bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Security of a Secure Batch Verification Scheme for VANET
Authors: Zhang Jian Hong , Xu Yu Wei
Published: September 2013

Vehicular ad hoc networks is a special mobile ad hoc networks. Due to the limited bandwidth, high vehicle mobility and density of vehicles, scalability is a major challenge in VANETs. Recently, Sagarika Mohanty et al. proposed a secure RSU-Aided Aggregation and Batch-Verification Scheme for Vehicular Networks by using data aggregation technique. And they had shown that their scheme could provide conditional Privacy Preservation and Identity Traceability. Unfortunately, in this paper, we show that their scheme does not achieve these functions by analyzing the security of the scheme. Any one can distinguish whether the different messages is from the same vehicle. And the scheme is also not to resist replay attack. Finally, the corresponding attacks are given.
The Application of Parameterization in Human Behavior Analysis
Authors: Li Xiao Ping , Liu Feng , Wang Xiao Jun , Hu Yong Liang
Published: September 2013

The behavior analysis in intelligent control, human-computer interaction, video conferencing has a wide range of applications, it has become one of the most attractive areas in computer vision. The main purpose is to extract movement information from the video, and then conduct the analysis and identification. This paper is based on behavior analysis of the status quo, applies the idea of parameter to behavior analysis. According to human skeleton extracted from the video sequence, we can determine the limb endpoints and joint points, and establish a parametric equation to describe human behavior state. Tracking one key point in different frames and recording coordinates, we can establish a cubic spline function to describe the human motion trajectory.
Design of Application Management Software of Multimedia Rescue Communication System
Authors: Zhao Meng Ling , Tang Xiao Li
Published: September 2013

In view of problems of limited information, dispersed storage data and single function, the paper proposed a design scheme of application management software of multimedia rescue communication system, which can coordinate with front-end device of multimedia rescue communication system to process and store rescue information real-timely. It introduced design of function modules of the software in details through analyzing design requirements of the software and gave implementing principles of technologies of multimedia information fusion and information retrieval used in the software. The actual application showed that the software has functions of video display and storage, multiparty calls, environmental parameters display and alarming, which meets with requirements of diversified information and rescue information sharing of rescue work.
Design and Simulation of the Avalanche Transistor Pulse Generator
Authors: Wang Tai Hua , Zhang Yan Ming
Published: September 2013

Ultra-wideband wireless communication technology is brought, in the coal mine communications in this paper in order to raising the safe level of communication in coal mine. Ultra-wideband wireless communication is a system which is transmitted by the extremely narrow pulse transmission. An avalanche transistor is the core of extremely narrow pulse circuit. Narrow pulse wave form can be simulated by multisim software. Acquiring the results of simulation is the extremely narrow pulse whose pulse amplitude ranging from 10 v to dozens v and pulse width is about 3 seconds. In addition to this circuit carries on the theoretical analysis, the results is quite consistent with the simulation value in this paper.
Design and Implementation of the Web Service-Based Archives Management System of Universities
Authors: Cui Shu Min
Published: September 2013

In this paper, the author introduces the functional structure of the web service-based archives management system in detail, including its functional chart and main functions, database design and business model design, and meanwhile makes a detailed analysis and argumentation about the application of data mining technology in the archival service.
Assessment and Management the Security Risk of Public Cloud Service
Authors: Wan Xin , Liu Xiao Yin , Kong Xiang Lin
Published: September 2013

Cloud computing has become a very attractive paradigm because of its economic and operational benefits. However, most enterprise executives hesitate to use cloud computing system due to the security and privacy challenges. We recognize that it is very important that enterprises assess the security risk before transforming their traditional information services into the cloud. In this paper, we discuss the existing information security risk assessment solutions and approaches, analysis the security challenges of the cloud computing. We propose a useful information security risk assessment and management framework for cloud computing environments and discuss the specific implement of framework.
Design of and Research on the Web-Based Teaching Management System
Authors: Li Xiu Ying , Du Dong Ju
Published: September 2013

The Web technology-based teaching management system combines teaching management with network technology, takes full advantage of the existing campus network resources, and improves the efficiency of teaching management. This paper makes an analysis from the perspective of system requirements, network architecture design, system function modules, as well as the key points of design, and provides the specific design method. The system realizes the online automated teaching management by using LAN technology and database technology, greatly optimizing the teaching management.
Construction of the Library Knowledge Management System Based on Semantic Web
Authors: Zhang Qing Song , Wang Xin Yu
Published: September 2013

Knowledge management as a kind of management culture revolution and management model innovation of enterprises has been accepted by numerous entrepreneurs. Besides, it has started to be a brand new research field in the library science circle. As the management and service departments of knowledge resources, university libraries should walk on the leading edge in promoting and applying the knowledge management and combine the practice, innovation and transmission of knowledge management with their workflow so as to generate huge value. On the basis of using the theories of enterprise knowledge management for reference and in combination with the characteristics of libraries, this paper defines the library knowledge management, analyzes the necessity of introducing knowledge management to university libraries, introduces the implementation tools of knowledge management and the definition and main functions of the knowledge management system, and finally establishes the knowledge management-based service model and its implementation steps for university libraries.
Energy Enhancement of a Piezoelectric Cantilever Generator with Magnetic Coupling
Authors: Hu Yan Na , Zhang Zhong Hua , Yu Jie , Wang Guan Yu , Su Ming Hao
Published: September 2013

Vibration energy harvesting has played a major role due to the almost universal presence of mechanical vibrations. It is demonstrated experimentally that a piezoceramic cantilever generator can be substantially enhanced by introducing a magnetic coupling force in this paper. The piezo-electromagnetic generator consists of a 44mm×20mm×0.7mm bimorph piezoelectric ceramic and two Φ8mm×4mm permanent magnets located at the tip of the beam. The greater bending deformation will be caused because of the permanent magnets and applied magnetic field. Then the generated charge is increased because it is proportional to the vibration amplitude of the tip of the beam. Experimental results show that the generated voltage enhances from 3.04V to 4V for the attractive force and changes from 3.04V to 3.78V for the repulsive force when the distance between the magnets is 20mm, increased by 31.6% and 24.3%, respectively. It also shows that the attractive force is better than the repulsive force from the view of enhancing the generation capacity. It proves that the method is effective for improving the output energy of the piezoelectric cantilever.
How an Accurate Surface Observation Can Help in the Interpretation of an Ancient Timber Structure: The Example of the Valdese Church in Florence
Authors: Macchioni Nicola , Mannucci Massimo , Todorow Andrea
Published: September 2013

The Valdese church of Florence was built in the second half of the XIX century as the Anglican Church of the local rich British community, reaching the actual status of Valdese church in 1967.
A Peculiar Spanish Timber Floor, the "Revoltón": A Diagnostic Example at the "Palacio del Marqués de Benicarló"
Authors: Diodato Maria , Macchioni Nicola , Brunetti Michele , Pizzo Benedetto , Nocetti Michela , Burato Paolo , Sozzi Lorena , Pecoraro Elisa , Vegas López-Manzanares Fernando , Mileto Camilla
Published: September 2013

The paper deals with the application of the Italian method for assessing on-site and diagnosing timber elements to a distinctive Spanish type of horizontal structure called “revoltón” i.e. jack arch floor. As in Spain does not exist a specific regulation for the on-site diagnosis of timber elements, this analysis was performed according to the Italian standard UNI 11119. Due to the peculiar features of the jack arch floor some modifications were applied to the method.During spring 2012 the authors had the opportunity to carry out a pilot project by making a diagnostic analysis on a whole three stories building. The building, “Palacio del Marqués de Benicarló”, located in Spain in the town of Benicarló, between Barcelona and Valencia, was erected during the second half of the XVIII century. It maintains the original internal distribution and structure, and it is characterized by precious ceramic decorations on walls and floors. All the horizontal structures studied inside the palace were jack arch floor except the roof structure that was also made of timber.The results of the project described in the paper clarify the specific problems of the horizontal structures and the roof surveyed during the fieldwork. These results are accompanied by several plans that represent the information recovered on-site and lead to a complete assessment of the structures. The plans include the grading based on wood defects, the local moisture content of wood, the superficial and inner decay due to insects and rot and the deformation of the joists. In this way it was possible to locate the areas of the palace where more problems were concentrated, and better understand the causes and origin of the damages.
Mechanical and Fungicidal Properties of approximately 100 Years Old Oak, Beech and Spruce Wood Beams
Authors: Thaler Nejc , Humar Miha
Published: September 2013

The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate differences in mechanical and fungicidal properties of three different wood species (English oak (Quercus sp.), common beach (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies)) specimens that were in indoor use for several decades, compared to control specimens of freshly cut timber. The collected material was cut to smaller specimen and conditioned in standard climate prior to further analysis. Mechanical, fungicidal, and sorption properties were determined according to the standard procedures. Our results show that mechanical properties of oak wood do not deteriorate in the investigated time frame. On the other hand, resistance of the wood against fungi decreases over time. The reason for this is yet to be confirmed, it could be due to the degradation of secondary metabolites. Similar results were observed for spruce wood as well. There were no statistically significant differences in mechanical properties of old and new spruce wood. In contrary to oak wood, there were also no significant differences in fungicidal properties, considering that spruce wood has lower durability than oak wood. Same as with oak wood, G. trabeum was found to be the most aggressive fungus. Ageing of beech wood resulted in a big drop in all of the tested mechanical properties, but showed no significant differences in fungicidal properties. Here is where the low durability of beech wood really shows. The old beech wood specimens were moderately deteriorated by insects and fungi, which was the reason for loss of bending and compressive strength.
Selected Methods of Diagnosis of Historic Timber Structures – Principles and Possibilities of Assessment
Authors: Jasieńko Jerzy , Nowak Tomasz , Hamrol Katarzyna
Published: September 2013

The paper presents a survey of state-of-the-art nondestructive and semi-destructive diagnostic techniques of testing timber structures and examples of their application. Nondestructive testing is a field of study which covers: identifying the mechanical and physical properties of materials and structural components, detecting material defects and discontinuities, and measuring the geometric dimensions of objects without affecting their performance. The nondestructive and semi-destructive methods are described in a systematic manner and the relevant equipment, technology and applications are discussed. The paper focuses on acoustic methods, resistance drilling techniques and radiography, which are suitable for detecting internal defects, decay and cracks, determining the location and dimensions of degraded areas and assessing the mechanical properties of structural timber members. Much attention is devoted to the techniques that are used in practice and have shown significant promise for future development. The results of several drilling resistance tests carried out on historic timber structures are presented.
In Situ Non-Destructive Examination of Timber Elements
Authors: Pošta Jan , Dolejs Jakub , Vítek Lubomír
Published: September 2013

Structural timber is a traditional construction material. Timber structures belong to essential parts of almost all historical buildings, especially roof and ceiling structures. Their actual condition affects durability of the whole building, therefore it is necessary to check the conditions of the structure regularly and take care of possible undesirable changes. If these structures have historical value we have to use non-destructive or semi-destructive methods during this investigation. Penetration methods in combination with ultrasonic method are used nowadays [. Penetration devices are suitable to determine the density, surface and internal biological degradation, growth defects and moisture content of the element. The density and the velocity of ultrasonic wave represent input information to derive dynamical modulus of elasticity. Penetration devices work on the principle of measuring the depth of penetration of a steel tip or on the principle of resistance drilling. Another method of determining the density of inbuilt element is the radial core. These methods are semi-destructive. It is the subject matter of the authors research to replace these penetration methods by radiometric measure of mass density. This method is based on the principle of gamma rays dispersion or on the principle of gamma rays absorption in a timber element. Radiometry as a measurement of density is often used for concrete constructions and asphalt pavement now. This measurement can be applied to the inbuilt elements, which is its a main advantage.
Nondestructive Characterization of and Defect Detection in Timber and Wood
Authors: Sklarczyk Christoph , Porsch Felix , Wolter Bernd , Boller Christian , Kurz Jochen H.
Published: September 2013

In order to detect defects and to increase the lifetime of timber structures nondestructive methods are developed to monitor and assess their condition. Timber and wood can be characterized nondestructively and in many cases contactless with diverse methods. This paper gives a short overview on some nondestructive methods based on electromagnetic effects: microwave/radar, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray techniques. To monitor the stress condition of the joints in timber structures some other techniques like micromagnetic methods, acoustic resonance analysis and ultrasonic stress analysis are to be considered.
Assessment of Timber Structures Using the X-Ray Technology
Authors: Franke Steffen , Franke Bettina , Scharmacher Florian
Published: September 2013

The assessment of timber structures is a permanent task to check the normal function of individual structural timber elements. Non-destructive testing methods are preferred but the value of the information is limited due to the performance of the applied assessment method. However, X-ray is a technology which allows a view into the structural member or the connections. The mobile X-ray technology has been used in laboratory tests and practical situations at existing structures and led to excellent results which allowed detailed analyses. The method and its possibilities for non-destructive testing of timber structures will be presented. The results reached show a high potential for an effective assessment of existing structures including connections and structural timber members.
Development of a Methodology for the Visual Inspection of Engineered Wood Products and Metal Hangers in Residential Construction
Authors: Loferski Joseph R. , Bouldin John C. , Hindman Daniel P.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents the development of a visual inspection methodology for engineered wood products that are commonly used in residential construction in the USA. Engineered wood products include wood composite structural elements such as I-joists, oriented strand board, and structural composite lumber products, and metal plate connected wood trusses. Due to the proprietary nature of wood composite engineered products, there are no uniform standards between different manufacturers for installation and use. If improper installation methods are used, engineered wood products may not be able to safely carry design loads. Improper use or modifications constitute prescriptive code violations. Construction errors that result from the unique installation requirements demonstrate the need for specific inspection methods to detect installation errors early in the construction process. The goal of this research is to develop an expert-validated visual inspection methodology, associated knowledge base, and software application for selected engineered wood products and hanger hardware for non-compliance at the pre-drywall stage of new residential construction. A modified Delphi method was used to solicit and refine inspection methods from subject matter experts. Based on these results, an inspection method and computer software application were developed. The method establishes a systematic expert-validated inspection procedure that identifies known high-risk areas for installation problems for engineered wood products. The software contains the instructions for implementing the inspection method, a reference library of authoritative installation guidelines and illustrations, the ability to document observed defects, and a vehicle to create a report. The experts validated the method and software application, and confirmed the usefulness for detecting construction errors.
Strength Properties of Chestnut Structural Timber with Wane
Authors: Brunetti Michele , Nocetti Michela , Burato Paolo
Published: September 2013

Grading of timber for structural purposes allows material with similar physical and mechanical properties to be grouped together. The groups are defined by specific strength values and indicate the basic working stresses and stiffnesses to be used for structural design purposes.
In particular, visual strength grading bases the assignment of each timber element to a grade on the characteristics that are visually measurable (i.e. knots, slope of grain, annual ring width). Very similar principles are implemented for the in situ assessment of timber structures, as recommended for example by the Italian standard UNI 11119, that specifies the procedures for the diagnosis of timber members. Currently, however, European standards and most of the national standards on strength grading refer to timber elements with rectangular cross section, while in existing buildings, members with irregular cross section are extremely common.
Thus, 10 different provenances (5 from Italy and 5 from France) of chestnut timber were sampled. More than 600 structural elements with wane were visually examined in laboratory and all the characteristics were collected. Bending tests were then performed on each timber element until failure, and bending strength, as well as modulus of elasticity and density, were determined.
Here, the limitations for the main strength-reducing characteristics and the characteristic values (fifth percentile for bending strength and density and the mean value for modulus of elasticity) of chestnut timber with wane are presented.
The SWORFISH Project Approach for Modeling Wood Material Modifications in Timber Structures
Authors: Sandak Jakub , Sandak Anna , Riggio Mariapaola , Santoni Ilaria , Pauliny Dusan
Published: September 2013

A special software simulating changes to wood due to various processes (either treatment or degradation) has been developed within the SWORFISH (Superb Wood Surface Finishing) project. The definition of the material modifications due to processes is based on the expert knowledge and/or experimental data. The dedicated algorithm simulates material modifications (with a special focus on surface) taking into account original material characteristics (evaluated by means of NDT techniques) and setting of process parameters. In this way, it is possible to analyze the sequence of processes (i.e. material modifications) and to estimate properties of the resulting product. Two case studies are presented for illustration of the potential uses of the SWORFISH approach in the field of timber structures.
Assessment of the Glue-Line Quality in Glued Laminated Timber Structures
Authors: Franke Bettina , Scharmacher Florian , Müller Andreas
Published: September 2013

Timber constructions with glulam members have regularly to be proofed for their performance to avoid structural collapse. For the assessment of glued laminated timber, it is important to know reliable methods and criteria. The requirements given in standard EN 386:2001 are valid for the quality control of the glulam production. The use and application of these two different methods at existing timber structures were investigated and discussed. The experimental test series comprise different adhesives as well as specimen from new material and existing structures. Problems and issues noted during the test series and analyses of the results are discussed. The correlations found provide advice for the assessment of existing structures.
In-Plane Assessment of Existing Timber Diaphragms in URM Buildings via Quasi-Static and Dynamic In Situ Tests
Authors: Giongo Ivan , Dizhur Dmytro , Tomasi Roberto , Ingham Jason M.
Published: September 2013

Mechanical and dynamic in-plane properties of timber diaphragms are known to be key parameters when determining both the local and global seismic response of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings. However, few data pertaining to experimental campaigns on this issue are available in the literature, especially regarding existing floors. In this work, the outcomes of a field testing campaign on full-scale old timber diaphragms are presented. Two specimens, whose size was 5.6 x 9.6 m2 and 4.7 x 9.6 m2 were obtained from a 17 x 9.6 m2 floor and were subjected to a series of both cyclic and snap back tests in the direction orthogonal to the joists. Since the original anchoring system was deficient, new epoxy-grouted anchors were installed before starting the testing procedure. So as to reproduce the inertial load distribution, an ad hoc loading system was developed by means of wire ropes and steel pulleys.
After testing the diaphragms in the as-built condition, the effect of different refurbishment techniques was also investigated. From the results, it seems that even simple and cost-effective solutions such as the re-nailing of the flooring are sufficient to achieve a significant increase in the equivalent shear stiffness.
Shaking Table Test of 1/30 Scale Model of Palasport in Bologna with Timber Shell Roof Structure
Authors: Tashkov Ljubomir , Krstevska Lidija
Published: September 2013

The dynamic stability of a timber shell roof structure of the Palasport located in Bologna, has been investigated by means of reduced 1/30 scale model tested on seismic shaking table at Dynamic Testing Laboratory of IZIIS, Skopje, Macedonia. The model was physically modeled according to similitude lows and Buckingham's theorem as an artificial mass simulation model, using the same material as for the prototype structure. The supporting structure of the model was constructed by 26 micro-concrete foundations, 52 micro-concrete columns and 52 steel braces. The roof structure made of wooden lamellar beams forming triangles. The roof consists of a central cylindrical part and 2 lateral spherical parts. The connection between the beams was made by steel rings. The total number of the wooden beams was 550 forming 203 internal and external joints. The model was tested in vertical and horizontal direction considering various loading conditions: symmetrical and non-symmetrical. After definition of dynamic characteristics of the model, it was subjected to seismic excitation of Ancona, as well as Montenegro earthquakes. It was found out that the cylindrical part is more flexible than the spherical one. The largest amplitudes during the tests were obtained in vertical direction. The highest stress concentration was at the cylindrical central arches. The asymmetric load produced more unfavorable behavior than the symmetric one.
Study and Analysis of XIV Century Timber Built-Up Beams in Verona
Authors: Mirabella-Roberti Giulio , Bondanelli Michele
Published: September 2013

Starting from XIV century, a very interesting construction technique was developed in Northern Italy for heavy-loaded or long-span beams: these special timber beams are composed by an assemblage of multiple parts that behave practically as they were made by a single piece, thanks to a clever system of indentations, obtaining in this way the overall dimensions of slender thin-walled and high-section that could not be fit by cutting a single log. The first witness of this system can be found in L.B. Alberti treatise and some detailed drawings in Leonardo da Vinci's codes, but some examples of these beams can still be found in exercise, like those we discovered in an ancient palace in Verona, dating from XIV century. The study of the mechanical behavior of these beams is presented, taking into account the orthotropic properties of the wood, as well as some comparison with other beams found in Ferrara, together with the discussion of some proposal for their reinforcement in order to assure a safe reuse of the historic building. A sort of pre-stress can be depicted in Leonardo's drawings, in order to assure the connection of different pieces and the efficiency of the framework.
The Repair of Timber Beams with Controlled-Debonding Steel Plates
Authors: Metelli Giovanni , Giuriani Ezio , Marchina Egidio
Published: September 2013

In this paper a non-invasive technique for the repair of ancient wooden floors is presented. Steel plates are glued on one side only by epoxy-adhesive into longitudinal grooves in order to allow the free swelling and shrinkage of the wood in the direction transversal to the plate glueing surface, thus reducing the risk of plates’ delamination. A set of high strength steel nails guarantees the transmission of the load from the steel plates to the wooden beam in case of loss of adhesion due to fire or delamination. This technique was used to repair a precious beam in a wooden floor of the 15th century in Palazzo Calini (Brescia, Italy). The presented technique requires particular attention because it might be affected by the delamination of the glued reinforcement due to the stress concentration, which occurs at the end of the repairing element or at the cracks of the repaired beam.The main results of experimental and numerical studies focusing on the delamination phenomenon are also presented and discussed. They have shown that the risk of plate debonding can be markedly reduced by the capability of the sapwood to develop plastic strain. The wooden floor has been monitored for more than eleven years, confirming the effectiveness of the adopted technique. The monitoring has also shownthe importance of limiting the wooden moisture content variation to reduce the floor’s creep deflection.
Research and Development on the Database for Visualizing Invisible Parts of Wooden House in Japan
Authors: Sumikura Hideaki , Matsumura Shuichi , Fujita Kaori
Published: September 2013

This paper introduces the database to provide common information of existing wooden houses, which the authors have been trying to establish under a national project for promoting the second-hand market of existing houses in Japan. In Japan, 2010, we have about 58 million houses, of which about 50 million are occupied and used by households. This means that houses in Japan are more than enough according to statistical data. Now we need to utilize existing houses, handling with methods of renovation and distribution. One of the most important points is that we can easily get technological information of a house to keep on using and utilizing through renovation work. But actually it is not easy to get information sufficient for renovation and distribution before partial demolition work. Therefore, the authors are trying to establish the database, which provide information about materials and construction methods of a wooden house and visualize parts of wooden house like structure, inside of wall, floor and base where it is difficult to see and inspect from on-sight investigation. This paper introduces not only the outline and the way of using of the database for visualizing invisible parts of wooden house, but also progress status of research and development.
Lateral Load Bearing Behavior of Timber-Concrete Composite Constructions
Authors: Kieslich Hubertus , Holschemacher Klaus
Published: September 2013

The idea to combine the building materials timber and concrete is well known since the 20th of the last century. While timber is beneficial in bearing tensile forces, concrete on the contrary sustains compressive forces very well. Thus, connecting both materials in the way that loads can be transferred between them, their advantages can be used to improve the load bearing capacity of structures. A lot of researches were carried out to investigate different problems of timber-concrete composite (TCC) constructions during the last years. Yeoh et al. [1] for example gave an overview of different full-scale short-term collapse tests in order to evaluate the load bearing behavior of different TCC systems. Nevertheless, some questions are still very few explored, among them is the lateral load bearing behavior of TCC constructions. These structures can be considered as 3 dimensional plane structures, being able to distribute loads along and perpendicular to the span of the timber beams. A concentrated load (applied to one beam of the TCC construction) will deflect it due to bending. All beams are connected with each other because of the concrete slab. For this reason adjacent beams also deflect even if no loads are applied to them directly. These beams contribute to the load bearing of the loaded beam and relieve it partly from the loads, reducing stress in this beam. The described behavior, of distributing loads perpendicular to the span, is called lateral load bearing behavior.
This paper will report on short-term bending testes of TCC slabs, carried out at Leipzig University of Applied Sciences. Several slabs have been tested. Each of them had a span of 3.9 m, consisting of three timber beams (10/20 cm) and a connecting concrete slab (thickness 6 cm). Only the middle beam was loaded in the third part points. During the test deflections, as well as strains, at different points were recorded. Additionally, the concrete properties were determined and push out tests were carried out. Overall, seven TCC slabs were manufactured and tested. With the slabs several parameters have been varied, e.g. the type of concrete, the stiffness of the connection system, and the center distance of the timber beams. By varying these three parameters, their effect on the lateral load distribution was examined by measuring deflection and strain at different points of the composite slab. A timber beam ceiling, as reference sample, without concrete topping was tested additionally. The experiments and its results will be described in detail in the paper.
Seismic Behaviour of Composite Panel Composed of Laminated Wood and Bearing Glass - Experimental Investigation
Authors: Krstevska Lidija , Tashkov Ljubomir , Rajčić Vlatka , Zarnic Roko
Published: September 2013

Within the bilateral scientific project between the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology - UKIM-IZIIS, St. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia and the Civil Engineering Faculty, University of Zagreb, Croatia, experimental testing of full scale composite timber-glass innovative panels was carried out on the seismic shaking table at IZIIS for the purpose of defining their behaviour and stability under real earthquake conditions. The seismic excitations selected for the shake-table testing of the model were four representative accelerograms recorded during the following earthquakes: El Centro, Petrovac, Kobe and Friuli. The idea was to investigate the seismic behavior of the model under several types of earthquakes, considering their different frequency content, peak acceleration and time duration. The performed tests showed clearly the behaviour of the composite panels and the failure mechanism under strong earthquake motion.
Architectural Structural Survey of Groups of Traditional Timber Houses in South Nias, Indonesia
Authors: Sadaka Nanae , Hanazato Sachiho , Hanazato Toshikazu , Uekita Yasufumi , Nitto Kazuhiko , Sato Koji , Ono Kunihiko , Yoyok Subroto , Diananta Pramitasari , Pradipt Eugenius
Published: September 2013

In Indonesia, a number of race people have theiroriginal architectural culture of traditional timber houses. Most of them havesurvived against large earthquakes in such seismic areas. As they have beenmaintained by the traditional ways so far, it is worth preserving them from ahistorical point of view. The purpose of the present research is to evaluatethe structural characteristics specific to the traditional wooden houses in SouthNias, located to the west of Sumatra. Furthermore, structural restoration usingthe traditional techniques was discussed to propose appropriate methods for thestructural conservation. The traditional timber houses in South Nias that havesurvived against large earthquakes are characterized by an elevated-floorstructure with large diameter columns and braces under the floor. In thepresent international collaborative study, we performed micro-tremormeasurements to evaluate their fundamental dynamic characteristics. As well as,we conducted architectural structural survey to study the structuralcharacteristics and to detect the material’s deterioration. Furthermore, weconducted monitoring of temperature and humidity in the roof structures to knoweffect of the climate conditions on the wooden materials. Material mechanical testsof timbers which used for structure were also conducted to examine thestrength.
An On-Going Monitoring Project of a New Timber Structure
Authors: Lanata Francesca
Published: September 2013

Structural design, regardless of construction material, is based mainly on deterministic codes that partially take into account the real structural response under service and environmental conditions. This approach can lead to overdesigned (and expensive) structures. The differences between the designed and the real behaviors are usually due to service loads not taken into account during the design or simply to the natural degradation of materials properties with time. This is particularly true for wood, which is strongly influenced by service and environmental conditions. Structural Health Monitoring can improve the knowledge of timber structures under service conditions, provide information on material aging and follow the degradation of the overall building performance with time.A long-term monitoring control has been planned on a three-floor structure composed by wooden trusses and composite concrete-wood slabs. The structure is located in Nantes, France, and it is the new extension to the Wood Science and Technology Academy (ESB). The main purpose of the monitoring is to follow the long-term structural response from a mechanical and energetic point of view, particularly during the first few service years. Both static and dynamic behavior is being followed through strain gages and accelerometers. The measurements will be further put into relation with the environmental changes, temperature and humidity in particular, and with the operational charges with the aim to improve the comprehension of long-term performances of wooden structures under service. The goal is to propose new improved and optimized methods to make timber constructions more efficient compared to other construction materials (masonry, concrete, steel).The paper will mainly focus on the criteria used to design the architecture of the monitoring system, the parameters to measure and the sensors to install. The first analyses of the measurements will be presented at the conference to have a feedback on the performance of the installed sensors and to start to define a general protocol for the Structural Health Monitoring of such type of timber structures.
The Echo (Jeka) Pavilion in Forest-Park Maksimir Zagreb - Restoration and Health Monitoring
Authors: Hasan Marin , Despot Radovan , Trajković Jelena , Rapp Andreas Otto , Brischke Christian , Welzbacher Christian Robert
Published: September 2013

The wooden pavilion Jeka (Echo) was built in 1843 according to the plans of the Austrian Empire garden architect Franz Schücht. Echo pavilion is the only remaining one of ten similar pavilions that were placed in the Forest-park Maksimir during the 19th century. Since 1964 the Echo pavilion has been protected by law and declared as cultural monument of garden architecture together with the whole park Maksimir, in which it is situated. Although the pavilion was restored several times (last time in 1986) it was in very bad condition. The reconstruction and preservation of the complete pavilions wooden construction were done after a careful analysis of its recent state in 2000. Restoration of the “Echo” Pavilion was started because its construction was in poor condition and because the whole pavilion was unsafe. There was a severe decay of the lower parts of the poles, particularly those faced to the North. New poles or only the new parts of the poles were made of glued spruce core surrounded by larch heartwood. Organic solvent Tebuconazole and WOODCAP products were used in wood preservation. The restoration of the Pavilion can be seen as an attempt to extend the life time of a severely damaged cultural monument, or at least in those parts of the monument where the amendments were possible. During reconstruction a monitoring system for wood moisture content at three different positions inside the roof construction was installed. Twice a year the pavilion is being carefully visually inspected and data from data logger downloaded and correctness of the equipment verified.This example of the “Echo” Pavilion is showing that moisture monitoring systems can considerably contribute to prevent cultural heritage from decay. The installed inexpensive and simple monitoring system of early warning proved to be feasible and saved costs in the conservation of wooden cultural heritage. In times of tight budgets and increasing rates of decay moisture monitoring systems will become increasingly important.
Monitoring of Wood Decay by near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Sandak Anna , Ferrari Silvia , Sandak Jakub , Allegretti Ottaviano , Terziev Nasko , Riggio Mariapaola
Published: September 2013

Wood as a natural resource is subject to continuous degradation by means of different environmental agents, where fungal decay is one of the main factors affecting timber structure elements. The goal of this work was to monitor and model effects of fungal growth on the chemical-physical properties of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.). The spectra of wood samples were obtained with near infrared spectrometer and subjected to chemometric analysis. It was found that the white root fungi (Trametes versicolor) affected spectral bands related to lignin and also hemicelluloses. Brown root fungi (Postia placenta, Coniphora puteana, Gleophyllum trabeum) exhibit spectra deviations mostly in the regions related to carbohydrates. However, it was evident that the degradation efficiency of Coniphora puteana was the highest among all the investigated fungi. It was possible to classify the wood samples to clusters separating the investigated fungi. Accordingly, different effects on the strength loss of the wooden members can be identified. It was shown that near infrared spectroscopy has a great potential for in-field assessment of the fungal degradation of wood.
Changes in Swelling and Water Absorption of Wood Degraded by Brown Rot Fungi
Authors: Frankl Jiří
Published: September 2013

This paper presents results of experimental laboratory establishment of changes in physical properties (swelling, water absorption) of timber (spruce, pine, oak) caused by wood-destroying fungi (Serpula lacrymans, Stereum hirsutum). The experiment was carried out using standard test samples (20x20x30 mm) prepared from new timber and subsequently exposed to the wood-destroying fungi under optimal growth conditions for the period of 10 to 30 days. Changes in physical properties were observed in the damaged samples in compliance with CSN 490126 (equivalent to ISO 4859-1982, equivalent to ISO 4860-1982) and CSN 490104 Czech National Standards. The experiment proved changes in the observed properties depending on the wood and fungi species and the duration of the exposure.
Static and Thermohygrometric Analysis of a New Typology of Timber Framed Structure in Dolomites
Authors: Polastri Andrea , Christofides Serena , Tomasi Roberto
Published: September 2013

In this paper a study is presented about timber frames structures in Dolomites area. A wood timber frame construction system spans across a very long period in time and across a broad geographical area. The construction elements have guaranteed longevity to structures located in very different areas, under a geographical, climatic and seismic point of view. In most frames cases, it is the masonry that constitutes the filling. This construction system in Europe has been used both for dwelling and work buildings. Timber frames solutions have been chosen according to local traditions, historical and economical context. This construction procedure is widespread present in the area of the Dolomites; in particular in the valleys nearby Cortina DAmpezzo, where environment conditions are particularly severe: traditional constructions used to combine the dwelling part with the barn. These buildings are nowadays, in a lot of cases, abandoned and there is no sign of interest as for a new use of them due to many changes, such as the disappearing of grazing and agriculture activities, the consequences of modern living on environment. Aim of this paper is to present a new kind of building (designed for housing), entirely wood framed (static function), filled with masonry (environmental comfort) and preserving the features of traditional buildings: proportions of the housing and of the frames, visible frame structure. The environmental comfort is provided by interior masonry filled frames. The paper presents the thermohygrometric analysis of the walls, the structural verifications of the main elements constituting the frame and the connections between them. Finally, attention is drawn to the aspect of durability indicating the proposed protective measures.
Earthquake Response Monitoring and Structural Analysis of Traditional Japanese Timber Temple
Authors: Fujita Kaori , Shin Eunmi , Ibaraki Akito , Sanuki Masashi
Published: September 2013

This paper introduces the recent attempts to clarify the seismic behavior of traditional timber architecture. The subject of the research is a timber temple, Kencho-ji, in Japan, designated as important cultural property. The temple was affected by the Great Kanto Earthquake 1923. There are two main halls in the Kencho-ji temple, and one of them collapsed while the other slightly inclined. The two main halls have similar structures, and stand next to each other. The authors have been trying to clarify the reason for the difference in the damage for the past ten years through on-sight measurement, micro tremor test, earthquake monitoring and structural analysis. As there is very few information concerning the hidden detail of the joints, recently the authors have operated X-ray inspection. The paper introduces the result of the X-ray test and the structural analysis using the result of the newly revealed hidden joint is discussed.
Condition Assessment of the Timber Structures of a Century-Old Industrial Building Using a Nondestructive Inspection Procedure
Authors: Wang Xi Ping , Teder Marko , Wacker James
Published: September 2013

This paper reports an in situ inspection project conducted on heavy timber structures of a century-old industrial building at a paper manufacturing facility. A nondestructive inspection procedure was employed to evaluate the true condition of the heavy timbers that serve as the main framing structure of the building. The on-site investigation involved monitoring of the microclimate environment resulting from the paper machine operations, wood species identification, wood moisture content measurements, and internal decay detection using sounding, stress wave timing, and resistance micro-drilling methods. The testing results revealed that numerous locations were in poor condition indicated by widespread internal and external deterioration, reduced cross-sections from fire damages, and multiple failed members. Many timber members in the first floor exhibited a very high level of moisture condition (23 to 55%) as a result of high humidity air created by the paper making operations. This paper also showcases a new way of interpreting the evaluation results as straightforward as possible to the customer by creating 3D model-drawings and colored condition mappings.
The Structural Concept of the 16th Century Floors of the Ducal Palace in Sabbioneta (Mantua, Italy)
Authors: Augelli Francesco , Nicola Valentina , Petracco Floriana , Ronchi Letizia Clementina
Published: September 2013

The Structural Concept of the 16th Century Floors of the Ducal Palace in Sabbioneta (Mantua, Italy)
The Conservation and Strengthening Intervention on the Wooden Floors of the Ducal Palace in Sabbioneta (MN-Italy)
Authors: Augelli Francesco
Published: September 2013

The paper aims to inform on the executive phases and on the problems faced during the restoration work on some wooden floors of the sixteenth century Ducal Palace in Sabbioneta near Mantua in Italy, site in the World Heritage list since 2008. The particular historical, artistic and architectural importance of the Palace-and of the floors-required the involvement of expert restorers and a constant control during the work by the Director of works, by the Manager of procedure and by the responsibles of Superintendence for Architectural Heritage and Landscape of Mantua. The paper describes the work performed mainly on wooden structures postponing in another place those relating to the restoration of the decorative elements.