bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter – Part 1: Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay
Authors: Charrier J. G. , Richards-Henderson N. K. , Bein K. J. , McFall A. S. , Wexler A. S. , Anastasio C.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Recent epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis that health effects from inhalation of ambient particulate matter (PM) are governed by more than just the mass of PM inhaled. Both specific chemical components and sources have been identified as important contributors to mortality and hospital admissions, even when these endpoints are unrelated to PM mass. Sources may cause adverse health effects via their ability to produce reactive oxygen species, possibly due to the transition metal content of the PM. Our goal is to quantify the oxidative potential of ambient particle sources collected during two seasons in Fresno, CA using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. We collected PM from different sources or source combinations into different ChemVol (CV) samplers in real time using a novel source-oriented sampling technique based on single particle mass spectrometry. We segregated the particles from each source-oriented mixture into two size fractions – ultrafine (Dp ≤ 0.17 μm) and submicron fine (0.17 μm ≤ Dp ≤ 1.0 μm) – and measured metals and the rate of DTT loss in each PM extract. We find that the mass-normalized oxidative potential of different sources varies by up to a actor of 8 and that submicron fine PM typically has a larger mass-normalized oxidative potential than ultrafine PM from the same source. Vehicular Emissions, Regional Source Mix, Commute Hours, Daytime Mixed Layer and Nighttime Inversion sources exhibit the highest mass-normalized oxidative potential. When we apportion the volume-normalized oxidative potential, which also accounts for the source's prevalence, cooking sources account for 18–29% of the total DTT loss while mobile (traffic) sources account for 16–28%. When we apportion DTT activity for total PM sampled to specific chemical compounds, soluble copper accounts for roughly 50% of total air-volume-normalized oxidative potential, soluble manganese accounts for 20%, and other unknown species, likely including quinones and other organics, account for 30%. During nighttime, soluble copper and manganese largely explain the oxidative potential of PM, while daytime has a larger contribution from unknown (likely organic) species.
New results of structured VLF emissions observed simultaneously at two closely located stations near L ~ 5.5
Authors: Manninen J. , Kleimenova N. G. , Fedorenko Yu. V. , Bespalov P. A. , Turunen T.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Simultaneous records of VLF (very low frequencies) emissions have been carried out at two ground-based stations located at similar geomagnetic latitudes near L ~ 5.5 and spaced in the longitude by ~ 400 km, Kannuslehto (KAN) in Finland and Lovozero (LOZ) in Russia, using quite similar VLF receivers with two calibrated orthogonal air-core loop antennas. We found that the general spectral properties of the VLF chorus emissions at these two stations were similar and typically have right-hand polarization. Contrary to VLF chorus, the short-period VLF emissions (periodic emissions, PE) in which separated spectral elements are repeated with the periodicity of 3–4 s were mostly left-hand polarized. Usually, these waves propagated in the north–south direction. We suppose that PEs are generated inside of the plasmasphere by the cyclotron instability under a quasi-linear relaxation of the energetic electron distribution function. However, sometimes PE occurred only at an individual station. We speculated that this could be due to the influence of the local inhomogeneities to the VLF waves during the propagation through the ionospheric trough to the ground. Unusual series of short-duration (10–100 s) bursts of VLF emissions, lasting several hours, were also found in the morning under very quiet geomagnetic conditions (Kp ~ 0–1). Generally, these emissions were observed simultaneously at KAN and LOZ showing both right-hand and left-hand polarization, and different arrival directions provided the rather extended ionospheric exit area.
Insights into oxygen transport and net community production in sea ice from oxygen, nitrogen and argon concentrations
Authors: Zhou J. , Delille B. , Brabant F. , Tison J.-L.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. We present and compare the dynamics (i.e., changes in standing stocks, saturation levels and concentrations) of O2, Ar and N2 in landfast sea ice, collected in Barrow (Alaska), from February through June 2009. The comparison suggests that the dynamic of O2 in sea ice strongly depends on physical processes (gas incorporation and subsequent transport). Since Ar and N2 are only sensitive to the physical processes in the present study, we then discuss the use of O2 / Ar and O2 / N2 to correct for the physical contribution to O2 supersaturations, and to determine the net community production (NCP). We conclude that O2 / Ar suits better than O2 / N2, due to the relative abundance of O2, N2 and Ar, and the lower biases when gas bubble formation and gas diffusion are maximized. We further estimate NCP in the impermeable layers during ice growth, which ranged from −6.6 to 3.6 μmol O2 L−1 d−1, and the concentrations of O2 due to biological activity in the permeable layers during ice decay (3.8 to 122 μmol O2 L−1). We finally highlight the key issues to solve for more accurate NCP estimates in the future.
Remotely sensed land-surface energy fluxes at sub-field scale in heterogeneous agricultural landscape and coniferous plantation
Authors: Guzinski R. , Nieto H. , Jensen R. , Mendiguren G.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. In this study we evaluate a methodology for disaggregating land surface energy fluxes estimated with the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB)-based Dual-Temperature Difference (DTD) model which uses day and night polar orbiting satellite observations of land surface temperature (LST) as a remotely sensed input. The DTD model is run with MODIS input data at a spatial resolution of around 1 km while the disaggregation uses Landsat observations to produce fluxes at a nominal spatial resolution of 30 m. The higher-resolution modelled fluxes can be directly compared against eddy covariance (EC)-based flux tower measurements to ensure more accurate model validation and also provide a better visualization of the fluxes' spatial patterns in heterogeneous areas allowing for development of, for example, more efficient irrigation practices. The disaggregation technique is evaluated in an area covered by the Danish Hydrological Observatory (HOBE), in the west of the Jutland peninsula, and the modelled fluxes are compared against measurements from two flux towers: the first one in a heterogeneous agricultural landscape and the second one in a homogeneous conifer plantation. The results indicate that the coarse-resolution DTD fluxes disaggregated at Landsat scale have greatly improved accuracy as compared to high-resolution fluxes derived directly with Landsat data without the disaggregation. At the agricultural site the disaggregated fluxes display small bias and very high correlation (r ≈ 0.95) with EC-based measurements, while at the plantation site the results are encouraging but still with significant errors. In addition, we introduce a~modification to the DTD model by replacing the "parallel" configuration of the resistances to sensible heat exchange by the "series" configuration. The latter takes into account the in-canopy air temperature and substantially improves the accuracy of the DTD model.
Hydroclimatic control of sediment and metal export from a rural catchment in northwestern Spain
Authors: Palleiro L. , Rodríguez-Blanco M. L. , Taboada-Castro M. M. , Taboada-Castro M. T.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. This paper examines sediment and metal (Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) exportation at different timescales (annual, seasonal and event) during a 3-year period (2005–2008) in the Mero River headwater, a rural catchment under humid temperate climate. Interannual differences were found both in annual loads and their distributions throughout the year. At annual scale, sediment and particulate metal loads followed the same trend as streamflow, while dissolved metals showed different patterns. Runoff events contributed to 63% of the total sediment load, whereas particulate and dissolved loads in events accounted for between 38–61 and 27–49%, respectively. Runoff events were characterized by high variability in sediment and metal loads, a few events representing a high percentage of the metal exported. Sediment loads were related to maximum and initial discharge. Particulate metal loads were highly correlated with sediment loads, runoff being the hydrological variable that best explains the load of these metals. Dissolved metal loads displayed different patterns. Dissolved Al, showed a great correlation with runoff, while dissolved Mn with maximum discharge.
Considerações sobre o papel dos sambaquis como indicadores do nível do mar
Authors: Scheel-Ybert Rita , Afonso Marisa Coutinho , Barbosa-Guimarães Marcia , Gaspar Maria Dulce , Ybert Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2014

Os sambaquis têm despertado grande interesse como indicadores do paleonível do mar, tanto por parte de geólogos quanto de arqueólogos. Diversos autores já propuseram seu uso neste sentido, e durante a década de 1980 sua aplicação foi particularmente intensa na construção de curvas de variação do nível relativo do mar para o litoral brasileiro durante o Holoceno. Estes trabalhos partiram da premissa, recorrente na época, que os sambaquis seriam acumulações de lixo, os moluscos seriam a base da alimentação de seus construtores, e em conseqüência os sítios eram necessariamente construídos em locais próximos a fontes de suprimento abundante em moluscos por um longo período. No entanto, nenhuma destas asserções pode, atualmente, ser sustentada. O conhecimento sobre as populações construtoras de sambaquis evoluiu significativamente nas últimas décadas, e hoje se sabe que os sítios eram construções intencionais, erigidas por populações pescadoras, sedentárias, com parâmetros demográficos relativamente altos e padrões de organização sócio-culturais muito mais complexos do que se acreditava inicialmente. Este artigo apresenta uma breve síntese do conhecimento atual sobre estas estruturas e sobre as populações que as construíram, e discute as premissas adotadas para sua utilização como indicadores de variação do nível do mar. Argumenta que os sambaquis não podem ser sumariamente desconsiderados como indicadores dos paleoníveis marinhos, mas que seu uso neste sentido depende de uma maior integração entre os vários especialistas em pesquisas do Quaternário costeiro e a comunidade arqueológica.
Análise morfotextural e aplicação de modelos de transporte de sedimentos na zona submersa adjacente a uma praia artificial em processo erosivo.
Authors: Dadalto Tatiana Pinheiro , Albino Jacqueline
Published: September 2014

Este trabalho consistiu na aplicação de modelos de tendência granulométrica e de caracterização morfotextural da porção submersa adjacente à Praia da Curva da Jurema, Vitória, ES. Foram levantados dados batimétricos e granulométricos e aplicados os modelos GSTA (Grain-Size Trend Analysis) de Gao (1996) e GSTAST (Grain-Size Trend Analysis with Significant Test) de Chang et al. (2001), que vetorizam o transporte de sedimentos. Os modelos foram considerados válidos para esta área de estudo, uma vez que os vetores resultantes estão de acordo com o padrão de transporte mostrado pela caracterização morfotextural, que indica o transporte de sedimentos da praia rumo à área de maiores profundidades. A aplicação do GSTA mostrou-se mais satisfatória, uma vez que há a representação vetorial de todas as estações amostrais sem se distanciar do padrão morfotextural encontrado. Este trabalho representa uma grande contribuição ao estudo da análise de tendências granulométricas, pois mostra que a aplicação de modelos pode ser satisfatória em ambientes de grande dinamismo e em costas artificiais.
Variações da linha de costa nas baías de Santos e São Vicente
Authors: Farinnaccio Alessandro , Goya Samara Cazzoli y , Tessler Moysés Gonsalez
Published: September 2014

A região de Santos e São Vicente, litoral central do estado de São Paulo, é uma região de grande importância turística e econômica, esta última devida especialmente à presença do porto de Santos. O trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as variações da linha de costa das praias desta área. Muitas alterações foram efetuadas na região praial, sobretudo para implantação de infraestrutura urbana, e com isso a linha de costa variou muito em alguns trechos. Utilizando-se de comparação de fotografias aéreas, com idades distintas, notou-se que essas mudanças ocorreram especialmente nas proximidades da ilha de Urubuqueçaba e do Emissário, onde a retenção de sedimentos se reflete na erosão verificada nos outros trechos da praia de Santos. Em São Vicente, o fechamento artificial do tômbolo da ilha Porchat gerou déficit de sedimentos em todas as praias da baía de São Vicente, e com isso várias obras de contenção foram construídas, agravando ainda mais o problema da erosão costeira. A maior parte dos processos erosivos e/ou de acresção vistos nessas praias é fruto principalmente da intervenção humana, ficando a influência causada por causas naturais, como o aumento da intensidade de sistemas frontais e a variação relativa do nível do mar, difícil de ser distinguida.
Estimativa da vegetação natural na área de drenagem da baía de Antonina (Estado do Paraná – Brasil), com base em informações geopedológicas
Authors: Paula Eduardo Vedor de , Santos Leonardo José Cordeiro
Published: September 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar a carta de Vegetação Natural da área de drenagem da baía de Antonina, sendo consideradas para a sua confecção a hipsometria, a geologia (predominantemente sedimentos recentes) e a pedologia, validadas a partir dos remanescentes vegetais existentes em 1999. A elaboração dessa carta no ambiente do Sistema de Informações Geográficas possibilita seu uso em estudos hidrológicos voltados à estimativa da produção natural de sedimentos e também em projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, no que tange à relação existente entre a variação altimétrica e as formações vegetais remanescentes na região, nota-se que a maior parte dos compartimentos vegetais demonstra concordância com os limites propostos na literatura especializada. Um percentual superior a 92% está contemplado dentro desses limites e em alguns casos atinge 100%, como nos compartimentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Montana e das Formações Pioneiras de Influência Marinha. As características geológicas e pedológicas foram consideradas apenas para a planície litorânea, uma vez que nessa unidade geomorfológica há maior diversidade de compartimentos vegetais. Deve ser ressaltado que a relação espacial também revelou que esses limites estão em acordo com a literatura consultada, podendo-se citar, por exemplo, as expressivas relações espaciais entre os Gleissolos Tiomórficos, os sedimentos quaternários associados a manguezais (QHmg) e as Formações Pioneiras de Influência Fluviomarinha..
Avaliação dos impactos da barragem de Santa Helena no trecho estuarino do rio Jacuípe, litoral norte da Bahia - Brasil
Authors: Lima Geraldo Marcelo Pereira , Lessa Guilherme Camargo , Franklin Taoan Silva
Published: September 2014

A construção de barramentos fluviais normalmente causa impactos hidráulicos e hidrológicos no sistema estuarino localizado próximo à foz do rio. A literatura relaciona como consequências hidráulicas comuns associadas à regulação das descargas, o aumento da vazão média e a redução das vazões instantâneas, com atenuação dos picos de cheia. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a hidrodinâmica e os padrões de mistura do estuário do rio Jacuípe (litoral norte do Estado da Bahia) e avaliar a influência da Barragem de Santa Helena, erguida em 2001, no fluxo estuarino. Observou-se que a barragem alterou o regime de vazão fluvial, afetando todas as faixas de vazão. No entanto, os resultados são inversos aos relatados na literatura, com redução das vazões médias e aumento das descargas de pico. A liberação de água doce atingiu os extremos da curva de descarga, e a ausência de descarga passou a ocorrer com períodos mais prolongados. O estuário apresentou-se parcialmente misturado em marés de quadratura e bem misturado em sizígia, mas, em ambas as condições de maré, com pequena descarga da barragem ou descarga nula, predominou a circulação gravitacional. Valores elevados de descarga fluvial (70 m3 s-1) causam a expulsão da água marinha do estuário e o bombeamento fluvial, com fluxo exclusivamente de vazante. Com o início da planejada transposição de água (10 m3 s-1) para a vizinha bacia do rio Joanes, os efeitos da barragem sobre o estuário serão alterados, com redução dos picos de cheia e provável assoreamento da calha e canal de entrada. Este processo poderá causar degradação da qualidade ambiental do estuário.
Mamíferos do Pleistoceno Superior de Afrânio, Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Silva Fabiana Marinho , Filgueiras César Felipe Cordeiro , Barreto Alcina Magnólia Franca , Oliveira Édison Vicente
Published: September 2014

Os mamíferos pleistocênicos são encontrados com frequência em toda a região Nordeste do Brasil. Os fósseis em geral ocorrem em tanques, lagoas, terraços fluviais, cavernas e ravinas. No estado de Pernambuco são registradas ocorrências de mamíferos pleistocênicos em 38 municípios. Neste trabalho, foram estudados aspectos taxonômicos e tafonômicos de paleofauna, preservada em lagoas da bacia do riacho Caboclo, tributário do rio São Francisco, em Afrânio, Pernambuco, Brasil. A pesquisa envolveu levantamento bibliográfico, cartográfico, trabalhos de campo e laboratoriais. Mais de 1.250 ossos, dentes e osteodermos foram estudados. A associação fossilífera é monotípica, poliespecífica, com os graus de fragmentação e desgaste variando em quatro classes. Os ossos foram preservados por conservação da composição química original, permineralização e substituição por calcita e por calcita magnesiana. Foi identificada uma diversificada fauna distribuída em cinco ordens (Tardigrada, Cingulata, Notoungulata, Proboscidea e Perissodactyla), sete famílias (Megatheriidae, Mylodontidae, Dasypodidae, Glyptodontidae, Toxodontidae, Gomphotheriidae e Equidae) com os taxa: Eremotherium laurillardi, Mylodonopsis ibseni, Panochthus greslebini, Holmesina paulacoutoi, Hoplophorus euphractus, Stegomastodon waringi, Toxodon platensis, equídeo e gliptodontideo indeterminados. Foram registrados pela primeira vez em Pernambuco os gêneros Hoplophorus e Mylodonopsis. A paleofauna é predominantemente herbívora, de um paleoambiente de savana ou cerrado. Através da datação por Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada (LOE) de sedimentos depositados em camadas acima dos fósseis, estimou-se uma idade mais antiga do que 11.300±2.000 anos para a última fase de ocupação da megafauna na região.
Variações das propriedades granulométricas da barreira costeira da Pinheira (SC) durante a sua progradação no Holoceno Superior
Authors: Amin Jr Armand H. , Dillenburg Sérgio R.
Published: September 2014

A barreira costeira da Pinheira está localizada no litoral centro-sul do Estado de Santa Catarina. Sua morfologia e estratigrafia são típicas de uma barreira regressiva. Durante o Holoceno Superior (últimos 6-5 ka cal), a barreira progradou cerca de 5.500 m. Sua progradação foi determinada por um abaixamento de aproximadamente 2 m do nível do mar e por um expressivo aporte de sedimentos arenosos em seu sistema praial, provenientes da plataforma continental adjacente. Nos últimos 3.000 m de progradação, ocorridos nos últimos 3 ka cal, cerca de 60 cordões de dunas frontais foram formados. O intervalo de tempo decorrido entre a formação de dois cordões sucessivos foi de aproximadamente 50 anos. O estudo das propriedades granulométricas do sistema praia-duna atual e de dois cordões antigos de dunas frontais, denominados cordões intermediário e interno, formados, respectivamente, há cerca de 750 e 3.000 anos cal AP, revelou que, nos últimos 3 ka cal, não ocorreram variações significativas destas propriedades.  Este comportamento é atribuído à natureza policíclica do estoque de areia consumido na progradação e/ou a uma relativa constância, nos últimos 3 ka cal, das condições dinâmicas gerais do sistema praia-duna da enseada da Pinheira.O estudo comparativo entre os diferentes subambientes (face da praia, berma e duna frontal) mostrou que o desvio-padrão e a assimetria da distribuição granulométrica são potencialmente importantes na distinção entre depósitos eólicos (dunas frontais) e praiais (face da praia) da barreira.
Editorial numero 1 volume 2
Authors: Angulo Rodolfo José , Souza Maria Cristina de
Published: September 2014

É com grande satisfação que apresentamos à comunidade quaternarista o primeiro número do Volume 2 da Quaternary and Environmental Geosciences - QEG, correspondente ao primeiro semestre de 2010. Os Editores gostariam de agradecer à comunidade quaternarista a acolhida à revista, demonstrada pela submissão de artigos de boa qualidade, que permitiram a conclusão do volume no prazo previsto. Os Editores informam que a solicitação da inclusão da revista  nos sítios de bases de referencias bibliográfica, será iniciada após a conclusão do volume 2.
Uso de modelos digitais de terreno no monitoramento da Praia do Forno, Armação dos Búzios, RJ, Brasil.
Authors: Osilieri Paulo Renato Gomes , Dias Fabio Ferreira , Silva Alberto Luis da , Silva Agenor Cunha da , Castro João Wagner de Alencar
Published: September 2014

O presente artigo tem como objetivo descrever uma metodologia para ser utilizada em monitoramento de ambientes costeiros, através da geração de Modelos Digitais de Terreno (MDT), a partir da coleta de dados altimétricos por equipamentos DGPS (Sistema de Posicionamento Global Diferencial) operados no modo relativo Semicinemático, bem como discutir os resultados e aplicações, concluindo que se trata de uma técnica bem eficaz se for aplicada a praias de pequena extensão.
Perfurações de cupins e geomorfogênese em arenitos paleozoicos da região dos Campos Gerais do Paraná
Authors: Melo Mario Sérgio de
Published: September 2014

A região dos Campos Gerais do Paraná notabiliza-se pela ocorrência de arenitos paleozoicos da Bacia do Paraná (Formação Furnas e arenitos do Grupo Itararé), os quais apresentam feições de relevo singulares, entre elas canyons, escarpamentos, relevos ruiniformes, furnas, lagoas, depressões, alvéolos, sumidouros, túneis, etc. Tais feições têm importância por encerrarem importante patrimônio natural com valor ambiental, científico, econômico, educacional e para o lazer, e por influenciarem no regime dos mananciais subterrâneos. Estas feições indicam que alguns dos arenitos constituem carste não carbonático. É comum a ocorrência de perfurações tubulares de diâmetro subcentimétrico a centimétrico, associadas a muitas das feições de relevo, sugerindo influência recíproca. As perfurações podem ter origem na ação de processos de erosão mecânica e/ou química (alvéolos, túneis de dissolução) ou de organismos (cupins, raízes). Observações sistemáticas destas perfurações indicam que elas são de diferentes idades. Algumas das mais recentes são inequivocamente atribuíveis a cupins, pela presença de cupinzeiros vivos, ou pela preservação de características morfológicas típicas. À medida que são mais antigas e desfeitas pelo intemperismo, a origem das perfurações torna-se mais incerta. Este trabalho procura organizar a descrição das perfurações em arenitos da região. A verossímil hipótese de que parte delas tenha estreita relação com a atividade de cupins traz a necessidade de se reconsiderar este fator, usualmente negligenciado no estudo da origem e evolução de feições erosivas e cavidades subterrâneas.
“I Hold It Towards You”
Authors: Pyle Forest
Published: September 2014

This chapter analyzes the radical aestheticism in Keats’s poetry. It argues that Keats’s poetry of luxuriating indolence and blank amazement—Keats’s weakness—makes no ethical claims and yet offers a kind of ethos that Barthes would call a “morality.” But when that fault-line is breached, when Keats makes his “ethical turn,” the results are not the accommodation of the ethical with the aesthetic or the superseding of the latter by the former. Rather, this is the place we encounter Keats’s radicalized aestheticism, the gift of an all-consuming poetry that bestows us nothing at all.
What the Zeros Taught
Authors: Pyle Forest
Published: September 2014

This chapter analyzes the radical aestheticism in Dickinson’s poetry. It argues that Dickinson’s work demonstrates an intense compression in which meaningful dramatic contexts are sheared away by “a negative harvesting” that ultimately leaves us to confront the radicalization of art produced by the poems. The “zeroing” built into the “event-machinery” of her poetics is manifested in the singular and sustained capacity of the poetry’s beginnings to “clear out,” to produce a depopulated and decontextualized space. When this zeroing fixes upon and dwells in the peculiar nature of the aesthetic experience, the conditions are created for Dickinson’s version of radical aestheticism.
Hopkins’s Sighs
Authors: Pyle Forest
Published: September 2014

This chapter analyzes the radical aestheticism in Hopkins’s poetry. It argues that while Hopkins would never profess an aestheticism of any sort, at certain moments of certain poems—in nothing more or less than the space and time of a sigh—Hopkins arrives at a radical aestheticism.
“Rings, Pearls, and All”
Authors: Pyle Forest
Published: September 2014

This chapter considers whether a radical aestheticism can befall a project that already identifies itself as aestheticist in theory and undertakes that aestheticism in practice. In other words, can “art’s undoing” extend to a project dedicated to art itself? To take up this question and its implications, the chapter examines Wilde’s aestheticism from the point of view of its point of view. It examines “The English Renaissance of Art,” the inaugural lecture of Wilde’s 1882 North American tour. His account of this “vital” but subordinate and even subversive “romantic movement” establishes the historical contours of the present book, one that locates the origins of radical aestheticism in the poetry of Shelley and Keats and reaches its culmination in what is referred to as Wilde’s extravagance.
The Doctor
Authors: Deery Phillip
Published: September 2014

This chapter examines the political persecution of a prominent New York doctor, Edward Barsky, during his encounter with McCarthyism. Because of his refusal to surrender to the House Committee on Un-American Activities the records of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, which chaired and which grew out of his experiences in the Spanish civil war, Barsky was jailed and, subsequently, lost his licence to practice medicine.
The Professors
Authors: Deery Phillip
Published: September 2014

This chapter examines the context, course and consequences of the dismissal by New York University of two of its respected academics, Lyman Bradley and Edwin Burgum. It argues that the University, long a defender of academic freedom, adopted the instruments of McCarthyism, collaborated with the FBI, and was excessively intolerant of faculty holding contrary political views.
The Composer
Authors: Deery Phillip
Published: September 2014

This chapter examines the visit to New York of the Soviet composer, Dimitri Shostakovich, in 1949. At Stalin’s insistence he attended a peace conference held at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel and experienced political humiliation and personal anguish. The Waldorf conference spawned the anti-Stalinist Americans for Intellectual Freedom, which prefigured the Congress for Cultural Freedom.
Ten Steps in the Development of Western Environmental Aesthetics
Authors: Carlson Allen
Published: September 2014

Allen Carlson provides an historical backdrop for this volume by outlining ten pivotal stages in the development of Western environmental aesthetics, briefly describing some of the main contributions to the field that have been made at each stage. The chapter begins with Ronald Hepburn’s seminal 1966 essay ‘Contemporary Aesthetics and the Neglect of Natural Beauty,’ and ends with what Carlson calls the ‘Coming of Age’ of environmental aesthetics, which is marked by the proliferation of new monographs, anthologies, reference volume entries, and introductory textbooks that have been published in the field since the turn of the century. He then adds a coda concerning environmental aesthetics beyond the West.
Toward an Aesthetics of Respect
Authors: Dumas Denis
Published: September 2014

Dennis Dumas focuses on the relationship between environmental ethics and environmental aesthetics, two philosophical disciplines that emerged at about the same time. Dumas turns to Kant’s third critique--the Critique of the Power of Judgement--to obtain an aesthetics of respect for nature. Strictly speaking, the one and only object of our respect is the moral law. Respect means the awareness of the free and voluntary subordination of our will to the moral law. According to Kant, respect for a person is in fact only respect for the law. In this way, Kant extends the notion of respect to humans. Dumas examines another extension of this notion, an extension of the second degree, from respect for humanity to respect for the aesthetic value of natural environments. Along these lines, Dumas arrives at an indirect duty of environmental protection which avoids the pitfalls and problems of non-anthropocentrism that proclaims direct ethical respect for nature.
Can Only Art Save Us Now?
Authors: Wood David
Published: September 2014

David Wood discusses the well-known problem that until now little has been done to address global environmental change, especially climate change, that threatens life as we know it. We humans are shortsighted, unwilling to act in our long-term interest. Reason alone will not inspire us to act in the interest of future generations; we also need the power of imagination to overcome our indifference and indolence. If our inability to act responsibly is indeed a failure of the imagination, art might be an eminent resource to steer us in the right direction. Hence Wood’s question: Can only art save us now? Can art bridge the imagination gap, to make our potentially catastrophic future vividly plausible, and to open up space for alternative, less “toxic”, forms of living and dwelling? To answer this question, Wood turns to Heidegger, and especially to his essay “The Origin of the Work of Art”. Following in the footsteps of Heidegger, Wood considers art as event of disclosure or uncovering that might open onto modes of dwelling that are less destructive than the current ones.
Landscapes of the Environmental Imagination
Authors: Klaver Irene J.
Published: September 2014

Irene Klaver sketches the rise of what she calls “environmental imagination”, with special attention to the work of two modern painters, Georgia O’Keeffe and Anselm Kiefer. Klaver sketches a conceptual framework of the environmental imagination through the work of philosophers and social theorists, as Benedict Anderson, Edward Said, Arjun Appadurai, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, who all developed a notion of the imagination beyond the mental faculties of the individual. She shows how from the perspective of an environmental imagination an unexpected commonality emerges between two so radically different painters as Georgia O’Keeffe and Anselm Kiefer.
Beauty or Bane
Authors: Gray Tyson-Lord
Published: September 2014

Tyson-Lord Gray discusses the landscape effects of windfarms. Gray begins his chapter by looking at declining wind turbine sales during the years 2007-2010. In an attempt to locate a reason for this decline, he evaluates two claims: (1) that windfarms reduce property value and (2) that windfarms ruin the beauty of nature. For the first claim, he looks at three studies conducted on residential property sales located near wind farms. For the second claim, he engages in a comparison of Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgment which defends purely emotional aesthetic evaluations and John Dewey’s Art as Experience which provides an understanding that views beauty as an integration of both emotional and cognitive judgments. According to Gray, Dewey’s aesthetic can help to push the conversation beyond the purely emotional response of many windfarm opponents.
Embodied Violence and the Leap from the Law
Authors: Fort Jeff
Published: September 2014

This chapter continues to develop the analysis of Kafka’s work from previous chapters through a discussion of the final “judgment stories,” “In the Penal Colony” and The Trial. It is shown that these narratives take the logic of sublime power and judgment to its furthest extreme in a juridical violence that merges bodily execution, language, and the law. The disciplinary nature of the law and of writing are foregrounded and intensified to the point of murder. At the same time, Kafka’s most violent and extreme judgment narratives decouple the body from the law in more subtle ways that allow for a possible escape or exit from the space of the law. It is shown that this exit is staged in every one of the judgment stories as a leap from a confined space, but only in The Trial does this leap from the law lead to something other than death or foreclosure. In formal and linguistic terms, this exit from the law in The Trial corresponds to an emphasis not on the drama of defense speech and judgment but rather on the dispersal and disaggregation of rumor, gossip, and slander.
Pointed Instants
Authors: Fort Jeff
Published: September 2014

This chapter provides an overview of Part 2 of the book, devoted to Maurice Blanchot (chapters 5-7), arguing that the separation between writing and life so categorically asserted by Blanchot is belied by the traces, residues and remnants of past time scattered throughout his narrative fictions. Focusing especially on the period beginning in the late 1940s, when Blanchot articulated something of an ontology of literary language, in both essays and narratives, this chapter places Blanchot’s work in relation to Heidegger’s thought, particularly with respect to the notion of “world.” Blanchot’s insistence on literature’s being “the other of every world” is questioned, in order to rethink the notion of an “exigency” that is fundamental to Blanchot’s texts during this period. An analysis of Blanchot’s essays on Proust brings into view a newly complicated understanding of the disastrous temporality at issue in Blanchot’s narratives or récits. Figures of punctual violence and melancholic loss pervade these texts, as shown particularly in “The Instant of My Death” and “(A Primal Scene?)” from The Writing of the Disaster, which restage the sublime as radically empty and voided of transcendence, while nonetheless suggesting the compensations of an interminable affirmation, and the violent initiaton of a vocation.
The Shell and the Mask
Authors: Fort Jeff
Published: September 2014

This chapter presents a reading of Blanchot’s 1948 narrative Death Sentence (L’arrêt de mort) which focuses on the various despoliations (dépouillements), the stripped away remnants and residues of past time, that structure its narrative. These remnants, such as molds of hands and a death mask, point toward a haunting from which the peculiar exigency of the narrative draws its figural force. This haunting takes the literal form of a feminine ghost present to the narrator as he writes the récit. It is argued that the autobiographical structure of the first-person narrative, together with the insistence on the death and disappearance of feminine characters, indicates a complex melancholic economy that demands an uncanny allegorical conversion: the woman who is an object of love becomes, in the end, the narrator’s thought, who/which is in turn linked, in passionate, lyrical language, with an indestructible affirmation. The residual sublimity of a movement out of the world appears to be compensated by an eternal haunting that inhabits the deathly empty core of the writing imperative.
The Dead Look
Authors: Fort Jeff
Published: September 2014

This chapter builds on the previous chapter’s discussion of remnants of death as emblems of ghostly temporality. The death mask in Blanchot’s Death Sentence (L’arrêt de mort) is placed at the center of a constellation of texts in which the image of the death mask is linked to Kant’s transcendental schematism (Critique of Pure Reason) and thus to the very possibility of image and world. Jean-Luc Nancy’s essay “Masked Imagination” (in The Ground of the Image) is discussed in terms of Heidegger’s analysis of the schematism together with the reference to a death mask found there. These analyses are in turn linked with Blanchot’s essay “Two Versions of the Imaginary” in which the image of the corpse is given a privileged ontological status, reinforcing the connection between the remnant (dépouillement) of the death mask and the corpse (dépouille) as emblems for the constitutive hauntedness of writing. The notion of haunted fiction is explored further in reference to Henry James’ tale “The Turn of the Screw,” phrases and images from which are repeated in Blanchot’s When the Time Comes (Au moment voulu). Reference is made to the mass produced death mask known as l’Inconnue de la Seine, a copy of which Blanchot hung on the wall of his writing space. Finally, an analysis is offered of Blanchot’s essay on Kafka’s Letters to Milena, “Milena’s Failure” (“L’échec de Milena”).
Company , But Not Enough
Authors: Fort Jeff
Published: September 2014

This chapter presents a detailed analysis of Beckett’s late prose work, Company, which reconfigures many elements of the paradox discussed in the previous chapter, but in an even sharper and more concise manner. Unlike the earlier texts, Company explicitly abolishes the use of the first person, while also exploding its “subject” into separate functions (a disembodied narrative voice, an inert body that hears, and a creator or “deviser” responsible for the whole). It is argued that this grammatical and spatial dispersal of the story’s sole subject reveals the fragmented structure of every narrative voice as a site of memory and self-identification. By suspending these functions in the “timeless void” of a present, in which (however) a voice persistently narrates fragments of a past life, Company shows two irreconcilable dimensions of every unified subject: an ineliminable past, on the one hand, and, on the other, a relentless scattering of identity in the abstract forms that make possible its construction. It is further shown that for Beckett the gap between the two is crossed only in a kind of torture that characterizes every appropriation and assumption of language and memory. The imperative to write in Beckett is thus located at the intersection of a singular past that can never be fully voided, and a language that can express and unify its speaker only on the basis of an irreparable fault.
Speech Unredeemed
Authors: Fort Jeff
Published: September 2014

This chapter provides a conclusion to the book by asking whether the “call of conscience” in Heidegger finds a strange literary truth in the compulsive and tortured voice to be heard in Beckett’s The Unnamable, and by tracing a set of connections between these apparently disparate phenomena. These connections pass through the “imperatives” referred to in Beckett’s Molloy, through the anxiety and uncanniness in Kafka’s The Trial, and through Heidegger’s 1950 essay, “Language,” which contains the famous statement, “Language speaks” (“Die Sprache spricht”), which Heidegger figures as a call of language and poetry. It is shown that this essay, which appeared during the same post-war period as Beckett’s Unnamable, has some striking resonances with the latter, but diverges with it in its continued courting of sublime height and grandeur, and of the divine. The extent of Beckett’s demotion of literature from its redemptive promises is measured in an examination of Blanchot’s praise of The Unnamable in his essay “Where now? Who now?” (“Où maintenant? Qui maintenant?”)—an extreme work whose compulsive writing reveals “nothing admirable,” but rather exposes the narrative voice in its naked, helpless agony. The limitless and suffocating literary space opened by such unredeemable speech defines the imperative to write in its no longer noble demands.
“The spirit of our Institute is mercy, as its name denotes”
Authors: Fraser Connolly Mary Beth
Published: September 2014

Chapter one examines the spiritual and community life of the Sisters of Mercy from 1846 to 1929. It explores how the founding charism of Catharine McAuley was transported to the United States and found resonance among Irish and a growing American Catholic female population in the Midwest. In addition, this chapter discusses the expectations for Catholic women in this period and what motivated women in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to enter a religious congregation like the Sisters of Mercy.
New Community, Same Spirit
Authors: Fraser Connolly Mary Beth
Published: September 2014

Chapter three examines the nature of religious life following amalgamation and throughout the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s as that life became increasingly structuralized but remained faithful to the spirit of their foundress. It begins with a discussion of how these separate but united foundations merged into one. It then takes a closer look at the formation process and how women went from novice to professed Sister of Mercy within the context of a new and more monastic and highly structured religious life of the twentieth century. Chapter three examines how the Mercys strove remain loyal to their founding spirit and faithful members of the institutional Catholic Church.
Demanding Decades
Authors: Fraser Connolly Mary Beth
Published: September 2014

Chapter four examines the growing demand for sisters to staff various institutions and the need to educate and prepare its members for ministerial work as teachers or health professionals. This chapter examines the emergence of the Sister Formation Conference, how the Mercys engaged in this movement, and how they attempted to meet the expanding needs of its members while faithfully serving the needs of the Catholic Church. Throughout this period, the American Catholic laity grew in number and maturity and embraced new lay movements like Catholic Action. The Chicago Mercys while separated by monastic-like religious structures were also a part of these developments. These developments in conjunction with the movement to fully educate sisters for ministries prepared the Chicago Mercys for the more dramatic changes of the late 1960s and 1970s.
“Change Is Blowing Hard”
Authors: Fraser Connolly Mary Beth
Published: September 2014

Chapter five examines the renewal process and how this impacted religious government. The call to renewal emanating from the Second Vatican Council became one part of a larger movement to reform religious life. For the Sisters of Mercy of the Chicago Regional Community, renewal meant reconnecting with the founding spirit of Catherine McAuley. It also meant reexamining how sisters lived, worked, and worshiped. One critical aspect of this renewal was religious government. While Sisters of Mercy across the community questioned their ministry, their local community living, and whether they had a voice in leadership, their Superiors shared in this process. This chapter explores the relationship between religious government and those governed by it in the 1960s and 1970s. The times demanded democratic reforms, and change occurred not only through bottom-up reforms, but because the leadership at the top was receptive to a new form of government. The type of government that emerged by the 1980s was radically different from what existed prior to Vatican II. The transition from traditional and highly structured governance to democratic decision-making, however, was a prolonged and rocky journey.
Reinventing Community and Service to the World
Authors: Fraser Connolly Mary Beth
Published: September 2014

Chapter six examines the legacy of the Sister Formation Conference and Renewal on how sisters saw their ministry, their local community living, and their identity as women religious in the late 1960s through 1980s. This chapter contains sections concentrating on ministry, community living, and efforts to redefine or rearticulate Mercy religious identity. Case studies and examples illustrate how sisters investigated new ministry choices or reinterpreted existing ministries as well as how they experimented with small group living and the reactions to these experiences. Finally, the chapter explores how the changes to ministry and living opened discussion about how Mercys saw themselves and their spirituality in relation to one another and their place within the Catholic Church (among both hierarchy and laity).
“This Far by Faith”
Authors: Fraser Connolly Mary Beth
Published: September 2014

Chapter seven examines the nature of religious life following the tumultuous decades of renewal. This chapter explores how the community lived and worked as the meaning of religious life shifted. In a post-Vatican II world and Church, women religious have reinvented or reimagined their places in society and in the Catholic Church (among hierarchy and laity). This chapter looks at how Sisters of Mercy lived from the 1980s to 2008, what diverse ministries drew their focus, and how they came together as one. This chapter also deals with the consequences of a shrinking Mercy community population due to low entrance levels and aging. Lastly, it examines the motivations and process of the merger into West Midwest in 2008.
Epilogue
Authors: Fraser Connolly Mary Beth
Published: September 2014

The epilogue considers the legacy of the Chicago Mercys and explores questions of the future of the community and vowed religious life for women. It focuses on the reasons for and consequences of the merger of the Chicago Regional Community into the new West Midwest region and why these types of associations have become necessary for women religious in the twenty-first century.
The Cultivation of the Imagination
Authors: Kaag John
Published: September 2014

This introductory chapter addresses the difficulty of defining the imagination, a difficulty that turns on the difference between empirical or objective accounts of the imagination and phenomenological approaches to the subject. Kaag maintains that a meaningful account of the imagination would have to take both of these philosophical methodologies seriously. Kaag briefly addresses previous accounts of the imagination, both ancient (those put forward by Plato and Aristotle) and modern (those developed by Sartre, Shusterman and Warnock). Kaag, following John Dewey's argument in Art as Experience, addresses the relative neglect of the imagination in contemporary discussions of epistemology and metaphysics and suggests that this neglect reflects a culture that tends to overlook the importance and perplexing nature of human creativity.
Imagining Nature
Authors: Kaag John
Published: September 2014

The previous chapter addressed the inadequacy of PEIRCE a computational model of hypothesis formation, of what Peirce termed “abduction.” This chapter explores more satisfactory ways of describing the imaginative dynamics of abduction, focusing on Peirce's appropriation of Schiller's aesthetic play (Spiel), Peircean “musement,” and his development of existential graphs.
Emergence, Complexity, and Creativity
Authors: Kaag John
Published: September 2014

This chapter focuses on creativity, emergence and mediation in complex systems, primarily the complex adaptive system of human physiology and its relationship to its wider environment. If the task is to think through the “nature of the imagination” in the sense of exploring its origins, then researchers have to become much more acquainted with the workings of complex systems which have, to this point been investigated by general biologists and other sceintists, but rather few philosophers. The chapter addresses the research of Edelman, Gally, Gardenfors, Tucker, Maturana, Varela, Kauffman, Holland, and other complexity theorists.