bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upcycling of Carbon Fiber/Thermoset Composites into High‐Performance Elastomers and Repurposed Carbon Fibers
Authors: Yang Tiantian , Lu Xingyuan , Wang Xiaohan , Wei Xiang , An Ni , Li Yixuan , Wang Wenjie , Li Xiang , Fang Xu , Sun Junqi
Published: March 2024

Recycling of carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer composites (CFRCs) based on thermosetting plastics is difficult. In the present study, high‐performance CFRCs are fabricated through complexation of aromatic pinacol‐cross‐linked polyurethane (PU−AP) thermosets with carbon fiber (CF) cloths. PU−AP thermosets exhibit a breaking strength of 95.5 MPa and toughness of 473.6 MJ m−3 and contain abundant hydrogen‐bonding groups, which can have strong adhesion with CFs. Because of the high interfacial adhesion between CF cloths and PU−AP thermosets and high toughness of PU−AP thermosets, CF/PU−AP composites possess a high tensile strength of >870 MPa. Upon heating in N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) at 100 °C, the aromatic pinacols in the CF/PU−AP composites can be cleaved, generating non‐destructive CF cloths and linear polymers that can be converted to high‐performance elastomers. The elastomers are mechanically robust, healable, reprocessable, and damage‐resistant with an extremely high tensile strength of 74.2 MPa and fracture energy of 149.6 kJ m−2. As a result, dissociation of CF/PU−AP composites enables the recovery of reusable CF cloths and high‐performance elastomers, thus realizing the upcycling of CF/PU−AP composites.
Enabling Closed‐Loop Circularity of “Non‐Polymerizable” α, β‐Conjugated Lactone Towards High‐Performance Polyester with the Assistance of Cyclopentadiene
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Tong , Yang Chun , Xi Jian‐Shu , Shi Changxia , Du Fu‐Sheng , Li Zi‐Chen
Published: March 2024

Chemical recycling of polymers to monomers presents a promising solution to the escalating crisis associated with plastic waste. Despite considerable progress made in this field, the primary efforts have been focused on redesigning new monomers to produce readily recyclable polymers. In contrast, limited research into the potential of seemingly “non‐polymerizable” monomers has been conducted. Herein, we propose a paradigm that leverages a “chaperone”‐assisted strategy to establish closed‐loop circularity for a “non‐polymerizable” α, β‐conjugated lactone, 5,6‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one (DPO). The resulting PDPO, a structural analogue of poly(δ‐valerolactone) (PVL), exhibits enhanced thermal properties with a melting point (Tm) of 114 °C and a decomposition temperature (Td,5%) of 305 °C. Notably, owing to the structural similarity between DPO and δ‐VL, the copolymerization generates semi‐crystalline P(DPO‐co‐VL)s irrespective of the DPO incorporation ratio. Intriguingly, the inherent C=C bonds in P(DPO‐co‐VL)s enable their convenient post‐functionalization via Michael‐addition reaction. Lastly, PDPO was demonstrated to be chemically recyclable via ring‐closing metathesis (RCM), representing a significant step towards the pursuit of enabling the closed‐loop circularity of “non‐polymerizable” lactones without altering the ultimate polymer structure.
Producing p‐tolylmethanol derivatives through an eco‐friendly electro‐organic method: A highly efficient Grignard reaction utilizing a magnesium electrode
Authors: Abdullaev Sherzod , Alaridhee Zaman Abdalhussein Ibadi , Abdullah Media Noori , Alasheqi Mohammed Qasim , Qassem Laith Yassen , Kumar Abhinav , Elawady Ahmed , Al‐Rubaye Ameer H. , Ali Amjad , Ahmad Naushad
Published: March 2024

This research introduces an eco‐friendly and innovative technique for efficiently producing p‐tolylmethanol derivatives 4(a–k) using electro‐organic synthesis based on the Grignard reaction. By employing electrochemical methods, this approach offers several advantages, including enhanced reaction efficiency and reduced environmental impact. The process involves the electrochemical generation of the Grignard reagent, followed by its reaction with appropriate substrates to yield the desired p‐tolylmethanol derivatives. Our team optimized various reaction parameters like choice of solvent, electrode material, and reaction conditions to achieve high yields and selectivity. The developed electro‐organic method demonstrated outstanding efficiency and presents a fresh and environmentally conscious approach to synthesizing p‐tolylmethanol derivatives from benzaldehyde 1(a–e) and bromobenzene 2(a–h) via the Grignard reaction, yielding excellent results (85–93%). The resulting compounds were comprehensively characterized using melting point, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and CHN analysis to verify their structures. This electro‐organic approach holds significant potential as a sustainable strategy for synthesizing valuable organic compounds.
Exploring Polyaniline Nanofilaments for Enhanced Optical Recognition of Lead in Water: An Integrated Approach of Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Omara Wessam , Abdel‐Latif Samir A. , Azzazy Hassan M. E. , Abdel‐Kader Nora S.
Published: March 2024

In this study, the behavior of lead adsorbed onto polyaniline composite was examined theoretically with the DFT method and experimentally using spectrophotometry. The synthesis and characterization of polyaniline nanofilaments (PANI) were executed. Density functional theory and Becke's three‐parameter exchange functional approach were employed for quantum mechanical calculations of geometry and energy. The 6.311G** basis set and the Lee‐Yang‐Parr correlation functional method (B3LYP/DFT) were used in a water solution environment to complement the experimental data. Experimental results were visualized using 3D molecular electrostatic potential maps (MEP), which aided in the determination and explanation of various properties, including mean polarizability, total static dipole moment, anisotropy of polarizability, and mean first‐order hyperpolarizability. The findings indicate that Pb‐PANI‐EB shows promise as a potential material for non‐linear optical (NLO) applications. PANI demonstrate efficacy as a sensor capable of detecting Pb concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm. These results justify further exploration of the use of PANI in the development of a fast, economical, robust, and highly sensitive lead (Pb) sensor.
Highly active Pd nanoparticles decorated on benzene‐ring doped g‐C3N4 as catalyst in methylene Blue degradation and Cr (VI) ions reduction
Authors: Önal Halil İbrahim , Durap Feyyaz , Aydemir Murat , Zahmakiran Mehmet
Published: March 2024

The development of simply prepared, highly active and reusable nanocatalysts for methylene blue degradation (MB) or Cr (VI) ions reduction under sunlight conditions in wastewater remains a challenge in the field of green chemistry. Addressed herein is the catalyst of Pd(0) nanoparticles supported on benzene ring doped graphitic carbon nitride (Pd@BD‐g‐C3N4) for MB degradation or Cr (VI) ions reduction under visible light irradiation. Pd@BD‐g‐C3N4 nanocatalyst has been synthesized using the facile wet impregnation–chemical reduction method to boost the catalytic efficiency of BD‐g‐C3N4. The MB degradation or Cr (VI) ions reduction proceeded efficiently in the presence of Pd@BD‐g‐C3N4. Compared with pure BD‐g‐C3N4 in both studies, the hybrid photocatalyst Pd@BD‐g‐C3N4‐exhibited enhanced visible light photoactivity was higher than of pure BD‐g‐C3N4. In addition, in the reusability tests, it was observed that the Pd@BD‐g‐C3N4 photocatalyst has good stability and repeated cycle performance. The electronic and morphologic structure of support material and nanocatalyst were characterized by several techniques such as FT‐IR, DR/UV‐Vis, BET, SEM‐EDX, HR‐TEM, P‐XRD, and XPS analyses.
Antidiabetic and antioxidant studies of novel synthesized titanium (IV) complex: Design, synthesis, in‐silico docking and in‐vitro studies
Authors: Kaushal Raj , Kaur Mandeep , Kumar Jatin , Gupta Pratiksha , Ravikant  , Sharma Jyoti
Published: March 2024

[{TiCl3}2(C3N3S3H)] (where C3N3S3H is Trithiocyanuric acid) was designed and synthesized by the reaction of TiCl4 and trithiocyanuric acid in 2:1 M ratio under stirring and refluxing condition using THF solvent. The synthesized Titanium (IV) complex was characterized by various spectroscopic techniques like FT‐IR, NMR, MASS, XRD, UV–visible spectrophotometer and elemental analysis (CHNSO). Moreover, in‐silico docking studies of the ligand and its Ti (IV) complex were carried out by AutoDockTools‐1.5.6 to study interactions of the complex under study with the receptor protein. Afterwards, both ligand and synthesized Ti (IV)complex were screened for the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential by in‐vitro method. The antioxidant potential was investigated by using DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay where ligand exhibited moderate activity while Ti (IV) complex presented significant antioxidant activity. Following, alpha‐amylase enzyme inhibition was investigated using iodine‐starch inhibition assay. It was found that the ligand was inactive (showed no α‐amylase inhibition activity) while the Ti (IV)complex was a potent α‐amylase inhibitor. Furthermore, the experimentally obtained results were also complimented by the in‐silico results.
Chemical compositions and crystallization characteristics of SOS‐rich fats
Authors: Hou Xueying , Gao Ziwei , Elbarbary Abdelaziz , Jin Jun
Published: March 2024

SOS‐rich fats have been developed to improve heat stable properties and fat bloom‐resistant abilities of chocolates, which is highly connected with their crystallization behaviors. Shea butter stearin (SBS) and mango kernel fat (MKF) are the typical SOS‐rich fats. Both contained high levels of stearic acid (45.06%–59.67%) and oleic acid (31.85%–39.97%), while 77.00%–86.88% of the oleic acid were distributed at the sn‐2 positions of triacylglycerol molecules, contributing to forming 78.04% of SOS in SBS and 47.85% of SOS in MKF. Their SOS levels were significantly higher than that in cocoa butter (CB, 25.43%). However, MKF contained the highest levels of SOO (15.59%), which was about six to eight times as likely that in SBS and CB (1.76%–2.66%). Further crystallization tests revealed that SBS and MKF exhibited similar rod‐like growth from instantaneous nuclei at 4°C. The former was then changed to become more spherulitic growth at 20°C significantly. Specifically, large feather‐like crystals corresponding to β form were observed in SBS at the final stage of crystallization at 20 and 30°C, while MKF exhibited smaller crystals. The higher concentration of SOO in MKF was considered as the softening factor. It was further supposed that constant crystallization at 20°C may be difficult for some fats (e.g., SOS < 30%) to form adequate amounts of β crystals. The results will provide information on making cocoa butter blends and chocolate tempering.
Synthesis and characterization of foams generated via gel state frontal polymerization
Authors: Daguerre‐Bradford John , Camarda Daniel S. , Lesser Alan J. , Cristadoro Anna M. , Linnenbrink Martin , Schütte Markus
Published: March 2024

In conventional foams, anisotropy within the microcellular structure can only be achieved through confinement in one or more directions during the foaming process. Herein, we present a novel, versatile, and energy efficient method to create unique high‐performance foams where the anisotropy of the microcellular and the microcellular structure itself is not dictated by external confinement during the foaming process. To generate such foams, an initial crosslinked gel is first created where the crosslink density of the gel can be tuned by UV intensity and cure time. Next, the gel can be foamed while simultaneously creating a second network via radically induced cationic frontal polymerization (RICFP). In this case, the anisotropy in the foam is dictated by propagation front during the RICFP and the microcellular morphology and cell surface area are dictated by the crosslink density of the gel. These two unique qualities lead to rigid foams that can be generated from a gel without the need for confinement where the microcellular size and shape can be tuned by the crosslink density of the gel precursor. A one‐pot liquid system composed of miscible epoxies, acrylates, and chemical blowing agents (CBAs), allows for control over the foam physical, mechanical, and thermal properties with glass transition temperatures ranging from 74.7 to 125.8°C. Additionally, by patterning the crosslink density of the initial gel through controlled exposure of UV, complex microcellular structures can be formed that are not possible in conventional foaming processes. This positions gel frontal polymerization and foaming as an advanced technique to produce high performing anisotropic foams with a wide array of tunable physical, mechanical, and thermal properties.
Crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene products foamed by microcellular injection molding process
Authors: Yu Shengrui , Song Senzhen , Gao Huang , Wang Kai , Xu Lei , Guo Hao , Han Wen , You Jing , Liu Zhihuan , Zhou Huamin
Published: March 2024

Microcellular injection molding (MIM) is a pivotal technique for lightweight molding. Polypropylene (PP) is widely used in MIM due to light weight and easy processing. The crystallinity of foamed PP products influences the load‐bearing structures and consequently mechanical properties. To address the deterioration of mechanical properties caused by internal porous structure, a novel method is proposed to regulate the crystallinity by optimizing process parameters, thereby improving mechanical properties. Wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction, mechanical testing, and melt flow simulation are applied to investigate the influence of process parameters on crystallinity and mechanical properties. Parameters are further optimized by establishing a multivariate nonlinear regression model for process parameters and crystallinity. The results show that increasing melt temperature, injection rate, mold temperature, and cooling time stimulate crystallization, enhancing strength and decreasing elongation at break. Conversely, high injection ratio of supercritical fluid obstructs crystallization, reducing strength, and increasing elongation at break. The crystallinity increases by 20.81%; the corresponding tensile, flexural, and shear strength and corresponding modulus increases by 5.39% and 10.28%, 7.60% and 18.50%, 5.00% and 11.37%, and elongation at break decreased by 5.19% through the optimization of regression model. The proposed method is feasible to upgrade the mechanical properties of foamed PP products.
3D printing of cyanate ester resins with interpenetration networks for enhanced thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Zaman Saqlain , Favela Sergio , Herrera Nicolas E. , Gandara Alejandro , Molina Laura , Hassan Md. Sahid , Gomez Sofia Gabriela , Ramirez Jean E. Montes , Mahmud Md. Shahjahan , Martinez Ana C. , Maurel Alexis , Gan Zhengtao , MacDonald Eric , Lin Yirong
Published: March 2024

Cyanate ester (PT‐30) resin possesses exceptional thermal and mechanical properties, including high heat distortion temperature, high glass transition temperature (Tg), and outstanding mechanical characteristics. Conversely, the Tg of the homopolymer of tris(2‐hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (T‐acrylate) surpasses that of other acrylates. The combination of PT‐30 and T‐acrylate results in the formation of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) through a dual curing mechanism. Furthermore, the combination of these two polymers enables the tuning of rheology for shear thinning behavior for Ink Extrusion 3D printing technology by adjusting the amount of photoinitiator and rheological modifier. Here, 3D printable ink was formulated using PT‐30, T‐acrylate with a higher Tg, a photoinitiator, and a powdered rheological additive. The printed structures underwent a dual‐curing process involving exposure to UV light and thermal curing. Thermomechanical properties of the printed samples were characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and tensile testing. The successful formation of an IPN structure through the polymerization of T‐acrylate and PT‐30 was observed, resulting in improved mechanical properties and an elevated Tg. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis verified the formation of cross‐linked samples. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of Ink Extrusion 3D printing, using a cyanate ester resin and tris(2‐hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate with a dual‐curing mechanism. The enhanced mechanical properties at elevated temperatures (~80% retention of room temperature tensile strength at 200°C for sample with 70/30 wt%) and high Tg of 349 ± 3°C for printed structures shown in this study make them suitable for high‐performance structural applications in industries such as aerospace, defense, and microelectronics.
Development of crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol nanofibrous membrane for microplastic removal from water
Authors: Gopakumar Anandu Nair , Ccanccapa‐Cartagena Alexander , Bell Kati , Salehi Maryam
Published: March 2024

This study presents the development of an innovative nanofibrous membrane to remove microplastics (MPs) from drinking water. This membrane exhibits additional functionality in removing lead (Pb), highlighting its promising potential for utilization as a point‐of‐use (POU) device. The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibrous membranes are crosslinked using glutaraldehyde, and their efficiencies in the removal of MPs are evaluated. The results show that crosslinking the 7 and 10 wt% PVA nanofibers increases their average diameters to 330 and 581 nm, respectively, and enhances their surface area. The treatment efficiency of crosslinked PVA fibrous media is evaluated using polyethylene (PE) (5 μm ≤d ≤ 25 μm) and polystyrene (PS) MPs (d ≤ 1 μm). The filtration efficiencies of both 7 and 10 wt% c‐PVA nanofibrous media are found to be 99.8% ± 0.1% in the removal of PE MPs at pH 8. Further examination of the filtration efficiency in the removal of PS MPs shows that the highest removal efficiency achieved was 77.3% ± 1.4% at a pH of 6. Additionally, the lead removal efficiency of this fibrous membrane in flow‐through experiments is examined. Results show a pH‐dependent lead removal efficiency, in which the greatest efficiency of 69% is found at pH 6.
New perspectives on poly(lauryllactam) PA12: Optimization of process parameters for AROP of ω‐lauryllactam
Authors: Hamou Karima Ben , Bruning Ralf , LaPlante Gabriel , Thibault Marie‐Hélène , Robichaud Jacques , Djaoued Yahia
Published: March 2024

This study focuses on how catalyst concentration, activator concentration, and initial polymerization temperature impact in‐situ anionic ring‐opening polymerization (AROP) of ω‐lauryllactam. Catalyst and activator roles are fulfilled by NaH and toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI), respectively, with varying catalyst/activator ratios to assess the influence of a bifunctional activator on the polymerization process. The materials produced undergo a thorough analysis, with a specific emphasis on solidification time. The examination extends to scrutinizing how different concentrations of catalyst/activator and polymerization temperatures affect crucial physical and chemical parameters. The study identifies NaH‐6 mol%/TDI‐3 mol% as the optimal formulation for solidification among the three explored temperatures. Notably, at 180 and 200°C, PA12 exhibits enhanced monomer conversion when a catalyst/activator ratio of 1.7 or 2 is applied. These findings underscore the significant impact of the catalyst/activator ratio and their individual concentrations on the polymer's final properties. This influence extends to factors such as crystallinity, polymer chain regularity, and dynamic mechanical properties. Additionally, the experimental conditions utilized for anionic polymerization are observed to shape the characteristics of PA12.
Tuning the mechanical and thermomechanical properties through the combined effect of crosslinking and annealing in poly(lactic acid)/acrylonitrile‐EPDM‐styrene blends
Authors: Luna Carlos Bruno Barreto , Da Silva Barbosa Ferreira Eduardo , Do Nascimento Emanuel Pereira , Da Silva Adriano Lima , De Albuquerque Ananda Karoline Camelo , Wellen Renate Maria Ramos , Araújo Edcleide Maria
Published: March 2024

Acrylonitrile‐EPDM‐styrene (AES) was applied as an impact modifier for poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and the combined effect of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) crosslinking and annealing heat treatment was investigated. Torque rheometry, melt flow index (MFI), mechanical properties (impact, tensile, and Shore D hardness), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), heat deflection temperature (HDT), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were investigated. There was a considerable torque increment and fluidity drop in the PLA/AES/DCP blends caused by the crosslinking process and the formation of PLA‐g‐AES. Consequently, the impact strength and elongation at break properties improved. As an engineering terpolymer, AES was decisive in maintaining high elastic modulus, Shore D hardness, and HDT values. The PLA/AES/DCP (0.8 phr) composition leaned towards a synergism of mechanical properties, gaining 505.6% and 264.8% in impact strength and elongation at break, respectively, compared to neat PLA. FTIR and XRD analysis revealed high crystallinity, with samples presenting large crystals. The higher crystallinity had a deleterious effect on the mechanical properties of the PLA/AES/DCP blends. However, there was a marked improvement in HDT and higher toughness compared to PLA. The results before and after annealing the PLA/AES/DCP (0.8 phr) blend are promising for constructing new semi‐biodegradable materials for additive manufacturing.
Physicochemical and sensory evaluation of lemon grass leaves extracts enriched soy yoghurt from soybeans (Glycine max) milk
Authors: Angelique Nyiranshuti , Koskei Kipkorir , Niyibituronsa Marguerite
Published: March 2024

There are challenges in the utilization of soybean‐based foods due to undesirable associated flavors. This study aimed to prepare soybean based yoghurt with different amounts of lemon grass extract in the ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µL/L of soy yoghurt as shown by Figure 1. The Table 1 and 2 summarized results of different treatments of Soybeans based yoghurt analyzed for protein by Kjedhal method, fats by Soxhlet method, total ash by muffle furnace method. Soluble crude fiber was determined by dry oven method, pH, titratable acidity, syneresis and viscosity, by AOAC method, total phenolic compounds by spectrophotometric method. Sensory analysis was done by effective tests with 10 panelists using five hedonic scale tools. From the study, the results indicate that moisture content range from (89.3 to 89.6%); protein content (5.5−6.8%); fat (2.7−3.6%); total ash (0.43−0.53%); crude fiber (0.06−0.33%) and carbohydrate (0.59−0.93%). The level of pH range from 4.30 to 5.59; viscosity (2.85−3.17 pa.s); titratable acidity, (0.01−0.07 g\L) and synersis (6.44−7.56) and total phenolic compound (8.59−18.40 mg/g). Most of the parameters did not show any significant variations while the pH and total phenolic compounds varied significantly between the treatments. In addition, Figure 2 detailed sensory evaluation results of treatments and that the treatment with highest level of lemon grass extract was the most liked. In conclusion, incorporation of lemon grass extract can help improved the level of phenolic compounds and sensory properties of yoghurt.
Comparative analysis of the diversity of symbionts in fat body of long‐ and short‐winged brown planthoppers
Authors: Fan Linlin , Guan Guangxiang , Zhao Jingjing , Li Danting , Yu Xiaoping , Shentu Xuping
Published: March 2024

The microbial community structure plays an important role in the internal environment of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), which is an indispensable part to reflect the internal environment of BPH. Wing dimorphism is a strategy for balancing flight and reproduction of insects. Here, quantitative fluorescence PCR was used to analyse the number and changes of the symbionts in the fat body of long‐ and short‐winged BPHs at different developmental stages. A metagenomic library was constructed based on the 16 S rRNA sequence and internal transcribed spacer sequence for high‐throughput sequencing, to analyze the community structure and population number of the symbionts of long‐ and short‐winged BPHs, and to make functional prediction. This study enriches the connotation of BPH symbionts, and laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent study of BPH‐symbionts interaction and the function of symbionts in the host.
CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout of scarlet gene produces eye color mutants in the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens
Authors: Lee Sujin , Ahn Seung‐Joon
Published: March 2024

The CRISPR/Cas9 technology has greatly progressed research on non‐model organisms, demonstrating successful applications in genome editing for various insects. However, its utilization in the case of the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens, a notable pest affecting soybean crops, has not been explored due to constraints such as limited genomic information and the embryonic microinjection technique. This study presents successful outcomes in generating heritable knockout mutants for a pigment transporter gene, scarlet, in C. includens through CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis. The scarlet locus identified in the genome assembly of C. includens consists of 14 exons, with a coding sequence extending for 1,986 bp. Two single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) were designed to target the first exon of scarlet. Microinjection of these two sgRNAs along with the Cas9 protein into fresh embryos resulted in the successful production of variable phenotypes, particularly mutant eyes. The observed mutation rate accounted for about 16%. Genotype analysis revealed diverse indel mutations at the target site, presumably originating from double‐strand breaks followed by the nonhomologous end joining repair, leading to a premature stop codon due to frame shift. Single‐pair mating of the mutant moths produced G1 offspring, and the establishment of a homozygous mutant strain occurred in G2. The mutant moths exhibited lightly greenish or yellowish compound eyes in both sexes, confirming the involvement of scarlet in pigmentation in C. includens. Notably, the CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated genome editing technique serves as a visible phenotypic marker, demonstrating its proof‐of‐concept applicability in C. includens, as other pigment transporter genes have been utilized as visible markers to establish genetic control for various insects. These results provide the first successful case that the CRISPR/Cas9 method effectively induces mutations in C. includes, an economically important soybean insect pest.
Electro‐oxidative Methylation of 2‐Isocyanobiaryls Using N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as Carbon Source: Synthesis of 6‐Methylphenanthridines
Authors: La‐ongthong Kannika , Chantarojsiri Teera , Soorukram Darunee , Leowanawat Pawaret , Reutrakul Vichai , Kuhakarn Chutima
Published: March 2024

A benign electrochemical method to access 6‐methylphenanthridines from 2‐isocyanobiaryls using N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as a methyl source is reported. The protocol operates at ambient temperature without the need for harmful methylating reagents. Mechanistic studies suggested that DMF delivered a methylene synthon, followed by reduction at the cathode and tautomerization. The method offers environmental benefits by avoiding metal‐based reagents and harsh conditions.
Flow Imaging Microscopy for Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring
Authors: Barrowman Polly , Adams Hunter , Southard Mark , Hoppe‐Jones Christiane , Weinrich Lauren , McNaught Katharine J. , Vogel Stephanie , Klein Misty , Clay Kasi
Published: March 2024

Key Takeaways

Flow imaging microscopy (FIM) combines a flow cytometer's fluidic architecture with a microscope's spatial resolution to allow morphometric analysis of objects in suspensions such as water.

FIM's real‐time analysis and identification of potential cyanotoxin producers help utilities understand population dynamics to maintain healthier source waters and reduce response times when a bloom is indicated.

Case studies show FIM's advantages and limitations in harmful algal bloom monitoring programs for reservoir management and water treatment.
Carbon monoxide affects early cardiac development in an avian model
Authors: Matias Filipa Rombo , Groves Ian , Durrans Joshua , Herigstad Mari
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas that can be lethal in large doses and may also cause physiological damage in lower doses. Epidemiological studies suggest that CO in lower doses over time may impact on embryo development, in particular cardiac development, however other studies have not observed this association.

Methods

Here, we exposed chick embryos in ovo to CO at three different concentrations (3, 9, 18 ppm) plus air control (4 protocols in total) for the first 9 days of development, at which point we assessed egg and embryo weight, ankle length, developmental stage, heart weight, ventricular wall thickness, ventricular‐septal thickness and atrial wall thickness.

Results

We found that heart weight was reduced for the low and moderate exposures compared to air, that atrial wall and ventricular wall thickness was increased for the moderate and high exposures compared to air and that ventricular septal thickness was increased for low, moderate and high exposures compared to air. Ventricular wall thickness was also significantly positively correlated with absolute CO exposures across all protocols.

Conclusions

This intervention study thus suggests that CO even at very low levels may have a significant impact on cardiac development.
Towards an integrated understanding of inflammatory pathway influence on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell differentiation
Authors: Allara Michael , Girard Juliet R.
Published: March 2024

Recent research highlights that inflammatory signaling pathways such as pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling and inflammatory cytokine signaling play an important role in both on‐demand hematopoiesis as well as steady‐state hematopoiesis. Knockout studies have demonstrated the necessity of several distinct pathways in these processes, but often lack information about the contribution of specific cell types to the phenotypes in question. Transplantation studies have increased the resolution to the level of specific cell types by testing the necessity of inflammatory pathways specifically in donor hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) or in recipient niche cells. Here, we argue that for an integrated understanding of how these processes occur in vivo and to inform the development of therapies that modulate hematopoietic responses, we need studies that knockout inflammatory signaling receptors in a cell‐specific manner and compare the phenotypes caused by knockout in individual niche cells versus HSPCs.
Integrated network pharmacology, molecular docking, and lipidomics to reveal the regulatory effect of Qingxuan Zhike granules on lipid metabolism in lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute lung injury
Authors: Chen Hui , Chen Jiabin , Feng Lu , Shao Hua , Zhou Yang , Shan Jinjun , Lin Lili , Ye Jin , Wang Shouchuan
Published: March 2024

Qingxuan Zhike granules (QXZKG), a traditional Chinese patent medication, has shown therapeutic potential against acute lung injury (ALI). However, the precise mechanism underlying its lung‐protective effects requires further investigation. In this study, integrated network pharmacology, molecular docking, and lipidomics were used to elucidate QXZKG's regulatory effect on lipid metabolism in lipopolysaccharide‐induced ALI. Animal experiments were conducted to substantiate the efficacy of QXZKG in reducing pro‐inflammatory cytokines and mitigating pulmonary pathology. Network pharmacology analysis identified 145 active compounds that directly targeted 119 primary targets of QXZKG against ALI. Gene Ontology function analysis emphasized the roles of lipid metabolism and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade as crucial biological processes. The MAPK1 protein exhibited promising affinities for naringenin, luteolin, and kaempferol. Lipidomic analysis revealed that 12 lipids showed significant restoration following QXZKG treatment (p < 0.05, FC >1.2 or <0.83). Specifically, DG 38:4, DG 40:7, PC O‐40:8, TG 18:1_18:3_22:6, PI 18:2_20:4, FA 16:3, FA 20:3, FA 20:4, FA 22:5, and FA 24:5 were downregulated, while Cer 18:0;2O/24:0 and SM 36:1;2O/34:5 were upregulated in the QXZKG versus model groups. This study enhances our understanding of the active compounds and targets of QXZKG, as well as the potential of lipid metabolism in the treatment of ALI.
Degrowth attitudes among entrepreneurs hinder fast venture scaling
Authors: Hinderer Sebastian , Kuckertz Andreas
Published: March 2024

The degrowth paradigm has gained popularity in the sustainability discourse in recent years. Questioning the absolute decoupling of economic growth from environmental degradation, degrowth proponents suggest downscaling production and consumption to reduce resource extraction and energy consumption. However, this seems to be at odds with conventional wisdom about entrepreneurship. Thus, our research aims to shed light on the implications of the degrowth discourse on entrepreneurship. We answer how degrowth attitudes among (sustainable) entrepreneurs are associated with decision‐making on scaling strategies for their ventures. Differentiating between scaling fast and scaling slow strategies, we show that a degrowth attitude is negatively associated with scaling fast strategies, whether entrepreneurs consider themselves sustainable or not. However, sustainable entrepreneurship is positively associated with scaling slow strategies. Furthermore, we show that the development level of the economy an entrepreneur is active in is an essential factor in the decision‐making on scaling strategies.
Insights 4.0: Transformative learning in industrial engineering through problem‐based learning and project‐based learning
Authors: Rodriguez‐Sanchez Cristina , Orellana Rubén , Fernandez Barbosa Pedro Rafael , Borromeo Susana , Vaquero Joaquin
Published: March 2024

This paper describes a methodological study carried out between 2018 and 2022, at Rey Juan Carlos University, focused on the subject monitoring and control systems within a master's program in Industrial Engineering. The study proposes an innovative teaching strategy using problem‐based learning and project‐based learning methodologies. The projects undertaken are based on Internet of Things (IoT) systems aimed at enhancing weather stations, services and facilitating real‐time decision‐making. Inspired by our experience in the development of Industry 4.0 projects, we have designed a methodological strategy for this subject that focuses on providing students with the necessary knowledge and skills in the field of Control and Monitoring Systems and the IoT to develop real monitoring and control systems. The approach emphasizes interdisciplinary problem‐solving, with students working collaboratively in stable teams. Throughout the 16‐week course, tasks of increasing complexity are completed, resulting in the development of a complete system. The practical approach of the course and its relation to real applications motivates students, resulting in better performance. The acquired techniques and skills from the course are broadly applicable across engineering disciplines.
A survey of carboplatin desensitization therapy in Japan: A multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Komatsu Hiroaki , Matsumoto Koji , Morita Mitsunori , Nagasawa Takayuki , Nishio Hiroshi , Suzuki Jiro , Nishio Shin , Kobara Hisanori , Yunokawa Mayu , Ariyoshi Kazuya , Hirayama Takashi , Tokunaga Hideki , Ukita Masayo , Yoriki Kaori , Mori‐Uchino Mayuyo , Furusawa Akiko , Togami Shinichi , Nakamura Hiroko , Ishikawa Mitsuya , Satoh Toyomi
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to chemotherapy are serious adverse events associated with cancer drug therapy and can occur with any antitumor drug. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of carboplatin desensitization therapy in Japan and established a method for treating carboplatin HSRs.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with gynecological (ovarian, endometrial, or cervical) cancers who underwent carboplatin desensitization therapy between 2016 and 2020 at the Gynecologic Cancer Study Group of Japan Clinical Oncology Group were included. The carboplatin desensitization therapy at each institution and the implementation cases were registered in an online case report form.

Results

This retrospective study enrolled 136 patients (ovarian, 108; endometrial, 17; and cervical cancer, 11). Pre‐existing allergies were present in 37 (27.2%) patients, and 32 (23.5%) patients exhibited prodromal symptoms during treatment before HSR onset. Erythema was the most common symptom at HSR onset, affecting 93 (68.4%) patients, followed by itching in 72 (52.9%) patients and decreased oxygen saturation in 43 (31.6%) patients. Loss of consciousness occurred in three (2.2%) patients. The most common timing of HSR onset was during the first recurrence treatment (47%). The mean total carboplatin dose until HSR onset was 7331 (2620–18,282) mg, and the mean number of doses was 14 (4–63). Desensitization treatment was completed in 75% of cases, and breakthrough HSRs occurred in 25% (34/136). No deaths occurred in the study cohort. The risk factors for HSRs were not identified.

Conclusion

Although carboplatin desensitization therapy has high success rates in Japan, erythema and pruritus are important HSRs to consider.
The outcome in patients with BRAF‐mutated metastatic melanoma treated with anti‐programmed death receptor‐1 monotherapy or targeted therapy in the real‐world setting
Authors: Kopecký Jindřich , Pásek Marek , Lakomý Radek , Melichar Bohuslav , Mrazová Ivona , Kubeček Ondřej , Arenbergerová Monika , Lemstrová Radmila , Švancarová Alžběta , Tretera Vojtěch , Hlodáková Alžběta , Žváčková Kamila
Published: March 2024

Background

Immunotherapy and targeted therapy are currently two alternative backbones in the therapy of BRAF‐mutated malignant melanoma. However, predictive biomarkers that would help with treatment selection are lacking.

Methods

This retrospective study investigated outcomes of anti‐programmed death receptor‐1 monotherapy and targeted therapy in the first‐line setting in patients with metastatic BRAF‐mutated melanoma, focusing on clinical and laboratory parameters associated with treatment outcome.

Results

Data from 174 patients were analysed. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 17.0 months (95% CI; 8–39) and 12.5 months (95% CI; 9–14.2) for immunotherapy and targeted therapy, respectively. The 3‐year PFS rate was 39% for immunotherapy and 25% for targeted therapy. The objective response rate was 72% and 51% for targeted therapy and immunotherapy. The median overall (OS) survival for immunotherapy has not been reached and was 23.6 months (95% CI; 16.1–38.2) for targeted therapy, with a 3‐year survival rate of 63% and 40%, respectively. In a univariate analysis, age < 70 years, a higher number of metastatic sites, elevated serum LDH and a neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio above the cut‐off value were associated with inferior PFS regardless of the therapy received, but only serum LDH level and the presence of lung metastases remained significant predictors of PFS in a multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Present real‐world data document the high effectiveness of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Although targeted therapy had higher response rates, immunotherapy improved PFS and OS. While the prognostic value of LDH was confirmed, the potential use of blood cell count‐derived parameters to predict outcomes needs further investigation.
Integrating natural compounds and nanoparticle‐based drug delivery systems: A novel strategy for enhanced efficacy and selectivity in cancer therapy
Authors: Manzari‐Tavakoli Asma , Babajani Amirhesam , Tavakoli Maryam Manzari , Safaeinejad Fahimeh , Jafari Ameneh
Published: March 2024

Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, necessitating the development of innovative and more effective treatment strategies. Conventional cancer treatments often suffer from limitations such as systemic toxicity, poor pharmacokinetics, and drug resistance. Recently, there has been growing attention to utilizing natural compounds derived from various sources as possible cancer therapeutics. Natural compounds have demonstrated diverse bioactive properties, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antitumor effects, making them attractive candidates for cancer treatment. However, their limited solubility and bioavailability present challenges for effective delivery to cancer cells. To overcome these limitations, researchers have turned to nanotechnology‐based drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles, with their small size and unique properties, can encapsulate therapeutic agents and offer benefits such as improved solubility, prolonged drug release, enhanced cellular uptake, and targeted delivery. Functionalizing nanoparticles with specific ligands further enhances their precision in recognizing and binding to cancer cells. Combining natural compounds with nanotechnology holds great promise in achieving efficient and safe cancer treatments by enhancing bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and selectivity toward cancer cells. This review article provides an overview of the advancements in utilizing natural substances and nanotechnology‐based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. It discusses the benefits and drawbacks of various types of nanoparticles, as well as the characteristics of natural compounds that make them appealing for cancer therapy. Additionally, current research on natural substances and nanoparticles in preclinical and clinical settings is highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in developing natural compound‐nanoparticle‐based cancer therapies are discussed.
When the shoe does not fit: The role of perspective‐taking orientation in a perspective‐taking prejudice reduction intervention
Authors: Szekeres Hanna , Lantos Nóra Anna , Faragó Laura , Nyúl Boglárka , Kende Anna
Published: March 2024

We tested how individuals' dispositional perspective‐taking impacts the effectiveness of an intergroup perspective‐taking intervention aimed to reduce anti‐Gypsyism in Hungary. For the intervention, we adapted a role‐playing book with a Roma adolescent protagonist (called the ‘Gypsy Maze’). We predicted that the intervention would be more effective in reducing prejudice for stronger perspective‐takers, compared to weaker, for whom it may even be counterproductive, potentially triggering victim blaming. We conducted a pilot field study among high school students and two experiments among university students (N = 982). In Study 1, we found that dispositional perspective‐taking qualified the effect of the intervention. While strong perspective‐takers endorsed less prejudice following the intervention versus control conditions, weak perspective‐takers endorsed more. In Study 2, we aimed to replicate Study 1 and test underlying explanations, however, the intervention was ineffective in reducing prejudice among both weak and strong perspective‐takers. These results draw attention to the limits of perspective‐taking interventions and highlight the importance of both societal‐contextual boundaries and personalizing intergroup interventions. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and in Silico Studies of Curcumin Pyrrole Conjugates
Authors: Gogoi Nishi Gandha , Rahman Aziza , Dutta Pankaj , Saikia Jiban , Baruah Anupaul , Handique Jyotirekha G.
Published: March 2024

Curcumin conjugated heterocyclic compounds are potent candidates with drug likeness against various bacterial pathogens. A set of curcumin‐based pyrrole conjugates (CPs) were synthesized and characterized by FT‐IR, 1H and 13C NMR and HR‐MS techniques. The results of free radical scavenging activity of the synthesized CPs, evaluated by FRAP and CUPRAC assays, showed the potency of these compounds as effective antioxidants. CP3 exhibits the highest antioxidant activity amongst the CPs. The bactericidal efficacy of CPs was screened against ESKAP bacterial pathogens, and CPs were found to possess better antibacterial property than curcumin, specifically against staphylococcus aureus bacteria. In addition, serum albumin (BSA and HSA) binding interaction of these CPs were determined by UV‐visible and fluorescence spectrophotometric techniques. In‐silico molecular docking study was performed to determine the binding patterns of molecular targets against Staphylococcus aureus tyrosyl tRNA synthetase, and serum albumin proteins. The structure‐activity relationship showed that the presence of multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups, and electron withdrawing groups on the structure of CP molecule, enhances its antioxidant and antibacterial activity, respectively.
Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C. A. Mey Methanol Extract: Nanoencapsulation by Mini‐Emulsion Polymerization and its Release Trend under Simulated Conditions of the Human Body
Authors: Mahdavi Behnam , Ebrahimi Sanaz , Farzi Gholam Ali , Maleki Behrooz , Mohammadhosseini Majid
Published: March 2024

In this research, the extract of Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A.Mey. was encapsulated using the mini‐emulsion polymerization method based on methyl methacrylate polymers with a nanometer size. The encapsulated extract was characterized using different analytical techniques. Furthermore, the loading efficiency and release of the plant extract were examined. FT‐IR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of an expectational product. The TEM and SEM imaging showed a spherical morphology for the prepared encapsulated extract. The average size of poly‐methyl‐methacrylate nanoparticles containing Ephedra extract was found to be approximately 47 nm. The extract loading efficiency and encapsulation efficiency test demonstrated a dose‐depending behavior on E. intermedia extract for both analyses, which is highly advantageous for traversing biological barriers. The release assay shows a controlled release for the extract at phosphate buffer solution (PBS). A 38 % release was calculated after 36 hours. The results obtained from the present study reveal that encapsulating the plant extract is a suitable alternative to control and increase their medicinal properties.
New Analogues of Amides and Quinolinones Produced by Streptomyces sp. YIM S01983
Authors: Li Xia , Zhu Dou‐Ying , Liu Xi‐Ru , Liu Hong‐Jian , Tang Shu‐Kun , Cai Le , Zhao Li‐Xing
Published: March 2024

Streptomide (1), a new amide analogue, streptomynone (2), a new quinolinone, and ten known compounds including three aliphatic acids (3‐5), two amides (6‐7), four cyclic dipeptides (8‐11), and an adenosine (12) were isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. YIM S01983 isolated from a sediment sample collected in Bendong Village, Huadong Town, Chuxiong, China. Their structures were determined by analysis of the 1D/2D‐NMR and HR‐ESI‐MS spectra. Compound 12 presented weak antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans and Aligenes faecalis (MIC=64 μg/mL). Compounds 7 and 12 showed weak cytotoxic activity against MHCC97H.