bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online Dating Sites as Public Accommodations
Authors: Bedi Sonu
Published: March 2019

The internet is often thought of as the quintessential forum for the exercise of First Amendment rights. This characterization seems all the more apt for commercial online dating websites where individuals express and act upon their preferences for romantic partners. This chapter qualifies this view, arguing that parts of the internet are also social institutions that are within the scope of justice. In particular, the chapter argues that online commercial dating websites are public accommodations, providing their customers an important and widely needed service: the ability to find romantic partners. As public accommodations, it is clear that these sites should not unjustly discriminate in providing their services. Drawing on recent case law, this chapter goes further, arguing that these sites should also not facilitate racial discrimination. Even though racial preferences for romantic partners implicate rights to speech and association, it is unjust for commercial online dating websites to enable and thereby explicitly endorse these preferences.
The Meaning of Silence in Cyberspace
Authors: Brown Alexander
Published: March 2019

It has been argued in the literature on hate speech and subordination theory that even ordinary hate speakers who are not “figures of authority” in the conventional sense can possess the power or authority to subordinate (rank as inferior, deny rights and powers, or legitimate discrimination against) the targets of their hate speech in virtue of the fact that when witnesses to the hate speech remain silent they “license” or grant authority to the hate speaker. A typical example is when a hate speaker targets a victim on public transport and other passengers remain silent. The aim of this chapter is to examine the extent to which this account of licensing is applicable to online hate speech or cyberhate. More generally, the chapter explores whether the potentially distinctive nature of online communication changes the meaning of silence such that it becomes difficult to interpret silence in cyberspace as acquiescence, licensing, or complicity.
The Future of Judicial Selection
Authors: Geyh Charles Gardner
Published: March 2019

Chapter 7 then brings the book to conclusion by discussing the future of judicial selection. After summarizing the discussions in the previous six chapters, it notes that the ultimate ambition of a legal culture paradigm is to render judges independent enough to follow the law, adhere to the established legal process, and administer justice, without being so independent as to enable them to disregard those objectives in pursuit of their personal agendas. To that end, the chapter indicates that rather than trying to achieve an impossible consensus, the country should embrace the diversity of approaches that allows states to choose for themselves which selection process best suits their individual historical and other circumstances, whether that be appointive, elective, or something in-between such as a qualified election.
The Necessity of Execution
Authors: Yost Benjamin S.
Published: March 2019

This chapter investigates a more robust thesis about execution—namely, that legal authorities are morally required to execute some murderers. As in the previous chapter, the goal is to present a compelling case for the existence of retributivist reasons to execute. The first half grapples with the most rigorous philosophical defense of the death penalty in the literature: Matthew Kramer’s purgative rationale holds that moral communities must execute defilingly evil offenders in order to avoid complicity with the offender’s disparagement of humanity. Kramer’s program is noteworthy owing to its focus on extreme wrongdoing and corresponding modesty of scope. The second half reconstructs Immanuel Kant’s retributivist justification of capital punishment. Kant’s work is the locus classicus of retributivist arguments for the death penalty, and he offers a sophisticated justification of capital punishment that is philosophically important in its own right. Chapter 2 also canvasses some of Kant and Kramer’s vulnerabilities.
The Argument for Abolition
Authors: Yost Benjamin S.
Published: March 2019

The centerpiece of the book defends the principle of remedy and the expanded asymmetry principle, and presents the resulting abolitionist argument. The principle of remedy states that legal institutions must correct their mistakes, and the asymmetry principle holds that underpunishment is preferable to overpunishment. The chapter begins with a brief for the necessity of remedying mistakes, discussing the contemporary legal practices that endorse this obligation and detailing its retributivist bona fides. After clarifying the nature of the imperative, it shows how it functions alongside irrevocability to ground abolitionism. The chapter also unpacks the retributivist challenge and the pro tanto reasons to punish implicit therein. To repel the challenge, an appeal is made to the expanded asymmetry principle, which states that legal institutions must err on the side of leniency even in the face of retributive reasons to punish. After reconstructing recent justifications of the principle, and illuminating their infelicities, a new defense is supplied.
Divine Perfection and Human Potentiality
Authors: Mercer Jarred A.
Published: March 2019

No figure of fourth-century Christianity seems to be both so well known and clouded in mystery as Hilary of Poitiers. His invaluable position historically is unquestioned, but the coherence and significance of his own thought is less certain. While scholars have worked to renew Hilary’s place within his historical and polemical context, much remains to be said concerning his actual contribution within these revised contextual parameters, and the overall shape of his thought remains obscure. This book provides a new paradigm for understanding Hilary’s De Trinitate. It contends that in all of Hilary’s polemical and constructive argumentation, which is essentially trinitarian, he is inherently developing an anthropology. This work therefore reinterprets Hilary’s overall theological project in terms of the continual, and for him necessary, anthropological corollary of trinitarian theology—to reframe it in terms of a “trinitarian anthropology.” The coherence of Hilary’s work depends upon this framework, and without it his thought will continue to elude his readers. The book demonstrates this by following Hilary’s main lines of trinitarian argument, out of which flows his anthropological vision. These main lines of argument, divided into the book’s chapters, unfold into a progressive picture of humanity from potentiality to perfection. This work will also aid those seeking a more precise picture of fourth-century polemical controversy through trenchant examination of the theologies involved and the philosophical and historical influences acting upon them. The book also places the controversy in the context of its theological heritage, providing a helpful guide to previous Christian thought.
In Defense of Religious Freedom
Authors: Philpott Daniel
Published: March 2019

This chapter makes the case for religious freedom as a universal human right. It argues that religion is a universal human phenomenon and a good that merits protection by the law. It argues against the “new critics,” who hold that there is no universal phenomenon called religion, that religion and religious freedom are inventions of the modern West and have deep Protestant roots, that the West has imposed religious freedom through its power in colonialist and imperialist fashion, particularly vis-à-vis Islam, and that religious freedom ought not to be exported through the foreign policies of Western states. To each of these assertions, the chapter offers counterarguments.
Religiously Free States in the Muslim World
Authors: Philpott Daniel
Published: March 2019

This chapter begins the book’s analysis of religious freedom in Muslim-majority states by looking at the first of three categories of regimes that are defined by their political theology. This category is religiously free states. It defines the basic features of religiously free states, portraying them through the concept of positive secularism. It then looks closely at the 11 countries that fit this category. It notes that seven of these are in West Africa and identifies the historical and cultural roots of this region’s common religious freedom. This chapter begins to make the case for diversity in the Muslim world and for the possibility and presence of religious freedom in that same world.
Beyond Multiculturalism
Authors: Eisenstadt Todd A. , West Karleen Jones
Published: March 2019

In this introductory chapter we discuss the assumption of post-materialism championed by Inglehart (1990, 1995): the idea that some groups, such as middle-class urban dwellers, are ideologically or politically predisposed toward environmentalism. We then consider an alternative, vulnerability politics, wherein peoples’ interest in protecting the environment may instead be conditioned by how directly vulnerable they are to the fragility of that environment. The national government’s failures to implement multicultural rights in Ecuadorian indigenous communities, combined with the failures of indigenous communities themselves to unify, open the way for polycentric pluralism to represent indigenous and other environmental interests. This chapter defines these terms and lays out its challenge to the post-materialist argument by showing that strong environmental attitudes can occur precisely where Inglehart says they should not, such as in poor rural areas rather than in affluent urban ones. We situate our study and explain that understanding environmentalism in Ecuador’s Amazon is a matter of realizing that non-Western cultural values, individual political struggles, and material vulnerabilities condition people’s attitudes. More specifically, concern for the environment may be linked to rational self-interest and political identities, rather than being entirely conditioned by the structural cause of material well-being. Once we have established the importance of rational environmentalism by individuals, we then evaluate attitudes in subsequent chapters through this lens.
Crude Bargaining
Authors: Eisenstadt Todd A. , West Karleen Jones
Published: March 2019

In chapter 4, we further explore how individual-level preferences relating to people’s willingness to mobilize in opposition to extraction also impacts collective action. We evaluate political activity by mobilized groups, particularly indigenous groups, addressing their internal divisions and efforts by the state to weaken opposition and win extraction. We further aggregate our unit of analysis in this chapter, focusing on indigenous groups within the extractive frontier of the Amazon region rather than on the individuals surveyed. Using a comparison of survey results from the northern, central, and southern “extractive frontiers,” we show that environmental attitudes are driven by the geopolitics of negotiating oil contracts. Much of the chapter explores differences in social movement strategies among groups in different areas of the Amazon. The northern part of the Amazon region has been extensively drilled for oil but with notorious environmental degradation along the way, the central part of the Amazon region is in the process of being leased in oil blocks for drilling, and the southern part of the territory is a pristine rainforest untouched as yet by oil extraction. We argue that different groups’ exposures to vulnerability affect how they view the environment and thus whether they will allow extraction on their lands.
Exploring the Contradiction of Extractive Populism Between Domestic and International Politics in Ecuador
Authors: Eisenstadt Todd A. , West Karleen Jones
Published: March 2019

Chapter 6 focuses on polycentric pluralism, mostly at the international and national levels, sidelining vulnerability as a principal cause of environmental attitudes. After briefly introducing rationales behind the interaction between international and domestic policy positions, we show that while there is consensus among Ecuadorians that foreign extractive interests are threats to the Amazon, Ecuadorians are divided along party lines regarding the government’s pursuit of extraction, illustrating the political—rather than cultural—nature of the extractive debate in Ecuador. The upshot is that the Correa administration tried but failed to maintain both its international and domestic images as an environmental force, funding discretionary programs (including “green” ones) through oil drilling. Furthermore, consistent with our argument that polycentric pluralism has been the form that interest articulation takes, variations in approval of policies are more readily explained by cleavages defined by vulnerability and political party affiliation rather than by ethnic identity.
The Social Construction of Great Power Management, 1815–1822
Authors: Raymond Mark
Published: March 2019

This chapter shows that secondary rules help to explain the emergence of active practices of great power management of the international system after the Napoleonic Wars. Actors were aware of themselves as joint participants in a practice of rule-making and interpretation. They presented proposals according to the rules of that practice, both criticizing and justifying proposals on procedural grounds. The chapter covers the initial creation of great power management in the Congress of Vienna, and its development in the initial conferences of the Concert of Europe at Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, Laibach, and Verona. Actors who more skillfully employed secondary rules were more successful in obtaining their goals. Talleyrand secured France’s readmission to the ranks of the great powers, and Metternich and Castlereagh consistently employed procedural rules to achieve their objectives. Procedural rules also help explain the failure of the Tsar’s proposed Holy Alliance in contrast to the substantively similar Quadruple Alliance.
Social Practices of Rule-Making and the Global War on Terror
Authors: Raymond Mark
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines public dialogue between al-Qaeda and the United States from 1996 until the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Both sides spoke clearly and consistently about actual and preferred rules for the international system, and the way they should be applied; and both sides engaged in procedural criticism and justification. Both sides knew that conflict was overdetermined, and that they had deep disagreements about relevant social practices of rule-making. So why engage in futile dialogue? Attempts to reach like-minded audiences clearly matter, but esoteric appeals about legitimate rule-making procedures are typically not expected to move political audiences. The chapter argues that participants on both sides had internalized ideas about legitimate rule-making practices, and tied these understandings to conceptions of the appropriate nature and ends of political community. The case demonstrates the emotional power of secondary rules, and the difficulty of resolving conflict in the absence of common rule-making practices.
Rules for State Conduct in the Cyber Domain
Authors: Raymond Mark
Published: March 2019

This chapter explains the puzzling 2013 agreement of the UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on cybersecurity that existing international law applies to state military use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), and the 2015 GGE report that extended the consensus reached in 2013. These important developments in the emergence of rules and norms for cyberspace took place despite deteriorating relations between the United States and Russia. They also took place despite increasing global contention over Internet governance and cybersecurity issues more broadly, and occurred with less controversy than related (but lower-priority) Internet governance issues. The chapter argues that the 2013 and 2015 GGE reports were reached in large part as a result of a conscious process of rule-making and interpretation structured by agreed-upon secondary rules, and that the timing of the agreements reflected emerging consensus among participants despite remaining divergence on substantive preferences about governance arrangements for cyberspace.
Conclusion
Authors: Raymond Mark
Published: March 2019

The concluding chapter summarizes the main argument of the book concerning the nature and operation of social practices of rule-making and reviews the main findings from the four empirical cases. It then discusses the book’s significance. It sheds light on how to resolve comparability issues and investigate scope conditions among various proposed mechanisms for creating shared knowledge such as rules and institutions. It extends the range of applications of the practice-turn to the practice of rule-making, and identifies synergies between rule and practice constructivisms. It also demonstrates that the study of social practices of rule-making improves existing explanations of change in international systems. In doing so, it highlights the importance of these practices to contemporary global governance, as well as the overlooked importance of global governance for the study of international systems and world orders. Finally, it demonstrates the book’s utility for studying hierarchy and authority in world politics.
Introduction
Authors: Kuokkanen Rauna
Published: March 2019

The introduction outlines the main themes and explains the theoretical and methodological framework of the book. The author introduces the Indigenous communities in which the fieldwork was conducted, explains the methodology and case selection and discusses the rationale for the comparative approach. It considers the complexity of the concept of gender from an Indigenous perspective. Secondary literature on Indigenous feminist analyses of self-determination is also discussed, especially that produced in the United States. The original research is also framed and contextualized in the broader, ongoing conversation on Indigenous self-determination and Indigenous feminist analyses in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.
Gendering Indigenous Self-Government
Authors: Kuokkanen Rauna
Published: March 2019

Chapter 4 examines the gender power dynamics of existing Indigenous self-government institutions, cultures, and discourses in Canada, Greenland, and Scandinavia. Employing feminist institutional analysis, the author investigates how Indigenous political institutions are gendered. Gendering refers to a multiplicity of interacting processes shaped by the distinction between male and female, masculine and feminine, which create and conceptualize social structures and privilege certain groups over others. Gendering occurs through the construction of various divisions along gender lines and through interpersonal interactions that enact gendered hierarchies. Institutions and organizations are also gendered through the construction of symbols, images, and ideologies that legitimize institutions generally conceived as gender-neutral. Using interview data, the chapter analyzes the gender regimes of Indigenous political institutions and women’s participation in the existing self-government institutions. Also considered are alternative forms of advancing Indigenous self-determination by examining Indigenous women’s grassroots leadership and the growing movement of reclaiming Indigenous women’s authority.
From Business to a Just and Humane Society
Authors: Otteson James R.
Published: March 2019

Chapter 5 completes the argument on honorable business by specifying a “hierarchy of moral value” linking the individual businessperson’s activities to the purpose of a firm within a properly functioning market economy that is itself part of a just and humane society. If these relationships have been correctly described, the individual businessperson should be able to give an account of his or her professional activities that connects them all the way up the chain of moral purpose to the kind of society in which we should all want to live. The chapter also looks at the increase in material prosperity the world has experienced since approximately 1800 and connects that prosperity to the “hierarchy of moral value.” The chapter considers the role of government and regulation in the creation of prosperity and explores the extent to which the present argument connects to ethical theories of deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics.
Blonde Venus
Authors: Phillips James
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines Blonde Venus (1932), Sternberg and Dietrich’s characteristically atypical take on the fallen woman film genre. Dietrich’s character is as much liberated as cast out from the family home when she resumes her earlier career in show business and is condemned by her husband for prostitution. Yet the downward trajectory of the fallen woman genre never really exerts its grip on Dietrich, for she remains a mythical being. The chapter interprets the film as a critique of the patriarchal institution of marriage in which standards are expected of the woman that are not expected of the man: Dietrich’s character’s husband shuns her for selling her body, even though he attempts to sell his own (to a medical researcher). The question of the film that the chapter explores is the reconcilability of fairy-tale romance and everyday marriage: Blonde Venus does not take for granted the transition from the one to the other.
Christians in Conversation
Authors: Rigolio Alberto
Published: March 2019

Christians in Conversation: A Guide to Late Antique Dialogues in Greek and Syriac deals with a particular form of writing by Christians in late antiquity, the prose dialogue. To study late antique dialogues means to recognize that the dialogue form, notably employed by Plato and Aristotle, did not exhaust itself with the philosophical schools of Classical and Hellenistic Greece, but emerged transformed and reinvigorated in the religiously diverse world of late antiquity. The Christians’ use of the dialogue form within religious debate resulted in a burgeoning activity of composition of prose dialogues, which often opposed a Christian and a Jew, a Christian and a pagan, a Christian and a Manichaean, an Orthodox and a heretic, or, later, a Christian and a Muslim. The present work offers the first comprehensive analysis of Christian dialogues in Greek and in Syriac from the earliest examples in the second century up to the end of the sixth century. It shows that several Christian authors chose the dialogue form to convey fundamental theological views, and argues that dialogues were intended as tools of opinion formation in late antique society, thus opening up this vast strand of literature to the interests of the cultural and intellectual historians. Most Christian dialogues are little studied, and often in isolation, but they vividly evoke the religious debates of the time, and embody the cultural conventions and refinements that late antique men and women expected from such debates.
Guide to the Dialogues
Authors: Rigolio Alberto
Published: March 2019

The guide presents all sixty dialogues that survive entirely or in fragmentary state until the end of the sixth century, arranged in chronological order so as to emphasize changes and transformations over time. The treatment of each dialogue is structured into standardized headings (author, full title, original language, date of composition, modern editions and translations, summary, discussion of scholarship, and a selected bibliography for further study). The incorporation of Greek and Syriac dialogues shows the pervasiveness of the dialogue form in late antiquity beyond the language boundary; dialogues that feature a Christian and a Jew as the main speakers, up to now mostly studied in relation to other instances of adversus Iudaeos literature such as homiletics or treatises, are here related to Christian dialogues more broadly.
Values and Media in US-Russia Relations
Authors: Tsygankov Andrei P.
Published: March 2019

The chapter introduces the topic of the US-Russia relationship for understanding the role of values and media in cooperation and conflict between nations. These relations reflect nationwide beliefs as accentuated and radicalized by different media systems. Western nations have built competitive political systems with checks and balances and popular elections of public officials, whereas many non-Western societies, including Russia, have relied on a highly centralized authority of the executive. Over the last thirty years, US-Russia relations in the realm of values went full circle from confrontation between “communism” and “capitalism” under the Cold War to convergence, growing divergence, and then a return to confrontation that a number of observers view as a new cold war. These changes should be explained by the media’s ethnocentrism and interstate tensions that were construed by the media as challenging dominant national values.
Fears of Russia, Suppressed and Revealed
Authors: Tsygankov Andrei P.
Published: March 2019

The chapter discusses national fears and the role of media in the context of the United States’ views of Russia. It develops a framework for understanding the US perception and describes fears of Russia in the media as rooted in substantive differences between national visions of the American dream and the Russian Idea and polarizing political discourses stemming from tensions in the two countries’ relations. The chapter further analyzes the role of US government and explains its ability to influence media perception of Russia after the Cold War by setting the agenda, signaling the appropriate tone and frames of coverage, and directly engaging with the general public.
Russophobia in the Age of Donald Trump
Authors: Tsygankov Andrei P.
Published: March 2019

The chapter extends the argument about media and value conflict between Russia and the United States to the age of Donald Trump. The new value conflict is assessed as especially acute and exacerbated by the US partisan divide. The Russia issue became central because it reflected both political partisanship and the growing value division between Trump voters and the liberal establishment. In addition to explaining the new wave of American Russophobia, the chapter analyzes Russia’s own role and motives. The media are likely to continue the ideological and largely negative coverage of Russia, especially if Washington and Moscow fail to develop a pragmatic form of cooperation.
Saving People from the Harm of Death
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: March 2019

Many people believe that death is one of the worst things that can happen to us. At the same time, the incident of death cannot be experienced. This raises philosophical questions about how and to whom death is bad. Is death negative primarily for the survivors, or does death also affect the decedent? And when is the worst time to die? Is it late in fetal life, just after birth, or in adolescence? In order to properly evaluate deaths in global health, we must provide answers to these questions. In this volume, leading philosophers, medical doctors, and health economists discuss different views on how to evaluate deaths and the relevance of such evaluations to health policy. These include state-of-the-art theories about the harm of death and its connections to population-level bioethics. The standard view in global health is that newborn deaths count as the worst deaths, while stillbirths are neglected. This raises a question about why birth is so significant. Several of the book’s authors challenge this standard view. This is the first volume to connect philosophical discussions on the harm of death with discussions on population health. The results from the book will change the way we evaluate deaths in global health. If we do change how deaths are evaluated, this will have consequences for how we prioritize different health programs that affect individuals at different ages, as well as how we think about inequality in health.
Against “the Badness of Death”
Authors: Greaves Hilary
Published: March 2019

It is tempting for health care analysts to theorize about the value of life-saving in terms of the “badness of death.” This move is innocuous in principle, but in practice it tends to lead theorists seriously astray. The problems arise because the concept of “badness” has several very different natural interpretations, and it proves notoriously difficult to keep the focus on the relevant ones. By way of illustration, this chapter surveys two particular such mistakes that (I will argue) philosophers and health care analysts have made. The first occurs in the context of Jeff McMahan’s Time-Relative Interest Account of the badness of death. The second concerns the value of family planning interventions. The mistakes in question would both be avoided if the debates were reframed in terms of the maximization of an appropriately chosen overall value function, eschewing any explicit reference to badness.
The Worseness of Nonexistence
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: March 2019

Most believe that it is worse for a person to die than to continue to exist with a good life. At the same time, many believe that it is not worse for a merely possible person never to exist than to exist with a good life. I argue that if the underlying properties that make us the sort of thing we essentially are can come in small degrees, then to maintain this commonly held pair of beliefs we will have to embrace an implausible sort of evaluative hypersensitivity to slight nonevaluative differences. Avoidance of such hypersensitivity pressures us to accept that it can be worse for merely possible people never to exist. If this conclusion is correct, then the standard basis for giving no or less priority to merely possible persons would disappear (i.e., that things cannot be better or worse for them). Though defenders of Person-Affecting Views and their opponents may still disagree in theory, they could arrive at the same answers to many monumentally important practical questions.
The Etiological Account of Teleological Welfare
Authors: Basl John
Published: March 2019

Chapter 3 develops an etiological account of teleological welfare, an account that satisfies the conditions of adequacy set forth in the previous chapter and so answers the subjectivist challenge. It explains how if nonsentient organisms really are teleologically organized, their good can be defined in terms of their ends in a way that is nonarbitrary, nonderivative, and subject-relative. However, this depends on providing a naturalized account of teleology—one on which teleology isn’t merely illusory, arbitrary, or derivative. Borrowing insights from etiological theories of function, the chapter develops an etiological account of teleology, explaining why it is superior to a theory that defines welfare in terms of functions. It also argues that the etiological account of teleology is the only game in town as far as biocentrism is concerned; alternative accounts of naturalized teleology, such as autopoietic accounts, are ill-suited to the aims of defending biocentrism or grounding teleological welfare.
The Strategy of Exclusion and the Problem of Collectives
Authors: Basl John
Published: March 2019

Chapter 4 begins to develop the case against biocentrism. Biocentrism faces a problem of exclusion; it is not possible to adopt the account of welfare defended in chapter 3 in a way that grounds the welfare of nonsentient organisms while excluding biological collectives or artifacts. Chapter 4 develops this problem of exclusion with respect to biological collectives. This requires consideration of an issue within the philosophy of biology: the problem of the levels or units of selection. The chapter argues that the biocentrist is committed to a view about the levels of selection that grounds the view that only individual organisms are teleologically organized. But among the views available concerning which things are ultimately subject to natural selection, none of them will serve as a foundation for biocentrism. The chapter argues that the correct view about the units of selection is one on which biological collectives are sometimes teleologically organized.
Whose Rights Are Human Rights? The Gender Gap between Russian Feminist, LGBT, and Human Rights Networks
Authors: Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh , Sperling Valerie , Sayoglu Melike
Published: March 2019

Chapter 4 explores the inter-network dynamics between the human rights and women’s rights communities in Russia, and how the uneasy relationship between these two sectors of civil society helps keep Russian women’s sex-based discrimination claims from percolating up to the ECtHR. We draw upon our interviews with feminist activists and human rights activists in Russia to shed light on the experiences of feminist activists within the human rights and international litigation communities in Russia. We find that the separation between women’s rights and traditional human rights networks in Russia has until recently excluded feminist lawyers from learning how to take cases successfully to the ECtHR through legal training. We compare the experiences of feminist activists and the reception of Russian human rights NGOs (nongovernmental organizations) to gender-based claims of human rights violations to the strikingly different experiences of LGBT rights activists who have found common cause with human rights organizations in Russia in trying to contest hate crimes and other rights violations in court.
Dance’s Resource-fullness
Authors: Foster Susan Leigh
Published: March 2019

Chapter 1 introduces a hypothetical construct called “dance’s resource-fullness”—a set of conjectured but unverifiable capacities dance might have that could be tapped for exchange either as commodity or as gift. These capacities consist of the ability to bring people into relation, to generate as well as expend energy, and to adapt to a wide range of contexts and needs. In support of these conjectures about dance, the chapter utilizes a methodology of list-making and draws upon diverse studies of dance including philosophical, sociological, anthropological, and neurophysiological inquiries. Dance’s capacity to bring people into relation is assessed in terms of the ways it summons participants, how it develops the space in which it occurs, and the types of subjecthood it constructs. Dance’s facility at generating energy is explained through recourse to theories of dance as play, as synchrony, as bodily becoming, as virtual power, and as mobilization. Dance’s facility at adapting to an array of contexts is demonstrated through the vast number of typologies of dance that have been proposed concerning its structure and function.
Commodifying and Giving
Authors: Foster Susan Leigh
Published: March 2019

Chapter 2 examines how dance might be exchanged either as commodity or as gift within the contexts of dance instruction and dance performance. It compares the ways that dance’s resource-fullness becomes utilized within either system of exchange. Within commodity exchange, dance’s ability to convene people produces an interactivity that is based in the autonomy of each individual; these individuals become connected but as isolated and independent entities within a network. Commodification of dance’s energy, presumed to be precious and somewhat scarce, entails the careful monitoring of bodily energy followed by strategic expenditure in order to achieve the maximum effect. The third of dance’s resources, its malleability of form and adaptability to place, is tapped in commodification so as to facilitate dance’s easy transport from place to place. To generate economic profit, dance must be quickly and cheaply manufactured, delivered efficiently, and disseminated as widely as possible. In contrast, within gift exchange dance’s capacity to summon people into relation becomes a way of creating mutual indebtedness among all involved. Circulating gifts connects people not as isolated agents but instead as mutually defining and dependent beings. Dance’s energy, considered to be abundant and always available, is widely given and reciprocated. And finally, dance’s adaptability, its protean form and function, is cultivated as a way to engage with and commemorate particular times, places, and people. Dance as gift is not transportable, and instead, binds itself to and operates within specific communities, connecting itself with and devising unique responses to their ecologies.
Art
Authors: Lyons Nathan
Published: March 2019

This chapter considers the semiotics of Nicholas of Cusa (1407–64) in order to integrate the two dimensions of culture—its anthropological breadth (Poinsot) and its theological height (Aquinas)—that were outlined in the previous two chapters. Cusa’s metaphysics of participation is the key theme here. All organisms cognise and communicate by means of signs, and this sign-making attains to truth by participating finitely in the infinite meaning of things hidden in the divine Word. The same process is at work in the making of material artifacts. The making of signs and artifacts is understood as adding to the range of natural forms, so that culture is an elaboration of nature. From this point of view, culture is a ‘diagonal’ process in which the horizontal breadth of creaturely semiosis participates in the vertical height of the semiotic Trinity.
Perception, Experience, and Direct Realism
Authors: Millar Alan
Published: March 2019

Direct Realism is the thesis that our perception of mind-independent things is routinely direct. It is true if and only if, routinely, our perception of mind-independent things is not by means of perceiving something that is distinct and separate from those things. This chapter defends Direct Realism. It begins with an examination of reasons that have been given in the past for rejecting it, focusing on Hume and G. E. Moore. There follows a discussion of relationalist versus non-relationalist conceptions of perceptual experience. Particular attention is given to reconciling a non-relationalist conception with Direct Realism. To this end discussion is focused on how perception facilitates perceptual–demonstrative thought. An important role is played by a view of how to understand non-committal descriptions of experiences. This view figures in a response to problems raised by Michael Martin for non-relationist conceptions of experience.
Abilities, Competences, and Fallibility
Authors: Millar Alan
Published: March 2019

The account of recognitional abilities is situated within a broader perspective on general abilities, beginning with those exercised in doing things intentionally, like riding a bicycle. The success thesis—that abilities are exercised only in doing what the ability is an ability to do—is shown to be compatible with (i) there being success-rate abilities that account for being good at hard performances that one does not bring off whenever one tries, even in favourable circumstances, and (ii) there being abilities that one can be exercising even if one does not complete the doing of the thing that the ability is an ability to do (e.g., making an omelette). Recognitional abilities are not exercised by intentional actions but in acts that are, nonetheless, directed. They yield to analogous treatment. Contrasts with John McDowell’s conception of rational capacities and with Ernest Sosa’s conception of competences are considered.
Abilities
Authors: Millar Alan
Published: March 2019

Perceptual knowledge is viewed as a paradigm of knowledge in virtue of so clearly exemplifying cognitive contact with a fact in an act—recognition—in which reason reaches out to the fact itself. This outlook is contrasted with that on which the work of reason is confined to forming a belief that might or might not be true in a manner that reliably but not infallibly yields true beliefs. The latter outlook is implicit in strands of virtue epistemology, notably in work of Greco and Sosa. It is argued that we should not attempt to explicate recognitional abilities in terms of more basic abilities that bear directly on the justification of belief or in terms of more basic belief-forming dispositions. Some complexities concerning the individuation of recognitional abilities are explored.
Like Mother, Like Son?
Authors: Shapiro H. Alan
Published: March 2019

The chapter explores the relationship between Hermes and his mother Maia in literary texts, primarily the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, and in Attic vase-painting of the sixth century BCE. It is suggested that some puzzling aspects of the vases, such as the prevalence of various animals, can be understood with reference to elements of the Hymn, and that at least one much-discussed vase can be reinterpreted in the light of this relationship. The unique depiction of Hermes and Maia on the François Vase of c.570 anticipates some of what is found later in both poetry and painting.
Hermes/Mercury
Authors: Moodie Erin K.
Published: March 2019

Hermes/Mercury should be understood as the physical manifestation and divine patron of comedy. The chapter focuses on the portrayal of Hermes in Aristophanes’ Peace and that of Mercury in Plautus’ Amphitryon, and traces each character’s adoption of the abject stance associated with comic heroes, his knowledge of comic conventions, and his general metatheatrical remarks to and about the audience. The god’s association with laughter, performance, and marriage throughout myth, as well as his connection to Dionysus in Athenian religious festivals, further supports his identification as the god of comedy.
Crossing the Borders
Authors: Casali Sergio
Published: March 2019

All of Mercury’s three interventions in the Aeneid are engaged in a profound intertextual dialogue with Homer and Apollonius. Mercury’s first visit to Carthage (Aen. 1.297–304) echoes Athena’s intervention at Od. 13.300–2, and also the only intervention of Hermes as messenger/emissary of Zeus in the Argonautica (Arg. 3.584–8). This suggests a parallelism between Dido and Aeetes that will resurface again at Aen. 4.563–4 and 604–6. Furthermore, Jupiter’s sending of Mercury to Carthage and the god’s flight recall both Zeus’ sending of Hermes to Ogygia in the Odyssey and Aphrodite’s sending of Eros to Aea. Vergil’s fundamental model for Jupiter’s dispatch of Mercury to Aeneas (Aen. 4.219–78) is Zeus’ dispatch of Hermes to Calypso to free Odysseus at Od. 5.28–42. Finally, Mercury’s dream apparition to Aeneas (Aen. 4.553–70) is modeled on Hermes’ second visit to Priam at Il. 24.677–95.
The Greek Magical Hymn to Hermes
Authors: Bortolani Ljuba Merlina
Published: March 2019

This paper investigates the so-called “magical hymn” to Hermes, a short hexametrical invocation preserved in the corpus of the Greek magical papyri (PGM) in three different papyri of different dates: PGM V 401–20, VII 668–80, and XVIIb (fourth, third, and second/third centuries CE respectively). Some of the most interesting features are analyzed in the light of both Greek and Egyptian traditions in order to illuminate the cultural background of the divine persona described by the hymn. Though the composition appears to address a quite balanced syncretistic deity, a more thorough examination reveals that the nature of the god addressed, despite the Greek meter, is closer to Hermes’ Egyptian counterpart, Thoth. Nevertheless, the hymn does not have to be the product of philosophical Hermetism (as it has often been argued), but it could just represent an earlier stage of translation of the Egyptian conception into Greek.
Rethinking Hermes
Authors: Reggiani Nicola
Published: March 2019

The chapter focuses on some features of Hermes’ character that can lead to rethink his position in a complex and problematic religious frame deeply grounded on the concept of Cosmic Destiny (Moira), connected to a world vision in which concepts such as Measure, Order, Justice played a primary role. It considers in particular Hermes’ involvement in prophetic utterances, his patronage on chance, chance-based acts like pebble throwing, and instances of distributional justice. This framework allows for a reconsideration of his role as “distributor” of timai in the (re)foundation of new cosmic balances.
EU Powers Under External Pressure
Authors: Eckes Christina
Published: March 2019

This book argues that external actions of the European Union result in an acceleration of national politics being locked into a tightening net of EU law. It brings to light the -hidden effects of EU external actions on, for example, the interpretation of organizational principles, pre-emption, and international obligations of the Member States. It then connects these effects to the broader debate on the democratic crisis, by engaging with the basic structures of the EU legal order and the Union’s relations with its citizens. The focus of this book is on the ‘outside-in’ effects of EU external relations. More specifically, the book sheds light on how the Union’s external actions affect the power division between the EU and its Member States, the structures that shape the relationship between the Union and its citizens, as well as the autonomy, effectiveness, and legitimacy of EU law. It examines, for example, the interpretation and potential of organizational principles, such as loyalty, subsidiarity, primacy, and coherence, in the context of external relations. It analyses how the choice of an external legal basis affects Member States’ powers. It traces how the European Parliament represents EU citizens in external relations. The book then analyses these legal findings through the lens of ‘structure of bonding’, that is, basic structures that have the potential to frame and affect the Union’s relations with its citizens. It shows how bonding structures could be used to justify that the Union takes external actions, including where they constrain Member States.
EU Loyalty
Authors: Eckes Christina
Published: March 2019

Chapter 2 discusses the legal consequences and deeper meaning of EU loyalty with particular attention to external relations. It identifies specific active and passive obligations flowing from the principle of sincere cooperation in the context of EU external relations and argues that they are best understood as forming part of a comprehensive duty of loyalty. EU loyalty endows EU membership with a distinctive meaning. It is central to imposing a quasi-federal discipline and making sovereign states ‘Member States of the EU’ by acting as a tool that can at times take specific legal obligations beyond the letter of the law. EU loyalty legally restrains Member States from exercising their rights as independent international actors in a way that finds no parallel beyond the European Union. It may require placing the common Union interest above national interests. The concept of unity of international representation has a particular capacity to deepen and widen the obligations flowing from EU loyalty. It amplifies the effects of EU loyalty on the scope of legal action of the Member States, including in the field of reserved competences. It is also part of the explanation of why loyalty has more stringent consequences externally rather than internally. This in turn means that the duty of loyalty has a particular integrative force in the context of external relations. Chapter 2 also argues that this stringent understanding of EU loyalty is justified by the nature of external relations and that this justification should be (better) explicated by the EU institutions in order to justify EU external actions vis-à-vis EU citizens.