bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of the distribution ofGlossina tachinoides(Diptera: Glossinidae) in the Volta basin of northern Ghana
Authors: Mahama C.I. , Koné A. , de la Rocque S. , De Deken R. , Geerts S.
Published: February 2005

The classification of a Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite image helped demonstrate prevailing habitat types and land use intensity in the Volta basin of the Northern Region of Ghana. A geo-referenced data layer comprising the capture results of a cross-sectional survey ofGlossina tachinoidesWestwood was over-laid on a data layer of habitat types within 500 m of either bank of the Volta river and its tributaries. An evaluation of the relationship between habitat types and the capture results ofG. tachinoidessuggested a strong preference ofG. tachinoidesfor woodland, followed by shrubland, grassland and flood plains. The findings were used to classify the suitability of habitat types forG. tachinoidesas ‘high’, ‘medium’ and ‘low’ and a prediction map for the distribution ofG. tachinoidesin the entire river network was produced. The usefulness of this method in estimating the potential distribution ofG. tachinoidesin an area of increasing agricultural expansion is discussed.
Acute administration of red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) depletes tissue coenzyme Q10levels in ICR mice
Authors: Yang Hui-Ting , Lin Shyh-Hsiang , Huang Shih-Yi , Chou Hsin-Ju
Published: February 2005

In this study, we attempted to evaluate the effect of administration of a high quantity of red yeast rice on coenzyme Q10(CoQ10) synthesis in the tissues of ICR mice. Eighty-eight adult male ICR mice were housed and divided into control and experimental groups for red yeast rice treatment. Animals were gavaged with a low (1 g/kg body weight) or a high dose (5 g/kg body weight, approximately five times the typical recommended human dose) of red yeast rice dissolved in soyabean oil. After gavagement, animals of the control group were immediately killed; mice of the experimental groups (eight for each subgroup) were killed at different time intervals of 0·5, 1, 1·5, 4 and 24 h. The liver, heart and kidney were taken for analysis of monacolin K (liver only) and CoQ10analysis. Liver and heart CoQ10levels declined dramatically in both groups administered red yeast rice, especially in the high-dose group, within 30 min. After 24 h, the levels of hepatic and cardiac CoQ10were still reduced. A similar trend was also observed in the heart, but the inhibitory effect began after 90 min. The higher dose of red yeast rice presented a greater suppressive effect than did the lower dose on tissue CoQ10levels. In conclusion, acute red yeast rice gavage suppressed hepatic and cardiac CoQ10levels in rodents; furthermore, the inhibitory effect was responsive to the doses administered.
The relation between alcohol intake and physical activity and the fatty acids 14: 0, 15: 0 and 17: 0 in serum phospholipids and adipose tissue used as markers for dairy fat intake
Authors: Rosell M. , Johansson G. , Berglund L. , Vessby B. , Faire U. de , Hellénius M.-L.
Published: February 2005

The relative contents of the fatty acids 14: 0, 15: 0 and 17: 0 in serum and adipose tissue may be used as biological markers of dairy fat intake. However, the determinants of these fatty acids are not fully understood. This study investigates the relationship between these fatty acids and the intake of macronutrients and physical activity in a cross-sectional study of 301 healthy men aged 61–64 years. Dietary intake was assessed using a pre-coded 7 d food record, and physical activity during the previous year was recorded in an interview. Under-reporters of energy intake were identified by the Goldberg cut-off. Fatty acid composition was determined in serum phospholipids (PL) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) from the upper buttock. The relative content of each of 14: 0, 15: 0 and 17: 0 in PL and AT was positively associated with the intake of dairy fat. In addition, all three fatty acids were inversely correlated with alcohol intake,Rranging from −0·28 to −0·53 (P<0·001). The results were not markedly affected when under-reporters (n88) were excluded from the analyses. In both PL and AT, the relative content of the fatty acids was approximately 5% higher in a group of high physical activity compared with a group of low physical activity, although significant trends were only seen for 14: 0 in PL and 17: 0 in AT. The findings suggest that adjustments should be made for alcohol intake when the fatty acids 14: 0, 15: 0 and 17: 0 are applied as markers for dairy fat intake.
‘Citation Classic’
Authors: Trayhurn Paul , Simons P. C. M. , Versteegh H. A. J. , Jongbloed A. W. , Kemme P. A. , Slump P. , Bos K. D. , Wolters M. G. E. , Beudeker R. F. , Verschoor G. J.
Published: February 2005

Techniques have been developed to produce microbial phytase for addition to diets for simple-stomached animals, with the aim to improve phosphorus availability from phytate-P in plant sources. The activityof the crude microbial phytase showed pH optima at pH 5-5 and 2·5. The enzyme was able to degradephytate in vitro in soya-bean meal, maize and a liquid compound feed for pigs. When microbial phytasewas added to low-P diets for broilers the availability of P increased to over 60 % and the amount of Pin the droppings decreased by 50%. The growth rate and feed conversion ratio on the low-P dietscontaining microbial phytase were comparable to or even better than those obtained on control diets.Addition of microbial phytase to diets for growing pigs increased the apparent absorbability of P by24%. The amount of P in the faeces was 35% lower.
Phosphorylation Controls CLIMP-63–mediated Anchoring of the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Microtubules
Authors: Vedrenne Cécile , Klopfenstein Dieter R. , Hauri Hans-Peter
Published: February 2005

The microtubule-binding 63-kDa cytoskeleton-linking membrane protein (CLIMP-63) is an integral membrane protein that links the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to microtubules. Here, we tested whether this interaction is regulated by phosphorylation. Metabolic labeling with32P showed that CLIMP-63 is a phosphoprotein with increased phosphorylation during mitosis. CLIMP-63 of mitotic cells is unable to bind to microtubules in vitro. Mitotic phosphorylation can be prevented by mutation of serines 3, 17, and 19 in the cytoplasmic domain of CLIMP-63. When these residues are mutated to glutamic acid, and hence mimic mitotic phosphorylation, CLIMP-63 does no longer bind to microtubules in vitro. Overexpression of the phospho-mimicking mitotic form of CLIMP-63 in interphase cells leads to a collapse of the ER around the nucleus, leaving the microtubular network intact. The results suggest that CLIMP-63–mediated stable anchoring of the ER to microtubules is required to maintain the spatial distribution of the ER during interphase and that this interaction is abolished by phosphorylation of CLIMP-63 during mitosis.
The Systemic Theory of Living Systems and Relevance to CAM
Authors: Olalde Rangel José A.
Published: February 2005

The Systemic Theory of Living Systems is being published in several parts in eCAM. The theory is axiomatic. It originates from the phenomenological idea that physiological health is based on three factors: integrity of its structure or organization, O, functional organic energy reserve, E, and level of active biological intelligence, I. From the theory is derived a treatment strategy called Systemic Medicine (SM). This is based on identifying and prescribing phytomedicines and/or other medications that strengthen each factor. Energy‐stimulating phytomedicines increase available energy and decrease total entropy of an open biological system by providing negative entropy. The same occurs with phytomedicines that act as biological intelligence modulators. They should be used as the first line of treatment in all ailments, since all pathologies, by definition, imply a higher than normal organic entropy. SM postulates that the state of health, H, of an individual, is effectively equal to the product of the strength of each factor H = O × E × I. SM observes that when all three factors are brought back to ideal levels, patients′ conditions begin the recovery to normal health.
From Cash to Accrual Budgeting and Accounting in the Public Sector: The Dutch Experience
Authors: Peter van der Hoek M.
Published: February 2005

Traditionally, governments used to deploy input‐based budgeting systems and cash‐based accounting systems. However, these systems do not provide the information that is necessary for a government to operate efficiently and effectively. Therefore, a growing number of countries have already shifted or are planning to shift from cash‐based to some form of accrual accounting in the public sector. Usually, the implementation of some accrual‐based system is linked to wider financial management reforms including performance management requiring information on cost. This paper focuses on the Dutch experience with the shift from cash‐based accounting and budgeting systems to an accrual‐based system.
Fiscal Institutions, Credit Ratings, and Borrowing Costs
Authors: Johnson Craig L. , Kriz Kenneth A.
Published: February 2005

This paper investigates the impact of fiscal institutions on state government borrowing costs. We find that institutions have both a direct and indirect effect on interest costs paid by state governments. Revenue limits are associated directly with higher interest costs; expenditure limits, stricter balanced budget rules, and restrictions on state debt issuance are indirectly associated with lower interest costs because they lead to higher credit ratings. It appears that investors and bond raters incorporate information on fiscal institutions into their assessment of state government credit quality.
Amino acid–azetidine chimeras: synthesis of enantiopure 3‐substituted azetidine‐2‐carboxylic acids
Authors: Sajjadi Z. , Lubell W.D.
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  Azetidine‐2‐carboxylic acid (Aze) analogs possessing various heteroatomic side chains at the 3‐position have been synthesized by modification of 1‐9‐(9‐phenylfluorenyl) (PhF)‐3‐allyl‐Aze tert‐butyl ester (2S,3S)‐1. 3‐Allyl‐Aze 1 was synthesized by regioselective allylation of α‐tert‐butyl β‐methyl N‐(PhF)aspartate 13, followed by selective ω‐carboxylate reduction, tosylation, and intramolecular N‐alkylation. Removal of the PhF group and olefin reduction by hydrogenation followed by Fmoc protection produced nor‐leucine–Aze chimera 2. Regioselective olefin hydroboration of (2S,3S)‐1 produced primary alcohol 23, which was protected as a silyl ether, hydrogenated and N‐protected to give 1‐Fmoc‐3‐hydroxypropyl‐Aze 26. Enantiopure (2S,3S)‐3‐(3‐azidopropyl)‐1‐Fmoc‐azetidine‐2‐carboxylic acid tert‐butyl ester 3 was prepared as a Lys–Aze chimera by activation of 3‐hydroxypropyl–Aze 26 as a methanesulfonate and displacement with sodium azide. Moreover, orthogonally protected azetidine dicarboxylic acid 4 was synthesized as an α‐aminoadipate–Aze chimera by oxidation of alcohol 26. These orthogonally protected amino acid–Aze chimeras are designed to serve as tools for studying the influence of conformation on peptide activity.
Role of protein kinase C and oxidative stress in interleukin‐1β‐induced human proximal tubule cell injury and fibrogenesis
Authors: VESEY DAVID A , CHEUNG CATHERINE , ENDRE ZOLTAN , GOBÉ GLENDA , JOHNSON DAVID W
Published: February 2005

Background:  Interleukin (IL)‐1β, a pro‐inflammatory macrophage‐derived cytokine, is implicated as a key mediator of interstitial fibrosis and tubular loss or injury in progressive renal insufficiency. This study investigates some of the mechanisms of action of IL‐1β on the proximal tubule.

Methods:  Confluent cultures of primary human proximal tubule cells (PTC) were incubated in serum‐free media supplemented with either IL‐1β (0–4 ng/mL), phorbol‐12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA, protein kinase C activator) (6.25–100 nmol/L), or vehicle (control), together with a non‐specific protein kinase C inhibitor (H7), a specific protein kinase C inhibitor (BIM‐1), an anti‐oxidant (NAC) or a NADPH oxidase inhibitor (AEBSF).

Results:  Interleukin‐1β‐treated PTC exhibited time‐dependent increases in fibronectin secretion (ELISA), cell injury (LDH release) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) release (Griess assay). Proximal tubule cell DNA synthesis (thymidine incorporation) was also significantly suppressed. The effects of IL‐1β, which were reproduced by incubation of PTC with PMA (6.25–100 nmol/L), were blocked by H7 but not by BIM‐1. The anti‐oxidant (4 mmol/L) partially blocked IL‐1β‐induced fibronectin secretion by PTC, but did not affect IL‐1β‐induced LDH release, RNS release or growth inhibition. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor (AEBSF) significantly attenuated all observed deleterious effects of IL‐1β on PTC.

Conclusion:  Interleukin‐1β directly induces proximal tubule injury, extracellular matrix production and  impaired  growth.  The  anti‐oxidant,  NAC,  appears  to  ameliorate  part  of  the  fibrogenic  effect  of IL‐1β on PTC through mechanisms that do not significantly involve protein kinase C activation or nitric oxide release.
More vein, less plastic
Authors: FRANCIS DAVID MA
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY: Use of arteriovenous fistulas, grafts and central venous catheters for haemodialysis access varies considerably, because of perceived patient variables and preferences of surgeons, nephrologists and dialysis staff. Evidence clearly indicates that the arteriovenous fistula is superior to other methods of access in terms of patient survival, flow rates, patency, infection rates, expense and ease of maintenance. Strategies to increase the use and longevity of fistulas for definitive haemodialysis access include vein preservation, early referral for fistula surgery, preoperative clinical and ultrasound assessment of the venous and arterial systems, access surveillance, good cannulation technique, and aggressive conservatism in surgical and/or radiological correction of fistula problems.
A comparative study: The efficacy of liquid paraffin and lactulose in management of chronic functional constipation
Authors: Urganci Nafiye , Akyildiz Basak , Polat Tugçin Bora
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Objectives
: To determine and compare efficacy, safety and optimal dose of two laxatives, liquid paraffin and lactulose, in 40 children with chronic functional constipation.

Methods
: A total of 20 children were treated with liquid paraffin and 20 with lactulose for 8 weeks and at an initial dose of 1 mL/kg per day for both drugs. The dose was adjusted every 3 days as required and a diary was kept to monitor dose, side‐effects, stool frequency and consistency, and other symptoms.

Results
: During first 4 weeks, improvement in stool consistency and frequency was significantly higher in liquid the paraffin group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Improvement in the number of stools per week was also significantly higher in the liquid paraffin group during the last 4 weeks of therapy (P < 0.05).

Compliance rates averaged 95% in the liquid paraffin group and 90% in the lactulose group during the first 4 weeks of therapy and 90% in the liquid paraffin group and 60% in the lactulose group during the last 4 weeks of therapy (χ2 = 4.8, SD = 1, P = 0.02). During the first 4 weeks of therapy and during the last 4 weeks of therapy, mostly side‐effects and poor symptom control, respectively, influenced the compliance in the liquid paraffin group.

Conclusions
: Liquid paraffin is more effective in the treatment of children with constipation. Patients treated with liquid paraffin responded more rapidly than patients responding to lactulose and showed fewer side‐effect. It is considered that late response and side‐effects in conjunction with poor symptom control influence the patient compliance and the successful treatment of childhood constipation.
Effects of L‐arginine and L‐carnitine in hypoxia/reoxygenation‐induced intestinal injury
Authors: Kabaroglu Ceyda , Akisu Mete , Habif Sara , Mutaf Isil , Turgan Nevbahar , Parildar Zuhal , Özmen Dilek , Bayindir Oya
Published: February 2005

Abstract 
Background
: This study was designed to show the role of oxidative stress, nitric oxide and glutathione‐related antioxidant enzymes in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)‐induced intestinal injury model in mice and to evaluate the potential benefits of arginine and carnitine supplementation.

Methods
: A total of 28 young Balb/c mice were divided into four groups: Group 1 (untreated) was given physiological saline before the experiment; group 2 H/R mice were supplemented with L‐arginine; group 3 H/R mice were given L‐carnitine for 7 days; and group 4 mice served as controls. At the end of day 7, H/R injury was induced and intestinal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrate levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activities were measured.

Results
: MDA levels were higher in the untreated animals than in the other three groups. MDA levels were higher in the L‐arginine‐treated animals than in the L‐carnitine‐treated animals. Nitrate levels were found to be increased in the L‐arginine‐treated group when compared to the controls. GSH‐Px and GR activities were increased in the untreated, the L‐arginine and the L‐carnitine‐treated H/R groups when compared to the control group. GST activities were indifferent between the groups.

Conclusions
: Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of H/R‐induced intestinal injury. The glutathione redox cycle may have a crucial role in the H/R‐induced intestinal injury. L‐arginine and L‐carnitine supplementations ameliorate the histological evidence of H/R‐induced intestinal injury and decrease lipid peroxidation but do not alter the glutathione‐related antioxidant enzyme activities.
Henoch‐Schönlein purpura with hypocomplementemia in children
Authors: Motoyama Osamu , Iitaka Kikuo
Published: February 2005

Abstract 
Background
: The clinical course and prognosis of Henoch‐Schönlein purpura (HSP) associated with hypocomplementemia are not clear.

Methods
: The clinical findings of 10 children with HSP and hypocomplementemia were studied.

Results
: Purpuric rash in all patients, abdominal pain in five, and arthralgia in nine were noted. The findings in HSP were not different from others with HSP. In eight patients, infection preceded hypocomplementemia. Serum levels of CH50, C3 or C4 were depressed variously. Complement levels returned to normal within 5 weeks in all patients. Antistreptolysin‐O (ASO) titer was elevated in all patients and nephritis occurred in eight patients. Six patients had generalized edema and hypertension. Macroscopic hematuria occurred in two patients and heavy proteinuria in five patients. One patient was diagnosed as having poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN) combined with HSP nephritis according to renal biopsy findings. In three of eight patients with nephritis, abnormal urinary findings continued for more than 1 year.

Conclusions
: Hypocomplementemia in children with HSP was transient and was not related to severity of HSP. Incidences of elevated ASO titer and nephritis were high. The nephritis resembled PSAGN during the acute stage and long‐term clinical courses varied. These findings suggest PSAGN may be associated with HSP nephritis.
Current guidelines for the management of unstable angina: a new diagnostic and management paradigm*
Authors: Aroney C. , Boyden A. N. , Jelinek M. V. , Thompson P. , Tonkin A. M. , White H.
Published: February 2005

The new guidelines reflect a worldwide change to more sensitive diagnostic strategies and more aggressive management of unstable angina. Stratification to high risk now includes those patients with only a minor degree of electrocardiographic ST depression (0.5 mm) or a significant elevation of cardiac troponin. High‐risk patients are recommended to be treated with intensive medical and invasive management. Intermediate‐risk patients may be best evaluated using an accelerated diagnostic strategy over an 8–12 h period before being reclassified as high or low risk. (Intern Med J 2001; 31: 104–111)
Topical application of Bifidobacterium‐fermented soy milk extract containing genistein and daidzein improves rheological and physiological properties of skin
Authors: Miyazaki K. , Hanamizu T. , Sone T. , Chiba K. , Kinoshita T. , Yoshikawa S.
Published: February 2005

Paper presented in part at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan, Tokyo, September 21, 2000.

The authors examined the effects of Bifidobacterium‐fermented soy milk extract (BE) containing genistein and daidzein on the hyaluronic acid (HA) content and rheological and physiological properties of hairless mouse and/or human skin. Topical application of BE for six weeks significantly restored changes in the elasticity and viscoelasticity of mouse skin, increased the HA content, and hydrated and thickened mouse skin. Also, topical application of a gel formula containing 10% BE to the human forearm for three months significantly lessened the decrease in skin elasticity. Therefore, BE is expected to become a new cosmetic ingredient to prevent the loss of skin elasticity through enhancement of HA production.
Bath-Related Headache
Authors: Mak W , Tsang KL , Tsoi TH , Au Yeung KM , Chan KH , Cheng TS , Cheung TFR , Ho SL
Published: February 2005

Bath-related headache (BRH) is a rare primary headache syndrome. We present our experience over seven years and review all reported cases of BRH. Thirteen patients, including six from our group, are described. BRH occurred exclusively in middle-aged or elderly Oriental women (mean age 51 years, range 32-67. Hong Kong 6 cases, Taiwan 4 cases, Japan 3 cases). The typical presentation was a uniphasic cluster of severe headache recurrently triggered by bathing or other activities involving contact with water. Each attack lasted 30 min to 30 h. Onset was hyperacute, consistent with that of thunderclap headache. Reversible multisegmental cerebral vasoconstriction was found in two patients. No underlying secondary causes were identified. Response to acute treatment was generally unsatisfactory, but headache could be prevented by avoiding the specific trigger(s). BRH runs a self-limiting course; all patients remitted within three months after onset. Nimodipine may shorten the duration of illness.
Clinical Characteristics and Patterns of Medication Use of Migraneurs in Latin America From 12 Cities in 6 Countries
Authors: Morillo Luis E. , Alarcon Fernando , Aranaga Nayesca , Aulet Sara , Chapman Evelina , Conterno Lucien , Estevez Edmundo , Garcia‐Pedroza Felipe , Garrido Juanita , Macias‐Islas Miguel , Monzillo Paulo , Nunez Lilia , Plascencia Noel , Rodriguez Carlos , Takeuchi Yuri ,   Latin American Migraine Study Group
Published: February 2005

Objective.—The objective of this study was to document the clinical characteristics of migraine and patterns of medication use in residents ≥15 years old in 12 Latin American urban communities.

Background.—Few large‐scale population studies have established the symptoms and disability associated with migraine with or without aura in Latin American urban communities or the pattern of medication use in these regions.

Methods.—In this study, subjects in 12 urban communities, from 6 Latin American countries, were surveyed with a validated face‐to‐face interview questionnaire based on International Headache Society criteria for migraine. The questionnaire was completed during face‐to‐face interviews with headache sufferers within selected households and included questions about migraine symptoms, migraine‐related disability, and the use of health‐care resources and medications to treat migraines.

Results.—Of the 8618 people available for screening, 62% suffered from headaches. Of individuals with migraine, 42% reported consulting a health‐care professional about their headaches. Of the migraineurs, 94.2% reported moderate to severe pain. Associated symptoms of nausea or vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, and osmophobia were common during migraine attacks in 30.3, 76.4, 85.1, and 47.7% of subjects, respectively. The majority of subjects suffered between one and eight migraines each month. Although no previous diagnosis of migraine was reported by 65% of headache sufferers, migraineurs lost an average of 8 days in the preceding 3 months in any of the following areas: school, work, household chores, and/or social, family, or leisure activities. The agents used most widely to treat migraine were paracetamol and salicylates, while nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, dypirone, and ergotamines were also commonly used. Medication use varied widely among countries, but was predominantly nonprescription.

Conclusions.—Migraine is a common disorder in Latin American urban communities imposing significant burden on individuals, families, and communities. The magnitude of the impact and the range of activities affected by migraine are similar to those of previous reports in other regions. The preponderance of nonprescription medications and the scarcity of migraine‐specific triptans from the study findings are especially striking.
Disclosing Genetic Test Results to Family Members
Authors: Hamilton Rebekah J. , Bowers Barbara J. , Williams Janet K.
Published: February 2005

Purpose:

To describe the experiences of disclosing genetic test results to biological family members among people tested for Huntington's disease (HD) or hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC).

Design:

Grounded theory methodology.

Methods:

Open‐ended, tape‐recorded interviews were conducted with 29 participants—24 who had received genetic test results and 5 who had decided not to be tested. The participants were from three countries, including 15 U.S. states. Interviews occurred from 2 months to 4 years after receiving test results. Tapes were transcribed and analyzed for conceptual categories to describe the experience of disclosing genetic test results.

Findings:

Participants described the effects and meaning of disclosing test results to their various family members, and they selectively disclosed results to family members. The timing of disclosure was influenced by the particular disease and the person's perceived need to prepare. Disclosure of genetic test results brought the risk of HD and HBOC to the foreground, not only for the person tested but for family members as well.

Conclusions:

This study elucidated the perspective of the “discloser” and the consequences they anticipated and experienced.
Mothers' Experience of Helping Young Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Wongvatunyu Suporn , Porter Eileen J.
Published: February 2005

Purpose:

To describe mothers' experience of helping young adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Design:

Descriptive.

Methods:

A convenience sample of participants from support groups for parents of young adults with TBI met the criteria of engaging in regular interaction or helping their children (aged 20 to 36 years). These young adults had suffered moderate or severe TBI from a motor vehicle collisions, sports‐related injuries, or recreation‐related injuries more than 6 months earlier. A descriptive phenomenological method was used. Three in‐depth interviews were done with each mother over a 2‐month period. Data were the mothers' perceptions, actions, and intentions pertaining to their experiences of helping the young adults.

Findings:

Five phenomena that were structures of the experience were discerned, discussed with participants to obtain their feedback, and compared to the relevant literature. The five phenomena of the mothers' experiences were: reconnecting my child's brain, considering my child's safety, making our lives as normal as possible, dealing with our biggest problem, and advocating for my child.

Conclusions:

The mothers continued rehabilitation efforts with the young adults, even when only minimal services were available to support their efforts. Mothers needed interventions to enhance their knowledge, and they and the young adults with TBI needed expanded community services.
Benign fibrous histiocytoma of the mandible
Authors: Kishino Mitsunobu , Murakami Shumei , Toyosawa Satoru , Nakatani Atsutoshi , Ogawa Yuzo , Ishida Takeshi , Ijuhin Naokuni
Published: February 2005

A very rare case of benign fibrous histiocytoma of the mandible is presented. A 49‐year‐old woman was admitted because of left buccal swelling and pain. Panoramic radiograph showed well‐demarcated soap‐bubble appearance without sclerotic rim in the left mandibular bone. A yellowish‐white and partly brown solid tumor was noted in the excised mandibular bone specimen. The tumor histologically consisted of spindle cells, in which areas showing a storiform pattern and other areas composed of histiocytic cells with erythrophagocytosis and foam cells were mixed. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for vimentin, CD68, α‐1‐antichymotrypsin and α‐1‐antitrypsin. From these findings the tumor was diagnosed as a primary BFH of the mandible. No recurrence has been noted 2 years and 11 months after surgery.
Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in synovial fluids of patients with symptomatic internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Sato Jun , Segami Natsuki , Kaneyama Keiseki , Mashiyama Yuichi , Fujimura Kazuma , Yoshitake Yoshino
Published: February 2005

Background:  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an inducer of angiogenesis and permeability of small blood vessels. We determined the concentrations of VEGF in synovial fluid of patients with symptomatic internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Methods:  Diluted synovial fluid was collected by a pumping procedure from 22 TMJs of patients with internal derangement and 10 control TMJs. VEGF concentration was determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:  The VEGF was detected in 14 of the 22 joints (64%) of patients with internal derangement, at a mean concentration of 67 pg/ml, but in only one control joint (12.5 pg/ml) (P = 0.004 for the difference in concentration). There was a significant correlation between VEGF concentration and total protein concentration in the synovial fluid (P = 0.002).

Conclusions:  The increased concentration of VEGF in patients with symptomatic internal derangement suggests that this growth factor may be involved in the pathogenesis of this condition.
Validation of the VapoMeter, a closed unventilated chamber system to assess transepidermal water loss vs. the open chamber Tewameter®
Authors: De Paepe Kristien , Houben Evi , Adam Ralf , Wiesemann Frank , Rogiers Vera
Published: February 2005

Background/aim: Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is one of the most important biophysical parameters for evaluating the efficiency of the human skin water barrier. Different approaches exist to measure TEWL. The most commonly used methodology consists of the open chamber diffusion technique in which the water vapor pressure gradient is measured in g/h m2 according to Fick's law. A typical apparatus is the Tewameter®. Recently, a portable device – the VapoMeter – became available with a humidity sensor in a closed chamber.

Methods: In the present work, the closed chamber VapoMeter is compared with the open chamber Tewameter® for its applicability to assess TEWL. A comparative study – including parallel in vivo measurements with both devices – was carried out on human forearm skin.

Results: It could be concluded that both instruments are reliable tools. A good correlation between recordings (r=0.503–0.966) was found with a consistent feature of measuring higher TEWL values for the Tewameter® than for the VapoMeter. Probe pressure, probe temperature and relative humidity were revealed to be important parameters inducing significant differences in data outcome.

Conclusions: From skin barrier damage experiments it became clear that the Tewameter® is able to detect significantly smaller differences than the VapoMeter. In addition, the closed chamber device is currently not sensitive enough to discriminate for the effects induced by diurnal rhythm and fluctuations as a function of time. On the other hand, the small and handy VapoMeter allows more flexibility in measuring protocols and in in‐use performance.
A Selective Inhibitor of eIF2α Dephosphorylation Protects Cells from ER Stress
Authors: Boyce Michael , Bryant Kevin F. , Jousse Céline , Long Kai , Harding Heather P. , Scheuner Donalyn , Kaufman Randal J. , Ma Dawei , Coen Donald M. , Ron David , Yuan Junying
Published: February 2005

Most protein phosphatases have little intrinsic substrate specificity, making selective pharmacological inhibition of specific dephosphorylation reactions a challenging problem. In a screen for small molecules that protect cells from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we identified salubrinal, a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit α (eIF2α). Salubrinal also blocks eIF2α dephosphorylation mediated by a herpes simplex virus protein and inhibits viral replication. These results suggest that selective chemical inhibitors of eIF2α dephosphorylation may be useful in diseases involving ER stress or viral infection. More broadly, salubrinal demonstrates the feasibility of selective pharmacological targeting of cellular dephosphorylation events.
Genetic Consequences of Tropical Second-Growth Forest Regeneration
Authors: Sezen Uzay U. , Chazdon Robin L. , Holsinger Kent E.
Published: February 2005

Secondary forests are more extensive than old-growth forests in many tropical regions, yet the genetic composition of colonizing populations is poorly understood. We analyzed the parentage of a founder population of 130 individuals of the canopy palmIriartea deltoideain a 24-year-old second-growth forest in lowland Costa Rica. Among 66 trees in adjacent old-growth forest, only two individuals contributed 56% of the genes in founders. Second-growth trees had lower genetic diversity and larger patches of similar genotypes than old-growth trees. Recovery of genetic diversity of populations in tropical second-growth forests may take many generations and will require continued dispersal from genetically diverse source populations.
The Influence of Self-Stresses on the Deuterium Diffusion in Pd77Ag23 Membrane
Authors: Dudek Danuta
Published: February 2005

The permeation of deuterium through the palladium-silver Pd77Ag23membrane was investigated. The diffusion coefficients of deuterium were determined at four temperatures between 303 and 328 K. The influence of self-stresses, created after introduction of deuterium into membrane with some initial deuterium contents, on the diffusion of deuterium was investigated at temperature 303.2 K. The solubility of deuterium in Pd77Ag23membrane at four temperatures in the range 303-328 K was measured.
NONCOMMUTATIVE CORRECTIONS TO THE MIC–KEPLER HAMILTONIAN
Authors: KHETSELIUS DENNIS
Published: February 2005

Noncommutative corrections to the MIC–Kepler system (i.e. hydrogen atom in the presence of a magnetic monopole) are computed in Cartesian and spherical coordinates. In the framework of perturbation theory we were able to derive noncommutative corrections to the MIC–Kepler spectrum. We also found a nontrivial contribution to the linear Stark effect which did not exist in the standard hydrogen model.
BAYESIAN MODEL SELECTION VIA FILTERING FOR A CLASS OF MICRO-MOVEMENT MODELS OF ASSET PRICE
Authors: KOURITZIN MICHAEL A. , ZENG YONG
Published: February 2005

This paper develops the Bayesian model selection based on Bayes factor for a rich class of partially-observed micro-movement models of asset price. We focus on one recursive algorithm to calculate the Bayes factors, first deriving the system of SDEs for them and then applying the Markov chain approximation method to yield a recursive algorithm. We prove the consistency (or robustness) of the recursive algorithm. To illustrate the construction of such a recursive algorithm, we consider a model selection problem for two micro-movement models with and without stochastic volatility, and provide simulation and real-data examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Bayes factor in the model selection for this class of models.
Submonolayer Er Phases on Si(111)
Authors: Saranin Alexander A. , Zotov Andrey V. , Pisarenko Inna V. , Lifshits Victor G. , Katayama Mitsuhiro , Oura Kenjiro
Published: February 2005

Using scanning tunneling microscopy, formation and structure of the submonolayer Er/Si(111) phases have been studied. Depending on the growth conditions, one of two submonolayer phases is formed, 2√3×2√3 or √3×√3. A metastable 2√3×2√3 phase develops at the deposition of ∼0.1–0.6 ML of Er onto a Si(111) 7×7 surface held at ∼300°C and disappears upon annealing to ∼500°C. The 2√3×2√3 phase contains about 0.5 ML of Er and incorporates an incomplete top Si(111) bilayer. A √3×√3 phase is formed at annealing of ∼0.5–1.0 ML of Er to ∼500–650°C. It exhibits a honeycomb-like structure and accumulates 2/3 ML of Er and a complete top Si(111) bilayer. The possible structures of the 2√3×2√3 and √3×√3 Er/Si(111) submonolayer phases are discussed.
Multisegmented Magnet Array on Voice Coil Motor in Rotating Data Storage Devices
Authors: Jeong Jaehwa , Lee Moon G. , Lee Jun-Hee , Yoon Hyoung-Kil , Gweon Dae-Gab
Published: February 2005

The swing-arm-type voice coil motor (VCM) is widely used as an actuator in rotating data storage devices. Recently, it has been found that to achieve a faster data transfer rate and a higher data storage areal density, a high performance actuator is required. Moreover, a small form factor has become desirable for portable devices. In this paper, a novel magnetic circuit of VCM with multisegmented magnet array (MSMA) is proposed. Both the magnetic circuits of the conventional VCM and the MSMA VCM are optimized using the 3D finite element method. Sample magnetic circuits are fabricated with optimally designed parameters and a comparative analysis is carried out. The performances of magnetic circuits are evaluated and the experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed magnet array.
Photoinduced Gate Modulation and Temperature Dependence in the Coulomb Staircase of Organic Single Electron Tunneling Junctions
Authors: Noguchi Yutaka , Manaka Takaaki , Iwamoto Mitsumasa
Published: February 2005

Threshold voltage shift in the Coulomb staircase induced by photoirradiation, that is, photoinduced gate modulation, was observed at a temperature of 15 K. The samples denoted by Au/PI/CuttbPc/PI/Al consisted of Kapton-type polyimide (PI) spin-coated films with copper tetra-t-butyl phthalocyanine (CuttbPc), sandwiched between Au and Al electrodes. The temperature dependence of the Coulomb staircase was also examined within the range of 15 K to 300 K. The single electron tunneling process was dominant below 150 K, whereas a thermally assisted electron conduction mechanism such as the hopping mechanism was dominant above 150 K. It was found that the photoinduced gate modulation and the temperature dependence observed in the Coulomb staircase of our junctions could be well explained by taking into account the space charge behavior at the metal/organic ultra-thin film interface.
A Mechanical Model Study on Correlations of Liquid Crystal Phase and Dynamic Parameters in Linear Molecules
Authors: Ma Heng , Okada Hiroyuki , Sugimori Shigeru , Onnagawa Hiroyoshi , Toriyama Kazuhisa
Published: February 2005

Three groups of linear molecules, one group having a liquid crystal (LC) phase and two groups having a general state, were prepared to investigate by a mechanical LC system model. The dynamic parameters, the moment of inertia and rotational critical velocity, were calculated to correlate with the appearance of the LC phase. The analysis of the molecular dynamic parameters allows the assessment of why these molecules behave differently in the formation of phase.
Charge-Compensative Ion Substitution of La3+-Substituted Bismuth Titanate Thin Films for Enhancement of Remanent Polarization
Authors: Uchida Hiroshi , Okada Isao , Matsuda Hirofumi , Iijima Takashi , Watanabe Takayuki , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: February 2005

Ferroelectric properties of La3+-substituted bismuth titanate (BLT) films were modified by Ti-site substitution using higher-valence ions than the Ti4+ ion. Thin films of V5+-, W6+-, Zr4+- and nonsubstituted BLT, i.e., (Bi3.24La0.75)(Ti2.97V0.03)O12 (BLTV), (Bi3.23La0.75)(Ti2.97W0.03)O12 (BLTW), (Bi3.25La0.75)(Ti2.97Zr0.03)O12 (BLTZ) and (Bi3.25La0.75)Ti3.00O12, respectively, were fabricated on (111)Pt/Ti/SiO2/(100)Si substrates by chemical solution deposition. These films consisted of isotropic granular structures without a preferred crystal orientation. Remanent polarizations (P
r) of the BLTV and BLTW films (13 and 12 µC/cm2, respectively) were larger than those of the BLT and BLTZ films (8 and 9 µC/cm2, respectively), while those films had similar coercive fields (E
c) of approximately 120 kV/cm. BLTV and BLTW films also had lower leakage current densities (approximately 10-8 A/cm2 at 100 kV/cm) than that of BLT film (approximately 10-6 A/cm2 at 100 kV/cm). As no obvious difference was found in the crystal orientation or the microstructure, the enhancement of the P
r value and suppression of the leakage current density could be achieved on a BLT film by the charge compensation using higher-valence ions than the Ti4+ ion.
Hysteresis Control of Interface-Engineered Ramp-Edge Junctions for Single-Flux-Quantum Circuits
Authors: Horibe Masahiro , Hato Tunehiro , Wakana Hironori , Ishimaru Yoshihiro , Horibe Osami , Adachi Seiji , Tarutani Yoshinobu , Tanabe Keiichi
Published: February 2005

We have fabricated interface-engineered junctions (IEJs) with different counterelectrode materials. YbBa2Cu3O
x
and La0.2Yb0.9Ba1.9Cu3O
x
were used as the upper layer materials, and (La,Sr)2AlTaO6 (LSAT) was deposited on the ramp surface prior to counterelectrode deposition to modify the interface barrier. The junction critical current density was decreased by La-doping and LSAT deposition, though all junctions exhibited resistively and capacitively shunted junction current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. Furthermore, La-doping and LSAT deposition led to increases in the junction capacitance and hysteresis in the I–V characteristics, while I
c
R
n, J
c spreads, and inductances were almost the same for junctions with similar J
c values.
Pulse-Slice Amplification and Frequency Expansion of Ti:Sapphire Laser Using Optical Parametric Effect
Authors: Wang Li , Zhao Yu , Huang Liu
Published: February 2005

We propose a new method for the slice amplification and frequency expansion of a Ti:sapphire laser. A mathematical model is set up and numerically simulated on the basis of an optical parametric effect. A multiplicate mechanical laser, which can slice amplify and expand a Ti:sapphire pulse, a one nanosecond Q-switch Nd:YAG laser, pumping a narrow-bandwidth pulse Ti:sapphire tunable laser (by 532 nm) and a BBO-OPO (by 355 nm), is designed. In an experiment, the pulse-slice amplification and expansion of Ti:sapphire laser narrow linewidth (<0.1 nm), and a frequency expansion of 120 nm (560–680 nm) with an energy output of 6 times as large as that of no slice amplification are demonstrated.
Energy Transfer between Gd3+ and Other Rare-earth Ions in GdPO4 under Vacuum UV Excitation
Authors: Sato Yuji , Kumagai Takashi , Okamoto Shinji , Yamamoto Hajime , Kunimoto Takashi
Published: February 2005

Under 172 nm light excitation, energy transfer from Pr3+, Nd3+, Tb3+ or Tm3+ to Gd3+ resulting in strong Gd3+ emission at 312 nm was observed in GdPO4 doped with one of these ions. Among them, Pr3+ provides the strongest Gd3+ emission and Tm3+ is the second best. A wide energy gap between the 5d state and 4f levels of Pr3+ resulting from a simple electron configuration of 4f2 leads to energy transfer from a 5d-to-4f transition of Pr3+ to a 4f-to-4f absorption of Gd3+. Presumably, this is also the case with Tm3+, which has an electron configuration similar to that of Pr3+. The quantum output of the Gd3+ emission from GdPO4:Pr3+ (1 mol.%) relative to the blue luminescence of BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+, a commercial phosphor for plasma display panels, is about 37% under 172 nm excitation. Reverse energy transfer from Gd3+ to Dy3+ occurs under excitation by the Gd3+ absorption at 276 nm.
Bi-enhanced Heteroepitaxial Layered Growth of Cr on Fe(100)-c(2× 2)O Reconstruction Surfaces
Authors: Kamiko Masao , Mizuno Hiroyuki , Chihaya Hiroaki , Xu Junhua , Kojima Isao , Yamamoto Ryoichi
Published: February 2005

We have investigated the effect of Bi on the homoepitaxial growth of Cr on Fe(100) by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) measurements. It was found that Bi enhances the layered growth of Cr on Fe(100)-c(2× 2)O reconstruction surfaces. The dependence of the growth on Bi layer thickness suggests that there exists a suitable amount of Bi surfactant layer that enhances smoother layered growth. The surface segregation effect of Bi was studied by Auger electron spectroscopy.
A Low-Power Silicon-on-Insulator Photodetector with a Nanometer-Scale Wire for Highly Integrated Circuit
Authors: Choi Hong Goo , Choi Yeon-Shik , Jo Young Chang , Kim Hoon
Published: February 2005

A highly sensitive photodetector, which is fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (SOI MOSFET) with a nanometer-scale wire, is proposed and optical responses are studied. Experimental results show that our device has a responsivity of 36 A/W, which is significantly higher than that of the conventional SOI MOSFET, and a significantly lower dark current. Interestingly, the photodetector with wire also shows pseudo kinks in a fully depleted type. We consider that these phenomena are affected by the wire, and the physical mechanism of the operation of our photodetector is explained by a strong lateral bipolar action. The linearity with optical power and spectral response in the visual spectral range are presented. Our device can be easily downscaled below 0.1 µm without the loss of sensitivity and the increase in dark current.
Sub-100-nm Photolithography Based on Plasmon Resonance
Authors: Luo Xiangang , Ishihara Teruya
Published: February 2005

Sub-100-nm patterns have been patterned photolithographically using metallic masks with the exposure wavelength of 436 nm. Preliminary numerical simulations indicate a practical resolution limit for the lithographic process. The near-field distribution of light can be optimized to fabricate nanostructures including isolated nano-dots or nano-lines by changing the parameters of the mask. The results show the potential of plasmon lithography for attaining subwavelength features.
Electro-Optics of a Transflective Liquid Crystal Display with Hybrid-Aligned Liquid Crystal Texture
Authors: Yang Chiu-Lien
Published: February 2005

The electrooptics of a newly proposed transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) with hybrid-aligned liquid crystal texture is optimized by simulation. The transflective LCD possesses an ultralow threshold voltage of 0 V and an operating voltage of 3 V. By using the dual cell-gap technology and a symmetric optical structure, the normalized voltage dependences of transmission and reflection overlap completely, and the isocontrast contour shows wide viewing angle and symmetry.
Key Issues of Nanotribology for Successful Nanofabrication – From Basis to C60 Molecular Bearings
Authors: Sasaki Naruo , Miura Kouji
Published: February 2005

We briefly review the key issues of nanotribology, particularly the mechanism of friction on graphite surface, i.e., atomic friction, flake friction, and C60 molecular bearings. For the atomic and flake frictions, frictional force maps are compared between simulations and experiments, which can be explained by stick-slip motion of the tip apex atom and flake. For C60 molecular bearings, a novel frictional mechanism realized in the graphite/C60
mono/graphite system, is reported. In this system, static frictional forces have a finite value but denote that dynamical frictional forces are zero. In order to explain the mechanism, “step rotation model” of a C60 molecule is proposed by considering the effect of thermal activation, based on the concept of “single-molecular bearings.” It should be emphasized that the graphite/C60
mono/graphite system is the smallest bearing in the world which has a tremendous potential for the realization of nano- and micro-machines, and has opened a new field of molecular bearings.