bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Daughters of Heaven: A Law and Literature Analysis
Authors:   , Loke Hannah Mae
Published: November 2021

This paper conducts a law and literature review of the play Daughters of Heaven by Michelanne Forster. The text portrays the murder of Honora Rieper by Pauline Parker and Juliet Hulme, and the trial that ensued. This paper explores the play’s depiction of the insanity defence in light of the law of the time and in the context of Christchurch society of the time. The social influence on the application and interpretation of the law is explored via the character of Bridget in particular, who is clearly influenced by Forster’s own views. Forster does not make an explicit ‘good or bad’ judgment on the law, but her shock and disbelief of the events is evident throughout the text. Her use of legal concepts is predominantly for entertainment purposes, and as such is mostly basic and undetailed. This does not, however, detract from Daughters of Heaven from being a dramatically gripping and compelling work.
Minimum ++
Authors:   , Cheng Lu
Published: November 2021

Living quality and experience in medium or higher density student housing in Wellington is suffering from the inconsiderate internal spaces and underutilised common areas. The aim of this design-led research thesis is to provide design solutions that would be able to improve the quality of life in local student housing in architectural aspects. Several precedents were documented and analysed in each design phase to state the design directions and goals. Findings from each proposed design scheme was taken as base to expand and develop the next iteration. The three design phases have covered iterations of different project scales. Started from the designs of individual units to a block-wide student village, the iterations have addressed the research question by suggesting three design strategies, which were hyper efficiency, transitional shared space and blurred boundary. The design proposals illustrated how these strategies would be applied in different scales and how they would make positive impacts in terms of improving the quality of life in compact living environment.
Fishing for answers: The implications of Environmental Defence Society v King Salmon
Authors:   , Milne Eleanor
Published: November 2021

The Supreme Court's decision Environmental Defence Society v King Salmon, released in early 2014, is a positive development in New Zealand's resource management law. The decision endorses the environmental bottom line approach and prohibits the use of the purpose section of the Resource Management Act 1991 when making operative decisions. If the decision is applied widely, there is scope for some of the problems with the resource management law framework to be addressed. In particular, it has the potential to reduce the uncertainty within the system caused by the lack of central government direction and the inconsistencies between local governments, and the issues when applying the purpose of the Resource Management Act. The paper also analyses the effect of King Salmon on the proposed reforms, and concludes that the arguments for the reforms are now much weaker.
The scope of rights of appeal (not recourse) from arbitration awards
Authors:   , Suter Benjamin
Published: November 2021

This paper examines the scope of rights of appeal from arbitration awards in New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.  In countries that have drafted their legislation after the UNCITRAL Model Law appeals are often excluded and only recourse based on very narrow grounds is available. While many countries are more permissive with regards to appeals than the Model Law in that they allow the parties to opt for more expansive review, none of the examined jurisdictions give the parties the right to opt for appeals on questions of law and fact.  In several cases parties have tried to expand the rights of appeal by agreement. Such agreements are deemed invalid in all jurisdictions. When examining whether the invalid clause renders the entire arbitration agreement invalid, courts in common law jurisdictions have applied the doctrine of severance in some variations. Civil law courts usually examine whether the parties would have concluded the contract without the invalid clause (“but for”-test). This paper suggests that many of these tests are not suitable for arbitration agreements where the parties do not exchange considerations but rather promise one another exactly the same. The preferable approach is to combine the “but for”-test with a test that assesses if severance alters the nature of the agreement.
The contra proferentem rule in the reports of the Waitangi Tribunal
Authors:   , Suter Benjamin
Published: November 2021

This paper examines the Waitangi Tribunal’s application of the contra proferentem rule, a rule developed by United States courts for the interpretation of treaties with Native Americans. The Waitangi Tribunal adopted the Unites States courts’ approach in one of its earliest reports when interpreting the Treaty of Waitangi and has held on to it ever since, even though it is less prominent in the later reports. As a survey of Tribunal reports reveals, the Tribunal has used the contra proferentem rule to different effects. A comparison of the circumstances surrounding the treaties with Native Americans in the United States and the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi however reveals crucial differences that make an interpretation of the Treaty contra proferentem inappropriate. Given that the Treaty is essentially the text in the Māori language, this paper argues, it should be interpreted as a Māori document, that is to say in the Māori oral and cultural context of the Treaty signings. This however is something that the Tribunal only very rarely attempts.
Quantifying Substitutability
Authors:   , Wang David X.
Published: November 2021

In this thesis, we will tackle the problem of how keyphrase extraction systems can be evaluated to reveal their true efficacy. The aim is to develop a new semantically-oriented approximate string matching criteria, one that is comparable to human judgements, but without the cost and energy associated with manual evaluation. This matching criteria can also be adapted for any information retrieval (IR) system where the evaluation process involves comparing candidate strings (produced by the IR system) to a gold standard (created by humans). Our contributions are threefold. First, we define a new semantic relationship called substitutability – how suitable a phrase is when used in place of another – and then design a generic system which measures/quantifies this relationship by exploiting the interlinking structure of external knowledge sources. Second, we develop two concrete substitutability systems based on our generic design: WordSub, which is backed by WordNet; and WikiSub, which is backed by Wikipedia. Third, we construct a dataset, with the help of human volunteers, that isolates the task of measuring substitutability. This dataset is then used to evaluate the performance of our substitutability systems, along with existing approximate string matching techniques, by comparing them using a set of agreement metrics. Our results clearly demonstrate that WordSub and WikiSub comfortably outperform current approaches to approximate string matching, including both lexical-based methods, such as R-precision; and semantically-oriented techniques, such as METEOR. In fact, WikiSub’s performance comes sensibly close to that of an average human volunteer, when comparing it to the optimistic (best-case) interhuman agreement.
Measuring the impact of ‘leadership, context, the nature of the event and induced event experience’ on brand creation for the Sevens Wellington Rugby Tournament
Authors:   , Harrison Sara
Published: November 2021

Although recurring sports events are held more frequently and by a larger number of cities than one-off events, little research has examined the branding process within large international recurring sports events, nor specifically within the New Zealand context. The research is based off Parent et al.’s (2012) model of brand creation in the context of the Sevens Wellington rugby tournament, which is held at Waitangi weekend in February each year in New Zealand.  The research seeks to understand the broader issue of brand creation and brand identity for the tournament and aims to provide qualitative and empirical insights that will influence the continued evolution and strategic management of the brand. This research was conducted within a framework of qualitative exploratory methodology and employed an inductive method, incorporating case study research in the form of face-to-face interviews. Key implications and findings from the case data were then interpreted utilising Stafford Beer’s Viable Systems Model (VSM) as a framework to understand systemic functions, analyse and make sense of the data (Brocklesby & Cummings, 1996). A revised conceptual model of brand creation for the Sevens Wellington is then presented.  The research findings have shown the relative importance of each factor in the creation of the Sevens Wellington brand and inform recommendations for the continued evolution of the brand. As a consequence, the NZRU and WRFU will be able to determine how best to create additional value through an enhanced understanding of Parent et al.’s (2012) model and systemic functions.  The study has contributed to the literature of brand creation and has also revised Parent et al.’s (2012) model, specifically within the New Zealand and Rugby Sevens contexts. In addition, the study has also contributed to the sport specific event management knowledge and understanding within the New Zealand sport event management context in general.
Regulation of distance selling methods
Authors:   , Suter Benjamin
Published: November 2021

This paper examines New Zealand’s distance selling regulation, in particular the changes made in the course of the recent consumer law reform. First, the paper assesses the reforms with regard to telemarketing. While some criticism is expressed as to the content of the prescribed disclosure by the supplier, the approach followed is approved of in general. The paper then examines the merits of a general right of withdrawal in distance selling contracts as it exists in the European Union. Analysing withdrawal rights from an economical, psychological and ethical perspective, the paper argues that both from a supplier’s and from a consumer’s point of view, the advantages are outweighed by the disadvantages that come with withdrawal rights.
Mixture-based Clustering for the Ordered Stereotype Model
Authors:   , Fernández Martínez Daniel
Published: November 2021

Many of the methods which deal with the reduction of dimensionality in matrices of data are based on mathematical techniques. In general, it is not possible to use statistical inferences or select the appropriateness of a model via information criteria with these techniques because there is no underlying probability model. Furthermore, the use of ordinal data is very common (e.g. Likert or Braun-Blanquet scale) and the clustering methods in common use treat ordered categorical variables as nominal or continuous rather than as true ordinal data. Recently a group of likelihood-based finite mixture models for binary or count data has been developed (Pledger and Arnold, 2014). This thesis extends this idea and establishes novel likelihood-based multivariate methods for data reduction of a matrix containing ordinal data. This new approach applies fuzzy clustering via finite mixtures to the ordered stereotype model (Fernández et al., 2014a). Fuzzy allocation of rows and columns to corresponding clusters is achieved by performing the EM algorithm, and also Bayesian model fitting is obtained by performing a reversible jump MCMC sampler. Their performances for one-dimensional clustering are compared. Simulation studies and three real data sets are used to illustrate the application of these approaches and also to present novel data visualisation tools for depicting the fuzziness of the clustering results for ordinal data. Additionally, a simulation study is set up to empirically establish a relationship between our likelihood-based methodology and the performance of eleven information criteria in common use. Finally, clustering comparisons between count data and categorising the data as ordinal over a same data set are performed and results are analysed and presented.
From Alba to Aotearoa: Profiling New Zealand's Scots Migrants, 1840-1920
Authors:   , Lenihan Rebecca A.
Published: November 2021

While New Zealand has been described as more Scottish than any other country beyond Scotland, and Scots consistently made up nearly 20 per cent of the immigrant population of New Zealand to 1920, as a group New Zealand's Scots migrants have remained relatively blurred. The distinctive national backgrounds of New Zealand's British migrants have seldom been recognised in general histories or in specialist studies of migration to the country, migrants having tended to be categorised as 'British' and 'Non-British', leading to what Akenson aptly described as the 'lumpingof all white settlers into a spurious unity.' This thesis, conceived as part of a larger research project investigating the experiences and contributions of Scots in New Zealand, seeks to establish key characteristics of the Scottish migrants arriving between 1840 and 1920. Five core questions are addressed: 'from where in Scotland did they come?', 'who came?', 'when?', 'in what numbers?', and 'where did they settle?'.

While previous studies have suggested partial answers to some of these questions, the present research offers a more full and detailed profile of New Zealand's Scots migrants than has previously been available. Critically, it takes the earlier findings further. Though the investigation has been based primarily upon statistical analysis ofa genealogically-sourced database of 6,612 migrants, quantitative analysis has beensupplemented by qualitative case studies. Comparison with a second set of data derived from death certificates has enabled a testing of the validity of genealogical data as a source for migration studies. In addition to the five central questions around which the thesis is structured, the study also addresses issues of internal migration within Scotland, emigration to otherdestinations prior to arrival in New Zealand, individual and generational occupationalmobility, chain and cluster migration among Shetland migrants, and return migration.
Exploring the Lyric-Dramatic Interaction in the Work of T.S. Eliot
Authors:   , Coelho Patrick Prashant
Published: November 2021

T. S. Eliot's fascination with the interaction between the lyric and the dramatic is evident from the fact that his poetry was often dramatic even before he began to write verse drama. Part of the reason for this interaction in Eliot was a kind of radical modernism that ensured a return to a primitivism where there was little distinction between the lyric and the dramatic. In this thesis I argue that this interaction is central to the nature of Eliot's creative work. The need for an interaction between the lyric and dramatic meant that The Waste Land (1922) possessed several dramatic qualities making it a precursor to Eliot's entry into the realm of poetic drama with the play, Sweeney Agonistes (1932). As part of my thesis, I conducted theatre workshops of the first two parts of The Waste Land in order to discover what dramatic elements emerged from the text and how their presence affected the lyric-dramatic interaction in the work, something which can surface only through performance. I argue that The Waste Land and Sweeney Agonistes occupy critical spaces in the mapping of the lyric-dramatic interaction in Eliot's creative oeuvre. The intensity of the lyric-dramatic interaction in Eliot's poetry builds up to a moment where he comes extremely close to drama in The Waste Land moving him to ultimately write his first play, Sweeney Agonistes. While Eliot's works after these two texts continue to exhibit characteristics of this lyric-dramatic interaction, the nature of this interaction undergoes a transformation after Eliot's conversion, manifesting itself in his religious poetry and drama which turns out to be a cul-de-sac in his experimentations. The intensity of this interaction in his work then gradually reduces to a point where the lyric and the dramatic no longer overlap especially after Eliot's first commercially successful play, The Cocktail Party (1949). By examining the reasons for the slow disassociation of these two crucial elements in Eliot's later work, I aim to stress the centrality of The Waste Land and Sweeney Agonistes to the lyric-dramatic trajectory in his work.
Sex Offenders' Relationship Frames (SORF): A Qualitative Analysis of Value-laden Cognition in Child Sex Offenders
Authors:   , Navathe Shruti
Published: November 2021

Over the past decades, sex offenders' cognition, specifically their cognitive distortions, have been the focus of extensive research. Traditionally, cognitive distortions have been described as any statements provided by the offender that justify, minimise, or excuse offending (Abel, et al., 1984). Recent research highlighted a need to expand current understanding of cognitive distortions with regards to value, affect and function. The Judgement Model of Cognitive Distortions (Ward, Gannon and Keown, 2006) argued for greater examination of beliefs, values, actions, and their interaction with each other. The current study examined the role played by values within the context of sex offenders' reasoning and decision-making processes. It also sought to understand the ways in which offenders' accounted for their offending, whether it was irrational, and if so, in what way. The research was qualitative, and used interviews gained from a sample of 27 adult, male, treated, child sexual offenders from within New Zealand. Grounded theory methodology (Strauss and Corbin, 1998) was used to create a data-driven model of offenders' reasoning and decision-making, within the context of offending. Results indicated that values were an important part of the offenders' cognition, central to their sense of self, and critical to their perception of the world around them. Values were closely related to how offenders framed their relationship with their victims. Based on the clustering of values, the Sexual Offender Relationship Frames Model (SORF) emerged. This was used to understand and illustrate different pathways to offending using case-studies from the sample. The results have been evaluated within the context of existing literature on the study of sexual offending. Clinical implications, limitations, and practical applications are discussed.
Chinese Immigrant Children in New Zealand Early Childhood Centres
Authors:   , Guo Karen Liang
Published: November 2021

This research investigated the learning experiences of Chinese immigrant children in New Zealand early childhood centres with the aim of describing educational implications for early childhood professionals. A qualitative research approach was adopted using a multiple case study design. Eight Chinese immigrant children aged three to five years, their parents and their teachers participated in the study; the children were enrolled in six early childhood centres in a large urban area. Procedures of data gathering included child observations, and child, parent and teacher interviews. Data were analysed from phenomenological and sociocultural perspectives.

The children's learning experiences, particularly languages and interpersonal relationships, were discussed from the perspectives of sociocultural theories. The concept of a learning community contributed to the analysis which was also influenced by the notions of cultural diversity and multiculturalism.

A major theme of this research was the value of the culture of Chinese immigrant families to mediate the learning experiences of Chinese immigrant children in New Zealand early childhood centres. Familiar cultural tools and mediators provided important support for the children who were able to access them in their centres. The children's intention to drive their own learning experiences was also a salient feature. Evidence was documented that illustrated how learning and development were mediated by fulfilment of feelings of belonging, as well as the children's commitment to cross cultural boundaries. The Chinese immigrant children were active drivers of their own learning and capably negotiated and created the relationships between their family culture and that of their early childhood centre. Specific strategies they adopted to construct their own learning experiences were found to be significant in explaining the emergence of hybrid cultural tools which mediated the children's evolving development of appropriate repertoires of practice in their early childhood centres. This thesis contributes to the body of sociocultural research via the examination of children's creation of intercultural learning possibilities. It provides early childhood teachers with insights regarding how to enhance pedagogical policies, values and practices to more closely align with sociocultural frameworks, concepts of learning communities and cultural diversity. It is important that diverse cultural relations are appropriately established in the early childhood centres so that immigrant children can move between different cultures in order to generate a useful intercultural way of being for themselves.
Corporate Decision-Making for Arts Sponsorship
Authors:   , Daellenbach Kate
Published: November 2021

Sponsorship is a crucial revenue stream for many non-profit arts organisations. At the same time businesses appear to be viewing sponsorship and philanthropy as an ever more strategic activity, yet little is known about the actual decision-making processes these companies undergo in considering arts sponsorships.

Examination of sponsorship and philanthropy literature revealed that an opportunity existed to study these processes in more depth, and the research question was posed: How do companies make decisions when considering arts sponsorship? Literature from Organisational Buying Behaviour and Decision-making provided lenses by which these processes could be viewed, and a subsequent framework was developed to inform the research.

Multiple cases of positive arts sponsorship decisions from within New Zealand were examined. Responses from 24 in-depth interviews resulted in the identification of ten cases for which information was gathered from multiple informants on both sides of the relationship. In addition, ten interviews were categorised as “experts” on the topic of arts sponsorship more generally, and used as a secondary source of data. Within and between case analyses was combined with comparison of expert responses to yield initial results. Taking a theory-building approach, iteration between results, literature and theory served to develop the final findings.

This study revealed a number of key themes which characterise these decisions. Firstly, the expectations and perceptions of society, concerning sponsorship, influence stakeholders, companies and individual managers, and subsequently influence these decisions. Secondly, a co-existence of both commercial and philanthropic goals was found within decisions, suggesting that such decisions are not always categorized into one particular area. Thirdly, a key influential role was identified in these decisions as that of an advocate, being a manager who sees the benefit of the sponsorship and essentially makes it happen within the organisation. Fourthly, it was found that these decisions rely on and are influenced in part by individual intuition, based on personal and professional experience, and serving to pave the way for a type of informedhappenstance, necessary for the decisions to progress. While three decision paths were noted in this study, a general decision process was proposed which would vary based on many of the characteristics above.

Overall, this study has contributed to sponsorship and philanthropy literature in revealing arts sponsorship decisions to be complex, with managers influenced by expectations and perceptions of society, commercial and philanthropic goals, individual and company frames, and intuitive and economic justifications. In conclusion, propositions and suggestions for future research are proposed, along with implications for managers in both arts organisations and sponsoring businesses.
Acting and Learning with Goal and Task Decomposition
Authors:   , Wojnar Maciej
Published: November 2021

Two central problems of creating artificial intelligent agents that can operate in the human world are learning the necessary knowledge to achieve routine tasks, and using that knowledge effectively in a complex and unpredictable domain. The thesis argues that an important part of this domain knowledge should be represented in the form of decomposition rules that decompose tasks into subgoals. The thesis presents HOPPER, an implemented planning system that uses decomposition rules and a least-commitment decomposition strategy that strikes a balance between reactive and deliberative planning. Like reactive planners, HOPPER is able to robustly handle and recover from unexpected events with minimal disruption to its plan. Like deliberative planners, it is also able to plan ahead to take advantage of opportunities to interleave and shorten its sub-plans. The thesis also presents TADPOLE, an implemented learning system that learns both the structure and preconditions of new decomposition rules from a small number of lessons demonstrated by a teacher. It learns by parsing and interpreting the teacher’s behaviour in terms of decomposition rules it already knows. It extends its rule set by filling in the holes in its parses of the teacher’s lessons.

Both HOPPER and TADPOLE have been evaluated together in two different domains: a kitchen domain that emphasizes complexity, and a logistics domain that emphasizes plan efficiency. Every rule used by HOPPER was learned by TADPOLE and every rule learned by TADPOLE was successfully used by HOPPER to achieve various tasks, showing that TADPOLE is able to learn effective decomposition rules from minimal lessons from a teacher, and that HOPPER is able to robustly make use of them even in the face of unexpected events.
Identifying Critical Requirements for Successful Recruitment Practices in Wellington’s Small IT Firms
Authors:   , Longley Dylan
Published: November 2021

This paper explores the needs of small IT firms in Wellington related to staff recruitment and retention. It identifies the critical factors that influence the location, sourcing and matching of candidates’ and their skills and behavioural qualities to the strategic technical, business and human resource management needs of these firms. Successful recruitment into Wellington’s IT industry is a critical sustainable growth factor for many small IT firms. Wellington is considered to be a national hub for the IT services sector. Limits in small firms’ ability to spend for recruitment and salary hamper their productivity and growth due to competition for talent in the sector. Innovations to solve the shortage related problems are taking place. Three alternative approaches are proposed that could contribute to a more stable equilibrium between supply of and demand for skilled IT professionals in Wellington.
Children and Young People's Developing Concept of Perceived Value
Authors:   , Williams Janine
Published: November 2021

This thesis examines value perception as part of the decision to purchase, from the perspective of the child consumer. To date no academic research has defined the concept of value perception from a child‟s perspective. On the basis of a two stage qualitative investigation with children aged eight to fourteen years, value for children was found to be an important concept in consumer decisions. Even from the age of eight years, evidence emerged that children were quite „canny‟ in their purchasing. While value was found to be comprised of benefits and costs of purchase for children from this young age, the nature of these factors and the way they contributed to value perception varied considerably as they grew older. Six distinct dimensions emerged from diaries and a series of in-depth interviews with children. The benefits which were identified were functional value, emotional value, social value and curiosity/novelty value while the costs included both price and risk related factors. The way in which the dimensions were considered was found to vary with age, changing from separate consideration of benefits and costs to a more adult like trade-off between the two. The emotional value of products was consistently important for children of all ages, sensory response in particular. Several concepts were found to become increasingly complex. Conceptual understanding of quality emerged as children grew older. Branding was found to be central to children‟s value perceptions despite limited conceptual understanding for very young consumers and the way price was considered changed markedly with age and experience. A conceptual model defining perceived value from a child‟s perspective is detailed and a series of propositions relating important conditions to perceived value are advanced. A discussion of the findings as they relate to the extant literature is provided along with directions for future research, building on the results of this work. Finally, a discussion of the implications of this work for the field of Marketing is presented.
In What Order Should Learners Learn Japanese Vocabulary? A Corpus-based Approach
Authors:   , Matsushita Tatsuhiko
Published: November 2021

This thesis attempts to answer the following two main research questions:1) In what order should learners of Japanese as a second language learn words and characters in order to be able to read Japanese? 2) How will the order vary according to the purpose of learning? To answer these questions, a Vocabulary Database for Reading Japanese (VDRJ) and a Character Database of Japanese (CDJ) were first developed from the Balanced Contemporary Corpus of Written Japanese (BCCWJ) 2009 monitor version (NINJAL, 2009) which contains book texts and internet-forum site texts with 33 million running words in total. Word and character rankings for international students, non-academic learners and general written Japanese were included in these databases. These rankings were proven to be valid for their respective purposes as they provided higher text coverage for the target texts than other texts.  After analysing the use of vocabulary and characters in Japanese, three groups of domain-specific words, namely common academic words, limited-academic-domain words and literary words were extracted. In order to test the expected efficiency for learning these groups of words, an index entitled Text Covering Efficiency (TCE) in different types of texts was proposed. The TCE represents the expected return per unit of text length from learning a group of words. As such, the TCE score in the target text domain should determine the order in which words in this domain are most efficiently learned. Indeed, the extracted common academic words and limited-academic-domain words showed significantly higher text coverage and TCE scores in academic texts than in other texts. Literary words also provided high text coverage and high TCE scores in literary texts, despite a lower efficiency level than that of academic vocabulary in academic texts. Learning domain-specific words is expected to be much more efficient than learning other words at the intermediate level. At the advanced level or above, learning domain-specific words will be further more efficient in some domains such as the natural sciences. In sum, the TCE has been shown to provide useful information for deciding on the learning order of various groups of words.  Other findings based on the analyses using the databases and word lists include the features of some indices for dispersion and adjusted frequency, lexical features of different media and genres, indexicality of the distributions of word origins and parts of speech, and the discrepancy between learning orders of words and Kanji. A Lexical Learning Possibility Index for a Reading Text (LEPIX) was also proposed for the simplification of a text as a vocabulary learning resource.
Memory, Performance, Identity: Making Personal History, Making Meaning: A Critical Analysis of an Independent Heritage Initiative at Duart House, Havelock North
Authors:   , Mastemaker Lorie A.
Published: November 2021

On a small ridge overlooking Havelock North and parts of the Heretaunga Plains to the west, a Victorian homestead known as Duart House was rescued from neglect by a local community group in 1985. The group became known as the Duart House Society (DHS) who formed to care for its maintenance and promote it to the public for social and cultural activity; however, in managing local heritage, the DHS have done so according to their own priorities and needs. This dissertation examines a case study of an independent heritage initiative and considers the question of how we might understand the ways in which people engage and respond to heritage, and why these activities should be of interest to professionals in favour of democratising museums and heritage. There is currently no research on independent heritage activity in New Zealand and international studies have also been largely neglected. A range of historical, empirical and theoretical approaches are incorporated in this research, including interviews, observation, questionnaires, primary and secondary resources, to generate a diverse range of data reflecting the wide range of factors that influence the central question of this research. By utilising Duart House of Havelock North as a case study, in conjunction with theories of intangible heritage, history and memory, the research moves beyond the 'official' museum and heritage sector to draw attention to the exclusive nature of people's sense of the past in New Zealand. This dissertation also addresses an issue that has been under-theorised in the existing literature of museum and heritage studies, namely that of individual memory, and the importance of objects and places to keep memory alive in the face of change. The research not only provides an in-depth study of one example of local heritage, but suggests an awareness of heritage as personal opposed to collective, and something which is 'performed' in multiple layers rather than just a physical place or 'thing'. It concludes that heritage is a far more complex process between people, place and memory than the literature on the subject claims, which poses a problem for museums who want to be 'all things to all people' and one that is not easily resolved. The research proposes a new direction for museums that is less concerned with 'truth' and more comfortable with 'open-ended exploration', 'wonder' and 'imagination'. This dissertation therefore serves as a critical resource to prompt further debate about the challenge of establishing closer relationships between museums, heritage and communities.
Neither Here nor There: The Writing of Wystan Curnow 1961-1984
Authors:   , Sleigh Thomasin
Published: November 2021

This thesis addresses the writing of Wystan Curnow from 1961 to 1984. Curnow has written a great deal throughout his life, and the challenge of this thesis has been to select an appropriate time frame and important texts to place within it. The period of 1961 to 1984 has been chosen because it encompasses the 1970s, an interesting decade of experimentation for Curnow and also because the early 1980s signal a shift in Curnow's work. I argue that Curnow's encounter with post-object art and the immediate, phenomenological writing he produced in response to this work gives way in the early 1980s to a style of writing directly informed by post-structural and postmodern theory. Further, this study looks not only at Curnow's criticism but also his poetry to reveal how, in their form and content, these two strands of writing together construct one of the first arguments for an 'avant-garde' in New Zealand art and literature.  The thesis is divided into four chronological chapters. These follow the course of Curnow's life from his birth in 1939 up until the publication of his seminal essay on Colin McCahon 'I Will Need Words' in 1984. The first chapter begins with the biographical background of Curnow's youth and education and considers the significance of the eminence of Curnow's father, Allen Curnow, in the decisions that Wystan Curnow has made throughout his career. This chapter then goes on to look at Curnow's experience in the United States, studying for his Ph.D. and engaging with contemporary American culture. Chapter two begins with Curnow's return to Auckland in 1970 and goes on to look at his important pieces of writing from the 1970s up until his return to New York on sabbatical in 1976. Chapter three focuses on this trip and the key texts which followed it. And finally, chapter four examines the early 1980s, the increasing influence of continental theory in New Zealand and the shift this precipitated in Curnow's writing.
Identifying Key Antigens that Drive Antibody-Mediated Regulation of Chronic Schistosomiasis
Authors:   , Jaurigue Jonnel Anthony
Published: November 2021

Chronic schistosomiasis is a spectral illness where patients present with either moderate intestinal (INT) schistosomiasis or severe hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HS). The different clinical manifestations are associated with the immune response in the patient against schistosome eggs that end up lodged in the liver and other organs. Inbred male CBA/J mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni present with two distinct syndromes, moderate splenomegaly syndrome (MSS) and hypersplenomegaly syndrome (HSS); the pathologies of which parallel human INT and HS forms, respectively. Furthermore, antibody with a cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) is produced in MSS mice and INT patients (Montesano, Freeman et al. 1990a) that is absent in HSS mice and HS patients and is believed to play a protective role against severe pathology.

Our primary aim was to determine the specific antigens in soluble egg antigen (SEA) that react to protective CRI+ anti-SEA antibodies using the CBA/J mouse model of disease. Using one-dimensional Western blotting, we have shown that the specificities of anti-SEA antibodies present in MSS and HSS forms of schistosomiasis are different. Using two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis, we isolated six spots that were of significant interest as disease-specific candidates and a further six candidates that were infection-specific. Finally, we characterized these antigens using mass spectrometry, where we managed to identify several of these isolated antigens. Our infection-specific antigens can be useful in developing diagnostic tools to identify individuals infected withschistosomiasis, and individuals who are at risk of developing severe disease. Additionally, we found evidence for antigens that are specifically reactive to CRI+ antibodies and these can be used as candidates for the development of a vaccine that can drive the production of these protective antibodies. We also found evidence of CRI- antibody-specific antigens, and further analysis of these antigens may help increase our understanding of severe disease induction in chronic patients. Overall, this study identified several unique candidate antigens that merit further research in developing diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and added to our understanding of helminth interactions in human biology.
Erysichthon Goes to Town: James Lasdun’s Modern American Re-telling of Ovid
Authors:   , Ström Pippa J.
Published: November 2021

The Erysichthon of Ovid’s Metamorphoses is given, in James Lasdun’s re-telling of the story, a repeat performance of chopping down a sacred tree, receiving the punishment of insatiable hunger, selling his daughter, and eating himself. Transgressive greed, impiety, and environmental destruction are elements appearing already amongst the Greek sources of this ancient myth, but Lasdun adds new weight to the environmental issues he brings out of the story, turning Erysichthon into a corrupt property developer. The modern American setting of “Erisychthon” lets the poem’s themes roam a long distance down the roads of selfimprovement, consumption, and future-centredness, which contrast with Greek ideas about moderation, and perfection being located in the past. These themes lead us to the eternally unfulfilled American Dream. Backing up our ideas with other sources from or about America, we discover how well the Erysichthon myth fits some of the prevailing approaches to living in America, which seem to have stemmed from the idea that making the journey there would lead to a better life. We encounter not only the relationship between Ovid and Lasdun’s versions of the story, but between the earth and its human inhabitants, and find that some attitudes can be traced back a long way.
New Zealand's Green Party and Foreign Troop Deployments: Views, Values and Impacts
Authors:   , Beuse Simon
Published: November 2021

this thesis reviews and analyses the Green Party of New Zealand‘s views on the use of force in international relations, particularly when that involves the deployment of NZ troops. It addresses three key questions:1) When does the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand believe it is legitimate to use military force overseas?

2) How have the Greens attempted to influenced the public debate and the parliamentary decision making process regarding to foreign troop deployments?

3) What impact (if any) did their actions have in the three cases of Afghanistan, East Timor and the Solomon Islands? In order to answer these questions adequately, the thesis begins with an introductory review of New Zealand‘s foreign relations, highlighting key relevant events in the country‘s diplomacy. This chapter will be followed in chapter three by a brief introduction of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, its origins, evolution and influences. The main part of the thesis, however, will focus on the country‘s recent foreign troop deployments in East Timor (chapter four), the Solomon Islands (chapter five) and Afghanistan (chapter six) and the actions the Greens undertook to support or oppose those deployments. How the particular political circumstances shaped the nature of these conflicts and the responses to them will be examined in the individual chapters. Finally, in the conclusion I sum up what I believe is the Green Party‘s position and influence on the use of military force. I argue that the Greens have developed a coherent approach to the issue, giving greatest importance to the international legitimacy of the intervention. They have, however, been pragmatic in some respects when it has come to the source of that legitimacy, preferring United Nations support but accepting regional endorsement in the case of the Solomon Islands. Second, I argue that in practice, the Greens had a limited influence on New Zealand‘s military deployments. This has been the case even when the party has been involved in supportive relationships with the government.
Gold Mining and Estuarine Evolution: A Study of the Accelerated Sedimentation of Parapara Inlet, Golden Bay, New Zealand
Authors:   , Risdon B. V.
Published: November 2021

Estuaries are depositional environments formed within drowned river embayments which receive sediment from both marine and terrestrial sources. In many cases a beach-barrier sequence forms subaerially at the mouth of the flooded embayment and the area behind it is termed a barrier estuary. Such estuary types are found around the New Zealand coast especially in areas of relative tectonic stability and their sediments are often used to reconstruct Holocene sea level. Infill of these estuaries is initially dominated by marine flood tide delta sediments, with later infill occurring through fluvial processes. The final stages of infill within these estuaries is poorly understood. Parapara Inlet in Golden Bay, New Zealand, is a Holocene barrier estuary influenced by hydraulic sluice mining within its river catchment. A study of Parapara Inlet was undertaken to discover how human disturbance within a river catchment can affect the evolution of a barrier estuary, by comparing previous models of barrier estuary evolution to the stratigraphy record within Parapara Inlet. 18 vibracores were sampled from Parapara Inlet in November 2009. Radiocarbon dating (AMS) within these cores provided a maximum age of 7090-6910 Cal BP. Deposition within the estuary has occurred in three stages; the first in Pre-Holocene marsh or lake environments; the second after inundation 6500-7500 years Cal BP, as fluvial sediments dominate the centre of the estuary; and thirdly in a series of quartz dominated gravels and sands within 1m of the surface. These units vary from the traditional models of evolution as the topography of the estuary has influenced the extent of deposition within the central mud basin. Mining sediment forced Parapara Inlet into a late stage of evolution, however the amount of sediment provided through sluice mining was not large enough to force the estuary into a supratidal stage.
Manipulating Emotions: A Study of Emotional Evocation in Architecture
Authors:   , Due Katherine
Published: November 2021

Architecture is understood to inspire awe and affect our emotions and moods. This thesis aims to focus these effects through our emotional sensibilities, questioning the capability of architecture to act as an emotional evocation. The objective of this work is to challenge some current practice within architecture of irreverent and careless applications of atmospheric qualities, where little appreciation is given to the emotional impact these decisions have on the occupants of the spaces. This thesis will outline the use of atmospheric conditions in the creation of an architecture of emotional evocation that presents spaces of two emotional states, proving with this, the existence of particular atmospheric conditions and the emotional impact inherent within them. The result is a design that incorporates spaces embodied with the characteristics associated with either grief or love- emotions chosen to limit the scope of this work. The qualities within these spaces are transferable and felt by the occupants through expression theory and the personification of architectural elements and qualities. A theatre programme tests the design of these emotionally evocative spaces, creating an affiliation between the performance of theatre and the performance capacity of architecture. This thesis concludes with the understanding of the necessity and reliance of associating emotional states to characteristics that can be qualified within an architectural situation. Perception and psychology of emotions are used as a theoretical basis for the understanding of the personal and subjective nature of architectural experience. Concepts of perception and sensation are also imperative in the development of the architectural project in its totality, creating a full experience through the combination and dialogue between the different spaces. The associations and connotations of materials, forms and proportions create a framework for the analysis of case studies attributed to either emotion. These case studies formulate the spatial character of each emotion, incorporating material, form, volume and light as key qualities alterable to produce appropriate emotional atmospheres. Design progresses from sketches of concepts utilised in these case studies and the literature to create two 'languages' according to the two emotional states. These 'languages' are tested in the final design, where the communication between the two emotions is vital in the narrative and experience of the building. The architecture of emotional evocation proves the emotionally stirring qualities of particular architectural atmospheres and the capacity and power of architecture to evoke these emotional states within the occupants. Utilised terms within this thesis include evocation and languages. 'Evocation' implies a passive transference of emotion through the representation of associated qualities within the architecture. 'Languages' is used to envelope the production of these associated qualities, with this thesis creating separate 'languages' for grief and love.