bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peripheral gully and landslide erosion on an extreme anthropogenic landscape produced by mountaintop removal coal mining
Authors: Reed Miles , Kite Steve
Published: April 2020

Mountaintop removal/valley fill coal mining (MTR/VF) in central Appalachia has buried an estimated 4000 km of headwater streams, but the long‐term geomorphic consequences of the anthropogenic valley fills and associated mined landscapes are poorly understood. These anthropogenic landscapes are not intended to be maintained in perpetuity once reclamation is complete. Here we present the first ever field‐based study of erosional landforms on this type of mined landscape paired with the subsequent examination of 10 regional LiDAR (light detection and ranging) datasets for gullies and landslides in a transect from eastern Kentucky to central West Virginia. Field observations indicate that overtopping of or intentional discharge from drainage systems and overtopping of valley fill terraces can initiate gullying. We manually extracted 1328 gullies from 512 km2 of mined landscape within the LiDAR datasets. Gullies are predominantly located along the perimeter of the mined landscape with the majority of gullies associated with drainage systems. The number of gullies linearly scales with mined area (R2 = 0.66). We observed 387 landslides along the perimeter of MTR/VF. Within the datasets, landslides per km2 ranged from 0.1 to 3.9. We observed 34 landslides within fully reclaimed valley fills, a heretofore undocumented phenomenon. Over 90% of these landslides were in Kentucky datasets, which covered only 47% of total mined area analyzed. Previously measured regional differences in the angle of friction of mine spoils or construction practices may explain the abundance of gullies and elevated level of landslide occurrence in eastern Kentucky valley fills relative to West Virginia. Observations of erosion on regionally extensive MTR/VF landscapes warrant further study to better ascertain ecological impacts. Large‐scale alteration by surface mining in steep landscapes may generally lead to peripheral gully erosion. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Redesigned TOEIC Bridge® Tests: Relations to Test‐Taker Perceptions of Proficiency in English
Authors: Schmidgall Jonathan
Published: April 2020

The redesigned four‐skills TOEIC Bridge® tests were designed to measure the listening, reading, speaking, and writing proficiency of beginning to low–intermediate English learners in the context of everyday life. In this paper, I describe two studies that were conducted to investigate claims about the meaningfulness of redesigned TOEIC Bridge test scores by comparing them to self‐assessments of listening, reading, speaking, and writing proficiency. In Study 1, test takers who participated in the redesigned TOEIC Bridge field test in Japan and Taiwan completed an online self‐assessment survey of their speaking and writing proficiency. In Study 2, test takers who participated in pretesting for the redesigned TOEIC Bridge Listening and Reading test in Japan and Taiwan completed a paper‐based self‐assessment survey of their listening and reading proficiency. Both studies were designed with the same research questions in mind in order to evaluate claims about the meaning of redesigned TOEIC Bridge test scores and to enhance the interpretation of test scores by relating them to test takers' self‐assessed ability to perform a variety of related tasks. The results indicated that self‐assessments had medium correlations with redesigned TOEIC Bridge Listening test scores (r = .55), Reading test scores (r = .54), Speaking test scores (r = .51), and Writing test scores (r = .46). These results compare favorably with the results of similar studies of the relationship between test scores and self‐assessments of language proficiency and provide evidence to support claims about the meaningfulness of TOEIC Bridge test scores. In addition, the pattern of results across TOEIC Bridge test proficiency levels and can‐do statements taken from language proficiency standards suggests that the tests meaningfully differentiate test‐takers' proficiency levels, an important consideration of test design.
Optimization of grape juice deacidification using mixture of adsorbents: A case study of Pekmez
Authors: Rezaei Mohammad , Alizadeh Khaledabad Mohammad , Moghaddas Kia Ehsan , Ghasempour Zahra
Published: April 2020

Grape syrup (Pekmez or Dooshab) is one of the nutritious products developed through grape processing. One of the main challenges in the industrial manufacture of this product is the utilization of traditional pekmez earth for tartaric acid adsorption. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of calcium carbonate, nano‐silica, alumina, and activated carbon as adsorbents and also contact time in grape juice deacidification, and to determine the effects of these adsorbents on the physicochemical properties of grape juice by using the Box–Behnken statistical design. By applying different amounts of these adsorbents in grape juice, the magnitude of acidity decrement and the physicochemical properties such as acidity, pH, transmittance, the amount of reducing sugars, formalin index, and adsorption efficiency were investigated. Data analysis showed that different mixtures of adsorbents at different concentrations had significant effects on acidity and pH of the samples but no effects on the level of reducing sugars and formalin index were observed (p > .05). According to the results, the adsorption capacity with the highest calcium carbonate content (0.7 g/100 ml) was about 88%; the maximum acidity decrements of up to 92% were achieved using the treatments containing calcium carbonate, nano‐silica, and activated carbon, while alumina failed to affect the acidity of the samples. Optimum conditions were obtained in 1.27, 0.21, 0.7, and 0.07 g/100 ml alumina, nano‐silica, calcium carbonate, and activated carbon, respectively, resulting pH 4.3 and acidity 0.37% in grape syrup.
Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: McGlynn Katherine A. , Petrick Jessica L. , El‐Serag Hashem B.
Published: April 2020

Liver cancer is a major contributor to the worldwide cancer burden. Incidence rates of this disease have increased in many countries in recent decades. As the principal histologic type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the great majority of liver cancer diagnoses and deaths. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) remain, at present, the most important global risk factors for HCC, but their importance will likely decline in the coming years. The effect of HBV vaccination of newborns, already seen in young adults in some countries, will be more notable as vaccinated cohorts age. In addition, effective treatments for chronic infections with both HBV and HCV should contribute to declines in the rates of viral‐associated HCC. Unfortunately, the prevalence of metabolic risk factors for HCC, including metabolic syndrome, obesity, type II diabetes and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are increasing and may jointly become the major cause of HCC globally. Excessive alcohol consumption also remains an intractable risk factor, as does aflatoxin contamination of food crops in some parts of the world. While significant efforts in early diagnosis and better treatment are certainly needed for HCC, primary prevention efforts aimed at decreasing the prevalence of obesity and diabetes and controlling mycotoxin growth, are just as urgently required.
Transient appearance of Ca2+‐permeable AMPA receptors is crucial for the production of repetitive LTP‐induced synaptic enhancement (RISE) in cultured hippocampal slices
Authors: Tominaga‐Yoshino Keiko , Urakubo Tomoyoshi , Ueno Yukiko , Kawaai Katsuhiro , Saito Shinichi , Tashiro Tomoko , Ogura Akihiko
Published: April 2020

We have previously shown that repetitive induction of long‐term potentiation (LTP) by glutamate (100 μM, 3 min, three times at 24‐hr intervals) provoked long‐lasting synaptic enhancement accompanied by synaptogenesis in rat hippocampal slice cultures, a phenomenon termed RISE (repetitive LTP‐induced synaptic enhancement). Here, we examined the role of Ca2+‐permeable (CP) AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in the establishment of RISE. We first found a component sensitive to the Joro‐spider toxin (JSTX), a blocker of CP‐AMPARs, in a field EPSP recorded from CA3‐CA1 synapses at 2–3 days after stimulation, but this component was not found for 9–10 days. We also observed that rectification of AMPAR‐mediated current appeared only 2–3 days after stimulation, using a whole‐cell patch clamp recording from CA1 pyramidal neurons. These findings indicate that CP‐AMPAR is transiently expressed in the developing phase of RISE. The blockade of CP‐AMPARs by JSTX for 24 hr at this developing phase inhibited RISE establishment, accompanied by the loss of small synapses at the ultrastructural level. These results suggest that transiently induced CP‐AMPARs play a critical role in synaptogenesis in the developing phase of long‐lasting hippocampal synaptic plasticity, RISE.
Successful introduction of milk after a negative double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge test is independent of the total dose and milk product used during the challenge test
Authors: van de Ven Celine A. , Herpertz Irene , van Lente Lidy , van der Meulen Gerbrich N. , Kamps Arvid W. A.
Published: April 2020

Background

Failure of milk introduction after a negative food challenge test is reported in a substantial number of patients. For this reason, guidelines recommend that the total dose of milk protein for a food challenge test should be comparable to a normal serving.

Objective

Our aim is to compare the success rate of milk introduction after a negative double‐blind placebo‐controlled challenge test performed with different doses of milk protein and different milk products.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of 485 patients challenged with a low or high dose of milk protein. Pasteurized milk and milk protein powder were used for the low‐dose challenge tests, and condensed milk for the high‐dose challenge tests. Successful introduction was defined as regular milk consumption, and discontinuation of further introduction due to the reappearance of symptoms as unsuccessful introduction. We also evaluated the association between milk products and successful introduction.

Results

The outcome of 288 (59.4%) double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge tests was negative. There were no significant differences between the low and high dose of milk protein in patient characteristics, percentage of patients lost to follow‐up (15% vs 20%), in whom introduction had not yet been performed (4% vs 3.1%), reappearance of symptoms (18% vs 17%), and successful introduction (88.0% and 83.4%). Age, gender, specific immunoglobulin E for milk, dose of milk protein, and atopy were not associated with successful introduction. Children who experienced symptoms during the introduction were less likely to consume milk (P < .001). There was a nonsignificant trend toward higher successful introduction rate if pasteurized milk was used as test material compared to milk protein powder, and condensed milk.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Successful introduction of milk after a negative challenge test is independent of the total dose of milk protein, and milk product used during the challenge test.
Predictive factors for time to cessation of urinary incontinence in primiparous adolescents after vaginal delivery
Authors: Babini Dominique , Lemos Andrea
Published: April 2020

Objective

To investigate predictive factors for the time to cessation of urinary incontinence (UI) and estimate the median time for its cessation in primiparous adolescents after vaginal delivery.

Methods

A cohort study with 102 adolescents aged 10–19 years with UI after vaginal delivery was developed in the Physical Therapy Laboratory for Women’s Health and Pelvic Floor at the Federal University of Pernambuco between June 2017 and December 2019. Participants responded to the assessment form, providing information on the outcome of interest and possible predictive factors. For statistical analysis, the Cox regression model and the Kaplan–Meier method were used.

Results

Risk factors identified for the outcome of interest were: age 15–19 years (adjusted hazard ratio [HRa] 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11–2.8); non‐instrumental delivery (HRa 2.95. 95% CI 1.19–7.53); adoption of vertical position during the expulsion stage of delivery (HRa 2.19, 95% CI 1.28–3.84); and absence of episiotomy (HRa 2.01, 95% CI 1.2–3.44). The median time to cessation of UI was 16 months (10–29).

Conclusion

Health professionals should reflect on obstetric practices adopted during delivery in adolescents, especially among 10–14‐year‐olds, regarding the use of episiotomy, instrumental delivery, and parturient position during the expulsion stage of delivery.
Classical and quantum phases in hexagonal boron nitride‐combined van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Zheng Shoujun , Zhao Mali , Sun Linfeng , Yang Heejun
Published: April 2020

Since the discovery of graphene, two‐dimensional (2D) layered materials have attracted extensive attention owing to their unique properties and promising potential applications. In particular, van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, artificially stacked with 2D materials, have provided an excellent platform to explore various applications and to unveil long‐standing mysteries in quantum and condensed matter physics. Here, we discuss recent progress in novel classical and quantum phases in vdW heterostructures, emerging through thickness‐dependent hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) combined with graphene and transitional metal dichalcogenides. As a cornerstone of vdW heterostructures, the h‐BN plays diverse roles, such as tunneling barriers, dielectric layers, clean substrates, and capping layers, to realize numerous intriguing devices: field‐effect transistors, tunneling light‐emitting diodes, resonant tunneling diodes, nonvolatile memories, Bose‐Einstein condensation, topological insulators, and graphene‐based superconductors. The vdW heterostructures with various roles of h‐BN continue to enrich our knowledge for quantum physics and practical future device applications.

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Spreading area and shape regulate the apoptosis and osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells on circular and branched micropatterned islands
Authors: Jiao Fei , Zhao Yang , Sun Qing , Huo Bo
Published: April 2020

The topography of extracellular matrix regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In particular, the effect of spreading shape or area on cellular differentiation and viability of individual MSCs cultured in the confined adhesive regions is an interesting fundamental issue. In this study, the adhesive patterns with the circularity of 0.1 or 1 and the areas of 314; 628; 1,256; or 2,512 μm2 were constructed using micropatterning technology. The expression of osteogenesis marker alkaline phosphatase and the apoptosis level of individual MSCs were measured using double fluorescent staining. Results indicated that individual MSCs confined in the small area showed an apoptotic tendency, and those in the large area might enter into osteogenesis. The branched shape with small circularity increased MSC viability but reduced their pluripotency compared with the circular shape. The expression of other osteogenesis markers, such as osteocalcin and Collagen I, confirmed that large and branched pattern promoted MSC osteogenesis. In addition, the transcriptional coactivator yes‐associated protein (YAP) was transferred higher in the nuclei of the large and branched cells than other micropatterned groups. This study suggested that the spreading area and shape of individual MSCs regulate their viability and osteogenesis through the YAP pathway.
HIV treatment outcomes among people with initiation CD4 counts >500 cells/µL after implementation of Treat All in South African public clinics: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Dorward Jienchi , Sookrajh Yukteshwar , Gate Kelly , Khubone Thokozani , Mtshaka Nomsa , Mlisana Koleka , Ngobese Hope , Yende‐Zuma Nonhlanhla , Garrett Nigel
Published: April 2020

Introduction

The World Health Organisation recommends to Treat All people with HIV, irrespective of CD4 count. However, people with CD4 counts >500 cells/µL may be asymptomatic and therefore less motivated to adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART). We aimed to assess whether people initiated with CD4 counts >500 cells/µL had worse treatment outcomes compared to those initiated at lower CD4 counts.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study among non‐pregnant adults initiating ART at eight public clinics in South Africa between September 2016, when Treat All was implemented, and August 2017. We assessed whether initiation CD4 count >500 cells/µL was associated with the outcomes of attrition (death, lost to follow‐up or treatment interruption >180 days), and viraemia >1000 copies/mL, by twelve months using Cox proportional hazards and Poisson regression models.

Results and discussion

Among 4952 patients initiating ART, the median age was 32.4 years (interquartile range (IQR) 27.2 to 39.7), 58.9% were women and 30.3% had an initiation CD4 count >500 cells/µL. After twelve months, 3382 (68.3%) were retained in care, 303 (6.1%) had transferred to another clinic, 1010 (20.4%) were lost to follow‐up, 232 (4.7%) had a treatment interruption >180 days and 25 (0.5%) were known to have died. Overall, 1267 experienced attrition at a median time of 91 days (IQR 23 to 213), with 302 of these (23.8%) experiencing attrition immediately after their ART initiation visit. Among those in care at twelve months with viral load results, 4.6% had viraemia. In multivariable analysis, the hazard of attrition was similar between patients newly eligible for ART with CD4 counts >500 cells/µL compared to those with CD4 ≤500 cells/µL (adjusted hazard ratio 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.90 to 1.17). The risk of viraemia was lower among patients with CD4 counts >500 cells/µL compared to those with CD4 ≤500 cells/µL (adjusted risk ratio 0.58, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.92).

Conclusions

After implementation of Treat All in South African public clinics, we found that patients newly eligible for ART with initiation CD4 counts >500 cells/µL had comparable or better outcomes compared to those with lower CD4 counts. These finding support ongoing implementation of Treat All in our setting.
Effectiveness of a combination therapy of traditional Chinese medicine and CO2 laser treatment for condyloma acuminatum
Authors: Xu Huaxiang , Shen Qinglin , Fan Bing , Xi Changqing , Wang Lili
Published: April 2020

Background

Condyloma acuminatum (CA) is both highly infectious and frequently recurring and requires long‐term, repeated treatments, which seriously affect the physical and psychological health of patients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of a combination therapy of traditional Chinese medicine and CO2 laser on CA and the relationship between CA relapse and cellular immunity.

Methods

The study cohort consisted of 160 CA patients who underwent ambulatory treatment between January 2017 and January 2019 in the Department of Dermatology and Venerology of our hospital. The 160 patients were randomly divided into two groups: a combination therapy group (80 cases), who underwent CO2‐laser treatment followed by three courses of oral traditional Chinese medicine and a control group (80 cases), who were only treated with the CO2 laser to remove warts. The efficacy of the CO2‐laser treatment was evaluated on the first month after treatment and relapse was evaluated at monthly follow‐ups for 6 months. Additionally, 20 normal volunteers were also recruited. Three months before and after treatment, the cellular immunity factors of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets, including CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+, and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), were detected and compared between CA patients and normal volunteers, the combination therapy and control groups, and the relapse and cure groups to determine whether there were statistical differences.

Results

Compared with normal volunteers, CA patients exhibited lower CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and IL‐2 levels and higher CD8+ levels (P < .05). In addition, the rates of relapse for the combination therapy and control groups were 25.7% and 40.8%, respectively. However, the comprehensive immunity factors showed no statistical difference (P > .05) before treatment. Three months after treatment, factors including CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ were higher in the combination therapy group than in the control group (P < .05), and CD8+ and IL‐2 showed no statistical difference (P > .05); factors including CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and IL‐2 were higher and CD8+ was lower in the cure group than in the relapse group (P < .05).

Conclusion

The therapy combination of traditional Chinese medicine and CO2‐laser treatment can reduce the relapse rate of CA. It might be that traditional Chinese medicine combined with CO2‐laser treatment regulate liver meridian, Qi and blood, and restore the balance between various subgroups.
Serum HBV RNA composition dynamics as a marker for intrahepatic HBV cccDNA turnover
Authors: Hong Xupeng , Hu Jianming
Published: April 2020

Current therapies can suppress the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) but cannot clear chronic HBV infection, which afflicts hundreds of millions worldwide. HBV persistence is sustained by the viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), an episome in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. cccDNA is refractory to current therapies and its clearance is the holy grail for HBV cure. However, it has been difficult to monitor the fate of cccDNA in the liver directly. The current study takes a novel approach to this critical issue by monitoring the dynamic change in the genetic composition of the serum HBV RNA, which appears to reflect the dynamics of intrahepatic cccDNA turnover.
Familial clustering of hepatitis C virus in a Pakistani population
Authors: Jamil Zubia , Waheed Yasir , Ahsan Omar , Najmi Muzammil H. , Yousuf Hamid
Published: April 2020

Pakistan has the second‐highest burden of hepatitis C patients in the world. A total of 683 individuals, who visited the Liver Clinic during the study period, were screened for the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A total of 534 individuals who showed positive HCV infection were grouped into the case group and 149 individuals with HCV negative status were grouped into the control group. A detailed questionnaire was used to collect demographic, clinical, HCV risk factor, and familial clustering data. HCV familial clustering was found in 30.1% in the case group compared with 17.4% in the control group. We also found 17% of patients had spouses who were also infected with HCV compared to 4% spouse infection in the control group. Only 3.7% of patients had HCV positive mothers. These results were further expanded by regression analysis that showed that family history and sexual history are independent risk factors for transmission of hepatitis C infection and mother's history has no significance as a risk factor for transmission. The major risk factor for getting HCV infection are dental procedures, unsafe injections, surgery, and blood transfusions. There is a strong need to increase awareness about HCV transmission routes among positive patients to reduce the chances of HCV familial clustering.
Utility of Formulas Using Fetal Thigh Soft Tissue Thickness in Estimating Weight in Gastroschisis
Authors: Chabra Shilpi , Sienas Laura , Hippe Daniel S. , Paulsene Wendy , Dighe Manjiri
Published: April 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the utility of the fetal thigh soft tissue thickness (STT) in calculating the estimated fetal weight (EFW) in fetuses with gastroschisis versus the standard formula of Hadlock et al (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151:333–337) compared to the actual birth weight (ABW).

Methods

A retrospective study of neonates born with gastroschisis delivered at our institution was performed. Two reviewers measured the fetal thigh STT on saved images. The estimated gestational age, fetal biometric measurements, and ABW were abstracted. In addition to the Hadlock formula, 3 STT‐based formulas reported by Scioscia et al (Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008; 31:314–320) and Kalantari et al (Iran J Reprod Med 2013; 11:933–938) were used to calculate the EFW.

Results

Eighty‐two patients with gastroschisis qualified for inclusion in our study. The mean STTs ± SD as measured by readers 1 and 2 were 10.9 ± 2.7 and 10.6 ± 2.7 mm, respectively. Seventeen (21%) fetuses were small for gestational age at birth. The Hadlock formula underestimated the EFW relative to the ABW, with an average difference of −97 g (−3.9%) and − 5.1% in terms of growth percentiles. All of the STT‐based EFW formulas overestimated the EFW on average by 327 to 701 g (13%–24%) in terms of weight and 26% to 52% in terms of growth percentiles. The Hadlock formula classified 22 as having intrauterine growth restriction (sensitivity, 65%; specificity, 83%, based on the ABW). None of the STT‐based formulas classified any fetuses as intrauterine growth restricted.

Conclusions

In a group of patients with gastroschisis, we found that the EFW by the fetal thigh STT calculation overestimated the average fetal weight in all of our cases.
On quaternion‐Gaussian Lucas numbers
Authors: Halici Serpil
Published: April 2020

In this study, we have considered Gaussian Lucas numbers and given the properties of these numbers. Then, we have defined the quaternions that accept these numbers as coefficients. We have examined whether the numbers defined provide some identities for quaternions in the literature. Moreover, we have given some important properties of these numbers with the help of matrices.
On the determination of the impulsive Sturm–Liouville operator with the eigenparameter‐dependent boundary conditions
Authors: Khalili Yasser , Kadkhoda Nematollah , Baleanu Dumitru
Published: April 2020

In the present work, we consider the inverse problem for the impulsive Sturm–Liouville equations with eigenparameter‐dependent boundary conditions on the whole interval (0,π) from interior spectral data. We prove two uniqueness theorems on the potential q(x) and boundary conditions for the interior inverse problem, and using the Weyl function technique, we show that if coefficients of the first boundary condition, that is, h1,h2, are known, then the potential function q(x) and coefficients of the second boundary condition, that is, H1,H2, are uniquely determined by information about the eigenfunctions at the midpoint of the interval and one spectrum or partial information on the eigenfunctions at some internal points and some of two spectra.
Is the juice worth the squeeze? Transdisciplinary team science in bladder health
Authors: Schmitz Kathryn H. , Bavendam Tamara , Brady Sonya S. , Brubaker Linda , Burgio Kathryn , Harlow Bernard L. , James Aimee , Lukacz Emily S. , Miller Janis M. , Newman Diane K. , Palmer Mary H. , Rudser Kyle , Sutcliffe Siobhan ,   Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium
Published: April 2020

Aims

Prior research on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) has focused on the treatment and management of these conditions with scant attention to prevention. The Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium was formed to address the complexities of preventing LUTS and promoting bladder health.

Methods

Herein, we describe challenges faced and strategies used to develop the PLUS Research Consortium into an engaged and productive transdisciplinary scientific team. We apply four previously defined team science phases (development, conceptualization, implementation, and translation) to frame our progress.

Results

Strategies to progress through the development phase included the generation of a shared mission, and valuing of other disciplinary perspectives. The conceptualization phase included generating a shared language and developing a team transdisciplinary orientation. During the implementation phase, the group developed roles and procedures and focused on conflict management. The translation phase includes continued refinement of the mission and goals, implementation of research protocols, and robust dissemination of the scientific work products related to bladder health.

Conclusion

A diverse group has matured into a productive transdisciplinary team science consortium. Achieving this outcome required dedicated effort for each member to engage in activities that often required more time than single discipline research activities. Provision of the necessary time and tools has fostered a transdisciplinary team science culture and rich research agenda that reflects the complexity of the health issue to be addressed. Our experience may be useful for others embarking on team science projects.
Weight Change 2 Years After Termination of the Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in the Look AHEAD Study
Authors:   Look AHEAD Research Group, Chao Ariana M. , Wadden Thomas A. , Berkowitz Robert I. , Blackburn George , Bolin Paula , Clark Jeanne M. , Coday Mace , Curtis Jeffrey M. , Delahanty Linda M. , Dutton Gareth R. , Evans Mary , Ewing Linda J. , Foreyt John P. , Gay Linda J. , Gregg Edward W. , Hazuda Helen P. , Hill James O. , Horton Edward S. , Houston Denise K. , Jakicic John M. , Jeffery Robert W. , Johnson Karen C. , Kahn Steven E. , Knowler William C. , Kure Anne , Michalski Katherine L. , Montez Maria G. , Neiberg Rebecca H. , Patricio Jennifer , Peters Anne , Pi‐Sunyer Xavier , Pownall Henry , Reboussin David , Redmon Bruce , Rejeski W. Jack , Steinburg Helmut , Walker Martha , Williamson Donald A. , Wing Rena R. , Wyatt Holly , Yanovski Susan Z. , Zhang Ping
Published: April 2020

Objective

This study evaluated weight changes after cessation of the 10‐year intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study. It was hypothesized that ILI participants would be more likely to gain weight during the 2‐year observational period following termination of weight‐loss–maintenance counseling than would participants in the diabetes support and education (DSE) control group.

Methods

Look AHEAD was a randomized controlled trial that compared the effects of ILI and DSE on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in participants with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes. Look AHEAD was converted to an observational study in September 2012.

Results

Two years after the end of the intervention (EOI), ILI and DSE participants lost a mean  (SE) of 1.2  (0.2) kg and 1.8  (0.2) kg, respectively (P = 0.003). In addition, 31% of ILI and 23.9% of DSE participants gained ≥ 2% (P < 0.001) of EOI weight, whereas 36.3% and 45.9% of the respective groups lost ≥ 2% of EOI weight (P = 0.001). Two years after the EOI, ILI participants reported greater use of weight‐control behaviors than DSE participants.

Conclusions

Both groups lost weight during the 2‐year follow‐up period, but more ILI than DSE participants gained ≥ 2% of EOI weight. Further understanding is needed of factors that affected long‐term weight change in both groups.
Fine‐root dynamics vary with soil depth and precipitation in a low‐nutrient tropical forest in the Central Amazonia
Authors: Cordeiro Amanda L. , Norby Richard J. , Andersen Kelly M. , Valverde‐Barrantes Oscar , Fuchslueger Lucia , Oblitas Erick , Hartley Iain P. , Iversen Colleen M. , Gonçalves Nathan B. , Takeshi Bruno , Lapola David M. , Quesada Carlos A.
Published: April 2020

Why this research Matters

A common assumption in tropical ecology is that root systems respond rapidly to climatic cues but that most of that response is limited to the uppermost layer of the soil, with relatively limited changes in deeper layers. However, this assumption has not been tested directly, preventing models from accurately predicting the response of tropical forests to environmental change.

We measured seasonal dynamics of fine roots in an upper‐slope plateau in Central Amazonia mature forest using minirhizotrons to 90 cm depth, which were calibrated with fine roots extracted from soil cores.

Root productivity and mortality in surface soil layers were positively correlated with precipitation, whereas root standing length was greater during the dry periods at the deeper layers. Contrary to historical assumptions, a large fraction of fine‐root standing biomass (46%) and productivity (41%) was found in soil layers deeper than 30 cm. Furthermore, root turnover decreased linearly with soil depth.

Our findings demonstrate a relationship between fine‐root dynamics and precipitation regimes in Central Amazonia. Our results also emphasize the importance of deeper roots for accurate estimates of primary productivity and the interaction between roots and carbon, water, and nutrients.
Control of Oxygen Vacancies in TiO6 Octahedra of Amorphous BaTiO3 Thin Films with Tunable Built‐In Electric Field in a‐BaTiO3/p‐Si Heterojunction for Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Applications
Authors: Gu Jian , Tian Wei , Wang Zongrong , Ma Ning , Du Piyi
Published: April 2020

Amorphous BaTiO3 (a‐BTO) thin films are deposited on p‐Si(111) substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering without extra substrate heating. The microstructure of a‐BTO thin films is modified by postannealing at low temperatures (260–600 °C) in air. The results show that distorted TiO6 octahedra exist in a‐BTO thin films, and the degree of distortion decreases when the annealing temperature rises. The concentration of O vacancies in the TiO6 of the thin films remains high when postannealed between 370 and 460 °C, and a built‐in electric field across the a‐BTO/p‐Si heterojunction is established in this annealing temperature range. This built‐in electric field is regulated by controlling the concentration of O vacancies from the TiO6. The tunable C–V characteristic of the Au/a‐BTO/p‐Si metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitor is obtained by modulating the built‐in electric field at the heterojunction, and the flat band voltage of the MOS capacitor shifts from about −3 V to at least −13 V when the postannealing temperature increases from 260 to 420 °C. This kind of tunable built‐in electric field at the a‐BTO/p‐Si heterojunction, controlled by modifying the microstructure of amorphous oxide thin films, has never been observed before, which will be useful for MOS applications.
Transition Metals (Co or Ni) Encapsulated in Carbon Nanotubes Derived from Zeolite Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) as Bifunctional Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions
Authors: Ahmed Sheraz , Shim Joongpyo , Sun Ho-Jung , Park Gyungse
Published: April 2020

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a subclass of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). These robust, porous materials have garnered significant interest because of their outstanding properties as catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, the synthesis of Co‐ and Ni‐containing ZIF‐67 embedded in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to be used as a cathode material for rechargeable zinc–air batteries is described. Carbon‐nanotube‐encapsulated metallic Co and Ni form via calcination of the MOF at 700 °C for 4 h and are characterized by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Co and Ni graphitization within the CNTs is analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, and morphologies are assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TEM. Excellent electrochemical performance of the prepared catalysts during charging and discharging reveals that the catalyst is stable for well over 500 h. Moreover, superior OER performance is observed when CNT@Co or CNT@Ni is used as a bifunctional catalyst in the zinc–air battery.
Increased Low‐Temperature Magnetization and Spin‐Reorientational Transition in the Polar Phase of (Ca, Mn)‐Doped Bismuth Ferrites
Authors: Khomchenko Vladimir A. , Silibin Maxim V. , Bushinsky Maxim V. , Latushka Siarhei I. , Wiśniewski Piotr , Łukowiak Anna , Franz Alexandra , Karpinsky Dmitry V.
Published: April 2020

Solid‐state synthesis and an investigation of the crystal/magnetic structure and magnetic properties of the Bi1−xCaxFe0.6Mn0.4O3+δ [x = 0.1, 0.15; δ = 0.02(2)] multiferroics have been conducted to explore an approach to designing ferroelectric materials with the enhanced magnetization attributed to the ferromagnetic superexchange involving the Mn 3d states. It is shown that the (Ca, Mn)‐doped samples maintain the polar R3c structure characteristic of the pure bismuth ferrite. For both these compounds, an antiferromagnetic (AFM) G‐type ordering of the Fe/Mn magnetic moments along the hexagonal c‐axis is revealed at room temperature. The reorientation of the magnetic moments from the c‐ to a‐axis occurs as temperature decreases. Being consistent with the competing character of the superexchange between Mn3+, Mn4+, and Fe3+ ions, the coexistence of AFM long‐range‐ordered and superparamagnetic phases underlying the appearance of a significant magnetization in the low‐temperature range is observed.
Learning random points from geometric graphs or orderings
Authors: Díaz Josep , McDiarmid Colin , Mitsche Dieter
Published: April 2020

Let Xv for v∈V be a family of n iid uniform points in the square . Suppose first that we are given the random geometric graph , where vertices u and v are adjacent when the Euclidean distance dE(Xu,Xv) is at most r. Let n3/14≪r≪n1/2. Given G (without geometric information), in polynomial time we can with high probability approximately reconstruct the hidden embedding, in the sense that “up to symmetries,” for each vertex v we find a point within distance about r of Xv; that is, we find an embedding with “displacement” at most about r. Now suppose that, instead of G we are given, for each vertex v, the ordering of the other vertices by increasing Euclidean distance from v. Then, with high probability, in polynomial time we can find an embedding with displacement .
Strategies for Exploring Functions from Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries
Authors: Jia Chunman , Qi Dawei , Zhang Yucang , Rissanen Kari , Li Jianwei
Published: April 2020

Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) is a powerful approach for creating complex chemical systems, giving access to the studies of complexity and exploration of functionality in synthetic systems. However, compared with more advanced living systems, the man‐made chemical systems are still less functional, due to their limited complexity and insufficient kinetic control. Here we start by introducing strategies to enrich the complexity of dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) for exploiting unexpected functions by increasing the species of building blocks and/or templates used. Then, we discuss how dynamic isomerization of photo‐switchable molecules help DCLs increase and alter the systemic complexity in‐situ. Multi‐phase DCLs will also be reviewed to thrive complexity and functionality across the interfaces. Finally, there will be a summary and outlook about remote kinetic control in DCLs that are realized by applying exogenous physical transduction signals of stress, light, heat and ultrasound.
Efficacy of Multimodal Glossing on Second Language Vocabulary Learning: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Ramezanali Nasrin , Uchihara Takumi , Faez Farahnaz
Published: April 2020

This meta‐analysis examined the effectiveness of an additional gloss mode in single versus dual and dual versus triple glossing on second language (L2) learners’ word learning. In total, 22 studies, providing 26 independent effect sizes, were coded, and 11 moderator variables including quality of data sample, learner variables, gloss features, text features, and methodological features were examined. The results show that the overall effect of an additional gloss mode was medium (g = 0.46) for immediate posttests and small (g = 0.28) for delayed posttests. However, analyses of moderator variables indicated that the effect of additional gloss modes is influenced by a range of variables related to learner (e.g., proficiency), gloss (e.g., language), text (e.g., narrative vs. expository), and research design (e.g., test format). Importantly, adding an additional mode to single textual gloss enhances vocabulary learning, whereas adding a mode to dual glossing does not result in significantly better vocabulary learning. The findings suggest that using more than two gloss modes is not necessary because it does not always lead to better learning of new words.
Lineage‐specific evolution of mangrove plastid genomes
Authors: Han Kai , Shi Chengcheng , Li Liangwei , Seim Inge , Lee Simon Ming‐Yuen , Xu Xun , Yang Huanming , Fan Guangyi , Liu Xin
Published: April 2020

Mangroves is an umbrella term for plants located across the tropics and sub‐tropics that live in the coastal region, between the sea and the land. All mangroves evolved from terrestrial plants, providing the opportunity to assess convergence, as well as the lineage‐specific features, at the genetic level. In this study, we compared chloroplast genomes from 21 mangrove species, covering main phylogenetic clades. We demonstrate that chloroplast gene order, content, and genome size is largely conserved in mangroves. The exceptions are loss of the photosystem I gene psaZ in Acanthus ilicifolius and inversion of the ribosomal protein gene rpl23 in Avicennia germinans. The repeat content of mangrove chloroplast varied between species, but was conserved within species of the same order. Sequence diversity analysis revealed that the IR (invert repeat) region was highly conserved compared to the SC (single‐copy) region in most phylogenetic clades, except clade core leptosporangiates (ferns). The ribosomal protein gene rps7 was under positive selection in Kandelia obovato, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera sexangular and Rhizophora mangle, a monophyletic branch of clade fabids, while no evidence of positive selection was found in other mangrove lineages. Taken together, our data suggests that convergent evolutionary dynamics leaves no significant signal on the plastid genome of mangroves. The complete chloroplast genomes provided in this study shed light on the evolution of these important plastids and provides a valuable resource for further research efforts.
Solvo‐thermal Preparation and Characterization of Two CdII Coordination Polymers Constructed From 2,6‐(1,2,4‐Triazole‐4‐yl)pyridine and 5‐R‐Isophthalic Acid (R = Nitro, Sulfo)
Authors: Liu Yuan‐Yuan , An Jun‐Dan , Wang Tian‐Tian , Li Yong , Ding Bin
Published: April 2020

Under the solvo‐thermal conditions, two novel CdII mixed‐ligand coordination materials with 2,6‐(1,2,4‐triazole‐4‐yl)pyridine(L1) and aromatic poly‐carboxylic acid co‐ligands such as 5‐R‐isophthalic acid (R = nitro, sulfo), namely [Cd(L1)(NO2‐BDC)(H2O)2]·2H2O (1) and [Cd(L1)(HSIP)(H2O)]·4H2O (2) (NO2‐H2BDC = 5‐nitroisophthalic acid, H3SIP = 5‐sulfobenzene ‐isophthalic acid) were successfully prepared. These CdII mixed‐ligand coordination polymers 1–2 have been measured by crystal X‐ray analysis, FT‐IR spectra and powder X‐ray diffraction analyses. In 1, these seven‐coordinate CdII atoms (Cd1) are inter‐linked by didentate 5‐nitroisophthalic acid ligands forming 1D chain structures. In 2, these L1 and partially de‐pronated HSIP2– are inter‐linked by central CdII centers and are arranged into the unique 2D micro‐porous metal‐organic framework of 2. Side view of 2, it is noted that numerous oxygen atoms of un‐coordinated carboxylate groups and coordinated SO3 groups protrude out and decorate the 2D framework of 2. PXRD patterns of 1 and 2 sample is tested, which is consistent with the simulated PXRD diffraction pattern. Photoluminescence studies show that 2 is highly selective and sensitive to trace elements of Eu3+ with excellent Ksv value (7.86 × 104 m–1) and low detection limit (5.56 × 10–2 mM), which also provides a convenient method and platform for real‐time detection of Eu3+.
Unravelling the anomalous gauge boson couplings in ZW ± production at the LHC and the role of spin-1 polarizations
Authors: Rahaman Rafiqul , Singh Ritesh K.
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We study the anomalous triple gauge boson couplings (aTGC) in ZW
± production in 3l + "Image missing" channel at the LHC for

$$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

= 13 TeV. We use cross sections, azimuthal asymmetry, forward-backward asymmetry and polarization asymmetries of Z and reconstructed W to estimate simultaneous limits on the anomalous couplings for both effective vertex formalism as well as effective operator approach using Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo (MCMC) method for luminosities 35.9 fb
−1, 100 fb
−1, 300 fb
−1, 1000 fb
−1 and 3000 fb
−1. The trilepton invariant mass (m
3l
) and the transverse momentum of Z (p

T
(Z)) are found to be sensitive to the aTGC for the cross sections as well as for the asymmetries. We observed that the asymmetries significantly improve the measurement of anomalous couplings at the high-luminosity LHC if a deviation from the Standard Model (SM) is observed.
T-Witts from the horizon
Authors: Adami H. , Grumiller D. , Sadeghian S. , Sheikh-Jabbari M.M. , Zwikel C.
Published: April 2020

Expanding around null hypersurfaces, such as generic Kerr black hole horizons, using co-rotating Kruskal-Israel-like coordinates we study the associated surface charges, their symmetries and the corresponding phase space within Einstein gravity. Our surface charges are not integrable in general. Their integrable part generates an algebra including superrotations and a BMS3-type algebra that we dub “T-Witt algebra”. The non-integrable part accounts for the flux passing through the null hypersurface. We put our results in the context of earlier constructions of near horizon symmetries, soft hair and of the program to semi-classically identify Kerr black hole microstates.
Supersymmetric soliton σ-models from non-Lorentzian field theories
Authors: Mouland Rishi
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Recently, a class of non-Lorentzian supersymmetric Lagrangian field theories was considered, in some cases describing M-theory brane configurations, but more generally found as fixed points of non-Lorentzian RG flows induced upon Lorentzian theories. In this paper, we demonstrate how the dynamics of such theories can be reduced to motion on the supersymmetric moduli space of BPS solitons of the parent theory. We focus first on the

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= (1, 1) σ-model in (1 + 1)-dimensions with potential, where we produce a su persymmetric extension to the standard geodesic approximation for slow kink motion. We then revisit the (4 + 1)-dimensional Yang-Mills-like theory with 24 supercharges describing a null compactification of M5-branes. We show that the theory reduces to a σ-model on instanton moduli space, extended by couplings to additional fields from the parent theory, and possessing (8+8) super(conformal) symmetries along with 8 further fermionic shift symmetries. We derive this model explicitly for the single SU(2) instanton.
Phenomenological consistency of the singlet-triplet scotogenic model
Authors: Restrepo Diego , Rivera Andrés
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We perform a complete analysis of the consistency of the singlet-triplet scotogenic model, where both dark matter and neutrino masses can be explained. We determine the parameter space that yields the proper thermal relic density been in agreement with neutrino physics, lepton flavor violation, direct and indirect dark matter searches. In particular, we calculate the dark matter annihilation into two photons, finding that the corresponding cross-section is below the present bounds reported by the Fermi-LAT and H.E.S.S. collaborations. We also determine the spin-dependent cross-section for dark matter elastic scattering with nucleons at one-loop level, finding that the next generation of experiments as LZ and DARWIN could test a small region of the parameter space of the model.