bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifiers Suggestive of Clinical Cervical Spine Instability: A Delphi Study of Physical Therapists
Authors: Cook Chad , Brismée Jean-Michel , Fleming Robert , Sizer Phillip S
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose Clinical cervical spine instability (CCSI) is controversial and difficult to diagnose. Within the literature, no clinical or diagnostic tests that yield valid and reliable results have been described to differentially diagnose this condition. The purpose of this study was to attempt to obtain consensus on symptoms and physical examination findings that are associated with CCSI. Subjects One hundred seventy-two physical therapists who were Orthopaedic Certified Specialists (OCS) or Fellows of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapists (FAAOMPT) participated in the survey. Methods This study was a 3-round Delphi survey designed to obtain consensual symptoms and physical examination findings for CCSI. Results The symptoms that reached the highest consensus among respondents were “intolerance to prolonged static postures,” “fatigue and inability to hold head up,” “better with external support, including hands or collar,” “frequent need for self-manipulation,” “feeling of instability, shaking, or lack of control,” “frequent episodes of acute attacks,” and “sharp pain, possibly with sudden movements.” The physical examination findings related to cervical instability that reached the highest consensus among respondents included “poor coordination/neuromuscular control, including poor recruitment and dissociation of cervical segments with movement,” “abnormal joint play,” “motion that is not smooth throughout range (of motion), including segmental hinging, pivoting, or fulcruming,” and “aberrant movement.” Discussion and Conclusion The Delphi method is useful in situations where clinical judgments are encountered but empirical evidence to provide evidence-based decision making does not exist. Findings of this study may provide beneficial clinical information, specifically when the identifiers are clustered together, because no set of clinical examination and symptom standards for CCSI currently exists. Diagnosis of CCSI is challenging; therefore, appropriate clinical reasoning is required for distinctive physical therapy assessment using pertinent symptoms and physical examination findings.
Silent Waves: Theory and Practice of Lymph Drainage Therapy, ed 2
Authors: Hoppenrath Terri
Published: February 2017

The focus of this book is to provide a comprehensive management approach to lymphedema, integrating lymphatic anatomy and physiology of the human body with drainage techniques and interventions. The book is organized into 6 parts. Some chapters are quite brief, whereas others are extensive. The book reflects the author's view of fluid movement within the human body, appreciating the successful effects of decongestion along available lymphatic channels or pathways.
Periodic Direct Current Does Not Promote Wound Closure in an In Vitro Dynamic Model of Cell Migration
Authors: Godbout Charles , Frenette Jérôme
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose. A prevailing paradigm is that electrical fields can promote cell migration and tissue healing. To further validate this paradigm, we tested the hypothesis that periodic direct current (DC) can enhance wound closure using an in vitro dynamic model of cell migration. Methods and Results. Layers of primary fibroblasts were wounded and treated with DC under various voltages. Repair area, cell velocity, and directionality as well as lamellipodium area were evaluated at different times. Direct current had no beneficial effect on cell migration. Moreover, prolonged stimulation under the highest voltage led to significant reduction in wound closure and cell velocity. The reduction of membrane protusions in stimulated cells may be associated with the deleterious effect of DC. Discussion and Conclusion. Contrary to the authors’ expectations, they found that periodic DC did not promote wound closure, a finding that emphasizes the need to clarify the complex effects of electrical fields on migrating cells. [Godbout C, Frenette J. Periodic direct current does not promote wound closure in an in vitro dynamic model of cell migration. Phys Ther. 2006;86:50–65.]
Reliability and Validity of Trunk Assessment for People With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Verheyden Geert , Nuyens Godelieve , Nieuwboer Alice , Van Asch Pol , Ketelaer Piet , De Weerdt Willy
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose. Standardized scales are a prerequisite for rehabilitation and research. This study was designed to determine the reliability and validity of scores on items of the trunk assessment of the Melsbroek Disability Scoring Test (MDST) and Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Subjects. Thirty people with MS participated in the study. Methods. Interrater and test-retest reliability and construct validity were assessed. Results. Kappa and weighted kappa values for the items of the trunk assessment of the MDST ranged from .74 to .95, and the kappa and weighted kappa values for the TIS items ranged from .46 to 1.00. Intraclass correlation coefficients for interrater and test-retest agreement were .93 and .92, respectively, for the trunk assessment of the MDST and .97 and .95, respectively, for the TIS. Bland-Altman analysis showed consistency of scores without observer bias. Construct validity was established. Discussion and Conclusion. The MDST and TIS provide reliable assessments of the trunk and are valid scales for measuring trunk performance in people with MS. [Verheyden G, Nuyens G, Nieuwboer A, et al. Reliability and validity of trunk assessment for people with multiple sclerosis.
Bone Biology and the Clinical Implications for Osteoporosis
Authors: Downey Patricia A , Siegel Michael I
Published: February 2017

Bone biology is a complex and vastly growing area of study. It brings together the traditional fields of anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics with the increasingly complex fields of developmental biology and molecular genetics. For clinicians who treat bone disorders such as osteoporosis, developing a working knowledge of this topic is essential. This article discusses bone from a structural, anatomical, and functional perspective. It reviews skeletogenesis as a developmental process and from a regulatory perspective and presents biomechanical principles and theories. Osteoporosis is reviewed, including recent literature related to the role of exercise in prevention and treatment of this disease. [Downey PA, Siegel MI. Bone biology and the clinical implications for osteoporosis.]
Structure and Biomechanics of Peripheral Nerves: Nerve Responses to Physical Stresses and Implications for Physical Therapist Practice
Authors: Topp Kimberly S , Boyd Benjamin S
Published: February 2017

The structural organization of peripheral nerves enables them to function while tolerating and adapting to stresses placed upon them by postures and movements of the trunk, head, and limbs. They are exposed to combinations of tensile, shear, and compressive stresses that result in nerve excursion, strain, and transverse contraction. The purpose of this appraisal is to review the structural and biomechanical modifications seen in peripheral nerves exposed to various levels of physical stress. We have followed the primary tenet of the Physical Stress Theory presented by Mueller and Maluf (2002), specifically, that the level of physical stress placed upon biological tissue determines the adaptive response of the tissue. A thorough understanding of the biomechanical properties of normal and injured nerves and the stresses placed upon them in daily activities will help guide physical therapists in making diagnoses and decisions regarding interventions. [Topp KS, Boyd BS. Structure and biomechanics of peripheral nerves: nerve responses to physical stresses and implications for physical therapist practice.]
A Faculty’s Experience in Changing Instructional Methods in a Professional Physical Therapist Education Program
Authors: Foord-May Lynn
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose. In response to the demands of a changing practice environment, many physical therapist educators have incorporated problem-based learning methods into their teaching. The purpose of this study was to describe a physical therapist program faculty’s experience in transitioning from traditional instruction to problem-based instructional methods. Subjects and Methods. Face-to-face, semistructured interviews followed by a focus group were conducted with 7 faculty members, guided by questions about factors that influenced instructors’ experience of changing instructional methods. Results. Nine themes described the faculty’s experience: perception of need for teaching change, personal knowledge of problem-based learning, decision-making process, peer support, partial adoption, values related to teaching and learning, significant response from the community, administrative support, and perceived barriers to incorporation of problem-based methods. Discussion and Conclusion. The findings are consistent with literature describing change: change is a process, the process of change must accommodate individual change, a network of peer support is necessary, and the change process requires leadership and support from administrators within and outside of the group. [Foord-May L. A faculty’s experience in changing instructional methods in a professional physical therapist education program.
Effect of High-Intensity Inspiratory Muscle Training on Lung Volumes, Diaphragm Thickness, and Exercise Capacity in Subjects Who Are Healthy
Authors: Enright Stephanie J , Unnithan Viswanath B , Heward Clare , Withnall Louise , Davies David H
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose. Previous investigations have demonstrated that a regimen of high-intensity inspiratory muscle training (IMT) resulted in changes in ventilatory function and exercise capacity in patients with chronic lung disease, although the effect of high-intensity IMT in subjects who are healthy is yet to be determined. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine whether high-intensity IMT resulted in changes in ventilatory function and exercise capacity in subjects who were healthy. Subjects. Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Methods. The training group completed an 8-week program of IMT set at 80% of maximal effort. The control group did not participate in any form of training. Baseline and posttraining measures of body composition, pulmonary function, inspiratory muscle function (including maximal and sustained maximal inspiratory pressures [MIP and SMIP]), relaxed and contracted diaphragm thickness and thickening ratio (Tdi.rel, Tdi.cont, and TR), and exercise capacity were determined. Results. The training group demonstrated significant increases in MIP, SMIP, Tdi.cont, TR, VC, total lung capacity, and exercise capacity compared with the control group, which demonstrated no change from baseline measurements at 8 weeks. Discussion and Conclusion. The findings of this study suggest that high-intensity IMT results in increased contracted diaphragm thickness and increased lung volumes and exercise capacity in people who are healthy. [Enright SJ, Unnithan VB, Heward C, et al. Effect of high-intensity inspiratory muscle training on lung volumes, diaphragm thickness, and exercise capacity in subjects who are healthy.
Effectiveness of Physical Therapy for the Management of Chronic Spine Disorders: A Propensity Score Approach
Authors: Freburger Janet K , Carey Timothy S , Holmes George M
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose. Evidence on the effectiveness of physical therapy for the management of chronic spine disorders is limited. The purpose of this study was to use a large current database, the National Spine Network database, to assess the effectiveness of physical therapy in the management of chronic spine disorders. Subjects. The participants were people who had spine problems lasting 3 months or longer and who were seen for an initial visit and a follow-up visit (N=4,479) at 1 of 17 US spine centers. Methods. A propensity score approach was used to create a matched sample of participants who received physical therapy (intervention group) and participants who did not receive physical therapy (control group). The 2 groups were similar with regard to more than 50 baseline characteristics. Outcomes were assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results. Both the intervention and control groups improved between the initial and the follow-up visits on ODI scores and on SF-36 physical function, role physical, and bodily pain scores. Although the amount of improvement in the outcome measures was significantly greater for the intervention group than for the control group, the differences were small (3–5 points). When the subgroup of participants who had the greatest propensity for receiving physical therapy was examined, differences in the amount of improvement between the intervention and control groups were larger (5–13 points). Discussion and Conclusion. Physical therapy was effective in the management of chronic spine disorders in participants with the greatest propensity for receiving physical therapy. When the entire sample was considered, differences in the amount of improvement between the intervention and control groups were not clinically relevant. [Freburger JK, Carey TS, Holmes GM. Effectiveness of physical therapy for the management of chronic spine disorders: a propensity score approach.
Exercise Adherence Following Physical Therapy Intervention in Older Adults With Impaired Balance
Authors: Forkan Rebecca , Pumper Breeanna , Smyth Nicole , Wirkkala Hilary , Ciol Marcia A , Shumway-Cook Anne
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose. This study looked at adherence, and factors affecting adherence, to a prescribed home exercise program (HEP) in older adults with impaired balance following discharge from physical therapy. Subjects. The subjects were 556 older adults (≥65 years of age) who were discharged from physical therapy during the period 2000 to 2003. Methods. A survey was developed to determine participation in a HEP. Univariate logistic regressions identified specific barriers and motivators that were associated with exercise participation following discharge from physical therapy. Results. Ninety percent of respondents reported receiving a HEP; 37% no longer performed it. Change in health status was the primary reason for poor adherence to a HEP. Eight barriers (no interest, poor health, weather, depression, weakness, fear of falling, shortness of breath, and low outcomes expectation) were associated with a lack of postdischarge participation in exercise. Discussion and Conclusions. Exercise adherence following discharge from a physical therapy program is poor among older adults. Barriers, not motivators, appear to predict adherence. [Forkan R, Pumper B, Smyth N, et al. Exercise adherence following physical therapy intervention in older adults with impaired balance.
Age-Related Effects in Sequential Motor Learning
Authors: Shea Charles H , Park Jin-Hoon , Wilde Braden Heather
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose. When learning multi-element movement sequences, participants organize individual elements into subsequences. Imposing this type of structure on the elements leads to the efficient production of sequences because the processing of all but the first elements in a subsequence can be completed prior to their execution. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether older adults organize lengthy movement sequences with the same efficiency as young adults. Subjects and Methods. Participants were young adults (N=8, 19–23 years of age) and older adults (N=8, 65–68 years of age). The task required participants to move a lever as quickly as possible to targets sequentially projected on a tabletop. At various stages during practice, random practice blocks were inserted between the repeated sequence blocks. Repeated and random sequence retention tests were administered after 24 hours. Results. The results indicated that the young adults performed the repeated sequences substantially faster than the older adults and that this difference increased over practice. On the retention tests, there were no differences in response time for the random sequence blocks, but the young performers were substantially faster than the older performers when repeated sequences were used. No differences were detected in the interview or on the recognition (χ2=1.22, P>.05) and completion (χ2=0.89, P>.05) tests designed to determine explicit or implicit knowledge of the sequences. Discussion and Conclusion. Analysis of the sequence structure indicated that the older adults did not organize their responses into subsequences as effectively as the young adults. The failure of older adults to optimally organize movement sequences may contribute to the overall slowing of sequential movement production. [Shea CH, Park JH, Wilde Braden H. Age-related effects in sequential motor learning. Phys Ther. 2006;86:478–488.]
Resting Position Variables at the Shoulder: Evidence to Support a Posture-Impairment Association
Authors: Borstad John D
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose.A relationship between posture and impairment at the shoulder is theorized, but not supported by evidence. It is proposed that posture and impairment are not directly related, but linked by movement dysfunction. The purpose of this analysis was to explore the relationships among posture, pectoralis minor muscle length, and movement alterations at the shoulder. Subjects. Subjects who were asymptomatic for shoulder pathology were divided into 2 groups of 25 subjects each based on normalized pectoralis minor muscle resting length. Methods. Scapula orientation, thoracic kyphosis, and pectoralis minor muscle lengths were measured, and ratios and indexes of postural variables were calculated. All variables were analyzed for correlations and group differences. Results. Significant group differences were demonstrated for several posture variables, including thoracic spine kyphosis and scapular internal rotation. The distance from the sternal notch to the coracoid process demonstrated the highest correlation with pectoralis minor muscle length. Discussion and Conclusion. The findings indicate a relationship between posture and pectoralis minor muscle length and support a proposed model linking posture, an anatomical variable, movement dysfunction, and impairment. [Borstad JD. Resting position variables at the shoulder: evidence to support a posture-impairment association. Phys Ther. 2006;86:549–557.]
Effects of Exercise Training on Heart Rate Variability After Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: Tsai Mei-Wun , Chie Wei-Chu , Kuo Terry BJ , Chen Ming-Fong , Liu Jen-Pei , Chen Tony Hsiu-Hsi , Wu Ying-Tai
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is associated with risk of restenosis and cardiovascular mortality in patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is an important, widely used method for assessing cardiac autonomic regulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise training on HRV in subjects after PTCA. Subjects and Methods. A total of 84 subjects who had undergone PTCA were recruited for this study. The subjects (age [mean±SD]=57.0±9.3 years) were randomly assigned to either an exercise group to undergo an 8-week outpatient exercise program or a control group to undergo usual care. Heart rate variability was measured for 5 minutes in the supine resting position at baseline and at the end of 8 weeks. Results. The parasympathetically modulated HRV of the subjects in the exercise group increased significantly compared with the HRV of subjects in the control group. The effects of training on HRV were independent of angioplasty type (balloon or stent) and were unrelated to whether the subjects had received previous PTCA. Discussion and Conclusion. Exercise training can increase parasympathetic modulation of cardiac function in people after they have undergone successful PTCA. Our results suggest that analysis of HRV can be extended to assess the effect of exercise training on cardiac autonomic dysfunction in people after coronary angioplasty.
Use of Item Response Analysis to Investigate Measurement Properties and Clinical Validity of Data for the Dynamic Gait Index
Authors: Chiu Yi-Po , Fritz Stacy L , Light Kathye E , Velozo Craig A
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose. The Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) is a standardized clinical assessment that aids in evaluating a subject’s ability to modify gait in response to changing demands. The purpose of this study was to use Rasch measurement theory to examine whether the DGI rating scale meets suggested psychometric guidelines, whether the hierarchical order of DGI tasks is consistent with a clinically logical testing procedure, and whether the DGI represents a unidimensional construct. Subjects. Subjects were 84 community-dwelling male veterans (age range=64–88 years; mean±SD=75±6.47 years). Methods. Data were retrieved retrospectively from the participants’ clinical records. The Rasch measurement model with the WINSTEPS program was used in this study because it offers distinct advantages over traditional psychometric approaches. Results. Overall, the DGI showed sound item psychometric properties. Each of the original 4 rating scale categories appeared to distinctly identify subjects at different ability levels. The analysis revealed a clear item difficulty hierarchical order that is generally consistent with clinical expectations. In addition, fit statistics and principal components analysis indicated that the 8 items of the DGI appear to represent a single construct. Discussion and Conclusion. The results suggest that the rating scale of the DGI is used appropriately for community-dwelling older subjects with balance problems. The findings support the continued use of this well-constructed scale for clinical and research assessment in a community-dwelling population of older subjects. [Chiu YP, Fritz SL, Light KE, Velozo CA. Use of item response analysis to investigate measurement properties and clinical validity of data for the Dynamic Gait Index.
Efficacy and Mechanism of Orthotic Devices to Unload Metatarsal Heads in People With Diabetes and a History of Plantar Ulcers
Authors: Mueller Michael J , Lott Donovan J , Hastings Mary K , Commean Paul K , Smith Kirk E , Pilgram Thomas K
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose. Total-contact inserts (TCIs) and metatarsal pads (MPs) frequently are prescribed to reduce excessive plantar stresses to help prevent skin breakdown in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral neuropathy. The first purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a TCI and an MP on metatarsal head peak plantar pressures (PPP) and pressure-time integrals (PTI). The second purpose of this study was to determine a possible mechanism of pressure reduction by measuring contact area and loaded soft-tissue thickness (STT) under the metatarsal heads and second metatarsal shaft. Subjects. Twenty subjects (12 men and 8 women; age [mean±SD]=57±9 years) with DM (duration [mean±SD]=16±11 years), peripheral neuropathy, and a history of plantar ulcers participated. Methods. A repeated-measures research design was used, and outcome measures are reported for 3 footwear conditions: shoe, shoe with TCI, and shoe with TCI and MP. In-shoe plantar pressures were collected during walking and during spiral x-ray computed tomography (SXCT). The STT and identification of the pressure sensor and location of the MP in relationship to the metatarsal heads were determined by use of SXCT. Results. The PPP and the PTI were 16% to 24% lower at the metatarsal heads in the TCI condition than in the shoe condition. The PPP and the PTI decreased an additional 15% to 28% (for a total reduction of 29% to 47%) with the addition of the MP. The contact area increased 27% with the TCI but not with the MP. The STT did not increase under the metatarsal heads in the TCI condition (compared with the shoe condition) but did increase 8% to 22% at metatarsal heads 2 to 5 with the addition of the MP. The PPP increased substantially (308%) and the STT decreased 14% under the shaft of the second metatarsal with the addition of the MP to the TCI-plus-shoe condition. Discussion and Conclusion. The TCI and the MP caused substantial and additive reductions of pressures under the metatarsal heads. The TCI reduces excessive pressures at the metatarsal heads by increasing the contact area of weight-bearing forces. Conversely, the MP acts by compressing the soft tissues proximal to the metatarsal heads and relieving compression at the metatarsal heads. These findings can assist in the design of effective orthotic devices to relieve excessive plantar stresses that contribute to skin breakdown and subsequent amputation in people with DM and peripheral neuropathy. [Mueller MJ, Lott DJ, Hastings MK, et al. Efficacy and mechanism of orthotic devices to unload metatarsal heads in people with diabetes and a history of plantar ulcers. Phys Ther. 2006;86:833–842.]
Can Low Back Loading During Lifting Be Reduced by Placing One Leg Beside the Object to Be Lifted?
Authors: Kingma Idsart , Faber Gert S , Bakker Anja JM , van Dieën Jaap H
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose. Lifting technique could, through its effect on low back loading, affect the risk of developing low back pain. In this study, 2 lifting techniques (a straddle technique and a 1-leg kneeling technique), which aimed to reduce low back loading by placing one leg beside a load, were compared with stoop lifting and squat lifting with respect to their effect on low back loading. Subjects. Twelve men with no history of low back pain participated in the study. Methods. The subjects lifted wide and narrow 20-kg boxes from 2 initial hand heights. With measured kinematics, ground reaction forces, and electromyography, 3-dimensional spinal forces were calculated. Results. When the subjects lifted a narrow box from a 290-mm height, peak L5–S1 compression forces were 5,060 (SD=827), 3,980 (SD=701), 4,208 (SD=762), and 4,719 (SD=1,015) N for the stoop, squat, straddle, and kneeling techniques, respectively. When the subjects lifted a wide box from 50 mm, spinal compression forces were much higher and distributed differently over lifting techniques: 5,926 (SD=610), 6,868 (SD=924), 6,472 (SD=1,042), and 6,064 (SD=968) N, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion. The authors conclude that no single lifting technique can be advised for all lifting conditions.
Reprint—Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Authors: Moher David , Liberati Alessandro , Tetzlaff Jennifer , Altman Douglas G. ,   and the PRISMA Group
Published: February 2017

Editor's Note: PTJ's Editorial Board has adopted PRISMA to help PTJ better communicate research to physical therapists. For more, read Chris Maher's editorial starting on page 870.

Membership of the PRISMA Group is provided in the Acknowledgments.

This article has been reprinted with permission from the Annals of Internal Medicine from Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. Ann Intern Med. Available at: http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/151/4/264. The authors jointly hold copyright of this article. This article has also been published in PLoS Medicine, BMJ, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, and Open Medicine.

Copyright © 2009 Moher et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Comparability of Sleep Disorders Diagnoses Using DSM-IV and ICSD Classifications with Adolescents
Authors: Ohayon Maurice M. , Roberts Robert E.
Published: February 2017

Study Objectives

The use of diagnostic classifications to define sleep disorders is still unusual in epidemiological studies assessing the prevalence of sleep disorders in an adolescent population.

Design

Cross-sectional study. Representative samples of general populations in United Kingdom, Germany and Italy were selected and interviewed by telephone about their sleep habits, sleep and mental disorder diagnoses. Overall, 724 adolescents ages 15–18 years and 1447 young adults ages 19 to 24 years were interviewed. ICSD-90 and DSM-IV diagnoses provided by the Sleep-EVAL expert system were used for the comparisons.

Setting

N/A

Participants

N/A

Interventions

N/A

Measurements and Results

8% of the adolescents and 12.6% of the young adults had ICSD dyssomnia or sleep disturbances associated with a mental disorder. According to the DSM-IV classification, 5.7% of the adolescents and 8.1% of the young adults had a dyssomnia diagnosis. The comparison between the two classifications show that 73.2% of adolescents and young adults with a DSM-IV dyssomnia diagnosis also had similar ICSD diagnosis. The reverse comparison, ICSD vs. DSM-IV, shows that 39.8% of the subjects with an ICSD diagnosis had a DSM-IV diagnosis. DSM-IV primary insomnia was the most frequent diagnosis. Subjects with such a diagnosis were found in about 10 different ICSD diagnoses, mainly inadequate sleep hygiene, psychophysiological or idiopathic insomnia and insufficient sleep syndrome.

Conclusions

ICSD-90 classification provided higher prevalence of sleep disorder diagnoses than the DSM-IV classification. In adolescents and young adults, DSM-IV primary insomnia is two times more often associated with ICSD inadequate sleep hygiene than with ICSD psychophysiological or idiopathic insomnia.
Which Memory Processes are Affected in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea? An Evaluation of 3 Types of Memory
Authors: Naëgelé Bernadette , Launois Sandrine H. , Mazza Stéphanie , Feuerstein Claude , Pépin Jean-Louis , Lévy Patrick
Published: February 2017

Study Objective:

To investigate which memory processes are affected by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Design:

Three separate memory systems were investigated in patients with OSA and normal subjects. Verbal episodic memory was tested after forced encoding, in order to control the level of attention during item presentation; procedural memory was tested using a simplified version of a standard test with an interfering task; lastly, working memory was examined with validated paradigms based on a theoretical model.

Setting:

Sleep laboratory and outpatient sleep clinic in a French tertiarycare university hospital.

Participants:

Ninety-five patients with OSA and 95 control subjects matched for age and level of education. Group 1 (54 patients, 54 controls) underwent an extensive battery of tasks evaluating verbal episodic, procedural, and working memory. Group 2 (16 patients, 16 controls) underwent procedural memory tests only, and group 3 (25 patients, 25 controls) working memory tests only.

Interventions:

N/A.

Measurements and Results:

Compared with matched controls, patients with OSA exhibited a retrieval deficit of episodic memory but intact maintenance, recognition, and forgetfulness; decreased overall performance in procedural memory, although pattern learning did occur; and impairment of specific working memory capabilities despite normal short-term memory. No consistent correlation was found between OSA severity and memory deficit. The long duration of the test session did not negatively impact the patients' performance.

Conclusions:

Memory impairment in OSA is mild and does not affect all memory processes but, rather, specific aspects, underscoring the need for extensive and specific memory testing in clinical and research settings.

Citation:

Naëgelé B; Launois SH; Mazza S et al. Which memory processes are affected in patients with obstructive sleep apnea? An evaluation of 3 types of memory.
Heart Rate Response to Respiratory Events With or Without Leg Movements
Authors: Yang Chang-Kook , Jordan Amy S. , White David P. , Winkelman John W.
Published: February 2017

Study Objective:

This study compares the heart rate responses to the termination of respiratory events, both with and without associated leg movements.

Methods:

Heart rate was measured for 15 R-R intervals before (T−15 to T−1) and after (T+1 to T+15) the termination of respiratory events as a change from the baseline rate, defined as the average of 10 R-R intervals occurring before the termination of each respiratory event (T−15 to T−6). Individual heart rate changes of the 21 patients were then averaged separately for 10 respiratory events with and 10 without associated leg movements.

Setting:

N/A.

Participants:

Twenty-one patients with obstructive sleep apnea who had respiratory events both with and without associated leg movements.

Intervention:

N/A.

Results:

Maximal heart rate rise for respiratory events with leg movements (7.9 beats per minute) was significantly greater than for respiratory events without leg movements (5.1 beats per minute) (p < .0001). The area under the curve for heart rate increase from T−5 to T+9 was 50.1% higher for respiratory events with leg movements than without leg movements. When respiratory events with and without accompanying leg movements were compared, there were no significant differences in mean duration of respiratory events, mean oxygen desaturation after respiratory events, mean duration of electroencephalogram arousal following respiratory events, or mean heart rate during the baseline period. Heart rate rise did correlate with duration of the leg movements (p < .001) in those respiratory events with leg movements.

Conclusions:

Cardiac activation is significantly greater when the termination of respiratory events is associated with leg movements compared to those without leg movements. This exaggerated heart rate response may be an independent consequence of the leg movements themselves, as other features of the respiratory events and associated arousal were not different in the two conditions.

Citation:

Yang CK; Jordan AS; White DP et al. Heart rate response to respiratory events with or without leg movements.
Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Versus Supplemental Oxygen on Sleep Quality in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Placebo-CPAP−Controlled Study
Authors: Loredo José S. , Ancoli-Israel Sonia , Kim Eui-Joong , Lim Weon Jeong , Dimsdale Joel E.
Published: February 2017

Study Objective:

We investigated the short-term effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and oxygen in improving sleep quality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Design:

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study.

Setting:

General Clinical Research Center at a university hospital.

Patients:

Seventy-six patients with untreated OSA.

Interventions:

Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (CPAP, placebo-CPAP, or nocturnal oxygen at 3 L per minute) for 2 weeks. Sleep quality was assessed at baseline and after 1 and 14 days of therapy. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate treatment and time effects, and their interaction.

Measurements and Results:

Sixty-three patients completed the protocol. When compared with placebo-CPAP and nocturnal oxygen, CPAP increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and significantly reduced stage 1 sleep and the number of stage shifts (p ≤ .003). CPAP improved, to within normal limits, the apnea-hypopnea index, total arousal index, and mean oxyhemoglobin saturation (p ≤ .001). The effects of CPAP were apparent during the first night of therapy. Oxygen improved only mean nocturnal saturation (p = .009). CPAP had no significant effect on stage 2 sleep or slow-wave sleep.

Conclusions:

CPAP was associated with an improvement in sleep quality in patients with OSA by consolidating sleep, reducing stage 1 sleep, and improving REM sleep. CPAP was effective in correcting the respiratory and arousal abnormalities of OSA. The effectiveness of supplemental oxygen was limited to oxyhemoglobin desaturation.

Citation:

Loredo JS; Ancoli-Israel S; Kim EJ et al. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure versus supplemental oxygen on sleep quality in obstructive sleep apnea: a placebo-CPAP-controlled study.
Genetic analysis reveals efficient sexual spore dispersal at a fine spatial scale inArmillaria ostoyae, the causal agent of root-rot disease in conifers
Authors: Dutech Cyril , Labbé Frédéric , Capdevielle Xavier , Lung-Escarmant Brigitte
Published: February 2017

Armillaria ostoyae(sometimes namedA. solidipes) is a fungal species causing root diseases in numerous coniferous forests of the northern hemisphere. The importance of sexual spores for the establishment of new disease centers remains unclear, particularly in the large maritime pine plantations of southwestern France. An analysis of the genetic diversity of a local fungal population distributed over 500 ha in this French forest showed genetic recombination between genotypes to be frequent, consistent with regular sexual reproduction within the population. The estimated spatial genetic structure displayed a significant pattern of isolation by distance, consistent with the dispersal of sexual spores mostly at the spatial scale studied. Using these genetic data, we inferred an effective density of reproductive individuals of 0.1 to 0.3 individuals/ha, and a second moment of parent-progeny dispersal distance of 130 to 800 m, compatible with the main models of fungal spore dispersal. These results contrast with those obtained for studies ofA. ostoyaeover larger spatial scales, suggesting that inferences about mean spore dispersal may be best performed at fine spatial scales (i.e. a few kilometers) for most fungal species.
Investigation and diagnosis of an immediate allergy to amide local anaesthetic in a paediatric dental patient
Authors: Allen G , Chan D , Gue S
Published: February 2017

Local anaesthetics remain the most common prescription medication utilized in dental practise. Adverse reactions following administration of local anaesthetic are somewhat common and are frequently reported as ‘allergies’. However, of these events, it is estimated that only 1% are confirmed allergies to the local anaesthetic. This case report presents the process of referral for investigation and testing to confirm an amide local anaesthetic allergy in a paediatric patient. Testing for a safe alternative was also completed to identify local anaesthetic agents also of the amide variety that could be utilized safely on this individual. Following skin testing of alternative agents, intraoral challenges were completed. Finally, restorative dental treatment was provided safely for the patient with the use of an alternative amide local anaesthetic on a number of occasions with no further adverse outcomes.
Reduced chromatin acetylation of malignant salivary gland tumors correlates with enhanced proliferation
Authors: Wagner Vivian Petersen , Martins Manoela Domingues , Guimaraes Douglas Magno , Vasconcelos Artur Cunha , Meurer Luise , Vargas Pablo Agustin , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , Squarize Cristiane Helena , Castilho Rogerio Moraes
Published: February 2017

Background

Epigenetic changes refer to any heritable modification in gene expression independent of alterations in the DNA sequence. Currently, it is well established that epigenetics represents a crucial player for tumor development. Nevertheless, the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the development and progression of salivary gland tumors (SGTs) remain poorly understood.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed the pattern of acetyl‐histone H3 (lys9) expression in benign and malignant SGTs and further correlate our results with tumors' proliferative activity and clinical outcomes. We assembled tissue microarrays (TMAs) of 84 cases of SGTs and analyzed for acetyl‐histone H3 (lys9) and Ki‐67 using immunohistochemistry. The study comprised 42 benign and 42 malignant SGTs.

Results

All cases included in this study were positive to acetyl‐H3 (lys9). We observed that malignant SGTs were hypoacetylated compared with benign (P = 0.04). Moreover, acetyl‐H3 (lys9) expression was inversely correlated with Ki67 (**P = 0.02).

Conclusion

This study provides the first insight regarding histone modifications in SGTs. Our results suggest that epigenetic mechanism, particularly hypoacetylation of histone H3 (lys9), might play a role in the behavior of salivary gland tumors. Also, our findings suggest that interfering with the acetylation pattern of tumor histones represents a potential novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SGTs.
Applications of genotyping by sequencing in aquaculture breeding and genetics
Authors: Robledo Diego , Palaiokostas Christos , Bargelloni Luca , Martínez Paulino , Houston Ross
Published: February 2017

Selective breeding is increasingly recognized as a key component of sustainable production of aquaculture species. The uptake of genomic technology in aquaculture breeding has traditionally lagged behind terrestrial farmed animals. However, the rapid development and application of sequencing technologies has allowed aquaculture to narrow the gap, leading to substantial genomic resources for all major aquaculture species. While high‐density single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays for some species have been developed recently, direct genotyping by sequencing (GBS) techniques have underpinned many of the advances in aquaculture genetics and breeding to date. In particular, restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐Seq) and subsequent variations have been extensively applied to generate population‐level SNP genotype data. These GBS techniques are not dependent on prior genomic information such as a reference genome assembly for the species of interest. As such, they have been widely utilized by researchers and companies focussing on nonmodel aquaculture species with relatively small research communities. Applications of RAD‐Seq techniques have included generation of genetic linkage maps, performing genome‐wide association studies, improvements of reference genome assemblies and, more recently, genomic selection for traits of interest to aquaculture like growth, sex determination or disease resistance. In this review, we briefly discuss the history of GBS, the nuances of the various GBS techniques, bioinformatics approaches and application of these techniques to various aquaculture species.
Sugars as supplemental cryoprotectants for marine organisms
Authors: Tsai Sujune , Chong Gabriella , Meng Pei‐Jie , Lin Chiahsin
Published: February 2017

Cryopreservation has been extensively used in various mega‐industries and has recently been applied in genetic banking for conservation purposes. Compared with conventional cell preservation methods, cryopreservation can maintain the viability of cryopreserved cells for an indefinite time at a relatively lower cost and lesser manpower, with lower probabilities of contamination and genetic changes. This study presents the crucial role of sugar, a cryoprotectant supplement in cryopreservation. Sugar molecules typically interact with the lipid bilayer during the freezing phase to maintain plasma membrane integrity when cells undergo dehydration. When combined with other permeable cryoprotectants such as glucose with methanol and trehalose with dimethyl sulphoxide, sugar prolongs and enhances cellular post‐thaw viability. Moreover, terrestrial and marine organisms have benefited from the inclusion of sugar in the cryopreservation protocol. For wide range of cells such as the sperm, oocytes, embryos and larvae of marine vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as marine algae, cryopreservation with sugar produced positive results compared with cryopreservation without sugar. Not all sugar is beneficial, and the type and concentration of sugar should be applied according to the species. Moreover, the freezing method may also affect the function of sugar. Nevertheless, understanding the role of sugar in cryobiology and conducting a preliminary trial of sugar for cryopreserving cells would benefit future research on cryopreservation.
Phylogenomic analysis of gene co‐expression networks reveals the evolution of functional modules
Authors: Ruprecht Colin , Proost Sebastian , Hernandez‐Coronado Marcela , Ortiz‐Ramirez Carlos , Lang Daniel , Rensing Stefan A. , Becker Jörg D. , Vandepoele Klaas , Mutwil Marek
Published: February 2017

Molecular evolutionary studies correlate genomic and phylogenetic information with the emergence of new traits of organisms. These traits are, however, the consequence of dynamic gene networks composed of functional modules, which might not be captured by genomic analyses. Here, we established a method that combines large‐scale genomic and phylogenetic data with gene co‐expression networks to extensively study the evolutionary make‐up of modules in the moss Physcomitrella patens, and in the angiosperms Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (rice). We first show that younger genes are less annotated than older genes. By mapping genomic data onto the co‐expression networks, we found that genes from the same evolutionary period tend to be connected, whereas old and young genes tend to be disconnected. Consequently, the analysis revealed modules that emerged at a specific time in plant evolution. To uncover the evolutionary relationships of the modules that are conserved across the plant kingdom, we added phylogenetic information that revealed duplication and speciation events on the module level. This combined analysis revealed an independent duplication of cell wall modules in bryophytes and angiosperms, suggesting a parallel evolution of cell wall pathways in land plants. We provide an online tool allowing plant researchers to perform these analyses at http://www.gene2function.de.
First Zika‐positive donations in the continental United States
Authors: Galel Susan A. , Williamson Phillip C. , Busch Michael P. , Stanek Danielle , Bakkour Sonia , Stone Mars , Lu Kai , Jones Scott , Rossmann Susan N. , Pate Lisa Lee ,   the cobas Zika IND Study Group
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Zika virus (ZIKV) has spread in the Americas, including parts of the southern United States, and infection can be associated with serious complications, including congenital brain abnormalities. Probable transfusion transmission of ZIKV has been documented in Brazil.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Preemptive testing of blood donations for ZIKV RNA was implemented in southern US states at risk of local transmission using a test approved under a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigational new drug application, cobas Zika. Screening was expanded after issuance of an updated FDA guidance. Donations reactive on initial screening were further tested by nucleic acid and antibody tests to determine the donor status.

RESULTS

Of 358,786 donations from US states screened by individual donation testing, 23 were initially reactive on cobas Zika. Fourteen of these represented probable ZIKV infection based on reactivity on additional nucleic acid testing or anti‐Zika immunoglobulin M. Ten of the 14 donors reported travel to an identified ZIKV‐active area within 90 days before donation (median time from end of travel to donation, 25 days; range, 6‐71 days). Three donors with travel history also had a potential sexual exposure. Only seven of the 14 donations with probable ZIKV infection were detectable upon 1:6 dilution to simulate minipool testing. The estimated specificity of the cobas Zika test was 99.997%.

CONCLUSION

Screening of donations for ZIKV RNA can interdict ZIKV‐infected donors. Donor risk factors include travel more than 4 weeks before donation and sexual exposure. Minipool screening would have detected only 50% of the RNA‐positive donations.