bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overconfidence: Der Einfluss positiver und negativer Affekte
Authors: Filiz Ibrahim
Published: April 2021

Die Auswirkungen von Selbstüberschätzung betreffen viele Bereiche des wirtschaftlichen Lebens. Doch es sind bisher nur wenige Faktoren bekannt, die das Ausmaß möglicher Selbstüberschätzungen bestimmen. Zudem gibt es kaum Untersuchungen, ob positive oder negative Emotionen einen Einfluss auf die Selbsteinschätzung haben. Ob Emotionen mögliche Lerneffekte bei der Selbsteinschätzung beeinträchtigen können, ist bisher noch gar nicht untersucht worden. Die vorliegende Studie wendet sich dieser Fragestellung zu. In einem Real-Effort-Task-Experiment werden den Probanden in 5 Spielrunden Aufgaben gestellt. Nach jeder Spielrunde sollen die Probanden ihre Leistung einschätzen. Anschließend erhalten sie jeweils ein Feedback, wie sie tatsächlich abgeschnitten haben. Auf diese Weise werden Lerneffekte möglich. Die Stimmungsinduktion wird durch positive (Treatment „Positiv“), negative (Treatment „Negativ“) und neutrale (Treatment „Neutral“) Filmausschnitte erzeugt. Sowohl hinsichtlich der absoluten Overconfidence als auch hinsichtlich der relativen Overconfidence zeigen sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den drei Treatments. Im Hinblick auf das Auftreten von Lerneffekten zeigt sich dann aber doch ein Unterschied zwischen den Stimmungslagen. Bei Betrachtung der absoluten Overconfidence zeigen sich in neutraler Stimmungslage deutliche Lerneffekte. Diese Lerneffekte bleiben hingegen sowohl bei positiver als auch bei negativer Stimmungslage aus.
DOENÇAS DE VEICULAÇÃO HÍDRICA NO CONTEXTO ESCOLAR
Authors: Albuquerque Helder Neves de , Cerqueira Joaci dos Santos , Batista Abraão Romão
Published: April 2021

O crescimento desordenado e sem planejamento das cidades, sobretudo no semiárido brasileiro, nos alerta para questões muito preocupantes relativas ao acesso regular da população à água potável. Diante disto, objetivou-se identificar o nível conhecimento e sensibilização dos alunos do Ensino Médio em relação às doenças de veiculação hídrica e as medidas profiláticas, em duas escolas da rede Estadual de Ensino no município de Campina Grande-PB. Assim, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, com abordagem quali-quantitativa, através de questionários com perguntas abertas e fechados, no período de agosto a dezembro de 2019, em duas escolas de Ensino Médio da rede estadual em Campina Grande-PB. Foi possível detectar que a maioria dos alunos ainda detêm percepções fragilizadas sobre as medidas preventivas, profiláticas e de tratamentos. Desconhecem totalmente as ações do PSF junto à comunidade escolar, e a maior parte dos alunos pesquisados nunca realizaram exame parasitológico de fezes. Infelizmente, em Campina Grande-PB, as ações de educação em saúde ainda é falha junto as escolas pesquisadas e há um evidente desconhecimento sobre medidas de higiene, prevenção e tratamento das doenças de veiculação hídrica.
MATERIAIS E PRÁTICAS NO ENSINO DE PORTUGUÊS PARA ESTRANGEIROS
Authors: Lendl Aluízio , Kfouri Marta Lúcia Cabrera , Silva Rickison Cristiano de Araújo
Published: April 2021

Resenha
Apresentação
Authors: Bueno Eva Paulino , Vasconcelos Silvia Ines Coneglian Carilho de , Kfouri Marta Lúcia Cabrera
Published: April 2021

Apresentação
APRENDIZAGEM CRIATIVA NO TIKTOK: NOVAS POSSIBILIDADES DE ENSINAR E APRENDER DURANTE O ISOLAMENTO SOCIAL
Authors: Monteiro Jean Carlos da Silva
Published: April 2021

Este estudo aborda o aplicativo TikTok. O objetivo é investigar potencialidades pedagógicas da rede social que se popularizou durante o período de isolamento social ocasionado pela pandemia do novo coronavírus (COVID-19). Tem como método a pesquisa bibliográfica e um estudo exploratório do TikTok, no qual se apresenta suas características e integração como recurso educacional. Verificou-se que, além de apresentar contribuições significativas para a aprendizagem criativa, a produção de vídeos no TikTok promove maior interação dos alunos no processo de construção do próprio conhecimento e permite o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências educacionais.
Board of Directors Decisions And Performance of Deposit Money Banks: An Analytical Approach
Authors:   Department of Banking And Finance Faculty of Business Administration Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria, George Ades
Published: April 2021

The study examines the relationship between Board of Directors Decisions and Performance of Deposit Money Banks: An analytical approach in Nigeria for the period 1990–2018. The study measured Ordinary share capital, Debenture, Investment in subsidiaries, and Loans /advances as proxies for Board of Directors decisions while Return on Equity was used as proxies for Performance of deposit money banks for the said periods under review. In the course of the study, data were obtained from the website of Central Bank Statistical bulletin and annual report of Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC). The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test option was used to test for unit root. The ARDL and Bounds test were used to estimate the short and long run relationships. This study found that at short run, the board of director’s decisions on financing and investment decisions has positive relationship with return on equity, but are not significant predictors of return on equity. However, at long run the director’s decisions on financing options i.e. ordinary share capital and debenture, investment in subsidiaries and granting of loans have a long run relationship with return on equity of deposit money banks in Nigeria for the period 1990-2018. Strong credit risk administration/procedures should be religiously followed especially (know your customer) and complied with by credit risk managers in all deposit money banks in Nigeria. Ordinary share capital should be a source of financing at the short run. These were some of the recommendations proffered, to the Government, monetary authorities, Central Bank of Nigeria, researchers and Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria.
Search Variability and Interlibrary Services
Authors:   State Public Scientific and Technical Library SORAN, Novosibirsk, Russia A.S. Pushkin, Krasilnikova Irina
Published: April 2021

The urgency of the problem is associated with an increase in the number of electronic resources in many information and library institutions, the need to search for information from any sources, including external ones, the provision of documents from a group of funds (corporations), the presence of electronic catalogs and search systems. Finding information from catalogs and other search engines has always preceded the execution of orders in the interlibrary service. Borrowing and using documents from different collections (provision of interlibrary services) is possible only if there is up-to-date metadata of modern information retrieval systems (ISS). The purpose of the article is to summarize the results of studying several types of search engines. At the same time, attention was drawn to new scientific publications on the topic under study. An analysis of domestic and foreign materials on the options for searching for information is presented, which is very necessary for users, including those who are remote in the provision of interlibrary services.
Ecosystem of innovative infrastructure on the example of the Novosibirsk region
Authors:   GPNTB SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Tsukerblat Dmitry , Nikolaenko Alexander ,   Institute of Chemical Technology SB RAS, Novosibirsk
Published: April 2021

The article examines the ecosystem of innovative infrastructure on the example of the Novosibirsk region. Examples of specific elements of the innovation infrastructure are given that are aimed at supporting companies at all stages of creating an innovative product, from generating ideas to launching production. The problem is revealed in the organization of interaction between the elements of the innovation infrastructure. The creation of a single «one window» operator for the effective implementation of the regional policy in the innovation sphere is proposed.
Organization and development of cultural and educational activities of libraries-museums: problems and achievements
Authors:   National Library of Ukraine named after Yaroslav Mudro, Sokolov Victor
Published: April 2021

The essential features of libraries-museums and the peculiarities of their work, as well as the importance of museum activities of libraries in the development of scientific research, preservation and popularization of the national cultural heritage, are revealed. The activity of libraries-museums as innovative memorial and cultural-educational centers is analyzed. The general foundations of the social functioning of libraries and museums are highlighted. The achievements and prospects for the development of the activities of libraries-museums are characterized, in particular, on the examples of the work of these institutions in Ukraine.
Prospects for the use of criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the development of information and library institutions
Authors:   Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Akhmedov Timur
Published: April 2021

The article examines the ongoing reforms in Uzbekistan, in particular, analyzes the decrees, concepts and programs for the development of the information and library sphere. The author examines research conducted abroad on the development of special criteria for assessing the effectiveness of information and library activities, the creation of statistical databases. Taking into account international experience, a solution to this issue is proposed.
Manuscript of "majmuai tazkor" compiled by Sadri Ziyo
Authors:   Uzbekistan State University of World Languages, Masalieva Oltina
Published: April 2021

In this article analyses one of the famous person of Bukhara khanate in the end of XIX – beginning ХХ century Muhammad Sharif Sadri Ziya and one of his historical heritage, which kept under the number of 2193 of the Oriental Institute of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan «Majmuai tazkor».
Beyond place-based: the role of virtual communities via social media in young adult recovery
Authors: Willems Julie , Jan Forbes Rouve , Simmons Margaret
Published: April 2021

In post-disaster recovery, optimising psychosocial support is important for all groups of the population, yet young adults have tended to be overlooked as a demographic in their own right. Research was conducted to seek the perspectives of young adults through the narrative of their experiences in the years following the 2009 Gippsland bushfires. One emergent theme in the findings highlighted the importance of information and communication during and after events. Participants in this research sought information and support via social media and virtual communities. These sites traverse localised, place-based solutions, enabling young people to communicate over large geographical areas. The platforms aid dynamic and rapidly evolving support by sharing information, feelings and ideas. This research also highlighted the need to identify the gaps in information processes and support systems for young adults and to ensure youth-specific information is included in formal communications. Possible solutions are outlined taking into consideration the perspectives offered by the study participants.
Quality Metrics measurement for Hybrid Systems (Aspect Oriented Programming – Object Oriented Programming)
Authors: Ghareb Mazen Ismaeel , Allen Gary
Published: April 2021

This paper explores a new framework for calculating hybrid system metrics using software quality metrics aspect-oriented and object-oriented programming. Software metrics for qualitative and quantitative measurement is a mix of static and dynamic software metrics. It is noticed from the literature survey that to date, most of the architecture considered only the evaluation focused on static metrics for aspect-oriented applications. In our work, we mainly discussed the collection of static parameters ,  long with AspectJ-specific dynamic software metrics.The structure may provide a new direction for research while predicting software attributes because earlier dynamic metrics were ignored when evaluating quality attributes such as maintainability, reliability, and understandability of Asepect Oriented software. Dynamic metrics based on the  fundamentals of software engineering are equally crucial for software analysis as are static metrics. A similar concept is borrowed with the introduction of dynamic software metrics to implement aspect-riented software development.Currently, we only propose a structure and model using static and dynamic parameters to test the aspect-oriented method, but we still need to validate the proposed approach.
LA APROBACIÓN O CONVALIDACIÓN POR NORMA CON RANGO DE LEY DE PROYECTOS SOMETIDOS A EVALUACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y SU CONTROL DE VALIDEZ A LA LUZ DE LA JURISPRUDENCIA DEL TJUE
Authors: PERNAS GARCÍA JUAN JOSÉ
Published: April 2021

la Ley 21/2013, de 9 de diciembre, de evaluación ambiental excluye de su ámbito de aplicación «los proyectos detallados aprobados específicamente por Ley», dando así aplicación a una de las previsiones de la Directiva 2011/92. De acuerdo con la Directiva 2011/92 y la jurisprudencia del TJUtjuE, la evaluación ambiental de estos proyectos debe llevarse a cabo en el marco del trámite parlamentario de aprobación de la ley. La jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia exige que las condiciones de aplicación de esta posibilidad de sustitución del procedimiento administrativo de evaluación ambiental y, en consecuencia, la consecución de los objetivos de evaluación ambiental a través del procedimiento legislativo sean objeto de control por vía de recurso. El artículo analiza la doctrina del Tribunal contenida en las sentencias de 18 de octubre de 2011, caso Boxus, y de 16 de febrero de 2012, caso Solvay.

ingurumen-ebaluazioari buruzko abenduaren 9ko 21/2013 Legeak bere aplikazio-esparrutik kanpo uzten ditu «legez berariaz onartutako proiektu zehatzak», horrela 2011/92 Zuzentarauaren aurreikuspenetako bat aplikatzeko modua ezarriz. 2011/92 Zuzentarauaren eta EBJ Aren jurisprudentziaren arabera, proiektu horien ingurumen-ebaluazioa legea onartzeko parlamentuko tramitearen esparruan egin behar da. Ingurumen-ebaluazioaren helburuak administrazio-prozeduraren ordez prozedura legegilearen bidez egiteko aukera hori aplikatzeko, EBJ Aren jurisprudentziak exijitzen du ingurumen-ebaluazioaren helburuak betetzen direla errekurtso bidez kontrolatzeko aukera egotea. Artikuluan Tribunalaren doktrina aztertu da bi kasutan: 2011ko urriaren 18ko Boxus kasua, eta 2012ko otsailaren 16ko Solvay kasua.

Act 21/2013 of December 9th of environmental assessment excludes «projects the details of which are specifically adopted by a legislative act», thereby meeting one of the provisions of Directive 2011/92. In accordance with Directive 2011/92 and the ECJ caselaw, the enviromental assessment of these projects should be carried out within the framework of the parliamentary work process of adoption of a legislative act. The ECJ caselaw requires that the conditions for applying this option of substituting the administrative procedure of enviromental assessment and accordingly the achievement of the enviromental assessment objectives through the legislative process may be subject to scrutiny by way of a judicial review procedure. This article analyzes the ECJ doctrine in cases Boxus from October 18th of 2011 and Solvay from February 16th of 2012.
SARE-NEUTRALTASUNA EUROPAR BATASUNEKO KOMUNIKAZIO ELEKTRONIKOETAKO MERKATUAN: MERKATUA BEHINGOZ LEHIA ASKERA IREKITZEKO BALDINTZA
Authors: ANGULO GARZARO AMAYA , ANGULO GARZARO NOEMI , FERNÁNDEZ ROJO DAVID
Published: April 2021

para esta sociedad dependiente del diseño incesante de políticas de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, la garantía de la neutralidad en la red es imprescindible puesto que, de otro modo, éstas no podrían ser llevadas a cabo pues se impediría el correcto funcionamiento del motor que mueve el progreso económico. El crecimiento del uso de Internet ha demostrado, por un lado, la importancia de la red de comunicaciones electrónicas y, por el otro, ha reavivado el debate en torno a la neutralidad de dicha red, dado que, en ocasiones, los intereses de los proveedores de contenido ¿información y aplicaciones¿ no coinciden con los de los proveedores de red.
En este estudio vamos a analizar el mercado de las comunicaciones electrónicas en la Unión Europea. Así, consideramos que ha llegado el momento de abrir el mercado a la libre competencia; por lo tanto, defenderemos la necesidad de conseguir una Internet neutral. En definitiva, la neutralidad en la red no es el primer paso en la apertura del mercado a la libre competencia, sino el último

Etengabeko Ikerketa, Garapen eta Berrikuntzaren menpe dagoen gizarte honetan, horiek aurrera eramateko ezinbestekoa den sarearen neutraltasuna bermatu behar da; bestela, hazkunde ekonomikoa erdiesteko nahitaezko suertatzen zaigun motorraren funtzionamendua bidegabeki aztoratuko litzateke. Internetaren erabilpena handitzeak agerian utzi du komunikazio elektronikoetarako sarearen garrantzia, eta horren neutraltasunaren inguruko eztabaida berpiztu ere egin du, batzuetan, sarea ematen dituztenen interesak eta edukia ¿informazioa zein aplikazioak¿ ematen dituztenenak ez datozelako bat.
Ikerketa honetan, komunikazio elektronikoko Europar Batasuneko merkatua izango dugu aztergai. Horrela, merkatua lehia askera irekitzeko garaia heldu delakoan, neutrala den Interneta lortzeko betebeharra defendatuko dugu, lehiarako ibilbidean eman beharreko lehenengo pausua baino, azkena delako.

Ensuring net neutrality is essential in our current society where the dependency on research, development and innovation is unremitting. Such neutrality guarantees the proper functioning of economic progress. Particularly, the growing use of the Internet has shown the importance of an electronic communications network. It has also rekindled the debate about the neutrality of the network, because sometimes the interests of content providers (applications and information) do not match those of the network providers. This article analyzes the market of electronic communications in the European Union since it is time to open up the market to competition and get a neutral Internet. In short, net neutrality is not the first step in opening up the market to competition, but rather, the last one.
Terror Recollected in Tranquility: The Oriental Gothic and the Sublime Imagination of Thomas De Quincey
Authors: Mukherjee Amitrajeet
Published: April 2021

This paper explores Thomas De Quincey’s seminal text Confessions of an English Opium Eater, examining the artistic vision of the writer and locating the author and his text within the context of the growing British Imperial project in the early 19th century. By locating the substance of his addiction, opium, within the economic, political, and cultural discourses that were developing in Britain at the time, this paper aims to deconstruct the ambivalent relationship that De Quincey, and by extension large segments of British society, had towards an imagined construction of the Orient. By analyzing the Gothic elements of De Quincey’s text, I argue that these images of the East are the signs of growing Orientalist discourse. They squarely locate Romantic tropes within the narrative of British Imperialism. In addition to exploring the fissured imagination of Asia that marks De Quincey’s work, this paper also briefly analyzes the psychological aspects of De Quincey’s contemplation of his addiction and presents a brief account of the role, opium played within the Romantic movement of the early 19th century. Through De Quincey’s opium-induced hallucinations, I attempt to analyze a mode of reflecting and presenting the sublime which was intrinsically linked to an imagined East that revisits the intersection of discourses of art, lived experiences, and the cultural and political anxieties of the era in which the primary text was produced to create a glimpse of the larger discursive function of De Quincey’s confessional memoir. This paper can thus be read as an intervention to re-engage with the links between Romantic aesthetic imaginations and the colonial enterprise of Empire building in the early 19th century.
The Retention Problem: An Analysis of Enrolment Attrition at a Canadian College
Authors: Ungar Sheldon B.
Published: April 2021

A survey of returning and non-returning students at Scarborough College was undertaken to investigate the problem of declining retention rates at Ontario Universities. This study describes the opportunities available to and chosen by non-returning students, and then seeks to evaluate various hypotheses that have been proposed to account for enrolment attrition. Consistent with prior research, there was no evidence found to support the claim that students are being forced out of university by an inability to afford the costs of their education. Instead, the results suggested that enrolment attrition is produced by a combination of an attenuation of the student's commitment to obtain the degree and the student's awareness of and access to viable alternatives. As a result of a pervasive sense of uncertainty about the market value of a university degree, many students are willing to assay other opportunities. Specifically, those students who went to work appear to have been "pulled out" of university by the availability of a credible job. In addition, the contingencies affecting the commitment of the returning students and the students who transfer to other educational institutions are discussed. The conclusion addresses the relationship between financial circumstances and access to university, and raises questions about future enrolment patterns.
Relationships between M.B. A. Program Attributes and Personal Characteristics of Students
Authors: Ahmed Sadrudin A
Published: April 2021

This paper investigates the relationship between the personal characteristics of newly enrolled M.B. A. students and the importance these students place on various M.B.A. pro- gram attributes. Survey data from 165 students entering three Canadian M.B.A. programs indicates that the program attributes which had the strongest relationship with the per- sonal characteristics of the students were the use of the case method of teaching and social life/recreation. The personal characteristics which showed the strongest relationship with the attribute importance were age and the mother tongue of the students.
Faculty Development Practices in Canadian Universities
Authors: Konrad Abram G.
Published: April 2021

This article reports on a survey of faculty development practices in Canadian universities - the extent of their use and estimated effectiveness. Sixty percent of the universities had an organized program, although only 40 percent had a coordinator of development practices. Traditional practices, like sabbaticals, travel funds, and newsletters, were most common, although some of the least used practices were judged most effective. The most pressing faculty development needs were in instructional improvement, rather than in personal or organizational development. Participation in development activities was greatest among good teachers who wanted to get better, rather than among those who really needed to improve. For development programs to become more effective, it seems that institutional commitments for faculty development will have to be strengthened, both organizationally and financially.
The Determinants of Publication Rates of Faculty Members at a Canadian University
Authors: Dickson Vaughan A
Published: April 2021

This paper examines the determinants of inter-individual differences in publica- tion rates for a sample of faculty members in a Canadian university. A simple model of publication output is presented and tested with an ordinary least squares regression. Among the conclusions are that academic rank, degree qualifications, academic discipline and the number of years since receipt of first degree significantly influence publication rates.
Response to the reviewer of Scholars and Dollars
Authors: Axelrod Paul
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Vive la Différence: A Comparison of Male-Female Academic Performance
Authors: Decore Anne Marie
Published: April 2021

La croissance de la participation féminine à la formation universitaire témoigne d'une tendance qui est devenue évidente depuis quelque temps. Selon la littéra-ture sur les tests d'aptitude et de compétence intellectuelles, dont certains indi-quent la supériorité des hommes dans les mathématiques et les sciences et celle des femmes dans les humanités et les sciences sociales, la performance à l'univer-sité devrait refléter ces mêmes différences. Cette prévision devrait se confirmer à mesure que les nombres d'hommes et de femmes arrivent à égalité dans certains domaines d'études et que les effets de la sélection de la "crèmede la société"sont réduits, surtout dans le cas des femmes en sciences et mathématiques. Une analyse des données sur les résultats des étudiants a l'Université d'Alberta n'apporte aucun appui à la prévision d'une performance supérieure par les hommes dans les domaines des mathématiques et des sciences.
Access to Higher Education in Canada
Authors: Guppy Neil
Published: April 2021

This paper examines changes in access to higher education in Canada for individuals born in the first half of this century. The data show variations in attendance at, or graduation from, university or non-university postsecondary educational programmes by gender, language group, and socioeconomic background. The statistical analysis uses information from a large, nationally representative sample of Canadians. Results show a process of democratization at the postsecondary non- university level, but only a modest reduction in disparities at the university level.
Exploring the Principles of Andragogy: Some Comparison of University and Community College Learning Experiences
Authors: Lam J. L. Jack
Published: April 2021

The learning experiences of 740 University and Community College students from various programs have been examined from the andragogical perspective. Through the analysis of fifteen aspects of the learning process, discrepancies of real and expected learning experiences were traced to institutional, program and individual characteristics. While the principles of andragogy remain valid as instructional guidelines for postsecondary institutions, the present findings draw attention to the importance of intellectual maturity as a basic source for organizing meaningful learning for adult students.
Political and Cognitive Structures Underlying Scientific Inquiry in the University: The Challenge to Educational Researchers
Authors: Dumont Florent , Lecomte Conrad
Published: April 2021

There is a disabling avalanche of scientific production which has overtaken most students of the behavioral sciences. Though science is advanced by this production, much of it is seen to be of marginal value. This has caused some disenchantment among university students with psychology-based research. To understand the sources of this problem, several phenomena are re-examined: (a) the functional autonomy of research paradigms and their assumptive justifica- tions, (b) the failure to discard them when their dysfunction interferes with inquiry directed to solving pressing social problems, and (c) the intersection of politics, academic policies, and the reward structures woven into publication and research networks. The challenge to university researchers, among others, that these conditions impose, are assessed, and suggestions for countering them are presented.
Book review of "Commentary on the review of The Professoriate"
Authors: Watson Cecily
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Myths and Realities: The Fallacy of Faculty Shortages in the Next Decade
Authors: Von Zur-Muehlen Max
Published: April 2021

This study confronts the popular conviction that Canadian universities are likely to suffer serious shortages offaculty in the 1990s. Despite an aging professoriate, faculty replacement demand will increase only gradually. Flexible retirement conditions and faculty renewal incentives have lessened the danger of a large simultaneous retirement, and increased demand due to growth is not likely. On the supply side, doctoral enrolment has increased substantially in recent years. Past cohort analysis and projections of enrolment trends indicate that the supply of doctoral recipients will be adequate at least until 1995. Furthermore, holding patterns for recent doctoral graduates and the coming of age of graduate programs in Canada suggest a flexible supply potential in response to any increased demand. This study concludes that in fact there will be a 2:1 faculty supply/demand surplus until at least 1990 and that such a situation will be maintained well into the 1990s.
Using Content, Context, and Process to Manage University Cutbacks
Authors: Hardy Cynthia
Published: April 2021

Funding and enrolment problems have led to recommendations for more strategic planning in universities. The traditional model of strategy making may not be appropriate, however, because it focuses on the content of strategies and ignores other elements in the strategy making process. Universities are very much constrained in terms of their choice of retrenchment strategy - they cannot fire tenured staff or close faculties in the way a business can shut down factories and lay off employees. A second problem is that the traditional model defines success purely in economic terms whereas universities can be effective only if they maintain morale and commitment. Thus, success involves a political component. Two Canadian universities faced with retrenchment are compared to show that, while the same cutback mechanisms were used, the process of implementing them was quite different. The result was similar economic outcomes but great variation in political terms. The article argues that the key to success is matching the content of the strategy with a process of implementation that is consistent with the particular university context. Thus, successful retrenchment strategy making may look different in different institutions.
The Career Goals of Female Science Students in Canada
Authors: Nevitte N. , Gibbins R. , Codding P. W.
Published: April 2021

There are relatively few women in the Canadian scientific community and most of the available research explains this fact in terms of girls' low enrolment in high school science programmes. The research presented here suggests that the substantial seepage of women from science at a later decision-point also contributes to the lack of women in the science professions. The career goals of a matched sample of male and female senior science undergraduates at nine Canadian universities (N = 204) are examined. The data show (1) that there are substantial gender discrepancies in the defection rates and career aspirations of male and female science undergraduates; (2) that fathers occupation emerges as a relevant background variable distinguishing female science students from their male counterparts; and (3) academic performance affects the defection rate of women from science-the top performers are more likely than average performers to defect from science. These findings are related to cross-national data and strategies for further research are suggested.
The Growth of the Canadian Education System: An Analysis of Transition Probabilities
Authors: Pineo Peter C. , Goyder John
Published: April 2021

Canada is shown, in a comparison with 23 other industrialized nations, to have distinctively low rates of school attendance from age seventeen onwards. Closely comparable data from a Canadian and an American national survey make a detailed comparison of the two nations possible. There has been a strong trend towards virtually universal completion of grade and high school in the U.S. Canada has followed this trend at the lower levels, but retains a low rate of secondary school completion. Rates of attending post-secondary and post-graduate training show little trend in either country. The "transition probability" analysis, in which each level of schooling is examined separately, is further pursued in an assessment of the effects of social background factors, called "ascription," upon progress through the system. Background factors are found to have generally weaker effects upon higher levels of education in Canada, as in the U.S. They are especially weak at the crucial point, the completion of high school, showing that social background is not a significant element in the creation of Canada's high rates of dropping out of high school. The overall effects of background seem higher in Canada, and especially so for females.
Association-Sponsored Higher Education for Business: Perceptions of First-Year Students
Authors: Wright Phillip C. , Palmer Robert A.
Published: April 2021

Association-sponsored learning programs comprise a significant but largely unknown sector of higher education. In North America, for example, almost 500 associations are involved in the education! certification process. This paper begins the process of discovering why individuals enroll in such programmes, rejecting the many other vocationally oriented opportunities available to them. Using data from first-year students enrolled with the Canadian Institute of Management, it was found that the majority were drawn to the Institute through personal business contacts. As well, although other alternatives were investigated, the Institute's reputation, level of difficulty, the perceived "practical" nature of the courses and programme length attracted most students. As to perceptions of “utility," the Institute's learning programme was ranked just below a university degree in management and somewhat higher than a degree in a "non- management" discipline.
What Should the Goals Be? Employment Equity for Female Faculty in Canada
Authors: Blakely John H.
Published: April 2021

This paper investigates the process of setting employment equity goals and timetables for female faculty in Canadian universities. First, the paper identifies the conditions under which a goal of a 50-50 balance between men and women faculty members by the year 2000 can be achieved. Second, it identifies criteria for evaluating the reasonableness of this goal. Third, given that such criteria as external availability, impact on labour demand and fairness suggest that this goal may not be reasonable, the question becomes: what should the goals be? The paper addresses this question by analyzing the impact of alternative hiring targets (reflecting alternative assumptions about external availability) on the gender composition of faculty in the year 2000. These hiring targets range from an extremely conservative 16.8% female to an optimistic 44.4% female. Under appropriate assumptions, these yield gender composition estimates ranging from 17.5% to 35.4%. While recognizing that availability will vary across universities, it is hoped that the estimates provided herein will inform debates on setting employment equity goals: l)by illustrating and elaborating on a methodology for establishing goals and timetables; and 2) by providing lower-bound and upper-bound estimates (along with estimates based upon moderate assumptions) to illustrate the range of possibilities under Canadian employment equity policy.
Un corps professionnel renouvelé : les professeurs des universités québécoises francophones entre 1959 et 1976
Authors: Dandurand Pierre
Published: April 2021

Parallèlement à une nouvelle conception de l'université, on a vu s'imposer dans l'après-guerre, chez les professeurs des universités francophones du Québec, un nouveau projet de professionnalisation qui plaçait la recherche scientifique au centre des pratiques universitaires et exigeait, pour se réaliser, des transforma-tions dans les structures universitaires. L'article tente de montrer comment ces nouvelles conditions se sont réalisées à partir de 1959 avec une prise en charge plus directe de l'université par l'Etat et un développement institutionnel très rapide qui s'est accompagné d'une bureaucrati-sation du système universitaire et d'une syndicalisation des professeurs. Au moment où l'analyse se termine, en 1976, la syndicalisation des professeurs est chose faite et les grandes lignes du mouvement de qui professionnalisation caractérise les années 1980 sont déjà en place.
L'impact de la Sélection et du Profil Académique sur la Performance Cognitive D'étudiants Universitaires
Authors: Pelletier Daniel , Larivée Serge , Coutu Sylvain , Parent Sophie
Published: April 2021

L'évaluation d'adultes à l'aide d'épreuvespiagétiennes indique clairement que la maîtrise des opérations formelles est beaucoup moins généralisée que ce que la théorie laisse supposer. Chez les étudiants universitaires, ce décalage entre la performance et la compétence attendue est souvent attribué au manque de familiarité avec le contenu. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, une autre variable rarement prise en considération a été retenue : la sélection à l'entrée des candidats admis dans les divers programmes. Un échantillon de 740 étudiants universitaires provenant de 12 concentrations différentes a été évalué à l'aide du Piagetian Logical Opérations Test. Les données recueillies mettent en évidence une performance globale supérieure des étudiants inscrits en sciences pures et appliquées. Cependant, les étudiants inscrits dans les programmes plus sélectifs de sciences humaines et sociales ont des résultats comparables à ceux des étudiants provenant de programmes à haute teneur mathématique et/ou scientifique, mais n'ayant pas fait l'objet d'une sélection serrée. L'impact de la sélection et du regroupement des sujets est discuté. L'interprétation traditionnelle des différences de performance en termes de déficit opératoire est critiquée, et des retombées possibles sur /'enseignement universitaire sont présentées.
Book review of "Privatization of Higher Education: International Trends and Issues"
Authors: Pike Robert M.
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Book review of "Readings in Canadian Higher Education"
Authors: Sheehan Nancy M.
Published: April 2021

No abstract
The Canada Student Loans Program: Time for Revision
Authors: Schaafsma Joseph
Published: April 2021

This paper consists of a critical appraisal of a number of aspects of the Canada Student Loans (CSL) program. In the first part of the paper it is argued that the current CSL program lacks horizontal and vertical equity and creates a work-disincentive. Furthermore, it is shown that the program rules are badly in need of up-dating to take into account the effects of inflation and tax rate increases since 1982. In the second part of the paper it is argued that the government is controlling the cost of the CSL interest subsidy inefficiently. An alternative design fro the CSL program is proposed and it is argued that this new design benefits both students and parents at little or no additional cost to the government.
Budgeting Attitudes in Smaller Universities: A Function of the Environment, Environmental Outcomes, and Personal Outcomes
Authors: Schell Bernadette , Tarnopolsky Debra
Published: April 2021

Academic and administrative staff involved in the budget process in four small-medium universities in Ontario responded to a 16-page mail questionnaire on budgeting attitude as it relates to content, context, process, environmental outcomes, and personal factors. The results showed that for this setting, budgetees seem to have positive budget attitudes, high academic satisfaction levels, and high commitment levels. There was some dissatisfaction expressed, however, with many economic facets, including the university budget, the faculty budgets, the university's long-range plans, and the university's external relations. The personal budget history and values as motivators appeared to have less of an effect on budgetary attitude than did the respondent's definition of a budget, the perception of a consultative, fair superior-subordinate leadership style, and the fact that the superior holds the budgetee personally accountable for budget variances within the department. As hypothesized, there was not a significant difference in budget attitude scores between those of an administrative background and those of an academic background. Objectives for administrators in this particular environment are discussed.
Attrition from Health Professional Schools in a Canadian University
Authors: Stewart Miriam J.
Published: April 2021

A descriptive study was conducted in order to identify the incidence of student voluntary withdrawal from undergraduate programs of the schools of the Faculty of Health Professions, in a Canadian university, over a two-year period; to identify students' expressed reasons for voluntary withdrawal; and, to develop a profile of characteristics of students who withdraw voluntarily and those who are successful academically and continue/persist through to graduation. There were 30 respondents from among the 42 withdrawing students (73.2% response rate) and 85 respondents from among 120 eligible graduates sampled (70.8% response rate). Dropouts from the health professional schools in this Canadian university were typically older, married, and employed; considered their program less difficult; had not participated in orientation or contacted writers' workshop, clubs, sports teams, student health, faculty advisors, or their profession's clientele. These characteristics appear to reflect facets of academic integration more than social integration. Former students cited dissatisfaction with the program/curriculum content, uncertainty about educational/occupational goals, and stress associated with the profession as the three most important reasons for voluntary withdrawal.
Academic Faculty Wives and Systemic Discrimination —Antinepotism and "Inbreeding"
Authors: Dagg Anne Innis
Published: April 2021

In the past, the academic careers of women married to professors have often been disadvantaged by anti-nepotism rules in universities and by informal department policies against hiring one's own Ph.D. graduates. To determine if these two systemic forms of discrimination, which especially affect faculty wives, are still operating, a study was made at a large university, the University of Waterloo. UW calendars show that some departments have hired academic spouses and many have hired their own Ph.D.s; however, a survey of UW professors indicates that a sizable number are against hiring spouses in a department and against a department hiring its own Ph.D.s. There is still cause for concern, therefore, if a university wants to hire the best candidate for a position and she happens to be a faculty wife.
The Point of View of the Student in Attrition Research
Authors: McKeown Brent , Macdonell Allan , Bowman Charles
Published: April 2021

Until the early 1970's, research into attrition among postsecondary students was largely aimed at establishing correlations between the characteristics the students brought with them to an institution and dropping out. Virtually all of this research was unguided by any explicit theoretical framework. With the work of Spady (1970; 1971), and that of Tinto (1975), a model was provided which became the theoretical foundation for most subsequent research into the problem. The model was based fundamentally on part of Durkheim's work on suicide, keying on the concept of integration. According to the model, those students who were integrated into the social and academic life of the institution were less likely to drop out, and the focus shifted to include not only "background" factors, but also the experiences of students after they were admitted to the institution. While creating the illusion of offering a clear theoretical framework, the key concepts of social and academic integration are only very loosely connected with the original Durkheimian idea. It is contended here that a firmer foundation for the development of an appropriate theoretical framework is more likely to arise out of a careful attempt to understand the actions of students in terms of the meanings things in their world have for them. Methodological techniques appropriate to this task are advocated, without denying the importance of many significant clues to be found in much of the current and past research in the field.
In the Shadow of the Tower: The View of the Undergraduate Experience
Authors: Gomme Ian M. , Hall Mary P. , Murphy Terry J.
Published: April 2021

This paper reports the initial findings of a survey (N=388) conducted in Winter 1991 focusing on the quality of the academic experience for Arts and Science students at a medium size post-secondary institution in eastern Canada. Our purposes are: 1) to set out the context in which undergraduates conduct their academic work, 2) to document what their experience entails, and 3) to present some of their perceptions of the higher education process. While most students have vocational goals in mind, they are also keenly interested in acquiring a solid general education. Undergraduates attend most of their classes, are heavily committed to completing their programs, and work quite diligently in pursuit of their goals in the face of what many of them consider to be heavy workloads. They are not, however, completely satisfied with the services that they receive in return for their tuition fees and for Canadians' tax dollars. While satisfaction levels vary with the type of services provided, it is clear that there does exist substantial room in which institutions can make improvements. Specifically, our data suggest that the primary goals of universities seeking to better the undergraduate experience should be to encourage more effective teaching and its evaluation, to reduce class sizes, to increase formal and informal interaction among faculty members and students, to improve the quality of academic advising, and to support the creation of more equitable financial assistance programs for students.
A Profile of Private Vocational Training Schools
Authors: Sweet Robert
Published: April 2021

This paper outlines the salient features of private vocational training schools in four major regions of Canada. Schools are further described in terms of their operating principles and practices, the range of training programs offered and, finally, the regulatory and governance structures of federal and provincial governments and of the industry itself. This profile outlines the market-oriented nature of the proprietary school industry and is presented with reference to the community college and institute system where, to a limited degree, similar entrepreneurial features are found. On the basis of this comparison, some observations are made as to the potential contribution of proprietary schools toward current government efforts at improving training provision in Canada.
Education, Attitudes, and Language of Higher Education: Francophone Students in Northern Ontario
Authors: Wilkinson Derek
Published: April 2021

Data from 1586 Francophone students in Northeastern Ontario concerning their attitudes towards French and English show seven independent factors affect linguistic beliefs. Three factors -believing French unimportant, believing English practically dominant, and believing their French inadequate - lead students to continue their post-secondary education solely in English. Believing French more pleasurable is positively, and believing English superior is negatively, related to continuing post-secondary education solely in French. Educational level is negatively related to believing English superior and to believing French unimportant but positively related to believing English dominant, French pleasurable, and their French inadequate. Policy should therefore focus on countering the belief in English dominance and the belief in the inadequacy of their ability in French.
Change and Influence in the Community Colleges of British Columbia
Authors: Levin John S.
Published: April 2021

During the 1980s, a number of social, economic, and political changes in British Columbia enabled individuals and groups to influence actions which affected the operations and development of the community colleges of British Columbia. This is a study of influence and influencers in the community colleges of British Columbia. Examined are actions affecting the British Columbia community col- lege from 1980 1991. Determinants and outcomes of these actions, as well as those individuals or groups who influenced these actions, are identified.