bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Resilient Family Firm: Stakeholder Outcomes and Institutional Effects
Authors: van Essen Marc , Strike Vanessa M. , Carney Michael , Sapp Stephen
Published: September 2014

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Question/Issue

Our study seeks to explain the relationship between publicly listed family‐controlled firms (FCFs) and investor and employee outcomes before and during the global financial crisis. Theoretically, we develop hypotheses suggesting that FCF resilience is beneficial to both investor and employees. Employing a large firm‐level data set of 2,949 firms across 27 European countries, we test the hypotheses that FCFs' long‐term orientation makes them resilient to the effects of economic shocks. In addition, using hierarchical linear modeling we evaluate family firm investor and employee outcomes, and the moderating impact of legal institutions protecting minority investors and employees.

Research Findings/Insights

We find that FCFs financially outperform non‐FCFs during the financial crisis, beginning in 2007 and reaching its lowest point in 2009, but show no significant differences during the stable‐growth period between 2004 and 2006. We evaluate two employee outcomes: downsizing and wage decreases. We find that FCFs are less likely to downsize their workforce or cut wages in both pre‐crisis and crisis conditions. Based upon hypotheses founded in the comparative capitalisms logic, we find significant institutional effects that are contrary to our predictions. Our findings suggest that investors and employees of FCFs achieve more favorable outcomes for their interests when the rules pertaining to investor protection and their enforcement are poorly developed.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

We contribute to the emerging literature on the institution‐based view of comparative corporate governance by demonstrating that family‐controlled firms' stakeholder outcomes are contingent upon legal protection for employees and investors under contrasting economic circumstances.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Family owners, employees and minority investors should consider both firm‐level and country‐level governance institutions when investing in different countries, especially in times of economic crisis as jurisdiction‐level institutions and firm ownership choices produce variable outcomes for different stakeholders in both crisis and non‐crisis conditions.
Variability of automated carotid intima‐media thickness measurements by novice operators
Authors: Nichols S. , Milner M. , Meijer R. , Carroll S. , Ingle L.
Published: September 2014

Carotid intima‐media thickness (C‐IMT) measurements provide a non‐invasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to assess the inter‐ and intra‐observer variability of automated C‐IMT measurements undertaken by two novice operators using the Panasonic CardioHealth Station. Participants were free from cardio‐metabolic disease, and each underwent serial bilateral C‐IMT ultrasound measurements. Immediate interoperator measurement variability was calculated by comparing initial measurements taken by two operators. Immediate retest variability was calculated from two consecutive measurements and longer term variability was assessed by conducting a further scan 1 week later. Fifty apparently healthy participants (n = 20 females), aged 26·2 ± 5·0 years, were recruited. Operator 1 recorded a median (interquartile range) right and left‐sided C‐IMT of 0·471 mm (0·072 mm) and 0·462 mm (0·047 mm). Female's right and left C‐IMT were 0·442 mm (0·049 mm) and 0·451 mm (0·063 mm), respectively. The limits of agreement (LoA) for immediate interoperator variability were −0·063 to 0·056 mm (mean bias −0·003 mm). Operator 1's immediate retest intra‐operator LoA were −0·057 to 0·046 mm (mean bias was −0·005 mm). One‐week LoA were −0·057 to 0·050 mm (mean bias −0·003 mm). Operator 2 recorded median right and left‐sided C‐IMT of 0·467 mm (0·089 mm) and 0·458 mm (0·046 mm) for males, respectively, whilst female measurements were 0·441 mm (0·052 mm) and 0·444 mm (0·054 mm), respectively. Operator 2's intra‐operator immediate retest LoA were −0·056 to 0·056 (mean bias <−0·001 mm). Intra‐operator LoA at 1 week were −0·052 to 0·068 mm (mean bias 0·008 mm). Novice operators produce acceptable short‐term and 1‐week inter‐ and intra‐operator C‐IMT measurement variability in healthy, young to middle‐aged adults using the Panasonic CardioHealth Station.
The effects of Kinesio Taping on body functions and activity in unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a single‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kaya Kara Ozgun , Atasavun Uysal Songul , Turker Duygu , Karayazgan Sedef , Gunel Mintaze Kerem , Baltaci Gul
Published: September 2014

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Kinesio Taping (KT) on the body functions and activity of children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

This study was designed as a single‐blind, randomized, controlled trial. Thirty children with unilateral spastic CP were randomized and split equally between the KT group (eight males, seven females; mean age 9y [SD 2y 3mo] range 7–12y) and the control group (seven males, eight females; mean age 9y 7mo [SD 3y 4mo] range 7–14y) receiving usual care. All participants were evaluated with the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM), the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP), the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), short‐term muscle power, agility and functional muscle strength tests. Wilcoxon signed‐rank and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to evaluate within and between‐group differences respectively. The level of significance was accepted as p<0.05.

Results

There were significant differences in muscle power sprint (p=0.003), lateral step‐up test right (p=0.016), sit to stand (p=0.018), attain stand through half knee right (p=0.003), BOTMP Gross scores (p=0.019), and WeeFIM total (p=0.003) and self‐care scores (p=0.022) between the groups (p<0.05).

Interpretation

Kinesio Taping is a promising additional approach to increase proprioceptive feedback and improve physical fitness, gross motor function, and activities of daily living in children with CP.
Policy for Agriculture and Horticulture in Rwanda: A Different Political Economy?
Authors: Booth David , Golooba‐Mutebi Frederick
Published: September 2014

In Africa as in Asia, will successful agricultural transformation happen first in countries whose rulers are driven by concerns to avert fundamental rural‐based political threats? This article explores this question with reference to Rwanda, where the political incentives are found to be different from those in comparable African countries. Whilst this did not immediately lead to the adoption of an appropriate agricultural strategy, following a major shock and some serious rethinking, policy has now turned a corner and the results are promising. This experience has revealed that the political economy of agricultural policy in Rwanda is distinguished by a capacity for learning from errors as well as a seriousness about implementation that are not widely observed elsewhere in the region.
The Political Economy of Agricultural Extension Policy in Ethiopia: Economic Growth and Political Control
Authors: Berhanu Kassahun , Poulton Colin
Published: September 2014

This article argues that, in Ethiopia, the aim to transform the performance of smallholder agricultural production is driven by the twin imperatives of economic growth and political control. The agricultural extension programme – the largest and fastest growing in the continent – has been central to this strategy, and the unparalleled investment in the extension system has been driven by these twin imperatives. However, there are tensions between the objectives of stimulating agricultural growth, on the one hand, and extensively penetrating society and winning elections, on the other, and these may reduce the returns to this investment. Implications are drawn for wider debates on the reform of agricultural extension.
Pore network and water retention characteristics of volcanic porous media
Authors: Dal Ferro N. , Pagliarin C. , Morari F.
Published: September 2014

Aggregate media are often characterized by multi‐porous systems, which have structural and water retention characteristics that depend on the complex interaction between intra‐ and inter‐aggregate pores. Here we investigate the structure and water retention dynamics of rigid aggregate volcanic materials. In particular, we focus on commercially used pumices, lapilli and zeolites. The aim was to estimate the air and water content through complex dual‐porous systems, and thus to evaluate their suitability for vegetation growth. Both inter‐ and intra‐aggregate characteristics were determined by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry, X‐ray microtomography and water retention curves. The wilting point was determined with pressure plates, a dew point hygrometer and the sunflower method to assess their reliability at small matric potentials. Results indicate that aggregate porous media were bimodal and their heterogeneous pore network affected the water retention dynamics because (i) the large inter‐aggregate pores allowed a rapid drainage near saturation and (ii) the intra‐aggregate porosity held water available for root uptake and plant growth. In contrast, volcanic powders were less affected by the inter‐ and intra‐aggregate dual‐porosity. The use of a dew point hygrometer instead of pressure plates for determining small matric potentials is also suggested because pressure plates might over‐estimate the water content because of poor plate and soil conductance. However, the reference potential at wilting point should be set at values greater than −1471.5 kPa (−784.8 kPa) to consider the interaction between plant roots and porous media with small hydraulic conductivity. Results from this work indicate that aggregate multi‐porous media allow the simultaneous supply of oxygen and available water for plants, although the heterogeneous nature of the pore network involves uncertainties regarding water balance and root–matrix interactions.
Vertical distribution of charcoal in a sandy soil: evidence from DRIFT spectra and field emission scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Hobley E. , Willgoose G. R. , Frisia S. , Jacobsen G.
Published: September 2014

This study uses diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier Transform (DRIFT) spectrometry and field emission scanning electron microscopy to investigate the vertical distribution of charcoal in a sandy soil from SE Australia. The soil was sampled to bedrock (120 cm) at varying depths and bulk samples were fractionated into three particle‐sizes: macro‐ (2000–200 µm), micro‐ (200–60 µm) and mineral‐associated organic matter (MAOM, < 60 µm). Charcoal was isolated from 0–30 and 30–60‐cm depths. Soil charcoal was detected by using a DRIFT band centred at 1590 cm−1 and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Charcoal content as a proportion of soil organic carbon (SOC) was estimated with linear regressions of cumulative DRIFT bands. At 0–30 cm, charcoal content as a portion of SOC did not differ significantly between particle‐size fractions, constituting 5–26% of SOC. At a depth of 30–60 cm, charcoal constituted 19–39% of SOC in the fractions. At 60–100 cm, charcoal was only detectable in the mid‐sized fraction, where it constituted about 17% of SOC. These results support our previous hypothesis of charcoal enrichment in the micro‐fraction inducing a greater SOC stability in this fraction as inferred from radiocarbon ages (Hobley et al., 2013). Our findings indicate that DRIFT spectra can be used to detect the presence and amount of charcoal in soil, which may prove to be a simple and low‐cost alternative to more laborious and costly detection methods.
Comparison of silicate minerals as sources of potassium for plant nutrition in sandy soil
Authors: Mohammed S. M. O. , Brandt K. , Gray N. D. , White M. L. , Manning D. A. C.
Published: September 2014

Given the cost of conventional fertilizers and increasing demand as a result of increasing population growth, new sources of potassium (K) for plant nutrition need to be considered. Readily soluble nutrients are rapidly lost from well‐drained soils, and so it is appropriate to consider silicate minerals that release K slowly during weathering. In this paper, we compare the availability to plants grown in sandy soils of K from microcline (feldspar), biotite (mica) and nepheline syenite (nepheline + microcline) using leek (Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum L.) as a model plant. Pot experiments were carried out under controlled environmental conditions using natural and artificial soil. The performance of the minerals was compared with treatment with KCl and a negative control (no K added). Plant shoot diameter was measured weekly to assess growth rates. After 10 weeks, plant dry mass and soil and plant contents of soluble K were measured to determine offtake; mineralogical changes in biotite‐treated soils were assessed. Results for artificial and natural soil differed, reflecting differences in their mineralogy. With no added K, plant growth ceased after 2 weeks. Growth rates were greatest for KCl, followed by biotite; linear growth continued for 5 weeks in the natural soil and for the entire 10 weeks in the artificial soil. Growth rates with nepheline syenite (natural soil) and microcline (both soils) did not differ significantly from the negative control, but for nepheline syenite, leek shoot K content was significantly greater, demonstrating availability of K from this source. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that biotite reacted to form vermiculite.
Doctors’ perspectives of informed consent for non‐emergency surgical procedures: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Wood Fiona , Martin Sean Michael , Carson‐Stevens Andrew , Elwyn Glyn , Precious Elizabeth , Kinnersley Paul
Published: September 2014

Background

The need to involve patients more in decisions about their care, the ethical imperative and concerns about ligation and complaints has highlighted the issue of informed consent and how it is obtained. In order for a patient to make an informed decision about their treatment, they need appropriate discussion of the risks and benefits of the treatment.

Objectives

To explore doctors’ perspectives of gaining informed consent for routine surgical procedures.

Design

Qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews selected by purposive sampling. Data were analysed thematically.

Setting and Participants

Twenty doctors in two teaching hospitals in the UK.

Results

Doctors described that while consent could be taken over a series of consultations, it was common for consent to be taken immediately prior to surgery. Juniors were often taking consent when they were unfamiliar with the procedure. Doctors used a range of communication techniques to inform patients about the procedure and its risks including quantifying risks, personalizing risk, simplification of language and use of drawings. Barriers to effective consent taking were reported to be shortage of time, clinician inexperience and patients’ reluctance to be involved.

Discussion and Conclusion

Current consent processes do not appear to be ideal for many doctors. In particular, junior doctors are often not confident taking consent for surgical procedures and require more support to undertake this task. This might include written information for junior staff, observation by senior colleagues when undertaking the task and ward‐based communication skills teaching on consent taking.
Specialist nurse in Europe: education, regulation and role
Authors: Dury C. , Hall C. , Danan J‐L. , Mondoux J. , Aguiar Barbieri‐Figueiredo M.C. , Costa M.A.M. , Debout C.
Published: September 2014

Background

The concept of a ‘specialist nurse’ has existed for many years and related education programmes are proliferating. However, while literature clearly outlines the roles and practice of registered nurses and advanced practice nurses, those of specialist nurses remain unclear and nursing specializations across Europe need clarifying.

Aim

This pilot study aimed to explore the competencies, education requirements and regulation of specialist nurses in Europe.

Design

A descriptive cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

An online questionnaire named ‘Specialist nurse and specialization in Europe’ was sent to 550 members of the European Federation of Nurse Educators and ten members of the European Specialist Nurses Organizations. Snowball sampling was then used to build a convenience sample of nurse educators, clinical nurses and specialist nurses, national nursing association members, and chief nursing officers from all European countries. Besides quantitative aspects, responses to open‐ended questions were analysed using a qualitative content analysis process.

Results

A total of 77 experts from 29 European countries responded to the questionnaire. Findings highlighted variations in titles, levels and length of education, certification, regulation and scope of practice for specialized nurses in Europe. Analysis of the promoted competencies revealed dominant clinical and technical aspects of the role with a high level of knowledge.

Conclusions

The study emphasized the need to improve standards for education, certification and regulation for specialist nurses. Interpretation of the role and competencies is diverse with a weak presence of health policy that would enhance and develop the specialities.

Implications for nursing and health policy

To address the current lack of provisions for automatic recognition of specialist nurses, common training frameworks corresponding to the relevant level of the European Qualifications Framework should promote lifelong learning and mobility, and enhance levels of health care and patient safety.
AMBIDEXTERITY INC.
Authors: Nieto‐Rodriguez Antonio
Published: September 2014

Understanding an ambidextrous organisation is one thing, making it a reality is another. Antonio Nieto‐Rodriguez provides an execution roadmap
Apoptosis mediated by phosphatidylserine externalization in the elimination of aneuploid germ cells during human spermatogenesis
Authors: Garcia‐Quevedo L. , Blanco J. , Sarrate Z. , Vidal F.
Published: September 2014

It has been described that aneuploidies trigger cell cycle checkpoints leading to apoptosis. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the presence of chromosomal abnormalities and apoptosis in germ cells and in Sertoli cells. Fourteen diagnostic testicular biopsies from infertile patients were processed following a sequential methodology, which included enzymatic disaggregation, apoptotic staining, cell sorting, cell fixation, and fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. The chromosome constitution of germ cells (interphase pre‐meiotic germ cells, meiotic figures, post‐reductional germ cells, and spermatozoa) and Sertoli cells was evaluated in non‐sorted and flow‐sorted cell populations (apoptotic and viable). The mean percentage of aneuploidy was compared between the three fractions in each cell type using a Kruskal–Wallis test. If significant results were obtained, a two‐by‐two Chi‐squared test was performed. There were significant differences between the apoptotic fraction and the viable and non‐sorted fractions in the pre‐meiotic germ cells (p < 0.01). In the remaining cell types, no association between the presence of aneuploidy and apoptotic processes was observed, even in the case of post‐reductional germ cells in which we detected the highest rates of aneuploidy regardless of the fraction analyzed. From our data, it can be inferred that most of the aneuploid post‐reductional germ cells are efficiently removed from the testicular epithelium without differentiating into spermatozoa. Our results suggest that the elimination of aneuploid testicular epithelial cells is triggered by different mechanisms. Accordingly, the cellular elimination of aneuploid germ cells beyond the blood–testis barrier does not involve phosphatidylserine externalization.
Hydraulic Behavior of Mechanically and Chemically Activated Synthetic Merwinite
Authors: Kriskova Lubica , Pontikes Yiannis , Cizer Özlem , Malfliet Annelies , Dijkmans Jan , Sels Bert , Van Balen Koenraad , Blanpain Bart
Published: September 2014

The hydraulic behavior of synthetic merwinite was investigated after activation by two different methods, aiming to enhance its hydraulic activity which is weak in water. Mechanical activation, by means of extensive milling in a bead mill, led to amorphization of merwinite and a decrease in its crystallite size. The combined effect of higher specific surface area and of structural disorder resulted in a notable increase of hydraulic reactivity. The hydraulic reactivity was substantially more pronounced with chemical activation compared to mechanical activation. Crystalline and amorphous C‐S‐H and brucite were the main hydration products formed in the hydrated, mechanically activated merwinite, whereas portlandite precipitated additionally in the case of chemical activation. Spectroscopic analyses ofFTIRand29SiMAS NMRverified the C‐S‐H formation.TEMinvestigations revealed formation of Mg‐low C‐S‐H gel around the merwinite particles. Both mechanically and chemically activated merwinite systems were capable of developing mechanical strength.
Mapping and Ablating Ventricular Premature Contractions That Trigger Ventricular Fibrillation: Trigger Elimination and Substrate Modification
Authors: NOGAMI AKIHIKO
Published: September 2014

VF Ablation

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a malignant arrhythmia, usually initiated by a ventricular premature contraction (VPC) during the vulnerable period of cardiac repolarization. Ablation therapy for VF has been described and increasingly reported. Targets for VF triggers are VPC preceded Purkinje potentials or the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in structurally normal hearts, and VPC triggers preceded by Purkinje potentials in ischemic cardiomyopathy. The most important issue before the ablation session is the recording of the 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) of the triggering event, which can prove invaluable in regionalizing the origin of the triggering VPC for more detailed mapping. In cases where the VPC is not spontaneous or inducible, ablation may be performed by pacemapping. During the session, mapping should be focused on the earliest activation and determining the earliest potential is the key to a successful ablation. However, a modification of the Purkinje network might be applied when the earliest site cannot be determined or is located close to the His‐bundle. Furthermore, the electrical isolation of the pulmonary artery (PA) can suppress RVOT type polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in some patients with rapid triggers from the PA. Suppression of VF can be achieved by not only the elimination of triggering VPCs, but also by substrate modification of possible reentry circuits in the Purkinje network, or between the PA and RVOT. Further studies are needed to evaluate the precise mechanisms of this arrhythmia.
Astaxanthin inhibits apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells type II in vivo and in vitro through the ROS‐dependent mitochondrial signalling pathway
Authors: Song Xiaodong , Wang Bingsi , Lin Shengcui , Jing Lili , Mao Cuiping , Xu Pan , Lv Changjun , Liu Wen , Zuo Ji
Published: September 2014

Oxidative stress is an important molecular mechanism underlying lung fibrosis. The mitochondrion is a major organelle for oxidative stress in cells. Therefore, blocking the mitochondrial signalling pathway may be the best therapeutic manoeuver to ameliorate lung fibrosis. Astaxanthin (AST) is an excellent antioxidant, but no study has addressed the pathway of AST against pulmonary oxidative stress and free radicals by the mitochondrion‐mediated signalling pathway. In this study, we investigated the antioxidative effects of AST against H2O2‐ or bleomycin (BLM)‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in alveolar epithelial cells type II (AECs‐II) in vivo and in vitro. Our data show that AST blocks H2O2‐ or BLM‐induced ROS generation and dose‐dependent apoptosis in AECs‐II, as characterized by changes in cell and mitochondria morphology, translocation of apoptotic proteins, inhibition of cytochrome c (Cyt c) release, and the activation of caspase‐9, caspase‐3, Nrf‐2 and other cytoprotective genes. These data suggest that AST inhibits apoptosis in AECs‐II cells through the ROS‐dependent mitochondrial signalling pathway and may be of potential therapeutic value in lung fibrosis treatment.
Forced IDO1 expression in dendritic cells restores immunoregulatory signalling in autoimmune diabetes
Authors: Pallotta Maria Teresa , Orabona Ciriana , Bianchi Roberta , Vacca Carmine , Fallarino Francesca , Belladonna Maria Laura , Volpi Claudia , Mondanelli Giada , Gargaro Marco , Allegrucci Massimo , Talesa Vincenzo Nicola , Puccetti Paolo , Grohmann Ursula
Published: September 2014

Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO1), a tryptophan catabolizing enzyme, is recognized as an authentic regulator of immunity in several physiopathologic conditions. We have recently demonstrated that IDO1 does not merely degrade tryptophan and produce immunoregulatory kynurenines, but it also acts as a signal‐transducing molecule, independently of its enzymic function. IDO1 signalling activity is triggered in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) by transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), an event that requires the non‐canonical NF‐κB pathway and induces long‐lasting IDO1 expression and autocrine TGF‐β production in a positive feedback loop, thus sustaining a stably regulatory phenotype in pDCs. IDO1 expression and catalytic function are defective in pDCs from non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a prototypic model of autoimmune diabetes. In the present study, we found that TGF‐β failed to activate IDO1 signalling function as well as up‐regulate IDO1 expression in NOD pDCs. Moreover, TGF‐β‐treated pDCs failed to exert immunosuppressive properties in vivo. Nevertheless, transfection of NOD pDCs with Ido1 prior to TGF‐β treatment resulted in activation of the Ido1 promoter and induction of non‐canonical NF‐κB and TGF‐β, as well as decreased production of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). Overexpression of IDO1 in TGF‐β‐treated NOD pDCs also resulted in pDC ability to suppress the in vivo presentation of a pancreatic β‐cell auto‐antigen. Thus, our data suggest that a correction of IDO1 expression may restore its dual function and thus represent a proper therapeutic manoeuvre in this autoimmune setting.
Elongation factor‐2 kinase regulates TG2/β1 integrin/Src/uPAR pathway and epithelial–mesenchymal transition mediating pancreatic cancer cells invasion
Authors: Ashour Ahmed A. , Gurbuz Nilgun , Alpay Sultan Neslihan , Abdel‐Aziz Abdel‐Aziz H. , Mansour Ahmed M. , Huo Longfei , Ozpolat Bulent
Published: September 2014

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the lethal cancers with extensive local tumour invasion, metastasis, early systemic dissemination and poorest prognosis. Thus, understanding the mechanisms regulating invasion/metastasis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), is the key for developing effective therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer (PaCa). Eukaryotic elongation factor‐2 kinase (eEF‐2K) is an atypical kinase that we found to be highly up‐regulated in PaCa cells. However, its role in PaCa invasion/progression remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of eEF‐2K in cellular invasion, and we found that down‐regulation of eEF‐2K, by siRNA or rottlerin, displays impairment of PaCa cells invasion/migration, with significant decreases in the expression of tissue transglutaminase (TG2), the multifunctional enzyme implicated in regulation of cell attachment, motility and survival. These events were associated with reductions in β1 integrin/uPAR/MMP‐2 expressions as well as decrease in Src activity. Furthermore, inhibition of eEF‐2K/TG2 axis suppresses the EMT, as demonstrated by the modulation of the zinc finger transcription factors, ZEB1/Snail, and the tight junction proteins, claudins. Importantly, while eEF‐2K silencing recapitulates the rottlerin‐induced inhibition of invasion and correlated events, eEF‐2K overexpression, by lentivirus‐based expression system, suppresses such rottlerin effects and potentiates PaCa cells invasion/migration capability. Collectively, our results show, for the first time, that eEF‐2K is involved in regulation of the invasive phenotype of PaCa cells through promoting a new signalling pathway, which is mediated by TG2/β1 integrin/Src/uPAR/MMP‐2, and the induction of EMT biomarkers which enhance cancer cell motility and metastatic potential. Thus, eEF‐2K could represent a novel potential therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
A novel functional interplay between Progesterone Receptor‐B and PTEN, via AKT, modulates autophagy in breast cancer cells
Authors: De Amicis Francesca , Guido Carmela , Santoro Marta , Lanzino Marilena , Panza Salvatore , Avena Paola , Panno Maria Luisa , Perrotta Ida , Aquila Saveria , Andò Sebastiano
Published: September 2014

The tumour suppressor activity of the phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is subject of intense investigative efforts, although limited information on its regulation in breast cancer is available. Herein, we report that, in breast cancer cells, progesterone (OHPg), through its cognate receptor PR‐B, positively modulates PTEN expression by inducing its mRNA and protein levels, and increasing PTEN‐promoter activity. The OHPg‐dependent up‐regulation of PTEN gene activity requires binding of the PR‐B to an Sp1‐rich region within the PTEN gene promoter. Indeed, ChIP and EMSA analyses showed that OHPg treatment induced the occupancy of PTEN promoter by PR and Sp1 together with transcriptional coactivators such as SRC1 and CBP. PR‐B isoform knockdown abolished the complex formation indicating its specific involvement. The OHPg/PR‐B dependent induction of PTEN causes the down‐regulation of PI3K/AKT signal, switching on the autophagy process through an enhanced expression of UVRAG and leading to a reduced cell survival. Altogether these findings highlight a novel functional connection between OHPg/PR‐B and tumour suppressor pathways in breast cancer.
AnxA5 reduces plaque inflammation of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in apoE−/− mice
Authors: Burgmaier Mathias , Schutters Kristof , Willems Brecht , van der Vorst Emiel P.C. , Kusters Dennis , Chatrou Martijn , Norling Lucy , Biessen Erik A.L. , Cleutjens Jack , Perretti Mauro , Schurgers Leon J. , Reutelingsperger Chris P.M.
Published: September 2014

Annexin A5 (AnxA5) exerts anti‐inflammatory, anticoagulant and anti‐apoptotic effects through binding cell surface expressed phosphatidylserine. The actions of AnxA5 on atherosclerosis are incompletely understood. We investigated effects of exogenous AnxA5 on plaque morphology and phenotype of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in apoE−/− mice. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions were induced in 12 weeks old Western type diet fed apoE−/− mice using a collar placement around the carotid artery. After 5 weeks mice were injected either with AnxA5 (n = 8) or vehicle for another 4 weeks. AnxA5 reduced plaque macrophage content both in the intima (59% reduction, P < 0.05) and media (73% reduction, P < 0.01) of advanced atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid artery. These findings corroborated with advanced lesions of the aortic arch, where a 67% reduction in plaque macrophage content was observed with AnxA5 compared to controls (P < 0.01). AnxA5 did not change lesion extension, plaque apoptosis, collagen content, smooth muscle cell content or acellular plaque composition after 4 weeks of treatment as determined by immunohistochemistry in advanced carotid lesions. In vitro, AnxA5 exhibited anti‐inflammatory effects in macrophages and a flow chamber based assay demonstrated that AnxA5 significantly inhibited capture, rolling, adhesion as well as transmigration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells on a TNF‐α‐activated endothelial cell layer. In conclusion, short‐term treatment with AnxA5 reduces plaque inflammation of advanced lesions in apoE−/− mice likely through interfering with recruitment and activation of monocytes to the inflamed lesion site. Suppressing chronic inflammation by targeting exposed phosphatidylserine may become a viable strategy to treat patients suffering from advanced atherosclerosis.
Bacillus Cereus Contamination of UF‐Feta Cheese during Ripening and Shelf Life
Authors: Moradi‐Khatoonabadi Zhila , Ezzatpanah Hamid , Maghsoudlou Yahya , Khomeiri Morteza , Aminafshar Mehdi
Published: September 2014

UF‐Feta cheese was analyzed among three plants for total microorganisms, aerobic spores and Bacillus cereus in three parts (core, rind and brine) during ripening and shelf life. Then, hemolysin BL, cereolysin A and cereolysin B genes as virulence factors were investigated in the B. cereus isolates. The results show that in spite of significant decrease of the total count, the variation of B. cereus spores and aerobic spores was not meaningful during shelf life. It may be due to the sporelation of B. cereus in severe condition of UF‐Feta cheese. The results also show that B. cereus is well adapted to Feta cheese condition with low pH, and can present up to the end of shelf life. Moreover, in the detection of toxin‐producing genes, 30% of isolates were found to carry three genes. In conclusion, B. cereus isolated from UF‐Feta cheese should be considered as potential enterotoxin producers. Therefore, new efforts should be undertaken to restrict these organisms during manufacturing for food safety.

Practical Applications

Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen found in dairy products. However, some studies were reported that this microorganism cannot survive at low pH like UF‐Feta cheese. The results of the present study indicate that B. cereus can tolerate the acidity and storage temperature. In addition, occurrences of toxin‐producing genes which include diarrheal toxins provide useful information in risk assessment of food poisoning caused by B. cereus. Thus, the presence of it in UF‐Feta cheese may be potential risk factors for consumer health and should be considered a serious public health hazard.
Effectiveness of a home hazard modification program for reducing falls in urban community‐dwelling older adults: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kamei Tomoko , Kajii Fumiko , Yamamoto Yuko , Irie Yukako , Kozakai Rumi , Sugimoto Tomoko , Chigira Ayako , Niino Naoakira
Published: September 2014

Aim

To evaluate the potential improvement of fall prevention awareness and home modification behaviors and to decrease indoor falls by applying a home hazard modification program (HHMP) in community‐dwelling older adults followed up to 1 year in this randomized controlled trial.

Methods

The present authors randomly assigned 130 older adults living in theTokyo metropolitan region to either theHHMPintervention group (n = 67) or the control group (n = 63). Both groups received four, 2 h fall prevention multifactorial programs including education regarding fall risk factors, food and nutrition, foot self‐care, and exercise sessions. However, only theHHMPgroup received education and practice regarding home safety by using a model mock‐up of a typicalJapanese home.

Results

The mean age of theHHMPgroup was 75.7 years and the control group 75.8. TheHHMPgroup showed a 10.9% reduction in overall falls, and falls indoors showed an 11.7% reduction at 52 weeks. Those aged 75 years and over showed a significant reduction in both overall falls and indoor falls at 12 weeks. Fall prevention awareness and home modifications were significantly improved in theHHMPgroup.

Conclusion

HHMPhas the potential to improve fall prevention awareness and home modification behaviors, and specifically decreased overall and indoor falls in 12 weeks in those aged 75 years and older in community‐dwelling older adults.
Down‐regulation of Akt by methanol extracts of Impatiens balsamina L. promotes apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Shin Ji‐Ae , Ryu Mi Heon , Kwon Ki‐Han , Choi BuYoung , Cho Sung‐Dae
Published: September 2014

Background

The apoptotic activity of methanol extracts of Impatiens balsamina L. (MEIB) and related mechanisms in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells have been systematically investigated.

Methods

The effects of MEIB on human OSCC cell lines were investigated using trypan blue exclusion assay, MTS assay, Western blot, 4′‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining, Live/Dead assay, Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, and promoter assay.

Results

MEIB decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in HSC‐4 cells. Higher levels of p‐Akt expression were observed in OSCC than in normal oral mucosa (NOM), and it correlated with poor survival of the patients. MEIB dephosphorylated p‐Akt and decreased Akt expression through proteasome‐dependent degradation. LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) decreased p‐Akt and Akt, resulting in enhancing MEIB‐induced apoptosis. MEIB down‐regulated the expression level of survivin protein at the transcriptional level and YM155 (survivin inhibitor) decreased survivin, which facilitated MEIB‐induced apoptosis. MEIB and LY294002 significantly increased Bax, thereby inducing the conformational change, mitochondrial translocation, and oligomerization. In addition, MEIB‐induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in OSC‐20, another human OSCC cells were mediated by regulating Akt and it downstream targets, survivin and Bax.

Conclusions

These results suggest that MEIB may serve as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of human OSCC.
Oral Candida carriage and prevalence of Candida species among Maras powder users and non‐users
Authors: Keten Derya , Keten Hamit S. , Goktas Mustafa T. , Ucer Huseyin , Ersoy Ozgur , Celik Mustafa
Published: September 2014

Introduction

The aim of this study was to investigate Candida carriage and species in Maras powder users and non‐users.

Material and Methods

This study included 100 volunteering men in 12 cafés in the city of Kahramanmaras, Turkey. A questionnaire composed of questions about socio‐demographic features and Maras powder use was filled in by the participants. Culture specimens were obtained from bilateral buccal mucosa and dorsum of the tongue with a sterile cotton‐tipped swap. The specimens were inoculated in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA).

Results

The mean age of the participants was 48.0 ± 12.5 years (min = 20, max = 70). Fifty‐four percent of the Maras powder users and 22% of the non‐users were Candida carriers. The difference between the groups was significant (P = 0.001). The most frequently isolated species was Candida albicans at a rate of 44% in the Maras powder users and at a rate of 18% in the non‐users. Other frequent species were Candida glabrata at a rate of 6% in the Maras powder users and 2% in the control group and Candida tropicalis at a rate of 4% in the Maras powder users and 2% in the nonusers.

Conclusion

We found that a significantly high rate of the Maras powder users was Candida carriers. It should be kept in mind that opportunistic infections may be caused by Candida species in Maras powder users especially with immunosuppressive conditions since Candida species are likely to lead to such infections in cases of immunosuppressive diseases.
Murmur intensity in small‐breed dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease reflects disease severity
Authors: Ljungvall I. , Rishniw M. , Porciello F. , Ferasin L. , Ohad D. G.
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether murmur intensity in small‐breed dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease reflects clinical and echocardiographic disease severity.

METHODS

Retrospective multi‐investigator study. Records of adult dogs Ä20 kg with myxomatous mitral valve disease were examined. Murmur intensity and location were recorded and compared with echocardiographic variables and functional disease status. Murmur intensities in consecutive categories were compared for prevalences of congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and cardiac remodelling.

RESULTS

578 dogs [107 with “soft” (30 Grade I/VI and 77 II/VI), 161 with “moderate” (Grade III/VI), 160 with “loud” (Grade IV/VI) and 150 with “thrilling” (Grade V/VI or VI/VI) murmurs] were studied. No dogs with soft murmurs had congestive heart failure, and 90% had no remodelling. However, 56% of dogs with “moderate”, 29% of dogs with “loud” and 8% of dogs with “thrilling” murmurs and subclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease also had no remodelling. Probability of a dog having congestive heart failure or pulmonary hypertension increased with increasing murmur intensity.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

A 4‐level murmur grading scheme separated clinically meaningful outcomes in small‐breed dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Soft murmurs in small‐breed dogs are strongly indicative of subclinical heart disease. Thrilling murmurs are associated with more severe disease. Other murmurs are less informative on an individual basis.
Bacillithiol is a major buffer of the labile zinc pool in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Ma Zhen , Chandrangsu Pete , Helmann Tyler C. , Romsang Adisak , Gaballa Ahmed , Helmann John D.
Published: September 2014

Intracellular zinc levels are tightly regulated since zinc is an essential cofactor for numerous enzymes, yet can be toxic when present in excess. The majority of intracellular zinc is tightly associated with proteins and is incorporated during synthesis from a poorly defined pool of kinetically labile zinc. In Bacillus subtilis, this labile pool is sensed by equilibration with the metalloregulator Zur, as an indication of zinc sufficiency, and by CzrA, as an indication of zinc excess. Here, we demonstrate that the low‐molecular‐weight thiol bacillithiol (BSH) serves as a major buffer of the labile zinc pool. Upon shift to conditions of zinc excess, cells transiently accumulate zinc in a low‐molecular‐weight pool, and this accumulation is largely dependent on BSH. Cells lacking BSH are more sensitive to zinc stress, and they induce zinc efflux at lower external zinc concentrations. Thiol reactive agents such as diamide and cadmium induce zinc efflux by interfering with the Zn‐buffering function of BSH. Our data provide new insights into intracellular zinc buffering and may have broad relevance given the presence of BSH in pathogens and the proposed role of zinc sequestration in innate immunity.
A systemic approach to interpersonal relationships and activities among French teleworkers
Authors: Vayre Emilie , Pignault Anne
Published: September 2014

Within a systemic and interactional approach, this study seeks to understand how French teleworkers (re)organise their relationships with others as well as their activities. Lexical analysis of interviews with 24 telecommuters (nomadic, alternating and working at home full‐time) confirms and complements the results in the literature in this field. On one hand, the findings confirmed a decline in the quality of professional relationships due to their being mediated through technology. On the other hand, there was a distinction between the ways in which different types of teleworkers ascribed meaning and adapted their activities and business, family and social relationships.
Cleft palate in HIV‐exposed newborns of mothers on highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Fasunla A.J. , Ogunbosi B.O. , Odaibo G.N. , Taiwo B. , Nwaorgu O.G.B. , Olaleye D.O. , Murphy R.L. , Adewole I.F. , Kanki P. , Akinyinka O.O.
Published: September 2014

Cleft lip/palate, though rare, is the commonest head and neck congenital malformation. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the aetiopathogenesis, but the role of in utero exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is still being investigated. This short communication reports the occurrence of cleft palate in three newborns exposed in utero to HIV and HAART. This is a case series of HIV‐exposed newborns observed to have cleft palate among a larger cohort of HIV‐exposed and HIV‐unexposed newborns in a study evaluating the effect of HIV infection and HAART on newborn hearing. The Risk Ratio (RR) was calculated to detect a potential association between in utero exposure to efavirenz (EFV)‐containing antiretroviral therapy and cleft palate. Three HIV‐exposed newborns with cleft palate were identified during hearing screening performed on 126 HIV‐exposed and 121 HIV‐unexposed newborns. Two had exposure to tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz (TDF + 3TC + EFV), whereas the third had exposure to zidovudine + lamivudine + nevirapine (ZDV + 3TC + NVP) during the first trimester. There was no statistically significant association between presence of cleft palate and exposure to an EFV containing HAART regimen [P = 0.07, RR = 10.95 (0.94–126.84)]. This communication highlights the possible aetiologic role of HAART in cleft palate, the need for further prospective follow‐up studies and establishment of antiretroviral pregnancy, birth and neonatal registries.
Cast metal cap splint use for immobilisation of mandibular fracture
Authors: Yuffa A.D. , Bruzual L.M. , Hammond D. , Whear N.M.
Published: September 2014

Use of cast metal cap splints in a patient with multiple fractures to sphenoid, zygoma, orbital floor and mandible unable to receive surgical treatment for reduction and fixation of fractured segments due to cervical spine fractures; technique considered in disuse by many.
Anesthetic considerations in myofibrillar myopathy
Authors: Latham Gregory J. , Lopez Grace
Published: September 2014

Myofibrillar myopathy (MFM) is a relatively newly recognized genetic disease that leads to progressive muscle deterioration. MFM has a varied phenotypic presentation and impacts cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles. Affected individuals are at increased risk of respiratory failure, significant cardiac conduction abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, and sudden cardiac death. In addition, significant skeletal muscle involvement is common, which may lead to contractures, respiratory insufficiency, and airway compromise as the disease progresses. This study is the first report of anesthetic management of a patient with MFM. We report multiple anesthetic encounters of a child with genetically confirmed BAG3‐myopathy, a subtype of MFM with severe childhood disease onset. A review of the anesthetic implications of the disease is provided, with specific exploration of possible susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and sensitivity to other anesthetic agents.
Tracheal intubation with the Bonfils fiberscope in the difficult pediatric airway: a comparison with fiberoptic intubation
Authors: Kaufmann Jost , Laschat Michael , Engelhardt Thomas , Hellmich Martin , Wappler Frank
Published: September 2014

Background

Fiberoptic intubation (FOI) is the gold standard for the tracheal intubation in adults with a difficult airway. However, this technique is more difficult in the narrow pediatric airway and the evaluation of alternative devices in children remains desirable. The Bonfils fiberscope (BF) is well described for the difficult airway, but no clinical data assessing its use in the difficult pediatric airway are available.

Methods

A controlled clinical study was conducted comparing BF and FOI in children and infants requiring tracheal intubation with a suspected difficult airway or who demonstrated a difficult airway which was unanticipated. Time to successful intubation, quality of imaging and ease of the intubation procedure were determined.

Results

A total of 26 patients (46% infants) were studied, and all successfully intubated at the first attempt using either the BF or FOI. Mouth opening was restricted in 38% of patients. Time required for intubation was shorter with the BF (52 ± 22 s) compared with the FOI (83 ± 24 s, P = 0.008). The image quality (excellent in 73% vs 45%, P = 0.129) and the ease of the procedure (excellent in 67% vs18%, P = 0.015) were considered better with BF than with FOI.

Conclusion

Although both the BF and FOI are suitable devices for the intubation of infants and children with difficult airways, the BF may allow faster tracheal intubation with a better image quality and ease of use.