bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
English-Language Computer-Based System for Storage and Retrieval of Pathological Diagnoses
Authors: Smith J. E. , McGavin M. D. , Gronwall R.
Published: March 2010

Retrieval of information is essential for pathology departments, but it should not be such a burden to staff members that retrieval is discouraged. The computer system presented in this paper requires a minimum amount of time and effort yet provides excellent retrieval information. Diagnoses (in English) are punched into Hollerith cards. Misspelled words and inappropriate diagnoses are detected by comparing these cards with a glossary of acceptable terms using a computer program (CARD-CHECK). Another program, PATH-RECORD, produces an alphabetical listing of all diagnoses, accompanied by case numbers subdivided by species.
Mycotic Pneumonia and Placentitis Caused by Mortierella wolfü: II. Pathology of Experimental Infection of Cattle
Authors: Cordes D. O. , Carter Margery E. , di Menna Margaret E.
Published: March 2010

In acute fatal mortierella pneumonia of cattle all lobes of the lungs, except the posterior dorsal part of the diaphragmatic lobes, were heavy, red and wet. Subacute and chronic mortierella infection caused focal granulomas from 1 to 10 mm in diameter in lungs and some spleens. In the early stages of placentitis infarcts were present in the caruncle, but after abortion the caruncles were uniformly discoloured. Fetuses from cows with mycotic placentitis frequently had focal hepatitis, splenitis and encephalitis. The more acute lesions in the cows and those in the fetuses were characterised by coagulation necrosis, vasculitis, serofibrinous exudates, and infiltration by nneutrophils. The fungi in tissues appeared as nonseptate hyphae.
Ultrastructure of Normal and Neoplastic Mast Cells of the Cat
Authors: Ward J. M. , Hurvitz A. I.
Published: March 2010

The ultrastructure of normal and neoplastic mast cells of the cat was compared. Granules of normal mast cells were more heterogeneous than those of neoplastic mast cells, although their substructures were similar. Normal mast cell granules contained electron-dense cord-like structures, reticulum, strands, or dense cores. Crystalline structures were seen in a few granules. Neoplastic mast cells contained many cell organelles and intracytoplasmic fibrils. Small granules thought to represent earliest forms of mast cell granules were present in the Golgi zones of neoplastic mast cells from one cat only. Maturation of mast cell granules in the cat resembled that in the rat. The comparative ultrastructure of feline mast cells and those of other species is discussed.
Acanthamoebiasis in a Dog
Authors: Ayers K. M. , Billups L. H. , Garner F. M.
Published: March 2010

Acanthamoeba infection occurred in a 4-year-old military working dog (German shepherd). The disease was manifested by multifocal necrohemorrhagic foci in the heart, lungs, liver, and pancreas. Numerous organisms morphologically compatible with Acanthamoeba sp. were seen in the lesions. The infection may have been caused by local invasion of a wound and hematogenous spread, via the respiratory tract, by inhalation of the organisms, or by direct extension of an inapparent nasal infection.
Giant Cell Aortitis in a South American Monkey (Callimico goeldii)
Authors: Seibold H. R. , Lorenz R. , Wolf R. H.
Published: March 2010

Changes consistent with those of giant cell arteritis were found in the ascending aorta of a mature male South American monkey, Callimico goeldii. The essential change was necrosis of the tunica media with associated granulomatous inflammatory reaction. There also were compensatory fibroelastic thickening of the tunica intima and lymphocytic-plasmacytic cellular infiltrations of the tunica adventitia. The animal presented clinical signs of a respiratory infection 8 weeks before it died from circulatory insufficiency.
Nodular Amyloidosis in the Trachea of a Dog
Authors: Dill G. S. , Stookey J. L. , Whitney G. D.
Published: March 2010

A mass in the trachea of a dog partially obstructed the laryngeal inlet, caused respiratory distress, and was found to be composed of amyloid subdivided by a granulomatous stroma.
Chronic Eosinophilic Myositis in a Rhesus Monkey Infected with Sarcosporidiosis
Authors: Terrell T. G. , Stookey J. L.
Published: March 2010

Chronic eosinophilic myositis is reported in a Rhesus monkey with disseminated sarcosporidiosis. Extension of all four limbs was limited, and sclerosis of the affected muscles was present. Sarcocysts were present in all affected muscles. This is thought to be the first report of this condition in a Rhesus monkey. The etiological relationship of Sarcocystis sp. to eosinophilic myositis is discussed.
Pathological Changes in Cattle Infected with Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Ikede B. O. , Losos G. J.
Published: March 2010

In cattle infected experimentally with Trypanosoma brucei the trypanosomes localized extravascularly in the connective tissues and produced inflammatory reactions in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, heart, central nervous system, and eye. These observations indicate that, as in other domestic and laboratory animals, T. brucei is a parasite of connective tissues in cattle.
Pneumoconiosis in the Captive New Zealand Kiwi
Authors: Smith B. L. , Poole W. S. H. , Martinovich D.
Published: March 2010

Pneumoconiosis characterised by focal accumulations of dust-laden macrophages in the bronchial walls of lungs was found in 16 captive kiwis. The dust was shown to contain a large proportion of silica, some iron and probable plant material. The condition appears to be associated with dry, dusty aviaries. It was not seen in free-living kiwis. The characteristic food-seeking habits of the kiwi and the unique anatomical location of the external nares at the distal extremity of the beak probably predispose this bird to the disease.
Hepatozoon-Like Parasite (Schizonts) in the Myocardium of the Domestic Cat
Authors: Klopfer U. , Nobel T. A. , Neumann F.
Published: March 2010

In a survey of 100 necropsies on cats, 36 were found to have Hepatozoom sp. schizonts in the myocardium. The schizonts appeared lo he located in the capillary lumen. Two forms of schizonts were seen, one containing peripheral rosettes of merozoite-like formations and the other filled with them, showing a cyst-like structure. No parasites were seen in the peripheral blood, spleen, and lymph nodes.
Pituitary Chromophobe Adenoma in a Cat
Authors: Zaki F. A. , Liu S.-K.
Published: March 2010

Chromophobe adenoma was diagnosed in the pituitary gland of an 11-year-old domestic shorthaired cat. Histologically, the tumor consisted of a mass of cells with scant sinusoidal arrangement and connective tissue stroma and few blood vessels. In areas the neoplastic cells contained large vacuoles that occupied the entire cytoplasm and pushed the nuclei aside.
Enzymhistochemische Untersuchungen der Augentumoren von Rindern. I. Enzymhistochemische Befunde an Papillomen und Fibromen
Authors: Ivascu I. , Muresan E. , Papay Z.
Published: March 2010

The activity of succinic dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, lipase and nonspecific esterases in 12 tumors of the orbital region of cattle was studied.

The succinic dehydrogenase activity was not significantly different in papillomas and fibromas, as compared with that of the normal tissues of origin of the tumors. Topographical distribution of adenosine triphosphatase was directly correlated with the cell multiplication process, and thus with the tissues' needs for an energetic basis. The activity of adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase was enhanced in the region of proliferating capillaries, and this was interpreted to indicate the tendency of these tumors to malignancy. The activity of lipase and the nonspecific esterases showed nonspecific oscillations in papillomas and fibromas as compared with that in the normal tissues.
Meningomyelocoele in a Dog
Authors: Parker A. J. , Byerly C. S.
Published: March 2010

An 8-month-old English Bulldog with focal and urinary incontinence was examined before and after death. There was nonfusion of the dorsal laminae of vertebra L, in the midline. Through this defect a small meningomyelocoele, and the terminal part of the spinal cord, emerged from the spinal canal. The clinical signs were attributed to damage of both pudendal nerves or their spinal cold segments. The dog had normal spinal cord function to all limbs.
Epithelial Cell Dynamics in Transmissible Gastroenteritis of Neonatal Pigs
Authors: Thake D. C. , Moon H. W. , Lambert G.
Published: March 2010

Tritiated thymidine was given to pigs that had been exposed to transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and specimens of small intestine for autoradiographic studies were subsequently obtained. There was villous atrophy in the jejunum and ileum, but not duodenum, of the infected pigs by 48 h after exposure. Rates of migration of epithelial cells were substantially greater, and DNA synthesis occurred at a greater distance from the base of the crypts in the jejunum and ileum of infected than control pigs. Total numbers of labeled cells were two to three times greater in the jejunum and ileum of infected than control pigs. These findings indicate that viral destruction of villous epithelial cells results in an increased rate of cell migration in the jejunum and ileum, which is responsible for the appearance of incompletely differentiated cells on the villi of pigs with transmissible gastroenteritis.
Ochratoxin A Toxicosis in Swine
Authors: Szczech G. M. , Carlton W. W. , Tuite J. , Caldwell R.
Published: March 2010

Ochratoxicosis was induced in young female swine by a diet contaminated with a rice culture of Aspergillus ostianus that contained ochratoxin A and by daily oral doses of 2.0 or 1.0 mg/kg body weight pure ochratoxin A. Mycotoxicosis was characterized early by depression and reduction in feed intake and loss of body weight, followed by diarrhea, polyuria, polydipsia and dehydration. The pigs given pure ochratoxin A were dead or moribund in 5 to 6 days. Packed cell volume, hemoglobin, total plasma protein, and blood urea nitrogen were increased. Progressive leukocytosis, neutrophitia and moderate left shift in the differential count occurred. Concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in the serum and urine were increased by the fourth to sixth day, but only the increase in urinary concentrations was significant. Gross findings included dehydration, enteritis, pale tan discoloration of the liver, and edema and hyperemia of the mesenteric and other lymph nodes. Microscopic lesions were most frequent and severe in the kidney and gastrointestinal tract. Necrosis of renal tubular epithelium was most frequent in the convoluted tubules. Many renal tubules were dilated. The intestinal lesions were focal and necrotizing and occurred in mostanat omic regions. Fatty change was demonstrated in most of the livers. In lymphoid tissues the changes were edema, hyperemia and focal necrosis of lymphocytes within germinal centers and around follicles.
Neoplasms in Galagos
Authors: Griesemer R. A. , Manning J. S. , Newman L.
Published: March 2010

Two of 26 adult galagos (Galago crassicaudatus panengiensis) at the California Primate Research Center developed neoplasms. One had a fibrosarcoma of the skin that metastasized to mesenteric lymph nodes. The other had a benign apocrine cystadenoma and lipomas in the skin.
Naturally Occurring Infectious Fibroma in the Domestic Rabbit
Authors: Pulley L. T. , Shively J. N.
Published: March 2010

Infectious fibromas developed in eight domestic rabbits that were all kept in outside cages. Each rabbit had a single cutaneous tumor. Six of these tumors, which were studied by light microscopy, consisted of tumor cells resembling fibroblasts and large areas of inflammation. The overlying epidermis was hyperplastic and contained easily recognizable intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Inclusion bodies were also in subepithelial fibroma cells. Electron microscopy of three of these tumors revealed typical pox-virus inclusions, sites of viral replication, maturation, and mature particles in epithelial cells of the epidermis and in subepithelial tumor cells. Virus was not seen in inflammatory cells or leukocytes within vascular channels.
Pathology of Rejection of Heart and Skin Xenografts
Authors: Dodd D. C. , Donawick W. J.
Published: March 2010

Goat hearts were transplanted to the thorax of 54 calves that had received either no treatment or had been immunosuppressed with antilymphocyte serum and prednisolone, separately and together. Sheep and goat skin was also transplanted to 17 calves, some of which were immunosuppressed. The hearts in treated calves beat for up to 40 days whereas in untreated calves they were rejected in 4-6 days. Similar results were obtained with the skin transplants, which survived up to 79 days in treated calves. In rejected hearts from immunosuppressed calves, the cellular response was mainly eosinophilic and neutrophilic, but in untreated calves it was lymphoreticular. In rejected skin in treated and untreated calves, the response was lymphoreticular and neutrophilic. Neither antilymphocyte serum nor prednisolone alone could prevent rejection of hearts, but in combination they were very effective.
Experimental Infection of Dogs and Monkeys with Two Rabies Serogroup Viruses, Lagos Bat and Mokola (IbAn 27377). Gross Pathologic and Histopathologic Changes
Authors: Percy D. H. , Bhatt P. N. , Tignor G. H. , Shope R. E.
Published: March 2010

Dogs and monkeys were inoculated intracerebrally or intramuscularly with Lagos bat virus or Mokola virus, two viruses serologically and morphologically related to rabies virus. All animals inoculated intracerebrally died, but some animals inoculated intramuscularly survived. One monkey inoculated intramuscularly with Lagos bat virus survived with a hemiparesis. In both dogs and monkeys that died there was a nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis and ganglionitis. Lesions were more extensive than those reported after infection with street rabies virus. Intracytoplasmic inclusions, morphologically indistinguishable from Negri bodies, were seen in the central nervous system of monkeys, but not dogs, that died. With fluorescent-antibody microscopy, granular aggregations of viral antigen were observed in the cytoplasm of many neurons in the central nervous system. In some animals, the retina and ciliary body of the eye had focal inflammatory changes.
Canine Metastatic Mammary Carcinoma Cells in Smears from Genital Epithelium
Authors: Roszel J. F.
Published: March 2010

Smears from the genital epithelium of five dogs with mammary carcinoma contained cells that morphologically resembled those in tissue sections of the primary lesion. During postmortem examination of three of these animals cells exfoliated from selected sites were examined to identify the probable area of desquamation of tumor cells. Histologic sections of the grossly normal vestibules contained submucosal micrometastatic foci of tumor.
Rabies-Like Neuronal Inclusions Associated with a Neoplastic Reticulosis in a Dog
Authors: Cameron A. M. , Conroy J. D.
Published: March 2010

Neoplastic reticulosis of the central nervous system was associated with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in Purkinje cells and neurons of several nuclei. These eosinophilic inclusion bodies were from round to crescentic and had a different location, structure, and cytochemistry than Negri bodies and inclusions of other canine neurologic diseases. The inclusions represent an aberration of rough endoplasmic reticulum and resemble the cytoplasmic laminar bodies of the lateral geniculate neurons of the cat.
Spontaneous Neoplasms in Aging Gerbillinae. A Summary of Forty-four Neoplasms
Authors: Rowe S. E. , Simmons J. L. , Ringler D. H. , Lay D. M.
Published: March 2010

Forty-four neoplasms were found at necropsy in 115 gerbils from a colony of wild-caught, and first- or second-generation laboratory-raised gerbils. Ten species of gerbils varying from 24 to 61 months of age were affected. The neoplasms occurred in 18 primary locations and included nine neoplasms previously unreported in gerbils. Unusual neoplasms included several squamous cell carcinomas of middle ear, squamous cell carcinoma of ventral marking gland, and Hodgkin's-like lymphoma. Neoplasms were a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in these aging animals.
Spontaneous Malignant Lymphoma in a New-World Primate
Authors: Page R. C. , Schectman L. , Ammons W. F. , Dillingham L.
Published: March 2010

A spontaneous hematopoietic neoplasm in a cotton-top marmoset (Saguinus oedipus) was characterized by perivascular infiltration and invasion of the liver, kidneys, adrenals, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and lungs by a pleomorphic primitive reticular cell. A significant fraction of the circulating white cells was of the same cell type. The disease was diagnosed as lymphosarcoma of the reticulum-cell type with features similar to viral-induced malignancy previously described.
Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia in a Dog
Authors: Barthel C. H.
Published: March 2010

An adult female Collie with anorexia, lethargy, posterior limb ataxia, and enterorrhagia had severe leukemia. In the peripheral blood were granulocytes, monocytes and cells with characteristics of both (myelomonocytic intermediates). The dog died within 17 days of the onset of illness. There were widely disseminated green-yellow foci of leukocytes of the same types as in the peripheral blood. A diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic leukemia was made.
A Toxic Cardiomyopathy Caused by Cassia occidentalis. II. Biochemical Studies in Poisoned Rabbits
Authors: O'Hara P. J. , Pierce K. R.
Published: March 2010

Mitochondrial damage was evident in the earliest lesions in cardiac muscle of rabbits poisoned by coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis), suggesting that mitochondria might be the target for the toxic action of coffee senna. Oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria isolated from poisoned rabbits was uncoupled, and in more severely affected rabbits mitochondrial respiration was depressed. The activities of myocardial malic dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase were increased, glycogen was depleted, and lactate accumulated in poisoned rabbits. The toxin(s) of coffee senna induced uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in myocardial mitochondria. Thus, the mitochondria, deprived of their ability to convert the energy derived from respiration into adenosine triphosphate, were unable to maintain ionic gradients and became swollen. This caused progressive failure of respiration with subsequent disruption of myocardial mitochondrial structure and myocardial degeneration.
Observations on the Kidneys and Urine of the Wild Norway Rat, Rattus Norvegicus
Authors: Gray J. E. , Weaver R. N. , Connor N. D.
Published: March 2010

The kidneys of 39 wild Norway rats ( Rattus noryegicus), 9 months or older, were examined for evidence of chronic progressive nephrosis, which commonly affects year-old albino rats. An infectious process resembling pyelonephritis was found in two rats. Protein absorption droplets, intranuclear inclusion bodies resembling those of lead intoxication, and large ‘aberrant’ nuclei were seen in the epithelial cells of the proximal convolutions. The nematode, Trichosomoides crassicauda, was found in the renal pelvis of approximately one fourth of the rats. Basement membranes of the glomerular tufts, Bowman's capsule and proximal tubule were examined in four rats by electron microscopy. The mean thickness of basement membranes of peripheral glomerular loops was 0.28 ± 0.09 μm, which is comparable to that of young healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. The protein content in 65 determinations of 24-hour serial collections of urine ranged from less than 1 to 3.9 mg/ml. No tendency was observed toward increased protein excretion or progressive deterioration of the kidneys, such as occurs in older Sprague-Dawley rats.
Biologic Behavior of Canine Mammary Neoplasms Based on a Histogenetic Classification
Authors: Fowler E. H. , Wilson G. P. , Koestner A.
Published: March 2010

Out of more than 1,200 bitches with mammary neoplasia 154 were selected to evaluate the biologic behavior of their neoplasms, based on an acceptable follow-up record and terminal examination. The 271 neoplasms were placed in 11 categories on the basis of histogenesis. Twenty-eight (18%) of the bitches were placed in more than one category to evaluate the behavior of their multiple neoplasms.

There were distinctive differences in biologic behavior of the various categories. Infiltrating ductular carcinomas had a shorter duration after diagnosis than did any of the other neoplasms, particularly the benign ones and the in situ carcinomas. The average duration prior to diagnosis was similar in most neoplasms, except for ductular carcinomas in mixed tumors and intraductal papillomas, which had a longer duration.

Papillary ductular carcinomas had a shorter duration both before and after diagnosis than did either the solid (or variable) ductular carcinomas or the scirrhous ductular carcinomas, indicating that classification according to histologic type is valuable in at least the ductular carcinomas.
Intraosseous Epidermoid Cysts in Two Dogs
Authors: Liu S. K. , Dorfman H. D.
Published: March 2010

Epidermoid cyst was seen in the tenth thoracic vertebral body of a 4-year-old female Samoyed dog and in the terminal phalanx of the fifth digit of the left forepaw of a 5-year-old spayed mongrel dog. The cysts contained caseous, gray-white material and were lined with layers of squamous, granular or basal cells filled with keratin. Cholesterol clefts were embedded in the vertebral and phalangeal bones.
Eight Cases of Pericardial Defects in the Dog
Authors: van der Gaag Ingrid , van der Luer R. J. T.
Published: March 2010

Pericardial defects were found in eight dogs. In four dogs the defects were on the left side, in two on the right side, and in two on both sides. Six dogs had only one defect on the left or right side, one dog had three defects on the left side. One dog had four defects on the right side. All these defects were incidental findings at necropsy. There were no significant findings concerning breed, age, sex or localisation. It is not known if the defects were congenital or traumatic.
Pathological Changes In Calves Injected Intradermally with Mycobacterium intracellulare Serotype Davis and M. avium Serotype 2
Authors: McGavin M. D. , Mallmann V. H. , Mallmann W. L. , Morrill C. C.
Published: March 2010

Three strains of the M. intracellulare-M. avium complex were injected intradermally into 12 calves. M. intracellulare serotype Davis ( M. avium complex serotype 8) was injected into five calves. One calf died with disseminated caseous granulomas at 79 days; three calves killed between 56 and 82 days after inoculation had widely disseminated caseous or caseocalcareous granulomas. One calf killed at 173 days had only encapsulated granulomas at the injection site and its regional lymph node. Two strains of M. avium serotype 2 ( M. avium complex serotype 2) were injected intradermally into seven calves. Six had disseminated granulomas when killed 54-170 days after inoculation. One calf killed at 55 days had granulomas confined to the inoculation sites and their regional lymph nodes. Lesions induced by both M. avium serotype 2 and M. intracellulare serotype Davis were initially caseocalcareous granulomas which became encapsulated and nonprogressive after about 112 days. Two calves inoculated with similar doses of M. bovis and killed in extremis at 37 and 65 days after inoculation had disseminated progressive lesions without encapsulation.
Corynebacterium equi Enteritis in Foals
Authors: Cimprich R. E. , Rooney J. R.
Published: March 2010

Corynebacterium equi is a pathogen associated with respiratory disease in the foal. This paper discusses two cases of Corynebacterium equi infection, one acute and one chronic, in which the major damage was intestinal. Necrosis of Peyer's patches was the only lesion seen in the small intestine of both foals. The foal with acute disease had distinct green-tan focal necrosis and thickened mucosa of the large intestine. In the foal with chronic disease, the mucosa of the large intestine was thickened, rugose, and mottled red-tan. Histologically, the predominant lesions were villous atrophy, mucosal necrosis, mesenteric lymph node necrosis and large numbers of periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages filled with gram-positive pleomorphic bacilli. Electron microscopy of intestinal mucosa showed bacilli undergoing binary fission in macrophages and bacilli free in the lamina propria.
Spontaneous Glomerulonephritis in Dogs: II. Correlation of Glomerulonephritis with Age, Chronic Interstitial Nephritis and Extrarenal Lesions
Authors: Müller-Peddinghaus R. , Trautwein G.
Published: March 2010

A morphologic study of 103 dogs, including two with renal amyloidosis, showed that different types of diffuse glomerulonephritis are correlated with different age groups. Membranous and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were more common in middle-aged and older animals, whereas mesangial lesions were found predominantly in younger dogs and considered to be early glomerular changes. Glomerulonephritis largely occurred independently of interstitial nephritis. The incidence of interstitial lesions was 71%. Chronic interstitial nephritis was rare in dogs under 1 year old. Glomerulonephritis did not seem to induce interstitial nephritis. Glomerulonephritis occurred not only in kidneys with severe interstitial damage, but also in those with slight damage. This indicated that glomerulonephritis occurred independently of interstitial nephritis. In end-stage kidneys with severe fibrosis, mesangial changes seemed to predominate.
Triaryl Phosphate Poisoning in Cattle
Authors: Beck B. E. , Wood C. D. , Whenham G. R.
Published: March 2010

Clinical signs, pathologic changes and biochemical changes occurred in cattle with natural and experimental triaryl phosphate poisoning. Natural poisoning was caused by triaryl phosphates escaping from a gas pipeline compressor station. The clinical signs were posterior motor paralysis, dyspnea, diarrhea and agalactia. Experimental doses of 1/2-1 gm/kg body weight of these organophosphate compounds caused depression of Cholinesterase and axonal degeneration in the spinal cord.
Doppelinfektion des Gehirns mit Frenkelia species und Toxoplasma gondii bei Chinchilla laniger [Double infection of the brain with Frenkelia species and Toxoplasma gondii in Chinchilla laniger—author's trans.]
Authors: Meingassner J. G. , Burtscher H.
Published: March 2010

Two caged Chinchillas that died with convulsions had a focal necrotic meningoencephalitis of toxoplasmic origin. Independently of and remote from this inflammatory reaction were several lobulated Frenkelia cysts up to 0.6 mm diameter in the brain. Morphologically and in the way they stained they resembled Frenkelia in various Microtus-species and in Ondatra zibethica. Although toxoplasmosis commonly is found in the Chinchilla this is the first report of Frenkelia in this species. Ecological considerations suggest that the Chinchilla might be susceptible to a Frenkelia usually occurring in free living other species.
Ochratoxin A and Citrinin Induced Nephrosis in Beagle Dogs I. Clinical and Clinicopathological Features
Authors: Kitchen D. N. , Carlton W. W. , Tuite J.
Published: March 2010

Ochratoxin A and citrinin, both mycotoxins, were given separately and combined to young Beagle dogs for 14 days. Ochratoxin A, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg, was given by capsule, and citrinin, 5 and 10 mg/kg, was dissolved in ethanol and given by intraperitoneal injection. Clinical signs of toxicosis in dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin and the higher combined doses included anorexia, retching, tenesmus, weight loss, prostration and death. Severity of the clinical disease and mortality were increased when the mycotoxins were combined, which indicated synergism. The clinicopathological abnormalities reflected renal damage, in that glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase increased in the urine of the dogs with clinical signs of poisoning. Serum lactic dehydrogenase was increased in dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin. Cellular and granular casts, ketones, protein and glucose were in the urine of dogs given large doses of citrinin alone or combined with ochratoxin A. Serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride decreased in the dogs given high doses of each group.
Duplication of Colon in a Labrador Retriever with Abnormal Spinal Column
Authors: Jakowski R. M.
Published: March 2010

A 9-week-old male Labrador Retriever had duplication of the entire colon and malformation of the bodies of vertebrae T4 and T5. Simultaneous occurrence of alimentary duplication and spinal abnormalities have been reported in man, and several theories have been proposed to explain these embryonic defects.
Ochratoxin A and Citrinin Induced Nephrosis in Beagle Dogs II. Pathology
Authors: Kitchen D. N. , Carlton W. W. , Tuite J.
Published: March 2010

Beagle dogs were given ochratoxin A (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) and citrinin (5 and 10 mg/kg) alone and in two dose combinations for 14 days. The gross lesions included focal peritonitis and intestinal intussusceptions in dogs given citrinin. Changes in the kidneys of dogs given ochratoxin A were degeneration and necrosis with desquamation of tubular epithelial cells, primarily in the straight segment of the proximal tubules. Dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin had similar changes in the distal tubules and collecting ducts. Dogs given combined doses of citrinin and ochratoxin A had degeneration and necrosis in proximal and distal tubules, and in thin segments and the collecting ducts; there were desquamated cells and granular casts in the lumina. Dogs given ochratoxin A had necrosis of lymphoid tissues in the spleen, tonsil, thymus, peripheral lymph nodes and lymph nodules of the ileum, colon and rectum. There was ulceration of the mucosa of the intestine in dogs given large combined doses of ochratoxin A and citrinin.
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia Associated with Radiation-Induced Hemangiosarcomas
Authors: Rebar A. H. , Hahn F. F. , Halliwell W. H. , DeNicola D. B. , Benjamin S. A.
Published: March 2010

A retrospective study of red blood cell parameters in 53 dogs with experimental radiation-induced hemangiosarcoma showed 24 had anemia. Morphologic alterations in red blood cells in peripheral blood films from anemic dogs included signs of regeneration (anisocytosis and polychromasia), hypochromasia, red cell fragmentation and acanthocytosis.

The degree and type of red cell changes varied from dog to dog and generally correlated with the principal site of tumor involvement. Blood from dogs with tumors principally involving liver had red cell regeneration, fragmentation and acanthocytosis. Blood from dogs with tumors primarily involving the heart had only red cell fragmentation. Blood films from dogs with skeletal and pulmonary hemangiosarcomas were similar to blood films from dogs with hepatic hemangiosarcoma except that red cell alterations generally were less severe.

Scanning and transmission electron micrographic evaluation of neoplastic tissue showed large amounts of fibrin within neoplastic vascular sinuses and disruption and distortion of red blood cells traversing these abnormal vascular beds. The red blood cell fragmentation syndrome associated with radiation-induced hemangiosarcomas therefore was considered to be a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia of localized origin.
Porcine Fetuses with Pulmonary Hypoplasia Resulting from Experimental Swine Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Brown T. T. , Mengeling W. L. , Paul P. S. , Pirtle E. C.
Published: March 2010

Porcine fetuses between 51 and 57 days of gestation were inoculated intraallantoically with swine influenza virus and examined 3, 7, 13, 28 and 58 days after inoculation. At 3 and 7 days, severe epithelial necrosis was seen in most bronchial buds and there was moderate epithelial necrosis in more fully differentiated major bronchi. As a result of the epithelial injury, bronchial buds did not develop further and the surrounding mesoderm failed to differentiate. By 28 days, the lungs of inoculated fetuses were about one-half the size of the normal control lungs. Microscopically, the lungs of the inoculated fetuses were composed of major bronchi surrounded by multiple islands of cartilage, medium to large arteries and a few small, incompletely developed lobules. Influenza virus was isolated most consistently and in greatest quantity from the lung, trachea and chorion of inoculated fetuses. Influenza viral antigen was shown in the epithelium of bronchial buds, bronchi and the trachea by direct fluorescent antibody staining. Hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies to influenza virus were first found in the serum of an inoculated fetus at 13 days and in the sera of all inoculated fetuses at 28 and 58 days.
Acute Nicotinamide Deficiency in the Pig Induced by 6-aminonicotinamide
Authors: O'Sullivan B. M. , Blakemore W. F.
Published: March 2010

Pigs given intraperitoneal injections of 6-aminonicotinamide developed a syndrome similar to a natural disease found in Queensland. Focal lesions, involving mainly destruction of glial cells, developed in the intermediate grey matter of the cervical and lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord. There was widespread vacuolation of spinal cord white matter. The glial cell loss was repaired. We suggest that natural acute nicotinamide deficiency can occur if a threshold dose of an antimetabolite of nicotinamide is absorbed over a short period of time.
Uncommon Frequency of Adenocarcinomas of the Uterus in Virgin Han:Wistar Rats
Authors: Deerberg F. , Rehm S. , Pittermann W.
Published: March 2010

In a longevity study on 320 male and 320 female specified-pathogen-free Han: Wistar rats, 119 (39.0%) of 305 females evaluated developed spontaneous metastatic uterine adenocarcinomas. These tumors caused a great difference between the mortality rates of males and females.

Thirty five percent of the females died of adenocarcinomas of the uterus. The tumors began as small nodules in one or both horns near the bifurcation. Large tumors extended through the uterine wall and produced wide-spread transcoelomic metastases. Early lesions were well-differentiated adenocarcinomas but advanced tumors were more poorly differentiated.
The Subacute Neurotoxicity of Excess Pyridoxine HCl and Clioquinol (5-Chloro-7-Iodo-8-Hydroxyquinoline) in Beagle Dogs. I. Clinical Disease
Authors: Hoover D. M. , Carlton W. W.
Published: March 2010

The clinical and clinicopathologic effects of excess oral pyridoxine hydrochloride (150 mg/kg body weight/day) and clioquinol (200 mg/kg body weight/day) alone and in combination were evaluated in adult Beagle dogs over an experimental period of approximately 100 days.

Anorexia and loss of body weight occurred in the first weeks of the trial period in each treatment group, but was most severe in dogs given both compounds. Dogs in each treatment group (10 of 10 pyridoxine-treated dogs, 6 of 13 clioquinol-treated dogs and 12 of 13 pyridoxine plus clioquinol-treated dogs) developed neurologic disease, manifested principally by ataxia. Pyridoxine-treated dogs had proprioceptive loss involving both fore- and hindquarters, characterized by stiff, spastic, dysmetric leg movements. In clioquinol-treated dogs, dysmetric leg movements were accompanied by failure to support body weight in the hindquarters, but similar forelimb involvement occurred in severely affected dogs. The neurologic disease in dogs given both compounds varied; signs in some dogs resembled those of affected dogs of the pyridoxine-treated group, and in others, those in the clioquinol-treated group.

Erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentrations and packed cell volumes were reduced in dogs in each treatment group and were lowest in dogs given both compounds. Plasma protein was mildly reduced in dogs given pyridoxine or pyridoxine plus clioquinol. Few or no differences were present in the leukocyte counts, blood urea nitrogen concentrations, in activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and in concentrations of sodium, chloride or potassium in treated dogs as compared to control dogs.
Ultrastructural Lesions of Pyridoxine Toxicity in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Hoover D. M. , Carlton W. W. , Henrikson C. K.
Published: March 2010

Three adult Beagle dogs given pyridoxine hydrochloride orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight/day for about 100 days developed ataxia and had spastic, dysmetric leg movements. Ultrastructural alterations in the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord were degeneration and loss of axons and myelin, and secondary changes of the myelin sheaths. Possible pathogenic mechanisms of pyridoxine neurotoxicity are discussed.
The Effect of Lithium Chloride on Renal Structure and Sodium-potassium-adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in Dogs
Authors: Easley J. R.
Published: March 2010

Lithium chloride was given intraperitoneally to dogs at a dosage of 125 mg/kg body weight for three days. Kidneys were removed for morphologic examination and quantitation of sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) activity in cortical and medullary tissue. Light microscopy showed no changes in the kidneys, but cytoplasmic vacuolation and dilatation of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum were seen ultrastructurally in the epithelial cells of the distal tubule and cortical and medullary collecting ducts. Mean cortical Na-K-ATPase activity was 1.49 ± 0.25 and 1.70 ± 0.31 μmoles inorganic phosphate/mg protein/hour in control and experimental groups respectively. Mean medullary Na-K-ATPase activity was 4.71 ± 0.41 and 5.01 ± 0.47 μmoles inorganic phosphate/mg protein/hour in control and experimental groups respectively. It was concluded that lithium produced morphologic changes in the distal nephron, but had no effect on renal Na-K-ATPase activity.
Acute Encephalitis and Hydrocephalus in Dogs Caused by Canine Parainfluenza Virus
Authors: Baumgärtner W. K. , Krakowka S. , Koestner A. , Evermann J.
Published: March 2010

Gnotobiotic puppies were inoculated intracerebrally with a strain of canine parainfluenza virus (CPI-78–238). Four of eight dogs developed histological evidence of acute encephalitis. Clinical signs of encephalitis were seen in two of these four dogs; one had signs and lesions of interstitial pneumonia. Of six inoculated dogs observed for six months after infection, five developed internal hydrocephalus. Virus was reisolated from two dogs with acute encephalitis but not from dogs with hydrocephalus. Hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies persisted throughout the observation period of six months at high levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of hydrocephalic dogs.
Chronic Lymphocytic Cholangitis in Three Cats
Authors: Prasse K. W. , Mahaffey E. A. , DeNovo R. , Cornelius L.
Published: March 2010

Wedge biopsy of the liver during episodic clinical illness in three male cats showed chronic lymphocytic cholangitis. Principal clinical findings were increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity and hepatomegaly (two cats) associated with anorexia, pyrexia, and weight loss; these signs of illness were intermittent with asymptomatic periods. The hepatic lesions were characterized by lymphoid aggregate or follicle formation, diffusely dispersed lymphocytes and plasma cells, and abnormal bile ducts and ductules. Lymphoid aggregates and diffusely scattered lymphocytes were seen in the pancreas also. The spectrum of hepatic lesions in three cats seemed to represent a progression in the development of the disease. Similarities and dissimilarities between the findings in the three cats and human primary biliary cirrhosis or chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis are discussed. During a prospective search for cats with this disease, other hepatic lesions were found, and it was concluded that cats may be affected by more than one pathogenic mechanism culminating in chronic cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis.
Nodular Hyperplasia of the Liver in the Beagle Dog
Authors: Fabry A. , Benjamin S. A. , Angleton G. M.
Published: March 2010

Gross and light microscopic features of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver were investigated in beagle dogs used for the study of the long-term effects of low-dose, wholebody, 60Co gamma radiation. The nodules were morphologically similar in the irradiated and unirradiated dogs. Microscopically, the normal lobular architecture, although retained, often was distorted. Hepatocytes in the nodules often were vacuolated and the distribution of vacuolated cells varied from focal to diffuse. There were more hepatocytes per unit area within nodules than in the adjacent parenchyma. Nodule hepatocytes were more variable in size. A lower proportion were binucleate and a higher proportion were in mitosis. The cells in the nodules contained less hemosiderin. The incidence of hyperplastic nodules was directly related to age but not to sex, and was higher in irradiated dogs than in controls. Nodular hyperplasia occurred in association with primary hepatocellular neoplasms in only two dogs.
Caine Intestinal Carcinoids
Authors: Sykes G. P. , Cooper B. J.
Published: March 2010

Intestinal carcinoids were diagnosed in three aged dogs. Two of the neoplasms occurred in the rectum and one at the cecocolic junction. Judged by histologic criteria, all three carcinoids were considered to be malignant. Amyloid was present in both rectal tumors. In each tumor the diagnosis was confirmed by the finding of electron-dense intracytoplasmic secretory granules in the neoplastic cells.
Spontaneous Paramyxoviral Encephalitis in Nonhuman Primates (Macaca mulatta and M. nemestrina)
Authors: Steele M. D. , Giddens W. E. , Valerio M. , Sumi S. M. , Stetzer E. R.
Published: March 2010

Two female rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta) and one female pigtailed macaque ( M. nemestrina) developed acute neurological signs including ataxia, muscular incoordination, and seizures. Light microscopy showed Cowdry Type A intranuclear inclusion bodies in astrocytes and neurons of the cerebral cortex and Purkinje's cells of the cerebellum. Many cells also had intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Electron microscopy identified paramyxoviral nucleocapsids in the intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions in two monkeys. We believe these monkeys had measles encephalitis because measles virus is the only paramyxovirus known to cause inclusion bodies in macaques and because the lesions in these monkeys resembled measles encephalitis in man.
Swine Cerebrospinal Angiopathy with Demyelination and Malacia
Authors: Nakamura K. , Kubo M. , Shoya S. , Kashiwazaki M. , Koizumi S. , Onai M.
Published: March 2010

In 15 pigs affected with cerebrospinal angiopathy accompanied by demyelination and malacia, the main symptoms were diarrhea and subsequent circling, spasms, sudden forward movements, ataxia, and inability to hold the head straight. Escherichia coli was isolated in a pure culture from the small intestine of pigs with diarrhea. The only gross change was a slight increase in cerebrospinal fluid. Histologic examination showed vascular lesions, demyelination, and malacia, most commonly located in the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. The vascular lesions were degenerative and there were necrotic changes of the vessel walls and formation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive perivascular eosinophilic droplets. Ultrastructurally, the swollen astrocytes around the vessels had many osmiophilic bodies in their cytoplasm with no limiting membrane. Demyelination and malacia, as well as vascular lesions, were considered to be the characteristic changes of cerebrospinal angiopathy. Our study suggests that E. coli may be a cause of cerebrospinal angiopathy.
Oval Lipid Corneal Opacities in Beagles: V. Ultrastructure
Authors: Spangler W.L. , Waring G.O. , Morrin L. A.
Published: March 2010

Naturally occurring, oval opacities at the junction of the middle and inferior thirds of the cornea were found in an experimental beagle dog colony and were examined by light and electron microscopy. Abnormalities were limited to the anterior stroma and consisted of extracellular rhomboid crystalline spaces. Spherical or elliptical vacuolar spaces, sometimes containing electron-dense amorphous debris, distorted stromal lamellae. Stromal keratocytes in affected areas revealed a range of changes from hyperplasia of organelles to degeneration and necrosis.
Experimental Nasal Infection of Normal and Leukopenic Mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Brownstein D. G. , Johnson E.
Published: March 2010

Histological and ultrastructural changes in the nasal mucosa of normal and leukopenic mice exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were compared and correlated with changes in the distribution of pseudomonads by use of immunoperoxidase labeling. Pseudomonas was limited to the surface of the nasal mucosa of normal mice and was cleared rapidly. Concurrently, granulocytes were recruited across unaltered nasal epithelium and contained phagocytosed bacilli within two hours. Pseudomonas was limited to the surface of the nasal mucosa of most leukopenic mice at two hours. By four hours, pseudomonads had penetrated interepithelial junctions of all leukopenic mice. Granulocytes were not recruited and nasal epithelium underwent necrosis at points of invasion. These results show that neutrophils participate in the clearance of P. aeruginosa from the surface of the nasal mucosa and that the failure to recruit granulocytes may be important in the breakdown of epithelial barriers. Possible mechanisms of mucosal invasion are discussed.
A Transient Deficit in Neutrophilic Chemotaxis in a Dog with Recurrent Staphylococcal Pyoderma
Authors: Latimer K. S. , Prasse K. W. , Dawe D. L.
Published: March 2010

A transient neutrophilic chemotactic deficit was confirmed in a 3 1/2-year-old castrated male dog with recurrent staphylococcal pyoderma accompanied by a persistent eosinophilia and intermittent basophilia. Neutrophilic chemotaxis was quantitatively assessed over the next seven months, and the disappearance of the chemotactic deficit correlated with complete clinical remission of the skin lesions. Aberrations of the complement system were not discovered, and the dog's serum showed increased chemoattractiveness for control neutrophil preparations.
Akabane Disease in Cattle: Congenital Abnormalities caused by Viral Infection. Spontaneous Disease
Authors: Konno S. , Moriwaki M. , Nakagawa M.
Published: March 2010

Akabane disease, an infectious disorder causing congenital abnormalities in calves, was studied in naturally affected calves between 1972 and 1974 in Japan. The animals included one three-month fetus from which a strain of Akabane virus (OBE-1) was isolated, and a total of 177 stillborn or premature fetuses and deformed or infirm newborn calves that died within a few days of birth.

The three-month fetus had nonpurulent encephalomyelitis in the undifferentiated central nervous system, characterized by necrosis of the nerve tissue and endothelial proliferation in the encephalitic process; and polymyositis in the myotubule phase with parenchymal degeneration and cellular infiltrates in the skeletal muscle.

The full-term fetuses and newborn calves had nonpurulent encephalomyelitis in the early stage of the epizootic. In the middle to late stages, a dysplastic muscular change which we call runt-muscle disease was seen simultaneously with a decrease in number of ventral horn neurons in the spinal cord and arthrogryposis in the legs. Cystic cavities and thick vascular walls sometimes were seen in the central nervous system in these stages. Hydranencephaly was prominent in the late stage.