bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Functional Mitral Regurgitation on Left Ventricular Strain in Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients with Type 2 Mellitus Diabetes: A Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking Study
Authors: Shen Meng‐Ting , Yang Zhi‐Gang , Guo Ying‐Kun , Shi Ke , Jiang Li , Wang Jin , Yan Wei‐Feng , Qian Wen‐Lei , Shen Li‐Ting , Li Yuan
Published: June 2024

Background

The impact of functional mitral regurgitation and type 2 mellitus diabetes (T2DM) on left ventricular (LV) strain in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) patients remains unclear.

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of mitral regurgitation severity on LV strain, and explore additive effect of T2DM on LV function across varying mitral regurgitation severity levels in NIDCM patients.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

352 NIDCM (T2DM−) patients (49.1 ± 14.6 years, 67% male) (207, 85, and 60 no/mild, moderate, and severe mitral regurgitation) and 96 NIDCM (T2DM+) patients (55.2 ± 12.4 years, 77% male) (47, 30, and 19 no/mild, moderate, and severe mitral regurgitation).

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0 T/balanced steady‐state free precession sequence.

Assessment

LV geometric parameters and strain were measured and compared among groups. Determinants of LV strain were investigated.

Statistical Test

Student's t‐test, Mann–Whitney U test, one‐way ANOVA, Kruskal‐Wallis test, univariable and multivariable linear regression. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

LV GLPS and longitudinal PDSR decreased gradually with increasing mitral regurgitation severity in NIDCM patients with T2DM(GLPS: −5.7% ± 2.1% vs. −4.3% ± 1.6% vs. −2.6% ± 1.3%; longitudinal PDSR:0.5 ± 0.2 sec−1 vs. 0.4 ± 0.2 sec−1 vs. 0.3 ± 0.1 sec−1). NIDCM (T2DM+) demonstrated decreased GCPS and GLPS in the no/mild subgroup, reduced LV GCPS, GLPS, and longitudinal PDSR in the moderate subgroup, and reduced GRPS, GCPS, GLPS, and longitudinal PDSR in the severe subgroup compared with NIDCM (T2DM−) patients. Multivariable regression analysis identified that mitral regurgitation severity (β = −0.13, 0.15, and 0.25 for GRPS, GCPS, and GLPS) and the presence of T2DM (β = 0.14 and 0.13 for GCPS and GLPS) were independent determinants of LV strains in NIDCM patients.

Data Conclusion

Increased mitral regurgitation severity is associated with reduced LV strains in NIDCM patients with T2DM. The presence of T2DM exacerbated the decline of LV function across various mitral regurgitation levels in NIDCM patients, resulting in reduced LV strains.

Level of Evidence

3.

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3.
Magnetic Resonance Elastography of Anterior Mediastinal Tumors
Authors: Zhou Lina , Peng Qin , Tang Wei , Wu Ning , Yang Lin , Qi Linlin , Li Jiang , Huang Yao
Published: June 2024

Background

Preoperative differentiation of the types of mediastinal tumors is essential. Magnetic resonance (MR) elastography potentially provides a noninvasive method to assess the classification of mediastinal tumor subtypes.

Purpose

To evaluate the use of MR elastography in anterior mediastinal masses and to characterize the mechanical properties of tumors of different subtypes.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

189 patients with anterior mediastinal tumors (AMTs) confirmed by histopathology (62 thymomas, 53 thymic carcinomas, 57 lymphomas, and 17 germ cell tumors).

Field Strength/Sequence

A gradient echo‐based 2D MR elastography sequence and a diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) sequence at 3.0 T.

Assessment

Stiffness and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were measured in AMTs using MR elastography‐derived elastograms and DWI‐derived ADC maps, respectively. The aim of this study is to identify whether MR elastography can differentiate between the histological subtypes of ATMs.

Statistical Tests

One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), two‐way ANOVA, Pearson's linear correlation coefficient (r), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis; P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Lymphomas had significantly lower stiffness than other AMTs (4.0 ± 0.63 kPa vs. 4.8 ± 1.39 kPa). The mean stiffness of thymic carcinomas was significantly higher than that of other AMTs (5.6 ± 1.41 kPa vs. 4.2 ± 0.94 kPa). Using a cutoff value of 5.0 kPa, ROC analysis showed that lymphomas could be differentiated from other AMTs with an accuracy of 59%, sensitivity of 97%, and specificity of 38%. Using a cutoff value of 5.1 kPa, thymic carcinomas could be differentiated from other AMTs with an accuracy of 84%, sensitivity of 67%, and specificity of 90%. However, there was an overlap in the stiffness values of individual thymomas (4.2 ± 0.71; 3.9–4.5), thymic carcinomas (5.6 ± 1.41; 5.0–6.1), lymphomas (4.0 ± 0.63; 3.8–4.2), and germ cell tumors (4.5 ± 1.79; 3.3–5.6).

Data Conclusion

MR elastography‐derived stiffness may be used to evaluate AMTs of various histologies.

Level of Evidence

4.

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2.
Follow‐suit or free‐ride? A relational view of CSR diffusion in a supply chain with customer–supplier closure
Authors: Falcone Ellie C. , Yan Tingting , Fugate Brian S.
Published: June 2024

Embedded in networks of relationships, firms are who they buy from and sell to. As a result, a firm's corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices can be influenced by CSR practices of its customers and suppliers—known as CSR diffusion. This study examines how CSR diffuses in a supply chain that encompasses a focal firm, its suppliers, and customers. Adopting a relational view, this research hypothesizes that a firm's CSR is influenced by its customer‐base CSR differently than its supply‐base CSR. By analyzing panel data consisting of 1972 firm‐year observations integrated from multiple data sources, the results offer evidence for a positive impact of customer‐base CSR and a negative impact of supply‐base CSR on firm CSR. Interestingly, when customers and suppliers of a focal firm establish direct business connections (i.e., customer–supplier closure), the positive follow‐suit effect of customer‐base CSR is enhanced. In contrast, the negative free‐ride effect of supply‐base CSR is diminished. This suggests that a focal firm is more likely to embrace CSR practices from CSR‐active supply chain partners when embedded in closed triads. This research shows the need to consider the directionality and closure of relationships in understanding the diffusion of voluntary, ill‐defined, costly operational practices within a supply chain.
State of the Science: Treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Jarnecke Amber M. , Norman Sonya B. , Zaur Angela J. , Hien Denise A.
Published: June 2024

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) co‐occur at high rates, with research showing that up to nearly 60% of individuals with PTSD also suffer from an alcohol and/or drug use disorder. PTSD/SUD is complex; associated with adverse health, social, and economic outcomes; and can be challenging to treat. Over the past decade, the landscape of treatment research addressing PTSD/SUD has significantly expanded. Ongoing efforts aimed at developing and evaluating novel treatments for PTSD/SUD, encompassing both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy approaches, are steadily advancing. As such, this State of the Science paper reviews the literature on the latest scientific advances in treating PTSD/SUD. Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of PTSD/SUD are discussed, along with evidence‐based psychotherapies and emerging interventions. Rigorously conducted clinical trials demonstrate that individual, manualized, trauma‐focused treatments are the most efficacious psychotherapies to use among individuals with PTSD/SUD. Moreover, patients do not need to be abstinent to initiate or benefit from evidence‐based PTSD treatment. To date, no medications have been established for this comorbidity. We highlight ongoing research on novel treatments for PTSD/SUD, such as new forms of integrated trauma‐focused psychotherapies, pharmacological augmentation strategies, and technology‐based enhancements. Finally, promising future directions for the field are discussed.
Corrosion of some metallic materials embedded in gypsum
Authors: Duffó Gustavo , Torres‐Ramirez Jhon , Fernandez Silvia , Farina Silvia
Published: June 2024

In the construction area, as well as in the restoration of old and historical buildings, different metallic materials are frequently in contact with gypsum plaster. Due to the high porosity of gypsum plaster, and particularly in high relative humidity environments, the risk of corrosion exists. In the present work, carbon, galvanized and stainless steel, as well as copper, were embedded in gypsum plaster (with varying water/gypsum ratios) and exposed to different environmental conditions, and the corrosion rate was assessed by electrochemical techniques. Stainless steel showed very low corrosion rates, carbon and galvanized steel showed considerable corrosion rates, and copper showed moderate corrosion rates. The higher the humidity, the higher the corrosion rate, independently of the water/gypsum ratio. A comparison with results obtained for the same materials embedded in mortar was performed. Except for stainless steel, the corrosion rates obtained in gypsum are higher than those obtained in mortar, being this difference up to two orders of magnitude. The differences in the pH of both matrices explained the lower corrosion rates measured in mortar.
Perceived brand transparency: A conceptualization and measurement scale
Authors: Montecchi Matteo , Plangger Kirk , West Douglas , de Ruyter Ko
Published: June 2024

Amid product scandals, corporate malpractices, and the proliferation of misinformation, consumers are becoming increasingly more skeptical about the brands they purchase. Transparency is often hailed as a strategic imperative to reassure consumers and increase brand trust; however, its deployment can be complex. With additional transparency, consumers may become overloaded with information, and the brand may be exposed to unwanted external scrutiny. Consequently, before disclosing strategically sensitive information, brands need more insight into how increasing transparency might translate into strategically desirable consumers' brand evaluations. Addressing this need, we examine how transparency initiatives translate into consumers' evaluation of brands by delineating the dimensions of the perceived brand transparency construct, namely, observability, comprehensibility, and intentionality. Next, we use this conceptualization to develop and validate a scale to measure perceived brand transparency. We close with a brand transparency research agenda, as well as practical guidance for managers considering investing in strategic transparency initiatives.
Directional Deep Brain Stimulation Programming: Is the Segment Clearly Identifiable and Stable Over Time?
Authors: Karl Jessica A. , Joyce Jessica M. , Ouyang Bichun , Gill Chandler E. , Verhagen Metman Leo
Published: June 2024

Background

In our early experience programming directional deep brain stimulation (d‐DBS) in PD, we found the optimal directional segment changed over time in some patients. To determine the frequency/reasons for this we examined whether (1) different programmers would identify the same segment as “optimal”; and (2) the same programmer would select the same “optimal” segment over time. We hypothesized there would be a moderately high level of agreement on optimal electrode selection between different assessors and repeated assessments by the same evaluator.

Methods

This was a prospective, double‐blind investigation evaluating the reliability and stability of programming d‐DBS. Each patient underwent a mono‐polar survey four times (2 time points by 2 separate assessors). The primary aim was the inter‐rater agreement of selecting the optimal electrode at 1 and 6 months. The secondary aim was to determine the intra‐rater agreement of selecting the optimal electrode from 1 to 6 months.

Results

Twenty‐one patients were enrolled. There was fair inter‐rater agreement at 1 month and moderate at 6 months. There was minimal intra‐rater agreement between 1 and 6 months.

Discussion

The data refuted our hypothesis. Potential reasons for low agreement include (1) the arduous/subjective nature of identifying the optimal electrode in d‐DBS systems, especially in well‐placed electrodes; and/or (2) acute changes to the location of stimulation delivery offering temporary improvement in symptoms. Key takeaways gathered were it may, (1) behoove the programmer to explore different electrode montages after a period of time; and (2) be more efficient to review the directional electrode montage only when dictated by clinical symptoms/disease progression.
Loss and Return of Ticklishness in Functional Neurological Disorder
Authors: Coebergh Jan Adriaan , Khalil Hassan , Talwar Arman , Edwards Mark , Morgante Francesca , Nielsen Glenn , Nash Will
Published: June 2024

Background

People with functional neurological disorder (FND) have abnormalities in sensory processing. Loss of ticklishness has been rarely reported.

Objectives

To describe associated clinical features in people with FND and loss of ticklishness and explore correlations with sensory changes.

Methods

Retrospective audit of clinical letters of people diagnosed with FND in a tertiary clinic and further cases identified in a general neurology clinic.

Results

Thirty‐eight patients with loss of ticklishness are described, of which most had other functional sensory symptoms and signs. It was more often localized to one limb, rather than generalized, in those with pain or weakness. Dissociation for the affected body part was often described.

Conclusions

Loss of ticklishness in FND is frequently described and offers insights into mechanisms of agency, sensory processing and interoception, which are known to be altered in FND.
Application of Network Dimension Theory to the Kinetics of Nanogel Formation in Miniemulsion Vinyl/Divinyl Copolymerization: Free‐Radical and Living Polymerization
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka
Published: June 2024

In vinyl/divinyl copolymerization, a crosslink is formed by the reaction between an active center and a pendant double bond. When both the active center and the pendant double bond are located within the same polymer molecule, the cyclization occurs, which is ineffective for growth in molecular weight. In the present model, the network dimension theory is applied to estimate the mean‐square radius of gyration for the growing polymer molecule, which is used to account for the enrichment effect of pendant double bonds around the active center for the cyclization reaction. The model is applied to the miniemulsion copolymerization, and both conventional free‐radical polymerization and ideal living polymerization are considered. Some of important characteristics of network architecture formed in these two types of polymerization mechanisms that cannot be predicted based on the classical chemical kinetics can be reproduced by the model, such unique characteristics as the pendant double bonds are consumed from the beginning of polymerization in the conventional free‐radical polymerization but not so in the living polymerization. The present model provides useful insights into the size and structural dependent network formation kinetics without relying on the lattice model.
ZIF‐Co3O4@ZIF‐Derived Urchin‐Like Hierarchically Porous Carbon as Efficient Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts
Authors: Zhang Lingling , Wang Xia , Gong Chong , Sun Weiyan , Lu Zihan
Published: June 2024

Co3O4 nanoparticles were sandwiched into interlayers between ZIF‐8 and ZIF‐67 to form ZIF‐Co3O4@ZIF precursors. Pyrolysis of ZIF‐Co3O4@ZIF yielded an urchin‐like hierarchically porous carbon (Co@CNT/NC), the thorns of which were carbon nanotubes embedded Co nanoparticles. With large specific surface area and hierarchically porous structure, as‐prepared Co@CNT/NC exhibited excellent bifunctional oxygen electrocatalytic performances. It has good ORR performance with E1/2 of 0.85 V, which exceeds the Pt/C half‐wave potential (E1/2=0.83 V). In addition, Co@CNT/NC has an OER performance close to that of RuO2. To further demonstrate the effect of Co modifying on the properties, the samples were subjected to acid washing treatment. Co‐based nanoparticles were proved to After acid washing, there was obvious loss of Co particles in Co@CNT/NC, resulting in poor oxygen electrocatalysis. So, the pyrolysis products of ZIF‐8‐Co3O4@ZIF‐67 retained large specific surface area and porous structure can be retained, and on the other hand, the carbon tube structure and original polyhedron framework. Besides, existence of Co nanoparticle@carbon nanotube provided more active sites and improved the ORR and OER performances.
The impact of internet use and cognitive conflict on farmer IPM technology adoption: evidence from China
Authors: Chen Zhe , Li Xiaojing , Xia Xianli
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Integrated pest management (IPM) plays a crucial role in protecting agricultural environments and enhancing the quality of agricultural products. However, a major challenge in China is the conflicting understanding of IPM among farmers, leading to low adoption rates. This undermines farmers' ability to control pests and diseases while increasing risks to agricultural quality and safety. This study aimed to investigate the impact of cognitive conflicts on farmers’ adoption of IPM in kiwifruit farms in Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces. Additionally, the study explored the moderating role of internet use in the relationship between cognitive conflicts and farmer adoption of IPM. Data were collected from 686 kiwifruit farms through field surveys in 2018. The binary Probit model and moderating effect models were used to assess the influence of internet use and cognitive conflict on farmer adoption of IPM.

RESULTS

The study found that cognitive conflicts significantly hindered farmers’ adoption of IPM. Higher levels of cognitive conflict were associated with lower likelihoods of adopting IPM. Internet use and frequency had positive effects on farmer adoption of IPM, promoting its implementation. Moreover, internet use and frequency helped alleviate the inhibitory effect of cognitive conflicts on farmer adoption IPM.

CONCLUSION

This research enhances our understanding of cognitive conflicts among farmers when promoting IPM and provides viable strategies to improve the effectiveness of public sector promotion and stimulate farmers' willingness to adopt IPM. It emphasizes the importance of addressing cognitive conflicts and utilizing internet resources to enhance IPM adoption among kiwifruit growers in China. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Performance Enhancement of Multiple Quantum Shell Nanowire‐Based Micro‐Light Emitting Diodes with Underlying GaInN/GaN Superlattices
Authors: Inaba Soma , Lu Weifang , Shima Ayaka , Ii Shiori , Takahashi Mizuki , Yamanaka Yuki , Hattori Yuta , Kubota Kosei , Huang Kai , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi
Published: June 2024

GaInN/GaN multiple quantum shell (MQS) nanowires (NWs) are of great interest as high‐efficiency micro‐light emitting diodes (micro‐LEDs), mainly due to their quantum confined Stark effect suppression and dry etching insensitivity features. Herein, morphological and device properties corresponding to NW‐LEDs with different numbers of GaInN/GaN superlattices (SLs) are evaluated. The scanning electron microscopy measurements revealed that the polar‐plane MQS are shrunken, while the semipolar‐plane underwent expansion upon the introduction of the SLs. The current density–voltage–light output analysis at low current density indicates that samples with a greater number of SL pairs exhibit higher light output. Electroluminescence spectra show that NWs lacking SLs exhibit an emission wavelength of 700 nm, which is derived from indium‐rich clusters in polar‐plane MQS, whereas those with SLs emit at a significantly shorter wavelength of 560 nm. The reduction in the polar‐plane MQS coupled with the enhancement in MQS quality resulting from the SLs is identified as the primary contributing factor. Additionally, the external quantum efficiency factor for NW‐LEDs, which remained consistent even as the emission area decreased, is assessed. These findings suggest that NW‐LEDs with SLs possess the potential to mitigate the emission degradation associated with sidewall etching and realize high‐efficiency micro‐LEDs.
Adding experimental treatment arms to multi‐arm multi‐stage platform trials in progress
Authors: Burnett Thomas , König Franz , Jaki Thomas
Published: June 2024

Multi‐arm multi‐stage (MAMS) platform trials efficiently compare several treatments with a common control arm. Crucially MAMS designs allow for adjustment for multiplicity if required. If for example, the active treatment arms in a clinical trial relate to different dose levels or different routes of administration of a drug, the strict control of the family‐wise error rate (FWER) is paramount. Suppose a further treatment becomes available, it is desirable to add this to the trial already in progress; to access both the practical and statistical benefits of the MAMS design. In any setting where control of the error rate is required, we must add corresponding hypotheses without compromising the validity of the testing procedure.To strongly control the FWER, MAMS designs use pre‐planned decision rules that determine the recruitment of the next stage of the trial based on the available data. The addition of a treatment arm presents an unplanned change to the design that we must account for in the testing procedure. We demonstrate the use of the conditional error approach to add hypotheses to any testing procedure that strongly controls the FWER. We use this framework to add treatments to a MAMS trial in progress. Simulations illustrate the possible characteristics of such procedures.
Conditional score approaches to errors‐in‐variables competing risks data in discrete time
Authors: Wen Chi‐Chung , Chen Yi‐Hau
Published: June 2024

Analysis of competing risks data has been an important topic in survival analysis due to the need to account for the dependence among the competing events. Also, event times are often recorded on discrete time scales, rendering the models tailored for discrete‐time nature useful in the practice of survival analysis. In this work, we focus on regression analysis with discrete‐time competing risks data, and consider the errors‐in‐variables issue where the covariates are prone to measurement errors. Viewing the true covariate value as a parameter, we develop the conditional score methods for various discrete‐time competing risks models, including the cause‐specific and subdistribution hazards models that have been popular in competing risks data analysis. The proposed estimators can be implemented by efficient computation algorithms, and the associated large sample theories can be simply obtained. Simulation results show satisfactory finite sample performances, and the application with the competing risks data from the scleroderma lung study reveals the utility of the proposed methods.
Familywise error for multiple time‐to‐event endpoints in a group sequential design
Authors: Thomsen Henrik F. , Lausvig Nanna L. , Pipper Christian B. , Andersen Søren , Damgaard Lars H. , Emerson Scott S. , Ravn Henrik
Published: June 2024

We investigate the familywise error rate (FWER) for time‐to‐event endpoints evaluated using a group sequential design with a hierarchical testing procedure for secondary endpoints. We show that, in this setup, the correlation between the log‐rank test statistics at interim and at end of study is not congruent with the canonical correlation derived for normal‐distributed endpoints. We show, both theoretically and by simulation, that the correlation also depends on the level of censoring, the hazard rates of the endpoints, and the hazard ratio. To optimize operating characteristics in this complex scenario, we propose a simulation‐based method to assess the FWER which, better than the alpha‐spending approach, can inform the choice of critical values for testing secondary endpoints.
Categorical linkage‐data analysis
Authors: Zhang Li‐Chun , Tuoto Tiziana
Published: June 2024

Analysis of integrated data often requires record linkage in order to join together the data residing in separate sources. In case linkage errors cannot be avoided, due to the lack a unique identity key that can be used to link the records unequivocally, standard statistical techniques may produce misleading inference if the linked data are treated as if they were true observations. In this paper, we propose methods for categorical data analysis based on linked data that are not prepared by the analyst, such that neither the match‐key variables nor the unlinked records are available. The adjustment is based on the proportion of false links in the linked file and our approach allows the probabilities of correct linkage to vary across the records without requiring that one is able to estimate this probability for each individual record. It accommodates also the general situation where unmatched records that cannot possibly be correctly linked exist in all the sources. The proposed methods are studied by simulation and applied to real data.
Solvation Effect: The Cornerstone of High‐Performance Battery Design for Commercialization‐Driven Sodium Batteries
Authors: Qiao Xianyan , Chen Ting , He Fa , Li Haoyu , Zeng Yujia , Wang Ruoyang , Yang Huan , Yang Qing , Wu Zhenguo , Guo Xiaodong
Published: June 2024

Sodium batteries (SBs) emerge as a potential candidate for large‐scale energy storage and have become a hot topic in the past few decades. In the previous researches on electrolyte, designing electrolytes with the solvation theory has been the most promising direction is to improve the electrochemical performance of batteries through solvation theory. In general, the four essential factors for the commercial application of SBs, which are cost, low temperature performance, fast charge performance and safety. The solvent structure has significant impact on commercial applications. But so far, the solvation design of electrolyte and the practical application of sodium batteries have not been comprehensively summarized. This review first clarifies the process of Na+ solvation and the strategies for adjusting Na+ solvation. It is worth noting that the relationship between solvation theory and interface theory is pointed out. The cost, low temperature, fast charging, and safety issues of solvation are systematically summarized. The importance of the de‐solvation step in low temperature and fast charging application is emphasized to help select better electrolytes for specific applications. Finally, new insights and potential solutions for electrolytes solvation related to SBs are proposed to stimulate revolutionary electrolyte chemistry for next generation SBs.
Conformal Zn‐Benzene Dithiol Thin Films for Temperature‐Sensitive Electronics Grown via Industry‐Feasible Atomic/Molecular Layer Deposition Technique
Authors: Philip Anish , Jussila Topias , Obenlüneschloß Jorit , Zanders David , Preischel Florian , Kinnunen Jussi , Devi Anjana , Karppinen Maarit
Published: June 2024

The atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) technique combining both inorganic and organic precursors is strongly emerging as a unique tool to design exciting new functional metal‐organic thin‐film materials. Here, this method is demonstrated to work even at low deposition temperatures and can produce highly stable and conformal thin films, fulfilling the indispensable prerequisites of today's 3D microelectronics and other potential industrial applications. This new ALD/MLD process is developed for Zn‐organic thin films grown from non‐pyrophoric bis‐3‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)propyl zinc [Zn(DMP)2] and 1,4‐benzene dithiol (BDT) precursors. This process yields air‐stable Zn‐BDT films with appreciably high growth per cycle (GPC) of 4.5 Å at 60 °C. The Zn/S ratio is determined at 0.5 with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), in line with the anticipated (Zn─S─C6H6─S─)n bonding scheme. The high degree of conformality is shown using lateral high‐aspect‐ratio (LHAR) test substrates; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the film penetration depth (PD) into the LHAR structure with cavity height of 500 nm is over 200 µm (i.e., aspect‐ratio of 400). It is anticipated that the electrically insulating metal‐organic Zn‐BDT thin films grown via the solvent‐free ALD/MLD technique, can be excellent barrier layers for temperature‐sensitive and flexible electronic devices.
Perspectives on Solar Salt‐Based Nanofluids Used in Concentrated Solar Power Plants
Authors: Pineda Fabiola , Rosenkranz Andreas , Pérez Francisco Javier
Published: June 2024

Concentrated solar power (CWP) technology has matured sufficiently for large‐scale implementation. In a typical plant, the solar energy is captured by mirrors and directed onto heat‐transfer fluid (HTF), typically a molten salt that is further conveyed to the thermal energy‐storage system before being channeled to power turbines, generating electricity. A major concern about this technology is the need to reduce the levelized cost of electricity, necessitating heightened efficiency to enhance cost competitiveness and foster greater market penetration. One approach to achieve this involves replacing the current nitrate‐based molten salt mixture with nanofluids. They combine nitrate‐based molten salt and small amounts of nanomaterials of different dimensionality. These promising HTFs present a superior performance concerning their physical, thermal, and chemical properties. However, there is a lack of studies related to understanding the effects of nanomaterials and the underlying enhancement theories. Therefore, in this article, a detailed revision of the state of the art in experimental and theoretical studies of nanomaterials in a binary commercial nitrate‐based molten salt (solar salt) as HTF for CWP plants is presented, highlighting the challenges related to their application and future research directions.
A Dual‐Functional Molecule for Efficient and Stable CsPbI3‐Based 2D Dion–Jacobson Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xiao Mingyue , Chen Bin , Pan Li , Zheng Liya , Yu Runze , Fang Zhu , Chen Gang
Published: June 2024

Herein, a new type of CsPbI3‐based 2D Dion–Jacobson (DJ) perovskites is reported, featuring a general formula of (PDMA)Csn−1PbnI3n+1 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) with 1,4‐phenylenedimethanammonium (PDMA) as the organic spacer cation. The crystal structure, optical and electric properties, and surface morphology of the perovskite films are fully surveyed. The solar cell device based on the n = 4 film delivers a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.27%, further improved to 12.61% by treating with the PDMA molecules. The PDMA passivation suppresses non‐radiative recombination, extends charge‐carrier lifetime, and reduces open‐circuit voltage loss. A gradient energy level near the film surface facilitates electron extraction, alleviating charge accumulation. The PDMA molecules form a protective layer, inhibiting water infiltration and enhancing stability. The optimized device exhibits excellent shelf stability with no PCE decay after 110 days. In this study, a dual‐functional molecule is introduced as a new DJ‐type spacer and an effective passivation agent for efficient and stable CsPbI3‐based 2D perovskite solar cells.
Detection of malicious smart contracts by fine‐tuning GPT‐3
Authors: Sathvik MSVPJ , Mazumdar Hirak
Published: June 2024

This paper introduces a comprehensive framework for the detection and identification of malicious smart contracts, emphasizing their vulnerabilities. The framework leverages the capabilities of GPT‐3, which have been adapted and fine‐tuned for binary and multi‐class classification tasks. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the use of GPT‐3 specifically for detecting and identifying malicious smart contracts. The framework addresses previously unexplored research questions and provides insightful answers through rigorous experimentation. The contributions of this work include proposing a novel approach, pioneering the adaptation of GPT‐3 for this purpose, and offering valuable insights into the detection of malicious smart contracts and vulnerabilities. Notably, our research reveals that GPT‐3 excels not only in understanding natural language but also in decoding the secrets embedded in numerical codes like opcodes. This finding extends the applicability of GPT‐3 beyond language‐based tasks and highlights its potential in enhancing smart contract security.
SecureCare: A blockchain‐assisted wearable body area network for secure and scalable IoT healthcare services
Authors: Bieniek Jan , Rahouti Mohamed , Xiong Kaiqi , Ferreira Araujo Gabriel
Published: June 2024

The utilization of Internet of Things (IoT)‐based networks in healthcare systems has witnessed a notable increase, particularly in services like remote patient monitoring. However, specific vulnerabilities have become apparent as more individuals connect to these networks. One pressing concern revolves around safeguarding the privacy of users' confidential information. Given the extensive reliance on sensitive data in such services, apprehensions arise regarding the security of this information within the system. Moreover, the substantial volume of real‐time data transmission poses scalability challenges for the network. This work introduces SecureCare, a novel solution for enhancing wearable IoT healthcare by proposing a blockchain‐empowered Wearable Body Area Network (WBAN) framework. Our aim to employ blockchain technology stems from its robust security capabilities, thanks to its tamperproof and decentralized structure that effectively safeguards network data. Finally, SecureCare was evaluated on a public blockchain network, where it demonstrated improvements in efficiency and reliability. This validation confirms its potential as a robust solution for enhancing security in wearable IoT healthcare systems.
Comprehensive Investigation of Winding Mechanical Properties in Generators under RISC: Impact of Position, Degree, and Eccentricity
Authors: Xu Ming‐Xing , He Yu‐Ling , Zhang Wen , Dai De‐Rui , Fu Zi‐Xiang , Zhang Yu‐Song , Gerada David
Published: June 2024

This paper provides an in‐depth study of the winding mechanical properties in generators under rotor interturn short circuit (RISC) cases. Unlike previous studies, this research investigates not only the influence of RISC degrees, but also the RISC positions and the eccentricity on the winding mechanical properties. The electromagnetic force (EF) formulas as well as the electromagnetic‐structure coupling model are first proposed to derive the mechanical winding response characteristics, such as the vibration, deformation, the strain, and the stress. Subsequently, both finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental investigations are conducted to validate the theoretical findings. The results reveal that RISC introduces additional harmonics to the EF. Furthermore, as the eccentricity/RISC degree or the distance between the short circuit position and the N‐pole increases, the end winding vibrations become more pronounced. When comparing single eccentricity and RISC faults to cases where both faults occur simultaneously, it is observed that the combined faults have a more detrimental impact on the end winding mechanical properties. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Integrating genomics, phenomics, and deep learning improves the predictive ability for Fusarium head blight–related traits in winter wheat
Authors: Thapa Subash , Gill Harsimardeep S. , Halder Jyotirmoy , Rana Anshul , Ali Shaukat , Maimaitijiang Maitiniyazi , Gill Upinder , Bernardo Amy , St. Amand Paul , Bai Guihua , Sehgal Sunish K.
Published: June 2024

Fusarium head blight (FHB) remains one of the most destructive diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), causing considerable losses in yield and end‐use quality. Phenotyping of FHB resistance traits, Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK), and deoxynivalenol (DON), is either prone to human biases or resource expensive, hindering the progress in breeding for FHB‐resistant cultivars. Though genomic selection (GS) can be an effective way to select these traits, inaccurate phenotyping remains a hurdle in exploiting this approach. Here, we used an artificial intelligence (AI)‐based precise FDK estimation that exhibits high heritability and correlation with DON. Further, GS using AI‐based FDK (FDK_QVIS/FDK_QNIR) showed a two‐fold increase in predictive ability (PA) compared to GS for traditionally estimated FDK (FDK_V). Next, the AI‐based FDK was evaluated along with other traits in multi‐trait (MT) GS models to predict DON. The inclusion of FDK_QNIR and FDK_QVIS with days to heading as covariates improved the PA for DON by 58% over the baseline single‐trait GS model. We next used hyperspectral imaging of FHB‐infected wheat kernels as a novel avenue to improve the MT GS for DON. The PA for DON using selected wavebands derived from hyperspectral imaging in MT GS models surpassed the single‐trait GS model by around 40%. Finally, we evaluated phenomic prediction for DON by integrating hyperspectral imaging with deep learning to directly predict DON in FHB‐infected wheat kernels and observed an accuracy (R2 = 0.45) comparable to best‐performing MT GS models. This study demonstrates the potential application of AI and vision‐based platforms to improve PA for FHB‐related traits using genomic and phenomic selection.
Client and employee engagement measures predict resignations of veterinary support staff: An analysis of UK companion animal practice data
Authors: Schofield Imogen , Jacklin Benjamin
Published: June 2024

Background

This study aimed to identify factors associated with veterinary support staff resigning from UK companion animal veterinary practices.

Methods

Cross‐sectional employment data from support staff working across a group of veterinary practices on 31 December 2020 were retrospectively analysed. The support staff were categorised as those who remained at, or resigned from, their practice over the following 12‐month period. The proposed risk factors for future resignations were analysed using multivariable binary logistic regression modelling.

Results

In total, 398 of 2068 (19.2%) veterinary support staff resigned during the study period. Factors associated with greater odds of future resignations included lower staff engagement (employee net promoter score; odds ratio [OR] = 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99–1.00; p < 0.001), lower client practice engagement (net promoter score; OR = 0.98; 95% CI 0.97–1.00; p = 0.012), shorter tenure (OR = 0.92; 95% CI 0.90–0.95; p < 0.001), recent parental leave (OR = 2.37; 95% CI 1.38–4.07; p = 0.002) and younger age (OR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.98–1.00; p = 0.017).

Limitations

Data were collected retrospectively and were not recorded for research purposes.

Conclusions

Employee and client net promoter scores are important predictors of resignations and could be useful tools for managers. Recent parental leave is a predictor of support staff attrition, and ‘return to work’ interventions may present an opportunity to improve retention.
Development and validity of type II sulcus vocalis in excised canine larynx
Authors: Gong Ting , Yu Peng‐Cheng , Xue Chao , Sun An‐Rong , Zhang Yi , Fang Rui , Zhu Bing‐Hua
Published: June 2024

Objectives

This study aims to develop a sulcus vocalis model in the excised canine larynx and to investigate the validity of the model.

Methods

Type II sulcus vocalis was created by continuous intradermal suture in six excised canine larynges. We investigated the validity of the model based on phonatory (aerodynamic and acoustic) measures, laryngeal videostroboscopy (LVS), and histological examination. The aeroacoustic parameters included phonation threshold pressure (PTP), fundamental frequency (Fo), jitter %, shimmer %, and harmonics‐to‐noise ratio (HNR).

Results

In all the experimental specimens, there were significant increases in the PTP ([6.61 ± 1.66] cm H2O, p < 0.01), the Fo ([106.48 ± 49.59] Hz, p = 0.003), the jitter ([0.76 ± 0.42]%, p = 0.007), the shimmer ([6.87 ± 2.99%, p = 0.002]), while the HNR decreased ([5.71 ± 4.68] dB, p = 0.031), compared to that of the untreated canine larynges. The estabilished model simulated the histology with type Ⅱ sulcus.

Conclusions

Type Ⅱ sulcus vocalis was successfully created in excised canine larynx. The aeroacoustic and LVS analysis of this model resembled the characteristics of patients with sulcus vocalis. The model could be helpful to elucidate the pathology of the phonation, and evaluate and compare the treatments for sulcus vocalis.
The Integrated Landslides Monitoring System of Gimigliano Municipality, Southern Italy
Authors: Capparelli Giovanna , Artese Serena , Carri Andrea , Lombardo Margherita , Segalini Andrea , Valletta Alessandro , Muto Francesco
Published: June 2024

Monitoring the stability of a slope is one of the non-structural measures aimed at reducing the risk of landslides. Displacement detection is now possible through numerous monitoring techniques, including remote sensing and ground-based solutions. In particular, in-situ monitoring allows some advantages related to using low-cost instruments whose communication can be facilitated by IoT technologies. In this chapter, we illustrate an example of an intelligent system for the integrated monitoring of the main landslide bodies of Gimigliano (CZ), southern Italy.

The station includes clusters for monitoring deep movements and piezometric levels, as well as for urban structures through specific sensors and a network of sensors for topographic surface monitoring. The system was designed to be almost fully automatic and oriented to support near real-time warning activities. The data recorded by the deep and surface monitoring instruments confirm that the study area is affected by complex phenomena requiring long-term on-site monitoring.

Specifically, analysis of the deep movements revealed some critical events during spring 2022 and summer 2023 that resulted in positive and negative millimetric deformations, measured by the tilt meters installed in correspondence with the monitored sites. Surface topographic analysis indicates displacement rates of 2.5–5 cm/year.
Experimental Study on Residual Shear Strength of Soil Using Undrained Ring Shear Apparatus
Authors: Amali N. P. G. , Maduranga H. R. , Weerasinghe A. R. P.
Published: June 2024

In general, studies of residual shear strength are minimal for soils on landslide-prone slopes in Sri Lanka. This study focuses on determining the residual shear strength of the soil samples taken from the Athwelthota landslide area, by conducting a series of undrained monotonic shear-stress control ring shear tests. The shear behavior of soil under different effective normal stress conditions was observed and further, the shearing behavior of soil samples with different contents of silt and clay was analyzed. The results showed that a small cohesion was exhibited at low effective normal stress conditions and the mobilized friction angle became constant at higher normal stresses. It was also found that peak and steady-state shear strengths decreased when the fine content increased, resulting a higher brittleness index. And the brittleness index decreases with the increase of effective normal stress. Monitoring the pore water pressure during the shearing shows that it increased with shear displacement. A significant reduction in the shear strength could result from the shear failure due to the buildup of excess pore-water pressure within the shear zone. The specimen confined under identical stress conditions generated higher excess pore water pressure within the shear zone when the fine content was higher.
Loess Landslides–Peculiarities of Deformation Mechanism
Authors: Zerkal Oleg V. , Barykina Olga S.
Published: June 2024

Loess on the Earth occupies an area of more than 13 million km2. The greatest spread of loess is in Europe and Asia (mainly south of 62°N), where vast areas are composed of loess from the surface, the thickness of which varies in Europe from a few meters to 20–30 m, and in the Caucasus, in intermountain hollows of Central Asia, China-from 50–60 m to 100 m and more. The peculiarity of loess is its predisposition to the development of subsidence-compaction during moistening under the action of both their own weight and external loads. As a result, in the areas of loess distribution, in addition to classical landslide forms, a special type of landslides is often observed, in the formation of which subsidence plays a significant role. The main factors in the formation of “subsidence landslides” are a decrease in the strength of loess as a result of increasing water cut. Underground water moistens the loess thickness from below to the state when its structure breaks under its own weight and subsidence begins with the formation of cracks on the day surface. Further moistening and destruction of the loess structure continues at the expense of both groundwater and atmospheric water absorbed through cracks. Such combination of conditions determines further development of subsidence phenomena and subsequent landslide deformations. The rate of displacement of such landslides depends on the extent and rate of subsidence development at the base of the slope. “Subsidence landslides” can be defined as a type of complex landslides.
Strategic Action Line LI6: Evolving and Resilient Production
Authors: Secchi Cristian , Golinelli Fabio , Semeraro Luigi , Benatti Paolo , Gilioli Edmondo , Macchi Marco , Bosi Gildo , Salmoiraghi Sandro , Tomesani Luca
Published: June 2024

The objective of this chapter is to describe the strategic action line related to evolving and resilient production (LI6). In particular, this chapter proposes research and innovation priorities aimed at exploiting a high degree of machine automation and self-learning, with levels of autonomy and adaptive intelligence designed to facilitate the operators’ job. From the work with cluster members, it emerged in particular that the following topics need to be studied and developed in the coming years: modelling and simulation for the design and management of production systems as well as hardware and software technologies for production system reconfigurability. The technology enablers are linked to the availability of smart modular devices that can be integrated wireless in a transparent, autonomous way, capable of monitoring and controlling manufacturing assets and products, and supporting decision-making, ensuring ready access to all necessary operational, configuration, fault and maintenance data.
Strategic Action Line LI4: High Efficiency and Zero Defect
Authors: Urgo Marcello , Rampa Vittorio , Cotti Piccinelli Renato , Sortino Marco , Petrali Pierluigi
Published: June 2024

The objective of this chapter is to describe the strategic action line related to high efficiency and zero defect production (LI4). In particular, this chapter proposes research and innovation priorities aimed at studying models for efficiency in terms of: zero-defect technologies designed to reduce non-conformances, monitoring processes during the various phases like quality management, maintenance and internal logistics of a manufacturing system, upgrading and improving the capacity of equipment and industrial goods; robustness/flexibility as the capacity to face disruptions, due to the precarious supply of incoming materials and parts, and to the specific properties of the material (anisotropy, low rigidity, etc.); smart systems for optimized use of available resources (equipment, human operator, knowledge) and for the control and management of production systems through models (CPS, empirical models, etc.).
Erratum to: The Poincaré and BMS flux-balance laws with application to binary systems
Authors: Compère Geoffrey , Oliveri Roberto , Seraj Ali
Published: June 2024

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2020)116