bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The application of a filter‐based assembly model to develop best practices for Pannonian sand grassland restoration
Authors: Halassy Melinda , Singh Anand Narain , Szabó Rebeka , Szili‐Kovács Tibor , Szitár Katalin , Török Katalin
Published: February 2016

The application of a filter‐based assembly model is a promising concept to support ecological restoration. The filters illustrate dispersal, abiotic and biotic constraints that narrow down the species pool and determine the realized species composition. The aim of restoration interventions is the manipulation of filters to achieve a restoration target.

We tested the applicability of a filter‐based assembly model in the restoration of endemic Pannonian sandy grassland on old‐fields. We report the results of a six‐year experiment to identify key filters and find possible interactions. Treatments included the following: (i) seeding (dispersal filter), (ii) carbon amendment to lower nitrogen availability (abiotic filter) and (iii) mowing (biotic filter). Treatments were carried out in 1 m2 plots following the same Latin square design in three old‐fields.

Seeding was the most important treatment increasing species richness, vascular cover and enhancing target species composition. Mowing played a secondary role, acting primarily in interaction with the other treatments. Carbon amendment significantly reduced soil mineral nitrogen, but played a subordinate role in determining vegetation composition. Significant interactions were found between the biotic and dispersal and the biotic and abiotic filters determining primarily the structural characteristics of the vegetation in terms of vascular cover, moss cover, litter and bare ground. Regarding species composition, synergistic links between the dispersal and biotic filters for seeded species and long‐lived forbs, and antagonistic interaction between the dispersal and abiotic filters for seeded species were found.

Synthesis and applications. Based on the impact and interactions of filters uncovered in this experiment, we propose a scheme for Pannonian grassland restoration, which can be validated and also used for other oligotrophic systems. In the proposed conceptual model, the dispersal filter plays a key role in determining the outcome of restoration measures followed by the biotic filter if manipulated by mowing, while the abiotic filter altered by nitrogen immobilization proved to have a weak effect. Based on our results, targeting several filters in parallel would improve restoration outcome. We propose that filter interactions should form an integral part of filter‐based assembly models and should be taken into account in restoration decisions.
The Effect of Clinical Chorioamnionitis on Cesarean Delivery in the United States
Authors: Bommarito Kerry M. , Gross Gilad A. , Willers Denise M. , Fraser Victoria J. , Olsen Margaret A.
Published: February 2016

Objective

To examine the association of clinical chorioamnionitis on cesarean delivery in a national sample of hospital discharges.

Data Source

Hospital discharge data from the 1998–2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

Study Design

We performed a cross‐sectional study and general linear modeling was used to determine the association of clinical chorioamnionitis on risk of cesarean delivery.

Principal Findings

A total of 10,843,682 deliveries and 51,799,431 nationally weighted deliveries were identified. Clinical chorioamnionitis was present in 2.9 percent of cesarean and 1.3 percent of vaginal deliveries (p < .001). In multivariate analysis, clinical chorioamnionitis was associated with a 1.39‐fold increased risk of cesarean delivery. Compared with women without clinical chorioamnionitis at an urban/teaching hospital, women with clinical chorioamnionitis at an urban/teaching, urban/nonteaching, and rural hospital were 1.4–1.5 times more likely to have cesarean delivery. Compared with women without clinical chorioamnionitis in the Midwest, the relative risk for cesarean in women with clinical chorioamnionitis was 1.54 for women in the South, 1.47 in the Northeast, 1.39 in the Midwest, and 1.34 in the West.

Conclusions

Women with clinical chorioamnionitis were more likely to have cesarean delivery than those without clinical chorioamnionitis, and the risk of cesarean delivery varied significantly by hospital location, teaching status, and U.S. region.
The Comparison of Matching Methods Using Different Measures of Balance: Benefits and Risks Exemplified within a Study to Evaluate the Effects of German Disease Management Programs on Long‐Term Outcomes of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Fullerton Birgit , Pöhlmann Boris , Krohn Robert , Adams John L. , Gerlach Ferdinand M. , Erler Antje
Published: February 2016

Objective

To present a case study on how to compare various matching methods applying different measures of balance and to point out some pitfalls involved in relying on such measures.

Data Sources

Administrative claims data from a German statutory health insurance fund covering the years 2004–2008.

Study Design

We applied three different covariance balance diagnostics to a choice of 12 different matching methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of the German disease management program for type 2 diabetes (DMPDM2). We further compared the effect estimates resulting from applying these different matching techniques in the evaluation of the DMPDM2.

Principal Findings

The choice of balance measure leads to different results on the performance of the applied matching methods. Exact matching methods performed well across all measures of balance, but resulted in the exclusion of many observations, leading to a change of the baseline characteristics of the study sample and also the effect estimate of the DMPDM2. All PS‐based methods showed similar effect estimates. Applying a higher matching ratio and using a larger variable set generally resulted in better balance. Using a generalized boosted instead of a logistic regression model showed slightly better performance for balance diagnostics taking into account imbalances at higher moments.

Conclusion

Best practice should include the application of several matching methods and thorough balance diagnostics. Applying matching techniques can provide a useful preprocessing step to reveal areas of the data that lack common support. The use of different balance diagnostics can be helpful for the interpretation of different effect estimates found with different matching methods.
Risk Adjustment Tools for Learning Health Systems: A Comparison of DxCG and CMS‐HCC V21
Authors: Wagner Todd H. , Upadhyay Anjali , Cowgill Elizabeth , Stefos Theodore , Moran Eileen , Asch Steven M. , Almenoff Peter
Published: February 2016

Objective

To compare risk scores computed by DxCG (Verisk) and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) V21.

Research Design

Analysis of administrative data from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for fiscal years 2010 and 2011.

Study Design

We regressed total annual VA costs on predicted risk scores. Model fit was judged by R‐squared, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, and Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit tests. Recalibrated models were tested using split samples with pharmacy data.

Data Collection

We created six analytical files: a random sample (n = 2 million), high cost users (n = 261,487), users over age 75 (n = 644,524), mental health and substance use users (n = 830,832), multimorbid users (n = 817,951), and low‐risk users (n = 78,032).

Principal Findings

The DxCG Medicaid with pharmacy risk score yielded substantial gains in fit over the V21 model. Recalibrating the V21 model using VA pharmacy data‐generated risk scores with similar fit statistics to the DxCG risk scores.

Conclusions

Although the CMS V21 and DxCG prospective risk scores were similar, the DxCG model with pharmacy data offered improved fit over V21. However, health care systems, such as the VA, can recalibrate the V21 model with additional variables to develop a tailored risk score that compares favorably to the DxCG models.
Sudden Death Caused by Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Artery During Exercise
Authors: Kurosu Akira , Kuroyanagi Kazumi , Yamauchi Shinobu , Omura Kazunobu , Saito Kazuyuki
Published: February 2016

Anomalous origin of the coronary artery (AOCA) is a rare, but important cause of sudden cardiac death among young athletes. Nine autopsy cases (8 male, 1 female; mean age, 17.9 years; age range, 11–31 years) of sudden death during or just after exercise caused by AOCA were reviewed. The exercises performed at the time of death were running (4 cases), soccer (2 cases), and baseball, swimming and kendo (Japanese swordsmanship) (1 case each). In 6 cases, the left coronary artery arose from the right sinus of Valsalva, and in 3, the right coronary artery from the left sinus. The coronary arteries passed between the pulmonary artery and the aorta with an acute angle takeoff from the orifice. Three cases had cardiovascular manifestations prior to death. In cases with cardiovascular manifestations, novel imaging methods should be considered to prevent sudden death.
Clinical provision of improvised nasal naloxone without experimental testing and without regulatory approval: imaginative shortcut or dangerous bypass of essential safety procedures?
Authors: Strang John , McDonald Rebecca , Tas Basak , Day Ed
Published: February 2016

Context

Take‐home naloxone is increasingly provided to prevent heroin overdose deaths. Naloxone 0.4–2.0 mg is licensed for use by injection. Some clinicians supply improvised nasal naloxone kits (outside lisenced approval). Is this acceptable?

Aims

(1) To consider provision of improvised nasal naloxone in clinical practice and (2) to search for evidence for pharmacokinetics and effectiveness (versus injection).

Methods

(1) To document existing nasal naloxone schemes and published evidence of pharmacokinetics (systematic search of the CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE and MEDLINE databases and 18 records included in narrative synthesis). (2) To analyse ongoing studies investigating nasal naloxone (WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and US NIH RePORT databases).

Findings

(1) Multiple studies report overdose reversals following administration of improvised intranasal naloxone. (2) Overdose reversal after nasal naloxone is frequent but may not always occur. (3) Until late 2015, the only commercially available naloxone concentrations were 0.4 mg/ml and 2 mg/2 ml. Nasal medications are typically 0.05–0.25 ml of fluid per nostril. The only published study of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability finds that nasal naloxone has poor bioavailability.

Questions for debate

(1) Why are pharmacokinetics and bioavailability data for nasal naloxone not available before incorporation into standard clinical practice? (2) Does nasal naloxone have the potential to become a reliable clinical formulation? (3) What pre‐clinical and clinical studies should precede utilization of novel naloxone formulations as standard emergency medications?

Conclusions

The addictions treatment field has rushed prematurely into the use of improvised nasal naloxone kits. Evidence of adequate bioavailability and acceptable pharmacokinetic curves are vital preliminary steps, especially when effective approved formulations exist.
Mechanistic Differences Leading to Infectious and Sterile Inflammation
Authors: Behnia Faranak , Sheller Samantha , Menon Ramkumar
Published: February 2016

Inflammation is a physiologic component of pregnancy and parturition. Overwhelming intrauterine inflammatory load promotes quiescent feto‐maternal tissues into a contractile phenotype. Like inflammation, oxidative stress is an inevitable component of both pregnancy and parturition. Pathologic activation of host innate immune response to adverse pregnancy conditions can lead to premature activation of inflammatory and oxidative stress. Inflammation and oxidative stress markers seen with both sterile and infectious inflammation are often similar; therefore, it is difficult to understand causality of conditions like spontaneous preterm birth. This review demonstrates potential mechanistic pathways of activation of sterile and infectious inflammation. We demonstrate the activation of two unique pathways of inflammation by factors that are well‐documented proxies for oxidative stress (cigarette smoke extract) and infection (lipopolysaccharide). Sterile inflammation seen after exposure to an oxidative stress inducer is due to cellular elemental damage resulting in p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) induced cellular senescence. Infectious inflammation is through activation of transcription factor NF‐κB and independent of oxidative stress‐associated damages and p38 MAPK‐induced senescence. Understanding the differences in the inflammatory pathway activation by various risk factors is important to design better screening, diagnostic and intervention strategies to reduce the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Can a Welfarist Approach be Used to Justify a Moral Duty to Cognitively Enhance Children?
Authors: Krutzinna Jenny
Published: February 2016

The desire to self‐improve is probably as old as humanity: most of us want to be smarter, more athletic, more beautiful, or more talented. However, in the light of an ever increasing array of possibilities to enhance our capacities, clarity about the purpose and goal of such efforts becomes crucial. This is especially true when decisions are made for children, who are exposed to their parents’ plans and desires for them under a notion of increasing wellbeing. In recent years, cognitive enhancement has become a popular candidate for the promotion of wellbeing; welfarists even impose a moral duty on parents to cognitively enhance their children for the sake of their wellbeing. In this article, I aim to show that welfarists are mistaken in inferring such a moral obligation from the potential benefit of cognitive enhancement. In support of this, I offer three arguments: (a) the vagueness of wellbeing as a theoretical concept means it becomes impossible to apply in practice; (b) the link between cognition and wellbeing is far from unequivocal; and (c) quantification issues with regard to cognition make a duty impossible to discharge. In conclusion, I reject the welfarist approach as a justification for a parental moral obligation to cognitively enhance children.
Post‐gastric bypass hypoglycaemia: a review
Authors: Shantavasinkul Prapimporn C. , Torquati Alfonso , Corsino Leonor
Published: February 2016

Bariatric surgery is a highly effective treatment for severe obesity, resulting in substantial weight loss and normalizing obesity‐related comorbidities. However, long‐term consequences can occur, such as postbariatric surgery hypoglycaemia. This is a challenging medical problem, and the number of patients presenting with it has been increasing. Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most popular bariatric procedure, and it is the surgery most commonly associated with the development of postbariatric surgery hypoglycaemia. To date, the pathogenesis of this condition has not been completely established. However, various factors – particularly increased postprandial glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 secretion – have been considered as crucial mediator. The mechanisms responsible for diabetic remission after bariatric surgery may be responsible for the development of hypoglycaemia, which typically occurs 1–3 h after a meal and is concurrent with inappropriate hyperinsulinaemia. Carbohydrate‐rich foods usually provoke hypoglycaemic symptoms, which can typically be alleviated by strict dietary modifications, including carbohydrate restriction and avoidance of high glycaemic index foods and simple sugars. Few patients require further medical intervention, such as medications, but some patients have required a pancreatectomy. Because this option is not always successful, it is no longer routinely recommended. Clinical trials are needed to further determine the pathophysiology of this condition as well as the best diagnostic and treatment approaches for these patients.
Evaluation of growth hormone stimulation testing in children
Authors: Chesover Alexander D. , Dattani Mehul T.
Published: February 2016

Objective

To evaluate the use and interpretation of growth hormone (GH) stimulation tests used across the UK for diagnosing GH deficiency.

Background

Previous studies show poor consensus on the use of GH stimulation tests. Sex steroid priming and retesting in the transition period are areas not previously surveyed.

Design

Data were collected from tertiary paediatric endocrinologists, paediatricians with a specialist interest in endocrinology and biochemists across the UK over 6 months through distributing electronic surveys.

Results

At least three different GH stimulation tests were used by 33% of departments. Glucagon and insulin doses varied most, and sampling frequency varied most using insulin. All laboratories use a recommended chemiluminescence immunoassay with an acceptable coefficient of variability. The GH peak for diagnosing GH deficiency varied from 6 to 8 μg/l. A wide range of clinical scenarios prompted retesting in the transition period, suggesting nonstandardized current practice. Seventy‐five per cent of departments use sex steroid priming, but follow criteria variously combining bone age, chronological age and pubertal stage, together with variations in steroid type and dose.

Conclusions

Although a contentious diagnostic test, GH stimulation tests remain the gold standard for diagnosing GH deficiency. Our data suggest that together with variation in indication, protocol and interpretation, there is considerable variation in current practices pertaining to priming and retesting in transition. Given the current financial climate and the need for careful resource management, this study emphasizes the considerable need for consensus in the investigation, diagnosis and long‐term follow‐up of these children, at least nationally if not internationally.
Physiological oxygen tension modulates soluble growth factor profile after crosstalk between chondrocytes and osteoblasts
Authors: Zhang Tao , Xie Jing , Sun Ke , Fu Na , Deng Shuwen , Lin Shiyu , Shi Sirong , Zhong Juan , Lin Yunfeng
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Physiological oxygen tension plays a critical role in homoeostatic maintenance and development of endochondral bone. Based on the proximity between uncalcified cartilage and subchondral bone, and microchannels that serve as a message delivery network between them, we aimed to explore the influence of low oxygen tension on soluble factor secretion in both chondrocytes and osteoblasts, after co‐culture.

Materials and methods

Contact co‐culture was achieved for morphological observation using red fluorescent protein (RFP)‐labelled chondrocytes and green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐labelled osteoblasts, and non‐contact co‐culture achieved by transwell chambers. This was used to screen genetic variation of growth factors in hypoxia, including respective phenotypic markers, factors involving hypoxia and angiogenesis relationships, bone morphogenetic family proteins, and other general factors.

Results

We observed a significant increase in chondrocyte size following co‐culture, in both normoxia and hypoxia, but not of osteoblasts. Expression of Aggrecan in chondrocytes and alkaline phosphatase in osteoblasts was down‐regulated under hypoxia following co‐culture. Under hypoxia, we found that expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α, vascular endothelial growth factor‐A/B, VE‐cadherin, bone morphogenetic protein‐2, and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 in chondrocytes, increased, but HIF‐1α, platelet‐derived growth factor, BMP‐5/‐6 and fibroblast growth factor‐1 in osteoblasts, decreased.

Conclusions

These results not only indicate the importance of crosstalk between chondrocytes and osteoblasts but also improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying homoeostatic maintenance of endochondral bone.
Predictors of awareness of standard drink labelling and drinking guidelines to reduce negative health effects among Australian drinkers
Authors: Coomber Kerri , Jones Sandra C. , Martino Florentine , Miller Peter G.
Published: February 2016

Introduction and Aims

This study examined rates of awareness of standard drink labelling and drinking guidelines among Australian adult drinkers. Demographic predictors of these two outcomes were also explored.

Design and Methods

Online survey panel participants aged 18–45 years(n = 1061; mean age = 33.2 years) completed an online survey assessing demographics, alcohol consumption patterns, awareness of standard drink labels and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) guidelines, and support for more detailed labels.

Results

The majority (80%) of participants had seen standard drink labels on alcohol products; with younger drinkers, those from a regional/rural location and high‐risk drinkers significantly more likely to have seen such labelling. Most respondents estimated at or below the maximum number of drinks stipulated in the NHMRC guidelines. However, their estimates of the levels for male drinkers were significantly higher than for female drinkers. High‐risk drinkers were significantly less likely to provide accurate estimates, while those who had seen the standard drink logo were significantly more likely to provide accurate estimates of drinking levels to reduce the risk of long‐term harms only. Just under three‐quarters of respondents supported the inclusion of more information on labels regarding guidelines to reduce negative health effects.

Discussion and Conclusions

The current standard drink labelling approach fails to address high‐risk drinkers. The inclusion of information about NHMRC guidelines on alcohol labels, and placing standard drink labelling on the front of products could improve awareness of what constitutes a standard drink and safe levels of consumption among Australian drinkers.[Kerri Coomber, Sandra C. Jones, Florentine Martino, Peter G. Miller. Predictors of awareness of standard drink labelling and drinking guidelines to reduce negative health effects among Australian drinkers. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:200–209]
Implicit expectations influence target detection in children and adults
Authors: Ruhnau Philipp , Schröger Erich , Sussman Elyse S.
Published: February 2016

When a sound occurs at a predictable time, it gets processed more efficiently. Predictability of the temporal structure of acoustic inflow has been found to influence the P3b of event‐related potentials in young adults, such that highly predictable compared to less predictable input leads to earlier P3b peak latencies. In our study, we wanted to investigate the influence of predictability on target processing indexed by the P3b in children (10–12 years old) and young adults. To do that, we used an oddball paradigm with two conditions of predictability (high and low). In the High‐predictability condition, a high‐pitched target tone occurred most of the time in the fifth position of a five‐tone pattern (after four low‐pitched non‐target sounds), whereas in the Low‐predictability condition, no such rule was implemented. The target tone occurred randomly following 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 non‐target tones. In both age groups, reaction time to predictable targets was faster than to non‐predictable targets. Remarkably, this effect was largest in children. Consistent with the behavioral responses, the onset latency of the P3b response elicited by targets in both groups was earlier in the predictable than the unpredictable conditions. However, only the children had significantly earlier peak latency responses for predictable targets. Our results demonstrate that target stimulus predictability increases processing speed in children and adults even when predictability was only implicitly derived by the stimulus statistics. Children did have larger effects of predictability, seeming to benefit more from predictability for target detection.
Effects of levosimendan on isolated human internal mammary artery and saphenous vein: concurrent use with conventional vasodilators
Authors: Ertuna Elif , Turkseven Saadet , Amanvermez Dilsad , Ayik Fatih , Yagdi Tahir , Yasa Mukadder
Published: February 2016

Graft spasm is a common problem in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In this study, we aimed to investigate the interaction of levosimendan, a novel inodilator, with vasodilator agents that are clinically used for the treatment of graft spasm and with endogenous vasoconstrictors that are thought to play a role in graft vasospasm, in human internal mammary artery (IMA) and saphenous vein (SV). Isolated human IMA and SV segments derived from patients undergoing CABG were suspended in an organ bath. Responses to cumulative concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5‐HT), papaverine, nitroglycerin (NG), and diltiazem were recorded before and after 10−5 m levosimendan incubation (30 min). In addition, cumulative levosimendan responses were taken in vessels precontracted with NA or 5‐HT. 10−5 m levosimendan reduced NA Emax and sensitivity in IMA and SV, and 5‐HT Emax responses in IMA. Moreover, levosimendan caused concentration‐dependent relaxation in both grafts. Papaverine Emax or sensitivity was not altered by levosimendan neither in IMA nor in SV. Levosimendan diminished NG sensitivity in IMA and Emax responses in SV and decreased diltiazem Emax responses both in IMA and SV. Our results suggest that levosimendan may be used alone for prevention or treatment of graft spasm in IMA or in combination with papaverine in IMA and SV grafts. However, as concurrent administration with diltiazem or NG causes a reduction in relaxation in vitro, we suggest caution should be exercised when using levosimendan in combination with these agents.
Make, Buy, or Both: The Innovation Sourcing Strategy Dilemma after M&A
Authors: Cefis Elena , Triguero Ángela
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates the effects of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on corporate research and development (R&D) strategies using firm‐level data on the Spanish manufacturing sector. The focus of the study is to determine whether M&A affects R&D portfolios by increasing or decreasing innovation input, such as in‐house R&D, external R&D or both. The results show that M&A has a negative and significant impact on R&D intensity, decreasing in‐house R&D and external technological sourcing. M&A enables the rationalization of R&D capacity, implying a decrease in R&D efforts. M&A negatively affects both types of R&D, but, on average, the effect is more negative on external R&D.
From Carers to Trainers: Professional Identity and Body Work in Rehabilitative Eldercare
Authors: Meldgaard Hansen Agnete , Kamp Annette
Published: February 2016

This article explores how a nationwide reform initiative, calling for a rehabilitative, activating and ‘training’ approach to elderly people in Danish homecare services, may transform gendered and embodied conceptions of ‘the professional care worker'. Care work for the elderly is a low‐paid and low‐status occupation, affected by the stigma connected with elderly bodies. Drawing on an ethnographic case study of a homecare unit, this article shows how the adoption of a new distanced, goal‐oriented approach to elderly bodies attempts to transform professional identities, and how care work is constructed as reflexive and change oriented, in contrast to emotional and relational approaches. This transformation potentially leads to a more advantageous position for care workers in gendered professional hierarchies. Simultaneously this process seems to render care workers' own bodies more visible, problematizing what are perceived as uncontrolled and unhealthy care worker bodies. The article thus argues that rehabilitative eldercare leads to an intertwining of two forms of bodywork, where work on the care worker's own body and the elderly body mutually constitute each other in a novel body–body articulation.
Implication of aortic calcification on persistent hypertension after laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with primary aldosteronism
Authors: Fujita Naoki , Hatakeyama Shingo , Yamamoto Hayato , Tobisawa Yuki , Yoneyama Tohru , Yoneyama Takahiro , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Koie Takuya , Nigawara Takeshi , Ohyama Chikara
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To identify risk factors, including aortic calcification, for persistent hypertension in primary aldosteronism patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

Methods

Between October 2000 and October 2015, we carried out 101 consecutive laparoscopic adrenalectomies for unilateral primary aldosteronism. Of these, 95 cases with at least 1 year of postoperative follow up were included. These were divided into two study groups based on whether they had normal blood pressure without antihypertensive medications (resolved group) or still required medications (unresolved group) at 1 year after surgery. Variables included age, sex, body mass index, history of hypertension, dosage of antihypertensive medication score, presence of type 2 diabetes, subclinical Cushing syndrome, preoperative renal function, aldosteronoma resolution score and abdominal calcification index. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess independent risk factors for persistent hypertension 1 year after surgery.

Results

The complete resolution of hypertension without antihypertensive medication 1 year after adrenalectomy was 36 out of 95 (38%). The preoperative antihypertensive medication score, systolic blood pressure and abdominal calcification index were significantly higher, and the aldosteronoma resolution score were significantly lower in the unresolved group than in the resolved group. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent risk factors significantly correlating with persistent hypertension 1 year after surgery were aldosteronoma resolution score and abdominal calcification index.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism is effective in improving blood pressure and reducing the need for antihypertensive medications. Aldosteronoma resolution score and abdominal calcification index represent potential independent risk factors for persistent hypertension 1 year after surgery.
Polymer‐Derived Ceramic Microspheres with Controlled Morphology via Novel Phase Separation‐Assisted Pyrolysis
Authors: Zhang Xiaofei , Chen Lixin , Luo Chunjia , Kong Jie
Published: February 2016

In this contribution, a novel and versatile strategy named phase separation assisted pyrolysis for the preparation of polymer‐derived ceramic (PDC) microspheres with controlled morphology is reported. Various Si–C–N–(Ni) magnetic microspheres with a dimension from micro‐ to nanoscale can be conveniently prepared by using polymeric precursor with an assistance of polymer template of linear polystyrene. The morphology ofPDCmicrospheres could be controlled through the feed ratio of precursor and template, pyrolysis temperature, and centrifugal fractionation, which were proved with dense structure, tunable crystals, and ferromagnetic property with an ultralow hysteresis loss. During phase separation and pyrolysis, the polymeric precursor or molecular precursor as well as various polymer templates can be employed. So, this strategy to synthesize ceramic microspheres with a dimension from micro‐ to nanoscale is indeed general and convenient for functional PDC microspheres with well‐controlled morphology.
Review of the smiliogastrin cyprinids of the Kwilu River (Kasai Basin, central Africa), revised diagnosis for Clypeobarbus (Cyprinidae: Cyprininae: Smiliogastrini) and description of a new species
Authors: Stiassny M. L. J. , Sakharova H.
Published: February 2016

A revised diagnosis for the smiliogastrin genus Clypeobarbus is provided and a new species, Clypeobarbus breviclipeus, from the Kwilu River (Kasai Basin) of central Africa, is described. Another species co‐occurring in the Kwilu system, ‘Barbus’ matthesi, shares all diagnostic morphological synapomorphies of Clypeobarbus and its generic reassignment is proposed with a taxonomic redescription provided. Nine species are now placed within Clypeobarbus: Clypeobarbus pleuropholis, Clypeobarbus congicus, Clypeobarbus pseudognathodon, Clypeobarbus bomokandi, Clypeobarbus hypsolepis, Clypeobarbus schoutedeni, Clypeobarbus matthesi, Clypeobarbus bellcrossi and Clypeobarbus breviclipeus n. sp.
New records of the Japanese seahorse Hippocampus mohnikei in Southeast Asia lead to updates in range, habitat and threats
Authors: Aylesworth L. , Lawson J. M. , Laksanawimol P. , Ferber P. , Loh T.‐L.
Published: February 2016

New records of the Japanese seahorse Hippocampus mohnikei from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, along with recently published studies from India and Singapore, have greatly expanded the known range of H. mohnikei within Southeast Asia. These new records reveal novel habitat preferences and threats to H. mohnikei in the region. Although the global conservation status of H. mohnikei is classified as Data Deficient according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, new sightings indicate that this species is found in similar habitats and faces similar threats as other Hippocampus species that are considered Vulnerable.
Clinical features of acute obstructive suppurative pancreatic ductitis: A retrospective review of 20 cases
Authors: Kondo Hiromu , Naitoh Itaru , Okumura Fumihiro , Nakazawa Takahiro , Hayashi Kazuki , Miyabe Katsuyuki , Shimizu Shuya , Nishi Yuji , Yoshida Michihiro , Umemura Shuichiro , Hori Yasuki , Kato Akihisa , Ohara Hirotaka , Joh Takashi
Published: February 2016

Background and Aims:

The clinical features of acute obstructive suppurative pancreatic ductitis (AOSPD) have not been elucidated. We aimed to clarify the clinical features of AOSPD.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features of 20 patients with AOSPD at two tertiary referral centers between 1993 and 2012. We compared 17 AOSPD patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) and 42 patients with acute‐on‐CP in terms of clinical characteristics, presentation, and laboratory and imaging findings.

Results:

The etiology of AOSPD involved CP in 17 (85%) patients, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in 2 (10%), and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm in 1 (5%). Endoscopic pancreatic drainage was effective in 19 (95%) patients. Body temperature was significantly higher in AOSPD with CP than acute‐on‐CP patients (median: 38.2 vs 36.9 °C; P < 0.001). Serum amylase levels at onset were significantly lower (median: 133 vs 364.5 U/L; P = 0.009), and C‐reactive protein was significantly higher (median: 9.42 vs 1.06 mg/dL; P < 0.001) in AOSPD with CP patients. Enlargement of the pancreatic parenchyma (18 vs 93%; P < 0.001) and stranding of the surrounding fat (12 vs 93%; P < 0.001) on computed tomography were observed less frequently in patients with AOSPD with CP patients. The diameter of the main pancreatic duct was significantly greater in AOSPD with CP than acute‐on‐CP patients (median: 7 vs 5 mm; P = 0.006).

Conclusions:

The major etiology of AOSPD involved CP, and endoscopic pancreatic drainage was effective. The clinical features differ between AOSPD with CP and acute‐on‐CP.
Prevalence of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in the community: A systematic review of studies in unselected samples of subjects
Authors: Zagari Rocco Maurizio , Eusebi Leonardo Henry , Rabitti Stefano , Cristoferi Laura , Vestito Amanda , Pagano Nico , Bazzoli Franco
Published: February 2016

Background and Aim

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings, such as esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, peptic ulcer, and malignancy, represent a public health problem. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the prevalence of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in the community.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in PUBMED and EMBASE to May 2015. Studies were eligible if they reported the prevalence of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in unselected samples of the community.

Results

Twelve articles were eligible, nine reported data from three endoscopic surveys (n = 3063 subjects), and three from national screening programs (n = 84 153). The overall prevalence of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in the community was 30% in the Kalixanda study (Sweden), 24.9% in the Loiano–Monghidoro study (Italy), and 68.9% in the Systematic Investigation of Gastrointestinal Diseases study (China). The pooled prevalence of esophagitis, endoscopically suspected esophageal metaplasia (ESEM), peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer in all studies was 11.2, 5.1, 6.8, and 0.33%, respectively. The most frequent finding was esophagitis in Europe, with a prevalence of 15.5% in Sweden and 11.8% in Italy, and peptic ulcer in China (17.1%), both in asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori was positively associated with the prevalence of peptic ulcer (r = 0.91) but negatively associated with the prevalence of both esophagitis (r = −0.99) and ESEM (r = −0.95).

Conclusions

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings are present in at least a quarter of subjects in the community with different patterns in Western and Eastern countries, both in asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects. H. pylori prevalence negatively impacts on the prevalence of reflux‐related esophageal findings.
Antifibrotic effect of Centella asiatica Linn and asiatic acid on arecoline‐induced fibrosis in human buccal fibroblasts
Authors: Adtani Pooja Narain , Narasimhan Malathi , Punnoose Alan M. , Kambalachenu Himavanth Reddy
Published: February 2016

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antifibrogenic effects of Centella asiatica Linn (CA) and its bioactive triterpene aglycone asiatic acid (AA) on arecoline‐induced fibrosis in primary human buccal fibroblasts (HBF).

Methods

An ethanolic extract of CA was prepared, and AA was purchased commercially. High‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) was performed to quantify AA in the CA extract; colorimetric assay (3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was performed to determine an half‐maximal inhibitory concentration. HBF were cultured and stimulated with arecoline. The inhibitory effects of CA and AA at different concentrations were assessed using gene‐expression studies on fibrosis‐related markers: transforming growth factor‐β1, collagen 1 type 2, and collagen 3 type 1. The stimulatory effect of arecoline and the inhibitory effect of AA on fibroblast morphology and extracellular matrix were assessed qualitatively using Masson trichrome stain.

Results

The HPTLC analysis determined 1.2% AA per 100 g of CA extract. Arecoline produced a concentration‐dependent increase in the fibrotic markers, treatment with CA significantly downregulated fibrotic markers at higher concentrations, and AA downregulated at lower concentrations. Arecoline altered fibroblast morphology and stained strongly positive for collagen, and AA treatment regained fibroblast morphology with faint collagen staining.

Conclusion

CA and AA can be used as antifibrotic agents.
A Data Characterization Framework for Material Flow Analysis
Authors: Schwab Oliver , Zoboli Ottavia , Rechberger Helmut
Published: February 2016

The validity of material flow analyses (MFAs) depends on the available information base, that is, the quality and quantity of available data. MFA data are cross‐disciplinary, can have varying formats and qualities, and originate from heterogeneous sources, such as official statistics, scientific models, or expert estimations. Statistical methods for data evaluation are most often inadequate, because MFA data are typically isolated values rather than extensive data sets. In consideration of the properties of MFA data, a data characterization framework for MFA is presented. It consists of an MFA data terminology, a data characterization matrix, and a procedure for database analysis. The framework facilitates systematic data characterization by cell‐level tagging of data with data attributes. Data attributes represent data characteristics and metainformation regarding statistical properties, meaning, origination, and application of the data. The data characterization framework is illustrated in a case study of a national phosphorus budget. This work furthers understanding of the information basis of material flow systems, promotes the transparent documentation and precise communication of MFA input data, and can be the foundation for better data interpretation and comprehensive data quality evaluation.
Distinct zircon U–Pb and O–Hf–Nd–Sr isotopic behaviour during fluid flow in UHP metamorphic rocks: evidence from metamorphic veins and their host eclogite in the Sulu Orogen, China
Authors: Zhao Y.‐J. , Wu Y.‐B. , Liu X.‐C. , Gao S. , Wang H. , Zheng J.‐P. , Yang S.‐H.
Published: February 2016

Fluid plays a key role in metamorphism and magmatism in subduction zones. Veins in high‐pressure (HP) to ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) rocks are the products of fluid‐rock interaction, and can thus provide important constraints on fluid processes in subduction zones. This contribution is an integrated study of zircon U–Pb and O–Hf, as well as whole‐rock Nd–Sr isotopic compositions for a quartz vein, a complex vein, and their host eclogite in the Sulu UHP terrane to decipher the timing and source of fluid flow under HP‐UHP metamorphic conditions. The inherited magmatic zircon cores from the host eclogite constrain the protolith age at c. 750 Ma. Their variable εHf(t) values from −1.11 to 2.54 and low δ18O values of 0.32–3.40‰ reflect a protolith that formed in a rift setting due to the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia. The hydrothermal zircon from the quartz and the complex veins shows euhedral shapes, relatively flat HREE pattern, slight or no negative Eu anomaly, low 176Lu/177Hf ratios, and low formation temperatures of 660–690 °C, indicating they precipitated from fluids under HP eclogite facies conditions. This zircon yielded similar U–Pb ages of 217 ± 2 and 213 ± 3 Ma within analytical uncertainty, recording the timing of fluid flow during the exhumation of the UHP rock. It is inferred that the fluids might be of internal origin based on the homogeneity of δ18O values of the hydrothermal zircon from the quartz (−2.41 ± 0.13‰) and complex veins (−2.35 ± 0.12‰), and the metamorphic grown zircon of the host eclogite (−2.23 ± 0.16‰). The similar εNd(t) values of the whole rocks also support such a point. Zircon O and whole‐rock Nd isotopic compositions are therefore useful to identify the source of fluid, for they are major and trace components in minerals involved in metamorphic reactions during HP‐UHP conditions. On the other hand, the hydrothermal zircon from the veins and the metamorphic zircon from the host eclogite exhibit variable εHf(t) values. Model calculation suggests that the Hf was derived from the breakdown of major rock‐forming minerals and recycling of the inherited magmatic zircon. The variable whole‐rock initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios might be caused by subsequent retrograde metamorphism after the formation of the veins.
Behind the Scenes: The Corporate Governance Preferences of Institutional Investors
Authors: McCAHERY JOSEPH A. , SAUTNER ZACHARIAS , STARKS LAURA T.
Published: February 2016

We survey institutional investors to better understand their role in the corporate governance of firms. Consistent with a number of theories, we document widespread behind‐the‐scenes intervention as well as governance‐motivated exit. These governance mechanisms are viewed as complementary devices, with intervention typically occurring prior to a potential exit. We further find that long‐term investors and investors that are less concerned about stock liquidity intervene more intensively. Finally, we find that most investors use proxy advisors and believe that the information provided by such advisors improves their own voting decisions.
Public health clinic‐based hepatitis C testing and linkage to care in baltimore
Authors: Falade‐Nwulia O. , Mehta S. H. , Lasola J. , Latkin C. , Niculescu A. , O'Connor C. , Chaulk P. , Ghanem K. , Page K. R. , Sulkowski M. S. , Thomas D. L.
Published: February 2016

Testing and linkage to care are important determinants of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment effectiveness. Public health clinics serve populations at high risk of HCV. We investigated their potential to serve as sites for HCV testing, initiation of and linkage to HCV care. Cross‐sectional study of patients accessing sexually transmitted infection (STI) care at the Baltimore City Health Department (BCHD) STI clinics, from June 2013 through April 2014 was conducted. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with HCV infection and specialist linkage to care. Between 24 June 2013 and 15 April 2014, 2681 patients were screened for HCV infection. Overall, 189 (7%) were anti‐HCV positive, of whom 185 (98%) received follow‐up HCV RNA testing, with 155 (84%) testing RNA positive. Of 155 RNA‐positive individuals, 138 (89%) returned to the STI clinic for HCV RNA results and initial HCV care including counselling regarding transmission and harm reduction in alcohol, and 132 (85%) were referred to a specialist for HCV care. With provision of patient navigation services, 81 (52%) attended an offsite HCV specialist appointment. Alcohol use and lack of insurance coverage were associated with lower rates of specialist linkage (OR 0.4 [95% CI 0.1–0.9] and OR 0.4 [95% CI 0.1–0.9], respectively). We identified a high prevalence of HCV infection in BCHD STI clinics. With availability of patient navigation services, a large proportion of HCV‐infected patients linked to off‐site specialist care.
Feeding practices for infants and young children during and after common illness. Evidence from South Asia
Authors: Paintal Kajali , Aguayo Víctor M.
Published: February 2016

Global evidence shows that children's growth deteriorates rapidly during/after illness if foods and feeding practices do not meet the additional nutrient requirements associated with illness/convalescence. To inform policies and programmes, we conducted a review of the literature published from 1990 to 2014 to document how children 0–23 months old are fed during/after common childhood illnesses. The review indicates that infant and young child feeding (IYCF) during common childhood illnesses is far from optimal. When sick, most children continue to be breastfed, but few are breastfed more frequently, as recommended. Restriction/withdrawal of complementary foods during illness is frequent because of children's anorexia (perceived/real), poor awareness of caregivers' about the feeding needs of sick children, traditional beliefs/behaviours and/or suboptimal counselling and support by health workers. As a result, many children are fed lower quantities of complementary foods and/or are fed less frequently when they are sick. Mothers/caregivers often turn to family/community elders and traditional/non‐qualified practitioners to seek advice on how to feed their sick children. Thus, traditional beliefs and behaviours guide the use of ‘special’ feeding practices, foods and diets for sick children. A significant proportion of mothers/caregivers turn to the primary health care system for support but receive little or no advice. Building the knowledge, skills and capacity of community health workers and primary health care practitioners to provide mothers/caregivers with accurate and timely information, counselling and support on IYCF during and after common childhood illnesses, combined with large‐scale communication programmes to address traditional beliefs and norms that may be harmful, is an urgent priority to reduce the high burden of child stunting in South Asia.