bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Winter Jujube Object Detection Based on Optimized Yolov5s
Authors: Feng Junzhe , Yu Chenhao , Shi Xiaoyi , Zheng Zhouzhou , Yang Liangliang , Hu Yaohua
Published: March 2023

Winter jujube is a popular fresh fruit in China for its high vitamin C nutritional value and delicious taste. In terms of winter jujube object detection, in machine learning research, small size jujube fruits could not be detected with a high accuracy. Moreover, in deep learning research, due to the large model size of the network and slow detection speed, deployment in embedded devices is limited. In this study, an improved Yolov5s (You Only Look Once version 5 small model) algorithm was proposed in order to achieve quick and precise detection. In the improved Yolov5s algorithm, we decreased the model size and network parameters by reducing the backbone network size of Yolov5s to improve the detection speed. Yolov5s’s neck was replaced with slim-neck, which uses Ghost-Shuffle Convolution (GSConv) and one-time aggregation cross stage partial network module (VoV-GSCSP) to lessen computational and network complexity while maintaining adequate accuracy. Finally, knowledge distillation was used to optimize the improved Yolov5s model to increase generalization and boost overall performance. Experimental results showed that the accuracy of the optimized Yolov5s model outperformed Yolov5s in terms of occlusion and small target fruit discrimination, as well as overall performance. Compared to Yolov5s, the Precision, Recall, mAP (mean average Precision), and F1 values of the optimized Yolov5s model were increased by 4.70%, 1.30%, 1.90%, and 2.90%, respectively. The Model size and Parameters were both reduced significantly by 86.09% and 88.77%, respectively. The experiment results prove that the model that was optimized from Yolov5s can provide a real time and high accuracy small winter jujube fruit detection method for robot harvesting.
Effect of Controlling Light on Cashmere Growth and Harmful Gas Parameters in Shanbei White Cashmere Goats
Authors: Cui Wenyuan , Lin Changlong , Liu Yuyang , Qiu Zhixin , Gao Wenrui , Wang Chunxin , Chen Yulin , Yang Yuxin
Published: March 2023

The quality and yield of cashmere closely affect the economic benefits of cashmere goat farming. Studies have shown that controlling light can have an important impact on cashmere but can also affect the concentration of harmful gases. In order to explore the impact of a short photoperiod on the growth of cashmere and harmful gases in goat houses, 130 female (non-pregnant) Shanbei white cashmere goats, aged 4–5 years with similar body weights, were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group, with 65 goats in each group. The dietary nutrition levels of the experimental goats were the same, and completely natural light was used in the control group; the light control group received light for 7 h every day (9:30–16:30), and the rest of the time (16:30–9:30 the next day) they did not receive light. The light control treatment was carried out in a control house, and the gas content was analyzed. It was found that a shortened period of light exposure could increase the annual average cashmere production by 34.5%. The content of each gas has a certain functional relationship with the measurement time period, but at the same time, we found that the content of NH3 also changes seasonally. In summary, the use of shortened light periods when raising cashmere goats can significantly increase cashmere production and quality, but at the same time, it will increase the concentration of harmful gases in the goat barn, and ventilation should be increased to ensure the health of the goats and the air quality in the barn.
Antimicrobial Growth Promoters Altered the Function but Not the Structure of Enteric Bacterial Communities in Broiler Chicks ± Microbiota Transplantation
Authors: Hodak Colten R. , Bescucci Danisa M. , Shamash Karen , Kelly Laisa C. , Montina Tony , Savage Paul B. , Inglis G. Douglas
Published: March 2023

Non-antibiotic alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) are required, and understanding the mode of action of AGPs may facilitate the development of effective alternatives. The temporal impact of the conventional antibiotic AGP, virginiamycin, and an AGP alternative, ceragenin (CSA-44), on the structure and function of the broiler chicken cecal microbiota was determined using next-generation sequencing and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)-based metabolomics. To elucidate the impact of enteric bacterial diversity, oral transplantation (±) of cecal digesta into 1-day-old chicks was conducted. Microbiota transplantation resulted in the establishment of a highly diverse cecal microbiota in recipient chicks that did not change between day 10 and day 15 post-hatch. Neither virginiamycin nor CSA-44 influenced feed consumption, weight gain, or feed conversion ratio, and did not affect the structure of the cecal microbiota in chicks possessing a low or high diversity enteric microbiota. However, metabolomic analysis of the cecal contents showed that the metabolome of cecal digesta was affected in birds administered virginiamycin and CSA-44 as a function of bacterial community diversity. As revealed by metabolomics, glycolysis-related metabolites and amino acid synthesis pathways were impacted by virginiamycin and CSA-44. Thus, the administration of AGPs did not influence bacterial community structure but did alter the function of enteric bacterial communities. Hence, alterations to the functioning of the enteric microbiota in chickens may be the mechanism by which AGPs impart beneficial health benefits, and this possibility should be examined in future research.
Towards a Futureproof Zoo
Authors: Keulartz Jozef
Published: March 2023

To develop an adequate ethical framework for a futureproof zoo, we have to employ what I would call a ‘bifocal’ view, in which zoo animals are seen simultaneously as individuals in need of specific care and as members of a species in need of protection. From such a bifocal view, the zoo’s policy should aim to strike a fair, morally acceptable balance between its effort to ensure the welfare of individual animals and its obligation to contribute to species conservation. I will argue that the prospects of the zoo to achieve such a balance are promising. Since early 21st century, zoos have made serious and sustained efforts to ensure and enhance animal welfare. The zoo’s huge animal welfare concerns are reflected in the development of animal enrichment programs and the increased use of training technics. At the same time, the zoo’s contribution to species conservation has also improved considerably. Zoos have found solutions for the problems created by their lack of space, such as innovative enclosure designs, specialization, regional and global cooperation, the interactive exchange of in situ and ex situ populations, and the shift away from large charismatic mammals towards smaller species. Zoos have also improved their conservation performance by broadening their conservationist role to include research, training, education, awareness campaigns, and direct financial and technical support for in situ projects. I will occasionally illustrate certain developments using examples drawn from ARTIS Zoo, the fifth oldest zoo in the world, located in the centre of my hometown Amsterdam.
Prevalence of Chronic Progressive Lymphedema in the Rhenish German Draught Horse
Authors: Sievers Johanna , Distl Ottmar
Published: March 2023

Chronic progressive lymphedema (CPL) is a common disease in Rhenisch German draught horses. The objective of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of this disease and its progression with age in 493 Rhenish German draught horses from different regions in Germany. We employed generalized linear models with binomial, multinomial, and normal distributions to analyse the effects of breeding association, coat colour, sex and age within sex, time of examination, limb on which CPL was recorded, and farm-related factors on disease scores. The occurrence and severity of CPL were significantly influenced by breeding area, sex, coat colour, and interaction of age by sex. Males had significantly higher CPL-scores than geldings (1.92-fold) and females (5.02-fold) as well as a faster (1.85-fold) disease progression per year of life than females (1.44-fold) and geldings (1.25-fold). Regression on age within sex was still significant when age was restricted to a minimum of 7 years in the analysis. Bay horses exhibited 1.77-fold and 2.19-fold higher CPL-scores than chestnut and black horses. Keeping horses on pasture and keeping bedding clean reduced CPL-scores, whereas feeding of hay silage and concentrates during winter increased CPL-scores. Our analysis revealed significant regression coefficients of cannon bone circumference on CPL-scores. Relationships with hoof measures and skinfold diameter at the neck were not found. In conclusion, differences among breeding districts and sexes by age had the largest impact on CPL prevalence and scores. Disease progression was evident up to a mean age of 16 years in males and 20 years in females. The identification of risk factors and their effects on CPL should help to reduce the occurrence and progression of CPL.
Influence of Dietary Phytase Inclusion Rates on Yolk Inositol Concentration, Hatchability, Chick Quality, and Early Growth Performance
Authors: Granghelli Carlos Alexandre , Walk Carrie Louise , Gomes Gilson Alexandre , Santos Tiago Tedeschi dos , Pelissari Paulo Henrique , Leite Brunna Garcia de Souza , Roque Fabricia Arruda , Lopes Mário Henrique Scapin , Araujo Lúcio Francelino , Araujo Cristiane Soares da Silva
Published: March 2023

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of dietary phytase in breeder hens on yolk nutrients, hatchability, chick quality, and growth rate of their progeny, and their subsequent performance to 42 d post-hatch when fed diets with the same phytase concentrations. Breeder hens (n = 216) were divided into 3 groups receiving nutrient-adequate diets with reduced calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) (by 0.16% and 0.15%, respectively), supplemented with either 500, 1500, or 4500 FTU/kg phytase from 27 to 50 weeks of age. Eggs were collected at 38 weeks of age and incubated. On the day of hatch, the chick quality and hatchability were determined, and 18 chicks/group were euthanized for yolk sac collection and the determination of inositol and glycerol concentrations. The remaining chicks were divided into three groups, receiving different diets with reduced Ca and P (by 0.16% and 0.15%, respectively), supplemented with 0, 500, or 1500 FTU/kg phytase to 42 d post-hatch. Increasing the phytase concentration in the breeder hen diet linearly (p < 0.05) increased the number of early embryo deaths and decreased the number of late deaths and pips. The inositol concentration in the yolk sac at day of hatch increased (quadratic; p < 0.05) as the phytase dose increased in the breeder hen diet. The breeder hen diet (p < 0.05) influenced the body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) up to 21 days of age. The supplementation of breeder hen diets with 1500 FTU/kg phytase increased the concentration of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in the yolk sac. The inclusion of phytase doses up to 4500 FTU/kg appeared to influence embryo mortality, chick feed intake, and BW gain to 21 days and the FCR throughout the entire production phase.
Restoration of Developmental Competence in Low-Quality Porcine Cumulus–Oocyte Complexes through the Supplementation of Sonic Hedgehog Protein during In Vitro Maturation
Authors: Jeong Pil-Soo , Kang Hyo-Gu , Song Bong-Seok , Kim Sun-Uk , Sim Bo-Woong , Lee Sanghoon
Published: March 2023

The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway is an important signaling pathway for mammalian ovarian folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. A previous study demonstrated that low-quality porcine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) have low developmental competence, with lower SHH signaling protein expression before and after in vitro maturation (IVM) than high-quality COCs. However, there is no reported evidence on the restorative effects of SHH protein supplementation during the IVM of low-quality porcine COCs. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of SHH protein supplementation on the IVM of low-quality porcine COCs, as assessed by brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) staining. To examine this, we designed four groups: (i) BCB− (low-quality), (ii) BCB− + SHH, (iii) BCB+ (high-quality), and (iv) BCB+ + SHH. While the supplementation of SHH protein with high-quality COCs had no effect, supplementation with low-quality COCs significantly improved cumulus cell expansion, metaphase II rate, and subsequent embryo development following parthenogenetic activation. Our results provide the first evidence that the low developmental competence of low-quality porcine COCs can be improved by supplementation with the SHH protein. These results indicate that an active SHH signaling pathway is required for the acquisition of developmental competence in porcine COCs.
Administration of Beta-Nerve Growth Factor during the Preovulatory Stage Improves Endocrine and Luteal Function in Dairy Heifers
Authors: Gajardo Gonzalo , Paiva Luis , Ulloa-Leal Cesar , Valderrama Ximena , López Gerardo , Carrasco Albert , Hidalgo Alejandra Isabel , Silva Mauricio E. , Palma Patricio I. , Ratto Marcelo H.
Published: March 2023

The neurotrophin beta-nerve growth factor (NGF), which is present in the semen of different mammals, elicits potent ovulatory and luteotrophic actions in llamas following systemic administration. Here, we determine if purified NGF given intramuscularly (IM) during the preovulatory stage affects the corpus luteum (CL), hormone production, endometrial gene expression, and pregnancy rate of dairy heifers. Holstein-Friesian heifers were estrus-synchronized using estradiol benzoate (EB) plus an intravaginal progesterone (P4) device (DIB). After eight days, the device was removed and cloprostenol was given IM; the next day (day 9), heifers received EB IM plus one of the following: (i) 1 mg of NGF (NGF D9 group), (ii) 1 mg of NGF 32 h after EB (NGF D10 group), or (iii) phosphate buffer saline (control group). To measure pregnancy rates, heifers were treated similarly, then artificially inseminated with sexed semen 48–52 h after DIB removal, then an ultrasound was conducted 30 days after insemination. The females given NGF along with EB (NGF D9) showed significantly higher luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations, larger CL vascular areas, and higher plasma P4 concentrations than the NGF D10 and control animals. Downregulation of the P4 receptor (PGR), and upregulation of both lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and Solute Carrier Family 6 member 14 (SLC6A14) endometrial genes, were detected in NGF D9 heifers. Furthermore, these heifers had a 10% higher pregnancy rate than the control group. We conclude that the higher P4 output, in response to the early NGF administration, led to the enhanced gene expression of transcripts related to uterine receptivity that may result in enhanced pregnancy rates.
Effects of Compound Probiotics on Cecal Microbiota and Metabolome of Swine
Authors: Li Jie , Li Hongyue , Zhou Yi , Xiang Hongwei , Lv Muze , Ruan Bo , Bo Zongyi , Shen Haixiao , Xu Fazhi , Huang Yafeng , Li Liang , Sun Pei
Published: March 2023

Complex probiotics are made from various single probiotics mixed in scientific formula. The long-term intake of different probiotics is beneficial to maintain the intestinal microecological balance, inhibiting harmful pathogenic flora and facilitating organism health. Based on the limited research on intestinal flora and related metabolites after the long-term intake of the probiotic complex, in this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were used to further investigate the effects of the probiotic complex on the intestinal flora and metabolome of pigs. The results demonstrated that the content of flora in the intestinal tract or metabolites of pigs varied greatly and was related to cellular metabolic pathways after the long-term feeding of complex probiotics. This study provides a valuable theoretical basis for farmers to raise pigs scientifically and healthily.
The Naked Neck Gene in the Domestic Chicken: A Genetic Strategy to Mitigate the Impact of Heat Stress in Poultry Production—A Review
Authors: Fernandes Elisabete , Raymundo Anabela , Martins Luisa Louro , Lordelo Madalena , de Almeida André M.
Published: March 2023

The poultry sector is one of the most important food industries in the world. Poultry production generates high-value protein products (meat and eggs) that are produced efficiently without the need for large areas. In poultry production, especially in the tropics, environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, play a major role. Heat stress (HS) causes behavioral, physical, and physiological changes in poultry, with severe financial impacts. Therefore, it is important to find strategies to minimize it. The naked neck (Na) is an autosomal, incompletely dominant gene. Compared with normal feathered birds, these animals are known for their ability to adapt, perform, and reproduce under hot and humid climate conditions. Due to the absence of feathers on the neck, these animals increase heat dissipation, alleviating adverse heat effects, especially on productive performance. Genetic improvement of heat tolerance may provide a low-cost solution, of particular interest for developing countries in the tropics. The focus of this review is to evaluate the impact of HS in poultry with a special emphasis on the advantages of using the Na gene.
Hematology, Biochemistry, and Protein Electrophoresis Reference Intervals of Western European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) from a Rehabilitation Center in Northern Portugal
Authors: Rosa Sofia , Silvestre-Ferreira Ana C. , Sargo Roberto , Silva Filipe , Queiroga Felisbina Luísa
Published: March 2023

The Western European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) can work as a bioindicator of environmental pollution and be a host for multiple zoonotic agents, making it relevant in terms of One Health studies. It is essential to deepen the knowledge on this species and calculate reference intervals (RIs) for the usual hematological and biochemical parameters. For this retrospective study (2017–2022), the archives of the Clinical Pathology Laboratory (LPC) of University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) Veterinary Teaching Hospital were analyzed. Data of hematology, clinical biochemistry, and protein electrophoresis from 37 healthy hedgehogs of the Wild Animal Rehabilitation Center at UTAD, Northern Portugal, were included. It was possible to calculate RIs for almost all of the variables in the study, using Reference Value Advisor V2.1. Moreover, sex and age effects were investigated: alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.012, higher in males); total proteins (p = 0.034, higher in adults); mean cell volume (p = 0.007) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (p = 0.010) (both higher in juveniles); and red blood cell distribution width (p = 0.021, higher in adults). Our study allowed for the first time to define RIs for a population of hedgehogs in Portugal, having a potentially relevant impact on species conservation and in the human–animal health interface.
A Study of Vibration Reduction Effects of TBM and NATM Parallel Construction Methods according to Tunnel Depth and Size
Authors: Kong Suk-Min , Byun Yoseph , Choi Sang-Il , Kim Chang-Yong , Lee Seong-Won
Published: March 2023

The new Austrian tunnelling method (NATM) and tunnel boring machine (TBM) are methods for excavating underground spaces. The NATM construction method has noise and vibration problems, and excavation using TBM has the disadvantage of high initial cost and is limited by ground conditions. A parallel TBM and NATM construction method has been developed to overcome these limitations. However, research on the TBM and NATM parallel construction method is lacking, and it is crucial to identify the applicability of the TBM and NATM parallel construction method in advance by applying it to various ground and blasting conditions. In this study, based on the vibration measurement data of the excavation site using the NATM construction method, the vibration measurement values generated when excavating the top surface using the existing NATM construction method and the TBM and NATM parallel construction methods were compared. Lastly, the vibration reduction effect of the two construction methods was analysed according to the tunnel excavation depth and tunnel size through 3D numerical analysis. As the depth of tunnel excavation increases, the vibration at the ground surface is reduced by up to 83%. In addition, as the ratio of the size of the blasting surface with NATM and the excavation surface with TBM is closer to 1.0, the vibration decreases.
Mechanical Properties of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Cemented Silty Sand: Laboratory Tests, Statistical Analysis and Microscopic Mechanism
Authors: Sun Shuang , Liu Hanbing , Shi Chenglin , Xu Lina , Sui Yongqiang
Published: March 2023

Benefiting from low cost, high tensile strength, chemical stability, and great resistance to temperature, alkaline, and acids, it is a reasonable and valuable technology to use basalt fiber (BF) as an admixture to optimize building materials. So far, the challenge is still to master the engineering performance of BF-reinforced materials, especially poor subgrade soils. To this end, this paper carried out a series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, splitting tensile strength (STS) tests, and scanning environmental microscope (SEM) tests to study the mechanical properties and microstructure mechanism of BF-reinforced subgrade cemented silty sand with different fiber contents and curing times. The aims of this research were: (i) the UCS and STS of basalt fiber reinforced uncemented silty sand (BFUSM) and basalt fiber reinforced cemented silty sand (BFCSM) both increased with the increase of curing time and the strength reached the maximum value after curing for 28 days; (ii) the optimal fiber content was 0.2%, and a good linear correlation existed between UCS and STS; (iii) from the microscopic point of view, the combination of BF and cement could combine the physical action of fiber reinforcement and the chemical action of cement hydration reaction to form a fiber-cement-soil skeleton structure to improve the strength of silty sand and the improvement effect after working together was better than separately incorporated BF or cement; and (iv) the corresponding developed multiple nonlinear regression (MNLR) models which can well predict UCS and STS of BFUSM and BFCSM were established.
A Quantitative Approach of Generating Challenging Testing Scenarios Based on Functional Safety Standard
Authors: Meng Kang , Zhou Rui , Li Zhiheng , Zhang Kai
Published: March 2023

With the rapid development of intelligent vehicle safety verification, scenario-based testing methods have received increasing attention. As the space of driving scenarios is vast, the challenge in scenario-based testing is the generation and selection of high-value testing scenarios to reduce the development and validation time. This paper proposes a method for generating challenging test scenarios. Our method quantifies the challenges in these scenarios by estimating the risks based on ISO 26262. We formulate the problem as a Markov decision process and quantify the challenges in the current state using the three risk factors provided in ISO 26262: exposure, severity, and controllability. We then employ reinforcement learning algorithms to identify the challenges and use the state–action value matrix to select motions for a background vehicle to generate critical scenarios. The effectiveness of the approach is validated by testing the generated challenge scenarios using a simulation model. The results show that our method can ensure both accuracy and coverage, and the larger the state space is, the more accident-prone the generated scenarios are. Our proposed method is general and easily adaptable to other cases.
Research on the Prediction of Operator Users’ Number Portability Based on Community Detection
Authors: Chen Ruixia , Liang Binmei
Published: March 2023

In 2019, China introduced a policy on Number Portability Management, which has resulted in a rapid increase in the number of lost users among telecom companies. Telecom companies must urgently distinguish those with a tendency toward number portability. However, existing prediction research lacks the input of temporal variations in user data and the graph-based analysis of user relationship characteristics, resulting in a poor prediction effect. In this paper, a neural-network-based approach has been applied to address the limitation, whereby user data do not feature temporal variation. Furthermore, innovative approaches have been proposed to construct multilayer community networks through users’ geographic attributes and to analyze community networks with a network embedding method based on the matrix factorization framework. This fills a gap in existing research areas, whereby the geographic attributes of users have not received much attention. Considering the extensive inputs and multiple features of the predicted attributes, in this paper, the strengths and weaknesses of three feature selection methods are compared, as well as the prediction accuracy of each of the five prediction models. Finally, the embedded feature selection method, deep neural network model, and the Light GBM model are shown to provide better results. After introducing the user community network, it was found that the prediction evaluation indicators of both the deep neural network model and the Light GBM model are improved.
False Alarm Reduction Method for Weakness Static Analysis Using BERT Model
Authors: Nguyen Dinh Huong , Seo Aria , Nnamdi Nnubia Pascal , Son Yunsik
Published: March 2023

In the era of the fourth Industrial Revolution, software has recently been applied in many fields. As the size and complexity of software increase, security attack problems continue to arise owing to potential software defects, resulting in significant social losses. To reduce software defects, a secure software development life cycle (SDLC) should be systematically developed and managed. In particular, a software weakness analyzer that uses a static analysis tool to check software weaknesses at the time of development is a very effective tool for solving software weaknesses. However, because numerous false alarms can be reported even when they are not real weaknesses, programmers and reviewers must review them, resulting in a decrease in the productivity of development. In this study, we present a system that uses the BERT model to determine the reliability of the weakness analysis results generated by the static analysis tool and to reduce false alarms by reclassifying the derived results into a decision tree model. Thus, it is possible to maintain the advantages of static analysis tools and increase productivity by reducing the cost of program development and the review process.
Photovoltaic Power-Stealing Identification Method Based on Similar-Day Clustering and QRLSTM Interval Prediction
Authors: Peng Shurong , Guo Lijuan , Li Bin , Lu Shuang , Chen Huixia , Su Sheng
Published: March 2023

In order to defraud state subsidies, some unscrupulous users use improper means to steal photovoltaic (PV) power. This behavior brings potential safety hazards to photovoltaic grid-connected operations. In this paper, a photovoltaic power-stealing identification method based on similar-day clustering and interval prediction of the quantile regression model for long short-term memory neural network (QRLSTM) is proposed. First, photovoltaic data are clustered into three similar days by the similar-day clustering according to weather conditions. Second, compared with the quantile regression neural network (QRNN) prediction method, the good prediction performance of the QRLSTM method is illustrated. Third, using the prediction intervals with different confidence levels on three similar days, according to the time scale (short-term, medium-term and long-term) combined with different electricity-stealing judgment indicators, a three-layer photovoltaic power-stealing screening framework is constructed, and the degree of user power stealing is qualitatively analyzed. Last, the power generation data of eight photovoltaic users in a certain region of northwest China and the data of four groups of artificially constructed power-stealing users are used as an example for simulation. The simulation results prove the feasibility of the proposed method in this paper.
Application of Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Purity Detection of Hybrid Maize
Authors: Xue Hang , Yang Yang , Xu Xiping , Zhang Ning , Lv Yaowen
Published: March 2023

Seed purity has an important impact on the yield and quality of maize. Studying the spectral characteristics of hybrid maize and exploring the rapid and non-destructive detection method of seed purity are conducive to the development of maize seed breeding and planting industry. The near-infrared spectral data of five hybrid maize seeds were collected in the laboratory. After eliminating the obvious noises, the multiple scattering correction (MSC) was applied to pretreat the spectra. PLS-DA, KNN, NB, RF, SVM-Linear, SVM-Polynomial, SVM-RBF, and SVM-Sigmaid were used as pattern recognition methods to classify five different types of maize seeds. The recognition accuracy of the models established by different algorithms was 84.4%, 97.6, 100%, 96.4, 99.2%, 100%, 98.4%, and 91.2%, respectively. The results indicated that hyperspectral imaging technology could be used for variety classification and the purity detection of maize seeds. To improve the calculation speed, using the principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimension of hyperspectral data, we then established classification models based on characteristic wavelengths. The recognition accuracy of the models established by different algorithms was 80.8%, 86.8%, 98%, 94%, 96.8%, 98.4%, 94.4%, and 88.2%, respectively. The results showed that the selected sensitive wavelengths could be used to detect the purity of maize seeds. The overall results indicated that it was feasible to use near-infrared hyperspectral imaging technology for the variety identification and purity detection of maize seeds. This study also provides a new method for rapid and non-destructive detection of seed purity.
Influence of Masonry Infills on Seismic Performance of an Existing RC Building Retrofitted by Means of FPS Devices
Authors: Gino Diego , Miceli Elena , Giordano Luca , Marano Giuseppe Carlo , Castaldo Paolo
Published: March 2023

The safety assessment of existing structures in areas with a relevant seismic hazard is one of the major topics for engineers since many existing reinforced concrete structures have been realized disregarding seismic design with minimal details with respect to present practice. In this context, seismic assessment is a primary issue in order to identify the best retrofitting solution with the aim of enhancing the efficiency of existing buildings. In recent years, with the aim to enhance the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) structures (with particular care to existing ones), the system of seismic isolation adopting friction pendulum (FPS) devices proved to be among the most diffuse and effective solutions. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of the refurbishment using FPS with single concavity devices on the performance of one irregular existing RC building placed in a highly seismic area of central Italy. First, the geometric and material characteristics of the building have been determined within the approach based on the “knowledge levels”. Second, a suitable numerical model based on a fiber-modeling approach has been established using SAP2000, including relevant mechanical non-linearities. Then, a set of 21 natural seismic inputs, inclusive of 3 accelerations over vertical and horizontal directions, was adopted with the aim of performing non-linear (NL) dynamic simulations. The NL dynamic simulations have been performed considering the structural system, both inclusive and not inclusive of the FPS isolator devices. The influence of the actual distribution of infill masonry panels on the overall behavior of the structure has also been evaluated in both of the cases mentioned above. Finally, the outcomes deriving from the NL dynamic simulations were helpful in assessing the advantages of the intervention of retrofitting to improve the seismic performance of the building, highlighting the influence of masonry infills.
Prevalence and Clinical Consideration of Anatomical Variants of the Splenic Artery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Valenzuela-Fuenzalida Juan José , Martínez-Hernández Daniela , Pérez-Jiménez Daniela , Baeza Pablo Nova , Becerra-Farfan Álvaro , Orellana-Donoso Mathias , Mejias Alejandro Bruna , Syed Qareen Hania , Luengo Macarena Rodriguez , Iwanaga Joe
Published: March 2023

Background: The spleen is the largest secondary immune organ in the body. Knowledge regarding the normal splenic vascular anatomy and its anatomical variants is crucial in the medical practice of surgeons and radiologists and is useful for diagnostic evaluations and the guidance of various surgical procedures. Hence, in this research, we aim to characterize the behavior of the lineal or splenic artery in humans from an anatomoclinical point of view. Methods: A systematic search was carried out in electronic databases to compile the available literature on the research subject. Searches were undertaken in the following databases: Medline, Scielo, Wos, Cinahl, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search terms were “Splenic artery”, “Splenic vascularization”, “Anatomical variations’’, “Splenic organ”, and “Clinical anatomy”. Results: From the 35 studies included in this review, clinical correlations of anatomical variations in the splenic artery with surgical procedures in the abdominal region were reported in 8 studies. These correlations are mainly associated with surgical procedures for the pancreas, liver, stomach, and bile ducts through imaging of the spleen. To verify our conclusions, the risk of bias of the anatomical studies was measured using the AQUA checklist. Conclusions: Recognition of the usual anatomy and anatomical variants of the splenic artery is crucial for both morphology professionals and clinicians addressing the abdominal region and its vascular components. In this review, we determined that the splenic artery could present a variation in its origin or entry into the splenic hilum, which could mean that in any abdominal intervention there may be complications if the splenic artery variation is overlooked. More anatomic clinical studies considering this variation in both diagnostic and surgical processes are suggested for further investigations.
Antiviral Efficacy of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma against Hepatitis A Virus in Fresh Oyster Using PMA/RT-qPCR
Authors: Song Min Gyu , Kim Ji Yoon , Jeon Eun Bi , Kim So Hee , Heu Min Soo , Lee Jung-Suck , Kim Jin-Soo , Park Shin Young
Published: March 2023

The hepatitis A virus (HAV), which can be a threat to humans, can be found in oysters. Oysters need sterilization technology that does not cause quality changes because they are eaten raw. Therefore, in this study, antiviral effects and quality changes were conducted using dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP). Total titers of non-PMA- and PMA-treated suspensions of HAV were reduced to 0.20–1.05 and 0.35–1.49 log10 copies/μL, respectively, after DBDP 10–60 min treatment. HAV titers on oysters were reduced to 0.20–1.11 and 0.33–1.33 log10 copies/μL, respectively, after identical an DBDP treatment of the non-PMA- and PMA-treated oysters. The HAV titers were revealed as 0.295 (=[0.25 for 30 min + 0.34 for 60 min]/2) and 0.22 (for 60 min) log10-reduction in PMA-treated suspensions and oysters, respectively, compared with the non-PMA-treated suspensions and oysters. The D1 of DBDP in PMA-treated suspensions and oysters were 39.99 and 46.73 min, respectively. There was no difference in the pH of oysters after DBDP treatment compared to the non-treated control. There were some changes in the hardness of the DBDP-treated oysters, which was due to oyster individual differences rather than the DBDP treatment. In conclusion, DBDP treatment did not affect oyster quality and PMA was able to distinguish HAV infectivity.
Prediction and Classification of User Activities Using Machine Learning Models from Location-Based Social Network Data
Authors: Khan Naimat Ullah , Wan Wanggen , Riaz Rabia , Jiang Shuitao , Wang Xuzhi
Published: March 2023

The current research has aimed to investigate and develop machine-learning approaches by using the data in the dataset to be applied to classify location-based social network data and predict user activities based on the nature of various locations (such as entertainment). The analysis of user activities and behavior from location-based social network data is often based on venue types, which require the input of data into various categories. This has previously been done through a tedious and time-consuming manual method. Therefore, we proposed a novel approach of using machine-learning models to extract these venue categories. In this study, we used a Weibo dataset as the main source of research and analyzed machine-learning methods for more efficient implementation. We proposed four models based on well-known machine-learning techniques, including the generalized linear model, logistic regression, deep learning, and gradient-boosted trees. We designed, tested, and evaluated these models. We then used various assessment metrics, such as the Receiver Operating Characteristic or Area Under the Curve, Accuracy, Recall, Precision, F-score, and Sensitivity, to show how well these methods performed. We discovered that the proposed machine-learning models are capable of accurately classifying the data, with deep learning outperforming the other models with 99% accuracy, followed by gradient-boosted tree with 98% and 93%, generalized linear model with 90% and 85%, and logistic regression with 86% and 91%, for multiclass distributions and single class predictions, respectively. We classified the data using our machine-learning models into the 10 classes we used in our previous study and predicted tourist destinations among the data to demonstrate the effectiveness of using machine learning for location-based social network data analysis, which is vital for the development of smart city environments in the current technological era.
Analysis of Internal Forces and Deformation for a Single Pile in Layered Soil Based on the p-y Curve Method
Authors: Wei Limin , Wang Junpeng , Zhai Shun , He Qun
Published: March 2023

The p-y curve method can be used to describe the stress–strain relationship of soil under elastic, elastoplastic, and plastic states, and is more accurate than other methods in dealing with the nonlinearity of pile–soil interaction. However, the p-y curve method also has several limitations. First, when constructing the p-y curve, undrained shear strength Cu is taken to be constant, and the diversity of soil layers around the pile side are also not considered. Second, in the analysis of the internal forces and deformation of the pile, the influence of the vertical load from the top of the pile and the self-weight of the pile, are both ignored. Third, in the analysis of internal forces and deformation, the pile side soil is set equivalent to a homogeneous soil layer, and the layering of the soil is not considered at all. In order to study the nonlinear problem of internal forces and deformation of a single pile in layered soil in greater detail, this paper analyzes a calculation model based on Wang’s calculation model, and compares several commonly used p-y curve calculation models. An internal force and deformation analysis model for a laterally loaded single pile, that explicitly considers the second-order effect is then established, by considering the differences between p-y curves of different soil types, as well as the change in Cu with depth. The differential equation of pile deflection for a single pile in layered soil is also presented, together with the corresponding finite differential solution algorithm program. This model was validated using a horizontal load test of a pile, and comparison of the calculated results with the measured results shows that the method outperforms existing p-y curve methods for deformation and internal force analysis of horizontally loaded piles.
Performance Analysis of a PEMFC-Based Grid-Connected Distributed Generation System
Authors: Akpolat Alper Nabi , Dursun Erkan , Yang Yongheng
Published: March 2023

Less energy consumption and more efficient use of renewables are among the sustainable energy targets of modern societies. The essential activities to be achieved under these objectives are to increase distributed generation (DG) structures’ applicability. DG systems are small-scale versions of the traditional power grid; they are supported by micro turbines, photovoltaics (PV) modules, hydrogen fuel cells, wind turbines, combined heat and power systems, and energy storage units. The aim of this research is to detail the performance analysis of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)-based grid-connected distributed generation system with the help of empirical calculations. To this end, we aimed to establish the system and analyze the performance of the reliable operation of the system with experimental verifications. The findings demonstrate how much power can be generated annually, through real meteorological data, to dispatch to constantly variable loads. While 53.56% of the total energy demand is met by the utility grid, 46.44% of the demand is met by the produced energy i.e., from the DG. The PEMFC-based DG system analyzed in detail in this study was located at Marmara University. According to the results of the performance analysis, significant points of this study will be highlighted to assist the researchers working in this field. Our results are encouraging and can be certified by a larger sample size with neat weather conditions in terms of the percentage of procurement of energy.
Double-Track One-Direction Operation Mode for Overnight Trains on High-Speed Railway
Authors: Xu Zhengfu , Li Kai , Zhang Qinyu , Fu Huiling
Published: March 2023

The mileage of China’s high-speed railways is increasing, and trains running only during the day cannot satisfy the need. In the existing train organization and maintenance modes, overnight trains and maintenance constructions strongly interact with each other and are difficult to coordinate. Although some overnight trains run on a high-speed railway (HSR), currently, they are all sunset-departure and sunrise-arrival trains, and none of them depart in the night by passenger’s habits. Only a one-way line is occupied by night, except rendezvous; the opposite direction line resources are idled. According to this feature, a double-track one-direction mode on the HSR was proposed based on the reverse running ability of the train control system to coordinate the train operation and maintenance. A mathematical model was established, and a heuristic algorithm based on simulated annealing was designed. The validity of the model was verified on the section from Xuzhoudong to Xi’anbei of Xuzhou-Lanzhou HSR, as an example. The results showed that 10 pairs of overnight sleeper trains and some freight trains can run, and the maintenance disruption is not less than 180 min. The proposed method can provide a new method to coordinate the overnight operation and maintenance of the HSR and increase the capacity of HSRs.
Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry Approach for the Comparison of Sheep and Goat Milk Lipidomes
Authors: Manis Cristina , Scano Paola , Garau Viviana , Addis Margherita , Ibba Ignazio , Caboni Pierluigi
Published: March 2023

In this work, we report an analytical procedure to investigate the lipid compositions of sheep and goat milk. This approach is based on an ion mobility–high-resolution mass spectrometric method to facilitate the identification of complex lipid species and their regiochemistry. A common triacylglycerol profile was observed for sheep and goat milk samples, while a higher abundance of medium-chain fatty acids was observed at the sn-2 position for sheep milk. Furthermore, differences can be also observed in the levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position. In terms of lipid classes, goat milk showed higher levels of triacylglycerols, phosphatidylinositols and ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamines, while sheep milk showed higher levels of free fatty acids, lysophosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphocholines and non-hydroxy fatty acid-dihydrosphingosine ceramides when compared with goat milk.
Uncertainty Analysis of Spherical Joint Three-Dimensional Rotation Angle Measurement
Authors: Zhang Jin , Yang Qianyun , Yang Long , Hu Penghao
Published: March 2023

A precision spherical joint is a type of spherical motion pair that can realize three degrees of rotation freedom. In this paper, a specific method is used to assess the uncertainty of our measurement system. The measurement system uses the codes and eddy current sensor to measure the angle. Different codes are engraved on the surface of the spherical joint. Eddy current sensors are embedded in the spherical socket to detect and recognize the spherical code. The uncertainty of the measurement system hardware and an artificial neural network are studied. Based on the Monte Carlo method, the uncertainty components are evaluated and combined, and the comprehensive uncertainty of the measurement system is obtained. The evaluation results of system measurement uncertainty are verified from specific angles. In the three-axis measurement uncertainty, the minimum is about 2′, and the maximum uncertainty is about 1°. The proposed method can be used to evaluate the uncertainty of other multiple-input multiple-output measurement systems.
Integrated Assessment Modelling of Future Air Quality in the UK to 2050 and Synergies with Net-Zero Strategies
Authors: ApSimon Helen , Oxley Tim , Woodward Huw , Mehlig Daniel , Holland Mike , Reeves Sarah
Published: March 2023

Integrated assessment modelling (IAM) has been successfully used in the development of international agreements to reduce transboundary pollution in Europe, based on the GAINS model of IIASA. At a national level in the UK, a similar approach has been taken with the UK Integrated Assessment Model, UKIAM, superimposing pollution abatement measures and behavioural change on energy projections designed to meet targets set for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and allowing for natural and imported contributions from other countries and shipping. This paper describes how the UKIAM was used in the development of proposed targets for the reduction of fine particulate PM2.5 in the UK Environment Act, exploring scenarios encompassing different levels of ambition in reducing the emissions of air pollutants up to 2050, with associated health and other environmental benefits. There are two PM2.5 targets, an annual mean concentration target setting a maximum concentration to be reached by a future year, and a population exposure reduction target with benefits for health across the whole population. The work goes further, also demonstrating links to social deprivation. There is a strong connection between climate measures aimed at reducing net GHG emissions to zero by 2050 and future air quality, which may be positive or negative, as illustrated by sectoral studies for road transport where electrification of the fleet needs to match the evolution of energy production, and for domestic heating, where the use of wood for heating is an air quality issue. The UKIAM has been validated against air pollution measurements and other types of modelling, but there are many uncertainties, including future energy projections.