bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication about Advanced Progressive Disease , Prognosis, and Advance Care Plans
Authors: Michael Natasha , Shah Rajvi
Published: January 2023

eHealthcare professionals face many challenges in imparting information and balancing hope and truth-telling at the time of disease progression or recurrence, and transition to the end-of-life for cancer patients. The way information is communicated verbally, and through the actions and approaches of cancer professionals, leaves a lasting impact on those afflicted by advanced cancer. It enables coping, assists with adjustment, allows for early family communication and coherence, and supports meaningful and purposeful living until the end. This chapter covers the importance of cancer communication and strategies to aid practitioners in discussing recurrence, progression, prognostication, and transition to palliative care. It highlights the importance of family communication, future care planning, and specific challenges when considering cultural, ethical and legal issues.
Delirium and Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Alici Yesne , Boettger Soenke , Breitbart William S.
Published: January 2023

Cognitive syndromes are prevalent in palliative care settings. Delirium is the most common and often serious neuropsychiatric disorder found in palliative care settings. Delirium is characterized by abrupt onset, fluctuating disturbance in awareness, attention, cognition, and perception. Delirium is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, causing distress in patients, family members, and staff. Delirium is often underrecognized or misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated or untreated. Clinicians who care for patients with advanced cancer and at the end-of-life must be able to diagnose delirium accurately, undertake appropriate assessment of etiologies, and understand the benefits and risks of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions currently available. Dementia and other neurocognitive disorders can also be encountered in palliative care settings, have multifactorial etiologies ranging from cancer-treatments to brain metastases, and include neurodegenerative illnesses comorbidly, especially in the oldest old patient population. This chapter presents an overview of the assessment and management of delirium in cancer patients in palliative care settings. Other cognitive syndromes will be briefly described with a focus on the assessment and differential diagnosis. Professional issues, including communication challenges, ethical dilemmas, legal requirements, and service development agendas will be considered.
Individualized Activity-Based Interventions for People with Dementia and Informal Caregivers
Authors: Samuel Preethy S.
Published: January 2023

This chapter summarizes the effectiveness of a tailored activity program (TAP) for people with dementia and their informal caregivers. TAP is a short-term, individualized, activity-based intervention to ameliorate the impact of neuropsychiatric challenges of people with dementia and to reduce caregiver burden. The main treatment effects of this 4-month, home-based intervention for caregiver–care recipient dyads are discussed. The randomized controlled trial revealed a beneficial impact for people with dementia including decreased frequency of behavioral problems and greater engagement in activities. Treatment group caregivers demonstrated increased skill in engaging care recipients in graded activities and documented reduced objective burden (i.e., 1-hour less time spent doing things to help care recipients and 5-hour decrease of “on-duty” hours). These benefits are clinically significant because they have potential to prevent or delay out-of-home placement of people with dementia.
An Occupational Therapy–Led Self-Management Program to Support People with Multiple Chronic Conditions (MCCs) in Primary Care
Authors: Pyatak Elizabeth A. , Lee Elissa S.
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the OPTIMAL study, a randomized controlled trial of an occupational therapy–led community-based program for adults with multiple chronic conditions referred to the program from a network of primary care clinics. Participants in the OPTIMAL program, compared to those in a wait-list control condition, had improved activity participation, self-efficacy, and quality of life. The OPTIMAL study adds to the literature demonstrating that occupational therapy is effective in improving function and quality of life among individuals with chronic conditions. The chapter summarizes the study methodology and findings, reviews related literature, and provides an illustrative case example relating the findings of the OPTIMAL study to occupational therapy practice.
Occupational Therapy–Led, Educational–Behavioral Program Improves Long-Term Behavioral, Physical, and Functional Outcomes for Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Carandang Kristine
Published: January 2023

Hammond and Freeman report on the 4-year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial focused on joint protection education for adults with rheumatoid arthritis. The intervention, an occupational therapist–led joint protection program that utilized an educational–behavioral approach drawn from principles of health behavior, social and motor learning, and self-efficacy, was found superior in improving behavioral, physical, and functional outcomes when compared to a multidisciplinary standard education program. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of joint protection to aid in maintaining or slowing down disease-related symptoms and disability. As such, the program has been widely disseminated in the United Kingdom and its educational–behavioral approach applied to other areas of rheumatology-related self-management. Hammond and Freeman discuss clinical considerations when determining the appropriate modality of self-management education at various phases of clients’ disease-related coping and willingness to change.
Injury Prevention through Ergonomic Assessment, Education, and Intervention
Authors: Fukumura Yoko E. , Roll Shawn C.
Published: January 2023

Occupational therapists apply a holistic and transactional approach that differentiates them from other professionals who provide injury prevention services. The study reviewed in this chapter provides one example of how occupational therapists can provide an ergonomics intervention to promote healthy habits and postures, even in non-work settings. Specifically, the study by Feingold and Jacobs describes how a 30-minute ergonomics education session tailored to middle school children resulted in a change in backpack-wearing habits and reports of discomfort. This study is related to a national campaign led by occupational therapists for backpack safety awareness that includes an annual backpack awareness day at the start of each school year in the fall. Additional studies are noted that provide support for occupational therapy’s role in promoting healthy behaviors and reducing occupational and work-related injuries both within the profession and in other areas through ergonomic assessments, education, intervention, and product design.
Impacts of Environmental and Person-Fit Factors on Work Satisfaction and Performance in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Authors: Persch Andrew C.
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews an article, “Impacts of Environmental and Person-Fit Factors on Work Satisfaction and Performance in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” which provides evidence supporting the socioecological and biopsychosocial models of disability underlying occupational therapy’s person–environment–occupation model. Specifically, the author identifies environmental factors (i.e., social, attitudinal, sensory/physical) and person factors (i.e., job characteristics, skills and passions, autism spectrum symptoms) that may support or hinder work satisfaction and performance for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. The challenges that working adults with autism face in these areas are opportunities for occupational therapy practitioners. This study provides detailed considerations within each of the six factors that can support interventions for skill development, recommendations for workplace accommodation, or universal environmental modifications to promote effective occupational engagement in work and workplaces for adults with autism.
Effects of Occupational Therapy for Persons with Stroke on Restoration of Roles, Tasks, and Activities and on Remediation of Impairments
Authors: Chu Allison
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the results of a two-part meta-analysis that was completed to examine the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions on activity and task performance, role restoration, and the remediation of bodily impairment functions for persons who have had a stroke. The first part of the meta-analysis synthesizes the research findings regarding the impact of occupational therapy interventions on client participation in life roles, basic activities of daily living, and instrumental activities of daily living. The second part of the meta-analysis synthesizes the research findings regarding the impact of occupational therapy interventions on the remediation of psychosocial, cognitive-perceptual, and sensorimotor impairments experienced by persons with stroke. It was concluded that occupational therapy improves client participation in activities after a stroke and facilitates improved cognitive-perceptual skills and motor coordination when specific task practice in client-identified activities and feedback are provided. It was determined that additional research is needed in these areas to verify these findings and provide further guidance for clinical practice.
Why Occupation Matters for Survivors of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Authors: Rafeedie Samia H.
Published: January 2023

This systematic review highlights the effectiveness of activity- and occupation-based interventions utilized with people recovering from traumatic brain injury (TBI), to improve participation in daily activities and social participation. Five themes emerged from the synthesis of 19 studies: the use of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary intervention approaches, community-based rehabilitation programs, client-centered goals and relevant contexts, interventions including social skills training and peer mentoring, and community mobility interventions. There was moderate evidence that multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, community-based rehabilitation programs, and a focus on client-centered goals delivered in a relevant context by an occupational therapist could improve occupational performance following TBI. Limited evidence was found for the best approach to improving social skills and community mobility. The specific contribution of occupational therapy intervention for this patient population has not been well studied, and additional research is needed to determine the nature and extent of occupational therapy intervention for individual patients.
Models of Supervisor and Student Development
Authors: Veach Patricia McCarthy
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes models of supervisor and student development, identifies characteristics associated with novice versus more advanced supervisors and students, and highlights developmental challenges and issues that are similar for both novice and more advanced supervisors and students. It discusses interventions for promoting supervisor and student development and includes specific recommendations for novice versus advanced supervisors. This chapter also identifies characteristics and behaviors indicating student readiness for providing genetic counseling services independently and suggests strategies for facilitating student transition to counseling independently. The chapter includes experiential learning activities that encourage self-reflection and allow the reader to practice using developmentally based interventions.
Ethics and Professionalism in Supervision
Authors: Veach Patricia McCarthy
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes supervisor responsibilities regarding ethical and professional supervision and identifies common ethical and professional issues in genetic counseling supervision. It presents empirically derived genetic counselor supervisor competencies pertaining to professional conduct and supervision boundaries. The chapter also presents strategies to promote ethical and professional practice in the supervisory relationship, including supervision agreements, modeling, management of multiple relationships with students with respect to boundary crossings and violations, and supervisor participation in consultations/supervision with colleagues. Learning activities presented in the chapter promote self-reflection about ethical and professional conduct in supervision and provide opportunities to practice addressing ethical issues with students.
Promoting Student Wellness
Authors: Veach Patricia McCarthy
Published: January 2023

This chapter defines wellness, identifies self-care as a component of wellness, and discusses the role of supervision in promoting student wellness. It discusses the importance of wellness for professional functioning. It describes common stressors in genetic counseling practice (e.g., emotional intensity of the work) and in supervision (e.g., counseling with a supervisor present during the session), and it identifies characteristics of resilient practitioners. This chapter also reviews strategies that individual supervisors and genetic counseling programs can consider using to provide support and guidance to students around stress and distress and to promote student wellness and self-care. The strategies include a variety of cognitive, affective, and behavioral actions. Learning activities encourage reflection about the importance of wellness and provide practice addressing wellness in supervision.
Supervision Delivery Methods
Authors: Wusik Katie
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes supervision delivery methods relevant to genetic counseling practice—live, self-report, remote, standardized patient, and peer supervision. It reviews advantages and challenges of each method, and it demonstrates application of delivery methods to various genetic counseling supervision situations. Live supervision is identified as the most common supervision delivery method in genetic counseling. Supervisors are encouraged to use a range of supervision delivery methods to meet each student’s evolving developmental and professional needs. Experiential activities provided in the chapter encourage reflection on the benefits and challenges of each supervision method and provide practice in mitigating some of the challenges.
Prevention of Disabling and Fatal Strokes by Successful Carotid Endarterectomy in Patients Without Recent Neurologic Symptoms
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether carotid endarterectomy improved outcomes compared to medical management in patients who had asymptomatic carotid artery disease. The ACST-1 randomized controlled trial demonstrated that surgery reduced the 10-year stroke risk in patients under the age of 75. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for the Management of Paget–Schroetter Syndrome
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery reporting on the management of patients with Paget–Schroetter syndrome. The systematic review and meta-analysis described in this chapter demonstrated higher rates of thrombus and symptom resolution with thrombolysis, followed by first rib resection, in patients with Paget–Schroetter syndrome. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, inclusion and exclusion criteria for the reviewed studies, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Autologous Saphenous Vein and Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Grafts in Infra-inguinal Arterial Reconstructions
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether autologous vein conduit improved outcomes compared to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) conduit for patients undergoing infra-inguinal bypass. This prospective, multicenter, randomized study demonstrated that patency was improved with a vein conduit compared with PTFE, especially in below-the-knee outflow targets. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Long-Term Outcome After Additional Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Versus Standard Treatment for Acute Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis (the CaVenT Study)
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether additional catheter-directed thrombolysis reduced the risk of post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis. The CaVenT study, a randomized controlled trial, demonstrated that additional catheter-directed thrombolysis had a persistent and increased clinical benefit in this population. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Comparison of Endovenous Ablation Techniques, Foam Sclerotherapy, and Surgical Stripping for Great Saphenous Varicose Veins
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery comparing the outcomes of foam sclerotherapy, radiofrequency, laser, and surgical treatment of primary varicose veins. The trial demonstrated a higher rate of recanalization of the great saphenous vein after ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and no difference in the technical efficacy between the other modalities. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
A Multicenter Trial of Vena Cava Filters in Severely Injured Patients
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether early placement of an inferior vena cava filter reduces the risk of pulmonary embolism or death in severely injured patients. The trial demonstrated that early prophylactic placement of a vena cava filter after major trauma did not result in a lower incidence of symptomatic pulmonary embolism or death at 90 days. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Conroy Samantha , Catto James W.F.
Published: January 2023

Around one-quarter of bladder cancers are muscle invasive (MIBC). These cancers have a poor prognosis; hence, prompt and accurate diagnoses are needed to maximize curative outcomes. MIBCs are best managed within multidisciplinary teams. Many patients have pre-existing comorbidities and need counselling regarding systemic chemotherapy, radical surgery (with reconstructive choices), or radiotherapy. Despite treatment, metastatic disease develops in up to half of all patients and so palliative support is also needed. Through the presentation of this difficult case—MIBC in a gentleman with a solitary kidney—some of the challenges faced in managing MIBC are explored.
Metastatic testicular cancer: post-chemotherapy residual mass and cancer survivorship
Authors: MacAskill Findlay , Fernando Archie
Published: January 2023

Through this case of a young man with metastatic testicular cancer, a systematic approach to the evaluation and prognostication of such cases is presented. The case explores the contemporary challenges facing the treatment of metastatic testicular cancer with particular attention to the management of residual masses following chemotherapy; and also highlights the importance of focusing on survivorship at every stage to ensure that the patient’s well-being is optimized while still delivering excellent oncological outcomes. The learning points, clinical tips, and expert comments are designed to provide a comprehensive evidence base for treatment decisions. Furthermore, the case looks at future directions in testis cancer including novel prognostic markers such as microRNA-371a-3p (so-called M371 test); minimally invasive and modified template retroperitoneal lymph node dissection; fertility assessment and preservation; and methods of reducing the physical and psychological morbidity of treatments in order to safeguard the quality of life of these patients.
Urethral stricture disease
Authors: Krishnan Jamie V. , Osman Nadir I. , Chapple Christopher R.
Published: January 2023

This case discusses the typical presentation, evaluation, and management options offered to male patients with urethral strictures. It uses three case-based scenarios to highlight some potential outcomes and some key differences in the approach and decision-making processes. It reviews the anatomy of the urethra and the pathophysiology of stricture disease and how its management has evolved over the years. It also discusses prognosis and rates of success of intervention.
Management of ketamine-induced bilateral upper urinary tract injury
Authors: Rizvi Ishtiakul G. , Belal Mohammed
Published: January 2023

Upper urinary tract injury due to chronic ketamine abuse is a complex clinical entity. However it is an emerging and challenging medical condition that requires multidisciplinary approach to manage the patient and simple surgical intervention sometime become suboptimal. The importance of abstinence from drug, regular follow up, compliance of the patient, necessity of multiple surgical interventions should be stressed to the patient. This case presents the outcome of ketamine-induced bilateral upper urinary tract injury managed by innovative surgical intervention. A young male patient underwent continuous iso-peristaltic ileal segment anastomosis from the left renal pelvis to the right renal pelvis and to his previous ileal chimney (roux-en-Y configuration).
Characterizing Relationships Among the Cognitive, Physical, Social-emotional, and Health-related Traits of Military Personnel
Authors: Giles Grace E , Navarro Ester , Elkin-Frankston Seth , Brunyé Tad T , Elmore Wade R , Seay Joseph F , McKenzie Kari L , O’Fallon Kevin S , Brown Stephanie A , Parham Joseph L , Garlie Todd N , DeSimone Linda , Villa Jose D , Choi-Rokas Hyegjoo E , Mitchell K Blake , Racicot Kenneth , Soares Jason W , Caruso Christina , Anderson Debra , Cantelon Julie A , Gardony Aaron L , Smith Tracey J , Karl J Philip , Jayne Julianna M , Christopher John J , Talarico Maria K , Sperlein Jennifer Neugebauer , Boynton Angela C , Jensen Andrew , Ramsay John W , Eddy Marianna D
Published: January 2023

Introduction

Personnel engaged in high-stakes occupations, such as military personnel, law enforcement, and emergency first responders, must sustain performance through a range of environmental stressors. To maximize the effectiveness of military personnel, an a priori understanding of traits can help predict their physical and cognitive performance under stress and adversity. This work developed and assessed a suite of measures that have the potential to predict performance during operational scenarios. These measures were designed to characterize four specific trait–based domains: cognitive, health, physical, and social-emotional.

Materials and Methods

One hundred and ninety-one active duty U.S. Army soldiers completed interleaved questionnaire–based, seated task–based, and physical task–based measures over a period of 3-5 days. Redundancy analysis, dimensionality reduction, and network analyses revealed several patterns of interest.

Results

First, unique variable analysis revealed a minimally redundant battery of instruments. Second, principal component analysis showed that metrics tended to cluster together in three to five components within each domain. Finally, analyses of cross-domain associations using network analysis illustrated that cognitive, health, physical, and social-emotional domains showed strong construct solidarity.

Conclusions

The present battery of metrics presents a fieldable toolkit that may be used to predict operational performance that can be clustered into separate components or used independently. It will aid predictive algorithm development aimed to identify critical predictors of individual military personnel and small-unit performance outcomes.
Optimization and commissioning of the EPIC commensal radio transient imager for the long wavelength array
Authors: Krishnan Harihanan , Beardsley Adam P , Bowman Judd D , Dowell Jayce , Kolopanis Matthew , Taylor Greg , Thyagarajan Nithyanandan
Published: January 2023

Next-generation aperture arrays are expected to consist of hundreds to thousands of antenna elements with substantial digital signal processing to handle large operating bandwidths of a few tens to hundreds of MHz. Conventionally, FX correlators are used as the primary signal processing unit of the interferometer. These correlators have computational costs that scale as $\mathcal {O}(N^2)$ for large arrays. An alternative imaging approach is implemented in the E-field Parallel Imaging Correlator (EPIC) that was recently deployed on the Long Wavelength Array station at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (LWA-SV) in New Mexico. EPIC uses a novel architecture that produces electric field or intensity images of the sky at the angular resolution of the array with full or partial polarization and the full spectral resolution of the channelizer. By eliminating the intermediate cross-correlation data products, the computational costs can be significantly lowered in comparison to a conventional FX or XF correlator from $\mathcal {O}(N^2)$ to $\mathcal {O}(N \log N)$ for dense (but otherwise arbitrary) array layouts. EPIC can also lower the output data rates by directly yielding polarimetric image products for science analysis. We have optimized EPIC and have now commissioned it at LWA-SV as a commensal all-sky imaging back-end that can potentially detect and localize sources of impulsive radio emission on millisecond timescales. In this article, we review the architecture of EPIC, describe code optimizations that improve performance, and present initial validations from commissioning observations. Comparisons between EPIC measurements and simultaneous beam-formed observations of bright sources show spectral-temporal structures in good agreement.
Iron-dependent post transcriptional control of mitochondrial aconitase expression
Authors: Shen Macy , Goforth Jeremy B , Eisenstein Richard S
Published: January 2023

Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) control the translation of animal cell mRNAs encoding proteins with diverse roles. This includes the iron storage protein ferritin and the tricarboxylic cycle (TCA) enzyme mitochondrial aconitase (ACO2) through iron-dependent binding of IRP to the iron responsive element (IRE) in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR). To further elucidate the mechanisms allowing IRPs to control translation of 5′ IRE-containing mRNA differentially, we focused on Aco2 mRNA, which is weakly controlled versus the ferritins. Rat liver contains two classes of Aco2 mRNAs, with and without an IRE, due to alterations in the transcription start site. Structural analysis showed that the Aco2 IRE adopts the canonical IRE structure but lacks the dynamic internal loop/bulge five base pairs 5′ of the CAGUG(U/C) terminal loop in the ferritin IREs. Unlike ferritin mRNAs, the Aco2 IRE lacks an extensive base-paired flanking region. Using a full-length Aco2 mRNA expression construct, iron controlled ACO2 expression in an IRE-dependent and IRE-independent manner, the latter of which was eliminated with the ACO23C3S mutant that cannot bind the FeS cluster. Iron regulation of ACO23C3S encoded by the full-length mRNA was completely IRE-dependent. Replacement of the Aco23C3S 5′ UTR with the Fth1 IRE with base-paired flanking sequences substantially improved iron responsiveness, as did fusing of the Fth1 base-paired flanking sequences to the native IRE in the Aco3C3S construct. Our studies further define the mechanisms underlying the IRP-dependent translational regulatory hierarchy and reveal that Aco2 mRNA species lacking the IRE contribute to the expression of this TCA cycle enzyme.
High-dose Cefepime vs Carbapenems for Bacteremia Caused by Enterobacterales With Moderate to High Risk of Clinically Significant AmpC β-lactamase Production
Authors: Kunz Coyne Ashlan J , El Ghali Amer , Lucas Kristen , Witucki Paige , Rebold Nicholas , Holger Dana J , Veve Michael P , Rybak Michael J
Published: January 2023

Background

Limited data suggest that serious infections caused by Enterobacterales with a moderate to high risk of clinically significant AmpC production can be successfully treated with cefepime if the cefepime minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is ≤2 µg/mL. However, isolates with a cefepime-susceptible dose-dependent (SDD) MIC of 4–8 µg/mL should receive a carbapenem due to target attainment and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) concerns.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients with E. cloacae, K. aerogenes, or C. freundii bacteremia from January 2015 to March 2022 receiving high-dose cefepime or a carbapenem. Cox regression models were used with incorporation of inverse probability of treatment weighting and time-varying covariates.

Results

Of the 315 patients included, 169 received cefepime and 146 received a carbapenem (ertapenem n = 90, meropenem n = 56). Cefepime was not associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality compared with carbapenem therapy (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.45; 95% CI, 0.79–2.14), which was consistent for patients with cefepime SDD isolates (aHR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.52–1.77). Multivariable weighted Cox models identified Pitt bacteremia score >4 (aHR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.04–1.92), deep infection (aHR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.21–4.32), and ceftriaxone-resistant AmpC-E (aHR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.03–1.59) to be independent predictors associated with increased mortality risk, while receipt of prolonged-infusion β-lactam was protective (aHR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.40–0.89).

Conclusions

Among patients with bacteremia caused by Enterobacterales with moderate to high risk of clinically significant AmpC production, these data demonstrate similar risk of 30-day mortality for high-dose cefepime or a carbapenem as definitive β-lactam therapy.
The Souls of Black Folk and the Sociological Analysis of Race in Our Times
Authors: Young Alford A.
Published: January 2023

The Souls of Black Folk is regarded by sociologists, scholars of race theory, and intellectual historians of race as a foundational text for modernist thinking about the social conditions of the African American community. It is foundational for contemporary thought about the social, cultural, intellectual, psychological, and political implications of race in the twenty-first century. The magnitude of the arguments in Souls, together with its enduring impact over time, creates a robust challenge for constructing definitive portraits of the book’s contributions to intellectual, political, and social thought. This chapter thus demonstrates the importance of Souls for forward-thinking approaches to scholarship in sociology. It considers how this work addresses two contemporary problematics in the production of modern sociological scholarship concerning race. The first involves situating a more expansive vision of subjectivity within such work. The second concerns a more thorough elucidation of humility within it.
Du Bois, Demography, and Eugenics
Authors: Zuberi Tukufu
Published: January 2023

W. E. B. Du Bois challenged the racial legacy of demography by using visual techniques to critique the idea of race itself. Du Bois used a visual style that offers a simple presentation of complex demographic processes. His population research offers a different way to think about both formal and social demography. Du Bois’s specification of racial classifications produces a more balanced estimation of population changes, and suggests a different specification of the balancing equation used in racially stratified societies. The new field of critical race methodologies is extended to demography by offering a different analytical framework for social research. Du Bois’s critique of eugenics is evident in his demography, and was clearly expressed in his writing and public debates against eugenics. This chapter establishes some general implications of the impact of Du Bois’s visual demographic style, and how we should study the demography of race.
Shell Valuables and Exchange Systems in New Guinea
Authors: Szabó Katherine
Published: January 2023

The New Guinea anthropological literature is rich with many examples of reciprocal exchange systems where shell valuables often hold an iconic place. This literature has frequently acted as a catalyst and starting point for archaeological enquiries that seeks to investigate the social foundations and development of such systems. This article briefly considers this relationship between archaeology and anthropology in New Guinea using three case studies—the trade of marine shells into the highlands, the kula of the Massim, and the hiri of the south coast and Papuan Gulf. There is little doubt that ethnographies have much to offer archaeologists, but in the context of shell valuables and exchange systems, this relationship can be developed further. The apparent connectedness between trading spheres has also been noted by archaeologists and anthropologists and remains fertile ground for future investigations.
Architectural Traditions in the Deccan
Authors: Sohoni Pushkar
Published: January 2023

Reflecting the richness of the new architectural history of Mughal India, this chapter will add another perspective on the significance of building practices in the regional polities of the Deccan between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. The chapter will interpret choices of architectural style and building practice not only in terms of subtle political negotiations with rivals and overlords, but also in terms of inherited knowledge of architects and builders, and the circulation of such knowledge across political boundaries. The Mughals architectural style would eventually be used across the Deccan, replacing the characteristic architecture of the sultanates that they replaced. Most of the polities of the Deccan in the eighteenth centuries, such as the resurgent Marathas and the emergent Asaf Jahs of Hyderabad, would borrow from the architectural legacy of the Mughals.
Ezekiel Scholarship in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Carvalho Corrine
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of major trends in the scholarly engagement with the book of Ezekiel in the past fifty years. While not an exhaustive review of literature, the essay aims to chart out the current state of the communal scholarly discussions and debates, especially concerning redaction, legal language, Mesopotamian resonances, and gender. The final section of the essays maps out biblical methods that are currently underutilized that might point to the future of the discipline. This overview demonstrates that scholarship on the book arises from a community of deeply engaged, collaborative scholars. The introduction points to some of the areas where consensus has not been reached, which continues to lead to healthy and vigorous debate.
Collecting Irish Song, 1797–1855
Authors: Sturgeon Sinéad
Published: January 2023

In the wake of the 1792 Belfast Harp Festival and Edward Bunting’s associated publication, A general collection of the ancient Irish music […] (1797), popular interest in Irish song, little of which had been committed to paper, grew rapidly. While song collecting became a widespread activity in the period, this chapter focuses on a small number of outstanding collectors—James Hardiman (1782–1855), George Petrie (1790–1866), Henry Hudson (1798–1889), John Edward Pigot (1822–1871), and William Forde (1797-1850)—whose work was not only important in preserving Ireland’s extraordinarily rich song tradition but also influential in shaping its increasingly politicized relation to the perception of national identity.
Confucianism in Korea
Authors: Kim Youngmin , Kim Youngyeon
Published: January 2023

This chapter assesses existing studies on Chosŏn Confucianism and reflects on new directions for understanding this pivotal era in Confucianism. The essay first offers an outline of narratives of Chosŏn Confucianism that form the core of textbook and popular understandings of Korean Confucianism. By reviewing select Japanese, Korean, and Anglophone scholarship on Chosŏn Confucianism using thematic foci, the chapter establishes various contexts in which conventional understanding of Chosŏn Confucianism can be articulated and reexamined. New directions have the potential to expand narrow nationalist interpretations, challenge the claims of the extent to which Korean society was transformed by Confucianism, and place Chosŏn Confucianism within an expanded cultural history that goes beyond the framework of dynastic cycle.
“Boston Confucianism”
Authors: Cummings Neville Robert
Published: January 2023

“Boston Confucianism” begins with an unusual orientation to the Confucian tradition: it starts with what is currently worthwhile. After a brief survey of Confucianism in the contemporary West, it addresses the question of whether Confucianism is a religion. The chapter argues that it is a religion because it has from very early onward had concepts and symbols about what is ultimate, existential demands that determine when individuals are in ultimate perspective, and practices of life, albeit various, for living relative to ultimacy. The main body of the chapter treats six related topics: an ontology of spontaneity, continuity across the board, the roles of ritual in building civilized structures, the self-cultivation of individuals in a new sense, the social role of scholar-officials, and, briefly, the spread of Confucianism beyond East Asia. “Boston Confucianism,” of course, is a joke.
The Analects
Authors: Ni Peimin
Published: January 2023

The Analects is the most reliable source for the teachings of Confucius, and studies of this book have been in existence almost as long as the book itself. The rich commentary tradition of the Analects has two main threads: textual study and philosophical inquiry. Through these the Analects has continued to unfold as a living text through the centuries. The chapter describes the textual history of, editions of, commentaries on, and translations of the Analects. It also explores a new strategy, the “gongfu” approach: in contrast to the predominantly intellectualist orientation of Western philosophy that emphasizes timeless truths and moral codes, gongfu regards the Analects as offering teachings about the art of life.
Confucianism in Japan
Authors: Tucker John A.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the multifaceted legacies of Confucianism in Japan during the Tokugawa period (1600–1868). The Tokugawa era was especially rich in Confucian developments, and this chapter emphasizes the Confucian impact on education, literacy, political thought, metaphysics, spirituality, national identity, and economic theory and practice. In addressing these topics, the relationship of Tokugawa Confucianism to Buddhism, Christianity, and Shintō is examined. Gender issues and the socio-economic backgrounds of Confucian thinkers are also considered. Additionally, the relationship between Tokugawa Confucianism as an intellectual force in early modern Japan and the beginnings of modernity in the Meiji period (1868–1912) and beyond are explored.
Confucianism in Vietnam
Authors: Whitmore John K.
Published: January 2023

Confucianism has been in Vietnam for two millennia, but Vietnam was not Confucian until the early modern era. Going through a series of stages, each encompassing the earlier ones, Vietnamese Confucians (Nho) learned from Chinese Confucians (Ru), while remaining independent, pragmatic, and political in their approach. Going directly to the Five Classics generally appealed to the Nho more than plumbing Dao Xue commentaries. Unlike elsewhere in East Asia, the Nho had little interest in philosophical discussion until the eighteenth century. The Western onslaught in the twentieth century brought renewed interest in Confucian philosophy, and the modern age in Vietnam has seen the adaptation of Nho thought to its circumstances. Nho belief and practice today directs ancestral ritual, is applied to contemporary matters, forms a broad cultural element within Vietnamese society, is involved in state affairs, and brings modernity into its current manifestations.
Xunzi
Authors: Rainey Lee Dian
Published: January 2023

This essay looks at the philosophy of Xunzi (Hsun Tzu), one of the major figures in Warring States Confucian philosophy. Most famous for his theory that human nature is evil, Xunzi is notable for his scrupulous definitions and careful arguments. He presents coherent, interlocking, and consistent discussions that range from morality to ritual to government. When it comes to the supernatural Xunzi is a skeptic; he argues against views that would see human beings connected to Heaven (Tian 天) or, in Xunzi’s view, nature. Freeing ourselves from nature through artificiality and civilization is the crowning achievement of human beings. There are a number of topics in Xunzi’s thought that have led to later debates, chief among them is his relationship to his students, Han Fei and Li Si, and their development of the Legalist school.
Confucianism and Social Structure
Authors: Wood Alan T.
Published: January 2023

This essay explores the impact of Confucianism on Chinese society from early times to the present. The core insight of Confucius was that a stable and cooperative society can be sustainable only when held together by a common commitment to virtue, and that the incubator of virtue is the family. The family, in turn, can be sustainable only when held together by the practice—through ritual—of ancestor veneration and filial piety. Confucian social values placed a high priority on relationships and therefore on the responsibility of the individual to contribute to the social well-being of others through a lifelong process of learning. Perhaps the single most enduring legacy of Confucianism on contemporary Chinese society is a deep commitment to family, to society, and to a highly competitive system of education. The essay ends with a consideration of the continuing debate over the role of Confucianism in the modern world.
Confucius and Contemporary Ethics
Authors: Connolly Tim
Published: January 2023

Much of the recent work on early Confucian ethics has attempted to read thinkers like Confucius 孔子(551–479 BCE) and Mencius 孟子 (c.372–289 BCE) in terms of contemporary ethical theory. While many scholars have argued that Confucianism is best understood as a virtue ethics, others favor an approach that looks at the tradition as a distinctive “role ethics.” Still others maintain that Confucianism has important affinities with care ethics, attempting to build bridge between the Chinese Confucian tradition and contemporary feminism. While these approaches have often been opposed to one another, this essay looks at points of convergence between the three interpretations, arguing that one might see them as a “family of views” that can help scholars understand what is distinctive about the early Confucian tradition.
Gender, Agency, and Sex
Authors: Niget David
Published: January 2023

The postwar years represented a return to the moral order, reinforced by the context of the Cold War. This order gradually began to crack and ultimately came apart during the 1960s as a result of young people’s demand for “sexual liberation.” The youth policies of the time tended to establish a biopolitics of sexuality, as the young demonstrated a desire for autonomy that helped shape a global politics with sexual implications: the sexual revolution. Sexuality thus became a generational tool in the fight for youth rights, but gender norms remained largely unchanged. Nevertheless, during this time, alternative sexual cultures—feminist, gay, and lesbian—emerged, including among the working classes.
Digital Audio Processing Tools for Music Corpus Studies
Authors: Devaney Johanna
Published: January 2023

Digital audio processing tools offer music researchers the opportunity to examine both non-notated music and music as performance. This chapter summarizes the types of information that can be extracted from audio as well as currently available audio tools for music corpus studies. The survey of extraction methods includes both a primer on signal processing and background theory on audio feature extraction. The survey of audio tools focuses on widely used tools, including both those with a graphical user interface, namely Audacity and Sonic Visualiser, and code-based tools written in the C/C++, Java, MATLAB, and Python computer programming languages. This survey considers both the potential and limitations of digital audio processing tools. In the near term, these tools may not be able to replace human annotation of audio entirely. However, even with some annotation error, the studies of large corpora of audio recordings facilitated by computational methods offer opportunities to advance music research in significant ways.
Introduction
Authors: Monga Célestin
Published: January 2023

Cameroon’s suboptimal economic experience since independence (1960) sheds light on broader issues of Africa’s development narrative, and provides valuable economic and policy knowledge. While Cameroon’s large informal economy is diverse and resilient and rooted in old business traditions, its formal economy has exhibited low productivity and employment growth for over 60 years. This has brought anger, disappointment, and violent conflict in several regions of the country. For a developing country increases in per capita income arise from advances in technology arise from closing the knowledge and technology gap with those at the frontier. And within any country (especially one like Cameroon), there is enormous scope for productivity improvement simply by closing the gap between best practices and average practices. Standards of living can therefore be improved through the implementation of pertinent learning strategies.