bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bringing the Environment In: The Case for Comprehensive Security
Authors: STERN ERIC K.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the case for a comprehensive and multidimensional security concept, including a prioritized environmental component. Following a brief overview of the current state of the security debate, two very different lines of criticism against the notion of linking environment and security are presented and critiqued. The `orthodox' view argues that a relatively restrictive definition of security should be maintained in order to protect the conceptual and substantive integrity of security studies as a discipline. The `radical' view reflects a distaste for the normative and ontological implications of the security discourse and argues that it is inappropriate to `securitize' non-military social or environmental issues. In the last part of the article, the advantages of a comprehensive security concept are outlined, in a context emphasizing the desirability of an intellectual partnership between academics and practitioners geared towards the generation of more balanced, integrated and environmentally sound security policy-making.
The Resort Folder
Authors: Robinson John E.
Published: March 2007

Resort guests must be pre-sold on coming to your area and on staying in your hotel, inn, or condominium. Your brochure as your primary sales piece should tell your story clearly and appealingly to the people you want to attract.
Marketing
Authors: Stein Bob
Published: March 2007

Hoteliers and restaurateurs are often forced to make hard decisions about where to put their advertising dollars. This article presents a persuasive argument for special-interest magazines as a highly effective vehicle for reaching the right audience
Tapping Online Data Banks
Authors: Hill Marjorie
Published: March 2007

Huge volumes of data are available via "searches" in computer data banks. The challenge is to determine which data bank has what you need and how to get at it
Franchisor-Franchisee Relationships in Quick-Service-Restaurant Systems
Authors: Parsa H. G.
Published: March 2007

As the quick-service-restaurant market matured, the relationship between franchise firms and their franchisees stabilized, allowing power and control issues to surface. The balance of power in the relationship, as perceived by the franchisees, affects both the franchisees' satisfaction with the arrangement and their financial results. When franchisors have great economic power, franchisees may become dissatisfied and have lower revenues relative to their potential. On the other hand, when the franchisees perceive that their franchisor's power is noneconomic, the franchisees are more satisfied and able to achieve stronger margins.
The Soul of Work
Authors: Krieshok Thomas S. , Pelsma Dennis M.
Published: March 2007

Working from a paradigm that considers work issues as either central or contextual requires a shift in the way many counseling psychologists think about the world. Perhaps the easiest time to implement such a paradigm is while students are in training, when they are confronted daily with new ways to think of the world. The purpose of this article is to examine how the use of case studies during training can serve to locate vocational psychology within counseling psychology, with one result being the enhancement of trainees’ ability and willingness to consider the whole person (when vocational issues are primary) and to consider work as a major contextual issue (when it is not the presenting concern). To accomplish this goal, the authors’ approach is threefold: (a) to offer support for the use of case studies in teaching,(b) to provide a brief discussion of reasons that students struggle with the location of vocational psychology within counseling psychology and how the use of case studies helps address this struggle, and (c) to describe specific ways to integrate cases into courses (vocational as well as nonvocational), including ethical issues in handling cases.
Mini-Reviews of Books on Mid-Life
Authors: Sinick Daniel
Published: March 2007

Recent books relevant to the counseling of adults are here briefly reviewed. Relevance was interpreted to eliminate books dealing solely with the years beyond mid-life. Recency is used to include books from 1972 on. These reviews do not cover the entire universe of relevant books, but a world of information awaits psychologists concerned with counseling adults.
Academic and Behavioral Problems of Boys in Elementary School
Authors: Chapman Robert B.
Published: March 2007

The development of a boy's sex role begins shortly after birth when he is assigned certain colors due to his gender. By the time the boy is eighteen months old, adults are expecting clear sex differences in his behavior. Subtle and not so subtle pressure is put on the child to produce sex differences. The pressure is from a wide variety of sources such as type of toys purchased, clothing provided, decoration of his room, and his interactions with family members and other significant adults. Consequently the boy's preference for guns, wheeled toys, running, and aggressive play appears at or before age three. By the time the boy enters elementary school at age six, he has a strong notion of the masculine behaviors expected of him.

Modification of sex roles to accommodate the expectations of the school is one of the more difficult tasks facing elementary school aged boys. As they enter school, boys are required to assume a second role, that of a student. However, the behaviors implicit in many boys' sex roles are oppositional to the behaviors required in the student role. The conflict results in the boy not successfully assuming the student role, and may result in the boy being identified as having an academic and/or behavioral problem. Considerable research indicates that a large percentage of boys are experiencing difficulties in the schools. The present article will explore the reasons boys are involved in such frequent problems in school, and will make recommendations for persons working with elementary school aged boys.
Dual-Career Couples' Career Transitions and Normative Dilemmas
Authors: O'Neil James M. , Fishman Diane Mastrandrea , Kinsella-Shaw Mary
Published: March 2007

A review of the literature indicates few concepts to assess dual-career couples during counseling. Limitations of past definitions and theories of career development are discussed in the context of the complexity of the dual-career life-style. New definitions are proposed to increase knowledge about the dual-career couple as a special group in career development. A preliminary assessment model is presented focusing on the normative dilemmas of dual-career couples. Develop-mental areas and normative dilemmas in careers, gender roles, and marriage-family are discussed in the context of 23 career transitions. Normative themes related to dual-career couple dilemmas are then enumerated. The assessment model promotes greater understanding of how career events affect interpersonal-family relationships as well as how these relationships affect a couple's career development. Implications of the assessment model for counseling dual-career couples and conducting future research are discussed.
Application of Rational Restructuring to Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Goldfried Marvin R.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines the theoretical assumptions and research base for rational restructuring, a cognitive-behavioral intervention procedure that may be used for the reduction of certain anxiety-related disorders. Specifically applicable to various forms of social-evaluative anxiety, such as social anxiety, unassertiveness, public speaking, and test-taking anxiety, the goal of rational restructuring is to help client to learn to obtain a more realistic perspective on themselves and their relationships with others. In the most general sense, rational restructuring may be construed as a procedure for teaching clients the use of a coping skill. Intervention procedures within the consultation session are described and illustrated, and suggestions are offered for the application of this coping skill in the client's life.
Ethical Issues in the Assessment and Treatment of a Rational Suicidal Client
Authors: Snipe Rosetta M.
Published: March 2007

A rational client's decision to suicide may present particularly complex ethical issues for a therapist. This article presents and discusses a 3-month account of therapy with such a client, from the perspective of the ethical values and principles upon which assessment and treatment decisions were made, and the complex ethical dilemmas encountered as the therapist juxtaposed the client's autonomy with the irreversibility of her potential death by suicide.
Consulting Opportunities
Authors: Gabbard Clint , Halischak Kate
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to relate opportunities for consulting psychologists to work with a specific population within a university setting. The article describes the consulting relationships between a counseling psychologist, the academic advising office for student-athletes, and the athletic department at the University of Notre Dame and outlines possibilities for consultation with student-athletes in areas such as performance enhancement, personal counseling, study skills, and career planning.
Does Complementarity Promote or Hinder Client Change in Brief Therapy?
Authors: Friedlander Myrna L.
Published: March 2007

Two conceptual models, interpersonal personality theory (IPT) and relational control theory (RCT), have had long-standing influences on the science and practice of psychotherapy, undergirding many of the goals, strategies, and techniques commonly used in brief treatments for individuals and families. In both models, client-therapist complementarity figures prominently, but IPT and RCT theorists define the concept differently, with varying perspectives on its value in facilitating therapeutic change. Because of the conceptual differences and a wide array of research methods, the literature on complementarity is replete with confusing, contradictory results. To clarify the existing knowledge base and suggest directions for future study, 23 IPT and 19 RCT studies of observable client-therapist interactions in brief individual and family therapy were reviewed and contrasted. Although results do not consistently confirm either model the evidence tends to support IPT in the context of individual therapy and RCT in the context of family therapy. Implications are summarized, followed by recommendations for enhancing the clinical relevance of future research in this area and avoiding the conceptual and methodological problems of the past.
Why Are Counseling Psychology Students SA Ging?
Authors: Glidden Cynthia E. , Zachar Peter , Jaschik-Herman Bruce G.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this manuscript is to encourage Division 17 and counseling psychology students to evaluate the purpose and clarify the mechanisms of the Division 17 Student Affiliate Group (SAG). Survey data collected from 125 postgraduates and 377 students (representing 35 counseling psychology training programs) were analyzed to assess the relationship between student membership in SAG and postgraduate membership in Division 17. In addition to SAG and Division 17 membership status and intentions, the survey qualitatively assessed student opinions about the viability of SAG within Division 17. Results indicate that among postgraduates, SAG membership is significantly correlated with current Division 17 membership, and that current SAG members are somewhat more likely than nonmembers of SAG to state intentions to join Division 17. These results and the summary of the qualitative comments are discussed in terms of perceptions of the extent to which SAG fulfills its role as the link between Division 17 and counseling psychology students.
African American Faculty and White American Students
Authors: Chambers Tony , Lewis Jacqueline , Kerezsi Paula
Published: March 2007

The development of culturally competent counseling skills and knowledge is experienced differently when faculty and students are from culturally and/or racially different backgrounds. This article reviews some of the factors that influence learning and teaching in counselor preparation programs when the faculty member is African American and the students are White Americans.
Research Training Environment, Attitudes toward Research, and Research Self-Efficacy
Authors: Gelso Charles J. , Mallinckrodt Brent , Judge Ann Brust
Published: March 2007

This study sought to enhance the reliability of the Research Training Environment Scale (RTES) at the subscale level and to determine the relationship of the research training environment to several variables theorized to be either related or unrelated to that environment. One hundred seventy-three graduate students from 6 doctoral programs in counseling, clinical, and school psychology responded to the measures. Internal consistency and retest reliability of the RTES were substantially improved Consistent with our hypotheses, all 9 subscales and the total score of the revised RTES correlated positively with research self-efficacy and changes in attitudes toward research during graduate education; likewise, as expected, the RTES was unrelated to participants' interest in the practitioner role and minimally related to their general self-esteem. Contrary to the hypotheses, RTES was minimally related to interest in the role of scientist.
The Vocational Development of Non-College-Bound Youth:
Authors: Worthington Roger L. , Juntunen Cindy L.
Published: March 2007

Due to inadequate preparation for employment and lack of assistance in making the transition to work, many youth struggle entering the labor market, are unemployed, or flounder in jobs without opportunities for advancement. The school-to-work transition movement, exemplified by the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994, is designed to address the career development needs of non-college-bound youth. However, despite the fact that counseling psychology has been intimately involved with career development since its inception, attempts to link counseling psychology and the school-to-work movement are almost nonexistent. Given that the school-to-work movement will directly affect the vocational outcomes of potentially 75% or more of youth, it is imperative that counseling psychologists begin to take an active role in the movement. This article attempts to provide an impetus for counseling psychologists to become involved in the school-to-work movement through theory building, research, training, and practice.
Trend Analyses of Major Contributions in The Counseling Psychologist Cited from 1986 to 1996
Authors: Flores Lisa Y. , Rooney S. Craig , Heppner P. Paul , Browne LaVonne Douglas , Wei Mei-Fen
Published: March 2007

This study commemorates the 30th anniversary of The Counseling Psychologist (TCP), the official publication of Division 17 since 1969. The investigation analyzes trends in the professional citations of the Major Contribution articles from the inception of TCP in 1969 through 1995. Results indicate (a) the impact factors and citation half-life statistics for Major Contribution articles for the years 1986 to 1996, (b) that citations of Major Contributions have increased over the past 11 years, (c) that Major Contribution articles are cited across a diverse range of disciplines, (d) that the number of Major Contribution articles in an issue is negatively related to the average number of citations for an issue, (e) the top 10 most frequently cited Major Contribution articles, (f) the percentages of Major Contributions published by men and women, and (g) emerging topic areas from citations of Major Contributions published from 1991 to 1995. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to professional issues, TCP, and future research.
The Impact of Youth Curfew Laws on Juvenile Crime Rates
Authors: McDowall David , Loftin Colin , Wiersema Brian
Published: March 2007

This study used panel data from a sample of cities and counties to examine the effects of curfew laws on youth crime rates. The analysis estimated the impact of new and revised laws on juvenile homicide victimizations (1976 to 1995) and on juvenile arrests for a variety of offenses (1985 to 1996). The results show statistically significant decreases in burglary, larceny, and simple assault arrests after revised laws, but only in the county data. Homicide rates did not change in either counties or cities, and new laws were not followed by reductions in crime. Any preventive effects of curfews appear to be small.
Reentry Reconsidered: A New Look at an Old Question
Authors: Travis Jeremy , Petersilia Joan
Published: March 2007

Reflecting unprecedented prison expansion, the scale of prisoner reentry has reached new heights. Although the movement of individuals from prison to community is not new, a focus on the phenomenon of reentry at this time sheds light on the consequences of America's shifting sentencing policies, the changes in parole supervision, and the concentrated impact of removal and return of prisoners on disadvantaged communities. The profile of the current reentry cohort shows that prisoners are less prepared for reintegration and less connected to community-based social structures. Linkages between prisoner reentry and the related social policy domains of health policy, family and child welfare policy, workforce participation, civic participation, and racial disparities are examined to show the potential for more systematic reintegration policies. The article concludes with discussion of the implications of a reentry perspective for the development of new strategies for prisoner reintegration.
New Jersey's Intensive Supervision Program: A Progress Report
Authors: Pearson Frank S.
Published: March 2007

This is a progress report on the first year of operation of New Jersey's Intensive Supervision Program (ISP). The program design includes, among other components, very selective screening of applicants and multiple contacts with each offender every week. Results of a survey of judges, prosecutors, and public defenders on ISP are outlined. A summative evaluation would be premature at this time because only a handful of the 226 offenders admitted thus far into ISP have completed a full year in the program. However, preliminary indications of program accomplishments, including employment and rates of recidivism, are very promising.
Conditions of Confinement within Security Prisons: Scandinavia and California
Authors: Snortum John R. , Bødal Kåre
Published: March 2007

Within the past three decades, the Scandinavian countries have acquired an international reputation for the development of innovative and humane prisons. Most of the favorable attention from journalists and social scientists has centered upon the socalled “model prisons,” which are typically smaller, newer, and “open.” However, the majority of Scandinavian prisoners are still incarcerated in the larger, older, locked prisons that are rather traditional in design and function. One might question whether these traditional prisons are, in fact, superior to American state prisons and whether they would meet emerging U.S. standards for conditions of confinement. This investigation surveyed the nature of prison programs, staffing ratios, living conditions, and visiting conditions within 16 “closed” or secure prisons, including 4 each from Norway, Sweden, Finland, and California. On most measures, the conditions of confinement were most severe in California prisons, much less severe in Finnish prisons, and least severe in Norwegian and Swedish prisons.
Breaking Out of Prisons
Authors: Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

There are two general questions to be asked about research evaluation reports of the kind presented in “Using Early Release to Relieve Prison Crowding.” The first is, “What are the specific findings and how adequate was the methodology by which they were obtained?” The second, larger query centers on the broader significance of the results. The latter question is concerned with the policy implications that ought to be drawn from the research. Although I want to touch upon both of these matters in this relatively brief commentary, it is to the second question that most of my remarks speak.
Coping with Victimization: The Effects of Police Intervention on Victims' Psychological Readjustment
Authors: Rosenbaum Dennis P.
Published: March 2007

Beginning with the premise that police-victim interactions shortly after victimization mediate the psychological impact of criminal victimization, the Detroit Victims Experiment was designed to test the notions that (a) new police officers could be sensitized to the psychological needs of victims, and (b) this sensitivity would ameliorate the severity of the victims' stress reactions, facilitate readjustment, and improve the prospects of cooperation with the criminal justice system. In a randomized experimental design, police recruits who received the victim-focused training reported significantly more favorable attitudes, perceptions, and behavioral intentions vis-à-vis victims than did the control group. However, victims were largely unaffected by this police intervention across a wide range of outcome measures. Implications for crisis theory and policy are discussed.
Donald Cressey's Contributions to the Study of Organized Crime: An Evaluation
Authors: Albini Joseph L.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author presents an evaluation of the contributions of Donald Cressey to the study of organized crime. Beginning with the early era of research into this area of study—the 1960's—the author discusses the methodological and other problems faced by Cressey and other researchers. Then he describes Cressey's model of organized crime structure and function, with the goal of examining the internal consistency of the model itself and evaluating the major issues and problems inherent in its heuristic utility for researchers and its usefulness for law enforcement.
In Re Gault Revisited: A Cross-State Comparison of the Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court
Authors: Feld Barry C.
Published: March 2007

This article uses data from six states to analyze the availability of and the effects of counsel on delinquency and status offenses cases in juvenile courts. In three of the states, nearly half or more of delinquent and status offenders did not have lawyers, including many youths who received out-of-home placement and secure confinement dispositions. In all the jurisdictions, each legal variable—seriousness of present offense, detention status, and prior referrals—that was associated with more severe dispositions was also associated with higher rates of representation. However, while legal variables enhance the probabilities of representation, the presence of an attorney appeared to exert an additional, independent effect on the severity of dispositions. The article then explores the policy implications of these findings.
Guardian Angels: A Unique Approach to Crime Prevention
Authors: Pennell Susan , Curtis Christine , Henderson Joel , Tayman Jeff
Published: March 2007

The Guardian Angels represent a form of citizen crime prevention that has fostered interest and concern regarding the group's impact, motives, leadership, and organizational structure. Led by their founder, Curtis Sliwa, these volunteers patrol the streets and subways in over 50 cities. The purpose of this exploratory study was to document the activities of the Angels, assess their impact on crime and citizen fear of crime, and describe features of the group that differentiate it from other citizen patrols. Recent research suggests that citizen patrols may reduce crime and make citizens feel safe by imposing social order. Study findings suggest that Angels may not reduce the violent offenses they seek to prevent, although they may have limited impact on property crimes. Segments of the population feel safe when Angels patrol, which may be associated with the Angels performing an order-maintenance role. Sliwa's efforts to mobilize minority youth to be positive role models is a unique feature of the Angels. Ultimately, the effectiveness of the Angels may depend on the extent to which Sliwa can seek rapprochement with law enforcement and community leaders.
Counting Youth in Trouble in Institutions: Bringing the United States Up to Date
Authors: Lerman Paul
Published: March 2007

Youth who violate local and state laws are dealt with in institutions associated with mental health, child welfare, and alcohol and drug abuse systems, as well as the juvenile correctional system. Understanding trends in the use of institutions requires information from four control/treatment systems that have developed unique strategies for counting youth. America's systems for counting youth are 3 to 5 years behind current usage and yield deficient resident and admissions data. A modest investment of political leadership and fiscal resources could yield more timely reporting, fuller coverage of facilities, improved demographic enumerations, and could provide unduplicated counts of intersystem trends.
The Corrections-Commercial Complex
Authors: Lilly J. Robert , Knepper Paul
Published: March 2007

The current debate about corrections' privatization neglects the extensive overlap of business, political, and private interests that shapes public corrections policy. Based on current developments in the United States it is possible to identify a corrections-commercial complex. As Deep Throat reportedly said to Washington Post writer Bob Woodward in an underground parking garage after he and Carl Bernstein uncovered the Committee for the Re-election of the President's secret fund in 1972: “Follow the money.”
Integrating Calls for Service with Community- and Problem-Oriented Policing: A Case Study
Authors: Kessler David A.
Published: March 2007

Police administrators argue that they cannot experiment with reforms because of calls-for-service demand and lack of resources. This article looks at police staffing levels needed for a district operating under various models of police administration, such as the professional model and community-oriented policing. Using queuing theory as the methodology, the analysis illustrates that emergency service not only makes the most demands on staffing but also creates considerable idle time for administrators to implement reforms without sacrificing responsiveness to calls for service.
Victimization of Persons by Fraud
Authors: Titus Richard M. , Heinzelmann Fred , Boyle John M.
Published: March 2007

This research focuses on the victimization of persons by personal fraud, which we define as involving the deliberate intent to deceive with promises of goods, services, or other financial benefits that in fact do not exist or that were never intended to be provided. The article presents data based on a national telephone survey involving a representative probability sample of 1,246 respondents aged 18 and older. The survey measured the incidence and prevalence of personal fraud victimization, the characteristics of the victims involved, and the impacts and effects of these offenses. The reactions of victims and official agencies to the victimization experience were also addressed, as well as implications for research and public education.
Public Support for Drunk-Driving Countermeasures: Social Policy for Saving Lives
Authors: Applegate Brandon K. , Cullen Francis T. , Barton Shannon M. , Richards Pamela J. , Lanza-Kaduce Lonn , Link Bruce G.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, calls have gone out for increased certainty and severity of criminal punishment as a means to reduce or control drunk driving. A number of scholars, however, have suggested that alternative policies, which address drunk driving as a public health issue rooted in social institutions, would be more effective in reducing the prevalence of and damage done by drinking drivers. The question remains as to what approaches the public will support. Based on a community survey, this study found that the public endorsed reducing drunk driving through legal deterrence and rehabilitation, but that citizens also were willing to support several socially based interventions.
Evaluating a Domestic Violence Program in a Community Policing Environment: Research Implementation Issues
Authors: Jolin Annette , Moose Charles A.
Published: March 2007

The law enforcement response to domestic violence has changed dramatically in the last two decades. The most recent changes came about in the wake of community policing and its core elements: partnership and problem solving. This article traces the impact of these community policing values on the formation and operation of a domestic violence reduction program in Portland, Oregon. The differences between the police response to domestic violence in the context of traditional policing versus community policing are highlighted. Particular attention is given to the role of research in police policy formation when community policing principles are implemented.
`The First Thing I Did When I Came Back from the Clinic Last Week Was Change the Sheets on the Bed': Contamination, Penetration and Resistance - Male Clients in the VD Clinic
Authors: Pryce Anthony
Published: March 2007

Much of the iconography of sexual diseases has been characterized by notions of contamination, disgust, sin, pollution and uncleanness. This article draws on the results of a qualitative case study of male clients attending two genitourinary medicine (GUM or sexually transmitted infections) clinics and the health care professionals who worked there. The aim was to explore, describe and analyse the interpenetration of two discursive formations, sexualities and medicine. Focusing on interview data, the article outlines three key elements in the complex relationship between clinical medicine and the erotic - the recruitment of the individual into the active patient role; the deployment of incitements to confess and other techniques that choreograph the clinical encounter; and the importance of surveillance, power and the policing of boundaries. It is argued that the central form of resistance is the penetration of the clinic by desire itself and that much of the professional's practice is concerned with the maintenance of a cordon sanitaire against the erotic.
Violence and Globalization in Latin America
Authors: Briceño-León Roberto , Zubillaga Verónica
Published: March 2007

Since the 1980s, Latin America has experienced unprecedented violence, which expresses itself in a major increase in homicide rates. After exploring different forms of violence and discussing the impoverishment which affects the region, the authors suggest that the spread of violence and crime is influenced by forces of global and local transformation which cause that violence to transcend national boundaries while reflecting the particular characteristics of each locality's culture and social organization. Through an analysis of five related processes: (1) changes in the drug economy; (2) proliferation of firearms; (3) similarity of cultural patterns of violence; (4) generalized fear among the population; and (5) citizen support for retaliation and extralegal violence (the latter in dangerous rapid expansion), the authors conclude by asserting that the appropriation of violence and its implacable logic of escalation can only lead to reciprocal annihilation. The strengthening of the state and the restoration of the rule of law comprise the necessary alternative for defending people's integrity and regaining freedom in the city.
Risk and Environment as Legitimatory Discourses of Technology: Reflexivity Inside Out?
Authors: Wynne Brian
Published: March 2007

Risk and environmental discourses have usually been regarded as critical, in the sense that they are the substantive focus of critical reflexive processes discussed under the rubric of the risk society, reflexive modernization and other theories of late-modern cultural politics and change. The forces of power which shape new technological trajectories have encountered some of their most effective criticism in the form of environmental risk critique and feminist critique. However, even environmental risk discourses have been fundamentally shaped by an assumption that any uncertainties which risk assessments might show will be resolvable by more science. The basic discourse of modern science and technology policy - that even if predictive control is not yet fully in our grasp, it soon will be - is not challenged by the cultural focus on risk. Indeed, the recent emphasis on rendering risk and regulatory science more accountable, inclusive and transparent, actually diverts attention from the more difficult upstream arena of rendering innovation-oriented science more democratically accountable. In key respects, prevailing risk and environmental discourses can be seen to act by default as covers, and thus legitimators, of existing privileged forces driving technological innovation trajectories.
Social Class and Health Status in Ghana
Authors: Boadu Kwame
Published: March 2007

This study investigates differences in social class and their influence on health status in Ghana, using malaria as a proxy measure of health status. Data were obtained from the 1997 Ghana Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) study. A total of 14,514 household heads were interviewed, out of which 9162 were rural and 5352 urban household heads. The research method used in this study involves the construction of a composite index of social class from six indicators: education, dwelling ownership, heads of cattle, modern household items, main source of cooking fuel and type of toilet facility. Social class represents the main predictor variable, and is examined in conjunction with marital status and personal hygiene. Sex, age, place of residence and ecological zone are employed as control variables, while the prevalence of malaria is used as a proxy measure of health status, the dependent variable. The focus on malaria stems from the pervasive influence of the disease as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Ghana, and its linkage to socioeconomic and environmental conditions. Logistic regression procedure is executed to examine the effect of social class on the prevalence of malaria, while controlling for all other variables. The study reveals that social class has no direct influence on health status.
Women in the Portuguese Armed Forces: From Visibility to `Eclipse'
Authors: Carreiras Helena
Published: March 2007

Ten years after women began to join the Portuguese armed forces, the whole question of gender integration in the military seems to have been almost entirely dismissed as an issue in terms of institutional priorities, political initiative and public awareness. This article addresses some of the factors that may help explain this apparent `eclipse' by focusing on the social, political and organizational contexts of women's military participation. After reviewing the factors that lay behind the decision from within the armed forces to recruit women, as well as the initial reactions on the part of different sectors of Portuguese society, it proceeds with an analysis of military policies regarding the armed forces' new members. Data are presented on the number, relative percentages, institutional location and sociological profile of military women. A content analysis of newspaper articles on the topic of military women published in the course of the last decade completes this empirical scrutiny. Finally, questions are raised concerning the social and political meaning of women's presence in the Portuguese armed forces.
Contested Approaches in the Study of Poverty: The Canadian Case and the Argument for Inclusion
Authors: Schecter Stephen , Paquet Bernard
Published: March 2007

Using data from the Canadian case, we suggest that approaches to poverty in post-industrial society which tend to focus on a growing underclass or a systemically excluded group ought to be put into question. In its place emerges a picture of a highly mobile, internally heterogeneous social category, whose percentage of the population remains relatively stable even as its internal composition undergoes continuous change, a result as much of economic as non-economic factors. The contemporary poor, in this respect, resemble other sections of the stratification order and form part of the wider process of inclusion that characterizes modern societies in the current period.
The Socioeconomic Milieu of Scholarship: A Comparative Analysis of Family Sociologists in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand
Authors: Quah Stella R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this chapter is to focus on the work of sociologists and the development of sociology in Southeast Asia. As indicated in Chapter 1, it is important to set some subject and geographical boundaries that will facilitate the inquiry. Geographically, the discussion will involve five Southeast Asian countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. In terms of subject, four main questions will be explored concerning research and teaching on the sociology of the family in these countries. These questions are: what are the dominant themes or subjects of research in family sociology? What are the theoretical perspectives most commonly applied? What are the most common methodological approaches used? And what avenues are most utilized to disseminate research findings? These questions will be discussed in separate sections, after describing the setting of the study and the sources of information.
Communities, Policy and Chronic Technological Disasters
Authors: Gramling Robert , Krogman Naomi
Published: March 2007

This article argues that chronic technological disasters are best viewed as processes rather than as events. Chronic technological disasters are embedded in a variety of decisions and policies that regulate, or fail to regulate, the process that results in what comes to be defined, through social processes, as a technological disaster. We present the argument for examining chronic technological disasters as policy processes and examine stages of chronic technological disasters in the areas of definition, prevention, siting, contingency planning, response, adaption and recovery. Future research in chronic technological disasters must not only focus on the effects of disasters, but also on the precipitating factors that permitted the technological accident to occur and be recognized, the politicized solutions to technological disasters, and the role of policy in preparing for inevitable human and technological failures.
The Greater London Council and the Education Service
Authors: Reller Theodore L.
Published: March 2007

Metropolitan areas are often plagued in their educational efforts by the plethora of governmental bodies that have some say in matters educational. Dean Reller describes the problems faced by the London metropolitan area, the work of the Royal Commission, the Parliamentary Act of 1963, and the structure and functioning of the Greater London Council, all in the context of the education service.
Truth Strategies and University Organization
Authors: Thompson James D. , Hawkes Robert W. , Avery Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Different combinations of reasoning and experience define four "truth strategies"-sets of rules which guide the search for knowledge and the elimination of error-in the modern university. The authors discuss how the presence of multiple truth strategies and shifts in strategies within fields affect the organization and administration of universities.
An Autocatalytic Model for the Diffusion of Educational Innovations
Authors: Lawton Stephen B. , Lawton William H.
Published: March 2007

The spread of educational innovations is a topic that has been investigated from a multitude of viewpoints. Some individuals have been interested in dissemination of particular practices or products; others have studied the diffusion process itself; and still others have focused on the adopters, their characteristics and motivations. This paper is in the tradition of diffusion research, but it is an outgrowth of recent developments in a quantitative approach that has emerged in the field of marketing that, in turn, has its roots in the mathematical models of epidemiologists studying the spread of diseases and chemists investigating the nature of chemical reactions. The chemical model for autocatalytic reactions is adapted to the process of adopting educational innovations, and the model is applied to six sets of historical data. The model fits very well in five cases. It is also used to project the future adoption "life cycle" of the semester system in Ontario. The initial fit is very good; a peak year was projected for 1975, and an end to the cycle of adoptions is predicted for 1979.
Teacher Negotiations, School District Expenditures, and Taxation Levels
Authors: Gallagher Daniel G.
Published: March 2007

Speculative literature on the topic of teacher collective bargaining has suggested that increased teacher compensation gains resulting from bargaining may require school officials to reduce expenditures in nonteacher compensation categories and/or expand the size of the operating budget in order to locate necessary funds to finance higher total teacher compensation costs. In order to examine the relationship between collective bargaining and school district expenditure patterns, an empirical study of the operating budgets of a total of 133 bargaining and non-bargaining districts in the State of Illinois was conducted. For purposes of examining the relationship between bargaining activity and expenditure levels under varying economic constraints, the sample was segmented on the basis of school district wealth. Data pertaining to total operating expenditures, teacher compensation costs, and eleven nonteacher expenditure categories of the budget were derived from the Annual Financial Reports of the school districts being analyzed. A regression approach was utilized to control for various economic and demographic variables that, in addition to collective bargaining, could affect expenditure levels. The results showed that collective bargaining is significantly related to higher expenditure levels per ADA for total teacher compensation in all three wealth groups. The speculated effect that bargaining is related to lower expenditures in nonteacher expenditure areas of the budget was also shown to be systematically related to district wealth. Further analysis indicated that collective bargaining is significantly related to higher school district taxation levels, thus suggesting that bargaining activity within a district exerts pressure on school officials to expand the size of the district's operating budget regardless of district wealth.
Analogies Gone Awry: Replies to Hills and Gronn
Authors: Willower Donald J.
Published: March 2007

In this two-part response, it is contended in thefirst case that the dubious notion that all organizations have the same set of requirements that must be met if they are to survive is grounded in a misapplied biological analogy, and in the second case that the labeling of the structured observation research as neo-Taylorism is based on arguments that show only superficial similarities but claim much greater ones. (Editor's Note: The author was extended the opportunity to respond to two articles that appeared in the Fall 1982 issue of EA Q).
Scripts and Speech Acts in Administrative Behavior: The Interplay of Necessity, Chance, and Free Will
Authors: Levine Victor , Donnellon Anne , Gioia Dennis A. , Sims Henry P.
Published: March 2007

Research on administrative behavior in schools has been limited in a number of fundamental ways. This article reviews criticisms of structured observation recently published in EAQ and describes a new methodology which addresses many of these weaknesses. This approach draws upon script theory (a form of schematic structure hypothesized by cognitive and social psychologists) and speech act theory (a form of linguistic discourse analysis) to capture the nuance, dynamism, and pattern of verbal interaction. An interpretive method for coding verbal behavior into speech act categories and a computer-augmented system for mapping scripts across instances of similar administrative activities are described.
An Analysis of the Metaphorical Perspectives of School Principals
Authors: Bredeson Paul V.
Published: March 2007

In this study, the investigator sought to identify the metaphors for administration of schoolprincipals as evidenced in the current literature and to describe the images that currently exist in the statements, beliefs, values, and daily routines of five schoolprincipals. Three metaphors of purpose-maintenance, survival, and vision that characterize the ethos of the principalship are explored. These metaphors appear to have significant implications for schools, for school administrators, and for administrator preparation programs.
A Statistical Analysis of Trends in Education-Related Litigation Since 1960
Authors: Imber Michael , Gayler David E.
Published: March 2007

In the past decade, educators have become increasingly aware of the effect of litigation on educational policy, budgeting, and staffing. This study analyzed rates of change in education-related litigation from 1960 to 1986. It found that litigation climbed steeply until 1977 (compared with the growth in number of educators, however, the growth in litigation was modest), but decreased in the last decade. The study also compared litigation growth rates in law, medicine, and civil service with those in education.
Teaching Career Paths and Teacher Education Reforms
Authors: McClure Maureen W. , Weidman John C. , Sharp Laure M.
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses policy issues raised by recent recommendations (e.g., Holmes Group, 1986) to improve the quality of teacher education by moving to fifth-year certification. It describes career patterns of beginning teachers with different undergraduate preparation paths, using data from the 1979 follow-up of the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS-72) (Riccobono, Henderson, Burkheimer, Place, & Levinsohn, 1981). The impacts of new teachers' background characteristics, educational investments, and teaching experience on income, work, and pay satisfaction are analyzed. It suggests that the wages of women and minorities are near parity early in their careers. Those who had not majored in education or who had made greater educational investments, both in advanced degrees and in the selectivity of their graduating institutions, were more likely to be dissatisfied with work and pay. Implications for school district personnel practices and state higher education policies that encourage future teachers to make greater educational investments are discussed.
Superintendents' Group Problem-Solving Processes
Authors: Leithwood Kenneth A. , Steinbach Rosanne , Raun Tiiu
Published: March 2007

The problem-solving processes of seven superintendents with reputations of effectiveness were studied during regular meetings with senior administrative staff An information-processing orientation guided the coding of verbal protocol data collected through the use of a stimulated recall technique. Results describe superintendents' processes for interpreting problems and setting goals for their solution. Also described are their processes for dealing with constraints, the nature of solution processes, and the role of values and mood in superintendents' problem solving.
Use of Structure Coefficients in Published Multiple Regression Articles: β is not Enough
Authors: Courville Troy , Thompson Bruce
Published: March 2007

The importance of interpreting structure coefficients throughout the General Linear Model (GLM) is widely accepted. However, regression researchers too infrequently consult regression structure coefficients to augment their interpretations. The authors reviewed articles published in the Journal of Applied Psychology to determine how interpretations might have differed if standardized regression coefficients and structure coefficients (or else bivariate rs of predictors with the criterion) had been interpreted. Some dramatic misinterpretations or incomplete interpretations are summarized. It is suggested that beta weights and structure coefficients (or else bivariate rs of predictors with the criterion) ought to be interpreted when noteworthy regression results have been isolated.