bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photovoltaic action from InxGa1‐xN p‐n junctions with x > 0.2 grown on silicon
Authors: Gherasoiu Iulian , Reichertz Lothar A. , Yu Kin Man , Ager Joel W. , Kao Vincent M. , Walukiewicz Wladek
Published: June 2011

In this paper, we report systematic investigation of the structural and electronic properties of GaN and InxGa1‐xN alloys with x up to 0.31 grown on Si (111) substrate. P‐type doping of InxGa1‐xN using Mg has been achieved consistently with magnesium concentrations up to 1021 atoms/cm3. The first results on photovoltaic action in InGaN p‐n junctions with ∼20% In fraction grown on silicon are also reported. An open circuit voltage (Voc) of almost 1 V was measured under concentrated (20 x sun) AM1.5G condition. The diode shows the onset of a photoresponse at about 2.6 eV. Relatively low shunt and high series resistance are the key factors limiting performance of the InGaN cells with larger In content (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Randomized, Double‐blind, Placebo‐controlled Trial to Evaluate Efficacy and Tolerability of an Optimized Botanical Combination in the Management of Patients with Primary Hypercholesterolemia and Mixed Dyslipidemia
Authors: Gupta H. , Pawar D. , Riva A. , Bombardelli E. , Morazzoni P.
Published: June 2011

This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of an optimized botanical combination containing policosanol, tomato extract, orally bioavailable grape procyanidins and Oenothera biennis oil against placebo in the management of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. Such a combination is endowed with biological properties targeted to cholesterol control and vasoprotection.

This randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group trial consisted of a 6 week treatment period following 4 week baseline period, and a 2 week post‐treatment follow‐up.

At baseline, both the groups were comparable to each other. Both the active treatment and the placebo group included 30 patients (active treatment: mean age 46.80 ± 7.43 years, nine males; placebo: mean age 45.50 ± 6.76 years, eight males). Significant reductions in the LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C; −17.33% from baseline, p < 0.001) and total cholesterol (TC; −13.38% from baseline, p < 0.0001) values over the treatment period were observed with the tested product. The treatment also resulted in reductions in C‐reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) values, which are indices of oxidative stress.

This rational combination of different compounds is effective and safe in lowering the elevated LDL‐C and TC values. It is also effective in the modulation of the oxidation indices values; however, a further long term study in a larger population would be needed in order to confirm these preliminary findings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sida cordifolia Leaf Extract Reduces the Orofacial Nociceptive Response in Mice
Authors: Bonjardim L. R. , Silva A. M. , Oliveira M. G. B. , Guimarães A. G. , Antoniolli A. R. , Santana M. F. , Serafini M. R. , Santos R. C. , Araújo A. A. S. , Estevam C. S. , Santos M. R. V. , Lyra A. , Carvalho R. , Quintans‐Júnior L. J. , Azevedo E. G. , Botelho M. A.
Published: June 2011

In this study, we describe the antinociceptive activity of the ethanol extract (EE), chloroform (CF) and methanol (MF) fractions obtained from Sida cordifolia, popularly known in Brazil as “malva branca” or “malva branca sedosa”. Leaves of S. cordifolia were used to produce the crude ethanol extract and after CF and MF. Experiments were conducted on Swiss mice using the glutamate and formalin‐induced orofacial nociception. In the formalin test, all doses of EE, CF and MF significantly reduced the orofacial nociception in the first (p < 0.001) and second phase (p < 0.001), which was also naloxone‐sensitive. In the glutamate‐induced nociception test, only CF and MF significantly reduced the orofacial nociceptive behavior with inhibition percentage values of 48.1% (100 mg/kg, CF), 56.1% (200 mg/kg, CF), 66.4% (400 mg/kg, CF), 48.2 (200 mg/kg, MF) and 60.1 (400 mg/kg, MF). Furthermore, treatment of the animals with EE, CF and MF was not able to promote motor activity changes. These data demonstrate that S. cordifolia has a pronounced antinociceptive activity on orofacial nociception. However, pharmacological and chemical studies are necessary in order to characterize the responsible mechanisms for this antinociceptive action and also to identify other bioactive compounds present in S. cordifolia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Airborne lidar observations in the inflow region of a warm conveyor belt
Authors: Schäfler Andreas , Dörnbrack Andreas , Wernli Heini , Kiemle Christoph , Pfahl Stephan
Published: June 2011

Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are key flow structures associated with extratropical cyclones. They transport moist air from the cyclone's warm sector poleward and upward close to the tropopause level, leading to the formation of elongated cloud bands, intense latent heating and surface precipitation. In this study a comprehensive dataset of airborne lidar observations of moisture and wind from different campaigns has been investigated with a trajectory‐based approach to identify ‘lucky encounters’ with WCBs. On 19 July 2007, an upstream flight over the Iberian Peninsula during the European THORPEX Regional Campaign (ETReC 2007) in Central Europe intersected two WCBs: one in the upper tropospheric outflow region about 3 days after starting the ascent, and the other one in the boundary layer inflow region over Spain just prior to the strong ascent. Comparison of the lidar humidity measurements with analysis fields from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reveals significant positive deviations, equivalent to an overestimation of the modelled humidity, in this low‐tropospheric WCB inflow region (of about 1 g kg−1 (14%) on average and with peak deviations up to 7 g kg−1). It is noteworthy that this substantial bias occurs in a potentially dynamically highly relevant air mass that will be subsequently lifted within a WCB to the upper troposphere. A Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic reveals that these large moisture deviations occur within air masses that, according to the ECMWF analyses, are coherently transported from the western Mediterranean towards Spain and experience intense moisture uptake over the Ebro valley. It is suggested that inaccuracies in surface evapotranspiration, horizontal moisture advection, and turbulent vertical transport of moisture in the atmospheric boundary layer potentially contribute to the erroneous low‐tropospheric humidity in the inflow region of this particular summertime WCB over Spain in the ECMWF analyses. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Snow microphysical observations in shallow mixed‐phase and deep frontal Arctic cloud systems
Authors: Morrison H. , Zuidema P. , McFarquhar G. M. , Bansemer A. , Heymsfield A. J.
Published: June 2011

Snow particle size distributions (particle size >400 µm) in the western Arctic measured with in situ aircraft instrumentation during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic/First ISCCP Regional Experiment ‐ Arctic Clouds Experiment and Mixed‐Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment are analysed. Three cases of shallow, precipitating mixed‐phase boundary‐layer clouds and two cases of deep, precipitating frontal clouds are examined. Overall, the shallow cases had much lower values of particle concentration and ice water content than the deep cases, indicating large differences in ice initiation and growth between these regimes. Within a given case for both the shallow and deep frontal systems, and for the dataset as a whole, crystal concentration had little correlation with temperature (height), despite an active aggregation process that was indicated by large aggregates (>5 mm) observed in four out of the five cases. Exponential size distributions are fitted to the observations, allowing a direct comparison with the snow particle size distributions that are represented with exponential functions in many bulk microphysics schemes used in weather and climate models. Values of the fitted intercept parameter N0 are generally 2–10 times smaller for the shallow compared to the deep frontal cases as a result of differences in crystal concentration between these regimes. Values of N0 ∼ 107 m−4 specified for snow in many bulk microphysics schemes are broadly consistent with fitted N0 for the deep cases but larger than values for the shallow cases. The deep frontal cases also exhibit a relationship between N0 and temperature consistent with previous observations of midlatitude frontal systems. However, there are no consistent differences in N0 between the shallow and deep cases when partitioned by ice water content. Fitted values of slope parameter λ for the shallow and deep cases are generally consistent with previous studies of lower‐latitude cloud systems. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A relationship between the aerodynamic and physical roughness of winter sea ice
Authors: Andreas Edgar L
Published: June 2011

A bulk flux algorithm predicts the turbulent surface fluxes of momentum and sensible and latent heat from mean measured or modelled meteorological variables. The bulk flux algorithm resulting from data collected over winter sea ice during SHEBA, the experiment to study the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean, failed, however, in its first trial to predict the turbulent momentum flux over sea ice in the Antarctic. This result suggests that the main parameter for predicting the momentum flux, the aerodynamics roughness length z0, does not respond just to the friction velocity, as in the SHEBA algorithm, but is closely related to the physical roughness of snow‐covered sea ice and may need to be site‐specific. I investigate this idea with simultaneous measurements of z0 and the physical roughness of the surface, ξ, at Ice Station Weddell. The metric ξ derives from surveys of surface elevation and is related to but always less than the standard deviation in surface elevation. On combining the z0–ξ pairs from Ice Station Weddell with similar data obtained over Arctic sea ice, I show that the Arctic and Antarctic z0–ξ data lie along a continuum such that measuring ξ could provide a means for estimating a site‐specific z0 for any global sea ice surface. Backscatter data from satellite‐borne synthetic aperture radar might provide a remotely sensed estimate of ξ. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Simulations of the London urban heat island
Authors: Bohnenstengel S. I. , Evans S. , Clark P. A. , Belcher S.E.
Published: June 2011

We present simulations of London's meteorology using the Met Office Unified Model with a new, sophisticated surface energy‐balance scheme to represent the urban surfaces, called MORUSES. Simulations are performed with the urban surfaces represented and with the urban surfaces replaced with grass in order to calculate the urban increment on the local meteorology. The local urban effects were moderated to some extent by the passage of an onshore flow that propagated up the Thames estuary and across the city, cooling London slightly in the afternoon. Validations of screen‐level temperature show encouraging agreement to within 1–2 K, when the urban increment is up to 5 K. The model results are then used to examine factors shaping the spatial and temporal structure of London's atmospheric boundary layer. The simulations reconcile the differences in the temporal evolution of the urban heat island (UHI) shown in various studies and demonstrate that the variation of UHI with time depends strongly on the urban fetch. The UHI at a location downwind of the city centre shows a decrease in UHI during the night, while the UHI at the city centre stays constant. Finally, the UHI at a location upwind of the city centre increases continuously. The magnitude of the UHI by the time of the evening transition increases with urban fetch. The urban increments are largest at night, when the boundary layer is shallow. The boundary layer experiences continued warming after sunset, as the heat from the urban fabric is released, and a weakly convective boundary layer develops across the city. The urban land‐use fraction is the dominant control on the spatial structure in the sensible heat flux and the resulting urban increment, although even the weak advection present in this case study is sufficient to advect the peak temperature increments downwind of the most built‐up areas. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office
The Stress (of an) Epidemic
Authors: Kelloway E. Kevin , Mullen Jane , Francis Lori
Published: June 2011

We examined the consequences of being exposed to an outbreak of the Norwalk virus at a small university. Data from 422 undergraduates supported a model in which the experience of symptoms and perceptions of the university's response to the outbreak predicted fear of future contamination. In turn, fear predicted strain and enhanced hygiene practices. Results are consistent with a model of disease outbreak as a traumatic stressor, and implications for organizations dealing with disease outbreaks are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness on Stress Responses
Authors: Schneider Tamera R. , Rench Tara A. , Lyons Joseph B. , Riffle Rebecca R.
Published: June 2011

The present research moved beyond focusing on negative dispositions to investigate the influence of positive aspects of personality, namely extraversion and openness, on stress responses including appraisals, affect and task performance. Challenge appraisals occur when stressor demands are deemed commensurate with coping resources, whereas threat appraisals occur when demands are believed to outweigh coping resources. We examined the unique influence of personality on stress responses and the mediating role of appraisals. Personality was assessed, and then participants (N = 152) were exposed to a validated math stressor. We found unique effects on stress responses for neuroticism (high threat and negative affect and low positive affect), extraversion (high positive and low negative affect) and openness (high positive and low negative effect and better performance). Mediation analyses revealed that neuroticism indirectly worsened performance, through threat appraisals, and that openness indirectly increased positive affect through lower threat. These findings highlight the importance of investigating multiple aspects of personality on stress responses and provide an avenue through which stress responses can be changed—appraisals. Only by more broad investigations can interventions be tailored appropriately for different individuals to foster stress resilience. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of conservation strategies for climate adaptation
Authors: Mawdsley Jonathan
Published: June 2011

A growing literature emphasizes the importance of managing the adverse effects of climate change on animal and plant species, biological communities, natural areas, and ecosystems. Although replete with general ‘climate adaptation’ strategies, this literature provides relatively limited guidance on translating these strategies into actionable conservation prescriptions. This review synthesizes information from the conservation planning and climate adaptation literature, including climate adaptation plans developed in Canada, England, México, South Africa, and USA, and presents elements of a general approach for developing actionable adaptation measures for wildlife species and conservation areas. Grounded in an adaptive management framework, this approach incorporates existing conservation tools for land and water protection, land and water management, species conservation, and monitoring, and also integrates new information from climate models, sensitivity analyses, and vulnerability assessments for species and ecosystems. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 498–515 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.127

This article is categorized under:

Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Conservation Strategies
Recursive maximum likelihood estimation of time‐varying carrier frequency offset for orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing systems
Authors: Dong Xihua , Li Xiaochen , Wu Dapeng
Published: June 2011

A recursive maximum likelihood carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimator is proposed in this work, where redundancy information contained in the cyclic prefix of multiple consecutive orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols is exploited in an efficient recursive fashion. Because the estimator is based on multiple OFDM symbols, the time‐varying CFO must be considered. We investigate the effect of time‐varying CFO on the performance of the estimator and the trade‐off between fast tracking ability and low estimation variance. We show that, without channel noise, the mean squared error (MSE) of estimation due to CFO estimation variation increases approximately quadratically with n, where n is the number of OFDM symbols used for CFO estimation (estimation window size), whereas the MSE due to channel noise decreases proportionally to 1/n (approximately) if the CFO is constant. A closed‐form expression of the optimal estimation window size (approximately) is derived by minimizing the MSE caused by both time‐varying CFO and channel noise. For wireless systems with time‐varying rate of change for CFO, the proposed estimator can be implemented adaptively. In addition, typical optimal estimation window sizes for WiMAX, DVB‐SH and MediaFLO systems are evaluated as an example. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Swedenborgite‐Type Cobaltites and Ferrites: Tetrahedral Frameworks with Exceptional Magnetic Properties
Authors: Raveau Bernard , Pralong Valérie , Caignaert Vincent , Maignan Antoine
Published: June 2011

Swedenborgite‐type cobaltites and ferrites and derivatives, represent a very important class of oxides, LnBaM4O7 and CaBaM4O7 (M = Co, Fe). They are one of the rare families of mixed valent transition metal oxides, where the transition element exhibits exclusively the tetrahedral coordination. Their complex crystal chemistry, involving closely related structures with various symmetries (orthorhombic, hexagonal cubic) and possibility of oxygen “hyperstoichiometry”, leading to LnBaM4O7+δ oxides is described herein, as well as their ability to exhibit structural transitions vs. temperature. It is also shown that the triangular geometry of these new strongly electron correlated systems, plays an important role in their physics, particularly in the competition that appears between the 1D magnetic ordering and the 2D magnetic frustration. The generation of new magnetodielectric properties for CaBaCo4O7 is also emphasized.
The First Examples of Selenidogermanate Salts with Lanthanide Complex Counter Cations: Solvothermal Syntheses and Characterizations of [{Ln(en)3}2(μ‐OH)2]Ge2Se6 (Ln = Eu, Ho) and [{Ho(dien)2}2(μ‐OH)2]Ge2Se6
Authors: Tang Weiwei , Liang Jingjing , Jiang Wenqing , Wu Bing , Zhang Yong , Jia Dingxian
Published: June 2011

The lanthanide selenidogermanates [{Eu(en)3}2(μ‐OH)2]Ge2Se6 (1), [{Ho(en)3}2(μ‐OH)2]Ge2Se6 (2), and [{Ho(dien)2}2(μ‐OH)2]Ge2Se6 (3) (en = ethylenediamine, dien = diethylenetriamine) were solvothermally prepared by the reactions of Eu2O3 (or Ho2O3), germanium, and selenium in en and dien solvents respectively. Compounds 1–3 are composed of selenidogermanate [Ge2Se6]4– anion and dinuclear lanthanide complex cation [{Ln(en)3}2(μ‐OH)2]4+ (Ln = Eu, Ho) or [{Ho(dien)2}2(μ‐OH)2]4+. The [Ge2Se6]4– anion is composed of two GeSe4 tetrahedra sharing a common edge. The dinuclear lanthanide complex cations are built up from two [Ln(en)3]3+ or [Ho(dien)2]3+ ions joined by two μ‐OH bridges. All lanthanide(III) ions are in eight‐coordinate environments forming distorted bicapped trigonal prisms. In 1–3, three‐dimensional supramolecular networks of the anions and cations are formed by N–H···Se and N–H···O hydrogen bonds. To the best of our knowledge, 1–3 are the first examples of selenidogermanate salts with lanthanide complex counter cations.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Mixed‐Linker Copper(II) Coordination Polymer [Cu(HO3PC6H4SO3)(C10N2H8)]·H2O
Authors: Maniam Palanikumar , Stock Norbert
Published: June 2011

A new copper(II) phosphonatobenzenesulfonate incorporating 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bipy) as auxiliary ligand has been discovered through systematic high‐throughput (HT) screening of the system Cu(NO3)2·3H2O/H2O3PC6H4SO3H/4,4′‐bipy using different solvents. The hydrothermal synthesis of [Cu(HO3PC6H4SO3)(C10H8N2)]·H2O (1) was further optimized by screening various copper(II) salts. The crystal structure of 1 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and unveiled the presence of isolated sixfold coordinated Jahn–Teller‐distorted Cu2+ ions. The isolated CuN2O4 octahedra are interconnected by phosphonate and sulfonate groups to form chains along the c‐axis. The organic groups, namely phenyl rings and 4,4′‐bipy molecules cross‐link the chains into a three‐dimensional framework. Water molecules are found in the narrow voids in the structure which are held by weak hydrogen bonds. Upon dehydration, the structure of 1 undergoes a phase transition, which was confirmed by TG measurements and temperature dependent X‐ray powder diffraction. The new structure of 1‐h was refined with Rietveld methods. Detailed inspection of the structure revealed the directional switching of the Jahn–Teller distortion upon de/rehydration. Weak ferro‐/ferrimagnetic interactions were observed by magnetic investigations of 1, which switch to antiferromagnetic below 3.5 K. Compounds 1 and 1‐h are further characterized by thermogravimetric and elemental analysis as well as IR spectroscopy.
Fuel Properties of Biodiesel/Ultra‐Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) Blends
Authors: Dunn Robert O.
Published: June 2011

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel and fuel extender easily derived from vegetable oil or animal fat. In 2006, the US Environmental Protection Agency mandated that maximum sulfur content of diesel fuels be reduced to 15 ppm to protect catalysts employed in exhaust after‐treatment devices. Processing to produce this ultra‐low sulfur petrodiesel (ULSD) alters fuel lubricity, density, cold flow, viscosity, and other properties. Consequently, there is a need to develop a better understanding of the basic fuel properties of biodiesel/ULSD blends. This work evaluates the effects of biodiesel volumetric blend ratio (VBD) on cloud point (CP), kinematic viscosity (ν), specific gravity (SG), and refractive index (RI) of blends with petrodiesel. Properties measured for various blends of methyl esters of soybean oil (SME) and used cooking oil (UCOME) in ULSD were compared with those for blends with low sulfur (≤500 ppm) petrodiesel fuel (LSD). With respect to increasing VBD, CP and SG increased and RI decreased with each parameter demonstrating a linear correlation. In contrast, ν showed a curvilinear relationship with respect to increasing VBD. Calibration curves were derived from regression analyses to determine VBD in biodiesel/ULSD blends from measurements of each individual property. While the models had generally high coefficients of regression (R2 > 0.986), SG models were most accurate for predicting VBD to within 1.3 vol%.
Spinal neuroplasticity in chronic pain
Authors: Zeilhofer H.U.
Published: June 2011

Neuroplastic changes play an important role in the generation and maintenance of chronic pain syndromes. Such changes occur at all levels of the neuraxis, from the peripheral terminals of primary sensory neurons to the cerebral cortex. Changes observed in the spinal dorsal horn in particular provide a mechanistic basis for many of the characteristics of chronic pain syndromes. While facilitated synaptic transmission between nociceptive fibers and spinal projection neurons contributes to enhanced perception of noxious stim­uli (hyperalgesia), diminished function of GA­BA-ergic and glycinergic interneurons not only induces hyperalgesia, but also triggers no­ciceptive reactions on exposure to innocuous stimuli and spontaneous pain behavior in the absence of any sensory stimulation. Spinal disinhibition thus recapitulates typical symptoms of chronic pathological pain syndromes. Studies performed by various groups over the last 10 years demonstrate that such spinal disinhibition occurs naturally in response to peripheral inflammation and nerve dam­age. The present article summarizes current status of this research.
Convergence of the Motivic Adams Spectral Sequence
Authors: Hu P. , Kriz I. , Ormsby K.
Published: June 2011

We prove convergence of the motivic Adams spectral sequence to completions at p and η under suitable conditions. We also discuss further conditions under which η can be removed from the statement.
ENUMERATING SUPER EDGE-MAGIC LABELINGS FOR THE UNION OF NONISOMORPHIC GRAPHS
Authors: AHMAD A. , LÓPEZ S. C. , MUNTANER-BATLE F. A. , RIUS-FONT M.
Published: June 2011

A super edge-magic labeling of a graphG=(V,E) of orderpand sizeqis a bijectionf:V∪E→{i}p+qi=1such that: (1)f(u)+f(uv)+f(v)=k for all uv∈E; and (2)f(V)={i}pi=1. Furthermore, whenGis a linear forest, the super edge-magic labeling ofGis calledstrongif it has the extra property that ifuv∈E(G) ,u′,v′∈V(G) anddG(u,u′)=dG(v,v′)<+∞, thenf(u)+f(v)=f(u′)+f(v′). In this paper we introduce the concept of strong super edge-magic labeling of a graphGwith respect to a linear forestF, and we study the super edge-magicness of an odd union of nonnecessarily isomorphic acyclic graphs. Furthermore, we find exponential lower bounds for the number of super edge-magic labelings of these unions. The case whenGis not acyclic will be also considered.
Location of geodesics and isoperimetric inequalities in Denjoy domains
Authors: Rodríguez José M. , Sigarreta José M.
Published: June 2011

We find approximate solutions (chord–arc curves) for the system of equations of geodesics in Ω∩ℍ for every Denjoy domain Ω, with respect to both the Poincaré and the quasi-hyperbolic metrics. We also prove that these chord–arc curves are uniformly close to the geodesics. As an application of these results, we obtain good estimates for the lengths of simple closed geodesics in any Denjoy domain, and we improve the characterization in a 1999 work by Alvarez et al. on Denjoy domains satisfying the linear isoperimetric inequality.
The clinical effectiveness of CBT-based guided self-help interventions for anxiety and depressive disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Coull G. , Morris P. G.
Published: June 2011

Background

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)-based guided self-help (GSH) has been suggested to be an effective intervention for mild to moderate anxiety and depression, yet the evidence seems inconclusive, with some studies reporting that GSH is effective and others finding that GSH is ineffective. GSH differs in important respects from other levels of self-help, yet the literature regarding exclusively guided self-help interventions for anxiety and depression has not been reviewed systematically.

Method

A literature search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining CBT-based GSH interventions for anxiety and depressive disorders was conducted. Multiple electronic databases were searched; several journals spanning key disciplines were hand-searched; reference lists of included review articles were scanned and relevant first authors were contacted.

Results

Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis indicated the effectiveness of GSH at post-treatment, although GSH was found to have limited effectiveness at follow-up or among more clinically representative samples. Studies that reported greater effectiveness of GSH tended to be of lower methodological quality and generally involved participants who were self-selected rather than recruited through clinical referrals.

Conclusions

Although there is support for the effectiveness of CBT-based GSH among media-recruited individuals, the finding that the reviewed RCTs had limited effectiveness within routine clinical practice demonstrates that the evidence is not conclusive. Further rigorous evidence based on clinical populations that examines longer-term outcomes is required before CBT-based GSH interventions can be deemed effective for adults accessing primary care services for treatment of anxiety and depression.
Combating In-Work Poverty in Continental Europe: An Investigation Using the Belgian Case
Authors: MARX IVE , VANHILLE JOSEFINE , VERBIST GERLINDE
Published: June 2011

Recent studies find in-work poverty to be a pan-European phenomenon. Yet in-work poverty has come to the fore as a policy issue only recently in most continental European countries. Policies implemented in the United States and the United Kingdom, most notably in-work benefit schemes, are much discussed. This article argues that if it comes to preventing and alleviating poverty among workers, both the policy options and constraints facing Continental European policymakers are fundamentally different from those facing Anglo-Saxon policymakers. Consequently, policies that work in one setting cannot be simply emulated elsewhere. We present microsimulation derived results for Belgium to illustrate some of these points. Policy options discussed and simulated include: higher minimum wages, reductions in employee social security contributions, tax relief for low-paid workers and the implementation of a stylised version of the British Working Tax Credit. The latter measure has the strongest impact on in-work poverty, but in settings where wages are compressed, as in Belgium, a severe trade-off between coverage and budgetary cost presents itself. The article concludes that looking beyond targeted measures to universal benefits and support for employment of carers may be important components of an overall policy package to tackle in-work poverty.
Integrating lidar and geophysical surveys at Falerii Novi and Falerii Veteres (Viterbo)
Authors: Opitz Rachel
Published: June 2011

La città romana di Falerii Novi e quella pre-romana di Falerii Veteres vengono riviste in questo articolo attraverso la combinazione di dati da ricognizione lidar (light detection and ranging) e geofisica. La ricognizione lidar fornisce per la prima volta infomiazioni dettagliate sui bordi topograficamente complessi di questi siti e ha permesso di identificare un certo numero di nuove strutture. Osservando tali strutture nel contesto dei dati topografici e geofisici, sono state esplorate le aree urbane periferiche sia come zone per movimento sia come facciate. Tramite questi esempi vengono considerati i potenziali contributi forniti dal lidar alla comprensione generale dell'urbanismo pre-romano e romano.
Lixus (Morocco): from a Mauretanian sanctuary to an Augustan palace
Authors: Aranegui Carmen , Mar Ricardo
Published: June 2011

Questo articolo riesamina il lavoro di M. Ponsich, pubblicato nel 1981, sul centro monumentale di Lixus (Morocco). Egli interpretava le strutture trovate negli scavi iniziati da Tarradell nel 1948 come un ínsieme di santuari tra loro legati e databili principalmente in epoca romana. Il nuovo esame dei resti conservati insieme con i più recenti scavi ci permettono di riesaminare questa parte del sito. È possibile identificare i resti di un grande santuario di periodo mauretano (IV-I secolo a.C), che include templi, giardini e magazzini. Nel periodo di Giuba II (30-10 a.C.) al di sopra dei giardini adiacenti ai templi più antichi fu costruito un palazzo. Tale complesso residenziale era dotato di un atrio corinzio e due peristili. È stato anche possibile identificarel'oecus triclinaris, ilcryptoporticus, leexedraee le sale. Nell'articolo si propone che il palazzo sia una delle residenze di Giuba II.
Cleopatra in Pompeii?
Authors: Walker Susan
Published: June 2011

All'inizio del 2007 mentre stavo rivedendo il contesto di rinvenimento di due placche di vetro cammeo trovate nell'ampiooecus(stanza 62) della Casa di Marcus Fabius Rufus dell'Insula Occidentalisdi Pompeii, ho avuto l'opportunità di esaminare una pittura parietale di notevole interesse. In questo contributo la pittura viene descritta e inserita nel contesto dello sviluppo della casa. Per quanto riguarda il soggetto rappresentato, suggerisco che la figura principale non rappresenti la dea Venere in persona, quanto Cleopatra VII d'Egitto nelle vesti di Venus Genetrix. La pittura fu quasi eertamente ispirata dalla dedica che Cesare effettuò nel settembre del 46 a.C. del tempio a Venus Genetrix nel suo foro a Roma, dove secondo Appiano e (più problematico) Dione Cassio, Cesare dedicó una statua dorata alla regina egiziana.
A neglected sculpture: the monument to Catherine of Siena at Castel Sant'Angelo
Authors: Parsons Gerald
Published: June 2011

A dispetto delle sue dimensioni impressionanti e della complessità dello schema iconografico — che include non solo la statua ma anche un'intera sequenza di scene scolpite, emblemi e iscrizioni — il monumento a Santa Caterina di Siena collocato nei pressi di Castel Sant'Angelo ha ricevuto sorprendentemente poca attenzione da parte degli studiosi. L'articolo cerca di colmare questa lacuna presentando un'analisi dettagliata del monumento che esplora il suo linguaggio, il suo simbolismo e il contesto religioso e politico in cui si colloca. In questo modo si arguisce che il monumento sta, non solo cronologicamente, ma anche ideologicamente, a metà strada tra tre distinte interpretazioni di Caterina di Siena e il suo significato politico percepito nell'Italia del ventesimo secolo. Nell'articolo si suggerisce anche una spiegazione circa i motivi della dimenticanza del monumento da parte degli studiosi fino ad oggi, ricollegandola a specifiche circostanze e al contesto dell'inaugurazione del monumento nell'aprile del 1962.
Contemporary perspectives on luxury building in second-century BC Rome
Authors: Nichols Marden
Published: June 2011

Sommarii:

Questo studio letterario contribuisce a sviluppare un aspetto sottovalutato della storia culturale di Roma, raccogliendo l'evidenza testuale contemporanea riguardo le attitudini all'investimento nell'architettura privata nel II secolo a.C. Scarso materiale archeologico soprawive a documentare le case di questo periodo, ma una stretta attenzione ai testi esistenti rivela un alto livello di sofisticazione nelle valutazioni morali ascritte alia costruzione e decorazioni domestiche. La mia analisi inizia con una ricognizione dei frammenti più importanti delle orazioni di Catone il Vecchio, e in seguito si concentra quasi esclusivamente sullaMostellariadi Plauto. Alcuni passaggi di questi lavori contraddicono l'immagine che autori romani più tardi forniscono dei Romani di epoca medio-repubblicana come disinteressati a case costose o elaborate e non corrotti da un desiderio per il lusso. All'inizio del II secolo a.C, le stravaganze architettoniche erano già entrate nel canone del vizio. Per di più, laMostellariadi Plauto fornisce una chiave di lettura delle differenze percepite tra altri lussi ritenuti più probabilmente da disprezzare nel valore o da essere consumati, e i vizi di costruire ciò che poteva essere considerato un investimento.
Substructio et tabularium
Authors: Coarelli Filippo
Published: June 2011

Sommarii:

L'edificio sul Campidoglio conosciuto attualmente come tabularium è uno dei pochi monumenti esistenti della Roma repubblicana ancora ben conservati e studiati relativamente bene. Ciononostante la sua funzione non è ancora chiara. Lo stesso nome ‘Tabularium’ è stato sottoposto a discussione in molte occasioni e quasi certamente è sbagliato. Vengono valutati i recenti srudi di Nicholas Purcell, Henner von Hesberg e Pier Luigi Tucci. Avendo esaminato in dettaglio l'evidenza storica e archeologica, l'autore propone che questo complesso capitolino sia la base (substructio) di un triplice tempio dedicate a Venus Victrix (il più importante situate al centro), al Genius publicus populi Romani e a Fausta Felicitas. Supporto per questa interpretazione va cercato nei fasti fratrum Arvalium del 9 ottobre. Esso rappresenta una chiara testimonianza del potere e della ideologia di Silla, che dominavano gli spazi delle politiche tradizionali con immensa forza.
The vernae Caprenses: traces of Capri's Imperial history after Tiberius
Authors: Booms Dirk
Published: June 2011

Sommarii:

Nonostante le visite di Tiberio a Capri siano state documentate estensivamente dagli autori antichi, e molti siti romani siano ancora visitabili sull'isola, la sua storia imperiale dopo Tiberio rimane largamente sconosciuta. Molta attenzione è stata riservata alle dodici ville che si suppone siano state costruite dall'imperatore, delle quali solo una manciata è stata identificata con sicurezza; ma nessuna fase principale di costruzione è stata attribuita ad un periodo più tardo della tradizionale fase augusteatiberiana. Allo stesso modo, nessun'altra visita da parte di altri imperatori è stata ricordata dalle fonti letterarie, nonostante l'esilio della moglie di Commodo e della sorella dall'imperatore stesso indichi almeno che l'isola rimase un possesso imperiale. Inoltre essa continuò ad essere associata esclusivamente a Tiberio dagli studiosi antichi fino al V secolo d.C. Per dare un senso ai dati frammentari pertinenti al destino di Capri dopo la morte di Tiberio, questo articolo considera le fonti epigrafiche riguardanti l'attivita imperiale sull'isola. L'esistenza di un'unica informazione su un gruppo di schiavi imperiali che una volta servivano sull'isola offrono una prospettiva su un evento eccezionale nell'organizzazione della casa imperiale, probabilmente da datarsi alla prima parte del regno di Claudio, che influenzò l'ulteriore storia imperiale dell'isola.
Pirro Ligorio and twocolumna caelatadrawings at Windsor Castle
Authors: Campbell Ian , Gaston Robert W.
Published: June 2011

Sommarii:

L'articolo mette insieme le evidenze grafiche e testuali di Pirro Ligorio e altri su un esempio straordinario di unacolumna caelataromana. Esso stabilisce senza ombra di dubbio che la colonna esisteva e che fu scavata dal fondo marino vicino aMisenumda Ludovico Montalto intorno al 1520. La colonna fu portata a Napoli ma langui sulla riva o sulla banchina al Castello dell'Ovo probabilmente fino alia metà del XVI secolo, da quando fu pesantemente esposta alle intemperie, dopo di che nulla si è più saputo di essa. Gli autori discutono le possibilità che la colonna possa essere stata parte di un arco di trionfo o di una colonna, o votiva o onorifica, non incassata, del tipo visto sul famoso paesaggio portuale diStabiae, che verosimilmente rappresentaMisenum.
Analysis, simulation, and implementation of a human-inspired pole climbing robot
Authors: Sadeghi A. , Moradi H. , Ahmadabadi M. Nili
Published: June 2011

In this paper, we present the design, static analysis, simulation, and implementation of a novel design for a naturally stable climbing robot that has been inspired from human pole/tree climbers. The other benefits of this robot, besides being naturally stable, are its simple design, ease of control, light weight, simple mechanism, and fast climbing speed. The robot consists of three wheels, two free and one active wheel, which enable the robot to climb or descend poles. The free wheels are almost frictionless, while the active wheel has enough friction to be able to apply force on the pole for stable climbing or descending. The wheels are designed in V-shape such that the robot can compensate for misplacements eliminating possible detachment from poles. Although the robot can operate with a single free wheel, however, an extra free wheel is added to increase the stability and safety of the robot. In this paper, the static analysis of the robot is presented and the robot is simulated. Furthermore, the robot is actually implemented and successfully tested in two sizes, a small size and a big/full size. The full-scale prototype has been equipped with washing and inspection tools and tested washing actual street lights. The results show the unique characteristics of this robot that make it more stable if more weight is carried.
Prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in Kech District, Balochistan, Pakistan: most infections remain unexplained. A cross-sectional study
Authors: AHMED F. , IRVING W. L. , ANWAR M. , MYLES P. , NEAL K. R.
Published: June 2011

We studied a cross-sectional sample of the population of Kech, a small rural town in Pakistan to determine the prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C infection. The prevalence of hepatitis C was 110 out of 2000 persons (5·5%, 95% confidence interval 4·5–6·5). Higher rates were identified in males. Independent risk factors identified were age ⩾75 years, being a healthcare worker, and injecting drug use. There was a high prevalence of many potential routes of transmission of bloodborne viruses and most people reported at least one potential risk factor.
Recommendations from the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology for training in paediatric cardiac intensive care
Authors: da Cruz Eduardo , Lechner Evelyn , Stiller Brigitte , Munoz Ricardo , Beghetti Maurice , Fakler Ulrich , Haas Nikolaus
Published: June 2011

The following document provides a summary of the guidelines and recommendations for paediatric cardiac intensive care training as a requirement for recognition as a European paediatric cardiologist. It is therefore primarily targeting paediatric cardiology trainees in Europe, including those doctors who might wish to become experts in cardiac intensive care. These recommendations represent a frame for consistency, will evolve, and may be adapted to specific institutional requirements. They will be complemented by a learning module to be provided by our Association in the near future.
SYMPLECTIC STRUCTURES ON STATISTICAL MANIFOLDS
Authors: NODA TOMONORI
Published: June 2011

A relationship between symplectic geometry and information geometry is studied. The square of a dually flat space admits a natural symplectic structure that is the pullback of the canonical symplectic structure on the cotangent bundle of the dually flat space via the canonical divergence. With respect to the symplectic structure, there exists a moment map whose image is the dually flat space. As an example, we obtain a duality relation between the Fubini–Study metric on a projective space and the Fisher metric on a statistical model on a finite set. Conversely, a dually flat space admitting a symplectic structure is locally symplectically isomorphic to the cotangent bundle with the canonical symplectic structure of some dually flat space. We also discuss nonparametric cases.
A review of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo
Authors: Shivachandra S. B. , Viswas K. N. , Kumar A. A.
Published: June 2011

Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS), an acute, fatal and septicemic disease of cattle and buffaloes caused byPasteurella multocida, is important in tropical regions of the world, especially in African and Asian countries. The prevalence of disease has been well documented with predominant isolation ofP. multocidaserotypes B:2 and E:2. Conventional methods of identification such as serotyping, biotyping, antibiogram determination and pathogenicity as well as molecular methods (P. multocida-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a serogroup B-specific PCR assay, multiplex capsular typing system and loop-mediated isothermal amplification techniques) and characterization (restriction endonuclease analysis, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, repetitive extragenic palidromic PCR and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR analysis) are applied in parallel for rapid epidemiological investigations of HS outbreaks. Although several vaccine formulations including alum precipitated, oil adjuvant and multiple emulsion vaccines are commercially available, the quest for suitable broadly protective HS vaccines with long-lasting immunity is on the upsurge. Concurrently, attempts are being made to unravel the mysteries of the pathogen and its virulence factors, pathogenesis and determinants of protective immunity as well as diversity among strains ofP. multocida.This review highlights the advances in these various aspects of HS.
Human and porcineTaenia soliuminfections in Mozambique: identifying research priorities
Authors: Afonso S. M. S. , Vaz Y. , Neves L. , Pondja A. , Dias G. , Willingham A. L. , Vilhena M. , Duarte P. C. , Jost C. C. , Noormahomed E. V.
Published: June 2011

The objective of this paper is to critically review and summarize available scientific and lay literature, and ongoing studies on human and porcine cysticercosis in Mozambique to identify knowledge gaps and direct immediate and long-term research efforts. Data on the spatial distribution and prevalence of the disease in human and swine populations are scarce and fragmented. Human serological studies have shown that 15–21% of apparently healthy adults were positive for cysticercosis antibodies or antigen, while in neuropsychiatric patients seroprevalence was as high as 51%. Slaughterhouse records indicate a countrywide occurrence of porcine cysticercosis, while studies have shown that 10–35% of pigs tested were seropositive for cysticercosis antibodies or antigen. Current research in Mozambique includes studies on the epidemiology, molecular biology, diagnosis and control of the disease. Future research efforts should be directed at better understanding the epidemiology of the disease in Mozambique, particularly risk factors for its occurrence and spread in human and swine populations, documenting the socio-economic impact of the disease, identifying critical control points and evaluating the feasibility and epidemiological impact of control measures and development of local level diagnostic tools for use in humans and swine.
Study of symptoms and gene expression in four Pinus species after pinewood nematode infection
Authors: Franco Albina R. , Santos Carla , Roriz Mariana , Rodrigues Rui , Lima Marta R. M. , Vasconcelos Marta W.
Published: June 2011

Pine wilt disease, caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle, is originating severe infections in pine trees. The disease is detected when external symptoms appear (e.g. needle chlorosis), but trees could remain asymptomatic for long periods and serve as a long-term host. The primary goal of this study was to assess the effect of inoculation with an avirulent isolate of B. xylophilus (C14-5) on different Pinus spp. seedlings (P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. pinea and P. pinaster). At the same time, seedlings were also inoculated with a virulent strain, HF, in order to compare the phenotypic and genomic results of the two types of inoculations. The effect of inoculation was determined in terms of expression of various Pinus genes potentially involved in the response to the disease.The results suggest that P. pinea and P. nigra are more resistant to infection by the nematode than P. sylvestris and P. pinaster. The phenotypic and genetic differences were more marked among P. pinea and P. pinaster.
Genomics of plant genetic resources: past, present and future
Authors: Van Kyujung , Kim Dong Hyun , Shin Jin Hee , Lee Suk-Ha
Published: June 2011

Plant genetic resources (PGR) include cultivars, landraces, wild species closely related to cultivated varieties, breeder's elite lines and mutants. The loss of genetic diversity caused by the practice of agriculture and the availability of genetic information has resulted in a great effort dedicated to the collection of PGR. Prior to the advent of molecular profiling, accessions in germplasm collections were examined based on morphology. The development of molecular techniques now allows a more accurate analysis of large collections. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) with de novo assembly and resequencing has already provided a substantial amount of information, which warrants the coordination of existing databases and their integration into genebanks. Thus, the integration and coordination of genomic data into genebanks is very important and requires an international effort. From the determination of phenotypic traits to the application of NGS to whole genomes, every aspect of genomics will have a great impact not only on PGR conservation, but also on plant breeding programmes.