bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Projection‐Based Additive Manufacturing: A Data‐Driven Image Planning Method for Subpixel Shifting in a Split Second
Authors: Zhou Chi , Xu Han , Chen Yong
Published: July 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a digital manufacturing process that can directly convert a computer‐aided design model into a physical object in a layer‐by‐layer manner. Due to the additive and discrete nature of the digital manufacturing process, AM needs to find a trade‐off between process resolution and production efficiency. Traditional AM processes balance the resolution and efficiency by tuning the processes either in the temporal domain (e.g., higher speed in serial processes) or in the spatial domain (e.g., more tools in parallel processes). To improve the resolution without sacrificing efficiency, a data‐driven mask image planning method based on subpixel shifting in a split second by tuning the process in both temporal and spatial domains is presented. The method is based on the optimized pixel blending principle and a fast error diffusion‐based optimization model. Various simulation and experimental tests are carried out to verify the developed subpixel shifting method. The experimental results demonstrate the data‐driven‐based mask image calibration and planning techniques significantly improve the fabricated part quality without compromising the process efficiency. The presented spatiotemporal strategy may shed light for future research on the projection‐based AM processes.
Ein neutrales Beryllium(I)‐Radikal
Authors: Czernetzki Corinna , Arrowsmith Merle , Fantuzzi Felipe , Gärtner Annalena , Tröster Tobias , Krummenacher Ivo , Schorr Fabian , Braunschweig Holger
Published: July 2021

Durch die Reduktion eines cyclischen Alkyl(amino)carben (CAAC)‐stabilisierten Organoberylliumchlorids konnte das erste neutrale Berylliumradikal erhalten werden, welches durch EPR‐, IR‐ und UV/Vis‐Spektroskopie, Röntgenkristallographie und DFT‐Rechnungen charakterisiert wurde.
Boosting activity, thermostability, and lifetime of iron ethylene polymerization catalysts through gem‐dimethyl substitution and incorporation of ortho‐cycloalkyl substituents
Authors: Zhang Randi , Han Mingyang , Oleynik Irina V. , Solan Gregory A. , Oleynik Ivan I. , Ma Yanping , Liang Tongling , Sun Wen‐Hua
Published: July 2021

Six types of ferrous chloride complex, [2‐(ArN=CMe)‐8‐(ArN)‐7,7‐Me2C9H6N]FeCl2 (Ar=2‐(C5H9)‐6‐MeC6H3 Fe1, 2‐(C6H11)‐6‐MeC6H3 Fe2, 2‐(C8H15)‐6‐MeC6H3 Fe3, 2‐(C5H9)‐4,6‐Me2C6H2 Fe4, 2‐(C6H11)‐4,6‐Me2C6H2 Fe5, 2‐(C8H15)‐4,6‐Me2C6H2 Fe6), each bearing a gem‐dimethyl‐substituted N,N,N‐chelating ligand that differs in the ortho‐cycloalkyl ring size and para‐substituent of the N‐aryl groups, are disclosed. All complexes have been prepared by a straightforward one‐flask route and characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In the case of Fe1, oxidation to form the oxo‐bridged diferric species [2‐(2‐(C5H9)‐6‐MeC6H3N=CMe)‐8‐(2‐(C5H9)‐6‐MeC6H3N)‐7,7‐Me2C9H6N]FeCl(μ‐O)FeCl3 (Fe1') has been demonstrated and its structural identity confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Following treatment with either methylaluminoxane (MAO) or modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO), Fe1–Fe6 exhibited optimal catalytic activities at 60°C for ethylene polymerization [up to 2.35 × 107 g of PE (mol of Fe)−1 h−1 for Fe1/MMAO] producing linear polyethylene; even over prolonged run times, high activities were maintained. Moreover, this family of iron catalysts exhibited remarkable thermostability by displaying appreciable activity at temperatures as high as 100°C [activity up to 7.8 × 106 g of PE (mol of Fe)−1 h−1]. By varying the ring size of the ortho‐cycloalkyl and para‐R2 group (R2 = H, Me), excellent control over molecular weight of the polyethylenes could be achieved with values in the range 1.4–67.8 kg mol−1 obtainable. In addition, end‐group analysis of the polymers generated with Fe/MAO or Fe/MMAO revealed that both β‐H elimination and chain transfer to aluminum are competitive processes during chain termination.
Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study on the delivery of some common drugs by ZIF‐67, ZIF‐90, and ZIF‐8 zeolitic imidazolate frameworks
Authors: Sun Xiaodong , Keywanlu Maryam , Tayebee Reza
Published: July 2021

Anti‐seizures have been frequently used for a long time. Most of these antiepileptic drugs, which are used on a daily basis, are central nervous system depressants, and their excessive use damages the respiratory system. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired therapeutic goals, avoiding side effects and drug interactions, it is very important to use targeted medications. Among the metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), ZIF nanoparticles have several advantages such as smooth capillary flow and the slow release of drugs, circulating and preventing increased drug concentrations in plasma. Gabapentin, levetiracetam, phenytoin, and valproate are effective drugs in the treatment of epilepsy. In this investigation, the zeolitic imidazolate frameworks ZIF‐67, ZIF‐90, and ZIF‐8 are used as carriers for the above drugs, and their loading processes are evaluated. Among these MOFs, the highest loading values are attained in the case of ZIF‐8. Therefore, the latter MOF is synthesized via a new simple method and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Also, the release of these drugs was measured from the pores of ZIF‐8, and the slow release of these drugs indicated that the framework could be used as a suitable carrier for a wide range of antiepileptic drugs. Finally, the in vitro cytotoxicity of gabapentin‐ZIF‐8 against Hep‐G2 liver cancer cells was investigated by MTT assay. This study confirmed a significant decrease in the MTT signal compared with the untreated cells, so the drug‐loaded ZIF‐8 could reduce the metabolic activity of cancer cells. Therefore, this nanoparticle can be used as a carrier for the delivery of the studied drugs.
Zum Einfluss der Lageimperfektionen auf das Tragverhalten von HZ/AZ‐Wänden bei Belastung aus Wasserüberdruck
Authors: Chrzanowski Maciej , Gregor Oliver , Matos Rui , Prüm Cécile , Zillgen Heiko , Hechler Oliver
Published: July 2021

Das HZ/AZ‐System wird weltweit als effiziente und robuste Stützwandlösung, vorzugsweise für Kaimauern im Hafenbau und als Stützwand bei tiefen Baugruben, eingesetzt. Diese Form einer kombinierten Wand wird aus der wechselweisen Anordnung von HZ‐M‐Profilen als Tragpfähle mit AZ‐Profilen als Füllbohlen gebildet. Wird eine kombinierte Wand durch einen hohen Wasserüberdruck belastet, so ist dies für das Tragverhalten der Wand von Bedeutung. Die endgültige Lage der Tragpfähle führt zu einer tatsächlichen Wandgeometrie, die den Spannungszustand und somit auch das Tragverhalten der durch Wasserüberdruck beanspruchten Wandelemente beeinflusst. Zulässige Imperfektionen für das Einbringen einer kombinierten Spundwand werden zwischen den Vertragsparteien vereinbart. In diesem Beitrag werden Untersuchungen zur Auswirkung von Einbringimperfektionen auf das Tragverhalten sowie ein Modell zur Abschätzung des aufnehmbaren Wasserüberdrucks der Füllbohlen von HZ‐M/AZ‐kombinierten Wänden unter Berücksichtigung von Einbringimperfektionen vorgestellt.
Cellulosic glycols: an integrated process concept for lignocellulose pretreatment and hydrogenolysis
Authors: te Molder Thimo D. J. , Kersten Sascha R. A. , Lange Jean‐Paul , Ruiz M. Pilar
Published: July 2021

Lignocellulose is the most abundant source of saccharides and it is therefore a promising feedstock for glycols, such as ethylene‐glycol, via catalytic hydrogenolysis of the polysaccharides that it contains. However, this catalytic hydrogenolysis step is hampered by the presence of lignin and other biomass contaminants, such as ash, which need to be removed in a pretreatment step. We propose an organosolv‐like pre‐treatment that can delignify and de‐ash lignocellulose to a level that allows it to be upgraded to glycol with comparable yields to pure cellulose under demanding hydrogenolysis conditions. This work identifies the main design constraints of the integrated process and provides an initial experimental validation of it. Pretreatment of biomass in water/ethanol/acetic acid solutions at 180–200 °C can reduce the lignin content of the solid residue to ≤6 wt%. The addition of an organic acid, such as acetic acid, appears important to improve the removal of the recalcitrant Ca2+, which is a known inhibitor of the tungstate catalyst typically used in this process. The pretreatment medium is designed to use the by‐product(s) of the process as organic solvent, to reduce the need for fresh solvent input. However, the process still needs a high solvent recovery (between 93.5 and 99.9 wt%). This can be achieved by selecting volatile component as organic solvent, as it allows recovery by evaporation from the dissolved lignin and ashes. © 2021 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Methods for enzyme library creation: Which one will you choose?
Authors: Alejaldre Lorea , Pelletier Joelle N. , Quaglia Daniela
Published: July 2021

Enzyme engineering allows to explore sequence diversity in search for new properties. The scientific literature is populated with methods to create enzyme libraries for engineering purposes, however, choosing a suitable method for the creation of mutant libraries can be daunting, in particular for the novices. Here, we address both novices and experts: how can one enter the arena of enzyme library design and what guidelines can advanced users apply to select strategies best suited to their purpose? Section I is dedicated to the novices and presents an overview of established and standard methods for library creation, as well as available commercial solutions. The expert will discover an up‐to‐date tool to freshen up their repertoire (Section I) and learn of the newest methods that are likely to become a mainstay (Section II). We focus primarily on in vitro methods, presenting the advantages of each method. Our ultimate aim is to offer a selection of methods/strategies that we believe to be most useful to the enzyme engineer, whether a first‐timer or a seasoned user.
Predictive role of diffusion‐weighted whole‐body MRI (DW‐MRI) imaging response according to MY‐RADS criteria after autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma and combined evaluation with MRD assessment by flow cytometry
Authors: Belotti Angelo , Ribolla Rossella , Cancelli Valeria , Villanacci Alberta , Angelini Valentina , Chiarini Marco , Giustini Viviana , Facchetti Giulia V. , Roccaro Aldo M. , Ferrari Samantha , Peli Annalisa , Bottelli Chiara , Cattaneo Chiara , Crippa Claudia , Micilotta Monica , Frittoli Barbara , Grazioli Luigi , Rossi Giuseppe , Tucci Alessandra
Published: July 2021

Background

Diffusion‐weighted whole‐body MRI (DW‐MRI) is increasingly used in the management of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, but data regarding the prognostic role of DW‐MRI imaging response after treatment are lacking. The Myeloma Response Assessment and Diagnosis System (MY‐RADS) imaging recommendations recently proposed the criteria for response assessment category (RAC) with a 5‐point scale in order to standardize response assessment after therapy, but this score still needs to be validated.

Methods

We investigated the prognostic role of RAC criteria in 64 newly diagnosed MM patients after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), and we combined the results of MY‐RADS with those of minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment by multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC).

Results

Superior post‐ASCT PFS and OS were observed in patients with complete imaging response (RAC1), with respect to patients with imaging residual disease (RAC≥2): median PFS not reached (NR) versus 26.5 months, p = 0.0047, HR 0.28 (95% CI: 0.12–0.68); 3‐year post‐ASCT OS 92% versus 69% for RAC1 versus RAC ≥2, respectively, p = 0.047, HR 0.24 (95% CI: 0.06–0.99). Combining MRD and imaging improved prediction of outcome, with double‐negative and double‐positive features defining groups with excellent and dismal PFS, respectively (PFS NR vs. 10.6 months); p = 0.001, HR 0.07 (95%CI: 0.01–0.36).

Conclusion

The present study supports the applicability of MY‐RADS recommendations after ASCT; RAC criteria were able to independently stratify patients and to better predict their prognosis and the combined use of DW‐MRI with MFC allowed a more precise evaluation of MRD.
Hyperemic hemodynamic characteristics of serial coronary lesions assessed by pullback pressure gradients
Authors: Candreva Alessandro , Mizukami Takuya , Sonck Jeroen , Munhoz Daniel , Nagumo Sakura , Di Gioia Giuseppe , Gallinoro Emanuele , Mileva Niya , Bartunek Jozef , Wyffels Eric , Barbato Emanuele , De Bruyne Bernard , Perera Divaka , Collet Carlos
Published: July 2021

Objectives

To characterize hemodynamics of serial coronary stenoses using fractional flow reserve (FFR) pullbacks and the pullback pressure gradients (PPG) index.

Background

The cross‐talk between stenoses within the same coronary artery makes the prediction of the functional contribution of each lesion challenging.

Methods and results

One‐hundred seventeen patients undergoing coronary angiography for stable angina were prospectively recruited. Serial lesions were defined as two or more narrowings with visual diameter stenosis >50% on conventional angiography. Motorized FFR pullback tracings were obtained at 1 mm/s. Pullbacks were visually adjudicated as presenting two, one, and no focal pressure drops. The pattern of disease (i.e., focal or diffuse) was quantified using the PPG index. Twenty‐five vessels presented serial lesions (mean PPG 0.48 ± 0.17). Two, one or no focal pressure drops were observed in 40% (n = 10; PPG 0.59 ± 0.17), 52% (n = 13; PPG 0.44 ± 0.12) and 8% of cases (n = 2; PPG 0.27 ± 0.01; p‐value = 0.01). Distal FFR was similar between vessels with two, one and no focal pressure drops in the pullback curve (p‐value = 0.27). The PPG index independently predicted the presence of two focal pressure drops in the pullback curve (p = 0.04).

Conclusions

FFR pullbacks in serial coronary lesions exhibit three distinct functional patterns. High PPG was associated with pullback curves presenting two pressure drops. The PPG provides a quantitative assessment of the pattern of coronary artery disease in cases with serial lesions and might be useful to assess the appropriateness of percutaneous revascularization.
Mass and Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Thermophilic Membrane Distillation Bioreactor
Authors: İnce Mahir , Uslu Yasin Abdullah , İnce Elif , Yaşar Handenur
Published: July 2021

The mass and heat transfer mechanisms of the membrane distillation bioreactor (MDBR) system used for hospital wastewater treatment were determined. The initial flux and balance flux of the system were determined. The total mass transfer resistance calculated for the system increased by 72 % when the system reached equilibrium. Considering the temperature polarization coefficient, it is clear that the system was controlled by mass resistance.
Maximizing Propylene Separation from Propane by Extractive Distillation with Aqueous N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as Separating Agent
Authors: Cruz Valdez Jesús Alonso , Avilés Martínez Adriana , Vallejo Montesinos Javier , Pérez Elías , Patiño-Herrera Rosalba
Published: July 2021

The separation of polymer‐grade propylene from a propylene‐propane mixture was performed by an extractive distillation (ED) process in the steady state, and was developed on the Aspen Plus V9 simulator, by using an extractive column and a recovery column. To increase the volatility and relative selectivity of propylene, aqueous N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) was used as extracting agent. By using an ED process and aqueous NMP, compared with the high‐pressure binary distillation process, a reduction in energy consumption was obtained, with a saving of 52 % in total annual cost.
Balance and vestibular function and survival in US cancer survivors
Authors: Medina Heidy N. , Liu Qinran , Cao Chao , Yang Lin
Published: July 2021

Background

Cancer and its treatment damage the musculoskeletal system and induce neurotoxicity, affecting the key sensory inputs for maintaining balance. The present study describes the pattern of balance impairment and evaluated its association with mortality among US cancer survivors.

Methods

Data on a nationally representative sample of cancer survivors from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2015 was analyzed. Sensory‐specific balance impairment was measured at baseline by the modified Romberg test of standing balance on firm and compliant support surfaces. The linked mortality data were updated through December 31, 2015.

Results

Among 511 cancer survivors, 282 (48.3%) had a balance impairment, predominantly attributing to vestibular dysfunction (251; 89.0% of 282 and 44.5% of 511). A higher prevalence of balance impairment was observed among cancer survivors with advanced age, lower socioeconomic status or educational attainment, body mass index <25 kg/m2, and an inactive lifestyle. During up to 16.4 years of follow‐up (median, 11.3 years; 5088 person‐years), 253 cancer survivors had died. Cancer survivors with a balance impairment had a 63% higher risk of death from all causes (hazard ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12‐2.38) after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and cancer type. Specifically, those with vestibular dysfunctions had approximately 1.54 (95% CI, 1.05‐2.27) times the risk of death compared to those without any balance impairment. These associations were stronger in males than in females.

Conclusions

In a US nationally representative sample of cancer survivors, balance impairment and vestibular dysfunctions were prevalent and associated with heightened all‐cause mortality.
HO‐1 in lymph node metastasis predicted overall survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy
Authors: Akaishi Ryujiro , Fujishima Fumiyoshi , Ishida Hirotaka , Tsunokake Junichi , Yamauchi Takuro , Gokon Yusuke , Ueki Shunsuke , Fukutomi Toshiaki , Okamoto Hiroshi , Takaya Kai , Sato Chiaki , Taniyama Yusuke , Nakamura Tomohiro , Nakaya Naoki , Kamei Takashi , Sasano Hironobu
Published: July 2021

Background

Lymph node metastasis is one of the pivotal factors of the clinical outcomes of patients with esophageal cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NACRT). Both the nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) are frequently upregulated in various human malignancies and associated with resistance to chemoradiation therapy, subsequently resulting in adverse clinical outcomes. However, the Nrf2 and HO‐1 status in lymph node metastasis and their differences between primary and metastatic lesions are unknown.

Aims

To examine the levels of Nrf2 signaling proteins and HO‐1 in primary and metastatic lesions of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using immunohistochemistry.

Methods and Results

We immunolocalized Nrf2 signaling proteins in 69 patients with lymph node metastases, who received NACRT with 5‐fluorouracil and cisplatin before esophagectomy. We also compared the findings between primary and metastatic lesions. Residual lymph node metastases were detected in 30 patients and among them, both primary and metastatic lesions were available for evaluation in 25 patients. Subsequently, we correlated the results with patients' survival. Nrf2, HO‐1, and the Ki‐67 labeling index were all significantly lower in the patients with lymph node metastases than in those with primary tumors. Carcinoma cells with high HO‐1 levels were significantly associated with pathological resistance to NACRT. These results suggested that overall and disease‐free survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were significantly associated with both pN2 and high HO‐1 levels, respectively.

Conclusions

Protein expression in the Nrf2 pathway was significantly lower in patients with lymph node metastases than in those with primary lesions. HO‐1 levels in lymph node metastases could be used to predict the eventual clinical outcome of patients with esophageal cancer receiving NACRT.
Patients' and families' opinions via suggestion boxes for improving hospital care for cancer patients: Analysis of 3419 cases over 11 years
Authors: Takao Kenji , Nishimura Tetsuo , Yasui Kenta , Nakagawa Asami , Yamaguchi Ken
Published: July 2021

Background

There has been a paradigm shift in cancer treatment from curing disease to both curing disease and caring for patients. In terms of care for patients, the opinions of patients and their families are important for improving medical services.

Aim

The opinions of patients and families were collected at Shizuoka Cancer Center (SCC) and examined from the standpoint of characteristics, response status, and temporal changes.

Methods

Patients' and families' opinions submitted to suggestion boxes at SCC over an 11‐year period (2005–2015) were analyzed. Opinions were categorized as complaints or compliments, with sub‐categories including “facilities, goods, and medical care,” “people,” “time,” and “other.” The status of facilities' response to complaints was categorized as “responded,” “did not respond”, and “difficult to respond”.

Results

Changes in the number of opinions and content over time were examined. In total, 3419 opinions were collected; 69.1% were complaints, and 30.5% were compliments. Of the complaints, 53.4% were related to “facilities, goods, and medical care” (mainly focusing on “poor product quality” and “shortage of goods”), 38.7% were related to “people,” and 7.7% to “time.” Of the compliments, 82.4% were about “people,” all of which concerned facility staff. Facilities' responses to complaints were as follows: “responded” (42.4%), “did not respond” (14.3%), and “difficult to respond” (43.3%).

Conclusion

Understanding patients' and families' opinions is effective for strengthening trust between patients and healthcare professionals, promoting holistic care.
Cardiac metastasis causes paradoxical malignant embolism
Authors: Wagner Britta Janina , Hobbach Hans‐Peter , Hobbach Anastasia Janina , Hieggelke Lena Katharina , Grond Martin , Monsefi Nadejda , Buettner Reinhard
Published: July 2021

Background

Embolic events play an important role in clinical everyday practice. Malignant arterial embolism is a rare nevertheless often fatal entity for cardiac, cerebral or systemic ischemia, requiring immediate diagnosis and treatment.

Case

This is a case report of a 65 years‐old female, suffering from pulmonal adenocarcinoma, who was hospitalized due to neurological deficits caused by an acute ischemic stroke, followed by anterior myocardial infarction within 3 days. Diagnostic work‐up revealed metastasis of the pulmonal adenocarcinoma in the right atrium and a patent foramen ovale. Histopathological examination of the coronary embolus verified paradoxical arterial embolism of the pulmonal adenocarcinoma into a coronary vessel and consequently cerebral arteries.

Conclusion

The present case underlines the need for (i), consideration of malignant embolism, (ii) histopathological examination of the embolus to determine its etiology, and (iii) interdisciplinary discussion of individual therapeutic and prevention strategies in cancer patients with cerebral, cardiac or systemic embolic events.
Entropy based TOPSIS method for controller selection in software defined networking
Authors: Kannan Durkadevi , Thiyagarajan Revathi
Published: July 2021

Software defined networking (SDN) architecture is easily manageable, flexible, and dynamic where controller selection plays a major role. In SDN, the controlling functions are handled by control plane and forwarding functions are handled by data plane. In general, the centralized controller supervises the control plane, and it communicates with the data plane using “Open Flow” (south bound interface). Moreover, OpenFlow based controllers such as POX, Floodlight, Beacon, and RYU have different features which suit different applications in real time. In this proposed work, a multi‐criteria decision making method named entropy based TOPSIS method is used to select the controller for load balancing in control plane. Initially, four controllers are selected and evaluated over tree topology with different parameters such as throughput, delay, response time, message cost using the network emulator called Mininet. Then, entropy based TOPSIS method is used to rank the controllers where Floodlight is chosen as the most excellent one based on our criteria.
Fine needle aspiration cytology of mesenchymal hamartoma of liver mimicking hepatoblastoma: A case report
Authors: Thakur Shilpi , Yadav Rajni , Agarwala Sandeep , Jana Manisha , Jain Deepali , Mathur Sandeep R. , Iyer Venkateswaran K.
Published: July 2021

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an effective tool for early and quick diagnosis of malignant and metastatic liver masses. However, diagnosing a benign liver tumor on cytology is a challenging task as they are rarely assessed on cytology and also due to the limitations of the procedure. Mesenchymal hamartoma is an uncommon benign pediatric liver tumor and difficult to diagnose on cytology. We describe here a case of a child who presented with a huge liver mass and clinical suspicion of hepatoblastoma. The child underwent blind FNA, and was diagnosed as mesenchymal hamartoma based on the cytological features. A biopsy was performed subsequently which confirmed the same and then he underwent surgical resection of the tumor. The patient had an uneventful recovery and is disease free on follow up.
Balancing selection, genetic drift, and human‐mediated introgression interplay to shape MHC (functional) diversity in Mediterranean brown trout
Authors: Talarico Lorenzo , Marta Silvio , Rossi Anna Rita , Crescenzo Simone , Petrosino Gerardo , Martinoli Marco , Tancioni Lorenzo
Published: July 2021

The extraordinary polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes is considered a paradigm of pathogen‐mediated balancing selection, although empirical evidence is still scarce. Furthermore, the relative contribution of balancing selection to shape MHC population structure and diversity, compared to that of neutral forces, as well as its interaction with other evolutionary processes such as hybridization, remains largely unclear. To investigate these issues, we analyzed adaptive (MHC‐DAB gene) and neutral (11 microsatellite loci) variation in 156 brown trout (Salmo trutta complex) from six wild populations in central Italy exposed to introgression from domestic hatchery lineages (assessed with the LDH gene). MHC diversity and structuring correlated with those at microsatellites, indicating the substantial role of neutral forces. However, individuals carrying locally rare MHC alleles/supertypes were in better body condition (a proxy of individual fitness/parasite load) regardless of the zygosity status and degree of sequence dissimilarity of MHC, hence supporting balancing selection under rare allele advantage, but not heterozygote advantage or divergent allele advantage. The association between specific MHC supertypes and body condition confirmed in part this finding. Across populations, MHC allelic richness increased with increasing admixture between native and domestic lineages, indicating introgression as a source of MHC variation. Furthermore, introgression across populations appeared more pronounced for MHC than microsatellites, possibly because initially rare MHC variants are expected to introgress more readily under rare allele advantage. Providing evidence for the complex interplay among neutral evolutionary forces, balancing selection, and human‐mediated introgression in shaping the pattern of MHC (functional) variation, our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolution of MHC genes in wild populations exposed to anthropogenic disturbance.
Higher growth variability and stronger responses to temperature changes in wild than hatchery‐reared sea trout (Salmo truttaL.)
Authors: Lejk Adam M. , Smoliński Szymon , Radtke Grzegorz , Martyniak Andrzej
Published: July 2021

Each year, millions of hatchery‐reared sea‐run brown troutSalmo truttaL. (the sea trout) juveniles are released into the natural environment in the Atlantic region. The aim of this work was to investigate the growth responses of sea trout to changing temperature conditions and to compare the growth plasticity between wild and hatchery‐reared fish. Scales were collected from sea trout in a selected river flowing into the southern Baltic Sea. We analyzed the scale increment widths as a proxy of somatic growth and investigated the interannual variabilities and differences in growth between fish groups (wild and hatchery‐reared). We used mixed‐effects Bayesian modeling and ascribed the variances in growth to different sources. Furthermore, we developed indices of interannual (2003–2015) growth variation in the marine and freshwater phases of the life cycle of the fish and analyzed the relationships between trout growth and temperature. Temperature positively affects fish growth, regardless of the origin of the fish. We observed stronger relationships between fish growth and temperature conditions in the marine phase than in the freshwater phase. Additionally, wild sea trout are characterized by stronger responses to temperature variability and higher phenotypic plasticity of growth than those of the hatchery‐reared individuals. Therefore, wild sea trout might be better suited to changing environmental conditions than hatchery‐reared sea trout. This knowledge identifies possible threats in management actions for sea trout with an emphasis on ongoing climate change.
Versatile Emissive Three‐Coordinated Gold(I) Systems‐Properties and Perspectives
Authors: Alconchel Adrián , Crespo Olga , Concepción Gimeno M.
Published: July 2021

Trigonal planar coordination at gold allows phosphorescent 3MC transitions, not expected for luminescent mononuclear linear gold complexes. The careful selection and nature of the ancillary ligands bonded to gold, being fluorophore groups or not emissive ligands may cause a distortion of ideal trigonal planar coordination favoring different origins for the emissions. Consequently, intraligand (IL) or charge transfer (CT) transitions may be present and besides the expected phosphorescent MC transitions, fluorescence or thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) may be the origin of the luminescence. In addition of the advantages of triplet population and deactivation via phosphorescent or delayed fluorescence processes, these systems are very versatile and may show interesting properties such as mechanochromism and vapochromism and, consequently, have revealed as promising candidates for optical applications. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the reported luminescent three‐coordinated gold systems and to get insight into their emissive properties.
Dynamic term structure models for SOFR futures
Authors: Skov Jacob Bjerre , Skovmand David
Published: July 2021

The London InterBank Offered Rate is scheduled for discontinuation, and the replacement advocated by US regulators is the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR). The only SOFR‐linked derivative with significant liquidity and trading history is the SOFR futures contract, traded at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. We use the historical record of futures prices to construct dynamic arbitrage‐free models for the SOFR term structure. We find that a Gaussian arbitrage‐free Nelson–Siegel model describes term structure well without accounting for jumps and seasonal effects observed in SOFR. However, a shadow‐rate extension is needed to describe volatility near the zero‐boundary impacting the futures convexity adjustment and option pricing.
Effect of leaching parameters on the composition of adsorbents derived from steel slag and their CO2 capture characteristics
Authors: Fang Dongdong , Zhang Lihui , Zou Linjiang , Duan Feng
Published: July 2021

The effects of leaching parameters on the composition of the adsorbent derived from steel slag is studied in this study, and the CO2 capture characteristics and cyclic stability of the derived adsorbent under the effect of the element composition are also investigated. The results show that well‐ developed pore structure of derived adsorbents are obtained compared with the raw steel slag. The calcium content in the adsorbent significantly increases after leaching, improving the CO2 capture ability of the derived adsorbents. The Fe, Si, and Al contents decrease, while the Mg and Mn contents change little after leaching, which increases the cyclic stability of the derived adsorbent compared to that of analytically pure CaO. Under the optimized working conditions, the initial CO2 capture ability of the derived adsorbent is 0.61 gCO2/g‐sorbent. The deactivation ratio of the sample after 20 cycles is 52.46%, showing good performance compared to that of analytically pure CaO. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why do narrow network plans cost less?
Authors: Liebman Eli , Panhans Matthew T.
Published: July 2021

Narrow network health insurance plans have been shown to have lower premiums and lower costs to insurers. This paper decomposes and quantifies the magnitudes for various mechanisms by which networks may reduce premiums and costs. Using data on the Colorado non‐group market, we examine three mechanisms through which a narrow network might achieve lower costs: (1) enroll a population with lower utilization, (2) negotiate lower prices, or (3) steer patients away from high‐cost hospitals. We find that all three mechanisms play a role. Narrow plans are partly able to achieve lower costs because they both steer patients to lower cost hospitals and, for a given hospital, negotiate lower prices than broad plans. The lower negotiated prices mechanism accounts for 15% of the cost savings to narrow network plans, and the steering away from higher cost hospitals accounts for about 18%. Both of these mechanisms can be ways to efficiently lower costs. The remaining 67% of the cost savings is due to lower utilization of narrow network plan enrollees. These findings are important for policymakers considering how to balance containing healthcare costs with concern for the appropriate regulation of narrow network plans.
Second‐order slip and Newtonian cooling impact on unsteady mixed convective radiative chemically reacting fluid with Hall current and cross‐diffusion over a stretching sheet
Authors: Rao P. Srinivasa , Shamshuddin MD.
Published: July 2021

The aim of the current study is to develop a mathematical model for unsteady mixed convective radiative chemically reactive fluid flow with Hall current, cross‐diffusion, Newtonian cooling impacts and boundary conditions are influenced by second‐order slip velocity. Effectively a viscous formulation combining different novel effects model is deployed. The basic Navier–Stokes derived flow equations are transformed into dimensionless form via particular similarity transformations for which numerical simulations utilize the finite element method. The numerical results for velocity components, temperature, and concentration on various flow parameters are sketched. For validation of the present results a comparison with previously published studies are conducted for some limiting conditions and reveals an excellent accuracy. Engineering items of interest like shear stresses, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are computed and discussed extensively with the foremost parameters. Our analysis explores the fact that the physical parameters have a substantial influence upon boundary layer profiles.
Functional morphology of the suckers and teeth of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida): A scanning electron microscope study
Authors: Ayhan Hüseyin , Özyurt Koçakoğlu Nurcan , Candan Selami
Published: July 2021

In this study, the triple jaws and suckers of the leeches belonging to the Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida) were examined using the stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In H. verbana, suckers are seen on the first annulus and last annulus of the body. The mouth opens in the center of the front suction cup, and behind this opening is a movable triple jaw apparatus with many teeth. The posterior sucker disc consists of the last seven body segments and lacks an opening. The shape of the jaw is trignatous. The pharynx is equally located around of the three muscular jaws. The jaws are muscular covered with cuticle and carry a row of teeth arranged at the tip. In this study, it was determined that secretory canal holes were identified between the teeth. The results show that the size of teeth determines long‐term bleeding so revealing the structure and working mechanism of the teeth has importance for medicinal leeches. At the same time, the difference of teeth and jaw structures of leeches may be a criterion in the classification of medicinal leeches.
Clinical features and mechanism of liver injury in patients with mild or moderate coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Gomi Kuniyo , Ito Takayoshi , Yamaguchi Fumihiro , Kamio Yoshito , Sato Yoshinori , Mori Hiroyoshi , Endo Kei , Abe Takashi , Sakakura Shunsuke , Kobayashi Kouji , Shimada Ken , Noda Jun , Hibiki Tarou , Ohta Shin , Sagara Hironori , Tanaka Akihiko , Jinno Megumi , Yamawaki Masataka , Nishimoto Fumiya , Inoue Kazuaki , Nagahama Masatsugu
Published: July 2021

Background and Aim

We aimed to identify clinical features that suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) should be a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with a chief complaint of fever and abnormal liver function.

Methods

We retrospectively studied the presence or absence of abnormal liver function in 216 patients diagnosed with mild–moderate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection between February and September 2020.

Results

Abnormal liver function was observed in 51 patients with mild–moderate COVID‐19. The median peak aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were 57.5, 75.5, and 332.5 U/L, respectively. The median number of days from symptom onset to peak AST, ALT, and LDH were 8.5, 9, and 8.5, respectively. The median peak LDH/AST ratio was 9.0. Low lymphocyte‐to‐white blood cell ratio and elevated LDH were found to be independent contributing factors for intensive care unit (ICU) admission on a multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

AST‐predominant AST/ALT/LDH elevation peaking 8–9 days after symptom onset and not accompanied by elevated alkaline phosphatase or gamma‐glutamyl transferase may be a useful clinical feature for differentiating COVID‐19 from other diseases. Since the median LDH/AST ratio was 9.0, it seems that the abnormal liver function caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 is an indirect damage to liver cells due to elevated cytokine levels caused by liver‐infiltrating lymphocytes. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection should be considered in patients presenting with a chief complaint of fever and liver injury; those with a high lymphocyte‐to‐white blood cell ratio or and a high LDH/AST ratio may be admitted to the ICU.
Improving the color and functional properties of seabuckthorn seed protein with phytase treatment combined with alkaline solubilization and isoelectric precipitation
Authors: Xiang Huan , Li Qingyang , Sun‐Waterhouse Dongxiao , Li Jiawei , Cui Chun , Waterhouse Geoffrey IN
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Reducing anti‐nutritional factors like phytates in seed protein products requires an ongoing effort. This study was the first to investigate the phytic acid content in seabuckthorn seed protein (SSP) and its reduction by an exogenous phytase during protein isolation from seabuckthorn seed meal through the common alkaline solubilization‐isoelectric precipitation process.

RESULTS

The additional phytase treatment could reduce the content of phytic acid from 22.46 to 13.27 g kg−1, leading to SSP products with lighter color (lower ΔE*), higher protein solubility, higher in vitro digestibility, but lower phenolic antioxidant content (including flavonoids and procyanidins) and some beneficial ions like Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results indicated that the secondary structure of protein changed under the treatment with phytase. Correlation analysis showed that L* was significantly negatively correlated with TP, TPC and TF (P < 0.001), while a* and b* were significantly positively correlated with them (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

There may be a trade‐off between protein functionalities and other health‐promoting components when a phytase treatment is included in SSP isolation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Prediction of overall survival in patients with Stage I esophageal cancer: A novel web‐based calculator
Authors: Yang Zhuoxin , Yang Fengwu , Yang Miaofang , Qi Ying , Jiang Mingzuo , Xuan Ji , Liu Yu , Tao Hui , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Fangyu
Published: July 2021

Background and Aims

In this study, we aimed to develop a convenient web‐based calculator to predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with Stage I esophageal cancer (EC).

Methods

Data of 1664 patients, between 2004 and 2015, were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was employed to sift variables; subsequently, Cox proportional hazards regression model was built. We applied the enhanced bootstrap validation to appraise the discrimination and calibration of the model. Clinical benefit was measured using decision curve analysis (DCA). Thereafter, a web‐based calculator based on the model, which could be used to predict the 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year OS rates, was developed.

Results

Race, age, histologic type, grade, N stage, and therapeutic methods were selected. C‐indices of the prediction model in the training and validation groups were 0.726 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.679–0.773) and 0.724 (95% CI, 0.679–0.769), respectively. Calibration curves showed good agreement between the groups. The DCA demonstrated that the prediction model is clinically useful.

Conclusions

The prediction model we developed showed a good performance in calculating the OS rates in patients with Stage I EC. The web‐based calculator is available at https://championship.shinyapps.io/dynnomapp/.
Single dual mode (continuous and cast) instrumentation package for inherent optical property measurements: Characterization of the bucket for backscattering observation
Authors: Volpe Gianluca , Dionisi Davide , Brando Vittorio Ernesto , Colella Simone , Pitarch Jaime , Ciampichetti Spartaco , Ferrara Nicola , Liberti Gian Luigi
Published: July 2021

This work describes a continuous sampling system that has been designed, implemented, and tested for the acquisition of Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) during field campaigns. The major challenge of the work was to design and build a flow‐through housing accounting for the complex sensing geometry of the ECO‐VSF3, a backscattering meter, i.e., three sensor heads each of which measures the VSF at three angles. A detailed characterization of the ECO‐VSF3 housing in terms of impact of the boundaries and overall system inertia is reported. A key feature of the system design is the possibility to easily detach the IOP package from the flow‐through hydraulic circuit and use it in cast mode at fixed stations. This, to the best of authors' knowledge, is the first time the ECO‐VSF3 is used in an underway system. Results from the comparison of continuous (Co) and cast (Ca) bb measurements show excellent agreement, with differences not exceeding 7%, thus proving the system to be reliable and highlighting the feasibility for increasing the spatio‐temporal sampling of surface observations.
REDEFINING URGENCY: SOCIAL IMPACT LEADERSHIP AND DYNAMIC RESILIENCE
Authors: Anderson Heather
Published: July 2021

Anderson details her transition from a career as a management consultant to the chief executive officer (CEO) position of Global Health Corps (GHC), which is “a leadership development and global health nonprofit committed to building the next generation of health equity leaders.” She describes the high levels of resilience required within herself and throughout the organization during the COVID‐19 pandemic. She describes status versus dynamic resilience, and what the latter means for equity‐driven leaders. She outlines and describes “key tactics have helped me build my own, my teams’, and our community’s dynamic resilience during this time.” In her words, they are (1) tap into the power of imagination, (2) prioritize connection and reflection, (3) show vulnerability, (4) model and codify self‐care, (5) redefine urgency, and (6) let your values guide you. For instance, within point 3, Anderson writes, “The transition from a behind‐the‐scenes architect of GHC’s programming to an external face of our organization as CEO over the past couple years has forced me to get more comfortable with demonstrating vulnerability than ever before.” And within point 4: “I’ve found that the single most powerful tool I have for fostering self‐care and boundary setting on my team is to practice it myself, without apology.”
LEADERS COACHING LEADERS: A COST‐EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Bell Meredith
Published: July 2021

The author, a co‐founder and president of a software company, notes that people leave organizations because they don’t feel supported and want different work environments. “The underlying issue,” she writes, “behind so many of these departures—as well as a lack of employee engagement for those who stay—is poor communication.” She outlines three success keys for people within organizations, which in her words are: Success Key #1: Work on one skill at a time. Success Key #2: Practice the skill often to create mastery. Success Key #3: Get coaching to support and accelerate your learning. Within point 3, she notes “companies often hire executive coaches for top‐level leaders. But these services are expensive, so it’s not practical to invest in them for all levels of leadership. The answer is peer coaching—leaders coaching leaders.” She believes this is a cost‐effective solution and outlines six areas in which leaders can support each other. In her words, they are schedule accountability meetings, listen, get them to think, help them learn from their experience, give feedback that feels good, and offer encouragement. She concludes that “a leader‐to‐leader peer coaching program is a realistic way to make sure new skills become permanent habits.”
HOW TO BE AN ANTIRACIST LEADER
Authors: Silverthorn Michelle
Published: July 2021

The author writes that in the past year, some companies “found themselves unequipped to carry on even the most basic conversations on race in the workplace … leaders had to determine how, or even whether, to implement diversity initiatives that had long languished, or been abandoned, or been repeatedly proven ineffective.” Also: “Black employees in companies were asked to take on entirely new roles, ones they were not compensated for and for which there would be no promotion awaiting them at the end. They quickly became the company’s Free Antiracism Expert.” She outlines 10 questions, in her words: (1) How do you define an antiracist organization? (2) Who are your antiracist initiatives supporting? (3) Are you centering this work on those who are marginalized, not on those who have succeeded? (4) Are you leading the work yourself or relying on your Black employees to do the work for you? (5) Do you know who the supporters and the detractors are on your team? (6) Have you stopped doing what’s not working? (7) Does your data demonstrate inequity? (8) Have you set your goals? (9) Have you set out competencies for success? (10) Do you have the courage to do the work?