bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Available Clay and Feldspar Reference Samples As Standards for Archaeological Pottery Studies
Authors: FLANAGAN F. J. , SCHWARZ L. J. , ROWE J. J. , DORRZAPF A. F.
Published: May 2007

The available clay and feldspar reference samples, rather than the frequently used rock reference samples, are suggested as standards for archaeological pottery studies because their trace‐element contents are more like those of the artefacts. Such samples may provide a basis for correlating archaeological studies throughout the world. The assumption that bottles of such reference samples should have homogeneous trace‐element contents because of the nature of the materials has been confirmed by the analysis of variance of trace ‐element data by instrumental neutron activation analysis.
Information on Geochemical Standard Reference Materials of the CMGA Countries
Authors: VALCHA ZDENEK
Published: May 2007

This article provides information on the standard reference materials prepared in co‐operation by the CMEA‐countries. Among the standards are materials of technological or geochemical importance ‐ silicates, carbonates, ores, etc. The article briefly mentions the technology of their preparation, homogeneity control, analyses evaluation and certification used for these materials. It surveys the finished and planned SRM's. The last table gives the names of foreign trade companies in the individual CMEA‐countries which are entrusted with the sale of the standard reference materials produced in that particular country.
Euro‐Standards of Iron Ores
Authors: JECKO G. , POHL H. , RIDSDALE P.D.
Published: May 2007

The chemical composition of six iron ore standards is presented. Twenty selected laboratories in the member countries of the European Coal and Steel have participated in their certification.
Dosage du Fluor dans les Etalons Géochimiques Du CRPG et de l'ANRT
Authors: JECKO GERARD , RAVAINE DANIEL
Published: May 2007

La teneur en fluor, déterminée au moyen d'une électrode spécifique d'ions dans quelques standards géochimiques, est présentée.
Silver Content of Some USGS Standard Rocks
Authors: STEINNES E.
Published: May 2007

The state of the art for silver determination in silicate rocks is discussed on the basis of available data on geostandards. A neutron activation procedure for silver in rocks is briefly described, and data on seven new USGS standard rocks are presented and discussed.
Analytical Data on Three Rock Reference Samples from the Institute of Geochemistry, Irkutsk, USSR
Authors: ABBEY S. , GOVINDARAJU K.
Published: May 2007

Analytical data obtained in our two laboratories on three rook samples from the Institute of Geochemistry, Irkutsk, are reported and compared with “established”, “certified” and “uncertain” values. Methods used are described briefly and some comments offered on earlier published information.
Radiochemical Neutron Activation Trace Element Analysis Of Two USGS Ultrabasic Rock Reference Samples: Peridotite PCC‐I and Dunite DTS‐I
Authors: SMET T. , ROELANDTS I.
Published: May 2007

Most trace elements in ultrabasic rock samples are very often present in concentration levels of less than 10 ppm. In these cases, neutron activation analysis (NAA) is very useful. We have applied two different NAA procedures for the determination of 19 trace elements and CaO in two ultrabasic rock standards. Our values are compared with the preferred and published values, although the latter are not very abundant.
Trace Element Data (1966‐1977) for the Six “NIMROC” Reference Samples
Authors: STEELE T. W. , WILSON A. , GOUDVIS R. , ELLIS P. J. , RADFORD A. J.
Published: May 2007

Six rock reference samples (granite, syenite, lujavrite, norite, pyroxenite, dunite) in 250 kg quantities were prepared by the National Institute for Metallurgy (NIM) in 1966. Analytical data contributed by co‐operating laboratories for minor and trace elements in these NIMROC samples since then are presented here.

Relevant statistical data are briefly presented; recommended values are given for those elements for which the number of results and their quality are reasonably acceptable. A brief description is also given of the procedures that were used in the estimation of these recommended values but for more details, the original NIM Report No. 1945, dated February 28, 1978 should be consulted.
Silver, Cadmium and Lead Contents of Some Rock Reference Samples
Authors: ELSON C. M. , DOSTAL J. , HYNES D. L. , de ALBUQUERQUE C. A. R.
Published: May 2007

A series of rock reference samples have been analyzed for Ag, Cd and Pb. All elements were determined from a single digest using a method involving solvent extraction and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Atomic Absorption Analysis of USGS Reference Sample Marine Mud MAG‐1 for Selected Trace Elements
Authors: RANTALA R. T. T. , LORING D. H.
Published: May 2007

USCS reference sample marine mud MAG‐1 has been analyzed for 12 trace elements by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (11 elements) and graphite furnace (Cd). Individual and mean values are given and compared to published data. Precision as % coefficient of variation is given and the relative accuracy of the method assessed in relation to established rock standards.
Compléments d'Etalonnage pour Des Echantillons‐Types non Métalliques de I'IRSID
Authors: JECKO G. , RAVAINE D.
Published: May 2007

The values “certified” for Al, Ca and Mg in an iron ore (M04–1) and in a Thomas slag (S01–1) have been reexamined and updated in the light of new data by atomic absorption spectrometry.
U.S.G.5. II Revisited*
Authors: ABBEY S.
Published: May 2007

Based on the most recent compilation of analytical data, a new set of “usable values” is calculated for six of the best known silicate rock reference samples produced by the U.S. Geological Survey. The latest version of the “best laboratories” method is described and results are compared with other recently published values.
Iodine Content of Some Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: FUGE R. , JOHNSON C.C.
Published: May 2007

18 geoahenrical reference samples have been analysed for iodine using an automated photometric method. Few comparative values are available in the literature but of the six that are available four show good agreement with the data reported. In all but one case the values obtained are less than 0.3 ppm, the exception being a bauxite (B.C.S. 395) with 8.8 ppm I.
Role of Statistics in the Certification Of Standard Reference Materials
Authors: BASTENAIRE F.
Published: May 2007

Caimon practice indicates that measurements made in different laboratories on the same material (chemical analyses, for instance) can vary considerably. The differences can be ignored as long as their amplitude is of little practical significance, but in many cases, they cannot be disregarded and may even become a problem.

If the material is intended for use as a reference material, the results obtained by various laboratories have to be treated to produce a “certified” value. The choice of the appropriate method of treatment depends on basic philosophical views about the nature and the structure of the scatterain the results. Statistical methods provide the correct answer when the fluctuations involved can be regarded as random.
Major Element Data (1966–1978) for The Six “Nimroc” Reference Samples
Authors: STEELE T.W. , HANSEN R.G.
Published: May 2007

The results are given for all the determinations made by the co‐operating laboratories of major elements in the six NIMROC rock samples (granite, syenite, lujavrite, norite, pyroxenite and dunite) prepared by the National Institute for Metallurgy in 1966. Relevant statistical data are given for the sets of results for each major constituent, and recommended values for all constituents except Al203, Na20, K20and CO2 in dunite, Fe2O3, MgO and CO2 in the granite, Fe23 and CO2 in the norite and CO2 in the pyroxenite.

This report and that on the trace and minor elements issued in 1978 complete the revision of the recommended values. It is suggested that analysts should concentrate rather on those constituents for which the results have shown such a wide scatter that they can be of no usc for reference purposes, than on those for which the ualues are fairly well established.
New CCRMP Reference Uranium ore BL‐5 And Sulphide Concentrates CCU‐I, CPB‐1 and CZN‐1
Authors: STEGER H.F. , FAYE G.H. , BOWMAN W.S. , SUTARNO R.
Published: May 2007

Under the Canadian Certified Reference Mate‐vials Project (CCRMP), four new ore reference materials, one uranium ore BL‐5 and three sulphide concentrates (CCV‐1, CPB‐1 and CZN‐1) have been recently issued. The preparation, characterization and certification of these samples are briefly presented.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Of French Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: BORNHORST THEODORE J. , BALAGNA JOHN P.
Published: May 2007

Instrumental neutron activation analytical data, for eighteen trace elements (Ba, Co, Cr, Cs, Hf, Rb), Sb, Sc, Ta, Th, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu), Hd2O and Fe203 in eleven French geoche‐mical reference samples are presented and discussed briefly.
Need for an Iron‐Formation Reference Sample*
Authors: APPEL PETER W. UITTERDIJK
Published: May 2007

An international iron‐formation reference sample is warranted as a basis for geochemical investigations of Precambrian iron‐formations. A better knowledge of the geochemistry of iron formations will hopefully elucidate the long standing discussion on the genesis of iron‐formations. The reference sample can furthermore be used in studies of deep‐sea metalliferous deposits.
Report (1980) on Three GIT‐IWG Rock Reference Samples: Anorthosite from Greenland, AN‐G; Basalte d'Essey‐la‐Côte, BE‐N; Granite de Beauvoir, MA‐N
Authors: GOVINDARAJU K.
Published: May 2007

Three rock reference samples, Anorthosite AN‐G, Basalt BE‐N and Granite MA‐N were analysed for their chemical composition by 122 laboratories belonging to the International Working Group “Analytical Standards of Minerals, Ores and Rocks” (IWG). 243 analysts took part in this first collaborative study which lasted only nine months, from June 1979 to March 1980. Despite this very short period, it has been possible to harvest over 6000 units of analytical data on major, minor and 53 trace elements. This excellent performance of the IWG members has rendered possible the chemical characterization of the three samples for not only the usual major and minor elements but also for 30 trace elements. This first study by the IWG Members demonstrates well their immense analytical potential and is exemplary in many respects.
Delayed‐Neutron Activation Determination Of Uranium in Twelve Rock Reference Standards
Authors: LEDGER E.B. , TIEH T.T. , ROWE M.W.
Published: May 2007

The uranium content of twelve rock reference samples, five from the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, four from the Czechoslovakian Institute of Mineral Raw Materials and three from the United States Geological Survey was determined by neutron activation followed by delayed‐neutron counting. Uranium contents measured ranged from 0.20 to 560 ppm. Three of the Canadian samples have relatively well established uranium contents. Of these we agree well with two of them; our value on the third is ∼13% lower than the recommended value. Comparison of our data on the other samples with other researchers is not yet possible because (i) no determinations are yet reported on several of these samples and (ii) even when several reported values are available, the wide disparity of those values does not allow meaningful comparison.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Determination of 23 Elements in 8 New USGS Standard Rocks
Authors: ROSENBERG R.J. , ZILLIACUS R.
Published: May 2007

The trace elements Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Gd, Hf, La, Nd, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, Tm, U, V, Yb and Zr have been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis and U by delayed neutron counting in the USGS standard rock samples STM‐1, RGM‐1, QLO‐1, SDC‐1, BHVO‐1, SCo‐1, SGR‐1 and MAG‐1. The results are compared with those found in the literature.
Atomic Absorption Determination of Ultratrace Elements in Geological Materials by Vapor. Hydride‐Forming Techniques. I. Mercury
Authors: SIGHINOLFI G.P. , GORGONI C. , SANTOS A.M.
Published: May 2007

A method is described for the determination of mercury at nanogram levels in geological materials by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy after metal vapor generation. Mercury is converted to a soluble form by H2SO4‐HNO3 attack in a teflon bomb at 180°C for 90 minutes. Metal Hg vapor is obtained by reaction with combined NaBH4‐NaOH using the Perkin‐Elmer MHS ‐ 10 hydride system and determined at room temperature. Mercury can be easily determined in most silicate materials. The sensitivity of the method depends essentially on the purity of the reagents and contaminations during handling rather than on instrumental capabilities. A detection limit of about 10 ng/g Hg for 0.5 g samples has been achieved with the use of normal “suprapure” reagents. Mercury contents on some USGS, CRPG and ANRT reference samples are reported.
Rapport Preliminaire sur un Echantillon Geochimique de Bulgarie: Granite G‐B
Authors: IVANOV El. Al.
Published: May 2007

La préparation et l'étude préliminaire d'un Granite de Bulgarie (G‐B), préparé en vue d'utilisation comme un échantillon géochimique de référence sont brièvement présentées. Cet échantillon est disponible en quantité importante (180 kg).
Spectrophotometric Determination of Zirconium In Some Geochemical Reference Sampies
Authors: VOLDET P.
Published: May 2007

The zirconium content of some geochemical reference samples has been determined by a spectrophotometric procedure. In general, our values are in agreement with those recommended or published.
Improved Results for the Monazite Sample, IGS 36
Authors: LISTER B.
Published: May 2007

Updated analytical data on rare‐earth oxides, ThO2 and U3O8 are presented for the Monazite reference sample IGS 36.
New Analytical Data and Homogeneity Of BHVO ‐I
Authors: PUCHELT H. , KRAMAR U.
Published: May 2007

Forty‐four components in six bottles of BHVO‐1 have been determined using wet chemical, atomic absorption, X‐ray fluorescence, ion sensitive electrodes, and neutron activation techniques. No indications for systematic inhomogeneity were found, but the average ferrous iron contents of two bottles are lower than the averages of the other four.
Mass Spectrometric Isotope Dilution Determination of K, Rb, Cs, Ba and Sr In Five Geochemical Reference Samples*
Authors: VERMA SURENDRA P.
Published: May 2007

A modified isotope dilution technique is described which has resulted in significant reduction of the time required for the determination of alkali (K, Rh and Cs) and alkaline earth (Ba and Sr) elements. The precision and accuracy of the results are shown to be quite satisfactory in measurements on the geochemical reference samples G‐2, BCR‐1, AN‐G, BE‐N and MA‐N.
Multi‐Element Analysis of Fifty‐Four Geochemical Reference Samples Using Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: CHURCH Stanley E.
Published: May 2007

Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP‐AES) has been applied for simultaneous, multielement analysis of a diverse suite of igneous rocks and minerals, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, coals and soils using a single matrix calibration procedure and a single sample preparation. Analytical results determined on 40 elements in 54 geochemical reference samples are presented. A sample analysis time of about three minutes allows the analyst to run several hundred samples per day, but does not include sample dissolution. The instrumental method described here provides the capability for rapid, simultaneous, multielement determination of the major (except silica), minor, and trace elements in rocks using a single sample preparation technique. Analytical data collected on the Geochemical Reference Samples (GRS) demonstrate the general utility of the method. Analytical results show an excellent agreement with previously published results for the major and minor elements. Of the 28 trace elements studied, 17 can be routinely determined in crustal rocks, but the concentration of several of the others can be determined only if present at concentrations several times above their crustal‐abundance level.
Standard Reference Material of Fluorite FM
Authors: DEMPIR J. , VALCHA Z.
Published: May 2007

Standard reference material of fluorite FM, consisting chiefly of fluorite, quartz and baryte, was prepared by the Institute of Mineral Raw Materials in Kutná Hora (Czechoslovakia). The homogeneity of the pulverised SRM was checked by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry from counts corresponding to the amounts of iron, copper, barium, strontium and titanium. The SRM was considered homogeneous if the “between bottles” variance was not significantly greater than the “within bottles” variance and further, if the error caused by heterogeneity of the SRM was less than one third of the error of an analytical determination carried out in a routine manner. Analytical results from 26 laboratories were processed following the recommended procedure of CMEA‐countries which includes: Testing the normality of results, eliminating out‐lying results and computing the arithmetic means, estimates of standard deviations and the confidence intervals of the means. Attested values for 17 components and non‐attested values for 30 components and/or elements are reported.
A Re ‐ Assessment of the Criteria for Certifiability in CCRMP
Authors: STEGER Henry F.
Published: May 2007

The effect of the between‐ and within‐laboratory standard deviation and of the number of laboratories on the magnitude of the certification factor, CF, introduced in 1975 by the Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project (CCRMP) has been discussed. The applicability of CF to reference materials has been assessed on the basis of the correlation between the between‐ and within‐laboratory standard deviation. The validity of the critical value of 4 for CF for certifiability is examined.

An examination of all available data has led to the conclusion that the quality of an interlaboratory program is sufficient to warrant certifiability only if the ratio of the between‐to the within‐laboratory standard deviation is 3 or less for most elements and 2 or less for uranium. It has been shown that the number of laboratories rejected based on the upper limit of this ratio differs only slightly from that based on laboratory means differing by more than twice the standard deviation of the overall mean for the majority of elements that have been certified. A new measure for assessing the certifiability of an element has been introduced and is based on the requirement that the percentage of laboratories that are rejected to give a ratio of the between‐ to within‐laboratory standard deviation less than or equal to the critical value of 3 or, for uranium, 2 should be no greater than 15% regardless of the number of laboratories in the certification program.
Instrumental Neutron‐Activation Analysis Of Uranium Reference Materials
Authors: EDDY B.T.
Published: May 2007

This paper reports an investigation into the suitability of the neutron‐activation method, by use of the reaction 238U(n,γ) 239U with detection of the gamma‐rays from the daughter 239Np, for the determination of uranium in 10 proposed reference materials. 182Ta was used to monitor the neutron flux. The precision of measurement varied from 0.92 to 2.7 per cent. Results compare favourably with those obtained by other analytical procedures, and show that this established method can be used to yield useful and independent results in the preparation of uranium reference materials.
Report (1967–1981) on Four ANRT Rock Reference Samples: Diorite DR‐N, Serpentine UB‐N, Bauxite BX‐N and Disthene DT‐N
Authors: GOVINDARAJU Kuppusami
Published: May 2007

All data reported by 200 analysts (106 laboratories) are presented for the four ANRT samples: Diorite DR‐N, Serpentine UB‐N, Bauxite BX‐N and Disthène DT‐N. Recommended values are given for the major and minor elements. As far as the as trace elements are concerned, DR‐N has been characterized for 35 elements whereas the other three samples have been for only 20 elements. Wherever possible, brief comments have been inserted so as to explain our way of assigning recommended or proposed values.

After more than a decade of existence the total number of data reported for all the four samples reach only 3200 units which are not sufficient enough for a valid evaluation of compiled data. It is also pointed out that these samples are most likely to be available even during the next century as they have been prepared in large quantities of the order of one ton. A plea is therefore made for contribution of more data particularly for trace elements and for major elements which are present as trace elements in UB‐N, BX‐N and DT‐N.
Five Robust Indicators of Central Value
Authors: ELLIS P.J. , STEELE T.W.
Published: May 2007

The presence of outliers and the statistical noise that affects the data for reference materials have undesirable effects on the mean and on other indicators of the central value. Five robust indicators of the central value, which are resistant to obvious outliers and less obvious contamination (spurious data), were investigated: the dominant cluster mode, the modian, the Gastwirth median, the trimean, and the trimmed mean. The mean and the median were investigated for purposes of comparison.

The results confirm that the mean is very unreliable, and that the Gastwirth median and the dominant cluster mode are strong indicators of the central value.
A Laterite Standard Reference Material: Venezuelan Laterite VL‐1*
Authors: SCHORIN Hasso , LABRECQUE John J.
Published: May 2007

Details on the preparation of a Laterite Standard Reference Material (SRM) from Venezuela, on the homogeneity‐testing and the round‐robin testing scheme from 11 international laboratories are given. The proposed values (%) for the concentrations of the main constituents are: Al2O3: 37.38, SiO2: 1.16, TiO2: 3.15, Fe2O3: 35.77 and LOI, 22.44. The following statistical parameters are also reported: the arithmetic mean, the variance, the standard deviation, the coefficient of variation, the median, the skewness factor, the preferred mean, the geometric mean, the Gastwirth Median and the dominant cluster mode.
Fluorine in Twenty‐Two International Reference Rock Samples and a Compilation of Fluorine Values for the USGS Reference Samples
Authors: STECHER Ole
Published: May 2007

Fluorine in 22 international reference samples has been determined with an ion selective electrode following fusion with a Na2bCO3‐ZnO mixture. To eliminate the effect of fluorine complexes in the solutions, the results presented are means of fluoride determinations from a standard calibration curve and from the method of standard addition. Together with these new determinations an updated compilation of USGS‐I reference samples is presented.
X‐Ray Fluorescence Determination of Trace Elements in 6 B.C.S. and 5 P.R.E. Reference Materials
Authors: PALMER Kenneth , KENNEDY Paul C. , ROSER Barry
Published: May 2007

The concentrations of 20 trace elements in 6 British Chemical Standards (BCS) reference materials and 5 European Federation of Refractories Producers (PRE) reference materials have been determined by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry.
Analyses of the United States Geological Survey Geochemical Exploration Reference Samples GXR‐I to ‐ 6
Authors: KENNEDY Paul C. , ROSER Barry , HUNT John
Published: May 2007

Analyses of the United States Geological Survey geochemical exploration reference samples (GXR) 1–6 are reported for 36 elements and compared with published values.
Proposal for the Adoption of a Microgranite From Ailsa Craig, S.W. Scotland as a Trace Element Rock Reference Sample*
Authors: POTTS P.J.
Published: May 2007

The preparation of a microgranite from Ailsa Craig, South West Scotland, is proposed as a new reference material in particular for the determination of trace elements (including the rare earth elements, Ta, Hf and Th).
Gold Content of Eleven French Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: Bornhorst T.J. , Rose W.I. , Wolfe S.P. , Hoffman E.L.
Published: May 2007

The gold content of eleven French geochemical reference samples has been determined by a combined neutron‐activation and fire assay method. These data represent the first reported low‐level and high quality gold analyses for these reference samples.
Determination of Cadmium and Lead in Seventy‐seven Geological Reference Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Terashima Shigeru
Published: May 2007

The cadmium and lead contents of seventy‐seven geological reference samples have been determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using an air‐acetylene flame or a carbon tube atomizer, after extraction of cadmium and lead as iodides with methylisobutylketone (MIBK). The agreement between the present results and published data is generally good.
Abundance of Boron in International Geochemical Standards by Prompt‐Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: Higgins Michael D.
Published: May 2007

Eighteen international reference standards, mostly geochemical standards, have been analysed for boron using prompt‐gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA). There is good agreement between the results for samples with high boron abundances and the few published values using PGNAA and other methods. However, correlation is poor at low boron abundances, especially in those standards with low boron/sodium ratios. Corrections for sodium interference on boron have been critically evaluated and the data corrected using two different methods.
Determination of Selenium in Twenty‐Eight Geological Reference Materials by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: IMAI Noboru , TERASHIMA Shigeru , ANDO Atsushi
Published: May 2007

Twenty‐eight geological reference samples have been analysed for selenium using atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation and quartz cell atomizer and/or with solvent extraction and carbon tube atomizer. Data are presented for 5 CCRMP, 6 USGS, 3 NBS, 6 NIM and 8 GSJ reference materials.
Recommended Radium‐226 Values for Four CCRMP Uranium Reference Materials
Authors: STEGER Henry F. , SMITH C.W.
Published: May 2007

The Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project announces recommended values for radium‐226 activity in four reference materials previously certified for uranium. Thirteen laboratories participated in the interlaboratory program for DL‐la, DH‐la, BL‐4a and BL‐5. Four measurement techniques were applied. Procedural and instrument calibrations were performed with certified radium solutions from the National Bureau of Standards, thereby establishing traceability of the recommended values for radium‐226 in DL‐la, DH‐la, BL‐4a and BL‐5. These reference ores are also shown to be close to, if not in, radioactive equilibrium.
Three Marine Sediment Reference Samples: SDO‐1, SDO‐2 and SDO‐3
Authors: BERKOVITS L.A. , LUKASHIN V.N.
Published: May 2007

The study of three marine sediments is the first in a series of reference samples to be developed for characterizing the bottom sediments of the Pacific Ocean and the Red Sea. The three samples were certified for their contents of major, minor and some trace elements. These values were assigned on the basis of statistical processing of the data obtained from an interlaboratory experiment conducted with the use of physical, physico‐chemical and chemical methods of analysis. The Soviet, Czechoslovakian and Bulgarian laboratories took part in the interlaboratory experiment.
1982 Compilation of Elemental Concentration Data for the United States Geological Survey's Geochemical Exploration Reference Samples GXR ‐1 to GXR ‐ 6
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S. , BURNS Colleen E. , ROELANDTS Iwan
Published: May 2007

Concentration data for as many as 64 constituents in the six United States Geological Survey's (USGS) Geochemical Exploration Reference Samples (GXR) have been collected from journal articles and technical reports published since these reference materials were issued in 1971. These data are summarized into mean +/‐ one standard deviation values and compared with our previously calculated concentrations based upon USGS round‐robin data published in 1978. All new literature data located are presented in the appendices.
PRAGMATISM vs RIGOUR: A Debate on the Resolution Of Disparate Analytical Data on Four Canadian Iron ‐ Formation Reference Samples
Authors: ABBEY Sydney , ROUSSEAU Richard M.
Published: May 2007

The analytical data received in an inter‐laboratory study of four Canadian reference samples were treated by two different methods in order to arrive at “usable values” for the concentration of each constituent. The first method (“Select Laboratories”), proposed by S. Abbey (S.A.), is based on the fact that some laboratories consistently produce better results than others. S.A. suggests an approach which permits isolation of results from such laboratories, calculation of a mean or a median of such results and use of one or the other as the concentration of a constituent. That approach involves a degree of subjectivity and S.A. attempts to demonstrate the validity of his approach by means of several tests applied to the results obtained for the four samples.
Usable Values for Chinese Standard Reference Samples of Stream Sediments, Soils, and Rocks: GSD 9‐12, GSS 1‐8 and GSR 1‐6
Authors: Xuejing XIE , Mingcai YAN , Lianzhong LI , Huijun SHEN
Published: May 2007

Usable values, derived principally from data by Chinese analysts, are presented for four new stream sediments (GSD 9‐12) that supplement the original eight stream sediments (GSD 1‐8), for eight soil samples (GSS 1‐8), and for six rock samples (GSR 1‐6). The rock suite consists of a granite (GSR‐1), an andesite (GSR‐2), a basalt (GSR‐3), a sandstone (GSR‐4), a shale (GSR‐5), and a carbonate rock (GSR‐6). The amounts of sample obtained, their locations, and brief descriptions are given. The samples are available to analysts who might wish to contribute data that may improve the estimates given in tables.
The Abbey Evaluation of Reference Sample IF‐G. The Significance of Abbey's Method For Laboratory Quality
Authors: DE HAAS B. T. , KOOPMANS K.
Published: May 2007

Abbey's select laboratories method has been applied to the reported data for major and minor elements in the proposed GIT‐IWG reference sample IF‐G. The final values obtained by this method have been compared with the recommended values published by Govindaraju in 1984. Slightly different percentages are suggested for MgO, K2O and Fe2O3T. The importance of applying the Abbey method by participants in co‐operative studies is emphasized. Such an application gives a better understanding of data treatment and of the degree of reliability of published final values; furthermore the objective score obtained for laboratory quality will stimulate participating laboratories to improve their analytical methods and procedures. As an illustration some improvements in the laboratory of the authors are mentioned.
The Preparation and Evaluation of Bastnäsite Reference Materials IGS 40 and 41
Authors: LISTER Brian , COGGER Norman
Published: May 2007

Two bastnäsites ‐ rare‐earth fluocarbonate ores ‐ from Mountain Pass, California, each weighing 40 kg, were ground to ‐200 mesh (75 μm), homogenized, sub‐sampled into 432 containers and issued to interested laboratories for analysis in 1979. The methods used for the determination of rare‐earth oxides, are discussed and the analytical results have been evaluated statistically. Rare‐earth analysis remains a difficult field and, in the two samples, only nine elements have been assigned recommended concentrations. Appendices list the participating laboratories, the main determinations and information on the determination of other elements and oxides.
Contribution to Evaluation of Analytical Data On Reference Samples
Authors: DEMPIR Josef
Published: May 2007

For evaluating the analytical data on reference samples, the following approach is proposed: 1. Analytical methods used are critically reviewed. 2. Outliers are eliminated. 3. Normality of the results is tested. 4. If normality of the results can be accepted, arithmetic mean, its confidence interval and coefficient of the precision are computed. 5. If the results are not normally distributed, median and its statistical characteristics are given. 6. For sets of data with anomalous skewness, logarithmic and lambda transformations are useful approaches.
Stability of CRMs: Significance to the User
Authors: STEGER H. G. , SUTARNO R.
Published: May 2007

The stability of geochemical reference materials is subject to breakdown due to mineralic component or particle size fraction segregation or to ambient oxidation. A statistical design is presented to the analyst for detecting such a breakdown as soon as possible to avoid the resultant degradation in his output. The application of this design to a base metal certified reference material, MP‐1a, is illustrated.
Determination of Arsenic and Antimony in Eighty‐Five Geochemical Reference Samples by Automated Hydride Generation and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: TERASHIMA Shigeru
Published: May 2007

The arsenic and antimony contents of 85 geochemical reference samples have been determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation and heated quartz cell atomizer. The sample is decomposed with a mixture of perchloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acids and potassium permanganate solution; interferences are eliminated by addition of potassium iodide, aluminium chloride and ascorbic acid. The agreement between the present results and published data is fairly good.
Reference Samples in Geology and Geochemistry
Authors: Flanagan F. J.
Published: May 2007

The use of geologic reference samples may have started in the last quarter of the 19th century after analysts in England, Germany, and the United States deplored the large variation in data obtained by different analysts for the same constitutent in the same sample. Early samples involved in cooperative analysis, also known as “round robins,” were mainly industrial or agricultural materials of economic value, or products derived from them. Data from some round robins were so diverse that “uniformity in analysis” was a part of early committee names. The first two geologic samples of the National Bureau of Standards were analyzed cooperatively.

Samples for geology and geochemistry are classified as artificial samples or as natural materials of either economic or geochemical interest—the latter distinction not always possible. Artificial samples have been prepared in several substrates, and samples in other substrates may be limited only by the ingenuity of the analyst.

The principal suppliers of samples of economic interest are discussed, by country, to show the range of samples prepared by organizations. Natural samples of geochemical interest are mentioned by sample type. Because of their intended use, some geochemical samples are restricted to analysts using specific techniques.

Methods used for and precautions to be observed while preparing large or small rock samples are discussed. Excess grinding of small rock samples reduces the amount of FeO found in a rock analysis. Unavoidable contamination occurs when processing rocks in steel. Tungsten carbide, and some mechanical equipment, should be avoided. A review of the allied subjects of homogeneity of a sample, sampling errors, and size of the sample grains shows that we have reinvented the wheel since 1885.

Methods used tc (1) test the homogeneity of samples, (2) eliminate outliers which some scientists reject repeatedly despite warnings of statisticians, and (3) estimate best values when the method for estimating should be part of the program for a sample are discussed. Calibration lines may be used to determine if “best values” in a series of several samples are really “best” and to furnish confidence limits for a single datum.

The agreement of data by an analyst for a reference sample with data preferred by an issuing organization is usually described by one of several adjectives, a subjective procedure. A variation of a x2method may be used if a producer specifies the exact number of data for the cooperative analytical program to be furnished by each analyst and then calculates the population estimates of the mean and standard deviation for an element in a sample.

Because of the large increase in the number of reference samples of all types, a revised table listing samples that may be useful in geochemistry is included. It is not known if the samples, other than those of the U.S. Geological Survey, were collected in conformance with provisions of the Plant Pest Control Regulations of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or of similar organizations in other nations.
THE PREPARATION OF THREE BASE‐METAL REFERENCE MATERIALS: LEAD CONCENTRATE, IGS‐42, ZINC CONCENTRATE, IGS‐43 AND COPPER MATTE, IGS‐44
Authors: Lister Brian
Published: May 2007

Three base‐metal concentrates, each weighing 25 kg, were ground to ‐175 mesh (90 μm) and homogenised. They were then sub‐sampled into foil‐lined envelopes and sealed under argon before being issued to 27 participating laboratories for analysis. Over 4000 analytical results were returned and, after evaluation, a total of 37 elements within the three samples have been given recommended or more cautious probable values. The high standard of precision attained has enabled clear‐cut distinctions to be made between methods for the determination of some elements. The most important of these is between titrimetry and electrogravimetry in the determination of copper.
A CANADIAN “GEOSTANDARDIST” IN CHINA
Authors: Abbey Sydney
Published: May 2007

An outline is given of a three‐week lecture tour in China, including visits to Beijing, Langfang, Wuhan and Nanjing.
Distribution of NBS, USGS and CCRMP Reference Material Data in the Literature (1951‐1985)
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S. , ROELANDTS Iwan
Published: May 2007

Publication patterns of NBS, USGS and CCRMP reference materials data are traced over the past 35 years by literature source, analytical methods employed, and constituents measured.
Results for Fluorine in Coals and Other Reference Materials
Authors: GODBEER W.C.
Published: May 2007

Results of fluorine determinations by a pyrohydrolysis‐ion selective electrode method are reported for four reference coals, two fly ashes and eight rock samples. These values were obtained during a study of Australian coals which showed that the standard oxygen bomb combustion method generally used for coals gives low results. The results are compared with available literature data for these reference samples which were obtained by a variety of methods.
Chromium Augite ‐ A New Microprobe Reference Sample
Authors: JAROSEWICH Eugene , GOOLEY Ron , HUSLER John
Published: May 2007

A microprobe reference sample was made from a portion of a large and homogeneous single crystal of augite which contains 0.85% of Cr2O3. The relatively high chromium content of this augite increases its usefulness as a microprobe reference sample.
Determination Of Major Elements In Ailsa Craig Granite AC‐E After Separation By Cation Exchange Chromatography
Authors: VICTOR A.H.
Published: May 2007

Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Al and Ti were accurately and precisely determined in Ailsa Craig microgranite AC‐E. After dissolution of 1g samples, the elements were quantitatively separated from each other by a single column operation, using AG50W‐X8 cation exchange resin. The elements were then determined by appropriate analytical methods. Silica was determined on a separate sample by means of the classical dehydration method.
Provisional Elemental Values for Eight New Geochemical Lake Sediment and Stream Sediment Reference Materials LKSD‐1, LKSD‐2, LKSD‐3, LKSD‐4, STSD‐1, STSD‐2, STSD‐3 and STSD‐4*
Authors: LYNCH John
Published: May 2007

The collection and preparation of four lake and four stream sediment reference materials are described. Provisional values related to both total concentrations and concentrations derived from partial extraction procedures are presented for major, minor and trace element constituents. As large amounts of samples (160–200 kg) have been prepared, they should be of interest to soil analysts.
Use of Geochemical Reference Materials in a Quality Control/Quality Assurance Program*
Authors: JOHNSON Wesley M.
Published: May 2007

The role played by geochemical reference materials in establishing and maintaining a quality control/quality assurance program in a geochemical/assay laboratory is discussed. It includes the development of in‐house reference materials and their characterization with reference to internationally recognized reference materials. It also concerns reference materials for use in geochemical trace analysis, ore grade assays and the analysis of concentrates for establishing the values of shipments. Suggestions are given for the sources and preparation of various types of reference materials that may need to be developed for in‐house use.
Quality Control and Reference Sample Data Bases*
Authors: KANE Jean S.
Published: May 2007

A critical aspect of any quality control program is the definition of criteria for “satisfactory’ performance of analytical methods. These criteria should address both expected accuracy and expected precision of the methods, as well as any variation in these figures of merit from one sample type to another. Development of appropriate criteria and their application to analytical programs for the characterization of new reference samples is presented.
Concentrations of B, Sm, Gd and H in 24 Reference Materials*
Authors: SHAW Denis M. , SMITH Patti L.C.
Published: May 2007

Analysis of 24 reference materials for B, Sm, Gd, H, has been carried out over several years, using prompt gamma neutron activation analysis. The results are compared with values obtained by other workers, in order to better calibrate these standards. In most cases our results of repeated analysis of RMs show agreement with results from other laboratories, using various methods. A djustments to working values are proposed in some cases.
Determination of Nickel in GSJ Standard Rock Samples Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: YURIMOTO Hisayoshi , SAKAGUCHI Isao , NISHIDA Norimasa , SUENO Shigeho
Published: May 2007

Trace level determination of nickel in silicate rock samples has been achieved using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) with kinetic energy filtering. Standard rock references, issued by the Geological Survey of Japan, were fused into glass and used as standards for the SIMS analysis. Due to interferences from the glass matrix, the secondary ion of mass 60 was only useful for Ni, although the secondary ion was interfered mainly by CaO+. The contributions of these molecular ions were deconvolved by a least squares regression. Good linear correlation between results after the deconvolution and the Ni concentration in the glass standards was obtained. The uncertainties of the SIMS analysis depend strongly on the degree of contribution of CaO+ molecular ion. Such a method of SIMS analysis is especially useful to study the detailed behavior of Ni on a micro‐scale in Ca‐poor materials.
1988 Compilation of Elemental Concentration Data for USGS DTS‐1, G‐1, PCC‐1 and W‐1
Authors: Gladney Ernest S. , Jones Elizabeth A. , Nickell Eric J. , Roelandts Iwan
Published: May 2007

Concentration data on up to 91 individual constituents in USGS DTS‐1, G‐1, PCC‐1, and W‐1 have been collected from 1647 journal articles and technical reports. These data are summarized in consensus (mean) values with uncertainties expressed as one standard deviation. Mean values are also calculated as a function of analytical procedure and all raw data are given in the tables. Recommended values are proposed based upon data criteria used by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology, formerly the National Bureau of Standrds or NBS).
DETERMINATION OF SULFUR IN SRM BAUXITE AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES BY ISOTOPE DILUTION THERMAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: KELLY W. Robert , MURPHY K.E.
Published: May 2007

The sulfur concentration has been determined in five bauxite and two sediment NIST Standard Reference Materials (SRM) by isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID‐TIMS). Two outside laboratories had indicated that the original certified values in the bauxites SRMs were too high by as much as 93 percent. The ID‐TIMS determinations reported here confirm that the certified values on all bauxites contained a positive bias. The sulfur concentrations obtained in this study are the following (in μgS/g, dry weight basis): SRM 69b ‐ 2208 ± 25, SRM 696 ‐ 601 ± 8, SRM 697 ‐ 308 ± 7, SRM 698 ‐ 575 ± 16 and SRM 600 ‐ 622 ± 24. The values for the sediment samples are the following (in weight percent sulfur dry weight basis): SRM 2704 ‐ 0.3970 ± 0.0039 and SRM 1941 ‐ 1.717 ± 0.016.
GOLD, IRIDIUM, PALLADIUM AND PLATINUM IN REFERENCE STANDARD PCC‐1 AND A KOMATIITIC PERIDOTITE: IMPLICATIONS FOR SELECTION OF IGNEOUS ROCK REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR PPB‐LEVEL NOBLE METAL ANALYSIS
Authors: EVANS Noreen J. , CROCKET James H.
Published: May 2007

New analyses for AU, Ir, Pd and Pt in the USGS rock standard PCC‐1, carried out by two different radiochemical neutron activation procedures, are compared with similar analyses of a spinifex‐textured komatiitic peridotite. Better precision obtained for most of these elements on the komatiitic peridotite, in conjunction with consideration of literature values for PCC‐1, suggest that the volcanic peridotite is characterized by a more homogeneous distribution of noble metals than PCC‐1, a plutonic peridotite. These results suggest that reference materials for the analysis of sulfur‐poor mafic and ultramafie rocks with background levels of noble metals will be more satisfactory if volcanic rocks are selected.
DETERMINATION OF TWELVE TRACE ELEMENTS IN TWENTY‐SEVEN AND TEN MAJOR ELEMENTS IN TWENTY‐THREE GEOCHEMICAL REFERENCE SAMPLES BY X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY
Authors: VERMA Surendra P. , BESCH Thomas , GUEVARA Mirna , Schulz‐DOBRICH B.
Published: May 2007

This study reports the results of twelve trace elements in twenty‐seven International geochemical reference samples (IGRS) (15 from Japan, 7 from South Africa, 4 from France and 1 from U.S.A.). Similarly, ten major elements were also determined in twenty‐three GRS (15 from Japan, 5 from South Africa, 2 from France and 1 from U.S.A.). Whenever possible, the results are compared with literature values for these GRS.
1992 compilation of analytical data for rare‐earth elements, scandium, yttrium, zirconium and hafnium in twenty‐six GSJ reference samples
Authors: ITOH Shiro , TERASHIMA Shigeru , IMAI Noboru , KAMIOKA Hikari , MITA Naoki , ANDO Atsushi
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Analytical data for fourteen rare‐earth elements, scandium, yttrium, zirconium and hafnium, received by May 1992, have been compiled on twenty‐six GSJ (Geological Survey of Japan) reference samples. Seventeen of them are ‘Igneous rock series’ and nine are “Sedimentary rock series”. The reported data including personal communication were evaluated under the consideration on analytical methods and geochemical evidences. No significant difference has been observed between the values obtained by the different analytical methods. Based on the selected available data, 1992 compilation values were tabulated.
ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF CHINESE ROCK STANDARDS GSR 1–6: A COMPARISON WITH THE CERTIFICATE VALUES
Authors: BOWER N.W. , LEWIS C.M. , GALBRAITH J.M. , LUEDEMANN G.
Published: May 2007

Data are presented for the six new Chinese rock standards, GSR 1 through 6. These samples include a granite, an andesite, a basalt, a sandstone, a shale, and a limestone, providing a wide range of sample types of geochemical interest. The certificate values were tested using XRF and ITNA for the major and trace elements and colorimetry, coulometry, and thermogravimetry for the ferrous iron and the volatile constitutents. Excellent agreement was obtained for the 50 elements measured, implying these standards have been well characterized generally and should be of immediate use to geochemists.