bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Revolution Gone Wrong: What Happened in Egypt Since 2011. H. A. Hellyer. A Revolution Undone: Egypt's Road Beyond Revolt (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017). Pp. 320. $29.95 cloth. ISBN 9780190659738. David Kirkpatrick. Into the Hands of Soldiers: Freedom and Chaos in Egypt and the Middle East (New York: Viking, 2018). Pp. 384. $28.00 cloth. ISBN 9780735220621.
Authors: Boduszyński Mieczysław P.
Published: May 2019

Nearly nine years after a Tunisian street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself ablaze in provincial Tunisia, a sense that the aspirations of the Arab Spring were always doomed to fail has set in among pundits and policymakers. The United States, and to a large extent the European Union, have all but given up on any pretense of democracy promotion in the region and have instead turned again to well-trodden policy repertoires emphasizing a realpolitik approach.
The Images of Artemis Ephesia and Greco-Roman Worship: A Reconsideration
Authors: LiDonnici Lynn R.
Published: May 2019

In a recent essay, Nicole Loraux identified a pattern of scholarly dependence on the origins of a particular deity for the interpretation of how human beings at various, specific times and places related to and used that figure to meet the needs of their lives. Shifting social and political conditions, such as the development and modification of the Athenian polis, led to changes in people's religious needs and are reflected by modifications, sometimes radical, in the conceptualization and worship of their gods. Loraux discussed the problems that this scholarly perspective brought to the study of goddesses in particular, where focus on the origins of many goddesses in a hypothesized worship of a Great Goddess of fertility can obscure our understanding of the ways in which these figures met the needs of individuals and cities at specific points in antiquity.
Joseph Kimhi's Sefer Ha-Berit: Pathbreaking Medieval Jewish Apologetics
Authors: Chazan Robert
Published: May 2019

Christian anti-Jewish polemics have a long and rich history, stretching all the way back to the early stages of the new faith community. Anti-Jewish treatises dot the history of Christian literature from the third century onward. By contrast, Jews seem to have been much less concerned with combatting Christianity. It has been widely noted that the earliest Jewish compositions devoted to anti-Christian polemics stem from the twelfth century. While the twelfth-century provenance of the earliest Jewish anti-Christian tracts has long been recognized, little attention has been focused on the significance of this dating. The fact that sometime toward the end of the twelfth century, perhaps in the 1160s or 1170s, two anti-Christian works, the forerunners of a substantial body of Jewish anti-Christian polemical-apologetic works, were composed almost simultaneously begs interpetation. What changes gave rise to a new Jewish sensitivity, to a need to present Jewish readers with formulation and rebuttal of Christian claims? The answer clearly lies in the enhanced agressiveness of western Christendom toward the Jews, as well as other non-Christians, a development that has been recognized and discussed extensively in modern scholarly literature. In the face of an increasingly aggressive Christendom, Jewish intellectual and spiritual leadership had to reassure the Jewish flock of the rectitude of the Jewish vision and the nullity of the Christian faith. This is precisely what the first two anti-Christian treatises, the Milhamot ha-Shem of Jacob ben Reuven and the Sefer ha-Berit of Joseph Kimhi, undertook to achieve. Given the pioneering nature of these works, it is striking that insufficient scholarly attention has been accorded to these two efforts. They surely have much to tell both of perceived Christian thrusts and of meaningful Jewish rebuttal of these challenges.
Interpreting Tillotson
Authors: Reedy Gerard
Published: May 2019

As archbishop of Canterbury after 1691, John Tillotson (1630–1694) guided the Church of England in the years following the accession of William and Mary in 1688. Whether he guided the church wisely has always been a matter of contention, because Tillotson not only took the oaths to the new monarchs but also helped to fill the vacated offices and sees of those who had not. Although apparently of a genial disposition, with personal gifts of generosity and piety, Tillotson made many enemies because of his church politics. The theological importance of his writings and their place in intellectual history have also provoked controversy. I believe that he is one of the great, yet much misunderstood, writers of late seventeenth-century England; this article offers a new model for interpreting his intellectual significance.
Revision of the Balanid Barnacle Genus Concavus Newman, 1982, with the Description of a New Subfamily, Two New Genera, and Eight New Species
Authors: Zullo Victor A.
Published: May 2019

The new balanid subfamily Concavinae is based on the genus Concavus Newman, 1982, and includes five genera and 29 species-group taxa. The subgenera Concavus, Tamiosoma Conrad, 1856 (senior synonym of Menesiniella Newman, 1982), and Arossia Newman, 1982, are raised to generic rank. Two new genera, Chesaconcavus (type species Balanus concavus chesapeakensis Pilsbry, 1916) and Paraconcavus (type species Balanus concavus pacificus Pilsbry, 1916), are proposed, based on fossil and extant species from North America. New species include Tamiosoma advena from the Pliocene of southern Florida, Chesaconcavus rossi and C. santamaria from the middle Miocene of Maryland, C. myosulcatus from the upper Miocene of Virginia, Arossia newmani from the middle Miocene of Maryland, A. rubra from the upper Miocene of central California, A. aurae from the lower Pliocene of North Carolina, and Paraconcavus margaritanus from the upper Miocene of southern California. Concavines, a predominantly Northern Hemisphere group, appear in the late Oligocene in North America and Europe, diversify and spread rapidly in the Neogene, and, with the exception of a few eastern Pacific relicts, become extinct before the late Pleistocene.
Late Cretaceous and Paleocene Decapod Crustaceans from James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Feldmann Rodney M. , Tshudy Dale M. , Thomson Michael R. A.
Published: May 2019

Seventeen species of decapod crustaceans have been described from Campanian through Paleocene rocks in the Santa Marta, López de Bertodano, and Sobral Formations of the James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Of these, nine are new species:Metanephrops rossensis, Glyphea australensis, Paguristes santamartaensis, Munidopsis foersteri, Retrorsichela laevis, Plagiophthalmous collinsi, Rhinopoupinia bicornis, Cristafrons praescientis, andTorynomma (Torynomma) australis.One new family, Retrorsichelidae, and three new genera,Retrorsichela, Rhinopoupinia, andCristafrons, were also named. This assemblage includes the first notice of brachyurans from the Cretaceous of Antarctica; six species are described. The nephropid lobsterHoploparia stokesi(Weller), the most common decapod throughout the section, exhibits significant morphological change throughout its range from late Santonian or earliest Campanian to Paleocene; however, variation of key features is asynchronous. The raninid brachyuran,Cristafrons praescientis, is second in abundance toH. stokesi.The occurrence ofMetanephrops rossensisandMunidopsis foersterirepresents the oldest geological records for these genera and the recognition of species ofPaguristes, Plagiophthalmous, Torynomma, andNecrocarcinusconstitutes the first notice of these genera in Antarctica. Of those taxa that have living congenors, the species ofMetanephrops, Linuparus, andMunidopsisoccupied habitats at inner shelf depths in the Cretaceous whereas their extant descendants are restricted to outer shelf and bathyal depths. This diverse decapod fauna is dominated by genera that range into the Cenozoic and appears to be a pioneer assemblage.
Practical gyrokinetics
Authors: Catto Peter J.
Published: May 2019

Thousands of gyrokinetic papers have been published since the introduction of the gyrokinetic change of variables. The intent here is not to review the field, but rather the goal is to present a tutorial providing insight into why gyrokinetics is an appropriate description of turbulent transport. The focus is on turbulent transport in axisymmetric tokamaks, but many of the ideas and techniques are applicable to stellarators and other magnetic fusion devices with nested surfaces of constant pressure. Besides the origins of gyrokinetics and recent insights, gyrokinetic orderings and gyrokinetic variables are summarized. Then a compact, but careful, derivation of the simplest electrostatic gyrokinetic equation for tokamaks is presented, along with a brief mention of gyrokinetics for stellarators. The advantages of assuming scale separation between the finer spatial scales and faster time variation of the turbulence and the global behaviour and slow temporal evolution of the background are stressed. Moreover, the procedure for removing the adiabatic or Maxwell–Boltzmann response is emphasized. Scale separation allows the near Maxwellian behaviour of the background and the rapid variation of the turbulence to be described by separate, local gyrokinetic equations. The turbulent fluctuations are found by solving the nonlinear gyrokinetic equation for the non-adiabatic portion of the fluctuating distribution function. Also, generalizations of the gyrokinetic equation so that it retains electromagnetic and flow modifications are considered in detail along with some symmetry properties. In addition, ambipolarity, particle transport and heat transport are addressed, along with a discussion of the complications associated with describing momentum transport and profile evolution.
Ammonium Sulfate Increases Efficacy of Sethoxydim Through Increased Absorption and Translocation
Authors: Smith Anne M. , Vanden Born William H.
Published: May 2019

The effect of ammonium sulfate (AMS) on efficacy and on absorption and translocation of sethoxydim in wild oats and barley was investigated under controlled environmental conditions. Increases in efficacy in the presence of AMS were relatively small. The rate of sethoxydim required to reduce dry weight 50% was reduced from 0.08 kg a.i. ha−1, for both species, to 0.07 and 0.06 kg ha−1for wild oats and barley, respectively, in the presence of added AMS. In short-term experiments, uptake of14C from14C-labeled sethoxydim 0.5 and 1 h after application was increased approximately twofold with the addition of AMS. AMS had little effect on sethoxydim absorption beyond 1 h after application. Translocation at 1 h after application was unaffected by AMS. However, translocation 12 and 24 h after application was increased with AMS. It is postulated that the translocation increase results indirectly from the increase in absorption. The observed increase in absorption with the addition of AMS is evident only when crop oil concentrate (COC) is also present In model systems, the addition of AMS enhanced sorption of sethoxydim into Isolated cuticles but had no effect on movement into excised roots.
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy as a Tool for Monitoring Herbicide Effects on Triazine-Resistant and -Susceptible Biotypes of Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum)
Authors: Fuks Bruno , Homble Fabrice , Van Eycken Francoise , Figeys Hubert , Lannoye Robert L.
Published: May 2019

Photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to study effects of atrazine and diuron on excised leaves of triazine-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) biotypes of black nightshade. Changes of oxygen and photothermal components were compared to photochemical fluorescence quenching obtained by fluorimetry. After 1 h incubation in an aqueous solution of atrazine (0 to 200 μM), oxygen component of the photoacoustic signal was strongly decreased in the S biotype while the R biotype was not affected. Also, reoxidation of the primary quinone acceptor (QA−) of photosystem (PS) II of the S biotype was lower than that of the R biotype. With diuron treatments, changes in the characteristics of these biophysical signals were the same in both R and S biotypes. Both oxygen component and photochemical fluorescence quenching were decreased in treated leaves of the R and S biotypes. By using modulated oxygen and heat emissions, and the ratio of the initial inflection point (I) to the fluorescence maximum (P) as herbicide bioassay indicators, we showed that the photoacoustic spectroscopy was also a reliable technique for whole plant studies. Inhibition of photosynthesis was maximal 2 d after onset of treatment with atrazine (200 μM). Inhibitors of PSII did not induce a significant increase of heat emission in leaves which otherwise showed phytotoxic symptoms after treatment By using the photoacoustic technique, it was possible to obtain useful information on photosynthetic activity under herbicide stress, suggesting that pulsed oxygen emitted by leaves could be used to quantify susceptibility or to detect resistance to many types of photosynthetic inhibitors in weeds and crop plants.
Picloram Absorption by Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) Leaf Tissue
Authors: Sterling Tracy M. , Lownds Norman K.
Published: May 2019

Foliar absorption of picloram by broom snakeweed, a rangeland shrub, was investigated. Picloram uptake into leaf, axillary bud, and stem tissues was similar. In addition, picloram uptake by leaf tissue from greenhouse- and field-grown broom snakeweed did not differ. Picloram accumulated rapidly and absorption saturated between 15 min and 1 h of application; no further absorption occurred through 72 h with maximum uptake ca. 15% of applied picloram. Picloram content increased linearly with increasing external picloram concentration, implying that movement of the herbicide across the cuticle is via diffusion. Absorption was dependent on relative humidity and temperature with the greatest uptake at 94% relative humidity and 35 C, respectively. Absorption was pH dependent; picloram absorption was greatest at pH 4 and least at pH 8. In addition, picloram absorption was less at pH 3 compared to pH 4. These results provide evidence that picloram is absorbed across the cuticle via simple diffusion and absorption is dependent on environmental conditions and solution pH at and following application.
Growth and Yield of Flax (Linum usitatissimum) Injured by Trifluralin
Authors: Nawolsky Ken M. , Morrison Ian N. , Marshall George M. , Smith Allen E.
Published: May 2019

The relationships between the actual amount of spring-applied trifluralin detected in soil at seeding, initial injury to flax, and crop growth and yield were investigated in southern Manitoba over three growing seasons. As the amount of trifluralin in the soil increased, flax density and dry matter production decreased, such that at a soil concentration equivalent to 1 kg ai ha−1trifluralin, the two were reduced by 40 and 49%, respectively. Recovery from early-season injury was characterized by enhanced crop growth rates (CGRs) and net assimilation rates (NARs) of surviving plants during the remainder of the growing season. Maximum recovery occurred in plots where trifluralin levels in the soil were between 0.8 and 1 kg ha−1at seeding. During the interval between stem elongation and bud initiation, CGRs and NARs of flax in the trifluralin-treated plots exceeded those of flax in the untreated plots by up to 1.5 and 1.2 times, respectively. Additionally, the number of branches per plant increased linearly as trifluralin amounts in the soil increased. Flax seed yield was decreased by trifluralin as described by the equation: flax seed (% of untreated control) = 104.9 - 13.3[trifluralin detected (kg ha−1) at seeding]. Based on this equation, trifluralin levels in the soil of up to 0.7 kg ai ha−1caused less than a 5% reduction in flax yield under weed-free conditions.
Cole Crop (Brassica oleracea) Tolerance to Clomazone
Authors: Scott Jon E. , Weston Leslie A.
Published: May 2019

A laboratory bioassay was conducted to determine the differential tolerance of cole crops to clomazone as measured by extractable total chlorophyll and carotenoids. Clomazone concentrations causing 50% inhibition (I50) in the biosynthesis of total chlorophyll in broccoli, cauliflower, and green and red cabbage cotyledons were 16, 11, 3, and 11 μM, respectively, while I50values for carotenoid levels were 20, 10, 4, and 8 μM clomazone, respectively. Therefore, broccoli was the most tolerant to clomazone based upon extractable chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. Further laboratory studies were performed to investigate the basis for differential clomazone tolerance in 3-wk-old cole crop seedlings. No differences in total root uptake of14C-clomazone were observed between these crops after 24 h. There were no differences in rate of metabolism of14C-clomazone to methanol-soluble metabolites in roots of these crops. Percentage of polar metabolites in roots remained fairly constant over time. There were also no differences between crops in percentage of methanol-soluble14C-clomazone metabolites formed in shoots between 24 and 96 h. In all crops, levels of14C-clomazone decreased in a similar manner over time in methanolic extracts of roots and shoots while nonextractable14C levels increased, indicating a conversion of clomazone to insoluble, nonextractable forms. Differential uptake, translocation, and metabolism do not appear to account for clomazone selectivity differences between cole crop seedlings.
Effect of Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) Interference on Growth and Yield of Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids)
Authors: Millholon Rex W.
Published: May 2019

Autumn-planted sugarcane was seeded with itchgrass in early March to give 1 plant per 30.5 cm of row length (1.8 plants m−2). In three of four experiments, itchgrass was allowed to reseed and develop naturally in the second or third-yr ratoon crops. In the first-yr crop, itchgrass stands developed by May 15 and itchgrass was removed after 30, 60, or 180 d of interference. After 30 d interference, on about June 15, itchgrass biomass ranged from 200 to 2700 kg ha−1 in four experiments and reduction in sugar yield averaged 7%. After 60 d interference, on July 15, the biomass ranged from 1400 to 2900 kg ha−1 in two experiments and reduction in sugar yield averaged 17%. Itchgrass removed at harvest in November, after 180 d interference, reduced sugar yield by 19% in four experiments. Itchgrass infestations removed in the second-yr crop on May 1, June 1, and November 15 harvest reduced sugar yield in one experiment by 3, 11, and 72%, respectively, compared to a 2-yr weed-free control. Itchgrass interference reduced sugar yield primarily by reducing stalk population even though full-season interference increased sugar concentration of juice by 2 to 10%. These studies indicate that itchgrass must be removed from sugarcane well before June 15 (30 d of interference) under Louisiana growing conditions to prevent a rapid increase in itchgrass biomass and loss in sugar yield. However, sugarcane stands and yield recovered almost completely when maintained weed free in the second-yr crop following full-season itchgrass interference in the first-yr crop.
Relationship Between Inflorescence Size and Seed Production in Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)
Authors: Norris Robert F.
Published: May 2019

Barnyardgrass inflorescence length ranged from less than 2 to over 20 cm. Inflorescences less than 4 cm long were a single first-order raceme, while the largest had 20 to 50 primary branch racemes. Inflorescences longer than about 12 cm and with more than about 12 racemes showed second-order branching. Air-dried structural biomass increased from less than 2 milligrams for the smallest to over 300 milligrams for the largest inflorescences. Inflorescence length and structural biomass were positively correlated (r2= 0.95). Floret numbers increased from about 15 for smallest inflorescences to over 2000 for largest inflorescences and were positively correlated with inflorescence length (r2= 0.94) and with inflorescence structural biomass (r2= 0.94). Biomass of caryopses plus aborted florets had the same relationships as those for floret number. Measurement of frequency distribution of size and determination of numbers of inflorescences per plant should provide a means to predict fecundity in barnyardgrass.
Weed Control in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) by Flurtamone
Authors: Blackshaw Robert E. , Morrison Robert J. , Muendel H.-Henning , Roth Blair T.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted to determine suitability of flurtamone alone and in tank mixture with ethalfluralin for selective control of weeds in safflower. Flurtamone at 0.6 to 0.9 kg ha−1controlled field pennycress, kochia, and Russian thistle. Flurtamone and ethalfluralin were compatible in tank mixture and provided comparable or superior control of wild oat, kochia, and field pennycress than either herbicide alone. Plant height, date of flowering, seed yield, and quality data indicated that safflower tolerated flurtamone alone up to 1.6 kg ha−1and flurtamone tank mixed with ethalfluralin at rates as high as 1.1 plus 1.1 kg tar1, respectively. Safflower yield response to these herbicides was positive and reflected level of weed control attained with various treatments.
Response of Navy Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Grown in Rotation to Clomazone, Imazethapyr, Bentazon, and Acifluorften
Authors: Renner Karen A. , Powell Gary E.
Published: May 2019

The response of ‘C-20’ navy bean and ‘Frankenmuth’ soft white winter wheat grown in rotation to clomazone, imazethapyr, bentazon, and acifluorfen was examined. Clomazone at 560 and 430 g ai ha−1plus 800 g ai ha−1pendimethalin and 2000 g ai ha−1chloramben visibly injured navy bean in 1 of 2 yr. However, navy bean seed moisture at harvest and yield was not reduced compared to the weed-free control. PPI and PRE treatments of 70 g ai ha−1imazethapyr did not injure navy bean or reduce yield. Imazethapyr applied POST at 70 g ha−1plus nonionic surfactant visibly injured navy bean. The addition of urea ammonium nitrate to imazethapyr enhanced visible injury and seed moisture compared to nonionic surfactant alone in 1 of 2 yr. However, seed yield was not reduced. Seed moisture at harvest was greater following treatment with 430 g ai ha−1acifluorfen plus nonionic surfactant or urea ammonium nitrate and 140 and 280 g ha−1acifluorfen plus 840 g ai ha−1bentazon in 1 of 2 yr compared to the weed-free control, but yield was not reduced. Wheat yield was reduced in 2 of 2 and 1 of 2 yr by 560 g ha−1and 430 g ha−1clomazone, respectively, plus pendimethalin plus chloramben compared to the weed-free control. Wheat yield was not reduced by imazethapyr, bentazon, or acifluorfen.
Photolysis of Imidazolinone Herbicides in Aqueous Solution and on Soil
Authors: Curran William S. , Loux Mark M. , Liebl Rex A. , Simmons F. William
Published: May 2019

The photolytic degradation of several imidazolinone herbicides in solution and on soil was investigated. Ultraviolet light caused 100% degradation of imazaquin, imazethapyr, and imazapyr, and 87 and 8% degradation of imazamethabenz and atrazine in aqueous solutions, respectively, after 48 h. The order of susceptibility to photolysis in decreasing order was imazaquin = imazethapyr > imazapyr > imazamethabenz > atrazine. In soil Studies, 45% of imazaquin and 52% of imazethapyr dissipated from moist sand after 48 h of exposure. Herbicide dissipation on air-dry sand and on field capacity and air-dry silty clay loam was less than 10% in most instances. Atrazine photolysis was not detected. This research indicates that photolysis of imidazolinone herbicides in solution is rapid. Photolysis on soil occurs readily on coarse-textured wet soils probably due to greater availability of the herbicide for photochemical alteration.
Distribution and Characteristics of Triazine-Resistant Powell Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) in Idaho
Authors: Eberlein Charlotte V. , Al-Khatib Kassim , Guttieri Mary J. , Fuerst E. Patrick
Published: May 2019

A triazine-resistant (TR) biotype of Powell amaranth was discovered in 1989 in a potato field treated with metribuzin. A survey of all agricultural counties in Idaho showed that the TR Powell amaranth infestation was localized in the southeastern corner of Gooding county in southern Idaho. To determine the mechanism of triazine resistance, I50values for inhibition of photosystem II were determined for atrazine, metribuzin, and diuron using thylakoids isolated from TR and triazine-susceptible (TS) biotypes. TR/TS ratios based on I50values were 134 for atrazine, 62 for metribuzin, and 1.9 for diuron. Results of binding studies with atrazine and metribuzin were consistent with the I50studies, indicating that resistance was due to reduced binding of triazines to the thylakoid membrane D1 protein. Sequencing the chloroplastpsbA gene from TR and TS biotypes revealed a serine 264 to glycine change in the TR biotype. The mutation presumably resulted in reduced hydrogen bonding between triazine herbicides and the Dl protein.
Terbacil and Bromacil Cross-Resistance in Powell Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii)
Authors: Boydston Rick A. , Al-Khatib Kassim
Published: May 2019

A triazine-resistant Powell amaranth biotype collected in Idaho was approximately six times more resistant to terbacil and sixteen times more resistant to bromacil than a normal susceptible biotype when planted into terbacil- or bromacil-treated soil. The concentration of terbacil required to reduce photosystem II activity by 50% (I50) in isolated thylakoids was 0.24 and 13.33 μM for the susceptible and resistant biotypes, respectively. Likewise, the I50values for bromacil were 0.33 and 18.4 μM for the susceptible and resistant biotypes, respectively. More14C-terbacil was bound to isolated thylakoids of the susceptible than the resistant biotype with binding constants (Kb) of 0.26 and 12.9 μM, respectively, indicating that resistance was at the chloroplast level.
Resistance to Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides in Two Wild Oat Species (Avena fatuaandAvena sterilisssp.ludoviciana)
Authors: Mansooji Ali M. , Holtum Joseph A. , Boutsalis Peter , Matthews John M. , Powles Stephen B.
Published: May 2019

Resistance to the methyl ester of diclofop, an aryloxyphenoxypropionate graminicide, was shown for a wild oat (Avena fatua) population from Western Australia, and marked resistance to a range of aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione graminicides was detected in a winter wild oat (Avena sterilisssp.ludoviciana) population from South Australia. TheA. sterilisbiotype exhibited high levels of resistance to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides diclofop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, fenoxaprop, quizalofop, propaquizafop, and quinfurop and low levels of resistance to the cyclohexanedione herbicides sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, and cycloxydim. Ratios of LD50values for responses of resistant and susceptibleA. sterilisto the aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides were between 20 for propaquizafop and > 1,000 for fluazifop, and were between 2.5 and 3 for the cyclohexanedione herbicides. The LD50value for diclofop for theA. fatuabiotype was 442 g ai ha-1which was 2.7-fold that of a susceptible control. Thirty-three percent of the plants survived at the registered rate of application.
Differential Interference Between Soybean (Glycine max) Varieties and Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium):a Path Analysis
Authors: Jordan Nicholas
Published: May 2019

Soybean varieties ‘Ripley’ (semidwarf determinate group IV) and ‘Douglas' (indeterminate group IV) were compared in an interference experiment with common cocklebur. A path analysis model was used to independently estimate interference effects of soybean density on common cocklebur growth and stem diameter, and interference responses of soybean density and seed production to common cocklebur size. Path analysis identified an early period of interference between soybean and common cocklebur, from 40 to 62 d after planting, and a late period, from 63 to 145 d after planting. Late interference measures were independent of early measures, since effects of early interference were statistically removed from estimates of late interference. The semidwarf determinate variety Ripley had early interference effects on common cocklebur 5.3 and 9.5 times greater than those of Douglas in 1987 and 1988, respectively. The Douglas variety had a stronger late interference effect on common cocklebur than Ripley. Soybean varieties were similar in response to common cocklebur interference. Path analysis of crop-weed interference may be useful in breeding crop varieties that suppress weed growth and thus require fewer weed control inputs.
Abortion, Abandonment, and Positive Rights: The Limits of Compulsory Altruism
Authors: Long Roderick T.
Published: May 2019

We began with three propositions: that people have a right not to be treated as mere means to the ends of others, that a woman who voluntarily becomes pregnant nevertheless has the right to an abortion, and that a woman who voluntarily gives birth does not have a right to abandon her child until she finds a substitute caretaker. These propositions initially seemed inconsistent, for the prohibition on treating others as mere means appeared to rule out the possibility of positive rights, thus making it impossible to countenance the right to abort or the right not to be abandoned (both of which, it was argued, are positive in form).

But we have seen that the prohibition on treating people as mere means to the ends of others is best understood as ruling out basic positive rights while permitting derivative ones. Since a willing mother is responsible for bringing her child into the world in the first place, she cannot abandon it without violating its negative right not to be killed, and so such a child has a derivative positive right not to be abandoned. A pregnant woman, on the other hand, has a negative right not to have her body invaded, and from this negative right derives a positive right to abort her fetus, so long as doing so is not disproportionate to the seriousness of the threat (as it is not in the case of involuntary pregnancy, or of pregnancy which has become involuntary). Therefore, far from being in conflict, propositions (1), (2), and (3) have been shown to be in harmony with one another, the latter two being plausibly grounded in the first. Insofar as we have reason to accept (1), then, we have reason to accept (2) and (3). Moreover, we have seen that a proper understanding of (1) allows us to embed (2) and (3) in a larger moral perspective in which the limits of compulsory altruism are firmly drawn: enforceable rights to the use or assistance of others may be allowed into the moral domain only if they are “sponsored” by some negative right. Every putative positive right must find such a sponsor, or perish.
The Right to Welfare and the Virtue of Charity
Authors: Uyl Douglas J. Den
Published: May 2019

As each individual abandons himself to the solicitous aid of the State,

so, and still more, he abandons to it the fate of his fellow-citizens.

Wilhelm Von Humboldt,On the Limits of State Action
Prevention and Management of Late Stage Complications in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Jon Stoessl A.
Published: May 2019

The major complications of therapy in PD are motor, autonomic and psychiatric. Motor complications may be associated with altered striatal bioavailability of levodopa, and may in part respond to changes in timing of drug administration, redistribution of dietary protein and the use of controlled-release preparations. Since long-term complications seem to be associated with higher cumulative doses of levodopa, the early use of adjunctive agents such as deprenyl and/or dopamine agonists is encouraged. Autonomic effects include impaired bladder and bowel function, impotence and postural hypotension. If conservative measures are ineffective, pharmacotherapy with domperidone, fludrocortisone, indomethacin or adrenergic agents may be required. Depression in PD is associated with decreased levels of noradrenaline and 5-HT and responds to tricyclic antidepressants. Drug-induced psychosis reflects stimulation of mesolimbic-cortical dopamine receptors. Alternatives include reduction of medication, the use of atypical neuroleptics (which may act at novel subtypes of the dopamine receptor) and electroconvulsive therapy.
Excitatory Amino Acid Receptor Antagonist in Murine Motoneuron Disease (The Wobbler Mouse)
Authors: Krieger Charles , Perry Thomas L. , Hansen Shirley , Mitsumoto Hiroshi , Honoré Tage
Published: May 2019

Recent evidence has suggested a potential role for involvement of excitatory amino acids (EAA) in the pathogenesis of the neuron loss in motoneuron diseases. We have examined the ability of an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to halt or retard the progression of neurological symptoms in a murine form of motoneuron disease. The wobbler mouse is an autosomal recessive mutant which develops progressive neurological symptoms secondary to motoneuron loss. Treatment of wobbler mice with the NMDA receptor antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,l 1-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5, 10-imine maleate (MK-801) did not retard neurological deterioration as assessed by a semiquantitive clinical scale. We conclude that NMDA receptor activation is probably not involved in the pathogenesis of motoneuron loss in the wobbler mouse.
Neuropsychological and Glucose Metabolic Profiles in Asymmetric Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Mohr Erich , Mann Ulrike M. , Miletich Robert S. , Sampson Margaret , Goldberg Terry E. , Crimes J. David , Chase Thomas N.
Published: May 2019

Patients with predominantly unilateral parkinsonian signs may provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the cerebral representation of cognitive functions characteristically affected in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Twenty hemiparkinsonian patients (ten left and ten right) and 10 healthy controls, matched for age and education, were studied with neuropsychological tests and positron emission tomography. Both right and left hemiparkinsonians evidenced impairments in visuospatial and verbal episodic memory function, but had no deficits in executive abilities, compared to controls. None of the neuropsychological test scores distinguished right from left hemiparkinsonians. Glucose metabolic profiles were identical for the three groups in all cortical areas assessed; in the subcortex however, lenticular hypermetabolism contralateral to the predominant side of motor involvement was evident in the left hemiparkinsonian group. Correlational analysis revealed that higher glucose metabolic rates in the basal ganglia of these hemiparkinsonians were associated with lower visuospatial test scores. In frontal and parietal cortex, decreasing glucose metabolism was positively associated with neurobehavioral function; in temporal cortex, measures of attention and memory decreased with increasing glucose metabolic rates.
Intrathecal Baclofen for Intractable Spinal Spasticity – a Double-blind Cross-over Comparison with Placebo in 6 Patients
Authors: Hugenholtz H. , Nelson R.F. , Dehoux E. , Bickerton R.
Published: May 2019

A group of six subjects with intractable spinal spasticity completed a double-blind cross-over paradigm in which they received two intrathecal bolus injections of baclofen solution five hours apart on two different days and two intrathecal bolus injections of placebo saline five hours apart on two other days. Each subject was repeatedly tested with a battery of clinical and physiological tests. In contrast to the placebo injections, the group responded to the baclofen injections with subjective and objective, clinically significant improvement in parameters of spasticity in their lower limbs, including muscle tone, frequency of spasms, hyperreflexia and passive range of joint motion. Furthermore, this improvement was maintained following thirty consecutive days of intrathecal bolus injections of baclofen at a fixed dose.
Fracture of Temporal Bone With Exsanguination: Pathology and Mechanism
Authors: Pollanen M.S. , Deck J.H.N. , Blenkinsop B. , Farkas E.M.
Published: May 2019

Eight cases of basal skull fracture with transverse fracture of the petrous temporal bone with medial extension to the internal carotid artery and lateral extension of the structures of the middle ear are described. Injuries in all cases were due to major blunt impact to the head usually occurring in a motor vehicle accident. General autopsy revealed major blood loss without any obvious external or internal site of hemorrhage suggesting that exsanguination was a complication of the head injury. The internal carotid arteries at the most medial extension of the fractures were lacerated or transected in all cases. In selected cases, the cervical internal carotid arteries were perfused and perfusate escaped rapidly from the ear(s) with the majority of fluid bypassing the cerebral venous system. Magnetic resonance image reconstruction of sequential sections of the fractured base of the skull confirmed the laceration of the internal carotid arteries and disruption of the middle ear. Based on this evidence, we propose that some displaced fractures of the base of the skull produce carotid-middle ear continuities which act as arterial shunts, resulting in rapid fatal exsanguination through the ear.
The Pharmacology of Chewable Versus Regular Carbamazepine in Chronically Treated Children With Epilepsy
Authors: Camfield Peter , Hwang Paul , Camfield Carol , Fraser Albert , Soldin Steven , Al-Quadah AK
Published: May 2019

We report the first comparison of Chewable and Regular Carbamazepine (CBZ) tablets in children with epilepsy. Forty-four children receiving chronic monotherapy CBZ participated. In month 1 children received regular CBZ; in month 2, the same dose of Chewable CBZ. Once per week fasting predose CBZ and CBZ epoxide serum levels were determined. In a subset of 15 children, at the end of each month serum levels were obtained every 2 hours for 12 hours beginning pre-dose. Standards for CBZ and CBZ epoxide were tested in each centre. Overall, weekly levels showed no consistent differences between the month on chewable CBZ and regular CBZ. Seizure control and rates of reported side effects were similar. In five patients chewable CBZ produced higher peak CBZ levels while five had higher peaks with regular CBZ. In conclusion, regular and chewable CBZ often have unpredictable differences in peak but not trough levels of CBZ suggesting that peak level side effects with one form of CBZ might be alleviated by changing to the other.
Productivity Growth and Input Mix Changes in Food Processing
Authors: Adelaja Adesoji O.
Published: May 2019

To examine productivity growth in New Jersey's food-processing sector, this study conducts a joint analysis of total and partial factor productivity indexes. Results indicate growing material intensity, declining labor and capital intensities, and relatively slow material productivity growth. However, due to the high cost share of material inputs, material productivity growth contributed more to total factor productivity growth than did growth in the productivity of any other input. In fact, almost half of the growth in overall productivity is attributed to material productivity growth. Results also suggest that the 1973 decline in total factor productivity was characterized by greater decline in material productivity than in the productivities of labor and capital.
Recent Applications of Nonparametric Programming Methods
Authors: Lee Hyunok
Published: May 2019

Nonparametric techniques have recently come into vogue in agricultural economics: Applications abound in both consumer and producer models of the agricultural economy. Moreover, several distinct approaches to nonparametric analysis exist. There are nonparametric statistical techniques, semiparametric estimation techniques, nonparametric revealed-preference analysis of consumption data, and nonparametric analysis of production data. Both revealed-preference analysis and nonparametric analysis of production data rely on the basic fact, which provides the foundation for much of modern duality theory, that convex sets can be completely characterized by their supporting hyperplanes. This observation allows one to apply simple mathematical programming (in particular, linear programming) methods to analyze production and consumption data. My task today is to provide an overview of nonparametric programming approaches to production data. Thus, I will not address any of the other topics cited above. However, I would be remiss if I did not mention the close connection between these subject areas and what I intend to survey today. Moreover, one should also recognize that very closely related to the literature on nonparametric programming analysis of production data are the fields of estimation of efficiency frontier via statistical methods. (A useful survey here is Lovell and Schmidt).
Comparing Models for Contingent Valuation Surveys: Statistical Efficiency and the Precision of Benefit Estimates
Authors: Park Timothy , Loomis John
Published: May 2019

This paper empirically tested the three conditions identified by McConnell for equivalence of the linear utility difference model and the valuation function approach to dichotomous choice contingent valuation. Using a contingent valuation survey for deer hunting in California, two of the three conditions were violated. Even though the models are not simple linear transforms of each other for this survey, estimates of mean willingness to pay and their associated 95% confidence intervals around the mean were quite similar for the valuation methods.
Declines of the globally threatened Rudd’s Lark Heteromirafra ruddi in one of its last remaining strongholds
Authors: GUSH WESLEY G. , MAPHISA DAVID H. , REYNOLDS CHEVONNE , DONALD PAUL F. , SPOTTISWOODE CLAIRE N.
Published: May 2019

Rudd’s Lark Heteromirafra ruddi is a globally threatened species endemic to eastern South Africa’s highland grasslands, where climate envelope modelling has predicted a dramatic reduction in its already small and fragmented distribution. Here we assess recent changes in one of its last strongholds, the Wakkerstroom grasslands. We assessed changes in Rudd’s Lark population and habitat condition over 12 years, within a core section of an area intensively surveyed in 2002–2004. Our 2016 survey found lower absolute numbers of Rudd’s Larks (five transects with Rudd’s Lark present compared to nine in 2002; nine individuals compared to 32), as well as a lower probability of encounter. Transects with shorter grass and higher altitude had a higher probability of Rudd’s Larks occurrence, consistent with findings in 2002. Point locations where Rudd’s Larks were recorded had shorter grass, higher forb cover and more bare ground cover, and tended to be at higher altitudes than random locations in the surrounding grassland. Remotely-sensed fire data showed that late-season fires, which pose a threat to Rudd’s Lark nestling survival, are generally uncommon. Field observations indicated that seven transects (of which two previously contained Rudd’s Lark) that had previously been grassland had been converted to intensive crop production. While Rudd’s Lark may be affected by direct loss of grassland habitat through conversion to crops, the species has also declined within remaining grassland habitat. The drivers of decline remain unclear but this recent observed local decline of Rudd’s Lark in the immediate Wakkerstroom area supports the species’ recent IUCN uplisting to globally ‘Endangered’, given that its previous downlisting was based on habitat requirements and breeding success from this area.
Status, diversity and trends of the bird communities in Volcanoes National Park and surrounds, Rwanda
Authors: DERHÉ MIA A. , TUYISINGIZE DEO , ECKARDT WINNIE , EMMANUEL FAIDA , STOINSKI TARA
Published: May 2019

The Volcanoes National Park (VNP) in Rwanda, part of the Virunga massif in the Albertine Rift region, boasts some of Rwanda’s best remaining natural vegetation and is home to many endangered and endemic species. The park has suffered from high levels of degradation and destruction, reducing in size by 50% during the 1960s and 1970s, and remains under threat from illegal activities, human population pressure and climate change. This study is the first to investigate the status and trends of bird communities in the VNP, using a multi-year dataset. We use a five-year dataset, totalling over 3,200 point-counts, both within and around the VNP, to assess the conservation value of the VNP for birds in comparison with other national parks and non-protected areas. We assess bird communities and population trends within and around the parks and identify important habitat factors for birds within the VNP. We found that the VNP hosts a unique bird community compared to other localities, with several Albertine Rift endemics and threatened species occurring in the VNP.Hagenia/ Hypericumwoodland, herbaceous vegetation, brush ridge and mixed forest host the highest levels of bird diversity in the VNP, whilst the park’s waterbodies provide key habitat for the endangered Albertine Rift endemic Grauer’s Swamp-warbler (Bradypterus graueri). Elevation had a negative effect on bird diversity in the VNP, whilst the basal area of dead trees,Hageniaand vines had a positive effect. Both inside and outside the VNP, there was a significant decline in abundance and species richness over the sampling years; however, we advocate for further monitoring to confirm these trends. Based on our findings, we recommend effective, targeted management of key habitats for birds within the park, including those identified in this study, in order to mitigate bird declines and conserve the unique bird communities in the VNP.
Incomplete isolation of the left innominate artery from the right aortic arch: a rare case of double-outlet right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis
Authors: Sato Jun , Kato Atsuko , Ohashi Naoki
Published: May 2019

Isolation of the left innominate artery from the right aortic arch is a rare anomaly. Herein, we present an even rarer case of incomplete isolation of the proximal left innominate artery with the right aortic arch in a 3-month-old female infant with a double-outlet right ventricle and pulmonary stenosis. Surgical repair at 6 months of age was successful, leading to the restoration of adequate flow in the left arm.
Cardiac Arrest Research Methods
Authors: Valenzuela Terence D. , Weaver W. Douglas
Published: May 2019

Determining the variables that influence survival in the treatment of cardiac arrest is important as both a research and a quality assurance tool. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest remains the only medical condition in which it has been determined rigorously that prehospital care affects survival. Thus, it uniquely is suited to outcome-based research and quality assurance studies. After approximately 20 years of study, the determinants of survival after cardiac arrest are well-known; however, a plethora of fascinating research questions remain to be addressed.

The prevalence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest seems to be decreasing. In the Seattle area, there are 30% fewer cases than there were ten years ago. This parallels the overall decline in mortality from ischemic heart disease in the United States in the last thirty years. There also has been a change in the profile of cardiac arrest victims, with today's arrestee several years older than the victim of fifteen years ago. Thus, when one performs comparative clinical trials, the control group of today is very different from the historical control of ten or fifteen years ago.