bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carceral Interstice
Authors: Shabazz Rashad
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how carceral power informed high-rise housing projects on Chicago's South Side. Drawing on the writings of Black prisoners, it considers how urban planning, architecture, and securitization became the outward expressions of carceral power. The chapter uses Robert Taylor Homes as a case study. In particular, it documents how Robert Taylor Homes was turned into a carceral interstice, the spatial and architectural marriage between home and prison. It uses the theorizing of imprisoned intellectuals like John Woodland to identify the workings of carceral power in the Robert Taylor Homes. It shows that the Housing Act of 1949, which set the stage for the construction of the Taylor Homes, political and epistemological shifts in planning and architecture, the emergence of an economy of punishment, and the ideological use of crime fighting on the part of the state, not only facilitated the exercise of carceral power but, more important, located the project in the space between freedom and incarceration, between prison and home.
Conclusion
Authors: Duckett Victoria
Published: May 2017

This book has explored Sarah Bernhardt's films in an attempt to recuperate a cinema that has been lost to us, not materially but perceptually. Through an analysis of Bernhardt's films, it has enlarged not only what we know of her biography, her performance on the live stage, and her engagement with film but also our understanding of what we can achieve through the practice of film history today. It has shown that, until World War I changed the political imperative of filmmaking in France, an actress of Bernhardt's stature had no qualms in adapting her performances to film, in presuming that she could creatively engage with the cinema, and in attending screenings in cinema theaters themselves. The book has also argued that Bernhardt's films demonstrate the cinema's capacity to engage with art nouveau, to collaborate and re-present art nouveau performance and mise-en-scène to new audiences, publics, and cultures. In conclusion, the book suggests that Bernhardt is a visible reminder that excess in acting was an available, potent, and performative choice in the silent film.
Creole’s Historical Presences
Authors: Pardue Derek
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides historical depth to the claim of a Creole citizenship by analyzing the spatial presence of Africanity inside Lisbon as well as Portugal's special relationship with Cape Verde. It first discusses Creole's historical presences in Portugal before turning to state representations of Africanity and space. It then considers Creole citizenship in Cape Verde, along with Lisbon spatiality and colonial management of space, language, and education. It also examines Kriolu as a language and identity and as a unique formation in Portuguese colonialism. Finally, it assesses the link between racialization and labor practices in the context of citizenship. It argues that Creole has been a significant presence in the formation of “Portuguese” identity, created by encounters and displacements that occurred between Portugal and West and Central Western Africa.
Lisbon Rappers and the Labor of Location
Authors: Pardue Derek
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the relationship of the microstructures of Kriolu phonemes and morphemes to Kriolu rap's narrative themes of discontented diaspora and unfulfilled membership. After providing a background on Kriolu language, the chapter explains how Kriolu rappers use language and how this might shed light into their identity work by highlighting Kriolu as an alternative to tuga (white Portuguese). It then asks why some Lisbon rappers sing in Kriolu rather than Portuguese, and how their use of language is effective in drawing attention to Cape Verdean projects of place-making and belonging. It also looks at Kriolu rappers' adoption of Hezbollah or favorable references to Palestine by citing the LBC/Soldjah song “Liberta Palestina.” It argues that the local language practices evident in Kriolu rap music illuminate an essential component of identity formation, namely, the ideological force of timeplace articulation, or chronotope.
Suggestive Conclusions
Authors: Pardue Derek
Published: May 2017

This book has shown how migration, citizenship, and identity—entangled in the tensions between agency and structure—converge in the rap music of Cape Verdeans in Portugal. It has explored how Kriolu rappers and Cape Verdeans have struggled with Manichean ways of viewing the world and categorizing its people, as seen in the repeated tension between Kriolu and tuga, between diasporic migrants and cultural nationalists. The book ends with a set of theoretical conclusions and policy deliverables that bring together anthropological concepts and life experiences of Kriolu. It argues that the distinction of migrancy must be taken into consideration in the current debates on citizenship. It describes Kriolu as a Creole citizenship inside Portugal, as opposed to “Portuguese” or Portuguese iterations of interculturality. It also challenges the current ideas of “Portuguese citizenship” and instead calls for “citizenship in Portugal,” as articulated by Kriolu rappers and advocates of Kriolu identity politics. This would make Portugal a vibrant place of Creole citizenship, where trajectories of language, labor, and exchange intersect.
Introduction
Authors: Gledhill Christine , Knight Julia
Published: May 2017

This book examines film history with the goal of reframing it to accommodate new approaches to women's filmmaking. It brings together a wide range of case studies investigating women's work in cinema across its histories as they play out in different parts of the world from the pioneering days of silent cinema through recent developments in HD transmissions of live opera. It also tackles a range of conceptual and methodological questions about how to research women's film history—how, for example, to reconceptualize film history in order to locate the impact of women in that history. Furthermore, the book looks at the debates over relations among gender, aesthetics, and feminism. In this introduction, a number of interrelated themes and issues that can be grouped into four broad problematics are discussed: evidence and interpretation; feminist expectations of both contemporary and past women's filmmaking; the impact of women's film history on existing historical narratives and theories; and factors that determine the visibility of women's films and build audiences for them.
Imagining Women at the Movies
Authors: Balan Canan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines early film culture in Istanbul by focusing on how Turkish male writers constructed cinema-going Turkish women in early twentieth-century and postwar Istanbul. The goal is to analyze gendered concerns about spectatorship emerging in the patriarchal imagination of that time. In order to understand the reception of early cinema in Turkey as well as the cultural status of Turkish cinema among the Ottoman/Turkish intelligentsia and the gender politics surrounding it, the chapter looks at novels, poems, and newspaper reviews. The discussion begins with an overview of film market in post-World-War I Istanbul and cinema-going as a public experience in the Ottoman capital. An analysis of female spectators depicted by male authors reveals a changing culture of spectatorship. This occurred concomitantly with the sociopolitical transition from the declining Ottoman Empire to the rise of the Turkish nation-state. The chapter argues that the change in gender politics during this period triggered the new anxieties that creative writers project onto the activity of filmgoing, and particularly that by cinema-going women.
When Iris Skaravaiou Met Iris Barry
Authors: Delveroudi Eliza Anna
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the emergence and editorial development of film literature in Greece in the 1920s by drawing two pioneer female film critics, Iris Skaravaiou and Iris Barry, into an “imaginary community” between 1920s Athens and London. It investigates the activities and early professional life of Skaravaiou as well as her links with women critics and cinéphiles of the 1910s and 1920s in France and the United Kingdom in order to relate Greek to West European film literature. It explores how Skaravaiou became involved with film journalism and with developing Greek cinema. It shows that Skaravaiou fought hard to claim a place in Greek journalism and to establish cinema as the newest form of twentieth-century art. The chapter argues that a reconsideration of silent cinema history in Greece, based on neglected but important sources, should welcome Iris Skaravaiou as an important contributor, and that her writings should be placed in the context of a form of modernism that legitimated personal expression and was not aligned with the male canon.
Searching for Mary Murillo
Authors: Mckernan Luke
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, the author highlights the value of online newspaper archives and digitized census, family history, and other sources that he consulted in his research about little-known scriptwriter from the silent era, Mary Murillo. He begins with a background on Murillo, a screenwriter in American cinema for ten years, then worked in British films for six or more years, and moved to work in French films at the start of the talkies. The fact that she had almost disappeared from dominant film history narratives says much about how women filmmakers have been allowed to slip out of the history of early film and about the low status of scriptwriters generally. The author traces the journey he took in trying to know more about Murillo, from typing her name into Google and sifting through family history sources, shipping records, databases, census records, newspapers, contemporary movie guides, trade papers, archives, and asking people. In a postscript, he talks about additional information that has emerged about Murillo since he first investigated her in 2009.
A Major Contribution to Feminist Film History
Authors: Chich Cécile
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the centrality of the work of artistic duo Maria Klonaris and Katerina Thomadaki to the project of writing a feminist women's film history by focusing on the aesthetic and conceptual choices they made and on their thought-provoking contributions to feminist film practice. In particular, it considers Klonaris and Thomadaki's Cinéma corporel (Cinema of the Body). The chapter suggests that the female avant-garde film has, paradoxically, been marginalized by feminist film theory's focus on mainstream cinema as a site of patriarchal representation and spectatorship. It shows that Klonaris and Thomadaki's Cinéma corporel represents, for women's cinema, a strategy of dissidence. In form, content, concept, and approach, it calls for a revisitation of “film” outside the canon established in traditional film history. The chapter underscores the need to “heighten the visibility of women's contributions to traditions of formal innovation and explore how formal innovation enables women to enlarge discourses about women's subjectivity” and art.
Barbara Willis Sweete
Authors: Armatage Kay
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the complexity of Barbara Willis Sweete's creative orchestration of multiple personnel and technical operations in HD transmissions of live opera, with particular emphasis on how the input of composer, stage director, and performers are re-mediated through her technical expertise and cohering cinematic aesthetic. Sweete, one of the two principal directors of the Metropolitan Opera Live in high-definition (HD) live transmissions, has a varied media background. She brings to her HD transmissions a carefully calibrated practice that attends not only to music, staging, and performance but also to visual narrativity and what she calls visual architecture. This chapter explores how that practice engages with the intermedial nature of the live HD broadcast of opera. It argues that Sweete's visual practice places her at the center of this new cultural form—an intermedial hybrid—which can be viewed as currently in its “transitional” period, much as cinema “transitioned” in the 1910s.
Interview with Agnès Varda
Authors: Conway Kelley
Published: May 2017

This interview took place on June 18, 2012, on the island of Noirmoutier off the coast of France.

AGNÈS VARDA:You know you should say the real title, Lions Love (… and Lies). Everyone always forgets the end bit … and Lies. I very much like the way titles resonate, even if it seems pointless (are we recording already?). Listen to this: that installation that was called ...
The Civil Rights Restoration Act and Enforcement of Title IX
Authors: Chudacoff Howard P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Title IX, the Civil Rights Restoration Act, and gender equity on college sports. The Education Amendments passed by Congress in 1972 included a provision in its Title IX that “no person in the United States shall on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” However, many colleges and universities, whose athletic policies were dominated by male coaches and administrators, dithered on making significant commitments to expand female participation in intercollegiate athletics. In 1987, Congress proposed an act “to restore the broad scope of coverage and to clarify the application of Title IX.” The law, named the Civil Rights Restoration Act, which applied to Title IX and three other civil-rights statutes, would require that any organization or entity that receives federal funds, or indirectly benefits from federal assistance, must abide by laws outlawing discriminatory practices based upon race, religion, color, national origin, age, disability, or gender.
Where’s the Dexamyl, Doc?
Authors: Corzine Nathan Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the history of drug use in Major League Baseball (MLB). It begins with Twentieth-Century Fox's baseball fantasy It Happens Every Spring, the story of a nerdy chemistry professor, and diehard baseball fanatic, who relies on a secret chemical formula in order to moonlight as a phenom pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals. The problem with the film was that it was “the story of a cheat, winning a pennant and a World's Championship series.” In real-life baseball, cheating has quite a long history. This chapter examines the emergence of a generation of pioneering trainers and team doctors who introduced new methods to ease pain, spur healing, and enhance the performance of baseball players, including the injection of tranquilizers and the use of amphetamines. It also considers the case of Sandy Koufax and the league's refusal to admit that there was a doping problem in the sport; in short, baseball players did not use drugs.
This Is Not Just a Test
Authors: Corzine Nathan Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Major League Baseball's (MLB) drug testing policy under Commissioner Peter Ueberroth, the man who inherited Bowie Kuhn's responsibilities and with them baseball's drug problems. Under Ueberroth's guidance, the league appeared to enjoy a remarkable renaissance. Nevertheless, there was something illusory about the success of Ueberroth's tenure: he struck out on the issue of drugs. This chapter considers Ueberroth's mandatory drug testing policy as part of his campaign to eliminate drugs from baseball in the wake of the Pittsburgh drug trial. It also discusses the league's joint drug policy with the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA), along with the dispute between the union and team owners over the issue of drug testing. The test case for the MLBPA's position would stem from the proliferation of contract clauses requiring voluntary drug testing.
Introduction
Authors: Harker Jaime , Farr Cecilia Konchar
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to frame and investigate the distinctive feminist culture of letters that emerged with the reawakened women's movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Chapters reflect on the conditions of that culture, its “particularized mechanisms,” and on its specific literary artifacts—a sampling of the diverse range of feminist literary production. Together, the chapters make a case for the importance of the writings of the women's movement, not just as political and cultural artifacts but also as the texts of an influential and inventive American literary renaissance. The remainder of the chapter discusses the literary roots of Women's Liberation, the explosion of feminist print culture, and activist aesthetics. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Introduction
Authors: Remes Jacob A. C.
Published: May 2017

This book offers a social history of the tension between the state's often bumbling attempts to help and control, on one hand, and citizens' work to receive that help and reject control during disasters, on the other. Focusing on the Salem fire of 1914 and the Halifax explosion of 1917, it examines issues of power and politics that accompanied disaster citizenship during the Progressive Era that saw survivors develop networks of solidarity and obligation to help each other. The book is divided into three sections: the first is about individuals in the first hours and days of each of the Salem and Halifax disasters; the second explores how informal communities like families and neighborhoods responded to the disasters and to the state over the span of weeks and months; and the third section looks at how Salemites and Haligonians created formal, explicit political demands and institutions from the informal and implicit politics of disaster relief and aid. The last section also considers how churches and unions responded to the disasters and to the growth of the state.
“Organization Without Any Organization”
Authors: Remes Jacob A. C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter asks how people in different parts of Halifax and its society perceived order immediately after the explosion, how they created order for themselves, and how the order they sought differed. It first recounts the Halifax explosion before proceeding with a discussion of the perspectives of three different kinds of actors and especially their perceptions of order and disorder: relief workers, relief managers, and survivors. It shows that the disaster generated differing ideas about and experiences of order and disorder. Haligonians created and understood order and disorder in their ruined city in ways that were often in conflict. The chapter also reveals how individuals built on their preexisting ties of solidarity, but they also forged new bonds and connections.
Conclusion
Authors: Remes Jacob A. C.
Published: May 2017

This book has explored the tensions generated by disasters over issues of power and politics as well as the growth of the interventionist state during the Progressive Era. It has shown how Salemites and Haligonians crafted their disaster citizenship in response to the fire and explosion, respectively. Salem and Halifax were both cities of comrades before their disasters; in the wake of the fire and explosion, families, neighbors, friends, and coworkers had to rely on patterns and traditions of self-help, informal organization, and solidarity that they developed before crisis hit their cities. Survivors and their relievers differed in their experiences of order and disorder after each disaster. This conclusion first reflects on the movie The City of Comrades, and the three key insights it provides: the very existence of everyday solidarity practiced by ordinary people; this solidarity waits latently; the value of solidarity is not only material but also spiritual and emotional. It then discusses some lessons that the Salem and Halifax disasters offer for contemporary disaster relief.
Framing “Loathsome” Diseases
Authors: Risse Guenter B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the connotations of “loathsomeness” in characterizing disease. By the nineteenth century, the term was most frequently mentioned for the immediate separation and isolation of individuals, owing to perceptions of epidemics in so-called civilized European and North American countries as tragic and transformative while deemed natural and cyclical in poor Asian and African populations. The use of this code word was deliberate; readily institutionalized by the medical profession, it was part of an emotional vocabulary designed to instill aversion. Loathsomeness implied a broad range of revolting feelings, from a physical disgust to moral contempt, fear to outrage and repulsion, horror to odium. Primarily intended to identify acute ailments with hideous skin manifestations, the attribution was also linked to ethical infringements.
Belle of California’s Molokai
Authors: Risse Guenter B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter tells the story of “China Annie,” a former Chinese prostitute diagnosed with leprosy, who had been admitted to the San Francisco pesthouse in 1891. Annie, along with many others like her, has inspired conflicting emotions in the public—though humanized by personal hardships, the nature of her profession was also considered sinful and deserving of punishment. Stigmatized because of their race, residence, and loathsome diseases, Chinese suspects of contagion were avidly sought in the streets or flushed out of their Chinatown hideouts during periodic sanitary raids into the district. The aggressive inquiry was fueled by fears of “the sore-covered heathen” migrating to many countries around the world and infecting other people.
Wary Minders
Authors: Risse Guenter B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter reveals a flawed healer–patient relationship within the institutional life of the San Francisco pesthouse. Constant fear of contagion, the gruesome panorama of continuing suffering and death, and therapeutic frustrations had all taken their toll on doctors and nurses. Newspaper stories exposed acts of professional avoidance, hostility and cruelty, boredom and depression, even alcoholism and occasional suicide. The establishment was plagued with organizational deficiencies and a dearth of caregiving, yet because of its geographical remoteness, the San Francisco pesthouse drew little scrutiny from the authorities and public at large. Thus, the chapter explores the various reasons accounting for the cases of neglect as well as the various shortcomings of the San Francisco medical establishment as a whole.
Hope for Cures
Authors: Risse Guenter B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter documents the efforts of the nineteenth-century medical community in the search for better cures and means of treatment for patients suffering from loathsome diseases. Fuzzy professional ethics and ambiguous public sentiment came to guide physicians in their slow march toward modern therapeutics. The less risky approach of simply letting nature take its course collided with a growing desire to test new drugs at the bedside. Thus the chapter recounts the advances made in medical sciences in the slow march toward modern therapeutics, and also discusses the drawbacks of scientific research during this period. In their quest for new knowledge about disease, nineteenth-century physicians even periodically resorted to human experimentation.
The Italians Settle In
Authors: Sica Emanuele
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Italian Army’s occupation policy in the French Riviera and its commanders’ intent to enforce their own rules without resorting to indiscriminate violence or blind repression for fear of sparking an internal revolt. The ambivalent attitude seen in the first weeks of the Italian soldiers’ deployment was at the heart of Italy’s occupation policy. The Italians had to strike a delicate balance between a more lenient and flexible approach intended to ingratiate the civilian population and a harsh policy of rules set in stone. This chapter first describes the first months of the Italian army’s occupation of the French Riviera before discussing the conflict between the Commissione di Armistizio con la Francia (CIAF) and Regio Esercito in France, along with the Fourth Army’s efforts to bolster its defense of the Mediterranean coastline. It also considers the sloppy discipline of Regio Esercito units in the occupation zone, and especially the soldiers behaving like civilians.
The Italian Jewish Policy in France
Authors: Sica Emanuele
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Italy’s Jewish policy in France. Foreign Jews, arguably the most famous aspect of the Italian occupation of the French Riviera, found a sanctuary in the former free zone. Thanks to the organizational skill and powerful networking of an Italian Jewish banker, Angelo Mordechai Donati, and the effective complicity of Italian military and civilian authorities alike, thousands of Jews found a needed respite from both Gestapo and Vichy chasers that were hunting them. However, this idyllic scenario was abruptly ended by the disintegration of the Italian Army in September 1943, a consequence of the botched negotiations between the Allies and the Italian military government following the ouster of Benito Mussolini on July 25, 1943. This chapter first considers how the Vichy regime’s hatred for the Jews influenced the Italian Jewish policy in France and how the Jewish question shaped the overall Italian occupation policy in southeastern France.
Drawing the Curtain on the Occupation
Authors: Sica Emanuele
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the period that unceremoniously ended the Italian military occupation in France during World War II. Starting in late July 1943, the Italians set in motion their gradual disengagement from southeastern France. In theory all units, with the exception of a few coastal divisions, were supposed to return to Italy by midnight on September 9. Officially the Italians were moving their troops from France in order to shore up Italy’s defenses. The end of the occupation matched its beginnings in June 1940 and September 1942, both in its strategic improvisation and utter disorganization. This chapter explains how the disorganization of the Italian Army, combined with the sudden announcement of the Franco-Italian armistice, changed what should have been a gradual disengagement from southeastern France to a complete rout back into Italy. It shows that the Italian Army commanders in the French Riviera, caught completely unaware by the declaration of the armistice, had to make a hasty and disorganized retreat, with entire units ending up captured by the Germans.
Genesis of an Idea
Authors: Watson John Scott
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the intellectual seeds that led to the idea of the Prairie Crossing. It first describes the nature of the Prairie Crossing land before it was transformed by the industrial and agricultural revolutions before turning to two men who offered the inspiration that five decades later would lead George and Vicky Ranney to create Prairie Crossing: George Ranney Sr., George's father, and his uncle, Gaylord Donnelley. The chapter then considers Frederick Law Olmsted's influence on Vicky Ranney's conceptual worldview as well as the impact of both the Riverside, Illinois, and Seaside, Florida, communities on her thought process. It also discusses the Heartland Development and how it served as the catalyst for the Prairie Crossing project; the Liberty Prairie Reserve as an example of voluntary, comprehensive regional planning involving a viable public and private partnership; Prairie Crossing's guiding principles; the Liberty Prairie Foundation; and the Prairie Crossing Farm. Finally, the chapter explains how the Prairie Crossing concept was developed.
Rural Wanderings
Authors: Williams Sonja D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter recounts Richard Durham's early years and education. Alternatively known as Isadore, Izzy, Vern, Dick, the young Durham explored as much of the land around his family's house, located on eighty acres of rural farmland just outside the town of Raymond in Hinds County, Mississippi. His father, Curtis George Durham, cultivated the farm's cotton crops and cornfields but also worked several odd jobs to supplement the family's income. Aside from helping her husband cultivate their farmland, Durham's mother, Chanie Tillman Durham, worked as a teacher in Hinds County's Negro schoolhouse and engaged in the hairstyling business. This chapter discusses the importance of education for the Durham children, the death of Isadore's younger sister Maudeline, the family's constant struggle to survive in their home state, and the Durhams' decision to relocate to Chicago during spring 1923, joining the great exodus of African Americans who left the bubbling heat and stifling racism of the Jim Crow South for the promise of opportunity and freedom in the North.
Moving On
Authors: Williams Sonja D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Richard Durham's efforts to find a new home for Destination Freedom once it ended its run at NBC. Perhaps inspired by his involvement with the Du Bois Theater Guild, Durham planned on writing “a major play” about Underground Railroad conductor Harriet Tubman. When NBC and the WMAQ radio station announced that they were reviving Durham's Destination Freedom series without his consent or input, Durham filed a lawsuit. Also during this time, his and Clarice's small apartment occasionally served as a gathering place for his politically active friends, including members of the United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA). In the UPWA's Anti-Discrimination Department, Durham found an outlet for his crusading desire to eradicate inequality and promote justice. He also championed women's rights issues. When the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), UPWA's parent organization, engaged in merger negotiations with the American Federation of Labor (AFL), Durham was able to set up the election of several black officials to the merged leadership.
Black Political Power
Authors: Williams Sonja D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Richard Durham's pursuit of new creative challenges after writing The Greatest. Durham had long talked about writing a book about Aesop—the man whose morality tales known as fables carry his name. Another historical figure who had long drawn Durham's creative interest was a man named Hannibal Barca, also known as Hannibal the Great or Hannibal the Conqueror. However, neither the Aesop nor the Hannibal project materialized. By the late 1970s, Durham knew that the seeds of a growing black political movement were sprouting in his hometown. His longtime friend, Illinois congressman Harold Washington, eventually became the first black mayor in Chicago, one of the most segregated and politically contentious cities in America. On April 27, 1984, Durham was in New York City meeting with Rukmini Sukarno about business opportunities as well as the autobiography she wanted him to write. Not long after the meeting, Durham succumbed to an acute coronary thrombosis. He was sixty-six years old.
Epilogue
Authors: Williams Sonja D.
Published: May 2017

This epilogue discusses Richard Durham's legacy. Throughout his life Durham fought for freedom, justice, and equality for African Americans and other oppressed people, whether through poetry or print reporting, broadcast drama or political speechmaking. In the years following her husband's death, Clarice Durham mounted a campaign to keep his legacy alive. Today, via online archives, Internet users may listen to forty-two original broadcasts of Durham's Destination Freedom episodes. Web users may also hear his CBS Radio Workshop dramas and view the only two programs known to have survived from Bird of the Iron Feather. In addition, Destination Freedom episodes are available for on-site listening in the Chicago Public Library's Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection. On November 3, 2007, Durham was inducted into the Museum of Broadcast Communications' National Radio Hall of Fame.
Paper-Cuts in Modern China
Authors: Wu Ka-ming
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how folk paper-cuts have served as a site of intellectual expressions and debates about the meanings of—and the entangled relationships between—culture, gender, history, and the state in modern China. It first takes up the question of folk traditions, gender, and modernity before discussing the practice of paper-cutting in the Yan'an period (1937–1947) and in the late 1970s. It then considers how gender figures in the narrative of the folk cultural form of paper-cuts in Yan'an and its later deployment by urban intellectuals in various nationalist campaigns. In particular, it looks at women paper-cutting artists in contemporary Ansai County and describes how folk paper-cuts have become that “site of awkward engagement” where the agenda of the state, global capital regimes of values, and local tradition forces interacted with each other. The chapter suggests that, through the representation of paper-cuts, the binary oppositions of gender and rural–urban divide have become part of the meanings of Chinese modernity itself.
A Liberal in City Government
Authors: Connell Tula A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the immediate postwar economic, political, and cultural environment of Milwaukee, a city where decades of stasis were compounded by a changing demographic that included suburban flight and an increasingly lower-income urban core. The long municipal governance by socialist Mayor Daniel Hoan (1916–1940) and the city's high levels of unionization had fostered a strong middle class from the early decades of the century through World War II. But far more than most industrialized Midwestern cities, Milwaukee had seen little modernization since the 1920s, with brewery industrialists and other business leaders markedly absent from contributing to citywide improvement, unlike their peers in cities such as Pittsburgh. By war's end, the necessity to meet the growing and evolving needs of city residents, and generate a solid financial base to do so, created a crisis atmosphere recognized by political leaders and private-sector actors alike.
The Media Makes the Message
Authors: Connell Tula A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at how the city's fading foreign-language press and financially challenged labor media were offset by a vociferous conservative suburban press. Simultaneously, large mainstream media outlets began a notable ideological shift toward free market triumphalism, while the surge in far-right national broadcast media and print publications began reaching Milwaukee households. This chapter underlines how the spread of far-right media, far from spontaneous, was generated with the partnership of large corporate interests that privately financed such endeavors even as they publicly espoused support for New Deal principles. Although most corporations publicly remained moderate in their approach to issues such as public provision of social welfare programs and unionization, many joined with “fringe” groups to surreptitiously unravel the postwar New Deal economic order. As such, even businesses that seemingly had bought into commercial Keynesianism played a considerable part in the conservative backlash to the New Deal.
Narratives of Reclamation
Authors: Irizarry Ylce
Published: May 2017

This chapter evaluates the proliferation of Chicana literature following El Movimiento. This frames the discussion of the narrative of reclamation in the Chicana novel So Far from God (1993) by Ana Castillo as well as in the Dominican American novel Soledad (2001) by Angie Cruz. Both of these novels portray characters finding out whether ritual is effective in reclaiming their identity. By paying special attention to the novels' constructions of femininity, depictions of the abuse of the female body, and reconfigurations of communal and domestic spaces from patriarchal to matriarchal, the chapter delineates the convergences of a text set in the rural Southwest, So Far from God, with a text set in urban Northeast, Soledad.
Narratives of Fracture
Authors: Irizarry Ylce
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates how one's cultural identity is defined just as much by geographic location, gender, class, and political ideology than by perceived race or ethnic self-identification. It studies two texts by Puerto Rican authors to show how individuals challenge rigid notions of ethnonationalism: Judith Ortiz Cofer's The Latin Deli: Telling the Lives of Barrio Women (1993) and Ernesto Quiñonez's Bodega Dreams (2000). Set in the proximate urban Northeastern cities—Paterson, New Jersey, and New York City, respectively—with large populations of Puerto Ricans, other kinds of Latinas/os, and other underrepresented ethnic populations, the books challenge persistent definitions of puertorriqueñidad—the essence of one's Puerto Rican identity. Ortiz Cofer portrays the confinement women experience due to patriarchal Puerto Rican family values while Quiñonez portrays the confinement Puerto Rican men experience due to their ethnonational loyalties.
Narratives of New Memory
Authors: Irizarry Ylce
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how authors Demetria Martínez and Elías Miguel Muñoz have crafted exemplars of the narrative of new memory. Martínez's novel Mother Tongue (1993) illustrates new memory constructed transnationally, as self-conception by Chicanas/os and Latinas/os changes through contact with refugees of Central American civil wars—exiles with different experiences of internal political oppression and external US neocolonialism. Meanwhile, Muñoz's novel The Greatest Performance (1991) creates a new memory of Cuban exile, defined neither by exilic nostalgia for Cuba nor by assimilationist desire to arrive in America. Ultimately, the novels' ruminations on their reproductions of song lyrics, journals, video recordings, photographs, newspaper clippings, action bulletins, and poetry become sites for the narrative of new memory.
Father Tolton’s Soldiers
Authors: Pinder Kymberly N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the use of black imagery in three Catholic churches in Chicago: Saint Sabina Church, Saint Elizabeth Catholic Church, and Holy Angels Catholic Church. It first provides an overview of Chicago's black Catholicism before discussing Saint Sabina's visual ministry, led by its activist white pastor Michael Pfleger. In particular, it explores how Pfleger foregrounds his activist ministry in the visualization of the real and the imagined blackness of his congregants and himself. It then considers Saint Elizabeth Catholic Church's exterior mosaics of black martyrs and church fathers, designed by artist Ildiko Repasi who made a conscious effort to make her work conform to the spirit of the heavily damaged work that she was initially commissioned to repair. Those compositions from decades earlier focused on the history of those figures in Catholicism relevant to black Catholics and Saint Elizabeth's history. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Richard Hunt's liturgical sculptures at Holy Angels Catholic Church.
Afro-Paradise
Authors: Smith Christen A.
Published: May 2017

Tourists exult in Bahia, Brazil, as a tropical paradise infused with the black population's one-of-a-kind vitality. But the alluring images of smiling black faces and dancing black bodies masks an ugly reality of anti-black authoritarian violence. This book argues that the dialectic of glorified representations of black bodies and subsequent state repression reinforces Brazil's racially hierarchal society. Interpreting the violence as both institutional and performative, the book follows a grassroots movement and social protest theater troupe in their campaigns against racial violence. As the book reveals, economies of black pain and suffering form the backdrop for the staged, scripted, and choreographed afro-paradise that dazzles visitors. The work of grassroots organizers exposes this relationship, exploding illusions and asking unwelcome questions about the impact of state violence performed against the still-marginalized mass of Afro-Brazilians.
Afro-Paradise
Authors: Smith Christen A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the relationship between carnival and Afro-paradise through two genealogies: racial violence in the national legacy of the use of the black body as an ironic transfer point, a fulcrum for constructing the Brazilian nation, specifically at the site of the pelourinho—the place where enslaved Africans were publically whipped in Brazilian colonial society; and black Brazilians' use of performance (theater and dramatic play) to disrupt and refract this process of violence. For generations, the theater has been a key political space for radical black Brazilians to denounce the myth of racial democracy and declare this myth genocidal. The chapter considers these two interlocking genealogies through a look at race, space, and violence in Bahian carnival, the historical relationship between Afro-paradise and the black body in pain, and the relationship between these two contexts and contemporary black political performance in Salvador.
The White Hand
Authors: Smith Christen A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the subtle, hidden, and magical racial politics of state policing through a reading of Culture Shock's “Terrorism” vignette, the history of policing in Bahia, and cases of police killings. Secret-police raids and assassinations are spectacular performances of authority that embody the magical codes of secrecy of the state. It then considers the white hand seen in community-policing signs in Salvador. The white hand positioned overtop the black hand, palms facing one another, and the black hand with fingers spread and the white hand clasped, gives the viewer the distinct impression that the pharse “Community Police, the Protection in Your Neighborhood” entails the repression and control of black bodies by white bodies.
Hamilton Waters and the Struggle for Freedom and Education
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines what shaped Harry T. Burleigh and from what surroundings he came. The story of Harry T. Burleigh begins on March 5, 1832, in Somerset County, Maryland, when his grandfather, Hamilton Elzie Waters, arranged to purchase his freedom for fifty dollars and that of his mother, Elizabeth Lovey Waters, for five dollars, from slaveholder James Tilghman. In 1835 Hamilton Waters and his mother migrated from Maryland to Ithaca, New York. Later in 1838 the Waters family moved to Erie, Pennsylvania. The history of the educational opportunities available to African Americans in nineteenth-century Erie reflects the progressive nature of the abolitionist movement as well as its ironies. Harry's mother, Lovey Waters, instilled in her son the belief that no dream of achievement was unattainable. And through his early relationship with his grandfather, young Harry absorbed Hamilton Waters's belief in his entitlement to full citizenship as well as a knowledge of the distinctive cultural heritage through which those who were enslaved transcended the pain and the limitations of their captivity.
The Family and Community That Shaped Burleigh’s Youth
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the family and community that shaped Harry T. Burleigh's youth. In the early 1860s, as the country moved toward civil war, a young Henry Thacker Burley (the family used the “Burley” spelling during his lifetime but eventually changed to the English spelling, “Burleigh”) settled in Erie and threw himself into the struggle against slavery and for equal rights. On September 17, 1862, Henry and Elizabeth Lovey Waters were married. On December 12, 1866, Henry (Harry) Thacker Burleigh was born. This chapter discusses how the strong music tradition at St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral in Erie nourished Harry's lifelong commitment to church music in general and to the Episcopal Church in particular. It also considers Elizabeth's marriage to John Edgar Elmendorf after Henry. It shows that Burleigh's most profound influence in his formative years was his strong family, for whom education was a primary value. Through his public and business education in Erie, Harry T. Burleigh developed the skills and the confidence that facilitated his entry into New York City's broader public arena.
Burleigh’s Music Experience and Training in Erie
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Harry T. Burleigh's music experience and training in Erie. Burleigh demonstrated his love for music and his gifts as a singer long before he left Erie to study at the National Conservatory of Music in New York City. Music education at home and in studios opened doors for Burleigh to a variety of performance venues that prepared him for his successful audition at the National Conservatory and the rigorous course of study he would pursue there. Along the way he earned the support of many of Erie's prominent citizens, who would contribute to a fund supporting the early months of his training in New York City. This chapter examines when and where Burleigh heard and sang spirituals and what exposure he had to black musicians who toured the country, including the Fisk Jubilee Singers, the Hampton Juiblee Singers, James Monroe Trotter, and the Hyers Sisters.
Wife and Family of the “Eminent Baritone”
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the role of Harry T. Burleigh's wife and family in his career as an “eminent baritone.” Due to his success in singing for the English royal and noble families, Burleigh returned to perform in England the following summer, but it also led to his wife's determination to create an identity distinct from her role as the wife of “the eminent baritone.” In fall 1909 Louise took their son Alston to England, where she placed him at Malden College for Boys just outside London. Then, assuming the stage name of Princess Redfeather, she “played in her own Indian Act in London music halls.” After the “real” Princess Redfeather, Princess Tsianina Redfeather, appeared and demanded that Louise must find another stage name, Louise became Ojibway Princess Nadonis, and later Princess Nadonis Shawa. This chapter considers Louise Alston Burleigh's separation from Harry and her decision to pursue a career as a performer in New York City, with particular emphasis on her American Indian presentations and her joint recitals.
The Impact of a Life
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Harry T. Burleigh's legacy in African American music. Burleigh retired in 1946 from his position as baritone soloist at St. George's Protestant Episcopal Church, marking the end of an exceptional public career. He died of cardiac failure on September 12, 1949. All too soon after the influx of laudatory obituaries, the press got wind of the conflict over Burleigh's estate. This chapter first considers the trial involving Burleigh's two wills, both of which were challenged by Louise Alston Burleigh and their son Alston because they suspected his longtime housekeeper, Thelma Hall—a recipient of the second will together with her son James—of exerting undue influence on Burleigh. It also looks at various tributes made in Burleigh's honor, including one from Will Marion Cook, and concludes with an emphasis on the importance of black music to the Harlem Renaissance, Burleigh's mastery in arranging African American spirituals, and the newfound respect for his art songs.