bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A ROLE FOR CONJOINT ANALYSIS IN TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN HEALTH CARE?
Authors: Ryan Mandy
Published: September 2019

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the use of conjoint analysis (CA)
in health services research. Conjoint analysis is first explained, with
emphasis on the history of the technique, followed by an explanation of how to
carry out such a study and how the results from such a study can be used. The
technique is demonstrated with reference to a study that looks at the benefits
of in vitro fertilization. It is shown how CA can be used to estimate the
relative importance of attributes, the trade-offs individuals make between
these attributes, willingness to pay if cost is included as an attribute, and
utility or benefit scores for different ways of providing a service. The paper
then considers the potential advantages of CA over other, more commonly used
benefit assessment instruments. Finally, there is discussion of the issues
raised in the design and analysis of CA studies. It is concluded that these
issues must be addressed before the technique becomes an established
instrument for technology assessment.
THE GENERALIZED DYNAMIC FACTOR MODEL: REPRESENTATION THEORY
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco
Published: September 2019

This paper, along with the companion paper Forni, Hallin, Lippi,
and Reichlin (2000, Review of Economics and Statistics
82, 540–554), introduces a new model—the generalized
dynamic factor model—for the empirical analysis of financial
and macroeconomic data sets characterized by a large number of observations
both cross section and over time. This model provides a generalization
of the static approximate factor model of Chamberlain (1983,
Econometrica 51, 1181–1304) and Chamberlain and
Rothschild (1983, Econometrica 51, 1305–1324)
by allowing serial correlation within and across individual
processes and of the dynamic factor model of Sargent and Sims
(1977, in C.A. Sims (ed.), New Methods in Business Cycle
Research, pp. 45–109) and Geweke (1977, in D.J. Aigner
& A.S. Goldberger (eds.), Latent Variables in
Socio-Economic Models, pp. 365–383) by allowing for
nonorthogonal idiosyncratic terms. Whereas the companion paper
concentrates on identification and estimation, here we give
a full characterization of the generalized dynamic factor model
in terms of observable spectral density matrices, thus laying
a firm basis for empirical implementation of the model. Moreover,
the common factors are obtained as limits of linear combinations
of dynamic principal components. Thus the paper reconciles two
seemingly unrelated statistical constructions.
TWO CONTROL POLICIES FOR STOCHASTIC EOQ-TYPE MODELS
Authors: Berman Oded , Perry David
Published: September 2019

We present the production version of two EOQ-type models in
heavy traffic. The output is interpreted by random demand and
the input by a deterministic production plus random returns.
In the ON part of the cycle, the inventory content is a reflected
Brownian motion, and in the OFF part, it is a Brownian motion
with a negative drift. The ON/OFF periods generate an alternative
renewal process and the content-level process is a regenerative
process. Two control policies are considered. In one policy
that is natural under conditions of continuous review, production
is stopped when the content level in the ON period reaches a
predetermined level q. In the other policy, which resembles
periodic review, production is stopped when the ON time reaches a
predetermined time t0.
THE INTERNET.Scott Windeatt, David Hardisty, and David Eastment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. 136. $13.95 paper.
Authors: Hoopingarner Dennie
Published: September 2019

This book would be a good introduction for teachers who are novices in including the
Internet in their language courses. Rather than lengthy explanations of the technical aspects of the
Internet, the bulk of this book is devoted to sample classroom activities.
PRINCIPLE B, VP ELLIPSIS, AND INTERPRETATION IN CHILD GRAMMAR.Rosalind Thornton and Kenneth Wexler. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. Pp. x + 241. $35.00 cloth.
Authors: Bolotin Naomi
Published: September 2019

Over the past 15 years, a number of acquisition studies have found that young children allow
pronouns to take an antecedent within their clause, in violation of Principle B of the binding
theory. Thus, unlike adults, they allow him to refer to Nathan in the
sentence Nathan praised him. Thornton and Wexler present results of a new
experiment testing knowledge of binding within VP ellipsis structures of the form Nathan
praised him, and Albert did too. Whereas adults do not allow the pronouns in each conjunct
to have different antecedents, some children do. Based on their findings, Thornton and Wexler
propose that children's syntactic knowledge is intact (and hence Principle B is being
observed) but their pragmatic knowledge is incomplete.
SLIPS OF THE TONGUE: SPEECH ERRORS IN FIRST AND SECOND
LANGUAGE PRODUCTION.Nanda Poulisse. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1999.
Pp. xvi + 257. $75.00 cloth.
Authors: Hardison Debra M.
Published: September 2019

The data that provide the foundation for this investigation of second language (L2) slips of
the tongue stem from a corpus originally compiled in 1984 to investigate the use of compensatory
strategies by Dutch learners of English. Poulisse defines a slip or speech error as a performance
error stemming from a temporary processing problem rather than a competence error reflecting an
incomplete or incorrect L2 system. The book's focus is the extent to which research on L2
slips (morphological, phonological, and syntactic) can shed light on speech-production processing
for the development of bilingual models of speech production.
PRAGMATIC MEANING AND COGNITION.Sabine S. A. Marmaridou. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2000. Pp. xii + 322. $65.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Anderson Bruce
Published: September 2019

Pragmatic meaning and cognition provides an analysis of pragmatic meaning that is
grounded in general cognitive linguistics. It makes use of the specific framework of
“experiential realism” as put forth in the works of George Lakoff and Mark
Johnson, which views language as a representation of reality as it is perceived and experienced by
human beings. As such, experiential realism stands in contradistinction to an objectivist
framework in which language is a symbolic representation of objectively existing reality.
Marmaridou's overarching goal is to demonstrate how sociocultural aspects of pragmatic
meaning are integrated into cognitive structure rather than being external to it.
How Fair is Patent Litigation in China? Evidence from the Beijing Courts
Authors: Zhang Chenguo , Cao Jin
Published: September 2019

By conducting field research and analysing judgments delivered in Beijing courts from 2004 to 2011, we find that the popular notion held by China's trade partners of the inadequacy of intellectual property protection is only partly supported by the empirical evidence. The likelihood of winning lawsuits is higher for foreign than domestic plaintiffs and the extremely low damages ruled by Chinese courts are due to particular causes. Courts lack consistent methods to calculate incurred losses in intellectual property right (IPR) infringements and consequently routinely apply the statutory damages whose upper limit is restricted by legislation. Efforts by Chinese legislators to enhance compensation by lifting the upper limit of awardable statutory damages in the Third Amendment of Chinese Patent Law (2008) did not seem to have an effect on our sample. Chinese policymakers should instead focus on the cause of the issue by providing more implementable guidelines for courts to calculate losses. Courts need to develop applicable conventions for calculating damages, based on objective criteria of how much compensation ought to be payable, which is also the basis of calculating reasonable statutory damages. Thus, the new provision of the “right of information” on pirated goods proposed by the ongoing Fourth Amendment provides a significant weapon to combat counterfeiting.
Burden on Caregivers of Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions: Intersectionality of Age, Gender, Education level, Employment Status, and Impact on Social Life
Authors: Ghosh Sunita , Choi Won Yong , Williams Allison , Duggleby Wendy , Ploeg Jenny , Markle-Reid Maureen , Peacock Shelley
Published: September 2019

Intersectionality analysis is the study of overlapping or intersecting social identities. Intersecting social identities may have an impact on the perception of burden by family caregivers of older persons with multiple chronic conditions (MCC). The purpose of this study was to explore the interaction of social factors on the burden of caring for older adults with MCC. A total of 194 caregivers of older adults with MCC were recruited from Alberta and Ontario. Survey data were collected at two time points, six months apart. Additive and multiplicative models were analysed using a generalised linear model to determine the level of caregiver burden. Medium-high social interference (impact on social life) was associated with higher burden when adjusted for age, gender, education, and employment status. The overall results of the five-way interaction suggest that males in general had lower burden scores than females. Irrespective of their education and employment status, females had generally higher burden scores. These results add to the current body of literature, suggesting areas for further research to fill knowledge gaps, and promoting ideas for evidence-guided public health interventions that focus on caregivers.
Design-as-satisfiability: A new approach to automated synthesis
Authors: BRAHA DAN
Published: September 2019

This article addresses computational synthesis systems that
attempt to find a structural description that matches a set
of initial functional requirements and design constraints with
a finite sequence of production rules. It has been previously
shown by the author that it is computationally difficult to
identify a sequence of production rules that can lead to a
satisficing design solution. As a result, computational synthesis,
particularly with large volumes of selection information, requires
effective design search procedures. Many computational synthesis
systems utilize transformational search strategies. However,
such search strategies are inefficient due to the combinatorial
nature of the problem. In this article, the problem is approached
using a completely different paradigm. The new approach encodes
a design search problem as a Boolean (propositional) satisfiability
problem, such that from every satisfying Boolean-valued truth
assignment to the corresponding Boolean expression we efficiently
can derive a solution to the original synthesis problem (along
with its finite sequence of production rules). A major advantage
of the proposed approach is the possibility of utilizing recently
developed powerful randomized search algorithms for solving
Boolean satisfiability problems, which considerably outperform
the most widely used satisfiability algorithms. The new
design-as-satisfiability technique provides a flexible framework
for stating a variety of design constraints, and also represents
properly the theory behind modern constraint-based design systems.
The (W)Hole Picture: Responses to a Looted Landscape
Authors: Kersel Morag M. , Hill Austin (Chad)
Published: September 2019

How do archaeologists, governments, law enforcement, and a local non-governmental organization react to a hole in the ground—a hole that is the direct result of archaeological site looting? Whatever the response, the aim is the same: the protection of Jordanian cultural heritage through a curtailing of archaeological looting. New to the standard suite of responses are unpiloted aerial vehicles (UAVs). A comprehensive approach to the landscape, which includes UAV flyovers, ground truthing, oral interviews, collaborative efforts with the Jordanian Department of Antiquities and local cultural heritage organizations, is essential to safeguarding and documenting what remains of a series of Early Bronze Age sites (3600–2000bc) along the Dead Sea Plain in Jordan. This is an examination of the (w)hole picture—individual and institutional responses to looters’ holes—diverse reactions with the common goal of preserving and protecting Jordanian cultural heritage.
Small Finds, Big Values: Cylinder Seals and Coins from Iraq and Syria on the Online Market
Authors: Topçuoǧlu Oya , Vorderstrasse Tasha
Published: September 2019

Discussions about looted antiquities often focus on large, culturally and monetarily valuable items. Nevertheless, it is clear that mundane small finds, which sell for relatively small amounts, account for a large portion of the global market in antiquities. This article highlights two types of small artifacts—namely, cylinder seals and coins, presumed to come from Syria and Iraq and offered for sale by online vendors. We argue that the number of cylinder seals and coins sold on the Internet has increased steadily since 2011, reaching a peak in 2016–17. This shows that the trade in Iraqi and Syrian antiquities has shifted from big-ticket items sold in traditional brick-and-mortar shops to small items readily available on the Internet for modest prices. The continuing growth of the online market in antiquities is having a devastating effect on the archaeological sites in Iraq and Syria as increasing demand fuels further looting in the region.
An analysis of a presumed major outbreak of pseudorabies virus in a vaccinated sow herd
Authors: VAN NES A. , DE JONG M. C. M. , KERSTEN A. J. , KIMMAN T. G. , VERHEIJDEN J. H. M.
Published: September 2019

We describe a major outbreak of pseudorabies virus (PRV) in a sow herd in which the sows
were vaccinated simultaneously three times a year with a vaccine containing Bartha strain. Also
in the associated rearing herd in which the gilts were vaccinated twice an outbreak of PRV
occurred. The outbreak was analysed with mathematical models, statistical methods and
Monte-Carlo simulation. Under the assumption that the outbreak started with one introduction
of virus the reproduction ratio Rind – as a measure of transmission of PRV between
individuals – in the sow herd was estimated with a Generalized Linear Model to be 1·6. Also
under the assumption of one introduction of virus Rind in the rearing herd was estimated with
a martingale estimator to be 1·7. Both estimates were significantly larger than 1. Mathematical
analysis showed that heterogeneity in the sow herd, because of the presence of not-optimally
immunized replacement sows could not be the only cause of the observed outbreak in the sow
herd. With Monte-Carlo simulations, the duration of an outbreak after a single introduction of
virus and Rind = 1·6 did not mimic the data and thus the hypothesis of a single introduction
with Rind = 1·6 could also be rejected and Rind is thus, not necessarily above 1. Moreover, with
statistical analysis, endemicity in the combination of herds as a cause for the observed
outbreak could be rejected. Endemicity in the rearing herd alone could not be excluded.
Therefore, multiple introductions from outside and most probably from the rearing herd were
possibly the cause of the observed outbreak(s). The implications for eradication of
pseudorabies virus were discussed.
An outbreak of E. coli O157 infection with evidence of spread
from animals to man through contamination of a private
water supply
Authors: LICENCE K. , OATES K. R. , SYNGE B. A. , REID T. M. S.
Published: September 2019

An outbreak of E. coli O157 infection occurred in the Highland Region of Scotland in the
summer of 1999. The source of the outbreak was traced to an untreated private water supply.
All six cases identified arose in visitors to the area, and most had very limited exposure to the
contaminated water. Permanent residents on the same supply were unaffected. The E. coli O157
isolates from the water, sheep faeces collected from around the source and the human stool
samples were indistinguishable using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Previously reported
outbreaks of E. coli O157 linked to potable water supplies have resulted from structural or
treatment failures, which allowed faecal contamination of source water. Here, contamination of
the water supply and subsequent human infection was due to the use of an untreated,
unprotected private water source in a rural area where animals grazed freely.
Survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in
marine water and frequent detection of the Shiga toxin gene
in marine water samples from an estuary port
Authors: MIYAGI K. , OMURA K. , OGAWA A. , HANAFUSA M. , NAKANO Y. , MORIMATSU S. , SANO K.
Published: September 2019

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 was investigated with respect to its
halotolerance and whether it can survive in marine water. STEC O157 could multiply in a
medium containing 5% NaCl and in sterilized marine water, and could survive in unsterilized
marine water for at least 15 days. On the basis of these results, we postulated that STEC O157
may survive in natural marine water, and attempted to isolate the bacterium and Shiga toxin
gene (stx) from marine water in Japan. The stx, comprising
stx1 and stx2, was detected from
marine water samples by PCR. STEC and other stx-positive bacteria, however, could not be
isolated from these samples in this study. These results indicate that stx-positive bacteria may
survive in marine water and suggest the necessity of a survey.
Presence of Legionellaceae in warm water supplies and typing of strains by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: ZIETZ B. , WIESE J. , BRENGELMANN F. , DUNKELBERG H.
Published: September 2019

Outbreaks of Legionnaire's disease present a public health challenge especially because fatal
outcomes still remain frequent. The aim of this study was to describe the abundance and
epidemiology of Legionellaceae in the human-made environment. Water was sampled from hot-
water taps in private and public buildings across the area of Göttingen, Germany, including
distant suburbs. Following isolation, we used polymerase chain reaction in order to generate
strain specific banding profiles of legionella isolates. In total, 70 buildings were examined. Of
these 18 (26%) had the bacterium in at least one water sample. Legionella pneumophila
serogroups 1, 4, 5 and 6 could be identified in the water samples. Most of the buildings were
colonized solely by one distinct strain, as proven by PCR. In three cases equal patterns were
found in separate buildings. There were two buildings in this study where isolates with different
serogroups were found at the same time.
The effect of physical abuse on children's social and affective status: A model of
cognitive and behavioral processes explaining the association
Authors: SALZINGER SUZANNE , FELDMAN RICHARD S. , NG-MAK DAISY S. , MOJICA ELENA , STOCKHAMMER TANYA F.
Published: September 2019

This study proposes a model explaining the association between physical abuse of children
and children's social and affective status as one in which children's social
expectations and behavior, developed within the context of abusive parenting, mediate current
functioning in these two outcome domains. Subjects included one hundred 9 to 12-year-old
physically abused children recruited from consecutive entries onto the New York State Register
for Child Abuse for New York City and 100 case-matched classmate nonabused comparison
children. Sociometric assessments were carried out in classrooms, interviews were conducted
with the children and their parents, and teachers, parents, and classmates rated the
children's behavior. Path analysis was utilized to test the conceptually derived models.
Children's social expectations regarding peers, and two social behaviors—aggressive
behavior and prosocial behavior—were found to mediate between abuse and positive and
negative social status, as well as between abuse and positive and negative reciprocity. Social
expectations and withdrawn behavior mediated between abuse and positive social status, but only
where withdrawn behavior was a function of social expectations. Social expectations were
generally found to mediate between abuse and internalizing problems. Negative social status (peer
rejection) added to social expectations in producing internalizing problems. Identification of these
mediating pathways can serve to guide secondary preventive intervention efforts so that they best
address the problems abused children face in the absence of adequate parental and peer support as
the children enter adolescence.
The Transferable Vote: A Hundred Years of Anglican Experience
Authors: Buchanan Colin
Published: September 2019

I am grateful to the Society for the opportunity to mark the centenary of the Enabling Act and the beginning of the Church Assembly with some reflection on an often ignored but highly valuable feature of that inauguration: the Single Transferable Vote or STV. I tried on one respected registrar recently an illustration of what the task must be like for those who do not welcome it. Was it, I suggested, like a blind person doing a jigsaw where the pieces were all shaped differently from each other – in other words, where the blind person could ensure that it was put together accurately, but on the other hand never saw the picture? The response was that that picture reflected accurately how it had in fact felt to that registrar. That might suggest that this lecture should be explaining and commending STV as general good practice, but in the event the process and virtues of STV have here to be largely taken for granted. I offer here one short commendation of STV.
An example of microstructure with multiple scales
Authors: WINTER MATTHIAS
Published: September 2019

This paper studies a vectorial problem in the calculus of

variations arising in the theory of

martensitic microstructure. The functional has an integral representation

where the integrand

is a non-convex function of the gradient with exactly four minima. We prove

that the Young

measure corresponding to a minimizing sequence is homogeneous and unique
for

certain linear

boundary conditions. We also consider the singular perturbation of the
problem

by higher-order gradients. We study an example of microstructure involving

infinite sequential lamination

and calculate its energy and length scales in the zero limit of the perturbation.
Editorial. Mathematical models of liquid crystals
Authors: LESLIE F. M. , STEWART I. W.
Published: September 2019

A symposium held in Durham in July 1995 brought together
an international collection of
key mathematicians, theoretical physicists and experimentalists in the
areas of liquid
crystals and polymeric systems. Many of the participants met together for
the first time,
and the symposium stimulated new collaborative interactions among applied
mathematicians and others who, prior to this meeting, were working
separately on either liquid
crystals or polymer fluids. The symposium also enhanced further
interchanges of ideas
between industry and academia. The flavour of this meeting is captured
by the contents of
this special issue which resulted from presentations given by invited speakers.
Esprit and the Soviet Invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Authors: Deli Peter
Published: September 2019

There has been extensive debate on changing attitudes within the French left-wing intelligentsia in the decades following the Second World War and more specifically on why so many intellectuals became fellow travellers and were attracted to Stalinism in the period between 1945 and 1953. Esprit's reactions to de-Stalinisation from the time of the Russian invasion of Hungary in 1956 to the Soviet suppression of the Czech attempt to reform communism from within in 1968 are of interest, since Esprit was the most prominent Catholic left-wing but non-Marxist journal in France. In view of Esprit's very strong reaction to the Hungarian Revolution, its relative silence in 1968 on the drama that was being played out in Czechoslovakia requires explanation. Finally, because Esprit broke with communism in late 1956, intellectuals writing for that journal experienced little difficulty in adjusting to the new French intellectual climate of the mid-1970s.
A Large Deviation Result on the Number of Small Subgraphs of a Random Graph
Authors: VU VAN H.
Published: September 2019

Fix a small graph H and let YH denote the number of copies of H
in the random graph G(n, p). We investigate the degree of concentration of
YH around its mean, motivated by the following questions.

[bull ] What is the upper tail probability Pr(YH [ges ]
(1 + ε)[ ](YH))?

[bull ] For which λ does YH have sub-Gaussian behaviour, namely

(formula here)

where c is a positive constant?

[bull ] Fixing λ = ω(1) in advance, find a reasonably small tail
T = T(λ) such that

(formula here)

We prove a general concentration result which contains a partial answer to each of these questions. The heart of the
proof is a new martingale inequality, due to J. H. Kim and the present author [13].
From data to speech: a general approach
Authors: THEUNE M. , KLABBERS E. , DE PIJPER J. R. , KRAHMER E. , ODIJK J.
Published: September 2019

We present a data-to-speech system called D2S, which can be used for the creation of data-to-speech
systems in different languages and domains. The most important characteristic
of a data-to-speech system is that it combines language and speech generation: language
generation is used to produce a natural language text expressing the system's input data, and
speech generation is used to make this text audible. In D2S, this combination is exploited by
using linguistic information available in the language generation module for the computation
of prosody. This allows us to achieve a better prosodic output quality than can be achieved in a
plain text-to-speech system. For language generation in D2S, the use of syntactically enriched
templates is guided by knowledge of the discourse context, while for speech generation pre-recorded
phrases are combined in a prosodically sophisticated manner. This combination of
techniques makes it possible to create linguistically sound but efficient systems with a high
quality language and speech output.
SELF-FOCUS AND DEPRESSION: THE THREE-PHASE MODEL
Authors: Sakamoto Shinji
Published: September 2019

Some studies suggest that self-focus contributes to the onset of depression. A new cogitive model of depression, the three-phase model of self-focus and depression, is presented here to explain the mechanism of the onset and maintenance of depression. In this model, the relationship between self-focus and the course of depression is divided into three phases: (1) initiation, (2) operation, and (3) maintenance. Previous studies examining the relationship between self-focus and depression are reviewed, within the framework of the model: (1) studies investigating situations that will initiate self-focus; (2) studies examining the effects of self-focus on behaviour, cognition, and affect; and (3) studies examining the duration of self-focusing. The model is then presented and propositions derived from it are outlined. Finally, suggestions are made for preventing depression, for recovery from it and for the scope of application of the model.
TELEPHONE TREATMENT OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Authors: Lovell Karina , Fullalove Linda , Garvey Rachel , Brooker Charles
Published: September 2019

Whilst there is substantial evidence of the efficacy of exposure and response prevention in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), little research has focused on delivering treatment in a more cost-effective way. This study investigated the use of brief treatment of a single 45-minute face-to-face treatment session, followed by eight weekly 15-minute telephone therapy sessions, and a final face-to-face session of 30 minutes. Of the four patients included in this small pilot study, of whom all completed treatment, three clients improved and one client made slight improvement. Given these promising results, further investigation of exposure and response prevention delivered in this way is warranted.
THE PROBLEM SOLVING SCALE IN A SAMPLE OF PATIENTS REFERRED FOR COGNITIVE THERAPY
Authors: Moorey Stirling , Hughes Peter , Knynenberg Peter , Michaels Albert
Published: September 2019

The Problem Solving Scale (PSS) is a 15-item questionnaire measuring the
problem solving component of self-control behaviours. It is derived from
the 36-item Rosenbaum Self-Control Schedule. This paper presents some
preliminary psychometric data on the PSS from a sample of 153 patients
referred for cognitive therapy. The paper reports descriptive statistics,
Cronbach's Alpha Correlations, correlations of the PSS with the Beck
Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory and results of a Principal
Components Analysis. The PSS has good internal reliability and, like the
Self-Control Schedule itself, seems to measure a dimension of coping that
is independent of age, sex and diagnostic status. The PSS may prove a
useful instrument both to measure change in problem solving in therapy
and to predict outcome.
“INTERAPY”: THE EFFECTS OF A SHORT PROTOCOLLED TREATMENT OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS AND PATHOLOGICAL GRIEF THROUGH THE INTERNET
Authors: Lange Alfred , Schrieken Bart , van de Ven Jean-Pierre , Bredeweg Bert , Emmelkamp Paul M. G. , van der Kolk Joisel , Lydsdottir Linda , Massaro Marina , Reuvers Anneke
Published: September 2019

The present study examines the effectiveness of an online standardized
treatment of posttraumatic stress and pathological grief administered
through the Internet. Twenty students who had experienced traumatic life
events and showed the symptoms of posttraumatic stress participated in the
study. They received credit course points for inclusion in the
research. Treatment consisted of 10 writing sessions (45 minutes each)
during a period of 5 weeks. Participants were assessed at pretreatment,
posttreatment, and after six weeks (follow-up). The participants improved
strongly from pre- to post-treatment on posttraumatic stress and
pathological grief symptoms and in psychological functioning. These
improvements were sustained during the follow-up period. Moreover, 19 of
the 20 participants were clinically recovered after treatment. The changes
in posttraumatic stress symptomatology were compared post hoc to changes in
control and experimental groups from trials on similarly protocolled but
face-to-face treatment of posttraumatic stress.
MULTIPLE ACCESS POINTS AND LEVELS OF ENTRY (MAPLE): ENSURING CHOICE, ACCESSIBILITY AND EQUITY FOR CBT SERVICES
Authors: Lovell Karina , Richards David
Published: September 2019

Mental health problems contribute 23% to the global burden of
disease in developed countries (WHO, 1999). In the U.K., recent legislation attempts to address this by modernizing mental health services so that they provide evidence based, accessible and non-discriminatory services for both serious and common mental health problems. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has a robust evidence base that fits very well with the thrust of policy. However, CBT's
delivery systems are rooted in traditional service models, which pay little attention to the growing evidence base for brief and single-strand treatments over complex or multi-strand interventions. Services characterized by 9-5 working, hourly appointments and face-to-face therapy disenfranchise the majority of people who would benefit from CBT. In this paper we argue that the evidence exists
for service protocols that promote equity, accessibility and choice and that CBT services should be organized around multiple levels of entry and service delivery rather than the more usual secondary care referral systems.
COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING AND INTEROCEPTIVE EXPOSURE IN THE TREATMENT OF PANIC DISORDER: A CROSSOVER STUDY
Authors: Hecker Jeffrey E. , Fink Christine M. , Vogeltanz Nancy D. , Thorpe Geoffrey L. , Sigmon Sandra T.
Published: September 2019

The relative efficacy of cognitive restructuring and interoceptive exposure
procedures for the treatment of panic disorder, as well as the differential
effects of the order of these interventions, was studied. Eighteen clients
with panic disorder were seen for four sessions of exposure therapy and four
sessions of cognitive therapy in a crossover design study. Half of the
participants received exposure therapy followed by cognitive therapy and for
half the order was reversed. There was a 1-month follow-up period between the two interventions and after the second intervention. Questionnaire
measures and independent clinician ratings were used to assess
outcome. Participants expected greater benefit from cognitive therapy, but
tended to improve to a similar degree with either intervention. The order in
which treatments were presented did not influence outcome. Participants
tended to improve with the first intervention and maintain improvement
across the follow-up periods and subsequent intervention. Several
methodological limitations qualify the conclusions that can be drawn from
this study. These limitations, as well as some conceptual and methodological
challenges of conducting this type of research, are discussed.
SENSITIZATION ALTERNATING DESENSITIZATION
Authors: Ponzi J. M.
Published: September 2019

Sensitization Alternating Desensitization (SADTM) is a revolutionary,
Paradigm-Shifting approach for treating post-traumatic stress disorder and
most other psychological and physiological problems. It has been clearly
shown to be efficacious through anecdotal evidence and a complete lack of
findings from controlled-outcome studies. (Satirical)
COMPARISON OF EFFECTIVENESS OF LARGE SCALE STRESS WORKSHOPS WITH SMALL STRESS/ANXIETY MANAGEMENT TRAINING GROUPS
Authors: Brown June S. L. , Cochrane Ray , Mack Carol , Leung Newman , Hancox Teresa
Published: September 2019

This study investigates whether large-scale, day-long stress management
workshops open to the general public can work as well as small, weekly
groups run for referred clients. It is suggested that the self-referral
route may enable some people who might otherwise have been
‘‘filtered out’’ from the traditional health services
to get help for their stress-related problems. Analysis showed that the
large-scale format was just as effective with a more distressed subgroup as
was the small weekly format for formally referred clients, which suggests
that the effectiveness of this approach is not only related to a restricted
client group. It would appear that the low drop-out rate, the effectiveness
of the workshops and the severity of problem handled within this format
indicates potential value in this type of approach.
COMBINED COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL AND PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENT OF DIZZINESS: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Andersson Gerhard , Yardley Lucy
Published: September 2019

Dizziness is a distressing symptom that is often associated with fear and anxiety, as well as organic balance system dysfunction. We report here on the successful treatment of a 68-year-old woman with dizziness and balance problems. Treatment was given within a cognitive behavioural framework, but also included physiotherapy in the form of head movement exercises. Results were evaluated by a balance platform test, a behavioural provocation test and questionnaire data. Positive results were found in each of these three assessment domains.
COGNITIVE PERSONALITY STYLES ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSIVE AND OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE PHENOMENA IN A NON-CLINICAL SAMPLE
Authors: Bhar Sunil S. , Kyrios Michael
Published: September 2019

This study explored whether obsessive-compulsive (OC) and depressive phenomena share common cognitive personality vulnerabilities. Specifically, the study examined the relationship of OC phenomena to sociotropy, autonomy and aspects of perfectionism, which traditionally have been associated with depression. A non-clinical sample of 152 subjects, mostly undergraduate university students, completed four questionnaires. Results indicated a significant relationship between depression and OC variables, with both relating significantly to autonomy, sociotropy and socially prescribed perfectionism. Correlations between OC phenomena and these cognitive personality styles were still significant after controlling for depression. Sociotropy and socially prescribed perfectionism predicted unique OC variance. Depression also predicted unique OC variance, controlling for the cognitive personality styles. It was concluded that OC and depressive phenomena share vulnerability centred on desires
for approval. It was also recognized that depression-specific processes account for some of the covariability between depression and OC phenomena. Therefore, it was suggested that treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder may improve by attending to the reduction of depressive phenomena and to the modification of beliefs related to social-approval.
PROMOTING COGNITIVE
THERAPY IN BRITISH PSYCHIATRY
Authors: Kendell Katherine , James Ian , Blackburn Ivy
Marie
Published: September 2019

Psychiatrists, who are still performing the executive roles in many areas
of mental health, make up 6.5% (N=184) of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive
Psychotherapies (BABCP) membership. Considering that there are currently 4577 practising psychiatrists in the U.K.
(Consultants, Senior Registrars, Specialist Registrars, Associate Specialists and Staff grades), the above figure
is put into perspective. The equivalent figure for clinical psychologists is 40.9% (N=1162) of BABCP
membership, taken from a national total of 3734 qualified professionals. Viewed in this context, the present review
examines the profile of cognitive therapy (CT) in British psychiatry during the last three decades. As a measure of
this, it was decided to survey the number of articles on cognitive therapy appearing in two key psychiatric
journals widely circulated in Britain: The British Journal of Psychiatry and Current Opinion in Psychiatry.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PARTIAL REMISSION IN DEPRESSION
Authors: Cornwall Peter
L. , Scott Jan
Published: September 2019

We report a subgroup analysis of 24 out of 42 subjects who were hospitalized for
non-psychotic major depressive disorder and who agreed to participate in interviews at admission and 2
years afterwards (as reported previously by Domken, Scott, & Kelly, 1994; Bothwell & Scott, 1997). At
2 year follow-up, these 24 subjects were categorized according to established criteria into clients
meeting criteria for full remission (FR; n=9) and those meeting criteria for partial
remission (PR; n=15). The most striking findings were that, over time, PR subjects showed
significant loss of self-esteem and showed greater divergence in self-ratings compared to observer
ratings of their depressive symptoms, whilst the same ratings in the FR group changed in the opposite
direction. We suggest that the persistence of depression in PR subjects may provide evidence to
support Teasdale’s (1988) hypothesis that some individuals “get depressed about being
depressed”. The research and clinical implications of the results are noted.
PELVIC FLOOR EXERCISE: A NOVEL TREATMENT FOR CHILDHOOD ENCOPRESIS
Authors: Griffiths Peter , Watson Lindsey
Published: September 2019

This single case study describes the
successful application of pelvic floor exercise to the treatment of childhood encopresis. A
10-year-old boy with lifelong incontinence of faeces and anal sphincter hypotonia practised daily
pelvic floor contractions by interrupting his urine flow mid-stream, the rationale for the regime
being strengthening of the sphincter muscle and improvement of its voluntary operation. Benefits to
bowel control were immediate and complete cleanliness was achieved in 9 weeks. Being non-intrusive,
the exercise procedure may be more acceptable to some patients with anal sphincter flaccidity than
balloon biofeedback. The likely mechanism underlying the method is simultaneous contraction of the
anorectal sphincter when the bladder sphincter is tensed.
Sensitivity and specificity of WAIS–III/WMS–III
demographically corrected factor scores in neuropsychological
assessment
Authors: TAYLOR MICHAEL J. , HEATON ROBERT K.
Published: September 2019

This study explored the neurodiagnostic utility of 6 factor
scores identified by recent exploratory and confirmatory factor
analyses of the WAIS–III and WMS–III: Verbal
Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Processing Speed, Working
Memory, Auditory Memory and Visual Memory. Factor scores were
corrected for age, education, sex and ethnicity to minimize
their influences on diagnostic accuracy. Cut-offs at 1, 1.5
and 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the standardization
sample mean were applied to data from the overlapping test
normative samples (N = 1073) and 6 clinical samples
described in the WAIS–III/WMS–III Technical
Manual (N = 126). The analyses suggest that a
1 SD cut-off yields the most balanced levels of
sensitivity and specificity; more strict (1.5 or 2 SD)
cut-offs generally result in trading modest gains in specificity
for larger losses in sensitivity. Finally, using combinations
of WAIS–III/WMS–III factors together as test batteries,
we explored the sensitivity and specificity implications of
varying diagnostic decision rules (e.g., 1 vs. 2 impaired
factors = “impairment”). For most of the disorders
considered here, even a small (e.g., 3 factor)
WAIS–III/WMS–III battery provides quite good overall
diagnostic accuracy. (JINS, 2001, 7, 867–874.)
Editorial
Authors: GRANT IGOR
Published: September 2019

With this January 1997 issue, the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (JINS) celebrates its 2nd birthday. As we enter into our third year of publication as the official journal of the INS, it is appropriate to review briefly what has been accomplished, and look at what lies ahead.
The influence of systemic lupus erythematosus on fetal development:
Cognitive, behavioral, and health trends
Authors: McALLISTER DEBBIE L. , KAPLAN BONNIE J. , EDWORTHY STEVE M. , MARTIN LIAM , CRAWFORD SUSAN G. , RAMSEY-GOLDMAN ROSALIND , MANZI SUSAN , FRIES JAMES F. , SIBLEY JOHN
Published: September 2019

In 1985, Gualtieri and Hicks proposed the immunoreactive
theory to explain the higher prevalence of childhood neurodevelopmental
disorders in males. The theory claimed that male fetuses
are more antigenic to mothers, resulting in increased immunologic
attack on the developing central nervous system, and increased
probability of atypical brain development. Individuals
with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) provide a unique
situation in which to investigate this theory. We evaluated
the parent-reported prevalence of five developmental problems
(stuttering, other speech problems, hyperactivity, attention
deficit, and reading problems) in two groups: 154 individuals
ages 8–20 years born to women with SLE, drawn from
six cities, and 154 controls of comparable age and sex
whose mothers did not have SLE. Controls were drawn from
a comparison group ascertained from randomly selected schools
in one of the cities. Questions about handedness, immune
disorders, and pregnancy and birth complications were also
evaluated. Children of SLE mothers were shown to have more
evidence of developmental difficulties, immune related
disorders, and nonrighthandedness. For developmental problems,
these findings were most marked in male children of SLE
mothers. These results suggest that maternal immunoreactivity,
as represented by women with SLE, may present a special
risk factor for subsequent learning difficulties in their
children, particularly males. (JINS, 1997, 3,
370–376.)
Reply to George Prigatano
Authors: WILSON BARBARA A.
Published: September 2019

While readers may share my enthusiasm and gratitude
for Prigatano's further explication of holistic rehabilitation,
I would be disappointed if this were the only issue that
remained highlighted in the debate. Other areas that I
hope will promote further critical analysis are my arguments
concerning the strengths and weaknesses of approaches to
rehabilitation that differ according to whether impairments,
disabilities, or handicaps are being
treated. My critique of cognitive neuropsychological/theoretical
approaches also deserves some reply.
Using word recognition tests to estimate premorbid IQ in
early dementia: Longitudinal data
Authors: SMITH GLENN E. , BOHAC DARYL L. , IVNIK ROBERT J. , MALEC JAMES F.
Published: September 2019

This study examined the utility of word recognition
scores for estimating actual Verbal IQ scores obtained
from 1–5 years earlier. Participants were 271 persons
remaining normal and 24 initially normal persons who developed
cognitive impairment over longitudinal follow-up. A previously
published regression equation based on education and the
American modification of the National Adult Reading Test
(Nelson, 1982) was used to estimate Mayo Verbal IQ. In
spite of correlating well with prior obtained scores (r
= .7) the predicted score tended to overestimate the obtained
Mayo Verbal IQ. A revised equation was developed in the
normal sample, which improved accuracy of prediction. Among
the 24 persons who developed cognitive impairment over
a 5-year span, the revised predicted scores provided reasonable
estimates of initial Mayo Verbal IQ. To aid in clinical
interpretation, a table of the normal frequencies of predicted
Mayo Verbal IQ minus contemporaneously obtained Mayo Verbal
IQ is provided. (JINS, 1997, 3, 528–533.)
Pediatric Head Injury: Developmental Implications Introduction
from the symposium organizers
Authors: ANDERSON VICKI , YEATES KEITH OWEN
Published: September 2019

This is the third symposium to be published in
JINS. The idea for the symposium arose following the presentation
of a group of papers on pediatric head injury at the February
1996 meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society
in Chicago. During that paper session, speakers shared
not only their research data, but also the methodological
and conceptual dilemmas involved in evaluating the consequences
of head injury in children. Several of these dilemmas occur
as themes throughout the set of articles presented in the
symposium.
Effect of mild head injury during the preschool years
Authors: GRONWALL DOROTHY , WRIGHTSON PHILIP , McGINN VALERIE
Published: September 2019

This article examines the evidence that the effect
of head injury on young children may differ from that in
adults, in that while in the latter the pattern is of deficits
that recover with time since the accident, this is not
necessarily the case with very young children. In this
group, there may be no evidence of any deficit in the early
days or weeks after injury, but the children may fail to
develop some skills as quickly as children who have not
had a head injury. Results from a series of studies of
MHI in preschool children carried out over a more than
10-year period from Auckland Hospital and recently published
studies of pediatric MHI from other groups are reviewed.
It is concluded from a comparison of these data that there
is a need for long-term prospective studies designed within
a developmental framework to clarify the issue. (JINS,
1997, 3, 592–597.)
Predictors and indicators of academic outcome in children
2 years following traumatic brain injury
Authors: KINSELLA GLYNDA J. , PRIOR MARGOT , SAWYER MICHAEL , ONG BEN , MURTAGH DOUGLAS , EISENMAJER RICHARD , BRYAN DOUGLAS , ANDERSON VICKI , KLUG GEOFFREY
Published: September 2019

Within the context of a longitudinal study investigating
outcome for children following traumatic brain injury,
this paper reports on the utility of neuropsychological
testing in predicting academic outcome in children 2 years
following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Twenty-nine school-age
children who were admitted to hospital after TBI were assessed
with a battery of neuropsychological and academic measures
at 3 and 24 months postinjury. The neuropsychological battery
included measures of memory, learning, and speed of information
processing. Academic outcome was assessed in terms of post-TBI
change in school placement. According to logistic regression
analysis, change in placement from regular to special education
at 2 years post-TBI was predicted by injury severity and
by neuropsychological performance at 3 months post-TBI.
Findings suggest that neuropsychological testing is useful
in identifying children with special educational needs
subsequent to TBI. (JINS, 1997, 3, 608–616.)