Radioactivity control strategy for the JUNO detector
Authors:   The JUNO collaboration, Abusleme Angel , Adam Thomas , Ahmad Shakeel , Ahmed Rizwan , Aiello Sebastiano , Akram Muhammad , An Fengpeng , An Qi , Andronico Giuseppe , Anfimov Nikolay , Antonelli Vito , Antoshkina Tatiana , Asavapibhop Burin , de André João Pedro Athayde Marcondes , Auguste Didier , Babic Andrej , Baldini Wander , Barresi Andrea , Basilico Davide , Baussan Eric , Bellato Marco , Bergnoli Antonio , Birkenfeld Thilo , Blin Sylvie , Blum David , Blyth Simon , Bolshakova Anastasia , Bongrand Mathieu , Bordereau Clément , Breton Dominique , Brigatti Augusto , Brugnera Riccardo , Bruno Riccardo , Budano Antonio , Buscemi Mario , Busto Jose , Butorov Ilya , Cabrera Anatael , Cai Hao , Cai Xiao , Cai Yanke , Cai Zhiyan , Cammi Antonio , Campeny Agustin , Cao Chuanya , Cao Guofu , Cao Jun , Caruso Rossella , Cerna Cédric , Chang Jinfan , Chang Yun , Chen Pingping , Chen Po-An , Chen Shaomin , Chen Xurong , Chen Yi-Wen , Chen Yixue , Chen Yu , Chen Zhang , Cheng Jie , Cheng Yaping , Chetverikov Alexey , Chiesa Davide , Chimenti Pietro , Chukanov Artem , Claverie Gérard , Clementi Catia , Clerbaux Barbara , Conforti Di Lorenzo Selma , Corti Daniele , Cremonesi Oliviero , Dal Corso Flavio , Dalager Olivia , De La Taille Christophe , Deng Jiawei , Deng Zhi , Deng Ziyan , Depnering Wilfried , Diaz Marco , Ding Xuefeng , Ding Yayun , Dirgantara Bayu , Dmitrievsky Sergey , Dohnal Tadeas , Dolzhikov Dmitry , Donchenko Georgy , Dong Jianmeng , Doroshkevich Evgeny , Dracos Marcos , Druillole Frédéric , Du Shuxian , Dusini Stefano , Dvorak Martin , Enqvist Timo , Enzmann Heike , Fabbri Andrea , Fajt Lukas , Fan Donghua , Fan Lei , Fang Jian , Fang Wenxing , Fargetta Marco , Fedoseev Dmitry , Fekete Vladko , Feng Li-Cheng , Feng Qichun , Ford Richard , Formozov Andrey , Fournier Amélie , Gan Haonan , Gao Feng , Garfagnini Alberto , Giammarchi Marco , Giaz Agnese , Giudice Nunzio , Gonchar Maxim , Gong Guanghua , Gong Hui , Gornushkin Yuri , Göttel Alexandre , Grassi Marco , Grewing Christian , Gromov Vasily , Gu Minghao , Gu Xiaofei , Gu Yu , Guan Mengyun , Guardone Nunzio , Gul Maria , Guo Cong , Guo Jingyuan , Guo Wanlei , Guo Xinheng , Guo Yuhang , Hackspacher Paul , Hagner Caren , Han Ran , Han Yang , Hassan Muhammad Sohaib , He Miao , He Wei , Heinz Tobias , Hellmuth Patrick , Heng Yuekun , Herrera Rafael , Hor YuenKeung , Hou Shaojing , Hsiung Yee , Hu Bei-Zhen , Hu Hang , Hu Jianrun , Hu Jun , Hu Shouyang , Hu Tao , Hu Zhuojun , Huang Chunhao , Huang Guihong , Huang Hanxiong , Huang Wenhao , Huang Xin , Huang Xingtao , Huang Yongbo , Hui Jiaqi , Huo Lei , Huo Wenju , Huss Cédric , Hussain Safeer , Ioannisian Ara , Isocrate Roberto , Jelmini Beatrice , Jen Kuo-Lun , Jeria Ignacio , Ji Xiaolu , Ji Xingzhao , Jia Huihui , Jia Junji , Jian Siyu , Jiang Di , Jiang Xiaoshan , Jin Ruyi , Jing Xiaoping , Jollet Cécile , Joutsenvaara Jari , Jungthawan Sirichok , Kalousis Leonidas , Kampmann Philipp , Kang Li , Karaparambil Rebin , Kazarian Narine , Khan Waseem , Khosonthongkee Khanchai , Korablev Denis , Kouzakov Konstantin , Krasnoperov Alexey , Kruth Andre , Kutovskiy Nikolay , Kuusiniemi Pasi , Lachenmaier Tobias , Landini Cecilia , Leblanc Sébastien , Lebrin Victor , Lefevre Frederic , Lei Ruiting , Leitner Rupert , Leung Jason , Li Demin , Li Fei , Li Fule , Li Haitao , Li Huiling , Li Jiaqi , Li Mengzhao , Li Min , Li Nan , Li Nan , Li Qingjiang , Li Ruhui , Li Shanfeng , Li Tao , Li Weidong , Li Weiguo , Li Xiaomei , Li Xiaonan , Li Xinglong , Li Yi , Li Yufeng , Li Zhaohan , Li Zhibing , Li Ziyuan , Liang Hao , Liang Hao , Liao Jiajun , Liebau Daniel , Limphirat Ayut , Limpijumnong Sukit , Lin Guey-Lin , Lin Shengxin , Lin Tao , Ling Jiajie , Lippi Ivano , Liu Fang , Liu Haidong , Liu Hongbang , Liu Hongjuan , Liu Hongtao , Liu Hui , Liu Jianglai , Liu Jinchang , Liu Min , Liu Qian , Liu Qin , Liu Runxuan , Liu Shuangyu , Liu Shubin , Liu Shulin , Liu Xiaowei , Liu Xiwen , Liu Yan , Liu Yunzhe , Lokhov Alexey , Lombardi Paolo , Lombardo Claudio , Loo Kai , Lu Chuan , Lu Haoqi , Lu Jingbin , Lu Junguang , Lu Shuxiang , Lu Xiaoxu , Lubsandorzhiev Bayarto , Lubsandorzhiev Sultim , Ludhova Livia , Luo Fengjiao , Luo Guang , Luo Pengwei , Luo Shu , Luo Wuming , Lyashuk Vladimir , Ma Bangzheng , Ma Qiumei , Ma Si , Ma Xiaoyan , Ma Xubo , Maalmi Jihane , Malyshkin Yury , Mantovani Fabio , Manzali Francesco , Mao Xin , Mao Yajun , Mari Stefano M. , Marini Filippo , Marium Sadia , Martellini Cristina , Martin-Chassard Gisele , Martini Agnese , Mayer Matthias , Mayilyan Davit , Mednieks Ints , Meng Yue , Meregaglia Anselmo , Meroni Emanuela , Meyhöfer David , Mezzetto Mauro , Miller Jonathan , Miramonti Lino , Montini Paolo , Montuschi Michele , Müller Axel , Nastasi Massimiliano , Naumov Dmitry V. , Naumova Elena , Navas-Nicolas Diana , Nemchenok Igor , Nguyen Thi Minh Thuan , Ning Feipeng , Ning Zhe , Nunokawa Hiroshi , Oberauer Lothar , Ochoa-Ricoux Juan Pedro , Olshevskiy Alexander , Orestano Domizia , Ortica Fausto , Othegraven Rainer , Pan Hsiao-Ru , Paoloni Alessandro , Parmeggiano Sergio , Pei Yatian , Pelliccia Nicomede , Peng Anguo , Peng Haiping , Perrot Frédéric , Petitjean Pierre-Alexandre , Petrucci Fabrizio , Pilarczyk Oliver , Piñeres Rico Luis Felipe , Popov Artyom , Poussot Pascal , Pratumwan Wathan , Previtali Ezio , Qi Fazhi , Qi Ming , Qian Sen , Qian Xiaohui , Qian Zhen , Qiao Hao , Qin Zhonghua , Qiu Shoukang , Rajput Muhammad Usman , Ranucci Gioacchino , Raper Neill , Re Alessandra , Rebber Henning , Rebii Abdel , Ren Bin , Ren Jie , Ricci Barbara , Robens Markus , Roche Mathieu , Rodphai Narongkiat , Romani Aldo , Roskovec Bedřich , Roth Christian , Ruan Xiangdong , Ruan Xichao , Rujirawat Saroj , Rybnikov Arseniy , Sadovsky Andrey , Saggese Paolo , Sanfilippo Simone , Sangka Anut , Sanguansak Nuanwan , Sawangwit Utane , Sawatzki Julia , Sawy Fatma , Schever Michaela , Schwab Cédric , Schweizer Konstantin , Selyunin Alexandr , Serafini Andrea , Settanta Giulio , Settimo Mariangela , Shao Zhuang , Sharov Vladislav , Shaydurova Arina , Shi Jingyan , Shi Yanan , Shutov Vitaly , Sidorenkov Andrey , Šimkovic Fedor , Sirignano Chiara , Siripak Jaruchit , Sisti Monica , Slupecki Maciej , Smirnov Mikhail , Smirnov Oleg , Sogo-Bezerra Thiago , Sokolov Sergey , Songwadhana Julanan , Soonthornthum Boonrucksar , Sotnikov Albert , Šrámek Ondřej , Sreethawong Warintorn , Stahl Achim , Stanco Luca , Stankevich Konstantin , Štefánik Dušan , Steiger Hans , Steinmann Jochen , Sterr Tobias , Stock Matthias Raphael , Strati Virginia , Studenikin Alexander , Sun Shifeng , Sun Xilei , Sun Yongjie , Sun Yongzhao , Suwonjandee Narumon , Szelezniak Michal , Tang Jian , Tang Qiang , Tang Quan , Tang Xiao , Tietzsch Alexander , Tkachev Igor , Tmej Tomas , Treskov Konstantin , Triossi Andrea , Troni Giancarlo , Trzaska Wladyslaw , Tuve Cristina , Ushakov Nikita , van den Boom Johannes , van Waasen Stefan , Vanroyen Guillaume , Vassilopoulos Nikolaos , Vedin Vadim , Verde Giuseppe , Vialkov Maxim , Viaud Benoit , Vollbrecht Moritz Cornelius , Volpe Cristina , Vorobel Vit , Voronin Dmitriy , Votano Lucia , Walker Pablo , Wang Caishen , Wang Chung-Hsiang , Wang En , Wang Guoli , Wang Jian , Wang Jun , Wang Kunyu , Wang Lu , Wang Meifen , Wang Meng , Wang Meng , Wang Ruiguang , Wang Siguang , Wang Wei , Wang Wei , Wang Wenshuai , Wang Xi , Wang Xiangyue , Wang Yangfu , Wang Yaoguang , Wang Yi , Wang Yi , Wang Yifang , Wang Yuanqing , Wang Yuman , Wang Zhe , Wang Zheng , Wang Zhimin , Wang Zongyi , Waqas Muhammad , Watcharangkool Apimook , Wei Lianghong , Wei Wei , Wei Wenlu , Wei Yadong , Wen Liangjian , Wiebusch Christopher , Wong Steven Chan-Fai , Wonsak Bjoern , Wu Diru , Wu Fangliang , Wu Qun , Wu Zhi , Wurm Michael , Wurtz Jacques , Wysotzki Christian , Xi Yufei , Xia Dongmei , Xie Xiaochuan , Xie Yuguang , Xie Zhangquan , Xing Zhizhong , Xu Benda , Xu Cheng , Xu Donglian , Xu Fanrong , Xu Hangkun , Xu Jilei , Xu Jing , Xu Meihang , Xu Yin , Xu Yu , Yan Baojun , Yan Taylor , Yan Wenqi , Yan Xiongbo , Yan Yupeng , Yang Anbo , Yang Changgen , Yang Chengfeng , Yang Huan , Yang Jie , Yang Lei , Yang Xiaoyu , Yang Yifan , Yang Yifan , Yao Haifeng , Yasin Zafar , Ye Jiaxuan , Ye Mei , Ye Ziping , Yegin Ugur , Yermia Frédéric , Yi Peihuai , Yin Na , Yin Xiangwei , You Zhengyun , Yu Boxiang , Yu Chiye , Yu Chunxu , Yu Hongzhao , Yu Miao , Yu Xianghui , Yu Zeyuan , Yu Zezhong , Yuan Chengzhuo , Yuan Ying , Yuan Zhenxiong , Yuan Ziyi , Yue Baobiao , Zafar Noman , Zambanini Andre , Zavadskyi Vitalii , Zeng Shan , Zeng Tingxuan , Zeng Yuda , Zhan Liang , Zhang Aiqiang , Zhang Feiyang , Zhang Guoqing , Zhang Haiqiong , Zhang Honghao , Zhang Jiawen , Zhang Jie , Zhang Jin , Zhang Jingbo , Zhang Jinnan , Zhang Peng , Zhang Qingmin , Zhang Shiqi , Zhang Shu , Zhang Tao , Zhang Xiaomei , Zhang Xuantong , Zhang Xueyao , Zhang Yan , Zhang Yinhong , Zhang Yiyu , Zhang Yongpeng , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Yumei , Zhang Zhenyu , Zhang Zhijian , Zhao Fengyi , Zhao Jie , Zhao Rong , Zhao Shujun , Zhao Tianchi , Zheng Dongqin , Zheng Hua , Zheng Minshan , Zheng Yangheng , Zhong Weirong , Zhou Jing , Zhou Li , Zhou Nan , Zhou Shun , Zhou Tong , Zhou Xiang , Zhu Jiang , Zhu Kangfu , Zhu Kejun , Zhu Zhihang , Zhuang Bo , Zhuang Honglin , Zong Liang , Zou Jiaheng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

JUNO is a massive liquid scintillator detector with a primary scientific goal of determining the neutrino mass ordering by studying the oscillated anti-neutrino flux coming from two nuclear power plants at 53 km distance. The expected signal anti-neutrino interaction rate is only 60 counts per day (cpd), therefore a careful control of the background sources due to radioactivity is critical. In particular, natural radioactivity present in all materials and in the environment represents a serious issue that could impair the sensitivity of the experiment if appropriate countermeasures were not foreseen. In this paper we discuss the background reduction strategies undertaken by the JUNO collaboration to reduce at minimum the impact of natural radioactivity. We describe our efforts for an optimized experimental design, a careful material screening and accurate detector production handling, and a constant control of the expected results through a meticulous Monte Carlo simulation program. We show that all these actions should allow us to keep the background count rate safely below the target value of 10 Hz (i.e. ∼1 cpd accidental background) in the default fiducial volume, above an energy threshold of 0.7 MeV.