bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serous Retinal Detachment Resolution Following Trabeculectomy in a Patient with Sturge–Weber Syndrome
Authors: Barbosa Gabriel Castilho Sandoval , Susanna Bianca Nicolela , Okuno Regis Kassai , Junior Remo Susanna
Published: July 2021

Purpose:

To report a case of Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS) complicated with uncontrolled glaucoma and serous retinal detachment (SRD) in the left eye that evolved with complete resolution after trabeculectomy.

Methods:

We report the case of a 10-year-old boy with SWS complicated with uncontrolled glaucoma and SRD in the left eye. In primary evaluation, he presented with a left-sided nevus flammeus affecting upper eyelid and best corrected visual acuity of 20/50 on the affected eye. Fundus examination revealed glaucomatous optic nerve neuropathy and diffuse choroidal hemangioma with overlying SRD, which were confirmed with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Right eye was unremarkable.

Results:

The patient underwent trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C on the affected eye. Two weeks later, he presented with normalization of the intraocular pressure and substantial resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF), which improved to complete resolution of the SRD at 2 months of follow-up. In addition, there was an improvement of visual acuity from 20/50 to 20/40.

Conclusion:

This is the first report to describe a case of SWS associated with SRD and resolution of SRF after trabeculectomy.
Prepapillary Arterial Loop Associated with Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Authors: Susanna Bianca Nicolela , Barbosa Gabriel Castilho Sandoval , de Almeida Luciana , Neto Julio Zaki Abucham
Published: July 2021

Purpose:

To report a case of central retinal artery (CRA) occlusion secondary to prepapillary loop in a 13-year-old girl.

Methods:

A 13-year-old girl presented with a history of sudden visual loss in her left eye.

Results:

Fundus examination confirmed thrombosis in a prepapillary arterial loop causing CRA occlusion and extensive retinal ischemia. Macular region was watered by an anomalous macular branch, which explained her 20/20 vision central vision.

Conclusion:

Congenital prepapillary vascular loops are rare and usually asymptomatic. We report a case of central artery occlusion confirmed by multimodal imaging.
Characteristics of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy without Leakage
Authors: Parameswarappa Deepika C , Maltsev Dmitrii S , Goud Abhilash , Singh Sumit Randhir , Chhablani Jay
Published: July 2021

Purpose:

To describe optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) without any hyperfluorescent leakage on fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA).

Methods:

This was a multicentric, retrospective, observational study of ten eyes of ten patients with CSCR without any hyperfluorescence leakage on FFA. Baseline patient characteristics, best corrected visual acuity, and OCT parameters like relative retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) reflectivity at the presumed leak site and control site were measured.

Results:

Increased macular thickness, neurosensory detachment, and choroidal thickness were seen at the site of maximum subretinal fluid (SRF). Out of ten eyes, nine had photoreceptor outer segment (PROS) disruption (46% ± 26.33%) at the site of SRF pocket, and five had presumed former leak site characterized by PROS thinning. The presumed leak site demonstrated higher RPE reflectivity compared to the control site (0.92 ± 0.04 vs. 0.87 ± 0.04; P = 0.0058).

Conclusion:

CSCR without hyperfluorescent leakage on FFA may have PROS damage and changes in RPE hyperreflectivity.
Revision of discharge limit of gross beta activity to the aquatic environment based on public dose estimation
Authors: Singh Hukum , Goel Teena , Kadwad Vijay B. , Mukherjee Pradip
Published: July 2021

Low-level liquid effluents generated from Regional Centre, Board of Radiation, and Isotope Technology (BRIT), Delhi, are generally discharged to the aquatic environment after suitable treatment (delay, decay, and dilution for short-lived radionuclides) conforming the regulatory compliance as authorized by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai. The Regional Center, BRIT-Delhi is generating the liquid effluents containing short-lived radionuclides 99Mo (T1/2−66.7 h) and 99mTc (T1/2−6.02 h) and also long-lived radionuclide 99Tc (T1/2−2.13 × 105 years) from the production of ready to use 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals as human injectable product. This liquid waste generated during the washing of radioactive contaminated glassware is inorganic in nature and is stored in 02 number of sump tanks (capacity 50 m3 each) for delay and decay of short-lived radionuclides. The center has also planned to produce and supply 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals in future. There is a possibility that some of these radionuclides may reach the drinking water by various natural pathways. The presence of radionuclides in the drinking water above certain level may result in radiation dose to the public through the ingestion pathways. The observance of prescribed radionuclide concentration in waste water, total activity limits, and other basic safety requirements stipulated by the regulatory body help to minimize the public radiation dose. This article is an effort to derive the annual discharge limit for gross β activity at Regional Center, BRIT-Delhi to the aquatic environment of an inland site based on the drinking water standard limits prescribed by the World Health Organization. This article also discusses the effective dose received by the actual discharge of radioactive liquid effluent from the Regional Center, BRIT-Delhi.
Development of a desktop radiation monitoring system
Authors: Thakur Vaishali M. , Jain Amit , Sawant Pravin , Ashokkumar P. , Chaudhari L. M. , Chaudhury Probal
Published: July 2021

This article presents the design and development of a digital desktop gamma radiation monitoring system using Geiger–Muller tube detector and microcontroller. The radiation detector, battery, signal processing circuits, and the microcontroller board are housed inside a tabletop wooden model with an analog watch and a digital display of radiation dose rate. The alarm level has been set at 1 μSv/h and indicated through buzzer and LED. The system has been calibrated using 137Cs standard source and has a sensitivity of 0.7364 cps/μSv/h. This model can be displayed on any table/desk or kept near a doorway to continuously monitor background radiation level, without drawing public attention, to detect any movement or presence of radiation source.
Planning, preparedness, and response to nuclear/radiological emergency
Authors: Saindane Shashank S. , Murali S. , Dhole Sanjay D. , Karmalkar N. R. Karmalkar
Published: July 2021

Planning and preparedness for response to any kind of radiation emergency are an evolving and dynamic assignment with expertise developed over a period of time. The lessons learnt in this specialized field are from the past/reported emergencies, guiding documents available on response to radiation emergencies in national/international arena, worldwide security scenario on the use of nuclear and other radioactive material including attempted malicious usage and requirements of national/international regulatory framework. The above sources help us to evolve the planning, preparedness, build response capability, and periodic revision in overall capabilities. Response planning is to mitigate the consequences of nuclear emergency – a low probability, high impact scenario at the sites/general public living in the vicinity of operating nuclear facilities, and radiological emergency – a moderate probability, low impact scenario at any locations in public domain due to typical initiating scenarios – although could be different, most of our radiation emergency response centers, developed, revised to respond to any such challenges and response procedures are evolved, set. This article on planning, preparedness for response to radiation emergency describes the present level of planning and response capability by Department of Atomic Energy, India.
Soplicowo nad Jarkonem. Próba portretu zbiorowego polskich uchodźców wojennych w Tel Awiwie (1940−1948)
Authors: Patek Artur
Published: July 2021

Soplicovo over Yarkon. A G roup Portrait of Polish War Refugees in Tel Aviv (1940−1948)

In 1939–1948, an important center of Polish pro-independence emigration emerged in Tel Aviv. In January 1945 2,291 Polish civilian war refugees resided there (6,718 in all of the Holy Land). Palestine was at the time a Mandatory Territory of the League of Nations, governed by Great Britain.
The refugees created a community which differed from the local one. It had clear distinguishing features – it included a large percentage of ill and lonely persons who required care; it had a high rate of feminization, an atypical social and occupational structure (a high percentage of intelligentsia and freelance professions), and a varied ethnic and religious composition. The refugees included many members of pre-war elites, people of culture and politicians.
The majority of the Poles declared their attachment to national values. However, this was also accompanied by negative phenomena – political divisions and internal feuds. The unlikelihood of returning home in the near future led to frustration. In some people, war experiences weakened ethical and moral standards; some came into conflict with the law.
The lot of the Poles from Tel Aviv showed all problems of pro-independence emigration: (1) an interest in politics pervaded their lives; (2) material concerns caused increasing worry; (3) awareness of having no say in changing the political situation in the homeland.
Modele przemian politycznych w regionie Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej
Authors: Wojnicki Jacek
Published: July 2021

Models of Political Changes in the Region of Central and Eastern Europe

The article discusses the issues of transformation processes in Central and Eastern Europe. The analysis took many factors into account: geographical, historical, political, political, social and economic. Internal and external premises decided about the course of political and political changes initiated at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s. Classical political theories about the Transition to democracy were included. A research hypothesis was put forward that the traditions of democratic political institutions have a positive impact on the pace and extent of consolidation of the democratic system.
NVA a upadek muru berlińskiego
Authors: Kochnowski Roman
Published: July 2021

Nva and the fall of the Berlin Wall

Contrary to the arrangements from Potsdam, the remilitarization of both German states began as early as 1950. In 1956 the East German army was officially created under the name of the National People’s Army. The NVA was organized into four branches: Ground Forces (Landesstreitkräfte), Navy (Volksmarine), Air Force (Luftstreitkräfte) and Border Troops (Grenztruppen). In the years 1956–1990 they were the third largest (after the Soviet and Polish army) armed forces of the Warsaw Pact. As in other armies of the Eastern Bloc, the NVA was subject to strict party control. However, when the Berlin Wall was overthrown, this army remained a passive observer of events. After the reunification of Germany, only a few of its officers and soldiers were taken over by the Bundeswehr.
Gazimestan 28 czerwca 1989 roku – frazeologia przemówienia Slobodana Miloševicia
Authors: Żurek Piotr
Published: July 2021

Gazimestan June 28, 1989 – Phraseology of the Speech of Slobodan Milošević

In 2019, the thirtieth anniversary of the famous speech of Slobodan Milošević delivered on the day of St. Vitus (Vidovdan) on June 28, 1989, on 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo, was marked. This speech was considered ominous and as an announcement of a future bloody war by many citizens of Yugoslavia and, above all, Albanians and Croats. The author of the article undertook to analyze this speech in terms of phraseology.
Bilateral relations with the republic of /North/ Macedonia as an element of Bulgarian regional policy after 1989
Authors: Kaytchev Naoum
Published: July 2021

The article begins with a re-evaluation of the often neglected importance of 1989 developments in Skopje that inaugurated the subsequent transition of Yugoslav Macedonia leading to its transformation into an independent republic. The text argues that the outcome of the often overlooked congress of the League of Communists of Macedonia in late November 1989 dismantled a small break out of the pan-European Berlin Wall that autumn. After 1989 Bulgaria maintained a policy aimed at limiting and the non-proliferation of the conflict from the dissolving Yugoslav federation and contributed to the stabilization of the former Yugoslav and wider region. One of the most sensitive aspects of Sofia’s regional policy was that towards Skopje. The article offers evidence and argues that Bulgaria’s approach since 1989 went through different phases but nonetheless was based on three key constant principles: first, support for the independence and for the statehood of the new Republic of Macedonia; second, the countering and dismantling of Macedonianism (in its ‘Yugoslav’ and ‘antiquated’ versions alike) both as a provocative construct of history and as Skopje’s foreign policy practice; third, seeking of solutions within the wider EU and NATO framework and support for the Republic of /North/ Macedonia’s integration into NATO and EU structures.
Dyplomacja czechosłowacka wobec sytuacji w Polsce w 1989 roku
Authors: Rychlík Jan
Published: July 2021

Czechoslovak Diplomacy in the Face of the Situation in Poland in 1989

In 1989, the diplomacy of communist Czechoslovakia watched the political changes in communist Poland moving towards democratization with care and concern. However, due to the passive attitude of the Gorbachev ruler in Moscow, Prague did not intend to take any practical steps towards creating a political bloc proposed by Romania that could stop systemic changes in Poland. Despite the announcement of support for Polish communists, Prague chose to isolate Czechs and Slovaks from Poland and Poles and limit her own reforms to the economic sphere. It also did not open the border with Poland closed in 1981 for individual movement.
Diagnostic possibilities of lactase deficiency in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Roslavtseva Elena A. , Sokolov Ina , Simonova Olga I. , Bushueva Tatiana V. , Borovik Tatiana E. , Smirnov Ivan E. , Chernevich Vera P. , Lokhmatov Maksim M.
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Children with cystic fibrosis often have gastrointestinal symptoms despite properly selected primary therapy and pancreatic substitution therapy. A possible reason is lactase deficiency. Aim is to determine the frequency of lactase deficiency in children with cystic fibrosis and the need for appropriate dietary correction of their diets. Materials and methods. In 213 children with cystic fibrosis, during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in biopsies of the small intestinal mucosa 359 rapid tests, «Lactose intolerance quick test” were performed. According to the results of an express test, some patients diagnosed with hypolactasia to determine their tolerance to lactose underwent a glycemic load test with lactose and measured the level of fecal calprotectin to assess the level of faecal calprotectin the degree of chronic intestinal inflammation. Results. Normal lactase activity was observed in 129 (36%) biopsies studied, moderate hypolactasia in 91 (25%) biopsies, severe hypolactasia in 139 (39%) biopsies. In patients with moderate hypolactasia, according to the express test results, 20% confirmed intolerance to lactose as a result of the load test. In patients with severe hypolactasia, 72% were confirmed to be lactose intolerant, according to the results of an express test. There was no correlation between the level of calprotectin and the results of the glycemic load test with lactose. Conclusion. Lactase deficiency is observed in a significant proportion of patients with cystic fibrosis, which may be a consequence of primary adult hypolactasia and chronic intestinal inflammation. In children with cystic fibrosis with dyspeptic symptoms persisted despite correctly prescribed basic therapy and pancreatic enzymes, it is necessary to exclude lactose intolerance and prescribe a low-lactose diet.
The significance of genetic verification of the diagnosis for children with a dilated phenotype of cardiomyopathy with non-compact myocardium and increased trabecularity
Authors: Sdvigova Natalia A. , Basargina Elena N. , Savostyanov Kirill V. , Pushkov Aleksandr A. , Zharova Olga P.
Published: July 2021

Purpose: to compare the course of the disease in the dilated phenotype of cardiomyopathy with a non-compact myocardium and increased trabecularity, verify the molecular genetic diagnosis using the new generation sequencing method, and study the segregation of nucleotide variants in families. Materials and methods. The study included 50 patients, divided into two groups: 27 patients with a dilated phenotype of cardiomyopathy and non-compact myocardium and 23 patients with a dilated phenotype and increased trabecularity. Changes in the laboratory and instrumental parameters, events and outcomes were analyzed. The massively parallel sequencing of a panel of genes developed at the National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (81 genes) was applied. For data processing, the IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 application package was used for bioinformatic analysis and assessment of the pathogenicity of the identified nucleotide variants, the Russian guidelines for interpreting human DNA nucleotide data, Alamut software and the HGMD Professional database were used. Results. Following a year of therapy for chronic heart failure in DF CMP patients, the content of terminal natriuretic peptide in the blood of patients with increased trabecularity was found to decline significantly. In patients in both groups, myocardial contractility improved and left ventricular end-diastolic size decreased. Significant nucleotide variants when using the cardiopanel were verified in 85% of cases in patients with non-compact myocardium and 91% in patients with increased trabecularity. At the same time, predictors of poor prognosis and severe course of cardiomyopathy were identified - pathogenic variants c.2647G>A in the MYH7 gene, c.688G>A in the TPM1 gene, c.2350C> T in the CACNA1C gene. In one clinical case, when laminopathy was detected, a cardioverter-defibrillator was installed as prophylaxis for sudden death. In addition, 18 families were examined, 3 cases of de novo mutation were identified, confirming the high frequency of asymptomatic and low-symptom carriers of nucleotide variants. Conclusion. The determination of the molecular and genetic cause of the dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype allows optimizing the management tactics of sick children. Furthermore, the identification of family segregation of mutations with the identification of carriers ensures timely monitoring by specialists.
The risk factors and progression of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants
Authors: Dyumin Igor I. , Balakireva Elena A. , Yaroshevich Elena A. , Sevostyanov Aleksey I. , Nikolaenko Igor V.
Published: July 2021

The number of premature babies, including those with extremely low birth weight (ELBW), is steadily growing every year. In surviving ELBW infants, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) more often develops, which has a more severe course, depending not only on the degree of immaturity and somatic burden of premature babies but also on the quality of nursing. The aim of this work is to determine the risk factors for ROP progression in profoundly premature ELBW infants to optimize the tactics of their treatment. Materials and methods. We studied the case histories of 155 surviving premature ELBW infants with ROP of various stages treated in perinatal centres of the Belgorod region in 2014-2019. Results. In premature ELBW infants, ROP of varying severity was found to be diagnosed in 90% of cases. The anamnesis of the mothers of the examined patients with moderate and severe ROP was dominated by unfavorable preceding pregnancies (miscarriages, silent miscarriage and ectopic pregnancies, medical abortions).The need for preterm infants in mechanical ventilation was established to depend on the severity of ROP and the duration of mechanical ventilation (p < 0.05). Frequent, not always justified red blood transfusions leading to the replacement of fetal haemoglobin with adult haemoglobin are also essential factors in ROP progression.
Features of kidney damage in endocrine diseases in children
Authors: Kutsenko Lyudmila V. , Vyalkova Albina A. , Zorin Igor V.
Published: July 2021

The purpose of the work is to determine the clinical and pathogenetic markers of secondary kidney damage in endocrine diseases in children to optimize the diagnosis of secondary nephropathies. Materials and methods. We examined 120 children with endocrinopathies aged 3 to 17 years: with secondary kidney damage in type 1 diabetes mellitus (25), exogenous constitutional obesity (20), autoimmune thyroiditis (15) and 60 children with endocrine diseases without kidney damage. All children underwent a clinical and paraclinical examination with an assessment of the endocrine and nephrological status: determination of the parameters of the lipid spectrum, glycemic profile, indicators of daily monitoring of blood pressure and the functional state of the kidneys. Results. Structural and functional parameters of the kidneys in patients with secondary nephropathies in endocrine diseases are characterized by: impaired echographic parameters of the kidneys and a decrease in intrarenal hemodynamics; increased blood pressure and hyperfiltration increased albuminuria/proteinuria in combination with dyslipidemia (increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerides, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), impaired carbohydrate metabolism (increased glycated haemoglobin levels, impaired glucose tolerance). Conclusion. The optimization of the diagnosis of secondary nephropathies in endocrine diseases in children is discussed based on the determination of a complex of clinical and pathogenetic factors that affect the formation of kidney pathology in children with endocrine diseases.
Features of the course of new coronavirus infection in newborns and first-year infants
Authors: Kharitonova Natalya A. , Basargina Milana A. , Illarionova Mariya S. , Nesterovich Marina I.
Published: July 2021

The aim of the study was to assess the features of the course of new coronavirus infection in newborns and children of the first year of life. Materials and methods. Thirty-six children aged eight days to 11 months were hospitalized in the covid centre of the National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health (of which nine children were transferred from one of the surgical hospitals in Moscow due to the contact with SARS-CoV-2). Results. Despite severe concomitant surgical pathology in 25% of patients, 98% of children had mild to moderate disease. Febrile temperature (up to a maximum of 39 oC) was observed in 4 infants, sub-febrile temperature in 5 people. In other children, for the entire period of treatment, there was no increase in temperature. Mothers’ complaints about lethargy dominated the clinical picture of the disease, followed by refusal to eat, runny nose, sneezing, swallowing voice, coughing, shortness of breath in their children. During the examination, the following signs were revealed: yawn hyperemia, mucous separated from the nose, hard breathing and dry wheezing (in 1 infant). The general blood test showed anemia (mostly related to prematurity anemia, or iron deficiency anemia), leftward leukocytosis (due to concomitant surgical pathology), leukopenia, various changes in the leukocytic formula of blood. In some instances, thrombocytopenia increased in D-dimer C-RP, procalcitonin, ferritin, bilirubin, and alanine aminotransferase. In only six infants with a moderate disease course, changes characteristic of a new coronavirus infection were identified on the chest CT scan. Six infantas had rhythm disorders detected in electrocardiographic examination (no deviations were found in echocardiographic examination). Conclusion. According to both foreign literature and data obtained during our study, it can be concluded that, compared with adults, infants have a milder course of the disease and less pronounced changes obtained during laboratory and instrumental studies.
Pompe disease in a five-year child
Authors: Shashel Viktoriya A. , Firsova Violetta N. , Trubilina Marina M.
Published: July 2021

Aim. To demonstrate a clinical case of orphan hereditary disease from the group of lysosomal storage diseases - Pompe disease (glycogenosis type II) in a five-year child. Materials and methods. Anamnestic data, clinical and laboratory parameters and treatment of a five-year child with Pompe disease. The patient was observed in the gastroenterological department of the Children’s Regional Clinical Hospital. Results. Child admitted with complaints of muscle weakness, difficulty climbing stairs, rare headaches. According to his history, his mother turned to the pediatrician about the prolonged course of a respiratory infection. An outpatient examination revealed a significant increase in the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Viral hepatitis was excluded. The child was hospitalized in a hospital for further examination with hepatitis, unspecified etiology (non-infectious). Examination of the child revealed a lag in physical development, muscle hypotension, hepatomegaly, liver dysfunction, and increased total creatine phosphocanase and IgE. A decrease in the activity of acid α-1,4-glucosidase in the spot of dried blood was determined according to tandem mass spectrometry and gene mutations GAA DNA diagnostic method. Diagnosed with Pompe disease (glycogenosis type II). Myopathic syndrome. The treatment with the genetic engineering enzyme-substituting drug Mayozayme was started at a dose of 20 mg/kg, intravenously, once every two weeks. Conclusion. Pompe disease is a rare pathology characterized by a low frequency of prevalence and polymorphism of clinical manifestations, complicating the diagnosis. Timely diagnosis of the disease and the earliest possible appointment of pathogenetic therapy are required to improve patients’ quality of life, slow down the progression of the disease, and prevent the development of life-threatening complications.
Democratization, Parliamentary Power, and Belligerency: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: CHE AFA'ANWI
Published: July 2021

Research linking democratization, institutional strength, and war prescribes the construction of strong central government institutions prior to mass elections as a prime mechanism for mitigating the danger of international belligerency associated with democratization. However, institutional analysis of the democratization – war linkage skews institutional strength measures in favour of the executive, overlooking the other arms of government. Drawing on Côte d’Ivoire’s 2010 – 2011 internationalized post-election civil conflict, which was largely engendered by excessive executive powers and limited legislative leverage, this paper quantitatively evaluates the effect state legislatures bear on the democratization – war linkage. The evaluations yield at least some evidence for the postulated influence of state legislatures. Thus, whilst heeding extant scholarly recommendations for strengthening state institutions, foreign policies promoting liberal democracy should ensure the ultimate institutional configuration of power in aspirant democracies favours parliaments over executives for more auspicious outcomes.
Appraising positive aspects of shared history through contact- A preliminary model of reconciliation among Hindus and Muslims of the Kashmir Valley
Authors: Majumdar Sramana
Published: July 2021

The long-standing political conflict in the Kashmir Valley has resulted in identity based polarization and subsequent displacement of communities. Reconciliation between Hindus (also known as Pandits) and Muslims is viewed as an important step in any sustainable effort towards conflict resolution and peacebuilding in the Valley. This paper begins by examining the much debated territorial and cultural concept of ‘Kashmiriyat’ and instead proposes an alternative lens that emphasizes on shared history as opposed to common identity. We approach reconciliation through a socio-psychological lens by examining the role of a shared cultural past and historical coexistence- or simply put as shared history, as a positive resource that can be appraised by facilitating intergroup contact through certain channels. The possible impediments are discussed and future directions have been outlined. The conclusion emphasizes on the need to focus on intra-communal reconciliation in populations suffering from ongoing intractable conflict, and the necessary need for future research to focus on elements like shared history and collective memory that can be essential in post conflict recovery.
Rethinking Baloch Secularism: What the Data Say
Authors: Fair C. , Hamza Ali
Published: July 2021

Since 1947, Baloch have resisted inclusion into the Pakistan and have waged several waves of ethno-nationalist insurgency against the state. Scholars and Baloch nationalist leaders alike generally assert that Baloch are more secular than other Pakistanis, more opposed to the political Islamist policies pursued by the state, and less supportive of Islamist militancy in the country. However, these claims lack empirical support. We employ data derived from a large national survey of Pakistanis from 2012 to evaluate these conventional wisdoms. Contrary to claims in the literature, we find that Baloch resemble Pakistanis generally with few important exceptions.
Toward a Buddhist Theory of Conflict Transformation: From Simple Actor-Oriented Conflict to Complex Structural Conflict
Authors: Arai Tatsushi
Published: July 2021

This paper presents a working theory of conflict transformation informed by Buddhist teachings. It argues that a Buddhist approach to conflict transformation consists of an integrated process of self-reflection on the roots and transformation of suffering (dukkha), on the one hand, and active relationship-building between parties, on the other. To overcome a deeply structural conflict in which parties are unaware of the very existence of the conflict-generating system in which they are embedded, however, Buddhist-inspired practice of conflict transformation requires building structural awareness, which is defined as educated consciousness capable of perceiving a complex web of cause and effect relationships in which one’s well-intended action can inadvertently generate the suffering of others. A Buddhist approach to the transformation of structural conflict builds on such awareness. This approach advocates for constructing social systems and practices that actively and continuously promote compassion (karuna), nonviolence (ahimsa), and creative problem-solving. These insights presented in this paper build on thirty-seven interviews with experienced Asian Buddhist practitioners, mostly Burmese, as well as four Buddhist workshops that examined the author’s main argument. Given its unique focus, this paper contributes to diversifying and globalizing the discourses of peace and conflict studies outside the prevailing mode of western thinking.
The Nation as Corporation: British Colonialism and the Pitfalls of Postcolonial Nationhood in Nigeria
Authors: Maiangwa Benjamin , Dan Suleiman Muhammad , Arthur Anyaduba Chigbo
Published: July 2021

This article re-examines the British colonial policy of indirect rule in Nigeria. Moving away from extant scholarly attention on this colonial policy that focuses on governance through local or native authorities, we focus rather on British colonial rule through imperial companies. We argue that the British colonist did not conceive of or organize “Nigeria” as a “nation”, rather it was administered as a business enterprise in which the Crown depended on companies to “govern” its Nigerian colonies. Accordingly, the idea of the nation as a business enterprise defined its subjects and resources in ways that produced problematic notions of nationhood imagined in corporate terms. The net effect of this dimension of indirect rule through imperial companies is that “Nigeria” has remained imagined and governed not as a nation-state but as a corporation. We suggest that the challenges of postcolonial nationhood in Nigeria derive impetus largely from this conception and management of colonial Nigeria as a corporation. Our aim is to conceptualize the colonial corporatization of Nigeria, and describe the ensuing patterns of violent relations in its postcolony.
An Alternative to Violence in Education
Authors: Savard Michelle
Published: July 2021

It is imperative that transformative educators understand how education can be manipulated to serve political and authoritarian agendas and to recognize its subtle manifestations in order to reshape education for the purposes of fostering peace, cooperation and acceptance. Bush and Saltarelli (2000) assert that in its extremes, education can have “two faces”. It can be used as a tool to stimulate political unrest, foster hatred, justify violence and promote inequities; or in the case of peace education, facilitate the reconstruction of fragile states. Yet peace education programs continue to be criticized for their lack of rigorous evaluations largely by those demanding adherence to a positivist paradigm. This paper puts forward the conditions and a methodology that will increase the likelihood of program success and suggests that peace educators need to measure the social action taken by program recipients as well as gains made in knowledge, skills and attitudes.
"Home" in Peace and Conflict Studies: A Site of Resistance and of Reform
Authors: Watson Ali
Published: July 2021

This article aims to examine one aspect of the "local" that has been little considered in IR: the concept of home and its significance as a place of meaning and as a site of resistance. Existing studies of the concept of home in other disciplines include their study as "profound centers of human existence" in human geography and as the place of "many cultural practices that forge social memory." More recently, the plight of refugees has thrown into sharp relief both the need for an examination of home and its current under-theorization. After a wider examination of the meaning of home and in particular the significance of home in an IR context, this article will examine the construction of home in everyday life and its potential use as a site of resistance before analyzing the significance of this analysis to the wider field of IR.
Can Mystical Peace Contribute to Global Peace?
Authors: Gan Peter
Published: July 2021

Testimonial reports of mystics highlight an experience of peace in the midst of their mystical encounters, despite claiming that these encounters resist description. What I intend to do is to explore ways in which mystical peace, in combination with several principal features of the mystical life, is able to afford some special means in the initiation and building of peace in the world. These special or unique means rest on the distinctive traits of what mysticism harbors; traits such as infinity, all-encompassingness, ultimacy, and paradox.
Words and Power in Conflict: Rwanda Under MRND Rule
Authors: Moore Allan
Published: July 2021

Rwanda under the rule of President Juvenal Habyarimana and the MRND government was a de facto totalitarian governed society, and throughout Habyarimana’s twenty-one year rule, it has been established that there was clear propaganda and hatred directed toward those citizens identified as Tutsi through their national identification records. This article examines the effects of centralized power harbored by Habyarimana and the MRND during this time utilizing a theoretical framework based on the intersection of complementary theory from Foucault, Dahl and Weber. The methodology includes a novel critical discourse analysis (CDA) of transcribed speeches delivered by Habyarimana and Leon Mugesera, as well as a short ethnography of the author’s own experience of visiting memorial sites in Rwanda. Conclusions are reached that bring in analysis of Popper’s Paradox of Tolerance and argue that contrary to some opinion on the matter, it is not unreasonable to expect a degree of restriction of free speech under a limited set of circumstances when a society such as Rwanda’s has suffered previous mass extreme victimization as a result of past abuse of the power-knowledge-discourse relationship.
The Paradox of Power in Conflict Dynamics
Authors: Rothbart Daniel
Published: July 2021

In recent decades the political state has been implicated in genocide, mass violence, political oppression, and targeted deprivations. Yet, in the field of conflict analysis, the meaning of state “power over” in conflict settings is under-theorized. In this article I probe the conceptual depths of state power to show that such power is neither singular nor simple. It’s neither ahistorical nor asocial. Beneath the surface of the state’s wide-ranging practices of governing its political subjects is a fundamental paradox that juxtaposes the state’s authority as the rightful authority over its subjects against the state’s vulnerability to potentially de-stabilizing threats to such authority. Critical to the meaning of state power, this paradox is revealed in an entanglement of contrary forces of state legitimation and its de-legitimation by threatening forces. Such an entanglement is illustrated in the state’s power to protect the nation from aggressors, to enact laws, and to manage its political subjects. The paradox implies that state power is fundamentally conflictual and, as a result, suited perfectly for analysis by scholar-practitioners in our field.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Power and Conflict
Authors: Rothbart Daniel
Published: July 2021

This Special Issue of Peace and Conflict Studies focuses on the power dynamics that drive participants of protracted violent conflicts. Such dynamics undergird every act of brute force by militants of such conflicts, every state policy that diminishes the lives and life prospects of marginalized people, and every public speech by a political leader that degrades a segment of the population as inferior, dangerous or impure. Despite the ubiquity of power to violent conflicts generally, this subject matter lacks primacy as a central topic of prevailing conflict theories. Power is cast tacitly as secondary to the cardinal categories of violence, conflict and peacebuilding. This subordinate positioning is mistaken. A robust understanding of protracted violent conflicts requires attending to power’s complexity, its many forms, and its inseparability in the interactions and potential transformation of conflict actors.
Interracial Dialogues in Dixie: Expressing Emotions to Promote Racial Reconciliation
Authors: Brooks Jeneve , Everhardt Sharon , Earnest Samantha , Dinc Imren
Published: July 2021

Given the legacy of racial injustice and mistrust that continues to plague race relations in the United States, it is important that citizens of different racial backgrounds come together to share their feelings and thoughts about race issues in order to advance racial reconciliation in their own communities. Saunders (1999) asserts that such dialogues can transform interracial relationships that could inspire the larger community to change itself. This study presents the results of nine interracial focus groups from two dialogues on race relations events held in Dothan, Alabama in 2015 and 2016. Our findings illustrate that many Black respondents displayed both anger and sadness as they provided stories of the institutionalized racism (e.g., racial profiling, educational inequality, residential segregation, etc.) as well as the more personalized racism that they had experienced. White respondents too demonstrated anger and sadness when relating their own experiences of strained race relations. This mixed-methods study also employed API analysis to further strengthen our original qualitative exploration of emotions. We argue that interracial dialogues can hold the potential for racial reconciliation as participants’ stories elucidate our most intransient race problems while also highlighting the emotions that connect discussants through the dialogic process.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ РЕЖИМОВ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ
СОУСОВ НА СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ВИТАМИНА С ДЛЯ ФИРМЕННОГО
БЛЮДА «ЗОЛОТО БАЛТИКИ»
Authors: Горшкова А.В. , Белова М.П.
Published: July 2021

В статье приведены результаты исследования по установлению режима тепловой обработки облепихового соуса к фирменному блюду «Золото Балтики», при котором происходит максимальное сохранение экстрагируемого витамина С. Показана технологическая схема

фирменного блюда и его схематическое представление. Обоснован выбор ингредиентов рецептуры для облепихового соуса. Определено количество витамина С в замороженной облепихе, не подвергшейся тепловой обработке, что составляет 96 % от количества аскорбиновой кислоты в свежих плодах. Рассчитаны потери аскорбиновой кислоты при выбранных режимах тепловой обработки, количество витамина С в порции соуса и процент удовлетворения суточной потребности в данном витамине. Доказано, что порция облепихового соуса (30 г) обеспечивает суточную потребность в витамине С для взрослого человека на 42,6 %.
РАЗРАБОТКА ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КАРАМЕЛИ С НАЧИНКОЙ
ПОВЫШЕННОЙ ПИЩЕВОЙ ЦЕННОСТИ
Authors: Павлова Э.С. , Землякова Е.С.
Published: July 2021

Представлен способ приготовления карамели с начинкой, обогащенной

биологически активными веществами растений, которые способствуют укреплению

иммунитета за счет содержания витамина С и биофлавоноидов.

В статье представлены результаты исследования предпочтений жителей

г. Калининграда и Калининградской области при выборе кондитерских изделий. Путем

моделирования и оптимизации рецептуры и параметра процесса экстрагирования

определены оптимальные значения факторов, влияющих на процесс приготовления

карамели с начинкой. Приведены данные оценки качества готового продукта по

органолептическим и физико-химическим показателям, произведен расчет показателей,

повышающих его пищевую ценность. Разработаны профилограммы вкуса и запаха для

нового продукта.
Epidemiología delcáncer de ovario en el hospital nacional de clínicas. Universidad nacional de córdoba, 2014-2020.
Authors: Guerrero Claudia , Pelliccioni Patricia , Brunotto Mabel Brunotto , Imahorn Julieta , Saavedra Natalia , Ruggieri María E , Cabalier María Elisa Dionisio
Published: July 2021

Introducción: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir características anatomopatológicas, imagenológicas y clínicas de pacientes diagnosticadas de cáncer de ovario (CO) del Hospital Nacional de Clínicas (HNC) dependiente de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) entre 2014 a 2020. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo. Basado en la revisión de 26 historias clínicas de pacientes diagnosticadas de tumores sólidos de ovario, las muestras se colorearon con técnicas de hematoxilina-eosina y se utilizaron los inmuno marcadores ck7, ck20, EMA, cd20. De este grupo se detectó y estudió un caso con diagnóstico de CO.

Resultados: En la serie de tumores estudiados la mediana etaria correspondió a 63 años. La ocurrencia de CO en este estudio fue 3,8%. La imagenología evidenció compromiso poliorgánico y los subtipos histológicos establecieron el pronóstico. Conclusión: La interpretación de los resultados debe tener en cuenta: clínica, imagenología, histología e inmunohistoquímica. Dado lo complejo del diagnóstico el consejo genético cobra importancia.
Analisis Konsumsi Daya Mobil Listrik Dengan Penggerak Motor Brushed DC
Authors: Hendra Rusaldi , Yadie Erry , Arbain Arbain
Published: July 2021

Abstrak- Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsumsi daya pada mobil listrik yang menggunakan mesin penggerak motor brushed DC. Dengan diketahui konsumsi dayanya pada kecepatan konstan tertentu dan kapasitas baterai yang digunakan, maka dapat dihitung jarak maksimum yang dapat ditempuh.  Pada penelitian ini digunakan motor Brushed DC 1000 Watt sebagai penggerak utama. Untuk sumber energy digunakan baterai berjenis Lead Acid dengan kapasitas 48 Volt 30 Ampere hour (Ah). Untuk mengendalikan kecepatan digunakan pedal throttle yang menggunakan hall sensor. Keluaran sensor dihubungkan dengan Arduino Uno yang berfungsi untuk mengendalikan rangkaian driver. Untuk mengukur tegangan suplai, konsumsi arus, dan kecepatan motor, masing-masing menggunakan sensor tegangan (opto coupler dan pembagi tegangan), sensor arus (ACS712), dan sensor kecepatan (Phototransistor dan resistor). Hasil pengukuran diproses oleh dua buah Arduino yang kemudian mengirimkan data ke laptop malalui transceiver LoRa. Dengan alat ukur buatan sendiri yang mempunyai toleransi kesalahan di bawah 3 % dibanding alat ukur referensi, diperoleh hasil bahwa untuk mendapat kecepatan konstan 4 m/s diperlukan tambahan daya sebesar 11 % dibanding pada kecepatan 2 m/s.  Tetapi dengan kapasitas baterai yang sama, dan tambahan daya 11 % tersebut, jarak yang ditempuh mencapai hampir dua kali lipat yang dapat ditempuh dengan kecepatan 2 m/s.
An Experimental Investigation on Dew Drain Water for Drinking Purpose
Authors: Vijayakumar M. , Krishnakumar Dr.P. , Athipathy M.
Published: July 2021

Now a day the drinking water quantity is day by day going down due to some environmental conditions or climatic changes and water scarcity. The groundwater level also decreased in the summer season in comparing to other weather conditions. Generally, the water demand per day is 133per capita. In desert regions or low groundwater level areas the water consumption is very low and usage is also reduced. Minimizing water problems recycled water is used for plantation, garden works, construction work; etc.., So this reason the water saving is important and innovation is needed for the usage of water for any purpose, mainly needed to drinking. This project deals with the dew drain water analysis for drinking purposes. The characteristics of dew drain water match the natural water as per BIS.
Organizational Effectiveness through HRD
Authors: Mohan Addanki Murali , Kalpana Dr. Koneru
Published: July 2021

Organizations face challenges while they live in a dynamic and competitive environment because of day to day competition. The effectiveness of a business constitutes its ability to perform a function with optimal levels of input and output. Improving organizational effectiveness is a sober concern for any organization as a matter of existence. This has to be achieved through implementation of important organizational effectiveness elements or factors. Enhancing organizational effectiveness is the key for success of business and consequently employees are expected to increase the efficiency of their work environment. Fundamentally, this paper offers a framework for improving organizational effectiveness. The findings revealed that essential elements are to be identified right from the employment and deployment of employees along with related aspects viz: physical resources, money, community development, legal aspects and also survival in the competitive business which has shown significant effect on Organizational Effectiveness.