bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing Clinical Profiles in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Dementia
Authors: Farlow Martin R. , Schmitt Frederick , Aarsland Dag , Grossberg George T. , Somogyi Monique , Meng Xiangyi
Published: September 2013

Background: Greater understanding of differences in baseline impairment and disease progression in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) may improve the interpretation of drug effects and the design of future studies. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of three randomized, double-blind rivastigmine databases (one in PDD, two in AD). Impairment on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog), Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL) scale, 10-item Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-10) and the ADCS-Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) was compared [standardized difference (Cohen's d), similar if <0.1]. Results: Patients with AD or PDD had similar levels of impairment on the ADAS-cog and NPI-10. Scores on the ADCS-ADL scale (standardized difference = 0.47) and the ADAS-cog memory domain (total, 0.33; items, 0.10-0.58) were higher in AD; PDD patients were more impaired in the language (0.23) and praxis (0.34) domains. AD patients receiving placebo showed greater deterioration on the ADAS-cog (0.14) and improvement on the NPI-10 (0.11) compared with patients with PDD. Conclusion: Differing patterns of impairment occur in AD and PDD.
External Validation of the DRAGON Score in an Elderly Spanish Population: Prediction of Stroke Prognosis after IV Thrombolysis
Authors: Giralt-Steinhauer Eva , Rodríguez-Campello Ana , Cuadrado-Godia Elisa , Ois Ángel , Jiménez-Conde Jordi , Soriano-Tárraga Carolina , Roquer Jaume
Published: September 2013

Background: Intravenous (i.v.) thrombolysis within 4.5 h of symptom onset has proven efficacy in acute ischemic stroke treatment, although half of all outcomes are unfavorable. The recently published DRAGON score aims to predict the 3-month outcome in stroke patients who have received i.v. alteplase. The purpose of this study was an external validation of the results of the DRAGON score in a Spanish cohort. Methods: Patients with acute stroke treated with alteplase were prospectively registered in our BasicMar database. We collected demographic characteristics, vascular risk factors, the time from stroke onset to treatment, baseline serum glucose levels and stroke severity for this population. We then reviewed hyperdense cerebral artery signs and signs of early infarct on the admission CT scan. We calculated the DRAGON score and used the developers' 3-month prognosis categories: good [modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) 0-2], poor (mRS 3-6) and miserable (mRS 5-6) outcome. Discrimination was tested using the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC-ROC). Calibration was assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Results: Our final cohort of 297 patients was older (median age 74 years, IQR 65-80) and had more risk factors and severe strokes [median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) points 13, IQR 7-19] than the original study population. Poor prognosis was observed in 143 (48.1%) patients. Higher DRAGON scores were associated with a higher risk of poor prognosis. None of our treated stroke patients with a DRAGON score ≥8 at admission experienced a favorable outcome after 3 months. All DRAGON variables were significantly associated with a worse outcome in the multivariate analysis except for onset-to-treatment time (p = 0.334). Discrimination to predict poor prognosis was very good (AUC-ROC 0.84) and the score had good Hosmer-Lemeshow calibration (p = 0.84). Conclusions: The DRAGON score is easy to perform and offers a rapid, reliable prediction of poor prognosis in acute-stroke patients treated with alteplase. This study replicates the original results in a different population.
Prevalence of Dementia in Japan: A Systematic Review
Authors: Okamura Hitoshi , Ishii Shinya , Ishii Tomoyuki , Eboshida Akira
Published: September 2013

Background/Aims: The actual prevalence of dementia in Japan as well as the changes in the prevalence are not well known. Therefore, we undertook a systematic review to collect evidence regarding the prevalence of dementia in Japan. Methods: For this systematic review, we searched 2 electronic databases to identify cross-sectional or repeated cross-sectional studies with data regarding the study population, study location, diagnostic criteria, and prevalence of dementia. Results: Twenty-one studies were selected from 782 references. Sixteen studies surveyed individuals living at home; of these, 5 studies also included hospitalized or institutionalized patients. Most of the studies were conducted using a two-phase survey (phase I: screening, phase II: diagnosis of dementia). The clinical diagnosis of dementia was made based on the guidelines of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in a majority of the studies. The prevalence of all types of dementia ranged from 2.9 to 12.5% and has been gradually increasing over the past few years. Conclusion: The results of this systematic review suggest that the prevalence of dementia has recently increased. However, further well-designed studies taking into account factors that affect the prevalence of dementia are needed to clarify the actual prevalence.
Effects of Various Antihypertensive Drugs on Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflections
Authors: Liu Ming , Li Ge-Le , Li Yan , Wang Ji-Guang
Published: September 2013

We reviewed trials that tested the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs in reducing arterial stiffness and wave reflections as assessed by pulse wave velocity and augmentation index, respectively. Regardless of cross-over or parallel-group comparison design, placebo-controlled trials demonstrated that antihypertensive drugs were effective in reducing pulse wave velocity. In actively-controlled parallel-group comparison studies, this effect on arterial stiffness was more evident for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers than other classes of antihypertensive drugs, particularly when brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity was measured. Regardless of cross-over or parallel-group comparison or placebo- or actively-controlled design, the reviewed trials showed that β-blockers were inferior to all the other classes of antihypertensive drugs in reducing augmentation index. However, these studies had a small sample size and a short follow-up time and did not link the changes in measurements of arterial function with cardiovascular events. Whether the superiority or inferiority is clinically relevant for cardiovascular protection and prevention remains to be investigated.
Arterial Stiffness, Kidney Function, and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression
Authors: Townsend Raymond R. , Tomiyama Hirofumi
Published: September 2013

Arterial stiffness can nowadays be measured easily and noninvasively around the globe. Although well established as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events, less is known about the role of arterial stiffness in the progressive loss of kidney function once chronic kidney disease (CKD) is established. In addition to measures of arterial stiffness, a number of devices now noninvasively record the pulse profile from sites such as the radial artery and, using internal algorithms, are able to estimate central pressure profiles. Although these devices have generated much data on the prediction of cardiovascular events, e.g. measures of arterial stiffness, there is much less known about the predictive utility of these measures in CKD progression. In this review, we cover approaches to arterial stiffness as measured by pulse wave velocity and discuss measures of the systolic and diastolic contour of the pulse waveform vis-à-vis their relationship to declines in kidney function over time. We restrict our coverage to studies that have longitudinal data, but we also include a table of studies, which, to our knowledge, have only published cross-sectional data at this time.
Parkin Plays a Role in Sporadic Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Dawson Ted M. , Dawson Valina L.
Published: September 2013

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurologic disorder, which affects approximately one million men and women in the US alone. PD represents a heterogeneous disorder with common clinical manifestations and, for the most part, common neuropathological findings. Objective: This short article reviews the role of the ubiquitin E3 ligase in sporadic PD. Methods: The role of parkin in sporadic PD was reviewed by querying PubMed. Results: Parkin is inactivated in sporadic PD via S-nitrosylation, oxidative and dopaminergic stress, and phosphorylation by the stress-activated kinase c-Abl, leading to the accumulation of AIMP2 and PARIS (ZNF746). Conclusion: Strategies aimed at maintaining parkin in a catalytically active state or interfering with the toxicity of AIMP2 and PARIS (ZNF746) offer new therapeutic opportunities.
Fluid Balance in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury: Emerging Concepts
Authors: Godin Mélanie , Bouchard Josée , Mehta Ravindra L.
Published: September 2013

Intensive care unit and surgical populations are at increased risk for acute kidney injury (AKI) and oliguria, which often lead to fluid accumulation. Volume resuscitation is a cornerstone in the treatment of hemodynamic instability in these populations. However, fluid balance evaluation and its management in the critically ill can be challenging. Several clinical and paraclinical tools may aid decision-making regarding fluid management. When fluid therapy is indicated, crystalloids should be the preferred agents. Synthetic colloids have been associated with no survival benefit and increased risk of AKI. There is currently a paradigm shift in which hypervolemia is no longer desirable and is increasingly shown to be detrimental to both renal outcomes and survival. Instead, approaches that aim for neutral and slightly negative fluid balance or ‘dry' patients after initial fluid resuscitation are favored. This may be achieved by conservative fluid strategies, diuretics or renal replacement therapy. In this paper, we will review recent findings on the principles of fluid management in AKI, including assessment of fluid need, choice of fluid solutions, influence of fluid overload on outcomes, and some practical issues to achieve fluid balance and minimize complications in patients with AKI.
Addition of Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS®) Albumin Dialysis for the Preoperative Management of Jaundiced Patients with Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Regimbeau Jean-Marc , Fuks David , Chapuis-Roux Emilie , Yzet Thierry , Cosse Cyril , Bartoli Eric , N'Guyen-Khac Eric , Robert Brice , Lobjoie Eric
Published: September 2013

The preoperative management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) with jaundice focuses on decreasing the total serum bilirubin level (SBL) by performing preoperative biliary drainage (PBD). However, it takes about 6-8 weeks for the SBL to fall at a sufficient extent. The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the impact of Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS®) dialysis (in association with PBD) on SBL decrease. From January 2010 to January 2011, we prospectively selected all jaundiced patients admitted to our university hospital for resectable HC and requiring PBD prior to major hepatectomy. The PBD was followed by 3 sessions of MARS dialysis over a period of 72 h. A total of 10 patients with HC were screened and two of them were included (Bismuth-Corlette stage IIIa, gender ratio 1, median age 68 years). The initial SBL in the two patients was 328 and 242 μmol/l, respectively. After three MARS dialysis sessions, the SBL had fallen by 30 and 52%, respectively. After the end of each session, there was a SBL rebound of about 10 μmol/l. The MARS decreased the serum creatinine level, the platelet count and the prothrombin index, but did not modify the serum albumin level. Pruritus disappeared after one and two sessions, respectively. MARS-related morbidity included hypotension (n = 1), tachycardia (n = 1), thrombocytopenia (n = 2) and anaemia (n = 1). When combined with PBD, MARS dialysis appears to accelerate the decrease in SBL and thus may enable earlier surgery. This hypothesis must be validated in a larger study.
Toxic Megacolon and Acute Ischemia of the Colon due to Sigmoid Stenosis Related to Diverticulitis
Authors: Antonopoulos P. , Almyroudi M. , Kolonia V. , Kouris S. , Troumpoukis N. , Economou N.
Published: September 2013

We present a rare case of toxic megacolon accompanied by necrosis of the colon due to chronic dilation caused by stenosis of the sigmoid colon as a complication of diverticulitis. The patient presented at the emergency department with diffuse abdominal pain, fever (38.8°C) and tachycardia (120 beats/min). Physical examination revealed distension and tenderness on deep palpation on the left lower quadrant without peritoneal signs. Abdominal computed tomography showed located stenosis in the sigmoid colon and marked dilation of the descending (12 cm diameter) and transverse (7.5 cm diameter) colon. A few hours later, the patient developed severe septic shock with electrolyte abnormalities. He had a history of two prior admissions to our hospital due to crises of acute diverticulitis. Based on Jalan's criteria the diagnosis was compatible with toxic megacolon. The patient's condition deteriorated suddenly and an emergency colectomy was performed. The operative findings revealed a necrotic colon. Histology examination confirmed the diagnosis of ischemia of the colon. To our knowledge this is the first published report in the literature which refers to a rare complication of diverticulitis, namely chronic stenosis which complicated to colonic ischemia and toxic megacolon.
The Role of
CAV3
in Long–QT Syndrome
Authors: Hedley Paula L. , Kanters Jørgen K. , Dembic Maja , Jespersen Thomas , Skibsbye Lasse , Aidt Frederik H. , Eschen Ole , Graff Claus , Behr Elijah R. , Schlamowitz Sarah , Corfield Valerie , McKenna William J. , Christiansen Michael
Published: September 2013

Background—

Mutations in
CAV3
, coding for caveolin-3, the major constituent scaffolding protein of cardiac caveolae, have been associated with skeletal muscle disease, cardiomyopathy, and most recently long–QT syndrome (LQTS) and sudden infant death syndrome. We examined the occurrence of
CAV3
mutations in a large cohort of patients with LQTS.

Methods and Results—

Probands with LQTS (n=167) were screened for mutations in
CAV3
using direct DNA sequencing. A single proband (0.6%) was found to be a heterozygous carrier of a previously described missense mutation, caveolin-3:p.T78M. The proband was also a heterozygous carrier of the trafficking-deficient Kv11.1:p.I400N mutation. The caveolin-3:p.T78M mutation was found isolated in 3 family members, none of whom had a prolonged QT
c
interval. Coimmunoprecipitations of caveolin-3 and the voltage-gated potassium channel subunit (Kv11.1) were performed, and the electrophysiological classification of the Kv11.1 mutant was carried out by patch-clamp technique in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Furthermore, the T-wave morphology was assessed in mutation carriers, double mutation carriers, and nonmutation carriers by applying a morphology combination score. The morphology combination score was normal for isolated caveolin-3:p.T78M carriers and of LQT2 type in double heterozygotes.

Conclusions—

Mutations in
CAV3
are rare in LQTS. Furthermore, caveolin-3:p.T78M did not exhibit a LQTS phenotype. Because no association has ever been found between LQTS and isolated
CAV3
mutations, we suggest that LQTS9 is considered a provisional entity.
The Metabiotic State: Dziga Vertov's The Eleventh Year
Authors: Fore Devin
Published: September 2013

One of the most important units within Dziga Vertov's conceptual system is the lexeme that means BOND. It recurs throughout his writings, most often appearing as the noun sviaz' although sometimes it also surfaces as the verb sviazat' (“to link”). Occasionally it is alloyed with a second lexeme to forge strange and unprecedented compounds, as in Vertov's definition of “kino-eye” as a “film-bond [kino-sviaz'] between the peoples of the USSR and those of the entire world.” Such insistence on film's status as a visual link, or copula, explains why Vertov, in contrast to contemporaries like Lev Kuleshov, looked askance at proposals to establish a formal ontology for the medium: Itself neither matter nor substance, cinema was instead a constructive means for connecting and binding substances, a means for catalyzing interactions between diverse and seemingly incommensurate objects. Thus, for Vertov, cinema was less an art form with clearly defined generic contours than “a kind of central telephonic exchange,” a means of communication, a coefficient of political activity, or even, in its greatest compass, a “social movement” itself (“Metod kino-glaza,” Iz naslediia, 2:142).
William Holman Hunt’s Holy War in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
Authors: Davenport Nancy
Published: September 2013

Abstract

This essay is concerned to interpret the background, meaning, and reception of a late painting by the British Pre-Raphaelite painter William Holman Hunt entitled The Miracle of the Sacred Fire in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (1899). The painting illustrates and critiques an annual Easter Saturday miracle reported to have been experienced by believers and nonbelievers since the third century CE. During this miracle, fire descends from the oculus of the dome in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem onto the site believed to be the tomb of Christ, and impassioned pilgrims by the hundreds seek to light their candles with its flame. The painting, not well received when first exhibited at the New Gallery in London, remained in Hunt’s studio until his death in 1910. The history of the church in Jerusalem, the conflicts between the different Christian sects who guarded it, the attitude of one Victorian ecumenical Protestant traveler to Jerusalem toward these conflicts, and their resolution in his painting are the subjects used to explore this strangely overwrought and little known image.
“This Earth Was Once a Garden Place”: Millennial Utopianism in Nineteenth-Century Mormon Poetry
Authors: Hales Scott
Published: September 2013

Abstract

In preparation for Christ’s Second Coming, nineteenth-century Mormons worked tirelessly to build Zion, a holy city where they could weather the latter-days and plan for the Millennium. Among those who contributed their talents to Zion were poets who set their millennial longing in verse. Their body of work shows how early Mormons drew upon the Bible, new Mormon doctrines, and existing poetic forms to create a literary complement to the developing Mormon eschatology. It also shows how the Mormon concept of Zion evolved over time as historical circumstances necessitated doctrinal adaptations that affected the way Mormons envisioned their earthly haven.
Monitoring changes in sandy beaches in temperate areas through sandhoppers’ adaptations
Authors: Scapini Felicita , Fanini Lucia , Gambineri Simone , Nourisson Delphine , Rossano Claudia
Published: September 2013

Sandhoppers (Amphipoda, Talitridae) are keystone species of sandy beach ecosystems in temperate areas. Several traits have been studied and proposed as bioindicators of impacts on sandy beaches, at individual (physiology and behaviour), population (life cycle, abundance, population dynamics and structure, morphometry and fluctuating asymmetry) and species (genetic structure and variation) levels. Sandy beaches, where these species spend their whole life cycle, are dynamic environments, subject to periodic changes (night-day, tides and seasons), as well as to impacts that may cause erosion or accretion of the littoral zone. The first response of an animal to potentially injuring factors is shown by its avoidance behaviour regarding the potential stress. This behaviour may be a rapid escape reaction, shown by single individuals, the whole or part of the population. Activity rhythms, changes in zonation, burrowing, escape reactions, orientation towards the optimal zone on the beach, are all adaptations to environmental changes, increasing the survival chances of the individuals and populations that express such behaviours. In this paper we present case studies of the talitrid species’ behavioural adaptations related to natural and human impacts on sandy beaches in the Mediterranean: (1) erosion/accretion dynamics of a Tyrrhenian beach in central Italy (Maremma Regional Park), and (2) increasing urbanisation on a beach in north-western Morocco (Oued Laou river mouth). The best behavioural adaptation was shown by the populations from more stable coastlines. For the survival value of rapid and possibly anticipatory responses to stressful factors, behavioural variation may be proposed as an early-warning indicator of environmental changes. The adaptation at higher levels (population and species) may reflect, on the one hand, the evolvability of the species and, on the other hand, the changeability of the environment. Adaptations at population level may be used as bioindicators of past changes over generations and evolutionary times.
A survey of amphipods associated with molluscs
Authors: Vader Wim , Tandberg Anne Helene S.
Published: September 2013

This paper reviews the direct associations between amphipods and molluscs. They are basically of two types, one in which the amphipods temporarily shelter under the shell of intertidal snails, the other in which they spend their entire life in the mantle cavity of subtidal bivalves. In the latter category the amphipods often show territorial behaviour and extended parental care. The calliopiid Calliopiella michaelseni Schellenberg, 1925, associated with intertidal Patella spp. in S. Africa, biologically nevertheless belongs to the category of the bivalve associates.
Amphipod assemblages before and after beach nourishment in the central Adriatic Sea (Italy)
Authors: Lattanzi L. , Targusi M. , Nicoletti L.
Published: September 2013

This study analyses the amphipod assemblages found in seven sites situated along the coasts of the Marche Region (central Adriatic Sea, Italy), before and after beach nourishment activities. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the changes in the structure and species composition of amphipod assemblages after nourishment. Amphipod samples were collected at each site at 2 m and 5 m depths during two different periods: May-June 2008 (before) and June-July 2010 (after). Granulometric analyses were also carried out at the same depths. Nourishment was performed in two periods: May-November 2009 (in all sites except Civitanova Marche) and February 2010 (only in Civitanova Marche). The amphipod assemblages collected before and after beach nourishment at the two depths differed in terms of species composition and abundance, while no significant differences were observed between the control stations and the impacted stations (affected by beach nourishment). The differences observed can probably be ascribed to the changes in the abiotic and biotic factors caused by the nourishment activities in the seven sites.
Dietary variation in the crab Aratus pisonii (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Decapoda, Sesarmidae) in a mangrove gradient in northwestern Venezuela
Authors: López Beatriz , Conde Jesús E.
Published: September 2013

In order to investigate if the variety of resources consumed by Aratus pisonii (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) changes along a structural mangrove gradient, the natural diet of this crab species was studied in five mangrove forests. Mangrove forests with different degrees of structural development (arboreal, arbustive, scrub) and located in different environments (estuarine, marine, hypersaline) on the northwest coast of Venezuela were considered, during the rainy and dry seasons. Rhizophora mangle Linnaeus, 1753 was the predominant mangrove species. The gut contents of 313 individuals were analysed, yielding a total of 12 prey categories. The diet of A. pisonii was based on mangrove fragments (leaves and bark). The index of relative importance (IRI) of mangrove fragments varied between 58% and 96%. Other items supplemented the diet: seagrass, algae, insects and crustaceans. The variety of resources consumed by A. pisonii was related to the mangrove structure and varied with the season. During the rainy period food diversity in the gut content increased, as mangrove heterogeneity and complexity increased, but during the dry season the trend was reversed. Aratus pisonii appears to enhance an opportunistic feeding behaviour when leaf quality decreases, which occurs during the dry season mainly in the hypersaline mangroves with less structural development (arbustive and scrub). During the drought the IRI of the items of animal origin increased in all the localities; this could be a response to the nutritional needs of the crabs during this season. In this work, we report the first documented egg consumption of its conspecifics, which supports the idea of cannibalistic behaviour associated mainly with crabs that live in the hypersaline and scrub mangrove with the lowest structural development and leaf quality.
Effect of hydrogen peroxide on behavioural reactions and survival of various Lake Baikal amphipods and Holarctic Gammarus lacustris G. O. Sars, 1863
Authors: Fedoseeva E. V. , Stom D. I.
Published: September 2013

The physico-chemical characteristics of the Lake Baikal ecosystem classify it as an oxidative environment. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is often used for the simulation of the responses of hydrobionts to oxidative stress conditions. Here we studied the survival rate and behavioural reactions of several species of amphipods from Lake Baikal and, for reference, Holarctic Gammarus lacustris in the presence of H2O2. Preference and avoidance reactions to H2O2 were estimated in special flow installations with pairwise choices. The amphipods were ranked by their degree of preference to H2O2 (in descending order) as: Eulimnogammarus vittatus = E. verrucosus > Pallasea cancellus > Gmelinoides fasciatus ≥ G. lacustris. The deep-dwelling Ommatogammarus flavus showed neither preference, nor avoidance reactions to the introduction of H2O2. A direct correlation was revealed between the survival rate of amphipods in H2O2 solutions and their body size. The smaller their body size, the less resistance was demonstrated by the species: E. verrucosus > E. vittatus = G. lacustris > E. cyaneus ≥ G. fasciatus. The results of both series of experiments gave evidence that under conditions in which an active choice was possible, G. lacustris demonstrated a higher sensitivity to H2O2, than the Baikalian species we studied. Possible relations between the reactions discovered for the Baikalian amphipods, their living environment, and their possible expansion beyond Lake Baikal are discussed.
Taxonomic notes on the genus Justicia (Acanthaceae) from Thailand
Authors: RUEANGSAWANG KANOKORN , CHANTARANOTHAI PRANOM , SIMPSON DAVID A.
Published: September 2013

Justicia hansenii is described and illustrated from south-eastern Thailand. Justicia henicophylla and J. viridiflora are lectotypified, and four names are placed into synonymy for the first time.
Intraspecific variation in Typhlocharis Dieck, 1869 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Anillini): the case of two new species of the baetica group
Authors: PÉREZ-GONZÁLEZ SERGIO , ZABALLOS JUAN P. , GHANNEM SAMIR
Published: September 2013

Two new species of Typhlocharis Dieck, 1869 from the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula included in baetica species group are described: T. acutangula n. sp. and T. mixta n. sp. The new species can be easily recognized by the presence of an anterodistal dentiform projection in metatibia (T. acutangula sp.n) and pseudotetramery and a medial tooth in clypeus (T. mixta sp.n), features not observed in any other species of the group, but present in quadridentata and gomezi groups respectively. An updated key of baetica group is provided. The large series of T. mixta n. sp. allowed a good study of intraspecific variation, which is detailed and compared within the genus. Implications for the systematics and relations of the baetica group are discussed. Intraspecific variations are grouped in four categories: individual variations in shape, size and proportions, alterations in chaetotaxy, asymmetries, and teratologies or malformations. Finally, implications and problems of intraspecific variability for the systematics of the genus are discussed.
The first Triassic dipteran (Insecta) from South America,
with review of Hennigmatidae
Authors: LARA MARÍA BELÉN , LUKASHEVICH ELENA D.
Published: September 2013

The first Triassic dipteran from South America is described based on an isolated wing from the lower Upper Triassic deposits of Argentina (Mendoza Province, Potrerillos Formation, Quebrada del Durazno locality). Trihennigma zavattierii gen. et sp. nov. is a member of the Mesozoic family Hennigmatidae, previously recorded only from Eurasia. A key for the genera and species of Hennigmatidae is provided and systematic position of the taxa is discussed.
A new species of Gymnocnemia Schneider, 1845 from Morocco with additional diagnostic data for the genus (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae)
Authors: MICHEL BRUNO
Published: September 2013

Gymnocnemia editaerevayae nov. sp. is described from the High Atlas Mountains in Morocco and compared to Gymnocnemia variegata Schneider, 1845. Descriptions of male genitalia and male and female terminalia of G. variegata are provided. Both species are illustrated.
Correction to “Nomenclature of African species of the genus Stenodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae)” by Metallinou and Crochet (2013)
Authors: CROCHET PIERRE-ANDRÉ , METALLINOU MARGARITA
Published: September 2013

In our recent paper on the nomenclature of the African species of the genus Stenodactylus (Metallinou & Crochet 2013) we argued that the lectotype designation made for Stenodactylus stenurus Werner, 1899 by Kratochvil et al. (2001) was invalid because the authors did not provide an express statement of the taxonomic purpose of the designation. This argument was based on Article 74.7.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999, the Code hereafter) which states: “To be valid, a lectotype designation made after 1999 must contain an express statement of the taxonomic purpose of the designation.”
Trends in Precipitation, Runoff, and Evapotranspiration for Rivers Draining to the Gulf of Maine in the United States*
Authors: Huntington T. G. , Billmire M.
Published: September 2013

Climate warming is projected to result in increases in total annual precipitation in northeastern North America. The response of runoff to increases in precipitation is likely to be more complex because increasing evapotranspiration (ET) could counteract increasing precipitation. This study was conducted to examine these competing trends in the historical record for 22 rivers having >70 yr of runoff data. Annual (water year) average precipitation increased in all basins, with increases ranging from 0.9 to 3.12 mm yr−1. Runoff increased in all basins with increases ranging from 0.67 to 2.58 mm yr−1. The ET was calculated by using a water balance approach in which changes in terrestrial water storage were considered negligible. ET increased in 16 basins and decreased in 6 basins. Temporal trends in temperature, precipitation, runoff, and ET were also calculated for each basin over their respective periods of record for runoff and for the consistent period (1927–2011) for the area-weighted average of the nine largest non-nested basins. From 1927 through 2011, precipitation and runoff increased at average rates of 1.6 and 1.7 mm yr−1, respectively, and ET increased slightly at a rate of 0.18 mm yr−1. For the more recent period (1970–2011), there was a positive trend in ET of 1.9 mm yr−1. The lack of a more consistent increase in ET, compared with the increases in precipitation and runoff, for the full periods of record, was unexpected, but may be explained by various factors including decreasing wind speed, increasing cloudiness, decreasing vapor pressure deficit, and patterns of forest growth.
Assessing the Ensemble Spread–Error Relationship
Authors: Hopson T. M.
Published: September 2013

The potential ability of an ensemble prediction system (EPS) to represent its own varying forecast error provides strong motivation to produce an EPS over a less expensive deterministic forecast. Traditionally, this ability has been assessed by correlating the realized forecast error with the ensemble's dispersion. This paper revisits the limitations of the skill–spread correlation, but uses aspects of the correlation to introduce two metrics to assess an EPS's capacity to provide a reliable likelihood of its own error. Using a perfect EPS, skill–spread correlation is shown to be limited by its dependence on how “skill” and “spread” are defined and, perhaps most fatally, by its inability to distill the skill–spread reliability from the stability properties of the physical system being modeled. Building from this, it is argued there are two aspects of an ensemble's dispersion that should be assessed. First, is there enough variability in the dispersion to justify the expense of the EPS? The factor that controls the theoretical upper limit of the spread–error correlation can be useful in diagnosing this. Second, does the variable dispersion of an ensemble relate to a variable expectation of the forecast error? Representing the spread–error correlation in relation to its theoretical limit can provide a simple diagnostic of this attribute. A context for these concepts is provided by assessing two operational ensembles: western U.S. temperature forecasts and Brahmaputra River flow before and after postprocessing. It is shown that “skill–spread” reliability can be improved by postprocessing to that of a perfect EPS, but at the cost of the potential information content of the EPS's variable dispersion.
On translating Magris: ‘Closelaboration’ with a difference
Authors: Appel Anne Milano
Published: September 2013

This essay focuses on the translation of Claudio Magris’ novel Blindly ( Alla cieca) into English and the collaboration between author and translator during the course of the project. Magris’ willingness to become an active participant in the translation process confirmed his frequent observation that ‘the translator is truly a co-author, part accomplice, part rival, part lover.’ Specifically, the essay examines the themes, imagery, and stylistic elements employed by Magris to render the multiple, interwoven strands that form the river of the narrative, spanning geography and history, space and time, to describe a story of senseless actions and wrongs endured and inflicted. Of revolutionaries and those who persecute them, victims and oppressors, hunter and prey. Of the betrayed and their betrayers everywhere. And over it all the pall cast by those unwilling to lift the shroud of silence and bear witness to the truth: those who prefer to live ‘blindly.’
Considerations to maximize fat mass gain in a mouse model of diet-induced weight gain
Authors: Carpenter KC , Strohacker K , McFarlin BK
Published: September 2013

Mouse experimental models of diet-induced weight gain are commonly used as analogs to human obesity; however, a wide variety of feeding methods have been used and the most effective way to maximize weight gain is not known. Maximizing weight gain may allow for a reduction in the number of animals required for a given experiment. The purpose of this study was how to cause the greatest amount of weight gain in CD-1 mice by modifying the composition and source of their diet. To accomplish this goal, we completed two experiments: (1) Effect of dietary macronutrient fat intake (60% (HF60), 45% (HF45), 30% (HF30), or 13.5% (CON) fat diet for 18 weeks); and (2) Effect of 1:1 mixed HF60 and CON diets. Outcome measures included food intake, body mass, and body composition, which were measured bi-weekly and statistically analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (RM–ANOVA). In Experiment 1, the greatest increase in body and fat mass was observed in HF60 (36%) and HF45 (29%) compared with HF30 and CON ( P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, HF + stock diet (SK) gained 25% more body mass and 70% more fat mass than HF ( P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings suggest that using a high-fat based diet (>45% calories from fat), mixed with a stock diet, results in substantially more weight gain over a similar period, of time, which would allow an investigator to use ∼40% fewer animals in their experimental model.
‘We’ve Got Some Underground Business Selling Junk Food’: Qualitative Evidence of the Unintended Effects of English School Food Policies
Authors: Fletcher Adam , Jamal Farah , Fitzgerald-Yau Natasha , Bonell Chris
Published: September 2013

Drawing on two qualitative studies, we report evidence of pervasive black markets in confectionery, ‘junk’ food and energy drinks in English secondary schools. Data were collected at six schools through focus groups and interviews with students ( n = 149) and staff ( n = 36), and direct observations. Supermarkets, new technologies and teachers’ narrow focus on attainment have enabled these ‘underground businesses’ to emerge following increased state regulation of school food and drink provision. These activities represent a new form of counter-school resistance to institutional constraints within the context of enduring, although less visible, class-based stratification in British secondary schools. These black markets also appear to be partly driven by the unsafe and unsociable nature of school canteens, which was a recurring theme across all schools. These findings highlight how new school food ‘bans’ ignore the complex, ecological drivers of poor diet in youth and the potential for iatrogenic effects which exacerbate health inequalities.
Recasting the Image: Celso Costantini and the Role of Sacred Art and Architecture in the Indigenization of the Chinese Catholic Church, 1922–1933
Authors: Arrington Aminta
Published: September 2013

How can Christianity not be viewed as a foreign religion in China? It is not a new question: Celso Costantini (1876–1958), apostolic delegate to China, wrestled with the same question during the tumultuous 1920s. As a Roman Catholic, Costantini didn’t approach indigenization through the well-known Protestant “three-self” formula. Rather, he encouraged local artists to paint Christian themes using Chinese motifs. He promoted the use of Chinese architectural styles, rather than Western edifices, in Catholic buildings. Through the indigenization of sacred art and architecture, Costantini sought to recast the image of the Christian church in China.
FGP model to optimize performance of tableting process with three quality responses
Authors: Al-Refaie Abbas
Published: September 2013

This research aims at optimizing the performance of tableting process with three quality responses: tablet’s weight, thickness and hardness, using the additive weighted model in fuzzy goal programming (FGP). At initial factor settings, the [Formula: see text] –s control charts are established, then found in-control for all the three responses. The estimated process capability index, [Formula: see text], values indicate that the process is highly capable for weight (=2.78), capable for thickness (=1.79), but it is incapable for hardness (=0.093). Three three-level process factors are investigated including: machine speed, compression force and filling depth, using an [Formula: see text] array. Confirmation experiments at the combination of optimal factor settings obtained using the FGP provide Cpk values of 4.73, 2.03 and 2.04 for weight, thickness and hardness, respectively. These values indicate that the tableting process becomes highly capable for the three responses. In addition, the estimated multivariate process capability index, MCpk (=2.70), has been greatly improved from the estimated value (=0.77) at the combination of initial factor settings. Such an improvement in process performance will lead to huge savings in quality and production costs. In conclusion, the FGP model will provide great support to process/product engineers when improving process performance with multiple quality responses.
Randomized trial of two swallowing assessment approaches in patients with acquired brain injury: Facial-Oral Tract Therapy versus Fibreoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing
Authors: Kjaersgaard Annette , Nielsen Lars Hedemann , Sjölund Bengt H
Published: September 2013

Objective:

To examine whether patients assessed for initiation of oral intake only by Facial-Oral Tract Therapy had a greater risk of developing aspiration pneumonia during neurorehabilitation than patients assessed by Fibreoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Specialized, national neurorehabilitation centre.

Subjects:

Adult patients with acquired brain injury. Six hundred and seventy-nine patients were assessed for eligibility and 138 were randomly allocated between June 2009 and April 2011.

Interventions:

Assessment by Facial-Oral Tract Therapy (control group) or Fibreoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (intervention group).

Main measure:

Primary outcome was the number of aspiration pneumonias that developed after initiation of oral intake.

Results:

One hundred and nineteen patients were included in the analysis of the primary outcome (62 controls/57 interventions). Sixteen patients were clinically diagnosed with pneumonia (4 controls/12 interventions). Nine patients had to be excluded: 6 patients got pneumonia before initiating oral intake; 3 patients with the clinical diagnosis of pneumonia did not show radiological signs. Seven patients were left for analysis, 4 of whom developed aspiration pneumonia within 10 days after initiating oral intake (1 control/3 interventions).

Conclusion:

In the presence of a structured clinical assessment with the Facial-Oral Tract Therapy approach, it is unnecessary to undertake an instrumental investigation of swallowing before initiation of oral intake.
Thymofibrolipoma in a Labrador Retriever
Authors: Tobias J. R. , Cullen J. M.
Published: September 2013

While thymomas are uncommon but well-known mediastinal masses, collagen-rich variants are exceedingly rare. Thymofibrolipoma and sclerosing thymoma tumor variants have been recently recognized in medical pathology, and thymofibrolipoma has been only rarely reported in dogs. A cranial thoracic mass was identified in a 6-year-old Labrador Retriever that was characterized by robust collagenous stroma dissected by thin cords of cytokeratin-positive neoplastic epithelial cells and bordered by mildly pleomorphic epithelial cells with occasional lymphocytic aggregates and rare Hassall corpuscles. To the authors’ knowledge, this is only the second report of thymofibrolipoma in veterinary medicine and the first to describe a variant with a mitotically active and relatively pleomorphic, adjacent thymic epithelial population.
The Different Facets of Work Stress
Authors: Jenull Brigitte B. , Wiedermann Wolfgang
Published: September 2013

Work-related stress has been identified as a relevant problem leading to negative effects on health and quality of life. Using data from 844 nurses, latent profile analyses (LPA) were applied to identify distinct patterns of work stress. Several sociodemographic variables, including nurses’ working and living conditions, as well as nurses’ reactions to workload, were considered to predict respondents’ profile membership. LPA revealed three distinct profiles that can be distinguished by a low, moderate, and higher stress level. Being financially secure is positively related to the low stress profile, whereas working in an urban area and having low job satisfaction increases the chance of belonging to the higher stress profile. Our results can be used as a basis to develop interventions to create a healthy nursing home environment by supporting the balance between family and work, providing access to job resources and optimizing recovery opportunities.
Community Aging Initiatives and Social Capital
Authors: Greenfield Emily A.
Published: September 2013

This study aimed to develop theory on how Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) Supportive Service Programs potentially transform social relationships within communities to promote aging in place. Data were analyzed from semi-structured in-depth interviews with 10 lead agencies representing 15 NORC programs in New Jersey. Results indicated that professionals seek to infuse capital within three domains of relationships: lead agency staff’s relationships with older adults, formal service providers’ relationships with each other, and older adults’ relationships with each other. This social capital potentially enhances the amount of community-based services and supports within a residential area, as well as their accessibility, appropriateness, responsiveness, and coherence.
“Doesn’t Everyone Want That? It’s Just a Given”
Authors: Frisén Ann , Carlsson Johanna , Wängqvist Maria
Published: September 2013

This study investigated Swedish emerging adults’ expectations on future parenthood through interviews with 124 Swedish emerging adults who were not yet parents. Thematic analysis showed that most participants were sure they wanted to become parents, but not right now. First, they wanted a stable financial situation, a romantic relationship, and time for self-focus. More women than men talked about parenthood as a social norm and wanted to prioritize both work and family. More men than women wanted to prioritize either work or family before the other. The study showed that Swedish emerging adults postpone, but do not reject, parenthood and that gender differences in expectations on parenthood may contribute to a reproduction of gender inequalities in family life.
Familism, Sexual Abuse, and Domestic Violence Among Immigrant Mexican Women
Authors: Fuchsel Catherine L. Marrs
Published: September 2013

Immigrant Mexican women (IMW) experience domestic violence (DV) as adults, yet little is known about childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experiences and possible linkages between childhood and adult abuses. A qualitative exploratory study was conducted using in-depth interviews and grounded theory to examine DV among nine IMW residing in a southwestern city. Experience of childhood sexual abuse, domestic violence, and the role of familism on reporting and disclosing were categories that emerged in the data. Findings indicated seven of the nine participants had experienced CSA. Social workers in practice can utilize findings toward a better understanding of how to serve IMW.
Crystallization and compatibility of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) and polypropylene in their blends
Authors: Bu Hongru , Nie Guangting , Rong Jianhua
Published: September 2013

Isotactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP) is a semicrystalline polyolefin with many unique properties. The crystallization theory of pure PMP had been well studied based on its molecular structure. In this study, the crystallization behavior and compatibility of PMP/polypropylene (PP) blends were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical testing. It was found that the PP crystallization behavior was strongly affected by the presence of PMP in the blend: first, PMP crystallized and then acted as nucleating agent during the crystallization process of PP at lower temperature. In contrast, the influence of PP on the crystallization of PMP was relatively small due to the wide disparity of the melting temperatures of PMP and PP. The fracture morphology observed by SEM showed that there was no obvious phase separation structure in the blends; but the mechanical properties of PP/PMP blends are not good as expected for an ideal homogenous mixture.