bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A decade lost: does educational success mitigate the increased risks of premature death among children with experience of out-of-home care?
Authors: Almquist Ylva B , Jackisch Josephine , Forsman Hilma , Gauffin Karl , Vinnerljung Bo , Hjern Anders , Brännström Lars
Published: July 2018

Background

Past research has consistently identified children with out-of-home care (OHC) experience as a high-risk group for premature mortality. While many have argued that educational success is a key factor in reducing these individuals’ excessive death risks, empirical evidence has hitherto been limited. The aim of the current study was therefore to examine the potentially mitigating role of educational success in the association between OHC experience and premature mortality.

Methods

Drawing on a Stockholm cohort born in 1953 (n=15 117), we analysed the associations among placement in OHC (ages 0–12), school performance (ages 13, 16 and 19) and premature all-cause mortality (ages 20–56) by means of Cox and Laplace regression analyses.

Results

The Cox regression models confirmed the increased risk of premature mortality among individuals with OHC experience. Unadjusted Laplace regression models showed that, based on median survival time, these children died more than a decade before their majority population peers. However, among individuals who performed well at school, that is, those who scored above-average marks at the age of 16 (grade 9) and at the age of 19 (grade 12), the risks of premature mortality did not significantly differ between the two groups.

Conclusion

Educational success seems to mitigate the increased risks of premature death among children with OHC experience.
Challenges in modelling the Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies for therapy development
Authors: Juneja Manisha , Burns Joshua , Saporta Mario A , Timmerman Vincent
Published: July 2018

Much has been achieved in terms of understanding the complex clinical and genetic heterogeneity of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMT). Since the identification of mutations in the first CMT associated gene, PMP22, the technological advancement in molecular genetics and gene technology has allowed scientists to generate diverse animal models expressing monogenetic mutations that closely resemble the CMT phenotype. Additionally, one can now culture patient-derived neurons in a dish using cellular reprogramming and differentiation techniques. Nevertheless, despite the fact that finding a disease-causing mutation offers a precise diagnosis, there is no cure for CMT at present. This review will shed light on the exciting advancement in CMT disease modelling, the breakthroughs, pitfalls, current challenges for scientists and key considerations to move the field forward towards successful therapies.
Inflammatory cytokine biomarkers of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections and vaginal dysbiosis: a multicentre validation study
Authors: Masson Lindi , Barnabas Shaun , Deese Jennifer , Lennard Katie , Dabee Smritee , Gamieldien Hoyam , Jaumdally Shameem Z , Williamson Anna-Lise , Little Francesca , Van Damme Lut , Ahmed Khatija , Crucitti Tania , Abdellati Saïd , Bekker Linda-Gail , Gray Glenda , Dietrich Janan , Jaspan Heather , Passmore Jo-Ann S
Published: July 2018

Objectives

Vaginal dysbiosis and STIs are important drivers of the HIV epidemic and reproductive complications. These conditions remain prevalent, partly because most cases are asymptomatic. We have shown that inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β and interferon-γ-induced protein (IP)-10 are biomarkers for detecting asymptomatic STIs and vaginal dysbiosis (bacterial vaginosis (BV) or intermediate microbiota). This study aimed to validate the performance of these biomarkers in African women recruited regardless of symptoms.

Methods

IL-1α, IL-1β and IP-10 were measured in menstrual cup secretions, endocervical, lateral vaginal wall and vulvovaginal swabs from 550 women from Pretoria, Soweto and Cape Town, South Africa and Bondo, Kenya using Luminex and ELISA. STIs were assessed by PCR, BV by Nugent scoring and vaginal microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing.

Results

Across four study populations and four types of genital specimens, the performance of IL-1α, IL-1β and IP-10 for identification of women with STIs, BV or intermediate microbiota was consistent. Of the genital samples assessed, biomarkers measured in lateral vaginal wall swabs performed best, correctly classifying 76%(95% CI 70% to 81%) of women according to STI, BV or intermediate microbiota status (sensitivity 77%, specificity 71%) and were more accurate than clinical symptoms (sensitivity 41%, specificity 57%) (p=0.0003). Women incorrectly classified as STI/BV positive using the biomarkers had more abundant dysbiosis-associated bacteria, including
Prevotella bivia
and
Gardnerella
sp, detected by 16S rRNA sequencing, but not Nugent scoring. Including vaginal pH with the cytokine biomarkers improved the accuracy of the test (82% (95% CI 75% to 88%) correctly classified), although pH alone had poor specificity (61%).

Conclusions

An inexpensive, point-of-care screening test including IL-1α, IL-1β and IP-10 (and potentially pH) could be used in resource-limited settings to identify women with asymptomatic STIs and dysbiosis. These women could then be referred for aetiological testing, followed by specific treatment.
Controlling the trapping efficiency in a family of scale-free tree networks
Authors: Gao Yu , Wu Zikai
Published: July 2018

Efficiently controlling the trapping process is very significant in the study of trapping problem in diverse dynamic processes. In this paper, we explore the trapping efficiency on a family of scale-free tree networks with a deep trap positioned at an initial node, which is controlled by three different strategies. In the first technique, the transition probability is modified by an edge weight parameter. In the second method, the transition probability is controlled by a delay parameter. In the third approach, we use the delay parameter and weight parameter simultaneously to control the trapping process. For all the three control methods, the analytical results of average trapping time (ATT) exactly agree with the numerical results. The result of the first control strategy shows that the average trapping time can scale sublinearly, linearly or superlinearly by modifying the weight parameter. The analytic expression of the ATT in the second method shows that the delay parameter can only modify the main coefficient of ATT, but cannot change the dominant behavior of trapping efficiency. The explicit expression of average trapping time when random walk on scale-free tree network is controlled by the third method shows that it is a fine control. We can get desired trapping efficiency by changing the weight parameter and the delay parameter simultaneously. This work provides a better understanding of controlling the trapping process in a family of scale-free tree networks.
Hydrazine-assisted preparation of ZnS nanocrystals using N-acetyl-L-cysteine as capping agent
Authors: Sahraei Reza , Soheyli Ehsan , Faraji Zahra
Published: July 2018

Using N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) as capping agent and different amounts of hydrazine hydrate as growth promoter, in this paper, we report a simple way for preparation of aqueous-based ZnS nanocrystals (NCs). The small-sized and well-dispersed NCs with cubic zinc blende structure and size-dependent optical behavior have been characterized by XRD, TEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Disappearance of the thiol-related peak in the FT-IR spectrum of NAC-capped ZnS NCs demonstrated the well-passivation of ZnS NCs by deprotonated NAC molecules. Variation of optical properties of ZnS NCs has been studied at different hydrazine amounts and refluxing times. The growth-assisting characteristic of hydrazine hydrate was demonstrated by redshift in absorption edge as the hydrazine amount increased from 5 to 20 mmol, and ensuing decrease in band gap energy of ZnS NCs from 4.47 eV to 4.0 eV. On the other hand, increasing the refluxing time duration up to 20 h, resulted in obvious redshift in absorption edge and subsequent decrease in the band gap energy from 4.56 eV to 3.85 eV. The optical estimation on the size of the as-prepared ZnS NCs was obtained through effective mass approximation. Results indicated that all the NCs are small enough near the excitonic Bohr radius of ZnS which revealed the presence of strong quantum confinement effects. Effect of these parameters on PL emission intensity of ZnS NCs was studied and it was observed that the best emission result is at the presence of 12.5 mmol hydrazine hydrate and during 16 h heating. Finally, analyzing chemical stability of the as-prepared ZnS NCs against H2O2 corrosion demonstrated a well-accepting stability of emission intensity even after 108 min.
Green’s function solution of nonlinear wave equation depending on the absolute value of the unknown function
Authors: Khurshudyan Asatur Zh. , Khurhsudyan Martiros
Published: July 2018

This paper is devoted to possibilities of a semi-analytical approximation of nonlinear wave equations with nonlinearities depending on the absolute value of the unknown function, which arise in different areas of physics and mechanics. The main difficulty of analysis of such equations is that the derivation of their rigorous solution is highly sophisticated, while their numerical solution requires burdensome computational costs. Using the traveling wave ansatz, we first reduce the wave equation to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Then, applying Frasca’s method, we construct its general solution in terms of the nonlinear Green’s function. For particular nonlinearities, it is shown that the first-order approximation of the Green’s function solution is numerically comparable with the solution obtained by the well-known numerical method of lines. The contribution of the higher order terms is studied for a particular nonlinearity.
Vitamin D Supplementation and Survival of Patients with Non–small Cell Lung Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Akiba Tadashi , Morikawa Toshiaki , Odaka Makoto , Nakada Takeo , Kamiya Noriki , Yamashita Makoto , Yabe Mitsuo , Inagaki Takuya , Asano Hisatoshi , Mori Shohei , Tsukamoto Yo , Urashima Mitsuyoshi
Published: July 2018

Purpose: Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are reportedly associated with better survival in early-stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Therefore, whether vitamin D supplementation can improve the prognosis of patients with NSCLC was examined (UMIN000001869).

Patients and Methods: A randomized, double-blind trial comparing vitamin D supplements (1,200 IU/day) with placebo for 1 year after operation was conducted. The primary and secondary outcomes were relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS), respectively. Prespecified subgroup analyses were performed with stratification by stage (early vs. advanced), pathology (adenocarcinoma vs. others), and 25(OH)D levels (low, <20 ng/mL vs. high, ≥20 ng/mL). Polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D–binding protein (DBP) and survival were also examined.

Results: Patients with NSCLC (n = 155) were randomly assigned to receive vitamin D (n = 77) or placebo (n = 78) and followed for a median of 3.3 years. Relapse and death occurred in 40 (28%) and 24 (17%) patients, respectively. In the total study population, no significant difference in either RFS or OS was seen with vitamin D compared with the placebo group. However, by restricting the analysis to the subgroup with early-stage adenocarcinoma with low 25(OH)D, the vitamin D group showed significantly better 5-year RFS (86% vs. 50%, P = 0.04) and OS (91% vs. 48%, P = 0.02) than the placebo group. Among the examined polymorphisms, DBP1 (rs7041) TT and CDX2 (rs11568820) AA/AG genotypes were markers of better prognosis, even with multivariate adjustment.

Conclusions: In patients with NSCLC, vitamin D supplementation may improve survival of patients with early-stage lung adenocarcinoma with lower 25(OH)D levels. Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4089–97. ©2018 AACR.
ЗАХВОРЮВАНІСТЬ НА ГОСТРИЙ ВІРУСНИЙ ГЕПАТИТ С У ДНІПРОПЕТРОВСЬКОМУ РЕГІОНІ ТА УКРАЇНІ
Authors: Shevchenko-Makarenko O. P. , Shostakovich-Koretskaya L. R. , Velychko S. O. , Reznyh V. G. , Kiselyov D. A.
Published: July 2018

Мета: вивчити та проаналізувати рівень захворюваності на гострий вірусний гепатит С (ВГС) у багаторічній динаміці за 2001–2017 рp. у Дніпропетровському регіоні, порівняно з показниками в Україні, та визначити тенденції й темпи приросту.Матеріали і методи. Аналіз захворюваності проведено епідеміологічним методом. Тенденції захворюваності розраховували за темпами зростання та приросту.Результати. Динаміка захворюваності на ВГС в Україні та в Дніпропетровському регіоні в цілому і на окремих територіях у період із 2004 до 2017 р. мала хвилеподібний характер з більш вираженою тенденцією до зниження показників в Україні. Середній показник захворюваності в області становив 2,04±0,11 на 100 тис. населення (95 % ДІ 1,81–2,27), середній темп зростання – (98,48±4,70) %. Показник захворюваності в Україні – 1,72±0,12 на 100 тис. населення (p<0,05), середній темп зростання – (95,18±3,25) %. Відзначено високий рівень захворюваності на ВГС у містах області (2,30±0,13 на 100 тис. населення), який в 1,34 разу перевищував її рівень у м. Дніпрі (p<0,01) та в 1,55 разу – відповідний показник у сільських районах (p<0,001).Висновки. Захворюваність на гострий вірусний гепатит С у Дніпропетровській області та в Україні має тенденцію до зниження. Для впровадження глобальної стратегії ВООЗ із вірусних гепатитів необхідно провести широку скринінгову програму при плануванні ефективних профілактичних та протиепідемічних заходів.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПОРУШЕННЯ КОГНІТИВНОЇ ФУНКЦІЇ У ПАЦІЄНТІВ ІЗ ВІЛ-ІНФЕКЦІЄЮ, ЯКІ ПЕРЕБУВАЮТЬ ПІД АМБУЛАТОРНИМ НАГЛЯДОМ
Authors: Shostakovych-Koretskaia L. R. , Lytvyn K. Yu. , Bilokon O. O. , Mishkoi I. P. , Chukhalova I. V. , Lesnycha O. O.
Published: July 2018

Мета: визначити наявність когнітивних порушень та фактори можливого впливу на когнітивну функцію серед пацієнтів із ВІЛ, які перебувають під амбулаторним наглядом.Матеріали і методи. До дослідження залучено 95 пацієнтів із підтвердженою ВІЛ-інфекцією без клінічних ознак захворювань ЦНС. Оцінку ментального статусу проводили за результатами проходження 2 тестів: MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) та «малювання годинника».Результати. Виявлено, що зменшення частоти когнітивних розладів корелювало із тривалістю антиретровірусної терапії – коефіцієнт кореляції для бальної оцінки за шкалою MMSЕ становив rs=+0,27, p<0,01, для тесту «малювання годинника» – rs=+0,22, p<0,05. Визначено тенденцію до збільшення частоти когнітивних порушень при застосуванні ефавірензу. Встановлено, що застосування замісної підтримувальної терапії (метадон) у споживачів наркотиків зменшувало відносний ризик розвитку когнітивних розладів (p<0,01). Визначено наявність вірогідного зв’язку когнітивних розладів із вірусним навантаженням у динаміці спостереження (rs=-0,20, p<0,05 для тесту MMSE).Висновки. Порушення когнітивної функції мають місце у ВІЛ-позитивних пацієнтів вже на ранній стадії ВІЛ-інфекції.
ПРОЕКТ ПЕРІОПЕРАЦІЙНОГО ТРИГЕРНОГО ІНСТРУМЕНТУ ЯК МЕХАНІЗМУ РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНОЇ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ НЕСПРИЯТЛИВИХ ПОДІЙ В АНЕСТЕЗІОЛОГІЧНІЙ ПРАКТИЦІ
Authors: Fedosiuk R. M. , Kovalova O. M.
Published: July 2018

Мета: на основі закордонного прототипу розробити власний, адаптований до вітчизняних умов тригерний механізм ретроспективної ідентифікації несприятливих подій, що вже трапилися з пацієнтами в періопераційний період у минулому.Матеріали і методи. Як закордонний прототип взято друге видання Глобального тригерного інструменту Американського інституту поліпшення охорони здоров’я.Результати. Розроблено адаптовану до національних умов та потреб служби анестезіології України анестезіологічно-хірургічну версію, яку представлено у вигляді «Періопераційного тригерного інструменту», що складається з 43 тригерів, стратифікованих у 4 модулі для ретроспективної ідентифікації різних груп інцидентів.Висновки. Представлений у роботі варіант Глобального тригерного інструменту є інноваційним для України механізмом ретроспективної ідентифікації інцидентів із безпекою пацієнтів, що може стати прообразом подібних ініціатив у інших медичних спеціальностях.
МЕДИКО-СОЦІАЛЬНЕ ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ МОДЕЛІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЯКІСТЮ ЖИТТЯ ДІТЕЙ З ОЖИРІННЯМ
Authors: Ognev V. A. , Pomogaibo K. G.
Published: July 2018

Мета: надати медико-соціальне обґрунтування та розробити модель управління якістю життя дітей та підлітків з ожирінням.Матеріали і методи. Застосовано метод моделювання. В основу моделі покладено дані аналізу загальносвіто­вого досвіду щодо проблеми дитячого ожиріння та результати проведених досліджень (якості життя, поширеності, факторів ризику, якості медичного обслуговування).Результати. Виходячи з результатів отриманих даних, побудовано модель управління якості життя дітей з ожирінням. Визначено: основну мету, структуру, завдання та принципи запропонованої моделі. Основними напрямками взаємодії між елементами моделі є розробка державних стратегій, моніторинг основних показників дитячого ожиріння та планування пріоритетних заходів із оптимізації.Висновки. Ефективне функціонування моделі управління дозволить покращити якість життя та буде сприяти адаптації дітей з даною патологією у суспільстві.
ІЄРАРХІЯ ЦІННОСТЕЙ СТУДЕНТІВ МЕДИЧНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ ЩОДО ТЕМАТИКИ ЗАНЯТЬ З ЕКОНОМІКИ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я
Authors: Pariy V. D. , Zhila A. V. , Taran V. V. , Vezhnovets T. A. , Kozhemyakina T. V. , Matukova-Yaryg D. G.
Published: July 2018

Мета: дослідити ставлення студентів щодо навчальних тем з «Економіки охорони здоров’я» та обґрунтувати заходи з оптимізації навчально-методичної роботи.Матеріали і методи. Дослідження включало: бібліосемантичний, соціологічний, математико-статистичний, системний підхід, моделювання, аналітико-синтетичний методи.Результати. На основі вивчення думки студентів проведено розподіл навчальних тем з «Економіки охорони здоров’я» залежно від їх значущості, що стало підґрунтям для вдосконалення навчально-методичного процесу та використання активних форм залучення студентів до розгляду та обговорення актуальних проблемних ситуацій, пов’язаних із організаційно-економічними і медико-економічними аспектами діяльності в медичній галузі.Висновки. Вивчення думки студентів щодо їх ставлення до навчальних тем з «Економіки охорони здоров’я» є важливою передумовою для вдосконалення процесу викладання, формування економічної грамотності, економічного світогляду та професійно-компетентнісних якостей для успішної адаптації молодих до умов сучасного медичного середовища.
Pride and Burden: The Quest for Consistency in the Anti-Speciesist Movement
Authors: Turina Isacco
Published: July 2018

This article draws on 22 interviews with Italian anti-speciesists to develop a sociological account of the quest for ethical consistency in the animal rights movement. The essay analyzes three relevant consequences of the search for consistency—identity extension, social segregation, and self-transformation—and discusses their impact on the activists’ lives. Consistency appears as both a source of self-gratification and a burden. On the one hand, self-gratification results from a sense of moral pride and the certainty of fighting for a just cause. On the other hand, the pursuit of a consistent lifestyle is highly demanding in terms of time and energy, and can have negative effects on the activist’s relationships with family and peers. While the paper adopts an individual-level perspective, it also examines how the findings might relate to vegan mobilization. It is argued that the findings might be generalizable to activists in other countries who face similar challenges.
A biosystematic study of Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) in Iran
Authors: NOBARINEZHAD MAHBOUBEH HOSSEINALIZADEH , PAKRAVAN MANEEZHE , PAHLEVANI AMIRHOSSEIN
Published: July 2018

We studied leaf anatomy, mitotic chromosomes and pollen grains of nine species of Euphorbia (E. chamaesyce, E. granulata, E. indica, E. humifusa, E. maculata, E. petiolata, E. prostrata, E. serpens and E. nutans) out of the 15 species of Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce present in Iran. We compared our results with two species of subg. Esula sections Tythymalus and Helioscopia (E. peplus and E. helioscopia). Our anatomical survey identified the Kranz bundle sheath as a distinct anatomical character for subgenus Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum, differentiating this from E. petiolata of subg. Chamaesyce sect. Cheirolepidium. Based on type of abaxial epidermis cell walls, species were classified into three groups including species with zigzagged, sinuous and intermediate (zigzagged-sinuous) walls. Chromosome numbers for four species were reported for the first time from Iran, and 2n=32 is the first report for E. indica. Three shapes of pollen grains were determined: oblate spheroidal, prolate spheroidal and subprolate. A tectate perforate exine ornamentation was detected in almost all of the species.
Bräuchler, C. (2018) And now for something completely different—new names in Clinopodium with comments on some types. Phytotaxa 356 (1): 71–80.
Authors: BRÄUCHLER CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2018

N/A
An annotated checklist of the endemic Apiaceae of Kazakhstan
Authors: KLJUYKOV EUGENE , LYSKOV DMITRY , UKRAINSKAJA ULIANA
Published: July 2018

An annotated checklist of the endemic Apiaceae species of Kazakhstan includes synonyms, references, geographic distributions, ecological preferences and distribution maps for each species. The number of endemic Apiaceae species in Kazakhstan is reduced from 63 to 29 because of their localities discovered in neighboring countries or because of their placement into synonymy. Two new synonyms are proposed here, to include Dorema karataviense into D. sabulosum and Prangos arenaria into P. cachroides. The Karatau Range and its vicinities are the main center of endemism of the Apiaceae in Kazakhstan. Many endemics are also found in the Dzungarian Alatau Range and the Tarbagatai Range. Most of the endemics can be considered neoendemic species; their evolution took place in geographical isolation.
Taxonomic novelties from Cebu: a new species of Vaccinium (Ericaceae) and a new record of Phaius (Orchidaceae) for the Philippines
Authors: SALARES VAL B. , OBICO JASPER JOHN A. , ORMEROD PAUL , BARCELONA JULIE F. , PELSER PIETER B.
Published: July 2018

Vaccinium cebuense (Ericaceae) from Nug-as forest (Alcoy) and the Central Cebu Protected Landscape (Balamban), two of the last remaining forested areas of Cebu Island, Philippines, is here described as a new species. This species is unique among the known species of this genus in displaying a unique combination of characters: leaves with marginal glands that are spaced along the entire length of the leaf, anthers with distinct and recurved dorsal spurs, and petioles that are adaxially grooved. Our fieldwork in Nug-as also resulted in the discovery of Phaius reflexipetalus (Orchidaceae), a new record for the Philippines previously only known from Borneo. These and other recent taxonomic novelties emphasize the conservation importance of the few and small remaining forests of Cebu.
A new combination in Leontodon (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)
Authors: CONTI FABIO
Published: July 2018

A new species-level combination, Leontodon albanicus comb. & stat. nov., is proposed on the basis of a subspecies described from Albania. The species is reported here as new to Greece. The variability of the taxon has been examined and a new morphological description has been provided. Its relationship with the closest taxa is also discussed.
Multidecadal Changes of the Upper Indian Ocean Heat Content during 1965–2016
Authors: Li Yuanlong , Han Weiqing , Hu Aixue , Meehl Gerald A. , Wang Fan
Published: July 2018

Ocean heat uptake is the primary heat sink of the globe and modulates its surface warming rate. In situ observations during the past half century documented obvious multidecadal variations in the upper-ocean heat content (0–400 m; OHC400) of the Indian Ocean (IO). The observed OHC400 showed an increase of (5.9 ± 2.5) × 1021 J decade−1 during 1965–79, followed by a decrease of (−5.2 ± 2.5) × 1021 J decade−1 during 1980–96, and a rapid increase of (13.6 ± 1.1) × 1021 J decade−1 during 2000–14. These variations are faithfully reproduced by an Indo-Pacific simulation of an ocean general circulation model (OGCM), and insights into the underlying mechanisms are gained through OGCM experiments. The Pacific wind forcing through the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) was the leading driver of the basin-integrated OHC400 increase during 1965–79 and the decrease during 1980–96, whereas after 2000 local wind and heat flux forcing within the IO made a larger contribution. The ITF heat transport is primarily dictated by Pacific trade winds. It directly affects the south IO, after which the signatures can enter the north IO through the meridional heat transport of the western boundary current. The prevailing warming of the western-to-central IO for 2000–14 was largely induced by equatorial easterly wind trends, Ekman downwelling off the equator, and northeasterly wind trends over the west Asia–East Africa coastal region. The increasing downward longwave radiation, probably reflecting anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing, overcame the decreasing surface shortwave radiation and also made a significant contribution to the rapid upper-IO warming after 2000.
Interaction of Langmuir Turbulence and Inertial Currents in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer under Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Wang Dong , Kukulka Tobias , Reichl Brandon G. , Hara Tetsu , Ginis Isaac , Sullivan Peter P.
Published: July 2018

Based on a large-eddy simulation approach, this study investigates the response of the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL) and Langmuir turbulence (LT) to extreme wind and complex wave forcing under tropical cyclones (TCs). The Stokes drift vector that drives LT is determined from spectral wave simulations. During maximum TC winds, LT substantially enhances the entrainment of cool water, causing rapid OSBL deepening. This coincides with relatively strong wave forcing, weak inertial currents, and shallow OSBL depth , measured by smaller ratios of , where denotes a Stokes drift decay length scale. LT directly affects a near-surface layer whose depth is estimated from enhanced anisotropy ratios of velocity variances. During rapid OSBL deepening, is proportional to , and LT efficiently transports momentum in coherent structures, locally enhancing shear instabilities in a deeper shear-driven layer, which is controlled by LT. After the TC passes, inertial currents are stronger and is greater while is shallower and proportional to . During this time, the LT-affected surface layer is too shallow to directly influence the deeper shear-driven layer, so that both layers are weakly coupled. At the same time, LT reduces surface currents that play a key role in the surface energy input at a later stage. These two factors contribute to relatively small TKE levels and entrainment rates after TC passage. Therefore, our study illustrates that inertial currents need to be taken into account for a complete understanding of LT and its effects on OSBL dynamics in TC conditions.
Internal Tidal Modal Ray Refraction and Energy Ducting in Baroclinic Gulf Stream Currents
Authors: Duda Timothy F. , Lin Ying-Tsong , Buijsman Maarten , Newhall Arthur E.
Published: July 2018

Upstream mean semidiurnal internal tidal energy flux has been found in the Gulf Stream in hydrodynamical model simulations of the Atlantic Ocean. A major source of the energy in the simulations is the south edge of Georges Bank, where strong and resonant Gulf of Maine tidal currents are found. An explanation of the flux pattern within the Gulf Stream is that internal wave modal rays can be strongly redirected by baroclinic currents and even trapped (ducted) by current jets that feature strong velocities above the thermocline that are directed counter to the modal wavenumber vector (i.e., when the waves travel upstream). This ducting behavior is analyzed and explained here with ray-based wave propagation studies for internal wave modes with anisotropic wavenumbers, as occur in mesoscale background flow fields. Two primary analysis tools are introduced and then used to analyze the strong refraction and ducting: the generalized Jones equation governing modal properties and ray equations that are suitable for studying waves with anisotropic wavenumbers.
Prolonged Intubation Injuries of the Larynx: Endoscopic Diagnosis, Classification, And Treatment
Authors: Benjamin Bruce
Published: July 2018

Laryngeal trauma from prolonged endotracheal intubation occurs in patients of all ages. Most changes are superficial and heal quickly. Injuries that are found consistently during intubation include nonspecific changes, edema, granulation tissue, ulceration, and othermiscellaneous injuries. In thispapersignificant, severe, and lasting trauma of the larynx has been classified on thebasis of theknown factors in pathogenesis, observations made atendoscopy, and photographic documentation. This classification has required introduction of new descriptive terminology: “tongues of granulation tissue,” “ulcerated troughs,” “healed furrows,” and “healed fibrous nodule.” During intubation the degree of injury can be precisely assessed under general anesthesia by using telescopes for image magnification, thus assisting adecision whether to continue intubation orperform tracheotomy to minimize long-term morbidity. Changes that are found after extubation result from granulation tissue, ulceration, ora combination of both and have been illustrated on flow charts; a knowledge and understanding of these sequelae allows them to be identified by both indirect and direct laryngoscopy so that treatment can be planned.
Sleep and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in a Community-Based Survey of Children
Authors: Jansen Erica C. , Dunietz Galit Levi , Felt Barbara T. , O’Brien Louise M.
Published: July 2018

We examined whether gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were associated with sleep disturbances in a community-based sample of 337 school-aged children from Ypsilanti, Michigan. Parents completed the sleep-related breathing disorder scale of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire and the Conners’ parents rating scale, which included questions concerning GI symptoms. One fifth of the children screened positive for sleep-disordered breathing; the same fraction had sleepiness, and one-quarter snored more than half the time. Similarly, one quarter of children had 2 or more GI symptoms. Children with positive sleep-disordered breathing scores were 2.22 times as likely to have 2 or more GI symptoms in the past month after confounder adjustment (95% confidence interval = 1.39-3.55). In particular, this relationship appeared to be driven by daytime sleepiness, as children with sleepiness had about a 2-fold higher prevalence of 2 or more GI symptoms (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.96, 95% confidence interval = 1.18-3.26). Neither snoring nor sleep duration were associated with GI symptoms.
Character Strengths and First-Year College Students’ Academic Persistence Attitudes: An Integrative Model
Authors: Browning Brandon R. , McDermott Ryon C. , Scaffa Marjorie E. , Booth Nathan R. , Carr Nicole T.
Published: July 2018

Higher education scholars produce the majority of research on student persistence. However, counseling psychologists may be uniquely situated to help students persist toward graduation by enhancing strengths. The present study integrated counseling and higher education models to examine college students’ character strengths (i.e., hope and gratitude) as predictors of student persistence variables (i.e., academic integration and institutional commitment). Drawing on higher education theories of persistence, we examined the mediating effects of academic integration on the associations between character strengths and institutional commitment among first-year undergraduate students ( N = 653). Controlling for social support, greater academic integration mediated the associations between character strengths and institutional commitment in a structural equation model. Consistent with higher education theories emphasizing academic integration as a precursor to institutional commitment, character strengths may be important for understanding academic integration and persistence. Implications for prevention and the integration of counseling psychology and higher education perspectives are discussed.
Advanced microwave equipment simulator for engineering education
Authors: Gubsky Dmitry , Zemlyakov Viacheslav
Published: July 2018

A novel approach to computer simulator development of microwave measurement equipment is presented. The main feature of the software is an interface of the simulator, which is an interactive image of the real equipment allowing to manipulate the keys and other elements of the front panel by the computer mouse. For the measurement procedure, the simulator allows to use analytical formulas or upload the data from the computer models of the microwave devices and from the real measurements in *.s2p format. Implementation of the developed simulator into the educational process provides each student with an unlimited access to the measuring equipment and gives the opportunity not only to study the characteristics of microwave devices but also to gain experience with the real equipment due to interactive computer interface that is completely identical to real front panel.
A heat-balance method for autoclave process of composite manufacturing
Authors: Wang Lingyun , Zhu Weidong , Wang Qing , Xu Qiang , Ke Yinglin
Published: July 2018

In composite manufacturing, large composite parts usually exhibit high heating gradients during the autoclave process, which may intensify the process-induced residual stresses and deformations. As the thermal behavior of molds is of crucial importance to the curing performance of composites, a heat-balance method is presented to reduce the heating rate on overheated areas of molds, thus providing a more homogeneous curing process. The method is based on a local-isolation structure installed under the mold plate, which is used to change the local heat transfer coefficient of the mold. In the local-isolation structure application, an optimization process combining numerical simulations with a greedy genetic algorithm is developed to find the optimal layout and geometry of local-isolation structure in molds. The optimization results suggest that more uniform heating condition and more synchronous curing process can be achieved with the optimal design of local-isolation structure. In the case of a typical mold for C spar component, the maximum temperature difference in the composite part is reduce by 45.69%, while the maximum difference in degree of cure is decreased at a rate of 40.16%.
2,4-D poisoning: a review with illustration of two cases
Authors: Pannu Ashok Kumar , Saroch Atul , Agrawal Jatin , Sharma Navneet
Published: July 2018

2,4-D (2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid) is a chlorphenoxy group pesticide. Its relative safety and broad leaf selectivity makes it a favourite herbicide of many home gardeners and agricultural workers. Severe systemic toxicity requiring hospital admission and intensive care usually occurs following intentional oral ingestion. 2,4-D poisoning is an under-recognised cause of a potentially lethal toxic syndrome, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where such compounds are widely used in farming and readily available in households. It warrants close monitoring and high-quality supportive care along with plasma alkalinisation or extracorporeal removal of the toxin.

 We present a short review on 2,4-D poisoning and describe two illustrative cases with significant oral ingestion resulted in early and rapidly developing systemic toxicity. Both patients were admitted to the intensive care unit; one patient was managed with alkaline diuresis and other case required three sessions of haemodialysis.
Development of a Sexual Assault Event Typology Based on Event Attributes
Authors: Perry Leigh Ann , Dover Thomas J. , Lancaster Steven L. , Allen Nicole E. , Keel Timothy G. , Eliopulos Louis N.
Published: July 2018

The current study utilizes data from a national violent crime database to develop a set of classifications for sexual assault events. It expands upon previous typology literature by focusing on behaviors exhibited during a sexual assault incident rather than offender motive. This is an important distinction as law enforcement personnel need to begin their work of suspect development prior to when the offender is actually identified. The current study uses information about incidents that involve sexual offenders who were not necessarily in mental health treatment programs and/or custody. This approach enables the examination of incidents that have not been investigated in previous typology research. Twelve indicator variables were used to examine 4,476 incidents in which adult males offended against adult females. Seven event groups were identified through latent class analysis. Results indicate that level of violence, offender approach, additional sexual activity, and trauma location were class defining event attributes.
Conductors’ literature selection practices for community children’s choirs in North America
Authors: Hedden Debra G. , Allen Ashley D.
Published: July 2018

This study utilized a mixed methods approach to investigate the particular factors integral to literature selection and the resources conductors utilized to find repertoire for their children’s choirs. Interviews were conducted with successful community children’s choir directors ( n = 6); results were analyzed inductively and coded in order to report findings. Results from the qualitative strand demonstrated four themes regarding literature selection: musical elements, preferences, appropriateness, and finding literature; these themes served as the basis for survey questions with provided groups of questions related to each theme. The survey was emailed/mailed to community children’s choir conductors ( n = 245) in North America; the return rate was 51.0% ( n = 125). Results indicated consistency between the qualitative and quantitative findings, although some differences surfaced as well. Overarching findings included voicing, melody, and text as essential considerations as well as the conductor’s preference for the pieces; additionally to fit repertoire to the choir was important. Conductors used a variety of resources from which to find literature and often relied on their own collections, observations of other choirs, and online resources. Implications for conductors were presented relating to literature selection practices that may be a result of enculturation through choir participation and observation.
Effects of upper limb resistance exercise on aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and quality of life in COPD patients: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Silva Cássio Magalhães da Silva e , Gomes Neto Mansueto , Saquetto Micheli Bernardone , Conceição Cristiano Sena da , Souza-Machado Adelmir
Published: July 2018

Objective:

To evaluate the effects of upper limb resistance exercise on the functional capacity, muscle function, and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Setting:

Clinical School of Physiotherapy in a Public University of Brazil.

Subjects:

58 patients were recruited; of these, 7 were excluded and 51 individuals were enrolled.

Intervention:

Control group performed warm-up, aerobic exercise, inspiratory muscle training, and session stretching, followed by massage therapy. The treatment group performed warm-up, aerobic exercise, inspiratory muscle training, three sets of upper limb resistance exercise, and session stretching, followed by massage therapy. Total three sessions per week for eight weeks.

Primary outcome measures:

6-minute walk test, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, dyspnea, and quality of life. Normality of the data was tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test; paired analysis of variance was used for intergroup analyses.

Results:

51 patients (25 in the control group and 26 in the treatment group); 41% of the subjects were men. Mean forced expiratory volume was 2.6 ± 0.6 L, and mean body mass index was 27.3 ± 7.0 kg/m2. The upper limb resistance exercise resulted in significantly greater benefit in terms of exercise capacity (88.5 ± 81.9 m, P = 0.043), inspiratory muscle strength (22.9 ± 24.2 cm H2O, P = 0.001), upper limb muscle strength (2.3 ± 3.1 kg, P = 0.027), and quality of life scores (−15.3 ± 10.9 points, P = 0.000).

Conclusion:

Upper limb resistance exercise improved the exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength, and quality of life.
Validity of the Actigraph GT3x and influence of the sensor positioning for the assessment of active energy expenditure during four activities of daily living in stroke subjects
Authors: Compagnat Maxence , Mandigout Stephane , Chaparro David , Daviet Jean Christophe , Salle Jean Yves
Published: July 2018

Objective:

To explore the validity of the Actigraph and the influence of the placement of the sensor when estimating the active energy expenditure in four common daily activities (transfers, manual task, walking in overground and walking up and down stairs) in stroke survivors.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

Subjects:

A total of 46 subjects affected with stroke sequelae were wearing the Actigraph on three different locations—ankle, hip and wrist on the non-affected side—and performed four tasks: transfers, manual task, walking on flat ground and walking up and down stairs.

Main measures:

The values of active energy expenditure estimated by the Actigraph were compared to those measured by a portable breathing gas exchange analyzer Metamax3B. The accuracy and agreement between Actigraph and Metamax values were analyzed with mean bias, root mean square error, correlation coefficient and Bland–Altman plots for each task and each sensor location.

Results:

The mean bias between the Metamax and Actigraph placed on wrist, hip and ankle were, respectively, MD = 1.16 kcal (%MD = 3%), MD =−20.44 kcal (%MD =−58%) and MD = 17.64 kcal (%MD = 50%). The agreement with the Metamax was poor in general regardless of the sensor location and type of task ( r = 0.12–0.58).

Conclusion:

This study found large differences and a poor agreement between the active energy expenditure as measured by the Actigraph and the Metamax according to the location of the sensor and the type of task performed by the subject.
Gross National Happiness (GNH)
Authors: Laczniak Gene R. , Santos Nicholas J. C.
Published: July 2018

This theoretical commentary explores the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH) and connects it with several central macromarketing concepts such as QoL, ethics, the common good, the purpose of market activity as well as the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. The paper portrays GNH as a normative concept that captures collective well-being; it categorizes GNH, at least from the standpoint of Western moral philosophy, as most closely aligned with classical utilitarianism, and it distinguishes GNH from QoL on the basis of its predominantly aspirational and subjective orientation. It asserts that GNH can be seen as one manifestation of the common good, and, in that manner can be perceived as a ‘more ethical’ conception of the purpose of business activity. Finally, it links GNH to promising areas of Macromarketing scholarship. One essential contribution of this commentary is that it differentiates subjective community happiness from more objective measures of QoL familiar to macromarketing studies.
Task Difficulty Makes ‘No’ Response Different From ‘Yes’ Response in Detection of Fragmented Object Contours
Authors: Taniguchi Kosuke , Kuraguchi Kana , Konishi Yukuo
Published: July 2018

Two-alternative forced choice tasks are often used in object detection, which regards detecting an object as a ‘yes’ response and detecting no object as a ‘no’ response. Previous studies have suggested that the processing of yes/no responses arises from identical or similar processing. In this study, we investigated the difference of processing between detecting an object (‘yes’ response) and not detecting any object (‘no’ response) by controlling the task difficulty in terms of fragment length and stimulus duration. The results indicated that a ‘yes’ response depends on accurate and stable decisions through grouping processing, and a ‘no’ response might involve two distinct processing, including accurate decisions and intuitive decisions. Accurate decisions of ‘no’ may arise after the rejection of a ‘yes’ response with grouping processing, which is an accurate but slow response in an easy task. Intuitive decisions of ‘no’ arise as the result of breaking down the decision process when the received information was insufficient for grouping processing in a difficult task. Therefore, intuitive decisions of ‘no’ arise quickly but are inaccurate. The different processes associated with yes/no responses were discussed in terms of the hierarchal structure of object recognition, especially with respect to receiving information and grouping.
Labeling Theory and Life Stories of Juvenile Delinquents Transitioning Into Adulthood
Authors: Abrah Prince Boamah
Published: July 2018

Labeling theory contends that an acquisition of a criminal status can be very problematic for offenders navigating into adulthood. This article examines this assertion with the life story of 23 juvenile delinquents. The objective of the study was to gain insight into how the negative reactions of friends, families, and society worked to change and reinforced their offending behavior. The qualitative data which resulted from the use of semi-structured interview guide revealed that self-motivation of offenders to move into “new” neighborhoods and the lack of labeling triggered a turning point among those who desisted than the persistent offenders. The theoretical implication of this finding is that labeling per se may not necessarily explain persistence in crime considering how those who desisted from crime maneuvered their labeling status in the face of discrimination. In formulating a desistance theory of crime and delinquency, criminologists need to revise and evaluate traditional labeling theory with life histories of offenders in the desistance process. This shift in paradigm will inform the coping mechanism of more offenders, as well as the appropriate techniques and strategies to reduce recidivism. Strengthening prison aftercare programs, provision of institutional and social support, and the integration of residential change into post offenders’ treatment therapy will be in the right direction for policy makers.