bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constructing the Canadian Lowbrow Magazine: The Periodical as Media Object in the 1930s and 1940s
Authors: Straw Will
Published: February 2016

Historians of Canadian popular print culture commonly refer to a “golden age” of English Canadian periodical publishing (1940–46), which was the result of wartime restrictions on the importation of popular magazines from the United States. This article examines a corpus of Canadian periodicals published before and after this golden age. In the late 1930s, before the introduction of wartime measures, a handful of Toronto-based publishers launched titles that reprinted, revised, and repurposed material from U.S. periodicals. After the end of the war, when protections for Canadian periodicals were first dropped, then reintroduced in weakened form, Canadian publishers engaged once again in the reprinting of U.S. materials.
Reading Forensically: Modernist Paper, Newfoundland, and Transatlantic Materiality
Authors: Huculak J. Matthew
Published: February 2016

This paper highlights the importance of North American and Canadian paper industries to modernist print practices. Drawing on previously unpublished archival sources, Huculak argues for a forensic reading of the modernist periodical, one that looks beyond symbolic economies to material realities of Newfoundland's burgeoning wood pulp paper industry at the turn of the twentieth century. By taking into account the complex social system of print products, trade networks, and technologies, the paper sheds new light on modernist print culture and proposes several significant directions for its future preservation.
Recovering Women's History with Network Analysis: A Case Study of the Fabian News
Authors: Elford Jana Smith
Published: February 2016

Literary study in the digital humanities is not exempt from reproducing historical hierarchies by focusing on major or canonical figures who have already been recognized as important historical or literary figures. However, network analysis of periodical publications may offer an alternative to the biases of human memory, where one has the tendency to pay attention to a recognizable name, rather than one that has had no historical significance. It thus enables researchers to see connections and a wealth of data that has been obscured by traditional recovery methodologies. Machine reading with network analysis can therefore contribute to an alternate understanding of women's history, one that reinterprets cultural and literary histories that tend to reconstruct gender-based biases. This paper uses network analysis to explore the Fabian News, a late nineteenth-century periodical newsletter produced by the socialist Fabian Society, to recover women activists committed to social and political equality.
An Infused Dialogue, Part 1: Borders, Fusions, Influence
Authors: Tuana Nancy , Scott Charles
Published: February 2016

In this paper we desire to trouble various sites of borders, such as nature and culture, subject and object, and habits of thought and institutional structures. We will develop and elaborate an ontology of the in-between. Through a study of how beings and differences happen, we aim to disrupt and displace legacies of a substance ontology, with its substantive divisions between events and things, in order to encourage an event or concrescent ontology. We argue that the in-between is a continual, mutational happening, a reminder of the deep interconnectivity of what William James called “things in the making.” To disrupt the habits of thought and action sedimented by a substance ontology, we deploy four concepts: viscous porosity, corporal vulnerability, imporing, and anonymous agency. Our goal is to develop alertness to a dimension of in-between in which conscious connectedness happens without objectification.
Self-Respect and a Sense of Positive Power: On Protection, Self-Affirmation, and Harm in the Charge of “Acting White”
Authors: Weber Eric Thomas
Published: February 2016

In the liberal tradition, self-respect is most often associated with Kantian moral philosophy, which suggests a focus on individual responsibility. While the individual plays a part in the development of his or her self-respect, so, too, do his or her environmental and cultural conditions. In this essay, I distinguish between conceptions of self-respect, especially those that focus on it as a duty to oneself, and having a “sense of one's own positive power,” a Deweyan educational ideal. A sense of positive power is partly directed by the individual but is also clearly conditioned by the ways in which one's culture treats and reacts to one's efforts. Thus, a sense of positive power, as a concept, reveals the powerful role of one's wider culture in frustrating or enabling a vital element of personal growth necessary for justice. I test the distinction with respect to the difficult and harmful charge of “acting white,” which concerns self-respect and the role of oppressive forces conditioning people's senses of their power in an unjust society.
Pragmatism, Power, and the Situation of Democracy
Authors: Hogan Brendan
Published: February 2016

Pragmatism as a theoretical enterprise has been criticized since its inception for not having a coherent account of the role of power and violence in human affairs as well as a moral justification and criteria for marshaling arguments in favor of democracy. In this essay I approach recent developments in pragmatic democratic theory with those persistent criticisms in mind. Rather than lacking justificatory resources and underthematizing the role of violence and asymmetrical power relations, Robert Talisse's and James Bohman's works, respectively, demonstrate the epistemological depth and power of updating pragmatism as a theory of situated and critical political inquiry. However, each could be extended by utilizing a more robust description of the problematic situation polities currently face. Specifically, I turn to Dewey for guidance in how our pragmatic epistemological and evaluative practices might incorporate the facts of our problematic situation. I do this in terms of the power structures of economic processes both in terms of contract and in terms of the intellectual discourses that attempt to scientifically describe these processes.
Democracy, Partisanship, and the Meliorative Value of Sympathy in John Dewey's Philosophy of Communication
Authors: Stroud Scott R.
Published: February 2016

This article engages the work of John Dewey to outline a pragmatist philosophy of communication that is adaptive to the undemocratic effects of extreme partisanship in belief and argument. Using his aesthetic theory, I sketch out an account of the phenomenological motions of communicative experience of self among others. I then examine the ways that partisan habits of thinking can warp our communicative activities. Drawing upon Dewey's writings on logic and ethics, I examine his account of the habits of intelligent communication. Building on this ideal, I propose “sympathy” as both a feeling and a cognitive method to decrease the pull of distorting partisan habits of reasoning in communicative situations. Linking mindful receptivity to conversational others and an explicit method of charity becomes a viable way to instill true communicative respect in democratic communicators.
Pleasure in Atrocity
Authors: McWhorter Ladelle
Published: February 2016

As Foucault says, genealogical work can be tedious and gray, but it is also pleasurable, even when the archives one delves into are filled with hatred, violence, and injustice. This article explores that pleasure, both its dangers and its possibilities, and in the process offers a partial genealogy of corporate personhood in U.S. legal history.
Development and evaluation of a three-dimensional multi-level model for visualising the workflow composite score in a health IT benchmark
Authors: Thye Johannes , Hübner Ursula , Straede Matthias-Christopher , Liebe Jan-David
Published: February 2016

Background: Clinical information logistics is the backbone of care workflows inside and outside of hospitals. Due to the great potential of health IT to support clinical processes its contribution needs to be regularly monitored and governed. IT benchmarks are a well-known instrument to optimise the availability and use of IT by guiding the decision making process. The aim of this study was to translate IT benchmarking results that were grounded on a hierarchical workflow scoring system into an appropriate visualisation concept. Methods: To this end, a three-dimensional multi-level model was developed, which allowed the decomposition of the highly aggregated workflow composite score into score views for the individual clinical workflows concerned and for the descriptors of these workflows. Furthermore this multi-level model helped to break down the score views into single and multiple indicator views. Results: The results could be visualised per hospital in comparison to the results of organisations of similar size and ownership (peer reference groups) and in comparison to different types of innovation adopters. The multi-level model was implemented in a benchmark of 199 hospitals and evaluated by the chief information officers. The evaluation resulted in high ratings for the comprehensibility of the different types of views of the scores and indicators. Conclusions: The implementation of the multi-level model in a large benchmark of hospitals proved to be feasible and useful in terms of the overall structure and the different indicator views. There seems to be a preference for less complex and familiar views.
A Historical Analysis of Rainfall Trend in the Olifants Basin in South Africa
Authors: Gyamfi C. , Ndambuki J. M. , Salim R. W.
Published: February 2016

<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">A set of homogeneity test methods and the Mann-Kendall trend test were applied on historical rainfall records of the Olifants Basin to detect changes in rainfall pattern under a changing climate. In total, historical rainfall records from 13 stations obtained from the South African Weather Service (SAWS) and the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) spanning the period 1975-2013 were used in the analysis. Results of the study indicate an insignificant declining rainfall trend in the Olifants Basin with a mean annual rainfall of 664 mm. Rainfall in the basin exhibits spatio–temporal variation with coefficient of variation of 24%. Inter-annual and seasonal variability is dominant in the records examined. Changes observed in rainfall over the years were therefore concluded to have resulted due to climate change impacts.
The Role of Surface Processes in Partitioning of Strain and Uplift, St. Elias Orogen, Southern Alaska
Authors: Hooks Benjamin Patrick
Published: February 2016

<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Three-dimensional thermo-mechanical numerical simulations of the ongoing Yakutat–North America collision are used to identify the role of surface processes in triggering localized rapid uplift, exhumation, and strain observed within the St. Elias orogen of southern Alaska. Thermochronological data reveal localized rapid exhumation associated with the Seward-Malaspina and Hubbard Glaciers within a tectonic corner structure where transpressional motion to the south along the Fairweather Fault system transitions to shortening to the north and west within the active fold-and-thrust belt of the St. Elias orogen. The modeled deformation patterns are characteristic of oblique convergence within a tectonic corner, recording the transition from simple shear to contractional strain within a zone spatially consistent with the highest exhumation rates suggesting the corner geometry is the primary control of strain partitioning.<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The relative roles of surface-related processes versus tectonics-related processes in the development of this pattern of deformation were tested with the inclusion of an erosional surface model. The presence of surface processes enhanced the uplift and development of a localized rapid exhumation. When spatially and temporally erosion models are employed, the location of maxima is shifted in response. This indicates that efficient erosion, and resultant deposition and material advection can influence the localization of strain and uplift.
The Environmental Impacts of Fuel Switching Electricity Generators
Authors: Scott Holladay J. , Soloway Steven
Published: February 2016

We examine the environmental and policy impacts of switching from oil-fired to natural gas-fired generation in New York City (NYC). We create an hourly panel of the fuel use of NYC’s generators and use a semi-parametric approach to identify the fuel-price spread that induces the switch from oil to gas. We find that NYC’s pollution emissions decrease significantly after generators switch to natural gas. Around two-thirds of these emission reductions come from reduced emission intensity within plants, while the remaining third comes from less intense dispatch of oil fired generators. To illustrate the policy impact, we simulate the introduction of a real time pricing (RTP) program in NYC. The results suggest that the environmental benefits of the RTP decreased by nearly 30% due largely to fuel switching. While we focus on RTP, these results can be used to evaluate any energy policy that has a heterogeneous impact across time or the demand profile.
Testing for Market Integration in the Australian National Electricity Market
Authors: Nepal Rabindra , Foster John
Published: February 2016

The National Electricity Market was established in 1998 as a response to the overall liberalization and restructuring of the Australian electricity sector. The wholesale market integration effects of this establishment, however, remain to be systematically examined. We use econometric techniques based on pairwise unit root tests, cointegration analysis and a time varying coefficient model to study the extent of market integration in the physically interconnected regional markets based on daily electricity spot prices. The results from the pairwise unit root tests provide mixed evidence of price convergence while cointegration analysis does not reject the absence of persistent price differences across the physically interconnected regions. The results from the time-varying filtered coefficient model suggest that full market integration has not been achieved yet. We empirically show the presence of significant network losses and constraints across the interregional interconnectors in the NEM. Our findings suggest that convergence in generation and network ownership, coupled with harmonisation of network regulation and regulatory institutional framework, will be increasingly important factors in improving wholesale market integration across all energy-only markets as they experience an increase in the share of renewable energy.
Meavita: to care or not to care?
Authors: Oostwouder W.J. , Scholten C.J.L.
Published: February 2016

Meavita: to care or not to care?

Met haar Meavita-beschikking onderstreept de Ondernemingskamer vrij recent nog maar eens het belang van goed bestuur en een kritische interne toezichthouder. De beschikking houdt een boodschap in voor alle bestuurders en commissarissen en zal er samen met de reeds aangescherpte kaderwetgeving, op stapel staande wetten en de eigen initiatieven van de zorgsector aan bijdragen dat de governance bij zorginstellingen wordt verbeterd. Ons inziens is dit echter niet voldoende en zal meer juridische kennis bij bestuurders, maar voornamelijk ook bij commissarissen een groot verschil kunnen maken om in de toekomst problemen zoals die speelden bij Meavita te kunnen voorkomen.
Cascade of neural processing orchestrates cognitive control in human frontal cortex
Authors: Tang Hanlin , Yu Hsiang-Yu , Chou Chien-Chen , Crone Nathan E , Madsen Joseph R , Anderson William S , Kreiman Gabriel
Published: February 2016

Rapid and flexible interpretation of conflicting sensory inputs in the context of current goals is a critical component of cognitive control that is orchestrated by frontal cortex. The relative roles of distinct subregions within frontal cortex are poorly understood. To examine the dynamics underlying cognitive control across frontal regions, we took advantage of the spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial recordings in epilepsy patients while subjects resolved color-word conflict. We observed differential activity preceding the behavioral responses to conflict trials throughout frontal cortex; this activity was correlated with behavioral reaction times. These signals emerged first in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) before dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), followed by medial frontal cortex (mFC) and then by orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). These results disassociate the frontal subregions based on their dynamics, and suggest a temporal hierarchy for cognitive control in human cortex.
Sn migration control at high temperature due to high deposition speed for forming high-quality GeSn layer
Authors: Taoka Noriyuki , Capellini Giovanni , von den Driesch Nils , Buca Dan , Zaumseil Peter , Schubert Markus Andreas , Klesse Wolfgang Matthias , Montanari Michele , Schroeder Thomas
Published: February 2016

A key factor for controlling Sn migration during GeSn deposition at a high temperature of 400 °C was investigated. Calculated results with a simple model for the Sn migration and experimental results clarified that low-deposition-speed (v
d) deposition with v
d’s of 0.68 and 2.8 nm/min induces significant Sn precipitation, whereas high-deposition-speed (v
d = 13 nm/min) deposition leads to high crystallinity and good photoluminescence spectrum of the GeSn layer. These results indicate that v
d is a key parameter, and that control of Sn migration at a high temperature is possible. These results are of great relevance for the application of high-quality Sn-based alloys in future optoelectronics devices.
Terahertz time domain and far-infrared spectroscopies of side-chain electro-optic polymers
Authors: Yamada Toshiki , Kaji Takahiro , Aoki Isao , Yamada Chiyumi , Mizuno Maya , Saito Shingo , Tominari Yukihiro , Tanaka Shukichi , Otomo Akira
Published: February 2016

We investigated the dielectric properties of side-chain electro-optic polymers in a broad THz frequency region (90 GHz to 7 THz). For this investigation, we used terahertz time domain spectroscopy and the absorption coefficient in a broader frequency region of up to 20 THz that was obtained by far-infrared spectroscopy. The polymers studied were a new methacrylate polymer with a high-hyperpolarizability chromophore as the sidechain, a side-chain copolymer Disperse Red 1 polymethylmethacrylate, and pure polymethylmethacrylate. The dielectric properties in the low THz frequency region (∼0.1 THz) provide us with important information about the intrinsic refractive index for ultrahigh-speed electro-optic modulation (∼100 GHz), as well as versatile information such as the absorption coefficient and dielectric loss. The THz and far-infrared spectroscopic data in the wide frequency region provide us with the fundamental data for applications of side-chain electro-optic polymers within THz generation and detection.
An Empirical Study to Measure Customer Experience for Telecom Operators in Indian Telecom Industry
Authors: Menachem Domb , Joshi Sujata , Bhatia Sanjay , Roy Arindam , Saini Jyoti
Published: February 2016

as Indian Telecom industry matures itself, service providers understand the essence of Customer Experience as the prime differentiator towards business success. This paper will provide a rundown of the extant literature on customer experience studies done in Telecom industry. This research paper also attempts to identify the determinants of Customer Experience for Telecom operators in Indian Telecom industry. Also this research paper defines a yardstick called ACEI score to quantify customer experience in telecom industry
Economic Fluctuations and the Role of Monetary Policy: An Investigation of an Agent-based Model
Authors: Chotiputsilp Ratchanon
Published: February 2016

The merit of ABM comes directly from removing set of unreal assumptions that are commonly assumed in standard models. Not only can ABM regenerates macroeconomics regularities at the same level as the traditional models without introducing any exogenous process but also displays the ability to capture microeconomics dynamics. Simulation results conform to standard monetary economics theory—expansionary monetary policy can be used as a stabilization tool and leave no permanent impacts to real variables. When an economy experiences growth, an increase in money supply is required to stabilize price level, otherwise, severe deflation is expected as well as high fluctuations in unemployment level. Simple monetary policy can be used to stabilize such fluctuations and would reduced economy-wide default risk, which may have positive economic impacts in the long run. Provided that agents do not hold assets in this model setup, the study supports Friedman’s K-percent rule as it performs the best in term of output improvement. The asymmetric effects of monetary policy are found in number of aspects: impact to GDP, impact duration, and impact to unemployment level. Less flexibility in downward price adjustment is the reason behind such asymmetric responses.
Comparisons of eccentric knee flexor strength and asymmetries across elite, sub-elite and school level cricket players
Authors: Chalker Wade J. , Shield Anthony J. , Opar David A. , Keogh Justin W.L.
Published: February 2016

Background.There has been a continual increase in injury rates in cricket, with hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) being the most prominent. Eccentric knee flexor weakness and bilateral asymmetries are major modifiable risk factors for future HSIs. However, there is a lack of data relating to eccentric hamstring strength in cricket at any skill level. The objective of this study was to compare eccentric knee flexor strength and bilateral asymmetries in elite, sub-elite and school level cricket players; and to determine if playing position and limb role influenced these eccentric knee flexor strength indices.

Methods.Seventy four male cricket players of three distinct skill levels performed three repetitions of the Nordic hamstring exercise on the experimental device. Strength was assessed as the absolute and relative mean peak force output for both limbs, with bilateral asymmetries. Differences in mean peak force outputs between skill level and playing positions were measured.

Results.There were no significant differences between elite, sub-elite and school level athletes for mean peak force and bilateral asymmetries of the knee flexors. There were no significant differences observed between bowler’s and batter’s mean peak force and bilateral asymmetries. There were no significant differences between front and back limb mean peak force outputs.

Discussion.Skill level, playing position and limb role appeared to have no significant effect on eccentric knee flexor strength and bilateral asymmetries. Future research should seek to determine whether eccentric knee flexor strength thresholds are predictive of HSIs in cricket and if specific eccentric knee flexor strengthening can reduce these injuries.
Genotypic richness predicts phenotypic variation in an endangered clonal plant
Authors: Evans Suzanna M. , Sinclair Elizabeth A. , Poore Alistair G.B. , Bain Keryn F. , Vergés Adriana
Published: February 2016

Declines in genetic diversity within a species can affect the stability and functioning of populations. The conservation of genetic diversity is thus a priority, especially for threatened or endangered species. The importance of genetic variation, however, is dependent on the degree to which it translates into phenotypic variation for traits that affect individual performance and ecological processes. This is especially important for predominantly clonal species, as no single clone is likely to maximise all aspects of performance. Here we show that intraspecific genotypic diversity as measured using microsatellites is a strong predictor of phenotypic variation in morphological traits and shoot productivity of the threatened, predominantly clonal seagrassPosidonia australis, on the east coast of Australia. Biomass and surface area variation was most strongly predicted by genotypic richness, while variation in leaf chemistry (phenolics and nitrogen) was unrelated to genotypic richness. Genotypic richness did not predict tissue loss to herbivores or epiphyte load, however we did find that increased herbivore damage was positively correlated with allelic richness. Although there was no clear relationship between higher primary productivity and genotypic richness, variation in shoot productivity within a meadow was significantly greater in more genotypically diverse meadows. The proportion of phenotypic variation explained by environmental conditions varied among different genotypes, and there was generally no variation in phenotypic traits among genotypes present in the same meadows. Our results show that genotypic richness as measured through the use of presumably neutral DNA markers does covary with phenotypic variation in functionally relevant traits such as leaf morphology and shoot productivity. The remarkably long lifespan of individualPosidoniaplants suggests that plasticity within genotypes has played an important role in the longevity of the species. However, the strong link between genotypic and phenotypic variation suggests that a range of genotypes is still the best case scenario for adaptation to and recovery from predicted environmental change.
Seasonal availability of edible underground and aboveground carbohydrate resources to human foragers on the Cape south coast, South Africa
Authors: De Vynck Jan C. , Cowling Richard M. , Potts Alastair J. , Marean Curtis W.
Published: February 2016

The coastal environments of South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region (CFR) provide some of the earliest and most abundant evidence for the emergence of cognitively modern humans. In particular, the south coast of the CFR provided a uniquely diverse resource base for hunter-gatherers, which included marine shellfish, game, and carbohydrate-bearing plants, especially those with Underground Storage Organs (USOs). It has been hypothesized that these resources underpinned the continuity of human occupation in the region since the Middle Pleistocene. Very little research has been conducted on the foraging potential of carbohydrate resources in the CFR. This study focuses on the seasonal availability of plants with edible carbohydrates at six-weekly intervals over a two-year period in four vegetation types on South Africa’s Cape south coast. Different plant species were considered available to foragers if the edible carbohydrate was directly (i.e. above-ground edible portions) or indirectly (above-ground indications to below-ground edible portions) visible to an expert botanist familiar with this landscape. A total of 52 edible plant species were recorded across all vegetation types. Of these, 33 species were geophytes with edible USOs and 21 species had aboveground edible carbohydrates. Limestone Fynbos had the richest flora, followed by Strandveld, Renosterveld and lastly, Sand Fynbos. The availability of plant species differed across vegetation types and between survey years. The number of available USO species was highest for a six-month period from winter to early summer (Jul–Dec) across all vegetation types. Months of lowest species’ availability were in mid-summer to early autumn (Jan–Apr); the early winter (May–Jun) values were variable, being highest in Limestone Fynbos. However, even during the late summer carbohydrate “crunch,” 25 carbohydrate bearing species were visible across the four vegetation types. To establish a robust resource landscape will require additional spatial mapping of plant species abundances. Nonetheless, our results demonstrate that plant-based carbohydrate resources available to Stone Age foragers of the Cape south coast, especially USOs belonging to the Iridaceae family, are likely to have comprised a reliable and nutritious source of calories over most of the year.
Comparison of miRNA expression profiles in pituitary–adrenal axis between Beagle and Chinese Field dogs after chronic stress exposure
Authors: Luo Wei , Fang Meixia , Xu Haiping , Xing Huijie , Fu Jiangnan , Nie Qinghua
Published: February 2016

MicoRNAs (miRNAs), usually as gene regulators, participate in various biological processes, including stress responses. The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis) is an important pathway in regulating stress response. Although the mechanism that HPA axis regulates stress response has been basically revealed, the knowledge that miRNAs regulate stress response within HPA axis, still remains poor. The object of this study was to investigate the miRNAs in the pituitary and adrenal cortex that regulate chronic stress response with high-throughput sequencing. The pituitary and adrenal cortex of beagles and Chinese Field dogs (CFD) from a stress exposure group (including beagle pituitary 1 (BP1), CFD pituitary 1 (CFDP1), beagle adrenal cortex 1 (BAC1), CFD adrenal cortex 1 (CFDAC1)) and a control group (including beagle pituitary 2 (BP2), CFD pituitary 2 (CFDP2), beagle adrenal cortex 2 (BAC2), CFD adrenal cortex 2 (CFDAC2)), were selected for miRNA-seq comparisons. Comparisons, that were made in pituitary (including BP1 vs. BP2, CFDP1 vs. CFDP2, BP1 vs. CFDP1 and BP2 vs. CFDP2) and adrenal cortex (including BAC1 vs. BAC2, CFDAC1 vs. CFDAC2, BAC1 vs. CFDAC1 and BAC2 vs. CFDAC2), showed that a total of 39 and 18 common differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) (Total read counts > 1,000, Fold change > 2 &p-value < 0.001), that shared in at least two pituitary comparisons and at least two adrenal cortex comparisons, were detected separately. These identified DE-miRNAs were predicted for target genes, thus resulting in 3,959 and 4,010 target genes in pituitary and adrenal cortex, respectively. Further, 105 and 10 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (Fold change > 2 &p-value < 0.05) from those target genes in pituitary and adrenal cortex were obtained separately, in combination with our previous corresponding transcriptome study. Meanwhile, in line with that miRNAs usually negatively regulated their target genes and the dual luciferase reporter assay, we finally identified cfa-miR-205 might play an important role by upregulatingMMDin pituitary and hippocampus, thus enhancing the immune response, under chronic stress exposure. Our results shed light on the miRNA expression profiles in the pituitary and adrenal cortex with and without chronic stress exposure, and provide a new insight into miR-205 with its feasible role in regulating chronic stress in the pituitary and hippocampus through targetingMMD.
Contrasting response of biomass and grain yield to severe drought in Cappelle Desprez and Plainsman V wheat cultivars
Authors: Paul Kenny , Pauk János , Deák Zsuzsanna , Sass László , Vass Imre
Published: February 2016

We report a case study of natural variations and correlations of some photosynthetic parameters, green biomass and grain yield in Cappelle Desprez and Plainsman V winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars, which are classified as being drought sensitive and tolerant, respectively. We monitored biomass accumulation from secondary leaves in the vegetative phase and grain yield from flag leaves in the grain filling period. Interestingly, we observed higher biomass production, but lower grain yield stability in the sensitive Cappelle cultivar, as compared to the tolerant Plainsman cv. Higher biomass production in the sensitive variety was correlated with enhanced water-use efficiency. Increased cyclic electron flow around PSI was also observed in the Cappelle cv. under drought stress as shown by light intensity dependence of the ratio of maximal quantum yields of Photosystem I and Photosystem II, as well by the plot of the Photosystem I electron transport rate as a function of Photosystem II electron transport rate. Higher CO2uptake rate in flag leaves of the drought-stressed Plainsman cv. during grain filling period correlates well with its higher grain yield and prolonged transpiration rate through spikes. The increase in drought factor (DFI) and performance (PI) indices calculated from variable chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of secondary leaves also showed correlation with higher biomass in the Cappelle cultivar during the biomass accumulation period. However, during the grain filling period, DFI and PI parameters of the flag leaves were higher in the tolerant Plainsman V cultivar and showed correlation with grain yield stability. Our results suggest that overall biomass and grain yield may respond differentially to drought stress in different wheat cultivars and therefore phenotyping for green biomass cannot be used as a general approach to predict grain yield. We also conclude that photosynthetic efficiency of flag and secondary leaves is correlated with grain yield and green biomass, respectively. In addition, secondary trait associated mechanisms like delayed senescence and higher water-use efficiency also contribute to biomass stability. Our studies further prove that photosynthetic parameters could be used to characterize environmental stress responses.
First record of hybridization between greenChelonia mydasand hawksbillEretmochelys imbricatasea turtles in the Southeast Pacific
Authors: Kelez Shaleyla , Velez-Zuazo Ximena , Pacheco Aldo S.
Published: February 2016

Hybridization among sea turtle species has been widely reported in the Atlantic Ocean, but their detection in the Pacific Ocean is limited to just two individual hybrid turtles, in the northern hemisphere. Herein, we report, for the first time in the southeast Pacific, the presence of a sea turtle hybrid between the green turtleChelonia mydasand the hawksbill turtleEretmochelys imbricata.This juvenile sea turtle was captured in northern Peru (4°13′S; 81°10′W) on the 5thof January, 2014. The individual exhibited morphological characteristics ofC. mydassuch as dark green coloration, single pair of pre-frontal scales, four post-orbital scales, and mandibular median ridge, while the presence of two claws in each frontal flipper, and elongated snout resembled the features ofE. imbricata. In addition to morphological evidence, we confirmed the hybrid status of this animal using genetic analysis of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I, which revealed that the hybrid individual resulted from the cross between a femaleE. imbricataand a maleC. mydas. Our report extends the geographical range of occurrence of hybrid sea turtles in the Pacific Ocean, and is a significant observation of interspecific breeding between one of the world’s most critically endangered populations of sea turtles, the east PacificE. imbricata, and a relatively healthy population, the east PacificC. mydas.
Phenotypical expression of reduced mobility during limb ontogeny in frogs: the knee-joint case
Authors: Ponssa Maria Laura , Abdala Virginia
Published: February 2016

Movement is one of the most important epigenetic factors for normal development of the musculoskeletal system, particularly during genesis and joint development. Studies regarding alterations to embryonic mobility, performed on anurans, chickens and mammals, report important phenotypical similarities as a result of the reduction or absence of this stimulus. The precise stage of development at which the stimulus modification generates phenotypic modifications however, is yet to be determined. In this work we explore whether the developmental effects of abnormal mobility can appear at any time during development or whether they begin to express themselves in particular phases of tadpole ontogeny. We conducted five experiments that showed that morphological abnormalities are not visible until Stages 40–42. Morphology in earlier stages remains normal, probably due to the fact that the bones/muscles/tendons have not yet developed and therefore are not affected by immobilization. These results suggest the existence of a specific period of phenotypical expression in which normal limb movement is necessary for the correct development of the joint tissue framework.
Decadal variability in the oxygen inventory of North Atlantic subtropical underwater captured by sustained, long‐term oceanographic time series observations
Authors: Montes Enrique , Muller‐Karger Frank E. , Cianca Andrés , Lomas Michael W. , Lorenzoni Laura , Habtes Sennai
Published: February 2016

Historical observations of potential temperature (θ), salinity (S), and dissolved oxygen concentrations (O2) in the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic (0–500 m; 0–40°N, 10–90°W) were examined to understand decadal‐scale changes in O2 in subtropical underwater (STUW). STUW is observed at four of the longest, sustained ocean biogeochemical and ecological time series stations, namely, the CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean (CARIACO) Ocean Time Series Program (10.5°N, 64.7°W), the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study (BATS; 31.7°N, 64.2°W), Hydrostation “S” (32.1°N, 64.4°W), and the European Station for Time‐series in the Ocean, Canary Islands (ESTOC; 29.2°N, 15.5°W). Observations over similar time periods at CARIACO (1996–2013), BATS (1988–2011), and Hydrostation S (1980–2013) show that STUW O2 has decreased approximately 0.71, 0.28, and 0.37 µmol kg−1 yr−1, respectively. No apparent change in STUW O2 was observed at ESTOC over the course of the time series (1994–2013). Ship observation data for the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic archived at NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center show that between 1980 and 2013, STUW O2 (upper ~300 m) declined 0.58 µmol kg−1 yr−1 in the southeastern Caribbean Sea (10–15°N, 60–70°W) and 0.68 µmol kg−1 yr−1 in the western subtropical North Atlantic (30–35°N, 60–65°W). A declining O2 trend was not observed in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic (25–30°N, 15–20°W) over the same period. Most of the observed O2 loss seems to result from shifts in ventilation associated with decreased wind‐driven mixing and a slowing down of STUW formation rates, rather than changes in diffusive air‐sea O2 gas exchange or changes in the biological oceanography of the North Atlantic. Variability of STUW O2 showed a significant relationship with the wintertime (January–March) Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index (AMO, R2 = 0.32). During negative wintertime AMO years trade winds are typically stronger between 10°N and 30°N. These conditions stimulate the formation and ventilation of STUW. The decreasing trend in STUW O2 in the three decades spanning 1980 through 2013 reflects the shift from a strongly negative wintertime AMO between the mid‐1980s and mid‐1990s to a positive wintertime AMO observed between the mid‐1990s and 2013. These changes in STUW O2 were captured by the CARIACO, BATS, and Hydrostation S time series stations. Sustained positive AMO conditions could lead to further deoxygenation in tropical and subtropical North Atlantic upper waters.
A permeability and compliance contrast measured hydrogeologically on the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Xue Lian , Brodsky Emily E. , Erskine Jon , Fulton Patrick M. , Carter Reed
Published: February 2016

Hydrogeologic properties of fault zones are critical to faulting processes; however, they are not well understood and difficult to measure in situ, particularly in low‐permeability fractured bedrock formations. Analysis of continuous water level response to Earth tides in monitoring wells provides a method to measure the in situ hydrogeologic properties. We utilize four monitoring wells within the San Andreas Fault zone near Logan Quarry to study the fault zone hydrogeologic architecture by measuring the water level tidal response. The specific storage and permeability inferred from the tidal response suggest that there is a difference in properties at different distances from the fault. The sites closer to the fault have higher specific storage and higher permeability than farther from the fault. This difference of properties might be related to the fault zone fracture distribution decreasing away from the fault. Although permeability channels near faults have been documented before, the difference in specific storage near the fault is a new observation. The inferred compliance contrast is consistent with prior estimates of elastic moduli in the near‐fault environment, but the direct measurements are new. The combination of measured permeability and storage yields a diffusivity of about 10−2 m2/s at all the sites both near and far from the fault as a result of the competing effects of permeability and specific storage. This uniform diffusivity structure suggests that the permeability contrast might not efficiently trap fluids during the interseismic period.
Time scales of crystal mixing in magma mushes
Authors: Schleicher Jillian M. , Bergantz George W. , Breidenthal Robert E. , Burgisser Alain
Published: February 2016

Magma mixing is widely recognized as a means of producing compositional diversity and preconditioning magmas for eruption. However, the processes and associated time scales that produce the commonly observed expressions of magma mixing are poorly understood, especially under crystal‐rich conditions. Here we introduce and exemplify a parameterized method to predict the characteristic mixing time of crystals in a crystal‐rich magma mush that is subject to open‐system reintrusion events. Our approach includes novel numerical simulations that resolve multiphase particle‐fluid interactions. It also quantifies the crystal mixing by calculating both the local and system‐wide progressive loss of the spatial correlation of individual crystals throughout the mixing region. Both inertial and viscous time scales for bulk mixing are introduced. Estimated mixing times are compared to natural examples and the time for basaltic mush systems to become well mixed can be on the order of 10 days.
The hydrology of subglacial overdeepenings: A new supercooling threshold formula
Authors: Werder Mauro A.
Published: February 2016

Overdeepenings are a hallmark glacial landform of broad geomorphologlogical and glaciological interest. Their formation mechanism has not yet been fully uncovered, but subglacial drainage is likely a key factor. One prominent hypothesis states that the depth of an overdeepening stabilizes at the supercooling threshold. This threshold is reached when the adverse bed slope terminating an overdeepening is sufficiently large to shut down the efficient, channelized drainage system. Classic theory puts this threshold at a ratio of bed to surface slope of −1.6. Here I extend that theory by taking into account that downstream water pressure can be below overburden pressure. The new formula agrees well with results from one‐ and two‐dimensional subglacial drainage models. Applying it to observations of 147 overdeepenings from alpine glaciers and ice sheets shows that the depth of overdeepenings rarely exceeds the new supercooling threshold. Thus, this work supports the stabilizing hypothesis.
Two‐dimensional numerical simulation of O‐mode to Z‐mode conversion in the ionosphere
Authors: Cannon P. D. , Honary F. , Borisov N.
Published: February 2016

Experiments in the illumination of the F region of the ionosphere via radio frequency waves polarized in the ordinary mode (O‐mode) have revealed that the magnitude of artificial heating‐induced effects depends strongly on the inclination angle of the pump beam, with a greater modification to the plasma observed when the heating beam is directed close to or along the magnetic zenith direction. Numerical simulations performed using a recently developed finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) code are used to investigate the contribution of the O‐mode to Z‐mode conversion process to this effect. The aspect angle dependence and angular size of the radio window for which conversion of an O‐mode pump wave to the Z‐mode occurs is simulated for a variety of plasma density profiles including 2‐D linear gradients representative of large‐scale plasma depletions, density‐depleted plasma ducts, and periodic field‐aligned irregularities. The angular shape of the conversion window is found to be strongly influenced by the background plasma profile. If the Z‐mode wave is reflected, it can propagate back toward the O‐mode reflection region leading to resonant enhancement of the electric field in this region. Simulation results presented in this paper demonstrate that this process can make a significant contribution to the magnitude of electron density depletion and temperature enhancement around the resonance height and contributes to a strong dependence of the magnitude of plasma perturbation with the direction of the pump wave.
Effects of the equatorial ionosphere anomaly on the interhemispheric circulation in the thermosphere
Authors: Qian Liying , Burns Alan G. , Wang Wenbin , Solomon Stanley C. , Zhang Yongliang , Hsu V.
Published: February 2016

We investigate the interhemispheric circulation at the solstices, in order to understand why O/N2 is larger in the northern hemisphere winter than in the southern hemisphere winter. Our studies reveal that the equatorial ionosphere anomaly (EIA) significantly impacts the summer‐to‐winter wind through plasma‐neutral collisional heating, which changes the summer‐to‐winter pressure gradient, and ion drag. Consequently, the wind is suppressed in the summer hemisphere as it encounters the EIA but accelerates after it passes the EIA in the winter hemisphere. The wind then converges due to an opposing pressure gradient driven by Joule heating in auroral regions and produces large O/N2 at subauroral latitudes. This EIA effect is stronger near the December solstice than near the June solstice because the ionospheric annual asymmetry creates greater meridional wind convergence near the December solstice, which in turn produces larger O/N2 in the northern hemisphere winter than in the southern hemisphere winter.
Scale selection in columnar jointing: Insights from experiments on cooling stearic acid and numerical simulations
Authors: Christensen Amalie , Raufaste Christophe , Misztal Marek , Celestini Franck , Guidi Maria , Ellegaard Clive , Mathiesen Joachim
Published: February 2016

Many natural fracture systems are characterized by a single length scale, which is the distance between neighboring fractures. Examples are mud cracks and columnar jointing. In columnar jointing the origin of this scale has been a long‐standing issue. Here we present a comprehensive study of columnar jointing based on experiments on cooling stearic acids, numerical simulations using both discrete and finite element methods and basic analytical calculations. We show that the diameter of columnar joints is a nontrivial function of the material properties and the cooling conditions of the system. We determine the shape of this function analytically and show that it is in agreement with the experiments and the numerical simulations.