bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A dual-fuel compression ignition engine – distinctive features
Authors: LUFT Sławomir
Published: July 2021

For many years in the Department of Automobiles and Internal Combustion Engines in Technical University of Radom there are carried out investigations on dual-fuel compression ignition engine in which the ignition is initiated by a pilot diesel oil dose and the applied main fuels have properties similar to those applied in spark ignition engines. The tested fuels were methanol, ethanol, LPG and natural gas. Analysis of the obtained results allowed to make some generalizations and to determine advantages as well as problems which should be solved for higher efficiency, power and durability.
The paper will present information on efficiency, power, toxic exhaust emission and chosen parameters of combustion process of a dual-fuel compression ignition engine as well as on a difficult to control – knock combustion which may result in lower engine durability and piston crank mechanism failure.
Thermodynamic aspects of energetic utilisation of upgraded biogas in an IC engine
Authors: MENDERA Krzysztof Z.
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of numerical modeling of an internal combustion engine fueled either with biogas
or upgraded biogas with taking into account the specific thermodynamic properties of the working fluid.
Exploitation problems of turbochargers installed on engines fuelled by gas
Authors: FABJANOWICZ Robert
Published: July 2021

Article describes two selected operational problems of turbochargers installed on gas engines
Vibroacoustic methodes of assessing valve clearance in combustion engines. An analysis of signals in the area of amplitude – point discriminants
Authors: SZYMAŃSKI Grzegorz M. , TOMASZEWSKI Franciszek
Published: July 2021

This article presents results of research referring to applying selected point parameters of vibration signal to assess valve clearance of combustion engines. The authors indicate necessity to apply a complex process to prepare signal of vibration accelerations before making calculations of point parameters characterizing vibroacoustic signal in order to decrease the risk of inaccurate analysis.
The history of the Scania engines
Authors: PAWLAK Grzegorz
Published: July 2021

Scania is one of the leading manufacturers of heavy-duty trucks worldwide. The engines designed for these vehicles constitute an important sector of this company’s product range. Scania treats the development of their engines with particular care. High expenditure on research and development as well as long established tradition make this product unique in many ways. These engines comprise experience, durability and novelty and that is why the Scania engines conform to the most stringent standards and market requirements. The paper presents a concise history of the development of the truck engines that are only a part of the company’s production beside industrial and marine engines. The history of the Scania engines shows how a combustion engine developed throughout decades, particularly diesel engines. This paper also proves that such a development is not only still possible but also quick, bringing measurable results.
Numerical modelling of combustion in SI engine fuelled with methane
Authors: KOCISZEWSKI Arkadiusz
Published: July 2021

Results of numerical analysis of methane and gasoline combustion in multipoint ignition SI engine are presented in the
paper. Work parameters of engine fuelled with methane lean mixtures of λ = 1.45 and 1.8 for three configurations of spark
plugs (one, two and four active spark plugs) are compared. These configurations were chosen taking into consideration
earlier research concerning numerical modelling and experiments. The results of carried out analysis proved that using
two spark plugs at air excess number λ = 1.8 caused that engine work parameters are similar to case of mixtures of
λ = 1.45 with one spark plug configuration. Simultaneously, the emission of nitric oxide was decreased more than eight
times and the concentration of carbon dioxide in exhaust gases was 20% lower.
The assessment of the usefulness of selected functions in the description of the flow characteristics of a throttle body
Authors: SZPICA Dariusz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a comparison of selected functions used in the description of the flow characteristics of a throttle
body. The purpose of the performed analysis was to select functions that would represent the throttle flow capacity with
the smallest possible error. Such characteristics are used in the modeling of the engine op-eration and very often influence
the final effect of the mixture composition by e.g. setting a stoichiometric mixture. If, at a set throttle angle the stream
of air mass is erratically defined then at the set fuel mass we shall receive an improper exhaust composition, which in
modern engine designs is decisive in terms of proper engine operation. Indeed, in a real engine, the ECU based on the
oxygen sensor feedback will adjust the fuel mass, but it is far better to double check the process of mixture formation
rather than correct the consequences of its improper formation.
The automotive market in the time of global economic crisis
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the role that the automotive sector plays in national economies. The origins of the automotive market crisis have been described as well as its impact on the world and European automotive markets. A condition of the Polish automotive industry and related markets has been discussed indicating relatively moderate consequences of the crisis (as opposed to other countries). The influence of the crisis on the change of buyer preferences has been presented, indicting the shift of the demand towards smaller, cheaper and more energy efficient vehicles. New trends have been shown resulting from the crisis forcing the manufacturers to launch hybrid and electric vehicles as well as alternative fuel vehicles. In the conclusions negative and positive consequences of the crisis have been listed and a production forecast has been made for the coming years.
New types of washers and foundation bolts for seating marine diesel engines
Authors: PIASECZNY Leszek
Published: July 2021

New types of polymer–metal washers and foundation bolts fitted in polymer have been presented, applied for seating diesel engines in marine engine rooms. Test results have been given for the washers’ compression and shear strength in the polymer–metal separation surfaces
The analysis of operating conditions for valves actuated by camless coupled drive
Authors: SICZEK Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

The operating conditions for the pair of inlet or exhaust valves in a single engine cylinder has been analyzed. The
differences for the phase angle position of cams, due to manufacturing faults, vibration and wear, result in differences
in valve lifts for such a pair. The use of a single camless drive for the pair of valves cannot eliminate such differences in
the valve lifts. When individual drive for each valve is used, the differences can be greater. The aim of the analysis is to
determine the needed stiffness of the element connecting the pair of valves with the drive and permissible differences for
geometrical and material properties of an individual drive, allowing to obtain the differences for the valve lifts smaller
than those for the camshaft case. The analysis has been made using the elaborated FEM model, for two configurations
of the camless drive. The paper also presents the dynamic parameters of the valves – drive assembly, stresses in such
assembly and recommendations for stiffness of the element connecting the pair of valves with the drive
The Wärtsilä 32GD engine for heavy gases
Authors: JÄRF Christer , SUTKOWSKI Marek
Published: July 2021

The Wärtsilä 32GD engine is a stationary turbocharged “Gas-Diesel” engine which can operate on gas and oil fuel.
The direct high-pressure gas injection is applied in this engine. The sophisticated control system of the engine allows
operation on gas and oil fuel with very wide range of gas/oil fuel ratio which provides a unique flexibility of fuel usage.
The Wärtsilä 32GD technology offers possibility to use good quality gas or heavier gases i.e. with high content
of heavier hydrocarbons. The Wärtsilä 32GD engine development and the most important components of the Wärtsilä
32GD engine are presented. The working principles, operation mode, the engine performance and emission levels are
described in the paper as well. The paper includes also specification for gas and oil fuels that can be used for the engine
operation. The paper is concluded with some typical applications, reference installation and experience from running
the engines on challenging fuels.
Numerical analysis of piston ring pack operation
Authors: WOLFF Andrzej
Published: July 2021

In the paper a model of a piston ring pack motion on an oil film has been analysed. The local oil film thickness can be
compared to height of the combined roughness of mating surfaces of piston rings and cylinder liner. Equations describing
the mixed lubrication problem based on the empirical mathematical model formulated in works of Patir, Cheng [6, 7]
and Greenwood, Tripp [3] have been combined [12] and used in this paper. A model of a gas flow through the labyrinth
seal of piston rings has been developed [13, 15]. In addition models of ring twist effects and axial ring motion in piston
grooves have been applied [14, 15].
In contrast to the previous papers of the author, an experimental verification of the main parts of developed mathematical
model and software has been presented. A relatively good compatibility between the experimental measurements and
calculated results has been achieved. In addition this study presents the simulation results for an automobile internal
combustion engine
The analysis of a diagnostic informativeness of gas dynamic parameters in a marine diesel engine turbocharging system through an entropy function
Authors: KORCZEWSKI Zbigniew , ZACHAREWICZ Marcin
Published: July 2021

The article presents selected elements of the elaborated diagnostic testing method of marine diesel engine working
spaces based on the energetic and spectral-correlation analysis of the course of the pulsating exhaust flow process in
the channel powering a turbocharger. The investigations have been worked out within the scope of a realization of the
research project No. 0T00B02129 funded by the Committee of Scientific Research. Conducting of an analysis of the
diagnostic informativeness among the parameters characterizing the observed gas dynamic processes represented an
essential methodological question of the project. A mathematical model, enabling simulations of well-known and recognizable
engine working spaces failures as well as an entropy functions, as the measure of uncertainty of the set of identified
states of the engine unfitness were applied for such a diagnostic purpose. Having evaluated the diagnostic information
three diagnostic parameters were selected in the result of experiments of the numerical simulation. Thus, the adequate
parameters of a technical state assessment of the marine diesel engine working spaces were chosen while there was no
possibility to work out the cylinder indication (to create cylinder indicator diagrams). The conducted simulating investigations
represented an introduction to the experimental investigations (to the diagnostic tests) of DETROIT DIESEL
and ZVIEZDA engines that had been put into operation on the Polish Navy warships in recent years.
The analyses of the phenomena inside a CNG flap-valve injector during gas flow
Authors: CZARNIGOWSKI Jacek , JAKLIŃSKI Piotr , WENDEKER Mirosław , PIETRYKOWSKI Konrad , GRABOWSKI Łukasz
Published: July 2021

The paper describes simulation tests of a gas injector with the use of numerical fluid mechanics. The tests were carried
out on a CNG flap-valve injector which was connected with an inlet manifold by an additional injection pipe. Such a
model was identified and calibrated on the basis of the test stand research. The paper presents the tests results in transient
conditions (during valve opening and closing) and in a steady-state flow. The analysis concerns pressure and gas
velocity flow in selected points and sections of the injector and the injection pipe. The processes occurring in selected
areas of the injector have been presented. Moreover, areas essential for the useful characteristics of the injector have
been illustrated.
Hybrid electric vehicle drives fitted with combustion engines
Authors: SZUMANOWSKI Antoni
Published: July 2021

Two generic types of hybrid drive fitted with Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) have been considered. The first type
is a serial one. The second type is a parallel drive system represented by two subtypes: a compact hybrid drive with two
degrees of freedom planetary transmission and a split-sectional drive.
Based on example hybrid drives for city buses, a computer simulation is an appropriate method as a design tool. Special
stress has been put on the compact hybrid drive with a planetary transmission, which seems to be the most advantageous.
A serial hybrid drive has also been discussed in detail because currently this solution is the most common one applied
in contemporary hybrid buses.
Knocking detection using autocorrelation of the wide-band optical radiation intensity
Authors: PIERNIKARSKI Dariusz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents an evaluation of usability of the autocorrelation function which was calculated from the optical
radiation signal and used for the detection of knocking combustion in a spark-ignition engine. The main source of experimental
data was the resultant wide-band intensity of optical radiation which was acquired using optical combustion
sensor having direct access to the combustion chamber. The gathered light was transmitted by a waveguide bundle to
the set of photodetectors and after conversion – recorded using analog-digital card. The scope of the analysis which
is described in this paper includes an estimation of the autocorrelation function and its evaluation for the purpose of
knockingdetection. Results have shown that occurrence of knocking combustion is accompanied by a high increase of
energy transmitted by the optical signal expressed by its root mean square (rms). Moreover, knocking combustion results
in a slower drop of autocorrelation function and appearance of some periodic components
The energy test “100 fishing days” of a Baltic cutter
Authors: BALCERSKI Andrzej , BEHRENDT Cezary , KNEBA Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The original concept of the energy test during continuous fishing of a Baltic cutter lasting 100 working days at the
fishery has been presented in the paper. The test will enable the calculation of the fuel consumption and the operating
efficiency of the energy system. The calculation models which are made in the paper take into account the actual realizations
of energy and trawling systems, operating conditions of ships and parameter values characterizing the operation
of all devices under consideration. The test may be used to evaluate the design solutions of ships at the design stage as
well as the ones already in use.
On board recognition of different fuels in SI engines with the use of dimensional and non-dimensional vibration signal parameters
Authors: FABIŚ Paweł , FLEKIEWICZ Bartosz , FLEKIEWICZ Marek
Published: July 2021

Gaseous fuels such as natural gas and propane butane mixtures are currently the most popular fuels for dual fuel
internal combustion engines. Gaseous fuels are more resistant to knocking than conventional liquid fuels they mix better
with air. There have been many published works on the use of gaseous fuels but the problem of the combustion noise, as
a very important source of acoustic discomfort is not getting enough attention. Combustion noise occurs in a direct and
indirect form. It is transmitted throughout the engine block as a vibration at a different spectrum of frequencies. In this
study an attempt has been made to correlate the combustion noise with the operating parameters of an engine fueled
with LPG, CNG and CNG-hydrogen mixtures as compared to petrol fueled engine. Signals of multiple resonance in the
combustion chamber and corresponding vibration signals of the cylinder block of engine have been considered for one
combustion cycle. A four cylinder, 1.6 dm3 spark-ignition engine converted to run on LPG, CNG and CNG-hydrogen
mixtures has been tested in the project. A well known diagnostic parameter was used for comparison of the engine noise
for its operation on gasoline and alternative fuels. A new non-dimensional indicator has also been proposed for the
engine vibration estimation purposes the Increase Wavelet Ratio C’ab, precisely described in the paper.
The analysis of the methods of hydrocarbon emission measurement according to European vehicle emission legislation
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy , RADZIMIRSKI Stanisław
Published: July 2021

The paper discusses the measurement methods of methane hydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons and total hydrocarbons
set forth in the European emission regulations pertaining to M and N vehicle types and their engines. A model
for the determining of the concentration of the said hydrocarbons and mathematical formulas have been derived. The
concentration of the hydrocarbons determined as per the standards and the actual hydrocarbon concentration have been
compared. Based on the above, changes have been proposed in the methodology set forth in the regulations.
A thermo-kinetic model base study on natural gas HCCI engine response to different initial conditions
Authors: JAZAYERI Seyed Ali , OMID Jahanian
Published: July 2021

Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion is a promising concept to reduce engine emmisions
and fuel consumption. In this paper, a thermo-kinetic single zone model is developed to study the operation characteristics
of a natural gas HCCI engine. The model consists detail chemical kinetics of natural gas oxidation including 325
reactions with 53 chemical species, and is validated with experimental results of reference works. Then, the influence of
parameters such as manifold temperature/pressure, and equivalance ratio on incylinder temperature/pressure trends,
start of combustion and heat release rate is studied. These results are explained in detail to describe the engine performance
thoroughly.
Theoretical analysis of cooperation of a turbocharger with a sequentially turbocharged engine
Authors: DANILECKI Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

The paper presents fundamentals characterising the operation of turbochargers and the dependencies essential for
the calculation (the use of balance equations of a turbocharger this purpose) of the total efficiency of a compressor
set with respect to the power balance of the respective devices of a turbine. For the assumed conditions of the engine
operation – an optimum power distribution has been carried out on the basis of a theoretical analysis as far as the total
efficiency is concerned in the compressor set and in the turbine set of a supercharging device. The required pressure
drops in the turbine, essential to ensure the power in the compressor have been carried out with respect to the efficiency
of each device.
Trends in the european legislation on LDV pollutant emissions
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy , RADZIMIRSKI Stanisław
Published: July 2021

The article presents current European homologation legislation regarding LDV emissions (as of 31.10.2008). New legislation of the European Union: Euro 5 and Euro 6, that will be implemented in years to come, is also presented. The system of emission compliance supervision, permissible values and measurement methodology have been dis-cussed. Trends in the development of the above legislations in Europe have been presented.
Important topics and conclusions from the 29th International Vienna Motor Symposium
Authors: LENZ Hans Peter
Published: July 2021

For many years Vienna Motor Symposium has been recognized as one of the most important networking events for specialists in engine and vehicle research and production worldwide. The most important questions related to the present and future development of means of transport, drivetrains, energy sources and conversion issues, not to mention the pollution generated by transport have been discussed. Some important future trends and strategies have also been identified and defined. This paper presents the main issues that were reported and discussed in the Symposium held in April 2008.
Preliminary tests on dual fuel spark ignition engine fuelled with methanol and gasoline
Authors: STELMASIAK Zdzisław , LARISCH Jerzy , SEMIKOW Janusz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a fuel system of a dual fuel spark ignition engine with a multipoint methanol and gasoline injection into the inlet valve area. The engine is fitted with double electronically controlled injectors. The system allows the engine operation on gasoline and methanol separately as well as combustion of the mixture of both fuels of any given alcohol content. The preliminary tests have been performed on a 4-cylinder spark ignition engine – Fiat 1100. The paper presents comparative results of the tests of an engine fuelled with gasoline and methanol. The performed tests showed an advantageous effect on the engine efficiency, the level of nitric oxides and hydrocarbons in the exhaust. A quick combustion of methanol increases the thermal load of the engine, which in turn may lead to an improper operation of the ignition system.
Thermal loads of a piston in a diesel engine during startup
Authors: MYSŁOWSKI Janusz , TALAGA Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the issue of thermal loads of a piston in a combustion engine with direct injection during startup. Theoretical assumptions have been described as well as the programme of engine test bed and simulation research based on the previous results of tests in the low temperature test chamber. Differences taking place in the piston thermal loads have been discussed as well as their influence on an efficient startup at low ambient temperatures
The analysis of fuel vaporization in a distributorless pneumatic injection system of a two stroke spark ignition engine
Authors: MAREK Wojciech
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of simulation tests of the process of fuel vaporization inside a gas conduit of a distributorless pneumatic injection system of a two stroke spark ignition engine induced by hot exhaust gas. For the simulation a CFD Phoenics has been used. The fuel delivery has been modeled for the phase when the medium flow is seized.
A temporal and spatial analysis of the fuel film and the gaseous phase of the fuel has been presented. The results of the said simulations could constitute a basis for validation of a real engine of the investigated type.
The selection of calibration parameters of a 1.3 Multijet engine management system in the aspect of engine performance and exhaust gas compositon
Authors: PIETRAS Dariusz , ŚWIĄTEK Piotr
Published: July 2021

The objective of passenger car engine tests performed on engine dynamometers, apart from the aspects of operation and durability, is the development in the range of suitable selection of parameters controlling the engine operation. The final selection of these parameters and their verification take place in the course of the tests accomplished with the use of engine dynamometers.
The paper presents and discusses the effects of selected calibrations of 1.3 Multijet engine management system on the parameters of its operation and the composition of the exhaust gases. The accomplishment of that subject-matter resolved itself into testing work on an engine dynamometer to verify selected calibrations of the engine management system, developed on the basis of the experience of the authors acquired during their research performed earlier.
Bearing in mind that the engine as the object of the testing serves as a power unit in a passenger car, it was assumed that the selection of the operational points of the engine, for which the tests should be performed on an engine dynamometer, should result from the mapping of the engine operation in the area of selected, characteristic phases of the driving test on a chassis dynamometer.
The presented test results, exhaust gas composition and smokiness, as well as the overall efficiency for individual calibrations of the management system were put together in a form of bar graphs.
The assessment of the influence of temperature differences in individual ducts of an intake manifold on the unevenness of air filling in a cylinder of a combustion engine
Authors: SZPICA Dariusz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the issues related to the unevenness of air filling inside a cylinder of a combus-tion engine. In order to evaluate such an unevenness a test stand and simulation models have been built. The tests stand allows a full assessment of the influence of selected parameters on the uneven-ness of the filling process. In this case the deviations in individual ducts of an intake manifold have been analyzed. This variant has been repeated in simulation tests, where concentrated models have been used for the description of the phenomena. The tests have shown an approximately 6% influence of a 64oC temperature deviation on the unevenness of the cylinder filling. The simulation tests have not shown a significant impact of the thermal state on the filling process
Diagnosing of misfire events in compression-ignition engines with the help of vibroacoustic methods in the aspect of OBD system application in diesel locomotives
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy , WALIGÓRSKI Marek
Published: July 2021

The article concerns the possibilities of use of the method being able to assess of the combustion process and its lack in internal combustion engines of railway traction vehicles, that bases on the use of vibration signal parameters. The paper includes the results of research conducted on the engine test bench with a single cylinder research and compression-ignition engine with direct injection, and tests for the engine of a diesel locomotive in the exploitation condition. Possibility of the vibration signal estimators application to the assessment of a combustion process lack in an internal combustion engine and a high reliability of combustion process diagnostics basing on the above method have been proved.
The use of piston engine brake as related to the emission of selected exhaust gas components
Authors: ROMANISZYN Kazimierz Maria
Published: July 2021

The paper includes a brief description of the methodology of obtaining dynamic characteristics of four basic exhaust gas emissions: CO2, CO, HC and NOx based on combined data from road tests on the engine test beds NEDC and FTP-75. The characteristics developed through tests on a class C motor-car have been presented. The possible advantages thanks to the application of the dynamic characteristics developed have been indicated. The significant values of emission during engine braking have been pointed out. For a wider recognition of this area of dynamic characteristics, special chassis tests were carried out on the engine test bed, recording the emissions of the exhaust gas components listed in the modal system with 0.4 s rate in the test of full engine braking on III, IV and V gear. The results were summarized and assessed.
Operating parameters of high performance vehicle engines
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy , PIELECHA Ireneusz , MARKOWSKI Jarosław
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the assessment of operating parameters for piston combustion engines used in sports vehicles. The assessment was made for parameters of selected performance vehicles: Formula 1, Le Mans and WRC in relation to conventional vehicles. The conventional vehicles were classified within two categories: sports vehicles and general use road vehicles. Basic engine characteristics were analyzed and the parameter values obtained allowed a comparison of the engines.
The specificity of attached high-performance engines
Authors: CZAJKA Jakub , WISŁOCKI Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

This article presents special usable features of attached high-performance engines used in water motor sports. It presents the most significant design characteristics as well as indicates the scope of most frequently used modifications of construction depending on water motor classes and series and legal requirements resulting from a character of particular races. This article discusses more important modifications of engines with respect to exchange of charge, fuel supply and the piston assembly as well as their most frequent malfunctions. The authors compared operating indexes of high-performance outboard engines to engines with other applications.
The effect of LPG injector position on the SI engine operation
Authors: JAKLIŃSKI Piotr , GRABOWSKI Łukasz , WENDEKER Mirosław , CZARNIGOWSKI Jacek , SZCZĘSNY Piotr , BARAŃSKI Grzegorz , SOCHACZEWSKI Rafał
Published: July 2021

The paper presents results of experiments on operation parameters of a 4-cylinder Holden 2.0 MPFI engine, supplied with LPG by means of sequential intake-manifold injection system, in the function of the distance between the injection ferrule and the cylinder’s inlet valve. Four positions of the injection ferrule along the manifold were tested, i.e. 115, 170, 230 and 310 mm from the valve. Indicated pressure, peak pressure and toxic emissions, in the function of injection start angle, were analyzed and compared for each position. The importance of the distance between injection ferrule and inlet valve was proved.
The analysis of flow velocity in an air filter
Authors: Bartoszewicz Jarosław , Bogusławski Leon
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the results of the analysis of field of flow velocity through an air filter used in a diesel engine inlet system performed in order to obtain equal flow through the filtering insert. The analysis of flow was performed with the use of Phoenics digital code, which makes it possible to solve the system of equations of weight and velocity and takes into account the effects of turbulence. The calculations used k-e turbulence model for low Reynold’s number. The digital calculations were performed for various streams of air mass flowing through the filter and characteristics of engines currently used in passenger vehicles manufactures by European and Japanese manufacturers. This paper presents standardized distributions of average velocity values and kinetic energy of turbulence in longitudinal section during the flow of air through the analyzed air filter and for various configurations of the flow system. The conducted tests made it possible to identify an optimum configuration for the flow system characterized by the most balanced profiles of velocity.
New methods of internal combustion engine cylinder surface forming
Authors: GRUSZKA Józef , SUCHECKI Andrzej
Published: July 2021

This article comprises a description of methods of internal combustion engine cylinder machining including a description
of traditional machining method and a description of some new machining methods – being in use in the motor
industry. Special attention has been given to a laser beam treatment method. Results of cylinder surface structure
examination after laser-beam treatment with an electron microscopy method and with the use of a scanning microscope
have been always presented.
Model of turbo-charging system of traction diesel engine
Authors: DANILECKI Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

This paper presents empirical-mathematical model of turbo-charging for the Diesel engine with sequential turbocharging.
The model is based on application of the SW 680 engine characteristics obtained on the basis of average parameters
of a cycle as well as fl ow characteristics of turbochargers, for the description of which the methods of multiple
regression have been used. The conditions of the turbocharger co-operation with the traction engine have been taken
into account by means of pulsation coeffi cients, which ensures suffi cient convergence of numerical calculations with the
results of experimental testing.
New method for particulate matter measurement with TEOM diesel particulate mass monitor
Authors: GOLOMB Peter
Published: July 2021

In the paper the Author pointed out, that the major number of the Particulate Mater in the exhaust gas of engines
riches the sizes of less than 0.1 μm. For the better determination of the PM diameter distribution the Horiba enterprise
has proposed new metering method of the gravimetric type named TEOM. In the metering system a set of fi lters with
different fl ow capacity has been applied. The mass of Particulate Metter hold-up on every filter is being determined by
the analysis of the filter vibration frequency. The presented method allows the measurements of the PM-mass with the
accuracy of 0.01 mg up to few grams.
The future of the combustion engines from the sight of the 28th International Vienna Motor Symposium
Authors: LENZ Hans Peter
Published: July 2021

Some important considerations from present discussion on the influence of the motorization on climate changes have been presented in the paper. On this background the most important tendencies in the combustion engines development have been described and illustrated with some examples. The comparison of the development potential of SI and CI engines were made and the tendencies in taking advantage of the energy sources were discussed.
Selection criteria of turbine engine parameters for multi-purpose aircraft
Authors: WYGONIK Piotr
Published: July 2021

At the stage of a power unit selection for a multi-purpose aircraft the problem of mutual relations between the dimension
of an aircraft and an engine should be solved. Starting from the motion equation of an aircraft and the theory of
similarity the criteria and performance were determined which connect in a geometrical and power way the engine and
the aircraft. The analysis of the influence of flight conditions and the parameters of an engine comparative cycle on the
geometrical dimensions was conducted. In the paper it was shown that the fundamental flight stage which determines the
relations between the geometrical parameters of the aircraft and the engine is the take-off or supersonic flight on the big
altitude. Usually the parameters selection of the turbine engine thermal cycle is done on the basis of the internal characteristics
of the engine, such as specific thrust and specific fuel usage. In case of the turbofan engine model with the mixer,
afterburner, and the aircraft model (with simplified aerodynamic and mass characteristics) the influence of the cycle parameters
on the performance and aerodynamic lift/drag ratio, the agreed range and the theoretical range was described.
Aeral injector for combustor of small unmanned aircraft – results of investigation
Authors: JAKUBOWSKI Robert , KONIECZNY Adam , ORKISZ Marek , SIEKIERDA Zdzisław , WYGONIK Piotr , ZARSZYŃSKA Maria
Published: July 2021

The conception of the construction of the fuel spray injector for a turbo engine of a small unmanned aircraft is
proposed in this paper. The work out of the injector model made in rapid prototyping method is shortly presented.
Methods of the injector investigation were described. The results of the injector flow parameters and macrostructure
parameters investigation were presented and discussed. They were used to formulate the main conclusion connected
with the relation between the injector construction, the injector feeding parameters and spray parameters.
Numerical fatigue analysis of the turbine components under low cycle fatigue (LCF) conditions
Authors: WITEK Lucjan
Published: July 2021

This paper presents results of the stress and fatigue analysis of the turbine disc and blade. A non-linear finite
element method was utilized to determine the stress state of the turbine components under operational condition. A
critical, high stress zones were found at the several region of turbine. Results obtained from the preliminary static
calculation were next used into total fatigue life (S-N) analysis performed for the load time history equivalents to 1-hours
work of engine under operating flight. In this analysis, the number of hours to the total damage of the critical components
of turbine subjected to low cycle fatigue was estimated.
Tests of exhaust gas toxicity of jet turbine engine for take off and landing phases of flight
Authors: KOTLARZ Wojciech , PIASECZNY Leszek , RYPULAK Andrzej , ZADRĄG Ryszard
Published: July 2021

Submitted paper describes proposal of research tests of toxic compounds emission of jet turbine engines. Scientific
work includes researches of toxic compounds in exhaust gas for different spectrum of load of SO-3 engines (TS-11 jet
trainer aircraft engine). All practical activities were done at the airfield for star t procedures, pre-flight engine tests, taxi
phase, take-offs and landings.
Evolution of two-stroke marine diesel engines design in H. Cegielski-Poznan S.A. production
Authors: KOPCZYŃSKI Marian , MAŃCZAK Jacek , PRZEWOŹNY Władysław
Published: July 2021

The article presents only few chosen issues on the design of two-stroke marine diesel engines produced at HCP, which have a considerable influence on the development of these engines types and provide fully operational basis for a wide future development of these means ofpropulsion. Each of the described representatives of subsequent engine types was, is, or will be produced at HCP-W2.
Development of welded constructions and welding technologies in building marine two-stroke engines
Authors: WALKOWIAK Roman , MICHALSKI Marek , PRYMOWICZ Stanisław
Published: July 2021

The article presents design modifications implemented in main assemblies of marine engines, such as bedplates, frame boxes and cylinder frames, and changes occurring in their production technology.
Trigeneration system based on medium power gas engine
Authors: JĘDRA Sylwester , SMYK Adam
Published: July 2021

One of the possibilities of increase of energy and economic efficiency of a small combined heat and power plant is its
operation in trigeneration system, in which the conventional system of cogeneration heat and electric power production
is widened by a cooling production system. Technical description and characteristics of the set of gas engine plus
absorption unit as well as its technological diagram is presented. Performances and limitations of the gas engine are
given. Needs for heat, cooling and electric power of a user are described. Total capital and operating costs are estimated
and technical and economic conditions for the positive economic efficiency of the trigeneration system are evaluated.
Hydrogen piston engines: R&D, experiences
Authors: KOVAR Zdenek , SCHOLZ Celestyn , BEROUN Stanislav , NYDRLE Milan , DROZDA Hynek , BLAZEK Josef , SVOBODA Miroslav
Published: July 2021

Results of experimental works on hydrogen testing engines are presented in the paper: mixture forming, burning of
air-hydrogen mixtures with different air/fuel ratio, NOx production, power parameters. The R&D works were realized
on a single cylinder test engine (both natural aspirated and supercharged) and on a turbocharged six cylinder test
engine as well.
Is LPG an ecological fuel?
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy , RADZIMIRSKI Stanisław
Published: July 2021

The article presents a comparative study of LPG and gasoline fuelled vehicles in terms of their emission level. Vehicles
adapted for the LPG fuelling have been scrutinized and the assessment criteria of their ecological properties have been
ascertained. Ecological properties of both fuelling systems have been compared and an assessment of the subsequent
LPG system generations has been performed.
Organic technology coolant for gas engines. What benefits?
Authors: DETERRE Daniel
Published: July 2021

Results of investigation of fluid coolant Coolelf Supra application on some engine parts in long-time running conditions
have been presented in the paper. It was recognized, that organic additive coolant technology leads to smaller wear
of engine parts, better cooling performance and longer engine life. The suitability of the “Diagofluid” system for monitoring
of engine running or maintenance troubles has been stated.
Verification of the concept of spray mechanism assisted with air dissolved in diesel oil
Authors: KOZAK Władysław , BAJERLEIN Maciej , MARKOWSKI Jarosław
Published: July 2021

In reference to the paper “The application of gas dissolved in fuel with a view to improve the mechanism of spraying“ [1],
this article continues with the issue of spray mechanism improvements. It includes the results of tests with a one-cylinder
CI engine powered with a solution of diesel oil and air. The proposed changes in the spray mechanism were evaluated
contrastively. The analysis encompasses: indicator pressure in the cylinder as well as the maximum value of pressure
increase rate, self-ignition delay angle, the time span of combustion, the content of carbon oxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides in exhaust gas, as well as the degree of exhaust gas blackening. Some positive changes in the combustion process,
induced by the improvements in spray mechanism, have been shown.
A summary of eight years of operation of the biogas heat and power-generating set in the Waste Treatment Plant of WARTA S.A. in Czêstochowa
Authors: CUPIAŁ Karol , DUŻYŃSKI Adam , GRZELKA Janusz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a summary of the last eight years of industrial operation of the biogas heat and power-generating
set in the Waste Treatment Plant of WARTA S.A. in Czêstochowa. This is a typical installation of the CHP (Combined
Heat and Power) coupled power engineering, which generates electrical power and heat at the source of gas fuel and at
the place of demand. Its is composed of a gas combustion engine driving an asynchronous generator and a set of two
heat exchangers. The combustion engine is supplied with biogas acquired from the Waste Treatment Plant, where it is
generated as a byproduct during sewage sludge treatment.
Phase doppler anemometry measurements of a dense rapeseed oil spray
Authors: BIALKOWSKI Michał T. , PEKDEMIR T. , BRAUTSCH M. , TOWERS D. P. , ELSBETT G.
Published: July 2021

High pressure, dense rapeseed oil (RSO) sprays have been investigated using a Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) setup. Samples of cold pressed RSO were pre-heated and injected at various pressures (56.3, 76.0, 93.8,112.5,131.3 MPa) and six different ambient densities (3,6,15,30,45,60 kg/m3). High density of RSO significantly affects the quality of sizing measurements, and leads to the similar experimental problems which have been found for the dense Diesel spray. The sizing tests involved analysis of the influence of the photomultiplier (PMT) voltage and injection conditions on
droplet validation. The sensitivity of the PMT at 1000 V was found as the most appropriate in the performed tests. The droplet size distributions revealed that the increasing ambient pressure results in a deformed Gaussian drop size distribution having larger number of small droplets. Furthermore, the increasing injection and ambi-ent pressures lower the mean droplet diameter but result in the significant decrease of the droplet validation. Despite the experimental difficulties of applying the PDA technique to RSO sprays it is concluded the method can be successfully used if the appropriate adjustment of PDA parameters is undertaken.
Thermal load of internal combustion engine fuelled by nitrogen monoxide – case study of Fiat Punto 1,2 8V
Authors: SROKA Zbigniew J.
Published: July 2021

An improvement of efficiency of modern combustion engines is otherwise known as automotive tuning. It needs thermal and durability analyses. Various forms of automotive tuning have been discussed in this paper but the application of nitrogen monoxide (NOS) has been given special attention. Some analyses of thermal load of piston and wear rate of piston rings have been performed.
Design and Fabrication of a Micro Reciprocating Engine
Authors: JIN Peng , KIM Jung-Sik
Published: July 2021

This paper presents an ongoing project of developing a micro reciprocating internal combustion engine. The engine is designed on the basis of a two stroke piston engine, but heavy modifications have been made to suit the 2D MEMS fabrication. All the engine parts are located in two layers. Piston seals are not used and leakage is prevented by the introduction of microgrooves on the piston, tight tolerance control and an extended contact area between the piston and the cylinder. With the assistance of a film of lubrication oil, these measures prove effective in preventing leakage. A new approach has been developed to fabricate high temperature resistant engine components at low cost. The approach
relies on the UltraThick SU-8 Process (UTSP) to make micromoulds; then ceramic and metallic engine components can be produced based on the moulds. The UTSP is a UV lithography process for producing up to 1000 ?m thick SU-8 layers and the quality of the fabrication results can be compared with those made by using X ray exposure process in the same thickness. A complete microengine has been fabricated in SU-8 using the UTSP for test drive. High quality ceramic and metallic components have been produced based on the SU-8 moulds, proving the new approach is feasible for building
Combustion of premixed DME and natural gas in a HCCI engine
Authors: ISHIDA Masahiro , JUNG Sukho , UEKI Hironobu , SAKAGUCHI Daisaku
Published: July 2021

The objectives of the present study is to clarify ignition characteristics, the combustion process, the knock limit and the misfire limit of natural gas mixed with a small amount of dimethyl ether (DME) in a HCCI engine. In the combustion test, natural gas and a small amount of DME were charged into the suction air homogeneously. The equivalence ratio of natural gas was increased to find the knock limit or the misfire limit of the HCCI test engine under a constant DME amount. The effect of the natural gas addition on suppression of the low temperature reaction of DME, and the effects of the DME amount and the intake temperature on the reaction rates, the knock limit of the DME/natural gas mixture, and the operation load range of the HCCI engine were investigated experimentally.
Analysis of the influence of gas-air mixture property on the selected parameters dual fuel direct injection diesel engine
Authors: STELMASIAK Zdzisław
Published: July 2021

Perspectives of usage natural gas in feeding systems of internal combustion engines and development of electronic control systems have resulted in survived interest in dual fuel system of engine feeding. Compression ignition, dual fuel engine enables to preserve majority of positive features of compression ignition engine and shows many advantageous features comparing with gaseous engine with spark ignition system. The paper shows an impact of gaseous mixture composition on operational parameters of the engine, with special consideration of combustion parameters and toxicity of exhaust gases. It has been confirmed that in range of gaseous mixture composition change in scope of λo = 1.4–6.0 worsening of combustion parameters is negligible and can be accepted for medium size traditional engines. Simultaneously, in spite of implementation of traditional injection system, leaning of the mixture up to λo < 6.0 enables significant change of engine load. Limitation of leaning of the mixture up to
λo < 4.5, restricts harmful phenomena connected with combustion of lean gaseous mixtures. It requires, however, fuel injection electronic systems such as common rail. Results presented in the paper can be useful in adaptations of compression ignition engine to gaseous feeding and in stage of development of control systems to such engines.