bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Localization in the Thalamus and Hypothalamus.∗
Authors: Clark W. E. Le Gros
Published: August 2008

The sensory material which provides the essential data for conscious activity is conveyed to the higher functional levels of the brain by impulses which stream up the olfactory tracts, the optic tracts, and the tracts of the brain-stem and spinal cord. With the exception only of the olfactory impulses, all these sensory impulses are filtered through the thalamic region of the brain, or diencephalon, before they can be relayed to the cerebral cortex which forms the anatomical substratum of the more elaborate mental processes. It is an interesting fact that, while the functional localization in the cerebral cortex and the functional localization in regard to the numerous fibre tracts in the brain-stem and spinal cord have been established in quite considerable detail by anatomical, physiological and clinical studies extending over many years, the localization and the connections of the various relay mechanisms in the diencephalon still remain obscure. Since the nature of the sensory material which is delivered to the cerebral cortex depends ultimately on the influences and modifications which may be imposed on the afferent impulses during their passage through the diencephalon, it becomes a matter of extreme importance, from the point of view of the study of the physiology of sensation and of psychological interpretation of sensory experience, that attention should be concentrated on this diencephalic mechanism. The minute anatomy of the diencephalon has recently been worked out in great detail, and it is now the task of the anatomist, physiologist and clinician to discover the functional significance of the numerous cell groups and fibre tracts which have been defined.
The Hæmatology of Convulsions
Authors: Guirdham Arthur , Oxon D.M. , Pettit A. M.
Published: August 2008

The theme of this essay is not new. It is humbly suggested that the method involved in it, while not original, is not usual. We have employed no original technique and formulated no new doctrine. We claim to have approached the subject in the appropriate, inevitably laborious fashion.
Serum Calcium in Prolonged Narcosis
Authors: Hennelly T. J. , Yates E. D.
Published: August 2008

Investigations into the possible causes of toxic symptoms arising during the course of prolonged somnifaine narcosis showed that a fall in serum calcium occurred during the course of the treatment (1). Previous investigations on blood calcium (3, 4, 5, 6, 15) made it clear that during barbiturate narcosis there was a fall of 10–20% of the normal value. Observations, however (7, 8, 9, 10), that therapeutic exhibition of insulin resulted in an increase in serum calcium suggested that no gross abnormality in calcium level was to be expected during the modified somnifaine-insulin-glucose treatment (2) practised in this hospital. The investigations here reported were undertaken to determine what fall in serum calcium occurred during this modified treatment, and to determine whether this fall was sufficient to cause toxic symptoms. If so the advisability of taking steps to avoid them could then be considered. The investigations showed a definite lowering in serum calcium during the course of treatment of psychotic patients by this method, and they suggested that somnifaine and insulin are only pseudo-antagonistic in their effect upon calcium metabolism. In the ten cases reported, a fall in serum calcium of from 3–20% has invariably been observed, the maximum being reached four to seven days after the beginning of the treatment.
Psychological Aspects
Authors: MacDonald J. H.
Published: August 2008

It was with some diffidence that I agreed to contribute towards this discussion because I felt that, having had no personal experience of the use of hypnotic drugs in the modern method of prolonged narcosis, anything I might say might be held by some to be spoken without authority.
The Law and the Present Position of Psychiatry
Authors: Collins Michael Abdy
Published: August 2008

My first duty is to thank you for the honour you have conferred on me in electing me President, and to welcome you all on your visit to East Kent and Folkestone for, I think, the first time in the history of the Association.
Chronic Mania
Authors: Cameron Kenneth
Published: August 2008

Originally used to describe any case of dementia with chronic excitement, the term “chronic mania” has been limited in its application to a group of cases described by Schott and others during this century. In the main, they apply it to cases of mania developed after the age of 40, and differing from an acute attack chiefly in their long duration. In the cases I describe I have confined myself to this usage, and have not included constitutional fluctuating hypomanics who have manifested this after their youth onwards, nor do I include prolonged manic phases in circular manic-depressive cases.
Therapeutic Attempts in Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Tómasson Helgi
Published: August 2008

The investigations on which is based the form of therapy presented in this paper being partly several years old, and partly published in Scandinavian languages, it will be of advantage to review them briefly.
The Seventeenth Maudsley Lecture: The Biology of Social Life
Authors: Langdon-Brown Walter
Published: August 2008

I appreciate very deeply the honour of being invited to deliver this the seventeenth Maudsley Memorial Lecture. I also feel the responsibility of adequately fulfilling a task so well carried out by my predecessors and so brilliantly initiated by Sir James Crichton-Browne. I never had the privilege of knowing Henry Maudsley, but Sir James's description of his fellow York-shireman as having “a dash of Wuthering Heights about him” illuminated him for me as by a flash of lightning. It has been said that his last book, Organic to Human, embodies his philosophy, which may be summed up in the principle of unity of the human organism and its continuity with the rest of Nature's processes. His Pathology of Mind also bears abundant testimony to his deep and life-long interest in the subject on which with some temerity I am venturing to address you. Whether I should have been rash enough to do so in his presence is another matter. I recall the fate of “a certain clergyman” whom Dr. Samuel Johnson blasted into silence by a single thunderbolt, and I fear that Dr. Henry Maudsley's keen and logical mind would pounce on some loose joints in my argument. So I crave your indulgence.
Some Observations on Endocrines in the Emotional Psychoses
Authors: Clegg J. L.
Published: August 2008

It has long been recognized that disturbances of the thyroid, such as cretinism, myxœdema and some cases of Graves's disease, can give rise to mental symptoms. Of recent years, however, other endocrinopathies have been investigated from the psychological standpoint, and in nearly all cases evidence of some abnormality has been found. For example, Werner (1) examined 53 castrates, 48 cases of involutional melancholia, and 96 women of menopausal age, and found marked similarity between the mental symptoms occurring at the menopause and those in involutional melancholia, and presumed that they were both due to the same cause—ovarian dysfunction.
The Electro-Encephalogram in Epilepsy
Authors: Golla F. , Graham S. , Walter W. Grey
Published: August 2008

In 1929 Berger (1) discovered that changes of electrical potential in the human brain could be detected through the unopened skull. Since that time the study of electro-encephalography has occupied the attention of many workers, and the literature is already too extensive for adequate review in this place. A brief description of the technique for obtaining an electro-encephalogram, or “EEG”, and a summary of its normal and pathological characters may be found in a communication by one of us (2) on the relation between the EEG and the presence of intracranial neoplasms. The cortex in the region of a tumour was found to produce abnormally slow potential waves, which were provisionally called “delta” (δ) waves to distinguish them from the normal “alpha” (α) waves which are the original “Berger rhythm”. In the same paper a case was reported in which a focus of δ waves was found in the left parieto-occipital region associated with an area of degenerating cortex. The history in this case was of occasional minor attacks and one major fit and an indefinite severe illness in infancy, the only sign being a right homonymous hemianopia in accordance with the left-sided focus. Ether and nitrous oxide anæsthesia are also accompanied by the production of slow waves, but in this condition there is no fixed focus, the whole cortex being engaged in abnormal electrical activity. Since the publication of the above-mentioned results, a case of cerebral abscess has been examined, and the EEG was found to indicate a δ focus similar in character to those which have been found in cases of new growth.
The Differentiation of Neuroses and Manic-Depressive Psychoses
Authors: Curran Desmond
Published: August 2008

The title of this paper will suggest a number of problems which are still the subject of considerable controversy.

Thus, some authorities appear to uphold the general proposition that there is a fundamental and clear-cut distinction between all neuroses (or psychoneuroses) on the one hand, and all psychoses on the other.
Aspects of Temperament in Adolescent Male Offenders
Authors: Young H. T. P.
Published: August 2008

A considerable diversity of opinion exists on the definition of that part of the personality which is known as temperament, and some authorities go so far as to say that no practical advantage is to be obtained in differentiating it from character. Temperament, nevertheless, is the means in every-day use by which strangers provisionally gauge the extent of their affinity to each other.
Psychological Implications of Functional Circulatory Disorder.∗
Authors: Guttmann E.
Published: August 2008

I have been asked to speak to you about the psychological implications of functional circulatory disorder. Unfortunately there is no generally recognized system of the functional disturbances of the circulation. For this reason, and also for want of time, I shall be able to deal only with a few sections of the problem.
Convulsion Therapy in Schizophrenia
Authors: Kennedy Alexander
Published: August 2008

The following account is based on the writer's experience of convulsion treatment at centres abroad, on a review of the literature up to the present date, and on three cases recently treated at West Park Hospital, Epsom. It is published at this early stage in order to make a knowledge of the technique and literature of a method which has already proved itself worthy of extensive trial, available to a larger number of workers in this country.
Clinical Notes and Cases
Authors: Copeland C. L. , Kitching E. Howard
Published: August 2008

A brief summary of this patient's condition was given in our article on “Hypnosis in Mental Hospital Practice “(1), where it was cited as Case 2, illustrating “the great value of hypnosis as a quick method of bridging amnesic gaps”. The hope was there expressed that the case would be published separately in full, as it contains numerous features of general interest. Similar cases appear from time to time in the newspapers, and it seemed to us that a detailed account, showing exactly how the amnesias arose and how the case was dealt with, might be welcomed.
Schizophrenia-Like Psychoses in Young Children
Authors: Lay R. A. Q.
Published: August 2008

The immature psyche of the child is at least as easily upset by both organic and psychological factors as is that of the adult. The slightest fever or digestive upset may, in a child, lead to bad temper, lack of appetite and sleeplessness. In spite, however, of the ease with which minor psychological disorders are brought about, the severe mental disturbances constituting the psychoses are very infrequently met with. Those to be described occur in the early years of life. Some of them resemble serious behaviour and personality disorders; some would seem to be of organic ætiology. Common to all are regressive changes leading especially to loss of recent attainments, and to some disorganization of the personality following a hitherto normal development.
Disturbances of Consciousness After Head Injuries
Authors: Guttmann E. , Winterstein C. E.
Published: August 2008

Among the mental symptoms associated with head injury the psychiatrist rarely happens to see those immediately following the trauma; he is principally concerned with those mental sequelæ that follow recovery of consciousness (E. Mapother). Neither is the neurologist much interested in “cases of simple concussion in which the concussion is usually of brief duration and there is no indication that the brain has been organically injured” (J. P. Martin). Thus they are generally only observed by surgeons, who are usually more interested in other aspects than the psychological or neurophysiological one. Yet these mental symptoms cannot be disregarded if a general view of the disintegration or re-integration of the nervous function after the traumatic impairment is to be formed.
Experiments on the Origin of the Wassermann Reaction in the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid
Authors: Beck A.
Published: August 2008

Whilst it is an undisputed fact that under certain clinical and experimental conditions various antibodies (antitoxins, agglutinins, bacterio- and hæmolysins, complement-fixing antibodies) can be demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid, there is a divergency of opinion about their origin. Whereas some authors (Dujardin and Dumont, Ramon, Descombey and Bilal, Neufeld and Szyle, Nélis) ascribe their presence in the cerebro-spinal fluid to their passage from the blood through a damaged blood-cerebro-spinal fluid barrier, other investigators (Mutermilch, liiert, Grabow and Plaut, Friedemann and Elkeles) believe that the central nervous system or its membranes are able to produce antibodies on their own upon contact with an antigen. In the case of the Wassermann antibody in the cerebro-spinal fluid the question of its origin is of particular interest, because of the occasional occurrence of cases which show a positive Wassermann reaction in the cerebro-spinal fluid and a negative or weaker reaction in the blood. This divergence between blood and cerebro-spinal fluid is often quoted as an example of the independence of the cerebro-spinal fluid antibody.
The Boarding-Out of Mental Patients in the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Stone J. A. W. , Evans A. Edward
Published: August 2008

In the public mental hospitals of England and Wales, over a hundred in number, there is a small proportion of patients who have arrived at a seemingly stationary condition, short of recovery, which, while calling for continued oversight, does not demand a lengthier residence in the hospital, provided some responsible person could undertake that oversight in an ordinary domestic environment.
Determinants of Physique
Authors: Cohen J. I.
Published: August 2008

I. Males.

(i) Object of the Inquiry.

This paper gives some first results of an investigation into types of physique and into the alleged relation between physique and temperament. The problem here is to try to discover a method of measuring the tendencies to a particular bodily build that may be present in certain individuals.
The Estimation of Vitamin C Content of the Urine of Fifty Patients Suffering from Psychoses
Authors: Minski Louis , Constantine N. D.
Published: August 2008

The estimation of vitamin C in the urine has recently been undertaken on a fairly large scale on patients suffering from physical disturbances. Harris (1) and his co-workers investigated 74 hospital patients at Cambridge, and found that 62 (84%) excreted less than the minimum standard, or 13 mgrm. per day. Excluding 19 on special diets, 43 excreted less than 13 mgrm. per day, and the average excretion of 55 was 10 mgrm. per day.
Disturbances of Somatic Functions in Catatonia with a Periodic Course, and Their Compensation
Authors: Gjessing R.
Published: August 2008

My problem is to give you a short review of some investigations we have undertaken at Dikemark Mental Hospital on the disturbances of somatic functions in catatonia with a periodic course (1).
Insulin and Cardiazol: Experiences of the Combined Method
Authors: Russell Leonard W.
Published: August 2008

In 1933 Sakel described the induction of epileptiform convulsions during hypoglycæmia, using camphor and cardiazol. This was not, to my knowledge, followed up systematically until Georgi's work, which started in 1934.
Dangers and Emergencies of Insulin Therapy of the Psychoses
Authors: Finiefs L. A.
Published: August 2008

The insulin therapy of the psychoses as evolved by Sakel (1) was introduced to Three Counties Hospital 16 months ago. The total number of patients treated and under treatment is 74; 56 have had a full course of the treatment in addition to psychotherapy, and of these, 29 have been discharged and 4 will leave the hospital in the near future. A total number of 3,205 hypoglycæmic comas have been induced up to the present in 4,379 patient insulin days. Serious emergencies arose in only 6 comas. One patient had severe laryngeal spasm, another acute ódema of the lungs, and four delayed return to consciousness. No fatality occurred. Twenty-eight patients had 81 fits in the same number of comas. I shall outline briefly the circumstances which led up to the emergencies met with by myself and some published by other workers in this country, and give the treatment applied.
Cardiazol Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Harris Arthur
Published: August 2008

The term “schizophrenia” was first introduced by Bleuler (1) as descriptive of the dissociation and fragmentation of mental processes which he regarded as the chief characteristic of the condition. There is “a detachment from the world without, and a breaking up of normal psychological connections within. The personality is not integrated as in normal people; thinking emotion, and conduct are discrepant and morbid, yet there is no impairment of formal intelligence such as is found, for example, in organic dementia” (Mapother and Lewis (2)). To quote Bleuler (1), “even though we cannot as yet formulate a natural division within the disease, nevertheless schizophrenia does not appear to us as a disease in the narrower sense but as a disease group, about analogous with the group of the organic dementias, which are divided into paresis, senile forms, etc. One should therefore speak of schizophrenias in the plural. The disease at times runs a chronic course, at times in shifts; it may become stationary at any stage or may regress a certain distance, but probably does not permit of a completerestitutio ad integrum.It is characterized by a specific kind of alteration of thinking and feeling, and of the relations with the outer world that occur nowhere else”.
Neurological Manifestations Seen During Cardiazol and Insulin Treatments
Authors: Blair Donald
Published: August 2008

The outstanding successes claimed in the treatment of schizophrenia by two such apparently different forms of treatment as insulin and cardiazol lead to a comparison of their effects on body and mind. Amongst those who have studied the two methods individually are Angyal and Gyarfas (1937), and Georgi and Strauss (1937),
The Scope of Child-Psychotherapy
Authors: Boenheim C.
Published: August 2008

Child psychotherapy must be founded on modern depth-psychology. Exact structure-analysis is the condition for therapy.
Psychological Problems of the Mature Personality
Authors: Brown William
Published: August 2008

The age of maturity may be regarded as having begun when the individual has finally chosen his mate, and is satisfactorily and happily married. The problems of the unmarried and the homosexual are somewhat different, but have analogous solutions.
The Development of Infantile Anxiety in Relation to Frustration, Aggression and Fear
Authors: Stephen Karin
Published: August 2008

This paper deals with the problem of neurotic anxiety, that is of anxiety which is not justified by external circumstances. Such anxiety is explained as a reaction to an internal danger situation created by emotional conflict in early life. An attempt is made to reconstruct the nature of this conflict in the light of evidence based on the psycho-analysis of patients suffering from anxiety symptoms, and the primitive defences called out by this danger are discussed. The conclusion drawn is that these defences, though temporarily successful, are in the long run ineffective, and actually set up a vicious circle which perpetuates the very danger it aims at averting.
Psychotherapeutic Re-Orientation and Religious Re-Birth
Authors: Neugarten H.
Published: August 2008

The methods of analytic psychotherapy, owing to its intuitive pre-occupation with allegory, have always shown a close analogy to religious experience. Psycho-therapeutic re-orientation leads via disturbing experiences, in the course of which hitherto undreamt-of unconscious psychic relationships become apparent, to the expansion of the conscious mind of the patient. There is a psychic catharsis. This process has clear analogies with the initiation experi ences of the ancient mysteries. In the course of psychotherapy things are evaluated from their beginnings in their relations to reality, and the effect of this is to re-establish normal contact with reality. One plunges into the psyche, however, only as far as is necessary to attain this end.
Medinal-Luminal Prolonged Narcosis
Authors: Wilson R. S. , Gillman S. W.
Published: August 2008

Despite the modifications introduced at Cardiff (1, 2, 3), somnifaine prolonged narcosis remains a dangerous procedure (4, 5), and we had hitherto thought that the method could only be made perfectly safe by reducing the dose below a level which is therapeutically valuable. Witt and Cheavens (6), followed by Day (7), have, however, used a medinal-luminal mixture with apparent safety and with good results, and we have followed their technique in 60 cases. A mixture containing medinal 5 gr. and luminal 1 gr. in each drachm is used. The first dose is 2 drm., which is repeated 4-hourly till sleep occurs; thereafter 1 drm. is given as required. The usual methods of nursing are adopted (3, 4), and Day claimed that narcosis could be continued for as long as 78 days with a gain in weight of from 5 to 30 lb.
Histological Changes in the Brain in Mongolism
Authors: Meyer A. , Jones T. B.
Published: August 2008

The investigations reported in this paper owe their origin to a systematic research on the fibrous glia in various groups of mental defectives. A preliminary note on this subject has already been published by A. Meyer and L. C. Cook (1937). For technical reasons the full report on these findings will be delayed. A special publication on the findings in mongols seemed to be desirable, not so much because they are thought to constitute the substrate of the mental defect in mongolism, but because they are so unusual that they deserve special mention. In addition, they throw some light on the findings and interpretations of previous workers.
Some Observations on the Sympathetic Nervous System
Authors: Carmichael E. Arnold
Published: August 2008

Outline of physiology of sympathetic nervous system and its effect on the cerebral blood-vessels. Other factors controlling cerebral blood-vessels, such as local intra-arterial pressure and gas tension. The action of adrenalin-like and cholin-like substances on the cerebral blood-vessels. Alteration in cerebral blood flow during a convulsion, and the accompanying changes in cerebro-spinal fluid pressure. Evidence for systemic sympathetic disturbance during a convulsion. Discussion of “vaso-vagal” attacks and “diencephalitic” epilepsy.
On the Mechanisms of Convulsive Phenomena, with Reference to the Effects of Vasodilator Drugs
Authors: Watterson D. J.
Published: August 2008

It is not known to what extent convulsions induced experimentally by various agencies are related pathogenetically to epileptic fits. There are, however, facts which suggest that the induced convulsions have, in their several mechanisms, points in common with one another and with epilepsy. Thus, caffeine and absinthe both cause convulsions in cats; when sub-convulsant doses of both are administered together convulsion ensues, suggesting that the two drugs operate on the same mechanism (Notkin and Pike, 1931). Insulin hypoglycæmia occasionally causes convulsions; it has been shown that during hypoglycæmia in man there is a lower fit-threshold to cardiazol (Georgi and Strauss, 1938), and in cats to thujone (Keith, 1935). The elicitation of convulsions by electrical stimulation of the cortex is facilitated by camphor monobromide, absinthe (Muskens, 1928), and cardiazol (Santha, 1939) on the one hand, and in epileptics as opposed to non-epileptics, on the other (Pen-field, 1936). Hydration has been shown to play a part in the precipitation of convulsions due to hypoglycæmia (Drabkin and Ravdin, 1937), thujone (Keith, 1935), and epilepsy (Fay, 1929; MacQuarrie, 1929).
Epileptics in the Community
Authors: Fox J. Tylor
Published: August 2008

In round figures there are 11,000 epileptics in public mental hospitals, 3,000-4,000 in institutions for mental defectives, just under 4,000, who are neither insane nor mentally defective, in colonies and residential schools, and an unknown number, probably a considerable one, in public assistance hospitals and institutions. How many are living in the community is not known.
The Use of Sodium Diphenyl Hydantoinate
Authors: McCartan W. , Carson J.
Published: August 2008

Attention was drawn to the important work of Putnam and Merritt by an annotation in the Lancet last year. The results of their studies were published in two papers entitled “A New Series of Anti-convulsant Drugs Tested by Experiments on Animals” and “Sodium Diphenyl Hydantoinate in the Treatment of Convulsive Disorders”.
Creatinine in Mentally Defective Patients
Authors: Penrose L. S. , Pugh Caecilia E. M.
Published: August 2008

The influence of the endocrines on the excretion of creatine and on the urinary creatinine level has become increasingly recognized of recent years. It has, of course, long been known that hyperthyroidism is accompanied by creatine excretion. A recent investigation by Sohval, King and Reiner (1938) found that the creatine tolerance test was positive in 90% of patients with active Graves' disease, but only in 10-18% of controls. Shelton and Tager (1937) showed that four out of five slightly hypothyroid children had an increased creatine tolerance.
Sulphanilamide Therapy in Bacillary Dysentery
Authors: Jones Ellis , Abse D. W.
Published: August 2008

Since sulphanilamide has been shown to be of value in the treatment of infections due to a variety of organisms, it was thought that it might be efficacious against bacillary dysentery.
A Clinical Study of the Mescaline Psychosis, with Special Reference to the Mechanism of the Genesis of Schizophrenic and Other Psychotic States
Authors: Stockings G. Tayleur
Published: August 2008

The experimental reproduction of psychotic phenomena in the normal person is a subject which has attracted much attention in recent years from psychiatrists, and which has added remarkable and interesting facts to our clinical knowledge.
A Rehabilitation and Resocialisation Scheme for Psychopathic Patients
Authors: Wootton L. H. , Minski L.
Published: August 2008

Since the passing of the Mental Treatment Act in 1930 it has been noticed that a number of patients who have been discharged recovered from hospital seek readmission as voluntary patients within a comparatively short time of their discharge.
Studies of Water Metabolism in Essential Epilepsy
Authors: Greville Guy D. , Jones Tudor S. G. , Hughes W. F. G.
Published: August 2008

The comparatively old belief, that the epileptic patient shows a retention of water before the onset of a major seizure and an increase in the water excretion afterwards, achieved great importance from two findings of more recent date : on the one hand, the frequency of the seizures may be increased on hydration of the organism by administration of excessive amounts of water in combination with antidiuretics; on the other, the frequency may be decreased on dehydration either by restriction of the water intake or by other means (see for example Fay, 1929, 1930; McQuarrie, 1929; McQuarrie and Peeler, 1931; McQuarrieet al., 1932; Engelet al., 1934; Clegg and Thorpe, 1935; Stubbe Teglbjaerg, 1936; Ziskindet al., 1939; Hagenmeyer and Langelüddeke, 1939; but contrast Cameron, 1931; Fetterman and Kumin, 1933; Wilson and Limberger, 1933; Stone and Chor, 1937; Pette and Janzen, 1938). It is therefore most desirable that the value of the evidence connecting water balance and the occurrence of spontaneous seizures should be assessed.
Methodology in Psychological Medicine
Authors: Bennet E. A.
Published: August 2008

The development of psychological medicine in Great Britain has been accompanied by a certain feeling of inferiority amongst psychiatrists and psychotherapists. This has shown itself in rivalry, at times brisk and even acrimonious, which may be understood as a striving to obtain the object which another is thought to be pursuing. This state of affairs arises when there is uncertainty of objective; and all will agree that the objectives have been ill-defined and at times nebulous. Here as elsewhere the familiar characteristic has been” muddling along somehow When we come to consider possible reasons for this, one feature stands out, namely, the lack of originality in our insular school of thought. We have produced no Copernicus to revolutionize our methods and systems, and so sweep away intellectual vested interests. To meet the needs at home we have built up a national debt by borrowing. Our source of inspiration has been largely Continental. Freud, a little bitterly perhaps, alludes to ‘1the numerous psychiatrists and psychotherapists who warm their pot of soup at our fire — without indeed being very grateful for our hospitality “(I). The genius of Freud and of Jung lay in speaking from the heart and setting at naught traditional views. Their very different contributions have been so refreshing that many accepted, without questioning, the teaching of one or other of these pioneers. Others rejectedin toto(and often unread) what was described as “the new psychology But a more hopeful note has recently been sounded in this country; for the question of method, or way by which we proceed to the attainment of some aim, has been the subject of numerous contributions; and less attention is being paid to the technique embodied in the method. In this paper certain suggestions upon methodology will be made; and the subject will be examined critically, especially from the clinical aspect.
Has Fear Any Therapeutic Significance in Convulsion Therapy?
Authors: Cook L. C.
Published: August 2008

It is not uncommonly believed that convulsion treatment produces its successes mainly or entirely through the fear which it engenders. This opinion, more often implied than definitely stated, has been crystallized by McCowan (1), who boldly wrote:

“No reasonable explanation of the action of hypoglycæmic shock or of epileptic fits in the cure of schizophrenia is forthcoming, and I would suggest as a possibility that as with the surprise bath and the swinging bed, the ‘modus operandi’ may be the bringing of the patient into touch with reality through the strong stimulation of the emotion of fear,” and “that the intense apprehension felt by the patient after an injection of cardiazol, and so feared by the patient, may be akin to the apprehension of the patient threatened with the swinging bed. The exponents of the latter pointed out that fear of repetition was an important element in success.”
Some Observations on the Psychological Aspects of Cardiazol Therapy
Authors: Good Rankine
Published: August 2008

In a recent paper (1, 2) Abse elaborates at some length the psychological aspect of cardiazol therapy, and suggests, among other things, that “asa result of repeated danger-situations and perceptual stimulation repression and organization (synthesis) follow as a psycho-biological necessity. The convulsion gives rise to objective anxiety and repression results, so that the ego, whose function it is, may deal with the situation. There may be factors (e.g. quantitative) which make this desirable conclusion impossible to establish… . The physician can exploit his relationship to the patient to the latter's benefit… . and he (the physician) can increase his knowledge of the operative conditions in the patient's life by observation of the pre- and post-convulsive episodes.”
A Note on the use of the 1937 Revision of the Stanford Binet Vocabulary List in Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: Brody M. B.
Published: August 2008

The Terman vocabulary test is probably used in mental hospitals more often than any other single test for measuring intelligence. The 1937 Stanford Binet Vocabulary List contains only 45 words selected from the original hundred. There is therefore a temptation to use it in place of the old one on account of its brevity. But this may cause serious errors.
Physical Types and Their Relations to Psychotic Types
Authors: Cohen J. I.
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to test the following two hypotheses:

1.

That the physique of female adults can be regarded as the resultant of two independent modes of variation, one determining differences in size or bulk, and the other determining differences in proportion or type.

2.

That a relation exists between schizophrenia and manic-depres
sion, on the one hand, and differences in physical proportion or type, on the other.
On a Specific Psychotic Reaction of Schizophrenics to Physical Illness
Authors: Hemphill R. E. , Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

The way in which schizophrenics react to physical illness and injury is a problem worthy of study, especially at the present time when schizophrenia is being so widely treated by methods which bring about profound changes of the physical state. Although schizophrenics, recent and chronic, are very susceptible to physical illness and form a considerable part of the sick population of the average mental hospital, this question has not attracted a great measure of attention. A survey of the schizophrenic population of a mental hospital suggests that there is an apparent lack of specific psychotic reactions to physical illness, so that it would seem as if schizophrenics react to physical illness either in a normal way or more commonly with indifference. It is true that certain paranoid patients include complaints of physical disturbances in their systems of delusions, but as a rule, even in these cases, there is no specific reaction to physical illness, which like other experiences enters into the world of imagination in which the patient exists.
Studies in Certain Pathophysiological and Psychological Phenomena in Convulsion Therapy
Authors: Hemphill R. E.
Published: August 2008

During recent years so much has been written about convulsive therapy that it would seem rash to burden still further the very extensive literature on this subject. Nevertheless, in spite of the admirable work that has been done, it cannot be said that the implications of convulsive treatment are fully understood, nor that the fullest possible use has been made of this treatment for research into the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Furthermore, the recent introduction by Cerletti and Bini (1) of a method of treatment with electrically produced epileptic fits has increased still further the scope of research. I have had at my disposal case material provided by the treatment of various forms of mental disorder with cardiazol for more than two years, and with the electrical method in collaboration with Mr. Grey Walter for about six months. This has enabled me to conduct certain investigations of a sort that have received little or no attention hitherto, and to make observations covering various aspects of the physiology and psychopathology of induced epileptic states.
Commentary on a Case of Acute Systematized Hallucinosis
Authors: Nolan M. J.
Published: August 2008

This case is a perfect example of that rare form of mental disorder, acute systematized hallucinosis (sensory insanity) described by Bianchi, as characterized by “hallucinations of several senses, repeated in a uniform manner, determining a range of false thoughts rapidly systematized, acute and curable.”
Cases of Syphilitic Insanity and Epilepsy
Authors: Duncan James F.
Published: August 2008

Dr. James Duncan, a member of this Association, in this suggestive essay, reminds us how recent our knowledge is of the diseased states of the nervous system consequent on the presence in the blood of the venereal poison.
On the Use of Belladonna in the Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: Ramskill
Published: August 2008

We give the following summary of Dr. Ramskill's views on the treatment of epilepsy by belladonna.

“Concerning the treatment by, and action of, belladonna, I will give you, in a short compass, the results of my experience in its use. First, you must not always, nor even usually, look for immediate and palpable beneficial results. The number of fits at first may not lessen in equal times; very frequently the reverse obtains; and you may expect, for three or four weeks after commencing it, even in the most appropriate cases, a complaint that the patient gets worse; but, after six or eight weeks, if any amelioration occur, it will be decided and progressive. At first, the dose should be very small, and gradually augmented until the pupil shows signs of its action, and the patient complains of both alteration in sight and dryness of throat.
The Pathology of General Paresis
Authors: Sankey W. H. O.
Published: August 2008

The term General Paresis, proposed in this Journal by Dr. Ernst Salomon, in place of general paralysis, appears to have been well received. It possesses the advantage of being distinct, and not likely to lead to contusion, and is therefore adopted here.
Prognostic Utility of the 21-Gene Assay in Hormone Receptor–Positive Operable Breast Cancer Compared With Classical Clinicopathologic Features
Authors: Goldstein Lori J. , Gray Robert , Badve Sunil , Childs Barrett H. , Yoshizawa Carl , Rowley Steve , Shak Steven , Baehner Frederick L. , Ravdin Peter M. , Davidson Nancy E. , Sledge George W. , Perez Edith A. , Shulman Lawrence N. , Martino Silvana , Sparano Joseph A.
Published: August 2008

Purpose

Adjuvant! is a standardized validated decision aid that projects outcomes in operable breast cancer based on classical clinicopathologic features and therapy. Genomic classifiers offer the potential to more accurately identify individuals who benefit from chemotherapy than clinicopathologic features.

Patients and Methods

A sample of 465 patients with hormone receptor (HR) –positive breast cancer with zero to three positive axillary nodes who did (n = 99) or did not have recurrence after chemohormonal therapy had tumor tissue evaluated using a 21-gene assay. Histologic grade and HR expression were evaluated locally and in a central laboratory.

Results

Recurrence Score (RS) was a highly significant predictor of recurrence, including node-negative and node-positive disease (P < .001 for both) and when adjusted for other clinical variables. RS also predicted recurrence more accurately than clinical variables when integrated by an algorithm modeled after Adjuvant! that was adjusted to 5-year outcomes. The 5-year recurrence rate was only 5% or less for the estimated 46% of patients who have a low RS (< 18).

Conclusion

The 21-gene assay was a more accurate predictor of relapse than standard clinical features for individual patients with HR-positive operable breast cancer treated with chemohormonal therapy and provides information that is complementary to features typically used in anatomic staging, such as tumor size and lymph node involvement. The 21-gene assay may be used to select low-risk patients for abbreviated chemotherapy regimens similar to those used in our study or high-risk patients for more aggressive regimens or clinical trials evaluating novel treatments.
“The Brutal Music and the Delicate Text”? The Aesthetic Relationship between Wilde's and Strauss's Salome Reconsidered
Authors: Dierkes-Thrun Petra
Published: August 2008

The familiar scholarly view of Richard Strauss's modernist opera Salome is that it overturns the original aesthetics of its libretto source, Oscar Wilde's 1891 symbolist-decadent drama. A close reconsideration of the presumed opposition between the two works, however, shows that despite seemingly divergent styles, they share major formal and thematic characteristics. Responding in tandem to the metaphysical crisis of modernity, both aim systematically to replace metaphysical purpose and sublime religious experience with physical sensation and secular ecstasy, to corporealize affect, and to glorify amoral modern individualism as embodied by the perverse Salome. Some important yet little-analyzed contemporary reviews of the play and the opera in Germany and Austria from 1905 to 1907 already noted such correspondences. They interpreted Strauss's choices as direct aesthetic corollaries to Wilde's, illustrating that contemporary audiences understood Wilde's and Strauss's projects as compatible and complementary rather than divergent, as later scholars have argued. At a time when the relationship between the symbolist-decadent and modernist aesthetics was very much in flux, Wilde's and Strauss's goal in Salome turned out to be the same: to manufacture secular sublimity by modern aesthetic means.
Separation of Nonconvex Sets with General Augmenting Functions
Authors: Nedić Angelia , Ozdaglar Asuman
Published: August 2008

In this paper, we consider two geometric optimization problems that are dual to each other and characterize conditions under which the optimal values of the two problems are equal. This characterization relies on establishing separation results for nonconvex sets using general concave surfaces defined in terms of convex augmenting functions. We prove separation results for augmenting functions that are bounded from below, unbounded augmenting functions, and asymptotic augmenting functions.
Adult progenitor cells in vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis
Authors: Hristov Mihail , Zernecke Alma , Schober Andreas , Weber Christian
Published: August 2008

The mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow-derived, circulating or tissue resident progenitor cells giving rise to smooth muscle-like cells have been implicated in neointima hyperplasia after arterial injury and in accelerated forms of arterial lesion formation, e.g., transplant arteriopathy or graft vasculopathy. By contrast, convincing evidence has emerged that the vascular homing of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contributes to endothelial recovery, thus limiting neointima formation after arterial injury. In the chronic context of primary atherosclerosis, plaque progression and destabilization, a more complex picture has become apparent. In patients with coronary artery disease, the number and function of EPCs have been linked with an improved endothelial function or regeneration, but have been inversely correlated with cardiovascular risk. In animal models, however, the injection of bone marrow cells or EPCs, or the application of stem-cell mobilizing factors, have been associated with an exacerbation of atherosclerosis and unstable plaque phenotypes, whereas the contribution of bone marrow-derived smooth muscle progenitors to primary atherosclerosis appears to be rather confined. Here, we discuss crucial biochemical cues, namelychemokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors and pharmacological means that guide and control the context-specific mobilization, recruitment and fate of vascular progenitor cells in arterial remodeling during atherosclerosis.
Reference intervals for thyreotropin and thyroid hormones for healthy adults based on the NOBIDA material and determined using a Modular E170®
Authors: Friis-Hansen Lennart , Hilsted Linda
Published: August 2008

: The aim of the present study was to establish Nordic reference intervals for thyreotropin (TSH) and the thyroid hormones in heparinized plasma.

: We used 489 heparinized blood samples, collected in the morning, from the Nordic NOBIDA reference material, from healthy adults without medication. TSH, thyroxine, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, free triiodothyronine, and thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-ab) were measured using assays for Roche Modular E170

: The measured concentrations for the thyroid hormones, but not TSH, followed a Gaussian distribution. There were more TPO-ab and Tg-ab positive women than men. After exclusion of the TPO-ab and the Tg-ab positive individuals, the reference interval TSH was 0.64 (0.61–0.72) to 4.7 (4.4–5.0) mIU/L. The exclusion of these ab-positive samples also minimized the differences in TSH concentrations between the sexes and the different Nordic countries. For the thyroid hormones, there were only minor differences between the reference intervals between the Nordic populations and between men and women. These reference intervals were unaffected by removal of the TPO-ab and TG-ab positive samples.

: The upper limit of the TSH reference interval in our study is high compared to some other recent reports. This could be due to blood sampling in the morning. Furthermore, the Roche platform gives slightly higher results than other platforms. The number and distribution of the samples in the NOBIDA material makes it suitable for the determination of hormone Nordic reference intervals.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1305–12.
Gastric Volvulus in Infants and Children
Authors: Cribbs Randolph Kyle , Gow Kenneth William , Wulkan Mark Lewis
Published: August 2008

INTRODUCTION. Gastric volvulus is an important cause of nonbilious emesis that must be recognized early to ensure a good outcome. We reviewed 7 cases from our institution, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (Egleston campus). In addition, we reviewed all gastric volvulus cases in children published to date in the English literature to draw general conclusions about the presentation and treatment of this unusual disease.

METHODS. An electronic literature search was performed to find all published cases of pediatric gastric volvulus. The care of all children from January 2002 to December 2007 who were treated for gastric volvulus was also reviewed.

RESULTS. There have been 581 cases of gastric volvulus in children published in English between 1929 and 2007. Of these, 252 were acute and 329 were chronic cases. The most common presentation of acute gastric volvulus is in a child <5 years old with nonbilious emesis, epigastric distention, and abdominal pain. Acute gastric volvulus is often associated with deformities of adjacent organs. Definitive diagnosis is made with upper gastrointestinal studies, and definitive therapy requires repair of associated defects and anterior fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall. The most common presentation of chronic volvulus is in an infant <1 year old with emesis, epigastric distention, feeding difficulties, and growth failure. Treatment may be medical or surgical depending on the underlying etiology of the volvulus.

CONCLUSIONS. Acute gastric volvulus is a potentially life-threatening occurrence with a good outcome when treated in a timely fashion. Chronic volvulus may be more difficult to recognize. The common features of acute and chronic gastric volvulus described in this review should assist pediatric health care providers in promptly diagnosing and treating this disease.