bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Acid Sphingomyelinase Allows for Selective Targeting of CD4+ Conventional versus Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Hollmann Claudia , Werner Sandra , Avota Elita , Reuter Dajana , Japtok Lukasz , Kleuser Burkhard , Gulbins Erich , Becker Katrin Anne , Schneider-Schaulies Jürgen , Beyersdorf Niklas
Published: September 2016

CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) depend on CD28 signaling for their survival and function, a receptor that has been previously shown to activate the acid sphingomyelinase (Asm)/ceramide system. In this article, we show that the basal and CD28-induced Asm activity is higher in Tregs than in conventional CD4+ T cells (Tconvs) of wild-type (wt) mice. In Asm-deficient (Smpd1−/−; Asm−/−) mice, as compared with wt mice, the frequency of Tregs among CD4+ T cells, turnover of the effector molecule CTLA-4, and their suppressive activity in vitro were increased. The biological significance of these findings was confirmed in our Treg-sensitive mouse model of measles virus (MV) CNS infection, in which we observed more infected neurons and less MV-specific CD8+ T cells in brains of Asm−/− mice compared with wt mice. In addition to genetic deficiency, treatment of wt mice with the Asm inhibitor amitriptyline recapitulated the phenotype of Asm-deficient mice because it also increased the frequency of Tregs among CD4+ T cells. Reduced absolute cell numbers of Tconvs after inhibitor treatment in vivo and extensive in vitro experiments revealed that Tregs are more resistant toward Asm inhibitor–induced cell death than Tconvs. Mechanistically, IL-2 was capable of providing crucial survival signals to the Tregs upon inhibitor treatment in vitro, shifting the Treg/Tconv ratio to the Treg side. Thus, our data indicate that Asm-inhibiting drugs should be further evaluated for the therapy of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
Stem/progenitor cells in the developing human cerebellum: an immunohistochemical study
Authors: Pibiri V. , Ravarino A. , Gerosa C. , Pintus M.C. , Fanos V. , Faa G.
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to analyze, by immunohistochemistry, the occurrence of stem/progenitor cells localized in the different niches of the developing human cerebellum. To this end, cerebellar samples were obtained from 3 fetuses and 3 newborns ranging, respectively, from 11 to 24 and from 30 to 38 weeks of gestation. Specimens were 10% formalin-fixed, routinely processed and paraffin-embedded; 3 μm-tick sections were immunostained with anti-SOX2 and PAX6 antibodies. Our study evidenced SOX2 and PAX6 immunoreactivity in precursors cells in all six developing human cerebella. SOX2 was expressed in precursors of different neural cell types, including Purkinje neurons, stellate cells, basket cells and Golgi cells. In the cerebellar cortex, SOX2 expression changed during gestation, being highly expressed from the 20th up to the 24th week, whereas at the 30th and at the 34th week SOX2 immunoreactivity was restricted to the Purkinje cell layer and the inner zone. Cerebellar human cortex was negative at the 38th week of gestation. PAX6 immunoreactivity was restricted to granule cell precursors in the external granule layer (EGL), being detected at all gestational ages. Our study indicates SOX2 and PAX6 as two useful markers of stem/progenitor cells that highlight the different germinative zones in the developing human cerebellum.
Lower Extremity Landing Biomechanics in Both Sexes After a Functional Exercise Protocol
Authors: Wesley Caroline A. , Aronson Patricia A. , Docherty Carrie L.
Published: September 2016

Context

Sex differences in landing biomechanics play a role in increased rates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes. Exercising to various states of fatigue may negatively affect landing mechanics, resulting in a higher injury risk, but research is inconclusive regarding sex differences in response to fatigue.

Objective

To use the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), a valid clinical movement-analysis tool, to determine the effects of exercise on the landing biomechanics of males and females.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

University laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Thirty-six (18 men, 18 women) healthy college-aged athletes (members of varsity, club, or intramural teams) with no history of ACL injury or prior participation in an ACL injury-prevention program.

Intervention(s)

Participants were videotaped performing 3 jump-landing trials before and after performance of a functional, sportlike exercise protocol consisting of repetitive sprinting, jumping, and cutting tasks.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Landing technique was evaluated using the LESS. A higher LESS score indicates more errors. The mean of the 3 LESS scores in each condition (pre-exercise and postexercise) was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Women scored higher on the LESS (6.3 ± 1.9) than men (5.0 ± 2.3) regardless of time (P = .04). Postexercise scores (6.3 ± 2.1) were higher than preexercise scores (5.0 ± 2.1) for both sexes (P = .01), but women were not affected to a greater degree than men (P = .62).

Conclusions

As evidenced by their higher LESS scores, females demonstrated more errors in landing technique than males, which may contribute to their increased rate of ACL injury. Both sexes displayed poor technique after the exercise protocol, which may indicate that participants experience a higher risk of ACL injury in the presence of fatigue.
A Longitudinal Examination of Work-Life Balance in the Collegiate Setting
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie , Eason Christianne
Published: September 2016

The literature regarding work-life balance (WLB) is plentiful, particularly in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate setting due to its demanding nature as defined by work hours and travel. Despite the comprehensive understanding of factors contributing to WLB for athletic trainers (ATs) in this setting, the effect of time of year has yet to be investigated.Context:

To determine the influence sport season timing (ie, preseason, in-season, off-season) can have on perceptions and experiences of WLB for ATs.Objective:

Qualitative, case-study design.Design:

Division I collegiate practice setting.Setting:

Six ATs employed in the Division I college setting (3 women, 3 men) volunteered and completed our study over 1 year. The average age of participants was 31.0 ± 3 years, and they had 9.0 ± 3 years of experience.Patients or Other Participants:

We conducted semistructured one-on-one phone interviews with each participant at 4 points during the year (August, November, February, June). All interviews were transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed inductively, and we used peer review, multiple-analyst triangulation, and member checks for credibility.Data Collection and Analysis:

Time of year (eg, competitive in-season), organizational demands (eg, hours and travel), and life stage (eg, roles assumed) were factors that influenced WLB for ATs in the collegiate setting. Having a positive and adaptable mind-set; having coworker, supervisor, and personal support; and engaging in personal or family time were factors that counterbalanced the inhibitors.Results:

Our results indicate that a career as an AT in the collegiate setting can create WLB concerns; these concerns, however, seem to peak during the competitive in-season for the AT's primary coverage team. Additionally, conflict that arises for ATs seems to be stimulated by time, as work roles are often less accommodating due to the athletic atmosphere.Conclusions:
Injury Scheme Claims in Gaelic Games: A Review of 2007–2014
Authors: Roe Mark , Blake Catherine , Gissane Conor , Collins Kieran
Published: September 2016

Gaelic games (Gaelic football and hurling) are indigenous Irish sports with increasing global participation in recent years. Limited information is available on longitudinal injury trends. Reviews of insurance claims can reveal the economic burden of injury and guide cost-effective injury-prevention programs.Context:

To review Gaelic games injury claims from 2007–2014 for male players to identify the costs and frequencies of claims. Particular attention was devoted to lower limb injuries due to findings from previous epidemiologic investigations of Gaelic games.Objective:

Descriptive epidemiology study.Design:

Open-access Gaelic Athletic Association Annual Reports from 2007–2014 were reviewed to obtain annual injury-claim data.Setting:

Gaelic Athletic Association players.Patients or Other Participants:

Player age (youth or adult) and relationships between lower limb injury-claim rates and claim values, Gaelic football claims, hurling claims, youth claims, and adult claims.Main Outcome Measure(s):

Between 2007 and 2014, €64 733 597.00 was allocated to 58 038 claims. Registered teams had annual claim frequencies of 0.36 with average claim values of €1158.4 ± 192.81. Between 2007 and 2014, average adult claims were always greater than youth claims (6217.88 versus 1036.88), while Gaelic football claims were always greater than hurling claims (5395.38 versus 1859.38). Lower limb injuries represented 60% of all claims. The number of lower limb injury claims was significantly correlated with annual injury-claim expenses (r = 0.85, P = .01) and adult claims (r = 0.96, P = .01) but not with youth claims (r = 0.69, P = .06).Results:

Reducing lower limb injuries will likely reduce injury-claim expenses. Effective injury interventions have been validated in soccer, but whether such changes can be replicated in Gaelic games remains to be investigated. Injury-claim data should be integrated into current elite injury-surveillance databases to monitor the cost effectiveness of current programs.Conclusions:
Using Balance Tests to Discriminate Between Participants With a Recent Index Lateral Ankle Sprain and Healthy Control Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Pourkazemi Fereshteh , Hiller Claire , Raymond Jacqueline , Black Deborah , Nightingale Elizabeth , Refshauge Kathryn
Published: September 2016

The first step to identifying factors that increase the risk of recurrent ankle sprains is to identify impairments after a first sprain and compare performance with individuals who have never sustained a sprain. Few researchers have restricted recruitment to a homogeneous group of patients with first sprains, thereby introducing the potential for confounding.Context:

To identify impairments that differ in participants with a recent index lateral ankle sprain versus participants with no history of ankle sprain.Objective:

Cross-sectional study.Design:

We recruited a sample of convenience from May 2010 to April 2013 that included 70 volunteers (age = 27.4 ± 8.3 years, height = 168.7 ± 9.5 cm, mass = 65.0 ± 12.5 kg) serving as controls and 30 volunteers (age = 31.1 ± 13.3 years, height = 168.3 ± 9.1 cm, mass = 67.3 ± 13.7 kg) with index ankle sprains.Patients or Other Participants:

We collected demographic and physical performance variables, including ankle-joint range of motion, balance (time to balance after perturbation, Star Excursion Balance Test, foot lifts during single-legged stance, demi-pointe balance test), proprioception, motor planning, inversion-eversion peak power, and timed stair tests. Discriminant analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between explanatory variables and sprain status. Sequential discriminant analysis was performed to identify the most relevant variables that explained the greatest variance.Main Outcome Measure(s):

The average time since the sprain was 3.5 ± 1.5 months. The model, including all variables, correctly predicted a sprain status of 77% (n = 23) of the sprain group and 80% (n = 56) of the control group and explained 40% of the variance between groups ( = 42.16, P = .03). Backward stepwise discriminant analysis revealed associations between sprain status and only 2 tests: Star Excursion Balance Test in the anterior direction and foot lifts during single-legged stance ( = 15.2, P = .001). These 2 tests explained 15% of the between-groups variance and correctly predicted group membership of 63% (n = 19) of the sprain group and 69% (n = 48) of the control group.Results:

Balance impairments were associated with a recent first ankle sprain, but proprioception, motor control, power, and function were not.Conclusions:
Analysis of Injury Incidences in Male Professional Adult and Elite Youth Soccer Players: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pfirrmann Daniel , Herbst Mark , Ingelfinger Patrick , Simon Perikles , Tug Suzan
Published: September 2016

Context: The incidence of injury for elite youth and professional adult soccer players is an important concern, but the risk factors for these groups are different.

Objective: To summarize and compare the injury incidences and injury characteristics of male professional adult and elite youth soccer players.

Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE and Web of Science using the search terms elite, international, European, soccer, football, injury, injuries, epidemiology, incidence, prevalence, not female, not American football, and not rugby. We also used the search terms professional for studies on professional adult soccer players and high-level, soccer academy, youth, adolescent, and young for studies on elite youth soccer players.

Study Selection: Eligible studies were published in English, had a prospective cohort design, and had a minimum study period of 6 months. To ensure that injury data were assessed in relationship to the athlete's individual exposure, we included only studies that reported on injuries and documented exposure volume.

Data Extraction: Two independent reviewers applied the selection criteria and assessed the quality of the studies.

Data Synthesis: A total of 676 studies were retrieved from the literature search. Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria: 6 for elite youth and 12 for professional adult soccer players.

Conclusions: Injury rates were higher for matches than for training for both youth and adult players. Youth players had a higher incidence of training injuries than professionals. Efforts must be made to reduce the overall injury rate in matches. Therefore, preventive interventions, such as adequately enforcing rules and focusing on fair play, must be analyzed and developed to reduce match-related injury incidences. Reducing training injuries should be a particular focus for youth soccer players.
Comparison of Gastrointestinal and Rectal Temperatures During Recovery After a Warm-Weather Road Race
Authors: Hosokawa Yuri , Adams William M. , Stearns Rebecca L. , Casa Douglas J.
Published: September 2016

Context: It has been well established that gastrointestinal temperature (TGI) tracks closely with rectal temperature (TREC) during exercise. However, the field use of TGI pills is still being examined, and little is known about how measurements obtained using these devices compare during recovery after exercise in warm weather.

Objective: To compare TGI and TREC in runners who completed an 11.3-km warm-weather road race and determine if runners with higher TGI and TREC present with greater passive cooling rates during recovery.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Field.

Patients or Other Participants: Thirty recreationally active runners (15 men, 15 women; age = 39 ± 11 years, weight = 68.3 ± 11.7 kg, body fat = 19.2% ± 5.0%).

Main Outcome Measure(s): The TGI and TREC were obtained immediately after the race and during a 20-minute passive rest at the 2014 Falmouth Road Race (heat index = 26.2°C ± 0.9°C). Temperatures were taken every 2 minutes during passive rest. The main dependent variables were mean bias and limits of agreement for TGI and TREC, using Bland-Altman analysis, and the 20-minute passive cooling rates for TGI and TREC.

Results: No differences were evident between TGI and TREC throughout passive rest (P = .542). The passive cooling rates for TGI and TREC were 0.046 ± 0.031°C·min−1 and 0.060 ± 0.036°C·min−1, respectively. Runners with higher TGI and TREC at the start of cooling had higher cooling rates (R = 0.682, P < .001 and R = 0.54, P = .001, respectively). The mean bias of TGI during the 20-minute passive rest was −0.06°C ± 0.56°C with 95% limits of agreement of ±1.09°C.

Conclusions: After participants completed a warm-weather road race, TGI provided a valid measure of body temperature compared with the criterion measure of TREC. Therefore, TGI may be a viable option for monitoring postexercise-induced hyperthermia, if the pill is administered prophylactically.
Football Players' Head-Impact Exposure After Limiting of Full-Contact Practices
Authors: Broglio Steven P. , Williams Richelle M. , O'Connor Kathryn L. , Goldstick Jason
Published: September 2016

Context: Sporting organizations limit full-contact football practices to reduce concussion risk and based on speculation that repeated head impacts may result in long-term neurodegeneration.

Objective: To directly compare head-impact exposure in high school football players before and after a statewide restriction on full-contact practices.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: High school football field.

Patients or Other Participants: Participants were varsity football athletes from a single high school. Before the rule change, 26 athletes (age = 16.2 ± 0.8 years, height = 179.6 ± 6.4 cm, weight = 81.9 ± 13.1 kg) participated. After the rule change, 24 athletes (age = 15.9 ± 0.8 years, height = 178.3 ± 6.5 cm, weight = 76.2 ± 11.6 kg) participated. Nine athletes participated in both years of the investigation.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Head-impact exposure was monitored using the Head Impact Telemetry System while the athletes participated in football games and practices in the seasons before and after the rule change. Head-impact frequency, location, and magnitude (ie, linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, and Head Impact Telemetry severity profile [HITsp], respectively) were measured.

Results: A total of 15 398 impacts (592 impacts per player per season) were captured before the rule change and 8269 impacts (345 impacts per player per season) after the change. An average 42% decline in impact exposure occurred across all players, with practice-exposure declines occurring among linemen (46% decline); receivers, cornerbacks, and safeties (41% decline); and tight ends, running backs (including fullbacks), and linebackers (39% decline). Impact magnitudes remained largely unchanged between the years.

Conclusions: A rule change limiting full-contact high school football practices appears to have been effective in reducing head-impact exposure across all players, with the largest reduction occurring among linemen. This finding is likely associated with the rule modification, particularly because the coaching staff and offensive scheme remained consistent, yet how this reduction influences concussion risk and long-term cognitive health remains unknown.
Retention Initiatives Used by Professional Bachelor's Athletic Training Program Directors
Authors: Bowman Thomas G. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Dodge Thomas M.
Published: September 2016

Context: Retaining athletic training students has been identified as problematic by approximately half of athletic training program (ATP) directors. It is unknown what ATP directors do to improve athletic training student retention.

Objective: To identify initiatives that ATP directors use to improve the retention rates of athletic training students in their programs.

Design: Qualitative study.

Setting: Undergraduate ATPs.

Patients or Other Participants: We asked directors of ATPs across the nation to complete an Internet questionnaire. We obtained responses from 171 out of 343 ATP directors (51.6%). In addition, we completed follow-up interviews with 16 randomly selected ATP directors.

Main Outcome Measure(s): During the online questionnaire, we asked ATP directors to describe any specific initiatives they or their ATP used that were aimed at retaining athletic training students and ideally what they would like to do to improve athletic training student retention at their institution. During the follow-up telephone interviews, we asked participants to further describe their retention strategies and other techniques not already mentioned in their questionnaire responses to gain further insight. We used a general inductive approach to analyze the data and performed multiple-analyst triangulation, member checks, and a peer review to ensure the trustworthiness of the analysis and results.

Results: During data analysis, we identified 3 themes that highlight the ATP directors' initiatives to retain athletic training students. Directors discussed fostering a family atmosphere, strategic planning, and having resources available to support students as ways to improve retention.

Conclusions: Athletic training program directors are encouraged to integrate students into their programs early through informal and formal participation opportunities, evaluate student potential prior to formal admissions, plausibly through an interview process, and educate students on scholarship opportunities to help offset tuition and fees associated with program completion.
Preliminary study of religious, spiritual and mystical experiences. Thematic analysis of Poles adult’s narratives
Authors: Boczkowska Marta Magdalena , Zięba Mariusz
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to examine narratives of the personal religious, spiritual and mystical experiences of adult Poles (N = 74) and their impact on narrative identity. The method for collecting qualitative data about individual understandings and spiritual, religious and mystical experiences was the narrative interview, developed on the basis of the Life Story Interview. During the analysis, the following key topics were identified: awareness of the presence/protection of God, a peak experience, the awareness of oneness with nature and the world, and a sense of closeness/contact with a person who has died. This study provides specific information on the spiritual, religious and mystical experiences of the investigated group of Poles.
Different approaches to model the nearshore circulation in the south
shore of Oahu, Hawaii
Authors: Azevedo Correia de Souza Joao Marcos , Powell Brian
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The dynamical interaction between currents, bathymetry, waves, and estuarian outflow have significant impacts on the surf-zone. We investigate the impacts of two strategies to include the effect of surface gravity waves on an ocean circulation model of the south shore of O'ahu, Hawaii. This area provides an ideal laboratory for the development of nearshore circulation modeling systems for reef protected coastlines. We use two numerical models for circulation and waves: Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN), respectively. The circulation model is nested within larger-scale models that capture the tidal, regional, and wind-forced circulation of the Hawaiian archipelago. Two strategies are explored for circulation modeling: forcing by the output of the wave model and online, two-way coupling of the circulation and wave models. In addition, the circulation model alone provides the reference for the circulation without the effect of the waves. These strategies are applied to two experiments: (1) typical trade-wind conditions that are frequent during summer months, and (2) the arrival of a large winter swell that wraps around the island. The results show the importance of considering the effect of the waves on the circulation and, particularly, the circulation-wave coupled processes. Both approaches show a similar nearshore circulation pattern, with the presence of an offshore current in the middle beaches of Waikiki. Although the pattern of the offshore circulation remains the same, the coupled waves and circulation produce larger significant wave heights (10 % to 20 %) and the formation of strong along- and cross-shore currents (~ 1 m s−1).
Liberdade sob duas rodas: as espacialidades vividas pelos praticantes de Mototurismo
Authors: Tuma Raquel Lage , Alves Mesquista Maria Elisabeth , Santos Maia Carlos Eduardo
Published: September 2016

ResumoO artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o mototurismo por meio de uma análise do deslocamento espacial daqueles que buscam por liberdade, como uma opção de lazer e de uma escolha de vida que tem como principal motivação a liberdade. Conceituação e aplicação do termo liberdade fazem parte desta pesquisa, assim como as teorias: da viagem, de conformismo, de nomadismo e as motivacionais. Como o motociclista praticante de mototurismo tem viajado para eventos, é discutido os tipos de eventos motociclísticos existentes unidos aos estudos de turismo de eventos. Como procedimento metodológico foram realizadas entrevistas e visita a campo nos dois maiores eventos motociclísticos do Estado de Goiás, com foco nos praticantes dessa modalidade crescente no Brasil.Palavras-chave: Mototurismo, Liberdade, Turismo de eventos. AbstractThe article aims to present the mototour through an analysis of the spatial displacement of those who seek for freedom, as a leisure option and a choice of life whose main motivation freedom. Conceptualization and application of the term freedom are part of this research, as well as theories: the journey of conformity, of nomadism and motivational. As the practitioner biker mototour has traveled to events is discussed the types of motorcycle attached event to tourism studies. As a methodological procedure were carried out interviews and field visits to the two largest motorcycle events in the state of Goiás, focusing on practitioners of this growing sport in Brazil.Key words: Mototour, Freedom, Events of the Tourism. RésuméL'article vise à présenter le mototourisme par une analyse du déplacement spatial de ceux qui cherchent la liberté, comme une option de loisirs et un choix de vie dont la liberté est la principale motivation. La conceptualisation et l'application d'expression liberté font partie de cette recherche, ainsi que les théories: du voyage de conformité, de nomadisme et de motivation. Comme le motard praticien de mototourisme a voyagé à des événements, est discutée types d'événements de moto existant attaché à des études de tourisme d'événements. Comme prodédure méthodologique ont mené des entretiens et des visites dans les deux plus grands événements de moto dans l'État de Goiás, se concentrant sur les praticiens cette modalité croissant au Brésil.Mots-clés: Mototourisme, Liberté, Tourisme d’evenements.
Plain Aviation English – Qualitative and Quantitative Interpretation
Authors: Vitryak Anatoliy , Slipak Boris , Serhii Kirpitnyov
Published: September 2016

The article deals with the still topical problem of plain aviation English. This problem has been highlighted by ICAO in its ‘Manual on the Implementation of ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements’ (Doc 9835). According to this ‘Manual’, each pilot and air traffic controller are required to have a good ranked command of not only standardized radiotelephony phraseologies which remains dominant but also of plain English intended to be used in the cases which are not covered by the phraseologies. As far as the authors are aware, the concept of plain aviation English has remained mainly declarative so far. The article under consideration is aimed to make up qualitatively quantitatively for this lack. To master plain aviation English, along with the phraseologies, means in fact to acquire natural language competency.
Human Become Coin: Neoliberalism, Anthropology, and Human Possibilities in No Country for Old Men
Authors: Elmore Jonathan , Elmore Rick
Published: September 2016

No Country for Old Men figures the convergence of economics and human nature as the emergence of a new kind of humanity arising from a shift in economic processes. Key to this shift is the conviction that market logic governs human nature, social decision-making, and reality itself. We show how No Country For Old Men details the anthropology of neoliberalism both in the character of Chigurh and in its framing of the characters and narrative of the novel as a whole. In doing so, we unify for the first time two dominant themes in McCarthy scholarship: human nature and economics.
Anna and The Antichrist: Nietzsche, Christian Symbolism, and Vedantic Philosophy in “Anna Christie”
Authors: Thornton Ryder
Published: September 2016

The religious themes in “Anna Christie” reflect O'Neill's synthesis of disparate influences: his Catholic heritage, his enthusiasm for Nietzsche, and his growing interest in Eastern philosophy. This article examines each of these aspects as well as the historic context in which O'Neill transformed his earlier play, Chris Christophersen, into “Anna Christie.” That context includes the 1920 publication of H. L. Mencken's translation of The Antichrist, which may have reconnected O'Neill to Nietzsche's ideas as he was rewriting his play. Christian symbolism in “Anna Christie,” largely inspired by the communion prayer Anima Christi, reflects O'Neill's connection to his father while simultaneously expressing his alignment with Nietzsche's critique of Christianity's moral and metaphysical decadence. O'Neill also explores counterpoints to Christianity by drawing from the principles of Hinduism and Vedantic thought in constructing his metaphor of the sea.
El mercado único digital será la clave del éxito para el comercio internacional en la Unión Europea
Authors: Urquilla Castaneda Alicia
Published: September 2016

Europa está asumiendo la revolución digital y está tratando de ofrecer oportunidades digitales a través de la fuerza del mercado único de la Unión Europea. Este artículo abarca 16 iniciativas bajo tres pilares, proponiendo nuevas normas que faciliten el comercio electrónico. Además, se explica la visión que se tiene de esta iniciativa, los beneficios y los retos, la competencia con otros países, y las implicaciones en las PYMES. Al final se expondrán las conclusiones y las recomendaciones.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 42, 2015; 39-54
Desafíos para asegurar la calidad del servicio de internet inalámbrico en la Universidad Francisco Gavidia
Authors: Ruiz Vargas Mario Rafael
Published: September 2016

El proyecto “Aseguramiento de la conectividad de la red inalámbrica y calidad en el acceso al servicio de internet”, contempla el desarrollo de una solución a las necesidades de conectividad WiFi en la Universidad Francisco Gavidia. La UFG a partir del año 2008 instaló la primera infraestructura que permitió ofrecer el servicio de internet inalámbrico en su campus. Sin embargo, se tuvo que superar grandes desafíos para ofrecer un servicio que permita abarcar el mayor número de usuarios con un nivel aceptable de servicio y que contara con medidas de seguridad apropiadas para una institución de educación superior.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 42, 2015; 100-116
Jaime Suárez Quemain, una vida truncada
Authors: Cárcamo Eduardo Salvador
Published: September 2016

Jaime Suárez Quemain, fue un poeta joven que perteneció a la generación de La Cebolla Púrpura de los años 70, y colaborador de la revista La Masacuata, de tipo artesanal, de esa generación. Jaime fue un poeta maduro y con una visión poética destacable en el concierto de poetas contemporáneos de su tiempo. Relativamente poco se ha hablado o escrito sobre este malogrado bardo, cuya vida fue sesgada por sus ideales de libertad con democracia, y sobre todo por laborar en un semanario de izquierda, en esa época, que le costó la vida, sus ideales registrados en su obra poética, están vigentes como el poeta mismo, cuya poesía aún se encuentra tan fresca como su recuerdo.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 42, 2015; 140-151
Indicadores de la calidad académica de las universidades acreditadas de El Salvador (2009-2013) y su impacto en el desarrollo económico
Authors: Crespín Elías Elner
Published: September 2016

Este artículo explora datos cuantitativos de las nueve universidades acreditadas de El Salvador y hace una evaluación (2009-2013) de los principales indicadores educativos. Los resultados evidencian un posicionamiento de cuatro universidades acreditadas, reflejando diferencias significativas en los principales indicadores de calidad académica.
Por otro lado, se mantienen bajas tasas de graduados en las áreas de Ciencias, con un escaso 1% en los últimos años, lo que evidencia que la ciencia no ha tenido prioridad en las políticas de Estado; además, como país mantenemos bajas tasas de inversión, en relación al PIB, en Actividades de Ciencia y Tecnología (ACT)—0.98%, en Inversión y Desarrollo (I&D)—0.03%, y en el número de investigadores (533).
Estos resultados afectan el desempeño económico del país, producto de la baja productividad de las empresas salvadoreñas, escasa inversión en ACT, en I&D, teniendo a la base la escasa o nula vinculación que tienen las universidades con la Industria, panorama que ha sido constante, requiriendo acciones de parte de los actores de la sociedad para hacer políticas públicas que impacten en el sistema educativo.
Palabras clave: Calidad académica

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 42, 2015; 152-167
Convergencia de entornos virtuales 3D con tarjetas electrónicas como estrategia de apoyo a la educación virtual – Laboratorios virtualizados
Authors: Cuchillac Víctor
Published: September 2016

Este artículo es el resultado del diseño y pruebas de un modelo que permita la virtualización de laboratorios para las áreas de física o robótica como apoyo a las clases de carreras en línea. El modelo posee dos escenarios: el primero consiste en un ecosistema en donde todos los recursos están en línea, mientras que el segundo incorpora la integración de una tarjeta electrónica de bajo costo como interfaz entre la PC del alumno y las variables o sensores físicos.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 42, 2015; 168-187
Editorial No. 22
Authors: Flores José Humberto
Published: September 2016

TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 22, Enero-Mayo 2013; 1-2
Reflexiones sobre la Constitución y la Sala de lo Constitucional
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: September 2016

Lo que se ha querido reivindicar a lo largo de este artículo es la importancia de la razón crítica en los debates jurídico-políticos, así como la necesidad de “liberar” lo jurídico de la resistencia a la deliberación rigurosa y fundamentada.TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 22, Enero-Mayo 2013; 43-63
El pensamiento social cristiano salvadoreño: el caso de Monseñor José Alfonso Belloso y Sánchez (1927-1935)
Authors: Martínez René Chanta
Published: September 2016

Este artículo muestra algunos de los temas sociales abordados por Monseñor José Alfonso Belloso y Sánchez entre 1927 y 1935 en sus Cartas Pastorales, cuando dirigió la Arquidiócesis de San Salvador. Estos temas hacen especial énfasis en la violencia y el anticomunismo. Este último, cobra especial relevancia por los acontecimientos ocurridos por el levantamiento de 1932.TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 22, Enero-Mayo 2013; 83-94
Comentario de textos de “Las historias prohibidas del pulgarcito"
Authors: Rivas Trujillo Julio César
Published: September 2016

TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 22, Enero-Mayo 2013; 101-109
Comparison of different marker sets for marker trajectory and principal component analysis based classification of simulated gait impairments
Authors: Christian Josef , Kluge Felix , Eskofier Björn M , Schwameder Hermann
Published: September 2016

Objective: Many different marker sets have been used in marker trajectory based gait classification approaches. Little knowledge exists about the effects of specific marker sets on the subsequent statistical modeling. Such analysis is often based on principal component analysis. The aim of this study was to test the effect of marker set choice on marker trajectory and principal component analysis based gait classification. Methods: This study tested the performance of principal component analysis based gait classification models with various marker sets on the basis of simulated gait impairments. Simulated gait impairments were used to enable a high level of control of the gait patterns. Results: Classification accuracies were similar across most tested marker sets. Improved performance could be detected for some marker sets depending on the type of impairment. Conclusion: Several potentially valid marker sets exist for a specific gait classification task even though trends could be found suggesting that optimal marker set choice is dependent on functional aspects of the movement.
Effect of ozonation on the Staphylococcus Aureus innoculated in milk
Authors: Couto Emanuel Pereira , Alencar Ernandes Rodrigues , Gonçalves Vítor Salvador Picão , Santos Anderson Joaquim Pereira dos , Ribeiro Jaqueline Lamounier , Ferreira Márcia De Aguiar
Published: September 2016

The aim of this research was evaluate the efficiency of the action of ozonation of milk on the reduction of the bacterial counts of Staphylococcus aureus artificially inoculated and subjected to different binomials times/concentrations of ozone. The samples were divided in four assays: 1 and 2, with skim milk and ozone concentrations of 34.7 mg L –1 and 44.8 mg L-1, respectively, and assays 3 and 4, with whole milk and the same concentrations of ozone. The time of ozonation in all of the assays was 5 (T1), 10 (T2), 15 (T3), 20 (T4) and 25 (T5) minutes. Each treatment was replicated three times. The bacterial counts were determined immediately before and after the ozonation process by plating the samples on Baird Parker agar. In treatments 1 and 2, the greatest reductions were 0.42 log10 CFU/mL (colony forming units per millilitre), whereas in treatments 3 and 4, the greatest reductions were 0.19 and 0.21 log10 CFU/mL, respectively. The results of all of the tests show that, for T1, there was no reduction in the microbial load, whereas for T2, there was a sharp decrease in the microbiota, and this decrease was even more significant for T4 and T5. In both skim and whole milk with ozone concentrations of 34.7 and 44.8 mg L-1, the reductions were significantly greater after 20 minutes of ozonation. The results indicated that ozone showed low efficacy in the reduction of S.aureus inoculated into fluid milk and milk fat interferes with the bactericidal action of the gas.
Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in dairy cattle in Ipameri, state of Goiás, Brazil
Authors: Paim Emily Rocha de Almeida , Ciuffa Andreia Zago , Gomes Dayane Olímpia , Rezende Laís Miguel , Silva Danilo Mundim , Pires Bruno Cabral , Cuccato Ligia Pinho , Martins dos Reis Thais Fernanda , Lima Anna Monteiro Correia
Published: September 2016

Leptospirosis is a disease with worldwide distribution and with risk to human health. In addition, it affects farm animals, and consequently, causes economic losses to farmers. Therefore, understanding the epidemiological profile of the disease in each geographical region is essential. This study was conducted in the rural properties of the municipality of Ipameri, state of Goiás, Brazil, where leptospirosis has not been reported in dairy farming. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in dairy cattle, identify the serovars present, and correlate these results with factors that could favor the appearance of the disease. For this purpose, 285 blood samples were collected from dairy cows and microscopic agglutination tests were conducted to identify the 15 serovars of Leptospira interrogans. A structured questionnaire was applied during the visits to the properties to assess the factors associated with leptospirosis. The prevalence was found to be 18.9%, and the serovars present in the region included Hardjo, Wolffi, Canicola, Hebdomadis, Australis, and Icterohaemorrhagiae. The variables associated with leptospirosis were the presence of reproductive changes in the herd, presence of rodents, increased daily production of milk, hired labor, and lower level of education of the producers.
Intercultural Administration of International Students A Case Study at Jinan University
Authors: Wen Lixia
Published: September 2016

Cultural differences among international students refer to their differences in beliefs, values, understandings, behavioral codes, manners, and customs. Because of these cultural differences, it is important to take interculture into consideration and take appropriate actions in the teaching and administration of international students. From the perspective of interculture, the paper discusses the teaching and administration of international students in China, based on a case study at Jinan University. It highlights the characteristics between the East and West through the students’ interactions within the different cultures, and attempts to put forward feasible solutions to the cultural adaptability of international students. I (or we, depending on the number of the authors) argue that the education and administration of international students is a kind of intercultural education and administration, and a kind of service-oriented education and administration model. 
Offering the Model of Structural Equations for the Parameters of Leadership Thinking, Communication and Meritocracy in Training of the Organizational Leaders of Oil Company
Authors: Rahimian Hamid , Arash Majid , Abbaspour Abbas , Delavar Ali
Published: September 2016

Organizations can be regarded as one of the main social foundations in the present age and management can be one of the most important factors of life, growth, and flourishing of the organizations. The issue of training of leaders has complicated and mixed dimensions and identity, therefore there is not a deep understanding of the concept among most of the administrators and also in the research – scientific centers level. This paper aims to offer a model of the structural equations of the consisting variables of the core concept (leadership thinking, communication, and meritocracy). In this research, the analytical – descriptive method was used to offer the model of structural equations for the parameters of leadership thinking, communication, and meritocracy in the training of the organizational leaders of Oil Company. The statistical population includes top, middle and first line managers of Oil Company and the questionnaires were prepared randomly by sampling and according to the Morgan table for 384 subjects. Quantitative analyze of data were performed by SPSS software version 19, and the structural equations were analyzed by the 8/7 LISREL software. Finally, the effect of each of the variables of leadership thinking, communication, and meritocracy on the main variable of core concept was determined by the offered structural model. The model reliability was confirmed by the goodness of fit indices. 
Effect of Alignment on Text Cohesion in the Continuation Task
Authors: Jiang Lin , Xu Xin
Published: September 2016

A continuation task provides learners with a text with its ending removed and requires them to complete it through writing in a most coherent and logical way. The current study investigated (a) whether the continuation task had a positive effect on text cohesion and (b) whether texts produced by pairs exhibited higher cohesion than those produced by individual learners. A total of 80 college students were randomly assigned to one of three task conditions: 1) 40 students working in pairs in a continuation task; 2) 20 working individually in a continuation task; and 3) 20 working individually in a picture writing task. Text cohesion was analyzed by using three indices from Coh-metrix: Argument Overlap, Latent Semantic Analysis, and Causal Cohesion. Moreover, the collaborative dialogue and think-aloud protocols were collected and transcribed for identifying language-related episodes (LREs). The results showed that learners in Condition 1 produced the highest text cohesion while those in Conditions 3 the lowest. Furthermore, learners in Condition 1 produced more cohesion-related LREs, especially proportionally more correctly resolved LREs than those in Conditions 2 and 3. The implications of these findings from the perspective of alignment are discussed.
The Economic Impact of the Qualifying Industrial Estates in Jordan on the Jordanian Economic Activity: A Case Study on Al-Hassan Industrial Estate, Jordan, (2000-2014)
Authors: Bataineh Talal M. , Aligah Khaled M. Abu , Alawneh Ateyah M
Published: September 2016

This study aims at exploring the impact of exports, employment,, investment size, and the number of companies in Industrial estate and the economic activity in Jordan from 2000-2014. The economic activity was represented by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Statistical analysis for the model of the study demonstrated that there is a positive relationship, with statistical significance, with regard to the exports of the industrial estates in Al Hassan Industrial estate. This means that the export of Al Hassan industrial estate positively contributes to enhance the economic activities in Jordan. However, the study found a negative correlation, with a statistical significance, between employments in the industrial estates of Al Hassan industrial estates with the Gross Domestic product (GDP) since most employees at the estate are from different Jordanian nationalities. The study has also found a positive correlation between the industrial companies’ size in Al Hassan Industrial estate with the GDP, but with no significance statistical significance because the inputs of productivity are imported from outside of the country based on the partnership agreement with the United States of America, which also doesn’t reflect positively on the economic activity in Jordan. The study has come up with some significant recommendations. There is an urgent necessity to enact regulations and rules for the companies in Al-Hassan industrial estate to employ local Jordanian citizens and motivate the national investment through the financial policies and adopting the policy of diplomacy of the Jordanian investor.
The Value System of Youths in Jordan: Implications for Human Resource & Marketing Managers
Authors: Obeidat Ahmad Mohammad , Obeidat Zaid Mohammad , Obeidat Mohammad Ibrahim
Published: September 2016

Based on a sample of 263 Jordanians, this study aimed to identify the value system of the Jordanian youths and compare it to that of their seniors. Using Rokeach value system survey and a snowball sampling technique data was collected from two samples: students in a major university in Jordan and their parents. Although, significant differences were found for a number of values between the students and their parents, the findings of this study identified similar value systems structures for both samples. This study contributes to the existing literature by exploring the value system of youths in Jordan and suggests a number of recommendations for HR and Marketing Managers. Transformational leadership does not significantly affect technology transfer effectiveness. tor in Egypt. rsonal authority of the leader; On technology transfer effectiveness.
Quality of Health Services and Patients’ Satisfaction in Accredited and Non-Accredited Hospitals
Authors: Saif Naser Ibrahim
Published: September 2016

The majority of hospitals follow voluntary or mandatory accreditation standards; these standards are widely believed to improve the quality of hospital services (QHS) and thereby increase patient satisfaction (PS). The current descriptive-comparative study explored patients’ opinions and beliefs with regard to QHS and PS at accredited and non-accredited Jordanian public hospitals in 2016. Data of discharged patients were collected using a structured questionnaire; 250 patients from four hospitals participated (response rate: 83%). SPSS v.15 was used calculate mean values, standard deviations, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and to conduct t-tests. Patients indicated medium levels of QHS and PS in both accredited and non-accredited hospitals; additionally, QHS and PS were significantly correlated (p ≤ 0.05) in both types of hospitals. These results suggest that QHS and PS require improvement in all Jordanian public hospitals; future research should identify causal relationships between implementing accreditation standards and patient satisfaction.