bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
l‐arginine modulates inflammation and muscle regulatory genes after a single session of resistance exercise in rats
Authors: Morais S. R. L. , Brito V. G. B. , Mello W. G. , Oliveira S. H. P.
Published: June 2017

We investigated the skeletal muscle adaptation to l‐arginine supplementation prior to a single session of resistance exercise (RE) during the early phase of muscle repair. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into non‐exercised (Control), RE plus vehicle (RE); RE plus l‐arginine (RE+L‐arg) and RE plus aminoguanidine (RE+AG) groups. Animals received four doses of either vehicle (0.9% NaCl), l‐arg (1 g/b.w.), or AG (iNOS inhibitor) (50 mg/b.w.). The animals performed a single RE session until the concentric failure (ladder climbing; 80% overload) and the skeletal muscles were harvested at 0, 8, 24, and 48 hours post‐RE. The RE resulted in increased neutrophil infiltrate (24 hours post‐RE) (3621 vs 11852; P<.0001) associated with enhanced TNF‐α (819.49 vs 357.02; P<.005) and IL‐6 (3.84 vs 1.08; P<.0001). Prior, l‐arginine supplementation attenuates neutrophil infiltration (5622; P<.0001), and also TNF‐α (506.01; P<.05) and IL‐6 (2.51, P<.05) levels. AG pretreatment mediated an inhibition of iNOS levels similar to levels found in RE group. RE animals displayed increased of atrogin‐1 (1.9 fold) and MuRF‐1 (3.2 fold) mRNA levels, reversed by l‐arg supplementation [atrogin‐1 (0.6 fold; P<.001); MuRF‐1 (0.8‐fold; P<.001)] at 24 hours post‐RE. MyoD up‐regulated levels were restricted to l‐arg treated animals at 24 hours (2.8 vs 1.5 fold; P<.005) and 48 hours post‐RE (2.4 vs 1.1 fold; P<.001). AG pretreatment reversed these processes at 24 hours [atrogin‐1 (2.1 fold; P<.0001); MuRF‐1 (2.5 fold; P<.0001); MyoD (1.4 fold)]. l‐arginine supplementation seems to attenuate the resolution of RE‐induced muscle inflammation and up‐regulates MyoD expression during the early phase of muscle repair.
Exercise during short‐term exposure to hypoxia or hyperoxia ‐ novel treatment strategies for type 2 diabetic patients?!
Authors: Brinkmann C. , Bloch W. , Brixius K.
Published: June 2017

Both hypoxia (decreased oxygen availability) and hyperoxia (increased oxygen availability) have been shown to alter exercise adaptations in healthy subjects. This review aims to clarify the possible benefits of exercise during short‐term exposure to hypoxia or hyperoxia for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is evidence that exercise during short‐term exposure to hypoxia can acutely increase skeletal muscle glucose uptake more than exercise in normoxia, and that post‐exercise insulin sensitivity in T2DM patients is more increased when exercise is performed under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, interventional studies show that glycemic control can be improved through regular physical exercise in short‐term hypoxia at a lower workload than in normoxia, and that exercise training in short‐term hypoxia can contribute to increased weight loss in overweight/obese (insulin‐resistant) subjects. While numerous studies involving healthy subjects report that regular exercise in hypoxia can increase vascular health (skeletal muscle capillarization and vascular dilator function) to a higher extent than exercise training in normoxia, there is no convincing evidence yet that hypoxia has such additive effects in T2DM patients in the long term. Some studies indicate that the use of hyperoxia during exercise can decrease lactate concentrations and subjective ratings of perceived exertion. Thus, there are interesting starting points for future studies to further evaluate possible beneficial effects of exercise in short‐term hypoxia or hyperoxia at different oxygen concentrations and exposure durations. In general, exposure to hypoxia/hyperoxia should be considered with caution. Possible health risks—especially for T2DM patients—are also analyzed in this review.
Characteristics of acute groin injuries in the hip flexor muscles — a detailed MRI study in athletes
Authors: Serner A. , Weir A. , Tol J. L. , Thorborg K. , Roemer F. , Guermazi A. , Yamashiro E. , Hölmich P.
Published: June 2017

Hip flexor injuries account for one‐third of acute groin injuries; however, little is known about specific injury characteristics. The aims of this study were to describe acute hip flexor injuries using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in athletes with acute groin pain and to compare specific muscle injuries with reported injury situations. Male athletes with acute groin pain were prospectively and consecutively included during three sports seasons. MRI was performed within 7 days of injury using a standardized protocol and a reliable assessment approach. All athletes with an MRI confirmed acute hip flexor muscle injury were included. A total of 156 athletes presented with acute groin pain of which 33 athletes were included, median age 26 years (range 18‐35). There were 16 rectus femoris, 12 iliacus, 7 psoas major, 4 sartorius, and 1 tensor fascia latae injury. Rectus femoris injuries primarily occurred during kicking (10) and sprinting (4), whereas iliacus injuries most frequently occurred during change of direction (5). In 10 (63%) rectus femoris injuries, tendinous injury was observed. The iliacus and psoas major injuries were mainly observed at the musculotendinous junction (MTJ), and two included tendinous injury. We have illustrated specific injury locations within these muscles, which may be relevant for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of these injuries. Most proximal rectus femoris injuries included tendinous injury. In contrast, distinct acute iliacus and psoas injuries predominantly occurred at the MTJ. Only the iliacus or psoas major were injured during change of direction, whereas rectus femoris injuries occurred primarily during kicking and sprinting.
JMJ27, an Arabidopsis H3K9 histone demethylase, modulates defense against Pseudomonas syringae and flowering time
Authors: Dutta Aditya , Choudhary Pratibha , Caruana Julie , Raina Ramesh
Published: June 2017

Histone methylation is known to dynamically regulate diverse developmental and physiological processes. Histone methyl marks are written by methyltransferases and erased by demethylases, and result in modification of chromatin structure to repress or activate transcription. However, little is known about how histone methylation may regulate defense mechanisms and flowering time in plants. Here we report characterization of JmjC DOMAIN‐CONTAINING PROTEIN 27 (JMJ27), an Arabidopsis JHDM2 (JmjC domain‐containing histone demethylase 2) family protein, which modulates defense against pathogens and flowering time. JMJ27 is a nuclear protein containing a zinc‐finger motif and a catalytic JmjC domain with conserved Fe(II) and α‐ketoglutarate binding sites, and displays H3K9me1/2 demethylase activity both in vitro and in vivo. JMJ27 is induced in response to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pathogens and is required for resistance against these pathogens. JMJ27 is a negative modulator of WRKY25 (a repressor of defense) and a positive modulator of several pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins. Additionally, loss of JMJ27 function leads to early flowering. JMJ27 negatively modulates the major flowering regulator CONSTANS (CO) and positively modulates FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Taken together, our results indicate that JMJ27 functions as a histone demethylase to modulate both physiological (defense) and developmental (flowering time) processes in Arabidopsis.
The human ventilatory response to stress: rate or depth?
Authors: Tipton Michael J. , Harper Abbi , Paton Julian F. R. , Costello Joseph T.
Published: June 2017

Many stressors cause an increase in ventilation in humans. This is predominantly reported as an increase in minute ventilation (). But, the same can be achieved by a wide variety of changes in the depth (tidal volume, VT) and number of breaths (respiratory frequency, ƒR). This review investigates the impact of stressors including: cold, heat, hypoxia, pain and panic on the contributions of ƒR and VT to to see if they differ with different stressors. Where possible we also consider the potential mechanisms that underpin the responses identified, and propose mechanisms by which differences in ƒR and VT are mediated. Our aim being to consider if there is an overall differential control of ƒR and VT that applies in a wide range of conditions. We consider moderating factors, including exercise, sex, intensity and duration of stimuli. For the stressors reviewed, as the stress becomes extreme generally becomes increased more by ƒR than VT. We also present some tentative evidence that the pattern of ƒR and VT could provide some useful diagnostic information for a variety of clinical conditions. In The Physiological Society's year of ‘Making Sense of Stress’, this review has wide‐ranging implications that are not limited to one discipline, but are integrative and relevant for physiology, psychophysiology, neuroscience and pathophysiology.

image
Morphological ontogeny in Aegyptobia exarata Livchitz & Mitrofanov (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)
Authors: Xu Yun , FAN QING-HAI , Zhang Fei-Ping , Huang Jian
Published: June 2017

The ontogenetic stages of a tenuipapid mite, Aegyptobia exarata Livchitz & Mitrofanov, 1967, recently discovered from Artemisia sp. (Asteraceae) in Shanxi province of China are redescribed with detailed illustrations. The ontogenetic changes in idiosomal and leg chaetotaxy are discussed.
Nintedanib as a novel treatment option in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Kovacs-Sipos Evelin , Holzmann David , Scherer Thomas , Soyka Michael B
Published: June 2017

A 70-year-old patient with known hereditary haemorrhagictelangiectasia (HHT) was seen regularly in our outpatient clinic. He underwent multiple therapeutical interventions, including both surgical and medical, for the treatment of recurrent epistaxis without sustained success. Due to a concurrent diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib was initiated, after which point the patient reported a dramatic and unanticipated improvement in his epistaxis and skin telangiectasia. On the basis of this case report, we propose that nintedanib may be a potential treatment option for refractory epistaxis in HHT.
Mechanism underlying methyl eugenol attenuation of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Saleh Hanan , El-Shorbagy Haidan M.
Published: June 2017

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with a high risk of mortality in the clinical situation. Many factors are involved in I/R, including reactive oxygen species, cytokine release, and apoptosis. We aimed to determine whether a pure methyl eugenol (ME) given before intestinal ischemia, protects against intestinal I/R injury and the possible mechanism involved in this protection. Rat received ME (100 mg/kg) for 30 days then underwent intestinal I/R with 30 min ischemia and 60 min reperfusion. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as some antioxidant biomarkers were assessed, while the serum level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was determined by ELISA. The change in TNF-α and interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene expressions were evaluated and confirmed by assessing protein level of TNF-α in the intestinal tissue by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was evaluated using DNA-laddering assay and by detecting caspase-3 immunohistochemically. Administration of ME prior to I/R injury resulted in a modulation of the production of MDA, LDH, and nitric oxide and restoration of the tested oxidative stress biomarkers. Pretreatment with ME downregulated messenger RNA of TNF-α and IL-6 inflammatory cytokines and their protein expressions in I/R rats. Marked inhibition of the apoptotic DNA and improvement of the architectures of small intestine were observed after pretreatment with ME. ME exhibits a protective effect against intestinal I/R via amelioration of the oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines gene expression. Therefore, the supplementation of ME prior to intestinal I/R might be helpful in the attenuation of I/R complications.
Mineralogy, geochronology, and genesis of the Andrew Lake uranium deposit, Thelon Basin, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Shabaga Brandi M. , Fayek Mostafa , Quirt David , Jefferson Charlie W. , Camacho Alfredo
Published: June 2017

The Thelon Basin located in Nunavut, Canada, shares many similarities with the U-producing Athabasca Basin in Saskatchewan. The Kiggavik project area, located near the northeastern edge of the Thelon Basin, contains U deposits and showings along the ∼30 km long NE–SW Kiggavik – Andrew Lake structural trend. The Andrew Lake deposit is near the southern end of this trend. Pre-mineralization is characterized by quartz ± carbonate veins that occupy fault systems later reactivated as conduits for U-mineralizing fluids. A four-phase genetic model is proposed for the Andrew Lake deposit. Phase 1 comprises vein-style uraninite (U1; 1031 ± 23 Ma) that is associated with illite and hematite, and contains variable PbO contents (0.2–9.5 wt.%). Phase 2 is characterized by altered uraninite (U2; ∼530 Ma) that is associated with coffinite. Altered uraninite (U3; <1 Ma) characterizes phase 3 and occurs as centimetre-scale “roll-fronts”. In phase 4, all three uraninite stages, and coffinite, are altered to boltwoodite. Although the oldest uraninite U–Pb age is ∼1030 Ma, illite associated with the U mineralization gives 40Ar/39Ar ages of 941 ± 31 and 1330 ± 36 Ma. The younger age is similar to the age for U1, suggesting that there was a fluid event that either precipitated U1 or reset the U–Pb isotopic system at ∼1000 Ma. While the older age for illite (1330 Ma) does not correlate with Andrew Lake U–Pb uraninite ages, it does correlate with ages previously reported for uraninite and clay alteration minerals in the Kiggavik area.
Version-Aware Rating Prediction for Mobile App Recommendation
Authors: Yao Yuan , Zhao Wayne Xin , Wang Yaojing , Tong Hanghang , Xu Feng , Lu Jian
Published: June 2017

With the great popularity of mobile devices, the amount of mobile apps has grown at a more dramatic rate than ever expected. A technical challenge is how to recommend suitable apps to mobile users. In this work, we identify and focus on a unique characteristic that exists in mobile app recommendation—that is, an app usually corresponds to multiple release versions. Based on this characteristic, we propose a fine-grain version-aware app recommendation problem. Instead of directly learning the users’ preferences over the apps, we aim to infer the ratings of users on a specific version of an app. However, the user-version rating matrix will be sparser than the corresponding user-app rating matrix, making existing recommendation methods less effective. In view of this, our approach has made two major extensions. First, we leverage the review text that is associated with each rating record; more importantly, we consider two types of version-based correlations. The first type is to capture the temporal correlations between multiple versions within the same app, and the second type of correlation is to capture the aggregation correlations between similar apps. Experimental results on a large dataset demonstrate the superiority of our approach over several competitive methods.
A Bayesian Method for Comparing Hypotheses About Human Trails
Authors: Singer Philipp , Helic Denis , Hotho Andreas , Strohmaier Markus
Published: June 2017

When users interact with the Web today, they leave sequential digital trails on a massive scale. Examples of such human trails include Web navigation, sequences of online restaurant reviews, or online music play lists. Understanding the factors that drive the production of these trails can be useful, for example, for improving underlying network structures, predicting user clicks, or enhancing recommendations. In this work, we present a method called
HypTrails
for comparing a set of hypotheses about human trails on the Web, where hypotheses represent beliefs about transitions between states. Our method utilizes Markov chain models with Bayesian inference. The main idea is to incorporate hypotheses as informative Dirichlet priors and to calculate the evidence of the data under them. For eliciting Dirichlet priors from hypotheses, we present an adaption of the so-called (trial) roulette method, and to compare the relative plausibility of hypotheses, we employ Bayes factors. We demonstrate the general mechanics and applicability of HypTrails by performing experiments with (i) synthetic trails for which we control the mechanisms that have produced them and (ii) empirical trails stemming from different domains including Web site navigation, business reviews, and online music played. Our work expands the repertoire of methods available for studying human trails.
An
O
(
m
log
n
) Algorithm for Computing Stuttering Equivalence and Branching Bisimulation
Authors: Groote Jan Friso , Jansen David N. , Keiren Jeroen J. A. , Wijs Anton J.
Published: June 2017

We provide a new algorithm to determine stuttering equivalence with time complexity
O
(
m
log
n
), where
n
is the number of states and
m
is the number of transitions of a Kripke structure. This algorithm can also be used to determine branching bisimulation in
O
(
m
(log |
Act
| + log
n
)) time, where
Act
is the set of actions in a labeled transition system.

Theoretically, our algorithm substantially improves upon existing algorithms, which all have time complexity of the form
O
(
mn
) at best. Moreover, it has better or equal space complexity. Practical results confirm these findings: they show that our algorithm can outperform existing algorithms by several orders of magnitude, especially when the Kripke structures are large.

The importance of our algorithm stretches far beyond stuttering equivalence and branching bisimulation. The known
O
(
mn
) algorithms were already far more efficient (both in space and time) than most other algorithms to determine behavioral equivalences (including weak bisimulation), and therefore they were often used as an essential preprocessing step. This new algorithm makes this use of stuttering equivalence and branching bisimulation even more attractive.
Progression of Decomposed Local-Effect Action Theories
Authors: Ponomaryov Denis , Soutchanski Mikhail
Published: June 2017

In many tasks related to reasoning about consequences of a logical theory, it is desirable to decompose the theory into a number of weakly related or independent components. However, a theory may represent knowledge that is subject to change, as a result of executing actions that have effects on some of the initial properties mentioned in the theory. Having once computed a decomposition of a theory, it is advantageous to know whether a decomposition has to be computed again in the newly changed theory (obtained from taking into account changes resulting from execution of an action). In this article, we address this problem in the scope of the situation calculus, where a change of an initial theory is related to the notion of progression. Progression provides a form of forward reasoning; it relies on forgetting values of those properties, which are subject to change, and computing new values for them. We consider decomposability and inseparability, two component properties known from the literature, and contribute by studying the conditions (1) when these properties are preserved and (2) when they are lost wrt progression and the related operation of forgetting. To show the latter, we demonstrate the boundaries using a number of negative examples. To show the former, we identify cases when these properties are preserved under forgetting and progression of initial theories in local-effect basic action theories of the situation calculus. Our article contributes to bridging two different communities in knowledge representation, namely, research on modularity and research on reasoning about actions.
Toward affective social interaction in VR
Authors: Jacucci Giulio
Published: June 2017

The
Interactions
website (interactions.acm.org) hosts a stable of bloggers who share insights and observations on HCI, often challenging current practices. Each issue we'll publish selected posts from some of the leading voices in the field.
A Prospective Comparison of Selective Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fusion-Targeted and Systematic Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Biopsies for Detecting Prostate Cancer in Men Undergoing Repeated Biopsies
Authors: Boesen Lars , Nørgaard Nis , Løgager Vibeke , Balslev Ingegerd , Thomsen Henrik S.
Published: June 2017

Introduction: The aim of the study was to compare the prostate cancer (PCa) detection rate of systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies (TRUS-bx) and multiparametric-MRI targeted biopsies (mp-MRI-bx) in a repeat biopsy setting and evaluate the clinical significance following an “MRI-targeted-only” approach. Materials and Methods: Patients with prior negative biopsies underwent prostatic multiparametric-MRI that was scored using the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) classification. All underwent both repeated TRUS-bx and mp-MRI-bx using image fusion of any PI-RADS ≥3 lesion. Biopsy results from TRUS-bx, mp-MRI-bx, and the combination were compared. Results: PCa was detected in 89 out of 206 (43%) patients. Of these, 64 (31%) and 74 (36%) patients were detected using mp-MRI-bx and TRUS-bx, respectively. Overall, mp-MRI-bx detected fewer patients with low-grade (Gleason score [GS] 3 + 3) cancers (14/64 vs. 41/74) and more patients with intermediate/high-grade cancers (GS ≥3 + 4) (50/64 vs. 33/74) using fewer biopsy cores compared with TRUS-bx (p < 0.001). Using an “MRI-targeted-only” approach in men with PI-RADS ≥3 lesions reduced the number of men requiring repeated biopsies by 50%, decreased low-grade cancer diagnoses by 66%, and increased intermediate/high-grade cancer diagnoses by 52%. Conclusions: MRI-targeted biopsies have a high detection rate for significant PCa in patients with prior negative transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies and preferentially detect intermediate/high-grade compared with low-grade tumors.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ДУМКИ МЕДИЧНИХ СЕСТЕР ЩОДО СТАНУ ТА РЕФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ОФТАЛЬМОЛОГІЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ
Authors: Kovtun M. I.
Published: June 2017

Мета – визначення професійної думки медичних сестер щодо стану та реформування офтальмологічної допомоги.Матеріали і методи. З використанням розробленої авторами анкети було опитано 175 медичних сестер та 114 лікарів, професійна діяльність яких пов’язана з офтальмологічною службою. Медичні сестри та лікарі, які взяли участь в опитуванні, працюють у різних містах України (Київ, Харків, Дніпро, Львів, Суми). Для обробки результатів дослідження використано метод аналізу альтернативних ознак та непараметричний критерій χ2 з поправкою Йєтса.Результати. Встановлено, що задоволені своєю роботою та згодні працювати більше за відповідну винагороду 98 (56±3,8)% опитаних медичних сестер, не задоволені заробітною платою 87 (50±3,8)% медичних сестер, на необхідність реформи охорони здоров’я вказують 103 (59±4,8)% опитаних. Більшість медсестер з усіх міст найбільш привабливою вважають страхову медицину (64% опитаних), на другому місці – практика сімейного лікаря (15% опитаних), на третьому – медицина з багатоканальним фінансуванням (10% опитаних). При порівнянні думки лікарів та медичних сестер щодо найбільш привабливої форми організації системи ОЗ виявлено, що, на відміну від медичних сестер, лікарі віддають перевагу страховій медицині у 33% випадків, медицина з багатоканальним фінансуванням у 41% випадків, за практику сімейного лікаря висловилися лише 2% лікарів.Висновки. Розбіжності у ставленні медичних працівників до своєї праці та різних форм організації системи ОЗ України можуть бути зумовлені особливостями їх професійної діяльності, матеріально-технічним забезпеченням та фінансуванням медичних установ, у яких вони працюють.
Coded Language Among Muslim Activists: Salafīs and the Prophet’s Sermon of Necessity
Authors: Thurston Alexander
Published: June 2017

This article examines how use of the Prophet Muḥammad’s Khuṭbat al-ḥāja (Sermon of Necessity) became a distinguishing marker of Salafism. To understand the Sermon’s role, the article draws on the notion of “coded language,” messages that communities use to communicate with insiders while excluding outsiders. The article analyzes the content of the Sermon and describes its spread among Salafīs. The Sermon was championed by Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (1914-99), who played a pivotal role in shaping Salafī practice. Relating the Sermon’s spread to methodological debates about studying Salafism, the article suggests that the Sermon furnishes one empirical criterion that can be used to date Salafism’s crystallization to the mid-twentieth century. The article closes by examining how jihādīs selectively use the Sermon to “Salafize” their speech, and by discussing how instances of opposition to the Sermon’s use were connected to debates over the validity of Salafism and the status of al-Albānī.
An Assessment of Existential Worldview Function among Young Women at Risk for Depression and Anxiety—A Multi-Method Study
Authors: Lloyd Christina Sophia , af Klinteberg Britt , DeMarinis Valerie
Published: June 2017

Increasing rates of psychiatric problems like depression and anxiety among Swedish youth, predominantly among females, are considered a serious public mental health concern. Multiple studies confirm that psychological as well as existential vulnerability manifest in different ways for youths in Sweden. This multi-method study aimed at assessing existential worldview function by three factors: 1) existential worldview, 2) ontological security, and 3) self-concept, attempting to identify possible protective and risk factors for mental ill-health among female youths at risk for depression and anxiety. The sample comprised ten females on the waiting list at an outpatient psychotherapy clinic for teens and young adults. Results indicated that both functional and dysfunctional factors related to mental health were present, where the quality and availability of significant interpersonal relations seemed to have an important influence. Examples of both an impaired worldview function and a lack of an operating existential worldview were found. Psychotherapeutic implications are discussed.
Five Thousand Years of Foundations: A Typology from Mesopotamia to the usa
Authors: Borgolte Michael
Published: June 2017

According to the written record, foundations can be traced back to roughly 3000bceand were found in Babylon and Egypt. They originally served the cult, or more precisely the nourishment, of the gods as well as the provision of ancestors in the post-mortal state. Beginning from the time of the so-called Axial Age, according to Karl Jaspers around the middle of the first millenniumbce, endowments involved people, that is the founder himself or beneficiaries designated by him in the spirit of philanthropy. The monotheistic religions of the Near East, which in this respect were perhaps influenced by Persian Zoroastrianism, developed an extremely successful type of foundation, namely the foundation for the salvation of the soul. This appeared alongside or replaced the older foundations for the soul, which were essentially meant to support one’s continuing survival in the afterlife and aimed at an enhanced and blissful form of existence through the mercy of or closeness to God. The second universal historical caesura for foundations was brought about by modernity, by removing the religiously-motivated motivation for the lasting purpose of the endowment. The “operative” or “provisional endowments” of the present, essentially an American innovation, have parted ways with a millennia-old interpretation, in order to meet the requirements of inexorable societal and cultural change.
Rediscovery and description of the holotype of Oedipus paraensis Unterstein, 1930 (Amphibia, Plethodontidae), and invalidation of the neotype
Authors: GUTSCHE ALEXANDER , TILLACK FRANK , MAHLOW KRISTIN
Published: June 2017

It is proposed to invalidate the recently designated neotype for the plethodontid salamander Oedipus paraensis Unterstein, 1930, because the holotype has been rediscovered in the herpetological collection of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. As the taxon was recently shown being part of a species complex and the original description of O. paraensis does not provide a clear diagnosis to distinguish it from the other species, we herein supply additional morphometric data of the holotype for comparative purposes.
Three new species of Nilothauma Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Brazil
Authors: DANTAS GALILEU P.S. , HAMADA NEUSA
Published: June 2017

Three new species of Nilothauma from Brazil are described and illustrated based on adult males. Nilothauma paucisetis sp. nov. is similar to Nilothauma aripuanense Mendes & Andersen, 2009, but can be distinguished by the number of dorsal setae on tergite IX and by the shape of anal point. Nilothauma anamariae sp. nov. is easily recognized by having the inferior volsella L-shaped, with a long simple lateral bristle and an apical lobe directed inwards, bearing 10–12 apically split setae. Nilothauma jaquei sp. nov. is distinguished from all others congeneric species by the superior volsella without microtrichia, with one apical seta and a lateral spine.
Suppression of Arctic Air Formation with Climate Warming: Investigation with a Two-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Model
Authors: Cronin Timothy W. , Li Harrison , Tziperman Eli
Published: June 2017

Arctic climate change in winter is tightly linked to changes in the strength of surface temperature inversions, which occur frequently in the present climate as Arctic air masses form during polar night. Recent work proposed that, in a warmer climate, increasing low-cloud optical thickness of maritime air advected over high-latitude landmasses during polar night could suppress the formation of Arctic air masses, amplifying winter warming over continents and sea ice. But this mechanism was based on single-column simulations that could not assess the role of fractional cloud cover change. This paper presents two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulations that support the single-column model results: low-cloud optical thickness and duration increase strongly with initial air temperature, slowing the surface cooling rate as the climate is warmed. The cloud-resolving model cools less at the surface than the single-column model, and the sensitivity of its cooling to warmer initial temperatures is also higher, because it produces cloudier atmospheres with stronger lower-tropospheric mixing and distributes cloud-top cooling over a deeper atmospheric layer with larger heat capacity. Resolving larger-scale cloud turbulence has the greatest impact on the microphysics schemes that best represent general observed features of mixed-phase clouds, increasing their sensitivity to climate warming. These findings support the hypothesis that increasing insulation of the high-latitude land surface by low clouds in a warmer world could act as a strong positive feedback in future climate change and suggest studying Arctic air formation in a three-dimensional climate model.
Upscale Impact of Mesoscale Disturbances of Tropical Convection on Synoptic-Scale Equatorial Waves in Two-Dimensional Flows
Authors: Yang Qiu , Majda Andrew J.
Published: June 2017

Superclusters on the synoptic scale containing mesoscale systems are frequently organized by convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs). Present-day global models struggle to simulate multiscale tropical convection, and the upscale effects of mesoscale systems are not well understood. A simple two-dimensional multiscale model with prescribed two-scale heating and eddy transfer of momentum and temperature drives the synoptic-scale circulation, successfully reproduces key features of flow fields with a front-to-rear tilt, and compares well with results from a cloud-resolving model (CRM). In the scenario with an elevated upright mean heating, the tilted vertical structure of synoptic-scale circulation is still induced by the upscale impact of mesoscale disturbances. In a faster propagation scenario, the upscale impact becomes less important as a result of competing effects of eddy transfer of momentum and temperature, while the synoptic-scale circulation response to mean heating dominates, in agreement with cloud-resolving models. In the unrealistic scenario with upward–westward-tilted mesoscale heating, positive potential temperature anomalies are induced in the leading edge, which will suppress shallow convection in a moist environment.
A Conceptual Model for the Response of Tropical Rainfall to Orbital Variations
Authors: Bischoff Tobias , Schneider Tapio , Meckler Anna Nele
Published: June 2017

Tropical rainfall to first order responds to variations in Earth’s orbit through shifts of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and changes in zonally averaged rainfall intensity. Here, a conceptual model is developed that represents both processes and their response to orbital insolation variations. The model predicts the seasonal evolution of tropical rainfall between 30°S and 30°N. Insolation variations impact seasonal rainfall in two different ways: thermodynamically, leading to variations in rainfall intensity through modulation of the water vapor content of the atmosphere; and dynamically, leading to shifts of the ITCZ through modulation of the global atmospheric energy budget. Thermodynamic and dynamic effects act together to shape the annual-mean response of tropical rainfall to changes in Earth’s orbit. The model successfully reproduces changes in annual-mean rainfall inferred from paleo-proxies across several glacial–interglacial cycles. It illuminates how orbital precession and variations of Earth’s obliquity affect tropical rainfall in distinct ways near the equator and farther away from it, with spectral signatures of precession and obliquity variations that shift with latitude. It also provides explanations for the observed different phasings of rainfall minima and maxima near the equator and away from it. For example, the model reproduces a phase shift of ~10 ka between rainfall records from caves in northern Borneo (4°N) and from China (approximately 30°N). The model suggests that such phase shifts arise through a different weighting of ITCZ shifts and variations in rainfall intensity, thus providing insight into the mechanisms that drive tropical rainfall changes on orbital time scales.
Evaluation of a Support Vector Machine–Based Single-Doppler Wind Retrieval Algorithm
Authors: Li Nan , Wei Ming , Yu Yongjiang , Zhang Wengang
Published: June 2017

Wind retrieval algorithms are required for Doppler weather radars. In this article, a new wind retrieval algorithm of single-Doppler radar with a support vector machine (SVM) is analyzed and compared with the original algorithm with the least squares technique. Through an analysis of coefficient matrices of equations corresponding to the optimization problems for the two algorithms, the new algorithm, which contains a proper penalization parameter, is found to effectively reduce the condition numbers of the matrices and thus has the ability to acquire accurate results, and the smaller the analysis volume is, the smaller the condition number of the matrix. This characteristic makes the new algorithm suitable to retrieve mesoscale and small-scale and high-resolution wind fields. Afterward, the two algorithms are applied to retrieval experiments to implement a comparison and a discussion. The results show that the penalization parameter cannot be too small, otherwise it may cause a large condition number; it cannot be too large either, otherwise it may change the properties of equations, leading to retrieved wind direction along the radial direction. Compared with the original algorithm, the new algorithm has definite superiority with the appropriate penalization parameters for small analysis volumes. When the suggested small analysis volume dimensions and penalization parameter values are adopted, the retrieval accuracy can be improved by 10 times more than the traditional method. As a result, the new algorithm has the capability to analyze the dynamical structures of severe weather, which needs high-resolution retrieval, and the potential for quantitative applications such as the assimilation in numerical models, but the retrieval accuracy needs to be further improved in the future.
Toward More Effective Tiered Systems: Lessons From National Implementation Efforts
Authors: Arden Sarah V. , Gandhi Allison Gruner , Zumeta Edmonds Rebecca , Danielson Louis
Published: June 2017

Based on the 2015 evaluation of response-to-intervention (RTI) efforts and our own 2 decades of experience in supporting educators’ implementation of RTI efforts, four recommendations are presented to advance effective implementation of tiered systems of intervention. We suggest that by (a) assessing readiness and capacity, (b) providing content and coaching as part of professional development, (c) using evaluation data, and (d) including students with disabilities, educators can make strides to implement RTI more effectively and help to meet the needs of all students in today’s schools.
Neoliberalization’s Propagation of Health Inequity in Urban Rebuilding Processes: The Dependence on Context and Path
Authors: Gomez Marisela B.
Published: June 2017

This article will discuss how neoliberal processes during urban redevelopment sustain and increase health inequities through uneven wealth accumulation and development. It will use examples of urban development in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, to highlight how key neoliberal strategies of territorial development, economic development, and place promotion— mediated through the process of creative destruction—result in uneven development and wealth accumulation, which in turn result in health inequities. The history of rebuilding processes in Baltimore offers insight into the context and path-dependency of current neoliberalization rebuilding processes and current health inequities.
Stratified body shape-driven sizing system via three-dimensional digital anthropometry for compression textiles of lower extremities
Authors: Liu Rong , Guo Xia , Peng Qiujin , Zhang Le , Lao Terence T , Little Trevor , Liu Jundong , Chan Eric
Published: June 2017

Poor fit has become one of reasons for high non-compliance in the use of garments made of compression textiles in venous deficiency treatments. A novel methodology to categorize lower body shapes and sizes has been established via three-dimensional digital anthropometric technology in this study based on 208 Hong Kong subjects aged 40–60 years. Three new parameters were introduced to classify body shapes, namely the “A-angle” for assessing the “alignment” of lower extremities, the “cosine values of the key angle” at the turning point for below-knee shape determination, and “gradient” for above-knee shape categories. The mathematical simulation via the interpolation function was employed to explore the characteristics of shape variation trends with the involvement of dynamic interactions of both circumferences ( Cir) and heights ( Hei) of lower extremities. The clustering analysis quantitatively segmented the sample population into three stratified leg morphologies (i.e. diamond, inverted trapezoid, and balanced leg shapes) in terms of the determined anthropometric landmarks along the lower extremities, in which the C ir( s) of the brachial ( cB1), calf ( cC), and thigh ( cF) exhibited most obvious differences among the clustered lower limbs. The created stratified shape-driven sizing system and methodologies further involved the body shape classifications into the Cir-based size categories to cater for diverse body morphologies in product size selection, thus improving dimensional fitness and accurate treatment using compression textiles in practice.
Fault-tolerant control considering time-varying bounds on faults
Authors: Khatibi Mahmood , Haeri Mohammad
Published: June 2017

This paper presents a novel fault-tolerant control strategy to compensate the time-varying loss of actuators’ effectiveness. It considers intermediate situations where the fault is not determined precisely (unlike active approaches) but overall estimations about its rate and final value are available through the previous experiences and/or experiments. Based on the estimations, two upper and lower time-varying bounds on the actuators’ effectiveness are established to be exploited in the procedure of controller design. In a special case, where these bounds are constant, the method will be reduced to the conventional passive approach. Also, actuator saturation and the effects of [Formula: see text] disturbances are considered in the research. To tackle the conflict between attenuating the effect of L∞ disturbances and enlarging the domain of attraction, a linear matrix inequality optimization framework is suggested. The proposed method is implemented on a model of an unmanned aerial vehicle and the results are discussed.
Finite time stability of semilinear multi-delay differential systems
Authors: Wang JinRong , Luo Zijian
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we provide an alternative approach to study finite time stability for semilinear multi-delay differential systems with pairwise permutable matrices associated with the stand and generalized Landau symbol conditions for nonlinear terms. The explicit representation of solutions involving a special multi-delayed exponential matrix function is developed to establish sufficient conditions to guarantee the systems are finite time stable by virtue of Gronwall integral inequalities with delay. Finally, we demonstrate the validity of the designed method and discuss it using numerical examples.
Value of intravoxel incoherent motion in assessment of pathological grade of clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Qingqiang , Ye Jing , Zhu Wenrong , Wu Jingtao , Chen Wenxin
Published: June 2017

Background

Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) can provide a unique view of tissue perfusion without the use of exogenous contrast agents.

Purpose

To investigate the value of IVIM in assessing grades of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CRCC).

Material and Methods

A total of 107 patients with pathologically proven CRCC were included, 26 with grade I, 27 with grade II, 25 with grade III, and 29 with grade IV. These tumors were divided into low (I + II) and high grades (III + IV). Nine b values (0, 30, 50, 80, 150, 300, 500, 800, and 1500 s/mm2) were used in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The tissue diffusivity (D), pseudodiffusivity (D*), and perfusion fraction (f) were calculated using bi-exponential fitting of the diffusion data.

Results

The D values of the four groups were 1.83 ± 0.38, 1.23 ± 0.19, 1.07 ± 0.26, and 0.37 ± 0.11 × 10–3 mm2/s ( P < 0.05). The D* values of the four groups were 0.079 ± 0.021, 0.053 ± 0.019, 0.047 ± 0.022, and 0.033 ± 0.017 ( P < 0.05). The f values of the four groups were 0.208 ± 0.09, 0.341 ± 0.12, 0.373 ± 0.15, and 0.461 ± 0.17 ( P < 0.05). Both the D and D* values correlated negatively with CRCC grading ( r = –0.677 and –0.693, P < 0.05). The f values correlated positively with CRCC grading (r = 0.699, P < 0.05). The areas of the D, D*, and f values under the ROC curves to diagnose low and high CRCC grades were 0.934, 0.837, and 0.793, respectively. The cutoff values of D, D*, and f were 1.13, 0.056, and 0.376, respectively; the diagnostic performance for low and high CRCC grading had a sensitivity of 82.0%, 80.7%, and 83.2% and a specificity of 90.8%, 86.3%, and 82.6%.

Conclusion

IVIM may provide information for differentiating CRCC grades.
Evidence of activation of vagal afferents by non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation: An electrophysiological study in healthy volunteers
Authors: Nonis Romain , D’Ostilio Kevin , Schoenen Jean , Magis Delphine
Published: June 2017

Background

Benefits of cervical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) devices have been shown in episodic cluster headache and preliminarily suggested in migraine, but direct evidence of vagus nerve activation using such devices is lacking. Vagal somatosensory evoked potentials (vSEPs) associated with vagal afferent activation have been reported for invasive vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS) and non-invasive auricular vagal stimulation. Here, we aimed to show and characterise vSEPs for cervical nVNS.

Methods

vSEPs were recorded for 12 healthy volunteers who received nVNS over the cervical vagus nerve, bipolar electrode/DS7A stimulation over the inner tragus, and nVNS over the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. We measured peak-to-peak amplitudes (P1-N1), wave latencies, and N1 area under the curve.

Results

P1-N1 vSEPs were observed for cervical nVNS (11/12) and auricular stimulation (9/12), with latencies similar to those described previously, whereas SCM stimulation revealed only a muscle artefact with a much longer latency. A dose-response analysis showed that cervical nVNS elicited a clear vSEP response in more than 80% of the participants using an intensity of 15 V.

Conclusion

Cervical nVNS can activate vagal afferent fibres, as evidenced by the recording of far-field vSEPs similar to those seen with iVNS and non-invasive auricular stimulation.
Photographic Memory: The Effects of Volitional Photo Taking on Memory for Visual and Auditory Aspects of an Experience
Authors: Barasch Alixandra , Diehl Kristin , Silverman Jackie , Zauberman Gal
Published: June 2017

How does volitional photo taking affect unaided memory for visual and auditory aspects of experiences? Across one field and three lab studies, we found that, even without revisiting any photos, participants who could freely take photographs during an experience recognized more of what they saw and less of what they heard, compared with those who could not take any photographs. Further, merely taking mental photos had similar effects on memory. These results provide support for the idea that photo taking induces a shift in attention toward visual aspects and away from auditory aspects of an experience. Additional findings were in line with this mechanism: Participants with a camera had better recognition of aspects of the scene that they photographed than of aspects they did not photograph. Furthermore, participants who used a camera during their experience recognized even nonphotographed aspects better than participants without a camera did. Meta-analyses including all reported studies support these findings.
Quality of Life and Its Factors in Korean Elderly With Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Kang Younhee , Lee Eliza
Published: June 2017

Based on the secondary data analysis, this study aimed to identify quality of life and factors that affect quality of life among Korean elderly with mild cognitive impairment. Demographic characteristics, physical factors, and psychosocial factors as well as quality of life of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment were comprehensively measured. The research subjects consisted of 348 home-resident elderly and their quality of life scores were relatively high at 29.86. Their quality of life varied according to education and gender, and instrumental activities of daily living (actual, latent), somatic symptoms, sleep quality, depression, and social support affected their quality of life. Depression and social support were predictors of quality of life. The most powerful predictor was depression (β = −.583, p < .001). To improve the quality of life among elderly with mild cognitive impairment, nursing interventions to alleviate depression and to enhance social support from family, friends, and relevant neighbors are needed.