bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Shows Structural Remodeling of Stroke Mirror Region: Results from a Pilot Study
Authors: Granziera Cristina , Ay Hakan , Koniak Susan P. , Krueger Gunnar , Sorensen A. Gregory
Published: May 2012

Background: The role of the non-injured hemisphere in stroke recovery is poorly understood. In this pilot study, we sought to explore the presence of structural changes detectable by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the contralesional hemispheres of patients who recovered well from ischemic stroke. Methods: We analyzed serial DTI data from 16 stroke patients who had moderate initial neurological deficits (NIHSS scores 3–12) and good functional outcome at 3–6 months (NIHSS score 0 or modified Rankin Score ≤1). We segmented the brain tissue in gray and white matter (GM and WM) and measured the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy in the infarct, in the contralesional infarct mirror region as well as in concentrically expanding regions around them. Results: We found that GM and WM ADC significantly increased in the infarct region (p < 0.01) from acute to chronic time points, whereas in the infarct mirror region, GM and WM ADC increased (p < 0.01) and WM fractional anisotropy decreased (p < 0.05). No significant changes were detected in other regions. Conclusion: DTI-based metrics are sensitive to regional structural changes in the contralesional hemisphere during stroke recovery. Prospective studies in larger cohorts with varying levels of recovery are needed to confirm our findings.
Albumin-Induced Epithelial Mesenchymal Transformation
Authors: Ibrini J. , Fadel S. , Chana R.S. , Brunskill N. , Wagner B. , Johnson T.S. , El Nahas A.M.
Published: May 2012

Background: Progressive chronic kidney disease is often associated with albuminuria and renal fibrosis linked to the accumulation of myofibroblasts producing extracellular matrix. Renal myofibroblasts are derived from a number of cells including tubular epithelial cells (TECs) through epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT). This study explores the hypothesis that exposure of TECs to albumin induces EMT. Methods: Normal rat TECs (NRK52E) were exposed in culture to de-lipidated bovine serum albumin (dBSA; 10 mg/ml) for 2, 4 and 6 days. Binding/uptake of fluoresceined albumin by PTCs was evaluated. Transformation into myofibroblasts was assessed by light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and Western blotting for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), E-cadherin and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). We also investigated the expression of fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1) and collagens I, III and IV. TGF-β1 biological activity, mRNA and protein were measured. A neutralising anti-TGF-β1 antibody was used to analyse the role of TGF-β1 in albumin-induced EMT. Results: Exposure of TECs to dBSA led to binding/uptake of albumin as well as fibroblastic morphological changes. Incubation of TECs with dBSA caused a reduction of TEC marker E-cadherin (ANOVA p = 0.0002) and de novo expression of fibroblast markers α-SMA and FSP-1 (ANOVA p = 0.0001) in a time-dependent manner. It also increased expression and activity of TGF-β1. Neutralisation of TGF-β1 significantly reduced EMT (p < 0.01). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that in vitro, albumin induces the transformation of TECs into cells with myofibroblast characteristics; a process that may be TGF-β1 dependent.
Follicular Lymphoma Presenting with Marked Splenomegaly: Report of Three Cases
Authors: Koiso Hiromi , Yokohama Akihiko , Mitsui Takeki , Saitoh Takayuki , Handa Hiroshi , Murakami Hirokazu , Hirato Junko , Kojima Masaru , Nojima Yoshihisa , Tsukamoto Norifumi
Published: May 2012

Marked splenomegaly as the main presenting sign in follicular lymphoma (FL) is rare. The clinical and morphologic findings of 3 FL patients with massive splenomegaly and slight or no lymphadenopathy are presented. All cases had massive splenomegaly, and 2 had minimal peripheral lymphadenopathy with bone marrow infiltration, which is the major involved site besides the spleen. Histologically, various sizes of micronodules, composed of medium-sized centrocytes, were present in the white pulp in 2 cases in whom splenectomy was performed. The other case was complicated by nephrotic syndrome and showed aggregates of packed small lymphocytes in the spleen and renal parenchyma. Tumor cells were positive for CD10, CD20, bcl-2, and bcl-6. Since these cases are clinically similar to splenic marginal zone lymphoma, recognition of this disease and selection of the appropriate therapy are needed.
The Relaxant Action of Nicorandil in Bovine Tracheal Smooth Muscle
Authors: Yunoki Motonari , Nakahara Tsutomu , Moriuchi Hiroshi , Sakamoto Kenji , Ishii Kunio
Published: May 2012

The relaxant mechanisms of nicorandil were examined by comparing its effects with those of sodium nitroprusside and cromakalim in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. In preparations contracted with methacholine (0.3 µmol/l) or high K+ (40 mmol/l), nicorandil and sodium nitroprusside caused concentration-dependent relaxations. Their relaxant effects on high K+-contracted preparations were smaller than those on methacholine-contracted muscle. Cromakalim relaxed methacholine-contracted preparations, whereas it had no effect on high K+-contracted muscle. The inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; 5 µmol/l) completely prevented the relaxation induced by lower concentrations (<30 µmol/l) of nicorandil, whereas it partially attenuated relaxation caused by higher concentrations. The ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel blocker glibenclamide only partially attenuated the relaxant responses to nicorandil (at 100 and 300 µmol/l). Combination treatment with ODQ and glibenclamide almost completely prevented nicorandil-induced relaxations. The large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (Maxi K+ channel) inhibitor iberiotoxin significantly prevented the relaxations induced by lower concentrations (3 and 10 µmol/l) of nicorandil. The preventive effect of iberiotoxin was markedly enhanced under the blockade of KATP channels with glibenclamide. These results suggest that nicorandil relaxes bovine tracheal smooth muscle through 2 mechanisms: opening of KATP channels and activation of the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. Nicorandil may also activate Maxi K+ channels, possibly through the NO-cGMP pathway, and the interaction of KATP channels and Maxi K+ channels may affect the relaxant effect of nicorandil in bovine tracheal smooth muscle.
An Information Theory Analysis of Gene-Environmental Interactions in Count/Rate Data
Authors: Knights Jonathan , Ramanathan Murali
Published: May 2012

Objective: To develop and critically evaluate an information theory method for identifying gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in count and rate data. Methods: The entropy-based metric k-way interaction information (KWII) was critically assessed for utility in detecting interactions with count data and over-dispersed count data in three simulation studies of increasing complexity and in datasets from animal models of depression and colitis. The results were compared to Poisson regression. The power and effect size dependence of the KWII for detecting interactions was also assessed. Results: The KWII was capable of effectively identifying the genetic and environmental predictors and their interactions in all three simulated datasets. The results indicate that the KWII approach may produce more parsimonious results than regression. In a rat model of depression, we successfully identified a prominent gender effect as well as other published associations. Analysis of severity scores from an animal model of colitis identified markers from chromosome 3, as well as unique first- and second-order associations for the individual sections of the colon and cecum. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the utility and versatility of our entropy-based method for gene-environment interaction analysis of count and rate data with Poisson and over-dispersed distributions.
Fetal Cardiac Function: Technical Considerations and Potential Research and Clinical Applications
Authors: Crispi Fatima , Gratacós Eduard
Published: May 2012

Fetal echocardiography was initially used to detect structural anomalies but has more recently also been proposed to assess fetal cardiac function. This review summarizes technical issues and limitations in fetal cardiac function evaluation, as well as its potential research and clinical applications. Functional echocardiography has been demonstrated to select high-risk populations and to be associated with outcome in several fetal conditions including intrauterine growth restriction, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, maternal diabetes, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Fetal heart evaluation is challenging due to the smallness and high heart rate of the fetus and restricted access to the fetus far from the transducer. Due to these limitations and differences in cardiac function which are related to fetal maturation, cardiovascular parameters should be validated in the fetus and used with caution. Despite these precautions, in expert hands and with appropriate ultrasound equipment, evaluation of cardiac function is feasible in most fetuses. Functional fetal echocardiography is a promising tool that may soon be incorporated into clinical practice. Research is warranted to further refine the contribution of fetal cardiac assessment to the diagnosis, monitoring, or prediction of outcomes in various fetal conditions.
Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) Feeding Strategies at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar: An Indirect Sampling Method
Authors: Sefczek Timothy M. , Farris Zach J. , Wright Patricia C.
Published: May 2012

In this research, we focused on aye-aye populations in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. From August to December 2008, we tested how aye-aye feeding was influenced by presence/absence of both fruiting and non-fruiting Canarium trees. Deadwood feeding traces were used as a proxy for evidence of Canarium feeding. We enumerated deadwood feeding traces in 20 locations, 10 with Canarium, 10 without. Each location contained two transects (80 m L × 20 m W) for a total area of 5.6 ha. Feeding trace results for Canarium locations compared to non-Canarium locations were not significant (Z = –1.926, p = 0.083); however, feeding trace results were significant when comparing fruiting and non-fruiting Canarium locations (Z = –2.417, p = 0.016). These results highlight the importance of Canarium in the diet of aye-ayes and demonstrate how the distribution of this resource may influence the foraging behavior of aye-ayes.
Normative Nasalance Data in Ugandan English-Speaking Children
Authors: Luyten A. , D’haeseleer E. , Hodges A. , Galiwango G. , Budolfsen T. , Vermeersch H. , Van Lierde K.
Published: May 2012

Aims: The aim of this study was to obtain normative nasalance values for typically developing Ugandan English-speaking children as a reference point for clinical practice and further research. Methods: Sixty-nine typically developing Ugandan children (35 males and 34 females, 2.7–13.5 years of age) participated in the study. Nasalance scores were obtained with the Nasometer while children repeated 4 sustained sounds, 14 repeated syllables, 15 sentences (12 oral, 3 nasal) and 2 texts (‘Rainbow Passage’ and ‘Zoo Passage’). Data were analyzed for gender and age dependence. Results: No significant effects of age or gender on nasalance values were obtained; hence, normative values for the overall group were reported. The average nasalance scores for Ugandan English-speaking children were 17 and 64% for the oral and nasal sentences and 33 and 14% for the oronasal and oral text, respectively. Conclusion: The normative values are important as a reference point to assess the impact of several surgical procedures and several surgical timing strategies on speech in Uganda.
Predicting Caries by Measuring Its Activity Using Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence in vivo: A 2-Year Caries Increment Analysis
Authors: Meller C. , Santamaria R.M. , Connert T. , Splieth C.
Published: May 2012

The aim of this study was to analyse the predictive power of several clinical baseline parameters and the de-/remineralisation properties of in vivo etched sites measured with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) for subsequent 2-year caries increment. At baseline, in 44 children (8.23 ± 1.5 years) two areas (diameter 2 mm) of the buccal surface of a primary posterior tooth were etched with 36% phosphoric acid gel for 1 and 4 min, respectively. The etched sites were analysed immediately after etching (ΔQ1) and 24 h (ΔQ2) later by QLF. Additionally, caries status (deft/DMFT and initial caries), approximal plaque, bleeding on probing, and the patient’s current use of fluorides were recorded. In the 2-year follow-up, 29 children were re-assessed. After clinical examination, the caries increment was calculated (ΔDMFT) and correlated with the baseline clinical variables and the QLF readings. Results showed a significant positive correlation between ΔQ1 min and the ΔDMFT (r = 0.44, p = 0.02). The ΔDMFT was significantly correlated with the baseline deft (r = 0.56, p = 0.002), cavitated active caries lesions (r = 0.52, p = 0.003), and filled teeth (r = 0.53, p = 0.003). In a regression analysis the use of fluoridated salt (SC = –0.10) and fluoride gel (SC = –0.14) were negatively associated with ΔDMFT. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the demineralisation properties of the etched sites and the outcome of the 24-hour measurements with QLF are significantly associated with caries increment. Previous caries experience strongly correlated with caries increment in this group of children.
Misidentification of Brucella melitensis as Bergeyella zoohelcum by MicroScan WalkAway®: A Case Report
Authors: Dash Nihar , Al-Zarouni Mansour , Rattan Ashok , Panigrahi Debadatta
Published: May 2012

Objective: To describe the misidentification of Brucella melitensis as Bergeyella zoohelcum by MicroScan WalkAway®, a commonly used bacterial identification system. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A 35-year-old man was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit with sepsis syndrome. Three sets of aerobic blood culture samples were positive after 48 h of incubation. The isolated organism was identified as B. zoohelcum using the MicroScan WalkAway (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., West Sacramento, Calif., USA). However, due to the rareness of the pathogen, the isolate was reidentified as B. melitensis with Vitek® 2 system and later 16S ribosomal sequence analysis confirmed the isolate as B. melitensis having 100% match. Conclusion: This case showed that Brucella can be misidentified using MicroScan WalkAway. Countries where brucellosis is endemic need to be careful while using such automated identification systems in order not to miss the diagnosis of Brucella.
Summary of the IADR Cariology Research Group Symposium, Barcelona, Spain, July 2010: New Directions in Cariology Research
Authors: Vieira A.R. , Modesto A. , Ismail A. , Watt R.
Published: May 2012

Caries remains the most prevalent noncontagious biofilm-mediated disease in humans. It is clear that the current approaches to decrease the prevalence of caries in human populations, including water fluoridation and school-based programs, are not enough to protect everyone. The scientific community has suggested the need for innovative work in a number of areas in cariology, encompassing disease etiology, epidemiology, definition, prevention, and treatment. In this symposium, two of these areas, dealing specifically with etiological aspects of caries were discussed: (1) systematic research on caries risk assessment using population-based cohort techniques, and (2) genetic studies to identify genes and genetic markers of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value. This paper summarizes these presentations.
Weight Loss and Its Relation to Fat Aspiration Yields in Liposuction: A Survey in 48 Patients
Authors: Boeni R.
Published: May 2012

Background: Liposuction surgeons often observe individually fluctuating amounts of aspirated fat. In patients with sagging skin due to previous weight loss there is a tendency of decreased fat aspiration volumes. Objective: To study the influence of weight loss on fat aspiration volumes in a series of 48 patients. Methods: We matched individuals of the same gender, but with a different weight history from a vast number of patients who had undergone liposuction surgery. The aspirated fat to wetting solution ratio (FWR) of the circumferential abdominal region was evaluated in three groups: A – patients with no weight loss (n = 16; 8 males/ 8 females), B – patients with a history of moderate weight loss (weight loss 5–10% of body weight; n = 16; 8 males/8 females), and C – patients who had a massive weight loss prior to surgery (weight loss exceeding 15% of body weight; n = 16; 8 males/8 females). Results: The aspirated FWR was 3.4 ± 0.5, 1.0 ± 0.3 and 0.4 ± 0.2 in groups A, B and C, respectively. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There are significant differences in patients with moderate or massive weight loss in regard to fat aspiration volumes compared to patients without prior weight loss. These findings point to the importance of a weight loss history prior to surgery. Regardless of lower fat aspiration yields in patients with massive weight loss, good results are still achievable. This is not only due to volume reduction but to skin tightening.
Stroke in
Circulation
and the
Circulation
Subspecialty Journals
Authors:   The Editors
Published: May 2012

The following articles are being highlighted as part of
Circulation's
Topic Review series. This series will summarize the most important manuscripts, as selected by the editors, published in
Circulation
and the
Circulation
subspecialty journals. The studies included in this article represent the articles related to stroke that were published in
Circulation
and the
Circulation
subspecialty journals in 2010 and 2011.
Genetic markers reveal high PIT tag retention rates in giant salamanders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)
Authors: Unger Shem D. , Burgmeier Nicholas G. , Williams Rod N.
Published: May 2012

Estimation of population size using mark-recapture (MRR) methods are based on the fundamental assumption that individuals retain their marks throughout the course of study. Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags are useful as a cost effective, reliable marking method in many amphibian and reptile species. Few studies however, use secondary methods to evaluate tag retention rates. Failure to do so can lead to biased population estimates, erroneous conclusions, and thus poor management decisions. Surprisingly, estimates of PIT tag retention are currently lacking for the majority of amphibian species, many of which are experiencing population declines. Herein, we use genetic tagging to assess the retention of PIT tags of the eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis). We captured and tagged 78 individuals across 35 sites. Recapture rate was 24% and genetic tagging revealed 100% tag retention across all recaptured individuals.
Parapristionchus giblindavisi n. gen., n. sp. (Rhabditida: Diplogastridae) isolated from stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) in Japan
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Ragsdale Erik J. , Herrmann Matthias , Mayer Werner E. , Tanaka Ryusei , Sommer Ralf J.
Published: May 2012

A new species of diplogastrid nematode, isolated in a previous survey of nematodes associated with stag beetles in Japan, is described as Parapristionchus giblindavisi n. gen., n. sp. Parapristionchus n. gen. differs from other diplogastrid genera chiefly by its stomatal morphology. Distinguishing the genus are the presence of a claw-like dorsal tooth in both the eurystomatous and stenostomatous forms and the division of the cheilostom into 12 plates lacking apical flaps. According to phylogenetic analysis of nine ribosomal protein gene sequences, Parapristionchus n. gen. shows deep divergence from other known genera. Molecular evidence strongly supports P. giblindavisi n. gen., n. sp. + Pristionchus spp. as monophyletic with respect to all other diplogastrids examined. Congruent with a clade of P. giblindavisi n. gen., n. sp. + Pristionchus spp. is the shared presence of a bifurcate P7 genital papilla. Discovery and description of a close sister group to Pristionchus, a model biological system, enables character polarisation in macroevolutionary studies of Pristionchus nematodes.
Molecular and morphological characterisation of Xiphinema granatum n. sp. and Longidorus pisi Edward, Misra & Singh, 1964 (Dorylaimida: Longidoridae) from Iran
Authors: Pedram Majid , Pourjam Ebrahim , Palomares-Rius Juan E. , Ghaemi Razieh , Cantalapiedra-Navarrete Carolina , Castillo Pablo
Published: May 2012

Xiphinema granatum n. sp. from pomegranate in Saveh, Markazi province, central Iran, is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to species group 8 of the genus Xiphinema sensu Loof & Luc, 1990. The new species is characterised by a body 3.5-4.1 mm long, 37-49 μm diam., odontostyle and odontophore 118-132 and 65-74 μm long, respectively, presence of sperm in the female genital tracts, uterus devoid of any Z-differentiation or spines, and abundant males with spicules 45-58 μm long. The polytomous identification codes of the new species are: A4, B4, C5a, D5, E56, F4, G23, H2, I3, J4, K2, L2. Beside morphological and morphometric data, molecular analyses of D2-D3 fragments of 28S rRNA gene placed the new species in close relationship with X. vuittenezi and X. italiae and some species belonging to Xiphinema morphospecies group 6, but clearly separated from X. index. In addition, an Iranian population of Longidorus pisi from the same locality is morphologically and molecularly characterised.
Scanlon on Social and Material Inequality
Authors: Wolff Jonathan
Published: May 2012

Tim Scanlon’s famous and important paper ‘The Diversity of Objections to Inequality’ sets out five reasons why those sympathetic to equality may object to inequality. This paper shows the origin of this approach to inequality in Scanlon’s earlier work, and its persistence in his later work. It also compares Scanlon’s position to earlier egalitarian writers, such as R.H. Tawney, and anti-egalitarians such as J.R. Lucas. It concludes by suggesting that there are interaction effects between the reasons for objecting to inequality and hence they are more powerful if taken together.
Investigation of the Surface and Circulation Impacts of Cloud-Brightening Geoengineering
Authors: Baughman E. , Gnanadesikan A. , Degaetano A. , Adcroft A.
Published: May 2012

Projected increases in greenhouse gases have prompted serious discussion on geoengineering the climate system to counteract global climate change. Cloud albedo enhancement has been proposed as a feasible geoengineering approach, but previous research suggests undesirable consequences of globally uniform cloud brightening. The present study uses GFDL’s Climate Model version 2G (CM2G) global coupled model to simulate cloud albedo enhancement via increases in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to 1000 cm−3 targeted at the marine stratus deck of the Pacific Ocean, where persistent low clouds suggest a regional approach to cloud brightening. The impact of this regional geoengineering on global circulation and climate in the presence of a 1% annual increase of CO2 was investigated. Surface temperatures returned to near preindustrial levels over much of the globe with cloud modifications in place. In the first 40 years and over the 140-yr mean, significant cooling over the equatorial Pacific, continued Arctic warming, large precipitation changes over the western Pacific, and a westward compression and intensification of the Walker circulation were observed in response to cloud brightening. The cloud brightening caused a persistent La Niña condition associated with an increase in hurricane maximum potential intensity and genesis potential index, and decreased vertical wind shear between July and November in the tropical Atlantic, South China Sea, and to the east of Japan. Responses were similar with CCN = 500 cm−3.
Does the Mediterranean Sea Influence the European Summer Climate? The Anomalous Summer 2003 as a Test Bed
Authors: Tomassini Lorenzo , Elizalde Alberto
Published: May 2012

The European summer 2003 presents a rare opportunity to investigate dynamical interactions in the otherwise variable European climate. Not only did air temperature show a distinct signal, but the Mediterranean sea surface temperature (SST) was also exceptionally warm.

The traditional view of the role of the Mediterranean Sea in the climate system highlights the influence of the atmospheric circulation on the Mediterranean Sea. The question of whether the Mediterranean Sea feeds back on the atmospheric dynamics is of central importance.

The case of the extremely anomalous summer 2003 allows for investigating the issue under realistic boundary conditions. The present study takes advantage of a newly developed regional coupled atmosphere–ocean model for this purpose.

Experiments with prescribed historical versus climatological SST suggest that the local atmospheric circulation is not strongly sensitive to the state of the Mediterranean Sea, but its influence on the moisture balance and its role in the regional hydrological cycle is substantial. Warmer Mediterranean SSTs lead to enhanced evaporation and moisture transport in the atmosphere.

Results of regional coupled simulations with different ocean initial conditions imply that because of the strong stratification of the surface waters in summer, the response time of the upper layers of the Mediterranean Sea to atmospheric forcing is rather short. It can be concluded that the role of the Mediterranean Sea in the European summer climate is mostly passive. In winter, however, since the upper layers of the Mediterranean Sea are well mixed, the memory of the Mediterranean SSTs stretches over longer time scales, which implies a potential for actively governing regional climate characteristics to some extent.
Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations and a Simple Model of an Idealized Walker Cell
Authors: Wofsy Jonathan , Kuang Zhiming
Published: May 2012

An idealized Walker cell with prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) and prescribed radiative cooling is studied using both a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model (CRM) and a simple conceptual model. In the CRM, for the same SST distribution, the width of the warm pool (area of strong precipitation) varies systematically with the magnitude of the radiative cooling, narrowing as radiative cooling is increased. The simple model is constructed to interpret these behaviors. Key aspects of the simple model include a surface wind determined from the boundary layer momentum budget, which in turn sets evaporation assuming a spatially uniform surface relative humidity, prescribed gross moist and dry stratification as a function of column water vapor and precipitation, and a gustiness enhancement on evaporation in areas of precipitation. It is found that the gustiness enhancement, likely due to mesoscale systems, creates a feedback that narrows the warm pool. This process has not been included in previous formulations of the simple model and its role is emphasized here.
Object-Based Evaluation of MERRA Cloud Physical Properties and Radiative Fluxes during the 1998 El Niño–La Niña Transition
Authors: Posselt Derek J. , Jongeward Andrew R. , Hsu Chuan-Yuan , Potter Gerald L.
Published: May 2012

The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application (MERRA) is a reanalysis designed to produce an improved representation of the Earth’s hydrologic cycle. This study examines the representation of deep convective clouds in MERRA, comparing analyzed liquid and ice clouds with deep convective cloud objects observed by instruments on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. Results show that MERRA contains deep convective cloud in 98.1% of the observed cases. MERRA-derived probability density functions (PDFs) of cloud properties have a similar form as the observed PDFs and exhibit a similar trend with changes in object size. Total water path, optical depth, and outgoing shortwave radiation (OSR) in MERRA are found to match the cloud object observations quite well; however, there appears to be a bias toward higher-than-observed cloud tops in the MERRA. The reanalysis fits the observations most closely for the largest class of convective systems, with performance generally decreasing with a transition to smaller convective systems. Comparisons of simulated total water path, optical depth, and OSR are found to be highly sensitive to the assumed subgrid distribution of condensate and indicate the need for caution when interpreting model-data comparisons that require disaggregation of grid-scale cloud to satellite pixel scales.
Model-Specific Radiative Kernels for Calculating Cloud and Noncloud Climate Feedbacks
Authors: Sanderson Benjamin M. , Shell Karen M.
Published: May 2012

Radiative kernels have become a common tool for evaluating and comparing radiative feedbacks to climate change in different general circulation models. However, kernel feedback calculations are inaccurate for simulations where the atmosphere is significantly perturbed from its base state, such as for very large forcing or perturbed physics simulations. In addition, past analyses have not produced kernels relating to prognostic cloud variables because of strong nonlinearities in their relationship to radiative forcing. A new methodology is presented that allows for fast statistical optimizing of existing kernels such that accuracy is increased for significantly altered climatologies. International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) simulator output is used to relate changes in cloud-type histograms to radiative fluxes. With minimal additional computation, an individual set of kernels is created for each climate experiment such that climate feedbacks can be reliably estimated even in significantly perturbed climates.

This methodology is applied to successive generations of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). Increased climate sensitivity in CAM5 is shown to be due to reduced negative stratus and stratocumulus feedbacks in the tropics and midlatitudes, strong positive stratus feedbacks in the southern oceans, and a strengthened positive longwave cirrus feedback. Results also suggest that CAM5 exhibits a stronger surface albedo feedback than its predecessors, a feature not apparent when using a single kernel. Optimized kernels for CAM5 suggest weaker global-mean shortwave cloud feedback than one would infer from using the original kernels and an adjusted cloud radiative forcing methodology.
The Politics of Display in Manhattan and Queens
Authors: Bogart Michele H.
Published: May 2012

Is it reasonable for officials to decide that a public, municipally sponsored monument no longer deserves to be permanent municipal property? Frederick MacMonnies’s Civic Virtue offers insight into this question. The 1922 monument invoked a higher common life, but its statue portion was widely interpreted as misogynous. That reputation has continued to this day, and the work is now in disrepair. This article, a biography of Civic Virtue from its conception in the 1890s to its tumultuous afterlife beginning in 1922, reveals how sex and the city were the heart of the problem and argues that the work should be stabilized as a unique historical embodiment of those controversies.
“The American Dream—For All Americans”
Authors: Wolfinger James
Published: May 2012

This article explores the desegregation of Levittown, Pennsylvania, in the 1950s. Following World War II, black Philadelphians found themselves locked in the heart of the city, with bad housing and few job opportunities. Levittown offered a place for African Americans to secure better homes near growing industrial areas, but William Levitt refused to sell to them. African Americans and their white allies mounted political and legal campaigns to force the community to admit black residents. The Myers family finally broke the color barrier in 1957 but faced weeks of protests until state authorities squelched local resistance. The Myerses got to keep their home, but their victory did little to break down Levittown’s barriers. Building on new scholarship about suburban history and the northern black rights movement, this article analyzes the meaning of suburbs to African Americans, conflicting ideas white and black residents had about rights, and the limited ability of liberal approaches to address racial discrimination.
German-Language Feminist Exegesis of the Pauline Letters: a Survey
Authors: Rehmann Luzia Sutter
Published: May 2012

German-language feminist exegesis devotes much energy to a critique of the concept of the 'historical Paul'. More is involved than supplementary insights from a female point of view, or a reduced feminism that would concentrate on Paul and his relationship to women: rather, it is the entire pattern of interpretation that must be changed. The history of interpretation has overlooked women's reality; this has gone hand in hand with a refusal to perceive Jewish reality. The starting point for feminist exegesis is the perception of the context of the letters as a relational network which generates questions; Paul cannot be detached from this network. The attempt is made to bring out clearly those passages in his letters where emancipation breaks through, and to keep these passages open.
Irredeemably Hostile to Women: Anti-Jewish Elements in the Exegesis of the Dispute About Women's Right To Speak (1 Cor. 14.34-35)
Authors: Crüsemann Marlene
Published: May 2012

The prohibition, 'Let women keep silent in the churches' (1 Cor. 14.34-35) is 'irredeemably hostile to women', since it aims at a fundamental public prohibition of speech for Christian women, including feminist theological work such as this. At the centre of the essay important exegeses of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are classified and described with reference to misogyny and anti-Judaism, with the result that almost all of them—in particular if an interpolation be supposed—go along with a derivation from the supposedly women-hostile Judaism. In Judaism, however, there is no evidence of a fundamental command to silence, though there are similar attestations, both in terms of content and structure, to be found among Graeco-Roman authors. In conclusion, three theses are proposed, the purpose of which is to give pointers to a reception of New Testament texts while at the same time avoiding anti-Judaism and misogyny.
Bodily Resurrection (1 Cor. 15)? The Discussion of the Resurrection in Karl Barth, Rudolf Bultmann, Dorothee Solle and Contemporary Feminist Theology
Authors: Janssen Claudia
Published: May 2012

Feminist theologians criticize an understanding of resurrection that refers one-sidedly to Jesus Christ. Resurrection is located in the everyday life of women and men in the New Testament age and in the present: as a collective event that signifies responsibility for life.

The discussion in 1924-1926 between Karl Barth and Rudolf Bultmann shows that resurrection concerns life in the present. It is however impossible to make sense of the alleged continuity, if concrete bodiliness is devalued in favour of the spiritual body. Against this position, Dorothee Sölle emphasizes the material nature of the body, which cannot be detached from historical contexts. Only the affirmation of one's own bodiliness can overcome the dualism of life before death and life after death. Resurrection does not promise a better life after death; rather, it indicates how the present life can be transformed.
Pauline Variations on Genesis 2.24: Speaking of the Body of Christ in the Context of the Discussion of Lifestyles
Authors: Butting Klara
Published: May 2012

Paul's reception of the promise of Gen. 2.24. 'The two shall become one flesh', aims to describe the mystery of the community, the one body of Christ. He finds words to speak of fellowship with Christ and reconciliation in the community. This article studies Paul's reception of Gen. 2.24 in the context of church discussions about lifestyles. Whereas official church positions employ Gen. 2.24 to assert that gender polarity and marriage-fellowship are something ordained by God, the Pauline reception of Gen. 2.24 liberates women and men from gender polarity. In Christ, 'male and female' become one body independently of the traditional relationships between the genders.
The Doorway into Freedom: the Case of the 'Suspected Wife' in Romans 7.1-6
Authors: Rchmann Luzia Sutter
Published: May 2012

Most interpreters reflect little on the substance of Rom. 7.2-3, possibly because of parable theories and the difficulty of perceiving the experiential reality of Jews and of women. The term ύπανδρος leads to the sotah, the suspected wife of a jealous husband. It is necessary to investigate the contemporary discussion of the sotah, if we are to understand what Paul says here about the 'law of the husband'. Under the total reign of sin, the husband's death is the only way for the suspected wife to begin a new life. But now Paul perceives the totality of the rule of sin and death as broken, thanks to the resurrection of Christ. He holds the door wide open for the sotah, so that she can leave the position of the accused; and he praises the power of the resurrection which enables everyone to leave the reign of sin behind and start afresh.
Policy Considerations for Construction of Wind Farms and Biofuel Plant Facilities
Authors: Tanaka Alison M. , Anastasopoulos Panagiotis Ch. , Carboneau Neal , Fricker Jon D. , Habermann John A. , Haddock John E.
Published: May 2012

The construction of energy facilities, particularly wind farms and biofuel plants, can be of great benefit to local communities. They can generate jobs and provide considerable revenue to local land owners, while at the same time they can contribute to the sustainability of the community's (and the nation's) energy resources. In the US, local communities are beginning to develop both types of sustainable energy sources in an attempt to realize these benefits. However, wind farms and biofuel plants may also have adverse impacts on the existing infrastructure, the environment, the aesthetics, and the safety of neighboring residents in the communities. While a few communities have completed the process of constructing wind farms and biofuel plants, many more are expected to follow. However, there is currently limited comprehensive information on the appropriate policy considerations for local agencies. To that end, the objective of this paper is to provide local agencies with specific financial, community, site, environmental, safety, and infrastructure considerations and concerns, in order to make informed community decisions about the construction and location of these types of sustainable energy facilities.
BBC Radio Four’s Analysis and the Third Way
Authors: Chignell Hugh
Published: May 2012

BBC Radio Four’s current affairs programme Analysis provided a platform for Third Way ideas in 1994 and 1995. Key Third Way thinkers both contributed to and presented the programme, which repeated many of the core Third Way ideas. This willingness to intervene in a key ideological shift mirrored the programme’s enthusiastic treatment of neoliberalism in the mid 1970s. Then, editions of the programme presented by the influential Thatcherite, John Vaisey provided an important space for the representation of neoliberal ideas as they were beginning to influence the Conservative Party. Today there are early signs that Analysis is an important vehicle for the articulation of new ideas developing in the opposition Labour Party.
The role of the media in empowering minority identities: Basque-language radio during the Franco dictatorship (1960s–1976) and their influence as identity catalysts
Authors: Agirreazkuenaga Irati
Published: May 2012

The Spanish Civil War ended with the imposition of a dictatorship (1939–75). During those years, Spanish was the only official language throughout Spain. However, in the 1960s the Basque language (spoken in the Basque Country, between Spain and France) would enter into the sphere of public communication thanks to the new rising media. Nevertheless, the Basque language was still generally viewed as a poor and marginal language. This article’s main object of study is the Popular Radio of Loyola, located in the province of Gipuzkoa. This radio station was the first general-service broadcasting medium using the Basque language, and the precursor of the modern Basque Radio and Television Corporation (EITB).
‘Beards, scarves, halal meat, terrorists, forced marriage’: television industries and the production of ‘race’
Authors: Saha Anamik
Published: May 2012

This article considers the persistence of stereotypical representations of ‘race’ that appear in television in the West. According to a particular policy discourse, improving the on-screen representation of non-white groups is a matter of increasing the number of black and Asian folk working in the broadcasting industries – particularly at the senior management level. However, this article argues that the constant production of hegemonic images of ‘race’ cannot be tackled via recruitment measures alone. Adopting a ‘cultural industries’ approach to television production, the article uses an ethnographic study of British Asians working in the UK broadcasting industry to examine the conditions of production through which minority representations are created. By paying closer attention to the experience of cultural work, the article reveals how it is the increasingly commercialized cultures of production in television, constituted by the industry’s shift towards deregulation and neoliberal market models, that steers the work of Asian filmmakers and executives themselves into producing problematic, reductive representations of ‘race’.
Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rhodes William
Published: May 2012

Research synthesis of evaluation findings is a multistep process. An investigator identifies a research question, acquires the relevant literature, codes findings from that literature, and analyzes the coded data to estimate the average treatment effect and its distribution in a population of interest. The process of estimating the average treatment effect is meta-analysis. Meta-analysis is gaining popularity across the social sciences, but introductions and even advanced treatments of the subject are often formula-driven. Researchers, who apply formulas without understanding, risk both misapplication and misinterpretation. This article derives formulas used in meta-analysis using standard regression models so this article seeks to introduce readers with an understanding of regression analysis to meta-analysis, intending thereby to motivate and facilitate a deeper reading of the meta-analysis literature.
Violence Against Women in the Militarized Indian Frontier
Authors: McDuie-Ra Duncan
Published: May 2012

Violence against women (VAW) in India is commonly attributed to an overarching metacultural patriarchal framework. Focusing on this national culture of violence obscures the experiences of VAW among ethnic minority women. This article focuses on VAW in Northeast India, a region populated by large numbers of Scheduled Tribes with different cultural norms, and where society has become militarized by ongoing insurgency and counterinsurgency. Though tempting, militarization alone is not a sufficient explanation for VAW; instead, this article focuses on the interplay between nonfamilial and familial contexts in creating a “frontier culture of violence” in which VAW is experienced and contested.
The Effects of Male Attractiveness and Sexual Attitudes on Women’s Risk Perception
Authors: Rinehart Jenny K. , Yeater Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2012

This study examined the effects of male attractiveness, sexual attitudes, and victimization history on women’s ratings of sexual risk. Women with more liberal sexual attitudes rated vignettes as less sexually risky than women with more conservative sexual attitudes. There was an interaction between situational risk and attractiveness, suggesting the relationship between attractiveness and sexual risk ratings varies across high and low situational risk. Findings emphasize the importance of using high and low risk situations to evaluate sexual risk perception and of investigating variables that may moderate women’s risk perception.
The kouros of Keratea: Constructing subaltern pasts in contemporary Greece
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris
Published: May 2012

Classical antiquity has been deployed in contemporary Greece as an agent of national-identity forging, and images of archaeological artifacts often feature in the public discourse, used to support state ideologies and promote national culture at home and abroad. This article, however, deals with a number of recently circulated images, designed in the margins of modern society in order to convey a defiantly anti-state message. Such images are manipulated according to the strategies devised and repeatedly applied by nationalist rhetoric in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, though their outcome is markedly different: rather than promoting historical continuity and social cohesion they create a disturbing sense of rupture. These irreverent images are projected as ‘minority reports’ against hitherto established ideologies, challenging their hegemony by adopting their own technologies of normalization and assimilationism. As weapons against the supremacy of the state, these performative declarations of a peculiar anti-state nationalism seem to threaten the integrity of the nation state considerably more than other, external forces are feared to do.
Commemorating bodies and lives at Kish’s ‘A Cemetery’: (Re)presenting social memory
Authors: Torres-Rouff Christina , Pestle William J. , Daverman Blair M.
Published: May 2012

Over the course of a decade, the Joint Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish recovered artifacts and skeletal remains from one of the most influential city-states in ancient Mesopotamia. We focus here on the process of commemoration of the dead as evidenced in the graves excavated from Kish’s ‘A Cemetery’. We use skeletal remains, fieldnotes, and artifactual evidence to situate these individuals within their biological and mortuary contexts and to explore elements of living, dying, and remembering at Kish. The repetitive actions involved in burying the dead in the ruins of a razed palace suggest the construction of social memory aimed at creating communal cohesion and reinforcing local norms. The details afforded each individual and their grave suggest that burials functioned both to engage a new political landscape and to create spaces in which the bereaved commemorated individual lives.
Online news galleries, photojournalism and the photo essay
Authors: Caple Helen , Knox John S.
Published: May 2012

This paper investigates the online news gallery as a site for new genres of multimodal news reporting, and the extent to which such galleries may be used as a method of news storytelling. News media websites are now well established and the relative ease with which multimedia can be incorporated into such websites has led us to question the extent to which galleries exploit the semiotic potential of the web to tell stories in new ways, or even to draw on long established traditions like the photo essay. We draw on two (of three) phases of data collection and analysis in this paper: an exploratory survey of a small number of galleries in established online newspapers; and an international survey of English language online newspapers, investigating the uptake of galleries and other multimedia. To tell a story, or not to tell a story: that is the question, and the answer, as online news gallery authors exploit the potential of galleries to varying degrees.