bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Non-Alignment on Neutrality in Europe: An Analysis and Appraisal
Authors: Hakovirta Harto
Published: March 2007

Hakovirta, Harto. Effects of Non-Alignment on Neutrality in Europe: An Analysis and Appraisal. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 57-75.

The effects of non-alignment on European neutrality are analyzed and appraised. Six dimensions of neutrality are discussed: stability, scope, crystallization, credibility, acceptability, and international utility. Some of the basic similarities between the non-aligned and the neutral countries, the development of contacts between them, and Yugoslavian linkage activities are identified as the major preconditions of the effects. Non-alignment tends to destabilize and decrystallize the traditions of European neutrality. The development of a closer relationship between the European neutral states and the non-aligned movement would very likely decrease the credibility and the acceptability of their policies in Western eyes, whereas its repercussions in the East would be more uncertain. The capacities of European neutral states to play traditional third-party roles might be reduced, but closer cooperation with the non aligned might simultaneously provide possibilities for international influence on issues of global importance. Development of the non-aligned movement since the early 1970's has tended to make it politically less attractive to the European neutral states. A return to the earlier lines, dominated more strongly by countries like Yugoslavia and India, would increase the attraction.
Economic Fluctuations, Technological Innovations and the Arms Race in a Historical Perspective
Authors: Väyrynen Raimo
Published: March 2007

Väyrynen, R. Economic Fluctuations, Technological Innovations and the Arms Race in a Historical Perspective. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 135-159.

The development of international relations may be explained cyclically by combining the long cycles of economic development and technological innovations with the economic and technological rise of various major powers. It is pointed out that the 'bunches' of technological innovations emerging in the context of national industrial ization strategies define the nature of military programmes. The development trajec tories of military technology are thus dependent on macroeconomic and macropolitical changes over long historical periods in major powers and in their international pos itions. The roots of new military technologies and major wars appear to be in the periods of economic stagnation. During the upswing phase of the long economic cycle new resources are generated for the expansion of military programmes which tends to increase the probability of warfare. During the upswing the costs of such programmes are easier to carry than during the downturn when they also may be more controversial. Furthermore, their economic impact differs between countries. In 'mature' industrial powers, such as the United States and Great Britain from the 1960s, military pro grammes become a real burden, while in upward-mobile semiperipheral nations, such as Germany and Japan in the late 19th century, state support to military industries may encourage economic and technological development in general. On the other hand the United States in the second half of the 19th century and Japan after WW II are examples in which modest military programmes have allowed a full utilization of technological innovations made during the preceding economic slowdown for civilian purposes.
Nordic Integration and Cooperation — Illusion and Reality
Authors: Andrén Nils
Published: March 2007

Andrén, N. Nordic Integration and Cooperation — Illusion and Reality. Cooperation and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 251-262.

In 1967 the author contributed an article to this journal on Nordic Integration. The aim was twofold: on the one hand to provide a definition broad enough to encompass a variety of integration forces or tendencies and exact enough to permit sufficient precision in the analysis, and on the other hand to measure the character of the growing Nordic cooperation. In the present paper, 'Nordic integration' is 'revisited', as an illusion, a reality and, perhaps, as a model. The integrative forces are still restricted by national interests and wider, extra-Nordic commitments, severally or collectively. New movements, most recently the transnational cravings for non-nuclear zones and the peace movements, seem unlikely to add a new security dimension to Nordic integration. European development is of decisive importance for the Nordic system, for which closer security cooperation at present is neither desired nor obtain able but cannot be excluded in all future scenarios. Meanwhile the Nordic system is attracting some marginal but increasing attention in the search for alternative models for European security.
United States International Oil Policy 1973-83: Pursuing a Cooperative Regime or an Imposed Order?
Authors: Bull-Berg Hans Jacob
Published: March 2007

Bull-Berg, H. J. United States International Oil Policy 1973-83: Pursuing a Coop erative Regime or an Imposed Order? Cooperation and ConflictXX, 1985, 173-194.

The fragmented theory on international regimes in essence focuses upon traits of coordination or collaboration between states within an international system. How can this approach be of utility for understanding the international politics of oil of the last decade? The author explores one aspect of this question by focusing his attention on the relationship between US policies and their intended bearing upon the political organization of the international oil system. Did the US pursue a cooperative strategy? If not, what are the chances for a future spontaneous creation of an international oil regime? The first section explores how we can use the concept of a non-contractual regime as a theoretical point of departure, and subsequently develops a link between actor policies and effects on the political ramifications of a subsystem like oil. The categories emerging from this discussion guide the empirical examination of US policies which follows in the second section. The third and last part of the article briefly suggests how an explanatory model could be sketched. It is pointed out that a combination of a realist and an economically oriented model should be selected, because of the character of oil as a strategic as well as an economic good. While the empirical conclusion points to a US policy that in essence has attempted to impose a new oil order on the system, the theoretical conclusion points to the methodologically problematic nature of investigating a purely normatively defined regime.
World Markets and Political Instability within Less Developed Countries
Authors: Rapkin David P. , Avery William P.
Published: March 2007

It is often asserted that instabilities in world markets are transmitted into and exert destabilizing effects upon the national economies and domestic socio-political systems of LDCs. Yet our knowledge of these linkages is scant, owing partly to the unintegrated state of prior theory and empirical research. This paper draws together the disparate literature on international economic and domestic political instabilities, specifies types of linkage between them, and formulates a framework to organize empirical research. Two broad categories of linkage are identified: (1) those issuing from exposure to volatilities in world markets for the goods and commodities that LDCs export and import; and (2) those stemming from participation in markets for capital, technology, and other factors of production. The second category is partitioned into two subtypes: transnational corporations and international financial institutions. Conceptual and methodological problems attendant to the modeling and testing of these relationships are also discussed.
Conflict and Cohesion: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Future Research
Authors: James Patrick
Published: March 2007

James, P. Conflict and Cohesion: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Future Research. Cooperation and Conflict, XXII, 1987, 21-33.

This essay contains a reappraisal of empirical research on conflict and cohesion. Behavioral studies of the linkage between domestic and foreign conflict are described in some detail. The consensus of that literature is that internal conflict is externalized only under very restricted conditions. However, in the process of reviewing this research, several important conceptual problems have been identified. Testing has focused on static rather than dynamic manifestations of conflict. Fragmentary indicators have been used to assess conflict at both levels of political interaction, and measurement is further complicated by the question of cross-national validity. In addition, the role of the state and environmental constraints on projection are in need of further exploration. It is recommended that all of these factors be considered in any new model of the conflict nexus that is intended for empirical testing.
WALL SURFACES A Research Report on Minimum Requirements
Authors: Compton Richard A.
Published: March 2007

This is a preliminary report on the research now in progress on wall coverings suitable for hotel and institutional use. It is presented to solicit comments and suggestions which will be helpful in continuing the project.

The goal is to make available a "Handbook of Interior Wall-Covering Materials." Three "use" areas—Corridors, Offices, Foyers and Entrances are set forth in preliminary form on pages 44-48.
The Marketing Concept: a New Approach To Hotel Management
Authors: Bursk Edward C.
Published: March 2007

Edward Collins Bursk is a professor in the Har vard School of Business and is editor of the Har vard Business Review. Among the publications he has edited are: Thinking Ahead in Business, Getting Things Done in Business, How to In crease Executive Effectiveness, The Management Team, and Planning the Future Strategy for your Business. The following article is based on an address given by Professor Bursk before the AH&MA Convention in San Francisco on De cember 1, 1966.
A New Hospital Food Service System
Authors: Kubach Richard W.
Published: March 2007

Developments in methodology and technology of food service systems are primarily aimed to in crease productivity, and their effect is measured in various units that either constitute in part, seg ment, or total a given "productivity model."

The use of the 'integral heating system," de scribed in this article, results in advantageous factors for some foods. These are shorter cooking time, better palatability of the pre-plated meals, more attractive eye appeal, and increased vitamin retention when compared to identical meals heated in a convection oven. Moreover, the "integral heating system," which is an electrical resistance-heating process, should result in more efficient use of electrical power as the electrical energy is converted to heat on the undersurface of a special casserole dish. As it involves con trolled heat generation (the major heat transfer being conduction) it should result in speedy heat ing of the food with minimal rise in environ mental temperature.

Richard Kubach's article narrates, in somewhat episodal form, the development of various seg ments in programming and implementing the "integral heating system" on a valid test basis. The tests reported are not fully conclusive and lack some scientific data, which other publi cations do provide. Operational and manage ment problems are not fully stated, and no at tempt to quantify them is apparent. Credit is due the 3M Company, which engineered the hardware for the new reconstitution subsystem that makes it significantly different from other systems. — Fritz G. Hagenmeyer, Lecturer, School of Hotel Administration, Cornell Uni versity.

1Beyer, Charles E., "A Hospital Converts to Ready Foods," The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, May 1971 (Vol. 12, No. 1), pp. 39-46.
Approaches to Risk Management
Authors: Saied Jamelia
Published: March 2007

The status of risk management in the hotel business is decidedly mixed. Some companies and properties have set up sophisticated risk-management policies. Others are far behind
Measuring The Value of Experiential Learning
Authors: Dev Chekitan S.
Published: March 2007

Educators have long held that experiential learning is valuable. The issue here is the measurement of that value for all participants
A Citizen Looks at Crime
Authors: Fain James E.
Published: March 2007

The urban revolution, the social effects of the population explosion, concentration in huge cities, and the mobility of modern society all tend to make people regard themselves as insignificant and helpless. You have to understand many such things in order to think logically about social disorganization and its ugliest manifestation—crime.

I wonder about the four-martini expense account lunch, the lost weekend in suburbia, the divorce rate, and the indications of immorality I see in widespread cheating of the tax system. What does all this mean to crime?

Crime can be successfully combated only through a joining of forces by all the leadership elements who are interested in adjusting the nation to its new growth. This will involve an expansion of both public and private services. It will demand a new approach, one calling for total social planning and far more coordination than has so far been attempted.

It may also require new social units within the urban mass— small communities of some sort that can retain human individ uality and personal responsibility.
The Death Sentence and Then What?
Authors: McCafferty James A.
Published: March 2007

Although little demographic data are available about the capital offender, after thirty-one years the national series on executions is moving into a more comprehensive coverage of all prisoners sentenced to death. Statistics for 1960 included data not only on those executed during that year but also information on those whose cases were disposed of by other means and on those reported under sentence of death on January 1 and December 31.
The Extravagance of Imprisonment
Authors: Rector Milton G.
Published: March 2007

Adoption of a policy of nonimprisonment of the nondangerous would signal a shift from a reactive to a proactive response to crime and would result in the re-allocation of vast sums presently earmarked for institu tional construction. It requires legislative action.

Short of execution, imprisonment of the nondangerous (nonviolent, nonassaultive) offender is the most violent response government can make to crime. It is a waste of lives and of public funds.

The difference between the NCCD Council of Judges'Model Sentenc ing Act (1972) and the NCCD Board of Directors' policy statement on sentencing (1973) is clarified: the former allows for a prison commitment of up to five years for a "nondangerous" offender; the latter abrogates imprisonment for that category. The argument that a less punitive sanc tion (e.g., probation) is powerless unless the more punitive one (imprison ment) is a threatened possibility is rebutted.

A policy of nonimprisonment has traditionally been applied to certain favored groups of nondangerous offenders; the policy statement recom mends that it be applied, without social or economic or racial discrimina tion, to all who qualify as nondangerous, Some examples are given of imaginative and ingenious sentences that demonstrate the feasibility of not committing a nondangerous person to prison.
Perceived Relative Deprivation as a Cause of Property Crime
Authors: Chester C. Ronald
Published: March 2007

Poverty has long been suspected as a root cause of crime, especially crime against property. Thus, members of the lower class have long been thought to commit the bulk of crime, at least as crime is defined by middle-class lawmakers. Absolute poverty, however, has been shown to be far less criminogenic than relative poverty. Therefore, lower-class crime against the middle and upper classes occurs most often where access to perceived middle-class values and lifestyles is most pronounced: in areas where large numbers of the relatively rich live near the relatively poor, or in areas of high media penetration, where more affluent lifestyles are constantly and widely depicted. Thus, much property crime is the product of cupidity, stimulated by easy access to information about "better" life styles. It is here postulated that the perception of one's relative depriva tion stimulates the tendency to commit property crime among all members of society and that this cannot be changed without a fundamental restruc turing of American institutions. One way to achieve this would be for the government to limit severely the transfer of wealth through generations and to use the revenues thus obtained to provide every member of society with an adequate base income. Since under such a system all individuals would have more nearly equal opportunity, perceived relative depriva tion, and thus property crime, would drop markedly.
Jurisdiction over Status Offenses Should Not Be Removed from the Juvenile Court
Authors: Martin Lawrence H. , Snyder Phyllis R.
Published: March 2007

It has become popular to advocate the removal of status offenses from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. The Board of Directors of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency recently published a policy statement advocating such a change. Because such a move, the authors believe, would mean a reduction in services to families under stress, they have voiced a dissent. They further suggest that the problem is a need for more facilities and programs to provide the court with a set of realistic alternatives at the dispositional stage.
Crime as a National Political Issue: 1964-76
Authors: Finckenauer James O.
Published: March 2007

An examination of crime, code name "law and order," as a major political issue over four presidential campaigns commencing in 1964 leads to a number of at least tentative conclusions: ( 1) Law and order has been a campaign issue primarily for conservative candidates challenging more liberal incumbents or incumbent administrations-for example, Gold water (1964), Nixon and Wallace (1968), and Reagan ( 1976) . ( 2) The con servative proposals for handling crime have generally encompassed an ap proach to crime control based on the concepts of free will and retributive justice. (3) There are fundamental inconsistencies between the political philosophy of conservatism and certain law and order strategies for han dling crime. ( 4) The monopoly over this issue at the national level by can didates from the political right has had definite effects upon public policy regarding crime-effects that are likely to continue well into the future.
The Law: Excessive Promise and Inadequate Fulfillment1
Authors: Forer Lois G.
Published: March 2007

Despite major advancements in the legal protection of human rights, dis satisfaction with the law and with the administration of justice has reached a new high. A primary cause of this is the criminal law, which has little deterrent capacity, imposes unequal sentences on the poor and the nonpoor, and disregards the problems of the victims of crime. Instead, the wrongdoer should be made to compensate the victim for personal injury or property loss. The author proposes a possible restitution program and argues that this would serve the victim-who is often unable to bear the costs of personal injury, incapacitation, loss of income, and property loss -and might help in deterring and rehabilitating the offender. Also dis cussed are mandatory fines for white collar crimes, state-sponsored em ployment programs for street criminals, and compulsory education in prison for functionally illiterate street criminals. The author recommends that fines for federal crimes be contributed to state compensation funds.
A Comparative Assessment of Determinate Sentencing in the Four Pioneer States
Authors: Lagoy Stephen P. , Hussey Frederick A. , Kramer John H.
Published: March 2007

Debate over determinate sentencing grips the criminal justice system to day much as discussions about community correction did ten years ago. Advocates of determinate sentencing argue that sentencing disparity among similar offenders who have committed similar offenses will be re duced, that there should be greater certainty in terms of imprisonment, and that offenders will be treated with greater justice. Perhaps determinate sentencing as implemented will fulfill all these hopes, but the optimists among us must recognize that the momentum behind the determinate sen tencing movement can largely be attributed to a loss of faith in the re habilitative ideal; it is not necessarily a sign of the concept's obvious rea sonableness. In examining the nature of the determinate sentencing schemes in the four pioneer states, the authors compare and contrast the provisions for determinacy in each of the revised criminal codes, with the objective of informing legislators, planners, and practitioners about the variation possible within the apparently straightforward guidelines estab lished by determinacy. We note vast differences between the states in the constraints on judges regarding the decision about whether to incarcerate, in the delimitation of judicial discretion in sentencing, in the specificity of aggravating and mitigating factors, in the institutional use of good time, in the range of possible penalties, and in the degree to which determinate sentencing as practiced can look like indeterminate sentencing. It would appear that the speed with which sentencing revisions are being endorsed may well hinder reasoned analysis of the need for reform, the nature of desired reform, and the outcome of reform once implemented.
Loyalty to Immediate Superior at Alternate Levels in Public Schools
Authors: Hoy Wayne K. , Williams Leonard B.
Published: March 2007

Blau and Scott's hypothesis that loyalty to superiors in a hierar chical organization tends to be pronounced at alternate levels was tested in public schools. In addition, several other relationships between subordinate loyalty and various role characteristics of superiors were investigated. Wayne K. Hoy is Associate Professor of Educational Administration at Rutgers University and Leonard B. Williams is Lecturer in Education at Rutgers University.
Socio-Economic Status of Students and Schools Bureaucratization
Authors: Anderson Barry
Published: March 2007

This study indicates that schools occupied by students from low socio-economic backgrounds are run differently than those occupied by high SES students. The differences are of a sort which is thought to be related to school achievement, implying that the way schools are run may be an important source of poor achievement among students from low social class backgrounds. The author is Assistant Professor of Education at Washington University, St. Louis.
Organizational-Professional Commitment and Supervision of the Junior College Teacher
Authors: Thornton Russell
Published: March 2007

Although professional employees have been the object of frequent empirical investigation, little inquiry has been directed toward the conditions under which they are able to accommodate themselves to an organizational environment. The present research by Professor Thornton considers one aspect of this by focusing on the effects of educational differences between junior college teachers and their supervisors on the ability of these teachers to hold commitments to both their junior colleges and their professional groups. The study on which this paper is based was financed in part under Grant No. OEG-1-7-070453-3891 from the U. S. Office of Education. Dr. Thornton is an assistant professor in the sociology of education at the University of Pennsylvania.
Cyclical Renewal in a Large City School District-Decentralization and the Policy Process
Authors: Bresnick David
Published: March 2007

Decentralization of the New York City school system did not start in 1966 with the controversy over the demonstration districts in Harlem, Oceanhill- Brownsville and Two Bridges. The immediate controversy began in 1961 with "A Plan for the Revitalization of Local School Boards," and can be traced to disenchantment with centralized bureaucracy, which had its roots in the consoli dation of New York City at the beginning of the twentieth century.
The Utilization of Federal Aid Programs to Further Interstate Equalization in Educational Spending
Authors: Frentz Anne Sutherland
Published: March 2007

Equity in educational opportunity is examined at the national level. Cost and need components of educational costs are discussed. Federal intervention is established as a prerequisite to the achieve ment of equity, and various formulae for overcoming interstate disparities are discussed and evaluated. The author is visiting Assistant Professor of Education at the Center for Educational Policy and Management, University of Oregon.
The Discretionary Behavior of Principals in Large-City Schbols
Authors: Crowson Robert L. , Porter-Gehrie Cynthia
Published: March 2007

Decisions and the day to day behavior of school principals are explored within the framework of Michael Lipsky's theory of "street-level bureau cracy. "Areas of analysis involve principalship accommodations with prob lems of inadequate resources, with challenges to the principals' authority. and with ambiguities in the principals' role. The paper reports upon an ethnographic study of principals in one large-city school system.
The Managerial Behavior of High School Principals
Authors: Martin William J. , Willower Donald J.
Published: March 2007

This study applied the structured observation technique developed by Mintzberg to the high school principalship. Observation of the activities performed by five principals resulted in a characterization of school administration that paralleled private sector management in many respects. Principals exercised building-level authority over such matters as organi zational maintainance, the administration of the instructional program, pupil control, and extra-curricular activities. They spent comparatively little time on affairs external to the school organization. Although their work pace was hectic, there were certain cyclic features which could be identified.
An Inventory-Theoretic Approach to School District Cash Management
Authors: Dembowski Frederick L.
Published: March 2007

Working capital management is an important aspect of school district financial management. In this analysis, two models of cash flow manage ment derived from inventory control theory are compared with the heuristic approach employed by an illustrative school district. The models offer a means for optimizing the revenue school districts receive from the investment of excess funds. The model also has the potential for reducing district costs in cash flow management.
Organizational Responses to Scarcity: Exploring the Obstacles to Innovative Approaches.to Retrenchment in Education
Authors: Whetten David A.
Published: March 2007

The problem of organizational retrenchment is analyzed in terms of prominent developments in organizational theory and tendencies in administrative response to decline in education. The implications of the contrasting closed-rational and open-political administrative orientations are explored in terms of traditional and emerging conceptualizations of organizational efficiency and effectiveness. Using the pressure of scarcity to spur innovation is viewed as the key to capitalizing on and benefiting from necessary retrenchment in educational organizations.
Declining Enrollments and Surburban School Closings: The Problem of Neighborhoods and Neighborhood Schools
Authors: Wood Peter W. , Boyd William Lowe
Published: March 2007

As a part of a larger study of the impact of declining enrollments, the investigators undertook a study of neighborhoods and neighborhood schools. Case study data from three similar school districts exhibiting variation in "neighborhoodness" are presented and analyzed. Implications for school and administrative strategy are discussed in the light of neighborhood apperception.
Die Neue Zeitung
Authors: Netzer Hans-Joachim
Published: March 2007

An diesem Artikel hat eine Gruppe von ehemaligen NZ-Redakteuren mit gearbeitet, die in der Zeitung leitende Stellungen innehatten. Die Aus fuhrungen des Verfassers stellen deshalb die Meinung einer reprasentativen Gruppe ehemaliger Redakteure der Neuen Zeitung dar.
Eine Leipziger Zeitung Vor 1650
Authors: Bogel-Hauff Else
Published: March 2007

Some time ago, a newspaper was discovered in the collection of the Stockholm Royal Library which had appeared prior to the 'Neu-einlauffende Nachricht von Kriegs- und Welt-Händeln' (Recent news on war- and general activities), the first issue of which having been published on the 1st of January, 1660, had so far been considered to be the world's oldest daily paper. The new discovery is the 'Einkommende Zeitungen', published since the 1st of July, 1650. Both papers were published by the Leipzig printer Timotheus Ritzsch. Subsequent research in the same library led to the discovery of 726 issues of a 'Wöchentliche Zeitung'. Although this paper had been mentioned previously by various scholars who thought it very likely that this 'Wöchentliche Zeitung' was a Leipzig publication, the recent Stockholm discovery confirmed beyond any doubt that this paper too had been printed by Timotheus Ritzsch at Leipzig. Various typographical indications as well as reports quoted show this paper to have been published during this city's occupation by the Swedish army. The news items are pro-Swedish and publication of this paper ceased at once following upon the departure of the Swedish occupation forces. Prior to the departure of the Swedes, Timotheus Ritzsch had made sure of the privilege allowing him to continue his activities as a printer and publisher; remarkably soon after the publication of the last issue of the 'Wöchentliche Zeitung' the first issue of the 'Einkommende Zeitungen' appeared: on the 1st of July, 1650.
European media systems in transition: General trends and modifying conditions: The case of the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Schulz Winfried
Published: March 2007

Current changes of the media systems in Europe are characterized with reference to four general trends: technological change, expansion of systems, privatization, and internationalization. A model of the dynamics of change is proposed which represents the interaction between these trends and modifying national conditions. Taking the Federal Republic of Germany as an example, the analytical usefulness of the model is demonstrated. The article identifies the general trends in the transition of the German media system during the eighties. It also gives a detailed analysis of the modifying national conditions, i.e. trend reinforcers and trend dampers, which gave the development its specific direction.
Social attributes and job satisfaction among newsworkers
Authors: Pollard George
Published: March 2007

The effects of social attributes on multiple measures of job satisfaction were examined using a stratified random national sample of Canadian newsworkers. A relatively high level of satisfaction coupled with brief careers was identified. This apparent incongruence derives from sector differences. Newspaperworkers are more satisfied and have longer careers than those in broadcast news. Newspaperworkers are pulled to the occupation by high levels of autonomy, control and job security, while broadcast newsworkers are pushed away ostensibly by a lack of autonomy, control, job security and high staff turnover. These conclusions validate the findings reported in studies of professionalism, and underscore the need for continued research on the nature and impact of newsroom policies.
Is the U.S. over-reported in the Japanese press?
Authors: Ish Kenichi
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on factors accounting for international news in Japanese news papers. By testing the effects of several variables on the coverage from foreign countries in the Asahi, it is shown that the amount of coverage from foreign countries is largely explained by the importance of the country (GDP and population). An analysis of residuals shows that some countries (India, Taiwan, etc.) are consistently under-reported, whereas the United States, despite apparently large amounts of news, is not significantly more reported than predicted by the model.
Coping with the challenge of a changing market: Strategies from Taiwan's press
Authors: Ran Wei
Published: March 2007

This study examines the dynamic relationship between newspaper organizations and rapidly changing market conditions in post-authoritarian Taiwan between 1988 and 1994. The emphasis of the analysis is placed on identifying coping strategies in the face of unprecedented challenges and dilemmas from the evolving market. Three strategies are found among the Taiwanese newspapers: niche-seeking, depoliticization and politicization. Each strategy is also found to have varying degrees of success. The official and party press continues to decline in contrast to the dynamism of private newspapers contrast with the dynamism private newspapers. The experience of Taiwan highlights the key role of a changing market in transforming its press system.
The support of health promotion activity in the voluntary sector: research findings and strategic considerations
Authors: Titterton Mike , Smart Helen , Curtice Lisa , Maxwell Stephen
Published: March 2007

The aim of this research was to assist the Health Education Board for Scotland in the development of a strategic approach for supporting health promotion activity in the voluntary sector. As well as interviews with representatives from the statutory and voluntary sectors, a key research method called facilitated discussion groups was designed to draw on participants' practical and strategic experiences and to develop collective wisdom by encouraging an exchange of views. Issues concerning involvement in health-related activities, funding and partnerships were raised. The strengths and weaknesses of a partnership approach were also examined. Suggestions for a national strategy are outlined: these include the need to tackle the funding problems and capacity building of the voluntary sector. Recommendations for good practice in multi-agency working are also made.
Precarious partnerships: Barriers to multidisciplinary sex education in schools-A short communication
Authors: Baraitser Paula , Wood Alan
Published: March 2007

Objective Sex education promotes sexual health service use when delivered collaboratively by health professionals and teachers. This pilot study explored the barriers to collaboration between school nurses, family planning nurses and teachers.

Design Qualitative, exploratory study.

Setting Community health services and secondary schools in the London Borough of Southwark.

Method Semi-structured interviews with key informants from education and health.

Results All respondents agreed that the teaching of sex education should be multidisciplinary and that barriers to collaboration exist particularly where sex and relationship education (SRE) is given low priority by schools. SRE is given low priority by schools where it is seen as taking curriculum time from examinable subjects and where pupils are perceived not to be at risk of sexual ill health.

Conclusion The variation between schools in quantity and quality of sex education provided is significant and unpredictable.
Smoking cessation in pregnancy: What's a man to do?
Authors: Ziebland Sue , Fuller Alice
Published: March 2007

Objectives To explore women's attitudes to their partners' smoking behaviours during pregnancy.

Design Qualitative semi-structured interview study.

Setting Interviews were collected in the participants' homes in Oxfordshire and Berkshire in the UK.

Subjects A purposive sample of women who were smokers at the start of a pregnancy, who also had a partner who smoked.

Results Examples of four strategies that are, at least theoretically, available to men were identified and described. These are: carry on smoking and encourage the woman to quit; carry on smoking and do not comment on the woman's smoking; avoid smoking in front of the woman and encourage the woman to quit; and avoid smoking in front of the woman and do not comment on the woman's smoking. Some women report feeling unsupported by partners who carry on smoking during the pregnancy, even if they did not smoke near them. Smoking status is often shared among couples and if the man does not quit during pregnancy the women may be more likely to relapse, particularly after the baby is born.

Discussion There may be a mismatch between men's and women's motivation to quit smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period. While women are particularly motivated by the pregnancy, men may be more keen on quitting once the baby is born. However, once the baby is born women are more inclined to relapse. Awareness of this mismatch may make it easier for couples to use pregnancy as an opportunity for them both to stop smoking.
A new dental anxiety scale for 5-year-old children (DA5): Description and concurrent validity
Authors: Humphris G.M. , Milsom K. , Tickle M. , Holbrook H. , Blinkhorn A.
Published: March 2007

Objectives To design a new assessment of dental anxiety for 5-year-old children that takes less than five minutes to complete, for use in primary care or community settings, that requires minimal training for assessment administrator and has favourable psychometric properties. Setting Primary schools in Cheshire, UK.

Method Two studies were conducted. The first study required a sample of 31 five-year-old children to rank order five diagrammatic picture cards denoting emotions of very happy to very sad, including a neutral emotion card. The second study invited children to post 12 gender-matched pictures of children receiving dental advice, examination and treatment procedures in a dental surgery into four post boxes arranged in rank order and labelled clearly, with the face pictures in the rank order confirmed in study 1 (omitting the neutral choice option).

Results In study 1, consistent rank ordering was obtained with four faces (very happy-happy-sad-very sad). Neutral point was omitted due to inconsistent ranking. Study 2 children responded enthusiastically to instructions of new assessment and fully completed the test. A good association was demonstrated between the new measure and the gold standard' projective measure picture test of Klinberg1. Reliability of measure was moderate.

Conclusions This new assessment appeared to assess dental anxiety in young children without causing apparent distress in respondents and warrants further testing to determine additional measurement properties.
Health Education and the control of stress
Authors: Wallace J. Macdonald
Published: March 2007

STRESS, like love, means different things to different people. Unless we can agree on an acceptable meaning of the term, it is very unlikely that health education, or any other kind of education, or even medical treatment can make any contribution to its control
The Norwegian Tobacco Act
Authors: Bjartveit Kjell
Published: March 2007

THE history of The Norwegian Tobacco Act shows clearly that the preparation and implementation of a statute is a comprehensive and time-consuming process. This Act was proposed in a report in 1967, when an interdisciplinary committee, at the request of the Director General of Health Services, presented a report on what measures could be taken to combat the smoking and health problem.1 According to this committee, the strategy was to be based on a combination of information, restrictive measures and cessation activities. The effect of this triple programme would be decreased if there were a lack of balance between the three components.
The Child's image of a young smoker
Authors: Bewley Beulah R. , Bland Martin
Published: March 2007

THE SELF-IMAGES of 361 boys and 128 girls, aged from ten to 12 years, were measured using a 12-item list and compared with their image of a young person who smokes. The self-images of boys and girls differed on some items, more boys seeing themselves as 'clever', 'good looking', 'good at sport' and 'tough'. The image of a smoker also differed on some items, more boys seeing the smoker as a 'troublemaker' and 'liking to do forbidden things', and more girls seeing the smoker as 'grown up'. The images of the self and of the young smoker differed, irrespective of the child's own smoking habits, al though this difference was less for smokers than non- smokers. This suggests that children who smoke do not see themselves as smokers, and do not relate health ed ucation on smoking to their own practice.
The pattern of women's attendance at antenatal classes: Is this good enough?
Authors: Perkins Elizabeth R.
Published: March 2007

OVER a three-month period, 687 new mothers from one Health District were asked whether they were offered antenatal classes, whether they attended, and if not, the reasons why they did not at tend. Information was also collected for each woman on her obstetric history, age, marital status, home town and husband's occupation. Seventy-two per cent said that they were offered classes in this pregnancy, and 40 per cent of the sample said that they had attended. Statistical analysis showed that receiv ing an offer of classes was strongly related to previous obstetric history; there were, however, deviant groups in respect of age and marital status to whom midwives were less likely to offer classes.

Social class was much less important than obstetric his tory and the age of previous children in determining whether a woman would attend classes if offered them.

These results are con sidered in relation to current assumptions about antenatal class attendance, and theor ies on the take-up of welfare benefits.
Do children influence their parents' smoking?
Authors: Wilcox Brian , Gillies Pam , Wilcox Sheila , Reid Donald
Published: March 2007

A CONTROLLED study was carried out among parents of children in fourteen primary schools in Sheffield (England) to investigate a possible 'spread of effect' from a school anti smoking project. The study showed that children are an important source of information for parents on smoking hazards, but it was not possible to isolate the effect of this information on parental smoking behaviour from the many other influences involved.

However, a favourable effect on attitudes to school health education was detected.
A study of the effect of a health education programme in promoting seat-belt wearing
Authors: Dillow I. , Swann C. , Cliff K.S.
Published: March 2007

A SIX-month study was under taken to measure the overall effect of health education programmes promoting seat- belt wearing in vehicles, in a defined population. The results indicated that despite co ordinated programmes involving press, television, radio, posters and personalised appeals through book marks, no sustained increase in the wearing rate either by drivers or passengers (front-seat) was achieved. Analysis of data from a postal questionnaire evaluat ing specific aspects of the health education programmes indicated a 50 per cent penetration by the programme within the popula tion. A significant finding from the questionnaire was that people who smoked were less likely to wear seat-belts (P<.001).

Smokers were also found to be less likely to be concerned with death as an outcome of non-seat belt wearing (P<.001) and were found to be signifi cantly against measures to intro duce legislation to enforce seat- belt wearing (P<.01).
Community mental health - past, present and future
Authors: Cole Carol W.
Published: March 2007

"HEALTH ... is a purchaseable commodity of which a community can possess, within limits, as much or as little as it cares to pay for. It can turn its resources in one direction and fifty thousand of its members will live who would otherwise have died; it can turn them in another and fifty thousand will die who would otherwise have lived. Though no individual, by taking thought, can add a cubit to his stature, a nation, by doing so, can add an inch to the height of some groups among its children and a pound to their weight."
Physical fitness testing in the West of Scotland — health counselling and individual fitness
Authors: Inglis Valerie , McMillan Edward , McIntyre Elizabeth , Farrally Martin
Published: March 2007

IN a health education programme dealing with cardiovascular disease and the risk factors amenable to personal control, adult volunteers from communi ty centres and the workplace provided information about their lifestyles, including smoking habits and level of physical activity, and completed a battery of tests to assess current physical fitness. This informa tion was used primarily to counsel individuals on appropriate exercise involvement and behavioural changes conducive to reducing the risk factors for heart disease, although results did give a first insight into the physical fitness of a self-selecting section of the community. A large proportion had a low level of physical fitness, particularly cardiovascular respira tory endurance, although more than half of the sample described their lifestyle as 'very active'. The number of smokers was slightly lower than the national average, but the number of young people, particularly women, who smoked was high.
Effect of antenatal education on expectant parents' knowledge and attitudes regarding infant nutrition
Authors: Mogan Judith
Published: March 2007

OBESITY is a growing problem among infants and young children and yet little attention is paid to the nutritional education of expectant parents. Eighty six couples attending a course of antenatal classes jointly completed a questionnaire about their beliefs and knowledge relating to infant feeding. Ninety per cent planned to breast-feed their babies, but there was some confusion about feeding solids. At the first class, 10 per cent planned to introduce solids too early, and by the final class this had risen to 18.5 per cent. Expectant parents were knowledgeable about the baby's ideal birthweight but knew little about birthweight doubling and tripling times. Many parents chose a chubby baby as the ideal. Only a third named health professionals as sources of information about infant feeding. More priority should be given to infant nutrition education.
Work diaries as a tool for examining in-service training needs: their use with HEOs
Authors: Robinson Yvonne Keeley
Published: March 2007

IT IS now widely accepted that adult learners, particularly professionals, are problem oriented in their approach to and interested in the immediate application of their learning. Knowing what these problems and immediate applications are likely to be, however, is very much easier in some profession al groups than in others. Health education officers (HEOs), it is suggested, fall into the latter category. This paper describes the use of work diaries as a framework for identifying the in-service training needs of three regional groups of HEOs and considers some of the weaknesses of this approach. It con cludes that the process of feedback of the results of a diary analysis is as important as the diary data as a basis for planning training programmes.
'Brand-stretching' advertisements for cigarettes: the impact on children
Authors: Aitken P.P. , Leathar D.S. , O'Hagan F.J.
Published: March 2007

CIGARETTE brand imagery is often presented in advertisements for other products or services. Re cent research sponsored by the Cancer Research Campaign suggests that many primary school chil dren may identify such advertisements as advertis ing cigarettes, and perceive exciting and attractive imagery in this kind of advertising material.