bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elliptic Curves of Type y2=x3−3pqx Having Ranks Zero and One
Authors: Mina R. J. S. , Bacani J. B.
Published: April 2023

The group of rational points on an elliptic curve over Q is always a finitely generated Abelian group, hence isomorphic to Zr×G with G a finite Abelian group. Here, r is the rank of the elliptic curve. In this paper, we determine sufficient conditions that need to be set on the prime numbers p and q so that the elliptic curve E:y2=x3−3pqx over Q would possess a rank zero or one. Specifically, we verify that if distinct primes p and q satisfy the congruence p≡q≡5(mod24), then E has rank zero. Furthermore, if p≡5(mod12) is considered instead of a modulus of 24, then E has rank zero or one. Lastly, for primes of the form p=24k+17 and q=24ℓ+5, where 9k+3ℓ+7 is a perfect square, we show that E has rank one.
SigN-PQ Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire Development and Validation in English and Filipino Languages
Authors: Vios Ma. Salome N. , Chua Arnel T. , Guerrero Manolete C. , Javier Francis O. , Lu Henry U. , Lu Josephine Y. , Picar Rosalina E. , Querijero Margaret B. , Rosales Raymond L. , Yap Antonio B.
Published: April 2023

Objectives. This study aimed to develop and validate a simple questionnaire for chronic neuropathic pain that can be administered as a screening tool by general practitioners and internists in order to help them identify patients with probable neuropathic pain.

Methods. Following a development phase and a pilot study, the revised version of the screening tool which included eleven descriptors associated with neuropathic pain both in English and Filipino languages was validated on 120 consecutive patients with any type of pain except psychogenic pain, recruited in the out-patient clinics of six hospitals. The questionnaire was validated by assessing the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of each item and the overall questionnaire. The internal consistency of the questionnaire items was assessed using the Kuder-Richardson formula 20.

Results. Overall, the internal consistency of the SigN-PQ using the Kuder-Richardson formula 20 was 0.7837; the sensitivity was 91.89% with specificity of 80.22%, PV (+) was 65.38% and PV(-) was 96.0%. For the English version, the descriptors with the highest scores were burning (Sensitivity: 100%, Specificity: 93%) and electricity-like (Sensitivity: 100%, Specificity: 93%). For the Filipino version, mainit (burning) has the highest sensitivity of 88% with specificity of 82.6%, followed by gumagapang (tingling) with sensitivity of 86.96% and specificity of 85.42%. The sensation of saksak (stabbing) and hiwa (lancinating) have the lowest sensitivity, 60% and 54% respectively, although their specificity scores are high. Since this study is a validation of a screening tool for neuropathic pain, the investigators decided to choose descriptors with higher sensitivity. Thus, in the final version of the SignN-PQ, the descriptors saksak and hiwa were removed.

Conclusion. The SigN-PQ Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire has a high overall sensitivity of 91.89% and specificity of 80.22%. The pain descriptors in the questionnaire are consistent with the descriptors cited in the literature. It is a valid screening instrument for neuropathic pain that can be easily incorporated in the daily practice of general practitioners and internists.
Comparison of Abbreviation Usage Practices in Two Philippine Tertiary Hospitals and Perceived Effects on Medical Training
Authors: Tapia Narciso A. , Mojica Jose Alvin P.
Published: April 2023

Objectives. To (1) compare abbreviation usage practices in the Doctors’ Orders and History Sheet in two tertiary hospitals in Cebu City, namely, Cebu Velez General Hospital (CVGH) and Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center (VSMMC); (2) determine why medical students and physicians use abbreviations and (3) determine the perceived effects on medical student training.

Methods. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study utilizing medical chart reviews as well as group and key informant interviews. Stratified Random Sampling with Proportionate Allocation was used to select 100 charts each from CVGH and VSMMC. Purposive sampling was done for key informants.

Results. All patients' clinical history, physical examination and doctors’ orders in all departments of both hospitals contained abbreviations. First initialization was the most common form, e.g. BP (blood pressure). Non-universally-accepted abbreviations were common, e.g. HFD (heredofamilial disease). Potentially dangerous abbreviations were noted, e.g. d/c, D/C. Abbreviations were used to maintain patient-doctor confidentiality, save space and time, and for convenience. Perceived effects on medical training included speeding up of task performance.

Conclusions. Use of abbreviations in medical charts among medical students and physicians in both private and public tertiary hospitals in the Philippines is a prevalent practice. While such has its perceived benefits, it also poses potential danger to patients because not all abbreviations are understood and used the same way. Medical schools and their training hospitals must initiate moves to standardize the use of abbreviations in medical education and promote awareness of their potential dangers.

The authors suggest that potential dangers/benefits of abbreviations be formally introduced in medical school as a separate topic.
ҒАЛЫМ Қ. П. ЖҮСІП ШЫҒАРМАЛАРЫ ЖӘНЕ КӨКЕЙКЕСТІ МӘСЕЛЕЛЕР
Authors: А. О. Абдырова
Published: April 2023

"Мақалада белгілі әдебиеттанушы, қазақ әдебиетін оқыту әдістемесінің іргетасын нығайтушы әдіскер, ғалым Қ. Жүсіптің еңбектерінің қазіргі әдебиеттану саласындағы өзіндік орны, ерекшелігі сөз болып, ғалым-жазушының көркем туындылары тіліндегі әдеби теориялық құбылыстар талданып, баяндалады. Жазушының көркем туындыларының әдеби тілдік қолданыстарындағы типологиялық байланыс түрлері, тартыс негіздері екшеленген. Аталған мақалада, сонымен қабат жазушының белгілі бір ортадағы жастардың қарым-қатынасы, олардың мінез-құлықтық ерекшеліктері, психологиялық өзгешеліктерін шебер тілмен суреттеуі де қарастырылған. Жазушының көркем шығармаларындағы студент жастардың психологиялық ойлау деңгейлері, белгілі ортада қалай ұстанымдық көрсету түрліліктері де әдеби-теориялық негізде талданады. Сонымен қатар, мақалада жазушының тіл қолдану шеберлігі де талдауға түсіп, әдеби тартыс, әдеби портрет, кейіпкердің мінезі, әдеби ұстаным, әдеби толғаныс, әдеби суреттеу, әдеби тартыс, әдеби негіздеме, қарым-қатынас негіздемелері, т.б. әдеби стильдік қызмет түрлерін нақты белгілеу де қамтылған. Мақалада жазушы Қ. П. Жүсіп көркем туындыларында шебер қолданылған әдеби суреттемелер жазушының реалистік өмірді көрсетуінің бірден-бір айғағы ретінде алынған. Жазушының жастардың ішкі жан-дүниесін дөп басып суреттей білуі, оның жастардың психологиясын жетік білетіндігі, жас студенттердің өмір сүру тәжірибесінен мол хабардар екендігі де баяндалады. Кілтті сөздер: теориялық құбылыстар, көркем туынды, әдеби тенденция, типологиялық байланыс, психологиялық ойлау, әдеби толғаныс, әдеби тартыс, әдеби мінез. "
«ҚОБЫЛАНДЫ БАТЫР» ЖЫРЫНДАҒЫ ЭТНОГРАФИЗМДЕРДІҢ ТАНЫМДЫҚ СИПАТЫ
Authors: М. Т. Джакыпбекова  , Ш. А. Кыяхметова
Published: April 2023

"Бұл мақалада «Қобыланды батыр» жырындағы этнографизмдер жинақталып, қолданыс аясы тұрғысынан түрлері жіктеліп, танымдық мәні айқындалды. Қазақ этнографиясының маңызды қабаттарының бірі – этнографизмдерді кешенді зерттеудің өзіндік тәжірибесін ұсынатын бұл мақалада зерттеуші-ғалымдар Ә.Қайдар, Ж.Манкеева, З. Сәніктің еңбектері басшылыққа алынды. Аталған еңбектерде этнографимзмдер тарихпен, мәдениетпен, өнермен бірлікте талданылған, сондай-ақ қазақ тілінің этнографиялық лексикасын қалыптастырудың құрылымы, негізгі әдістері мен түрлері егжей-тегжейлі қарастырылған. Осы теориялық еңбектерді басшылыққа ала отырып, осы еңбектердің негізінде мақалада батырлық жырдан жинақталған этнографизмдер тақырыптық топтарға жіктеліп, олардың танымдық сипаты қарастырылады. Зерттеудің теориялық маңыздылығы батырлық жырдан жинақталған этнографиялық лексика номинациясының қолданыс аясындағы түрлерінің жіктеліп, танымдық сипатының анықталатындығында. Зерттеудің практикалық құндылығы батырлық жырдан жинақталған этнографизмдер және олардың анықталған сипатты белгілері қазақ тілінің түсіндірме, этнолингвистикалық сөздіктерін құрастыруда және этнографиялық глоссарийлердің тізімін толтыру, олардың мағынасын нақтылау, сондай-ақ оларды қазақ әдеби тіліне енгізу мақсатында қолдануға болатындығымен анықталады. Мақала нәтижелері қазақ тілінің сөздік құрамын, тарихи лексикологиясын, қазақ этнографиясын зерттеуге өзіндік бір үлес қосады және қазақ тіл білімінің перспективалы бағыттарының бірі ретінде этнолингвистиканың дамуына ықпал етеді. Кілтті сөздер: батырлық жыр, этнографизм, таным, этнографиялық лексика, мәдениет. "
Smart Fence Security System
Authors: Ujwal Daware  , Darshan Alone  , Gaurav Shende  , Saurabh Deshbhratar  , Sanket Hajare  , Mrs. Shital S. Kewte
Published: April 2023

A smart fence security system for agriculture (or farm) land is a system that utilizes advanced technology to protect farms and their various assets, such as crops, machinery, and livestock from theft or damage. This system can consist of multiple components that work together to provide comprehensive security coverage for a farm. The components may include arduino (Nano), speakers, lithium ion battery, IC 555 and access control devices to monitor the farm and identify potential threats. Data collected by these devices can be analyzed in real-time, allowing farmers to take quick action against security breaches. This security system can also be integrated with a mobile app or web platform, enabling farmers to monitor their land remotely and receive alerts when an intrusion or potential threat is detected. A smart security system can help farmers improve their security measures, reduce losses or damage, boost productivity, and increase overall profitability.
Quality assessment program of the teaching activity of the higher education faculty staff. A case study
Authors: Llopis-Albert Carlos , Rubio Francisco , Zeng Shouzhen , Devece Carlos , Torner-Feltrer María Eugenia
Published: April 2023

The European Higher Education area has as one of its axes of development the promotion of quality in universities. Within this framework, the assessment of the quality of the teaching staff is highly recommended. With this aim the Teaching Evaluation Support Programme (DOCENTIA) promoted by Spanish National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation (ANECA) is designed to satisfy the needs of the higher education system for a model and procedures to guarantee the quality of the teaching activity while fostering its development and recognition. Currently, more than 90% of the Spanish universities participate in this program, throughout its different phases. This paper presents this program, explains how it is being implemented at the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV, Spain), and provides the proposed amendments by the evaluation commission during the follow-up verification phase that must be justified and solved during the monitoring phase, which is currently in progress, to obtain the certification.
A representação da mulher no cinema: um estudo a partir da pesquisa em estado do conhecimento
Authors: Grubba Leilane Serratine
Published: April 2023

A pesquisa tem por objeto a representação da mulher no cinema, com o objetivo de analisar os argumentos levantados sobre essa temática pela pesquisa qualificada no Brasil, em língua portuguesa. Justifica-se a importância do estudo, principalmente, pela influência do cinema na criação dos processos identificatórios generificados, também no mundo jurídico (legislativamente e judicialmente). Parte-se do seguinte problema: qual a representação de gênero no cinema, apontada pela bibliografia qualificada brasileira? A hipótese sustenta que existe uma correlação entre os resultados da pesquisa brasileira e aqueles apontados por Lauretis, Mulvey e hooks, isso é, de haver uma objetificação da mulher, sendo ela representada como um objeto ao olhar masculino; ademais, com uma sub-representação de raça e consequente exclusão da mulher negra e latina. Dialoga-se com o problema e a hipótese a partir da epistemologia de tentativa e erro, especialmente para buscar refutar a hipótese levantada. A tentativa de refutação foi realizada por meio de uma pesquisa em estado do conhecimento. Como resultado, não foi possível refutar a hipótese levantada.
The Silk Road: Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran
Authors: Tucker Jonathan
Published: April 2023

Stretching from the ancient Chinese capital of Xian across the expanses of Central Asia to Rome, the Silk Road was, for 1,500 years, a vibrant network of arteries that carried the lifeblood of nations across the world. Along a multitude of routes everything was exchanged: exotic goods, art, knowledge, religion, philosophy, disease and war. From the East came silk, precious stones, tea, jade, paper, porcelain, spices and cotton; from the West, horses, weapons, wool and linen, aromatics, entertainers and exotic animals. From its earliest beginnings in the days of Alexander the Great and the Han dynasty, the Silk Road expanded and evolved, reaching its peak during the Tang dynasty and the Byzantine Empire and gradually withering away with the decline of the Mongol Empire.

In this beautifully illustrated book, which covers the Central Asian section of the Silk Road - from Lake Issyk-kul through Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, the Kyzyl Kum Desert, Khiva and Merv to Herat, Kabul and Iran - Jonathan Tucker uses travellers' anecdotes and a wealth of literary and historical sources to celebrate the cultural heritage of the countries that lie along the Silk Road and illuminate the lives of those who once travelled through the very heart of the world.
Beowulf and the North before the Vikings
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: April 2023

Ever since Tolkien's famous lecture in 1936, it has been generally accepted that the poem Beowulf is a fantasy, and of no use as a witness to real history. This book challenges that view, and argues that the poem provides a plausible, detailed, and consistent vision of pre-Viking history which is most unlikely to have been the poet's invention, and which has moreover received strong corroboration from archaeology in recent years. Using the poem as a starting point, historical, archaeological, and legendary sources are combined to form a picture of events in the North in the fifth and sixth centuries: at once a Dark and a Heroic Age, and the time of the formation of nations. Among other things, this helps answer two long-unasked questions: why did the Vikings come as such a shock? And what caused the previous 250 years of security from raiders from the sea?
State-based policies on alcohol use during pregnancy
Authors: Davis Kathryn E. , Edwards Alexandra E. , King Diane K.
Published: April 2023

This brief report summarizes the current status of state-based policies created to help reduce the number of alcohol-exposed pregnancies.
The Potential of the Human Respiratory System e-Worksheet based on the Guided Inquiry in Empowering Critical Thinking Skills
Authors: Saputri Wulandari , Nizkon Nizkon , Agusta Erie , Novyanti Agustina
Published: April 2023

The presence of the covid pandemic, technological advances, and the complexities of the 21st century demand renewal of teaching materials in schools. Guided Inquiry learning models can also bridge the empowerment of critical thinking skills. This study aims to: 1) describe the feasibility of the e-worksheet based on expert judgment, 2) describe the practicality of the e-worksheet based on the teacher's assessment, and 3) describe the results of the e-worksheet readability assessment by students. This development research refers to the ADDIE development procedure. However, this research was only carried out up to the development stage due to limitations. The results of the feasibility assessment by material experts, teaching materials experts, and linguists showed that the e-worksheet was categorized as valid with a score of 80.00, 74.00, and 90.00, respectively. Then, the teacher's assessment results showed that the e-worksheet was in the practical category, scoring 92.00 and 94.00. Finally, the student readability test results showed that the e-worksheet could be read well, with scores of 93.61 and 93.88. Thus, the respiratory system e-worksheet based on the developed guided inquiry model can be recommended to improve students' critical thinking skills.
Separation
Authors: Feltman Brian K.
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines the psychological struggles of life in captivity and argues that prisoner correspondence reflected an acute desire to reestablish ties with former units and friends beyond the barbed wire. Feelings of detachment and uselessness burdened military prisoners who preferred duty on the western front to the consequences of being safely removed from it. Surrender brought a soldier's loyalty and manhood into question, but there was a sure path to redemption. The Great War's belligerents generally accepted that prisoners had a duty to attempt escape. The rest of this chapter discusses the value that German soldiers placed on escape attempts and suggests that while escapes never threatened to turn the tide of the war, the resulting security increases aggravated a camp system low on manpower reserves. It also considers escape attempts as a reflection of the prisoners' desire to resume an active role in Germany's collective struggle, thus helping to repair their damaged sense of manhood.
Prisoners of Peace
Authors: Feltman Brian K.
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines the postwar captivity experience of German soldiers and how delayed repatriation intensified their sense of emasculation by threatening their prospects for employment and underscoring the fact that surrender had severed their ties with the soldiers who returned home by December 1918. Prisoner correspondence after the Great War reveals a growing sense of abandonment and frustration with what appeared to be an endless conflict. In Germany, relief associations organized efforts to persuade the war's victors to commence repatriation, but the fragile German government was powerless to force the return of approximately 800,000 German prisoners from around the world. The rest of this chapter discusses the impact of the political and economic realities of the postwar era on the German government's approach to prisoner relief.
National Socialism as Redemption?
Authors: Feltman Brian K.
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines the hardships faced by German soldiers held captive by the British during the Great War as they attempted to gain financial compensation and recognition as honorable veterans in the Weimar Republic. The stigma of captivity remained with the German prisoners in the years after repatriation and served as an obstacle to full social reintegration. Many observers continued to associate the mass surrenders of the summer and autumn of 1918 with the German army's defeat and considered former prisoners of war (POWs) to be second class soldiers. This chapter considers the prisoners' battle for respect and redemption following repatriation and eventual alliance with Adolf Hitler and National Socialism, as well as the persistence of the sacrificial masculine standard that marginalized POWs.
Conclusion
Authors: Feltman Brian K.
Published: April 2023

This book has explored how the stigma of surrender and captivity affected the course of the Great War and the lives of the German soldiers who fell into British hands. By analyzing soldiers' responses to their separation from the struggle that had defined them as men at war, it has shed light on the conflict nd the cultural forces that motivated its combatants. It has also discussed how removal from the front challenged a soldier's identity as a warrior and called his manhood and loyalty into question; the efforts of German prisoners to find a new sense of purpose that involved rebuilding the psychological links to the homeland; their search for personal redemption by attempting to transform their camp into a new, nontraditional, theater of war; and their struggle to erase the stigma of surrender following repatriation.
Evangelist and Organizer { 1831–1833 }
Authors: Gura Philip F.
Published: April 2023

This chapter focuses on William Apess's life as evangelist and organizer during the years 1831–1833. In the early summer of 1830, Apess was one of three preachers at a fundraiser for the Associated Methodist Church in New York City. Apess's sermon was on the prophesied accelerating growth of the Methodist Episcopal Church through temporal history. For the next several years, Apess's ministry unfolded beyond New York City proper, for he returned as a missionary among the Pequot Indians in Connecticut. From this base, he traveled throughout southern New England, preaching and soliciting funds for the tribe's spiritual welfare. The rest of this chapter discusses Apess's travel to Boston, where African Americans such as David Walker were fighting for abolitionism, and to southeastern Massachusetts, where he helped the Mashpee Indians in their struggle for self-government.
The Mashpee Revolt { 1833–1834 }
Authors: Gura Philip F.
Published: April 2023

This chapter focuses on William Apess's involvement in the Mashpee Revolt of 1833–4. While he was preaching in Scituate and Kingston on the South Shore of Massachusetts, Apess heard conflicting accounts of the Mashpee Indians' situation. Some evidently were content with the government-appointed overseers' protection of their tribal rights, while others vehemently opposed the paternalism and corruption that such oversight encouraged. Apess knew of the tribe's various petitions to the Massachusetts legislature. In May 1833, Apess traveled to Cape Cod to learn more about this situation as well as to preach to them. He met Phineas Fish, the minister assigned to the Mashpees. With Apess's assistance, the Mashpees drafted a memorial to Governor Levi Lincoln in which, among other things, they expressed their desire for self-government. The rest of this chapter examines the events leading up to the Mashpee Revolt and the aftermath of the Natives' action, including the trial of Apess and his confederates and his incarceration, along with the Mashpee's eventual incorporation as a state-recognized district.
Epilogue
Authors: Gura Philip F.
Published: April 2023

This epilogue reflects on William Apess's legacy and the efforts of some individuals, particularly Thomas Commuck, to continue his work. For a century and a half, Apess virtually dropped from any mention in American history. After 1839, his contributions to tribal rights were almost completely unacknowledged. In the 1850s, however, Iroquois leaders Ely and Nicholson Parker referenced Apess's Eulogy on King Philip in some of their writings. Then in 1845, Commuck, a Narragansett convert to Methodism and a member of the Brothertown Indian Nation, published Indian Melodies, a collection of hymns, most of whose words he composed and which the American composer Thomas Hastings then set to music. The names of Commuck's tunes suggest that he is familiar with the history of the nation's Native Americans and, like Apess, condemned their treatment at the hands of whites who tried to “civilize” them. Commuck also shared Apess's experience of the prejudice under which a Native author labored.
Southern Water, Southern Power
Authors: Manganiello Christopher J.
Published: April 2023

This introductory chapter discusses the American South as the region where Americans used political power to control conversations about water supplies and river manipulation, while simultaneously exploring American individualism, equity, and the definition of what constitutes the proper use of natural resources. This environmental Southeast history represents the crucial role that water played in forming physical landscapes and human choices. The parties who prompted many of these changes had three main goals: to produce energy, to build a modern South, and to resolve water insecurity caused by flooding and recurrent drought. The book generally takes a long view of southern rivers and modernization, asking who transformed the region's waterways and what environmental conditions urged them to act.
Dam Crazy for White Coal in the New South
Authors: Manganiello Christopher J.
Published: April 2023

This chapter analyzes the people who harnessed the New South to white coal in the Savannah and other river basins during a critical period in the region's history, between 1890 and 1933. It seeks to unravel the origins of sociologist Rupert Vance's hydroelectric “complex” and “the Piedmont crescent of industry,” since waterway manipulation and energy generation are vital components of southern modernization. William Church Whitner, industrialist James B. Duke, and Preston Arkwright understood that water-generated electricity in the Southeast was an “Agent of Power”; the Super Power Grid established in the Southeast made this clear. Dam-crazy private energy company executives and engineers believed they had tamed southeastern rivers while cultivating a modern urban-industrial landscape linked by Super Power transmission lines. Southern rivers, however, displayed a persistent capacity to function by their own rules—in the form of dry riverbeds and raging floods.
A Keystone Dam and Georgia’s New Ocean
Authors: Manganiello Christopher J.
Published: April 2023

This chapter talks about how, in the last half-century, longtime valley residents, including those forced to move and make way for the Clarks Hill reservoir, had to share a transformed landscape. The old agricultural economy and landscape had been consumed by human fears of future floods and droughts; by corporate dreams of energy independence; and by uncontrollable boosters and shrewd congressional leaders who repackaged the New Deal big dam consensus as a solution to water problems. The post-1945 hydraulic waterscapes needed retooling to survive the cyclical weather which caused dramatic drought and flooding. For New South capitalists, massive artificial reservoirs were the answer to the problem of resource rationing brought about by such calamities—they became Sun Belt's preferred method of taking federal dollars while maintaining acceptable environmental and social conditions.
Big Dam Backlash Rising in the Sun Belt
Authors: Manganiello Christopher J.
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses how the Sun Belt's elaborate hydraulic system of ponds, reservoirs, dams, and channelized streams supported the region's vast demographic and economic constituencies. However, without any extensive management vision, this system would always be bound to climatic, hydrologic, and political cycles. Environmental conditions—too much rain or lack thereof—had clearly affected the growing region before and during Georgia governor Herman Talmadge's time, much as they would in the future, during Governor Sonny Perdue's time. As demonstrated by the Clarks Hill and Hartwell multiple-purpose projects, not everyone approved of these large water supply and infrastructure schemes. By the time the Corps and advocates for the valley's next and final project moved forward, the environmental, social, and political landscape had shifted dramatically. Innovative solutions for Sun Belt water problems surfaced as the region's energy and water plans encountered a new level of backlash.
Water and Power
Authors: Manganiello Christopher J.
Published: April 2023

This concluding chapter chronicles the book's demonstration of the crucial role of human manipulation and use of river basins in the region's modernization between the New South and Sun Belt eras. Life changed during the famous New South period (1890—1930); Georgians depended increasingly on railroads, but the ridgeline occupants never hid their affection for river basins. All of the established energy-generation facilities—the renewable and the fossil fuel systems—depended on water, and all were interconnected via transmission lines. These “networks of power” furnished Atlanta with electricity and what were considered modern conveniences in the 1920s: street lights, electric fans, and electric streetcars. Energy and water choices played a major part in the American South's history, and if that is any indication, water and energy choices will continue to affect one another well into the future.
A Novice
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, the author reflects on his six years of stay in the madrasas of India and how the experience has shaped his view of Islam as both an intellectual tradition and a practice. After pursuing journalism, political activism, and academia, the author found a deeper appreciation of his complex formation in the madrasas. He says that the decision to study in India began with a crisis of faith precipitated by an attack on his religion in high school in Cape Town, South Africa. He also comments on the hostility some Christians harbor toward Muslims before discussing his time with a group called the Tablighi Jama'at, the Madrasa Sabilur Rashad in Bangalore, and Darul Uloom Deoband, along with his study of fiqh or Shari'a as part of the madrasa curriculum.
Wake, Wash, Pray
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, the author reflects on his six-year stay in India's madrasas that began on April 23, 1975. He says madrasa life is one of intense observation of religious rituals, and a day in the life of a madrasa student is punctuated by learning and the practice of prayers. But the author points out that the daily routine of life is similar to other educational institutions. If the Tablighi Jama'at was a kind of mobile madrasa, then it was so mainly in terms of discipline and practice it offered lay Muslims. The other aspect it stressed was that each member of the faith, including scholars, had a duty to share the message of Islam with Muslims first and then with the rest of humanity. In the rest of this chapter, the author summarizes the inspiration, teachings, and motives that grounded his madrasa experiences and that were confirmed by his observations of madrasa life three decades later. In particular, he explains what a life of prayer means to people who inhabit the madrasas.
Birth of the Contemporary Madrasa
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines the birth of contemporary madrasa. It considers madrasas in modern South Asia in relation to two narratives: family franchises and theological disagreement over Islamic reform. The multiple networks of madrasas found on the Indian subcontinent today are the cumulative product of a madrasa tradition fed from two streams: the Farangi Mahall school and the nineteenth-century reform movement linked to the family of Shah Waliyullah. In the late nineteenth century, the Deoband school became the hegemonic player in madrasa franchises. Throughout the twentieth century it evoked theological partisanship, which in turn spawned the rapid growth of diverse madrasa networks. Each theological camp now fostered its own mission for social outreach, religious authority, and most important their distinct brands of political theology.
Texts and Authors
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines the study of classical texts and authors as part of the madrasa curriculum. The madrasa reveres tradition by preserving the knowledge of prominent scholars and celebrating their intellectual labors from all parts of the Muslim world in the form of texts and scholarship. Students in South Asian madrasas closely study the writings of authors who once lived in Muslim Spain, Egypt, and Greater Syria, as well as many from Iran, Central Asia, and India between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries and even earlier. This networked structure of learning and scholarly communication is the reason why, despite its internal diversity, South Asia's Muslim traditionalism is so resilient and coherent when compared with that of other regions. The rest of this chapter provides snapshots and thumbnail sketches of texts, predispositions, and idiosyncrasies of a select number of authors covered in the madrasa curriculum.
From a Republic of Letters to a Republic of Piety
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines the ideological debates within discrete madrasa networks about curriculum reform, where the cultivation of piety becomes the goal at the expense of rigorous scholarship. Aside from providing a curriculum to train Muslim scholars in colonial India, the eighteenth-century scholar Mulla Nizamuddin reinvigorated a learned community, and his efforts gave rise to a new iteration of the so-called Muslim Republic of Letters. Nizamuddin's curriculum formed a community of learning that served as a bridge from the past to his own time. Graduates who studied his curriculum become “citizens” avant la lettre, of what is known today as a “virtual community.” The rest of this chapter discusses the genealogies and features of Nizamuddin's Muslim Republic of Letters; whether there might be an opportunity for madrasas to become participants in “cellular globalization”; and whether the public sphere will be open to multiple languages and a plurality of forms of the “good,” including the “good” as articulated by the madrasa communities.
Afterword
Authors: Hogue Michel
Published: April 2023

This concluding chapter remarks on how the kinships and other social relations constructed from Plain Metis life continue to persist in the face of legal distinctions of race and nation. Metis economic power, military might, and cultural connections to neighbors and kin, so compelling in earlier decades, had lost much of their purchase in the altered contexts of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The dispersal of these borderland communities ultimately exposed the connections between the marking of national and racial boundaries and the resettlement of the North American West. At the same time, the continued ability of individuals and families to move back and forth across the border suggests an unbroken (if diminished) sense of community that continues to transcend the international boundary even today.
A Situation Too Terrible for Us
Authors: Tortora Daniel J.
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses the social and political consequences of smallpox, particularly in South Carolina in the year 1760, brought about after Lyttelton's return from an expedition into Cherokee country. The epidemic spread to the white and black populations within Charles Town, and also affected the Cherokees. In most cases, the people found themselves ill-equipped to cope with the epidemic, be it due to lack of proper medical aid, finances, or via the use of nonscientific methods, such as the rituals performed by the Indian healers. As a matter of fact, the epidemic demoralized, debilitated, and destroyed Indian communities. It exacerbated race and class tensions, exposing a colonial government unprepared, reluctant, and unwilling to deal with the contagion effectively. As Charles Town elites questioned Lyttelton's leadership, seeds of doubt took root for what would soon become the Revolutionary generation.
Flush’d with Success
Authors: Tortora Daniel J.
Published: April 2023

This chapter recounts the Cherokee victory against Colonel Archibald Montgomery and their subsequent capture of Fort Loudoun, with the summer of 1760 marking the height of Cherokee power in the Southeast. Despite the desire for peace expressed by several of the key players from previous conflicts, the Cherokees pressed ahead with their attacks against the British. Their success, however, came at a heavy price. Their military campaigns had laid waste to much of the Lower Towns; and disease, starvation, and lack of ammunition were rampant. Peace finally became a more appealing option, but both sides could not, for various reasons—political, cultural, and otherwise—end the hostilities, and so the conflict dragged on.
To Bury the Hatchet, and Make a Firm Peace
Authors: Tortora Daniel J.
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses the events leading to an established peace between the Cherokees and South Carolina. After the Grant campaign, the Cherokee were starving and desperate for peace, although Grant would insist on discussing the terms thereof by his own rules. Grant dismissed the traditional Cherokee solutions and instead vowed only to negotiate with select warriors. As a result, many of the Indians felt trapped. Though bent on peace, they differed among themselves over the best strategy to achieve it. Meanwhile, South Carolina's elites questioned whether Grant had gone far enough in bringing destruction and ruin on the Cherokee people, and charged the commander with ineptitude. In the process they revealed their concept of the ideal Indian policy. The establishment of separate treaties with Virginia and South Carolina shows the differences between the colonies and highlights the challenge of intercolonial competition.
Good Books Build Character
Authors: Smith Erin A.
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses efforts to better market religious books to a general audience in the 1920s, including the industry-wide “Religious Book Week” promotional campaign organized in 1921 and the founding of the mail-order Religious Book Club in 1927. It examines “religious renaissance” in American book publishing during the period by focusing on the newsletters of the Religious Book Club, a decade's worth of book advertising and editorial coverage related to religion in Publishers Weekly, and scholarship on middlebrow institutions making high culture available to a mass audience. It explains how faith, commerce, and consumerism interacted to shape what counted as a “religious” book and what kinds of faith were widely promoted. Finally, it explores how book marketing initiatives gave rise to a nonsectarian, mass-marketable religion that reframed theological controversies as matters of consumer choice.
Books for the Seeker
Authors: Smith Erin A.
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines some of the best-selling mainstream religion/spirituality titles of the 1990s in light of increasing numbers of self-reported “spiritual seekers”—individuals with fluid, dynamic religious styles who move freely in and out of congregations across the life course, cobbling together a set of spiritual practices by combining elements of various traditions. In particular, it looks at Thomas Moore's Care of the Soul (1992), Karen Armstrong's A History of God (1993), Kathleen Norris's The Cloister Walk (1996), and Jack Miles's God: A Biography (1996), along with reviews by their readers on Amazon. These religious books have served as resources for spiritual seekers crafting their own religious identity narratives by modeling the formation of alternative spiritual faiths outside formal religious institutions, responding to the ills of consumer culture and consumer capitalism, and celebrating literary or poetic ways of being in the world.
At Work in the Atomic Beehive
Authors: Freeman Lindsey A.
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses atomic fordism—the systematic compartmentalization of work for the Manhattan Project. The system stretched across the country with the nation’s major highways functioning as a conveyor belt of nuclear knowledge, nuclear secrets, and fissionable uranium and plutonium. In this systematic production, each worker according to each site was responsible for a very specific part of the process and was often required to perform a set of repetitive, monotonous tasks. The purpose of separation in atomic fordism was for speed and efficiency just as in Henry Ford’s organization, but with the added understanding that this way of working would aid in the Project’s desire to prevent the flow of information.
Banks of the Ohio
Authors: Marvel William
Published: April 2023

This chapter provides an outline of Edwin M. Stanton's early life. Stanton was the grandson of Thomas Norman, who lived just a short distance from Zimmerman's Tavern in Culpeper County, Virginia. Martha Wale, a widow who ran the tavern, suspected that Stanton shared his ancestor's obstinacy and thought it boded ill for the Confederacy's bid for independence during the Civil War. Norman had lived his entire life in the watershed of the upper Rappahannock. During the American Revolution, he served in the Western Battalion of the Virginia Line, with which he descended the Ohio River in bateaux to the falls of the Ohio, between Kentucky and the Illinois country. The rest of this chapter focuses on Stanton's childhood, the genteel poverty that stalked his youth, his views on militarism, his relationship with Mary Lamson, and his education at Kenyon College in Ohio under the guardianship of Daniel Collier. It also discusses the cholera epidemic that occurred in Ohio.
A Focus of Conflict III
Authors: Parcel Toby L. , Taylor Andrew J.
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines Wake's considerable use of year-round schooling. Wake year-round school assignments started in 1989 as a cost-saving measure. Year-round schools began as an optional magnet program, but in 2006, with an exploding population and limited finances, the school board effectively made year-round schools mandatory in many rapidly growing communities. The policy presented significant challenges to many families and further antagonized school board opponents already disagreeable over assignment and other policies. It motivated them to become better organized, to support particular school board candidates, and to file a lawsuit against the board. This chapter presents survey and interview data to show citizen sentiments regarding year-round schools. The results demonstrate that wealthier residents with fewer children were more supportive of year-round schools, presumably because they were better positioned to manage the challenges posed by the schedule.
Is Wake Different?
Authors: Parcel Toby L. , Taylor Andrew J.
Published: April 2023

This chapter sets the case of Wake County into a broader national perspective by comparing it with a number of other urban and suburban jurisdictions. Particular attention is paid to understanding Wake's often-reported uniqueness. A typology of school districts is developed based on the characteristics critical to understanding both the breakdown in Wake's consensus and the efforts to move it away from the diversity assignment policy. Specifically, the urban and suburban jurisdictions are sorted into four cells based upon their variation in racial heterogeneity and civic life (or the extent to which residents have reserves of social capital). The role of population growth/decline and partisan politics in the experiences of these districts is also considered. Special emphasis is placed on a comparison with the Charlotte-Mecklenburg district, also located in North Carolina. The analysis indicates that racial and socioeconomic heterogeneity and a robust civic life make Wake quite different from many other districts. Wake was able to sustain a diversity policy for an extended period of time while its growing population and more partisan local politics resulted in volatile policy making.
An Epilogue and Conclusion
Authors: Parcel Toby L. , Taylor Andrew J.
Published: April 2023

This concluding chapter briefly discusses the repudiation of the Republican-backed board in the 2011 and 2013 elections and the events in between. It summarizes the central findings and revisits the book's main themes with special attention being paid to social capital theory. It also speculates on the future of the county's public schools, particularly with regard to their assignment policy. Explosive population growth, elevated partisanship and politicization of local matters, and a growing and increasingly coordinated opposition to the existing school board majority and its decisions, particularly those surrounding diversity in student assignments, brought about tremendous change in board composition and many policies. The board elected in 2009 found governing difficult, and Republican control lasted only two years. Despite the establishment of a pro-diversity majority after 2011, however, the old policy was not immediately or completely revived.
Transpassive and abnormal dissolution of titanium electrodes in hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution
Authors:   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Nurdillayeva R. , Dauletuly Sh. ,   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Bayeshov A. ,   D.V. Sokolsky Institute of Fuel, Catalysis and Electrochemistry
Published: April 2023

One of the urgent problems of electrochemistry is the reuse of production waste of a relatively expensive metal – titanium, which is in great demand in mechanical, aircraft engineering, medicine, and nanotechnology. The purpose of this work is to study the abnormal cathodic and transpassive anodic dissolution behavior of a titanium electrode in an aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution. Methodology. The anode and cathode spaces are separated by an anion exchange membrane. As a result of the electrochemical dissolution of titanium Ti4+ ions are formed in the anode space, and Ti3+ ions are formed in the cathode space due to the chemical dissolution of titanium. The influence of the main electrochemical parameters on the titanium dissolution process in the anode and cathode spaces has been studied. Results and discussions. The current efficiency of titanium anodic dissolution slowly increased with increasing current density, and its maximum value (82.5%) was observed at a current density of 800 A/m2. With an increase in the concentration of hydrogen fluoride, the current efficiency rapidly increased, and its maximum value at a current density of 200 A/m2 was determined at a concentration of 0.6 mol/l and was equal to 78.1%. Titanium dissolves forming Ti3+ ions along with Ti4+ ions in the anode space with an increase in the electrolyte temperature. The current efficiency of Ti4+ ions decreases while sharply increasing for Ti3+ ions. Conclusion. The optimal conditions for transpassive anodic and anomalous cathodic dissolution of a titanium electrode in an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid and the kinetic parameters of the electrode process are determined.
RISING EXTERNAL DEBT AND EXCHANGE RATE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA
Authors: Chika Priscilla Imoagwu  , Uju Regina Ezenekwe  , Uche Collins Nwogwugwu
Published: April 2023

The fluctuating exchange rate and massive debt burden of Nigeria necessitates a thorough investigation of trends in her foreign debt levels, its underlying causes, and implications for economic growth. This study, therefore, investigated the impact of rising external debt on the exchange rate in Nigeria with annual data from 1980 to 2021. The motivation for this study was premised on inculcating government spending and inflation rate into the traditional analysis of exchange rate volatility in Nigeria using data sourced from CBN statistical bulletin (2020), DMO (2020), and WDI (2021). The data obtained were analyzed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique, and the stability and diagnostic test in the analysis. Based on the outcomes of the preliminary test analysis, the results show that external debt has a negative but insignificant effect on the exchange rate in Nigeria.  Also, external debt has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in Nigeria. In light of these findings, the study concluded and recommended that the Nigerian government and/ or Central Bank of Nigeria should ensure that all borrowed funds are effectively channelled into viable projects that will yield returns to service the debts as well as pay up the debt at maturity, which puts pressure on the foreign exchange market in the short term and consequently results in exchange rate fluctuations in terms of the depreciation of the naira in the country.

Keywords: External debt stock, Debt service payment, Inflation rate, Exchange rate, Nigeria.

JEL Classifications: E31, 34, 43, F31.