bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing partial dentures for the ageing dentition
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

A number of features of the dentition of the elderly patient impact upon partial denture design. In particular we must consider general health, mobility, and self-care capability. Economics, also, may be a significant factor in retirement years. We will consider the questions arising from identification of a patient with a natural dentition in serious decline later, but it is worthwhile thinking about denture design for the sound, well-maintained older dentition. The following features may be found:
Additions to existing partial dentures
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

In both the above plans, the patient must undergo impressions and occlusal recording, and then surrender

the denture to the laboratory. This may be unacceptable to the patient, especially if the denture already carries replacement anterior teeth. In this event there is little alternative to the provision of a new immediate replacement denture (Chapter 3.4). In any event, addition of teeth soon after extraction is likely to be of a temporary nature, since healing and alveolar bone remodelling will necessitate further work. A redesigned denture may even be necessary to utilize appropriate support, retention, and oral hygiene.
Residual dentition with poor prognosis
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

Much will depend on the patient ‘s circumstances. For instance a person working on an oil rig, and so out of the public eye for extended periods, may be quite happy to be rendered edentulous and wait 3 months or so, for healing to take place, before being provided with complete dentures. On the other hand a clergyman must be confident in the pulpit that the dentures are under control and would therefore need a partial denture, on which to learn muscular control, for later conversion to a complete denture.
Partial dentures around difficult dentitions and oral structures
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

In some circumstances the position of the teeth in the remaining dentition may present challenges in designing partial dentures. This can occur either because teeth may move to a position where there is insufficient space for a prosthesis or because of the particular way that the maxilla and mandible are related. This chapter will explore some of these issues and suggest thoughts as to how partial denture design can take account of this.
Overdentures and implants
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

An overdenture is a prosthesis that derives support from the natural teeth (or roots). Osseointergrated implants may also be used to replace missing teeth. An overdenture is a prosthesis that is fitted over teeth which have usually had their natural crowns reduced or removed. It has particular advantages over a convention- al denture in the restoration of function and appearance. Furthermore attachments may be fitted to the roots to aid retention or support of the denture.
Mind, brain, and psychiatry
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

My aim in this first chapter is to explore the philosophical presuppositions that inform our thinking about the mind and mental disorder. In particular I will explore the relationship between neuroscientific and epistemological or philosophical accounts of the mind and mental processes and use the results of that exploration to try and understand the ways in which physical-causal and social or interpersonal influences might jointly contribute to psychiatric phenomenology. I shall not assume that all influences on the mind can be understood in terms accessible to biological descriptions, a position usually called physicalism, nor shall I assume that there is any mind stuff which bears attributes that could not be realized in brain stuff, which is the fundamental tenet of dualism.
Categorization and stigmatization
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

Kate Herring (not her real name) was a 17 year old woman who had lived in a rural settlement in New Zealand. She had been raised as a Roman Catholic and originally attended a Roman Catholic school. She was admitted to Cherry Farm Hospital aged 17 having had a turbulent history of child and adolescent troubles. In 1973 a young friend had committed suicide. In 1974 Kate herself had suffered a self-inflicted injury and she was expelled from high school for disturbed behaviour. In 1975 she had to be stomach pumped for an overdose and later the same year was treated for self-inflicted injuries to her head and arms. She was fostered and worked on the foster parents’ farm at this stage. A friend who visited her recalls meeting with Kate as follows: ‘We spent the next hour walking, talking and catching up on what has been happening in our lives.’ Her mother arranged her admission to a psychiatric hospital in 1977.
The treatment of aliens
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

Our futures are built upon our pasts in the sense that from inchoate and multipotential beginnings our mental life congeals into forms that are resistant to change. For most of us these forms are comfortable, they move with us accommodating our desires and beliefs so as to be integrated into a conscious narrative and offer ready personae which can adapt to the demands of everyday situations and express who we are. What makes the forms resistant to change are the other things that hold them in place within our narratives. Upon every point in the narrative turns other points, although some have a more significant part to play than others.
My name is Legion, for we are many
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

This description is Thigpen and Cleckley’s account of the transformation of their patient whom they call Eve White into her alter ego, Eve Black. It is truly dramatic, even theatrical, in quality. Faced with reports like this some psychologists, psychiatrists, and clinicians are sceptical and regard multiple personality disorder (MPD) as nothing but theatre. That impression, or something worse, is strengthened when one reads in an American newspaper of a Wisconsin woman who sued her psychiatrist for convincing her that she had 120 personalities, and then charged her insurance company for group therapy in which his hourly rate could be multiplied by a factor of 120 (Akron Beacon 8/4/97).
Concluding autobiographical postscript
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

Let me tell you the story of a little boy. This little boy was conceived as the result of a shipboard romance and born about 1900. His mother was unmarried and he lived with the stigma of illegitimacy and no father. He was educated in the state school system but left school aged 14, too young to go to the First World War. He then became a piano tuner’s apprentice but by the time he had finished that apprenticeship the age of the wireless had begun. His chosen trade was therefore severely affected. He then trained as a tram conductor and married. He married a woman who was better educated than he was and had, to some extent, taken the role of matriarch in a family of nine of which she was the oldest sister. After our hero had pursued his occupation for a few years the trams were replaced by buses.
Rational and non-rational aspects of forgetting
Authors: Anderson Richard B
Published: November 2023

Given the limited capacity available for encoding and subsequent retrieval of information, it is no surprise that people forget. Of greater interest is whether the memory system copes rationally, i.e. adaptively, 1 with its handicap. Indeed, there has been recent movement toward establishing a new research paradigm in which memory phenomena are explained in terms of their environmental adaptiveness rather than their underlying mechanisms (J. Anderson and Milson, 1989; J. Anderson and Schooler, 1991; R. Anderson et al., 1997). In this chapter I will discuss the meaning of rational memory, some major evidence concerning the hypothesis that memory is rational, and some theoretical issues in assessing memory’s rationality.
Adaptive analysis of sequential behavior: oscillators as rational mechanisms
Authors: Brown Gordon D A , Vousden Janet I
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to begin applying a rational modelling approach to human memory for sequential order. Although the majority of human behavior involves temporally extended sequential processing, there has been little attempt to account for the rich data available from the study of human memory for serial order, speech production, typing, spelling, and other such domains, within an adaptive framework. Here we argue that very general features of human sequential behavior-features that are observed in many different domains of human action and thought-can be understood as resulting from the action of mechanisms that evolved in simpler organisms to reflect the dynamical structure of the environment adaptively. Specifically, we argue that systems equipped with endogenous oscillators can achieve efficient sequential behavior by ‘hooking up’ their internal oscillators to sequences of events in the world. Simple organisms can use such mechanisms to achieve adaptively efficient foraging; we show that the same type of mechanism can explain human cognitive behavior in domains such as speech production and short¬ term memory for serial order.
A behavioral analysis of pain-related fear responses
Authors: McCracken Lance M
Published: November 2023

The importance of the pain sufferer’s behavior in adjustment to chronic pain has been recognized for many years. Early developments of this notion included Fordyce’s first published trial of operant methods (Fordyce et al. 1968) and his volume on behavioral methods for chronic pain (Fordyce 1976). These methods have been criticized over the years including recently (e.g. Sharp 2001). Criticisms often employ overly simplistic notions of “pain behavior” and fail to recognize that there have been considerable changes in the theoretical and empirical basis for current behavioral approaches in the past 30 years. Clarifying these developments may advance our understanding of chronic pain in general and pain-related fear and avoidance in particular.
Future challenges and research directions in fear of pain
Authors: Asmundson Gordon J G , Coons Michael J , Vlaeyen, Johan W S , Crombez Geert
Published: November 2023

The fear of pain construct has received considerable attention in the literature over the past decade or so. As evident in the opening three chapters of this volume, there has been considerable evolution in explanatory models of the association between fear and pain. These models have developed to a point where they now provide a solid foundation from which researchers and treatment providers from a variety of disciplines can conceptualize innovative investigations and approaches to symptom management. This volume comprises a number of contributions that shed significant light on the most important issues and developments in understanding and treating painrelated fear and anxiety. As well, each contribution posits important considerations for future investigation of the fear of pain/(re)injury construct and tenants of the fear-avoidance model. The following is a list of what are, in our opinion, some of the most important issues that remain to be addressed.
Overview: a panel discussion on current and future insights into the neurological, behavioral, and motor consequences of HIV-1 infection
Authors: Howard E Gendelman , Atkinson J Hampton , Everall, Ian Paul , González R Gilbert , Grant Igor , Heaton Robert , Kolson Dennis L , Lipton Stuart A , McArthur Justin , Nath Avindra , Power Christopher , Swindells, Susan , Wigdahl Brian
Published: November 2023

Human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) infection often leads to a number of neurological events including peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, vacuolar myelopathy; and cognitive, motor, and behavioral abnormalities. The mechanisms by which virus invades the nervous system and induces neurological deficits remain incompletely understood. Considerable work has been done since the first edition of The neurology of AIDS in defining the role(s) of ‘putative’ neurotropic, neuroinvasive, and neurovirulent viral strains for disease. Additional studies in defining the molecular nature of the virus and its relationship to treatment outcomes are well documented.
Priorities of the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke for neuroAIDS research in resource-limited countries
Authors: Joseph Jeymohan , Nunn Michael
Published: November 2023

A critical component of the future for neuro AIDS research rests in the rapidly expanding HIV epidemic in third world countries. Estimates from UNAIDS and WHO state that 40 million individuals were HIV infected and 3 million died of AIDS worldwide in 2003. Importantly, up to 28 of the 40 million people infected reside in sub-Saharan Africa while nearly 8 million are in South and South-east Asia. The global HIV epidemic is increasing by nearly 14,000 new infections per day with 95% occurring in the developing world. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has recognized the magnitude of HIV epidemic in resource-limited countries, and in fiscal year (FY) 2000 the NIH Office of AIDS Research (OAR) established a new initiative for global research activities on HIV/AIDS.
Immunology of HIV-1
Authors: Devadas Krishnakumar , Lal, Renu B , Dhawan Subhash
Published: November 2023

This chapter serves as a bridge between the molecular and structural biology of the human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) and the immunological consequences that viral infection produces. These are critical components of how nervous system disease is caused and may someday be prevented. HIV is a retrovirus that belongs to the family of lentiviruses. HIV-1, like other retroviruses, is an enveloped virus (Fig. 1). The outer envelope consists of a lipid bilayer membrane containing the viral envelope glycoproteins. The outer envelope lipid bilayer membrane is derived from the infected cell and contains many cellular components such as Β2- microglobulin and the Α and Β chains of the human lymphocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR, product of the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)).
HIV-1 vaccines
Authors: Mosley R Lee , Benner Eric J
Published: November 2023

The global scale of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic, raging throughout most the developing world, has warranted a great urgency toward developing an efficacious preventative vaccine. The current repertoire of vaccines, most of which were developed during the latter half of the twentieth century against a number of viral pathogens, has played a major role in eradicating life-threatening diseases, especially for children, limiting morbidity, and extending the life span of populations worldwide. Such vaccines have provided exceptional improvements in health with respect to infectious diseases that randomly have ravaged large populations during epidemics and pandemics. Certainly, vaccinated individuals are not only protected from the consequences of infection, but also the incidence of transmission is drastically reduced, thus diminishing the possibility of epidemic spread.
The blood–brain barrier as an immunocompetent organ
Authors: Miller Donald W
Published: November 2023

The passage of compounds, macromolecules. and cell components from the blood to the extracellular environment of the brain is restricted by the brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMVEC) that form the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The normally low permeability of these cells is attributable in part to the presence of highly developed tight junctions between the brain capillary endothelial cells, low pinocytic activity, and the absence of fenestrations. While once considered to be a static barrier, it is now clear that the brain microvessel endothelial cells form a dynamic interface between the blood and the brain that can be influenced by drug regimens (Bartus et al. 1996; Greig 1989), endogenous factors such as bradykinin, bile salts, and cytokines (Hurst and Clark 1998; Greenwood et al. 1991; Mark et al. 2001), and various pathophysiological conditions (Sharief et al. 1993; Spellerberg and Tuomanen 1994; Epstein 1998).
Mechanisms of viral entry through the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Eugenin Eliseo A , Berman Joan W
Published: November 2023

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) has devastating consequences in a large number of individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 enters the brain early after infection and approximately one-third of infected individuals, particularly children, develop HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE) and/or AIDS dementia complex. Despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), infection and inflammation persist in the CNS, and microglia or other CNS cells may serve as a long-term reservoir harboring HIV-1. The neuropathology of HIV-1 infection includes demyelination, reactive astrocytes, multinucleated giant cells, perivascular and parenchymal accumulation of macrophages, and neuronal injury and loss. There is also evidence of abnormal blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability (see review in Diesing et al. 2002).
The choroid plexus and viral entry into the brain
Authors: Burkala Evan , West John T , He Jun , Petito, Carol K , Wood Charles
Published: November 2023

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) occurs early (Resnick et al. 1988), but productive infection is delayed until the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), at which time productively infected monocyte/ macrophages and multinucleated giant cells (HIV encephalitis) can be found in the autopsied brain tissues. The independent evolution of HIV-1 strains in the brain when compared to systemic organs (Hughes et al. 1997) may be due to its blood–brain barrier (BBB) or blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSF-B), which limits the brain’s immune response and delivery of antiretroviral drugs (van der Sandt et al. 2001; Lafeuillade et al. 2002).
Chemokines, HIV-1, and the central nervous system
Authors: Miller Richard J
Published: November 2023

It is a well-accepted fact that the consequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection encompass not only the immune system but the nervous system as well. The majority of individuals who are infected by HIV-1 display neurological symptoms and associated neuropathology involving both the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively; Kaul et al. 2001; Kolson and Gonzales-Scarano 2001). The serious and incapacitating nature of these symptoms—collectively known as ‘HIV-1-associated dementia’ (HAD) or the ‘HIV-1 related cognitive motor syndrome’ in the CNS and ‘HIV-1 related sensory neuropathy’ in the PNS—mean that neurological problems make a significant contribution to the overall clinical picture in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Mechanisms of neuronal demise in HIV dementia: role of HIV-1 Tat
Authors: Chauhan Ashok , Nath Avindra
Published: November 2023

Tat is a transactivator of TAR (Tat-associated region). It is a small protein of 101 amino acids but the length varies from stain to stain (Robert-Guroff et al. 1990). It is produced in the initial phase of viral transcription and localizes mainly to the nucleus and nucleolus (Stauber and Pavlakis 1998). It is a highly basic protein and therefore has high potential for non-specific binding with different RNAs (Ruben et al. 1989). The primary role of Tat is to regulate (productive and processive) transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) promoter region termed the long terminal repeat (LTR; Rosen et al. 1988). Residues 1–72 are encoded by the first exon and residues 73–101 or 104 are encoded by a second exon (Ruben et al. 1989).
Neurogenesis and its links to brain development, developmental therapeutics, and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including HIV-1-associated dementia
Authors: Zheng Jialin , Peng Hui , Rose, Jeremy , Herek Shelley
Published: November 2023

Past studies have supported the concept that the adult mammalian brain is incapable of regeneration. Indeed, neurons are terminally differentiated cells incapable of mitosis and, until recently, a compensatory production of neural cells following brain injury was not recognized (Korr 1980; Sturrock 1982). However, research performed in the past decade unequivocally demonstrates that the adult human brain contains populations of dormant and proliferating late neural progenitor cells (NPC; Carpenter et al. 1999; Eriksson et al. 1998; Gould et al. 1998, 1999b; Kaplan and Bell 1984; Kirschenbaum and Goldman 1995; Palmer et al. 1997; Seri et al. 2001; Shimazaki et al. 2001; Shingo et al. 2001; Uchida et al. 2000; Weiss et al. 1996).
Laboratory model systems of drug abuse and their relevance to HIV infection and dementia
Authors: Rogers Thomas J , Bednar Filip , Kaminsky David E , Davey Penelope C , Jr, Joseph J Meissler , Eisenstein Toby K
Published: November 2023

One-third of HIV-infected individuals in the United States are intravenous drug abusers (IVDUs; Center for Disease Control and Prevention 1996). The staggering intersection of these two afflictions implies causality. Higher rates of HIV in IVDUs could be due to increased exposure. In fact, transmission of HIV by contaminated needles is, undoubtedly, a major mode of infection in the drug-abusing population, as strategies to reduce needle sharing and to encourage disinfection if sharing occurs reduce risk of infection (Chaisson et al. 1987; Des Jarlais et al. 1988; Friedland et al. 1985; McCoy et al. 1998). High-risk sexual behavior that is associated with drug use also correlates with HIV infection, probably due to greater risk of exposure to the virus. However, there are other hypotheses for how drugs of abuse might lead to increased rates of HIV infection.
Coping with depression
Authors: Kendrick Sebron
Published: November 2023

My name is Sebron Kendrick. I earned a Masters of Science with a concentration in Art from Illinois State University in 1990. I am an artist, a painter and a good one at that. I say that not in a boastful way. In fact, most of the people who know me will tell you that I am a very modest fellow. It is necessary to make you see just how important art is to me to get you to see how utterly devastating depression can be. Art is my first love; it is part of my very fiber. I have devoted most of my life to studying and making art.
Brain pathology in HIV-1-infected drug abusers
Authors: Bell Jeanne E , Gray Françoise
Published: November 2023

Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) first came to world attention in the early 1980s as a fatal immunosuppressive disorder affecting young homosexual men, a similar epidemic was in fact emerging simultaneously amongst injecting drug users. It was soon evident that this novel disease had profound effects not only on the immune system but also on the nervous system in that cognitive impairment amounting to frank dementia proved common in infected patients. That this was not due simply to opportunistic conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting from the profound immune deficiency was established in 1983–84 (Snider et al. 1983; Welch et al. 1984; Moskowitz et al. 1984).
The neuropathology of HIV-related neuropathies
Authors: Brew Bruce J
Published: November 2023

The neuropathology of HIV-related neuropathies is complex and diverse. This review will firstly discuss a general conceptual framework for understanding the neuropathies and then delineate each using an etiological classification. The previous chapters have discussed the possible etiological agents for each of the limited patterns of clinical presentation, so this approach should be ‘user-friendly’. The general conceptual framework that should be applied to this topic is discussed in detail elsewhere (Brew 2001). In brief, it consists of a set of principles that apply to all the neurological complications of HIV disease, with the exception of the final principle. Here their specific relevance to the neuropathology of the neuropathies will be emphasized.
Compartmentalization of HIV infection in the central nervous system
Authors: Hung Chi , Ellis Ronald J
Published: November 2023

Most research on HIV infection in the central nervous system (CNS) deals with the manifestations and mechanisms of AIDS-related neurological diseases. A less well-recognized, but no less compelling rationale for studying the CNS is to evaluate its unique role as a host tissue for HIV infection. The term ‘compartmentalization’ that has arisen to describe this role has been used with several different meanings. Three of these will be considered here. Compartmentalization of infection refers to the notion that ongoing cycles of viral replication in the CNS are autonomous, in that they do not require continuing re-introduction of virus from other sources. This implies that viral evolution may occur along independent lines in the CNS.
Tiling the plane with one tile
Authors: Giral’Lt-Beauquier D , Nivat M
Published: November 2023

Tiling the plane is a very old activity of mankind. Grunbaum and Shep herd (1986) give many beautiful examples of decorative tilings belonging to nearly all ancient civilizations. Most decorative tilings are those we call periodic, which means that they are invariant by two independent trans lations.
Mathematical Logic and the Origin of Modern Computers*
Authors: Davis Martin
Published: November 2023

The very word computer immediately suggests one of the main uses of these remarkable devices: an instrument of calculation. But it is a matter of widespread experience that modern computers can be used for many purposes having no evident connection with numerical computation. The main thesis of this article is that the source of this generalized conception of the scope of computers is to be found in the vision of a computer as an engine of logic implicit in the abstract theory of computation developed by mathematical logicians.
Language and Computations
Authors: Fenstad Jens Erik
Published: November 2023

C.P. Snow, the physicist and the novelist, on one occasion claimed that P.A. Dirac and F. Crick were the two greatest Englishmen of their generation. Even if he spoke at a banquet celebrating the 70th birthday of Dirac, Snow may be right. This I will not dispute, but I would like to add one more name to this duo of eminent Cambridge men –Alan Turing. Physics aiming at understanding the natural world is well represented by Dirac, the life sciences is equally well represented by Crick. And the name of Turing has increasingly become a symbol of the new science of computation and communication, whether it be in “natural” or “artificial” systems.
Beyond the Turing Machine
Authors: Hasslacher Brosi
Published: November 2023

Byzantine complexity, seen in the physical world, contains archetypical features which surface in many disciplines in disguised form –a reflection of the same phenomena in different mirrors. I have extracted those concepts with a rich and natural connection among them and which I think important for designing new kinds of computing strategies for the complexity problem. Many of these ideas go back to von Neumann, but somewhere we dropped the thread in the so-called supercomputer era. Making sense out of extraordinary self organizing complexity belongs to the most difficult problems of this century. Without new kinds of computation models we have no hope of solving it. We must depend on our analytic skills and on our computing machines to act as eyes on this new world. These remarks are about those machines and our interaction with them.
The Landscape of Deduction
Authors: Benthem Johan van
Published: November 2023

Recent logical research is showing an increasing sensitivity to the existence of what may be called different ‘styles of deduction’, organized in logical proof calculi that may vary even in the basic structural rules governing their general handling of premises and conclusions. Standard structural rules, such as Monotonicity, Contraction, Cut or Permutation, may be either lost completely in the process, or be modified to subtler variants (such as ‘leftward’ or ‘cautious’ forms of Monotonicity). Any system of structural rules may be seen as characteristic of a certain deductive style: ‘classical’, ‘relevant’, ‘dynamic’, or ‘categorial’. In general, these styles will be more sensitive to the syntactic presentation of premises, whose ordering and multiplicity become crucial: most inference is ‘occurrence-oriented’. Starting from different motivations, students of categorial logic, relevance logic and linear logic have been exploring this space of possibilities, using various formats, including Hilbert-style axiomatic systems and Gentzen-style calculi of sequents (cf. [Lambek 1958], [Dunn 1985], [Girard 1987], [van Benthem 1991]). In particular, the latter format seems to be gaining the upper hand these days as a natural form of organization, bringing out what are perceived to be the major options in choosing one inferential style or another. There are also other research lines, however, which tend in the same direction, such as the current work on varieties of inference in artificial intelligence and their logical properties (cf. [Makinson 1991]), which has brought in ‘preferential’ or ‘default’ styles of heuristic reasoning, again with a spectrum of different structural rules.
Type-Theoretical Grammar
Authors: Ranta Aarne
Published: November 2023

Constructive type theory was first presented in 1970, by the Swedish logician Per Martin-Lof. It has become one of the main approaches in the foundations of mathematics and computer science. But it has remained relatively unknown among linguists and philosophers, although it provides a comsiderable extension of the concepts and techniques of logic. The book contains an introduction to type theory from the point of view of linguistics and the philosophy of language. Type theory is then applied in the areas of quantification, anaphora, temporal reference, and the structure of text and discourse. In virtue of the type theoretical concepts of proof object and context, various phenomena of dependence and progression in language can be discussed in precise terms, and several well-known problems can be solved.
Text and Discourse
Authors: Ranta Aarne
Published: November 2023

Under the titles of anaphora, presupposition, and temporal reference, we have been discussing progression within complex sentences. Progression of all these forms is found in texts as well, between distinct sentences.
The making of an aquifer
Authors: Downing R A , Price M , Jones G P
Published: November 2023

Some 100 million years ago, in the period of geological time known as the Late Cretaceous, the area that now surrounds the North Sea lay about 10° further south in the latitude of the present north coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The average temperature was about 20°C and sea level was probably several hundred metres higher than today. Only the highest parts of the ancient massifs remained as land. These had low relief and, as the climate was arid, little erosion was taking place and the limited detritus was deposited close to the shoreline. In the warm waters of this sea, over a period of about 35 million years, a soft white ooze formed from the accumulation of the skeletal plates of microscopic planktonic algae, and this ooze became the limestone known today as chalk, and which makes up the lithostratigraphic unit called the Chalk. Although it formed over much of what is today northern Europe, as well as over parts of North America and Asia, this book is concerned only with the Chalk deposited in and around the present North Sea Basin, during Upper Cretaceous and Lower Palaeocene (Danian) times.
An aquifer at risk
Authors: Downing R A , Price M , Jones G P
Published: November 2023

A glance at an atlas of North-west Europe reveals the strong negative correlation between annual precipitation and population density. This is particularly evident in areas such as the Netherlands, south-east England, and the Paris Basin. The high demand for water in these densely populated and often highly developed areas is met largely from groundwater and frequently from the Chalk, which currently provides water supplies totalling almost 8.5 × 106m3 d−1. The chalk is a considerable economic asset to North-west Europe in other ways.
Cainozoic and Mesozoic oil and gas-bearing basins: northern region
Authors: Hutchison Charles S
Published: November 2023

In my earlier volume (Hutchison, 1989a, p. 63) it seemed desirable to have a system of basin classification which incorporates the terminologies of plate tectonics. With the benefits of hindsight, I now believe that all attempts at classification of South-East Asian basins (Fig. 2.1), including my own (Hutchison, 1989a) have failed. The fitting of geological details into various favoured models has been contrived and attempts at relating the stress fields of the faulting patterns (e.g. Wood, 1985) and basin shapes to the active plate margins have been unsuccessful. The fore-arc category alone remains viable, but only where the plate margin has not been reorganized throughout the basin evolution, e.g. Sibolga, Bengkalis and South Java. All others, i.e. the ‘back-arc’ basins, remain genetically enigmatic and defy meaningful plate tectonic classification.
Cainozoic oil and gas-bearing basins related to the Sarawak and Sabah Orogenies
Authors: Hutchison Charles S
Published: November 2023

Many misconceptions are to be found in the literature regarding the ‘Rajang Accretionary Prism’ and orogenic events in Sarawak, Kalimantan and Sabah. Therefore it is necessary to review the data before describing the related Cainozoic basins. The following discussion is mostly based on Hutchison (1996). The basins occupy the northern coastal zone and offshore Borneo, the low elevation area between the Sarawak Border with Kalimantan and the Schwaner Mountains, and the eastern part of Sabah.
Mineralization associated with ophiolite
Authors: Hutchison Charles S
Published: November 2023

The exact definition of ophiolite was formalized by Anonymous (1972) and has generally been followed since. Ophiolite is a distinctive assemblage of mafic to ultramafic rocks. In a completely developed ophiolite the rock types occur in the following sequence: The most common occurrence of ophiolite is along the margins of marginal basins, where the obducted ophio1ite has not yet been compressed into an orogenic sumre zone. Notable examples occur in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia and Sabah. Within the continental sector of SE Asia known as Sundaland, ophiolites are more restricted, more dismembered and incomplete (Hutchison. 1975) and confined to narrow suture zones between different continental lithospheric terrains.
Non-volcanic epithermal deposits
Authors: Hutchison Charles S
Published: November 2023

Stibnite, stibnite-gold, and stibnite-gold-scheelite mineralization is confined to the Sundaland continental cratonic core area of SE Asia. This gold association .is distinctly different from the gold-silver-telluride association of the Cainozoic volcanic arcs. By contrast it is confined to areas of continental crust characterized by high level granite, granodiorite and diorite plutons, which may have provided the heat source to mobilize the metals from the old continental crustal infrastructure. Volcanic activity is lacking. There is commonly an important mercury association (Figs 9.1. and 10.1). The major gold-bearing quartz vein mineralization style has no volcanic association and occurs notably in metapelite and carbonate country rocks. Although this mineralization association overlaps the tin belts on a regional scale, it is separate, unrelated to and younger than the tin-bearing granites. The extensive Cainozoic fracture system of Sundaland, combined with the high regional geothermal gradients, have facilitated the low temperature mobilization of the metals.
The planting of Taid’s wood
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

As already mentioned, when we bought the wood in April 1985, 1.6 hectares, or nearly 4 acres, beside the railway were not ours to use. On this land the mix of larches and other conifers, sycamore, and oak trees had not been felled during the war because it was younger than the rest of the original planting. At least, so we surmised, concluding that the trees had probably been planted around 1910 rather than 1895, our estimate for the rest of the wood.
The half-past-two roe deer
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

During visits to check the new planting in the summer of 1987, roe deer were frequently sighted. Only after several visits did it register that each time it was the same graceful creature that was disturbed from its early afternoon browsing, and in almost exactly the same place. For several weekends and occasionally in mid-week, the deer and I would keep this 2.30 appointment, though I was the one who usually failed to turn up. Perhaps the quiet of the wood and lack of human intrusion helps explain its clock-like regularity, but roe are renowned for good time-keeping as they work their territory.
From Kiev To Muscovy The Beginnings TO 1450
Authors: Martin Janet
Published: November 2023

The formative centuries of the Russian state are perhaps best divided into three main periods: the era of Kievan Rus from its roots in the ninth century to the Mongol invasion of 1237–40; a century of ‘Mongol dominance’ from 1240 to c.1340, during which Kievan traditions and structures lost their potency and the Rus principalities adapted to Mongol or Tatar suzerainty; and the period from c.1340 to the mid-fifteenth century, when the foundations of the new state of Muscovy were laid.
The Petrine Era And After 1689–1740
Authors: Alexander John T
Published: November 2023

Peter I is associated with many ‘firsts’ in Russian history. He was the first legitimate Muscovite ruler to have that name in Russian and European languages (Piter in Dutch), the first to use a Roman numeral after his name, the first to travel incessantly by land and water and to venture abroad, the first to be titled emperor and ‘the Great, Most Wise Father of the Fatherland’, the first to inspire radical change in diverse spheres of activity, the first to found urban sites sharing his name, the first to be buried in St Petersburg, and the first to imprint his name on an entire era encompassing the birth of modern Russia in an expanded, European context.
Pre -Reform Russia 1801–1855
Authors: Ransel David l.
Published: November 2023

If the murder of Tsar Paul in 1801 brought instant relief to the political élite of Russia, it did not have the same healthy effect on the new ruler, Alexander I, son of the murdered tsar. Alexander was himself a conspirator, for he had authorized the overthrow of his father, if not his assassination, and the new tsar initially expressed despair about the killing, feelings of incompetence about ruling, and stark fear that he too might be killed.
Reform And Counter Reform 1855–1890
Authors: Freeze Gregory L
Published: November 2023

The period 1855–90 marks Russia’s transition from counter-revolution to revolution—from the ‘Gendarme of Europe’ to the bastion of revolutionary forces. That transition reflected the profound impact of the ‘Great Reforms’, which brought not only far-reaching changes (the emancipation of serfs and a host of other Westernizing, modernizing reforms), but also a new kind of politics and relationship between state and society.
The New Economic Policy (NEP ) And The Revolutionary Experiment 1921–1929
Authors: Husband William B
Published: November 2023

Once the Bolsheviks had consolidated their victory in the Russian civil war, the revolutionary experiment in socialism could begin in earnest. The defeat of principal military enemies in conjunction with the use of mass mobilization and repressive force seriously impaired those rivals not completely driven from the political arena. By that time, the Bolsheviks had already undertaken a broad programme of social and economic change.
Verbal Nouns
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Introductory. The principal suffixes which make verbal nouns are: -mek, -meklik, -me, and -iŞ. Primarily, -mek denotes pure undefined action, -meklik the fact of action, -me the action or result of action, -iŞ the manner of action; there is, however, a certain blurring of the boundaries of their functions.

-mek. This is usually termed the suffix of the infinitive (cf. VIII, I). It has two peculiarities: it never takes the personal suffixes or the suffix of the genitive case. The other cases are in full use.
Gerunds
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Introductory. This chapter deals with the many adverbial forms of the verb. The term ‘gerunds’ has been chosen from among the several terms in use, which include ‘deverbal adverbs’, ‘adverbials’, ‘gerundives’, ‘gerundia’, and ‘converbs’, as it has the merit of brevity. Those who are familiar with the gerund in Latin, however, will find little in common between it and most of the forms here described. Indeed, the only point of approach is that one sense of the adverbial form of the verb -erek, ‘by doing’, is like that of the ablative case of the Latin gerund, e.g. faciendo. The forms treated in §§ 2–12 are made by adding suffixes to verb-stems, with the usual y as buffer where necessary and the usual fluctuation of usage about the narrowing or otherwise of a preceding vowel; e.g. anla-with the suffix -erek may be found spelled as anlayarak or anlyarak.
Word-formation
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Deverbal substantives. In sections 2–19 are discussed the principal suffixes added to verb-stems to make nouns and adjectives, excluding those dealt with under the headings of participles and verbal nouns in Chapters IX and X. These suffixes have been the chief weapons in the campaign to substitute words from Turkish roots for Arabic and Persian borrowings.
Adjectival Phrases and Participial Qualifiers
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

1. The basibozuk The basbozuk construction. This type of qualifier derives from a statement whose subject is an izafet group: Şu adam-n baŞ- bozuk ‘that man’s head is deranged’. The words baŞ bozuk ‘his head deranged’ can be used to qualify adam by placing them before it: baŞ bozuk adam ‘the hishead-deranged man, the man whose head is deranged’. Now when a sentence whose verb is not simply ‘is’ (as it is in baŞ bozuk(tur)) is made into a qualifier, the verb becomes the corresponding participle; thus to make a qualifier out of Üniversitede hukuk okuyor ‘she is reading law at the University’ we substitute for the present tense okuyor the present participle okuyan: Üniversitede hukuk okuyan kz ‘the girl who is reading law . . . ‘. But this construction offers further possibilities.
Asyndetic Subordination
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Just as co-ordination can be expressed asyndetically, i.e. with no conjunction (cf. XIII, 1), so subordination may be expressed with no visible subordinating link.

With verbs of thinking and perceiving: vagonu doldu sanarak baŞka yere gidecekler (Resąt Nuri) ‘thinking the compartment full, they will go elsewhere’. sanmak ‘to think’ regularly has two objects, e.g. seni arkadaŞ sanyordum ‘I used to think you ⟨a⟩ friend’. The second object here is the finite verb doldu ‘has become full’. zihni gayriihtiyarî bir hayal yapt; bir lâhza yumurcağ yatağnda sapsar yatyor gördü (idem) ‘her mind involuntarily created a vision; for an instant she saw the awful child lying deathly pale in his bed’.
Punctuation
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

There is no general agreement among Turkish writers or printers on how to punctuate and the reader must be prepared for anything. The advice given in the Introduction to OTD is not without its occasional value: ‘If you are completely bewildered by some sentence, try cutting out all the punctuation marks and often you will find it quite easy to translate.’ One cannot, however, afford to ignore a comma near the beginning of a sentence, which usually indicates the subject: bu Bakann karardr ‘it is this Minister’s decision’; bu, Bakann karardr ‘this is the Minister’s decision’. üniversiteli kz kaçrd ‘he abducted the girl undergraduate’; üniversiteli, kz kaçrd ‘the undergraduate abducted the girl’.
Consolidating the Republic: politics 1880–1914
Authors: McMillan James
Published: November 2023

The new republican leadership was immediately confronted with the problem of how to translate its ideals into tangible political realities. Apart from inevitable clashes of personality and temperament, it was divided over the question of the pace of progress towards a fully democratic order, and in particular on how rapidly to proceed with the implementation of the secularization programme which would create the état laïc.
Religion, anticlericalism, and secularization
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

Religion and secularization are commonly viewed as having a night and day relationship, in which the growth of one entails the symmetrical waning of the other. Yet the history of France since 1880 showed each as having a trajectory of its own, which periodically seemed like a reflection in reverse of its counterpart, but which in reality was shaped by sharply different if related forces.
Conflict with the Western powers 1843–1861
Authors: Gray Jack
Published: November 2023

In our concern with the events of the Taiping Rebellion, we have passed over the events of China’s relations with the foreign powers from 1843 to 1860. We now return to these. Before 1843 the community of foreign merchants at Canton had argued that expansion of trade with China was prevented only by certain political obstacles. These had now been removed. Traders had access, although only indirectly, to the most populous parts of China, and so to a market which, in the number of potential consumers, was as large as British India.
The Nationalist regime 1928–1937
Authors: Gray Jack
Published: November 2023

In 1927 the history of China splits again into two interlinked but separate narratives: the history of the Nationalist government, and the history of the state within a state founded in that year by the Communist Party of China. The split had another less obvious but profound significance. It had been unquestioned by both right and left that successful change in China must take place village by village—’not one revolution, but half a million revolutions’ was the theme.
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, I
Authors: Gray Jack
Published: November 2023

Between 1962 and 1965 Chinese politics appeared to be stable. The Great Leap had been ended and the damage repaired. The rate of economic growth had increased satisfactorily. Progress in agriculture under the new policies was especially gratifying, so that even though these new policies had begun simply as an improvised response to the threat of hunger, their success disposed some of China’s leaders to accept them for the future.
First Perspectives: Spain from 1939 to the 1990s
Authors: Perriam Chris , Thompson Michael , Frenk Susan , Knights Vanessa
Published: November 2023

The intention of this first chapter is to provide a brief chronological overview of the years between the end of the Spanish Civil War and the late 1990s, setting a context within which the specific issues that form the focus of the following chapters will be considered. Substantial coverage in English of the social and cultural history of the period can be found in Carr (19 80: 155–81), Carr and Fusi (1981), Preston (1986, 1993), Shubert (1990: 206–64), Hooper (1995), and Graham and Labanyi (1995). Concise general accounts in English published recently are Grugel and Rees (1997) and Romero Salvadó (1999). Numerous studies in Spanish have been published since 1975: Equipo Reseña (1977), Blanco Aguinaga, Rodríguez Puértolas, and Zavala (1983), Tusell (1990: 651–62, 707–23, 737–46, 789-95), Ramos Gascón (1991: vol. ii), and Tusell (1998) are particularly useful for their focus on cultural developments.