bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENHANCEMENT OF FAST FACE DETECTION ALGORITHM BASED ON A CASCADE OF DECISION TREES
Authors: Khryashchev V. V. , Lebedev A. A. , Priorov A. L.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Face detection algorithm based on a cascade of ensembles of decision trees (CEDT) is presented. The new approach allows detecting faces other than the front position through the use of multiple classifiers. Each classifier is trained for a specific range of angles of the rotation head. The results showed a high rate of productivity for CEDT on images with standard size. The algorithm increases the area under the ROC-curve of 13% compared to a standard Viola-Jones face detection algorithm. Final realization of given algorithm consist of 5 different cascades for frontal/non-frontal faces. One more thing which we take from the simulation results is a low computational complexity of CEDT algorithm in comparison with standard Viola-Jones approach. This could prove important in the embedded system and mobile device industries because it can reduce the cost of hardware and make battery life longer.
The Manner of Blackness in Nella Larsen's Passing
Authors: Istvan Michael A.
Published: May 2017

Commentators have suggested that Nella Larsen's Passing rejects the view that there is some sort of black essence. This article challenges this reading. Since Irene is the most vocal advocate of an essence in respect to which all blacks are homogenous, much of the evidence for thinking that Passing is skeptical about such an essence amounts to evidence for not trusting Irene's judgment in general, and for not trusting her judgment on this matter in particular. My arguments, then, will often involve explaining why Passing is not leading the reader to mistrust Irene's judgment on this matter. Now, what exactly is meant by a black essence is, explicitly in this book, mysterious. Nevertheless, this article intends to shed some light on how Passing understands the nature of this something, this je ne sais quoi, peculiar to blacks. My tentative interpretation is that this something is an intangible and indefinite manner of being that is neither a conscious choice nor an inborn fact of biology, but rather a given of culture. This article takes this, in effect, blackness manner to be, so Passing seems to indicate, a function of one's belief that one is black in a milieu of pervasive anti-black prejudice. Passing thus has something to offer those today who struggle to adjudicate between a pull towards essentialism and a pull towards constructionism. What Passing emphasizes in this discussion is the possibility that, in addition to biological and societal influences, one's mind state is a crucial ingredient to one's racial identity.
Breathing, Parsing, Praying
Authors: Moe Peter Wayne
Published: May 2017

Editor's Note: This fragmented essay is a collage. It grows out of the commonplace book, a practice dating back to ancient Greece and Rome wherein a writer gathers passages, copying them down by hand, passages that she then responds to, ruminates on, returns to again and again, passages that prompt thinking, passages that are internalized, passages whose syntax becomes the writer's own. “Breathing, Parsing, Praying” is to be read within that tradition. The essay draws upon my own commonplace book to think through the relationship between language, the body, and prayer, the keeping of a commonplace book making possible interdisciplinary ways of reading, writing, thinking, and being.
Lexical integrity and suspended affixation in two types of denominal predicates in Korean
Authors: Yoon James Hye Suk
Published: May 2017

Central to the debate on the demarcation of morphology and syntax is the position staked out by the Lexicalist Hypothesis, which holds that morphology and syntax are distinct systems which interface with each other in a particular way. Proponents of the Lexicalist Hypothesis point to a suite of diagnostics collectively known as lexical integrity tests (Bresnan and Mchombo 1995) as evidence pointing to the fundamental difference between morphology and syntax. The tests revolve around the apparent failure of principles of phrasal syntax at the threshold of words. If morphology and syntax constitute a unified rule system, as assumed in current approaches such as Distributed Morphology, such failure is not predicted. It is surprising therefore that lexical integrity has not played a significant role in arguments for Distributed Morphology (Lieber and Scalise 2007). The purpose of this paper is to introduce two types of denominal predicates in Korean, which are distinguished by the fact that lexical integrity is observed in one but not the other type. I explore how the behaviors of the two classes of denominal predicates can be modeled using the theoretical and empirical machinery of current DM, in particular, the distinction between roots and words. While this is a welcome result, it turns out that DM predicts that more languages should behave like Korean in allowing massive violations of lexical integrity. I provide an analysis of the differences between languages like Korean that allow selective access of word-internal structure by syntactic principles and languages like English where such access is prohibited by focusing on the mechanics of Vocabulary Insertion and complex head formation. The paper concludes with the implications of the analysis of the two types of predicates in Korean for both lexicalist and DM architectures of morphology and syntax interaction.This article is part of the special collection: Suspended Affixation
Redes intelectuais, internacionalização e regionalização acadêmica: uma abordagem a partir do contexto latino-americano
Authors: Battestin Cláudia , Munhoz Benjamin Panduro , Silva da Costa Miguel Ângelo
Published: May 2017

O intuito deste artigo é apresentar, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, um panorama parcial sobre as redes intelectuais e de internacionalização no contexto da América latina, buscando pensar como essas ocorrem em tempos transitórios em que tudo muda de forma acelerada no âmbito político, econômico e, sucessivamente, nas políticas públicas para a educação. Contemporaneamente, tanto no Brasil como fora dele, os temas recorrentes ocupam cada vez mais espaço nas instituições de ensino e na agenda pública, tornando um desafio constante pensar esses processos com espaços e demandas diferentes. O campo de discussões é amplo e, com efeito, nele se engendram distintos desafios. Debater, portanto, o papel das redes intelectuais no processo de internacionalização acadêmica a partir do contexto latino-americano é o principal objetivo deste artigo.
L’internationalisation des universités dans un contexte de crise
Authors: Akkari Adeljalil , Santiago Mylene
Published: May 2017

Dans un contexte national et international marqués par des crises multiformes, l’université contemporaine est soumise à deux exigences parallèles et parfois contradictoires : l’internationalisation et la nécessité d’innovation et de créativité . Dans cette contribution, nous décrivons tout d’abord les différentes facettes de la crise de l’université. Ensuite, nous tenterons de démystifier la notion d’internationalisation en analysant ses racines historiques et ses formes contemporaines contestées ou adulées. Ainsi, l’internationalisation est parfois perçue comme un outil au service de la compétition nationale (surtout entre universités publiques et privées) ou internationale (entre toutes les universités). Ensuite, nous proposerons des pistes pour des projets d’internationalisation créatifs et mobilisateurs permettant à l’université d’être un levier de changement social au profit notamment des populations les plus défavorisées.
A docência no armário: o silenciamento das relações de gênero nos planos de educação
Authors: Amaro Ivan
Published: May 2017

No Brasil, a redemocratização trouxe esperança para a construção de um país ancorado em princípios de respeito, participação, liberdade de expressão, diferença, diversidade. Paradoxalmente, o enfrentamento dos pre -conceitos, da violência, da discriminação permanece, ainda, como pauta prioritária de uma agenda democrática e defensora dos direitos humanos, tendo em vista uma perspectiva conservadora que se expressa em organizações religiosas e embrenham-se nas estruturas políticas de decisão do Estado. O objetivo é problematizar os desdobramentos a partir da aprovação do Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE 2014-2024), identificando de que forma as temáticas de gênero e sexualidade foram demarcadas na elaboração dos Planos Municipais de Educação (PMEs). O foco deste estudo recai sobre algumas reflexões acerca das (in)conformações que se materializam
nos PMEs de dois municípios da Baixada Fluminense, situando-as no contexto de movimentos conservadores locais e de perspectivas de intervirem no trabalho docente, estabelecendo um contexto de proibições e silenciamentos. Ao mesmo tempo em que o alinhamento dos planos estaduais e municipais ao PNE pode manter a “docência no armário” e “amordaçar” docentes, há, também, brechas para implementar ações de combate ao preconceito, à discriminação, à violência em relação às diversas manifestações de gênero e de orientação sexual.
Educación y pueblos indígenas de Brasil y Colombia: algunas reflexiones a partir de la historia
Authors: Reyes Olga Lucía , Zitkoski Jaime José
Published: May 2017

Este artículo es en un aporte reflexivo para comprender el proceso histórico en el que surgen las propuestas educativas indígenas contemporáneas en Colombia y Brasil. Sabemos que los procesos históricos de estos pueblos son heterogéneos y complejos, no obstante, interesa mostrar algunos aspectos centrales de tres periodos históricos: colonia, inicios de la república y actualidad, en relación al surgimiento e implementación de propuestas educativas. El objetivo es poner en evidencia cómo la educación ha cumplido diversos papeles políticos en relación a los procesos vividos por los pueblos originarios. La conclusión a la que llegamos es que la educación occidental en contextos indígenas ha sido asumida, dinamizada, re-significada y redimensionada de acuerdo con las búsquedas de cada pueblo, para constituirse en parte fundante de sus luchas sociales, culturales y políticas.
O secretário executivo e a gestão de conflitos: evidências empíricas
Authors: Ferreira da Silva Costa Jucélia , Durante Daniela Giareta
Published: May 2017

A dinâmica do mundo dos negócios requer dos profissionais flexibilidade para se adaptar às mais diversas situações. Os conflitos, positivos e negativos, estão presentes na rotina das pessoas, podendo ser observados em qualquer ambiente. Este estudo volta-se para a análise dos conflitos no âmbito do trabalho do secretário executivo, buscando saber como esses profissionais administram os conflitos no ambiente de trabalho. Para tanto, fez-se um levantamento de dados com profissionais graduados e atuantes da área. A abordagem da pesquisa é qualitativa e descritiva. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se questionário, para a análise das questões objetivas, utilizou-se a descrição de frequência e para as dissertativas, a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados possibilitam considerar que os conflitos de fato permeiam o trabalho secretarial, sobretudo os de relacionamento e os de tarefas, e geralmente ocorrem no nível interpessoal. Tais conflitos surgem por várias razões, tendo evidência as causas relacionadas com as falhas na comunicação e na interpretação de informações. Quanto às estratégias que são adotadas no gerenciamento, prevalece a postura de colaboração. Conclui-se com a importância de o secretário ter competências interpessoais e comunicativas bem desenvolvidas para mediar assertivamente as relações e reduzir os efeitos negativos dos conflitos.
Denervation of the Wrist Joint for the Management of Chronic Pain
Authors: Kadiyala R. Kumar , Lombardi Joseph M.
Published: May 2017

Wrist denervation for the management of chronic wrist pain is a safe and effective procedure that can delay or eliminate the need for more invasive and kinematically compromising salvage procedures. Wrist denervation has become increasingly popular since it was first described in 1959, and the technique has evolved from more extensive denervations to limited single-incision approaches. Many physicians have performed this procedure as a palliative approach to managing chronic wrist pain and as an adjunct to other procedures.
The Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) of 2015: What’s New?
Authors: Sayeed Zain , El-Othmani Mouhanad , Shaffer William O. , Saleh Khaled J.
Published: May 2017

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) released its Final Rule on the Medicare Access and CHIP [Children’s Health Insurance Program] Reauthorization Act (MACRA) in November 2016. The Rule finalizes the details of the merit-based incentive payment system (MIPS) and the alternative payment model (APM), which will now collectively be referred to as the Quality Payment Program (QPP). This article offers the orthopaedic community a summary of the alterations in healthcare policy that will affect practices nationwide.
Maximizing Surgical Skills During Fellowship Training
Authors: Shiu Brian , Petkovic Djuro , Levine William N. , Ahmad Christopher S.
Published: May 2017

Orthopaedic surgery fellowship provides an opportunity to further develop skills in a particular subspecialty. However, the condensed time frame, complex skill acquisition, and clinical demands require efficient and effective learning techniques to achieve mastery. As with any advanced task, success during fellowship training can be achieved with active participation and a goal-directed approach. Skill acquisition can be successfully achieved by following a framework that includes preparation, execution, and reflection for every surgical case.
Policing, Crime and Mental Illness in England and Wales: Insights from the Literature
Authors: Kitt Frank , Rogers Colin
Published: May 2017

Mental illness pervades most societies, but it is only recently that its impact and effects upon individuals has slowly been recognised in England and Wales. When people suffering from this illness become involved with various public agencies, the way they are dealt with appears inconsistent and on occasions ends in tragedy. One agency that is constantly in contact with people who suffer mental health illness is the police service. Some high profile cases have clearly illustrated misunderstandings and the fact that the police are not generally equipped to deal with such individuals. This article considers a brief history and theoretical backcloth to police understanding and framing of mental illness in England and Wales, and explores the National Liaison and Diversion Model as an alternative to traditional police understanding and response. The article suggests that only by understanding the historical context, and literature, surrounding mental illness, can improvements be made in the criminal justice system as a whole and within the police service in particular.
Analysis of genomic variation in lung adenocarcinoma patients revealed the critical role of PI3K complex
Authors: Deng Zhao min , Liu Lin , Qiu Wen hai , Zhang Yong qun , Zhong Hong yan , Liao Ping , Wu Yun hong
Published: May 2017

Background

Molecularly targeted therapies improved survival status of some patients with lung adenocarcinoma, which accounts for 40% of all lung cancers, and in-depth study of gene alterations is important for the personalized treatment.

Methods

The legacy archive data of clinical information and genomic variations under the project TCGA Lung Adenocarcinoma were downloaded from the GDC Data Portal using R package TCGAbiolinks. The significantly aberrant copy number variants segments were figured out using GAIA. After annotation, the genes involving CNV were used to get enriched pathways. Recurrent amplifications and deletions were identified and visualized by OncoPrint. Genomic alterations in cancer, including CNV and mutations, were represented in Circos.

Results

The significantly aberrant CNV segments were found, and the genes involved were associated with the immune system. In an analysis of 517 mutation annotated files, we highlighted 63 highly recurrent mutated genes which were associated with lung cancer signaling. These genes involved in important pathways related to cancer progression. The intersections between the genes involving in the significantly aberrant CNV and the genes harboring recurrent somatic SNP were extracted. The PI3K protein family acted as critical roles in the lung adenocarcinoma, since the components of the PI3K protein family include PIK3C2B, PIK3CA, PIK3R1 and so forth were presented in the intersections.

Conclusion

We represented a comprehensive annotation of genomic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma and proposed that PI3K signaling proteins were critical for it.
SCIENTIFIC PLANNING AND SUPPORT INITIATIVE FOR LABORATORY INTENSIVE BUILDING: A CASE STUDY IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Adrian LAMANO , Jian ZHOU , Bharath SESHADRI , Sushanth BABU , Priya PAWAR , Xinoying WU
Published: May 2017

This paper presents a case study of new multi-tenanted laboratory intensive building in Singapore with the target of energy savings at least 40% better than equivalent code-compliant building and surpasses Building Construction and Authority’s Green Mark Platinum building rating system. Scientific Planning and Support initiative was applied to this building to explore energy efficient strategies. Design charrette was conducted during initial stage to identify feasible, potential and cost-effective measures. Building stakeholders were actively involved throughout the design process, construction and operation to ensure the target can be achieved. Detailed modelling and simulation were performed throughout the design process to verify the proposed strategies. In addition, metering studies were carried out to benchmark office and lab plug load, while measurement study was conducted to verify energy savings through actual implementation device. The total building energy consumption is expected to reduce 44% compared to a code-compliant building on a yearly basis, being the first case study to demonstrate more than 40% energy savings in Singapore. This approach is proven to be the most effective solution to design and build a high performance lab building. It is hoped that the approach and energy efficient measures from this study could be replicable for other high performance building.
Impact of assimilating GOES imager clear‐sky radiance with a rapid refresh assimilation system for convection‐permitting forecast over Mexico
Authors: Yang Chun , Liu Zhiquan , Gao Feng , Childs Peter P. , Min Jinzhong
Published: May 2017

The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imager data could provide a continuous image of the evolutionary pattern of severe weather phenomena with its high spatial and temporal resolution. The capability to assimilate the GOES imager radiances has been developed within the Weather Research and Forecasting model's data assimilation system. Compared to the benchmark experiment with no GOES imager data, the impact of assimilating GOES imager radiances on the analysis and forecast of convective process over Mexico in 7–10 March 2016 was assessed through analysis/forecast cycling experiments using rapid refresh assimilation system with hybrid‐3DEnVar scheme. With GOES imager radiance assimilation, better analyses were obtained in terms of the humidity, temperature, and simulated water vapor channel brightness temperature distribution. Positive forecast impacts from assimilating GOES imager radiance were seen when verified against the Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting observation, GOES imager observation, and Mexico station precipitation data.
Modeling rates of DOC degradation using DOM composition and hydroclimatic variables
Authors: Moody C. S. , Worrall F.
Published: May 2017

The fluvial fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from peatlands form an important part of that ecosystem's carbon cycle, contributing approximately 35% of the overall peatland carbon budget. The in‐stream processes acting on the DOC, such as photodegradation and biodegradation, can lead to DOC loss and thus contribute CO2 to the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to understand what controls the rates of DOC degradation. Water samples from a headwater, peat‐covered catchment, were collected over a 23 month period and analyzed for the DOC degradation rate and dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition in the context of hydroclimatic monitoring. Measures of DOM composition included 13C solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, bomb calorimetry, and elemental analysis. Regression analysis showed that there was a significant role for the composition of the DOM in controlling degradation with degradation rates significantly increasing with the proportion of aldehyde and carboxylic acid functional groups but decreasing with the proportion of N‐alkyl functional groups. The highest rates of DOC degradation occurred when aldehyde functionality was at its greatest and this occurred on the recession limb of storm hydrographs. Including this knowledge into models of fluvial carbon fate for an 818 km2 catchment gave an annual average DOC removal rate of 67% and 50% for total organic carbon, slightly lower than previously predicted. The compositional controls suggest that DOM is primarily being used as a ready energy source to the aquatic ecosystem rather than as a nutrient source.
Mechanistic modeling of microbial interactions at pore to profile scale resolve methane emission dynamics from permafrost soil
Authors: Ebrahimi Ali , Or Dani
Published: May 2017

The sensitivity of polar regions to raising global temperatures is reflected in rapidly changing hydrological processes associated with pronounced seasonal thawing of permafrost soil and increased biological activity. Of particular concern is the potential release of large amounts of soil carbon and stimulation of other soil‐borne greenhouse gas emissions such as methane. Soil methanotrophic and methanogenic microbial communities rapidly adjust their activity and spatial organization in response to permafrost thawing and other environmental factors. Soil structural elements such as aggregates and layering affect oxygen and nutrient diffusion processes thereby contributing to methanogenic activity within temporal anoxic niches (hot spots). We developed a mechanistic individual‐based model to quantify microbial activity dynamics in soil pore networks considering transport processes and enzymatic activity associated with methane production in soil. The model was upscaled from single aggregates to the soil profile where freezing/thawing provides macroscopic boundary conditions for microbial activity at different soil depths. The model distinguishes microbial activity in aerate bulk soil from aggregates (or submerged profile) for resolving methane production and oxidation rates. Methane transport pathways by diffusion and ebullition of bubbles vary with hydration dynamics. The model links seasonal thermal and hydrologic dynamics with evolution of microbial community composition and function affecting net methane emissions in good agreement with experimental data. The mechanistic model enables systematic evaluation of key controlling factors in thawing permafrost and microbial response (e.g., nutrient availability and enzyme activity) on long‐term methane emissions and carbon decomposition rates in the rapidly changing polar regions.
Coincident aboveground and belowground autonomous monitoring to quantify covariability in permafrost, soil, and vegetation properties in Arctic tundra
Authors: Dafflon Baptiste , Oktem Rusen , Peterson John , Ulrich Craig , Tran Anh Phuong , Romanovsky Vladimir , Hubbard Susan S.
Published: May 2017

Coincident monitoring of the spatiotemporal distribution of and interactions between land, soil, and permafrost properties is important for advancing our understanding of ecosystem dynamics. In this study, a novel monitoring strategy was developed to quantify complex Arctic ecosystem responses to the seasonal freeze‐thaw‐growing season conditions. The strategy exploited autonomous measurements obtained through electrical resistivity tomography to monitor soil properties, pole‐mounted optical cameras to monitor vegetation dynamics, point probes to measure soil temperature, and periodic manual measurements of thaw layer thickness, snow thickness, and soil dielectric permittivity. The spatially and temporally dense monitoring data sets revealed several insights about tundra system behavior at a site located near Barrow, AK. In the active layer, the soil electrical conductivity (a proxy for soil water content) indicated an increasing positive correlation with the green chromatic coordinate (a proxy for vegetation vigor) over the growing season, with the strongest correlation (R = 0.89) near the typical peak of the growing season. Soil conductivity and green chromatic coordinate also showed significant positive correlations with thaw depth, which is influenced by soil and surface properties. In the permafrost, soil electrical conductivity revealed annual variations in solute concentration and unfrozen water content, even at temperatures well below 0°C in saline permafrost. These conditions may contribute to an acceleration of long‐term thaw in Coastal permafrost regions. Demonstration of this first aboveground and belowground geophysical monitoring approach within an Arctic ecosystem illustrates its significant potential to remotely “visualize” permafrost, soil, and vegetation ecosystem codynamics in high resolution over field relevant scales.
Superhydrophobic Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for Biomimetic Air Retention under Water (Salvinia Effect)
Authors: Babu Deepu J. , Mail Matthias , Barthlott Wilhelm , Schneider Jörg J.
Published: May 2017

The Salvinia effect refers to the stable retention of an air layer when submerged in water and is a result of complex hierarchical structuring, ultimate example of which is the surface of the floating fern Salvinia molesta. The air retention capability is technologically interesting as the retained air layer reduces drag force, prevents biofouling, and serves sensory functions. Air retention on artificial materials is currently limited to very few materials and is often a result of micrometer sized surface structures obtained by complex lithography techniques. In the present work, the air retention capabilities of superhydrophobic vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) are explored for the first time and the retained air layer is characterized by atomic force microscopy and confocal microscopy techniques. While the as‐prepared VACNTs retained only small pockets of air when submerged in water, superhydrophobic and regrown VACNT structures are found to be capable of retaining a continuous thick layer over extended period of time. The stable air retention capabilities of these nanostructured VACNT surfaces hold promising pathways for the development of biomimetic sensor systems.
Painting Integrated Complementary Logic Circuits for Single‐Crystal Organic Transistors: A Demonstration of a Digital Wireless Communication Sensing Tag
Authors: Yamamura Akifumi , Matsui Hiroyuki , Uno Mayumi , Isahaya Nobuaki , Tanaka Yuki , Kudo Makoto , Ito Masataka , Mitsui Chikahiko , Okamoto Toshihiro , Takeya Jun
Published: May 2017

Recent progress in the development of organic semiconductor materials has improved the performance of both p‐ and n‐type transistors. Currently, it is anticipated that the next step in the evolution of electronics will be to establish a reliable fabrication technique for integrated electronic devices such as plastic sensor films and radio‐frequency identification (RFID) tags. Herein, a new fabrication process to grow line‐shaped organic single‐crystalline films with widths on the order of one mm is reported. To realize large‐scale complementary logic circuits, it is necessary to precisely control the growth conditions of p‐type and n‐type semiconductors when painting on different areas on the same substrate. This method makes it possible to fabricate highly oriented organic thin films elongated over a few millimeters for both p‐ and n‐type semiconductors next to one another. The p‐type and n‐type semiconductor crystals grown by this technique exhibit excellent average mobilities of 4.9 cm2 V–1 s–1 and 0.16 cm2 V–1 s–1 respectively. A prototypical RFID tag based on single crystals fabricated with the presented technique is also demonstrated. This tag was able to transfer 4‐bit digital signals including the information from a temperature sensor through near‐field wireless communication at the commercially usable frequency of 13.56 MHz.
Association between T102C 5‐HT2A receptor gene polymorphism and 5‐year mortality risk among Brazilian Amazon riparian elderly population
Authors: Silva Tális O. , Jung Ivo , Trott Alexis , Bica Cláudia G. , Casarin Jeferson N. , Fortuna Paola C. , Ribeiro Euler E. , de Assis Fernanda D. , Figueira Guilherme C. , Barbisan Fernanda , Fernanda Manica‐Cattani Maria , Bonadiman Beatriz S. R. , Houenou Lucien J. , Prado‐Lima Pedro Antônio S. do , da Cruz Ivana B. M.
Published: May 2017

Objective

Serotonin (5‐HT) is a pleiotropic molecule that exerts several functions on brain and peripheral tissues via different receptors. The gene for the 5‐HT2A receptor shows some variations, including a T102C polymorphism, that have been associated with increased risk of neuropsychiatric and vascular disorders. However, the potential impact of 5‐HT2A imbalance caused by genetic variations on the human lifespan has not yet been established.

METHODS

We performed a prospective study involving an Amazon riparian elderly free‐living population in Maués City, Brazil, with a 5‐year follow‐up. Out of a cohort of 637 subjects selected in July, 2009, we genotyped 471 individuals, including 209 males (44.4%) and 262 females (55.6%), all averaging 72.3 ± 7.8 years of age (ranging from 60 to 100 years).

RESULTS

The T102C‐SNP genotypic frequencies were 14.0% TT, 28.0% CC, and 58.0% CT. From 80 elderly individuals who died during the period investigated, we observed significantly (P = .005) higher numbers of TT carriers (27.3%) and CC carriers (21.2%), compared to heterozygous CT carriers (12.5%). Cox‐regression analysis showed that association between the T102C‐SNP and elderly survival was independent of age, sex, and other health variables.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings strongly suggest that imbalance in 5‐HT2A may cause significant disturbances that lead to an increased susceptibility to death for individuals who are over 60 years of age.
On the question of Anadara antiquata bivalve scrapers in the archaeological record of Tonga
Authors: HUARD KODY , BURLEY DAVID
Published: May 2017

Expedient shell tool use among Oceanic peoples is widely known in ethnographic context but oftentimes almost impossible to identify in the archaeological record. This paper examines Anadara antiquata bivalve scrapers, a potential artefact type in the Kingdom of Tonga that is defined by a consistently formed ventral margin. To assess the veracity of tool identification and to ensure that the edge has not been created through natural breakage, a series of experimental studies was undertaken. These illustrate that the functional edge can be formed only through intentional preparation using an inside‐out flaking technique on the ventral lip. A low‐powered starch test on archaeological specimens further illustrates the presence of starch on the prepared working plane. Finally, an analysis of archaeological specimens from five Tongan sites seeks additional insight on morphological variation within the tool type.
Measuring and achieving the best possible outcomes in surgery
Authors: Clavien P-A , Puhan M A
Published: May 2017

Surgeons should strive for excellence
Partial trisomy 9: prenatal diagnosis and recurrence within same family
Authors: López‐Félix Jana , Flores‐Gallegos Leticia , Garduño‐Zarazúa Luz , Leis‐Márquez Teresa , Juárez‐García Luz , Meléndez‐Hernández Ricardo , Castelazo‐Morales Ernesto , Mayén‐Molina Dora
Published: May 2017

Key Clinical Message

Trisomy 9 can be suspected and confirmed in the prenatal period since the 11–13.6 weeks of screening. In cases of partial trisomy 9, the diagnosis is important especially to counseling the couple due to the increased likelihood of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies.
Synthesis of a Highly Active and Stable Nickel‐Embedded Alumina Catalyst for Methane Dry Reforming: On the Confinement Effects of Alumina Shells for Nickel Nanoparticles
Authors: Huang Qiong , Fang Xiuzhong , Cheng Qinzhen , Li Qian , Xu Xianglan , Xu Luoji , Liu Wenming , Gao Zhixian , Zhou Wufeng , Wang Xiang
Published: May 2017

A 12 % Ni@Al2O3 catalyst was synthesized by using an inverse microemulsion technique and evaluated for the dry reforming of methane (DRM). We used TEM to reveal that the core–shell structure was formed successfully in the 12 % Ni@Al2O3 catalyst, in which the Ni nanoparticle cores with an average grain size around 10 nm are encapsulated by mesoporous Al2O3 shells. In comparison with a 12 % Ni/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by an impregnation method, much smaller Ni grain sizes and higher metallic Ni active surface areas can be achieved in the core–shell catalyst, which was evidenced by using TEM and H2 adsorption–desorption analysis. In addition, a larger amount of active oxygen species was formed on the surface of 12 % Ni@Al2O3 than on 12 % Ni/Al2O3. Importantly, the formation of the core–shell structure in 12 % Ni@Al2O3 can effectively impede the migration of the Ni active species at elevated temperatures, which prevents agglomeration. Consequently, the 12 % Ni@Al2O3 core–shell catalyst shows a remarkable activity and stability and a potent coke resistance during a 50 h durability evaluation at 800 °C for DRM. It is believed that the core–shell structure is the major factor that accounts for the superior DRM performance over that of the 12 % Ni@Al2O3 catalyst, which might open a new way for the design and development of improved catalysts for DRM for hydrogen production.
Consumer Behavior and Policy About E‐Waste in Aksaray and Niğde Cities, Turkey
Authors: Gök Gülden , Tulun Şevket , Gürbüz Orhan A.
Published: May 2017

Today, because of technological innovations, types and production of electric and electronic equipment is increasing. As a result of this, rapid consumption is also gaining speed. Recovery of electronic waste is important when considering its potential negative effects to the environment and considering its materials that already have economical values. This study is an analysis of the level of consumer choice of e‐waste in Niğde‐Aksaray Province. A survey was conducted to evaluate the level of knowledge about e‐waste in the province and also e‐waste and waste management perspectives were evaluated. Statistical package for the social sciences has been used for Likert scale analysis. After analyzing the survey, the results showed that consumers do not have clear information about electronic and electric equipment (EEE). Only 22% of the participants suggested that e‐waste recycling was more significant than other sorts of recycling. When the users were made aware of the topic, they were highly motivated to contribute to the EEE recycling. According to the responses, the important resource materials could be gained after recycling e‐waste in order to preserve natural resources. Moreover, 39% of the respondents supported the municipality controlled e‐waste collection centers for increasing the number of collected e‐waste. In addition, the fact that people were willing to participate in e‐waste collection campaigns would guide future management strategies for e‐waste in these provinces.
Estimating and interpreting migration of Amazonian forests using spatially implicit and semi‐explicit neutral models
Authors: Pos Edwin , Guevara Andino Juan Ernesto , Sabatier Daniel , Molino Jean‐François , Pitman Nigel , Mogollón Hugo , Neill David , Cerón Carlos , Rivas‐Torres Gonzalo , Di Fiore Anthony , Thomas Raquel , Tirado Milton , Young Kenneth R. , Wang Ophelia , Sierra Rodrigo , García‐Villacorta Roosevelt , Zagt Roderick , Palacios Cuenca Walter , Aulestia Milton , ter Steege Hans
Published: May 2017

With many sophisticated methods available for estimating migration, ecologists face the difficult decision of choosing for their specific line of work. Here we test and compare several methods, performing sanity and robustness tests, applying to large‐scale data and discussing the results and interpretation. Five methods were selected to compare for their ability to estimate migration from spatially implicit and semi‐explicit simulations based on three large‐scale field datasets from South America (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and Ecuador). Space was incorporated semi‐explicitly by a discrete probability mass function for local recruitment, migration from adjacent plots or from a metacommunity. Most methods were able to accurately estimate migration from spatially implicit simulations. For spatially semi‐explicit simulations, estimation was shown to be the additive effect of migration from adjacent plots and the metacommunity. It was only accurate when migration from the metacommunity outweighed that of adjacent plots, discrimination, however, proved to be impossible. We show that migration should be considered more an approximation of the resemblance between communities and the summed regional species pool. Application of migration estimates to simulate field datasets did show reasonably good fits and indicated consistent differences between sets in comparison with earlier studies. We conclude that estimates of migration using these methods are more an approximation of the homogenization among local communities over time rather than a direct measurement of migration and hence have a direct relationship with beta diversity. As betadiversity is the result of many (non)‐neutral processes, we have to admit that migration as estimated in a spatial explicit world encompasses not only direct migration but is an ecological aggregate of these processes. The parameter m of neutral models then appears more as an emerging property revealed by neutral theory instead of being an effective mechanistic parameter and spatially implicit models should be rejected as an approximation of forest dynamics.
Locally adapted populations of a copepod can evolve different gene expression patterns under the same environmental pressures
Authors: Lima Thiago G. , Willett Christopher S.
Published: May 2017

As populations diverge in allopatry, but under similar thermal conditions, do similar thermal performance phenotypes evolve by maintaining similar gene expression patterns, or does genetic divergence lead to divergent patterns of gene expression between these populations? We used genetically divergent populations of the copepodTigriopus californicus, whose performance at different thermal conditions is well characterized, to investigate transcriptome‐wide expression responses under two different thermal regimes: (1) a nonvariable temperature regime and (2) a regime with variable temperature. Our results show the expression profiles of the response to these regimes differed substantially among populations, even for populations that are geographically close. This pattern was accentuated when populations were raised in the variable temperature environment. Less heat‐tolerant populations mounted strong but divergent responses to the different thermal regimes, with a large heat‐shock response observed in one population, and an apparent reduction in the expression of genes involved in basic cellular processes in the other. Our results suggest that as populations diverge in allopatry, they may evolve starkly different responses to changes in temperature, at the gene expression level, while maintaining similar thermal performance phenotypes.
Non‐target impacts of weed control on birds, mammals, and reptiles
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Wood Jeff , MacGregor Christopher , Hobbs Richard J. , Catford Jane A.
Published: May 2017

The impacts of invasive plant control on native animals are rarely evaluated. Using data from an eight‐year study in southeastern Australia, we quantified the effects on native bird, mammal, and reptile species of (1) the abundance of the invasive Bitou Bush, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata, and (2) a Bitou Bush control program, which involved repeated herbicide spraying interspersed with prescribed burning. We found that overall species richness of birds, mammals, and reptiles and the majority of individual vertebrate species were unresponsive to Bitou Bush cover and the number of plants. Two species including the nationally endangered Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyurus brachypterus) responded positively to measures of native vegetation cover following the control of Bitou Bush. Analyses of the effects of different components of the treatment protocol employed to control Bitou Bush revealed (1) no negative effects of spraying on vertebrate species richness; (2) negative effects of spraying on only one individual species (Scarlet Honeyeater); and (3) lower bird species richness but higher reptile species richness after fire. The occupancy of most individual vertebrates species was unaffected by burning; four species responded negatively and one positively to fire. Our study indicated that actions to remove Bitou Bush generally have few negative impacts on native vertebrates. We therefore suggest that controlling this highly invasive exotic plant species has only very limited negative impacts on vertebrate biota.
A precipiton‐based approach to model hydro‐sedimentary hazards induced by large sediment supplies in alluvial fans
Authors: Croissant Thomas , Lague Dimitri , Davy Philippe , Davies Tim , Steer Philippe
Published: May 2017

Mountain ranges are frequently subjected to mass wasting events triggered by storms or earthquakes and supply large volumes of sediment into river networks. Besides altering river dynamics, large sediment deliveries to alluvial fans are known to cause hydro‐sedimentary hazards such as flooding and river avulsion. Here we explore how the sediment supply history affects hydro‐sedimentary river and fan hazards, and how well can it be predicted given the uncertainties on boundary conditions. We use the 2D morphodynamic model Eros with a new 2D hydrodynamic model driven by a sequence of flood, a sediment entrainment/transport/deposition model and a bank erosion law. We first evaluate the model against a natural case: the 1999 Mount Adams rock avalanche and subsequent avulsion on the Poerua river fan (West Coast, New Zealand). By adjusting for the unknown sediment supply history, Eros predicts the evolution of the alluvial riverbed during the first post‐landslide stages within 30 cm. The model is subsequently used to infer how the sediment supply volume and rate control the fan aggradation patterns and associated hazards. Our results show that the total injected volume controls the overall levels of aggradation, but supply rates have a major control on the location of preferential deposition, avulsion and increased flooding risk. Fan re‐incision following exhaustion of the landslide‐derived sediment supply leads to sediment transfer and deposition downstream and poses similar, but delayed, hydro‐sedimentary hazards. Our results demonstrate that 2D morphodynamics models are able to capture the full range of hazards occurring in alluvial fans including river avulsion aggradation and floods. However, only ensemble simulations accounting for uncertainties in boundary conditions (e.g., discharge history, initial topography, grain size) as well as model realization (e.g., non‐linearities in hydro‐sedimentary processes) can be used to produce probabilistic hazards maps relevant for decision making. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leveraging fog computing and software defined systems for selective forwarding attacks detection in mobile wireless sensor networks
Authors: Yaseen Qussai , Albalas Firas , Jararwah Yaser , Al‐Ayyoub Mahmoud
Published: May 2017

Selective forwarding is a major problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The nature of sensor environments and the sensitivity of collected measurements in some fields such as war fields increase the need to prevent, detect, or mitigate the problem. One of the most used countermeasures for such problem is the use of voting system based on watchdogs' votes. However, this approach is not applicable in the case of mobile sensors. Mobile WSNs (MWSNs) is growing immensely due to the exposure of applications of mobile computing, vehicular networks, and Internet of things. This exposure has shed light on the security of using mobile sensors and raises the need to set appropriate methods for securing MWSNs against many attacks such as selective forwarding attacks. This paper introduces the problem of selective forwarding in MWSNs and discusses how the voting system used for mitigation; this problem in WSNs is not applicable in handling the problem in MWSNs due to sensors mobility. Therefore, the paper proposes a model that provides a global monitoring capability for tracing moving sensors and detecting malicious ones. The model leverages the infrastructure of fog computing to achieve this purpose. In addition, the paper suggests using software defined systems to be used along with the proposed model, which generalize the model to be used to secure MWSNs against other types of attacks easily and flexibly. The paper provides a complete algorithm, a comprehensive discussion and experiments that show the correctness and importance of the proposed approach.
Allergens labeling on French processed foods – an Oqali study
Authors: Battisti Charlène , Chambefort Amélie , Digaud Olivier , Duplessis Barbara , Perrin Cécile , Volatier Jean‐Luc , Gauvreau‐Béziat Julie , Menard Céline
Published: May 2017

The French Observatory of Food Quality (Oqali) aims at collecting all nutritional data provided on labels of processed foods (nutritional information and composition), at branded products level, in order to follow nutritional labeling changes over time. This study carries out an overview of allergens labeling frequencies by distinguishing allergens used in recipes from those listed on precautionary statements, for the fourteen allergen categories for which labeling is mandatory according to European legislation. 17,309 products were collected, between 2008 and 2012, from 26 food categories. Products were classified per family and type of brand (national brands, retailer brands, entry‐level retailer brands, hard discount, and specialized retailer brands). Allergenic ingredients were identified from ingredients lists and precautionary statements. 73% of the 17,309 products studied contained at least one allergen in their ingredients list and 39% had a precautionary statement for one or more allergens. Milk (53%), gluten (41%), and egg (22%) were the most commonly used allergens in ingredients lists. For precautionary statement, nuts (20%), egg (14%), peanut (13%), soybean (12%), and milk (11%) were the most common allergens listed. Precautionary statement was most frequently found among first‐price products (hard discount and entry‐level retailer brands). National brands seemed to use it less frequently. For all these results, differences depended both on food categories and allergen categories. This study will enable to follow allergens labeling and their use as ingredients over time, particularly by assessing an hypothetical increase in allergens presence in processed food.
Propagation Kinetics of Isoprene–Glycidyl Methacrylate Copolymerizations Investigated via PLP–SEC
Authors: Brandl Florian , Drache Marco , Schier Jan E. S. , Nentwig Tristan , Contreras‐López David , Saldívar‐Guerra Enrique , Hutchinson Robin A. , Beuermann Sabine
Published: May 2017

Pulsed‐laser polymerization combined with polymer analysis by NMR and size‐exclusion chromatography is used to study the radical copolymerization kinetics of isoprene (IP) with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The copolymer is characterized by a close‐to‐alternating microstructure, with the addition of IP leading to a significant decrease in the composition‐averaged propagation rate coefficient. A rigorous fitting strategy is developed to fit a mixed penultimate model to the data, with the selectivity of the IP, but not the GMA, macroradical dependent on the penultimate unit.

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