bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness and Side Effects of Conscious Sedation using Chloral hydrate, Hydroxyzine, and Nitrous oxide
Authors: Kim Gyeongmin , Lee Jaesik , Kim Hyunjung , Nam Soonhyeun
Published: June 2020

This retrospective study assessed the effectiveness and side effects of conscious sedation using chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine, and N2O/O2 in the sedation of 149 pediatric patients over 188 sedation sessions, and to identify associated variables.
The effectiveness of the sedation was evaluated using the Houpt scale, and was considered effective for scale categories of excellent or good. Effectiveness and side effects were assessed every 15 minutes. The effectiveness decreased and side effects increased over time. The effectiveness of sedation during 60 minutes was 57.4%, and one or more side effects occurred in 18.1% of sessions. Effectiveness of sedation increased with body mass index (BMI). When patients were sedated at the beginning of the procedure, the effectiveness was greater. Side effects increased with patient age. When sedation was divided into two sessions, the number of sedation did not affect the effectiveness or side effects.
It can be suggested that sedation should be performed over two separate sessions, as a single prolonged session may lead to reduced effectiveness and increased side effects. To maximize effectiveness and minimize side effects, several variables such as BMI, whether to sedate at the beginning of the procedure and age should be considered thoroughly before sedation.
Retrospective Study on the Survival Rate of Preformed Metal Crowns in Permanent First Molars
Authors: Oh Nayoung , Nam Soonhyeun , Lee Jaesik , Kim Hyunjung
Published: June 2020

This study analyzed the longevity of preformed metal crowns (PMCs) in first permanent molars and evaluated factors influencing their survival during a long-term follow-up period. In all, 115 first permanent molars treated with PMCs between June 2008 and June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The overall combined success rate for the study group was 84.3%. The 5-year survival rate was 82.8%. Multivariate Cox regression analyses identified distal cavities and mandibular PMC placement as risk factors for restoration failure. Careful placement of PMCs at the final try-in stage augments the longevity of the crown.
Retrospective Study of Infants who Visited Pediatric Dentistry
Authors: Oh Yearang , Lee Koeun , Kim Misun , Nam Okhyung , Choi Sungchul , Kim Kwangchul , Hwang Jiyoung , Lee Hyo-seol
Published: June 2020

The first dental visit is recommended at the time of the eruption of the first tooth and no later than 12 months of age. However, even before the age of 1, children can visit the dental hospital for various reasons. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reasons for the dental visit of infant. From January 2006 to December 2015, medical records of infants who visited the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of Kyung Hee University were analyzed. The total number of patients was 419 (238 males and 181 females). The reasons for the dental visits were trauma (47.5%), natal/neonatal tooth (19.8%), dental caries (8.1%), teething problem (4.3%), abnormal frenum (3.6%), soft tissue swelling (3.6%), Bohn’s nodule (3.3%), cleft lip and palate (2.9%), gingival neoplasm (1.9%), tongue ulceration (1.7%), oral examination (1.4%), enamel hypoplasia (1.2%) and abnormal temporomandibular joint sound (0.7%). According to this study, there were various oral diseases that could occur in infants. Since infants are usually cared by caregivers, pediatricians, and obstetricians, education of oral diseases of infants is needed to manage the oral symptoms properly.
Is it Impossible to Replace Chloral Hydrate in Dental Sedation of Pediatric Dentistry in Korea?
Authors: Han Miran , Kim Jongbin
Published: June 2020

Chloral hydrate (CH) has been used in sedation for over 100 years. CH was first synthesized in 1832, the sedative properties were observed in 1861. Because of its easy synthesis, its use was widespread since 1869. There is a record of the use of CH in children as early as 1894. Recently there have been many controversies about safety of CH. Because of the low cost and relatively safe experience CH has still been used for dental sedation in children. After the US FDA recommendation in 2006, US pharmaceutical companies no longer produce commercial CH. However, CH has been used in the form of suspensions prepared from raw materials in many areas of the United States, and reports of adverse events related to death have continued.
CH is the most commonly used drug for sedation in Korea, and there have been some reports of side effects.
Dexmedetomidine, propofol and midazolam were introduced as an alternative for CH. There are various limitations in using them in the pediatric dentistry area and there are many things to consider.
The purpose of this review is to analyze the complications of CH and status of use in Korea, and to introduce alternatives to CH.
La inserción de China en el mercado internacional del ajo. Un análisis descriptivo, 1960-2014
Authors: Parejo-Moruno Francisco M. , Rangel-Preciado José F. , Cruz-Hidalgo Esteban
Published: June 2020

This article analyzes the changes in the global garlic business between 1960 and 2014, addressing both the global supply, concentrated in Asia especially since the 1990s, and the demand, the latter, although also led by Asia, much more dispersed in geographical terms, in line with the greater presence in the import trade of some European and American economies. In this context, Spain has managed to maintain its share in the world market, currently positioning itself as the second largest exporting country in the world, being surpassed only by China.
Exploring the Influence of Power in the Dynamics of Customer-Supplier Coopetition in the Case of Supplier Dominance
Authors: Tréhan Natacha , Pourrat Cyril
Published: June 2020

Coopetition combines paradoxical forces: competition and cooperation. Many previous works have examined the forces driving competitors to cooperate. Little research investigates the factors driving competition, in particular the influence of power in the case of client-supplier coopetition. To fill this gap, a longitudinal case study is being conducted in the telecom sector. It concerns the coopetition between the French operator Orange and Apple its device supplier. The study shows that supplier dominance combined with low trust fosters competition in customer-supplier coopetition.
Technology Transfer and Risks of Knowledge Leakages Through Training Activities: An Assessment in Sovereign Industries
Authors: Coadour Damien , Droff Josselin , Bellais Renaud
Published: June 2020

This paper assesses risks of knowledge leakage associated with training in technology transfers. Today states want to master sovereign technologies. As a consequence, exporting firms have adapted their offers to respond to customers’ requests and provide training in technology transfer contracts. We have recorded the perception of trainers regarding risks of knowledge leakage associated with training activities. Due to different interpretations of technology transfers and related risks, trainers’ assessment of knowledge leakages is not homogeneous in the training process. A typology of trainers and their typical behaviors in professional situations is proposed and leads to recommendations to mitigate knowledge leakages.
European Reform of Statutory Audit and Market Structure: The Position of Audit Firms
Authors: Loison Marie-Claire , Belze Loïc , Hottegindre Géraldine
Published: June 2020

The European Commission recently reformed the statutory audit market in order to improve its competitiveness. We employ resource dependence theory to understand the position of audit firms with regard to the policy options considered. By using content analysis to examine consultation responses, we show that, despite the existing market segmentation, all sizes of firm adopt similar positions, except on the topic of audit consortia. The differences in firms’ access to resources, particularly with respect to human capital, help to explain these positions, which perpetuate supply concentration in the market.
Effets de pairs dans la recherche d’information en santé sur internet
Authors: Bakehe Novice Patrick
Published: June 2020

En se basant sur des données de l’enquête sur les usages des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) par les ménages et citoyens camerounais en 2015, nous estimons les effets des pairs et les multiplicateurs sociaux qui se manifestent dans la recherche d’information en santé sur Internet. A partir d’une approche spatiale des moindres carrés généralisés en deux étapes (GS2SLS), nous trouvons un multiplicateur social de 12,66. Celui-ci montre que les politiques publiques pourraient réussir à réduire la fracture d’usage d’Internet-santé en mettant en place une initiative qui ne ciblerait qu’un nombre restreint d’individus.
Razlike u preferencijama stilova humora adolescenata
Authors: Kerla Minela
Published: June 2020

Predmet ovog istraživanjabile su preferencije stilova humora u populaciji adoslescenata. Istraživanje je korelacijskog tipa. U instrumentariju je korištena skala HSQ (Humor Styles Questionnaire, Martin 2003), RSS (Rozenbergova skala samopoštovanja, Rozenberg, 1965), SPON (Bezinovićeva skala percipirane osobne kompetentnosti, Bezinović, 1988), skala SPINO (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Waston, Tellegen & Clark, 1988). Na uzorku od 110 adolescenata, učenika Internacionalne škole u Sarajevu, rezultatima istraživanja je bilo utvrđeno da ne postoje statistički značajne u preferencijama stilova humora ženskih i muških adolescenata, ali da postoje statistički značajne razlike kod preferisanja afilijativnog stila humora osnovaca i srednjoškolaca (t=2,6 p=0,01) i kod preferisanja samoismijavajućeg stila humora, kod osnovaca i srednjoškolaca (t=-2,36 p=0,02).
Vršnjačko nasilje u osnovnim školama
Authors: Smiljanić Milica
Published: June 2020

Vršnjačko nasilje je aktuelna tema u današnjem vremenu, a ima korijene u dalekoj prošlosti. Korijeni nasilja su vidljivi još u prvim školama, ali sa napretkom civilizacije i modernizacijim društva, vršnjačko nasilje postaje sve veća prijetnja generacijama koje dolaze. Ovaj rad ukazuje na to da je moguće djelovati u suzbijanju vršnjačkog nasilja ili smanjenu nasilja na najmanju moguću mjeru. U itraživačkom dijelu ovog rada prikazani su nalazi do kojih je autor došao i koji govore u kojem smijeru treba djelovati. Na kraju svakog podnaslova i istraživačkom dijelu, autor obrazlaže pedagoški značaj nalaza, te nudi odjeljenskim starješinama, pedagozima i drugim stručnjacima konkretna rješenja.
Вредновање ликовне културе и осјећања ученика
Authors: Станковић-Јанковић Тања
Published: June 2020

Сазнања о значају емоција у школском и ваншколском животу ученика навела су аутора да се бави питањем односа емоција и умјетности. Конкретно, у раду је третиран однос вредновања ликовне културе и емоција (осјећања) ученика. Циљ истраживања је утврђивање међузависноти између вредносвања ликовне културе и емоције ученика. Узорак истраживања ћинило је 320 ученика три бањалучке основне школе. У истраживању су кориштена два инструмента Ликовна култура и ја (ЛКЈа) Скала позитивних и негативних осјећања у настави ликовне културе (СПИНОНЛ). Постављене хипотезе су потврђене. Резултати показују да се вредновање ликовне културе у настави/учењу (школи) мијења у зависности од нивоа вредновања ликовне културе у свакодневним (ваншколским) ситуацијама.
Metaphorization as a way to comprehend reality
Authors: Turko Uliana Igorevna
Published: June 2020

The object of this research is the metaphorical component of text, which allows understanding more profound meanings of information code and determine attitudes of the addressee. The subject of this research is the conceptual metaphors that manifests as the means of categorization, comprehension of the surrounding world, access to mental processes and mechanisms. Establishing associative links between the phenomena of cognizable world, metaphors represent the understanding of reality by an individual and form new knowledge on the world. The text of the article by M. Kiseleva “Who benefits from the raise of retirement age” served as the material for this research. In description of linguistic material, the author applied semantic-cognitive method of analysis that allow studying the types of mental representations in mentality of native speakers. The scientific novelty consists in determination of the types of metaphors, the language means of which can be considered as metaphorical nominations representing the concepts of “life”, “retirement”, “government”, “person”, etc. It is concluded that the text of mass communication utilizes zoomorphic, phytomorphic, thematic, artefactual and sociomorphic metaphors as the means of linguistic manipulation. Metaphorical nominations, presented by conceptual metaphors, using the mentality of a native speaker, reflect one of the methods of categorization of the surrounding environment. The research results may serve as the materials for linguocognitive studies of the concepts.
Shear stress activates ADAM10 sheddase to regulate Notch1 via the Piezo1 force sensor in endothelial cells
Authors: Caolo Vincenza , Debant Marjolaine , Endesh Naima , Futers T Simon , Lichtenstein Laeticia , Bartoli Fiona , Parsonage Gregory , Jones Elizabeth AV , Beech David J
Published: June 2020

Mechanical force is a determinant of Notch signalling but the mechanism of force detection and its coupling to Notch are unclear. We propose a role for Piezo1 channels, which are mechanically-activated non-selective cation channels. In cultured microvascular endothelial cells, Piezo1 channel activation by either shear stress or a chemical agonist Yoda1 activated a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10), a Ca2+-regulated transmembrane sheddase that mediates S2 Notch1 cleavage. Consistent with this observation, we found Piezo1-dependent increase in the abundance of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) that depended on ADAM10 and the downstream S3 cleavage enzyme, γ-secretase. Conditional endothelial-specific disruption of Piezo1 in adult mice suppressed the expression of multiple Notch1 target genes in hepatic vasculature, suggesting constitutive functional importance in vivo. The data suggest that Piezo1 is a mechanism conferring force sensitivity on ADAM10 and Notch1 with downstream consequences for sustained activation of Notch1 target genes and potentially other processes.
Dopaminergic modulation of the exploration/exploitation trade-off in human decision-making
Authors: Chakroun Karima , Mathar David , Wiehler Antonius , Ganzer Florian , Peters Jan
Published: June 2020

Involvement of dopamine in regulating exploration during decision-making has long been hypothesized, but direct causal evidence in humans is still lacking. Here, we use a combination of computational modeling, pharmacological intervention and functional magnetic resonance imaging to address this issue. Thirty-one healthy male participants performed a restless four-armed bandit task in a within-subjects design under three drug conditions: 150 mg of the dopamine precursor L-dopa, 2 mg of the D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol, and placebo. Choices were best explained by an extension of an established Bayesian learning model accounting for perseveration, directed exploration and random exploration. Modeling revealed attenuated directed exploration under L-dopa, while neural signatures of exploration, exploitation and prediction error were unaffected. Instead, L-dopa attenuated neural representations of overall uncertainty in insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Our results highlight the computational role of these regions in exploration and suggest that dopamine modulates how this circuit tracks accumulating uncertainty during decision-making.
MARCH5 mediates NOXA-dependent MCL1 degradation driven by kinase inhibitors and integrated stress response activation
Authors: Arai Seiji , Varkaris Andreas , Nouri Mannan , Chen Sen , Xie Lisha , Balk Steven P
Published: June 2020

MCL1 has critical antiapoptotic functions and its levels are tightly regulated by ubiquitylation and degradation, but mechanisms that drive this degradation, particularly in solid tumors, remain to be established. We show here in prostate cancer cells that increased NOXA, mediated by kinase inhibitor activation of an integrated stress response, drives the degradation of MCL1, and identify the mitochondria-associated ubiquitin ligase MARCH5 as the primary mediator of this NOXA-dependent MCL1 degradation. Therapies that enhance MARCH5-mediated MCL1 degradation markedly enhance apoptosis in response to a BH3 mimetic agent targeting BCLXL, which may provide for a broadly effective therapy in solid tumors. Conversely, increased MCL1 in response to MARCH5 loss does not strongly sensitize to BH3 mimetic drugs targeting MCL1, but instead also sensitizes to BCLXL inhibition, revealing a codependence between MARCH5 and MCL1 that may also be exploited in tumors with MARCH5 genomic loss.
Dynamic metastable long-living droplets formed by sticker-spacer proteins
Authors: Ranganathan Srivastav , Shakhnovich Eugene I
Published: June 2020

Multivalent biopolymers phase separate into membrane-less organelles (MLOs) which exhibit liquid-like behavior. Here, we explore formation of prototypical MOs from multivalent proteins on various time and length scales and show that the kinetically arrested metastable multi-droplet state is a dynamic outcome of the interplay between two competing processes: a diffusion-limited encounter between proteins, and the exhaustion of available valencies within smaller clusters. Clusters with satisfied valencies cannot coalesce readily, resulting in metastable, long-living droplets. In the regime of dense clusters akin to phase-separation, we observe co-existing assemblies, in contrast to the single, large equilibrium-like cluster. A system-spanning network encompassing all multivalent proteins was only observed at high concentrations and large interaction valencies. In the regime favoring large clusters, we observe a slow-down in the dynamics of the condensed phase, potentially resulting in loss of function. Therefore, metastability could be a hallmark of dynamic functional droplets formed by sticker-spacer proteins.
Dithranol targets keratinocytes, their crosstalk with neutrophils and inhibits the IL-36 inflammatory loop in psoriasis
Authors: Benezeder Theresa , Painsi Clemens , Patra VijayKumar , Dey Saptaswa , Holcmann Martin , Lange-Asschenfeldt Bernhard , Sibilia Maria , Wolf Peter
Published: June 2020

Despite the introduction of biologics, topical dithranol (anthralin) has remained one of the most effective anti-psoriatic agents. Serial biopsies from human psoriatic lesions and both the c-Jun/JunB and imiquimod psoriasis mouse model allowed us to study the therapeutic mechanism of this drug. Top differentially expressed genes in the early response to dithranol belonged to keratinocyte and epidermal differentiation pathways and IL-1 family members (i.e. IL36RN) but not elements of the IL-17/IL-23 axis. In human psoriatic response to dithranol, rapid decrease in expression of keratinocyte differentiation regulators (e.g. involucrin, SERPINB7 and SERPINB13), antimicrobial peptides (e.g. ß-defensins like DEFB4A, DEFB4B, DEFB103A, S100 proteins like S100A7, S100A12), chemotactic factors for neutrophils (e.g. CXCL5, CXCL8) and neutrophilic infiltration was followed with much delay by reduction in T cell infiltration. Targeting keratinocytes rather than immune cells may be an alternative approach in particular for topical anti-psoriatic treatment, an area with high need for new drugs.
Phyllosphere bacterial assembly in citrus crop under conventional and ecological management
Authors: Carvalho Carolinne R. , Dias Armando CF , Homma Sérgio K. , Cardoso Elke JBN
Published: June 2020

Divergences between agricultural management can result in different types of biological interactions between plants and microorganisms, which may affect food quality and productivity. Conventional practices are well-established in the agroindustry as very efficient and lucrative; however, the increasing demand for sustainable alternatives has turned attention towards agroecological approaches. Here we intend to explore microbial dynamics according to the agricultural management used, based on the composition and structure of these bacterial communities on the most environmentally exposed habitat, the phyllosphere. Leaf samples were collected from a Citrus crop (cultivated Orange) in Mogi-Guaçu (SP, Brazil), where either conventional or ecological management systems were properly applied in two different areas. NGS sequencing analysis and quantitative PCR allowed us to comprehend the phyllosphere behavior and µ-XRF (micro X-ray fluorescence) could provide an insight on agrochemical persistence on foliar tissues. Our results demonstrate that there is considerable variation in the phyllosphere community due to the management practices used in the citrus orchard, and it was possible to quantify most of this variation. Equally, high copper concentrations may have influenced bacterial abundance, having a relevant impact on the differences observed. Moreover, we highlight the intricate relationship microorganisms have with crop production, and presumably with crop yield as well.
Estimation of Seasonal Variances in Descriptive Time Series Analysis
Authors: Dozie Kelechukwu C. N.
Published: June 2020

This study presents the Buys-Ballot estimation procedure of row and seasonal variances in time series decomposition when trend component of time series is linear. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to obtain the Buys-Ballot estimates of row and seasonal variances for the mixed model. The method adopted in this study is Buys-Ballot procedure developed for choice of appropriate model for decomposition of any study series. The statistical software (MINITAB 17.0 version) is also adopted in this study. Results of the Buys-Ballot estimates for mixed model  indicate that, the row variance is a function of trend parameters and seasonal component of the original series. It is for column variance, a constant multiple of the square of the seasonal component.
Assessment of Forestry Extension Service Delivery among Rural Farmers in Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Vihi S. K. , Daudu S. , Anonguku I.
Published: June 2020

This study assessed forestry extension service delivery among forest farm communities in Plateau State, Nigeria with the aim to identify the forestry extension services available to rural farmers; examine the level of farmers’ satisfaction with forestry extension service delivery and identify the perceived constraints to forestry extension service delivery in the study area. The population for this study consists of all the rural forest farm families in Plateau State. Due to the enormity of the population, a sample size of 214 respondents was selected. Multi stage sampling technique was used in the selection of sample for the study. Primary data were generated through the use of structured questionnaire and interview techniques. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as likert scale. Results revealed the mean age of the farmers to be 39 years. Majority (61.0%) of the respondents were males with most (85.0%) of them married. Majority (53%) of the respondents had primary education with an average farm size of 2.5 hectares. mean household size 9 persons with majority of them (87.0%) deriving their income from agriculture. Agreater percentage (93.0%) of the respondents acquired their farmlands through inheritance. The mean annual income of the farmers was ₦ 82,742. Forestry extension services available to farmers in the study area include; information on forestry laws, awareness campaign against bush burning, distribution of horticultural seedlings, audio-visual shows, method/result demonstration, information on improved forest management practices, training on raising of seedlings, etc. Farmers expressed dissatisfaction with the level of forestry extension service delivery in the study area. The perceived constraints to forestry extension service delivery in Plateau State includes; lack of funding of extension services and inadequate number of extension agents. The study recommends increase in funding of the Agricultural Development Programmes to alleviate the problems of inadequate staff and insufficient training.
The MSP‐RON axis stimulates cancer cell growth in models of triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Millar Rhona , Kilbey Anna , Remak Sarah‐Jane , Severson Tesa M. , Dhayade Sandeep , Sandilands Emma , Foster Kyla , Bryant David M. , Blyth Karen , Coffelt Seth B.
Published: June 2020

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis and high rates of relapse. The lack of actionable targets for TNBC has contributed to the high mortality rates of this disease, and new candidate molecules for potential manipulation are urgently required. Here, we show that macrophage‐stimulating protein (MSP) and its tyrosine kinase receptor, Recepteur d’origine nantais (RON), are potent drivers of cancer cell growth and tumor progression in a mouse model of TNBC driven by the loss of Trp53 and Brca1. After comparison of two genetically engineered mouse models of TNBC, we found that mammary tumors from K14‐Cre;Brca1F/F;Trp53F/F (KB1P) mice exhibit high endogenous levels of MSP and RON expression. We show that MSP stimulates serine/threonine kinase 1 and extracellular regulated MAPK activation as well as cancer cell growth in cell lines derived from the two mouse models, while genetic and pharmacological inhibition of RON prevents these effects. Similarly, KB1P tumor progression in mice was robustly attenuated by treatment with a RON inhibitor with accompanied reduction in the proliferation marker, Ki‐67. Analysis of human gene expression data confirmed that the genes encoding MSP and RON are robustly expressed in human TNBC as well as other subsets of breast cancer. Our findings uncover a mouse model where MSP expression and RON expression are naturally increased, and they provide evidence that this receptor and its ligand are viable candidate molecules for targeted treatment of breast cancer.
Fc‐gamma IIIa‐V158F receptor polymorphism contributes to the severity of Guillain‐Barré syndrome
Authors: Hayat Shoma , Babu Golap , Das Avizit , Howlader Zakir Hossain , Mahmud Ishtiaq , Islam Zhahirul
Published: June 2020

Objective

Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare, life‐threatening disorder of the peripheral nervous system. Immunoglobulin G Fc‐gamma receptors (FcγRs) mediate and regulate diverse effector functions and are involved in the pathogenesis of GBS. We investigated whether the FcγR polymorphisms FcγRIIa H/R131 (rs1801274), FcγRIIIa V/F158 (rs396991), and FcγRIIIb NA1/NA2, and their haplotype patterns affect the affinity of IgG‐FcγR interactivity and influence GBS susceptibility and severity.

Methods

We determined FcγR polymorphisms in 303 patients with GBS and 302 ethnically matched healthy individuals from Bangladesh by allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium and haplotype patterns were analyzed based on D ́statistics and the genotype package of R statistics, respectively. Logistic regression analysis and Fisher’s exact test with corrected P (Pc) values were employed for statistical comparisons.

Results

FcγRIIIa‐V158F was associated with the severe form of GBS compared to the mild form (P = 0.005, OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.28–3.91; Pc = 0.015); however, FcγR genotypes and haplotype patterns did not show any association with GBS susceptibility compared to healthy controls. FcγRIIIa‐V/V158 and FcγRIIIb‐NA2/2 were associated with recent Campylobacter jejuni infection (P ≤ 0.001, OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.23–0.56; Pc ≤ 0.003 and P = 0.004, OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.18–2.44; Pc ≤ 0.012, respectively). Haplotype 1 (FcγRIIa‐H131R‐ FcγRIIIa‐V158F‐ FcγRIIIb‐NA1/2) and the FcγRIIIb‐NA2/2 genotype were more prevalent among anti‐GM1 antibody‐positive patients (P = 0.031, OR = 9.61, 95% CI = 1.24–74.77, Pc = 0.279; P = 0.027, OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.06–2.5, Pc = 0.081, respectively).

Interpretation

FcγR polymorphisms and haplotypes are not associated with susceptibility to GBS, though the FcγRIIIa‐V158F genotype is associated with the severity of GBS.
Core/Shell Perovskite Nanocrystals: Synthesis of Highly Efficient and Environmentally Stable FAPbBr3/CsPbBr3 for LED Applications
Authors: Zhang Chengxi , Wang Sheng , Li Xiaomin , Yuan Mingjian , Turyanska Lyudmila , Yang Xuyong
Published: June 2020

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) are promising materials for applications in optoelectronics. However, their environmental instability remains to be addressed to enable their advancement into industry. Here the development of a novel synthesis method is reported for monodispersed PeNCs coated with all inorganic shell of cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) grown epitaxially on the surface of formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3) NCs. The formed FAPbBr3/CsPbBr3 NCs have photoluminescence in the visible range 460–560 nm with narrow emission linewidth (20 nm) and high optical quantum yield, photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) up to 93%. The core/shell perovskites have enhanced optical stability under ambient conditions (70 d) and under ultraviolet radiation (50 h). The enhanced properties are attributed to overgrowth of FAPbBr3 with all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 shell, which acts as a protective layer and enables effective passivation of the surface defects. The use of these green‐emitting core/shell FAPbBr3/CsPbBr3 NCs is demonstrated in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and significant enhancement of their performance is achieved compared to core only FAPbBr3‐LEDs. The maximum current efficiency observed in core/shell NC LED is 19.75 cd A‐1 and the external quantum efficiency of 8.1%, which are approximately four times and approximately eight times higher, respectively, compared to core‐only devices.
Exciton–Exciton Annihilation in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter
Authors: Hasan Monirul , Shukla Atul , Ahmad Viqar , Sobus Jan , Bencheikh Fatima , McGregor Sarah K. M. , Mamada Masashi , Adachi Chihaya , Lo Shih‐Chun , Namdas Ebinazar B.
Published: June 2020

Recent studies have demonstrated that in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, efficient reverse intersystem crossing occurs from nonradiative triplet exited states to radiative singlet excited states due to a small singlet–triplet energy gap. This reverse intersystem crossing significantly influences exciton annihilation processes and external quantum efficiency roll‐off in TADF based organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this work, a comprehensive exciton quenching model is developed for a TADF system to determine singlet–singlet, singlet–triplet, and triplet–triplet annihilation rate constants. A well‐known TADF molecule, 3‐(9,9‐dimethylacridin‐10(9H)‐yl)‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one (ACRXTN), is studied under intensity‐dependent optical and electrical pulse excitation. The model shows singlet–singlet annihilation dominates under optically excited decays, whereas singlet–triplet annihilation and triplet–triplet annihilation have strong contribution in electroluminescence decays under electrical pulse excitation. Furthermore, the efficiency roll‐off characteristics of ACRXTN OLEDs at steady state is investigated through simulation. Finally, singlet and triplet diffusion length are calculated from annihilation rate constants.
3D MXene Architectures for Efficient Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Li Ke , Liang Meiying , Wang Hao , Wang Xuehang , Huang Yanshan , Coelho João , Pinilla Sergio , Zhang Yonglai , Qi Fangwei , Nicolosi Valeria , Xu Yuxi
Published: June 2020

2D transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes), by virtue of high electrical conductivity, abundant surface functional groups and excellent dispersion in various solvents, are attracting increasing attention and showing competitive performance in energy storage and conversion applications. However, like other 2D materials, MXene nanosheets incline to stack together via van der Waals interactions, which lead to limited number of active sites, sluggish ionic kinetics, and finally ordinary performance of MXene materials/devices. Constructing 2D MXene nanosheets into 3D architectures has been proven to be an effective strategy to reduce restacking, thus providing larger specific surface area, higher porosity, and shorter ion and mass transport distance over normal 1D and 2D structures. In this review, the commonly used strategies for manufacturing 3D MXene architectures (3D MXenes and 3D MXene‐based composites) are summarized, such as template, assembly, 3D printing, and other methods. Special attention is also given to the structure–property relationships of 3D MXene architectures and their applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion, including supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and electrocatalysis. Finally, the authors propose a brief perspective on future opportunities and challenges for 3D MXene architectures/devices.
Comment on “Rapid Assembly of Small Materials Building Blocks (Voxels) into Large Functional 3D Metamaterials”
Authors: Saha Sourabh K. , Chen Shih‐Chi
Published: June 2020

In their Progress Report, Hahn et al. assessed the state‐of‐the‐art of 3D printing but excluded temporally focused two‐photon polymerization (2PP) from the comparison because they concluded that it does not represent a full 3D printing capability. This comment highlights the flaws in their scientific arguments, clarifies the misinterpretation of private communications, and shows that 3D structures with distinct z‐layers can be printed using temporally focused 2PP.
Computationally Guided Molecular Design to Minimize the LE/CT Gap in D‐π‐A Fluorinated Triarylboranes for Efficient TADF via D and π‐Bridge Tuning
Authors: Narsaria Ayush K. , Rauch Florian , Krebs Johannes , Endres Peter , Friedrich Alexandra , Krummenacher Ivo , Braunschweig Holger , Finze Maik , Nitsch Jörn , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Marder Todd B.
Published: June 2020

In this combined experimental and theoretical study, a computational protocol is reported to predict the excited states in D‐π‐A compounds containing the B(FXyl)2 (FXyl = 2,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) acceptor group for the design of new thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. To this end, the effect of different donor and π‐bridge moieties on the energy gaps between local and charge‐transfer singlet and triplet states is examined. To prove this computationally aided design concept, the D‐π‐B(FXyl)2 compounds 1–5 were synthesized and fully characterized. The photophysical properties of these compounds in various solvents, polymeric film, and in a frozen matrix were investigated in detail and show excellent agreement with the computationally obtained data. Furthermore, a simple structure–property relationship is presented on the basis of the molecular fragment orbitals of the donor and the π‐bridge, which minimize the relevant singlet–triplet gaps to achieve efficient TADF emitters.
A Library of Late Transition Metal Alloy Dielectric Functions for Nanophotonic Applications
Authors: Rahm J. Magnus , Tiburski Christopher , Rossi Tuomas P. , Nugroho Ferry Anggoro Ardy , Nilsson Sara , Langhammer Christoph , Erhart Paul
Published: June 2020

Accurate complex dielectric functions are critical to accelerate the development of rationally designed metal alloy systems for nanophotonic applications, and to thereby unlock the potential of alloying for tailoring nanostructure optical properties. To date, however, accurate alloy dielectric functions are widely lacking. Here, a time‐dependent density‐functional theory computational framework is employed to compute a comprehensive binary alloy dielectric function library for the late transition metals most commonly employed in plasmonics (Ag, Au, Cu, Pd, Pt). Excellent agreement is found between electrodynamic simulations based on these dielectric functions and selected alloy systems experimentally scrutinized in 10 at% composition intervals. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the dielectric functions can vary in very non‐linear fashion with composition, which paves the way for non‐trivial optical response optimization by tailoring material composition. The presented dielectric function library is thus a key resource for the development of alloy nanomaterials for applications in nanophotonics, optical sensors, and photocatalysis.
A Spider‐Capture‐Silk‐Like Fiber with Extremely High‐Volume Directional Water Collection
Authors: Venkatesan Harun , Chen Jianming , Liu Haiyang , Liu Wei , Hu Jinlian
Published: June 2020

A spider web collects water by its capture silk for recovering the daytime‐distorted shape during night through water‐sensitive shape memory effect. This unique smart function and geometrical structure of spider‐capture‐silk inspires the development of artificial fibers with periodic knots for directional water collection with vast potential applications in water scarce regions. Existing such fibers are mainly based on nylon filaments coated with petroleum‐originated synthetic polymer solutions. Distinct from using synthetic materials, an all silk‐protein fiber (ASPF) with periodic knots endows extremely high volume‐to‐mass water collection capability. This fiber has a main body consisting of B. mori degummed silk coated with recombinant engineered major ampullate spidroin 2 of spider dragline silk. It is 252 times lighter than synthetic polymer coated nylon fibers that once was reported to have the highest water collection performance. The ASPF collects a maximum water volume of 6.6 µL and has a 100 times higher water collection efficiency compared to existing best water collection artificial fibers in terms of volume‐to‐mass index at the shortest length (0.8 mm) of three‐phase contact line. Since silkworm silks are available abundantly, effective use of recombinant spidroins tandemly shows great potential for scalability.
Electrochemical Activation of Manganese‐Based Cathode in Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Electrolyte
Authors: Zhang Tengsheng , Tang Yan , Fang Guozhao , Zhang Chenyang , Zhang Hongliang , Guo Xun , Cao Xinxin , Zhou Jiang , Pan Anqiang , Liang Shuquan
Published: June 2020

Low‐cost and highly safe zinc‐manganese batteries are expected for practical energy storage and grid‐scale application. The electrolyte adjustment is further combined to boost their performance output; however, the mechanism behind the electrochemical contrast caused by electrolyte composition remains unclear, which has held back the development of these systems. Hence, new insight into the electrochemical activation of manganese‐based cathodes, which is induced by the aqueous zinc‐ion electrolyte, is provided. The relationship between the desolvation of Zn2+ from [Zn(OH2)6]2+‐solvation shell and the electrolyte/electrode interfacial reaction to form Zn4SO4(OH)6·4H2O phase or its analogues is established, which is the key for the electrochemical activation. Further electrolyte optimization promotes the cycling stability of Zn/LiMn2O4 battery with a long life span over 2000 cycles. This work illuminates the confused direction in exploring electrolyte for zinc‐manganese batteries.
MXene Materials for Designing Advanced Separation Membranes
Authors: Karahan Hüseyin Enis , Goh Kunli , Zhang Chuanfang (John) , Yang Euntae , Yıldırım Cansu , Chuah Chong Yang , Ahunbay M. Göktuğ , Lee Jaewoo , Tantekin‐Ersolmaz Ş. Birgül , Chen Yuan , Bae Tae‐Hyun
Published: June 2020

MXenes are emerging rapidly as a new family of multifunctional nanomaterials with prospective applications rivaling that of graphenes. Herein, a timely account of the design and performance evaluation of MXene‐based membranes is provided. First, the preparation and physicochemical characteristics of MXenes are outlined, with a focus on exfoliation, dispersion stability, and processability, which are crucial factors for membrane fabrication. Then, different formats of MXene‐based membranes in the literature are introduced, comprising pristine or intercalated nanolaminates and polymer‐based nanocomposites. Next, the major membrane processes so far pursued by MXenes are evaluated, covering gas separation, wastewater treatment, desalination, and organic solvent purification. The potential utility of MXenes in phase inversion and interfacial polymerization, as well as layer‐by‐layer assembly for the preparation of nanocomposite membranes, is also critically discussed. Looking forward, exploiting the high electrical conductivity and catalytic activity of certain MXenes is put into perspective for niche applications that are not easily achievable by other nanomaterials. Furthermore, the benefits of simulation/modeling approaches for designing MXene‐based membranes are exemplified. Overall, critical insights are provided for materials science and membrane communities to navigate better while exploring the potential of MXenes for developing advanced separation membranes.
Disorder‐Induced Signal Filtering with Topological Metamaterials
Authors: Zangeneh‐Nejad Farzad , Fleury Romain
Published: June 2020

Disorder, ubiquitously present in realistic structures, is generally thought to disturb the performance of analog wave devices, as it often causes strong multiple scattering effects that largely arrest wave transportation. Contrary to this general view, here, it is shown that, in some wave systems with nontrivial topological character, strong randomness can be highly beneficial, acting as a powerful stimulator to enable desired analog filtering operations. This is achieved in a topological Anderson sonic crystal that, in the regime of dominating randomness, provides a well‐defined filtering response characterized by a Lorentzian spectral line‐shape. The theoretical and experimental results, serving as the first realization of topological Anderson insulator phase in acoustics, suggest the striking possibility of achieving specific, nonrandom analog filtering operations by adding randomness to clean structures.
Emerging Bioinspired Artificial Woods
Authors: Yu Zhi‐Long , Qin Bing , Ma Zhi‐Yuan , Gao Yu‐Cheng , Guan Qing‐Fang , Yang Huai‐Bin , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: June 2020

As an abundant natural resource, wood has gained great attention for thousands of years, spanning from the primitive construction materials to the modern high‐added‐value engineering materials. The unique delicate microstructures and the wonderful properties (e.g., low‐density, high strength and stiffness, good toughness, and environmental sustainability) have made wood a natural source of inspiration that guides researchers to invent various wood‐inspired materials. Herein, as an emerging material system, bioinspired artificial wood, with similar cellular structures and comparable mechanical properties, is discussed in the view of the design concept, fabrication strategy, properties, and possible applications. The present challenges and further research opportunities are also presented for artificial woods to thrive. To achieve the final eco‐friendly artificial wood, more endeavors should be made in biomaterials and biodegradable or recyclable engineering of polymers to gain high mechanical properties and environmental sustainability simultaneously.
Tunable Magnetic Antiskyrmion Size and Helical Period from Nanometers to Micrometers in a D2d Heusler Compound
Authors: Ma Tianping , Sharma Ankit K. , Saha Rana , Srivastava Abhay K. , Werner Peter , Vir Praveen , Kumar Vivek , Felser Claudia , Parkin Stuart S. P.
Published: June 2020

Skyrmions and antiskyrmions are magnetic nano‐objects with distinct chiral, noncollinear spin textures that are found in various magnetic systems with crystal symmetries that give rise to specific Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya exchange vectors. These magnetic nano‐objects are associated with closely related helical spin textures that can form in the same material. The skyrmion size and the period of the helix are generally considered as being determined, in large part, by the ratio of the magnitude of the Heisenberg to that of the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya exchange interaction. In this work, it is shown by real‐space magnetic imaging that the helix period λ and the size of the antiskyrmion daSk in the D2d compound Mn1.4PtSn can be systematically tuned by more than an order of magnitude from ≈100 nm to more than 1.1 µm by varying the thickness of the lamella in which they are observed. The chiral spin texture is verified to be preserved even up to micrometer‐thick layers. This extreme size tunability is shown to arise from long‐range magnetodipolar interactions, which typically play a much less important role for B20 skyrmions. This tunability in size makes antiskyrmions very attractive for technological applications.
Whether Addition of Phenethylammonium Ion is Always Beneficial to Stability Enhancement of MAPbI3 Perovskite Film?
Authors: Lei Nuo , Pan Lu , Ye Tao , Chen Shuang , Wang Xi
Published: June 2020

The recent studies widely believe that the stability of (PEA)2PbI4/MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can be progressively increased with the addition of phenethylammonium ion (PEA+). Herein, it is reported on the stability variations after the addition of PEA+ into the MAPbI3 film and it is demonstrated that excess PEA+ has negative effect on the stability of (PEA)2PbI4/MAPbI3 perovskite film. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy are utilized to testify that the excess PEA+ damages the MAPbI3 crystal structure and generates defects due to the strong coordination between NH3+ from PEA+ and I− from [PbI6]4−. This work reveals that the stability of (PEA)2PbI4/MAPbI3 perovskite films is not proportional to the addition of PEA+, which is of interest for the developing of stable 2D/3D PSCs.
Targeted Synthesis of Polymer and Microporous Carbon Nanofibers via Temperature‐Dependent and Molecularly‐Triggered Interfacial Assembly
Authors: Shi Lei , Li Wen‐Cui , Zhang Xiang‐Qian , Lu An‐Hui
Published: June 2020

Microporous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) derived from polymer nanofibers (PNFs), featured with short radial diffusion length of ions, have been proposed as ideal electrode materials for energy storage devices. However, lacking precise control of selective formation of fibrous micelle templates, the targeted synthesis of microporous CNFs is still a challenge. To address this issue, PNFs are first fabricated by using triblock copolymer F127 as the structure directing agent via the temperature‐dependent and molecularly‐triggered interfacial assembly process. Two crucial factors are figured that determine the fibrous morphology of the assembled polymer. At suitable temperatures, F127 starts to form fibrous micelles, and molecular trigger hexamethylenetetramine generates formaldehyde and ammonia in situ. Then, phenolic polymer assemble around the fibrous micelles, following with the formation of PNFs. This feasible synthesis method can grow PNFs and precisely control the PNFs' diameters ranging from 30 to 80 nm. Microporous CNFs with high specific surface area of 1175 m2 g−1, and an average diameter of 40 nm can be prepared through carbonization of PNFs and an activation step. Taking such microporous CNFs as electrode materials for a supercapacitor, they exhibit an excellent specific capacitance 295 F g−1 at a high current density 50 A g−1.