bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enantiopure Chiral Concave N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors
Authors: Reimers Tim , Haberhauer Gebhard , Benkhäuser Christian , Schmidtchen Franz P. , Lützen Arne , Lüning Ulrich
Published: October 2013

Chiral concave imidazolinium salts 4·Cl– with different ring sizes were synthesized as precursors of chiral concave N‐heterocyclic carbenes, starting from di‐ortho‐substituted anilines 5 and 2,7‐disubstituted aminonaphthalenes 6. The terminal alkene groups of the substituents were cyclized by ring‐closing metathesis to give bimacrocyclic axially chiral concave imidazolinium salts 14·Cl–, and, after hydrogenation of the double bonds, 4·Cl–. The overall yields of bimacrocycles 4b·Cl– and 4c·Cl– were 54 and 39 %, starting from amino‐substituted arenes 5 and 6, respectively. Racemic mixtures of the three concave NHC precursors 4a–c·Cl– were separated by chiral HPLC techniques, and their absolute stereochemistry was assigned by comparison of simulated and experimental CD spectra.
5‐Substituted Derivatives of the Tricyclic (+)‐Sparteine Surrogate in the Enantioselective Lithiation/Stannylation of an O‐Alkyl Carbamate
Authors: Breuning Matthias , Hein David
Published: October 2013

5‐Mono‐ and 5,5‐disubstituted tricyclic bispidines, derivatives of the known (+)‐sparteine surrogate, have been synthesized in four‐to‐six steps from the natural alkaloid (–)‐cytisine and evaluated as chiral ligands in the enantioselective lithiation/stannylation of an O‐alkyl carbamate. Structure–selectivity studies revealed that a small 5‐endo substituent is tolerated, whereas larger 5‐endo substituents and even small 5‐exo substituents lead to significantly reduced levels of chirality transfer.
Microwave‐Assisted [3+2] Cycloaddition and Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling for a Concise Access to Polyaromatic Scaffolds
Authors: Hédou Damien , Deau Emmanuel , Dubouilh‐Benard Carole , Sanselme Morgane , Martinet Anthony , Chosson Elizabeth , Levacher Vincent , Besson Thierry
Published: October 2013

Novel 3‐(prop‐2‐ynyl)pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones and 3‐(prop‐2‐ynyl)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones have been synthesized in a high‐yielding microwave‐assisted one‐pot procedure. The one‐pot sequence was conveniently extended to the synthesis of commercially unavailable 6‐bromo‐N3‐propargylpyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidinone by a regiocontrolled bromination with NBS. The synthetic scaffolds were successfully converted into triazoles by copper(I)‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition and substituted at the 6‐position by Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling in high overall yields.
Expeditious Synthesis of the Marine Natural Products Prepolycitrin A and Polycitrins A and B through Heck Arylations
Authors: Canto Karen , da Silva Ribeiro Rodrigo , Biajoli André F. P. , Correia Carlos Roque D.
Published: October 2013

New, efficient protocols for the syntheses of the marine natural products prepolycitrin A as well as polycitrins A and B were developed by employing the Heck–Matsuda arylation of maleic anhydride or dimethyl fumarate with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 3,4‐diarylmaleic anhydrides were easily and effectively prepared. Efficient bromination reactions that employed tribromoisocyanuric acid provided access to the polycitrin family of compounds. Under microwave irradiation in the presence of tyramine, the corresponding maleimides were obtained in high yields from the brominated 3,4‐diarylmaleic anhydrides. This methodology provided for the concise synthesis of prepolycitrin A and the total syntheses of the marine alkaloids polycitrins A and B in overall yields of 37 and 47 % from maleic anhydride and dimethyl fumarate, respectively.
Rhenium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyanation of Tertiary Amines with TMSCN
Authors: Lin Aijun , Peng Hao , Abdukader Ablimit , Zhu Chengjian
Published: October 2013

Oxidative cyanation of sp3 C–H bonds at the α position of tertiary amines by using TMSCN as the cyanide donor and a novel high‐valent rhenium(V) complex was developed. The reaction offers the corresponding α‐aminonitriles in good yields with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant under mild and acid‐free reaction conditions.
Synthesis of Thioamides by Catalyst‐Free Three‐Component Reactions in Water
Authors: Xu Hualong , Deng Hang , Li Zhengkai , Xiang Haifeng , Zhou Xiangge
Published: October 2013

Three‐component reactions involving amines, aldehydes, and elemental sulfur powder are reported to afford thioamides in a simple one‐pot procedure in the absence of a catalyst. A variety of thioamides can be obtained in good to excellent yields up to 88 %.
Tin(II) Chloride Mediated Coupling Reactions between Alkynes and Aldehydes
Authors: Masuyama Yoshiro , Takamura Wataru , Suzuki Noriyuki
Published: October 2013

Tin(II) chloride, which is insensitive to water and air, mediated the coupling reaction between alkynes and aldehydes as a Lewis acid in nitromethane to produce (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones by a skeletal transformation in which one alkynic carbon atom changed into an oxo carbon atom accompanied by the cleavage of a C=O bond in the starting aldehydes. This coupling reaction was promoted by a catalytic amount of a primary or secondary alkanol. The coupling reaction between 1‐deuterio‐2‐phenylethyne and benzaldehyde with BuOH afforded 1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐deuterio‐2‐propenone (2‐deuteriation: 94 % D), whereas the coupling reaction between phenylethyne and benzaldehyde with BuOD afforded 1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propenone (2‐deuteriation: 0 % D). Because almost no exchange between hydrogen and deuterium at the 2‐position of 1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propenone occurs in either of the reactions, the coupling reaction between alkynes and aldehydes with tin(II) chloride is presumed to proceed by nucleophilic addition of alkynes to aldehydes. The cleavage of the C–O single bond generated by the nucleophilic addition might be induced by the strong oxophilicity of tin.
ipso‐Hydroxylation of Arylboronic Acids and Boronate Esters by Using Sodium Chlorite as an Oxidant in Water
Authors: Gogoi Pranjal , Bezboruah Pranjal , Gogoi Junali , Boruah Romesh C.
Published: October 2013

A facile and efficient procedure for the ipso‐hydroxylation of arylboronic acids to phenols in water was developed. A series of electron‐rich and electron‐deficient arylboronic acids were smoothly ipso‐hydroxylated with this protocol to afford products in excellent yields. Moreover, the protocol is amenable to boronate esters. In most cases, the phenolic products were obtained in pure form without any chromatographic purification.
Tautomerism in Bis(oxazoline)s
Authors: Walli Adam , Dechert Sebastian , Meyer Franc
Published: October 2013

Bis(oxazoline)s (BOXs) are a privileged ligand class and have found widespread use in catalysis. Herein, the tautomerism of selected BOX ligands was evidenced by X‐ray diffractometry as well as by NMR and IR spectroscopy and supported by DFT calculations. In CDCl3 solution at room temperature, the new 1,1‐bis(4,4‐dimethyl‐1,3‐oxazolin‐2‐yl)‐1‐phenylmethane (Ph,HBOX‐Me2) ligand is present as a 1:1 mixture of the diimine and iminoenamine tautomers. Thermodynamic and kinetic data for the tautomeric equilibrium were determined, which allowed comparison with related bidentate ligand classes. The other BOXs studied, H,HBOX‐Me2, Me,HBOX‐Me2, and tBu,HBOX‐Me2, are largely present in the diimine form under similar conditions. IR spectroscopy was identified as a valuable tool for detecting the presence of the iminoenamine form as a minor component.
Synthesis and Characterization of an Imidazole‐Containing Pyrene π‐System
Authors: Liu Yulong , Gao Zhao , Wang Zhiming , Feng Cunfang , Shen Fangzhong , Lu Ping , Ma Yuguang
Published: October 2013

A one‐pot reaction is used in the creation of a novel skeleton by using pyrene and the five‐membered imidazole ring as the key units. The two new compounds show high thermal stability. Deep‐blue emissions are observed in solution for both compounds, which have a strong tendency to aggregate into thin films and a tendency to crystallize as powders. These properties are indicative of their potential application in organic electronic devices.
Responding to historical injustices: Does group membership trump liberal‐conservative ideology?
Authors: Banfield Jillian C. , Ross Michael , Blatz Craig W.
Published: October 2013

In the legal literature, “privity” refers to the link between a minority's current social, psychological, and economic problems and its previous mistreatment by the government. Scholars speculate that judgments of privity underlie support for redress for historical injustices. There is no gold standard for evaluating privity, however, and its assessment is susceptible to personal and situational influences. We conducted three studies to examine how liberal‐conservative ideology interacts with group membership to predict judgments of privity and support for redress. This research is the first to examine the combined effects of liberal‐conservative ideology and group membership among respondents who belong to previously victimized minorities. Across both actual and hypothetical injustices, increasing conservatism was inversely related to judgments of privity, except when respondents were members of the victimized group. Victimized group members claimed privity regardless of ideology. The effects on support for reparations paralleled those for privity with one exception involving African Americans (Study 2). We discuss the implications of the findings for understanding the nature of liberalism‐conservatism. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silver‐Graphene Nanoribbon Composite Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Electrolyte
Authors: Davis Danae J. , Raji Abdul‐Rahman O. , Lambert Timothy N. , Vigil Julian A. , Li Lei , Nan Kewang , Tour James M.
Published: October 2013

Silver‐graphene nanoribbons (Ag‐GNRs) were prepared from the chemical unzipping of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by reaction with Na/K alloy, Ag(O2CCH3) and then CH3OH. Ag‐GNRs exhibited improved electrocatalytic ability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 0.1 M KOH as compared to the underlying GNR substrate alone and displayed an earlier onset and higher currents than a commercial Ag/Carbon (Ag/C) catalyst. The Ag‐GNR hybrid demonstrates an outstanding tolerance to CH3OH crossover which exceeds that of the commercial benchmark, 20 % Pt/C.
Cobalt(II) Schiff Base/Large Mesoporous Carbon Composite Film Modified Electrode as Electrochemical Biosensor for Hydrogen Peroxide and Glucose
Authors: Lu Jing , Ju Jian , Bo Xiangjie , Wang Huan , Guo Liping
Published: October 2013

A simple method was developed to prepare a cobalt(II) Schiff base (Co(salen))/large mesoporous carbon (LMC) composite film. The structure and electrocatalytic performance of the Co(salen)/LMC film were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The Co(salen)/LMC film exhibits high electrocatalytic activity toward H2O2, such as low detection limit (8.5×10−7 M) and wide linear concentration range (2.0×10−6–8.9×10−3 M). Furthermore, glucose oxidase (GOD) was self‐assembled on the surface of the Co(salen)/LMC film modified electrode. Determination of glucose in human blood serum with satisfying result was investigated by the resulting biosensor.
Ionic Liquid Functionalized Graphene‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine and Uric Acid in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Wang Chunfeng , Xu Panpan , Zhuo Kelei
Published: October 2013

An electrochemical biosensor for the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) was developed using a glassy carbon electrode modified with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium 2‐amino‐3‐mercaptopropionic acid salt ionic liquid functionalized graphene (ILG/GCE). The ILG/GCE possessed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of AA, DA and UA. The separations of oxidation peak potentials of AADA, DAUA, and AAUA were 147, 145 and 292 mV, respectively. The electrochemical sensor showed excellent selectivity and stability and was applied successfully to the determination of DA and UA in real urine samples using the standard addition method with recoveries of 97.0–103.8 %.
Nanocarbon Paste Electrodes
Authors: Lowinsohn Denise , Gan Patrick , Tschulik Kristina , Foord John S. , Compton Richard G.
Published: October 2013

The electrochemical behaviour of carbon paste electrodes prepared using nanocarbon and mineral oil was investigated and the results contrasted with different carbon and carbon pastes electrodes. The composition of carbon paste was studied by performing cyclic voltammetry performed in 0.1 M KCl solution in the presence of 4.0 mM Ru(NH3)6Cl3, a well‐characterized redox system commonly used to test the electrode behaviour. After optimisation of the paste composition, the sensors chosen were tested for the analysis and characterization of three different systems: Ru(NH3)63+/2+, FcCH2OH/FcCH2OH+ and acetaminophen. The ability to obtain high quality voltammetry from the nanocarbon electrode was demonstrated and simulation of the voltammetry allowed the extraction of electrode kinetic parameters with high precision.
Determination of doxorubicin in plasma by using CE coupled with in‐column tapered optic‐fiber light‐emitting diode induced fluorescence detection
Authors: Yang Xiupei , Qian Fan , Xie Linxiang , Yang Xiaocui , Cheng Xiumei , Choi Martin M. F.
Published: October 2013

This paper proposes a novel strategy to enhance detection of doxorubicin in human plasma, using homemade CE combined with normal stacking mode (NSM). The detection system of CE named as in‐column tapered optic‐fiber light‐emitting diode induced fluorescence detection system is economic and more sensitive that has been demonstrated in our previous work. The influence of sample matrix, BGE, applied voltage, and injection time on the efficiency of NSM were systematically investigated. The clean extracts were subjected to CE separation with optimal experimental conditions: Ethanol‐water (1:1, v/v) was used as sample matrix, pH 4.12 15 mM sodium phosphate buffer solution containing 70% v/v ACN, applied voltage 23 kV and 45 s hydrodynamic injection at a height of 20 cm. The detection system displayed linear dynamic range from 6.4 to 1.13 × 103 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9990 and LOD 2.2 ng/mL for doxorubicin (DOX). The proposed CE method has been successfully applied to determine DOX in human plasma which the recoveries of standard DOX added to human plasma were found to been the range of 93.8–104.6%. The results obtained demonstrate that our detection system combined with NSM is a good idea to enhance sensitivity in CE for routine determination of DOX in some biological specimens.
Capillary electrophoresis as a tool for a cost‐effective assessment of the activity of plant membrane enzyme chlorophyllase
Authors: Nowak Paweł , Michalik Maciej , Fiedor Leszek , Woźniakiewicz Michał , Kościelniak Paweł
Published: October 2013

The potential of the CE‐based enzymatic assay has been demonstrated in case of a typical plant membrane enzyme – chlorophyllase. An efficient, automated and rapid semi‐quantitative method has been developed, which allowed us to assess the activity of the enzyme via two strategies. Firstly, a reaction conducted in a vial placed directly on the sample tray was combined with the concomitant separation and detection of reagents. The method was used to monitor the reaction progress. Secondly, an online approach was applied using an electrophoretically mediated mixing. The reaction was performed in‑capillary, resulting in an extreme reduction of the reagent amounts required for a single run. Both methods were effective in the assessment of the activity of a membrane enzyme, a member of protein class known to pose experimental difficulties.
Characterization of cross‐linked gelatin nanoparticles by electrophoretic techniques in the liquid and the gas phase
Authors: Weiss Victor U. , Lehner Angela , Kerul Lukas , Grombe Ringo , Kratzmeier Martin , Marchetti‐Deschmann Martina , Allmaier Günter
Published: October 2013

Biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) and hence, for example, NPs prepared from glutaraldehyde cross‐linked gelatin (gelatin NPs) are lately receiving increased attention in various fields such as pharmaceutical technology and nutraceutics as biocompatible carriers for hardly water soluble drugs, molecules intended for sustained release or targeted transport. However, in vivo application of such materials requires a thoroughly characterization of corresponding particles. In a previous manuscript, we demonstrated the applicability of chip electrophoresis for the separation of gelatin NPs from NP building blocks. Following our previous results, we intensified our efforts in the characterization of gelatin NPs by electrophoresis in the liquid (capillary and chip format) and the gas phase (gas phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis). In doing so, we demonstrated differences between nominally comparable (from the concentration of initially employed material for cross‐linking) gelatin NP preparation batches concerning (i) the amount of obtained NPs, (ii) the degree of NP cross‐linking, (iii) the amount of NP building blocks present within samples, and (iv) the electrophoretic mobility diameter of NPs. Differences were even more pronounced when NP preparations from batches with different content of initially employed gelatin were compared. Additionally, we compared three setups for the removal of low molecular weight components from samples after fluorescence labeling of NPs. In overall, the combination of the three employed analytical methods for gelatin NP characterization—CE in the capillary and the chip format as well as gas phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis—allows a more thoroughly characterization of NP containing samples.
Myofibroblasts are important contributors to human hepatocellular carcinoma: Evidence for tumor promotion by proteome profiling
Authors: Slany Astrid , Haudek‐Prinz Verena , Zwickl Hannes , Stättner Stefan , Grasl‐Kraupp Bettina , Gerner Christopher
Published: October 2013

Liver cancer typically occurs with a background of chronic fibrosis, characterized by the accumulation of myofibroblast‐like cells. We performed 2D‐PAGE‐based comparative analyses with the aim to identify proteins expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue but not in neighboring healthy liver tissue, and to make out which cell types are responsible for the expression of proteins most characteristic for HCC. LC‐MS/MS analysis of the most striking spots identified proteins that were mainly related to myofibroblast‐like cells. To gain more insights into the role of these cells in their contribution to HCC, we isolated myofibroblast‐like cells as well as hepatocytes, both derived from HCC tissues, and subjected them to proteome profiling based on shotgun experiments. Comparative analysis, also referring to proteome profiles of other cell types previously investigated by us, pointed again to a marked contribution of myofibroblast‐like cells to HCC. Intriguingly, secretome analysis of these cells identified several growth factors that may act as tumor promoters and several proteins that have been described as potential biomarkers for HCC including dickkopf‐1, connective tissue growth factor, and CXCL1. Other biomarker candidates presently identified in the secretome of myofibroblasts, including lipocalin‐1 and pappalysin‐1, may be selected for future clinical validation. The identification of myofibroblast‐like cells as important source of tumor‐promoters may open new avenues to therapeutic intervention by targeting these stroma cells in addition to the cancer cells.
Improved staining of phosphoproteins with high sensitivity in polyacrylamide gels using Stains‐All
Authors: Cong Wei‐Tao , Ye Wei‐Jian , Chen Mao , Zhao Ting , Zhu Zhong‐Xin , Niu Chao , Ruan Dan‐dan , Ni Mao‐Wei , Zhou Xuan , Jin Li‐Tai
Published: October 2013

An improved Stains‐All (ISA) staining method for phosphoproteins in SDS‐PAGE was described. Down to 0.5–1 ng phosphoproteins (α‐casein, β‐casein, or phosvitin) can be successfully selectively detected by ISA stain, which is approximately 120‐fold higher than that of original Stains‐All stain, but is similar to that of commonly used Pro‐Q Diamond stain. Furthermore, unlike the original Stains‐All protocol that was time consuming and light unstable, ISA stain could be completed within 60 min without resorting to protect the gels from light during the whole staining procedure. According to the results, it is concluded that ISA stain is a rapid, sensitive, specific, and economic staining method for a broad application to the research of phosphoproteins.
Microchip electrophoresis at elevated temperatures and high separation field strengths
Authors: Mitra Indranil , Marczak Steven P. , Jacobson Stephen C.
Published: October 2013

We report free‐solution microchip electrophoresis performed at elevated temperatures and high separation field strengths. We used microfluidic devices with 11 cm long separation channels to conduct separations at temperatures between 22 (ambient) and 45°C and field strengths from 100 to 1000 V/cm. To evaluate separation performance, N‐glycans were used as a model system and labeled with 8‐aminopyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid to impart charge for electrophoresis and render them fluorescent. Typically, increased diffusivity at higher temperatures leads to increased axial dispersion and poor separation performance; however, we demonstrate that sufficiently high separation field strengths offset the impact of increased diffusivity in order to maintain separation efficiency. Efficiencies for these free‐solution separations are the same at temperatures of 25, 35, and 45°C with separation field strengths ≥ 500 V/cm.
Microchip electrophoresis–copper nanowires for fast and reliable determination of monossacharides in honey samples
Authors: García Miguel , Escarpa Alberto
Published: October 2013

Microchip electrophoresis (ME) with electrochemical detection has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool in food analysis. However, the coupling of ME with electrochemical detection and nanotechnologies is still in its infancy, knowing that nanomaterials can significantly improve the ME analytical performance. This work reports the coupling between ME and copper nanowires (CuNWs) for the selective analysis of monosaccharides in honey samples. Also, in terms of real applicability, the study of analytical reliability of ME is an issue of paramount importance. To this end, a representative group of nine honey samples were analyzed and the results were compared with those previously obtained by HPLC‐refractive index. ME‐CuNWs approach allowed the separation of glucose and fructose in <250 s under optimized separation (20 mM NaOH + 10 mM H3BO3, pH 12; separation voltage + 1000 V) and detection (E = +0.70 V in 20 mM NaOH + 10 mM H3BO3, pH 12) conditions. An excellent stability of EOF during sample analysis was achieved with RSDs for migration times <2% and for amperometric currents <9%. The quantitative contents for individual glucose and fructose obtained using ME‐CuNWs in comparison with those obtained by HPLC‐refractive index were highly in agreement with errors <10% indicating the reliability of the approach. The excellent analytical performance obtained confirms the analytical potency of ME‐CuNWs approach, enhancing the maturity of the microchip technology and opening new avenues for future implementation of applications in the field of food analysis.
Monitoring the heat production of small terrestrial animals by a twin calorimeter
Authors: Lamprecht Ingolf
Published: October 2013

Calorimetric investigations of terrestric animals of smaller size were performed in (1) Calvet‐type isoperibol twin instruments of up to 100 mL in content, (2) a “poor man's calorimeter” of up to 24 L in volume, in single and twin setups for colonies of honeybees, stingless bees, bumblebees, and hornets, and (3) a roundabout flight calorimeter for smaller insects. Special questions of metabolism concerning sleep and heat output rates of different castes in honeybees or of increasing numbers of individuals in a group were of interest. The most simple animals in these investigations were soil‐living species like earthworms, woodlice, pill bugs, and carabid beetles; they were investigated for their routine heat production rates and the rates under the influence of the effective uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, pentachlorophenol. The highest animals were lacertide lizards and snails, which were monitored for their standard metabolism and for stimulated reactions, to gather information about their scope of metabolism.
Settling and bioflocculation of two species of algae used in wastewater treatment and algae biomass production
Authors: Manheim Derek , Nelson Yarrow
Published: October 2013

The settling and bioflocculation of two strains of algae were investigated in the laboratory to provide insights to help improve algae settling in large‐scale, algae‐based wastewater treatment systems with simultaneous algae biofuel production. Energy‐efficient algae harvesting methods are needed for cost‐competitive production of biofuels from algae. The use of bacterially derived exudates (bioflocculation) is promising, but its use in high‐rate algae pond (HRAP) wastewater systems has not yielded consistently reliable settling. The settling of the algae species Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella vulgaris was investigated in the laboratory with and without cultures of the bacterium Burkholderia cepacia to investigate environmental effects on the settling of pure algal cultures and to examine possible bioflocculation by bacteria and bacterial exudates. Scenedesmus sp. and C. vulgaris responded in opposite ways to changes in operating conditions such as culture age and bioflocculation. Scenedesmus sp. settled better in later stationary growth stages, while C. vulgaris settled better in its early exponential growth phase. Scenedesmus sp. settling was improved by bioflocculation during early exponential and late stationary growth stages, but not during early stationary growth. Scenedesmus sp. responded better to B. cepacia cells plus filtrate (filtered bacterial broth) than to filtrate addition alone. In contrast, C. vulgaris settling was not improved via bioflocculation with neither the addition of B. cepacia cells nor filtrate at any growth stage. Longer contact time between the algae cells and bioflocculants improved the settling of Scenedesmus sp., but not the settling of C. vulgaris. Observed differences in settling and bioflocculation of the two algae species were attributed to differences in algal cell size and shape, culture density, and exudate type (i.e., capsular versus dissolved EPS). The widely different settling behavior of the two species of algae used in this research may explain the often varied results observed with mixed cultures in algae wastewater ponds. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 946–954, 2013
Effect of biochar on carbon dioxide release, organic carbon accumulation, and aggregation of soil
Authors: Hua Li , Lu Zhaoqing , Ma Hongrui , Jin Susu
Published: October 2013

The potential carbon sequestration ability of biochar was investigated. The results indicated the amendment of biochar to soil could reduce the CO2 emission and increase the organic matter of soil effectively. The influence extent enhanced as the increase of biochar and the influence extent on soil with lower organic matter content is much obvious than soil with higher organic matter content. After incubated 7 months, soil CO2 emission was suppressed significantly by the amendment of biochar. The CO2 release amount in soils with 8% biochar decreased 29%∼39% compared with control. Organic matter content in soils with 8% biochar increased 41%∼75%. In addition, biochar promoted the formation of soil aggregates. Mean weight diameter of micro‐aggregates in soils with biochar increased obviously compared with the control, indicating that stability of soil aggregates improved as the increase of biochar. The research demonstrated that biochar had potential ability on soil carbon sequestration, which was realized by enhance organic matter content, suppressing CO2 release and improving micro‐structure characteristic of soil. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 941–946, 2014
Shake‐table tests of a reinforced concrete frame designed following modern codes: seismic performance and damage evaluation
Authors: Benavent‐Climent Amadeo , Escolano‐Margarit David , Morillas Leandro
Published: October 2013

This paper presents shake‐table tests conducted on a two‐fifths‐scale reinforced concrete frame representing a conventional construction design under current building code provisions in the Mediterranean area. The structure was subjected to a sequence of dynamic tests including free vibrations and four seismic simulations in which a historical ground motion record was scaled to levels of increasing intensity until collapse. Each seismic simulation was associated with a different level of seismic hazard, representing very frequent, frequent, rare and very rare earthquakes. The structure remained basically undamaged and within the inter‐story drift limits of the ‘immediate occupancy’ performance level for the very frequent and frequent earthquakes. For the rare earthquake, the specimen sustained significant damage with chord rotations of up to 28% of its ultimate capacity and approached the upper bound limit of inter‐story drift associated with ‘life safety’. The specimen collapsed at the beginning of the ‘very rare’ seismic simulation. Besides summarizing the experimental program, this paper evaluates the damage quantitatively at the global and local levels in terms of chord rotation and other damage indexes, together with the energy dissipation demands for each level of seismic hazard. Further, the ratios of column‐to‐beam moment capacity recommended by Eurocode 8 and ACI‐318 to guarantee the formation of a strong column‐weak beam mechanism are examined. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic vibration control of building structures with multiple tuned mass damper floors integrated
Authors: Xiang Ping , Nishitani Akira
Published: October 2013

Floor isolation system (FIS) achieving very small floor accelerations has been used to ensure human comfortability or protect important equipments in buildings. Tuned mass damper (TMD) with large mass ratios has been demonstrated to be robust with respect to the changes in structural properties. This paper presents the concept of a TMD floor vibration control system, which takes advantages of both the FIS and TMD. Such a system is called ‘TMD floor system’ herein. The TMD floor system (TMDFS) in which building floors serve as TMDs can achieve large mass ratio without additional masses. Furthermore, multiple TMD floors installed in a building can control multimode vibrations. Then, an optimal design process, where the objective function is set as the maximum magnitude of the frequency response functions of inter‐storey drifts, is proposed to determine the TMD floor parameters. Additionally, the multimode approach is applied to determine the optimal locations of TMD floors if not all of the floors in a building can serve as TMDs. In addition to the numerical simulations, a scaled model shaking table experiment is also conducted. Both the numerical and experimental results show that the absolute accelerations of the TMD floors are smaller than those of the main structural storeys, which indicates the TMDFS maintains the merit of FIS while greatly reducing seismic responses of main structures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Systematic Review of the Effects of Neuromodulation on Eating and Body Weight: Evidence from Human and Animal Studies
Authors: McClelland Jessica , Bozhilova Natali , Campbell Iain , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: October 2013

Background

Eating disorders (ED) are chronic and sometimes deadly illnesses. Existing treatments have limited proven efficacy, especially in the case of adults with anorexia nervosa (AN). Emerging neural models of ED provide a rationale for more targeted, brain‐directed interventions.

Aims

This systematic review has examined the effects of neuromodulation techniques on eating behaviours and body weight and assessed their potential for therapeutic use in ED.

Method

All articles in PubMed, PsychInfo and Web of Knowledge were considered and screened against a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) were examined across studies in ED samples, other psychiatric and neurological disorders, and animal models.

Results

Sixty studies were identified. There is evidence for ED symptom reduction following rTMS and DBS in both AN and bulimia nervosa. Findings from studies of other psychiatric and neurological disorders and from animal studies demonstrate that increases in food intake and body weight can be achieved following DBS and that VNS has potential value as a means of controlling eating and inducing weight loss.

Conclusions

Neuromodulation tools have potential for reducing ED symptomatology and related behaviours, and for altering food intake and body weight. In response to such findings, and emerging neural models of ED, treatment approaches are highly unlikely to remain ‘brainless’. More research is required to evaluate the potential of neuromodulation procedures for improving long‐term outcomes in ED. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Early Response as a Predictor of Success in Guided Self‐help Treatment for Bulimic Disorders
Authors: Vaz Ana R. , Conceição Eva , Machado Paulo P. P.
Published: October 2013

The aims of this study were to investigate the number of sessions and time required for a clinical meaningful symptomatic change with a guided self‐help treatment and to assess the predictive value of early response and other potential predictors of end‐of‐treatment clinical status. Participants were 42 patients with a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa or ED not otherwise specified. Survival analyses (Kaplan–Meier) were performed to estimate the median time required to attain a 51% reduction in bulimic symptoms. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors of symptom remission. Results showed that the median time to achieve a 51% reduction in binge and purge frequencies was 3.68 and 3.77, respectively. This change occurred at session 3 for 50% of the participants. Early response was the most significant predictor of binge eating remission. No pretreatment predictors of time to achieve early response were found. These results have implications for allocating treatment resources in a stepped‐care intervention model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Increases in Weight during Chronic Stress are Partially Associated with a Switch in Food Choice towards Increased Carbohydrate and Saturated Fat Intake
Authors: Roberts Clifford J. , Campbell Iain C. , Troop Nick
Published: October 2013

We examined if stress associated changes in weight and dietary restraint are associated with changes in the composition of foods consumed. Participants were 38 healthy women on a taught postgraduate university course. Data were obtained at the beginning of the semester and 15 weeks later just prior to a written course exam (the stressor). By using a within subject design, we measured the composition of food consumed, body mass index (BMI), levels of dietary restraint and salivary cortisol. In the larger study from which these data were obtained, it was shown that the effect of increased cortisol secretion on weight gain was mediated by a reduction in dietary restraint. The present data show that increased cortisol secretion, reduced dietary restraint and increased caloric intake, account for 73% of the variance in change in BMI. Further regression analysis indicated that the change in dietary restraint mediated the effect of change in cortisol on change in BMI. Final analysis revealed that the effect of these changes in dietary restraint on weight are partially mediated by increased caloric intake from carbohydrate and saturated fat, that is, a change in dietary composition partially accounts for the link between increased cortisol secretion through heightened hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal activity resulting in weight gain. These data are consistent with a ‘comfort food hypothesis’, as they suggest that chronic stress can promote reward associated behaviour through reduced dietary restraint and consumption of food containing more carbohydrate and saturated fat. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Three‐dimensional modeling of coastal boulders using multi‐view image measurements
Authors: Gienko Gennady A. , Terry James P.
Published: October 2013

Coarse clastic sediments (boulders) on coastlines have seen a groundswell in geomorphic research interest over recent years, associated in part with the potential of boulder evidence for interpreting characteristics of high‐energy wave processes. Yet, the fundamental property of boulder volume is normally difficult to measure accurately owing to complex clast morphology and irregular surface texture. To tackle this problem, this paper concentrates on creating precise, measurable and textured three‐dimensional (3D) models of coastal boulders without physical contact with the object, based on multi‐view image measurement techniques. This method has several advantages over traditional measurements that are inaccurate or alternative solutions using costly techniques such as terrestrial laser scanning. Our methods propose the use of low‐cost equipment (digital cameras) that can be used in various coastal environments to easily acquire numerous images of the object of interest. Initial results can be rapidly assessed in the field for immediate quality control. Resulting 3D models, built from overlapping multi‐view digital photographs, allow the reconstruction of realistic‐looking and textured boulder surfaces. A particular interest in this task is the family of algorithms known as structure from motion (SFM). The work presents analysis of SFM techniques by examining 3D models of boulders observed at a coastal field site on Lu Dao Island in south‐eastern Taiwan. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐rapid topographic surveying for complex environments: the hand‐held mobile laser scanner (HMLS)
Authors: James Mike R. , Quinton John N.
Published: October 2013

Terrestrial laser scanning is the current technique of choice for acquiring high resolution topographic data at the site scale (i.e. over tens to hundreds of metres), for accurate volume measurements or process modelling. However, in regions of complex topography with multiple local horizons, restricted lines of sight significantly hinder use of such tripod‐based instruments by requiring multiple setups to achieve full coverage of the area. We demonstrate a novel hand‐held mobile laser scanning technique that offers particular promise for site‐scale topographic surveys of complex environments. To carry out a survey, the hand‐held mobile laser scanner (HMLS) is walked across a site, mapping around the surveyor continuously en route. We assess the accuracy of HMLS data by comparing survey results from an eroding coastal cliff site with those acquired by a state‐of‐the‐art terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and also with the results of a photo‐survey, processed by structure from motion and multi‐view stereo (SfM‐MVS) algorithms. HMLS data are shown to have a root mean square (RMS) difference to the benchmark TLS data of 20 mm, not dissimilar to that of the SfM‐MVS survey (18 mm). The efficiency of the HMLS system in complex terrain is demonstrated by acquiring topographic data covering ~780 m2 of salt‐marsh gullies, with a mean point spacing of 4.4 cm, in approximately six minutes. We estimate that HMLS surveying of gullies is approximately 40 times faster than using a TLS and six times faster than using SfM‐MVS. © 2013 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Digital elevation models derived from airborne laser scanning point clouds: appropriate spatial resolutions for multi‐temporal characterization and quantification of geomorphological processes
Authors: Sailer Rudolf , Rutzinger Martin , Rieg Lorenzo , Wichmann Volker
Published: October 2013

Digital terrain models (DTMs) are a standard data source for a variety of applications. DTM differencing is also widely used for detection and quantification of topographic changes. While several investigations have been made on the accuracy of DTMs, calculated from different kinds of input data, little has been published on the error of DTM differencing, specifically for the quantification of geomorphological processes. In this study, an extensive, multi‐temporal set of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data is used to investigate the accuracy of topographic change calculations in a high alpine environment, caused by different geomorphic processes. Differences from DTMs with cell sizes ranging from 0.25 m to 10 m were calculated and compared to very accurate point‐to‐point calculations for a variety of processes and in nearby stable areas which show no significant surface changes. The representativeness of the DTM differences is then compared to the terrain slope and surface roughness of the investigated areas to show the influence of these parameters on the errors in the differences. Those errors are then taken into account for analyses of the applicability of different cell sizes for the investigation of geomorphic processes with different magnitudes and over different time periods. The analyses show that the error of DTM differences increases with lower point densities and higher roughness and slope values. The higher the error, the greater the differences between two elevation datasets have to be in order to quantify certain morphodynamic processes. Lower point densities and higher roughness and slope values require greater process rates or longer time intervals in order to obtain valid results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thresholds, mode switching, and emergent equilibrium in geomorphic systems
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D.
Published: October 2013

Landform and landscape evolution may be convergent, whereby initial differences and irregularities are (on average) reduced and smoothed, or divergent, with increasing variation and irregularity. Convergent and divergent evolution are directly related to dynamical (in)stability. Unstable interactions among geomorphic system components tend to dominate in earlier stages of development, while stable limits often become dominant in later stages. This results in mode switching, from unstable, divergent to stable, convergent development. Divergent‐to‐convergent mode switches emerge from a common structure in many geomorphic systems: mutually reinforcing or competitive interrelationships among system components, and negative self‐effects limiting individual components. When the interactions between components are dominant, divergent evolution occurs. As threshold limits to divergent development are approached, self‐limiting effects become more important, triggering a switch to convergence. The mode shift is an emergent phenomenon, arising from basic principles of threshold modulation and gradient selection. As an example, the relationships among flow concentration, erosive force, and channel incision in fluvial systems are examined in the context of mode switching and thresholds. The commonly observed divergence in channel growth and fluvial dissection and network development, eventually transitioning to a stable, convergent configuration, is an emergent outcome of gradient selection and threshold modification, and does not imply any goal functions of balancing mass fluxes or limiting change. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic exposure to pentachlorophenol alters thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone pathway mRNAs in zebrafish
Authors: Yu Li-Qin , Zhao Gao-Feng , Feng Min , Wen Wu , Li Kun , Zhang Pan-Wei , Peng Xi , Huo Wei-Jie , Zhou Huai-Dong
Published: October 2013

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is frequently detected in the aquatic environment and has been implicated as an endocrine disruptor in fish. In the present study, 4-month-old zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 1 of 4 concentrations of PCP (0.1, 1, 9, and 27 µg/L) for 70 d. The effects of PCP exposure on plasma thyroid hormone levels, and the expression levels of selected genes, were measured in the brain and liver. The PCP exposure at 27 µg/L resulted in elevated plasma thyroxine concentrations in male and female zebrafish and depressed 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine concentrations in males only. In both sexes, PCP exposure resulted in decreased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone β-subunit (tshβ) and thyroid hormone receptor β (trβ) in the brain, as well as increased liver levels of uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (ugt1ab) and decreased deiodinase 1 (dio1). The authors also identified several sex-specific effects of PCP exposure, including changes in mRNA levels for deiodinase 2 (dio2), cytosolic sulfotransferase (sult1 st5), and transthyretin (ttr) genes in the liver. Environmental PCP exposure also caused an increased malformation rate in offspring that received maternal exposure to PCP. The present study demonstrates that chronic exposure to environmental levels of PCP alters plasma thyroid hormone levels, as well as the expression of genes associated with thyroid hormone signaling and metabolism in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and liver, resulting in abnormal zebrafish development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:170–176. © 2013 SETAC
Passive sampling coupled to ultraviolet irradiation: A useful analytical approach for studying oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in bioavailable mixtures
Authors: Forsberg Norman D. , O'Connell Steven G. , Allan Sarah E. , Anderson Kim A.
Published: October 2013

The authors investigated coupling passive sampling technologies with ultraviolet irradiation experiments to study polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and oxygenated PAH transformation processes in real-world bioavailable mixtures. Passive sampling device (PSD) extracts were obtained from coastal waters impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and Superfund sites in Portland, Oregon, USA. Oxygenated PAHs were found in the contaminated waters with our PSDs. All mixtures were subsequently exposed to a mild dose of ultraviolet B (UVB). A reduction in PAH levels and simultaneous formation of several oxygenated PAHs were measured. Site-specific differences were observed with UVB-exposed PSD mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:XX–XX. © 2013 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial, and no modifications or adaptations are made.