bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A STUDY ON BACTERIAL PROTEINS WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF GONOCOCCUS AND MENINGOCOCCUS
Authors: Boor Alden K. , Miller C. Phillip
Published: June 2004

Methods of preparation and certain properties of the "nucleoproteins" of the following organisms are described: gonococcus, meningococcus, Micrococcus catarrhalis, R pneumococcus, Streptococcus hemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus. No essential differences between the nucleoproteins and the intact cells of gonococcus and meningococcus were observed in their ability to engender immune substances (precipitins), to induce bacterial allergy in rabbits, or to elicit cutaneous reactions (of the delayed type) in rabbits rendered hypersensitive to these organisms. Measured by their lethal action in mice, the toxicity of gonococcal and meningococcal nucleoproteins was found to be but slightly less than that of the intact cells. It seems probable, therefore, that the toxic action of these organisms is due, chiefly or entirely, to some constituent of the nucleoprotein fraction. Extraction with acetone and ether in the cold did not reduce appreciably the toxicity of these organisms and their nucleoproteins, nor alter their immunological behavior.

Cross-precipitin reactions suggested that gonococcal nucleoprotein contains an antigenic factor in common with the non-encapsulated pneumococcus cell, and meningococcal nucleoprotein one in common with the capsular material of Pneumococcus Type III. Tryptic digestion destroys these antigenic factors, but not those responsible for the cross-reactions within the genus Neisseria.
THE CARBOHYDRATES OF GONOCOCCUS AND MENINGOCOCCUS
Authors: Miller C. Phillip , Boor Alden K.
Published: June 2004

The alcohol-insoluble polysaccharides of gonococcus and meningococcus were found to contain 4.2 and 3.7 per cent nitrogen respectively, to be protein-free by chemical test, to reduce FehIing-Benedict solution only after hydrolysis. They were non-toxic for rabbits and mice, and failed to engender antibodies (precipitins) in rabbits. They produced no cutaneous reactions in normal, snuffle-free rabbits, but caused typical allergic reactions of the delayed type in rabbits rendered hypersensitive to these organisms. Both carbohydrates reacted in high dilution with Antipneumococcus Serum Type III. For comparison, carbohydrates were prepared also from Micrococcus catarrhalis, Streptococcus hemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and a rough strain of pneumococcus.
THE TOXIC PROPERTIES OF SERUM EXTRACTS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Weld Julia T.
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described whereby toxic substances may be extracted from hemolytic streptococci with inactivated serum.

2. Such extracts contain large amounts of hemotoxin and leucocidin.

3. Their intravenous injection into mice causes marked hemoglobinuria, anemia, and death.

4. There is evidence that this anemia is not the only cause of death of these animals.

5. Incomplete work seems to indicate that the hemotoxin and the lethal poisons are not antigenic.

6. Certain biological properties of the extract are described.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE CONVERSION OF TYPHUS STRAINS
Authors: Mooser H. , Varela Gerardo , Pilz Hans
Published: June 2004

Two types of strains of typhus virus are observed in Mexico: first the murine type which is obtained from wild rats in nature, from isolated endemic cases, and from cases during short epidemic outbreaks, and second, the epidemic type of strains which is obtained from long standing serious epidemics. Some of these epidemic strains correspond entirely to strains of historic Old World typhus. Other strains which in their experimental behavior are intermediate between these two types of strains were isolated from the same epidemic. A method is described by which these epidemic non-orchitic strains can be converted into murine strains regularly causing scrotal lesion in guinea pigs and a highly fatal disease in rats. The same results were obtained with an Old World strain of epidemic typhus. The method, which consists of daily blood injections into intraperitoneally inoculated rats, is based on the observation that Rickettsia prowazeki multiplies only within cells which come in constant or frequent contact with fresh blood. It is concluded from our experiments that there does not exist any real difference between the virus of historic Old World typhus and the murine New World typhus. Both are considered to be of murine origin. The murine strains represent the original form of the virus of typhus, whereas the epidemic strains are the result of a prolonged propagation in the cycle man-louse-man.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE VIRUSES OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS AND EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (1)
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Cox Herald R. , Syverton Jerome T.
Published: June 2004

We have studied certain properties, additional to those previously described (3), of the virus of vesicular stomatitis of horses, and of the characteristic biological reactions of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis.

It has been found that the virus of stomatitis, ordinarily dermotropic, can acquire neurotropism and the neurotropic encephalomyelitis virus can, in turn, be rendered dermotropic in its action. The neurotropism in both instances is associated with definite, although not pronounced, viscerotropism.

Both viruses can bring about a similar infection in the white mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and rhesus or cynomolgus monkeys. Of these animals, rabbits show the lowest degree of susceptibility and mice the highest, especially after intracerebral inoculation. The mouse is the best animal for work with these viruses because of the uniform and rapidly lethal encephalitis which can be induced in it. Moreover, the mouse is highly sensitive to the instillation of the viruses in the nasal passages: 1 to 10 million dilution sufficing to induce a fatal encephalitis. The uninjured nasal mucosa of mice appears, therefore, to be as susceptible to experimental infection as the traumatized brain or pads of animals.

The microscopic changes accompanying the reactions to both viruses reveal, in rapidly lethal infections, pronounced destructive lesions in the cells of the central nervous system. When the experimental disease is more protracted in its course, however, these lesions are associated with beginning productive, inflammatory reactions, consisting chiefly of mononuclear infiltrations. In the latter instances, characteristic, intranuclear inclusion bodies can be more readily observed.

Both viruses can be cultivated with facility in the medium of minced chicken embryonic tissue suspended in Tyrode's solution, although 24 to 48 hour old chicks are refractory to artificial infection.

No cross-immunity reactions occur between the two strains of stomatitis virus or between them and the encephalomyelitis strain.

The viruses are evidently similar in many biological properties. In view of the fact that the horse is the natural host for both, it is suggested that they may be generically related. They are not, of course, identical since cross-immunity between them does not exist. The absence of cross-immunity does not, however, exclude the possibility of a generic relationship, for there are at least three immunologically distinct types of foot-and-mouth disease, two of vesicular stomatitis, and two of equine encephalomyelitis (14) virus.
ENERGY METABOLISM OF THE FAILING HEART
Authors: Decherd George , Visscher Maurice B.
Published: June 2004

The failing heart is found to liberate energy in contraction to the same extent at any fiber length as the normal heart muscle, but it is unable to convert as much of the energy into useful work. Its efficiency as a machine is impaired. In the light of these observations the word "tonus" as applied to heart muscle becomes synonymous with "efficiency." The implications of these findings in applied cardiology are discussed.
ON SPECIFIC INHIBITION OF BACTERIOPHAGE ACTION BY BACTERIAL EXTRACTS
Authors: Levine Philip , Frisch A. W.
Published: June 2004

1. Experiments are presented demonstrating specific inhibition of phage by soluble products of bacteria.

2. The inhibition proceeds more rapidly when the phage and bacterial extracts are incubated at 37° than at ice box temperature.

3. The specificity of the reaction in the instances studied is probably connected with the presence of specific soluble carbohydrates.

4. A reaction is available for the study of the chemistry of bacillary antigens in terms of bacteriophage.
THE RELATION OF COAT COLOR TO THE SPONTANEOUS INCIDENCE OF MAMMARY TUMORS IN MICE
Authors: Little C. C.
Published: June 2004

1. The material included in this paper consists of F1 and F2 virgin female mice derived from a cross between a strain high in mammary cancer incidence (dilute brown) and one relatively low in incidence of mammary cancer but relatively high in the incidence of various internal tumors (yellow).

2. In the F1 and F2 hybrid generations the yellow animals have a significantly lower incidence of mammary tumors than do the non-yellows. This is the first clear case of a difference in the incidence of spontaneous tumors in mice associated with a color difference.

3. Mammary tumors occur, however, significantly earlier in the yellow mice and are just as malignant as those appearing in the non-yellows.

4. The incidence of tumors other than mammary is not significantly different in the yellow and non-yellow hybrids. Such tumors, however, occur distinctly later in life than do the mammary tumors. This provides additional evidence that, in mice, mammary tumors cannot be considered to be the same biological phenomenon as are other types of tumor.

5. A study of the physiology of reproduction of yellow and non-yellow mice within the yellow stock suggests that the yellows pass through their reproductive cycle earlier than do the non-yellows. The duration of the cycle in the two forms is essentially equal. This fact would satisfactorily explain the earlier incidence of mammary tumors in yellow mice.

6. The lower incidence of mammary tumors in yellows as compared with non-yellows may be at least in part due to the same phenomenon. This would follow because the opportunity for mammary tissue in yellow mice of cancer age to be continuously affected by ovarian secretion would be less than in non-yellows. This would result in a higher percentage of yellows reaching an age at which stimuli from the ovary ceased before the mammary tissue had reached an age at which tumor formation is most frequent.

7. There is some evidence that, in this cross, dilute (dbdb) mice are less apt to form mammary tumors than are intensely pigmented animals. This point, however, needs further investigation before it can be considered to be established.

8. The facts recorded in this paper demonstrate that not all forms of tumor or all colors of mice can be lumped together in studying either the physiology or genetics of spontaneous tumor incidence.
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN GIVEN BY VEIN UTILIZED IN BODY METABOLISM
Authors: Holman Russell L. , Mahoney Earle B. , Whipple George H.
Published: June 2004

Large amounts of normal blood plasma can be given intravenously to normal dogs over several weeks without causing any significant escape by way of the urine. There appears to be no renal threshold for plasma protein even with high plasma protein concentration (9.7 per cent).

Dogs receiving sugar by mouth and plasma by vein can be kept practically in nitrogen equilibrium and it would seem that the injected protein must be utilized by the body. If this can happen in this emergency we may suspect that normally there is a certain amount of "give and take" between body protein and plasma protein.

Plasma protein fed by mouth under identical conditions shows the same general reaction as noted with plasma by vein but the urinary nitrogen is a little higher and suggests that the injected protein is utilized a little more completely to form new protein. The difference may be explained as due to deaminization in the case of protein by mouth.

During fasting periods the blood plasma proteins are used up and the total circulating protein may even decrease to one-half the normal level. The plasma protein concentration changes but little and the significant change is a shrinkage of plasma volume.

All these facts point to a dynamic equilibrium between tissue protein and plasma protein depending upon the physiological needs of the moment. In the absence of food protein the body can use material coming from one body protein to fabricate badly needed protein material of different character.
THE EFFECT OF HEMOGLOBIN INJECTIONS ON ERYTHROPOIESIS AND ERYTHROCYTE SIZE IN RABBITS RENDERED ANEMIC BY BLEEDING
Authors: Miller D. K. , Rhoads C. P.
Published: June 2004

1. An anemia characterized by increased size of the red blood cells and a high color index was produced in rabbits by repeated bleeding and by the subcutaneous injection of stroma-free hemoglobin solution.

2. The bone marrow of these rabbits reverted to a more primitive stage than did the marrows of rabbits rendered anemic in the same manner but not treated with hemoglobin.
BACTERIAL GROWTH AND MULTIPLICATION AS DISCLOSED BY MICRO MOTION PICTURES
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G.
Published: June 2004

Using a micro motion picture technique for making records, studies covering several thousand hours of observation have been made of the growth of a number of bacteria. On the basis of these experiments a discussion is offered of bacterial division and its influence on gross colony appearance, of different kinds of pleomorphism that have been observed, and of the nature of the internal structure that is seen in some bacteria. Several of the microorganisms chosen for examination are ones that have been thought to give evidence of life cycle phenomena. The present pictures, however, contain no evidence of a bacterial cycle in the commonly accepted meaning of the term.
A SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF BOVINE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI (GROUP B)
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol—about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours.

Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5–15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert.

Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet.

Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol—60 mg. per 24 hours.

Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile.

Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor.

Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination.

The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations.

The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150–300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low.

Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.
LOSS OF THE PROPERTIES OF HEMOLYSIN AND PIGMENT FORMATION WITHOUT CHANGE IN IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY IN A STRAIN OF STREPTOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

1. A variant arising in a culture of hemolytic streptococcus was shown to have lost the properties of producing pigment and hemolyzing blood. Despite the loss of these two functions, it had in common with the strain from which it was derived certain other distinguishing biochemical characteristics, as follows: Both attained the same hydrogen ion concentration in dextrose broth; both hydrolyzed sodium hippurate, grew on bile agar, and fermented trehalose but not sorbitol; both failed to reduce methylene blue in milk cultures, and were insusceptible to the action of streptococcus bacteriophage. In addition, the virulence of the variant remained the same as that of the original culture.

2. The antigenic and serological specificity of the variant was identical with the group and type specificity of the original strain (Group B, Type I). These specificities were established by the use of immune sera prepared by immunization of rabbits with each form. The immunological reactions employed were reciprocal agglutination, precipitation, agglutinin and precipitin absorption, and passive mouse protection.
ON THE USE OF ADSORBENTS IN IMMUNIZATIONS WITH HAPTENS
Authors: Jacobs John
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described which confirm the observation of Gonzalez and Armangué that heterogenetic extracts can be made antigenic by adsorption to inorganic materials. With fractions of the original extracts from which a part of inactive material had been removed no such enhancement was observed, whereas with foreign protein an activation was still possible. Carbohydrate preparations behaved similarly in that purification, perhaps loss of protein, was accompanied by a distinct decrease in antigenicity after adsorption. The activity of a but slightly antigenic heteroalbumose preparation was markedly increased after adsorption to charcoal and alum. The most reasonable explanation for the effects observed by Gonzalez and Armangué, and Zozaya, seems to be that a preexisting antigenic capacity has been enhanced by the use of adsorbents. The experiments reported here support the view that these effects are influenced significantly by the presence of substances other than those of a specific nature.
VIABLE LEISHMANIA DONOVANI IN NASAL AND ORAL SECRETIONS OF PATIENTS WITH KALA-AZAR AND THE BEARING OF THIS FINDING ON THE TRANSMISSION OF THE DISEASE
Authors: Forkner Claude E. , Zia Lily S.
Published: June 2004

1. Smears from the nasal cavities of fifteen patients suffering from kala-azar have been examined and in nine of these typical Leishman-Donovan bodies have been found.

2. Smears from the surface of the tonsil and from the saliva in one of the above nine cases showed the presence of leishmania. The tonsils of this patient, who died as the result of kala-azar and secondary infection, at autopsy were shown to be massively infected with Leishman-Donovan bodies.

3. Leishmania in the nasal discharge of two patients were shown by inoculation into susceptible animals to be viable and capable of producing infection. Sufficient time has not elapsed to determine the viability of the organisms from the remaining cases.

4. These experiments show for the first time that a rich source of infective material from a large proportion of patients with kala-azar is available for direct transmission of the disease.

5. Strong evidence is presented as a basis for the concept that one of the natural modes, perhaps the most important natural mode, of transmission of kala-azar is from person to person by way of the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts.

6. Two normal human volunteers and numerous normal experimental animals have been inoculated into the nasal and oral cavities with the nasal discharge, known to contain leishmania, from patients with kala-azar. The results of these experiments will be reported at a subsequent date.
LYMPHOMATOSIS, MYELOMATOSIS, AND ENDOTHELIOMA OF CHICKENS CAUSED BY A FILTERABLE AGENT
Authors: Furth J.
Published: June 2004

When stimulated by a filterable agent of leukosis of chickens (Strain 2), endothelium may undergo seemingly unrestricted growth. These neoplasms of endothelium are usually unaccompanied by the formation of blood cells. Occasionally they produce hemocytoblasts, discharged like those of the normal marrow into vascular channels as also myelocytes about the vessels.

The same agent that stimulates endothelium also stimulates erythroblasts, myelocytes, and hemocytoblasts to unrestricted growth without obviously affecting the endothelium; and the association of endothelioma and leukosis is the result of stimulation of several types of cells by a single virus. Myelocytes appear also to develop from mesenchymal or endothelial cells without the intermediary stage of hemocytoblasts.

It is often impossible to determine whether the neoplasms caused by the virus of Strain 2 are of endothelial or mesenchymal origin, and it is possible that both types of cells may be stimulated by the same virus. Types of sarcoma like those described by Rous are not produced by the virus of Strain 2.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E.
Published: June 2004

1. Antisera to R-salt-azo-benzidine-azo-crystalline egg albumin give precipitates with crystalline egg albumin by virtue of their antidye content.

2. The quantitative course of the reactions with increasing amounts of antigen is very similar for the dye-antidye and egg albumin-anti-egg albumin systems, but differs markedly for the cross reaction between egg albumin and antidye.

3. A possible explanation for the occurrence of this one-sided crossreaction is given in terms of reactive groupings on the antigen and antibody.

4. A qualitative expression of the course of the cross-reaction is given in terms of the laws of classical chemistry.
THE HISTOLOGY OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Hurst E. Weston
Published: June 2004

The virus of equine encephalomyelitis (eastern strain) evokes in the horse, calf, sheep and dog an unusually intense encephalomyelitis characterized by acute primary degeneration of nerve cells, the appearance in neurons of the brain stem and elsewhere of nuclear inclusions resembling those in Borna disease and poliomyelitis, polymorphonuclear infiltration in the nervous tissues with early microglial proliferation, and perivascular cuffing with mononuclears and polymorphonuclears in varying proportions. The grey matter is affected more than the white. Lesions may be less marked in the striatum, brain stem and cord than in the cerebral cortex, thalamus and hypothalamic region, and are always of low grade in the cerebellum. Meningeal infiltration is secondary.

Similar changes produced in the horse by the western strain of virus are less intense and extensive.

In the guinea pig, rabbit and mouse, the eastern virus causes an acute encephalomyelitis which, as is usual in neurotropic virus diseases of these lowly species, has a special tendency to affect the higher olfactory centers. In addition to inclusions in the nerve cells, tiny oxyphilic bodies occur with less frequency in the glial and mesodermal nuclei of the guinea pig. In this animal, too, interstitial or bronchopneumonia may complicate the picture.

In the guinea pig the disease resulting from infection with the western virus may be indistinguishable from that due to the eastern.
THE CHARACTERS OF KUPFFER CELLS LIVING IN VITRO
Authors: Beard J. W. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

The Kupffer cells procured from the liver of the rabbit and dog for culture in vitro have the typical characters of clasmatocytes. They are readily discriminated from the monocytes washed from the liver with them; and they have certain peculiar features which suffice to differentiate them from some at least of the clasmatocytes of other organs. Their surface is extraordinarily sticky,—far more so than that of blood leukocytes or of the clasmatocytes found in peritoneal exudates; and in consequence they are exceedingly difficult to handle in vitro. They put forth enormous, pellucid, circular membranes resembling those of exudate clasmatocytes but larger. Splenic clasmatocytes, on the other hand, put forth rather small, one-sided ground-glass membranes like broad tongues. On comparing them with Kupffer cells and exudate clasmatocytes one perceives that they are not wholly identical in their characters, but have secondary peculiarities. However, there exist good morphological reasons for grouping them together and terming them all reticulo-endothelial.

Kupffer cells are notably sensitive to injury, surviving in Tyrode solution for a much shorter time than blood leukocytes. However, they can be readily cultured on lens paper in serum. Under such circumstances they scatter on the fibres and live separately, presenting the same general aspect as when in the liver; but in the course of proliferation they soon lose some of their pronounced characters, retaining such as are common to clasmatocytes in general.

A considerable population of ordinary leukocytes exists in the hepatic sinuses over and above those circulating in the blood. During infection, their number may greatly increase. Several cubic centimeters of packed white cells have been obtained from the liver of a sick dog. The fact has been realized that leukocytes may stop a while in the liver, yet the extent of the accumulation which sometimes takes place seems deserving of stress.
EXPERIMENTAL TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN MONKEYS
Authors: Francis Thomas , Terrell Edward E. , Dubos René , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

The effects of specific enzyme therapy upon experimental Type III pneumococcus pneumonia in monkeys were studied by comparing the course and outcome of the disease in treated animals with that in animals which received no therapeutic aid. Enzyme treatment was found to exert a distinctly favorable influence upon the experimental pneumonia. Treatment was followed by cessation of spread of the pneumonic lesion, sterilization of the blood, and early recovery, except in animals in which the severity of the disease was extreme. While in the untreated animals a high incidence of empyema and pericarditis was observed, suppurative sequelae were apparently prevented by adequate enzyme therapy. The limitations of the therapeutic action of the specific enzyme in the presence of marked depression of the cellular reaction in infected animals are again emphasized.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Rosahn Paul D. , Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E.
Published: June 2004

Weekly observations were made on the blood cytology of seven syphilitic and nine normal control rabbits. Each animal was examined seven times prior to and fifteen times after inoculation of the experimental group. Comparisons were made between the mean blood cell values obtained from all counts on the experimental and control groups in the preinoculation and postinoculation periods.

The mean blood cell formula of the syphilitic group for the 3½ month period after inoculation was significantly different from the preinoculation mean values observed in the same group in the following respects: higher total white cell count, platelet count, neutrophil count, and monocyte count, and lower lymphocyte count.

The mean blood cell formula of the syphilitic group for the 3½ month period after inoculation was significantly different from the mean blood cell formula of the normal control group in the same time interval in the following respects: higher total white cell count, platelet count, neutrophil and monocyte counts, and lower lymphocyte count.

From these results it was concluded that during the period of disease activity, the blood cytology of rabbits infected with Tr. pallidum is characterized by an increase in the total white cell count, the platelet, neutrophil, and monocyte counts, and a decrease in the lymphocyte count from normal values. These changes were statistically significant.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Rosahn Paul D.
Published: June 2004

The mean blood cell levels of 35 latent syphilitic rabbits in which all lesions had undergone spontaneous regression and complete healing were compared with weighted values for normal rabbits.

The only differences noted were in the red cell count and hemoglobin content, both of which were significantly lower in the experimental group than the normal values.

A parallelism was observed between the blood cell changes of the experimental disease after spontaneous regression of lesions, and the cell changes in the human disease after treatment. This parallelism lends additional weight to deductions drawn from the experimental disease as applied to human syphilis.
ON THE SEROLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF PEPTIDES. II
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J.
Published: June 2004

In continuation of previous studies immune sera for azoproteins made from aminobenzoyl dipeptides and tripeptides were tested with various peptide azoproteins by precipitin tests and with nitrobenzoyl derivatives of peptides by means of inhibition reactions. When examined with the latter method, the immune sera exhibited a high degree of specificity and permitted the recognition of distinctions among peptides of similar structure.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF SPONTANEOUS CONJUNCTIVAL FOLLICULOSIS OF RABBITS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Syverton Jerome T. , Tyler Joseph R.
Published: June 2004

Spontaneous conjunctival folliculosis is widespread among various species of rabbits. It exists in two forms: Type I, in which the lesions are localized and the disease is relatively inactive, and Type II, in which the follicles are closely distributed over the entire surface of the conjunctivae and the affection is more active and characterized by extensive inflammatory reactions. One type can be converted into the other either by experimental methods or by natural processes.

The disease can be transmitted from rabbit to rabbit by means of subconjunctival inoculation of suspensions of the affected tissues or by instillation of such material into the conjunctival sac, or even by mere contact of folliculosis animals with rabbits having smooth conjunctivae. It is plain that the disease is an infection.

The causal agent of the infection is not filtrable through Seitz discs that retain Serratia marcescens nor through Berkefeld V candles that permit the passage of this organism. Furthermore, the lesions of the spontaneous or of the experimental disease do not exhibit the cytotropic effects or the inclusion bodies suggestive of the action of an ultramicroscopic virus. They are characterized, on the other hand, by a persistent and progressive chronicity and show certain resemblances to the granulomata.

The evidence suggests that the spontaneous conjunctival folliculosis of rabbits is due to a microorganism—one having a low grade pathogenic action. In a paper shortly to be published, a bacterium capable of reproducing folliculosis in normal rabbits will be described.
THE ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROTEUS X-19 AND TYPHUS RICKETTSIA
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: June 2004

A soluble specific substance was isolated from Mexican typhus Rickettsia which gave, with Proteus X-19 antiserum and typhus human serum, the same precipitation reactions as the polysaccharides extracted from B. proteus OX-19.

The soluble specific substance extracted from Rickettsia and Proteus OX-19 is likely to be of a polysaccharide nature owing to the strong Molisch reactions obtained with such extracts, the heat stability and the negative protein reactions (biuret). Since, however, it still contains 7 per cent nitrogen, this is not certain. In the antigenic composition of both Proteus X-19 and typhus Rickettsia there is a common soluble specific factor which is responsible for the Weil-Felix reaction.
PATHOLOGIC HISTOLOGY OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON WITH INTERPRETATIVE COMMENTS
Authors: Karsner Howard T. , Moritz Alan Richards
Published: June 2004

The histological study of the reaction to injection of the preparatory factor of the Shwartzman phenomenon shows it to be an exudative inflammation, but furnishes no conclusive evidence as to whether or not the inflammation is conditioned by previous sensitization to substances contained in the bacterial filtrate.

The histological study of the local reaction which follows the intravenous injection of reacting or provocative factor shows exudative inflammation which differs from that due to the preparatory factor principally in the increased general severity and marked damage to blood vessels. The increased severity of reaction which follows the intravenous injection is probably due to concentration of the injurious agent at the site of inflammation determined by the preparatory local injection.

The exudative phenomena caused by the preparatory local injection are edema and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and large mononuclear cells. Vascular injury is morphologically demonstrable in only a few of the sections, notably those from periarticular structures. The intravenous injection determines an increase in cellular infiltration, necrosis of exudate, phagocytosis of cell debris, destruction of vascular walls and hemorrhage. Healing is due to granulation, organization and cicatrization.
THE INFECTION OF FERRETS WITH SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

The experiments described confirm the earlier observation of Smith, Andrewes, and Laidlaw that the swine influenza virus is pathogenic for ferrets when administered intranasally. A disease that is clinically more severe and pathologically more extensive than that described by the above workers is obtained if inoculation with the virus is performed under ether anesthesia. Animals infected in this way show at autopsy an edematous type of pneumonia of lobar distribution which may terminate fatally. The virus maintains its pathogenicity for ferrets when stored in 50 per cent glycerol at refrigerator temperature for as long as 75 days. After serial passage through 16 ferrets the virus is still capable of inducing swine influenza when mixed with H. influenzae suis and administered intranasally to swine. Ferret passage causes no apparent attenuation of the virus for swine. Serum from pigs recovered from swine influenza is capable of neutralizing the ferret-passaged virus for either swine or ferrets. Likewise serum from recovered ferrets neutralizes the swine influenza virus for either ferrets or swine.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Babers Frank H. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

The chemical and immunological properties of the acetylated and unacetylated forms of the p-aminophenol ß-glucoside of glucose have been described. The serological specificity of these ß-glucosides in combination with protein has been correlated with known changes in chemical structure and has been compared with the immunological properties of the α-glucoside of the same hexose.
THE RESPIRATION MECHANISM OF PNEUMOCOCCUS. III
Authors: Sevag M. G. , Maiweg Lore
Published: June 2004

From an examination of Tables I to III, and Figs. 1 to 4 and the consideration of various observations, the following facts are evident.

A virulent pneumococcus on being transformed into its-avirulent form consumes many times more oxygen than the parent organism; but this gain of activity is a temporary property. After a time it degenerates into a form which consumes very much less oxygen than either the virulent or the recently derived avirulent form. In a comparative study of the metabolic functions, and oxidation products of various virulent and avirulent pneumococci, these phenomena should receive consideration.

The change that takes place in the structure of the enzyme responsible for carbohydrate biosynthesis during the shift from the virulent to the avirulent form may be associated with the changes in the enzyme structure already demonstrated in connection with these metabolic studies.
VARYING INFLUENCE OF TUBERCULOUS RABBIT PLASMA ON THE GROWTH OF FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Moen Johannes K. , Vaubel Ernst
Published: June 2004

Plasma obtained from tuberculous rabbits within 3 or 4 months following inoculation with bovine tubercle bacilli exerted a growth-inhibitory influence on transplants of rabbit fibroblasts; while that obtained after the 4th month was growth-stimulating. It is suggested that the growth-inhibitory factor was linked in part with lipoidemia; while the growth-stimulating elements were associated with the period of leucocytosis.
THE FATE OF BCG AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE ORGANS OF RABBITS
Authors: Lurie Max B.
Published: June 2004

For some time after intravenous inoculation into rabbits the BCG multiplies in various organs of the body. As with more virulent tubercle bacilli, the greater the primary deposition of bacilli the more rapid is their initial growth and the earlier is the beginning of their destruction. Destruction sets in synchronously with the development of definite hypersensitivity to tuberculin. With the smallest deposition destruction begins at once in the lung and liver without preliminary multiplication. However multiplication always takes place in the lymph nodes. It continues here and in the spleen at a time when other organs have acquired sufficient immunity to reduce the number of bacilli considerably. It is seen that the relative susceptibility of the lymphatic tissue is not due to such factors as drainage. Thus the local immunity acquired by the lymph nodes against the BCG is for a time less effective than that developed in the other organs. However by the end of the 4th week, simultaneously with the development of marked hypersensitivity to tuberculin, even these structures acquire sufficient immunity to bring about the all but complete annihilation of the bacilli. Isolated microorganisms persist in the lymph nodes even 14 months after inoculation. These bacilli do not acquire any added virulence because of their long residence in the body.

As observed with more virulent strains in previous studies, the growth of the bacilli is associated with a local accumulation of mononuclears into nodules and their multiplication by mitosis, the destruction of the bacilli with the formation of epithelioid and giant cell tubercles. These changes may be extensive and at times involve a large part of the lung and lymph nodes. The secondary invasion of the tubercles by polymorphonuclears, their death, exudation of serum and cells into the alveoli of the lung, and caseation in the lymph nodes occur simultaneously and are synchronous with the development of hypersensitiveness to tuberculin. At this time the presence in the tissues of numbers of bacilli that previously were innocuous to the cells is associated with caseation. It is noteworthy that both caseation and the tuberculin reaction are not elicited in an early stage of the disease, but in a later stage they are induced in response to smaller quantities of bacilli or tuberculin.

All the tuberculous changes, including the caseous foci in the lymph nodes, usually resolve completely by the end of the 2nd month after inoculation without leaving any fibrous scars, although perivascular accumulations of mononuclears may still remain. The few bacilli that persist in the lymph nodes after this period cause no tuberculous changes.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Garner R. L. , Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

The active fibrinolytic principle present in cultures of hemolytic streptococci can be isolated in stable form, and partially purified by the following methods:

1. Precipitation of culture filtrate with 3 volumes of 95 per cent ethyl alcohol.

2. Adsorption upon polyaluminum hydroxide B of Willstätter (5) followed by elution with M/10 sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.3.

Concentration can be best accomplished by vacuum dialysis (4) of either culture filtrates or preparations obtained by adsorption and elution.

The streptococcal fibrinolysin is characterized by the following properties:

1. It may resist heating to 100°C. for 60 minutes; variations in thermal resistance are described.

2. Partially purified preparations give positive tests for protein. Activity is rapidly and completely destroyed by trypsin or papain.

3. The active principle is demonstrable in dissolved fibrin even after 18 hours incubation.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Garner R. L. , Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

The fibrinolysin of hemolytic streptococci exerts no hydrolytic action upon casein, gelatin, or peptone.

The action on solid human fibrin is characterized by a small and gradual increase in the amino nitrogen content of the solution.

The specific and special enzymatic action of fibrinolysin is contrasted with trypsin and with streptococcal peptase (4).

Solutions of human fibrinogen, after brief incubation with fibrinolysin, lose the capacity to form fibrin. Solutions of rabbit fibrinogen, on the other hand, retain the property of transformation into fibrin, even after prolonged exposure to fibrinolysin.

Qualitative tests, with solutions resulting from the action of streptococcal fibrinolysin on human fibrin, indicate that the end-product may be protein and that the degradation of the molecule is not great.
THE FATE OF AVIRULENT HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI INJECTED INTO THE SKIN OF NORMAL AND SENSITIZED RABBITS
Authors: Angevine D. Murray
Published: June 2004

1. A relatively avirulent strain of hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits seldom diminished and usually increased in number during the first 5 hours after inoculation but after 12 hours save in exceptional instances the organisms diminished rapidly and disappeared.

2. Hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits passed rapidly from the site of injection to the regional lymph nodes from which they were recovered in considerable number within 15 minutes. Passage of bacteria from the skin of the abdomen to the inguinal lymph node was greatest within 2 hours after injection and gradually decreased so that few organisms were recovered from the lymph nodes after 7 hours.

3. Hemolytic streptococci that reached the inguinal lymph node passed in small numbers to the distal or iliac lymph node, but this passage save in exceptional instances of progressive infection was limited to a period within 1 hour after inoculation.

4. Avirulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal animals penetrated into the blood; they were seldom recovered from the circulating blood but were more frequently found in the spleen.

5. When hemolytic streptococci were injected into the skin of sensitized rabbits they multiplied at the site of injection during the first 5 hours after inoculation and at corresponding time intervals a larger number of organisms were recovered from the sensitized than from normal control animals. Streptococci diminished and disappeared earlier from the skin of control than from that of sensitized rabbits.

6. Hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of the flank of sensitized rabbits reached the inguinal lymph node in much smaller numbers than in normal rabbits, and this passage from the site of injection to the lymph node save in an occasional instance of progressive local infection ceased after the 1st hour. No streptococci passed from the inguinal to the iliac lymph nodes of sensitized animals and none were found in the blood or internal organs.

7. Histological examination showed that the inflammatory reaction following the injection of hemolytic streptococci into rabbits sensitized to this organism began sooner than in the normal animal; edema was more extensive and both polymorphonuclear leucocytes and large mononuclear cells appeared sooner. The lesion of a sensitized animal was more sharply circumscribed and there was necrosis of tissue, seldom seen in the normal animals.

8. In sensitized animals local injury with necrosis favors the multiplication of relatively avirulent streptococci at the site of entry and explains their survival at a time when they have disappeared in the controls.

9. In association with greater local injury and a more intense inflammatory reaction in the sensitized animal as compared with the normal streptococci are fixed at their site of entry; they pass to adjacent lymph nodes in much smaller number and fail to reach the blood and internal organs.
THE MATERNAL TRANSMISSION OF VACCINIAL IMMUNITY IN SWINE
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

The protective substances produced by vaccinia virus in swine are transmitted repeatedly to the young by way of the colostrum of the sow. In 2 instances suckling immunity was demonstrable in the young of 6 successive farrowings which numbered 37 and 57 individuals, respectively.

The immunity acquired by suckling began to decline during the 2nd month and was practically negligible by the end of the 3rd month. Vaccinia virus introduced cutaneously during the first few days of life in the passively protected pigs exerted little or no immunizing effect.
A FACTOR FROM NORMAL TISSUES INHIBITING TUMOR GROWTH
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Extracts of desiccated embryo skin and placenta have been found to exert a definite retarding action on the growth of two transplantable carcinomas of mice, but they were without effect on sarcomas. In tests involving some 828 inoculations of the tumor cells and the extracts, complete suppression of growth occurred in from 55 to 71 per cent of instances, as compared with 21 to 27 per cent in the controls, and where growth was not completely suppressed some retardation was found in practically every instance. To judge from findings in rabbits the inhibitor is not demonstrable in the placenta until the beginning of the second third of pregnancy, reaches its maximum by the last third, but disappears about 2 or 3 days before term. Extracts of fresh placenta are without effect, and no very definite inhibition was noted in extracts of a variety of other desiccated or fresh tissues. The conclusions here reported are based on the results of over 3800 inoculations.
THE EFFECT OF A GROWTH-RETARDING FACTOR FROM NORMAL TISSUES ON SPONTANEOUS CANCER OF MICE
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Extracts of desiccated homologous embryo skin and placenta decrease markedly the rate of postoperative local recurrence after the surgical removal of spontaneous cancer of mice. Autografts after a short period of contact with these extracts either failed to grow, or, in the majority of instances, their subsequent growth was definitely retarded. Intraperitoneal injection of the extracts was followed by cessation of growth of established tumors in more than two-thirds of the animals treated, and among these many of the tumors regressed and over 20 per cent were completely absorbed. Tumor mice treated with either extract rarely developed new malignant foci, though this happened frequently in untreated mice.
THE SURVIVAL OF VARIETIES OF TYPHUS VIRUS IN MOUSE PASSAGE, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE VIRUS OF BRILL'S DISEASE
Authors: Savoor Sadashivarao R. , Velasco Roberto
Published: June 2004

The experiments above described have confirmed the observations of Laigret and Jadin that the European human typhus virus cannot be maintained for more than two generations in mice by brain-peritoneum passage; whereas the murine Mexican variety can be carried on by this method in mice through at least eleven passage generations. The fact that within eleven passages there is no attenuation of the murine virus renders it likely that this agent can continue in mice, in an inapparent form, without material modification.

Brill's disease virus from three different isolations has behaved like the European type, a fact which strengthens the opinion previously expressed from this laboratory that Brill's disease represents an imported European strain of the classical European infection.