bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Pain
Authors: Ibinson James W. , Small Robert H. , Algaze Antonio , Roberts Cynthia J. , Clark David L. , Schmalbrock Petra
Published: September 2004

Background

Several investigations into brain activation caused by pain have suggested that the multiple painful stimulations used in typical block designs may cause attenuation over time of the signal within activated areas. The effect this may have on pain investigations using multiple tasks has not been investigated. The signal decay across a task of four repeating pain stimulations and between two serial pain tasks separated by a 4-min interval was examined to determine whether signal attenuation may significantly confound pain investigations.

Methods

The characteristics of the brain activation of six subjects were determined using whole brain blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging on a 1.5-T scanner. Tasks included both tingling and pain induced by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the median nerve. The average group maps were analyzed by general linear modeling with corrected cluster P values of less than 0.05. The time courses of individual voxels were further investigated by analysis of variance with P values of less than 0.05.

Results

Significant differences between pain and tingling were found in the ipsilateral cerebellum, contralateral thalamus, secondary somatosensory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Highly significant signal decay was found to exist across each single pain task, but the signal was found to be restored after a 4-min rest period.

Conclusions

This work shows that serial pain tasks can be used for functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using electrical nerve stimulation as a stimulus, as long as sufficient time is allowed between the two tasks.
Chronopharmacology of Intrathecal Sufentanil for Labor Analgesia
Authors: Debon Richard , Boselli Emmanuel , Guyot Romain , Allaouchiche Bernard , Lemmer Bjorn , Chassard Dominique
Published: September 2004

Background

The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of opioids vary throughout the day, as demonstrated for oral morphine in chronic pain. However, little is known about the chronobiology of intrathecal lipid soluble opioids used for labor analgesia. The aim of this prospective study was to determine whether the duration of action of intrathecally administered sufentanil is influenced by the time of administration.

Methods

Ninety-one women in the first stage of labor were enrolled. Labor analgesia was first provided by 10 microg intrathecal sufentanil. The duration of action of intrathecal sufentanil was measured and analyzed by the cosinor method to determine periodic intraday variation.

Results

Pain assessed by a visual analog score was not different among patients (70 +/- 17 mm) before the injection of intrathecal sufentanil. Rhythm analysis revealed a mean ( +/- SD) duration of analgesia (mesor) of 93.0 +/- 3.8 min. A highly significant 12-h rhythm was found, with two peaks: One was near midnight (0.78 +/- 0.6 h), and the other was near noon (12.78 +/- 0.6 min) (P < 0.01). The amplitude of this 12-h component was 16.1 +/- 5.5 min.

Conclusions

The duration of intrathecal sufentanil analgesia exhibited a temporal pattern with 30% variations throughout the day period. The authors point out that the lack of consideration of chronobiological conditions in intrathecally administered analgesia studies can cause significant statistical bias. Further studies dealing with intrathecal opioids should consider the time of drug administration.
From Continuous Positive-pressure Breathing to Ventilator-induced Lung Injury
Authors: Pontoppidan Henning , Raja Srinivasa N.
Published: September 2004

Continuous positive-pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. By Kumar A, Falke KJ, Geffin B, Aldredge CF, Laver MB, Lowentein E, Pontoppidan H. N Engl J Med 1970; 283:1430-6. Reprinted with permission. Continuous positive-pressure ventilation was used in eight patients with severe acute respiratory failure. Cardiac output and lung function were studied during continuous positive-pressure ventilation (mean end-expiratory pressure, 13 cm H2O) and a 30-min interval of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Although the mean cardiac index increased from 3.6 to 4.5 l/min per square meter of body surface area, the mean intrapulmonary shunt increased by 9% with changeover to intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Satisfactory oxygenation was maintained in all patients during continuous positive-pressure ventilation with 50% inspired oxygen or less. With intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, arterial oxygen tension promptly fell by 161 mm of mercury, 79% occurring within 1 min. Prevention of air-space collapse during expiration and an increase in functional residual capacity probably explain improved oxygenation with continuous positive-pressure ventilation. In four patients, subcutaneous emphysema or pneumothorax developed. Weighed against the effects of prolonged hypoxemia, these complications were not severe enough to warrant cessation of continuous positive-pressure ventilation.
The lay subsidies and the distribution of wealth in medieval England, 1275–1334
Authors: Nightingale Pamela
Published: September 2004

This article examines the evidence that between 1275 and 1334 the lay subsidies provide a yardstick with which to measure the English economy. It compares their evidence with the chronological and geographical pattern of wealth obtainable from the Statute Merchant records of debt and concludes that the main discrepancies can be explained by the progressive exclusion from the tax valuations of wool, coin, and credit. Accordingly, from c. 1300 the lay subsidies cannot be used as a guide to the distribution of wealth in England and they can offer only a limited comparison with the wealth revealed by the Tudor subsidies.
The Irish grain trade from the Famine to the First World War
Authors: Brunt Liam , Cannon Edmund
Published: September 2004

This article presents the first consistent and continuous data series for the Irish grain trade, 1840‐1914, showing that imports of wheat and maize rose massively. The resulting three‐fold increase in Irish per caput wheat consumption occurred mostly before 1875 and brought it close to British levels by 1914. A consumer price index is constructed for the period, and it reveals that prices declined until 1900 and rose thereafter. Using the two new series (per caput wheat consumption and the price index), the authors estimate a demand function for wheat and show that the per caput increase was due to the rise in the real wage.
Selling to reluctant drinkers: the British wine market, 1860–1914
Authors: Simpson James
Published: September 2004

Attempts to stimulate wine drinking in Britain in the early 1860s succeeded in tripling wine imports, but this increase proved short lived, and per caput consumption was no greater in 1914 than it had been in 1815. Supply volatility, together with difficulties in establishing impersonal exchange mechanisms in place of those based on the personal reputation of economic agents, made it difficult to create a mass market. Not only did consumers receive insufficient information to identify quality prior to purchase, but the high price of some wines also encouraged cheap imitations, some of which were prejudicial to the health of the drinker.
Androgen levels and energy metabolism in Oreochromis mossambicus
Authors: Ros A. F. H. , Becker K. , Canário A. V. M. , Oliveira R. F.
Published: September 2004

Two studies were conducted to test the relationship between androgens and routine metabolism in the Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. In the first study, endogenous levels of plasma levels of androgens and oxygen consumption rate were measured. In accordance with expectations routine metabolism corrected for metabolic body mass, was positively correlated with the behaviourally active metabolite of testosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone, but not with testosterone itself. In the second study levels of 11‐ketotestosterone were experimentally elevated, which increased the lowest values of (corrected) routine metabolism, indicating a positive relationship with standard metabolism. These results show the importance of measuring reproductive hormones, and are supportive of the hypothesis that elevated levels of androgens are a costly trait.
The differential leucocyte landscape of four teleosts: juvenile Oncorhynchus kisutch, Clupea pallasi, Culaea inconstans and Pimephales promelas
Authors: Tierney K. B. , Farrell A. P. , Kennedy C. J.
Published: September 2004

The appearance and proportions of morphologically distinct leucocytes (monocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes and diverse forms of granulocytes) encountered in the blood of four teleost species: coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, Pacific herring Clupea pallasi, brook stickleback Culaea inconstans and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas, are presented, along with examples of how water quality influenced their relative proportions. The results clearly show that relative leucocyte number responds significantly and differently to changes in water quality. The value of using differential white cell counting as a quick and inexpensive component of assaying immune system alterations is discussed.
Metabolic recovery in Atlantic salmon fry and parr following forced activity
Authors: Wakefield A. M. , Cunjak R. A. , Kieffer J. D.
Published: September 2004

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar fry and parr were subjected to 5 min of forced activity and the subsequent changes in oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates were evaluated over a 24 h period. In a second experiment, individual Atlantic salmon fry and parr were freeze‐clamped in liquid nitrogen, before, immediately following a 5 min activity period, or after periods of recovery up to 2 h. Samples were analysed for whole body phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP and lactate. Five minutes of forced activity resulted in significant increases in both oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates. Changes in the oxygen consumption rates were greater in the parr compared with the fry. In contrast, the post‐exercise ammonia excretion rates were nearly twice as high for the fry compared with the parr. Exercise also caused a marked decrease in PCr levels (c. 47 and 65% in fry and parr, respectively), no change in ATP levels and a significant increase in lactate levels in Atlantic salmon fry and parr. Recovery of PCr occurred quickly (between 15 and 30 min) in fry and parr. Although the post‐activity levels of lactate were lower in fry (c. 3 μmol g−1) compared with parr (c. 14 μmol g−1), lactate levels returned to control levels within 60 min in fry, but it took >2 h for this metabolite to recover in parr. Compared with parr, these findings show that Atlantic salmon fry possess a reduced anaerobic capacity, and these results are consistent with the theoretical and experimental evidence that smaller fish support burst swimming through aerobic processes.
Estimating the patch size of larval fishes during colonization on coral reefs
Authors: Lecchini D. , Dufour V. , Carleton J. , Strand S. , Galzin R.
Published: September 2004

Fish larvae were sampled daily over a period of 14 days using six crest nets spaced at 200 m intervals on a coral reef on the west coast of Moorea Island, French Polynesia, to estimate the extent to which ichthyonekton arriving at one location reflected ichthyonekton arriving at neighbouring areas. Each night, the six crest nets were colonized by larval fishes from the same location.
Deep water observations of Lophius piscatorius in the north‐eastern Atlantic Ocean by means of a remotely operated vehicle
Authors: Laurenson C. H. , Hudson I. R. , Jones D. O. B. , Priede I. G.
Published: September 2004

In situ behaviour of anglerfish Lophius piscatorius was observed by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in the vicinity of the Schiehallion oil field to the west of the Shetland Isles, Scotland at water depths c. 350 m. Several behaviour patterns associated with the ‘sit‐and‐wait’ feeding strategy of L. piscatorius were identified and are described. Concealment behaviour was characterized by recess creation using pectoral and pelvic fins. Sit‐and‐wait and resting behaviour was typified by relaxed dorsal fin rays and a 34 s exhalation rate. Prey detection responses had a range of c. 5 m and were identified by erection of the fin rays and a reduction in the exhalation rate to once every 65 s. Prey attraction was characterized by lure (illicia) casting, erect dorsal rays and was dependant on both the proximity and position of potential prey. An opportunistic feeding attack is also described. Walking behaviour was also recorded and is described.
Diet and prey size spectrum of pikeperch in lakes in central Finland
Authors: Keskinen T. , Marjomäki T. J.
Published: September 2004

The stomach content of pikeperch Sander lucioperca was studied in 24 lakes in central Finland. The most important prey species was smelt Osmerus eperlanus then perch Perca fluviatilis. The proportion of cyprinids as prey increased with pikeperch total length (LT) and lake phosphorus content. Prey LT and pikeperch LT correlated positively, but the prey‐to‐predator size ratio correlated negatively with pikeperch LT.
Temperature sensitivity of skeletal ontogeny in Oreochromis mossambicus
Authors: Campinho M. A. , Moutou K. A. , Power D. M.
Published: September 2004

Sensitivity of skeletal ontogenesis to temperature was assessed in Mozambican tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus and culture temperature manipulations (22, 27 and 32° C) were used to establish if age or length gave the most suitable metric for standardization. Oreochromis mossambicus larval growth was composed of two growth stanzas: an initial period of rapid growth, followed by a slower growth phase. Irrespective of culture temperature chondrogenesis occurred during the first rapid growth phase and ossification was initiated during the second slower growth phase. The sequence of events and rate at which ossification occurred was much more sensitive to temperature than chondrogenesis. Cumulative counts provide a useful developmental index for skeletal ontogenesis; overall, age (effective days‐degrees) gave the best estimation of developmental status during chondrogenesis and the initiation of ossification, although standard length (as log10LS) was a better metric for completion of ossification. The timing of development of functionally important structures, such as Meckel's cartilage, the branchial arches, the centra and the cleithrum important for breathing, feeding and swimming, was well conserved at all temperatures and may be a good index of teleost developmental stages.
Puberty and recrudescence in cultured male yellowtail flounder: plasma androgens and spermatogenesis
Authors: Manning A. J. , Burton M. P. M. , Crim L. W.
Published: September 2004

Two year classes of cultured male yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea were followed in order to examine puberty and recrudescence at the gonadal level, and to assess the impacts of culture conditions on male reproduction. Cultured males demonstrated a propensity for maturation as 1 year‐old fish. Pubertal activation of testicular steroid production was associated with the appearance of primary spermatocytes, but a single case of a premeiotic endocrine activation was detected. The onset of puberty occurred during September and October, when adults were post‐spawned or in early recrudescence. Once initiated, pubertal development proceeded in an uninterrupted progression to full maturity by June at 22 months of age. Spermatogenetic activity during the autumn led to a peak in the gonado‐somatic index and total testicular mass by December. Milt could be first expressed from some pubertal males at this time, well in advance of the May to August spawning period in captivity. Meiotic activity could be absent from the testes by the spring, but residual areas of meiotic activity were found in pubertal males of one year class which may indicate a slower spermatogenetic rate. Androgen levels peaked during prespawning and early spawning; 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) was the dominant androgen throughout spermatogenesis. Recrudescing 2 year‐old males showed greater testicular development and androgen production. Spermatogenetic patterns were similar to those seen in pubertal males, with the distinction that recrudescing males had a more discernable mitotic phase prior to meiotic activity; mitotic and meiotic activity overlapped considerably during early puberty. Testicular development well in advance of spawning may confer an evolutionary advantage to males of this cold‐water marine flatfish.
Is Atlantic salmon production limited by number of territories?
Authors: Økland F. , Thorstad E. B. , Næsje T. F.
Published: September 2004

Thirty Atlantic salmonSalmo salarparr (mean 135 mm total length,LT) in the River Alta, Norway, were radio‐tagged and tracked during a 11–13 day period. The parr stayed within defined home ranges with a 95% probability of localization within an average area of 1286 m2(241–3484 m2). On average, each parr had overlapping home ranges with 7·7 other parr, and the overlap between pairs of fish covered on average 24% of their home range areas. Mean length of the river stretch used was 90 m (22–383 m). On average, during 38%(16–77%) of the tracking surveys, the fish had moved >10 m since the previous survey. Mean total distance moved during the whole study was 402 m (208–862 m). The Atlantic salmon were most often recorded in riffles, but 27% of the parr alternated between riffles and pools. The extensive movements, flexible habitat utilization and relatively large home ranges, together with the fact that all the parr had home ranges partly overlapping with other radio‐tagged parr, indicate a flexible and variable behaviour and, thereby, a more complex social structure than a rigid defence of a fixed territory. Thus, Atlantic salmon production seems not to be limited by the highest potential number of territories for large parr in a given area.
Resolution of the taxonomic status of Chilean and Californian jack mackerels using mitochondrial DNA sequence
Authors: Poulin E. , Cárdenas L. , Hernández C. E. , Kornfield I. , Ojeda F. P.
Published: September 2004

Phylogeographic reconstructions using mitochondrial DNA sequences from both the control region and the cytochrome b gene demonstrated that two disjunct populations be recognized as Trachurus murphyi and Trachurus symmetricus. The species have been isolated for at least 250 000 years.
Interdemic variation in haematocrit and lactate dehydrogenase in the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri
Authors: Martinez M. L. , Chapman L. J. , Grady J. M. , Rees B. B.
Published: September 2004

This study evaluated whether the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri from Rwembaita Swamp (low‐oxygen) and Njuguta River (high‐oxygen) in the Kibale National Park, Uganda differed in traits related to aerobic and anaerobic metabolic potential. Haematocrit was measured as an index of blood oxygen‐carrying capacity, and tissue activities and isozyme composition of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured as indices of tissue anaerobic capacity. To address whether site‐dependent differences were acute responses v. longer‐term adjustments to environmental conditions, these variables were measured in fish sampled shortly after collection and after laboratory maintenance under well‐aerated conditions. In fish sampled in the field, those from the low‐oxygen site had significantly higher haematocrit, but this difference disappeared after long‐term laboratory maintenance. In contrast, fish from the low‐oxygen site had higher liver LDH activities than fish from the high‐oxygen site, and this difference persisted during laboratory maintenance. Polymorphism was detected at both the LDH‐A and LDH‐B loci, and genotype frequencies for LDH‐B differed significantly between collection sites. These results demonstrate physiological, biochemical and genetic differences in B. neumayeri from habitats differing in dissolved oxygen availability and suggest both acute and long‐term responses to local environmental conditions.
Effect of increased flow on the behaviour of Atlantic salmon parr in winter
Authors: Robertson M. J. , Pennell C. J. , Scruton D. A. , Robertson G. J. , Brown J. A.
Published: September 2004

The effect of increased flow on movement and microhabitat use of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr in winter was investigated using radiotelemetry. To simulate hydropeaking operations, flow was increased four‐fold from 1·3 m3 s−1 to 5·2 m3 s−1 for 24 h periods. Flow did not affect fish habitat use or displacement and had little effect on fish activity within diel periods. During high flow periods in late winter, fish reduced night‐time activity. Stranding rates during flow reduction were also very low (only one fish).
The physiological effects of social status in the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher
Authors: Buchner A. S. , Sloman K. A. , Balshine S.
Published: September 2004

The physiological effects of social rank were examined in three different experiments with Neolamprologus pulcher a cooperatively breeding cichlid, endemic to Lake Tanganyika, East Africa. The effects of rank on physiology between pairs of dominant and subordinate size‐matched fish (experiment 1) and among groups of four size‐matched fish (experiment 2) were examined. A third experiment mimicked the natural social structure in the wild; pairs were observed with other group members including breeders. The effect of social position was investigated on growth rates, liver concentrations of adenosine triphospate (ATP), lipids, proteins, creatine phosphate (CrP), glucose and glycogen as well as plasma cortisol. In naturalistic group settings, dominants displayed higher levels of liver protein and plasma cortisol. In the absence of breeders, dominant individuals (of helper pairs) had higher liver glycogen levels and dominant fish (held in groups of four) grew most. These results support previous cooperatively breeding mammal studies and suggest that dominant individuals experience higher cortisol levels as well as higher growth rates.
The occurrence of Acanthurus monroviae(Perciformes: Acanthuridae) in the south‐western Atlantic, with comments on other eastern Atlantic reef fishes occurring in Brazil
Authors: Luiz‐Júnior O. J. , Floeter S. R. , Gasparini J. L. , Ferreira C. E. L. , Wirtz P.
Published: September 2004

The presence of ‘vagrants’ of the eastern Atlantic surgeonfish Acanthurus monroviae is confirmed for the south‐eastern coast of Brazil. Three other species, Aulostomus strigosus(Aulostomidae), Parablennius pilicornis(Blenniidae) and Epinephelus marginatus(Serranidae) have apparently also crossed the Atlantic from east to west, whereas the great majority of ‘amphi‐Atlantic’ species appears to have their origin in the western Atlantic.
Changes to feeding and dominance ranks following the introduction of novel feeds to African catfish
Authors: Carter C. G. , Davies S. J.
Published: September 2004

The effect of changing feeds on individual feed intake and feeding and dominance ranks in groups of African catfish Clarias gariepinus was investigated. Following feeding on a commercial feed groups (n = 3) of six African catfish were either fed fish meal (FM42) or maize gluten (MG35) based feeds for 5 days before being switched to the other feed for 5 days. Energy intake was significantly lower on FM42 than on MG35, dry matter intake and protein intake were significantly lower on FM42 than on commercial feed and this occurred whether FM42 was fed first or second. There were no significant differences between intake of MG35 and commercial feed. Thus, the action of changing the feed on its own did not affect feed intake since the decrease was shown to be feed‐specific to FM42. Six types of agonistic behaviours were identified and used to assign dominance rank. There were no correlations between dominance and feeding ranks. This was due to non‐linear hierarchies with one dominant fish in each group. Feeding ranks were more stable when feeding MG35 than FM42. Feeding rank stability (Kendall's coefficient of concordance) was significant in five out of six groups fed MG35 (compared with three out of six fed FM42). Feeding rank stability was higher in five out of the six groups when they were fed MG35 than when the same group was fed FM42. The experiment provided evidence that the introduction of a novel feed can, but does not necessarily, alter feed intake and that feed can influence the stability of feeding ranks.
Upstream migration rates of radio‐tagged adult Chinook salmon in riverine habitats of the Columbia River basin
Authors: Keefer M. L. , Peery C. A. , Jepson M. A. , Stuehrenberg L. C.
Published: September 2004

Upstream migration rates were assessed for 1801 radio‐tagged adult spring–summer Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschathrough 12 unimpounded river reaches in the Columbia River basin from 1997 to 2002. Reaches were 36 to 241 km long (mean = 130 km) and included sections of the large Columbia and Snake Rivers and smaller free‐flowing tributaries. Median Chinook salmon migration rates ranged from <10 km day−1in the Deschutes and Clearwater Rivers to >35 km day−1in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Using multivariate analyses, migration date explained the most variance in Chinook salmon migration rates while river discharge, migration year and migration reach were secondary. Both within and between years, Chinook salmon migrated more rapidly as migration date increased and more slowly when discharge was high. Arrival at high elevation spawning grounds at appropriate times and increased metabolic activity and reproductive maturation may explain the greater power of migration date, relative to river discharge, in predicting migration rates of Columbia basin spring–summer Chinook salmon.
First records of Fistularia petimba and Diodon eydouxii for the Azores, with notes on the occurrence of three additional species
Authors: Azevedo J. M. N. , Raposeiro P. M. , Rodrigues L.
Published: September 2004

Two new records of fishes from the Azores are reported: Fistularia petimba and Diodon eydouxii. The occurrence of Centracanthus cirrus, Decapterus macarellus and Priacanthus arenatus in Azorean waters is confirmed.
ART HISTORY VISUAL CULTURE
Authors: Cherry Deborah
Published: September 2004

Art History and Visual Culture have been the subject of vigorous debate in recent years. Both are the focus of dedicated journals, publishers' lists, conferences and courses. The introduction explores the relationship between the two: are art history and visual studies distinct, antagonistic, or complementary enterprises? Is visual studies a dangerous supplement that, while it can add to art history, also poses the profound threat of its displacement? Or is it simply another ‘critical term’ to be inserted into art history's wider field?
ONEIRIC HORIZONS AND DISSOLVING BODIES: BUDDHIST CAVE SHRINE AS MIRROR HALL
Authors: Wang Eugene Y.
Published: September 2004

Buddhist cave shrines in medieval China amount to an optical theatre. Tracing the history of these mirror halls, the author argues that the model of the mirror‐hall underlies the conception of Chinese Buddhist cave shrines. Focusing on an eighth‐century cave at Dunhuang, the author demonstrates that the murals covering its ceiling slopes and walls combine to map out a temporal‐spatial continuum that encompasses vast imaginary horizons and cycles of past, present, and future. The resulting virtual space facilitates a meditative practice that dissolves and obliterates the bedrock of the physical surrounding altogether. Pictorial images become oneiric mirror reflections and phantasmatic projections of both Buddhist deities and the perceiving subject. Individual pictorial tableaux derived from disparate Buddhist sutras, rather than ‘illustrating’ the sutras, mark different phases of an implied visualization process and sustain an optical fiction.
VISCERAL CULTURE: BLUSHING AND THE LEGIBILITY OF WHITENESS IN EIGHTEENTH‐CENTURY BRITISH PORTRAITURE
Authors: Rosenthal Angela
Published: September 2004

This essay engages art history and visual culture more fully with the visceral spaces of gendered and racialized subjectivities, by focusing on an involuntary bodily performance, the blush. Towards the end of the eighteenth century British artists in particular represented their female sitters with pale, white skin and strikingly flushed cheeks. What did the blush as a corporeal eruption mean in a culture where the circulation and mixing of blood was a cause of great anxiety? The essay suggests that far from being just a marker of beauty or virtue, blushing cheeks of the so‐called British Fair also came to signal racially. The gendered concept of whiteness that became legible in the depiction of European woman's blushing skin will here be seen as both an expression of anxieties about racial purity and a means by which the English formulated ideals of femininity and nationhood.
‘MODEST RECORDING INSTRUMENTS’: SCIENCE, SURREALISM AND VISUALITY
Authors: Lomas David
Published: September 2004

The cross‐disciplinarity of surrealism demands a broader inquiry than traditional art history permits. The proliferation of graphic traces in the repertory of scientific imaging practices from the mid‐nineteenth century onwards is explored in this article as a background to surrealist visual automatism. New mechanical technologies for the registration of invisible bodily and psychic processes brought about a revolution within representational practices whose far‐reaching implications for surrealism are assessed. The article tracks specific references to graphic traces in surrealist imagery but also posits a more general influence in terms of a possible reception of the drawn or painted automatist line as the indexical trace of unconscious psychic forces and energy fluxes. A vital tool in the production of scientific knowledge, the appareil enregistreur was synonymous with values of precision and objectivity that were the hallmarks of an experimental scientific approach and it is discussed here in relation to a notion of experimentalism in surrealism.
History as the main complaint: William Kentridge and the making of post‐apartheid South Africa
Authors: Dubow Jessica , Rosengarten Ruth
Published: September 2004

This essay considers the relation of history to memory in the process of radical political change. Looking at the work of William Kentridge in the context of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, it argues the ways that the language of nation‐building fails to account for the experience of trauma as it resists absorption into the structures of historical time and the ‘talking cure’. In particular, it considers how Kentridge's unique graphic techniques of film animation contest the logic of closure, recovery and renewal that the political and psychic imperatives of ‘new’ nationhood seem to demand. In the radical upheaval to which he submits visuality as much as chronology and teleology, and in the eruption of historical debris through the visual surface, his work disables all sense of resolution.
Senses and sensibility in Byzantium
Authors: James Liz
Published: September 2004

Byzantine art tends to be considered in almost exclusively visual terms. However, Byzantine writings about works of art appeal to all the senses and aim to involve the listener (who may also be looking at the object described) in an emotional engagement with the image and with the scene it depicts. This paper explores some of the ways in which the five physical senses were engaged in the overall sensory experience of worship in a Byzantine church, notably Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, discussing how the senses seem to have played spiritual as much as physical roles in the church. The Byzantines do not appear to have perceived the interaction between the senses as synaesethic, but rather as an interlinking and an interplay. This emphasis on the sensory nature of images suggests a corporeal dimension to religious experience, offering the human body an intrinsic role in the worship of the divine.
‘Modest recording instruments’: science, surrealism and visuality
Authors: Lomas David
Published: September 2004

The cross‐disciplinarity of surrealism demands a broader inquiry than traditional art history permits. The proliferation of graphic traces in the repertory of scientific imaging practices from the mid‐nineteenth century onwards is explored in this article as a background to surrealist visual automatism. New mechanical technologies for the registration of invisible bodily and psychic processes brought about a revolution within representational practices whose far‐reaching implications for surrealism are assessed. The article tracks specific references to graphic traces in surrealist imagery but also posits a more general influence in terms of a possible reception of the drawn or painted automatist line as the indexical trace of unconscious psychic forces and energy fluxes. A vital tool in the production of scientific knowledge, the appareil enregistreur was synonymous with values of precision and objectivity that were the hallmarks of an experimental scientific approach and it is discussed here in relation to a notion of experimentalism in surrealism.
Art beyond aesthetics: philosophical criticism, art history and contemporary art
Authors: Osborne Peter
Published: September 2004

In 1965 the American art critic Harold Rosenberg declared: ‘Art criticism today is art history, though not necessarily the art history of the art historian.’ This raises the question of precisely what kind of art history art criticism is (or should be), and what its relations are to ‘the art history of the art historian’. This essay addresses this question through the relationship between art criticism and philosophy. More specifically, it offers an account of the critical structure of an historically reflective Romantic philosophy of art. Such a philosophical criticism, it is argued, provides the appropriate framework for grasping the distinctively post‐conceptual (and anti‐aesthetic) condition of contemporary art. Art criticism today should be the art history of an historically reflective Romantic philosophy of art.
Medical modernisation, scientific research fields and the epistemic politics of health social movements
Authors: Hess David J.
Published: September 2004

As health social movements (HSMs) and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) professions increasingly mount challenges to the authority of medical knowledge, the tendency for the medical research community and medical profession to dismiss such epistemic challenges (termed here ‘paternalistic progressivism’) and the corresponding response from challengers that medicine is corrupt (termed here ‘medical devolution’) has given way to a process of incorporation of challenges under the rubric of evidence‐based research (termed here the epistemic dimension of ‘medical modernisation’). Under conditions of medical modernisation the distinction between lay/alternative knowledge and scientific knowledge, upon which the epistemic authority of medicine rested, is submerged in a more complex field of competing scientific networks and research programmes. Furthermore, the older policy of transmitting science to an illiterate public and suppressing dissidents is replaced by an emerging system of the ‘public shaping of science’, in which there is both greater agency of social movement/lay advocacy organisations and greater recognition of the legitimacy of that agency. Indirect and direct forms of the public shaping of science are discussed, as are emergent problems of co‐optation. Understanding the emergent epistemic politics that are characterised here as medical modernisation requires an ongoing theoretical integration of medical sociology and the sociology of science.
Health consumer groups in the UK: a new social movement?
Authors: Allsop Judith , Jones Kathryn , Baggott Rob
Published: September 2004

This paper argues that a health consumer movement has developed in the United Kingdom over the last decade. Drawing on two empirical studies of groups that promote and/or represent the interests of patients, users and carers, it argues that groups formed by people with personal experience of a condition are now more widespread. Feelings of pain and loss can lead to the identification of others in a similar position, and to the formation of groups and action in the political sphere. Research shows that groups share a common discourse and follow similar participative practices, and there is extensive networking. Informal and formal alliances have formed to pursue joint action and indicate a wider health consumer movement. As governments have also increased the opportunities for participation, this has the potential for patients and carers to shape services in ways more responsive to their needs.
Regenerating movements: embryonic stem cells and the politics of potentiality
Authors: Ganchoff Chris
Published: September 2004

This paper develops a theoretical frame for analysing social movements in/and biomedicine. Drawing from work in social movement theory and science and technology studies, the paper describes the field of biotechnology as the material/imagined space of contemporary biopolitics in the contemporary United States. Interviews with activists from four social movements, websites and written material are examined, and two processes of knowledge construction were found to be central in constituting the field of biotechnology. These processes open up multiple sites for citizen participation in the construction of scientific knowledge.
Advocating voice: organisational, historical and social milieux of the Alzheimer's disease movement
Authors: Beard Renée L.
Published: September 2004

The Alzheimer's disease movement, despite the stated willingness of the Alzheimer's Association, has yet to comprehensively utilise people with Alzheimer's as spokespersons. This is particularly noteworthy given the increasing availability of those with Alzheimer's who, especially in the early stages, are fully capable of advocating their position. Qualitative interviews and focus groups with people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's demonstrate the active role they are beginning to take in informing research, practice and policy. Interviews with affiliates of the national association aiming to advocate for people with memory loss depict an enduring struggle to incorporate these perspectives. Although primary obstacles may involve the structural dynamics within a society that stigmatises those who are old and/or forgetful, there are clear organisational contradictions within the Association itself preventing such mobilisation efforts. The dynamics shaping this health social movement's endeavours portray characteristics that obstruct an ability to embrace as spokespersons the individuals for whom it advocates.
How sociology can save bioethics . . . maybe
Authors: López José
Published: September 2004

This paper argues for the importance of a broad sociological engagement with bioethics. It begins by considering why sociologists should be interested in bioethics and then goes on to explore the cognitive critique of bioethics developed by ethnographers. Some of these authors have also suggested that a more robust bioethics might emerge through the incorporation of the tools of ethnographic analysis. In this paper, it is argued that this is an important claim which needs to be analysed further and that Foucault's concept of discursive formations provides a useful framework for doing so. Once bioethics is redescribed as a discursive formation, the paper explores the challenges and obstacles that sociology and ethnography face in their attempt to open up a space for themselves in bioethics. The paper concludes by suggesting that sociologists and ethnographers need to reflect on the ways in which they might democratically secure legitimacy for their own claims in the field of social ethics.
Variation in growth responses of neotropical pioneers to simulated forest gaps
Authors: DALLING J. W. , WINTER K. , HUBBELL S. P.
Published: September 2004

One proposed mechanism by which tree species coexist is through partitioning gradients of light availability. We performed a pot experiment in which seedlings of 12 pioneer species were established in 30% light, then transplanted to six light treatments designed to simulate natural gaps ranging from 25 m2 (≈10% full sun) to 800 m2 (60% full sun). Plants were harvested after 56–117 days, and comparisons were made of allocation patterns and growth and carbon assimilation rates.

Species varied strongly in their maximum relative growth rate (RGR, range 15·4–83·6 mg g−1 day−1). However, we found little evidence for gap‐size partitioning based on growth rate, as species RGR in large and small simulated gaps was strongly correlated (r = 0·83, P < 0·001).

Species differences in growth reflected variation in both physiology and allocation. Net assimilation rate was a strong determinant of RGR across all simulated gap sizes (r2 = 0·60–0·71, P < 0·001). Leaf area ratio was a poor predictor of growth rate under all gap sizes (r2 = 0·04–0·08, NS).

The maximum rate of net C assimilation (Amax) increased significantly with simulated gap size for all but one pioneer species, but only when measured on a per area basis. Among species variation in Amax was only weakly related to RGR. Foliar nitrogen concentration varied widely among species (range 2·2–4·7% dry mass), but was only weakly correlated with RGR (r2 = 0·04–0·30).

Previous growth analyses of tropical seedlings have identified both specific leaf area (SLA) and seed mass as key traits correlated with growth rate. Although SLA varied twofold and seed mass more than a thousand‐fold among the pioneer species in this study, neither trait was significantly correlated with among‐species variation in RGR. Although these traits underlie major differences in life history between shade‐tolerant and pioneer species, they contribute little to variation in growth performance within the pioneer functional group.
Linking plant genotype, plant defensive chemistry and mammal browsing in a Eucalyptus species
Authors: O'REILLY‐WAPSTRA J. M. , MCARTHUR C. , POTTS B. M.
Published: September 2004

In the field of plant–herbivore interactions a major focus of research is the importance of herbivores as selective agents on the evolution of plant resistance. Evidence to support the role of herbivores as selective agents must demonstrate that the intraspecific variation in plant resistance, and the variation in the plant resistive trait, are under genetic control. Predominantly, research in this field has concentrated on plant–insect systems, with much less emphasis on plant–mammal interactions.

In a common Eucalyptus species, Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.), variation in resistance to a mammalian herbivore, Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr, 1792), is under genetic control.

In this paper, plants of known genetic stock grown in a common‐environment field trial were used to investigate the plant characteristic responsible for resistance of E. globulus to T. vulpecula and to determine if there was a genetic basis to variation in the defensive trait.

The results demonstrate that a formylated phloroglucinol compound, sideroxylonal, is the dominant plant secondary metabolite that determined intake of E. globulus juvenile coppiced foliage by T. vulpecula, and that this metabolite is under significant genetic control.

These results are discussed in the context of the possible role T. vulpecula may play as a selective agent on the evolution of resistance in E. globulus.
Allocation of larval and adult resources to reproduction in a fruit‐feeding butterfly
Authors: FISCHER K. , O'BRIEN D. M. , BOGGS C. L.
Published: September 2004

The source of nutritional resources allocated to reproduction strongly influences reproductive and foraging strategies. While we are beginning to understand the role of adult and larval resources for nectivorous Lepidoptera, essentially nothing is known for the large number of species that feed on fruit as adults.

We used stable isotopes to examine allocation of larval‐ and adult‐derived resources to egg production in a tropical frugivorous butterfly, Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879), under both ad libitum and semistarvation conditions. The butterfly's larval and adult host plants differ from each other in both carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios.

Adult fruit feeding is required for the onset of oviposition.

At peak, adult fruit feeding contributed 55% of the carbon found in eggs under both feeding conditions. This is similar to values for several nectivorous Lepidoptera with similar ovarian dynamics and egg C/N.

Egg 15N declined rapidly during the first week of oviposition, suggesting that the adult diet was not contributing nitrogen to egg production. Values rose during the following 2 weeks, consistent either with adult contribution or with isotopic fractionation.

Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that fruit serves as a carbon source for egg production in a similar manner as nectar. However, more work is needed to elucidate fully fruit's role as a nitrogen source.
Changing precipitation patterns alter plant community dynamics and succession in an ex‐arable grassland
Authors: MORECROFT M. D. , MASTERS G. J. , BROWN V. K. , CLARKE I. P. , TAYLOR M. E. , WHITEHOUSE A. T.
Published: September 2004

Changes in the frequency of extreme events, such as droughts, may be one of the most significant impacts of climate change for ecosystems. Models predict more frequent summer droughts in much of England: this paper investigates the impact on different types of plants in an ex‐arable grassland community.

A long‐term experiment simulated increased and decreased summer precipitation. Substantial interannual variation allowed the effects of summer drought to be tested in combination with wet and dry weather in other seasons. This is important, as climate models predict increased winter precipitation.

Total cover abundance in early summer increased with increasing water supply in the previous summer; there was no effect of winter precipitation. Productivity is therefore likely to decrease with more frequent summer droughts, with no mitigating effect of wetter winters.

The percentage cover of perennial grasses declined during a natural drought in 1995–97; this was exacerbated by the experimental drought treatment and reduced by supplemented rainfall. Simultaneously, short‐lived ruderal species increased; this was greatest in drought treatments and least with supplemented rainfall.

These trends were subsequently reversed during several years of unusually wet weather, with perennial grasses increasing and short‐lived forbs decreasing. This occurred even in experimentally droughted plots, and we propose that it resulted from rapid coverage of gaps during wet autumns and winters.

Deep‐rooted species generally proved to be more drought resistant, but there were exceptions.

We conclude that increased frequency of summer droughts could have serious implications for the establishment and successional development of ex‐arable grasslands. Increased winter precipitation would moderate the impact on species composition, but not on productivity.