bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synchronizing Mineral Supplements With Forages For Beef Cattle
Authors: Doyle John
Published: March 2023

Satisfying various levels of animal production (reproduction, lactation, growth and immune status) requires synchronizing nutrient inputs with the animal's physiological requirements. Aligning the animal's major nutrient requirements with forage growth may provide adequate supplies of energy and protein, but some elements are inadequate (antagonism, chelation, deficiency or toxicity) in the leaves of forages and may not satisfy the animal's total requirements.
Lifting The Bovine Fore Leg
Authors: Harness J. K.
Published: March 2023

One of the challenges faced by the cattle practitioner is lifting the bovine foot for the purposes of examination and treatment. Because the shoulder is not a fixed joint like the pelvic limb, there is a great deal of anterior-posterior movement. Most cattle will drop to their carpus when the fore leg is raised, requiring the operator to place his knee under the axilla to support the animal. This is difficult and dangerous for the operator.
Five Minute Postmortem
Authors: Guichon P. T. , Jim G. K.
Published: March 2023

Performing a thorough postmortem in the field requires following some methodical approach, ensuring that no organ system or portion of the animal is left unexamined. Few instruments or tools are required to perform a necropsy (Table 1) and the procedure should be complete in 10 - 15 minutes.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the UK
Authors: Edmondson Peter W.
Published: March 2023

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE, was first diagnosed in England in November 1986. It is a slow disease and the incubation period varies between two and five years, and so mainly affects cows. It is suspected that the disease is caused by a Scrapie like virus. As with other spongiform encephalopathies, the outcome is invariably fatal. In June 1988, the disease was made notifiable. This requires any farmer suspecting an animal with BSE to report this fact to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Concurrent Infection of Young Calves With Eimeria bovis and coronavirus
Authors: Hoblet K. H. , Shulaw W. P. , Saif L. J. , Weisbrode S. E. , Lance S. E. , Redman D. R.
Published: March 2023

Over a period of 3 summers, 21 colostrum-fed Holstein bull calves, 1-3 days of age, were selected to form 7 replicates, each consisting of 3 calves. The project was conducted during the summer because screen-testing of calves indicated a higher likelihood during warm months of obtaining calves without evidence of coronavirus infection.
Challenge Model for Escherichia coli in the Colostrum Deprived Calf
Authors: Hunt Louis D. , Hunt Elaine , Anderson Kevin L. , Ibanes Joelle
Published: March 2023

There is an increasing number of oral immunoglobulin and probiotic preparations commercially available for the bovine neonate. Advertisements for calf immunosupplements may be vague, confusing, or even misleading. Early ingestion of high quality colostrum provides the best defense against calf colisepticemia.
Successful Treatment of Bovine Retained Placenta by Umbilical Cord Injection of Collagenase
Authors: Eiler Hugo , Hopkins Fred M. , McCampbell Hugh
Published: March 2023

Collagen in the uterus is rapidly degraded during early postpartum by enzyme collagenase. However, during placenta retention there is a persistence of type III collagen in the bovine placentome (Biol Reprod 43:229, 1990; Theriogenology 32:485, 1989).
Dry Cow Therapy and Mastitis Control, An Observational Study
Authors: Sischo W. M. , Miller G. Y. , Heider L. E.
Published: March 2023

A cross-sectional study involving 1032 dairy farms in Ohio was conducted with the objective to evaluate the effectiveness of mastitis control measures in a contemporary dairy environment. Recently published observational studies have found varying effectiveness of common mastitis control practices, particularly nonlactating cow therapy (dry cow therapy, DCT).
Effects of Method of Vaccination on the Performance and Health of Feeder Calves
Authors: Phillips William A. , VonTungeln David L.
Published: March 2023

Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRD) has caused tremendous losses in the cattle industry by increasing the number of animals lost to death, by increasing the cost of health maintenance, and by decreasing the rate of growth and conversion of feed to gain.
Treatment of Clinical Lungworm Disease in Calves with Topical Ivermectin
Authors: McMullin P. F. , Grimshaw W. T. R. , Talty P. J. , McSweeney C.
Published: March 2023

Parasitic bronchitis, caused by Dictyocaulus viviparus, is a serious disease of young cattle in Ireland. The severity varies within affected groups and diagnosis is usually based on clinical signs with confirmation by detecting lungworm larvae in dung or parasites in the lung at post-mortem examination (1). A topical formulation of ivermectin (IVOMEC Pour-on, MSD Agvet) has been shown to be highly effective in killing adult and immature lungworrn. In addition it has been shown to prevent the establishment of new infections of lungworm for up to 28 days after treatment (2). Because of the serious effects of parasitic bronchitis it is recommended that measures be taken to prevent clinical disease, such as strategic early-season dosing using ivermectin at 3, 8, and 13 weeks after turn-out (3). However not all farmers use this approach and treatment of clinical disease still occurs. In this trial a naturally occurring outbreak of parasitic bronchitis was used to compare the efficacy and prolonged activity of topical ivermectin to treatment with fenbendazole drench.
Bovine Babesiosis in Japan
Authors: Higuchi S. , Hoshi H. , Kawamura S. , Yasuda Y.
Published: March 2023

There are many reports on the development of Babesia species in the host and the vector ticks [1,2 ,9 ,11,15]. However, no detailed observations on the developmental stages of Babesia ovata [12] in Haemaphysalis longicornis have been made yet. Babesia species are known to undergo morphological change during the growth in the host and the vector ticks. The present was carried out to study the growth of B. ovata in periphelal blood of host cattle, in the midgut, haemolymph and eggs of the tick, H. longicornis.
Horn Fly Control with Topically Applied Ivermectin
Authors: Kinzer H. Grant
Published: March 2023

The adult stage of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) is a permanent haematophagus parasite of cattle throughout the United States. Populations may exceed 1,000 flies per animal in some areas. Nationally, the loss due to this ectoparasite is estimated to be 730 million dollars per year (1). Heavy populations decrease weight gains 0.10 lbs per day and decrease feed conversion efficiency about 9% (2). Historically, the horn fly was controlled by various types of insecticide treatments applied as sprays or dips, or by self-treatment devices such as cable rubbers or dust bags. Insecticide-impregnated cattle ear tags rapidly became the treatment of choice in the 1980's because they provided efficient, economical and season-long control with one treatment. Unfortunately, ear tag treatment provided an ideal mechanism for development of insecticide resistance. Within a few years following the introduction of pyrethroid-impregnated ear tags, horn flies began to show widespread resistance to this entire class of insecticides (3). Hom fly control for the future should rely on strategies that minimize exposure of horn flies to a single class of insecticide, and particularly to the pyrethroids. Studies reported herein show the efficacy of topically applied ivermectin against the horn fly on pastured cattle. In addition, studies evaluating the persistence of topical ivermectin treatments on animals exposed to controlled environmental conditions are presented.
Bovine Abortion Due to a Neospora-like Protozoan
Authors: Nietfeld Jerome , Yaeger Michael , Dubey J. P. , Anderson Mark , Libal Melissa , Neiger Regg
Published: March 2023

A protozoan closely related to Neospora caninum, which until more fully characterized is usually referred to as a Neospora-like protozoan, was recently demonstrated to be the most common cause of abortion in dairy breed bovine fetuses submitted to the South Dakota Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (SDADRDL).10 The purpose of this report is to briefly review Neospora-like protozoan as a cause of bovine abortion and to discuss the cases submitted to the SDADRDL.
Bovisalm TM and Bovisalm D Vaccines are Safe and Prevent Salmonellosis in Calves
Authors: De Ree J. M. , Stuurman B. G. E. , Mollema A. M. , Zantinga J. W. , Van der Valk P.
Published: March 2023

Bovine salmonellosis is an important zoonotic infection1. Serious outbreaks of clinical disease may occur in cattle of all ages and result in devastating economic loss. The most important serotypes which cause disease in calves are Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella dublin. Both serotypes can cause fever, anorexia, depression, bacteremia, diarrhoea and death.

Live and dead vaccines have been used to prevent salmonellosis in calves. It is generally believed that cell mediated immunity is necessary to provide longterm protection against salmonellosis. For this reason live attenuated strains have been used because these strains elicit a stronger cell mediated immunity than killed vaccines. Furthermore orally delivered vaccines cause a mucosal immunity, which is important for protection against enteric pathogens.

A number of different types of live vaccines have been developed. Auxotrophic mutants are dependent on metabolites not, or insufficiently present in the vaccinated animal. Recently, a Salmonella typhimurium strain was described which is auxotrophic for histidine and adenine and which also shows a high sensitivity to tensides2. Furthermore Salmonella dublin strain was described which is auxotrophic for thiamine and adenine. These strains have been used for the development of Bovisalm TM (S. typhimurium) and Bovisalm D (S. dublin); lyophilized vaccines for oral immunization of young veal calves to prevent salmonellosis. In this report we present data to show that these strains are safe and effective in preventing salmonellosis in calves.
Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Sweeney Raymond W. , Whitlock Robert H. , Rosenberger Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2023

Fetuses were obtained from 58 pregnant cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (as determined by fecal culture), but showing no clinical signs of Johne's disease. Fetal tissues (spleen, liver, kidney, ileum, mesenteric lymph node) were cultured for M. paratuberculosis. Only 5 of 58 fetuses were culture positive (8.6%). All 5 culture-positive fetuses were from asymptomatic cows shedding high numbers of organisms in the feces.

Milk samples were collected aseptically from 77 cows naturally infected with M. paratuberculosis but showing no clinical signs. Of 77 samples, 9 (11.6%) were culture positive for M. paratuberculosis. Supramammary lymph nodes were culture positive form 22 of 81 cows (27%).

Fetal infection and direct excretion of M. paratuberculosis in milk can occur in asymptomatic infected cows, but with lower frequency than cows with signs of Johne's disease.
Environmental Contamination on Dairy Farms with Cattle Infected with Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis
Authors: Whitlock Robert H. , Rosenberger Anne E. , Siebert Mark , Sweeney Ray
Published: March 2023

The extent and persistence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis environmental contamination on farms with a known history of Johne's disease is a commonly asked question by the agricultural community. Prospective buyers of farms following a dispersal sale often inquire about the possibility of newly acquired cattle becoming infected with M. paratuberculosis from the environment where Johne's cattle had previously been located. Thus, based on continuing inquiries from cattlemen, we developed a prospective research proposal to assess the extent of environmental contamination with M. paratuberculosis associated with known levels of infection in the herds as determined with whole herd fecal culture tests of adult cattle using a sensitive technique utilizing centrifugation1.

Previous studies on the survival of M. paratuberculosis have been largely conducted under standardized laboratory conditions and not from samples taken from the immediate farm environment2,3,4. Those studies suggested that M. paratuberculosis is somewhat long lived in a variety of environmental conditions. Non-laboratory based studies have focused on the survival of M. paratuberculosis in slurry and no studies have focused on the extent of soil and environmental contamination on farms with Johne's disease.

The frequency of occurrence of M. paratuberculosis in the environment of farms with known infection of cattle with M. paratuberculosis has not been reported. But, the survival of M. paratuberculosis in water, slurry, urine and other media has been published2,3,4,5. Previous authors often used laboratory-grown isolates then inoculated a variety of materials and monitored the recovery rate over time. Vishnewskii6 first reported that bovine urine markedly reduced the survival time of M. paratuberculosis to less than 10 days. The inhibitory effect of urine on tubercle bacteria growth has also been recognized for some time but the factor responsible for the inhibition has not been isolated7,8. Urine has a similar inhibitory effect on salmonella9.
Correlation of Diagnostic Methods and Disease Control Practices with Reduction in Prevalence of M. Paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Hutchinson Lawrence J. , Zarkower Arian , Whitlock Robert H. , Sweeney Raymond W. , Galligan David T. , Spencer Pamela A.
Published: March 2023

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Johne's disease (JD), is a chronic. incurable enteropathy affecting cattle and other ruminants. Both diagnostic and control measures have been inadequate to enable early detection and elimination of the infection from cattle herds.

This study attempts to develop and evaluate diagnostic methods and to correlate management and disease control practices with reduction in prevalence of JD-infected animals from known JD-positive herds.
Efficiency of a Live 316 F Strain Vaccine Against Paratuberculosis in Ruminants
Authors: Saint-Marc B. , Argente G. , Guillemin F. , Milward F. , Lacoste F. , Reynaud G. , Brun A. , Vandeputte J.
Published: March 2023

It is nearly a century ago that JOHNE and FROTHINGAM identified Mycobacterium para tuberculosis as the causative agent of PARATUBERCULOSIS, commonly named JOHNE'S DISEASE, in RUMINANTS. This disease is still, (and even more and more in some parts of the world), responsible for considerable economic losses to the dairy and beef cattle industry, related to reduced milk production, diarrhoea, emaciation, decreased fertility, and mortality (1,2,3,4).

The specificities of the epidemiology, the pathogeny and the diagnosis of this infection have made its control something difficult : e .g. the early contamination of the newborn calves, the late clinical expression of the disease in adult animals, the evolution of humoral and cellular indicators of the immune response in individually infected animals (5,6,7,8,9,10,11).

Propositions of control programs have been presented some years ago and recently updated (5). According to their authors, they rely on one or both of the following strategies : vaccination and/or sanitary measures.

The concept of vaccination has been developped by VALLEE and RINJARD (12,13) some 60 years ago. The following presentation wishes to expose the characteristics of a live 316F strain Mycobacterium paratuberculosis vaccine (***), and the results obtained in France (dept. des Cotes d 'Armor) when the use of this vaccine in newborn calves is associated with fecal culture in a large scale control program against PARATUBERCULOSIS in cattle.

(***) NEOPARASECa - RHONE MERIEUX - LYON - FRANCE
Evolving Knowledge of Digestive Dysfunction
Authors: Breukink H. J. , Kuiper R.
Published: March 2023

Digestive dysfunction or indigestion has been a subject of great interest for every bovine practitioner since dairy husbandry has gained momentum. In the dairy cow most attention has been drawn towards the rumen since the outcome of the digestive processes in the rumen for a great part determine the productivity of the cow. Recently nutritionists have investigated feeding methods aimed at avoiding ruminal degradation, in order to cope with the enormous demand for glucose and proteins in a dairy cow producing more than 40 liters of milk per day. Under those nutritional regimes the outcome of the microbial fermentation however remains of great importance. Even small disturbances in the microbial digestion can have an immense impact on the production, and may, when occurring in the second half of the lactation period, ruin the total performance in that lactation period. It is therefore important to recognise and classify any indigestion as early as possible. The same is true for digestive disturbances in replacement stock. These animals have to experience an undisturbed growth during their first two years of life. Only in that case they are able to respond to the present tremendous demands for production. After a short introduction into the classification of the digestive disturbances in the ruminating bovine, this lecture will concentrate on disorders of throughput namely dysfunction of the reticular groove reflex and functional stenosis of the reticulo-omasal orifice and of the pyloric sphincter.
Gesundheitsprobleme in Verbindung Mit Der Oralen Rehydratations-Therapie Und Der Zwangsfütterung Beim Jungen Kalb
Authors: Dirksen G. U.
Published: March 2023

PROBLEMS WITH ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY AND FORCE-FEEDING IN THE YOUNG CALF

The introduction of oral glucose-electrolyte solutions (ORS) in the rehydration therapy in calf diarrhea is believed to be one of the most important advances in veterinary medicine in the past decades. However, own experiences and investigations with several hundred neonatal calves suffering from diarrhea or other diseases show that the use of such solutions - including so-called 'diet-drinks' - implies various risks, which have to be considered.

Article in German, English summary in PDF.
Diagnose, Therapie Und Prognose Der Darmscheibendrehung Beim Rind
Authors: Rademacher G.
Published: March 2023

DIAGNOSIS, THERAPY AND PROGNOSIS OF THE INTESTINAL MESENTERIC TORSION IN CATTLE

Twisting of the intestinal mass around the cranial root of the mesentery occurs suddenly and the course is peracute. For the present study 100 cases seen between 1985 and October 1991 were evaluated.

Article in German, English and Spanish summaries in PDF.
Efficacite D'Une Nouvelle Cephalosporine (Ceftiofur) Associee Ou Non A Un Antiinflammatoire Steroidien (Succinate De Methyl Prednisolone) Dans Un Modele Experimental De Pasteurellose Respiratoire Du Veau A Pasteurella Haemolytica Bio-Serogroupe Al
Authors: Espinasse J. , Bost F. , Madelenat A. , Schelcher F. , Valarcher J. -F.
Published: March 2023

After randomization, 18 calves were inoculated with a Pha1 isolate as described in an earlier protocol. After the first inoculation 6 calves received Ceftiofur (CEF), 1 mg/kg by intramuscular route (IM) every day for 5 days together with methyl-prednisolone-succinate (MPS) 3 mg/kg IM on two consecutive days, 6 calves received CEF + an MPS placebo, and 6 calves a CEF placebo+ an MPS placebo. Twice a day before the meal all calves were clinically examined to determine a mean disease score (MOS). After their death or sacrifice, 7 days at most after the first inoculation, all calves were autopsied. The lungs were weighed, the extent of the lesions quantified by a score (mean lung score= MLS) based on combined inspection and palpation and a quantitative bacteriological examination carried out on the damaged lung parenchyma. The validity of the model was confirmed by the percentage mortality observed in the control group (83 % versus 17 % in the other groups). A similar trend was apparent in the clinical results (significant difference p ≤ 0,05 between the mean MOS of the control group and that of the other group) in the necropsy results (significant difference p ≤ 0,05 between the control group and the other groups for mean lung weight and MLS)) and in the microbiological results (significant difference p ≤ 0,05 between the mean number of cfu Pha1/g of lung in the control group and other groups). This demonstrate the efficacy of both therapeutic regimens (i.e. CEF and CEF + MPS) in our model. The advantage of the antibiotic + steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment is not clear.

Full article in French, English and German summary in PDF.
Possible Vaccination Failure in Beef Cow Herds Caused by Infection with Rotavirus Distinct From the Vaccine Virus
Authors: Grotelueschen D. M. , Duhamel G. E. , Lu W. , Hesse R. A. , Berry J. G.
Published: March 2023

Rotaviruses frequently are found in cases of calf diarrheas submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the State of Nebraska. This report involves case investigations of two ranches located in Western Nebraska, USA, that experienced morbidity and mortality associated with severe enteritis in neonatal calves. The investigations and results presented here reflect the procedures performed to reach applicable diagnostic conclusions. Investigations of field cases, such as these, do not always allow unlimited study, yet still provide valuable scientific data which can shed some light on a complex syndrome such as neonatal calf diarrhea.
Effectiveness of an Inactivated Combined IBR/IPV Vaccine for Sanitization of a BHV 1 Infected Dairy Herd
Authors: Menzel A. , Herbst W. , Danner K.
Published: March 2023

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, pustular vulvovaginitis caused by the bovid herpesvirus type 1 (BHV 1) is a contagious, febrile disease of cattle which is associated with respiratory disease, fertility disorders, abortions and, rarely, encephalitis (8). The disease occurs worldwide and, as is commonly observed with other herpesviruses, BHV 1 frequently induces latent infections after natural exposure or vaccination with live virus vaccines (8).

In many countries coordinated sanitization programs are therefore being employed. The basics of combatting IBR/IPV viral infections of cattle in Germany are culling or vaccination of seropositive animals with an attenuated and/or inactivated vaccine (7). Herds with a high seroprevalence rate are preferably vaccinated with an attenuated vaccine, whereas by low seroprevalence rates individual animals are either culled or an inactivated vaccine is used (7). Because of the lifelong latent infections after application of live vaccines (3, 5, 8) a long term investigation was geared to the question of whether an inactivated combined IBR/ IPV vaccine could reduce or prevent new infections in a dairy herd with a high seroprevalence rate for BHV 1.
Evaluation of an Experimental Vaccine for Control of Bovine Penumonia Induced by Pasteurella Haemolytica
Authors: Newsham R. , Kaufman T. , Dayalu K.
Published: March 2023

Among the members of the HAP group (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, and Pasteurella) are bacteria of considerable importance in veterinary medicine. These, over the years, have caused considerable economic losses in cattle and swine herds. The pathogenic peculiarities in these bacteria require investigators to look beyond killed whole cell vaccines for the induction of the immune response. Compounding all of this is the fact that in many instances a strong immune response is not necessarily synonymous with protection.

P. haemolytica Type A-1, a conditional pathogen and normal inhabitant of the nasal cavity of clinically normal cattle, is the most frequent isolate from acute pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle. Lesions formed by P. haemolytica are characterized by necrosis, vascular damage, fibrin exudation, numerous viable bacteria and variable leukocyte infiltrations. Virulence factors produced by P. haemolytica include; a) leukotoxin (LKT) , a potent exotoxin which affects ruminant leukocyte populations; b) capsule, which inhibits complement mediated serum killing; c) lipopolysaccharide, which alters neutrophil function and stimulates leukocyte adherence; and d) fimbriae, which enhances adherence of the bacteria to the upper respiratory mucosa. Increasing knowledge of the growth conditions conducive to expression of virulence factors should help in the development of efficacious vaccines.

A vaccine has been developed which contains many of the virulence factors described above. This vaccine has been tested in a single dose regimen in many vaccination/artificial challenge experiments and has proven to be efficacious and safe. Experiments detailed in this manuscript are representative of results obtained for similar tests during the development of this vaccine.
Mesotheliosis in Cattle
Authors: Stöber M. , Stockhofe-Zurwieden N. , Pohlenz J.
Published: March 2023

Based upon pertinent veterinary literature and 16 own observations, the authors give a survey on definition, supposed cause, occurrence, distribution, macro- and microscopic lesions, clinical signs, differential diagnosis, and assessment of bovine mesotheliosis, a tumourous disease apparently getting more frequent in recent years.

Summary in German and French on PDF.
Successful Eradication of BLV from Dairy and Beef Herds in New York
Authors: Brunner Michael A.
Published: March 2023

The New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, together with the Diagnostic Laboratory at Cornell University offer a bovine leukemia virus (BLV) eradication/certification program to New York dairy and beef producers. This is the only official BLV certification program currently available in the United States. The program, which began in 1985, provides State supported testing and management services through the Diagnostic Laboratory to farmers who wish to eradicate BLV and establish a "Certified BLV-Free" herd. To achieve this status a herd must complete three consecutive negative BLV herd tests. The certificate is valid for one year and an annual negative BLV herd test is required to maintain the certificate.
Genetic Evaluations of Dairy Bulls and Cows For Production
Authors: McDaniel Ben T.
Published: March 2023

The innovative and most important features of the animal model are twofold. First, equations are developed for each animal that include all of the environmental and genetic influences that affect the trait being evaluated. Second, the genetic relationships of each animal being evaluated to every other related one that is identified - sire, dam, offspring, sisters, brothers, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. - are included simultaneously by adding the inverse of the genetic relationship matrix (A1 in genetic jargon) to the genetic equations for cows. The net result is that everything that affects a cow's performance for a trait - genetics, location (herd), year and season of calving, weather, nutrition, exposure to disease - can be included inone of the many equations and the cow's record will be adjusted for it. Effects of nutrition, weather and exposure to disease are generally accounted for by the herd-year-season equations. Equations for environmental affects and those for cows, which may together number in the millions, are then solved simultaneously to get the most accurate measure of the animal's genetic value possible.
Simulation Model to Compare Strategies For Reducing the Effect of Cystic Ovarian Disease of Dairy Cattle on Herd Average Open Days
Authors: Scholl Daniel T.
Published: March 2023

A theoretical approach was taken to compare various ways of reducing the extended calving intervals that may result from cystic ovarian disease of dairy cattle. The question evaluated was which of the three following options would yield the greatest benefit in tenns of reducing the herd's average number of open days: 1) reducing the cumulative incidence of cystic ovarian disease, 2) improving cystic ovary therapy effectiveness, or 3) improving heat detection and conception rate perfonnance in general. A stochastic Markov Chain model was developed on a computerized spread sheet. This simulation model has the following alterable inputs: 1) cumulative incidence of ovarian cysts occurring before the first postpartum ovulation, 2) cumulative incidence of ovarian cysts occurring after the first postpartum ovulation, 3) probability of spontaneous resolution before or after first postpartum ovulation, 4) probability of responding to treatment, 5) probability of recurrence, 6) average days postpartum at first veterinary reproductive examination, 7) days postpartum of first allowable insemination, 8) days between routine veterinary reproductive examinations, 9) herd average services per conception, and 10) heat detection efficiency. The respective inputs were varied to simulate the expected improvement in herd average days open. Improving herd heat detection efficiency and service per conception were more effective at reducing herd average days open that were improvement of any of the cystic ovarian disease parameters.

German and Spanish summaries in PDF.
Use of Milk Progesterone Samples for Complete Herd Oestrous Control
Authors: Watson Chris
Published: March 2023

The most common cause of poor reproductive performance in the dairy herd is poor heat detection. It is impossible to separate heat detection from conception rate as accurate timing of service is certainly a requirement for the successful use of Artificial insemination. However many workers have shown that heat detection is much more closely related to reproductive performance than is conception rate.1,2

Milk Progesterone Assays have been used for over 20 years to asses the stage of oestrous cycle in cattle.3 The first widespread application was for pregnancy diagnosis due to the fact that the method was by Radioimmunoassay (RIA) which involved centralised testing and a necessary time lag between sampling and results . The development of Enzyme-Immunoassay (EIA or ELISA systems) opened up the practical application of on site or "cow-side" testing and results.

Use of the test for pregnancy diagnosis severely restricted the potential of the test as the accuracy was often poor. Use for the detection of oestrous and timing of insemination has brought many revolutionary changes.5 This paper examines a complete system of applying the test for oestrous detection and insemination in a commercial dairy herd and the implications for routine veterinary fertility visits.
Economic Assessment of Twin births in British Dairy Herds
Authors: Eddy R. G. , Davies O. , David C.
Published: March 2023

One side-effect of a veterinary practice offering a bureau computerised recording service to its dairy farmers is that a large database of health, fertility, and production is developed in relatively few years. It was the use of such a recording scheme, the DAISY system developed at the University of Reading and operated from a veterinary practice that provided the data for this study. The increasing use of such schemes by practitioners should lead to the creation of large quantities of data which should answer many questions relating to health, fertility, and production.

With the development of a commercial service offering to implant twin embryos into dairy cows it seemed opportune to measure the effect that twinbirths has on production in dairy cows using data from the practice recording scheme.
Advances in Nutrition and Bovine Disease
Authors: Erskine R. J.
Published: March 2023

The relationship between nutrition and livestock production has been recognized for centuries. Gradually, more specific disease syndromes were associated with specific feeding practices (eg. grass staggers in early pasture, alkali disease in arid climates). However, only in the last 60 to 70 years has animal agriculture attained an understanding of the nutritional mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of many disease syndromes. In particular, we have recognized the diseases resulting from dietary deficiencies and excesses. Nonetheless, as the need for production efficiency in animal agriculture increases, and the reliance on chemical methods to enhance disease resistance decreases, progress in the understanding of nutritional disease relationships will need to integrate complex mechanisms of metabolism, pathophysiology, and toxicology. It is the purpose of this paper to outline selected topics that epitomize the complex role of nutrition in bovine metabolic and infectious disease.
Diabetes Mellitus in Cattle Infected With Bovine Viral Diarrhea Mucosal Disease Virus
Authors: Tajima M. , Yazawa T. , Hagiwara K. , Takahashi K.
Published: March 2023

Diabetes in cattle has various etiologies1. In humans, virus-induced insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been reported. It has also been reported that cattle infected with foot-and-mouth disease contracted diabetes mellitus2. Craighead and coworkers observed experimental diabetes in mice after inoculation of encephalomyocarditis virus3. Other viruses suspected of inducing diabetes are coxsackie, mumps, rubella and cytomegalo virus4.

Bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease (BVD-MD) is a frequently fatal infectious disease of cattle. There is no concrete evidence to date that BVD-MD virus induces diabetes. In this report, the clinicopathological characteristics of diabetes mellitus in cattle were described, and the relationship between BVD-MD and diabetes mellitus was discussed.
Effects of Sustained Release Sometribove on Milk Production and Body Condition Repletion in Later Lactation
Authors: Patton R. , Dykes M. , Munyakazi L. , Cloninger R. , Gerloff B. , Gardner C. , Simms J. , Scott J.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate management and cow factors which might impact rbST response over a wide range of conditions.
Some Factors Influencing the Prognosis of Some Common Bovine Neurological Diseases With Particular Reference to the Concentration of Penicillin G Reached in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Scott P. R. , Sutton D.
Published: March 2023

Treatment of nine cases of acute bacterial meningitis with high dose penicillin G therapy was unsuccessful in all cases. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis demonstrated a markedly elevated protein concentration indicating disruption of the blood brain barrier. Two of five listeriosis cases, with slight elevation of CSF protein, and both cases of vestibular abscess responded well to antibiotic therapy.
Epidemiological Investigations of Bovine Protozoal Abortion in California Dairy Herds
Authors: Anderson Mark , Picanso John , Thurmond Mark , Blanchard Pat , Layton Bill , Palmer Chuck , Case Jim , Barr Bradd , Dubey J. P. , Conrad Pat
Published: March 2023

Bovine protozoal abortion (BPA) is a newly recognized fetal infection caused by a Neospora- like protozoan parasite. Aborted fetuses have characteristic histologic lesions of focal nonsuppurative necrotizing encephalitis, nonsuppurative myocarditis and myositis. The diagnosis is confirmed by immunohistochemistry using antisera to Neospora caninum on the fetal tissues6,11. Neospora - like protozoa abortions were first reported from an abortion storm in a dairy in New Mexico14 and are now recognized as an important, widely distributed cause of abortion1-5,8,9,12-14. The infection has been identified in 413 fetal samples submitted to the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for immunohistochemistry. These samples represented 224 herds in 10 states in the United States as well as Mexico and Canada The infection is common in California where it is the most frequently diagnosed cause of bovine abortion2,5. In this study, data from bovine abortion submissions to the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (CVDL) from the San Joaquin Valley over a 6 year period are examined. The objectives were to determine the prevalence rate and temporal and seasonal patterns of occurrence of BPA.
Epidemiology of Heifer Mastitis
Authors: Sischo W. M. , Rogers G. W.
Published: March 2023

Until recently, it had been assumed that primigravid heifers were seldom affected by intramammary infections (IMI) at or near parturition. Recent research results now suggest that this assumption is false. A number of studies report a high rate of IMI in heifers at or near parturition.(1-3) Interestingly, the pathogens associated with these IMI's appear to have a regional distribution. A study in the southern United States found a high prevalence of IMI associated with Staphylococcus aureus.(2) Studies in the New England and Southeastern United States detected a high prevalence of IMI associated with coagulase negative staphylococci.(1,3) IMI's associated with Staphylococcus aureus are related to histopathologic lesions in the mammary gland which suggest that these infections may hamper the normal development of the lactating gland.(4) These findings have prompted research to investigate the use of antibiotic therapy to decrease the risk of IMI. This research has found that antibiotics administered prior to calving will decrease the prevalence of peripaturient IMI.(5,6) A question that has not been answered is: Do these infections in heifers, particularly IMI by the minor pathogens, warrant treatment? The objectives of this paper are to report preliminary data describing the incidence of IMI in heifers, the pathogens involved in the infections and the subsequent rates of clinical mastitis in first lactation heifers conditional on the IMI status at freshening.
Factors in Cure of Subclinical S. Aureus After Dry Cow Therapy
Authors: Sol J. , Harink J. , Schukken Y. H. , Snoep J. J.
Published: March 2023

Drying off cows with antibiotics is carried out to cure subclinical mastitis and to prevent new infections. The cure rate of pathogenic streptococci in the udder is about 90% in the Netherlands. For S. aureus this is much lower (average about 60%). Various factors, which affect this rather low cure rate are already discussed (4,5). In this paper the results are presented of a detailed statistical analysis of the cure rate of 406 S. aureus infected quarters from 283 cows on 73 farms.

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Residue Phobia, Residue Avoidance and the Real World
Authors: Belschner Austin P.
Published: March 2023

The goal of this paper is to deal with food safety and veterinary therapeutic issues from the consumer, veterinarian and pharmaceutical industry perspective. We start with problems the food animal veterinary practitioner faces concerning the choice of therapeutic agents. Next, safety issues concerning these agents are dealt with, in an attempt to provide background information on the approval process for therapeutic agents that are used in lactating dairy cattle. We build on the safety issues by describing how residue testing is done by the dairy industry. And finally, the Upjohn Company's injectable antibiotic, Naxcel® Sterile powder (Ceftiofur sodium), is used as example of how new generation therapeutic agents can be developed and approved under guidelines that meet the consumer's need for safe dairy products and still provide the veterinarian with efficacious treatments for their patients.
Influence of Nutrition and Weight Loss on Reproduction and Early Embryonic Death in Cattle
Authors: Britt Jack H.
Published: March 2023

Maintaining acceptable levels of reproductive performance in cattle is a challenging problem, particularly when cows are producing high yields of milk or when nutrient intake is below the demand for extended periods of time. In such situations, the associated negative energy balance may result in prolonged postpartum anestrus, lower levels of progesterone secretion by corpora lutea (CL) and lower rates of conception. Fertility in high-producing cattle also may be affected by excessive intake of protein, inadequate intake of fibrous feeds or other nutritional imbalances. There is some evidence that such factors affect embryonic survival. This paper will review some of the current thinking in these areas and provide insights into potential biological mechanisms through which fertility is influenced by these factors. The paper will focus primarily on the postpartum dairy cow.
Getting a Diagnosis in an Abortion Storm
Authors: Vickers Mary Lynne
Published: March 2023

Determining the cause of abortions presents many problems. This is reflected in the fact that the diagnostic success of laboratories in bovine abortion is only 30-40% (1,2). The reasons for this relatively low diagnostic success are numerous. Abortion results from an event that frequently occurred weeks or months earlier. The cause, therefore, may be undetectable in the fetus at the time of abortion. The fetus is often retained in the uterus hours to days after death, and autolysis obscures lesions that are present. The placenta is often affected first and most consistently but is frequently unavailable for examination (1).

The lack of relevant history, clinical signs and frequent negative necropsy findings force the diagnostician to look for every infectious agent that might be involved. Therefore, the laboratory tests for all the etiological agents frequently associated with abortion. The techniques used will vary somewhat between laboratories but will include what can be tested for within a reasonable amount of time and some degree of accuracy.
Getting Paid By The Head
Authors: Guichon P. T. , Jim G. K.
Published: March 2023

Food animal veterinarians are being challenged today to provide comprehensive cost-effective programs to increasingly sophisticated clients on intensive livestock operations. The delivery of such service is the greatest challenge facing the veterinary profession. The emphasis today, unlike the past, is on production within the herd rather than on the individual animal. To meet the needs of these producers, veterinarians are recognizing that certain clients are requesting changes in the veterinary/client relationship. Without question, the knowledge and expertise is currently available to provide "high tech" veterinary service to elite producers.
Economic Trends in Milk Pricing and Marketing
Authors: Cropp Robert A. , Jesse Edward V.
Published: March 2023

This paper discusses several contemporary issues relating to the pricing and marketing of milk and dairy products. We begin at the consumer side of the marketing system, looking at trends in consumption of dairy products and their implications for dairy farmers. We then turn to farm milk pricing institutions, separately examining the current status and fate of the dairy price support program and federal milk marketing orders. Finally, we discuss an assortment of other issues that will influence farm milk prices during the next ten years
Future Directions and Projections of Manpower Needs in Dairy Practice
Authors: Sterner Keith E.
Published: March 2023

The future of dairy practice is a bright one, however it will have a significantly different emphasis than it currently does. There will always be a place for practitioners that are willing to give value for service. Dairy practices will continue to need graduates that are willing to work. By its very nature, our work is reflective of the industry we serve. As a rule, we will find ourselves working longer hours when compared to those in other discipline areas of veterinary medicine. It has been my observation that all of the successful practitioners that I know in dairy practice work very long hours, mirroring the labor of the clients they serve. With this as a given, then what directions will practitioners of the future be taking?
Do We Need Postpartum Fertility Exams as Part of a Reproductive Herd Health Program
Authors: Ferry John W.
Published: March 2023

Bovine practitioners serving dairy clients traditionally demonstrate sincere concern for the financial well-being of their producers. Recognizing poor reproductive performance as a leading cause of financial loss for dairies, most veterinarians offer reproductive herd health services to their clients. These services traditionally incorporate rectal palpation of cows after calving, before breeding, and for pregnancy diagnosis.

Postpartum exams identify cows requiring treatment for metritis. Prebreeding exams screen for cows requiring further treatment prior to breeding, and provide estimates of stage of estrous cycle. Pregnancy diagnoses identify open cows needing to be rebred.
Effective Parasite Control For Cow-Calf Programs
Authors: Corwin Robert M.
Published: March 2023

Parasite control is necessary for optimal cow-calf performance. By deworming, nematode parasites are reduced in numbers perhaps by 95-99% with use of an effective anthelmintic drug per treated cow or calf. In mother cows, this should maximize reproductive potential, milk production and desirable weight maintenance. Treatment of cows before being moved to a "rested" pasture will reduce contamination and transmission to parasite-naive calves. Treatment of calves at a later time in the grazing period will improve growth performance.

Deworming should be an integral part of the overall herd health program. Too often, parasite control is eliminated from a program or not used. Yet subclinical parasitism has been shown to depress performance when not negated by effective anthelmintics and appropriate timing of their administration. When other factors such as nutrition, weather conditions (temperature, precipitation) and forage are in a steady state, the benefits of an effective anthelmintic are especially evident.
Epidemologic Approach to Solving Beef Herd Production or Disease Problems
Authors: Wikse Steven E. , Toombs Robert E. , Field Robert W. , Holland Patricia S.
Published: March 2023

Diagnosis of production or disease problems on a herd basis is often more challenging than diagnosis of individual animal disease. In herd diagnostics, the influence of environmental factors and interactions between individuals must be considered in addition to individual animals. While the identification of etiologic factors is the definitive diagnosis needed to correct individual animal health problems, identification of the conditions that allow expression of the etiologic factors is necessary to solve herd problems. The steps and objectives of individual animal and herd diagnostics are compared in Table 1. Control of disease at the herd level is widely believed to be more financially beneficial to livestock producers than treatment of individual ill animals. A knowledge base of veterinary medicine, epidemiologic methods, and modern animal husbandry is essential for successful herd diagnostics.
Beef Cattle Management Consultation
Authors: Toombs Robert E.
Published: March 2023

Veterinarians can become effective beef cattle management consultants by combining the knowledge they have with an organized, methodical approach to solving ranch production and financial problems. Many veterinarians provide consultative services to producers on a daily basis, but because they have not formalized their methods into a systematic protocol that addresses both the production and financial factors limiting profitability on beef cattle ranches, they have been incapable of establishing a consultative service. By using the methods outlined in this paper, the veterinarian can establish a service which benefits themselves and their clients. It starts with the objectives for management consultation, describes the protocols for assessing the production and financial status of a ranch, describes the means for identifying the factors limiting productivity and profitability, considers the Business Plan, provides the techniques for assessing the financial progress, and offers alternative methods for structuring consultation fees.
Feedlot Hospital Management
Authors: Griffin Dee , Perino Louis
Published: March 2023

The concepts of preventive medicine as studied and practiced by most in our profession do not apply in feedlots. A better term for what most feedlot veterinarians practice might be "Disease Management. " Prevention defines activities that if taken avoid the occurrence of a problem. While both disease prevention and disease management define activities that are coordinated to a achieve a goal. Management readily recognizes the occurrence of problems and plans activities to deal with these to minimize their detrimental effects. Disease management plans for the occurrence of disease. The basis for success is having planned so well for dealing with disease that the goal of the feedlot is achieved.