bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Look Ahead at Public Employee Unionism
Authors: STERN JAMES L.
Published: March 2007

The surge in public sector union membership in the 1960s has abated, although the proportion of members who bargain is still on the increase. It seems likely that bargaining will become more widespread in the public sector than in the private sector because public sector management resists unionization less strongly than does private sector management. Public sector unions are solidly entrenched in the large northern U.S. cities and in the coming years will be attempting to organize in the South and the Southwest and in medium-sized cities and rural areas. In the field of education one finds considerable interest in faculty bargaining and speculation about how fast this will proceed. Securing favorable legislation is essential to the success of these various public sector union efforts. Inclusion in the statutes of interest arbitration and agency shop authorization represents a probable union goal in the current decade.
The Magnitude of Job Loss from Plant Closings and the Generation of Replacement Jobs: Some Recent Evidence
Authors: HARRIS CANDEE S.
Published: March 2007

The convergence of the recent recession, a secular decline in the rate of growth, and the accelerating structural reorientation of the U.S. economy produced serious employment problems in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Since the mid-1970s, plant closings in large manufacturing firms have eliminated over 900,000 jobs a year, with rates of loss doubling in 1980-82 over the previous two-year period. Perhaps more important than the jobs lost are the number and nature of new employment opportunities created. Between 1976 and 1982 large manufacturing firms replaced jobs lost in closings at the rate of only 9 new jobs for each 10 lost. Further, the industries and geographic regions in which businesses are generating new jobs differ markedly from those losing jobs in plant closings and major layoffs. This mismatch in the loci of growth and decline has resulted in pockets of serious economic distress.
China's Industry in Transition: To what?
Authors: WALDER ANDREW G.
Published: March 2007

China's industrial reforms, while bringing major changes in the management of industry, are not particularly innovative compared to reforms in Eastern Europe. While the reforms are moderate ones, China is noteworthy for its persistence along the path of reform despite the emergence of serious problems. The problems are generic ones that have plagued previous piecemeal reforms in Eastern Europe. They are due to an unreformed price structure not designed to send signals to enterprises; to continuing shortages of industrial supplies; and to the soft budget constraint under which enterprises operate. The problems have included an uncontrolled investment drive by enterprises, price inflation of producers' goods and construction materials, shortages of materials for state-sponsored construction projects, a larger budget deficit, and indiscriminate payment of bonuses. There is still no improvement in the main measures of industrial productivity. Despite these difficulties, reform continues in all areas.
Political Change, Citizenship Rights, and the Welfare State
Authors: ZALD MAYER N.
Published: March 2007

Changes in political structure, coalitions, and ideology provide the context in which specific policies and programs are adopted and, once adopted, expanded or trimmed. This article assays a portrait of American politics in the early 1980s and the major trends relevant to welfare choice. It is shown that voters have loosened their ties to parties even while the parties have strengthened their organizational capacities. Although there is little evidence that American voters wish to dismantle the welfare state, the growing strength of the Republican party as a campaign vehicle and the greater party competition among parties in all regions suggest that Republican congressional and senatorial strength will be stronger than in the fifties and sixties. Moreover, trends to expand citizen rights that bear on welfare issues may have been arrested. Issue heterogeneity, the dissolution of older political coalitions, and economic trends suggest that broad welfare state issues will be on the back burner, though there is no evidence that broad-based programs face significant cutbacks.
Peaceful Coexistence: Turkey and the Near East in Soviet Foreign Policy
Authors: SEZER DUYGU B.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on Soviet interests in the Near East, Soviet policy toward Turkey, Soviet-Greek relations, and the Cyprus conflict. The Near East is important to the Soviet Union for geographic, strategic-security, and ideological reasons. Soviet policy can be characterized as one of continuity, stability, and peaceful coexistence—resourceful and responsive at the same time. Moscow has been tolerant of a range of political regimes in Turkey, to which it has offered extensive economic aid, and it has welcomed Greece's new independent foreign policy.
The Shifting Grounds for Immigration
Authors: PIORE MICHAEL J.
Published: March 2007

This article is addressed to the theory of the international migration of workers to low-wage sectors of developed industrial economies from underdeveloped regions. Its starting point is the framework of analysis originally put forward in Birds of Passage, a framework built around the notion of circular migration through the secondary sector of a dual labor market. It then discusses how that theory might be amended in light of recent developments in migration patterns to encompass enclave economies, immigrant entrepreneurship, and the settlement process.
Economic Transformation
Authors: NOYELLE THIERRY
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author argues that the 1970s and early 1980s mark the ascent of a new economic era characterized by the rise of services, the widespread diffusion of computerized technology, the emerging role of small firms, and increasing internationalization. Some implications of these changes for the location of economic activities are suggested. Policy directions are then highlighted, including the need to develop human resources, to develop the new technological infrastructure, to develop the new economic infrastructure of service firms, to promote the new world of work, and to help workers at risk.
Entrepreneurial Renewal in the Industrial City
Authors: FRIEDMAN ROBERT E.
Published: March 2007

No business and no single industrial structure survive forever, but industrial cities need not decline with the industries on which they were built as long as new ventures emerge to take their place. Indeed, one can find examples of entrepreneurial renewal within large, mature firms, in the wake of plant closings, in poor communities bypassed by industrial development, and in government and the nonprofit sector. To appreciate the role entrepreneurial renewal might play in revitalization, it is important to understand that the entrepreneurial process is a long-term, human-centered practice of innovation that transcends industrial, sectoral, race, sex, and class lines. While any population group has its share of potential entrepreneurs, the extent to which they will emerge depends upon the availability of environmental support—cultural, financial, educational. With these supports the already significant impacts of entrepreneurial renewal can be increased.
Absorbing Global Surplus Labor
Authors: ELSENHANS HARTMUT
Published: March 2007

Capitalist economies need rising wages to keep up demand for increasing output. But the increasing availability of Third World surplus labor for world-market production threatens to uncouple wages from the development of productivity and to create, thus, a global deficit of demand that will profoundly disturb the growth mechanism of the capitalist world economy. None of the counterarguments that are brought up in the debate on the low-wage danger stands up to a closer examination. In order to check this danger, surplus labor in the Third World must be absorbed through inward-looking development. This requires that LDC demand structure be adjusted in a government-controlled way to the LDC supply potentials—relatively simple goods for mass consumption. The North should push such strategies in the South according to the leitmotiv “resources for reform—reforms against resources” thus strengthening reformist Southern elites.
Employment, the Private Sector, and At-Risk Youth
Authors: KOLBERG WILLIAM H.
Published: March 2007

The high rates of crime and violence in the United States reflect in large part the distress of one segment of our society, at-risk youth. The private sector has a leading role to play in addressing one of the root causes of alienated behavior among at-risk youth—unemployment. In the coming years, our economy will require the participation of all our young people if growth is to continue. Already, thousands of business volunteers are active in over 600 private industry councils around the country under the Job Training Partnership Act to oversee training programs for at-risk youth. These councils offer a means for developing the coordinated, holistic approach necessary for combating the multiple problems of at-risk youth.
Puerto Ricans and the Underclass Debate
Authors: TIENDA MARTA
Published: March 2007

This article uses data from the Current Population Surveys of 1975, 1980, and 1985 and the 1980 census of population to investigate why the economic status of Puerto Ricans has declined more than that of Mexicans and Cubans. The working hypothesis—that structural factors, namely, rapidly falling employment opportunities in jobs where Puerto Ricans traditionally have worked and the concentration of Puerto Ricans in areas experiencing severe economic dislocation, are largely responsible for their disproportionate impoverishment—finds considerable support. Results based on the Current Population Surveys show that Puerto Ricans are distinct from Mexicans and Cubans in that their labor market instability and complete withdrawal began earlier—in the mid-compared to the late 1970s—and was more extreme. Furthermore, the analysis of census data shows that the constraints on Puerto Ricans resulting from ethnic labor market divisions and high unemployment rates are stronger than those on Mexicans or Cubans, lending support to structural interpretations of the Puerto Ricans' economic distress.
Immigration and the Underclass
Authors: REISCHAUER ROBERT D.
Published: March 2007

The size and nature of recent immigration to the United States have raised the possibility that immigrants have diminished the labor market opportunities of low-skilled, native minority workers and, thereby, might have contributed to the emergence of the urban underclass. To the extent that immigrants and native workers are substitute factors of production, immigrants may reduce the wage rates of native labor, increase their unemployment, lower their labor force participation, undermine working conditions, and reduce rates of internal mobility. While casual empiricism would seem to support the notion that immigrants have depressed the opportunities of low-skilled native workers, careful and sophisticated analyses by a number of social scientists provide little evidence that immigrants have had any significant negative impacts on the employment situation of black Americans. Thus competition from unskilled immigrants should not be included on the list of factors that have facilitated the growth of the underclass.
The Aging of Intelligence: Potential and Limits
Authors: STAUDINGER URSULA M. , CORNELIUS STEVEN W. , BALTES PAUL B.
Published: March 2007

The aging of intelligence features a paradox including both growth and decline in performance, as well as latent potential and aging-related limits to further growth. Two resolutions to the paradox are offered. First, because of the dual-process nature of intelligence—fluid mechanics versus crystallized pragmatics—there is the possibility of differing life-span trajectories characterized by a decline in the mechanics and select growth in the pragmatics. Second, because of the facilitative and enriching effect of knowledge-based pragmatics, highly effective cognitive performances in old age are possible despite an aging-related loss in cognitive mechanics. A model of selective optimization with compensation is presented to elucidate various interventional strategies that allow for intellectual efficacy and growth despite increased biological vulnerability and decreased intellectual reserve capacity. A visionary social policy for old age needs to recognize this double-edged nature of the aging mind: limits and potential.
The Pacific Rim: Current Debates
Authors: GOUREVITCH PETER A.
Published: March 2007

The dramatic emergence of the Pacific region poses a double challenge for policymakers and social scientists. Both need to understand change in the region as well as to adapt tools of analysis and guides to policy. Two large issues dominate debate, though there are many other important ones as well. These two are prosperity and peace: why have parts of the Asian Pacific side grown so quickly while other parts of the Pacific, much of Latin America, Africa, and other areas not; and how have these changes altered the international system of security? To answer these questions, the issue of level of analysis must be raised. Social outcomes can be interpreted by focusing on the individual, on social institutions, or on the international environment. Arguments about the role of culture, the functioning of markets, the impact of government institutions, the distribution of power in society among groups and classes, the distribution of power among countries in the state system - these are classic variables of analysis. Debates about the Pacific region give rise to new ways of integrating these variables into arguments that permit deeper analysis.
Sub-Rosa Privatization and Marketization in the USSR
Authors: GROSSMAN GREGORY
Published: March 2007

In the USSR, conditions for private underground activity have been highly propitious, given the barring, until recently, of nearly all lawful private business, chronic excess demand with fixed prices, high excise taxes, and both pervasive bureaucratic regulation and widespread corruption. State property is vastly misappropriated and exploited, particularly by camouflaged cryptoprivate firms. The underground, generally employing money as the main medium of exchange and functioning through markets, touches very many and on average provides large supplements of goods and - together with bribes, theft, and fraud - income to the public. In the larger operations, illicit money flows up informal structures, often to very high officials. Underground money and aboveground political and administrative power tend to fuse and to spawn, or exploit, organized crime. Vested interests so created are a significant aspect of conservative opposition to perestroika. Under Gorbachev, the underground economy has increased markedly, despite measures both to suppress and to legalize it.
The Foreign Language Needs of U.K.-Based Corporations
Authors: REEVES NIGEL B. R.
Published: March 2007

With Europe as its principal export market today, the United Kingdom is beginning to understand the importance of foreign languages for success. The advent of the single European market will massively reinforce the integration of the United Kingdom as a trading nation into the European Community, while there is a clearly defined trend toward the creation of transnational companies alongside multinationals and U.K.-based exporters. Europe will remain a culturally and linguistically diverse market in both consumer taste and management style, requiring linguistic and intercultural skills for successful marketing and for internal company communication in the new transnationals. Summarizing the functions of foreign language competency in exporting and in multi- and transnational corporations, the article concludes with a look at Europe's broader future developments. The opening up of Eastern Europe, which will be dominated economically by Germany, will see the emergence of German as the European lingua franca alongside English but will not remove the need in the United Kingdom for French, Spanish, or the principal languages of the Middle and Far East, Arabic and Japanese, for global trading.
New Dimensions of Soviet Arctic Policy: Views from the Soviet Union
Authors: VARTANOV RAPHAEL V. , ROGINKO ALEXEI YU.
Published: March 2007

Radically new approaches to the formation of both foreign and domestic Arctic policy have been established in the USSR. Design of a real Arctic policy founded on these approaches is proceeding at a slow pace, however, and all means of dealing with Arctic issues through departmental approaches have been exhausted. Of all the Arctic problems facing the country, questions related to a radical restructuring of the social outlook of the North and developing its infrastructure are being brought to the forefront. Development of the Soviet North has resulted in a deep conflict between the economic interests of industrial civilization and the Arctic ecosystems now functioning at critical levels. More important, the interests, the identity, and the very existence of small Northern aboriginal peoples are at stake. Yet a certain optimism is inspired by several factors: awareness of the challenge facing the Soviet Union in the Arctic; active involvement of a major scientific effort; institutionalized participation of the native peoples in decision making; and an ever expanding role played by a sphere of international cooperation.
The Media: Obstacle or Ally of Feminists?
Authors: KAHN KIM FRIDKIN , GOLDENBERG EDIE N.
Published: March 2007

Under certain circumstances, media treatment can serve as an obstacle to women's achievement of their political goals. In other circumstances, the news media can act as an additional resource. It is quite clear that the early media coverage of the women's movement did not help the movement to grow. In fact, the press coverage of the women's movement, when there was any at all, was unflattering, and the movement grew in spite of the media. Similarly, the media treat men and women candidates differently in their campaign coverage, and this differential treatment can hinder women's access to the political arena. On the other hand, the discovery of the gender gap and its prominent play in the press probably helped women in the political arena. The media, by emphasizing the significance of the so-called women's vote, made women appear to be a more potent force in the electorate.
Real and Imagined Dangers of U.S. Dependence on Foreign Capital
Authors: GRAHAM EDWARD M.
Published: March 2007

The United States has become a debtor nation because gross domestic savings have failed to be large enough to fund gross domestic investment. The resulting international indebtedness of the nation poses no immediate dangers for the U.S. economy or U.S. national sovereignty. The indebtedness does, however, reflect a mediocre economic performance of the United States that must be improved if the nation is to maintain its stature as a national leader. Demographic trends will help one major problem, low household savings rates, but more must be done.
Why Foreign Corporations are Buying into U.S. Business
Authors: McCULLOCH RACHEL
Published: March 2007

More than ever before, foreign companies have been making themselves at home in U.S. markets. The rapid growth of foreign direct investment in the United States reflects the emergence of highly competitive firms based abroad and is thus linked to the loss of U.S. international competitiveness in trade. Two-way flows of direct investment have blurred the distinction, at least among industrial nations, between host and source countries. While the United States remains a major source country as well as the strongest voice for international action to regulate national investment policies, it has also become the world's most important host to direct investment, with all the domestic political pressures entailed. A key policy question for the 1990s is whether the United States will continue its leadership role in combating investment policies that achieve nationalistic objectives at the expense of global efficiency, or join other host countries in adopting its own nationalistic policies.
The U.S.-Soviet Strategic Relationship
Authors: KASS ILANA
Published: March 2007

The U.S.-Soviet strategic relationship is being transformed by the revolutionary events in Europe—culminating in the end of the Cold War—and by dynamics internal to the Soviet Union. The relationship is, at present, asymmetrical: with the United States at the apex of its global influence and the USSR at its nadir, the superpowers remain equal only in their enduring capability to destroy each other. The future, however, holds more peril than promise. First, the USSR seeks to fundamentally redefine what its armed forces will look like and how they will be prepared to fight. This potential for a long-term surge in Soviet combat effectiveness must be factored into the U.S. national security calculus; now is not too soon to identify and pursue the emerging technologies upon which the U.S. trans-century agenda should be anchored. Second, the breakdown of central authority in the Soviet Union threatens to sweep away the stability and predictability that have, hitherto, defined the superpower relationship. Insofar as empires do not fade away peacefully, the disintegration of a nuclear-armed Soviet Union might emerge as the most dangerous threat to U.S. security.
The Low-Intensity Conflict Environment of the 1990s
Authors: SHULTZ RICHARD H.
Published: March 2007

The term “low-intensity conflict” (LIC) first appeared in the lexicon of the U.S. national security community in the latter half of the 1970s. During the 1980s, the Reagan administration and the Congress undertook several initiatives to prepare the United States to respond to various LIC challenges. Following a brief commentary on these developments, the author addresses three interrelated subjects. First, the conceptual debate surrounding LIC and its relationship to the American approach to strategy is examined. Second, the primary kinds of LIC that will occur in the 1990s are described. Finally, the implications and requirements for U.S. national security policy are outlined.
The Concept of Balance of Interests and U.S.-Soviet Interaction
Authors: UDALOV VADIM V.
Published: March 2007

Effective and continuous Soviet-American cooperation in handling regional problems is hardly possible without a shared understanding of conflict in general and optimum ways for affecting its dynamics. Most American schools of conflict research proceed from the concept of balance of power. Soviet political thinking has suggested a competing approach based on the concept of balance of interests. This conceptual deadlock can be overcome through an elaboration of what precisely is meant by balance of interests. Such an analysis shows that balance of interests is virtually an external manifestation of balance of power, and its character typically depends on the latter's transformation. In broader terms, balance of interests means an equilibrium between elements of confrontation and cooperation. The concept of balance of interests proves to be a lot richer in its implications than reliance on power fluctuations, since it justifies a possibility not only of a settlement, but also of resolution of some conflicts by reconsidering and drawing apart interests that seemed to be mutually denying. This concept is a promising tool for conflict analysis and diplomacy.
China and the Middle East since Tiananmen
Authors: SHICHOR YITZHAK
Published: March 2007

By the late 1980s, the Middle East had become a solid base of operations for China's foreign policy in political, economic, and military terms. Put to the test of the Tiananmen massacre, the reliability of this base remained unshaken while China was trying to break through the Western-imposed isolation, paving the way for an eventual international rehabilitation. This was made possible following Iraq's violent annexation of Kuwait. China used the Persian Gulf crisis to restore its position as a great power whose cooperation is essential for settling outstanding regional problems all over the world. Consequently, China's strained relations with the West in general and the United States in particular have been gradually improving. At the same time, by insisting on a peaceful solution to the crisis, China has managed to maintain its image as the true representative of the Third World, having easy access to all parties concerned, friends and foes alike.
Functional Literacy: North-South Perspectives
Authors: OUANE ADAMA
Published: March 2007

Can we postulate that a line of distinction could be drawn between developing and developed countries with regard to the functionality of prevailing literacies? The multilayered perception of literacy and the interpretive ambiguity surrounding functionality, in addition to the lack of focused treatment of the issue in the literature, complicate such an attempt considerably. Functionality can be referred to as a moving range to be located and periodically relocated on the illiteracy-literacy continuum. Two notions are found to be of interest in this analysis: restricted literacy in the sense used by Goody; and functional penetration, referred to by Levine as the range of activities and transactions in which literacy is institutionalized for a human group.
Children's Literacy and Public Schools in Latin America
Authors: FERREIRO EMILIA
Published: March 2007

Illiteracy problems in Latin America cannot be faced successfully without taking into account what actually happens at the beginning of primary school. Almost all children enter primary school, but those from marginal sectors of the population repeat the first grades one or more times and leave school before completion. Nonpromotion and low retention constitute the evidence of a deeper problem. Traditional school practices make the beginning of literacy more difficult precisely for those children who are more dependent on school help. The present situation may be overcome on the basis of research results generated in Latin America as well as innovative pedagogical experiences to improve literacy acquisition. If failure at the beginning of primary school continues as it is, the children of today will become the low-literate adults of tomorrow.
Operation Tripwire Revisited
Authors: DuPONT ROBERT L. , WISH ERIC D.
Published: March 2007

A major new proposal to refocus national efforts on heroin addicts in the criminal justice system, called Operation Tripwire, was announced on 1 October 1977. The proposal called for the universal testing of offenders in the criminal justice system for drugs, and the establishment of sustained drug-free status, confirmed by repeated drug testing, as a condition of release to the community. Despite its being grounded in a large body of solid research evidence and meeting vital social needs, Tripwire was never implemented. Today, with the introduction of the Drug Use Forecasting program, we have a more convincing indication of the enormous drug abuse problems in the criminal population. It may be time to dust off and update the original Tripwire idea. If that is to happen, it will require the convergence of many political, media, and fiscal forces, all based on research. The potential beneficiaries of such a development are many, but the odds against it remain long.
New Approaches in Drug Testings: A Review of Hair Analysis
Authors: MIECZKOWSKI TOM
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the development of hair analysis as a drug-screening technology. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of drug screens that employ urinalysis and hair analysis technologies. It reviews the various controversies that have attended the development and implementation of hair analysis. It discusses the role of ideological, sociological, and political factors in the evolution of the technique. Finally, it reviews professional and governmental responses to the technology and recommends future courses of research to resolve the outstanding disagreements.
Affirmative Action in the 1990s: Staying the Course
Authors: TAYLOR WILLIAM L. , LISS SUSAN M.
Published: March 2007

The phrase “affirmative action,” while capable of fairly narrow definition, also serves as the line that divides people who have starkly different views on the nation's most enduring problem—how American society should treat people of color. A critical question is whether affirmative action policies have been effective, that is, whether they have worked in conjunction with other policies to provide opportunities for education and economic advancement that had previously been unavailable. Data demonstrate the effectiveness of these policies in enhancing the economic status of minorities. The legal standards governing affirmative action demonstrate an effort to balance competing interests in order to meet a test of practical fairness to all parties. With the changes on the Supreme Court, however, it seems likely that the legal standards for assessing the validity of affirmative action will be guided increasingly by ideology rather than pragmatism. Affirmative action is under siege in the 1990s. Nonetheless, a recommitment to the national promise of racial justice may yield tangible opportunity for all.
The U.S. Sentencing Commission on Corporate Crime: A Critique
Authors: ETZIONI AMITAI
Published: March 2007

The author argues that when commissions do not include in their analyses major social and political forces that will affect the implementation of their recommendations, their work is incomplete. The U.S. Sentencing Commission first disregarded these forces and as a result had to redraft its recommendations drastically. After several twists and turns, it ended up with some creative responses to pressures by the business community. The commission tried to follow suggestions made on the basis of neoclassical economists; however, these proved to be impossible to implement and in conflict with basic values.
Protesters, Counterprotesters, and the Authorities
Authors: MAGUIRE DIARMUID
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on a comparison of direct action and its political effects in Italy and Northern Ireland in the period from 1967 to 1992. It traces how these two unstable one-party democracies were profoundly affected by waves of protest with similar origins that began in the late 1960s. The analysis leads to a consideration of some of the positive and negative consequences of protest and direct action. Central to these political outcomes are the structures and processes of interactions between protesters, counterprotesters, and the authorities.
U.S. Military Policy toward the Caribbean in the 1990s
Authors: MUÑIZ HUMBERTO GARCÍA , BERUFF JORGE RODRÍGUEZ
Published: March 2007

U.S. military policy in the Caribbean after the Cold War faces two nontraditional security threats: drug trafficking and illegal migration. Haiti and Cuba are the worst possible scenarios. This policy is being formulated and furthered by the U.S. Atlantic Command in conjunction with regional security forces but without adequate civilian participation and public debate in the Caribbean. This policy contradicts stated U.S. goals of promoting democratic practices and institutions in the region. U.S. military policy in the Caribbean is analyzed within a historical context that divides the U.S. military presence—in terms of installations and armed forces—in the Caribbean during the twentieth century into five phases, with emphasis on the Cold War and its aftermath.
The Internationalization of the Arms Industry
Authors: SKÖNS ELISABETH , WULF HERBERT
Published: March 2007

In the current environment of excess capacity in the arms industry in combination with a continuing trend of rising research and development costs in this sector, companies have become increasingly active in attempting to apply strategies of internationalization to arms-producing activities. At the same time, the end of the Cold War has led to a relaxation in government attitudes toward military technology transfers within a broad group of industrialized countries. This article discusses three basic forms of internationalization: exports, foreign direct investment, and international cooperation arrangements. Cross-border merger and acquisition activities are mainly concentrated in Western Europe, in particular in the aerospace and electronics sectors, but there are also examples of international restructuring outside these areas. International cooperation projects with the Russian arms industry have been limited in number and scope, due to their uncertain future prospects.
Federalizing Crime: Assessing the Impact on the Federal Courts
Authors: BEALE SARA SUN
Published: March 2007

This article examines the history of federal criminal jurisdiction and criminal enforcement, and reviews federal caseload statistics. The federal criminal caseload grew dramatically between 1980 and the mid-1990s, but this increase tells only part of the story. The federal criminal caseload has fluctuated widely over the past two decades, and the number of criminal cases today is about the same as it was in the early 1970s. Although criminal cases now account for only one-fifth of the federal caseload, they take a large and disproportionate share of federal judicial resources. In more than one-third of federal judicial districts, criminal cases now compose more than half of the trial docket. The increased allocation of judicial resources to criminal cases reflects not only changes in the kinds of criminal cases being prosecuted but factors including more time-consuming sentencing procedures and a higher conviction rate.
The Myth of Cost-Free Jurisdictional Reallocation
Authors: OAKLEY JOHN B.
Published: March 2007

The recent trend to make federal crimes of essentially local criminal activity involving violence or drugs reflects the competing pressures on Congress and the president to maintain fiscal austerity while responding to public concerns that administration of the criminal law by state courts is ineffective. This trend has been encouraged by the myth that the federalization of crime is essentially cost free. In reality, this trend threatens serious harm to the ability of federal courts to perform their core functions, and to the ability of federal judges to discharge their duties with customary excellence. Rather than burdening the federal courts with these hidden institutional costs, Congress should recognize that there is no cost-free way to improve the administration of the criminal law, and despite the pressure to reduce federal spending, it should assist state courts with a substantial program of federal subsidization.
Jobs: New Challenges, New Responses
Authors: ROSEN SUMNER M.
Published: March 2007

Labor markets are central to economic life. They shape the organization of work and the lives of those who work or need work. Recent experience confirms a systemic tilt in favor of employers' needs and interests at the expense of earnings, job security, and opportunities for new entrants to the labor force. Conservative ideology has been effectively linked to employers' interests. The result has been that public policies of demonstrated effectiveness in assuring a better balance in labor markets have been weakened. Changing labor market conditions will require renewal and redesign of these tested remedies and development of new measures adequate to respond to new conditions in the global economy and in labor markets. Among these the most important will be reduced working time, limits on freedom to invest or disinvest capital, stronger community-based power to share in the decision-making process and in the distribution of costs and benefits, and a new synthesis of paid work, work that is important to society, and leisure. These are specified and discussed.
The End of Hawaii's Plantations: Back to the Future?
Authors: BOYD LAWRENCE W.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the response taken by Hawaii's people and society to workers displaced by the closing of sugar and pineapple plantations. Rooted in culture, history, and a labor market that is institutionally different from that of much of the United States, the response to structural unemployment is both unconscious and systematic. Also explored is the potential impact these closures can have on Hawaii's economy and society. Will Hawaii go back to the future and return to a society dominated by a business oligarchy such as existed throughout much of the plantation era? Or will it go back to the future as happened with the Democratic Revolution of 1954 and the birth of the modern Hawaiian economy? Can we distinguish between the two approaches today? These questions will be resolved based on whether Hawaii's people decide on a renewal of traditional ideas and beliefs or on an overthrow of these ideas.
The Rule of Law in Hong Kong: Implications for 1997
Authors: LEE MARTIN C. M.
Published: March 2007

Hong Kong citizens in 1995 chose the most democratic legislature in their 150-year history, yet Chinese leaders insist the election was “unfair and unreasonable” and did “not truly reflect the will of the Hong Kong people.” They have vowed to abolish that legislature immediately upon assumption of sovereignty in 1997. Britain has conceded all major points to China and has agreed to postpone the creation of the Court of Final Appeal until 1997. There is cause to believe that China has no understanding of the rule of law, which is Hong Kong's greatest legacy and which is essential to its existence and to its dynamic economy. Its attack on the Bill of Rights is a major threat. There are enlightened voices within China's leadership. They must prevail if Hong Kong is to survive.
Teaching a Multidisciplinary Course on the Holocaust and German Culture
Authors: FABER MARION
Published: March 2007

The absence of any direct study of the Holocaust—or, indeed, of the Nazi period—in most traditional U.S. university and college German department curricula begs the question of the relationship of German culture (as opposed to politics or economics) to those events. A course at Swarthmore College that juxtaposes the key forms of German culture, particularly Romanticism, with the phenomenon of the Holocaust raises that fundamental question in recurring forms, namely: Could the Holocaust have happened anywhere else, and is there something peculiar to German culture that resulted in the Holocaust? This article outlines the structure of the course that addresses these questions and concludes that pre-World War II German cultural forces—those that encouraged a culture that looked inward, sought abstract ideals, and longed to merge with an over-arching whole—may possibly have contributed to the ensuing dehumanizing, genocidal racial policy.
Underclass Neighborhoods in Temporal and Ecological Perspective
Authors: MORENOFF JEFFREY D. , TIENDA MARTA
Published: March 2007

This article places the growth of an urban underclass in the broader context of trends in inequality and the stratification of place in global cities. Using Chicago as a case study, we construct a multidimensional typology of urban neighborhoods to illuminate trends in the spatial distribution of opportunity, the impact of immigration on the city's ecological structure, and modal patterns of neighborhood change. Our empirical analysis documents (1) the increasing spatial polarization of Chicago's neighborhoods, fueled by a concentration of both affluence and socioeconomic disadvantage; (2) the erosion of working-class areas as an ecological category; (3) the emergence of Hispanic neighborhoods as a distinct ecological type; and (4) the existence of race-specific patterns of neighborhood upgrading. These trends have broader implications for the study of spatial inequality in advanced industrial cities.
Globalization and Residential Segregation by Race
Authors: BASHI VILNA I. , HUGHES MARK ALAN
Published: March 2007

The United States has long been characterized by racial segregation in residence. As the country moves into a period of increasing global interaction, these questions might be posed: Will globalization effect change in U.S. residence patterns by race? If so, how? If not, why not? To consider these questions, we briefly review segregation in the United States and present data for eight metropolitan areas to illustrate the extent of residential segregation. Next, we examine four leading conceptions of globalization and consider whether these suggest ways in which globalization may affect residential segregation in the United States. We conclude that globalization falls low on a long list of factors related to residential segregation. In particular, we argue that desegregation would require deliberate steps in domestic public policy.
The Social Cost of Motor Vehicle Use
Authors: DELUCCHI MARK
Published: March 2007

We have classified and estimated the social cost of motor vehicle use in the United States on the basis of 1990-91 data. The analysis provides a conceptual framework for viewing social costs, develops analytical methods and data sources, and presents some detailed estimates of some of the costs. The data, methods, functions, and estimates of this analysis can help analysts and policymakers evaluate the costs of transportation projects, establish efficient prices for transportation services, and prioritize research and funding. This analysis cannot, however, tell us precisely what we should do to improve our transportation system. Not only are many of the estimates too generic and uncertain, but, more important, society cares at least as much about equity, opportunity, and justice as it does about economic efficiency. At the end of the day, a total social-cost analysis contributes only modestly to but one of several societal objectives for transportation.
Extremism and Violence in Israel: The Crisis of Messianic Politics
Authors: SPRINZAK EHUD
Published: March 2007

This article surveys the areas of traditional extremism and violence in Israeli politics. It shows that the recent intensification of political violence, culminating in the 1994 Hebron massacre and the 1995 Rabin assassination, was caused by the post-1967 rise of religious messianic politics in Israel and the difficulties of messianic settlers in coping with the realities of the peace process. Muslim terrorism, conducted by the Palestinian opposition to the peace process, is shown to be an additional incentive for Jewish religious terrorism. The article concludes that the Rabin assassination has traumatized the messianic Right and has contributed to a significant decline in its political violence.
Excepting Exceptionalism: American Religion in Comparative Relief
Authors: DEMERATH N. J.
Published: March 2007

American religion is a major component of the triumphal exceptionalism that has long set the United States apart from other nations. Our frequent label as the world's most religious advanced nation has given pride to many citizens, if not to all. This article offers a reassessment of the claim in the context of a larger cross-national investigation of religion, politics, and the state in some 14 countries around the globe. With this as a comparative backdrop, the article examines three putative sources of uniqueness: our civil religion (versus our separation of church and state); our religious organizations and congregational style; and our high levels of individual religious belief and behavior. The article concludes that America's uniqueness is overstated and constitutes more a matter of kind than degree.
The Latino Religious Resurgence
Authors: STEVENS-ARROYO ANTHONY M.
Published: March 2007

The study of religion among Latinos and Latinas has often suffered from unstated sociological premises. Sometimes it was approached as an anachronistic religious expression doomed to assimilation; at other times, it was viewed in a romantic light as folk customs without importance to religion in the United States. This article views religion among Latinos and Latinas as part of a more general social history of the United States. The acceptance of Latino religious expression as a uniquely American one entails a rejection of manifest destiny and other key premises of U.S. culture, including assimilation. Explained here are the internal migration of Latinos to urban centers in the 1950s and how the response of churches prepared for the emergence of autonomous forms of Latino religion within the major denominations. Current population trends are described, and three key areas for further research are profiled.
Asian Indian and Pakistani Religions in the United States
Authors: WILLIAMS RAYMOND BRADY
Published: March 2007

American religion is the product of immigration, and the change made in the U.S. immigration law in 1965 continues to affect American society, culture, and religion profoundly. Immigrants from India and Pakistan were admitted in significant numbers for the first time as a result of that change. The number of Asian Indian and Pakistani residents more than doubled between the 1980 and 1990 censuses, and this immigration continues apace. Adherents of all the religions of the Indian subcontinent—including Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Muslims, and Christians—are now at home in America, creating a new religious landscape and requiring new religious adaptations to pluralism in America. New modes of rapid communication and modern mobility create transnational communities and networks that intimately link the United States with India and Pakistan and instigate transformations in all three countries—in America most of all.
Postdenominational Christianity in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: MILLER DONALD E.
Published: March 2007

Substantial changes in worship style and organizational structure are transforming the way Christianity will be experienced in the next millennium. The style of Christianity dominated by eighteenth-century hymns, a routinized liturgy, and bureaucratized layers of social organization is gradually dying. In its place are emerging hundreds of new-paradigm churches, which are appropriating stylistic and organizational elements from our postmodern culture. This reformation, unlike the one led by Martin Luther, is challenging not doctrine but the medium through which the message of Christianity is articulated. Appropriating contemporary cultural forms, these postdenominational churches are creating a new genre of worship music; they are restructuring the organization of institutional Christianity; and they are democratizing access to the sacred by radicalizing the Protestant principle of priesthood of all believers. This trend within American Christianity is illustrated by describing research on three religious movements—Calvary Chapel, Vineyard Christian Fellowship, and Hope Chapel—that have emerged since the mid-1960s and now number collectively more than a thousand organizations.
9. Party Applications of Political Behavior Research
Authors: Wilder Philip S.
Published: March 2007

Reasons why greater cooperation brings mutual benefits to political parties and political scientists.
14. The Theory of the Public Interest
Authors: Schubert Glendon A.
Published: March 2007

A description of current theoretical work on the loose and perhaps ultimately mythical concept of the public interest, sug gesting the need for new logical models that can be matched to administrative and judicial behavior.
Kindaika
Authors: Burks Ardath W.
Published: March 2007

The study of modernization in Japan has attracted concerted effort on the part of Japanese scholars, channeled in part through an inter-university, inter disciplinary seminar with which the author is associated (1958-59). The fundamental method is the highly valid, yet peculiarly Japanese, one of bio- historic study, concentrating in particular on the sub-leaders who stood between the topmost elite and the Japanese people during the Tokugawa and Meiji Periods of the mid- and late nineteenth century.