bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation, identification and characteristics of Aeromonas sobria from diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Liu Li-Ping , Fang Ying-Dong , Kang Peng-Tian , Gao Xiang-Yun , Zhang Guo-Wei , Pan Jing , Lu Jia , Liu Ji-Xing , Zhang Wang-Dong
Published: January 2025

Aeromonas sobria is an opportunistic pathogen that can infect humans, animals and aquatic species, which is widely distributed in different aquatic environments and products. In recent years, with the rapid expansion of intensive aquaculture, the disease caused by A. sobria has occurred. This study aims to understand the pathogenic characteristics of A. sobria and provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of the epidemic. The dominant strain As012 was isolated from the diseased rainbow trout during the outbreak. Through physiological and biochemical experiments, sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrB genes, the strain As012 was identified as A. sobria. The clinical signs of the diseased rainbow trout in the experimental infection were consistent with those in the farm, and the LD50 was 1.0 × 106.6 CFU/mL. The histopathological lesions in the gills, heart, liver, spleen and intestines were mainly extensive hemorrhage. In addition, eight virulence genes were screened from strain As012, including Act, Aer, AexT4, Alt, ahyB, ascV, Nuc and Hly. The strain As012 can grow in the environment with pH 1–11, temperature 8–43°C and NaCl concentration 0–8%. The drug sensitivity results showed that it was resistant to 12 antibiotics including penicillin G, vancomycin, and clindamycin, and highly sensitive to 16 antibiotics including cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, and furadantin. The results showed that A. sobria, the dominant strain isolated from diseased rainbow trout, was the main pathogen causing the epidemic in the farm. The strain As012 has a very wide range of growth and strong pathogenicity, causing widespread hemorrhaging in various tissues of rainbow trout. It is multi-resistant, but highly sensitive to cephalosporins, quinolones, nitrofurans and sulfonamides. Among them, ciprofloxacin will be one of the effective antibiotics for preventing and controlling A. sobria infection in Chinese aquaculture.
Viral diversity in wild rodents in the regions of Canaã de Carajás and Curionopólis, State of Pará, Brazil
Authors: Monteiro Adriana Freitas Moraes , Silva Fábio Silva da , Cruz Ana Cecília Ribeiro , Silva Sandro Patroca da , Queiroz Alice Louize Nunes , Casseb Livia Medeiros Neves , Martins Livia Carício , Medeiros Daniele Barbosa de Almeida
Published: January 2025

Wild rodents serve as crucial reservoirs for zoonotic viruses. Anthropogenic and environmental disruptions, particularly those induced by mining activities, can destabilize rodent populations and facilitate the emergence of viral agents. In the Canaã dos Carajás and Curionópolis regions of Brazil, significant environmental changes have occurred due to mining expansion, potentially creating conditions conducive to the emergence of rodent-associated viral diseases. This study aimed to investigate the viral diversity in wild rodents captured in Canaã dos Carajás and Curionópolis, Pará, between 2017 and 2019. A total of 102 rodent samples were taxonomically identified through karyotyping and screened for anti-Orthohantavirus antibodies using the ELISA method. Subsequently, nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were conducted on 14 selected samples to characterize the virome. This selection was based on the most commonly associated rodent genera as reservoirs of Orthohantavirus and Mammarenavirus. Of the 102 samples tested via ELISA, 100 were negative, and two showed optical density at the cutoff point. Sequencing of the 14 samples generated approximately 520 million reads, with 409 million retained after quality control. These reads were categorized into 53 viral families, including both DNA and RNA viruses, with Retroviridae, Baculoviridae, and Microviridae being the most abundant. Viral contigs were identified, including one fragment related to Arenaviridae and three to Filoviridae. Metagenomic analysis revealed high viral diversity in the sampled rodents, with the presence of viral families of public health concern, such as Arenaviridae and Filoviridae. The findings suggest that increased human activities associated with mining may contribute to the emergence of these viruses, underscoring the need for ongoing surveillance to prevent potential outbreaks.
A novel approach for detecting Salmonella enterica strains frequently attributed to human illness—development and validation of the highly pathogenic Salmonella (HPS) multiplex PCR assay
Authors: Harhay Dayna M. , Brader Kerry D. , Katz Tatum S. , Harhay Gregory P. , Bono James L. , Bosilevac Joseph M. , Wheeler Tommy L.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) are leading bacterial agents of foodborne illnesses and a global concern for human health. While there are over 2,600 different serovars of NTS, epidemiological data suggests that certain serovars are better at causing disease than others, resulting in the majority of reported human illnesses in the United States. To improve food safety, there is a need to rapidly detect these more pathogenic serovars to facilitate their removal from the food supply.

Methods

Addressing this need, we conducted a comparative analysis of 23 closed Salmonella genomic sequences of five serotypes. The analysis pinpointed eight genes (sseK2, sseK3, gtgA/gogA, avrA, lpfB, SspH2, spvD, and invA) that in combination, identify 7 of the 10 leading Salmonella serovars attributed to human illnesses in the US each year (i.e., Serovars of Concern or SoC). A multiplex PCR assay was developed to detect the presence of these genes, with strains amplifying five or more targets designated Highly Pathogenic Salmonella, or HPS. The utility of the resulting HPS assay for identifying SoC was examined in silico, using BLAST to determine the distribution of gene targets among closed Salmonella genome sequences in GenBank (n = 2,192 representing 148 serotypes) and by assaying 1,303 Salmonella (69 serotypes), isolated from FSIS regulatory samples.

Results and discussion

Comparison of serotypes identified by the assay as HPS, with those identified as SoC, produced an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 92.2% with a specificity of 96% and a positive predictive value of 97.4%, indicating the HPS assay has strong ability to identify SoC. The data presented lay the groundwork for development of rapid commercial assays for the detection of SoC.
Geographical distribution and evolutionary dynamics of H4Nx avian influenza viruses
Authors: Ge Ye , Liu Jing , Li Yuanguo , Peng Peng , Zhou Yan , Yu Jiantao , Huo Miaotong , Liang Xiaodong , Gao Yuwei , Yao Qiucheng
Published: January 2025

H4Nx avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been isolated from wild birds and poultry and can also cross the species barrier to infect mammals (pigs and muskrats). The widespread presence of these viruses in wild birds and poultry and their ability to be transmitted interspecies make them an undeniable hazard to the poultry farming industry. In the present study, we collected fecal and swab samples from wild birds and poultry in Guangdong Province from January 2019 to March 2024, and various subtypes of AIVs were isolated, including 19 strains of H4 subtype AIVs. Further analysis was conducted on the internal genes of the 19 strains. These strains clustered together with high homology to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), suggesting that H4Nx AIV may be reassorted from HPAIV. Two H4N8 strains are phylogenetically related to the porcine H4N8 AIV. Molecular characterization revealed that all viruses in this study were less pathogenic but had potential mammalian-adapted mutations. The transmission dynamics of H4Nx AIVs revealed that Europe and Asia, especially the Netherlands and Bangladesh, may be the centers of transmission. This may be linked to the migration of wild birds. The high migration rates from Russia to the Netherlands and from Russia to Bangladesh may also play a role. Therefore, continuous and systematic monitoring of wild birds to clarify the spatial and temporal distribution and prevalence of influenza viruses in wild birds is significant for early warning of avian influenza outbreaks in poultry and for risk assessment for public health and safety.
Probiotic Bacillus pumilus LV149 enhances gut repair, modulates microbiota, and alters transcriptome in DSS-induced colitis mice
Authors: Sun Xinyu , Yun Long , Xie Keming , Liu Renhui , Ren Xinyue , Zeng Bokun , Cao Xudong , Li Zhi , Zhou Guihao , Liu Bang , Peng Luo , Yuan Lihong
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Gut microbiota dysbiosis significantly impacts ulcerative colitis (UC) progression and exacerbation. Probiotics show promise in UC management. This study evaluated the effects of different doses of Bacillus pumilus LV149, an aquatic-derived probiotic, on gut injury repair in male C57BL/6 mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) and investigated the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

UC was induced by allowing mice free access to a 3% DSS solution for 7 days, with concurrent daily oral gavage of either a low (LV149-L, 1 × 108 CFU/day/mouse) or high (LV149-H, 1 × 109 CFU/day/mouse) dose of LV149. The effects were assessed through physiological parameters, intestinal barrier integrity, inflammation, gut microbiota composition, and transcriptomic changes.

Results

LV149 significantly improved pathological symptoms, including weight loss and disease activity index (DAI), and reduced colon shortening in a dose-dependent manner and inflammatory damage. The intervention also restored gut barrier function by upregulating mucins, goblet cell counts, and tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1) in colonic tissue, along with reducing serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. Notably, only the LV149-H significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, while both doses increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in a dose-dependent in colonic tissue. LV149 further modulated the gut microbiota, increasing beneficial bacteria and reducing pathogenic populations. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that LV149-L may exert gut repair effects via the IL-17 signaling pathway, whereas LV149-H appears to act through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that LV149, particularly at a higher dose, effectively mitigated DSS-induced colonic injury by modulating gut microbiota, enhancing gut barrier integrity, and reducing inflammation. The dose-dependent effects underscored LV149-H’s potential as a therapeutic agent for UC due to its stronger anti-inflammatory properties and gut-protective effects.
Evaluation of 16S rRNA genes sequences and genome-based analysis for identification of non-pathogenic Yersinia
Authors: Kislichkina Angelina A. , Sizova Angelika A. , Skryabin Yury P. , Dentovskaya Svetlana V. , Anisimov Andrey P.
Published: January 2025

16S rRNA genes sequencing has been used for routine species identification and phylogenetic studies of bacteria. However, the high sequence similarity between some species and heterogeneity within copies at the intragenomic level could be a limiting factor of discriminatory ability. In this study, we aimed to compare 16S rRNA genes sequences and genome-based analysis (core SNPs and ANI) for identification of non-pathogenic Yersinia. We used complete and draft genomes of 373 Yersinia strains from the NCBI Genome database. The taxonomic affiliations of 34 genomes based on core SNPs and the ANI results did not match those specified in the GenBank database (NCBI). The intragenic homology of the 16S rRNA gene copies exceeded 99.5% in complete genomes, but above 50% of genomes have four or more variants of the 16S rRNA gene. Among 327 draft genomes of non-pathogenic Yersinia, 11% did not have a full-length 16S rRNA gene. Most of draft genomes has one copy of gene and it is not possible to define the intragenomic heterogenicity. The average homology of 16S rRNA gene was 98.76%, and the maximum variability was 2.85%. The low degree of genetic heterogenicity of the gene (0.36%) was determined in group Y. pekkanenii/Y. proxima/Y. aldovae/Y. intermedia/Y. kristensenii/Y. rochesterensis. The identical gene sequences were found in the genomes of the Y. intermedia and Y. rochesterensis strains identified using ANI and core SNPs analyses. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA genes differed from the tree based on core SNPs of the genomes and did not represent phylogenetic relationship between the Yersinia species. These findings will help to fill the data gaps in genome characteristics of deficiently studied non-pathogenic Yersinia.
PB2 and PA mutations contribute to the pathogenicity of mouse-adapted pdmH1N1-Venus reporter influenza A virus in a mammalian model
Authors: Wu Shixiang , Yi Ruonan , Tao Yingying , Wu Huimin , Wu Li , Song Jiasheng , Zhang Xin , Yang Beibei , Wu Xing , He Yulong , Shu Jianhong , Feng Huapeng
Published: January 2025

Influenza A viruses have been a threat to human health for the past 100 years. Understanding the dynamics and pathogenicity of the influenza viruses in vivo is of great value in controlling the influenza pandemic. Fluorescent protein-carrying recombinant influenza virus is a substantially useful tool for studying viral characteristics in vivo and high-throughput screening in vitro. In this study, we generated a recombinant pdmH1N1 CA04 influenza virus carrying a Venus reporter gene in the non-structural (NS) segment using reverse genetics. After passaging the recombinant influenza virus carrying Venus from lung to lung in mice, we found that virulence of the passaged pdmH1N1 CA04-Venus significantly increased and was lethal to the mice. We finally isolated one mouse-adapted pdmH1N1 CA04-Venus with bigger plaques expressing the amount of Venus proteins by using the ninth passage lung homogenate with plague purification. We found three different amino acids (PB2 T340K, PA I21M, and F175L) between WT-CA04-Venus and MA-CA04-Venus using whole-genome sequencing. Interestingly, the polymerase activity of MA-CA04-Venus was significantly lower than that of WT-CA04-Venus in a minigenome assay. Further investigation demonstrates that PA I21M and PA I21M + PB2 T340K significantly enhanced the polymerase activity of WT-CA04-Venus; however, PA F175L + PB2 T340K significantly decreased the polymerase activity of MA-CA04-Venus. Therefore, PA I21M mutation may determine the increased virulence in mice, and PA F175L + PB2 T340K may be involved in the stability of Venus insertion. Above all, we generated a mouse-adapted pdmH1N1 CA04-Venus virus with high virulence and stable green fluorescent Venus protein. It is a useful tool for high-throughput screening of antiviral drugs and for investigating the interaction between the influenza virus and host in vivo.
Detection of antimicrobial resistance in Glaesserella parasuis in South China using whole-genome sequencing
Authors: Ge Qianwen , Fang Liangxing , Yu Yang , Sun Ruanyang , Liao Xiaoping , Zhang Peng
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Glaesserella parasuis causes Glässer’s disease in pigs, a leading cause of death in swine herds and a major contributor to economic losses in the global swine industry. Although several studies have investigated antimicrobial resistance in G. parasuis, the correlation between phenotypic and genotypic resistance remains unclear due to incomplete genetic resistance mechanisms detection.

Methods

The susceptibility of 117 clinical G. parasuis isolates to 7 antimicrobials was determined using a broth microdilution method. The sequences of 48 resistant isolates were obtained by whole-genome sequencing. Resistance genes, mutations, and group 1 vtaAs were detected based on whole-genome sequence data. Sequence types (STs) were identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST).

Results

Phenotypic analysis showed that most isolates were susceptible to the tested antibiotics; resistance was most common against tetracycline (27%) and enrofloxacin (20%). All isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur. Analysis of whole-genome sequences revealed that resistance to tetracycline, amoxicillin, erythromycin, florfenicol, and chloramphenicol was frequently associated with the resistance genes tet(B) or tet(H), blaROB–1, erm(T), floR, and catA3, and enrofloxacin resistance was associated with mutations in GyrA, ParC, and ParE. MLST identified 25 STs, of which, 14 were novel. The sequenced strains were divided into two primary lineages, LI and LII. Group 1 vtaA genes were detected in 87.5% (n = 42) of the isolates.

Conclusion

This study provides comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for drug resistance in G. parasuis, the characteristics of molecular epidemiology, and the virulence of resistant groups. Our findings can aid in the development of G. parasuis-specific clinical breakpoints and inform strategies for managing antimicrobial resistance in swine herds.
Phylogenetic analysis, metabolic profiling, and environmental adaptation of strain LCG007: a novel Rhodobacteraceae isolated from the East China Sea intertidal zone
Authors: Liang Cuizhu , Wang Jiahua , Liu Jie , Wang Zekai , Cao Junwei , Yu Xi , Zhang Li , Fang Jiasong
Published: January 2025

Strain LCG007, isolated from Lu Chao Harbor's intertidal water, phylogenetically represents a novel genus within the family Rhodobacteraceae. Metabolically, it possesses a wide array of amino acid metabolic genes that enable it to thrive on both amino acids or peptides. Also, it could hydrolyze peptides containing D-amino acids, highlighting its potential role in the cycling of refractory organic matter. Moreover, strain LCG007 could utilize various carbohydrates, including mannopine and D-apiose—compounds primarily derived from terrestrial plants—demonstrating its capacity to degrade terrestrial organic matter. It could assimilate ammonia, nitrate and nitrite, and utilizes organic nitrogen sources such as polyamines, along with diverse organic and inorganic phosphorus and sulfur sources. Importantly, unlike very limited Sulfitobacter species that possess photosynthetic genes, the genomes of strain LCG007-affiliated genus and all Roseobacter species harbor photosynthetic gene clusters. This conservation was further supported by the significant impact of light on the growth and cell aggregation of strain LCG007, suggesting that acquirement of photosynthetic genes could play a crucial role in the speciation of their common ancestor. In terms of environmental adaptability, the genes that encode for DNA photolyase, heat and cold shock proteins, and enzymes responsible for scavenging reactive oxygen species, along with those involved in the uptake and biosynthesis of osmoprotectants such as betaine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and trehalose collectively enable strain LCG007 to survive in the dynamic and complex intertidal zone environment. Besides, the capacity in biofilm formation is crucial for its survival under conditions of oligotrophy or high salinity. This study enhances our comprehension of the microbial taxonomy within the Roseobacter clade affiliated cluster, their survival strategies in intertidal ecosystems, and underscores the significance of their role in nutrient cycling. It also highlights the crucial importance of photosynthetic metabolism for the speciation of marine bacteria and their ecological resilience.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum AFAP targets the host nucleolus and inhibits induced apoptosis
Authors: Zhang Daxiu , Yu Lifeng , Tang Hui , Niu Hua
Published: January 2025

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the etiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium. During infection, A. phagocytophilum transfers its type IV secretion system (T4SS) effector proteins into host cells to manipulate cellular processes. AFAP (an actin filament-associated Anaplasma phagocytophilum protein) was identified as a T4SS effector protein and found to interact with the host nucleolin, as described in a previous study. In this study, proteomic analysis was performed to extensively identify AFAP-interacting proteins in host cells and analyze the potential role of AFAP in modulating host cellular processes. A total of 586 host proteins were identified interacting with AFAP by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry and annotated to 501 Gene Ontology (GO) terms, with the significantly over-represented ones related to ribosomes, nucleolus, DNA binding, and rRNA metabolic process. Given the role of the nucleolus in cellular stress response, the targeting of AFAP to the nucleolus, and the identification of dozens of AFAP-interacting proteins that were annotated to the GO term (GO:0072331, signal transduction by p53 class mediator), the role of AFAP in modulating host apoptosis was determined. AFAP was found capable of inhibiting induced apoptosis. Thus, the proteomic analysis of AFAP-interacting proteins and determination of AFAP with anti-apoptotic activity may help elucidate the role of this T4SS effector protein in HGA pathogenesis.
Lipopolysaccharide affects metabolic processes and energy homeostasis in the corpus luteum
Authors: Mierzejewski Karol , Stryiński Robert , Bogacka Iwona , Golubska Monika , Carrera Mónica , Kurzynska Aleksandra
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Chronic inflammation caused by Escherichia coli infections has a significant negative impact on the reproductive system and impairs fertility. The corpus luteum (CL) plays a central role not only in regulating the ovary cycle, but also in implantation of the embryo and maintenance of early pregnancy through the secretion of progesterone. Understanding the intricate interplay between inflammatory processes and reproductive organ’s function is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic strategies to alleviate reproductive disorders and improve fertility.

Methods

The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the proteomic profile of the porcine CL in the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle using LC-MS/MS analysis. The CL slices were incubated in the presence of LPS for 24 h.

Results

We identified 12 differentially regulated proteins after treatment with LPS (7 of them were upregulated, while 5 were downregulated). The analysis showed that these proteins are involved in processes such as glucose metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), detoxification processes as well as steroid biosynthesis in the CL. Moreover, we demonstrated that LPS decreases glucose levels and increases progesterone levels in the CL.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that LPS modulates key metabolic pathways in the CL, potentially impacting its functional activity.
Age-related differences of subjective visual vertical perception in adults—a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study
Authors: Lu Jun , Gong Xiang , Wang Meng-Huan , Zhao Ruo-Xin , Wang Yu-Chen , Shen Ying-Ying , Cao Rong , Xu Guang-Xu
Published: January 2025

Background

The perception of Subjective Visual Vertical (SVV) is crucial for postural orientation and significantly reflects an individual’s postural control ability, relying on vestibular, visual, and somatic sensory inputs to assess the Earth’s gravity line. The neural mechanisms and aging effects on SVV perception, however, remain unclear.

Objective

This study seeks to examine aging-related changes in SVV perception and uncover its neurological underpinnings through functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).

Methods

In a comparative study of 19 young and 19 older adults, the standardized SVV task executed in Eprime 3.0 software evaluated participants’ SVV orientation and uncertainty. Cortical responses were monitored via fNIRS during the task, with block averaging analysis employed to delineate the associated hemodynamic responses. The study further correlated these neuroimaging findings with behavioral measures.

Results

Young individuals exhibit superior accuracy and stability in perceiving the subjective visual vertical (SVV) direction. Neuroimaging data, adjusted for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate, reveal activation of the right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and the left dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (SFGdor) in both age groups during SVV tasks. However, older participants show additional activation in regions such as the bilateral postcentral gyrus (PoCG) and the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Lateralization studies indicate that young participants predominantly exhibit right lateralization in sensory and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, with left lateralization in the motor cortex. In contrast, elderly participants demonstrate bilateral dominance across sensory, dorsolateral prefrontal, and motor cortices. Correlational analyses link modified SVV metrics to the activation levels of various brain regions, with negative correlations observed in both age groups, and a unique positive correlation with the left inferior frontal gyrus of the triangular part (IFGtriang) in young participants.

Conclusion

Young individuals outperform the older individuals in SVV performance due to age-related differences in brain functional patterns during the execution of vertical perception judgment. Both age groups activate the right SMG and left SFGdor, but the older individuals additionally activate regions such as bilateral PoCG and right MFG. While young people exhibit right-brain dominance, the older people rely on bilateral cognitive resources, indicating bilateral dominance. Except for the left IFGtriang in the young, higher activation in brain regions correlates with better SVV performance.
Therapeutic potential of hydrogen-rich water in zebrafish model of Alzheimer’s disease: targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and the gut-brain axis
Authors: He Jiaxuan , Xu Peiye , Xu Ting , Yu Haiyang , Wang Lei , Chen Rongbing , Zhang Kun , Yao Yueliang , Xie Yanyan , Yang Qinsi , Wu Wei , Sun Da , Wu Dejun
Published: January 2025

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, with amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation playing a key role in its pathogenesis. Aβ-induced oxidative stress leads to neuronal damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis, making antioxidative strategies promising for AD treatment. This study investigates the effects of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) in a zebrafish AD model. Zebrafish were exposed to aluminum chloride to induce AD-like pathology and then treated with HRW using a nanobubble device. Behavioral assays, ELISA, Hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil fluorescence labeling were employed to assess HRW’s impact. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing analyzed HRW’s effect on gut microbiota. HRW can significantly improve cognitive impairment and depression-like behavior in zebrafish AD model, reduce Aβ deposition (p < 0.0001), regulate liver Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) levels (p < 0.05), reduce neuroinflammation, and reduce oxidative stress. Furthermore, HRW reduced the number of harmful bacteria linked to AD pathology by restoring the balance of microbiota in the gut. These findings suggest that HRW has potential as a therapeutic strategy for AD by targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut-brain axis modulation.
Noise-induced ribbon synapse loss in the mouse basal cochlear region does not reduce inner hair cell exocytosis
Authors: Oestreicher David , Malpede Alfonso Mauro , Reitmeier Annalena , Bräuer Carolin Paula , Schoch Laura , Strenzke Nicola , Pangrsic Tina
Published: January 2025

Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common forms of hearing loss in adults and also one of the most common occupational diseases. Extensive previous work has shown that the highly sensitive synapses of the inner hair cells (IHCs) may be the first target for irreparable damage and permanent loss in the noise-exposed cochlea, more precisely in the cochlear base. However, how such synaptic loss affects the synaptic physiology of the IHCs in this particularly vulnerable part of the cochlea has not yet been investigated. To address this question, we exposed 3–4-week-old C57BL/6J mice to 8–16 kHz noise for 2 h under isoflurane anesthesia. We then employed hearing measurements, immunohistochemistry and patch-clamp to assess IHC synaptic function. Two noise sound pressure levels (SPLs) were used to evoke acute hearing threshold elevations with different levels of recovery 2 weeks post-exposure. Regardless of noise intensity, the exposure resulted in a loss of approximately 25–36% of ribbon synapses in the basal portions of the cochlea that persisted 2 weeks after exposure. Perforated patch-clamp recordings were made in the IHCs of the basal regions of the cochlea where the greatest synaptic losses were observed. Depolarization-evoked calcium currents in IHCs 2 weeks after exposure were slightly but not significantly smaller as compared to controls from age-matched non-exposed animals. Exocytic changes monitored as changes in membrane capacitance did not follow that trend and remained similar to controls despite significant loss of ribbons, likely reflecting increased exocytosis at the remaining synapses. Additionally, we report for the first time that acute application of isoflurane reduces IHC calcium currents, which may have implications for noise-induced IHC synaptic loss.
Inflammatory changes in the choroid plexus following subarachnoid hemorrhage: the role of innate immune receptors and inflammatory molecules
Authors: Solár Peter , Brázda Václav , Bareš Martin , Zamani Alemeh , EmamiAref Parisa , Joukal Andrea , Kubíčková Lucie , Kročka Erik , Hašanová Klaudia , Joukal Marek
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The choroid plexus is located in the cerebral ventricles. It consists of a stromal core and a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells that forms the blood-cerebrospinal barrier. The main function of the choroid plexus is to produce cerebrospinal fluid. Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysm rupture is a devastating type of hemorrhagic stroke. Following subarachnoid hemorrhage, blood and the blood degradation products that disperse into the cerebrospinal fluid come in direct contact with choroid plexus epithelial cells. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the pathophysiological cascades responsible for the inflammatory reaction that is seen in the choroid plexus following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods

Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced in rats by injecting non-heparinized autologous blood to the cisterna magna. Increased intracranial pressure following subarachnoid hemorrhage was modeled by using artificial cerebrospinal fluid instead of blood. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and artificial cerebrospinal fluid animals were left to survive for 1, 3, 7 and 14 days. Immunohistochemical staining of TLR4, TLR9, FPR2, CCL2, TNFα, IL-1β, CCR2 and CX3CR1 was performed on the cryostat sections of choroid plexus tissue. The level of TLR4, TLR9, FPR2, CCL2, TNFα, IL-1β was detected by measuring immunofluorescence intensity in randomly selected epithelial cells. The number of CCR2 and CX3CR1 positive cells per choroid plexus area was manually counted. Immunohistochemical changes were confirmed by Western blot analyses.

Results

Immunohistochemical methods and Western blot showed increased levels of TLR9 and a slight increase in TLR4 and FRP2 following both subarachnoid hemorrhage as well as the application of artificial cerebrospinal fluid over time, although the individual periods were different. The levels of TNFα and IL-1β increased, while CCL2 level decreased slightly. Accumulation of macrophages positive for CCR2 and CX3CR1 was found in all periods after subarachnoid hemorrhage as well as after the application of artificial cerebrospinal fluid.

Discussion

Our results suggest that the inflammation develops in the choroid plexus and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in response to blood components as well as acutely increased intracranial pressure following subarachnoid hemorrhage. These pro-inflammatory changes include accumulation in the choroid plexus of pro-inflammatory cytokines, innate immune receptors, and monocyte-derived macrophages.
Association between HALP (hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet) score and poor outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a study from the Third China National Stroke Registry
Authors: Zhu Xu , Zhang Yijun , Wang Anxin , Zhang Xiaoli , Yu Guoyuan , Xiang Shifeng , Wu Yiping , Meng Xia
Published: January 2025

Background

The combined index (HALP) of hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocytes, and platelets is considered a novel scoring system that reflects systemic inflammation and nutritional status. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between HALP scores and poor outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods

Patients with AIS and type 2 DM were screened from the Third China National Stroke Registry (CNSR-III) and divided into quartiles based on their HALP scores at admission. Clinical outcomes were adverse functional outcomes (modified Rankin scale [mRS] score of 3–6 or 2–6) and all-cause mortality at 3 months and 1 year. The association of HALP with the risk of poor functional outcome and all-cause mortality were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

A total of 3,603 patients were included in this study. After adjusting for confounders, it was found that patients in the highest HALP score quartile had lower mRS scores of 2–6 (odds ratio [OR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51–0.80) and 3–6 (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.51–0.82) at the 3-month follow-up. At the 1-year follow-up, a significant correlation was observed between HALP scores and mRS scores of 2–6 (OR, 0.65; 95%CI, 0.57–0.81) and 3–6 (OR, 0.64; 95%CI, 0.47–0.86). Additionally, the highest HALP score quartile was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality at the 3-month follow-up (hazard ratio [HR], 0.35; 95%CI, 0.13–0.93). Similar results were observed at the 1-year follow-up (HR, 0.34; 95%CI, 0.18–0.63).

Conclusion

At 3 months of AIS patients with type 2 diabetes and 1-year follow-up, lower HALP scores were associated with poorer functional outcomes and all-cause mortality.
Involvement of the posterior limb of the internal capsule independently predicts the prognosis of patients with basal ganglia and thalamic hemorrhage
Authors: Gupta Sohan , Xiao Mengxuan , Liu Na , Zhao Yunxiao , Zhao Xiaolin , Huang Yunqiang , Wu Yongming , Lin Zhenzhou , Ji Zhong , Xu Haihao , Zhu Minzhen , Pan Suyue , Huang Kaibin
Published: January 2025

Background

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal and devastating subtype of stroke. Basal ganglia hemorrhage and thalamic hemorrhage are the most common types of ICH, accounting for 50–70% of all ICH cases, leading to disability and death, and it involves the posterior limb of the internal capsule to varying degrees. In this study, we investigated the impact of varying degrees of the involvement of the posterior limb of the internal capsule on the prognosis of patients with basal ganglia and thalamic ICH and assessed whether it improves the predictive accuracy of the max-ICH score, an existing scale for ICH functional outcome.

Methods

This is a multicenter, retrospective, observational study. We graded the involvement of the posterior limb of the internal capsule according to the degree of compression and injury (called iICH, ranging from 0 to 4). An unfavorable outcome was defined as a 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of > 2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors associated with unfavorable prognosis. The discrimination was verified using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, while the calibration was verified by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test.

Results

Of the 305 patients included, 188 from Nanfang Hospital were assigned to the development cohort, and 117 from Heyuan People's Hospital and Huadu District People's Hospital were assigned to the validation cohort. In the development cohort, iICH was identified as an independent factor of a 90-day unfavorable outcome, and the area under the ROC (AUC) was 0.774. When combined with the iICH, the AUC of max-ICH was significantly elevated from 0.816 to 0.866. Comparable results were found in the validation cohort.

Conclusions

Increased involvement of the posterior limb of the internal capsule is associated with a worse outcome in patients with basal ganglia and thalamic ICH.
Preliminary evaluation of the FastCAP for users of the Nurotron cochlear implant
Authors: Yang Xue-Ying , Huang Sui , Fu Qian-Jie , Galvin John , Chen Bing , Liu Ji-Sheng , Tao Duo-Duo
Published: January 2025

Background

Electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) can be used to measure the auditory nerve’s response to electrical stimulation in cochlear implant (CI) users. In the Nurotron CI system, extracting the ECAP waveform from the stimulus artifact is time-consuming.

Method

We developed a new paradigm (“FastCAP”) for use with Nurotron CI devices. In electrically evoked compound action potential in fast mode (FastCAP), N recordings are averaged directly on the CI hardware before data transmission, significantly reducing data transmission time. FastCAPs and ECAPs were measured across five electrodes and four stimulation levels per electrode. The FastCAP stimulation rate (33.3 Hz) is also faster than the ECAP rate (2.5 Hz).

Results

Results showed strong correlations between ECAPs and FastCAPs for N1 latency (r = 0.84, p < 0.001) and N1 amplitude (r = 0.97, p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability for FastCAPs was also high, with intraclass correlation coefficients of r = 0.87 for N1 latency (p < 0.001) and r = 0.96 for N1 amplitude (p < 0.001). The mean test time was 46.9 ± 1.4 s for the FastCAP and 340.3 ± 6.3 s for the ECAP. The FastCAP measurement time was significantly shorter than the ECAP measurement time (W = −210.0, p < 0.001). FastCAP thresholds were significantly correlated with behavioral thresholds in 7/20 participants and with comfortable loudness levels in 11/20 participants. The time required to measure FastCAPs was significantly lower than that for ECAPs. The FastCAP paradigm maintained the accuracy and reliability the ECAP measurements while offering a significant reduction in time requirements.

Conclusion

This preliminary evaluation suggests that the FastCAP could be an effective clinical tool to optimize CI processor settings (e.g., threshold stimulation levels) in users of the Nurotron CI device.
Genetic and molecular mechanisms of hydrocephalus
Authors: Deng Xuehai , Chen Yiqian , Duan Qiyue , Ding Jianlin , Wang Zhong , Wang Junchi , Chen Xinlong , Zhou Liangxue , Zhao Long
Published: January 2025

Hydrocephalus is a neurological condition caused by aberrant circulation and/or obstructed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow after cerebral ventricle abnormal dilatation. In the past 50 years, the diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus have remained understudied and underreported, and little progress has been made with respect to prevention or treatment. Further research on the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus is essential for developing new diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies. Various genetic and molecular abnormalities contribute to the mechanisms of hydrocephalus, including gene deletions or mutations, the activation of cellular inflammatory signaling pathways, alterations in water channel proteins, and disruptions in iron metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated that modulating the expression of key proteins, including TGF-β, VEGF, Wnt, AQP, NF-κB, and NKCC, can significantly influence the onset and progression of hydrocephalus. This review summarizes and discusses key mechanisms that may be involved in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus at both the genetic and molecular levels. While obstructive hydrocephalus can often be addressed by removing the obstruction, most cases require treatment strategies that involve merely slowing disease progression by correcting CSF circulation patterns. There have been few new research breakthroughs in the prevention and treatment of hydrocephalus.
Global, regional, and national esophageal cancer deaths and DALYs attributable to diet low in vegetables and fruits, 1990–2019: analysis for the global burden of disease study
Authors: Cui Bing , Chen Aqin , Xu Chengcheng
Published: January 2025

Background

This study aimed to comprehensively assess the global, regional, and national burden of esophageal cancer (EC) attributable to inadequate vegetable and fruit intake from 1990 to 2019 and explore the potential impact of existing dietary intervention programs on EC prevention.

Methods

Using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) database, we conducted descriptive analyses stratified by age, sex, Socio-demographic Index (SDI), and regional levels. Temporal trends were assessed using linear regression models, and cluster analysis was employed to explore burden patterns across different GBD regions. Decomposition analysis quantified the contributions of aging, population dynamics, and epidemiological changes to deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Frontier analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between dietary risk-related disease burden and sociodemographic progress.

Results

In 2019, inadequate vegetable and fruit intake contributed to 65,919 global EC deaths, accounting for 0.12% of all deaths, with an age-standardized death rate of 0.81 per 100,000 population. The associated DALYs totaled 16,065,68, representing 0.06% of total global DALYs, with an age-standardized DALY rate of 19.24. The disease burden attributable to insufficient fruit intake (51,210 deaths, 12,497,75 DALYs) was significantly higher than that from inadequate vegetable intake (17,176 deaths, 4,203,09 DALYs). The burden was greater in males than females, peaking in middle-aged groups. Substantial regional differences were observed, with low-SDI regions bearing the highest burden. From 1990 to 2019, while the absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs followed a complex trajectory of initial increase followed by decline, age-standardized rates consistently decreased, reflecting the positive impact of epidemiological improvements. Existing dietary intervention programs, such as subsidies for fruit and vegetable production and health education initiatives, have contributed to a reduction in dietary risk-related disease burden but exhibited varying effectiveness across SDI regions.

Conclusion

Targeted dietary interventions, such as promoting fruit and vegetable consumption, are critical for the prevention and control of the EC disease burden. Future efforts should focus on optimizing the implementation of current programs, enhancing nutritional supplementation in resource-limited regions, and expanding health education initiatives to achieve broader health benefits.
The moderating effect of alternate Mediterranean diet on the association between sedentary behavior and insomnia in postmenopausal women
Authors: Sheng Zhumei , Zhou Mincong
Published: January 2025

Aim

The study aimed to explore the moderating role of the alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED) adherence on the association between sedentary behavior and insomnia symptoms in postmenopausal women.

Methods

Data regarding postmenopausal women were obtained for this cross-sectional study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2008. Sedentary behavior and insomnia symptoms were assessed using the questionnaire. aMED adherence was evaluated according to 24-h dietary recalls. Weighted univariate logistic regression models were utilized to screen potential covariates. The relationship between sedentary behavior, aMED adherence, and insomnia symptoms was explored using weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. All results were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

A total of 1,793 postmenopausal women were included in the final analysis. Of them, 643 (37.56%) reported experiencing insomnia symptoms. Among the postmenopausal women, sedentary time of >8 h was associated with insomnia symptoms (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.01–1.96), prolonged nocturnal awakening (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.06–1.79), and undesired early morning awakening (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.09–2.30). No association was observed between adherence to the aMED and insomnia symptoms (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.77–1.44). Among the postmenopausal women with lower adherence to the aMED, the odds of insomnia symptoms were higher in those with sedentary time ≥8 h (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.02–2.62). Similarly, in the participants with low aMED adherence, sedentary time ≥8 h was also associated with prolonged nocturnal awakening (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.27–2.83) and undesired early morning awakening (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.09–3.16).

Conclusion

Adherence to the aMED modulates the association between sedentary behavior and insomnia symptoms in postmenopausal women. Interventions targeting sedentary behavior and dietary patterns may improve sleep quality and overall health in postmenopausal women.
Netting the problem: a comprehensive analysis of marine litter on artisanal fishers
Authors: Guerrato Nicole R. , Gonçalves Leandra R.
Published: January 2025

Marine litter, a critical global challenge, has gained prominence in international discourse, particularly during the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. While extensive scientific literature on the distribution, origin, and ecological impacts of marine litter, research focusing on its socioeconomic impacts, especially on artisanal fishing communities, is markedly sparse. This study aims to address the gap in the impact of marine litter on small scale fishery through a systematic analysis of global research trends, patterns, and impacts of marine litter on fishing activities. Utilizing databases such as Scopus, SciELO, and repositories of theses and dissertations, the study analyzed scientific publications from 2011 to 2021, with keywords including “small-scale fishery,” “artisanal fishery,” “fisheries,” and “marine litter.” The analysis identified 14 articles that specifically address the impact of marine litter on the small-scale fisheries. These findings highlight a critical research gap: while the literature often portrays fishermen as sources of marine litter, notably through fishing gear, it seldom focuses on them as victims impacted by these environmental challenges. The study reveals the necessity for a more balanced research approach that integrates both environmental and social dimensions of marine litter, particularly in underrepresented regions. The increasing global focus on marine litter in recent academic research indicates a promising trajectory toward addressing these challenges comprehensively. This article underscores the urgency of broadening the scope of marine litter research to include the socioeconomic impacts on coastal communities, particularly artisanal fishermen. Such an approach is essential for developing effective, holistic solutions that address the intricate challenges posed by marine litter, balancing environmental protection with the livelihoods of coastal communities.