bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age and decisions to limit life support for patients with acute lung injury: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Turnbull Alison E , Lau Bryan M , Ruhl A Parker , Mendez-Tellez Pedro A , Shanholtz Carl B , Needham Dale M
Published: May 2014

Introduction

The proportion of elderly Americans admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in the last month of life is rising. Hence, challenging decisions regarding the appropriate use of life support are increasingly common. The objective of this study was to estimate the association between patient age and the rate of new limitations in the use of life support, independent of daily organ dysfunction status, following acute lung injury (ALI) onset.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of 490 consecutive patients without any limitations in life support at the onset of ALI. Patients were recruited from 11 ICUs at three teaching hospitals in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and monitored for the incidence of six pre-defined limitations in life support, with adjustment for baseline comorbidity and functional status, duration of hospitalization before ALI onset, ICU severity of illness, and daily ICU organ dysfunction score.

Results

The median patient age was 52 (range: 18 to 96), with 192 (39%) having a new limitation in life support in the ICU. Of patients with a new limitation, 113 (59%) had life support withdrawn and died, 53 (28%) died without resuscitation, and 26 (14%) survived to ICU discharge. Each ten-year increase in patient age was independently associated with a 24% increase in the rate of limitations in life support (Relative Hazard 1.24; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.40) after adjusting for daily ICU organ dysfunction score and all other covariates.

Conclusions

Older critically ill patients are more likely to have new limitations in life support independent of their baseline status, ICU-related severity of illness, and daily organ dysfunction status. Future studies are required to determine whether this association is a result of differences in patient preferences by age, or differences in the treatment options discussed with the families of older versus younger patients.
Semiotic management of communicative situations: New people(s) and old methods
Authors: Randviir Anti
Published: May 2014

How to explain the existence of totalitarian communities in the light of hegemonic ideologies that have been oftentimes, and also quite recently, condemned (Nazism, communism, Stalinism, religious radicalism)? How, in the globalizing world, do information islands emerge where people live in isolated semiotic realities? How is it possible to manipulate the masses, proceeding from denounced reasoning and policies? Why can people be subject to regimes typologically similar to those that destroyed their physical and semiotic past? These are issues the article approaches, trying to see logic in the management of semiotic realities through communicative situations, specifically as to how different types of objects in the latter are constructed. Metaneeds used in the construction of semiotic realities indicate the value-based structure of macrosignifieds as elementary units in culture cores. The use of macrosignifieds and skilful manipulation with metaneeds make it possible to create novel semiotic species in closed sociocultural systems that are based on unilateral semiotization of the surroundings and function by autocommunicative feedback loops. The examples given are derived from one of the most elaborate experiments in the creation of New Man and closed semiotic realities – from the territory of the former Soviet Union and the contemporary Putinized Russia.
Analysis of Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Iron in Soils (on Vladimir Region Example)
Authors: Бирюков  , Biryukov I. , Самылина  , Samylina E. , Трифонов  , Trifonov Konstantin
Published: May 2014

Work is devoted to studying of accumulation of heavy metals and iron in soils related to Kovrov (Vladimir region) residential

suburb. Gross content and forms of heavy metals and iron, taken out by acetate-ammonium buffer solution and nitric acid

were defined during researches. The obtained data have been compared to operating values of maximum-permissible and

approximately-admissible concentration for various types of soils, and also to the background content of chemicals in soils.
Research of Adequacy of Digital Technologies Related to Technosphere Objects’ Safety Monitoring
Authors: Хлыстунов  , Khlystunov Mikhail , Подувальцев  , Poduvaltsev V. , Могилюк  , Mogilyuk Zhanna
Published: May 2014

Problems related to formation of false spectral images of dynamic loadings in information and measuring monitoring systems of technosphere objects’ safety are considered in this paper. A process related to formation of dangerous spectral, amplitude and phase distortions as a result of application of digital technologies related to initial physical information transformation, transfer and preprocessing is analyzed. Results of comparative analysis related to spectra for initial analog and digital images of technosphere objects’ safety dynamic parameters have been presented. An existence of similar phantom effects both in digital systems of multichannel monitoring, and in program complexes of design and scientific modeling related to fields of dynamic loadings in space of technosphere objects has been shown.
Assessment of Ecological Safety of Power Plants with Diesel Engines
Authors: Маркова  , Markova V. , Девянин  , Devyanin S.
Published: May 2014

Toxicological properties of diesel engines’ exhaust gases, in particular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as diesel

engines’ exhaust gases composition, toxicity assessment technique for exhaust gases of diesel engines working at different

types of fuel have been presented. Advantages related to use in diesels a biological fuel made on basis of vegetable oils

have been shown.
Overhead and Underground Power Lines’ Magnetic Fields: Rationing, Calculation, Design
Authors: Рябченко  , Ryabchenko V. , Рубцова  , Rubtsova Nina , Зимин  , Zimin K. , Абдурахманов  , Abdurakhmanov A. , Токарский  , Tokarskiy A.
Published: May 2014

Normative documents related to magnetic field (MF) created by power lines have been considered and maximum permissible

levels of MF intensity (induction) have been specified. The field intensity calculation algorithm is given. It is shown that

multiphase sources create an elliptic polarization field, which intensity’s greatest operating value is on ellipse’s big axis,

and calculation of resultant value on components with Pythagorean theorem application leads to an error with real value

increase to 41%. Distinctions of results of these calculation methods’ application have been shown on the example of 500

kV lines. Options of MF intensity decrease to admissible levels have been considered for 500 kV underground power line at

various ways of its laying.
A preliminary investigation of error enhancement of the velocity component in stroke patients’ reaching movements
Authors: Givon-Mayo Ronit , Simons Esther , Ohry Avi , Karpin Hana , Israely Sharon , Carmeli Eli
Published: May 2014

Background/aim: Patients with stroke who are suffering from impaired reaching movement experience insufficient spatial and temporal coordination, affecting upper limb functions and everyday life tasks. This study examines a new robot-assisted rehabilitation method for ameliorating arm reaching movements through velocity error enhancement training. The authors hypothesised that this robot-assisted rehabilitation training may encourage restoration of arm reaching abilities among post-stroke hemiparesis patients.

Methods: Several clinical and kinematic measures were used to evaluate outcomes. Subjects were assigned either to an experimental group that underwent 5-week treatments with error enhanced forces, or to a control group that received passive treatment. The control group undertook reaching tasks over the same period while they were connected to the robot but without it applying any error enhancement forces to their upper limb. The robotic system was programmed based on previous kinematic data from healthy subjects, so any deviation from the relatively smooth, calculated, optimal trajectory, and velocity profile mean encountered error enhancing external forces.

Results: The results showed an appreciable effect on smoothness and regularity of movement. After 5 weeks of velocity error enhancement treatment, all subjects in the experimental group displayed movements converging towards their optimal profiles, together with decreased variability in path trajectory. In contrast to the control group, their mean deviation was also significantly reduced. These positive changes in motor control patterns were paralleled by gains in functional capacity, as reflected by the Motor Assessment Scale test results. However, those results should be carefully inspected in regard to small sample size and un-matching of motor performance at the beginning of the trial between groups.

Conclusion: The study demonstrates the potential of robotic rehabilitation that combines error enhancement and velocity component training to help stroke patients.
Acupressure and task-related training after stroke: A case study
Authors: Ng Shamay SM , Fong Shirley SM , Lam Stefanie SL , Lai Charles WK , Chow Lina PY , de Sá Ferreira Arthur
Published: May 2014

Background: Previous neurophysiological studies have provided empirical evidence explaining how afferent stimulation through acupuncture can improve motor function after stroke. Acupressure provides afferent stimulation through the application of appropriate pressure using the hands or fingers to spots of the body suitable for acupuncture. However, any therapeutic effects of using acupressure coupled with physical training for patients with stroke have not yet been studied.

Aim: This case report describes how an intervention protocol in which acupressure and task-related training were combined to improve lower limb motor functions of an individual 5 years post stroke.

Methods: The participant was a 65-year old man who had a stroke 5 years previously. After a 4-week observation period, the participant was given a 4-week (3 days per week) programme consisting of 20 minutes of acupressure to four acupoints in the affected lower leg, followed by 40 minutes of task-related training. Outcome measures included plantarflexor spasticity, isometric muscle strength in the lower limbs, walking speed, and functional mobility.

Results: After the 4-week programme, the strength of the participant's knee extensors, ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, walking speed, and Up and Go times had improved. Those gains were maintained 4 weeks after the interventio]n ended. The spasticity level of the affected ankle plantarflexors remained unchanged throughout the study.

Conclusion: Combining acupressure with a task-related training programme is safe and effective in improving the lower limb motor function of an individual 5 years post stroke.
Feasibility of high repetition of task practice in constraint induced movement therapy in an acute stroke patient
Authors: Abdullahi Auwal , Shehu Sale , Dantani Ibrahim B
Published: May 2014

Background: Constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a rehabilitation technique that has been reported to improve upper limb motor function. Its main components are constraint of the unaffected limb and task practice with the affected limb for specific periods of time. However, the optimal dose of task practice and its safety during acute stroke is not clear. This is because studies use different durations for task practice, and task practice during acute stroke in animals was reported to result in lesional expansion and subsequent functional deterioration. In animal models and human chronic stroke patients, high repetitions of task practice of ranging from 300–800 has been reported to be the number required for functional improvement. Whether this is possible in acute stroke is not clear.

Aim: The aim of this case report was to investigate the feasibility of 320 repetitions of task practice during CIMT in a patient who had a stroke 8 days prior to the commencement of treatment.

Method: The patient was a 55-year-old woman who was 8 days post stroke at the time of treatment commencement, with mild left upper limb motor impairment. The patient performed 320 repetitions of functional tasks divided between two sessions per day, 5 days a week, for a duration of 8 weeks.

Result: The results showed a significant improvement in upper limb motor function at 2 weeks, which reached the level of minimally clinical important difference (MCID) at 4, 6 and 8 weeks post-intervention.

Conclusion: It may be possible to administer high repetitions of task practice to acute stroke patients.
Depth of interaction determination with temperature gradient function in continuous bismuth germanate oxide (BGO) crystal
Authors: Wolszczak Weronika
Published: May 2014

A method for depth of interaction (DOI) estimation with temperature gradient was considered. Preliminary results covered measurements of bismuth germanate oxide (BGO) monolithic crystal light pulse dependence on temperature. The proof of concept for using temperature gradient as a way to encode DOI incident γ in monolithic BGO crystal was presented.
A Semiotic Perspective of Mythical Discourse
Authors: Doping Lu
Published: May 2014

This article purports to unfold the structural rules and functional mechanism governing mythical discourse from a semiotic perspective. With insights from three semiotic pioneers, the author attempts to interpret myth within a framework of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic dimensions. Just in this vein, the article strongly advocates that mythical sign ought to be structurally divided Into components, which have semantic significations to correspond, and are governed by a set of rules as well.
On Modeling Systems in Chinese
Authors: Lianhe Si
Published: May 2014

The paper studies semiotic phenomena as modeling process, and discusses the forms of representation of modeling actions in all life forms and cross-life forms, and based on Sebeok and Danesi's Modeling Systems Theory which includes three modeling systems, i.e., Primary modeling, Secondary modeling and Tertiary modeling, analyzes them in detail with Chinese examples
Kawadias‘ and Μutis‘ Freighters: Intertextuality and Intersemiosis In Different Literary Traditions but Common Forms of Life
Authors: Magoulas Charalampos
Published: May 2014

The mariners of the 20th century, travelling around the world and working in multinational and multicultural environments, have been the vehicles'of a particular ideal of globalization. Their experiences and rare knowledge, which constitute-and expressed through-forms of life composed of similar language games (social discourse, argot and maritime terms) are registered in different literary traditions and collective imaginaries. The semiotic systems, where significations of maritime everyday life are embodied, are the product of procedures of condensation and expansion of meanings, which are to be found in maritime literature. This paper aims at examining on the one hand the intertextuality in Alvaro Mutis' Abdul Bashur, Dreamer of Ships, the Colombian novelist who lived in several countries of the world and in Nikos Kawadias' poetry, the Greek poet who travelled all over the world, and on the other hand the semiotic modalities that construct the maritime semiosphere in different literatures. Methodological tools to be used are Wittgenstein's philosophy of language on forms of life, Fontanille's and Zilberberg's comments on this theory and on Lotman's semiosphere and Aristotle's Poetics. The universality of maritime semiotic systems in the literature to be presented is going to prove that social and professional groups develop common practices and idioms independently of national contexts and represent a very fine example of globalization-and of course-before our post-modem era.
Bakhtin’s Socio-semiotic View on Language and Linguistic Studies
Authors: Shuguang Li
Published: May 2014

When beginning his adventure in linguistic studies, Bakhtin took a sociological path, trying to explore the vast rich land ignored by Saussure. In contrast to Saussure's structural linguistics, which regards the abstract language system (i. e. langue) as the only legitimate object of linguistic studies, Bakhtin proposed his translinguistic theory, which selects living discourse as the real object of linguistic studies. Bakhtin's translinguistic ideas, however, are based on his socio-semiotic understanding of language, the most important sign in social interactions; his translinguistics is the logical necessity entailed in his socio-semiotic view on language.
Translating Irrealia – Creating a Semiotic Framework for the Translation of Fictional Cultures
Authors: Loponen Mika
Published: May 2014

This paper aims to propose a third generation semiotic method for analyzing inter-linguistic translations. The paper concentrates on translation issues related to the literary genres related to "genre" literature such as science fiction or fantasy, aiming to provide a semiotic method with which to interpret the texts as holistic entities and to isolate the specific elements that create the textual world. The translation method is based on semiotic tools and theories by Lotman, Eco and Tarasti among others, and is built around the basis of an earlier model by the same author (Loponen, 2006). To help isolate and interpret textual elements that create the genre specific texts as holistic entities, the paper introduces the concept of irrealia into semiotic translation studies.
A Semiotic Transformational Process from Verbal to Pictorial Expressions in Henri Michaux’s Works
Authors: Elkan Lajos
Published: May 2014

Henri Michaux's artistic production possesses a double and, one might say, contrary and/or complementary nature. It draws on the forms of expression in two different media, notably verbal and visual. His work's ambivalent nature reflects Michaux's intention to brake the mold of traditional sclerotic signifying systems, and to form new paradigms. It seemed to be a very difficult proposition for the artist to create new forms of expressions without having new frames of reference that would allow the spectator/reader to follow the work's progress. Michaux, however, succeeded in overcoming this obstacle by combining elements from both media in his texts and drawings. His method of going back and forth between the written and visual forms, where text and pictorial figures intermix sometimes on the same page, is typical of Michaux's creative process throughout his entire career.

In order to develop his own art Michaux traveled around the world and studied Chinese, Indian and Japanese artists' works. He also read European Mystics of the Middle Ages, such as the German Master Eckhart and the Dutch Ruysbroek the Admirable, and also the Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzu and Hindu religious texts. In the sixties, he undertook hallucinogenic trips with mescaline, psilocybin, LSD in order to explore his mental functioning. These experiences found their way into his writings and paintings/drawings enriching them with extraordinary insights. The combination of all these sources and their end results make Michaux's variegated works such a great challenge.

It has to be emphasized that the transformational process has less to do with transforming Nature, a traditional Western way of artistic creation, and more to do with signifying Nature involving the artist's total physical and mental being. The latter one is closer to the Chinese concept of creation, according to Billeter's remarkable book L'ART CHINOIS DE L'ECRITURE, and also Michaux's own admission in PASSAGES, and EMERGENCES-RESURGENCES.

I intend to show how during the transformational process the two systems of signs, linguistic and pictorial, complement and/or cancel out meaning in Michaux's works
Symbolism in American Beauty –A Semiotic Study of Meanings Represented by Roses
Authors: Zhenping Wang
Published: May 2014

American Beauty is a movie depicting two American middle class dysfunctional families. In this paper three key characters are analyzed. Carolyn, wife of Lester Bumham, is pursuing material success, the American Dream; Lester Bumham is going through his mid-life crisis in a world of fantasy; Colonel Fitts is a homophobia, repressing hard his inner desire.
In the Search for Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Tarasti Eero
Published: May 2014

Whether the aesthetic is something we actively make or whether it just appears to us, can be formulated as the distinction between notions of act and event-as defined by the Finnish philosopher Georg Henrik v. Wright. Moreover, the concepts of geno- and phenosign refer to this crucial foundation of any aesthetic treatise, i. e. genosigns carrying along all the phases of its production aiming for such a goal, i. e. Kantian Zweck, and phenosigns as a kind of phenomenal, immediate qualities. However, insofar as the aesthetic manifests a value, we can consider it a sign of such an abstract entity. Such transcendental values gradually get dense and concretized, become 'beings' when they arrive at Dasein via modalities. So, values become modalities, certain modal constellations, and at the end signs. Analogously, aesthetic values become aesthetic experiences when they are 'modalized', and then manifest as artworks, as aesthetic signs.
Proximal and Distal Deixis in Spoken English; The Choice between This and That
Authors: Bin Xin , Lei Shen
Published: May 2014

The origin of "deixis" is deiktikos (deictic) in Greek, meaning "pointing or showing". Since the Greek period, the phenomenon of deixis has been of considerable interest to philosophers and in the past hundred years or so it has also become an important subject of linguistic study, especially in pragmatics. In the study of deixis the choice between proximal and distal deixis has been a major focus, and philosophers and linguists have been trying hard to identify the various factors that determine the choice between the two demonstratives this and that. However, none of these attempts has done justice to the complexity and variety of the deictic expression that occurs in natural languages. The present paper tries to ascertain the various factors that affect the choice between the proximal and distal deixis this and that in spoken English. This study reveals that, in addition to relative distance, other factors such as the referential functions of the deixis (especially the speaker's assumption of the information status of the referents), the syntactic functions of the deixis (especially as head or modifier) and the speaker's attitudinal orientation also play an important role in the choice between this and that.
Dzi’i-Ba’a and the Semiotic Junction of Marriage in the Mekuk Tribe
Authors: Mbarga Jean-Claude
Published: May 2014

This paper highlights the Mekuk tribe's Dzi'i-Ba'a as a sign of theatralization of marriage, as the obvious proof of the semiotic junction, that is to say, the vectorial relation uniting the subject with the valuable object; man with woman. Dzi'i-Ba'a is a genuine Bantou tradition in which social ceremony and theatrical spectacle are identical. It stresses the traditional process of a man's search for the woman, strengthening a certain supremacy of the man. According to the nature of marriage, the artifices of selection underline the importance of the communicative axis Transmitter-Object- Receiver, as in Greimas' actantial diagram. These relations evidence the polemic still in force about the woman's status, and underline also the will to perpetuate the values of the social group and the entirety of social strategies, the purpose of which is to consolidate the domination of man over woman, or of a clan, or a tribe, over others.
An Introduction to Peircean Semiotics and the Philosophy of Inquiry
Authors: Pearson Charts
Published: May 2014

With this issue, CSS introduces a new section emphasizing the semiotics of Charles Peirce and his philosophy of inquiry. This will be a regular feature, appearing in every issue. The section covers both topics because Peirce regarded both semiotics and philosophy of inquiry as the same subject. In a future issue, we hope to present in this section a forum dealing with the reasons that he regarded them as identical.
The Study of Linguistic Culturology in Terms of Semiotics
Authors: Mingyu Wang
Published: May 2014

In terms of semiotics, all human cultural phenomena and intellectual activities are expressed by signs to present different human achievements and the significance of human existence; they are all symbolized activities. The linguistic cultural study has a long history and is well achieved, but for the in-depth research there are more fields to cultivate. The study of linguistic culturology in terms of semiotics could result in some productive attempts: the study of the text of signs providing the research basis, the focus lying in the variations of signs information, and the secondary modeling system of signs making the research sphere; the dialogic relationship of signs building up the structure, and the dynamic equilibrium of semiosphere constructing the measurement. Above all, in terms of semiotics, the study of linguistic culturology must lead to new developments and discoveries.
On Qualified Use and Application of Knowledge
Authors: Tondl Ladislav
Published: May 2014

The actual "information society" is also connected with a deluge of irrelevant communications. This situation produced new interdisciplinary topics in the sphere of science and research, mainly the area of data and knowledge reduction, the selection of relevant data and knowledge which forms an important part of the domain usually denoted as " knowledge management".
Epistemological Awareness in Semiotic Teaching: A Study of German and English Translations of Ferdinand de Saussure’s Sign-Concept from the French Cours de linguistique générale
Authors: Wąsik Zdzislaw
Published: May 2014

The aim of this paper is, in general, to put forward the idea of epistemological equivalence to be achieved in translational practice, and its focus of interest concentrates, in particular, around the question of how the translations of sign-related terms selected from the students" and editors" lectures Cours de linguistique gän4rale( CLG) of Ferdinand de Saussure(1857-1913) reflect the epistemological, i. e. , ontological and gnoseological, awareness of their translators. The object of our analysis will constitute Saussure's model of the sign as a twofold entity consisting of inseparable sides that evoke each other in the mind of its user. Comparing selected quotations from the French original of CLG with their two distinct translations into English against the background of an earlier German translation, we will try to evaluate various connotations of analyzed terms while pondering how they may exert an impact upon the recipients of educational discourse in semiotics. In concluding remarks, the demand for an ecumenical translation is postulated where the knowledge of scholarly traditions and the epistemological connotations of disciplinary-specific terms constitute the central aim translator's schooling. Hence, the critical approaches to the translational practice, with special reference to its interpretative consequences, which have place in academic teaching, appear to be indispensable.
Philosophical Aspects of Semiotics
Authors: Solomonick Abraham
Published: May 2014

This article is based on my research in the field of semiotics, a field in which I have been involved for over 25 years. Throughout that time, I felt that my work was situated on the boundary between semiotics and philosophy. Recently, I concluded that all semiotic activity related to scientific research is part of epistemology, in that it deals with certain aspects of the acquisition of knowledge.

Semiotic activity is a significant part of all scientific research. Along with observation and experimentation, it is included to varying degrees in all stages of the scientific process. Scientists rely on signs throughout their research work, from the time they plan a project through the summarizing of their conclusions.

Every branch of science develops its own sign-system or systems. The development process is one of constant and continuous innovation, because the system of signs used by a science must grow and develop along with the science itself. My research has led me to conclude that sign-systems evolve in predictable patterns, gradually becoming more abstract by incorporating increasingly abstract symbols. If we can identify these patterns, we may be able to determine the stage of maturity of a given scientific theory at a particular time. The essays in this article are one of the first attempts to begin identifying and characterizing these patterns.
A Semiotic Study of the Idiosyncratic ”CHI + NP“ Construction in Chinese
Authors: Xiong Xueliang
Published: May 2014

The Chinese verb CHI (吃) can be virtually used with any NP in the language and the numerous papers published on this issue up to now basically focus on metonymy or metaphor interpretations for this phenomenon. In this paper, however, the author first categorizes the CHI + NP construction into ET (extended) and CT (contextualized) types, and then discusses the location dilemma (i. e. ET1 sub-type) and the semantic ubiquity (i. e. CT sub-type) typical of Chinese in order to show that the location dilemma (e. g. CHI immediately followed by a location NP) is neither the consequence of some vacuous syntactic raising nor an economy-driven equivalent of its counterpart longer expression. The ET1 use of CHI connotes an abstract sense of direction. Likewise, the semantic ubiquity (i. e. novel uses of CHI) of the CT category is not blindly metaphorical either but is better understood as the Chinese proclivity for eating and culinary arts projecting onto some pertinent cultural-linguistic fossilization and pragmatic entrenchment. The author believes that the idiosyncratic behavior and the rambunctiousness of the "CHI + NP" construction in terms of its consequent semantic omnipotence of the CT category is a further cognitive extension from the ET2 sense of DEPEND-UPON. Such flexible sense extensions are sanctioned further by the comparatively loose Chinese V + NP combination in general.
An Initial Encounter to the Semiotic Approach and Radical Inquiry of Charles Sanders Peirce
Authors: Carreira Jeff
Published: May 2014

Charles Sanders Peirce is quite possibly the greatest philosophical genius the United States has ever produced. His thinking was radical and unconventional and illuminated profound novelty in the form of bold and at times wildly speculative ideas. The arbiter of history has shown his thinking to be well ahead of its time. Peirce has numerous scientific advances to his credit and his ideas both anticipated and helped create the ground for the physics of both Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. In addition, he and his friend and colleague William James were the two most central figures responsible for the creation of the philosophy of Pragmatism. This paper is a personal exploration of an encounter with Peirce's approach to inquiry and illustrates how his willingness to courageously follow any line of questioning to its ultimate end led him to breakthrough insights that are still at the forefront of American philosophy today.

Abstract
A Rhematic Analysis of Instincts
Authors: Massecar Aaron
Published: May 2014

In the first part of this paper I argue that the majority of the interpretations of Peirce's understanding of instinct have come through the 1898 lecture where Peirce says that instinct and reason should remain distinct, a statement that is accepted at face value by many Peirce scholars. However, there is a more comprehensive way of understanding this division and it hangs on the interpretation of instinct. I intend to test this distinction of reason and instinct against Peirce's other writings, By the end of the first part of this paper, the traditional definition of instinct will have been freed up. In the second part I show how there is a deeper understanding of instinct that helps to explain how we can be so right in our guesses about nature. Our ability to be right so much of the time can be accounted for by looking at what Peirce means by " rheme", one of his semiotic categories formed by his theory of inquiry.
Identity, Creolisation and Cultural Semiotics
Authors: Torop Peeter
Published: May 2014

The identity of cultural texts and the creolisation of cultural languages and the existence of these texts and languages in media environment compel science to combine different possibilities of study more flexibly. Science itself is part of this culture and the study of communication in culture is inseparable from attempts to understand the process of communication between science and culture.
Language of Cinema and Semiotic Modelling
Authors: Päirn Katre
Published: May 2014

The founder of semiotics of cinema, Christian Metz set as the aim of his project to go to the bottom of the metaphor of language that had been used widely for describing cinema in film theory, yet without taking into account the knowledge about language that had accumulated in linguistics. Thus the goal of early semiotics of cinema was to go beyond figural analogy and bring together the two domains of knowledge; knowledge about cinema and knowledge about language. The development of metaphor of language of cinema into semiotic model of language of cinema sheds light to semiotic modelling as methodological tool. Firstly the metaphor of language of cinema itself- either pre-theoretical or theoretical-can be seen as an attempt to make sense of novel phenomena through analogy with something already familiar. This stage resulted in ontological theories of language of cinema. Refining this rough analogy into the object of study meant acknowledging the difference between cinema as experienced and cinema as object of knowledge, arriving thereby at methodological theories of cinema that use semiotic modelling as a means for constructing the object of study.
How adolescents learn about risk perception and behavior in regards to alcohol use in light of social learning theory: a qualitative study in Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Trujillo Elena María , Suárez Daniel Enrique , Lema Mariana , Londoño Alicia
Published: May 2014

Background: In Colombia, the use of alcohol is one of the main risky behaviors carried out by adolescents, given that alcohol is the principal drug of abuse in this age group. Understanding how adolescents learn about risk and behavior is important in developing effective prevention programs. The Theory of Social learning underlines the importance of social interaction in the learning process. It suggests that learning can occur in three ways: a live model in which a person is enacting the desired behavior, verbal instruction when the desired behavior is described, and symbolic learning in which modeling occurs by influence of the media. This study explores these three forms of learning in the perception of risk and behavior related to the use of alcohol in a group of students between 12 and 14 years of age in Bogotá, Colombia.

Materials and methods: This is a qualitative research study, which is part of a larger study exploring the social representations of risk and alcohol use in adolescents and their communities. The sample group included 160 students from two middle schools (7th and 8th graders) in Bogotá, Colombia. Six sessions of participant observation, 12 semi-structured interviews, and 12 focus group discussions were conducted for data collection. Data were analyzed using the Atlas ti software (V7.0) (ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH, London, UK), and categories of analysis were developed using a framework analysis approach.

Results: Adolescents can identify several risks related to the use of alcohol, which for the most part, appear to have been learned through verbal instruction. However, this risk recognition does not appear to correlate with their behavior. Parental modeling and messages conveyed by the media represent two other significant sources of learning that are constantly contradicting the messages relayed through verbal instruction and correlate to a greater extent with adolescent behavior.

Conclusion: The three different forms of learning described by Social Learning Theory play a significant role in the construction of risk perception and behavior in adolescents. This underlines the necessity of consciously evaluating how examples set by adults as well as the ideas expressed by the media influence adolescents’ attitudes and behavior, ensuring that these do not directly contradict and ultimately obliterate the messages we are constantly trying to convey to this age group.
Effects of Microwave and Ultrasonic-Assisted Aging on the Synthesis of H-ZSM-5 Nanozeolite and Its Catalytic Performance in Methanol Dehydration
Authors: Abbasian Saeid , Taghizadeh Majid
Published: May 2014

H-ZSM-5 nanozeolite was hydrothermally synthesized under static conditions. Evaluation of hydrothermal synthesis of ZSM-5 was performed by treating the synthesis mixture using different aging processes, consist of ultrasonic, stirring, and microwave-assisted aging, prior to the conventional hydrothermal treatment. The catalytic performances of selected catalysts were studied for the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME) in a fixed-bed reactor under the same operating conditions (T= 300°C,P= 1 atm, and WHSV = 26 h−1). The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, NH3-TPD and FT-IR techniques. The results showed that ultrasonic and microwave-assisted aging shortened the crystallization time and reduced crystal size of the obtained products without having any considerable effects on their catalytic activities.
Crystal structure of the layered inorganic-organic hybrid material bis(trans-cyclohexane-1,4-diammonium) hexabromidorhodate(III) bromide monohydrate, C12H34Br7N4ORh
Authors: Bujak Maciej , Frank Walter
Published: May 2014

C
Iodine Deficiency, Pollutant Chemicals, and the Thyroid: New Information on an Old Problem
Authors:   COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, Rogan Walter J. , Paulson Jerome A. , Baum Carl , Brock-Utne Alice C. , Brumberg Heather L. , Campbell Carla C. , Lanphear Bruce P. , Lowry Jennifer A. , Osterhoudt Kevin C. , Sandel Megan T. , Spanier Adam , Trasande Leonardo
Published: May 2014

Many women of reproductive age in the United States are marginally iodine deficient, perhaps because the salt in processed foods is not iodized. Iodine deficiency, per se, can interfere with normal brain development in their offspring; in addition, it increases vulnerability to the effects of certain environmental pollutants, such as nitrate, thiocyanate, and perchlorate. Although pregnant and lactating women should take a supplement containing adequate iodide, only about 15% do so. Such supplements, however, may not contain enough iodide and may not be labeled accurately. The American Thyroid Association recommends that pregnant and lactating women take a supplement with adequate iodide. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that pregnant and lactating women also avoid exposure to excess nitrate, which would usually occur from contaminated well water, and thiocyanate, which is in cigarette smoke. Perchlorate is currently a candidate for regulation as a water pollutant. The Environmental Protection Agency should proceed with appropriate regulation, and the Food and Drug Administration should address the mislabeling of the iodine content of prenatal/lactation supplements.
Thrombin generation assays and their clinical application
Authors: Kern Anita , Várnai Katalin , Vásárhelyi Barna
Published: May 2014

Thrombin is a key enzyme of the coagulation system, having both pro- and anticoagulant functions. Thus, the generation of thrombin is one of the most important steps in coagulation. Global haemostasis assay, the so-called thrombin generation test is appropriate for its assessment. Since thrombin generation is sensible for both pro- and anticoagulant processes it can be applied for the general characterisation of the risk of thrombosis and bleeding, too. Clinical studies confirmed augmented thrombin generation in patients with high risk of venous or arterial thrombosis. Anticoagulant therapy (also novel oral anticoagulant treatment) can be monitored by thrombin generation. In case of haemophilia thrombin generation assays reflect bleeding severity. It is applicable for monitoring of both conventional haemophilia treatment and inhibitor-bypassing therapy, which is needed when inhibitors develop in patients. Standardization of thrombin generation methods and determination of cut off values are required before its application in clinical practice. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(22), 851–857.
Urgent cesarean section in a pregnant woman with carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Gara Edit , Gesztes Éva , Doroszlai Richárd , Zacher Gábor
Published: May 2014

Recognition of carbon monoxide is difficult due to its plain physical-chemical properties. Carbon and gas operating heating systems may cause severe poisoning. Carbon-monoxide intoxication may generate severe hypoxic damage and it may cause death. The authors present the case of severe carbon monoxide poisoning affecting one young child and five adults, including a pregnant woman. Because the availability of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is limited in Hungary, urgent cesarean section was performed to avoid intrauterine hypoxic damage. The authors note that there are no standardized non-invasive methods for measuring fetal carbon-monoxide level and that the level of carbon monoxide accumulation is higher and the clearance is longer in the fetus than in the mother. The pathophysiology of carbon monoxide intoxication and therapeutic options in pregnancy are discussed. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(22), 871–875.
TheOrvosi Hetilap (Hungarian Medical Journal)in the network of medical journals
Authors: Schubert András
Published: May 2014

The role of networks is swiftly increasing in the production and communication of scientific knowledge. Network aspects have, therefore, an ever growing importance in the analysis of the scientific enterprise, as well. The present paper demonstrates some techniques of studying the network of scientific journals on the subject of seeking the position of Orvosi Hetilap (Hungarian Medical Journal) in the international journal network. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(22), 876–879.
‘Why must you criticize?’
Authors: Savage Craig
Published: May 2014

Craig Savage introduces this special issue of PMH.
What’s in a name?
Authors: Boucher David
Published: May 2014

In this article I want to address more directly and extensively than previous studies why Bob Dylan chose his stage name. There are three contexts which allow us to arrive at an answer: the first, for which there is a good deal of evidence; the second, more speculative; and the third, evaluative. The article puts forward the proposition that Bob Dylan’s choice of surname was motivated by the pervasive mythology and enviable cultural capital of Dylan Thomas in the years after his death in 1953. The first question to be addressed is why would anyone want to adopt the name Dylan in the late 1950s. Second, attention focuses on Robert Zimmerman in particular and asks why he, given the broader context of the Welshman’s cultural capital, decided to take Dylan Thomas’s Christian name as his surname. The third context is that of poetry and the influence Thomas had upon Bob Dylan’s work. I suggest that Robert Zimmerman’s choice was not because he was influenced by the poetry itself.
‘I is somebody else’
Authors: Peddie Kat
Published: May 2014

This article examines Dylan’s relations with Arthur Rimbaud and with avant-garde poets contemporary to Dylan through the influence of Rimbaud. It will relate Dylan’s ‘indeterminacy’ to an indeterminacy that Marjorie Perloff locates in a twentieth century avant-garde poetics whose key influence is Rimbaud. The article also argues for an engagement with the myth of Rimbaud as an invigorating and vital component of Rimbaud’s influence on both Dylan and Ginsberg, far from the superficial engagement Perloff and most Rimbaud critics see it to be.
Uso de tabaco e fatores associados entre alunos de uma universidade de Criciúma (SC)
Authors: Rosa Maria Inês da , Caciatori João Filipe Feltrin , Panatto Ana Paula Ronzani , Silva Bruno Rosa , Pandini Jeison Cleiton , Freitas Luciana Bocaccio Sperb de , Reis Maria Eduarda Fernandes dos , Souza Suéli Lummertz , Simões Priscyla Waleska Targino de Azevedo
Published: May 2014

A fim de investigar o uso de tabaco e fatores associados entre universitários do Sul do Brasil no ano de 2010, realizou-se estudo transversal com questionários autoaplicáveis. A amostra foi dividida em dois grandes grupos: área da Saúde e demais cursos. A amostra de cada grupo foi dividida de acordo com a proporção em relação ao número total de alunos. Os alunos foram selecionados do primeiro e último ano de cada curso. A análise estatística foi realizada no Software SPSS versão 17.0(r). Responderam aos questionários 584 alunos. A prevalência de tabagismo entre os acadêmicos foi de 8,9%, sendo 4,7% tabagistas ativos e 4,2% fumantes ocasionais; 2,6% declararam-se ex-fumantes. A idade média foi de 23,0 anos (±9,7), sendo 62,3% do sexo feminino. Dentre os fumantes 49% começaram a fumar por vontade própria e 27,4% por influência de amigos. A maioria declarou fumar para relaxar. Observou-se associação significativa entre o tabagismo e o uso de álcool (OR 5,80; IC95% 1,20-28,01) e de drogas ilícitas (OR 42,29; IC95% 11,45-175,1) e a existência de outros familiares fumantes (OR 4,02; IC95% 2,05-7,85). A prevalência de tabagismo encontrada neste estudo foi baixa. O tabagismo foi significativamente associado a alunos usuários de drogas ilícitas, que fazem uso de álcool e que tem algum tabagista na família.
Use of dental services in areas covered by the Family Health Strategy in Olinda, Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Raquel Santos de , Magalhães Bruno Gama , Góes Paulo Sávio Angeiras de , Rocha Renata de Andrade Cardoso Pinto , Gaspar Gabriela da Silveira
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVE:The aim of the present study was to analyze factors associated with the use of dental services in areas covered by the Family Health Strategy in the city of Olinda, northeastern Brazil.METHODS:A quantitative, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted involving individuals over 18 years of age (n=492) registered at Family Health Units. Data analysis was performed with SPSS program (version 11.0) and involved 2 test and logistic regression analysis.RESULTS:The number of individuals who sought dentists at public services (58.6%) was greater than that who sought dentists in the private sector (37.4%). Among those who used public services in the previous 12 months, only 18.9% had access to a dentist from a Family Health Unit. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the use of services was associated with toothaches in the previous six months and living in a rented home (p<0.05).CONCLUSION:The results show that access to dental services was highly limited, even in areas covered by an Oral Health Team. Moreover, access was potentiated by indicators of oral health needs and socioeconomic status.