bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introducing New Forms of Digital Money: Evidence from the Laboratory
Authors: CAMERA GABRIELE
Published: February 2023

Central banks may soon issue currencies that are entirely digital (CBDCs) and possibly interest bearing. A strategic analytical framework is used to investigate this innovation in the laboratory, contrasting a traditional “plain” tokens baseline to treatments with “sophisticated” interest‐bearing tokens. In the experiment, this theoretically beneficial innovation precluded the emergence of a stable monetary system, reducing trade and welfare. Similar problems emerged when sophisticated tokens complemented or replaced plain tokens. This evidence underscores the advantages of combining theoretical with experimental investigation to provide insights for payments systems innovation and policy design.
Self‐assessment of a breast care nursing model within a Breast Unit: learning process and keys to improving breast care
Authors: Rodriguez‐Ortega Ana , Ferro Tàrsila , Pérez Xavier , Pla Farnós Maria Jesus , Gil‐Gil Miguel , López Ojeda Anna , Borrás Josep María
Published: February 2023

Aim and objectives

To assess the adherence of a nursing care model in a multidisciplinary breast cancer unit in a tertiary hospital to the recommended competencies and quality indicators.

Background

Aligning the competencies of the breast care nurse with international recommendations for this role helps better fulfil patient needs, increases satisfaction and ensures continuity of care.

Design

Cohort study.

Methods

Breast care nursing was assessed in all patients treated at the Functional Breast Unit from 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017. Patients were followed for 1 year. Sociodemographic, clinical and pathological data, treatments performed and nursing interventions were collected. The strobe checklist has been used to report this study.

Results

We analysed nursing interventions carried out in 382 patients attended over 1 year in a multidisciplinary breast cancer unit. All patients with early disease had contact with the nurse at different times during their primary treatment. Only 58% of patients with advanced disease had contact with the nurse during their first year of illness. Moreover, first contact with the nurse was delayed by more than a week from diagnosis, the interval recommended by international guidelines.

Conclusion

The nursing care model meets the core competencies defined for the breast care nurse in patients with early breast cancer, but the first visit should be organised earlier, and follow‐up should extend beyond completion of primary treatment.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study evaluated the breast care nurse model in one breast cancer unit according to international guidelines. Nursing care adhered to most guideline requirements in patients with early breast cancer, but not in those with advanced disease. New models of care need to be developed for women with advanced breast cancer in order to achieve true patient‐centred care.

Patient or public contribution

No contribution from the patient or the public because the data collected was entered into the clinical history by the health professionals of the Breast Unit as part of their usual clinical practice.
Agreeableness and adolescents' cyberbullying perpetration: A longitudinal moderated mediation model of moral disengagement and empathy
Authors: Gao Ling , Li Xuan , Wang Xingchao
Published: February 2023

Objective

The current study explored whether agreeableness predicted cyberbullying perpetration across 3 years and extended previous studies by exploring the mediating effect of moral disengagement and the moderating effects of empathy and gender.

Method

The participants included 2407 adolescents from 7 middle schools in China. They were recruited to complete the Big Five Personality Inventory, Bullying Scale and Empathy Scale at Time 1, Moral Disengagement Scale at Time 1 and Time 2, and Cyberbullying Perpetration Scale at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3.

Results

Agreeableness at Time 1 predicted cyberbullying perpetration at Time 3 and moral disengagement at Time 2 mediated this relationship. The relationship between moral disengagement at Time 2 and cyberbullying perpetration at Time 3 was stronger for low cognitive empathy adolescents than high cognitive empathy adolescents at Time 1. The relationship between agreeableness at Time 1 and cyberbullying perpetration adolescents at Time 3 was stronger for low affective empathy than high affective empathy adolescents at Time 1. The link between moral disengagement at Time 2 and cyberbullying perpetration at Time 3 was weaker for females than males.

Conclusions

Low agreeableness adolescents are more likely to use moral disengagement, which in turn leads to more cyberbullying perpetration.
Anthropocene in Context: A Response to Rasmussen
Authors: Hartman Laura M.
Published: February 2023

In response to Larry Rasmussen's article about religious ethics in the Anthropocene, I offer an analysis that both contextualizes and elaborates upon his ideas. I introduce other humanities disciplines that have already wrestled with this question, and scholars of color whose voices offer needed correctives to the colonial heritage of most academic disciplines. I explore topics including human agency, non‐human agency, exploitation, and refuge. I encourage scholars in our field to move beyond questions of responsibility and lamentations of moral incompetence and into concepts of right relationality and analysis of grassroots climate action already taking place in religious, ethical contexts.
Protein interactomes for plant lipid biosynthesis and their biotechnological applications
Authors: Xu Yang , Singer Stacy D. , Chen Guanqun
Published: February 2023

Plant lipids have essential biological roles in plant development and stress responses through their functions in cell membrane formation, energy storage and signalling. Vegetable oil, which is composed mainly of the storage lipid triacylglycerol, also has important applications in food, biofuel and oleochemical industries. Lipid biosynthesis occurs in multiple subcellular compartments and involves the coordinated action of various pathways. Although biochemical and molecular biology research over the last few decades has identified many proteins associated with lipid metabolism, our current understanding of the dynamic protein interactomes involved in lipid biosynthesis, modification and channelling is limited. This review examines advances in the identification and characterization of protein interactomes involved in plant lipid biosynthesis, with a focus on protein complexes consisting of different subunits for sequential reactions such as those in fatty acid biosynthesis and modification, as well as transient or dynamic interactomes formed from enzymes in cooperative pathways such as assemblies of membrane‐bound enzymes for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. We also showcase a selection of representative protein interactome structures predicted using AlphaFold2, and discuss current and prospective strategies involving the use of interactome knowledge in plant lipid biotechnology. Finally, unresolved questions in this research area and possible approaches to address them are also discussed.
PIF8‐WRKY42‐mediated salicylic acid synthesis modulates red light induced powdery mildew resistance in oriental melon
Authors: Wang Lixia , Wu Xutong , Xing Qiaojuan , Zhao Yaping , Yu Bo , Ma Yue , Wang Feng , Qi Hongyan
Published: February 2023

Light signals and plant hormones are involved in regulating the growth, development and stress resistance of plants; however, it remains unclear whether light affects hormones and thus pathogen resistance in oriental melon. Here, we found that red light promoted salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and powdery mildew resistance by activating the transcription of CmICS, the key gene for SA biosynthesis, and silencing CmICS seriously weakened the induction effect of red light on powdery mildew resistance in oriental melon leaves. Further studies showed that red light induced the expression of CmWRKY42 under powdery mildew stress, and CmWRKY42 directly bound to the CmICS promoter to activate its expression and promote the accumulation of SA under red light. Furthermore, we found that PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 8 (PIF8), as a negative regulator of SA biosynthesis, inhibits CmWRKY42 transcriptional activation by binding to the CmWRKY42 promoter, and thus inhibits transcriptional activation of CmICS by CmWRKY42. Also, CmPIF8 binds to the CmICS promoter and directly inhibits its transcription. In conclusion, our study revealed a new molecular mechanism of the relationship between red light‐SA‐powdery mildew resistance and provided a theoretical basis for resistance breeding of oriental melon.
Simple transitive 2‐representations of Soergel bimodules for finite Coxeter types
Authors: Mackaay Marco , Mazorchuk Volodymyr , Miemietz Vanessa , Tubbenhauer Daniel , Zhang Xiaoting
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we show that Soergel bimodules for finite Coxeter types have only finitely many equivalence classes of simple transitive 2‐representations and we complete their classification in all types but and .
Effectiveness of physical stimulation for reducing injection pain in adults receiving intramuscular injections: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: CMC Serena , Lord Heidi , Vargese Saritha Susan , Kurian Nisha , Cherian Sunu Alice , Mathew Elsheba , Fernandez Ritin
Published: February 2023

Objective:

The objective of this review was to synthesize the best available research evidence regarding the effectiveness of physical stimulation for reducing injection pain in adults receiving intramuscular injections.

Introduction:

Pain associated with intramuscular injections continues to be a challenge for nurses. Various physical stimulation methods to alleviate pain and improve satisfaction for patients receiving intramuscular injections have been reported; however, the evidence surrounding the effectiveness of these methods remains inconclusive.

Inclusion criteria:

This systematic review considered randomized and quasi-experimental studies that used any physical stimulation strategies (eg, skin tapping, manual pressure, massage, pinch, traction) for adults aged 18 years and over receiving intramuscular injections. Studies that evaluated pain using validated instruments were considered for inclusion.

Methods:

A three-step search strategy was conducted. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library (Cochrane CENTRAL), Google Scholar, Dissertation Abstracts International, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and MedNar were searched from inception until 2020. We restricted the inclusion of studies to trials published in English. Two independent reviewers conducted the critical appraisal of eligible studies using the JBI checklists for randomized controlled and quasi-experimental trials. Data were extracted using the JBI data extraction tool, and meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were undertaken, where appropriate.

Results:

Twenty-five studies were included with a total sample size of 1956 patients. Pooled results demonstrated that pain was significantly less with the use of the Helfer skin tap technique compared to no intervention (two studies; RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.66, 0.81; P<0.00001) or standard intervention (three studies; SMD –2.25; 95% CI –3.65, –0.85; P=0.002). Intervention with acupressure using standard treatment as control showed significant reduction in pain intensity (MD –4.78; 95% CI –5.32, –4.24; P<0.00001). Similarly, pain was significantly lower with manual pressure (two studies; SMD –0.42; 95% CI –0.69, 0.15; P=0.002) when compared to standard treatment. Pain scores were significantly lower in patients who received pinch technique, ShotBlocker, massage, or combination intervention (skin traction, pressure, and rapid muscle release) compared with no intervention, standard treatment, or placebo control.

Conclusions:

The evidence from this review demonstrates that physical stimulation – particularly the Helfer skin tap technique, acupressure, manual pressure, pinch technique, ShotBlocker, massage, and combination – can significantly lower intramuscular injection pain; however, this is based on low or very low certainty of evidence.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020168586
Roller-Bearing Service in Locomotive, Passenger, and Freight Equipment
Authors: Buckwalter T. V.
Published: February 2023

Modern civilization is based on transportation, and the fundamental prime mover in transportation is the steam locomotive. Improvements in the steam locomotive affecting its efficiency and reliability are reflected in a corresponding manner in the entire transportation industry. The loads and stresses developed in locomotive service on bearings are exceptionally severe, and the consequences of failure are far reaching, and these conditions together have militated against rapid introduction of the roller bearing in locomotive service. The application of the roller bearing in passenger service has progressed in an encouraging manner over a period of years, but efforts to interest railroad men in application of roller hearings to a complete locomotive were unsuccessful, and finally convinced the Timken company of the desirability of building a locomotive equipped on all wheels with roller bearings and loaning it for an extended period of service to the railroads of the United States. The Timken locomotive was designed for application of Timken bearings on all of the drivers, engine-truck, trailer, and tender-truck wheels, on the Franklin booster, and on various elements of the control mechanism. The introduction of roller bearings on the drivers permits of higher rotative speeds, as the bearings surround the drivers completely, and eliminates pounds within the bearing boxes. Heating is eliminated, as the temperature rise does not exceed 25 deg above atmosphere. The wheel diameter was therefore selected between that prevailing for modern high-speed freight locomotives, averaging 70 in., and high-speed passenger locomotives, with 80-in. drivers. The economy in friction, estimated at 12 to 15 per cent, was utilized in increasing the diameter of the drivers over that of the modern freight locomotive, and developing through the saving in friction a drawbar capacity equivalent to the latter. The 73-in. wheel was therefore selected. The 4-8-4 wheel arrangement with four-wheel trailer truck was favored.
Zap Flaps and Ailerons
Authors: Joyce Temple N.
Published: February 2023

The early history of the Zap development is covered, including work done on the Flettner rotor plane in 1928. Because of phenomenal lift obtained by changes in flow around a cylinder, investigations were begun on improving existing airfoils. This led to preliminary work on flapped airfoils in the tunnel of New York University, and later its application to an Aristocrat cabin monoplane presented to the B/J Aircraft Corporation early in 1932. A chronological record of the reactions of the personnel of the B/J organization to the Zap development is set forth, particularly the questions regarding lift and drag coefficients, effect upon stability and balance, and the operating forces necessary to get the flaps down. The effectiveness of lateral control, particularly with regard to hinge moments and whether the rolling moments were obtained primarily through spoiler action or positive lift increases and the relative percentage of spoiler rolling moments to positive rolling moments, is also included. Comparative data of forces and lift and drag coefficients of several types of flaps are given, with a discussion of the relative practical results. There is a discussion of the practical flying problems in which engineers and pilots are interested, including the effect upon landing and take-off, reactions in a stall, and lateral control below minimum flying speed, as well as the anti-spinning characteristics which have been displayed in actual flight tests.
Problems of Modern Pump and Turbine Design
Authors: Spannhake Wilhelm
Published: February 2023

This is a general review of the present status of design principles which apply equally to centrifugal pumps and hydraulic turbines. The author first develops step by step the fundamental ideas underlying the theoretical behavior of a runner having an infinitely large number of thin blades which guide the fluid perfectly. The resemblance between the blading ordinarily used and the wing of an airplane has led to analysis on the basis that each blade acts as an airfoil. The author points out the many limitations of this theory and advocates a new beginning, taking as a starting point the theoretically perfect runner. By decreasing the number of blades first from infinity to a finite but very large number, he analyzes the forces and influences that are at work. Although he does not claim to have arrived at a final solution, he demonstrates the play of one effect upon another, and suggests that further experimentation should assist in making proper allowances for the uncertainties not subject to strict analysis and which become more and more important as the number of blades is reduced. The final section deals with the best conditions for the design of high-speed runners. The influence of the principal figures of layout upon which both efficiency and cavitation are dependent are discussed, and complete curves for efficiency and cavitation coefficient are given for three different specific speeds. This speed is defined by the same figure for pumps and turbines. He feels that both theories in spite of their defects can be used to advantage as experimental knowledge is progressively increased, and demonstrates that mathematics will throw light on a number of vital problems dealing particularly with efficiency and cavitation. He suggests for consideration a special type of profile, and expresses the hope that by combining the laboratory with theory, it will be possible to realize improvements in existing equipment, and finally to build up a strict method for pump and turbine design meeting properly and satisfactorily all of the requirements for high specific speed and small number of blades.
Power Supplies for Suction-Driven Gyroscopic Aircraft Instruments
Authors: Draper C. S. , Spilhaus A. F.
Published: February 2023

At the present time gyroscopic instruments constitute an essential part of the equipment in any well-equipped airplane. The “turn indicator,” the “artificial horizon,” and the “directional gyro” are three widely used gyroscopic aircraft instruments which have reached a very satisfactory state of development. However, in order that proper results may he attained in practise, it is necessary that some reliable and sufficient source of suction he provided. It is the object of this paper to present a study of the various devices used in operating the gyroscopic instruments.
Improving Airship Performance
Authors: Fulton Garland
Published: February 2023

The economic advantages of the large airship as a long-distance carrier depend to a great extent upon its useful-load capacity, its speed and its cruising radius. Improvement in design or in auxiliary equipment, therefore, which will increase materially any or all of these three factors, is of prime importance.

This paper touches on the fundamentals underlying the carrying capacity of lighter-than-air craft and points out possible changes in construction, means of ballasting, power-plant equipment, and fuel characteristics whereby substantial economic and operating advantages may be effected in future designs.
The Application of the Hardy Cross Method of Moment Distribution
Authors: Williams H. A.
Published: February 2023

This paper presents the basic principles of the Hardy Cross method of analyzing continuous frames by distributing fixed-end moments and illustrates the application of the method to various types of structures, including an elevator spar with supports on a line, the same spar with deflected supports, and an airplane fuselage truss with loads between panel points.
The Principles of Underfeed Combustion and the Effect of Preheated Air on Overfeed and Underfeed Fuel Beds
Authors: Nicholls P. , Eilers M. G.
Published: February 2023

This paper is based on investigations conducted at the Pittsburgh Experiment Station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. It shows that in underfeed burning the factor of rate of ignition is much more important than it is in overfeed fuel beds and that it fixes limits to the outputs that can be obtained. It uses the principles determined from the experimental results to interpret the much more complex action in fuel beds of commercial underfeed stokers. It also shows what effect preheated air has on overfeed and underfeed fuel beds and how this preheat is utilized. The results from burning a number of fuels on the underfeed principle, both without and with preheat, are given. The variables investigated were kind and size of fuel and rate and temperature of the air supplied.
The Economic Significance of Replacement Cycles in Demand
Authors: McNiece Thomas M.
Published: February 2023

For many generations, the even flow of trade among peoples has been interrupted by recurring depressions. Abnormally high levels of commerce have always preceded the serious declines. It is neither logical nor sufficient to explain a disastrous decline in business by stating that the levels before the decline were too high and characterized by excessive inflation. What produced these latter conditions?

This study is concerned not only with the periods of enforced retrenchment but also with those eras of high business levels which invariably precede them. The effort has been made to discover and isolate the underlying causes of these recurring fluctuations. By underlying causes is meant the initial influences, invisible and undetermined at the time, which set in motion the multitude of powerful and obvious forces which are almost instantly transformed into potent sources of further change. The only consistent or normal characteristic of business trends is constant change.

It cannot be seriously doubted that the various indexes of business and the paths described by them are but the composite results of many components. Why, therefore, is it not logical to investigate the movements of general business by analyzing the fluctuations of its principal components?
Locomotive Counterbalancing
Authors: Fry Lawford H.
Published: February 2023

The paper offers a method for computing and analyzing the counterbalance system of a locomotive. As a result of a straightforward simple series of computations, a clear and exact picture is obtained, showing the resultant forces set up by the rotating and reciprocating parts and the counterbalance in any given locomotive. A method is also provided for determining the proper counterbalance to meet any given conditions. The problems involved are of importance to the designer of modern locomotives of large size. The day has passed when it is satisfactory to provide static balance only for the rotating engine parts of a locomotive. Many locomotives now in service, which are balanced for static conditions only, have the main pair of wheels out of balance dynamically by as much as 400 lb. At “diameter speed,” that is, at as many miles per hour as the driving wheels have inches of diameter, this lack of balance is sufficient to increase and decrease the axle load by over 20,000 lb during each revolution of the wheels. Up to the present there has been no adequate study of the effect of unbalanced horizontal forces on the locomotive. The proposed method of analysis offers a simple but accurate basis for such study. It seems probable that with proper cross-balancing a very large proportion of the mass of the reciprocating parts can be left unbalanced. In the case of the locomotive examined, over 80 per cent of the mass of the reciprocating parts is unbalanced and the locomotive is reported to ride very satisfactorily.
The Thermal Performance of the Detroit Turbine Using Steam at 1000 F
Authors: Carter W. A. , Ellenwood F. O.
Published: February 2023

This paper gives the results of a large number of tests made to ascertain the thermal performance of a 10,000-kw turbine-generator designed for steam at 1000 F. The thermal efficiency was found to be 31.8 per cent and the engine efficiency 76 per cent for the complete unit. A companion paper, entitled “High-Temperature Steam Experience at Detroit” (A.S.M.E.Trans., 1934, FSP-56-9), by P. W. Thompson and R. M. Van Duzer, Jr., deals with the generation and utilization of the steam at this temperature, with special reference to the materials employed.
High-Temperature Steam Experience at Detroit
Authors: Thompson P. W. , Van Duzer R. M.
Published: February 2023

This paper is concerned with presenting the experience of The Detroit Edison Company with the various materials used in the construction of an 1100-F superheater and piping system in operation over 23,000 hr, for 21,169 of which the temperature was between 1000 and 1100 F; also a 10,000-kw, 1000-F turbine installation in operation 11, 231 hr, for 7832 of which the temperature was 1000 F. A description of both installations, the reasons for the choice of materials used, and an account of the operating experience are included. The thermal performance of the turbine is dealt with in an accompanying paper (A.S.M.E. Trans., 1934, FSP-56-8) by W. A. Carter and F. O. Ellenwood.
High-Temperature Tensile, Creep and Fatigue of Cast and Wrought High- and Low-Carbon, 18 Cr 8 Ni Steel From Split Heats: Progress Report of the A.S.M.E.-A.S.T.M., Joint Research Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals
Authors: Cross H. C.
Published: February 2023

Under the sponsorship of the Joint Committee, a comparison was made, chiefly at temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1200 F, of the resistance to short-time loading, to prolonged loading (creep) and to repeated stress (fatigue) of 18 per cent Cr, 9.5 per cent Ni, 0.5 per cent Mn, 0.6 per cent Si steels of 0.067 and 0.125 per cent C. Both carbon contents were studied in wrought and cast conditions and no “stabilizing” elements were used. Split induction-furnace heats were poured into ingots for rolling and into castings. Material of known melting history and of identical composition was thus available in both the fine-grained (rolled) and the coarse-grained (cast) states. Both cast and wrought materials were quenched from 2000 F.

The author describes in some detail the tests performed in comparing the characteristics of these steels under varied treatment and reports the results obtained together with certain conclusions which may be drawn.
Influence of Rate of Shear on Shearing Strength of Lead
Authors: Jamieson James
Published: February 2023

For many years the relationship between the velocity of deformation and the resulting stress has been occupying the attention of several investigators. In general, the tests have been made under uniform tensile- or compressive-stress conditions. It was with the object of investigating this relationship when under pure shear conditions that the work outlined in this paper was undertaken. Except for a few isolated cases, there are no results available with which comparisons may be made, but it appears from the tests made that the influence of the rate of deformation upon the ultimate strength is considerable. The results indicate that in all likelihood the same relationship that has been found to exist for conditions of direct stress will hold for conditions of pure shear. That is, the equation proposed by Ludwik, σ = σ1 + C log (v/v1), for the case of pure tension has been found to prove satisfactory for pure shear. Only one metal (lead) has been tested, but the results so found may be taken as representative of those materials with a low melting point. Further, in all probability the behavior of steels, when subjected to constant rates of shear and when maintained at some relatively high temperature, will lead to similar results.
Oil-Film Whirl—A Non-Whirling Bearing
Authors: Newkirk Burt L. , Grobel Lloyd P.
Published: February 2023

The shafts of turbines, generators and other high-speed machines run in journal bearings on films of oil so that there is no metal-to-metal contact between the journal and the bearing. Although the bore of the bearing is only a few thousandths of an inch larger than the diameter of the journal the oil film supports the rapidly rotating journal and holds it steadily in a very definite position within the bearing clearance.

The position which the journal takes within the bearing clearance depends on the viscosity of the oil, the load on the journal, the speed of rotation, and the dimensions of journal and bearing. For example, if the rotation speed is only a few rpm the journal runs near the bottom of its clearance. At higher speeds the journal runs so that its closest approach to the bearing is at some point on the side opposite to that which it climbed at starting. For very high speeds the same journal runs nearly centered in the bearing clearance.

Observation and experience teach that in general the oil film forms a very steady support for the journal and that it even exerts a dashpot action opposing outside disturbances that would cause the shaft to vibrate. This remarkable stability, however, has been found to be subject to a notable exception. When a shaft runs at twice its critical speed or at any higher speed the equilibrium between the load and the lift of the oil film becomes unstable, the journal moves in a minute spiral of increasing radius, and the whole shaft picks up a whirling motion. The whirl has the natural frequency of the shaft and the motion is one of resonance.

This paper deals with a laboratory study of oil-film whirl phenomenon and describes a means for combatting it.
The Burlington Zephyr
Authors: Anderson E. C.
Published: February 2023

The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company’s “Zephyr” comprises three cars supported on four roller-bearing trucks, with articulated joints between adjacent cars. Its load-carrying truss members are of 18-8 stainless steel, as is also its unpainted outside surface. Its roof and belly sheets, and also its steel floor, share in the work of carrying load. All truss members and other stainless-steel parts are tied together by the “shotweld” system, in which a specialized and improved form of spot welding is used under such exact control of pressure, current, and time that the welds do not adversely affect the non-corrosion qualities of metal or joints.

The motive power is furnished by a 660-hp two-cycle Diesel engine driving a generator which produces current for the two traction motors which are mounted on the axles of the front truck. The train is streamlined and smoothed throughout its entire length to reduce air resistance, has automatically controlled steam heat, air conditioning and cooling, and electric buffet service and lighting.

The “Zephyr” has broken all records for long-distance runs, both as to mileage and speed, having made a nonstop run from Denver to Chicago, 1015 miles, in 13 hr and 5 min. Much of this run was at speeds in excess of 100 mph.
The Design of Light-Weight Trains
Authors: Eksergian R.
Published: February 2023

New materials of construction have permitted the design of passenger trains of exceptionally light weight, which are capable of high speeds. The author discusses the economics of light-weight construction and deals with the relation of horsepower per ton to train performance under varying conditions of streamlining and weight. The importance of low-frequency spring reactions for lightweight cars is stressed. The paper then deals with the physical properties of stainless steel with consideration of the stability of thin-web structures.

It closes with the consideration of the major characteristics involved in the design of light-weight car structures as exemplified by the Burlington “Zephyr” in connection with which an effort was made to develop a rational basis of determining redundant reactions in the several indeterminate features involved in the structure.
Union Pacific High-Speed, Light-Weight, Streamlined Trains
Authors: Fetters A. H.
Published: February 2023

Through press, radio, and films, the new Union Pacific trains which this paper describes are more or less well known.

Briefly, the first or three-car train was delivered in February, 1934, and, after a 15,000-mile tour, which extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific, was placed on exhibit at The Century of Progress with a fourth car added, consisting of a Pullman sleeping car of the same structural design as the coaches.

The second train consisting of six cars, three of which are Pullman sleepers, will be powered with a 900-hp Winton, 2-cycle, Diesel engine and is now nearing completion at Pullman, Chicago.

Two additional trains of similar construction are on order for late fall delivery. These latter trains will consist of nine cars, four of which will be Pullman sleepers and bedroom cars, and will be powered with Winton 16-cylinder, 2-cycle, 1200-hp Diesel engines.
A Mathematical Solution of the Rotor-Balancing Problem
Authors: Bromberg Jacob
Published: February 2023

In this paper the author presents an accurate and easily applied method of determining, from the results of a dynamic-balancing test, the location and magnitude of the weight or weights required to eliminate vibration in a rotating mass.
Exact Construction of the (σ1+σ2)-Network From Photoelastic Observations
Authors: Neuber Heinz P.
Published: February 2023

Application of the photoelastic method of stress analysis to transparent bodies under plane stress permits direct observation of the two principal stresses σ1 and σ2 but determination of their values necessitates additional measurements or some form of graphical integration. In this paper the author develops the exact theory of the (σ1 + σ2)-network and a graphical method of applying it to the problem of stress measurement. By means of this method the isopachics can be accurately determined and these, together with the isochromatics and isoclinics, give the complete stress-field analysis from which the values and directions of the two principal stresses at any point may be readily obtained.
Budgeting an Industrial Enterprise
Authors: Rautenstrauch Walter
Published: February 2023

In this paper the author describes in detail the method followed in developing a complete operating budget for a company manufacturing and distributing yeast. The organization consisted of two manufacturing plants with branch distributing points located in a large number of cities throughout the eastern United States. This budget provided, on the basis of past experience, an orderly plan for profitable operation and an accurate means of constant check on the efficiency of each element of the enterprise. Prior to the introduction of the new management which installed the control system described, the company had been losing heavily but during the first year of operation under the budget and for each year thereafter it earned a satisfactory profit, with the operating figures in excellent agreement with the budgeted estimates. It is suggested by the author, in conclusion, that if every business enterprise in the United States were analyzed and budgeted in the manner described, many operating hazards would be materially reduced.
Current Practise in Surface Broaching
Authors: Geschelin Joseph
Published: February 2023

One of the most revolutionary developments in mass production in many years is the introduction of surface broaching as a major metal-cutting process. Its greatest acceptance has come in the automotive industry, supplanting many well-intrenched milling-machine operations.

This paper is concerned with a detailed discussion of surface broaching in the automotive industry, covering the general applications, design of broaches, description of broaching machines, etc. The paper also includes tabular material giving production data such as broach speeds, broach life, productivity.

Wherever possible, attention has been given to general applications of the method so as to be of interest to those concerned with metal cutting in various industries.
Current Practise in Pressures, Speeds, Clearances, and Lubrication of Oil-Film Bearings
Authors: Howarth H. A. S.
Published: February 2023

This paper contains many design and operating data furnished by makers of hearings for the trade and for machinery of their own manufacture. The poll of such manufacturers is by no means comprehensive hut it includes several of the larger firms. The data are available for critical examination and study with relation to advanced theoretical analyses of bearing problems.

Many of the data are tabulated and classified on charts, the most useful of which has as its coordinates the pressure and the velocity. Upon this chart are applied special scales showing some of Dr. Albert Kingsbury’s “Optimum Conditions for Journal Bearings.”

Examples are given showing how these analytical laws can be useful in the solution of simple practical problems of bearing design.

The selection of a lubricant of suitable viscosity is explained by means of a chart that may be entered with the calculated absolute-viscosity coefficient at operating temperature, and will yield the required commercial viscosity in Saybolt or Redwood seconds or Engler number, for a mineral oil of any base.
Classification of Drying, Including Graphical Analysis of Air Drying as Developed Abroad
Authors: Weisselberg A. , Thomas Chas. W. , Olive T. R.
Published: February 2023

In order that the art of drying, or in other words the process of removing liquid from a mixture, may become a field of true engineering endeavor, it must be freed from the existing confusion with regard to classification and terms, and the analytical approach to the problem must be facilitated.

In this paper the authors classify the liquids as to kind, nature, and state, enumerate the means available for their removal, and discuss briefly the limitations of the various drying methods with regard to the material being processed and the results obtained.

A graphical method of analyzing air drying, the most widely used drying process, is described by the authors, and by means of this analysis, terms which are now confusing are defined and factors governing the performance of drying equipment are explained.
Use of Current Meters for Precise Measurement of Flow
Authors: Nagler Floyd A.
Published: February 2023

In this paper the author deals with the art of flow determination by current meter, compares the accuracy of this method with that of other means of water measurement, and draws attention to a number of precautions which should be observed in order to minimize error. He compares also the characteristics of cup and screw meters, discusses meter ratings, the effects of turbulence and angularity of flow, describes the channel sections best suited to accurate gaging, and covers in some detail the technique of flow determination under varying conditions in the field.
Rolling-in of Boiler Tubes
Authors: Fisher F. F. , Cope E. T.
Published: February 2023

This paper presents an introductory study of boiler-tube rolling and reviews the methods now in common use. It points out their limitations and explains and proposes specifications for a new method which approximates the ideal. Test results are given which show the superiority of this new method. A few pertinent details of tube rolling are also mentioned, including the over-rolling of tubes as a source of high stress concentration in the sheet metal around the tubes. This high stress concentration may be a source of corrosion fatigue.
Principles Underlying the Rational Solution of Automatic-Control Problems
Authors: Mitereff Sergei D.
Published: February 2023

The author presents twelve fundamental equations covering the characteristics of automatic regulators. It is the author’s belief that six of these equations completely cover all present forms of commercial regulators. The additional six equations cover modifications and improvements which will permit greatly increased accuracy and flexibility of automatic control and will permit a satisfactory solution of those control problems which could not be handled with complete success by previous types of regulators.
The Loading and Friction of Thrust and Journal Bearings With Perfect Lubrication
Authors: Howarth H. A. S.
Published: February 2023

The author brings together here for the first time important formulas and charts that have been offered by bearing analysts in this field during the past fifteen or twenty years. Some new material is added for completeness, and some references made to earlier fundamental work. Descriptive matter that accompanied the original publication of the charts and formulas has been eliminated as far as practicable. Improved charts derivable from earlier ones, and the rearrangement of others will, it is hoped, prove more useful to the designing engineer than the original publications. The net result is a concise summary of valuable information.

In order that the reader at the beginning may have a fair idea of what is to be found and where in this paper, an explanation of the contents follows:

The first section dealing with journal bearings begins with a concise illustrated description of their several kinds. The side-leakage chart is then explained because from its curves are obtained the correction factors that are necessary for the proper application of the subsequent material to the solving of journal-bearing problems.

Optimum conditions for journal bearings of three classes are shown by charts, tables, and formulas. The titles, captions, and notes on these pages are intended to be sufficient explanation.

General conditions for journal bearings of several classes are next shown by a series of charts which are accompanied by the necessary textual explanation.

Thrust-bearing loading and friction data follow the charts for general conditions for journal bearings. They refer only to Kingsbury thrust bearings, which are made with freely pivoted shoes supporting a thrust collar having an unbroken flat surface. Data are given only for a single set of such surfaces having six pivoted shoes.

The appendixes, of which there are five, contain descriptive matter, the reading of which will help the reader in understanding the first section of the paper. Appendix A contains the symbols and their explanation. Appendix B gives a number of examples together with their solutions, which explain applications of the charts. These are by no means exhaustive. Appendix C discusses viscous flow in general, the viscosity coefficient, the relation between viscosity and friction, and gives useful formulas for several kinds of viscous flow useful to those dealing with bearing problems. Conversion factors are given for several units of absolute viscosity. The symbols for these formulas differ in some respects from those in Appendix A. Appendix D contains an explanation of perfect lubrication as it occurs in bearings, and covers such headings as tapered oil film, side leakage, film thickness, viscosity change within film, the flat-wedge film, the curved-wedge film, optimum conditions, deviations from optimum. This is a valuable introduction to the charts in the body of this paper. Appendix E is a bibliography of the technical literature referred to in or forming parts of the paper.
Some Physical Properties of Water and Other Fluids
Authors: Daugherty Robert L.
Published: February 2023

Absolute and kinematic viscosities of various liquids and gases as functions of temperature are shown by curves plotted on the same diagrams to the same scales so that these properties for different fluids can be readily compared.

Pressure, volume, and temperature relations for water are shown graphically, as are values of the volume modulus of elasticity for a wide range of pressures and temperatures. From recent data presented by Smith and Keyes it was possible to compute values of the specific heat of water for all temperatures up to the critical and for all pressures from saturation up to 350 atmospheres. These values are here shown.
Experimental and Practical Experience With the Gibson Method of Water Measurement: A Discussion of Prof. D. Thoma’s Paper on “The Degree of Accuracy of the Gibson Method of Water Measurement”
Authors: Gibson N. R. , Strowger E. B.
Published: February 2023

The Gibson method is based on the equation of impulse and momentum applied to an enclosed column of water in motion. It is applicable in testing hydraulic power plants where the turbine is supplied with water through a closed conduit and means, such as turbine gates, are available for interrupting the flow of the water. To apply the method, it is necessary to obtain pressure-time diagrams, which show the changes with respect to time that occur in the conduit during and after the closure of the turbine gates. There are two kinds of diagrams: (a) simple diagrams, in which the changes of pressure at one point in the conduit are recorded, and (b) differential diagrams, in which the difference between the changes of pressure at two points in the conduit are recorded.

Professor Thoma (1) has discussed quite thoroughly, in an accompanying paper (Trans. A.S.M.E., 1935, HYD-57-4), the conditions of water flow which may affect the degree of accuracy of the Gibson method of water measurement, when using the simple application method. In general, he has considered four errors due to (No. 1) accessory motions, or extra currents due to turbulence, (No. 2) false valuation of the friction in the conduit during closure, (No. 3) friction of the mercury column, and (No. 4) the inertia of the mercury column.

In discussing the Thoma article, the authors have first given a somewhat more detailed proof of the fundamental equation applying to the method and have supplemented the derivation with a graphical representation of the terms of the equation on the diagram itself. Test results on a long pipe are shown where both kinds of diagrams were taken and where the agreement between the two sets of diagrams is within 0.2 per cent. The test results are discussed and a detailed study is made of the effects of the four errors.

The authors conclude that the residual error is probably within the limits of precision possible when large quantities of water are being measured.
Photoflow Method of Water Measurement
Authors: White W. M. , Rheingans W. J.
Published: February 2023

This paper is written to reestablish the pitot tube as a useful and accurate instrument for measuring the flow of water. Difficulties in the measurement of water by the pitot tube have been caused by errors introduced in the measurement of the static pressure and such errors as are caused by changing distribution of flow across the measuring section while a traverse is being made.

Recent tests indicate the proper form of piezometer to use in order to determine the true static pressure of flowing water. The errors caused by changing distribution of flow can be eliminated by the photoflow method described in the paper. This method involves the photographic recording of the differences in pressure of pitot-tube points, positioned throughout the cross-section of flow, and piezometer connections positioned to indicate the pressure across the flow section. By making a simultaneous record of all the readings across the section, errors caused by changing distribution of flow are eliminated and a large number of measurements can be taken in a short interval of time.

The photoflow coefficient as determined by volumetric measurement for highly disturbed flow in a closed conduit was found by test to be 0.971. A coefficient of 0.976 for the photoflow method as applied to the flows normally encountered in closed conduits should give an accuracy of 0.5 per cent.