bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monomorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Arabian Peninsula with description of two new species, M. heggyi sp. n. and M. khalidi sp. n.
Authors: Sharaf Mostafa R. , Mohamed Amr A. , Boudinot Brendon E. , Wetterer James K. , Hita Garcia Francisco , Al Dhafer Hathal M. , Aldawood Abdulrahman S.
Published: January 2021

We present a revised and updated synoptic list of 44 Arabian Monomorium species, including two new species of the M. salomonis species-group: M. heggyi sp. n., and M. khalidi sp. n. We propose the following new synonyms: M. abeillei André (= M. wahibiense Collingwood & Agosti syn. n.); M. areniphilum Santschi (= M. fezzanense Collingwood & Agosti syn. n., = M. hemame Collingwood & Agosti syn. n. = M. marmule Collingwood & Agosti syn. n.); M. bicolor Emery (= M. phoenicum Santschi syn. n.); M. harithe Collingwood & Agosti (= M. najrane Collingwood & Agosti syn. n.); M. niloticum Emery (= M. matame Collingwood & Agosti syn. n.); and M. nitidiventre Emery (= M. yemene Collingwood & Agosti syn. n.). An illustrated key and distribution maps are presented for the treated species. Ecological and biological notes are given when available. The majority of Arabian Monomorium species (24) are endemic to the peninsula. All except one of the remaining species are more broadly ranging Afrotropical and Palearctic species, supporting the view of Arabia as a biogeographical crossroads between these two regions. Monomorium floricola (Jerdon), the sole species of Indomalayan origin, is recorded for the first time from the Arabian Peninsula.
Metabolic impact of weight variations in Icelandic horses
Authors: Delarocque Julien , Frers Florian , Huber Korinna , Jung Klaus , Feige Karsten , Warnken Tobias
Published: January 2021

Background

Insulin dysregulation (ID) is an equine endocrine disorder, which is often accompanied by obesity and various metabolic perturbations. The relationship between weight variations and fluctuations of the insulin response to oral glucose tests (OGT) as well as the metabolic impact of ID have been described previously. The present study seeks to characterize the concomitant metabolic impact of variations in the insulin response and bodyweight during repeated OGTs using a metabolomics approach.

Methods

Nineteen Icelandic horses were subjected to five OGTs over one year and their bodyweight, insulin and metabolic response were monitored. Analysis of metabolite concentrations depending on time (during the OGT), relative bodyweight (rWeight; defined as the bodyweight at one OGT divided by the mean bodyweight across all OGTs) and relative insulin response (rAUCins; defined accordingly from the area under the insulin curve during OGT) was performed using linear models. Additionally, the pathways significantly associated with time, rWeight and rAUCins were identified by rotation set testing.

Results

The results suggested that weight gain and worsening of ID activate distinct metabolic pathways. The metabolic profile associated with weight gain indicated an increased activation of arginase, while the pathways associated with time and rAUCins were consistent with the expected effect of glucose and insulin, respectively. Overall, more metabolites were significantly associated with rWeight than with rAUCins.
Publicidad, diversidad fenotípica y dinamización intercultural en Cataluña en tiempos de crisis y cambios
Authors:   Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (España), Lorite García Nicolás
Published: January 2021

Este artículo busca examinar el posicionamiento identitario cultural de la publicidad en los tiempos de crisis económica en Cataluña, coincidentes con el cambio nacionalista hacia la independencia de España en el año 2014. Tras analizar una muestra de 441 spots de TV3, la cadena de mayor audiencia en Cataluña, se constata que la interpretación de los personajes recae casi totalmente en el fenotipo blanco-caucásico. Por lo tanto, el discurso publicitario no es representativo de la diversidad cultural de la sociedad catalana actual. Excluye a los “otros” venidos de Latinoamérica, África o Asia, y se posiciona del lado del “nosotros” blancocaucásico y lo “nuestro”. No fomenta el lenguaje inclusivo que recomiendan los organismos reguladores de los contenidos mediáticos, como la Mesa por la Diversidad en el Audiovisual del Consejo del Audiovisual de Cataluña (2013), para promover la dinamización intercultural y evitar la xenofobia.
Campañas electorales y Twitter. La difusión de contenidos mediáticos en el entorno digital
Authors:   Universitat Jaume I de Castelló (España), Marcos-García Silvia , Alonso-Muñoz Laura ,   Universitat Jaume I de Castelló (España), López-Meri Amparo ,   Universitat Jaume I de Castelló (España)
Published: January 2021

Esta investigación examina la relación entre medios convencionales y Twitter durante la campaña electoral de 2016 en España. La metodología combina el análisis de contenido cuantitativo y el análisis métrico sobre una muestra de 8.199 mensajes publicados por los cuatro partidos más votados: PP, PSOE, Podemos y Ciudadanos. Los resultados confirman que los partidos aprovechan Twitter para amplificar el impacto de sus intervenciones en medios convencionales, siendo especialmente significativo el debate a cuatro emitido por diferentes cadenas televisiva. Este dato refuerza la idea de que viejos y nuevos medios conviven y se complementan en un entorno comunicativo híbrido
Uso intensivo de herramientas y recursos de profesionalización política en campañas presidenciales: el caso de Colombia 2018
Authors:   Universidad EAFI (Medellín, Colombia), Restrepo Echavarría Nestor Julian , González Tule Luis Antonio ,   Universidad del Norte (Colombia)
Published: January 2021

Las campañas presidenciales en Colombia cada vez son más sofisticadas y profesionalizadas. Candidatos y partidos contratan expertos en distintas áreas (marketing político, imagen, redes sociales y producción audiovisual), hacen uso intensivo de nuevas tecnologías y medios de comunicación, personalizan la campaña en el candidato y realizan sondeos de opinión o encuestas de percepción ciudadana. Considerando los avances en la profesionalización, los objetivos de este trabajo son, primero, medir el nivel de profesionalización de las campañas de los tres principales candidatos presidenciales de Colombia en 2018 (Ivan Duque, Gustavo Petro y Sergio Fajardo), y, segundo, identificar las áreas de mayor desarrollo de técnicas e innovación que presentaron los diferentes grupos de dichas campañas. Para medir el nivel de profesionalización construimos un índice que permite hacer comparaciones tanto al interior de las campañas, como al exterior de las mismas.
Efficacy of Different Reagents to Prepare Transparent Tooth Model for Three Dimensional View of the Root Canal System- An Invitro Study
Authors: Tomar Monika , Mirdha Nitin , Gill Bobbin , Sundesha Manish , Kakpure Swarneet
Published: January 2021

Introduction: There are certain common as well as atypical characteristics in the root canal anatomy of each tooth. Simultaneous understanding of both can be the key to successful endodontics. Various methods have been used till date for visualisation of root canal morphology with variable success rates like magnification, radiography, CBCT, digital imaging and clearing. Clearing technique provides a three-dimensional view of the root canal anatomy from outsidewhile maintaining the original form and relationship of canals as minimal instrumentation is required in the procedure. It is a simple and inexpensive technique which involves decalcification of tooth structure, dehydration in alcohol and clearing by immersing in clearing agents. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two decalcifying agents (nitric acid and trichloroacetic acid) and two clearing agents (methyl salicylate and eugenol) in the preparation of transparent tooth model for viewing the root canal system. Materials and Methods: The in-vitro research study from August 2, 2019 to August 27, 2019 included 40 freshly extracted teeth (18 maxillary and 22 mandibular) which were randomly divided in two groups (n=20); group A (decalcification done in 5% nitric acid) and group B (decalcification done in 10% trichloroacetic acid). Then, the teeth were dehydrated in isopropyl alcohol. Each group was subdivided in two subgroups depending on the clearing agent used (methyl salicylate or eugenol). Afterwards they were graded for transparency and haziness criteria, and data analysis was done using chi-square test, value of significance at p<0.05. Results: The results showed that nitric acid took lesser time for decalcification than trichloroacetic acid. The subgroup 1 (NA/MS) showed better transparency level in 90% of the samples when compared with other subgroups; however the results were not significant with p-value 0.121. Haziness was present in all samples. The subgroup 4 (TCA/E) showed 100% haziness which was statistically significant among all the subgroups with p-value 0.002. Methyl salicylate showed better transparency, less haziness and good root canal morphology when compared with eugenol. Conclusion: Nitric acid when used in combination with methyl salicylate prepared the best transparent tooth model. Trichloroacetic acid showed average transparency and haziness was present in almost all the samples irrespective of the clearing agents used.
Transmigrated Mandibular Canine Guided into its Normal Position
Authors: Taffarel Itamar Antonio , Taffarel Ivan Pedro , Gasparello Gil Guilherme , Pithon Matheus Melo , Tanaka Orlando Motohiro
Published: January 2021

Transmigrated mandibular canines increase treatment complexity in terms of both anchorage and biomechanical planning, posing challenges for both Orthodontists and Oral Surgeons. This case report presents the orthodontic treatment in a 12-year-old girl patient, with transmigrated and impacted mandibular right canine positioned horizontally below the apices of the mandibular incisors. The mandibular deciduous right canine was extracted followed by the traction of the transmigrated permanent canine. Eruption was properly guided, and the correct position of the tooth was orthodontically guided into its normal position in the arch. The patient’s occlusion was significantly improved with good aesthetic outcome, functional occlusion, and a stable result after 1.5 years of follow-up.
Detection of Drug Susceptible and Resistant Viridans Streptococci spp., Staphylococcus Aureus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae and E.coli in Complete Denture Patients and Visualisation using Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Andonissamy Leoney , Karthigeyan Suma , Ali Seyed Asharaf
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The bacteria colonising the oral cavity and the dentures acquire drug resistance due to frequent usage of antibiotics systemically and application of mouth rinses and denture disinfectants locally. These multidrug resistant bacteria pose potential threat to the health of the patient as infections caused by them do not respond to conventional antibiotics. Aim: The present study aims at detecting the drug resistant bacteria in patients who wear complete dentures. Materials and Methods: The study is a descriptive study and follows laboratory invitro study design involving 30 complete denture patients. Swabs were collected from their oral cavity as well as complete denture surfaces. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for the following bacteriae namely Viridans streptococci species, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and E.coli. Isolation of the bacteria were done by means of selective media and subjected to biochemical tests. The 16S rRNA sequencing was done to ascertain the microorganisms by which 20 isolates of each of the selective bacteria were obtained. The bacteria were classified as sensitive, intermediate sensitive and resistant based on antibiotic sensitivity tests. Those isolates which exhibited Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) were visualised using SEM. Results:Viridans streptococci spp. (40%) and Staphylococcus aureus (25%) isolates were resistant to Amoxiclavulinic acid and Methicilin, whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae (30%) and (30%) E.coli isolates were most resistant to Cefotaxime and Doxicilin. Conclusion: Drug resistant bacteria have been identified from complete dentures and oral cavity in the present study. Antibiotic sensitivity tests, 16S rRNA sequencing and SEM are vital investigative tools to detect and to visualise drug resistant bacteria. Cell density, Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) and capsule could be important factors for providing drug resistance.
Effects of Climate Variability and Climate Change on Sorghum Productivity in the Cercle of Koutiala in Mali
Authors: Kouyate Diakalidia
Published: January 2021

The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) on sorghum productivity in the Cercle of Koutiala in Mali. To do this, the model of the production function was used to estimate the variation of sorghum yield during a period of 30 years (1986-2015). After the test of the unit root of Dickey-Fuller Augmented (ADF), the estimation of the semi-logarithmic model by the Ordinary Least Square method (OLS) showed that the yield of sorghum was affected by the climatic variables. The increase in average rainfall over the period June-September positively affects the performance to a certain threshold. On the other hand, the average temperatures during June-July have no significant effects on the yield. The temperatures observed during August and September, negatively affect the performance of sorghum during the study period to a certain threshold. The precipitations of August and September have a positive impact but not significant on the yield. The interaction between mean precipitation and average temperature during the same period negatively influences the yield of the sorghum. Indeed, the increase of the precipitation combined with an increase of the temperature for the period June to September causes a reduction in the yield of sorghum. Depending on this situation, it is important and necessary to take measures to mitigate the negative impacts of climate on sorghum yield in the Cercle of Koutiala.
A Simulation Study of Bayesian Estimator for Seemingly Unrelated Regression under Different Distributional Assumptions
Authors: Oluwadare Ojo O. , Oluremi Owonipa R. , Lateifat Enesi O.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents Bayesian analysis of Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model. An independent prior for parameters was used. The Bayesian method was compared with classical method of estimation to know the most efficient estimator under different distributional assumptions through a simulation study. In order to facilitate comparison among these estimators, Mean Squared Error (MSE) was considered as a criterion. Furthermore, based on the simulation, it was deduced that MSE of the Bayesian estimator is smaller than all the classical methods of estimation for SUR model while Normal distribution was considered as an ideal distribution  in generation of disturbances in any simulation study.
Creep Velocity of Non-Spherical Gravel Particles in Mountainous Regions
Authors: Kumari Anuradha , Kumar Akhilesh , Singh P. V.
Published: January 2021

The movement of sediment particles is governed by the relative magnitude of acting drag and the resistance offered by the particle. The magnitude of drag force that acts on a sediment particle depends on flow parameters as well as on the surface area of the particle exposed to flow. Similarly, the resistance offered by the particle depends on its weight and the surface area of the particle in contact with the stream bed. In the case of spherical particles, orientation does not play an important role, while in the case of non-spherical particles how particle orients itself play a vital role. Therefore, in the case of non-spherical particles, which is the real situation, the movement velocity of sediment particles will depend on their orientation. Numerous studies have been conducted for spherical particles but literature is lacking information for non-spherical particles. In this study, experiments were conducted on coarse solitary non-spherical gravel particles to observe their creep velocity with their changed orientations under varying flow conditions. The experimental finding unveiled that the creep velocity of these particles not only depended on the shape and size of the particles but also on their orientation relative to the flow direction. It was observed that for a particle of a given size, the orientation of the particle which leads to maximum exposed area i.e O2 orientation resulted in the highest creep velocity. The findings of the study have been illustrated with mathematical relationships and graphical representations for various combinations of input variables.
Perception of Adoption of Pulse Cultivation Practices by NFSM Programme Beneficiaries in Thoothukudi District of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Nagarethinam R. , Anjugam M.
Published: January 2021

The present study analyzes the adoption of improved technologies under the NFSM pulses program by the beneficiaries and to assessing the farmers' perception regarding the NFSM program in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. Thoothukudi district was selected based on the largest area covered under NFSM pulses. Five blocks in Thoothukudi district namely Kovilpatti, Gayathar, Ottaipidaram Villathikulam, and Pudhur were purposively selected. Random sampling was used to collect primary data from 25 beneficiaries in each block and to make total sample is 120. Descriptive statistics and adoption index methods were used to analyze the beneficiaries’ perception regarding NFSM programme. Results revealed that the agricultural department was the major source of knowledge on the NFSM program followed by Friends/Neighbors. It shows that this department has actively participated in spreading the benefits of the NFSM programme to the farmers. About 53.33 percent of NFSM beneficiaries fall under medium adoption level. Concerning constraints on the adoption of the NFSM programme, the beneficiaries agreed that there is a lack of technical knowledge (55%), inability to understand all the information given in the NFSM programme (56.67%), lack of training (65%), longer time taken sanction of contingent amount (92.50%) and availability of subsidy for one hectare (100%). The beneficiaries disagreed with the availability of fertilizers on time (57.50%) and received seed after sowing (75%).
An Implementation of Subject Policy is a Key to Effective Teaching and Learning: A Case Study of Siswati Language
Authors: Thwala Jozi Joseph
Published: January 2021

The objectives of this article are to set out the process and key areas for Siswati Subject Policy (SSP). Siswati is one of the languages in the Republic of South Africa that is granted the official status in terms of Section 6 of the Constitution. It is learned, taught and spoken at various provinces. The subject policy focuses on the development and management of the language from the theoretical understanding of its concepts to their practical stance. The policy is also expected to reinforce the government’s responsibilities of establishing the language infrastructures, providing equitable access to it and, enhancing language participation. The language subject policy covers all aspects of micro and macro linguistics, literature and onomastics. It covers teaching and learning, research, administration and community engagement. It is, however, more specific to focus on language in society and society in language, approaches and analytic strategies of the language as well as social interaction.
Emotional Intelligence and its Relationship to Leadership, Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Pharmacy Students, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alaaddin Rahaf Nabeel , Ibrahim Nahla Khamis , Kadi Mai
Published: January 2021

Background: Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the capability of an individual to recognize his own and others’ emotions. The current study was conducted to describe the EI and its relation to leadership, stress, anxiety, and depression among pharmacy students at Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacy students enrolled in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, during the educational year 2018/2019. A standardized data collection sheet was used. It inquired about personal and socio-demographic data, habits, general life satisfaction, and the academic stress. It contained also the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence (SSREI) scale, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), and the authentic leadership questionnaires. Descriptive, inferential statistics and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. 

Results: A total of 400 pharmacy students enrolled in the study. Their mean age was 21.61± 1.45 years. The total EI score (mean ± SD) was 118.42± 14.60. The predictors of the overall EI score were students' high leadership score (>48), general life satisfaction, and physical activity. EI was positively correlated with the authentic leadership scale and negatively correlated to DASS. 

Conclusion: Pharmacy students at UQU have above average EI score. Higher EI was positively associated with better leadership capacity and higher EI was negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Physical activity is an important EI predictor.
A Factor Analytic Investigation of Electronic Word-of-Mouth towards Fast Food Industry in Sri Lanka
Authors: Devendra Saraniya
Published: January 2021

In modern marketing, the Fast Food Industry has experienced lots of changes. These changes have influenced both industries and the nature of the rivalry. Consequently, it is not shocking that these bread winners have been enforced in a puzzling situation to concentrate on their customers instead of positive word of mouth communication. One of the best ways that restaurants can be differentiated from others and accomplish competitive advantage is using positive word of mouth. Consequently, this research is contributed to the vital element that is influencing on Electronic Word-of-Mouth (EWOM) in selective Fast Food Restaurants. The data were collected from a convenience sample of 200 customers in Colombo Divisional Secretariat Division, Sri Lanka. The respondents provided the data utilizing a close-ended questionnaire. Exploratory Factor Analysis has been used to analyze the data and to draw the findings. From the factor analysis, it has been identified that four factors, namely Encouragement, In-depth explanation, Differentiation and Contacts, are the primary influencers. These four factors have combined variance of 55.411% of the decision regarding the adoption of Electronic Word-of-Mouth by Fast Food Restaurants to ensure strategic development.
COVID-19 Impact on Regional Tourism Development in Bangladesh-A Study of Cumilla District
Authors: Islam S. M. Nazrul , Al-Amin Md. , Akter Sk. Rahima
Published: January 2021

The travel industry is one of the most developing businesses all around the globe. Bangladesh can possibly create the travel industry on account of its alluring natural beauty and rich cultural heritage. But the COVID-19 adversely impacts the travel and tourism industry all over the world and Bangladesh is no exception. The main objective of the study was to find out the COVID-19 impact on regional tourism development in Bangladesh-A study of Cumilla district. The study area was Cumilla District. Tourists of Cumilla District were the population of the study. The study has done mainly based on primary and secondary data. For collecting primary data, the survey method is used by distributing online questionnaires through social media. From the analysis, it was found that at present all the tourist places have been opened for tourists. But the presence of tourists is not so high. The majority of the respondents said high damage has been done to Cumilla tourism due to lockdown & it has also caused a lot of damage to the development of the sights & the surrounding area in tourist places. The majority of the respondents are satisfied with transportation quality. But they are dissatisfied with non-compliance with hygiene rules, high cost of touring, poor security & the management style of tourist place authority. Most of them suggest for arranging adequate thermal scanners & hand sanitizer at the entrance of the tourist place, reducing the cost of touring & taking more promotional activity. Some guidelines have been mentioned in the recommendation part.
Studying the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Problem–solving Skills of Individuals from Personal Knowledge Management Perspective
Authors: Mohammed Hakar Zaki
Published: January 2021

In today’s advanced economies, knowledge has been converted into a key economic resource and a contributing factor for organizational success. In nature, knowledge requires to be managed by each person in order to yield the concept of personal knowledge management (Drucker). In many scientific records, the relationship between personal emotional intelligence, problem–solving, and the psychological traits including emotional intelligences has been stressed. The present paper has aimed to study the association between the emotional intelligence dimensions and personal knowledge management. Hence, this research is a descriptive survey. The data collection tool was a questionnaire including 37 questions and the statistical sample consisted of 302 individuals from the students, experts, and active managers in the field of knowledge management. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to achieve the questionnaire’s reliability coefficient, while the facial and content validity was confirmed by knowledge management experts. The research data was analyzed by statistical methods and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Emotional intelligence was measured according to the Goleman’s model in five dimensions, including motivation, self–awareness, self-regulation, empathy, and social skill. According to data analysis, there is a positive and significant correlation between the education level and capabilities of people in personal knowledge management. All the emotional intelligence dimensions are of a positive and significant relationship with personal knowledge management. Likewise, the research findings proved a significant relationship between personal knowledge management’s four aspects and the five dimensions of emotional intelligence.
Ellipsometry Study of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Using Synchrotron Radiation: Transparency Window in the Far‐UVC
Authors: Artús Luis , Feneberg Martin , Attaccalite Claudio , Edgar James H. , Li Jiahan , Goldhahn Rüdiger , Cuscó Ramon
Published: January 2021

The linear optical response of the ultrawide bandgap h‐BN is investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The ordinary dielectric function of h‐BN is determined up to 25 eV on a high‐quality single‐crystal platelet. The direct bandgap and the high‐energy transitions are characterized with the aid of ab initio self‐consistent GW calculations and the optical properties are calculated using the Bethe–Salpeter equation. The dispersion of the ordinary refractive index in the visible and UV part of the spectrum below the bandgap is in excellent agreement with previous transmission experiments. A sharp excitonic peak at 6.1 eV associated with the direct bandgap dominates the absorption spectrum, and a second peak is observed at 6.8 eV. At higher energies, a strong absorption peak emerges at 15 eV associated with higher σ → σ* transitions. As a consequence of the unique electronic band structure of h‐BN, a transparency window is observed in the far‐UV region between 7 and 13 eV, where the light penetration depth reaches a value of 38 nm, as opposed to the value of 0.8 nm at the absorption peak of the fundamental bandgap.
Earth‐Abundant Transition Metal‐Based Mullite‐Type Oxide Catalysts for Heterogeneous Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Thampy Sampreetha , Ashburn Nickolas , Cho Kyeongjae , Hsu Julia W. P
Published: January 2021

Driving innovations in the field of catalysis and electrocatalysis for a sustainable future necessitates the development of highly active, thermally stable, and low‐cost heterogeneous catalysts. Earth‐abundant transition metal‐based oxide catalysts are highly sought after to replace expensive platinum group metals. Identifying new catalyst formulations and design principles to tune materials’ bulk electronic structures and surface energetics for enhanced catalytic activity accelerates the search. Herein, the inherent attributes of mullite‐type oxides in catalyzing various oxidation reactions—crystal structure, electronic structure, stability, and catalytic activity—are reviewed. A comprehensive understanding of the nature of active sites, oxidation mechanisms, strategies to enhance the catalytic performance and regeneration of active sites, emerging opportunities in electrocatalysis and sensors, and challenges in computational methodologies is discussed. Finally, a perspective on expanding mullite‐type oxides’ viability for commercial applications in environmental and sustainable energy production through the integration of advanced synthetic approaches, operando spectroscopic techniques, and high‐throughput computational tools is outlined.
Water quality of an integrated crop–livestock system in the northern Great Plains
Authors: Faust D. R. , Liebig M. A. , Toledo D. , Archer D. W. , Kronberg S. L. , Hendrickson J. R. , Bawa Arun , Kumar S.
Published: January 2021

Impacts of integrated crop–livestock (ICL) systems on water quality have not been well studied. Water quality parameters were quantified for two 30‐min rainfall simulations in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–cover crop, cover crop, and rangeland grass control phases of a long‐term ICL study site in Mandan, ND, in 2017 and 2018. Both pre‐graze and post‐graze simulations were conducted. Nitrate‐N (NO3−–N), nitrite‐N (NO2−–N), ammonia‐N (NH4+–N), phosphate‐P (PO43−–P), and total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations and loads were evaluated in surface runoff water, along with concentrations of NO3−–N, NO2−–N, NH4+–N, and PO43−–P in infiltration water. Non‐parametric ranked two‐way analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences for vegetation type and grazing as fixed effects, with year as a random effect. Surface runoff concentrations of NO3−–N and NH4+–N were significantly different with cover crop and wheat phases being greater than grass. A grazing effect was also observed with pre‐graze significantly greater than post graze for NO2−–N, NH4+–N, PO43−–P, and TSS surface runoff concentrations. For infiltration water concentrations, similar significant effects of vegetation type were observed for NO3−–N and PO43−–P, while pre‐graze was also greater than post‐graze for NO2−–N and PO43−–P. Due to variable runoff volumes, no significant differences were observed for loads of any parameters. Minimal runoff volumes (0–6.7 L) and significant vegetation and grazing effects in nutrient infiltration water concentrations highlight the importance of infiltration in such studies, particularly at sites in the northern Great Plains.
Soil temperature and bacterial diversity regulate the impact of irrigation and fertilization practices on ecosystem respiration
Authors: Fan Yaqiong , Hao Xinmei , Carswell Alison , Misselbrook Tom , Ding Risheng , Li Sien , Kang Shaozhong
Published: January 2021

Understanding ecosystem respiration (Reco) response to various management practices is important for the sustainable development of solar greenhouse systems, which represent a large and profitable industry in Northwest China. A tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)–cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)–tomato rotation experiment was conducted with four treatments including two irrigation levels (regular irrigation [RI] and low irrigation [LI]) and two N fertilizer sources (organic‐N fertilizer [N1] and inorganic‐N fertilizer [N2]). Ecosystem respiration and soil variables were measured multiple times. Mean Reco flux was 511, 319, and 437 mg m–2 h–1 for tomato‐2016, cucumber‐2016, and tomato‐2017, respectively. Soil temperature was the most important factor affecting Reco magnitude. Tomato seasons with higher temperature had significantly greater Reco flux than the cucumber season. Organic‐N fertilizer application can stimulate Reco flux, cumulative Reco, and Reco intensity mainly by providing favorable soil N and C condition for soil bacterial growth and activity, whereas the difference between irrigation levels was inconsistent. The fitted exponential function describing the relationship between Reco and soil temperature showed that the temperature sensitivity decreased from tomato‐2016 to tomato‐2017 for all treatments, corresponding to the continuously reduced soil bacterial alpha diversity. Soil bacterial Shannon index was an effective prediction factor for Reco in the relatively warmer and drier season, with an R2 >.8 during tomato‐2017. The RIN1 treatment consistently had the greatest cumulative Reco and the highest soil bacterial alpha diversity throughout the rotation. Further studies are needed on the mechanisms of how the change of soil properties would regulate the response of Reco to soil abiotic and biotic factors.
Physicochemical Properties of Purified Biodiesel Based on Oil Recovered from Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Viscera
Authors: Mis Solval Kevin , Chouljenko Alexander , Theegala Chandra , Sathivel Subramaniam
Published: January 2021

The effects of neutralization, transesterification, and adsorption on the physicochemical properties of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained from crude catfish oil (CO) were investigated. CO was recovered from catfish viscera and subjected to: neutralization (NCO) with 20 (g/100 g) NaOH solution, transesterification (BIO) with methyl alcohol (1:6 molar ratio, oil: alcohol) and 1 (g/100 g) (w/w) NaOH, and purification by adsorption (PBIO) with activated earth (10 g/100 g of BIO). CO, NCO, BIO, and PBIO were evaluated for FAME, free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), cloud and flash points, free and total glycerin, rheological properties, and minerals. Catfish viscera had a lipid content of 28.5 g/100 g (wet basis), of which 20.9 g were recovered as CO (73.33% yield). Furthermore, 84.67 g of NCO, 77.53 g of BIO, and/or 60.22 g of PBIO were produced from 100 g of CO processed. NCO had significantly (P < 0.05) lower FFA, density, cloud point, flash point, and diacylglycerols content than CO. Meanwhile, PBIO had significantly (P < 0.05) lower PV and cloud points when compared to BIO. CO, NCO, BIO, and PBIO behaved as Newtonian fluids at 25 °C. BIO and PBIO adhere to the american society for testing and materials (ASTM) biodiesel standards for FAME, moisture, density, cloud point, free and total glycerin, Na, P, and S. This study demonstrated the feasibility of converting high‐viscosity CO into low‐viscosity PBIO with promising physicochemical attributes. PBIO has the potential to serve as a viable alternative biofuel.
Printability, shape‐memory, and mechanical properties of PHB/PCL/CNFs composites
Authors: Yue Chengbin , Hua Mengqing , Li Heqian , Liu Yingtao , Xu Min , Song Yongming
Published: January 2021

Shape‐memory polymers have attracted attention as smart implant materials in recent years because they are lightweight, low‐cost, easily processable, and because they undergo large deformation. Here, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were used as a reinforcement for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)/polycaprolactone (PCL) composites to improve mechanical properties. The composites were investigated by rheological tests, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, mechanical property tests, and shape‐memory tests. The printability of PHB/PCL/CNFs composites was demonstrated by using them to print interconnected porous structures with a gyroid surface. The results showed that the PHB/PCL (80:20) composites with 1 wt% CNF displayed the best comprehensive mechanical and shape‐memory properties. As a functional verification, a model of the self‐opening hand was fabricated by 3D printing, and its deformation and recovery capabilities were evaluated.
The Development of Guidance for Responding to Disclosure of Non‐recent Child Sexual Abuse within a Large Provider of Health Services for Adults and Children
Authors: Hindley Nick , Lord Lisa
Published: January 2021

In a large community health organisation, following high‐profile cases of non‐recent (historical) child sexual abuse, there was an increase in such disclosures and in uncertainties voiced by clinicians, both medical and non‐medical, about the most appropriate response to them. Practitioners within the safeguarding children team realised that there was little clear practice guidance available on this subject. This paper explores the process of how guidance for responding to disclosure of non‐recent child sexual abuse was developed and how, in the face of initial considerable anxiety and concern from clinicians, successful implementation was ultimately achieved.

‘This paper explores the process of how guidance for responding to disclosure of non‐recent child sexual abuse was developed’

Key Practitioner Messages

Addressing non‐historic disclosure of sexual abuse:

Is complex and requires flexibility of approach from professionals at the time of disclosure and subsequently.

Should wherever possible include the wishes of the individual making the disclosure but may require additional professional decisions to prevent harm to others.

Requires appreciation of the perspectives of professionals from different disciplines and agencies.

Requires clear process and good senior, interagency working relationships if resolution of complex dilemmas is to be achieved.
Enhancement of resistant starch content in modified rice flour using extrusion technology
Authors: Gulzar Beenish , Hussain Syed Zameer , Naseer Bazila , Naik Haroon Rashid
Published: January 2021

Background and objectives

The present study was conducted with an aim to modify rice flour for enhancement of resistant starch content using extrusion technology. The effects of feed moisture, barrel temperature, and screw speed on resistant starch (RS), predicted glycemic index (pGI), glycemic load (GL), and instrumental color (L*, a*, and b* values) were investigated using response surface methodology.

Findings

RS, pGI, GL, L*, a*, and b* varied between 4.91%–6.83%, 73.20–76.90, 48.0–53.04, 70.43–85.95, 6.92–10.32, and 15.09–30.81, respectively. Models obtained for these parameters were highly significant (p ≤ .0028). Significantly (p < .05) higher RS content (6.20%) and lower pGI and GL values (75.10 and 50, respectively) were recorded in modified rice flour (MRF) as compared to native rice flour (NRF). Lower values of pasting properties and higher thermal properties were recorded in MRF than NRF. Scanning electron micrographs showed continuous and dense network structures in MRF, whereas ungelatinized granules were evident in NRF.

Conclusion

Extrusion processing caused significant changes in the digestibility of rice flour which increased the RS content and decreased the pGI in MRF. 30% moisture content, 140°C barrel temperature, and 70 rpm screw speed were found most feasible conditions to enhance RS content in MRF.

Novelty

The extrusion of rice flour without a die proved to be a unique way to produce pregelatinized rice flour with higher RS and lower pGI. MRF can be explored for development of functional foods especially for diabetic and celiac disease patients.
Syngas Production from Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Copper Oxide Electrodes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Yao Xi , Guo Yafei , Liu Bingqian , Wang Puyao , Sun Jian , Li Weiling , Zhao Chuanwen
Published: January 2021

Electrochemical CO2 reduction to value‐added chemicals and fuels using renewable energy represents a promising strategy for reducing CO2 emissions and achieving effective energy storage. In this work, nano‐sized CuO catalysts were prepared by using the homogeneous precipitation method for electrochemical CO2 reduction to CO. The CO2 reduction studies combined with the characterization results show that structure‐activity relationships of the CuO catalysts depend on the calcination temperature. The as‐synthesized CuO catalysts calcined at different temperatures are capable of reducing CO2 to generate syngas with tunable CO/H2 ratios of 1 : 2 to 2 : 1. The desired CuO‐400 catalyst exhibits good morphology, small particle size, and enriched oxygen‐vacancy defects and, therefore, shows good performance for electrochemical CO2 reduction to CO. Under the given potential of −0.93 V vs. RHE, CuO‐400 exhibits good reduction activity and selectivity with a great electrochemically active surface area normalized CO partial current density of 1.44 mA/cm2 and a high CO faradaic efficiency of 48.2 %. The deactivation of CuO‐400 in the long‐term test is associated with the increase in particle size, the reduction of CuO to Cu2O and metallic Cu, and the coverage of surface active sites by the formed carbonate species. Our findings indicate that CuO catalysts with tunable physicochemical properties are promising candidates for electrochemical CO2 reduction to produce syngas.
Bicyclic Phenyl–Ethynyl Architectures: Synthesis of a 1,4‐Bis(phenylbuta‐1,3‐diyn‐1‐yl) Benzene Banister
Authors: Bannwart Linda Maria , Müntener Thomas , Rickhaus Michel , Jundt Lukas , Häussinger Daniel , Mayor Marcel
Published: January 2021

The novel diacetylene bridged terphenylic macrocycle 1 is presented and discussed in the context of rotationally restricted “Geländer” oligomers. The 1,4‐bis(phenylbuta‐1,3‐diyn‐1‐yl) benzene bridge of diacetylene 1 is significantly longer than its terphenyl backbone, forcing the bridge to bend around the central pylon. The synthesis of molecule 1 is based to a large extent on acetylene scaffolding strategies, profiting from orthogonal alkyne protection groups to close both macrocyclic subunits by oxidative acetylene coupling sequentially. The spatial arrangement and the dynamic enantiomerization process of the bicyclic target structure 1 are analyzed. In‐depth NMR investigations not only reveal an unexpected spatial arrangement with both oligomer strands bent alongside the backbone, but also display the limited stability of the model compound in the presence of molecular oxygen.
5‐Methylcytosine Substantially Enhances the Thermal Stability of DNA Minidumbbells
Authors: Wan Liqi , Yi Jie , Lam Sik Lok , Lee Hung Kay , Guo Pei
Published: January 2021

Minidumbbell (MDB) is a recently identified non‐B DNA structure that has been proposed to associate with genetic instabilities. It also serves as a functional structural motif in DNA nanotechnology. DNA molecular switches constructed using MDBs show instant and complete structural conversions with easy manipulations. The availability of stable MDBs can broaden their applications. In this work, we found that substitutions of cytosine with 5‐methylcytosine could lead to a significant enhancement in the thermal stabilities of MDBs. Consecutive methylations of cytosine in MDBs brought about cumulative stabilization with a drastic increase in the melting temperature by 23 °C. NMR solution structures of two MDBs containing 5‐methylcytosine residues have been successfully determined and revealed that the enhanced stabilities resulted primarily from favorable hydrophobic contacts, more stable base pairs and enhanced base‐base stackings involving the methyl group of 5‐methylcytosine.
Altered Membrane Mechanics Provides a Receptor‐Independent Pathway for Serotonin Action
Authors: Dey Simli , Surendran Dayana , Engberg Oskar , Gupta Ankur , Fanibunda Sashaina E. , Das Anirban , Maity Barun Kumar , Dey Arpan , Visvakarma Vicky , Kallianpur Mamata , Scheidt Holger A. , Walker Gilbert , Vaidya Vidita A. , Huster Daniel , Maiti Sudipta
Published: January 2021

Serotonin, an important signaling molecule in humans, has an unexpectedly high lipid membrane affinity. The significance of this finding has evoked considerable speculation. Here we show that membrane binding by serotonin can directly modulate membrane properties and cellular function, providing an activity pathway completely independent of serotonin receptors. Atomic force microscopy shows that serotonin makes artificial lipid bilayers softer, and induces nucleation of liquid disordered domains inside the raft‐like liquid‐ordered domains. Solid‐state NMR spectroscopy corroborates this data at the atomic level, revealing a homogeneous decrease in the order parameter of the lipid chains in the presence of serotonin. In the RN46A immortalized serotonergic neuronal cell line, extracellular serotonin enhances transferrin receptor endocytosis, even in the presence of broad‐spectrum serotonin receptor and transporter inhibitors. Similarly, it increases the membrane binding and internalization of oligomeric peptides. Our results uncover a mode of serotonin–membrane interaction that can potentiate key cellular processes in a receptor‐independent fashion.
Biomass‐derived Graphene‐like Catalyst Material for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Kaare Kätlin , Yu Eric , Käämbre Tanel , Volperts Aleksandrs , Dobele Galina , Zhurinsh Aivars , Niaura Gediminas , TamasauskaiteTamasiunaite Loreta , Norkus Eugenijus , Kruusenberg Ivar
Published: January 2021

A novel and sustainable method was established to prepare a nitrogen doped graphene‐like material from a renewable, secondary raw material with potential application in the catalysis of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Alder wood char was used as a precursor material for producing a sustainable graphene‐like carbon catalyst for the ORR. Alder wood char was first activated (AWC) and then doped with nitrogen (N−AWC). The graphene‐like structure was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical characterization was carried out in 0.1 M KOH, showing that in alkaline media the ORR activity of the N‐doped wood char‐based graphene‐like material is superior compared to non‐sustainable commercial N‐doped graphene. The onset potential of the ORR on N‐AWC was shifted to positive direction by 75 mV in comparison to the commercially available nitrogen‐doped graphene and the half‐wave potential was shifted even by 239 mV. This renewable biomass‐derived graphene‐like carbon catalyst shows a great potential alternative to current synthetic graphite, graphene nanoplatelets and graphene materials in areas such as fuel cells and batteries.
Single‐Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Atogepant in Adults With Hepatic Impairment: Results From an Open‐Label, Phase 1 Trial
Authors: Boinpally Ramesh , Jakate Abhijeet , Butler Matthew , Borbridge Lisa , Periclou Antonia
Published: January 2021

Atogepant is a selective oral calcitonin gene‐related peptide receptor antagonist in development for migraine prevention. Here, we report the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of single‐dose 60 mg atogepant in participants with severe, moderate, or mild hepatic impairment and matched participants with normal hepatic function from an open‐label, parallel‐group, single‐dose phase 1 trial. Thirty‐two participants aged 45 to 72 years were enrolled, which included 8 each with severe, moderate, mild, or no hepatic impairment. All participants completed the study. Atogepant was rapidly absorbed (median time to maximum plasma concentration, ∼2 hours) with an apparent terminal elimination half‐life of ∼11 hours. Compared with participants with normal hepatic function, the change in maximum plasma concentrations of atogepant were –4%, –12%, and +9% in participants with severe, moderate, or mild hepatic impairment, respectively. Overall systemic exposures to atogepant were 15% to 38% higher in participants with hepatic impairment compared with those with normal hepatic function, but these differences are not expected to be clinically relevant given the established safety profile of atogepant. Only 1 adverse event was reported: mild rhinorrhea in a participant with moderate hepatic impairment. Overall, atogepant was safe and not associated with any clinically relevant change in PK in participants with severe, moderate, or mild hepatic impairment.