bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foreign whistleblowing: the impact of US extraterritorial enforcement on anti-corruption laws in Europe
Authors: Karpacheva Elina , Hock Branislav
Published: January 2023

Purpose

Foreign whistleblowers are foreign citizens who help national enforcement authorities to sanction both foreign-based corporations and home-based corporations that engage in economic crime. This paper aims to investigate the expansion of US law in the area of transnational economic crime by discussing the case of foreign whistleblowers.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper has been developed from a literature review carried out as part of a wider study into policing international bribery.

Findings

This paper shows that extraterritorial application of US whistleblowing laws is part of a broad trend associated with extraterritorial enforcement of US anti-corruption statutes such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). The extraterritorial reach of the FCPA and other statutes allowed the USA to become the leader in sanctioning US corporations as well as non-US corporations for economic crime. In effect, some US enforcement practices have become the standard that has influenced law and law enforcement in other countries as well as internal compliance of corporations.

Originality/value

In spite of the profound impact foreign whistleblowing has on the effectiveness of national anti-corruption enforcement, this topic has been largely neglected by academic research. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to provide an overview of the role of foreign whistleblowers and the significant impact foreign whistleblowing has for legal reform in European countries and internal compliance of corporations in Europe and beyond.
Effects of COVID-19 on the relationship between inflation and REITs returns in South Africa
Authors: Mpofu Bekithemba , Moobela Cletus , Simbanegavi Prisca
Published: January 2023

Purpose

This research aims to ascertain the extent to which the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic affected the relationship between inflation and real estate investment trusts (REITs) returns in South Africa.

Design/methodology/approach

This research used the Johansen cointegration test and effective test in establishing if there is a long-run cointegrating equation between the variables. To ascertain if COVID-19 resulted in a different relationship regime between inflation and REITs returns, the sequential Bai–Perron method was used.

Findings

Between December 2013 and July 2022, there was no evidence of a long-run relationship between inflation and REITs returns, and a restricted vector autoregressive (VAR) model with a period lag for each variable best describing the relationship. Using the sequential Bai–Perron method, for one break, the results show February 2020 as a structural break in the relationship. A cointegrating equation is also found for the period before the structural break and another after the break. Interestingly, the relationship is negative before the break and a new positive relationship (regime) is confirmed after the noted break.

Practical implications

This research helps REITs stakeholders to position themselves in light of any changes to macroeconomic activity within South Africa.

Originality/value

This is one of the first studies to test inflation relationship with REITs returns in South Africa and the effects of COVID-19 thereof. This research helps REITs stakeholders to position themselves in light of any changes to macroeconomic activity within South Africa.
Dances with wolves: The demographic consequence of asymmetric competition and intraguild predation in a native‐invasive skink system
Authors: Huang Shi‐Ping , Lin Jhan‐Wei , Chou Chun‐Chia , Liao Chen‐Pan , Hsu Jung‐Ya , Tsai Jing‐Fu , Liu Shao‐Lun , Huang Wen‐San
Published: January 2023

Currently, we lack enough knowledge to fully explain how the impacts of species invasion on native communities are attributed to multifaceted, individual‐based behavioural outcomes.

Here, we illustrate the long‐term population dynamics of the native long‐tailed sun skink (Eutropis longicaudata) before and after the invasion of the common sun skink (Eutropis multifasciata). We conducted diet investigation, morphological measurement, and a series of behavioural experiments both in the field and laboratory. We explained how the impacts of the invasive skink on the native skink can cascade towards the population level based on these individual‐level behavioural data.

We present evidence of competition exclusion of the native skink population resulting from the invasion of the common sun skink. The drastic decline found in the native skink population was largely accounted for by low recruitment, as shown by the decrease in its clutch numbers correspondingly.

We also found dominance of the invasive skink in both exploitation competition and intraguild predation. Considering the highly overlapping morphological and dietary niches between the two species, our findings imply that the native skink has undergone strong food competition and predation pressure on its eggs and juveniles.

Interestingly, the native skink started to display parental care behaviour 2 years after the invasion event, and its clutch survival rate has recovered since then. The shift in parental care behaviour may help the native skink cope with this new predation pressure from the invasive skink.

Overall, the two competitive skinks showed low chances of coexisting. The negative population growth of this native skink species may be primarily derived from poor reproductive performance, given a sharp decline in its clutch numbers and its inferiority in exploitation competition, despite rebounding clutch survival rates.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
PLANETARY URBANIZATION AND IMPERIALISM: A View from Guåhan/Guam
Authors: Galindez Kyle
Published: January 2023

Through this article I contribute to debates about planetary urbanization by specifying how imperialism, defined as states restricting the self‐determination of other states or peoples, intersects with urbanization. While recent urban theory has explored how urbanization unfolds at scales beyond the city and in relation to global capital accumulation, it has not fully extended these insights to incorporate the central role of states and imperialism. First, I argue that doing so develops a more expansive account of extended urbanization by revealing how networks of military bases are themselves enmeshed in the production of urban networks via state policies, and that militarized sites safeguard the global capitalist economy that sustains urbanization. Secondly, I argue that imperialism changes concentrated urbanization by restricting self‐determination, fomenting spatial formations that prioritize militarism, and shifting urban politics to a larger scale. I show these dynamics through a historical analysis of the US military's strategic interest in the island of Guåhan/Guam at the end of the second world war, and then generalize from this case to consider variegated outcomes at the intersections of urbanization and imperialism. In the article I aim to more adequately explain the heterogenous ways urbanization unfolds across the contemporary world.
Middle cerebral artery Doppler improves risk stratification of small for gestational age babies at a peri‐viable gestation
Authors: Impey Lawrence
Published: January 2023

Linked article: This is a mini commentary on Albright et al., pp.443–453 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/1471‐0528.17374.
Vacuum extraction or caesarean section in the second stage of labour: A systematic review
Authors: Thierens Stephanie , van Binsbergen Annelien , Nolens Barbara , van den Akker Thomas , Bloemenkamp Kitty , Rijken Marcus J.
Published: January 2023

Background

Prolonged second stage of labour is an important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Vacuum extraction (VE) and second‐stage caesarean section (SSCS) are the most commonly performed obstetric interventions, but the procedure chosen varies widely globally.

Objectives

To compare maternal and perinatal morbidity, mortality and other adverse outcomes after VE versus SSCS.

Search Strategy

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane and EMBASE. Studies were critically appraised using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale.

Selection Criteria

All artictles including women in second stage of labour, giving birth by vacuum extraction or cesarean section and registering at least one perinatal or maternal outcome were selected.

Data Collection and Analysis

The chi‐square test, Fisher exact's test and binary logistic regression were used and various adverse outcome scores were calculated to evaluate maternal and perinatal outcomes.

Main Results

Fifteen articles were included, providing the outcomes for a total of 20 051 births by SSCS and 32 823 births by VE. All five maternal deaths resulted from complications of anaesthesia during SSCS. In total, 133 perinatal deaths occurred in all studies combined: 92/20 051 (0.45%) in the SSCS group and 41/32 823 (0.12%) in the VE group. In studies with more than one perinatal death, both conducted in low‐resource settings, more perinatal deaths occurred during the decision‐to‐birth interval in the SSCS group than in the VE group (5.5% vs 1.4%, OR 4.00, 95% CI 1.17–13.70; 11% vs 8.4%, OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.85–2.26). All other adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes showed no statistically significant differences.

Conclusions

Vacuum extraction should be the recommended mode of birth, both in high‐income countries and in low‐ and middle‐income countries, to prevent unnecessary SSCS and to reduce perinatal and maternal deaths when safe anaesthesia and surgery is not immediately available.
Sequential culture with aroma‐producing yeast strains to improve the quality of Kyoho wine
Authors: Lai Yen‐Tso , Hou Chih‐Yao , Lin Shin‐Ping , Lo Yi‐Chen , Chen Chien‐Hao , Hsieh Chang‐Wei , Lin Hui‐Wen , Cheng Kuan‐Chen
Published: January 2023

Despite many non‐Saccharomyces yeasts being considered spoilage microorganisms, they can increase aroma and flavor diversity in alcoholic beverages. The purpose of this study was to investigate nontraditional inoculation strategies using aroma‐producing yeast strains for Kyoho wine fermentation, followed by an instrumental analysis and sensory evaluation. The winemaking process was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gr112, Hanseniaspora uvarum Pi235, and Pichia kluyveri Pe114. Multiple inoculation strategies were explored. In instrumental analysis results, mixed culture could promote the formation of esters (5.9‐folds) and glycerol (1.3‐folds) and reduce the content of ethanol (–0.5% [v/v]) in wine. The sensory analysis results suggested that the three yeast strains sequential inoculation treatment was associated with the aroma attributes “floral,” “red fruity,” and “tropical fruity.” Co‐cultivation contributed to an increase in complexity and aromatic intensity, with the three‐strain inoculation treatment presenting a more distinctive appearance.

Practical Application

The inoculation of S. cerevisiae improved the accumulation of volatile acids and esters by inhibiting the growth of non‐Saccharomyces yeast strains. Inoculation of H. uvarum and P. kluyveri would effectively solve the defect of excessive content of higher alcohols in wines produced by S. cerevisiae. The suitable inoculation strategy between non‐Saccharomyces yeasts could improve the overall quality of Kyoho wine whose starter might be widely used in fermentation industry.
Thiazolidinedione use is associated with reduced risk of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Zhao Houyu , Zhuo Lin , Sun Yexiang , Shen Peng , Lin Hongbo , Zhan Siyan
Published: January 2023

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dementia cause heavy health burden in mainland China, where few studies have investigated the association between glucose‐lowering agents and dementia risk. We aimed to assess the association between use of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and dementia incidence in a mainland Chinese population with T2DM.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of T2DM patients who were new users of TZDs or alpha glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) was assembled using the Yinzhou Regional Health Care Database. A Cox model with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) for controlling potential founding was applied to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of the association between use of TZDs and dementia risk.

Results

A total of 49 823 new users of AGIs and 12 752 new users of TZDs were included in the final cohort. In the primary analysis, the incidence of dementia was 195.7 and 78.2 per 100 000 person‐years in users of AGIs and TZDs respectively. TZD use was associated with a reduced risk of incident dementia after adjusting for potential confounding using IPTW, with a HR of 0.51 (95% CI, 0.38–0.67). The results in various subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were consistent with the findings of the primary analysis.

Conclusions

Use of TZDs is associated with a decreased risk of dementia incidence in a mainland Chinese population with T2DM.
Vestiges of the Kerguelen Mantle Plume in Southern Tibet: Evidence from 123–117 Ma Magmatism in the Dingri Area of the Central Tethys Himalaya
Authors: YAN Songtao , WU Qingsong , LI Hu , DAI Xuejian , ZHU Lidong , WANG Jie , XIN Chongyang
Published: January 2023

The widely distributed Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Tethys Himalaya (TH) of southern Tibet is related to the Kerguelen mantle plume. Associated magmatic activity products are distributed in the eastern TH, where the active age is earlier than the peak ages of the Kerguelen mantle plume. This study investigated magmatic activity of the Dingri area in the central TH which was coeval with the Kerguelen mantle plume. The intrusion in the Dingri area contains diabases and monzonites. The zircon age of diabase is 123 ± 1 Ma, and that of monzonite is 117 ± 1 Ma. Geochemistry and Sr‐Nd isotopic analyses show that the mafic–intermediate dikes were formed in an intraplate extensional environment. The diabase is derived from the enriched lithospheric mantle and monzonite is derived from partial melting of the lower crust, with both magmatic evolutions being contaminated by crustal materials. These characteristics are similar to those of the Rajmahal–Sylhet basalt, a typical Kerguelen mantle plume product. The discovery of the Dingri mafic–intermediate dikes of the central TH suggests that the TH and Rajmahal–Sylhet Traps formed a continuous mantle plume overflow magmatic belt which was a product of the continuous eruption of the Kerguelen mantle plume.
High‐temperature exposure risk, corporate performance and pricing efficiency of the stock market
Authors: Chen Guojin , Chen Wenpeng , Wang Jiaqi , Zhao Xiangqin
Published: January 2023

Using the daily temperature data of the national meteorological stations, we measure the high‐temperature exposure risk of Chinese A‐share listed enterprises, investigate the impact of high‐temperature exposure risk on corporate prime operating revenue and performance, and further discuss securities analysts' forecasts for this risk. We find that increased exposure to high temperature reduces corporate prime operating revenue, and the response of enterprises to high‐temperature risk will lead to a rise in management expenses and the deterioration of business performance. Further evidence suggests that securities analysts generally underestimate or ignore the impact of high‐temperature exposure risk, and our results are robust to different measures and samples.
Workforce diversity and financial statement readability
Authors: Li Leye , Lu Louise Yi , Wang Yi , Yu Yangxin
Published: January 2023

The Securities and Exchange Commission has associated readability with a range of linguistic features largely determined by the language style of the information producers, including sentence length and the use of personal pronouns, familiar words, surplus words and active voice. We examine the impact of a firm's workforce ethnic diversity on its financial statement readability. Based on linguistic literature, we argue that a more diverse workforce increases the linguistic heterogeneity of the inputs into financial statements, hindering financial statement readability. We show that financial statement readability decreases with the ethnic diversity of the workforce, and that this effect is more pronounced for firms located in a community with a high crime rate or low social capital. We also find that the market reacts less to the earnings surprises of firms with less readable financial statements. We further find that the impact of white‐collar employee diversity on readability is greater than that of blue‐collar employee diversity. The results of robustness tests suggest that workplace diversity does not reduce firms' overall information production quality, which rules out the alternative explanation that employee diversity hinders financial statement readability through increasing employee conflict and communication errors. Overall, our study suggests that workforce diversity is an important determinant of financial statement readability.
Pupae survival following fire in the frosted elfin (Callophrys irus)
Authors: Meyer Robert T. , Pokswinski Scott M. , Ney Jacob , McElveen Dave
Published: January 2023

The frosted elfin (Callophrys irus) butterfly inhabits landscapes that may be subject to frequent fire to be sustained. Frosted elfins pupate primarily in leaf litter, at the soil surface, or just below it, and may suffer high mortality rates when fires occur. Gathering better information on this source of mortality is critical to planning prescribed fire operations in a manner conducive to the long‐term survival of the species.

We buried lab‐reared frosted elfin pupae (n = 61) at 0.75 cm (n = 31) or 1.75 cm (n = 30) below the ground and conducted two experimental fires that mimicked typical prescribed fires.

Eighteen of 30 (60%) buried at 1.75 cm survived 4 weeks postburn; no pupae buried at 0.75 cm survived. Most (n = 17) of the pupae that survived successfully enclosed the following year. Surviving pupae encountered lower maximum temperatures and were exposed to shorter durations of above‐lethal temperatures compared to those that died.

Our data demonstrate that high mortality rates can be expected due to fire, yet fire remains a critical tool for maintaining the habitat. Fire practitioners should mitigate losses by using ignition patterns and suboptimal burn conditions to reduce fire intensity, or burn in a mosaic pattern across the landscape to ensure enough survival to perpetuate frosted elfin populations.
Current landscape of cancer survivorship research in Australia
Authors: Morris Julia N , Crawford‐Williams Fiona , Koczwara Bogda , Chan Raymond J , Vardy Janette , Lisy Karolina , Iddawela Mahesh , Mackay Gillian , Jefford Michael
Published: January 2023

Aim

Response to the substantial and long‐term impacts that a cancer diagnosis and treatment has on the growing population of cancer survivors, requires priority‐driven, impactful research. This study aimed to map Australian cancer survivorship research activities to identify gaps and opportunities for improvement and compare activities against identified survivorship research priorities.

Methods

An online survey was completed by Australian researchers regarding their cancer survivorship research, and the barriers they identified to conducting such research. Current research activity was compared to recently established Australian survivorship research priorities.

Results

Overall, 178 participants completed the online survey. The majority of the research undertaken utilized survey or qualitative designs and focused on breast cancer, adult populations, and those in early survivorship (<5 years post‐treatment). Barriers to conducting survivorship research included funding, collaboration and networking, mentoring, and time constraints. There was moderate alignment with existing research priorities. Investigating models of care and health service delivery were the most frequently researched priorities. Research priorities that were less commonly investigated included patient navigation, patient‐reported outcomes, multimorbidity, fear of cancer recurrence, and economic issues.

Conclusion

This study provides the first snapshot of Australian survivorship research activity. Comparison to established priorities demonstrates health services research is receiving attention and highlights areas for potential pursuits, such as rare cancers or multimorbidity. Findings indicate the need for improved funding and infrastructure to support researchers in advancing the survivorship research agenda.
Analysis of implants for metastatic bone tumors of the proximal femur: A retrospective study
Authors: Terakawa Fumihide , Kamoda Hiroto , Yonemoto Tsukasa , Hagiwara Yoko , Tsukanishi Toshinori , Kinoshita Hideyuki , Ohtori Seiji , Ishii Takeshi
Published: January 2023

Aim

To investigate the relationship between surgical techniques used in our hospital to treat metastatic bone tumors of the proximal femur and activity level and prognosis of patients and whether the location of the tumor is considered when selecting surgical techniques.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 82 patients with metastatic bone tumors of the proximal femur who underwent intramedullary nail fixation (IMN), bipolar hip arthroplasty (BHP) or modular megaprosthesis (MMP) in our hospital from 2007 to 2020. We measured the distance from the center of femoral head to the proximal (x) and distal (y) end of the of tumor, using preoperative computed tomography images to determine the location of metastasis. We also measured revised Katagiri score at the time of fracture, postoperative ISOLS/MSTS (functional outcome) scores, and overall survival.

Results

The value of x was significantly different among the three groups. The value of y showed a significant difference between the IMN and BHP groups and the BHP and MMP groups. The functional outcome score was significantly lower in the IMN group. The survival rate of the patient tended to be higher in the BHP and MMP groups than in the IMN group 1 year postoperatively.

Conclusion

IMN was favored when the distance from the center of femoral head to the proximal end of the tumor was ≥15 mm. In the case of prosthetic replacement, BHP was chosen if the distance from the center of femoral head to the distal end of the tumor was ≤70 mm. BHP and MMP were preferred over IMN functionally.
Risk factors for taxane‐induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Liang Cuilv , Zhang Yin , Chen Qi Ying , Chen Wen Fa , Chen Ming Zhu
Published: January 2023

Purpose

This study investigated the clinical risk factors for peripheral neuropathy induced by docetaxel and albumin‐bound paclitaxel (AP) in patients with breast cancer.

Methods

This prospective observational study recruited 268 patients between March 2019 and December 2020. Patient information was obtained through the query system for laboratory test results, patient consultations, and scale evaluations. Neuropathic symptoms were followed up throughout and until 3 months after taxane chemotherapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to find the risk factors for overall and moderate–severe taxane‐induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN).

Results

Cumulative dose (odds ratio [OR] = 3.533, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.797–6.944, p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (OR = 2.926, 95% CI: 1.621–5.281, p < 0.001), body surface area (BSA) (OR = 1.724, 95% CI: 1.011–2.941, p = 0.045), and hypocalcemia (OR = 4.899, 95% CI: 1.518–15.811, p = 0.008) all increased the risk of TIPN. Only cumulative dose (OR = 2.577, 95% CI: 1.161–5.719, p = 0.020) and BSA (OR = 2.040, 95% CI: 1.073–3.877, p = 0.030) were independent risk factors for moderate–severe TIPN.

Conclusion

Cumulative dose, BMI, BSA, and hypocalcemia are all risk factors for overall TIPN, whereas cumulative dose and BSA are risk factors for moderate–severe TIPN. Patients with breast cancer who have high BMI, large BSA, hypocalcemia, and large cumulative dose may be at risk of TIPN, and intervention measures must be actively carried out for them.
One Country, Two Calendars: Lunar January Effect in China's A‐Share Stock Market
Authors: Liang Xiaobo , Liu Qianqiu , Zebedee Allan A.
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we examine the January effect in China's A‐share stock market from January 1995 to December 2019 using both the solar and lunar calendars. Consistent with the existing literature, we find the absence of a traditional January effect in the solar calendar; however, we observe a strong January effect in the lunar calendar. Moreover, the effect is much stronger in small firms. We demonstrate that the tax‐loss selling and window dressing hypotheses cannot explain the turn‐of‐the‐year effect in China. Instead, the turn‐of‐the‐year effect in trading volume and buy orders help to explain the strong lunar January effect. As a falsification test, we examine the B‐share market that is predominantly composed of foreign investors and find no evidence of the lunar January effect. Our results show that Chinese financial markets are more closely aligned with the traditional lunar calendar than the standard solar calendar.
Global Economic Integration and Nativist Politics in Emerging Economies
Authors: Helms Benjamin
Published: January 2023

Nativist political movements are globally ascendant. In advanced democracies, rising anti‐immigrant politics is in part a backlash against economic globalization. In emerging economies, where nativists primarily target internal migrants, there is little investigation of whether trade liberalization fuels antimigrant sentiment, perhaps because trade benefits workers in these contexts. I argue that global economic integration causes nativist backlash in emerging economies even though it does not dislocate workers. I highlight an alternative mechanism: geographic labor mobility. Workers strategically migrate to access geographically uneven global economic opportunity. This liberalization‐induced mobility interacts with native–migrant cleavages to generate nativist backlash. I explore these dynamics in the Indian textile sector, which experienced a positive shock following global trade liberalization in 2005. Using a difference‐in‐differences analysis, I find that exposed localities experienced increased internal migration and nativism, manifesting in antimigrant rioting and nativist party support. Liberalization can fuel nativism even when its economic impacts are positive.
European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology position paper on endoscopic scoring of nasal polyposis
Authors: Gevaert Philippe , De Craemer Jarno , Bachert Claus , Blauwblomme Manon , Chaker Adam , Cingi Cemal , Hellings Peter W. , Hopkins Claire , Hox Valérie , Fokkens Wytske J. , Klimek Ludger , Lund Valerie , Mösges Ralph , Mullol Joaquim , Pfaar Oliver , Scadding Glenis , Tomazic Peter Valentin , Van Zele Thibaut , Vlaminck Stephan , Wagenmann Martin , Toppila‐Salmi Sanna , Alobid Isam
Published: January 2023

Nasal endoscopy is not only used for the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), but also for monitoring the response to therapy playing an important role in both daily practice and research. In contrast to patient‐reported outcomes, endoscopic nasal polyp scoring by independent blinded readers is an objective measurement, not influenced by the placebo effect. It is safer and cheaper compared with computed tomography imaging and therefore, better suited for regular assessments of the extent of the disease. Since the early 90s, a variety of endoscopic staging methods have been proposed and used in clinical research, making it hard to compare results from different studies. This paper resulted from a task force with experts in the field of CRSwNP, originated by the Ear, Nose and Throat section of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and aims to provide a unified endoscopic NP scoring system that can serve as a reference standard for researchers, but also as a useful tool for practitioners involved in the management of CRSwNP.
Management of adult patients with haematological malignancies in critical care
Authors: Fizza Haider S. , Sloss R. , Jhanji S. , Nicholson E. , Creagh‐Brown B.
Published: January 2023

There are a diverse range of haematological malignancies with varying clinical presentations and prognoses. Patients with haematological malignancy may require admission to critical care at the time of diagnosis or due to treatment related effects and complications. Although the prognosis for such patients requiring critical care has improved, there remain uncertainties in optimal clinical management. Identification of patients who will benefit from critical care admission is challenging and selective involvement of palliative care may help to reduce unnecessary and non‐beneficial treatments. While patients with haematological malignancy can present a challenge to critical care physicians, good outcomes can be achieved. In this narrative review, we provide a brief overview of relevant haematological malignancies for the critical care physician and a summary of recent treatment advances. Subsequently, we focus on critical care management for the patient with haematological malignancy including sepsis; acute respiratory failure; prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome; thrombocytopaenia; and venous thromboembolism. We also discuss immunotherapeutic‐specific related complications and their management, including cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome associated with chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy. While the management of haematological malignancies is highly specialised and increasingly centralised, acutely unwell patients often present to their local hospital with complications requiring critical care expertise. The aim of this review is to provide a contemporary overview of disease and management principles for non‐specialist critical care teams.
Blood, dose recommendation reports and phone calls: Experiences of a therapeutic drug monitoring advisory service for vancomycin
Authors: Carland Jane E. , Stacy Alexandra E. , Schaffer Andrea L. , Day Richard O. , Brett Jonathan , Reuter Stephanie E. , Stocker Sophie L.
Published: January 2023

Dose‐prediction software is recommended to enable area under the curve over 24 h (AUC24)‐guided dosing of the antibiotic vancomycin. However, uncertainty remains about how best to implement software in the clinic. We describe the activity, over 18 months, of a consultative therapeutic drug monitoring Advisory Service (the Service) for vancomycin that used dose‐prediction software alongside clinical expertise, identifying factors that influence attainment of therapeutic targets. Of the 408 vancomycin dose reports provided for 182 courses of therapy, most (57%) recommended a dose change. The majority (82.8%, 193/233) of recommended dose adjustments were accepted by treating teams. A dose report was not published for 125 courses of therapy, with reasons including patient in intensive care unit or service error. An estimated 26.6 h of staff time was allocated to Service activities each month. Publication of a dose report facilitated attainment of therapeutic targets (P = .002). Software integration could improve Service outcomes, avoiding errors and reducing staff workload.
Picamilon, a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue and marketed nootropic, is inactive against 50 biological targets
Authors: Santillo Michael F. , Sprando Robert L.
Published: January 2023

Picamilon is an analogue of the neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is marketed as a nootropic claiming to enhance cognition. There is a lack of in silico, in vitro and in vivo data on the safety of picamilon. Therefore, to ascertain potential physiological effects of picamilon, it was screened against 50 safety‐related biological targets (receptors, ion channels, enzymes and transporters) by in silico and in vitro methods. Using two in silico tools, picamilon was not predicted to bind to the targets. Similarly, picamilon exhibited weak or no binding to the targets when measured in vitro at 10 μM. Overall, this data shows that picamilon, although structurally similar to other GABA analogues, has a different biological target binding profile. Picamilon's lack of binding to the 50 targets fills important data gaps among GABA analogues, a group of structurally related substances found in drugs and other consumer products.
Heat flow and thermal regime in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California: Estimates of conductive and advective heat transport
Authors: Neumann Florian , Negrete‐Aranda Raquel , Harris Robert N. , Contreras Juan , Galerne Christophe Y. , Peña‐Salinas Manet S. , Spelz Ronald M. , Teske Andreas , Lizarralde Daniel , Höfig Tobias W. ,   Expedition 385 Scientists
Published: January 2023

Heat flow is estimated at eight sites drilled int the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, during the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 385. The expedition sought to understand the thermal regime of the basin and heat transfer between off‐axis sills intruding the organic‐rich sediments of the Guaymas Basin, and the basin floor. The distinct sedimentation rates, active tectonics, and magmatism make the basin interesting for scientific discoveries. Results show that sedimentation corrected heat flow values range 119–221 mW/m2 in the basin and 257–1003 mW/m2 at the site of a young sill intrusion, denominated Ringvent. Thermal analysis shows that heat in the Guaymas Basin is being dissipated by conduction for plate ages >0.2 Ma, whereas younger plate ages are in a state of transient cooling by both conduction and advection. Drilling sites show that Ringvent is an active sill being cooled down slowly by circulating fluids with discharge velocities of 10–200 mm/yr. Possible recharge sites are located ca. 1 km away from the sill's border. Modelling of the heat output at Ringvent indicates a sill thickness of ca. 240 m. A simple order‐of‐magnitude model predicts that relatively small amounts of magma are needed to account for the elevated heat flow in non‐volcanic, sediment‐filled rifts like the central and northern Gulf of California in which heating of the upper crust is achieved via advection by sill emplacement and hydrothermal circulation. Multiple timescales of cooling control the crustal, chemical and biological evolution of the Guaymas Basin. Here, we recognize at least four timescales: the time interval between intrusions (ca. 103 yr), the thermal relaxation time of sills (ca. 104 yr), the characteristic cooling time of the sediments (ca. 105 yr), and the cooling of the entire crust at geologic timescales.
A part of, yet apart from the team: Substantive membership and belonging of trans and nonbinary athletes
Authors: Greey Ali Durham
Published: January 2023

Increasingly, bills and policies prohibit the participation of trans women in competitive sport. The current sociopolitical moment begs the following question: how do interpersonal interactional moments function alongside formal policies and rules to shape trans athletes’ experiences of belonging in sport? Although formal institutional rules govern trans athletes’ ability to compete in sport, informal social sanctioning also denies these athletes equitable, or even de facto, membership in sport. I draw upon two case studies to explore trans athletes’ experiences of membership in elite “women's” sport. I apply Evelyn Nakano Glenn's work on citizenship to consider how trans athletes’ experiences of belonging are influenced by both formal rules imposed by organizations as well as informal social interactions with members of their sporting communities. Inclusion is not synonymous with membership. Trans athletes render visible the ways in which this system functions to contain the diversity of humanity's gender expression.
Monolithic Friction and Contact Handling for Rigid Bodies and Fluids Using SPH
Authors: Probst T. , Teschner M.
Published: January 2023

We propose a novel monolithic pure SPH formulation to simulate fluids strongly coupled with rigid bodies. This includes fluid incompressibility, fluid–rigid interface handling and rigid–rigid contact handling with a viable implicit particle‐based dry friction formulation. The resulting global system is solved using a new accelerated solver implementation that outperforms existing fluid and coupled rigid–fluid simulation approaches. We compare results of our simulation method to analytical solutions, show performance evaluations of our solver and present a variety of new and challenging simulation scenarios.
First‐in‐human study with SAR445088: A novel selective classical complement pathway inhibitor
Authors: Chow Timothy , Shamszad Pirouz , Vinnard Christopher , Yoon Esther , Belinski Julia , Karpenko Irene , Perrin Laurent , Auwarter Kristen , Storek Michael , Surks Howard , Wong Nancy , Cohen Yehuda Z.
Published: January 2023

SAR445088 is an anti‐C1s humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits activated C1s in the proximal portion of the classical complement system and has the potential to provide clinical benefit in the treatment of complement‐mediated diseases. A phase I, first‐in‐human, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, dose‐escalation trial of single and multiple doses of SAR445088 was conducted in 93 healthy participants to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles. Single (intravenous [i.v.] and subcutaneous [s.c.]) ascending doses (SAD) and multiple (s.c.) ascending doses (MAD) of SAR445088 were well‐tolerated. The PK of SAR445088 was characterized by slow absorption after the s.c. dose and a long half‐life (mean terminal half‐life [t1/2] 8–15 weeks). Two PD assays were used to measure inhibition of the classical complement pathway (CP): Wieslab CP and complement mediated hemolytic capacity (CH50). The estimated half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90) for the Wieslab CP assay were 96.4 and 458 μg/ml, respectively, and 16.6 and 57.0 μg/ml, respectively, for the CH50 assay. In summary, SAR445088 was well‐tolerated and had favorable PK and PD profiles after SAD (i.v. or s.c.) and MAD (s.c.) in humans. These findings warrant further clinical investigations in patients with classical complement‐mediated disorders.
Cutaneous Sporothrix globosa infection mimicking cryptococcosis in a patient with history of kidney transplant
Authors: Lin Erica M. , Singer Hannah , Telang Gladys H. , Chau Thinh , Farmakiotis Dimitrios , Robinson‐Bostom Leslie
Published: January 2023

Sporotrichosis is a subacute‐to‐chronic infection caused by Sporothrix species, a dimorphic fungus. Virulence varies by Sporothrix species and presentation can be region dependent. The patient had a history of immunosuppression as a result of a kidney transplant, and presented with a high disease burden on histopathological examination, but responded well to itraconazole. The case suggests considering Sporothrix speciation in immunocompromised patients to best determine treatment modality and duration.
The Future of Multilateralism in the Post‐pandemic World
Authors: Song Ligang , Agarwal Vishesh
Published: January 2023

This paper applies an endogenous institutionalist framework to understand the evolution of the rules‐based international trading system since the end of World War II. We argue that the initial success of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs and re‐enforcement that led to the formation of the WTO can be explained by three major factors: the hegemonic position of the US, the belief that international trade would foster prosperity and peace, and Cold War politics. However, declining US hegemony along with a shift in global comparative advantage in labor‐intensive manufacturing led to a shift from multilateral towards preferential trade agreements since the 1990s. Today, the WTO faces several new challenges, including increasing geo‐political competition between the US and China, increasing digitization of commerce, and disrupted supply chains following COVID‐19. A functioning WTO that facilitates global economic re‐integration remains crucial to ensure a strong recovery from the pandemic and continued long‐term prosperity and stability of the global economy.
Epicuticular wax content of western white pine is involved in Cronartium ribicola resistance
Authors: Noshad David , Ukrainetz Nicholas , King John , Yanchuk Alvin
Published: January 2023

The introduction of Cronartium ribicola, the causative agent of white pine blister rust, has been devastating for white pines in North America, including western white pine. Among the observed partial resistance responses to white pine blister rust is a mechanism referred to as difficult‐to‐infect (DI), which is characterized by lower frequency of infection spots on needles and a lower incidence of branch and stem cankers than susceptible host plants. Parents with the DI trait were selected and bred to produce nine full‐sib families. Progeny were propagated and cloned using in vitro techniques in controlled environmental conditions. Explants were inoculated with a single strain of C. ribicola and characterized by using a disease assessment index (DAI), which was used to compare DI full‐sib families to several other full‐sib families (from Idaho) selected for other partial resistance traits. Most DI families had significantly lower DAI scores and higher epicuticular wax content. When the wax was removed from the surface of needles, the DAI of all full‐sib families increased. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that stomata in DI full‐sib families are mostly occluded by epicuticular wax. The results of this study suggest that the DI resistance mechanism of western white pine is related to needle surface epicuticular wax, which likely hinders the penetration of stomata by fungal hyphae. The occurrence and magnitude of this trait in the breeding population remains unknown, and special assessment technique for large‐scale screening will have to be developed.
The impact of prior and current information of a new nest on relocation dynamics in an Indian ant
Authors: Mukherjee Ishani , Das Susnato , Paul Bishwarup , Annagiri Sumana
Published: January 2023

Animals are known to acquire and store information of their environment in order to enhance their performance in different tasks like foraging, migration and breeding. Having information regarding nesting sites would be particularly useful when they have to relocate. In the current study, we asked if having information of a new nest prior to or at the onset of relocation has a positive impact on the ability of ant colonies to relocate. We performed five sets of experiments on a ponerine ant species Diacamma indicum that recruits nestmates solely by tandem running. By analyzing data of 4756 unique ants across 61 colonies, we found that, access to information of the new nest for 1 day prior to the relocation did not give any significant advantage as compared to no prior information of the new nest. However, access to information for 7 days prior to relocation resulted in 50% increase in the number of tandem leaders and reduction of the transport time by an average of 49%. Our data on providing information at the onset of relocation indicates that introducing explorers to the new nest did not aid the process of relocation but when information of a new nest was self‐acquired, there was a reduction in discovery time by 50% and also in the transport time per unit distance for relocation into a new nest. Having information regarding only the surroundings and not the nest at the onset of a relocation did not give any significant advantages. Further, the manner in which work was organized during the relocation process was not significantly influenced by prior information across any of the treatments. Our findings suggest that information of new nest is important and when such information is self‐acquired at the onset of relocation or is available for a long enough duration, it has a positive influence in the process of relocation in this ant species.
Assortative mating for reproductive timing affects population recruitment and resilience in a quantitative genetic model
Authors: May Samuel A. , Hard Jeffrey J. , Ford Michael J. , Naish Kerry A. , Ward Eric J.
Published: January 2023

Quantitative models that simulate the inheritance and evolution of fitness‐linked traits offer a method for predicting how environmental or anthropogenic perturbations can affect the dynamics of wild populations. Random mating between individuals within populations is a key assumption of many such models used in conservation and management to predict the impacts of proposed management or conservation actions. However, recent evidence suggests that non‐random mating may be underestimated in wild populations and play an important role in diversity‐stability relationships. Here we introduce a novel individual‐based quantitative genetic model that incorporates assortative mating for reproductive timing, a defining attribute of many aggregate breeding species. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by simulating a generalized salmonid lifecycle, varying input parameters, and comparing model outputs to theoretical expectations for several eco‐evolutionary, population dynamic scenarios. Simulations with assortative mating systems resulted in more resilient and productive populations than those that were randomly mating. In accordance with established ecological and evolutionary theory, we also found that decreasing the magnitude of trait correlations, environmental variability, and strength of selection each had a positive effect on population growth. Our model is constructed in a modular framework so that future components can be easily added to address pressing issues such as the effects of supportive breeding, variable age structure, differential selection by sex or age, and fishery interactions on population growth and resilience. With code published in a public Github repository, model outputs may easily be tailored to specific study systems by parameterizing with empirically generated values from long‐term ecological monitoring programs.
Isoform‐specific modification of apolipoprotein E by 4‐hydroxynonenal: protective role of apolipoprotein E3 against oxidative species
Authors: Abeer Muhammad I. , Abdulhasan Abbas , Haguar Zahraa , Narayanaswami Vasanthy
Published: January 2023

High levels of 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE), arising from lipid peroxidation, and HNE‐modified proteins have been identified in postmortem brains of ageing and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The goal of this study is to understand the effect of HNE modification on the structure and function of recombinant apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) and apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), which play a critical role in brain cholesterol homeostasis. The two isoforms differ in a single amino acid at position 112: Cys in apoE3 and Arg in apoE4. Immunoblot with HNE‐specific antibody indicates HNE modification of apoE3 and apoE4 with a major band at ~ 36 kDa, while LC–MS/MS revealed Michael addition at His140 (60–70% abundance) and His299 (3–5% abundance) in apoE3 and apoE4, and Cys112 adduct in apoE3 (75% abundance). Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed no major differences in the overall secondary structure or helical content between unmodified and HNE‐modified apoE. HNE modification did not affect their ability to promote cholesterol efflux from J774.1 macrophages. However, it led to a 3‐fold decrease in their ability to bind lipids and 25–50% decrease in the ability of cerebral cortex endothelial cells to uptake lipoproteins bearing HNE‐modified HNE‐apoE3 or HNE‐apoE4 as noted by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Taken together, the data indicate that HNE modification impairs lipid binding and cellular uptake of both isoforms, and that apoE3, bearing a Cys, offers a protective role by sequestering lipid peroxidation products that would otherwise cause indiscriminate damage to biomolecules. ApoE4, lacking Cys, is unable to protect against oxidative damage that is commensurate with ageing.