bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF THE OUTCOME OF PROXIMAL FEMORAL NAIL VERSUS DYNAMIC HIP SCREW IN THE TREATMENT OF UNSTABLE INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURE IN ELDERLY PATIENTS
Authors: Khaffaf Rebar
Published: July 2017

Background 
Intertrochanteric fractures are common problems in elderly and need surgical intervention to prevent bed ridden problems and decrease comorbidities among the elderly population. Globally there is an increase in the incidence of femoral neck fracture and the surgical management with better outcome is challenging for surgeons and for hospitals.
Objective
To assess the outcome of proximal femoral nail versus dynamic hip screw in the treatment of unstable Intertrochanteric fracture in elderly patient.
Patients and Methods
This prospective study was carried out at orthopedic departments in Shar Hospital, teaching hospital,Tuymalik and Roonaki private hospitals between 26th July 2013 to 15th October 2014. The study included 88 patients with intertrachanteric fracture of the femur, 48 were male, and 40 were female they were divided in two groups; 44 patients were treated by proximal femoral nail (PFN) and the other 44 patients by dynamic hip screw (DHS). For both groups data regarding age, sex, side of fracture were recorded, then we compared both group intraoperatively and postoperatively with respect to operation time,hospital stay, varus deformity of the neck, misplacement of hip screw, mobilization after operation, implant failure, screw cut out, hip pain, bed sore, deep vein thrombosis, and union duration.
Results
The mean age was 64±19, 48% were above 70 year and 52% were below 70 years age, male 48 (54.5%) and female 40(45.5), fracture side was 40.9% right and 59.1% left, 50% fixed by PFN and 50% fixed by DHS, operation duration mean for PFN was 63.8±11.5 min and 88.5±13.3 min for DHS with significance P value (<0.001), mean hospitalization time was 4.3±1.2 day for PFN and 6.3±1.7 day for DHS with significance P value (<0.001), mean mobilization time was 1.6± 0.7 day for PFN and 2.5±1.2 day for DHS with significance P value (0.007), mean union duration was 3.3 ±0.9 months for PFN and 4.8±1.6 months for DHS with significance P value (0.001), Intra and postoperative complication was 6 (13%)screw of hip screw misplacement happen in 4 cases of DHS and 2(3.7%) cases of PFN, implant failure 1 (2%) case of PFN ,screw cut out 2(3.7%) cases for PFN, bed sore 8(18%) cases for DHS, hip pain was 8(13%) cases for DHS, varus collapse 6 (13%) in which 2 cases (3.7%) for PFN and 4(8%) for DHS.
Conclusion
Proximal femoral nail which is an intramedulary devices for the fixation is more stable devices for the patients with fracture of Intertrochanteric (kyle 3 or Ao31-A2) than DHS which is extramedulary devices (plate and screws) in term of shorter time of surgery. Early mobilization of the patient, early callus formation and earlier union, with less complication regarding bed sore and hip pain.
PREVALENCE OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS AMONG NEONATES IN SULAIMANY MATERNITY HOSPITAL
Authors: Ali Adiba
Published: July 2017

Background 

Awareness among women about folic acid supplementation during pregnancy showed an increment. Therefore, a difference in the prevalence of Neural Tube Defects happened.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of NTDs in Sulaimani governorate and to make a comparison between the 2 periods before and after folic acid fortification of wheat in Iraq and with improved awareness of mothers.

Methods

This observational study was conducted in Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital in two different periods. The first period extending from 1/7/2005 to 31/12/2006, out of 19831 live births, records of neonates with anencephaly, meningocele, meningomyelocele and encephalocele were reviewed. The second period extending from 1/7/2012 to 31/12/2013, out of 26841 live births, a combined record revision and direct interview of mothers who had delivered a newborn with Neural Tube Defects was followed.

Results

Results showed that during the first period of study, out of 19831 Live Births, 52 cases of Neural Tube Defects were encountered making a prevalence rate of 2.6/1000 Live Births. The total number of deliveries during the second period was 26841 Live Births and the number of newborns having Neural Tube Defects was 31, making

a prevalence rate of 1.16/1000 Live Births.

Conclusion

It was found that Neural Tube Defects are common in our area and that fortification of wheat flour with folic acid together with providing folic acid to pregnant mothers at the antenatal clinics had an overall effect in decreasing the prevalence of this defect.
PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY: OUR INITIAL EXPERIENCE WITH 125 CASES
Authors: Mahmood Sarwar
Published: July 2017

Background 

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is generally accepted to be a minimal invasive technique with low complication rates. In the current study we reviewed our initial experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Patients and Methods

A prospective study of 125 patients with mean age of (34.65) years, underwent PCNL in our center from April 2009 to November 2010. PCNL done in prone position by a single experienced faculty urologists under general or spinal anesthesia under fluoroscopic guidance. The kidney was punctured via a lower pole calyx whenever possible. The demographic data, stone parameters, PCNL complications and stone-free rate were evaluated.

Results

One hundred twenty five patients, underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy , 85 male and 40 female, with a mean (range) age of 34.65 (3-83) years, and a mean (range) stone size of 39,6 mm (10-80) mm. Stone-free rate after PCNL monotherapy was 81.6%, which increased to 88% with clinically insignificant small residual fragments ≤4 mm. Overall complication rate was observed in twenty six patients (20.8%). Majority were minor complications, with the most common observations of transient fever (11.2%), need for blood transfusion (5.6%), pelvic and calyceal perforations were 4%, and all managed conservatively. No death, urosepsis, nor injuries to adjacent organs were recorded.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate that PCNL is a safe and effective technique. Most of the intraoperative incidents or complications are minor and easy to solve. However, an adequate training is imperative in order to reduce the associated morbidity.
LIPID PROFILE IN TYPE 1 DIABETIC PATIENTS ATTENDING DIABETIC CENTER IN SULAIMANIA CITY
Authors: Al-Banna Haitham , Ramzi Zhian , Jalal Hero
Published: July 2017

Background 

Diabetes mellitus is a of metabolic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism in which glucose is under-utilized producing hyperglycemia and changes in lipid profile.

Objectives

To find out prevalence of dyslipidemia among type1 diabetic and relation of dyslipidemia with control of diabetes mellitus and its duration.

Patients and Methods

The study was done in a diabetic center from July to November 2013, in which 159 Type 1diabetic patients participate, during the interviews a questionnaire was filled including demographic characteristics in addition to laboratory investigation including fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile. SPSS was used to measure means; Chi-square and logistic regression were used when indicated to be significant at p-value ≤ 0.05.

Results

One hundred fifty nine patients were involved in this study. Eighty three female, their age between 13-35 years, Glycosylated hemoglobin was <7% in 13(8.2%) of them and ≥7% in 146 (91.8%). Dyslipidemia present in 89.9% of our patients. Significant relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin with only low density lipoprotein (p= 0.03) and total cholesterol (p= 0.04). Also significant relation found in high triglyceride in male (p= 0.01) with low high density lipoprotein in female (p=0.03) and between duration of DM and only low density lipoprotein (p= 0.01). Significant association was found between all lipid profile except total cholesterol and high body mass index.

Conclusion

High percentage of dyslipidemia found in current study associated with poor control of diabetes mellitus and high body mass index. Obesity, gender, duration of diabetes. Diastolic blood pressure and occupation can be used to predict some parameters of lipid profile.
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GINGER ON TESTICULAR TISSUE AND TESTOSTERONE HORMONE OF MALE RATS EXPOSED TO MONO-SODIUM GLUTAMATE
Authors: Mustafa Snoor , Qader Gulala , Mahmood Shler
Published: July 2017

Background 

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is commonly used food additive and flavor enhancer and it causes tissue damage. Ginger (Zingiber officinale), a medicinal plant that gaining popularity for its variety of biological protection activities.

Objectives

This study was carried out to find out the protective role of ginger in eliminating the toxic effect of MSG on testicular tissue and testosterone hormone in rats.

Materials and Methods

Twenty four adult male rats were divided, randomly, into 3 equal groups. The 1st group was designed as control, the 2nd administered MSG orally at dose 4mg/kg body weight for 14 days and the 3rd group treated with MSG in oral doses of 4 mg/kg body weight plus Ginger extract at dose 100 mg /kg body weight for 14 days.

Results

The study showed that MSG has altered the microarchitecture of testicular tissues, reduced seminiferous tubule diameter and germinal epithelial thickness, and increased the interstitial spaces with reduction in Leydig cells and Testosterone hormone level. In addition Ginger extract has prevented the MSG effect. All the results were significant statistically.

Conclusion

Ginger has protective and improving role against the effects induced by MSG on the rat testicular tissue.
PREVALENCE OF FATTY PANCREAS AMONG PATIENTS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN SULAIMANI
Authors: Mahmood Kawa
Published: July 2017

Background 

Fatty pancreas results from excessive ectopic fat accumulation represents a global health problem recently.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of fatty pancreas among non alcoholic fatty liver patients and to find out the main risk factors for fatty pancreas.

Patients and Methods

A descriptive prospective observational study conducted at Kurdistan Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology (KCGH) in Sulaimani governorate through the period from 1st April, 2014 to 31st of April, 2015 on convenient sample of 75 non-alcoholic fatty liver patients. The data was collected by researcher through direct interview and filling of questionnaire included demographic data, weight, height, smoking, drug history, laboratory results of Gamma-Glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lipid profile and ultrasound results of pancreas.

Results

The prevalence of fatty pancreas among patients with non alcoholic fatty liver diseases was 49.3%. Fatty pancreas was significantly predominant among elderly patients (p=0.03). Significant higher levels of triglycerides (p=0.03) and GGT (p=0.02) were found among fatty pancreas patients. High density lipoproteins level was significantly lower among fatty pancreas patients (p=0.04).

Conclusion

About half of patients with non alcoholic fatty liver diseases had non alcoholic fatty pancreas;The main risk factors for fatty pancreas were elderly age, male gender, obesity and abnormal lipid profile.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN-D DEFICIENCY AND PRE-ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Nasir Sallama
Published: July 2017

Background 

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific syndrome that affects virtually every organ system, characterized by the new onset of hypertension and proteinuria after 20th week of gestation. The exact cause of preeclampsia is not known. Recent epidemiological studies have emphasized the role of vitamin D deficiency in immunomodulation and placental development and thus, they put the emphasis on vitamin D deficiency, regarding its possible role in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia.

Objectives

To assess the frequency of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women in the study groups and to find any relationship between vitamin D deficiency and pre-eclampsia.

Patients and Methods

A case -control study conducted at Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital. A total of one hundred primigravid women with singleton pregnancy without any medical problem were included in the study, fifty women with pre-eclampsia (the study group) and the other fifty women with healthy pregnancy without preeclampsia (the control group). Serum vitamin D level estimation was done for all women in the study and comparison done between the two groups. Vitamin D level < 20 ng/ml. were considered insufficient, while level < 10 ng/ml considered significant deficiency.

Results

All women who participated in the study had vitamin D level below normal (< 20 ng/ml). With the majority of women in both groups have significant deficiency (level <10ng/ml) which was 45 (90%) women in the study group compared to 40 (80 %) women in the control group with a P- value = 0.6. The mean vitamin D level was not statistically different between the pre-eclampsia group and healthy women (5.87± 3.37 versus 6.5± 3.67) with P- value =0.25.

Conclusion

Vitamin D deficiency was very common among the studied women. No statistical significant association between vitamin D deficiency and pre-eclampsia was found in this study.
IDENTIFICATION OF β-GLOBIN MUTATIONS WHICH PRODUCED β-THALASSEMIA BY ARMS-PCR ASSAY AND DIRECT SEQUENCING
Authors: Salih Gaza , Hamakarim Hersh
Published: July 2017

Background 

Thalassemia is the most common recessive single gene disease in humans which is caused by inheritance of an affected allele from both parents resulting in impaired production of the globin chain.

Objectives

This study was established in order to; 1. Identify β-globin mutations, which produced β-thalassemia by ARMS-PCR assay and direct sequencing and identifying the spectrum of mutations causing β-thal in the KRG. Also to investigate the usefulness of the PCR-ARMS technique followed by DNA sequencing as diagnostic tools that could be applied for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis; 2. Establishment and present a feasible protocol for molecular diagnosis of β-thalassemia in KRG region.

Methods

Screening for β- thalassemia mutations using PCR-ARMS for frequent mutations in the KRG population followed by DNA sequencing of the unknown alleles could be useful for the implementation of a strategy for carrier detection and preimplantation genetic diagnosis in high risk families.

Results

A total of thirty β-thalassemia patients including 16 males (53.33%) and 14 females (46.66%) were examined by PCR assay using specific primers for each of mutations. The results indicate that these mutations detected in this study were also detected in surrounding countries which occurred with varying frequency.

Conclusion

These results are in line with studies in other parts of the world which have shown that gene flow due to population migration is common. Rapid, accurate genotyping methodologies for specific, causative mutations of the β-globin gene are needed for pre- and postnatal screening and diagnosis of this disease in different ethnic populations.
CORRELATION BETWEEN HIGH SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS IN PATIENTS WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION
Authors: Ibrahim Hadeel , Mohammed Mohammed , Mahmood Kawa
Published: July 2017

Background 

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in gastric mucosa may cause systemic inflammatory reaction, which increases risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. 

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the association between H. pylori infection and serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and carotid intima media thickness.

Patients and Methods

This is a case control study, conducted at Kurdistan center for Gastroenterology & Hepatology from Dec. 2012 to March 2014. One hundred patients with dyspepsia and positive H. pylori. 75 (39 males and 36 females) non dyspeptic apparently healthy subject with H. pylori negative as control group were assessed. The serum sample tested for H. pylori infection and Hs-CRP using ELISA and stool sample examined by using Rapid Immunoassay method to detect H. pylori antigens.

Results

The mean hs-CRP level was significantly different (P<0.01) between patients and controls. A significant correlation between different tests of H. pylori and hs-CRP level was found (p < 0.01). A significant correlation was found between hs-CRP level and internal carotid artery (ICA), common carotid artery (CCA) thickness in patients (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

H. pylori infection was significantly associated with higher serum hs-CRP.There was significant correlation between hs-CRP and carotid intima-media thickness.
COMPLICATIONS OF ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY IN KURDISTANCENTER FOR GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
Authors: Al-Najjar Ali
Published: July 2017

Background 

ERCP has become widely available for the diagnosis and treatment of benign and malignant pancreaticobiliary diseases.In this retrospective study, the overall complications rates for therapeutic ERCP were identified in Kurdistan Center for Gastroenterology and hepatology-Sulaimani-Kurdistan region-Iraq.

Patients and Methods

This retrospective case series was carried out in Kurdistan center for gastroenterology and hepatology in Sulaimani city-Iraq from January 2014 to January 2015. The records of 806 ERCP were evaluated to collect procedure related data and the overall complications rate for diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP.

Results

All cases examined by ERCP in the KCGH in Sulaimani over a period of one year (from January 2014 to January 2015) were 806, 471 females (58.43%) and 335 males (41.56%). Less than quarter of patients were referrals from Iraqi governorates other than Sulaimani governorate. The mean duration of ERCP procedure was 27.5 min. Deep cannulation was successful in 749 (92.92%) patients. There were 57 (7.07%) failure of cannulation. In cases who had successful cannulation a cholangiogram was obtained which showed bile duct dilatation. In cases of failed cannulation pancreatic stent deployed in 26 (3.22%). Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 472 (58.56%) patients, followed by stone extraction in 341 (96.05%) patients, stenting of common bile duct in 422 (52.35%) ,stent removal in second session of ERCP. The overall complications rate was 9.42%. Post-ERCP pancreatitis was the most common and occurs in 34 patients (4.23%), Bleeding occurred in 19 patients (2.35%) and was related to a therapeutic procedure in all cases. Sixteen patients had cholangitis (1.98%), most cases being secondary to incomplete drainage. There were 4 perforations (0.49%). All other complications totaled 1.12%.

Conclusion

Despite the potential benefits of ERCP for the treatment of benign and malignant pancreaticobiliary diseases, it is associated with morbidity and risk of mortality. The most frequent ERCP-related complication was pancreatitis. Bleeding was second complication and mostly associated with sphincterotomy. Other complications such as cholangitis and perforation were rare. Patients’ comorbidities and therapeutic procedures can increase the risk of post-ERCP complications.Our interventions and their complications rates are comparable to those reported in other countries.
USES OF ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BILE DUCT STONES IN KURDISTAN CENTER FOR GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
Authors: Al-Najjar Ali , Karboly Taha
Published: July 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to document the extent of pre and post-cholecystectomy retained bile duct stones in our region with evaluation of the endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography role in their management.

Design

Retrospective study.

Patients and Methods

This retrospective case series was carried out in Kurdistan center for gastroenterology and Hepatology in Sulaimani city–Iraq from January 2014 to January 2015. The records of 486 patients were retrospectively evaluated to collect demographic, clinical and procedure related data.

Results

The mean age was 51 years (range14-88 years).The female : male ratio was 2.01:1 with females constituted 325 (66.87%) while males constituted 161 (33.12%).Less than quarter of the patients were referrals from Iraqi governorates other than Sulaimani governorate. The mean duration of the ERCP procedure was 27.5 min. Deep cannulation was successful in 452 (93.o1%) patients. There was 34 (6.99%) failure of cannulation. In cases that had successful cannulation a cholangiogram was obtained which showed bile duct dilatation. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is almost done in all cases before stone extraction, and it is an adjunct for stone removal which is done by basket or balloon. It was performed in 285 (84.2%) patients, followed by stone extraction in 341 (96.05%) patients, stenting in 208 (45.51%). The most common complications reported in this study were pancreatitis, bleeding and cholangitis. Elevated liver function tests and dilated CBD by ultrasound are the most accurate predictors of stones.

Conclusion

Despite its associated morbidity and risk of mortality, ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography) is an important method in managing pre and post cholecystectomy choledocholithiasis. Our indications, interventions and complications rates are comparable to those reported in other countries.
IN VITRO EQUIVALENCE EVALUATION OF FIVE DIFFERENT METFORMIN TABLET PRODUCTS USING UV SPECTROMETER
Authors: Abdulhameed Baraa , Karim Hazhar , Qader Gulala , Mohammed Mohammed
Published: July 2017

Backgrond

Equivalence studies are needed to assess and confirm the safety and efficacy of generic formulations and are essential for the protection of patients from being treated by counterfeit medicines or from unwanted effects of medications. Two pharmaceutical products are considered to be bioequivalent when their bioavailability factors are similar and they show clinically comparable therapeutic effects.

Objectives

To compare the in vitro equivalence of five products of metformin tablets available in the markets of Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Materials and Methods

This work involved studying of five products of metformin tablets available in the markets of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The products were compared to investigate their contents, dissolution and friability profiles.

Results

Results of content assay indicated that all five products stayed within the standard value ranges, which should not be less than 95% and not more than 105% of labeled amount. The dissolution profile study showed that all five brands of metformin released at least 80% of their contents in 30 minutes and passed the acceptance criteria for US Pharmacopeia 2015. The friability test demonstrated that the tablets manufactured by Bristol had maximum loss while tablets manufactured by Merck showed minimum friability, as compared to other brands in the study. 

Conclusion

The study indicates that the five tested products of metformin tablets, which are available in Iraqi markets, Comply with the standards set by US Pharmacopeia and are considered to be equivalent to each other.
STATUS OF CIRCULATING SERUM TRYPTASE IN HEALTHY OBESE AND COMORBIDLY OBESE CONDITIONS
Authors: Nadir Tebeen , Ramzi Zhian , Noori Saman , Rashid Ban , Mahwi Taha , Nore Beston
Published: July 2017

Background Serum Tryptase is one of most abundant protease secreted by mast cells and it account as indirect measure for a number of human abnormalities, such as mastocytosis, systemic anaphylaxis, obesity, allergy, asthma and various forms of cancer. Objectives In this study we focused on obese individuals and we investigated the relationships between total Serum Tryptase with age, gender, classes of obesity with/or without type 2 diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia. Methods Estimation of serum tryptase, body mass index, lipid profile, and serum glucose were performed in population of 250 participants aged 12-80 years. Results Serum tryptase significantly increased with body mass index, with higher level of serum tryptase found among diabetic obese than healthy obese individuals. There was significantly increase serum tryptase with age, but no correlation was found between serum tryptase and gender, hemoglobin A1c, and fasting blood glucose. Conclusion Level of serum tryptase increases with age, being much more pronounced in adults older than > 16 years old than individuals < 16 years old regardless of their body mass index. Serum tryptase is significantly higher in serum’s of all obese participants compared to the healthy participants, regardless of the obesity-related complications; while the obesity related type 2 diabetes mellitus patients shows a significantly highest level of serum tryptase compared to all other groups.
SEXUAL SATISFACTION IN A GROUP OF MARRIED WOMEN IN ERBIL, IRAQ
Authors: Ahmed Hamdia , Ismail Kameran , Al-Tawil Namir
Published: July 2017

Background

Healthy sexual relationship leads to achievement of affinity and affection in family in addition to proper satisfaction of sexual instincts.

Objectives

This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of sexual satisfaction and to identify factors that are associated with marital satisfaction in a group of married women in Erbil.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 1, 2014 and March 1, 2015. A convenience sample (of 300 married women aged 15-45 years) was taken from three settings in Erbil, Iraq (the maternity teaching hospital, two schools, and nursing institute and college). Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants. A Five Point Likert Scale was used to assess the sexual satisfaction of the studied sample.

Results

The majority of women were satisfied most of the time with their sexual partners, and they enjoy the process. The overall sexual satisfaction was 88.7%. There was significant association between high level of satisfaction and the following variables: place of the sample (adult school), religion (Muslim), occupation (high professionals), smoking (non-smokers), contraceptive method (condom and natural method), and women who mentioned “husband have right to make sex any time he want”. Also there was a significant association between level of satisfaction and following variables: family planning (non-users), type of marriage (no previous agreement) and overall satisfaction.

Conclusion

The majority of women were satisfied most of the time with their sexual partners, and they enjoy the process.
ASSESSMENT OF NURSE’S KNOWLEDGE REGARDING RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS IN HAWLER AND RIZGARY TEACHING HOSPITAL IN ERBIL CITY
Authors: Omer Bakhtyar
Published: July 2017

Background

Osteoporosis is one of the main cause of mortality, disability and impaired quality of life among population especially older people. It also causes premature death. It has a major effect and economic burden on health services, preventing and treating osteoporosis requires many billions of dollars annually worldwide .

Objectives

This study aimed to assess nurse’s knowledge regarding risk factors of osteoporosis in Hawler and Rizgary Teaching Hospital in Kurdistan Region/Iraq.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken with 160 nurses of Hawler and Rizgary Teaching Hospital. Knowledge was assessed by using a face-to-face interview with semi-structured questionnaire. A purposive sampling was used for data collection. The data were analyzed through using SPSS, for calculating descriptive (Frequency and Percentage) and inferential (Chi-square and Fishers exact tests) to determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and overall levels of knowledge of the study sample.

Result

Out of 160 samples 35% of them were in age between 34-52 years old and 86.2% were females. The majority of the study sample didn’t have enough knowledge regarding some risk factors of osteoporosis such as: diabetes mellitus (87.5%), alcoholism (79.4%), high caffeine intake (78.1%), menopause (72.5%), smoking (68.8%), hormonal change (66.9%), low intake of calcium and vitamin (65%), corticosteroid (63.8%), and female sex (60%).

Conclusion

Nurses had a poor knowledge regarding risk factors for osteoporosis. On findings, more education and seminars are required about osteoporosis for nurses.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS AND DEGREE OF AXIAL MYOPIA AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING SHAHEED DR. ASO TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Al-Saffar Ali , Ali Yaseen
Published: July 2017

Background

Central corneal thickness (CCT) is an important indicator of corneal health status. Myopia is the refractive state in which parallel rays of light from a distant object are brought to focus in front of the retina in the non-accommodating eye. Since, both cornea and sclera are continuous layers the thinner cornea would also be expected.

Objectives

The aim of this study is to determine whether there is an association between central corneal thickness and degree of axial myopia.

Subjects and Methods

This cross sectional study encompasses 103 patients (203 eyes) of emmetropic control group and 100 patients (197 eyes) of myopic group. The subjects had slit lamp examination for both eyes, including lids, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, iris, lens and fundus; best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) refraction, and intraocular pressure (TOPCON computerized tonometer). Axial lengths, central corneal thickness, and keratometry reading were measured by a LENSTAR LS900 machine (HAAG-STREIT).

Results

The Mean CCT + SD for the emmetropic group was (539.35 ±28.98 μm), and for the axial myopic group (533.22 ±32.27μm). The mean CCT from the two groups showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.047). However there is no significant correlation between mean CCT and the degree of axial myopia (r = 0.013, P = 0.109).

Conclusion

Central corneal thickness has no statistically significant correlation with degree of axial myopia.
ASSESSMENT OF ANXIETY AMONG NURSING STUDENTS AT KOYA TECHNICAL INSTITUTE IN ERBIL
Authors: Kareem Mosleh
Published: July 2017

Background

Anxiety is a major obstacle to learning in the clinical setting. While a moderate level of anxiety may be needed for learning, a high level of anxiety results in decreased learning. Emerging data indicate that nursing students are possibly more anxious than other students.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the anxiety levels among nursing students the Koya Technical Institute at Erbil polytechnic University.

Methods

A quantitative descriptive study was conducted on 194 students selected for the Koya Technical Institute at Erbil polytechnic University in Erbil-Iraq. A non-probability purposive sample was selected. A questionnaire was designed for the purpose of the study, it contained of two parts; Part one consisted of socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, income, religion, nation and residential area of the students and part two consisted of a Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale which used to measure the severity of anxiety. Data were collected through interview with students. Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for data analysis.

Results

The mean age (±SD) was 20.25 (± 1.98) years. The majority (59.3 %) of the samples were male, single (92.8%), Kurdish (98.5%), Muslim (99.5%), had fair income (58.2%), and most of them from rural areas (61.9%). The majority of the study sample (77.3%) had normal anxiety, while 22.2% had mild to moderate anxiety level and only 0.5% were severe with anxiety level. In general, there was no significant association between level of anxiety and their socio-demographic characteristics except gender having a significantly higher P = 0.013.

Conclusion

Nursing students had mild to moderate anxiety levels, but still need better awareness, advice and management of the affected students. Future research is required to affirm these determinations.
INDUCED HYPERTENSION AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES AMONG PREGNANT MOTHERS ATTENDING PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTERS IN ERBIL CITY
Authors: Doski Nazar , Mikha Rukhosh , Baker Jawdat
Published: July 2017

Background

Pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes represent the most common medical complications of pregnancy and a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Gestational diabetes have has been shown to have a significantly higher risk of having a pregnancy complicated disease of mixed etiology when compared to women with normal carbohydrate metabolism, gestational diabetes mellitus is also relatively common and affects 3–5% of pregnancies, resulting in a variety of complications that primarily affect the fetus, including, stillbirth, jaundice, and respiratory distress syndrome.

Objectives 

This study aimed to determine the pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes ‎among pregnant women attending primary health care center in Erbil city and to identify the relationship between pregnancy-Induced hypertension, gestational diabetes with some demographic characteristics (age, age of marriage, occupation and level of education).

Methods

The study is descriptive study, the sample was composed of 350 pregnant women who had been attended to primary health care center in Erbil from the period 1/4/2016 to 1/9/2016, a constructed questionnaires was used to obtain the pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes among pregnant women, and the interview was used as methods of data collection and data was analyzed using SPSS version 18. 

Results

The results shows the highest age of pregnant women were between age group (18-34) years old, pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes were represented (2%) of the study sample, and there was no significant association between age group and educational level with induced hypertension and diabetes mellitus (P-value = 0.156, 0.549,and hypertension (P-value = 0.156, P-value = 0.906)

Conclusion

The prevalence of induced hypertension and gestational diabetes was not high and there was no any association between induced hypertension and gestational diabetes with all variables.
RISK FACTORS AND CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS GRADE I AND II
Authors: Nadhim Ari , Mustafa Nabaz , Hasan Seerwan
Published: July 2017

Background
Spondylolysis is a fracture of pars interarticularis without slippage of the vertebral bodies. Spondylolisthesis is anterior slippage of one vertebral body on to the immediate inferior vertebral body. The conservative treatment of spondylolysis and low-grade spondylolisthesis is preferable initial step in the management.
Objectives 
The purposes were to find the risk factors for lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis and the plausibility of conservative management of them.
Materials and Methods
Prospective cohort study of a series of (100) patients performed. Each followed up for six consecutive months during 2012-2014. Failure of conservative treatment necessitated surgical intervention. Inclusion criteria for the patients to be included in the study were that the patient needed to be afflicted with Spondylolysis, and/or spondylolisthesis Meyerding grade I and II. We assessed the grades of slippage by Meyerding grading system
Results
Patients included in the study were 14% males and 86% females, and the mean and SD (Standard Deviation) age were (43.92±13.83) years. The Body Mass Index (BMI) of the patients were 55% overweight, and 17% obese, with a significant P-value of (<0.001). The mean±SD body height was (166.75±6.94 cm). There was history of trauma in 63% patients, and the level of pars fracture was L5 in 65%, L4 in 30%, and L3 in 4%. The degrees of vertebral slippage were 59% grade I, 34% spondylolysis, 7% grade II. Eleven (11%) of patients were indicated for surgery. Transpedicular screw fixation and fusion was performed for nine patients and two of them refused surgery.
Conclusion
Conservative treatment is preferable as an initial step in the management of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis Grade I and II if there were no neurological deficits.
Seismic Refraction Tomography and MASW Survey for Geotechnical Evaluation of soil for the Teaching Hospital Project at Mosul University
Authors: Al-Saigh Nabil , Al-Heety Ahmed
Published: July 2017

This study includes Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT) and Multi-channel Analysis of

Surface Waves (MASW) survey. 12 shallow refraction profiles and 2 profiles for MASW were

conducted in teaching hospital project site in Mosul University to delineate some of shallow soil

engineering characteristics for construction purpose. The linear arrays by using 12 geophones with

10 Hz frequency are used. Both of compressional (P) waves and MASW data were acquired and

interpreted using seismic tomography method and MASW methods to create 1-D shear velocity

model respectively. A number of engineering parameters such as Concentration Index, Material

Index, Density Gradient and Stress Ratio are calculated. The seismic velocity values ,engineering,

consolidation ,and strength parameter show that the site have three layers just as follows: the first

one is the upper layer which corresponds to recent superficial deposits is characterized by an

incompetent rock quality, the second one is the middle one that corresponded mostly to the river

deposits composed especially of River terraces and clays is characterized by fairly competent rock

quality While the third one is the lower layer is corresponded to the upper part of Fat’ha formation

which is mostly composed of marl layers is good competent rock quality .Hence the 3rd layer is

suggested for engineering and foundation purpose.
Simulation of Nanopattern Formation of Si Surface due to Ion Irradiation
Authors: Ali Sarwar , Saeed S.
Published: July 2017

Energetic ion irradiation induce surface nano-scale patterns formation, ripple or wavelike

pattern is one of the surface morphologies. Analytical solution of the BH continuum equation, using

MATLAB applied on Si target, well-defined ripple structure were observed as a function of

different parameters such as angle of ion incidence, ion energy, ion flux, ion species, and thermal

diffusion coefficient
Structural analysis of the Azmir – Goizha anticline, north and northeast of Sulaimani city, Kurdistan Region, Northeast Iraq
Authors: Karim Kamal , Ahmad Sirwan
Published: July 2017

The Azmir–Goizha anticline (AGA) is located directly to north and northeast boundary of

Sulaimani city, Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq. The anticline originally consists of two main connected

anticlines (Azmir and Goizha anticlines) with many smaller anticlines along southwest and

northeast limbs. In the studied area, it has length and width of about (10 and 4) kms, respectively,

with height of 1600 m (a.s.l). It extends from Weladar village, from southeast to Khamza village at

the northwest and further extends outside of the studied area. The anticline has very complicate

structural setting and recently few structural analyses were conducted by different workers. The

present study is an attempt to discover the actual structural setting of the anticline and try to review

the previous studies critically by using data collected in the field with aid of precise stratigraphic

analysis. Structurally, the previous pigy-back thrust imbricated fan is changed to nearly isoclinal

detachment fold, which is detached in the form of either lift-off detachment fold or multi-

detachment fold or multi-detachment faulted fold. In the core of the anticline, the accommodation

of the shortening is preserved as second-order folding or second-order conjugate faulting. The

competent cover (outer layers) of the anticline consists of Kometan and upper part Balambo

formations. Core Azmir and Qaywan anticlines are occupied plastic incompetent layers of Sarmord

Formation and lower part of Balambo formations while that of Azmir Bichkola and Naugirdan (or

Goizha) anticlines are occupied. These units are deformed as disharmonic buckle folds in the cores.

The main detachment had occurred in the lower part of the Sarmord Formation (Lower

Cretaceous) and inside Jurassic rocks. All the mapped strike-slip and reverse faults, in the previous

studies are not recorded in the present study. Furthermore, this study recommends excluding the

anticline from the Imbricate Zone and including it within the High Folded Zone.
Identification of Animal Species in Meat Broth by Simplex and Multiplex PCR
Authors: Rashid Peshnyar , Babashekh Muhamad , Marouf Ari , Amin Kamaran
Published: July 2017

In some countries, some restaurants may use fraudulent substitution in meat product that has

less commercial value or undesirable. Effective laboratory tests must be available for prevention

of this phenomenon. In this study meat broth sample was successfully used to identify seven

animal species in cooked meals by simplex and multiplex PCR using species specific primers for

conserved region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The results showed effective amplification of

mtDNA without cross reaction between primers. Whereas existing methods require mincing and

homogenization of direct meat samples, this meat broth sampling method can be performed

directly and is thus easier to perform. In conclusion, meat broth sample could be used instead of

direct meat tissues for species identification of cooked meat in restaurants to control

adulteration substitutions of undesirable meat and protection of the customer rights.
Global convergence of new modified CG method with inexact line search
Authors: Ivan Latif , Lajan Mohammed
Published: July 2017

he conjugate gradient (CG) method has played a special role in solving non-linear

unconstrained optimization problems due to the simplicity of their-iterations and their very low

memory requirements. In this paper we take a modified to the Dai-Yuan (DY) conjugate

gradient methods such that the direction generated by the modified method provides a descent

direction for the optimization function and establish some global convergence of the proposed

method. Numerical results effective and promising by comparing with CG method.
Design of Alarm Based Network Intrusion Detection System
Authors: Boskany Najmadin
Published: July 2017

Nowadays each computer network needs some tools in order to help their administrator

for protecting network devices and data. These tools are ranging from firewall, antivirus, and

intrusion detection systems. The main goal of this paper focuses on developing an applicable

system for detecting intrusion and notifying network administrator from them (i.e. alert that

there is unauthorized person attempts to break into network). The presented system can be used

to detect intruders automatically depending on a signature file, and immediately notify onsite

monitors and network administrator via alert message and short message. These different

messages let them know who is going to access the network (i.e.; show the intruder IP address

and used port number).
Oligocene and Miocene Rock Beds in Mamlaha anticline, Chamchamal town, Sulaimani city- Kurdistan region/ Iraq
Authors: Kharajiany Soran , Qader Fouad , Hakkari Salim , Sharbazheri Hero
Published: July 2017

Previously, the Oligocene rock beds in the Mamlaha anticline have neither mentioned nor

proved. There are some selected sections that detected during field surveys but did not verified

weather belong to Oligocene- Miocene ages or not. Through this research, it is proved that they are

composed of Oligocene and Miocene rock strata. They are well-known as excellent rock reservoirs

for hydrocarbon accumulation in Kurdistan region and Iraq as a whole.

Field survey and stratigraphic study with microfacies analysis showed that nearly 37 meter of the

rock units from Mamlaha anticline (Mamlaha, Khwelin and Pungala sections) are representing

these formations; Bajwan Formation (Middle Oligocene), Anah and Ibrahim formations (Late

Oligocene) ages, Serikagni, Euphrates and Dhiban formations (Early Miocene) and Jeribe

Formation (Middle Miocene) ages respectively.

The contact between Bajwan and Anah is unconformable; the Lower contact of Bajwan Formation

is not exposed in each of the section. Ibrahim Formation however not exposed as well beds of marly

limestone; it shows as pocket of marly limestone, but it sandwiched between Bajwan and Anah

formations and shows no clear boundary.

The upper contact of Anah Formation is separated from Euphrates Formation by 2 meters of green

marl which indicates abrupt change in the lithology. The upper contact of Euphrates shows

unconformity, while Dhiban Formation is unconformably underneath the marly sandy bituminous

limestone of Jeribe Formation; Jeribe Formation is also unconformably lies beneath the claystone of

Fatha Formation.
Calculation and Analysis of Mean Glandular Dose During a Mammogram
Authors: Khalid Dastan
Published: July 2017

Mammographic density is the difference in appearance of glandular to fatty tissue in a

mammogram. Investigation in doses delivered in mammography is carried out. The Mean

Glandular Dose (MGD) is calculated and compared to the standard values. The results show the

value of MGD is comparable to some of the references, however there are very large variations

in MGD and mAs with respect to specific Compressed Breast Thickness and percent

glandularity. The results suggest a lack of understanding of radiation uses and the risks that are

involved in x-ray induced breast cancer in Sulaimani hospitals especially the Mammography

Centre.
Study of length of umbilical cord and fetal outcome: a study of 1000 deliveries
Authors: C. Shiva Kumar H. , Tharihalli Chandrashekhar T. , K. Chandrashekhar , Gaddi Suman F.
Published: July 2017

Background: Human embryo develops inside the body of the mother. One of the important part of the fetoplacental unit is the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord is the lifeline of the fetus. Objective of present study was to investigate the correlation of umbilical cord length with fetal parameters like APGAR score, sex, weight, and length, and its effect on labor.Methods: This prospective study conducted in the Department of OBG of VIMS, Bellary, from 1st February 2016 to 31st January 2017. The 1000 pregnant women of >37 weeks were studied following delivery for length of umbilical cord, any loop around neck, trunk, shoulder and number of loops of cord; knots of cord etc. Fetal parameters recorded were sex, weight, and length of the newborn and APGAR score at 1 and 5 min.Results: Cord length varied from 22 to 126 cm. The mean cord length was 66 cm (±10 cm). Maximum cases have cord length of 61and 70 cm. Lower 5th percentile and upper 5th percentile considered as short and long cord. Short-cord group was associated with signiﬁcantly higher (p<0.05) incidence of LSCS cases. The incidence of all types of cord complications increases as the cord length increases (p<0.001). Nuchal cords had higher mean cord length and as the number of loops in a nuchal cord increases to two or more loops, the operative interference and fetal heart abnormalities increases. Fetal heart rate abnormalities and birth asphyxia increase with extremes of cord length (p<0.001).Conclusions: Short and long cords are associated with increased incidence of cord complications, operative interference, intrapartum complications, increased fetal heart rate abnormalities, and birth asphyxia. But cord length did not vary according to the weight, length, and sex of the baby.