bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REFORMING FOOD AND EATING IN PROTESTANT ENGLAND, c. 1560–c. 1640
Authors: BARNETT ELEANOR
Published: October 2019

As the field of food history has come to fruition in the last few decades, cultural historians of early modern England have begun to recognize the significance of food and eating practices in the process of identity construction. Yet its effect on religious identities has yet to be written. This article illuminates a printed discourse in which Protestants laboured to define a new relationship to food and eating in light of the Reformation, from Elizabeth I's reign up until the Civil War. It is based on a wealth of religious tracts written by the clergy, alongside the work of physicians in the form of dietaries and regimens, which together highlight the close relationship between bodily and spiritual concerns. As a result of the theological changes of the Reformation, reformers sought to desacralize Catholic notions of holy food. However, by paying greater attention to the body, this article argues that eating continued to be a religiously significant act, which could both threaten spiritual health and enrich it. This discourse on food and eating helped draw the confessional boundaries and identities of the Reformation period, and so offers a rewarding and novel insight into English Protestantism.
EMPIRE AND TRANS-IMPERIAL SUBJECTS IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY MUSLIM MEDITERRANEAN
Authors: MURRAY-MILLER GAVIN
Published: October 2019

During the nineteenth century, the Muslim Mediterranean became a locus of competing imperial projects led by the Ottomans and European powers. This article examines how the migration of people and ideas across North Africa and Asia complicated processes of imperial consolidation and exposed the ways in which North Africa, Europe, and Asia were connected through trans-imperial influences that often undermined the jurisdictional sovereignty of imperial states. It demonstrates that cross-border migrations and cultural transfers both frustrated and abetted imperial projects while allowing for the imagining of new types of solidarities that transcended national and imperial categorizations. In analysing these factors, this article argues for a rethinking of the metropole–periphery relationship by highlighting the important role print and trans-imperial networks played in shaping the Mediterranean region.
‘Produce or Perish’. The crisis of the late 1940s and the place of labour in post-colonial India
Authors: AHUJA RAVI
Published: October 2019

This article argues that the late 1940s in India should no longer be reduced to the twin events of partition and independence. A generalized political crisis unsettled, for a brief period, the structures of social and economic power, and not just intercommunity relations and the constitution of the state. These years were thus, among other things, a catalytic moment for the definition of ‘labour’ as both a political category and a parameter of post-colonial politics: processes dating back to the First World War, at least, were consolidated, under pressure from this crisis, into a new labour regime that has withstood political pressure for almost seven decades. The article offers an analysis of the almost-forgotten post-war strike movement, which was nevertheless unprecedented in its social and geographical spread. The movement elicited both repressive and reformist responses: the extraordinary level of emergency powers applied to suppress it are, therefore, as much examined as the series of momentous legislative and institutional changes of the late 1940s. In conclusion, the long-term consequences of this cycle of strike–reform–repression for India's post-colonial labour regime are adumbrated. A strongly etatist, potentially authoritarian, regime of industrial relations, it is argued, was checked by an enduring political trade union pluralism. At the same time, divisions within India's working classes were deepened and consolidated as labour law and social legislation sealed off the comparatively small ‘core workforces’ of public sector and large-scale industrial enterprises from the majority of workers in what would soon be called the ‘informal economy’.
A higher level of civilisation? The transformation of Ny-Ålesund from Arctic coalmining settlement in Svalbard to global environmental knowledge center at 79° North
Authors: Paglia Eric
Published: October 2019

This article provides an historical account and analysis of the repurposing of Ny-Ålesund from Arctic coalmining settlement to Norwegian-administered international research base in Svalbard. Three levels of analysis are employed to explain the settlement’s transformation and its rising geopolitical significance, focusing primarily on the period of rapid internationalisation and expansion of scientific activities starting in the late 1980s. The local level examines Norway’s efforts to maintain effective occupation of greater Kongsfjorden by promoting research, underpinned by the economisation of the area’s near-pristine natural environment as a non-extractive resource for science; the global level applies the concept of telecoupling to consider the role of events and processes at larger spatial scales that facilitated Ny-Ålesund’s transformation; and the “glocal” level explains how the interaction of Norwegian and global actors in the locality of Ny-Ålesund have collectively shaped the community’s institutions over some 30 years. The article also reflects on recent policy changes signalling more assertive Norwegian administration and greater coordination of research in Ny-Ålesund.
Still Waiting for the Barbarians
Authors: Smith Adam T.
Published: October 2019

It seems almost preordained that James Scott, a scholar who moves with profound agility between the worlds of anthropology and political science, should eventually work his way onto the intellectual terrain of the barbarian. Barbarians play a foundational role in the formation of both disciplines, populating both anthropology's ‘savage slot’ (Trouillot 2003) and political science's prelapsarian ‘state of nature’ (Palmeri 2016). In Scott's most recent book,Against the Grain, the barbarians who helped to shape the world's earliest states play a variety of consequential roles. They are at once the forces of resistance to centralizing power, the refugees seeking respite from sovereignty's infringements and the brigands of the borderlands who provide the slave labour and mercenaries that prop up the fragile state.
The Victorian city and the Christian imagination: from gothic city to garden city
Authors: Knight Frances
Published: October 2019

This article discusses some of the ways in which ideas about the city influenced the thinking of British Christians from 1840 to the early twentieth century. First, it explores nonconformist conceptions of the city, suggesting that, although the urban environment offered favourable circumstances for nonconformist growth, a desire to return to, or incorporate elements of, rural life was rarely far away. It explores why, when the garden city movement began, it found such fertile soil among Christian thinkers. Secondly, it considers some of the biblical paradigms that shaped late Victorian thinking about the city. Preachers and writers moved seamlessly from their well-stocked religious imaginations to contemplating the practicalities of the city, and back again. It is argued that the Christian evocation of medieval cities, biblical cities and garden cities shaped in important ways the conceptualizations of the urban world.
Catatonia secondary to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) encephalitis: a review
Authors: Marques Macedo Inês , Gama Marques João
Published: October 2019

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) encephalitis is a relatively recent autoimmune entity, as it was first described in 2007. Given that it is a condition with neuropsychiatric symptoms, its initial symptom is frequently psychiatric in nature. Hence, psychiatrists are often the first physicians to assess these patients and, as so, must recognize this type of encephalitis as a possible cause. Catatonia may be inaugural or develop throughout the course of the disease. Management of patients with anti-NMDAr encephalitis is based on etiologic treatment with immunotherapy and removal of the associated tumor, if any. However, these catatonic patients may have variable responses to etiologic treatment, sometimes with refractory catatonic symptoms, which attests to the necessary urgency to know how to manage these patients. In the clinical setting, physicians appear to be using guidelines originally created to the management of catatonia due to primary psychiatric conditions. In this literature review, catatonia was historically contextualized and anti-NMDAr encephalitis overall described. Finally, catatonia secondary to this type of encephalitis was discussed.
Cross-sectional study of the association between empathy and burnout and drug prescribing quality in primary care
Authors: Yuguero O , Marsal JR , Esquerda M , Galvan L , Soler-González J
Published: October 2019

Objective:

The aim of this study was to assess whether burnout and empathy levels among general practitioners (GPs) might influence prescribing performance assessed using pharmaceutical prescription quality standard indicators.

Design and Setting:

Cross-sectional descriptive study of 108 GPs from 22 primary care centers in Lleida, Spain, and of centralized data corresponding to 183 600 patients under their care. The study was conducted between May and July 2014.

Main Outcome Measures:

Burnout and empathy were measured using the Spanish versions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Jefferson Scale for Physician Empathy, and prescribing quality was measured using the Catalan Pharmaceutical Prescription Quality Standard (EQPF). Normal distribution of scores was verified using the Chi-square and Kolmogorov–Smirnov–Lilliefors tests. The effect of each of the variables was evaluated using crude odds ratios.

Results:

Older GPs scored significantly higher in the EQPF (P< 0.05). High empathy scores were positively associated with high EQPF scores. GPs with low burnout also performed better in the EQPF.

Conclusions:

More empathic, less burned-out, older GPs showed better prescribing performance according to quality indicators. However, further studies are needed to evaluate other factors influencing prescribing habits. The promotion of communication skills may increase empathy and reduce burnout, thus benefiting patients.
Dwarf galaxies: evidence of differential tidal effects in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Piatti Andrés E. , Mackey Dougal
Published: October 2019

We built the most extended stellar density and/or surface brightness radial profiles for 13 old Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) globular clusters (GCs). The studied GCs located farther than ~ 5 kpc from the LMC center would not seem to present any hint of extended stellar structures, while those closer than ~ 5 kpc do show extended structures. Such an excess of stars tightly depends on the position of the GCs, so that the closer the GC to the LMC center, the larger the excess of stars. Furthermore, the GC radii also show a remarkable trend with the position of the GC in the LMC disc. These outcomes can be fully interpreted in the light of the known GC radial velocity disc-like kinematics, from which GCs have been somehow mostly experiencing the influence of the LMC gravitational field at their respective mean distances from the LMC center.
Abundance determinations in the dIrr galaxy Leo A
Authors: Ruiz-Escobedo Francisco , Peña Miriam , Hernández-Martínez Liliana , García-Rojas Jorge
Published: October 2019

Physical conditions and chemical abundances of two H II regions and a planetary nebula in the dIrr galaxy Leo A are presented. These determinations were performed using the direct method (Te measured) and the ONS method. We also constructed photoionization models for the three nebulae to determine the abundances and to analyse the ionizing stars. The O abundance was determined to be 12+log(O/H) = 7.4±0.2 in all cases.
The hosts of blue compact dwarf galaxies in MaNGA
Authors: Yin Jun , Ju Mengting , Hao Lei , Shen Shiyin , Feng Shuai
Published: October 2019

Blue compact dwarf galaxies(BCDs) are galaxies undergoing violent burst of star formation in compact regions. They are often thought of being an evolutionary stage of dwarf galaxies and thus can provide a unique window to study the formation and evolution of dwarf galaxies. We selected a sample of 48 BCDs from the SDSS-IV MaNGA survey (MPL-7) and separated the starburst(SB) components from their underlying hosts with a new algorithm. Combining the structural properties of the BCDs, we further explore the physical connections between the SB components and theirs hosts.
Star formation at low rates: impact of lacking massive stars on the evolution of dwarf galaxies
Authors: Steyrleithner P. , Hensler G. , Recchi S. , Ploeckinger S.
Published: October 2019

In recent years dedicated observations have uncovered star formation at extremely low rates in dwarf galaxies, tidal tails, ram-pressure stripped gas clouds, and the outskirts of galactic disks. At the same time, numerical simulations of galaxy evolution have advanced to higher spatial and mass resolutions, but have yet to account for the underfilling of the uppermost mass bins of stellar initial mass function (IMF) at low star-formation rates. In such situations, simulations may simply scale down the IMF, without realizing that this unrealistically results in fractions of massive stars, along with fractions of massive star feedback energy (e.g., radiation and SNII explosions). Not properly accounting for such parameters has consequences for the self-regulation of star formation, the energetics of galaxies, as well as for the evolution of chemical abundances. Here we present numerical simulations of dwarf galaxies with low star-formation rates allowing for two extreme cases of the IMF: a “filled” case with fractional massive stars vs. a truncated IMF, at which the IMF is built bottom-up until the gas reservoir allows the formation of a last single star at an uppermost mass. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the different effects on galaxy evolution with respect to self-regulation, feedback, and chemistry. The case of a stochastic sampled IMF is situated somewhere in between these extremes.
Structure of dark matter haloes of Milky Way satellite galaxies in SIDM universes
Authors: Okamoto Takashi
Published: October 2019

Self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) can create sufficiently large cores in dark matter haloes of dwarf galaxies if the self-interaction cross-section is sufficiently large on scales of dwarf galaxies. Such a large cross-section can be realized without changing the densities and shapes of cluster-size haloes by introducing a velocity dependent cross-section. Lowering the central densities of dwarf-size haloes, however, may change the strength of stellar feedback required to reproduce observed properties of dwarf galaxies such as the luminosity function of the Milky Way’s satellite galaxies. We perform simulations of galaxy formation by employing such a velocity dependent self-interaction cross-section to investigate the coupled effect of SIDM and feedback.
Local Group Dwarf Galaxies
Authors: Cole Andrew A.
Published: October 2019

Local Group dwarf galaxies are a unique astrophysical laboratory because they are the only objects in which we can reliably and precisely characterize the star formation histories of low-mass galaxies going back to the epoch of reionization. There are of order 100 known galaxies less massive than the Small Magellanic Cloud within ~1 Megaparsec of the Milky Way, with a vide variety of star formation history, gas content, and mass to light ratios. In this overview the current understanding of the formation and evolution of low-mass galaxies across cosmic time will be presented, and the possibility of drawing links between the properties of individual systems and the broader Local Group and cosmological context will be discussed. Local Group dwarfs will remain a uniquely powerful testbed to constrain the properties of dark matter and to evaluate the performance of simulations for the foreseeable future.
Atlas of Hαimages for five hundred nearest dwarf galaxies
Authors: Kaisin Serafim S. , Karachentsev Igor D.
Published: October 2019

Results of mass imaging nearby dwarf galaxies in emission Hαline and red continuum with the 6-meter BTA telescope are available via the address:http://www.sao.ru/lv/lvgdb. The sample of dwarfs limited by a distance of 11 Mpc contains about 500 objects. Their Hα- fluxes are used to derive integrated and specific star formation rates of the galaxies. We evaluate the consistency between star formation rates obtained from our Hα-survey and GALEX far-ultraviolet survey. We fix a systematic rise of the ratio SFR(FUV)/SFR(Hα) with the decreasing stellar mass of dwarf galaxies. In the sample there were included only galaxies of late types: T = 10 (Ir), 9 (Im, BCD), 8 (Sdm), 7 (Sd), 6 (Scd), since elliptical and lenticular galaxies, and also spiral with massive bulges, have a significantly different history of star formation.
A new method to derive star formation histories in dwarf galaxies
Authors: Čeponis Marius , Stonkutė Rima , Vansevičius Vladas
Published: October 2019

We present a new method to derive 2D star formation histories in dwarf irregular galaxies. Based on multicolor stellar photometry data we have found that in the Leo A galaxy during the last ∽400 Myr star formation was propagating according to the inside-out scenario. Star-forming regions have spread strongly asymmetrically from the center and their present day distribution correlates well with the Hi surface density maps.
Very gas-rich extremely metal-poor blue void dwarfs
Authors: Pustilnik Simon A. , Perepelitsyna Yulia A. , Kniazev Alexei Y. , Egorova Evgeniya S. , Chengalur Jayaram N.
Published: October 2019

Half-dozen of extreme representatives of void dwarf galaxy population were found in our study of evolutionary status of a hundred galaxies in the nearby Lynx-Cancer void. They are very gas-rich, extremely low-metallicity [7.0 < 12 + log(O/H) < ∼ 7.3] objects, with blue colours of outer parts. The colours indicate the ages of the oldest visible stellar population of one to a few Gyr. They all are intrinsically faint, mostly Low Surface Brightness dwarfs, with MB range of –9.5m to –14m. Thus, their finding is a subject of the severe observational selection. The recent advancement in search for such objects in other nearby voids resulted in doubled their total number. We summarize all available data on this group of unusual void dwarf galaxies and discuss them in the general context of very low metallicity galaxies and their possible formation and evolutionary scenarios.
Dwarf galaxies at low and high redshift
Authors: Kong Xu , Lian Jianhui , Gao Yulong , Chen Zuyi , Chen Guangwen , Lin Zesen , Liu Haiyang
Published: October 2019

The overwhelming majority of galaxies in the Universe are dwarf galaxies. But although they are important components in understanding galaxy evolution, these systems are typically too faint to be observed at high redshifts. However, we are able to obtain an unobscured view of early star formation and chemical enrichment in these galaxies at low redshift and low-redshift analogs at high redshift. In this talk, I will review the mass-metallicity relation, the mass-star formation rate relation of galaxies, the classifications of dwarf galaxies, and the importance of dwarf galaxies for both astronomy and physics. Then I will introduce some work in our group on connections among between different types of dwarf galaxies,the mass-metallicity relations and the main sequence relations of dwarf galaxies, using the deep optical and near infrared images and spectra of large dwarf galaxy sample. At the end, I will talk about some projects of dwarf galaxies we are working on, including the spectroscopic survey for compact dwarf galaxies using the LAMOST.
A 3D hydrodynamic simulation of a black hole outflow in a dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Authors: Lanfranchi Gustavo A. , Caproni Anderson , Hazenfratz Roberto
Published: October 2019

We present results from a non-cosmological, three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation of an outflow from an intermediate-mass black hole in Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies. Assuming an initial baryonic-to-dark-matter ratio derived from the CMB radiation and a cored, static dark matter potential, we evolved the galactic gas distribution over 3 Gyr, taking into account the outflow of a black hole. Our results indicate that in a homogeneous medium the outflow propagates freely in both directions with the same velocity and its capable of removing a fraction of the gas from the galaxy (it depends on the initial conditions of the outflow). When the SNe are taken into account, the effect of the outflow is substantially reduced. It is necessary an initial velocity around 1000 km/s and a density larger than 0.003 particles.cm−3 for the outflow to propagate. In these conditions, the removal of gas from the galaxy is almost negligible at the end of the 3 Gyr of the simulation.
Evidence for discrete star formation events in the Small Magellanic Cloud based on 6.5m Magellan Telescope observations
Authors: Strantzalis A. , Hatzidimitriou D. , Zezas A. , Antoniou V.
Published: October 2019

The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) presents us with a unique opportunity to study in detail the effect of environmental processes (interaction with the LMC and the Milky Way) on its star formation history. With the 6.5m Magellan Telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile we have acquired deep B and I images in four 0.44 degree fields covering a large part of the main body of the SMC, yielding accurate photometry for 1,068,893 stars down to ~24th magnitude, with a spatial resolution of 0.201 arcsec/pixel. Colour-magnitude diagrams and luminosity functions (corrected for completeness) have been constructed, yielding significant new results that indicate at least two discrete star formation events around 2.7 and 4-5 Gyr ago.
Census of Lyα, [OIII]5007, Hα, and [CII]158μm Line Emission with ~1000 Low-mass Lyman Alpha Emitters atz= 4.9 – 7.0 Revealed with Subaru/Hyper-Suprime Cam Survey
Authors: Harikane Yuichi
Published: October 2019

We investigate Lyα, [Oiii] λ5007, Hα, and [Cii]158µm emission from 1,124 low-mass galaxies (typicallyM*~ 108Mʘ) at z = 4.9 - 7.0, composed of 1,092 Lyα emitters (LAEs) at z = 4.9 - 7.0 identified by Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) narrowband surveys and 34 galaxies at z = 5.148 - 7.508 with deep ALMA [Cii]158µm data in the literature. At z = 4.9, we find that the rest-frame Hα equivalent width positively correlates with the rest-frame Lyα equivalent widthEW0Lyα. At z = 5.7 - 7.0, there exists an interesting turn-over trend that the [ Oiii]/ Hα flux ratio increases inEW0Lyα≃ 0 - 30 Å, and then decreases out toEW0Lyα≃ 130 Å. We also identify an anti-correlation between a [ Cii] luminosity to star-formation rate ratio (L[CII]/SFR) andEW0Lyαat the >99% confidence level. We carefully investigate physical origins of the correlations, and find that a simple anti-correlation betweenEW0Lyαand metallicity explains self-consistently all of the relations identified in our study.
Dwarf Galaxies: Their Low Metallicity Interstellar Medium
Authors: Madden Suzanne C. , Cormier Diane
Published: October 2019

This review describes where we are today in light of the dust and gas properties and their relation to star formation, in low metallicity galaxies of the local universe following recent surveys from sensitive infrared space telescopes, mainly Spitzer and Herschel space observatories as well as ground-based observations of the molecular gas reservoir. Models to interpret the ISM properties are gaining sophistication in order to account for the wide range of valuable observational diagnostics that we have today to trace the different gas phases, the broad range of photometry we have, from mid-infrared to submillimetre dust emission and the various galactic size scales that we can sample today. This review summarizes the rich multi-phase observations we can exploit today, and the multi-phase modeling approach to interpret the observations.
Prävalenz und Prädiktoren für Rauschtrinken – Querschnittsbefragung repräsentativ für Niedersachsen
Authors: Donath Carolin , Carolin M. Sack , Pendergrass Anna , Weiss Maren , Baier Dirk
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Ziel der Studie war es, die Prävalenz von Rauschtrinken in der ab 16-jährigen Bevölkerung Niedersachsens zu erfassen und Prädiktoren für dieses Risikoverhalten zu identifizieren. Methodik: Eine repräsentative Querschnittserhebung mit N = 5.711 Teilnehmern ab 16 Jahren wurde schriftlich 2014 durch das Kriminologische Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen (KFN) durchgeführt. Rauschtrinken wurde als mind. 5 Gläser Alkohol zu einer Gelegenheit/mind. 1x in den letzten 30 d definiert. Neben deskriptiven Methoden wurde eine binär-logistische Regression mit Rauschtrinken als abhängige Variable durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die Prävalenz von Rauschtrinken lag bei 28 Prozent; signifikant abnehmend bei zunehmendem Alter. Männer, außerhalb von Großstädten lebende Personen und Teilnehmer ohne Migrationshintergrund waren signifikant häufiger involviert. Tabak-, Cannabiskonsum, Glücksspiel, Verträglichkeit, risikoreiche Verhaltensmuster, regelmäßige soziale Aktivitäten und soziale Integration wurden als Risikofaktoren identifiziert. Regelmäßige kulturelle Aktivität und islamische Religion waren negativ mit Rauschtrinken assoziiert. Schlussfolgerung: Neben soziodemographischen Prädiktoren wurden auch Faktoren wie Freizeitaktivitäten als Prädiktor identifiziert. Hier könnten niederschwellige präventive Maßnahmen im Sinne der Umgebungsgestaltung hinsichtlich ihrer Akzeptanz überprüft werden. Verhaltenspräventiv sollte der risikoerhöhende gleichzeitige Konsum anderer Substanzen fokussiert werden.
Welche Faktoren beeinflussen die Teilnahme von alkoholabhängigen Patienten in stationärer Entwöhnungsbehandlung an einer Raucherentwöhnung?
Authors: Herman van de Schepop Rüdiger , Lindenmeyer Johannes
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Bei etwa 80 Prozent aller alkoholabhängigen Patienten besteht eine zusätzliche Tabakabhängigkeit. Obwohl sich die Gesundheitsrisiken bei gleichzeitiger Alkohol- und Tabakabhängigkeit dramatisch potenzieren, nimmt nur ein kleiner Teil der Betroffenen im Rahmen einer stationären Entwöhnungsbehandlung an einer freiwilligen Raucherentwöhnung teil. Die Faktoren, welche die Teilnahme im stationären Setting beeinflussen, sind bisher unzureichend untersucht worden. Zielsetzung: Ziel der Untersuchung war es, soziodemografische und psychopathologische Patientenmerkmale zu finden, die mit der Teilnahme an einer Raucherentwöhnung in Zusammenhang stehen. Methode: In einer naturalistischen Feldstudie wurden die Daten von 668 alkoholabhängigen Patienten einer stationären Entwöhnungseinrichtung hypothesengeleitet mithilfe einer binären logistischen Regression in Bezug auf die Teilnahme an einer Rauchererentwöhnung untersucht. Außerdem wurde eine explorative Datenanalyse mit biseriaten Zusammenhangsmaßen und dem Chi2 -Test, durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die Teilnahmequote an der Raucherentwöhnung betrug 30 Prozent. Es zeigten sich, mit Ausnahme einer signifikant verminderten Teilnahme von Rentnern, keinerlei Zusammenhänge zwischen soziodemographischen bzw. psychopathologischen Variablen und der freiwilligen Teilnahme an der Raucherentwöhnung im Rahmen der stationären Entwöhnungsbehandlung. Auch in der explorativen Datenanalyse zeigte sich eine signifikant verminderte Teilnahme von Rentnern. Schlussfolgerung: Im Rahmen einer stationären Entwöhnungsbehandlung gelingt es, alkoholabhängige Patienten in gleichem Ausmaß, unabhängig von soziodemographischen und psychopathologischen Variablen für die Teilnahme an einer Raucherentwöhnung zu gewinnen. Lediglich bei Rentnern sollten verstärkte Versuche gemacht werden, sie zu einer Teilnahme zu motivieren.
Die Rolle der Ernährungsberatung bei der Behandlung von Anorexia nervosa und Bulimia nervosa
Authors: Stidwill Sarah , Cook-Müller Iris
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung. Essstörungen wie Anorexia nervosa und Bulimia nervosa werden bevorzugt interdisziplinär therapiert. Neben somatischer und psychologischer/psychiatrischer Fachbegleitung stellt die Ernährungsberatung einen wichtigen Pfeiler dar. Die Er- und Bearbeitung verschiedener Themen wie inkorrektes Ernährungswissen, Hunger und Sättigung, Verbote und schlechtes Gewissen sind zentral. Auf den Erfolg wirkt sich die therapeutische Beziehung zur Ernährungsfachperson aus.
Integrierte Komplexbehandlung bei extremer Anorexia nervosa
Authors: Milos Gabriella , Wolf Maria , Robetin Lara , Sprenger Melanie , Monteverde Settimio , Schaer Dominik
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die gravierende körperliche, psychische und psychosoziale Morbidität infolge von Anorexia nervosa wird von Betroffenen häufig trotz ausgeprägter Einschränkungen als weniger schwerwiegend wahrgenommen als von ihrem Umfeld. Ärzte und andere Fachpersonen im Gesundheitswesen sind daher regelmässig mit der Schwierigkeit konfrontiert, dass dringend notwendige medizinische Massnahmen von Betroffenen als unnötig oder sogar bedrohlich angesehen und abgelehnt werden. Obwohl Patientinnen und Patienten mit Anorexia nervosa sich in der Regel eine Verbesserung ihres Zustands wünschen, sind sie meist nur als Reaktion auf hohen äusseren Druck in der Lage, eine Behandlung, die auf eine Normalisierung des Essverhaltens und eine Gewichtszunahme abzielt, zuzulassen. Zur Behandlung der Patientinnen und Patienten ist in Anbetracht dieser Ausgangslage ein interdisziplinäres Team erforderlich, das Erfahrung mit diesen Behandlungen hat. Eine enge Zusammenarbeit ist nötig, um einen tragenden Behandlungsrahmen gewährleisten zu können.
Seasonality of interactions between a plant virus and its host during persistent infection in a natural environment
Authors: Honjo Mie N , Emura Naoko , Kawagoe Tetsuhiro , Sugisaka Jiro , Kamitani Mari , Nagano Atsushi J , Kudoh Hiroshi
Published: October 2019

Persistent infection, wherein a pathogen is continually present in a host individual, is widespread in virus–host systems. However, little is known regarding how seasonal environments alter virus–host interaction during such metastability. We observed a lineage-to-lineage infection of the host plant Arabidopsis halleri with Turnip mosaic virus for 3 years without severe damage. Virus dynamics and virus–host interactions within hosts were highly season dependent. Virus accumulation in the newly formed leaves was temperature dependent and was suppressed during winter. Transcriptome analyses suggested that distinct defence mechanisms, i.e. salicylic acid (SA)-dependent resistance and RNA silencing, were predominant during spring and autumn, respectively. Transcriptomic difference between infected and uninfected plants other than defence genes appeared transiently only during autumn in upper leaves. However, the virus preserved in the lower leaves is transferred to the clonal offspring of the host plants during spring. In the linage-to-linage infection of the A. halleri–TuMV system, both host clonal reproduction and virus transmission into new clonal rosettes are secured during the winter–spring transition. How virus and host overwinter turned out to be critical for understanding a long-term virus–host interaction within hosts under temperate climates, and more generally, understanding seasonality provides new insight into ecology of plant viruses.
Novel probiotic approach to counter Paenibacillus larvae infection in honey bees
Authors: Daisley Brendan A , Pitek Andrew P , Chmiel John A , Al Kait F , Chernyshova Anna M , Faragalla Kyrillos M , Burton Jeremy P , Thompson Graham J , Reid Gregor
Published: October 2019

American foulbrood (AFB) is a highly virulent disease afflicting honey bees (Apis mellifera). The causative organism, Paenibacillus larvae, attacks honey bee brood and renders entire hives dysfunctional during active disease states, but more commonly resides in hives asymptomatically as inactive spores that elude even vigilant beekeepers. The mechanism of this pathogenic transition is not fully understood, and no cure exists for AFB. Here, we evaluated how hive supplementation with probiotic lactobacilli (delivered through a nutrient patty; BioPatty) affected colony resistance towards a naturally occurring AFB outbreak. Results demonstrated a significantly lower pathogen load and proteolytic activity of honey bee larvae from BioPatty-treated hives. Interestingly, a distinctive shift in the microbiota composition of adult nurse bees occurred irrespective of treatment group during the monitoring period, but only vehicle-supplemented nurse bees exhibited higher P. larvae loads. In vitro experiments utilizing laboratory-reared honey bee larvae showed Lactobacillus plantarum Lp39, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus kunkeei BR-1 (contained in the BioPatty) could reduce pathogen load, upregulate expression of key immune genes, and improve survival during P. larvae infection. These findings suggest the usage of a lactobacilli-containing hive supplement, which is practical and affordable for beekeepers, may be effective for reducing enzootic pathogen-related hive losses.
The Green Revolution shaped the population structure of the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Quibod Ian Lorenzo , Atieza-Grande Genelou , Oreiro Eula Gems , Palmos Denice , Nguyen Marian Hanna , Coronejo Sapphire Thea , Aung Ei Ei , Nugroho Cipto , Roman-Reyna Veronica , Burgos Maria Ruby , Capistrano Pauline , Dossa Sylvestre G , Onaga Geoffrey , Saloma Cynthia , Cruz Casiana Vera , Oliva Ricardo
Published: October 2019

The impact of modern agriculture on the evolutionary trajectory of plant pathogens is a central question for crop sustainability. The Green Revolution replaced traditional rice landraces with high-yielding varieties, creating a uniform selection pressure that allows measuring the effect of such intervention. In this study, we analyzed a unique historical pathogen record to assess the impact of a major resistance gene, Xa4, in the population structure of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) collected in the Philippines in a span of 40 years. After the deployment of Xa4 in the early 1960s, the emergence of virulent pathogen groups was associated with the increasing adoption of rice varieties carrying Xa4, which reached 80% of the total planted area. Whole genomes analysis of a representative sample suggested six major pathogen groups with distinctive signatures of selection in genes related to secretion system, cell-wall degradation, lipopolysaccharide production, and detoxification of host defense components. Association genetics also suggested that each population might evolve different mechanisms to adapt to Xa4. Interestingly, we found evidence of strong selective sweep affecting several populations in the mid-1980s, suggesting a major bottleneck that coincides with the peak of Xa4 deployment in the archipelago. Our study highlights how modern agricultural practices facilitate the adaptation of pathogens to overcome the effects of standard crop improvement efforts.
Inferring and validating mechanistic models of neural microcircuits based on spike-train data
Authors: Ladenbauer Josef , McKenzie Sam , English Daniel Fine , Hagens Olivier , Ostojic Srdjan
Published: October 2019

The interpretation of neuronal spike train recordings often relies on abstract statistical models that allow for principled parameter estimation and model selection but provide only limited insights into underlying microcircuits. In contrast, mechanistic models are useful to interpret microcircuit dynamics, but are rarely quantitatively matched to experimental data due to methodological challenges. Here we present analytical methods to efficiently fit spiking circuit models to single-trial spike trains. Using derived likelihood functions, we statistically infer the mean and variance of hidden inputs, neuronal adaptation properties and connectivity for coupled integrate-and-fire neurons. Comprehensive evaluations on synthetic data, validations using ground truth in-vitro and in-vivo recordings, and comparisons with existing techniques demonstrate that parameter estimation is very accurate and efficient, even for highly subsampled networks. Our methods bridge statistical, data-driven and theoretical, model-based neurosciences at the level of spiking circuits, for the purpose of a quantitative, mechanistic interpretation of recorded neuronal population activity.
Optically oriented attachment of nanoscale metal-semiconductor heterostructures in organic solvents via photonic nanosoldering
Authors: Crane Matthew J. , Pandres Elena P. , Davis E. James , Holmberg Vincent C. , Pauzauskie Peter J.
Published: October 2019

As devices approach the single-nanoparticle scale, the rational assembly of nanomaterial heterojunctions remains a persistent challenge. While optical traps can manipulate objects in three dimensions, to date, nanoscale materials have been trapped primarily in aqueous solvents or vacuum. Here, we demonstrate the use of optical traps to manipulate, align, and assemble metal-seeded nanowire building blocks in a range of organic solvents. Anisotropic radiation pressure generates an optical torque that orients each nanowire, and subsequent trapping of aligned nanowires enables deterministic fabrication of arbitrarily long heterostructures of periodically repeating bismuth-nanocrystal/germanium-nanowire junctions. Heat transport calculations, back-focal-plane interferometry, and optical images reveal that the bismuth nanocrystal melts during trapping, facilitating tip-to-tail “nanosoldering” of the germanium nanowires. These bismuth-semiconductor interfaces may be useful for quantum computing or thermoelectric applications. In addition, the ability to trap nanostructures in oxygen- and water-free organic media broadly expands the library of materials available for optical manipulation and single-particle spectroscopy.
Moving from drought hazard to impact forecasts
Authors: Sutanto Samuel J. , van der Weert Melati , Wanders Niko , Blauhut Veit , Van Lanen Henny A. J.
Published: October 2019

Present-day drought early warning systems provide the end-users information on the ongoing and forecasted drought hazard (e.g. river flow deficit). However, information on the forecasted drought impacts, which is a prerequisite for drought management, is still missing. Here we present the first study assessing the feasibility of forecasting drought impacts, using machine-learning to relate forecasted hydro-meteorological drought indices to reported drought impacts. Results show that models, which were built with more than 50 months of reported drought impacts, are able to forecast drought impacts a few months ahead. This study highlights the importance of drought impact databases for developing drought impact functions. Our findings recommend that institutions that provide operational drought early warnings should not only forecast drought hazard, but also impacts after developing an impact database.
Dilution effect of the building area on energy intensity in urban residential buildings
Authors: Gao Jingxin , Zhong Xiaoyang , Cai Weiguang , Ren Hong , Huo Tengfei , Wang Xia , Mi Zhifu
Published: October 2019

Urban residential buildings make large contributions to energy consumption. Energy consumption per square meter is most widely used to measure energy efficiency in urban residential buildings. This study aims to explore whether it is an appropriate indicator. An extended STIRPAT model was used based on the survey data from 867 households. Here we present that building area per household has a dilution effect on energy consumption per square meter. Neglecting this dilution effect leads to a significant overestimation of the effectiveness of building energy savings standards. Further analysis suggests that the peak of energy consumption per square meter in China’s urban residential buildings occurred in 2012 when accounting for the dilution effect, which is 11 years later than it would have occurred without considering the dilution effect. Overall, overlooking the dilution effect may lead to misleading judgments of crucial energy-saving policy tools, as well as the ongoing trend of residential energy consumption in China.
An enhancer cluster controls gene activity and topology of the SCN5A-SCN10A locus in vivo
Authors: Man Joyce C. K. , Mohan Rajiv A. , Boogaard Malou van den , Hilvering Catharina R. E. , Jenkins Catherine , Wakker Vincent , Bianchi Valerio , Laat Wouter de , Barnett Phil , Boukens Bastiaan J. , Christoffels Vincent M.
Published: October 2019

Mutations and variations in and around SCN5A, encoding the major cardiac sodium channel, influence impulse conduction and are associated with a broad spectrum of arrhythmia disorders. Here, we identify an evolutionary conserved regulatory cluster with super enhancer characteristics downstream of SCN5A, which drives localized cardiac expression and contains conduction velocity-associated variants. We use genome editing to create a series of deletions in the mouse genome and show that the enhancer cluster controls the conformation of a >0.5 Mb genomic region harboring multiple interacting gene promoters and enhancers. We find that this cluster and its individual components are selectively required for cardiac Scn5a expression, normal cardiac conduction and normal embryonic development. Our studies reveal physiological roles of an enhancer cluster in the SCN5A-SCN10A locus, show that it controls the chromatin architecture of the locus and Scn5a expression, and suggest that genetic variants affecting its activity may influence cardiac function.
Photo-accelerated fast charging of lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Lee Anna , Vörös Márton , Dose Wesley M. , Niklas Jens , Poluektov Oleg , Schaller Richard D. , Iddir Hakim , Maroni Victor A. , Lee Eungje , Ingram Brian , Curtiss Larry A. , Johnson Christopher S.
Published: October 2019

Due to their exceptional high energy density, lithium-ion batteries are of central importance in many modern electrical devices. A serious limitation, however, is the slow charging rate used to obtain the full capacity. Thus far, there have been no ways to increase the charging rate without losses in energy density and electrochemical performance. Here we show that the charging rate of a cathode can be dramatically increased via interaction with white light. We find that a direct exposure of light to an operating LiMn2O4 cathode during charging leads to a remarkable lowering of the battery charging time by a factor of two or more. This enhancement is enabled by the induction of a microsecond long-lived charge separated state, consisting of Mn4+ (hole) plus electron. This results in more oxidized metal centers and ejected lithium ions are created under light and with voltage bias. We anticipate that this discovery could pave the way to the development of new fast recharging battery technologies.
Antenna surface plasmon emission by inelastic tunneling
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Hugonin Jean-Paul , Coutrot Anne-Lise , Sauvan Christophe , Marquier François , Greffet Jean-Jacques
Published: October 2019

Surface plasmons polaritons are mixed electronic and electromagnetic waves. They have become a workhorse of nanophotonics because plasmonic modes can be confined in space at the nanometer scale and in time at the 10 fs scale. However, in practice, plasmonic modes are often excited using diffraction-limited beams. In order to take full advantage of their potential for sensing and information technology, it is necessary to develop a microscale ultrafast electrical source of surface plasmons. Here, we report the design, fabrication and characterization of nanoantennas to emit surface plasmons by inelastic electron tunneling. The antenna controls the emission spectrum, the emission polarization, and enhances the emission efficiency by more than three orders of magnitude. We introduce a theoretical model of the antenna in good agreement with the results.
Retrofitting metal-organic frameworks
Authors: Schneider Christian , Bodesheim David , Keupp Julian , Schmid Rochus , Kieslich Gregor
Published: October 2019

The post-synthetic installation of linker molecules between open-metal sites (OMSs) and undercoordinated metal-nodes in a metal-organic framework (MOF) — retrofitting — has recently been discovered as a powerful tool to manipulate macroscopic properties such as the mechanical robustness and the thermal expansion behavior. So far, the choice of cross linkers (CLs) that are used in retrofitting experiments is based on qualitative considerations. Here, we present a low-cost computational framework that provides experimentalists with a tool for evaluating various CLs for retrofitting a given MOF system with OMSs. After applying our approach to the prototypical system CL@Cu3BTC2 (BTC = 1,3,5-benzentricarboxylate) the methodology was expanded to NOTT-100 and NOTT-101 MOFs, identifying several promising CLs for future CL@NOTT-100 and CL@NOTT-101 retrofitting experiments. The developed model is easily adaptable to other MOFs with OMSs and is set-up to be used by experimentalists, providing a guideline for the synthesis of new retrofitted MOFs with modified physicochemical properties.
Printable magnesium ion quasi-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors for flexible solar-charging integrated units
Authors: Tian Zhengnan , Tong Xiaoling , Sheng Guan , Shao Yuanlong , Yu Lianghao , Tung Vincent , Sun Jingyu , Kaner Richard B. , Liu Zhongfan
Published: October 2019

Wearable and portable self-powered units have stimulated considerable attention in both the scientific and technological realms. However, their innovative development is still limited by inefficient bulky connections between functional modules, incompatible energy storage systems with poor cycling stability, and real safety concerns. Herein, we demonstrate a flexible solar-charging integrated unit based on the design of printed magnesium ion aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors. This power unit exhibits excellent mechanical robustness, high photo-charging cycling stability (98.7% capacitance retention after 100 cycles), excellent overall energy conversion and storage efficiency (ηoverall = 17.57%), and outstanding input current tolerance. In addition, the Mg ion quasi-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors show high energy density up to 13.1 mWh cm−3 via pseudocapacitive ion storage as investigated by an operando X-ray diffraction technique. The findings pave a practical route toward the design of future self-powered systems affording favorable safety, long life, and high energy.
Network curvature as a hallmark of brain structural connectivity
Authors: Farooq Hamza , Chen Yongxin , Georgiou Tryphon T. , Tannenbaum Allen , Lenglet Christophe
Published: October 2019

Although brain functionality is often remarkably robust to lesions and other insults, it may be fragile when these take place in specific locations. Previous attempts to quantify robustness and fragility sought to understand how the functional connectivity of brain networks is affected by structural changes, using either model-based predictions or empirical studies of the effects of lesions. We advance a geometric viewpoint relying on a notion of network curvature, the so-called Ollivier-Ricci curvature. This approach has been proposed to assess financial market robustness and to differentiate biological networks of cancer cells from healthy ones. Here, we apply curvature-based measures to brain structural networks to identify robust and fragile brain regions in healthy subjects. We show that curvature can also be used to track changes in brain connectivity related to age and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and we obtain results that are in agreement with previous MRI studies.