bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O olhar dos usuários de um hospital de ensino: uma análise da qualidade assistencial às gestantes e aos recém-nascidos
Authors: Tronchin Daisy M. R. , Melleiro Marta M. , Tsunechiro Maria Alice , Gualda Dulce M. R.
Published: November 2007

A avaliação dos serviços de saúde, subsidiada pela percepção de usuários, vem sendo considerada um importante instrumento do processo de trabalho gerencial. Este estudo objetivou compreender a percepção de usuários de um hospital de ensino, por ocasião do nascimento e da internação de seus filhos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. Trata-se de um paper de cunho etnográfico, cuja coleta de dados empregou a entrevista semi-estruturada. Os resultados foram apresentados na forma de narrativa, das quais emergiram doze categorias e os seguintes temas culturais: classificando as experiências vividas, vislumbrando o processo de nascimento, a capacidade de tornarem-se pais e o cuidar e conviver com o filho. Os resultados foram analisados por meio do Método Biográfico Interpretativo e permitiram conhecer a visão dos usuários nas dimensões avaliativas de estrutura, de processo e de resultado, proporcionando aos gerentes, do cenário deste estudo, a revisão de suas práticas assistenciais e administrativas.
O sistema de informação utilizado pelo enfermeiro no gerenciamento do processo de cuidar
Authors: Peterlini Olga Laura Giraldi , Zagonel Ivete Palmira Sanson
Published: November 2007

Este artigo trata de pesquisa sobre a utilização do Sistema de Informação em Saúde pelo enfermeiro em sua prática de cuidar, demonstrando a importância da utilização desse instrumento em suas ações gerenciais. O método é o exploratório-descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa. Pesquisa realizada em Curitiba, Estado do Paraná, no Distrito Sanitário do Bairro Novo. Das onze unidades de saúde que compõem o Distrito Sanitário, oito têm como autoridade sanitária, profissionais enfermeiros, que são responsáveis pela implantação, pelo acompanhamento e avaliação dos programas no município, portanto, mediadores entre os usuários do sistema de informação em saúde e a instituição. As informações foram obtidas mediante entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A análise baseou-se na técnica de análise de conteúdo, a qual possibilitou a apreensão de três unidades de contexto e sete unidades de significação. O artigo apresenta duas unidades de contexto e uma unidade de significação para cada uma.
Evolução da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos no município de São Paulo no período de 1979 a 1999
Authors: Claro Rafael Moreira , Machado Flávia Mori Sarti , Bandoni Daniel Henrique
Published: November 2007

OBJETIVO: Analisar a evolução (1971-1999) da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos e nutrientes no município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: O estudo utiliza dados de duas Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares, conduzidas pela Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas, durante os períodos de 1971-1972 (2.380 domicílios) e 1998-1999 (2.351 domicílios) na região urbana do município de São Paulo. A disponibilidade diária per capita de alimentos foi estimada pelo cálculo da fração da quantidade total de alimentos adquirida em um mês, atribuível a cada indivíduo participante na pesquisa, com posterior divisão pelo número de dias do mês. O padrão alimentar da população foi caracterizado de acordo com a participação relativa de 18 grupos de alimentos e nutrientes na aquisição do total de alimentos nos respectivos anos. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostram aumento no consumo de carnes, lácteos, alimentos processados e refeições prontas. Por outro lado, observou-se redução no consumo de cereais, leguminosas, frutas e hortaliças. O consumo de açúcar, óleos e gorduras apresentou leve redução, entretanto, considerando-se a elevação no consumo de alimentos processados observada, não há como caracterizá-la como melhoria na qualidade da dieta. Em paralelo, observou-se aumento no consumo de proteínas, gorduras e cálcio; enquanto o consumo de carboidratos, fibras, folato e vitamina C apresentou redução. CONCLUSÃO: As mudanças observadas no padrão alimentar da população de São Paulo são consistentes com os crescentes índices de prevalência de obesidade e doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis observados no município.
Efeito bifidogênico do frutooligossacarídeo na microbiota intestinal de pacientes com neoplasia hematológica
Authors: Búrigo Telma , Fagundes Regina Lúcia Martins , Trindade Erasmo Benicio Santos de Moraes , Vasconcelos Helena Cristina Ferreira Franz
Published: November 2007

OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito bifidogênico do frutooligossacarídeo nos pacientes com neoplasias hematológicas submetidos a quimioterapia. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo clínico randomizado duplo cego, desenvolvido na Unidade de Transplante de Medula Óssea do Centro de Pesquisas Oncológicas de Florianópolis, o qual envolve 25 pacientes divididos em 2 grupos que receberam, por 15 dias, 12g de frutooligossacarídeo (n=14) ou placebo (maltodextrina) (n=11). Foram avaliados a quantidade de bifidobactérias e os valores de pH fecal antes e após a suplementação. RESULTADOS: Observou-se na população estudada o predomínio do sexo masculino (72%) e a idade média de 34 anos. O grupo suplementado apresentou um aumento significante na quantidade de bifidobactérias (p<0,05) e o pH fecal não foi alterado em nenhum dos grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se que a suplementação aumentou a quantidade de bifidobactérias, interferindo na composição da microbiota intestinal, e que não houve alteração do pH fecal.
Encapsulation of lycopene using spray-drying and molecular inclusion processes
Authors: Nunes Itaciara Larroza , Mercadante Adriana Zerlotti
Published: November 2007

This study aimed to obtain encapsulated lycopene in a powder form, using either spray-drying or molecular inclusion with beta -cyclodextrin ( beta -CD) followed by freeze-drying. The encapsulation efficiency using spray-drying ranged from 94 to 96%, with an average yield of 51%, with microcapsules showing superficial indentations and lack of cracks and breakages. Lycopene- beta -CD complexes were only formed at a molar ratio of 1:4, and irregular structures of different sizes that eventually formed aggregates, similar to those of beta -CD, were observed after freeze-drying. About 50% of the initial lycopene did not form complexes with beta -CD. Lycopene purity increased from 96.4 to 98.1% after spray-drying, whereas lycopene purity decreased from 97.7 to 91.3% after complex formation and freeze-drying. Both the drying processes yielded pale-pink, dry, free-flowing powders.
Custeio ABC no ambiente hospitalar: um estudo nos hospitais universitários e de ensino brasileiros
Authors: Miranda Gilberto José , Carvalho Cleverton Euclen de , Martins Vidigal Fernandes , Faria Adolar Ferreira de
Published: November 2007

O Custeio Baseado em Atividades tem se mostrado como uma alternativa promissora para fazer frente à complexidade que caracteriza os custos hospitalares. Nos últimos dez anos, somente na Plataforma Lattes, foram encontrados mais de uma centena de estudos dessa natureza. Este trabalho tem como objetivo, conhecer, empiricamente, a utilização do Custeio ABC nos hospitais universitários e de ensino brasileiros e comparar os resultados, conforme as possibilidades, com as pesquisas realizadas nas maiores empresas brasileiras pelos autores: Khoury (1999), Beuren e Roedel (2002) e Azevedo, Santos e Pamplona (2004). Dos 115 questionários enviados aos hospitais universitários, 34 foram respondidos. O estudo levou a conclusões importantes, como: Os sistemas de custos atuais dos hospitais têm poucas condições de fornecer informações úteis à gestão; o Custeio ABC é bastante conhecido no ambiente, mas o número de usuários ainda é relativamente pequeno: apenas 15% da amostra; mas existe expectativa por parte de 44% dos hospitais com relação ao uso futuro da abordagem. As principais causas apresentadas para a não-utilização do Sistema ABC foram: (a) o sistema utilizado atende às necessidades da organização e (b) o Custeio Baseado em Atividades é muito complexo.
Comprometimento e ética profissional: um estudo de suas relações juntos aos contabilistas
Authors: Borges Erivan , Medeiros Carlos
Published: November 2007

Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um estudo das relações do comprometimento com a ética profissional junto aos profissionais da área contábil, na tentativa de averiguar se o nível de introjeção dos valores éticos influencia o seu nível de comprometimento. Na etapa empírica, foram utilizados dois instrumentos de mensuração, sendo um relativo ao comprometimento organizacional de Medeiros (2003), adaptado para a profissão, com 28 (vinte e oito) indicadores e outro com 20 (vinte), construído a partir do teorizado por Lisboa et al. (1997), que foi inspirado no código de ética do contador gerencial do Institute of Management Accountants, como um conjunto de quatro preceitos mínimos: a competência, o sigilo, a integridade e a objetividade, que na visão dos autores, representam as bases mínimas exigidas num código de ética, analisados a partir das técnicas de análise fatorial, regressão linear e test "t". Constatou-se que o comprometimento é influenciado pelo nível de introjeção ética e que existe diferenciação no comprometimento por parte das duas categorias profissionais: técnicos e contadores. O resultado do estudo mostra que o profissional de nível superior tem seu comprometimento influenciado diretamente pelo nível de introjeção dos deveres éticos da profissão em quatro bases diferentes, e o técnico em contabilidade em duas. O estudo mostra, também, que a objetividade é o maior preditor do comprometimento, sendo esse mais bem evidenciado pelos aspectos instrumentais e normativos, possibilitando considerar que as relações de troca e de necessidade se apresentam como salientes diante da atuação ética dos contabilistas.
Avaliação da aplicabilidade de um modelo de credit scoring com varíaveis sistêmicas e não-sistêmicas em carteiras de crédito bancário rotativo de pessoas físicas
Authors: Santos José Odálio dos , Famá Rubens
Published: November 2007

As concessões de crédito rotativo às pessoas físicas (cheque especial e cartão de crédito) vêm crescendo significativamente nos últimos anos, o que, em parte, é explicado pela relativa estabilização da economia, maior geração de empregos e êxito no controle da inflação - fatores que interferem diretamente na capacidade de pagamento dos tomadores. Paralelamente, observa-se uma maior exposição histórica dos Bancos ao risco de inadimplência, ou seja, o do não-recebimento (parcial ou total) de créditos rotativos utilizados pelas pessoas físicas. Considerando o tamanho e a importância desse mercado aos grandes Bancos Comerciais e a economia como um todo, direciona-se essa pesquisa para: 1. detalhar os processos de análise subjetiva e objetiva de crédito realizada pelos principais Bancos privados nacionais; 2. abordar a função seletiva das taxas de juros em créditos rotativos; 3. destacar as principais características dos modelos de credit scoring e 4. propor um modelo de credit scoring para créditos rotativos composto por variáveis sistêmicas e não-sistêmicas, direcionado à redução do risco de inadimplência. A aplicabilidade do modelo proposto de credit scoring em uma amostra extraída da carteira de crédito de pessoas físicas de um importante Banco Comercial privado nacional de médio porte (Banco X - nome fictício), apresentou satisfatório índice de acerto na identificação de clientes prospectivos (96%) e não-prospectivos (92%), levando à conclusão de que incluía e ponderava, adequadamente, as variáveis representativas da capacidade de pagamento dos tomadores.
Um estudo empírico sobre a importância do código de ética profissional para o contabilista
Authors: Alves Francisco José dos Santos , Lisboa Nahor Plácido , Weffort Elionor Farah Jreige , Antunes Maria Thereza Pompa
Published: November 2007

Este estudo trata de uma pesquisa empírica e de natureza quantitativa, com o objetivo de investigar a influência do Código de Ética sobre o processo decisório ético do profissional de Contabilidade. O questionário foi aplicado por meio da Internet e respondido por 2262 contadores e técnicos em Contabilidade com registro ativo no Conselho Regional de Contabilidade de 4 Estados brasileiros. Seus resultados, obtidos por meio da regressão logística multivariada, sugerem, entre outros aspectos, a existência de uma contradição: a maioria dos profissionais considera o Código de Ética Profissional do Contabilista importante como guia de conduta, mas apenas uma minoria se predispõe a cumprir algumas ou todas as normas emanadas do Conselho Federal de Contabilidade.
Variação sazonal e abundância de Rynchops niger no estuário de Cananéia-Iguape-Ilha Comprida, São Paulo
Authors: Barbieri Edison
Published: November 2007

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação sazonal e abundância do Talha-mar Rynchops niger no estuário de Cananéia-Iguape-Ilha Comprida. Durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2005. Foram realizados censos semanais, com auxílio de binóculos em cinco áreas do referido estuário. O Talha-mar foi uma ave constante durante todo o ano no estuário de Cananéia-Iguape-Ilha Comprida. Um total de 48 censos foi realizado em cada uma das cinco áreas escolhidas. Os resultados indicaram que o Talha-mar foi uma espécie comum no estuário de Cananéia-Iguape-Ilha Comprida e o número de indivíduos variou em função da área de estudo. O talha-mar foi mais freqüente observado no Baixio do Arrozal (Cananéia), no verão e outono, no verão-inverno no Boqueirão Sul e Norte e no outono-inverno no baixio do Boguaçu. Em todo o estuário, a população apresentou flutuações acentuadas ao longo do ano, com as maior abundância sazonal ocorrendo no verão, quando a produção da manjuba (Anchoviella lepidonstole) aumenta.
Variação temporal no sítio de vocalização em uma comunidade de anuros de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Melo Geise Valentina de , Rossa-Feres Denise de Cerqueira , Jim Jorge
Published: November 2007

Um estudo da variação temporal no sítio de vocalização de uma comunidade de anuros foi realizado em uma poça permanente, entre outubro de 1996 e fevereiro de 1998, em Rubião Jr. município de Botucatu, São Paulo. Foram registradas 14 espécies de anuros pertencentes às famílias Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, Leiuperidae e Bufonidae. A comunidade apresentou um maior número (n = 6) de espécies de ocorrência acidental (n < 20%) e maior riqueza de espécies e número de machos em atividade de vocalização nos meses quentes e úmidos (outubro a fevereiro). Foi observado um padrão sucessional na distribuição temporal das espécies e correlação significativa entre a riqueza e as variáveis climáticas, mas, apenas quatro espécies tiveram a abundância mensal correlacionada com estas variáveis. A grande maioria das espécies teve pequena amplitude de nicho, sendo consideradas especialistas no uso dos dois recursos considerados (ocorrência temporal e sítio de vocalização), não havendo sobreposição na ocorrência temporal, mas com alta sobreposição na ocupação de sítios de vocalização. A sobreposição no nicho multidimensional foi intermediária entre a duas dimensões consideradas, demonstrando complementaridade de nicho.
Uso de fragmentos florestais por anuros (Amphibia) de área aberta na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo
Authors: Silva Fernando Rodrigues da , Rossa-Feres Denise de Cerqueira
Published: November 2007

O arranjo da paisagem tem um papel fundamental na estrutura e organização de comunidades. Neste estudo, verificamos a hipótese de que fragmentos florestais funcionariam como áreas de refúgio para espécies de anuros de área aberta. Para isso, foram selecionados quatro fragmentos florestais em Icém, região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, distanciados entre si de 1 a 4 km. A amostragem dos anuros nos fragmentos foi efetuada com armadilhas de queda (pitfalls), abrigos artificiais e busca ativa. Foram registradas 12 espécies (48% das espécies conhecidas na região de Icém) das quais três, Eupemphix nattereri, Leptodactylus podicipinus e Physalaemus cuvieri, apresentaram alta abundância (n > 50 exemplares). Apenas com as armadilhas de queda foram capturados 228 exemplares de 10 espécies de anuros. A elevada riqueza e a grande abundância de indivíduos capturados comprovam que os fragmentos florestais constituem parte importante do hábitat dessas espécies. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os fragmentos florestais da região estudada podem ser utilizados por anuros de três maneiras não excludentes: i) como áreas de refúgio durante a estação seca (cinco espécies foram registradas durante a estação seca), ii) como abrigos diurnos durante a estação reprodutiva (seis espécies registradas em abrigos artificiais durante o dia, ao longo da estação chuvosa); e iii) como área de forrageio (um exemplar de Leptodactylus podicipinus foi observado alimentando-se de Blattaria no fragmento FM2). Portanto, hábitats terrestres, como fragmentos florestais, são tão importantes para a conservação de populações de anuros de área aberta quanto as poças onde se reproduzem.
Lagartos da Marambaia, um remanescente insular de Restinga e Floresta Atlântica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: Carvalho André Luiz Gomes de , Araújo Alexandre Fernandes Bamberg de , Silva Hélio Ricardo da
Published: November 2007

Este estudo apresenta os resultados de um inventário da fauna de lagartos da Marambaia, RJ. Foram registradas 12 espécies de lagartos, distribuídas em sete famílias. Teiidae é a família mais rica (3 spp.), seguida por Gekkonidae (2), Scincidae (2), e Tropiduridae (2), Gymnophthalmidae (1), Leiosauridae (1) e Polychrotidae (1). A composição da comunidade de lagartos da Marambaia é semelhante à de outras localidades do litoral sudeste brasileiro, entretanto a área comporta espécies de distribuição restrita às restingas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e sob ameaça de extinção, como Cnemidophorus littoralis e Liolaemus lutzae. Também protege espécies típicas de florestas, como os lagartos arborícolas Enyalius brasiliensis e Anolis cf. fuscoauratus. Floresta e restinga são contínuas na Marambaia e representam os hábitats mais ricos em lagartos, reunindo, respectivamente, nove e oito espécies. A possibilidade de perda de variabilidade genética, como resultado do isolamento geográfico, e a aparente dificuldade de recolonização em casos de perda local de diversidade, somadas à modificações das paisagens por atividade antrópica, são fatores preocupantes para a conservação da herpetofauna da Marambaia.
Chave pictórica para os gêneros de Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) do bioma Campos Sulinos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Krolow Tiago Kütter , Krüger Rodrigo Ferreira , Ribeiro Paulo Bretanha
Published: November 2007

Foram realizadas coletas de tabanídeos ao longo de quatro anos (2002-2006) no extremo sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Apresenta-se uma lista com 30 espécies, além de chave pictórica e diagnoses para identificação dos 15 gêneros encontrados na região. Nove espécies são registradas pela primeira vez no estado do Rio Grande do Sul.
A retrospective clinical, radiographic and microbiological study of periodontal conditions of teeth with and without crowns
Authors: Giollo Marcio Dias , Valle Patrícia Moura , Gomes Sabrina Carvalho , Rösing Cassiano Kuchenbecker
Published: November 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the periodontal conditions of teeth with fixed crowns that had been in place from 3 to 5 years before the study was conducted. Forty individuals were recalled for a follow-up visit. Full-mouth clinical examinations were carried out and Visible Plaque Index (VPI), Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were assessed in 6 sites per tooth. Parallel radiographs were also taken and blindly analyzed by a digital caliper (distance between the apex and the bone crest). BANA tests were performed. A contra-lateral sound tooth was considered the control. Mean values were obtained and Wilcoxon and paired sample t tests were used to compare the test and control sites. Crowns had a mean VPI value of 30.42% as compared to 49.17% for sound teeth. The GBI was 33.33% and 26.25% for test and control teeth respectively. Assessment of PPD revealed values of 2.30 and 2.14 mm, and assessment of CAL revealed averages of 2.02 and 1.89 mm for test and control teeth respectively. The mean values for radiographic distances were 12.73 and 13.67 mm, and for the BANA test, 67.50 and 50.00 for sound and crowned teeth, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed for all parameters except for CAL and for the BANA test. It may be concluded that, with the methods used in the present study, crowns may be associated with more signs of inflammation, however not with periodontal breakdown.
Design and construction of a ‘pointed’ arch bridge
Authors: Vitiello E.
Published: November 2007

The design of a bridge to be built over a heavily used railway lane is always strongly conditioned by its construction method. This paper describes a recently completed project in Rho (Italy), where the entire steel structure of the span over the railway was assembled alongside the railway line, and then lifted on the piers in one hour of suspension of railway traffic. The peculiar shape of the bridge is the result of structural needs, construction requirements and aesthetic evidence.
From Collectivist Consensus to 21st Century Neoliberalism: Orders and Eras in Postwar Britain
Authors: Studlar Donley T.
Published: November 2007

There have been three discernible political eras and political orders in post-World War II Britain: (1) the collectivist consensus (social democracy, Butskellism), 1945-1970; (2) turmoil, 1970-1979; and (3) neoliberalism, 1979-2007. After discussing how to discern a new political era (overall policy orientation) and a political order (institutional arrangements), this article elaborates how the three periods developed. The key ingredient in changing a political era and a political order is change in the governing ideas and assumptions of the political elite. While in the first two periods the political era and political order changed together, in the third period the era changed first, followed by the order. The movement toward a neoliberal economy under Conservative governments largely has been supported by New Labor, but the latter has also introduced constitutional changes. Even though much has changed, there are still continuities, such as the basic welfare state. Furthermore, the linchpins of the British constitutional order, strong central executive authority and the single member plurality electoral system, remain in place.
Application of a Tangential Flow Two Colliding Streams Cyclone Reactor in Solid-Liquid Reactions
Authors: Sohrabi Morteza , Fathi Pirkashani Sohrab
Published: November 2007

A tangential flow two colliding streams cyclone reactor (TFTCSCR) was employed as a chemical reactor in the implementation of a solid-liquid reaction. The reaction between barium sulfide particles and a sodium carbonate solution as a typical example of such reactions was considered. Higher conversions of BaS obtained in this reactor may indicate the better performance capability of TFTCSCR relative to those of conventional reaction systems. A stochastic model, based on the Markov chain discrete formulation has been developed for the TFTCSCR, which describes the flow pattern and the residence time distribution (RTD) within the reactor. The predicted values for BaS conversion have been compared with those determined experimentally. The degree of agreement was between 80-85%.
Influence of the Pressure on the Product Distribution in the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane over a Ga2O3/MoO3 Catalyst
Authors: Kotanjac Zeljko S. , Niederer John P. M. , Versteeg Geert F.
Published: November 2007

The yields and selectivities in both the catalyzed and non-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenation of propane were found to increase with increasing pressure. The results showed that the maximum yields of valuable ODH products could be obtained by adjusting only reactants' partial pressure, while keeping their ratio constant.
Quantitative Examination of Process Parameters during Kefir Grain Biomass Production
Authors: Gorek Andreja , Tramek Marko
Published: November 2007

This article examines the propagation of kefir grains in fresh HTP whole fat cows' milk, with some additions (glucose and bakers yeast). The objective of our work was an experimental determination of the various process parameters relative influence on the propagation and daily kefir grain increase mass, using the Taguchi method for experimental design. The effects of medium temperature, glucose mass concentration, bakers yeast mass concentration and the rotational frequency of the stirrer at four levels were studied. Orthogonal array layout of L16 was selected for the proposed experimental design. All experiments were performed in an automated laboratory reaction calorimeter RC1 (Mettler-Toledo) with the same milk (3.5 % fat). The gravimetric method was used to determine daily kefir grain mass increases. Relative contributions of the proposed influencing process parameters on the daily kefir grains increase mass were estimated by analysis of the variance (ANOVA). The highest increase (51.5 %) was found at the rotational frequency of the stirrer 90 (1/min), at glucose mass concentration 20 g/L, and at medium temperature 24 °C. Within the observed range of yeast mass concentration this process parameter was found to be insignificant compared to others. The rotational frequency of the stirrer has the highest relative influence on the daily kefir grains increase mass (37.3 %) while glucose mass concentration and medium temperature have lower ones, 18.8 % and 9.9 %, respectively. The remaining fraction represents error influence. The main reason for its relatively high value (34.0 %) is that kefir grains are bulky and awkward to handle. This fact confirms the importance of optimal kefir grains production management.
Processes Using Supercritical Fluids: A Sustainable Approach for the Design of Functional Nanomaterials
Authors: Aymonier Cyril , Erriguible Arnaud , Marre Samuel , Serani Anne , Cansell François
Published: November 2007

The concepts of green chemistry and sustainable development are being considered more and more due to the evolution of regulations and mentalities. In this context, the development of supercritical fluid technologies should go on to evolve in the right direction.Since the nineteen fifties, studies and development efforts have been focused on new ways of separating substances using the specific properties of supercritical fluids. In this context, a mention must be made about the use of carbon dioxide as an extracting agent in many industrial processes (decaffeination of coffee and tea, extraction of hops, spice, aromatic substances, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, etc). Processes using these fluids are particularly attractive at the industrial scale in many fields such as impregnation, analytical and preparative separations, organic synthesis, waste management and material recycling. The industrial development of the supercritical fluid technology is accompanied by numerous research activities, in particular, in the field of inorganic Materials Science for the synthesis of multifunctional nanomaterials.Today, supercritical fluid technology allows the production, with a reduction of the environmental impact, of well designed nanomaterials with controlled properties for applications in many interesting fields, such as catalysis, electronics, energy, optics, pharmacology, etc. This paper is focused on the interest of using supercritical fluids to overcome the drawbacks of solution chemistry approaches for designing multifunctional nanomaterials in term of chemical engineering, sustainable chemistry and control of size, morphology, composition and the structure of nanomaterials.
Inhibition Kinetic of Ocimum basilicum L. Polyphenol Oxidase
Authors: Dogan Serap , Turan Pinar , Dogan Mehmet , Alkan Mahir , Arslan Oktay
Published: November 2007

The paper reports the inhibition model of the purified polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) with L-cysteine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ascorbic acid, gallic acid, D,L-dithiothreitol, tropolone, glutathione, sodium azide, benzoic acid, salicylic acid and 4-aminobenzoic acid inhibitors using 4-methylcatechol, catechol and pyrogallol as substrates. The inhibitors such as salicylic acid, benzoic acid and EDTA did not inhibit Ocimum basilicum L. PPO for all substrates used in this study. Purification was carried out by precipitation of contaminating proteins with (NH4)2O4 dialysis of the supernatant and a Sepharose 4B-L-tyrosine-p-aminobenzoic acid affinity chromatography. The enzyme-catalysed browning reaction was significantly inhibited in the presence of L-cysteine, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, D,L-dithiothreitol, tropolone, glutathione, sodium azide and 4-aminobenzoic acid inhibitors. It was found that the inhibition types were (i) competitive inhibition for L-cysteine, ascorbic acid, D,L-dithiothreitol, tropolone and sodium azide inhibitors using 4-methylcatechol as a substrate; for L-cysteine, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, tropolone and glutathione inhibitors using catechol as a substrate; and for ascorbic acid inhibitor using pyrogallol as a substrate, (ii) uncompetitive inhibition for gallic acid inhibitor using 4-methylcatechol as a substrate; for 4-aminobenzoic acid inhibitor using catechol as a substrate; for tropolone and 4-aminobenzoic acid inhibitors using pyrogallol as a substrate, (iii) noncompetitive inhibition for 4-aminobenzoic acid inhibitor using 4-methylcatechol as a substrate; for D,L-dithiothreitol and sodium azide inhibitors using catechol as a substrate; and for L-cysteine, glutathione and sodium azide inhibitors using pyrogallol as a substrate. Furthermore, tropolone was the most effective inhibitor for Ocimum basilicum L. PPO because of its low KI value. Results showed that the type of inhibition depended on the origin of the PPO studied and also on the substrate used.
Reactivity Towards O2 and NO of the Soot Formed from Ethylene Pyrolysis at Different Temperatures
Authors: Ruiz M Pilar , Callejas Alicia , Millera Angela , Alzueta María U. , Bilbao Rafael
Published: November 2007

The influence of temperature on the formation of soot from ethylene pyrolysis has been studied. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a quartz reactor in the 1000-1200 °C temperature range, for an inlet C2H4 concentration of 50000 ppmv and a gas residence time of 4552/T(K) seconds. Outlet gases were analyzed by gas chromatography and the amount of soot produced measured. The reactivity of the soot samples obtained towards O2 and NO was also studied. Results show that the higher the formation temperature, the less reactive the soot. The soot samples were further characterized using elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, in order to study their structural properties, and relate them to their reactivity. Additionally, a comparison of the reactivity towards NO between acetylene and ethylene soot samples obtained under similar conditions has been carried out. The soot samples obtained from ethylene pyrolysis present higher reactivity towards NO than the soot samples formed from acetylene.
Enhanced Microstructured Reactor Performance under Forced Temperature Oscillations
Authors: Luther Martin , Brandner Juergen J , Kiwi-Minsker Lioubov , Renken Albert , Schubert Klaus
Published: November 2007

The forced variation of reaction parameters is a known method to improve the performance of catalytic reactors leading to process intensification. The most often experimentally varied parameters so far were the reactant concentrations or pressure. Due to the high thermal inertia of conventional reactors it was almost impossible to achieve fast periodic reproducible temperature changes. However, it has been proven theoretically that fast periodic temperature variations may increase the reaction rate compared to the stationary temperature conditions.The possibility to thermally cycle microstructured stainless steel reactors in a periodic way with temperature differences of up to 60 K and a frequency as high as 0.06 Hz has been demonstrated. This gives the opportunity to study the influence of fast temperature changes on heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase reactions. The catalytic CO oxidation over Pt supported on Al2O3 was chosen as a test reaction. The concentrations of CO, O2 and CO2 were monitored online at the reactor outlet using FTIR and mass spectrometry. The experimental measurements under non-stationary temperature conditions have shown an increase in the measured CO2 concentration compared with the one under temperature stationary conditions. For a temperature oscillation frequency of 0.048 Hz with an amplitude of 38 K, the mean CO2 concentration is 1.72 times higher than the mean value obtained under quasi-stationary conditions. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is an increase of the reaction rate due to the presence of a transitional reactive species surface coverage resulting from the temperature oscillations.
A Comparison of Acetylene Soot and Two Different Carbon Blacks: Reactivity to Oxygen and NO
Authors: Mendiara Teresa , Alzueta Maria U. , Millera Angela , Bilbao Rafael
Published: November 2007

There is not much known about the reactivity of hydrocarbon soot to oxygen and NO. According to the chemical and structural properties of one soot obtained from acetylene pyrolysis, SEVACARB MT and CABOT carbon blacks were selected to perform a reactivity study. The properties of the materials were determined through ultimate and proximate analysis as well as SEM, TEM and XRD techniques. A study of the oxidation of the three materials is performed for different oxidation conditions of temperature (1123-1273 K) and oxygen concentration (100-1000 ppmv). The reaction of acetylene soot with NO and SEVACARB MT carbon black is carried out at 1373 K with 1800-3000 ppmv NO. Results are compared to analyze their reactivity similarities and the possibility of using carbon blacks as acetylene soot substitutes in laboratory work.
Kinetic Modeling of the Thermal Degradation of Methacrylate Copolymers by Thermogravimetric Methods
Authors: Habibi Ali , De Wilde Juray
Published: November 2007

The thermal degradation kinetics of a random copolymer of isobutyl methacrylate / lauryl methacrylate, produced by free-radical solution polymerization is investigated over a temperature range of 350 to 750 K, using dynamic thermogravimetric experiments. Heat treatment of the copolymer affects the main polymer backbone and side chains. The thermal degradation of the copolymer proceeds in three distinct steps of weight loss: the first and easiest step is initiated by scissions of head-to-head linkages representing one type of defect in the polymer backbone; the second and more difficult step is initiated by scissions at the vinylidene chain ends; the third and most energetic step is initiated by random scissions within the polymer chain.The time evolution of molecular weight distribution (MWD) is measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The most pronounced changes in the trend of the average molecular weight are observed during the transition from each degradation step to the subsequent one. A continuous distribution kinetic model based on a population balance is developed to describe the observed degradation behaviour of the copolymer. This comprehensive model conforms to the special mechanisms for random chain-scission and chain-end depolymerization. The pseudo-kinetic rate parameters for each degradation step are estimated to be respectively equal to 1.1 10-8, 5.6 10-8 and 1.08 10-7 mol g-1 min-1. The average calculated activation energies are respectively 89.2, 116.4 and 134.8 kJ/mol.Global kinetic parameters of degradation are also determined using dynamic thermogravimetric (TGA/DTGA) data. The model-fitting and model-free isoconversional methods are used to retrieve the kinetic parameters of the degradation process. The model-free isoconversional method can satisfactorily describe the dependence of the activation energy on the conversion and is recommended over the model-fitting methods for obtaining the reliable and consistent kinetic parameters of polymer degradation.
SFGP 2007 - Treatment of Stormwater Sediments with a View to Their Re-Use
Authors: Pétavy François , Ruban Véronique , Conil Pierre , Viau Jean-Yves , Auriol Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

The objective of this research is to show the efficiency of a pilot plant based on sieving and attrition for the treatment of stormwater sediments. Seven sediments from retention/infiltration ponds and street sweeping were chosen for the pilot study. Geotechnical tests were carried out in order to make sure that the treated sediments have the required characteristics to be re-used. The study shows that these sediments can valuably be processed by means of a pilot plant allowing the concentration of pollutants in the fine particles. Our results are encouraging and show that, taking into account environmental, geotechnical and economical requirements, up to 75 % of the bulk sediment can be re-used after the proposed treatment.
Multiple Testing Issues in Discriminating Compound-Related Peaks and Chromatograms from High Frequency Noise, Spikes and Solvent-Based Noise in LC - MS Data Sets
Authors: Nyangoma Stephen O , van Kampen Antoine A. H. C. , Reijmers Theo H , Govorukhina Natalia I , van der Zee Ate G. J. , Billingham Lucinda J , Bischoff Rainer , Jansen Ritsert C.
Published: November 2007

Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) is a powerful method for sensitive detection and quantification of proteins and peptides in complex biological fluids like serum. LC-MS produces complex data sets, consisting of some hundreds of millions of data points per sample at a resolution of 0.1 amu in the m/z domain and 7000 data points in the time domain. However, the detection of the lower abundance proteins from this data is hampered by the presence of artefacts, such as high frequency noise and spikes. Moreover, not all of the tens of thousands of the chromatograms produced per sample are relevant for the pursuit of the biomarkers. Thus in analysing the LC-MS data, two critical pre-processing issues arise. Which of the thousands of the: 1. chromatograms per sample are relevant for the detection of the biomarkers?, and 2. signals per chromatogram are truly compound-related? Each of these issues involves assessing the significance (deviation from noise) of multiple observations and the issue of multiple comparisons arises. Current methods disregard the multiplicity and provide no concrete threshold for significance. However, with such procedures, the probability of one or more false-positives is high as the number of tests to be performed is large, and must be controlled. Realizing that the cut-offs for declaring a chromatogram (or a signal) to be compound-related can hugely influence which proteins are detected, it seems natural to define thresholds that are neither arbitrary nor subjective. We suggest the choice of thresholds guided by the critical aim of controlling the False Discovery Rate (FDR) in multiple hypotheses testing for significance over a large set of features produced per sample. This involves the use of the regression diagnostics to characterize the signals of a chromatogram (e.g. as outliers or influential) and to suggest suitable tests statistics for the multiple testing procedures (MTP) for discriminating noise and spikes from true signals. The role of the Generalized Linear Models (GLM) in this MTP is investigated. The method is applied to LC-MS datasets from trypsin-digested serum spiked with varying levels of horse heart cytochrome C (cytoc).
Adult Learner Centered Processes in an Online ADRN to BSN Nursing Program: Independent Evaluator and Peer Self-Assessments
Authors: Shuster George , Birkholz Gloria , Petri Linda
Published: November 2007

A five year fully online RN to BSN program was assessed by faculty and a consultant using the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Partnerships for Training (PFT) learner-centered evaluation tool. Faculty were more critical of their expertise in learner-centered online course criteria than the consultant. The consultant identified minimal use of peer support, collaborative activities, faculty preference for visual learner activities, and a tendency toward faculty ownership of learning goals and creation of activity rules and guidelines. The need to bring online discussions to a higher level of thinking was also noted. The dual evaluation perspectives helped identify strengths and weaknesses in the curriculum.
Coming of Age -- Emerging Issues and New Directions in CAM Research: Abstracts from the Fourth Annual IN-CAM Symposium November 1 & 2, 2007, Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Verhoef Marja , Boon Heather
Published: November 2007

The following are abstracts of oral and poster presentations given at the fourth annual IN-CAM Research Symposium Coming of Age: Emerging Issues and New Directions in CAM Research, held on November 1 & 2, 2007 at the Four Seasons Hotel, Vancouver, Canada. For more information on the symposium, please visit: www.incamresearch.ca.
Interactions of WPI and Xanthan in Microstructure and Rheological Properties of Gels and Emulsions
Authors: Nayebzadeh Kooshan , Chen Jianshe , Mousavi SM Mohammad
Published: November 2007

The effect of addition of xanthan gum (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.25% weight/volume) on the formation and rheology of whey protein isolate (WPI)-xanthan gum gels has been investigated at neutral pH. The elastic modulus (G') values of the gelling test were compared. Low concentration of xanthan added (<0.05%,w/v) has a synergistic effect on the gel strength depend on phase separation, so that whey proteins concentrated in their phase and finally mixed gels with xanthan would be stronger than WPI gels. At higher xanthan concentration (> 0.05%, w/v), antagonist effect was observed by reducing the connection between clusters of whey protein by xanthan, so aggregation disruption and a related decrease in (G'). The phase separation microstructure of WPI-stabilized emulsion containing xanthan gum added has been investigated by rheology and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Xanthan was stained with Fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate (FITC). Low xanthan concentration addition lead to depletion flocculation and increasing the xanthan concentration cause to increase the viscoelasticity of aqueous phase, so retarded macroscopic phase separation over period investigated. Structural changes in emulsion were observed in viscoelastic properties of separated phase in the rheometer. The CLSM image shows different phase which have different viscoelastic properties; xanthan-rich region transforms into the spherical shape which has the lowest interfacial energy and gradually two separated ultimately.
Assessment of Decimal Reduction of Pathogens in Frozen Chicken Products Using Surface Pasteurization
Authors: Thipayarat Aluck
Published: November 2007

The focus of this study involved the application of an effective methodology to estimate decimal reduction of two main food-borne pathogens (i.e., Salmonella and Listeria) in frozen cooked chicken products using surface pasteurization. A quick and effective approach to estimate the surface temperature of the product was proposed using the Page equation and the evaluation of pathogenic destruction on the large-size and small-size frozen steamed chicken products. The samples were in the frozen form and treated as if they were post-contaminated by Salmonella and Listeria. The pasteurization temperatures in the steam oven were varied at 70, 75, 80, 90 and 100 degree Celsius. The Page equation performed well to accurately predict the surface temperature profile of the different product sizes. The steam treatment was very effective in heating up the pasteurized products and resulted in similar temperature profiles regardless of product size. The relationship between the model constant coefficient and pasteurization temperature followed the Arrhenius expression. The substitution of the predicted surface temperature profile to the process lethality equation facilitated quick estimation of pathogenic destruction on the sample surface. The different sizes of the chicken products only slightly affected the pasteurization time. However, the pasteurization time to achieve that same decimal reduction varied significantly between the two different target pathogens. The simplicity and effectiveness of this approach did not only eliminate multiple experimental repetitions and simplify the estimation of pathogenic destruction, but also provided and effective minimal processing procedure for frozen cooked chicken pasteurization of two sizes of steamed products while retaining the desirable quality of end products after surface pasteurization.
Modelling of the Internal Cooling of Fish during Ice Storage
Authors: Jain Dilip , Pathare Pankaj
Published: November 2007

The internal cooling of fish has been studied on the basis of Newtons cooling law. Experiments were conducted by cooling of the Indian major carp (Catla catla) of different weights with ice in an insulated box. Exponential model describing cooling of objects having irregular shape has been investigated. The developed model could predict the fish cooling with ice within a percent error of 0.74. The thermal properties of fish cooling with ice have been evaluated. The cooling data such as cooling coefficients, average surface heat transfer coefficient, thermal resistance, thermal capacitance, half cooling time and seven-eighth cooling time were determined for individual fish. The results show that the half cooling time and seven-eighth cooling time increased and the cooling rate decreased with increase in the weight of fish, respectively. Thermal resistance was independent of fish weight and having an average value of 1. 22 °C W-1. Thermal capacitance increased with fish weight and ranged from 665.8 to 4639.3 J °C-1. The average surface heat transfer coefficient of fish cooling with ice ranged from 11.68 to 34.41 W m-2 °C-1.
Dehydration Characteristics of Cauliflower
Authors: Mudgal Vishvambhar Dayal , Pande Vishakha Kalidas
Published: November 2007

Experiments were conducted to study the drying characteristics of raw cauliflower florets. A mechanical tray dryer was used in this study. The samples were dehydrated at 60, 70, 80 and 90°C air temperatures with blanching pretreatment of two minutes in 0.75 per cent potassium metabisulphite. Drying characteristics were determined with the help of mass transfer data. Moisture content of cauliflower was found to decrease rapidly during the initial 150 minutes. Cauliflower behaved like a hygroscopic non-porous food material during the drying. Drying time of 330 to 510 minutes was required to reduce the moisture content from 92.50 per cent to 5.00 - 6.00 per cent. The moisture diffusivity during drying process was determined and found in the range of 2.54 x10-12 to 3.80 x10-12 m2/s. Quality of the dehydrated samples such as carbohydrate content, ascorbic acid retention and rehydration were also evaluated. The carbohydrate and ascorbic acid content in dehydrated samples ranged from 3.25 to 3.45 g per 100 g and 39.75 - 24.10 mg / 100 g as against 5.40 g / 100 g and 55.55 mg / 100 g respectively, in fresh vegetable indicating a significant loss of nutrients during processing. Product was found to be good in terms of appearance and taste up to 60 days for all the four temperature ranges.