bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Significance and Genetic Characteristics in HER2 Low Expression Tumors of Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Chen Mengdi , Liu Deyue , Chen Weilin , Chen Weiguo , Shen Kunwei , Wu Jiayi , Zhu Li
Published: August 2021

BackgroundHuman epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) low expressed breast cancer was considered as a distinct subtype different from HER2 negative tumors. We investigated the clinicopathological features and recurrence score (RS) of HER2-low and HER2- patients and their prognostic value in hormone receptor (HR) positive breast cancer.MethodsA total of 2,099 HR-positive primary female breast cancer patients between Jan 2009 and Jan 2019 were collected and tumors with immunohistochemistry 1 + or 2 + with negative in situ hybridization results was defined as HER2 low. We retrospectively compared the clinical and genetical features of HER2-low (n = 1,732) and HER2- (n = 367) breast cancer and theirs impacts on disease-free survival (DFS).ResultsThe HER2 low tumors had a higher ratio of concurrent estrogen receptor (ER) high expression than HER2- patients both at protein level (ER > 90%: 78.2% vs 58.6%, p < 0.01) and mRNA level (Spearman R = 0.5 vs 0.3). Analysis about DFS showed no significant difference between HER2 negative and low subgroups (5-year DFS: 92.3% vs 93.3%, p = 0.83). However, RS range (cut-off: 18 and 30) didn’t maintain its predictive value in HER2 low patients (p = 0.11) unlike that in HER2- group (p = 0.003). Further research for respective gene suggested that proliferation related genes performed well in predicting DFS in HER2- patients but lost its value in HER2 low group (p for interaction < 0.01). Contrarily, higher HER2 module was associated with worse DFS only in HER2 low patients (p = 0.04).ConclusionOur study found that HER2 low expression couldn’t be a prognostic factor in HR + patients. HER2-low patients had a higher proportion of ER high expressed tumors than HER2- ones did. The 21-gene assay and its proliferation module might be less applicable to HER2-low patients compared with HER2- patients.
Scaling Up and Down of 3-D Floating-point Data in Quantum Computation
Authors: Xu Meiyu , Lu Dayong , Sun Xiaoyun
Published: August 2021

In the past few decades, quantum computation has become increasingly attractivedue to its remarkable performance. Quantum image scaling is considered a common geometric transformation in quantum image processing, however, the quantum floating-point data version of which does not exist. Is there a corresponding scaling for 2-D and 3-D floating-point data? The answer is yes.In this paper, we present quantum scaling up and down scheme for floating-point data by using trilinear interpolation method in 3-D space. This scheme offers better performance (in terms of the precision of floating-point numbers) for realizing the quantum floating-point algorithms compared to previously classical approaches. The Converter module we proposed can solve the conversion of fixed-point numbers to floating-point numbers of arbitrary size data with p + q qubits based on IEEE-754 format, instead of 32-bit single-precision, 64-bit double precision or 128-bit extended-precision. Usually, we use nearest neighbor interpolation and bilinear interpolation to achieve quantum image scaling algorithms, which are not applicable in high-dimensional space. This paper proposes trilinear interpolation of floating-point numbers in 3-D space to achieve quantum algorithms of scaling up and down for 3-D floating-point data. Finally, the circuits of quantum scaling up and down for 3-D floating-point data are designed.
Analysis of Epidemiological Changes and Elimination Effects for Malaria in North China
Authors: Guo Ruiling , Zhuang Jing , Wang Xianfeng , Liu Jinsheng , Zhu Wangdong , Liang Shuang , Jin Zengjun
Published: August 2021

Backgroud: The elimination of malaria requires high-quality surveillance data in order to detect and respond quickly to individual cases. In the 1960s and 1970s, Handan city in North China experienced widespread malaria outbreaks, which was in line with the provincial and national epidemic patterns. Methods: Case-level data for the period 2011-2018 were extracted from China's National Infectious Diseases Information system and the rest cases were recorded municipal surveillance system from 1956-2010.Results: The incidence, accuracy and timeliness of case diagnosis, reporting and investigation in malaria were evaluated at elimination stage (2011-2018) in Handan city, China. From 2011 to 2018, 81 malaria cases were reported in Handan city, all of which were imported from abroad. The annual average incidence decreased to 0.11/100 000 in the elimination stage, while all malaria cases were male. Since the initiation of the National Malaria Elimination Programme in 2010, malaria cases were consistent with the increase in overseas export channels and personnel of labor services.Conclusions: The case-based malaria surveillance system in North China worked well at the malaria elimination stage. This ensured that malaria cases could be diagnosed, reported and timely investigated at local level.
Retrospective Analysis of Pneumothorax After Repair of Esophageal Atresia/Tracheoesophageal Fistula: A Case Control Study
Authors: Zhao Jiawei , Yang Shen , Li Siqi , Wang Peize , Zhang Yanan , Zhao Yong , Hua Kaiyun , Gu Yichao , Liao Junmin , Li Shuangshuang , Chen Yongwei , HuangMD Jinshi
Published: August 2021

Background To analyze the possible causes, treatment and outcomes of postoperative pneumothorax in patients with Gross type C esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF).Methods Medical records of patients with Gross type C EA/TEF who were diagnosed and treated in Beijing Children’s Hospital from January 2007 to January 2020 were retrospectively collected. They were divided into 2 groups according to whether postoperative pneumothorax was occurred. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify risk factors for pneumothorax.Results A total of 188 patients were included, including 85 (45%) in the pneumothorax group and 103 (55%) in the non-pneumothorax group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that postoperative anastomotic leakage [P < 0.001, OR 3.516 (1.859, 6.648)] and mechanical ventilation [P = 0.012, OR 2.399 (1.210, 4.758)] were independent risk factors for pneumothorax after EA/TEF repair. The further analysis of main parameters of mechanical ventilation after surgery showed that none of them were clearly related to the occurrence of pneumothorax. Among the 85 patients with pneumothorax, 33 gave up after surgery and 52 received further treatment [conservative observation (n = 20), pleural puncture (n = 11), pleural closed drainage (n = 9), both pleural puncture and closed drainage (n = 12)]. All of the 52 patients were cured of pneumothorax at discharge.Conclusions Anastomotic leakage and postoperative mechanical ventilation were risk factors for pneumothorax after repair of Gross type C EA/TEF, but the main parameters of mechanical ventilation had no clear correlation with pneumothorax. After symptomatic treatment, the prognosis of pneumothorax was good.
Food as harm reduction during a drinking session: reducing the harm, or normalising harmful use of alcohol? A comparative analysis of alcohol industry and non-alcohol industry-funded advice
Authors: Ramsbottom Anna , Petticrew Mark , Schalkwyk May van , Carters-White Lauren , Benylles Yasmine
Published: August 2021

Background: The aim of this study was to critically analyse information concerning the relationship between alcohol and food consumption provided via alcohol industry (AI) funded and non-AI-funded health-oriented websites, to determine the role it plays within the alcohol information space, and how this serves the interests of the disseminating organisations. Methods: Information on food as a harm reduction measure while drinking alcohol was extracted from the websites of 15 AI-funded corporate social responsibility (CSR) organisations. As a comparison group, non-AI-funded health websites were also searched (n=16 websites with food and alcohol-related content). Information on both the webpages themselves, and downloadable information sheets was included. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was used to allow the text analysed to be situated within the broader political and social context. Analysis was carried out iteratively, involving continuous comparison within and between websites. Discursive themes were identified by three researchers. Identified discursive elements were discussed to reach a consensus, and a final coding framework was then developed. “Tone” analysis was used to assess whether the overall tone within individual websites were considered to be pro-alcohol consumption, neutral or discouraging of alcohol consumption.Results: There were some commonalities across AI and non-AI-funded websites, whereby both appeared to normalise alcohol consumption and to encourage use of food as a measure to enable sustained drinking, to avoid drinking in a way that results in short-term harms, and to prevent or “cure” a hangover. The fact that both AI-funded and non-AI-funded organisations shared many of these narratives is particularly concerning. However, discourse of food and alcohol that served to promote “moderate” drinking as beneficial to health, was used exclusively by AI-funded organisations, focusing on special occasions and individual blaming. Conclusions: Alcohol consumption, including heavy and harmful consumption, is frequently normalised within the online information space. Emphasising food consumption may have the effect of supporting consumers to drink for longer periods of time. Health professionals and independent health organisations should challenge why AI-funded organisations, with a major conflict of interest, and a history of health misinformation, are often given the responsibility for disseminating health information to the public.
Association of glycated hemoglobin A1c levels with cardiovascular outcomes in the general population: Results from the BiomarCaRE (Biomarker for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Europe) consortium
Authors: Sinning Christoph , Makarova Nataliya , Völzke Henry , Schnabel Renate , Ojeda Francisco , Dörr Marcus , Felix Stephan B. , Koenig Wolfgang , Peters Annette , Rathmann Wolfgang , Schöttker Ben , Brenner Hermann , Veronesi Giovanni , Cesana Giancarlo , Brambilla Paolo , Palosaari Tarja , Kuulasmaa Kari , Njølstad Inger , Mathiesen Ellisiv Bøgeberg , Wilsgaard Tom , Blankenberg Stefan , Söderberg Stefan , Ferrario Marco M. , Thorand Barbara
Published: August 2021

BackgroundBiomarkers may contribute to improved cardiovascular risk estimation. Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is used to monitor the quality of diabetes treatment. Its role for prediction of cardiovascular outcomes in the general population remains uncertain. This study aims to assess the role of HbA1c in predicting cardiovascular outcomes in the general population.MethodsData from six prospective population-based cohort studies across Europe comprising 36,180 participants were analyzed. HbA1c was evaluated in conjunction with classical cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) for association with cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and overall mortality in subjects without diabetes (N=32,477) and with diabetes (N=3,703). ResultsKaplan-Meier curves showed higher event rates with increasing HbA1c levels (log-rank-test: p<0.001). Cox regression analysis revealed significant associations between HbA1c (in mmol/mol) log-transformed and divided by interquartile range in the total study population and the examined outcomes. Thus, a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04−1.20, p=0.002) for cardiovascular mortality, 1.10 (95% CI: 1.04−1.16, p<0.001) for CVD, and 1.09 (95%CI: 1.05−1.14, p<0.001) for overall mortality can be reported. An increased risk of CVD was also observed in subjects without diabetes with increased HbA1c levels (HR 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01-1.16, p=0.021).HbA1c cut-off values of 39.9 mmol/mol (5.8%), 36.6 mmol/mol (5.5%), and 38.8 mmol/mol (5.7%) for cardiovascular mortality, CVD, and overall mortality, respectively, show an increased risk for the outcome.ConclusionsHbA1c was demonstrated to be an independent prognostic biomarker for all investigated outcomes in the general European population. A mostly monotonically increasing relationship was observed between HbA1c levels and outcomes. Elevated HbA1c levels were also associated with the outcomes in participants without diabetes (i.e., HbA1c levels < 6.5% (<48mmol/mol)) underlining the importance of HbA1c levels in the overall population.
Is psychological distress associated with carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms and nerve conduction study findings? A case-control study from Syria
Authors: AlSharif Aya , Habbal Aya Al , Daaboul Yaman , Hawat Lama Al , Habbal Osama Al , Kakaje Ameer
Published: August 2021

Background:Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common entrapment neuropathy of the median nerve at the wrist which causes severe symptoms. However, psychological aspects can affect how patient perceive this pain and can cause similar pain in some instances. This study aims to determine the association between symptoms severity, functional status, and nerve conduction studies (NCS) of adult patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and their anger, anxiety, and depression status.Methods:This case-control study was conducted in clinics in Damascus, Syria. Controls were frequency matched by gender and age from a general clinic. Interviews based on questionnaires were used that included Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire (BCTQ-A), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Dimensions of Anger Reactions Scale-5 (DAR-5) and Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS). Results:Overall, 242 patients (121 cases) were included in this study. Cases with CTS had significantly higher anxiety and depression when compared with controls, but not higher anger. Cases with higher anxiety, depression and anger had significantly more CTS symptoms and less functional status. Anxiety was also higher in cases with normal NCS in case group. When using regression, anxiety and depression remained significantly associated with having CTS.Conclusion:Anxiety and depression are more prominent with CTS. Furthermore, having anxiety and depression were associated with more CTS symptoms in the hand. Having anger was also associated with more CTS symptoms among cases. These findings emphasise on the importance of psychological aspects when having hand pain or CTS symptoms as these patients might have these symptoms despite having normal NCS.
International legislation instrument on surrogate motherhood: prospects of creation
Authors: Shumalo O.V. , Kalakura V.Ya.
Published: August 2021

Surrogacy is rapidly growing in intensity in almost the entire world, particularly in Ukraine, at the same time rapidly challenging international private law. Significant differences in approaches to this matter between various countries lead to conflict of laws and the need for its resolution at the international level as well as development of appropriate unified rules by creating an international instrument on surrogate motherhood. In this article, the author is trying to find out what the prospects of creating such a special instrument are today. It has been discovered that research on the possibilities of such regulation has been conducted within the framework of the Hague Conference on Private International Law for about ten years. To this end, a special Group of Experts has been set up within the organization to hold annual meetings and report on them. It is established that the need to create an international instrument on crossborder surrogacy agreements has been recognized at the international level. The Expert Group is currently exploring the possibility of implementing this project. The Expert Group decided that the purpose of this document would be to secure the recognition in the States Parties of a court decision on parentage that resulted from surrogacy. Consideration is also given to extending the document on recognition of acts of competent authorities on the registration a child’s birth and their legal status, given that in many countries parentage resulting from use of surrogate motherhood procedures is established without judicial involvement. It has been clarified that an international legal instrument will be developed in the form of a protocol operating in parallel with the Convention on the Recognition of Legal Parentage, which the Expert Group is also currently working on as part of a single project. In the article, it is discovered what features and provisions the future document may contain. Having analyzed the works of scientists, reports of the Expert Group and other materials, the author concludes that in the next few years a draft protocol on the recognition of paternity, established on the basis of cross-border surrogacy agreements, may be developed.
Risk indicators and related aspects in insurance companies in Palestine
Authors: Razia Bahaa , Sobhi Awwad Bahaa
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this paper is to identify the impact of risk indicators of insurance companies listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange on earnings per share over the period 2010–2017. The sample consists of seven insurance companies listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange. The data was analyzed using the OLS regression technique. This helps to determine the relationship between the independent variable (earnings per share) and the dependent variables (liquidity risk, capital risk, rate of risky assets). The results show that the liquidity risk has a positive impact on earnings per share, while capital risk and rate of risky assets have a negative impact. This means that insurance companies listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange can achieve an acceptable balance between the liquidity risk index and the earnings per share in a way that does not prevent them from fulfilling their obligations. The findings of this study are demonstrated using figures and diagrams. The study recommends that insurance companies need to pay extra attention to risks and identify effective policies to deal with risks and reduce their impact, especially capital risk and the rate of risky assets. This is because these factors negatively affect earnings per share. The results of this study will be useful to relevant stakeholders in the sector.
AcknowledgmentWe would like to thank the Palestine Technical University for their continuous and valuable support.
Factors of national environmental performance in sustainability management aspect
Authors: Rohov Heorhiy , Prykhodko Sergiy , Kolodiziev Oleh , Sybirtsev Volodymyr , Krupka Ihor
Published: August 2021

The ambitious goals of environmental sustainability stated in international agreements and national programs require developing strategies to achieve them. At the same time, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the environmental performance factors, which can be purposefully changed to achieve an effective result in the short and medium-term. The paper aims to find the institutional factors of national environmental performance, including financial ones, which might be effectively used as environmental sustainability management tools. For this, the relationships between the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), as the dependent variable, and the indicators of control of corruption, the effectiveness of an anti-monopoly policy, financial opportunities, undue influence, corporate culture, innovation output, GDP, and income growth among the poorest population, using a sample of 81 countries, and the technique for constructing nonlinear regression models based on the normalizing transformations for non-Gaussian data were studied.The study findings show that environmental performance can be predicted with sufficient accuracy by a linear model of its dependence on corruption control, minority shareholders protection, judicial independence, favoritism in decisions of government officials, tax incentives, ease of access to loans, and innovation output. Adding GDP per capita to the explanatory variables of the EPI model does not significantly affect the result accuracy but changes the model shape from linear to nonlinear. The paper substantiates ways to apply results for institutional reforms and sustainability management, such as inflation targeting, public credit guarantee schemes, performance-based loans, etc.
PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMOROUS APHORISMS IN THE CONTEXT OF LIFE SPACE
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, Burmistrova LARISA V.
Published: August 2021

The analysis of pragmatic characteristics of humorous aphorisms in the context of life space. Author's humorous aphorisms of famous writers, poets, historians of the 17th, 18th, 19th centuries and modern humorous aphorisms posted on the Internet; collection of sayings, quotes and aphorisms “Big Book of Wisdom” (edited by Yuri Lavrov). The relevance of the research is determined by the interest in comic universal expressions, network discourse, comical texts. The research results are applicable when compiling a study guide for students or can be used to compile a psychological portrait of the hero of the work. The aim of the present study is to investigate the pragmatic characteristics of humorous aphorisms. It is analyzed that humorous aphorisms of famous writers, poets, historians of the 17th, 18th, 19th centuries and modern humorous aphorisms affect the main aspects of life. Pragmatic characteristics of humorous aphorisms are analyzed. It was found that the humorous aphorisms most vividly reflect the relationship and love between a man and a woman, the intellect of a woman and a man, care of women, the image of a strong, ambitious man, relationships in marriage, feelings (love and happiness), positive attitude (purposefulness, necessity of education), negative attitude (duplicity, laziness, stupidity, slight knowledge, exaggeration of material value), the contrary opinion of an optimist and a pessimist.
THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH КЬИЛ / ГОЛОВА / HEAD IN THE LEZGIN, RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, VERDIKHANOVA FATIMA B. , PAVLOVA GULNARA SH. ,   Astrakhan State University
Published: August 2021

The object of the contrastive analysis in this article is the group of Lezgin, Russian and English phraseological (somatic) units with the component кьил/голова/head. The analysis aims at identifying the universal and specific issues in their contentits characteristic semantic fields, correlation of the general phraseological value with the core component, structural and grammatical features. In the process of the study we have used the method of comparative analysis of Lezgin, Russian and English phraseological units selected by us from foreign and domestic lexicographic sources. As the result of the analysis we have found that there was a similarity in structure, imagery and stylistic coloration of phraseological units. The peculiar characteristics of the studied languages in phraseological units were carried out. This work can serve as a material for further research in the field of phraseology whether the question of education plays an important role in the life of society.
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF A FILM REVIEW AS A GENRE
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, ILOVA ELENA V. , GALICHKINA ELENA N. ,   Astrakhan State University, IZMAILOVA RUFINA ZH. ,   Astrakhan State University
Published: August 2021

The article describes distinctive features of a film review as a speech genre which is now one of the most popular genres of the mass media net discourse. The article proves its intertextual character and analyses its lexical and semantic features. Film reviews taken from the following sources: sites of cinema goers: www.imdb.com, www.empireonline.com, www.pluggedin.com ; official sites of film critics (e.g. R. Ebert) https://www.rogerebert.com; official sites of the newspapers: The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/reviews/movies, The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/film+tone/reviews and other sites: https://www.imdb.com/search/keyword/?keywords=movie-review, https://www.pluggedin.com/movie-reviews/. The material for analysis comprises about 100 film reviews released in 2020. The reviews are in open access in the Internet. The volume of the analysed material is about 200 pages. The method used to achieve the main objective is interpretation analysis of film reviews. As a result of the theoretical material analysis main directions in the genre research were specified; key distinctive features of a film review were studied. The actuality of the research is determined by the rising interest to net mass media discourse genres. The main objective is to elicit and describe lexical and semantic features of film reviews as a speech genre. The conducted research made it possible to prove the interdiscoursive and poly-discoursive nature of the genre in question and to systematize its lexical and semantic features. The analysis disclosed that intertextuality of a film review is actualized in the interaction of three types of discourse: that of the critic, that of the film and that of other people. Poly-discoursive nature of a film review is expressed through the combination of publicistic, literary and scientific styles features. Another important characteristic is evaluativity represented in emotionally coloured vocabulary. Among other lexical and semantic features are the following: usage of non-specific terms, cliches, rhetorical questions with precedent names, intertextual inserting, various stylistic devices, among which epithets and metaphors are most often used. It’s been observed that a film review is filled with bookish vocabulary as well as stylistically low words and expressions.
LINGUISTIC AND SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TERM "ROAD MAP"
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, KOLOKOLOVA NATAL’YA M.
Published: August 2021

The paper refers to the lexical meaning of the term "road map", which initially had a geographical and cartographic meaning, as a result of the calculated translation of the economic term roadmap into Russian, gained popularity in the administrative activities of institutions. The comparative research conducted in Russian and English is supported by large-scale sociological probing, the results of which prove the inappropriate use of this term in the professional and everyday life of the Russian-speaking population.
HEROES-CREATORS, HEROES-WRITERS AND THEIR ANTIPODES IN THE PROSE OF GAITO GAZDANOV
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, KUZNETSOVA ELENA V.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the system of characters, which includes both central and secondary characters in the stories and novels of Gaito Gazdanov, heroes - creators, heroes - writers and their antipodes. The main character is seen as the semantic center of the work, regardless of whether he is the main subject of the narrative or not. In the article, the heroes of novels and stories are systematized according to the selected criteria into separate groups. The dualism of human nature in Gaito Gazdanov's prose is realized with the help of a number of figurative antitheses, one of which is the opposition of creator heroes and destroyer heroes.
USAGE OF "MALE" PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN THE LYRICS OF GERMAN RAPERS
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, MASLOVA ANTONINA N. , KOSHELEVA OLGA N. ,   Astrakhan State Medical University, ALFJOROVA NATALJA S. ,   Astrakhan State University
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the meaning of phraseological units for the lyrics of German rappers. It points out the important role of phraseological units in enriching the "youth jargon", classifies phraseological units taking into account their semantics and morphological - syntactic aspect, identifies the most significant phraseological fields for the lyrics of rappers' songs. The latest trends in the study of phraseological units are considered.
STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF GERMAN MELIORATIVES IN THE FUNCTION OF ENDEARING VOCATIVES
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, NAPYLOVA LIUDMILA I.
Published: August 2021

This article presents the characteristics of German melioratives in the function of endearing vocatives, examines the features of their consumption and distribution in German society, analyzes their structural composition and describes their semantics.
THE SENSE OF CONCEPT IN MODERN LINGUISTICS
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, PAVLOVA GULNARA SH. , VARLAMOVA EKATERINA V. ,   Astrakhan State University, BEGININA ALYONA O. ,   Astrakhan State University
Published: August 2021

The analysis of existing approaches to the concept description in modern linguistics is carried out. The research is based on the scientific works of modern linguists dealing with cognitive linguistics, semantics and pragmatics: A. A. Zalevskaya (2001), V. I. Karasik (2002, 2007, 2019), Z. D. Arutyunov (1999), V. A. Maslov (2007), Y. S. Stepanov (2007). The versatility of the concept noted by the linguists requires a more detailed consideration of approaches to its description. The article discusses two positions in the study of the concept - cognitive and lingua-cultural. Terminological differences of term ‘concept’ are given from the point of view of several representatives of the observed linguistic schools. The research methodology is based on the dialectical method of cognition. The concept as a mental category embodies the linguistic and cultural connection of a person's ideas about the world around them - "a clot of culture in the mind". Representatives of cognitive linguistics consider the concept as the result of conscious activity of the speaker, behind which the meanings of native speakers of a particular language are hidden. Psycholinguists interpret the concept as a basic perceptual-cognitive-affective education, which serves as an indicator of a person's mental life. Representatives of the lingua-cultural direction distinguish several features in the concept. First, the value characteristics are expressed in the meaning - "cultural saturation of the concept". Secondly, conceptual properties are represented in the meaning of "mental education". Thirdly, the figurative components of the concept serve its operation in various activities. The multilayered nature of the concept is a subject to abstract modeling, which is used in applied research in linguistics, synchronous comparative studies, confrontational and comparative- typological linguistics. The concept as a unit of meaning is represented as an abstract category that is implemented in language tools and images. Cultural linguistics examines the structure of the concept from the standpoint of three components - conceptual, figurative and axiological (evaluative). The content of the concept can be furtherly investigated in accordance with the field principle - the core (information content), the near periphery (metaphorical interpretation and value features) and the far periphery (infrequent functioning of features).
THE PROBLEM OF NON-CULTURAL RECEPTION OF VOCABULARY WITH VALUE OF EMOTION AND EVALUATION
Authors:   Astrakhan State Technical University, KRUTOVA IRINA N.
Published: August 2021

In the article the author addresses the study of the problem of the inocular reception of vocabulary with the meaning of emotion and evaluation. It is proved that first, the study of emotion provides for the formation of a student's attitude to a person as the highest value. The study of the category of emotion and the means of expressing it in the language is carried out taking into account the human factor that is, referring to a person not only as a person, who speaks and thinks, but as also feels. In addition, the article emphasizes the idea that the anthropological nature of modern linguistics involves the study of language processes when the subject of speech and its recipient are included in the description of language mechanisms.
COMMUNICATION IN THE EUROPEAN THEATRE OF THE ABSURD (ON THE EXAMPLE OF EUGÈNE IONESCO'S AND SAMUEL BECKETT'S PLAYS)
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, TRUNILINA MARINA I. , PITELINA MARIA V. ,   Astrakhan State University
Published: August 2021

The article examines the features of communication in the plays of the Theatre of the Absurd. The absence in the act of communication of the most important components such as objectives, motives and needs - leads to communication breakdown. The consequence of communication breakdown is language disintegration, which we observe in the case of lack of lexical and grammatical connections, the absence of semantic connection between the objects of conversation, in the illogical inferences of the heroes, in the multidimensional dialogue. The material of the research is the plays "The Bald Singer" by E. Ionesco and "Waiting for Godot" by S. Beckett.
SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION AND CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT OF OTANTHROPONYMIC GODONYMS AND AGORONYMS IN STOCKHOLM
Authors:   Private educational institution of additional education for the study of foreign languages “Nordic School”, PRIRODINA ULYANA P.
Published: August 2021

This article is devoted to the consideration of otanthroponymic godonyms and agoronyms of Stockholm, containing the components-gata , -gränd , -väg , -torg , - plan , -backe taking into account semantics and cultural content. In the linguistic aspect, the definition of semantic classes, which are formed under the influence of extralinguistic factors, the identification of the cultural and historical specifics of geographical names is necessary for the formation of a general idea of the Swedish toponymic system and the disclosure of its distinctive characteristics. The sociocultural relevance of the work is due to the interest in the problem of studying toponyms as specific signs - carriers of information of an ethnocultural nature, alowing to reveal the peculiarities of the mentality of the people. The choice of material for the practical part of the work is motivated by the important role of urban objects in the life of society. The city, being the center of the nationʼ s life, reflects its cultural and ethnic characteristics. Active economic and international relations, intercultural communication are carried out through the city. The analysis of urban objects allows us to conclude that the Swedes strive to emphasize their identity, individuality, connection with the mythological past. The material for analysis was selected by continuous sampling from a modern detailed map of the city and written sources. The study uses general scientific and linguistic methods capable of interpreting diverse factual material: observation, description. In necessary cases, the comparison method and elements of etymological analysis are connected to the study of the material.
PROBLEMS OF ELIMINATION OF ILLITERACY IN THE EASTERN TRANSBAIKALYE IN 1920
Authors:   Chita Institute (branch) of the Baikal State University, MOROZ ANTONINA I. , ALIEV RASTYAM T. ,   Astrakhan State University
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of campaigns to eliminate illiteracy of the adult population, which were carried out in Eastern Transbaikalia in the 1920s. The Soviet policy of raising the educational level of adult able-bodied workers and peasants has repeatedly become the subject of research by historians, sociologists, teachers, but at the same time has not lost its scientific potential. Currently, the features of the implementation of this policy in various regions of our country are being actively studied. The local material makes it possible to trace the problems of the practical activities of educational institutions for the adult population (health centers and schools for the illiterate), among which are the lack of material resources, the lack of teachers (especially in rural areas), their low qualifications, which had a negative impact on the organization of training sessions. Within the framework of this article, the author draws attention to the relatively poorly studied problem of the outflow of the trained contingent from such institutions. Historical sources indicate that this problem was very acute and jeopardized the implementation of plans to eradicate illiteracy. Adult students stopped attending educational institutions for a variety of reasons, but the main one was weak personal motivation to learn. The author examines the measures that the local leadership resorted to in an effort to solve this problem (agitation and propaganda among the masses, negative and positive sanctions against the contingent of health centers and schools for the illiterate), and their effectiveness is assessed. The article was written on the basis of unpublished and published documents from the funds of the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Territory, a significant part of which is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
CRIMEA AND THE BLACK SEA REGION IN THE POLITICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES OF UKRAINE EXPERTS (BASED ON ANALYTICAL REPORTS TO THE PRESIDENT’S MESSAGES TO THE VERKHOVNA RADA)
Authors:   Donetsk National University, Donetsk National University OLEG V.
Published: August 2021

Basing on a constructivist approach to international relations and foreign policy, the author has defined the conceptual content of the script, in which the experts of the Ukrainian National Institute for Strategic Studies imagine Crimea and the Black Sea region. The study was carried out on the basis of the materials of the Institute's analytical reports to the messages of the President to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 2014-2018. It was found that the ideas about Crimea contained in them are extremely mythologized: in the political picture of the world of the Institute's experts, the peninsula is considered as a “Russian bridgehead”, a source of “military threat" and an "occupied territory". Ukrainian experts are convinced that the motives of Russia's foreign and defense policy in the Black Sea direction are allegedly due to its desire for "expansion", "imperial policy" and the desire to "restore the Soviet Union." They perceive the reunification of Crimea with Russia as an event that led to a cardinal transformation of the geopolitical space of the Black Sea region that contradicts Ukrainian national interests. At the same time, on rational grounds, the institute is actively searching for conceptual approaches to organizing a new regional security system and creating a long-term, broad and durable alliance of anti-Russian forces, which could act as a NATO parallel structure in the Black Sea region in the future. Moreover, Ukrainian experts do not have any own geopolitical project or idea on this. They are considering several options for regional coalitions at once, paying special attention to the Polish concept of "Intermarium", which consists in creating a block of Baltic-Black Sea states.
THEMORAL BASIS OF MODERN LEGAL NIHILISM
Authors:   Kuban State University, NESTEROV OLEG A.
Published: August 2021

This article contains a philosophical study of the moral basis of modern legal nihilism. Usually legal nihilism is understood as a negative or indifferent attitude of individuals or social groups to law as a social institution. The universal and necessary nature of this phenomenon cannot be revealed by giving even the broadest list of active causes of its occurrence and spread. This nature of legal nihilism can be understood through systematic knowledge the idea of the moral spirit.Within the limits of this article, only the nearest spiritual and practical basis of the legal nihilism is revealed. Further consideration of the problem proves that this basis is the freedom of moral subject, the moral view in general, which is an effective principle of the form of the modern world. From a moral point of view only the autono- mous will is truly free and, therefore, really moral. For it is subordinate to a universal law, rooted in the «moral self» of the will itself. Thus the autonomy of the will is recognized as the true and only law of morality, which is identified with real moral order. Recognition of the autonomy of the moral will as the highest principle of the practical spirit made the moral view an indisputable criterion for evaluating any existing moral order. Thus the reflection of the practical experience of modern times laid the moral foundation of legal nihilism. For from this moment on, any external authority, every normative order has come under the initial suspicion of the moral subject, Every objective normative order came to be considered by him as something that has only a conditional significance. All this reality now requires legitimation by the subject of moral freedom, justification before person’s deep belief in what is rational and moral.
MODELS AND METHODS OF ACTUALIZATION EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND CONTENT IN THE FRAMEWORK OF BUILDING SMART LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Authors:   Penza State University, DEEV MIKHAIL V. , FINOGEEV ALEXEY G. ,   Penza State University, FINOGEEV ANTON A. ,   Penza State University, GAMIDULLAEVA LEJLA A. ,   Penza State University
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the study is to improve the quality of the process of training specialists in the process of updating educational programs and educational content, taking into account the changing requirements of professional standards and employers in the transition to an innovative economy. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: methods for monitoring employers' requirements, educational and professional standards, models of life cycles of educational programs and electronic resources with stages of updating, methods for updating educational programs with adaptive adjustment to the requirements of employers in an intelligent educational environment. The authors investigated the problems of monitoring the requirements of employers and adapting electronic educational resources and programs to them, the features of their modernization in the continuous process of training specialists. New models for managing the processes of updating and personalizing educational content and training programs are considered. A methodology for adapting educational programs and content has been implemented using the tools of the Smart Learning Environment. The proposed models and methods make it possible to take into account the range of external conditions of the labor market and employers' requirements for educational programs and resources, build geotagged models to assess the territorial distribution of requirements for the competencies of specialists in the regions, taking into account the location of higher educational institutions in related fields.
ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE PRINCIPLE OF MODULARITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRAINING PROJECTS ON ROBOTICS IN UNIVERSITIES
Authors:   Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman, VOLOSATOVA TAMARA M. , BARSUKOV DMITRY A. ,   Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman, TAMKOV PAVEL I. ,   Astrakhan State University
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes the current requirements for the design process of robotic systems. The article discusses the application of the principle of modularity in the design of educational robotic systems based on the Arduino Uno platform. The use of this principle provides an almost unlimited set of capabilities for solving robotic problems. The authors present the main advantages of developing robotic systems using the principle of modularity. The process of implementing the principle is shown on the example of projects: creating a weather station and a prototype of a search robot. The authors provide options for the use of weather stations for environmental monitoring. A brief review of existing autonomous weather stations has been carried out. The following is the process of modeling, assembling and tuning the copter. Particular attention is paid to the choice of components and their compatibility. In the work on the weather station, attention is paid to changing the configuration and writing a control program. When creating a prototype of a search robot, special attention is paid to setting up complex modules and component compatibility. The article describes in detail the process of connecting the camera to the search robot, presents the received image of the room and examples of object recognition in the image, and considers analogues of the weather station and the search robot. The strengths and weaknesses of the platform for creating complex robotic systems have been identified. At the end of the article presents conclusions about the use of the principle of modularity in practice.
Combating the Progression of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
Infectious Disease: Current State and Future Prospects in
Molecular Diagnostics and Drug Discovery
Authors: Kumar Arbind , Sharma Aashish , Tirpude Narendra Vijay , Thakur Sharad , Kumar Sanjay
Published: August 2021

:

A highly infectious and life-threatening virus was first reported in Wuhan,
China, in late 2019, and it rapidly spread all over the world. This novel virus belongs to
the coronavirus family and is associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS), causing respiratory disease known as COVID-19. In March 2020, WHO has
declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global pandemic. Its morbidity and mortality rates are
swiftly rising day by day, with the situation becoming more severe and fatal for the comorbid
population. Many COVID-19 patients are asymptomatic, but they silently spread
the infection. There is a need for proper screening of infected patients to prevent the
epidemic transmission of disease and for early curative interventions to reduce the risk
of developing severe complications from COVID-19. To date, the diagnostic assays are
of two categories, molecular detection of viral genetic material by real-time RTpolymerase
chain reaction and serological test, which relies on detecting antiviral
antibodies. Unfortunately, there are no effective prophylactics and therapeutics available
against COVID-19. However, a few drugs have shown promising antiviral activity against
it, and these presently are being referred for clinical trials, albeit FDA has issued an
Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the emergency use of a few drugs for SARSCoV-
2 infection. This review provides an insight into current progress, challenges and
future prospects of laboratory detection methods of COVID-19, and highlights the clinical
stage of the major evidence-based drugs/vaccines recommended against the novel
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic virus.