bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral absorption properties of mineral particles in western Lake Erie: Insights from individual particle analysis
Authors: Peng Feng , Effler Steven W.
Published: August 2013

The light‐absorbing attributes of minerogenic particle populations were determined for clay‐mineral‐enriched conditions at 14 sites in the western basin of Lake Erie following a wind‐driven re‐suspension event. Estimates of spectral absorption properties of the minerogenic particle assemblages, namely the imaginary part of the refractive index (n′), the mean absorption efficiency factor (), the mean package effect index (<>), and the mass‐specific absorption coefficient (), are presented. These were based on laboratory measurements of non‐algal particulate absorption (aNAP), minerogenic particle size distributions (PSD) with an individual particle analysis technique, and iterative Mie theory calculations to retrieve n′(λ). There were wide spatial differences in magnitudes of these estimates. The n′(λ) values are generally consistent with those obtained with a different methodology. Absorption by minerogenic particles was dominated by clay mineral particles in the 2–20 µm size range. The effects of n′ and PSD variations on both  and <> were well‐parameterized in the multiplicative format of optical thickness, and were qualitatively consistent with the literature and Mie theoretical predictions for monodispersed spheres. Spatial differences in n′ and PSD were both important drivers of the variations in  and <>. Mie theory calculations indicate that absorption by these minerogenic particles causes substantial decreases in their spectral scattering, backscattering, and backscattering ratio, from the red to the blue spectral regions, relative to the case of non‐absorbing.
An optimality model of photoadaptation in contrasting aquatic light regimes
Authors: Talmy David , Blackford Jerry , Hardman-Mountford Nick J. , Dumbrell Alex J. , Geider Richard J.
Published: August 2013

To investigate photoacclimation of phytoplankton adapted to different aquatic light regimes, a physiologically explicit phytoplankton optimality model was applied in two contrasting environments: constant irradiance vs. dynamic irradiance associated with oceanic mixed layers. Nitrogen was assumed to be partitioned between cellular components associated with light harvesting, carbon fixation, biosynthesis, and photoprotection. The model was used to predict how resources are (re)distributed to optimize growth in the different environments. Optimal intracellular nitrogen allocation in dynamic environments was associated with constitutive investment in Calvin cycle enzymes; in contrast, in the static environment Calvin cycle allocation was reduced at low light. Furthermore, reduced allocation to components associated with photoprotection in static environments led to heavily inhibited photosynthesis‐irradiance response consistent with that of Prochlorococcus adapted to relatively stable oligotrophic gyres. In contrast, photosynthetic response in the diatom Skeletonema costatum was better explained by maintenance of photoprotection components across a range of integrated light doses. Limited range of chlorophyll : C in Thalassiosira pseudonana was consistent with optimization of resource allocation to light‐harvesting components in dynamic environments, in contrast to the relatively wide range in allocation to light harvesting predicted by the model in static environments and chlorophyll cell−1 observed in high‐light‐adapted Prochlorococcus. The model was used to explain variability of the photosynthesis‐irradiance response of samples from the Celtic and Irish Seas. Photoacclimation state is a consequence of optimization of resource allocation to the set of environmental parameters (e.g., surface irradiance, depth of mixing, and light attenuation) that influence light variability.
Eclampsia: Maternal and Fetal Outcome
Authors: Joshi Sulabha , Ghike Sunita , Bhalerao Anuja , Kawthalkar Anjali , Kulkarni Sayali
Published: August 2013

Eclampsia is the leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality as well as morbidity. This prospective study was carried out at a tertiary institute from Jan 2008 to Dec 2010.

Aim and objectives

(1) To evaluate the rate of eclampsia in antenatal women attending our hospital, (2) to evaluate the epidemiological factors and clinical presentation in women with eclampsia, (3) to analyze the maternal and perinatal outcome in women with eclampsia, and (4) to formulate strategies to improve the maternal and perinatal outcome.

Materials and methods

Fifty-five women with eclampsia were evaluated over a period of 3 years.

Results

During the above period, total number of deliveries were 6,100 out of which 55 were eclampsia giving incidence of —0.9%. The women with eclampsia were treated with magnesium sulfate. Around 70.91% of women had antenatal eclampsia, 18.18% of women had intrapartum eclampsia and 10.91% of women had postpartum eclampsia. Out of 55 women, maternal mortality was 5.45% and perinatal mortality was 25.45%.

Conclusion

Incidence of eclampsia is higher in developing countries, like India. Magnesium sulfate is an effective anticonvulsant drug leading to cessation of convulsions in 100% cases. Magnesium sulfate toxicity was not observed in any case, indicating effectivity of clinical monitoring during magnesium sulfate therapy.

How to cite this article

Bhalerao A, Kulkarni S, Ghike S, Kawthalkar A, Joshi S, Somalwar S. Eclampsia: Maternal and Fetal Outcome. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2013;5(1): 19-21.
Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma: A Very Rare Case Report
Authors: Dwivedi Akhilesh Dutta , Agarwal Anjana , Bhattacharya Aarti Biswajit
Published: August 2013

We report a case of benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) recurring after 4 years of total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for fibroid uterus. Probably in this case, recurrence was due to extragonadal source of estrogen and progesterone. Therefore, patient was put on antiestrogen and antiprogesterone therapy, after hysterectomy to prevent further recurrence. Through this case, importance of surgery combined with antiestrogen and antiprogesterone therapy is emphasized.

How to cite this article

Agarwal A, Bhattacharya AB, Dwivedi AD, Kumar A. Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma: A Very Rare Case Report. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2013;5(1): 35-36.
Extraovarian Papillary Serous Carcinoma of the Peritoneum: A Report of Two Cases with Review of Literature
Authors: Kalyani R , Narasimha Aparna , Kumar ML Harendra , Narayanswamy S
Published: August 2013

Extraovarian papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum is a rare malignancy characterized by peritoneal carcinomatosis presenting with abdominal pain and ascites. This tumor is similar to serous ovarian carcinoma in context to its clinical presentation, histologic appearance, pattern of spread, treatment and prognosis. We hereby report two cases of extraovarian papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum and review of literature.

How to cite this article

Kalyani R, Narasimha A, Kumar HML, Narayanswamy S. Extraovarian Papillary Serous Carcinoma of the Peritoneum: A Report of Two Cases with Review of Literature. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2013;5(1):42-44.
Manual Peripartum Hysterectomy: A Rare Case
Authors: LNU Shaheen , Sharma Rajyashri
Published: August 2013

Peripartum hysterectomy may be performed as an emergency to save the life of a woman with persistent bleeding, or as planned procedure, often in conjunction with cesarean section. Here, we report a rare case in which uterus was removed manually.

How to cite this article

Shaheen, Sharma R. Manual Peripartum Hysterectomy: A Rare Case. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2013;5(1):47.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from biomass burning intermediates: phenol and methoxyphenols
Authors: Yee L. D. , Kautzman K. E. , Loza C. L. , Schilling K. A. , Coggon M. M. , Chhabra P. S. , Chan M. N. , Chan A. W. H. , Hersey S. P. , Crounse J. D. , Wennberg P. O. , Flagan R. C. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The formation of secondary organic aerosol from oxidation of phenol, guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol), and syringol (2,6-dimethoxyphenol), major components of biomass burning, is described. Photooxidation experiments were conducted in the Caltech laboratory chambers under low-NOx (< 10 ppb) conditions using H2O2 as the OH source. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields (ratio of mass of SOA formed to mass of primary organic reacted) greater than 25% are observed. Aerosol growth is rapid and linear with the primary organic conversion, consistent with the formation of essentially non-volatile products. Gas- and aerosol-phase oxidation products from the guaiacol system provide insight into the chemical mechanisms responsible for SOA formation. Syringol SOA yields are lower than those of phenol and guaiacol, likely due to novel methoxy group chemistry that leads to early fragmentation in the gas-phase photooxidation. Atomic oxygen to carbon (O : C) ratios calculated from high-resolution-time-of-flight Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) measurements of the SOA in all three systems are ~ 0.9, which represent among the highest such ratios achieved in laboratory chamber experiments and are similar to that of aged atmospheric organic aerosol. The global contribution of SOA from intermediate volatility and semivolatile organic compounds has been shown to be substantial (Pye and Seinfeld, 2010). An approach to representing SOA formation from biomass burning emissions in atmospheric models could involve one or more surrogate species for which aerosol formation under well-controlled conditions has been quantified. The present work provides data for such an approach.
A steady-state analysis of the temperature responses of water vapor and aerosol lifetimes
Authors: Roelofs G.-J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The dominant removal mechanism of soluble aerosol is wet deposition. The atmospheric lifetime of aerosol, relevant for aerosol radiative forcing, is therefore coupled to the atmospheric cycling time of water vapor. This study investigates the coupling between water vapor and aerosol lifetimes in a well-mixed atmosphere. Based on a steady-state study by Pruppacher and Jaenicke (1995) we describe the coupling in terms of the processing efficiency of air by clouds and the efficiencies of water vapor condensation, of aerosol activation, and of the transfer from cloud water to precipitation. We extend this to expressions for the temperature responses of the water vapor and aerosol lifetimes. Previous climate model results (Held and Soden, 2006) suggest a water vapor lifetime temperature response of +5.3 ± 2.0% K−1. This can be used as a first guess for the aerosol lifetime temperature response, but temperature sensitivities of the aerosol lifetime simulated in recent aerosol–climate model studies extend beyond this range and include negative values. This indicates that other influences probably have a larger impact on the computed aerosol lifetime than its temperature response, more specifically changes in the spatial distributions of aerosol (precursor) emissions and precipitation patterns, and changes in the activation efficiency of aerosol. These are not quantitatively evaluated in this study but we present suggestions for model experiments that may help to understand and quantify the different factors that determine the aerosol atmospheric lifetime.
Comment on "Carbon farming in hot, dry coastal areas: an option for climate change mitigation" by Becker et al. (2013)
Authors: Heimann M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Becker et al. (2013) argue that an afforestation of 0.73 109 ha with Jatropha curcas plants would generate an additional terrestrial carbon sink of 4.3 PgC yr−1, enough to stabilise the atmospheric mixing ratio of carbon dioxide (CO2) at current levels. However, this is not consistent with the dynamics of the global carbon cycle. Using a well established global carbon cycle model, the effect of adding such a hypothetical sink leads to a reduction of atmospheric CO2 levels in the year 2030 by 25 ppm compared to a reference scenario. However, the stabilisation of the atmospheric CO2 concentration requires a much larger additional sink or corresponding reduction of anthropogenic emissions.
Assessing parameter importance of the Common Land Model based on qualitative and quantitative sensitivity analysis
Authors: Li J. , Duan Q. Y. , Gong W. , Ye A. , Dai Y. , Miao C. , Di Z. , Tong C. , Sun Y.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Proper specification of model parameters is critical to the performance of land surface models (LSMs). Due to high dimensionality and parameter interaction, estimating parameters of an LSM is a challenging task. Sensitivity analysis (SA) is a tool that can screen out the most influential parameters on model outputs. In this study, we conducted parameter screening for six output fluxes for the Common Land Model: sensible heat, latent heat, upward longwave radiation, net radiation, soil temperature and soil moisture. A total of 40 adjustable parameters were considered. Five qualitative SA methods, including local, sum-of-trees, multivariate adaptive regression splines, delta test and Morris methods, were compared. The proper sampling design and sufficient sample size necessary to effectively screen out the sensitive parameters were examined. We found that there are 2–8 sensitive parameters, depending on the output type, and about 400 samples are adequate to reliably identify the most sensitive parameters. We also employed a revised Sobol' sensitivity method to quantify the importance of all parameters. The total effects of the parameters were used to assess the contribution of each parameter to the total variances of the model outputs. The results confirmed that global SA methods can generally identify the most sensitive parameters effectively, while local SA methods result in type I errors (i.e., sensitive parameters labeled as insensitive) or type II errors (i.e., insensitive parameters labeled as sensitive). Finally, we evaluated and confirmed the screening results for their consistency with the physical interpretation of the model parameters.
The Role of Meaning in Life and Religious Experience amongst Young People with Specific Personality Profiles
Authors: Głaz S. J. Stanisław
Published: August 2013

The aims of the research I embarked on were: (a) to define the level of meaning in life, and intensity of motivation to look for meaning and purpose in life, level of personality traits and the level of religious experience: God's presence and God's absence in the lives in a group of students; and (b) to show the relationship between meaning in life, and motivation to look for meaning and purpose in life, and religious experience: God's presence and God's absence in groups of students with specific profiles of personality. In the research the following methods were applied: in order to define the level of religious experience: God's presence and God's absence - The Scale of Religious Experience(SDR) by S. Głaz, in order to define meaning in life - The Purpose in Life Test (PIL) by J. Crumbaugh and L. Maholick, and intensity of motivation to look for meaning and purpose in life - The Seeking of Noetic Goals Test (SONG) by J. Crumbaugh was applied, and in order to establish the personality profiles among students - The Personality Questionnaire (NEO-FFI) - R. McCrae'a and P. Costa. The research was carried out in Kraków among 134 university students. The subject group consisted of students of several non-Catholic public and state universities. All participants were Polish born, culturally homogeneous, and stemmed from families of average affluence. The age of the respondents ranged from 19 to 24.
From Tradition to Transformation among Villagers in Sigi Regency (Histo-Sosiological Perspective)
Authors: Nuraedah Nuraedah
Published: August 2013

The objectives of this study are reveal type of traditional action of villagers in Sigi Regency, to reveal transformational process of traditional people in Sigi Regency, and to disclose the consequence change from tradition to transformation among villagers in Sigi Regency. The research is of qualitative research with histo-sociological approach. Source of data are collected from words and behavior or act observed from informant trough observations and interviews through interaction between writer and local residents, to the trace of documentation about past happenings and facts, about expansion of Dutch colonialism in the land of Sigi, and also from personal documentation possessed by certain clan. The findings show that type of traditional action in Sigi Regency is the realization of of prower and dignity in which the actors are respectively magau, jogugu, galara, pabicara, punggawa, kalula and to tua ada’ of the past time and puempanga, bayasa, bule and topodondi in current time. Traditional people of Sigi Regency transform though historical transformation, clan differentiation and community difference in terms of social and economic characteristics. Consequences of change from traditional to transformative based on: a) inter-clan (fam) social cohesion due to the existence of high sentiment as for personal feeling come from the same clan, b) inter-clan social mobility, and c) conflict between older and younger generation. Research findings show that historical process leaves much less room for evolution to establish irrational and rational social arrangement among villagers based on the condition and tradition to transformation they follow. Condition and arrangement they follow is socially and economically measurable in a representative study through historical sociology.
Marsupiais de uma área de caatinga (Pernambuco, Brasil) com registro de nova localidade para Caluromys philander (Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Nascimento Anna Ludmilla da Costa Pinto , Ferreira José Diogo Cavalcanti , Moura Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de
Published: August 2013

Único bioma exclusivamente brasileiro, a Caatinga possui características semiáridas, vegetação tipicamente xerofítica e abriga uma fauna estimada de 148 espécies de mamíferos. Porém, trabalhos com a mastofauna no semiárido nordestino do Brasil ainda são escassos, principalmente em se tratando de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores. Diante de tal necessidade, este trabalho teve como objetivo inventariar a fauna de marsupiais em uma área de Caatinga do Estado de Pernambuco. O levantamento ocorreu no período de julho de 2008 a junho de 2009, abrangendo três macroambientes comuns na Caatinga: próximo a um corpo d’água (açude), em afloramentos rochosos (rochas) e caatinga arbustiva (mata). A amostragem foi realizada com auxílio de armadilhas de contenção e queda (pitfall trap), com um esforço amostral de 864 armadilhas.noite. Um total de quatro espécies de didelfídeos foram encontradas: Caluromys philander, Didelphis albiventris, Marmosa murina e Monodelphis domestica, totalizando 57 indivíduos capturados. O sucesso de captura total foi de 6,6% (médio de 8,8%), sendo maior próximo ao corpo d’água e nos afloramentos rochosos durante os períodos seco e chuvoso, respectivamente. D. albiventris foi a espécie mais capturada seguida por M. murina. A ocorrência de C. philander na região representa seu primeiro registro na Caatinga, incluindo os Brejos de Altitude, ampliando consideravelmente sua área de ocorrência.
Risques sanitaires et crises politiques au Canada
Authors: Genest Gabriel Blouin
Published: August 2013

Cette note de recherche examine les politiques de santé publique et de sécurité sanitaire mises en place au Canada lors de la pandémie de H1N1 de 2009-2010 afin de les replacer dans le cadre plus large de la gouvernance globale de la santé. En nous intéressant aux critiques et aux recommandations exprimées par rapport à l’expérience canadienne de la pandémie de H1N1, nous cherchons à analyser les réponses politiques du Canada au regard de la gestion de cette crise sanitaire. Nous établissons à cette fin un parallèle entre les évaluations canadiennes de la gestion de cette pandémie et celles effectuées par d’autres pays et organisations. Nous appuyant sur une analyse des rapports d’évaluation canadiens de cette crise, et en les replaçant dans le contexte des critiques internationales portées à l’oms, nous soutenons que le Canada, dans un contexte de mondialisation des risques sanitaires et de multiplication des acteurs internationaux, n’a pas été en mesure de prendre en compte adéquatement le rôle du secteur privé dans les politiques de santé publique ainsi que ses conséquences pour la nature de la gouvernance sanitaire.
Penser et maîtriser l’innovation ?
Authors: Fortmann Michel
Published: August 2013

Cet essai s’inscrit dans le cadre des réflexions portant sur l’innovation en matière militaire aux États-Unis. Il soulève spécifiquement quatre questions : Dans quelle mesure les Forces armées américaines ont-elles su se réinventer dans le contexte de l’après-guerre froide ? Quelles idées maîtresses les ont guidées ? Comment ont-elles été appliquées ? Et quelles leçons peut-on tirer de cette expérience après vingt ans ? Deux concepts, qui ont inspiré l’effort de réflexion et de réforme américain, retiennent notre attention : la révolution dans les affaires militaires (ram) et la « transformation ». C’est la mise en oeuvre de ces deux concepts qui est analysée, de l’administration Clinton à celle du président Obama.
Demography, Development and Control of the Coastal Space on the Pacific Coast of Mexico
Authors: Alcalá Graciela
Published: August 2013

During the four final decades of the last century, demographicgrowth in Mexico slowed significantly. This trend continued during the firstdecade of the 21st century, in tune with current expectations in the country.However, during precisely the same decades, the opposite phenomenon hasbeen occurring in the country’s coastal territories, i.e. demographic growthresulting not from an increase in average birth rates, which have followedmore or less the same trends as among the rest of the country’s inhabitants,but from immigration into these areas. This phenomenon is of itself reliableproof of the growth in investment of both public and private capitalin coastal territories. The only exception to this trend is provided by threecoastal municipalities in the state of Sinaloa, created in the early 1990s andtaken over, literally, by drug-trafficking activities. The vast majority of thesenew inhabitants of the Mexican coastlines are people who have arrivedfrom inland in search of jobs, in the hope of improving their lives. For thenew «costeños», life in these latitudes is completely different to that whichthey had experienced in their previous homes, whether in the plateau orthe central plain, the deserts of the north, the limestone country of the interiorof the Yucatán peninsula or the tortuous hillsides of the mountains:new rhythms and ways of working, different local eating habits and modesof dress, unknown climatic phenomena and their consequences for dailylife, strange idiomatic expressions, and finally the exotic affection of the native «costeños» for their countryside and their local flora and fauna. Toanalyse the case study, we propose the concept of the «coastal region». Weuse demographic information both at national level and from the coastalstates and municipalities, taken from national censuses of population andhousing done in the decades from 1950 to 2010, published by the InstitutoNacional de Estadísticas, Geografía e Informática (National Institute ofStatistics, Geography and it, inegi), as well as photographs from variousarchives and from the author’s collection. It is not appropriate to talk of an«experimental design» in this work, since it is not an «experiment» but anattempt to explain what has been happening among the inhabitants of theMexican coasts on the basis of the developing situation over some 50 yearsof constant colonisation.
Un análisis multidimensional de la pobreza en Haití: Resultados y propuestas de políticas públicas
Authors: Delice Pierre Antoine
Published: August 2013

La presente investigación toma como base teórica el enfoque delas capacidades de Amartya Sen, que reconoce la pobreza como un fenómenomultidimensional, y el método de medición de Alkire y Foster (2007)para analizar la pobreza en Haití. Utilizando la Encuesta de Condición deVida (2001), se seleccionaron las siguientes dimensiones: salud, educación,alimentación, vivienda e ingreso. A diferencia de las mediciones unidimensionalesde pobreza basada en ingreso, los resultados señalan una mayorcontribución de la educación para identificar la pobreza.
A la vuelta del tiempo. Modernidad y postmodernidad revisitadas. En torno a la obra de Michel Maffesoli
Authors: Cabrolié Vargas Magaly
Published: August 2013

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Large‐scale Synthesis of Urchin‐like Mesoporous TiO2 Hollow Spheres by Targeted Etching and Their Photoelectrochemical Properties
Authors: Pan Jia Hong , Wang Xing Zhu , Huang Qizhao , Shen Chao , Koh Zhen Yu , Wang Qing , Engel Astrid , Bahnemann Detlef W.
Published: August 2013

A versatile targeted etching strategy is developed for the large‐scale synthesis of urchin‐like mesoporous TiO2 hollow spheres (UMTHS) with tunable particle size. Its key feature is the use of a low‐temperature hydrothermal reaction of surface‐fluorinated, amorphous, hydrous TiO2 solid spheres (AHTSS) under the protection of a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coating. With the confinement of PVP and water penetration, the highly porous AHTSS are selectively etched and hollowed by fluoride without destroying their spherical morphology. Meanwhile TiO2 hydrates are gradually crystallized and their growth is preferentially along anatase (101) planes, reconstructing an urchin‐like shell consisting of numerous radially arranged single‐crystal anatase nanothorns. Complex hollow structures, such as core–shell and yolk–shell structures, can also be easily synthesized via additional protection of the interior by pre‐filling AHTSS with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The hollowing transformation is elucidated by the synergetic effect of etching, PVP coating, low hydrothermal reaction temperature, and the unique microstructure of AHTSS. The synthesized UMTHS with a large surface area of up to 128.6 m2 g‐1 show excellent light‐harvesting properties and present superior performances in photocatalytic removal of gaseous nitric oxide (NO) and photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion as photoanodes for dye‐sensitized mesoscopic solar cells.
Molecularly Imprinted Silver‐Halide Reflection Holograms for Label‐Free Opto‐Chemical Sensing
Authors: Fuchs Yannick , Kunath Stephanie , Soppera Olivier , Haupt Karsten , Mayes Andrew G.
Published: August 2013

Hierarchical structuring of materials offers exciting opportunities to construct functional devices that exploit the ordering at different length scales to impart key functional properties. Herein, multiple processes are combined to create complex materials organized at the molecular, nano, and microscales for selective detection of testosterone by label‐free opto‐chemical sensing. Molecular imprinting is used to construct molecular scale analyte‐selective cavities. Microphase separation produces a porous polymer film within which sensitized silver halide nanocolloids are dispersed by a process of infusion and controled precipitation, then converted to periodic layers of silver nanoparticles by holographic patterning followed by chemical development. Testosterone binding is followed via wavelength changes of the holographic reflection peak as a function of testosterone concentration and incubation time. Polymer cross‐linking and film porosity are optimized with respect to the needs of both molecular recognition and hologram quality. The silver halide infusion step does not destroy the molecular selectivity of the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP). Selective, label‐free sensing of testosterone is possible at concentrations down to 1 μm. The approach is generic and should be applicable to many types of molecules and conventional MIP formulations, individually or in multiplexed arrays.
Two Channels of Charge Generation in Perylene Monoimide Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Howard Ian A. , Meister Michael , Baumeier Björn , Wonneberger Henrike , Pschirer Neil , Sens Rüdiger , Bruder Ingmar , Li Chen , Müllen Klaus , Andrienko Denis , Laquai Frédéric
Published: August 2013

The mechanism of charge generation in solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells using triarylamine‐substituted perylene monoimide dyes is studied by vis‐NIR broadband pump‐probe transient absorption spectroscopy. The experiments demonstrate that photoinduced electron injection into the TiO2 can only occur in regions where Li+, from the commonly used Li‐TFSI additive salt, is present on the TiO2 surface. Incomplete surface coverage by Li+ means that some dye excitons cannot inject their electron into the TiO2. However it is observed in the solar cell structure that some of the dye excitons that cannot directly inject an electron still contribute to free charge generation by the previously hypothesized reductive quenching mechanism (hole transfer to the solid‐state hole transporter followed by electron injection from the dye anion into the TiO2). The contribution of reductive quenching to the quantum efficiency of charge generation is significant, raising it from 68% to over 80%. Optimization of this reductive quenching pathway could be exploited to maintain high quantum efficiency in dyes with greater NIR absorption to achieve overall enhancements in device performance. It is demonstrated that broadband NIR transient spectroscopy is necessary to obtain population kinetics in these systems, as strong Stark effects distort the population kinetics in the visible region.
The first millimetre – rearing juvenile freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera L.) in plastic boxes
Authors: Eybe Tanja , Thielen Frankie , Bohn Torsten , Sures Bernd
Published: August 2013

The last remaining population of Margaritifera margaritifera in the Our River (Luxembourg, Europe) has come close to extinction. It consists predominantly of adult animals and will disappear within a few years without assistance. Juvenile mussels cannot survive in the river bed interstices, which are clogged by fine sediments, and rearing methods are needed to help them through this critical period.

The objectives of this study were to elucidate the best rearing conditions for juvenile mussels with respect to the food type and density of individuals in order to breed them in the laboratory to a size at which survival in the river is likely.

Different food mixtures (combinations of algae, detritus and crushed red bloodworms) were fed to juvenile mussels in plastic boxes containing 500 mL of river water during a period of 110 days. To understand fluctuations in the concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium between water exchanges, these ions were analysed over a period of 8 days.

The best rearing results were achieved with a combination of detritus and algae. This treatment resulted in a growth rate of 189% (up to 1.13 mm (SD ±0.30) per box) with a survival rate of 80% (101 dead mussels (SD ±163.71) per box). The optimum number of mussels per box was 200. When detritus was added to the boxes, levels of nitrite and ammonium were reduced by more than 50% compared with the initial value within 8 days. Without detritus, ion concentrations increased noticeably (ammonium >50%, nitrite >150%), probably explaining higher mortality rates.

Juvenile mussels have food reserves for less than 8 days after excystment and need additional food as soon as possible after dropping from the host fish.

Juvenile mussels showed the most favourable survival rate and growth rate if fed with a mixture of algae and detritus. Detritus functions not only as a food source but also as a biologically active compound which reduces harmful ions such as ammonium and nitrite in the boxes.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Layered Photocathode with Porous NiO Nanosheets: An Effective Candidate for p‐Type Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Qu Yang , Zhou Wei , Miao Xiaohuan , Li Ying , Jiang Le , Pan Kai , Tian Guohui , Ren Zhiyu , Wang Guofeng , Fu Honggang
Published: August 2013

Herein, with the purpose of improving the efficiency of p‐type dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), a new layered photocathode (LP) is fabricated from irregular overlapping wrinkled porous NiO nanosheets. The LP was sensitized by using a commonly used dye, coumarin 343(C343), and then assembled into p‐type DSSCs through coupling with a platinum photoanode. Photoelectochemical characterization showed that the LP cell exhibited a clearly enhanced power‐conversion efficiency (by a factor of 4) compared with a cell with a NiO‐nanoparticle photocathode (NP). This excellent performance could be attributed to the overlapping layered structure, which favored hole transport, as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and to the large surface area of the porous NiO nanosheets, which were favorable for dye adsorption.
Up or Down? How Culture and Color Affect Judgments
Authors: Jiang Feng , Lu Su , Yao Xiang , Yue Xiaodong , Au Wing tung
Published: August 2013

In the Mainland China stock market, an upmarket is represented by the color red, whereas a downmarket is represented by the color green. Elsewhere, including the Chinese Hong Kong stock market, the color representations are the opposite. Three studies were conducted to examine the red‐up–green‐down effect for Mainland Chinese as well as the green‐up–red‐down effect for Hong Kong people. Study 1 showed that Mainland Chinese tended to predict greater economic growth (study 1a) and higher growth in consumption trends (study 1b) when the experimental materials were presented in red than in green, whereas Hong Kong participants exhibited the opposite tendencies. Study 2 found that Mainland Chinese implicitly associated red and green with up and down, respectively; Hong Kong people, however, implicitly associated green and red with up and down, respectively. Study 3 further indicated that Mainland Chinese were more likely to predict good outcomes when scenarios were presented in red, whereas Hong Kong participants were more likely to predict good outcomes when scenarios were presented in green. These findings suggest that culturally specific environment cues could influence human prediction and judgment. Implications for judgment generally are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finding Nexus: connecting youth work and research practices
Authors: Gormally Sinéad , Coburn Annette
Published: August 2013

Participation in educational and social research helps to develop understanding of how young people learn and to consider wider aspects of their lives to enable their voices to be heard and acted upon. Research also facilitates the articulation and sharing of methodologies across a range of professional practices. We assert that theory and practice in educational youth work offers a position of strength from which to undertake research. In making this assertion, we suggest cross‐disciplinarity between youth work and research practices in order to build research mindedness among youth workers who, through this nexus, are well‐placed to engage in practice based research. Drawing on discourses about young people, youth work and youth participation, we identify five elements of youth work practice that can be aligned with research processes: reflexivity; positionality and bias; insider cultural competence; rapport and trust; power relationships. The article examines how these elements are present in youth work and a range of research settings. We identify youth work methods and dispositions as enhancing research capacity which could also be useful in building participatory research methods in disciplinary areas beyond education. Yet, in making these connections, we also identify a range of factors that show this nexus as complex and contestable. Reflecting on the lessons learned from our experiences as youth work practitioners and academic researchers, we propose that finding nexus, which in this instance is between youth work and research paradigms, could inform educational research practices and contributes to developing a meaningful praxis.
Hyper‐affiliation to the Religious In‐group Among British Pakistani Muslim Gay Men
Authors: Jaspal Rusi , Cinnirella Marco
Published: August 2013

This article examines how British Muslim gay men may safeguard membership in the religious group, which can be threatened as a result of self‐identifying as gay. Twenty British Pakistani Muslim gay men were interviewed. Data were analyze using an interpretative phenomenological analysis through the heuristic lens of identity process theory. The following themes are discussed: (i) ‘gay identity casting doubt upon one's Muslim‐ness’; (ii) ‘Ramadan: a symbolic opportunity to be a “true Muslim”’; and (iii) ‘accepting “Muslim views” and religious authenticity’. Data suggest that threatened Muslim identity can lead to hyper‐affiliation to the religious in‐group, which is achieved through a multitude of substrategies. Practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurocognitive disorders in sentenced male offenders: Implications for rehabilitation
Authors: Tuominen Tiina , Korhonen Tapio , Hämäläinen Heikki , Temonen Satu , Salo Helena , Katajisto Jouko , Lauerma Hannu
Published: August 2013

Background

Neurocognitive deficits are frequent among male offenders and tend to be associated with a more serious risk of anti‐social activity, but they are not systematically allowed for in rehabilitation programmes.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate neurocognitive performance in a sample of sentenced Finnish male prisoners and consider the implications for prison programme entry.

Methods

Seventy‐five sentenced male prisoners were examined using a neurocognitive test battery.

Results

Depending on the neurocognitive domain, from 5% to 49% of the men demonstrated marked neurocognitive deficits in tests of motor dexterity, visuospatial/construction skills, verbal comprehension, verbal and visual memory and attention shift. Verbal IQ was more impaired than performance IQ. There was no association between most serious offence type and neurocognitive performance, but correlations between attention deficit indices and number of previous convictions suggested that recidivists may have an attention disorder profile. Cluster analysis identified two subgroups of offenders, separated by very poor or merely poor cognitive performance. Motor dexterity, visuo‐construction and verbal memory deficits were not wholly explained by lower IQ measures.

Conclusions and implications for practice

Our sample was small, but the nature and extent of the neurocognitive deficits found suggest that wider use of neurocognitive assessments, which the men generally tolerated well, could help select those most likely to need offender programmes and that the effectiveness of these may be enhanced by some specific cognitive remediation before progressing to more complex social tasks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of Co‐Compost Quality by Physico‐Chemical and Exploratory Data Analysis
Authors: Karak Tanmoy , Bhattacharyya Pradip , Paul Ranjit Kumar
Published: August 2013

The dynamic parameters of the transformation of fresh cow dung (FCD), municipal solid waste (MSW), pond sediment (PST), tea pruning litter (TPL), tea waste (TWE), and water hyacinth (WHH) into a manure using a co‐composting process were investigated. Among the six different modes of compost, it was observed that the best quality of compost can be produced where the substrate was FCD/MSW/TPL/PST/TWE/WHH 1:1.5:1.5:2.5:2.5:1 with respect to Indian compost standard. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HCA) for physical and chemical variables during composting yielded a dendrogram and formed two clusters, one of which includes temperature, amount of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, MSW, nickel, phosphorus, and zinc and the other includes cation exchange capacity, FCD, germination index of chickpea, germination index of green gram, mercury, nitrogen, organic carbon (OC), pH, TPL, potassium, PST, TWE, and WHH. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to all the data sets, which resulted in nine, four, four, three, and two latent factors of the total variance in compost quality. Varifactors of PCA implied that the parameters responsible for metals and P were MSW and temperature variation, N was mainly related to PST and TWE whereas OC was influenced by TPL and FCD. Therefore, on application of HCA and PCA, a meaningful classification of the above‐mentioned parameters has been obtained. Thus, these results should be effective measures for future in using tea garden waste materials for the preparation of valued eco‐friendly compost.
Bio‐Struvite: A New Route to Recover Phosphorus from Wastewater
Authors: Soares Ana , Veesam Mamatha , Simoes Francisco , Wood Elizabeth , Parsons Simon A. , Stephenson Tom
Published: August 2013

The ability of selected bacteria: Myxococcus xanthus, Bacillus pumilus, Halobacterium salinarum, and Brevibacterium antiquum to produce phosphorus bio‐mineral in settled wastewater and sludge dewatering centrifuge liquors was investigated. B. pumilus and B. antiquum were capable of growing and producing bio‐minerals identified as struvite that reached up to 250 µm in size within ten days. This study opens a completely new route to remove and recover phosphorus as struvite from wastewater, with advantages such as being able to use streams with variable phosphorus concentrations of (7–30 mg/L) and no need for external chemicals.
Analytical Method Development for the Screening and Determination of Dioxins in Clay Matrices
Authors: Alawi Mahmoud A. , Najjar Ahmad A. , Khoury Hani N.
Published: August 2013

Dioxin‐contaminated kaolin receives great attention by workers in the fields of environmental science, soil geology, and mining, due to its impact on the areas of health and business. The concept of “natural dioxin” formation in the clay attracts researchers to look for dioxins quantities in these soils and establish the actual route of their formation, as already proved their presence in large unjustified quantities in a number of kaolinitic soil sources and in a unique profile that denies any anthropogenic sources. On the other hand, other researches revealed the absence of dioxins in other kaolinitic sources. For rapid screening of dioxins presence an analytical method was developed basically for the determination of octachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (the major dioxin congener in dioxin‐contaminated kaolin) and octachlorodibenzofuran (does not exist in dioxin‐contaminated kaolin). The method was considered as a rapid, selective, accurate and sensitive method for screening octachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (OCDD) and octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF). The method achieved linearity for OCDD/F over the range 126.5–6144.0 ng/kg dry weight (dw) with limit of quantitation of 76 ng/kg dw for OCDD and 111 ng/kg dw for OCDF. The precision (RSD%) ranged between 1.87 and 8.09% for OCDD and between 3.93 and 9.48% for OCDF. Recovery was between 85.5 and 91.1% for OCDD and between 57.9 and 64.1% for OCDF, while the accuracy for OCDD ranged from 93.8 to 97.8% and from 102.9 to 125.1% for OCDF. The developed analytical method in this research is a good alternative for known methods, because it saves time, effort, supplies, and equipments for chemical analysis. It shortens the analysis time to less than a quarter (6 h) and need less chemicals. Also it is suitable for work on a normal resolution GC/MS rather than high resolution one.
Bowl versus Funnel Supramolecular Concept for CuI Complexes within the Biomimetic Tris(imidazole) Core
Authors: Gout Jérôme , Višnjevac Aleksandar , Rat Stéphanie , Bistri Olivia , Le Poul Nicolas , Le Mest Yves , Reinaud Olivia
Published: August 2013

The coordination of CuI to a poly(imidazole) core is of the most importance in biology as it is present in most enzymes as well as in peptides involved in pathological processes. Here, we report a detailed study of the binding of CuI to a tris(imidazole) core constructed on a resorcinarene scaffold. NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry have been used to characterize the different species obtained in solution as a function of the presence or absence of exogenous ligands, mainly CO and MeCN, but also Cl–. Within the resorcinarene scaffold, the metal ion can switch from a dynamic two‐coordinate to a four‐coordinate environment upon binding to a π acceptor. A comparison with previously reported calix[6]arene‐based tris(imidazole) Cu complexes highlights several key points: (1) the importance of the shape and size of the macrocycle that forms the pocket in which the metal center is partly embedded, (2) the importance of the flexibility of the system as it undergoes induced‐fit processes (calixarene) or not (resorcinarene), (3) the consequences on the affinity of the metal center for CO and MeCN in relation to its π‐backbonding capabilities, and finally (4), the redox behavior of the system.
New aero‐gravity results from the Arctic: Linking the latest Cretaceous‐early Cenozoic plate kinematics of the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean
Authors: Døssing A. , Hopper J. R. , Olesen A. V. , Rasmussen T. M. , Halpenny J.
Published: August 2013

The tectonic history of the Arctic Ocean remains poorly resolved and highly controversial. Details regarding break up of the Lomonosov Ridge from the Barents‐Kara shelf margins and the establishment of seafloor spreading in the Cenozoic Eurasia Basin are unresolved. Significantly, the plate tectonic evolution of the Mesozoic Amerasia Basin is essentially unknown. The Arctic Ocean north of Greenland is at a critical juncture that formed at the locus of a Mesozoic three‐plate setting between the Lomonosov Ridge, Greenland, and North America. In addition, the area is close to the European plate, resulting in complicated interactions between all these areas that are difficult to resolve. In 2009, the 550,000 km2 LOMGRAV aero‐geophysical survey produced the first collocated gravity and magnetic measurements over the area, significantly increasing the data coverage. We present an interpretation of a new free‐air gravity compilation, which reveals a regionally consistent structural grain across the Lomonosov Ridge, the Ellesmere and Lincoln Sea shelves, and the Alpha Ridge. We interpret the grain as evidence of latest Cretaceous (∼80 Ma) regional extension in response to the northward propagation of Atlantic and Labrador Sea opening into the Arctic, west of Greenland. This interpretation is consistent with coincident alkaline volcanic activity evident in the borderlands of the Lincoln Sea. We further suggest that Eurekan crustal shortening contributed to the formation of the distinct Lomonosov Ridge plateau against an important fault zone north of Greenland. Our results provide new constraints for Cretaceous–Cenozoic plate reconstructions of the Arctic.
A short note on the pressure‐depth conversion for geophysical interpretation
Authors: Cammarano F.
Published: August 2013

Databases of material properties based on mineral physics are rapidly becoming an essential tool for interpreting geophysical observations. The conversion of physical properties from pressure to depth is usually based on preliminary reference Earth model. We quantify the error that is introduced with this assumption. The corrected pressure profile is obtained by updating the starting one with the inferred density distribution and iterating until convergence (which is attained in few steps). We show two examples. The first is related to the interpretation of average seismic Earth models. The second refers to the interpretation of a 2‐D thermal structure of the oceanic lithosphere as predicted by a half‐space cooling model. The effects are overall small, nevertheless important for interpretation since they are systematic, they have a feedback with thermal interpretation and they can shift the location of predicted mineralogical phase transitions that are associated with abrupt density and seismic velocity jumps. For example, variations up to 0.6 GPa at 2500 km depth are obtained by changing the potential mantle temperature of 100 K.