bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Heterocyclic Systems. Synthesis of 2,7‐Dimethyl‐10‐oxa‐1,8‐diaza‐anthracen‐9‐one and Derivatives.
Authors: Gotchev Dimitar B. , Comins Daniel L.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 5′‐Substituted Fluoro‐neplanocin A Analogues: Importance of a Hydrogen Bonding Donor at 5′‐Position for the Inhibitory Activity of S‐Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase.
Authors: Moon Hyung Ryong , Lee Hyun Joo , Kim Kyung Ran , Lee Kang Man , Lee Sang Kook , Kim Hea Ok , Chun Moon Woo , Jeong Lak Shin
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Planar Chiral Arene Chromium(0) Complexes as Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Muniz Kilian
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Computational Analysis of CW‐ESR Spectra in Liquid Phase Solution
Authors: Della Lunga Giovanni , Pezzato Michela , Basosi Riccardo
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ro‐Vibrational Corrections to NMR Parameters
Authors: Ruden Torgeir A. , Ruud Kenneth
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A self‐equalization band pass filter involving complex transmission zeros and its equivalent circuit in the Foster type circuit
Authors: Takeda Shigeki
Published: March 2005

This paper proposes a design method for a bandpass filter with characteristics close to ideal ones in which the amplitude and group delays are simultaneously flat in the passband and selectivity is assured in the stopband by means of an attenuation pole. In the present approach, first a method of designing the network function of a low pass prototype is proposed in which the group delay and the amplitude can be made flat at the same time over the same bandwidth by means of self‐equalizationThis refers to equalization carried out by the design of only the network function without an external equalizer.using complex transmission zeros. It is shown that a circuit network with this characteristic can be synthesized by a Foster type circuit. Further, it is shown that degradation of the group delay, which is unavoidable in conventional methods, can now be suppressed if frequency transformation is carried out directly to the individual circuit elements in the Foster type circuit. By means of this frequency transformation, a Foster type equivalent circuit is derived for a bandpass filter which faithfully performs frequency shifting of the characteristic of the low pass prototype. As a design example, a bandpass filter is presented in which a ninth‐order Bessel filter is self‐equalized by a set of complex transmission zeros and a set of transmission zeros on the imaginary axis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(4): 54–61, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20086
Design method of microwave Doherty power amplifiers and its application to Si power MOSFET amplifiers
Authors: Takayama Yoichiro , Harada Tetsuji , Fujita Takayuki , Maenaka Kazusuke
Published: March 2005

Recently, much attention has been given to Doherty amplifiers as microwave power amplifiers that have the possibility of realizing high efficiency and low‐distortion characteristics with a wide dynamic range. In this paper, the configuration, operation, and characteristics of Doherty amplifiers are surveyed and challenges in their use as microwave power amplifiers are identified. The circuit condition for use as a microwave Doherty amplifier is derived. Based on this condition, a method for the design of a practical output coupling scheme for a Doherty amplifier is proposed. Also, the effects of the peak amplifier and the carrier amplifier composing a Doherty amplifier on the combining characteristics of the Doherty circuit configuration are studied and design guidelines are presented. The behavior and characteristics of the power Si MOSFET Doherty amplifier constructed with the proposed design method are discussed in detail by simulation. The evaluation results are presented for a 1‐GHz Si MOSFET Doherty amplifier designed and fabricated on the basis of the simulation results. Finally, summaries and future challenges are given. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(4): 9–17, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20137
Evolution of diverse antiviral CD8+ T cell populations after murine cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Sierro Sophie , Rothkopf Robert , Klenerman Paul
Published: March 2005

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major human pathogen normally controlled by cellular immune responses. The infection can be modeled in the mouse using murine CMV (MCMV). During the latent phase of infection, two different patterns of CD8+ T cell responses have been observed: some specificities show increasing frequencies over time (“memory inflation”), while others, which are present acutely, are barely detectable at later time points. This distinction is independent of initial immunodominance. We analyzed the extent to which such responses differ functionally and tracked both their population distribution and their evolution over time. We observed two clear patterns of memory development that diverged early after infection. Acutely, CD8+ T cells directed against all epitopes showed similar activation, phenotype and distribution. Thereafter, one set of responses (“inflationary”) increased in frequency over time, was found in high numbers in non‐lymphoid organs and was associated with an activated (CD28low CD27lowCD122low) phenotype. In contrast, CD8+ T cells responses specific for other MCMV epitopes (“non‐inflationary”) showed a slow reversion to a classical “central” memory phenotype without enrichment in non‐lymphoid organs. A simple model to describe the equilibrium state in MCMV is presented, which may point to previously unexplored antiviral populations present after human CMV infection.
β2‐Adrenoceptor‐mediated suppression of human intestinal mast cell functions is caused by disruption of filamentous actin dynamics
Authors: Gebhardt Thomas , Gerhard Ralf , Bedoui Sammy , Erpenbeck Veit J. , Hoffmann Matthias W. , Manns Michael P. , Bischoff Stephan C.
Published: March 2005

Previous studies indicated potent inhibitory effects of β2‐adrenoceptor (β2AR) activation on the immunological mediator release of mast cells (MC). Here, we studied effects of β2AR agonists on human MC mediator release, and in particular on MC proliferation, adhesion, and migration. MC were isolated from human intestinal mucosa, purified, and cultured in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF). β2AR activation by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and salbutamol suppressed the IgE receptor‐dependent release of histamine, lipid mediators, and TNF‐α, and inhibited SCF‐dependent MC proliferation and migration. Moreover, β2‐adrenergic stimulation interfered with MC adhesion to fibronectin and human endothelial cells. Using fluorescent phallacidin, we found that β2AR activation reduced the amount of filamentous actin (F‐actin) within minutes, whereas MC stimulation by either IgE receptor cross‐linking or SCF caused F‐actin accumulation. Interestingly, this activation‐induced F‐actin increase was abolished by previous β2‐adrenergic stimulation. Finally, we demonstrated that disruption of the F‐actin cytoskeleton by latrunculin B mimicked the effects of β2AR agonists on MC adhesion and migration. Our results argue for an important role of F‐actin interference in β2AR‐mediated MC inhibition. Furthermore, the data support the concept of neuroimmune interactions regulating intestinal MC distribution, density, and functionality in vivo.
NFAT expression in human osteoclasts
Authors: Day Christopher J. , Kim Michael S. , Lopez Carolina M. , Nicholson Geoff C. , Morrison Nigel A.
Published: March 2005

Nuclear factor of activated T‐cells cytoplasmic (NFATc) is a family of transcription factors originally identified in T‐cells. The gene family is currently known to have four members (NFATc1 through NFATc4) which have roles both within and outside the immune system. We show that NFATc1 is the major induced NFAT in human osteoclasts, with expression greatly exceeding that of NFATc2 through NFATc4. In macrophage‐like cells in culture, NFATc1 through NFATc4 are expressed at similar low levels. NFATc1 is comprised of five mRNA transcript variants known to encode three different protein isoforms. The mRNA encoding isoform C (mRNA variant 3) was the most expressed with 38 copies per nanogram followed by isoform B (mRNA variant 5) with 17 copies per nanogram of total RNA. Isoform A (mRNA variant 1) and mRNA variants 2 and 4 made up less than 1% of the total NFATc1 expressed. NFATc1 is activated by calcineurin after calcium‐calmodulin signalling. The induction of NFATc1 in osteoclasts was not altered in the presence of cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin, suggesting that NFATc1 does not participate in autoregulatory activation of its own promoter. The NFATc1 variants expressed by human osteoclasts are not those normally expressed by effector T‐cells but are similar to those seen in naïve T‐cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of ground‐pad dimensions on the performance of vialess transition from coplanar waveguide to microstrip
Authors: Li Lingyun , Mao Junfa , Sun Xiaowei
Published: March 2005

In this paper, the influence of the ground‐pad dimensions on the electrical performance of the vialess transition from coplanar waveguide (CPW) to microstrip is studied. The simulation and measurement results both show that wider and shorter CPW pads can improve the transition bandwidth. This result can be used as a simple guideline for vialess transition design, and is illustrated by an equivalent‐capacitance model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 112–115, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20739
Improving the quality factor of a broadened spiral inductor with arithmetic‐progression step width
Authors: Hsu Heng‐Ming
Published: March 2005

A broadened spiral inductor with arithmetic‐progression step width is proposed to improve the quality factor (Q factor). The results show that Q factor can be greatly enhanced by tapering the spiral inductor. The enhancement of Q factor by increased step width and associated eddy‐current loss reduction is also studied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 118–120, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20741
Optical true time‐delay feeder for phased array antennas using fiber Bragg gratings and metal‐film reflectors
Authors: Shin Jong‐Dug , Bae Duk‐Hee , Kim Boo‐Gyoun
Published: March 2005

A novel optical true time‐delay (TTD) feeder for phased‐array antennas incorporating a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) prism and optical fibers with metal film deposited on their cleaved ends is proposed. By arranging a metal‐film reflector at one end of the fiber delay line with FBGs written at different locations, one FBG for every fiber delay line can be saved (compared to FBG‐only TTD feeders) and flexibility of wavelength selection is also provided due to the uniform reflectance of the metal film in a broad wavelength range. A TTD feeder with two fiber delay lines for 10‐GHz linear phased‐array antennas is built to steer a beam into three directions at 0° and ±30°. The experimental results of the time delays agree well with those calculated at all the steering angles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 122–124, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20743
High‐order US‐FDTD based on the weighted finite‐difference method
Authors: Xiao Fei , Tang Xiaohong , Ma Haihong
Published: March 2005

Although unconditionally stable (US), the accuracy of ADI‐FDTD is not so high as that of conventional FDTD. In this paper, a high‐order US‐FDTD based on the weighted finite‐difference method is presented. A strict analysis of stability shows that it is unconditionally stable. And, more importantly, its numerical‐dispersion performance is superior to that of ADI‐FDTD. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 142–144, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20749
Coupled‐line 180° hybrid coupler
Authors: Park Myun‐Joo , Lee Byungje
Published: March 2005

A new 180° hybrid‐coupler structure based on coupled lines is proposed. It consists of two quarter‐wave coupled‐line sections and one half‐wave transmission‐line section. The coupled outputs are always in phase with the input signal for all ports, and the through or direct outputs are either in phase or out of phase from the input signal, depending on the input ports. It has a simple structure and wide bandwidth, and can be implemented over a wide range of coupling values. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 173–176, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20761
A study paradigm allowing comparison of multiple high‐resolution rCBV‐maps for the examination of drug effects
Authors: Rausch M. , Gentsch C. , Enz A. , Baumann D. , Rudin M.
Published: March 2005

Owing to the neuro‐vascular coupling, measurement of changes in regional cerebral blood flow and blood volume (rCBV) can be used as surrogates reflecting the effects of central nervous system active drugs on neural transmission. As most such drugs are administered orally or intramuscularly and, in many cases, beneficial effects due to drug treatment can be observed only after chronic administration for days or weeks, the evaluation of drug efficacy requires the development of acquisition and analysis tools that allow for comparison of imaging data sets obtained in multiple sessions and for multiple subjects. In the present study, high‐resolution susceptibility contrast MR perfusion imaging using a super‐paramagnetic contrast agent (CA) was applied to study the effect of a single oral administration of the acetylcholine‐esterase inhibitor rivastigmine (Exelon®) on rCBV in rats. rCBV maps were calculated from two T2‐weighted three‐dimensional fast‐spin‐echo scans recorded before and after the injection of the CA, respectively. All MRI data sets were mapped to a reference data set obtained from a normal male Sprague–Dawley rat using an automated co‐registration procedure prior to the analysis for drug effects. Rivastigmine was orally administered at doses of 2, 4 or 8 mg/kg 1 h prior to the rCBV measurement. Rivastigmine increased rCBV in several brain areas including cortex, caudate putamen and hippocampus. The observed effects were dose‐dependent and the changes reached the order of 5–12% as compared with baseline levels. Vehicle‐treated animals showed no significant alterations of blood volume, demonstrating the reproducibility and stability of rCBV measurements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective depletion of albumin using a new peptide‐based affinity medium
Authors: Baussant Thierry , Bougueleret Lydie , Johnson Andrew , Rogers John , Menin Laure , Hall Martin , Åberg Per‐Mikael , Rose Keith
Published: March 2005

Blood plasma and serum are very useful samples for the detection, identification and quantitation of proteins associated with both health and disease. However, analysis of plasma and serum is a challenge because traces of interesting polypeptides and proteins can be dominated by the very high concentration of albumin present. Albumin may be depleted by adsorption to immunoaffinity columns or to columns containing dyes such as Cibacron Blue, or by ultrafiltration, but these methods are far from ideal. We describe a new peptide‐based affinity medium which is effective for removing albumin and is very specific. The albumin‐binding capacity is at least 14 mg per mL of gel. The material may be reused hundreds of times after a simple regeneration step involving NaOH, with full retention of specificity and capacity. The material was tested with human and monkey plasma and serum and rat serum, and has been used to deplete litre volumes of human plasma. The development of other peptide‐based affinity media to deplete abundant proteins is briefly discussed.
Proteomic analysis of hepatitis B virus‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Identification of potential tumor markers
Authors: Li Chen , Tan Ye‐Xiong , Zhou Hu , Ding Shi‐Jian , Li Su‐Jun , Ma Dan‐jun , Man Xiao‐bo , Hong Yi , Zhang Lei , Li Long , Xia Qi‐Chang , Wu Jia‐Rui , Wang Hong‐Yang , Zeng Rong
Published: March 2005

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy of both underdeveloped and developing countries. Proteomes of ten pairs of clinical hepatitis B virus associated HCC tissue samples were obtained by high resolution two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. Comprehensive analyses of proteins associated with B‐type HCC were focused on total differentially expressed proteins (≥ two‐fold increase or decrease, Student's t‐test, p < 0.05) from one pair of samples. Protein identification was done by peptide mass fingerprinting with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Comparative analyses of proteins associated with B‐type HCC included repeat statistics in ten cases. A total of 100 protein spots, corresponding to 80 different gene products, were identified. Proteins whose expression levels were different by more than 2‐fold in at least 50% of the cases (five of ten cases) were further analyzed and 45 proteins were selected out as candidates for HCC‐associated proteins. Western blotting further validated up‐regulated expressions of two candidate proteins in tumor tissues: proliferating cell antigen and stathmin 1. This comprehensive and comparative analyses of proteins associated with B‐type HCC could provide useful molecular markers for diagnostics and prognostics and for therapeutic targets. The physiological significance of the differential expressions for several candidate proteins are discussed.
Identification of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 as the antigen for the gastrointestinal cancer specific monoclonal antibody MG7
Authors: Lee Chi‐ho , Lum John Hon‐kei , Cheung Belinda Pik‐yuen , Wong Man‐sau , Butt Yoki Kwok‐chu , Tam Ming F. , Chan Wing Y. , Chow Chit , Hui Pak‐kwan , Kwok Francis S. L. , Lo Samuel Chun‐lap , Fan D. M.
Published: March 2005

MG7 is an early gastrointestinal cancer specific monoclonal antibody. It can detect gastric cancer with high sensitivity and specificity. However, the target antigen for MG7 has not been identified. Western blot analysis revealed that the MG7 antibody reproducibly recognized two ∼35 kDa proteins in the total cell lysates of human gastric carcinoma cell lines KATO III and MKN‐45. Using a proteomic approach, we identified these MG7 immunoreactive proteins as the human heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNP A2/B1). Western blot analysis of nuclear and cytosolic fraction of KATO III cells using either MG7 or hnRNP A2/B1 antibodies confirmed that the target antigen is located exclusively in the nucleus. With the use of archival samples, we also found that the level of hnRNP A2/B1 protein was increased in gastric cancer tissues (4 out of 5 patients), when compared to their corresponding matching normal stomach tissue.
Biochemical and immunological studies of nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome and 229E human coronaviruses
Authors: Tang Tswen‐Kei , Wu Mark P.‐J. , Chen Shui‐Tsung , Hou Ming‐Hon , Hong Ming‐Hsiang , Pan Fu‐Ming , Yu Hui‐Ming , Chen Jenn‐Han , Yao Chen‐Wen , Wang Andrew H.‐J.
Published: March 2005

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious health threat and its early diagnosis is important for infection control and potential treatment of the disease. Diagnostic tools require rapid and accurate methods, of which a capture ELISA method may be useful. Toward this goal, we have prepared and characterized soluble full‐length nucleocapsid proteins (N protein) from SARS and 229E human coronaviruses. N proteins form oligomers, mostly as dimers at low concentration. These two N proteins degrade rapidly upon storage and the major degraded N protein is the C‐terminal fragment of amino acid (aa) 169–422. Taken together with other data, we suggest that N protein is a two‐domain protein, with the N‐terminal aa 50–150 as the RNA‐binding domain and the C‐terminal aa 169–422 as the dimerization domain. Polyclonal antibodies against the SARS N protein have been produced and the strong binding sites of the anti‐nucleocapsid protein (NP) antibodies produced were mapped to aa 1–20, aa 150–170 and aa 390–410. These sites are generally consistent with those mapped by sera obtained from SARS patients. The SARS anti‐NP antibody was able to clearly detect SARS virus grown in Vero E6 cells and did not cross‐react with the NP from the human coronavirus 229E. We have predicted several antigenic sites (15–20 amino acids) of S, M and N proteins and produced antibodies against those peptides, some of which could be recognized by sera obtained from SARS patients. Antibodies against the NP peptides could detect the cognate N protein clearly. Further refinement of these antibodies, particularly large‐scale production of monoclonal antibodies, could lead to the development of useful diagnostic kits for diseases associated with SARS and other human coronaviruses.
A Flexible Database for Combinatorial and High‐Throughput Materials Science
Authors: Frantzen Andreas , Sanders Daniel , Scheidtmann Jens , Simon Ulrich , Maier Wilhelm F.
Published: March 2005

A new project‐oriented database concept for high‐throughput materials research and development is presented. The relational database is built on the common software MS‐Access. Its advantages are high versatility and compatibility as well as simple data import and export. Due to its modular conception, it is easily adapted and modified to various projects in combinatorial materials research. With the aid of standardized ASCII tables for data exchange, it was not only possible to share results between different research groups but also to use their individual expertise for a collective evaluation based on an identical data stock. The database application for visualization and data mining is demonstrated with examples from a search for new solid state sensor materials.
QSAR Models for the Analysis of Bioresponse Data from Combinatorial Libraries of Biomaterials
Authors: Smith Jack R. , Kholodovych Vladyslav , Knight Doyle , Welsh William J. , Kohn Joachim
Published: March 2005

We present two surrogate (semi‐empirical) models for prediction of both Protein Adsorption (PA) onto, and Cellular Response (CR) to, the surfaces of biodegradable polymers that have been designed for tissue engineering applications. We explore several of the key issues in the modeling process including the selection of adequate input variables, and the influence of the choice of the training set and the number of input variables on the accuracy of the predictions. The models are each built using five input variables selected from over 800 choices that include experimentally measured values, empirical estimates of chain hydrophobicity, and parameters that describe molecular shape. For both the PA and CR surrogate models, increasing the number of input variables from five up to seventeen resulted in no significant increase in model accuracy. Further, we examined the influence of the number of iterations in a Monte Carlo analysis designed to ensure that the amount of experimental error is realistically accounted for in the models. We found two ANN‐based surrogate models that predict PA and CR for 77 and 71% of the validation sets to within experimental uncertainty, respectively.
Property Prediction and Hybrid Modeling for Combinatorial Materials
Authors: Kyrylyuk Andriy V. , Case Fiona H. , Fraaije Johannes G. E. M. (Hans)
Published: March 2005

In combinatorial research, one seeks to mimic a natural evolution process, such that a diverse collection of materials improves over time, in response to an external challenge. Modeling such experiments is important for validation and rational design challenges. We present a new hybrid modeling method, which allows more efficient simulation of mesoscale (10−9–10−6 m) phenomena, and is a prototype for a broader approach, which we intend to encompass molecular interactions, nanoscale, and microfluidics. As an example and proof of principle, we examined partition and self‐assembly of surfactant from aqueous solution onto the surface of an oil droplet, and the phase separation of a block copolymer to an oil/water interface by using a hybrid self‐consistent field/dissipative particle dynamics (SCF‐DPD) model.
Waterbird breeding and environmental flow management in the Macquarie Marshes, arid Australia
Authors: Kingsford Richard T. , Auld Kristin M.
Published: March 2005

Colonial waterbirds breed in relatively few parts of Australia and the Macquarie Marshes are one of the more important wetlands for these species on the continent in terms of size of breeding colonies and frequency of breeding. Breeding data were collected for ten species of colonial waterbirds in the period 1986–2001: Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris, Little Pied Cormorant P. melanoleucos, Great Egret Ardea alba, Intermediate Egret A. intermedia, Little Egret A. garzetta, Cattle Egret A. ibis, Rufous Night Heron Nyctiorax caledonicus, Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus, Straw‐necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis and Australian White Ibis T. molucca. Breeding of most colonial waterbirds in the Macquarie Marshes was positively related to flow in the three months before breeding and triggered when flows were usually above 200 000 Ml. Flow was also positively related to wetland area. These relationships allowed modelling of three different options for management of environmental flow, nominally an annual allocation of 125 000 Ml. Even though the Macquarie River is highly regulated, there were predicted to be major differences in breeding frequency, flow variability and wetland flooding for different options delivering environmental flows. Use of all environmental flows each year provided the least variable option while accumulating the flow in the major dam and delivering it at high thresholds provided considerably more variability for the Macquarie Marshes, increased breeding of colonial waterbirds and increased frequency of large floods. The size of a waterbird breeding event and flooding extent were still primarily affected by river flooding and diversions upstream, despite the amount of environmental flow and the predicted ecological differences among the environmental flow options. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population status of eucalypt trees on the River Murray floodplain, South Australia
Authors: George Amy K. , Walker Keith F. , Lewis Megan M.
Published: March 2005

For populations to persist, recruitment must keep pace with mortality. In variable environments, opportunities for reproduction occur patchily in time and space, and favourable conditions must occur sufficiently often to allow growth to maturity (hence ‘recruitment’). The risks of local extinctions may be increased by anthropogenic factors. This scenario is illustrated by two tree species, river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and black box (E. largiflorens), on the floodplain of the River Murray, South Australia. Fixed area plots were established at Banrock Station, where large, mature trees are common, although red gum outnumber black box by about four to one. Trunk diameter was measured as a surrogate for tree age. The smallest diameter (0–10 cm) black box are nearly as common as seedlings of that species, whereas the smallest diameter red gum (0–10 cm) are 10 times more abundant than seedlings. Small trees of both species occur in localized clumps, and the respective size‐class distributions exhibit series of peaks and falls, suggesting episodic recruitment and opportunistic survival. Population viability calculations suggest that more than 100% of existing saplings need to survive to maintain the local black box population (i.e. there are too few saplings). The red gum population apparently requires a smaller proportion of survivors, but the calculations may be biased by the clumped distribution of the saplings. Based on population structure and viability estimates, black box at this site appear to lack sufficient regeneration to compensate for adult mortality while red gum appear to have a much better balance. The methods established here may be useful for assessment of stands of these species in other areas. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seed inputs in riparian zones: implications for plant invasion
Authors: Tabacchi Eric , Planty‐Tabacchi Anne‐Marie , Roques Lydie , Nadal Etienne
Published: March 2005

Seed inputs were studied from January 2001 to August 2002 along a tranverse successional gradient of a riparian zone within the mid‐reaches of the Garonne River (SW France). Seeds were trapped monthly at ten sites distributed along the gradient. In total, 117 000 seeds belonging to 296 species were collected, among which 145 were exotic species. Seed inputs were overall dissimilar to the extant vegetation; however, similarity among seed input samples was higher than similarity among the extant vegetation samples. Exotic seed inputs resulted from distinct modes of dispersal in comparison to the native ones. Exotic guilds also comprised more short‐lived species. A significant positive linear relationship was observed between exotic and native species richness for both seed inputs and extant vegetation. Flood events were responsible for species richness peaks in seed inputs. They also contributed towards peaks in exotic species and individuals. However, most exotic seeds were recruited during low water period, with a significant lag in time compared to native inputs. Species composition, densities of species and individuals as well as the percentages of exotic species distinguished the infrequently agricultural zone from the frequently disturbed riparian zone. The latter zone was the most invaded both in terms of seed input and extant vegetation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serving American Indian students in tribal colleges: Lessons for mainstream colleges
Authors: Martin (Cherokee) Robert G.
Published: March 2005

This chapter discusses the ways in which tribal colleges have incorporated culturally relevant education models to serve American Indian students.
American Indian student services at UND
Authors: Brown (Turtle Mountain Chippewa) Donna L.
Published: March 2005

This chapter discusses American Indian student services at one university as a model for providing support for Native American students attending a predominantly white institution.
A new approach to pile‐up modelling in PIXE
Authors: Maxwell J. A. , Campbell J. L.
Published: March 2005

In the conventional approach to pile‐up modelling when fitting x‐ray spectra, a pile‐up ‘element’ is introduced, whose peak energies are defined as the sums of energies of primary peaks in the spectrum. We introduce a new approach that includes peak + peak, peak + continuum and continuum + continuum pile‐up. Tests show that, in addition to replicating the results of the conventional approach for peak pile‐up, it accounts accurately for broad continuum pile‐up features in the spectrum. The new approach also allows the user to include pile‐up peaks that arise from summing of peaks within the region of fit with peaks that lie below the lower energy limit of the region of fit. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shared sounds in detached movements: flautist identities inside the ‘local-field’ spaces
Authors: RIIKONEN TAINA
Published: March 2005

This article explores the spatial identities of the flautists in playing Kaija Saariaho's music with live electronics, particularly reverberation and harmonisation. The varying spatial position of the flautists are theorised mainly via two approaches: that of ‘local/field’ concepts by Simon Emmerson, and through the philosophy of narrative identity developed by Paul Ricoeur. The article investigates the flautists' experiences of control over the sound, and especially its most intimate form, direct control, by discussing the relationship between the choices of live flautist and the sound director. The sound result is constantly negotiated by several authorial activities, the contributions of which are closely overlapping and conversing with each other.
An interface for ‘flat music’
Authors: BAILEY CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2005

Part of my listening experience has been a coming to terms with a certain set of musical forms that I call ‘flat’. Music in flat form means music that avoids obvious or dimensionally conjunct large-scale goals, points of arrival, ‘climaxes’, sectional boundaries, and the like, and therefore has proven difficult for many listeners. It has become clear to me that this music demands a different listening approach, one at odds with the way music is typically appreciated in the concert hall. This approach is one that composers of music in flat form can facilitate through today's computer-music resources. What I present here is a specific instance of such an approach: my composition Sand, a twenty-five-minute long work for computer-synthesised and processed sounds, was composed specifically to be experienced through a computer-music interface I built in the MAX/MSP environment. This paper explores what I mean by ‘flatness’, how I came to terms with it as a listener, and how this coming-to-terms spawned the idea and construction of the interface. I then discuss the interface itself, the process of interaction with the listener, and technical aspects of the software.
The Pavilion: Into the 21st Century: a space for reflection
Authors: PACKER RANDALL
Published: March 2005

In this paper, I describe the Pavilion: Into the 21st Century project, a multimedia instrument based on the spherical mirror created for the Pepsi Pavilion – a visionary work of art and architecture originally created by E.A.T. (Experiments in Art & Technology) for Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan. The Pavilion is being returned to contemporary artists and audiences in order to extend the experience of the original to the Internet. The project draws from the fundamental notion of interdisciplinary collaboration and social interaction that was integral to the original concept – encouraging a freer, more participatory experience that breaks down the traditional distinction between artist, audience and artwork.
Mixing things up: collaboration, converging disciplines, and the music curriculum
Authors: WATTS CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2005

The applications of digital technologies in the world of art continue to explode, and various artistic disciplines begin to converge as a result. More artists are working in a wide variety of media while, at the same time, increasing specialisation results in a greater number of collaborative, interdisciplinary activities. The ability to collaborate effectively with other artists is a skill set that must be addressed from a curricular standpoint, and music faculty must engage with colleagues in the other arts to provide students with the appropriate learning opportunities. While many institutions have developed successful models for doing this, information about those models has not been widely disseminated. Institutions that have found this change difficult may face a variety of obstacles, including highly compartmentalised departments, a crowded curriculum, and shortages in staffing and funds. One model for change is presented that focuses on building curriculum and shared facilities, using technology as a means to facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration.
Marketing strategies for electroacoustics and computer music
Authors: MOUNTAIN ROSEMARY
Published: March 2005

This article explores possible strategies for appraising electroacoustic and computer music to enhance ‘marketability’. It is proposed that the specific aesthetics, characteristics and function of a work may be more salient features than those of the medium of composition (e.g. computer) to many listeners. It is suggested that the common practice of focusing on chronology, geography and specific schools is becoming less relevant due to a proliferation of home studios, the internet, and an increasing saturation of electronic sounds in new media contexts. On the other hand, aspects of form, mood, timbral palette, rhythmic complexity, etc., may become very useful bases for choosing works for a compilation CD or concert programme. The inadequacies of musicians' discourse for describing such attributes leads to the incorporation of analogies from visual and performing arts as well as a discussion of other possible approaches to ‘labelling’ and the inherent dangers in such a task. In conclusion, it is proposed that the time is ripe for shuffling the categories and regrouping composers' works according to aesthetic preferences, regardless of the percentage of electronic/computer content.
Look around and get engaged
Authors: CHADABE JOEL
Published: March 2005

The term ‘computer music’, for those of us who lived through the beginnings, became meaningful during the pioneering period from the late 1950s through the 1970s. It was a positive term. It identified a specific genre of music, a major effort in musical experiment, research and exploration, a wealth of new sound-generating techniques, and a large palette of new sounds. Jean-Claude Risset, in Inharmonique, for example, used additive synthesis to extend principles of tonality into the microworld of spectral progression. John Chowning, in Stria, used the Golden Mean to define FM frequency ratios. For many of us, these were interesting ideas and beautiful sounds.
Long-Term in Vivo Investigation of Mouse Cerebral Microcirculation by Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy in the Area of Focal Ischemia
Authors: Tomita Yutaka , Kubis Nathalie , Calando Yolande , Dinh Alexy Tran , Méric Philippe , Seylaz Jacques , Pinard Elisabeth
Published: March 2005

This study was designed to assess that mouse pial and cortical microcirculation can be monitored in the long term directly in the area of focal ischemia, using in vivo fluorescence microscopy. A closed cranial window was placed over the left parieto-occipital cortex of C57BL/6J mice. Local microcirculation was recorded in real time through the window using laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy after intravenous injection of fluorescent erythrocytes and dextran. The basal velocity of erythrocytes through intraparenchymal capillaries was 0.53 ± 0.30 mm/sec ( n = 121 capillaries in 10 mice). Two branches of the middle cerebral artery were topically cauterized through the window. Blood flow evaluated by laser-Doppler flowmetry in two distinct areas indicated the occurrence of an ischemic core (15.2% ± 5.9% of baseline for at least 2 h) and a penumbral zone. Magnetic resonance imaging and histology were used to characterize the ischemic area at 24 h after occlusion. The infarct volume was 7.3 ± 3.2 mm3 ( n = 6). Microcirculation was repeatedly videorecorded using fluorescence confocal microscopy over the next month. After the decrease following arterial occlusion, capillary erythrocyte velocity was significantly higher than baseline 1 week later, and attained 0.74 ± 0.51 mm/sec ( n = 76 capillaries in six mice, P<0.005) after 1 month, while venous and capillary network remodeling was assessed, with a marked decrease in tortuosity. Immunohistochemistry revealed a zone of necrotic tissue into the infarct epicenter, with activated astrocytes at its border. Such long-term investigations in ischemic cortex brings new insight into the microcirculatory changes induced by focal ischemia and show the feasibility of long-term fluorescence studies in the mouse cortex.
Measurements of BOLD/CBV Ratio Show Altered fMRI Hemodynamics during Stroke Recovery in Rats
Authors: Kim Young R , Huang In J , Lee Seong-Ryong , Tejima Emiri , Mandeville Joseph B , van Meer Maurits PA , Dai George , Choi Yong W , Dijkhuizen Rick M , Lo Eng H , Rosen Bruce R
Published: March 2005

Brain responses to external stimuli after permanent and transient ischemic insults have been documented using cerebral blood volume weighted (CBVw) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in correlation with tissue damage and neurological recovery. Here, we extend our previous studies of stroke recovery in rat models of focal cerebral ischemia by comparing blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) changes. Responses to forepaw stimulation were measured in normal rats ( n = 5) and stroke rats subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion ( n = 6). Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed 2 weeks after stroke to evaluate the recovery process. After stroke, animals showed variable degrees of fMRI activation in ipsilesional cortex, the extent of which did not correlate with structural damages as measured using apparent diffusion coefficient, fractional anisotropy, blood volume, and vessel size index. While the contralesional cortex showed good overlap between BOLD and CBV-activated regions, the ipsilesional cortex showed low covariance between significantly activated voxels by BOLD and CBVw techniques. In particular, the relative activation during contralateral stimuli in the ipsilesional somatosensory cortex was significantly higher for CBVw responses than BOLD, which might be due to stroke-related alterations in fMRI hemodynamic coupling. Aberrant subcortical activations were also observed. When unaffected forelimbs were stimulated, strong bilateral responses were observed. However, little thalamic responses accompanied stimulation of affected forelimbs despite significant activation in the ipsilesional somatosensory cortex. These results suggest that stroke affects not only local hemodynamics and coupling but also other factors including neural connectivity.
Estrogen Restores Postischemic Sensitivity to the Thromboxane Mimetic U46619 in Rat Pial Artery
Authors: Qin Xinyue , Hurn Patricia D , Littleton-Kearney Marguerite T
Published: March 2005

The objectives of the study were to (1) characterize the dose-response relationship to the TXA2 analog, U46619 (0.01, 0.1, and 1 μmol/L) after global cerebral ischemia, (2) determine whether chronic 17β-estradiol (E2) replacement alters this relationship, and (3) determine if E2's mechanisms are transduced through cognate estrogen receptors. Rats were assigned to five groups ( n = 6): placebo-implanted ovariectomized (OVX) females, OVX plus chronic E2 (CE), OVX plus acute E2 (AE), OVX plus chronic E2 plus the estrogen receptor inhibitor ICI 182,780 (CEI), and OVX plus acute E2 plus ICI 182,780 (AEI). Rats were anesthetized, intubated, cannulated (femoral artery and vein), fitted with a closed cranial window, and subjected to 15-min reversible forebrain ischemia (4-vessel occlusion, 4-VO) and 60 mins of reperfusion. Arterial blood gases, intrawindow pressure, and temperature were controlled. Vessel diameter was measured before and 5 mins after superfusion of each concentration of U46619. Compared with preischemic responses, contractile response to U46619 was depressed at all concentrations after ischemia in the OVX group. In the chronic E2 and acute E2 groups, contractile response to 1 μmol/L of U46619 was normalized to near baseline values. However, in the CEI and the AEI groups, postischemic vasoconstriction was similar to that observed in the OVX rats. We conclude that E2 targets the cerebral microvasculature to preserve postischemic pial artery reactivity and that the effect is receptor mediated. Restoration of normal constriction to vascular agonists may be an important mechanism by which E2 protects the vasculature and diminishes tissue damage after ischemia.
NFκB Activates in vivo the Synthesis of Inducible Cox-2 in the Brain
Authors: Nadjar Agnès , Tridon Viviane , May Michael J , Ghosh Sankar , Dantzer Robert , Amédée Thierry , Parnet Patricia
Published: March 2005

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induces cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression in many of its cellular targets resulting in production and release of prostaglandins. Although IL-1β-induced Cox-2 expression most likely requires activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFκB) pathway, this has never been formally demonstrated in vivo. We tested this using a specific inhibitor of NFκB activation, the NEMO binding domain (NBD) peptide, that has been shown previously to be effective in various in vivo models of acute inflammation. Incubation of rat glioma cells with the NBD peptide blocked IL-1β-induced NFκB nuclear translocation. Furthermore, after injection of a biotinylated version of the NBD peptide into the lateral ventricle of the brain, we found that it readily diffused to its potential cellular targets in vivo. To test the effects of the peptide on NFκB activation and Cox-2 expression in the brain, we injected it intracerebroventricularly (36 μg/rat) into rats before intraperitoneal injection of IL-1β (60 μg/kg). Treatment with NBD peptide completely abolished IL-1β-induced NFκB activation and Cox-2 synthesis in microvasculature. In contrast, the peptide had no effect on constitutive neuronal Cox-2. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that IL-1β-induced NFκB activation plays a major role in transmission of immune signals from the periphery to the brain.
A note on the relationship between the digestible dry matter and the digestible energy content of ruminant diets
Authors: Moir RJ
Published: March 2005

The digestible energy content (y, in Calories per gram) of a wide range of foodstuffs for ruminants may be accurately estimated from the dry matter digestibility (x per cent) by the regression y = 0.0467 x - 0.158 (r = 0.998). It follows that dry matter digestibility itself is a simple and accurate description of the digestible energv content of foodstuffs for ruminants.
Skin and skinfold thickness in relation to depth of subcutaneous fat in beef cattle
Authors: Tulloh NM
Published: March 2005

Skin and skinfold measurements were made on the midside of steers aged 26 months just before slaughter. These measurements were unrelated to the depth of subcutaneous fat measured on their carcasses on the cut surface between the tenth and eleventh ribs.
Acceptability of aquatic toxicity data for the derivation of water quality guidelines for metals
Authors: Batley G. E. , Apte S. C. , Stauber J. L.
Published: March 2005

The requirement for appropriate quality assurance and quality control in
scientific measurements makes it essential that the results of toxicity
testing be acceptable from both a chemical and a biological perspective.
Whereas biological aspects have generally been satisfactorily addressed, this
has not always been so with respect to chemistry. This paper reviews the areas
where toxicity testing protocols for metals in natural waters can be
deficient. These begin with the choice of test container, and include both
physical and chemical aspects of metal–organism interactions that may
alter both the bioavailable concentration and the toxic response. The need to
consider speciation is emphasized, including the effects of organic
complexation, pH, hardness and alkalinity, especially with high metal
concentrations and high pH values. The difficulties in using uncensored
toxicity data from the literature for the development of water quality
guidelines are discussed.