bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between democracy and women participation in politics
Authors: Mervis Zungura , Eve Nyemba , Florence Mutasa , Caroline Muronza
Published: April 2013

This paper analyses the relationship between democracy and women participation in politics. Democracy is supposed to translate into equal power relations between men and women. Evidence on the ground shows little or no connection between democracy and levels of women political participation as those countries regarded as highly democratic have low women representation compared to those regarded as less democratic. This paper attempts to answer the following major questions: is there a relationship between a country’s democratic level and the number of women in political positions? At political party levels, does it follow that democratic parties have more women than parties regarded as authoritarian? Are countries wholly committed to increasing women participation in politics to enhance democracy? Or is the signing of agreements aimed at increasing women in political decisions simply rhetoric? Is there a relationship between the wealth a country has and the number of women in political positions? Documentary evidence, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews highlighted that there is no positive rapport between democracy and women involvement in politics as democratic countries and parties have less women than autocracies. Political commitment to increased women participation by all countries is the solution to women involvement in politics. Gender should be preserved as an unequivocal goal of democracy.
University–Industry Collaboration in Turkish SMEs
Authors: Temel Serdal , Scholten Victor , Akdeniz R. Cengiz , Fortuin Frances , Omta Onno
Published: April 2013

University–industry collaboration and innovation are popular topics in emerging countries. Although the main premise is that such collaboration and innovation increase firm performance, the empirical evidence is inconclusive. Drawing on a sample of 79 Turkish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the authors find negative direct effects of innovation-based strategy and university collaboration on the profit growth of firms. However, where there is fierce market competition, they find that an innovation-based strategy increases profit growth and that collaboration with universities needs to exceed a certain level before the benefits are manifested in profit growth. These results contribute to the debate on the role of innovation and university collaboration in the profit growth of SMEs in emerging countries. For managers, the implications are that an innovation-based strategy is important in competitive markets in emerging countries, and that university collaboration needs to be taken more seriously and must involve higher levels of effort and commitment if benefits are to emerge; otherwise, companies may decide against working with universities.
Enacted Experiences: Analysing Drama in Entrepreneurial Training
Authors: Hytti Ulla , Nieminen Lenita
Published: April 2013

This paper identifies and interprets enacted experiences in drama workshops organized as part of an entrepreneurship training programme. The authors argue that drama is an effective tool in entrepreneurship training offered to practising entrepreneurs. Drama exercises, by providing ‘enacted’ experience, can contribute to creating, reinforcing or complementing different forms of entrepreneurial experience. The results are encouraging for those who advocate using drama in training programmes for entrepreneurs. Drama sessions provide powerful experiences that might otherwise be out of reach of the participant. The paper contributes to the entrepreneurship training and entrepreneurial learning literatures by showing how enacted experience in drama workshops is a form of experience that, together with mastery, vicarious and social experience (Erikson, 2003), is connected to entrepreneurship development. Methodologically, the paper illustrates how visual material can be applied in research.
Assessing the prevalence and characteristics of hair-plucking behaviour in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Less EH , Kuhar CW , Lukas KE
Published: April 2013

Non-human primates occasionally exhibit behaviours thought to occur only in captivity that are considered abnormal. In particular, hair-plucking behaviour occurs across many species of mammals and birds. This study was the first to assess the phenomenology, demography and aetiology of this behaviour in captive gorillas across the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) population. A survey was sent to 52 AZA institutions housing western lowland gorillas. Hair-plucking behaviour occurred in 15% of the surveyed population with 62% of institutions housing a hair plucker. Individuals were most likely to self-pluck using their fingers. Individuals that were exposed as youngsters to a hair-plucking group member were significantly more likely to develop the behaviour themselves. There was also a trend toward solitary individuals being more likely to perform this behaviour. Future research needs include identifying hormonal correlates to this behaviour, understanding its relationship to acute or chronic stressors, and examining what causes this behaviour to fluctuate in frequency once it has developed.
The determinants of the intention to purchase animal welfare-friendly meat products in Spain
Authors: Gracia A
Published: April 2013

The aim of this paper is to analyse the intention to purchase animal welfare-friendly meat products and determine the factors explaining this intention. Additionally, a model of the intention to purchase animal welfare-friendly meat products has been developed based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). This model has been specified as a two-equation multivariate ordered probit model and estimated using data from a survey conducted in Spain in 2008. Results indicate that one of the most important factors associated with the intention to purchase animal welfare-friendly meat products was consumer self-identification with ethical issues. Second, findings suggested that, as the Theory of Planned Behaviour states, other factors related to the intention to purchase these products were attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control.
Risk assessment principles in evaluation of animal welfare
Authors: Paton MW , Martin PAJ , Fisher AD
Published: April 2013

Science forms a vital part of animal welfare assessment. However, many animal welfare issues are more influenced by public perception and political pressure than they are by science. The discipline of epidemiology has had an important role to play in examining the effects that management, environment and infrastructure have on animal-based measures of welfare. Standard multifactorial analyses have been used to investigate the effects of these various inputs on outcomes such as lameness. Such research has thereby established estimates of the probability of occurrence of these adverse welfare outcomes (AWOs) and given exposure to particular management inputs (welfare challenges). Welfare science has established various measures of the consequences of challenges to welfare. In this paper, a method is proposed for comparing the likely impact of different welfare challenges, incorporating both the probability of AWOs resulting from that welfare challenge, and their impacts or consequences if they do, using risk assessment principles. The rationale of this framework is explained. Its scope lies within a science-based risk assessment framework. This method does not provide objective measures or score of welfare without some context of comparison and does not provide new welfare measures but only provides a framework enabling objective comparison. Possible applications of this method include comparing the effects of specific management inputs, assigning priority to welfare challenges in order to inform allocation of resources for addressing those challenges, and comparisons of the lifetime welfare effects of management inputs or systems. The use of risk assessment methods in the animal welfare field can facilitate objective comparisons of situations that are currently assessed with some level of subjectivity. This methodology will require significant validation to determine its most productive use. The risk assessment approach could have a productive role in advancing quantitative assessment in animal welfare science.
Electromagnetic induction of insensibility in animals: a review
Authors: Small A , McLean D , Owen JS , Ralph J
Published: April 2013

The prevention of unnecessary suffering at slaughter is considered to be an imperative and, as such, the majority of animals slaughtered under industrial conditions are stunned prior to slaughter by mechanical, electrical or gas inhalation means. However, many Orthodox Jewish and Muslim communities do not accept pre-slaughter stunning. Those Jewish and Muslim communities that do accept pre-slaughter stunning require that any such stun is fully reversible in order to meet the requirements of their religious laws. Head-only electrical stunning is widely used in sheep, as it is a reversible method of stunning, but in cattle, the stun duration can be so short that the animal may regain consciousness during exsanguination. The concept of using electromagnetic radiation to induce insensibility has been proposed. Early attempts to induce insensibility and death in laboratory species were successful, but the technology to apply the technique to larger animals was not available at that time. More recently, however, technological advances have led to new work in the areas of transcranial magnetic stimulation and microwave irradiation, both of which are potential methods of inducing a recoverable stun in larger species.
Operational Reliability of the Rotary Cup Burner Type Saacke - SKV 60 of Marine Boiler
Authors: Dvornik Joško , Dvornik Srđan
Published: April 2013

One of the steps in predicting the reliability of a system includes determining the failure rate of the system’s components. The latter is obtained on the basis of the data available to the manufacturer, experience in using similar systems, using statistical methods and technical literature. In practice, the starting point in the process of foreseeing the reliability of any technical system is the assumption of constant failure rates. The system components’ failure rates which are determined in this way represent the so-called nominal values. This value is commonly modified by taking into account operation loads and environment conditions under which the observed system component is supposed to operate. In most cases the quantitative values of these two factors result from the engineering assessment that is based on the data available to the manufacturer or the user and takes into account the inevitable effect of a number of subjective factors. Predicting reliability is a process of determining numerical values which show the probability that machinery or engine will meet previously set requirements. The basic objective of reliability prediction is to ensure timely maintenance. This paper discusses predicting the operational reliability of the rotary cup burner type SAACKE - SKV 60 in the marine steam boiler TPK/VIC 8.5/7.
Methods of Pollution Removal After Tanker “Erika” Accident
Authors: Čović Ivan , Šimunac Anamarija , Veža Jelena , Slišković Merica , Jelić-Mrčelić Gorana
Published: April 2013

Marine accident of the Maltese tanker Erika is the biggest environmental disaster ever to hit France. 12th of December 1999, on the way from Dunkerque (France) to Livorno (Italy), Erika broke in two and sank near the French coast, spilling around 20.000 tons of heavy fuel oil into the sea. About 11.000 tons of dangerous cargo, trapped inside the sunken wreck, presented a danger to the environment. Severe weather conditions prevented any offshore clean-up operations. Oil trapped inside the wreckage was pumped out, while the on-shore clean-up operations lasted for another two years. This accident had a direct impact on the economy of affected regions and resulted in numerous lawsuits against the ship owners, charterers and classification societies. This paper aims to provide an overview of oil spill pollution clean-up methods and technologies after the accident of tanker Erika.
Progress in Controlled In Situ Ocean Acidification Experiments
Authors: Brewer Peter , Kirkwood William , Gattuso Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2013

Ocean acidification is widely recognized as a significant climate‐related oceanic threat, not only independently but also in connection with other oceanic stressors, including warming and deoxygenation. Recent work shows that ocean acidification will negatively affect processes such as calcification of most species, including reef‐building corals, and could also cause diminished fish sensory ability and respiratory stress. However, almost all of these findings result from short‐term experiments on organisms in laboratory aquaria. But how can scientists perform long‐term in situ experiments that may confirm, or modify, conclusions drawn from laboratory experiments? With funding from the BNP Paribas Foundation, the xFOCE workshop brought together a group of 20 scientists and engineers to examine this.
Adiabatic behavior of thermal unstable compounds evaluated by means of dynamic scanning calorimetric (DSC) techniques
Authors: Sanchirico Roberto
Published: April 2013

The article investigates the possibility of obtaining reliable information on the adiabatic behavior of thermally unstable substances based on the thermokinetic data collected by differential scanning calorimetric experiments. In particular, it is developed a novel numerical algorithm which allows the estimation of the adiabatic onset temperature. Theoretical results are verified considering the thermal decomposition of dicumyl peroxide carried out under different calorimetric conditions. Encouraging results point out that the procedures developed allow the assessment of adiabatic critical parameters that are very close to the values determined during the experiments. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3806–3815, 2013
Anaerobic CO2 fixation by the acetogenic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica
Authors: Hu Peng , Rismani‐Yazdi Hamid , Stephanopoulos Gregory
Published: April 2013

Anaerobic bacteria such as Moorella thermoacetica have the capacity of fixing carbon dioxide with carbon monoxide and hydrogen for the production of ethanol, acetic acid, and other useful chemicals. In this study, we evaluated the fixation of CO2 for the production of acetic acid, as a product in its own right but also as precursor for lipid synthesis by oleaginous organisms. We achieved maximum cell optical density of 11.3, acetic acid titer of 31 g/L, and productivity of 0.55 g/L‐h at CO mass‐transfer rate of 83 mM/h. We also showed electron availability by CO mass transfer limited the process at CO mass transfer rates lower than 30 mM/h. Further enhancement of mass‐transfer rate removed such limitations in favor of biological kinetics as main limitation. This work underlines the potential of microbial processes for converting syngas to fuel and chemical products in processes suitable for distributed feedstock utilization. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3176–3183, 2013
Clinical features and prognosis of a sample of patients with trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) from Brazil
Authors: Petry Patrícia , Polli Janaina B. , Mattos Vinícius F. , Rosa Rosana C.M. , Zen Paulo R.G. , Graziadio Carla , Paskulin Giorgio A. , Rosa Rafael F.M.
Published: April 2013

Trisomy 13 or Patau syndrome (PS) is a chromosomal disorder characterized by a well known presentation of multiple congenital anomalies. Our objective was to determine the clinical features and prognosis observed in a sample of patients with PS. The series was composed of patients with diagnosis of PS consecutively evaluated by a Clinical Genetics Service from a reference hospital of southern Brazil, in the period between 1975 and 2012. Statistical analysis was performed using PEPI program (version 4.0), with two‐tailed Fisher's exact test for comparison of frequencies (P < 0.05). The sample consisted of 30 patients, 60% male, median age at first evaluation of 9 days. Full trisomy of chromosome 13 was the main cytogenetic alteration (73%). The major clinical findings included: cryptorchidism (78%), abnormal auricles (77%), congenital heart defects (76%), polydactyly (63%), microphthalmia (60%) and micrognathia (50%). Four patients (13%) simultaneously had micro/anophthalmia, oral clefts and polydactyly. Some findings were only observed in our sample and included, among others, preauricular tags (10%), duplication of the hallux (3%) and spots following the lines of Blaschko (3%). Mosaicism (20% of cases) had a statistically significant association only with absence of cryptorchidism. The median of survival was 26 days. Patients with and without mosaicism had similar median of survival. Our findings, in agreement with the literature, show that the anomalies in patients with PS can be quite variable, sometimes even atypical. There is no pathognomonic finding, which may make the early identification of these patients challenging. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recurrent Pericarditis in Myhre Syndrome
Authors: Picco Paolo , Naselli Aldo , Pala Giovanna , Marsciani Alberto , Buoncompagni Antonella , Martini Alberto
Published: April 2013

Myhre syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by pre‐ and postnatal short stature, brachydactyly, facial dysmorphism (short palpebral fissures, maxillary hypoplasia, prognathism and short philtrum), thick skin, muscular‐appearing body build, decreased joint mobility, mixed hearing loss, and cleft lip and palate. Other clinical features include skeletal dysplasia, developmental delay with intellectual disability and/or behavioral disturbance, cardiac defects, cryptorchidism, and bone anomalies. The disease is caused by recently identified SMAD4 mutations. Here we describe a 7‐year‐old boy with a molecularly proven Myhre syndrome who presented life‐threatening recurrent pericarditis and systemic inflammatory symptoms that required treatment with steroid and recombinant interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist.
Clinical and molecular analysis in families with autosomal recessive osteogenesis imperfecta identifies mutations in five genes and suggests genotype–phenotype correlations
Authors: Caparrós‐Martin José A. , Valencia María , Pulido Veronica , Martínez‐Glez Victor , Rueda‐Arenas Inmaculada , Amr Khalda , Farra Chantal , Lapunzina Pablo , Ruiz‐Perez Victor L. , Temtamy Samia , Aglan Mona
Published: April 2013

Autosomal recessive osteogenesis imperfecta (AR‐OI) is an inherited condition which in recent years has been shown with increasing genetic and clinical heterogeneity. In this article, we performed clinical assessment and sought mutations in patients from 10 unrelated families with AR‐OI, one of whom was presented with the additional features of Bruck syndrome (BS). Pathogenic changes were identified in five different genes: three families had mutations in FKBP10, three in SERPINF1, two in LEPRE1, one in CRTAP, and one in PPIB. With the exception of a FKBP10 mutation in the BS case, all changes are novel. Of note, insertion of an AluYb8 repetitive element was detected in exon 6 of SERPINF1. Since the studied patients had variable manifestations and some distinctive features, genotype/phenotype correlations are suggested. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perlman Syndrome: Overgrowth, Wilms Tumor Predisposition and DIS3L2
Authors: MORRIS MARK R. , ASTUTI DEWI , MAHER EAMONN R.
Published: April 2013

Perlman syndrome is a rare autosomal recessively inherited congenital overgrowth syndrome characterized by polyhydramnios, macrosomia, characteristic facial dysmorphology, renal dysplasia and nephroblastomatosis and multiple congenital anomalies. Perlman syndrome is associated with high neonatal mortality and, survivors have developmental delay and a high risk of Wilms tumor. Recently a Perlman syndrome locus was mapped to chromosome 2q37 and homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations were characterized in DIS3L2. The DIS3L2 gene product has ribonuclease activity and homology to the DIS3 component of the RNA exosome. It has been postulated that the clinical features of Perlman syndrome result from disordered RNA metabolism and, though the precise targets of DIS3L2 have yet to be characterized, in cellular models DIS3L2 knockdown is associated with abnormalities of cell growth and division. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Willingness and Access to Joint Replacement Among African American Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Controlled Intervention
Authors: Ibrahim Said A. , Hanusa Barbara H. , Hannon Michael J. , Kresevic Denise , Long Judith , Kent Kwoh C.
Published: April 2013

Objective

African American patients are significantly less likely to undergo knee replacement for the management of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Racial difference in preference (willingness) has emerged as a key factor. This study was undertaken to examine the efficacy of a patient‐centered educational intervention on patient willingness and the likelihood of receiving a referral to an orthopedic clinic.

Methods

A total of 639 African American patients with moderate‐to‐severe knee OA from 3 Veterans Affairs primary care clinics were enrolled in a randomized, controlled trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design. Patients were shown a knee OA decision‐aid video with or without brief counseling. The main outcome measures were change in patient willingness and receipt of a referral to an orthopedic clinic. Also assessed were whether patients discussed knee pain with their primary care provider or saw an orthopedic surgeon within 12 months of the intervention.

Results

At baseline, 67% of the participants were definitely/probably willing to consider knee replacement, with no difference among the groups. The intervention increased patient willingness (75%) in all groups at 1 month. For those who received the decision aid intervention alone, the gains were sustained for up to 3 months. By 12 months postintervention, patients who received any intervention were more likely to report engaging their provider in a discussion about knee pain (92% versus 85%), to receive a referral to an orthopedic surgeon (18% versus 13%), and for those with a referral, to attend an orthopedic consult (61% versus 50%).

Conclusion

An educational intervention significantly increased the willingness of African American patients to consider knee replacement. It also improved the likelihood of patient–provider discussion about knee pain and access to surgical evaluation.
Surgical anatomy of hand allotransplantation
Authors: Carlsen Brian T. , Al‐Mufarrej Faisal , Moran Steven L.
Published: April 2013

The hand is the most refined anatomical terminal device known and the leading edge of the sensorium. Further, the hand is second only to the face in terms of visibility and is a vitally important aspect aesthetic and body image. Hand amputation represents a devastating loss of function and independence. Restoring function after limb loss is a challenge and traditionally includes autologous methods and prosthetics. In the last 15 years, hand transplantation has become a viable option for select patients. Clin. Anat. 26:578–583, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organoruthenium Antagonists of Human A3 Adenosine Receptors
Authors: Paira Priyankar , Chow Mun Juinn , Venkatesan Gopalakrishnan , Kosaraju Vamsi Krishna , Cheong Siew Lee , Klotz Karl‐Norbert , Ang Wee Han , Pastorin Giorgia
Published: April 2013

Human A3 adenosine receptor (hA3AR) is a membrane‐bound G protein‐coupled receptor implicated in a number of severe pathological conditions, including cancer, in which it acts as a potential therapeutic target. To derive structure–activity relationships on pyrazolo–triazolo–pyrimidine (PTP)‐based A3AR antagonists, we developed a new class of organometallic inhibitors through replacement of the triazolo moiety with an organoruthenium fragment. The objective was to introduce by design structural diversity into the PTP scaffold in order to tune their binding efficacy toward the target receptor. These novel organoruthenium antagonists displayed good aquatic stability and moderate binding affinity toward the hA3 receptor in the low micromolar range. The assembly of these complexes through a template‐driven approach with selective ligand replacement at the metal center to control their steric and receptor‐binding properties is discussed.
A Bioinspired Approach for Shaping Au Nanostructures: The Role of Biomolecule Structures in Shape Evolution
Authors: Sahu Subash Chandra , Samantara Aneeya K. , Ghosh A. , Jena Bikash Kumar
Published: April 2013

A new approach for shaping Au nanostructures by tuning the molecular structure of biomolecules has been explored. Different molecules, such as catechol, rutin, and quercetin, which have structural similarity to the catechol ring, were used to induce Au nanostructures under similar conditions. The as‐synthesized nanostructures are characterized by using TEM, XPS, XRD, and UV/Vis spectral measurements. The growth mechanism for the formation of these noble metal shapes and the role of the molecular structure of the stabilizing/reducing agent were investigated by using TEM and UV/Vis spectral measurements. The structure and functional groups of the reducing/stabilizing agent play a vital role in the shape evolution of nanostructures. The electrocatalytic activity of different nanostructures in the reduction of oxygen was investigated and was found to be shape‐dependent.
A Cyclen‐Based Tetraphosphinate Chelator for the Preparation of Radiolabeled Tetrameric Bioconjugates
Authors: Šimeček Jakub , Hermann Petr , Havlíčková Jana , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Kapp Tobias G. , Engelbogen Nils , Kessler Horst , Wester Hans‐Jürgen , Notni Johannes
Published: April 2013

The cyclen‐based tetraphosphinate chelator 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetrakis[methylene(2‐carboxyethyl)phosphinic acid] (DOTPI) comprises four additional carboxylic acid moieties for bioconjugation. The thermodynamic stability constants (logKML) of metal complexes, as determined by potentiometry, were 23.11 for CuII, 20.0 for LuIII, 19.6 for YIII, and 21.0 for GdIII. DOTPI was functionalized with four cyclo(Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐D‐Phe‐Lys) (RGD) peptides through polyethylene glycol (PEG4) linkers. The resulting tetrameric conjugate DOTPI(RGD)4 was radiolabeled with 177Lu and 64Cu and showed improved labeling efficiency compared with 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid (DOTA). The labeled compounds were fully stable in transchelation challenges against trisodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA) and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (ETDA), in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and human plasma. Integrin αvβ3 affinities of the non‐radioactive LuIII and CuII complexes of DOTPI(RGD)4 were 18 times higher (both IC50 about 70 picomolar) than that of the c(RGDfK) peptide (IC50=1.3 nanomolar). Facile access to tetrameric conjugates and the possibility of radiolabeling with therapeutic and diagnostic radionuclides render DOTPI suitable for application in peptide receptor radionuclide imaging (PRRI) and therapy (PRRT).
Analysis of relationships between mood and color for different musical preferences
Authors: Moon Chang Bae , Kim HyunSoo , Lee Hyun Ah , Kim Byeong Man
Published: April 2013

We investigated the relationship between mood and color according to musical preference. Volunteers were requested to select the mood evoked by music and the color associated with a mood word, and the color distributions and mood distributions were then analyzed with two‐way ANOVA using Minitab. The results of the analysis indicated that mood and color were differently distributed, depending on the music genre presented and the musical preference of the listener. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 413–423, 2014
Etv2 rescues Flk1 mutant embryoid bodies
Authors: Rasmussen Tara L. , Martin Cindy M. , Walter Camille A. , Shi Xiaozhong , Perlingeiro Rita , Koyano‐Nakagawa Naoko , Garry Daniel J.
Published: April 2013

Independent mouse knockouts of Etv2 and Flk1 are embryonic lethal and lack hematopoietic and endothelial lineages. We previously reported that Flk1 activates Etv2 in the initiation of hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis. However, Flk1 and its ligand VEGF are expressed throughout development, from E7.0 to adulthood, whereas Etv2 is expressed only transiently during embryogenesis. These observations suggest a complex regulatory interaction between Flk1 and Etv2. To further examine the Flk1 and Etv2 regulatory interaction, we transduced Etv2 and Flk1 mutant ES cells with viral integrants that inducibly overexpress Flk1 or Etv2. We demonstrated that forced expression of Etv2 rescued the hematopoietic and endothelial potential of differentiating Flk1 and Etv2 mutant cells. We further discovered that forced expression of Flk1 can rescue that of the Flk1, but not Etv2 mutant cells. Therefore, we conclude that the requirement for Flk1 can be bypassed by expressing Etv2, supporting the notion that disruption of Etv2 expression is responsible for the early phenotypes of the Etv2 and Flk1 mutant embryos. genesis 51:471–480.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solvent‐Assisted Diastereoselective Tri­meth­ylsilyl Cyanide Additions to Cyclic α‐Fluoro Ketones
Authors: Pham Hao , Davis Todd A.
Published: April 2013

This paper describes the solvent‐assisted addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) to cyclic α‐fluorinated ketones. In DMF, this method gives TMS‐protected cyanohydrins in good yields (70–95 %) and with good selectivities (dr up to 22:1), and the products are readily reduced to the corresponding fluorinated 1,2‐amino alcohols.
Structural Characterization of Peptide Oligomers Containing (1R,2S)‐2‐Aminocyclohexanecarboxylic Acid (cis‐ACHC)
Authors: Choi Soo Hyuk , Ivancic Monika , Guzei Ilia A. , Gellman Samuel H.
Published: April 2013

(1R,2S)‐2‐Aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (cis‐ACHC) is a preorganized β‐amino acid. cis‐ACHC favors two conformations that feature gauche conformations about the Cα–Cβ bond with torsion angles of opposite signs. The diastereomeric β‐amino acid trans‐ACHC has been widely studied as a foldamer building block, but cis‐ACHC has received less attention in this regard. We examined the conformational behaviour of three types of oligomer: (1) homooligomers of cis‐ACHC, (2) β‐peptides in which cis‐ACHC and β3h‐Ala alternate, and (3) 1:1 α/β‐peptides in which cis‐ACHC and Ala alternate. Two‐dimensional NMR experiments suggest that all three types of oligomer adopt extended conformations rather than folded conformations in solution. Two crystal structures of oligomers that contain cis‐ACHC residues, a cis‐ACHC dimer and an α/β‐peptide tetramer, show extended conformations in which the cis‐ACHC residues contain six‐membered‐ring C=O···H–N hydrogen bonds.
Horseradish Peroxidase Nanopatterned Electrodes by Click Chemistry: Application to the Electrochemical Detection of Paracetamol
Authors: Cernat Andreea , Griveau Sophie , Richard Cyrille , Bedioui Fethi , Săndulescu Robert
Published: April 2013

We propose the fabrication of nanostructured glassy carbon (GC) electrodes modified with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the detection of paracetamol. This was accomplished by inducing the nanostructuration of GC via the adsorption of polystyrene nanospheres (900 nm diameter) followed by electropolymerization of N‐(10‐azidodecyl)pyrrole. The nanospheres were then removed and nanostructured polypyrrole‐GC was submitted to click reaction in presence of ethynyl‐biotin that was further coupled to HRP‐avidin. The electrode was then used to sense the electrochemical reduction of the enzymatically generated electroactive oxidized species of acetaminophen (NAPQI) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The nanostructured electrode with HRP exhibits a fast response towards NAPQI reduction and improved performances in terms of sensitivity and limit of detection compared to non structured electrode.
A constant‐time identifying large‐scale RFID tags using lines on a plane
Authors: Chou Jue‐Sam
Published: April 2013

In this paper, we propose a new approach to identify a tag of a radio frequency identification system in constant time while keeping untraceability to the tag. Our scheme does not use any cryptographic primitives. Instead, we use a line in a plane to represent a tag. The points on the line, which are infinite and different each other, can be used as tag identification. We also explore the scalability of the proposed scheme. The result of experiments showed that a tag of the radio frequency identification system over 1 000 000 tags, embedded 3 K memory, can store 559 dynamic identity proofs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing uncertainty in the climatic interpretations of speleothem δ18O
Authors: Jex C. N. , Phipps S. J. , Baker A. , Bradley C.
Published: April 2013

We explore two principal areas of uncertainty associated with paleoclimate reconstructions from speleothem δ18O (δ18Ospel): potential non‐stationarity in relationships between local climate and larger‐scale atmospheric circulation, and routing of water through the karst aquifer. Using a δ18Ospel record from Turkey, the CSIRO Mk3L climate system model and the KarstFOR karst hydrology model, we confirm the stationarity of relationships between cool season precipitation and regional circulation dynamics associated with the North Sea‐Caspian pattern since 1 ka. Stalagmite δ18O is predicted for the last 500 years, using precipitation and temperature output from the CSIRO Mk3L model and synthetic δ18O of precipitation as inputs for the KarstFOR model. Interannual variability in the δ18Ospel record is captured by KarstFOR, but we cannot reproduce the isotopically lighter conditions of the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries. We argue that forward models of paleoclimate proxies (such as KarstFOR) embedded within isotope‐enabled general circulation models are now required.
Diapiric ascent of silicic magma beneath the Bolivian Altiplano
Authors: del Potro Rodrigo , Díez Mikel , Blundy Jon , Camacho Antonio G. , Gottsmann Joachim
Published: April 2013

The vertical transport of large volumes of silicic magma, which drives volcanic eruptions and the long‐term compositional evolution of the continental crust, is a highly debated problem. In recent years, dyking has been favored as the main ascent mechanism, but the structural connection between a distributed configuration of melt‐filled pores in the source region and shallow magma reservoirs remains unsolved. In the Central Andes, inversion of a new high‐resolution Bouguer anomaly data over the Altiplano‐Puna Magma Body (APMB) reveals ~15 km wide, vertically elongated, low‐density, 3D structures rooted at the top of the APMB at 20 km depth. We integrate our gravity inversion with the available geophysical, geological, and petrological observations, and in agreement with petrological/mechanical considerations propose that, in this region of the Andes, partially molten granitic bodies ascend diapirically through the hot ductile mid‐upper crust.
Successful treatment of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma associated immune thrombocytopenia with involved field radiotherapy
Authors: Berrang Tanya , Holloway Caroline , Hart Jason , Yee Adrian , Berry Brian , Kotb Rami
Published: April 2013

Immune thrombocytopenia complicates the course and impacts the outcome of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL‐ITP, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma–immune thrombocytopenic purpura). The response to corticosteroids and/or intravenous immune globulins is usually short lasting, but NHL‐ITP usually responds to anti‐lymphoma chemotherapy. It is not clear if this success is due to the elimination of the lymphomatous tissue or to the immunosuppressor/immunomodulator effect of chemotherapy. Myelosuppressive anti‐lymphoma chemotherapy carries the risk of severe thrombocytopenia that may not respond adequately to platelet transfusion support. We report on a patient with recurrent diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma that coincided with immune thrombocytopenia. Both diseases completely responded to involved field radiation therapy. This supports the hypothesis that at least in some cases of NHL‐ITP, the lymphomatous clone secretes the anti‐platelet antibodies. This supports the therapeutic decision making for these patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roles of Chk1 in cell biology and cancer therapy
Authors: Zhang Youwei , Hunter Tony
Published: April 2013

The evolutionally conserved DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoints preserve genome integrity. Central to these genome surveillance pathways is a protein kinase, Chk1. DNA damage induces activation of Chk1, which then transduces the checkpoint signal and facilitates cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair. Significant progress has been made recently toward our understanding of Chk1 regulation and its implications in cancer etiology and therapy. Specifically, a model that involves both spatiotemporal and conformational changes of proteins has been proposed for Chk1 activation. Further, emerging evidence suggests that Chk1 does not appear to be a tumor suppressor; instead, it promotes tumor growth and may contribute to anticancer therapy resistance. Recent data from our laboratory suggest that activating, but not inhibiting, Chk1 in the absence of chemotherapy might represent an innovative approach to suppress tumor growth. These findings suggest unique regulation of Chk1 in cell biology and cancer etiology, pointing to novel strategies for targeting Chk1 in cancer therapy.
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE CHINESE COASTAL MEGACITIES. A CASE STUDY OF PRACTICE IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA
Authors: Chan Faith Ka Shun , Adekola Olalekan , Mitchell Gordon , Ng Cho Nam , Mcdonald Adrian
Published: April 2013

This article analyses the current flood risk management practices in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. In the next four decades, 120 million people are expected to live in the region, which currently covers 11 major cities, and includes the coastal megacities formed by Hong Kong and Shenzhen. These populous low‐lying coastal cities experience emerging flood risk from (i) intense precipitation, (ii) storm surges, (iii) global sea level rise and (iv) rapid urbanization in the flood‐prone areas. These have major economic, social and ecological impacts and have made it imperative to adopt a sustainable flood risk management strategy to mitigate these risks. This research uses the case study in Tai O and Shenzhen River sites from Hong Kong and Shenzhen where in‐depth discussions were held with various stakeholders to overview and understand current constraints to realizing sustainable flood risk management (SFRM). The outcome shows the authorities have realized the importance of SFRM and climate change adaptation strategies. They seek further improvement in managing flood risk and preparing for unpredictable climatic regimes in both megacities, and by extension comparable urbanizing coastal cities in the PRD and East Asia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: April 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Regulating New Drugs. Richard L. Landau, editor.

Factors in Depression. Nathan S. Klein, editor.

The Phagocytic Cell in Host Defense. J. A. Bellanti and D. H. Dayton, editors.

The Antigens, Volume 1. Michael Sela, editor.

The Antigens, Volume II. Michael Sela, editor.

Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research, Volume 4. P. Greengard and G. A. Robison, editors.
Observation of hole Peregrine soliton in a multicomponent plasma with critical density of negative ions
Authors: Sharma S. K. , Bailung H.
Published: April 2013

The evolution of hole Peregrine soliton (appearing as a deep trough between two crests) from ion‐acoustic perturbations excited in a multicomponent plasma with critical density of negative ions has been observed. The observed soliton is described by the rational solution of the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which can appear as an isolated high peak or a deep hole depending on the phase of the underlying carrier wave relative to the envelope. The measured amplitude of the hole Peregrine soliton (depth from crest to trough) is found to be more than twice the background wave height. The experimental observations are compared with the theoretical results obtained from the solution of the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The frequency spectrum of the Peregrine soliton is analyzed and found to be triangular in shape.
Superthermal electron energy interchange in the ionosphere‐plasmasphere system
Authors: Khazanov G. V. , Glocer A. , Liemohn M. W. , Himwich E. W.
Published: April 2013

A self‐consistent approach to superthermal electron (SE) transport along closed field lines in the inner magnetosphere is used to examine the concept of plasmaspheric transparency, magnetospheric trapping, and SE energy deposition to the thermal electrons. The dayside SE population is generated both by photoionization of the thermosphere and by secondary electron production from impact ionization when the photoelectrons collide with upper atmospheric neutral particles. It is shown that a self‐consistent approach to this problem produces significant changes, in comparison with other approaches, in the SE energy exchange between the plasmasphere and the two magnetically conjugate ionospheres. In particular, plasmaspheric transparency can vary by a factor of two depending on the thermal plasma content along the field line and the illumination conditions of the two conjugate ionospheres. This variation in plasmaspheric transparency as a function of thermal plasma and ionospheric conditions increases with L‐shell, as the field line gets longer and the equatorial pitch angle extent of the fly‐through zone gets smaller. The inference drawn from these results is that such a self‐consistent approach to SE transport and energy deposition should be included to ensure robustness in ionosphere‐magnetosphere modeling networks.
The spatio‐temporal characteristics of ULF waves driven by substorm injected particles
Authors: James M. K. , Yeoman T. K. , Mager P. N. , Klimushkin D. Yu.
Published: April 2013

A previous case study observed a ULF wave with an eastward and equatorward phase propagation (an azimuthal wave number m, of ∼13) generated during the expansion phase of a substorm. The eastward phase propagation of the wave suggested that eastward drifting energetic electrons injected during the substorm were responsible for driving that particular wave. In this study, a population of 83 similar ULF wave events also associated with substorm‐injected particles have been identified using multiple Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars in Europe and North America between June 2000 and September 2005. The wave events identified in this study exhibit azimuthal wave numbers ranging in magnitude from 2 to 92, where the direction of propagation depends on the relative positions of the substorm onsets and the wave observations. We suggest that azimuthally drifting energetic particles associated with the substorms are responsible for driving the waves. Both westward drifting ions and eastward drifting electrons are implicated with energies ranging from ∼1 to 70 keV. A clear dependence of the particle energy on the azimuthal separation of the wave observations and the substorm onset is seen, with higher energy particles (leading to lower m‐number waves) being involved at smaller azimuthal separations.
Empirical model of the thermospheric mass density based on CHAMP satellite observations
Authors: Liu Huixin , Hirano Takashi , Watanabe Shigeto
Published: April 2013

The decadal observations from CHAMP satellite have provided ample information on the Earth's upper thermosphere, reshaping our understandings of the vertical coupling in the atmosphere and near‐Earth space. An empirical model of the thermospheric mass density is constructed from these high‐resolution observations using the multivariable least‐squares fitting method. It describes the density variation with latitude, longitude, height, local time, season, and solar and geomagnetic activity levels within the altitude range of 350–420 km. It represents well prominent thermosphere structures like the equatorial mass density anomaly (EMA) and the wave‐4 longitudinal pattern. Furthermore, the empirical model reveals two distinct features. First, the EMA is found to have a clear altitude dependence, with its crests moving equatorward with increasing altitude. Second, the equinoctial asymmetry is found to strongly depend on solar cycle, with its magnitude and phase being strongly regulated by solar activity levels. The equinoctial density maxima occur significantly after the actual equinox dates toward solar minimum, which may signal growing influence from the lower atmosphere forcing. This empirical model provides an instructive tool in exploring thermospheric density structures and dynamics. It can also be easily incorporated into other models to have a more accurate description of the background thermosphere, for both scientific and practical purposes.
Asymmetry of magnetosheath flows and magnetopause shape during low Alfvén Mach number solar wind
Authors: Lavraud B. , Larroque E. , Budnik E. , Génot V. , Borovsky J. E. , Dunlop M. W. , Foullon C. , Hasegawa H. , Jacquey C. , Nykyri K. , Ruffenach A. , Taylor M. G. G. T. , Dandouras I. , Rème H.
Published: April 2013

Previous works have emphasized the significant influence of the solar wind Alfvén Mach number (MA) on magnetospheric dynamics. Here we report statistical, observational results that pertain to changes in the magnetosheath flow distribution and magnetopause shape as a function of solar wind MA and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle orientation. We use all Cluster 1 data in the magnetosheath during the period 2001–2010, using an appropriate spatial superposition procedure, to produce magnetosheath flow distributions as a function of location in the magnetosheath relative to the IMF and other parameters. The results demonstrate that enhanced flows in the magnetosheath are expected at locations quasi‐perpendicular to the IMF direction in the plane perpendicular to the Sun‐Earth line; in other words, for the special case of a northward IMF, enhanced flows are observed on the dawn and dusk flanks of the magnetosphere, while much lower flows are observed above the poles. The largest flows are adjacent to the magnetopause. Using appropriate magnetopause crossing lists (for both high and low MA), we also investigate the changes in magnetopause shape as a function of solar wind MA and IMF orientation. Comparing observed magnetopause crossings with predicted positions from an axisymmetric semi‐empirical model, we statistically show that the magnetopause is generally circular during high MA, while is it elongated (albeit with moderate statistical significance) along the direction of the IMF during low MA. These findings are consistent with enhanced magnetic forces that prevail in the magnetosheath during low MA. The component of the magnetic forces parallel to the magnetopause produces the enhanced flows along and adjacent to the magnetopause, while the component normal to the magnetopause exerts an asymmetric pressure on the magnetopause that deforms it into an elongated shape.