bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proálcool Reimagined, 1985–2003
Authors: Eaglin Jennifer
Published: April 2023

This chapter follows the story of the ethanol program from its rapid collapse in the late 1980s to its resurgence with the launch of the flex-fuel car in 2003. Drought and political mismanagement caused ethanol shortages that encouraged public debate about Proálcool’s long-term viability by 1990. In turn, the new democratic government removed support for the fuel replacement program but continued support for the fuel supplement program under Proálcool II. Propaganda for the revised program focused more on ethanol production’s environmental benefits, the alternative fuel’s contribution to reducing air pollution in large city centers, and the electricity grid. This new focus allowed the industry to successfully transition to a fully privatized industry by the end of the century. The 2003 launch of the new flex-fuel car which could run on any combination of ethanol and gasoline heralded a new beginning for the privatized industry in the twenty-first century.
Middle-Class Dharma
Authors: Ortegren Jennifer D.
Published: April 2023

This book is an ethnographic study of the relationship between religion and class among upwardly mobile Hindus in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. It focuses on women in Pulan, an emerging middle-class neighborhood of Udaipur, and argues that becoming middle class is not only a socioeconomic process, but a religious one. As upwardly mobile Hindu women experiment with middle-class consumer and lifestyle practices, they must negotiate rapidly shifting boundaries of what is possible and appropriate for themselves. In so doing, as this book shows, they are negotiating what is appropriate dharma, the moral grounding of Hindu worlds. It also demonstrates how generating and inhabiting new dharmic, religious selfhoods in the middle classes is a process of aspiration whereby women align emerging middle-class desires with more traditional religious obligations, a process that can be as joyful as it is difficult and disorienting. Analyzing class through the lens of dharma and recognizing class as religious allows us to see how Hindu traditions continue to be reimagined and reshaped in contemporary India through the everyday practices of women. In developing dharma as an analytical concept to recognize what counts as “religion,” this book also pushes for expanding definitions of religion in the social sciences and the humanities both within and beyond the context of Hinduism in South Asia.
Introduction
Authors: Malnig Julie
Published: April 2023

The Introduction lays out the themes of the book, the reasons for the book’s significance, and its relevance to today’s world of popular dance on social media. The themes introduced are the beginnings of television viewership in the 1950s; the emphasis on the family; the emergence of the rock ’n’ roll phenomenon; the rise of the teenagers as a distinct sub-group; and the country’s grappling with racism and racial segregation. The Introduction also defines some special terms and discusses the book’s methodology and approach to this subject matter. It explains that while the author is exploring a system of inequality—Black teenagers were forbidden to dance on most of the shows—she also illustrates how there were instances, nonetheless, of cross-racial collaboration.
Ensuring Early Success
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard
Published: April 2023

This chapter shows how the Children’s Television Workshop created a global demand for Sesame Street. Locating the Workshop’s marketing strategy in Europe within the wider framework of its global sales plan, the chapter shows how the Workshop’s dealings with the European and other international markets were tightly linked. The analysis demonstrates how the Workshop used promotions at festivals, in particular at the Prix Jeunesse International, and sales agents in London and Paris to raise interest in its show—all the while trying to avoid criticism of its sales methods and the research behind Sesame Street. The chapter combines a historical investigation of the processes that created global demands with insights from television studies to understand the multitude of strategies that were used in Europe and Latin America to prompt sales. Finally, the chapter shows how and why the generic Sesame Street spin-off concept, Open Sesame, was developed from local experiences in France.
Mr Glutton and Mr Fool
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

The death of the first emperor. A prized personal slave had the honour of the last combing of Augustus’s hair, the last holding of a bronze mirror before his Roman nose and thick, grey eyebrows (so very different from his official portraits), the last encouragements in his struggle to ensure that neither sickness nor foreboding of death would be on show to his friends. It was important to keep up appearances when one man’s appearance had become the reality of Roman power. His last words, his hair and jaw in place, his eyebrows in a trimmed unbroken line, conveyed the modesty that he most liked to display. He saw himself as a common actor, taking the curtain-call of a comic play among the stock characters beloved by Roman audiences, Mr Glutton, the fat man, Mr Fool, the village idiot, Mr Chew, the ponderous sloth and Mr Toad, the flatterer.
Succession
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

From the death room in Nola in 14 CE news came only slowly back to the houses of the Palatine. Colonnades, corridors and tunnels connected what had once been separate homes but increasingly were one. It was a network of offices, dining rooms and halls in which truth was power and rumour spread like fire. Tiberius, their likely next master was aged fifty six, an old man in the eyes of Rome, a pimply, surly soldier with a prominent chin, his upper lip hanging over the lower, a learned man but ponderous in speech, a heavy drinker, short-sighted, needing his own serious attention from a hair-dressing slave.
Vitellia’s night out
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

Vitellia, the future emperor Aulus Vitellius’s aunt, watched the success and failure of her brothers from the house of her husband. Vitellia had only one name because that was still the style for women at Rome. Rule by the household of Caesar helped some women to extend their household power over the empire but it no more extended their names than it protected them from being abused in histories for lusting after sex and power. All Roman women, with very rare exceptions, had only one name and Vitellia was very respectable but no grandee. The little recorded sister of Lucius and Publius Vitellius became briefly known only for attending a literary party in 21 CE. It was a poetry reading, the kind of event that Augustus had encouraged on the Palatine. The poet on this occasion was a writer of flattery-on-demand.
Lucius Vitellius and the Son of God
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

Pontius Pilate, like all servants abroad, needed to follow events in Rome much more closely than his masters ever followed the trials of Jerusalem. The Jews recognised that truth as well as their governor did, not just when the issue was the fate of a self-proclaimed king and son of god. The Jewish leaders had cultivated many allies on the Palatine. So had their rivals. A battle beneath Capitol Hill produced results; one by the Mount of Olives usually not so much. The governorship of Roman Judaea came with no legions. Pilate was as an administrator. He needed no news of disturbances to reach Capri, no tales against him. If he failed, the nearest army was controlled by Lucius Vitellius, the governor of Syria from 34 CE for whom friendship with the emperor was the aim always most paramount. Then Tiberius was suddenly dead. His successor was a new challenge.
Ill will for the twin
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

In the court of the Palatine the terms of Tiberius’s will were an early casualty. Like Augustus, the dying emperor had been suspicious of his successor till close to the end. His preferred choice was his own teenage grandson, Gemellus. But when Tiberius’s death eventually came, Gemellus was still too unsupported within the household. Tiberius felt able to bequeath instead only that the two young men should share power. Caligula promised to adopt Gemellus instead. Gemellus became ever more reasonably anxious. He began adding to his diet antidotes to common poisons, ingredients like Cretan carrots, wild poppy and parsley, myrrh and frankincense, rhubarb and ginger. Like all cough medicines they left an odour on the breath. Caligula sniffed the air and sensed an ‘antidote against Caesar’. On the charge of thinking that he would be poisoned at the emperor’s dinner table, Gemellus was ordered to kill himself.
Man talks to a Moon
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

Caligula said he was the Sun. Whether Caligula believed this was unimportant. A man who presented himself as the Sun might reasonably imagine himself alongside the Moon. This was a kind of logic. The Sun and Moon were like each other. They were both visible gods. The Moon was also the goddess that came to men at night in dreams. She had a temple on the Palatine. In the new realism of the court it might seem natural that the chariot-riding Emperor and his neighbour should be friends. Lucius was quick to absorb these new rules. Humouring was not enough. ‘I am talking to the moon’, Caligula told him: ‘Can you see her with me too?’ Lucius showed no surprise. He replied that he could not see the emperor with the moon because ‘gods were visible only to other gods.’ This was the wit of an experienced man.
Good water, golden meat
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

Caligula also played the benevolent patriarch, initiating a new aqueduct and other projects as well as the Palatine palace which was growing fast. An ancient temple of the Forum became a new entrance. The twin divinities, Castor and Pollux, one with a Greek king for a father, the other sired by Jupiter, were Caligula’s doormen. This was a world of blurred lines. A gold statue of Caligula had to be daily dressed in whatever the emperor was wearing, served by priests who were themselves flattered by sacrifices for their table, peacocks and grouse. Those who had shared the parties of Caligula’s youth, like Aulus Vitelllius, shared the riotous street-rampages permitted by his impunity. Aulus became a charioteer himself, the sport of the Moon and Sun in the heavens. His single gashed thigh was a lucky escape.
Food and fire
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

When fire raged through Rome in the summer of 64 CE, it was not an unusual disaster for a city built of more wood than stone. The firefighters had better access to water than those who had done the job in the past. Nero’s corn managers organised food. Subsidies were paid and prices controlled. The emperor’s failure was what he saw himself as his instant success, his personal performance of a song about the fire at Troy. Audiences also watched Nero play the part of Hercules, a madman in chains who had murdered his wife and children. A vast palace of banqueting halls, revolving ceilings and stages, was built where the fire had destroyed. Nero’s builders ordered coloured marbles for his Golden House from across the empire. Glass sparkled in the mosaic ceiling like night sky. Frescoes and floors filled with sea monsters.
A drink to defeat
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

Aulus began his own march north against the forces of Vespasian. A crowd of senators followed behind. Gradually their numbers fell. His senior courtiers encouraged him for longer, knowing that their own survival might not survive another change of control. When Aulus had marched on Rome in April he was like a lottery-winner floating on a cloud of success. Making the return journey he was still popular but on a darker cloud. Messages arrived in Vespasian’s name offering generous terms for surrender, retirement homes near Nuceria where his family began, safety for the next generation, his son and children, a life with money and slaves. He responded with queries about exactly where his houses would be, the quality of sea views and kitchen service.
How Documentaries Went Mainstream
Authors: Stone Nora
Published: April 2023

Documentary feature films have historically existed on the margins of mainstream media. In the United States, enterprising documentarians have spent most of the past sixty years struggling to find a larger, broader audience for their films. Often negatively associated with long-form television journalism and tedious educational programming, documentaries have rarely escaped their perceived status as “cultural vegetables”—good for you, but relatively unappealing. Since the 1960s, documentary films have moved closer to the mainstream, thanks to the popularity of rockumentaries, association with the independent film movement, support from public and cable television, and the rise of streaming video services. Documentary films have become reliable earners at the US box office and ubiquitous on streaming platforms. Drawing on archival documents, industry trade journals and popular press, and interviews with filmmakers and film distributors, this history illuminates how documentary features have become more plentiful, popular, and profitable than ever before.
A Rising Tide
Authors: Stone Nora
Published: April 2023

Chapter 2 explores how American independent film culture and institutions led to greater support for documentary film. While Hollywood released fewer films, new independent distribution companies and studio classics divisions acquired documentary films. Those documentaries with a music or performance element, like Say Amen Somebody (1982) and Stop Making Sense (1984), proved particularly appealing. At the same time, documentarians extended the do-it-yourself practices of political filmmaking collectives by self-distributing their films, as with Word Is Out (1978), The War at Home (1979), and The Atomic Cafe (1982). Film Forum often provided a launchpad for these intrepid documentarians, who shared their strategies for success in the pages of The Independent. The infrastructure that supported independent fiction film—Sundance Film Festival, Independent Feature Project, Association of Independent Video and Filmmakers—also buoyed independent documentarians during this era.
Television or Cinema?
Authors: Stone Nora
Published: April 2023

Chapter 4 covers the 1990s, a period in which some documentaries, including Paris Is Burning (1991) and When We Were Kings (1996) earned higher grosses at the box office. But this escalation in commercial value led to a widening gap between powerful distribution companies that occasionally picked up documentaries and smaller distributors that distributed the majority of documentary films. The increasing commercial prospects also brought the conflict over documentary films as cinema or television to a head. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences tried to enshrine the distinction with a rule change, decreeing that documentary films must have a regular theatrical release in order to qualify for Academy Awards nominations. This led to HBO shifting its strategy surrounding documentary films.
On Taking Offence
Authors: McTernan Emily
Published: April 2023

This book aims to rehabilitate taking offence. In an era of public criticism of those deemed too easily offended, it is easy to overlook the significance and social value of this emotion. Offence, the book argues, is better understood as a way to defend one’s standing than as a mere expression of hurt feelings. The book defends the significance of offence as one way to resist everyday social inequalities: those details of interactions that, together, pattern social hierarchies. As a result, the defence of offence is of that taken at apparently trivial and small-scale details of social interactions, and so the very form that its opponents find most objectionable. Within societies marred by hierarchies of unequal social standing, and when taken by those who face systematic attributions of lower social standing, an inclination to take offence is a civic virtue. First, this book offers an analysis of offence that depicts a distinctive emotion ripe for moral reappraisal. To take offence resists an affront to one’s social standing and is one way to negotiate the social norms and practices that structure social interactions, often in socially unequal ways. Second, the book defends the significance of our social standing, the cumulative importance of apparently small details of interactions, and offence as an act of insubordination against a social hierarchy. Third, it turns to the limits on when taking offence is justified, addressing jokes, unintentional affronts, disagreement over what counts as offensive, and what we should think of offence that is taken online.
Introduction
Authors: McTernan Emily
Published: April 2023

This chapter introduces the book and its defence of offence. These introductory remarks first describe the book’s topic: the distinctive emotion of taking offence. Second, this chapter discusses the background of the book. There is widespread popular criticism of those deemed to take offence too easily. Meanwhile, philosophers are paying increasing attention to the moral emotions, such as anger and resentment, but far less has been said about the social emotions. To take offence over the details of social interactions appears, on the face of it, to be an especially poor candidate for any moral or political defence: why should we care about the small-scale slights and affronts that others offer us? But this book will offer a defence of the significance of details of our social interactions, and the moral and social value of resisting social hierarchies through taking offence, as the introduction explains. An overview of the following chapters is provided.
A corrective civic virtue
Authors: McTernan Emily
Published: April 2023

This chapter considers whether people might be not only morally justified in taking offence but also obligated to do so. A disposition to take offence is defended as a civic virtue, against a background of social hierarchies and at least for those who are subjected to systemic social inequality. First, the chapter presents two arguments for offence being a civic virtue: on the grounds of equality and as a derivative virtue of civility. Second, this chapter answers a central challenge to any defence of offence: namely, that the costs imposed on the offending parties are excessive or otherwise indefensible. Third, the case is made that the disposition to take offence would not be too burdensome for the individual who cultivates it.
The Potential of Pain
Authors: Lodewyck Laura A.
Published: April 2023

Investigating the work of contemporary American theater that engages military veterans and their families, this chapter addresses specific ways in which theater and performance studies contributes to well-being and may advance (or hinder) human flourishing. It compares how the performance modalities of The Telling Project and Theater of War serve to form understanding and communication with civilian audiences in the process of educating nonmilitary communities and give agency to performers to tell their stories with the support of their peers. Looking at performance-specific contexts, it examines how the interplay between feeling and community reveals the tension between the individual and the collective.
Community Musical Theater as a Human Flourishing Project
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: April 2023

This chapter analyzes how local community musical theater contributes to well-being. Amateur theater-makers volunteer to participate during their leisure time outside of work and school and homemaking, so they’re intrinsically motivated. Local community theater enables self-efficacy, social integration, and positive life outlook. Using the human flourishing framework constructed by positive psychologists and methods of participant observation and in-depth interviews, the chapter presents the entire theater-making process—from season selection to auditions to early and later rehearsals to performance and beyond—to examine why people, including the director, actors, and technicians, elect to participate in community musical theater and why it matters to them.
Teaching Theater and Detroit History for Undergraduates to Flourish
Authors: Biggs Lisa L.
Published: April 2023

This chapter recounts the process of developing and the impact of a community-engaged art project at Michigan State University called After/Life. The theater piece dramatized the experiences of women and girls during the 1967 Detroit rebellion, and was performed in July 2017 in conjunction with citywide efforts to mark and commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the rebellion. The chapter addresses human flourishing by offering the play as an example of a successful effort to build an arts project that was beautiful, moving, respectful, and healing in and with a community that still bore the scars of a traumatic event (the rebellion).
Changing States
Authors: Hurley Erin
Published: April 2023

This chapter contends that English-language theater in Quebec has had to innovate other models of community well-being, articulated around mutuality and parallelism, that are specific to their minority-language context. It offers an overview of community vitality frameworks, highlighting their theoretical and concrete intersections with the eudaimonic turn, then focuses on the English-language theater scene in Quebec in the 1970s, a decade bookended by historical events that significantly affect the sector and one that sees a shift in the model of community vitality as the Anglophone population of Quebec comes to experience and organizes itself as a minority.
Refusing to Flourish
Authors: Shanks Gwyneth
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines recent performance artworks by Jennifer Moon and Anat Shinar, arguing that their pieces render the descriptors used to categorize human flourishing legible as dependent upon capitalist logics of self-worth, happiness, pleasure, and labor. Moon and Shinar refuse to flourish, drawing upon the pervasive tropes of the self-help industry to forward their challenge. Moon and Shinar mine the vague, utopic language of self-improvement to radical ends, challenging narratives of individualism and self-advancement. Their performances reveal the ideological and biopolitical imperatives ghosting self-help by rejecting the pervasive tenets of self-actualization and improvement. By translating the “self” discussed within self-help into and onto their bodies, Moon and Shinar reveal how the logics of self-help aim to control the subject as a means of regulating the broader social body.
Cervical Cancer Prevention
Authors: Sundstrom Beth , Delay Cara
Published: April 2023

Chapter 1 analyzes the cervical cancer prevention scandals of the early 2000s. In 2015, Ireland saw a misinformation campaign about the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine that led to a sharp decline in Irish vaccination levels. Just three years later, Ireland’s CervicalCheck screening program came under scrutiny once it was revealed that it gave hundreds of women incorrect negative screening results, leading to several preventable cancer deaths. However, women and public health advocates publicized and problematized these scandals, forcing a government response and demonstrating the power of truth-telling and ethical communication. They exposed systemic and endemic problems involved in women’s healthcare in Ireland, including overinflating the authority of male doctors and the medical establishment’s history of ignoring women’s experiences and voices.
Contraception
Authors: Sundstrom Beth , Delay Cara
Published: April 2023

Chapter 2 examines contraception. It argues that birth control access is one of the most essential issues facing people in Ireland today. Following the lead of activists and social media contributors, this chapter places contraception in conversation with other healthcare issues, notably abortion. It explores how and why those who have advocated for abortion rights in recent years also have prioritized access to contraception by adopting a reproductive justice framework. By dispelling harmful myths, confronting contraceptive ignorance and opposition, and sharing everyday embodied realities, activists and advocates ultimately helped convince the government to budget for free contraception, which is due to be implemented in 2022.
Abortion
Authors: Sundstrom Beth , Delay Cara
Published: April 2023

Chapter 3’s analysis of abortion highlights the importance of the Repeal campaign, which in 2018 helped lead to a successful vote overturing the anti-abortion Eighth Amendment to the Irish Constitution. In late 2018, the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act legalized abortion up to twelve weeks in a pregnancy. The chapter analyzes both the methods and the content of the Repeal movement, demonstrating its global meanings and links as well as how and why it resonated with so many Irish people. It also interrogates the efficacy of social media activism, asking what voices such campaigns featured—and what voices they sometimes obscured. Moving beyond legality to engage with reproductive justice, the chapter also underscores the importance of abortion access, which has remained limited since the 2018 Act, and especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Obstetric Violence
Authors: Sundstrom Beth , Delay Cara
Published: April 2023

Chapter 6 interrogates two case studies: the forced hysterectomy scandal at Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital during the 1990s and the symphysiotomy scandal that became public in the early 2000s. In the second half of the twentieth century, thousands of Irish women endured these harmful procedures at the hands of physicians empowered to abuse women’s bodies. This chapter examines these incidents as examples of obstetric violence. These practices testify to the pervasiveness of religious, national, and biomedical power in Ireland, past and present. The chapter argues that to achieve reproductive justice in Ireland, we must confront obstetric violence, following the lead of survivors who have spoken out and told truths about their embodied realities and the harms they have suffered in Ireland’s medicalized reproductive healthcare system.
The Beginning
Authors: Jaffe Harold W.
Published: April 2023

This chapter describes the first cases of what is now known as AIDS, which were reported by Dr. Michael Gottlieb, an immunologist at UCLA Hospital, and published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) on June 5, 1981. Five previously healthy homosexual men from Los Angeles had developed a life-threatening infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), typically seen only in persons receiving immunosuppressive therapy. A month later, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a second MMWR describing additional homosexual men from California and New York City diagnosed with PCP, other opportunistic infections (OIs), and a rare malignancy, Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). To respond to this apparent outbreak, CDC formed a multidisciplinary task force and placed it under the direction of Dr. James (Jim) Curran. The KS/OI Task Force was asked to solve this medical mystery.
Working Internationally
Authors: De Cock Kevin M.
Published: April 2023

This chapter provides a historical overview of CDC’s increasing involvement in global health. Key developments were ongoing requests for international assistance for public health emergencies and especially CDC’s leading role in the successful eradication of smallpox. An important strategy for CDC was seconding senior staff to WHO and other multilateral organizations, giving the agency increased visibility and influence. Some CDC groups established long-term overseas field collaborations, such as for Lassa fever in Sierra Leone. With recognition of AIDS in the 1980s and its international spread, CDC set up research sites in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), Cote d’Ivoire, and Thailand to study the epidemiology, natural history, and prevention of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in different environments and populations. These experiences laid the foundations for subsequent expansion of CDC’s global work, including through the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).
Jonathan Mann
Authors: De Cock Kevin M.
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses the revolutionary impact of Jonathan Mann on the global response to AIDS. The World Health Organization (WHO) was initially skeptical about the relevance of AIDS to global health. With the growing epidemic, attitudes changed and in 1986 WHO Director General Halfdan Mahler selected Jonathan Mann, director of CDC’s Projet SIDA in Zaire, to lead the organization’s AIDS efforts. Mann’s Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) grew rapidly, and he came to personify the global fight against AIDS. With Mahler’s support Mann bypassed many of WHO’s traditional operating procedures, developing a focus on human rights and health and an emphasis on human solidarity and dignity. Mann clashed with Mahler’s successor Hiroshi Nakajima and resigned in 1990. He moved to Harvard University and founded the François-Xavier Bagnoud (FXB) Center for Health and Human Rights, later pursuing other endeavors. Mann and his wife died in a plane crash in 1998.
Building Better Bailouts
Authors: Schleicher David
Published: April 2023

Chapter 8 discusses how the federal government could design bailouts in ways that would encourage greater future fiscal discipline, spread harms across overlapping governments, and balance the downsides of moral hazard, austerity, and harms to the future lending to state and local governments. Suggestions include conditioning the income tax exemption for interest on municipal bonds on states agreeing to adopt generally accepted accounting principles when budgeting; passing changes in securities laws alongside distributions of federal aid; and providing emergency federal fiscal aid to states and cities both, rather than just to states.
Judicial Review and Constitutional Dialogue
Authors: Kim Sungmoon
Published: April 2023

This chapter argues that Confucian democratic constitutionalism promotes active constitutional dialogue between the branches of the government, especially between the legislature and the court. Even though the equal right to political participation and the equal right to constitutional protection of rights combine to constitute the normative foundation of Confucian democratic constitutionalism, the latter is derived from the former, giving the dignity of legislation more normative weight than the authority of the court. The equal right to constitutional protection of rights gives the court the power of judicial review, but this power is not absolute. Confucian democratic constitutionalism understands the court as a constitutional institution devoted to a cooperative search for the culturally relevant conception of rights through dialogue with the legislature. Confucian democratic constitutionalism promotes a weak-form judicial review by actively promoting inter-institutional interactions between the legislature and the court toward a cooperative search for “Confucian democratic rights.”
Body, Mind, and Spirit in the Guodian Manuscripts
Authors: Raphals Lisa
Published: April 2023

This chapter considers the relation between body and heart–mind as described in the Guodian corpus, especially the text titled “Human Nature Comes from the Mandate” (Xingzi mingchu 性自命出), with particular interest in problems of mind–body dualism and holism. It argues that the Xingzi mingchu presents a weak mind–body dualism, in contrast to such Guodian texts as “Five Kings of Action” (Wuxing 五行) and “Black Robes” (Ziyi 緇衣). The first section of the chapter examines several passages from the Guodian manuscripts that describe relations between body, mind, and emotions as constituents of both humans and animals. These manuscripts make it clear that animals, as well as human beings, have qi, affective dispositions (qing 情), and intentions, but the ability of the heart–mind to interact with qing and intentions is unique to humans. The next section of the chapter takes up Guodian accounts of the constitution of a (human) person, including body or physical person and its relationship to the heart–mind, virtue, and self-cultivation. The last three sections include an extensive discussion of the relation between body and mind in the Xingzi mingchu and Wuxing; a discussion of the strong dualism of ruler–ruled metaphors in the Wuxing and Ziyi; and an examination of a strongly holist view of sound and music in the Xingzi mingchu and elsewhere.
On Marilyn Monroe
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: April 2023

Employing meticulous research and in-depth analysis, this book is an evaluation and celebration of Marilyn Monroe’s most permanent legacy: her work. From her beginnings as a movie bit player to stardom and then legend, she worked harder at her craft than most people were ever aware. Monroe was, in fact, the complete opposite of a “dumb blonde”; instead, she was an intelligent and curious woman who always sought to find truth and validity in her roles. She constantly fought for better material and, despite her well-documented personal demons, strove to be a consummate professional. In films such as Some Like It Hot and The Seven Year Itch, she triumphed over both her detractors and her own massive insecurities. Moving past all the sensation and speculation, this Opinionated Guide takes an informed and lively look at the enduring achievements of this extraordinary artist.
A Fox Blonde
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: April 2023

Monroe began to rise through the cinematic ranks with small film roles and considerable publicity. She appeared in small but flashy roles in three Fox comedies: As Young as You Feel, Love Nest, and Let’s Make It Legal. Although she did not have much screen time, she quickly became a favorite subject for the studio’s publicity department and began appearing in such high-profile magazines as Life and Collier’s. When studio head Darryl Zanuck was slow to provide her with professional opportunities, she became so expert at attracting attention that roles were tailored for her. Her acting in As Young as You Feel, in particular, showed that she was developing increasing skill as a comic performer.
Chemistry Basics
Authors: Bachrach Steven M.
Published: April 2023

This chapter describes some of the fundamental concepts of organic chemistry, distinguishing between synthetic and physical organic chemistry. The concepts of the chemical bond, valence, molecular structure, and chemical reaction are presented in a nonmathematical way.
Potential Energy Surface Features
Authors: Bachrach Steven M.
Published: April 2023

Our concept to the reaction mechanism assumes that molecules move on a potential energy surface characterized by minima and transition states. The geometrical features of surfaces are defined by degrees of freedom and curvatures.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions. II. SN2
Authors: Bachrach Steven M.
Published: April 2023

The second type of nucleophilic reaction is presented. The SN2 reaction is bimolecular and proceeds in a single step. All bond changes happen in a concerted manner.
Elimination Reactions. I. E1 and E2
Authors: Bachrach Steven M.
Published: April 2023

Nucleophilic substation reactions are often in competition with elimination reactions, a competition between nucleophilicity and basicity. The E1 and E2 reaction mechanisms are described. The stereochemistry of the E2 is explained using molecular orbitals and carefully designed experiments
Addition Reactions
Authors: Bachrach Steven M.
Published: April 2023

Valuable tools that synthetic organic chemists often use to steer a reaction toward one product rather than toward another rest upon the concepts of kinetic versus thermodynamic control. These concepts are discussed using the example of 1,2- and 1,4-addition reactions. Potential energy surfaces are utilized to explain how these control tools can be deployed.
Mining, Maybe
Authors: Spalding Rose J.
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines the mixed conditions that favored stop-and-go mining, wherein permissive policies are followed by moratoria and suspensions before the cycle begins again. This chapter focuses on Guatemala, where gold mining advanced episodically and in the face of repeated protests and legal challenges. Developed by a cohesive pro-mining elite, supported by the business association CACIF, and operating in indigenous territories in violation of the ILO169 requirement of “free, prior, and informed” consultation, mining operations in Guatemala triggered decentralized mobilization, grassroots community referenda, and strategic litigation that intermittently stalled but did not derail the industry. This chapter tackles the complexities of anti-mining organizing in indigenous communities and investigates the circumstances under which consultations and strategic litigation lead to partial victory. While it traces the way an indigenous rights movements fueled a broader movement for community rights, it also demonstrates the tenacious hold of pro-mining elite networks in the context of movement fragmentation and weak institutions.
Mining Skeptics
Authors: Spalding Rose J.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 5 takes up the case of Costa Rica, where national-level mobilizing in support of environmental protection led to multisectoral networking in support of mining prohibition. Unlike Nicaragua and Guatemala, where elites were cohesive boosters of mining investment, Costa Rican elites split into opposing camps. This chapter allows us to trace how organized citizens can exert pressures for change when elites fail to form a united front and resisters coordinate effectively. This framework highlights the role of the courts and whistleblowers to show how a mining license granted in violation of environmental regulations may be declared invalid. In the context of deepening elite division, cohesive anti-mining networking, and responsive institutions, the Costa Rican mining debate concluded in 2010 with the unanimous legislative approval of a law prohibiting open pit mining. Adopting the world’s first national mining ban, Costa Rica became a global leader in post-extractivist innovation.
Mining Free
Authors: Spalding Rose J.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 6 turns to El Salvador, a country where democratic institutions routinely fall short and violence levels run high. In spite of its striking differences from Costa Rica, El Salvador also banned mining at the national level. The Salvadoran government maintained a mining moratorium across three administrations, as questions mounted about environmental consequences of gold extraction and state capacity to address them. Following the formation of a national anti-mining network and the direct intervention of El Salvador’s Catholic Church leaders, the legislature unanimously approved a metallic mining ban in 2017. Introducing concepts of water rights, tipping points, punctuated equilibrium, and legislative social cascades, this chapter shows how a cohesive opposition network, in the absence of elite unity, may calibrate strategic openings in electoral contests and legislative debate, and secure a policy outcome that aligns with post-extractivist objectives.
Criminals, Nazis, and Islamists
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: April 2023

Criminals, Nazis, and Islamists: Competition for Powers in Former Soviet Union Prisons examines conflicts and cooperation among inmates in male prisons in the former Soviet Union. It looks at how Vory criminal organization, that began in the 1930s was able to develop rules, norms, and unique criminal ideology to ensure their monopoly in prison internal governance. In particular this book discusses the organization of inmates life inside prisons and how vory criminal organization governs it. Being not only able to establish control over inmates, vory criminal organization also successfully stood up against prison authorities to make inmates life behind bars as comfortable as possible and as a consequence ensure its own survival in power. So this book also discusses how vory criminal organization in prison uses different methods, from strikes to bloody riots, to put pressure on prison leadership. With the fall of Soviet Union in 1990s and a following commercialization of criminal organization, vory started loosing their grip on prisons. So this book also reviews how Islamists and neo-Nazis, other major organizations behind bars across the former Soviet Union, are currently challenging vory criminal organization and what happens when they take power inside particular prisons and have to govern themselves.
Introduction
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: April 2023

One of the most significant works of Soviet literature is Gulag Archipelago, by Nobel Laureate Alexander Solzhenitsyn. The title of this landmark work refers to prison camps as islands separated from the mainland society. And as on an island, or in any other closed society, inhabitants develop relationships, establish rules and norms, and even adhere to unique culture and traditions. These prison societies have become a fusion of inmate ideologies that affect life both inside and outside of prison walls. On the other side, as in any society, conflicts inside prison are unavoidable and occur on different levels including conflicts between individual inmates, conflicts between groups of inmates, and conflicts between inmates and prison authorities. These dynamics give us an opportunity to study social and political processes in the closed environment of prisons. In particular, in this book, I look at the conflicts and cooperation between inmates in male prisons in the former Soviet Union.
Theory
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: April 2023

Major criminal groups know that basically all their members, including leadership themselves, will at some point end up in prison. So if they cannot avoid that, they at least have to assure that they will be serving their time the most comfortable way possible. So if a criminal group cannot dominate a prison by brute force, it has to drastically change its tactics from openly oppressing other inmates to claiming to work for their benefit. But as a consequence, they now became responsible for providing inmates with public goods, settling internal conflicts, and representing and defending all inmates in front of prison authorities—basically performing the duties a regular government would perform for its citizens. Just inside prison walls. In addition, to further cement their legitimacy inside and outside of prison, they have to make sure that their ideology or code of conduct is also being carefully followed behind bars.
History of the Vory Criminal Organization
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses how following Bolshevik Revolution in 1923, vory criminal organization took control of the Soviet Union criminal world and, compared to previous criminal organizations, has a strict code of conduct. Then it was joined by millions of people who lost everything they had following Bolshevik economic reforms. Soon the Bolshevik government realized that criminal world was not only growing quickly, but it also was becoming a dangerous opposition to the regime so they turned to mass incarceration. So the vory criminal organization, with their infernal rules, ended up behind bars. There they soon realized that they could not be dominating in prison by brutal force, and they drastically changed their tactics from openly oppressing other inmates to claiming to work for their benefit. But as a consequence they now became responsible for providing inmates with public goods, settling internal conflicts, and representing and defending all inmates in front of prison authorities.
Prison Criminal Leadership
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: April 2023

Prison governance structure consists of the prison criminal leader who is helped by people similar to governors who are in charge of different geographic areas inside prisons and people similar to ministers in the sense that they have a particular portfolio they are in charge of. Their main job is to make sure inmates are as comfortable as they could be, taking into consideration their inmate status. To achieve that the general population should be united, which minimizes internal conflicts and makes their position the strongest in resistance to prison authorities—which in turn allows them to be in a stronger position vis-à-vis prison guards to negotiate for more benefits and freedoms. And because situation in prisons is important from criminal organizations, those in prison internal leadership all have an incentive to perform their tasks to the best of their abilities because it would be taking into account when they would be rising in ranks inside the criminal family.
Everyday Life Behind Bars
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: April 2023

What services does a government have to provide its citizens to increase the quality of their lives and, as a result, legitimize its rules? One such service is communication. Inmates want to communicate with each other and preferably with the outside world. And to supply this demand is the job of prison criminal leadership. In fact, they also crucially need such communication to ensure security inside the prison camp and be connected to the criminal world outside. Also, since prison, by definition, should be a boring place, it also becomes the job of vory leadership to make it less so. Not only do they entertain inmates, but they use culture and entertainment that increases the legitimacy of their ideology. So in this chapter, I will talk about public goods the prison criminal leadership provides to inmate, and how their use serves as propaganda for their ideology.
Conflict with Prison Authorities
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: April 2023

Because members of the criminal family and prison guards are in constant negotiation for the balance of power, who is controlling the inmate population—vory criminal family or prison authorities—is not set in stone and sometimes changes. It could be that the balance of power is steady through daily life, or sometimes it can change radically, and very abruptly. Like the frontline of a war, it can be in constant flux. If the criminal family inmates want more authority, they will be on the offense and prison administration (and their trustees among inmate population) will be on the defense, or other way around with the administration aggressively taking the upper hand and the criminal family being subject to it. So in this chapter, I will discuss what it takes for criminal leadership to take control of a prison (and how strict vory criminal ideology aids in this struggle) and how prison administration can try to prevent it from happening.
Islamist Jamaat Rise to Power
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: April 2023

Originally, the founders of the prison jamaats had been veterans of wars, imprisoned for extremism and terrorism. These fighters were not only very respected among the criminal inmates, but also had many qualities and goals that easily overshadowed those of the new prison criminal leaders. In the beginning, the goal of the criminal organization was to present strong opposition to the government. However, many inmates see criminal family leadership now as coconspirators with, rather than opposition to, the prison authorities. These are criminal leaders who can easily be bought with money or favors (such as early release) from prison administration. At the same time, based on the Russian law, inmates on terrorism and extremism charges are never eligible for early release, so they have no incentive for good behavior and nothing to lose by standing up against prison authorities’ injustice. This led jamaats (Islamist organizations) to quickly rise to power among prison inmates.