews the major concerns of group counseling and differentiates among group guidance, group counseling, and group therapy. It also evaluates the research status of group counseling. Finally, the author presents implications for the future of this approach.
Group psychotherapy: being and becoming
Authors: GORDON MYRON , LIBERMAN NORMAN
Published: January 2012

This basic model of group therapy highlights marked differences from individual therapy and illustrates the complexity of treatment planning. As human needs today are often shunted, group therapists respond by absorbing experiential‐type innovations and by extending the boundaries of theory and application. An attempt at enriching and integrating group methods gives rise to Theme‐Centered Interactional Therapy, the advantages of which are discussed. This new approach has relevance to group counseling.
Professional issues in group work
Authors: GAZDA G. M. , DUNCAN J. A. , SISSON P. J.
Published: January 2012

This article first describes the explosion of interest in and practice of group work, with the resultant lag between the development both of standards for training and practice and of a code for ethical behavior/ practice. We used a questionnaire to fill in some gaps regarding the number of cases of unethical behavior/practice in group work and the respondents' recommendations for dealing with the problems raised both externally by the public media and internally by professional association members. The data from the questionnaire are summarized, analyzed, and made relevant to the problem of ethics for group practices. We drew conclusions from these data, from others who have addressed themselves to the problems, and from our own experiences in the group field. From these conclusions we list recommendations for alleviating the problem.
The White House Conference: tips or taps for counselors?
Authors: ECKERSON LOUISE O.
Published: January 2012

Counselors cannot continue to drift complacently in the shallows of their traditional roles. Whatever their work setting, they must heed the symbolic cries of their clients who feel alienated from family, school, work, institutions, and even from themselves, and find solace in meaningless or destructive outlets. If the counseling profession has a future, it will be concerned with humanizing environments where children, youth, and adults live, learn, work, and play; serving as advocates for all persons of all ages; and responding positively to the complexities of living which confront everyone. These priorities, highlighted by the 1970 White House Conference on Children, seem to have implications for the survival of all counseling.
Community‐based college guidance for the disadvantaged
Authors: KADOTA PAUL , ACKER JULIUS MEN
Published: January 2012

New techniques of counseling and guidance must be developed in order to increase substantially the number of disadvantaged students going to college. One major effort should be an organized community guidance program whose essential elements are: (a) professional school and college counselors operating outside the school; (b) key community persons acting as links between potential college students and professional counselors; and (c) ongoing programs providing literature, speakers, and special services geared to motivate and help disadvantaged students to enroll in and be successful at college.
GUICO: a synthesized group approach
Authors: DOVERSPIKE JAMES E.
Published: January 2012

The guico (guidance and counseling) approach synthesizes various elements of group guidance and group counseling in order to achieve developmental‐social and remedial problem‐solving goals in group settings. Co‐counselors share responsibility for group leadership, provide structure for group events, and act as models in role‐playing situations. Group members carry out assignments based on hierarchically ordered events and chart their progress throughout the group's life cycle.
Are ethics different in different settings?
Authors: PATTERSON C. H.
Published: January 2012

Practicing counselors may interpret ethical obligations differently according to their work settings. These differences are related to: (a) the relative strength of the professional identification of counselors in various settings, and (b) differences in the support for or pressures against ethical practice in different settings. This article focuses on one of the problems related to the nature of the client population and the counseling setting: What rights of confidentiality do minors have against disclosure to their parents?
Counselors, confidences, and the civil liberties of clients
Authors: LADD EDWARD T.
Published: January 2012

Counselors can and do injure counselees by prying improperly into private matters, by passing information along without the counselees' informed consent, and by using privileged information as a basis for recommendations to others. The danger is especially great where counselors work within organizations, and even greater when their clients are fellow members. Safeguards against this danger would appear to take an uncounselorlike form. Although counselors are not usually sympathetic to a legalistic approach, it is from our constitutional traditions that we can best deduce the kinds of protection that we need.
Privilege and the counseling profession
Authors: BANGS ARTHUR J.
Published: January 2012

By common law, attorneys possess the right of privileged communication, and in most states statutory law has extended the prerogative to physicians, clergymen, and psychologists. Whether or not the counselor‐client relationship should also be entitled to the privilege is a matter that generates argument. This article examines the significance of the privilege, its present status in regard to the practicing counselor, and some of the reasons both for and against its extension.
Needed: professional ethics for working with groups
Authors: ZIMPFER DAVID
Published: January 2012

The present apga Ethical Standards statement is deficient in several respects regarding group work. It leaves judgment and responsibility entirely in the practitioner's hands. This article discusses the issues that arise from the properties and dynamics of groups themselves and ethical concerns that occur in the formation of groups in personnel and guidance work. It also offers suggestions for interpreting and extending the Ethical Standards in working with groups and examines the need for apga to seize leadership in developing appropriate new standards.
The law and counselor ethics
Authors: WARE MARTHA L.
Published: January 2012

Counselors cannot look only to the law to solve their professional problems in dealing with information about students. Nevertheless, they must understand confidentiality, privilege, and privacy in the context of ethical standards and legal requirements if they are to meet their responsibilities to clients, the profession, and to themselves.
Group guidance on sex education
Authors: KELLY GARY F.
Published: January 2012

High school students participated in a group which was structured to emphasize the changes and problems associated with adolescence. The group was given the opportunity as a whole—as well as in segregated sections of boys and girls—to discuss various aspects of human sexuality. Among the major themes were sexual arousal in boys and girls, masturbation, development of sexual roles, and responsibility in sexual behavior. Individuals clarified their own values, feelings, and self‐concepts through interaction with peers in a counseling atmosphere.
Counseling black college students in special programs
Authors: HAETTENSCHWILLER DUNSTAN L.
Published: January 2012

The black college student's encounter with special programs gives rise to special counseling needs which this article describes. In effect, the counselor's task is to assist the student to cope with institutional demands and overcome the alienating effect of the impersonal, white, middle class institution. To do this, the counselor must establish a unique relationship with the student at a critical moment through an outreach approach. Subsequently, the counselor will also be called upon to assist the student in the resolution of an identity crisis. White counselors are not disqualified, but they may need to modify their style of counseling.
Mental institutions and similar phenomena called schools
Authors: FISCHER RONALD W.
Published: January 2012

Mental institutions and public schools appear to have many conceptual and functional similarities. While their intended end product is a mature, independently functioning individual, they often operate in ways that would seem contradictory to their philosophy. This article explores certain “atrocities to the self” that result from programs that are intended to be beneficial but, in reality, often result in dehumanization.
Student rights: a program for counselors
Authors: KINSEY SUSAN
Published: January 2012

Students are increasingly aware of their rights as “persons under our Constitution.” At the high school level especially, they are questioning, challenging, and, with the help of the courts, defining the limits of school officials' authority in some areas of personal freedom and school discipline. Not only should counselors give students information and support on their rights but they should also work for the recognition and protection of those rights by the entire school community. This article offers a Model Student Bill of Rights and suggestions for counselors on how to implement that Bill.
The counselor as metaphysician
Authors: DAUBNER EDWARD VINCENT , DAUBNER EDITH SCHELL
Published: January 2012

Despite their scientific temper of mind, counselors should be interested in metaphysics because of its concern with, among other things, the problem of distinguishing the real from the not‐real—obviously, a vital issue to every counselor and client. This article sketches the scope of metaphysical inquiry as this discipline is understood in the traditional philosophical sense. The authors also illustrate the significance of metaphysics for counseling by presenting the principal tenets of one metaphysical position—personalistic idealism—and by delineating some implications for counseling that flow from an adherence to this metaphysical view.
Minority teachers become minority counselors
Authors: LINDBERG ROBERT E. , WRENN C. GILBERT
Published: January 2012

A high school district has developed an in‐service counselor education program for minority teachers to help meet its need for more counselors who, by virtue of skin color, language, or inner city origins, have advantages in relating to minority students. One major component of the program is an in‐service counseling practicum in which the teachers are supervised while they work with inner city students.
Intervention packages: an approach to self‐management
Authors: BROWN JOE H. , BROWN CAROLYN
Published: January 2012

Intervention packages—planned units of instruction and practice designed to deal with specific student problems—offer a systematic, economical strategy for counseling. Not only do the packages allow the counselor more time for counseling individuals and small groups but they also give students a feeling of greater control over their behavior and environment. This article suggests guidelines for developing and administering intervention packages.
Life style counseling for a reluctant leisure class
Authors: EASON JEAN
Published: January 2012

“We find that most women have time, energy, and knowledge beyond what is needed for their essential responsibilities.”
The ethics of creative growth
Authors: KELLY EUGENE W.
Published: January 2012

Explicitly ethical discussions among guidance and personnel professionals generally involve intraprofessional concerns and the specifying of minimal standards of professional behavior.

The author of this article proposes that wider, more challenging, ethical issues should not be treated as special topics within these professions but should be considered crucial parts of the mainstream of ethical thought and practice. This shift would help to make critical moral problems the professional concern of all guidance and personnel workers, not the specialty of only a few.
Guidance in 1995: the possible dream
Authors: MARPLE BETTY LOU N.
Published: January 2012

The contemplation of utopias seems a fruitful intellectual exercise, especially in the field of counseling, which is expanding and changing so rapidly. Who should counsel? In what setting? With what kind of training? Although it is written in a light style, this article, which proposes institutionalized friendship as the all‐encompassing idea in the practice of guidance, is deadly serious. The ultimate goal of most people in this country may very well be friendship with one another, and the article describes a method for achieving such a goal that could be in effect within another generation.
We are told that marihuana is harmless, except…
Authors: CAMP WILLIAM L
Published: January 2012

Some recent research suggests that marihuana, used in limited doses, may be no more harmful to users than some of the more commonly consumed alcoholic malt beverages, used in limited doses. But a careful examination of the medical research literature reveals specifics—often only hinted at in many of the recent articles on marihuana use—concerning excessive damage to individuals who may have certain physical or psychological inabilities to handle this substance, who may use it in doses that are more than minimal, or who may use it over extended periods of time.
Levels of empathic response
Authors: MEANS BOB L.
Published: January 2012

Empathic understanding is a counseling technique that receives attention in many of the training programs that are charged with producing helping personnel. Although empathic understanding is widely taught, there is very little commonality among trainers in terms of what they teach their students to be empathic to. In this article the author presents a general conceptual set that may be applied to any statement a person makes. The set is comprised of six elements to which helpers can be empathic and to which they can respond. The elements are concrete and specific and lend themselves well to systematic training.
Counselors, not political agitators
Authors: DRAPELA VICTOR J.
Published: January 2012

This is a rejoinder to the article by Harold J. Adams that appeared in the April 1973 issue of this journal. The discussion centers around the relationship of counselors to the social order and political system of this country. The author questions the basic premises presented by Adams, especially the assumption that social alienation is a natural outcome of the American system. He points out that the collectivism advocated by Adams would be counterproductive to solving the social ills of American life and suggests other strategies to promote effective social change.
Encouraging Women through a Career Conference
Authors: PLOTSKY FRANCES A. , GOAD ROSEMARY
Published: January 2012

Our doubts are traitors, And make us lose the good we oft might win, By fearing to attempt.—William Shakespeare
Etcetera
Authors: Sinick Daniel
Published: January 2012

Publishers interested in having their materials reviewed here are requested to send two copies to Dr. Daniel Sinick, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20006. Items reviewed in this column are not available from APGA.
Admissions counselors or recruiters?
Authors: SHEFFIELD WESLEY , MESKILL VICTOR P.
Published: January 2012

College and university administrators have typically chosen variously selected faculty members and/or counseling‐oriented admissions staff members to perform the crucial task of recruiting new students. What is really needed, however, is neither an intellectually inclined professor nor a listening counselor but rather a warm, outgoing, enthusiastic proponent of the sending institution. The title “admissions counselor” is a misnomer: An admissions staffer is basically a recruiter, not a counselor, and the title of “counselor” should therefore be reserved solely for those people who are professionally trained and located in a counseling position.
Furthering career education through counseling
Authors: HEALY CHARLES C.
Published: January 2012

There is no provision in career education for formally fostering such general attitudes as a sense of agency and a feeling of self‐esteem or such bask skills as time management and interpersonal cooperation. Counselors can contribute directly to career education by teaching such attitudes and skills. This article discusses the need for providing basic attitude and skill training, and it outlines some new replicable counseling procedures that can be used to develop and build such attitudes and skills.
Career counseling: beyond “test and tell”
Authors: COCHRAN DONALD J. , VINITSKY MICHAEL H. , WARREN PENELOPE M.
Published: January 2012

Behavior‐oriented inventories need not be used in a static manner. This article presents a way of using John Holland's Self‐Directed Search (SDS) as an illustration of how such an inventory can be employed dynamically within a developmental career counseling framework. Use of the SDS is discussed in terms of environmental exploration, self‐exploration, and integration of information. The breadth of individual behavior styles and the flexibility of work environments are the key concepts in the approach to career counseling described here.
Helper plus trainer: a two‐phase program for the counselor
Authors: DELWORTH URSULA , MOORE MARV
Published: January 2012

Helping is what it's all about. But if we recognize that one way to help is to train someone else to do a part of what we can do, we can assist that many more people with our limited resources. Thus, to be professionally adequate through all dimensions of the Cube requires the capacity to “train” as well as to “help.” Delworth and Moore have had extensive experience in both modes and have trained literally hundreds of paraprofessionals on a wide range of tasks. Their expertness shows through particularly in their recognition that training is not complete until the trainee has mastered the barrier of systems entry. Too many well‐meaning and adequately skilled counselors have had their noses flattened because they did not have the “key” to the system. Too many well‐meaning and adequately skilled counselors have remained in their offices because they lacked the ability to “multiply” their efforts through others. Here is a schematic to facilitate change in both kinds of counselors.