bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐12.4: Quantum Dot Photoresist for Color Filter application
Authors: Yue Shuang
Published: November 2018

Quantum dots (QDs) with narrow emission spectra are superior to other fluorescent materials used in display applications to meet the BT.2020 color gamut standard. Here, cadmium‐free QDs with red and green emission are integrated into photoresist for color filter (CF) application. Moreover, scattering particles are also applied to further improve the absorption and light extraction. Such QD‐based photoresist composites could be patterned through traditional photolithography process to produce pixels of the required size and optical density. Under the same film thickness of about 5 μm, the patterned QD‐color filters (QDCFs) with 25 wt% of red QDs show absorption efficiency of 80% at 450 nm and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 29%, while the patterned QDCFs with 25 wt% of green QDs show absorption efficiency of 65% at 450 nm and EQE of 25%.
P‐16.1: New Metal Mesh Pattern Design Proposal of Touch Screen and Research of its Optical and Electrical Performance
Authors: Xu Shifeng , Yang Hong , Guo Zongjie , Zhang Lei , Xie Xiaodong , Zhang Xinxiu
Published: November 2018

The Metal Mesh technology with the advantages of low impedance and low cost compared with ITO technology, is widely used in the field of touch area, especially in high‐performance touch field. Because the material is not transparent, the metal touch sensor pattern in the production must be made into fine wire mesh grid, which leads to two problems. One is the Moiré caused by superposition of periodic mesh grid and liquid crystal display RGB arrangement of periodic unit due to beat effect. Since the Mesh grid cycle is not an integer multiple with the pixel cycle, it cannot form the exact same pixel limited by the splicing problem, this will lead to uneven resistance and capacitance in the touchscreen functional area. It is studied on moiré mechanism and the method to solve the moiré by optical simulation and actual attached verification. The study also puts forward a new design of Metal Mesh pattern which makes each pixel exactly same with each other. In result, each Pixel unit is completely symmetrical inside to solve the electrical uniformity problem of Metal Mesh touch screen function area. It is indicated that this pattern design can improve the electrical uniformity and performance of OGM products effectively in the in practical application.
Tungsten Nitride Nanodots Embedded Phosphorous Modified Carbon Fabric as Flexible and Robust Electrode for Asymmetric Pseudocapacitor
Authors: Dubal Deepak P. , Chodankar Nilesh R. , Qiao Shizhang
Published: November 2018

Owing to the excellent physical properties of metal nitrides such as metallic conductivity and pseudocapacitance, they have recently attracted much attention as competitive materials for high‐performance supercapacitors (SCs). However, the voltage window for metal nitride‐based symmetric SCs is limited (0.6–0.8 V) in aqueous electrolyte due to the oxidation at high negative potentials. In this respect, ultra‐small tungsten nitride particles onto the phosphorous modified carbon fabric (W2N@P‐CF) are engineered as a promising hybrid electrode for pseudocapacitors. Additionally, the fact that the W2N@P‐CF electrode can operate in the negative potential region is exploited to design asymmetric pseudocapacitors by coupling with a polypyrrole on carbon fabric (PPy@CF) as the positive electrode. Remarkably, the W2N@P‐CF//PPy@CF asymmetric cell can be cycled in a wide voltage window of 1.6 V that is almost two times higher than that of metal nitrides symmetric SCs. The pseudocapacitive behavior with matching different potential regions of W2N@P‐CF and PPy@CF, considerably enhance performance of asymmetric device. The device delivers high volumetric capacity (7.1 F cm−3), high energy (2.54 mWh cm−3), power densities, and good cycling stability (88%) over 20 000 cycles. Thus, pseudocapacitive metal nitride‐based devices hold a great promise to provide high voltage and improved energy density in aqueous electrolyte.
Highly Efficient and Ultrasensitive Large‐Area Flexible Photodetector Based on Perovskite Nanowires
Authors: Asuo Ivy M. , Fourmont Paul , Ka Ibrahima , Gedamu Dawit , Bouzidi Soraya , Pignolet Alain , Nechache Riad , Cloutier Sylvain G.
Published: November 2018

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have shown exceptional semiconducting properties and microstructural versatility for inexpensive, solution‐processable photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices. In this work, an all‐solution‐based technique in ambient environment for highly sensitive and high‐speed flexible photodetectors using high crystal quality perovskite nanowires grown on Kapton substrate is presented. At 10 V, the optimized photodetector exhibits a responsivity as high as 0.62 A W−1, a maximum specific detectivity of 7.3 × 1012 cm Hz1/2 W−1, and a rise time of 227.2 µs. It also shows remarkable photocurrent stability even beyond 5000 bending cycles. Moreover, a deposition of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a protective layer on the perovskite yields significantly better stability under ambient air operation: the PMMA‐protected devices are stable for over 30 days. This work demonstrates a cost‐effective fabrication technique for high‐performance flexible photodetectors and opens opportunities for research advancements in broadband and large‐scale flexible perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices.
Irrigation Systems and Zones of Salinity Development
Authors: Zaman Mohammad , Shahid Shabbir A. , Heng Lee
Published: November 2018

Selection of suitable irrigation systems (drip-surface and subsurface, sprinkler, bubbler, furrow etc.) for irrigated agriculture is one way of improving water use efficiency and to manage root zone salinity. These irrigation systems develop salinity zones differently which needs to be understood for various reasons, such as where to place the seed for good germination and where to apply leaching to maintain the root zone salinity below crop threshold salinity level. In this chapter emphasis have been made to describe various irrigation systems and zones of salinity development under each system. In surface irrigation system (flood, surge, sprinkler, bubbler) the maximum salinity is developed in deeper layers based on the wetting front and the lowest salinity is at the surface. Drip irrigation is often preferred to sprinkler irrigation for species with a high sensitivity to leaf necrosis. In surface drip irrigation salts concentrate along the perimeters of the expanding wetting soil zone, with the lowest salt concentrations occurring in the immediate vicinity of the water source, the highest at the soil surface, and in the very center of any two drippers, i.e. at the boundary of the volume of wetted soil. In the subsurface drip irrigation, the salts continuously buildup at the soil surface through an upward capillary movement from the buried irrigation lines during growing season, therefore the concept of leaching requirement (LR) does not work specially to leach the salts from surface above the buried drip lines. In furrow irrigation system maximum salts accumulate in ridges of soil between the furrows. The salt accumulation in furrow irrigation using different bed shapes (flat top bed, sloping beds) is shown in different figures giving guidelines to the farmers to place seeds in safe zone to accomplish high germination rate. Following the salinity development zones, various methods of salinity management are described. Relative crop salinity tolerance rating is described briefly. Prediction of crop yield in salinized farms compared to non-saline farms is also described using Maas and Hoffman equation.
The Role of Nuclear Techniques in Biosaline Agriculture
Authors: Zaman Mohammad , Shahid Shabbir A. , Heng Lee
Published: November 2018

The major constraints under Saline Agriculture are the availability of essential nutrients and water to the plant which are adversely affected by excessive salts in the soil solution. Among the essential plant nutrients, N plays a key role in plant growth and productivity. Nuclear and isotopic techniques (also called nuclear-based techniques) are a complement to, not a substitute for, non-nuclear conventional techniques. Nuclear-based techniques, however, do have several advantages over conventional techniques by providing unique, precise and quantitative data on soil nutrient and soil moisture pools and fluxes in the soil-plant-water and atmosphere systems. Isotopic techniques provide useful information in assessing soil-water-nutrient management which can be tailored to specific agroecosystems for managing soil salinity. For example, 15N stable isotopic techniques can be used to measure rates of the various N transformation processes in soil-plant-water and atmosphere systems, such as N mineralization-immobilization, nitrification, biological N2 fixation, N use efficiency, and microbial sources of production of nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse and ozone depleting gas, in soil. The use of oxygen-18, hydrogen-2 (deuterium) and other isotopes is an integral part of agricultural water management, allowing the identification of water sources and the tracking of water movement and pathways within agricultural landscapes as influenced by different irrigation technologies, cropping systems and farming practices. It also helps in the understanding of plant water use, quantifying crop transpiration and soil evaporation and allows us to devise strategies to improve crop production, reduce unproductive water losses and prevent land and water degradation.
The Quest to Lead (with) Millennials in a VUCA-World: Bridging the Gap Between Generations
Authors: Kornelsen Johann
Published: November 2018

Western workplaces are currently experiencing a leadership challenge that relates to a conflict between the senior leaders in organizations and the so-called Millennial generation. This has resulted in traditional leadership approaches being less effective in a “dynaxic” (dynamic and complex) world. The purpose of this chapter is to help senior leaders better understand the essence of the conflict between Millennials and the previous generations. It is an attempt to increase understanding of the conflict and solve the problem by suggesting a leadership approach that could work for both generations and help organizations survive in a VUCA world. After the nature of the conflict is described, a relatively new leadership approach—responsible leadership—is suggested, in combination with mentoring. Responsible leadership combines the essential qualities of three well known leadership styles: transformational, servant, and authentic. The transformational aspect of responsible leadership relates to encouraging teamwork, setting high performance targets, and encouraging out-of-the-box thinking among followers. As servants, responsible leaders put the interests of subordinates and organizations first to create an empowering experience for followers. An authentic leadership approaches ensures learning agility, flexibility, and the participation of others. Through mentoring, Millennials may come to identify with their mentees and even adopt some of their values and attitudes. So-called reverse mentoring may provide a very valuable double function: increasing Millennials’ involvement within their organizations while at the same time engaging and educating Baby Boomers.
Improvement of thermotolerance in Lachancea thermotolerans using a bacterial selection pressure
Authors: Zhou Nerve , Ishchuk Olena P , Knecht Wolfgang , Compagno Concetta , Piškur Jure
Published: November 2018

The use of thermotolerant yeast strains is an important attribute for a cost-effective high temperature biofermentation processes. However, the availability of thermotolerant yeast strains remains a major challenge. Isolation of temperature resistant strains from extreme environments or the improvements of current strains are two major strategies known to date. We hypothesised that bacteria are potential “hurdles” in the life cycle of yeasts, which could influence the evolution of extreme phenotypes, such as thermotolerance. We subjected a wild-type yeast, Lachancea thermotolerans to six species of bacteria sequentially for several generations. After coevolution, we observed that three replicate lines of yeasts grown in the presence of bacteria grew up to 37 °C whereas the controls run in parallel without bacteria could only grow poorly at 35 °C retaining the ancestral mesophilic trait. In addition to improvement of thermotolerance, our results show that the fermentative ability was also elevated, making the strains more ideal for the alcoholic fermentation process because the overall productivity and ethanol titers per unit volume of substrate consumed during the fermentation process was increased. Our unique method is attractive for the development of thermotolerant strains or to augment the available strain development approaches for high temperature industrial biofermentation.
Cost-effective and efficient resin-injection device for repairing damaged composites
Authors: Rahman Muhammad Ali Al-Siddiq Bin , Lai Wei Liang , Saeedipour Hamid , Goh Kheng Lim
Published: November 2018

Traditionally, the main structural components of land transport vehicles, e.g. passenger vehicles and trucks, have been made of metals such as steel and aluminium. As the number of vehicles increases on the road, global effort to reduce pollutant emission has put pressure on the vehicle manufacturers to design and manufacture fuel-efficient vehicles using strong and light-weight structures made of materials such as fibre-reinforced polymer composite (FRP) laminates [1] . For instance, with regard to the new Volvo performance car, Polestar 1, a majority of the parts in the upper body, including doors, bonnet and boot lid, are made of carbon FRP (CFRP) laminates [2] . Interestingly, this design not only provides for maximum stiffness and lightness, but reduces the weight of the upper body, lowers the vehicle’s centre of gravity that results in enhanced handling, performance and drivability [2] .
Understanding Children's Resources in the Context of Family Violence through a Collaborative Songwriting Method
Authors: Fairchild Rebecca , McFerran Katrina Skewes
Published: November 2018

The majority of literature about children experiencing family violence focuses on reporting ‘problems’ and highlighting detrimental outcomes for children. In contrast, there is little acknowledgement of children's personal resources and capacities in times of crisis.

This article describes a participatory arts-based research project involving 10 pre-adolescent children. The research aimed to explore children's individual resources and to highlight the value of giving voice to children through participatory processes. A collaborative songwriting method sought to co-construct knowledge with children about what helped them to ‘do well’ in their lives. An illustrative example demonstrates the collaborative process of engaging children throughout the data generation, collaborative analysis and presentation of the findings. The children described a range of resources and supports in their lives, such as friends, family, sport, pets, journaling, hope and creativity. Five themes explore the role these resources play in children's lives: seeking refuge, wanting to feel safe, hoping for a better future, feeling cared for and being self-determined. The results emphasise the ongoing need to build upon existing resources in children's lives and to support them to navigate access to additional resources. We advocate for participatory approaches that provide opportunities for children's voices to be heard, fostered and responded to.
Maternal protein intake during pregnancy is associated with child growth up to 5 years of age, but not through insulin-like growth factor-1: findings from the ROLO study
Authors: Geraghty Aisling A. , O’Brien Eileen C. , Alberdi Goiuri , Horan Mary K. , Donnelly Jean , Larkin Elizabeth , Segurado Ricardo , Mehegan John , Molloy Eleanor J. , McAuliffe Fionnuala M.
Published: November 2018

Infant protein intake has been associated with child growth, however, research on maternal protein intake during pregnancy is limited. Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) play a role in early fetal development and maternal protein intake may influence child body composition via IGF-1. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of maternal protein intake throughout pregnancy on cord blood IGF-1 and child body composition from birth to 5 years of age. Analysis was carried out on 570 mother–child dyads from the Randomised cOntrol trial of LOw glycaemic index diet study. Protein intake was recorded using 3-d food diaries in each trimester of pregnancy and protein intake per kg of maternal weight (g/d per kg) was calculated. Cord blood IGF-1 was measured at birth. Infant anthropometry was measured at birth, 6 months, 2 and 5 years of age. Mixed modelling, linear regression, and mediation analysis were carried out. Birth weight centiles were positively associated with early-pregnancy protein intake (g/d per kg), while weight centiles from 6 months to 5 years were negatively associated (B=−21·6, P<0·05). These associations were not mediated by IGF-1. Our findings suggest that high protein intake in early-pregnancy may exert an in utero effect on offspring body composition with a higher weight initially at birth but slower growth rates into childhood. Further research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which dietary protein modulates fetal growth.
NURSING TRANSGRESSIONS, EXPLORING DIFFERENCE: NORTH AFRICANS IN FRENCH MEDICAL SPACES DURING WORLD WAR I
Authors: Rominger Chris
Published: November 2018

This article explores the social impact of North African soldiers’ experiences in French military hospitals during World War I. In particular, it examines improvised “Muslim hospitals” that were opened in order to isolate North Africans from French civilian society. Colonial and military officials believed that North Africans, presumed to be warlike, pathogenic, and promiscuous, could corrupt and be corrupted by the French public. Yet while existing literature tends to highlight the dehumanization of North Africans at the hands of military and medical authorities, this article, drawing from personal correspondence, photographs, and military and medical records, reveals a more ambiguous daily reality. I argue that the individual needs and desires of wounded North Africans and of French nurses, as well as material limitations and contingencies, created spaces for an unprecedented series of humanizing personal encounters. In military-medical “colonies within the metropole,” these soldiers found themselves caught between a newfound sense of affinity with the French public and a starker sense of the boundaries of colonial practice.
TECHNOPOLITICS OF A CONCESSIONARY CONTRACT: HOW INTERNATIONAL LAW WAS TRANSFORMED BY ITS ENCOUNTER WITH ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL
Authors: Shafiee Katayoun
Published: November 2018

The Iranian government's decision to nationalize its British-controlled oil industry in 1951 was a landmark case in international law. The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and the Iranian government clashed over whether international authorities had the right to arbitrate for them in disputes over the terms of the oil concession. Scholarship in Middle East studies has overlooked the role of concession terms in shaping political disputes in the 20th century. Rather than seeing legal studies of the oil industry on one side and power struggles and resources on the other, this article examines international court proceedings at The Hague to argue that Anglo-Iranian oil transformed international law. Novel mechanisms of economic and legal governance, set up to deal with an expanded community of nation-states, worked as techniques of political power that equipped the oil corporation with the power to associate Iran's oil with foreign control while generating new forms of law and contract that undermined resource nationalism.
Improving the estimation and partitioning of plant nitrogen in the RiceGrow model
Authors: Tang L. , Chang R. J. , Basso B. , Li T. , Zhen F. X. , Liu L. L. , Cao W. X. , Zhu Y.
Published: November 2018

Plant nitrogen (N) links with many physiological progresses of crop growth and yield formation. Accurate simulation is key to predict crop growth and yield correctly. The aim of the current study was to improve the estimation of N uptake and translocation processes in the whole rice plant as well as within plant organs in the RiceGrow model by using plant and organ maximum, critical and minimum N dilution curves. The maximum and critical N (Nc) demand (obtained from the maximum and critical curves) of shoot and root and Nc demand of organs (leaf, stem and panicle) are calculated by N concentration and biomass. Nitrogen distribution among organs is computed differently pre- and post-anthesis. Pre-anthesis distribution is determined by maximum N demand with no priority among organs. In post-anthesis distribution, panicle demands are met first and then the remaining N is allocated to other organs without priority. The amount of plant N uptake depends on plant N demand and N supplied by the soil. Calibration and validation of the established model were performed on field experiments conducted in China and the Philippines with varied N rates and N split applications; results showed that this improved model can simulate the processes of N uptake and translocation well.
TheTalmudin Korea: A Study in the Reception of Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Gribetz Sarit Kattan , Kim Claire
Published: November 2018

This article examines the reception of rabbinic literature in South Korea, focusing on a series of books titledTalmud(T'almudŭ). We analyze dozens of volumes published between 1979 and 2016, identifying the subgenres that have been produced, individual editions that exemplify the development and diversity of the editions, and the religious traditions—Jewish, Confucian, and Christian—with which these books engage. The article also reflects on the place and significance of these Korean texts in the long reception of rabbinic literature.
“The Old Economic Rules No Longer Apply”: The National Planning Idea and the Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act, 1974–1978
Authors: Andelic Patrick
Published: November 2018

The campaign to pass the Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act has been misunderstood by many historians. Rather than a failed attempt to resuscitate New Deal Keynesianism by an exhausted Democratic Party, it represented a radical effort to reconfigure the political economy of the United States by embracing national planning ideas that were enjoying a revival in response to the economic crisis of the 1970s. The fact that this bill proved politically viable challenges historians’ assumptions that this decade saw the American people turn away from “big government” and toward pro-market solutions for social and economic problems. This episode also forces us to reassess our understanding of the Democratic Party in this decade. It suggests that historians have erred in drawing a sharp distinction between the party’s “New Deal” and “New Politics” factions and that the policy goals of those factions dovetailed more often than has been appreciated.
Navigating the Globalization Dilemma: Democratic Pressure and the Making of U.S. Inward Foreign Direct Investment Policy in the 1970s
Authors: Baltz Matthew J.
Published: November 2018

The tension between democratic institutions and the project to integrate international markets for trade and investment has been an enduring feature of the contemporary era of globalization. This article analyzes how officials in the executive branch navigated this tension in the making of inward foreign direct investment policy during the 1970s. Based on recently declassified archival sources, it traces how top officials in the Ford administration decided to establish a new interagency committee in order to appear responsive to congressional pressure and still leave its “open door” investment policy intact. Yet this measure only marked the first step in resolving their political dilemma. Lower-level functionaries then had to manage the problem of how to give the new committee the appearance of strength while also maximizing its discretion to be weak. Overall, this article contributes the first comprehensive account of both phases of the policy-making process using new archival evidence.
Identification of Enzymatic Cleavage Products of β-Carotene-Rich Extracts of Kale and Biofortified Maize
Authors: Muzhingi Tawanda , Yeum Kyung-Jin , H. Siwela Andrew , Bermudez Odilia , Tang Guangwen
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Provitamin A carotenoids in plant foods provide more than 80% of vitamin A intake for people in developing countries. Therefore, the conversion efficiency of β-carotene to vitamin A is important, as it determines the effectiveness of plant foods as sources of vitamin A in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plant food antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienol and total γ-oryzanol on the cleavage of β-carotene in vitro. Rat intestinal mucosa post mitochondrial fractions were incubated with β-carotene-rich extracts of kale and biofortified maize for an hour at 37°C. Rat intestinal mucosa post mitochondrial fractions were also incubated with β-carotene in the presence of either α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienol or γ-oryzanol for 60 min at 37°C. The β-carotene cleavage products were extracted and analyzed by an HPLC equipped with a C18 column at 340nm and 450nm. When β-carotene alone was incubated without intestinal mucosa homogenate (control), no cleavage products were detected. When β-carotene alone was incubated with intestinal mucosa homogenate, β-apo-13-carotenone, β-apo-14-carotenal, retinal, retinol and retinoic acid were formed. However, incubation of β-carotene with either α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol or α-tocotrienol resulted in a 10 fold inhibition of β-apo-14-carotenal and β-apo-13-carotenone formation. Antioxidant rich biofortified maize extract incubated with postmitochondrial fraction produced less β-apo-13-carotenone compared to the kale extract. These results suggest that antioxidants inhibit the cleavage of β-carotene and the formation of excentric cleavage products (β-apo-13-carotenone, β-apo-14-carotenal).
Mixing and Crystal Scavenging in the Main Ethiopian Rift Revealed by Trace Element Systematics in Feldspars and Glasses
Authors: Iddon Fiona , Jackson Charlotte , Hutchison William , Fontijn Karen , Pyle David M. , Mather Tamsin A. , Yirgu Gezahegn , Edmonds Marie
Published: November 2018

For many magmatic systems, crystal compositions preserve a complex and protracted history, which may be largely decoupled from their carrier melts. The crystal cargo may hold clues to the physical distribution of melt and crystals in a magma reservoir and how magmas are assembled prior to eruptions. Here we present a geochemical study of a suite of samples from three peralkaline volcanoes in the Main Ethiopian Rift. While whole‐rock data show strong fractional crystallization signatures, the trace element systematics of feldspars, and their relationship to their host glasses, reveals complexity. Alkali feldspars, particularly those erupted during caldera‐forming episodes, have variable Ba concentrations, extending to high values that are not in equilibrium with the carrier liquids. Some of the feldspars are antecrysts, which we suggest are scavenged from a crystal‐rich mush. The antecrysts crystallized from a Ba‐enriched (more primitive) melt, before later entrainment into a Ba‐depleted residual liquid. Crystal‐melt segregation can occur on fast timescales in these magma reservoirs, owing to the low‐viscosity nature of peralkaline liquids. The separation of enough residual melt to feed a crystal‐poor postcaldera rhyolitic eruption may take as little as months to tens of years (much shorter than typical repose periods of 300–400 years). Our observations are consistent with these magmatic systems spending significant portions of their life cycle dominated by crystalline mushes containing ephemeral, small (< 1 km3) segregations of melt. This interpretation helps to reconcile observations of high crustal electrical resistivity beneath Aluto, despite seismicity and ground deformation consistent with a magma body.
Topographic and Faults Control of Hydrothermal Circulation Along Dormant Faults in an Orogen
Authors: Taillefer Audrey , Guillou‐Frottier Laurent , Soliva Roger , Magri Fabien , Lopez Simon , Courrioux Gabriel , Millot Romain , Ladouche Bernard , Le Goff Elisabeth
Published: November 2018

Hydrothermal systems involving dormant faults within orogenic belts are rarely targeted for geothermal exploration, partly because of the complexity of the 3‐D topography, the unknown permeability of the fault zones and the basement lithology, and the lack of deep‐level data. This study brings together various types of surface information (spring features, geological data, topography, and hydrochemistry) to explain the alignment of 29 hot springs (29–73 °C) along the dormant Têt fault (Eastern Pyrénées, France). Water ion concentrations, stable water isotopes, and lithium isotopic ratios indicate that (i) fluids originating from meteoric water infiltrate above an altitude of 2,000 m, (ii) the rocks interacting with the fluids are similar for all the springs, and (iii) the maximum fluid temperatures at depth show similar variations along the fault and at the surface. A 3‐D numerical model of the system, assembled from field structural data and from a digital elevation model, explores the permeability combinations for the basement and for a three‐fault network. The models indicate that for a relatively permeable basement (10−16 m2), fluids are topography‐driven down to thousands of meters (until −3,700 m) before being captured by the more permeable Têt fault. Hot spring temperatures can be numerically reproduced when fault permeability is around 10−14 m2, a value slightly lower than the critical permeability for which free convection would occur within the Têt fault. Our study shows that thermal anomalies are possible along dormant faults close to elevated topography in the core of an orogenic belt, thereby opening new perspectives for geothermal exploration.
Increasing Heat Stress in Urban Areas of Eastern China: Acceleration by Urbanization
Authors: Luo Ming , Lau Ngar‐Cheung
Published: November 2018

A combination of hot temperature and high humidity (high heat stress) has severe impacts on environment, society, and public health, especially in urban areas where the majority of the world's population lives. This study investigates the changes of heat stress in urban areas of eastern China and urbanization effects. Data for 242 urban areas and records from a dense network of nearly 2,000 stations are examined. All urban areas have experienced substantial increases in mean heat stress and the frequencies of extreme heat stress days and events during 1971–2014. The increases in human‐perceived heat stress are even stronger than air temperature. Urban areas experience more intense heat stress than the surrounding rural areas. We estimate that urbanization accounts for nearly 30% of the increase in mean and extreme heat stress. Urbanization effects are more prominent in the major urban conglomerates such as Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei and the Yangtze and Pearl river deltas.
A Study on the Quarterdiurnal Tide in the Thermosphere at Arecibo During the February 2016 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Event
Authors: Gong Yun , Ma Zheng , Lv Xiedong , Zhang Shaodong , Zhou Qihou , Aponte Nestor , Sulzer Michael
Published: November 2018

Using data collected from the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar during 5–10 February 2016, we present a study on the quarterdiurnal tide (QDT) from 250 to 360 km. A sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event occurred on 8 February coincided with our observation. The maximum amplitude of the QDT, at ~37 m/s, is comparable with the diurnal tide and much larger than the semidiurnal tide. The QDT is largely evanescent. Our results manifest that the F region QDT could be as important as the diurnal and semidiurnal tides. The tidal waves show large variability before and after the commencement of the SSW. Our analysis indicates that the enhancement of the QDT is most likely due to the effect of the SSW. Nonlinear interaction of the diurnal tide with the terdiurnal tide is found to play a significant role in amplifying the QDT during the SSW event.
Influences of the Kuroshio on Interisland Remote Connectivity of Corals Across the Nansei Archipelago in the East China Sea
Authors: Uchiyama Yusuke , Odani Sachika , Kashima Motohiko , Kamidaira Yuki , Mitarai Satoshi
Published: November 2018

For the preservation and protection of coral habitats along the Nansei Archipelago in the East China Sea, a submesoscale eddy‐resolving synoptic ocean model was developed based on the Regional Oceanic Modeling System coupled with a 3‐D Lagrangian particle tracking model. Millions of neutrally buoyant particles representing coral spawn and larvae were released from 19 major islands and one lagoon every spring from 2012 to 2015. The model results were compared to satellite data, in situ observation, and surface drifters to confirm reasonable agreement. The connectivity matrix across the archipelago was quantified using Lagrangian probability density functions of the modeled particle displacement. Most particles remained near the release areas, while some traveled long distances by the northeastward drifting Kuroshio, leading to notable interisland coral transport across the archipelago that promotes interisland connectivity. A possible mechanism was examined by analyzing the transition from coastal to pelagic transport of the particles released from the Yaeyama Islands, the southernmost area of the archipelago. The Kuroshio trapped the particles released from the northern coast of the islands with considerable temporal variability in the entrainment rate. By contrast, particles released from the southern coast are markedly affected by the eastward current around the release sites, which significantly reduces their entrainment in the Kuroshio and, thus, long‐distance transport. Some entrained particles were expelled abruptly from the Kuroshio, trapped by the southwestward drifting Kuroshio Counter Current developed between the Kuroshio and the archipelago, and subsequently transported eastward to the islands.
The Teleconnection of El Niño Southern Oscillation to the Stratosphere
Authors: Domeisen Daniela I.V. , Garfinkel Chaim I. , Butler Amy H.
Published: November 2018

El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts also extend above the troposphere, affecting the strength and variability of the stratospheric polar vortex in the high latitudes of both hemispheres, as well as the composition and circulation of the tropical stratosphere. El Niño events are associated with a warming and weakening of the polar vortex in the polar stratosphere of both hemispheres, while a cooling can be observed in the tropical lower stratosphere. These impacts are linked by a strengthened Brewer‐Dobson circulation. Anomalous upward wave propagation is observed in the extratropics of both hemispheres. For La Niña, these anomalies are often opposite. The stratosphere in turn affects surface weather and climate over large areas of the globe. Since these surface impacts are long‐lived, the changes in the stratosphere can lead to improved surface predictions on time scales of weeks to months. Over the past decade, our understanding of the mechanisms through which ENSO can drive impacts remote from the tropical Pacific has improved. This study reviews the possible mechanisms connecting ENSO to the stratosphere in the tropics and the extratropics of both hemispheres while also considering open questions, including nonlinearities in the teleconnections, the role of ENSO diversity, and the impacts of climate change and variability.
Central amygdala circuit dynamics underlying the benzodiazepine anxiolytic effect
Authors: Griessner Johannes , Pasieka Manuel , Böhm Vincent , Grössl Florian , Kaczanowska Joanna , Pliota Pinelopi , Kargl Dominic , Werner Barbara , Kaouane Nadia , Strobelt Sandra , Kreitz Silke , Hess Andreas , Haubensak Wulf
Published: November 2018

Benzodiazepines (BZDs) have been a standard treatment for anxiety disorders for decades, but the neuronal circuit interactions mediating their anxiolytic effect remain largely unknown. Here, we find that systemic BZDs modulate central amygdala (CEA) microcircuit activity to gate amygdala output. Combining connectome data with immediate early gene (IEG) activation maps, we identified the CEA as a primary site for diazepam (DZP) anxiolytic action. Deep brain calcium imaging revealed that brain-wide DZP interactions shifted neuronal activity in CEA microcircuits. Chemogenetic silencing showed that PKCδ+/SST− neurons in the lateral CEA (CEAl) are necessary and sufficient to induce the DZP anxiolytic effect. We propose that BZDs block the relay of aversive signals through the CEA, in part by local binding to CEAl SST+/PKCδ− neurons and reshaping intra-CEA circuit dynamics. This work delineates a strategy to identify biomedically relevant circuit interactions of clinical drugs and highlights the critical role for CEA circuitry in the pathophysiology of anxiety.
Correction: A molecular portrait of epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity in prostate cancer associated with clinical outcome
Authors: Stylianou Nataly , Lehman Melanie L. , Wang Chenwei , Fard Atefeh Taherian , Rockstroh Anja , Fazli Ladan , Jovanovic Lidija , Ward Micheal , Sadowski Martin C. , Kashyap Abhishek S. , Buttyan Ralph , Gleave Martin E. , Westbrook Thomas F. , Williams Elizabeth D. , Gunter Jennifer H. , Nelson Colleen C. , Hollier Brett G.
Published: November 2018

Following the publication of the above article, the authors noted an error in Figure 4, panel B. The colours of the localized and mCRPC samples were accidentally switched. The authors have corrected the colour scheme and added a key to the figure. They have also updated the colour scheme of panel C, both bars are now red instead of one red and one blue. The authors wish to apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Topochemical conversion of an imine- into a thiazole-linked covalent organic framework enabling real structure analysis
Authors: Haase Frederik , Troschke Erik , Savasci Gökcen , Banerjee Tanmay , Duppel Viola , Dörfler Susanne , Grundei Martin M. J. , Burow Asbjörn M. , Ochsenfeld Christian , Kaskel Stefan , Lotsch Bettina V.
Published: November 2018

Stabilization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) by post-synthetic locking strategies is a powerful tool to push the limits of COF utilization, which are imposed by the reversible COF linkage. Here we introduce a sulfur-assisted chemical conversion of a two-dimensional imine-linked COF into a thiazole-linked COF, with full retention of crystallinity and porosity. This post-synthetic modification entails significantly enhanced chemical and electron beam stability, enabling investigation of the real framework structure at a high level of detail. An in-depth study by electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveals a myriad of previously unknown or unverified structural features such as grain boundaries and edge dislocations, which are likely generic to the in-plane structure of 2D COFs. The visualization of such real structural features is key to understand, design and control structure–property relationships in COFs, which can have major implications for adsorption, catalytic, and transport properties of such crystalline porous polymers.
Self-limited single nanowire systems combining all-in-one memristive and neuromorphic functionalities
Authors: Milano Gianluca , Luebben Michael , Ma Zheng , Dunin-Borkowski Rafal , Boarino Luca , Pirri Candido F. , Waser Rainer , Ricciardi Carlo , Valov Ilia
Published: November 2018

The ability for artificially reproducing human brain type signals’ processing is one of the main challenges in modern information technology, being one of the milestones for developing global communicating networks and artificial intelligence. Electronic devices termed memristors have been proposed as effective artificial synapses able to emulate the plasticity of biological counterparts. Here we report for the first time a single crystalline nanowire based model system capable of combining all memristive functions – non-volatile bipolar memory, multilevel switching, selector and synaptic operations imitating Ca2+ dynamics of biological synapses. Besides underlying common electrochemical fundamentals of biological and artificial redox-based synapses, a detailed analysis of the memristive mechanism revealed the importance of surfaces and interfaces in crystalline materials. Our work demonstrates the realization of self-assembled, self-limited devices feasible for implementation via bottom up approach, as an attractive solution for the ultimate system miniaturization needed for the hardware realization of brain-inspired systems.
An inflammatory-CCRK circuitry drives mTORC1-dependent metabolic and immunosuppressive reprogramming in obesity-associated hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sun Hanyong , Yang Weiqin , Tian Yuan , Zeng Xuezhen , Zhou Jingying , Mok Myth T. S. , Tang Wenshu , Feng Yu , Xu Liangliang , Chan Anthony W. H. , Tong Joanna H. , Cheung Yue-Sun , Lai Paul B. S. , Wang Hector K. S. , Tsang Shun-Wa , Chow King-Lau , Hu Mengying , Liu Rihe , Huang Leaf , Yang Bing , Yang Pengyuan , To Ka-Fai , Sung Joseph J. Y. , Wong Grace L. H. , Wong Vincent W. S. , Cheng Alfred S. L.
Published: November 2018

Obesity increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) especially in men, but the molecular mechanism remains obscure. Here, we show that an androgen receptor (AR)-driven oncogene, cell cycle-related kinase (CCRK), collaborates with obesity-induced pro-inflammatory signaling to promote non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related hepatocarcinogenesis. Lentivirus-mediatedCcrkablation in liver of male mice fed with high-fat high-carbohydrate diet abrogates not only obesity-associated lipid accumulation, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, but also HCC development. Mechanistically, CCRK fuels a feedforward loop by inducing STAT3-AR promoter co-occupancy and transcriptional up-regulation, which in turn activates mTORC1/4E-BP1/S6K/SREBP1 cascades via GSK3β phosphorylation. Moreover, hepaticCCRKinduction in transgenic mice stimulates mTORC1-dependentG−csfexpression to enhance polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment and tumorigenicity. Finally, the STAT3-AR-CCRK-mTORC1 pathway components are concordantly over-expressed in human NASH-associated HCCs. These findings unveil the dual roles of an inflammatory-CCRK circuitry in driving metabolic and immunosuppressive reprogramming through mTORC1 activation, thereby establishing a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment for HCC development.
Structural assembly of the megadalton-sized receptor for intestinal vitamin B12 uptake and kidney protein reabsorption
Authors: Larsen Casper , Etzerodt Anders , Madsen Mette , Skjødt Karsten , Moestrup Søren Kragh , Andersen Christian Brix Folsted
Published: November 2018

The endocytic receptor cubam formed by the 460-kDa protein cubilin and the 45-kDa transmembrane protein amnionless (AMN), is essential for intestinal vitamin B12 (B12) uptake and for protein (e.g. albumin) reabsorption from the kidney filtrate. Loss of function of any of the two components ultimately leads to serious B12 deficiency and urinary protein loss in humans (Imerslund-Gräsbeck’s syndrome, IGS). Here, we present the crystal structure of AMN in complex with the amino-terminal region of cubilin, revealing a sophisticated assembly of three cubilin subunits combining into a single intertwined β-helix domain that docks to a corresponding three-faced β-helix domain in AMN. This β-helix-β-helix association thereby anchors three ligand-binding cubilin subunits to the transmembrane AMN. Electron microscopy of full-length cubam reveals a 700–800 Å long tree-like structure with the potential of dimerization into an even larger complex. Furthermore, effects of known human mutations causing IGS are explained by the structural information.
Long distance electron transfer through the aqueous solution between redox partner proteins
Authors: Lagunas Anna , Guerra-Castellano Alejandra , Nin-Hill Alba , Díaz-Moreno Irene , De la Rosa Miguel A. , Samitier Josep , Rovira Carme , Gorostiza Pau
Published: November 2018

Despite the importance of electron transfer between redox proteins in photosynthesis and respiration, the inter-protein electron transfer rate between redox partner proteins has never been measured as a function of their separation in aqueous solution. Here, we use electrochemical tunneling spectroscopy to show that the current between two protein partners decays along more than 10 nm in the solution. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal a reduced ionic density and extended electric field in the volume confined between the proteins. The distance-decay factor and the calculated local barrier for electron transfer are regulated by the electrochemical potential applied to the proteins. Redox partners could use electrochemically gated, long distance electron transfer through the solution in order to conciliate high specificity with weak binding, thus keeping high turnover rates in the crowded environment of cells.
Engrafted parenchymal brain macrophages differ from microglia in transcriptome, chromatin landscape and response to challenge
Authors: Shemer Anat , Grozovski Jonathan , Tay Tuan Leng , Tao Jenhan , Volaski Alon , Süß Patrick , Ardura-Fabregat Alberto , Gross-Vered Mor , Kim Jung-Seok , David Eyal , Chappell-Maor Louise , Thielecke Lars , Glass Christopher K. , Cornils Kerstin , Prinz Marco , Jung Steffen
Published: November 2018

Microglia are yolk sac-derived macrophages residing in the parenchyma of brain and spinal cord, where they interact with neurons and other glial. After different conditioning paradigms and bone marrow (BM) or hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, graft-derived cells seed the brain and persistently contribute to the parenchymal brain macrophage compartment. Here we establish that graft-derived macrophages acquire, over time, microglia characteristics, including ramified morphology, longevity, radio-resistance and clonal expansion. However, even after prolonged CNS residence, transcriptomes and chromatin accessibility landscapes of engrafted, BM-derived macrophages remain distinct from yolk sac-derived host microglia. Furthermore, engrafted BM-derived cells display discrete responses to peripheral endotoxin challenge, as compared to host microglia. In human HSC transplant recipients, engrafted cells also remain distinct from host microglia, extending our finding to clinical settings. Collectively, our data emphasize the molecular and functional heterogeneity of parenchymal brain macrophages and highlight potential clinical implications for HSC gene therapies aimed to ameliorate lysosomal storage disorders, microgliopathies or general monogenic immuno-deficiencies.