bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isoperimetric inequalities and regularity of A-harmonic functions on surfaces
Authors: Adamowicz Tomasz , Veronelli Giona
Published: January 2024

We investigate the logarithmic and power-type convexity of the length of the level curves for a-harmonic functions on smooth surfaces and related isoperimetric inequalities. In particular, our analysis covers the p-harmonic and the minimal surface equations. As an auxiliary result, we obtain higher Sobolev regularity properties of the solutions, including the $$W^{2,2}$$

W

2
,
2

regularity. The results are complemented by a number of estimates for the derivatives $$L'$$

L
′

and $$L''$$

L

′
′

of the length of the level curve function L, as well as by examples illustrating the presentation. Our work generalizes results due to Alessandrini, Longinetti, Talenti and Lewis in the Euclidean setting, as well as a recent article of ours devoted to the harmonic case on surfaces.
Block-radial symmetry breaking for ground states of biharmonic NLS
Authors: Mandel Rainer , Oliveira e Silva Diogo
Published: January 2024

We prove that the biharmonic NLS equation $$\begin{aligned} \Delta ^2 u +2\Delta u+(1+\varepsilon )u=|u|^{p-2}u\,\,\, in {\mathbb {R}}^d \end{aligned}$$

Δ
2

u
+
2
Δ
u
+

(
1
+
ε
)

u
=

|
u
|

p
-
2

u

i
n

R

d

has at least $$k+1$$

k
+
1

geometrically distinct solutions if $$\varepsilon >0$$

ε
>
0

is small enough and $$2<p<2_\star ^k$$

2
<
p
<

2
⋆
k

, where $$2_\star ^k$$

2
⋆
k

is an explicit critical exponent arising from the Fourier restriction theory of $$O(d-k)\times O(k)$$

O
(
d
-
k
)
×
O
(
k
)

-symmetric functions. This extends the recent symmetry breaking result of Lenzmann–Weth (Symmetry breaking for ground states of biharmonic NLS via Fourier extension estimates, 2023) and relies on a chain of strict inequalities for the corresponding Rayleigh quotients associated with distinct values of k. We further prove that, as $$\varepsilon \rightarrow 0^+$$

ε
→

0
+

, the Fourier transform of each ground state concentrates near the unit sphere and becomes rough in the scale of Sobolev spaces.
Real-walk modelling: deep learning model for user mobility in virtual reality
Authors: Dohan Murtada , Mu Mu , Ajit Suraj , Hill Gary
Published: January 2024

This paper presents a study on modelling user free walk mobility in virtual reality (VR) art exhibition. The main objective is to investigate and model users’ mobility sequences during interactions with artwork in VR. We employ a range of machine learning (ML) techniques to define scenes of interest in VR, capturing user mobility patterns. Our approach utilises a long short-term memory (LSTM) model to effectively model and predict users’ future movements in VR environments, particularly in scenarios where clear walking paths and directions are not provided to participants. The DL model demonstrates high accuracy in predicting user movements, enabling a better understanding of audience interactions with the artwork. It opens avenues for developing new VR applications, such as community-based navigation, virtual art guides, and enhanced virtual audience engagement. The results highlight the potential for improved user engagement and effective navigation within virtual environments.
Laevaptychi as reliable paleotemperature archives: high-resolution stable isotope compositions of Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) lamellar structured aspidoceratid lower mandibles from Zengővárkony (Mecsek Mountains, Hungary)
Authors: Bujtor László , Demény Attila , Németh Péter , Bajnóczi Bernadett
Published: January 2024

Fieldwork provided well-preserved Laevaptychus sp. ex gr. hoplisus–obliquus specimens from the lower Kimmeridgian of Zengővárkony (Mecsek Mountains, south Hungary). This study presents the stable isotope analysis of these aptychi and control samples from brachiopods (Nucleata and Pygope) derived from the Zengővárkony section bed 3. Rarely observed structures in the upper lamellar layers of the studied laevaptychi revealed 24–32 concentric lamellae that represent primary textural features and indicate excellent preservation. After careful screening for diagenetic effects, stable oxygen isotope compositions yielded seawater temperatures between 20 and 26 °C in good agreement with earlier studies on Jurassic formations, with improved precision. Our research presents for the first time that well-preserved laevaptychi may be a reliable data source for paleoclimate and paleotemperature reconstructions.

Graphical abstract
Rivoceranib, a VEGFR-2 inhibitor, monotherapy in previously treated patients with advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer (ANGEL study): an international, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
Authors: Kang Yoon-Koo , Ryu Min-Hee , Di Bartolomeo Maria , Chau Ian , Yoon Harry , Kim Jong Gwang , Lee Keun-Wook , Oh Sang Chul , Takashima Atsuo , Kryzhanivska Anna , Chao Yee , Evesque Ludovic , Schenker Michael , McGinn Arlo , Zhao Yufan , Lee Jennifer , Wyrwicz Lucjan , Boku Narikazu
Published: January 2024

Background

Rivoceranib is an oral, selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. ANGEL (NCT03042611) was a global, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study evaluating rivoceranib as 3rd-line or ≥4th-line therapy in patients with advanced/metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer.

Methods

Patients had failed ≥2 lines of chemotherapy and were randomized 2:1 to rivoceranib 700 mg once daily or placebo with best supportive care. Primary endpoint: overall survival (OS) in the intention-to-treat population. Secondary endpoints: progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) by blinded independent central review (BICR).

Results

In total, 460 patients (rivoceranib n = 308, placebo n = 152) were enrolled. OS was not statistically different for rivoceranib versus placebo (median 5.78 vs. 5.13 months; hazard ratio [HR] 0.93, 95% CI 0.74–1.15; p = 0.4724). PFS by BICR (median 2.83 vs. 1.77 months; HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.47–0.71; p < 0.0001), ORR (6.5% vs. 1.3%; p = 0.0119), and DCR (40.3 vs. 13.2%; p < 0.0001) were improved with rivoceranib versus placebo. In patients receiving ≥4th-line therapy, OS (median 6.34 vs. 4.73 months; p = 0.0192) and PFS by BICR (median 3.52 vs. 1.71 months; p < 0.0001) were improved with rivoceranib versus placebo. The most common grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events with rivoceranib were hypertension (17.9%), anemia (10.4%), aspartate aminotransferase increased (9.4%), asthenia (8.5%), and proteinuria (7.5%).

Conclusions

This study did not meet its primary OS endpoint. Compared to placebo, rivoceranib improved PFS, ORR, and DCR. Rivoceranib also improved OS in a prespecified patient subgroup receiving ≥4th-line therapy.
Newly found leaf arrangement to reduce self-shading within a crown in Japanese monoaxial tree species
Authors: Aoyagi Hitoshi , Nakabayashi Miyabi , Yamada Toshihiro
Published: January 2024

A newly found leaf arrangement to reduce self-shading was observed in a Japanese warm-temperate forest. For monoaxial trees that deploy leaves directly on a single stem, leaf arrangements involving progressive elongation of the petiole and progressive increase in deflection angle (the angle between stem and petiole) from the uppermost to the lowermost leaves act to reduce self-shading. However, the progressive reduction in petiole length and deflection angle from the uppermost to the lowermost leaves should also result in the reduction of self-shading. Nevertheless, the latter leaf arrangement has not been reported previously for any tree species. Four Araliaceae species, namely, Gamblea innovans, Chengiopanax sciadophylloides, Dendropanax trifidus and Fatsia japonica, which are typical monoaxial tree species in Japan, were studied. We examined the crown structure of saplings growing in the light-limited understorey in a Japanese warm-temperate forest. Two evergreen species, Dendropanax trifidus and F. japonica showed progressive petiole elongation and progressive increase in the deflection angle from the uppermost to the lowermost leaves. In contrast, saplings of deciduous species, G. innovans and C. sciadophylloides had a leaf arrangement involving progressive reduction in petiole length and deflection angle from the uppermost to the lowermost leaves. The leaf arrangement has diversified among members of the same family, but all four studied species develop a crown with little self-shading that is adapted for growth in the light-limited understorey. Although trees are likely to be under the same selective pressure to reduce self-shading, this study revealed that there is flexibility in its morphological realisation, which has been poorly appreciated previously.
Examining the Intersection of Ethnoracial Disparities and HIV Status in Substance Use Risks among U.S. Adults
Authors: Hai Audrey Hang , Batey David Scott , Lee Christina S. , Li Stacey , Schnall Rebecca
Published: January 2024

Black/African American and Hispanic Americans experience significant HIV-related disparities. Substance use might be a contributing factor to these disparities, but there is limited research on this topic. This study investigated various substance use risks by HIV status and race/ethnicity (Black, Hispanic, White) among U.S. adults. We used data from the 2005–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 541,921). In each racial/ethnic group, the prevalence rates of past-year and past-month tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine use, and past-year alcohol and illicit drug use disorders were estimated by HIV status. A series of logistic regressions with the interaction term of HIV x race/ethnicity were performed to examine race/ethnicity’s moderating effect on the HIV-substance use associations, while controlling for sociodemographic factors and survey year. Moderation analysis showed that HIV status’s association with the risks of past-year tobacco use (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.01–2.75), past-year cocaine use (AOR = 3.80, 95% CI = 1.91–7.57), past-month cocaine use (AOR = 5.34, 95% CI = 2.10–13.60), and past-year alcohol use disorder (AOR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.29–4.92) differed significantly between Black and White adults. Between the Hispanic and White groups, HIV status’s association with the risks of past-year alcohol use (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.09–3.69), past-year cocaine use (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.06–5.39), and past-month cocaine use (AOR = 3.69, 95% CI = 1.36–10.02) also differed significantly. It is well-established that individuals with HIV face an elevated risk of substance use. Our study added valuable insights by highlighting that this phenomenon is particularly more significant among Black and Hispanic adults for several substances when compared to White adults. Implications for practice are discussed.
Collocation methods for second and higher order systems
Authors: Moreno-Martín Siro , Ros Lluís , Celaya Enric
Published: January 2024

It is often unnoticed that the predominant way to use collocation methods is fundamentally flawed when applied to optimal control in robotics. Such methods assume that the system dynamics is given by a first order ODE, whereas robots are often governed by a second or higher order ODE involving configuration variables and their time derivatives. To apply a collocation method, therefore, the usual practice is to resort to the well known procedure of casting an Mth order ODE into M first order ones. This manipulation, which in the continuous domain is perfectly valid, leads to inconsistencies when the problem is discretized. Since the configuration variables and their time derivatives are approximated with polynomials of the same degree, their differential dependencies cannot be fulfilled, and the actual dynamics is not satisfied, not even at the collocation points. This paper draws attention to this problem, and develops improved versions of the trapezoidal and Hermite–Simpson collocation methods that do not present these inconsistencies. In many cases, the new methods reduce the dynamics transcription error in one order of magnitude, or even more, without noticeably increasing the cost of computing the solutions.
Fluvial protected areas as a strategy to preserve riverine ecosystems—a review
Authors: Valentim Helena I. L. , Feio Maria João , Almeida Salomé F. P.
Published: January 2024

Fluvial ecosystems are essential for life on Earth. Despite this recognition and the growing implementation of restoration programs, measures aimed at halting riverine biodiversity’s decline have had limited success, so far. The implementation of protected areas has been the cornerstone of terrestrial and marine conservation. However, this strategy has only been seldomly applied to the protection of fluvial ecosystems and there is still no clear evidence of its effectiveness. We reviewed existing literature in scientific journals and reports from conservation agencies and analysed existing protection policies dedicated to rivers as well as several case studies throughout the world. Our main aim is to understand the potential advantages and drawbacks of dedicated fluvial protected areas, comparing to terrestrial protected areas and even to the total absence of protection. We also delved in the process of implementing fluvial protected areas, namely in what concerns relevant spatial scales, conservation priorities, stakeholders’ involvement and mitigation measures to potential threats. In total 173 references were retained after a comprehensive search on Google Scholar, SpringerLink, Scopus and ResearchGate. These studies revealed that, despite contradictory results, terrestrial protected areas provide some degree of protection to riverine ecosystems contained within their borders, namely through increased abundances and species richness of some specific groups. Comparatively, however, dedicated fluvial protected areas, designed to accommodate the uniqueness of these systems, hold a much higher potential. Yet, data regarding its effectiveness is still scarce, mainly due to the lack of general guidelines and resources to evaluate performance following establishment, which prevents stronger conclusions.
When Average Isn't Good Enough: Identifying Meaningful Subgroups in Clinical Data
Authors: Gloster Andrew T. , Nadler Matthias , Block Victoria , Haller Elisa , Rubel Julian , Benoy Charles , Villanueva Jeanette , Bader Klaus , Walter Marc , Lang Undine , Hofmann Stefan G. , Ciarrochi Joseph , Hayes Steven C.
Published: January 2024

Background

Clinical data are usually analyzed with the assumption that knowledge gathered from group averages applies to the individual. Doing so potentially obscures patients with meaningfully different trajectories of therapeutic change. Needed are “idionomic” methods that first examine idiographic patterns before nomothetic generalizations are made. The objective of this paper is to test whether such an idionomic method leads to different clinical conclusions.

Methods

51 patients completed weekly process measures and symptom severity over a period of eight weeks. Change trajectories were analyzed using a nomothetic approach and an idiographic approach with bottom-up clustering of similar individuals. The outcome was patients’ well-being at post-treatment.

Results

Individuals differed in the extent that underlying processes were linked to symptoms. Average trend lines did not represent the intraindividual changes well. The idionomic approach readily identified subgroups of patients that differentially predicted distal outcomes (well-being).

Conclusions

Relying exclusively on average results may lead to an oversight of intraindividual pathways. Characterizing data first using idiographic approaches led to more refined conclusions, which is clinically useful, scientifically rigorous, and may help advance individualized psychotherapy approaches.
ddRAD-seq generated genomic SNP dataset of Central and Southeast European Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) populations
Authors: Lados Botond B. , Cseke Klára , Benke Attila , Köbölkuti Zoltán A. , Molnár Csilla É. , Nagy László , Móricz Norbert , Németh Tamás M. , Borovics Attila , Mészáros Ilona , Tóth Endre Gy.
Published: January 2024

Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) is one of the most ecologically and economically significant deciduous tree species in the Central and Southeast European regions. The species has long been known to exhibit high levels of genetic and phenotypic variation. Recent climate response predictions for Turkey oak suggest a significant distribution extension in Europe under climate change. Since Turkey oak has relative drought-tolerant behaviour, it is regarded as a potential alternative for other forest tree species during forestry climate adaptation efforts, not only in its native regions but also in Western Europe. For this reason, the survey of existing genetic variability, genetic resources, and adaptability of this species has great significance. Next-generation sequencing approaches, such as ddRAD-seq (Double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing), allow the attainment of high-resolution genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study provides the first highly variable genome-wide SNP data for Turkey oak generated by ddRAD-seq. The dataset comprises 17 607 de novo and 26 059 reference mapped SNPs for 88 individuals from eight populations, two from Bulgaria, one from Kosovo, and five from Hungary. Reference mapping was carried out by using cork oak’s (Quercus suber L.) reference genome. The obtained high-resolution genome-wide markers are suitable for investigating selection and local adaptation and inferring genetic diversity, differentiation, and population structure. The dataset is accessible at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8091252
A Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial of Prebiotic Supplementation in Children with Autism: Effects on Parental Quality of Life, Child Behaviour, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and the Microbiome
Authors: Palmer Jacqueline K. , van der Pols Jolieke C. , Sullivan Karen A. , Staudacher Heidi M. , Byrne Rebecca
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Modifying gut bacteria in children with autism may influence behaviour, with potential to improve family functioning. We conducted a randomised controlled trial to assess the effect of prebiotics on behaviour, gastrointestinal symptoms and downstream effects on parental quality of life.

Method

Children with autism (4-10yrs) were randomised to 2.4 g/d of prebiotic (GOS) or placebo for six weeks. Pre and post stools samples were collected, and validated questionnaires used to measure change in social and mealtime behaviours, GI symptoms and pQOL. Linear mixed models evaluated group differences for behavioural variables, and Mann Whitney U tests were used to compare change between-groups for GI symptoms, differential abundance of genera and alpha diversity of the microbiome.

Results

Thirty-three parent-child dyads completed the trial. No group difference was seen for behavioural variables but both groups improved significantly from baseline. There was a medium effect size between groups for GI symptoms (d = 0.47) and pQOL (d = 0.44) driven by greater improvements in the prebiotic group. Bifidobacterium increased threefold following prebiotics (1.4–5.9%, p < 0.001) with no change in controls. Supplements were well tolerated, compliance with dose 94%.

Conclusion

Prebiotics modify levels of Bifidobacterium and prove well tolerated but in this instance, resulted in only marginal effects on GI symptoms and pQOL. A larger sample of children with more severe symptoms could help to determine the potential of prebiotics in autism.

Trial Registration

https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12619000615189.
Deploying Machine Learning for Radiography of Aerospace Welds
Authors: Tyystjärvi Topias , Fridolf Peter , Rosell Anders , Virkkunen Iikka
Published: January 2024

Artificial intelligence is providing new possibilities for analysis in the field of industrial radiography. As capabilities evolve, there is the need for knowledge concerning how to deploy these technologies in practice and benefit from the new automatically generated information. In this study, automatic defect recognition based on machine learning was deployed as an aid in industrial radiography of laser welds in an aerospace component, and utilized to produce statistics for improved quality control. A multi-model approach with an added weld segmentation step improved the inference speed and decreased false calls to improve field use. A user interface with visualization options was developed to display the evaluation results. A dataset of 451 radiographs was automatically analysed, yielding 10037 indications with size and location information, providing capability for statistical analysis beyond what is practical to carry out with manual annotation. The distribution of indications was modeled as a product of the probability of detection and an exponentially decreasing underlying flaw distribution, opening the possibility for model reliability assessment and predictive capabilities on weld defects. An analysis of the indications demonstrated the capability to automatically detect both large-scale trends and individual components and welds that were more at risk of failing the inspection. This serves as a step towards smarter utilization of non-destructive evaluation data in manufacturing.
Biodegradable polysaccharide aerogels based on tragacanth and alginate as novel drug delivery systems
Authors: Al-barudi Amenah , Sinani Genada , Ulker Zeynep
Published: January 2024

Tragacanth, an anionic polysaccharide, is a natural material widely investigated for the synthesis of aerogels as drug delivery vehicles. Its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and affordability are all key features for its use in pharmaceutical applications. In this study, tragacanth and tragacanth alginate composite aerogels were prepared using the sol-gel technique followed by supercritical drying. Paracetamol was selected as a model drug for drug loading and release studies owing to its high solubility in ethanol and low solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. The paracetamol loading into the aerogel pores was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of the resulting samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that all aerogels were porous with a macroporous-mesoporous network. Due to the high porosity of the prepared aerogels, a loading of 99 wt% (mg drug/mg aerogel) for tragacanth and 114 wt% (mg drug/mg aerogel) for composite aerogels was achieved. Moreover, the release rate of the drug could be modified by manipulating the aerogel composition. Tragacanth aerogels had a faster release rate, while the addition of alginate prolonged the release rate of the model drug. Various empirical release models were investigated and the release rate was found to follow the Korsmeyer-Peppas (Power Law) model suggesting a diffusion-based release kinetics. Based on the results, the feasibility of utilizing tragacanth for the preparation of drug-loaded aerogels was shown.

Graphical Abstract
The effectiveness and safety of proton beam radiation therapy in children and young adults with Central Nervous System (CNS) tumours: a systematic review
Authors: Wilson Jayne S. , Main Caroline , Thorp Nicky , Taylor Roger E. , Majothi Saimma , Kearns Pamela R. , English Martin , Dandapani Madhumita , Phillips Robert , Wheatley Keith , Pizer Barry
Published: January 2024

Background

Central nervous system (CNS) tumours account for around 25% of childhood neoplasms. With multi-modal therapy, 5-year survival is at around 75% in the UK. Conventional photon radiotherapy has made significant contributions to survival, but can be associated with long-term side effects. Proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) reduces the volume of irradiated tissue outside the tumour target volume which may potentially reduce toxicity. Our aim was to assess the effectiveness and safety of PBT and make recommendations for future research for this evolving treatment.

Methods

A systematic review assessing the effects of PBT for treating CNS tumours in children/young adults was undertaken using methods recommended by Cochrane and reported using PRISMA guidelines. Any study design was included where clinical and toxicity outcomes were reported. Searches were to May 2021, with a narrative synthesis employed.

Results

Thirty-one case series studies involving 1731 patients from 10 PBT centres were included. Eleven studies involved children with medulloblastoma / primitive neuroectodermal tumours (n = 712), five ependymoma (n = 398), four atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (n = 72), six craniopharyngioma (n = 272), three low-grade gliomas (n = 233), one germ cell tumours (n = 22) and one pineoblastoma (n = 22). Clinical outcomes were the most frequently reported with overall survival values ranging from 100 to 28% depending on the tumour type. Endocrine outcomes were the most frequently reported toxicity outcomes with quality of life the least reported.

Conclusions

This review highlights areas of uncertainty in this research area. A well-defined, well-funded research agenda is needed to best maximise the potential of PBT.

Systematic review registration.

PROSPERO-CRD42016036802.
Mitigating communications threats in decentralized federated learning through moving target defense
Authors: Martínez Beltrán Enrique Tomás , Sánchez Sánchez Pedro Miguel , López Bernal Sergio , Bovet Gérôme , Gil Pérez Manuel , Martínez Pérez Gregorio , Huertas Celdrán Alberto
Published: January 2024

The rise of Decentralized Federated Learning (DFL) has enabled the training of machine learning models across federated participants, fostering decentralized model aggregation and reducing dependence on a server. However, this approach introduces unique communication security challenges that have yet to be thoroughly addressed in the literature. These challenges primarily originate from the decentralized nature of the aggregation process, the varied roles and responsibilities of the participants, and the absence of a central authority to oversee and mitigate threats. Addressing these challenges, this paper first delineates a comprehensive threat model focused on DFL communications. In response to these identified risks, this work introduces a security module to counter communication-based attacks for DFL platforms. The module combines security techniques such as symmetric and asymmetric encryption with Moving Target Defense (MTD) techniques, including random neighbor selection and IP/port switching. The security module is implemented in a DFL platform, Fedstellar, allowing the deployment and monitoring of the federation. A DFL scenario with physical and virtual deployments have been executed, encompassing three security configurations: (i) a baseline without security, (ii) an encrypted configuration, and (iii) a configuration integrating both encryption and MTD techniques. The effectiveness of the security module is validated through experiments with the MNIST dataset and eclipse attacks.The results showed an average F1 score of 95%, with the most secure configuration resulting in CPU usage peaking at 68% (± 9%) in virtual deployments and network traffic reaching 480.8 MB (± 18 MB), effectively mitigating risks associated with eavesdropping or eclipse attacks.
A winning formula: sustainable control of three stored-product insects through paired combinations of entomopathogenic fungus, diatomaceous earth, and lambda-cyhalothrin
Authors: Wakil Waqas , Kavallieratos Nickolas G. , Eleftheriadou Nikoleta , Haider Syed Adnan , Qayyum Mirza Abdul , Tahir Muhammad , Rasool Khawaja G. , Husain Mureed , Aldawood Abdulrahman S.
Published: January 2024

This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of Metarhizium robertsii, diatomaceous earth (Protect-It), and lambda-cyhalothrin, for the long-term protection of stored wheat against three destructive grain insect pests, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum, and Trogoderma granarium. Different treatments were applied, both alone and in paired combinations in laboratory and persistence trials. Single treatments exhibited significantly lower mortality rates in comparison to the paired treatments for all tested insect species. Among the single treatments, lambda-cyhalothrin (Lamb) resulted in significantly higher mortality rates in laboratory trials, followed by diatomaceous earth (DE) and M. robertsii (Mr), with insignificant differences between Mr and DE. Evidently, DE exhibited the highest persistence after 120 days of storage for all insect species and initial exposures, although variations in mortality rates among treatments were mostly insignificant. Overall, the most effective treatment in terms of mortality in laboratory, and persistence trials, and progeny production was DE + Lamb, followed by Mr + Lamb, and Mr + DE for all tested insect species. In general, the most susceptible insect species was R. dominica, followed by T. castaneum and T. granarium. This research highlights the effectiveness of M. robertsii, DE, and lambda-cyhalothrin in providing prolonged protection of stored wheat against all the examined grain insect species.
The biological effects and thermal degradation of NPB-22, a synthetic cannabinoid
Authors: Takeda Akihiro , Doi Takahiro , Asada Akiko , Yuzawa Katsuhiro , Nagasawa Akemichi , Igarashi Kai , Maeno Tomokazu , Suzuki Atsuko , Shimizu Seiko , Uemura Nozomi , Nakajima Jun’ichi , Suzuki Toshinari , Inomata Akiko , Tagami Takaomi
Published: January 2024

Purpose

NPB-22 (quinolin-8-yl 1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylate), Adamantyl-THPINACA (N-(1-adamantantyl)-1-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide), and CUMYL-4CN-B7AICA (1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H- pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxamide), synthetic cannabinoids were evaluated in terms of CB1 (cannabinoid receptor type 1) and CB2 (cannabinoid receptor type 2) activities, and their biological effects when inhaled similar to cigarettes were examined.

Methods

The half maximal effective concentration values of the aforementioned synthetic cannabinoids at the CB1 and CB2 were investigated using [35S]guanosine-5’-O-(3-thio)-triphosphate binding assays. In addition, their biological effects were evaluated using the inhalation exposure test with mice. The smoke generated was recovered by organic solvents in the midget impingers, and the thermal degradation compounds of the smoke components were identified and quantified using a liquid chromatography–photo diode array detector.

Results

NPB-22 and Adamantyl-THPINACA had equivalent CB1 activity in in vitro assays. Meanwhile, NPB-22 had a weaker biological effect on some items on the inhalation exposure test than Adamantyl-THPINACA. When analyzing organic solvents in the midget impingers, it was revealed that NPB-22 was degraded to 8-quinolinol and pentyl indazole 3-carboxylic acid by combustion. In addition, these degradation compounds did not have CB1 activity.

Conclusion

It was estimated that the biological effects of NPB-22 on the inhalation exposure test weakened because it underwent thermal degradation by combustion, and the resultant degradation compounds did not have any CB1 activity in vitro.
3-D probability density imaging of Euler solutions using gravity data: a case study of Mount Milligan, Canada
Authors: Cao Shujin , Deng Yihuai , Yang Bo , Lu GuangYin , Zhu Ziqiang , Chen Peng , Xie Jingtao , Chen Xinyue
Published: January 2024

Euler deconvolution is a widely used automatic or semi-automatic method for potential field data. However, it yields many spurious solutions that complicate interpretation and must be reduced, eliminated, recognized, or ignored during interpretation. This study proposes a post-processing algorithm that converts Euler solutions produced by tensor Euler deconvolution of gravity data with an unprescribed structural index into probability values (p values) using the B-spline series density estimation (BSS) method. The p values of the Euler solution set form a probability density distribution on the estimation grid. The BSS method relies on the fact that while spurious solutions are sparse and ubiquitous, Euler deconvolution yields many similar or duplicate solutions, which may tightly cluster near real sources. The p values of the Euler solution clusters form multi-layered isosurfaces that can be used to discriminate neighboring target sources because the p values of spurious solutions are vanishingly small, making it simple to remove their interference from the probability density distribution. In all synthetic cases, the geometric outlines of anomaly sources are estimated from probability density isosurfaces approximating synthetic model parameters. The BSS method was then applied to airborne gravity data from Mount Milligan, British Columbia, Canada. Subsequently, results from synthetic models and field data show that the proposed method can successfully localize meaningful geological targets.
Sepsis in elderly patients: the role of neutrophils in pathophysiology and therapy
Authors: Ramoni Davide , Tirandi Amedeo , Montecucco Fabrizio , Liberale Luca
Published: January 2024

Sepsis is among the most important causes of mortality, particularly within the elderly population. Sepsis prevalence is on the rise due to different factors, including increasing average population age and the concomitant rise in the prevalence of frailty and chronic morbidities. Recent investigations have unveiled a "trimodal" trajectory for sepsis-related mortality, with the ultimate zenith occurring from 60 to 90 days until several years after the original insult. This prolonged temporal course ostensibly emanates from the sustained perturbation of immune responses, persevering beyond the phase of clinical convalescence. This phenomenon is particularly associated with the aging immune system, characterized by a broad dysregulation commonly known as "inflammaging." Inflammaging associates with a chronic low-grade activation of the innate immune system preventing an appropriate response to infective agents. Notably, during the initial phases of sepsis, neutrophils—essential in combating pathogens—may exhibit compromised activity. Paradoxically, an overly zealous neutrophilic reaction has been observed to underlie multi-organ dysfunction during the later stages of sepsis. Given this scenario, discovering treatments that can enhance neutrophil activity during the early phases of sepsis while curbing their overactivity in the later phases could prove beneficial in fighting pathogens and reducing the detrimental effects caused by an overactive immune system. This narrative review delves into the potential key role of neutrophils in the pathological process of sepsis, focusing on how the aging process impacts their functions, and highlighting possible targets for developing immune-modulatory therapies. Additionally, the review includes tables that outline the principal potential targets for immunomodulating agents.
The development and flux of the University of Minnesota Survivorship Program: progress, challenges, and opportunities
Authors: Rick Tara J. , Lee Jill , Skendzel Sasha , Verich Kaia , Schempp Ashley , Napurski Char , Kreuser Holly , Turcotte Lucie , Holtan Shernan , Sadak Karim , Blaes Anne
Published: January 2024

For the past 30 years, the University of Minnesota’s Cancer Survivorship Program has been dedicated to providing exceptional care to patients who have lived the cancer experience. Our model is consultative, risk-stratified, and oncologist-led but executed predominately by advanced practice providers. Care is personalized and serves three survivor populations: children, adults, and patients who received BMT with over 500 new patients evaluated annually. As guidelines and survivorship standards have changed, our clinical programs have evolved from a focus on survivorship care plans to supportive care. The program offers a wide range of supportive services from acupuncture to nutritional services as well as several educational programs for patients. The program has a strong research legacy, notably as the birthplace of research that led to the Children’s Oncology Group Guidelines as well as advancements in cardio-oncology and frailty after bone marrow transplantation. In 2021, we hosted the first annual Survivorship Research Forum, providing the opportunity and space for experts across disciplines to exchange ideas on a broad range of survivorship topics not possible at other national cancer-related conferences. With successes and challenges, we have identified opportunities for growth as our program continues to evolve and grow in our goal to improve cancer outcomes along a wide spectrum of physical, emotional, functional, and social dimensions.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

The University of Minnesota Cancer Survivorship Program provides care, education, and research opportunities for patients across the cancer continuum.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Electronic Fetal Monitoring
Authors: Barnova Katerina , Martinek Radek , Vilimkova Kahankova Radana , Jaros Rene , Snasel Vaclav , Mirjalili Seyedali
Published: January 2024

Electronic fetal monitoring is used to evaluate fetal well-being by assessing fetal heart activity. The signals produced by the fetal heart carry valuable information about fetal health, but due to non-stationarity and present interference, their processing, analysis and interpretation is considered to be very challenging. Therefore, medical technologies equipped with Artificial Intelligence algorithms are rapidly evolving into clinical practice and provide solutions in the key application areas: noise suppression, feature detection and fetal state classification. The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the field of electronic fetal monitoring has demonstrated the efficiency and superiority of such techniques compared to conventional algorithms, especially due to their ability to predict, learn and efficiently handle dynamic Big data. Combining multiple algorithms and optimizing them for given purpose enables timely and accurate diagnosis of fetal health state. This review summarizes the currently used algorithms based on artificial intelligence and machine learning in the field of electronic fetal monitoring, outlines its advantages and limitations, as well as future challenges which remain to be solved.
Efficacy of embolotherapy for the treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome: A systematic review
Authors: Hanna Joseph , Bruinsma Joshua , Temperley Hugo C. , Fernando Dhanushke , O’Sullivan Niall , Hanna Mark , Brennan Ian , Ponosh Stefan
Published: January 2024

Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) poses a significant health, diagnostic, and economic challenges. Transcatheter embolisation has emerged as a promising treatment for PCS. A systematic review was performed in order to assess the safety and efficacy of transcatheter embolisation in the treatment of PCS. A systematic search of electronic databases was performed using ‘PubMed’, ‘Embase’, ‘Medline (OVID)’, and ‘Web of Science’, for articles pertaining to efficacy of embolotherapy for the treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome. A total of 25 studies were included in this systematic review with a combined total of 2038 patients. All patients included were female with a mean average age of 37.65 (31–51). Of the 25 studies, 18/25 studies reported pre- and post-procedural pelvic pain outcomes using a visual analogue scale (VAS). All studies showed a reduction in VAS post-procedure. Transcatheter embolisation had a high technical success rate (94%) and an overall complication rate of 9.0%, of which 10.4% were major and 89.6% were minor. Fifteen out of 19 (78.9%) major complications required a subsequent intervention. Transcatheter embolisation using various techniques is effective and safe in treating PCS. A low quality of evidence limits the currently available literature; however, embolisation has shown to improve symptoms in the majority of patients with low complication rates and recurrence rates.
How Will Our Practice Change After the CLEAR Outcomes Trial?
Authors: Abrahams Timothy , Nelson Adam J. , Nicholls Stephen J.
Published: January 2024

Purpose of Review

Bempedoic acid is a novel therapeutic agent that is designed to reduce levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The purpose of this review is to provide the background for development of bempedoic acid, findings from clinical trials and to discuss clinical implications.

Recent Findings

Bempedoic acid inhibits ATP citrate lyase within the liver and reduces cholesterol synthesis, with the potential to avoid muscle symptoms experienced by patients treated with statins. Early clinical studies demonstrated that administration of bempedoic acid resulted in lowering of LDL-C by 20–30% as monotherapy and by 40–50% when combined with ezetimibe, in addition to lowering of high sensitivity C-reactive protein by 20–30%. The CLEAR Outcomes trial of high cardiovascular risk patients, with elevated LDL-C levels and either unable or unwilling to take statins demonstrated that bempedoic acid reduced the rate of major adverse cardiovascular events. A greater incidence of elevation of hepatic transaminase and creatinine, gout, and cholelithiasis were consistently observed in bempedoic acid–treated patients.

Bempedoic acid presents an additional therapeutic option to achieve more effective lowering of LDL-C levels and reduction in cardiovascular risk.
Reflection of Physical Descriptive Parameters as Functional Phenes on Olive Oil Cross-border Mapping
Authors: Fathy Hoda , Sfatee Mahmoud A. , Omar Abdallah , Aboushoer Mohamed
Published: January 2024

The medicinal and nutritional benefits of olive oil are reflected in its extensive incorporation in many cultures in food and pharmaceutical products. This study suggests the use of colour-based models, viscosity and refractive index as parametric attributes to experiment and track down the authenticity of the oil through image analysis and accurate determination of refractive index and viscosity of oils from different regions.

The combination of RGB measurement and chemometric methods (PCA, PCA-class) of olive oil samples collected from distinctive areas (Tunisia, Libya and Egypt) enabled the differentiation of olive oil samples per region of cultivation and was found to be accurate, precise (R2X 0.997) and successful in detecting the accuracy of the labelled information (traceability determination, freshness, purity, date and storage conditions) and could be extrapolated to study the position of harvested areas. The results also revealed a perfect discrimination between the defined categories based on the origin and age after performing the Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) on the visible spectra of the samples reaching 90% of correct classifications.
Thermal Comfort Properties of 100% Cashmere Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Dolanbay Dogan Selma , Kılınc Nurgül
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of knitting type (plain, rib, purl), knitting tightness (three different loop lengths), and plied-yarn (single-ply, two-ply and three-ply) on the thermal comfort properties of cashmere knitted fabrics. Thermal comfort properties of the sample fabrics were measured using Alambeta, Permetest, Textest 3300. Subsequently, the results were statistically evaluated with SPSS program. The findings of this research revealed that the knitting type, knitting tightness and plied-yarn usage significantly affect certain thermal comfort properties of cashmere knitted fabrics. Specifically, the plain knitted fabric exhibits the lowest thermal resistance value and the highest relative water vapor permeability value. The loose knitted fabric demonstrates the highest air permeability, while the fabric knitted with single-ply yarn has the lowest thermal conductivity and thermal resistance values, as well as the highest relative water vapor permeability and air permeability values.
Gating of Social Behavior by Inhibitory Inputs from Hippocampal CA1 to Retrosplenial Agranular Cortex
Authors: Shi Yuhan , Yan Jingjing , Xu Xiaohong , Qiu Zilong
Published: January 2024

The retrosplenial cortex has been implicated in processing sensory information and spatial learning, with abnormal neural activity reported in association with psychedelics and in mouse and non-human primate models of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The direct role of the retrosplenial cortex in regulating social behaviors remains unclear. In this work, we reveal that neural activity in the retrosplenial agranular cortex (RSA), a subregion of the retrosplenial cortex, is initially activated, then quickly suppressed upon social contact. This up-down phase of RSA neurons is crucial for normal social behaviors. Parvalbumin-positive GABAergic neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region were found to send inhibitory projections to the RSA. Blocking these CA1-RSA inhibitory inputs significantly impaired social behavior. Notably, enhancing the CA1-RSA inhibitory input rescued the social behavior defects in an ASD mouse model. This work suggests a neural mechanism for the salience processing of social behavior and identifies a potential target for ASD intervention using neural modulation approaches.
Exploring the frontiers: tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Liu Shaokun , Wang Ru , Fang Jugao
Published: January 2024

The global prevalence of head and neck malignancies positions them as the sixth most common form of cancer, with the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) representing the predominant histological subtype. Despite advancements in multidisciplinary approaches and molecular targeted therapies, the therapeutic outcomes for HNSCC have only marginally improved, particularly in cases of recurrent or metastatic HNSCC (R/MHNSCC). This situation underscores the critical necessity for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Such strategies are essential not only to enhance the efficacy of HNSCC treatment but also to minimize the incidence of associated complications, thus improving overall patient prognosis. Cancer immunotherapy represents a cutting-edge cancer treatment that leverages the immune system for targeting and destroying cancer cells. It's applied to multiple cancers, including melanoma and lung cancer, offering precision, adaptability, and the potential for long-lasting remission through immune memory. It is observed that while HNSCC patients responsive to immunotherapy often experience prolonged therapeutic benefits, only a limited subset demonstrates such responsiveness. Additionally, significant clinical challenges remain, including the development of resistance to immunotherapy. The biological characteristics, dynamic inhibitory changes, and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in HNSCC play critical roles in its pathogenesis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. This review aims to elucidate the functions and mechanisms of anti-tumor immune cells and extracellular components within the HNSCC TME. It also introduces several immunosuppressive agents commonly utilized in HNSCC immunotherapy, examines factors influencing the effectiveness of these treatments, and provides a comprehensive summary of immunotherapeutic strategies relevant to HNSCC.
Evaluation of a weather forecasting model and HEC-HMS for flood forecasting: case study of Talesh catchment
Authors: Goodarzi Mohammad Reza , Poorattar Mohammad Javad , Vazirian Majid , Talebi Ali
Published: January 2024

Reports demonstrate that floods are among the most prevalent and deadliest natural disasters affecting 520 million people annually. The present study seeks to evaluate flood forecasting using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model and the Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model. To this end, WRF and HEC-HMS were calibrated by comparing their results with the data observed at measuring stations. Then, the output rainfall data of the WRF model were implemented by the calibrated HEC-HMS model and were examined using the statistical indices, which were revealed to be 4.13, 3.42, and 2.67 for the flow volume and 6.2, 2.46, and 5.11 for the peak flow, suggesting the accurate performance of WRF model alongside HEC-HMS in the Talesh catchment.