bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histochemical Study of Matrical Components in the Mandíbular Condyle of the Neonatal Mouse
Authors: Livne Erella , Lewinson Dina , Dickson Glenn , Silbermann Michael
Published: July 2008

In the mandibular condyle of the newborn mouse the chondroprogenitor (CP) zone is the only layer that incorporates 3H-thymidine thus serving the source for cells of the cartilage lineage. Ultrastructurally these cells have a mesenchymal appearance surrounded by collagen fibrils as well as by additional filaments that become apparent following fixation with ferrocyanide-reduced Os04. In addition, electron-dense particles indicative of proteoglycans are scattered throughout the matrix in the CP zone as well as in the chondroblastic and hypertrophic zones. Following labeling with 35S-sulfate the CP zone as well as the other compartments revealed a substantial number of grains following processing for autoradiography. The number of grains per cell was highest in the hypertrophic zone. Indirect immuno-fluorescence indicated the presence of fibronectin in the articular surface, CP zone and in the hypertrophic zone. The immunogold method localized fibronectin intracellularly in CP cells and extracellularly in the hypertrophic zone. Therefore in the mandibular condyle the CP cells which are capable for DNA synthesis are also involved in the synthesis of macromolecules of which some are specific for the cartilage phenotype, while others are associated with other functions of connective tissue cells.
Corpuscular Bodies in the Palate of the Rat
Authors: Liem R.S.B. , van Willigen J.D. , Copray J.C.V.M. , Horst Ter
Published: July 2008

The morphology and the frequency distribution of corpuscular bodies in the palate was studied in rats using light and electron microscopy. The study extended from the day of birth through 180 days after birth. The corpuscles appeared as round (diameter 35–50 µm) to ovoid (width 40–60 µm, height 60–90 µm) bodies intercalated within the epithelium of the incisal papilla and the soft palate. A subepithelial nerve plexus surrounded the base of a corpuscle. For types of cells were identified within the corpuscle: basal, type I (dark) type II (pale) and type III cells. Some cells bore microvilli which protruded through a pore into the oral cavity. Numerous nerve endings terminated in close relation to the latter three types of cells. Two distinct types of membrane specializations were found representing axosomatic and axo-axonal contacts. On morphological grounds we interpret the structures described as receptors of taste. At birth, a mean total of 21 corpuscles was observed in the entire palate of which 31% was located on the incisal papilla and 68% was found in the soft palate. During the first 2 weeks (16 days) of postnatal life, the number of corpuscles increased. Thereafter, a significant decrease in corpuscle number occurred with increasing age. We speculate that the corpuscles are associated with the learning process of food selection.
Immunohistochemistry and Histochemistry of the Inner Ear Gelatinous Membranes and Statoconia of the Chick (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Fermin Cesar D. , Lovett Amy E. , Igarashi Makoto , Dunner, Jr Kenneth
Published: July 2008

This study was undertaken to investigate whether the gelatinous membranes (GMs) of the chick (Gallus domesticus) inner ear contain glycoproteins and proteoglycans, as is the case in mammals, and whether or not the relative concentrations of glycoproteins and proteoglycans change during development. We used electron-microscopic histochemistry with tannic acid, Alcian blue and ruthenium red and immunoperoxidase with monoclonal antibodies to fibronectin and keratan sulfate. Both techniques were applied to material from newly hatched chicks in various developmental stages. In hatchlings, tannic acid, which precipitates mainly proteoglycans, stained the mineralizing GMs of the utricle saccule and lagenar macula darker than it did the nonmineralizing GMs of the cristae and tectorial membrane of the basilar papilla, while Alcian blue and ruthenium red stained all GMs in the vestibule and basilar papilla almost to the same degree. Antikeratan sulfate (a proteoglycan marker) stained the GMs intensively, while antifibronectin (glycoprotein monoclonal marker) stained them less intensively. In the mineralizing GMs of the embryos the immunoreactivity (density) of keratan sulfate almost doubles between days 7 (stage 31) and 21 (stage 46) while the density of fibronectin does not seem to change as much. Different concentrations of glycoproteins and proteoglycans in each GM may impart to it the capacity to remain unmineralized as is the case for cupulae of the vestibule and tectorial membrane of the basilar papilla, or mineralized, as is the case for the statoconial membrane of the maculae.
Close Correlation between the Distribution of Tenascin and That of Actin Filaments in the Mouse Urethral Mesenchyme during Active Morphogenesis
Authors: Murakami Ryutaro , Takeda Hiroyuki , Yamaoka Ikuo , Sakakura Teruyo
Published: July 2008

The distribution of tenascin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, and that of actin filaments were studied in the developing urethra of mouse embryos by antitenascin immunofluorescent and rhodamine-phalloidin staining. Tenascin appeared transiently in the urethral mesenchyme at the site of active morphogenesis in which the urethral epithelium separated from the surface epithelia of the glans and prepuce, being tubular, and the bilateral mesenchymes lining the preexisting urethral epithelium were seamed together in the ventral side of the tubular urethra immediately after the epithelial separation. The spatially and temporally restricted distribution of tenascin corresponded well to that of mesenchymal cells which possessed many actin filaments. These observations suggest that tenascin is involved in the cytoskeletal organization of mesenchymal cells in the active phase of morphogenesis.
Punktionskomplikationen zentralvenöser Katheter aus anatomischer Sicht
Authors: Stern Wolfgang , Sauer Wolfgang , Dauber Wolfgang
Published: July 2008

For access to the central venous system numerous percutaneous methods and approaches exist. Questions are often raised concerning which approach is the safest. In 18 human cadavers, we punctured the internal jugular vein via an anterior and posterior approach and the subclavian vein via an infraclavicular route to determine which of these approaches is better with respect to success rate and frequency of puncture complications. The position of the needles was assessed by dissection. Successful venipunctures were achieved in 81% by the posterior approach, as opposed to 58% by the anterior approach and the infraclavicular route. The lowest frequency of complications was attained by the posterior approach (17%) too, whereas the anterior approach (33%) and the subclavian route (25%) had higher complication rates. The main complication of posterior and anterior approaches was inadvertent arterial puncture (9 vs. 19%). At the subclavian approach puncture of a ‘wrong’ vein was frequent (14%), and the complications included a case of pleura lesion. In conclusion the posterior approach to the internal jugular vein is superior to the other investigated approaches, and therefore, it can reasonably be proposed as a usual route for the insertion of a central venous catheter.
Effects of Secondary Bile Acids on the in vitro Development of Early Somite Rat Embryos
Authors: Zusman I. , Zimber A.
Published: July 2008

Effects of secondary bile acids – lithocholic (LCA) and deoxycholic (DCA) – on the in vitro development of early somite (10.5 days old) rat embryos were studied. It was shown that an addition to the culture medium of 0.1 mM LCA (final concentration) resulted in 9% growth-retarded and 12% malformed embryos when the duration of exposure was 24 h. When treatment with LCA was prolonged to 48 h, the rate of growth retardation increased to 18% and that of malformations to 40% versus 0.5% for both parameters observed in controls. This could be interpreted as a reversible or time-dependent effect of LCA on the in vitro development of the mammalian embryo. Culture of embryos in medium with 0.5 mM DCA resulted in 22% of growth retardation and 50% of malformations. DCA in 0.1 mM final concentration had only slight and statistically nonsignificant effects. Retardation of growth development could be demonstrated by a decrease in crown-rump length and the number of somites. Among malformed embryos, abnormalities in the development of the neural tube and exencephaly were the most common types of malformations. Abnormalities as well as growth retardation were accompanied by significant pathological changes in structure and perhaps in function of the endodermal visceral yolk sac cells. It could be suggested that secondary bile acids when present in pathophysiological concentrations can affect the embryonic development by direct inhibitory effects and that these effects may be time and dose dependent.
Myoendothelial Junctions in Human Saphenous Veins
Authors: Svendsen E. , Austarheim A.-M.S , Haugen B. , Dalen H. , Dregelid E.
Published: July 2008

The frequency and morphology of myoendothelial junctions occurring in human saphenous veins have been investigated. The junctions are mostly established via slender membrane projections. The junction slit is filled with a electron-dense material, sometimes forming shark-tooth-like configurations. The morphology of these hetero-cellular junctions is not compatible in all cases with gap junctions, tight junctions or desmosomes. The frequency of heterocellular junctions in endothelial cells of saphenous veins is estimated to be approximately 10 per cell, but their significance is not finally determined.
Comparison of the Size of the Vascular Compartment of the Carotid Body of the Fetal, Neonatal and Adult Cat
Authors: Clarke J.A. , Daly de Burgh , Ead H.W.
Published: July 2008

The carotid bodies from full-term fetal cats, 3- to 4-day-old neonates and adult cats were perfusion-fixed at normal arterial blood pressure with 3% phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde. Serial 5-µm sections were cut and stained by the MSB method. Using an interactive image analysis system, determinations were made of the volumes of the carotid body and of its vascular and extravascular compartments. Compared to the fetus, the carotid body of the neonate increased in volume by 51% and by 286% in the adult cat. There was a proportional increase in the volumes of the vascular compartment and of the small vessels (5–12 µm diameter) in that compartment. The volume of the small vessels, expressed as a ratio of the total volume of the organ, remained constant in the three animal groups at 5–7%. The small vessel endothelial surface area, expressed as a ratio of the extravascular volume (which was assumed to consist largely of type 1 and type 2 cells) was the same in the neonate as in the full-term fetus. Thus, there were no apparent quantifiable morphological features of the carotid body and its vasculature which would account for the resetting of the hypoxic sensitivity of the organ from the fetal to the adult range within a few days of birth.
Comparing the Somal Size and Nuclear Positions of the Monkey Stellate and Coeliac Ganglion Cells
Authors: Leong Seng-Kee , Wong Wai-Chow
Published: July 2008

The stellate and coeliac ganglia of 2 Macaque monkeys were cut serially at 1 µm thickness and analysed. Results from the analysis of 82 stellate and 60 coeliac ganglion cells in 1 monkey show that in cross-sections, the neuronal nuclei may be eccentric, centric or nearly centric and remain so throughout the longitudinal extent of the neuron. In both ganglia, the majority of neurons possess eccentric nuclei, but in the coeliac ganglion, the percentage of neurons with centric and/or nearly centric nuclei is higher (41.7%) than that in the stellate ganglion (26.3%). While 5% of neurons in the coeliac ganglion are binucleated, no binucleated neurons were found in the stellate ganglion. The somal size ranges of the stellate (10–39 µm) and the coeliac (14.5^-5 µm) ganglion neurons as obtained from both monkeys are quite close. The percentage frequency distribution of the stellate ganglion neurons in monkey 1 was also quite similar to that of the coeliac ganglion neurons. It is concluded that different neuronal size is not likely to be associated with different target organs.
Chronic Hyperglycemia in Experimental Diabetes mellitus of Short Duration Does Not Contribute to Muscle Capillary Basement Membrane Thickening
Authors: Copeland K.R. , Yatscoff R.W. , Mehta A.E. , Thliveris J.A.
Published: July 2008

The effect of chronic hyperglycemia on the relationship of nonenzymatic glycation and capillary basement membrane thickness in muscle was studied in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats early in the course of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic animals were placed on either standard (24%) or restricted (8%) protein diet. The animals on 8% protein diet had elevated glycated hemoglobin levels (p < 0.01) and increased levels of nonenzymatic glycation of basement membrane (p < o.01) as compared to insulin-treated diabetic (euglycemic), age-matched control, and streptozotocin-injected nondia-betic animals also on 8% protein diet. In contrast, diabetic animals on restricted (8%) protein diet and those on standard (24%) protein diet showed no statistical differences between them with regards to the above parameters. Moreover, there were no statistical differences among diabetic and control animals on either 8 or 24% protein diet with respect to muscle capillary membrane thickness. Even though the peripheral muscle biopsy study of capillary basement membrane is less invasive than kidney biopsy, the results of this study suggest that neither nonenzymatic glycation nor basement membrane thickness can be utilized as predictors of renal dysfunction during early onset of diabetes mellitus.
Quantitative Analyse der Knorpelzelldichte und des Chondrozytenmusters im transitorischen hyalinen Knorpel der embryonalen Anlagen menschlicher Fusswurzelknochen
Authors: Rother P. , Ranke T.-P. , Forriol F. , Banusch J. , Bauer L.
Published: July 2008

Changes in the distribution patterns of chondrocytes in the embryonic transitory hyaline cartilage of the tarsus were studied using 56 sagittal section of tarsi from 28 human embryos, with a vertex-foot length from 7.0 to 44.0 cm. The os naviculare and os cuboideum were not sliced in all sections. A total of 93,931 cells were transferred via a mirror to paper, and the resulting patterns were analyzed. Determinations included the numerical surface and volume density of the chondrocytes and the cell distribution patterns using the dispersion index. In the case of the calcaneus, talus, os naviculare and os cuboideum, the number of sliced cells found over a constant area decreases at a continuous linear rate in the course of the embryonic period. In all tarsal primordia the distribution pattern developed from regular to random. Particular conditions prevail immediately below the perichondrium and near the ossification centers which can be found in the calcaneus from the 6th month onwards.
The Milky Spots on the Chest Wall in Newborns
Authors: Aharinejad S. , Franz P. , Firbas W.
Published: July 2008

The histologic properties of pleural adipose organs were studied in 14 newborns. These organs contain milky spots, in which lymphocytes, macrophages and plurivacuolated fat cells are present. The milky spots have a mesothelial covering, persist to the age of 9 months and seem to act as defence devices and a site of fluid exchange.
A New Concept of the Anatomy of the Anal Sphincter Mechanism and the Physiology of Defecation
Authors: Shafik Ahmed , El-Din Maged A. Gamal , El-Bagoury E.M. , Hamid Zakaria Abdel , El Said Bothaina , Metwalli Salwa , El-Sibaei Olfat
Published: July 2008

The histologic changes in the external anal sphincter after internal anal sphincter excision were studied in 20 dogs. An external sphincter biopsy was taken before internal sphincterectomy and 2 weeks and monthly thereafter for 10 months. The excised material was studied microscopically after being stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Verhoeff-van Gieson and succinic dehydrogenase. 70% of external sphincter specimens before internal sphincter excision showed smooth muscle fibers scattered between the striated fibers. These smooth fibers could be responsible for the resting tone of the external sphincter. After internal sphincter excision, characteristic histologic changes could be identified in the external sphincter. From the 2nd week to the 5th month after excision, the external sphincter showed degenerative and hypertrophic changes. From the 6th to the 10th month, there were regeneration of the striated muscle fibers and increase in the number of smooth fibers so that by the 10th month a ‘compound’ muscle of striated and smooth fibers was identified. Two theories were put forward to explain the smooth fiber preponderance in the external sphincter after internal sphincter excision: mutant and replacement theories. The increased nonstriated element in the external sphincter seems to be a structural-functional adaptation so that the external sphincter takes on the involuntary function of the excised muscle.
Topographie des Karpalkanals beim Kaninchen – Ein experimentelles Modell für das Karpaltunnelsyndrom?
Authors: Kornel Gabriela-Verena , Rosen H.R. , Mohr W. , Firbas W.
Published: July 2008

By preparing a new experimental model for the carpal tunnel syndrome, the authors evaluated the differences of the human and rabbit carpal tunnels using a comparative anatomical study. A nearly identical situation -regarding the osseous and connective tissue formations in the carpal channel – was found. Therefore, the carpal tunnel of the rabbit is recommended for a model of chronic nerve compression, which is now planned by the authors.
A Morphometric Ultrastmctural Study of the Nucleus of Cerebellar Granule Cells
Authors: Hervás J.P. , Berciano M.T. , Silos I. , Lafarga M.
Published: July 2008

A quantitative approach to the nuclear ultrastructure of cerebellar granule cells is described here. The study was made using conventional electron microscopy from cerebellar cortices of adult rats by means of a semiautomatic image analyzer. The basic observation is that the nuclei of mature granule cells constitute a homogeneous population in terms of morphometric and stereologic data; in fact, the volume density of condensed chromatin within the nuclei remains practically constant in all nuclear sections. These results seem to indicate the existence of a cell-specific nuclear morphometric phenotype which might be considered as an effective criterion for the typification of this cellular lineage.
Smooth Muscle Cells, Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Myenteric Plexus Interrelationships in the Human Colon
Authors: Faussone-Pellegrini M.S. , Pantalone D. , Cortesini C.
Published: July 2008

The plane between longitudinal and circular muscle of human colon, as revealed on examination with light and electron microscopes, has no clear-cut border. Some groups of smooth muscle cells, obliquely oriented and with features similar to both circular and longitudinal ones – the connecting muscle bundles – run from one muscle layer to another. Other groups of smooth muscle cells, possessing their own specific ultrastructural features – the myenteric muscle sheaths - make up envelopes of variable thickness around some myenteric ganglia and nerve strands, partially or completely embedding them in one or other muscle layer. Non-neuronal, non-muscular cells (interstitial cells of Cajal, covering cells, fibroblast-like and macrophage-like cells) complicate the texture of the myenteric muscle sheaths, creating an intricate, interconnected cellular network inside them, widespread among nerve bundles and smooth muscle cells; however, only interstitial cells have cell-to-cell junctions also with the smooth muscle cells and nerve endings. These data document the existence in this colonic area of two different types of muscle cell arrangements, one of which, the myenteric muscle sheath, only contains putative pacemaker cells.
Fenestrated Capillaries in the Ventral Sebaceous Gland of the Djungarian Hamster, Phodopus sungorus
Authors: Sunderkötter C. , Wittkowski W. , Hoffmann† K.
Published: July 2008

The ventral sebaceous gland of the Djungarian hamster is a macroscopically visible organ situated in the midventral area of the abdominal wall. It consists of densely packed acini arranged in lobules with common excretory ducts. The rich vascular network of the gland is characterized by fenestrated capillaries. Fenestrated endothelium has not yet been reported as a characteristic and regular finding within sebaceous glands. Results are discussed with regard to proliferation rate of sebocytes and the demand of fluid and nutrient supply.
Ultrastructural Circadian Variation of Mast Cells in the Pinna of the Mouse
Authors: Chen Xiao-Jun , He Ze-Yong
Published: July 2008

It has been found previously under the light microscope that there was a circadian variation in mast cell number in the pinna of mice. The mast cell number was increased at 18.00 h and decreased at 06.00 h. In the current study, 5 mice of each group were synchronized for 4 weeks with a standard lighting regimen (light: 06.00–20.00 h; dark: 20.00–06.00 h). Both pinnas of every mouse of each group were removed at 06.00, 12.00, 18.00 and 24.00 h, respectively. Under the electron microscope, it was observed that more degranulated mast cells were found at 06.00 h and more intact mast cells were visible at 18.00 h. It appeared that the mast cell numbers decreased and increased under the light microscope, were due to mast cell degradation and re granulation. This finding suggests that a functional circadian variation exists in the mast cell under physiological conditions.
Functional Anatomy of the Human Saccus Lacrimalis
Authors: Fernández-Valencia R. , Pellico Gómez
Published: July 2008

The relations between the saccus lacrimalis and different portions of the musculus orbicularis oculi were studied in orbital regions of human fetuses sectioned into numbered series. No insertions of the pars lacrimalis or Horner’s muscle on the saccus were found. These muscular fibres pass along the dorsal wall of the saccus and are separated from it by the reflex tendon of the ligamentum palpebrale mediale. The only muscular fibres that insert on the saccus are those that approach the anterior face of the saccus and the fornix. The fibres that insert on the anterior face proceed from the deep bundles of the pars preseptalis of the lower eyelids, and those that insert on the fornix derive from the deep bundles of the pars preseptalis of the upper eyelid.
The Epithelial Lining of the Bovine Ejaculatory Duct
Authors: Abou-Elmagd A. , Wrobel K.-H.
Published: July 2008

The bovine ejaculatory duct is lined by a pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Two cell types are present: small basal cells and columnar principal cells in different functional states. The basal cells are able to accumulate lipid material. The principal cells are observed in a less active state and in a state of either increased endocytosis and fluid uptake or active spermiophagy. Endocytotically active cells are characterized by an apical brush border and a system of micro vesicles, multivesicular bodies and lysosomal dense bodies. Cells involved in phagocytosis of spermatozoa are mostly provided with a smooth apical border, an expanded Golgi apparatus, many phagocytic vacuoles and condensing phagolysosomes.
Two Forms of Free Mononuclear Cells in Sinusoids at the Beginning of Hepatic Hemopoiesis of the Mouse Embryo: A Qualitative and Cytometrical Study
Authors: Sasaki K.
Published: July 2008

Two forms of mononuclear cells were seen in the liver sinusoids of an 11-day mouse embryo. They were qualitatively and cytometrically examined by light and electron microscopy. The first form consisted of free macrophages which possessed erythrophagosomes in the cytoplasm, many cytoplasmic extensions on their cell surface and clear vesicles singly or in groups in the cell periphery. The average cell diameter of macrophages was 10.4 ± 1.6 µm and the nuclear-cytoplasmic (N-C) ratio 0.36 ± 0.11. The second form of mononuclear cells in the sinusoids was free from large heterophagosomes. The majority of them ranged from 7 to 12 µm in cell diameter and had a larger N-C ratio than the first form. The cytometrical results showed that the two types of mononuclear cells contained in the sinusoids of the 11-day embryo are similar in properties to the mononuclear cells in extraembryonic and yolk sac vitelline vessels before the start of liver hemopoiesis. The origins of sinusoidal mononuclear cells of these two forms are discussed in relation to the yolk sac ones.
Age-Dependent Changes of Ultrastructure and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Immunoreactivity in the Pars tuberalis of the Rat
Authors: Schulze-Bonhage S. , Wittkowski W.
Published: July 2008

The pars tuberalis of the rat adenohypophysis was investigated by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy at different stages of the peri- and postnatal development. A characteristic pattern of changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone immunoreactivity of pars tuberalis-specific secretory cells was observed with an increase in staining intensity after birth, a marked reduction in adulthood and a subsequent increase in senium. Electron microscopy showed age-dependent changes in the number of dictyosomes per cell, in the number of large lysosomes per area of cytoplasm and in the extension of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. The number of secretory granules per area of cytoplasm was maximal perinatally; there was no correlation between granule content and immunoreactivity. Thyrotropes of the pars distalis did not show comparable immunohistochemical or ultrastructural changes.
Sensory Innervation of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Mouse
Authors: Dreessen D. , Halata Z. , Strasmann T.
Published: July 2008

The sensory innervation of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of 8 STR/ΓN mice was investigated by means of light and electron microscopy. Through the cutting of complete semithin sections in series it was possible to investigate the joints thoroughly. Additionally, one joint with its nerve supply was reconstructed three-dimensionally with a computerized three-dimensional programme. The reconstruction was based on one complete semithin section series. The joint’s nerve supply originates from the nervus auriculotemporalis and additionally from motor branches of the n. mandibularis: n. massetericus, n. pterygoideus lateralis and the nn. temporales posteriores. The greatest number of nerve fibres and endings is located in the dorsolateral part of the joint capsule. They lie only in the stratum fibrosum and subsynovially. Neither the stratum synoviale nor the discus articularis contain any nerve fibres or endings, whereas the peri-articular loose connective tissue is richly innervated. The only type of nerve ending observed within the joint was the free nerve ending, which is assumed to serve not only as a nociceptor but also as a polymodal mechanoreceptor. Merely within the insertion of the musculus pterygoideus lateralis at the collum mandibulae single stretch receptors of the Ruffini type were observed. Ultrastructurally, they correspond to those described in the cat’s knee joint. Neither lamellated nor nerve endings of the Golgior Pacini type were observed in the joint or in the peri-articular connective tissue. The unexpected paucity of nerve fibres and endings in the TMJ itself of the mouse suggests that the afferent information from the joint is less important for position sense and movement than the afferent information from muscles, tendons and periodontal ligaments.
Effect of Varying the Preincubation and Incubation Temperature on the Reaction Pattern for Myosin ATPase in Rat Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Tuxen Anette
Published: July 2008

The temperature of the preincubation and incubation medium influences the staining pattern and intensity of the reverse myofibrillar ATPase in rat skeletal muscle. The activity in some fibers was raised and in others depressed by varying the temperature of the preincubation and incubation medium between 4 and 37 °C. This indicates the presence of reverse ATPase isoenzymes with different temperature sensitivities.
Golgi Morphology of the Neurons in Frontal Sections of Human Interthalamic Adhesion
Authors: Malobabić S. , Puškaš L. , Vujašković G.
Published: July 2008

The Golgi morphology of the neurons in the human interthalamic adhesion (IA, which is not present in every human brain) is very variable. Four types of Golgi-impregnated neurons were found in the adult human IA: (1) fusiform neurons (most characteristic of the human IA); (2) neurons with an oval perikaryon; (3) triangular neurons (rarely found) and (4) multipolar neurons (polygonal perikaryon and at least 4 primary dendrites). Fusiform neurons as well as triangular and multipolar ones, belong to the isodendritic type, but the neurons with oval perikarya do not.
Morphological Study of the Nasal Conchae of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Pastor L.M. , Amores A.E. , Villaverde R. , Calvo A. , Sprekelsen C.
Published: July 2008

The histology of the conchae of the nasal cavity in the guinea pig was investigated by means of conventional light and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed a clear structural difference between the anterior and the posterior portion of the conchae being in the first zone where the vasculature was more numerous. The arterioles and the venules were richly innervated, abounding in cholinergic nerve endings with vesicles of probably peptidergic character. The glands were located in the posterior portion and were constituted by acini, an intercalated and a striated duct. Acini as well as the intercalated duct showed cholinergic nerve endings and vesicles with also a propably peptidergic character. In conclusion the conchae of the nasal cavity of the guinea pig showed marked morphological differences in comparison with those of humans.
Neuroendocrine Cells of the Human Lung Express Substance-P-Like Immunoreactivity
Authors: Gallego R. , Garcia-Caballero T. , Rosón E. , Beiras A.
Published: July 2008

The occurrence of substance P (SP) in the neuroendocrine population of human lungs was investigated by immunohistochemical methods. All individuals studied (n = 16) had SP-like immunoreactive cells, being more numerous in lungs of fetuses and newborn infants than in adults. These cells, both solitary and forming neuroepithelial bodies, were found at all levels of the respiratory mucosa. Solitary neuroendocrine cells and neuroepithelial bodies were found in the bronchial and bronchiolar mucosa, while at the alveolar level neuroepithelial bodies were also seen. A more intense SP-like immunoreactivity was found in the basal cytoplasm of these cells. Occasionally they show cytoplasmic prolongations which interdigitate with neighboring epithelial cells. These facts suggest that SP-like immunoreactive cells may have a paracrine or local secretion function, acting over surrounding epithelial cells or structures situated in the lamina propria. The evidence of great numbers of SP-like immunoreactive neuroendocrine cells in fetuses and infants might be the expression of a functional role of SP in lung development.
Study of Radial Compression Elasticity of Single Xanthan Molecules by Vibrating Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy
Authors: Wang Huabin , Zhou Xingfei , An Hongjie , Sun Jielin , Zhang Yi , Hu Jun
Published: July 2008

Individual xanthan molecules were prepared on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface with a modified spin-casting technique. Then the radial compression elasticity of single xanthan molecules was investigated by vibrating scanning polarization force microscopy. The effective elastic
moduli of xanthan molecules are estimated to be ∼20–100 MPa under loads below 0.4 nN.
Catalyst and Temperature Dependent Growth of Silicon Nitride Micro/Nanoribbons
Authors: Yang Weiyou , Wang Huatao , Liu Shuzhen , Xie Zhipeng , An Linan
Published: July 2008

One-dimensional micro/nanostructured silicon nitrides have attracted significant interests because they are potentially important for many applications due to its high stability, chemical inertness and capability for high-concentration doping. In this paper, single crystalline Si3N4
micro/nanoribbons were synthesized by catalyst-assisted pyrolysis of a polymeric precursor. The effects of catalyst and processing temperature on the morphology of the ribbons were investigated. The results revealed that both parameters can significantly influence the morphology of the ribbons,
suggesting one-dimensional Si3N4 can be grown in a controllable manner by tailoring the processing conditions.
Micro- and Nano-Indentation of a Hydroxyapatite-Carbon Nanotube Composite
Authors: Kealley Catherine S. , Latella Bruno A. , van Riessen Arie , Elcombe Margaret M. , Ben-Nissan Besim
Published: July 2008

The mechanical properties of pure synthetic hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-carbon nanotube composites were examined. Vickers microhardness and nanoindentation using a Berkovich tipped indenter were used to determine the hardness, fracture toughness and Young's modulus of the pure
hydroxyapatite matrix and the composite materials. Microscopy showed that for the composites produced the carbon nanotubes were present as discrete clumps. These clumps induced a detrimental effect on the hardness of the materials, while the fracture toughness values were not affected. This
would be undesirable in terms of using the material for biomedical implant applications. It should be noted that the carbon nanotubes used contained free graphite. As the properties of the composite materials studied were not greatly improved over the matrix, it is speculated that if the graphite
phase were removed from the reagent, this could in-turn enhance the properties of the material.
Highly Luminescent Inverted ZnS/CdS Core/Shell Quantum Dots
Authors: Sharma Madhulika , Gupta D. , Kaushik D. , Sharma A. B. , Pandey R. K.
Published: July 2008

Synthesis of highly luminescent and monochromatic inverted core–shell structures utilizing ZnS/CdS quantum dots (QDs) has been investigated. The core/shell quantum dots have been characterized using grazing angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy, Optical
absorption and luminescence spectroscopy. The results suggested that passivation of surface states along with an increased localization of electron and hole in CdS shell layer, give rise to increased monochromaticity with higher quantum yield. The possibility of using the inverted core–shell
structure as an additional parameter for tuning the color of luminescence has also been discussed.
TiO2 Mesoporous Thick Films with Large-Pore Structure for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Chi Bo , Zhao Li , Li Jian , Pu Jian , Chen Yao , Wu Congcong , Jin Tetsuro
Published: July 2008

Large-pore mesoporous titania films with thickness up to 3.5 μm were prepared by dip-coating method using block copolymer Pluronic P123 as structure directing agent. The highly transparent multilayer mesoporous film shows a large pore size of 8.9 nm with surface area of 129.4
m2 · g−1. The mesopore structure with continuous crystalline framework was maintained after being calcined at 400 °C. Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) based on the large-pore mesoporous film exhibited an enhanced light-to-electricity conversion efficiency
of 6.01%, due to the thick large-pore mesoporous film with continuous crystalline framework structure.
Hydrogen-Assisted Synthesis and Optical Properties of Single-Crystalline Cd0.9Mn0.1S Nanobelts
Authors: Li Guohua , Jiang Yang , Wang Chun , Shi Jianfeng , Zhang Zhongping
Published: July 2008

High quality Cd0.9Mn0.1S nanobelts have been synthesized using a one-step thermal evaporation method in large scale. Their morphology and microstructures were determined by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The observations revealed that the as-synthesized Cd0.9Mn0.1S nanobelts were high quality single crystalline with hexagonal wurtzite structure. The nanobelts grew
along [0 −1 1 0] direction with side surfaces of ± (0 0 0 1) and top surfaces of ± (2 1 1 0). The nanobelts can range in length from several tens to a hundred microns, in thickness about 50 nm and in tapered width 50 to 300 nm. A hydrogen-assisted vapor-liquid-solid (VLS)
combined with vapor-solid (VS) formation mechanism is also proposed to interpret the growth of Cd0.9Mn0.1S nanobelts in our work. The room-temperature photoluminescence spectrum of Cd0.9Mn0.1S nanobelts featured two luminescence peaks around 515
and 596 nm, which could be attributed to surface state emission and Mn2+ ion intra-3d (4T1–6A1) transition, respectively.
Electrorheological Properties of Carbon Nanotube/Polyelectrolyte Composite Silica Nanoparticles by Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly
Authors: Kim Byung-Soo , Kim Bumsu , Suh Kyung-Do
Published: July 2008

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MCNTs)/silica (SiO2) composite particles were prepared by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly method using polyelectrolytes and functionalized MCNTs (fMCNTs). The fMCNTs prepared by chemical oxidation method were incorporated on the outermost layer
of polyelectrolyte-coated SiO2 particles. The amount of fMCNTs was varied by LbL self assembly. In the process the number of fMCNT layers on SiO2 particles could be controlled. The fMCNT-coated SiO2 particles were characterized by zeta-potential analysis, transmission
electron microscopy (TEM), and optical microscopy (OM). In addition, the electrorheological (ER) properties of multilayers containing fMCNTs on silica particles were investigated under controlled electric fields. The ER properties of the composite particles were influenced by the amount of
fMCNTs in multilayers.
Preparation, Characterization and Photoluminescence Properties of Ternary Europium Complexes Eu(DBM)3 bath Encapsulated into Aluminosilicate Zeolites
Authors: Liu Huihui , Song Hongwei , Li Suwen , Ren Xinguang , Lu Shaozhe , Yu Hongquan , Pan Guohui , Zhang Hui , Hu Lanying , Dai Qilin , Qin Ruifei , Yu Jihong , Wang Guangmei , Jiang Jiuxing
Published: July 2008

To modify the photoluminescence properties the Eu(DBM)3 bath complexes were encapsulated into the sub-nanometer pores of aluminosilicates zeolites L and Yand characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron micrographs (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra. The luminescent properties of the encapsulated composites (Eu-L and Eu-Y) were systematically studied. The results indicate that in both the two composites the crystal-field symmetry becomes lower, as a consequence, the 5D0-7F2
electronicdipole transition relative to the 5D0-7F1 magnetic-dipole transition of Eu3+ increases in contrast to the pure complexes. The outer quantum efficiency of the Eu3+ emission and the photostability of Eu3+
are both improved considerably. The adsorption of water in the composites has influence on the thermostability and decay dynamics of the Eu3+ emission. In the composite Eu-L, which contains less water the thermostability of luminescence is improved considerably and the lifetime
becomes longer in comparison to the pure complexes. Overall, zeolite L is a more ideal host material for modification of lanthanide complexes.
Fullerene C60 Films Cross-Linked with Octane-1,8-Dithiol: Preparation, Characterization and the Use as Template for Chemical Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Meza-Laguna Víctor , Basiuk Elena V. , Alvarez-Zauco Edgar , Gromovoy Taras Yu. , Amelines-Sarria Oscar , Bassiouk María , Puente-Lee Iván , Basiuk Vladimir A.
Published: July 2008

We report on the preparation of fullerene C60 thin films chemically cross-linked with octane-1,8-dithiol, which are capable of binding gold nanoparticles. The formation of a polymer was directly proved by means of laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectra, in
which we observed the cleavage of fullerene–dithiol polymer at different bonds. Fourier-transform infrared, Raman and UV-visible spectra of the functionalized films exhibited notorious changes due to the formation of new covalent bonds between C60 molecules and bifunctional
thiol. We further demonstrated that the dithiol-functionalized fullerene can be employed as a support for stable and homogeneous deposition of gold nanoparticles. Their average size is about 5 nm according to high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations, and up to 20 nm, as
found from scanning tunneling microscopy images. The proposed binding mechanism is through a strong coordination attachment between Au nanoclusters and sulfur donor atoms of the functionalized fullerene, as supported by density functional theory calculations.
Nanostructured Thermoelectric Skutterudite Co1−xNixSb3 Alloys
Authors: He Qinyu , Hao Qing , Wang Xiaowei , Yang Jian , Lan Yucheng , Yan Xiao , Yu Bo , Ma Yi , Poudel Bed , Joshi Giri , Wang Dezhi , Chen Gang , Ren Zhifeng
Published: July 2008

Nanostructured Ni-doped skutterudites Co1−xNixSb3 (with x ranging from 0.01 to 0.09) were prepared by ball milling and direct-current induced hot press. It was found that the thermal conductivity was reduced due to strong electron–phonon
scattering from Ni-doping as well as phonon scattering from the increased grain boundary of the nanostructures. A maximum dimensionless figure-of-merit of 0.7 was obtained in Co0.91Ni0.09Sb3 at 525 °C.
Microwave Synthesis of Zirconia Nanoparticles
Authors: Hembram K. P. S. S. , Mohan Rao G.
Published: July 2008

Zirconia nanoparticles were prepared by microwave synthesis from zirconium acetate hydroxide. The samples were characterized by various techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM), Raman Spectroscopy (RS). By XRD
the average crystallite size is obtained around 10 nm and which is comparable to observation by SEM and TEM.
Development of Ge Nanoparticles Embedded in GeO2 Matrix
Authors: Batra Y. , Kabiraj D. , Kanjilal D.
Published: July 2008

Germanium (Ge) nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention due to their excellent optical properties. In this paper, we report on the formation of Ge nanoparticles embedded in GeO2 matrix prepared by electron beam evaporation and subsequent annealing. Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) studies clearly indicate the formation of Ge nanocrystals in the films annealed at 500 °C. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies are carried out to verify the evolution of the structure after annealingat each stage. Micro-Raman analysis also confirms
the formation of Ge nanoparticles in the annealed films. Development of Ge nanoparticles is also established by photoluminescence (PL) analysis. Surface morphology study is carried out by atomic force microscopy (AFM). It shows the evolution of granular structure of the films with increasing
annealing temperature.
Grain Size Effect on Lattice of Ni Nanocrystals Prepared Through Polyol Method
Authors: Okram G. S. , Devi Kh. Namrata , Sanatombi H. , Soni Ajay , Ganesan V. , Phase D. M.
Published: July 2008

Nanocrystalline nickel powders were prepared with grain size 'd' in the range 40–100 nm diameters through polyol method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used for characterization. XRD of the prepared samples
consistently matched with standard fcc structure of nickel without any impurity peak. Detailed analysis and calculations using Scherrer equation for (111) peak revealed systematic increase in line width and peak shifting towards lower diffraction 2θ angles with decrease in nickel
to ethylene glycol mole ratio. Different values of d estimated from various peaks of each sample suggested associated microstrains in the nanograins. Values of d estimated from X-ray diffraction patterns were compared with those obtained from atomic force microscopy and scanning
electron microscopy results, and discussed. Observed lattice expansion is explained, on the basis of a theoretical model of linear elasticity.
Hydrothermal Preparation of BaSnO3 and Au-BaSnO3 Nanorods
Authors: Athawale A. A. , Bapat M. S. , Desai P. A.
Published: July 2008

Barium stannate nanorods have been synthesized using chloride precursors, which were activated to form composite complexes and subjected to hydrothermal treatment in a teflon lined reactor. The reaction time was varied between 0.5 to 6.0 h. The reaction conditions included alkaline
pH, pressure of 75 kg/cm2 and temperature below 200 °C. The sample powders were further calcined at 200, 400 and 600 °C for 4 h each. The phase formation was confirmed by IR and XRD. The cubic phase of BaSnO3 powder obtained at 600 °C was observed under electron
microscope and revealed the formation of long rods of length 2–5 μm with a diameter of 50–60 nm. The use of TMAOH as a mineralizer resulted in the formation of shorter and finer nanofibres. The nanorods were sonicated in presence of auric chloride solution in alkaline
medium and the formation of Au-BaSnO3 composite powder was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction technique.
Synthesis of Shape Controlled Ferrite Nanoparticles by Sonochemical Technique
Authors: Theerdhala Sriharsha , Alhat Devendra , Vitta Satish , Bahadur D.
Published: July 2008

Synthesis of magnetic iron oxides/ferrites in the nano scale by sonochemical synthesis has become prominent recently. This technique facilitates the synthesis of magnetic particles in the nano scale attributed to the hotspot mechanism arising due to acoustic cavitation induced chemical
reaction. Generally volatile organometallic precursor compounds favoring the formation of fully amorphous particles have been used to synthesize various nano magnetic materials. We report here the synthesis of ultrafine, <10 nm magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by sonochemical technique
starting with a non-volatile precursor iron salt such as iron citrate which seems to favor the formation of semi crystalline/crystalline particles as the reaction takes place either in the interfacial region or in the bulk solution. Mono dispersed, ultra fine, ∼4 nm spherical shaped magnetic
maghemite particles having a saturation magnetization of 58.2 emu/g and coercivity of 118 Oe were obtained at low values of pH, 10 while higher pH, 11–13 favored the formation of elongated, cylindrical, acicular particles with a reduced magnetization. The coercivity was also found to
decrease with increasing pH, with it being 118 Oe at pH 10 and 3 Oe at pH 13. When the ultrasound amplitude/intensity was low, 38% heat treatment of the samples at 300 °C (at pH 10) was required to make them crystalline, while application of high intensity ultrasound, 50% amplitude served
as a single step mechanism for obtaining crystalline maghemite particles. The maghemite particles obtained at a pH of 10 could find applications in information storage media.
Optical and Electrical Properties of Mechanochemically Synthesized Nanocrystalline Delafossite CuAlO2
Authors: Prakash T. , Padma Prasad K. , Ramasamy S. , Murty B. S.
Published: July 2008

Nanocrystalline p-type semiconductor copper aluminum oxide (CuAlO2) has been synthesized by mechanical alloying using freshly prepared Cu2O and α-Al2O3 nanocrystals in toluene medium. A study on structural property performed with
different alloying and post annealing durations, by X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the formation of single phase with average crystallite size ∼45 nm. Optical absorbance onset at 364.5 nm confirms its wide band gap nature (Eg = 3.4 eV) and the fluorescence emission behaviour
(390 nm) confirms its direct band type transition. The activation energy for electrical conduction has been calculated by Arrhenius plots using impedance measurement. Both grain and grain boundary conductivity takes place with almost equal activation energies of ∼0.45 eV. The paper discusses
synthesis, structural, optical and electrical properties of delafossite CuAlO2 in detail.