bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Conservation and Energy Prices: The Hungarian Experience
Authors: Molnár László
Published: March 2007

The main sources of emissions into the outdoor air are from the energy sector (e.g. power plants), industry, the transport sector and the residential sector (buildings). The danger from most of these emissions is the fact that heat plants and boilers of residential buildings in particular, are usually in the areas where people live and work and therefore their emissions may have a direct effect on health. The best way to improve this situation - to diminish emis sions and to improve air quality - is to increase the efficiency of both energy production and use. This also has important consequences for the economic use of the national energy carrier stock and diminishes the need to import energy which increases the competitiveness of goods produced. The Hungar ian government has set out an Energy Saving Programme to address, among other things the fact that the Hungarian average energy consumption per capi ta is less than the EU average but the energy intensity (the necessary energy to produce 1 USD GDP) is 3.5-4.0 times higher than the EU average. It has been shown that the best way to save energy is to invest in energy-conscious behav iour and training. Recent studies in public and residential buildings have shown that there is a potential for high energy saving in Hungarian buildings which is independent from the building technology used. Also, the pay-back times of investment in the building envelope are significantly higher than the pay-back times of investment in heating-ventilating or control systems, while the energy saved was of the same magnitude.
Some Aspects of Indoor Air Quality in Romania
Authors: Nicoara Simona , Mocsy Ildiko
Published: March 2007

Because people tend to spend most of their time indoors at home and often in their work-places, the radioactivity of building materials, chemicals released by plastics, polishing substances, furnishings, paints, toners, solvents, deodo risers, tobacco smoke as well as noise levels, thermal comfort and illumination are major concerns with respect to indoor air pollution and hygiene. This paper aims to emphasise the problems and sources of pollutants indoors in Romania and to review some selected results obtained by Romanian research groups. Although interest in and some legal requirements on accepted pollu tant concentrations existed before 1990, a role for environmental protection and policy has only come to the fore over the past few years. Many studies have been made and the results of these presented at a number of symposia, this showing the deep concern which exists over pollution problems in general and especially those of air contamination.
Review : Parental Smoking and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Thornton Alison J. , Lee Peter N.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews evidence relating parental smoking to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) risk in their offspring, based on English-language papers covering the period 1966-1996. Twenty-eight prospective and case-control studies provided suitable data. The studies mainly considered maternal smok ing during pregnancy, but some studies provided data for maternal smoking before pregnancy, at the time of conception or postnatally, for paternal smok ing at various times and/or for postnatal smoking by other household mem bers and day-care providers. Tables were constructed listing unadjusted and covariate-adjusted relative risk estimates for each index of exposure. Associa tions between SIDS and maternal smoking both during and after pregnancy were consistently observed. Relationships with paternal smoking and with other sources of exposure were also reported in a number of studies. Dose- response relationships were seen for various exposure indices. Several studies found that adjustment for numerous potential confounders very substantially weakened the association between SIDS and parental smoking. Although the possibility of a causal explanation of the associations observed cannot be excluded, the existence of various study weaknesses and the likelihood of residual confounding means that one cannot infer with confidence that paren tal smoking actually does increase the risk of SIDS.
Carbon Monoxide Generation from Trihalomethane Metabolism in Rats
Authors: Pankow Dieter , Damme Britt
Published: March 2007

Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) formation in rats after oral administration of trichloromethane (TCM), bromodi chloromethane (BDCM), chlorodibromomethane (CDBM) and tribromomethane (TBM) increased in the order TCM < BDCM < CDBM < TBM. The trihalomethanes are sub strates for cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and cyto chromes P450 2B1/2 (CYP2B1/2) as shown by: (a) the inhibi tion of COHb formation due to simultaneous administra tion of CDBM or TBM and diethyldithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of CYP2E1, and (b) the initially higher levels of COHb after gavage of CDBM or TBM in rats pretreated with isoniazid, an inducer of CYP2E1, or pretreated with phenobarbital, an inducer of CYP281/2. There is an en hancement of the COHb level after daily administration of CDBM or TBM for 7 days in comparison to a single gav age, but the COHb levels were not higher due to chronic intake of CDBM with the drinking water (2.4 μmol.l-1) in comparison to the basic levels, measured during 26 weeks.
Environmental values and political action
Authors: Papadakis Elim
Published: March 2007

For several decades writers have posited a fundamental conflict between environmental protection and economic development. These arguments-linked to ideas of either an impending catastrophe (the environmentalist perspective) or human ingenuity and its capacity to deal with environmental threats through economic progress (the pro- development perspective)-have given rise to new political movements. This has prompted established political organisations to emphasise aspects of the environmentalist discourse (like preserving nature for future generations) and utilitarian arguments (like the recreational and aesthetic value of nature). Notions of sustainable development have been a pivotal feature of this response since they are founded on apparently conflicting values. This paper therefore uses recent survey research to explore the relationship between values (be they 'ecocentric' or pro-development or utilitarian) and political predispositions relating to the environment. The central findings relate to the strong link between political predispositions and ecocentric or pro- development values, the weak link with utilitarian values, and the implications of sustainable development strategies.
"Critical Theory" in Context: the Political Cabaret of Pre-war German sociology
Authors: Brand A.
Published: March 2007

Pre-war German Sociology was marked by the tensions of the times. Some sociologists fled the country, others eschewed Nazism while remaining. Still others contributed ideological service to the Party. Among the best known of these was Hans Freyer. It has rarely been observed that many of Freyer's formulations share a similar form to the well known "critical theory" of Horkheimer and Adorno, not only in what they propose but also in what they oppose, notably 'positivism'. Critical theory may be seen to have had strange bed-fellows in its contemporary context.
The Gifted Child
Authors: Ryan Brendan
Published: March 2007

Recently in Australia there has been a growing demand for alternative educational provisions for children identified as 'gifted'. In this article I argue that such an identification provides important ideological support for the restructuring of socio-educational opportunities in contemporary capitalist societies. A study of official reports and academic opinion indicates that advocates of 'the gifted' are elitist in their appraisal of potential educability. This perspective is strongly favoured by, and provides important support for, correlative changes occurring in general educational provision and in the mental-manual division of labour. 'Emerging socio-educational realities' increasingly endorse selective schooling practices and priorities based upon elitist appraisals of educability. This article supports, instead, educational strategies based upon a socio-historical understanding of intelligence and of intellectual development. Recent studies, which identify the decisive influence of class-cultural practices and priorities upon conventional school achievement, provide a rationale for inter ventionist educational strategies based upon the educability of all.
How Do Australians Value Children? A Review and Research Update Using the Perceptions of Parents and Voluntarily Childless Adults
Authors: Callan Victor J.
Published: March 2007

Accurate statements about the impact of children upon our lives can only be made if we sample not only the attitudes of parents, but also married adults who voluntarily decided to forgo parenthood. First, this paper reviews the findings of previous Australian studies which have provided some information on the values and costs Australian parents perceive in having children. Second, a comparison is made between the perceived values and costs of children to 50 voluntarily childless wives and 35 of their husbands, and a matched-sample of parents.
How TV News Meets People's Needs
Authors: Henningham John P.
Published: March 2007

While most programs on television have an entertainment function, TV news is generally seen as meeting people's need for information. However more emotive gratifications are also associated with news- viewing. This study examines gratifications people derive from TV news in relation to their preferences for different types of news. It is found that people who watch TV news for information tend to prefer serious and 'high impact news, while those seeking entertainment prefer human interest news and stories about conflict or human tragedy.
Contextual Characteristics of Australian Federal Electorates
Authors: MacAllister Ian , Kelley Jonathan
Published: March 2007

Social science has postulated two types of variables to account for social and political behaviour: on the one hand, there are individual characteristics, such as social class, age, sex and ethnic origin; on the other, there are contextual characteristics, for example, the class milieu, the urban, suburban, and ethnic composition of the areas in which people live. Observed patterns of behaviour result from the interaction between these individual and contextual characteristics. Drawing on data from the 1976 census, this paper examines the contextual, characteristics of Australian federal electorates. The paper aims to isolate the main structural dimensions of federal electorates, using factor analysis to distill the wide range of census variables into a small number of conceptually and statistically unambiguous scales, each consisting of a number of individual census variables. Four dimensions are delineated: ethnicity; socio-economic status; familism; and urban-rural differences. Secondly, the paper aims to provide data for each of these scales, enabling other researchers to easily use this information in their own analyses. The utility of the scales is illustrated by an analysis of voting in the 1977 Federal election.
The Effects of Personal Income Taxation on Income Inequality in Australia
Authors: Alchin Terry
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to show that the progressive income tax system in Australia is redistributing income towards those recipients in the lower quintiles. This distribution has been occurring over the thirty year study but has been dramatically expanded over the last six years by some of the changes to the income taxation system, for example, the introduction of a rebate system to replace the deduction system. Recommendations are presented here that a more progressive system would redistribute more income and reallocate the income into those areas where it will have most benefit. This may be accomplished by changing marginal rates of tax or increasing the number of taxation steps in the scale.
The 'Work Ethic', Non-Work and Leisure in an Age of Automation
Authors: Williams Claire
Published: March 2007

This article examines the attachment to the 'work ethic' and the potential for increased leisure in the face of the promise of micro processor and microelectronic technology and situates it within the history, nature and meaning of paid work in western capitalist societies. In a world of steadily shrinking employment, a strong adherence on the part of the young to the 'work ethic' is noted. Drawing upon a data sample of nearly 1,000 Telecom employees in Queensland, the attachment of technicians to paid work is assessed. As highly skilled workers they are found to be intensely bound to paid work except for those aged 51-60. An interest in early voluntary retirement is also present amongst those over 40. The young and the older age groups are preparing to bear the brunt of dwindling opportunities for paid employment. Just as adherence to the 'work ethic' is strong, so concepts of leisure are inappropriate for the kind of society which lies ahead.
Successful and Unsuccessful Schools: A Study in Southern Auckland
Authors: Ramsay Peter , Sneddon David , Grenfell June , Ford Ivan
Published: March 2007

A central question within the 'new' sociology of knowledge is whether schools act as agencies of transformation or reproduction. Allied to this question is the skeptical claim that schools do not make dramatic differences to children's behaviour, performance, or attitudes in any case. The present ethnographic, grounded theory study, which was located in working class, predominantly Polynesian schools, focusses on these two points and argues that 'successful' schools, through much modified curriculum content, through changed pedagogical techniques and through alternative organisational styles, were endeavouring to effect transformations. However, by contrast, 'unsuccessful' schools were aiming at reproducing existing structures within the community. The researchers argue that their study provides support for some of the major writers in the field, but as well caution that some writers may be overstating their cases (e.g., Anyon, 1981). The researchers are also critical of Rutter and his colleagues' (1979) work primarily because of their failure to treat curriculum content as problematical. They conclude by suggesting that the key questions which face communities like New Zealand remain within the processes elites use to legitimate and to give status to certain forms of knowledge.
Patterns of Regional Social Differences in New Zealand
Authors: Crothers Charles
Published: March 2007

Using data from the 1981 New Zealand Census on Local Government Regions (L.G.R.), this paper analyses social differences between New Zealand's L.G.Rs. It also considers travel literature on New Zealand to see whether regional cultures exist. The major conclusion is that, while certain social differences are apparent between regions, it cannot be argued that these are marked.
The Effects of Unemployment on Political Attitude
Authors: Clark Alfred W.
Published: March 2007

A replication and extension of a previous study found that unemployed youths reported an attitude favouring direct political activity and lawlessness to a greater extent than their employed counterparts. It was also found that their attitude was associated with the attitude they attributed to their parents and friends.
Single-Sex Schooling and Girls' Academic Achievements
Authors: Carpenter Peter
Published: March 2007

The issue of the possible contribution of single-sex schools to girls' academic achievements is part of an historical debate about relations between the sexes within the education system and of immediate topical importance to policy makers in the educational sphere. The present paper examines the relationships between the social origins of girls, their views of their own abilities, their high school curricula, their teachers' encouragement and their actual academic achievements within both single-sex and mixed high schools. This examination is based upon a sample of 1286 Queensland Grade 12 students attending different types of schools. Complex patterns of relationships among these variables are found which appear to operate differently in each school type. Of par ticular interest is the impact of a working mother upon her daughter's achievements within different types of schools.
The Concept of Authenticity in Tourist Experiences
Authors: Pearce Philip L. , Moscardo Gianna M.
Published: March 2007

The major emphasis in this article is the development of the authen ticity concept in tourist experiences. It is argued that the original form of the authenticity notion, which was proposed by Heidegger, has been only partially employed in the work of tourist researchers. The major development of the authenticity concept in the tourist literature is shown to be that of MacCannell who proposed, using Goffman's stage approach, that all tourists seek authenticity but are frustrated in their attempts because of the creation of frontstage, inauthentic environments. In another addition to the authenticity notion Cohen argued that some tourists perceive the inauthenticity of their settings. The elaboration of the authenticity concept offered in this paper highlights the need to define authenticity of both actors and their settings when appraising a tourist scene. Cohen's emphasis on tourists' ability to perceive authenticity and inauthen ticity is included as an important element in the framework outlined. Accurate and inaccurate perceptions of authenticity, it was argued, need to be considered, together with tourists' preference levels for authenticity, in order to explain tourist satisfaction. Some research possibilities generated by this framework included the study of tourist satisfaction, and the social status and identity con cerns inherent in tourists' social behaviour.
Sociology as an Academic Trade: Some Reflections on Centre and Periphery in the Sociology Market
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: March 2007

Sociology is a professional calling but, given the sociological struc ture of the academic market-place, we are forced to live it as a trade. Given a highly competitive struggle within the market, sociologists in search of employment and prestige are forced to innovate in order to secure clients and audiences. These market-determined innova tions lead to endless changes in paradigms and perspectives which give sociology, as an institution, the appearance of perpetual crisis. These crises are intensified at the periphery of the global market and thus the struggle for clients in Australian sociology is especially intense. These waves of fashion have obscured the real and central tradition of sociology which is the call to comprehend the nature of modern consciousness and the restraints which limit human potentialities.
Leisure and Social Inequality in Australia
Authors: McKay Jim
Published: March 2007

Secondary analysis of a national survey was used to investigate the 'democratisation of leisure' in Australia. Contrary to the democratisation thesis, which suggests that leisure has mainly become a matter of'individual taste', the study revealed that leisure patterns were associated with age, gender, education, income and marital status. It was concluded that contemporary welfare state policies which are designed to change people's attitudes toward 'lifestyle' do nothing to alter structural factors that shape people's leisure behaviour. It is argued that unless structural inequalities are reduced or eliminated, it is unlikely that leisure patterns in Australia will become democratic.
The Impact of Education on the Will to Redress the Feminisation of Poverty in Australia1
Authors: Grichting Wolfgang L.
Published: March 2007

Education is commonly portrayed in liberal democracies as a source of enlightenment and support for liberal social policy. If that is true, how does education affect views about the feminisation of poverty? Jackman and Muha (1984) concluded that 'the well educated (in the USA) are but one step ahead of their peers in developing a defense of their interests that rests on qualification, individualism, obfuscation and symbolic concession'.

On the basis of two national surveys of workers and leaders it is suggested that education in Australia has only minimal impact on the will to redress the feminisation of poverty. However, it is noted that the lack of any positive finding may well be the result of poor measurement and inadequate analysis of the issue under examination both in the United States and in Australia. It would appear that education is a necessary, rather than a sufficient condition for the production of more enlightened attitudes concerning the will to redress the feminisation of poverty in Australia.
Surveying Health — A Sociological Perspective
Authors: Broadhead Peter
Published: March 2007

There is a commonly held assumption that health interview surveys attempt to measure the same health status construct as clinical examinations. This assumption is most obviously manifested in validity studies which compare the results of health interview surveys with either clinical examinations or medical records. As a consequence they have found that the morbidity indicators used in the surveys are of minimal validity. This article argues that the assumption is mistaken. The concept of perceived morbidity is briefly examined as a step towards a solution to these difficulties and then a more comprehensive framework for the consideration of morbidity is proposed. The article concludes by briefly demonstrating the possibilities for analysis of the relationship between perceived morbidity and consequent behaviour arising from the application of the framework to data taken from the Australian Health Survey, 1977-78.
Community, Mosque and Ethnic Politics
Authors: Humphrey Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the role of religion in organising a Lebanese Muslim community in Sydney. In particular it looks at the role of the mosque and its relationship to other Lebanese and Islamic organisations in Australia. The analysis centres on the issue of mosque leadership and the politics of appointment of Imams. The conflict over mosque leadership has drawn a culturally and politically isolated community into mainstream political and legal processes in Australia and enhanced the position of the mosque as the central community organisation in the Lebanese Sunni community.

The paper argues that the study of immigrant politics has tended to ignore the significance of immigrant culture and organisation in the incorporation of immigrants into Australian social and political structures in favour of studying their participation in trade union and party politics. An attempt is made here to look at the role of immigrant culture and organisation in seeking to define spheres of social and political autonomy outside the workplace, and the way the state seeks to intervene in local community politics to limit that autonomy.
The Relations between Capital and Landed Property: A Reply to Fairweather
Authors: McMichael Philip
Published: March 2007

This essay concerns the status of explanations of social change raised by John Fairweather's discussion of settler colonial development in New Zealand (1985). He opposes his own 'internalist' theory of the organisational dynamic of capital investment in pastoral economy, to an 'externalist' perspective he attributes to me, among others, characterised as 'class-based explanations of changes in agriculture' (1985, 238). What I attempt is to critique Fairweather's organisational focus as economistic and governed by a belief in technical rationality. I also respond to his caricature of my argument by restating it and examining why his own epistemology produces caricature. His 'internalist'/'externalist' dichotomy of explanations reveals the limits of an undialectical materialist analysis of the arrangement of factors of production. Thus he claims that 'the key to explanation of colonial development is the role of land and capital in pastoral capitalism' (Fairweather, 1985, 238).
Television and Audience Activity: The Problem of the Television/Viewer Nexus in Audience Research
Authors: Crook Stephen
Published: March 2007

It is argued that an approach to the study of the tele vision/viewer nexus is required which focuses on the social activity of audiences. Approaches to the study of audiences within the traditions of 'Uses and Gratifications' research and 'Cultural Studies' are critically examined and argued not to provide the required focus. It is suggested that a reorientation of audience research towards the problem of activity can draw on resources from ethnomethodology to contest the image of the television/viewer nexus as a privileged 'place'. The possi bilities for reoriented research are illustrated through brief discussions of 'positioning', 'evaluation' and 'entitlement'.
Reconceptualising the Dominant Ideology Debate: An Australian Case Study
Authors: Chant David , Knight John , Smith Richard
Published: March 2007

This paper argues for a discourse theoretical re-evaluation of the dominant ideology debate. Drawing on the findings of a 1986 survey on themes and issues from text by right-wing groups and parties, it examines the degree to which New Right agendas are acceptable in Australia and accepted by whom. Such agendas are shown to be widely accessible and acceptable in varying degrees to a majority of the sample. This appears to extend across structural positions such as 'class'. Concerns about the Australian moral, social and economic order and national identity are seen as constituting the discursive terrain upon which hegemony is contested by opposing forces. While there are multiple possibilities for alternative constructions and resistance to specific imperatives, the New Right appears to be dominant. Its cobbling together of issues of lifestyle, national identity, reformist programs and economics consti tutes what might be referred to as a dominant ideology. Put another way, subjects are seen as drawing upon and being shaped by the discursive resources available to them in their interaction in concrete social situations. Thus while as a dom inant discourse the New Right is negotiated and contested by social actors, it may also be seen as a socially educative insti tution which offers a'commonsensical' knowledge position for subjects and structured positions of dominance and subordina tion. The paper concludes with a brief review of possibilities for change.
Medical Discourse on Contemporary Nurse Education: An Ideological Analysis
Authors: Hazelton Michael
Published: March 2007

Recent changes in nurse education in Australia have prompted serious objections from the medical profession. While medical opposition to changes in the organisation of nurse education is not new, the current attacks are of particular interest in that the 'nursing problem' is being viewed by doctors as part of the wider malady of public health care provision in Australia. This paper identifies the semantic domains of this medical discourse on contemporary nurse education and analyses how these seek to reinforce popular images of nursing. The preferred meanings within this discourse, it will be argued, perform an ideological function in attempting to shape public agendas on nurse education in ways that sustain the traditional subordination of nursing to medicine.
Conjectures about Public Opinion and the Australian Welfare State
Authors: Papadakis Elim
Published: March 2007

The recent development of the Australian welfare state is often characterised by writers on social policy as heavily influenced by a tax revolt, by welfare backlash, by a fiscal and legitimation crisis and by the privatisation of services. This paper argues that although writers on public opinion and the welfare state have pointed to significant changes both in politics and the economy, they have often misinterpreted the nature of support for the welfare state in Australia. Above all, in response to the challenge by the New Right, they have overstated the shift away from a commitment both by policy makers and by most of the public to collective provision for income maintenance, health and education. I would argue that the New Right, in so far as it can be identified as a major proponent of radical reform of the welfare state, has exercised a decisive influence on intellectual debates rather than on public attitudes and public policy. These intellectual debates tend to underestimate the significance of institutional and historical factors that continue to shape the development of the Australian welfare state.
The Business of Sex: Australian Government and the Sex Industry
Authors: Sullivan Barbara
Published: March 2007

The expansion of the sex industry over the last three decades has been met by a range of political strategies and responses. This paper examines some of the concerns that have been taken up by Aus tralian parliaments in relation to the trade in both pornography and prostitution. It identifies several important discursive shifts in the postwar period around the figure of the prostitute, the client of prostitution services and the consumer of pornography. While the consumption of pornography has increasingly been regarded by Australian parliaments as a private and legitimate activity for adults, the prostitution industry has become the object of a new patholog ising discourse. For the first time in Australian culture, both pros titutes and their clients have been located as sexually problematic. Since the early 1960s, therefore, the prostitution trade, unlike the pornography trade, has become subject to increasing legal surveil lance and criminalisation. Some of the implications and conse quences of these trends are examined within the broad context of sexual politics in Australian society and government.
Positively Experienced Man/Boy Sex: The Discourse of Seduction and the Social Construction of Masculinity
Authors: Leahy Terry
Published: March 2007

Homosexuality is constituted as a transgression against hege monic masculinity. In this context the discourse of seduction is one of the most common responses to voluntary man/boy sex. It is feared that the boy will be seduced into homosexuali ty. This paper analyses the interview strategies of people who were the younger parties in positively experienced man/boy sex. To some extent interviewees drew upon positions made available from within the gay community and took up a gay identity socially constructed in opposition to hegemonic mas culinity. As well, interviewees adopted aspects of the current version of hegemonic masculinity, stressing adolescence as a period in which masculine sexuality and political rights are appropriately established.
Culture, Ethnicity and the Politics/Poetics of Representation
Authors: Bottomley Gillian
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses and separates the concepts of culture and ethnicity, discussing the politics of identity and relations of power in cultural processes and forms of representation. In the light of this discussion, some aspects of music and dance are considered, including the diasporic identification suggested in Paul Gilroy's studies of black music and ele ments of Greek dance, in Greece and Australia. The empha sis here is on a logic of practice that can move beyond both essentialisms and celebratory pluralisms.
Professionalism and State Engagement: Lawyers and Legal Aid Policy in Australia in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Tomsen Stephen
Published: March 2007

Profession-state relations are usually analysed from an interventionist perspective in which the contemporary state acts as a unified and conscious subject, and threatens the autonomy of professionals by regulating and employing them. The recent history of debates and reforms to the legal aid system in Australia suggests there is a far more complex link between professional groups and sectors of the state. The legal profession has entered a phase of extended state engagement which runs parallel to major social changes and political conflict among lawyers. These changes include the rise of a new legal services segment of the profession, with its own ideal model of practice, distinct specialisation and clientele, and a new response to public agency involvement in professional matters. The greater contemporary level of engagement with the public sector has threatened the power of the traditional elites among lawyers. But it has been of overall benefit for the profession; expanding work, career prospects and control and influence over sectors of the state. These developments reflect the increasing interdependence of the Australian welfare state and groups of new middle- class professionals, and the limits to the attainment of reform program goals that can result from this.
Women Managers: The Construction of Gender in the Workplace1
Authors: Grant Jan , Porter Paige
Published: March 2007

A theory of gender must include an analysis of the interweaving of personal life and social structure. It is in this context that the complex relationship between women and work can be explored. This study integrates a number of different theoretical perspectives — primarily sociological and psychological — in an effort to describe and understand the dynamic interaction of forces in the careers and lives of women managers and professionals. It traces the ways in which the structuring of identity interacts with the sexual division of labour and the structures of power in these women's lives. The study analyses the experiences of 92 mid-career mid-life women in management and professional positions in a range of organisations. The data were gathered through both in-depth interviews and questionnaires. The major conclusions which are drawn suggest that gender in the workplace can be seen to be dynamic; it is constantly being defined and redefined, constructed and reconstructed, reproduced and resisted in the interwoven gendered regimes of workplaces and home.
Crime prevention, urban space and social exclusion
Authors: White Rob , Sutton Adam
Published: March 2007

This paper provides an evaluation of 'environmental crime prevention' from the point of view of the social impact of such approaches. The basic contention of the paper is that an understanding of the processes of inclusion and exclusion are, or should be, central to any plan which attempts to modify the environment in order to reduce or prevent crime. After a brief review of the general literature dealing with social space and the urban environment, the paper provides an extended discussion of the nature of environmental criminology, the relationship between crime prevention and social exclusion, and critical issues relating to the development of a more participatory and inclusive crime prevention strategy.

The key message of the paper is that the benefits of 'environmental crime prevention' cannot be assumed. Planning decisions, allocation of community resources, the social construction of urban space, types of local government intervention and specific methods used by police all impact upon the nature and effects of prevention. Ultimately, for 'crime' to be addressed in a meaningful and lasting manner it is necessary to go beyond episodic social initiatives and approaches which focus predominantly on reducing physical opportunities and improving techniques of control, to implement strategies which see crime and public safety as stemming first and foremost from social relationships in the community.
Structure and system in Garfinkel and Giddens
Authors: Hartland N.G.
Published: March 2007

Giddens' reintegration of sociological theory has cast a spell over many sociological theorists, particularly those who are concerned with micro-sociology. While recognising the contributions of structuration theory, this paper argues that Giddens' theoretical account of action and structure is incoherent. Paradoxically, this is because of a major achievement of structuration theory: the recognition of the constitutive role of time and space in social organisation. Drawing on Giddens' work, this paper examines the theory of action and social organisation that is implicit in ethnomethodology and argues that it is better able to accommodate the complexities of social life which structuration theory identifies but cannot analyse.
Redefining the 'church and sect' typology
Authors: Crotty Robert
Published: March 2007

Religious groups differ specifically; they also change over time, disintegrating and sometimes refinding their stability. The typology that has been used to describe this phenomenon has been the 'church and sect' typology. I argue that this typology and the criteria used to identify the constituent types are too static to be useful for the scholar studying a vibrant and developing religious tradition. However, sociologists of science have elaborated models to explain a similar situation in regard to scientific communities. The application of such theoretical work to the sociology of religion, with attention to the theory of tradition that undergirds it, allows a more dynamic description of religious group activity. A case study of early Christianity is used as an exemplar.
Distinguishing institutions and organisations in social change
Authors: Bouma Gary
Published: March 2007

There has been a renewed interest in social institutions and social change. However, most discussions of social change use the terms 'institutions' and 'organisations' almost interchangeably, while a few make a distinction which is then ignored, obscured or lost. Institutions are sets of norms which apply across a variety of specific organisations. Organisations are structures of social relationship, social actors arranged in positions and roles; usually, but not always, deliberately arranged and designed to achieve some end. Institutions provide normative environments shaping the activities of organisations. Distinguishing institutions and organisations facilitates discussion of the relationship between them, examining the different contribution each makes in social change and making cross-national comparisons. Using examples from the institutions of religion, education and patriarchy the relationship between institutions and organisations in social change is explored.
The 'nature dispositions' of visitors to animal encounter sites in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Bulbeck Chilla
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses the results of a survey of visitors to nine animal encounter sites in Australia and New Zealand to assess whether visitors' orientations to nature are related to the extent of 'naturalness' or 'authenticity' of the animal encounter A concept of 'nature dispositions' was adapted from Bourdieu's (1984) notion of aesthetic dispositions for this purpose. Visitors' nature dispositions are not simply related to the extent to which the animal encounter is authentic or wild. Rather, tourists' attitudes also reflect the messages of the sites visited, messages embedded either in the site operators' programs or in wider social constructions of animals found there. Visitors to Antarctica and Warrawong have the highest conservation orientation, reflecting the ecotourist orientation of these sites' operators. Visitors to Monkey Mia have the highest moralistic orientation, possibly reflecting the social construction of dolphins as animals with which humans have a close affinity and Monkey Mia as a site which promotes communion with dolphins.
Nursing informatics: reflections on an exploration of tutor and student perceptions
Authors: Low L.A. , Murray M.A.
Published: March 2007

The inclusion of health informatics in programmes of nursing is relatively new in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Consequently, there is a dearth of qualitative research on how students perceive nursing informatics and how it is best learned. This exercise explores these areas from the perspectives of a teacher in the subject and a student in the class. It indicates the potential for further research on the implications of teaching and learning technology in a predominantly feminized setting. Participant observation of 15 women students in a computer suite generated questions for semi-structured interviews with the teacher and student. The approach used for the exercise was participatory with a feminist perspective; an approach that proved challenging, with learning from the process becoming a significant component. The commitment to adhere to the participatory approach has resulted in this article being co- authored, with the perspectives of a participant being inserted to give readers a glimpse of some of the realities of the use of a qualitative approach to research.
A review of telematics in healthcare: evolution, challenges and caveats
Authors: Alpay L. , Heathfield H.
Published: March 2007

Telemedicine is a fast-growing field, currently at the forefront of research in healthcare informatics. In this paper, we examine the challenges faced by the advent of telemedicine and the potential impacts on healthcare. We focus on the challenges of communication and collaboration in two areas: clinical applications, and education and training. Telematics its clinical applications, and education and training in healthcare telematics, are closely inter-linked. The provision of quality training and education, both as part of the clinical curriculum and also externally to practising clinicians, will play an important role in the success of telemedicine. Conversely, the development of new telemedicine applications, particularly those that provide information or decision support, is likely to change the role and skills required of clinical practitioners and thus affect the form and content of education programmes. Much work is still necessary to understand how this can best be achieved; small-scale practical studies together with formative multi-perspective evaluation studies are important steps towards realizing these benefits.
Can general practice computer data be of use in assessing asthma service delivery and needs?
Authors: Sturdy P. , Livingstone A.E.
Published: March 2007

Objectives: To investigate the potential of general practice computer data in assessing asthma service delivery and need. To compare the epidemiology of coded asthmatics and those receiving asthma drugs with recognized patterns for asthma. To estimate asthma prevalence, preventer and reliever drug need and its possible cost in east London. Design: Descriptive study using asthma computer audits undertaken in June 1995 in five general practices selected for their interest in asthma.
(c) Bacteriological Aspects of Ice-cream, Synthetic Cream and Other Emulsified Products
Authors: Hobbs Betty C.
Published: March 2007

Details are given of food poisoning outbreaks arising from ice-cream and synthetic cream infected with organisms of the salmonella group and staphylococci. The value of bacteriological control and methods of controlling the manufacture of ice-cream is indicated, and it is suggested that far greater control should be exercised over synthetic cream. The type of sample desired, the method of sampling and the current methods in use for bacteriological examination are briefly described. The results of the grading of ice-cream by the methylene blue reduction test are summarized for the year I948-I950 and the efficiency of the tests for revealing the hygienic condition of samples is discussed.
The Hygienic Preparation of Meat Carcases
Authors: Bywater H.E.
Published: March 2007

Improvements in standards of hygiene which have been evolved in most fields of the food industry in recent years are notably absent in the preparation of carcases for human food. Indeed, methods have tended to deteriorate and gross soiling of meat occurs far too frequently.

Abattoirs are inadequate in design, capacity and equipment. There is a lack of appreciation of the principles of hygiene, both in management and slaughtering per sonnel. Slaughtermen should be required to attend courses of instruction in hygiene as applied to the meat industry.

Until a rational system of slaughtering procedure based on hygienic principles can be established, minor improvements should be introduced. High pressure sprays for washing down carcases should be installed as a matter of urgency and meanwhile chemical agents should be used to sterilize wiping cloths and washing water, the bacterial content of which may be comparable with that of sewage.
Bacteriological Standards for Perishable Foods
Authors: Rowlands Arthur
Published: March 2007

For milk and dairy products complete freedom from pathogens is the only accept able standard. To achieve this, pasteurisation or some other form of heat treatment is necessary, adequate precautions being taken to prevent subsequent reinfection of the milk. Physical checks of plant coupled with the use of the phosphatase test, rather than bacteriological methods, serve to ensure the bactericidal efficiency of heat treatment processes and the safety of milk supplies.

Bacteriological standards are desirable also to ensure milk which will keep sweet until it is utilized. For this purpose a keeping quality of twenty-four hours after delivery to the consumer may be considered a satisfactory minimum standard. At present, different modifications of the methylene blue test are in use officially for raw and pasteurised milk. In general, compliance with the standards imposed ensures a satisfactory keeping quality, but there is much to be said for a common test and standard for all milk sampled during distribution to the consumer. Direct measurement of keeping quality, using clot-on-boiling to determine the end-point, deserves serious consideration as a method for routine control purposes.

For milk to be used for processing or manufacture, a rapid test to be applied to all milk as received is the first consideration. The I0-minute reszaurin test, despite its limitations, is now in general use for this purpose. In addition, however, it is desirable to carry out tests on samples from all producers at intervals, in order to maintain their interest in milk quality and to encourage improvement where necessary.

There are no official bacteriological standards for dairy products. There is, in fact, little call for such standards, although manufacturers must, in their own interest, maintain strict bacteriological control over the quality of the raw milk and manufac turing processes. Failure to do so may lead to faults in the products which seriously impair their marketable value or make them entirely unsuitable for human consumption.
The Small Authority in the Welfare State
Authors: Vawser County Alderman G. T.
Published: March 2007

The Local Government Act of 1888 established county councils and county borough councils, and these councils continue to this day. Territorially they are very much the same as sixty-four years ago, but the duties entrusted to them then have been greatly increased from time to time by amplification and addition. The last ten years have seen the strongest challenge to the pre servation of the territorial and administrative functions of the units relatively small in population and financial power, but they survive, and, in point of fact, have become full major local authorities for the protective and welfare services required by Parliament to be provided in what has become known as the Welfare State. Four years have passed since this striking change of fortune, and this paper sets out to take stock of the general performance so far achieved and the apparent trend of public opinion in favour of tried local government. If the stocktaking, by reason of the character of this occasion, is confined mainly to welfare services, there is full appreciation of the fact that there are other fields of onerous importance in which Parliament has also turned to the same major local authorities for the administrative services required.