bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Mobile-Based Hostel Location and Recommendation Chatbot System
Authors:   Department of Computer Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, Isinkaye Folasade Olubusola , AbiodunBabs Imran Gbolahan , Paul Michael Tobi
Published: June 2022

A Chabot is a conversational intelligent agent that has the capability of engaging in human-like interaction with its users. A lot of chatbots have been developed, but to the best of our knowledge, there are few or no chatbots that have been developed for hostel location integrated with a recommendation component to ease the cost, time, and stress of identifying suitable hostels for students, especially at higher institutions of learning. Therefore, this work develops a location-based chatbot system enhanced with recommendation capabilities to allow students to locate hostels that satisfy their needs in an easy and efficient way. The chatbot system was designed as a cross platform compatibility application with different tools and technologies which include Python, HTML and CSS with JavaScript to enhance the interactivity and attractiveness of the system. PHP provides access to MySQL database. The chatbot system provides good experience to its users in terms of loading speed, user friendliness, interface appearance, platform compatibility and recommendation accuracy as it allows them identify suitable hostel speedily and as well provides personalized recommendation of hostels to them.
Benefit Corporations in the U.S.
Authors: Kopaneva Irina M. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2022

The benefit corporation (BC) is a for-profit corporation required to create a positive impact on workers, communities, society, and environment. The purpose of this paper is to explore how BCs reconcile dominant and alternative frames of profit. This study presented here explores three BCs in the U.S. through a dual-method approach based on observations and interviews. The study reveals how BC members understand and express the idea of profit. Furthermore, it shows the formation of an alternative frame of profit and elucidates three processes whereby the dominant and alternative ideas are reconciled. It highlights both interpretive capabilities and limitations of social actors within the dominant discourse of the contemporary social-economic system.
Relational Economy
Authors: Mandray Sara ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2022

Muhammad Yunus, Franck Riboud, Grameen Danone, those are some names and projects that may come to mind when thinking about social entrepreneurship. But what about Paul of Tarsus, John Chrysostom or Basil of Caesarea? In this theoretical article, we propose to revisit the ancient notion of oikonomia. Greek philosophers and after them the Church Fathers have drawn for more than twelve centuries the contours of this notion. In the light of their works, we consider the promise of an economy that can be intrinsically altruistic and generous. Building on the work of Paul Ricoeur, we study the ethical dimension of oikonomia as economy of the self, others and the city. The Christian oikonomia is then interpreted as practical wisdom. And at the top of it, social entrepreneurship appears as a sign of a new ethical form of economy that we call relational economy.
Dialogue with difference: Meta-representations in political dialogue and their role in constructing the ‘other’
Authors: Obradović Sandra , Draper Holly
Published: June 2022

When faced with the aftermath of a divisive political event, how do citizens make sense of the political opinions of those who voted differently to them? Drawing on the Social Representations Approach (SRA) and its emphasis on communication as a medium through which meaning making occurs, we utilize dialogical analysis of focus group data (N = 36) collected after the UK’s referendum on leaving the EU. We focus on how voters engage with the perspective of the other in an intragroup dialogue setting. In doing so, this paper aims to explore the role of meta-representations, or ‘what we think other people think’, in contexts of contested political issues. We show the value of considering how meta-representations function to delegitimize different political views and vote choices, and by implication serve an important role in socially representing the ‘other’, constructing and reproducing intergroup boundaries. This process is achieved through drawing on semantic barriers, communicative tools that play a crucial role in safeguarding one’s own beliefs from the threat of alterity.
A questão indígena durante a ditadura militar brasileira e a opinião pública estrangeira em perspectiva transnacional
Authors: Gomes Paulo Cesar , Benitez Trinidad Carlos
Published: June 2022

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a questão indígena brasileira durante os anos centrais da ditadura militar a partir de uma perspectiva transnacional. Essa abordagem enfatiza fenômenos históricos baseados em pessoas e ideias, emancipando-os dos Estados nacionais como uma estrutura “natural” para o estudo da história. A primeira parte deste texto discute a importância da opinião pública nas relações internacionais para, posteriormente, compreender como o Estado brasileiro encarou as interferências estrangeiras em questões que os governantes do período ditatorial acreditavam ser de competência nacional. Posteriormente, a partir da reflexão acerca do poder simbólico dos povos indígenas no Brasil e no exterior, será feita uma análise em duas partes: na primeira, um estudo de caso focado no impacto que o Relatório Figueiredo – ao ser divulgado internacionalmente – teve na França; em seguida, estenderemos para o âmbito transnacional nossas observações sobre os prejuízos ocasionados pelas denúncias contidas no supracitado relatório, procurando encontrar os vasos comunicantes entre o que estava acontecendo no Brasil, sua leitura pela opinião pública internacional, as formas como as autoridades militares agiram para proteger a imagem externa do país e, também, as possíveis vantagens obtidas pelos atores nacionais que, nos anos 1970, atuavam em favor da causa indígena.
Palavras-chave: povos indígenas; ditadura militar; história transnacional; opinião pública; relações internacionais.
Sob a perspectiva global: as solidariedades transnacionais das e às mulheres brasileiras exiladas na França e em Portugal
Authors: Rosalen Eloisa
Published: June 2022

A perspectiva de análise da história global fornece aspectos pertinentes para pensar as conexões entre pessoas, projetos, grupos políticos e ideias. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar, sob a perspectiva da história global, as solidariedades transnacionais que se voltaram às mulheres brasileiras ou às quais elas integraram durante o exílio da ditadura militar brasileira na França e em Portugal. Isto é, busca-se demonstrar as conexões entre as brasileiras e as francesas e entre as brasileiras e as portuguesas. A história global auxiliará na compressão das solidariedades transnacionais e das solidariedades feministas ou femininas que existiram no período, a partir do slogan da época: sisterhood is global. O recorte temporal estabelecido é a partir de 1973 (ano do golpe do militar no Chile, que levou muitas latino-americanas à Europa) até 1979 (quando se deu a Lei de Anistia nº 6.683). As fontes principais são os documentos do Círculo de Mulheres Brasileiras em Paris, e do Movimento Democrático de Mulheres de Portugal, e os jornais Nosotras, do Grupo Latino-Americano de Mulheres em Paris. Também, a fim de complementar algumas informações, foram utilizados os informes do Centro de Informação de Exterior (CIEx) e três entrevistas de ex-exiladas.
Palavras-chave: mulheres exiladas; solidariedades transnacionais; perspectiva global.
The conformation of a transnational discursive community: anti-communist intellectuals in Latin America during the Cold War
Authors: Cañón Voirin Julio Lisandro
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we present the study of a transnational discursive community: the Inter-American Confederation of Continental Defence. This became the institutional meeting point for Latin American anti-communist intellectuals who, during the Cold War, articulated a conservative and counterrevolutionary nucleus of power. In the framework of the Cold War, this discursive community placed communism outside of humanity, and only contemplated its extermination. Thus, we analyse the discursive materiality that gradually colonized the state structures and gave rise to a systematic persecution against the communists and all those who, from the spheres of power, were typified as a threat. We structure the text in a chronological account that allows us to know the evolution of the Inter-American Confederation of Continental Defence, from its origins to its last continental congress. We use a wide documentary corpus (correspondence, minutes, bulletins, manuscripts, notes and speeches) compiled in Argentina, Mexico, Spain and the USA.
Keywords: anti-comunist; discursive community; intellectuality; Latin America
“A exaltação da figura do advogado”: a mobilização da OAB/RS durante a prisão de comunistas em 1975
Authors: Guazzelli Dante Guimaraens
Published: June 2022

Este artigo analisa a atuação da seccional sul-rio-grandense da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB/RS) durante a prisão de militantes do Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB) em março de 1975. Esse evento foi resultado de um processo realizado ao longo da ditadura no qual a entidade foi se colocando como uma voz de oposição às violências cometidas pela ditadura civil-militar. Dentro disso, a atuação de advogados comunistas dentro das organizações profissionais foi decisiva, muitas vezes em posição de destaque. As prisões foram realizadas em decorrência de investigações relacionadas com Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, e teriam relação com a atuação de militantes do partido no MDB. Esse acontecimento foi crucial para a postura assumida pela entidade durante a abertura política. Da mesma forma, ao adotar uma postura pública ativa na denúncia das prisões, a entidade contribuiu para o processo de fortalecimento da luta pelos direitos humanos e pela democracia.
Palavras-chave: OAB; advogados; PCB; ditadura civil-militar.
Desequilíbrio de histórias parte II: uma iniciativa em torno de um problema
Authors: Téo Marcelo Rósbson
Published: June 2022

O presente ensaio tem por objetivo explorar, na prática, algumas das questões metodológicas discutidas no primeiro artigo da série “Desequilíbrio de histórias” (TÉO, 2018), a partir da trajetória da Diva Inclusive Solutions, iniciativa fundada pelo autor. O texto descreve o seu processo de constituição em torno do problema que dá título aos dois artigos, bem como algumas das soluções criadas para o seu combate, para ao final propor leituras possíveis no que diz respeito ao ingresso de profissionais do campo das humanidades em outras instâncias além da docência e da pesquisa acadêmica.
Palavras-chave: mercado; empatia; diversidade; tecnologia; desequilíbrio de histórias.
Aparentemente, muitas coisas
Authors: Santos Luciana Mendes dos
Published: June 2022

Resenha do livro: TAYLOR, Diana. ¡Presente! la política de la presencia. Trad. Ana Stevenson. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Alberto Hurtado, 2020.
Modeling County-Level Rare Disease Prevalence Using Bayesian Hierarchical Sampling Weighted Zero-Inflated Regression
Authors: Xie Hui , Rolka Deborah B. , Barker Lawrence E.
Published: June 2022

Estimates of county-level disease prevalence have a variety of applications. Such estimation is often done via model-based small-area estimation using survey data. However, for conditions with low prevalence (i.e., rare diseases or newly diagnosed diseases), counties with a high fraction of zero counts in surveys are common. They are often more common than the model used would lead one to expect; such zeros are called ‘excess zeros’. The excess zeros can be structural (there are no cases to find) or sampling (there are cases, but none were selected for sampling). These issues are often addressed by combining multiple years of data. However, this approach can obscure trends in annual estimates and prevent estimates from being timely. Using single-year survey data, we proposed a Bayesian weighted Binomial Zero-inflated (BBZ) model to estimate county-level rare diseases prevalence. The BBZ model accounts for excess zero counts, the sampling weights and uses a power prior. We evaluated BBZ with American Community Survey results and simulated data. We showed that BBZ yielded less bias and smaller variance than estimates based on the binomial distribution, a common approach to this problem. Since BBZ uses only a single year of survey data, BBZ produces more timely county-level incidence estimates. These timely estimates help pinpoint the special areas of county-level needs and help medical researchers and public health practitioners promptly evaluate rare diseases trends and associations with other health conditions.
Exploring the attitudes and strategies of peri-urban vegetable growers in the Santiago Metropolitan Region of Chile
Authors: Boza Sofía , Mora Marcos , Nuñez Aracely , Espinoza Macarena , Orellana Karina
Published: June 2022

Vegetable production is common in peri-urban agriculture where produce is sold in nearby towns, and the Santiago Metropolitan Region (SMR) in Chile is no exception. The objective of this article is to explore the productive, commercial and management strategies of small-scale vegetable growers at the SMR, their attitudes towards their activity, and to identify different profiles. We surveyed in person 170 farmers. The data was analyzed using descriptive and multivariate techniques. Results suggestthat different characteristics and strategies are concomitant to certain attitudes that vegetable growers hold towards key aspects such as innovation or willingness to associate.
Re-rooting/routing the Black Experience in Édouard Glissant’s Poetics: An “in-between” Perspective
Authors: Ly Mamadou Moustapha
Published: June 2022

In his historical poetics, Édouard Glissant highlights the preponderant role played by the stripped migrant in his search for origins from Africa to the Caribbean. In so doing, he praises the latter’s endeavors throughout the adoption and adaptation to his new surroundings, the new world. In this article, the analysis is on the re-presentation of the past lived by the stripped migrant before, during, and after the moment of entanglement, when he started forming a rhizome-identity in comparison and contrast to the single-root identity perpetuated by the Békés. Such an approach brings to the fore the theoretical notion of detour developed by Glissant to defy and redefine the History or rather histories of the Caribbean archipelago that have been purposefully hidden by the “fictionneurs de l’Histoire” [History fiction writers], which makes him an atypical historian who gives a renewed version of the Afro-Caribbean tradition.
Disillusionment and Death in Ourika and “La Noire de...”
Authors: Rangarajan Sudarsan
Published: June 2022

This study proposes to compare Claire de Duras’s Ourika (1824) and Ousmane Sembène’s “La Noire de...” (1962). The two novellas concern the assimilation of a Senegalese woman in the French society. Ourika is a young woman raised and educated in an aristocratic environment, while Diouana, the protagonist of Sembène’s story, who works as a maid, is illiterate. But the difference between the two women disappears as racism emerges. Using Fanon and Bhabha, this study focuses on the following aspects: Commodification and the loss of self; stigmatization and the protagonist as the Other; alienation and death; and suppressed voices and posthumous narratives. The essay concludes with a discussion of the significance of the struggles of the two protagonists, by extension, for Francophone African writers in the postcolonial context.
Distributed fiber optic temperature sensor based on dynamic calibration of Raman Stokes backscattering light intensity
Authors: Sun Miao , Yang Shuang , Tang Yu-Quan , Zhao Xiao-Hu , Zhang Zhi-Rong , Zhuang Fei-Yu ,   College of Physics and Materials Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China,   Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Material, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China,   Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Simulation and Design for Electronic Information System, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
Published: June 2022

In a distributed fiber optic temperature sensing system, the intensity of Raman Stokes backscattering light serving as reference light increases with the increase of temperature, leading to measurement errors in the system. A novel method of dynamically calibrating Raman Stokes backscattering light intensity is proposed to improve temperature accuracy for distributed fiber optic temperature sensors. According to the real-time Stokes intensity distribution in the reference fiber, Stokes intensity curve of the whole fiber at a reference temperature is simulated, and the temperature response of Stokes light is corrected. The ratio of Raman anti-Stokes light intensity to the calculated Stokes light intensity is used to demodulate temperature along the fiber. The experimental results indicate that the temperature accuracy of the distributed optical fiber temperature sensor system after making the Stokes optical dynamic calibration is increased up to 4.3 ℃ compared with that from the conventional method. And the accuracy of temperature measurement is improved by 8.9 ℃ when combined with Rayleigh noise suppression method. This study provides a new solution for a distributed fiber optic temperature sensor system to monitor high temperature environment temperature.
CO2-broadened coefficients of water vapor molecule in 1.1 μm band
Authors: Yang Tao , Qian Xian-Mei , Ma Hong-Liang , Liu Qiang , Zhu Wen-Yue , Zheng Jian-Jie , Chen Jie , Xu Qiu-Yi ,   Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China,   Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,   Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China,   (School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
Published: June 2022

The absorption spectral parameters of water vapor molecules are the key basic scientific data for the remote sensing detection and the planetary observation applications. Based on a narrow line-width external cavity diode laser and a long-path absorption cell, 18 absorption spectral lines of CO2-broadened water vapor molecules in a 9332–9722 cm–1 range at room temperature are measured. To obtain the CO2-broadened water vapor molecule coefficients, the Voigt profile and the quadratic speed-dependent Voigt profile are used to fit the absorption spectrum data. The quadratic speed-dependent Voigt profile shows better fitting capability. Comparing with the air-broadened coefficients of the corresponding region from the HITRAN2020 database, the mean ratios of the CO2-broadened coefficients of water vapor molecules and the air-broadened coefficients obtained from the two models of the line shape are 1.327 and 1.454, respectively, which verifies that the method of estimating the CO2-broadened coefficient by the air-broadened coefficient of water vapor molecules has certain reliability. This study can provide reference data of measured spectral parameters for the detection technology and related research of atmospheric structures of Mars and Venus in the near-infrared region.
Micro-displacement detection of nanofluidic fluorescent particles based on waveguide-concentric ring resonator model
Authors: Li Chang-Liang , Chen Zhi-Hui , Feng Guang , Wang Xiao-Wei , Yang Yi-Biao , Fei Hong-Ming , Sun Fei , Liu Yi-Chao ,   Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China,   Department of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
Published: June 2022

The dynamic tracking and detecting of nanoparticles in micro-nanofluids have always been a challenging and demanding task. In this work, an integrated model of waveguide-concentric ring resonator is proposed based on the waveguide-concentric ring resonator. The change of the fluorescence power intensity outputted by the cavity coupling structure is used to realize the micro-displacement detection of nanoparticles in the micro-nano fluid. Because the ring micro-resonator has the characteristics of high Q and the sensitivity to the surrounding environment, the sensitivity of the device is greatly improved. The finite-difference time domain method is used to study the parameters such as the polarization state of the fluorescence and the distance between the two ring resonators. The double-peak change of the fluorescence output power can be used to detect the displacement of the nanoparticles with high precision. Based on the synchronization of the double-peak changes, the detection can reduce the influence of environmental noise and improve the detection accuracy. The numerical simulation results also confirm that this method can measure the micro-displacement of nanoparticles in nanofluids in a range of 0–1000 nm, providing new directions and ideas.
Even-denominator fractional quantum Hall state in bilayer graphene
Authors: Li Qing-Xin , Andy Shen  , Huang Yan , Chen Yi-Wei , Zhu Yu-Jian , Zhu Wang , Song Jun-Wei , An Dong-Dong , Gan Qi-Kang , Wang Kai-Yuan , Wang Hao-Lin , Mai Zhi-Hong , Xi Chuan-Ying , Zhang Jing-Lei , Yu Ge-Liang , Wang Lei ,   National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China,   High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China,   Hubei Jiufengshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430206, China
Published: June 2022

At a half-filled Landau level, composite fermions with chiral p-wave pairing will form a Moore-Read state which hosts charge-e/4 fractional excitation. This excitation supports non-Abelian statistics and has potential to enable topological quantum computation. Owing to the SU(4) symmetry of electron and electric-field tunability, the bilayer graphene becomes an ideal platform for exploring physics of multi-component quantum Hall state and is candidate for realizing non-Abelian statistics. In this work, high-quality bilayer graphene/hBN heterostructure is fabricated by using dry-transfer technique, and electric transport measurement is performed to study quantum Hall state behavior in bilayer graphene under electric field and magnetic field. Under strong magnetic field, the sequences of incompressible state with quantized Hall conductivity are revealed at –5/2, –1/2, 3/2 filling of Landau level. The feature of even-denominator quantum Hall state is more visible then weaker with increasing magnetic field, and this corresponds to the polarization of Landau level wave function. The experimental results indicate that the observed even-denominator fractional quantum Hall state belongs to the topological phase described by Pfaffian wavefunction.
Perceptual restoration fails to recover unconscious processing for smooth eye movements after occipital stroke
Authors: Kwon Sunwoo , Fahrenthold Berkeley K , Cavanaugh Matthew R , Huxlin Krystel R , Mitchell Jude F
Published: June 2022

The visual pathways that guide actions do not necessarily mediate conscious perception. Patients with primary visual cortex (V1) damage lose conscious perception but often retain unconscious abilities (e.g. blindsight). Here, we asked if saccade accuracy and post-saccadic following responses (PFRs) that automatically track target motion upon saccade landing are retained when conscious perception is lost. We contrasted these behaviors in the blind and intact fields of 11 chronic V1-stroke patients, and in 8 visually intact controls. Saccade accuracy was relatively normal in all cases. Stroke patients also had normal PFR in their intact fields, but no PFR in their blind fields. Thus, V1 damage did not spare the unconscious visual processing necessary for automatic, post-saccadic smooth eye movements. Importantly, visual training that recovered motion perception in the blind field did not restore the PFR, suggesting a clear dissociation between pathways mediating perceptual restoration and automatic actions in the V1-damaged visual system.
A new insight into RecA filament regulation by RecX from the analysis of conformation-specific interactions
Authors: Alekseev Aleksandr , Pobegalov Georgii , Morozova Natalia , Vedyaykin Alexey , Cherevatenko Galina , Yakimov Alexander , Baitin Dmitry , Khodorkovskii Mikhail
Published: June 2022

RecA protein mediates homologous recombination repair in bacteria through assembly of long helical filaments on ssDNA in an ATP-dependent manner. RecX, an important negative regulator of RecA, is known to inhibit RecA activity by stimulating the disassembly of RecA nucleoprotein filaments. Here we use a single-molecule approach to address the regulation of (Escherichia coli) RecA-ssDNA filaments by RecX (E. coli) within the framework of distinct conformational states of RecA-ssDNA filament. Our findings revealed that RecX effectively binds the inactive conformation of RecA-ssDNA filaments and slows down the transition to the active state. Results of this work provide new mechanistic insights into the RecX-RecA interactions and highlight the importance of conformational transitions of RecA filaments as an additional level of regulation of its biological activity.
Nutritional Value of Pseudodiaptomus annandalie (Copepoda: Calanoida) and its Suitability as Feed to Milkfish Larvae
Authors: Caturao Romeo D.
Published: June 2022

The nutritional value of Pseudodiaptomus annandalie and its suitability as feed to milkfish larvae were determined. Pure isolates of P. annandalie was subjected to feeding in four different microalgal species (Chlorella sp., Chaetoceros calcitrans, Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis chuii) for 15 days of culture. Lipid extraction was done using Bligh and Dyer method and analyzed in a gas chromatograph for fatty acid profile. Results were analyzed using univariate ANOVA (p.0.05) and subsequent Tukey tests. Results of the first experiment showed that the number of fatty acids in P. annandalie varied significantly at different microalgal diets. DHA/EPA ratio was highest in Chaetoceros calcitrans (4.91%). This suggest that Chaetoceros calcitrans is the best microalgal food for P. annandalie because it promotes high DHA/EPA ratio in its fatty acid profile which is an important requirement for fish larvae. When live P. annandalie together with other natural foods were tested, results showed that treatment fed live copepods had significantly (p<0.05) higher average length after day 24 (14.86+0.78 mm) over other treatments. Survival rate was significantly highest in treatment fed live P. annandalie (65.58+0.65%) compared with other treatments. Live copepod therefore is a suitable feed for milkfish larvae because it contains a high fatty acid profile.
An Assessment of Agroforestry Systems in Selected Community-Based Forest Management Areas in Laguna, Philippines
Authors: Lalican Engelbert
Published: June 2022

Agroforestry has been widely accepted as one of the effective approaches in ensuring sustainability in the uplands. In the Philippines, agroforestry, as a forest management strategy, has been promoted by Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) in response to watershed and forest degradation and climate change. The study assessed the agroforestry systems of CBFM sites in Liliw and Sta. Maria, Laguna focusing on the characterization of agroforestry systems; determination of socio-economic and demographic characteristics of farmers, agrobiodiversity and soil physical and chemical properties for formulation of policy recommendations. The agroforestry systems were characterized based on structure. Soil properties and erodibility were determined through soil sampling, direct on-site measurements and laboratory analysis. Results revealed that farmers practiced shelterbelts/windbreaks-cum live trellis system in Liliw and multilayer tree gardens in Sta. Maria. The agrobiodiversity of agroforestry systems in both sites were moderately diverse for members while low diverse for non-members. Agrobiodiversity indices of agroforestry systems for CBFM members and non-members in Liliw are 2.58 and 1.98, respectively while CBFM members and non-members in Sta. Maria are 2.72 and 0.78, respectively. Farms in both sites had low soil bulk density and erosion rates with high organic matter, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium contents.  Regardless of the kind of agroforestry system practiced in the CBFM sites, it has been observed that agroforestry is indeed beneficial for both study sites.
Mapping Suitable Areas of Central Luzon, Philippines for Aerobic Rice Production Using GIS-Based Land Suitability Analysis
Authors: Valdez Josie A.
Published: June 2022

Aerobic rice technology is a production system which involved drought-tolerant rice varieties grown in non-flooded and non-puddled soil in water-scarce areas with appropriate cultural management practices aiming at yield level up to 6.0 tons ha. The study presented suitability maps and spatial data to aerobic rice under different production environments of the Central Luzon Region, Philippines. Simple limitation approach (SLA) was used to derive the overall suitability of aerobic rice production in these areas. Spatial datasets gathered from official sources were likewise used. Of the seven provinces, Nueva Ecija had the biggest potential area of 547,735.80 hectares with 11.49% marked as highly suitable to aerobic rice technology, followed by Bulacan which had a potential area of 255,022.52 hectares with 6.15% marked as highly suitable. Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales, Aurora and Bataan followed with 6.15 %, 5.88 %, 2.65 %, 1.59 %t and 1.56%, respectively, of their corresponding potential areas suitable for aerobic rice production. The total land area in Central Luzon which was found to be highly suitable for aerobic rice production was 126,959.91 hectares. On the assumption that ART could give an average yield of 4.5 tons per hectare, Central Luzon can supply an additional 571,319.59 metric tons of aerobic rice annually.
Factors Associated with Age of Onset of Bipolar Affective Disorder from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Voruganti Sree Chaitanya , Sureshkumar Kailash , Kailash Shabeeba Z , Sridhar OT Sabari , Sivabackiya C , Balakrishnan Kalai Selvi
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD), is a chronic debilitating disorder. The mean age at onset for BPAD is observed to be around 20-30 years. The Age at Onset (AO) of BPAD is affected by various factors, including gender, family history, substance use, and other environmental factors. Aim: To assess the AO of BPAD in the clinical population and the relationship of socio-demographic and clinical factors with AO. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study, was conducted at Department of Psychiatry, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India, from January 2020 to January 2021. The socio-demographic details of total of 53 participants suffering from BPAD attending the tertiary care psychiatric setting were collected. The AO of the sample data and its correlation with gender, family history, substance use, marital status, residential background, etc was analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Independent t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were applied to compare AO among different variables. Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression were applied to assess the correlation. Results: Out of the 53 participants, 30 participants (56.6%) were males and 23 (43.4%) were females of which 31 (58.5%) of the participants had a family history of psychiatric illness. Eighteen (33.8%) had some substance use before onset. No substance use was reported by females. The mean AO of the sample was 24±7.8 years. The mean AO was significantly earlier for, males (t= -2.598; p=0.012), those with a family history of psychiatric illness (t=968; p<0.01) and urban dwellers (t=-3.752; p<0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed only family history (B=-3.07, p=0.01) and urban background (B=3.60, p=0.01) significantly predicted earlier AO. AO also negatively correlated with number of suicides per person years of illness (r= -0.387; p<0.01), and number of episodes per person years of illness (r=-0.322, p=0.01). Conclusion: Presence of a family history of psychiatric illness and residing in urban areas showed an overall early prediction of AO rather than gender, and other environmental factors. Earlier AO was associated with worse clinical outcomes of BPAD. Knowledge about AO and its factors might help in predicting treatment outcomes, and in planning primary preventive strategies for vulnerable populations.
Ethyl Acetate Extract of Helicteres hirsuta Suppresses MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Mobility
Authors: Nguyen Tru Van , Tran Luong Thi , Thi Huong Ho , Tuong Ho Manh , Nguyen Van Hong , Nguyen Van Hanh , Le Thuy Thi Bich
Published: June 2022

Objective: To investigate the anticancer activity of Helicteres hirsuta (H. hirsute) extract against a breast cancer cell line- MCF7.

Methods: H. hirsute was extracted in absolute methanol. Further, the crude extract was further partitioned in n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined by using spectroscopic methods with gallic acid and quercetin standard compounds, respectively. Anticancer activities of H. hirsuta extract was elucidated by MTT, wound headling, and transwell invasion assays.

Results: Total phenolic compounds in H. hirsute extracts reached 22.07 ± 2.54, 58.57 5.54 and 235.56 ± 7.54 mg GAE/g in each n hexan, chloroform, ethyl acetate fractions, respectively. Whereas the ethyl acetate fraction showed the greatest phenolic contents with 235.56 ± 7.54 mg GAE/g. Moreover, the flavonoid contents of H. hirsute extracts reached 5.76 ± 0.94, 9.25 ± 1.84 and 19.37 ± 2.57 mg quercetin equivalent/g in each n hexan, chloroform, ethyl acetate fractions, respectively, in which, the ethyl acetate fraction also showed the highest amounts of flavonoid contents. Further, the ethyl acetate of H. hirsute significantly decreased the viability of breast cancer MCF7 cells after 48 h treatment with IC50 value of 95 ± 2.54 \(\mu g/mL\) compared to control. In addition, the ethyl acetate extract of H. hirsute suppressed the invasion and migration of MCF7 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner at non-toxic concentrations.

Conclusions: The ethyl acetate of H. hirsute suppressed the growth and motility of breast cancer MCF7 cells.
Corporal Punishment
Authors: Benatar David
Published: June 2022

Corporal punishment is the infliction of punishment on the body, but does not include capital punishment. Even with the exclusion of capital punishment, the term “corporal punishment” refers to a wide range of punishments, ranging from torture and mutilation to the infliction of mild pain without injury. The main focus here is on milder forms, because that is where most of the remaining disagreement is. One way of denying that corporal punishment is ever justified is by denying that any punishment is ever justified. The broader question of the permissibility of punishment must be bracketed in order to examine the more specific question about the permissibility of corporal punishment. Corporal punishment has been inflicted in multiple contexts – by the courts and military, by teachers in schools, and by parents in the family. Important differences between these contexts are considered. Opinion about corporal punishment is deeply divided. There are those who think that it is often or sometimes necessary, while others think that it is always morally impermissible. Between these extremes are those who think that it may sometimes be permissible but is never necessary. Arguments for these various positions are considered and evaluated.
Conservation Biology
Authors: Sagoff Mark
Published: June 2022

In the 1980s, a new subdiscipline of ecology, conservation biology, attracted scientists and others, who founded a society and a journal to meet the challenge of preserving and protecting biodiversity, a term coined in 1985 by Walter Rosen of the National Research Council and entrenched in 1988 by a book by E. O. Wilson. Conservation biology differed from other applied biological sciences such as forestry, fisheries, and wildlife management, which address problems associated with individual species and the use of natural resources, for example sustainable yields. In contrast, conservation biology seeks to be a holistic science that looks at the entire web of natural life on Earth and to develop appropriate attitudes and techniques to appreciate and sustain it. This entry has five parts. The first presents in general terms the overall thesis of conservation biology and describes its commitment to biodiversity as an organizing principle. The second section discusses the reasons to consider biodiversity valuable. The next part examines problems conservation biologists confront in maintaining a “holistic” view of natural communities and ecosystems against skeptical arguments and contrary evidence. The fourth part explores a debate among conservation biologists concerning the extent to which they should espouse instrumental and economic as contrasted with intrinsic and ethical rationales for the conservation of biodiversity. Finally, this entry opines on the role of conservation biology at a time of climate change.
Golden Rule
Authors: Carson Thomas
Published: June 2022

The golden rule says that we must not treat others in ways in which we are unwilling to be treated ourselves. It is endorsed by many different religious traditions all over the world. Given this, it is surprising that philosophers have paid relatively little attention to it. Several objections to the golden rule are widely taken to be decisive. The first objection is that sometimes it is right to do things to others that we would not want done to us were we in their position. For example, sometimes it is morally right to punish people who do not want to be punished. Second, the golden rule permits people with unusual preferences to perform wrong acts. It permits masochists to inflict pain on nonmasochists, because the masochists are willing to have others inflict pain on them. In the twentieth century, R. M. Hare defended a very influential version of the golden rule. His version of the golden rule is a principle for testing the consistency of our moral judgments. Roughly, he says that if I say that it is permissible for me to do a certain act to another person, then I must say that it would be permissible for someone else to do the same act to me and not object to someone else doing it to me. I offer a proof of something like Hare's version of the golden rule and explain how it answers the two stated objections.
Reproductive Technology
Authors: Barlevy Dorit , Wasserman David , Asch Adrienne
Published: June 2022

Broadly, this entry reviews the purposes, regulation, and ethical challenges of various reproductive technologies that are either part of established medical practice or under research and development. This review mainly draws upon examples from the United States, but notes contrasting policies or practices of other nations. Specifically, we first discuss the justification for regulating reproductive technologies and distinguish single‐party and two‐party uses from third‐party uses. Next, we consider concerns about trait selection raised by the recruitment of third parties and the use of preimplantation and prenatal testing. We then address the moral status of gametes and embryos, an issue made salient and pressing by in vitro fertilization. Finally, we discuss ethical issues concerning trait‐modifying technologies and conclude with suggested directions for future deliberation and research.
Apology
Authors: Cohen Andrew I.
Published: June 2022

Apologies are variable conventions by which persons, groups, and institutions cultivate, preserve, or repair their relationships. Parties to apologies often use them to prevent or resolve conflict. Apologies are also ways to inflict or suffer punishment, expiate guilt, request forgiveness, curry favor, burnish public reputation, discharge debts, save face, convey respect, supplicate to superiors, (re)establish trust, reaffirm moral norms, acknowledge history, and much else. Apologies are scalar phenomena: some are better than others are. Typically, there are moral reasons to provide or accept apologies. Justice sometimes governs apologies: there can be rights and duties regarding apology. Apologies can also be components of reparation for historic injustice.
Castes and Casteism
Authors: Dhanda Meena
Published: June 2022

The common meaning of castes (
játi
) – as hereditary, hierarchical, endogamous social groups – is one among contending meanings derived from alternative genealogies of cognate terms (
varna
,
kula
) provided by historians, anthropologists, sociologists, and philosophers. Dr B. R. Ambedkar explains caste as graded inequality, which began with endogamous practices of the highest group closing others out. The normative justification for castes (
varna
) is traceable only to some ancient Hindu texts, but
de facto
belief in the high and low of
játi
and
kula
is incontrovertibly noted, though not justified, even in Buddhist texts. The argument that the alien origins of the term “caste” are responsible for introducing hereditary and hierarchical elements into nonhierarchical occupational groups is suspect because several terms encapsulating high and low family lineage were already well entrenched in South Asian indigenous languages before Mughal or British colonial incursions. Casteism (
játivad
) enshrines inequality and inferiorization, and transforms caste‐infused customary practices of rituals to a denial of civil rights. A political economy of the operations of caste (
játi
) shows how perceived transgressions of caste norms are met with resentment and violence by the privileged. Comparison with racism illuminates the exclusions and dominations faced by the caste oppressed. The academic focus on genealogies of caste must not detract attention from acknowledging its present experiential reality, which deserves ethical reflection.
Work, Ethics of
Authors: Breen Keith
Published: June 2022

This entry explores key ethical questions posed by work. It begins by addressing how we should conceptualize work and asking why work is of central importance socially. Two long‐standing competing visions of work's value are then explored, one where work is equated with toil and deemed a “disutility,” the other with creativity and the realization of essential human powers. These visions reveal the goods and bads philosophers and workers have associated with work activity, and help explain why experiencing “meaningful work” is both a deep‐seated aspiration and a fundamental social concern. The discussion then moves to consider three recurring ethical themes in the philosophical literature on work, that of distributive justice and justice generally, of freedom and the organization of work, and of domination and exploitation.
Bullshit
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: June 2022

This entry begins by introducing some useful distinctions, and then turns to reviewing the accounts of bullshit provided by Harry Frankfurt, G. A. Cohen, and Andreas Stokke. It ends by clarifying the connection between bullshit and honesty.
Epistemic Paternalism
Authors: Dunne Gerry
Published: June 2022

Paternalism explores whether and when it is permissible to intervene in a person's affairs for his or her own good. Most of us are sometimes paternalistic, whether it be hiding crisps from your dieting partner, banning mobile phones from meetings or lectures, distributing condoms to students, or limiting your children's Internet browsing. Understandably, we defend these acts by claiming that the person limited will be better off. Similar questions and concerns arise in determining how to treat others’ inquiries, including what they believe or understand. These latter questions constitute debates about epistemic paternalism: about whether, when, to what extent, and how we are justified in interfering with others’ inquiries for their own epistemic good. Thus, while paternalism concerns improving another's welfare, epistemic paternalism aims at improving another's beliefs, knowledge, or understanding. This entry reviews discussions of epistemic paternalism, before considering whether it is ever harmful or morally questionable.
Disability and Equality
Authors: Brown Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2022

This entry concerns disability, inequality, and justice. Disabled people suffer from pervasive inequalities. They face inequalities in opportunities and resources. Throughout the world, disabled people suffer from disparities in employment, education, transportation, housing, and healthcare compared to those not disabled. This entry introduces the necessary background to show how some philosophers have attempted to analyze and address disability inequality. To do so, I will first present some background information about understanding the concept of disability and natural and social inequalities. I aim to show how these ideas matter for our thinking about disability and their relationship to questions about justice. Second, I provide an overview of how two main theories of egalitarian justice that have risen to prominence in the last 20–30 years – luck egalitarianism and relational equality – have attempted to understand and respond to disability disadvantage and inequality.
Honesty
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: June 2022

Honesty is held in great esteem in most societies. There is little controversy that honesty is a virtue, nor about whether it is worthwhile to try to cultivate in ourselves and others. At the same time, there has been remarkably little work done on honesty by philosophers in the past 100 years. So the primary goal here is to outline many of the central philosophical issues and questions that can arise when thinking about honesty, without offering much by way of a review of the literature as there is so little on offer.
Environmental Pragmatism
Authors: Fesmire Steven
Published: June 2022

Environmental pragmatists argue that it is defeatist to declare in advance that the
only
effective way to deal with environmental problems is to usher in a complete cultural paradigm shift that radically transforms human value systems. Hence, they do not place a high priority on revolutionary attempts to convince doubters that natural systems, living beings, or sentient beings have intrinsic value. Instead, they prioritize creating a democratic context for adaptive decision processes, which of course includes the evaluation of vying principles. This approach reflects John Dewey's distinction between a plann
ing
society and a plann
ed
society. Whereas incommensurable values are an inherent problem for any planned society, such as Plato's
Republic
or the former Soviet Union, they are irreducible frictions within a planning society. This focus on plann
ing
is illustrated by pragmatist philosopher Andrew Light's work on climate diplomacy as United States Assistant Secretary of Energy for International Affairs. The Kyoto Protocol began with an abstract principle of equitable emissions. But its top‐down, punitive approach precipitated a race to the bottom when it came to agreeing on binding targets. In contrast, the Paris Agreement's bottom‐up “pledge and review” approach fronts adaptive
processes
through which countries intranationally decide what to do, take stock, and reconvene to pressure each other. Such continuous cooperative planning makes it more likely that evolving situations will be met creatively and with higher ambition.