bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The lichen genera Cryptothecia, Herpothallon and Helminthocarpon (Arthoniales) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Authors: BUNGARTZ Frank , DUTÁN-PATIÑO Valeria Leonor , ELIX John A.
Published: October 2013

As part of a comprehensive biodiversity inventory of Galapagos lichens, all species in two closely related genera, Cryptothecia and Herpothallon, are reviewed. Both genera are superficially similar, ecorticate, cottony-byssoid crusts and are unusual insofar as their asci do not develop in distinct ascomata, but instead within ascigerous areas or even solitary inside pseudisidia. Species of Herpothallon typically have an I− medulla and are covered in ecorticate pseudisidia; only a single species is known fertile. Cryptothecia is characterized by ascigerous areas with loosely aggregated asci. In some species the asci are isolated, but others have closely aggregated asci embedded in a hyphal matrix with some carbonization, perhaps indicating preliminary stages towards a development of true ascomata. Lirellate ascomata of the enigmatic, monotypic Helminthocarpon leprevostii show similarity with these ascigerous areas, especially of C. darwiniana and C. galapagoana, two species newly described here. Both also have similar asci and ascospores. As previously suggested, Helminthocarpon should thus not be included in Graphidaceae, but it belongs in Arthoniales, possibly in Arthoniaceae or Opegraphaceae. A key to all species and brief descriptions are provided. Two of the three Cryptothecia species and two of the seven Herpothallon species reported here are new to science. All records apart from Herpothallon rubrocinctum are new to Galapagos and Ecuador.
Cetraria steppae Savicz is conspecific with Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr. according to morphology, secondary chemistry and ecology
Authors: NADYEINA Olga , LUTSAK Tetiana , BLUM Oleg , GRAKHOV Volodymyr , SCHEIDEGGER Christoph
Published: October 2013

Eurasian Cetraria steppae and the more widely distributed C. aculeata are two lichen species traditionally distinguished by Eastern European and Spanish lichenologists on the basis of their morphological and ecological characteristics. Other specialists, however, consider them puzzling. This paper aims to evaluate the taxonomic status of these members of the C. aculeata group and thereby to clarify their conservation status in Ukraine. Morphological, chemical and ecological features of specimens originating from populations in different regions of Ukraine were tested and compared with the main characteristics commonly used for the species delimitation. Neither morphological nor chemical traits were found to correlate with ecological characteristics on a small geographical scale. Variation in the norstictic acid content detected in 256 individuals from 13 populations in Ukraine showed no correlation with the morphological characteristics that are currently used for species delimitation. These morphological features appear to vary continuously and did not support subdivision among the specimens studied. We hypothesize that C. steppae and C. aculeata are conspecific, and provide a formal synonymy. Specimens with norstictic acid are regarded as a different chemotype. Possible evolutionary and adaptive roles of norstictic acid in C. aculeata s. lat. are discussed. Based on current and historical data, we consider C. aculeata s. lat. as vulnerable in Ukraine, according to the IUCN criteria for regional Red List assessment.
A comprehensive assessment of memory, delay aversion, timing, inhibition, decision making and variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: advancing beyond the three-pathway models
Authors: Coghill D. R. , Seth S. , Matthews K.
Published: October 2013

Background

Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with a broad range of deficits across various neuropsychological domains, most studies have assessed only a narrow range of neuropsychological functions. Direct cross-domain comparisons are rare, with almost all studies restricted to less than four domains. Therefore, the relationships between these various domains remain undefined. In addition, almost all studies included previously medicated participants, limiting the conclusions that can be drawn. We present the first study to compare a large cohort of medication-naive boys with ADHD with healthy controls on a broad battery of neuropsychological tasks, assessing six key domains of neuropsychological functioning.

Method

The neuropsychological functioning of 83 medication-naive boys with well-characterized ADHD (mean age 8.9 years) was compared with that of 66 typically developing (TYP) boys (mean age 9.0 years) on a broad battery of validated neuropsychological tasks.

Results

Data reduction using complementary factor analysis (CFA) confirmed six distinct neuropsychological domains: working memory, inhibition, delay aversion, decision making, timing and response variability. Boys with ADHD performed less well across all six domains although, for each domain, only a minority of boys with ADHD had a deficit [effect size (% with deficit) ADHD versus TYP: working memory 0.95 (30.1), inhibition 0.61 (22.9), delay aversion 0.82 (36.1), decision making 0.55 (20.5), timing 0.71 (31.3), response variability 0.37 (18.1)].

Conclusions

The clinical syndrome of ADHD is neuropsychologically heterogeneous. These data highlight the complexity of the relationships between the different neuropsychological profiles associated with ADHD and the clinical symptoms and functional impairment.
Revisiting default mode network function in major depression: evidence for disrupted subsystem connectivity
Authors: Sambataro F. , Wolf N. D. , Pennuto M. , Vasic N. , Wolf R. C.
Published: October 2013

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by alterations in brain function that are identifiable also during the brain's ‘resting state’. One functional network that is disrupted in this disorder is the default mode network (DMN), a set of large-scale connected brain regions that oscillate with low-frequency fluctuations and are more active during rest relative to a goal-directed task. Recent studies support the idea that the DMN is not a unitary system, but rather is composed of smaller and distinct functional subsystems that interact with each other. The functional relevance of these subsystems in depression, however, is unclear.

Method

Here, we investigated the functional connectivity of distinct DMN subsystems and their interplay in depression using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

We show that patients with MDD exhibit increased within-network connectivity in posterior, ventral and core DMN subsystems along with reduced interplay from the anterior to the ventral DMN subsystems.

Conclusions

These data suggest that MDD is characterized by alterations of subsystems within the DMN as well as of their interactions. Our findings highlight a critical role of DMN circuitry in the pathophysiology of MDD, thus suggesting these subsystems as potential therapeutic targets.
Vitamin D intakes of adults differ by income, gender and race/ethnicity in the USA, 2007 to 2010
Authors: Moore Carolyn E , Radcliffe John D , Liu Yan
Published: October 2013

Objective

To determine if dietary, supplemental and total vitamin D intakes in the USA are influenced by income, race/ethnicity or gender.

Design

Cross-sectional. US vitamin D intakes were estimated by poverty income ratio (PIR), race/ethnicity and gender using 24 h dietary intake recalls and dietary supplement use questionnaires. Statistical analyses of weighted data were performed using SAS (version 9·2) to estimate means and their standard errors. Race and ethnic intake differences controlling for PIR, gender and age were assessed by ANCOVA.

Subjects

Adults aged ≥19 years.

Setting

The 2007–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA.

Results

Total (dietary and supplement) vitamin D intake was greater in the high (10·0 (se 0·30) μg/d) v. the medium (7·9 (se 0·3) μg/d) or the low (8·0 (se 0·3) μg/d) PIR categories. Total vitamin D intake of non-Hispanic Whites (10·6 (se 0·4) μg/d) was greater than that of Hispanics (8·1 (se 0·3) μg/d) and non-Hispanic Blacks (7·1 (se 0·3) μg/d). Supplemental vitamin D intake was greater by females (5·3 (se 0·2) μg/d) than by males (3·3 (se 0·2) μg/d). Participants with high income were more likely to be vitamin D supplement users (33·0 %) than those with medium (22·5 %) or low (17·6 %) income. High-income non-Hispanic Whites had the lowest percentage (57 %) not meeting the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin D. Fortified milk and milk products provided 43·7 % of the dietary vitamin D intake.

Conclusions

Public health efforts should expand the number of vitamin D-fortified foods and encourage the consumption of foods high in vitamin D and use of supplements.
Entrenchment of regionalism: WTO legality of MFN clauses in preferential trade agreements for goods and services
Authors: KIM JONG BUM
Published: October 2013

The most favoured nation (MFN) clauses in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) under GATT Article XXIV or under GATS Article V entrench the preferential trade relations between the PTA parties because the trade liberalization in future PTAs with third parties will be constrained by the existing PTA MFN clauses. Trade liberalization based on PTA MFN clauses cannot be considered part of the internal trade liberalization required by GATT Article XXIV:8 or GATS Article V:1. The exclusionary effects caused by trade liberalization through PTA MFN clauses increase the burden on trade with third parties. As a result, PTA MFN clauses do not meet the necessity test under the Appellate Body's decision in Turkey–Textiles, as reasonable alternatives to the PTA MFN clauses are available. For these reasons, PTA MFN clauses fail the requirements for legal defences under GATT Article XXIV or GATS Article V for their violations of the general MFN clauses under GATT Article I and GATS Article II. For those products or services subject to existing PTA MFN clauses, any preferential liberalization based on PTA MFN clauses should be accorded non-discriminatorily to all WTO members in accordance with GATT Article I or GATS Article II.
“Everything Had to Change”: Nadia Boulanger's Translation of Modernism in the Rice Lecture Series, 1925
Authors: FRANCIS KIMBERLY
Published: October 2013

From December 1924 to January 1925 the influential French pedagogue Nadia Boulanger undertook her first concert and speaking tour of the United States of America. The end of January found Boulanger in Houston, Texas, where she had agreed to present three talks as part of the Rice Lecture Series. The stenographer's transcript of her lectures, which differs greatly from the articles she later published in the Rice Pamphlets, provides the earliest evidence of Boulanger's nascent trans-Atlantic pedagogical work. Further details reside in Boulanger's letters home to her mother, offering intimate insight into Boulanger's impressions of the United States and its contemporary musical traditions. I borrow Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's notion of a “minor language” to theorize how Boulanger adroitly manipulated her status as a foreigner, as a prodigious virtuoso, and as a woman to circumvent American prejudices about women's involvement in music making and gain access to “authority.” Thus events from Houston 1925 serve both as a means to document Boulanger's first recorded English lectures and as a case study in her development of a specialized pedagogical language, developed out of an experience with Franco-American translation in the southern United States.
Reappraisal of Threat Value: Loss of Blocking in Human Aversive Conditioning
Authors: Boddez Yannick , Baeyens Frank , Hermans Dirk , Beckers Tom
Published: October 2013

Non-specificity of fear is a core aspect of what makes anxiety disorders so impairing: Fear does not remain specific to a single stimulus paired with danger, but generalizes to a broad set of stimuli, resulting in a snowballing of threat signals. The blocking procedure can provide a valuable laboratory model for gaining insight into such threat appraisal and generalization processes. We report two experiments in which we induced selective threat appraisal by using a blocking procedure in human aversive conditioning. We subsequently assessed to what extent such selective threat appraisal is sensitive to different kinds of interference. Results illustrate that the maintenance of selective threat appraisal is not guaranteed: Stimuli present during an aversive conditioning event that are initially tagged with a low threat value, can come to be tagged with a higher threat value later on, without additional experience with these stimuli. We argue that such interference in selective threat appraisal might be one of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of non-specific fear.
Rapid regional perturbations to the recent global geomagnetic decay revealed by a new Hawaiian record
Authors: de Groot L. V. , Biggin A. J. , Dekkers M. J. , Langereis C. G. , Herrero-Bervera E.
Published: October 2013

The dominant dipolar component of the Earth’s magnetic field has been steadily weakening for at least the last 170 years. Prior to these direct measurements, archaeomagnetic records show short periods of significantly elevated geomagnetic intensity. These striking phenomena are not captured by current field models and their relationship to the recent dipole decay is highly unclear. Here we apply a novel multi-method archaeomagnetic approach to produce a new high-quality record of geomagnetic intensity variations for Hawaii, a crucial locality in the central Pacific. It reveals a short period of high intensity occurring ~1,000 years ago, qualitatively similar to behaviour observed 200 years earlier in Europe and 500 years later in Mesoamerica. We combine these records with one from Japan to produce a coherent picture that includes the dipole decaying steadily over the last millennium. Strong, regional, short-term intensity perturbations are superimposed on this global trend; their asynchronicity necessitates a highly non-dipolar nature.
Regulatory Testing To Inform Decisions: National and International Requirements
Authors: Fowle III John ‘Jack’ R. , Jacobs Abigail , Fitzpatrick Suzanne
Published: October 2013

The chapter attempts to convey the complexity and multi-faceted nature of regulatory safety testing to help those interested in improving regulatory testing approaches as they plan and conduct their work to make it most acceptable and useful to the regulatory authorities. National and international government agencies and key non-governmental organizations that use and/or require toxicity testing are described in the context of legislative, legal and historical factors that shaped the development and use of testing to inform decisions. Major testing requirements are described in the context of efforts to move from conventional animal testing approaches to non-animal approaches, and some of the key advances made to date are highlighted. Some of the biggest challenges that must be overcome to advance the refinement, reduction and replacement of animal tests with appropriate non-animal tests in terms of regulatory testing requirements are discussed.
Efforts Towards International Harmonization of Acceptable Alternatives to Animal Testing
Authors: Eskes Chantra
Published: October 2013

The recent growth of emerging markets and the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world call for improved global trade through e.g., leveraging international trade regulations, tariffs, taxes, or other potential barriers in order to favor cross-border movement of goods, services, technology, knowledge dissemination, and capital. In addition, modern transportation allows more people and products to travel around the world at a faster pace, but also opens the path to transcontinental movements of threats including infectious disease vectors and chemical and product hazards. During the last 20 years extensive efforts have been carried out in order to develop, validate, and implement reduction, refinement, and replacement alternative methods to animal testing. Although progress has been made, international harmonization and standardization is still key to leverage regulatory and trade barriers whilst ensuring the development and implementation of scientifically based decision-making for the protection of human beings side-by-side with animal welfare considerations. The present chapter provides a description of the current practices around the world regarding the acceptance of alternative methods to animal testing, their similarities and differences, and the current needs and challenges for the implementation of harmonized international standards in the acceptance of alternatives to animal testing.
Skin Sensitization Testing
Authors: Basketter David
Published: October 2013

The skin disease which we recognise as allergic contact dermatitis is one of the most prevalent (immuno)toxic responses to human exposure to chemicals. Although epidemiological data are limited, it appears that as many as one in five adults may be sensitized to one or more environmental or occupational chemicals and consequently be at risk of expressing allergic contact dermatitis. As a consequence, toxicologists, dermatologists and regulators all have recognised that it is essential that we have predictive tests that can reliably identify chemical substances that possess intrinsic capacity to induce sensitisation and elicit this skin disease. Furthermore, many of these individuals have also recognised the critical importance not only of identifying hazards, but also of properly assessing the risk that these substances present with the consequence that this necessitates both the characterisation of the potency of a sensitising chemical and the accumulated exposure that may arise. The exposure aspects of risk assessment are outside the present scope however, so in this chapter the in vivo approaches to the predictive identification of skin sensitising chemicals and measurement of their relative potency is briefly reviewed and this history considered in the light of the non-animal alternatives which are now being developed as potential replacements. Particular attention is given to how information from these methods might be used to characterise the potency of identified sensitizers, keeping in mind that this game itself necessitates the development of benchmarks based on sound information on potency in exposed humans.
Integrated Approaches to Safety Testing: General Principles and Skin Sensitization as Test Case
Authors: Natsch Andreas
Published: October 2013

Integrated testing strategies (ITS) were proposed to predict toxicity endpoints based on data integration from different sources of mainly non-animal test information. Here the principle limitations of in vitro testing which may be overcome by an ITS are described and the theoretical frame of how data from different sources can be integrated is discussed. These principles are then applied to systematically present possibilities for data integration for the skin sensitization endpoint, and to review attempts which have been made in this field.
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Testing: Issues for 3Rs Implementation
Authors: Lorenzetti Stefano , Mantovani Alberto
Published: October 2013

Reproductive and developmental toxicity testing is currently a critical requirement within all regulatory frameworks for chemicals. In each framework, the 3Rs are part of the new toxicological requirements, in particular the processes of screening and prioritization of chemicals. Reproductive and developmental toxicology represent a major challenge for 3Rs implementation due to the complex physiology of the target systems, including their endocrine regulation, the consequent multiplicity of targets, toxicity pathways and, hence, endpoints to be considered. In particular, new and existing chemicals identified as toxic to reproduction are pointed out in REACH regulation as Substances of Very High Concerns (SVHC, EC 1907/2006, Article 5); SVHC do also include chemicals that may affect reproduction and/or development by acting as endocrine disrupters (EDs). Indeed, EDs are currently a major critical issue due to the role of hormone balance in the reproductive cycle, possible multiple as well as subtle, long-term effects, and uncertainties over modes of action and dose-response relationships; thus, a better undertanding of mechanisms is pivotal for ED risk assessment. The chapter provides an overview of current testing, including the OECD toolbox for EDs; attention is given to newly proposed approaches such as the Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS), targeted by the EU project ReProTect, or the Pathways of Toxicity (PoT), as in the US Tox21c, along with a spotlight on the development of “phenotypic anchoring” to support the integration of systems biology-based molecular tools in the conceptual framework of reproductive and developmental toxicology.
Position‐sensorless method for electric braking commutation of brushless DC machines
Authors: Chi Wen‐Chun , Cheng Ming‐Yang , Chen Cheng‐Hu
Published: October 2013

To increase the cruising distance and braking reliability of various light electric vehicles (LEVs) actuated by brushless DC machines, this study proposes three cost‐effective braking commutation strategies based on a general full‐bridge DC/AC inverter without using position sensors. The braking commutation strategies investigated in this study are named according to the number of power switches in action over each commutation state; designated as single‐switch, two‐switch, and three‐switch, respectively. Theoretical analysis of the operation principle and important performance indices such as maximum voltage conversion ratio, braking torque, energy recovery ratio etc, are conducted and compared among each commutation strategy. Moreover, a cost‐effective, sensorless method for each different braking commutation strategy is used. The commutation signals are extracted directly from the average terminal voltages. Since additional power switches, passive components and costly position sensors are not essential, the proposed method is particularly suitable for various LEVs such as electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric wheelchairs and so on. Finally, several experiments are performed to justify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Chaotic dynamics of a zero average dynamics controlled DC–DC Ćuk converter
Authors: Deivasundari Parvathyshankar , Uma Govindarajan , Ashita Simon
Published: October 2013

The undesirable subharmonics in periodically driven non‐linear systems such as switching power converters is a more common problem in power electronic circuits. Such operations are usually avoided by modifying the circuit parameters which necessitates a proper understanding of the system. In the present study, non‐linear dynamic behaviour in a zero average dynamics (ZAD) controlled DC–DC Ćuk converter is investigated. The effects of varying the control parameters on the qualitative behaviour of the system are studied in detail. Bifurcation analysis of a ZAD controlled DC–DC Ćuk converter has not been reported so far in the literature as it involves complex modelling and implementation of the overall control system. To reduce the complexity in deriving the map dynamics and computing the ZAD control parameters, a reduced order model is derived. Moment matching technique is used to obtain the reduced order model. It is found that for even small control parameter variations, the system exhibits period‐doubling bifurcation. The dynamics of this converter system has been mathematically described and analysed with a simple discrete map. Computer simulations as well as experimental investigations are performed to study the qualitative behaviour of the system under variations of different parameters. The results offer useful information of parameter space for the design and operation of the converter in the desired fundamental stable regime. Finally, a time‐delay component is included in the ZAD control strategy and it is shown that the onset of chaos can be delayed.
Single‐phase transformerless bi‐directional inverter with high efficiency and low leakage current
Authors: Lee Sung‐Ho , Kim Kyu‐Tae , Kwon Jung‐Min , Kwon Bong‐Hwan
Published: October 2013

This study proposes a high efficient bi‐directional inverter for a photovoltaic (PV) system integrated with an energy storage system. The proposed bi‐directional inverter controls the bi‐directional power flow and satisfies the power requirement between the grid and the dc sources. The proposed bi‐directional inverter achieves high efficiency by employing a transformerless structure and by minimising the power losses. The inverter structure can suppress the leakage current, which is considered to be one of the most important design parameters in a transformerless PV system. The efficiency and leakage current of the proposed bi‐directional inverter are analysed. Furthermore, its bi‐directional operation principles and control method are described. Finally, a 3‐kW prototype is implemented to confirm the theoretical analysis and the validity of the proposed bi‐directional inverter.
Performance evaluation of carrier rotation strategy in level‐shifted pulse‐width modulation technique
Authors: Sreenivasarao Dharmavarapu , Agarwal Pramod , Das Biswarup
Published: October 2013

Level‐shifted pulse‐width modulation (LSPWM) technique for single‐star bridge cells (SSBCs)‐based modular multilevel cascade inverter (MMCI) produces better harmonic performance than the phase‐shifted PWM (PSPWM) technique but its applications are limited because of the unequal device conduction periods, which is undesired in high‐power applications. To evenly distribute the switching and conduction losses, the switching patterns should be rotated among the H‐bridge cells. This study evaluates two possible carrier rotation techniques, which combines the advantages of uniform power distribution among H‐bridge cells and equal device conduction periods from PSPWM technique and improved harmonic performance from LSPWM technique. The effectiveness of the two adopted techniques has been established through simulation and experimental studies. To verify the equality in devices conduction periods, algorithms have been proposed. Further, the behaviours of the DC capacitor voltages of individual H‐bridges cells of a five‐level SSBC‐MMCI‐based active power filter have been studied with the adopted carrier rotation techniques.
Maximum power point tracking based on sliding‐mode control for output‐series connected converters in photovoltaic systems
Authors: Cabal Cédric , Martínez‐Salamero Luis , Séguier Lionel , Alonso Corinne , Guinjoan Francesc
Published: October 2013

A perturb and observe algorithm based on both the power‐current characteristic of a photovoltaic (PV) panel and the sliding‐mode control of the input inductor current of an associated converter is investigated in a static application. A single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) converter charging a battery from a PV generator illustrates the procedure whose effectiveness is proved with experimental results. The reported technique is appropriate for distributed maximum power point tracking of PV systems with output series connected DC–DC switching converters. In these systems, each converter is supplied by an independent PV panel at the input port whereas its output port is connected in series with the output ports of the other converters. The proposed converter interconnection is based on a transformer‐less SEPIC because of the capability of this converter to step‐up or step‐down the input voltage. The resulting system allows maximum power extraction from each PV source even in cases of non‐uniform irradiance.
Treadmilling and length distributions of active polar filaments
Authors: Erlenkämper C. , Kruse K.
Published: October 2013

The cytoskeleton is a network of filamentous proteins, notably, actin filaments and microtubules. These filaments are active as their assembly is driven by the hydrolysis of nucleotides bound to the constituting protomers. In addition, the assembly kinetics differs at the two respective ends, making them active polar filaments. Experimental evidence suggests, that, in vivo, actin filaments and microtubules can grow at one and shrink at the other end at the same rate, a state that is known as treadmilling. In this work, we use a generic discrete two-state model for active polar filaments to analyze the conditions leading to treadmilling. We find that a single filament can self-organize into the treadmilling state for a broad range of monomer concentrations. In this regime the corresponding length distribution has a pronounced maximum at a finite value. We then extend our description to consider specifically the dynamics of actin filaments. We show that actin treadmilling should be observable in vitro in the presence of appropriate depolymerization promoting factors.
An algorithm for non-Born-Oppenheimer quantum mechanical variational calculations of N = 1 rotationally excited states of diatomic molecules using all-particle explicitly correlated Gaussian functions
Authors: Sharkey Keeper L. , Kirnosov N. , Adamowicz Ludwik
Published: October 2013

An algorithm for quantum mechanical variational calculations of bound states of diatomic molecules corresponding to the total angular momentum quantum number equal to one (N = 1) is derived and implemented. The approach employs all-particle explicitly correlated Gaussian function for the wave-function expansion. The algorithm is tested in the calculations of the N = 1, v = 0, …, 22 states of the HD+ ion.
Analytic Morse/long-range potential energy surfaces and predicted infrared spectra for CO–H2 dimer and frequency shifts of CO in (para-H2)N N = 1–20 clusters
Authors: Li Hui , Zhang Xiao-Long , Le Roy Robert J. , Roy Pierre-Nicholas
Published: October 2013

A five-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface (PES) for CO–H2 that explicitly incorporates dependence on the stretch coordinate of the CO monomer has been calculated. Analytic four-dimensional PESs are obtained by least-squares fitting vibrationally averaged interaction energies for  vCO = 0  and 1 to the Morse/long-range potential function form. These fits to 30 206 points have root-mean-square (RMS) deviations of 0.087 and 0.082 cm−1, and require only 196 parameters. The resulting vibrationally averaged PESs provide good representations of the experimental infrared data: for infrared transitions of para H2–CO and ortho H2–CO, the RMS discrepancies are only 0.007 and 0.023 cm−1, which are almost in the same accuracy as those values of 0.010 and 0.018 cm−1 obtained from full six-dimensional ab initio PESs of V12 [P. Jankowski, A. R. W. McKellar, and K. Szalewicz, Science 336, 1147 (2012)]. The calculated infrared band origin shift associated with the fundamental of CO is −0.179 cm−1 for para H2–CO, which is the same value as that extrapolated experimental value, and slightly better than the value of −0.176 cm−1 obtained from V12 PESs. With these potentials, the path integral Monte Carlo algorithm and a first order perturbation theory estimate are used to simulate the CO vibrational band origin frequency shifts of CO in (para H2)N–CO clusters for N = 1–20. The predicted vibrational frequency shifts are in excellent agreement with available experimental observations. Comparisons are also made between these model potentials.
Modularity, quaternion-Kähler spaces, and mirror symmetry
Authors: Alexandrov Sergei , Banerjee Sibasish
Published: October 2013

We provide an explicit twistorial construction of quaternion-Kähler manifolds obtained by deformation of c-map spaces and carrying an isometric action of the modular group \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$SL(2,\mathbb {Z})$\end{document}SL(2,Z). The deformation is not assumed to preserve any continuous isometry and therefore this construction presents a general framework for describing NS5-brane instanton effects in string compactifications with N = 2 supersymmetry. In this context the modular invariant parametrization of twistor lines found in this work yields the complete non-perturbative mirror map between type IIA and type IIB physical fields.
Optimal energy management of a micro-grid with renewable energy resources and demand response
Authors: Parvizimosaed M. , Farmani F. , Anvari-Moghaddam A.
Published: October 2013

With the introduction of smart energy grids and extensive penetration of renewable energy resources in distribution networks, Micro-Grids (MGs), which are comprised of various alternative energy resources and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) systems for better implementation of DR programs, are effectively employed. The design and development of Smart Energy Management Systems (SEMSs) for MGs are interesting and attractive research problems. In this paper a new SEMS architecture is presented to solve the multi-objective operation management and scheduling problem in a typical MG while considering different energy resource technologies, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and DR programs. The energy management problem is formulated as a constrained mixed integer nonlinear multi-objective optimization problem, in which the MG's total operating cost and net emissions must be minimized simultaneously. Three different optimization algorithms are used to solve the above mentioned problem and their outputs (Pareto optimal solutions) for the same problem are compared and analyzed.
Understanding inversion layers and band discontinuities in hydrogenated amorphous silicon/crystalline silicon heterojunctions from the temperature dependence of the capacitance
Authors: Maslova O. , Brézard-Oudot A. , Gueunier-Farret M. E. , Alvarez J. , Favre W. , Muñoz D. , Kleider J. P.
Published: October 2013

The temperature dependence of the capacitance of very high efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells exhibits an anomalously large increase with temperature that cannot be explained under the usual depletion approximation. Based on a full calculation of the capacitance, we show that this large increase of capacitance with temperature of p-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)/n-type crystalline silicon (c-Si) heterojunctions occurs when a strong inversion layer at the c-Si surface appears. It is further shown that due to the promotion of inversion as the temperature increases, the temperature at which strong inversion appears depends on the valence band offset and position of the Fermi level in a-Si:H. Therefore, a simple analysis of the temperature dependence of silicon heterojunction solar cells' capacitance can be used to reveal the presence of a strong inversion, to study details of the band diagram and to get insight into the heterointerface.
Mixed-mode bursting oscillations: Dynamics created by a slow passage through spike-adding canard explosion in a square-wave burster
Authors: Desroches Mathieu , Kaper Tasso J. , Krupa Martin
Published: October 2013

This article concerns the phenomenon of Mixed-Mode Bursting Oscillations (MMBOs). These are solutions of fast-slow systems of ordinary differential equations that exhibit both small-amplitude oscillations (SAOs) and bursts consisting of one or multiple large-amplitude oscillations (LAOs). The name MMBO is given in analogy to Mixed-Mode Oscillations, which consist of alternating SAOs and LAOs, without the LAOs being organized into burst events. In this article, we show how MMBOs are created naturally in systems that have a spike-adding bifurcation or spike-adding mechanism, and in which the dynamics of one (or more) of the slow variables causes the system to pass slowly through that bifurcation. Canards are central to the dynamics of MMBOs, and their role in shaping the MMBOs is two-fold: saddle-type canards are involved in the spike-adding mechanism of the underlying burster and permit one to understand the number of LAOs in each burst event, and folded-node canards arise due to the slow passage effect and control the number of SAOs. The analysis is carried out for a prototypical fourth-order system of this type, which consists of the third-order Hindmarsh-Rose system, known to have the spike-adding mechanism, and in which one of the key bifurcation parameters also varies slowly. We also include a discussion of the MMBO phenomenon for the Morris-Lecar-Terman system. Finally, we discuss the role of the MMBOs to a biological modeling of secreting neurons.
Femtosecond photoelectron point projection microscope
Authors: Quinonez Erik , Handali Jonathan , Barwick Brett
Published: October 2013

By utilizing a nanometer ultrafast electron source in a point projection microscope we demonstrate that images of nanoparticles with spatial resolutions of the order of 100 nanometers can be obtained. The duration of the emission process of the photoemitted electrons used to make images is shown to be of the order of 100 fs using an autocorrelation technique. The compact geometry of this photoelectron point projection microscope does not preclude its use as a simple ultrafast electron microscope, and we use simple analytic models to estimate temporal resolutions that can be expected when using it as a pump-probe ultrafast electron microscope. These models show a significant increase in temporal resolution when comparing to ultrafast electron microscopes based on conventional designs. We also model the microscopes spectroscopic abilities to capture ultrafast phenomena such as the photon induced near field effect.
Experimental demonstration of mode-selective phonon excitation of 6H-SiC by a mid-infrared laser with anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy
Authors: Yoshida Kyohei , Sonobe Taro , Zen Heishun , Hachiya Kan , Okumura Kensuke , Mishima Kenta , Inukai Motoharu , Negm Hani , Torgasin Konstantin , Omer Mohamed , Kii Toshiteru , Masuda Kai , Ohgaki Hideaki
Published: October 2013

Mode-selective phonon excitation by a mid-infrared laser (MIR-FEL) is demonstrated via anti-Stokes Raman scattering measurements of 6H-silicon carbide (SiC). Irradiation of SiC with MIR-FEL and a Nd-YAG laser at 14 K produced a peak where the Raman shift corresponds to a photon energy of 119 meV (10.4 μm). This phenomenon is induced by mode-selective phonon excitation through the irradiation of MIR-FEL, whose photon energy corresponds to the photon-absorption of a particular phonon mode.
Effect of grain size on domain structures, dielectric and thermal depoling of Nd-substituted bismuth titanate ceramics
Authors: Viola Giuseppe , Boon Chong Kok , Eriksson Mirva , Shen Zhijian , Zeng Jiangtao , Yin Qingrui , Kan Yanmei , Wang Peiling , Ning Huanpo , Zhang Hongtao , Fitzpatrick Michael E. , Reece Michael J. , Yan Haixue
Published: October 2013

The microscopic origin of the grain size effects on the dielectric, piezoelectric, and thermal depoling properties of Aurivillius phase Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 was investigated. Using atomic force microscopy, domain walls were observed in micrometer grain size ceramics, but gradually disappeared with reducing grain size and were not found in ceramics with 90 nm grain size. In strain-electric field butterfly loops, the strain decreased with decreasing grain size indicating a decreasing contribution of non-180° domain walls switching to the strain. Lattice distortion (a−b)/b decreased with decreasing grain size. The thermal depoling resistance decreased with decreasing grain size, due to increasing internal mechanical stresses.
Strain modulated optical properties in BiFeO3 thin films
Authors: Liu H. L. , Lin M. K. , Cai Y. R. , Tung C. K. , Chu Y. H.
Published: October 2013

Spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to investigate the strain-dependent optical properties of BiFeO3 thin films. At room temperature, the compressively strained BiFeO3/LaAlO3 thin films show the largest band gap of about 3.12 eV. It redshifts to 2.75 eV for the tensile strained BiFeO3/NdScO3 thin films. With increasing temperature, observable anomalies in the band gap for all strained thin films near 640 K indicate that antiferromagnetic transition temperature is independent of strain and close to its bulk value, which are in good agreement with the first-principles calculations. These results further suggest a complex nature of charge-spin coupling in multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films.
Enhanced electromagnetic wave shielding effectiveness of Fe doped carbon nanotubes/epoxy composites
Authors: Wang Zhou , Wei Guodong , Zhao Guang–Lin
Published: October 2013

Fe doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/epoxy composites were fabricated for the investigation of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Compared with the pristine MWCNTs, a small amount of Fe doping into the MWCNTs can substantially improve the EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of MWCNTs/epoxy composites. The highest EMI shielding effectiveness of the composites is −32 to −41 dB in the measured frequency range from 26 to 40 GHz for the sample with 8 wt. % Fe doped MWCNT loading. The contribution of EMI SE of the composites is mainly due to dielectric loss rather than magnetic loss.
Addiction Treatment Staff Perceptions of Training as a Facilitator or Barrier to Implementing Evidence-Based Practices: A National Qualitative Research Study
Authors: D'Ippolito Melinda , Lundgren Lena , Amodeo Maryann , Beltrame Clelia , Lim Lynn , Chassler Deborah
Published: October 2013

Background

This qualitative effort examines training-related facilitators and barriers to implementing evidence-based practices (EBPs) in 285 community-based addiction treatment organizations (CBOs) nationwide that were funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) to implement EBPs.

Methods

Using qualitative interviews, the authors explored staff ( N = 514) descriptions of training as a facilitator or barrier to implementation. Training-related factors were described 663 times as facilitators (by 440 staff) and 233 times as barriers (by 170 staff). Responses were coded using content analysis.

Results

Specific characteristics of the training received, such as access to expert knowledge and quality, as well as ongoing training were described as central facilitating factors to EBP implementation. Key reasons training was perceived as a barrier included the amount of training; the training did not fit current staff and/or organizational needs; the training for some EBPs was perceived to be too demanding; and the difficulty accessing training.

Conclusions

Since government funders of addiction treatments require that CBOs implement EBPs and they provide training resources, the quality, flexibility, and accessibility of the available training needs to be promoted throughout the addiction treatment network. Only 17% of CBOs reported that they used the SAMHSA-funded ATTC (Addiction Technology Transfer Center) training centers and 42% used SAMHSA technical assistance. Hence, federally funded resources for training were not always used.
An a posteriori error estimate for the variable-degree Raviart-Thomas method
Authors: Cockburn Bernardo , Zhang Wujun
Published: October 2013

We propose a new a posteriori error analysis of the variable-degree, hybridized version of the Raviart-Thomas method for second-order elliptic problems on conforming meshes made of simplexes. We establish both the reliability and efficiency of the estimator for the

L
2

L_2

-norm of the error of the flux. We also find the explicit dependence of the estimator on the order of the local spaces

k
≥
0

k\ge 0

; the only constants that are not explicitly computed are those depending on the shape-regularity of the simplexes. In particular, the constant of the local efficiency inequality is proven to behave like

(
k
+

2

)

3

/

2

(k+{2})^{3/2}

. However, we present numerical experiments suggesting that such a constant is actually independent of

k
k

.
Autophagosomes contribute to intracellular lipid distribution in enterocytes
Authors: Khaldoun Salem Ait , Emond-Boisjoly Marc-Alexandre , Chateau Danielle , Carrière Véronique , Lacasa Michel , Rousset Monique , Demignot Sylvie , Morel Etienne
Published: October 2013

Enterocytes, the intestinal absorptive cells, have to deal with massive alimentary lipids upon food consumption. They orchestrate complex lipid-trafficking events that lead to the secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and/or the intracellular transient storage of lipids as lipid droplets (LDs). LDs originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and are mainly composed of a triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol-ester core surrounded by a phospholipid and cholesterol monolayer and specific coat proteins. The pivotal role of LDs in cellular lipid homeostasis is clearly established, but processes regulating LD dynamics in enterocytes are poorly understood. Here we show that delivery of alimentary lipid micelles to polarized human enterocytes induces an immediate autophagic response, accompanied by phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate appearance at the ER membrane. We observe a specific and rapid capture of newly synthesized LD at the ER membrane by nascent autophagosomal structures. By combining pharmacological and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that autophagy is a key player in TG targeting to lysosomes. Our results highlight the yet-unraveled role of autophagy in the regulation of TG distribution, trafficking, and turnover in human enterocytes.
Octadecabacter jejudonensis sp. nov., isolated from the junction between the ocean and a freshwater spring and emended description of the genus Octadecabacter
Authors: Park Sooyeon , Yoon Jung-Hoon
Published: October 2013

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterial strain, SSK2-1T, was isolated from the zone where the ocean and a freshwater spring meet at Jeju island, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain SSK2-1T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SSK2-1T clustered with the type strains of two

Octadecabacter

species, showing 96.5–96.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Strain SSK2-1T and

Octadecabacter arcticus

DSM 13978T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the common major fatty acid. The polar lipid profile of strain SSK2-1T was similar to that of

O. arcticus

DSM 13978T by having phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminolipid as the major components. The DNA G+C content of strain SSK2-1T was 60.1 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, particularly temperature range for growth, oxidase activity and nitrate reduction, together with phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain SSK2-1T is separate from recognized species of the genus

Octadecabacter

. On the basis of the data presented, strain SSK2-1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Octadecabacter

, for which the name

Octadecabacter

jejudonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SSK2-1T ( = KCTC 32535T = CECT 8397T).
KPC-2 carbapenemase and DHA-1 AmpC determinants carried on the same plasmid in Enterobacter aerogenes
Authors: Kuai Shougang , Shao Haifeng , Huang Lihua , Pei Hao , Lu Zhonghua , Wang Weiping , Liu Jun
Published: October 2013

This study was conducted to analyse the presence of a plasmid-mediated carbapenem resistance mechanism in a clinical Enterobacter aerogenes isolate from a patient from Jiangsu province, People’s Republic of China. PCR and sequencing confirmed that the isolate harboured Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-2, DHA-1 and TEM-1 β-lactamase genes. Both the KPC-2 and DHA-1 genes were transferred to Escherichia coli C600 by transconjugation, and Southern blotting confirmed that these two genes were located on the same plasmid, which was of approximately 56 kb in size. The Enterobacter aerogenes isolate was resistant to carbapenems and other tested antimicrobial agents. The Escherichia coli transconjugant showed reduced susceptibility but not resistance to carbapenems and other β-lactams, indicating the presence of another, possibly permeability-related, resistance mechanism in the clinical isolate.