bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coupled oxygen desorption and structural reconstruction accompanying reduction of copper oxide
Authors: Li Liwen , Liu Huixian , Qin Yuyao , Wang Hua , Han Jinyu , Zhu Xinli , Ge Qingfeng
Published: January 2023

Understanding structural transformation and phase transition accompanying reactions in a solid as a catalyst or oxygen carrier is important to the design and optimization of many catalytic or chemical looping reaction processes. Herein, we combined density functional theory calculation with the stochastic surface walking global optimization approach to track the structural transformation accompanying the reduction of CuO upon releasing oxygen. We then used machine learning (ML) methods to correlate the structural properties of CuOx with varying x. By decomposing a reduction step into oxygen detachment and structural reconstruction, we identified two types of pathways: (1) uniform reduction with minimal structural changes; (2) segregated reduction with significant reconstruction. The results of ML analysis showed that the most important feature is the radial distribution functions of Cu–O at a percentage of oxygen vacancy [C(OV)] < 50% and Cu–Cu at C(OV) > 50% for CuOx formation. These features reflect the underlying physicochemical origin, i.e., Cu–O breaking and Cu–Cu formation in the respective stage of reduction. Phase diagram analysis indicates that CuO will be reduced to Cu2O under a typical oxygen uncoupling condition. This work demonstrates the complexity of solid structural transformation and the potential of ML methods in studying solid state materials involved in many chemical processes.
Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space-for-time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia
Authors: Bartley Rebecca , Abbott Brett N. , Ghahramani Afshin , Ali Aram , Kerr Rod , Roth Christian H. , Kinsey-Henderson Anne
Published: January 2023

Regenerative grazing, which generally involves some form of rotational grazing with strategic rest, is increasingly seen as a profitable management approach that will accelerate landscape recovery. However, there is limited quantitative evidence supporting the benefits of this approach in northern Australia. This space-for-time study collected vegetation and soil data from a range of properties in the Burdekin catchment in Queensland that have implemented regenerative grazing strategies for between 5 and 20 years. Data were also collected at adjacent control sites that did not undergo regenerative grazing, but where more traditional continuous set-stocking grazing approaches were applied. Coincident data were also collected from several sites where grazing had been excluded for ~30 years. Data suggested that improvements in vegetation, soil and land condition can be obtained from implementing regenerative grazing principles, although it is likely to take at least 3–5 years, and up to 15–20 years for statistically significant improvements to be measurable at a site, particularly for areas that are moving from a degraded baseline condition. Vegetation attributes such as plant biomass and basal area and litter incorporation all appeared to be better surrogates than percentage ground cover for representing improved landscape condition and soil health. Sites that maintained remotely sensed percentage ground cover at or above the minimally disturbed reference benchmark levels for >10 years, as well as having statistically higher biomass, basal area and litter, had significant increases in total nitrogen (TN) and soil organic carbon (SOC) relative to the local control site. Although there are indications that regenerative grazing can lead to improvements in land condition, this study does not enable us to conclude whether regenerative grazing will accelerate improvements compared with other best-practice grazing land management (GLM) approaches, and further research on the social and economic dimensions of regenerative grazing is needed.
Gender bias in teaching evaluations: the causal role of department gender composition
Authors: Aragón Oriana R. , Pietri Evava S. , Powell Brian A.
Published: January 2023

Women are underrepresented in academia’s higher ranks. Promotion oftentimes requires positive student-provided course evaluations. At a U.S. university, both an archival and an experimental investigation uncovered gender discrimination that affected both men and women. A department’s gender composition and the course levels being taught interacted to predict biases in evaluations. However, women were disproportionately impacted because women were more often in the gender minority. A subsequent audit of the university’s promotion guidelines suggested a disproportionate impact on women’s career trajectories. Our framework was guided by role congruity theory, which poses that workplace positions are gendered by the ratios of men and women who fill them. We hypothesized that students would expect educators in a department’s gender majority to fill more so essential positions of teaching upper-level courses and those in the minority to fill more so supportive positions of teaching lower-level courses. Consistent with role congruity theory when an educator’s gender violated expected gendered roles, we generally found discrimination in the form of lower evaluation scores. A follow-up experiment demonstrated that it was possible to change students’ expectations about which gender would teach their courses. When we assigned students randomly to picture themselves as students in a male-dominated, female-dominated, or gender-parity department, we shifted their expectations of whether men or women would teach upper- and lower-level courses. Violating students’ expectations created negative biases in teaching evaluations. This provided a causal link between department gender composition and discrimination. The importance of gender representation and ameliorating strategies are discussed.
Evidence for high-performance suction feeding in the Pennsylvanian stem-group holocephalan
Iniopera
Authors: Dearden Richard P. , Herrel Anthony , Pradel Alan
Published: January 2023

The Carboniferous (358.9 to 298.9 Ma) saw the emergence of marine ecosystems dominated by modern vertebrate groups, including abundant stem-group holocephalans (chimaeras and relatives). Compared with the handful of anatomically conservative holocephalan genera alive today—demersal durophages all—these animals were astonishingly morphologically diverse, and bizarre anatomies in groups such as iniopterygians hint at specialized ecological roles foreshadowing those of the later, suction-feeding neopterygians. However, flattened fossils usually obscure these animals’ functional morphologies and how they fitted into these important early ecosystems. Here, we use three-dimensional (3D) methods to show that the musculoskeletal anatomy of the uniquely 3D-preserved iniopterygian
Iniopera
can be best interpreted as being similar to that of living holocephalans rather than elasmobranchs but that it was mechanically unsuited to durophagy. Rather,
Iniopera
had a small, anteriorly oriented mouth aperture, expandable pharynx, and strong muscular links among the pectoral girdle, neurocranium, and ventral pharynx consistent with high-performance suction feeding, something exhibited by no living holocephalan and never clearly characterized in any of the extinct members of the holocephalan stem-group. Remarkably, in adapting a distinctly holocephalan anatomy to suction feeding,
Iniopera
is more comparable to modern tetrapod suction feeders than to the more closely related high-performance suction-feeding elasmobranchs. This raises questions about the assumed role of durophagy in the evolution of holocephalans’ distinctive anatomy and offers a rare glimpse into the breadth of ecological niches filled by holocephalans in a pre-neopterygian world.
Climate change, human health, and resilience in the Holocene
Authors: Robbins Schug Gwen , Buikstra Jane E. , DeWitte Sharon N. , Baker Brenda J. , Berger Elizabeth , Buzon Michele R. , Davies-Barrett Anna M. , Goldstein Lynne , Grauer Anne L. , Gregoricka Lesley A. , Halcrow Siân E. , Knudson Kelly J. , Larsen Clark Spencer , Martin Debra L. , Nystrom Kenneth C. , Perry Megan A. , Roberts Charlotte A. , Santos Ana Luisa , Stojanowski Christopher M. , Suby Jorge A. , Temple Daniel H. , Tung Tiffiny A. , Vlok Melandri , Watson-Glen Tatyana , Zakrzewski Sonia R.
Published: January 2023

Climate change is an indisputable threat to human health, especially for societies already confronted with rising social inequality, political and economic uncertainty, and a cascade of concurrent environmental challenges. Archaeological data about past climate and environment provide an important source of evidence about the potential challenges humans face and the long-term outcomes of alternative short-term adaptive strategies. Evidence from well-dated archaeological human skeletons and mummified remains speaks directly to patterns of human health over time through changing circumstances. Here, we describe variation in human epidemiological patterns in the context of past rapid climate change (RCC) events and other periods of past environmental change. Case studies confirm that human communities responded to environmental changes in diverse ways depending on historical, sociocultural, and biological contingencies. Certain factors, such as social inequality and disproportionate access to resources in large, complex societies may influence the probability of major sociopolitical disruptions and reorganizations—commonly known as “collapse.” This survey of Holocene human–environmental relations demonstrates how flexibility, variation, and maintenance of Indigenous knowledge can be mitigating factors in the face of environmental challenges. Although contemporary climate change is more rapid and of greater magnitude than the RCC events and other environmental changes we discuss here, these lessons from the past provide clarity about potential priorities for equitable, sustainable development and the constraints of modernity we must address.
Compressibility and porosity modulate the mechanical properties of giant gas vesicles
Authors: Al-Terke Hedar H. , Beaune Grégory , Junaid Muhammad , Seitsonen Jani , Paananen Arja , Timonen Jaakko V. I. , Joensuu Jussi , Brochard-Wyart Françoise , Ras Robin H. A.
Published: January 2023

Gas vesicles used as contrast agents for noninvasive ultrasound imaging must be formulated to be stable, and their mechanical properties must be assessed. We report here the formation of perfluoro-
n
-butane microbubbles coated with surface-active proteins that are produced by filamentous fungi (hydrophobin HFBI from
Trichoderma reesei
). Using pendant drop and pipette aspiration techniques, we show that these giant gas vesicles behave like glassy polymersomes, and we discover novel gas extraction regimes. We develop a model to analyze the micropipette aspiration of these compressible gas vesicles and compare them to incompressible liquid-filled vesicles. We introduce a sealing parameter to characterize the leakage of gas under aspiration through the pores of the protein coating. Utilizing this model, we can determine the elastic dilatation modulus, surface viscosity, and porosity of the membrane. These results demonstrate the engineering potential of protein-coated bubbles for echogenic and therapeutic applications and extend the use of the pipette aspiration technique to compressible and porous systems.
Oil-on-water droplets faceted and stabilized by vortex halos in the subphase
Authors: Li Yitan , Pahlavan Amir A. , Chen Yuguang , Liu Song , Li Yan , Stone Howard A. , Granick Steve
Published: January 2023

For almost 200 y, the dominant approach to understand oil-on-water droplet shape and stability has been the thermodynamic expectation of minimized energy, yet parallel literature shows the prominence of Marangoni flow, an adaptive gradient of interfacial tension that produces convection rolls in the water. Our experiments, scaling arguments, and linear stability analysis show that the resulting Marangoni-driven high-Reynolds-number flow in shallow water overcomes radial symmetry of droplet shape otherwise enforced by the Laplace pressure. As a consequence, oil-on-water droplets are sheared to become polygons with distinct edges and corners. Moreover, subphase flows beneath individual droplets can inhibit the coalescence of adjacent droplets, leading to rich many-body dynamics that makes them look alive. The phenomenon of a “vortex halo” in the liquid subphase emerges as a hidden variable.
Path instability of an air bubble rising in water
Authors: Herrada Miguel A. , Eggers Jens G.
Published: January 2023

It has been documented since the Renaissance that an air bubble rising in water will deviate from its straight, steady path to perform a periodic zigzag or spiral motion once the bubble is above a critical size. Yet, unsteady bubble rise has resisted quantitative description, and the physical mechanism remains in dispute. Using a numerical mapping technique, we for the first time find quantitative agreement with high-precision measurements of the instability. Our linear stability analysis shows that the straight path of an air bubble in water becomes unstable to a periodic perturbation (a Hopf bifurcation) above a critical spherical radius of
R
 = 0.926 mm, within 2% of the experimental value. While it was previously believed that the bubble’s wake becomes unstable, we now demonstrate a new mechanism, based on the interplay between flow and bubble deformation.
Cardiac progenitors instruct second heart field fate through Wnts
Authors: Miyamoto Matthew , Kannan Suraj , Anderson Matthew J. , Liu Xihe , Suh David , Htet Myo , Li Biyi , Kakani Tejasvi , Murphy Sean , Tampakakis Emmanouil , Lewandoski Mark , Andersen Peter , Uosaki Hideki , Kwon Chulan
Published: January 2023

The heart develops in a synchronized sequence of proliferation and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) from two anatomically distinct pools of cells, the first heart field (FHF) and second heart field (SHF). Congenital heart defects arise upon dysregulation of these processes, many of which are restricted to derivatives of the FHF or SHF. Of the conserved set of signaling pathways that regulate development, the Wnt signaling pathway has long been known for its importance in SHF development. The source of such Wnts has remained elusive, though it has been postulated that these Wnts are secreted from ectodermal or endodermal sources. The central question remains unanswered: Where do these Wnts come from? Here, we show that CPCs autoregulate SHF development via Wnt through genetic manipulation of a key Wnt export protein (Wls), scRNA-seq analysis of CPCs, and use of our precardiac organoid system. Through this, we identify dysregulated developmental trajectories of anterior SHF cell fate, leading to a striking single ventricle phenotype in knockout embryos. We then applied our findings to our precardiac organoid model and found that Wnt2 is sufficient to restore SHF cell fate in our model of disrupted endogenous Wnt signaling. In this study, we provide a basis for SHF cell fate decision—proliferation vs. differentiation—autoregulated by CPCs through Wnt.
DOI Withdrawn: Plant adaptability to climate change and drought stress for crop growth and production
Authors: Cotrina Cabello Guillermo Gomer , Ruiz Rodriguez Alfonso , Husnain Gondal Aqarab , Areche Franklin Ore , Flores Denis Dante Corilla , Astete Jhon Adolfo Quincho , Camayo-Lapa Becquer Frauberth , Yapias Rafael Julian Malpartida , Jabbar Abdul , Yovera Saldarriaga José , Salas-Contreras William Herminio , Cruz Nieto Dante Daniel
Published: January 2023

Withdrawal of DOI: Please note that this DOI has been withdrawn and the review article can be found at
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0004
A Description of a Māori, Minimum Secure, Forensic Mental Health Unit: A Step toward Equity
Authors: Wharewera-Mika J. , Field T. , Wiki N. , Thomson C. , McKenna B.
Published: January 2023

Indigenous people have a right to culturally responsive secure inpatient forensic mental health services (FMHS). Yet, there is a paucity of literature highlighting such facilities. This study aims to provide an exemplar of a culturally responsive Māori minimum secure unit for the indigenous people (Māori) of Aotearoa (New Zealand). A Māori research approach (Kaupapa Māori research) was used to highlight the voice of tāngata whai i te ora (service users), their whānau (family), and Māori kaimahi (staff), to describe life in this service. Personal recovery-oriented care was evident emphasizing developing a sense of cultural identity. This approach was attached to a focus on collective identity to enable people to gain skills to thrive within their whānau, once living in the community. This was achieved through a combination of embedding Māori values and practices into daily life, coupled with a blending of culturally specific and evidence-based programmes. Despite the significant gains demonstrated through the development of this culturally responsive unit, challenges to progress exist. Māori leadership to the unit has been eroded, but those interviewed expressed resolve to navigate a solution. This exemplar provides an international impetus for cultural transformation to meet the needs of indigenous peoples in FMHS.
Residual stress tuning in UV- LIGA fabricated microstructures using deposition temperature and reverse pulse plating
Authors: Agrawal Vasudha , Mitra Bhaskar
Published: January 2023

This paper utilizes pulse reverse plating to control the residual stress in electroplated copper MEMS structures. The residual stress plays a significant role in many micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) devices and control (not just minimization) over it is desirable. We have tuned the stress either compressive or tensile for different plating parameters, without utilizing any additives in the bath or annealing in the process. We demonstrate the use of this technique using a UV-LIGA fabricated microstrain gauge, that is also utilized to measure the stress. We show that the stress can be tuned from a value of 364 MPa to –194 MPa by varying the pulse plating parameters like ratio of forward/reverse time and temperature.
Numerical study of helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet interacting with a wavy substrate surface with different dielectric constants and curvature radius
Authors: Jiang Yuanyuan , Wang Yanhui , Zhang Jiao , Wang Dezhen
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we present a two-dimensional numerical study on a helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet interacting with a wavy substrate surface, focusing on the effects of the substrate relative dielectric constant and substrate morphologies on the plasma jet behavior near the wavy surface. The results show that when the dielectric constant is small, the jet can form separate discharge channels near the wavy substrate surface and can penetrate the cavity of the wavy substrate surface. With increasing dielectric constant, the penetration distance of the discharge channels decreases. When the substrate dielectric constant exceeds a certain value, the plasma jet only propagates above the wavy substrate surface and there are no prominent separated channels near the surface. Meanwhile, the radial propagation distance along the substrate surface decreases. For a certain dielectric constant, the penetration depth of the separated channel depends on the curvature radius of the wavy substrate surface and there exists a minimum curvature radius that allows the separated channel to enter the cavity. This minimum curvature radius varies with the substrate dielectric constant. If the dielectric constant becomes larger, the minimum curvature radius increases.
High-resolution strain fiber laser-sensor based on core-offset mach-zehnder interferometer
Authors: Contreras-Teran M A , Jauregui-Vazquez D , Gallegos-Arellano E , Rojas-Laguna R , Reyes-Ayona J R , Estudillo-Ayala J M , Hernandez-Garcia J C , Sierra-Hernandez J M
Published: January 2023

This paper presents an axial strain laser sensing setup based on a core-offset Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The core-offset MZI was implemented by fusion splicing of three segments of single mode fiber and was used as wavelength selective filter and sensing head. The experimental results show that in the strain range from 0 to 333.333 με, the laser wavelength emission shifts linearly from 1554 to 1557 nm, achieving a strain sensitivity of 5.2332 pm µε−1 and an R
2 value of 0. 9988. The laser emission has a linewidth of 20 pm and a single-mode suppression ratio of 45 dB. Furthermore, the fiber laser offers output power stability at room temperature, compactness, and robustness.
Influence of tin oxide decoration on the junction conductivity of silver nanowires
Authors: Vogl Lilian Maria , Kalancha Violetta , Schweizer Peter , Denninger Peter , Wu Mingjian , Brabec Christoph , Forberich Karen , Spiecker Erdmann
Published: January 2023

Flexible electrodes using nanowires (NWs) suffer from challenges of long-term stability and high junction resistance which limit their fields of applications. Welding via thermal annealing is a common strategy to enhance the conductivity of percolated NW networks, however, it affects the structural and mechanical integrity of the NWs. In this study we show that the decoration of NWs with an ultrathin metal oxide is a potential alternative procedure which not only enhances the thermal and chemical stability but, moreover, provides a totally different mechanism to reduce the junction resistance upon heat treatment. Here, we analyze the effect of SnO
x
decoration on the conductance of silver NWs and NW junctions by using a four-probe measurement setup inside a scanning electron microscope. Dedicated transmission electron microscopy analysis in plan-view and cross-section geometry are carried out to characterize the nanowires and the microstructure of the junctions. Upon heat treatment the junction resistance of both plain silver NWs and SnO
x
-decorated NWs is reduced by around 80%. While plain silver NWs show characteristic junction welding during annealing, the SnO
x
-decoration reduces junction resistance by a solder-like process which does not affect the mechanical integrity of the NW junction and is therefore expected to be superior for applications.
Al and Ta co-doped LLZO as active filler with enhanced Li+ conductivity for PVDF-HFP composite solid-state electrolyte
Authors: Zou Jianxun , Gao Xinlong , Zhou Xiangyang , Yang Juan , Tang Jingjing , Kou Huaishuo , Chang Ruirui , Zhang Yaguang
Published: January 2023

Battery safety calls for solid state batteries and how to prepare solid electrolytes with excellent performance are of significant importance. In this study, hybrid solid electrolytes combined with organic PVDF-HFP and inorganic active fillers are studied. The modified active fillers of Li7−x−3y
Al
y
La3Zr2–x
Ta
x
O12 are obtained by co-element doping with Al and Ta when LLZO is synthesized by calcination. And an high room temperature ionic conductivity of 5.357 × 10−4 S cm−1 is exhibited by ATLLZO ceramic sheet. The composite solid electrolyte PVDF-HFP/LiTFSI/ATLLZO (PHL-ATLLZO) is prepared by solution casting method, and its electrochemical properties are investigated. The results show that when the contents of lithium salt LiTFSI and active filler ATLLZO are controlled at 40 wt% and 10%, respectively, the ionic conductivity of the resulting composite solid electrolyte is as high as 2.686 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature, and a wide electrochemical window of 4.75 V is exhibited. The LiFePO4/PHL-ATLLZO/Li all-solid-state battery assembled based on the composite solid-state electrolyte exhibits excellent cycling stability at room temperature. The cell assembled by casting the composite solid-state electrolyte on the cathode surface shows a discharge specific capacity of 134.3 mAh g−1 and 96.2% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. The prepared composite solid-state electrolyte demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance.
A stable solid-state lithium–oxygen battery enabled by heterogeneous silicon-based interface
Authors: Yu Zhiqian , Wang Sheng , Zhu Ting , Lin Zijie , Li Zhihuan , Zhang Pei , Song Hucheng , Li Wei , Xu Ling , Xu Jun , Chen Kunji
Published: January 2023

Solid-state lithium-metal batteries using inorganic solid-state electrolyte (SSE) instead of liquid-electrolyte, especially lithium–oxygen (Li-O2) battery, have attracted much more attention due to their high-energy density and safety. However, the poor interface contact between electrodes and SSEs makes these batteries lose most of their capacity and power during cycling. Here we report that by coating a heterogeneous silicon carbide on lithium metal anode and Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5P3O12 (LAGP)-SSE, a good interface contact is created between the electrode and electrolyte that can effectively reduce the interface impedance and improve the cycle performance of the assembled battery. As a result, the solid-sate Li-O2 battery demonstrates a cycle lifespan of ∼78 cycles being at least 3-times higher than the solid-state Li-O2 battery without silicon carbide with a capacity limitation of 1000 mAh g−1 at 250 mA g−1. The characterization of discharge products indicates a typical two-electron convention of oxygen-to-lithium oxide for the solid-state Li-O2 battery system. This work paves a way for developing high-energy long-cycle solid-state lithium-metal battery. The work provides insights into the interface between the Li-metal and SSE to develop high-energy long-cycle all solid-state Li-metal batteries.
Moment-Fourier approach to ion parallel fluid closures and transport for a toroidally confined plasma
Authors: Ji Jeong-Young , Held Eric D , Andrew Spencer J , Na Yong-Su
Published: January 2023

A general method of solving the drift kinetic equation is developed for an axisymmetric magnetic field. Expanding a distribution function in general moments, a set of ordinary differential equations is obtained. Successively expanding the moments and magnetic-field involved quantities in Fourier series, a set of linear algebraic equations is obtained. The set of full (Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian) moment equations is solved to express the first-order density, temperature, and flow velocity in terms of radial gradients of the zeroth-order pressure and temperature. Closure relations that connect parallel heat flux density and viscosity to the radial gradients and parallel gradients of temperature and flow velocity are also obtained by solving the non-Maxwellian moment equations. The closure relations combined with the linearized fluid equations reproduce the same solution obtained directly from the full moment equations. The method can be generalized to derive closures and transport for an electron-ion plasma and a multi-ion plasma in a general magnetic field.
Epitaxial lift-off method for GaAs solar cells with high Al content AlGaAs window layer
Authors: Paulauskas Tadas , Strazdienė Viktorija , Šebeka Benjaminas , Maneikis Andrius , Kamarauskas Mindaugas , Geižutis Andrejus , Skapas Martynas , Suchodolskis Artūras , Drazdys Mantas , Pačebutas Vaidas , Krotkus Arūnas
Published: January 2023

The epitaxial GaAs substrate lift-off (ELO) technique is widely used to produce thin film III–V semiconductor optoelectronic devices. However, the hydrofluoric (HF) acid used in the process forbids the incorporation of active AlGaAs device layers with high Al content due to its selective etching. In this work, a new ELO method is presented, which allows for the protection of AlGaAs layers against the HF acid attack. The method is used here to prepare and analyse thin film GaAs solar cells containing Al0.85Ga0.15As window layer. We employ a sacrificial GaAs buffer and device perimeter pre-processing that covers the exposed edges with back contact metals and electroplated Cu. A comparison of the epitaxially lifted GaAs solar cells with identical cells prepared by substrate etching demonstrates identical photovoltaic figures of merit and confirms the viability of the AlGaAs protection approach. In addition to applications in thin film photovoltaics, this ELO method can be applied to solid-state lasers and single-photon emitters employing AlGaAs-based Bragg reflectors, among other III–V semiconductor optoelectronic devices.
Linear flexible capacitive sensor with double helix structure based on multi-needle water-bath electrospinning technology
Authors: Han Xiao , Fan Mengjing , Yue Xinyan , Zhao Xiaoman , Liu Yongkun , Hong Jianhan , Liu Leigen
Published: January 2023

Capacitive flexible sensors stand out due to their advantages of simple structure, strong adaptability and low power consumption, and become the mainstream technology for the preparation of wearable flexible devices. In this study, polyamide 6 (PA6) nanofibers were coated on the surface of a silver-coated nylon (SCN) core yarn using a novel multi-needle water-bath electrospinning method. The SCN/PA6 nanofiber core-spun yarns were prepared, and linear flexible capacitive sensors with a double helix structure (double helix structure capacitive sensors, DHSCSs) were produced by winding two nanofiber core-spun yarns in parallel, with different winding densities, on elastic rubber strings. We then characterized the nanofiber core-spun yarn, analyzed its sensing performance, and explored an application in human motion monitoring. Our results confirm that a nanofiber coating with a complete structure can be formed on the surface of the SCN core yarn by multi-needle water-bath electrospinning. The nanofiber diameter was in the 80–100 nm range, which provides a soft and deformable dielectric layer for the sensor. The capacitance of the DHSCSs gradually decreased with an increase in strain. When the strain was small, it exhibited good linearity (R2> 0.99) and sensitivity (gauge factor of ∼4). With an increase in strain, the linearity and sensitivity of the DHSCSs gradually decreased. The capacitances of the DHSCSs were stable under extended duration cyclic stretching, and their repeatability and stability were good. At different tensile speeds, the sensing performance of the DHSCSs did not change, and the capacitance change was not affected by the tensile speed. The higher winding density of the sensor made it more sensitive. The DHSCS could monitor intermittent and continuous knee bending and walking, effectively monitoring human motion in real time. This sensor has the potential for application in flexible wearable human motion, health monitoring, and other fields.
Experimental evidence for the significance of optical phonons in thermal transport of tin monosulfide
Authors: Wu Peng , Murai Naoki , Li Tongrui , Kajimoto Ryoichi , Nakamura Mitsutaka , Kofu Maiko , Nakajima Kenji , Xia Kang , Peng Kunling , Zhang Yue , Zhao Weisheng
Published: January 2023

The understanding of the lattice dynamics is essential for engineering the thermal transport properties in quantum materials. Based on the canonical point of view, acoustic phonons are believed to be the principal thermal carriers in heat flow. Here, in this work, optical phonons are elucidated to play a pivotal role in determining the lattice thermal conductivity in thermoelectric material SnS by using the state-of-the-art inelastic neutron scattering technique combined with first-principles calculations. Additionally, in contrast to acoustic phonons, optical phonons are observed to exhibit pronounced softening and broadening with temperature. Our observations not only shed light on the significance of the optical phonons in thermal transport but also provide a vital clue to suppress the propagation of optical phonons to optimize the thermoelectric performance of SnS.
Calculated magnetic exchange interactions in the van der Waals layered magnet CrSBr
Authors: Bo Xiangyan , Li Feng , Xu Xinyu , Wan Xiangang , Pu Yong
Published: January 2023

Intrinsic van der Waals materials layered magnets have attracted much attention, especially the air-stable semiconductor CrSBr. Herein, we carry out a comprehensive investigation of both bulk and monolayer CrSBr using the first-principles linear-response method. Through the calculation of the magnetic exchange interactions, it is confirmed that the ground state of bulk CrSBr is A-type antiferromagnetic, while there are five sizable large intralayer exchange interactions with small magnetic frustration, which results in a relatively high magnetic transition temperature of both bulk and monolayer CrSBr. Moreover, the significant electron doping effect and strain effect are demonstrated, with further increased Curie temperature for monolayer CrSBr, as well as an antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition for bulk CrSBr. We also calculate the magnon spectra using linear spin-wave theory. These features of CrSBr can be helpful to clarify the microscopic magnetic mechanism and promote the application in spintronics.
Toys can’t play: physical agents in Spekkens’ theory
Authors: Hausmann Ladina , Nurgalieva Nuriya , Rio Lídia del
Published: January 2023

Information is physical(Landauer 1961IBM J. Res. Dev.5183–91), and for a physical theory to be universal, it should model observers as physical systems, with concrete memories where they store the information acquired through experiments and reasoning. Here we address these issues in Spekkens’ toy theory (Spekkens 2005Phys. Rev.A71052108), a non-contextual epistemically restricted model that partially mimics the behaviour of quantum mechanics. We propose a way to model physical implementations of agents, memories, measurements, conditional actions and information processing. We find that the actions of toy agents are severely limited: although there are non-orthogonal states in the theory, there is no way for physical agents to consciously prepare them. Their memories are also constrained: agents cannot forget in which of two arbitrary states a system is. Finally, we formalize the process of making inferences about other agents’ experiments and model multi-agent experiments like Wigner’s friend. Unlike quantum theory (Nurgalieva and del Rio Lidia 2019Electron. Proc. Theor. Comput. Sci.287267–97; Fraseret al2020 Fitch’s knowability axioms are incompatible with quantum theory arXiv:2009.00321; Frauchiger and Renner 2018Nat. Commun.93711; Nurgalieva and Renner 2021Contemp. Phys.611–24; Brukner 2018Entropy20350) or box world (Vilasiniet al2019New J. Phys.21113028), in toy theory there are no inconsistencies when physical agents reason about each other’s knowledge.
Role of solar wind on the ionic escaping from Venus upper ionosphere via plasma wakefield
Authors: El-Shafeay N A , Moslem W M , El-Taibany W F , El-Labany S K
Published: January 2023

According to the observations that detected significant ionospheric escape from Venus, a test charge approach is suggested to explain the ionic loss caused by the solar wind (SW) interaction with the Venusian upper ionosphere. The proposed plasma system consists of two positive planetary ions (H
+ and O
+) with isothermal electrons and streaming SW protons, with Maxwellian electrons. The electrostatic Debye screening and wakefield potentials caused by a moving test charge as well as the modified dielectric constant of the ion-acoustic waves (IAWs) created in the model are derived. The normalized Debye potential is found to decrease exponentially with the axial distance. Whereas the amplitude of the wakefield potential is amplified with the altitudes and decreases with increasing the density of either planetary oxygen or the SW protons but it is enhanced by SW electrons number density. However, the wakefield amplitude is not affected by the SW protons velocity or their temperatures because the SW protons velocity is fast compared with the velocity of the plasma system. Thus, the properties of the ions escaping are affected by the velocity variations within a certain range called the velocity scale window. The obtained results are found to be in a good agreement with the observed data.
Exploring the effects of primordial non-Gaussianity at galactic scales
Authors: Stahl Clément , Montandon Thomas , Famaey Benoit , Hahn Oliver , Ibata Rodrigo
Published: January 2023

While large scale primordial non-Gaussianity is strongly constrained by present-day data, there are no such constraints at Mpc scales. Here we investigate the effect of significant small-scale primordial non-Gaussianity on structure formation and the galaxy formation process with collisionless simulations: specifically, we explore four different types of non-Gaussianities. All of these prescriptions lead to a distinct and potentially detectable feature in the matter power spectrum around the non-linear scale. The feature might have interesting consequences for the S
8 tension. We then show in particular that a negatively-skewed distribution of the potential random field, hence positively skewed in terms of overdensities, with f
NL of the order of 1000 at these scales, implies that typical galaxy-sized halos reach half of their present-day mass at an earlier stage and have a quieter merging history at z < 3 than in the Gaussian case. Their environment between 0.5 and 4 virial radii at z = 0 is less dense than in the Gaussian case. This quieter history and less dense environment has potentially interesting consequences in terms of the formation of bulges and bars. Moreover, we show that the two most massive subhalos around their host tend to display an interesting anti-correlation of velocities, indicative of kinematic coherence. All these hints will need to be statistically confirmed in larger-box simulations with scale-dependent non-Gaussian initial conditions, followed by hydrodynamical zoom-in simulations to explore the detailed consequences of small-scale non-Gaussianities on galaxy formation.
Transmission properties in Fibonacci quasi-periodic photonic crystal containing negative-zero-positive index metamaterials
Authors: Li Xinyu , Kong Qian , Wang Xinglin , Shen Ming
Published: January 2023

The transmission properties in Fibonacci quasi-periodic photonic crystals containing negative-zero-positive index metamaterials (NZPIM) are investigated systematically. Because of linear dispersion, an asymmetric band gap appears near the optical Dirac point (DP) only at an oblique incidence. Zero-

n

¯

gaps and Bragg gaps exist when the refractive indexes of NZPIM are negative and positive, respectively. We also obtain gaps induced by total reflection on both sides of the DP gap. The corresponding Goos-Hänchen (GH) shifts and phase variations are also demonstrated in detail. It is shown that the characteristics of the band gaps, GH shifts, and phase variations depend crucially on the incident angle, number of periods, and layer thickness.
System design and prototyping for the CMS Level-1 Trigger at the High-Luminosity LHC
Authors: Herwig C.
Published: January 2023

For the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, the trigger and data acquisition system of the CMS experiment will be entirely replaced. Novel design choices have been explored, including ATCA prototyping platforms with SoC controllers and newly available interconnect technologies with serial optical links with data rates up to 28 Gb/s. Trigger analyses will be performed through sophisticated algorithms, including widespread use of Machine Learning, in large FPGAs, such as the Xilinx Ultrascale family. The system will process over 50 Tb/s of detector data with an event rate of 750 kHz. We describe system design and prototyping and review trigger algorithm exemplars.
Integration of FPGA RDMA into the ATLAS readout with FELIX in High Luminosity LHC
Authors: Vasile M. , Martoiu S. , Boukhadida N. , Stoicea G. , Micu P. , Dumitru A. , Ulmamei A. , Hobincu R. , Iordache C.
Published: January 2023

The FELIX system is used to interface the front-end electronics and the commodity hardware in the server farm of the ATLAS experiment. FELIX is using RDMA through RoCE to transmit data from its host servers to the Software Readout Driver using off-the-shelf networking equipment. In the current version of FELIX, RDMA communication is implemented using software on both ends of the links. Improvements of the data throughput as part of the High Luminosity LHC upgrade, by implementing RDMA support in the front-end FELIX FPGA, have been tested. A version of FELIX that uses the FPGA implementation of RDMA is being proposed and demonstrated.
Verification of simulated ASIC functionality and radiation tolerance for the HL-LHC ATLAS ITk Strip Detector
Authors: Ashmanskas W.J. , Dandoy J.R. , Dressnandt N.C. , Keener P.T. , Kroll J. , Lipeles E. , Lu S. , Newcomer F.M. , Nikolica A. , Rosser B.J. , Thomson E.
Published: January 2023

The verification of ASICs through simulation is critical to ensure their successful operation in particle physics detectors and to minimize the number of long and expensive production cycles required. Three radiation-tolerant ASICs (HCC, AMAC, and ABC) will perform the front-end readout, monitoring, and control of the ITk Strip charged-particle tracker for the ATLAS detector at the HL-LHC. The Python-based cocotb verification framework is used to design sophisticated tests with contributions from ASIC verification non-experts and students. The verification program includes interactions between multiple ASICs, realistic data flows, operational stress tests, and a focus on mitigation of disruptive Single Event Effects due to radiation.
HKROC: an integrated front-end ASIC to readout photomultiplier tubes for the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment
Authors: Conforti Di Lorenzo S. , Afiri A. , Bolognesi S. , Bombardi G. , Bouyjou F. , Callier S. , De La Taille C. , Dinaucourt P. , Drapier O. , Dulucq F. , El Berni A. , Extier S. , Firlej M. , Fiutowski T.A. , Gastaldi F. , Guilloux F. , Idzik M. , Marchioro A. , Mghazli A. , Molenda A. , Moron J. , Nanni J. , Quilain B. , Raux L. , Swientek K.P. , Thienpont D. , Vergine T.
Published: January 2023

The HKROC ASIC was originally designed to readout the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for the Hyper-Kamiokande (HK) experiment. HKROC is a very innovative ASIC capable of readout a large number of channels satisfying stringent requirements in terms of noise, speed and dynamic range. Each HKROC channel features a low-noise preamplifier and shapers, a 10-bit successive approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter (SAR-ADC) (designed by AGH Krakow) for the charge measurement (up to 2500 pC) and a Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) (designed by CEA IRFU group) for the Time-of-Arrival (ToA) measurement with 25 ps binning. HKROC is auto-triggered and includes all necessary ancillary services as bandgap circuit, PLL (Phase-locked loop) and threshold DACs (Digital to Analog Converters). This paper will describe the ASIC architecture and the experimental results of the first HKROC prototype received in January 2022.
Pixel detector hybridisation with anisotropic conductive films
Authors: Schmidt J.V. , Braach J. , Dannheim D. , De Oliveira R. , Svihra P. , Vicente Barreto Pinto M.
Published: January 2023

Hybrid pixel detectors require a reliable and cost-effective interconnect technology adapted to the pitch and die sizes of the respective applications. During the ASIC and sensor R&D phase, and in general for small-scale applications, such interconnect technologies need to be suitable for the assembly of single-dies, typically available from Multi-Project-Wafer submissions. Within the CERN EP R&D programme and the AIDAinnova collaboration, innovative hybridisation concepts targeting vertex-detector applications at future colliders are under development. This contribution presents recent results of a newly developed in-house single-die interconnection process based on Anisotropic Conductive Film (ACF). The ACF interconnect technology replaces the solder bumps with conductive particles embedded in an adhesive film. The electro-mechanical connection between the sensor and the read-out chip is achieved via thermo-compression of the ACF using a flip-chip device bonder. A specific pad topology is required to enable the connection via conductive particles and create cavities into which excess epoxy can flow. This pixel-pad topology is achieved with an in-house Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG) plating process that is also under development within the project. The ENIG and ACF processes are qualified with the Timepix3 ASIC and sensors, with 55 µm pixel pitch and 14 µm pad diameter. The ACF technology can also be used for ASIC-PCB/FPC integration, replacing wire bonding or large-pitch solder bumping techniques. This contribution introduces the ENIG plating and ACF processes and presents recent results on Timepix3 hybrid assemblies.
In vitro/in vivo identification of zein degraded peptides using HPLC-MS/MS and their safety evaluation
Authors: Hayat Uzma , Liu Chang , Raza Ali , Hou Jingli , Jia Caiwei , Wang Jin-Ye
Published: January 2023

The identification of degraded products of implanted scaffolds is desirable to avoid regulatory concerns. In vivo identification of products produced by the degradation of natural protein-based scaffolds is complex and demands the establishment of a routine analytical method. In this study, we developed a method for the identification of peptides produced by the degradation of zein both in vitro and in vivo using high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). For in vitro experiments, zein was degraded enzymatically and analyzed produced peptides. In vitro study showed cytocompatibility of peptides present in the hydrolysate of zein with no induction of apoptosis and cell senescence. For in vivo experiment, zein gels were prepared and subcutaneously implanted in rats. Peptides produced by the degradation of zein were identified and few were selected as targeted (unique peptides) and two peptides were synthesized as the reference sequence of these peptides. Further, peptide analysis using HPLC-MS/MS of different organs was performed after 2 and 8 weeks of implantation of zein gel in rats. It was found that zein-originated peptides were accumulated in different organs. QQHIIGGALF or peptides with same fractions were identified as unique peptides. These peptides were also found in control rats with regular rat feed, which means the degradation of implanted zein biomaterial produced food related peptides of non-toxic nature. Furthermore, hemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining exhibited normal features. Overall, zein degraded products showed cytocompatibility and did not induce organ toxicity, and QQHIIGGALF can act as a standard peptide for tracing and determining zein degradation. The study also provides the feasibility of complex analysis on identification and quantification of degradation products of protein-based scaffolds.