bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Disease and Therapy
Authors: Rahman Mahbuba , Hasan M. Rubayet
Published: July 2014

Pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, which is ubiquitously present in all living organisms, is one of the major metabolic pathways associated with glucose metabolism. The most important functions of this pathway includes the generation of reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH for reductive biosynthesis, and production of ribose sugars for the biosynthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, and other macromolecules required by all living cells. Under normal conditions of growth, PP pathway is important for cell cycle progression, myelin formation, and the maintenance of the structure and function of brain, liver, cortex and other organs. Under diseased conditions, such as in cases of many metabolic, neurological or malignant diseases, pathological mechanisms augment due to defects in the PP pathway genes. Adoption of alternative metabolic pathways by cells that are metabolically abnormal, or malignant cells that are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs often plays important roles in disease progression and severity. Accordingly, the PP pathway has been suggested to play critical roles in protecting cancer or abnormal cells by providing reduced environment, to protect cells from oxidative damage and generating structural components for nucleic acids biosynthesis. Novel drugs that targets one or more components of the PP pathway could potentially serve to overcome challenges associated with currently available therapeutic options for many metabolic and non-metabolic diseases. However, careful designing of drugs is critical that takes into the accounts of cell’s broader genomic, proteomic and metabolic contexts under consideration, in order to avoid undesirable side-effects. In this review, we discuss the role of PP pathway under normal and abnormal physiological conditions and the potential of the PP pathway as a target for new drug development to treat metabolic and non-metabolic diseases.
NanoTiO2-Enriched Biocompatible Polymeric Powder Coatings: Adhesion, Thermal and Biological Characterizations
Authors: Mozumder Mohammad Sayem , Mourad Abdel Hamid I. , Perinpanayagam Hiran , Zhu Jesse
Published: July 2014

The success of orthopedic and dental implants largely depends on their biocompatibility with the surrounding body environment and the biocompatibility depends on the physical, chemical, mechanical, topographical and biological properties of the implant materials chosen. Since the last few decades, titanium and its alloys have been among the most widely used ones due to their superior biocompatibility and mechanical properties; however, pure titanium needs to be pre and/or post treated chemically or physically to maintain appropriate textures and surface roughness. In the present study, TiO2 nanoparticles incorporated polymeric powder coatings consisting of smooth and micro-nanoscale roughness were developed that exhibited biocompatibility towards Human Embryonic Palatial Mesenchymal (HEPM) Cells. In addition, an experimental set up was designed and executed to evaluate the adhesion/ bond strength of the coating and to measure the load bearing capacity that the coatings can withstand before being detached from the substrate. Coating’s topographical features were analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed to evaluate the thermal stability of the coating materials.
Organic Light - Emitting Diodes and their Applications
Authors: Chandra V.K. , Chandra B.P. , Jha Piyush
Published: July 2014

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been the focus of intense study since the late 1980s, when the low voltage organic electroluminescence in small organic molecules such as Alq3, and large organic molecules such as polymers (PPV), was reported. Since that time, research has continued to demonstrate the potential of OLEDs as viable systems for displays and eco-friendly lighting applications. OLEDs offer full colour display, reduced manufacturing cost, larger viewing angle, more flexible, lower power consumption, better contrast, slimmer, etc. which help in replacing the other technologies such as LCD. The operation of OLEDs involves injection of charge carriers into organic semiconducting layers, recombination of charge carriers, formation of singlet and triplet excitons, and emission of light during decay of excitons. The maximum internal quantum efficiency of fluorescent OLEDs consisting of the emissive layer of fluorescent organic material is 25% because in this case only the 25% singlet excitons can emit light. The maximum internal quantum efficiency of phosphorescent OLEDs consisting of the emissive layer of fluorescent organic material mixed with phosphorescent material of heavy metal complexes such as platinum complexes, iridium complexes, etc. is nearly 100% because in this case both the 25% singlet excitons and 75% triplet excitons emit light. Recently, a new class of OLEDs based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) has been reported, in which the energy gap between the singlet and triplet excited states is minimized by design, thereby promoting highly efficient spin up-conversion from non-radiative triplet states to radiative singlet states while maintaining high radiative decay rates of more than 106decays per second. These molecules harness both singlet and triplet excitons for light emission through fluorescence decay channels and provides an intrinsic fluorescence efficiency in excess of 90 per cent and a very high external electroluminescence efficiency of more than 19 per cent, which is comparable to that achieved in high-efficiency phosphorescence-based OLEDs.The OLED technology can be used to make screens large enough for laptop, cell phones, desktop computers, televisions, etc. OLED materials could someday be applied to plastic and other materials to create wall-size video panels, roll-up screens for laptops, automotive displays, and even head wearable displays. Presently, the OLEDs are opening up completely new design possibilities for lighting in the world of tomorrow whereby the offices and living rooms could be illuminated by lighting panels on the ceiling. The present paper describes the salient features of OLEDs and discusses the applications of OLEDs in displays and solid state lighting devices. Finally, the challenges in the field of OLEDs are explored. Contents of Paper
Photoluminescence Studies in II-VI Nanoparticles Embedded in Polymer Matrix
Authors: Tripathi S.K. , Kaur Jagdish , Kaur Ramneek
Published: July 2014

Recently, organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposite materials have been of great interest for their extraordinary performances due to the combination of the advantageous properties of polymers and the size dependent properties of nanocrystals (NCs). Interaction between the polymer matrix and nanocrystalline fillers produces wonderful features, viz. thermal, magnetic, mechanical, electrical and optical properties to these materials. Modern applications require a new design of responsive functional coatings which is capable of changing their properties in a controlled way. However, the synthesis of II-VI nanoparticles into the polymer matrix of its nanocomposites with adjustable sizes and protected from photo-oxidation is a big challenge to the scientific community. It is difficult to synthesize the highly enhanced luminescence in polymers and its semiconductor nanocomposite systems. Luminescence from the polymer embedded II-VI nanoparticles is greatly enhanced and better stability can be achieved from the composite compared to bulk materials. The formation of nanocomposites can be confirmed by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. It is an important technique for determining the optical gap, purity, crystalline quality defects and analysis of the quantum confinement in these nanocomposite materials. In this paper, we have reviewed the present status of II-VI polymer nanocomposites from the photoluminescence studies point of view. We have also shown the results of the PL of these nanocomposite materials and the results will be compared with the reported literature by other groups.Contents of Paper
Experimental Study on the Fatigue Damage of High Strength Concrete under Uniaxial Compression
Authors: Yin Li Hui , Wang Zong Lin , Liu Yang
Published: July 2014

This paper presents the results of a study on the fatigue damage of high strength concrete under uniaxial compression. Based on the experimental data, the change laws of fatigue strain and fatigue modulus are put forward. According to the experimental requests, the numerical value of fatigue strain and fatigue modulus when the fatigue failure of concrete occurs can be regarded as the criteria for fatigue failure of concrete. Then the paper presents a fatigue damage model. By reference to the concept about the damage variable defined by some scholars, the formula of the damage variable is proposed and the damage variable curves varying with recycle ratio (n%) are mapped. At last, the fitting curves of the damage variable varying with recycle ratio are proposed. The fitting effect is very good and the correlation coefficients are above 0.95.
The effect of diapause and cold acclimation on the cold-hardiness of the warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)
Authors: Abdelghany Ahmed Y. , Suthisut Duangsamorn , Fields Paul G.
Published: July 2014

The warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile Ballion (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is a stored-product pest with scant information on its cold tolerance. Ninety-two per cent of larvae reared in isolation at 30 °C went into diapause in the seventh instar, the remaining 8% emerged as adults in 50 days. Diapausing larvae died after 142 days in the 10th instar. The cold tolerance at 0 °C from highest to lowest was; old larvae>pupae>adult=young larvae>eggs. The LT50 (lethal time for 50% of the population) for grouped (non-diapause) non-acclimated old larvae at 0 °C, −5 °C, −10 °C, −16 °C, and −19 °C were; 20, 11, 5, 1, and 1 day, the LT95 were; 38, 15, 10, 5, and 1 days, respectively. The LT50 for isolated (diapausing), cold-acclimated old larvae at the same temperatures were; 275, 125, 74, 26, and 18 days, and the LT95 were; 500, 160, 100, 45, 20 days, respectively. The supercooling point (SCP) of different stages of non-acclimated insects ranged from −25.3 °C (eggs) to −16.1 °C (young larvae). The most cold hardy stage, isolated and acclimated old larvae, had a SCP of −24.9 °C. The potential of using low temperatures to control T. variabile is discussed.
Ressources potentielles en pétrole dans les bassins sédimentaires de la marge continentale pacifique du Canada
Authors: Hannigan P K , Dietrich J R , Lee P J , Osadetz K G
Published: July 2014

There are three major sedimentary basins on the Pacific margin of Canada: the Tofino Basin, which overlies the present convergent plate margin west of Vancouver Island; the Queen Charlotte Basin, a transtensional basin lying adjacent to the transform boundary
between the North American and Pacific plates; and the Georgia Basin, a sedimentary basin with foreland affinities in Late Cretaceous to Eocene time, which in the southeast is overlain by the Fraser River delta. The location of these sedimentary basins at complex plate margins has resulted in a
variety of depositional settings that have affected source rock potential and reservoir development. The plate interactions have resulted in a highly variable and complicated tectonic history, which has influenced trap formation, maturation history and petroleum migration. Limited gas production
from Pleistocene sediments in the Fraser delta, a good gas show in a well on the Olympic Peninsula and numerous seepages and other indications of hydrocarbons at surface, in wells and on seismic sections throughout the area, all point to an unrealized hydrocarbon potential. The probabilistic
assessment of oil and gas potential for the sedimentary basins on the Pacific margin indicates that the total median estimate of in-place hydrocarbon volumes for all west coast basins is in the order of 1560 x 106m3 (9.8 x 109\~bbl) of oil and 1228 x 109m3 (43.4 TCF) of gas. There are no
discovered reserves in these west coast plays, but some 97 gas pools larger than 3 x 109m3, and two oil pools larger than 160 x 106m3, are expected to be present. Several of the conceptual plays have significant potential with respect to undiscovered gas volume, particularly the Pliocene and
Miocene gas plays in Queen Charlotte Basin and the Tertiary structural play in the Tofino region. Estimates for oil potential are less optimistic.
Mani (216–276 CE) and Ethiopian Enoch
Authors: Venter Pieter M.
Published: July 2014

Mani (216–276 CE) lived in a world where many ideas contributed to his unique theology. In the scriptural legacy of Mani seven of his books show influence of Ethiopian Enoch. These books are identified in this article and the use of Enochic material in those books is discussed. The Manichaean myth is briefly discussed and used to propose that Enochic influence can mainly be found in the way First Enoch depicted characters and presented the cosmos. Mani adopted his ideas mainly from the Book of the Watchers (1 En 1–36), the Book of Parables (1 En 37–71) and the Astronomical Book of Enoch (72–82) where evil beings and cursed places are depicted.
Transient angioedema of small bowel secondary to intravenous iodinated contrast medium
Authors: Kulkarni Kirankumar N , Hegde Rahul G , Balani Ankit , Joshi Anagha R
Published: July 2014

We report the clinical details and imaging findings of a case of transient angioedema of the small bowel following intravenous administration of non-ionic iodinated contrast material in a 17 year old female with no predisposing risk factors. Findings included long segment, symmetric, circumferential, low-density, bowel wall thickening involving the duodenum, jejunum, and most of the ileum on computed tomography scan obtained at 7 min following intravenous contrast material injection. This entity is self-limiting with a favourable clinical outcome and requires no specific treatment but only aggressive clinical monitoring.
Robert Mallet-Pioneer Corrosion Engineer
Authors: LYNES WILSON
Published: July 2014

An appraisal has been made of the reports of Robert Mallet on the action of water and air upon iron and steel, based on tests made in 1838–42 under the sponsorship of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. These reports are of interest for their revelation of the remarkably clear, comprehensive and practical knowledge of corrosion possessed at that early date. A brief review of some aspects of progress in the understanding of corrosion from 1800 to the present is also given.
Paint vs Corrosion—Some Aspects of the Problem In the Gulf Coast Area★
Authors: VOLKENING V. B.
Published: July 2014

After briefly mentioning the theory of metallic corrosion the author relates the problems encountered by Dow in protecting its Gulf Coast plants against atmospheric corrosion. Examples of coating successes and failures are given. The method which Dow uses of testing paint cooperatively with the manufacturer is explained. The author points to advantages of proper surface preparation and suggests too little attention is paid to educating the 350,000 painters who apply coatings to metals in proper application techniques and that paint manufacturers, paint manufacturers' associations and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers might find the organization of schools for painters a worthwhile activity.
Corrosion by Water at Low Flow Velocity ★
Authors: LARSON T. E. , KING R. M.
Published: July 2014

It is postulated that water qaulity is a primary factor in corrosion by fresh waters, especially at low velocities, and that the influence of dissolved oxygen and pH on corrosion rates is secondary. Citing classic articles on pH adjustment, the authors say the conclusions reached by cited experimenters are true only for the water tested and cannot properly be applied generally to all waters. By means of ah electrolysis cell the authors tested the effect on anodes and cathodes of passing through water moving at various low velocities an increasing volume of current and noted changes in the character of the water.

After the proportion of sodium chloride or sulfate reached a given value the corrosion rate was not influenced by further additions of the chemicals but was in proportion to the dissolved oxygen present. For specific chloride content corrosion rates might be considerably greater for solutions of low mineral content, leading to the conclusion the rate is controlled more by specific mineral quality than total mineral content. The inhibitive effect of bicarbonate was noted in both 3-day and longer tests. Relatively lower corrosion rates were experienced with nitrates.

Authors doubt the corrosion product adjacent to iron is ferrous hydroxide when carbonate or bicarbonate is present. Instead it is contended the initial corrosion product in fresh water is soluble ferrous chloride, hydrolized insoluble ferrous hydroxide being secondary.
Survey of Corrosion Control In California Pumping Wells★
Authors: DAVIE FRANK E. , HILL PRESTON W.
Published: July 2014

This paper summarizes the results of corrosion control in a representative group of California wells. The data were furnished by the members of TP-1A Committee on Corrosion of Oil & Gas Well Equipment, California and were collected and correlated using hand-sort punch cards. Information obtained from 17 fields and 14 companies covers some 350 wells on which complete data were available. The wells vary from 1000 to 8000 feet in pump depth and produce up to 1000 b/d gross.

The survey indicates that the use of various inhibitors has so far resulted in an average of 50 percent reduction in pulling jobs. Material replacements are reduced by an even greater percentage.
Pitting Corrosion Characteristics of Aluminum★—The Influence of Iron and Silicon
Authors: AZIZ P. M. , GODARD HUGH P.
Published: July 2014

This work was undertaken to determine the influence of iron and silicon upon the pitting characteristics of aluminum. Iron and silicon in amounts from 0.05 to 0.7 percent, alone and in various combinations was added to commercial purity (99.75 percent Al) and super purity (>99.99 percent Al) aluminum. The addition of iron at any level increases the pitting probability of super purity aluminum whereas no significant increase occurs for the commercial purity aluminum. The addition of silicon to super purity aluminum in amounts of 0.3 percent and greater increases the pitting probability whereas no significant increase occurs for commercial purity aluminum. The probability of pitting of commercial purity aluminum is 2.5 times that of the super purity aluminum at corresponding iron and silicon levels. The addition of iron and/or silicon increases the rate of pitting of super purity aluminum but has little effect on the rate of pitting of commercial purity aluminum.
Notes on a System For Rating Pitting Corrosion
Authors: HENKE RUSSELL W.
Published: July 2014

A system is proposed for describing corrosion pits in a metal surface by a combination of agglutinated numbers and letters coded to a schedule rating the five principal characteristics of pitting corrosion. The system would facilitate transmission of pitting data by providing a 10-digit number covering their depth, equivalent diameter (including those of irregular shape), area (expressed as a percentage of total surface), nature of pit walls and time (reduced to a standard interval).

Pit depth is expressed as a percentage of material thickness rather than a finite dimension, walls would be rated vertical or gradual in comparison with a 45 degree angle and time would be in penetration per year. Area of pits as percentage of total area would be determined by placing over the pitted surface a transparent grid and comparing the area visually with a conventional standard delineating 10 stages of severity.

Suggestions and recommendations for improvement of the system and submission of specimens of pitted material are solicited by the author.
Sodium Sulfate in Gas Turbines★
Authors: SIMONS EDWARD L. , BROWNING GEORGE V. , LIEBHAFSKY H. A.
Published: July 2014

Sodium sulfate forms when residual fuels are burned in gas turbines. Its presence in the deposits which may appear on the working surfaces has undesirable physical and chemical effects. The physical effects are discussed in terms of sintering and melting. The chemical effects considered are the various possible corrosion reactions. Although all of these reactions are complex, simplified mechanisms for them are proposed, which are consistent with the experimental results and with general experience.

In particular, the violent destruction of a high temperature alloy by sodium sulfate in large excess is attributed to the triggering of an autocatalytic reaction involving this salt. Even with thin films of sodium sulfate, enhanced oxidation is observed when the atmosphere is alternately reducing and oxidizing. The following mechanism is suggested for this enhancement. Lower-valent sulfur produced in a reducing environment leads to the formation of a liquid metal-metal sulfide eutectic, which penetrates the alloy. The metal dissolved in this eutectic is more rapidly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen than is the sulfur-free alloy. Sodium sulfate itself appears to be innocuous so long as all lower-valent sulfur is absent.

Because sodium sulfate will be formed from any sodium compound present in residual fuels, the General Electric Gas Turbine Department has undertaken large-scale measures to remove sodium compounds from the fuels before combustion. Results so far are promising.
Corrosion Studies on a Model Rotary Air-Preheater★
Authors: THURLOW G. G.
Published: July 2014

Tests have been carried out on a model rotary air heater in an attempt to study, on a laboratory scale, corrosion phenomena under conditions similar to those experienced in industrial practice.

The acid dew-point of the combustion gases used varied from 240 to 320 F and maximum corrosion occurred at surface temperatures within the range 215–240 F. The results confirm previous conclusions as to the influence of the acid dew-point and of the sulfur trioxide content of the gases on corrosion.
High Temperature Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion★
Authors: BACKENSTO E. B. , DREW R. D. , STAPLEFORD C. C.
Published: July 2014

High temperature hydrogen sulfide corrosion of carbon steel and low chrome alloys has become a serious problem in the petroleum industry in connection with the increasing use of high pressure hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes for upgrading petroleum fractions.

The effect of temperature, pressure and hydrogen sulfide concentration on the corrosion rate of a wide range of commonly used carbon steels and alloys has been determined in laboratory tests. It has been established that the low chrome alloys (up to 5 percent chromium) which have been used to combat sulfur corrosion in fractionation and cracking equipment, show little or no advanage over carbon steel in resisting attack by hydrogen sulfide. Of the conventional alloy steels tested, only the 18-8 chrome nickel and higher alloys have shown good resistance to this type of corrosion over a wide range of pressure, temperature and hydrogen sulfide concentration. It was found that aluminum coated steels also showed very good corrosion resistance.

Three methods were proposed for minimizing hydrogen sulfide corrosion: (1) Reduction of hydrogen sulfide in process streams, (2) Use of chrome-nickel alloys, and (3) Protection of metals by aluminum coating.
Magnetic Amplifier Type Recording Instrument For Electrolysis Survey
Authors: TANAKA MICHIO , YAMAGUCHI JIRO , SAKURAI YOSHIFUMI
Published: July 2014

In order to make plans for corrosion control of underground metallic structures it is necessary to survey the sheath current and potential against the ground. A current and voltage recording instrument which was designed for making an electrolysis survey is described and field tests results are reported. The instrument consists of a push-pull self-saturation type magnetic amplifier and a conventional electrical recording voltmeter. It was found to perform as follows:For obtaining 0.6 volt (this corresponds to the full scale 50 mm in the recording meter used), input voltage of the amplifier with Mo-Permalloy cores was 0.48 millivolt for sheath current measurement and 740 millivolts for cable to ground potential measurement in case of the power source of 90 cps with rectangular wave form.Response time was 7 cycles for current measurement and 4.5 cycles for voltage measurement.When the source was supplied from the power line (60 cps), the amplification factors decreased about 10 to 35 percent.

The device had good stability, negligible drift and rugged construction. Therefore it is clear that this device is suitable for field test. 4.5.3
Corrosion of Metals by Liquid Fertilizer Solutions★
Authors: VREELAND D. C. , KALIN S. H.
Published: July 2014

Laboratory corrosion tests were conducted on aluminum, carbon steel, chromium, and chromium-nickel stainless steels to evaluate their suitability as constructional materials for storage, transport, and applicator tanks for “nitrogen” and “complete-mix” liquid fertilizers. Two types of corrosion tests were conducted: (1) Partial immersion of small specimens of each material in each fertilizer solution, and (2) Simulated service tests in which small tanks fabricated of each of the test materials were partially filled with each of the fertilizer solutions. The amount and type of corrosion was evaluated by weight-loss determinations, thickness changes, pit-depth measurements, and metallographic examinations.

The results of the corrosion tests showed that in the nitrogen fertilizer solutions aluminum and several chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steels, were not attacked while carbon steel was attacked. In the complete-mix fertilizer solutions, only the chromium-nickel stainless steels were not attacked while aluminum, carbon steel, and three chromium stainless steels were attacked.

Service tests are being considered on carbon steel and some of the stainless steels that had satisfactory corrosion resistance in the laboratory tests. 4.3.4
Internal Casing Corrosion in Sour Oil Wells★
Authors: CALDWELL J. A. , LYTLE M. L.
Published: July 2014

A low-cost method of reducing internal casing corrosion in sour oil wells is needed. Results of laboratory weight loss tests suggest that treatment of the inside of the casing with an oil-inhibitor mixture may be a feasible solution. Results of other laboratory tests show that the weight of a paraffin-oil-inhibitor mixture adhering to a steel coupon is several times that of the film deposited from an oil-inhibitor mixture alone. Preliminary results of a field test on two wells showed that rapid injection of several barrels of an oil-inhibitor mixture into the tubing-casing annulus gave complete coverage of the outside of the tubing in the gas space and that the film remained intact for at least six months. It is probable that the inside of the casing in the gas space also was completely covered by the oil-inhibitor mixture.
The Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures In Marine Environments★
Authors: BOWEN W. A.
Published: July 2014

Theoretical and practical considerations involved in using cathodic protection in sea water are covered, including anode location, polarization, economics and other factors. Specific cases of cathodic protection application are mentioned, including drydocks and ships. Means of checking the effectiveness of cathodic protection are reviewed. The importance of supervision by competent personnel is mentioned, as is automatic control of potentials. Other topics discussed include use of compartmented cells, effect of cathodic protection current on marine growth and problems involved in making cathodic protection automatic. 5.2.1
Chemical Surface Preparation of Steel Prior to Painting★
Authors: PATTERSON H. E.
Published: July 2014

The proper surface preparation of metal prior to painting is becoming more and more important to industry. Experience has proven that a properly prepared surface will greatly increase the life of a paint system and the product and reduce maintenance costs.

Advantages and disadvantages of various types of cleaning are listed. Methods discussed include solvent cleaning, alkali cleaning, emulsifiable solvent cleaning, steam cleaning, and acid cleaning. Other topics covered include pickling, the treating of pickled metal, the use of inhibitors in pickling, and the use of phosphate coatings. 5.9.2
Quantitative Comparison of Surface Finishes And Heat Treatment of Stainless Steel With Respect to Corrosion by Jet Fuels★
Authors: CARLSON R. G.
Published: July 2014

Samples were made from free machining AISI 440C stainless steel. They were identically hardened and tempered at 16 different tempering temperatures. The samples were then given five different surface finishes (i.e., grit blast, chro honed, ball burnished, ground and carborundum blast). After initial weighing the samples were subjected to a corrosion environment of JP-4 fuel and water. The samples were removed at varying times, cleaned, and again weighed. Weight losses were compared for different tempering temperatures and different surface finishes.

From the test results it was concluded that: (1) This steel should not be heated above 400 C (750 F) for greatest corrosion resistance, (2) Corrosion is greater when no JP-4 fuel is above the water, (3) The order of corrosion resistance was due largely to surface roughness of the different finishes. This order, in decreasing corrosion resistance, is as follows: (a) Ground surface, (b) Ball burnished, (c) Carborundum blast, (d) Chro honed, (e) Grit blast. 6.2.5
Inhibiting a Cooling Water Tower System★
Authors: WHITNEY F. L.
Published: July 2014

When recirculating cooling tower systems are used as a source of cooling water for plant operations, quality and composition of the initial and make-up water systems are not the only factors to be considered when selecting an inhibitor. Also important are the contaminating factors introduced from the atmosphere.

This paper describes a situation wherein at one plant the initial inhibitor treatment became ineffective due to expansion of plant activities and introduction of additional and greater amounts of atmospheric contamination. The value of laboratory screening tests followed by plant tests to assure proper protection are discussed. As a result of this incident the value of continuous testing in the field in a versatile and ever-growing plant is reported. 4.6.4
Inhibiting Effect of Hydrofluoric Acid In Fuming Nitric Acid on Liquid and Gas Phase Corrosion of Several Metals
Authors: MASON DAVID M. , TAYLORS LOIS L. , RITTENHOUSE JOHN B.
Published: July 2014

Measurements were made at 130 degrees F of the extent of corrosion of several metals exposed to the liquid and the gas phase of thermally stable nitric acid containing 11 to 13 weight percent nitrogen dioxide and 2 to 4 weight percent water with and without hydrofluoric acid added as a corrosion inhibitor. Liquid-phase corrosion of the following metals was readily inhibited by hydrofluoric acid in fuming nitric acid of this composition: aluminum alloys 2S-0 (1100), 14S-T6 (2014-T6), 17S-T4 (2017-T4), 24S-T4 (2024-T4), 61S-T6 (6061-T6), and 75S-T6 (7075-T6); aluminum 2S-0 welded to 356; and chromium-nickel steels 302, 303, 304, 321, 347, Armco 17-7PH, and Uniloy 19-9DL and 19-9DX. Carbon steel C1020 and chromium alloy steels 4130, 410, 430, and 446 having intact natural metal oxide films, which were formed in moist air, were inhibited by hydrofluoric acid. Corrosive attack of these steels without the oxide film, however, was aggravated by the presence of hydrofluoric acid in fuming nitric acid, the corrosion becoming more extensive the lower the chromium content of the steel. Commercially pure lead was inhibited by hydrofluoric acid, whereas pure chromium, Nickel-A, tantalum, and titanium alloys 75A and 130A were either only slightly inhibited or showed corrosion rates which actually were increased by presence of hydrofluoric acid in fuming nitric acid. Inhibition of gas-phase corrosion was found to occur readily in the case of the following metals tested: steels 303, 410, 430, and 446 and aluminum 61S-T6. Gas-phase corrosion of steels 4130 and 1020 was usually aggravated by hydrofluoric acid. Exposure of aluminum 61S-T6 and stainless steel 347 to fuming nitric acid with a repeated cycling of temperature between 70 and 160 degrees F was found not to impair the inhibiting effect of hydrofluoric acid on gas and liquid-phase corrosion of these metals.

A few tests of the liquid and gas-phase corrosion of aluminum 61S-T6 and steels C1020 and 347 by nitrogen dioxide at 130 degrees F were also made, and this medium was found in general to be much less corrosive than fuming nitric acid. 4.3.2
A Special N-80 Steel Tubing Developed in France To Resist Sulfide Stress Corrosion in Sour Gas Wells★
Authors: CAUCHOIS L. , DIDIER J. , HERZOG E.
Published: July 2014

The presence of hydrogen sulfide in the Lacq gas field in France resulted in a number of equipment failures. It was found advisable to use a steel tubing having the N-80 grade steel mechanical properties but having a better sulfide stress corrosion resistance under the action of hydrogen sulfide than the conventional N-80 steel. The steel developed for this purpose was designated APS 10 M4 and was a chromium-aluminum-molybdenum alloy which had been heat treated in such a manner as to obtain a thermodynamically stable structure of carbon-free ferrite with highly dispersed fine carbides.

Specimens of the newly developed steel were subjected to a number of laboratory tests including the Jones Test, Cantilever Beam Test, U-Bend Test, Expansion Test, and Tensile Test. Extensive data are given from these tests. It was found that appropriately heat treated APS 10 M4 steel had a very high resistance to hydrogen sulfide as compared with other materials in general and with the conventional N-80 steel in particular.

Field tests were made on 23/⅜-inch tubing made from APS 10 M4 steel. After six months of testing it was found that the steel was sufficiently resistant to hydrogen sulfide to be satisfactory for use at the Lacq field. 3.2.2
Corrosion of Aluminum-Nickel Type Alloys In High Temperature Aqueous Service
Authors: KRENZ F. H.
Published: July 2014

Aluminum can be made resistant to high temperature water by small alloying additions of Ni, Fe and Cu. In the presence of adequate concentrations of the cathodic second phase formed by these additions, the high temperature attack changes from grain boundary penetration and blistering to a more desirable uniform overall attack. The latter causes two films to be formed on the corroding surface, Film A growing outward from the original surface and Film B growing inward into the metal. Film A reaches a limiting thickness after 2-3 weeks at 300 C, but Film B continues to grow linearly with time. At this stage the corrosion rate is acceptably low (~∼ 1 × 10−3 inches/yr) but the corrosion film is 10-20 μ thick, relatively brittle and subject to severe, mechanical damage in water flowing at high linear velocities. Reactor radiation has an insignificant effect upon corrosion. Heat fluxes of the order of 10O watts/cm2 also appear to have little, effect, though in this instance the effect may have been obscured by mechanical damage.

Extensive test data are reported on the corrosion resistance in high temperature water of three specially selected aluminum alloys. 4.6.5
Investigation of Inorganic Inhibitors for Minimizing Galvanic Corrosion of Magnesium Coupled to Aluminum★
Authors: KETCHAM SARA J. , BECK WALTER
Published: July 2014

A fundamental study has been conducted of some inhibitors found to be effective in reducing galvanic corrosion between magnesium alloy AZ31B and aluminum alloy 2024-T3 in saline solutions. The object of the study was to determine the mechanism of protection afforded by the inhibitors, Mg(V03)2, BaK2(CrO4)2, and CaS, singly and in combination. The effect of these inhibitors on the polarization characteristics of the metals was determined with the electrodes isolated in separate compartments, bridging being accomplished with agar-NaC1 bridges. In this group of tests, the polarization potentials, recovery potentials, and corrosion currents were measured, the latter by means of the zero resistance ammeter circuit. Additional tests were made with the electrodes in the same beaker, corrosion currents and corrosion rates being determined under these conditions.

Correlation of results from the potential, corrosion current, and corrosion rate data indicates that the Mg(VO3)2 and BaK2CCrO4)2 polarize the aluminum strongly in the anodic direction, thereby reducing the galvanic current and the weight loss of magnesium.

Weight loss on aluminum was related to the increase in alkalinity occurring in experiments made in the same beaker.

Corrosion current measurements may serve as a useful tool for the determination of effectiveness of inhibitors, but the method should not be used indiscriminately.

Practical conclusions should only be drawn from the results obtained in experiments with both metals exposed in the same compartment. 5.8.3
The Effect of NO, HNO2 and HNO3 On Corrosion of Stainless Steel by H2SO4★
Authors: McKINNELL W. P. , LOCKWOOD L. F. , SPEISER R. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G.
Published: July 2014

Earlier work by other investigators has shown that nitrous acid is involved in the passivation of iron in concentrated nitric acid solutions. This paper describes the effect of nitric oxide, HNO2 and HNO3 on the corrosion of active Type 302 stainless steel by 10 percent H2SO4.

Specimens of Type 302 stainless steel, activated by abrading on 240 grit emery cloth and exposed to 10 percent H2SO4 solutions, were passivated by bubbling nitric oxide through the solution. Bubbling oxygen through the solution did not passivate these abraded specimens. Abraded specimens exposed to an atmosphere of nitric oxide before immersion in nitric oxide-free H2SO4 remained active. Spot tests of 10 percent H2SO4 treated with nitric oxide revealed the presence of nitrite and nitrate ions in the solution. The addition of one part of 10 percent HNO3 to 60 parts of 10 percent H2SO4 was found to produce passivity of abraded stainless steel specimens exposed to the solution. 4.3.2
Cathodic Protection of Iron In the Temperature Range 25 C-92 C★
Authors: HOEY G. R. , COHEN M.
Published: July 2014

The cathodic protection of iron was studied in the temperature range 25 C to 92 C. The limiting protective current density and the open circuit cathodic current density for iron in dilute NaCl solution goes through a temperature maximum at roughly 75 C. This is explained in terms of the effect of decreasing oxygen solubility at the higher temperature on the local cathodic reaction, 2H+ + O2 + 4e = 20H-

Iron corrodes under cathodic control at room temperature, whereas at the higher temperatures there is a mixed cathodic-anodic control.

Cathodic polarization curves for iron in dilute NaCl solution were obtained in the temperature range 25 C to 92 C. Unsteady potentials were observed in the vicinity of the limiting protective current, whereas at higher and lower currents, steady potentials were observed. The current density at which the potential of the iron reaches —0.5 volt on the hydrogen scale gives satisfactory protection.

The nature of the corrosion products of iron is unaffected by temperature in the range studied. 5.2.2
The Current-Voltage Relationship Of Galvanic Anode Arrays in Cathodic Protection★
Authors: WALDRON L. J. , PETERSON M. H.
Published: July 2014

The current output of full-scale arrays of several anode sizes in use by the U. S. Navy for the cathodic protection of ship hulls were determined. Impressed-current anodes formed from sheet steel were substituted for conventional galvanic anodes to reduce the weight and number of arrays necessary to obtain the desired information. Five anode sizes were investigated. A 1500-foot steel sea wall located in water with a resistivity of 34 to 38 ohm-cm acted as an un-polarizable cathode. The output currents were determined for driving potentials of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 between the cathode and the anode arrays; hence the data can be used to estimate for any galvanic material both the initial current output of an anode array, and the continuing current output against a cathode polarized to a known potential.

The anodes in all arrays investigated suffered mutual interference as indicated by decreased current outputs from individual anodes as the number of anodes in the array increased. It was found that the addition of anodes is more efficient than a moderate separation of anodes in increasing the total current output.

An empirical equation was derived from the data of the continuous linear arrays which relates the current output to total anode area and driving potential. It may be used to estimate the current output of arrays for which more specific data have not been obtained, but these estimations should be confirmed by experimentation wherever possible. 5.2.2
Industrial Roof Construction and Maintenance★
Authors: LEMMON J. C. , CRAIG W. G.
Published: July 2014

Discusses the factors that govern the costs of built-up roofing during the life of the building. Limitations of construction and surfacing materials are given. Maintenance methods and materials are explained and a program for securing maximum utilization of roofing expenditures is presented. 8.8.1
Corrosion in a Hydrocarbon Conversion System★
Authors: PRANGE F. A.
Published: July 2014

Under some inexactly defined conditions, steels and alloys are attacked by atmospheres resulting from oxidation of hydrocarbon. In a fixed-bed catalytic system for dehydrogenation of butane the metal loss which contaminates the catalyst with a fine oxide dust causes undesirable side effects. The way in which the metal loss occurs is described and the effects of alloying agents on both laboratory tests and actual equipment are mentioned. Some examples of metal dusting give a clue to the mechanism of metal loss, but are not complete enough to define it fully. 4.4.6
Control of Internal Corrosion of Petroleum Products Pipelines With Oil Soluble Inhibitors★
Authors: BARUSCH M. R. , HASKELL L G. , PIEHL R. L
Published: July 2014

This article summarizes the corrosion inhibitor program of a products pipeline system since its initial operation eight years ago. Initially alkaline sodium nitrite solutions were utilized for corrosion protection. This material was an effective corrosion inhibitor, but its use resulted in the production of large quantities of rust and scale, and in addition contributed to water cloud problems. Use of an oil soluble corrosion inhibitor minimized these problems and resulted in improved protection of the pipeline. During the past three years an average internal corrosion rate of only 0.025 mil per year was observed, in spite of the fact that prolonged periods occurred when no inhibited product contacted sections of the pipe.

A mechanism explaining the behavior of oil soluble corrosion inhibitors in a pipeline is presented. This theory accounts for the outstanding effectiveness of such materials and explains why they protect the metal during the prolonged periods when uninhibited stocks are present. The use of more than one oil soluble corrosion inhibitor in products transported through a pipeline causes mixtures of inhibitor molecules to be adsorbed on the surface of the pipe. One inhibitor in contact with the pipe tends to displace another inhibitor previously adsorbed on the surface. This results in some interchange of the corrosion inhibitors in the products transported. The degree of protection realized from the use of several corrosion inhibitors in a pipeline system is discussed. 5.8.2
Corrosion Rate Measurement by Hydrogen Effusion In Dynamic Aqueous Systems At Elevated Temperature and Pressure
Authors: KRULFELD M. , BLOOM M. C. , SEEBOLD R. E.
Published: July 2014

A method of applying the hydrogen effusion method to the measurement of corrosion rates in dynamic aqueous systems at elevated temperature and pressure is described. Data obtained in low carbon steel systems are presented, including (1) reproducibility obtained in measured hydrogen effusion rates at a flow velocity of 1 foot per second at a temperature of 600 F and 2000 psi, and (2) a quantitative comparison between the hydrogen effusion rates in static and in low flow velocity dynamic systems at this temperature and pressure.

Some observations are included on corrosion rate measurements in a high flow velocity (30 feet per second) loop by the hydrogen effusion method. Implications of these measurements with regard to the comparison between high flow velocity corrosion and low flow velocity corrosion are mentioned and some data indicating high local sensitivity of the hydrogen effusion method are noted. Some possible difficulties involved in the method are pointed out. 2.3.4
Minimum Corrosion For Butane Isomerization Units—A Contribution to the Work of NACE Group Committee T-8 On Refining Industry Corrosion(1),★
Authors: Mason J. F. , Schillmoller C. M.
Published: July 2014

A review is made of corrosion problems associated with butane isomerization units. In this connection, vapor-phase and liquid-phase butane isomerization are considered separately. Data reported include corrosion rates of nickel and Monel in HCl at 30 C, corrosion of Hastelloy alloys A and B in HCl at room temperature, effect of temperature on corrosion of nickel and Monel in 5 percent HCl, and corrosion of Type 1 Ni-Resist in unaerated HCl at room temperature.

In butane isomerization units it is important that the feed be kept dry and that such impurities as sulfur, pentanes and olefins be reduced to a minimum. Adequate guard chamber capacity is a must. Alloys must be carefully selected for use in locations where corrosion is severe. 8.4.3
Photoelectric Information Selector
Authors: RIDE By R. N. , KNUCKEY P. J.
Published: July 2014

Selector equipment has been developed to sort specific data on corrosion and metal protection topics from an extensive abstract reference library. The original data are coded and punched on cards which are photographed on 16mm film. In the selection operation, the film is scanned at 200 frames per minute by a light beam and photo-electric cell. Correspondence of code patterns with holes in a pre-punched search card “blacks out” the photo-electric cell and registers the serial number of the relevant reference on a paper strip.

The principles of operation, lay-out, advantages and limitations of a prototype machine are described. 2.4.4
A Laboratory Method for Evaluating Corrosion Inhibitors for Secondary Recovery★
Authors: NEWMAN T. R.
Published: July 2014

A new test method is presented for evaluating corrosion inhibitors for secondary recovery systems. The test is characterized by its relatively high ratio of volume of water to surface area of metal exposed.

Variables studied included dissolved oxygen, H2S, dissolved solids and pH. Corrosivity of a brine was found to be almost directly related to the dissolved oxygen level. It was found also that a high H2S system was not necessarily more corrosive than one having a low level of H2S, but that the attack became more localized. The higher the H2S level, the higher the inhibitor level required to obtain an equivalent level of protection. The greatest effects of variations in dissolved solids are indirect. The solubilities of dissolved gases and organic inhibitors are inversely proportional to the level of dissolved solids. The variation of pH in the range from 5 to 8 did not affect the performance of a typical inhibitor in a system without H2S. When H2S was present, the protection with this inhibitor dropped off slightly as the pH was lowered to 5.

This test method was used to evaluate a number of commercial water flood inhibitors. Experimental inhibitors were tested until one was found that exceeded the performance of those now being used. This one was tested in several floods and the excellent performance, predicted from the laboratory results, was confirmed. 5.8.1