bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Halfway Houses
Authors: Koller Cynthia
Published: November 2017

A halfway house represents the midpoint in the juvenile justice placement continuum, meaning that a youthful offender could be
halfway‐in
(at risk of being institutionalized) or
halfway‐out
of correctional confinement (reentry to community; provisionally released). The use of halfway houses for juveniles is predicated on the belief that they can better facilitate offender rehabilitation, reintegration, and reentry, in a more humane and cost‐effective manner, than can more secure and expensive correctional institutions. Halfway houses generally serve males or females, as a community‐based diversion or reentry option, and may specialize in addressing the needs of specific offender populations (e.g., mental health, sexual deviance, or violence issues; alcohol or other drug abuse problems). The future of halfway houses is contingent upon their ability to produce positive outcomes, embrace the principles of effective intervention, and maintain consistency with evidence‐based practices.
Missing and Exploited Children
Authors: Lampinen James Michael
Published: November 2017

Missing and exploited children represent an important societal problem. Five major types of missing child cases exist: non‐family abduction, family abduction, runaway/thrownaway, injured/lost, and missing for benign reasons. Child exploitation can include both economic and sexual exploitation. Additional issues discussed included unidentified remains, international abductions, and attempts to resolve missing child cases.
House of Refuge
Authors: DeTardo‐Bora Kimberly A.
Published: November 2017

The House of Refuge was opened on January 1, 1825, in New York City. It was a facility designed to replace the failed “poor‐law system,” steeped in governing disorderly and dependent youth. Prominent Quaker penal reformers led the juvenile reformatory movement through the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism, which later became the Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents. Their efforts resulted in an institution of reform that would provide wayward youth with proper care, education, religious instruction, and vocational skills. Although this haven from wickedness and idleness had numerous flaws and was deemed a failure by many, it served as one of the first approaches to preventing juvenile delinquency through institutional reform. Moreover, it was a model for other juvenile institutions that opened in Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
Social Ecology of Crime
Authors: Hong Jun Sung , Crosby Shantel , Lee Jeoung Min
Published: November 2017

This entry provides an overview of the factors associated with criminal behaviors within the social–ecological framework, which is conceptualized as an interaction between the behavior of an individual and his or her environments. More specifically, risk factors for criminal behavior and activities at the family, peer, school, and community contexts are explored.
Grahamv.Florida
Authors: Worsley Melanie K.
Published: November 2017

InGraham v. Florida, the US Supreme Court addressed the application of the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment in cases involving juvenile offenders. The Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits the government in juvenile offender cases from imposing a lifetime sentence without the possibility of parole for nonhomicide crimes. TheGrahamCourt's Eighth Amendment analysis is noteworthy because for the first time the Court applied a categorical rule to a nondeath penalty case. TheGrahamdecision is also noteworthy because the Court inMiller v. Alabamaused theGrahamrationale to create a categorical rule prohibiting the imposition of mandatory lifetime sentences without the possibility of parole in homicide cases involving juvenile offenders.
Cycle of Juvenile Justice
Authors: Schreck Christopher J.
Published: November 2017

The “cycle of juvenile justice” was first articulated by Thomas Bernard in 1992 and refers to a repetitive historical pattern of juvenile justice in the United States, beginning in the early 1800s, where policy alternates between harsh punishment and lenient treatment for juvenile offenders. The cycle is at all points driven by factors that Bernard described as historical constants. Among these is the widespread belief that juvenile crime is at an all‐time high and getting worse. Second is the belief that the juvenile justice system itself is responsible for the high levels of juvenile crime, hence reform of the system will effectively address the problem. Because of these historical constants, it is inevitable that any reform successfully enacted will, in its turn, become perceived as the source of the problem and be scrapped.
Police Athletic Leagues
Authors: Jolicoeur Jason R.
Published: November 2017

Police athletic leagues or police activities leagues were developed by community and police organizations in an attempt to provide at‐risk youth with positive recreational and educational activities. The leagues were created in the hope that they would be able to ensure that youth facing opportunities for involvement in criminal or delinquent activities would instead chose to engage in more positive and wholesome activities. In doing so, it was thought that the leagues would not only help provide youth with positive life skills, but also help dissuade them from an increased likelihood of criminal propensity. Over time, the types of activities offered by the leagues have changed and evolved to become much more diverse, extending initially from sports primarily to include educational and social activities.
Juvenile Sex Offenders
Authors: van den Berg Chantal
Published: November 2017

This entry gives an overview of juvenile sex offenders by summarizing empirical literature on prevalence, theory development, risk factors, criminal career research, and typologies. Overall, the empirical research on juvenile sexual offending is limited; only recently has the subject gained the interest of the scientific community. Theory development has largely been influenced by concepts and theories used to study adult sex offending. Recidivism studies found that sexual recidivism rates are low, yet somewhat elevated compared with nonsexual offenders, the chances of nonsexual reoffending were found to be substantially higher. The developmental criminological perspective revealed that juvenile sex offenders were unlikely to become adult sex offenders. Risk factors associated with sexual offending were found to be specific traits, such as atypical sexual interests, and also traits associated with nonsexual offending. Additionally, several juvenile sex offender typologies are described.
Best Interest of the Child
Authors: Chapman Sheryl Brissett
Published: November 2017

The juvenile justice system struggles with the distinction between judicial responses to law‐breaking behaviors of children versus those of adults, despite the establishment of separate juvenile courts early in the twentieth century. After decades of the courts viewing youth as delinquent rather than criminal, attributing their behavior to parental and family dysfunction, and assigning them legal rights, which adults possess, the 1980s heralded in a reactionary media frenzy, which promoted widespread perceptions of juveniles as “superpredators.” Since 2000, and despite a decrease in juvenile offenses and the onset of progressive policy shifts, courts have increasingly transferred youth into an adult, criminal status subjecting them to serious and long‐term punishments. This continues to occur despite growing neuroscientific research that indicates that youth, owing to biological brain development, possess less culpability for their offenses. Other studies acknowledge extreme poverty, detrimental social–environmental factors, the deleterious impact of traumatic history, and pervasive racial biases and inequalities throughout the juvenile system for youth of color as additional justice considerations. Today, the complex, cycling tension between punishment and rehabilitation, public safety, and cost‐effectiveness has produced dynamic, diverse, and ever‐changing contexts that challenge systemic accountability to keeping the child's best interest always in focus.
UnitedStates Supreme Court
Authors: Liles Alesa R.
Published: November 2017

In 1899, the first juvenile court was established in the United States. Proponents believed that juveniles were inherently different from adults and could be rehabilitated. The courts established special procedures and operated under theparens patriaephilosophy for decades. After criticisms began to erupt, the US Supreme Court began hearing cases involving the juvenile system. The Court began instituting due process and a movement toward an adversarial system of justice was established. With this shift came protections, but at the expense of individualized rehabilitative dispositions. However, in recent years, the Court has signified, in several significant juvenile justice cases, the need to return to the original philosophy of the juvenile court.
Violent Crime
Authors: Louine Jeannice , May David C.
Published: November 2017

A violent crime is a crime that involves the use of force or the threat of force. The most well‐known violent crimes include murder, forcible rape, robbery, and assault. Each year, over one million serious violent crimes are reported to police in the United States. This entry defines the various types of violent crime, describes the methods through which data about violent crime are collected, reviews facts and figures about the amount of violent crime in the United States each year, and closes by discussing the various predictors of those violent crimes.
Teen/Youth Courts
Authors: Slovinsky Tammi
Published: November 2017

Teen/youth courts are diversion programs for children aged 10–15 years that serve as an alternative to the traditional juvenile justice process. The goal of the program is to reduce incidents and prevent escalation of delinquent and antisocial behaviors and behaviors that are criminal violations. Courts may be located in existing juvenile justice systems and in the community and schools. Although the courts have proliferated over the past 30 years, especially in the United States, research on effectiveness has focused primarily on recidivism and survey reports of parent, student, and community satisfaction. Empirical research is recommended to understand the effectiveness of key aspects of teen/youth court programs across variables such as race and gender.
Social Learning Theory
Authors: Brady Caitlin M.
Published: November 2017

Social learning theory, considered one of the core theoretical perspectives in the field, believes that behavior is learned through socialization. Consisting of four main concepts, differential association, differential reinforcement, imitation, and definitions, social learning theory is capable of explaining both delinquent behavior and conventional behavior. Social learning theory is not only about how behavior is acquired for the first time; but also speaks to a general process and set of variables in acquiring, maintaining, and changing behavior. The correlates of crime, age, race, and social class can also be explained by social learning theory.
Violence Reduction Policy
Authors: Keegan Brittany
Published: November 2017

Juvenile violence reduction policy occurs at multiple levels of society, including at the school level, at the local/community level, at the state/provincial level, at the national level, and at the international level. Successful policies are conscious of the age and unique perspectives of juveniles, and use a holistic approach to address and reduce risk factors. Successful policies also tend to involve parents, guardians, and community members in juvenile violence reduction. Types of violence typically addressed by violence reduction policies include violence committed against the individual, violence committed by the individual, and self‐directed violence. Nongovernmental organizations will often work in collaboration with governments to promote violence reduction efforts. Moving forward, there has been a call for an increase in evidence‐based and data‐driven approaches to policy making as it relates to juvenile violence reduction.
Farev.MichaelC.
Authors: Verrecchia P. J. , Grater Ashley
Published: November 2017

InFare v. Michael C., the US Supreme Court ruled that a juvenile's request to see his probation officer while in police custody is not an invocation of their right to an attorney or their right to remain silent, as applied in theMirandaorGaultdecisions. In this decision, the Court reversed the decision of the California State Supreme Court.
Child Pornography
Authors: Encalada Teresa Michelle
Published: November 2017

Technological advances have taken off over the last 60 years and we have seen changes in all aspects of our society because of these developments. This includes faster computers, cameras at traffic lights, and Internet‐ready cell phones in the possession of most of our citizens. These advances have mobilized our world and keep us connected throughout our day, with the World Wide Web at our finger tips. Available technology has helped us better our lives in countless ways but it has also opened doors to darker manifestations of society's less accepted practices, including sadistic rituals and the sale of drugs, weapons, and child pornography through the “dark web.” This entry explores child pornography through an overview of the online community, laws in place to protect children, and the new problems facing mainly teenagers, such as sexting and revenge porn.
Russia
Authors: Muravyeva Marianna
Published: November 2017

The Russian system of juvenile justice is based on recognition of the special needs of juveniles in the criminal justice system as well as on extra protection of their rights. Russia has a special law on prevention of juvenile crime and offending (enacted in 1999) as well as a specialized system of correctional facilities for young offenders. Some regions of the Russian Federation enacted the system of juvenile courts while others proceeded with judicial specialization instead of creating special courts. Since 2010, Russian authorities have started using a welfare model, which has proved to be fairly effective, in combination with external economic and social factors, with regard to the drop in juvenile crime, but effective in rehabilitation of young offenders. However, the juvenile justice reforms are now under threat from religious and conservative groups who see the system as state intervention into parental rights, depriving “good” parents of their children, for example, because of physical discipline.
Parental Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Kirchner EmmaLeigh E.
Published: November 2017

Parental socioeconomic status as a correlate to juvenile delinquency was once widely uncontested. However, as research methods and knowledge have increased, the link has become extensively criticized, with some referring to the link simply as a “myth.” This entry examines the historical progression of the examination of parental socioeconomic status and its relationship to juvenile delinquency and crime, including its part in theoretical development and policy. Several key studies are introduced, which are imperative to our understanding of this relationship. The entry closes with suggestions of future steps that researchers should take to examine socioeconomic status more closely.
Scared Straight Programs
Authors: Archer Robert J. L.
Published: November 2017

To date, Scared Straight programs have attempted to reduce the risk of problem teens from becoming criminal offenders. Scared Straight programs have suffered profoundly from a lack of effective strategies to help reduce juvenile reoffending. This entry provides information on the history of Scared Straight, the negative portrayal by the media in television documentaries/programs, and the great limitations on why these programs do not lower juvenile recidivism rates, and looks internationally and into future research to establish the current and forthcoming perspectives that Scared Straight programs bring to juvenile delinquency.
Monitoring the Future Survey
Authors: Rosa Melanie Valentin
Published: November 2017

Monitoring the Future is a standardized survey which collects self‐reported drug‐related and delinquency data from 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students enrolled in secondary schools in the United States. Since its development in 1975, this survey has been utilized in epidemiological, criminological, and drug research. Recent findings show that adolescent use of illegal drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol are declining while marijuana use is stable, maintaining a high usage rate. Similarly, the follow‐up surveys show a declining rate of illicit drug usage for high school graduates up to age 55. Historical and social context, life‐course changes, and maturation all account for drug use trends into adulthood.
Mentoring
Authors: Valencia Jessica Cristina
Published: November 2017

Mentoring is the act of providing support and assistance to those in need. Mentorship can occur naturally or through a formal process or program. Formal mentorship programs seek to establish relationships between at‐risk youths and adult volunteers to enhance their development. Public opinion on mentorship has consistently been positive and well accepted but research on program outcomes has yet to support their claims. Mentorship is considered a deterrent to crime and the US government has allocated significant funding to mentorship programs over the years. Variability between mentorship programs can produce different outcomes and limits meta‐analysis.
Due Process for Juveniles
Authors: Petlakh Ksenia
Published: November 2017

The approach to processing criminal juvenile defendants has varied throughout history. Multiple guiding philosophies have resulted in different approaches to juvenile defendants. The original approach of treating juvenile offenders like adult offenders was replaced by a philosophy according to which juvenile offenders required rehabilitation. This approach treated juvenile defendants in a protective manner and did not take their individual perspectives into account. Further reforms recognized the need to provide juvenile defendants with due process rights and implemented changes in juvenile courts that more closely mirrored adult criminal courts.
Habeas Corpus
Authors: Gentes Eric A.
Published: November 2017

Habeas corpus is a procedural right that allows an individual to challenge their detention as being in violation of the law. It is not intended to determine guilt or innocence, nor is it a substitute for direct appeal. Most often it is raised by individuals who have been convicted and sentenced for a crime. It is also available to respondents in juvenile proceedings to challenge their detentions, terms of release, or commitments.In re Gault(1967), still the most influential juvenile justice case, came to the US Supreme Court on an appeal of a dismissal of a petition for habeas. So did a more recent line of cases in which the Court ruled that the death penalty and mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole were unconstitutional when applied to individuals who had been under 18 years old when they committed their offenses.
Scandinavia
Authors: Tostlebe Jennifer J.
Published: November 2017

Internationally there are significant differences in juvenile justice programs and beliefs on “what works” to decrease juvenile offending. Scandinavia historically presented an ideology of treatment, but unintentional consequences resulted in these countries implementing a mixed methods approach to juvenile justice. This “hybrid model” of justice combines punishment with expertise knowledge and social welfare measures. This entry provides an overview of the Scandinavian juvenile justice program, individual country differences, and reviews patterns, rates, and trends of juvenile delinquency.
Community, The
Authors: Bolger Michelle A.
Published: November 2017

The community plays an important role in explaining crime and delinquency. Research investigating the community has revealed that several aspects including poverty and disadvantage, isolation, social ties, and cultural values within the community affect delinquency as well as victimization risk. In particular, street cultural values coupled with concentrated community disadvantage interact and predict high crime and delinquency. Further attention to the complex relationship between social structural disadvantage and cultural values within communities is warranted.
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Authors: Smith Rachael B.
Published: November 2017

This entry summarizes how symbolic interaction theory explains deviancy. A description of the historical context of symbolic interaction theory is first outlined. In explaining deviancy, early scholarly work illustrating the main premises and essential features of the symbolic interactionist perspective is explained. This is followed by an explanation of the main criminological theories that incorporate the symbolic interactionist perspective in explaining deviancy. The entry concludes with a brief critique of the symbolic interactionist perspective in explaining deviancy and its scientific durability.
Peer Norming
Authors: Connell Nadine M.
Published: November 2017

Peer norming, also known as social norming, is a health behavior prevention approach that focuses on correcting individuals' overestimations of unhealthy behaviors. Research has shown that when an individual overestimates their peer's unhealthy behavior, they are more likely to engage in the unhealthy behavior themselves. Social norming approaches often utilize a media campaign or other informational approach to correct misperceptions about peers' behavior in order to encourage positive and prosocial behaviors. There is much research evidence to show that peer norming approaches are effective ways to promote positive behavior, especially with regard to alcohol use.
Abstinence Education
Authors: Songs Paula , Gibson Camille
Published: November 2017

Abstinence education refers to instructions to minors that sexual abstinence is preferred prior to marriage as a means of preventing pregnancy and contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Although abstinence education gained traction in the twenty‐first century, sex education in the United States dates back to the late 1800s when the National Education Association called for moral education in school. Abstinence education has mixed results, but most scholars deem it less than the best approach for adolescents given its narrow focus.
Underage Drinking
Authors: Simmons‐Horton Sherri Y. , Gibson Camille
Published: November 2017

Underage drinking refers to consuming alcohol while under the minimum legal drinking age. To drink legally in the United States persons must be at least 21 years old, whereas in many other countries the age limit is 18 or 19 years. Underage drinking is a serious public problem in some countries given the implications for the drinkers' health, lowered inhibitions and conduct (such as traffic accidents), and the possibility of some persons developing active alcoholism. Trends in underage drinking vary by family socialization, socioeconomic status, race, gender, and onset of alcohol consumption. This has led to policies to reduce related harms.
P
robation,
J
uvenile
Authors: Meyer Kimberly S.
Published: November 2017

The juvenile probation system is responsible for community supervision of those who commit crimes as minors. Juvenile probation functions in an effort to change negative youth behavior and prevent reoffending while keeping the probationer in the community. Current issues in the field include addressing disproportionate minority contact and building probation officer skills in assessment and performing interventions. The future of juvenile probation involves continued attention toward officer skill building. Meanwhile, caseloads will change as a result of diversion measures keeping youth out of residential placements and in their homes.
Amplitude Modulation of Anomalously Refracted Terahertz Waves with Gated‐Graphene Metasurfaces
Authors: Kim Teun‐Teun , Kim Hyunjun , Kenney Mitchell , Park Hyun Sung , Kim Hyeon‐Don , Min Bumki , Zhang Shuang
Published: November 2017

Although recent progress in metasurfaces has shown great promise for applications, optical properties in metasurfaces are typically fixed by their structural geometry and dimensions. Here, an electrically controllable amplitude of anomalously‐refracted waves in a hybrid graphene/metasurface system are experimentally demonstrated, which consists of an artificially constructed two‐dimensional metallic apertures array and naturally occurring two‐dimensional carbon atoms (graphene) in the subwavelength‐scale (< λ/10). Based on Pancharatnam–Berry phase and by careful design of a spatially linear phase profile, it is shown that the amplitude of anomalously refracted circularly cross‐polarized terahertz waves can be effectively modulated by an applied gate voltage. The developed electrically tunable graphene metasurfaces may lead to various advanced applications that require dynamical control over electromagnetic waves, such as amplitude tunable active focusing lenses, vortex phase plates and dynamic holography.
2D Nonlayered Selenium Nanosheets: Facile Synthesis, Photoluminescence, and Ultrafast Photonics
Authors: Xing Chenyang , Xie Zhongjian , Liang Zhiming , Liang Weiyuan , Fan Taojian , Ponraj Joice Sophia , Dhanabalan Sathish Chander , Fan Dianyuan , Zhang Han
Published: November 2017

Investigations into 2D nanomaterials are of considerable significance from both an academic and industrial point of view. The present work addresses, for the first time, the fabrication of 2D nonlayered ultrathin selenium through a facile liquid‐phase exfoliation method. The results reveal that the as‐prepared 2D Se nanosheets are 40–120 nm in lateral dimension and 3–6 nm in thickness. The nanosheets exhibit a trigonal crystalline phase similar to their bulk counterpart, indicating the conservation of the crystalline features during the exfoliation procedure. The successful preparation of 2D Se nanosheets from nonlayered bulk Se can be ascribed to two kinds of anisotropy: (1) that of crystalline bulk Se with chain‐like structures, where strong intrachain SeSe covalent bonds coexist with weak interchain van der Waals forces, and (2) that of probe sonication in the vertical direction. The results also show that the 2D Se nanosheets possess a size‐dependent band gap (E
g), strong photoluminescence effect and robust, chemical stability under ambient conditions. Furthermore, a 2D Se‐nanosheet‐based optical modulation device is demonstrated that allows for excellent ultrashort pulse generation of an optical communication band. It is therefore anticipated that 2D Se nanosheets may find significant applications in both photoluminescence and ultrafast photonics.
Through the Spherical Looking‐Glass: Asymmetry Enables Multicolored Internal Reflection in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Shells
Authors: Geng Yong , Jang Ju‐Hyun , Noh Kyung‐Gyu , Noh JungHyun , Lagerwall Jan P. F. , Park Soo‐Young
Published: November 2017

Spheres of cholesteric liquid crystal generate dynamic patterns due to selective reflection from a helical structure subject to continuously curved boundaries. So far the patterns are investigated exclusively as function of reflections at the sphere exterior. Here it is shown that the cholesteric shells in a microfluidics produced double emulsion enable also a sequence of internal reflections if the shells have sufficiently thin top and thick bottom. While such asymmetry is promoted by buoyancy when the internal droplet has lower density than the liquid crystal, the elasticity of the cholesteric helix prefers a symmetric shell geometry, acting against gravity. This subtle balance can hide the internal reflections for long time. Eventually, however, the asymmetry is established, revealing a new class of photonic patterns characterized by colored sharp concentric rings. With the complete knowledge of the diverse light‐reflecting behavior of cholesteric liquid crystal shells, and utilizing the tunability of the structure period by, e.g., temperature, electric field, or exposure to various chemical species as well as polymer stabilization for making the shells long‐term stable, they may be developed into remarkable new optical elements for photonics, sensing, or security pattern generation.
Fight, Flight, or Remain Silent? Juggling Multiple Accountabilities throughout the Formative Stage of a Neighborhood Revitalization Initiative
Authors: Kesten Stacey M. , Perez Deborah A. , Marques Denise S. , Evans Scot D. , Sulma Adrienne
Published: November 2017

Highlights

This paper describes the complexities of ethical decision‐making in community psychology.

We discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with scholar‐activism in community psychology.

We highlight principles of obligation, disclosure, consent, commitment, and professionalism.
Sensitive Topics, Missing Data, and Refusal in Social Network Studies: An Ethical Examination
Authors: Ellison Erin Rose , Langhout Regina Day
Published: November 2017

We describe our ethics‐driven process of addressing missing data within a social network study about accountability for racism, classism, sexism, heterosexism, cis‐sexism, ableism, and other forms of oppression among social justice union organizers. During data collection, some would‐be participants did not return emails and others explicitly refused to engage in the research. All refusals came from women of color. We faced an ethical dilemma: Should we continue to seek participation from those who had not yet responded, with the hopes of recruiting more women of color from within the network so their perspectives would not be tokenized? Or, should we stop asking those who had been contacted multiple times, which would compromise the social network data and analysis? We delineate ways in which current discussions of the ethics of social network studies fell short, given our framework and our community psychology (CP) values. We outline literature that was helpful in thinking through this challenge; we looked outside of CP to the decolonization literature on refusal. Lessons learned include listening for the possible meanings of refusals and considering the level of engagement and the labor required of participants when designing research studies.
Reproductive endocrine phenotypes relating to CHD7 mutations in humans
Authors: Balasubramanian Ravikumar , Crowley William F.
Published: November 2017

Mutations in the gene CHD7 cause CHARGE syndrome, a rare multi‐organ syndromic disorder. Gonadal defects are common in individuals with CHARGE syndrome (seen in ∼60–80% of cases) and represent the letter “G” in the CHARGE syndrome acronym. The gonadal defect in CHARGE syndrome results from congenital deficiency of the hypothalamic hormone Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), which manifests clinically as pubertal failure and infertility, and biochemically as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (low sex steroid hormone levels with inappropriately normal or low gonadotropin levels). In addition to the gonadal endocrine abnormalities, in a small minority of individuals with CHARGE, additional endocrine defects including growth hormone deficiency, multiple pituitary hormone deficits and primary hypothyroidism may also be seen. CHD7 mutations disrupt the targeting of olfactory axons and the migration of GnRH‐synthesizing neurons during embryonic development, resulting in congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and anosmia (or hyposmia), two features that define human Kallmann syndrome. Since Kallmann syndrome is one of the constituent phenotypes within CHARGE, recent studies have investigated the role of CHD7 mutations in individuals with IHH and established that deleterious missense mutations in CHD7 are associated with Kallmann syndrome as well as normosmic form of IHH. These missense mutations affect the ATPase and nucleosome remodeling activities of the CHD7 protein. These observations suggest that CHD7 protein function is critical for the ontogeny of GnRH neurons and neuroendocrine regulation of GnRH secretion.
Isoindigo‐3,4‐Difluorothiophene Polymer Acceptors Yield “All‐Polymer” Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells with over 7 % Efficiency
Authors: Liu Shengjian , Firdaus Yuliar , Thomas Simil , Kan Zhipeng , Cruciani Federico , Lopatin Sergei , Bredas Jean‐Luc , Beaujuge Pierre M.
Published: November 2017

Poly(isoindigo‐alt‐3,4‐difluorothiophene) (PIID[2F]T) analogues used as “polymer acceptors” in bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells achieve >7 % efficiency when used in conjunction with the polymer donor PBFTAZ (model system; copolymer of benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene and 5,6‐difluorobenzotriazole). Considering that most efficient polymer‐acceptor alternatives to fullerenes (e.g. PC61BM or its C71 derivative) are based on perylenediimide or naphthalenediimide motifs thus far, branched alkyl‐substituted PIID[2F]T polymers are particularly promising non‐fullerene candidates for “all‐polymer” BHJ solar cells.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Spirobenzofuranones by a Decarbonylative Annulation Reaction
Authors: Kaishap Partha P. , Duarah Gauri , Sarma Bipul , Chetia Dipak , Gogoi Sanjib
Published: November 2017

The first decarbonylative insertion of an alkyne through C−H/C−C activation of six‐membered compounds is reported. The Ru‐catalyzed reaction of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐phenyl‐chromones with alkynes works most efficiently in the presence of the ligand PPh3 to provide spiro‐indenebenzofuranones. Unlike previously reported metal‐catalyzed decarbonylative annulation reactions, in the present decarbonylative annulation reaction, the annulation occurs before extrusion of carbon monoxide.
Methamidophos removal from aqueous solutions using a super adsorbent based on crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel
Authors: Valdés Oscar , Ávila‐Salas Fabián , Marican Adolfo , Fuentealba Natalia , Villaseñor Jorge , Arenas‐Salinas Mauricio , Argandoña Yerko , Durán‐Lara Esteban F.
Published: November 2017

This study describes the absorption of methamidophos (MMP) from aqueous solution by crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel synthesized using malic acid (MA) as a crosslinker (CLPHMA). The prepared hydrogels were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and the thermal properties were studied by using thermal gravimetric analysis. Also, the swelling index as a function of PVA:MA composition and pH were studied. An in silico rational study, which involved all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations of PVA:MA systems in proportions 10:2, 10:4, and 10:6 was performed. The in silico studies concluded that the more suitable crosslinking degree for MMP pesticide removal is with the 20% (wt %) of crosslinker (CLPHMA‐20). The experimental analysis of MMP removal with CLPHMA was performed as well. It was found that the prepared CLPHMA‐20 had a great efficiency to recover around 86% of MMP from their solutions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45964.
The Closer the Better: Similarity of Publication Pairs at Different Cocitation Levels
Authors: Colavizza Giovanni , Boyack Kevin W. , van Eck Nees Jan , Waltman Ludo
Published: November 2017

We investigated the similarities of pairs of articles that are cocited at the different cocitation levels of the journal, article, section, paragraph, sentence, and bracket. Our results indicate that textual similarity, intellectual overlap (shared references), author overlap (shared authors), proximity in publication time all rise monotonically as the cocitation level gets lower (from journal to bracket). While the main gain in similarity happens when moving from journal to article cocitation, all level changes entail an increase in similarity, especially section to paragraph and paragraph to sentence/bracket levels. We compared the results from four journals over the years 2010–2015: Cell, the European Journal of Operational Research, Physics Letters B, and Research Policy, with consistent general outcomes and some interesting differences. Our findings motivate the use of granular cocitation information as defined by meaningful units of text, with implications for, among others, the elaboration of maps of science and the retrieval of scholarly literature.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Chromenes via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Redox‐Relay Heck Reaction
Authors: Jiang Ze‐Zhen , Gao Ang , Li Hao , Chen Di , Ding Chang‐Hua , Xu Bin , Hou Xue‐Long
Published: November 2017

A palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric redox‐relay Heck reaction of 4H‐chromenes and arylboronic acids has been successfully developed. The reaction proceeded in moderate to good yields with good to high enantioselectivities. The resulting product is an advanced intermediate of bio‐active compound BW683C.
The prevalence of gluten free diet use among preschool children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Rubenstein Eric , Schieve Laura , Bradley Chyrise , DiGuiseppi Carolyn , Moody Eric , Thomas Kathleen , Daniels Julie
Published: November 2017

Our objective was to estimate prevalence of current or ever use of a gluten free diet (GFD) in children aged 30–68 months with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and population controls (POP); and to identify characteristics associated with ever having used GFD among children with ASD. We used data from the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED), a multi‐site, case‐control study of children with ASD. Caregivers reported GFD use by their children through structured questionnaires about diet patterns, gastrointestinal (GI) issues, and ASD‐specific treatments. Prevalence was estimated and compared using log‐Poisson regression, adjusting for confounders. In children with ASD, we examined whether child or mother's GI conditions or child's phenotypic traits were associated with ever trying a GFD. In SEED, 71 children with ASD (11.1% prevalence after adjustment) were on a GFD at time of the study and 130 (20.4%) had ever used a GFD, a greater percentage than in POP children (N = 11, 0.9% current use). Of current users with ASD, 50.7% had a dietary intervention that was prescribed by a medical professional. Among children with ASD, child GI conditions and developmental regression were positively and independently associated with having ever used a GFD. Current use and ever use of a GFD were prevalent in children with ASD identified in SEED. GFD usage was associated with GI issues and child phenotype. Clinicians may consider advising parents on how best to use these diets in the context of the child's GI presentation and current scientific knowledge about effectiveness in relation to ASD symptoms. Autism Res 2018, 11: 185–193. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Gluten free diets (GFDs) are commonly used as an alternative therapy for autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, the effectiveness is still uncertain which makes it important to know who tries this type of diet. We found that one in five preschool aged children with ASD had ever used a GFD. Children with gastrointestinal conditions and developmental regression were more likely to have tried a GFD.
Optimizing performance of semi‐continuous cell culture in an ambr15™ microbioreactor using dynamic flux balance modeling
Authors: Kelly William , Veigne Sorelle , Li Xianhua , Subramanian Shyam Sundar , Huang Zuyi , Schaefer Eugene
Published: November 2017

The ambr bioreactors are single‐use microbioreactors for cell line development and process optimization. With operating conditions for large‐scale biopharmaceutical production properly scaled down, microbioreactors such as the ambr15™ can potentially be used to predict the effect of process changes such as modified media or different cell lines. While there have been some recent studies evaluating the ambr15™ technology as a scale‐down model for fed‐batch operations, little has been reported for semi‐continuous or continuous operation. Gassing rates and dilution rates in the ambr15™ were varied in this study to attempt to replicate performance of a perfusion process at the 5 L scale. At both scales, changes to metabolite production and consumption, and cell growth rate and therapeutic protein production were measured. Conditions were identified in the ambr15™ bioreactor that produced metabolic shifts and specific metabolic and protein production rates that are characteristic of the corresponding 5 L perfusion process. A dynamic flux balance (DFB) model was employed to understand and predict the metabolic changes observed. The DFB model predicted trends observed experimentally, including lower specific glucose consumption and a switch from lactate production to consumption when dissolved CO2 was maintained at higher levels in the broth. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:420–431, 2018
Price fairness, satisfaction, and trust as antecedents of purchase intentions towards organic food
Authors: Konuk Faruk Anıl
Published: November 2017

Health and environmental issues are increasingly important in consumers' decision‐making process. Accordingly, demand for organic food is rapidly growing. In this context, the objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between price fairness, satisfaction, trust, and purchase intentions towards organic food. With this aim, empirical data were collected with self‐administrated questionnaires from a convenience sample of consumers from Sakarya, Turkey. Proposed hypotheses were tested with structural equations modeling. The results indicated positive relationships between price fairness, satisfaction, trust, and purchase intentions. At the end of this study, theoretical contributions, managerial implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Warning to parents: Tell your children vaping is not safe
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2017

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) — another phrase for e‐cigarettes or “vaping” — should clearly convey the message that whether your child is inhaling smoke or is “vaping” it, an addictive substance is involved. In addition, the assumption that vaping does not involve carcinogens is wrong, according to an article published in the Oct. 23 issue of JAMA Pediatrics on the “Patient Page.”
Coordinating Activation Strategy‐Induced Selective C−H Trifluoromethylation of Anilines
Authors: Xu Jun , Cheng Ke , Shen Chao , Bai Renren , Xie Yuanyuan , Zhang Pengfei
Published: November 2017

A simple protocol for the synthesis of 2‐(trifluoromethyl)aniline derivatives through a coordinating activation strategy was developed. The reaction showed good reactivity and gave the target products in moderate to good yields. Pleasingly, the directing group could be recovered in excellent yield. Furthermore, this strategy allowed efficient access to the synthesis of floctafenine. A single‐electron‐transfer mechanism was proposed to be responsible for this trifluoromethylation reaction.
Surface‐Binding Peptide Facilitates Electricity‐Driven NADPH‐Free Cytochrome P450 Catalysis
Authors: Zernia Sarah , Frank Ronny , Weiße Renato H.‐J. , Jahnke Heinz‐Georg , Bellmann‐Sickert Kathrin , Prager Andrea , Abel Bernd , Sträter Norbert , Robitzki Andrea , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G.
Published: November 2017

Industrial biotechnology aims to exploit cytochrome P450 enzymes to access their sophisticated catalytic activity for challenging chemical reactions on inert C−H bonds. Limited by the need for NADPH, approaches to bind P450 enzymes to electrode surfaces for an artificial electron supply are promising. Here, we demonstrate that a recombinant fusion of an indium tin oxide binding peptide and the multi‐domain class VIII cytochrome P450 BM3 can be used in electrically driven catalysis. Bioelectrocatalytic activity is analyzed by direct product quantification resulting in superior activity of the specifically immobilized P450 BM3 in contrast to unspecifically adsorbed enzyme. Spacer and anchor point studies imply that enzyme flexibility and alignment are crucial factors to achieve high activity on the electrode. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our approach is also feasible for pharmaceutical application using naringenin as substrate.
On the Dual Reactivity of a Nucleophilic Dihydrido‐Diborane: Reaction at the B−B Bond and/or the B−H Bond
Authors: Widera Anna , Kaifer Elisabeth , Wadepohl Hubert , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: November 2017

The electron‐rich, double‐base stabilized dihydrido‐diborane(4) [HB(hpp)]2 (hpp=1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidinate) combines two different, easily accessible reactive sites: the B−B and B−H bond. Herein, we report two basically similar reactions of [HB(hpp)]2 with catecholborane and B‐chlorocatecholborane unsuspectedly resulting in two different reactivities. While reaction of the diborane with two equivalents of HB(cat) proceeded with formation of a cationic triborane with a (3c2e) bond, [{HB(μ‐hpp)}2(μ‐BH2)]+, reaction with ClB(cat) led to hydride–chloride substitution yielding [ClB(hpp)]2. The cationic triborane was also obtained by the addition of BH3 to the in situ generated [HB(hpp)2B]+. Proceeding from the new compound [ClB(hpp)]2, we investigated its reactivity towards chloride abstraction with AlCl3 and GaCl3. Irrespectively of the salt chosen, the reaction led to formation of a radical tricationic tetraborane [{B(hpp)}4].3+ with a (4c,5e) bond. Moreover, the dichloro‐diborane proves as a versatile reagent for further substitution cleanly reacting with the strong nucleophile nBuLi to a new dibutyl‐diborane [nBuB(hpp)]2.
Direct Contact Latent Heat Storage for Efficiency Enhancement of Heat Pumps
Authors: Kunkel Sven , Kübel‐Heising Felix , Dörnhofer Patrick , Medina Isabel , Weis Jürgen , Stabler Rainer , Repke Jens‐Uwe , Rädle Matthias
Published: November 2017

Mit einem neuen Konzept zur Speicherung thermischer Energie auf niedrigem und konstantem Temperaturniveau soll solarthermische Energie auch in der Übergangs‐ und Winterzeit effektiv genutzt und zur Steigerung des Wirkungsgrades von Wärmepumpen gespeichert werden. Es wird ein Latentwärmespeicher auf Basis von Salzhydraten vorgestellt, wobei das Salzhydrat einen Schmelzpunkt von 15 °C aufweist und durch Direktkontakt mit einem nicht mischbaren Wärmeträgeröl eine hohe Be‐ und Entladeleistung bei geringer Grädigkeit aufweist. Erste experimentelle Ergebnisse und Anwendungsbeispiele werden diskutiert.
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Genotype and Fluoropyrimidine Dosing: 2017 Update
Authors: Amstutz Ursula , Henricks Linda M. , Offer Steven M. , Barbarino Julia , Schellens Jan H.M. , Swen Jesse J. , Klein Teri E. , McLeod Howard L. , Caudle Kelly E. , Diasio Robert B. , Schwab Matthias
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this guideline is to provide information for the interpretation of clinical dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) genotype tests so that the results can be used to guide dosing of fluoropyrimidines (5‐fluorouracil and capecitabine). Detailed guidelines for the use of fluoropyrimidines, their clinical pharmacology, as well as analyses of cost‐effectiveness are beyond the scope of this document. The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC®) guidelines consider the situation of patients for which genotype data are already available (updates available at https://cpicpgx.org/guidelines/guideline‐for‐fluoropyrimidines‐and‐dpyd/).
Give credit where it is due
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: November 2017

Have you ever sat in a meeting and heard your boss glom up all the credit for a project you and your colleagues put your hearts, souls, and time into? He takes all the glory and shares none of it with his team. I am sure all of us has had a boss like that somewhere along the way.
Collaborate to create opportunities that help women succeed
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: November 2017

Conducting research as an empirical labor economist, Linda A. Bell explored questions about inequality in wages and why people work as hard as they do. She examined the gender pay gap and the influence of women's mentorship on other women, especially how it helped them achieve top corporate positions.