bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is the impact of rural-to-urban migration on exclusive breastfeeding: a population-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Yin Xiao Han , Zhao Chen , Yang Yu Mei , Shi Hui Feng , Wu Tian Chen , Xie Jia Lei , Niu Jie Qiong , Wang Xiao Li , Fang Jin
Published: October 2020

Background

In China, less than one third of infants under 6 months of age are being exclusively breastfed. Maternal rural-to-urban migration contributes to these low rates of breastfeeding practices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of breastfeeding practices and associated factors among rural-to-urban migrant children and local children with infants aged 0–12 months in China, 2018.

Methods

Data were collected from a population-based cross-sectional survey in 2018 that included 6995 infants from eight urban areas (four metropolis and four medium sized/small cities) in China. The prevalence of breastfeeding practices was calculated using a 24-h recall questionnaire for all infants aged under 12 months. Logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between the prevalence of breastfeeding practices and maternal migrant status, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, mother-infant health information and supportive information. For exclusive breastfeeding, we further analyzed its association with maternal rural-to-urban migration, stratified by maternal education level, maternal resident place and maternal ethnicity, respectively.

Results

The overall prevalence of ever breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, predominant breastfeeding and age-appropriate breastfeeding (exclusive breastfeeding of infants under 6 months of age and complementary feeding from six to 12 months of age) was 97.51, 29.84, 59.89 and 45.07%, respectively. Rural-to-urban migrant children were less likely to be exclusively breastfed compared to local children (AOR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68, 0.95). Stratified by different sociodemographic variables, a negative association between exclusive breastfeeding and rural-to-urban migration was only found in the group with high education level, in the group living in metropolis and in the group of minorities, respectively.

Conclusions

The overall prevalence of breastfeeding practices was low in both rural-to-urban migrant children and local children. Besides common strategies, special approaches should be provided for urban highly educated migrants.
Coronaviruses and gastrointestinal diseases
Authors: Luo Xi , Zhou Guan-Zhou , Zhang Yan , Peng Li-Hua , Zou Li-Ping , Yang Yun-Sheng
Published: October 2020

The effects of coronaviruses on the respiratory system are of great concern, but their effects on the digestive system receive much less attention. Coronaviruses that infect mammals have shown gastrointestinal pathogenicity and caused symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting. Available data have shown that human coronaviruses, including the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, mainly infect the respiratory system and cause symptoms such as cough and fever, while they may generate gastrointestinal symptoms. However, there is little about the relation between coronavirus and digestive system. This review specifically addresses the effects of mammalian and human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, on the digestive tract, helping to cope with the new virus infection-induced disease, COVID-19.
Road Map to Safe and Well-Designed De-escalation Trials of Systemic Adjuvant Therapy for Solid Tumors
Authors: Piccart Martine J. , Hilbers Florentine S. , Bliss Judith M. , Caballero Carmela , Frank Elizabeth S. , Renault Patrick , Naït Kaoudjt Rachida , Schumacher Eva , Spears Patricia A. , Regan Meredith M. , Gelber Richard D. , Davidson Nancy E. , Norton Larry , Winer Eric P. ,   on behalf of the BIG-NABCG Collaboration
Published: October 2020

An important challenge in the field of cancer is finding the balance between delivering effective treatments and avoiding adverse effects and financial toxicity caused by innovative, yet expensive, drugs. To address this, several treatment de-escalation trials have been conducted, but only a few of these have provided clear answers. A few trials had poor accrual or had design flaws that led to conflicting results. Members of the Breast International Group (BIG) and North American Breast Cancer Group (NABCG) believe the way forward is to understand the lessons from these trials and listen more carefully to what truly matters to our patients. We reviewed several adjuvant trials of different cancer types and developed a road map for improving the design and implementation of future de-escalation trials. The road map incorporates patients’ insights obtained through focused group discussions across the BIG-NABCG networks. Considerations for the development of de-escalation trials for systemic adjuvant treatment, including noninferiority trial design, choice of end points, and prioritization of a patient’s perspectives, are presented in this consensus article.
Ipsilateral Vocal Cord Monitoring for Carotid Endarterectomy and Concurrent Contralateral Vocal Cord Paralysis: A Case Report
Authors: Lu Shu Y. , LaMuraglia Glenn M. , Burki Frederick P. , See Reiner B. , Peterfreund Robert A.
Published: October 2020

Vagus nerve injury may complicate carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) branches from the vagus nerve, innervating the ipsilateral vocal cord. Vagus nerve injury can cause vocal cord dysfunction. Intraoperative vocal cord monitoring can detect vagus nerve injury during CEA. A patient with distorted neck anatomy from radiotherapy to treat oropharyngeal cancer and resultant right vocal cord paralysis required left CEA. Anticipating difficult neck dissection risking vagus nerve damage with associate RLN malfunction, we added vocal cord electromyography (EMG) to routine CEA electroencephalography (EEG). We recommend vocal cord EMG in anatomically complex CEA to avoid vagus nerve injury.
Biological versus non-biological dressings in the management of split-thickness skin-graft donor sites: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Rahman Shafiq , Langridge Benjamin , Al-Hadad Ahmed , Khan Rehman Ali , Junejo Muhammad Hyder , Mosahebi Afshin
Published: October 2020

Objective:

There are currently no definitive guidelines regarding the management of split-thickness skin-graft (STSG) donor sites. The literature reports biological and non-biological dressings as the two main groups; however, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the ideal type. A systematic review and meta-analysis of existing clinical trials was performed to compare biological and non-biological dressings in managing STSG donor sites.

Method:

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement standards was used to conduct this study. Electronic databases including MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched by two authors (SR and BL). Data analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3.

Results:

In total, 10 studies, consisting of eight randomised controlled trials and two observational assessments, were identified. Wound healing time was faster with biological dressings compared to non-biological dressings (mean difference -5.44 days; p<0.05). A higher epithelialisation rate was also noted for biological dressings. There was no difference in the infection rate between the two study groups (odds ratio [OR] 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15–1.04) or wound exudation (OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.01–8.28). The pain level experienced during dressing changes in both groups was reported to be similar.

Conclusion:

The rate of epithelialisation and wound healing is greater for STSG donor sites when treated with biological dressings, but they offer no difference in terms of reducing pain, limiting infection or exudation.
The Mediator Role of Organizational Support in the Relationship between Organizational Identity and Organizational Stress
Authors: Eksi Halil , Ozgenel Mustafa , Demirci Mehmed Esad
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this research is to test the theoretical model developed for the mediator role of perceived organizational support in the relationship between organizational identity and organizational stress. The research is conducted with 320 teachers who work in preschools, primary schools, elementary schools, and high schools. The data were collected using organizational stress scale, perceived organizational support scale, organizational identity scale, and personal information form. The direct and indirect relationships between perceived organizational support, organizational stress, and level of organizational identity were analysed using the Structural Equation Model. The proposed structural model was verified by the analyses. It is observed that the relationships between all variables in the research have significant values and their goodness of fit indices were within the acceptable level. The results of the analyses showed that, organizational identity significantly predicts organizational stress and perceived organizational support. It was also found that the impact of organizational identity on organizational stress was fully mediated by perceived organizational support. According to these results, organizational support plays a mediating role in the relationship between organizational identity and organizational stress.
Data-Driven Models for Canopy Temperature-Based Irrigation Scheduling
Authors: King Bradely A. , Shellie Krista C. , Tarkalson David D. , Levin Alexander D. , Sharma Vivek , Bjorneberg David L.
Published: October 2020

Highlights

Artificial neural network modeling was used to predict crop water stress index lower reference canopy temperature.

Root mean square error of predicted lower reference temperatures was <1.1°C for sugarbeet and Pinot noir wine grape.

Energy balance model was used to dynamically predict crop water stress index upper reference canopy temperature.

Crop water stress index for sugarbeet was well correlated with irrigation and soil water status.

Crop water stress idex was well correlated with midday leaf water potential of wine grape.

Abstract. Normalized crop canopy temperature, termed crop water stress index (CWSI), was proposed over 40 years ago as an irrigation management tool but has experienced limited adoption in production agriculture. Development of generalized crop-specific upper and lower reference temperatures is critical for implementation of CWSI-based irrigation scheduling. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate data-driven models for predicting the reference canopy temperatures needed to compute CWSI for sugarbeet and wine grape. Reference canopy temperatures for sugarbeet and wine grape were predicted using machine learning and regression models developed from measured canopy temperatures of sugarbeet, grown in Idaho and Wyoming, and wine grape, grown in Idaho and Oregon, over five years under full and severe deficit irrigation. Lower reference temperatures (TLL) were estimated using neural network models with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiencies exceeding 0.88 and root mean square error less than 1.1°C. The relationship between TLL minus ambient air temperature and vapor pressure deficit was represented with a linear model that maximized the regression coefficient rather than minimized the sum of squared error. The linear models were used to estimate upper reference temperatures that were nearly double the values reported in previous studies. A daily CWSI, calculated as the average of 15 min CWSI values between 13:00 and 16:00 MDT for sugarbeet and between 13:00 and 15:00 local time for wine grape, were well correlated with irrigation events and amounts. There was a significant (p < 0.001) linear relationship between the daily CWSI and midday leaf water potential of Malbec and Syrah wine grapes, with an R2 of 0.53. The data-driven models developed in this study to estimate reference temperatures enable automated calculation of the CWSI for effective assessment of crop water stress. However, measurements taken under conditions of wet canopy or low solar radiation should be disregarded as they can result in irrational values of the CWSI. Keywords: Canopy temperature, Crop water stress index, Irrigation scheduling, Leaf water potential, Sugarbeet, Wine grape.
Irrigation Scheduling for Agriculture in the United States: The Progress Made and the Path Forward
Authors: Taghvaeian Saleh , Andales Allan A. , Allen L. Niel , Kisekka Isaya , O’Shaughnessy Susan A. , Porter Dana O. , Sui Ruixiu , Irmak Suat , Fulton Allan , Aguilar Jonathan
Published: October 2020

Highlights

The progress made in agricultural irrigation scheduling in the past ten years and the current challenges are discussed.

The main scientific scheduling strategies are based on soil water status, plant characteristics, and crop modeling.

Challenges include large time and data requirements and availability of decision support systems.

Opportunities include integration of scheduling strategies and demonstrating their effectiveness through local studies.

Abstract. Irrigation scheduling is the process of determining the appropriate amount and timing of water application to achieve desired crop yield and quality, maximize water conservation, and minimize possible negative effects on the environment, such as nutrient leaching below the crop root zone. Effective irrigation scheduling has been shown to save water, save energy, and help agricultural producers achieve improved yields and quality. However, scientific irrigation scheduling methods generally have remained limited to mostly research applications with relatively low adoption by irrigators. There are several main approaches to irrigation scheduling, including those based on soil water status, plant characteristics, and/or crop modeling. Each of these approaches has advantages as well as limitations and sources of uncertainty and variability, depending on application conditions. This article summarizes progress made in the U.S. in each of the main scheduling approaches in the past ten years (since the 2010 Decennial Irrigation Symposium) and existing challenges and opportunities that should be considered moving forward. This article is intended to guide future research and extension projects in improving adoption of scientific irrigation scheduling approaches. Keywords: Computer modeling, Plant characteristics, Soil water status.
Barriers to and Enablers of Abortion Provision for Family Physicians Trained in Abortion During Residency
Authors: Summit Aleza K. , Lague Ian , Dettmann Miranda , Gold Marji
Published: October 2020

CONTEXT

Although some family medicine residency programs include routine opt‐out training in early abortion, little is known about abortion provision by trainees after residency graduation. A better understanding of the barriers to and enablers of abortion provision by trained family physicians could improve residency training and shape other interventions to increase abortion provision and access.

METHODS

Twenty‐eight U.S. family physicians who had received abortion training during residency were interviewed in 2017, between two and seven years after residency graduation. The doctors, identified using databases of abortion‐trained physicians maintained by residency programs, were recruited by e‐mail. In phone interviews, they described their postresidency abortion provision experiences. All interviews were transcribed, coded and analyzed using Dedoose, and a social‐ecological framework was employed to guide investigation and analysis.

RESULTS

Although many of the physicians were motivated to provide abortion care, only a minority did so. Barriers to and enablers of abortion provision were found on all levels of the social‐ecological model—legal, institutional, social and individual—and included state‐specific laws and restrictions on federal funding; religious affiliation or policies prohibiting abortion within particular health systems; mentorship, colleagues’ support and the stigma of being an abortion provider; and geographic location, time management and individuals’ prioritization of abortion provision.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinical training alone may not be sufficient for family medicine physicians to overcome the barriers to postresidency abortion provision. To increase abortion provision and access, organizations and advocates should work to strengthen enablers of provision, such as strong mentorship and support networks.
Interference filters and their impact on FM-to-AM conversion: a method for investigation and characterization
Authors: Bouyer C. , Montant S. , Boursier E. , Luce J. , Penninckx D. , Courchinoux R. , Parreault R. , Natoli J.-Y. , Lamaignère L.
Published: October 2020

High-power nanosecond laser pulses are usually spectrally broadened via temporal phase modulations to tackle the issue of stimulated Brillouin scattering and to achieve optical smoothing of the focal spot. While propagating along the beamline, such pulses can undergo frequency modulation to amplitude modulation (FM-to-AM) conversion. This phenomenon induces modulations of the optical power that can have a strong impact on laser performance. Interference filters are specific FM-to-AM conversion contributors that lead to high-frequency modulations that cannot be measured using conventional means. We propose an indirect method to investigate for such FM-to-AM contributors using spectral measurements. Further analysis of the collected data makes the quantification of the defining parameters of interference filters possible. In turn, we show that it is possible to estimate the range of power modulations induced by interference filters.
Theatricality in the Horror Film: A Brief Study on the Dark Pleasures of Screen Artifice, André Loiselle (2020)
Authors: Lonergan Meg D.
Published: October 2020

Review of: Theatricality in the Horror Film: A Brief Study on the Dark Pleasures of Screen Artifice, André Loiselle (2020)

New York: Anthem Press, 121 pp.,

ISBN 978-1-78527-128-1, h/bk, 95.64 CAD
Chemotherapy Use and Survival Among Young and Middle-Aged Patients With Gastric Cancer
Authors: Jiang Yuming , Xie Jingjing , Huang Weicai , Chen Hao , Xi Sujuan , Li Tuanjie , Chen Chuanli , Sun Zepang , Hu Yanfeng , Liu Wei , Yu Jiang , Zhou Zhiwei , Cai Shirong , Li Guoxin
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCTION:

Treatments for young patients with gastric cancer (GC) remain poorly defined, and their effects on survival are uncertain. We aimed to investigate the receipt of chemotherapy by age category (18–49, 50–64, and 65–85 years) and explore whether age differences in chemotherapy matched survival gains in patients with GC.

METHODS:

Patients who were histologically diagnosed with GC were included from a Chinese multi-institutional database and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. There were 5,122 and 31,363 patients aged 18–85 years treated between 2000 and 2014, respectively. Overall survival and stage-specific likelihood of receiving chemotherapy were evaluated.

RESULTS:

Of the 5,122 and 31,363 patients in China and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result data sets, 3,489 (68.1%) and 18,115 (57.8%) were men, respectively. Younger (18–49 years) and middle-aged (50–64 years) patients were more likely to receive chemotherapy compared with older patients (65–85 years) (64.9%, 56.7%, and 45.4% in the 3 groups from the China data set). Among patients treated with surgery alone, a significantly better prognosis was found in younger and middle-aged patients than their older counterparts; however, no significant differences were found in overall survival among age subgroups in patients who received both surgery and chemotherapy, especially in the China data set. The survival benefit from chemotherapy was superior among older patients (all P < 0.0001) compared with that among younger and middle-aged patients in stage II and III disease.

DISCUSSION:

Potential overuse of chemotherapy was found in younger and middle-aged patients with GC, but the addition of chemotherapy did not bring about matched survival improvement, especially in the China data set.
PERAN MASYARAKAT TIONGHOA TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN KAWASAN HERITAGE DI KOTA LASEM, KABUPATEN REMBANG
Authors: Santoso Rohman Eko , Sari Suzanna Ratih , Rukayah Raden Siti
Published: October 2020

Perkembangan kota lasem identik dengan istilah little china town, sehingga kebanyakan peneliti lebih fokus terhadap bangunan pecinan. Memang dalam peninggalan yang masih terlihat sampai dengan saat ini adalah bangunan-bangunan rumah tinggal dengan gaya china kuno dan klenteng-klenteng kuno yang masih utuh atau sama dengan bentuk aslinya. Sehingga sangat mendominasi kawasan Kota Lasem sebagai komplek permukiman pecinan terbesar di Jawa Tengah Khususnya. Perubahan tipologi dan morfologi maupun pengaruh bangunan Tionghoa sangat menarik untuk dilakukan penelitian yang sangat mendalam, karena sangat berperan besar terhadap kontribusi Kota Lasem. Betapa besar peran masyarakat Tionghoa selain berperan sebagai masyarakat yang melestarikan bangunan tetapi luasan dan sebaran permukiman maupun prasarana lainnya sangat kental dan berpengaruh sekali di Kota Lasem
Erratum to: Evaluation Performance of Pneumatic Dryer for Cassava Starch [18 (4): 216-223]
Authors: Editorial Reaktor
Published: October 2020

Correction to: Reaktor (2018), 18 (4): 216-223 (doi: https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.04.216-223) An error appeared in the article entitled “Evaluation Performance of Pneumatic Dryer for Cassava Starch” published in Reaktor. In the published article the acknowledgement was:The authors would like to thank Widiantara, Maria Agustin Taolin and Dea Endah, Y. for supporting in preparation of materials this research. The acknowledgement of the article is corrected to be: none The original article can be access online at: https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.04.216-223  How to Cite This Article: Suherman and Hidayati, N. (2018), Evaluation Performance of Pneumatic Dryer for Cassava Starch, Reaktor, 18(4), 216-223,http://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.04.216-223. Permalink/DOI: http://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.20.03.159-159
Układanie niebka. Rola opisu w mojej twórczości prozatorskiej
Authors: Helbig-Mischewski Brygida
Published: October 2020

Artykuł traktuje o powstawaniu i funkcji opisu we własnej twórczości prozatorskiej autorki, a także o wzajemnym stosunku kategorii opisu i opowiadania. Funkcję i strukturę opisu w swojej prozie autorka porównuje do zabawy dziecięcej w „niebko” (nazywanej także „sekretem”), nawiązując do tytułu jednej ze swoich powieści (Niebko, 2013). Rozpatruje (nie tylko artystyczną, ale i psychologiczną) genezą dominacji opisów w swojej twórczości. Wskazuje na metody, którymi „ożywia” opis w swojej prozie, aby nie był zbyt statyczny i „nudny”. Zastanawia się nad opisem jako narzędziem „pogłębienia” przeżywania egzystencji własnej i czytelnika/czytelniczki, a więc nad jego aspektem mistycznym i terapeutycznym.
Adam Smith: Radical Neo-Roman and Moderate Realist
Authors: Raekstad Paul
Published: October 2020

There is long-standing disagreement about how radical Adam Smith should be taken to be. Recently, Jonathan Israel’s work on the enlightenment situates Smith as a moderate enlightenment thinker. This article challenges that assessment. Smith sees aristocrats as largely devoid of competence, wisdom, and virtue and thinks they do not wield significant political power in commercial societies. He is also highly critical of their economic power; and uses a neo-Roman concept of liberty to provide a powerful critique of slavery and feudalism. In so doing, he extends discussions of liberty and focuses them on economic relations in ways that prefigure labour republicanism. Finally, I show how these more radical commitments can be reconciled with his moderate proposals for political reform through his epistemology and realist anti-utopianism. These are aspects of Smith’s thought that are essential for understanding it correctly and have much to teach us today.
In silico identification of Capsicum type III polyketide synthase genes and expression patterns in Capsicum annuum
Authors: Kan Delong , Zhao Di , Duan Pengfei
Published: October 2020

Studies have shown that abundant and various flavonoids accumulate in chili pepper (Capsicum), but there are few reports on the genes that govern chili pepper flavonoid biosynthesis. Here, we report the comprehensive identification of genes encoding type III polyketide synthase (PKS), an important enzyme catalyzing the generation of flavonoid backbones. In total, 13, 14 and 13 type III PKS genes were identified in each genome of C. annuum, C. chinense and C. baccatum, respectively. The phylogeny topology of Capsicum PKSs is similar to those in other plants, as it showed two classes of genes. Within each class, clades can be further identified. Class II genes likely encode chalcone synthase (CHS) as they are placed together with the Arabidopsis CHS gene, which experienced extensive expansions in the genomes of Capsicum. Interestingly, 8 of the 11 Class II genes form three clusters in the genome of C. annuum, which is likely the result of tandem duplication events. Four genes are not expressed in the tissues of C. annuum, three of which are located in the clusters, indicating that a portion of genes was pseudogenized after tandem duplications. Expression of two Class I genes was complementary to each other, and all the genes in Class II were not expressed in roots of C. annuum. Two Class II genes (CA00g90790 and CA05g17060) showed upregulated expression as the chili pepper leaves matured, and two Class II genes (CA05g17060 and CA12g20070) showed downregulated expression with the maturation of fruits, consistent with flavonoid accumulation trends in chili pepper as reported previously. The identified genes, sequences, phylogeny and expression information collected in this article lay the groundwork for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of chili pepper flavonoid metabolism.
Compounding forms of inequality: Cape Verdean migrants’ struggles in education and beyond in Luxembourg
Authors: Tavares Bernardino
Published: October 2020

This paper seeks to show how language, combined with other social variables, exacerbates migrants’ and their descendants’ struggles at school and beyond in Luxembourg. To a certain extent, the official trilingualism of Luxembourg – French, German and Luxembourgish – corresponds to an ‘elite multilingualism’ (Garrido 2017; Barakos and Selleck 2018) which defines who can access certain resources, e. g. education, work etc., and who can be left playing catch-up. The latter are those migrants who I here conceive asmultilinguals on the margins. The elitist system is a form of domination and power over those whose language repertoire is less valued. Migrants’ disadvantage is further impacted by other indicators of their identity that can go beyond their educational qualifications and language repertoireper se, such as their country of origin, ethnicity, race, gender, citizenship etc. Language intersects with other forms of disadvantage or privileges. From an ethnographic sociolinguistic perspective, drawing on interviews and participant observations, this paper will illustrate this intersection of language, race and ethnicity, and struggles from the ground-level educational realities and aspirations of Cape Verdean migrants and their descendants in Luxembourg. This helps cast light on the social organisation in Luxembourg and understand the effects of multilingualism in creating ‘abyssal lines’ (Santos 2007) between the nationals, certain European migrants, Lusophone and African migrants in terms of social and economic mobility.
Relationship between fitness performance and a newly developed continuous body composition score in U.S. adolescent boys
Authors: Hart Peter
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Body composition (BC) assessment typically requires the administration of a single test and can have different evaluation outcomes depending on the selected test and the specific population. The purpose of this study was twofold. Firstly, to develop and validate a novel continuous body composition (CBC) score using the continuous response model (CRM). Secondly, to examine the relationship between CBC scores and fitness performance.

Methods

Data from the 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS) were used and consisted of n=212 adolescent boys 12–15 years of age. CBC scale variables included body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (AC), waist circumference (WC), calf circumference (CC), calf skinfold (CSF), triceps skinfold (TSF), and subscapular skinfold (SSF). Fitness performance variables included cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF, mL/kg/min), leg strength (LS, lb), modified pull-ups (MPU, #), grip strength (GS, kg), and plank (PL, sec). Samejima’s CRM, factor analysis, convergent validity coefficients and score reliability were used to validate the CBC scale. Multinomial logistic regression and multiple linear regression were used to examine the relationship between CBC scores and fitness performance variables.

Results

Factor analysis of the CBC scale variables retained a single factor (loadings >0.81, 88% explained variance) with strong internal consistency (α=0.96). The CRM analysis indicated all CBC scale variables fit a unidimensional construct with adequate discrimination (as: 0.71–2.16) and difficulty (bs: −0.04–1.44). CBC scores (Mean=0, SD=1.00) displayed strong reliability (SEE.θ=0.22, r.θ=0.95) with lower values representing smaller-more-lean individuals and higher values representing larger-less-lean individuals. All fully adjusted regression models showed significant (ps<0.05) negative relationships between CBC scores and CRF, MPU, and PL and positive relationships between CBC scores and LS and GS.

Conclusion

The CRM-derived CBC score is a novel measure of BC and found to be positively associated with strength performance and negatively associated with endurance performance in U.S. adolescent boys.
What makes up a reportable event in a language? Motion events as an important test domain in linguistic typology
Authors: von Stutterheim Christiane , Gerwien Johannes , Bouhaous Abassia , Carroll Mary , Lambert Monique
Published: October 2020

Numerous crosslinguistic studies on motion events have been carried out in investigating the scope of the two-fold typology “path versus manner” (Talmy 1985, 2000) and its possible implications. This typological contrast is too narrow as it stands, however, to account for the diversity found both within and across types. The present study is based on what can be termed aprocess-oriented perspective. It includes the analyses of all relevant conceptual domains notably the domain of temporality, in addition to space, and thus goes beyond previous studies. The languages studied differ typologically as follows:pathis typically expressed in the verb in French and Tunisian Arabic in contrast tomanner of motionin English and German, while in the temporal domainaspectis expressed grammatically in English and Tunisian Arabic but not in German and French. The study compares the representations which speakers construct when forming a reportable event as a response to video clips showing a series of naturalistic scenes in which an entity moves through space. The analysis includes the following conceptual categories: (1) the privileged eventlayer(manner vs. path) which drives the selection of breakpoints in the formation of event units when processing the visual input; (2) the privileged category in spatial framing (figure-based/ground-based) and (3) viewpoint aspect (phasal decomposition or not). We assume that each of these three cognitive categories is shaped specifically by language structure (both system and repertoire) and language use (frequency of constructions). The findings reveal systematic differences both across, as well as within, typologically related languages with respect to (1) the basic event type encoded, (2) the changes in quality expressed, (3) the total number of path segments encoded per situation, and (4) the number of path segments packaged into one utterance. The findings reveal what can be termed language-specific default settings along each of the conceptual dimensions and their interrelations which function aslanguage specific attentional templates.
A Dynamic Interpretation of Nietzsche’s “The Greatest Weight”
Authors: Small Robin
Published: October 2020

GS 341 is one of the most familiar of Nietzsche’s writings. This article proposes a new reading that stands in contrast with most English-language Nietzsche scholarship. The text presents a communication and its reception. A ‘demon’ makes an announcement, and a hearer responds in one way or another. But there is also another narrative altogether, whose conceptual vocabulary comes from adynamicworld-view. In this an interaction of forces leads to a new situation. If the hearer is not crushed by the ‘greatest weight’, there must be an inner force that counteracts its impact. I argue that what Nietzsche callsamor fatiis a state that allows our drives to achieve full expression, and so makes possible a collective strength able to withstand the greatest impact. The final sentence refers to a “confirmation and sealing”. What happens is that the demon’s message makes an impression on the receptive hearer. For Nietzsche this is a working metaphor, not a turn of phrase. In a draft from this period he writes: “Let us stamp the image of eternity onourlife!” That sudden and forceful act, embodying an evaluative judgement, is the event that GS 341 is all about.
Texte et Contexte. Georges Bataille Lecteur de Nietzsche dans la RevueAcéphale
Authors: Berlantini Germana
Published: October 2020

This essay analyzes the first among the three moments of Georges Bataille’s reception of Nietzsche’s thought. During the 1930s, in the context of the reviewAcéphale, the French writer takes position in the debate about the relationship between Nietzscheism and fascism. He lays claim on the heritage of the German thinker as the source of a “heterogeneous” politics. This group of articles provides the context in which Bataille can start to delineate an original meditation on the relationship between work and society. In this sense, they will mark a turning point in the path toward the post-war developments on the writers’ engagement. A new thematization of the relationship between text and context will emerge from the confrontation with Nietzsche and from the articulation of the fundamental duality of the forms of politics.
Does Nietzsche havea“Nachlass”?
Authors: Parkhurst William A. B.
Published: October 2020

Based on a review of the literature and historical evidence, I argue that the use of the methodological principle known as the priority principle in Anglo-American Nietzsche scholarship is inconsistent and irreconcilable with historical evidence. It attempts to demarcate between the published works and theNachlass. However, there are no agreed upon necessary and sufficient conditions of a particular textual object being considered “Nachlass.” This absence leads to implicit and often tacit value demarcation criteria that can be broadly grouped into four types of consideration: publication, authorization, publicness, and audience. Each of these criteria pick out a different set of texts as “Nachlass.” Thus, despite the veneer of agreement, the most broadly accepted methodological approach in the Anglo-American tradition of Nietzsche scholarship is applied inconsistently. I argue that we must either offer necessary and sufficient conditions for a piece of text beingNachlass, or we ought to abandon such abstract criteria altogether and embrace a contextual and historical approach. I then argue that the first option is impossible given historical evidence. I conclude this article by explicating several recent German approaches to theNachlasswhich I think can offer a new possible approach.
Beyond Onto-theology and Metaphysics: the Cases of Heidegger and Nietzsche
Authors: Acharya Vinod
Published: October 2020

Two recent works will be considered that discuss Heidegger and Nietzsche in the context of the problem of overcoming metaphysics and the onto-theological tradition. A common criticism will be that these works in their attempt to retrieve a conception of religion, politics or faith beyond onto-theology and metaphysics tend to justify or idealize particular historically and culturally conditioned perspectives, which are not immune from further philosophical critique. Simon Oliai’s approach to countering the burgeoning fundamentalisms in our global age is ultimately not very convincing, representing as it does, a Western, liberal, Eurocentric worldview. The author’s use of Nietzsche or Heidegger for this purpose is also not very compelling. The remainder of this review essay appraises the volume edited by Cimino and van der Heiden, which attempts to rethink faith beyond onto-theology in several interesting ways. Although meant to be a comparative study, several contributions subscribe to a general Heideggerian (or Heidegger-inspired phenomenological-hermeneutical) theoretical framework, which itself is not rigorously scrutinized. A problematic implication is that Nietzsche’s own critical and constructive views of philosophy, his critique of religion and history, and his positive appraisal of faith and divinity are not seriously considered on their own terms: they are either mostly ignored, or they are selectively interpreted through a Heideggerian lens, with the result that this volume puts forward a mostly unfavorable view of Nietzsche. Some of the conceptual moves credited to Heidegger in the volume have their equivalents in Nietzsche’s philosophy, which a comparative and evaluative study such as this one must seriously take into account by resisting the uncritical acceptance of Heidegger’s own view of Nietzsche.
Neuerscheinungen zu Nietzsches Ästhetik
Authors: Rauschelbach Uwe
Published: October 2020

Content and formal structures are inextricably linked in Nietzsche’s texts. Formal qualities convey meaning, for example, by indicating whether an expressed thought should be understood as an assertion, or rather subverted and ultimately negated. The following recent publications explore intermediality and performativity in Nietzsche’s language from different perspectives. Federico Celestini and Rüdiger Görner each examine the musicality of Nietzsche’s language against the grain of the common assumption of the language-like character of music. However, the two authors arrive at different conclusions about the correspondence between language and music in Nietzsche’s work. A volume edited by Christian Benne and Dieter Burdorf draws connections between Nietzsche and the philologist Rudolf Borchardt in terms of their concept of language. While Nietzsche and Borchardt exhibit parallels with regard to language skepticism and the self-creative process of writing, they fundamentally disagree in their conception of art. Finally, Diemo Landgraf sees Nietzsche’s work as the culmination of nineteenth-century decadent literature, grounding his critique of Nietzsche’s unique approach, which arises out of a music philosophical perspective, by labelling it as nihilistic.
Evaluation of potential gastrointestinal carcinogenicity associated with the ingestion of asbestos
Authors: Cheng Thales J. , More Sharlee L. , Maddaloni Mark A. , Fung Ernest S.
Published: October 2020

The inhalation of asbestos, depending on the fiber type and dose, may be associated with the development of mesothelioma and other asbestos-related diseases. However, little is known about the potential adverse effects associated with the ingestion of asbestos. Evidence of asbestos fibers released from asbestos-cement pipes used in water distribution systems has led to concerns of potentially contaminated drinking water. The purpose of this study is to determine whether ingestion of asbestos fibers may lead to cancerous effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Data from animal and human studies were analyzed using a weight-of-evidence approach to evaluate the potential risk of GI cancers associated with asbestos ingestion. Seventeen human and 23 animal studies were identified and evaluated in this study. Animal studies were conducted in multiple species with inconsistent dosing protocols. Overall, animal studies reported that the asbestos fibers, irrespective of fiber type and dose, failed to produce any definitive GI carcinogenic effect. The 17 identified human epidemiological studies reported the ingestion of asbestos-contaminated water with concentrations from 1 to 71,350 million fibers per liter (MFL). A majority of the epidemiology studies reported statistically significant increases in multiple GI-specific cancers. However, these findings are confounded due to several critical study limitations including flawed study design, small sample size, selection bias, lack of individual exposure history, lack of adequate latency, and the inability to account for confounders including occupational history, diet, and smoking history. Based on our weight-of-evidence assessment, there is insufficient evidence of causality between the ingestion of asbestos and an increased incidence of GI cancers.
The significance of International Cooperation and Associated Travels for the Development of Women’s Football in Jordan
Authors: Maier Janine
Published: October 2020

The long running-battle for equality in sports has now reached a new peak in women’s soccer. An increasing number of countries newly add women’s soccer programs and several existing national teams fight for a further professionalization and equal payments. This demand is part of an empowerment process. In soccer, women still form a marginalized group, but they increasingly gain more scope within the social subsystem “soccer”. In this context, sports have a considerable social and spatial significance on the individual, socio-cultural and structural level.

This article focusses on one aspect of this multi-layer empowerment process and deals with the influences related to international cooperation, like traveling of delegates and teams as a form of sports tourism. The main goal is to carve out the increasing importance of such travel activities for a further development of sports and through sports. Therefore, the article raises the question, which role do international cooperation and associated travel activities play within the sports development context and do they foster structural and social developments in a certain regional context? What are the most common ways of exchange within the sports sector? Which role do particular settings and regional backgrounds play?

With regard to women’s football in Arab countries, this article deals with the developments in Jordan. In Jordan, the deregulation of the ban on headscarves and the support by HRH Prince Ali bin al-Hussein, president of the Jordan Football Association (JFA), former FIFA vice-president and half-brother of King Abdullah II, have achieved a decisive boost. Prior to the FIFA U-17 Women’s World Cup 2016 and the Asian Cup 2018, JFA has signed several Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) with different associations. These MoU play a vital role because they are important for the transfer of knowledge, the structural developments in Jordanian women’s football and include several travel activities.
Understanding the Impact of Knowledge on Perception of Islam – What Role Cultural Tourism Can Play?
Authors: Aziz Heba , El-Said Osman Ahmed
Published: October 2020

This paper addresses the role of cultural tourism in bridging cultural gaps; looking specifically at the potentials of communicating Islamic knowledge. This paper comes in two folds: assessing the impact of visitors’ knowledge of Islam on their perception, followed by an unsolicited assessment of visitors’ impressions of their visit gathered via a content analysis of the visitors’ reviews on trip advisor. To that effect the case of Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque (SQGM) in Muscat, Oman was selected to explore visitors experience and knowledge. 213 questionnaires were distributed in an exit survey exercise to asses the type of Islamic knowledge non-Muslim visitors have and the impact of this knowledge on their perception of Islam. This methodology was validated by a content analysis of visitors’ reviews on trip advisor offering an unsolicited assessment of visits to SQGM. On one hand, the results revealed a strong association between breadth of knowledge about Islam and the positive perception of Islamic faith and civilisation. On the other hand, the content analysis results revealed a focus on materialistic components of the mosque, highest positive repetition, for example, were received by mentions of the chandelier, the carpet and not mentions of conceptual and cultural content. The paper also concluded that the focus of the interpretation assessed via the trip advisor content analysis did not address the current problematic situation of the image of Islam but was rather superficial. The main recommendation of this paper is to effectively use cultural tourism to promote cultural understanding and bridge gaps.
Generating Jobs For Youth GCC Nationals? – Tourism Development, Demographic Change, and Labour Market Situation in GCC Countries
Authors: Scharfenort Nadine
Published: October 2020

The GCC states have built their economies on the hydrocarbon industry that allowed rapid economic and urban development and financed large, inefficient public sectors. The over-dependence of nationals on public sector employment now exerts massive pressure on the governments: All GCC countries are still undergoing a period of rapid increase in their youth populations, resulting in a significant number of new labour-market entrants each year with an undersupply of adequate jobs, accompanied by a rise of un- and underemployment mostly among national youths. National development strategies to diversify the economy currently focus on the development of service sectors, including the labour-intensive tourism sector.

I argue that the travel and tourism sector has great potential to reduce the unemployment and underemployment of young GCC citizens despite their reservations towards private sector and tourism employment. However, this can only be achieved by implementing long-needed reforms of education systems, labour markets, and the mentality of societies.
Chemical characterization of Goniothalamus macrophyllus and Goniothalamus malayanus leaves’ essential oils
Authors: Shakri Natasa Mohd , Salleh Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan , Khamis Shamsul , Mohamad Ali Nor Azah
Published: October 2020

This study was aimed to investigate the chemical compositions of the essential oils from Goniothalamus macrophyllus and Goniothalamus malayanus growing in Malaysia. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterized by gas chromatography (GC–FID) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Analyses of the essential oils from G. macrophyllus and G. malayanus resulted in 93.6 and 95.4% of the total oils, respectively. The major components of G. macrophyllus oil were germacrene D (25.1%), bicyclogermacrene (11.6%), α-copaene (6.9%) and δ-cadinene (6.4%), whereas in G. malayanus oil bicyclogermacrene (43.9%), germacrene D (21.1%) and β-elemene (8.4%) were the most abundant components.
The shadow of the bear
Authors: Morato Nicola
Published: October 2020

New approaches built over the past ten years make it possible to address several long-standing questions regardingGuiron le Courtois. In particular, these studies illuminate ambiguities related to the literary origins of the protagonist and of his family. Guiron’s lineage as well as that of Galeholt le Brun, his mentor, include powerful individuals; and yet these strong characters remain peripheral, seldom crossing into the orbit of the Arthurian court. Of their lives only certain segments are known, and these alternate with imprisonment and incognito chivalric adventures. TheRoman de Guiron, the core narrative of the cycle, most likely drew the protagonist’s name from the tradition of Arthurianlaisbut reinvented from scratch his chivalric biography, playing on the ambiguity of the relations between Guiron’s family and the Bruns, the family of Galeholt. One mirrors the other, and both seem to converge towards the archaic figures of the giant and the bear, while the plot unfolds in an unusual retro-chronology, drawing the reader’s sight to their origins.