bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracting a Livelihood: Institutional and Social Dimensions of Deforestation in the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, Acre, Brazil
Authors: Vadjunec Jacqueline M.
Published: April 2011

O Sistema de Reservas Extrativistas Federais foi promovido como uma estratégia importante para a conservação florestal em conjunto com o desenvolvimento das populações tradicionais. Este artigo explora as dimensões institucionais e socais de desmatamento dentro de Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes (CMER). Usando a teoria da propriedade comum dos recursos naturais, este estudo examina vários fatores freqüentemente associados com o sucesso na gestão de recursos comuns. Especificamente, examina os impactos de decisões/percepções dos membros das unidades domésticas sobre o desmatamento. Os métodos incluem o uso de entrevistas informantes-chaves e levantamentos com membros das unidades domésticas. Os resultados revelam que para o sucesso na gestão de recursos comuns, precisa-se de um esforço coletivo, uma visão renovado, e um diálogo aberto entre os residentes da reserva, as organizações filiadas, e as autoridades locais.
A Creole in Paris and a Spaniard in Paraguay: Geographies of Natural History in the Hispanic World (1750-1808)
Authors: Cowie Helen
Published: April 2011

El estudio examina las dimensiones transatlánticas de la ciencia española en los años 1750-1808. Durante este periodo, España hizo esfuerzos vigorosos para delimitar y explotar los productos de sus posesiones ultramarinas, organizando una serie de expediciones al Nuevo Mundo y mostrando la fauna y flora en jardines y museos metropolitanos. Aquí, exploramos las dimensiones geográficas del conocimiento natural en el mundo hispano y consideramos cómo la ubicación desde donde fue formulado el conocimiento "científico", afectó la naturaleza y credibilidad del mismo. El estudio también cuestiona las dicotomías tradicionales entre el conocimiento imperial/central y colonial/periférico, enfatizando en cambio, la permeabilidad de estas categorías.
Rehearsal in Films of the Early Modern Theatre: The Erotic Art of Making Shakespeare
Authors: Kamaralli Anna
Published: April 2011

Each of the three films Shakespeare in Love, Stage Beauty and The Libertine shows a man coaching a woman to perform one of Shakespeare's tragic heroines. Each is depicting a practice we know very few details about, that is, preparation for performance in the early modern period, but more than that, each makes use of this process in the service of a narrative that links rehearsing Shakespeare to an erotic, but firmly heterosexual dynamic. While ostensibly embracing queer sexualities, taking the particular form of a man of some status openly showing sexual desire for a youth, each film concludes by reinforcing a strictly male - female erotic paradigm. This heteronormative orthodoxy is implicitly identified with both naturalistic acting and transformative theatrical greatness, using Shakespeare as the delivery mechanism. Naturalism is presented as straight, artifice as queer, and the latter is rightly rejected as the artist grows towards the sublime heights of the former. It is assumed that this is the template for a relationship that an audience will respond to, and can through it be prompted to share beliefs about the value of theatrical performance.
Discovering constructions by means of collostruction analysis: The English Denominative Construction
Authors: Hampe Beate
Published: April 2011

Complex-transitive argument structures have received a large amount of attention from syntacticians of both formalist and cognitive-functional orientations. To account for expressions with causative resultative meanings, construction grammar has postulated a family of argument-structure constructions whose core is constituted by the Caused-Motion Construction and the Resultative Construction, exhibiting a locative complement and a predicative complement in the form of an AjP, respectively. Argument structures with NP complements, however, have been largely neglected. The present study investigates these patterns in the International Corpus of English (ICE-GB) by means “collostruction analysis”. It shows that the formal distinction between AjP and NP complements corresponds to a constructional distinction hitherto unrevealed, viz. that between the Resultative Construction and another argument-structure construction, here called the “Denominative Construction”. Apart from improving existing descriptions of the network of complex-transitive argument-structure constructions, this study demonstrates that collostruction analysis can be employed in an exploratory way to discover constructions.
Input distribution influences degree of auxiliary use by children with specific language impairment
Authors: Leonard Laurence B. , Deevy Patricia
Published: April 2011

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) show a protracted period of inconsistent use of tense/agreement morphemes. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether this inconsistent use could be attributed to the children's misinterpretations of particular syntactic structures in the input. In Study 1, preschool-aged children with SLI and typically developing peers heard sentences containing novel verbs preceded by auxiliarywasor sentences in which the novel verb formed part of a nonfinite subject-verb sequence within a larger syntactic structure (e.g.We saw the dog relling). The children were then tested on their use of the novel verbs in contexts that obligated use of auxiliaryis. The children with SLI were less accurate than their peers and more likely to produce the novel verb withoutisif the verb had been heard in a nonfinite subject-verb sequence. In Study 2, children with SLI and typically developing peers were tested on their comprehension of sentences such asThe cow sees the horse eating. The children with SLI were less accurate than their peers and were disproportionately influenced by the nonfinite subject-verb clause at the end of the sentence. We interpret these findings within the framework of construction learning.
Metonymy in word-formation
Authors: Janda Laura A.
Published: April 2011

A foundational goal of cognitive linguistics is to explain linguistic phenomena in terms of general cognitive strategies rather than postulating an autonomous language module (Langacker 1987: 12–13). Metonymy is identified among the imaginative capacities of cognition (Langacker 1993: 30, 2009: 46–47). Whereas the majority of scholarship on metonymy has focused on lexical metonymy, this study explores the systematic presence of metonymy in word-formation. I argue that in many cases, the semantic relationships between stems, affixes, and the words they form can be analyzed in terms of metonymy, and that this analysis yields a better, more insightful classification than traditional descriptions of word-formation. I present a metonymic classification of suffixal word-formation in three languages: Russian, Czech, and Norwegian. The system of classification is designed to maximize comparison between lexical and word-formational metonymy. This comparison supports another central claim of cognitive linguistics, namely that grammar (in this case word-formation) and lexicon form a continuum (Langacker 1987: 18–19), since I show that metonymic relationships in the two domains can be described in nearly identical terms. While many metonymic relationships are shared across the lexical and grammatical domains, some are specific to only one domain, and the two domains show different preferences for source and target concepts. Furthermore, I find that the range of metonymic relationships expressed in word-formation is more diverse than what has been found in lexical metonymy. There is remarkable similarity in word-formational metonymy across the three languages, despite their typological differences, though they all show some degree of language-specific behavior as well. Although this study is limited to three Indo-European languages, the goal is to create a classification system that could be implemented (perhaps with modifications) across a wider spectrum of languages.
The Development of Female Sexual Behavior Requires Prepubertal Estradiol
Authors: Brock Olivier , Baum Michael J. , Bakker Julie
Published: April 2011

The classic view of brain and behavioral sexual differentiation holds that the neural mechanisms controlling sexual behavior in female rodents develop in the absence of ovarian sex hormone actions. However, in a previous study, female aromatase knock-out (ArKO) mice, which cannot convert testosterone to estradiol, showed deficient male-oriented partner preference and lordosis behaviors in response to adult ovarian hormones, raising the possibility that estradiol may contribute to the development of these female sexual behaviors. In the present experiments, administering estradiol prepubertally [between postnatal day 15 (P15) and P25] significantly enhanced the ability of ArKO female mice to display lordosis behavior in response to ovarian hormones administered later in adulthood, whereas treatment with estradiol over an earlier postnatal period (P5–P15) had no such effect. Treatment of ArKO females with estradiol between P15 and P25 also rescued their later preference to approach distal cues from an intact male over an estrous female. ArKO females also displayed significantly less female-directed (male-typical) mounting behavior than wild-type control females when treated with testosterone in adulthood. Prepubertal estradiol treatment failed to reverse this deficit in ArKO females, whereas earlier postnatal estradiol augmented later mounting in both genotypes. Our results provide new evidence for an organizing role of prepubertal estradiol in the development of neural mechanisms that control female-typical sexual behavior.
Transcription Factor Foxd1 Is Required for the Specification of the Temporal Retina in Mammals
Authors: Carreres Maria Isabel , Escalante Augusto , Murillo Blanca , Chauvin Geraud , Gaspar Patricia , Vegar Celia , Herrera Eloisa
Published: April 2011

The organization of the visual system is different in birds and mammals. In both, retinal axons project topographically to the visual targets in the brain; but whereas in birds visual fibers from the entire retina decussate at the optic chiasm, in mammals, a number of axons from the temporal retina diverge at the midline to project ipsilaterally. Gain-of-function experiments in chick raised the hypothesis that the transcription factor Foxd1 specifies retinal temporal identity. However, it remains unknown whether Foxd1 is necessary for this function. In mammals, the crucial role of Foxd1 in the patterning of the optic chiasm region has complicated the interpretation of its cell-autonomous function in the retina. Furthermore, target molecules identified for Foxd1 are different in chicks and mice, leading to question the function of Foxd1 in mammals. Here we show that in the mouse, Foxd1 imprints temporal features in the retina such as axonal ipsilaterality and rostral targeting in collicular areas and that EphA6 is a Foxd1 downstream effector that sends temporal axons to the rostral colliculus. In addition, our data support a model in which the desensitization of EphA6 by ephrinA5 incisis not necessary for the proper functioning of EphA6. Overall, these results indicate that Foxd1 functions as a conserved determinant of temporal identity but reveal that the downstream effectors, and likely their mechanisms of action, are different in mammals and birds.
Chondroitinase ABC Promotes Recovery of Adaptive Limb Movements and Enhances Axonal Growth Caudal to a Spinal Hemisection
Authors: Jefferson Stephanie C. , Tester Nicole J. , Howland Dena R.
Published: April 2011

A number of studies have shown that chondroitinase ABC (Ch'ase ABC) digestion of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans significantly enhances axonal growth and recovery in rodents following spinal cord injury (SCI). Further, our group has shown improved recovery following SCI in the larger cat model. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether intraspinal delivery of Ch'ase ABC, following T10 hemisections in adult cats, enhances adaptive movement features during a skilled locomotor task and/or promotes plasticity of spinal and supraspinal circuitry. Here, we show that Ch'ase ABC enhanced crossing of a peg walkway post-SCI and significantly improved ipsilateral hindlimb trajectories and integration into a functional forelimb–hindlimb coordination pattern. Recovery of these complex movements was associated with significant increases in neurofilament immunoreactivity immediately below the SCI in the ipsilateral white (p= 0.033) and contralateral gray matter (p= 0.003). Further, the rubrospinal tract is critical in the normal cat during skilled movements that require accurate paw placements and trajectories like those seen during peg walkway crossing. Rubrospinal connections were assessed following Fluoro-Gold injections, caudal to the hemisection. Significantly more retrogradely labeled right (axotomized) red nucleus (RN) neurons were seen in Ch'ase ABC-treated (23%) compared with control-treated cats (8%;p= 0.032) indicating that a larger number of RN neurons in Ch'ase ABC-treated cats had axons below the lesion level. Thus, following SCI, Ch'ase ABC may facilitate axonal growth at the spinal level, enhance adaptive features of locomotion, and affect plasticity of rubrospinal circuitry known to support adaptive behaviors in the normal cat.
Enhanced Subcortical Spreading Depression in Familial Hemiplegic Migraine Type 1 Mutant Mice
Authors: Eikermann-Haerter Katharina , Yuzawa Izumi , Qin Tao , Wang Yumei , Baek Kwangyeol , Kim Young Ro , Hoffmann Ulrike , Dilekoz Ergin , Waeber Christian , Ferrari Michel D. , van den Maagdenberg Arn M. J. M. , Moskowitz Michael A. , Ayata Cenk
Published: April 2011

Familial hemiplegic migraine type 1, a monogenic migraine variant with aura, is linked to gain-of-function mutations in theCACNA1Agene encoding CaV2.1 channels. The S218L mutation causes severe channel dysfunction, and paroxysmal migraine attacks can be accompanied by seizures, coma, and hemiplegia; patients expressing the R192Q mutation exhibit hemiplegia only. Familial hemiplegic migraine knock-in mice expressing the S218L or R192Q mutation are highly susceptible to cortical spreading depression, the electrophysiological surrogate for migraine aura, and develop severe and prolonged motor deficits after spreading depression. The S218L mutants also develop coma and seizures and sometimes die. To investigate underlying mechanisms for these symptoms, we used multielectrode electrophysiological recordings, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and c-fosimmunohistochemistry to trace spreading depression propagation into subcortical structures. We showed that unlike the wild type, cortical spreading depression readily propagated into subcortical structures in both familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 mutants. Whereas the facilitated subcortical spread appeared limited to the striatum in R192Q, hippocampal and thalamic spread was detected in the S218L mutants with an allele-dosage effect. Both strains exhibited increased susceptibility to subcortical spreading depression and reverberating spreading depression waves. Altogether, these data show that spreading depression propagates between cortex, basal ganglia, diencephalon, and hippocampus in genetically susceptible brains, which could explain the prolonged hemiplegia, coma, and seizure phenotype in this variant of migraine with aura.
GABA, Its Receptors, and GABAergic Inhibition in Mouse Taste Buds
Authors: Dvoryanchikov Gennady , Huang Yijen A. , Barro-Soria Rene , Chaudhari Nirupa , Roper Stephen D.
Published: April 2011

Taste buds consist of at least three principal cell types that have different functions in processing gustatory signals: glial-like (type I) cells, receptor (type II) cells, and presynaptic (type III) cells. Using a combination of Ca2+imaging, single-cell reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunostaining, we show that GABA is an inhibitory transmitter in mouse taste buds, acting on GABAAand GABABreceptors to suppress transmitter (ATP) secretion from receptor cells during taste stimulation. Specifically, receptor cells express GABAAreceptor subunits β2, δ, and π, as well as GABABreceptors. In contrast, presynaptic cells express the GABAAβ3 subunit and only occasionally GABABreceptors. In keeping with the distinct expression pattern of GABA receptors in presynaptic cells, we detected no GABAergic suppression of transmitter release from presynaptic cells. We suggest that GABA may serve function(s) in taste buds in addition to synaptic inhibition. Finally, we also defined the source of GABA in taste buds: GABA is synthesized by GAD65 in type I taste cells as well as by GAD67 in presynaptic (type III) taste cells and is stored in both those two cell types. We conclude that GABA is an inhibitory transmitter released during taste stimulation and possibly also during growth and differentiation of taste buds.
Ghrelin Enhances Olfactory Sensitivity and Exploratory Sniffing in Rodents and Humans
Authors: Tong Jenny , Mannea Erica , Aimé Pascaline , Pfluger Paul T. , Yi Chun-Xia , Castaneda Tamara R. , Davis Harold W. , Ren Xueying , Pixley Sarah , Benoit Stephen , Julliard Karyne , Woods Stephen C. , Horvath Tamas L. , Sleeman Mark M. , D'Alessio David , Obici Silvana , Frank Robert , Tschöp Matthias H.
Published: April 2011

Olfaction is an integral part of feeding providing predictive cues that anticipate ingestion. Although olfactory function is modulated by factors such as prolonged fasting, the underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. We recently identified ghrelin receptors in olfactory circuits in the brain. We therefore investigated the role of the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin in olfactory processing in rodents and humans, testing the hypothesis that ghrelin lowers olfactory detection thresholds and enhances exploratory sniffing, both being related to food seeking. In rats, intracerebroventricular ghrelin decreased odor detection thresholds and increased sniffing frequency. In humans, systemic ghrelin infusions significantly enhanced sniff magnitudes in response to both food and nonfood odorants and air in comparison to control saline infusions but did not affect the pleasantness ratings of odors. This is consistent with a specific effect on odor detection and not the hedonic value of odors. Collectively, our findings indicate that ghrelin stimulates exploratory sniffing and increases olfactory sensitivity, presumably enhancing the ability to locate, identify, and select foods. This novel role is consistent with ghrelin's overall function as a signal amplifier at the molecular interface between environmental and nutritional cues and neuroendocrine circuits controlling energy homeostasis.
Reconsolidation or Extinction: Transcription Factor Switch in the Determination of Memory Course after Retrieval
Authors: de la Fuente Verónica , Freudenthal Ramiro , Romano Arturo
Published: April 2011

In fear conditioning, aversive stimuli are readily associated with contextual features. A brief reexposure to the training context causes fear memory reconsolidation, whereas a prolonged reexposure induces memory extinction. The regulation of hippocampal gene expression plays a key role in contextual memory consolidation and reconsolidation. However, the mechanisms that determine whether memory will reconsolidate or extinguish are not known. Here, we demonstrate opposing roles for two evolutionarily related transcription factors in the mouse hippocampus. We found that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is required for fear memory reconsolidation. Conversely, calcineurin phosphatase inhibited NF-κB and induced nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) nuclear translocation in the transition between reconsolidation and extinction. Accordingly, the hippocampal inhibition of both calcineurin and NFAT independently impaired memory extinction, whereas inhibition of NF-κB enhanced memory extinction. These findings represent the first insight into the molecular mechanisms that determine memory reprocessing after retrieval, supporting a transcriptional switch that directs memory toward reconsolidation or extinction. The precise molecular characterization of postretrieval processes has potential importance to the development of therapeutic strategies for fear memory disorders.
Natural Restoration of Critical Period Plasticity in the Juvenile and Adult Primary Auditory Cortex
Authors: Zhou Xiaoming , Panizzutti Rogerio , de Villers-Sidani Étienne , Madeira Caroline , Merzenich Michael M.
Published: April 2011

Since its first description >40 years ago, the neurological “critical period” has been predominantly described as an early, plastic postnatal brain development stage that rather abruptly advances to an aplastic or less plastic “adult” stage. Here, we show that chronic exposure of juvenile or adult rats to moderate-level acoustic noise results in a broad reversal of maturational changes that mark the infant-to-adult progression in the primary auditory cortex. In time, noise exposure reinstates critical period plasticity. Cortical changes resulting from noise exposure are again reversed to reestablish a physically and functionally normal adult cortex, by returning animals to natural acoustic environments. These studies show that at least some of neurological changes believed to mark the transition from the infantile to the mature (adult) stage are, by their nature, reversible.
Heat-shock protein HSPA4 is required for progression of spermatogenesis
Authors: Held Torsten , Barakat Amal Z , Mohamed Belal A , Paprotta Ilona , Meinhardt Andreas , Engel Wolfgang , Adham Ibrahim M
Published: April 2011

Heat-shock protein 110 (HSP110) family members act as nucleotide exchange factors (NEF) of mammalian and yeast HSP70 chaperones during the ATP hydrolysis cycle. In this study, we describe the expression pattern of murine HSPA4, a member of the HSP110 family, during testis development and the consequence of HSPA4 deficiency on male fertility. HSPA4 is ubiquitously expressed in all the examined tissues. During prenatal and postnatal development of gonad, HSPA4 is expressed in both somatic and germ cells; however, expression was much higher in germ cells of prenatal gonads. Analyses ofHspa4-deficient mice revealed that all homozygous mice on the hybrid C57BL/6J×129/Sv genetic background were apparently healthy. Although HSPA4 is expressed as early as E13.5 in male gonad, a lack of histological differences betweenHspa4−/−and control littermates suggests thatHspa4deficiency does not impair the gonocytes or their development to spermatogonia. Remarkably, an increased number of theHspa4-deficient males displayed impaired fertility, whereas females were fertile. The total number of spermatozoa and their motility were drastically reduced in infertileHspa4-deficient mice compared with wild-type littermates. The majority of pachytene spermatocytes in the juvenileHspa4−/−mice failed to complete the first meiotic prophase and became apoptotic. Furthermore, down-regulation of transcription levels of genes known to be expressed in spermatocytes at late stages of prophase I and post-meiotic spermatids leads to suggest that the development of most spermatogenic cells is arrested at late stages of meiotic prophase I. These results provide evidence that HSPA4 is required for normal spermatogenesis.
Sentimentos, subjetividade e supostasresistências à mudança organizacional
Authors: Silva José Roberto Gomes da , Vergara Sylvia Constant
Published: April 2011

Diversos textos sobre gestão da mudança organizacional abordam o tema quase exclusivamente sob a ótica do planejamento, procurando fornecer respostas sobre como fazer com que a organização tenha sucesso na estratégia de mudança intencional ao promover a coesão de esforços e vencer as supostas resistências humanas. Pouca atenção tem sido dedicada aos sentimentos dos indivíduos, aos significados que eles atribuem às mudanças e às chances de que eles se constituam como sujeitos nesse contexto. A pesquisa aqui apresentada, realizada em cinco organizações no Rio de Janeiro, objetiva preencher essa lacuna. Foram entrevistados 75 empregados que participaram de grandes mudanças nessas organizações. Os resultados apontam para a fragilidade de alguns mitos acerca do conceito de resistência e sugerem a possibilidade de tornar a mudança menos traumática para os indivíduos por meio das oportunidades criadas para que eles se constituam como sujeitos e construam um significado para sua atuação no novo contexto.
Comprometimento organizacional e ausência psicológica: afinal, quantas dimensões?
Authors: Rego Arménio
Published: April 2011

O comprometimento organizacional é habitualmente considerado como um fator-chave da competitividade e do desempenho organizacional. O presente estudo sugere que as três dimensões - afetiva, normativa e instrumental - habitualmente consideradas nas pesquisas podem não caracterizar fielmente os vários tipos de laços psicológicos entre os indivíduos e as organizações. Os dois estudos empíricos realizados e a argumentação teórica sugerem que há algumas razões para presumir a existência de seis dimensões: afetiva, de futuro comum, normativa, de sacrifícios avultados, de escassez de alternativas e de ausência psicológica. São necessários, todavia, estudos adicionais com outros tipos de amostras e que testem se essas seis dimensões se relacionam com diferentes antecedentes e conseqüências.
Microscopia eletrônica de granulações em Proteus vulgaris tratado como Cloreto de Trifeniltetrazólio
Authors: Mello Milton Thiago de , Silva Niber da Paz M. , Muth Hans
Published: April 2011

Zonas citoplasmáticas de atividade redutora de TTC foram evidenciadas em células de Proteus vulgaris examinadas ao microscópio eletrõnico. As experiências foram realizadas em vários intervalos de tempo, sendo a reação, em alguns casos, estabilizada por meio de formol. Verificou-se que as granulações de formazana podiam ser removidas no interior do corpo bacteriano por meio de tratamento com acetona. O bombardeamento pelos eléctrons, quando os germes não tinham sido fixados com formol, determinou a saída das granulações do interior dos bacilos, deixando vestígios de sua presença (rompimento das membranas celulares nos pontos onde estavam localizados). A fixação com formol evitava a saída dos grânulos. O acúmulo dos cristais de formazana, internamente, nos pólos ou ao longo do corpo bacteriano, provoca sérias alterações morfológicas.
Um novo modelo de armadilha luminosa de sucção para pequenos insetos
Authors: Falcão Alberto Rocha
Published: April 2011

Para captura de pequenos insetos descrevemos uma armadilha que julgamos vantajosa, pela facilidade de obtanção de seu material de construção, por ser de baixo custo,portátil, resistente, utilizar pilhas e, sendo opaca, possibilitar uma maior concentração de luz sobre o orifício de entrada de insetos.
Unsusceptibility of Biomphalaria occidentalis to infection with a strain of Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Paraense W. Lobato , Corrêa Lygia R.
Published: April 2011

Susceptibility experiments with 1582 specimens of Biomphalaria occidentalis, 3-6 mm in shell diameter, from 10 localities of the states of Mato Groso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná and São Paulo, exposed individually to 5 miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni (SJ2 strain), gave negative results. B. tenagophila from Joinville (Santa Catarina) and Taubaté (São Paulo), used as controls, showed infection rates of 17.9% and 14.8%, respectively. Experiments with other strains of S. mansoni are in progress. If the present results are confirmed, expansion of schistosomiasis toward far-western Brazil through the agency of B. occidentalis becomes less probable.
Associação da variabilidade da precipitação pluvial em Santa Maria com a Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico
Authors: Streck Nereu Augusto , Buriol Galileo Adeli , Heldwein Arno Bernardo , Gabriel Luana Fernandes , Paula Gizelli Moiano de
Published: April 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a associação da variabilidade interdecadal da chuva em Santa Maria, RS, com a Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico. Parte da variabilidade interanual da precipitação pluvial é explicada pelo fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS), que acontece no Oceano Pacífico. Na segunda metade da década de 1990, foi relatada outra oscilação na temperatura do Oceano Pacífico, de duração maior que o ENOS, denominada Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (ODP). Foram usados os dados mensais acumulados de precipitação do período 1912-2008, da Estação Climatológica principal de Santa Maria, e os valores mensais do índice ODP do mesmo período. A análise foi realizada em nível anual, semestral (primeiro e segundo semestre), sazonal (verão, outono, inverno e primavera) e mensal. Existe associação entre a chuva e a ODP, de modo que décadas com chuvas acima da normal são associadas à fase quente da ODP, intercaladas com décadas com chuva abaixo da normal associadas à fase fria da ODP, o que indica oscilações periódicas de médio e longo prazo na precipitação pluvial em Santa Maria, RS.
Mudas de pera produzidas por dupla enxertia em marmeleiro utilizando o porta-enxerto 'Japonês'
Authors: Seifert Karine Ester , Pio Rafael , Celant Viviane Marcela , Chagas Edvan Alves
Published: April 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso do marmeleiro 'Japonês' como porta-enxerto para cultivares de pereira com interenxertos de outras cultivares de marmeleiro em dupla enxertia. Pereiras 'Seleta' e 'Triunfo' foram enxertadas pelo processo de borbulhia e garfagem em garfos de 15 cm dos marmeleiros 'Portugal', 'Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37' e 'Smyrna de Harcy'. Os garfos enxertados foram armazenados em câmara fria (4ºC) por 24 horas e, em seguida, foram enxertados pelo processo de garfagem tipo fenda cheia em porta-enxertos do marmeleiro 'Japonês'. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2x2x4. Após 60 e 120 dias, foram mensurados a percentagem de brotação dos enxertos e dos interenxertos, o diâmetro e o comprimento médio e a massa de matéria seca dos enxertos. Não houve interação tripla e dupla entre os fatores estudados, apenas diferença entre os fatores isolados. Houve diferença na percentagem de brotação apenas entre os métodos de enxertia e as cultivares de marmeleiro utilizadas como interenxertos. A dupla enxertia é viável na produção de mudas interenxertadas de pereira no porta-enxerto 'Japonês' com interenxerto do marmeleiro de gênero Cydonia.
Variabilidade de indicadores fisiológicos de resistência à salinidade entre genótipos de cajueiro-anão e gigante
Authors: Ponte Luiz Ferreira Aguiar , Ferreira Osnan Soares , Alves Francisco Abel Lemos , Ferreira-Silva Sérgio Luiz , Pereira Vanda Lúcia Arcanjo , Silveira Joaquim Albenísio Gomes da
Published: April 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência à salinidade de genótipos de cajueiro dos grupos anão e gigante, em mudas em fase de enxertia, com o uso de indicadores fisiológicos. A germinação e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de dez genótipos de porta-enxertos foram avaliados sob duas condições de salinidade: irrigação do substrato com água destilada ou com solução de NaCl 50 mmol L-1, até o estádio de oito folhas maduras (28 dias após o plantio). As mudas foram irrigadas com solução nutritiva de Hoagland & Arnon por mais dez dias. Os indicadores fisiológicos de resistência - concentrações de Na+ e K+ e relação K+/Na+, em folhas e raízes - não diferiram entre os genótipos, na ausência ou na presença de salinidade. Os indicadores e as concentrações de prolina não se correlacionaram com a massa acumulada em raízes e folhas. Sob salinidade, os genótipos do grupo anão apresentaram maior massa radicular em comparação aos do grupo gigante, que tiveram maior alocação de massa em folhas. Houve baixa variabilidade genética dentro de cada grupo. Quanto ao crescimento de raízes e folhas, houve variabilidade entre os grupos, nas duas condições de salinidade.
Experimental swainsonine poisoning in goats ingesting Ipomoea sericophylla and Ipomoea riedelii (Convolvulaceae)
Authors: Barbosa Rossemberg C. , Riet-Correa Franklin , Lima Everton F. , Medeiros Rosane M.T. , Guedes Karla M.R. , Gardner Dale R. , Molyneux Russell J. , Melo Lúcio E.H. de
Published: April 2011

Ipomoea sericophylla and Ipomoea riedelii cause a glycoprotein storage disease in goats. This paper reports the experimental poisoning in goats by dried I. sericophylla and I. riedelii containing 0.05% and 0.01% swainsonine, respectively. Three groups with four animals each were used. Group 1 received daily doses of 2g/kg body weight (bw) of dried I. sericophylla (150mg of swainsonine/kg). Goats from this group had clinical signs 36-38 days after the start of ingestion. Group 2 received dried I. riedelii daily doses of 2g/kg of I. riedelii (30mg of swainsonine/kg) for 70 days. No clinical signs were observed, therefore the swainsonine dose was increased to 60mg/kg for another 70 days. Goats from Group 2 had clinical signs 26-65 days after increase in swainsonine dose to 60mg/kg. Group 3 was used as control. In these experiments the minimum toxic dose was 60mg/kg which represents 0.0004% of the dry matter in goats ingesting 1.5% bw of the dry matter. For goats ingesting 2%-2.5% bw of dry matter this dose would be 0.00024%-0.0003% of the dry matter. After the end of the experiment two goats were euthanized and another six were observed for recovery of clinical signs. Four goats that continued to consume swainsonine containing plant for 39-89 days after the first clinical signs had non reversible signs, while two goats that ingested the plant for only 15 and 20 days after the first clinical signs recovered completely. These and previous results indicate that irreversible lesions due to neuronal loss occur in goats that continue to ingest the plants for about 30 days after the first clinical signs. Clinical signs and histological lesions were similar to those reported previously for goats poisoned by swainsonine containing plants. No significant alterations were found in packed cell volume, red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, mean corpuscular volume, and serum levels of glucose, total protein, and albumin, and the serum activities of gamma glutamyl transferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Swainsonine concentration of 0.05% in I. sericophylla and 0.01% in I. riedelii are different from samples of these plants used in previous experiments, which contained 0.14% and 0.5% swainsonine, respectively, demonstrating a wide variation in the toxicity of different samples.
Celiac artery in New Zealand rabbit: anatomical study of its origin and arrangement for experimental research and surgical practice
Authors: Abidu-Figueiredo Marcelo , Xavier-Silva Bárbara , Cardinot Themis M. , Babinski Márcio A. , Chagas Maurício A.
Published: April 2011

Rabbits have been used as an experimental model in many diseases and for the study of toxicology, pharmacology and surgery in many universities. However, some aspects of their macro anatomy need a more detailed description, especially the abdominal and pelvic arterial vascular system, which has a huge variability in distribution and trajectory. Thirty cadaveric adult New Zealand rabbits, 13 male and 17 female, with an average weight and rostrum-sacral length of 2.5 kg and 40cm, respectively, were used. The thoracic aorta was cannulated and the vascular system was filled with stained latex S-65. The celiac artery and its proximal branches were dissected and lengthened in order to evidence origin and proximal ramifications. The celiac artery emerged between the 12th and 13th thoracic vertebra in 11 (36.7%) rabbits; at the level of the 13th thoracic vertebra in 6 (20%) rabbits; between the 13th thoracic vertebra and the 1st lumbar vertebra in 12 (40%) rabbits; and at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra in only one (3.3%) rabbit. The mean length of the celiac artery was 0.5cm. The celiac artery first branch was the lienal artery, the second branch was the left gastric artery and the hepatic artery arose from the left gastric artery in all the dissected rabbits. No relation was observed between the celiac artery length and the rostrum-sacral length in rabbits. The number of left gastric and lienal artery branches and the distribution of celiac artery origin are not gender dependent.
Comparação entre a imunidade induzida em bovinos vacinados com bacterinas polivalentes comerciais e uma monovalente experimental
Authors: Rodrigues Rogério O. , Herrmann Geder P. , Heinemann Marcos B. , Lage Andrey P. , Lopes Luciano B. , Moreira Elvio C.
Published: April 2011

O presente estudo avaliou a indução da produção de anticorpos contra Leptospira spp.por dez bacterinas, sendo nove polivalentes e uma monovalente experimental para a sorovariedade Hardjo amostra Norma. A concentração celular foi controlada e utilizou-se adjuvante de emulsão óleo em água. Um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) indireto foi desenvolvido utilizando-se conjugado anti-IgG total para mensurar os níveis de anticorpos da classe IgG conferido pelas bacterinas utilizando três amostras diferentes: Hardjoprajitino, Norma e Hardjo-bovis. Paralelamente foi utilizado também o Teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM) para mensurar os níveis de anticorpos contra as mesmas amostras. Encontraram-se títulos variáveis entre as bacterinas de acordo com o teste ELISA. Os títulos no SAM foram de pouca intensidade e de curta duração indicando a necessidade de controle celular para uma posterior padronização destes produtos. Com base nos resultados encontrados no presente estudo, a bacterina monovalente foi a que apresentou melhor desempenho.
Turgida turgida (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) parasitic in white-bellied opossum, Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia: Didelphidae), state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Humberg Roberta M.P. , Tavares Luiz Eduardo R. , Paiva Fernando , Oshiro Elisa T. , Bonamigo Raquel A. , T. Júnior Norton , Oliveira Alessandra G.
Published: April 2011

Turgida turgida have been largely reported parasitizing Didelphis species in North and South America based on light microscopy observation. However, the features that differentiate T. turgida from other physalopterid species should be observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A female white-bellied opossum, Didelphis albiventris, arrived dead at the Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres (CRAS) in the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. During the necropsy, adult nematodes were collected from stomach and intestine. The nematodes were determined to be adult specimens and submitted to SEM for the species determination. This is the first report of T. turgida confirmed by SEM in the Neotropical region and the first report in an urban area in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
A compact code for k-trees
Authors: Markenzon Lilian , Vernet Oswaldo , Pereira Paulo Renato da Costa
Published: April 2011

In this paper, we propose a new representation for k-trees - the compact code, which reduces the required memory space from O(nk) to O(n). The encoding and decoding algorithms, based on a simplification of a priority queue, are linear and very simple. As long as the k-tree is represented by its compact code, the exact vertex coloring problem can be solved in time O(n).
Epistemic dialog between health services and operations research
Authors: Lobo Maria Stella de Castro , Lins Marcos Pereira Estellita
Published: April 2011

The study proposes a dialogical approach between OR and Health Services Planning and Epidemiology based on the similarities of their own epistemological experiences, according to Habermas' Theory of Knowledge. As a field of application, healthcare services planning and epidemiology are characterized as Complex Societal Problems, requiring multidisciplinary and multi dimensional approaches. A review of the literature on OR efficiency healthcare services applications is made to confront the perspective of the OR analyst and that of the health manager. Finally, an agenda is proposed to enhance the interaction between the disciplines, by increasing actuality of the OR methods' findings, to guarantee that the results of health services research will really be put in practice by health policy decision makers.
Reformulação para um problema integrado de dimensionamento e sequenciamento de lotes
Authors: Bernardes Eduardo Delcides , Araujo Silvio Alexandre de , Rangel Socorro
Published: April 2011

Neste trabalho, são apresentadas algumas novas restrições e uma formulação estendida para um Modelo Integrado de Dimensionamento e Sequenciamento de Lotes da literatura. Considera-se um processo produtivo em que é necessária a produção de determinado material que é transformado em itens finais. As decisões de sequenciamento estão relacionadas com a ordem de produção dos materiais e o dimensionamento de lotes está relacionado aos itens finais. O modelo matemático considera custos e tempos de preparação dependentes da sequência. Resultados dos testes computacionais realizados usando o pacote computacional Cplex 10.0 mostraram que o desempenho do método branch-and-cut pode ser melhorado com a reformulação a priori proposta.
A tomada de decisão em recursos humanos com dados replicados e inconsistentes: uma aplicação da teoria dos conjuntos aproximativos
Authors: Couto Ayrton Benedito Gaia do , Gomes Luiz Flavio Autran Monteiro
Published: April 2011

Este estudo trata da tomada de decisão com dados replicados e inconsistentes, relativos ao universo de Recursos Humanos, em uma instituição financeira nacional. A replicação ocorre por questões técnicas e/ou econômicas, e visa o atendimento de necessidades corporativas e departamentais dessa instituição. Como metodologia de pesquisa, utilizou-se a observação direta das inconsistências e a simulação com base em dados reais que refletissem a replicação com inconsistências. Os autores apresentam a aplicação de um método multicritério para tornar racional o processo de tomada de decisão, e que se transformou em elemento de motivação deste estudo. O método utilizado foi a Teoria dos Conjuntos Aproximativos (TCA). Um algoritmo foi desenvolvido para indicar as relações de equivalência, aproximações inferior e superior, região de fronteira, medida da exatidão, reduções e núcleo e, posteriormente, implementado em um software.
Dois estudos sobre o trabalho dos petroleiros
Authors: Ferreira Leda Leal
Published: April 2011

O presente artigo traz um resumo de dois estudos realizados na área do petróleo, o primeiro feito em uma unidade de refino e o segundo abarcando o trabalho de operadores exercendo várias funções dentro de uma refinaria e de terminais marítimos de petróleo. Nos dois casos, o ponto central foi a análise da atividade dos trabalhadores, isto é, o que eles faziam e como o faziam para dai conta das exigências de produção que lhes eram atribuídas. No entanto, os métodos utilizados foram diferentes: no primeiro caso utilizou-se a Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET) e no segundo, a Análise Coletiva do Trabalho (ACT). Além de apresentar os principais resultados destes estudos, a autora faz considerações sobre as diferenças entre os dois métodos e um apelo à comunidade científica para que se preocupe mais em estudar a atividade real dos trabalhadores e assim contribuir para um melhor conhecimento do que se passa no interior das unidades produtivas, evitando que sofrimentos humanos inúteis e até catástrofes industriais continuem a ocorrer.
A produção científica nos anais do encontro nacional de engenharia de produção: um levantamento de métodos e tipos de pesquisa
Authors: Berto Rosa Maria Villares. S , Nakano Davi Noboru
Published: April 2011

O trabalho analisa os métodos c técnicas de pesquisa descritos nos relatos publicados nos Anais do ENEGEP - de 1996 a 1998. Utilizando a tipologia proposta por Filippini (1997), os trabalhos foram classificados de acordo com o tipo de pesquisa utilizado e os resultados foram comparados aos encontrados por Filippini nos anais do congresso do DSI. As principais conclusões são: incentivo a um maior número de trabalhos com pesquisa de campo e a necessidade de aprofundamento e maior rigor metodológico no planejamento e na condução das pesquisas.
Redes Tecno-econômicas e a gestão da inovação tecnológica em institutos de pesquisa tecnológica: um estudo de caso no CEPEL
Authors: Sousa Francisco José Batista de , Mello José Manoel Carvalho de
Published: April 2011

Este trabalho explora a questão da gestão da inovação tecnológica num instituto tecnológico, o CEPEL - Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica, tendo como referência as tecnologias ai desenvolvidas associadas ao campo dos medidores eletrônicos de consumo de energia elétrica. Apoiado por um estudo de caso abarcando a análise de todos os projetos tecnológicos desenvolvidos no período de 1980 a 1997 no CEPEL, através do conceito de Redes Tecno-económicas, analisa o desempenho do CEPEL em levar tais tecnologias ao mercado.
Estratégia competitiva e estratégia de produção: o caso de uma empresa de cosméticos
Authors: Vanalle Rosângela Maria , Alves Filho Alceu Gomes , Kuri Marilia Gabriela Pavan
Published: April 2011

Este artigo identifica e discute a estratégia de produção (EP) adotada em uma empresa de cosméticos. Esta investigação considera questões relacionadas ao conteúdo e ao processo de formulação da EP e foi conduzida por um time composto por dois pesquisadores e três profissionais vinculados à empresa. Nesse processo de pesquisa-ação, a equipe concluiu que a EP deveria ser modificada principalmente no que diz respeito aos períodos de implantação dos programas nas áreas estruturais e infra-estruturais, ao grau de formalização do processo de formulação e à abrangência do sistema de avaliação de desempenho
Método para aplicação de gráficos de controle de regressão no monitoramento de processos
Authors: Pedrini Danilo Cuzzuol , Caten Carla Schwengber ten
Published: April 2011

Este artigo propõe um método para a aplicação do gráfico de controle de regressão no monitoramento de processos industriais. Visando facilitar a aplicação do gráfico, o método é apresentado em duas fases: análise retrospectiva (Fase I) e monitoramento do processo (Fase II), além de incluir uma modificação do gráfico de controle de regressão múltipla, permitindo o monitoramento direto da característica de qualidade do processo ao invés do monitoramento dos resíduos padronizados do modelo. Também é proposto o gráfico de controle de extrapolação, que verifica se as variáveis de controle extrapolam o conjunto de valores utilizado para estimar o modelo de regressão. O método foi aplicado em um processo de uma indústria de borrachas. O desempenho do gráfico de controle foi avaliado pelo Número Médio de Amostras (NMA) até o sinal através do método de Monte Carlo, mostrando a eficiência do gráfico em detectar algumas modificações nos parâmetros do processo.
Otimização do desempenho de amplificadores de radiofrequência banda larga: uma abordagem experimental
Authors: Lima Vanessa Borsato de Souza , Balestrassi Pedro Paulo , Paiva Anderson Paulo de
Published: April 2011

Neste trabalho buscou-se avaliar o comportamento de amplificadores de radiofrequência (RF) de potência em aplicações de telecomunicações. Uma estratégia experimental foi empregada resultando na otimização de um conjunto de fatores responsáveis pelo aumento da linearidade e eficiência geral do amplificador durante o processo produtivo, reduzindo com isto as intermodulações geradas e a interferência em serviços adjacentes. Estes resultados permitiram a manufatura de amplificadores banda larga de alta eficiência, garantindo assim maior produtividade e confiabilidade.