bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPULSES IN VAGAL AFFERENT FIBRES FROM SPECIFIC PULMONARY DEFLATION RECEPTORS. THE RESPONSE OF THESE RECEPTORS TO PHENYL DIGUANIDE, POTATO STARCH, 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND NICOTINE, AND THEIR RÔLE IN RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR REFLEXES
Authors: Paintal A. S.
Published: December 2014

1. The endings of certain vagal afferent fibres have been located in the lungs, using the method of locating visceral receptors described recently [Paintal, 1954 a). These receptors were sensitized specifically by pulmonary deflation.

2. The fibres were found to be normally inactive. With the cats' chest intact it was sometimes possible to evoke a rapidly adapting discharge of impulses by suction of air from the trachea or by collapse of the lungs with open chest. The receptors were unaffected by anoxia but they could be sensitized by congestion of the lungs.

3. The action potentials of these fibres were the smallest yet observed in vagal afferent fibres; in most deflation fibres the potentials barely exceeded the base‐line noise level. It is estimated that the conduction velocities of the majority of the fibres are below 6 m./sec.

4. The receptors were stimulated by injection of phenyl diguanide, starch, nicotine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine. Some of the receptors yielded considerably reduced responses following subsequent injections of phenyl diguanide, but the majority of them were little affected.

5. The injection‐discharge time following rapid injections of phenyl diguanide into the right atrium of cats with intact chest ranged from 0·9 to 2·7 sec. With open chests the injection‐discharge time could be varied by injecting the drug during different phases of artificial respiration; the values were increased when the drug was injected during inflation of the lungs. The drug sensitized the receptors from 7 to 21 sec.

6. Apart from the usual response of respiratory inhibition, phenyl diguanide on many occasions gave rise to respiratory acceleration without the initial period of apnœa. This response could be elicited more frequently by small doses of phenyl diguanide, but it could also be produced by large doses injected slowly.

7. Nicotine, starch and HT gave rise to early reflex respiratory and cardiac responses identical with those following phenyl diguanide.

8. It is suggested that the deflation receptors are primarily responsible for producing reflex respiratory acceleration (rapid shallow breathing) and that they cause respiratory inhibition when greatly stimulated by drugs. They may also take part in the reflex bradycardia following injections of the drugs used in this investigation.

9. The receptors are not connected with the bronchial circulation or with any part of the broncho‐pulmonary shunt, but with the pulmonary circulation. They are probably situated near the alveoli.

10. In many cats the deflation fibres were encountered grouped in bundles. At present the only way of isolating them is by injecting drugs which stimulate them.

11. These deflation receptors are quite different from the so‐called deflation receptors described previously [Adrian, 1933; Paintal, 1953 b].
THE EXCRETION OF ADMINISTERED SODIUM CHLORIDE BY THE CONSCIOUS DOG, AND THE EFFECT OF OCCLUSION OF THE CAROTID ARTERIES
Authors: O'Connor W. J.
Published: December 2014

1. The excretion of sodium chloride administered by stomach tube to the conscious dog was not altered by previous denervation of the kidneys or by injections of desoxycorticosterone acetate.

2. The excretion of administered sodium chloride was not determined by changes in the sodium or chloride concentration of the plasma, but there was a close relationship between the rate of excretion of sodium and total solid content of the plasma, which was used to follow changes in the plasma protein concentration. Ingestion of ammonium chloride or water caused no increase in sodium excretion, and there was no large fall in plasma solid. Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate caused an increased excretion of sodium associated with dilution of the plasma solids, but there was no corresponding increase in the excretion of chloride.

3. Occlusion of both carotid arteries caused immediately an increased output of urine and of both sodium and chloride. This persisted after denervation of the kidneys, and was attributed to the increased arterial pressure produced by the occlusion.

4. The relationship between plasma solid content and rate of excretion of sodium has been plotted, and from this an estimate made of the probable relationship between plasma protein concentration, glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion. The effects of dilution of plasma protein and of increased arterial blood pressure in increasing sodium excretion have been compared quantitatively.

5. Measurements of inulin or creatinine clearance are not sufficiently accurate to elucidate problems of sodium excretion.

6. The relationship between plasma solid content and rate of excretion of sodium is discussed with reference to the sodium balance of the body.
THE NATURE OF “WATERY VACUOLATION” OF THE LIVER CELL
Authors: Aterman K.
Published: December 2014

The intravenous injection of ferric carboxymethyldextran in isotonic or hypertonic saline in mice leads to the almost instantaneous formation of “watery vacuoles” in the cytoplasm of the liver cells. In specimens fixed by the method of freeze‐drying the vacuolar content gave a positive reaction with the Prussian blue stain for iron, thus showing that some of the injected material had penetrated into the liver cell. This is taken as evidence for the hæmatogenous origin of the vacuolar content. The possibility is considered that there is only one type of “watery vacuolation” despite differences in the chemical composition of the vacuolar content.
THE ROLE OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA
Authors: French J. E. , Robinson D. S. , Harris P. M.
Published: December 2014

1. Chyle from rats or rabbits fed a mixture of cholesterol and olive oil can be cleared when added to heparinized plasma in vitro.

2. The plasma of rabbits fed cholesterol contains lipoid particles which have a much greater relative concentration of cholesterol than lipoid particles from the chyle. These particles clear slightly or not at all when added to heparinized plasma in vitro.

3. The plasma of rabbits fed cholesterol has an inhibitory effect on the rate of clearing of added chyle by heparinized plasma in vitro.

4. The lipæmia in rabbits fed cholesterol can be attributed primarily to failure in the disposal of the cholesterol‐containing residue of the chylomicra rather than to failure in the mechanism for breakdown of these particles in the blood.
OCULAR STRUCTURE IN VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN THE MONKEY
Authors: Ramalingaswami V. , Leach E. H. , Sriramachari S.
Published: December 2014

1. The role of vitamin A in the metabolism of cone cells of the retina was investigated, from the morphological angle, by studying their structure in induced deficiency of vitamin A in three monkeys.

2. Unequivocal signs of structural damage were observed in the cone and rod cells of the deficient animals, which also showed the classical signs of vitamin A deficiency in other organs.

3. In vitamin A deficiency, damage to the visual cell layer of the retina occurred in one monkey in the absence of corneal involvement. This finding suggests that chronic vitamin A deficiency in the community may lead to progressive damage to the visual cells in a much larger number of persons than the incidence figures for keratomalacia indicate.

4. Degeneration of pigment epithelium was present in retinal sections from all the deficient animals. The possible role of the pigment epithelium in the pathogenesis of the visual defect in vitamin A deficiency has been discussed.

5. Degenerative changes were noted in Descemet's endothelium. This damage may contribute to the degeneration of the corneal epithelium.
THE SINU‐ATRIAL NODE OF THE RAT HEART
Authors: Muir A. R.
Published: December 2014

1. The sinu‐atrial node can be observed in the rat as a thickening, composed of modified myocardium, in the medial wall of the right cranial vena cava from the 15th day of prenatal life onwards.

2. The node is most obvious, and has its maximum size relative to the body weight from one day before to three days after birth.

3. In the embryonic and neonatal rat the node is a compact syncytium, with few poorly striated myofibrils and very numerous dark, spherical nuclei. During post‐natal life the relative reduction in size, the progressive invasion by connective tissue, and the decrease in nuclear density are the main factors which make the node a less obvious structure.

4. In the adult rat, the node, composed of paler fibres, has the shape of an inverted horseshoe in the cranial part of the sinu‐atrial orifice.

5. From the 18th day of prenatal life onwards nervous structures are closely associated with the node.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE MUCOUS CELLS OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINE
Authors: Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W.
Published: December 2014

1. Certain of the epithelial cells of the stomach and duodenum take up 35S from intravenously injected Na235SO4 and incorporate it in the mucous secretion. The particular types of cell which do this vary from species to species.

2. The goblet cells of the small and large intestines of all the species examined take up 35S from Na235SO4. The 35S iS first concentrated in the supranuclear or “Golgi body” region, before being distributed through the intracellular mucin.

3. The 35S is taken up rapidly, and radioactive mucin is being discharged within an hour or so of the injection of Na235SO4. Most of the radioactivity has disappeared from the cells in 24 hours.

4. After the intravenous injection of [35S] methionine, radioactivity appears diffusely in gastro‐intestinal epithelium, and shows no concentration in the mucus‐producing cells.

5. Some implications of the results are discussed.

We wish to acknowledge our debt to Mr. J. Kent who assisted in all the animal work, Mr. D. Jerrome who prepared the autoradiographs and devised suitable staining methods, and Mr. B. H. Glass who took the photographs.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY NECROSIS. INFARCTION OF THE PARS DISTALIS PRODUCED EXPERIMENTALLY IN THE RAT
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Prichard Marjorie M. L.
Published: December 2014

1. Infarction of the anterior lobe (pars distalis) of the pituitary gland was produced in rats by arresting the blood flow in the hypophysial portal vessels in the pituitary stalk. These vessels were occluded by the application of a fine cautery. The necrosis was of variable extent and occurred in the central part of the anterior lobe; the lateral, dorsal and caudal regions of this lobe remained healthy, as did also the neural lobe (pars infundibularis).

2. A study was also made of the vascular anatomy of the pituitary gland in normal rats. This showed that the part of the anterior lobe which became infarcted is the territory supplied by hypophysial portal vessels which drain the median eminence and run down the ventral aspect of the stalk, i.e. the vessels which had been occluded by cauterization. The regions of the anterior lobe which remained healthy are territories supplied by hypophysial portal vessels which had not been interfered with, in particular the group of portal vessels which, in the rat, drain part of the neural lobe. As in man, the sinusoids of the rat's anterior lobe receive no arterial blood.

3. The experiments support the view that the lesion seen in the human condition of “post‐partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary” is due to a severe impairment of the circulation in the vessels of the hypophysial stalk and lower infundibular stem, which in man provide the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with its sole blood supply.
LOSS OF COLLAGEN FROM THE UTERUS OF THE RAT AFTER OVARIECTOMY AND FROM THE NON‐PREGNANT HORN AFTER PARTURITION
Authors: Harkness Margaret L. R. , Harkness R. D. , Moralee Brenda E.
Published: December 2014

1. Loss of collagen from the uterus of the rat after spaying, and from a non‐pregnant horn after parturition has been investigated.

2. Loss of collagen from a non‐pregnant horn after parturition proceeds rapidly, at about the same rate as loss of collagen from the uterine cervix after parturition.

3. After spaying, loss of collagen from the uterus proceeds much more slowly than after parturition, and more slowly than loss of weight and non‐collagenous protein N.

4. An incidental finding was that the number of foetal sites in the horn of the opposite side after unilateral spaying was approximately the same as in both horns, i.e. double that normally found in a single horn.
THE EFFECT ON SWEATING OF PRESSURE ON THE BODY SURFACE
Authors: Watkins E. S.
Published: December 2014

1. Simultaneous collections of sweat from both scapular regions of West Africans, using a filter‐paper weighing technique, have been made to observe the changes in sweating during the application of pressure to one side of the body.

2. When no pressure was applied, it was found that sweating on the two sides of the body may be changing in opposite directions at any one time.

3. The hemihidrotic response to pressure, described by Takagi and Sakurai [1950] was only occasionally demonstrated, and its validity is suspect in view of the changes in sweating found when no stimulus was applied.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOLAMINE PHOSPHATIDE ON PLASMA COAGULATION
Authors: Poole J. C. F. , Robinson D. S.
Published: December 2014

1. An increase in the amount of thrombin generated from plasma during coagulation, and a shortening of plasma clotting times in the presence of Russell's viper venom, is produced by ethanolamine phosphatide prepared from brain, from egg yolks and by synthesis.

2. In a series of brain fractions, coagulant activity is correlated with the ethanolamine content of their acid hydrolysates.
THE ABSORPTION OF BICARBONATE‐SALINE SOLUTIONS BY THE SMALL INTESTINE AND COLON OF THE WHITE RAT
Authors: Parsons D. S.
Published: December 2014

1. During the absorption of isotonic solutions containing 160 mM Na, 135 mM Cl and 25 mM HCO3, the contents of rat jejunum become progressively more acid than the contents of the ileum or colon.

2. During absorption there is a net entry of total CO2 into the contents of the ileum and colon, while from the jejunum there is a net absorption of total CO2.

3. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 6063 depresses the absorption of water and electrolytes from the jejunum, ileum and colon, and reverses the direction of net movement of CO2 in ileal segments.

4. After absorption of saline solutions, the water content of the wall of the jejunum and colon is increased.
THE LOCATION AND EXCITATION OF PULMONARY DEFLATION RECEPTORS BY CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Paintal A. S.
Published: December 2014

1. Deflation fibres from the intact chest of the cat can be identified by observing that inflation of the lungs abolishes the discharge produced by phenyl diguanide and that this discharge reappears when the lungs collapse.

2. Some deflation receptors in the intact chest were stimulated by collapse of the lungs without chemical sensitization. This indicates that in some cats these receptors may be activated normally during rapid expiratory efforts.

3. The injection‐discharge time shortened as the dose of phenyl diguanide injected into the right atrium was increased. However, increasing the dose did not influence the intensity of the discharge.

4. The stimulating effect of 5‐hydroxytryptamine was not affected by a previous injection of dibenzyline; in this respect deflation receptors differ from smooth muscle.

5. Nicotine and urethane stimulated and sensitized the deflation receptors. The injection‐discharge time was shorter than that following phenyl diguanide. Unexpectedly, however, the duration and intensity of the discharge produced by nicotine and urethane were also shorter than those produced by phenyl diguanide.

6. Acetylcholine stimulated and sensitized some deflation receptors. This response was abolished by atropine. The injection‐discharge time following acetylcholine was greater than that following phenyl diguanide. In other respects the discharges produced by the two substances were similar. It was concluded that the activation time of acetylcholine for stimulating deflation receptors is the longest, and that of nicotine and urethane the shortest; phenyl diguanide and 5‐hydroxytryptamine occupy an intermediate position.

7. Large doses of potassium chloride and veratrum alkaloids did not stimulate the receptors.

8. Discharges in deflation fibres were again shown to produce reflex slowing of the heart.

9. Insufflation of the lungs with ether, trichlorethylene and chloroform stimulated and sensitized the deflation receptors. This was followed by depression or total loss of excitability of the receptors. A varying degree of depressed excitability was also found after all the chemical substances which stimulated the deflation receptors.

10. The results have provided conclusive evidence that the deflation receptors are located in the respiratory bronchioles, atria or the alveoli.
THE EFFECT OF VARYING THE INSPIRED OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE PRESSURES ON THE CARDIAC OUTPUT OF THE UNANÆSTHETIZED RABBIT
Authors: Korner P. I. , Edwards A. W. T.
Published: December 2014

An experiment was carried out on twenty‐four rabbits in which the inspired O2 was either 50 per cent, 21 per cent or 10 per cent and the inspired CO2O per cent or 5 per cent. High arterial pO2 or prolonged respiratory stimulation by CO2 resulted in no significant change in cardiac output, blood pressure or heart rate during the steady state. With 10 per cent O2+5 per cent CO2 there was a significant fall in cardiac output.
THE CARDIAC OUTPUT DURING THE STEADY‐STATE IN OXYGEN LACK IN THE UNANÆSTHETIZED RABBIT AND ITS RELATION TO THE EARLY CIRCULATORY RESPONSE
Authors: Korner P. I. , Edwards A. W. T.
Published: December 2014

The effects of breathing 11·5 per cent and 10 per cent O2 for 1 hr. were studied in unanæsthetized rabbits. With 11·5 per cent O2 there was a large increase in ventilation and the arterial O2 saturation averaged 86 per cent. There was no significant change in heart rate, arterial pressure or cardiac output after an hour's hypoxia. In animals breathing 10 per cent O2 the changes in the circulation after 1 hr. correlated well with the severity of bradycardia produced in the first few minutes of hypoxia. This suggested that the circulatory behaviour during the steady‐state was related to the activity of the arterial chemoreceptors. In animals in which the early bradycardia was mild there was a relatively small increase in respiratory rate: the cardiac output was increased at the end of 1 hr., tachycardia developed and the blood pressure was either normal or slightly reduced. In other animals the bradycardia and rise in respiratory rate were more marked. Some of these animals maintained an arterial O2 saturation above about 80 per cent and there was no change in cardiac output. In others with lower arterial O2 saturations (comparable with those of the high output group) the cardiac output was low at the end of an hour's hypoxia and bradycardia was still present; in this group the early vasoconstriction in the first few minutes of hypoxia seemed to persist.

A high output state was produced in the presence of a normal arterial pO2 by inducing tissue hypoxia with carbon monoxide. Reduction of the arterial pO2 superimposed on this state resulted in a fall in cardiac output. It was concluded that the arterial chemoreceptors played no direct part in the development of a high cardiac output in arterial hypoxia.
THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED INTRAGASTRIC INFUSIONS OF ISOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC SALINE ON WATER AND SODIUM EXCRETION AND ON EXCHANGEABLE BODY SODIUM IN NORMAL AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Edmonds C. J.
Published: December 2014

A method is described for implanting stomach tubes into rats. This has been used to study the effects on sodium metabolism of prolonged infusions of saline in normal and adrenalectomized rats. Adrenalectomy resulted in a delay in the excretion of sodium and water, but the excess fluid was excreted within 12 hr. of stopping the infusion. This fluid retention was associated with a considerable reduction in voluntary fluid intake. Adrenalectomized rats infused for 4 days with either 55 ml. of 2 per cent saline or 95 ml. of 0·9 per cent saline daily showed no increase of total exchangeable sodium when this was measured 12 hr. after stopping the infusion.

In normal rats infused with 2 per cent saline, GFR rose immediately and remained elevated throughout the infusion. When 0·9 per cent saline was given, a rise did not occur until the 5th hr. of infusion. The adrenalectomized rats showed no significant changes in GFR with either solution. The delay in dosium excretion after adrenalectomy appears to be due, in part, to an alteration in renal tubular function.
CONCURRENT MEASUREMENT, IN UNANÆSTHETIZED RATS, OF INTESTINAL TRANSPORT AND FAT ABSORPTION FROM THE LUMEN
Authors: Aberdeen V. , Shepherd P. A. , Simmonds W. J.
Published: December 2014

A test meal containing emulsified coconut oil mixed with water soluble polyethyleneglycol (PEG) of high mol. wt. was given to rats by gastric intubation. At intervals up to 5 hr. after the meal, rats were killed and the amounts of PEG and fat recoverable from the stomach, small intestine and coæcum were measured. PEG was not absorbed from, nor broken down in, the intestine and left the stomach at the same rate as the emulsified fat. It was, therefore, a suitable reference substance. With a test meal of constant volume, 4 ml., increasing doses of fat, 0·25, 0·5 and 140 ml., decreased the rate of stomach emptying and of propulsion of PEG through the small intestine. The rate of fat absorption was limited by the decreasing rate of stomach emptying but there was no indication that the absorptive capacity of the small intestine had been saturated. The ratio of recovery of fat: PEG in successive segments of the small intestine indicated that fat was absorbed chiefly in the distal half. This was probably due to rapid propulsion of material through the proximal half rather than to any lack in capacity for fat absorption proximally.
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON THE LEVEL OF NON‐ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS IN THE BLOOD
Authors: Basu Archana , Passmore R. , Strong J. A.
Published: December 2014

During a period of one hour's moderate exercise, walking on a treadmill, in the post‐absorptive state, the mean concentration of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in ten healthy subjects rose from 0–76 to 1–44 m‐mole/ l. This observation is consistent with the view that fat is transported as NEFA from adiposetissue to muscle, as a fuel for exercise. In two patients with hypopituitarism and in three patients after adrenalectomy, plasma NEFA concentration rose in a similar manner on exercise. Possible physiological factors, which may regulate the mobilization of NEFA, are discussed. We wish to acknowledge the help of Mr. David Shirling with these experiments.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON GOBLET CELLS OF THE RAT'S COLON
Authors: Florey H. W.
Published: December 2014

Goblet cells of the colon both unstimulated and stimulated by mustard oil have been examined with the electron microscope. The observations are consonant with the belief that mucin is elaborated in the region of the Golgi complex. The cellular structures of epithelial cells both in the normal and inflamed colon are described and the strong osmiophilia of the goblet cell is recorded.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SECRETORY CYCLE OF GOBLET CELLS
Authors: Shearman D. J. C. , Muir A. R.
Published: December 2014

Goblet cells, from the large intestine of rats, have been studied by light and electron microscopy. The supranuclear area contains parallel lamellæ of endoplasmic reticulum, whose intralamellar spaces are continuous with the mucous globules of the goblet. Continuity is shown between the globules, which communicate with the cavity of the crypt at the luminal surface of the cell. The observations suggest that mucus synthesis occurs in the supranuclear region and that the mucus is passed through the goblet before discharge.
THE STRUCTURE OF NORMAL AND INFLAMED SMALL BLOOD VESSELS OF THE MOUSE AND RAT COLON
Authors: Florey H. W.
Published: December 2014

The endothelium of the small vessels of the colon of the rat and mouse is described. Parts of the endothelium are tenuous and show fenestrations which are closed by a thin membrane which is quite distinct from the basement membrane. The occluding membrane does not appear to be particularly permeable to ferritin nor is it disrupted in inflamed vessels.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE HUMAN FŒTUS
Authors: Robb Patricia
Published: December 2014

A histological study was made of the pancreatic islets of thirty‐seven human fœtuses, with weights ranging from 28 to 3600 g. (10 weeks' gestation to full term), using Gomori's methods of differential staining for the alpha and beta cells. Five stages of development of the islets were observed. These are described and illustrated by photomicrographs. The way in which these results supplement or differ from those of previous workers is discussed, and some experimental work concerning the influence of anterior pituitary hormones on the development of the pancreatic islets in other species is briefly reviewed.
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE RETINA ON THE OPTIC TECTUM OF THE FROG. CORRELATION BETWEEN RETINOTECTAL MAGNIFICATION FACTOR AND RETINAL GANGLION CELL COUNT
Authors: Jacobson M.
Published: December 2014

The projection of the retina to the optic tectum of Rana temporaria and Bufo vulgaris was mapped by recording action potentials evoked in the tectum by a small light in the visual field. The magnification factors were then calculated: that is, the number of microns of tectum representing 1° of retina measured radially from the optic axis. The retinal region which has the greatest magnification factor forms a horizontal band above the horizontal meridian. In this area the magnification factor is nearly three times that in the upper and lower peripheral retina.

Ganglion cells were counted in horizontal and vertical serial sections of the retina of Rana temporaria. The number of cells in a 10° segment in vertical sections of the retina is greatest 10–20° above the optic axis. From this region the number of ganglion cells diminishes by a factor of about 3 with retinal eccentricity towards the upper and lower margins of the retina. In horizontal sections of the retina, the greatest density of ganglion cells is 50–60° temporal to the optic axis, and the number diminishes by a factor of less than 1 with retinal eccentricity along the horizontal meridian.

There is a close correlation between the region of greatest magnification factor and the retinal area with the greatest density of ganglion cells. The number of ganglion cells per degree of retina and the magnification factor both vary in the same way with retinal eccentricity.
DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES IN THE KITTEN
Authors: Hutchinson E. A. , Percival C. J. , Young I. Maureen
Published: December 2014

In anæsthetized kittens the mean arterial pressure and the pulse pressure double during the first 6 weeks of life; the heart rates recorded were the same as in the adult cat and did not change during this period. The vasomotor sympathetic system was active within 4 days of birth: there was both tonic activity, as demonstrated by a rise in arterial pressure after carotid occlusion, and a rise in pressure during asphyxia; the carotid sinus‐cardiac centre mechanism responded to a rise in arterial pressure at birth. All these responses increased with age but had not reached adult activity by the 6th week of life. The carotid sinus‐cardiac centre mechanism did not respond to a fall in blood pressure until 4 weeks of age. The infant heart was apparently more sensitive to the direct action of acetylcholine and the peripheral blood vessels relatively less sensitive than in the adult.
LIPID DEPOSITION IN THE INJURED WALL OF THE CAROTID ARTERY IN THE HYPERCHOLESTEROLÆMIC AND HYPERLIPÆMIC RABBIT
Authors: Courtice F. C. , Schmidt-Diedrichs A.
Published: December 2014

A portion of the inner wall of the carotid artery was injured by physiological saline at 55–60° C. for 30 sec. in four groups of rabbits, (i) on a normal diet; (ii) on a normal diet with intravenous infusions of Lipomul; (iii) on a normal diet with repeated Triton WR‐1339 injections to give a sustained hyperlipæmia; (iv) with cholesterol added to the diet to give a sustained hypercholesterolæmia.

In the first two groups, injury caused a fibrocellular thickening of the intima with no lipid deposition 1 week or more after injury. The Lipomul particles did not penetrate the endothelium.

In Triton hyperlipæmia and in hypercholesterolæmia, the injury immediately caused patchy extravasations of lipoprotein into the media, either localized just beneath the internal elastic lamina or involving most of the media. The permeability of the arterial endothelium to lipoproteins in each group after injury was similar to that in the capillaries of the leg.

From 1 to 8 weeks after injury the intima in the injured area showed fibrocellular thickening in each case; but in the Tritonized group there was little or no lipid deposits whereas in the hypercholesterolæmic group the resulting lesion contained large amounts of lipid, partly intracellular, and resembled the atheromatous plaques found in the aorta after prolonged cholesterol‐feeding.

The difference in these two groups appeared to be due not to any difference in permeability of the endothelium to lipoproteins, but to a difference in the ultimate fate of the lipoproteins in the arterial wall. The possible mechanisms are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON RESPIRATORY ENZYMES IN THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND OF THE RAT
Authors: Ohlin P.
Published: December 2014

The activity of succinic dehydrogenase in the submaxillary gland of the rat was shown to vary with the age of the animal. The activity per g. of glandular tissue increased from the age of 3 weeks up to 3 months and thereafter remained constant to the age of 6 months. The weight of the submaxillary gland was significantly decreased after hypophysectomy and the activity of succinic dehydrogenase per g. of submaxillary glandular tissue was significantly lowered, but there was no change in the activity of cytochrome oxidase or of fumarase.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE HORMONES IN UDDER LYMPH AND PLASMA FROM CATTLE
Authors: Heyndrickx G. V.
Published: December 2014

Hydrocortisone, corticosterone, protein‐bound iodine and inorganic iodine have been determined in udder lymph and plasma of the udder veins. Hydrocortisone in absolute value and in percentage of total steroids is lower in lymph than in plasma, while corticosterone occurs in practically the same concentration in the two fluids.

Protein‐bound iodine expressed in absolute values and as a percentage of total iodine, occurs in lower concentration in lymph than in plasma, but more iodine per g. protein is bound in lymph. A positive correlation has been established in udder lymph between the hydrocortisone and the protein‐bound iodine.
THE EFFECT OF HEATING THE SCROTUM OF THE RAM ON RESPIRATION AND BODY TEMPERATURE
Authors: Waites G. M. H.
Published: December 2014

At ambient temperatures of 18 ± 2° C., heating the scrotumn of the fullyfleeced ram to above 36° C. evoked a polypnœa which immediately stopped when the scrotum was cooled again. Only small increases of respiratory rate occurred when an identical area of flank skin was similarly heated. The responses to heating the scrotum started before intra‐carotid temperatures changed and were maintained despite falls in deep body temperature of up to 2·2° C. Deneirvation of the scrotum abolished the reflex. When rams were shorn and flank skin temperatures were in the range 30·0‐34·3° C., the rams no longer panted when the scrotum was heated. A second, unidentified channel of heat loss was then evoked and body temperature again fell.
THE DIFFERENTIATION OF TWO TYPES OF FUSIMOTOR FIBRE BY THEIR EFFECTS ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF MUSCLE SPINDLE PRIMARY ENDINGS
Authors: Matthews P. B. C.
Published: December 2014

Ventral root filaments were subdivided until they contained a single γ motor fibre to the soleus muscle of the anæsthetized cat. The response of a muscle spindle primary ending to a standard stretch was observed during repetitive stimulation of such single γ fibres. All γ fibres isolated increased the discharge of the ending when the muscle was at a constant length; but some γ fibres (here called dynamic fusimotor fibres) in addition increased the sensitivity of the ending to the dynamic stimulus of stretching; in contrast, others (static fusimotor fibres) tended to decrease the dynamic sensitivity. These two different effects could be produced on the same primary ending by different γ fibres. These differences were independent of the frequency of stimulation, the amplitude of stretch and the velocity of stretching. No other consistent differences were found between the two kinds of fusimotor fibre.
THE OUTPUT OF CELLS IN LYMPH FROM THE POPLITEAL NODE OF SHEEP
Authors: Hall J. G. , Morris Bede
Published: December 2014

A technique for collecting lymph for long periods of time from the hind limbs of conscious sheep is described. Spontaneously flowing lymphatic fistulhæ have been established in fifteen sheep and the number and type of the cells coming from the popliteal lymph node have been studied. Following the operation the output of cells in the lymph was severely depressed for a period of about 24 hr. Under basal conditions the rate of lymph flow varied between 2 and 10 ml./hr. and the output of cells between 30 and 100 millions/hr. When the popliteal node was stimulated by the subcutaneous injection of human serum globulin into the lower leg, the cell output increased and different types of cell appeared in the lymph. Large, primitive transitional cells, and cells of the plasma series were present in considerable numbers during the response. Some observations on the cell content of peripheral lymph, collected from chronic afferent lymphatic fistulæ, are also presented. The significance of the cell types seen in the lymph collected during these experiments is discussed.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS
Authors: Irvine W. J. , Muir A. R.
Published: December 2014

An electron microscopic study has been made of thyroid tissue obtained from four patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Contrary to what has been inferred from earlier light microscopy studies, the basement membrane in Hashimoto thyroiditis is remarkably continuous, taking the form of a single lamina some 50 mµ thick. It differs from that of the normal adult human thyroid in that there is no re‐duplication of the membrane. In Hashimoto thyroiditis, temporary gaps in the basement membrane occur which are just sufficient to allow the passage of leucocytes in and out of the thyroid follicles. Small breaks in the basement membrane may occur in necrotic thyroid follicles, and cytoplasmic debris of the epithelial cells then escapes into the stroma.

A mutual activity between invading lymphocytes and the epithelial cells of the thyroid follicles is inferred from the observation that tenuous processes of the epithelial cells embrace the invading lymphocytes and that bulbous lymphocytic processes abut against or invaginate the epithelial cells. It is conceivable that this intimate contact allows antibody bound to the lymphocyte to be directly transferred to the cells of the thyroid epithelium.
THE EFFECT OF CHOLESTEROL‐FAT FEEDING ON THE ACTIVITY OF RABBIT AORTA DEHYDROGENASE SYSTEMS
Authors: Mrhová O. , Zemplényi T. , Lojda Z.
Published: December 2014

The activity of some aorta dehydrogenase systems (lactic acid dehydrogenase, alpha‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, succinic acid dehydrogenase and malic acid dehydrogenase) has been determined biochemically in early stages of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in rabbits. A method using neotetrazolium as the acceptor of electrons was applied. LDH activity was also determined spectrophotometrically. There was a significant decrease of SDH activity (p < 0·01) as early as 4 weeks and also 10 weeks after the start of cholesterol feeding. The activity of the dehydrogenase systems revealed a decrease of borderline significance (p < 0·05) 4 weeks (AGPDH) and 10 weeks (LDH, MDH) following daily administration of the cholesterol‐fat diet.
EFFECT OF REDUCED ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ON PLASMA IRON BINDING CAPACITY AND SERUM PROTEINS IN THE RAT
Authors: Morgan E. H. , Lynch Wendy
Published: December 2014

Rats were exposed to reduced atmospheric pressure equivalent to an altitude of 18,000 ft. for periods of up to 16 days. It was found that blood hæmoglobin, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and the electrophoretic serum protein fractions all increased during the first 1 or 2 days at the low pressure. Thereafter the plasma iron and serum protein concentrations (except β‐globulin) decreased again while the hæmoglobin, TIBC and β‐globulin values increased slightly. It was concluded that the initial changes were due to a reduction in plasma volume and that the increase in TIBC produced by reduction in O2 supply is specific for transferrin with little change in the other serum proteins.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OF RADIOMANGANESE ADMINISTERED TO THE MOUSE
Authors: Kato Mikita
Published: December 2014

In order to elucidate the physiological meaning of trace elements in living organism, studies on radiomanganese were carried out in the mouse with special reference to its distribution and excretion. After the nuclear reaction 52Cr(d, 2n)52Mn by the cyclotron, 52Mn was separated by the radiocolloid method. Carrier‐free 52MnC12 was dissolved in 0·9 per cent NaCl solution (F‐solution), and purified MnCl2 was added as carrier to the above solution (C‐solution). Each solution was injected into a tail vein of an adult male mouse.

In both experiments with F ‐ and C‐solution, the amount of radiomanganese found in the various tissues after 24 hr. was in decreasing order as follows: kidney, pancreas, liver, intestine, skin, muscle, brain and blood. As the carrier manganese included in C‐solution increased, the amount of radiomanganese in tissues was generally lowered. Such a carrier‐effect was dependent on the concentration of administered carrier. In bone the carrier‐effect was not apparent.

The amount of radiomanganese in all the tissues appeared to attain its maximum within 2 hr. after administration in all experiments. However, in the experiment with F‐solution, the elimination of radiomanganese from the tissues proceeded more rapidly.

The excretion of radiomanganese mainly proceeded through the feces, and the rate of excretion reached its peak about 10 hr. after administration. Such a rapid excretion probably takes place through a pathway from the intestinal epithelium into the alimentary canal. The amount of excretion for 7 days was 93 and 60 per cent of administered radiomanganese for the experiments with F ‐ and C‐solution, respectively.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS OF MANGANESE IN ADULT AND EMBRYO MICE
Authors: Kato Mikita , Hara Tomiyuki , Koshida Yutaka
Published: December 2014

In connection with the previous work, autoradiographic studies on the distribution of radiomanganese in the mouse tissues were carried out on the adult and the embryo.

Results from the adult are summarized as follows. In the kidney, 52Mn is accumulated more abundantly in the cortex than in the medulla. On precise examinations, 52Mn is detected remarkably within the epithelial cells of renal tubules but scarcely in the lumen. In the intestinal villi, 52Mn is found conspicuously in the epithelium and in the mucus cohering to its free surface, which fact may offer a reasonable ground for manganese excretion through intestinal epithelium. 52Mn is retained in the exocrine portion of the pancreas but not in the islets of Langerhans, and in the liver it is uniformly distributed over the tissues except the lumens of blood vessels. 52Mn‐retention in the blood is extremely small.

In the early embryos, 52Mn‐concentration is less than in the placental tissues. In the late embryos, 52Mn‐accumulation in the bone proceeds in parallel with the progress of ossification and 52Mn‐concentration in the kidney is less than in the liver, conversely in the case of the adult.

From the present autoradiographic observations, the physiological meaning of manganese found in tissues has been discussed with reference to the previous work.
PINEALECTOMY OF THE RAT FŒTUS IN UTERO. A METHOD FOR PRODUCING LOCALIZED INTRACEREBRAL LESIONS DURING THE LAST THIRD OF GESTATION
Authors: Owman Ch.
Published: December 2014

A method is described for localized electrocoagulation of small structures in the brain of the rat fœtus in utero during the last third of gestation. Previous histological investigations suggested the existence of a secretory activity of the fœtal pineal gland of the rat. The method was therefore primarily used for pinealectomy of rat fœtuses aged 15 days 16½hr. to 16 days 22 hr., with survival until near term. Of the 140 fœtuses operated upon, the survival rate was 60 per cent. In 37 per cent the pineal gland had been totally destroyed and in 27 per cent subtotally. The remaining 36 per cent served as sham‐operated controls.
ASPECTS OF THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN OF THE HIPPOPOTAMUS (H. AMPHIBIUS)
Authors: Luck C. P. , Wright P. G.
Published: December 2014

The elephant, black and white rhinoceros and the hippopotamus inhabit similar country, feed off land vegetation and have superficially the same type of almost hairless skin. The hippopotamus, however, is unique in spending most of the daytime in water or mud and feeding almost entirely at night or in the early morning. A study has been made of the structure of the epidermis of these animals and the differences found can, broadly speaking, be explained as modifications that are in accord with the animal's mode of life and surroundings. A more detailed study of the hippopotamus's skin shows that its structure, while probably primarily one of many possible modifications for an aquatic environment, permits a rate of transepidermal water loss that is greater than that in other animals for which figures can be obtained. No certain biological function can be proposed for this rapid loss of water; it is suggested that it is brought about by evaporation from the exposed layers of PAS‐positive material which in this skin are continuous from the Malpighian layer to the surface of an unusually thin stratum corneum.
THE VASCULAR RESPONSES OF MALE AND FEMALE RATS TO VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN FOLLOWING A SINGLE DOSE OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE
Authors: Honoré L. H.
Published: December 2014

The vascular responses of male and female rats to the posterior lobe hormones were studied following a single dose of testosterone propionate given 24 hr. previously (1 mg.). All normal females, when treated with testosterone, became less sensitive to vasopressin; after oophorectomy testosterone had no further desensitizing effect during the period of reduced responsiveness, after which marked desensitization was shown. Most of the normal males became less sensitive to vasopressin after testosterone, but a few were more sensitive; testosterone prevented the appearance of both qualitative and quantitative changes in the vascular reactivity of orchidectomized male rats.

After testosterone oxytocin became a pressor substance in the majority of both males and females. Occasionally an initial depressor phase was obtained in testosterone‐treated animals of both sexes following vasopressin and oxytocin; it was always suppressed by the administration of dihydroergotamine.

These results are discussed in relation to the previously reported effects of castration, œstrogen pretreatment and sympathetic blockade.
TYPES OF VISUAL RESPONSE FROM SINGLE UNITS IN THE OPTIC TECTUM AND OPTIC NERVE OF THE GOLDFISH
Authors: Jacobson M. , Gaze R. M.
Published: December 2014

Using metal‐filled micropipette electrodes we have recorded responses from single units in the optic tectum and optic chiasma of the goldfish. Responses were evoked by visual stimulation with spots of light and with black discs of various sizes. In many cases, after recording from a unit, the position of the electrode tip was marked by making an electrolytic lesion 10‐50 µ in diameter. These lesions were all found to be in one of the fibre layers of the tectum, either in one of the three most superficial fibre layers which contain the optic afferent fibres, or in the deepest layer of fibres. The two most superficial fibre layers contained “on”, “off” and brief “on‐off” units whch did not appear to be segregated into strata containing only one type of unit. Some of these units were directionally sensitive. Slowly‐adapting “on” and “off” units predominated in the third fibre layer. The deepest fibre layer, below the main layer of tectal cells, contained all the types of units found in the fibre layers near the surface of the tectum. All the types of response found in the optic tectum were also recorded from the optic chiasma. Maps were made of the receptive fields of units recorded in the optic chiasma and at various depths in the optic tectum. Receptive fields organized into adjacent, rather than concentric “on” and “off” zones, were frequently found in the optic chiasma and at all levels in the tectum. The topographical projection of the visual field onto the optic tectum was mapped. Units encountered during an electrode penetration into the tectum normal to its surface were found to have overlapping receptive fields. No ipsilateral projection was found.
RENAL FUNCTION IN SHEEP WITH AN EXTERIORIZED URETER
Authors: Stacy B. D. , Brook A. H.
Published: December 2014

Studies of bilateral renal function have been made in four sheep with chronic unilateral ureteral fistulæ. From a comparison of PAH and creatinine excretion it was concluded that renal hæmodynamics and tubular secretory capacity for PAH were similar in the two kidneys. Also there was no gross difference between the kidneys in the rate of urine formation, the excretion of potassium and urea, and the ability to concentrate and acidify urine. When tested several months after transplantation, comparable bilateral excretion of sodium was seen in two of the experimental animals; in the other two sheep slightly more sodium was excreted by the kidney with the diverted ureter.

It is concluded that cutaneous ureterostomy in the sheep does not impair renal function. This surgical preparation is therefore a valuable one for studying the function of the kidney in undisturbed sheep.
THYROID AUTO‐IMMUNITY AS A DISORDER OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE
Authors: Irvine W. J.
Published: December 2014

The immunological response to thyroid damage has been studied in the 101. thyrotoxic patients treated with radioactive iodine (131I). Patients who had positive titres of thyroid complement‐fixing (CF) antibody in the sera before treatment invariably showed a rise in titre of this antibody commencing approximately 6 weeks after treatment but always falling to pre‐treatment or lower levels after some months. Only in exceptional cases was there any formation of the thyroid CF antibody in patients who had negative thyroid CF tests before treatment; this was so even when the 131I treatment was repeated on two, three or four occasions. In general, the change in thyroid CF titre was more pronounced than the change in titre of antibody to thyroglobulin.

Although the epithelial cells of the human fectal thyroid are rich in thyroid cytoplasmic antigen, the basement membrane is even more delicate than that noted in Hashimoto thyroiditis affecting the adult gland.

A preliminary study has been made of the thymus in Hashimoto thyroiditis. Numerous germinal centres were observed in a thymic biopsy in one case and the radiological appearances of an enlarged thymus were noted in two others.

These several findings are considered in terms of the possible meclhanisms of auto‐immunity and the view is taken that formation of thyroid auto‐antibodies is a result of a genetically determined disorder of immunological tolerance.