bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Prediction System for Diabetes Disease Based on Deep Neural Network
Authors: Beghriche Tawfik , Djerioui Mohamed , Brik Youcef , Attallah Bilal , Belhaouari Samir Brahim
Published: December 2021

One of the main reasons for disability and premature mortality in the world is diabetes disease, which can cause different sorts of damage to organs such as kidneys, eyes, and heart arteries. The deaths by diabetes are increasing each year, so the need to develop a system that can effectively diagnose diabetes patients becomes inevitable. In this work, an efficient medical decision system for diabetes prediction based on Deep Neural Network (DNN) is presented. Such algorithms are state‐of‐the‐art in computer vision, language processing, and image analysis, and when applied in healthcare for prediction and diagnosis purposes, these algorithms can produce highly accurate results. Moreover, they can be combined with medical knowledge to improve decision‐making effectiveness, adaptability, and transparency. A performance comparison between the DNN algorithm and some well‐known machine learning techniques as well as the state‐of‐the‐art methods is presented. The obtained results showed that our proposed method based on the DNN technique provides promising performances with an accuracy of 99.75% and an F1‐score of 99.66%. This improvement can reduce time, efforts, and labor in healthcare services as well as increasing the final decision accuracy.
Research on Correction Method of Spoken Pronunciation Accuracy of AI Virtual English Reading
Authors: Wang Shuli , Shi Xiuchuan
Published: December 2021

In order to improve the pronunciation accuracy of spoken English reading, this paper combines artificial intelligence technology to construct a correction model of the spoken pronunciation accuracy of AI virtual English reading. Moreover, this paper analyzes the process of speech synthesis with intelligent speech technology, proposes a statistical parametric speech based on hidden Markov chains, and improves the system algorithm to make it an intelligent algorithm that meets the requirements of the correction system of spoken pronunciation accuracy of AI virtual English reading. Finally, this paper combines the simulation research to analyze the English reading, spoken pronunciation, and pronunciation correction of the intelligent system. From the experimental research results, the correction system of spoken pronunciation accuracy of AI virtual English reading proposed in this paper basically meets the basic needs of this paper to build a system.
Experimental Study and Numerical Analysis on Impact Resistance of Civil Air Defense Engineering Shear Wall
Authors: Shi Chenglong , Zhang Jigang , Zhang Junbo , Shao Feng , Zhang Yicong , Zhang Menglin
Published: December 2021

In order to study the impact resistance of civil air defense engineering shear wall, the impact resistance of civil air defense engineering shear wall was studied by combining finite element numerical simulation with pendulum impact test. The effects of impact height, pendulum mass, and impact times on the impact resistance of civil air defense engineering shear walls were analyzed. It was shown that when the impact height increased from 0.4 m to 2.5 m, the failure mode of civil air defense engineering shear wall tended to be local impact failure, and the horizontal displacement in the middle of the wall span increased. The concrete crushing occurred in the impact area of the back of the civil air defense engineering shear wall. The increase in the impact height is a negative factor for the impact resistance of the civil air defense engineering shear wall. With the increase of pendulum weight, the number of concrete horizontal cracks in the back of the civil air defense engineering shear wall increased, while the number of vertical cracks decreased, but the impact surface was destroyed. Through multiple impact tests on the civil air defense engineering shear wall, the civil air defense engineering shear wall had accumulated damage. The longitudinally loaded steel on the back reached the ultimate strength, and there are large cracks at the bottom and even collapses. The increase of impact times has a great influence on the impact resistance of the civil air defense engineering shear wall. Through the analysis of the factors affecting the impact resistance of civil air defense engineering shear wall, it provides guidance for civil air defense engineering shear wall to resist impact load.
Samchulkunbi-Tang Alleviates Vascular Endothelial Disorder and Renal Dysfunction in Nitric Oxide-Deficient Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Hong Mi Hyeon , Hwang Jin Seok , Han Byung Hyuk , Lee Yun Jung , Yoon Jung Joo , Seob Seo Chang , Kang Dae Gill , Kim Hye Yoom , Lee Ho Sub
Published: December 2021

Samchulkunbi-tang (SCT, Shen Zhu Jian pi tang in Chinese) is said to have been first recorded by Zheng Zhi Zhun Sheng during the Ming Dynasty in China. Records of SCT in Korea are known to have been cited in Donguibogam (Dong Yi Bao Jian in Chinese), Uibang Hwaltu (Yi Fang Huo Tao in Chinese), and Bang Yak Hapyeon (Fang Yao He Bian in China). Although SCT is widely used in treating chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers, the beneficial effect on renal vascular function is unknown. Hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and endothelial dysfunction in humans and experimental animal models of arterial hypertension. In addition, kidney dysfunction is characterized by hypertension diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of SCT on the vascular function in vitro (human umbilical cord endothelial cells, HUVECs) and in vivo (NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester, L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats). The phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is closely related to nitric oxide (NO) production in HUVECs, and SCT in this study significantly increased these. For three weeks, hypertensive rat models were induced by L-NAME administration (40 mg/kg/day) with portable water. It was followed by oral administration with 100 and 200 mg/kg/day for two weeks to confirm the effectiveness of SCT. As a result, systolic blood pressure decreased in the SCT-treated groups, compared with that in the L-NAME-induced hypertensive group. SCT treatment restored vasorelaxation by stimulating acetylcholine and cGMP production in the thoracic aorta. In addition, SCT treatment decreased intima-media thickness, attenuated the reduction of eNOS expression, and increased endothelin-1 expression. It also increased p-Akt and p-eNOS expression in hypertensive rat aorta. Furthermore, regarding renal function parameters, SCT ameliorated urine osmolality, urine albumin level, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels. These results demonstrate that the oriental medicine SCT exerts potent vascular and renal protective effects on nitric oxide-deficient hypertensive rats and HUVECs
Model-Based Characterization of the Bidirectional Interaction Between Pharmacokinetics and Tumor Growth Dynamics in Patients with Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma Treated with Avelumab
Authors: Grisic Ana-Marija , Xiong Wenyuan , Tanneau Lénaïg , Jönsson Siv , Friberg Lena E. , Karlsson Mats O. , Dai Haiqing , Zheng Jenny , Girard Pascal , Khandelwal Akash
Published: December 2021

Purpose:

Empirical time-varying clearance models have been reported for several immune checkpoint inhibitors, including avelumab (anti–programmed death ligand 1). To investigate the exposure-response relationship for avelumab, we explored semimechanistic pharmacokinetic (PK)–tumor growth dynamics (TGD) models.

Patients and Methods:

Plasma PK data were pooled from three phase I and II trials (JAVELIN Merkel 200, JAVELIN Solid Tumor, and JAVELIN Solid Tumor JPN); tumor size (TS) data were collected from patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (mMCC) enrolled in JAVELIN Merkel 200. A PK model was developed first, followed by TGD modeling to investigate interactions between avelumab exposure and TGD. A PK-TGD feedback loop was evaluated with simultaneous fitting of the PK and TGD models.

Results:

In total, 1,835 PK observations and 338 TS observations were collected from 147 patients. In the final PK-TGD model, which included the bidirectional relationship between PK and TGD, avelumab PK was described by a two-compartment model with a positive association between clearance and longitudinal TS, with no additional empirical time-varying clearance identified. TGD was described by first-order tumor growth/shrinkage rates, with the tumor shrinkage rate decreasing exponentially over time; the exponential time-decay constant decreased with increasing drug concentration, representing the treatment effect through tumor shrinkage inhibition.

Conclusions:

We developed a TGD model that mechanistically captures the prevention of loss of antitumor immunity (i.e., T-cell suppression in the tumor microenvironment) by avelumab, and a bidirectional interaction between PK and TGD in patients with mMCC treated with avelumab, thus mechanistically describing previously reported time variance of avelumab elimination.
Impact of Penicillin Allergy Label on Length of Stay and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients through a Clinical Administrative National Dataset
Authors: Pérez-Encinas Montserrat , Lorenzo-Martínez Susana , Losa-García Juan Emilio , Walter Stefan , Tejedor-Alonso Miguel Angel
Published: December 2021

Background: Penicillin allergy is a common problem in the management of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of penicillin allergy on length of hospital stay (LOHS) among hospitalized adult patients and on in-hospital mortality at a national level. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of adult patients discharged from the Spanish Hospital System between 2006 and 2015 was conducted using the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS). We compared LOHS and in-hospital mortality of adult patients whose records contained penicillin allergy code V14.0 (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) as a secondary diagnosis, with a random sample without such a code. Results: We identified 981,291 admissions with code V14.0, which corresponded to 2.63% of all hospitalizations. Adults patients with a penicillin allergy label were significantly older than patients without such a label, with a median of 70 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 51–80) versus 63 years (IQR: 40–77). The proportion of women and the prevalence of infectious diseases were higher in the group with a penicillin allergy label (61.40% vs. 53.84%; 34.04% vs. 30.01%; respectively). We found a higher median Elixhauser-Van Walraven score in hospitalized patients with an allergy label. The median LOHS for hospitalizations with a penicillin allergy label (5 [IQR: 2–9]) was significantly longer than that in those without such a label (4 [IQR: 2–9]). Multivariate analysis showed an increase in LOHS due to the penicillin allergy label (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.061 [1.057–1.065]) and a decrease in mortality in penicillin allergy records (OR [95% CI]: 0.834 [0.825–0.844]). Conclusion: In our study, the prevalence of a penicillin allergy label in hospitalized patients, using the MBDS, is low. Hospitalizations with an allergy label was associated with a longer LOHS. However, penicillin-allergic patients did not show higher mortality rates. Inaccurate reporting of penicillin allergies may have an impact on healthcare resources.
Efectos psicosociales de la desaparición forzada de jóvenes en Latinoamérica: una tarea pendiente
Authors: Serrano-Mora Sandra Milena , Quintero-Mejía Marieta
Published: December 2021

(analítico)Este artículo realiza una revisión del concepto de trauma psicosocial desde los fenómenos de violencia política en Latinoamérica y, en concreto, sobre la desaparición forzada de jóvenes en Colombia. Desde este análisis teórico contextual, se plantea cuáles han sido las afectaciones personales, familiares y colectivas (atributos del trauma psicosocial) que este fenómeno de la desaparición forzada ha generado en el tejido social colombiano. A manera de reflexión final, las autoras proponen la necesidad de repensar las afectaciones psicosociales que han sido estudiadas de manera general, a partir de los daños a la sociedad representados en el hecho de desaparecer específicamente jóvenes y las implicaciones que esto ha tenido para el entramado social.
Palabras clave: Conflicto armado; desaparición forzada; jóvenes; trauma psicosocial; tejido social.
Giovanni da Empoli (1483-1518): um mercador florentino na Ásia portuguesa e as primeiras aves-do-paraíso vistas na Europa
Authors: Teixeira Dante Martins
Published: December 2021

Para os autores contemporâneos, as aves-do-paraíso (Passeriformes, Paradisaeidae) só teriam chegado à Europa em 6 de setembro de 1522, data de ancoragem em San Lúcar de Barrameda do único navio remanescente da esquadra de Fernão de Magalhães. Por conseguinte, parece ter passado totalmente despercebido que o mercador florentino Giovanni da Empoli desembarcou em Lisboa com um desses pássaros no dia 22 de agosto de 1514 – de fato oito anos antes. Descrita por Empoli em uma carta autografada composta na capital portuguesa a 19 de outubro de 1514, essa ave-do-paraíso fora adquirida em Malaca e seria enviada como presente para Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, que assumira o trono pontifício em 9 de março de 1513 como Leão X. O mesmo documento relata que o rei Dom Manuel também possuía uma ave-do-paraíso, sinal de que esses pássaros talvez já participassem do comércio de animais exóticos e seus produtos conduzido pelos portugueses pouco depois da viagem de Vasco da Gama. De qualquer forma, tal descoberta abre espaço para uma inesperada revisão da trajetória das aves-do-paraíso na Europa e fomenta a busca de novas fontes textuais e iconográficas.
Talking with the right-wing: pernicious polarization in Brazil and the philosophy of Paulo Freire
Authors: Vrydagh Fanny , Jimenez-Martinez Cesar
Published: December 2021

The last decade has witnessed the development of pernicious polarization in Brazil, partly due to the emergence of a conservative, populist-nationalist, and neoliberal agenda. This article addressees the viewpoints of individuals who identify themselves as part of the right-wing, drawing on 21 semi-structured interviews with members of the Movimento Brasil Livre. By analyzing the interviews following the philosophy of Paulo Freire, we show how their narrative of oppression echoes Freire’s ideas of conscientization and liberation in form but not in substance. We also suggest that a Freirean approach opens new ways to discuss and potentially break the pernicious polarization apart, incorporating a significant distinction between sectarians and radicals.
Círculos financeiros e circuito do petróleo: instrumentos financeiros para investimento em atividades e fornecedores da Petrobras
Authors: Duarte Luciano , Nabarro Wagner
Published: December 2021

Após a abertura de capital da Petrobras, na década de 1990, a empresa petroleira de capital misto passou a intensificar o uso de instrumentos financeiros para viabilizar suas principais atividades via mercado de capitais. Entre eles, destacamos a capitalização por meio de oferta pública de ações, as estruturações financeiras (project finance), os fundos de investimento em direitos creditórios (FIDC) e os fundos de investimento em participações (FIP). Pela análise do uso desses instrumentos pela Petrobras, buscamos mostrar como a empresa incrementa seus recursos e expande suas atividades no circuito do petróleo, bem como antecipa capitais a sua extensa cadeia de fornecedores de produtos e serviços. Verificamos que o emprego desses instrumentos cria e reforça compromissos do circuito do petróleo no território nacional com um amplo conjunto de agentes privados ligados aos serviços financeiros, levando ao aprofundamento da lógica da valorização financeira na orientação das atividades produtivas da empresa estatal e também impondo-a a outras empresas e lugares que, direta ou indiretamente, participam desse circuito.
O livro como objeto transicional: crianças, ficção, e livros-objeto
Authors: Silva Arthur Aroha Kaminski da
Published: December 2021

Este texto aventa a possibilidade de aplicação do conceito de objeto transicional (da Teoria da Ilusão-Desilusão de Donald Winnicott (1971) aos livros-objetos para crianças. Inicialmente traçamos um panorama das discussões de cunho teórico que envolvem a relação limítrofe entre a narrativa ficcional, o texto (enquanto conjunto de símbolos e ferramenta literária), e o livro (enquanto suporte tridimensional). Em seguida procuramos demonstrar que, em última instância, um livro-objeto é também um brinquedo. Até, por fim, introduzirmos a proposta dos fenômenos transicionais de Winnicott e, em diálogo com autores como Ilsa Goulart, Gilles Broügère e Neil Gaiman, expormos os argumentos que visam a justificar a adaptação do conceito de objeto transicional à análise dos livros-objeto.
Masked Violence
Authors: Stacy Ivan
Published: December 2021

This article examines the carnivalesque in two recent Bhutanese films, Hema Hema: Sing Me a Song While I Wait (2016, dir. Khyentse Norbu) and The Red Phallus (2018, dir. Tashi Gyeltshen). Bhutanese Buddhist rituals contain a number of elements that bear striking parallels with Mikhail Bakhtin’s conception of the carnivalesque, most notably in the use of masks and in the presence of jester figures known as atsaras. However, important differences also exist, most importantly the fact that in Bhutanese rituals masks are held to be sacred and are worn during dances intended to bring both participants and audience closer to Buddhist enlightenment. In both films discussed in this article, the anonymity provided by these traditional and ostensibly sacred masks prompts acts of sexual violence. As such, the article argues that the content of both films questions the use of ritual in contemporary Bhutan, while the use of carnivalesque form acts to deepen the nature of that questioning. In the case of Hema Hema, this is achieved by removing barriers between performance and spectatorship, while The Red Phallus in contrast seeks to alienate its audience.
“Extra-Special Care”
Authors: Colombo Gabriel Miller
Published: December 2021

This paper reads Wes Anderson’s 2014 film The Grand Budapest Hotel through the lens of liturgical theology. It proposes that by revivifying collective memory—both its tragedies and joys—in a rhythmic, sensory, spatial, playful, and paradoxical way, the film forms our “social imaginary” for the better. In exploring the resonances between existing Anderson scholarship and liturgical theology, the paper highlights three key facets of the film: its implication of the present through the mythical stylization of the past; the relationship between M. Gustave and Zero, who find their place together as priest and acolyte of the Grand Budapest Hotel, enacting its liturgy of service against the rising tide of barbarism; and Anderson’s formal and aesthetic vision, which curates and elevates “found” objects and spaces, recognizing them as sacramental. Rejecting metaphysical dualism, the film suggests that communion and mystery are embedded in and enlivened by the material world.
Dynamics of Normative Change for International Nuclear Export Controls
Authors: Kim Lami
Published: December 2021

Like other normative systems, the international nuclear export control norms are incomplete and at times contradictory. Thus, contestations to the international nuclear export control norms inevitably emerge, as they did in the wake of the 1974 Indian nuclear test and the 1991 discovery of Iraq’s nuclear weapons program. These two nuclear crises prompted intense debates regarding the adequacy of the existing norms. The outcome of the debates generated overwhelming agreement and action among nuclear suppliers that they required strengthening. Drawing on Wayne Sandholtz’s theory of normative change, which argues that events trigger disputes whose outcomes modify norms, this article illustrates how the nuclear export control norms have evolved in a cyclical fashion. The article aims to contribute to the constructivist literature on normative change and discusses policy implications.
European Strategic Autonomy: The Test Case of Iran
Authors: Lohmann Sascha
Published: December 2021

The ideal of the European Union (EU) as a global peace and security actor is increasingly clashing with the reality of a multipolar world defined by militarised conflict, and a loosening of the formerly close trans-Atlantic relationship with the United States. European policy-makers have identified strategic autonomy as a possible remedy in the face of a growing number of internal and external security threats. This paper adds to the conceptualisation of strategic autonomy by contextualising its current usage and political genealogy. Empirically, European strategic autonomy is examined concerning the efforts to preserve the Iranian nuclear deal after the Trump administration had ceased US participation in May 2018. In particular, the paper assesses the European response to counter the re-imposed unilateral United States (US) sanctions against European individuals and entities by updating the so-called blocking regulation, and setting up a special purpose vehicle (spv) for facilitating trade with Iran. The results show that the European struggle toward achieving strategic autonomy has largely failed, but that it holds valuable lessons to approximate this ideal in the future.
International Refugee Law in Crisis: Islands, Incarceration and Neo-Refoulement during COVID-19
Authors: Hambly Jessica
Published: December 2021

Attempts by states to deter refugee movement have evolved to a point that routine and systematic breach of non-refoulement and associated human rights frequently constitutes a central pillar in their asylum architectures. The expansion of state policies and practices under which people seeking asylum are prevented from reaching safe places and lodging asylum claims has accelerated during the Covid-19 pandemic. Drawing on examples from Australia and Europe, this article uses neo-refoulement—a concept introduced by geographers Jennifer Hyndman and Alison Mountz—to signal not only the rise in pushbacks at land and sea borders, but also practices that occur well within the boundaries of sovereign territory. These include the use of island incarceration, fast-track border procedures, and denial of legal presence on sovereign territory, even where physical presence is achieved. Such measures have often been introduced under the pretext of responding to situations of ‘mass influx’. And yet, far from providing an adequate response to a so-called ‘refugee crisis’, they serve only to facilitate a greater humanitarian crisis.
State Responsibility, International Law and the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Heathcote Sarah
Published: December 2021

Disruptions caused by the global spread of COVID-19 have generated different types of responsibility claims at both the domestic and international levels. Alleged breaches of the law have resulted from the immediate reactions to the pandemic’s emergence and spread, as well as from less proximate adjustments made to the ongoing crisis. This contribution begins by briefly surveying the types of responsibility relevant to the crisis with a view to identifying systemic legal issues, particularly at the international level. It then focusses on the law of state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, not to resolve the various claims that are or can be made, but in order to identify what this crisis reveals about the trends in the law of responsibility, the opportunities for its invocation, and indeed, state tactics in engaging with this body of law. Just as the pandemic has been revelatory of social trends, so too it has highlighted trends in the law and its operation.
Scutellaria topcuoglui (Lamiaceae), a new serpentinomorph species from south-western Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: YILDIRIM HASAN , ÇİÇEK MEHMET , AKBAŞ KENAN , ŞEKER ERKAN
Published: December 2021

Scutellaria topcuoglui (Lamiaceae) from Muğla Province (south-western Anatolia) is described as a new species to science. The new species is morphologically similar to S. glaphyrostachys, but differs from it by several morphological characters, such as the presence of glandular hairs in stems, leaves, bracts, calyx and corolla, scutellum length, corolla length, coloration, and indumentum, mericarp length, coloration, and sculpture, pollen shape, and habitat preference. Diagnostic characters, a comprehensive description, photographs, and a distribution map are provided.
The identity of Buchanania yunnanensis, as a new synonym of Spondias pinnata (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: LE CHI-TOAN , LIN QIN-WEN , TAN YUN-HONG , ZHU REN-BIN , HAO YUN-QING , LIU BING
Published: December 2021

Buchanania yunnanensis was published based on a specimen consisting of a flowering branch without any leaves or fruits. Examination of morphological characters based on type specimens and our newly collected materials has shown that B. yunnanensis was incorrectly placed in Buchanania. At the time of description, and indicates that it is actually conspecific with Spondias pinnata. It is here reduced to a synonym of the latter species.
Studies on type material from Kützing’s diatom collection VI:The identity of Diatoma liber Suhr (1831)
Authors: WILLIAMS DAVID M.
Published: December 2021

N/A
Wyeomyia shannoni Lane & Cerqueira, 1942, a taxonomic puzzle (Diptera: Culicidae): synonymy, genus transfer, homonymy, and description of a new species of Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827
Authors: NASCIMENTO-PEREIRA AGOSTINHO C. , NEVES MAYCON SEBASTIÃO ALBERTO SANTOS , GUIMARÃES ANTHONY ÉRICO , MOTTA MONIQUE DE ALBUQUERQUE , LOURENÇO-DE-OLIVEIRA RICARDO
Published: December 2021

We discovered the immature stages of Wyeomyia shannoni Lane & Cerqueira, 1942, unknown for almost 80 years, and found that they, as well as the adult male, are identical with those previously described for Sabethes (Peytonulus) paradoxus Harbach, 2002. Consequently, the species described by Lane and Cerqueira is here considered a senior synonym of Sa. paradoxus and is transferred to the genus Sabethes, hereafter named Sabethes (Peytonulus) shannoni (Lane & Cerqueira, 1942), comb. n. As the name shannoni is preoccupied in the genus Sabethes, the species known as Sabethes (Sabethes) shannoni Cerqueira, 1961 is here renamed Sabethes (Sabethes) cerqueirai Nascimento-Pereira, Neves, Lourenço-de-Oliveira & Motta, nom. n. We improved the morphological characterization of Sa. (Pey.) shannoni (Lane & Cerqueira) by including an illustration of the female genitalia, larval mouthparts and the female genital lobe of the pupa. Finally, we describe and illustrate a new species of Sabethes closely related to Sa. (Pey.) shannoni, named Sabethes (Peytonulus) harbachi Nascimento-Pereira, Guimarães, Lourenço-de-Oliveira & Motta, sp. n.
Intraseasonal Variability of Upper-Ocean Heat Fluxes in the Central Bay of Bengal
Authors: Wijesekera Hemantha W. , Teague W. J. , Wang David W. , Hallock Z. R. , Luecke Conrad A. , Jarosz Ewa , Fernando H. J. S. , Jinadasa S. U. P. , Jensen Tommy G. , Rydbeck Adam , Flatau Maria
Published: December 2021

Upper-ocean heat content and heat fluxes of 10–60-day intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) were examined using high-resolution currents and hydrographic fields measured at five deep-water moorings in the central Bay of Bengal (BoB) and satellite observations as part of an international effort examining the role of the ocean on monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs) in the BoB. Currents, temperature, and salinity were sampled over the upper 600–1200 m from July 2018 to June 2019. The 10–60-day velocity ISOs of magnitudes 20–30 cm s−1were observed in the upper 200 m, and temperature ISOs as large as 3°C were observed in the thermocline near 100 m. The wavelet cospectral analysis reveals multiple periods of ISOs carrying heat southward. The meridional heat-flux divergence associated with the 10–60-day band was strongest in the central BoB at depths between 40 and 100 m, where the averaged flux divergence over the observational period is as large as 10−7°C s−1. The vertically integrated heat-flux divergence in the upper 200 m is about 20–30 W m−2, which is comparable to the annual-average net surface heat flux in the northern BoB. Correlations between the heat content over the 26°C isotherm and the outgoing longwave radiation indicate that the atmospheric forcing typically leads changes of the oceanic heat content, but in some instances, during fall–winter months, oceanic heat content leads the atmospheric convection. Our analyses suggest that ISOs play an important role in the upper-ocean heat balance by transporting heat southward, while aiding the air–sea coupling at ISO time scales.
Environmental Conditions Associated With Youth Delinquency Events: A Temporal, Meteorological, and Contextual Perspective
Authors: Trinidad Alexander , San Juan César , Vozmediano Laura
Published: December 2021

Research on youth delinquency has been essential for gaining a deeper understanding of the etiology of delinquent behavior. Studies considering the environmental perspective have increased during the last decade, but relatively little attention has been paid to temporal patterns and weather conditions. The present study explores the seasonality of youth delinquency as well as the association between violent and non-violent youth offenses and temperature, rainfall, level of darkness, type of day, type of place, and companionship, using data gathered by the police along with data obtained from official weather agencies. To this end, we conducted ANOVA and contingency table analyses. Seasonality was found for non-violent crimes. Companionship, semi-public, and public places were all associated with a higher likelihood of non-violent crime, while darkness and public holidays raise the odds of violent crime to happen. No direct association was found between temperature and type of crime.
Climato-Economic Context of Regional Crime and Corruption Across the Russian Federation
Authors: Tatarko Alexander N. , Maklasova Ekaterina V. , Van de Vliert Evert
Published: December 2021

Cross-national research claims that the crime-and-corruption gap between relatively poor and relatively rich countries is larger in more demanding climates that require more cash and capital to cope with the climate. However, this claim is premature because countries differ in many confounding ways including histories and politics. We, therefore, re-tested the climato-economic context of violent crime and corruption within Russia, a country with considerable regional differences in climate and income. Across the eighty-five administrative units of Russia, the crime-and-corruption gap between relatively poor and relatively rich regions is smaller in more demanding climates. Harsher climates are so strongly associated with higher crime levels that the potential influence of differences in wealth becomes negligible. Furthermore, harsher climates are so strongly associated with higher corruption rates in poorer regions but lower corruption rates in richer regions that the potential influence of the climatic demands as such becomes negligible.
Disparities in Access to Well-Qualified, Well-Supported Special Educators Across Higher- Versus Lower-Poverty Schools Over Time
Authors: Bettini Elizabeth , Nguyen Tuan D. , Gilmour Allison F. , Redding Christopher
Published: December 2021

Scholars have documented long-standing disparities in access to well-qualified, well-supported teachers, including disparities in access to special education teachers (SETs), based on student socioeconomic status. In response, policy initiatives have aimed to incentivize teaching in higher-poverty schools. Thus, we examined changes over time in disparities between SETs’ demands and resources (including internal resources, such as qualifications, and school-based resources, such as adequate materials), using multiple waves of the nationally representative Schools and Staffing Survey. We found that, by one metric, disparities in certification have closed since 2000. However, SETs in higher poverty schools are significantly more likely to work in self-contained settings than those in lower-poverty schools, and disparities in school-based resources continue to be significant, such that SETs in higher-poverty schools were significantly more likely to teach in self-contained classes, rated teacher cooperation significantly lower, and reported having significantly weaker access to material resources.
Comparison of the psychological health of students at the higher institutes of nursing and health techniques: A Moroccan multicentre study
Authors: Ikrou Ali , Gnanapragasam Sam , Abouqal Redouane , Belayachi Jihane
Published: December 2021

Background:

Mental health is essential to students’ academic success as well as their ability to participate fully and meaningfully throughout all aspects of their lives and throughout their lifespan.

Aims:

This study aims to determine the psychological health status of Moroccan nursing and technique health students. In doing so, it also seeks to compare differences based on sociodemographic factors.

Method:

A multicenter cross-sectional study with a convenience sample was conducted with 2,054 participants in the academic year of 2018/2019. A set of socio-demographic information were collected, and The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) was used.

Results:

The mean GHQ-12 score was 4.33 ± 2.61, and 58.7% respondents scored 4 and above in the GHQ-12 scores and thus were considered to be in psychological distress. Students’ psychological distress was associated with female gender (60.4% for female compared to 52.4% for men, p = .003); living in parental residence (61.6% compared to 54.7% living away parental residence; p = .02 ), the second and the third training level year respectively (64.6%; 59.2%) compared to first-year (55.2%, p = .001), and midwifery and nursing students (61.6%; 60.3%) as compared to technique health students (43.6%, p = .001).

Conclusions:

It appears that a substantial number of students have psychological distress and this is likely to have negative effects on students’ educational attainment and wider wellbeing.
Infrastructure Nationalism and Political Vulnerability – Examining the Stalled Negotiations Over the Bagamoyo Port Project During Magufuli’s Reign
Authors: Barton Benjamin
Published: December 2021

The Bagamoyo Port Project (BPP) was meant to have set in motion the development of East Africa’s largest port. Yet, with the advent of former President John P. Magufuli to power in October 2015, the BPP has led a chequered existence. This article explores the dynamics behind the stalled talks over the BPP by emphasising Magufuli’s penchant for developmentalism, nationalism and authoritarianism ultimately as a political strategy designed to mask his vulnerable electoral standing within the party and with the electorate. The renegotiations over the BPP served as an ideal opportunity in this regard to shore up his base.
Elastic melt-blown nonwoven fabrication of styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene copolymer and polypropylene blends: a study of morphology and properties
Authors: Chang Li , Wu Chuanfen , Lan Pengfei , Bai Bing , Jiang Liang , Chen Shaojuan , Jerrams Stephen , Ma Jianwei
Published: December 2021

Fabrics produced by the melt-blown nonwoven process have the advantage over competing materials of possessing an ultrafine fibrous and porous structure. However, their brittleness and poor toughness restrict their wider application. There is increasing demand for nonwovens that have high stretchability and elasticity while maintaining a melt-blown structure. In this study, polypropylene (PP) and styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene copolymer (SEBS) were blended at different ratios and subsequently used in the melt-blowing process. The morphology of the blends displayed a co-continuous structure when the ratio of SEBS to PP in blends was similar. Furthermore, it was found that all the blends had good spinnability from the melt-blowing process during rheological and thermal properties tests. All the elastic melt-blown nonwovens fabricated in this research had elongations higher than 400% and elastic recoveries higher than 50%, which was indicative of good elasticity. Meanwhile, the nonwovens maintained fine fiber diameters and good filtration properties, in keeping with traditional melt-blown nonwovens.
Urban studies in India across the millennial turn: Histories and futures
Authors: Coelho Karen , Sood Ashima
Published: December 2021

The millennial turn saw a distinct efflorescence in scholarship on urban India. This essay introduces a Virtual Special Issue on urban studies in India that showcases a selection of articles from the journal’s archives. It traces the disciplinary, thematic and methodological shifts that have marked this millennial turn. On the one hand, the social science of the urban has had a statist bent, reacting to the policy focus on cities as growth engines in the post-liberalisation era. On the other hand, critical urban studies has brought attention to the unregulated, deregulated, unplanned and unintended city produced by dynamic processes of informality acting overtly or covertly against the state’s neoliberal agendas. This introductory essay aims to examine the ways this interplay has unfolded both in the pages of this journal and elsewhere. It locates the Virtual Special Issue selection within a broader review of the state of scholarship in Indian urban studies and marks out areas for productive interventions in the future study of Indian cities.
Delayed referral for orchidopexy: Scrutinising the causes
Authors: Sengar Mamta , Siddiqui Yousuf , Gupta Alisha , Mohta Anup
Published: December 2021

Orchidopexy for undescended testis is recommended at a younger age than heretofore; our study aimed to assess delays, and their causes, by retrospective analysis of data from a single tertiary care centre over one year (2015–2016). Almost 80% of children were brought after 1 year of age, mostly because of delayed referral by primary physicians (60%), or missed diagnosis by parents or primary physicians (20%). Misconception about the risk of surgery below 1 year was significant (15%). A timely referral is encouraged.
Comparative Funeral Practices
Authors: Pine Vanderlyn R.
Published: December 2021

By comparing funeral practices in Bali, Japan, Russia, England, and the United States, the author shows that funeral practices are designed to provide socially sanctioned solutions to deep psychological needs at the time of bereavement. Suggested universal features of funeral practice across cultures include the provision of social support for the bereaved, religious ritual, funeral expenditure, sanitary disposal of the body, visual confrontation, and the funeral procession, which is generally conceived as a family parade.
“Ethnonics”: Converting Spanish Speakers' Ethnography for Directed Change
Authors: Burger Henry G.
Published: December 2021

Missionary educators sometimes lack the freedom to design educational programs which fit the cultures of their students. More often, they lack the necessary cross-cultural insight. The result (this was the editor's experience during six years as a teacher in the Central African Republic) is that most schools in non-Western countries are far too much like equivalent schools in the country of origin of the curriculum designer, and are poorly adapted to the needs and culturally determined aptitudes of the pupils. The author proposes an approach grounded in a practical application of anthropological findings and theory. Readers' reactions are invited! – The Editor.
Four Kinds of Forgiveness
Authors: Loewen Jacob A.
Published: December 2021

The four kinds of forgiveness are: Supernatural (divine), religious, social, and self-for giveness. These are closely interrelated, and all are necessary for a full experience of forgiveness. The author investigates the dynamics and mechanisms of these four kinds of forgiveness, making use of insights from anthropology, psychology, and psychiatry.
Tribal Power Structure and Church Government
Authors: Fargher Brian L.
Published: December 2021

In planning for the form of church government which will obtain in the churches which they found, missionaries commonly think of the interpretation of Biblical precedents and the ecclesiological traditions of the churches which have sent them, and only rarely give much thought to the power structures already existing among the people who will be church members and leaders. In this article, the author points out that it would be surprising if a church organization based on a pattern other than that already operative within the tribe should succeed. It may be added (Editor's comment) that a good case can be made for the position that the New Testament churches followed in their organizational patterns, not some transcendent heavenly pattern, but the existing ones with which they were already familiar in their various cultures and societies.
Christian and African Traditional Ceremonies
Authors: Dickson K. A.
Published: December 2021

The author points out some areas of discrepancy between the traditional African naming ceremony for children and the traditional marriage on the the one hand, and the Christian analogs (infant baptism and marriage ceremony) on the other. He rejects the suggestion that the former be simply adopted unmodified by the Christian church, but suggests adjustments in the Christian ceremonies to take into consideration worthwhile values from the traditional ceremonies and to make the ceremonies more meaningful to participants.
New Religions for Old: A Study of Culture Change
Authors: Nida Eugene A.
Published: December 2021

Culture change is of great interest to anthropologists, but none has developed a satisfactory model to explain it. The existence of various approaches to the study of religion points to the multidimensional nature of religion. In order to account for deletion, addition, substitution, and coalescence in religious change, the author proposes the use of models from economics and linguistics (the latter will be handled in the next issue). Economics models provide useful insights through the concepts of value and cost. For experience shows that in religion as in the market place, lowering the price of a “commodity” can also lower its value and therefore its desirability. It is shown also that values are based upon the total worldview of a society. They must also be related to the felt needs of people rather than to artificially ascribed needs. Finally, the author discusses the relevance of the concepts of “unlimited desire” in the face of “limited resources”.
Mission/Church Tensions in Africa as a Function of Goal Discrepancy
Authors: Bates Gerald E.
Published: December 2021

Many problems arising in the relationship between Christian mission and indigenous church stem from differences in the conceptualization of goals, the mission emphasizing evangelization and the churches emphasizing education. These differences arise from differing assessments of the priority of needs in the situation. An approach to such problems is outlined in terms of Malinowski's concept of a “third culture” arising from the interaction of an aggressive Western culture and a tenacious traditional culture. Missionaries should take a more positive view of the transformation of the institutions they found as they find their true shape in this third culture. Suggestions for the management and dissipation of tensions in this area are presented.
Similarity-based interference and relative clauses in second language processing
Authors: Cunnings Ian , Fujita Hiroki
Published: December 2021

Relative clauses have long been examined in research on first (L1) and second (L2) language acquisition and processing, and a large body of research has shown that object relative clauses (e.g. ‘The boy that the girl saw’) are more difficult to process than subject relative clauses (e.g. ‘The boy that saw the girl’). Although there are different accounts of this finding, memory-based factors have been argued to play a role in explaining the object relative disadvantage. Evidence of memory-based factors in relative clause processing comes from studies indicating that representational similarity influences the difficulty associated with object relatives as a result of a phenomenon known as similarity-based interference. Although similarity-based interference has been well studied in L1 processing, less is known about how it influences L2 processing. We report two studies – an eye-tracking experiment and a comprehension task – investigating interference in the comprehension of relative clauses in L1 and L2 readers. Our results indicated similarity-based interference in the processing of object relative clauses in both L1 and L2 readers, with no significant differences in the size of interference effects between the two groups. These results highlight the importance of considering memory-based factors when examining L2 processing.
Steroid-resistant intestinal aGVHD and refractory CMV and EBV infections complicated by haplo-HSCT were successfully rescued by FMT and CTL infusion
Authors: Qi Ling , Huang Xianbao , He Cong , Ji Dexiang , Li Fei
Published: December 2021

Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) produces similar survival outcomes as HLA-matched sibling donor allogeneic HCST in younger patients with acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA). This study reported a 29-years-old man with SAA and intracranial hemorrhage who underwent haplo-HSCT with a modified BU/CY + ATG conditioning regimen. Neutrophil and platelet engraftment were both achieved on day 14 after HSCT. The patient developed grade IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) on day 20 and acquired cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infections on day 47. After the failure of methylprednisolone, basiliximab, ruxolitinib, and antiviral treatment, the patient was diagnosed with steroid-resistant grade IV aGVHD and refractory CMV and EBV infections. We performed fecal microbiota transplantation and infused CMV- and EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. After that the stool volume and frequency gradually decreased, and viral DNA was undetectable on day 80. This report provides helpful clinical experience for treating steroid-resistant aGVHD and refractory viral infections.
Role and evaluation of pathologic response in early breast cancer specimens after neoadjuvant therapy: consensus statement
Authors: Guerini-Rocco Elena , Botti Gerardo , Foschini Maria Pia , Marchiò Caterina , Mastropasqua Mauro Giuseppe , Perrone Giuseppe , Roz Elena , Santinelli Alfredo , Sassi Isabella , Galimberti Viviana , Gianni Luca , Viale Giuseppe
Published: December 2021

Pathologic evaluation of early breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy is essential to provide prognostic information based on tumor response to treatment (pathologic complete response [pCR] or non-pCR) and to inform therapy decisions after surgery. To harmonize the pathologist’s handling of surgical specimens after neoadjuvant therapy, a panel of experts in breast cancer convened to developed a consensus on six main topics: (1) definition of pCR, (2) required clinical information, (3) gross examination and sampling, (4) microscopic examination, (5) evaluation of lymph node status, and (6) staging of residual breast tumor. The resulting consensus statements reported in this document highlight the role of an accurate evaluation of tumor response and define the minimum requirements to standardize the assessment of breast cancer specimens after neoadjuvant therapy.