bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rolling in the deep
Authors: Biermann Hannah , Philipsen Ralf , Brell Teresa , Ziefle Martina
Published: November 2020

Autonomous driving will provide higher traffic safety, meet climate-related issues due to energy-saving mobility, and offer more comfort for drivers. To ensure reliable and safe autonomous traffic, and to provide efficient and time-critical mobility services, data exchange between road users and systems is essential. In public perception, however, sharing data and information may pose a challenge due to perceived privacy restrictions. In this paper, we address user perceptions and their acceptance towards data and information distribution in autonomous driving. In a multi-step empirical procedure, qualitative (focus groups, guided interviews) and quantitative approaches (questionnaire-study) were combined. The findings reveal that autonomous driving is commonly seen as a highly useful and appreciated technology. Though individual risk perceptions and potential drawbacks are manifold, mainly described in terms of data security and privacy-related issues. The findings contribute to research in human-automation interaction, technical development, and public communication strategies.
Political Economies of Energy Transition
Authors: Hochstetler Kathryn
Published: November 2020

Global climate solutions depend on low-carbon energy transitions in developing countries, but little is known about how those will unfold. Examining the transitions of Brazil and South Africa, Hochstetler reveals how choices about wind and solar power respond to four different constellations of interests and institutions, or four simultaneous political economies of energy transition. The political economy of climate change set Brazil and South Africa on different tracks, with South Africa's coal-based electricity system fighting against an existential threat. Since deforestation dominates Brazil's climate emissions, climate concerns were secondary there for electricity planning. Both saw significant mobilization around industrial policy and cost and consumption issues, showing the importance of economic considerations for electricity choices in emerging economies. Host communities resisted Brazilian wind power, but accepted other forms. Hochstetler argues that national energy transition finally depends on the intersection of these political economies, with South Africa illustrating a politicized transition mode and Brazil presenting a bureaucracy-dominant one.
A Recent Tear in Subducting Plate Explains Seismicity and Upper Mantle Structure of Southern Costa Rica
Authors: Bourke J. , Levin V. , Linkimer L. , Arroyo I.
Published: November 2020

Past studies of southern Costa Rica have generated a multitude of tectonic scenarios to account for different data sets. Flat slabs, detached slabs, and slab windows have been proposed to address the uplift of the Cordillera de Talamanca (CT), cessation of volcanism, and absence of deep seismicity beneath southern Costa Rica. In this study, we investigate the crust and the upper mantle along the southwest flank of the CT using the receiver function methodology. We observe two regional positive P‐to‐S converted pulses at delay times of ∼2–4 s and ∼5–8 s. The first likely represents a gradational crust‐mantle boundary of the upper plate. The second represents a similar impedance increase ∼50–60 km deep that extends from central Costa Rica to Panama. Compared to well‐located seismicity, this boundary is offset to the NE from the Cocos plate Benioff zone beneath northern CT, and remains observable through a gap in seismicity farther to the southeast. This offset makes it difficult to interpret this feature as related to the presently subducting lithosphere. Instead, we propose that the 50–60 km deep boundary marks the Moho of a lithospheric fragment left behind under the CT in the course of Panama Triple Junction migration through Costa Rica over the last 10 Ma. Our interpretation accounts for the geophysical, geochemical, structural, and geomorphic observations in the literature explaining the complex geodynamic scenario observed in southern Costa Rica.
System Identification of Local Time Electron Fluencies at Geostationary Orbit
Authors: Boynton R. J. , Aryan H. , Dimmock A. P. , Balikhin M. A.
Published: November 2020

The electron fluxes at geostationary orbit measured by Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 13, 14, and 15 spacecraft are modeled using system identification techniques. System identification, similar to machine learning, uses input‐output data to train a model, which can then be used to provide forecasts. This study employs the nonlinear autoregressive moving average exogenous technique to deduce the electron flux models. The electron fluxes at geostationary orbit are known to vary in space and time, making it a spatiotemporal system, which complicates the modeling using system identification/machine learning approach. Therefore, the electron flux data are binned into 24 magnetic local time (MLT), and a separate model is developed for each of the 24 MLT bins. MLT models are developed for six of the GOES 13, 14, and 15 electron flux energy channels (75 keV, 150 keV, 275 keV, 475 keV, >800 keV, and >2 MeV). The models are assessed on separate test data by prediction efficiency (PE) and correlation coefficient (CC) and found these to vary by MLT and electron energy. The lowest energy of 75 keV at the midnight sector had a PE of 36.0 and CC of 59.3, which increased on the dayside to a PE of 66.9 and CC of 81.6. These metrics increased to the >2 MeV model, which had a low PE and CC of 63.0 and 81.8 on the nightside to a high of 80.3 and 90.8 on the dayside.
On The Efficiency of P‐Wave Coda Autocorrelation in Recovering Crustal Structure: Examples From Dense Arrays in the Eastern United States
Authors: Wang Chuang , Tauzin Benoît , Pham Thanh‐Son , Tkalčić Hrvoje
Published: November 2020

Due to a sharp contrast in elastic properties across the basement rocks of sedimentary basins (SBs), strong reverberations are generated during the passage of seismic waves. Traditional receiver function methods become inadequate for imaging crustal structure due to the existence of these strong reverberations. We investigate the feasibility of an autocorrelation technique to extract vertical component receiver functions from teleseismic earthquake data and the efficiency of the method to image the crustal architecture in presence of a SB. The method involves spectral whitening followed by autocorrelation and stacking in the depth domain. We show promising results when using temporary seismic networks in the eastern United States. Using synthetic and field‐data examples, we demonstrate that vertical autocorrelations are more efficient than classical radial receiver functions for interpretation purposes in an SB context. We also perform a joint analysis of the amplitudes on radial and vertical receiver functions for characterizing the thickness of the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho). We find that the Moho in the eastern United States is a transitional layer (up to 5‐km thick) instead of a sharp boundary. Further, we point out that it is challenging to unambiguously pick and interpret reflected phases on autocorrelations because of the effects of reverberations, cross‐mode contaminations, and a narrow frequency band limiting the resolution of velocity gradients. We therefore send a message of caution for future interpretations based on this technique.
ALS motor neurons exhibit hallmark metabolic defects that are rescued by SIRT3 activation
Authors: Hor Jin-Hui , Santosa Munirah Mohamad , Lim Valerie Jing Wen , Ho Beatrice Xuan , Taylor Amy , Khong Zi Jian , Ravits John , Fan Yong , Liou Yih-Cherng , Soh Boon-Seng , Ng Shi-Yan
Published: November 2020

Motor neurons (MNs) are highly energetic cells and recent studies suggest that altered energy metabolism precede MN loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an age-onset neurodegenerative disease. However, clear mechanistic insights linking altered metabolism and MN death are still missing. In this study, induced pluripotent stem cells from healthy controls, familial ALS, and sporadic ALS patients were differentiated toward spinal MNs, cortical neurons, and cardiomyocytes. Metabolic flux analyses reveal an MN-specific deficiency in mitochondrial respiration in ALS. Intriguingly, all forms of familial and sporadic ALS MNs tested in our study exhibited similar defective metabolic profiles, which were attributed to hyper-acetylation of mitochondrial proteins. In the mitochondria, Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) functions as a mitochondrial deacetylase to maintain mitochondrial function and integrity. We found that activating SIRT3 using nicotinamide or a small molecule activator reversed the defective metabolic profiles in all our ALS MNs, as well as correct a constellation of ALS-associated phenotypes.
Influence of individual biological traits on GPS fix-loss errors in wild bird tracking
Authors: García-Jiménez Ruth , Margalida Antoni , Pérez-García Juan M.
Published: November 2020

In recent decades, global positioning system (GPS) location data and satellite telemetry systems for data transmission have become fundamental in the study of basic ecological traits in wildlife biology. Evaluating GPS location errors is essential in assessing detailed information about the behaviour of an animal species such as migration, habitat selection, species distribution or foraging strategy. While many studies of the influence of environmental and technical factors on the fix errors of solar-powered GPS transmitters have been published, few studies have focussed on the performance of GPS systems in relation to a species’ biological traits. Here, we evaluate the possible effects of the biological traits of a large raptor on the frequency of lost fixes—the fix-loss rate (FLR). We analysed 95,686 records obtained from 20 Bearded VulturesGypaetus barbatustracked with 17 solar-powered satellite transmitters in the Pyrenees (Spain, France and Andorra), between 2006 and 2019 to evaluate the influence of biological, technical, and environmental factors on the fix-loss rate of transmitters. We show that combined effects of technical factors and the biological traits of birds explained 23% of the deviance observed. As expected, the transmitter usage time significantly increased errors in the fix-loss rate, although the flight activity of birds revealed an unexpected trade-off: the greater the proportion of fixes recorded from perched birds, the lower the FLR. This finding seems related with the fact that territorial and breeding birds spend significantly more time flying than non-territorial individuals. The fix success rate is apparently due to the interactions between a complex of factors. Non-territorial adults and subadults, males, and breeding individuals showed a significantly lower FLR than juveniles-immatures females, territorial birds or non-breeding individuals. Animal telemetry tracking studies should include error analyses before reaching any ecological conclusions or hypotheses about spatial distribution.
Mantle upwelling beneath the Apennines identified by receiver function imaging
Authors: Chiarabba Claudio , Bianchi Irene , De Gori Pasquale , Agostinetti Nicola Piana
Published: November 2020

Magmatism, uplift and extension diffusely take place along collisional belts. Even though links between mantle dynamics and shallow deformation are becoming more evident, there is still poor understanding of how deep and surface processes are connected. In this work, we present new observations on the structure of the uppermost mantle beneath the Apennines belt. Receiver functions and seismic tomography consistently define a broad zone in the shallow mantle beneath the mountain belt where the shear wave velocities are lower than about 5% and the Vp/Vs ratio is higher than 3% than the reference values for these depths. We interpret these anomalies as a pronounced mantle upwelling with accumulation of melts at the crust-mantle interface, on top of which extensional seismicity responds to the crustal bending. The melted region extends from the Tyrrhenian side to the central part of the belt, with upraise of fluids within the crust favored by the current extension concentrated in the Apennines mountain range. More in general, mantle upwelling, following detachment of continental lithosphere, is a likely cause for elevated topography, magmatism and extension in post-collisional belts.
Construction of an artificial system for ambrein biosynthesis and investigation of some biological activities of ambrein
Authors: Yamabe Yota , Kawagoe Yukina , Okuno Kotone , Inoue Mao , Chikaoka Kanako , Ueda Daijiro , Tajima Yuko , Yamada Tadasu K. , Kakihara Yoshito , Hara Takashi , Sato Tsutomu
Published: November 2020

Ambergris, a sperm whale metabolite, has long been used as a fragrance and traditional medication, but it is now rarely available. The odor components of ambergris result from the photooxidative degradation of the major component, ambrein. The pharmacological activities of ambergris have also been attributed to ambrein. However, efficient production of ambrein and odor compounds has not been achieved. Here, we constructed a system for the synthesis of ambrein and odor components. First, we created a new triterpene synthase, “ambrein synthase,” for mass production of ambrein by redesigning a bacterial enzyme. The ambrein yields were approximately 20 times greater than those reported previously. Next, an efficient photooxidative conversion system from ambrein to a range of volatiles of ambergris was established. The yield of volatiles was 8–15%. Finally, two biological activities, promotion of osteoclast differentiation and prevention of amyloid β-induced apoptosis, were discovered using the synthesized ambrein.
Effects of two measures of riparian plant biodiversity on litter decomposition and associated processes in stream microcosms
Authors: López-Rojo Naiara , Pérez Javier , Basaguren Ana , Pozo Jesús , Rubio-Ríos Juan , Casas J. Jesús , Boyero Luz
Published: November 2020

Plant litter decomposition is a key ecosystem process that can be altered by global changes such as biodiversity loss. These effects can be particularly important in detritus-based ecosystems, such as headwater streams, which are mainly fuelled by allochthonous plant litter inputs. However, experiments examining effects of plant diversity on litter decomposition in streams have not reached consensus about which measures of biodiversity are more relevant. We explored the influence of two of these measures, plant species richness (SR; monocultures vs. 3-species mixtures) and phylogenetic distance (PD; species belonging to the same family vs. different families), on leaf litter decomposition and associated processes and variables (nutrient dynamics, fungal biomass and detritivore growth), in a stream microcosm experiment using litter from 9 tree species belonging to 3 families. We found a negative effect of SR on decomposition (which contradicted the results of previous experiments) but a positive effect on fungal biomass. While PD did not affect decomposition, both SR and PD altered nutrient dynamics: there was greater litter and detritivore N loss in low-PD mixtures, and greater litter P loss and detritivore P gain in monocultures. This suggested that the number of species in mixtures and the similarity of their traits both modulated nutrient availability and utilization by detritivores. Moreover, the greater fungal biomass with higher SR could imply positive effects on detritivores in the longer term. Our results provide new insights of the functional repercussions of biodiversity loss by going beyond the often-explored relationship between SR and decomposition, and reveal an influence of plant species phylogenetic relatedness on nutrient cycling that merits further investigation.
A non-field analytical method for solving problems in aero-acoustics
Authors: Kulish Vladimir , Nožička Jiří , Suchý Jakub
Published: November 2020

In 2000, a non-field analytical method for solving various problems of energy and information transport has been developed by Kulish and Lage. Based on the Laplace transform technique, this elegant method yields closed-form solutions written in the form of integral equations, which relate local values of an intensive properties such as, for instance, velocity, mass concentration, temperature with the corresponding derivative, that is, shear stress, mass flux, temperature gradient. Over the past 20 years, applied to solving numerous problems of energy and information transport, the method—now known as the method of Kulish—proved to be very efficient. In this paper—for the first time—the method is applied to problems in aeroacoustic. As a result, an integral relation between the local values of the acoustic pressure and the corresponding velocity perturbation has been derived. The said relation is valid for axisymmetric cases of planar, cylindrical and spherical geometries.
Aggregation induced emission behavior in oleylamine acetone system and its application to get improved photocurrent from In2S3 quantum dots
Authors: Ramya Subramaniam , Nataraj Devaraj , Krishnan Sangameswaran , Premkumar Sellan , Thrupthika Thankappan , Sangeetha Arumugam , Senthilkumar Kittusamy , Thangadurai T. Daniel
Published: November 2020

Blue emission giving nanoscale molecular clusters of Oleylamine–Acetone system was formed by an aging assisted hydrogen bond formation between the interacting molecular systems, at room temperature. The as-formed nanoscale molecular clusters were found to be self-assembled into flower-like aggregates and shifted the emission wavelength to red colour depicting an exciton delocalization in the aggregate system. Interestingly aging process has also produced imine type binding between Oleylamine and Acetone due to the condensation reaction. The experimental conditions and formation mechanism of hydrogen bond assisted Oleylamine–Acetone molecular aggregates and imine bond assisted Oleylamine–Acetone is elaborated in this paper in a systematic experimental approach with suitable theory. Finally we have introduced this Acetone assisted aging process in In2S3 QD system prepared with Oleylamine as functional molecules. It was found that the aging process has detached Oleylamine from QD surface and as a consequence In2S3 QD embedded Oleylamine–Acetone aggregates was obtained. When this In2S3 QD embedded molecular cluster system was used as an active layer in a photo conductor device then a maximum photo current value of the order of milli Ampere was obtained. The surfactant molecules normally inhibit the charge transport between QD systems and as a result it is always problematic to have the functional molecules in the QD based transport devices. Our approach has a solution to this problem and the present paper discusses the outcome of the results in detail.
Phosphorylation of NMDA receptors by cyclin B/CDK1 modulates calcium dynamics and mitosis
Authors: Rosendo-Pineda Margarita Jacaranda , Vicente Juan Jesus , Vivas Oscar , Pacheco Jonathan , Loza-Huerta Arlet , Sampieri Alicia , Wordeman Linda , Moreno Claudia , Vaca Luis
Published: November 2020

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) are glutamate-gated calcium channels named after their artificial agonist. NMDAR are implicated in cell proliferation under normal and pathophysiological conditions. However, the role of NMDAR during mitosis has not yet been explored in individual cells. We found that neurotransmitter-evoked calcium entry via endogenous NMDAR in cortical astrocytes was transient during mitosis. The same occurred in HEK293 cells transfected with the NR1/NR2A subunits of NMDAR. This transient calcium entry during mitosis was due to phosphorylation of the first intracellular loop of NMDAR (S584 of NR1 and S580 of NR2A) by cyclin B/CDK1. Expression of phosphomimetic mutants resulted in transient calcium influx and enhanced NMDAR inactivation independent of the cell cycle phase. Phosphomimetic mutants increased entry of calcium in interphase and generated several alterations during mitosis: increased mitotic index, increased number of cells with lagging chromosomes and fragmentation of pericentriolar material. In summary, by controlling cytosolic calcium, NMDAR modulate mitosis and probably cell differentiation/proliferation. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of NMDAR by cyclin B/CDK1 during mitosis is required to preserve mitotic fidelity. Altering the modulation of the NMDAR by cyclin B/CDK1 may conduct to aneuploidy and cancer.
An environmental air sampler to evaluate personal exposure to volatile organic compounds
Authors: Rajapakse Maneeshin Y. , Borras Eva , Fung Alexander G. , Yeap Danny , McCartney Mitchell M. , Fabia Fauna M. , Kenyon Nicholas J. , Davis Cristina E.
Published: November 2020

A micro fabricated chip-based wearable air sampler was used to monitor the personnel exposure of volatile chemical concentrations in microenvironments.
Nanocarriers targeting adipose macrophages increase glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory potency to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction
Authors: Prabhu Suma , Deng Hongping , Cross Tzu-Wen L. , Shahoei Sayyed Hamed , Konopka Christian J. , Gonzalez Medina Natalia , Applegate Catherine C. , Wallig Matthew A. , Dobrucki L. Wawrzyniec , Nelson Erik R. , Smith Andrew M. , Swanson Kelly S.
Published: November 2020

Obesity is associated with systemic inflammation due to macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue (AT).
Dual enzyme responsive mannose-6-phosphate based vesicle for controlled lysosomal delivery
Authors: Mondal Basudeb , Dutta Tahiti , Sen Gupta Sayam
Published: November 2020

Dual enzyme responsive stable biomimetic vesicles composed of mannose-6-phosphate lipid can encapsulate and deliver dual dye/drug and protein/enzyme exclusively to the lysosome in HEK-293 cells.
Highly efficient chemically-driven micromotors with controlled snowman-like morphology
Authors: Shah Zameer Hussain , Wang Shuo , Xian Longbin , Zhou Xuemao , Chen Yi , Lin Guanhua , Gao Yongxiang
Published: November 2020

A hierarchical catalytic engine and morphology optimization lead to highly efficient micromotors that operate at a fuel concentration and speed close to those of biomolecular motors.
Electronically interacted Co3O4/WS2as superior oxygen electrode for rechargeable zinc–air batteries
Authors: Ling Ying , Li Min , Qu Konggang , Yang Zehui
Published: November 2020

The electronically interacted Co3O4/WS2with a maximum power density of 174 mW cm−2, 2.3 fold better than Pt/C–IrO2, shows its superiority as an oxygen electrode for rechargeable zinc–air batteries.
Accurate equilibrium structure of 3-aminophthalimide from gas electron diffraction and coupled-cluster computations and diverse structural effects due to electron density transfer
Authors: Vogt Natalja , Savelev Denis , Giricheva Nina I. , Girichev Georgiy V.
Published: November 2020

The accurate equilibrium structure determination enables the observation of fine structural effects in 3-aminophthalimide due to the electron density transfer.
Tracing the driving forces responsible for the remarkable infectivity of 2019-nCoV: 1. Receptor binding domain in its bound and unbound states
Authors: Liu Ziyi , Xia Miaoren , Chai Zhifang , Wang Dongqi
Published: November 2020

Sequence and folding behavior of the receptor binding motif of 2019-nCoV enhance its contagion compared to that of SARS-CoV.
Chaotic oscillations, dissipation and mirror symmetry breaking in a chiral catalytic network
Authors: Hochberg David , Sánchez Torralba Antonio , Morán Federico
Published: November 2020

The entropy production per unit volume in the chaotic regime of a chiral hypercycle in an open-flow reactor.
“Inverted” CO molecules on NaCl(100): a quantum mechanical study
Authors: Sinha Shreya , Saalfrank Peter
Published: November 2020

Inverted (“O-down”) CO adsorbates on NaCl(100), recently observed experimentally after IR vibrational excitation (Lau et al., Science, 2020, 367, 175–178), are characterized using periodic DFT and a quantum mechanical description of vibrations.
Predicting the density and viscosity of hydrophobic eutectic solvents: towards the development of sustainable solvents
Authors: Lemaoui Tarek , Darwish Ahmad S. , Attoui Ayoub , Abu Hatab Farah , Hammoudi Nour El Houda , Benguerba Yacine , Vega Lourdes F. , Alnashef Inas M.
Published: November 2020

The interest in green and sustainable solvents has been dramatically increasing in recent years because of the growing awareness of the impact of classical organic solvents on environmental pollution and human health.
Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol with gold nanoparticles stabilized by large-ring cyclodextrins
Authors: Noël Sébastien , Bricout Hervé , Addad Ahmed , Sonnendecker Christian , Zimmermann Wolfgang , Monflier Eric , Léger Bastien
Published: November 2020

Au NP, stabilized by large-ring cyclodextrins, proved to be efficient for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol.
TiO2–reduced graphene oxide for the removal of gas-phase unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
Authors: Ruomeng Hou , Ying Jia , Yuanzheng Huang , Keke Shen , Huixin Zhu
Published: November 2020

The high UDMH conversion obtained in this study can be attributed to a synergetic effect between chemisorption and photocatalysis on TiO2–rGA under UV light.
Triple-cation low-bandgap perovskite thin-films for high-efficiency four-terminal all-perovskite tandem solar cells
Authors: Moghadamzadeh Somayeh , Hossain Ihteaz M. , Duong The , Gharibzadeh Saba , Abzieher Tobias , Pham Huyen , Hu Hang , Fassl Paul , Lemmer Uli , Nejand Bahram Abdollahi , Paetzold Ulrich W.
Published: November 2020

Incorporating 2.5% Cs in FA0.8MA0.2Sn0.5Pb0.5I3 improves the photo-stability of the low-bandgap perovskite solar cells. The champion device with power conversion efficiency of 18.9% maintain 92% of its initial efficiency after 120 min MPP tracking.
A six-gene-based signature for breast cancer radiotherapy sensitivity estimation
Authors: Chen Xing , Zheng Junjie , Zhuo Min ling , Zhang Ailong , You Zhenhui
Published: November 2020

Breast cancer (BRCA) represents the most common malignancy among women worldwide with high mortality. Radiotherapy is a prevalent therapeutic for BRCA that with heterogeneous effectiveness among patients. Here, we proposed to develop a gene expression-based signature for BRCA radiotherapy sensitivity estimation. Gene expression profiles of BRCA samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) were obtained and used as training and independent testing dataset, respectively. Differential expression genes (DEGs) in BRCA samples compared with their paracancerous samples in the training set were identified by using the edgeR Bioconductor package. Univariate Cox regression analysis and LASSO Cox regression method were applied to screen optimal genes for constructing a radiotherapy sensitivity estimation signature. Nomogram combining independent prognostic factors was used to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS of radiation-treated BRCA patients. Relative proportions of tumor infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) calculated by CIBERSORT and mRNA levels of key immune checkpoint receptors was adopted to explore the relation between the signature and tumor immune response. As a result, 603 DEGs were obtained in BRCA tumor samples, six of which were retained and used to construct the radiotherapy sensitivity prediction model. The signature was proved to be robust in both training and testing sets. In addition, the signature was closely related to the immune microenvironment of BRCA in the context of TIICs and immune checkpoint receptors’ mRNA levels. In conclusion, the present study obtained a radiotherapy sensitivity estimation signature for BRCA, which should shed new light in clinical and experimental research.
Optimised controlled charging of electric vehicles under peak power‐based electricity pricing
Authors: Simolin Toni , Rauma Kalle , Järventausta Pertti , Rautiainen Antti
Published: November 2020

This study presents a practical control method for electric vehicle (EV) charging optimisation for detached and attached houses. The developed EV charging control method utilises real‐time measurements to minimise charging costs of up to two EVs in a single household. Since some Finnish distribution system operators have already launched peak power‐based distribution tariffs for small‐scale customers and because there is a lot of discussion on this kind of tariff development, the control method considers peak power‐based charges. Additionally, the proposed smart charging control method utilises charging current measurements as feedback to reallocate unused charging capacity if an EV does not utilise the whole capacity allocated for it. The control method is implemented and tested with commercial EVs. The conducted hardware‐in‐the‐loop simulations and measurements confirm that the control method works as intended. The proposed smart charging control reduces EV charging electricity distribution costs around 60% when compared to the uncontrolled EV charging.
Laser stimulated THz emission from Pt/CoO/FeCoB
Authors: Sasaki Yuta , Li Guanqiao , Moriyama Takahiro , Ono Teruo , Mikhaylovskiy Rostislav V. , Kimel Alexey V. , Mizukami Shigemi
Published: November 2020

The antiferromagnetic order can mediate a transmission of the spin angular momentum flow, or the spin current, in the form of propagating magnons. In this work, we perform laser stimulated THz emission measurements on Pt/CoO/FeCoB multilayers to investigate the spin current transmission through CoO, an antiferromagnetic insulator, on a picosecond timescale. The results reveal a spin current transmission through CoO with the diffusion length of 3.0 nm. In addition, rotation of the polarization of the emitted THz radiation was observed, suggesting an interaction between the propagating THz magnons and the Néel vector in CoO. Our results not only demonstrate the picosecond magnon spin current transmission but also the picosecond interaction of the THz magnons with the Néel vector in the antiferromagnet.
Does the Sastry transition control cavitation in simple liquids?
Authors: Gish Caitlin M. , Nan Kai , Hoy Robert S.
Published: November 2020

We examine the Sastry (athermal cavitation) transitions for model monatomic liquids interacting via Lennard-Jones as well as shorter- and longer-ranged pair potentials. Low-temperature thermodynamically stable liquids have ρ < ρS except when the attractive forces are long-ranged. For moderate- and short-ranged attractions, stable liquids with ρ > ρS exist at higher temperatures; the pressures in these liquids are high, but the Sastry transition may strongly influence their cavitation under dynamic hydrostatic expansion. The temperature T* at which stable ρ > ρS liquids emerge is ∼0.84ϵ/kB for Lennard-Jones liquids; T* decreases (increases) rapidly with increasing (decreasing) pair-interaction range. In particular, for short-ranged potentials, T* is above the critical temperature. All liquids’ inherent structures are isostructural (isomorphic) for densities below (above) the Sastry density ρS. Overall, our results suggest that the barriers to cavitation in most simple liquids under ambient conditions for which significant cavitation is likely to occur are primarily vibrational-energetic and entropic rather than configurational-energetic. The most likely exceptions to this rule are liquids with long-ranged pair interactions, such as alkali metals.
The effect of one-atom substitution on the photophysical properties and electron spin polarization: Intersystem crossing of compact orthogonal perylene/phenoxazine electron donor/acceptor dyad
Authors: Xiao Xiao , Pang Junhong , Sukhanov Andrei A. , Hou Yuqi , Zhao Jianzhang , Li Ming-De , Voronkova Violeta K.
Published: November 2020

A perylene (Pery)–phenoxazine (PXZ) compact orthogonal electron donor/acceptor dyad was prepared to study the relationship between the molecular structures and the spin–orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC), as well as the electron spin selectivity of the ISC process. The geometry of Pery–PXZ (80.0°) is different from the previously reported perylene–phenothiazine dyad (Pery–PTZ, 91.5°), although there is only one atom variation for the two dyads. Pery–PXZ shows a high singlet oxygen quantum yield (84%). Femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicate that the charge separation (CS, faster than 120 fs) is faster than the Pery–PTZ analog (CS, 250 fs) and charge recombination (CR, i.e., SOCT-ISC, 5.98 ns) of Pery–PXZ is slower than the Pery–PTZ analog (CR, 0.9 ns). The intrinsic triplet state lifetime of Pery–PXZ is 242 µs vs the lifetime of 181 µs for the Pery–PTZ analog. Moreover, the triplet state lifetime of Pery–PXZ in the solid polymer matrix is extended to 4.45 ms, which indicates that the triplet state of Pery–PXZ in fluid solution is deactivated not only by the triplet–triplet annihilation effect but also by other factors such as vibration coupled relaxation. Interestingly, with pulsed laser excited time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, the electron spin polarization (ESP) pattern of the triplet state of the current dyad is opposite to that of Pery–PTZ. These results demonstrated the rich electron spin chemistry of the ISC of compact electron donor/acceptor dyads, e.g., the ESP is dependent on not only the molecular geometry but also the structure of the electron donor (or acceptor).
Novel method for convenient Seebeck coefficient measurements on individual Si nanowires
Authors: Hu X. F. , Li S. J. , Lin D. D. , Xiong F. , Jiang Z. M. , Yang X. J.
Published: November 2020

A novel characterization method is introduced to measure Seebeck coefficients on individual Si nanowires (Si NWs). By using conductive atomic force microscopy with slight modifications, without any need of microfabricated devices, the Seebeck coefficients can be conveniently measured on individual Si NWs inside a large-sized vertical array in addition to the measurements on bulk substrates. The results show that the Seebeck coefficients of Si NWs are much larger than their bulk counterparts over a wide temperature range. The temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficients of Si NWs is found to be entirely different from that of bulk Si, yet both of them agree well with the results obtained by a macroscopic method. Particularly, with this method, the Seebeck coefficients can be easily characterized on Si NWs with varied morphology, size, or doping. As an example, the Seebeck coefficients are measured on Si NWs with different lengths, and it is found that the Seebeck coefficients decrease obviously as the nanowire length increases for all measurement temperatures but the difference becomes smaller at higher temperatures. Overall, this study provides a simple but effective novel method to measure the Seebeck coefficients on individual Si NWs, which has unique advantages on exploring the size or other parameter dependence or revealing the dominant factors in thermoelectric property studies on single nanostructures.
Coulomb explosion imaging for gas-phase molecular structure determination: An ab initio trajectory simulation study
Authors: Zhou Weiwei , Ge Lingfeng , Cooper Graham A. , Crane Stuart W. , Evans Michael H. , Ashfold Michael N. R. , Vallance Claire
Published: November 2020

Coulomb explosion velocity-map imaging is a new and potentially universal probe for gas-phase chemical dynamics studies, capable of yielding direct information on (time-evolving) molecular structure. The approach relies on a detailed understanding of the mapping between the initial atomic positions within the molecular structure of interest and the final velocities of the fragments formed via Coulomb explosion. Comprehensive on-the-fly ab initio trajectory studies of the Coulomb explosion dynamics are presented for two prototypical small molecules, formyl chloride and cis-1,2-dichloroethene, in order to explore conditions under which reliable structural information can be extracted from fragment velocity-map images. It is shown that for low parent ion charge states, the mapping from initial atomic positions to final fragment velocities is complex and very sensitive to the parent ion charge state as well as many other experimental and simulation parameters. For high-charge states, however, the mapping is much more straightforward and dominated by Coulombic interactions (moderated, if appropriate, by the requirements of overall spin conservation). This study proposes minimum requirements for the high-charge regime, highlights the need to work in this regime in order to obtain robust structural information from fragment velocity-map images, and suggests how quantitative structural information may be extracted from experimental data.
Highly dispersive coupled ring-core fiber for orbital angular momentum modes
Authors: Geng Wenpu , Li Yiqiao , Fang Yuxi , Wang Yingning , Bao Changjing , Yan Yan , Wang Zhi , Zhang Weigang , Huang Hao , Ren Yongxiong , Pan Zhongqi , Yue Yang
Published: November 2020

In this work, we propose and design a highly dispersive coupled ring-core fiber (CRF) with two concentric high-index rings using Schott glass for orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. By properly selecting the fiber geometrical parameters, the OAM130,1 mode supported in the proposed CRF has a large negative chromatic dispersion (CD) of −20 271 ps/(nm km) at 1260.4 nm. We also show that the proposed CRF could be an excellent candidate for various CD-related applications of OAM modes in the optical fiber. The dispersion of the OAM3,1 mode can reach down to −75 273 ps/(nm km) at 1491 nm. Furthermore, the effect of the geometrical parameters on chromatic dispersion for different OAM modes is investigated. Adjusting the parameters of the inner ring or the outer ring could greatly influence the peak value of the dispersion, while moving the two high-index rings at the same time mainly changes the position of the crossing wavelength.
Stochastic description of the stationary Hall effect
Authors: Déjardin Pierre-Michel , Wegrowe Jean-Eric
Published: November 2020

The properties that characterize the stationary Hall effect in a Hall bar are derived from the Langevin equations describing the Brownian motion of an ensemble of interacting moving charges in a constant externally applied electromagnetic field. It is demonstrated that a non-uniform current density (a) superimposes on the injected one, (b) is confined in a boundary layer located near the edges over the Debye–Fermi length scale, (c) results from coupling between diffusion and conduction, and (d) arises because of charge accumulation at the edges. The theory can easily be transposed to describe the Hall effect in metals, semi-conductors, and plasmas and agrees with standard and previously published results.
Dynamics of a driven confined polyelectrolyte solution
Authors: Bagchi Debarshee , Olvera de la Cruz Monica
Published: November 2020

The transport of polyelectrolytes confined by oppositely charged surfaces and driven by a constant electric field is of interest in studies of DNA separation according to size. Using molecular dynamics simulations that include the surface polarization effect, we find that the mobilities of the polyelectrolytes and their counterions change non-monotonically with the confinement surface charge density. For an optimum value of the confinement charge density, efficient separation of polyelectrolytes can be achieved over a wide range of polyelectrolyte charge due to the differential friction imparted by oppositely charged confinement on the polyelectrolyte chains. Furthermore, by altering the placement of the charged confinement counterions, enhanced polyelectrolyte separation can be achieved by utilizing the surface polarization effect due to dielectric mismatch between the media inside and outside the confinement.
Electron microphysics at plasma–solid interfaces
Authors: Bronold F. X. , Rasek K. , Fehske H.
Published: November 2020

The most fundamental response of a solid to a plasma and vice versa is electric. An electric double layer forms with a solid-bound electron-rich region—the wall charge—and a plasma-bound electron-depleted region—the plasma sheath. However, it is only the plasma sheath that has been studied extensively ever since the beginning of plasma physics. The wall charge received much less attention. Particularly, little is known about the operando electronic structure of plasma-facing solids and how it affects the spatiotemporal scales of the wall charge. The purpose of this Perspective is to encourage investigations of this terra incognita by techniques of modern surface physics. Using our own theoretical explorations of the electron microphysics at plasma–solid interfaces and a proposal for measuring the wall charge by infrared reflectivity to couch the discussion, we hope to put together enough convincing reasons for getting such efforts started. They would open up—at the intersection of plasma and surface physics—a new arena for applied as well as fundamental research.
Far-field particle manipulation scheme based on X wave
Authors: Gong Menyang , Qiao Yupei , Lan Jun , Liu Xiaozhou
Published: November 2020

The construction of particle manipulation in the near-field sound field has been extensively studied. In this article, a scheme for far-field particle control through a non-diffracted wave based on the X wave is proposed, which has theoretical completeness and algorithmic simplicity for the construction of far-field acoustic tweezers. The analytical expression of the acoustic radiation force (ARF) acting upon spherical particles of any order X wave is deduced. The spectral pattern of ARF exerted by the X wave in the fluid medium is given. The change law of ARF exerted by the X wave with specific parameters is obtained through calculation. Through the drawn image, the possibility of obtaining a wide range of negative ARFs through X wave is verified. In addition, the far-field invariance of the ARF exerted by the X wave as non-diffraction wave is verified, which provides the possibility of the subsequent construction of far-field acoustic tweezers as well as the basis algorithms for designing acoustic schemes for specific particle manipulation.
Dual self-regulated delivery of insulin and glucagon by a hybrid patch
Authors: Wang Zejun , Wang Jinqiang , Li Hongjun , Yu Jicheng , Chen Guojun , Kahkoska Anna R. , Wu Valerie , Zeng Yi , Wen Di , Miedema Jayson R. , Buse John B. , Gu Zhen
Published: November 2020

Significance

The efficacy of current diabetes treatments designed to reverse insulin deficiency is often limited by the frequent occurrence of acute hypoglycemia. To this end, a hybrid glucose-responsive delivery patch is engineered to function as a synthetic artificial pancreas by delivering insulin and glucagon upon hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic conditions, respectively. A mask-mediated polymerization method is developed to accommodate the insulin and glucagon modules that share a copolymerized matrix but comprise different ratios of the key monomers. The synergistic counterregulation of the two modules is found to enhance the capability of the hybrid patch in maintaining normoglycemia during plasma glucose fluctuation. This platform strategy could facilitate the development of customized therapeutic patches for closed-loop delivery in a precise manner.
Localizing Chinese games for Southeast Asian markets
Authors: Wu Zhiwei , Chen Zhuojia
Published: November 2020

This article explores how Chinese games are localized for Southeast Asia (SEA) markets. Based on the synthesized
insights from practitioners and gamers, we identify gaps between localization in theory and in practice. The post-gold model is
popular with Chinese game companies that usually do not consider localizing a game until it has attained domestic success. They
tend to opt for full localization rather than “deep localization” (Bernal-Merino 2011)
because adapting visuals and game mechanics is considered “icing on the cake”. Additionally, in our data, gamers seem to prefer
foreignization over domestication, while practitioners combine both strategies to create a defamiliarizing gaming experience.
Finally, the language diversity in SEA and the lingua franca status of English call for a nuanced understanding of
locale. Hence, we suggest to differentiate three types of locales (presumed, practiced, and preferred) as a
possible analytical framework to further theorize game localization from multiple perspectives of stakeholders.
Neural machine translation and the evolution of the localisation sector
Authors: O’Brien Sharon , Rossetti Alessandra
Published: November 2020

The localisation sector is highly technologized and evolves rapidly. Though significant consideration has been given to third-level training in localisation for Translation Studies students, the nature of the industry is such that this topic demands regular attention. Our objective was to survey employees and executive managers to understand what impact recent technological developments, including but not limited to neural machine translation (NMT), might have on future skills and training requirements for localisation linguists. Our findings are that linguists in localisation take up a variety of roles, including transcreation, data mining, and project and vendor management. NMT is considered an important advancement, and its introduction has emphasised the need for a critical use of technology, while opening new career pathways, such as data curation and annotation. Domain specialisation is recommended for those who translate, and transferable soft skills are more essential than ever. Increased industry and interdisciplinary collaborations in training are also considered valuable.
Insights into the photocatalytic degradation of triclosan over amorphous Nb2O5 catalysts
Authors: Zhang Jie , Li Dandan , Qiu Jianping , Wen Zhengru , Luo Xiaohui , Bian Chaoqun , Chen Jian , Luo Mengfei
Published: November 2020

Photocatalytic degradation of triclosan is one of the most promising way to eliminate triclosan pollution in water, yet it presents profound challenges to develop efficient photocatalysts to meet the demand of application. Herein, we demonstrate a facile hydrothermal-precipitation method to prepare amorphous Nb2O5 catalysts by using niobium(V) oxalate hydrate and ammonium carbonate. A series of amorphous Nb2O5 catalysts were obtained and analyzed by detail characterizations (XRD, XPS, BET and SEM). By optimizing synthesis conditions, it was found that 180/12-Nb2O5-(1:5) catalyst exhibited the optimal photocatalytic activity for triclosan degradation. Furthermore, the pseudo-first-order kinetic equations for triclosan degradation over 180/12-Nb2O5-(1:5) catalyst were investigated under conditions with different pH value. Among them, the triclosan degradation rate over 180/12-Nb2O5-(1:5) catalyst gave the highest reaction constant k (0.5 min−1) and shortest half-period (t1/2 = 0.17 min−1) at pH of 8. The presence of ionic state triclosan in base condition should be responsible for the improved degradation rate from acid to base reaction condition. Compared with molecular triclosan, ionic state triclosan exhibits very high reaction rate with radicals due to its strong electrophilic property. The high photocatalytic activity of 180/12-Nb2O5-(1:5) catalyst should be related to the presence of amorphous structure compared with calcined 180/12-Nb2O5-(1:5) catalyst with highly crystalline structure. The existence of N species doping and nano-sheet structure in catalyst is also thought to promote the catalytic reaction.