bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factores de riesgo psicosociales en médicos especialistas en hospital de nivel terciario de Lima-Perú
Authors: Marcilla-Truyenque Rosa Laurie , Ugarte-Gil Manuel F.
Published: December 2020

Objetivo:  Determinar la presencia y factores asociados a factores de riesgo psicosociales en médicos de un hospital de nivel terciario en Lima-Perú.Método: Estudio transversal en un hospital de nivel terciario que incluyó médicos del departamento de emergencia y del departamento de enfermedades sistémicas (dermatología, endocrinología, inmunología y reumatología). Se evaluaron los factores de riesgo psicosociales usando el cuestionario SUSESO/ISTAS 21, y como posibles factores asociados se incluyeron características demográficas, familiares, horas de sueño, de la actividad recreativa y laborales. Los factores de riesgo psicosociales se analizaron como cinco dimensiones globales y sus respectivas sub-dimensiones.Resultados: Se incluyeron 62 médicos; los factores más afectados fueron Exigencias Psicológicas (69.4% en riesgo alto) y Apoyo Social en la Empresa y Calidad de Liderazgo (48.4% en riesgo alto). Un riesgo bajo en la dimensión de Apoyo Social en la Empresa y Calidad de Liderazgo se asoció con más horas de trabajo por mes fuera de la instititución (195.0 vs 78.7, p=0.024). Un riesgo bajo en la dimensión de Trabajo Activo y Posibilidades de Desarrollo se asoció con un mayor número de horas de actividades recreativas (24.9 vs 11.1; p=0.041) y más de 75 minutos de actividad física severa (35.3% vs 5.6%; p=0.037). Y, un riesgo bajo en la dimensión de Compensaciones con la edad (47.2 vs 44.3, p=0.043).Conclusiones: Una mayor edad, el mayor número de horas dedicado a actividades recreativas, así como para ejercicio intenso, y una mayor posibilidad de trabajar fuera de la institución se asocia con un menor riesgo psicosocial.
Síndromes hereditarios de cáncer gastrointestinal: el rol de la asesoría genética
Authors: Castro Mujica María del Carmen , Abarca-Barriga Hugo
Published: December 2020

Sr. Editor, La Red Nacional Integral del Cáncer (NCCN) ha determinado que ante la sospecha de un síndrome de predisposición al cáncer, es necesario referir al paciente a evaluación genética debido a las implicancias en el diagnóstico y manejo, así como el seguimiento en sus familiares (1). La evaluación genética incluye la descripción de los antecedentes personales/familiares y la solicitud del estudio genético correspondiente.
Reganancia de peso tras cirugía bariátrica en pacientes diabéticos en un hospital universitario de argentina
Authors: Ruiz Daniel , Rubin Graciela , Biasoni Carolina , Alegre Rodrigo
Published: December 2020

Introducción: la cirugía bariátrica ha demostrado ser el tratamiento más eficaz para la reducción de peso. La reganancia de peso es esperable en cualquier tipo de cirugía, y dentro de ellas, el by pass gástrico en Y de Roux (BPG) aparenta ser el que presenta menor incremento de peso comparado a la gastrectomía en manga (GM).

Materiales y métodos: se trató de un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo observacional. Se analizaron 167 pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica, BPG y GM, entre los años 2012 y 2017. Se seleccionaron pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y obesidad. La variable principal, el peso (kg), fue medida de forma longitudinal a los 6 meses, 1 y 5 años.

Resultados: se observó que hubo reganancia de peso entre el primer y quinto año postoperatorio con ambas técnicas utilizadas pero fue significativa para la GM.

Conclusiones: ambas tipos de cirugías lograron descenso significativo de peso, sin embargo la reganancia existió y fue significativa para el grupo de GM.
Calce, apoyo postural, seguridad y satisfacción de usuarios de sillas de ruedas en un Instituto de Rehabilitación de CABA. Estudio descriptivo.
Authors: Oholeguy Agustín Alejandro , Barbalaco Luciana , Di Prinzio María Florencia , Silva Nicolás , Annarattone Andrea Vanesa , Cazurro María Eugenia , Osses Florencia Naomi , Pedace Mariana , Stawski Daniela Paula , Toth Ayelén , Ventura Magali Yael , Vissani Amalia , Zanier María Antonela
Published: December 2020

Introducción: En el mundo, 75 millones de personas requieren una silla de ruedas (SDR) pero entre el 5% y el 15% de ellas disponen de una. La OMS define SDR adecuada como aquella satisface las necesidades del usuario y su entorno, ofrece calce y apoyo postural apropiados, es segura y duradera.

Objetivos: El objetivo primario es describir el calce, apoyo postural y seguridad de los usuarios de SDR que concurren al servicio de kinesiología del I.Re.P. El objetivo secundario es conocer la satisfacción respecto a su SDR y los servicios relacionados.

Sujetos y método: Se incluyeron usuarios de SDR que concurran al servicio de kinesiología del I.Re.P. Las SDR fueron evaluadas siguiendo los lineamientos de la OMS, y la satisfacción utilizando el cuestionario QUEST 2.0.

Resultados: De 30 sujetos incluidos, 21 fueron hombres con una edad media de 48,17 años. Sólo 1 sujeto contó con todas las medidas correctas de seguridad, calce y ajuste postural, 6 sujetos contaban con todas las medidas correctas para un calce adecuado y 5 con todas las medidas de seguridad. En cuanto a la satisfacción, se han encontrado puntajes elevados respecto a las SDR y puntajes bajos respecto a los servicios relacionados. La Satisfacción total recibió en su mayoría puntajes medios y altos.

Conclusión: Sólo 1 sujeto de los 30 evaluados cumplió con todos los requisitos de calce, ajuste postural y seguridad necesarios para considerar una SDR adecuada. La mayoría de los sujetos reportaron estar más satisfechos con su SDR que con los servicios relacionados.
Penerapan Model Profit-Loss Sharing untuk Investasi Modal Kecil
Authors: Miasary Seftina Diyah
Published: December 2020

Islamic finance is a financial concept based on Islamic sharia. The underlying principle of Islamic finance is the prohibition of usury, gharar and masyir. In addition to these principles, the concept of Islamic finance which is built on the basis of justice makes many people tend to choose Islamic finance rather than conventional. In this article, we will discuss the Sharia investment model with a profit-loss sharing scheme as an alternative model to replace the practice of lending money at high interest by moneylenders in traditional markets (Rentenir scheme). Both models are applied in a lending transaction between traders and investors with a share of the results in the profit-loss sharing model of 5% and interest on loan repayments for the loan sharks of 20%. Furthermore, from each model the acquisition value is calculated in the form of the optimal portion / profit ratio for each trader and investor. The results obtained indicate that the earnings obtained by traders for the Sharia model are greater than those from the Rentenir model. Furthermore, the acquisition value of investors for the Sharia model is minus and the acquisition value of investors from the Rentenir model is 25.56%. The acquisition value of investors from the Rentenir model is very high, while in the Sharia model, investors experience losses. From these two parameters it can be concluded that the Sharia model with a profit sharing scheme is a model that benefits small traders, while the Rentenir model is a model that needs to be avoided because it is detrimental to traders and also uses the concept of usury which is forbidden in Islam.
Cyclical Fluctuation, Growth, and Stabilization: An Empirical Investigation of Dual Policy Objectives in Bangladesh
Authors: Quarm Richmond Sam , Busharads Mohamed Osman Elamin
Published: December 2020

In conventional economics, two types of macroeconomic policy i.e. fiscal policy and monetary policy are used to streamline the business cycle. This paper has examined the cyclical behavior of these variables over the business cycle of Bangladesh. The objective of this examination is to show whether policies (fiscal policy and monetary policy) in Bangladesh are taken with a motive to stabilize the economy or only to promote economic growth. In other words, it has examined whether the policies in Bangladesh are procyclical or countercyclical or acyclical. Hodrick Prescott (HP) filter has been used to separate the cyclical component of considered variables. Both correlation and regression-based analysis have provided that in Bangladesh government expenditure and interest rates behave procyclically, but money supply behaves acyclically over the business cycle. Besides, this paper has tried to identify the long-term as well as the short-term relationship between real GDP and the macroeconomic policy variables with the help of the Johansen cointegration test, vector error correction model (VECM), and block exogeneity Wald test. Through these analyses, this study has found that fiscal policy has a significant impact on GDP growth both in the short-run and long-run. In the case of monetary policy, although the interest rate has an impact on real output both in the short-run and long-run, the money supply has neither a short-run nor long-run effect on output growth.
Membina Aktivitas Belajar Mahasiswa di Perguruan Tinggi Melalui Metode TIE (Translation, Interpretation, Extrapolation) pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Zulhafizh
Published: December 2020

The research objective is to foster student learning activities through the TIE (Translation, Interpretation, Extrapolation) method. The research method used was descriptive correlational method. The research sample consisted of 75 people. The data instrument was in the form of a Likert scale questionnaire which consisted of the aspects of translation, interpretation, and extrapolation. Data analysis technique used descriptive statistics, Product Moment correlation, chi square normality, and Anova. The result of the study showed that the average score for translation was 3,767 which was in the high category; the average score for interpretation was 4,075 categorized as very high; and the exploration average score was 4,065 categorized as very high. Overall, it was at an average of 3,969 which was in the high category. If the translation, interpretation, and extrapolation activities were carried out properly,it could build up to 99,3% of learning activities. In conlcusion, the TIE method is important to apply in independent learning activities because it can stimulate students' cognition and psychomotor to achieve better learning quality. In addition, it can present insightful and experienced students.
HIST1H2AG is differentially expressed in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2020

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes to discover genes associated with brain metastasis in patients with metastatic breast cancer. We found that histone cluster 1, H2ag, encoded by HIST1H2AG, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to normal breast tissues and primary tumors of the breast. HIST1H2AG mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast and to normal breast tissues. Up-regulation of HIST1H2AG expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
UKURAN PENYEBARAN DATA KRIMINAL DI PURWAKARTA
Authors: SURYANATA MUHAMMAD FAUZAN
Published: December 2020

Statistik sangat penting untuk membahas (mempelajari) dan mengembangkan prinsip–prinsip, metode serta prosedur yang perlu ditempuh atau dipergunakan dalam rangka mengumpulkan, menyusun atau mengatur, menyajikan atau menggambarkan dan menganalisis data angka. Sehingga siapa pun dapat menarik kesimpulan, membuat perkiraan serta menyusun ramalan secara alamiah atas dasar kumpulan data angka tersebut.
HIST3H2A is differentially expressed in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2020

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes to discover genes associated with brain metastasis in patients with metastatic breast cancer. We found that histone cluster 3, H2a, encoded by HIST3H2A, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to normal breast tissues and primary tumors of the breast. HIST3H2A mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast and to normal breast tissues. Up-regulation of HIST3H2A expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
Menghitung Perkembangan Keadaan Pekerja di Indonesia Sumber: Badan Pusat Statistik Agustus 2017 – 2018 berdasarkan angka indeks tertimbang dan angka indeks tidak tertimbang
Authors: Zaroh Mutia , Raihani Fadila
Published: December 2020

Abstract - Index numbers are a concept that can give you an idea of variable changes from one period to the next. Index numbers are divided into two methods, namely: The index number method is not orderly and the index number is weighted, both methods require a price and quantity of a group of goods and an item. from these methods are divided into several kinds, some consider in weight and some consider it, by using excel applications can facilitate our calculation of this index number.Keywords: numbers, indexes, methods
Self-defining Memories - Narrative Features in Relation to Adaptive and Maladaptive Personality Traits (Replication and Extension of Blagov & Singer, 2004)
Authors: Blagov Pavel S. , Singer Jefferson A. , Oost Kathryn M. , Goodman Joshua A.
Published: December 2020

Self-defining memories (SDMs) are units of life-story analysis, whose features resemble elements from narrative identity’s factorial structure. To bridge narrative-identity and personality-trait domains, we conducted a replication and extension of Blagov and Singer’s (2004) research in a small sample that was well-powered for multilevel modeling (133 participants, 1330 SDMs). We linked four SDM features – affect, specificity, meaning making, and content – to the Big Three trait domains of personality and psychopathology, finding support for several claims. Affect: SDM affect correlated with indices of Positive Emotionality and Negative Emotionality, and narrative themes of contamination were associated with Negative Emotionality. Specificity: SDM specificity vs. overgenerality related to Constraint and Negative Emotionality indices, lending support to the executive dysfunction and emotional disorder theories of overgeneral autobiographical memory. (Tests of the avoidance thesis of overgeneral memory were inconclusive.) Meaning making: Explicit meaning making in SDMs reflected adaptive personality. It moderated the link between SDMs’ affect and chronic emotional distress. Content: The links between SDM content and traits suggest that SDMs reflect personal goals, whose fulfillment or frustration relate to psychological health. This research serves replication purposes as well as the purpose of connecting two major domains of personality: narrative identity and adaptive and maladaptive traits.
Media use, attention, mental health and academic performance among 8 to 12 year old children
Authors: Cardoso-Leite Pedro , Buchard Albert , Tissieres Isabel , Mussack Dominic , Bavelier Daphne
Published: December 2020

The rise in digital media consumption, especially among children, raises the societal question of its impact on cognition, mental health and academic achievement. Here, we review the impact of three different ways of measuring technology use—total hours of media consumed, hours of video game play and number of media used concurrently—in a study surveying 156 eight-to-twelve year-old children. At stake is the question of whether different technology uses may have different effects, which could explain some of the past mixed findings.We collected data over three sessions relating to children’s media uses as well as (i) attentional and behavioral control abilities, (ii) psychological distress, psychosocial functioning, and sleep, and (iii) academic achievement and motivation. While attentional control abilities were assessed using both cognitive tests (D2, SART, BLAST) and questionnaires (mind-wandering; Connors), mental health and sleep were all questionnaire-based (K6, Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire-SDQ, Sleep Quality/Quantity). Finally, academic performance was based on self-reported grades, with motivational variables being measured through the grit and the growth-mindset questionnaires. We present partial correlation analyses and construct a psychological network to assess the structural associations between different forms of media consumption and the three categories of measures.Our results are in line with those observed with adults: children consume large amounts of media and media multitask substantially. Partial correlation analyses show that media multitasking specifically was mostly correlated with negative mental health, while playing video games was associated with faster responding and better mental health. No significant partial correlations were observed for total hours on media. Psychological network analysis complement these first results by indicating that all three ways of consuming technology are only indirectly related to self-reported grades. Thus, technology uses appear to only indirectly relate to academic performance, while more directly affecting mental health.This work emphasizes the need to differentiate among technology uses when considering their impact on human behavior, It also highlights the importance of characterizing the variety of technology uses that need to be considered, if one is to understand how every day digital consumption impacts human behavior.
A dynamic adjustment account of word skipping in reading: Evidence from simulations and invisible boundary experiments
Authors: Hautala Jarkko , Loberg Otto , Leppänen Paavo H. T.
Published: December 2020

Prevalent models of eye movement control in reading of word-spaced orthographies assume a discrete control account to explain word skipping. Accordingly, word skipping results from advanced parafoveal word activation during preview, leading to the selection of word n+2 as a saccade target. Consequently, visual and linguistic content of the parafoveal word affect which word is selected as a saccade target. In contrast, according to dynamic adjustment view, saccade lengths in reading are affected by current and next word properties in a continuous manner. First, these predictions were confirmed via simulations for representative models of discrete and dynamic control. Then results of three gaze-contingent invisible boundary experiments studying the visuo-attentional mechanism of skipping are being reported. The results support the dynamic adjustment view by showing a unimodal landing position distribution across a candidate word for skipping and its subsequent word, and that the content of parafoveal word modulates the saccade length only slightly and in a continuous manner. In addition, the location of a visual anomaly within a word had no effect on saccade length, suggesting that parafoveal vision of next word is subject of attention enhancement early enough to affect saccade length computation.
Rock ’n’ Roll but not Sex or Drugs: Music is negatively correlated to depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic via reward-related mechanisms
Authors: Mas-Herrero Ernest , Singer Neomi , Ferreri Laura , McPhee Michael , Zatorre Robert , Ripolles Pablo
Published: December 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply affected mental health. We assessed which of many leisure activities had positive psychological effects, with particular attention to music, which has been reported anecdotally to be important. Questionnaire data from over a thousand individuals primarily from Italy, Spain, and the USA during spring 2020 show that people picked music most often as the best activity to cope with psychological distress. Hours of engagement in music and food-related activities during the pandemic were associated with decreased depression symptoms. The benefits of music were mediated by individual differences in sensitivity to reward, whereas the positive effects of food-related activities were related to emotion regulation. Our results demonstrate that music is an important means of improving well-being, and suggest that the underlying mechanism is related to reward, consistent with neuroscience findings. Our data have practical significance in pointing to effective strategies to cope with mental health issues.
The network structure of stress-related states, depression, and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown
Authors: Hoffart Asle , Johnson Sverre Urnes , Ebrahimi Omid V.
Published: December 2020

Background. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the social distancing protocols used to impede the spread of the virus may have severe mental health consequences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the network of components of pandemic-related negative psychological states (i.e., fear of infection, financial worries, loneliness) and symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).Methods. Data from 10,061 Norwegian adults recruited through an online survey during a period of strict social distancing protocols were analyzed employing a cross-sectional Gaussian Graphical Model.Results. Of the infection fears, fear of being infected, fear of dying from the coronavirus and fear of significant others dying from it had notable connections to the GAD symptoms anxiety and/or fear of awful events. The financial worry component worry about personal economy was connected to the MDD symptom sleep problems and to the GAD symptom generalized worry. Each of the loneliness components was connected to a specific MDD symptom. Anhedonia, depressed mood and worthlessness had the highest strength centrality among the MDD symptoms; generalized worry, uncontrollability of worry, and trouble relaxing among the GAD symptoms; fear of dying from the virus among the fear of infection components; and feeling isolated among the loneliness components. A community analysis identified separate clusters for MDD and GAD as well as a cluster cutting across the two disorders. Conclusions. Particular components of the pandemic-related distressing states of fear of infection and loneliness seem to be associated with specific symptoms of MDD and GAD.Key words: COVID-19; fear of infection; financial worry; loneliness; major depressive disorder symptoms; generalized anxiety disorder symptoms; cross-sectional network analysis
Vulnerability and Disaster Resilience at Household Level
Authors: Poudel Namita
Published: December 2020

Many development practitioners, academicians, development institutions and organizations, are attempting to discover the characteristic of resilience in Nepal. The issue of disaster resilience got its prominence in Nepali scholarship after the 2015 earthquake. The people of Nepal today, are visible to perpetual disaster events and profound vulnerability to the disaster, which was already there. Disaster incidents are increasing day by day, due to natural hazards such as landslides, floods, and human-induced activities like road accidents, fire, etc. But these consequences are not merely natural events; they are social events as well. The deaths of people, injuries, and property damage are related to the social side of the disaster. Similarly, natural hazards such as earthquakes are also creating disasters because of vulnerability and the absence of disaster resilience in Nepalese people. Rising incidents of disaster vulnerability and resilience is increasing concern of the state, academia and local level, since Nepal is 4th and 11th vulnerable to the risk of climate change and earthquakes in the world. Apart from that, other chances of disaster are equally mounting, and the capacity to cope (Resilience), or coming back to usual conditions is not enough for surviving and moving forward.

 

This article tries to explore the relationship between vulnerability and disaster resilience, and the research questions of this article are, what types of vulnerability are creating the barrier for a resilient household and what are the attributes of a resilient family? Dhugin, Lamatar is the field for this research, and answers are dug out based on the Nepal earthquake 2015 as a major disaster of Nepal. Field data are collected after finalizing the purposive sampling. The interview method is used to take the depth information. Face-to-face interviews with informants remained the primary sources for data collection. And this research has been conducted using a qualitative method. My finding is: adopting capacity with the help of resources and assets and absorbing capacity by shifting occupation; after a disaster are the attributes of resilient households, whereas geographically vulnerability, exclusion, poverty remained barriers for resilient families.
The spring bread wheat ‘Ekstra’
Authors: Zezin N. N. , Vorobiev V. A. , Vorobiev A. V. , Bezgodov A. V. , Nikolaeva Z. R.
Published: December 2020

The current study was carried out in order to create an early-ripening variety of spring bread wheat with productivity at the level of middle-early or higher, the most adapted to the specific conditions of the Middle Urals. The estimation of the breeding material was carried out in the fields, the soils of which are typical for the Sverdlovsk region and Permsky Krai. During the years of the study, the agroclimatic conditions differed along the growing season. There have been established the dry year of 2016 (90 mm of rain, GTC 0.6) and the moisture years of 2014, 2015, 2017–2019 (with precipitation amount of 247–448 mm, GTC 2.0–3.2). The crossings were carried out between the middle-ripening variety ‘Omskaya 35’ (mother) and the early- ripening variety ‘Iren’ (father). There has been developed the variety that combined high productivity and early maturity. The average productivity of the new variety ‘Ekstra’ in the Competitive Variety Testing in 2014–2019 was 4.07 t/ha, which is on 0.55 t/ha higher than the standard variety ‘Iren’, the maximum productivity was 5.0–6.1 t/ha (2019). The new variety has exceeded the values of the standard variety in such yield structure elements as “seed weight per head”, “1000 grain weight”, “grain content per head”; the accumulation of seeds per day of growing season was 14.2% and at 1 mm of precipitation the value improved till 15.2%. In the ecological testing the variety ‘Ekstra’ exceeded the varieties ‘Iren’, ‘Irgina’ from the State List of Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region on 0.56–0.80 t/ha and the middle-early ripening varieties ‘Gornouralskaya’, ‘Bazhenka’, ‘Svecha’, ‘Zlata’ on 0.44–0, 55 t/ha. The variety ‘Ekstra’ is characterized by better energy efficiency parameters than ‘Irgina’, ‘Iren’, ‘Gornouralskaya’, ‘Zlata’. The excess was 9.2–21.9% in terms of total energy in the harvest per hectare, 16.0–40.6% in net energy income, and 4.7–13.1% in bioenergy ratio. The variety reduced energy consumption for the production of 1 ton of grain by 9.5–11.5%. There has been determined a significant advantage of the variety ‘Ekstra’ in terms of the general adaptability, stability, and breeding value of the genotype. In 2020 the variety was included into the State List of Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region, Ural, West Siberian regions of the Russian Federation. The variety ‘Ekstra’ has the same parameters of productivity, yield structure elements, adaptability, the accumulation of seeds per day of growing season and per 1 mm of precipitation, energy efficiency of cultivation, as the middle-early ripening standard variety ‘Ekaterina’.
Dinamika HAM dalam Perbincangan Tiga Dimensi: Tinjauan Konseptual dan Praktis
Authors: Regus Max , Jelahut Marianus Supar , Nesi Antonius
Published: December 2020

Human Rights (HAM) has achieved a lot of progress as well as a stalemate. The human rights condition at these two points also shows human rights dynamics concerning various dimensional contexts. This article explicitly discusses the significant dimensions of the dynamics of human rights. Based on a critical literature review and practical reflection, this study proposes two three-dimensional analysis models of human rights dynamics at both global and national levels. The first model deals with the historical, theoretical, and practical dimensions of human rights dynamics. The second model explains the normative-philosophical, political, and sociological dimensions of the dynamics of human rights. This article consists of several sections, including an introduction, an analytical framework, the two-dimensional model of human rights dynamics, and a conclusion.

 

Keywords: Human rights, Human rights dynamics, State, R2P, Citizen
Studies on Fingerprints of EDX, FTIR, XPS and TOF-SIMS Techniques and Applications in Failure Analysis of Wafer Fabrication
Authors: Younan Hua , Foo Lo Keng , Rao N. Ramesh , Mo Z. Q.
Published: December 2020

In failure analysis of wafer fabrication it is difficult to identify possible sources of carbon-related contaminants as most of them are from polymers, organic and complex compounds. In this paper, the fingerprints of EDX, FTIR, XPS and TOFSIMS techniques will be introduced so as to identify sources of carbon-related contaminants. For example, Si peak (1.740 keV) can be used as a fingerprint of EDX technique to identify the ink-related contaminant from the other carbon-related contaminants. FTIR spectra of more than 10 possible materials from wafer fab and assembly processes are discussed, which may be used as the fingerprints of FTIR technique to identify carbon-related contaminants. The C=O functional group and the PDMS (PolyDimethylSiloxane) are recommended as the fingerprints of XPS and TOF-SIMS techniques to identify source of carbon-related contaminants, respectively. In this paper, some application cases will be also discussed.
Studies of Galvanic Corrosion (Al-Ti Cell) on Microchip Al Bondpads and Elimination Solutions
Authors: Younan Hua , Zhiqiang Mo , Siping Zhao , Hao Gong
Published: December 2020

Galvanic corrosion (two metal corrosion) on microchip Al bondpads may result in discolored or non-stick bondpad problem. In this paper, a galvanic corrosion case at bondpad edge will be presented. Besides galvanic corrosion (Al-Cu cell), a concept of galvanic corrosion (Al-Ti cell) is proposed, which is used to explain galvanic corrosion at bondpad edge with layers of TiN/Ti/Al metallization structure. A theoretical model of galvanic corrosion (Al-Ti cell) is proposed to explain chemically & physically failure mechanism of galvanic corrosion at bondpad edge. According to the theoretical model proposed in this paper, galvanic corrosion on microchip Al bondpads could be identified into two corrosion models: galvanic corrosion (Al-Cu cell) occurred mostly at the bondpad center and galvanic corrosion (Al-Ti cell) occurred specially at bondpad edge with TiN/Ti/Al metallization structure. In this paper, a theoretical model of galvanic corrosion (Ai-Ti cell) will be detail discussed so as to fully understand failure mechanism of galvanic corrosion the bondpad edge. Moreover possible solutions to eliminate galvanic corrosion (Al-Ti cell) are also discussed.
PCB Related Field Failures with ImAg Surface Finishes
Authors: Kurella Anil , Munukutla Aravind , Lewis J.S.
Published: December 2020

PCB surface finishes like Immersion silver (ImAg) are commonly used in Pb-free manufacturing environments following RoHS legislation. With this transition, however the numbers of field failures associated with electrochemical migration, copper sulphide corrosion, via barrel galvanic corrosion are on a steady rise. More often than not ImAg surfaces seem to assist these failing signatures. As computers penetrate into emerging markets with humid and industrialized environments there is a greater concern on the reliability and functionality of these electronic components.
Electrical Signature Verification and Fault Localization in High-Density DRAM Device Using Atomic Force Probe
Authors: Wang Wei-Chih , Liew San-Lin , Chen Hua-Sheng , Chen Kuang-Liang , Luo Jian-Shing
Published: December 2020

Owing to the limitations of physical failure analysis (FA) techniques and fault localization techniques, the nano-probing tool, which has both the device characterization ability as well as the necessary sensitivity to characterize the non-visible defects and marginal fails, has emerged to be a powerful tool in the FA community. This paper presents a nano-probing technique on two yield impact cases in dynamic random access memory technology. The first case is related to a die that exhibited a high pin current issue during the parametric test sequence at the early stage of our probe test. The second case is related to a column fail expanding across a shared sense amplifier (SA) circuit. By comparing the nano-probing electrical results with simulation data and wafer acceptance test data, insufficient (S/D) contact implant which causes slower p-MOS turn-on and resistive source contact that causes lower driving ability in a SA transistor issue are concluded.
A New Failure Analysis Roadmap for Power Semiconductor Modules and Devices
Authors: Jacob Peter , Kunz Albert , Nicoletti Giovanni
Published: December 2020

In case of power semiconductor analysis, classical failure localization methods are restricted in application due to thick, closed metal layers and high-dose bulk-Si implants, making backside access difficult. Furthermore, defect traces in power semiconductors are often such severe that no conclusive FA is possible anymore. The new roadmap considers these specialties and shows ways how to deal with them, showing ways to conclusive results.
Challenges for Parametric Analysis of the Solar Cells Using Failure Analysis Technique Developed for the Microelectronics
Authors: Boostandoost M. , Ycaza X. , Leihkauf R. , Kerst U. , Boit C.
Published: December 2020

In this study, the challenges to transfer the microelectronics failure analysis techniques to the photovoltaic industry have been discussed. The main focus of this study was the PHEMOS as a tool with strong technological research capacity developed for microelectronics failure analysis, and OBIC (Optical Beam Induced Current) as a non-destructive technique for detecting and localizing various defects in semiconductor devices. This failure analysis tool was a high resolution optical infrared photon emission microscope used mainly in microelectronics for qualitative analysis and localization of semiconductor defects. Such failure analysis equipment was designed to meet requirements for modern microelectronic devices. Characterization of current photovoltaic device often requires quantitative analysis and should provide information about the electrical and material properties of the solar cell. Therefore, in addition to the demand for further data processing of the obtained results we had to study the corresponding operating regime of solar cells to allow for a correct interpretation of measurement results. In this paper, some of the related problems we faced during this study, e.g. large amount of data processing, the spatial misalignment of the images obtained as EL (Electroluminescence) and IR-LBIC (Infrared Light Beam Induced Current), the implemented laser wavelength, its profile and power density for IR-LBIC measurement. These topics have been discussed in detailed to facilitate a reliable transfer of these techniques from microelectronics to the photovoltaic world.
Surface Treatment for 20 nm SRAM Devices to Overcome Tip Curvature Radius Limitation in Conductive AFM Analysis
Authors: Ng Tsu Hau , James S. , Dawood M.K. , Limin P.S. , Tan H. , Tan P.K. , Lam J.C. , Mai Z.H.
Published: December 2020

Conductive-Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM) is a popular failure analysis method used for localization of failures in Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) devices [1-4]. The SRAM structure has a highly repetitive pattern where any abnormality in a failed cell compared to neighboring cells could be easily identified from its current image [5-7]. Unlike topographical imaging, the C-AFM requires the probe tip to be coated with a conductive layer in order to pick up the electrical signals from the device under test. The coating needs to be sufficiently thick as it would wear off after a certain amount of physical scanning. This additional coating on the AFM tip is essential but poses a limit to the tip radius curvature. The commercially available tip radius is approximately 35nm (DDESP-10 from Bruker) and the dimension is too large for imaging of 20nm technology device. However, the limitation could be alleviated by subjecting the sample surface to treatment prior to C-AFM imaging. The aim of this surface treatment is to ensure C-AFM tip maintains sufficient scanning contact with the tiny conductive (tungsten) structure of the sample in order to achieve distinct current image. The surface treatment is done by creating a receding Inter-Layer Dielectric (ILD) from its neighboring tungsten contact. The creation of the receding depth could be achieved by either wet etching or dry etching (Reactive Ion Etching, RIE). In this work, the surface treatments by these two methods have been investigated and the recipe is optimized to obtain a clear current image. The optimized recipe is then applied on actual failure analysis where three cases are studied.
Short Localization in 2.5D Microchip with Interposer Using Magnetic Current Imaging
Authors: Gaudestad J. , Nuez D. , Tan P.
Published: December 2020

Interposers used in 2.5D technologies introduce new challenges for Electric Fault Isolation (EFI) due to the multiple layers of silicon, metal layers, Through Silicon Vias (TSV), solder bumps and/or copper pillars making it hard for standard EFI techniques, such as thermal and optical techniques, to localize failures due to the opaqueness of these materials [1, 2, 3]. In this paper we show that shorts in 2.5D Integrated Circuits (IC) technologies can be localized accurately in x, y and z-direction using Magnetic Current Imaging (MCI) while injecting a low power current and showing that the materials used in 2.5D semiconductor manufacturing are fully transparent to magnetic fields.
Failure and Stress Analysis of Cu TSVs Using GHz-Scanning Acoustic Microscopy and Scanning Infrared Polariscopy
Authors: De Wolf Ingrid , Khaled Ahmad , Herms Martin , Wagner Matthias , Djuric Tatjana , Czurratis Peter , Brand Sebastian
Published: December 2020

This paper discusses the application of two different techniques for failure analysis of Cu through-silicon vias (TSVs), used in 3D stacked-IC technology. The first technique is GHz Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (GHz- SAM), which not only allows detection of defects like voids, cracks and delamination, but also the visualization of Rayleigh waves. GHz-SAM can provide information on voids, delamination and possibly stress near the TSVs. The second is a reflection-based photoelastic technique (SIREX), which is shown to be very sensitive to stress anisotropy in the Si near TSVs and as such also to any defect affecting this stress, such as delamination and large voids.
Resistive Contrast Imaging—The Tool, Technique, and Applications on Leading-Edge Semiconductor Technology Devices
Authors: Ring Rosalinda M. , Newkirk Randy , Davidson Kevin , Capriola James , Russell Jeremy , Rummel Andreas , Carper Edward C.
Published: December 2020

The advances on IC technology have made defect localization extremely challenging. “Soft” failures (resistive vias and contacts) are typically difficult to localize using commonly available failure analysis (FA) techniques such as emission microscopy (EMMI) and scanning optical microscopy (SOM), and often cannot be observed by two-dimensional inspections using layer by layer removal. The article describes the Resistive Contrast Imaging (RCI) defect localization technique (also known as Electron Beam Absorbed Current (EBAC), instrumentations, and case studies on test structures or process control monitors especially designed to detect “soft” open failures on advanced (28nm and below) technology devices. It also lists the key SEM parameters critical for effective FA using the RCI nano-probing system.
SRAM Bitmap Validation Using Laser-Induced Damage for FinFET ICs
Authors: Lo William , Gupta Puneet , Venkatesh Rakshith , Schlangen Rudolf , Ng Roy , Li Jane , Marks Howard , Cory Bruce
Published: December 2020

Using a laser to purposely damage (or zap) a static random-access memory (SRAM) bitcell for bitmap validation purposes is a well-established technique. However, the absence of visible damage in FinFET SRAM cells, amongst other things, makes precision zapping in these devices more difficult. In this paper, we describe system enhancements and a modified workflow for bitmap validation of these devices using precision, near-infrared (NIR) laser-induced damage. We also explore the use of laser perturbation and non-precision zapping options. Examples are provided.
Non-Destructive Fault Localization in 2.5D Packages Using Electro Optical Terahertz Pulse Reflectometry
Authors: Zee B. , Qiu W. , Alton J. , White T. , Igarashi M.
Published: December 2020

Here, we demonstrate how electro optical terahertz pulse reflectometry (EOTPR) can be used to quickly and non-destructively isolate faults in 2.5D packages. We present case studies to show how EOTPR can unambiguously differentiate between faults located in the C4 bump, TSV, RDL, and micro-bump of a 2.5D package.
EBIC on TEM Lamellae for Improved Failure Localization and Root Cause Understanding
Authors: Lorut Frédéric , Bon Romain , Borowiak Céline , Larré Philippe
Published: December 2020

Nanoprobing and subsequent electron beam induced current imaging technique are commonly used techniques for fault localization. The failing structure/device being electrically tested, the behavior of the electrical characteristics allows to give hypothesis of the origin of the fail, while single device testing enables to restrict the physical characterization to the failing structure - either using FIB/SEM cross-sectioning or for advanced technology nodes, directly with a TEM lamellae performed at pointed site location. In this paper, an experimental setup to perform electrical-like mappings on a TEM lamella is implemented, as an additional step to the existing nanoprobing-TEM flow. Such an apparatus offers the ability to observe indirectly dopants distribution in a TEM thin foil, allowing a direct complement from a TEM specimen. Moreover, when applied on thicker TEM-like samples, the technique ability to localize subtle defects prior their physical characterization is demonstrated.
Nanoscale Chemical Mapping of Semiconductor Devices and Materials via PiFM
Authors: Park Sung , Nowak Derek , Albrecht Tom
Published: December 2020

Nanoscale microscopy is an important technique in analyzing current semiconductor processes and devices. Many of the current microscopy techniques can render high resolution images of morphology and, in some cases, elemental information. However, techniques are still needed to give definitive nanoscale mapping of compound materials utilized in semiconductor processes such as Si3N4, SiO2, SiGe, and low-k materials. Photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) combines IR spectroscopy with atomic force microscopy (AFM) to provide concurrent information on topography and chemical mapping. PiFM measures the attractive dipole-dipole photo-response between the tip and the sample and does not rely on repulsive force arising from absorption-based sample expansion. As such, PiFM works well with many of the inorganic semiconductor compounds (with low thermal expansion coefficients) as well as organic materials (with high thermal expansion coefficients) [1]. In this study, various examples of nanoscale chemical mapping of semiconductor samples (surfaces processed via directed self-assembly (DSA), strain in SiGe/SiO2 structure, photoresist, etc.) will be presented, all demonstrating ~ 10 nm spatial resolution
Artifact-Free Decapsulation of Silver Wire Bonded Semiconductor Devices Using Microwave Induced Plasma
Authors: Tang J. , Wang J. , van den Hoek W. , Lohier D. , Forgerit B. , Gabaston G. , Beenakker C. I. M.
Published: December 2020

Decapsulation of silver wire bonded packages with known techniques often results in damaged silver wires. The chemical properties of silver and silver compounds make silver bond wire inherently susceptible to etching damage by acid, conventional plasma, and oxygen-based Microwave Induced Plasma (MIP). In this paper we solve this problem by developing a specific decapsulation chemistry, based on a hydrogen-containing MIP, for artifact-free decapsulation of silver wire bonded packages.
Pengembangan LKS Fisika Berbasis Contextual Teaching and Learning Materi Suhu dan Kalor Pada Siswa Kelas XI SMA Negeri 6 Lubuklinggau
Authors: Restu Inda Anggun , Arini Wahyu
Published: December 2020

This study aims to develop physics worksheets based on contextual teaching and learning materials for temperature and heat in class XI students of SMA Negeri 6 Lubuklinggau which aims to find out how to develop and quality valid, practical. The problem in this study is the valid and practical quality of the Physics Worksheet based on Contextual Teaching and Learning of Temperature and Heat. This research method is development (Research and Development) used is 4D (Four D) with 4 stages Define, Design, Develop and Desseminate. The population in this study was class XI IPA 2 with 28 students. The sampling technique used positive sampling using 6 samples. Data collection techniques in this study used interviews, diagnostic test questions, expert validation questionnaires, teacher response questionnaires, student response questionnaires and Physics Worksheets Based on Contextual Teaching and Learning. The results of the validation questionnaire data analysis with 3 validator experts were the results of the validation of the physics lecturer material 42, the results of the validation of the physics teacher material with a score of 46. The results of the validation of the linguists got a score of 18, the results of the validation of the media expert got a score of 34, so the final score obtained after validation of 35 with a very good category, the results of the 6 student response questionnaires obtained a score of 35.83 with the category of strongly agree and the results of the questionnaire response of the teacher and students got a score of 36.2 with the category of strongly agree. The results of competency test scores to support practicality obtained competency test scores obtained on average 76.5% complete reaching ≥ 73.So it can be said that physics worksheets based on Contextual Teaching and Learning Material Temperature and Heat in Class XI Students of SMA Negeri 6 Lubuklinggau are valid. and practical.
Total Pericardiectomy via Modified Left Anterolateral Thoracotomy without Cardiopulmonary Bypass (UKC’s Modification): A Video Presentation
Authors: Chowdhury Ujjwal
Published: December 2020

We report one male patient aged 28-years undergoing total pericardiectomy for chronic calcific pericarditis with an uneventful postoperative course. The step-by-step surgical procedure of total pericardiectomy via modified left anterolateral thoracotomy without utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass has been detailed.