bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cities and Citizenship
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: October 2023

Education and participation, the subjects of the preceding chapters, are of obvious importance to the attempt to promote republican-liberal citizenship. A less obvious but no less important subject is the city: the site or context in which citizenship historically has been thought to develop. Nor is the city important only for its historical connections to citizenship. For better or worse, urbanism is apparently becoming the way of life of more and more people around the world. If republican liberalism is to prove a plausible and persuasive theory of politics, it must attend to cities as well as citizenship.
Difference, Excellence, and Republican Liberalism
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: October 2023

In Part I of this book I tried to show how a concern for individual rights and autonomy, properly understood, is not inimical to the bonds of community and concern for the common good. In Part II I tried to show how a theory that marries these concerns-republican liberalism-is possible in practical as well as in conceptual terms. Chapters 8, 9, and 10, in particular, comprise an attempt to indicate the directions in which republican liberalism would take a body politic. Now that there is some practical flesh on the theoretical bones, I shall turn in this chapter to two final challenges to republican liberalism.
Church and State
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai
Published: October 2023

Social scientists have proffered numerous methodological strategies in pursuit of understanding the secular role of religion in society. This literature, much of it originally advanced by political historians, focused on institutional analysis, as did the study of politics in general. That emphasis led to an examination of religious and secular society’s two major institutional representatives, church and state. As the discipline developed, scholars reached out for broader and deeper topics, exploring issues involving mass religion and politics-in short, how popular religious beliefs affect a citizen’s political behavior. North American and European scholarship led the way because religious affiliation was deemed a significant variable in political partisanship in societies where a diversity of religious beliefs and institutions prevailed.
Historical Underpinnings and Reform
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai
Published: October 2023

In contrast to the lack of literature analyzing religion, religious institutions, and the Church’s political role in recent decades, historians have provided a far more complete picture of the institution during various periods prior to the 1970s. It is not the purpose of this work to go over ground well cultivated by others, or to provide a historical narrative, readily available and detailed in other works. Although references to specific historical circumstances, national and international, occur throughout the remaining chapters, it is useful to summarize briefly some important internal conditions that have a specific relevance to religion and politics, and more narrowly, church and state, at the end of the 20th century.
A Note to the Reader
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain , Moisès Carlos Felipe
Published: October 2023

When Counselor Aires died, seven notebooks in manu-script were found in his desk, firmly bound in cardboard. Each one of the first six was numbered in order, with roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V, VI penned in red ink. The seventh bore this title: “Last.”
Gestation
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Upstairs, Perpetua was waiting for them, that sister of Natividade’s who accompanied her to the Morro do Castelo and stayed in the carriage, where I left them to narrate the origins of the boys.
That Man Aires
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

The man Aires who just appeared still retains some of the virtues of the times, and almost none of the vices. Do not attribute such qualities to any motive. Nor should you believe that homage is intended to that person’s modesty. No sir, it is the pure truth and a natural attribute. In spite of his 40 years, or 42, and perhaps because of this, he was a fine specimen of a man. A career diplomat, he had arrived just a few days before from the Pacific, on a six-month leave.
The Lesson of the Pupil
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

“Stay, please stay, counselor,” said Santos, gripping the diplomat’s hand. “Learn the eternal truths.”

That fellow Aires was not easy to convince. Pl:icido spoke to him about scientific laws to avoid any taint of sectarianism, and Santos followed suit. All the spiritist terminology came out, and also the cases, phenomena, mysteries, testimonies, written and verbal affidavits. Santos offered an example: two spirits might return together to this world. And, if they fought before they were born?
Everything that I Leave Out
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

The twins, having nothing else to do, nursed. This job they performed without rivalry, except when the wet nurses were on good terms with each other, and they nursed side by side. Each one would then seem to want to prove to the other that he will leave them to their own devices. Let them open their own ways to life and to the world, whether it be with weapons or words, or simple elbowing.
How They Grew Up
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

And here they are, growing up. The similarity between them was still great, although the tendency to confuse one with the other was now less frequent. The same pale, alert eyes, the same pleasing smile, the fine hands and high color in their cheeks which made it seem as if they were painted with blood. They were healthy. Except for their teething crises, they had no other ailments, because I will not tell about the occasional indigestion from candy which their parents gave them or they sneaked. They both had a sweet tooth, Pedro more than Paulo and Paulo more than anyone.
The Retiree
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

By this time, this ex-diplomat was retired. He returned to Rio de Janeiro after a last look at the many things he had seen, to live here for the rest of his days. He could have done it in any city, he was a man for all seasons, but he had a particular love for his country, and possibly was also tired of other places. He did not admit to the many calamities attributed to his country. Yellow fever, for example, because he had denied it so often to the outside world, he had lost his belief in it; and when the cases were reported, he was already infected by the belief that all diseases were first a list of names. Perhaps it was because he was a healthy man.
Evaristo’s Inkwell
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

“This case proves that one can love anything well, even a piece of old wood. Believe me, it was not just the expense that he naturally felt, it was also that he longed for the old sign. Nobody lets go of such an intimate object, which becomes an integral part of your house and your skin, because the sign was never taken down even for one day. Cust6dio never had a chance to notice it was rotten. It lived there, like the doors and the wall.” It was dinner time, in Botafogo. Just four people, the two sisters, Santos, and Aires. Pedro had gone to dine in Sao Clemente, with the Batista family.
The Shopping Trip
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

I would not write this chapter if it were really about the shopping trip, but it is not. Everything is an instrument in the hands of Life. The two left the house, one with a light step, the other melancholy, and they went to choose a quantity of items for travel and personal use. Dona Claudia thought of the dresses for the first reception and the official visits. She also thought about what to wear on disembarking from the ship. She had an order from her husband for a few ties. The hats, however, were the principal article on the list. In Dona Cliudia’s opinion it was the hat that gave the true indication of a woman’s taste, of the manners and culture of a society.
The Night of the 14th
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Everything was explained that evening at the Santos family home. The ex-governor of the province confessed his hopes for a new appointment. His wife affirmed the importance of the act. Thus the public announcement of the news which a little before Dona Cláudia had only spoken of in secret. Now there were no more secrets to hide.
A New Sign
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Having recounted what had just transpired, Cust0dio confessed everything he was losing with the name and the expense, the damage that keeping the name of the house would do, the impossibility of finding another, an abyss, in sum. He did not know what he was looking for. He lacked resourcefulness and peace of mind. If he could, he would sell the teashop.
Morning
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Flora opened the eyes of both and vanished so quickly that they could hardly see the hem of her dress and hear a little soft, remote word. They glanced at each other, without apparent rancor. The fear of one and the hope of the other set a truce. They ran to the newspapers. Paulo, a little dizzy, feared a betrayal at dawn. Pedro had a vague idea of restoration and hoped to read in the papers of an imperial amnesty decree. Neither a betrayal nor a decree. Hope and fear fled from this world.
Perhaps It Was the Same One!
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

No brega finally left the hall, but he was obliged to stop because a woman extended her hand to him: “Kind sir, alms for the love of God!”
Fusion, Diffusion, Confusion
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

A while back I spoke of Flora’s hallucinations. Really, they were extraordinary.
Lest I Forget
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

It is necessary to say one thing before I forget. You know that the twins were both handsome and still looked alike. On that score they had no reason to envy each other. On the contrary, each found in himself something that accentuated, if not enhanced, their common charms. It was not true, but it is not truth that prevails, but conviction. Convince yourself of an idea, and you will die for it, wrote Aires around this time in the Memoirs, and he added: “The greatness of sacrifice is none other, but if truth coincides with conviction, then the sublime is born, and after it, the useful … “He did not finish or explain that sentence.
No, No, No
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

They, wherever they were at that moment, could speak or not. The truth is that, if neither one was willing to let go of the young woman, neither felt sure to win her, as much as he thought she might be inclined to accept him. They had already reached an agreement that the rejected one would accept his fate and would leave the field to the victor. If victory were not achieved, they did not know how to resolve the battle. It would be easiest to wait, if passion did not grow stronger, but passion did.
The Dragon
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Let us see what they negotiated. They had been to the theater with Aires one evening, killing time. You know this dragon. Everyone has given him the hardest blows they can; he kicks, expires, and revives. So it went, that night. I don’t know which theater it was, nor which play, nor which genre. Whatever it was, the purpose was to kill time, and the three left him stretched out on the floor.
Opposing Gestures
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

How can one roof cover such diverse thoughts? And that other vast roof, our sky, either clear or stormy, covers them with the same zeal that a hen shelters her chicks. And don’t forget man’s very cranium, which covers them as well, not just diverse thoughts but opposite ones.
The Return Home
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

“They were. They take office on Thursday. If they were not my sons, I would say that you will find them even more handsome than you left them, a year ago.” Aires had just returned from Europe, where he had gone with the promise of staying just six months. He broke his promise. He spent eleven. Natividade was the one who rounded out his absence to a year, which she had truly felt, as had Dona Rita. Blood, in one of them, habit in the other, made it difficult for them to withstand the separation. He had gone on the pretext of taking the waters, and as much as those in Brazil were recommended to him, he did not want to try them. He was not used to the local denominations. He had the impression that the waters of Carlsbad or Vichy, without those names, would not cure as well. Dona Rita insinuated that he was going to check on the young ladies he had
The Poetics of Contradiction: Religious and Political Emblems in ‘‘The American Scholar’’
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya
Published: October 2023

Technology discloses man’s mode of dealing with Nature,” wrote Marx, “the process of production by which he sustains his life, and thereby also lays bare the mode of formation of his social relations, and of the mental conceptions that flow from them. Every history of religion ... that fails to take account of this material basis, is uncritical.” A truly scientific description of material culture should not simply discover, by analysis, “the earthly core of the misty creations of religion.” Instead, Marx prescribes that we systematically deduce the connection between our various modes of association and the content of our religious beliefs-the development, as he puts it, “from the actual relations of life the corresponding celestialised forms of those relations.”
“Self-Reliance”: The Ethical Demand for Reform
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya
Published: October 2023

In an early version of the essay “Politics,” first delivered as part of an 1837 lecture series, “The Present Age,” Emerson promised that “the philosophy of property if explored in its foundations would open new mines of practical wisdom which would in the event change the face of the world It would go deep into the ethics and touch all the relations of man” (EL, II, 79). Whereas in previous chapters I discussed Emerson’s deliberation over the meaning of “ownership,” in this chapter I consider the ethical consequences of his critique. The transformed meaning for property Emerson arrives at in his writings also results in a new way of thinking about the “obligations” or relations that bring individuals together in society.
Martin Luther King fr.: Publicity, Disobedience, and the Revitalization of American Democratic Culture
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya
Published: October 2023

On Forty-seventh Street, on the south side of Chicago, there is a large graffiti mural that depicts an undulating series of sea-green waves. Below this striking image are spray-painted letters that spell out the following words, attributed to Emerson: OUR Greatest Glory Consists Not In Ever Falling But In Rising Everytime We Fall [sic].’ The graffiti serves as a reminder of the various ways language performs the cultural work of inventing and perpetuating values-values to which we, in tum, find ourselves deeply and naturally committed. The creation of the graffiti mural¬ the spray-painting of Emerson’s words and name on the wall-is a form of cultural practice that also points out the uses of philosophy as a response (however meaningful or thoughtless that response might be) to social crisis. Taken in its literally concrete context, the graffitied epigram establishes a cohesive group identity for individuals involved in an ongoing struggle for social justice-a collectivity or “we” whose glory consists in rising every time it falls.
Wealth Accumulation, 1840 –1860
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P
Published: October 2023

Antebellum immigrants to the United States clearly experienced a great deal of geographic and occupational mobility in the years after their arrival. But what was the value of this mobility? How did the material circumstances in which antebellum immigrants lived change as their time in the United States increased? And how did their material circumstances compare to those of the native born as their time in the United States increased? Up to now, we have considered where immigrants went and what they did when they got there. But the sample allows us to say more. It allows us to say how immigrants fared in financial terms as a result of these experiences. The U.S. censuses of 1850 and 1860 provide a unique measure of the economic progress of immigrants and natives: individuals were asked the value of their wealth. The linked immigrant and native data thus makes it possible to examine immigrants’ and natives’ accumulation of property.
The Impact of Immigration on Natives, 1850 –1860
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P
Published: October 2023

The arrival of immigrants in the years before the Civil War did more than simply transform the immigrants themselves. As we have already seen, the immigration process resulted in substantial geographic, occupational, and financial changes among arrivals, but that process also had profound effects—both positive and negative—on the population of native-born Americans. The net benefits of immigration remain a contentious topic of debate today; they were no less an issue in the antebellum period. In the political realignment that occurred in the 1850s, immigration’s role was seen by many as central.
The Blocked Society
Authors: Roberts Paul Craig , Araujo Karen Lafollette
Published: October 2023

By 1980, development planning in Latin America had reached a dead end. This was not instantly recognized. As late as 1982, Mexican President Jose Lopez Portillo was still praising public spending as “the fundamental instrument of the State to direct the economy,” as “the instrument by which plan targets are attained,” and as “the best mechanism to achieve the redistribution of income for social development.”‘ Lopez Portillo’s eulogy to the government-controlled economy was the last gasp of Mexican socialism. He himself was to shortly ride away with a billion dollars of redistributed income in his pocket. Within a few years, his successor would say that “the state took all the properties, leaving the people with all the needs.” The system was crumbling. Mexico had built up a redistribution system that funneled revenues supplied by foreign loans and high petroleum prices to elites. When oil prices fell and foreign loans dried up, Mexico could not finance the payments that kept the government-controlled system afloat. The only thing Mexico had to show for its $100 billion foreign debt was 1,000 deficit-ridden state enterprises.
Implications of Latin American Capitalism for the United States
Authors: Roberts Paul Craig , Araujo Karen Lafollette
Published: October 2023

In the postwar period, the absence of competitors other than the Japanese and West Germans meant that U.S. policymakers could hamstring our economy with tax and regulatory burdens without dire effect. Not even state subsidies could offset the inefficiencies of socialized industries, and American industrial and agricultural products faced little competition. Moreover, there were few other places for people to invest their capital or pursue business careers. The growth of government under New Deal and Great Society policies was very costly to the economy, but other countries were much more mired in socialism and political favoritism than the United States. Now, an entire region is opening up to the south that welcomes foreign capital and ingenuity and is creating world-class competitive conditions to attract investment and entrepreneurs.

As Latin America and much of the rest of the world shed the policies that insulated U.S. business from suffering the competitive consequences of ill-considered government policies, our own policies will have to change. The implications of U.S. tax, entitlement, regulatory, and legal policies are inconsistent with the ability of the United States to be a global competitor. The current tax system raises the cost of labor with payroll taxes while reducing labor productivity with capital taxation.
The Spanish-Mexican Rim
Authors: Weber David J
Published: October 2023

In 1826 a Pueblo Indian appealed to New Mexico officials to stop non-Indians from acquiring land belonging to his community. As alcalde, or mayor, Rafael Aguilar claimed to represent the “principal citizens of the Pueblo of Pecos,” a once-powerful town that lay astride a key pass between the Rio Grande valley and the western edge of the high plains. Writing in phonetic Spanish, Aguilar reminded authorities that Pueblo Indians enjoyed the rights of citizens, that the law guaranteed their ownership of four square leagues of land around their pueblo, and that non-Indians had no right to acquire Pueblo lands. Aguilar’s petition was one of several formal complaints lodged in the 1820s by natives of Pecos to protect their farms and pastures. In legal terms, the petitions paid off. In 1829 the New Mexico legislature ordered non-Indians to vacate Pecos Pueblo lands.
Anierican Frontier
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

Is any word in the American idiom more evocative and elusive than frontier? Few persons can agree on what the frontier was, yet few will deny that it existed and that before its passing it somehow helped shape the nation. Trans-Appalachian America is a case in point. The frontier certainly left its stamp on this region of more than half a million square miles between the Appalachian plateaus and the Mississippi River. Through the region’s standard histories walk figures-from Daniel Boone and the “men of western waters” to Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison-who became, even in their own lifetimes, icons of the “pioneer experience.” That vague phrase, and particular images of this American frontier, are bound up as well with popular perceptions of the American people and their emerging character.
Animals And Enterprise
Authors: White Richard
Published: October 2023

If a roof had been built over the southern plains in the early 1870s, the American zoologist William Hornaday wrote, it would have been “one vast charnel house.” During the fall of 1873 the corpses, stinking and rotting in the sun, lay in a line for forty miles along the north bank of the Arkansas River. William Blackmore, an English traveler, counted sixty-seven bodies in a space not covering four acres. The bodies were those of bison. They died in such numbers and so close together because if a hunter got properly downwind, if a bluff partially concealed him, and if his luck held, he might shoot, reload, and shoot, again and again and again, without the animals stampeding.
A Region Of Cities
Authors: O’connor Carol A
Published: October 2023

On 8 October 1957 the newspapers confirmed what the public suspected. The National League baseball team the Brooklyn Dodgers was moving to Los Angeles. Falling gate receipts at Ebbets Field, which suburban fans found inaccessible, together with the failure of squabbling borough chiefs to agree on a new site for the team, prompted the Dodgers to look elsewhere. Los Angeles, already home to the football Rams, beckoned with an audience of proven sports fans eager for a crack at the national pastime. The advent of nationwide jet passenger service enhanced the city’s chances, and bold action on the part of city leaders clinched the deal. Pointing to land formerly slated for “communistic” public housing, they forced out impoverished squatters and offered the Dodgers a site for their stadium at the heart of the metropolitan network of freeways. The Dodgers’s decision, together with the news that the New York Giants were also moving west, endowed Los Angeles and San Francisco with the mantle of major-league status. In the opinion of many Americans, the cities of the West had finally arrived. To some extent such a perception was accurate. With the passing of each year after 1940, the impact of technology and the flow of government dollars furthered the integration of western cities into the national economy and culture. But to the extent that such a perception implied that cities were new to the West, it was wrong. Western history had had a significant urban dimension from the beginnings of nonnative settlement. What was more, in the nineteenth century and especially in the twentieth, western cities contributed to the shape of the American metropolis, helping to determine what modern-day living is all about.
Bill Clinton’s “Affirmative Action” Trade Policy
Authors: Krauss Melvyn
Published: October 2023

In a meritocracy, the society’s glittering prizes go to its glittering talents. Quotas to achieve politically correct objectives are an anathema. In the modern welfare state, however, protective quotas are omnipresent though they are not called quotas-they are called “affirmative action.” Universities have “affirmative action” admission policies; businesses have “affirmative action” employment policies; and governments have “affirmative action” procurement policies. Now with Bill Clinton as president, the United States has originated an “affirmative action” trade policy.
The Rise of Regionalism
Authors: Krauss Melvyn
Published: October 2023

Regionalism in Western Europe rose from the ashes of World War II. The economic, political, and spiritual devastation wrought by the war left Western Europe exhausted and vulnerable to a then-growing communist threat. On the theory that a rapid economic recovery was the best defense against communism, the United States put Western Europe’s economic reconstruction at the very top of its postwar agenda. For this country-which emerged from the war unabashedly internationalist, anticommunist, and self-confidentthe question was not whether to help Western Europe get back on its feet, but how best to proceed.
lntimate Boundaries
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham
Published: October 2023

Mother. Magdalen Gould died in 1869 in the Youghal Presentation con vent, which she had founded with her inheritance earlier in the century and where she had been a revered figure for many years. Under her leadership the convent had become particularly successful through its ability to offer a stable, peaceful, and fulfilling life for the women who entered there.
Cultural Authority
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham
Published: October 2023

JOHN TROY, ARCHBISHOP of Dublin, helped to orchestrate the city’s first public profession ceremony for women religious in 1802 at the Presentation convent in George’s Hill, Dublin. To “add to the solemnity” of the occasion, Troy invited the city’s priests to attend, as well as the country’s bishops and archbishops. The first to arrive in town was Doctor Dillon, archbishop of Armagh.
Introduction
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

The praetorship was an important military and civil office-of regular magistracies, second only to the consulship-and was one of the most enduring of Roman political institutions: it originated in the mid-fourth century and lasted in some form through the late Empire. The praetor held imperium (traditionally, the original regal civil and military authority) which was defined as being of the same nature as the consuls’, but minus, “lesser,” in relation to theirs. As a magistrate with this type of imperium, almost all activities of the consul were open to the praetor, unless a consul stopped him; but a praetor could not interfere with the consuls. The prae tor’s imperium was also minus in respect to a dictator’s.
Introduction
Authors: Coles Robert
Published: October 2023

At one point early in Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, James Agee stops to contemplate the awesome task before him, that of doing justice to the lives of the tenant-farmer families he and Walker Evans had met in July of 1936. They had been sent south by the editors of Fortune magazine to do a story on the agricultural economy of that region. They had chosen central Alabama as their locale, the heart of the so-called black belt, a phrase meant to describe not a racial population but a kind of earth, rich and productive for growing crops. They had made their way, with the help of others, to three families, all of them white—and now faced the task of figuring out what to try to learn, and then what to offer the readers who would challenge their words and images.
Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

Thinking Orientals is a ground breaking study of Asian Americans and the racial formation of twentieth-century American society. It reveals the influential role Asian Americans played in constructing the understandings of Asian American identity. It examines the unique role played by sociologists, particularly sociologists at the University of Chicago, in the study of the “Oriental Problem” before World War II and also analyzes the internment of Japanese Americans during the war and the subsequent “model minority” profile.
Wanted: Interpreters and lnformants—Orientals, Please Apply
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

“Chicago is the city from which the most incisive and radical Negro Thought has come; there is an open and raw beauty about that city that seems either to kill or endow one with the spirit of life.” So wrote novelist Richard Wright in his 1945 foreword to St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton’s Black Metropolis, a study of Chicago’s African American community. In his essay, Wright asserted that Chicago sociology had helped him understand what it had meant to be a Negro in the United States:
Death and Life
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Is there great pain in dying or does a comatose state precede the final crisis? Sometimes death lets us die, at other times it kills us. Some show signs of passing on slowly and smoothly, like a perfume that seeps out of the flask through an imperceptible crack; others succumb desperately, as if life were being torn from them piece by piece with white hot pincers. In old age we surrender, but in our youth we fight back. Who knows what death might be like: first, a great pain or a heavy drowsiness; afterwards an invincible dream; then, a polar chill; and finally, something evaporating in the brain and something turning the rest of the body to marble.
Our Indians
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

‘This article was not included in the first edition of Horas de lucha. We have included it in this edition because we believe the ideas expressed in it are in harmony with the spirit of the work. We should point out, however, that the author never finished “Nuestros indios,” and he certainly never provided definitive corrections to the pages he had sketched. And we have decided to publish it as he left it, respecting the spontaneous style of the author, instead of incorporating changes in which our good intentions would not always have managed to excuse our clumsiness, so as not to deprive the public of knowing the author’s opinion concerning a topic of such national importance-A.G.P.
Poetry
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

The time has passed when queens kissed sleeping poets on the mouth or kings were as flattered to have a sonnet engraved in their honor as a crown placed on their heads. Today, even those who write verse take pleasure in denigrating poetry, and a Chateaubriand (who lives through the sentiments and imagination of his books) maintains that “becoming a poet is the same as losing one’s strength of mind.” Still, to a Chateaubriand we can oppose a Victor Hugo.
The Responsibility of the Anarchist
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

There are two revolutions: one in the field of ideas and one on the field of action. Neither takes precedence over the other, since the word often reaches where the rifle cannot, and a book can demolish fortresses the cannon cannot. Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau are just as much revolutionaries as Mirabeau, Danton, and Robespierre. Luther does not take a back seat to Garibaldi, Comte to Bolivar, nor Darwin to Cromwell. Consciously or unconsciously, the initiators of every political, social, religious, literary, or scientific revolution are paving the way for anarchy. By removing the errors or obstacles from the path, they facilitate the march of the individual toward complete emancipation, playing the role of anarchists without intending or even wanting to do so.
The State
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Enslavement to a political cause is equivalent to subservience to a religious cause: slaves of a dinner jacket or sport coat are no different from servants of a cassock or a habit. To acknowledge the omnipotence of a parliament is, perhaps, even more absurd than to confer infallibility on an assembly of bishops. Even in the highest ecclesiastical councils men versed in Latin and canon law engage in false logic and erroneous claims, while gentlemen who can scarcely tell you how many fingers they have on each hand pontificate and quibble over complex legal matters in congresses everywhere.
Socialism and Anarchy
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Though we may praise the good intentions of all those who spoke or wrote at the beginning of May, we cannot but lament the con fusion some have displayed about men and things, giving certain individuals a place they do not merit and regarding as equal or similar ideas that exclude or contradict each other. And let us not imagine that this happens only in Peru, where we live in a kind of intellectual in fancy. In Europe, just as among us, many are sincerely seeking a fixed orientation, but the soundness of their intentions does n’t prevent them from groping aimlessly in the dark.
Social Diversity and the Study of State Politics and Policy
Authors: Hero Rodney E
Published: October 2023

The federal structure of the U.S. political system is important in numerous and varied ways. One major implication of federalism as an institutional feature is that states are permitted-indeed, expected-to be significant governments and policymakers (i.e., “polities”) in the United States. States have historically been the primary domestic public policymakers, and despite tremendous changes in the U.S. political and social systems over time, they remain so.1 By many accounts the policymaking importance of the states has grown over the last generation. In such major policy areas as education, welfare, health, crime and law enforcement, taxation, economic development, and transportation, the states and local governments are equally or more directly involved in policymaking and policy implementation than is the federal government. State governments wield a major portion of the “police power” of government-the power to make laws concerning the health, safety, morals, and well-being of the citizenry-in the United States because of the “reserved powers” clause of the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
The Well-Ordered Prison: England, 1780-1865
Authors: McGowen Randall
Published: October 2023

The contrast between a prison in 1780 and one in 1865 could scarcely have been greater. Disorder and neglect were the dominant features of the eighteenth-century prison. On entering the jail, one was confronted with the noise and smell of the place. It was seldom easy to distinguish those who belonged in the prison from those who did not. Only the presence of irons differentiated the felons from the visitors or from the debtors and their families. The jail appeared to be a peculiar kind of lodging house with a mixed clientele. Some of its inhabitants lived in ease while others suffered in squalor. There was little evidence of authority. Some prisoners gambled while others stood drinking at the prison tap. On the other hand, the prison in the mid-nineteenth century was quiet and orderly, if also drab and functional. The eeriness of the building was exaggerated by the ghostly forms of convicts in uniforms and masks. Only prisoners and jailers were present, and the difference between the two groups was apparent at a glance. Conversation and pleasure had been outlawed, but the prison was clean and healthy. Prisoners were confined to identical cells and subjected to a similar diet. Their lives were carefully regulated. A prison had assumed an unmistakable appearance.
Clintoians And Burrites
Authors: Cornog Evan
Published: October 2023

THE REPUBLICAN VICTORIES OF 1800 and 1801 had greatly weakened the power of the Federalists, and that weakness allowed existing rivalries within the Republican ranks to sharpen into public discord and even bloodshed. If the politics of New York a decade earlier could be described as being divided among the Schuylers, the Clintons, and the Livingstons, by 1801 Aaron Burr and his associates had created a new force. The founding of the Manhattan Company had given Burr a powerful tool to win influential people to his side, and his skillful conduct of the state campaign for Jefferson in 1800 had won him admirers and made clear his skill in the developing art of popular politics.
Clintonians And Quids
Authors: Cornog Evan
Published: October 2023

But into all such political Edens the serpent quickly slithers, and it was indeed with almost biblical disgust that Clinton found his hoped-for puppet governor, Morgan Lewis, forsaking him to advance his own and the Livingston interests. The son of Francis Lewis, a New York merchant and a signer of the Declaration of independence, Morgan Lewis had served in the Continental Army as a quartermaster and as chief of staff to Horatio Gates at the Battle of Saratoga; during the war he had married a daughter of Robert R. Livingston. Before becoming governor, he had been the state attorney general, a state supreme court justice, and then chief justice.
Resurrection
Authors: Cornog Evan
Published: October 2023

COMPARED WITH CLINTON’S prostration in 1815, that of1823 appeared even more likely to be final. The new state constitution seemed to insure that the reins of state power would remain firmly in the grasp of the Buck tails. Clinton’s most potent issue had lost its salience: everyone now favored the canal. The Federalist party, whose remnants had helped Clinton win and exercise the governorship, had dis solved, and many Federalists had cast their lot with Van Buren’s men, who controlled patronage and, unlike the erratic Clinton, made a point of rewarding faithful adherents.
About Oliver E. Williamson
Authors: Masten Scott E
Published: October 2023

In the history of economic thought, there has been perhaps more than a little want of the spirit of which Cannan spoke. Although a wide variety of institutions and organizational forms influence economic activity, economists have preoccupied themselves primarily with the performance and limitations of markets and, particularly, the role of prices in coordinating production and exchange. The operation and limitations of non-market institutions and, correspondingly, the issue of when one institutional arrangement will-or should-be substituted for another had, until quite recently, elicited relatively little systematic attention.
Corporate Law and Corporate Governance
Authors: Romano Roberta
Published: October 2023

Corporate law and corporate governance are flip sides of the same coin. The fundamental task of corporate law is to provide a framework of goverance institutions that mitigate the agency problem arising from the separation of ownership and control in the modern corporation-that the interests of the managers who control corporate decision-making may not coincide with the interests of their principals, the corporation’s owners.
Research Designs
Authors: Murray David M
Published: October 2023

There are four major features that combine to differentiate the designs commonly used in group-randomized trials. The first is whether the design is a main-effects or factorial design. The second is the schedule for data collection. The third is whether the design is a cohort or a cross-sectional design. The fourth is whether or not the design will include a priori matching or stratification. Decisions related to these features will be strongly influenced by the research question, but also by other considerations. This chapter will review the alternatives available for each of these features and the factors that can influence the investigators decisions.
Analyses for Nested Cross-Sectional Designs
Authors: Murray David M
Published: October 2023

This chapter presents analyses appropriate for data from nested cross-sectional designs. One chapter cannot cover all the designs and analyses possible within this class of designs, but it can represent the major variations. Following the recommendations in Chapter 4, these analyses are based on the General Linear Mixed Model or the Generalized Linear Mixed Model.
Introduction: Rethinking America’s Liberal Tradition
Authors: Kloppenberg James T
Published: October 2023

This book issues the summons of Langston Hughes to American liberals: “KEEP YOUR HANDS ON THE PLOW! HOLD ON!” For fifty years now the ideas and policies of American liberalism have been on the defensive, first against charges of communism or socialism, more recently against charges of moral as well as economic apostasy. The time has come to reconsider the ideals that inspired generations of Americans to see the rich potential of political engagement as well as the value of private pursuits, to acknowledge the importance of public deliberation about the meanings of our shared standards of liberty and justice for all.
Good-Bye Antitrust (1983-1999)
Authors: Geisst Charles R
Published: October 2023

After a hundred years of attempting to come to grips with alleged monopolies, no one expected the 1980s and 1990s to become a revolution in industrial organization and a boom for Wall Street’s mergersand-acquisitions specialists. Yet American industry was on the verge of its greatest change since the days of Gould and Vanderbilt.
The Cult As A Social System
Authors: Galanter Marc
Published: October 2023

At the interface between the charismatic religious sect and society at large, strange things happen. Many people have noted the glazed look of members of such sects as the Unification Church when they venture outside the fold and mix with nonmembers. It has been suggested that such behavior is symptomatic of psychopathology, specifically a dissociative state. Others who studied the sects, however, have not made such observations. In this chapter, we will see how the discrepancy represents different aspects of behavior at the boundary of a social system.
The Nature Of Healing Movements
Authors: Galanter Marc
Published: October 2023

I considered the study of religious cults an avocation and pursued it along with my day job as a psychiatrist in the addiction field. While the Moonies were making headlines with their aggressive recruitment techniques, I was learning about the remarkable effects of the spiritually oriented group Alco holics Anonymous. M was clearly a zealous and cohesive movement, a charismatic group of sorts, one that worked very well as a worldwide treatment program for alcoholics. Its success suggested that there might be a benefit in applying some of the group techniques observed in both M and in the cults to mobilize patients in alcoholism clinics so they could accept the idea of sobriety more fully, and become more effectively committed to their own recovery.
Equity
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

A Central Problem for reformers is to make science understandable, accessible, and perhaps even enjoyable to all K-12 students. All students are expected to achieve some degree of literacy in reading and mathematics. In contrast, science has been viewed as the province of a privileged few. Even today, there are opinions that most people can, at best, learn about science, rather than how to do science (Shamos, 1996). This chapter explores the implications of science education for various groups of students who presently are underrepresented in science classes and science-related careers, do not achieve highly in science, have difficulty getting access to appropriate learning environments for science, or may not match current stereotypes of students who are interested in science. In addition, the chapter considers the needs of students from groups who have traditionally done well in the sciences in the United States and attempts to assess how science reform might affect them.
Higher Education
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

THE PROGRESS of K-12 science and mathematics education reform has been steady, sometimes accelerating since the publication of A Nation at Risk (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983). To maintain this progress, future science and mathematics teachers will need deep and interconnected knowledge of their subjects and of cultural and social issues with implications for teaching the subjects. Higher education has recently acknowledged its need for significant reform (Boyer, 1994), and colleges and universities have undertaken substantial efforts to change the ways they organize teaching and learning. These efforts are especially noticeable in the science, mathematics, and technology related disciplines and bode well for the support and institutionalization of K-12 science education reform. Nonetheless, these reforms are only a beginning. It is clear that higher education must become a more active and visible participant if the reform process is to succeed in schools, colleges, and universities.
Family and Community
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Families1and the Community have a great influence on children’s learning. Families are valuable resources in educational reform, and children benefit when schools recognize and encourage parents’ roles in reform efforts. Research has shown that a robust, highly interactive network of parents, community members, peers, and educators stimulates a child’s learning and development (Bronfenbrenner, 1989). The task of creating a network to support children’s science learning and development is becoming more difficult. However, changes in social structures and increased economic pressures have reduced the time and energy some families can devote to school involvement: single parents are often working more than one job, and in many two-parent house holds both parents are working. Also, many households are changing configuration, as when extended families raise children.
Much Ado About Mutton: An Ethical Review of the Cloning Controversy
Authors: Green Ronald M
Published: October 2023

I begin this discussion with the conviction that 10 or 20 years from now around the world a modest number of children (several hundred to several thousand) will be born each year as a result of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning. I further assume that within the same period cloning will have come to be looked on as just one more available technique of assisted reproduction among the many in use: in vitro fertilization (IVF), egg and sperm donation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, surrogacy. I hope to show why this outcome is both predictable and ethically acceptable.
The Legal Traditions
Authors: Goldstein Paul
Published: October 2023

Copyright and author’s right are the two great legal traditions for protecting literary and artistic works. The copyright tradition is associated with the common law world-England, where the tradition began, the former British colonies, and the countries of the British Commonwealth. The tradition of author’s right is rooted in the civil law system and prevails In the countries of the European continent and their former colonies In Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
The Face of the Nation
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: October 2023

This chapter addresses the category of memory through an analysis of some familiar territory: visual accounts of the Civil War. These accounts appear in narratives that sought to produce, as if through photographic development, the blurred outlines of bodies and to bring them into focus. The relationship between the early use of photographs and the production of a visible subject forms the background to my treatment of looking and memory. The act of looking by the twenty-first-century scholar engages a mnemonic device developed in the nineteenth century: photographs keep war visible.