bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of religiosity on luxury goods: The case of Chilean youths
Authors: Arli Denni , Gil Luciana de Araujo , van Esch Patrick
Published: January 2020

Religion has always rejected the concept of materialism and urged people to live in simplicity and moderation. Nonetheless, reality reveals a different phenomenon. Studies on religion and materialism have found inconsistent results. We examine the effect of religion on materialism and affective attitudes towards luxury goods and the mediating effect of materialism on affective attitude towards luxury goods. We propose the idea that many religious people reject the concept of materialism, but they consider luxury goods consumption compatible with their religious beliefs. 355 university students show that youth consumers with high intrinsic religiosity possess an affective attitude towards luxury goods. The results show that consumers perceived materialism and luxury goods as two separate constructs. Religious consumers reject the concept of materialism as an attachment to worldly possessions, but they maintain their emotional affection towards luxury goods. The results have several implications for both business and religious leaders. First, from a business perspective, there are no significant differences between religious and nonreligious youth consumers, especially in their acceptance of luxury goods. Simply put, religious youth consumers love God, but they also love Gucci (i.e., luxury goods). On the other hand, if religious leaders are teaching their congregations to reject materialism, they may need to shift the focus of their teaching from materialism to the role of luxury goods in their lives and how the purchase and ownership of luxury items may not reflect the true values of their beliefs.
Exosomes transmit T790M mutation‐induced resistance in EGFR‐mutant NSCLC by activating PI3K/AKT signalling pathway
Authors: Liu Xiaozhen , Jiang Tao , Li Xuefei , Zhao Chao , Li Jiayu , Zhou Fei , Zhang Limin , Zhao Sha , Jia Yijun , Shi Jinpeng , Gao Guanghui , Li Wei , Zhao Jing , Chen Xiaoxia , Su Chunxia , Ren Shengxiang , Zhou Caicun
Published: January 2020

Emerging evidence has shown that exosomes derived from drug‐resistant tumour cells are able to horizontally transmit drug‐resistant phenotype to sensitive cells. However, whether exosomes shed by EGFR T790M‐mutant–resistant NSCLC cells could transfer drug resistance to sensitive cells has not been investigated. We isolated exosomes from the conditioned medium (CM) of T790M‐mutant NSCLC cell line H1975 and sensitive cell line PC9. The role and mechanism of exosomes in regulating gefitinib resistance was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Exosome‐derived miRNA expression profiles from PC9 and H1975 were analysed by small RNA sequencing and confirmed by qRT‐PCR. We found that exosomes shed by H1975 could transfer gefitinib resistance to PC9 both in vitro and in vivo through activating PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Small RNA sequencing and RT‐PCR confirmed that miR‐3648 and miR‐522‐3p were the two most differentially expressed miRNAs and functional study showed that up‐regulation of miR‐522‐3p could induce gefitinib resistance in PC9 cell. The findings of our study reveal an important mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR‐TKIs in NSCLC.
Combined ohmic heating and krypton‐chlorine excilamp treatment for the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple juice
Authors: Kim Sang‐Soon , Park Jihun , Park Heesoo , Hong Haknyeong , Kang Dong‐Hyun
Published: January 2020

The combined effect of the 222‐nm krypton‐chlorine (KrCl) excilamp and ohmic heating for the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple juice was investigated in this study. When ohmic heating and a KrCl excilamp were applied to apple juice simultaneously, the reduction level of E. coli O157:H7 following 70 s (target temperature of 65.9°C) of combination treatment reaching 4.6 log CFU/ml was significantly higher than that of each treatment alone (2.7 log CFU/ml). The same trend, indicating a synergistic bactericidal effect, was observed for L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium. Therefore, the combination treatment of the KrCl excilamp and ohmic heating can be used effectively to control bacterial pathogens in apple juice with a reduced processing time.

Practical applications

Demands for energy‐efficient and environmentally friendly bactericidal apparatuses have been increasing. Although the mercury UV lamp has been widely used to inactivate foodborne pathogens in water or juice products individually or combined with heat treatment, the use of this conventional lamp will be limited continuously in accordance with the Minamata Convention treaty, which restricts the use of mercury. Thus, it is of interest to identify the bactericidal effect of an alternative UV‐C lamp and its combination with heat treatment. The synergistic bactericidal effect of the KrCl excilamp and ohmic heating, which are alternative nonthermal and thermal technologies, respectively, was identified in the present study. The results indicated in this study could be utilized by juice processors to achieve a 5‐log reduction in foodborne pathogens.
Developmental stages and estimated prevalence of coexisting mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions and service use in youth with intellectual disabilities, 2011–2012
Authors: Comer‐HaGans D. , Weller B. E. , Story C. , Holton J.
Published: January 2020

Background

Few studies exist on mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions and service use among youth with intellectual disabilities (IDs), which makes it difficult to develop interventions for this population. The objective of the study is to (1) estimate and compare the prevalence of mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions in youth with and without ID across three developmental stages and (2) estimate and compare mental health service use in youth with and without ID across three developmental stages.

Methods

We conducted secondary data analysis using cross‐sectional data collected from caregivers completing the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children's Health. The data set represents a nationally representative sample of youth (0–17 years) in the USA with one child from each household being randomly selected. Data were collected from caregivers in 50 states, Washington D.C. and the US Virgin Islands. We restricted the sample to parents of youth between 3–17 years (N = 81 510).

Results

Compared with youth without ID, youth ages 3–17 with ID had a statistically significantly higher prevalence of (1) mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions and (2) mental health care use and medication use for mental health and neurodevelopmental issues (other than attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Clinically significant differences in coexisting conditions and service use were also found across developmental stages.

Conclusions

Youth with ID are at greater risk of having coexisting mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions than youth without ID and are more likely to receive treatment. Therefore, clinicians should consider mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions and the unique needs of youth by developmental stage when tailoring interventions for youth with ID.
A stable relationship between personality and academic performance from childhood through adolescence. An original study and replication in hundred‐thousand‐person samples
Authors: Andersen Simon Calmar , Gensowski Miriam , Ludeke Steven G. , John Oliver P.
Published: January 2020

Objective

Many studies have demonstrated that personality traits predict academic performance for students in high school and college. Much less evidence exists on whether the relationship between personality traits and academic performance changes from childhood to adolescence, and existing studies show very mixed findings. This study tests one hypothesis—that the importance of Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, and Conscientiousness for academic performance changes fundamentally during school—against an alternative hypothesis suggesting that the changing relationships found in previous research are largely measurement artifacts.

Method

We used a nationwide sample of 135,389 primary and lower secondary students from Grade 4 to Grade 8. We replicated all results in a separate sample of another 127,375 students.

Results

We found that academic performance was equally strongly related to our measure of Conscientiousness at all these grade levels, and the significance of Agreeableness and Emotional Stability predominantly reflected their connections with Conscientiousness. However, age also appeared to shape the relationship between Emotional Stability and performance.

Conclusion

Amidst the replication crisis in psychology these findings demonstrate a very stable and predictable relationship between personality traits and academic performance, which may have important implications for the education of children already in primary school.
Profiles of Risk and Protection for Violence and Bullying Perpetration Among Adolescent Boys
Authors: Taliaferro Lindsay A. , Doty Jennifer L. , Gower Amy L. , Querna Katherine , Rovito Michael J.
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND

Violence and bullying perpetration among boys are major public health problems. We address gaps in the literature by examining: (1) how risk and protective factors co‐occur, and (2) how different risk/protection profiles are associated with violence and bullying perpetration among adolescent boys.

METHODS

Data came from the population‐based 2016 Minnesota Student Survey. The analytic sample included boys in grades 8, 9, and 11 (N = 63,818). Latent profile analyses identified patterns of 22 behavioral, intrapersonal, family, and school and community risk/protective factors. Logistic regression analyses examined how these patterns related to violence and bullying perpetration.

RESULTS

We identified 5 groups: Class 1: Low risk, high safety, high connectedness; Class 2: Low risk, moderate safety, moderate connectedness; Class 3: Moderate risk, high safety, moderate connectedness; Class 4: High risk, moderate safety, low connectedness; and Class 5: High risk, low safety, low connectedness. Compared to Class 1, Class 5 students had the highest odds of all for violence and bullying perpetration. Class 4 students also demonstrated high odds of violence and bullying, compared to Class 1. Though not as high as Classes 4 or 5, Class 2 and 3 students showed higher odds for both outcomes, compared to Class 1.

CONCLUSIONS

Substantive variations exist in boys who engage in violence and bullying. We highlight cumulative, co‐occurring risk factors, connectedness to parents and other prosocial adults (eg, teachers), and school and neighborhood safety as important factors to address in school health programs seeking to prevent violence and bullying perpetration among boys.
Meconium aspiration syndrome: incidence, associated risk factors and outcome‐evidence from a multicentric study in low‐resource settings in Nepal
Authors: Paudel Prajwal , Sunny Avinash K , Poudel Pragya G , Gurung Rejina , Gurung Abhishek , Bastola Ramchandra , Chaudhary Ram N , Budhathoki Shyam S , Ashish K C
Published: January 2020

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify the incidence, risk factors and outcome associated with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS).

Methods

An observational study was conducted in 12 public hospitals in Nepal from 1 July 2017 to 29 August 2018. All babies born within the study period were included in the study. Babies who were diagnosed as MAS were designated as outcome. Data were analysed with bivariate analysis followed by multiple regression analysis.

Results

The overall incidence of MAS was 2.0 per 1000 livebirths. Babies born at post‐term gestation (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.41; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05–5.55), nulliparity (AOR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.20–4.28), instrumental delivery (AOR = 4.79; 95% CI: 2.52–9.10) and caesarean delivery (AOR = 3.67; 95% CI: 2.29–5.89) were significantly associated with MAS. Babies with MAS had a 10‐fold risk for pre‐discharge mortality (odds ratio = 9.87; 95% CI: 5.81–16.76).

Conclusions

The findings in this study are consistent with that reported in other studies. MAS has a high risk of neonatal mortality. Thus, monitoring during pregnancy and labour is necessary for early identification of high‐risk conditions associated with MAS. Strengthening of newborn care services is essential to curtail mortality.
Evidence of widespread hybridization among couch grasses (Elymus, Poaceae)
Authors: Urfusová Romana , Mahelka Václav , Krahulec František , Urfus Tomáš
Published: January 2020

Hybridization, polyploidization, and crop‐to‐wild gene transfer within the agriculturally important tribe Triticeae are well explored experimentally, but the true consequences of both phenomena under natural conditions remain understudied. The present paper reports on an investigation of three species of couch grasses (Elymus hispidus, E. repens, and E. caninus) examining the ploidy levels and absolute genome sizes (1081 plants from 302 natural populations in Central Europe, verified by chromosome counts) and their morphological delimitation. In the present study, the hexaploid level prevailed in E. hispidus and E. repens whereas E. caninus was exclusively tetraploid. Introgressive hybridization between hexaploid species, unidirectionally shifted towards E. hispidus, was indicated by a continual pattern of genome size values. We did not find any evidence for heteroploid hybridization involving tetraploid E. caninus; however, we detected minority cytotypes among both E. caninus plants (hexaploid) and E. repens–E. hispidus hybrids (heptaploid and nonaploid) suggesting the formation of unreduced gametes. Morphometric results (367 plants, redundancy analysis, principal component analysis, and correlation analysis) mirrored the continual homoploid pattern of absolute genome size (including the unidirectional shift), and a significant correlation between absolute genome size and morphology was confirmed. Moreover, morphometric analyses detected additional characteristics for the delimitation of the Elymus taxa under study. Considering the crossability of E. hispidus with Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), the revealed extent of introgressive hybridization has implications for assessing the potential risk of gene flow between crops and troublesome weeds.
Retreatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C, subtype 1b and cirrhosis, who failed previous direct‐acting antiviral therapy including first‐ and second‐generation NS5A inhibitors with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, dasabuvir + sofosbuvir + ribavirin
Authors: Fedorchenko Sergii V. , Martynovych Tatiana , Klimenko Zhanna , Yanchenko Vitaliy , Solianyk Iryna
Published: January 2020

The use of direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection results in sustained virologic response (SVR) rates of 95%‐97%, but 3%‐5% of patients experience virologic failure. We observed 17 patients infected with HCV subtype 1b who failed previous treatment with DAA, including 13 subjects (76.5%) with liver cirrhosis. Twelve subjects (70.6%) previously received NS5A inhibitors of the first generation (ledipasvir or daclatasvir) and five subjects (29.4%) – the second generation (velpatasvir). All patients were retreated with a combination of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir (3D) with sofosbuvir (SOF) and ribavirin (RBV). We compared SVR12 rates depending on fibrosis stage, presence of just single or double NS5A mutations (L31M/V/I and/or Y93H), and on the generation of previously used NS5A inhibitor. Observed SVR12 rates were as follows: 94.1% (16/17 patients) overall; 100% in patients without cirrhosis (n = 4) vs 92.3% in those with cirrhosis (n = 13); 100% with single L31M/V/I or Y93H mutation (n = 7) vs 88.9% with double mutations (n = 9); 100% in patients who previously failed first generation (n = 12) vs 80.0% in those failed second‐generation NS5A inhibitors (n = 5). Retreatment with 3D + 0SOF + RBV was highly effective and safe in patients with chronic HCV GT1b infection who failed previous use of NS5A inhibitors. Fibrosis stage, baseline presence of NS5A RAS mutations and the generation of previously used NS5A inhibitors may impact the probability of achieving SVR12, but statistical significance was not demonstrated in our small retrospective cohort. Further studies in a larger population are needed to confirm or not the predictive value of these baseline factors.
RNA testing for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis A during the 2017 outbreak in France
Authors: Tram Julie , Le Baccon‐Sollier Paul , Bolloré Karine , Ducos Jacques , Mondain Anne‐Marie , Pastor Patrick , Pageaux Georges‐Philippe , Makinson Alain , de Perre Philippe Van , Tuaillon Edouard
Published: January 2020

Diagnostic of acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is based on the detection of anti‐HAV IgM without testing for the pathogen itself. We evaluated the usefulness of HAV RNA testing for confirmation of acute hepatitis A and to provide indications about the level of HAV replication in HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative subjects during an unprecedented outbreak of HAV observed in France in 2017. HAV RNA was detected in 38 out of 41 (92.6%) subjects with a clinical diagnosis of acute hepatitis A, whereas nine cases tested positive for anti‐HAV IgM in whom the diagnosis of acute hepatitis A was not retained were found negative for HAV RNA. All subjects in the control group were also tested negative for HAV RNA. HAV viremia was correlated to ALT peak (r = .64; P < .0001). HIV‐infected patients have similar HAV RNA levels but were less likely to have prolonged international normalized ratio of prothrombin time when compared to the HIV‐uninfected group (P = .016), suggesting a less severe course of acute hepatitis. HAV RNA was detected in the serum of most of the patients with acute hepatitis A, indicating that the direct detection of HAV can be used to confirm hepatitis A in patients tested positive for anti‐HAV IgM antibodies. Nucleic acid tests should serve more broadly during the diagnosis workup of acute hepatitis A to improve the predictive values of HAV in vitro diagnostic tests and to confirm acute hepatitis A in patients tested positive with IgM with moderate or low S/CO values.
The salinity challenge
Authors: Sanders Dale
Published: January 2020

This article is a Commentary on Arsova et al., 225: 1111–1119; Che‐Othman et al., 225: 1166–1180; Fricke, 225: 1152–1165; Munns et al., 225: 1072–1090; Munns et al., 225: 1091–1096; Rubio et al., 225: 1097–1104; Shabala et al., 225: 1105–1110.
Protective role of mouse mast cell tryptase Mcpt6 in melanoma
Authors: Grujic Mirjana , Hellman Lars , Gustafson Ann‐Marie , Akula Srinivas , Melo Fabio Rabelo , Pejler Gunnar
Published: January 2020

Tryptase‐positive mast cells populate melanomas, but it is not known whether tryptase impacts on melanoma progression. Here we addressed this and show that melanoma growth is significantly higher in tryptase‐deficient (Mcpt6−/−) versus wild‐type mice. Histochemical analysis showed that mast cells were frequent in the tumor stroma of both wild‐type and Mcpt6−/− mice, and also revealed their presence within the tumor parenchyma. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that tryptase was taken up by the tumor cells. Further, tryptase‐positive granules were released from mast cells and were widely distributed within the tumor tissue, suggesting that tryptase could impact on the tumor microenvironment. Indeed, gene expression analysis showed that the absence of Mcpt6 caused decreased expression of numerous genes, including Cxcl9, Tgtp2, and Gbp10, while the expression of 5p‐miR3098 was enhanced. The levels of CXCL9 were lower in serum from Mcpt6−/− versus wild‐type mice. In further support of a functional impact of tryptase on melanoma, recombinant tryptase (Mcpt6) was taken up by cultured melanoma cells and caused reduced proliferation. Altogether, our results indicate a protective role of mast cell tryptase in melanoma growth.
Photodynamic Therapy and the Biophysics of the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Sorrin Aaron J. , Kemal Ruhi Mustafa , Ferlic Nathaniel A. , Karimnia Vida , Polacheck William J. , Celli Jonathan P. , Huang Huang‐Chiao , Rizvi Imran
Published: January 2020

Targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) provides opportunities to modulate tumor physiology, enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents, impact immune response and overcome resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemistry‐based, nonthermal modality that produces reactive molecular species at the site of light activation and is in the clinic for nononcologic and oncologic applications. The unique mechanisms and exquisite spatiotemporal control inherent to PDT enable selective modulation or destruction of the TME and cancer cells. Mechanical stress plays an important role in tumor growth and survival, with increasing implications for therapy design and drug delivery, but remains understudied in the context of PDT and PDT‐based combinations. This review describes pharmacoengineering and bioengineering approaches in PDT to target cellular and noncellular components of the TME, as well as molecular targets on tumor and tumor‐associated cells. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of mechanical stress in the context of targeted PDT regimens, and combinations, for primary and metastatic tumors.
Syncytial variant of classic Hodgkin lymphoma: Four cases diagnosed with the aid of CD274/programmed cell death ligand 1 immunohistochemistry
Authors: Kohno Kei , Sakakibara Ayako , Iwakoshi Akari , Hasegawa Masaki , Adachi Shiro , Ishikawa Eri , Suzuki Yuka , Shimada Satoko , Nakaguro Masato , Shimoyama Yoshie , Takahara Taishi , Takahashi Emiko , Ohashi Akiko , Satou Akira , Kato Seiichi , Asano Naoko , Nakamura Shigeo
Published: January 2020

Although several reports have highlighted neoplastic PD‐L1 (nPD‐L1) expression in classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), some have addressed associations between its expression and detailed histopathologic features. Here we describe four cases of syncytial variant of CHL (SV‐CHL), with and without Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) association, and highlight the diagnostic utility of PD‐L1 (clone SP142) immunohistochemistry. The patients were a 61‐year‐old male, 45‐year‐old male, 85‐year‐old female, and 89‐year‐old female. All presented with cervical or axillary lymphadenopathy, which on biopsy had the established histopathologic features of SV‐CHL with a biphasic pattern of cohesive sheets of large tumor cells and typically scattered distribution of Hodgkin and Reed–Stenberg (HRS) cells. These tumor cells showed identical immunophenotypic findings for CD15, CD30, Fascin, PAX5, OCT2, BOB1 and EBV harboring, regardless of location. The exception was absent or decreased expression of nPD‐L1 from tumor cells in the confluent sheets, contrasting with HRS cell positivity in typical areas of CHL. These findings offer the first suggestion of possible downregulation of nPD‐L1 expression in association with the histopathologic progression of CHL. The results may be relevant for recognizing ‘confluent’ sheets in the diagnostic workup for SV‐CHL.
Evaluation of Datura stramonium and Nicandra physaloides as reservoirs of tomato severe rugose virus and whiteflies
Authors: Gorayeb Eduardo S. , Bello Vinicius H. , Cruciol Giovana Carolina D. , Watanabe Luís Fernando M. , Dovigo Leonardo H. , Sartori Maria Márcia P. , Pavan Marcelo A. , Krause-Sakate Renate
Published: January 2020

Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) is the most important begomovirus transmitted and spread by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in tomato crops in Brazil. Cultural practices are being adopted, along with insecticides, for controlling this virus. However, little is known about the importance of weeds in the pathosystem, which can contribute to the failure of these practices. This work aimed to evaluate the role of Datura stramonium and Nicandra physaloides as alternative hosts of ToSRV and verify the viral influence on the biological performance of Bemisia tabaci Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species. N. physaloides was a better alternative host for ToSRV when combined with MEAM1 whiteflies, while D. stramonium was mostly a good host for whitefly reproduction. Viral infection improved MEAM1 performance on both host plants but affected MED performance negatively. These data suggest that both weeds can be of some importance for the pathosystem, and their control should be included in management programmes.
Non‐invasive functional exploration techniques for bivalves with applications to pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera
Authors: Le Moullac Gilles , Soyez Claude , Lyonnard Pierre , Chabrier Sébastien , Milhade Léo , Gueguen Yannick , Beliaeff Benoit
Published: January 2020

Non‐invasive functional exploration techniques can provide information on different aspects of general organism functioning and, unlike lethal or invasive techniques, allow individual organisms to be monitored for as long as necessary. For bivalves, a fairly wide variety of methods and instrumental means exist allowing physiology to be assessed on‐line while keeping animals alive and intact. The current range of non‐invasive techniques for bivalves consists of systems for measuring metabolic flows and valve activity, which can be used on bivalve molluscs for as long as an individual animal's characteristics (e.g. size) make this technically feasible. In this paper, we present some of these non‐invasive techniques with applications for pearl oyster and list other potentially promising techniques. We also focus on a unique method we developed specifically for to record the pearl rotation characteristics within pearl oysters. This article presents the state of the art in non‐invasive functional exploration techniques. We hope that the information provided here will be useful to physiologists of bivalve marine molluscs through the tools and applications presented here or other future approaches based on them.
Bio‐mediated soil improvement: The way forward
Authors: Jiang Ning‐Jun , Tang Chao‐Sheng , Hata Toshiro , Courcelles Benoît , Dawoud Osama , Singh Devendra N.
Published: January 2020

Bio‐mediated soil improvement involves the usage of microbes to improve soil engineering performance through a series of bio‐geochemical processes. In particular, Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP), a ubiquitous bio‐geochemical process that occurs in soil and results in permanent inorganic cementation between soil grains, has received the greatest research focus. While substantial progress has been made to develop MICP as a mainstream soil improvement technique, we still need to: (a) improve our understanding of the fundamental microbial, chemical and flow processes involved; (b) achieve multi‐functionality by coupling engineering performance enhancement with ecological, environmental and carbon footprint benefits; and (c) maintain ecological balance and environmental friendliness, avoid long‐term deterioration and lower the energy demand.
Coinfection of Mycobacterium malmoense and Mycobacterium chimaera in a kidney transplant recipient: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Maalouly Christian , Devresse Arnaud , Martin Anandi , Rodriguez‐Villalobos Hector , Kanaan Nada , Belkhir Leïla
Published: January 2020

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous organisms found in soil and water. Solid organ recipients are at increased risk of NTM infections due to impaired immunity. Although the NTM infections rate is low, it increases morbidity and the risk of mortality. Diagnosis is often delayed because of the lack of specific clinical symptoms and requires a high index of suspicion. Management may be challenging: long‐term treatment with risks of side effects and interactions with immunosuppressive regimen; reduction of immunosuppression; and risk of allograft rejection. Prognosis is widely variable. We report the first case of Mycobacterium malmoense chest infection with concomitant Mycobacterium chimaera urinary tract infection in a kidney transplant recipient. The evolution was marked by poor tolerance of the treatment with severe adverse events and disabled functional status.
Toxoplasma‐induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after haploidentical allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Sanchez‐Petitto Gabriela , Holtzman Noa G. , Bukhari Ali , Brown Matthew , Morales Megan K. , Koka Madhurima , Yared Jean A. , Dahiya Saurabh , Rapoport Aaron P. , Hardy Nancy M.
Published: January 2020

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a disorder of immune regulation, manifested by fever, pancytopenia, hyperferritiniemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and extensive hemophagocytosis involving the bone marrow and spleen. HLH can occur in adults with an underlying hematopoietic malignancy, or with systemic infections. HLH following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is unusual, and the diagnosis may be challenging particularly because the diagnostic criteria in the HLH‐2004 guidelines overlap with common post‐transplant complications such as engraftment syndrome, graft‐vs‐host disease, and infections. HLH is commonly triggered by viral, bacterial and, less commonly, parasitic infections. Following HSCT, patients with latent Toxoplasma infection may develop systemic disease secondary to reactivation, and rarely this may lead to a HLH physiology, with a very high mortality rate. Herein we describe the successful management of disseminated toxoplasmosis associated with life‐threatening HLH using tocilizumab and antimicrobial therapy.
Specialist sexual violence social work: Ensuring good practice
Authors: Leary Bridget , Hay Kathryn
Published: January 2020

INTRODUCTION: This research sought to understand social workers’ perspectives on good practice in specialist sexual violence social work practice in Aotearoa New Zealand.METHODS: In 2018, five registered social workers engaged in semi-structured interviews focused on good practice social work in the field of sexual violence.FINDINGS: The use of therapeutic social work, along with an extensive skill set and knowledge base were identified as fundamental for sexual violence social work. Boundaries and the development of broad self-care practices were recognised as crucial components of good practice.CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study offers links between the field of sexual violence and social work practice, while also indicating the need for future research.
Food banks and food rescue organisations: Damned if they do; damned if they don’t
Authors: Wason Susan
Published: January 2020

INTRODUCTION: Food banks, a charitable response to a politically driven crisis in Aotearoa New Zealand, have become institutionalised. They emerged in an ad hoc manner and, since the 1980s, have helped address the emergency food needs of those experiencing food poverty. Food Rescue organisations, a later creation, emerged in an organised and planned manner. They have helped to address the needs of those experiencing food poverty by increasing the quantity, and the amount of perishable food available for distribution.METHOD: This article draws on academic literature and research of the Dunedin/Otepoti newsprint media completed for a thesis in 2017 to provide background about how these organisations came to exist and the socio-political context that supports their existence.FINDINGS: The development of food banks in Dunedin/Ōtepoti reflected the global explanations for their rise; however, with the advent of KiwiHarvest the mechanisms for addressing food poverty are undergoing a paradigm shift.IMPLICATIONS: These new mechanisms have the potential to be more inclusive of those experiencing food poverty. Choice of food, involvement of recipients in the policy setting and the distribution of food, and fewer criteria are possible innovations. There are also opportunities for this new paradigm to extend and enhance the traditional role of food banks in conversations and actions that address social justice issues.
A survey of social workers in Aotearoa New Zealand about their professional use of social media
Authors: Stanfield Deb
Published: January 2020

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this article is to report findings from a survey which provides an overall beginning picture of how Aotearoa New Zealand social workers operate in their social media landscape, and an account of their opinions and attitudes about the professional social work use of social media.METHODS: A self-administered internet survey which sits within the context of a mixed methods research design, gathered broad, shallow, mainly quantitative data (QUAN-qual) from 342 Aotearoa New Zealand social workers about their professional participation in social media. Using Likert-type scales and multiple-choice questions, information was sought about the social work experience (behaviour, opinions/attitudes) of using social media for professional reasons, including motivations, limitations and challenges.FINDINGS: Fewer than half of the respondents reported using social media for professional reasons, and there was reticence amongst participants about the professional value of social media. Concerns about privacy, security and ethical issues were presented as primary limitations to the use of social media by both users and non-users—however, non-users were more likely to be prevented by their employers from using social media and, on average, maintained a more neutral stance regarding their interest in using it.CONCLUSION: The analysis of findings from this survey offer insight into areas of potential development, leadership and research regarding social worker use of social media in this country.
Effect of oxygen plasma cleaning on nonswitching pseudo-Bosch etching of high aspect ratio silicon pillars
Authors: Aydinoglu Ferhat , Pan Aixi , Zhu Chenxu , Cui Bo
Published: January 2020

In dry plasma silicon etching, it is desired to have a high etching rate, a high etching selectivity to mask material, a vertical or controllable sidewall profile, and a smooth sidewall. Since the standard Bosch process (switching between SF6 and C4F8 gases) leads to a wavy/rough sidewall profile, the nonswitching pseudo-Bosch process is developed to give a smooth sidewall needed for nanostructure fabrication. In the process, SF6 and C4F8 gases are introduced to the chamber simultaneously. Here, the authors show that by introducing a periodic oxygen (O2) plasma cleaning step, that is, switching between SF6/C4F8 etching and O2 cleaning, the silicon etching rate can be significantly improved (by up to ∼55%, from 139 to 216 nm/min) without any adverse effect. This is mainly because O2 plasma can remove the fluorocarbon polymer passivation layer at the surface. The etching and cleaning step durations were varied from 5 s to 40 min and from 0 to 60 s, respectively. The fastest etching rates were obtained when the cleaning step takes roughly 10% of the total etching time.
How About Playing Games as a Career? The Evolution of E-Sports in the Eyes of Mainstream Media and Public Relations
Authors: Hou Jue , Yang Xiaoxu , Panek Elliot
Published: January 2020

This paper examined the media and public relations coverage of e-sport in China over a 17-yr period, focusing on how the representations of e-sport as a fast-growing industry have changed in China during that time. With the theoretical underpinning of media framing, the study used content analysis and examined 400 e-sport-related reports. Specifically, it investigated the tone of coverage, the topic emphasis of e-sport-related stories, and the use of jargon and statistics in the reports. In general, findings indicated that both mainstream media and public relations gradually covered e-sport issues in a more positive way as time went by. Similar to reporting on traditional sports, the topic emphasis changed from nongame issues to player and team performance in the contemporary climate. The findings highlight the importance of live-streaming platforms in e-sport development and suggest that more traditional-sport-styled media coverage of e-sport might benefit the industry. Finally, the study calls for an evaluation of media e-sport coverage in different cultural contexts and comparisons between e-sport’s and traditional sports’ representation in the contemporary media climate.
Increasing Physical Activity in Persons With Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pomiersky Rebekka , Abel Bastian , Werner Christian , Lacroix André , Pfeiffer Klaus , Schäufele Martina , Hauer Klaus
Published: January 2020

This study investigated the effectivity and sustainability of a physical activity (PA) promotion and motor training programs and analyzed predictors for PA changes in persons with dementia. A total of 122 participants with mild-to-moderate dementia were randomized to the intervention program designed for persons with dementia (intervention group) or a motor placebo activity (control group). The primary outcome was the Physical Activity Questionnaire for the Elderly assessed at the baseline, after the 3-month intervention, and at a 3-month follow-up. The PA promotion program significantly increased PA in the intervention group compared with the control group during the training intervention phase. Both groups showed an increase in habitual PA when intervention-induced activities were excluded. PA was sustainably increased in both groups at follow-up. Low baseline PA was predictive for increased PA after the intervention and low baseline PA, high motor performance, and low comorbidity for increased PA at follow-up.
Homeostasis and transitional activation of regulatory T cells require c-Myc
Authors: Saravia Jordy , Zeng Hu , Dhungana Yogesh , Bastardo Blanco Daniel , Nguyen Thanh-Long M. , Chapman Nicole M. , Wang Yanyan , Kanneganti Apurva , Liu Shaofeng , Raynor Jana L. , Vogel Peter , Neale Geoffrey , Carmeliet Peter , Chi Hongbo
Published: January 2020

c-Myc coordinates context-dependent homeostasis and transitional activation with metabolic programming of regulatory T cells.
Hotspot swells and the lifespan of volcanic ocean islands
Authors: Huppert Kimberly L. , Perron J. Taylor , Royden Leigh H.
Published: January 2020

Bathymetry and global records of island drowning show that mantle processes control how long hotspot islands stay above water.
Forecasted attribution of the human influence on Hurricane Florence
Authors: Reed K. A. , Stansfield A. M. , Wehner M. F. , Zarzycki C. M.
Published: January 2020

Hurricane Florence produced substantially more extreme rainfall and was spatially larger due to human-induced climate change.
Structure of
Drosophila melanogaster
ARC1 reveals a repurposed molecule with characteristics of retroviral Gag
Authors: Cottee Matthew A. , Letham Suzanne C. , Young George R. , Stoye Jonathan P. , Taylor Ian A.
Published: January 2020

Structural studies of dARC reveal a Gag exapted from a transposable element and an ancient relationship to orthoretroviruses.
Helminth infections drive heterogeneity in human type 2 and regulatory cells
Authors: de Ruiter Karin , Jochems Simon P. , Tahapary Dicky L. , Stam Koen A. , König Marion , van Unen Vincent , Laban Sandra , Höllt Thomas , Mbow Moustapha , Lelieveldt Boudewijn P. F. , Koning Frits , Sartono Erliyani , Smit Johannes W. A. , Supali Taniawati , Yazdanbakhsh Maria
Published: January 2020

Mass cytometry identifies clusters of type 2 and regulatory immune responses in pre– and post–anthelmintic treatment human blood samples.
Induction of heat-labile enterotoxin synthesis in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli mitomycin C
Authors: Isaacson R E , Moon H W
Published: January 2020

Introduction of heat-labile toxin (LT) synthesis in enterotocigenic strains of Escherichia coli by mitomycin C (MTC) was demonstrated. Six enteropathogenic strains which produce LT were inducible, exhibiting an 896-fold increase in LT when compared to ininduced cultures. On the other hand, four nonenteropathogens and three other pathogens which produce only the heat-stable toxin were not induced to produce LT. Gel filtration chromatography, antibody neutration, and heat lability studies suggest that the toxin synthesized in the presence of MTC is the same as the toxin synthesized in the absence of MTC.
Suppressive effect of a chronic helminth infection, schistosomiasis mansoni, on the in vitro responses of spleen and lymph node cells to the T cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A
Authors: Pelley R P , Ruffier J J , Warren K S
Published: January 2020

Chronic murine schistosomiasis mansoni is associated with depressed cell-mediated immune responses to Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens. The present study has examined the possibility that factors develop during infection that are capable of altering the response of lymphocytes to stimuli other than specific schistosomal antigens. Egg production begins at 5 weeks, and 1 to 3 weeks later there is a moderate degree of unresponsiveness of lymph node and spleen cells to the mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. This was associated with an altered dose response curve to the mitogens similar to that observed in antigenic systems. Seven weeks after the initiation of antigenic stimulation (egg prodiction lymph node and spleen cells from chronically infected animals were profoundly unresponsive to all concentrations of concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin tested. These investigations suggest that, in addition to possible blockade by serum antibody, other suppressive factors may be involved in the spontaneous modulation of immunopathology in chronic schistosomiasis. These are detectable 1 to 3 weeks after the onset of egg production and are prominent at 12 weeks. Such findings are consistent with, but do not prove, the existence of suppressor T cells in chronic schistosomiasis.
Immediate toxicity of high multiplicities of Chlamydia psittaci for mouse fibroblasts (L cells)
Authors: Moulder J W , Hatch T P , Byrne G I , Kellogg K R
Published: January 2020

One hour after suspensions of mouse fibroblasts (L cells) were exposed to 500 to 1,000 L-cell 50% infectious doses of Chlamydia psittaci (6BC), the L cells failed to attach to and spread out on solid substrates, phagocytosed polystyrene latex spheres at reduced rates, incorporated less [14C]isoleucine into protein, and had smaller soluble pools of nucleoside triphosphates. The infected L cells began to die at 8 h and were all dead by 20 h. Lower multiplicities of infection took correspondingly longer to kill the L cells. These effects of high multiplicities of C. psittaci on L cells will be referred to collectively as immediate toxicity. Similar effects were obtained with other strains of C. psittaci and C. trachomatis and with other cell lines. Ultraviolet-inactivated C. psittaci retained the ability to cause immediate toxicity, but heat-inactivated chlamydiae did not. C.psittaci cells had to be ingested by L cells before they were immediately toxic but, once they were phagocytosed, they did not need to multiply or to synthesize macromolecules in order to cause immediate injury to their hosts. Immediate toxicity was not the result of depression of energy metabolism, changes in the levels of intracellular cyclic nucleotides, or release of hydrolases from lysosomes. It was suggested that a lesion is produced in the plasma membrane of the L cell every time it ingests a chlamydial cell, that each act of ingestion produces an independent lesion, and that their injurious effects are additive. Thus, the more ingestion lesions there are, the faster the host cell dies. It was also suggested that induced phagocytosis, inhibition of lysosomal fusion, and death of mice and of cells in culture may all depend on a single activity of C. psittaci.
Hemagglutination by equine infectious anemia virus
Authors: Sentsui H , Kono Y
Published: January 2020

Equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus which was propagated on an equine dermal cell line agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes. Viral fluids containing about 10(7.5) mean tissue culture infective doses/ml showed hemagglutinating (HA) titers ranging from 16 to 32 units/0.05 ml. Results of cesium chloride equilibrium density gradient centrifugation revealed that the hemagglutinin was inseparable from the virus particles. The hemagglutination reaction persisted over a wide range of temperature and pH, and the absence of divalent cations did not decrease its activity. The HA activity was stable at 4 degrees C but not at 56 degreesC. The activity was destroyed by virus-disrupting lipid solvents and moderately sensitive to a proteolytic enzyme. Neuraminidase enhanced HA activity slightly. Phospholipase C had no effect on HA titer, although it completely inactivated infectivity. It was relatively stable to ultraviolet irradiation. Thus, the hemagglutinin appears to be closely associated with virus particles, and its activity is dependent on the presence of its lipids and proteins. Hemagglutination was inhibited by sera from horses infected with EIA virus. Hemagglutinin receptors on the erythrocytes were inactivated by a proteolytic enzyme and formaldehyde but were not influenced by neuraminidase, sodium deoxycholate, or KIO4.
Antibodies in urine of chimpanzees with chronic adenoviral viruria
Authors: Ashner L V , Asher D M , Shah K V , Amyx H L , Gibbs C J , Gajdusek D C
Published: January 2020

Many chimpanzees have naturally occurring chronic intermittent viruria with an adenovirus of a new type called Pan 11. Small amounts of neutralizing antibodies to Pan 11 adenovirus were found in the urine of chimpanzees. Urinary antibodies to adenovirus were mainly of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class with some IgA antibodies also present. There was no neutralizing activity in urine against another adenovirus, Pan 9, which has been isolated from lymph nodes, but not from urine, of chimpanzees; however, sera of all chimpanzees had neutralizing antibodies to Pan 9 virus, some with titers similar to those of antibodies against Pan 11 virus. Antibodies reacting with simian cytomegalovirus by indirect immunofluorescence were found in sera of all chimpanzees tested and in two of six urines. There was no correlation between levels of antiviral IgG antibodies in serum and urine by immunofluorescence. These findings suggest that both IgG and IgA antibodies may be locally produced in response to viral infection of the urinary tract in primates.
Purification of heat-labile enterotoxin from four Escherichia coli strains by affinity immunoadsorbent: evidence for similar subunit structure
Authors: Dafni Z , Sack R B , Craig J P
Published: January 2020

A single-step method for the purification of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli is described. The method involves an affinity immunoadsorbent made with antiserum to cholera toxin. Crude toxin preparations of three human and one porcine enterotoxinogenic strains of E. coli were purified on this immunoadsorbent, and the elution products suggest that the toxin molecule is composed of subunits. One kind of subunit shared by these four strains showed similar mobility of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, close antigenic relationship, and an antigen in common with cholera enterotoxin.
Regression of a transplanted guinea pig hepatoma after intralesional injection of an emulsified mixture of endotoxin and mycobacterial sulfolipid
Authors: Yarkoni E , Goren M B , Rapp H J
Published: January 2020

Mycobacterial sulfatides (sulfolipids) in admixture with endotoxin had tumor regressive activity comparable to trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) and endotoxin in guinea pigs, but unlike TDM were neither toxic nor granulomagenic and had no antitumor activity in mice. The increased endotoxin lethality in mice pretreated with BCG was not observed in mice pretreated with sulfolipids or TDM instead of BCG.
Herpes simplex virus infection of human T-cell subpopulations
Authors: Hammer S M , Carney W P , Iacoviello V R , Lowe B R , Hirsch M S
Published: January 2020

The ability of herpes simplex virus type 1 to productively infect human T-cell subpopulations was examined. Unstimulated helper/inducer (T4+) and cytotoxic/suppressor (T8+) lymphocytes limited herpes simplex virus replication as effectively as unseparated peripheral blood T cells (T3+). Phytohemagglutinin stimulation before infection resulted in equivalently productive herpes simplex virus infections in the three cell fractions.