bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KAJIAN WISATA PANTAI PASIR PUTIH KABUPATEN TRENGGALEK
Authors: Imagoro Stevanus Dewangga Giovani Vernon
Published: January 2020

Pantai Pasir Putih Trenggalek merupakan salah satu dari berbagai macam obyek wisata yang terdapat di Kabupaten Trenggalek. Pantai Pasir Putih Trenggalek adalah tempat atau obyek wista yang menjadi milik pemerintah Trenggalek yang dikelola oleh Unit Teknis Dinas (UPTD) pada Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata. Pantai pasir putih trenggalek terkenal dengan Pasir Putihnya sepanjang 1,5 km, air yang jernih dan tenang sebagai tempat mandi dan berjemur bagi para pengunjung. Di pantai ini tersedia Pondok Prigi, Cottagge, Persewaan Perahu dan Motor Boat.Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan teknik analisis SWOT dengan pendekatan kualitatif, yang terdiri dari Strenghts, Weakness, Opportunities dan Threaths. Analisis SWOT bertujuan untuk memaksimalkan kekuatan (strengths) dan peluang (opportunities), namun dapat meminimalkan kelemahan (weakness) dan ancaman (threaths).
Sarana Prasarana Pendidikan
Authors: Frisdila Frisdila
Published: January 2020

Sarana dan prasarana merupakan suatu alat atau bagian yang memiliki peran sangat penting bagi keberhasilan dan kelancaran suatu proses, termasuk juga dalam lingkup pendidikan. Sarana dan prasarana adalah fasilitas yang mutlak dipenuhi untuk memberikan kemudahan dalam menyelenggarakan suatu kegiatan walaupun belum bisa memenuhi sarana dan prasarana dengan semestinya.Pengertian Sarana dan Prasarana secara etimologi memiliki perbedaan namun dalam dunia pendidikan sering kali di sebut sarana prasarana pendidikan mengingat kedua alat tersebut saling berkaitan erat sebagai fasilitas pendidikan (educational facilities).Sarana pendidikan adalah semua fasilitas yang diperlukan dalam proses belajar mengajar, baik yang bergerak maupun yang tidak bergerak agar pencapaian tujuan pendidikan dan berjalan dengan lancar, teratur, efektif dan efisien.Prasarana pendidikan adalah fasilitas yang secara tidak langsung menunjang jalannya proses pendidikan, seperti : halaman, kebun atau taman sekolah, jalan menuju ke sekolah, tata tertib sekolah, dan sebagainya.
LAPORAN STANDAR KURIKULUM DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN (SMK) MANDALA
Authors: Agustriyani Lavia
Published: January 2020

Lavia Agustriyani NIM 0142S1A018014 Program Studi Administrasi Pendidikan. Laporan ini merupakan tugas perorangan yang diajukan sebagai salah satu tugas untuk memenuhi syarat Tugas Akhir Semester mata kuliah Manajemen Sekolah. Tujuan dibuatnya laporan ini yaitu untuk mengetahui penerapan kurikulum 2013 di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) Mandala. Berdasarkan temuan yang penulis dapat di SMK Mandala. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa SMK Mandala merupakan salah satu sekolah kejuruan di Desa Cibeber I yang telah terakreditasi A. Di SMK Mandala ini telah menerapkan Kurikulum 2013 pada pembelajarannya. Kata kunci : Kurikulum, SMK Mandala, Terakreditasi A
HASIL OBSERVASI MENGENAI STANDAR SARANA DAN PRASARANA DI SMP TERPADU ABI TAHUN 2019/2020
Authors: Juandi Aghi
Published: January 2020

Agi Juandi NIM 0142S1A018024 Program Studi Administrasi Pendidikan STKIP Muhammadiyah Bogor Tahun 2020. Laporan ini merupakan tugas perorangan pada mata kuliah manajemen sekolah sebagai syarat penilaian Ujian Akhir Semester: tujuan dibuatnya laporan ini yaitu untuk menegtahui ruang lingkup standar sarana dan prasarana pendidikan di SMP Terpadu ABI. Standar sarana dan prasarana pendidikan adalah standar nasional pendidikan yang berkaitan dengan kriteria minimal tentang ruang belajar, tempat berolahraga, tempat beribadah, perpustakaan, laboratorium, bengkel kerja, tempat bermain, tempat berrekreasi dan berkreasi serta sumber belajar lain, yang diperlukan untuk menunjang proses pembelajaran, termasuk penggunaan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi
STANDAR PROSES PEMBELAJARAN
Authors: DinataMMarta
Published: January 2020

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses kegiatan belejar mengajar di sekolah dengan cara turun langsung ke lapangan atau di sebut juga dengan observasi. Dengan cara seperti iniah kita dapat melihat langsung bagaimana kegiatan belajar mengajar di sekolah dengan proses belajar yang baik, dan peran guru dalam proses pendidikan pun penting Peranan guru sangat menentukan dalam usaha peningkatan mutu pendidikan formal. Untuk itu guru sebagai agen pembelajaran dituntut untuk mampu menyelenggarakan proses pembelajaran dengan sebaik-baiknya, dalam kerangka pembangunan pendidikan. Guru mempunyai fungsi dan peran yang sangat strategis dalam pembangunan bidang pendidikan, dan oleh karena itu perlu dikembangkan sebagai profesi yang bermartabat.
Pengelolaan Manajemen Di Sekolah MIS Al-Bayyinah
Authors: Fadillah Finka Julfitriah
Published: January 2020

Manajemen Sekolah merupakan suatu kegiatan yang dilakukan secara efektif dan efisien untuk meningkatkan kinerja sekolah dalam pencapaian tujuan pendidikan baik tujuan nasional dan tujuan kelembagaan yang hasilnya bisa dilihat dari beberapa faktor sebagai indikator kinerja yang berhasil dicapai oleh sekolah. Kepala sekolah dituntut untuk mampu melaksanakan tugas dan fungsinya dalam mengelola berbagai komponen sekolah untuk mencapai tujuan sekolah yang dirumuskan. Kepala sekolah menunjukkan fungsinya sebagai dua peran besar yaitu peran sebagai manajer dan peran sebagai pemimpin.Manajemen sekolah merupakan suatu tindakan pengelolaan dan pengadministrasian sekolah. Manajemen sekolah memiliki beberapa aspek diantaranya yaitu, aspek manajemen eksternal dan manajemen internal. Manajemen internal meliputi perpustakaan, laboraturium, bagunan dan saran fisik lainnya, sumber dana, pelaksanaan evaluasi pendidikan dan hubungan antar guru, murid. Sedangkan manajemen eksternal meliputi hubungan dengan pihak luar sekolah seperti masyarakat, dewan pendidikan, dinas pendidikan maupun pihak lain yang terkait fungsi sekolah.
kriteria lulusan kesetaraan pendidikan sekolah paket
Authors: papat Siti Fatimah
Published: January 2020

tugas mata kuliah manajemen sekolah
Laporan standar sarana dan prasarana disekolah
Authors: Leonaldi
Published: January 2020

LEONALDI, 2020. Laporan Standar Sarana Dan Prasarana SMPN 3 Leuwiliang.Laporan standar sarana dan prasarana ini merupakan kegiatan akademik yang tercantum dalam mata Manajemen Sekolah yang ada dalam program studi yang ada di lingkungan STKIP Muhammadiyah Bogor. Laporan ini adalah bagian penting dan merupakan sebuah kegiatan yang mengetahui berbagai standar nasional pendidikan. Adapun tujuan laporan ini adalah pengamatan langsung kultur sekolah, dan mengetahu standar sarana dan prasarana sekolah tersebut.Seiring dengan melaksanakan tugas-tugas tersebut, saya sambil terus mencoba mengidentifikasi kultur sekolah serta sarana dan prasarana yang ada di SMPN 3 Leuwiliang. Yang mana sarana dan prasarana tersebut merupakan alat penunjang untuk proses belajar mengajar maupun dalam proses pendidikan lainnya, guna tercapainya tujuan pendidikan nasional.
Pengelolaan Manajemen Di Sekolah MIS AL-Bayyinah
Authors: Fadillah Finka Julfitriah
Published: January 2020

Manajemen Sekolah merupakan suatu kegiatan yang dilakukan secara efektif dan efisien untuk meningkatkan kinerja sekolah dalam pencapaian tujuan pendidikan baik tujuan nasional dan tujuan kelembagaan yang hasilnya bisa dilihat dari beberapa faktor sebagai indikator kinerja yang berhasil dicapai oleh sekolah. Kepala sekolah dituntut untuk mampu melaksanakan tugas dan fungsinya dalam mengelola berbagai komponen sekolah untuk mencapai tujuan sekolah yang dirumuskan. Kepala sekolah menunjukkan fungsinya sebagai dua peran besar yaitu peran sebagai manajer dan peran sebagai pemimpin.Manajemen sekolah merupakan suatu tindakan pengelolaan dan pengadministrasian sekolah. Manajemen sekolah memiliki beberapa aspek diantaranya yaitu, aspek manajemen eksternal dan manajemen internal. Manajemen internal meliputi perpustakaan, laboraturium, bagunan dan saran fisik lainnya, sumber dana, pelaksanaan evaluasi pendidikan dan hubungan antar guru, murid. Sedangkan manajemen eksternal meliputi hubungan dengan pihak luar sekolah seperti masyarakat, dewan pendidikan, dinas pendidikan maupun pihak lain yang terkait fungsi sekolah.
MAKALAH PELAKSANAAN STANDAR SARANA DAN PRASARANA DI SEKOLAH SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 2 LEUWILIANG
Authors: Ihsanudin Muhammad
Published: January 2020

Tujuan pembuatan makalah adalah agar mahasiswa menuntaskan Ujian Akhir Semester yang diberikan oleh dosen melalui sebuah laporan observasi mengenai standar pendidikan yang ada disekoah yang harus dibuat oleh seorang mahasiswa dengan sebaik-baiknya tanpa ada kata kekeliruan yang dapat menyebabkan laporan ini tidak bisa dimengerti oleh yang membacanya, maka penulis membuat laporan ini dengan teliti dan sangat hati-hati agar tidak ada kata yang keliru. Oleh karena itu penulis meminta maaf apabila ada kata yang salah atau yang melenceng dari kata yang sebenarnya karena manusia tidak luput dari kata salah dan lupa.Selanjutnya dalam makalah ini berhubungan dengan standar sarana dan perasarana di SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Leuwiliang, apabila terdapat kata yang sama atau yang mirip dengan berbagai sumber harap dimaklum karena laporan ini tidak seutuhnya hasil dari pemikiran sang penulis sendiri akan tetapi membutuhkan bantuan dari berbagai sumber yang ada. Oleh karena itu bagi pembaca agar tidak sembarangan mengkritik yang macam-macam dan saya sangat mengharapkan solusi yang bisa membuat laporan ini menjadi sempurna.
Hasil Observasi sarana dan prasarana
Authors: tidjarok hikam
Published: January 2020

Dari uraian laporan di atas maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengadministrasian sarana dan prasarana pendidikan di SMA Mandala Sudah sesuai dengan Standar Nasional Pendidikan. dengan manajemen yang efektif dan efisien diharapkan dapat meningkatkan efektivitas kerja personel sekolah. Komponen yang termasuk dalam administrasi sarana dan prasarana ini meliputi : lahan, ruang, dan perabot. Sedangkan pada garis besarnya, manajemen sarana dan prasarana meliputi 5 hal, yaitu : penentuan kebutuhan, proses pengadaan, pemakaian, pengurusan dan pencatatan, dan pertanggung jawaban.Demikianlah uraian singkat mengenai sarana dan prasarana. Besar harapan saya ajika laporan ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi kita semua. Meskipun demikian saya menyadari bahwa laporan saya masih banyak kekurangan. Sehingga saya senantiasa mengharapkan masukan dan kritik yang membangun untuk kemajuan bersama.
KURIKULUM DI SMP GIRI TARUNA
Authors: rahmadan Anjar
Published: January 2020

Kurikulum tidak hanya berisi serangkaian petunjuk teknis materi pembelajaran. Lebih dari itu, kurikulum merupakan sebuah program terencana dan menyeluruh, yang menggambarkan kualitas pendidikan suatu bangsa. Dengan sendirinya, kurikulum memegang peran srategis dalam kemajuan bangsa. Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman dan tuntutan kehidupan dalam masyarakat, kurikulum senantiasa berkembang dan menyelaraskan diri dengan kemajuan zaman. Melalui langkah-langkah yang sistematis, professional dan melibatkan seluruh aspek yang terkait dalam tercapainya tujuan pendidikan nasional.
TENAGA PENDIDIK DAN KEPENDIDIKAN DI SMK MANDALA LEUWILIANG
Authors: Rahayu Sri
Published: January 2020

Peranan guru sangat menentukan dalam usaha peningkatan mutu pendidikan formal. Untuk itu guru sebagai agen pembelajaran dituntut untuk mampu menyelenggarakan proses pembelajaran dengan sebaik-baiknya, dalam kerangka pembangunan pendidikan. Guru mempunyai fungsi dan peran yang sangat strategis dalam pembangunan bidang pendidikan, dan oleh karena itu perlu dikembangkan sebagai profesi yang bermartabat. Undang-Undang No. 14 tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen Pasal 4 menegaskan bahwa guru sebagai agen pembelajaran berfungsi untuk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan nasional. Untuk dapat melaksanakan fungsinya dengan baik, guru wajib untuk memiliki syarat tertentu, salah satu di antaranya adalah kompetensi. Kompetensi guru merupakan seperangkat penguasaan kemampuan yang harus ada dalam diri guru agar dapat mewujudkan kinerja secara tepat dan efektif. Sedangkan guru yang profesional adalah guru yang memiliki kemampuan dan keahlian khusus dalam bidang keguruan sehingga mampu melaksanakan tugas dan fungsinya sebagai guru dengan kemampuan maksimal. Guru merupakan orang yang sangat berpengaruh dalam proses belajar mengajar. Sudah selayaknya seorang guru itu diberikan kesejahteraan berupa sertifikasi. Dapat dipahami bahwa sertifikasi adalah proses pemberian sertifikat pendidik kepada guru yang telah memenuhi persyaratan tertentu, yaitu memiliki kualifikasi akademik, kompetensi, sehat jasmani dan rohani, serta memiliki kemampuan untuk mewujudkan tujuan pendidikan nasional yang disertai dengan peningkatan kesejahteraan yang layak. (Sulfemi, Wahyu Bagja. Kemampuan Petagogik Guru. 2015)
standar kurikulum di SMK Mandala
Authors: afthortu wijaya rizqika
Published: January 2020

ABSTRAK Kurikulum Sejatinya, kurikulum tidak hanya berisi serangkaian petunjuk teknis materi pembelajaran. Kurikulum merupakan seperangkat rencana dan program pendidikan yang digunakan sebagai acuan oleh lembaga penyelenggara pendidikan yang disesuaikan dengan jenjang dan kebutuhan peserta didik serta dengan memperhatikan budaya lokal.( Sulfemi, 2018 : 1) Lebih dari itu, kurikulum merupakan sebuah program terencana dan menyeluruh, yang menggambarkan kualitas pendidikan suatu bangsa. Dengan sendirinya, kurikulum memegang peran srategis dalam kemajuan bangsa. Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman dan tuntutan kehidupan dalam masyarakat, kurikulum senantiasa berkembang dan menyelaraskan diri dengan kemajuahn zaman.Pendidikan (education) secara semantik berasal dari bahasa yunani paidagogia yang berarti pergaulan dengan anak-anak. Pedagogos adalah seorang nelayan atau bujang dalam zaman yunani kuno yang pekerjaannya menjemput dan mengantar anak-anak ke dan dari sekolah. Selain itu, di rumahnya anak tersebut selalu dalam pengawasan dan penjagaan para paedagogos. Istilah ini berasal dari kata paedos yang berarti anak, dan agogos yang berarti saya membimbing atau memimpin. (Sulfemi, 2018:2) Melalui langkah-langkah yang sistematis, professional dan melibatkan seluruh aspek yang terkait dalam tercapainya tujuan penddidikan nasional.
Buku Referensi Talasemia: Genetik Dasar dan Penanganan Terkini
Authors: Rujito Lantip
Published: January 2020

Buku referensi tentang penyakit Talasemia dan penangangan terkini
Standar pendidik di SMP PGRI Bagoang
Authors: Febritya Sukma
Published: January 2020

Laporan observasi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui standar pendidik di sekolah
Are Early Stage Investors Biased Against Women?
Authors: Ewens Michael , Townsend Richard R.
Published: January 2020

We study whether early stage investors have gender biases using a proprietary dataset from An- gelList that allows us to observe private interactions between investors and fundraising startups. We find that male investors express less interest in female entrepreneurs compared to observably similar male entrepreneurs. In contrast, female investors express more interest in female entrepreneurs. These findings do not appear to be driven by within-gender screening/monitoring advantages or gender differences in risk preferences. Moreover, the male-led startups that male investors express interest in do not outperform the female-led startups they express interest in—they underperform. Overall, the evidence is consistent with gender biases.
Exploring online and gaming communities through community psychology
Authors: Steltenpohl Crystal Nicole
Published: January 2020

Through three manuscripts, this dissertation explores the potential for understanding online and hybrid gaming communities through a community psychology perspective. The first manuscript reviews literature on online communities in major community psychology journals. Historically, community psychologists have focused on community building and maintenance, community support, communication norms, and advocacy. There are opportunities, however, to explore other topics relevant to community psychologists’ interests and collaborate with researchers in other fields. The second manuscript reports the findings of a mixed-methods survey of 496 fighting game community (FGC) members. It explores FGC members’ metastereotypes, explanations for why certain portrayals of the community exist, and their effects on the FGC. Generally, FGC members believe inaccurate stereotypes about the FGC specifically and the gaming community more generally exist, due in part to a lack of understanding and/or ulterior motives. Negative portrayals of the community are largely seen as harmful to the community. This study emphasizes understanding how communities believe others see them and how that can affect community dynamics. The final qualitative manuscript examines perspectives of the social identity of people who play games, emphasizing the importance of understanding the “gamer” identity through more than unidimensional measures like gaming habits. The variance in identity centrality, required behaviors, player motivations, and perceptions about the label highlight the complexity of the “gamer” identity label. Taken together, these manuscripts offer a rationale for and exemplars of studying online and hybrid gaming communities through a community psychology perspective. They also argue for an increased attention to opportunities for interdisciplinary work.
Optimization of Standalone Photovoltaic System Considering Loss of Power Supply Probability for Repeater Station of Nepal Telecom
Authors: Ranjit Krishna , Maharjan Sanjeev
Published: January 2020

Telecommunication plays the vital role in the human life and has become an integrated part of the society. The rapidly growing information and communications technology and increasing competition in telecommunication markets triggers the telecom operators to extend their networks and services to their potential customers in different geographical locations. It necessitates them to install repeaters and communication towers powered by standalone Photovoltaic system in remote rural areas. This paper presents optimization of standalone photovoltaic system maximizing reliability in one of such remotely located Palethar Repeater Station of Nepal Telecom situated in Dadeldhura district of Far-western region. The optimization is carried out using Genetic Algorithm in MATLAB software for given load profile enhancing reliability of the system with maximum reduction of overall system cost. The loss of power supply probability (LPSP) is considered for reflecting the reliability of the system. The paper discusses different optimal configuration of standalone PV system under various values of LPSP after optimization.
Optimal Capital Structure for BOOT/BOT Model Hydropower Projects in Nepal
Authors: Gautam Anup , Shrestha Santosh Kumar
Published: January 2020

Nepal has a huge hydropower potential which is yet to be developed. Hydropower are capital intensive infrastructure where financing from single source is not practical, so a financial mix is essential, i.e. debt and equity financing. Projects have been practicing different financial structures. Therefore a proper capital structure is necessary for maximizing return from the hydropower project.

The main objective of this research is to determine the parameters that influence hydropower financing, collect data on parameters, analyze them and determine the optimal capital structure for hydroelectric projects in Nepal.

The data of operating hydropower projects are collected from secondary sources mainly Department of Electricity Development, Nepal Electricity Authority and other published internet sources. The data is processed and financial analysis is performed for numerous cases using an excel sheet powered by visual basic application.

The key parameters affecting hydropower financing are total project cost, annual generation (Dry and wet energy), interest on loan and interest on equity while other parameters are not frequently variable. The feasibility of the project is found to be greatly influenced by the cost of development and generation revenue. The optimal capital structure of hydropower projects is dependent on the key parameters.

The cost of hydropower development in Nepal is found to be diverse with an average per megawatt cost of NRs. 219.2 million and standard deviation of NRs. 65.9 million. Energy generation varies from time to time and plant to plant with an average plant factor of 0.53 (Standard Deviation 0.20) out of which 33.16% is dry energy. The cost of loan varies from 8% to 12% and the cost of equity ranges 12% to 16%. The optimal capital structure for BOOT model hydropower projects in Nepal falls in the range of 11% to 34% with an expected value of 20.79%.
Crash Prediction for Prioritization of Intersections for Safety Improvement: Case Study of Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Bhattarai Sujan
Published: January 2020

Every year globally 1.3 million people lose their lives from road traffic crashes (RTAs). Similarly, increasing rate of RTAs has been observed in Nepal including Kathmandu valley. This study is focused on the analysis of crash trends and respective site specific geometric features of urban road intersections in Kathmandu valley. Seventeen major intersections based on the data availability and traffic volume, are considered for the analysis of crash type. Previous crash data and traffic volume records of one year have been analysed. Common types of three and four legged intersections were taken for the study. Classified traffic volume at those intersections were converted into the Annual Average Daily Traffic. Evaluation factors for the crash analysis were determined by using predictive method. Crash frequency, crash rate, critical crash rate and crash prediction methods were used for ranking of the intersection. Priority for the safety improvement is prepared based on the results of this study.
Perception of Stakeholders towards the Shine Dental Clinic
Authors: Mainali Sneedha
Published: January 2020

Background: For the betterment of an organisation, stakeholder’s percep­tion plays a vital role by helping to alter the environment of the workplace as well as the overall operation and management of the organisation. This study aims to explore the stakeholders’ perceptions about services and management from every aspect by studying the positive and negative re­marks given by them.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used among 68 respondents which included- patients, parents, institutional clients and employees.

Results: It was found that the stakeholders of the Shine dental clinic, both the staff and clients/customers were satisfied with the by the clinic. Cus­tomers mainly build their perception to be positive or negative in terms of the factors such as the clinic’s environment, effective service delivery, maintenance of the clinic, the treatment and communication of the health workers and timely delivery of the service. Meanwhile, the staff deter­mined the perception of the clinic in terms of salary and benefits, friendli­ness of top management, scope of learning and self-development, and so on.

Conclusions: The stakeholders of the clinic perceived the clinic as a prom­ising clinic and were satisfied with all the services and facilities provided to them. More people are becoming aware about the clinic with time, but it is needed for the clinic to be more visible in the social media for additional brand awareness.
Low Dose Hyperbaric Bupivacaine with Fentanyl in Spinal Anesthesia in Elective Cesarean Section
Authors: Regmi Bharati Devi Sharma , Deo Gopendra Prasad , Shrestha Subin , Shrestha Sabita , Mishra Renuka Tamrakar
Published: January 2020

Background: Spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine provides a dense neural block in cesarean delivery but associated with side effects like hypotension, bradycardia nausea and vomiting. Addition of low dose fentanyl with low dose of hyperbaric bupivacaine may decrease the in­cidence of these complications. The aims of study was to compare the hemodynamic parameters (blood pressure and heart rate), nausea and vomiting with low dose intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine with fentanyl vs a conventional dose of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine in patient undergoing elective cesarean section.

Methods: Seventy-four pregnant women aged 20-35 years old which un­derwent elective cesarean section at Chitwan Medical College were ran­domized into two groups. One group received spinal anesthesia with 8mg of0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 25μg fentanyl and another group re­ceived 12mg 0.5% bupivacaine.

Results: The mean age, baseline heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were comparable in both groups. Significant difference in hypo­tension (24.31% vs. 62.16%, p<0.05) and Nausea and vomiting (16.20% vs. 27%, p<0.05) were found in bupivacaine-fentanyl group versus a conven­tional dose of spinal bupivacaine group.

Conclusions: Low dose of bupivacaine with Fentanyl provides good spinal anesthesia for cesarean section with less hypotension, nausea and vomit­ing in comparison to bupivacaine alone.
Quality of Life among Ostomates Attending at a Cancer Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Neupane Laxmi , Thulung Bedantakala
Published: January 2020

Background: Stoma is a global public health problem. Stoma can be tem­porary or permanent and creates multiple difficulties in terms of quality of life (QoL). So the QoL of ostomates needs to be regularly assessed. The objective of the study was to find out the Quality of life among ostomates attending outpatient clinics at a Cancer Hospital, Chitwan.

Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 138 ostomates. Consecutive sampling technique was used by face to face in­terview method using standard tool “City of Hope Quality of Life Question­naire for a patients with an ostomy”. Data were analyzed by using descrip­tive and inferential statistics.

Results: The mean QoL of the respondents was 5.03±0.75. More than half (52.9%) of the respondents had lower QoL. Statistical significant associa­tion was found between QoL of the respondents and recent involvement in occupation (p<0.001), duration of having stoma (p=0.049) and stoma related complications (p=0.014). There is a positive correlation between overall QoL of the respondents and QoL in physical domain (r=0.632, p<0.001), psychological domain (r=0.723, p<0.001), social domain (ρ =0.809, p<0.001) and spiritual domain (r=0.581, p=0.001) respectively.

Conclusions: It is concluded that more than half of respondents had low­er QoL. Here, stoma affects all domains of QoL of ostomates. Qualitative study explores all aspect of life more effectively. Counseling must be di­rected to continue job, adjustment to changed life style and prevention of complication.
Exploring the Substantial Role of Multiplex Pcr to Diagnose Malaria in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Narayan Raj , Rai Keshav , Rijal Suman , Ghimire Anup , Khanal Basudha
Published: January 2020

Background: Malaria is still a major health problem in Nepal as 43.3% of population are at risk of infection. However, the national priorities have been given to achieve malaria elimination in Nepal, the question of diag­nostic accuracy could jeopardize the elimination target. Among others, multiplex PCR could be the reliable alternative tool to detect the low num­ber of parasitemia and circulating asymptomatic infection in low endemic countries like Nepal. Hence, this paper aims to analyse the diagnostic pre­cision among microscopy, rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and multiplex real time PCR assay.

Methods: A total of 63 archived blood samples obtained from patient with clinical suspicion of malaria were subjected to multiplex PCR and their re­sults were compared with microscopy and rapid diagnostic test. The La­tent Class Analysis (LCA) approach was used to compare the diagnostic precision among three different assays.

Results: Our study documented that PCR had 97.4% sensitivity and 83.9% specificity. Among the negative microscopy results, 10 (15.9%) were false negatives whereas 4 (6.3%) RDT results were false negatives based on PCR results.

Conclusions: PCR could be the useful alternative tool to detect the low number of parasite in low endemic settings which could be crucial to rule out the false diagnosis determined by microscopy or RDT.
Lung ultrasound score before and after extubation for predicting weaning outcome
Authors: Yadav Manoj Kumar , Pal Anusmriti , Pant Chiranjibi , Shrestha Bishow Kumar
Published: January 2020

Background: Lung ultrasound (LUS) is an emerging, essential, safe and easily repeatable bed­side tool being used for the management of critically ill patients in ICUs. Weaning off the ventilator and decide to extubate require right decision and appropriate timing to avoid ex­tubation failure. The study aimed to perform LUS in planned extubation patients who passed SBT, for the assessment of lungs, before and after extubation.

Methods: A single-centre, observational study at medical ICU of a tertiary level hospital in Nepal was conducted on invasive mechanically ventilated patients. LUS was performed be­fore extubation on those who were planned to extubate and repeat scan done after 24 hours of extubation. LUS scores were calculated at both times. p-value 0.05 was considered statisti­cally significant.

Results: Twenty-eight patients were included after passing spontaneous breathing trial (SBT), one patient had extubation failure. Mean LUS score before and after extubation came to be 16.15 ± 7.00 and 13.15 ± 4.59 respectively with high degree of correlation (Pearson’s r = 0.896, P <0.001). The mean difference in LUS scores before and after extubation was signifi­cant (Mean difference: 3.00 ± 3.54, t = 4.402, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Lung ultrasound is very useful additive tool in predicting extubation failure eas­ily and timely. Its use after extubation also helps in early prediction of post-extubation failure by assessing aeration changes and other lung pathology.
High resolution computed tomography and chest radiography findings among interstitial lung disease patients
Authors: Pal Anusmriti , Yadav Manoj Kumar , Pant Chiranjibi , Shrestha Bishow Kumar
Published: January 2020

Background: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a heterogeneous group of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases, characterized by restrictive physiology, impaired gas exchange, pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Chest radiograph (CXR) may appear normal during initial course of the disease and may show few abnormalities. High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) chest is a most ac­curate non-invasive, high spatial resolution descriptive imaging modality for evaluation of lung parenchyma. It assesses presence, location, type and characterization of ILD in appropriate clinical setting. Our aim was to study radiological patterns and its distribution in CXR and HRCT chest of ILD patients.

Methods: This was an observational, single centered, cross-sectional study conducted at author’s place over the period of 6 months starting from January 2018 using convenient sampling method. Data analysis was done using students t-test for comparison of means and chi-square test for proportions.

Results: A total of 30 suspected or diagnosed patients of ILD were enrolled in our study and pat­terns found on CXR were correlated with that on HRCT chest. The number of findings in HRCT chest for a patient was significantly higher than CXR (Median number: 4 verses 2, P<0.001), commonest reticular opacity 50% in CXR and 56.6% HRCT. One subject had normal CXR.

Conclusion: HRCT was superior to CXR in detection of all basic patterns and their distribution as­sociated with ILD as higher numbers of findings were detected by HRCT chest as compared to CXR. HRCT chest could characterize the abnormality and specify its location much more accurately.
High resolution computed tomography and chest x-ray findings in patient with pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Pant Chiranjibi , Pal Anusmriti , Yadav Manoj Kumar , Shrestha Bishow Kumar
Published: January 2020

Background: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) is a major public health problem in Nepal. Diag­nosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is done by bacteriological confirmation of respiratory speci­men however Negative smear needs clinical and radiological evaluation for the diagnosis in suspected patient. This study focuses on radiological findings in both Pulmonary bacterio­logically confirmed (PBC) and pulmonary clinically diagnosed (PCD) Tuberculosis.

Methods: This observational study was conducted at Chitwan Medical College between Feb 2019 to July 2019. 45 Patient diagnosed with PTB were enrolled. Chest X-ray (CXR) and High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) chest reports were analysed for the presence of findings that suggest active infection like cavity, consolidation, tree in bud, etc in PBC and PCD.

Results: A total of 45 PTB patients with mean age: 54.60 ± 19 years were included. 53.3 % were PBC and 46.7 % were PCD tuberculosis, CXR findings in PBC and PCD tuberculosis was nodular infiltrate 45.8% versus 2.4%, consolidation 45% versus 42.9%, cavity 8.3% versus 14.3% respectively however 12.5% PBC tuberculosis patient had a normal chest x-ray. HRCT chest in PBC and PCD showed cavity in 45.8% versus 23%, tree in bud 25% versus 52.4%, con­solidation 62.5 versus 57.1%, ground glass opacity 29.2% versus 23.8% respectively and none of the HRCT chest was normal. In comparison to the CXR, HRCT chest shows more cavitary lesions in PBC and tree in bud was more common in PCD.

Conclusions: This study has found that radiological findings suggestive of active PTB was more obvious in HRCT than CXR. Presence of cavity, lobar consolidation and tree in bud lesion in HRCT chest were more frequently observed in both PBC and PCD Tuberculosis.
Ultrasound guided peripheral nerve block as alternative to subarachnoid block in total hip replacement arthroplasty: a retrospective study
Authors: Rayamajhi Anuj Jung , Paudel Prashanta , Paudel Subash Chandra , Dhungel Bidur Kumar , Yadav Rupesh Kumar
Published: January 2020

Background: Ultrasound guided peripheral nerve blocks have become increasingly popular in the lower limb orthopaedic and gaining more acceptances in total hip replacement surger­ies too. The main objective of this study was to compare peripheral nerve block and spinal anesthesia for total hip replacement surgeries.

Methods: In this retrospective study, total patients that underwent total hip replacement in our institution during specific time period were included for the study. They were divided into spinal and peripheral nerve block groups, and data were collected for the analysis. USG guided lumbar plexus, sacral plexus, superior gluteal nerve block was done and conventional landmark technique was done for spinal group. Mean arterial blood pressure, total fluid con­sumption, total fentanyl consumption, pain scores and incidence of nausea was compared.

Results: We included 43 patients for the study in which 23 patients were included in nerve block group, and 20 patients in the spinal group. In compared to spinal group, nerve block group had more stable mean arterial blood pressure (P <0.05), less total fluid consumption (P=.000), lower pain scores and fentanyl consumption (P <0.05), and less incidence of nausea (4% to 20%).

Conclusions: Peripheral nerve block can be good alternative to spinal anesthesia for total hip replacement surgeries, with more hemodynamic stability and better pain management along with less opioid and fluid consumption.
Hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation using Macintosh, Miller and McCoy blades
Authors: Deo Gopendra Prasad , Gautam Suresh , Shrestha Indra Narayan , Regmi Bharati Sharma , Shrestha Subin , Yadav Nabin Krishna
Published: January 2020

Background: Direct Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation are essential components of administration of general anaesthesia but trigger major stress response, in the form of in­creased catecholamines leading to tachycardia and hypertension. This study is designed to compare the haemodynamic stress response with the Macintosh, McCoy and Miller blades.

Methods: This prospective comparative study was conducted in 150 ASA grade I and II pa­tients, undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia from March 2017, were randomly divided into three groups using Macintosh, McCoy and Miller blade for endotracheal intubation respectively.

Results: The groups were also comparable in respect to gender, mean age, ASA grade, Cor­mack and Lehane grade, Laryngoscopic intubation time, baseline heart rate, heart rate before laryngoscopy, baseline mean arterial pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure before laryngos­copy. The mean heart rates at end of 1, 3 and 5 minute were 93.58±13.11, 88.28±11.57 and 83.64±10.94 bpm with Macintosh blade; 93.08±12.09, 94.54±11.87 and 87.50±10.72 bpm with McCoy blades; 108.20±13.94, 95.18±12.75 and 93.22±12.32 bpm with Miller blades. Rise in heart rate as well as mean arterial pressure following intubation was greatest with Miller blade, followed by Macintosh blade and least with McCoy blade and was statistically significant (P< 0.01).

Conclusions: Miller blade produced maximum haemodynamic stress response, followed by Macintosh blade and McCoy blade produced the least haemodynamic response, hence the latter is preferable when less haemodynamic response is desired.
Radiographic assessment of mandibular canal in Nepalese population: a study based on cone beam computed tomography images
Authors: Shrestha Pragya , Mansur Dil Islam , Humagain Manoj , Koju Sushmit , Maskey Sunima
Published: January 2020

Background: Mandibular canal runs in the body and ramus of mandible and provides pas­sage for inferior alveolar nerve. Knowledge on spatial relationship of canal with adjacent structures prevent damage to nerve during surgical procedures. This study aims to find three-dimensional relationship of canal as well as its relation with third molar.

Methods: This was a cross sectional and retrospective study conducted on Cone Beam Com­puted Tomography images. The relation and position of canal with third molar and position of canal in vertical and horizontal dimensions were analyzed.

Results: Mandibular canal was found to be progressively descended in 43% of the canals. The canal was located apical to third molar in 61.9% cases and regarding contact relation, 121(56%) of the third molars had no contact with the canal. Buccal cortical plate was maxi­mum at the level of distal root of second molar and minimum at the level of mesial root of first molar and was reverse for lingual cortical plate. The highest distance between upper border of canal and inferior border of mandible was at mental foramen 13.55±2.27 mm and lowest at mesial root of second molar, 8.72±2.59 mm. Minimum distance between superior border of canal and alveolar crest was distal to second molar (13.78±3.54 mm) and maximum between first molar and second premolar (17.91±3.08 mm).

Conclusions: It was observed that canal was interradicularly placed and was by penetrated by third molar in some cases. Thickness of cortical plates varied in various locations buccally and lingually.
Investigation of leucinuria as a marker of progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Pokharel Kabita Khaniya , Pradhan Santosh
Published: January 2020

Background: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide leading to an extreme burden in healthcare system. Insulin resistance plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A number of studies have been done to investigate the role of leucine in insulin resistance. These studies have elucidated raised serum leucine level in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine leucine in random urine of type 2 diabetes mellitus and to assess the association of urine leucine with the progression of the disease.

Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in 187 participants after ethical approval. Patients already diagnosed with chronic kidney disease were excluded from the study. Urine microalbumin level was determined by nephelometry technique, HbA1c test was done by high performance liquid chromatoghrapy and urine leucine was detected by thin layer chromatography method.

Results: The mean age of the case population was 55.7±11.6 years and that of control population was 49.98±13.7 years. Out of 105 cases, 15 (14.3%) of them had leucine in random urine where as only 3 (3.6%) of them from control showed the presence of leucine in their urine. There was a significant association observed between diabetic patient and urinary leucine excretion, P = 0.014.

Conclusion: This study indicates an association of type 2 diabetes and urinary leucine excretion. However, presence of leucine in urine does not suggest the progression of the disease.
Correlation of peak expiratory flow rate with body mass index in school children of a government school of Kathmandu
Authors: Nepal Archana
Published: January 2020

Background: Peak expiratory flow rate is a reliable data to assess the severity and effectiveness of management in adolescent with asthma. There is no study done in Nepalese children to relate it with the body mass index. The present study tries to find out its relation with age, sex, weight, height, body mass index.

Objectives: To identify the effect of body mass index on peak expiratory flow rate among healthyNepalese school children.

Methodology: Three hundred and ten students of a government school at Kalimati wereincluded in this study. Highest of the three peak expiratory flow rate readings were recorded using Wright’s peak flow meter. Questionnaire were used to find out the pre-existing disease conditions for exclusion from the study population. Weight and height were measured using standardized instruments and body mass index was calculated using formula: weight (kg)/height2(m).

Results: Peak expiratory flow rate initially increased with increasing body mass index from -1SD to +2SD and it declined as body mass index increased above +2SD. Pearson’s correlation r was positive with values of 0.7, 0.65, 0.64, 0.35 for height, weight, age and body mass index respectively. Height had highest positive correlation with peak expiratory flow rate while body mass index though had positive but weak correlation with peak expiratory flow rate.

Conclusion: Body mass index is positively correlated with peak expiratory flow rate. However, mean Peak expiratory flow rate initially increases with increasing body mass index and it starts declining as body mass index reaches overweight range.
Znikające pręty. U progu trzeciego wieku ogrodów zoologicznych
Authors: Jedzok Dariusz
Published: January 2020

In the past three hundred years zoological gardens have undergone a series of profound conceptual and organisational changes. This article provides a brief historical outlook on the evolution of zoos from royal menageries to modern facilities, focusing on its most striking aspect – the gradual transformation from bare exhibitions of animal species into representations of whole habitats. The author presents a few main historical factors leading to that change and outlines possible paths of future development.
Animal Death and Religion: Revisiting Creaturely Vulnerability, Mourning and Sacrifice
Authors: Mitek-Dziemba Alina
Published: January 2020

Choć kwestia zwierzęcej śmierci i umierania od dawna zwraca uwagę badaczy z kręgu animal studies, coraz częstsze jej pojawianie się w obszarze studiów religioznawczych jest zjawiskiem interesującym i stosunkowo nowym, które domaga się rozważenia. W badaniach ogniskujących się na religii coraz więcej uwagi poświęca się ostatnio nie tyle rozmaitym znaczeniom, jakie przypisywane są obecności zwierząt w ludzkim doświadczeniu religijnym (gdzie figurują one jako przedmioty, symbole i ciała), ile bardziej kontrowersyjnej kwestii samych zwierzęcych reakcji na śmierć istot im bliskich. Zdaniem niektórych badaczy, ta ostatnia może być także rozpatrywana jako rytualna i protoreligijna, co daje szansę na rewizję antropocentrycznego ujęcia religii jako fenomenu czysto kognitywnego. Sposoby przeżywania śmierci przez wyższe zwierzęta (jak dokumentuje to etologia), w dużej mierze zbiorowe i ceremonialne, podkreślające cielesną kruchość (vulnerability) i potrzebę wyrażenia żalu w rytuałach żałoby, wydają się bliskie ludzkiemu rozumieniu religijności jako szeregu społecznych zachowań, które stanowią odpowiedź na doświadczenie cierpienia, utraty i tajemnicy otaczającej czyjeś odejście. W tym kontekście istotne więc wydaje się zadanie pytania, dlaczego wszelka próba określenia zwierzęcych zachowań mianem religijnych budzi – wśród większości ludzi deklarujących swoją przynależność do wiary – niemal instynktowne negatywne reakcje. Jakie procesy semiotyczne, filozoficzne i polityczne przyczynić się mogły do uznania, że religia to obszar czysto ludzki, a co więcej, definiowany przez pryzmat różnicy ludzko-zwierzęcej? Czy istnieje coś, co Derrida nazwałby trwałą ofiarniczą strukturą zachodniego myślenia (gdzie pojęcie ofiary oznaczałoby nie tylko powszechną zgodę na przemoc wobec zwierząt, usankcjonowanie faktu ich śmierci na potrzeby człowieka, ale także zamknięcie przed zwierzętami możliwości udziału w tym, co religijne w charakterze innym niż przedmiot ofiary)? Artykuł podejmuje te kwestie, argumentując na rzecz zwierzęcej religijności, opierając się na nieantropocentrycznym ujęciu żałoby w pracach Judith Butler oraz analizując literackie i artystyczne strategie przedstawiania śmierci zwierząt, które poprzez swoje akcentowanie wymiaru religijnego zyskują emancypacyjny charakter, w utworach D.H. Lawrence’a oraz Iana McEwana.
Śmierć muchy. Jedna scena z „Odejścia Głodomora" Tadeusza Różewicza
Authors: Orzeszek Jakub
Published: January 2020

W wyobraźni Zachodu mucha jest pomiotem (abiektem). Budzi wstręt i jako taka przynależy do świata „zwymiotowanego, odrzuconego, upadłego”, który definiuje – na zasadzie różnicy – ramy ludzkiego istnienia. Zupełnie inne wartościowanie nadaje musze Tadeusz Różewicz w dramacie Odejście Głodomora z 1976 roku. W scenie czwartej tytułowy bohater opłakuje muchę, którą zgniótł w dłoni, a następnie dokonuje nad jej ciałem rachunku sumienia. Szkic jest próbą odczytania dramatu w kontekście tanatologii (śmierć muchy jako fantazmat śmierci własnej Głodomora). Zwraca także uwagę na żałobne aspekty utworu, który, razem z Pułapką i poematem przerwana rozmowa, stanowi osobiste pożegnanie Różewicza z Franzem Kafką.
Tego się nie robi kotu, czyli o ciałach martwych zwierząt w sztuce najnowszej
Authors: Pitrus Andrzej
Published: January 2020

The article deals with the subject of art made with body parts of animals. The motive of a dead animal has been present in art since its beginning; in cave paintings and later in Flemish still lives. Yet it is contemporary art that tries to go even further. Instead of representing dead bodies, the artists simply use them. They could be “mere” dead flies, or giant sharks. Andrzej Pitrus discusses taxidermy, which normally is not considered a proper art, but many “real” artists use this technique as well. Some ethical issues are also discussed, because many of the works are nowadays sold for steep prices. Where does the critical art end, and exploitation start? It is hard to answer this question, which nevertheless sould be asked.
Sprawozdanie z X Forum Etycznego „Moralny status zwierząt"
Authors: Urbaniak Marcin
Published: January 2020

Dziesiąta edycja Forum Etycznego, zatytułowana Moralny status zwierząt, odbyła się w dniach 20–22 czerwca 2018 roku w Uniwersytecie Pedagogicznym im. KEN w Krakowie, przy ul. Podchorążych 2. Był to jubileusz, gdyż Forum Etyczne odbywa się – z inicjatywy dr hab. prof. UP Doroty Probuckiej – już od 1998 roku, regularnie co dwa lata. Warto przypomnieć, że temat przewodni każdego dotychczasowego Forum Etycznego był odmienny, jednak zawsze związany z moralnością oraz wartościami etycznymi, jak Etyka i odpowiedzialność czy Współczesne oblicza dobra.

[...]
Emocje wpisane w egzystencję zwierząt: „Między empatią a okrucieństwem"
Authors: Borek Bartłomiej
Published: January 2020

Emocje wpisane w egzystencję zwierząt: „Między empatią a okrucieństwem"Red. Eugenia Łoch, Dariusz Piechota, Agnieszka Trześniewska.Wydawnictwo Naukowe Katedra, Gdańsk 2018(Publikacja polskojęzyczna, wydana w miękkiej oprawie, 360 stron)
Donald Wesling: "Animal Perception and Literary Language"
Authors: Czarnowus Anna
Published: January 2020

Donald Wesling: "Animal Perception and Literary Language"

Palgrave Studies in Animals and Literature.Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. 286 pp.