bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raising Milton’s Ghost
Authors: Crawford Joseph
Published: January 2012

Why was Milton so important to the Romantics? How did 'Milton the Regicide', a man often regarded in his lifetime as a dangerous traitor and heretic, become 'the Sublime Milton'? the late eighteenth century saw a sudden and to date almost undocumented craze for all things Miltonic, the symptoms of which included the violation of his grave and the sale of his hair and bones as relics, the republication of all his works including his political tracts in unprecedented numbers, the appearance of the poet in the works, letters, dreams and visions of all the major British Romantic poets and even frequent reports of hauntings by his ghost.

Drawing on the traditions of cultural, intellectual and bibliographic history as well as recent trends in literary scholarship on the romantic period, Joseph Crawford explores the dramatic shift in Milton's cultural status after 1790. He builds on a now significant literature on Milton's legacy to the Romantic poets, uncovering the cultural historical background against which the Romantics and their contemporaries encountered and interacted with Milton's reputation and works.
Geomagnetic jerks characterization via spectral analysis
Authors: Duka B. , De Santis A. , Mandea M. , Isac A. , Qamili E.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. In this study we have applied spectral techniques to analyze geomagnetic field time-series provided by observatories, and compared the results with those obtained from analogous analyses of synthetic data estimated from models. Then, an algorithm is here proposed to detect the geomagnetic jerks in time-series, mainly occurring in the Eastern component of the geomagnetic field. Applying such analysis to time-series generated from global models has allowed us to depict the most important space-time features of the geomagnetic jerks all over the globe, since the beginning of XXth century. Finally, the spherical harmonic power spectra of the third derivative of the main geomagnetic field has been computed from 1960 to 2002.5, bringing new insights to understanding the spatial evolution of these rapid changes of the geomagnetic field.
A Study on Training Factors and Its Impact on Training Effectiveness in Kedah State Development Corporation, Kedah, Malaysia
Authors: Sanjeevkumar Vimala , Yanan Hu
Published: January 2012

Abstract In Malaysia so many enterprise implement various training program to enhance their employees by working performance. But as overall view, the training environment still exist shortages in enterprise today, for instance, lack of knowledge of training, resources, trainer etc..Employee training has been a matter of concern and attention by many business fields nowadays. Organizations realize that employee training is an essential element to increase efficiency of job performance and keep their business running, as competition are getting more intense. Training is the process of providing employees with specific skills or helping them correct deficiencies in their performance (David, 2010).This study, combining theoretical and empirical research, trying to find factors that affect employee training and its impact in acting human resource practices thereby laying the theoretical foundation for the future research about survey on the employee training, also provide a good reference. Therefore, the problem addressed in this study is examine the factors affect training (types of training, training environment, work environment and employees’ personal characteristics) and training effectiveness on human resource practices in Kedah State Development Corporation (KSDC) which is the parent company under BDB Company. This research also determine the main factors which influence employee training on human resource practices. Management is committed to human resource development as well as its social responsibilities through various programs. Training and development programs are offered by the KSDC Company that training program also adapted to the latest technological advances. Key words: Job performance, Skills, Technological advances, Training, Work environment
Experiential Learning from a Constructivist Perspective: Reconceptualizing the Kolbian Cycle
Authors: Mughal Farooq , Zafar Aneesa
Published: January 2012

Abstract The aim of this paper is to critically analyze Kolb’s theoretical model on experiential learning from a constructivist perspective by relating it to more contemporary practices in the field of experiential education. It has been observed that the experiential learning phenomenon has been overwhelmed by individualistic views and overly deterministic intents of reconceptualization. In particular, this paper investigates the deficiencies in Kolb’s experiential learning cycle by comparing it with alternate conceptions to learning proposed by Fenwick (2001). The discussion further develops a theoretical critique based on assumptions compiled after a theoretical discourse of the literature enlisting factors which question the effectiveness of the learning cycle. Lastly, the authors propose modifications in the concept of experiential learning by identifying the environmental and structural constraints which may affect the effectiveness of the experiential learning process. Keywords: experiential learning, constructivism, Kolb’s experiential learning cycle
Social Development Diversity: A Case Study of Rukun Tetangga In Malaysia
Authors: Dora Mohd. Taib
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this research is to examine the level of knowledge, perception and acceptance among the public towards programs organized by Rukun Tetangga (RT). The programs organized include social, educational as well as sports and recreational activities. Activities related to health and environment, welfare, art and culture, economy and public safety are also carried out. This research looks at the correlation analysis between demographic variables of the respondent with the level of knowledge, perception and public acceptance towards the program organized. In brief, this research tries to answer the question of how far is the effectiveness of RT in organizing activities to promote unity among our community. This is considered as beneficial development in order to identify the RT’s direction in the future. The research is done in a few districts in Selangor and Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. The selected areas are chosen due to the existence of diversified characteristics of the community that is relevant to the research needs. The characteristics include the aspect of different races and the distribution of location as they are thought to be the threat towards the solidarity among the main races. Moreover, the location is identified as to be the highest in population in the country. The research shows that the knowledge level, perception and public acceptance toward the programs organized by RT are generally high. This result can be used as an indicator that RT is a success entity in all situations. It has also increased harmony and contributed to national integration among Malaysians.
Potential Variant of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia in a Dog
Authors: Proverbio Daniela , Spada Eva , Perego Roberta , Grieco Valeria , Lodi Matteo , Di Giancamillo Mauro , Ferro Elisabetta
Published: January 2012

This report describes multiple endocrine neoplasia in a dog, which is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by the presence of two or more neoplasms of different endocrine tissues within a patient. A 14 yr old dog was evaluated for polyuria/polydipsia, polyphagia, and abdominal enlargement. Adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism with concomitant left thyroid enlargement and a presumed abdominal metastatic lesion were diagnosed by an adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test, ultrasonography, and computed tomography. Trilostane therapy was initiated and resolved the clinical signs for 2 yr at which time the dog presented with left testicular enlargement. The dog was euthanized and was diagnosed with adrenocortical carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, an abdominal mass compatible with a metastatic lymph node, and bilateral interstitial cell testicular adenomas. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report to describe the concomitant association of these types of endocrine neoplasms in a dog. The concomitant presence of these neoplasms could represent a potential variant of multiple endocrine neoplasia; however, the presence of the interstitial cell testicular adenomas may have only been an incidental finding. If any of these tumors are diagnosed, veterinarians should perform a thorough clinical assessment to evaluate for the presence of additional endocrine neoplasms or hyperplasia.
Farmers' Perceptions of Smallholding Co-Ownership Problems
Authors: Cobanoglu Ferit , Ozkan Erol , Altintas Atila
Published: January 2012

This paper provides an overview of some of the land ownership consolidation programmes that have been attempted in a number of countries, and examines in more detail the present situation in Turkey. Much of the rural land in Turkey is fragmented, and the structural problems created by co-ownership of small properties will probably influence the viability of future farming in the country. This paper identifies the attitudes of co-owner farmers to the disposal of their own share to one of their heirs when that share's value is paid at the current market value of the land. Ninety farmers who owned their landholdings were interviewed. Answers to the survey questions were analysed with a logit model, and the maximum likelihood method was employed to estimate the model. The results indicate that a farmer's level of education and acceptance of the trend towards the disposal of an owned shared parcel to a third person are positively related to the likelihood that the farmer will choose to pass on the shared parcel of land to an heir. This is true provided that the share value the farmer is likely to recover is the current market value of the land.
‘Good Farmers’ in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evolving Narratives
Authors: Sumberg James
Published: January 2012

In this paper, the example of cocoa production in Ghana is used to explore how the narratives portraying African farmers have changed over the last 70 years. These evolving narratives are explored through the notion of a ‘good farmer’. The argument is that, as the image of African farmers has been progressively rehabilitated (from ignorant and tradition-bound to skilled and research-minded), the image of formal research and extension has suffered. This reversal was associated with the progressive disempowering of formal agricultural research. With the recent renewed interest in agricultural development, narratives about African farmers are again evolving: ‘good farmers’ are now increasingly being defined as those who approach their farming as a proper business.
Filtered gradient active fuzzy neural network noise control in an enclosure backed by a clamped plate
Authors: Azadi Navid , Ohadi Abdolreza
Published: January 2012

The performance of conventional linear algorithms in active noise control applications deteriorates facing nonlinearities in the system mainly because of loudspeakers. On the other hand, fuzzy logic and neural networks are good candidates to overcome this drawback. In this paper, the acoustic attenuation of noise in a rectangular enclosure with a flexible panel and five rigid walls is presented both theoretically and experimentally using filtered gradient fuzzy neural network (FGFNN) error back propagation algorithm in which the secondary path effect is implemented in derivation of updating rules. Considering this effect in updating rules leads to faster convergence and stability of the active noise control system. On the other hand, the primary path in the investigated system comprises an identified nonlinear model of loudspeaker inside the aforementioned box, parameters of which vary with the input current. The loudspeaker is identified using series‐parallel neural network model identification method. As a comparison, the performance of filtered‐x least mean squares and FGFNN algorithms are compared. It is observed that FGFNN controller exhibits far better results in the presence of loudspeakers with nonlinear behavior in primary path.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of nanostructured polyaniline–titanium dioxide gas sensors for ammonia recognition
Authors: Pawar S. G. , Chougule M. A. , Sen Shashwati , Patil V. B.
Published: January 2012

The performance at room temperature of nanostructured polyaniline (PANi)–titanium dioxide (TiO2) ammonia gas sensors was investigated. The PANi–TiO2 thin‐film sensors were fabricated with a spin‐coating method on glass substrates. PANi–TiO2 (0–50%) sensor films were characterized for their structural, morphological, optical, and various gas‐sensing properties. The structural analysis showed the formation of nanocrystalline TiO2, whereas PANi exhibited an amorphous nature. Morphological analysis of the PANi–TiO2 nanocomposites film revealed a uniform distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles in the PANi matrix. The absorption peaks in the Fourier transform infrared spectra and ultraviolet–visible spectra of the PANi–TiO2 composite film were found to shift to higher wave numbers compared to those observed in pure PANi. The observed shifts were attributed to the interaction between the TiO2 particles and the PANi molecular chains. The gas‐sensing properties showed that the sensors exhibited selectivity to ammonia (NH3) at room temperature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis and characterization of alternating copolymers derived from indeno[1,2‐b]fluorene for blue light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Xia Yangjun , Zhong Chengmei , Li Bin , Wu Hongbin , Cao Yong , Fan Duowang
Published: January 2012

Three blue light‐emitting alternating copolymers derived from 6,6′,12,12′‐tetraoctylindeno[1,2‐b]fluorene (IF) and 4,4′‐diphenyl ether (DPE), N,N′‐di(4‐phenyl)aniline (TPA), or 3,6‐N‐octylcarbazole (CZO), named as PIF‐DPE, PIF‐TPA, and PIF‐CZO, respectively, were synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction. The chemical structure, optoelectronic and thermal properties of the copolymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography, cyclic voltammetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Photoluminescence peaks of the copolymers of PIF‐DPE, PIF‐TPA, and PIF‐CZO in THF solution and solid state were around 432, 419, and 411 nm, and the preliminary light‐emitting devices based on the copolymers of PIF‐DPE, PIF‐TPA, and PIF‐CZO emit blue light with the maximal emission peaks at around 437, 449, and 438 nm, respectively. The control of conjugated length of the copolymers and the achievement of blue light‐emitting conjugated polymers based on indeno[1,2‐b]fluorene, which satisfy both color purity and relatively high eye sensitivity, were achieved by the introduction of kink linkages into the polyindeno[1,2‐b]fluorenes backbone. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
One‐step fabrication of branched poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers by magnetic coaxial electrospinning
Authors: Wu Huijun , Fan Jintu , Wan Xianfu , Du Ning
Published: January 2012

Branching has been emerging in 3‐D interconnecting building blocks. Branched and hyperbranched poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers were fabricated by coaxially electrospinning two‐liquids under an alternating magnetic field in a facile manner. Both the PVA nanofiber trunks with diameter of 100–200 nm and the PVA nanofiber branches with diameter of 10–30 nm were formed in a single step. The length and the morphology of the branched PVA nanofibers could be controlled through a rational design of the magnetic field. The facile technique may readily be extended to prepare 3‐D branched nanofibers from other materials such as various polymers and polymer–ceramic materials. Moreover, the multifunctional and multicomponent materials with branched nanostructure could be expected by using the magnetic coaxial electrospinning technique. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Coating of macroemulsion and microemulsion silicones on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers: Evaluation of the thermal properties and flammability
Authors: Gashti Mazeyar Parvinzadeh , Navid Mohammad Yousefpour , Rahimi Mohammad Hossein
Published: January 2012

Silicone softeners are widely used in the textile industry to improve the soft handling and aesthetic feel of textiles. These compounds can influence the thermal characteristics and flammability of polyester fabrics, which need to be addressed as important issues of human safety. To do this, the thermal degradation and flammability of macroemulsion and microemulsion silicone coated polyester fibers were studied with various analytical techniques, namely, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, and limited oxygen index testing. It has been stated that the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions of silicone emulsions with polyester can affect their thermal stability. On the other hand, the silicone emulsions present on the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) provide a three‐dimensional scaffold, which produces faster combustion than pyrolysis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Evaluation of the dielectric properties of grease containing copolymers and ester
Authors: Hassan Amaly M. , Youssif Mona A. , Mazrouaa Azza M. , Abou Shahba Rehab M. , Youssif Maha A. E.
Published: January 2012

Poly(1‐octadecene‐co‐maleic anhydride) bis behanate ester, poly(1‐octadecene‐co‐maleic anhydride) bis stearate ester, and ethylene glycol bis stearate ester were prepared and their structures were confirmed by IR spectroscopy. Wax gel was prepared from base oil blend (base lube oil grade 260/290, transformer oil) and microcrystalline wax in ratio 2.3 : 1, respectively, in the presence of antioxidant and anticorrosion additives in ratio of 0.1–2%. Atactic polypropylene was added in mixture with the above copolymers and ester to the wax gel in different proportions. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and volume resistivity at frequency range of 1–103 kHz 35°C have shown better results than that of wax gel alone. The grease which includes poly(1‐octadecene‐co‐maleic anhydride) bis behanate ester in mixture with atactic polypropylene recorded the best results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Nonlinear convex and concave relaxations for the solutions of parametric ODEs
Authors: Scott Joseph K. , Chachuat Benoit , Barton Paul I.
Published: January 2012

Convex and concave relaxations for the parametric solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are central to deterministic global optimization methods for nonconvex dynamic optimization and open‐loop optimal control problems with control parametrization. Given a general system of ODEs with parameter dependence in the initial conditions and right‐hand sides, this work derives sufficient conditions under which an auxiliary system of ODEs describes convex and concave relaxations of the parametric solutions, pointwise in the independent variable. Convergence results for these relaxations are also established. A fully automatable procedure for constructing an appropriate auxiliary system has been developed previously by the authors. Thus, the developments here lead to an efficient, automatic method for computing convex and concave relaxations for the parametric solutions of a very general class of nonlinear ODEs. The proposed method is presented in detail for a simple example problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patchy solution of a Francis–Byrnes–Isidori partial differential equation
Authors: Aguilar Cesar O. , Krener Arthur J.
Published: January 2012

The solution to the nonlinear output regulation problem requires one to solve a first‐order partial differential equation, known as the Francis–Byrnes–Isidori equations. In this paper, we propose a method to compute approximate solutions to the Francis–Byrnes–Isidori equations when the zero dynamics of the plant are hyperbolic and the exosystem is two dimensional. With our method, we are able to produce approximations that converge uniformly to the true solution. Our method relies on the periodic nature of two‐dimensional analytic center manifolds. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of a class of switched positive linear time‐delay systems
Authors: Zhao Xudong , Zhang Lixian , Shi Peng
Published: January 2012

This paper addresses the problem of stability for a class of switched positive linear time‐delay systems. As first attempt, the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is extended to the multiple co‐positive type Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional for the stability analysis of the switched positive linear systems with constant time delay. A sufficient stability criterion is proposed for the underlying system under average dwell time switching. Subsequently, the stability result for system under arbitrary switching is presented by reducing multiple co‐positive type Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional to the common co‐positive type Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. A numerical example is given to show the potential of the proposed techniques. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doing Anger Differently: Two controlled trials of percussion group psychotherapy for adolescent reactive aggression
Authors: Currie Michael , Startup Mike
Published: January 2012

This study evaluates efficacy and effectiveness of ‘Doing Anger Differently’ (DAD), a group treatment for reactively aggressive 12–15 year old males. DAD uses percussion exercises to aid treatment. Study 1 compared a ten‐week treatment with a waitlist control at pre, post and 6 month (treatment group only) follow‐up. Study 2 replicated Study 1, but also followed up controls at 6 months. In study 1 (N = 54) the treatment resulted in lowered trait anger (Cohen’s d = −1.3), aggression‐reports (d = −1.0) and depression (d = −0.6), and increased self‐esteem (d = 0.6), all maintained at six months. In study 2 (N = 65), aggression‐reports fell to one fifth of pre‐treatment levels at nine months follow‐up (d = −1.2), with lowered trait anger (d = −0.4) and anger expression (d = −0.3) post‐treatment.
Back‐reactions, short‐circuits, leaks and other energy wasteful reactions in biological electron transfer: Redox tuning to survive life in O2
Authors: Rutherford A. William , Osyczka Artur , Rappaport Fabrice
Published: January 2012

The energy‐converting redox enzymes perform productive reactions efficiently despite the involvement of high energy intermediates in their catalytic cycles. This is achieved by kinetic control: with forward reactions being faster than competing, energy‐wasteful reactions. This requires appropriate cofactor spacing, driving forces and reorganizational energies. These features evolved in ancestral enzymes in a low O2 environment. When O2 appeared, energy‐converting enzymes had to deal with its troublesome chemistry. Various protective mechanisms duly evolved that are not directly related to the enzymes’ principal redox roles. These protective mechanisms involve fine‐tuning of reduction potentials, switching of pathways and the use of short circuits, back‐reactions and side‐paths, all of which compromise efficiency. This energetic loss is worth it since it minimises damage from reactive derivatives of O2 and thus gives the organism a better chance of survival. We examine photosynthetic reaction centres, bc
1 and b
6
f complexes from this view point. In particular, the evolution of the heterodimeric PSI from its homodimeric ancestors is explained as providing a protective back‐reaction pathway. This “sacrifice‐of‐efficiency‐for‐protection” concept should be generally applicable to bioenergetic enzymes in aerobic environments.
Regulation of neurogenesis and gliogenesis of retinoic acid‐induced P19 embryonal carcinoma cells by P2X2 and P2X7 receptors studied by RNA interference
Authors: Yuahasi Katia K. , Demasi Marcos A. , Tamajusuku Alessandra S.K. , Lenz Guido , Sogayar Mari C. , Fornazari Maynara , Lameu Claudiana , Nascimento Isis C. , Glaser Talita , Schwindt Telma T. , Negraes Priscilla D. , Ulrich Henning
Published: January 2012

Embryonic carcinoma cells are widely used models for studying the mechanisms of proliferation and differentiation occurring during early embryogenesis. We have now investigated how down‐regulation of P2X2 and P2X7 receptor expression by RNA interference (RNAi) affects neural differentiation and phenotype specification of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Wild‐type P19 embryonal carcinoma cells or cells stably expressing shRNAs targeting P2X2 or P2X7 receptor expression were induced to differentiate into neurons and glial cells in the presence of retinoic acid. Silencing of P2X2 receptor expression along differentiation promoted cell proliferation and an increase in the percentage of cells expressing glial‐specific GFAP, while the presence of beta‐3 tubulin‐positive cells diminished at the same time. Proliferation induction in the presence of stable anti‐P2X2 receptor RNAi points at a mechanism where glial proliferation is favored over growth arrest of progenitor cells which would allow neuronal maturation. Differently from the P2X2 receptor, inhibition of P2X7 receptor expression during neural differentiation of P19 cells resulted in a decrease in cell proliferation and GFAP expression, suggesting the need of functional P2X7 receptors for the progress of gliogenesis. The results obtained in this study indicate the importance of purinergic signaling for cell fate determination during neural differentiation, with P2X2 and P2X7 receptors promoting neurogenesis and gliogenesis, respectively. The shRNAs down‐regulating P2X2 or P2X7 receptor gene expression, developed during this work, present useful tools for studying mechanisms of neural differentiation in other stem cell models.
Vascular risk factors, apolipoprotein E, and hippocampal decline on magnetic resonance imaging over a 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: den Heijer Tom , van der Lijn Fedde , Ikram Arfan , Koudstaal Peter J. , van der Lugt Aad , Krestin Gabriel P. , Vrooman Henri A. , Hofman Albert , Niessen Wiro J. , Breteler Monique M.B.
Published: January 2012

Background

Decline of hippocampal volume on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be considered as a surrogate biomarker of accumulating Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology. Previously, we showed in the prospective population‐based Rotterdam Scan Study that a higher rate of decline of hippocampal volume on MRI precedes clinical AD or memory decline. We studied potential risk factors for decline of hippocampal volume.

Methods

At baseline (1995–1996), 518 nondemented elderly subjects were included, and the cohort was re‐examined in 1999 and in 2006. At each examination, hippocampal volume was determined using an automated segmentation procedure. In all, 301 persons had at least two three‐dimensional MRI scans to assess decline in hippocampal volume.

Results

Persons carrying the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele had lower hippocampal volumes than persons with the ε3/ε3 genotype, but the rate of decline was not influenced by APOE genotype. In persons who did not use antihypertensive treatment, both a high (>90 mm Hg) and a low (<70 mm Hg) diastolic blood pressure were associated with a faster decline in hippocampal volume. Also, white matter lesions on baseline MRI were associated with a higher rate of decline in hippocampal volume.

Conclusions

In a nondemented elderly population, persons with the APOE ε4 allele have a smaller hippocampal volume but not a higher rate of decline. Rate of decline of hippocampal volume was influenced by white matter lesions and diastolic blood pressure, supporting their hypothesized role in the pathogenesis of AD.
Effect of the endothelin receptor antagonist tezosentan on alpha‐naphthylthiourea‐induced lung injury in rats
Authors: Atalay Figen , Yurdakan Gamze , Yilmaz‐Sipahi Emine
Published: January 2012

Acute lung injury is an inflammatory syndrome that increases the permeability of the blood‐gas barrier, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Despite intensive research, treatment options remain limited. We investigated the protective efficacy of tezosentan, a novel, dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in an experimental model of alpha‐naphthylthiourea (ANTU)‐induced acute lung injury in rats. ANTU was intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected into rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Tezosentan was injected 30 minutes before ANTU was subcutaneously (s.c.) injected at doses of 2, 10, or 30 mg/kg, 60 minutes before ANTU was injected at doses of 2, 10, or 30 mg/kg (i.p.), and 90 minutes before ANTU at a dose of 10 mg/kg (i.p.). Four hours later, the lung weight/body weight (LW/BW) ratio and pleural effusion (PE) were measured. When injected 30 minutes before ANTU at doses of 2, 10, or 30 mg/kg (s.c.), tezosentan had no effect on lung pathology. When injected 60 minutes before ANTU at doses of 2, 10, or 30 mg/kg (i.p.) or 90 minutes before ANTU (10 mg/kg, i.p.), tezosentan significantly decreased the PE/BW ratio and had a prophylactic effect on PE formation at all doses. Therefore, tezosentan may attenuate lung injury. Furthermore, its acute and inhibitory effects on fluid accumulation were more effective in the pleural cavity than in the interstitial compartment in this experimental model.
Gesundheitsförderung für ältere pflegende Angehörige
Authors: Dräger Dagmar , Budnick Andrea , Kummer Katja , Seither Corinna , Blüher Stefan
Published: January 2012

Einleitung

Im Projekt „Gesundheitsförderung für ältere pflegende Angehörige“ wurde ein standardisiertes Assessment zur Ermittlung von individuellen gesundheitsbezogenen physischen und psychischen Ressourcen und Risiken für pflegende Angehörige entwickelt. Es differenziert neun Typen und ordnet Angebote der Gesundheitsförderung zu. Das Assessment wurde mit 202 pflegenden Angehörigen (Versicherte Deutsche BKK) durchgeführt, ca. 80% wiesen einen hohen Bedarf an Gesundheitsförderung auf. Die Inanspruchnahme entsprach trotz großen Interesses an den Angeboten nicht den Erwartungen.
Sozial bedingte gesundheitliche Ungleichheit im Alter
Authors: Kümpers Susanne
Published: January 2012

Einleitung

Sozioökonomische Ungleichheit ist mit gesundheitlicher Ungleichheit bis in das hohe Alter assoziiert. Insgesamt scheint eine Kombination von über den Lebenslauf hin akkumulierten sowie aktuellen Unterschieden in den Lebensbedingungen für die gesundheitlichen Unterschiede im Alter verantwortlich zu sein. Der Beitrag verweist kursorisch auf existierende Befunde und referiert einige im Zusammenhang damit diskutierte Fragen wie die nach der allgemeinen Kompression der Morbidität, der Bedeutung des Gesundheitsverhaltens und nach moderierenden Faktoren zwischen dem sozioökonomischen Status (SES) und Gesundheitsoutcomes.
Prävention – eine Notwendigkeit in einer Gesellschaft des langen Lebens
Authors: Lehr Ursula
Published: January 2012

Einleitung

Wir werden älter als es Generationen vor uns waren und sind dabei gesünder und kompetenter. Das verdanken wir gesundheitsförderlichen Umweltbedingungen, den Fortschritten der Medizin und Medizintechnik, der Pharmazie, aber auch einem gesünderen Lebensstil. Die zunehmende Langlebigkeit und die altersstrukturellen Veränderungen unterstreichen die Forderung, alles zu tun, um möglichst gesund und kompetent alt zu werden, um möglichst selbständig und selbstbestimmt sein Leben auch als 80 oder 90-Jähriger führen zu können. Dies ist nur möglich durch einen Ausbau von Prävention auf nahezu allen Gebieten des Lebens. Sowohl als Einzelner in der Individual-, als auch als Gesellschaft in der Verhältnisprävention.
Informierte Entscheidung bei Darmkrebsfrüherkennung: Ausweg aus der Unmündigkeit
Authors: Steckelberg Anke , Bunge Martina
Published: January 2012

Einleitung

Bürger haben ein Recht auf Evidenz-basierte Informationen als Voraussetzung für informierte Entscheidungen. In einer randomisiert-kontrollierten Studie wurden die Effekte einer Evidenz-basierten Information zur Darmkrebsfrüherkennung mit einer Standardinformation verglichen. Der primäre Endpunkt war die informierte Entscheidung. 1586 Versicherte der Gmündener Ersatzkasse (GEK) wurden randomisiert. Die Evidenz-basierte Information führte signifikant häufiger zu informierten Entscheidungen.
Initial Recovery Trajectories Among Patients With Hip Fracture: A Conceptual Approach to Exploring Comparative Effectiveness in Postacute Care
Authors: Aronow Harriet U. , Sharkey Phoebe , Siebens Hilary C. , Horn Susan D. , Smout Randall J. , DeJong Gerben , Munin Michael C. , Radnay Craig S.
Published: January 2012

Objective

To assess whether clusters of patients with hip fracture and with distinct initial recovery trajectories (IRT) could be identified by using practice‐based evidence data and to examine the validity of these data.

Design

Analysis of multisite prospective observational cohort study database.

Setting

Eighteen skilled nursing and inpatient rehabilitation facilities.

Patients

Patients with hip fractures (N = 226) treated with joint replacement and admitted to skilled nursing or inpatient rehabilitation facilities, subset (n = 85), with telephone follow‐up results approximately 8 months after rehabilitation discharge. Patients' ages were 76.8 ± 11.4 years; the majority were women (78%) and white (87%).

Methods

Measurements included medical severity by using the Comprehensive Severity Index and functional levels by using Functional Independence Measure (FIM). The IRT was calculated for each patient as the rate of change in function from the time of surgery to rehabilitation admission. We used cluster analysis to partition patients into subsets that shared common IRT scores. Validity was explored by comparing subgroups across patient characteristics and treatment patterns. Significance was defined as P ≤ .05.

Main Outcomes Measurements

IRT grouping, Comprehensive Severity Index, FIM, discharge location, living location at follow‐up.

Results

We identified 3 patient clusters with differentiated IRT scores: group 1: 4.96 ± 2.45 (range, 0.4‐8.6) FIM point change per day; group 2: 12.42 ± 2.51 (range, 8.9‐17.0); group 3: 26.80 ± 13.78 (range, 17.5‐70.0). Clinical group validation was established from statistically different Comprehensive Severity Index scores on admission; FIM scores at admission, discharge, and follow‐up; and discharge and 8‐month living settings. Calculation of IRT recovery curves by using FIM scores and associated time in days through logarithmic regression curves confirmed each group's IRT remained distinct through rehabilitation and follow‐up.

Conclusions

The IRT concept appears to be valid in patients with hip fracture who were treated with hip arthroplasty, and may assist in evaluating and comparing the effectiveness of postacute rehabilitation services.
Results of U-Pb dating of zircon and baddeleyite from the Noril’sk-1 ultramafic-mafic intrusion (Russia)
Authors: Malitch K.N. , Badanina I.Yu. , Belousova E.A. , Tuganova E.V.
Published: January 2012

We present for the first time the mineralogical and isotope-geochemical particularities of zircon and baddeleyite from various rocks of the economic ore-bearing Noril’sk-1 intrusion located in the northwestern part of the Siberian platform. The ultramafic-mafic Noril’sk-1 intrusion hosts one of the world’s major economic platinum-group-element (PGE)-Cu-Ni sulphide deposits.

A detailed study of crystal morphology and internal structure identify four zircon populations, characterized by different U-Pb (SHRIMP-II) ages. The U-Pb ages of baddeleyite and the defined zircon populations cover a significant time span (from 290 ± 2.8 to 226.7 ± 0.9 Ma). The established U-Pb ages imply that crystallization of baddeleyite and zircon populations corresponds to several stages of protracted evolution of the ore-forming magmatic system (290 ± 2.8, 261.3 ± 1.6, 245.7 ± 1.1, 236.5 ± 1.8, and 226.7 ± 0.9 Ma, respectively) that served as the favorable factor for accumulation of magmas and ores of unique scales and concentrations.
The Early Proterozoic Primorskii complex of rapakivi granites (western Cisbaikalia): geochemistry, crystallization conditions, and ore potential
Authors: Savel’eva V.B. , Bazarova E.P.
Published: January 2012

The Primorskii complex in western Cisbaikalia, which formed in the Early Proterozoic at the postcollisional stage in the Siberian craton evolution, comprises rapakivi granites, equigranular biotitic and leucocratic granites, and alaskites. It is a K-rich granitoid assemblage with a medium and high alkalinity, whose F, Ba, Pb, REE, Zr, Th, and Zn contents exceed the clarkes. The complex consists of three plutons: Bugul’deika–Anga, Ulan-Khan, and Trekhgolovyi, which formed in two intrusive stages. The evolution of the main-stage composition was marked by an increase in silica content, with a similtaneous increase in agpaite and Fe contents and a decrease in Na2O/K2O. The Bugul’deika–Anga and Trekhgolovyi plutons are the most contrasting in composition and crystallization conditions. The former originated from a weakly differentiated water-undersaturated melt, which crystallized at medium depths (Ptot = 3–4 kbar). The crystallization was unaccompanied by considerable accumulation of granitophile elements (the concentration index (CI) of granitophile elements is ~3) in the leucogranites, except the alaskites, which crystallized in the upper part of the magma chamber (CI = 5). The Trekhgolovyi pluton originated from a leucogranitic melt enriched in Cs, Li, Rb, and Sn, which crystallized at a low Ptot (~2 kbar). The average contents of some elements in the leucogranites are higher than their clarkes in Ca-poor granites: by a factor of 4 for Sn, 3.8 for Th, 2.7 for Rb, 2.5 for Cs, and 2 for F (CI ≈ 9). The final-stage granites in the Trekhgolovyi pluton are associated with quartz-muscovitic (±topaz, fluorite) greisens, which contain cassiterite, columbite, ilmenorutile, wolframite, bismuthinite, and other minerals. The data suggest that the Trekhgolovyi pluton has a Sn potential.
The U-Pb geochronology of the Mukhal alkaline massif (western Transbaikalia)
Authors: Doroshkevich A.G. , Ripp G.S. , Sergeev S.A. , Konopel’ko D.L.
Published: January 2012

We present results of U-Pb (SHRIMP II) geochronological study of the rocks of the Mukhal alkaline massif in the Vitim alkaline province, western Transbaikalia. The available K-Ar and Rb-Sr dates for the alkaline rocks (Saizhen complex) of the Vitim province, including the Mukhal massif, vary over a broad range of values. The obtained age of crystallization of the Mukhal urtites refines the time when the regional alkaline magmatism began. The age of zircons and magmatic processes within the Barguzin area (315–275 Ma) is close to the peak of main events, which occurred between 295 and 275 Ma. These processes took place at the early stage of evolution of the Late Paleozoic rift system in Central Asia, whose activity was associated with the activity of mantle superplume.
The geoelectric structure at the site of “Crystal” underground nuclear explosion (Western Yakutia) from TEM data
Authors: Kozhevnikov N.O. , Antonov E.Yu. , Artamonova S.Yu. , Plotnikov A.E.
Published: January 2012

The resistivity pattern at the site of the “Crystal” underground nuclear explosion (Daldyn–Alakit district of Yakutia) of 1974 which led to an accident has been imaged using TEM data. The local background pattern corresponds to a three-or four-layer earth with a conductor at the base. The uppermost layer, with a resistivity of tens to hundreds of ohm · m, has its bottom at 190–260 m asl and consists of perennially frozen Late Cambrian carbonates. The resistivity structure of shallow subsurface at the blast epicenter remained unperturbed though being subject to mechanic and thermal effects. The bottom of the second layer is at 20 to 190 m below the sealevel and its resistivity is 7–10 ohm · m. It is composed of frost-bound and unfrozen cold rocks that belong to a Late Cambrian water-bearing sequence (an aquifer). The third and fourth layers make up the conducting base of the section (0.2–1.4 ohm · m) while the conductor’s top matches the table of a Middle Cambrian aquifer. Anomalous transient response at the site prompts the existence of a local conductor possibly produced by highly saline waters in the containment cavity and in deformed rocks around it. However, the resistivity is too low (0.02 ohm · m) to be accounted for by any model available at the present state of knowledge. Another problem is to explain how the brines circulating at large depths may have reached the explosion cavity and the surrounding strained zones. The study has provided a first idea of the background resistivity distribution and its UNE-induced changes.
High-temperature conductivity of magnetite ores in relation to their genesis and mineral composition (by the example of the Goroblagodatskoe skarn-magnetite deposit)
Authors: Bakhterev V.V. , Kuznetsov A.Zh.
Published: January 2012

Samples of magnetite ores of different parageneses and mineral compositions from the Goroblagodatskoe skarn-magnetite deposit were studied by physical and mineralogo-petrographic methods. Electrical-resistance curves were obtained for an ore containing 80–90% magnetite for the temperature range 20–800 ºC. Three groups of samples were recognized according to the pattern of temperature curves and electrical resistance: sulfide-free, sulfide-containing (pyrrhotite), and variolitic ores. The parameters of high-temperature conductivity (activation energy E0 and coefficient of electrical resistance logR0) have been determined. A linear relationship between E0 and logR0 (logR0= a – bE0) has been established for magnetite ores of all mineral types. The coefficient a varies from 1.92 to 4.80 depending on the type and mineral composition of magnetite ores. The coefficient b is nearly constant for all studied samples, 6.65. The figurative points of the samples in the E0–logR0 coordinates lie in the field bounded by the straight lines logR0= 4.80 – 6.65E0 and logR0= 1.92 – 6.65E0. The samples of magnetite ores of the skarn and hydrosilicate paragenesis with visible pyrrhotite inclusions and samples of variolitic ores form an individual group in the above field. Within the group, the ores are also subdivided into garnet-magnetite (skarn paragenesis), epidote-chlorite-magnetite (hydrosilicate paragenesis), pyroxene-magnetite, and orthoclase-magnetite (variolitic ores).
Top-Down Search for Color Prevents Voluntary Directing of Attention to Informative Singleton Cues
Authors: Worschech Franziska , Ansorge Ulrich
Published: January 2012

Visuo-spatial attention can be directed in a top-down controlled way to search for color targets and it can be captured by color contrasts, regardless of color identity. Here we tested whether participants can both search for a particular color target (e.g., red) and make use of a color-contrast cue that predicted the target’s most likely position to direct their attention voluntarily. Our results show that this was impossible for the participants. Results support that top-down search for particular colors is incommensurate with directing attention to just any color contrast. The results are discussed in light of the current debates concerning the roles of color and color contrast for visuo-spatial attention.
A comparison of the decomposition of electronically excited nitro-containing molecules with energetic moieties C–NO2, N–NO2, and O–NO2
Authors: Bhattacharya Atanu , Guo Yuanqing , Bernstein Elliot R.
Published: January 2012

Decomposition of electronically excited nitro-containing molecules with different X–NO2 (X = C, N, O) moieties has been intensively investigated over the past decades; however, their decomposition behavior has not previously been compared and contrasted. Comparison of their unimolecular decomposition behavior is important for the understanding of the reactivity differences among electronically excited nitro-containing molecules with different X–NO2 (X = C, N, O) bond connections. Nitromethane (NM), dimethylnitramine (DMNA), and isopropylnitrate (IPN) are used as model molecules for C–NO2, N–NO2, and O–NO2 active moieties, respectively. Ultraviolet lasers at different wavelengths, such as 226, 236, and 193 nm, have been employed to prepare the excited states of these molecules. The decomposition products are then detected by resonance enhanced two photon ionization (R2PI), laser induced fluorescence (LIF) techniques, or single photon ionization at 10.5 eV. NO molecules are observed to be the major decomposition product from electronically excited NM, DMNA, IPN using R2PI techniques. The NO products from decomposition of electronically excited (226 and 236 nm) NM and IPN display similar rotational (600 K) and vibrational distributions [both (0–0) and (0–1) bands of the NO molecule are observed]. The NO product from DMNA shows rotational (120 K) and vibrational distributions (only (0–0) transition is observed) colder than those of NM and IPN. At the 193 nm excitation, electronically excited NO2 products are observed from NM and IPN via fluorescence detection, while no electronically excited NO2 products are observed from DMNA. Additionally, the OH radical is observed as a minor dissociation product from all three compounds. The major decomposition pathway of electronically excited NM and IPN involves fission of the X–NO2 bond to form electronically excited NO2 product, which further dissociates to generate NO. The production of NO molecules from electronically excited DMNA is proposed to go through a nitro–nitrite isomerization pathway. Theoretical calculations show that a nitro–nitrite isomerization for DMNA occurs on the S1 surface following a (S2/S1)CI conical intersection (CI), whereas NO2 elimination occurs on the S1 surface following the (S2/S1)CI conical intersection for NM and IPN. The present work provides insights for the understanding of the initiation of the decomposition of electronically excited X–NO2 energetic systems. The presence of conical intersections along the reaction coordinate plays an important role in the detailed mechanism for the decomposition of these energetic systems.
Asymptotic expressions describing radiative heat transfer between polar materials from the far-field regime to the nanoscale regime
Authors: Rousseau Emmanuel , Laroche Marine , Greffet Jean-Jacques
Published: January 2012

Heat transfer between two plates of polar materials at nanoscale distance is known to be enhanced by several orders of magnitude as compared with its far-field value. In this article, we derive accurate analytical expressions to quantitatively predict heat fluxes in the near-field. These analytical expressions reveal the physical mechanisms responsible for the enhancement. For two dielectric polar materials and for gaps smaller than 75 nm at room temperature the heat transfer is dominated by the surface phonon polariton contribution. Between 75 nm and 500 nm, the enhancement is mostly due to frustrated total internal reflection. The paper reports accurate analytical expressions for both contributions. Our analytical results highlight two differences between radiation flux at the nanoscale and in the far field: i)the heat flux spectrum depends on the gap distance, ii) the temperature dependence of the heat transfer coefficient deviates strongly from the T3 law valid for gray bodies in the far-field.
Transcripts: An algebraic approach to coupled time series
Authors: Amigó José M. , Monetti Roberto , Aschenbrenner Thomas , Bunk Wolfram
Published: January 2012

Ordinal symbolic dynamics is based on ordinal patterns. Its tools include permutation entropy (in metric and topological versions), forbidden patterns, and a number of mathematical results that make this sort of symbolic dynamics appealing both for theoreticians and practitioners. In particular, ordinal symbolic dynamics is robust against observational noise and can be implemented with low computational cost, which explains its increasing popularity in time series analysis. In this paper, we study the perhaps less exploited aspect so far of ordinal patterns: their algebraic structure. In a first part, we revisit the concept of transcript between two symbolic representations, generalize it to N representations, and derive some general properties. In a second part, we use transcripts to define two complexity indicators of coupled dynamics. Their performance is tested with numerical and real world data.