bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Istmocele. Reporte de caso
Authors:   Hospital Central Dr. Urquinaona, Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela, Torres-Cepeda, Duly , Reyna-Villasmil Eduardo
Published: April 2022

Defects in cesarean scar results from a postoperative complication of the uterine isthmus, also known as an isthmocele. This is a reservoir-like pouch defect on the anterior wall of the uterine isthmus located at the site of a previous cesarean scar. The flow of menstrual blood through the cervix may be slowed by the presence of isthmocele, as the blood may accumulate in the niche and, together with the presence of fibrotic tissue, cause pelvic pain. The removal of the local inflamed tissue improves symptoms and restores fertility. We report the case of a 39-year-old with history of inter-menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. Images studies revealed a cesarean scar defect connected to a small cavity in the myometrium compatible with an isthmocele. After surgical excision, symptoms resolved. This case highlights the importance surrounding diagnosis, management and benefits of surgical repair of uterine scar defect after cesarean section.
Türk ve Slav Halk İnanışlarında Tuz Simgeciliği
Authors: EREN Mariia
Published: April 2022

Eski yıllardan beri tuz, çok önemli ve değerli bir madde olmakla birlikte arındırma, koruma ve yardımcı bir araç olarak kullanılmaktadır. Slavlarda pagan döneminde tuz, kurban merasimlerinde yaygın bir şekilde yer almaktaydı. Pagan tanrılarının gözüne girmek için kurban olarak sunulacak hayvanlar üzerine tuz atılırdı. Türk kültüründe ise tuzun, şamanlar ve farklı iyelere yönelik saçı yapıp saçanlar arasında kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Farklı tarihi süreçlere, kabul edilmiş dinlere rağmen Türk ile Slav halklarının mitik anlayışları açısından büyük sayıda benzerlikler mevcuttur. Hem Türk hem Slavlarda tuzun doğum, evlenme, misafir ağırlama geleneklerinde ve hayvancılıkla, hava, aşk ile ilişkin büyüsel ritüellerde yaygın bir şekilde kullanıldığını söylemek mümkündür. Nazar değmesin diye özellikle lohusalar, hamile kadınlar, bebekler, yolcu ve avcıların bir çimdik tuzu yanında bulundurmaları gerekirdi. Bunun dışında iki kültürde ekmek ile tuz olmak üzere iki değerli unsurun birleşmesi çeşitli ritüel ve geleneklerin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Tuz-ekmek sözel kompleks olduğu gibi, nesnel kompleks olarak da yer almaktadır. Türk kültüründe tuz-ekmek hakkı şeklinde bilinen ifade bahsi geçen bu iki unsurun önemini ve değerini vurgulamaktadır. Slav kültüründe de “хлеб-соль”(ekmek-tuz) ifadesi genel olarak yemek anlamına gelirken misafirperverliğin de en önemli sembollerinden biridir. Bunun yanı sıra çalışmada Türk halkbiliminde önceden kullanılmayan “etimolojik büyü” (этимологическая магия) terimine değinilecektir. Tuz kavramı, Türk ve Slav halkları arasında bilinen çeşitli ritüellerde ve uygulamalarda kullanımı, edindiği yer ve fonksiyonları açısından ele alınıp işlenecektir.
Simulation of CO2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel in High Pressure and High Temperature Environment (HPHT)
Authors: Asmara Yuli Panca
Published: April 2022

In HPHT environments, the mechanism of CO2 corrosion faces a challenge as an effect of chemical-physical reactions on the metal surface. The presence of other elements in the CO2 system complicates corrosion behavior. To provide a realistic mechanism for corrosion process, some corrosion prediction models have developed software using fundamental theories such as electrochemical reactions and thermodynamics theories. Existing methods to predict corrosion rate models in HPHT environments have shown reasonable results. This paper reviews software of corrosion predictions which calculate corrosion rate based on mechanistic theories that study effects of H2S, acetic acid (HAc) concentrations, shear stress, pH in temperature from 25oC – 100oC and pressure from 1–10 bar. From the simulation, corrosion rate increased significantly in the high pressure CO2 environment. Corrosion rate at pH 4 increased to 30 mm/y at a temperature from 15oC to 90oC. While at pH 8 corrosion rate reached 4 mm/y. This lower corrosion rate indicated a tendency for deposits formation at higher pH. Corrosion rate behaves in a different mechanism at high temperatures. The corrosion rate decreased to 4 mm/y when the temperature increased to more than 90oC. Effects H2S gas and HAc were identified to increase corrosion rate. Both elements provide extra cathodic reaction and create limiting current density in the cathodic reaction process based on polarization sweep models. However, the polarization graph calculated using corrosion models could not display passive behavior in the anodic polarization process. Thus, further, improvement should be considered. From the data calculation, it can be shown that corrosion prediction software can predict corrosion rate in HPHT conditions.
Application of Eye Tracking to Study Consumer Buying Behavior on the Example of Carbonated Soft Drinks in Cans
Authors: Kabaja Bartlomiej
Published: April 2022

Despite their relatively low nutritive value, carbonated soft drinks remain widely consumed all over the world and their sales forecasts continue to show an upward trend. There are now several global players dominating the market; however, the segment still boasts a great potential for introducing new products.
Internal Public Financial Control in the Republican Medical Institutions from the Republic of Moldova
Authors: COPACEANU Cristina , GLADUN Sergiu
Published: April 2022

In the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, the health system in the Republic of Moldova requires increased attention and involvement, because the pressure of the pandemic, economic and political crisis directly affect its proper functioning.
KONTRIBUSI KEWIRAUSAHAAN TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN SIKAP KETERAMPILAN BERWIRAUSAHA PESERTA DIDIK
Authors: IRHAM IRHAM
Published: April 2022

This article is a article review that aims to determine the contribution of entrepreneurship to the development of students' entrepreneurial skills attitudes. The method used is literature documentation by collecting various supporting articles from several relevant writings. The literature was obtained from published, accredited, and well-signed journals. The results are indicators that explain the contribution of entrepreneurship in shaping the entrepreneurial skills of students, who are able to make a quick response of decisions to constantly adapt the new market realities. The contribution of entrepreneurship is to bring up managerial skills in the form of methods, approaches, and content that are effective in developing entrepreneurial skills and behavior.
ABSTRAKArtikel ini merupakan review artikel yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui kontribusi kewirausahaan terhadap pengembangan sikap keterampilan berwirausaha peserta didik. Metode yang digunakan adalah dokumentasi literatur dengan mengumpulkan berbagai artikel pendukung dari beberapa tulisan yang relevan. Literatur diperoleh dari jurnal terpublikasi, terakreditasi, dan bersignifikasi baik. Hasilnya berupa indikator-indikator yang menjelaskan kontribusi kewirausahan dalam membentuk keterampilan berwirausaha peserta didik, yang mampu membuat keputusan dengan cepat untuk beradaptasi secara konstan dengan realitas pasar baru. Kontribusi kewirausahaan adalah memunculkan keterampilan-keterampilan manajerial berupa metode, pendekatan, serta konten yang sekiranya efektif mengembangkan keterampilan dan perilaku kewirausaahaan.
Carbon sequestration potential of street tree plantings in Helsinki
Authors: Havu Minttu , Kulmala Liisa , Kolari Pasi , Vesala Timo , Riikonen Anu , Järvi Leena
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Cities have become increasingly interested in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and increasing carbon sequestration and storage in urban vegetation and soil as part of their climate mitigation actions. However, most of our knowledge of the biogenic carbon cycle is based on data and models from forested ecosystems, despite urban nature and microclimates differing greatly from those in natural or forested ecosystems. There is a need for modelling tools that can correctly consider temporal variations in the urban carbon cycle and take specific urban conditions into account. The main aims of our study were to (1) examine the carbon sequestration potential of two commonly used street tree species (Tilia × vulgaris and Alnus glutinosa) growing in three different growing media by taking into account the complexity of urban conditions and (2) evaluate the urban land surface model SUEWS (Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme) and the soil carbon model Yasso15 in simulating the carbon sequestration of these street tree plantings at temporal scales (diurnal, monthly, and annual). SUEWS provides data on the urban microclimate and on street tree photosynthesis and respiration, whereas soil carbon storage is estimated with Yasso. These models were used to study the urban carbon cycle throughout the expected lifespan of street trees (2002–2031). Within this period, model performances were evaluated against transpiration estimated from sap flow, soil carbon content, and soil moisture measurements from two street tree sites located in Helsinki, Finland. The models were able to capture the variability in the urban carbon cycle and transpiration due to changes in environmental conditions, soil type, and tree species. Carbon sequestration potential was estimated for an average street tree and for the average of the diverse soils present in the study area. Over the study period, soil respiration dominated carbon exchange over carbon sequestration due to the high initial carbon loss from the soil after street construction. However, the street tree plantings turned into a modest sink of carbon from the atmosphere on an annual scale, as tree and soil respiration approximately balanced the photosynthesis. The compensation point when street tree plantings turned from an annual source into a sink was reached more rapidly – after 12 years – by Alnus trees, while this point was reached by Tilia trees after 14 years. However, these moments naturally vary from site to site depending on the growing media, planting density, tree species, and climate. Overall, the results indicate the importance of soil in urban carbon sequestration estimations.
Assessment of the sea surface temperature diurnal cycle in CNRM-CM6-1 based on its 1D coupled configuration
Authors: Voldoire Aurore , Roehrig Romain , Giordani Hervé , Waldman Robin , Zhang Yunyan , Xie Shaocheng , Bouin Marie-Nöelle
Published: April 2022

Abstract. A single-column version of the CNRM-CM6-1 global climate model has
been developed to ease development and validation of the boundary layer
physics and air–sea coupling in a simplified environment. This framework is
then used to assess the ability of the coupled model to represent the sea
surface temperature (SST) diurnal cycle. To this aim, the atmospheric–ocean
single-column model (AOSCM), called CNRM-CM6-1D, is implemented in a case
study derived from the CINDY2011/DYNAMO campaign over the Indian Ocean,
where large diurnal SST variabilities have been well documented. Comparing the AOSCM and its uncoupled components (atmospheric SCM and
oceanic SCM, called OSCM) highlights the fact that the impact of coupling in the
atmosphere results from both the possibility to take into account the
diurnal variability of SST, which is not usually available in forcing products, and
the change in mean state SST as simulated by the OSCM, with the ocean mean
state not being heavily impacted by the coupling. This suggests that
coupling feedbacks in the 3D model do not arise from the coupling of ocean
and atmosphere vertical column physics but are more due to the
large-scale dynamics resolved by the 3D model. Additionally, a sub-daily
coupling frequency is needed to represent the SST diurnal variability, but
the choice of the coupling time step between 15 min and 3 h does not impact
the diurnal temperature range simulated much. The main drawback of a 3 h
coupling is delaying the SST diurnal cycle by 5 h in asynchronous coupled
models. Overall, the diurnal SST variability is reasonably well represented
in CNRM-CM6-1 with a 1 h coupling time step and the upper-ocean model
resolution of 1 m. This framework is shown to be a very valuable tool to develop and validate
the boundary layer physics and the coupling interface. It highlights the
interest to develop other atmosphere–ocean coupling case studies.
On the impact of dropsondes on the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System model (CY47R1) analysis of convection during the OTREC (Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection) field campaign
Authors: Sentić Stipo , Bechtold Peter , Fuchs-Stone Željka , Rodwell Mark , Raymond David J.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection (OTREC) field campaign, conducted August through October 2019, focuses on studying convection in the eastern Pacific and the Caribbean. An unprecedented number of dropsondes were deployed (648) during 22 missions to study the region of strong sea surface temperature (SST) gradients in the eastern Pacific region, the region just off the coast of Columbia, and in the uniform SST region in the southwestern Caribbean. The dropsondes were assimilated in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. This study quantifies departures, observed minus the model value of a variable, in dropsonde denial experiments and studies time series of convective variables, saturation fraction which measures moisture and instability index and deep convective inhibition which quantify atmospheric stability and boundary layer stability to convection, respectively.
Departures are small whether dropsondes are assimilated or not, except in a special case of developing convection and organization prior to Tropical Storm Ivo where wind departures are significantly larger when dropsondes are not assimilated. Departures are larger in cloudy regions compared to cloud-free regions when comparing a vertically integrated departure with a cloudiness estimation. Abovementioned variables are all well represented by the model when compared to observations, with some systematic deviations in and above the boundary layer. Time series of these variables show artificial convective activity in the model, in the eastern Pacific region off the coast of Costa Rica, which we hypothesize occurs due to the overestimation of moisture content in that region.
Modern Ordunun Kadim Savaşçıları: 1828-29 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi’nde Arnavut Askerlerin İstihdamı
Authors: ÇALAR Muhammed Emin
Published: April 2022

Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı ordusunun modernleştirilmesi adına yürütülen faaliyetlerin henüz olgunlaşmadığı bir dönemde meydana gelen 1828-29 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda, aylıklı Arnavut askerlerin Osmanlı ordusuna dâhil edilmeleri konu alınmıştır. Çalışmada ağırlıklı olarak Arnavut savaşçıların Osmanlı ordusunda istihdamları, sevk ve idareleri hususunda yaşanan sorunlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Yaşanan sorunlara, Osmanlı yönetimi tarafından ne gibi tepkiler verildiğinin yanı sıra bu sorunların, savaşın seyrine olan etkileri de açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin klasik dönemlerinden itibaren seferlere aylıklı asker olarak katılan Arnavutların, önceki savaşlara nazaran orduda duyulan asker ihtiyacına paralel olarak bu savaştaki istihdamları daha fazla olmuştur. Silahaltına alınan asker sayısına paralel olarak yaşanan sorunların sayısı ve çeşitliliği de aynı ölçüde fazla olmuştur. Yoğun olarak istihdam edilen bu savaşçı grup ile Osmanlı idarecileri, bu çalışmada da üzerinde durulan çeşitli sorunlardan dolayı birbirlerinden pek memnun kalmamışlardır. Arnavutlar, genelde alacaklarının ödenmemesinden yakınmaktayken, askerî yetkililer ise daha çok itaatsizlikten, disiplinden uzak tavırlardan ve firarlardan şikâyetçi olmuşlardır. Yaşanan tüm sorunlara rağmen öncesinde ve bu savaşta olduğu gibi hem Arnavut askerler hem de Osmanlı Devleti birbirlerinden istifade etmeye devam edeceklerdi. Arnavutlar paralı askerlik mesleğini icra ederek maişetlerini kazanırken, Osmanlı Devleti ise eksik olan asker kadrolarını bu savaşçı grup ile kapatacaktı.
EDITORIAL - ACESSIBILIDADE AUDIOVISUAL: PRÁTICAS DE TRADUÇÃO E LINGUAGEM
Authors: Massarolo João
Published: April 2022

Como um dos frutos desse duplo movimento de ampliação de direitos e de pesquisas sobre tradução audiovisual acessível (TAVa), apresentamos o dossiê “Acessibilidade audiovisual: práticas de tradução e linguagem”. O dossiê representa a expansão de pesquisas voltadas TAVa em diálogo com campos estratégicos como o dos Estudos da Tradução, Estudos da Interpretação, Estudos do Audiovisual, Linguística Aplicada e Educação, o que releva a transversalidade e con-temporaneidade da temática.
DA TV PARA AS MÍDIAS SOCIAIS: O IMPACTO DO ENGAJAMENTO NO INSTAGRAM E NO TWITTER NA COBERTURA JORNALÍSTICA DA MORTE DO MENINO MIGUEL
Authors: Pádua Adriano Austeclínio , Oliveira Sheila Borges de
Published: April 2022

Neste artigo, investigamos o engajamento do público no Instagram e no Twitter na ressignificação da mediação jornalística audiovisual da cobertura do caso da morte do menino Miguel. O tensionamento entre o engajamento em mídias sociais e o modelo de comunicação de massa se verifica pela geração de conteúdos on-line auto-organizada por meio da hashtag #justicapormiguel. O engajamento gera um sistema de respostas que ressignifica a cobertura jornalística sobre ocaso do telejornal NETV 2, da TV Globo Recife, e das reportagens da TV Jornal, do SBT Recife, acionando a circulação de novos sentidos sobre o caso nas plataformas em estudo.
ATUAÇÃO NO AUDIOVISUAL COM LÍNGUAS GESTO-VISUAIS: EXPERIÊNCIAS DE PORTUGAL E BRASIL
Authors: Nogueira Tiago Coimbra , Barbosa Susana
Published: April 2022

A tecnologia mudou substancialmente a maneira como interagimos com os media e com a tradução e interpretação da língua gestual/de sinais. A implementação dos recursos de acessibilidade audiovisual, que tem como princípio básico o acesso à informação, além de uma prática prevista por lei, impõe-nos refletir sobre a inclusão da tradução e ou intepretação em materiais audiovisuais e quais as possibilidades tradutórias que podem ser implementadas, para garantir à pessoa surda a acessibilidade aos programas através da língua gestual/de sinais. Neste artigo objetiva-se apresentar a realidade em Portugal e no Brasil no que diz respeito à tradução audiovisual para a cultura surda.
Innovation in Family Farms: The Roles of the Market, the Family, and Farm Performance
Authors: Fuetsch Elena
Published: April 2022

Most farms are struggling with aggravating economic, social and ecological conditions. If family farms want to survive in the long run, they need to develop innovation strategies. In line with the resource-based view, this paper argues that market orientation and multiple family generations in management are valuable resources of a family farm, which can contribute to innovation by facilitating the development of innovative ideas. This paper also explores the role of farm performance as a moderator. Since small- and medium-sized businesses in rural areas tend to lack growth orientation, it is assumed that family farms do not feel a strong urge to make use of their innovation potentials unless their performance falls to a critically low level. A regression analysis is conducted to test the relationships with a sample of 690 Austrian family farms. The results confirm the positive effect of both market orientation and multiple generations in management on innovation. As expected, farm performance moderates this relationship negatively. The findings are discussed against the backdrop of the family business, innovation and farming literature and suggestions are made how family farms can make best use of the market and the family as two important potential innovation sources.
The antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles coated with silica against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi
Authors: Mohammed Ghaidaa Jihadi
Published: April 2022

The antibacterial property of silver (Ag) has been known since ancient time. It is reported in the literature that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit improved antibacterial and antifungal properties in comparison to silver ions of equivalent metallic Ag concentration.A simple method has been used based on solenoid soles for the synthesis of nanoparticles of silver coated on silica. AgNPs were compared positively with silver nitrate solution and ampicillin standard antibiotics at a concentration of 50μg / mL (Table 1 and 2). AgNPs mentioned in the silica activity exhibited more than standard silver nitrate and antibiotics. AgNPs were fairly toxic to Salmonella sp., Neisseria sp., Klebsiella sp., and Pseudomonas sp. with an inhibition zone 21, 24, 16, 23 mm respectively. AgNPs exhibited strong antifungal activity against fungal strains (Candida sp., Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus) in different concentrations such as 30-50 and 60 μg/ml were examined for antifungal activity. AgNPs revealed the highest antifungal activity with the inhibition zone 26, 25 and 22 mm respectively. Results of the present study prevealed that AgNPs have a remarkable potential as antimicrobial agent in treating infectious diseases.
Determination of deferasirox (anti-thalassemia drug) in serum and urine: cyclic voltammetry study
Authors: Baker Fatima Hamza M. , Numan Hiba Ali , Mashkour Muthana Saleh
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this project is to examine cyclic voltammetry (CV) analytical technique for anti_thalassemia drug of deferasirox by modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on glassy carbon electrod (GCE) was described. The electrochemical performance of deferasirox was studied by cyclic voltammetry technique. The ability of the electrode for the determination of deferasirox under Optimize condition in pH 13.8~14, scan rate 100mv/s, temperature 30 0C and interference that have been studied. Where found the results that calibration curve of deferasirox was linear in the concentrations 13.4×10-4-2.6×10-2 M, its detection limit was 8.46×10-11 M and LOQ was 2.82×10-10 M. The enthalpy ∆H was calculated to be (6.736 kJ. mol-1), and the entropy can be calculated to be (213.8 J. K‐1 mol‐1). The area of electrode was calculated to be 0.314 cm2 and also the diffusion coefficient was 3.154×10-4 cm2sec-1. RSD% for bulk and form was less than 0.3% while serum and urine less than 2.5% and recovery in all close to 100.1%. The voltammogram for deferasirox give irreversible process with diffusion– controlled process.  Finally, this technique has been applied for deferasirox on pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples (serum and urine).
Assessing the Potential of Irrigating Against Rainfed Manihot Esculenta Crantz Under Different Levels of NPK Fertilizers on Storage Root Yields in Tanzania Lake Victoria Zone
Authors: Mlay Deusdedit Peter , Lisuma Jacob Bulenga
Published: April 2022

Objective: To assess the response of new registered Kiroba cassava variety on different rates of fertilizer under rainfed and irrigated regimes on the low fertility land of Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute of Tanzania (TARI), Ukiriguru, Mwanza, Tanzania. Methods: The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design in a split-plot design with irrigation and rainfed regimes being the site-main plot and fertilizer-subplots replicated three times. The treatments were absolute control and three rates i.e., 150:40:180, 75:20:90 and 300:80:360 kg ha-1 of N, P, and K respectively, under the rainfed and irrigated regimes. Results: Half rate of fertilizer blend N75P20K90 under irrigation regime had significantly high root storage yields ranging from 24.76 to 25.21t ha-1, to both cropping seasons. However, even though the root storage yields were slightly low (24.59 to 24.14t ha-1) in the same treatment, it did not differ with the rainfed treatment. The high root storage yields were attributed to the narrow gap between the small and large storage root size and adequate moisture levels. Conclusion: Cassava crop requires less fertilizer nutrients, but with appropriate proportion on soil moisture for increased root storage yield. Therefore, the study recommends further research to determine the potential yields using fertilizer blend within N50P10K70 and N100P30K120.
Changes in clinical features of food-related anaphylaxis in children during 5 years
Authors: Motomura Chikako , Okabe Koki , Matsuzaki Hiroshi , Kawano Toshiaki , Akamine Yuko , Yasunari Daisuke , Wakatsuki Masatoshi , Taba Naohiko , Honjo Satoshi , Odajima Hiroshi
Published: April 2022

Background

Despite being frequently recommended, adrenaline auto-injectors (AAIs) are insufficiently prescribed and used for the prehospital management of anaphylaxis.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate recent changes in the clinical features and prehospital management of food-related anaphylaxis in children.

Methods

We retrospectively compared the clinical features of children who were hospitalized for food-related anaphylaxis in 2013 and 2018. The patients' medical records were reviewed for causative foods, triggers, location, AAI prescription, and/or use, wheezing on admission, and treatment.

Results

Overall, 62 consecutive patients (43 males; median age, 5.6 years) hospitalized in 2018 were compared with 57 patients (37 males; median age, 4.3 years) hospitalized in 2013. There were no significant differences between the cohorts in age, gender, causative foods, or wheezing on admission. Cow's milk, wheat, and egg represented over half of the causative foods in both groups. Compared with 2013, the incidence of anaphylaxis decreased at home but increased at nurseries and schools in 2018. Exercise was a significantly more common trigger for anaphylaxis in 2018. Furthermore, a significant increase was observed in AAI administration by lay helpers or the patients themselves and in ambulance transportation. After admission, intramuscular adrenaline was administered to 26 patients in 2013 and 12 patients in 2018. Patients receiving prehospital adrenaline were significantly less likely to require in-hospital adrenaline injections.

Conclusion

Food-related anaphylaxis triggered by exercise and AAI use have increased. Hence, raising awareness and educating caregivers, patients, teachers, and medical professionals are essential for the optimal management of this disorder.
Ethnobotany of Agroforestry species of Baghpat District (Uttar Pradesh) India
Authors: Ahamed Nafeesh , Gupta A.
Published: April 2022

This study conducted during 2003-2005 in rural areas of Baghpat district provides first hand information on Ethnobotany of Agroforestry species commonly used for various purposes. A total of 46 species belonging to 39 genera and 25 families were reported from the study area. Maximum number of plant species belongs to family Moraceae (7), Mimosaceae (5) and Caesalpiniaceae (5). The 17 families are represented by single genus and single species.
The Relationship Between Preoperative Optimization and Healthcare Disparities
Authors: Wiznia Daniel H. , O'Connor Mary I. , Clarke Henry D.
Published: April 2022

In coordination with Movement is Life, a multistakeholder coalition dedicated to promoting musculoskeletal health equity, the JAAOS Editorial Board has overseen the preparation of 12 articles that focus on methodology to optimize patients and improve access to total hip and knee arthroplasty for underserved populations.
Meniscus Repair Part 1: Biology, Function, Tear Morphology, and Special Considerations
Authors: Arner Justin W. , Ruzbarsky Joseph J. , Vidal Armando F. , Frank Rachel M.
Published: April 2022

Knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the meniscus is essential for appropriate treatment. The unique anatomy of the medial and lateral meniscus and blood supply play an important role in decision making. Controversy exists regarding the optimal treatment of meniscal tears including débridement, repair, root repair, and transplantation. The unique tear location and morphology thus plays an essential role in determination of appropriate treatment. Repair is generally advised in tear types with healing potential to preserve meniscal function and joint health.
Economic Impact of Revision Operations for Adjacent Segment Disease of the Subaxial Cervical Spine
Authors: Bonano John , Cummins Daniel D. , Burch Shane , Berven Sigurd H. , Deviren Vedat , Ames Christopher P. , Tay Bobby , Clark Aaron J. , Theologis Alekos A.
Published: April 2022

Introduction:

Adjacent segment disease (ASD) of the cervical spine is a common disabling phenomenon that often requires surgical intervention. The goal of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of revision operations for cervical ASD.

Methods:

Consecutive adults who underwent revision cervical spine surgery for ASD at a single institution between 2014 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Direct costs were identified from medical billing data and calculated for each revision surgery for ASD. Incomplete cost data for revision operations were used as a criterion for exclusion. Cost data were stratified based on the approach of the index and revision operations.

Results:

Eighty-five patients (average age 57 ± 10 years) underwent revisions for cervical ASD, which summed to $2 million (average $23,702). Revisions consisted of 45 anterior operations (anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion, 34; corpectomy, 10; and cervical disk arthroplasty, 1), 32 posterior operations (posterior cervical fusion, 14; foraminotomy, 14; and laminoplasty, 4), and 8 circumferential operations. Circumferential revisions had notably higher average direct costs ($57,376) than single approaches (anterior, $20,084 and posterior, $20,371). Of posterior revisions, foraminotomies had the lowest average direct costs ($5,389), whereas posterior cervical fusion had the highest average direct costs ($35,950). Of anterior revisions, corpectomies ($30,265) had notably greater average direct costs than anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion ($17,514). Costs were not notably different for revision approaches based on the index operations' approach.

Discussion:

Revision operations for cervical ASD are highly heterogeneous and associated with an average direct cost of $27,702. Over 3 years, revisions for 85 patients with cervical ASD represented a notable economic expense (greater than $2.0 million).

Data availability:

Deidentified data may be provided by request to the corresponding author.
European Court of Justice: Case Reports
Authors: Somsen Han
Published: April 2022

Case C-232/97: Reference to the Court under Article 177 of the EC Treaty (Now Article 234 EC) by the Nederlandse Raad van State (Netherlands) for a preliminary ruling in the proceedings pending before that court between L. Nederhoff & Zn. And Dijkgraaf en hoogheemraden van het Hoogheemraadschap Rijnland (Environment - Directives 76/464/EEC, 76/769/EEC and 86/280/EEC - "Discharge" - Possibility for a Member State to adopt more stringent measures than those provided for in Directive 76/464/EEC - Effect of Directive 76/769/EEC on such a measure); Judgment of 29 September 1999 (not yet reported)
The Commission's White Paper on Environmental Liability: A Weak Case for an EC Strict Liability Regime
Authors: Bergkamp Lucas
Published: April 2022

The White Paper on Environmental Liability published in February 2000; the main proposals as to the law. The reasons for legislating at the EC level — subsidiarity, the internal market, policy principles. Strict and fault liability; the proposal for strict liability in respect of damage caused by dangerous activities and the justifications for it; fault liability in respect of damage caused by other activities; the burden of proof. The scope of the proposed directive: strict and fault liability; prospective application. Insurance and financial security: the proposed role of insurance and its possible adverse consequences. Liable persons, liability being channelled to the operator; multiple liable parties. Limited defenses contemplated; the regulatory compliance defense; the state of the art defense. Damage to natural resources and problems of valuing such damage. The proposed regime in respect of contaminated sites. Standing to sue. Conclusions, including that the proposed scheme would be problematic and that the White Paper calls for further thought.
Environmental Due Diligence
Authors: Corino Carsten
Published: April 2022

The rise of the due diligence process and the growing importance of environmental due diligence; the elements of environmental due diligence: pollution of buildings, soil and ground water — the law on protection against harmful emissions — the law relating to water and waste disposal — management systems and their significance — product-related requirements — insurance. Drafting a contract for the sale and purchase of a business; points to be taken into account from the seller's and the buyer's points of view and the scope for compromises.
More Difficult than Finding the Way Round Chinatown? The IPPC Directive and its Implementation
Authors: Doppelhammer Martina
Published: April 2022

The narrow and broad meanings of "integrated pollution and prevention control"; background to the IPPC Directive. The substantial provisions — purpose, scope of application, the integrated approach, the basic operator obligations, the integrated permit system, emission limit values, best available techniques and environmental quality standards, transboundary effects; Community ELVs. Evaluation of the Directive as providing considerable potential for innovation but vague and ambiguous in certain respects, the degree of flexibility afforded to Member States weakening the potential impact.

Implementation of the Directive: the BATs information exchange, the polluting emissions register, the experts group and the reporting committee. The state of implementation in the Member States, varying between those which had already adopted an integrated approach, those which had sectoral approaches and those with less well defined approaches. The consequences of non-implementation.

Implementation in Germany: conflicts between the Directive and German law; the plan to implement the Directive by means of a new Comprehensive Environmental Code and the suspension of this process while constitutional obstacles are resolved; interim solution. Conclusion that it is too early to judge whether the Directive is a success or a failure; much depends on how Member States give effect to it; the high degree of apparent willingness. The experience that, although there may be difficulties, IPPC is achievable.
The Integration of Environmental Concerns into EC Policies: A Genuine Policy Development?
Authors: Grimeaud David
Published: April 2022

New Article 6 EC, calling for the integration of environmental protection requirements into the Community policies and activities referred to in Article 3; an examination of the nature and scope of the EC "greening" process. External integration; continuing deterioration of the European environment; reasons why legislation has failed to achieve positive results; new policy instruments. The greening of the Commission's own work; annual reporting; policy statements by the Directorates General; "environmental integration correspondents"; proposals for environmental appraisals of policy proposals — advantages and shortcomings. Implementing the principle of integration; the Commission's Communication, Partnership for Integration, calling for support at the highest political level, defining a role for each EC institution, and pointing out the need for a step-by-step approach; the EU Council meetings of 1998 and 1999 and their calls for integration; invitations to the Agriculture, Transport, Energy, Development, Internal Market, Industry, General Affairs, Economic and Financial, and Fisheries Councils to prepare integration strategies; emphasis on climate change and meeting commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. The legal status of the integration principle and the unlikelihood that it could form the basis for an action for annulment of a Community act. Conclusion that timetables and indicators need to be established, and that the "achievement of sustainable development requires not only new policy instruments, but also a genuine political commitment to striking a balance between social, economic and environmental interests".
Strict Environmental Liability and NGO Damages and Enforcement Claims: A Dutch and International Law Perspective
Authors: Betlem Gerrit
Published: April 2022

The European Commission's 2000 White Paper on Environmental Liability identifies two main functions for civil liability in the context of environmental protection. In addition to compensation for damage to the environment, civil liability is perceived as a tool for the enforcement of EC (public) environmental law. Private actors at the national level are considered to carry out watchdog functions in addition to the Commission at Community level.

One way in which non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved with environmental protection have been recognised by both Dutch and international law is by entitling them to claim the costs of pollution prevention measures. This possibility is included in the definition of compensable loss rather than as a separate remedy explicitly made available to NGOs.

Insofar as enforcement actions are concerned, a Dutch case against the State is examined in order to identify the legal issues relevant to successful enforcement actions at national level. This case is an illustration of the role NGOs can play in using civil liability actions in the context of environmental law. Notable here is what form of injunctive relief is available under Dutch law against the State. The possibilities of ordering the State to comply with a duty to implement a directive are considered.
New Controls on the Deliberate Release of GMOs
Authors: Hattan Elizabeth , Lawrence Daniel , Kennedy James
Published: April 2022

This article describes changes under Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release of genetically modified organisms into the environment; looks at the proposed new rules on genetically modified food and feed approvals and the traceability and labelling of genetically modified organisms; and examines liability issues.
Mining Waste: The Aznalcóllar Tailings Pond Failure
Authors: Ginige Tilak
Published: April 2022

The second, and concluding, part of this article is a critical analysis of the Spanish legal system, relevant preventative and sanctioning legislation and the actors who participated in the Spanish environmental policy with reference to the Aznalcóllar case. Analysis of the judgment in the case is followed by a section which concentrates on the main implications flowing from the analysis of the EU and Spanish legislation.

Glossaries are appended.
Soil Pollution and Decontamination in Spain
Authors: Vaques Mar Aguilera
Published: April 2022

Summary: In Spain there is no legal framework that collects all aspects of laws relating to the environment. In the absence of over-arching legislation this article examines the control and remediation of soil pollution in Spain looking first at administrative law aspects — its concepts; the identification of polluted soil; registration of polluted sites; decontamination of polluted land; soil decontamination procedure; and administrative supervision and sanctions. The author then analyses civil law aspects of the subject in property, liability, insurance, contract and notarial (deeds) law. Finally she outlines the uses of criminal law in environmental protection before presenting her conclusions.
Integrated Resource Management — Lessons for Europe?
Authors: Anker Helle Tegner
Published: April 2022

This article argues that in order to facilitate integration it is desirable to look at various spheres or contexts for integration within the legal framework. Different integration aspects deserve attention and the article draws upon the New Zealand experiences with integrated resource management legislation. Integrated resource management is a key component in the New Zealand Resource Management Act which was adopted in 1991. Taking a resource management perspective means that the environment rather than sectoral) activities is in focus — expressed by the “effects-based” approach of the RMA. Taking a legal or regulatory perspective means that the integration of different measures or instruments to protect the environment is a central theme. This could be termed instrumental integration. However, other integration aspects as mentioned above are relevant in a legal and regulatory context. These include cross-media integration and cross-agency integration horizontal and vertical). The structure of this article is first to point out different integration aspects and the need to focus on such aspects in the legal framework. The article then explores the key components of integrated resource management in a New Zealand context, and finally returns to the relevance of such a concept in a European context. While the European context encompasses the Community level as well as the national level of Member States and Associated States, environmental legislation of individual Member States will not be touched upon. At both levels, however, it is necessary that the design and implementation of law pays attention to the ways in which a goal of integration can be achieved.
European Water Law: Water Policy and Water Resources Management in France: The Projet de Loi sur l'Eau
Authors: Bongaerts Jan C.
Published: April 2022

In the second part of this two part article the author looks at the reform of institutions, in particular of the agences de l'eau, and briefly mentions some instruments for better protection of water resources. A conclusion will summarises the main findings.
The Enforcement of EC Directives against Suppliers of Public Senices
Authors: Burnett-Hall Richard
Published: April 2022

the enforceability of EC directives which have not been implemented in national law; the concept of "Member State" extends to State authorities or "emanations of the State"; the status of former State-owned industries which have been privatised and their liability to give effect to EC directives; the August 1994 UK decision in Griffin and Others a, South West water Services Ltd that a privatised water company is a State authority; the control condition; the effects on a privatised water company of being made directly subject to EC 6iivectives; other industries rendering a public service which may be in the same position; legal remedies against emanations of the State.
The Proposed Directive on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management
Authors: Mant Helen
Published: April 2022

Target of setting air quality standards ( A QSs) for pollutants by the end of1999 by means of daughter Directives in two stages; shortcomings of earlier Directives; EC policy through the five Environmental Action Programmes; long term nature of the present proposal; present development of A QSs and emission/product standards; /bur main objectives of the Directive to establish A QSs, assess ambient air quality, modify m d improve it, m d inform the public; possible problems.
The European Parliament's Role in the Elaboration of the European Union's Environmental Policy in the Context of the Intergovernmental Conference
Authors: Motard Sylvie
Published: April 2022

The European Parliament has traditionally played an important role in the elaboration of European environmental policy and legislation. But environmental issues are becoming more and more complex, which raises the question whether the Parliament has the capacity, professionally, technically and institutionally, to tackle environmental issues in a necessarily much more integrated way.

The perspective of the next Intergovernmental Conference in 1996 has led to reflections on how to improve the Treaty itself, so that environmental considerations and sustainable development conditions are taken into account, as well as on how to enhance the role of the Parliament in the decision-making process on the basis of the experience acquired in the last years with the implementation of the Single European Act and the Maastricht Treaty on the European Union.
The Draft Directive on Integrated Pollution Pollution Prevention and Control: An Economic Perspective
Authors: Faure Michael , Lefevere Jürgen G J
Published: April 2022

This article gives an economic analysis of some of the more important aspects of the new proposal for a Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). The authors use an economic interpretation of the subsidiarity principle to analyze the concept of IPPC, the choice of the permit as a central instrument and the importance and interpretation of the principle of Best Available Technology (EAT) in the IPPC proposal. They come to the conclusion that the proposal does not conform with the subsidiarity principle to the extent that it allows for a European-wide interpretation ofBA T and prescribes the permit as the main instrument to control and prevent pollution. Emission and technology standards should be set at local level, using local and optimally differentiated interpretations of BAT, complying with a European framework of quality standards. Also scope should be given to Member States for using alternative instruments.
The Proposed IPPC Directive: Re-Regulation or De-Regulation?
Authors: Pallemaerts Marc
Published: April 2022

This article examines the legal implications of the forthcoming IPPC Directive for the regulation "of aquatic and atmospheric emissions of pollutants from activities currently covered by the provisions of Directives 76\464\EEC and 84/360/EEC. It appears that the IPPC Directive, far from harmonizing emission standards applicable to those activities, will in fact substantially increase the discretion of national authorities with respect to standard-setting. The concept of "best available techniques", as defined in the IPPC Directive, is virtually devoid of prescriptive value. Though it will extend the prior authorization requirement to many activities not currently subject to this requirement under Community law and introduce an integrated approach to pollution prevention and control across all environmental media, the IPPC Directive is likely to lead to some measure of deregulation for activities subject to the authorization systems of the existing Directives 7614641 EEC and 84/360/EEC.
Towards Sustainability? The Case of Tourism and the EU
Authors: Marx Axel
Published: April 2022

The aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between the environment and tourism on the European Union level in the context of sustainable development. After an analysis of the achievements of the EU in the field of tourism and the environment - in which the most important documents and actions are discussed - the only possible conclusion is that the EU most certainly does not take the environment sufficiently into account, and, hence is most certainly not moving towards sustainable development.
The Environmental Impact Assessment Amendment Directive 97/11/EC - A Small Step Forward?
Authors: Sheate W R
Published: April 2022

The Environmental Impact Assessment ("EIA") Amendment Directive 97/11/EC was finally agreed in March 1997 and is due to be brought into force in Member States by 14 March 1999. With the new imperative of sustainable development since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, it was hoped that amendments proposed to the original EIA Directive 85/337/EEC would improve on the original legislation, reflecting EIA best practice throughout Europe and benefit from the lessons of EIA systems worldwide. While the Amendment Directive will bring about a number of significant improvements it falls short of bringing more radical changes, such as formal scoping, post-project monitoring and enhanced public participation (common in many other systems). Key changes are summarised in Table 1 which indicates where changes have occurred to the articles of the original Directive. This is supplemented by a more detailed discussion of the various issues raised.