bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical analysis for dispersion characteristic from time domain induced polarization based on laboratory measurement data of complex resistivity
Authors: Jeong Juyeon , Kim Bitnarae , Caesary Desy , Mun YoungSam , Won Doukheee , Nam Myung Jin
Published: March 2022

Induced polarization (IP) methods can be classified into time domain IP (TDIP), complex resistivity (CR), and Spectral IP (SIP) surveys based on measurement method. In field surveys, TDIP measurements are the most widely performed thanks to the easier and less time-consuming acquisition than SIP. In the meantime, SIP measurements are preferred over TDIP for the analysis on dispersion characteristics of CRs of cores in laboratory experiments based on Cole-Cole parameters. Theoretically, the dispersion characteristics should be common in SIP and TDIP measurements if the nature of used sources in both measurements is the same. However, in real situations, ranges of time and frequency are limited due to limitations of equipment resulting in dissimilarities between SIP and TDIP. Despite the dissimilarities, it is attempted to mutual interpretation between TDIP and SIP data sets in recent researches. We analyze spectral dispersions of CRs from laboratory measurements data of SIP to estimate SIP parameters based on the Cole-Cole model. Using the dispersion characteristics, numerical models with IP anomalies are constructed for numerical simulation of not only SIP but also TDIP surveys. Through inversion of resulting SIP and TDIP synthetic data, we estimate Cole-Cole parameters from inverted SIP anomalies and chargeability decay curves of the inverted anomalies from TDIP. Based on the numerical experiments, we make further numerical tests considering field scale mining and contamination surveys.

This work was supported by the Energy Efficiency & Resources of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea (No. 20194010201920) and Korea Ministry of Environment as "The SEM projects; 2018002440005"

 
Using earth observation products to improve maize price predictions in sub-Saharan Africa 
Authors: Anderson Patrese , Davenport Frank , Baylis Kathy , Shukla Shraddhanand
Published: March 2022

In rain-fed agricultural systems, extreme weather events and shifts in weather patterns can dramatically reduce agricultural productivity. Simple economic models of supply and demand project that reductions in agricultural productivity lead to a decline in food supply and an increase in food demand, which often results in increasing food prices. For millions of low-income households, high food prices limit both food availability and accessibility and decrease household food security. Given this chain of events, policymakers and aid programs often monitor local prices as an indicator of onset food insecurity crises. To improve the monitoring of food insecurity, we examine the ability of several earth observation (EO) products, which are often used to predict or explain agricultural productivity, to predict monthly maize prices in several markets throughout sub-Saharan Africa.

Our work is motivated by three factors: 1) Many regions across sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing changes in weather patterns which are affecting agricultural productivity and increasing the frequency of food insecurity crises. 2) EO products are easily accessible and freely available at fine scale spatial resolutions and high-dimensional temporal scales. Yet, they have not been fully utilized and implemented in routine international food price outlooks. 3) Price movements provide important information on the demand and supply of staple foods and are key insights to the onset of food insecurity. However, in developing countries, price data is often difficult to obtain, infrequently collected, and often has several missing observations.

In this paper we use EO products that capture temperature, precipitation, evaporative demand, and the density of vegetation as model inputs. We incorporate these inputs in two types of unsupervised machine learning models to predict market level monthly maize prices, namely tree-based methods and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO). We compare the performance of these models to the univariate commonly used Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. We find that the incorporation of EO products in some markets outperforms the univariate prediction models. We also find that the use of EO products has a varying degree of influence on predictive accuracy. To further understand these results and determine which EO products are most predictive of market prices we analyze the associations between predictive errors, model parameters, and spatial characteristics of the environment surrounding each market.  
An  Assessment of Arctic Sea Ice Intra-Annual Probabilistic Prediction Skill Using the Regional Arctic System Model
Authors: Maslowski Wieslaw , Lee Younjoo , Craig Anthony , Osinski Robert , Clement Kinney Jaclyn
Published: March 2022

The Regional Arctic System Model (RASM) has been developed and used for modeling of past to present and predicting future Arctic climate change at time scales from weeks to decades. RASM is a fully coupled ice-ocean-atmosphere-land hydrology model. Its domain covers the pan-Arctic region, with the default atmosphere and land components configured on a 50-km horizontal grid. The ocean and sea ice components are configured on a rotated sphere mesh with the default configuration of 1/12o (~9.3km) in the horizontal space and with 45 ocean vertical layers. As a regional climate model, RASM requires boundary conditions along its lateral boundaries and in the upper atmosphere, which are derived either from global atmospheric reanalyses for simulations of the past to present or from global forecasts or from Earth System models (ESMs) for climate projections. The former simulations allow comparison of RASM results with observations in place and time, and their tuning, which is a unique capability not available in global ESMs.

Within this framework, RASM has been used every month for the past 3+ years (from January 2019 to present) to dynamically downscale the global intra-annual (i.e., 7-month) operational forecasts from the National Center for Environmental Predictions (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2). Here we present summary results from analysis of  RASM predictive skill from these forecasts using the common metrics to quantify model skill in predicting sea ice conditions at time scales from weeks up to 6 months. Examples of possible improvements of RASM predictive skill are discussed, related to optimized parameter space, improved initial conditions and higher spatial resolution. An outlook for up to decadal probabilistic predictions using dynamical downscaling is also discussed.
MJO diversity in CMIP6 models
Authors: Back Seung-Yoon , Kim Daehyun , Son Seok-Woo
Published: March 2022

The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) events can be categorized into four types based on their propagation characteristics: standing, jumping, slow-propagating, and fast-propagating types. While the characteristics of each MJO type have been documented in the literature, it remains unknown whether such diversity is realistically represented in the state-of-art climate models. This study evaluates the MJO diversity in 28 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models. We find that many CMIP6 models reasonably reproduce the MJO diversity although the relative frequency of propagating types tends to be underestimated. When individual models are grouped into the GOOD and POOR models by considering the performance in capturing propagation pattern of the four MJO types, the GOOD models show a much stronger relationship between MJO type and underlying sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, especially for standing and fast-propagating types. We find a systematic difference in the model biases in the climatological mean SST and column water vapor between the GOOD and POOR models, with the POOR models exhibiting much stronger cold and dry biases over the equatorial western Pacific. Our results suggest that the MJO diversity can be improved by reducing model mean bias.
Effect of ammonium sulfate on the absorbance spectra of acoustically levitated brown carbon containing droplets
Authors: Jones Stephanie , Donaldson D. James
Published: March 2022

Light absorbing organic aerosol such as brown carbon can impact the climate through warming. Atmospheric processing including evaporation and photochemical ageing can modify the microphysical and optical properties of aerosol which in turn affects how aerosols affect the climate. Currently the change in microphysical and optical properties induced by atmospheric processing is not well understood.

Previously we have measured the UV-visible absorbance spectra of single acoustically levitated droplets of brown carbon as they evaporate. We measured a shift in the absorbance maximum towards the visible region of the spectrum for evaporating droplets of humic acid and water-soluble extracts of wood smoke aerosol. The shift in the absorbance maximum has important implications for the climate as it results in an increased overlap of the aerosol absorbance with actinic radiation. Building on this work and acknowledging the complex composition of real atmospheric aerosols, here we report absorbance measurements of evaporating droplets containing brown carbon and ammonium sulfate. Initial results show differences in absorbance spectra compared to spectra without ammonium sulfate that could indicate the formation of new chemical species as the droplets evaporate and are illuminated.
How to Prepare Atmospheric Model Data for Publication with the ATMODAT Standard
Authors: Heil Angelika , Lammert Andrea , Ganske Anette
Published: March 2022

Atmospheric Models are a relevant element of Climate Research. Access to this atmospheric model data is not only of interest to a wide scientific community but also to public services, companies, politicians and citizens. The state-of-the-art approach to make the data available is to publish them via a data repository that adheres to the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles(1). A FAIR publication of research data implies that the data are described with rich metadata and that the data and metadata meet relevant discipline-specific standards. 

A very comprehensive data standard has been developed for the climate model output within the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP)(2), which largely builds upon the Climate and Forecast Metadata Conventions (CF Conventions)(3). Nevertheless, there are many areas of atmospheric modelling, where data standardisation according to the CMIP standard is not possible or very difficult. To facilitate this task, the ATMODAT standard(4), a quality guideline for the FAIR and open publication of atmospheric model data, was recently established. 

The ATMODAT standard defines a set of requirements that aim at ensuring a high degree of reusability of published atmospheric model data. The requirements include the use of the netCDF file format(5), the application of the CF conventions(3), a data publication with a DataCite DOI(6), and rich and standardised metadata for the data files, the DOI and on the landing page. 

The atmodat data checker(7) was developed to support data producers in checking if their file metadata comply with the ATMODAT standard. 

We demonstrate the application of the ATMODAT standard to selected datasets from a building-resolving atmospheric model, the "grassroots" AEROCOM MIP, and weather pattern data derived from an atmospheric reanalysis. We explain the practical workflow involved to achieve an ATMODAT-compliant data publication and discuss the various challenges.

 

(1) https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18
(2) https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-201-2020
(3) https://cfconventions.org/
(4) https://doi.org/10.35095/WDCC/atmodat_standard_en_v3_0
(5) https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/
(6) https://datacite.org/
(7) https://github.com/AtMoDat/atmodat_data_checker
Polarimetry-based hydrometeor classification from synthetic and measured radar observations for the evaluation of hydrometeor mixtures in numerical weather prediction models
Authors: Pejcic Velibor , Mendrok Jana , Blahak Ulrich , Trömel Silke
Published: March 2022

Polarimetric weather radars provide the opportunity to derive spatially and temporally high-resolved hydrometeor distributions to evaluate the representation of hydrometeors in the operational Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model ICON-LAM of the German Weather Service (DWD). However, differences in considered hydrometeor types in the model and radar-based hydrometeor classification schemes (HMC) complicate the task. Furthermore, ICON-LAM 2-moment scheme provides number and mass concentration of hail, graupel, rain, snow, cloud ice and cloud water for each model grid-box, while conventional radar-based hydrometeor retrievals indicate only the dominant hydrometeor class in in each radar volume.

In this study, a dual-strategy is proposed for model evaluation. A sophisticated HMC, adapted to the number and types of hydrometeors in the model is developed, which allows to estimate hydrometeor partitioning ratios from radar observations in two steps. First, radar measurements are clustered based on their multidimensional polarimetric signature similarity and afterwards a state-of-the-art HMC is used for the hydrometeor class identification of the resulting clusters. Secondly, the centroids derived from the multidimensional polarimetric clusters and their probability distributions are used for the determination of the hydrometeor partitioning ratios of the individual hydrometeor class. Using ICON's built-in radar polarimetric forward operator (PFO) EMVORADO (Efficient Modular VOlume scan RADar Operator) enables us to simulate synthetic radar observations from modelled hydrometeor distributions. Based on these tools, the dual strategy for model evaluation includes 1) the comparison of hydrometeor distributions derived from the measured and simulated polarimetric moments with the hydrometeor distribution simulated in ICON-LAM, and 2) a direct comparison of the simulated and measured polarimetric moments, which also provides feedback regarding the performance of the PFO and the HMC.

Comparisons of volumetric scans from DWD’s national C-band radars network for stratiform and convective case study days with model simulations revealed e.g. spurious graupel generation around the melting layer (ML). Furthermore, synthetic reflectivity (ZH) and differential reflectivity (ZDR) are too high in rain, most likely caused by raindrop size errors in the model.
Assessing the suitability of remote sensing estimates of soil moisture and land evaporation in Switzerland for a better preparedness for projected drying trends
Authors: Michel Dominik , Burgstall Annkatrin , Hirschi Martin , Anke Duguay-Tetzlaff Anke , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: March 2022

Climate projections indicate an increasing risk of dry and hot episodes in Central Europe, including in Switzerland. However, models display a large spread in projections of changes in summer drying, highlighting the importance of related observations to evaluate climate models and constrain projections. Land hydrological variables play an essential role for these projections. This is particularly the case for soil moisture and land evaporation, which are directly affecting the development of droughts and heatwaves in both present and future.
The recent 2020 spring as well as 2015 and 2018 summer droughts in Switzerland have highlighted the importance of monitoring and assessing changes of soil moisture and land evaporation, which are strongly related to drought impacts on agriculture, forestry, and ecosystems.
The only Switzerland-wide soil moisture monitoring programme currently in place is the SwissSMEX (Swiss Soil Moisture Experiment) measurement network. It was initiated in 2008 and comprises 19 soil moisture measurement profiles at 17 different sites (grassland, forest and arable land). Since 2017, seven grassland SwissSMEX sites are complemented with land evaporation measurements from mini-lysimeters.
Here we analyze long-term satellite-based drought parameters, namely ASCAT Soil Water Index (SWI) derived from an H SAF test data set and LSA SAF Meteosat land evaporation products. We compare the satellite-based datasets with the SwissSMEX in-situ measurements of soil moisture and lysimeter land evaporation. The comparison of in-situ soil moisture and land evaporation data with the satellite parameters shows strong agreement in terms of anomalies. SWI indicates high correlations of 0.6 to 0.8 with in-situ measurements. The Meteosat land evaporation products strongly agree with measurements, with correlations of 0.7 and 0.9 for potential and actual land evaporation, respectively (Burgstall et al.).
These analyses provide useful insights in order to provide near-real time monitoring, enhance process understanding and for a better preparedness for future droughts.

References:
Burgstall, A. et al., Climatological drought monitoring in Switzerland using EUMETSAT SAF satellite products, Remote Sensing, in preparation.
Intensity-dependence of interarrival times and run lengths in multifractal rainfall
Authors: Carsteanu Alin-Andrei , Langousis Andreas , Deidda Roberto
Published: March 2022

Mass scaling of atmospheric precipitation has been successfully characterized by multifractal frameworks in the literature dedicated to this subject. However, the dependence of the statistics of interarrival times and run lengths on the employed detection threshold, as theoretically predicted by multiplicative cascade models with different degrees of multifractality, is yet another aspect of interest when such models are being used for the purpose of rainfall modelling. It must be noted that interarrival times and run lengths are complementary variables, by representing uninterrupted time intervals above and below the detection threshold, respectively. The present communication deals with the intricacies of parametrizing and validating those aspects of multifractal rainfall models.
Xylem sap flow density along the radial profile is strongly reduced by repeated drought in mature spruce but not in beech
Authors: Gebhardt Timo , Hesse Benjamin , Hikino Kyohsuke , Grams Thorsten , Häberle Karl-Heinz
Published: March 2022

The past decade with the drought years of 2015, 2018 and 2019 in Central Europe revealed strikingly the devastating consequences of severe and repeated drought/heat events on forest ecosystems. Nevertheless, responses of the water balance of trees and forest stands to such repeated drought events and subsequent recovery are poorly understood. The estimation of the water consumption of trees and forest ecosystems is a crucial part of many process-based models, especially under severe drought events. One major factor for the calculation of the water consumption per tree by xylem sap flow measurements is the radial profile of the xylem sap flow density decreasing towards the inner part of the sapwood. However such profiles are very scarce, especially under repeated and severe drought events.

Here, we present the changes of the profile of xylem sap flow density of European beech and Norway spruce within a five-year throughfall-exclusion (TE) experiment and a subsequent recovery. Two different methods were used to measure the xylem sap flow density up to 8cm sapwood depth, i.e. the heat dissipation and heat field deformation method. In beech, there was no difference in the linear radial profile between the TE and the CO (control) trees. However, under drought, for spruce the xylem sap flow density was strongly reduced along the profile by about 48 ± 16 % and the profile changed to an exponential decrease compared to the linear decrease for CO trees. Even two years upon drought release, the profile has not recovered. The reduction in the xylem sap flow density profile of drought stressed spruce was accompanied by heavy loss of fine roots and a reduction of the leaf area.

The use of standardized xylem sap flow profiles without the consideration of drought induced changes would lead to an overestimation of the water consumption of more than 30%. These results stress the importance of the radial profile measurements for the calculation of water balance of trees and thus forest ecosystems.
Can interannual to decadal variability help increase the accuracy of climate sensitivity estimates?
Authors: Boschat Ghyslaine , Power Scott , Colman Robert
Published: March 2022

Climate sensitivity refers to the amount of global surface warming that will occur in response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations when compared to pre-industrial levels. Understanding climate sensitivity and reducing uncertainty in the estimation of climate sensitivity are therefore critical to reducing spread in projected climate change under given scenarios. The aim of this study is to estimate real-world Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) by exploiting relationships found between observable parameters and the magnitude of climate change. We develop an emergent constraint based on surface temperature variability, which we test using preindustrial control and historical simulations from CMIP5 and CMIP6 models. We estimate the relationship between model-to-model differences (M2MDs) in ECS and M2MDs in global, tropical and tropical Pacific temperature variability, using the various measures of variability on interannual through to multidecadal timescales. We find higher correlations between MDMDs in ECS and M2MDs in the standard deviation of temperature variability in the tropics, which peaks at the decadal timescale, with larger spread in CMIP6 models. These results are then optimally combined to constrain observed temperature decadal variability and provide a distribution of real-world ECS. 
Interactive map of seismic hazard for nuclear facilities, Czech Republic 
Authors: Lukešová Renata , Málek Jiří , Vackář Jiří , Valenta Jan , Fojtíková Lucia , Prachař Ivan , Lachová Barbora
Published: March 2022

The main aim of this project is create an interactive map of seismic hazard of the territory of the Czech Republic and the system of its upgrading. The map will fulfill the recommendation of the International Atomic Energy Agency for evaluation of seismic hazard at the sites of nuclear facilities. It will serve as the background material during the process of approving of seismic safety of nuclear infrastructure. The interactive map will enable also to improve seismic hazard assessment for non-nuclear buildings, facilities and infrastructure. The system of continual upgrading will enable to include the new scientific results in the field of seismic hazard and experience from new earthquakes.

Czech Republic is situated in an intraplate region with low seismicity. The seismic hazard is relatively low, but not negligible. The seismic hazard is evaluated by probabilistic seismic hazard method, including construction of logic tree and deriving of seismic hazard curves. In areas, where no or just a few weak events are recorded, but significant earthquakes can occur from both geological and seismological point of view, the concept of diffused seismicity is applied.

Historical catalogs in weak-seismic regions cover a much shorter period than the average time between the strong (controlling) earthquakes. This cause a complicate evaluation of focal zone maximal magnitude parameter. Hence, a new method of maximal magnitude determination was developed. It uses Bayesian approach combining a priori information from wider region with historical earthquake catalogue resulting in probability distribution of maximum magnitude.

For the evaluation of the local conditions, the new Vs30 map of Czech Republic is prepared. The map combines method of Wald and Allen (2007), using topographic slope as a proxy for seismic site conditions and amplification, and new Vs30 field measurements on multiple locations in the area of study.

References:

Wald, J.W. and Allen, T.I (2007): Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site Conditions and Amplification, doi: 10.1785/0120060267.
Natural processes useful tool in post mining site restoration.
Authors: Bartuška Martin , Frouz Jan
Published: March 2022

This contribution explore role of natural processes in restoration of post mining sites, particularly as concern forest sites restoration.  Extensive metaanalysis of succession chronosequences, reveal that rate of woody vegetation cover recovery in post mining sites is quite fast in fact faster that that recovery of woody vegetation in abandoned filed.    However results from Czechia and Eastern USA show that site compaction associated with levelling and other site improvements substantially reduce spontaneous establishment of woody vegetation.  When ungraded rough and loose substrate is available, the biomass of sites reclaimed by planting is usually but not always higher 5-10 years after planting.  In older plots this difference decrease and succession sites may even show high biomass and faster woody production than reclaimed ones. Caron storage is lover that the most successful reclamation but is comparable to reclaimed sites planted by trees with similar CN ratio of the foliage. Spontaneous site may represent very suitable nursing sites for late succession woody species. Also recovery of otter ecosystem function such as water retention is similar. Several wind dispersal species dominate in site colonization, which vary in their colonization strategy which generate variation in site development depending of distance form source of diaspores. These research indicate that natural processes of passive restoration may be useful strategy to restore forest in post mining sites.
Stochastic Resonance between Climate Variability and Hominin Migration in an Agent-Based Model
Authors: Lemmon Danielle , Timmermann Axel , Zeller Elke , Ruan Jiaoyang , Yun Kyungsook , Raia Pasquale
Published: March 2022

There are many interdisciplinary theories as to how climate variability impacted hominin migration, and subsequently human evolution. One such hypothesis concerns so-called “green corridors,” in which climate and biome variability periodically opened vegetated corridors between habitable areas. The periodic opening of these corridors may have acted as a pump through uninhabitable barrier regions, allowing for more wide-spread dispersal. We present results from a climate-forced agent-based model that furthers the green corridor hypothesis to include the effect of stochastic resonance in penetrating barrier regions. In other words, while it intuitively makes sense that hominins would explore and disperse as green corridors opened up, the potential for green corridors to act as a dispersal pump likely depended on having the right amount of stochasticity (randomness) in hominin movement to resonate with orbitally-paced climate signals, effectively penetrating these corridors and dispersing into other regions. We integrate data from a 2-million-year CESM model, from the BIOME4 vegetation model, and from archaeological archives to create a map of habitat suitability based on a species-specific climate envelope. This habitat suitability forces the agent-based hominin migration model, in which agents seek more habitable areas and the added randomness in that agent movement is varied. While our conclusions are largely independent of species, we show results from a Homo erectus migration simulation. In my presentation I will discuss how stochastic hominin movement, the opening up of green corridors, and climate variability affected hominin dispersal throughout the Plio-Pleistocene.
Danish Climate Atlas view on sea level change in future
Authors: Su Jian , Andrée Elin , Nielsen Jacob W. , Olsen Steffen M. , Madsen Kristine S.
Published: March 2022

Wind patterns projected for the region, together with sea level rise and land rise, call into question our current understanding of extreme storm surges in the Danish coastal area. The Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) will research changes in the extreme statistics of sea level in the twenty-first century through the 'Danish Climate Atlas,' a new national climate service initiative. The study will make use of multi-scenarios, multi-models and multi-parameters approach to focus on the uncertainty of the projected change in extreme statistics of sea level.  Historical sea level records suggest that the relative sea level (RSL) along the Danish North Sea coast south of Skagerrak has been increasing with the global mean sea level (GMSL) rise. However, RSL has been absent in the central Skagerrak-Kattegat Seas, owing to the Fennoscandian post-glacial land-uplift offsetting the GMSL rise. According to the recent IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), due to Antarctic ice sheet dynamics, GMSL would grow more than previously estimated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) by the end of the twenty-first century under RCP8.5. We regionalized the SROCC sea level forecasts for the "Danish Climate Atlas" dataset. Our findings indicate that sea level projections under RCP8.5 result in a > 40 cm RSL rise in the Skagerrak-Kattegat Seas by the end of the twenty-first century, which may necessitate a new adaptation strategy in this region. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the rate of mean sea level rise will exceed the rate of land rise earlier than previously estimated by AR5. We emphasize, in particular, the impact of these new predictions on future severe sea levels in this region. Our findings suggest that this more current GMSL prediction should be factored into coastal risk assessments in the Skagerrak-Kattegat Seas in this century.
Operationalizing Justice in Integrated Water Resources Modeling and Management 
Authors: Yalew Seleshi , Kwakkel Jan , Zatarain Salazar Jazmin , Doorn Neelke
Published: March 2022

Justice in the allocation and distribution of water is one of the most recent topics in the water resources management literature. This topic, i.e., justice/equity/fairness, is especially noteworthy in integrated water resources management where competing needs, sectors, and societal segments are involved in the utilization of water. Although the concept of justice, such as procedural justice, in general and in water management in particular is not as new, the concept of distributive justice and tools and technics for the allocation and distribution of water resources is very recent. As a result, particularly tools and techniques for the operationalization of such concepts are still lacking.

In this study, we operationalized theoretical justice theories in terms of moral principles into functions and parameters for use with traditional water resources optimization models and frameworks. These moral principles include Utilitarianism (which evaluates measures according to their effect on welfare), Sufficientarianism (which makes sure that each individual gets a sufficient threshold),  Prioritarianism (which guarantees extra weight to worse-off individuals), and envy-freeness (which requires that each individual prefers his share to the share of others).

The result of the study as applied in the case study of the Susquehanna basin, USA, displays undertanding and outlooks of various perspectives of fairness on integrated water resources management among competing stakeholders and needs. Such perspectives are presented together with traditional resource efficiency and/or conservation oriented optimization techniques and methods to highlight synergy and trade-offs in integrated water resources management. We think that the methods and approaches presented here will advance the scientific discussion on the operationalization of justice/equity/fairness in real-world modeling and management of integrated water resources.
Deriving proper electron characteristics in the solar wind from Solar Orbiter observations
Authors: Štverák Štěpán , Nicolaou Georgios , Owen Christopher J. , Maksimovic Milan , Trávníček Pavel M.
Published: March 2022

Solar Orbiter, the latest ESA solar and heliospheric space mission, provides the most recent plasma measurements in the free streaming solar wind across a wide range of the radial distance from the Sun. Electron observations are enabled by the Electron Analyser System (EAS) being part of the Solar Wind Analyser (SWA) suit of instruments. Electron properties are measured in a form of velocity distribution functions (VDFs) with an unprecedent sampling rate of 10 s in the normal operational mode going down to even 8 Hz for limited burst mode snapshots. Regular EAS observations started in mid of 2020 and all data are being continuously made publicly available throughout the ESA's Solar Orbiter Archive (SOAR). Here we present some preliminary user-based methods and techniques of deriving proper electron characteristics from the Level 2 calibrated data set by calculating the required moments of measured VDFs. In particular, we focus on data correction with respect to possible instrument and/or spacecraft related effects. The obtained results are compared and validated by a cross calibration with respect to electron properties derived from the quasi-thermal noise measurements provided by the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument, being also part of the in situ plasma payload of the Solar Orbiter mission.
Geosites, geomorphosites and geodiversity in Putna Catchment, Vrancea, Romania
Authors: Necula Nicușor , Niculiță Mihai , Vasiliniuc Ionuț
Published: March 2022

Vrancea region is one of the most impressive and diverse areas within Romania, located in the most active tectonic setting of the country, being defined by an uplift in the upland and subsidence in the lowland. The administrative and historic region spreads from the Carpathians Mountains to the Subcarphatians and to the Romanian Plain.

The Putna catchment is the primary hydrographic basin that drains the area. It has a density and variety of geosites and geomorphosites that are comparably high, taking into account that the Carpathians in this area are under 1800 m. Moreover, the lithology and the geological settings are characterized only by sedimentary rocks. However, the sedimentary rocks under the long-term action of erosion and the morphoclimatic processes led to the growth of such impressive landscapes, respectively geosites and geomorphosites.

Hence we compiled an inventory of more than 20 geosites and geomorphosites, which cover more than 1000 hectares and show the potential of the basin resources. One of the unique features of the catchment is its biodiversity, as the Vrancea region is home to several protected areas for carnivores, including the large ones. These sites are essential areas for biodiversity conservation. They are also ideal areas for practicing forms of eco-tourism, vital resources whose potential should appropriately be assessed for future sustainable development within the Putna catchment.
Probing the unfathomable: ensemble boosting for physical climate storylines of unseen heat extremes
Authors: Fischer Erich , Beyerle Urs , Gessner Claudia , Lehner Flavio , Pendergrass Angeline , Sippel Sebastian , Zeder Joel , Knutti Reto
Published: March 2022

The Pacific Northwest heat wave is one of a series of record-shattering heat extremes that, based on the previous observational record, may have been deemed impossible. Here we address the question of whether the potential for such an extreme heat wave could have been foreseen using simulated physical climate storylines.

We use a novel approach, called ensemble boosting, in which a fully-coupled free-running climate model (CESM2) is used to develop physical storylines of very rare heat extremes under present-day conditions. In ensemble boosting, the most extreme events in an initial-condition large ensemble for the near future are re-initialized with slightly perturbed atmospheric initial conditions to efficiently generate events that are even more extreme, with the goal of sampling events with magnitudes that have not been seen before.

We demonstrate that, with this approach, CESM2 can efficiently simulate events that reach or even exceed the magnitude and duration of the 2021 Pacific Northwest heatwave anomaly. The atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with the most extreme simulated heat waves in the boosted ensemble are remarkably similar to the observed event. We further evaluate the anomalies in the surface energy and water budgets that contribute to the most intense simulated events. We conclude that based on this approach, heat waves unseen in the observational record can be simulated in models, at least in some regions. After probing this approach for the Pacific Northwest heatwave, we apply it to other mid-latitude regions where extreme heat events of much higher magnitude than has been observed are plausible in the near future.

The ensemble boosting approach is computationally efficient, and it preserves physical consistency both in time, in space and across variables. This has the major advantages that the drivers can be directly evaluated against observed events and the generated storylines can be used in impact studies that require physical consistency, e.g. for the evaluation of humid heatwaves or compound events, for assessing wildfire risks or for ecosystem modelling.
Evaluation of positioning accuracy with the use of sports watches equipped with GNSS modules
Authors: Kazmierski Kamil , Mikos Marcin , Wachulec Natalia
Published: March 2022

It is difficult to imagine today's world without Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The dynamic development of GNSS has contributed to the fact that current users are able to use four global systems that use more than 120 satellites. This progress was related not only to the space segment but also to the user segment. Modern technology and miniaturization have resulted in the users' disposal of different types of GNSS receivers, including geodetic receivers, gaining popularity low-cost receivers, or other devices using the GNSS signal, such as smartphones, sports trackers, or sports watches.

Modern sports watches are equipped with many sensors, among which GNSS chipsets play an important role. Those GNSS chipsets make it possible to determine the distance traveled and other related parameters that are important from the point of view of athletes. The most modern constructions can track several constellations at the same time. However, it is difficult to find reliable information to determine the actual quality of positioning by these low-cost GNSS receivers. Most of the works use comparative methods of watches and visual analysis of the route covered. Due to the above-mentioned gap in this area, the positioning quality of leading manufacturers of sports watches was assessed in this study.

Ten sports watches from Garmin, Polar, and Suunto were assessed in the study regarding the geodetic grade GNSS Trimble receiver. The watches were evaluated in three experiments: field positioning experiment, distance accuracy experiment conducted on the athletics track, and the accuracy of the altitude determination conducted on the 37 m high tower. The tests were performed for all the GNSS system options available in watches. The best positioning quality was obtained for the Polar M430 watch that uses only GPS for which almost all recorded epochs obtain positioning accuracy better than 5 m. When measuring distance, most watches had a result that was less than 1% from the theoretical value. Garmin Vivoactive 4s achieved the best results in height determination. For 11 different measured levels, located about 3 m apart, it obtained an average difference equal to 0.48 m. The results show also that the use of the additional GNSS system degrades the obtained results in some cases.
Most River Basins will Follow their Budyko Curves under Global Warming
Authors: Jaramillo Fernando , Piemontese Luigi , Berghuijs Wouter , WAng-Erlandsson Lan , Greve Peter
Published: March 2022

The Budyko framework consists of a curvilinear relationship between the evaporative ratio (i.e., actual evaporation over precipitation) and the aridity index (potential evaporation over precipitation) and defines evaporation’s water and energy limits. A basin’s movement within the Budyko space illustrates its hydroclimatic change and can help identify the main drivers of change. Basins are expected to move along their Budyko curves when only long-term changes in the aridity index drive changes in the evaporative ratio. We hypothesize that the increasing effects of global warming on the hydrological cycle will cause basins to move along their Budyko curves. To test our hypothesis, we quantify the movement in Budyko space of 353 river basins from 1901 to 2100 based on the outputs of nine models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project - Phase 5 (CMIP5). We find that significant increases in potential evaporation due to global warming will lead to basins moving primarily horizontally in Budyko space accompanied by minor changes in the evaporative ratio. However, 37% of the basins will still deviate from their Budyko curve trajectories, with less evaporation than expected by the framework. We elaborate on how land-use change, vegetation changes, or shifts in precipitation or snow to rain ratios can explain these deviations.
Drought Risk Mapping in Iran Using Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Aghighi Hossein , Ansari Amoli Abdolreza , Lopez-Baeza Ernesto
Published: March 2022

A drought risk map has been prepared at the national scale using remote sensing satellite data in Iran by combining output layers resulted from three main components of a risk evaluation procedure including Hazard Quantification (HQ), Vulnerability Assessment (VA) and Identification of Elements at Risk (IER). In this respect, Drought Severity (DS) using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Iran land-cover classification map, Iran slope map, population density and irrigated farm percentage in each province are the layers that have been utilised within a Drought Risk Evaluation (DRE) process. The final risk map demonstrates that the north west of the country with a climate corresponding to central European weather conditions has the maximum quantity of drought risk, and the areas with the arid climate mainly located in the middle of Iran have the least amount of drought risk value. The outputs of this research assimilated with the results of a Drought Risk Analysis (DRA) prepared by other disciplines will provide a list of advices to help decision makers to reduce drought risk consequences. Adding other significant satellite data such as precipitation, temperature, soil moisture, drainage density and ground water table will enable researchers to evaluate and map drought risk more accurately.
Propagating uplift controls on high-elevation, low-relief landscape formation in Southeast Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yuan Xiaoping , Huppert Kim , Braun Jean , Shen Xiaoming , Liu-Zeng Jing , Guerit Laure , Wolf Sebastian , Zhang Junfeng , Jolivet Marc
Published: March 2022

High-elevation, low-relief surfaces are widespread in many mountain belts. However, the origin of these surfaces has long been debated, with previous studies proposing that they either represent a relict low-relief surface, uplifted and eroded by a wave of upstream incision instigated by a Cenozoic increase in rock uplift, or that they formed by tectonic shortening and consequent drainage reorganization. In particular, the Southeast (SE) Tibetan Plateau has extensive low-relief surfaces perched above deep valleys and in the headwaters of three of the world’s largest rivers (Salween, Mekong and Yangtze). Various geologic data, synthesized low-temperature thermochronologic data, and geodynamic models show that many mountain belts grow first to a certain height and then laterally in an outward propagation sequence. By translating this information into a kinematic propagating uplift function in a landscape evolution model, we propose that the high-elevation, low-relief surfaces in the SE Tibetan Plateau are simply a consequence of mountain growth and do not require a special process to form. The propagating uplift forms an elongated river network geometry with broad high-elevation, low-relief headwaters and interfluves that persist for tens of millions of years, consistent with the observed geochronology. We suggest that the low-relief interfluves can be long-lived because of their unusually/unproportionally small drainage area in comparison with the large mainstem rivers. The propagating uplift also produces spatial and temporal exhumation patterns and river profile morphologies that match observations. Our modeling therefore reconciles geomorphic observations with geodynamic models of uplift of the SE Tibetan Plateau, and provides a simple mechanism to explain low-relief surfaces observed in several mountain belts on Earth.
AASCO – Arena for gap analysis of the existing Arctic science co-operations
Authors: Lappalainen Hanna , Petäjä Tuukka , Vihma Timo , Baklanov Alexander , Chalov Sergey , Qiu Yubao , Guo Huadong , Kasimov Nikolay , Berkman Paul , Lihavainen Heikki , Kulmala Markku
Published: March 2022

A deep understanding of the land - atmosphere - ocean feedbacks and interactions is required to make impact on the sustainable and just development of the Arctic region. The science based knowledge of the Arctic environments would lead to improved mitigation and adaptation plans, sustainable services for the Arctic communities and stakeholders and to well targeted policy actions. At the same time with the science approach we need a process of making  policies acceptable and normative to the people living in the Artic.  AASCO – “Arena gap  analysis of the existing Arctic science co-operations” highlights key areas for the Arctic interactions – feedbacks research from the atmospheric, oceanic, cryospheric and social perspectives, and summarizes the potential improvements stemming from the holistic understanding of the Arctic climate system. Furthermore, AASCO aims to provide an outlook and benefits of the bridges between other international approaches like Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) Program, University of Arctic network (U-Arctic), The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme of WMO, Sustainable Arctic Observation Network (SAON) e.g  it’s strategy process called “ROADS” and the Digital Belt and Road (DBAR) program and, in general, of bridges between research and society impact.