bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome Analysis of Walnut Seedling Roots Under Nitrogen Starvation and Excess Nitrogen Stress
Authors: Song Yan , Zhang Rui , Gao Shan , Zhiyong Pan , Guo Zhongzhong , Yu Shangqi , Wang Yu , Jin Qiang , Chen Xiaofei , Zhang Lei
Published: May 2021

Nitrogen is an essential core element in walnut seedling growth and development. However, nitrogen starvation and excessive nitrogen stress can cause stunted growth and development of walnut seedlings, and environmental pollution is also of concern. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanism of walnut seedling resistance to nitrogen stress. In this study, morphological and physiological observations and transcriptome sequencing of walnut seedlings under nitrogen starvation and excess nitrogen stress were performed. The results showed that walnut seedlings under nitrogen starvation and excess stress could adapt to the changes in the nitrogen environment by changing the coordination of their root morphology and physiological indexes. Based on an analysis of transcriptome data, 4911 differential genes (DEGs) were obtained (2180 were upregulated and 2731 were downregulated) in a comparison of nitrogen starvation and control groups. A total of 9497 DEGs (5091 upregulated and 4406 downregulated) were obtained in the comparison between the nitrogen overdose and control groups. When these DEGs were analysed, the differential genes in both groups were found to be significantly enriched in the plant’s circadian pathway. Therefore, we selected the circadian rhythm as the core focus for further analysis. We made some discoveries by analysing the gene co-expression network of nitrogen metabolism, circadian rhythm, and hormone signal transduction. (a) Nitrite nitrogen (NO2-) or Glu may act as a nitrogen signal to the circadian clock. (b) Nitrogen signalling may be input into the circadian clock by regulating changes in the abundance of the CRY1 gene. (c) After the nitrogen signal enters the circadian clock, the expression of the LHY gene is upregulated, which causes a phase shift in the circadian clock. (d) The RVE protein may send information about the circadian clock’s response to nitrogen stress back to the nitrogen metabolic pathway via the hormone transduction pathway. In conclusion, various metabolic pathways in the roots of walnut seedlings coordinated with one another to resist the ill effects of nitrogen stress on the root cells, and these coordination relationships were regulated by the circadian clock. This study is expected to provide valuable information on the circadian clock regulation of plant resistance to nitrogen stress.
Hyaluronate – Black Phosphorus Conjugates as a Copper Chelating Agent for Wilson Disease Treatment
Authors: Kim Seong-Jong , Han Hye Hyeon , Hahn Sei Kwang
Published: May 2021

Background: Wilson disease (WD) is a genetic disorder of copper storage, resulting in pathological accumulation of copper in the body. Because symptoms are generally related to the liver, chelating agents capable of capturing excess copper ions after targeted delivery to the liver are highly required for the treatment of WD. Methods: We developed hyaluronate - black phosphorus (HA-BP) conjugates for capturing copper ions accumulated in the liver for the treatment of WD.Results: HA-BP conjugates showed high hepatocyte-specific targeting efficiency, selective copper capturing capacity, excellent biocompatibility, and biodegradability. HA enhanced the stability of BP nanosheets and increased copper binding capacity. In vitro cellular uptake and competitive binding tests verified targeted delivery of HA-BP conjugates to liver cells via HA receptor mediated endocytosis. The cell viability test confirmed the high biocompatibility of HA-BP conjugates.Conclusion: HA-BP conjugates would be an efficient copper chelating agent to remove accumulated copper in the liver for the WD treatment.
MiR-23b-3p Targeting NCAPG Promotes Cell Proliferation and Anti-Apoptosis By Regulating PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Li Peidong , Wen Jing , Ren Xiru , Zhou Yu , Xue Yuan , Yan ZaiHua , Li Shengjie , Tian Hongpeng , Tang Xuegui , Zhang Guangjun
Published: May 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Regulation of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Association With miRNAs Expression
Authors: El-Maghraby Abeer M. , Ali Yasser B.M. , El-maadawy Eman , Elshal Mohamed F. , Bassyouni Iman H , El-Garawani Islam M , talaat roba
Published: May 2021

Various genetic factors are controlling regulatory cells T (Treg) cell function, such as miRNAs. Interfering in the miRNA synthesis pathway in Treg cells could result in loss of Tregs' regulatory function, leading to the promotion of inflammatory settings and autoimmunity. This study was designed to investigate the role of miRNA in regulating Treg cells in SLE patients. Treg's frequency was determined using flow cytometry in 100 SLE patients’ and100 healthy controls. Expression of miR-21, miR-24, miR125, miR-146a, miR-148a, and miR-155 was estimated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The ROC curve evaluated the diagnostic role of miRNAs in SLE. A significant elevation (p<0.001) in Treg cells in SLE patients than controls was observed, with a maximum increase inactive SLE cases. SLE patients exhibit a significant increase in miR-21 (p<0.01), miR-148a (p<0.001), miR-146a (p<0.05) and miR-155 (p<0.001) and significant reduction in miR-24 (p<0.001). An insignificant decrease in miR-125 was observed in SLE patients. The best sensitivity and specificity were detected in miR-148a (88%, 70%) at a cutoff value of 1. 065. Tregs were positively correlated with miR-21(r=0.333, p<0.05), miR-146a (r=0.589, p<0.01) and miR-148a (r=0.309, p<0.05). In conclusion, this research provides a piece of novel information regarding Treg cells' in SLE patients. Our results pointed to the substantial role of miRNAs in controlling Treg cells in lupus. To validate our interesting results, more researches are needed.
Comparison of Prevalence of Degenerative Findings on Lumbar MRI among Sciatica Patients classified using the McKenzie Method.
Authors: Kilpikoski Sinikka , Suominen Eetu , Repo Jussi , Häkkinen Arja H , Kyrölä Kati , Kautiainen Hannu , Ylinen Jari
Published: May 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Efficacy of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors on Leptin in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: wei xin , bai yu , wang zhuo , zheng xiaohong , jin zening , liu xin
Published: May 2021

Background: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) provide a unique anti-hyperglycemic effect through regulating incretin peptides in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients that are inadequately controlled with insulin therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of DPP-4i on leptin concentrations in subjects with T2DM. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with comparators were identified through systematically searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library. Quantitative analysis was performed with a fixed or random-effects model according to heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated by using the standard methods for sensitivity analysis. Results: Ten trials with 698 patients with T2DM were included. Pooled analysis demonstrated that DPP-4i did not significantly change leptin concentrations (1.31 ng/mL, 95% CI, -0.48 to 3.10). DPP-4i exerted no stronger effect on modulating leptin levels compared to active comparators (0.21 ng/mL, 95% CI, -1.37 to 1.78). Meta-analysis was powerful and stable after sensitivity analysis.Conclusions: DDP-4i did not modulate leptin concentrations and exerted no stronger effect than traditional antidiabetic agents.
Functional Outcomes Following Fixation of an Ultra-distal Radius Fracture with Two Commonly used Volar Locking Plates: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Huang Yin-Ming , Chen Chun-Yu , Lin Kai-Cheng , Tarng Yih-Wen , Liao Ching-Yi , Chang Wei-Ning
Published: May 2021

Introduction: The volar locking plate has been widely used for unstable distal radius fractures to provide early recovery of wrist function. Volar plate prominence to the watershed line has been reported to be related to flexor tendon irritation, and avoid implant prominence in this area was suggested. On the other hand, ultra-distal radius fracture patterns required the plate to cross the watershed line, making conflict over plate positioning on ultra-distal radius fractures. This study compared functional outcomes in patients with ultra-distal radius fractures treated with two different implants.Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, all patients who received a Synthes 2.4mm LCP or an Acumed Acu-Loc VLP between January 2015 and December 2018 were reviewed. The ultra-distal fracture pattern was the most distal horizontal fracture line within 10 mm of the lunate fossa's joint line. The primary outcomes including patient-reported pain scores, range of motion, and grip strength were assessed. Secondary outcomes included patient-based subjective satisfaction scores of the injured wrist and hand function. The Mayo Wrist Score and the requirement for a secondary procedure related to hardware complications were also recorded. Results: Forty-two patients met our inclusion criteria. Twenty-one patients were treated with the Synthes 2.4 mm LCP, and 21 patients with the Acumed Acu-Loc VLP. The primary outcome revealed that post-operative range of motion (P = 0.016) and gripping strengths (P = 0.014) were significantly improved in the Acu-Loc VLP group. The MAYO wrist score in the Acu-Loc VLP group was also significantly better (P = 0.006). Conclusions: Despite advances in implant designs, flexor tendon irritation or rupture is still a complication following distal radius's volar plating. We believe the Acumed Acu-Loc VLP design provided better functional outcomes than the Synthes 2.4 mm LCP if appropriately and carefully placed into its designed-for position. This positioning results in promising patient satisfaction when treating ultra-distal radius fractures.
Normal Tension Primary Ppen-Angle Glaucoma with Progressive Synechial Angle Closure in Senior Chinese
Authors: Fan Zhigang , Zhao Zhenni , Yu Xiaowei , Zhang Dandan , Sun Nannan , Zhang Jiamin
Published: May 2021

Background: This study is to address a unique subtype of combined-mechanism glaucoma (CMG), normal tension glaucoma (NTG) with progressive synechial angle closure in the Chinese senior population, whose clinical course and treatment targets are quite different from classic primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Methods: In this retrospective study, 12 patients with NTG plus primary angle closure suspect or primary angle closure were included in the CMG group, and 12 classic PACG patients with matched extent of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) were included in the control (PACG) group. Clinical features and detailed histories of disease development were investigated and compared between these two groups.Results: There were 6 females and 6 males in CMG group, 3 males and 9 females in PACG group. No statistical significances were found in age (63.42 ± 5.90 vs. 59.42 ± 7.47 years), preoperative intraocular pressure (20.75 ± 5.06 vs. 21.25 ± 4.47 mmHg), anterior chamber depth (ACD) (1.98 ± 0.28 vs. 1.94 ± 0.21mm), mean deviation of visual field (24.37 ± 6.54 vs. 22.01 ± 0.85 dB), average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (48.00 ± 14.00 vs. 57.25 ± 14.10 μm), cup-to-disc (C/D) ratio (0.89 ± 0.07 vs. 0.87 ± 0.07) and axial length (22.69 ± 0.76 vs. 22.47 ± 0.69 mm) between the two groups (P > 0.05). The extent of synechial angle closure in PACG group was more extensive than that in CMG group, as evaluated by the number of “clock hours” (3.96 ± 1.14 vs. 9.38 ± 1.99, P < 0.05), although the severity of GON was comparable.Conclusion: If NTG develops with synechial angle closure, it might be misdiagnosed as PACG. We need to recognize and scrutinize this specific subtype of CMG, which is very common in the Chinese senior population, but widely neglected. In contrast to classic PACG, treatment targets in NTG with progressive synechial angle closure is primarily in consistent with those in NTG.
Tanshinone IIA Affects the Malignant Growth of Cholangiocarcinoma Cells by Inhibiting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Pathway
Authors: Liu Huayuan , Liu Caiyun , Wang Mengya , Sun Dongxu , Zhu Pengcheng , Zhang Ping , Tan Xueying , Shi Guangjun
Published: May 2021

Purpose: In the present study, we aimed to find the target of Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) in Cholangiocarcinoma by network pharmacology-based prediction and investigate the possible mechanism through experimental verification. Methods: In this study, we combined Tan-IIA-specific and Cholangiocarcinoma-specific targets with protein-protein interactions (PPI) to construct a Tan-IIA targets-Cholangiocarcinoma network, and network pharmacology approach was applied to identify potential targets and mechanisms of Tan-IIA in the treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma. The anti-cancer effects of Tan-IIA were investigated by using subcutaneous tumorigenic model in nude mice and in the human Cholangiocarcinoma cell lines in vitro. Results: Our results showed that Tan-IIA treatment considerably suppressed the proliferation and migration of Cholangiocarcinoma cells while inducing apoptosis of Cholangiocarcinoma cells. Western blot results demonstrated that the expression of PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR, and mTOR were inhibited by Tan-IIA. Meanwhile, After treatment with Tan-IIA, the level of Bcl2 was downregulated and cleaved caspase-3 expression increased. Further studies revealed that the anticancer effects of Tan-IIA were severely mitigated by pretreatment with a PI3K agonist.Conclusion: Our research provides a new anticancer strategy and strengthens support for the use of Tan-IIA as an anticancer drug for the treatment of CCA.
GLS1 Promotes The Malignant Progression of Osteosarcoma
Authors: TONG ZENG , Lei Peng , JUNQIANG YIN , WEIHAI LIU , DI ZHANG , ZEPEI FAN , HAIBAO CHEN , JINNAN SHEN , SONG JIN
Published: May 2021

Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent and high-grade young malignant bone tumor. The prognosis is still poor despite the use of combined therapy involving maximal surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Metabolic reprogramming currently is recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Glutaminase 1(GLS1) has been associated with progression of tumor cell through CDK4 signaling pathway.Methods: In the study, Western blot was used to detect the expression of GLS1 protein in tumor and adjacent normal tissues of osteosarcoma patients, and Western blot was used to detect the expression of GLS1 protein in osteosarcoma cell lines. GLS1 siRNA was transfected into osteosarcoma U2OS cells. Western blot was used to detect the expression of GLS1 protein. MTT and clone formation assay were used to detect cell proliferation. Transwell chamber assay was used to detect migration and invasion. Western blot was used to detect the expression of CDK4 protein in GLS1 knockdown U2OS cells. CB-839 was used to treat U2OS cells. The IC50 value of CB-839 was detected by MTT. The proliferation and migration of CB-839 were detected by clone formation, scratch test, RNA seq sequencing, q-PCR and Western blot.Results: (1) GLS1 was highly expressed in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines; (2) After transfection, compared with the control group, GLS1 protein expression and CDK4 protein expression of U2OS cells in the knockdown group were significantly down regulated. In vitro experiments showed that the proliferation, migration and invasion of U2OS cells were significantly down regulated; (3) CB-839 promoted apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma cells by acting on upstream transcription factors EGR1 and FOXO1. Conclusion: GLS1 can promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells by affecting the cell cycle of CDK4 signaling pathway, and can be used as a potential prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for osteosarcoma patients.
Analysis of Imaging and Pathological Features in 12 Cases of Schwannomatosis and Literature Review
Authors: Kang Cheng-wei , Wu Li-xue , Pu Xiao-bing , Dong Chang-chao Dong , Tan Gang , Yan Zhao-kui , Shen Jiang , Liu Lei
Published: May 2021

Objective We analyzed US, CT, and MR images plus the pathological characteristics of 12 patients with pathologically confirmed schwannomatosis to explore the relationship between imaging and pathology.Method A retrospective analysis was undertaken over a 10-year period (01/01/2000-31/12/2019) of 12 patients undergoing Imaging and pathological examination for schwannomatosis, and the relevant literature was reviewed.Results The median age at diagnosis was 39.4 years (range, 22–56 years). We included the mean diameter of 36 lesions (5.10 ± 0.84 cm; range, 0.5–9.1 cm) in the focal observation. US showed that the mass boundary was clear, and most of the masses were low echo. CT showed that tumors were low density; the plain-scan CT value was 22–35 HU and enhancement amplitude 10–30 HU. MRI showed that most of the tumors were low or medium signal on T1-weighted image (T1WI) and high signal on T2WI; enhancement could be homogeneous or inhomogeneous. We could see the cellular Antoni A and myxoid Antoni B areas of the microscopic morphology. According to the proportions of the two areas, masses could be divided into four types: I, II, III and IV. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining showed that the expression of S-100 protein was diffusely positive (36/36).Conclusions Imaging examination in schwannomatosis is helpful for localization and characterization of focus, as well as observation of the relationship between the tumor and the surrounding tissue structure. However, the specific diagnosis should also be based on pathological manifestations, IHC results and genetic analysis. Characteristics of mass imaging correlate with pathological changes in the mass.
Balance and fragmentation in societies with homophily and social balance
Authors: PHAM TUAN , Alexander Andrew , Korbel Jan , Hanel Rudolf , Thurner Stefan
Published: May 2021

Recent attempts to understand the origin of social fragmentation on the basis of spin models include terms accounting for two social phenomena: homophily—the tendency for people with similar opinions to establish positive relations—and social balance—the tendency for people to establish balanced triadic relations. Spins represent attribute vectors that encode G different opinions of individuals; social interactions between individuals can be positive or negative. Here we present a co-evolutionary Hamiltonian framework that minimizes individuals’ social stress in social networks that have finite connectivity and people with a small number of attributes. We show that such systems always reach stationary, balanced, and fragmented states, if –in addition to homophily– individuals take into account a significant fraction, q, of their triadic relations. Above a critical value, qc, balanced and fragmented states exist for any number of opinions.
Topical Simvastatin Solution Combined With Narrowband UVB in Treatment of Vitiligo: a Case Report
Authors: Hu Wen-ting , Ma Yangyang , Lin Fuquan , Zhou Miaoni , Xu Ai-e
Published: May 2021

Background: Simvastatin is now considered a potential therapeutic agent to treat vitiligo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report about the successful treatment of topical simvastatin with narrowband UVB.Case presentation: a 34-year-old Chinese female patient vitiligo was cured by topical simvastatin solution with narrowband UVB.Conclusions: topical simvastatin may be a potential treatment against vitiligo.
Using the Absolute Advantage Coefficient(AAC) to Measure the Strength of Damage Hit by COVID-19 in India on a Growth-Share Matrix
Authors: Yang Daw-Hsin , Chien Tsair-Wei , Yeh Yu-Tsen , Yang Ting-Ya , Chou Willy , Lin Ju-Kuo
Published: May 2021

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic occurred and rapidly spread around the world. Some online dashboards have included essential features on a world map. However, only transforming data into visualizations for countries/regions is insufficient for the public need. This study aims to (1) develop an algorithm for classifying countries/regions into four quadrants inn GSM and (2) design an app for a better understanding of the COVID-19 situation.Methods: We downloaded COVID-19 outbreak numbers daily from the Github website, including 189 countries/regions. A four-quadrant diagram was applied to present the classification of each country/region using Google Maps run on dashboards. A novel presentation scheme was used to identify the most struck entities by observing (1) the multiply infection rate(MIR) and (2) the growth trend in the recent seven days. Four clusters of the COVID-19 outbreak were dynamically classified. An app based on a dashboard aimed at public understanding of the outbreak types and visualizing of the COVID-19 pandemic with Google Maps run on dashboards. The absolute advantage coefficient(AAC) was used to measure the damage hit by COVID-19 referred to the next two countries severely hit by COVID-19.Results: We found that the two hypotheses were supported: India (i) is in the increasing status as of April 28, 2021, (ii) has a substantially higher ACC(=0.81>0.70), and (iii) has a substantially higher ACC(=0.66<0.70) as of May 17,2021. Conclusion: Four clusters of the COVID-19 outbreak were dynamically classified online on an app making the public understand the outbreak types of COVID-19 pandemic shown on dashboards. The app with GSM and AAC is recommended for researchers in other disease outbreaks, not just limited to COVID-19.
Prognostic Factors for Aggravated Vascular Damage in Takayasu Arteritis
Authors: Chen Rongyi , Ma Lingying , Liu Yun , Lin Jiang , Ma Lili , Sun Ying , Chen Caizhong , Wu Sifan , Yu Wensu , Jiang Lindi
Published: May 2021

Background. Takayasu arteritis is a rare disease characterized by inflammation in the aorta and its branches. Some patients were discovered to suffer the aggravated vascular damage (AVD), monitored by imaging techniques, even with the anti-inflammation treatment. But the overall characteristics and prognostic factors of AVD remained unclear yet. Methods. From the living East China Takayasu arteritis cohort, patients who underwent at least two magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) examinations at Zhongshan Hospital from April 2009 to April 2019 were enrolled as the derivation cohort to describe the characteristics of AVD and explore the prognostic factors of AVD in MRA. An independent group of patients from May 2019 to July 2020 comprising the validation cohort were used to validate the nomogram formed by these prognostic factors. Results. Among 235 enrolled patients, 69 patients (29.4%) suffered AVD with the median follow-up of 14 months. The limb arteries and vascular stenosis were the most common vascular location and manifestation of AVD respectively. Patients with AVD were younger, had higher complement 4 levels at baseline, and lower disease remission rate at 6 months. Cox regression analysis revealed that younger age (HR: 0.25-0.42, 95%CI: 0.09-0.91), higher CRP levels (HR = 2.57, 95%CI: 1.51–4.36) at baseline, and lower remission rate at 6 months (HR = 0.36, 95%CI: 0.21–0.64) were significant predictors. In the validation cohort of 65 patients, 19 cases had AVD. The predictive nomogram based on these factors achieved C-indices of 0.745 and 0.641 in the derivation and validation cohort respectively.Conclusions. Totally, 29.4% of patients suffered AVD, which manifested as vascular stenosis in limb arteries mainly. Younger age, higher CRP at baseline, and lower disease remission rate at 6 months were prognostic factors for AVD.
Retrograded Eclogite From Chicheng, North China Craton: New Insights Into the Fidelity of U-Pb-Hf-O Isotopes in Zircon During High-grade Metamorphism
Authors: Zou Dongya , Zhang Hongfu , Santosh M.
Published: May 2021

Zircon is the most abundantly used mineral for dating igneous and metamorphic events and for tracing source characteristics. Understanding the geochemical behavior of the U-Pb-Hf-O isotope systems during high-grade metamorphism is therefore important for accurate interpretation of the isotopic information. We report zircon U-Pb-Hf-O isotopes and trace elements of retrograded eclogites and host gneisses from Chicheng, North China Craton, with the aim to obtain new insights into the fidelity of U-Pb-Hf-O isotopes in zircon as recorders of high-grade metamorphism. U-Pb dating suggested that the Chicheng mélange experienced eclogite facies metamorphism at ~1.84 Ga, and then exhumed to amphibolite facies at 320–300 Ma. Zircons with Paleoproterozoic ages formed in metamorphic melts-derived from the gneiss during the eclogite facies metamorphism. Zircons with ages of 300–320 Ma formed by recrystallization of peak metamorphic zircons during fluid-assisted amphibolite-facies retrograde metamorphism. This process led to the near-complete resetting not only of U-Pb ages but also of Hf-O isotopic compositions of the peak metamorphic zircons, while preserve REE patterns. These results contrast with the sluggish Hf diffusion rate predicted from experimental studies, and support findings that isotopic data from metamorphic zircons in retrograded high-grade metamorphic rocks need not be faithful recorders of their sources.
Analysis of Allergen Components and Identification of Bioactivity of HSP70 in Pollen of Populus Deltoides
Authors: Guo Wei , Zhan Xiaodong , Jiang Feng , Xi Yilong
Published: May 2021

Background: Allergies caused by pollen from Populus deltoides are common, but the allergic components are still unclear. Methods: The total proteins in pollen of P. deltoides were analyzed by proteomics, and the potential allergens were identified via the WHO/IUIS database and the allergenOnline database retrieval. The target protein was screened by bioinformatics and expressed in Escherichia coli. The biological activity of the expressed product was verified by animal experiments. Results: 3929 total proteins in pollen of P. deltoides were identified, and 49 potential allergens belonging to 10 protein families were recognized by database retrieval. B9N9W6 protein of Hsp 70 family was screened by bioinformatics analysis and expressed successfully. ELISA showed that B9N9W6 can stimulate the immune system to produce specific IgE and promote the generation of IL-4. Flow cytometry showed that B9N9W6 can significantly stimulate the proliferation of CD4+ T cells and promote the polarization of Th2 cells. The pathological sections of mice lung tissues indicated that alveolar destruction was more severe in the B9N9W6 group than that of extract group, and there were more inflammatory cells infiltration, mucus exudation and bleeding. Conclusion: B9N9W6 is an important antigenic substance in the pollen of P. deltoides. Due to the conserved structure of Hsp 70 family, more attention should be paid to the possibility of sensitization when HSP 70 from any pathogenic species is administered.
Developing a Pro-Angiogenic Amniochorionic-Derived Decellularized Scaffold with Two Exposed Basement Membranes for Cultivating Endothelial Cells
Authors: Shariatzadeh Siavash , Shafiee Sepehr , Tayebi Tahereh , Yazdanpanah Ghasem , Majd Alireza , Bahrami Soheyl , Zafari Ali , Niknejad Hassan
Published: May 2021

Decellularized placental membrane has widely been used as scaffold and graft in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Exceptional pro-angiogenic and biomechanical properties and low immunogenicity have made the amniochorionic membrane a unique scaffold which provides enriched niche for cellular growth. Herein, an optimized combination of enzymatic solutions (based on Streptokinase) with mechanical scrapping is used to remove the amniotic epithelium and chorion trophoblastic layer, which results in exposing the basement membranes of both sides without their separation and subsequent damages to the in-between spongy layer. Biomechanical and biodegradability properties, endothelial proliferation capacity, and in-vivo pro-angiogenic capabilities of the scaffold were also evaluated. Histological staining and scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrated that the underlying amniotic and chorionic basement membranes remained intact while the epithelial and trophoblastic layers were entirely removed without considerable damage to basement membranes. The biomechanical evaluation showed that the scaffold is suturable. Proliferation assay and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that both side basement membranes could support growth of endothelial cells without altering endothelial characteristics. The dorsal skinfold chamber animal model indicated that both side basement membranes could promote angiogenesis. This bi-sided decellularized scaffold with two exposed surfaces for cultivating various cells would have potential applications in skin, cardiac, vascularized composite allografts, and microvascular tissue engineering.
The Influence of Geomagnetic Storms on Calculating Magnetotelluric Impedance
Authors: Chen Hao , Mizunaga Hideki , Tanaka Toshiaki
Published: May 2021

Magnetotelluric (MT) field data contain natural electromagnetic signals and artificial noise sources (instrumental, anthropogenic, etc.). Not all available time-series data contain usable information about the electrical conductivity distribution at depth, particularly when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low. Geomagnetic storms represent temporary disturbances of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by solar wind-shock wave interacts with Earth's magnetic field. The variation of the electromagnetic signal increases dramatically in the presence of a strong geomagnetic storm. Using the data observed during a strong geomagnetic storm may overcome the locale noise and bring a reliable MT impedance at contaminated sites. Three case studies are presented to show the positive effect of geomagnetic storms on MT field data. A more reliable and interpretable impedance calculated from a survey line contaminated by strong noise is obtained using the data observed during a strong geomagnetic storm.
Influence of Preoperative Smoking Status on Clinical Outcomes of Laminoplasty in Patients With Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: a Prospective Study
Authors: Liang Guoyan , Duan Qifei , Chen Chong , Zheng Xiaoqing , Liang Changxiang , Zhang Ruiying , Hu Xia , Chang Yunbing
Published: May 2021

Background: Smoking is considered to be a risk factor for poor clinical outcomes after anterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery. However, it is unclear whether the preoperative smoking status has similar effects on clinical outcomes after laminoplasty. The current research is carried out to determine whether smoking status before laminoplasty affects clinical outcomes in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM). Methods: A series of consecutive patients undergoing laminoplasty to treat DCM at a single institution between April 2017 and April 2020 were included. The patients were divided into the following 3 groups: active smoking (AS), passive smoking (PS), and non-smoking (NS). The primary outcome was the recovery rate of JOA at the last follow-up. Secondary outcomes included JOACMEQ score and the NRS (Numerical rating scale) for neck and arm pain. Statistical analysis of among the three groups differences were performed with ANOVA, and multivariable regression analysis was undertaken to explore predictor variables.Result: A total of 158 consecutive patients completed at least 6 months of follow-up. There were 108 men and 50 women. The mean (±standard deviation) age of this series was 57.7 ± 11.6 years. The average recovery rate of JOA, the improvement in the NRS for neck and arm pain, and in each domain of JOACMEQ did not differ significantly among the three groups (P＞0.05). When used 52.8% as the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the JOA recovery rate, active smokers (RR=0.950, 95%CI=0.740-1.220) and passive smokers (RR=0.830, 95%CI=0.540-1.277) had similar likelihoods of reaching MCID compared with non-smokers. Logistic regression revealed that age (OR=0.95, 95%CI=0.92-0.98, P=0.001) and preoperative JOA (OR=0.85, 95%CI=0.75-0.95, P=0.004) were risk factors of the recovery rate that did not reach MCID, but smoking status: AS (OR=0.56, 95%CI=0.21-1.47,P=0.24), PS (OR=.087, 95%CI=0.43-1.76, P=0.70), did not affect the clinical outcomes.Conclusion: Over a follow-up period of at least 6 months, active smokers, passive smokers, and non-smokers had similar improvements in clinical outcomes after laminoplasty. Thus, smoking status was not found to be an independent predictor of clinical outcomes after laminoplasty.
Correlation Between CT Images of Lateral Plateau and Lateral Meniscus Injuries in Patients With Schatzker II Tibial Plateau Fractures：A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ying Pu , Zhu Lei , Ding Wenge , Xu Yue , Jiang Xiaowei , Wang Kejie , Zhao Yiwen , Huang Zhihui , Dai Xiaoyu
Published: May 2021

Background: There is a great deal of controversy on whether routine MRI examination is needed for fresh fractures while the vast majority of patients with tibial plateau fractures receive preoperative X-ray and CT examinations. The purpose of the study was to analyze the exact correlation between CT images of lateral plateau and lateral meniscus injuries in Schatzker II tibial plateau fractures. Methods: Two hundred and ninety-six Schatzker II tibial plateau fracture patients from August 2012 to January 2021 in two trauma centers were enrolled for the analysis. According to the actual situation during open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) and knee arthroscopic surgery, patients were divided into meniscus injury (including rupture, incarceration, etc.) and non-meniscus injury groups. By measuring the value of both lateral plateau depression (LPD) and lateral plateau widening (LPW) of lateral tibial plateau on the coronary CT images, the correlation of which and lateral meniscus injury was analyzed. Meanwhile, the relevant receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the optimal operating point of these two indicators which could predict meniscus injury. Results: Meniscus injury group mainly showed injuries involving the mid-body and posterior horn of the meniscus (98.1%, 157/160). The average LPD was 13.2 ± 3.2 mm, while the average value of the group without meniscus injury was 9.4 ± 3.2 mm. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The average LPW was 8.0 ± 1.4 mm and 6.8 ± 1.6 mm in two groups with a significant difference (P < 0.05). The optimal operating point of LPD and LPW was 7.9 mm (sensitivity-95.0%, specificity-58.8%, area under the curve (AUC-0.818) and 7.5 mm (sensitivity-70.0%, specificity-70.6%, AUC-0.724), respectively. Conclusions: The mid-body and posterior horn of lateral meniscus injury is more likely to occur in patients who had Schatzker II tibial plateau fractures when LPD > 7.9 mm and/or LPW > 7.5 mm on CT manifestations and these findings will definitely provide guidance for orthopedic surgeons in treating such injuries. During the operation, more attention should be paid to the treatment of the meniscus and full consideration is needed be taken to situations such as meniscus rupture, incarceration and other possible fracture reduction difficulties, poor vertical line, etc., in order to achieve better surgical results.
Gastroparesis as a significant gastrointestinal adverse event during intensive chemotherapy for solid cancer
Authors: Nakayama Tomohiro , Haratani Koji , Kurosaki Takashi , Tanaka Kaoru , Nakagawa Kazuhiko
Published: May 2021

Proper management of chemotherapy-related gastrointestinal toxicities is essential to maximize therapeutic outcome for malignancies. Gastroparesis is characterized by delayed gastric emptying without gastrointestinal obstruction. Although it has not been well recognized as a complication of chemotherapy for solid malignancies, we here report a case of gastroparesis apparently due to neurotoxicity of high-intensity taxane- and platinum-based chemotherapy for a solid tumor. The patient experienced late-onset gastric dysmotility as evidenced by an abnormally dilated stomach even after cessation of feeding for several days. The gastroparesis was successfully controlled with a 5-HT4 receptor agonist, resulting in recovery of gastric motility and allowing completion of curative anticancer treatment. Despite its rarity in patients with solid cancers, gastroparesis should be recognized as a potential cause of persistent upper abdominal symptoms during neurotoxic chemotherapy in such individuals, given that a delay in its management may be detrimental to survival outcome.
Overestimation of Corneal Endothelium Cell Density by Automated Method in Eyes with Impaired Corneal Endothelial Cells
Authors: Minami Mayumi , Chihara Etsuo
Published: May 2021

Purpose: To determine between-method differences in corneal endothelial cell parameters using center and automated methods of non-contact specular microscopy (CellCheck software of Konan, Inc.).Methods: We analyzed the central corneal endothelium cell density (ECD) of 245 glaucomatous eyes using center (ECD-Ce) and automated methods (ECD-Au). Based on the ECD-Ce, we allocated subjects to Groups 1 to 10 (at 250 cells/mm2 intervals) and evaluated the ECD, coefficient of variation of cell area (CV), and percentage of hexagonal cells (HEX).Results: There was a close correlation (r = 0.91) between the ECD values measured using both methods. However, ECD-Au were significantly higher than those measured by the center method when ECD-Ce was less than 2500 (in Groups 1 to 8; P < 0.001 to P = 0.006). The regression equation of (ECD-Au - ECD-Ce) =1028-0.397*ECD-Ce shows greater deviation in eyes with lower ECD, and this difference became 0 when ECD -Ce was 2593 cells/mm2. None of the 44 subjects with an ECD-Ce of < 1000 cells/mm2 recorded an ECD-Au < 1000 cells/mm2. Compared with the center method, the automated method had higher and lower median CV and HEX values, respectively (P < 0.001). The between-method differences in both CV and HEX were negatively correlated with ECD-Ce (r = -0.49, P < 0.001 and r = -0.25, P < 0.001; respectively).Conclusion: The automated method of the CellCheck software overestimates ECD in eyes with lower ECD values and may overlooks risk of corneal decompensation.
Revealing Silver Effects on Bacterial Cell Structure by Atomic Force and Scanning Electron Microscopies
Authors: Tambosi Reem , Djafari Jamila , Liotenberg Sylviane , Ouchane Soufian , Kebaili Nouari
Published: May 2021

The use of silver (Ag+) as an antimicrobial under different forms and at different scales, appears in numerous applications such as in health care, food industry, clothing, fabrics and disinfectants. Yet, there is still important gaps regarding the complete comprehension of the mechanisms of its actions on bacteria. In a previous work, we demonstrated that, silver and copper severly damage membrane proteins involved in photosynthesis and respiration in bacteria exposed to metal excess. Here, we are presenting complementary data using AFM and SEM microscopies, that reveals (i) the drastic effects of Ag+ ions on the morphology and structure of cell membrane and (ii) the formation of Ag+ aggregates that adhere to the bacterial cell surface in Rubrivivax (R.) gelatinosus . Impacts of Ag+ ions on R. gelatinosus are compared to those on the most commonly studied bacteria (Escherichia (E.) coli and Bacillus (B.) subtilis ), while considering the effect of culture grown media on the modification of silver ions. Altogether, these results reveal other levels and subtle aspects of Ag+ toxicity to be taken into account in understanding the general mechanisms of metal toxicity in bacteria.
Fatigue in children and adolescents perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus: an observational study
Authors: Haar Anne Marleen ter , Vlist Merel M. Nap-van der , Hof Malon Van den , Nijhof Sanne L. , Litsenburg Raphaële R. L. van , Oostrom Kim J. , Pajkrt Dasja
Published: May 2021

Background

Fatigue is common among adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as children with a chronic disease (CCD). Fatigue can have disastrous effects on health status, including health related quality of life (HRQOL). Even so, fatigue is underexplored in children and adolescents perinatally infected with HIV (PHIV+) in the Netherlands. This study aims to explore fatigue in PHIV + and its association with their HRQOL.
Methods

We measured HRQOL and fatigue using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL 4.0) and the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS). The PedsQL MFS encompasses three subscales: general fatigue, sleep/rest fatigue and cognitive fatigue, and a total fatigue score. We compared outcomes of PHIV + with three groups: 1) HIV-uninfected controls (HIV-) matched for age, sex, socioeconomic status and adoption status, 2) CCD, and 3) the general Dutch population. Within the PHIV + group we explored associations between fatigue and HRQOL.
Results

We enrolled 14 PHIV+ (median age 10.2 years [IQR 9.2–11.4]) and 14 HIV-. Compared to CCD, PHIV + significantly reported less general fatigue (mean difference 13.0, 95% CI 1.3 to 24.8). PHIV + did not score significantly different on any of the other PedsQL MFS scales compared to HIV-, CCD or the general Dutch population. PHIV children scored relatively low on the cognitive fatigue scale in comparison to HIV-uninfected matched controls, CCD and the general population, although these differences did not reach significance. Among PHIV+, a lower score on total fatigue, sleep/rest fatigue and cognitive fatigue was associated with a lower HRQOL score.
Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that PHIV children and adolescents do not experience more symptoms of fatigue than their healthy peers. However, PHIV children and adolescents may be more likely to experience cognitive fatigue. Fatigue in PHIV also appears to be associated with children’s HRQOL. Further research should confirm these exploratory findings.
A Bayesian Geo-Additive Modeling of Childhood Anemia in India
Authors: Chungkham Holendro Singh , MARBANIANG STRONG P , Narzary Pralip Kumar
Published: May 2021

Background

The geographical differences that caused anaemia can be partially explained by the variability in environmental factors, particularly nutrition and infections. The studies failed to explain the non-linear effect of the continuous covariates on childhood anaemia. The present paper aimed to investigate the risk factors of childhood anaemia in India with focus on geographical spatial effect.
Methods

Geo-additive logistic regression models were fitted to the data to understand fixed as well as spatial effects of childhood anaemia. Logistic regression was fitted for the categorical variable with outcomes (anaemia (Hb < 11) and no anaemia (Hb ≥ 11)). Continuous covariates were modelled by the penalized spline and spatial effects were smoothed by the two-dimensional spline.
Results

At 95% posterior credible interval, the influence of unobserved factors on childhood anaemia is very strong in the Northern and Central part of India. However, most of the states in North Eastern part of India showed negative spatial effects. A U-shape non-linear relationship was observed between childhood anaemia and mother’s age. This indicates that mothers of young and old ages are more likely to have children who are anaemic; in particular mothers aged 15 years to about 25 years. Then the risk of childhood anaemia starts declining after the age of 25 years and it continues till the age of around 37 years, thereafter again starts increasing. Further, the non-linear effects of duration of breastfeeding on childhood anaemia show that the risk of childhood anaemia decreases till 29 months thereafter increases.
Conclusion

Strong evidence of residual spatial effect to childhood anaemia in India. Government child health programme should gear up in treating childhood anaemia by focusing on known measurable factors such as mother’s education, mother’s anaemia status, family wealth status, child fever, stunting, underweight, and wasting which have been found to be significant in this study, attention should also be given to effects of unknown or unmeasured factors to childhood anaemia at the community level. Special attention to these unmeasurable factors should be focused in the states of central and northern India which have shown significant positive spatial effects.
A Newly Modified Technique for Levator Muscle Tucking in Blepharoptosis Surgery: An Egyptian Tertiary Center Study
Authors: ELSamkary Mahmoud Ahmed , Roshdy Maged Maher , Karim Marwa Ahmed Abdel
Published: May 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Project DASH: (Divas Against the Spread of HIV/AIDS): Results of a Pilot Study on HIV Risk and Mother-Daughter Communication Among HIV+ Mothers with African American Daughters
Authors: Amutah-Onukagha Ndidiamaka N. , Agbemenu Kafuli , Cederbaum Julie , Fletcher Faith , Abara Winston
Published: May 2021

Background: Daughters of HIV positive women are often exposed to similar factors that placed their mothers at risk of HIV. Compared to women of other racial/ethnic groups, African American women have disproportionately higher rates of HIV/AIDS. This pilot study examines the relationship between African American HIV positive mothers and their daughters, and this relationship’s association with mother-daughter HIV risk communication and related domains.Methods: This mixed-method study employed quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. All participants completed the quantitative survey while qualitative data were collected from a subset of participants. Results: Ninety-eight percent of respondents were African American, 73% had been HIV-infected for at least 10 years, and the mean age was 49.9 years. Among daughters, 85% reported feeling comfortable talking to their mothers about sex.Discussion: Results underscore the need to strengthen the mother-daughter communication around these topics in ways that may positively influence the sexual behaviors of the daughter.
Large-scale fabrication of SU-8 polymer micro/ nanoscale nozzle by hot embossing and UV exposure
Authors: Guo Ran , Qi Liping , Xu Liang , Yin Zhifu , Zou Helin
Published: May 2021

Electrohydrodynamic-jet printing (E-jet printing) is a direct-writing technology for manufacturing micro-nano devices. In order to further reduce the inner diameter of the nozzle to improve the printing resolution, a large-scale manufacturing method of an SU-8 polymer micro/nanoscale E-jet nozzle chip by means of a process combining inverse ultraviolet (UV) exposure and hot embossing is proposed. First. a convex nano-mold is made by pouring polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the concave 2D silicon nano-mold. The convex patterns so achieved were transferred as nanochannels in a layer of SU-8 that was hot-embossed by the PDMS mold. After removal from the mold, the 188 nm wide and 80 nm deep SU-8 nanochannels were covered with an SU-8 cover layer to become nozzles, to which the microchannel were add by inverse UV photolithography and development. The method of manufacturing SU-8 polymer micro/ nanoscale E-jet nozzle chips developed in this study will greatly promote the study of the transport properties of nanoscale channels in E-jet nozzles, and enable further development of E-jet based applications.