bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Birth Weight and Male Reproductive Function
Authors: Main K.M. , Jensen R.B. , Asklund C. , Hoi-Hansen C.E. , Skakkebaek N.E.
Published: April 2006

Scientific interest in morbidity in children born small for gestational age (SGA) has increased considerably over the last few decades. The elevated risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in adulthood in individuals born SGA has been well documented, whereas data on gonadal development are limited. Prospective studies, case-control investigations and registry surveys show that impaired intrauterine growth increases the risks of congenital hypospadias, cryptorchidism and testicular cancer approximately two- to threefold. Although few studies focus on the effect of intrauterine growth on male pubertal development, testicular hormone production or sperm quality, available evidence points towards a subtle impairment of both Sertoli cell and Leydig cell function. Animal studies support the hypothesis that impaired perinatal growth restriction, depending on the timing, can affect postnatal testis size and function into adulthood. Current human data, however, are often based on highly selected hospital populations and lack precise distinctions between low birth weight, SGA, timing of growth restriction and a differentiation of catch-up growth patterns. Despite the methodological inadequacies of individual study results, the combined evidence from all data leaves little doubt that fetal growth restriction is associated with increased risk of male reproductive health problems, including hypospadias, cryptorchidism and testicular cancer.
Enrique Martinez Celaya's Thing and Deception: The Artistic Practice of Belief
Authors: Siedell Daniel
Published: April 2006

Enrique Martinez Celaya's art brings to mind Wittgenstein's observation that "I am not a religious man but I cannot help seeing everything from a religious point of view." This essay explores Martinez Celaya's religious point of view through an in-depth analysis of a single painting, Thing and Deception, which depicts a gigantic chocolate Easter bunny wrapped in a veil with the statement "Needed Proof " inscribed below the image. Thing and Deception incarnates. It incarnates art and it incarnates belief. The power of art relies on the belief that smelly oils, rough canvas, graphite marks, and other banal materials can provide a profound aesthetic experience. Can this image be a vehicle for a profound aesthetic experience? Can a painting of an Easter bunny be a "religious" or a "spiritual" painting? Thing and Deception narrows the gap between belief and unbelief, banal and profound, art and religion, sacred and secular, truth and superstition, revealing each to be two sides of the same precious coin.
Odilon Redon, Armand Clavaud, and Benedict Spinoza: Nature as God
Authors: Davenport Nancy
Published: April 2006

The enigma of Odilon Redon's art and his lifelong disinterest in discussing it directly have caused his critics and admirers to range widely in their investigations across the cultural, philosophical, and mystical landscape of his time and habitats: fin de siècle France in Paris and his family home and vineyard at Peyrelebade outside Bordeaux. This essay looks closely at two lesser known aspects of his childhood and adolescence: his mystical devotion to the rituals of the Catholic faith and, contradictorily, his close friendship with an older man, the polymath Bordelais botanist, Armand Clavaud. The artist's and the scientist's shared devotion for Nature in its spiritual richness evident in their writing, their intense observation, their perceptive recording, and their shared interest in the pantheistic philosophy of Spinoza with respect to Nature and to God, offer insights into Redon's mind and art that have not been considered together before and which seem to the author to be elemental if one is to understand its power and content.
Netzwerk, Bruderschaft, Zelle Die Rolle von Geschlecht und Gewalt bei der Formierung neuer religionspolitischer Gruppen in ,Okzident' und ,Orient'
Authors: Brunotte Ulrike
Published: April 2006

Taking as a starting point the reality of a worldwide return of religion in the cultural and political spheres, the article undertakes a comparative examination of the role of gender metaphors and performance in building of new religious groups as "imagined communities". These groups have increasingly taken the form of fundamentalist and Islamist networks, especially in non-European regions including the United States, and in the context of ,,new wars."
Holy Spirit Movements in Korea — Paternal or Maternal? Reflections on the Analysis of Ryu Tong-Shik (Yu Tong-Shik)
Authors: Kim Kirsteen
Published: April 2006

Korean Christianity is known around the world for its amazing growth and dynamism, and this includes a thriving theological life, much of which is inaccessible without knowledge of the Korean language. Ryu Tong-Shik (Yu Tong-shik) was one of the first Koreans to attempt to trace the development of Korean theology in his seminal work, Han'guk shinhak-ŭi kwangmaek (The Mineral Veins of Korean Theology; first published 1982). This paper introduces Ryu's theological thought and investigates a particular observation he makes about two distinct patterns of Holy Spirit move-ment in the Korean church, which he designates 'paternal' and 'maternal' and identifies both before and after the liberation from Japan in 1945. The paper examines the grounds of Ryu's claim, which derive from the religious history of Korea, and suggests the relevance of this schema to other societies and to pneumatological reflection in general.
Churches as Healing Communities: Impulses from the South for an Integral Understanding of Healing
Authors: van Laar Wout
Published: April 2006

For several reasons in missionary ecumenical circles healing could become the new paradigm for mission. One of the main reasons is that in churches in the Southern hemisphere healing is the central focus of the local Christian community. Church life is characterized by the conviction that not the mere change of political structures will lead to a better world. Liberation from evil, forgiveness, medical care, mutual acceptance and common socio-political engagement, all are inspired by the integral message of the gospel. The author gives several examples of African Christian communities in the Netherlands that may be called healing communities and are an inspiration for new forms of living the Christian faith, badly needed for the white middle class congregations that are weakened by secularism and Enlightenment.
Development and Tests of a New Distributed-Memory MM5 Adjoint
Authors: Ruggiero Frank H. , Michalakes John , Nehrkorn Thomas , Modica George D. , Zou Xiaolei
Published: April 2006

Updated versions of the Tangent Linear Model (TLM) and adjoint of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) have been developed and are now available to the meteorological community. The previous version of the MM5 TLM and adjoint were designed for single-processor computer architectures, based on version 1 of MM5, and were hand coded, which made it difficult to maintain up-to-date versions of the TLM and the adjoint as MM5 evolved. The new TLM and adjoint are based on version 3 of MM5 and run efficiently on multiple-processor computers. The TLM and adjoint were developed with the aid of the Tangent Linear and Adjoint Model Compiler (TAMC) automatic code generator. While some manual intervention is still necessary, the use of the automatic code generator can significantly speed code development and lower code maintenance costs. The new TLM and adjoint contain most of the physics packages and observation operators that were available in the MM5 version 1 TLM and adjoint. The new adjoint has been combined with the MM5 version 3 nonlinear model and an updated minimization module in a four-dimensional variational data assimilation analysis configuration. Accuracy of the new TLM and adjoint has been verified by individual unit and system tests as well as comparisons with the adjoint from MM5 version 1. Timing tests showed substantial decreases in time to solution when increasing the number of processors devoted to the problem.
Molecular basis of age-associated cytokine dysregulation in LPS-stimulated macrophages
Authors: Chelvarajan R Lakshman , Liu Yushu , Popa Diana , Getchell Marilyn L , Getchell Thomas V , Stromberg Arnold J , Bondada Subbarao
Published: April 2006

Aged humans and rodents are susceptible to infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria as a result of an inability to make antibodies to capsular polysaccharides. This is partly a result of decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines and increased production of interleukin (IL)-10 by macrophages (MΦ) from aged mice. To understand the molecular basis of cytokine dysregulation in aged mouse MΦ, a microarray analysis was performed on RNA from resting and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MΦ from aged and control mice using the Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 gene chip. Two-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated that at an overall P < 0.01 level, 853 genes were regulated by LPS (169 in only the young, 184 in only the aged, and 500 in both). Expression analysis of systematic explorer revealed that immune response (proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and their receptors) and signal transduction genes were specifically reduced in aged mouse MΦ. Accordingly, expression of Il1 and Il6 was reduced, and Il10 was increased, confirming our previous results. There was also decreased expression of interferon-γ. Genes in the Toll-like receptor-signaling pathway leading to nuclear factor-κB activation were also down-regulated but IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 3, a negative regulator of this pathway, was increased in aged mice. An increase in expression of the gene for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was observed with a corresponding increase in protein expression and enzyme activity confirmed by Western blotting. Low doses of a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production by MΦ and reduced IL-10 levels, indicating that increased p38 MAPK activity has a role in cytokine dysregulation in the aged mouse MΦ.
Fabrication of Hierarchically Structured Monolithic Silicalite-1 through Steam-assisted Conversion of Macroporous Silica Gel
Authors: Lei Qian , Zhao Tianbo , Li Fengyan , Wang Yue , Zheng Mingfang
Published: April 2006

The hierarchically structured monolithic silicalite-1 was synthesized by transforming the skeleton of the macroporous silica gel into silicalite-1 crystals through steam-assisted conversion method. It was found that the higher steam amount obviously promotes the crystallization.
Anticancer Effect of Dye-sensitized TiO2 Nanocrystals by Polychromatic Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Tokuoka Yoshikazu , Yamada Mao , Kawashima Norimichi , Miyasaka Tsutomu
Published: April 2006

TiO2 nanocrystalline particles with monolayer adsorption of chlorin e6 trisodium salt (dye-TiO2 particles) were administered into a cancer cell, murine thymic lymphoma (EL-4). Irradiation of the polychromatic light (550–750 nm) that excites chlorin e6 significantly damaged the EL-4 cells. A higher cell-killing effect was found for the dye-TiO2 particle than for the system using chlorin e6 alone.
Gold Nanorod-sensitized Cell Death: Microscopic Observation of Single Living Cells Irradiated by Pulsed Near-infrared Laser Light in the Presence of Gold Nanorods
Authors: Takahashi Hironobu , Niidome Takuro , Nariai Ayuko , Niidome Yasuro , Yamada Sunao
Published: April 2006

Pulsed near-infrared (near-IR) laser irradiation damaged cultured cells in the presence of phosphatidylcholine-passivated gold nanorods (PC-NRs). When single cells were irradiated with a focused pulsed near-IR laser, photoreaction of the PC-NRs caused damage within a very small area around the PC-NRs, and achieved selective cell death of single cells.
One-step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Suprastructural Rutile (α-TiO2) with Controllable Morphology in Microemulsions at Low Temperature
Authors: Li Xuebing , Zhang Yange , Li Tanwei , Zhang Zude
Published: April 2006

Suprastructural nanorutile crystals were synthesized by thermal hydrolysis of TiCl4 in reverse microemulsion solutions at a relatively low temperature. Furthermore, the morphology of resulting materials could be controlled easily by changing the concentration of surfactant in reverse microemulsions. It also confirms the diversity of micelles in microemulsions.
Recommendations for Further Reading
Authors: Taylor Timothy
Published: April 2006

This section will list readings that may be especially useful to teachers of undergraduate economics, as well as other articles that are of broader cultural interest. In general, the articles chosen will be expository or integrative and not focus on original research. If you write or read an appropriate article, please send a copy of the article (and possibly a few sentences describing it) to Timothy Taylor, c/o Journal of Economic Perspectives, Macalester College, 1600 Grand Ave., Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55105.
Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Developing Countries
Authors: Chaudhury Nazmul , Hammer Jeffrey , Kremer Michael , Muralidharan Karthik , Rogers F. Halsey
Published: April 2006

In this paper, we report results from surveys in which enumerators made unannounced visits to primary schools and health clinics in Bangladesh, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Peru and Uganda and recorded whether they found teachers and health workers in the facilities. Averaging across the countries, about 19 percent of teachers and 35 percent of health workers were absent. The survey focused on whether providers were present in their facilities, but since many providers who were at their facilities were not working, even these figures may present too favorable a picture. For example, in India, one-quarter of government primary school teachers were absent from school, but only about one-half of the teachers were actually teaching when enumerators arrived at the schools. We will provide background on education and health care systems in developing; analyze the high absence rates across sectors and countries; investigate the correlates, efficiency, and political economy of teacher and health worker absence; and consider implications for policy.
Anomalies: Utility Maximization and Experienced Utility
Authors: Kahneman Daniel , Thaler Richard H
Published: April 2006

In this column, we discuss a version of the utility maximization hypothesis that can be tested—and we find that it is false. We review empirical challenges to utility maximization, which return to the old question of whether preferences optimize the experience of outcomes. Much of this work has focused on a necessary condition for utility-maximizing choices: an ability of economic agents to make accurate, or at least unbiased, forecasts of the hedonic outcomes of potential choices. The research we review shows that this condition is not satisfied: people do not always know what they will like; they often make systematic errors in predicting their future experience of outcomes and, as a result, fail to maximize their experienced utility. We discuss four areas in which errors of hedonic forecasting and choice have been documented: 1) where the emotional or motivational state of the agent is very different at t0 and at t1; 2) where the nature of the decision focuses attention on aspects of the outcome that will not be salient when it is actually experienced; 3) when choices are made on the basis of flawed evaluations of past experiences; and 4) when people forecast their future adjustment to new life circumstances.
The Economy of the Early Roman Empire
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: April 2006

Many inhabitants of ancient Rome lived well. Tourists marvel at the temples, baths, roads and aqueducts that they built. Economists also want to understand the existence of a flourishing and apparently prosperous economy two millennia ago. Market institutions and a stable government appear to have been the combination that produced this remarkable result. This essay provides an economist's view of the Roman economy that emphasizes the role of markets. I focus on the early Roman Empire, from 27 BCE to around 200 CE. I begin with some indications suggesting that the standard of living in ancient Rome was similar to that of early modern period of seventeenth- and eighteenth- century Europe, an extraordinary achievement for any economy in the ancient world. I then argue that ancient Rome managed to achieve this high standard of living through the combined operation of moderately stable political conditions and markets for goods, labor and capital, which allowed specialization and efficiency. After surveying the labor and financial markets in turn, I return to the broad questions of how the Romans prospered and the economy appears to have grown.
hnRNP A1 associates with telomere ends and stimulates telomerase activity
Authors: Zhang Qing-Shuo , Manche Lisa , Xu Rui-Ming , Krainer Adrian R.
Published: April 2006

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex that reverse-transcribes an integral RNA template to add short DNA repeats to the 3′-ends of telomeres. G-quadruplex structure in a DNA substrate can block its extension by telomerase. We have found that hnRNP A1—which was previously implicated in telomere length regulation—binds to both single-stranded and structured human telomeric repeats, and in the latter case, it disrupts their higher-order structure. Using an in vitro telomerase assay, we observed that depletion of hnRNP A/B proteins from 293 human embryonic kidney cell extracts dramatically reduced telomerase activity, which was fully recovered upon addition of purified recombinant hnRNP A1. This finding suggests that hnRNP A1 functions as an auxiliary, if not essential, factor of telomerase holoenzyme. We further show, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, that hnRNP A1 associates with human telomeres in vivo. We propose that hnRNP A1 stimulates telomere elongation through unwinding of a G-quadruplex or G-G hairpin structure formed at each translocation step.
Segmentierung strukturierter Oberflächen mittels variabler Beleuchtung (Segmentation of Structured Surfaces by Using Variable Illumination)
Authors: Lindner Christoph , Puente León Fernando
Published: April 2006

Es wird ein neues Verfahren zur beleuchtungsgestützten Segmentierung strukturierter Oberflächen vorgestellt. Als Grundlage dient eine Beleuchtungsserie, d.h. eine Folge von Bildern, die mit gerichtetem Licht aus verschiedenen Richtungen aufgenommen wurden. Daraus wird für jeden Ort der Oberfläche ein Signal extrahiert, welches die Intensität des zugehörigen Bildpunktes als Funktion des Beleuchtungswinkels beschreibt. Aus diesem Signal werden dann Merkmale gewonnen, die eine punktweise Segmentierung der Oberfläche erlauben. Mit Hilfe geeigneter Modelle lässt sich das Reflexionsverhalten der Oberfläche beschreiben sowie die zugehörigen Modellparameter aus dem Intensitätssignal schätzen. Ferner wird der Einfluss der Abtastung des Beleuchtungsraumes auf die Segmentierung untersucht. Einerseits ist es wünschenswert, die Zahl der Beleuchtungswinkel möglichst klein zu halten. Andererseits wird eine Mindestanzahl von Bildern benötigt, um ein zuverlässiges Ergebnis zu erzielen. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Ansatzes wird anhand realer Messungen demonstriert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der größere messtechnische Aufwand durch eine deutliche Erhöhung der Ortsauflösung und der Robustheit kompensiert wird.
Einsatz des Ortsfilterprinzips bei der Messung der menschlichen Blutflussgeschwindigkeit (Exertion of the Principle of Spatial Filtering at the Measuring of the Human Blood Flow Velocity)
Authors: Menn Ingolf , Wild Walter
Published: April 2006

Für die Untersuchung der Mikrozirkulation und insbesondere der Fließbedingungen gewinnt die kutane Kapillarmikroskopie in den letzten Jahren immer mehr an Bedeutung. Sie ist ein nichtinvasives, patientenfreundliches Verfahren, das an ausgewählten Stellen des Körpers, vorzugsweise am Nagelfalz der Finger, die Form der Kapillaren des Mikrozirkulationsgebietes sichtbar werden lässt. In diesem Artikel wird eine verbesserte Methode zur Untersuchung der Mikrozirkulation anhand der Messung der Blutzellengeschwindigkeit in den Kapillaren des Nagelfalzes vorgestellt. Die neue Sensortechnik erlaubt Messungen am Nagelfalz in Echtzeit. Um einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Hauttemperatur des Fingers und dem Blutfluss herauszustellen, wird gleichzeitig die Temperaturverteilung am Nagelfalz gemessen.
Use of various functions to analyse the fertiliser responses of maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids in long-term experiments
Authors: Berzsenyi Z. , Dang Q. L.
Published: April 2006

The effect of various fertiliser treatments on the yield of maize hybrids was studied on the basis of 26 years of data obtained in a long-term bifactorial split-plot experiment set up in 1967. The seven treatments (NPK ratio 2:1:1) applied were as follows (rates per hectare): 1. Control (no fertiliser), 2. 100 kg NPK, 3. 200 kg NPK, 4. 300 kg NPK, 5. 400 kg NPK, 6. 600 kg NPK, 7. 800 kg NPK. The maize was grown with the conventional cultivation techniques in continuous cropping. The results of analyses carried out with three different methods (analysis of variance, cumulative yield analysis and regression analysis) all indicated that under the given conditions the yield of maize hybrids was highest at an NPK fertiliser rate of 200-400 kg ha
-1
. The effect of fertilisation on the maize yield was significant in 21 of the 26 years. Combined analysis of variance for the years showed that the year effect (quantity of rainfall) had the greatest effect on the maize yield, but although the year effect had a fundamental effect on the yield level it did not influence the fertiliser response pattern. The fertiliser responses of the maize hybrids were described by fitting four types of functions (quadratic, square root, inverse exponential, linear-plateau) to the yield data. It was found that when selecting the best function a consideration of the regression deviations (measured yield - calculated yield) was just as important as the coefficient of determination (R
2
). In 12 of the 26 years the fitting of the quadratic function was not significant and overestimated the fertilisation optimum. The fertiliser response curve generally has a broad maximum which is far better described by the square root function than by the quadratic. If the fertiliser response pattern includes a depressive phase, a square root function should definitely be used in place of the quadratic function. If the maximum of the response surface forms a plateau (as opposed to a maximum point) a linear-plateau function or an inverse exponential function can be recommended. In the present work the linear-plateau function gave the best results.
Identification of chromosome regions involved in the genetic regulation of tillering in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Karsai I. , Mészáros K. , Láng L. , Bedő Z.
Published: April 2006

Tillering ability is a complex trait, the development of which is influenced by both environmental factors and complex genetic regulation. In the present experiments this complex regulation was dissected into its various components in an effort to separate the effect on tillering of major genes influencing ontogeny from that of other genomic factors. The tillering rate of a facultative × winter barley mapping population was examined in the field after autumn and spring sowing. The vernalisation sensitivity gene
Vrn-H2
exerted a considerable influence on tillering in spring-sown barley. In addition to the major genes, QTL analysis revealed two chromosome regions (1HS and 3HL) with a significant influence on the extent of tillering. Neither of these regions were involved in the regulation of heading date, and their effect on tillering was the most intense at the beginning of ontogeny, gradually declining as the influence of the
Vrn-H2
gene increased. The function of the
Vrn-H2
locus in the regulation of tillering is manifested partly through a direct effect on the transition from the vegetative to the generative phase and partly indirectly via epistatic regulation of other chromosome regions influencing tillering.
Investigations of the reactivity of pyridine carboxylic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in protic and aprotic solvents: Part II: Pyridine mono-carboxylic acid N-oxides
Authors: Drmanic Sasa , Jovanovic Bratislav , Marinkovic Aleksandar , Misic-Vukovic Milica
Published: April 2006

The rate constants for the reaction of three isomeric pyridine mono-carbocylic acid N-oxides with diazodiphenylmethane were determined at 30 ?C in thirty two protic and aprotic solvents by the well known UV spectrophotometric method. The rate constants are generally higher than for pyridine mono-carboxylic acids in a similar range of solvents, except for picolinic acid N-oxide, and also higher in protic than in aprotic solvents. The determined rate constants were correlated with solvent parameters using the Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic equation bymeans of multiple regression analysis. The sign of the equation coefficients were in agreement with the postulated reaction mechanism. The mode of the influences of the solvent is discussed on the basis of the correlation coefficients, taking into account the specific structures of the pyridine mono-carboxylic acid N-oxides.
Rapid detection and purification of sequence specific DNA binding proteins using magnetic separation
Authors: Mojsin Marija , Djurovic Jelena , Petrovic Isidora , Krstic Aleksandar , Drakulic Danijela , Savic Tijana , Stevanovic Milena
Published: April 2006

In this paper, a method for the rapid identification and purification of sequence specific DNA binding proteins based on magnetic separation is presented. This method was applied to confirm the binding of the human recombinant USF1 protein to its putative binding site (E-box) within the human SOX3 protomer. It has been shown that biotinylated DNA attached to streptavidin magnetic particles specifically binds the USF1 protein in the presence of competitor DNA. It has also been demonstrated that the protein could be successfully eluted from the beads, in high yield and with restored DNA binding activity. The advantage of these procedures is that they could be applied for the identification and purification of any high-affinity sequence-specific DNA binding protein with only minor modifications.
The late Paleozoic oxygen pulse and accumulations of petroleum source rocks and coal
Authors: Premovic Pavle
Published: April 2006

Recent geophysical and geochemical data and theoretical modeling indicate high levels of atmospheric O2 (up to 35%) during the Carboniferous-Permian. I suggest that this O2 pulse had a substantial impact on global accumulations of petroleum source rocks and coal during this geological period.
Ten years longitudinal study: comparison of abutment alveolar bone levels of overdenture patients
Authors: Brkovic-Popovic Snezana , Stanisic-Sinobad Darinka , Djukanovic Dragoslav , Postic Srdjan
Published: April 2006

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of overdentures on the condition of alveolar bone around the remaining teeth over 10 years. Materials and Methods: After preparation of all the remaining abutment teeth in the lower jaw, overdentures were fabricated for 22 patients. The radiographs were made at the delivery stage, then 6 and 10 years after delivery. The radiographs were evaluated using the grid scale and the film holder made it possible to repeate x-ray procedure in every patient in the same manner. Results: We concluded that we achieved the maximum therapeutic effect. Conclusion: Good oral hygiene is the key of success with overdentures. .
Clinical research of cervical non-carious lesion restoration
Authors: Zivkovic Slavoljub , Zupanjac Srdjan , Stojicic Sonja , Neskovic Jelena , Manojlovic Dragica
Published: April 2006

The therapy of non-caries cervical lesions is an important problem in restorative dentistry, for the ambiguous aetiology, clinical diagnoses and for the selection of restorative procedure. Aim: The aim of this work was to clinically check the efficiency of non-caries cervical lesions restoration depending on materials used for restorative fillings. Materials and methods: Clinical researches covered 62 teeth of different morphology group at the patients of both gender and of different age. The restoration of gingival lesions, with no previous preparation, was done with composite adhesive system SINGLE BOND/Valux Plus (3M) (30 teeth) and with campomer DYRACT AO (Dentsplay) (32 teeth). The fillings were estimated on the checkups which took place on 3,6 and12 months applying modified criteria according to Ridge and Cvar. Results: The acquired results showed that after 3 to 6 months there were no changes at none of examined parameters and all the fillings got maximal mark A. 12 months latter, in the two cases with composite filling, the marginal adaptation got the mark B (607%). The marginal adaptation at two teeth restored with compomers got the mark B (6.3%) Postoperative sensitiveness phenomenon, marginal discoloration and secondary caries weren?t registered in none of the cases after the observation period of 12 months. Conclusion: For the restoration of non-caries cervical lesions, composite materials with suitable adhesive system and the new generation of compomers could be used. .
Microbial biofilms - part I: Ecological and genetical aspects
Authors: Ivanovic Mirjana , Vucetic Mirjana
Published: April 2006

Relatively new advances in microscopy and molecular technology have made possible studying of bacterial communities in situ. Natural bacterial associations in biofilm matrix function as cooperative consortia in a complex but synchronized manner. Regardless of formation, biofilms are developing in a multicellular pattern. Microcolonies forming a biofilm can be populations of a single species or multi-species bacterial communities influenced by environmental parameters. Numerous conditions, such as characteristics of the surface and interactions, availability of nutrients, composition of microbial community and hydrodynamics may influence the structure of a biofilm. Implementation of molecular methods in understanding of oral flora and its features is making shifts in our dental plaque knowledge. .
Balloon -catheter usage in maxillary sinus surgery: Case report
Authors: Brkovic Bozidar , Radulovic Milan
Published: April 2006

Introduction: The postoperative drainage and the postoperative bleeding from maxillary sinus cavity have been controlled after functional sinus surgery. It has usually been done using the band of iodize gauze squeezed through the temporary opening in the vestibular mucosa or through the inferior meatal antrostomy. The aim of this study was to present the use of balloon-catheter in maxillary sinus surgery intendend for control of postoperative drainage and bleeding. Case report: Balloon-catheter was used in one female who was treated for anemia after chemotherapy and with allergy to iodine. It was inserted into the sinus cavity through the temporary inferior meatal antrostomy and removed five days after surgery without any postoperative discomforts and complications especially in this risk group of patients. Conclusion: The balloon-catheter surgery method used in risk group of patients improved the quality of postoperative period without significant complications.
A new approach to appearance characterization
Authors: Lozano Roberto Daniel
Published: April 2006

A proposal to characterize appearance in three different categories—color, cesia, and spatial properties or spatiality—is made. Color will include whiteness and yellowing and is related to optical power spectral properties of the stimulus detected by observers. Cesia will include transparency, translucence, gloss, luster, haze, lightness, opacity, matt, etc., and is related to the properties of reflecting, transmitting, or diffusing light by objects or materials evaluated by human observation. Spatial properties are divided in two main groups: (1) modes of appearance in which color is modified depending on the angle of observation related to the light incidence angle, such as metallic, pearlescent, or iridescent materials, and (2) modes of appearance related to optical properties of surfaces or objects in which effects of ordered patterns (textures) or finishing characteristics can be described by spatial filtering (roughness, polish, distinctness of image, orange peel, etc.). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 164–167, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20205
Comparison of the metrics between the CIELAB and the DIN99 uniform color spaces using dental resin composite material values
Authors: Lee Yong‐Keun , Powers John M.
Published: April 2006

The sizes for the perceptible or acceptable color difference measured with instruments vary by factors such as instrument, material, and color‐difference formula. To compensate for disagreement of the CIELAB color difference (ΔE*ab) with the human observer, the CIEDE2000 formula was developed. However, since this formula has no uniform color space (UCS), DIN99 UCS may be an alternative UCS at present. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the CIELAB UCS and DIN99 UCS using dental resin composites. Changes and correlations in color coordinates (CIE L*,a*, and b* versus L99, a99, and b99 from DIN99) and color differences (ΔE*ab and ΔE99) of dental resin composites after polymerization and thermocycling were determined. After transformation into DIN99 formula, the a value (red–green parameter) shifted to higher values, and the span of distribution was maintained after transformation. However, the span of distribution of b values (yellow–blue parameter) was reduced. Although color differences with the two formulas were correlated after polymerization and thermocycling (r = 0.77 and 0.68, respectively), the color coordinates and color differences with DIN99 were significantly different from those with CIELAB. New UCS (DIN99) was different from the present CIELAB UCS with respect to color coordinates (a and b) and color difference. Adaptation of a more observer‐response relevant uniform color space should be considered after visual confirmation with dental esthetic materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 168–173, 2006
A colour harmony model for two‐colour combinations
Authors: Ou Li‐Chen , Luo M. Ronnier
Published: April 2006

This study investigates harmony in two‐colour combinations in order to develop a quantitative model. A total of 1431 colour pairs were used as stimuli in a psychophysical experiment for the visual assessment of harmony. These colour pairs were generated using 54 colours selected systematically from CIELAB colour space. During the experiment, observers were presented with colour pairs displayed individually against a medium gray background on a cathode ray tube monitor in a darkened room. Colour harmony was assessed for each colour pair using a 10‐category scale ranging from “extremely harmonious” to “extremely disharmonious.” The experimental results showed a general pattern of two‐colour harmony, from which a quantitative model was developed and principles for creating harmony were derived. This model was tested using an independent psychophysical data set and the results showed satisfactory performance for model prediction. The study also discusses critical issues including the definition of colour harmony, the relationship between harmony and pleasantness, and the relationship between harmony and order in colour. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 191–204, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20208
Media‐dependent color appearance modeling based on artificial neural networks
Authors: Chai Binghua , Liao Ningfang , Zhao Dazun , Yang Weiping
Published: April 2006

In this study, we tried to consider various color appearance factors and device characterization together by visual experiment to simplify the across‐media color appearance reproduction. Two media, CRT display (soft‐copy) and NCS color atlas (hard‐copy), were used in our study. A total of 506 sample pairs of RGB and HVC, which are the attributes of NCS color chips, were obtained according to psychophysical experiments by matching soft copy and hard copy by a panel of nine observers. In addition, a set of error back‐propagation neural networks was used to realize experimental data generalization. In order to get a more perfect generalizing effect, the whole samples were divided into four parts according to different hues and the conversion between HVC and RHVCGHVCBHVC color space was implemented. The current results show that the displays on the CRT and the color chips can match well. In this way, a CRT‐dependent reproduction modeling based on neural networks was formed, which has strong practicability and can be applied in many aspects. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 218–228, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20209
Development of chromatic adaptation transforms and concept for their classification
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu
Published: April 2006

Three types of international recommendations are necessary on CATs (chromatic adaptation transforms). CAT‐Type I and CAT‐Type II are for general use on chromatic adaptation studies. The former is related to chromatic adaptation theory and the latter to performance on field trial data. In addition, CAT‐Type III is necessary for a specific and practical purposes. The need for classifying to CAT‐Type I and CAT‐Type II is found from a careful inspection of the development process from Nayatani et al. transform to BFD transform, referring to the Ph. D. thesis by Lam (University of Bradford, 1985). The process clearly shows two types of flows on the development of various CATs. One is the flow for deepening the theory of chromatic adaptation (CAT‐Type I), and the other is for giving good performance to existing field trial data and also ease of use (CAT‐Type II). Additional CAT‐Type III is, for example, CAT recommended in CIE TC 8‐04 technical report. The CAT is only applicable to compare hardcopy and softcopy images for the specified observing conditions in the report. Still, a difficult problem, determination of corresponding colors, remains in the method of subjective estimation, which is useful and widely used for estimating chromatic adaptation effects experimentally. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 205–217, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20210
Spectral‐based color separation using linear regression iteration
Authors: Urban Philipp , Grigat Rolf‐Rainer
Published: April 2006

The present article will introduce a very simple new method for spectral‐based color separation. This method inverts a Yule–Nielsen modified spectral Neugebauer model, utilizing its affine multilinearity in the 1/n‐space. By means of linear regression, a sequence of colorant combinations is constructed converging to a colorant combination that approximates the desired reflectance spectrum in the sense of the smallest RMS error. Each iteration step consists mainly of two simple matrix–vector multiplications. With the aid of various simulation experiments, investigations on the speed of convergence are conducted. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 229–239, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20211
Improvement of CMC upon CIEDE2000 for a new experimental dataset
Authors: Melgosa M.
Published: April 2006

This communication reports additional analyses of the dataset presented in the article “A preliminary comparison of CIE color differences to textile color acceptability using average observers” by Mangine, Jakes, and Noel © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 239–241, 2006
Harmony, peacemaking, and power: Controlling processes and African mediation
Authors: Davidheiser Mark
Published: April 2006

Anthropologist Laura Nader has advanced a scathing critique of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) as a controlling process. Data from an anthropological study in The Gambia, West Africa, indicate that processes such as mediation have a wide range of social functions and can be used to challenge as well as reinforce hierarchies. A more balanced analysis of conflict resolution and a cross‐cultural perspective illuminate both the challenges and the potential of mediation.
Keeping pace: On‐line technology and ADR services
Authors: Syme David
Published: April 2006

On‐line dispute resolution is more than just the delivery of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) services through the Internet. The introduction of new technology poses opportunities and challenges for dispute resolution policies and practices. Policies and practices that specifically apply to specialized on‐line dispute resolution services will of course need to be developed. But equally, dispute resolution services that do not necessarily see themselves as “on‐line” will continually need to adapt to take account of the increasing availability and quality of new forms of communication.
Transforming landscapes: Forging new ODR systems with a human face
Authors: Hattotuwa Sanjana
Published: April 2006

This paper challenges the current paradigms used for development of on‐line dispute resolution (ODR) and its application to regions in Asia that lack telecommunications infrastructure. The next generation of on‐line dispute resolution systems will need to reflect both the diversity of cultures and the unique sociopolitical structures of the Global South and address issues related to peace building and conflict transformation using technologies already in use in the region, such as mobile telephony and community Internet radio.
Multiplexed flow cytometric analyses of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in the culture media of oxysterol‐treated human monocytic cells and in the sera of atherosclerotic patients
Authors: Prunet Céline , Montange Thomas , Véjux Anne , Laubriet Aline , Rohmer Jean‐François , Riedinger Jean‐Marc , Athias Anne , Lemaire‐Ewing Stéphanie , Néel Dominique , Petit Jean‐Michel , Steinmetz Eric , Brenot Roger , Gambert Philippe , Lizard Gérard
Published: April 2006

Background:

Some oxysterols are identified in atheromatous plaques and in plasma of atherosclerotic patients. We asked whether they might modulate cytokine secretion on human monocytic cells. In healthy and atherosclerotic subjects, we also investigated the relationships between circulating levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), conventional markers of hyperlipidemia, some oxysterols (7β‐hydroxycholesterol, 7‐ketocholesterol, and 25‐hydroxycholesterol), and various cytokines.

Methods:

Different flow cytometric bead‐based assays were used to quantify some cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐13, IL‐17, G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, MCP‐1, MIP‐1β, or TNF‐α) in the culture media of oxysterol‐treated U937 and THP‐1 cells, and in the sera of healthy and atherosclerotic subjects. CRP and markers of hyperlipidemia were determined with routine analytical methods. Oxysterols were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Flow cytometric and biochemical methods were used to measure IL‐8 mRNA levels, intracellular IL‐8 content, and protein phosphorylation in the mitogenic extracellular kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 (MEK/ERK1/2) signaling pathway.

Results:

All oxysterols investigated are potent in vitro inducers of MCP‐1, MIP‐1β, TNF‐α, and/or IL‐8 secretion, the latter involving the MEK/ERK1/2 cell signaling pathway. In healthy and atherosclerotic subjects, no relationships were found between cytokines (IL‐8, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, TNF‐α, IL‐12, and MCP‐1), CRP, conventional markers of hyperlipidemia, and oxysterols. However, in patients with arterial disorders of the lower limbs, small but statistically significant differences in the circulating levels of CRP, TNF‐α, and IL‐10 were observed comparatively to healthy subjects and according to the atherosclerotic stage considered.

Conclusions:

Flow cytometric bead‐based assays are well adapted to measure variations of cytokine secretion in the culture media of oxysterol‐treated cells and in the sera of healthy and atherosclerotic subjects. They underline the in vitro proinflammatory properties of oxysterols and may permit to distinguish healthy and atherosclerotic subjects, as well as various atherosclerotic stages. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Spatiotemporal control of spindle midzone formation by PRC1 in human cells
Authors: Zhu Changjun , Lau Eric , Schwarzenbacher Robert , Bossy-Wetzel Ella , Jiang Wei
Published: April 2006

We have examined the role of PRC1, a midzone-associated, microtubule bundling, Cdk substrate protein, in regulating the spatiotemporal formation of the midzone in HeLa cells. Cdk-mediated phosphorylation of PRC1 in early mitosis holds PRC1 in an inactive monomeric state. During the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, PRC1 is dephosphorylated, promoting PRC1 oligomerization. Using time-lapse video microscopy, RNA interference, 3D immunofluorescence reconstruction imaging, and rescue experiments, we demonstrate that the dephosphorylated form of PRC1 is essential for bundling antiparallel, nonkinetochore, interdigitating microtubules to establish the midzone that is necessary for cytokinesis. Our results thus indicate that PRC1 is an essential factor in controlling the spatiotemporal formation of the midzone in human cells.
The myristoylation of TRIF-related adaptor molecule is essential for Toll-like receptor 4 signal transduction
Authors: Rowe Daniel C. , McGettrick Anne F. , Latz Eicke , Monks Brian G. , Gay Nicholas J. , Yamamoto Masahiro , Akira Shizuo , O’Neill Luke A. , Fitzgerald Katherine A. , Golenbock Douglas T.
Published: April 2006

TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM) is the fourth Toll/IL-1 resistance domain-containing adaptor to be described that participates in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. TRAM functions exclusively in the TLR4 pathway. Here we show by confocal microscopy that TRAM is localized in the plasma membrane and the Golgi apparatus, where it colocalizes with TLR4. Membrane localization of TRAM is the result of myristoylation because mutation of a predicted myristoylation site in TRAM (TRAM-G2A) brought about dissociation of TRAM from the membrane and its relocation to the cytosol. Further, TRAM, but not TRAM-G2A, was radiolabeled with [
3
H]myristate
in vivo
. Unlike wild-type TRAM, overexpression of TRAM-G2A failed to elicit either IFN regulatory factor 3 or NF-κB signaling. Moreover, TRAM-G2A was unable to reconstitute LPS responses in bone marrow-derived macrophages from TRAM-deficient mice. These observations provide clear evidence that the myristoylation of TRAM targets it to the plasma membrane, where it is essential for LPS responses through the TLR4 signal transduction pathway, and suggest a hitherto unappreciated manner in which LPS responses can be regulated.