bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of non-marine diatoms in surface sediments of streams in Socotra Island, Yemen
Authors: Zalat Abdelfattah A. , Al-Wosabi Mohammed A.
Published: December 2011

Abundance and species composition of non-marine benthic diatom assemblages were studied from surface sediments samples of 11 streams distributed in Socotra Island, located in the northwest Indian Ocean. A total of 145 diatom species, representing 44 genera, were identified. The overall diatom communities appear to be the first recorded off the island. Pennales and non-planktonic taxa were most dominant over centrales and planktonic forms, both in diversity of genera and species. The majority of recognized diatoms are of cosmopolitan distribution. The predominant diatom flora in the surface sediment samples follow:Synedra ulna, Synedra longissima, Encyonema caespitosum, Encyonema silesiacum, Encyonemopsis microcephala, Mastogloia braunii, Mastogloia dansei, Mastogloia elliptica, Navicula cryptocephala, Navicula cryptotenella, Navicula rhynchocephala, Navicula cincta, Nitzschia amphibian, Nitzschia frustulum, Nitzschia perminuta, Cocconeis placentula, Pleurosira laevis and Staurosirella pinnata. These are found in addition to the common occurrence ofAmphora coffeaeformis, Amphora Montana, Anomoeoneis sphaerophora, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Cymbella affinis, Diploneis elliptica, Encyonema mesianum, Diploneis smithii, Gomphonema gracile, Gomphonema parvulum, Kobayasia subtilissima, Mastogloia smithii, Navicula minuscule, Navicula notha, Navicula tenelloides, Nitzschia obtuse, Nitzschia palea, Nitzschia scalaris, Synedra nana, Tryblionella acuminate, Tryblionella granulateandTryblionella punctata. Multivariate statistical techniques including detrended correspondence and cluster analyses were used to summarize changes in the diatom assemblages present in the examined streams. The results indicated six major diatom assemblages with a variation in dominant species. Each assemblage reflects distinctive environmental conditions based on salinity preference of the recognized and dominant.
The Cauchy Problem for the Laplace Equation and Application to Image Inpainting
Authors: Jaafar Belaid Lamia , Ben Abda Amel , Al Malki Nawal
Published: December 2011

The moment approach to solve the Cauchy problems is investigated. First, we consider the Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation, and we present a moment method for solving it in the case of a flat boundary. Second, we consider the reciprocity gap concept used to solve the problem of crack detection, as a stopping criterion and we study the case of noise data. Finally, we propose an application to the Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation, for the inpainting problem. Some numerical results showing the efficiency of the method proposed are also given.
Interdispersed Amorphous MnOx–Carbon Nanocomposites with Superior Electrochemical Performance as Lithium‐Storage Material
Authors: Guo Juchen , Liu Qing , Wang Chunsheng , Zachariah Michael R.
Published: December 2011

The realization of manganese oxide anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries is hindered by inferior cycle stability, rate capability, and high overpotential induced by the agglomeration of manganese metal grains, low conductivity of manganese oxide, and the high stress/strain in the crystalline manganese oxide structure during the repeated lithiation/delithiation process. To overcome these challenges, unique amorphous MnOx–C nanocomposite particles with interdispersed carbon are synthesized using aerosol spray pyrolysis. The carbon filled in the pores of amorphous MnOx blocks the penetration of liquid electrolyte to the inside of MnOx, thus reducing the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase and lowering the irreversible capacity. The high electronic and lithium‐ion conductivity of carbon also enhances the rate capability. Moreover, the interdispersed carbon functions as a barrier structure to prevent manganese grain agglomeration. The amorphous structure of MnOx brings additional benefits by reducing the stress/strain of the conversion reaction, thus lowering lithiation/delithiation overpotential. As the result, the amorphous MnOx‐C particles demonstrated the best performance as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries to date.
Regulating Cellular Behavior on Few‐Layer Reduced Graphene Oxide Films with Well‐Controlled Reduction States
Authors: Shi Xuetao , Chang Haixin , Chen Song , Lai Chen , Khademhosseini Ali , Wu Hongkai
Published: December 2011

Understanding the effect of graphene on cellular behavior is important for enabling a range of new biological and biomedical applications. However, due to the complexity of cell responses and graphene surface states, regulating cellular behaviors on graphene or its derivatives is still a great challenge. To address this challenge we have developed a novel, facile route to regulate the cellular behaviors on few‐layer reduced graphene oxide (FRGO) films by controlling the reduction states of graphene oxide. Our results indicate that the surface oxygen content of FRGO has a strong influence on cellular behavior, with the best performance for cell attachment, proliferation and phenotype being obtained in moderately reduced FRGO. Cell performance decreased significantly as the FRGO was highly reduced. Moderate performance was found in non‐reduced pure graphene oxide and control glass slides. Our results highlight the important role of surface physicochemical characteristics of graphene and its derivatives in their interactions with biocomponents, and may have great potential in enabling the utility of graphene based materials in various biomedical and bioelectronic applications.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric CS Bond Formation: Synthesis of α‐Methylene‐β‐mercapto Esters with Simple Alkyl Thiols
Authors: Lin Aijun , Mao Haibin , Zhu Xi , Ge Huiming , Tan Renxiang , Zhu Chengjian , Cheng Yixiang
Published: December 2011

A highly efficient organocatalytic enantioselective CS bond formation reaction between simple alkyl thiols and Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) carbonates is described. The optically active α‐methylene β‐mercapto esters could be obtained under mild reaction conditions with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee). The broad scope and simple operation make this methodology very practical.
Aqueous and Solvent‐Free Uncatalyzed Three‐Component Vinylogous Mukaiyama–Mannich Reactions of Pyrrole‐Based Silyl Dienolates
Authors: Sartori Andrea , Dell'Amico Luca , Curti Claudio , Battistini Lucia , Pelosi Giorgio , Rassu Gloria , Casiraghi Giovanni , Zanardi Franca
Published: December 2011

A catalyst‐free, environmentally benign three‐component vinylogous Mukaiyama–Mannich reaction of pyrrole‐based silyl dienolates is presented, which works effectively in both aqueous and solvent‐free environments. Both lipophilic and hydrophilic aldehyde candidates are suitable substrates, allowing access to a rich repertoire of unsaturated vicinal aminolactam structures with virtually complete γ‐site selectivity and moderate to good anti‐diastereoselectivity. The utility of this technology is highlighted by protecting group‐free synthesis of densely hydroxylated, sugar‐related lactam frameworks. The role of water as an indispensable H‐bonding reaction propeller is demonstrated.
Multiblock Copolymers with Highly Sulfonated Blocks Containing Di‐ and Tetrasulfonated Arylene Sulfone Segments for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Takamuku Shogo , Jannasch Patric
Published: December 2011

Multiblock copoly(arylene ether sulfone)s with different block lengths and ionic contents are tailored for durable and proton‐conducting electrolyte membranes. Two series of fully aromatic copolymers are prepared by coupling reactions between non‐sulfonated hydrophobic precursor blocks and highly sulfonated hydrophilic precursor blocks containing either fully disulfonated diarylsulfone or fully tetrasulfonated tetraaryldisulfone segments. The sulfonic acid groups are exclusively introduced in ortho positions to the sulfone bridges to impede desulfonation reactions and give the blocks ion exchange capacities (IECs) of 4.1 and 4.6 meq. g−1, respectively. Solvent cast block copolymer membranes show well‐connected hydrophilic nanophase domains for proton transport and high decomposition temperatures above 310 °C under air. Despite higher IEC values, membranes containing tetrasulfonated tetraaryldisulfone segments display a markedly lower water uptake than the corresponding ones with disulfonated diarylsulfone segments when immersed in water at 100 °C, presumably because of the much higher chain stiffness and glass transition temperature of the former segments. The former membranes have proton conductivities in level of a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane (NRE212) under fully humidified conditions. A membrane with an IEC of 1.83 meq. g−1 reaches above 6 mS cm−1 under 30% relative humidity at 80 °C, to be compared with 10 mS cm−1 for NRE212 under the same conditions.
Chemical Synthesis of the Englerins
Authors: Pouwer Rebecca H. , Richard Jean‐Alexandre , Tseng Chih‐Chung , Chen David Y.‐K.
Published: December 2011

In the long lasting battle against cancer, Nature sometimes gives a helping hand to researchers to find new drugs for the treatment of diseases and improvement of patients′ well‐being. Englerin A has emerged as a promising anticancer candidate as well as being an exciting synthetic challenge for organic chemists. This focus review summarizes the total syntheses reported to date and the synthetic approaches toward analogues of this fascinating natural product.
Glandular Trichomes and Essential Oil Composition of Endemic Sideritis italica (Mill.) Greuter et Burdet from Central Italy
Authors: Giuliani Claudia , Maleci Bini Laura , Papa Fabrizio , Cristalli Gloria , Sagratini Gianni , Vittori Sauro , Lucarini Domenico , Maggi Filippo
Published: December 2011

Sideritis italica (Mill.) Greuter et Burdet belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is endemic to Italy. The glandular trichomes (morphology, distribution, histochemistry, and ultrastructure) of the plant were studied for the first time, along with the chemical composition of the essential oils. Abundant non‐glandular hairs and peltate (type A) and capitate (types B, C1, and Cx) glandular trichomes were observed both on the vegetative and reproductive organs. The histochemical procedures and the ultrastructural investigation enabled specific location of the main site of essential oil production mainly in type‐A peltate hairs. Particular emphasis is given to the release mechanism of the secreted material in all of the types of glands, and the potential taxonomic value of the indumentum in the Lamiaceae family is briefly discussed. Essential oils were hydrodistilled from flowering aerial parts of S. italica, and 136 compounds (112 in flowerheads, 79 in vegetative parts) were identified. The quantitative prevalence of diterpenoids (43.4% in flowerheads and 22.3% in vegetative parts) was the most significant characteristic of the essential oil of S. italica that could be classified as a diterpene‐rich essential oil according to the classification of Kirimer.
Phenolic Compounds of Abies nephrolepis and Their NO Production Inhibitory Activities
Authors: Li Yong‐Li , Wu Liang , Ouyang Dan‐Wei , Yu Ping , Xia Jia‐Han , Pan Yue‐Xing , Yang Xian‐Wen , Zeng Hua‐Wu , Cheng Xiang‐Rong , Jin Hui‐Zi , Zhang Wei‐Dong
Published: December 2011

Two new, i.e., 1 and 2, and 69 known phenolics were isolated from the aerial parts of Abies nephrolepis. These chemical constituents included 22 lignans, 30 flavonoids, and 19 other phenols. Their structures were determined mainly by analysis of the 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic data. All the 71 isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compound 1 exhibited a potent effect with an IC50 value of 13.7 μg/ml.
Glucosinolate Profiling and Antimicrobial Screening of Aurinia leucadea (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Blažević Ivica , Radonić Ani , Skočibušić Mirjana , De Nicola Gina R. , Montaut Sabine , Iori Renato , Rollin Patrick , Mastelić Josip , Zekić Marina , Maravić Ana
Published: December 2011

Glucosinolates (GLs) were characterized in various aerial parts (stems, leaves, and flowers) of Aurinia leucadea (Guss.) C. Koch and quantified according to the ISO 9167‐1 official method based on the HPLC analysis of desulfoglucosinolates. Eight GLs, i.e., glucoraphanin (GRA), glucoalyssin (GAL; 1), gluconapin (GNA; 2), glucocochlearin (GCC), glucobrassicanapin (GBN; 3), glucotropaeolin (GTL), glucoerucin (GER), and glucoberteroin (GBE) were identified. The total GL contents were 57.1, 37.8, and 81.3 μmol/g dry weight in the stems, leaves, and flowers, respectively. The major GL detected in all parts of the plant was 2, followed by 1 and 3. GC/MS Analysis of the volatile fractions extracted from the aerial parts of fresh plant material either by hydrodistillation or CH2Cl2 extraction showed that these fractions mostly contained isothiocyanates (ITCs). The main ITCs were but‐3‐enyl‐ (55.6–71.8%), pent‐4‐enyl‐ (7.6–15.3%), and 5‐(methylsulfinyl)pentyl ITC (0–9.5%), originating from the corresponding GLs 2, 3, and 1, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the volatile samples was investigated by determining inhibition zones with the disk‐diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) with the microdilution method. They were found to inhibit a wide range of bacteria and fungi, with MIC values of 2.0–32.0 μg/ml, indicating their promising antimicrobial potential, especially against the fungi Candida albicans and Rhizopus stolonifer as well as against the clinically important pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
RASER angioplasty
Authors: Egred Mohaned
Published: December 2011

The experience with a new approach of using combined debulking technique for treating heavily calcified coronary artery lesions with both LASER and high speed rotational atherectomy, which is being labeled as RASER PCI, is described. The RASER PCI approach has been used in three different patients with severely calcified, undilatable coronary artery lesions that were unresponsive to either technique alone, with successful and satisfactory outcome. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
P‐Stereogenic Trifluoromethyl Derivatives of Josiphos: Synthesis, Coordination Properties, and Applications in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Buergler Jonas F. , Niedermann Katrin , Togni Antonio
Published: December 2011

Intermolecular nucleophilic substitution of a CF3 group of bis(trifluoromethyl)phosphanes by a lithiated Ugi’s amine (4) affords both diastereoisomers of the corresponding P‐stereogenic trifluoromethylphosphanes 6 and 7. Separation of the isomers by column chromatography on silica gel followed by substitution of the dimethylamino group with phosphanes or pyrazoles yields the bidentate P^P (9 and 10) or P^N ligands (12 and 13) without epimerization at the stereogenic phosphorus center. The coordination properties of these bidentate ligands were investigated on the basis of crystal structures of the corresponding palladium and rhodium complexes. IR spectroscopic measurements of rhodium–carbonyl complexes 16–23 indicated the strongly electronic‐withdrawing character of these phosphanes. The catalytic potential of these ligands was demonstrated in the rhodium‐catalyzed hydrogenation of olefins as well as in the palladium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation reaction, where high activities and enantioselectivities were observed.
Asymmetric Iodoamination of Chalcones and 4‐Aryl‐4‐oxobutenoates Catalyzed by a Complex Based on Scandium(III) and a N,N′‐Dioxide Ligand
Authors: Cai Yunfei , Liu Xiaohua , Li Jun , Chen Weiliang , Wang Wentao , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: December 2011

Highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective iodoamination of chalcones, 4‐aryl‐4‐oxobutenoates, and a trifluoro‐substituted enone has been accomplished in the presence of a chiral N,N′‐dioxide/[Sc(OTf)3] complex (0.5–2 mol %), delivering the desired vicinal anti‐α‐iodo‐β‐amino carbonyl compounds regioselectively in high yields (up to 97 %) and with excellent diastereoselectivities (>99:1 d.r.) and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). Enantiopure syn‐α‐iodo‐β‐amino products could also be obtained from the isomerization of particular iodo compounds. TsNHX species (X=Cl, Br, I), generated from the reactions between the halo sources and TsNH2, were further confirmed as the active species in the haloamination reactions involved in the formation of the key halonium ion intermediates. A typical haloamination dependency was observed, with reactivity decreasing in the order NBS>NIS≫NCS.
Quality Measurement as a Prerequisite for Improving Hypertension Control in an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Syrrokosta Fani E. , Lampropoulos Konstantinos M. , Papargyriou Ioannis , Papadogiannis Dimitrios
Published: December 2011

Background:

Quality of care provided by the outpatient hypertension unit of a general hospital was measured using quality indicators (QIs) derived from guidelines.

Hypothesis:

Measuring provided quality of care is an important step for improving it.

Methods:

We enrolled 1206 patients with hypertension, 626 men and 580 women, with a mean age of 55.33 ± 12.08 years. Median follow‐up was 47 months (minimum: 6 months, maximum: 349 months, interquartile range). We calculated the percentage of patients who achieved the targets of controlling blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol, low‐ and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, uric acid, potassium, sodium, creatinine clearance, Sokolow‐Lyon index, and left ventricle hypertrophy in echo between the first and the last visit. Patient satisfaction and the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke were evaluated as outcome indicators.

Results:

The BP was controlled in 40% of patients at the end of the study, compared with 11% at the first visit. We did not manage to achieve significant improvement for other QIs. A wide range of hypertensive patients and lack of a quality improvement program are the main reasons for low control rate. During follow‐up, we obtained the increased incidence of cardiovascular events by outcome indicators such as CAD, MI, and stroke.

Conclusions:

Quality measurement shows us that the quality of provided care needs further improvement. Although we succeeded in controlling BP in 40% of patients, we did not manage to improve the other QIs. Modifying our structure and process components, we are working on improving outcome by achieving better control of QIs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
olig2‐expressing hindbrain cells are required for migrating facial motor neurons
Authors: Zannino Denise A. , Sagerström Charles G. , Appel Bruce
Published: December 2011

The complicated trajectory of facial motor neuron migration requires coordination of intrinsic signals and cues from the surrounding environment. Migration begins in rhombomere (r) 4 where facial motor neurons are born and proceeds in a caudal direction. Once facial motor neurons reach their target rhombomeres, they migrate laterally and radially from the ventral neural tube. In zebrafish, as facial motor neurons migrate through r5/r6, they pass near cells that express olig2, which encodes a bHLH transcription factor. In this study, we found that olig2 function is required for facial motor neurons to complete their caudal migration into r6 and r7 and form stereotypical clusters. Additionally, embryos that lack mafba function, in which facial motor neurons also fail to complete caudal migration, lack olig2 expression in r5 and r6. Our data raise the possibility that cells expressing olig2 are intermediate targets that help guide facial motor neuron migration. Developmental Dynamics 241:315–326, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Highly Selective Fluorescent and Colorimetric Chemosensor for ZnII and Its Application in Cell Imaging
Authors: Xie Guoqiang , Shi Yanjun , Hou Fengping , Liu Hongyan , Huang Liang , Xi Pinxian , Chen Fengjuan , Zeng Zhengzhi
Published: December 2011

A fluorescent, colorimetric chemosensor, L1, based on 8‐aminoquinoline, has been developed as a sensor for Zn2+. L1 exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity towards Zn2+ over other common metal ions in a physiological pH window with a 1:1 binding mode. The ability of L1 to monitor intracellular Zn2+ in living cells has been examined by fluorescence microscopy and indicated that L1 is cell‐permeable and biocompatible. We hope that such Zn2+‐selective sensors will find application in biomedical and environmental detection.
Diastereoselective Alkyl Grignard 1,4‐Additions to para‐Substituted (2R)‐N‐Cinnamoylbornane‐10,2‐sultam Derivatives: Influence of N‐Atom Pyramidalization
Authors: Piątek Anna M. , Sadowska Agnieszka , Chapuis Christian , Jurczak Janusz
Published: December 2011

Several typical 13C‐NMR displacements (of CO, C(α), C(β), and Cipso), as well as conformational or energy properties (SNCO dihedral angle, ΔE syn/anti; HOMO/LUMO) could be correlated with the electronic parameters of p‐substituted N‐cinnamoylbornane‐10,2‐sultams 2. Even under nonchelating conditions, the pyramidalization of the sultam N‐atom decreases for electron‐attracting p‐substituents, inducing a modification of the sultam‐ring puckering. Detailed comparison of the X‐ray structure analyses of 2b, 2d, and 2m showed that the orientation of the sterically directing pseudo‐axial SO(2) and HC(2) is modified and precludes any conclusion about the π‐facial stereoelectronic influence of the N lone pair on the alkyl Grignard 1,4‐addition. We also showed that the aggregating alkyl Grignard reagent may be used in equimolar fashion, demonstrating that the sultam moiety is chelated with a Lewis acid such as MgBr2. The Schlenk equilibrium may also be used to generate the appropriate conditions of effective 1,4‐diastereoselectivity. Although the anti‐s‐cis/syn‐s‐cis difference of conformational energies for N‐cinnamoyl derivatives 2 is higher than for the simple N‐crotonoyl analogue, an X‐ray structure analysis of the SO2/CO syn derivative 10 confirms the predictive validity of our conformational calculations for ΔE≤1.8 kcal/mol.
Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Novel 2′‐Aminospiro[11H‐indeno[1,2‐b]quinoxaline‐11,4′‐[4H]pyran] Derivatives via a One‐Pot Four‐Component Reaction
Authors: Hasaninejad Alireza , Golzar Nooshin , Shekouhy Mohsen , Zare Abdolkarim
Published: December 2011

A sequential one‐pot four‐component reaction for the efficient synthesis of novel 2′‐aminospiro[11H‐indeno[1,2‐b]quinoxaline‐11,4′‐[4H]pyran] derivatives 5 in the presence of AcONH4 as a neutral, inexpensive, and dually activating catalyst is described (Scheme 1). The syntheses are achieved by reacting ninhydrin (1) with benzene‐1,2‐diamines 2 to give indenoquinoxalines, which are trapped in situ by malono derivatives 2 and various α‐methylenecarbonyl compounds 4 through cyclization, providing the multifunctionalized 2′‐aminospiro[11H‐indeno[1,2‐b]quinoxaline‐11,4′‐[4H]pyran] analogs 5. This chemistry provides an efficient and promising synthetic way of proceeding for the diversity‐oriented construction of the spiro[indenoquinoxalino‐pyran] skeleton.
An Efficient Synthesis of Optically Active trans‐(3R,4R)‐3‐Acetoxy‐4‐aryl‐1‐(chrysen‐6‐yl)azetidin‐2‐ones Using (+)‐Car‐3‐ene as a Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Shaikh Aarif L. , Esparza Orlando , Banik Bimal K.
Published: December 2011

An efficient enantioselective synthesis of 3‐acetoxy trans‐β‐lactams 7a and 7b via [2+2] cycloaddition reactions of imines 4a and 4b, derived from a polycyclic aromatic amine and bicyclic chiral acid obtained from (+)‐car‐3‐ene, is described. The cycloaddition was found to be highly enantioselective, producing only trans‐(3R,4R)‐N‐azetidin‐2‐one in very good yields. This is the first report of the synthesis of enantiomerically pure trans‐β‐lactams 7a and 7b with a polycyclic aromatic substituent at N(1) of the azetidin ring.
Mef2c deletion in osteocytes results in increased bone mass
Authors: Kramer Ina , Baertschi Stefan , Halleux Christine , Keller Hansjoerg , Kneissel Michaela
Published: December 2011

Myocyte enhancer factors 2 (MEF2) are required for expression of the osteocyte bone formation inhibitor Sost in vitro, implying these transcription factors in bone biology. Here, we analyzed the in vivo function of Mef2c in osteocytes in male and female mice during skeletal growth and aging. Dmp1-Cre–induced Mef2c deficiency led to progressive decreases in Sost expression by 40% and 70% in femoral cortical bone at 3.5 months and 5 to 6 months of age. From 2 to 3 months onward, bone mass was increased in the appendicular and axial skeleton of Mef2c mutant relative to control mice. Cortical thickness and long bone and vertebral trabecular density were elevated. To assess whether the increased bone mass was related to the decreased Sost expression, we characterized 4-month-old heterozygous Sost-deficient mice. Sost heterozygotes displayed similar increases in long bone mass and density as Mef2c mutants, but the relative increases in axial skeletal parameters were mostly smaller. At the cellular level, bone formation parameters were normal in 3.5-month-old Mef2c mutant mice, whereas bone resorption parameters were significantly decreased. Correspondingly, cortical expression of the anti-osteoclastogenic factor and Wnt/β-catenin target gene osteoprotegerin (OPG) was increased by 70% in Mef2c mutant males. Furthermore, cortical expression of the Wnt signaling modulators Sfrp2 and Sfrp3 was strongly deregulated in both sexes. In contrast, heterozygous Sost deficient males displayed mildly increased osteoblastic mineral apposition rate, but osteoclast surface and cortical expression of osteoclastogenic regulators including OPG were normal and Sfrp2 and Sfrp3 were not significantly changed. Together, our data demonstrate that Mef2c regulates cortical Sfrp2 and Sfrp3 expression and is required to maintain normal Sost expression in vivo. Yet, the increased bone mass phenotype of Mef2c mutants is not directly related to the reduced Sost expression. We identified a novel function for Mef2c in control of adult bone mass by regulation of osteoclastic bone resorption. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
The protein synthesis inhibitors mycalamides A and E have limited susceptibility toward the drug efflux network
Authors: Venturi Veronica , Davies Carolina , Singh A. Jonathan , Matthews James H. , Bellows David S. , Northcote Peter T. , Keyzers Robert A. , Teesdale‐Spittle Paul H.
Published: December 2011

The mycalamides belong to a family of protein synthesis inhibitors noted for antifungal, antitumour, antiviral, immunosuppressive, and nematocidal activities. Here we report a systematic analysis of the role of drug efflux pumps in mycalamide resistance and the first isolation of mycalamide E. In human cell lines, neither P‐glycoprotein overexpression nor the use of efflux pump inhibitors significantly modulated mycalamide A toxicity in the systems tested. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it appears that mycalamide A is subject to efflux by the principle mediator of xenobiotic efflux, Pdr5p along with the major facilitator superfamily pump Tpo1p. Mycalamide E showed a similar efflux profile. These results suggest that future drugs based on the mycalamides are likely to be valuable in situations where efflux pump–based resistance leads to failure of other chemotherapeutic approaches, although efflux may be a mediator of resistance in antifungal applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 26:94–100, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20414
Intramuscular nerve distribution pattern of the adductor longus and gracilis muscles demonstrated with sihler staining: Guidance for botulinum toxin injection
Authors: Won Sung‐Yoon , Rha Dong‐Wook , Kim Hong‐San , Jung Sang‐Hoon , Park Eun Sook , Hu Kyung‐Seok , Kim Hee‐Jin
Published: December 2011

Introduction: The aims of this study were to clarify the intramuscular branching patterns and arborizing area of hip adductor muscles with reference to surface landmarks on the thigh and to thus suggest effective and safe injection points for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). Methods: Ten gracilis and 10 adductor longus specimens were subjected to Sihler staining to reveal intramuscular nerve arborization patterns, and findings were matched with and referred to surface landmarks. Using these results, we determined the optimal location for BoNT injection in hip adductors in relation to the long axis of the femur. Results: The corrected, most dense areas of innervation in adductor longus and gracilis were typically 30–50% and 40–50% from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) along the vertical line of the femur, respectively. Conclusions: The most effective and safest point for BoNT injection into adductor muscles appears to be between 35% and 50% from ASIS, where neuromuscular junctions are most densely distributed. Muscle Nerve 46: 80–85, 2012
Team‐based learning
Authors: Michaelsen Larry K. , Sweet Michael
Published: December 2011

In this chapter, we examine the relationship between the best practices of evidence‐based teaching and the principles that constitute team‐based learning.
Evidence‐based teaching: Now and in the future
Authors: Buskist William , Groccia James E.
Published: December 2011

This chapter briefly summarizes what has been learned about evidence‐based teaching in the preceding chapters and calls for renewed emphasis on preparing teachers to teach well and conduct empirical pedagogical research.
Putting Fluency on a Fitness Plan : Building Fluency's Meaning‐Making Muscles
Authors: Marcell Barclay
Published: December 2011

This article presents an historical framework of fluency assessment and instruction, while at the same time advocating for a broader definition of fluency itself. Practical suggestions are made that seek to align reading rate and accuracy, alongside expression and comprehension, with the goal of developing “real” readers.
Vacuum Arc Discharge on Integrally Cold Cathode
Authors: Lisenkov A. A. , Valuev V. P.
Published: December 2011

Initial researches of the existence of a cathode spot on the working surface were conducted in vacuum arc plasma sources of the coaxial design. The moving of the cathode spots on the limited sizes working surface does not give full picture of the development of the arc discharge. This article describes the vacuum arc plasma source of extended design generating the directed belt plasma stream and operating in pulse mode. The researches carried out give additional information about development of the cathode spots of the vacuum arc discharge. It is found that the speed of the cathode spots' motion depends on the cathode temperature.
Mikrowellen‐Plasmabrenner bei Atmosphärendruck
Authors: Schulz Andreas , Leins Martina , Kopecki Jochen , Walker Matthias , Stroth Ulrich
Published: December 2011

Die Entwicklung des Mikrowellen‐Plasmabrenners zeigt, dass eine Kombination von zwei Resonatoren zielführend für eine zuverlässige Zündung unter Atmosphärendruck und einen stabilen Dauerbetrieb mit hohen Leistungen ist. Durch den koaxialen Bereich kann ein angepasstes Gasmanagement mit Hüllströmungen und guter Durchmischung erzeugt werden. Die spektroskopische Untersuchung des Brenners gibt Aufschluss über die räumliche Temperaturverteilung im Plasma. Dazu wird die Verteilung der OH‐Rotations‐Schwingungsbande mit hoher spektroskopischer Auflösung sichtliniengemittelt aufgenommen. Bei einem Luftplasma wird eine konstante Gastemperatur von 3600 K im Kern ermittelt. Sie ist unabhängig von den äußeren Parametern, wie Mikrowellenleistung oder Gasfluss. Einzig das Plasmavolumen passt sich an, um den Energieinhalt konstant zu halten.
Variation in liana abundance and biomass along an elevational gradient in the tropical Atlantic Forest (Brazil)
Authors: Alves Luciana F. , Assis Marco A. , van Melis Juliano , Barros Ana L. S. , Vieira Simone A. , Martins Fernando R. , Martinelli Luiz A. , Joly Carlos A.
Published: December 2011

Lianas play a key role in forest structure, species diversity, as well as functional aspects of tropical forests. Although the study of lianas in the tropics has increased dramatically in recent years, basic information on liana communities for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is still scarce. To understand general patterns of liana abundance and biomass along an elevational gradient (0–1,100 m asl) of coastal Atlantic Forest, we carried out a standard census for lianas ≥1 cm in five 1‐ha plots distributed across different forest sites. On average, we found a twofold variation in liana abundance and biomass between lowland and other forest types. Large lianas (≥10 cm) accounted for 26–35% of total liana biomass at lower elevations, but they were not recorded in montane forests. Although the abundance of lianas displayed strong spatial structure at short distances, the present local forest structure played a minor role structuring liana communities at the scale of 0.01 ha. Compared to similar moist and wet Neotropical forests, lianas are slightly less abundant in the Atlantic Forest, but the total biomass is similar. Our study highlights two important points: (1) despite some studies have shown the importance of small‐scale canopy disturbance and support availability, the spatial scale of the relationships between lianas and forest structure can vary greatly among tropical forests; (2) our results add to the evidence that past canopy disturbance levels and minimum temperature variation exert influence on the structure of liana communities in tropical moist forests, particularly along short and steep elevational gradients.
Double Lateral Band Transfer for Treatment of Traumatic Hyperextension Instability of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Ko Jason H. , Kalainov David M. , Hsu Lawrence P. , Fang Robert C. , Mastey Robert D.
Published: December 2011

Post-traumatic hyperextension instability of the proximal interphalangeal joint may lead to pain, difficulty with initiating finger flexion, and a swan-neck deformity. Most techniques to correct a traumatic hyperextension deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint require a window in the flexor retinaculum, retraction of the flexor tendons, and manipulation of the joint capsule with a conceivable potential for joint stiffness, tendon adhesions, and tendon bowstringing. We describe an extra-articular lateral band transfer technique that utilizes strips of both lateral bands and preserves the functional integrity of the flexor tendon sheath.
The Relationship of Body Mass Index and Abdominal Fat on the Radiation Dose Received during Routine Computed Tomographic Imaging of the Abdomen and Pelvis
Authors: Chan Victoria O. , McDermott Shaunagh , Buckley Orla , Allen Sonya , Casey Michael , O'Laoide Risteard , Torreggiani William C.
Published: December 2011

Purpose

To determine the relationship of increasing body mass index (BMI) and abdominal fat on the effective dose acquired from computed tomography (CT) abdomen and pelvis scans.

Methods

Over 6 months, dose-length product and total milliamp-seconds (mAs) from routine CT abdomen and pelvis scans of 100 patients were recorded. The scans were performed on a 64-slice CT scanner by using an automatic exposure control system. Effective dose (mSv) based on dose-length product, BMI, periumbilical fat thickness, and intra-abdominal fat were documented for each patient. BMI, periumbilical fat thickness, and intra-abdominal fat were compared with effective dose.

Results

Thirty-nine men and 61 women were included in the study (mean age, 56.3 years). The mean BMI was 26.2 kg/m2. The mean effective dose was 10.3 mSv. The mean periumbilical fat thickness was 2.4 cm. Sixty-five patients had a small amount of intra-abdominal fat, and 35 had a large amount of intra-abdominal fat. The effective dose increased with increasing BMI ( P < .001) and increasing amounts of intra-abdominal fat ( P < .001). For every kilogram of weight, there is a 0.13 mSv increase in effective dose, which is equal to 6.5 chest radiographs per CT examination. For an increase in BMI by 5 kg/m2, there is a 1.95 mSv increase in effective dose, which is equal to 97.5 chest radiographs per CT examination.

Conclusion

Increasing BMI and abdominal fat significantly increases the effective dose received from CT abdomen and pelvis scans.
Radiological Assessment of Femoral Rotation: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Chester Lie Wai-Hung , Kwong-Yuen Chiu , Tze-Pui Ng
Published: December 2011

Purpose

To define how the lesser trochanter can be used in an objective manner to assess the femoral rotation in plain radiograph.

Methods

Eighteen pairs of cadaveric femurs from Chinese individuals were used in this study. For each femur, radiographs were taken in the following positions with reference to the anatomical trans-epicondylar axis: neutral position; 5°,10°,15°, and 20° internal rotation; and 5°,10°,15°, and 20° external rotation. Lesser-trochanter index, which was defined as the width of lesser trochanter divided by the remaining width of the proximal femur, measured at the level of its most prominent point, which was perpendicular to the anatomical axis of the proximal femur, was obtained on a Picture Archiving Communication System workstation in every radiograph. Statistical analyses were performed by using a statistical software R (R language, version 2.12.0).

Results

The lesser-trochanter index showed positive correlation with increasing external rotation of femur: correlation coefficient = 0.75 (p < 0.00001). Analysis-of-variance test showed that the lesser-trochanter indexes of Group 1 (20° and 15° internal rotation), Group 2 (10° internal rotation to 10° external rotation), and Group 3 (15° and 20° external rotation) had statistically significant differences (p < 0.00001). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the cutoff value of lesser-trochanter index to distinguish the three groups. By using the lower cutoff value as 0.17, we can distinguish Group 2 from Group 1 with a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.65. By using the upper cutoff value as 0.28, we can distinguish Group 2 from Group 3 with a sensitivity of 0.80 and a specificity of 0.73.

Conclusion

The lesser-trochanter index can be used as a method to assess the rotational alignment of femur in plain radiograph. It is simple, objective, not affected by the factor of magnification, and can be applied to both long and short films.
The Sora porphyry Cu-Mo deposit (Kuznetsk Alatau): magmatism and effect of mantle plume on the development of ore-magmatic system
Authors: Berzina A.P. , Berzina A.N. , Gimon V.O.
Published: December 2011

Several complexes are recognized within the Sora porphyry Cu-Mo deposit: plutonogenic, porphyry (ore-bearing), and dike. They formed since Ordovician till Devonian at the collision, postcollisional, and rift stages of the regional evolution, respectively. Magmatism was manifested at the deposit synchronously with intraplate magmatism, which was widespread within Kuznetsk Alatau and was initiated by the Altai–Sayan mantle plume. In structural position and geochemical characteristics the dike complex is similar to the intraplate complexes in adjacent regions. It formed after the development of the Sora ore-magmatic system including the plutonogenic and porphyry complexes with similar geochemistry and metallogeny. According to the models for the relationship of mantle plumes with ore-magmatic systems, the plutonogenic and porphyry complexes of the Sora deposit developed at the stage of the thermal plume effect on lithosphere, which caused its melting and, as a result, calc-alkalic magmatism. A change of the collision and postcollisional geodynamic regime by the rift one favored the ascent of plume melts, which then participated in the formation of intraplate structures, in particular, the dike complex of the Sora deposit.
Derived moduli of schemes and sheaves
Authors: Pridham J.P.
Published: December 2011

We describe derived moduli functors for a range of problems involving schemes and quasi-coherent sheaves, and give cohomological conditions for them to be representable by derived geometric n-stacks. Examples of problems represented by derived geometric 1-stacks are derived moduli of polarised projective varieties, derived moduli of vector bundles, and derived moduli of abelian varieties.
The inertial regime of drop impact on an anisotropic porous substrate
Authors: Ding H. , Theofanous T. G.
Published: December 2011

Axisymmetric droplet impact on a hydrophilic substrate with one pore of relatively large radius is numerically studied using diffuse-interface methods. The flows above the substrate and in the capillary are fully resolved by a Navier–Stokes solver that accounts for contact-angle hysteresis. Upon impact, the infiltration of the drop into the capillary is seen to follow one or more of the three regimes identified in recent experiments (Delbos, Lorenceau & Pitois, J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 341, 2010, p. 171): complete penetration, partial penetration as a slug, and re-entry with bubble entrapment. The agreement on experimentally measured quantities, such as transition criteria and slug lengths, is quantitative. On this basis we reveal previously unidentified flow phenomena, investigate flow details that are not accessible experimentally, expand the parameter space considered previously, identify the key asymptotic regimes in the penetration transient, generalize the results in terms of relevant dimensionless groups, and provide a further step (using a multi-capillary arrangement as an idealization of a porous substrate) towards the ultimate purpose of such work, which is the understanding of inertial effects with porous substrates, including eccentric impacts. The significant effect of impact inertia is revealed as a spatial anchoring of a stagnation region, formed and persisting for most of the transient. As a consequence, fluid within an upright cylinder is destined to enter the capillary, and this is in agreement with the hypothesis of Delbos et al. in interpreting the amounts of liquid found inside the capillary, except that the radius of the cylinder is 30 % greater than the capillary radius. The remainder of the liquid spreads laterally on the substrate surface, and the slug regime is a consequence of this partition. Numerical experiments also indicate that after reaching the maximum-spread area, the lamella on the substrate tends to refill the capillary and entrap a bubble, unless contact-angle hysteresis hinders the radially inward motion of the lamella.
The origin of hysteresis in the flag instability
Authors: Eloy Christophe , Kofman Nicolas , Schouveiler Lionel
Published: December 2011

The flapping flag instability occurs when a flexible cantilevered plate is immersed in a uniform airflow. To this day, the nonlinear aspects of this aeroelastic instability are largely unknown. In particular, experiments in the literature all report a large hysteresis loop, while the bifurcation in numerical simulations is either supercritical or subcritical with a small hysteresis loop. In this paper, the discrepancy is addressed. First, weakly nonlinear stability analyses are conducted in the slender-body and two-dimensional limits, and, second, new experiments are performed with flat and curved plates. The discrepancy is attributed to inevitable planeity defects of the plates in the experiments.
ON PROPERTIES OF FINITE-ORDER MEROMORPHIC SOLUTIONS OF A CERTAIN DIFFERENCE PAINLEVÉ I EQUATION
Authors: CHEN MEI-RU , CHEN ZONG-XUAN
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we investigate properties of finite-order transcendental meromorphic solutions, rational solutions and polynomial solutions of the difference Painlevé I equation where a, b and c are constants, ∣a∣+∣b∣≠0.
BIRTH–DEATH CHAINS AND THE LOCAL TIME OF BROWNIAN MOTION
Authors: MARKOWSKY GREG
Published: December 2011

A connection between Brownian motion and birth–death chains is explored. Several results concerning birth–death chains are shown to be consequences of well-known results on Brownian motion.
Butterfly behavioural responses to natural Bornean tropical rain-forest canopy gaps
Authors: Pryke James S. , Vrdoljak Sven M. , Grant Paul B. C. , Samways Michael J.
Published: December 2011

Natural tree canopy gaps allow sunlight to penetrate to the forest floor, a major environmental component and resource for many tropical rain-forest species. We compare here how butterflies use sunny areas created by the natural gaps in canopies in comparison with adjacent closed-canopy areas. We chose butterflies as our focal organisms as they are taxonomically tractable and mobile, yet habitat sensitive. Previous studies have shown that butterfly diversity in tropical forests responds to varying degrees of canopy openness. Here we assess butterfly behavioural responses to gaps and equivalent sized closed-canopy patches. Butterfly occupancy time and behaviour were simultaneously observed 61 times in gaps and 61 times in equivalent sized closed-canopy patches across four sites in a tropical rain forest in northern Borneo. Out of the 20 most frequently recorded species, 12 were more frequently recorded or spent more time in gaps, four occurred more frequently in closed-canopy areas, and four showed no significant differences. Overall agonistic, basking, patrolling and resting were more common in gaps compared with the closed canopy. Many butterfly species have complex behavioural requirements for both gaps and closed canopies, with some species using these different areas for different behaviours. Each butterfly species had particular habitat requirements, and needed both canopy gaps and closed canopy areas for ecological and behavioural reasons, emphasizing the need for natural light heterogeneity within these systems.
Aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in adults requiring hospitalization in The Netherlands
Authors: FRIESEMA I. H. M. , DE BOER R. F. , DUIZER E. , KORTBEEK L. M. , NOTERMANS D. W. , SMEULDERS A. , BOGERMAN J. , PRONK M. J. H. , UIL J. J. , BRINKMAN K. , KOOPMANS M. P. G. , KOOISTRA-SMID A. M. D. , VAN DUYNHOVEN Y. T. H. P.
Published: December 2011

Infectious gastroenteritis causes a considerable burden of disease worldwide. Effective control should be targeted at diseases with the highest burden and costs. Therefore, an accurate understanding of the relative importance of the different microorganisms is needed. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and aetiology of gastroenteritis in adults requiring hospital admission in The Netherlands. Five hospitals enrolled patients admitted with gastroenteritis for about 1 year during the period May 2008 to November 2009. Participants completed questionnaires and provided a faecal sample. The hospital completed a clinical questionnaire. In total, 44 adults hospitalized for gastroenteritis were included in the study. The cases had serious symptoms, with 31% subsequently developing kidney failure. One or more pathogens were found in 59% of cases. Overall, rotavirus (22%) was the most common infection. Co-infections were observed relatively often (22%). This study emphasizes that rotavirus can also cause serious illness in adults.
Variation through markedness suppression
Authors: Kaplan Aaron
Published: December 2011

Certain optional phonological processes may apply to any number of the potential targets in a form, yielding outputs in which the process applies to a proper subset of the available loci. Such patterns are incompatible with OT-based frameworks that produce variation by providing multiple constraint rankings. While one ranking may favour exhaustive application and another no application, no ranking favours application at just some loci. The framework presented here, Markedness Suppression, solves this problem:evalmay ignore any violation mark assigned by designated markedness constraints, creating variation by manipulating candidates' violation profiles. By ignoring different violation marks on different evaluations, the full range of attested forms is produced, including ones with intermediate levels of process application. Markedness Suppression achieves better empirical coverage than competing frameworks, in terms of both producing the correct range of variants and modelling their output frequencies.