bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Sphingosine Kinase 1 Deficiency Significantly Decreases Synovial Inflammation and Joint Erosions in Murine TNF-α–Induced Arthritis
Authors: Baker DeAnna A. , Barth Jeremy , Chang Raymond , Obeid Lina M. , Gilkeson Gary S.
Published: July 2010

Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) is an enzyme that converts sphingosine to bioactive sphingosine-1-phosphate. Recent in vitro data suggest a potential role of SphK1 in TNF-α–mediated inflammation. Our aims in this study were to determine the in vivo significance of SphK1 in TNF-α–mediated chronic inflammation and to define which pathogenic mechanisms induced by TNF-α are SphK1 dependent. To pursue these aims, we studied the effect of SphK1 deficiency in an in vivo model of TNF-α–induced chronic inflammatory arthritis. Transgenic hTNF-α mice, which develop spontaneous inflammatory erosive arthritis beginning at 14–16 wk, were crossed with SphK1 null mice (SphK1−/−), on the C57BL6 genetic background. Beginning at 4 mo of age, hTNF/SphK1−/− mice had significantly less severe clinically evident paw swelling and deformity, less synovial and periarticular inflammation, and markedly decreased bone erosions as measured quantitatively through micro-CT images. Mechanistically, the mice lacking SphK1 had less articular cyclooxygenase 2 protein and fewer synovial Th17 cells than did hTNF/SphK1+/+ littermates. Microarray analysis and real-time RT-PCR of the ankle synovial tissue demonstrated that hTNF/SphK1−/− mice had increased transcript levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 compared with hTNF/SphK1+/+ mice, likely also contributing to the decreased inflammation in the SphK1-deficient mice. Finally, significantly fewer mature osteoclasts were detected in the ankle joints of hTNF/SphK1−/− mice compared with hTNF/SphK1+/+ mice. These data indicate that SphK1 plays a key role in hTNF-α–induced inflammatory arthritis via impacting synovial inflammation and osteoclast number.
STAT5 Is Critical To Maintain Effector CD8+ T Cell Responses
Authors: Tripathi Pulak , Kurtulus Sema , Wojciechowski Sara , Sholl Allyson , Hoebe Kasper , Morris Suzanne C. , Finkelman Fred D. , Grimes H. Leighton , Hildeman David A.
Published: July 2010

During an immune response, most effector T cells die, whereas some are maintained and become memory T cells. Factors controlling the survival of effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the role of IL-7, IL-15, and their common signal transducer, STAT5, in maintaining effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Following viral infection, IL-15 was required to maintain a subpopulation of effector CD8+ T cells expressing high levels of killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G, member 1 (KLRG1), and lower levels of CD127, whereas IL-7 and IL-15 acted together to maintain KLRG1lowCD127high CD8+ effector T cells. In contrast, effector CD4+ T cell numbers were not affected by the individual or combined loss of IL-15 and IL-7. Both IL-7 and IL-15 drove phosphorylation of STAT5 within effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. When STAT5 was deleted during the course of infection, both KLRG1highCD127low and KLRG1lowCD127high CD8+ T cells were lost, although effector CD4+ T cell populations were maintained. Furthermore, STAT5 was required to maintain expression of Bcl-2 in effector CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells. Finally, IL-7 and IL-15 required STAT5 to induce Bcl-2 expression and to maintain effector CD8+ T cells. Together, these data demonstrate that IL-7 and IL-15 signaling converge on STAT5 to maintain effector CD8+ T cell responses.
Secreted pH-Regulated Antigen 1 of Candida albicans Blocks Activation and Conversion of Complement C3
Authors: Luo Shanshan , Hartmann Andrea , Dahse Hans-Martin , Skerka Christine , Zipfel Peter F.
Published: July 2010

The complement system forms the first defense line of innate immunity and is activated within seconds upon infection by human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. In this study, we identified a new complement evasion strategy used by C. albicans. The fungus secretes a potent complement inhibitor, pH-regulated Ag 1 (Pra1), which in the direct surrounding of the pathogen binds to fluid-phase C3 and blocks cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b, as shown by ELISA, native gel electrophoresis, and Western blotting. Consequently, complement activation via the alternative and classical pathways is inhibited. In addition, the release of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, as well as C3b/iC3b surface deposition, is reduced, as demonstrated by Western blotting, ELISA, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. By reducing C3b/iC3b levels at the yeast surface, Pra1 decreases complement-mediated adhesion, as well as uptake of C. albicans by human macrophages, as shown by flow cytometry. Thus, Pra1 is, to our knowledge, the first potent fungal complement inhibitor that favors C. albicans immune escape by inactivating and controlling host complement attack at the level of C3.
Loving God… unto death: The witness of the early Christians
Authors: Rosell Sergio
Published: July 2010

The article focuses on the social and theological dynamics that drove early Christ-followers to understand martyrdom as being a legitimate and honourable way by means of which to demonstrate love for God to the uttermost limits. Martyrdom is rooted much earlier in the Jewish tradition, though it received new impetus from the second century AD onwards. The study seeks to trace its raison d’être within the pages of the New Testament, both in the sayings of Jesus and the letters of Paul. It is argued that the apostle’s theology of suffering provided sufficient grounds for such an understanding, which finds in Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, one of its major representatives. Finally, the study seeks to reflect on the plausible actualisation of non-bloody martyrdom for today’s Christian discipleship, if it has any relevance at all.
Dedicated Portfolios and the Present Value of Lost Earnings
Authors: Bell Edward B. , Taub Allan J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
On the Necessity of Estimating Expected Inflation in Determining the Value of Lost Earnings
Authors: Brooking Carl G. , Taylor Patrick A.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Which Estimates of Household Production are Best?
Authors: Douglass John B. , Kenney Genevieve M. , Miller Ted R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Valuation of Defined Pension Benefits as a Marital Asset: An Abundance of Approaches
Authors: Frasca Ralph R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Appraising the Profits Lost by a Failed New Venture
Authors: Bodington Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Forecasting Medical Costs in Tort Cases: The Role of the Economist
Authors: Slesnick Frank
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Restricted Fringe Benefits and Their Economic Value in Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Settlements
Authors: Rosenman Robert
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Personal Consumption: The Case of Retirement Period Consumption
Authors: Brown Ralph J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Codes of Professional Ethics for Forensic Economists: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Piette Michael J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
An Agenda for Future Research in Forensic Economics
Authors: Brookshire Michael L.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Replacement Cost Valuation of Production by Homemakers: Conceptual Questions and Measurement Problems
Authors: Ireland Thomas R. , Ward John O.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Economic Methodology and the Analysis of Employment Discrimination
Authors: Piette Michael J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Income Taxes and Lost Profits
Authors: Bodington Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Valuation of Earnings Using Historical Growth-Discount Rates
Authors: Pelaez Rolando F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Broker Liability for Portfolio Losses: Cases From the Crash of '87
Authors: Poindexter J. C. , Wilson Jack W.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Net Discount Rate in a Model of Long-Run Growth Equilibrium
Authors: Rowe John W.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Comment: On the Accuracy and Usefulness of Hedonic Loss Estimates
Authors: Staller Jerome M. , Sullivan Brian P.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Fringe Benefits: An Ordering
Authors: Samuels George E.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Inclusion of Fringe Benefits in Estimates of Earnings Loss: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Frasca Ralph R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Correct Value of Social Security Contributions in Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Settlements
Authors: Rosenman Robert , Fort Rodney
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Economic Value of a Professional Degree (A Technique)
Authors: DeVries Marvin G.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Albrecht Gary R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Role of Productivity and Prices in Forecasting Wage Rates
Authors: Albrecht Gary R. , Krueger Kurt V.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Utility of Death and Wrongful Death Compensation
Authors: Becker William E. , Stout Richard A.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Forecasting Earnings Growth and Discount Rates: New Evidence From Time Series Analysis
Authors: Bonham Carl , La Croix Sumner J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Value of Life and Hedonic Damages: Some Unresolved Issues
Authors: Frankel Marvin , Linke Charles M.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Consequences of Damage Awards for Hedonic and Other Nonpecuniary Losses
Authors: Rubin Paul H. , Calfee John E.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Use of Control Charts in Determining the Effect of Personal Injury on Productivity
Authors: Webb Peter B. , Bryant Harold L.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
A Hedonics Primer for Economists and Attorneys
Authors: Thornton Robert J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Succeeding as an Expert Witness
Authors: Thornton Robert J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Establishing Damages in Catastrophic Injury Litigation
Authors: Slesnick Frank
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The New Worklife Expectancy Tables: Revised 1995 For Persons With and Without Disability by Gender and Level of Education
Authors: Corcione Frank P.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Beta glucan degradation during post harvest maturation of malting barley with emphasis on malt quality
Authors: Lí­šková Miriam , Frančáková Helena , Mareček Ján
Published: July 2010

β-glucans are natural gum polysaccharides occurring in the bran of cereal grains. Their negative effect consists in blocking enzymes entering the cells whereby they negatively influence the speed of grain degradation during process of malting. Aim of this work was to investigate to what extent post-harvest maturation influences β-glucan degradation with regard to malt quality. Results revealed that post-harvest maturation significantly influenced β-glucan degradation in malt. In barley grains that were stored six weeks after harvest, degradation of β-glucan in malt represented 99 % while using barley grains two weeks after harvest, β-glucan degradation represented only 50 %. Statistically significant was the effect of genotype on β-glucan content in grain as well as on β-glucan degradation level in malt.
Methods for fish species identification in food products
Authors: Bajzí­k Pavol , Golian Jozef , Židek Radoslav , Čapla Jozef , Belej Ľubomí­r , Ondrejka Matúš , Mrázová Ľubica , Maršálková Lenka
Published: July 2010

The need for identification of fishery products in food is currently ongoing issue for both consumers and producers of food. Consumer interest is driven in one the healthy diet, which prefers fish products, as an indispensable ingredient food and on the other hand, is a potential allergen causing health problems in humans allergic to fish protein. Allergy is a phenomenon that significantly affects human health, as well as overall life expectancy of an individual. The large number of fish species are known to trigger allergic reactions directly food intake or inhalation of fumes only, depending on the sensitivity orgamizmu. Large quantity of fish allergens are proteins from the stock protein to enzymes. Methods used for species identifications of fish in food products are PCR sequencing, multiplex PCR, PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSCP, RAPD, real-time PCR.
Influence of the ripening onto the growth of selected probiotic cultures in low – cooked cheese
Authors: Lovayová Viera , Dudriková Eva , Nemcová Radomí­ra , Rimárová Kvetoslava
Published: July 2010

The work describes changes in numbers of selected probiotic cultures in the cheese during its ripening. The technology to manufacture semi-hard low-scaled cheeses used probiotic cultures Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum 96. Sampling took place each month from January to June 2009. Samples of cheese were microbiologically analyzed by standard microbiological methods for the numbers ingested probiotic cultures throughout the period. Physico-chemical parameters (fat content, dry matter content of sodium chloride, titratable acidity, and pH and in the last month and lactic acid and protein content) were followed selected during four months of ripening. For each sample analyzed, and the center region of the cheeses. Achieved values observed physico-chemical parameters were significantly changed during the reporting period and amounted to the value required by the applicable legislation for the cheese. The results of microbiological analysis showed that in all evaluated selected probiotic cheeses was observed during a six month minimum storage period of therapy, which sets the value of micro-organisms at the end of the storage order of 106 cfu.ml-1.
Protein and fat in breast muscules of broilers in application welfare principles in practical conditions
Authors: Medveď Ján , Angelovičová Mária
Published: July 2010

Were carried two chemical analyses of the breast muscles without skin in fattening-type chickens Ross 308. 12 chickens were used for chemical analysis after feeding 42 days of body weight 1800.0 g in two cycles. In the breast muscle without skin was content dry matter 25.95 and 25.87 g.100 g-1, protein 24.47 and 23.82 g.100 g-1, and fat 3.34, respectively 3.49 g.100  g-1. Differences in these parameters between cycles were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Broilers were randomly selected in the hall on the farm. In the hall was a deep litter and breeding technology Big Dutchman with automatic feeding, watering, and automatically set lighting and temperature regimes. During the fattening of chickens have been relationship with recommended microclimate conditions and the length of the hall light and ventilation. The concentration of broilers per square one meter was 27.22, respectively. 29.34 kg. Broilers consumed of feed ad libitum.
Estimation of the burden of pesticide residues in Slovak population
Authors: Bielková Zuzana Grancová , Sokol Jozef
Published: July 2010

Pesticides used in the agriculture have to be applied according to the requirements of good agricultural practice and appropriate law. Pesticides leave detectable residues in agricultural crops, raw materials and ecosystem components. Pesticides reach the human population through the food chain. Information on the type and concentration of pesticide residues in food is in Slovakia collected trough the monitoring programs. Health risks associated with pesticides contaminants in human nutrition are very important and are recently studied by several expert groups. Prerequisite programs are necessary to protect public health. Risk analysis and monitoring of the population burden by pesticide contaminants have to be performed in expert level. The general strategy for assessment of toxicity of pesticides is listed by the World health Organisation. Scientific risk assessment is the basis for taking action and making the legislation at national and European community level.
Genetic analysis of nitric oxide synthase 1 variants in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Authors: Silberberg Gilad , Ben‐Shachar Dorit , Navon Ruth
Published: July 2010

Nitric oxide (NO) is a neurotransmitter that acts as a second messenger of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor and interacts with the dopaminergic and the serotonergic systems. NO involvement in pathological processes relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders stems from its ability to modulate certain forms of synaptic plasticity, and from its capacity to be transformed to a highly active free radical. Additionally, multiple links have been reported between the NO‐producing enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 1, and both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BPD). RNA and DNA isolated from dorsolateral‐prefrontal cortices of schizophrenia patients, bipolar patients and controls (n = 26, 30 and 29, respectively) were donated by the Stanley Foundation Brain Collection. Gene expression was measured by Real‐Time‐PCR. Genetic polymorphisms were genotyped by restriction‐fragment length‐polymorphism analysis, and by product‐size determination of PCR products amplified with a fluorescent primer.Expression analysis of pan‐NOS1, as well as of 2 of its isoforms, “NOS1_1d” and “NOS1_1f”, which differ in their first exons and translational strength, revealed a trend for pan‐NOS1over‐expression (P = 0.075) in schizophrenia patients (1.33‐fold), and significant over‐expression (P < 0.05) ofNOS1_1dandNOS1_1fin this group (1.54‐fold and 1.61‐fold, respectively). No expressional alteration was observed in BPD. Polymorphisms at the promoters of NOS1_1d and NOS1_1f, previously shown to be functional in vitro, revealed no significant allelic or genotypic differences among clinical groups and showed no effect on these transcripts' expression. In conclusion, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the over‐expression of specific NOS1 isoforms, which is unique to schizophrenia, may assist in identifying targets for new drugs. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Information for inspiration: Understanding architects' information seeking and use behaviors to inform design
Authors: Makri Stephann , Warwick Claire
Published: July 2010

Architectural design projects are heavily reliant on electronic information seeking. However, there have been few studies on how architects look for and use information on the Web. We examined the electronic information behavior of 9 postgraduate architectural design and urban design students. We observed them undertake a self‐chosen, naturalistic information task related to one of their design projects and found that although the architectural students performed many similar interactive information behaviors to academics and practitioners in other disciplines, they also performed behaviors reflective of the nature of their domain. The included exploring and encountering information (in addition to searching and browsing for it) and visualizing/appropriating information. The observations also highlighted the importance of information use behaviors (such as editing and recording) and communication behaviors (such as sharing and distributing) as well as the importance of multimedia materials, particularly images, for architectural design projects. A key overarching theme was that inspiration was found to be both an important driver for and potential outcome of information work in the architecture domain, suggesting the need to design electronic information tools for architects that encourage and foster creativity. We make suggestions for the design of such tools based on our findings.
Fine‐grained opinion mining by integrating multiple review sources
Authors: Miao Qingliang , Li Qiudan , Zeng Daniel
Published: July 2010

With the rapid development of Web 2.0, online reviews have become extremely valuable sources for mining customers' opinions. Fine‐grained opinion mining has attracted more and more attention of both applied and theoretical research. In this article, the authors study how to automatically mine product features and opinions from multiple review sources. Specifically, they propose an integration strategy to solve the issue. Within the integration strategy, the authors mine domain knowledge from semistructured reviews and then exploit the domain knowledge to assist product feature extraction and sentiment orientation identification from unstructured reviews. Finally, feature‐opinion tuples are generated. Experimental results on real‐world datasets show that the proposed approach is effective.
Rhodium‐ and Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydroamination of Alkenes
Authors: Hesp Kevin D. , Stradiotto Mark
Published: July 2010

The hydroamination of alkenes represents an atom‐economical strategy for the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing molecules from readily available components. In recent years, the application of Group 9 transition metal catalysts in this reaction has enabled significant progress to be made toward addressing several major challenges within the field of metal‐mediated hydroamination. Using Rh‐ and Ir‐based catalysts for the intermolecular hydroamination reaction, advances have been made in the regioselective addition of amines to olefins in an anti‐Markovnikov fashion producing industrially relevant linear amine products, as well as the concise synthesis of chiral amines by asymmetric hydroamination. The intramolecular addition of a variety of amine groups to pendant alkenes has also been studied in the context of developing expedient routes to nitrogen‐containing heterocycles; using simple Rh‐ and Ir‐based catalysts, a wide range of substrates including those that contain functional groups that are poised for further synthetic elaboration are readily cyclized. Extension of these catalyst systems to include the asymmetric synthesis of a variety of functionalized 1‐methylpyrrolidine compounds has recently been achieved. To complement these catalytic investigations, thorough stoichiometric and kinetic studies have unveiled diverse mechanistic pathways that originate from either initial amine or olefin activation. The understanding gained through these mechanistic investigations provides the framework for the design of increasingly effective alkene hydroamination catalysts.
Nanoparticles as Semi‐Heterogeneous Catalyst Supports
Authors: Schätz Alexander , Reiser Oliver , Stark Wendelin J.
Published: July 2010

Nanoparticles can serve as semi‐heterogeneous supports since they readily disperse in common solvents and combine high surface area with excellent accessibility. Reversible agglomeration through solvent changes and magnetic separation provide technically attractive alternatives to classical catalyst filtration. This account places emphasis on recent developments in this emerging area.
Hydrosilylation of a Silicon(II) Hydride: Synthesis and Characterization of a Remarkable Silylsilylene
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Hua , Yeong Hui‐Xian , Xi Hong‐Wei , Lim Kok Hwa , So Cheuk‐Wai
Published: July 2010

The synthesis and characterization of novel monomeric silylsilylenes [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiSi{(NtBu)2C(H)Ph}R] (R=Cl (2), H (4)) are described. Compound 2 was prepared by the treatment of [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiHCl2] (1) with two equivalents of potassium graphite, whereas compound 4 was synthesized by the treatment of 1 with four equivalents of potassium graphite. The results suggest that silicon(II) hydride intermediate [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiH] was formed in the reduction, which underwent a hydrosilylation with the amidinate ligand of [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiR] (R=Cl or H) to form 2 and 4, respectively. The existence of [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiH] in solution was demonstrated by the treatment of [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiCl] (3) with [K{HB(iBu)3}]. Compounds 2 and 4 have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The results show that compounds 2 and 4 are stable in solution or the solid state, and do not dimerize to form the corresponding disilene. DFT calculations show that the SiSi bonds in 2 and 4 do not have multiple‐bond character.
Real‐Time Monitoring of Mass‐Transport‐Related Enzymatic Reaction Kinetics in a Nanochannel‐Array Reactor
Authors: Li Su‐Juan , Wang Chen , Wu Zeng‐Qiang , Xu Jing‐Juan , Xia Xing‐Hua , Chen Hong‐Yuan
Published: July 2010

To understand the fundamentals of enzymatic reactions confined in micro‐/nanosystems, the construction of a small enzyme reactor coupled with an integrated real‐time detection system for monitoring the kinetic information is a significant challenge. Nano‐enzyme array reactors were fabricated by covalently linking enzymes to the inner channels of a porous anodic alumina (PAA) membrane. The mechanical stability of this nanodevice enables us to integrate an electrochemical detector for the real‐time monitoring of the formation of the enzyme reaction product by sputtering a thin Pt film on one side of the PAA membrane. Because the enzymatic reaction is confined in a limited nanospace, the mass transport of the substrate would influence the reaction kinetics considerably. Therefore, the oxidation of glucose by dissolved oxygen catalyzed by immobilized glucose oxidase was used as a model to investigate the mass‐transport‐related enzymatic reaction kinetics in confined nanospaces. The activity and stability of the enzyme immobilized in the nanochannels was enhanced. In this nano‐enzyme reactor, the enzymatic reaction was controlled by mass transport if the flux was low. With an increase in the flux (e.g., >50 μL min−1), the enzymatic reaction kinetics became the rate‐determining step. This change resulted in the decrease in the conversion efficiency of the nano‐enzyme reactor and the apparent Michaelis–Menten constant with an increase in substrate flux. This nanodevice integrated with an electrochemical detector could help to understand the fundamentals of enzymatic reactions confined in nanospaces and provide a platform for the design of highly efficient enzyme reactors. In addition, we believe that such nanodevices will find widespread applications in biosensing, drug screening, and biochemical synthesis.
Synthesis of Unusual Oxime Ethers by Reaction of Tetranitromethane with B‐Alkylcatecholboranes
Authors: Lüthy Monique , Schenk Kurt , Renaud Philippe
Published: July 2010

The reaction of tetranitromethane with B‐alkylcatecholboranes leads to the formation of unusual dinitrooxime ethers. A tentative mechanism is provided, which suggests the involvement of extremely fast addition of alkyl radicals to tetranitromethane. The substitution of one of the nitro groups in the oxime ethers by nucleophiles (such as secondary amines, halogens and styrene) and by radicals generated from B‐alkylcatecholboranes is reported.
High‐Field Pulsed EPR Spectroscopy for the Speciation of the Reduced [PV2Mo10O40]6− Polyoxometalate Catalyst Used in Electron‐Transfer Oxidations
Authors: Kaminker Ilia , Goldberg Hila , Neumann Ronny , Goldfarb Daniella
Published: July 2010

An in‐depth spectroscopic EPR investigation of a key intermediate, formally notated as [PVIVVVMo10O40]6− and formed in known electron‐transfer and electron‐transfer/oxygen‐transfer reactions catalyzed by H5PV2Mo10O40, has been carried out. Pulsed EPR spectroscopy have been utilized: specifically, W‐band electron–electron double resonance (ELDOR)‐detected NMR and two‐dimensional (2D) hyperfine sub‐level correlation (HYSCORE) measurements, which resolved 95Mo and 17O hyperfine interactions, and electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), which gave the weak 51V and 31P interactions. In this way, two paramagnetic species related to [PVIVVVMo10O40]6− were identified. The first species (30–35 %) has a vanadyl (VO2+)‐like EPR spectrum and is not situated within the polyoxometalate cluster. Here the VO2+ was suggested to be supported on the Keggin cluster and can be represented as an ion pair, [PVVMo10O39]8−[VIVO2+]. This species originates from the parent H5PV2Mo10O40 in which the vanadium atoms are nearest neighbors and it is suggested that this isomer is more likely to be reactive in electron‐transfer/oxygen‐transfer reaction oxidation reactions. In the second (70–65 %) species, the VIV remains embedded within the polyoxometalate framework and originates from reduction of distal H5PV2Mo10O40 isomers to yield an intact cluster, [PVIVVVMo10O40]6−.
Fabrication of Nanoelectrodes and Metal Clusters by Electrodeposition
Authors: Velmurugan Jeyavel , Mirkin Michael V.
Published: July 2010

Most nanometer‐sized electrodes reported to date are made from either Pt or Au. For technical reasons, it is difficult to make nanoelectrodes from many other metals (e.g. Hg) by heat‐sealing microwires into glass capillaries or by other established techniques. Such nanoelectrodes can be useful for a wide range of analytical and physicochemical applications from high sensitivity stripping analysis (Hg) to pH nano‐sensors to studies of electrocatalysis. In this paper, nanometer‐sized metal electrodes are prepared by electrodeposition of Hg or Pt on disk‐type, polished or recessed nanoelectrodes. The deposition of Hg is monitored chronoamperometrically to produce near‐hemispherical electrodes, which are characterized by voltammetry and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The well‐shaped deposits of a solid metal (Pt) at Au nanoelectrodes are prepared and imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Catalytic metal clusters can also be prepared using this methodology. Electrodes with the metal surface flush with glass insulator, most suitable for quantitative voltammetric and SECM experiments are fabricated by electrodeposition of a metal inside an etched nanocavity.
Attachment style and its relationship to working alliance in the supervision of British clinical psychology trainees
Authors: Dickson Joanne M. , Moberly Nicholas J. , Marshall Yehuda , Reilly James
Published: July 2010

Although the supervisory relationship is thought to be critical in training clinical psychologists, little is known about factors affecting the supervisory alliance. We conducted an Internet survey of British clinical doctoral trainees (N = 259) in which participants rated their supervisory working alliance, parental style during childhood, pathological adult attachment behaviours and attachment style for themselves and their supervisors. Trainees' ratings of the working alliance were associated with perceptions of supervisors' attachment style, but not with perceptions of trainees' own attachment styles. Path analysis supported a causal chain linking parental indifference, compulsive self‐reliance, insecure supervisor attachment style and lower ratings of the working alliance. Our results broadly replicate data from a US sample and suggest that attachment theory is helpful in understanding clinical supervisory processes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• The attachment theory is helpful in understanding clinical supervisory processes.

• Perceptions of supervisors' attachment style are associated with quality of the supervisory working alliance.

• Compulsive self‐reliance in trainees may present particular difficulties for the supervisory working alliance.
Cannabidiol induces intracellular calcium elevation and cytotoxicity in oligodendrocytes
Authors: Mato Susana , Victoria Sánchez‐Gómez María , Matute Carlos
Published: July 2010

Heavy marijuana use has been linked to white matter histological alterations. However, the impact of cannabis constituents on oligodendroglial pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated thein vitroeffects of cannabidiol, the main nonpsychoactive marijuana component, on oligodendrocytes. Exposure to cannabidiol induced an intracellular Ca2+rise in optic nerve oligodendrocytes that was not primarily mediated by entry from the extracellular space, nor by interactions with ryanodine or IP3receptors. Application of the mitochondrial protonophore carbonylcyanide‐p‐trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP; 1 μM) completely prevented subsequent cannabidiol‐induced Ca2+responses. Conversely, the increase in cytosolic Ca2+levels elicited by FCCP was reduced after previous exposure to cannabidiol, further suggesting that the mitochondria acts as the source of cannabidiol‐evoked Ca2+rise in oligodendrocytes. n addition, brief exposure to cannabidiol (100 nM–10 μM) led to a concentration‐dependent decrease of oligodendroglial viability that was not prevented by antagonists of CB1, CB2, vanilloid, A2Aor PPARγ receptors, but was instead reduced in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. The oligodendrotoxic effect of cannabidiol was partially blocked by inhibitors of caspase‐3, ‐8 and ‐9, PARP‐1 and calpains, suggesting the activation of caspase‐dependent and ‐independent death pathways. Cannabidiol also elicited a concentration‐dependent alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was reduced in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Finally, cannabidiol‐induced cytotoxicity was partially prevented by the ROS scavenger trolox. Together, these results suggest that cannabidiol causes intracellular Ca2+dysregulation which can lead to oligodendrocytes demise. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of SOCS1 in macrophages in relapsing‐remitting and chronic EAE and its role in disease severity
Authors: Berard Jennifer L. , Kerr Bradley J. , Johnson Howard M. , David Samuel
Published: July 2010

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T cell‐mediated neuroinflammatory disease that is often used as a model of multiple sclerosis. EAE can follow either relapsing‐remitting (RR) or chronic (CH) courses, yet the factors responsible for differentially inducing these forms of disease remain largely unknown. Proinflammatory cytokines play an important role in EAE, and signaling by these cytokines can be negatively regulated by the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 protein (SOCS1). We assessed if differential expression of SOCS1 could contribute to the clinical course of RR and CH forms of EAE induced in the same mouse strain (C57BL/6) using the same myelin antigen (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein). We show that SOCS1 mRNA levels are significantly elevated in the spinal cord in early stages of both RR‐ and CH‐EAE. SOCS1 protein is highly expressed in immune cells in EAE lesions in the spinal cord, with expression predominantly localized within macrophages. Importantly, the number of Mac‐1+ macrophages expressing SOCS1 at the peak stage of RR disease is three‐fold greater than in CH‐EAE. Furthermore, the macrophage effector molecule iNOS, whose expression is regulated by SOCS1, is significantly reduced at the peak of RR‐ versus CH‐EAE. Finally, the administration of a SOCS1‐mimetic peptide reduces disease severity in the CH‐EAE model. Thus, the differential expression of SOCS1 may contribute to the development of RR and CH forms of EAE. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Free flap reconstruction for osteoradionecrosis of the jaws—Outcomes and predictive factors for success
Authors: Cannady Steven B. , Dean Nichole , Kroeker Andrew , Albert Thomas A. , Rosenthal Eben L. , Wax Mark K.
Published: July 2010

Background.

The purpose of this study was to determine factors to predict the success of free flap surgery in the treatment of osteoradionecrosis (ORN).

Methods.

Univariate analysis of overall and flap complications was performed. The effect of time to ORN, and the time interval between ORN to reconstruction was evaluated.

Results.

Fifty‐five flaps on 53 patients for ORN were done with a 90% resolution rate. Univariate parameter analysis was significant for infield mandibulotomy. An increased time interval from radiation therapy (XRT) to ORN development significantly predicted for flap‐specific complications and flap loss (p < .05). Increased time from ORN diagnosis to flap surgery resulted in greater length of bone involvement (p = .01). Anastomotic complications occurred in 13 cases resulting in 7 complete flap losses.

Conclusion.

An increased risk of complication was encountered with greater time from XRT to ORN. Thus, in patients developing ORN long after treatment, surgery should be accordingly more aggressive. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Serum IL10 and circulating CD4+CD25high regulatory T cell numbers as predictors of clinical outcome and survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Alhamarneh Osama , Agada Frank , Madden Leigh , Stafford Nicholas , Greenman John
Published: July 2010

Background.

Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) commonly have an imbalance in T helper (Th)1/Th2‐type cytokines and elevated levels of CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells (Treg). Here, we investigated the association of circulating interleukin (IL)10, IL12, and Treg‐cells with clinical outcome in patients with HNSCC.

Methods.

Serum cytokine levels were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients' pretreatment (n = 107) and 4 to 6 weeks posttreatment (n = 43), and in nontumor controls (n = 40). Treg‐cell levels were determined by flow cytometry.

Results.

IL10 detectability was significantly higher in patients than controls (p = .001). Pretreatment IL10 levels in all anatomical subsites, except the oral cavity, were significantly elevated in stages III/IV, N+ patients, and in T3/4‐tumors (p = .005, .037, and .001, respectively). The detectability of IL10 significantly correlated with poorer survival after a maximum follow‐up of 36 months. Treg‐cell levels did not correlate with any clinical parameters.

Conclusion.

IL10 is a potential independent factor in predicting a poor clinical outcome in newly presenting tumors of laryngeal and pharyngeal origin. The role of circulating Treg‐cells as predictors of clinical outcome requires further investigation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Selective culture of different types of human parotid gland cells
Authors: Chan Yen‐Hui , Huang Tsung‐Wei , Young Tai‐Horng , Lou Pei‐Jen
Published: July 2010

Background.

Advances in salivary gland tissue engineering can benefit patients diagnosed with xerostomia. Complexity of the gland explains the urgent demand for a reliable protocol to isolate and expand various gland cells that can be used for further study.

Methods.

Three cells with different morphologies were isolated from the same human parotid glands using different culture medium systems and then were identified by the expressions from mRNA to the protein level.

Results.

Among the 34 specimens, parotid gland acinar cells, myoepithelial cells, and fibroblasts expressing specific markers that belonged to individual cell types, were successfully isolated and expanded from 30 specimens without a complex mechanical process and expensive flow technique.

Conclusion.

The proposed protocol is simple with a high success rate to culture various gland cells, making it highly promising for use in future tissue engineering studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Detecting and defining the anatomic extent of large nerve perineural spread of malignancy: Comparing “targeted” MRI with the histologic findings following surgery
Authors: Gandhi M. R. , Panizza B. , Kennedy D.
Published: July 2010

Background.

The accurate preoperative identification of the extent of perineural spread (PNS) of malignancy along a cranial nerve is vital to the design of an appropriate surgical resection. Our purpose was to determine the sensitivity of targeted MRI in predicting the presence of disease and the anatomic extent of spread when compared with histologic findings.

Methods.

A retrospective review was performed of 25 patients with PNS who had targeted MRI and surgery to excise perineural tumor (2002–2008).

Results.

MRI detected PNS in 30 of 30 nerves (100%) with 1 false positive. MRI correctly identified the extent of spread based on histology in 25 of 30 nerves (83.3%). In 4 of 30 cases (13.3%) MRI underestimated the extent of spread proximal to the Gasserian ganglion that, if diagnosed preoperatively, may have deemed the patient inoperable.

Conclusions.

MRI demonstrated the presence and anatomic extent of PNS in the majority of cases. MRI may underestimate microscopic spread proximal to the Gasserian ganglion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Entrepreneurial human resource leadership: A conversation with Dwight Carlson
Authors: Strubler David C. , Redekop Benjamin W.
Published: July 2010

In his blunt and engaging manner, visionary entrepreneur Dwight Carlson has insightful and provocative things to say about leadership, communication and team development, and motivation. We argue that Carlson is an “entrepreneurial leader” who has learned how to create an environment that fosters innovation, hard work, a sense of fun, and “team spirit” and which results in highly motivated and productive staff. At the same time, we recognize that not all entrepreneurs necessarily share Carlson's “bravado.” Nevertheless, his example as founder and CEO of several high‐tech start‐up companies sheds light on the unique contours of entrepreneurial human resource leadership. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing temporary workers by defining temporary work agency service quality
Authors: Liu Chung‐Tzer , Wu Cindy , Hu Chun‐Wei
Published: July 2010

This study investigates and defines the concept of service quality of a temporary work agency (TWA) from the perspective of temporary workers as the TWA's internal customers. Specifically, we conducted two surveys using two separate samples of temporary workers to (1) develop a measure of TWA service quality based on service literature and (2) test the newly developed measure's reliability, factor structure, and validity. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis results show that an effective temporary work agency is one that offers reliable placement services, appears interpersonally supportive in interacting with the temporary workers, provides individualized and customized service, is furnished with appealing tangible facilities and equipment, and offers services that are conveniently accessible before, during, and after the temporary job assignments. Structural equation modeling results further suggest that TWA service quality is directly related to temporary workers' customer satisfaction with the TWA and perceived TWA service value and is indirectly related to temporary workers' customer loyalty to the TWA. Research and practical implications of this research are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using social exchange theory to predict the effects of high‐performance human resource practices on corporate entrepreneurship: Evidence from China
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Jia Ming
Published: July 2010

Using the foundation of social exchange theory, we examined underlying mechanisms linking the relationship of high‐performance human resource practices and corporate entrepreneurship (CE). Specifically, we explore why and under what conditions these two concepts are related. A multilevel analysis of data from biotechnology pharmaceutical enterprises in the People's Republic of China revealed that employees' perceived organizational support (POS) mediated the relationship between high‐performance human resource practices and CE. Further, organizational culture moderates the relationship between high‐performance human resource practices and employees' POS. The implications of these findings for both management theory and practice are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Climate impacts on river flow: projections for the Medway catchment, UK, with UKCP09 and CATCHMOD
Authors: Cloke H. L. , Jeffers C. , Wetterhall F. , Byrne T. , Lowe J. , Pappenberger F.
Published: July 2010

The potential impact of climate change on areas of strategic importance for water resources remains a concern. Here, river flow projections for the River Medway, above Teston in southeast England are presented, which is just such an area of strategic importance. The river flow projections use climate inputs from the Hadley Centre Regional Climate Model (HadRM3) for the time period 1960–2080 (a subset of the early release UKCP09 projections). River flow predictions are calculated using CATCHMOD, the main river flow prediction tool of the Environment Agency (EA) of England and Wales. In order to use this tool in the best way for climate change predictions, model setup and performance are analysed using sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The model's representation of hydrological processes is discussed and the direct percolation and first linear storage constant parameters are found to strongly affect model results in a complex way, with the former more important for low flows and the latter for high flows. The uncertainty in predictions resulting from the hydrological model parameters is demonstrated and the projections of river flow under future climate are analysed. A clear climate change impact signal is evident in the results with a persistent lowering of mean daily river flows for all months and for all projection time slices. Results indicate that a projection of lower flows under future climate is valid even taking into account the uncertainties considered in this modelling chain exercise. The model parameter uncertainty becomes more significant under future climate as the river flows become lower. This has significant implications for those making policy decisions based on such modelling results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a H∞ filter assimilation procedure to estimate root zone soil water content
Authors: Lü Haishen , Li Xiaoli , Yu Zhongbo , Horton Robert , Zhu Yonghua , Hao Zhenchun , Xiang Long
Published: July 2010

Root zone soil water content impacts plant water availability, land energy and water balances. Because of unknown hydrological model error, observation errors and the statistical characteristics of the errors, the widely used Kalman filter (KF) and its extensions are challenged to retrieve the root zone soil water content using the surface soil water content. If the soil hydraulic parameters are poorly estimated, the KF and its extensions fail to accurately estimate the root zone soil water. The H‐infinity filter (HF) represents a robust version of the KF. The HF is widely used in data assimilation and is superior to the KF, especially when the performance of the model is not well understood. The objective of this study is to study the impact of uncertain soil hydraulic parameters, initial soil moisture content and observation period on the ability of HF assimilation to predict in situ soil water content. In this article, we study seven cases. The results show that the soil hydraulic parameters hold a critical role in the course of assimilation. When the soil hydraulic parameters are poorly estimated, an accurate estimation of root soil water content cannot be retrieved by the HF assimilation approach. When the estimated soil hydraulic parameters are similar to actual values, the soil water content at various depths can be accurately retrieved by the HF assimilation. The HF assimilation is not very sensitive to the initial soil water content, and the impact of the initial soil water content on the assimilation scheme can be eliminated after about 5–7 days. The observation interval is important for soil water profile distribution retrieval with the HF, and the shorter the observation interval, the shorter the time required to achieve actual soil water content. However, the retrieval results are not very accurate at a depth of 100 cm. Also it is complex to determine the weighting coefficient and the error attenuation parameter in the HF assimilation. In this article, the trial‐and‐error method was used to determine the weighting coefficient and the error attenuation parameter. After the first establishment of limited range of the parameters, ‘the best parameter set’ was selected from the range of values. For the soil conditions investigated, the HF assimilation results are better than the open‐loop results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.