bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Habitual Sleep Duration and Diet
Authors: Lucero Kristy , Hicks Robert A.
Published: August 2011

Speculation and indirect evidence have suggested a relationship between habitual sleep duration and food intake. We tested this hypothesis by asking groups of short- and longer-sleeping students to keep 21-day sleep and food-intake diaries. We found no reliable evidence that sleep habits are linked to any major dietary variables as measured in this study and concluded that the differences between our results and those of an earlier study may reflect differences in the methodologies used.
Influence of Sex, Age, and Trial Blocks on Simple Reaction Times of Elementary School Children
Authors: Lock Leonard K. , Berger Richard A.
Published: August 2011

The present study was conducted to examine the influence of sex, age, and trial blocks on the simple reaction times of elementary school children. Each of 78 right-handed 6-, 8-, and 10-yr.-old boys and girls depressed a key in response to the onset of a blue light imperative stimulus for 4 familiarization- and 20 test-trials. Changes across the test-trials were assessed by grouping simple RTs into five blocks of four reactions each. A three-way factorial analysis of variance (sex × age × trial blocks) with repeated measures on the last factor indicated that all three main effects were significant and that none of the interactions was significant. Boys reacted faster than girls, simple RT decreased with each successive age and was faster during trial Blocks 1 and 2 than at Block 5.
Research Productivity, Course Load, and Ratings of Instructors
Authors: Rotton James
Published: August 2011

An analysis of data on 17 psychology faculty members indicated that evaluations of instructors were negatively correlated with experience, course load, and research productivity.
Numerical and Sensory Categorization of Serial Information by Animals
Authors: Knighton C. Jeffery , Burns Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Rats were trained in a straight runway on a series consisting of 4 elements, each element being defined in terms of the number of .045-gm. Noyes pellets used as reward on 4 runway trials separated by about 20 sec. The series elements were 2, 6, 12, and 0 (2-6-12-0). The animals were trained each day on 3 such series, the series themselves being separated within a day by about 12 min. for 28 days before introducing a new transfer series to assess the relevance of the order of the series elements. In previous experiments with the simpler series, 2-12-0, alterations in order of elements eliminated the animals' tendencies to run much slower to the terminal nonreward element of the series, but transfer was clearly shown here when we shifted from 2-6-12-0 to 6-12-2-0. That is, the animals continued on the transfer test to approach the terminal element slowly, a result which we interpret as supporting the view that the rats either counted the rewarded trials and used that count to predict terminal nonreward, or they behaved on the basis of cues associated with the ordinal position of the trial.
Transfer of Training of the Biofeedback-Assisted Control of Hand Temperature
Authors: Mikulka Peter J. , Thomas Douglas , Vannetti Eric
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of prior biofeedback-assisted training of hand warming or hand cooling on the subsequent ability to train the opposite response. A two-group crossover design employed 43 subjects with one group receiving three days of hand warming followed by three days of hand cooling, while the second group received the opposite sequence. Analysis indicated subjects were able to produce the appropriate changes in hand temperature and were more successful at hand cooling than hand warming. During the transfer of training phase, subjects with prior training in hand cooling were able to produce warming above baseline levels compared with subjects initially trained to hand warm. In contrast, prior training of hand warming had no effect on the subsequent ability to cool hands.
Visuomotor Organization in the Child: A Neuropsychological Approach
Authors: Karapetsas A. , Kantas A.
Published: August 2011

The ability of children to copy a complex figure was investigated by means of the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure and the corresponding methodology. The sample consisted of 420 children (boys and girls) aged 5½ to 12½ years. Responses indicate that the visuomotor ability involved in copying a complex figure increases with increasing age and that girls show significantly better performance than boys during the ages 8½ to 12½ years. The differences in performance can be attributed to differential neuropsychological strategies or functional differences that require further investigation.
Relationships between the Digit Symbol Test and a Noncoding Motoric Equivalent in Assessments of Brain-Damaged Patients
Authors: LeFever F. Frank
Published: August 2011

For 70 rehabilitation patients aged 17 to 85 yr. mean ratios of number of symbols coded to number copied were .48 for 10 persons (16 to 19 yr.) and .47 for 60 (20 to 69 yr.) which compares with .44 for normal subjects. Coding and copying are moderately correlated, and copying may be more sensitive to brain damage.
Critical Flicker Frequency under Monocular and Binocular Conditions
Authors: Ali M. R. , Amir T.
Published: August 2011

Critical flicker frequency of 40 undergraduate students, 20 men and 20 women whose mean age was 19.3 yr., was measured under monocular and binocular viewing conditions, using the Lafayette Visual Perception Control with Display Unit. Half of the subjects received monocular treatment first and binocular treatment second, and the other half received the treatments in the reversed order. A 2-min. rest was allowed between these treatments. Analysis shows that mean CFF under the monocular condition was significantly lower than that under binocular conditions. The findings were discussed in terms of visual constraint and eye strain and fatigue under the monocular viewing condition.
Child-Rearing and Children's Empathy
Authors: Trommsdorff Gisela
Published: August 2011

The prediction of higher empathy for children whose mothers were generally more empathetic and in interaction with their children was confirmed for 15 boys and 15 girls, 5 to 6 years old, and their mothers. Teachers' ratings of children correlated significantly with several maternal variables: with empathy, frequency of mothers' articulation of prosocial goals and understanding of the child.
Survey of Volunteer Coaches
Authors: Silvestri Lynette
Published: August 2011

A survey of 38 volunteer baseball coaches indicated that, although they were experienced coaches and former athletes, their backgrounds did not include formal training in coaching. Coaching styles evolved from observing and working with other coaches. Since most respondents did not feel they were strong motivators, workshops that address this issue and other aspects of coaching are recommended.
Influence of Time of Day on Responses to the Profile of Mood States
Authors: Hill Corinne M. , Hill David W.
Published: August 2011

Total mood disturbance measured using the Profile of Mood States with the “… how you have been feeling this past week …” directional set was greater when reported in the morning than in the afternoon by 25 office workers who were 23 to 53 yr. old.
Preadolescent Religious Experience Enhances Temporal Lobe Signs in Normal Young Adults
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis was verified that an ontogenetically earlier onset of temporal lobe transients, as defined by a preadolescent religious experience, facilitates more frequent and varied temporal lobe signs in adults. Data were collected for 868 male and female university students in psychology over a 10-year period; the 19% of students who reported this early experience displayed more frequent depersonalization, beliefs in psi phenomena, sensations of presence, sensitivity to odors, widened affect, childhood imaginary playmates, and left (writing) handedness. Early experients were more likely to display confusion of boundaries between themselves, other people, and cosmic forces.
The Attache Case Combination Lock: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

A limited informal inquiry of owners of attache cases with combination locks suggests that a security-conscious populace may well not avail themselves of all of the safeguards at their disposal. In some situations, other needs, such as convenience and expediency, appear to take precedence over surety.
Videogame Experience: A Possible Explanation for Differences in Anticipation of Coincidence
Authors: Kuhlman Jolynn S. , Beitel Patricia A.
Published: August 2011

Differences in the accuracy (AE, CE) and consistency (VE) of anticipation of coincidence on the Bassin Timer were evaluated by sex, age, and videogame experience for 105 7- to 9-yr.-old children. Analyses indicated that (a) videogame experience was associated with both accuracy and consistency of anticipation of coincidence and (b) sex differences may be negated by increased videogame experience.
Subjective Pseudocyesis (False Pregnancy) and Elevated Temporal Lobe Signs: An Implication
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Twenty-two percent of 106 undergraduate university women reported symptoms of pseudocyesis: cessation of menstruation, abdominal enlargement, morning sickness, and breast changes. These women also displayed significant elevations in temporal lobe signs with particular involvement of putative right hemispheric processes. Women prone to pseudocyesis displayed more memory blanks, nocturnal akinesia, awareness of abdominal sensations, and exotic beliefs such as alien intelligence; the phenomenon was 10 times more frequent in Roman Catholic women than in Protestant women.
Development and Evaluation of Chipasat, an Attention Test for Children: II. Test-Retest Reliability and Practice Effect for a Normal Sample
Authors: Dyche Gertrude M. , Johnson David A.
Published: August 2011

The CHIPASAT (Children's Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task), developed to assess auditory-verbal attention, was administered to a sample of 70 normal school children on two occasions separated by an interval of approximately 4 weeks. A significant practice effect was found, independent of age and sex, with performance improved by approximately 20% on retest. The test-retest reliability of .90 was significant, indicating task stability. The practice effect was consistent with that reported in the literature for the adult PASAT, and reasons for this effect are discussed. Initial test raw scores on WISC—R Arithmetic and Digit Span subtests yielded low but significant correlations of .38 and .35 with CHIPASAT scores.
Effect of Color Coded Information on Students' Levels of Field Dependence
Authors: Moore David M. , Dwyer Francis M.
Published: August 2011

To assess the instructional effect of coding (black and white and color) and field dependence/field independence, 119 university students were assigned to randomly ordered treatment groups, received their respective instruction and two criterion tests measuring different educational objectives. Analyses indicate that the field dependence is an important instructional variable and that the color-coded materials were more effective in reducing achievement differences between the two groups of learners.
Altering the Strategies in Embedded-Figure and Water-Level Tasks via Instruction: A Neo-Piagetian Learning Study
Authors: Pennings Alber H.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated whether strategies on embedded-figures problems and water-level problems can be changed through instructional programs. The sample consisted of 48 boys and girls ages 7 to 8 years who were assigned to three treatment groups. One experimental condition received restructuring-in-perception training. Subjects in another experimental condition received conservation-of-horizontality training. Subjects in the control condition received no training. Analysis suggested that restructuring-in-perception training improved performance on embedded-figures problems. The improvement could be attributed to a higher percentage of solutions in the category of the simultaneous (or figurative) strategy. Also, conservation-of-horizontality training improved performance on water-level problems. The latter was dependent on structural mental attentional capacity. In spite of improvements, however, subjects' performances appeared to be task-specific rather than generalizable across tasks.
Reaction Time and Movement Time Measured in a Key-Press and a Key-Release Condition
Authors: Bjørklund Roald A.
Published: August 2011

Reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) are measured in two conditions, a key-press and a key-release condition. The latter makes a greater demand on perceptual feedback than the former. RT increases in the key-release condition and a fraction of MT denoted key-press time (KT) decreases in the key-press condition. It is argued that KT of a response button in the simple reaction-time experiment may serve as a proper measure of the motor component. The foreperiod prior to onset of the reacting stimulus affects RT, KT, and MT, suggesting that preparatory set or expectancy influences both the perceptual and motor components of simple human performance. The results indicate that the relation of RT and MT depends upon methodological conditions.
Alexithymia, Depression, and Suicidal Preoccupation
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 127 college students, alexithymia scores were associated with depression scores but, once depression was controlled statistically, not with suicidal preoccupation.
Social Anxiety and Stuttering
Authors: Kraaimaat Floor W. , Janssen Peggy , Van Dam-Baggen Rien
Published: August 2011

Social anxiety among 110 stutterers was compared with the measures of two control groups (110 social phobic patients and 110 normal persons). Results do not support the notion of social anxiety as an essential part of stuttering.
Adolescents' Learning Environments and Aspirations: Ethnic, Gender, and Social-Status Group Differences
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

Discriminant analysis was used to examine relationships between social groups, defined jointly by ethnic group membership, gender, and social-status background, and measures of adolescents' perceptions of family and school learning environments and their educational and occupational aspirations. In the sample there were 400 16-yr.-old Australians from AngloAustralian, Greek, and Southern Italian families. The findings suggest that, if adolescents are classified in social groups defined by ethnicity, gender, and social status, then there are strong social-group differences in adolescents' perceptions of learning environments and in their aspirations.
Examination of the Construct Validity of Alternative Measures of Field Dependence/Independence
Authors: Arthur Winfred , Day David V.
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between alternative measures of field dependence/independence. Two fundamental issues have centered around (a) whether field dependence/independence is a cognitive style or cognitive ability and (b) the use of multiple measures of the construct. Consistent with past research, the results tended to support a cognitive-ability interpretation but only when the Group Embedded Figures Test was the measure. Using the Portable Rod-and-Frame Test, results were more compatible with a stylistic interpretation. The implications of these findings for the operational measurement and application of the construct are discussed.
Effects of Eyerobics Visual Skills Training on Selected Performance Measures of Female Varsity Soccer Players
Authors: McLeod Bill
Published: August 2011

18 female varsity soccer players, ages 19 to 23 years, were randomly assigned to either a training or a control group. Trained subjects were exposed to the 4-wk. Eyerobics visual skills training to assess the effects on balance and on hand-eye and foot-eye coordination. Analysis indicated significantly better performance on the balance, hand-eye and foot-eye coordination (Dribble Test) tasks than by the control group, but not on the foot-eye coordination Wall-Volley Test.
The Geriatric Depression Scale and Hopelessness Index: Longitudinal Psychometric Data on Frail Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Abraham Ivo L.
Published: August 2011

We administered the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Hopelessness Index 18 times over a 39-wk. period to an initial sample of 76 old, frail, multiply impaired, and depressed nursing home residents participating in a longitudinal quasi-experimental study on the effects of cognitive group interventions on cognition, depression, hopelessness, and life satisfaction. As no changes over time were observed on the outcome variables of geriatric depression and hopelessness, the stability of the instruments' internal consistency was examined longitudinally. For the Geriatric Depression Scale, Kuder-Richardson KR-20 coefficients ranged from .69 to .88, with a mean of .82 ( SD = .05). Coefficients for the Hopelessness Index were between .72 and .86, with a mean of .80 ( SD = .04). We conclude that both instruments give reliable measurements of geriatric depression and hopelessness in old, frail, and depressed nursing home residents.
Recognition of Nonexplicitly Presented Odors
Authors: Hvastja Loredana , Zanuttini Lucia
Published: August 2011

This research was designed to check to what extent naive subjects can recognize odors in a situation similar to those of daily life. The odors were presented nonexplicitly and without any warning to memorize them for a later recognition task. Different intensities of noise were used to verify whether these affect the olfactory recognition task by modifying arousal and check whether a situation made more unpleasant by a louder noise produces changes in subjects' evaluations of the pleasantness of the odors presented. Also, subjects' personality traits were measured on extraversion-introversion and self-monitoring questionnaires. The three odors (Eucalyptolus, linalile acetate, bornile acetate) were recognized just under 50% of the time and were recognized differently. The number of recognitions did not vary significantly by sex or noise conditions; the most intense noise affected only the number of false alarms. Pleasantness scores differed only among the different odors. High self-monitoring subjects tended to have fewer recognitions; scores on extraversion-introversion produced no significant effect.
Leaders' Characteristics in Same-Sex Sport Groups: A Study of Interscholastic Baseball and Softball Teams
Authors: Klonsky Bruce G.
Published: August 2011

High school coaches rated 11 boys' varsity baseball teams ( n = 135) and 10 girls' varsity Softball teams ( n = 129) on 6-point scales adapted from Bronfenbrenner's Teacher Rating Scales and Tutko and Richard's Athletic Motivation Inventory. The best discriminators between leaders and nonleaders as defined by coaches' ratings were aspiration level, competitiveness, emotional expressiveness, daring, responsibility, acceptance, and dominance.
Residents' and Nonresidents' Preferences for Tourist Loci
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: August 2011

Preferences for tourist loci were obtained from 18 of a city's residents, 12 tourists, and 20 out-of-town students. Significant correlations were found between the preferences for the two out-of-city populations ( rs = 1.00, .86). Significant correlations were not found between residents' preferences and the preferences of the other two groups.
The Changing Sleep Habits of College Students
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: August 2011

By collating and inspecting data from previously published studies ( N = 7,958), we noted that over a 20-year period, the median hours of sleep reported by college students had dropped by one hour.
Children's Freely Produced Synonyms for Seven Key Emotions
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M. , Nicholson Holly
Published: August 2011

74 children from Grades Kindergarten, 4, and 8 were interviewed and asked to produce synonyms for seven key emotions (happy, sad, afraid, mad, comfortable, proud, guilty). Children produced more synonyms in Grades 4 and 8 than in Kindergarten, and more children from Kindergarten were unable to produce synonyms than those from the higher grades. The words guilty and proud were associated with the smallest number of synonyms while the words happy and sad were associated with the largest. At the Kindergarten level only, boys produced more synonyms than girls.
Modes of Instruction and Difficulty of the Task in Psychomotor Performance
Authors: De Mojà Carmelo A.
Published: August 2011

One independent variable which may influence performance on a psychomotor task is the mode by which subjects receive instructions. Data of Powell and Harris can be so interpreted.
Mood Alterations with a Single Bout of Physical Activity
Authors: McGowan Robert W. , Pierce Edgar F. , Jordan David
Published: August 2011

Although numerous studies have examined the relationship among affect, personality, and physical activity, results are equivocal. Critics have cited inadequate experimental designs and analyses as the bases for ambiguity. This study addressed two identified weaknesses, length of exercise regimen and improper selection of subjects. Subjects were 72 college-age students who participated in one of three 75-min. activity classes (running, karate, weight lifting) and a lecture class (control subjects). The Profile of Mood States Test was administered prior to and immediately after exercise bouts. Analyses of variance and multiple t tests indicated that participating in a single bout of exercise significantly reduced reported total mood disturbance, tension, depression, anger, and confusion.
Erroneous Processing of Arrays in Sas Version 6, Release 6.06.01
Authors: Block Robert I.
Published: August 2011

An error exists in the current version (SAS Version 6, Release 6.06.01) which does not process arrays correctly in some cases.
On a Possible Contribution to the Colour Sense by the Blur Circles on the Human Retina Caused by Chromatic Aberration
Authors: Cobb S. R.
Published: August 2011

Theories of colour vision at the receptor and neurological level, while probably sound, could be made more plausible by the existence of the system processing colour cues available in the retina. One such cue could be chromatic aberration. Using an anomaloscope colour perception was adversely affected by the absence of chromatic aberration. Two groups of 16 subjects provided data.
Effects of Extraversion and Mental Arithmetic on Heart-Rate Reactivity
Authors: Pearson Gwen L. , Freeman Frederick G.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of extraversion and task difficulty on heart-rate reactivity. 15 extraverts and 15 introverts as identified by their scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory completed mental arithmetic problems of three levels of difficulty. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that heart-rate reactivity increased as task difficulty increased. Also, introverts showed larger heart-rate reactivity to the task than extraverts. The present findings partially support Eysenck's physiological theory of extraversion in that introverted subjects were more aroused by the mental arithmetic task; however, the factors which produce such a difference are unclear.
Correlations between the Cognitive Levels Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised
Authors: Vance Hubert , Mayes Larry , Eaves Ronald
Published: August 2011

The present investigation compared the scores on the Cognitive Levels Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised of 55 children (39 boys and 16 girls) who were referred for remedial educational services. Intercorrelations among subtests of the Cognitive Levels Test and IQs on the three subscales of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised were consistently significant, positive, and of moderate magnitude.
Visual-Field Asymmetry in Face Recognition as a Function of Face Discriminability and Interstimulus Interval
Authors: Sjoberg Wayne , Gruber Barbara , Swatloski Christopher
Published: August 2011

Reaction times were measured for recognizing laterally presented faces as a function of two levels of face discriminability and three interstimulus-interval lengths between pairs of successively presented faces. Contrary to many face-recognition studies, no left visual-field/right-hemisphere advantage was observed for the recognition task. Instead, a right visual-field/left-hemisphere advantage occurred at the longest interstimulus interval (500 msec.) on trials on which faces were different and at the shortest interstimulus interval (5 msec.) on trials on which the faces were identical. It appears that visual-field asymmetries in face recognition may vary due to the characteristics of the stimuli and procedures used in face-recognition studies.
Assistive Technology for Persons with Emotional Problems
Authors: Sanders James R. , Parette Howard P.
Published: August 2011

This paper provides a review of the literature on assistive technology for people with emotional problems. Implications for service delivery systems are mentioned.
Reading, Spelling, and Recognition of Briefly Exposed Words and Nonwords
Authors: Yamada Jun , Kawamoto Noriko
Published: August 2011

Four groups distinct in terms of English reading comprehension and spelling skills were identified among 141 Japanese college students: 5 good readers and spellers, 6 good readers but poor spellers, 3 poor readers but good spellers, and 4 poor readers and poor spellers. They were then tested on instantaneous recognition of words and nonwords. Analysis showed that the recognition performance was more strongly associated with spelling than with reading comprehension. Immediate memory and “sophisticated” guessing, which were associated with spelling, were considered to be critical for the recognition task, but the hypothesis that a common processing mechanism is involved in instantaneous word recognition and spelling was rejected.
Reaction Time, Response Errors, and G
Authors: Kranzler John H.
Published: August 2011

Humphreys (1989) hypothesized that psychometric g is more highly correlated with the number of response errors on elementary cognitive tasks than with the reaction time (RT) measures themselves. Although Humphreys' hypothesis may well hold for relatively complex RT tasks, results of a recent study do not substantiate his hypothesis with regard to some of the simplest tasks. In this study, the average correlation ( r) between g and number of response errors was .05, compared to -.20 for median RT and -.23 for intraindividual differences in RT (measured as the standard deviation of RTs over trials). Even after correction for attenuation, the average r between g and errors is lower (.02) than the average correlations between g and the RT measures.
Item Relatedness and Elaborative Processing in Recall of Word Definitions
Authors: Flannagan Dorothy A. , Blick Kenneth A.
Published: August 2011

To test the effectiveness of self-reference and semantic processing when items are related and not related, 20 words were selected as members of one of four categories (Related) and 20 words were selected without category membership (Unrelated). Each word and its definition was viewed for 45 sec., and the college subjects in the Semantic condition were told to write each word in sentences using the pronouns “he,” “she,” or “it,” while subjects in the Self condition were told to use each word in sentences using the pronouns “I” or “me.” In the Related condition a category header was viewed for 45 sec. before the subjects saw the five related words. Subjects were tested after 10 min. and 1 wk. Self-referencing produced higher recall of definitions than semantic, mean recall of definitions of unrelated words was higher than that of the related words, and there was a significant drop in retention from 10 min. to 1 wk. These results support findings of previous studies which have demonstrated the facilitative effect of self-referencing; however, the results do not support the hypothesis that self-referent encoding is effective solely due to its tendency to provide an organizational structure.
Correlations among Field Dependence-Independence, Sex, Sex-Role Stereotype, and Age of Preschoolers
Authors: Chynn Emil William , Demick Jack , Garrod Andrew , DeVos Edward
Published: August 2011

Preschoolers (27 boys, mean age = 4.7 yr.; 24 girls, mean age = 4.6 yr.) were assessed for field dependence-independence (Preschool Embedded Figures Test), sex-role stereotyping (Sex-role Learning Inventory), and receptive verbal intelligence (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised). Relative to the girls, the boys were significantly less field-independent and significantly more sex-role stereotyped. After age and Peabody IQs were partialled out by multiple regression, same-sex typing in boys and cross-sex typing in girls were significant predictors of field independence. The regression analysis also suggested that, by 5.3 yr. of age, the boys as a group surpassed the girls on field independence. Limitations of the present research and educational implications of the over-all findings are discussed.
Comparison of Two Methods of Improving Dynamic Balance of Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Boswell Boni
Published: August 2011

To compare the effectiveness of a creative dance and a movement exploration program in relation, to balance performance 26 mildly and moderately mentally retarded boys and girls (ages 8 to 13 years) were randomly assigned to one of the programs. Mean ages of the subjects in the dance and movement exploration groups were 10.5 yr. and 11.1 yr., respectively. Each group received 24 lessons of 30 min. each, in the 8-wk. program. Pre- and posttest distance on six balance-beam tasks and stabilometer performance subjected to multivariate analysis of covariance indicated no significant differences.
Frequency and Intensity Effects upon Temporal and Aerodynamic Aspects of Vocal Fold Diadochokinesis
Authors: Leeper Herbert A. , Jones Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

The present study of vocal fold diadochokinesis in 18 young adult women yielded statistically significant differences in intensity (at percentiles 25%, 50%, 75% of range) of production for vowel /⁁/ repetition rate. In addition, there were statistically significant differences for vocal frequency and intensity effects for airflow rate through the vocal folds at the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile points within the functional vocal range. Clinical applications of the data axe suggested.
Discriminating Artists from Nonartists by Their Eye-Fixation Patterns
Authors: Antes James R. , Kristjanson Arlinda F.
Published: August 2011

Discriminant analysis was used to differentiate 15 artists from 15 nonartists on the basis of their eye-fixation patterns. Contributing significantly to the discriminant function were fixation densities on the less important aspects of familiar and unfamiliar paintings.
The Personality Characteristics of Internationally Ranked Female Tennis Players as Measured by the Cattell 16 PF
Authors: Gondola Joan C. , Wughalter Emily
Published: August 2011

This study was undertaken to add to understanding of the profile of the female athlete both psychologically and physiologically. 16 internationally ranked female professional tennis players were administered the Cattell 16 Personality Factor (16 PF) Questionnaire. When age was controlled in the research design (under 27 vs over 28 years old), the younger players were significantly more intelligent and experimental than the older group. When rank was controlled (above 50, below 50), no significant results were reported. Compared to the norms for the general female population, the tennis pros were significantly more reserved, more intelligent, more suspicious, and less pretentious. More information is needed to study intragroup comparisons, as well as comparisons with nonelite female athletes and elite male athletes.
Memory Psychophysics for Areas: Distortion in Natural Memory of a School Campus
Authors: Naka Makiko , Minami Kuniko
Published: August 2011

As the perceived magnitude of a stimulus is related by power function to the physical magnitude, the remembered visual areas and length are also related by power function to the actual areas and length, The main purpose of this study is to examine whether the power law is also applicable to remembered areas in natural environment, e.g., a school campus, and to its old memory. 31 junior high students and seven university undergraduates who graduated from the same junior high school seven years before were asked to draw a layout of the school campus. The areas of the school facilities and field, and other features of drawings such as the number of recalled facilities and objects, and direction of the sketch were assessed. Analysis showed that the areas remembered by the junior high subjects followed the power law while those remembered by the undergraduates did not. The divergence of exponents observed for undergraduates was accounted for by reconstruction by schema.
Attitudes toward Appropriate Clothing in Perception of Occupational Attributes
Authors: Kwon Yoon-Hee , Farber Alan
Published: August 2011

The objectives of the study were to (a) investigate college students' perceived importance of occupational attributes related to the work of salespersons, clerks, and waiters/waitresses, jobs which students themselves often hold, and (b) explore the perceived role of appropriate dress in enhancement of the perception of occupational attributes associated with these occupations. Statistical analyses of the data from 134 men and 202 women supported the notion that the importance students placed on perceived occupational attributes increased as perceived job status increased; expectations for salesperson were higher than those for clerk or waiter/waitress. The results also support the notion that appropriate dress often enhances perception of occupational attributes and especially reflects the workers' perceived professionalism, intelligence, and competence.
Visual Dominance in a Lateral Plane Motor Learning Task
Authors: Tloczynski Joseph
Published: August 2011

Visual dominance was investigated in a motor learning task with the criterion movement being in the lateral plane of the body. The criterion movement was a 10-in. abduction of the arm. All subjects received four presentation trials for the criterion movement in each of the following conditions: dominant rotated arm, dominant unrotated arm, nondominant rotated arm, and nondominant unrotated arm. Three independent groups of 10 college-age subjects differed according to sensory stimuli given during presentation trials. The Kinesthetic group was blindfolded for presentation trials. The Visual and Kinesthetic group was unblindfolded for presentation trials. The Alternating group was blindfolded on half of the presentation trials and unblindfolded on the other half. All subjects carried out five blindfolded reproduction trials for each of the four conditions. Absolute error for the length of the reproduced movements was measured and no significant difference between groups was found. This suggests that visual dominance is reduced in movements outside the frontal plane when focal vision is not used. Planned comparison testing indicated the Alternating group was significantly more accurate than the Visual and Kinesthetic group.
The Cardiac-Locomotor Coupling Phenomenon: The Contribution of Coleman
Authors: Kirby R. Lee
Published: August 2011

Cardiac-locomotor coupling (entrainment: of heart and exercise rates) has been the subject of a number of recent studies. This paper reviews the early work of W. M. Coleman who, in 1921, published the results of his observations on humans and a variety of other species. The animal studies were carried out at the London Zoological Gardens. Coleman's findings remain relevant to those studying entrainment phenomena. They also illustrate the importance and utility of careful observation.
Reported Head Injury and Sex Differences in Color Naming, Color Matching, and Digit-String Matching
Authors: Majeres Raymond L. , Demovic Angela R. , Preston Lea Ann D.
Published: August 2011

It was hypothesized that the observed sex differences on three speeded tasks could be accounted for in terms of the greater incidence of head injury in men than in women. In two studies of 64 male and 66 female college students significant sex differences were found on digit-string matching and color-matching tasks. When the data from those 39 subjects with reported histories of head injury were eliminated from the analysis or head-injury reports were statistically controlled, significant sex differences remained. Digit-string matching times were significantly correlated with reported head injury in both studies, suggesting that this test is sensitive to residual effects of head injury.
Auditory Subliminal Stimulation: A Re-Examination
Authors: Urban Michael J.
Published: August 2011

Unconscious or subliminal perception has historically been a thorny issue In psychology. It has been the subject of debate and experimentation since the turn of the century. While psychologists now agree that the phenomenon of visual subliminal stimulation is real, disagreement continues over the effects of such stimulation as well as to its existence in other sensory modalities, notably the auditory. The present paper provides an overview of unresolved issues in auditory subliminal stimulation which explains much of the difficulty that has been encountered in experimental work in this area. A context is proposed for considering the effects of auditory subliminal stimulation and an overview of current investigations in this field is provided.
Indices of Ordinal Variation
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

Properties of the index of ordinal variation ( IOV) and Leik's ordinal variation ( LOV) measure are examined. The two measures for ordinal variation are compared using numerical examples.
Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability of the Need for Cognition Scale
Authors: Sadowski Cyril J. , Gulgoz Sami
Published: August 2011

For 71 undergraduates Cronbach alphas on two administrations of the Need for Cognition Scale over 7 wk. were .91 and .92, agreeing with prior values. The test-retest correlation, .88, indicated high stability.
Rectangles May Appear to Reverse like Trapezia When They Rotate at an Uneven Rate
Authors: Cowie Roddy , Mitchell Rex , McMullen Kenneth
Published: August 2011

A 1983–1985 theory by Mitchell and Power predicts that, when rotating rectangles undergo certain kinds of speed fluctuation, they should appear to reverse just as trapezia do. The prediction is partially confirmed. One of two ‘mimic’ rectangles underwent apparent reversals more often than a control rectangle undergoing even rotation and in the same places as rotating trapezia. However, its reversal frequency was less than those of the trapezia, and a second ‘mimic’ showed an inappropriate distribution of reversals round the cycle. These anomalies call for some modification to Mitchell and Power's theory, but minor qualifications may be sufficient.
Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms in Relation to Medical/Psychiatric Problems and Life Experiences
Authors: Futterman Lori A. , Jones John E. , Miccio-Fonseca L. C. , Quigley M. E.
Published: August 2011

The Premenstrual Experience Assessment, a comprehensive questionnaire, was completed by 878 women who were currently having menstrual cycles. Their severity of premenstrual symptoms was studied in relation to demographic variables, gynecological problems, use of medications, psychiatric experience, life stressors, and duration of severity. 14 significant relationships were found. The findings are discussed both in terms of research and clinical practice.
Attenuating Necker Cube Depth Reversals
Authors: Brigner Willard L. , Deni James R.
Published: August 2011

Rapid, apparent, to-and-fro (tight-left) rotation of the Necker cube sharply reduced reversals in depth for 10 undergraduates. This finding was considered consistent with the satiation theory of Necker cube reversals.
Resting Cardiovascular Activity and Antisocial Behavior in Essential and Reactive Alcoholic Men
Authors: Braggio John T. , Pishkin Vladimir , Parsons Oscar A. , Fishkin Steven M. , Tassey John R.
Published: August 2011

This study showed that 10 men identified as Essential alcoholics had significantly lower resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures and significantly higher scores on Latcham's measure of antisocial behavior than 11 Reactive alcoholics. For all alcoholics the antisocial measure was positively correlated with the total score on the Rudie-McGaughran questionnaire. Also, the antisocial measure was negatively correlated with diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. If lower resting cardiovascular activity were a psychophysiological indicator of more antisocial behavior, change on both variables could be associated with initiation and maintenance of alcoholic drinking by Essential alcoholic men.
An Empirical Study of the Sybervision Golf Videotape
Authors: Austin Stanley , Miller Laurence
Published: August 2011

A number of studies have shown observational learning to be a powerful tool to facilitate acquisition of various athletic skills. The present study examined the efficacy of the commercially produced SyberVision golf videotape as a teaching aid to facilitate acquisition of the proper golf swing. One group of 10 introductory golf students saw the SyberVision tape. A control group of 10 reported on a golf-instruction book. Two raters judged their golf swings during pre- and posttests. A single blind procedure was used to prevent biased judging. Analysis showed a significant improvement with practice or instruction, but no significant effect of viewing SyberVision. Several possibly important variables are discussed which could bear directly on Syber-Vision's effectiveness.
Controllability of the Slant in Simple and Multiple Strategies for Disguising Handwriting
Authors: Halder-Sinn Petra , Wegener Kerstin
Published: August 2011

Disguising the slant of one's handwriting is a fairly simple exercise; however, in handwriting copies the slant often diverges significantly from that of the model. In this study 36 subjects had to disguise their normal writing slant and up to two other characteristics of their handwriting simultaneously. The likelihood of the divergence of the slant from the model grew with the increasing difficulty of the disguising task: the slant tended towards uprightness, as is also found in handwriting copies.
Physical and Psychosocial Benefits of Modified Judo Practice for Blind, Mentally Retarded Children: A Pilot Study
Authors: Gleser Jorge M. , Nyska Meir , Porat Shlomo , Margulies Joseph Y. , Mendelberg Hava , Wertman Eliahu
Published: August 2011

A modified form of judo training was practiced by a class of 7 blind, mentally retarded children with associated neuropsychiatric disturbances. The biweekly training program lasted for 6 months. Analysis indicated improvements in physical fitness, motor skills, and psychosocial attitude. The authors concluded that a modified form of judo can be used as a therapeutic, educational, and recreational tool for multiply handicapped children.
Neuropsychological Correlates for Realism-Abstraction, a Dimension of Aesthetics
Authors: Kettlewell Neil , Lipscomb Sara
Published: August 2011

240 undergraduates were shown 50 color slides of paintings representing ten areas of subject matter and five levels of realism. The subjects rated from 1 to 9 their liking of each painting and then took the Cognitive Laterality Battery. Individuals with clear preference for realism formed one group and those showing clear preference for abstraction formed a second. A multivariate analysis of variance for subjects' Cognitive Laterality Battery scores showed a significant interaction, which may be interpreted as supporting the idea that there is a possible neuropsychological basis for the realism-abstraction preference dimension in aesthetics.
Human Figure Drawings as Estimates of Intelligence for Adolescents in an Inpatient Psychiatric Unit
Authors: Atlas J. A. , Miller A. L.
Published: August 2011

For 38 black adolescents, psychiatric inpatients between the ages of 11.8 and 15.9 yr., the correlation for the scores on the Point Scale and the Quality Scale of the Goodenough Draw-A-Person was .76, indicating Harris' norms for the Quality Scale provide a fairly adequate screening estimate of intelligence.
Changes in Body Consciousness Relate to Regularity of Exercise Training
Authors: Skrinar Gary S. , Williams Nancy I. , Bullen Beverly A. , McArthur Janet W. , Mihok Nicole
Published: August 2011

Previous work has indicated improvement for scores on self-reported measures of body consciousness as aerobic fitness increased. To test whether exercise sufficient to improve aerobic fitness must be sustained on a regular basis to achieve positive changes in body consciousness, two separate periods of exercise training of 2 or 3 weeks duration were completed by nine female volunteers. The two exercise sessions were separated by 10 days of no exercise. Five women, as controls, did not exercise. Despite significant physiological improvement in the exercisers, no changes in self-perceived body self-consciousness were observed. Such changes may depend on the maintenance of a regular exercise regimen or the magnitude of physiological improvement.
Relationship between Psychomotor Functioning and Health Status among Elderly Persons?
Authors: Salmoni A. W. , Guay M.
Published: August 2011

45 older adults were tested twice per year for three years in a 9 (psychomotor) by 30 (health status, well-being) matrix of variables. That only 84 significant correlations were found suggests no relationship between psychomotor performance and health status.
Perceived Clothing Deprivation: Further Evidence
Authors: Francis Sally K , Browne Beverly
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to extend the conceptualization of perceived clothing deprivation among three groups of adolescents: 161 skateboarders, 61 baseball players, and 336 general high school students. Perceived clothing deprivation, the dependent variable, was measured by two previously developed scales, Inability to Buy and Clothing Deprivation Relative to Peers. Regression analysis of self-reported economic stress indicated that the combination of lower income and increased demand was positively related to both clothing deprivation factors. Group membership was not significantly associated with Inability to Buy but was with Clothing Deprivation Relative to Peers. Both male sports groups reported greater perceived dissatisfaction than the general population of high school students. These results support the idea that perceived clothing deprivation is self-defined and peer-dependent among adolescents and support the proposition that clothing deprivation reflects primarily influence of dynamic rather than stable variables.
The Threat of War and Religion in Primitive Societies
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 50 primitive societies, the amount of threat of armed attack from other societies coded by Swanson in 1984 was not correlated with 6 dimensions of religious belief.
Comparison of Empirically Derived and Predicted Standard Scores for Form II of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
Authors: Wong Jane L. , Schefft Bruce K. , Moses James A.
Published: August 2011

Until Wong, Schefft, and Moses published norms for Form II of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery in 1990, Golden, Purisch, and Hammeke's 1985 regression equations were the only procedure available to interpret scores on Form II of the battery. In the present study comparison of the empirically based norms with standard scores obtained via the regression equations showed that (1) the scale means and standard deviations used in the development of the regression equations indicated substantially more impairment than those obtained by Wong, et al. and (2) the standard ( T) scores predicted by the regression equations consistently underestimated impairment relative to the T scores obtained directly from Wong, et al.'s empirically derived norms. Reasons for, and implications of, these findings were discussed.