bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microglia prevent beta-amyloid plaque formation in the early stage of an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model with suppression of glymphatic clearance
Authors: Feng Weixi , Zhang Yanli , Wang Ze , Xu Hanrong , Wu Ting , Marshall Charles , Gao Junying , Xiao Ming
Published: December 2019

BackgroundSoluble beta-amyloid (Aβ) can be cleared from the brain through various mechanisms including enzymatic degradation, glial cell phagocytosis, transport across the blood-brain barrier and glymphatic clearance. However, the relative contribution of each clearance system and their compensatory effects in delaying the pathological process of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are currently unknown. MethodsFluorescent trace, immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were performed to compare glymphatic clearance ability and Aβ accumulation among 3-month-old APPSwe/PS1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1) mice, wild-type mice, aquaporin 4 knock out (AQP4-/-) mice and AQP4-/-/APP/PS1 mice. The consequence of selectively eliminating microglial cells, or downregulating apolipoprotein E (apoE) expression, on Aβ burden was also investigated in the frontal cortex of AQP4-/-/APP/PS1 mice and APP/PS1 mice.ResultsAQP4 deletion in APP/PS1 mice significantly exaggerated glymphatic clearance dysfunction and intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ and apoE, although it did not lead to Aβ plaque deposition. Notably, microglia, but not astrocytes, increased activation and phagocytosis of Aβ in the cerebral cortex of AQP4-/-/APP/PS1 mice, compared with APP/PS1 mice. Selectively eliminating microglia in the frontal cortex via local injection of clodronate liposomes resulted in deposition of Aβ plaques in AQP4-/-/APP/PS1 mice, but not APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, knockdown of apoE reduced intraneuronal Aβ levels in both APP/PS1 mice and AQP4-/-/APP/PS1 mice, indicating an inhibitory effect of apoE on Aβ clearance. ConclusionThe above results suggest that the glymphatic system mediated Aβ and apoE clearance and microglia mediated Aβ degradation synergistically prevent Aβ plague formation in the early stages of the AD mouse model. Protecting one or both of them might be beneficial to delaying the onset of AD.
Hepcidin and GDF-15 are potential biomarkers of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in South Africa
Authors: NALADO AISHATU MUHAMMAD , Olorunfemi Gbenga , Dix-Peek Therese , Dickens Caroline , Khambule Lungile , Snyman Tracy , Paget Graham , Mahlangu Johnny , Duarte Raquel , George JAYA , Naicker Saraladevi
Published: December 2019

BackgroundIron deficiency anaemia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. There is a paucity of information on the role of hepcidin and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) as potential biomarkers of iron deficiency anaemia among non-dialysis CKD patients. This study aimed to determine the utility of hepcidin and GDF-15 as biomarkers of iron deficiency among non-dialysis CKD patients at an academic hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. MethodA cross-sectional study of 312 consecutive consenting non-dialysis CKD patients and 184 controls at Charlotte Maxeke Academic Hospital was conducted from June 2016 to December 2016. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Plasma hepcidin and GDF-15 were measured using mass spectrometry and ELISA, respectively. Spearman rank correlation, linear and logistic regression and receiver operator curves were utilised to evaluate the predictive and diagnostic/reference values of hepcidin and GDF-15 in absolute and functional iron deficiency anaemia. ResultsThe mean age of participants was 49.7 ±15.8 years, and 50.6% of them were females. The predictive value of diagnosing iron deficiency anaemia among CKD patients using GDF-15 and hepcidin was high (AUC=0.723 and 0.714, respectively). There was a weak negative correlation between hepcidin levels and GFR (r=-0.19, p=0.04) in anaemic CKD patients, and between serum GDF-15 and haemoglobin (r=-0.34, p=0.001). Serum ferritin (β=0.005, P-value<0.001), MCV (β=0.0276, P-value=0.029) and gender (β=-0.2188, P-value=0.042) were predictors of log hepcidin. Urea (β=0.0062, P-value=0.044), MCHC (β= -0.0816, P-value<0.001) and gender (β=-0.0755, P-value=0.001) were predictors of logGDF-15. Both GDF-15 (P=0.028) and hepcidin (P=0.049) were associated with iron deficiency anaemia. Subgroup analysis showed that GDF-15 predicted absolute iron deficiency, while hepcidin predicted functional iron deficiency anaemiaConclusionGDF-15 and hepcidin are potential predictors of iron deficiency anaemia among CKD patients.
Pore texture analysis in automated 3D breast ultrasound images for implanted lightweight hernia mesh identification: a preliminary study
Authors: Yang Jiting , Li Haiyan , Wu Jun , Sun Liang , Xu Dan , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhang Yufeng , Chen Yue , Chen Lin
Published: December 2019

BackgroundPrecise visualization of meshes and their position would greatly aid in mesh shrinkage evaluation, hernia recurrence risk assessment, and the preoperative planning of salvage repair. Lightweight (LW) meshes are able to preserve abdominal wall compliance by generating less post-implant fibrosis and rigidity. However, conventional 3D imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cannot visualize the LW meshes. Patients sometimes have to undergo a second-look operation for visualizing the mesh implants. The goal of this work is to investigate the potential advantages of Automated 3D breast ultrasound (ABUS) pore texture analysis for implanted LW hernia mesh identification.MethodsIn vitro, the appearances of four different flat meshes in both ABUS and 2D hand-held ultrasound (HHUS) images were evaluated and compared. In vivo, pore texture patterns of 87 hernia regions were analyzed both in ABUS images and their corresponding HHUS images. ResultsIn vitro studies, the imaging results of ABUS for implanted LW meshes are much more visualized and effective in comparison to HHUS. In vivo, the inter-class distance of 40 texture features were calculated. The texture features of 2D sectional plans (axial and sagittal plane) have no significant contribution for implanted LW mesh identification. Significant contribution was observed in coronal plane. However, since the mesh may have spatial variation such as shrinkage after implant surgery, the inter-class distance of 3D coronal plane pore texture features are bigger than 2D coronal plane, so the contribution of 3D coronal plane pore texture features are more valuable than 2D coronal plane for implanted LW mesh identification. The use of 3D pore texture features significantly improved the robustness of the identification method in distinguishing the LW mesh and fascia.ConclusionsAn innovative new automated 3D breast ultrasound (ABUS) provides additional pore texture visualization, by separating the LW mesh from the fascia tissues. Therefore, ABUS having the potential to provide more accurate features to characterize pore texture patterns, and ultimately provide more accurate measures for implanted LW mesh identification.
Liquid Based Cytology for the Detection of Cervical Intraepithelial Lesion among Women in Jimma town, Ethiopia
Authors: Tesfaw Getnet , Ahmed Yesuf , Gedefaw Lealem , Dube Lamessa , Godu Samson , Eshetu Kirubel , Nigussie Mesfin , Hailekiros Haftamu , Joloba Moses , Goba Gelila Kidane , Abdissa Alemseged
Published: December 2019

BackgroundCervical cancer is the second leading type of female cancer in Ethiopia and screening is based on visual inspection with 5% acetic acid (VIA). Liquid-based cytology (LBC) has not yet been used. MethodWomen aged 21-65 years were enrolled. Liquid based cytology and VIA were done for the detection of cervical dysplasia. Logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify factors associated. Finally Cohen’s K was done to test agreement between the methods of diagnostics.ResultsFrom the total 448 participants, (296, 66%) were 35-65 years old. Four hundred nineteen (93.5 %) were screened using LBC of which, 97 (23.2%) had low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and 17 (4.1%) had high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Among women with LSIL, 84(86.6%) women as well as all those HSIL were 35-65 years old and women aged 35-65 years old had 4.7 times higher odds of having intraepithelial lesions (P=0.00). A total of 294/448 (65.6%) women underwent VIA examination, of these 18 (6.1%) were found positive. Two hundred seventy two (60.7%) women screened using both LBC and VIA. Of this 6 (2.2%) were positive with both LBC and VIA screening tests. The level of agreement between the two methods was weak and statistically significant (kappa value=0.155, p=0.006). ConclusionPrevalence of cervical lesions is higher among older women. There is high variability in LBC and VIA results. Though more expensive and requiring equipment, using LBC where possible would increase cervical cancer case detection.
Evaluation of a Rapid Immunochromatographic test kit to the Gold Standard Fluorescent Antibody test for diagnosis of rabies in animals in Bhutan
Authors: Tenzin Tenzin , Lhamo Kelzang , Rai Purna B , Tshering Dawa , Gyamtsho Pema , Namgyal Jamyang , Wangdi Thrinang , Letho Sangay , Rai Tuku , Jamtsho Sonam , Dorji Chendu , Rinchen Sangay , Lungten Lungten , Wangmo Karma , Lungten Lungten , Wangchuk Pema , Gempo Tshewang , Jigme Kezang , Phuntshok Karma , Tenzinla Tenzin , Gurung Ratna B , Dukpa Kinzang
Published: December 2019

Background: Rabies kills approximately 59,000 people in the world each year worldwide. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of rabies is important for instituting rapid containment measures and for advising the exposed people for postexposure treatment. The application of a rapid diagnostic tests in the field can greatly enhance disease surveillance activities, especially in resource poor settings.Methods: From 2012 to 2017, a total of 179 brain tissue samples collected from different animal species (113 dogs, 50 cattle, 10 cats, 3 goats, 2 horses, and 1 bear) suspected of having died due to rabies were selected and tested using the rapid immunochromatographic kit from BioNote© company and compared to the Gold Standard Fluorescent Antibody test (FAT) for diagnosis of rabies.Results: Among 179 samples examined in this study, there was concordance in results by the rapid test and FAT in 115 positive samples and 54 negative samples. Test result were discordant in 10 samples which were positive by FAT, but negative (false negative) by rapid kit. The rapid test kit showed a sensitivity of 92% (95% CI: 85.9 – 95.6) and specificity of 100% (95% CI: 93.4 – 100) using FAT as the gold standard. The positive and negative predicative values were found to be 100% (95% CI:96.7 – 100) and 84% (95% CI: 73.6 – 91.3), respectively. Overall there was 94.41% (95% CI: 90 – 96.9) test agreement (almost perfect agreement) between rapid test and FAT (Kappa value = 0.874).Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the potential value of the rapid test kit for countries with limited diagnostic resources, including Bhutan. The rapid kit’s inability to correctly detect 10 FAT-positive samples (10 out of 179 (5.6%) were false negatives) in our study could have been due to the low viral load in the samples (< 102.0LD50/0.03ml) which could not be detected by the rapid kit as compared with the FAT. The human factor related to the varying experiences of the technicians who performed the test in the field also may have influenced the test result. The rapid test kit is inexpensive, rapid and easy to use in the field or in laboratory setting without the need for special training and can support to enhance rabies surveillance in resource poor countries.
A benchmark study of ab initio gene prediction methods in diverse eukaryotic organisms
Authors: Scalzitti Nicolas , Jeannin-Girardon Anne , Collet Pierre , Poch Olivier , Thompson Julie Dawn
Published: December 2019

Background: The draft genome assemblies produced by new sequencing technologies present important challenges for automatic gene prediction pipelines, leading to less accurate gene models. New benchmark methods are needed to evaluate the accuracy of gene prediction methods in the face of incomplete genome assemblies, low genome coverage and quality, complex gene structures, or a lack of suitable sequences for evidence-based annotations. Results: We describe the construction of a new benchmark, called G3PO (benchmark for Gene and Protein Prediction PrOgrams), designed to represent many of the typical challenges faced by current genome annotation projects. The benchmark is based on a carefully validated and curated set of real eukaryotic genes from 147 phylogenetically disperse organisms, and a number of test sets are defined to evaluate the effects of different features, including genome sequence quality, gene structure complexity, protein length, etc. We used the benchmark to perform an independent comparative analysis of the most widely used ab initio gene prediction programs and identified the main strengths and weaknesses of the programs. More importantly, we highlight a number of features that could be exploited in order to improve the accuracy of current prediction tools. Conclusions: The experiments showed that ab initio gene structure prediction is a very challenging task, which should be further investigated. We believe that the baseline results associated with the complex gene test sets in G3PO provide useful guidelines for future studies.
“To guide my life and art”: A triangulated study on the behavioral competencies for effective medical practice in Nigeria
Authors: Chukwuma Adanna , Obi Uche , Agu Ifunanya , Mbachu Chinyere
Published: December 2019

Background: Variation in clinical performance is attributable to factors outside academic and clinical skills. Selection processes and training programs for medical professionals should be adapted to consider these behavioral factors, which may vary across contexts. This study was conducted to identify behavioral competencies considered relevant for effective medical practice among medical students and practitioners in Nigeria.Methods: We drew on a scoping review to develop a starting list of behavioral attributes that correlate with effective service provision. Drawing on nominal group technique exercises with 17 medical students and 11 physicians, this starting list was modified with scoring and ranking of selected competencies. We compared the list of competencies and rankings between medical students, doctors, and the scoping review.Results: The scoping review identified nine articles for full-text review, resulting in a starting list of 21 behavioral competencies defined in studies conducted in non-African countries. The nominal group technique exercises conducted with medical students and doctors yielded a condensed list of 32 and 27 behavioral competencies respectively. For doctor-client interactions, the behavioral competencies considered most important included effective communication and patient-centeredness. Whereas, for doctor-colleague interactions, team work, respectfulness, and management ability were ranked highly. However, there were clear divergences between groups and with the scoping review.Conclusions: This study is one of the first to identify the perspectives of medical students and physicians on behavioral competencies considered essential for effective medical practice in an African country. We found differences in the perspectives of medical physicians and students, and in the prioritized competencies across contexts. This illustrates the need for careful consideration in identifying subject matter experts and in generalizing competencies across contexts. Future research in this field in Nigeria should examine effective ways of testing for key behavioral competencies among medical students and for residency programs. Also, investigating the perspectives of medical faculty and administrators on important competencies, and exploring the generalizability of these competencies across cultures in Nigeria should be considered.
A framework for distributed health professions training: using participatory action research to build consensus
Authors: Schalkwyk Susan C Van , Couper Ian D , Blitz Julia , De Villiers Marietjie Rene
Published: December 2019

Introduction There is a global trend towards providing training for health professions students outside of tertiary academic complexes. In many countries, this shift places pressure on available sites and the resources at their disposal, specifically within the public health sector. Introducing an educational remit into a complex health system is challenging, requiring commitment from a range of stakeholders, including national authorities. To facilitate the effective implementation of distributed training, we developed a guiding framework through an extensive, national consultative process with a view to informing both practice and policy.Methods We adopted a participatory action research approach over a four year period across three phases, which included seven local, provincial and national consultative workshops, reflective work sessions by the research team, and expert reviews. Approximately 240 people participated in these activities. Engagement with the national department of health and health professions council further informed the development of the Framework.Results Each successive ‘feedback loop’ contributed to the development of the Framework which comprised a set of guiding principles, as well as the components essential to the effective implementation of distributed training. Analysis further pointed to the centrality of relationships, while emphasising the importance of involving all sectors relevant to the training of health professionals. A tool to facilitate the implementation of the Framework was also developed, incorporating a set of ‘Simple Rules for Effective DHPT’. A national consensus statement was adopted.Conclusions In this project, we drew on the thinking and practices of key role players to enable a synthesis between their embodied and inscribed knowledge, and the prevailing literature, this with a view to further enaction as the knowledge generators become knowledge users. The Framework and its subsequent implementation has not only assisted us to apply the evidence to our educational practice, but also to begin to influence policy at a national level.
Survey on satisfaction and needs of pharmacists in prescription-checking training: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Cheng Wei , Wang Chen , Ma Jing , Ji Wen , Yang Xiangli , Wu Bei , Hou Ruigang
Published: December 2019

Background Prescription-checking is becoming increasingly popular in medical institutions, but the prescription-checking ability of pharmacists needs improvement. This study aimed to explore the key aspects of the prescription-checking training and provide an empirical reference for standardizing the prescription-checking training for pharmacists in medical institutions.Methods Trainees who were willing to complete the Likert questionnaire were enrolled in this study. Percentage and composition ratio were used for statistical description. The chi-square test and exploratory factor analysis were used for statistical analysis. A difference with p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results The questionnaire had good internal consistency and validity. The overall satisfaction of the trainees was 90%. Three dimensions, training organization, teaching mode as well as consolidation and assessment of knowledge were extracted using exploratory factor analysis. The average examination score of the 20 courses was 89.21±2.62 points. From the perspective of needs, 94.66% of the trainees preferred face-to-face lectures, 89.33% of the trainees expected high professional skills of the lecturers, and 62.27% of the trainees believed that clinical expertise was highly desirable.Conclusion There was a great demand for prescription-checking training among pharmacists. Trainees enrolled in this training showed high satisfaction and good examination results. The key aspects of prescription-checking training were training organization, as well as consolidation and assessment of knowledge. It is recommended to conduct training in a stratified manner according to pharmacists’ educational background, in order to effectively improve their prescription-checking competence. The pharmacists preferred face-to-face lectures and interaction to supplement clinical disease-related knowledge.
Predictors of total hip replacement in community based older adults: a cohort study
Authors: Mezhov Veronica , Laslett Laura L , Ahedi Harbeer , Blizzard C Leigh , Aspden Richard M , Gregory Jennifer S , Saunders Fiona R , Munugoda Ishanka P , Cai Guoqi , Cicuttini Flavia , Jones Graeme
Published: December 2019

Background Hip osteoarthritis (OA) commonly affects older adults and leads to high morbidity. There is no preventative treatment available and total hip replacement (THR) is offered for end stage disease. Known predictors of THR include pain and radiographic OA. Hip structure has also been shown to worsen hip OA and predict THR. A better understanding of predictors of THR can aid in triaging patients and researching preventative strategies. The purpose of this study is to describe predictors of THR in community dwelling older adults.Methods At baseline, participants had assessment of radiographicOA and cam impingement (from pelvic radiographs), shape mode scores (from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)) and hip bone mineral density (BMD) (from DXA). After 2.6 and 5 years, participants reported hip pain using WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index), and had hip structural changes assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Risk of THR was analysed using mixed-effect Poisson regression.Results Incidence of THR for OA over 14 years was 5.0% (40 / 802). As expected, WOMAC hip pain and hip radiographic OA both predicted risk of THR. Additionally, shape mode 2 score (decreasing acetabular coverage) (RR 1.57 per SD; 95% CI 1.01-2.46), shape mode 4 score (non-spherical femoral head) (RR 0.65/SD; 95% CI 0.44-0.97), cam impingement (α >60°) (RR 2.66/SD; 95% CI 1.38-5.13), neck of femur BMD (RR 1.85/SD, 95% CI 1.4-2.44) and bone marrow lesions (BMLs) increased risk of THR (RR 5.62/unit; 95% CI 1.1 – 28.81). There was a trend for hip effusions to increase the risk of THR (RR 1.88/SD; 95% CI 0.24 to 14.78).Conclusion In addition to hip pain and radiographic hip OA, measures of hip shape, cam impingement, BMD and BMLs independently predict risk of THR. This supports the role of hip bone geometry and structure in the pathogenesis of end stage hip OA and has identified factors that can be used to improve prediction models for THR.
From Eat to trEat: Engineering the mitochondrial Eat1 enzyme for enhanced ethyl acetate production in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kruis Aleksander J. , Bohnenkamp Anna Christina , Nap Bram , Nielsen Jochem , Mars Astrid E. , Wijffels Rene H. , Oost John van der , Kengen Servé W. M. , Weusthuis Ruud A.
Published: December 2019

Background: Genetic engineering of microorganisms has become a common practice to establish microbial cell factories for a wide range of compounds. Ethyl acetate is an industrial solvent that is used in several applications, mainly as a biodegradable organic solvent with low toxicity. While ethyl acetate is produced by several natural yeast species, the main mechanism of production has remained elusive until the discovery of Eat1 in Wickerhamomyces anomalus. Unlike other yeast alcohol acetyl transferases (AATs), Eat1 is located in the yeast mitochondria, suggesting that the coding sequence contains a mitochondrial pre-sequence. For expression in prokaryotic hosts such as E. coli, expression of heterologous proteins with eukaryotic signal sequences may not be optimal. Results: Unprocessed and synthetically truncated eat1 variants of Kluyveromyces marxianus and Wickerhamomyces anomalus have been compared in vitro regarding enzyme activity and stability. While the specific activity remained unaffected, half-life improved for several truncated variants. The same variants showed better performance regarding ethyl acetate production when expressed in E. coli. Conclusion: By analysing and predicting the N-terminal pre-sequences of different Eat1 proteins and systematically trimming them, the stability of the enzymes in-vitro could be improved, leading to an overall improvement of in-vivo ethyl acetate production in E. coli. Truncated variants of eat1 could therefore benefit future engineering approaches towards efficient ethyl acetate production.
Evaluation and transcriptome analysis of the novel oleaginous microalga Lobosphaera bisecta (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) for arachidonic acid production
Authors: Gao Baoyan , Huang Luodong , Lei Xueqing , Meng Ge , Liu Jianguo , Zhang Chengwu
Published: December 2019

Background Microalgae can synthesize and accumulate various components that can be used in health supplements, pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and other bioproducts. Arachidonic acid (AA) is an omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid and is important for human health. The coccoid green microalga Lobosphaera bisecta SAG2043 has been reported to be able to accumulate high AA content under certain conditions. We evaluated the interactive effects of nitrogen concentration, light intensity, and medium replacement on the growth and accumulation of lipids and AA in this strain. We further performed transcriptome analysis on L. bisecta in order to elucidate the mechanism of AA and triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism under nitrogen deficiency. Results Nutrient management and light intensity had significant effects on the biomass and accumulation of lipids and AA in L. bisecta. Both a high nitrogen concentration (18 mM) and high light intensity (bilateral light-300 μmol m -2 s -1 ) were beneficial to the growth of L. bisecta, and the replacement of culture medium further enhanced the biomass, which eventually reached 8.9 g L -1 . Low nitrogen concentration (3.6 mM) and high light significantly promoted the accumulation of lipids and AA. The highest lipid and AA content reached 54.0% and 10.8% of dry weight, respectively. Lipid compositions analysis under low nitrogen concentration showed that neutral lipids comprised 86.5% of the total lipids, and 88.2% of AA was distributed within the neutral lipids. We then reconstructed the lipid metabolic pathways of L. bisecta for the first time, and demonstrated that upregulation of a key desaturase and elongase in the Δ6 pathway was conducive to the accumulation of fatty acids toward AA synthesis. The synthesis of oleic acid, especially, ensured an adequate supply of precursor for AA synthesis. In addition, crucial genes within the TAG synthesis pathway were also up-regulated. Conclusion L. bisecta SAG2043 exhibits rapid growth, and high lipid and AA production. It may be a potential candidate for AA production. Transcriptome analysis showed that multi-level regulation ensured the conversion efficiency from carbon to the synthesis of fatty acids, which significantly promoted the accumulation of AA and TAG in L. bisecta.
Modulation of gut microbiota through nutritional interventions in Behçet's syndrome patients (the MAMBA study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: PAGLIAI Giuditta , DINU Monica , FIORILLO Claudia , BECATTI Matteo , TURRONI Silvia , EMMI Giacomo , SOFI Francesco
Published: December 2019

Background Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by a wide range of potential clinical manifestations. Recent evidences suggest that the gut microbiota (GM) in BS shows low biodiversity with a significant depletion in butyrate producers. The aim of the present project is to investigate whether a dietary intervention could ameliorate the clinical manifestations and modulate the GM of patients with BS.Methods This is a randomized, open, cross-over study involving 90 BS patients who will be randomized to follow a 3-months dietary profile with either: lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (VD), Mediterranean diet (MD) or Mediterranean diet supplemented with butyrate (MD-Bt). The VD will contain inulin and resistant starch-rich foods, eggs and dairy, in addition to plant-based food, but will not contain meat, poultry or fish. The MD will contain all food categories and will provide 2 portions per week of fish and 3 portions per week of fresh and processed meat. The MD-Bt will be similar to the MD but supplemented with 1.8 g/day of oral butyrate. The three different dietary patterns will be isocaloric and related to subject’s nutritional requirements. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, blood and fecal samples will be obtained from each participant at the beginning and at the end of each intervention phase. The primary outcomes will be represented by the change from baseline of the BS gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms. Changes from baseline of GM composition, SCFA production, inflammatory and antioxidant profile will be considered as secondary outcomes.Discussion BS is a rare disease, and, actually, not all the available treatments are target therapies. A supportive treatment based on dietary and lifestyle issues, able to restore immune system homeostasis, could have a high impact on costs sustainability for the treatment of such a chronic and disabling inflammatory condition.
Characteristics of nasal and intestinal microbiota and effects of probiotics intervention in highly exposed people with PM2.5: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study
Authors: Wu Yongcan , Pei Caixia , Wang Xiaomin , Wang Mingjie , Huang Demei , Xiao Wei , Wang Fei , Wang Zhenxing
Published: December 2019

Background: Extended exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 changes the human microbiota profile, which in turn may increase morbidity and mortality due to respiratory system damage. A balanced microecosystem is crucial to human health, and certain health-related problems may be addressed by effective microecosystem regulation. Recent studies have confirmed that probiotics may reduce the incidence of respiratory diseases. However, few studies have investigated probiotic treatment outcomes in subjects exposed to high concentrations of PM2.5. Methods: This study is designed as a prospective, 2×2 factorial, randomized, participants- and assessor-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. One hundred and twenty eligible volunteers recruited from October 2019 to July 2020 in downtown Chengdu, China will be treated with either probiotics or placebo over 4 consecutive weeks. The primary outcome will be 16SrRNA sequencing assay data from nasal and intestinal secretions. Secondary outcomes will be pulmonary function, score on a gastrointestinal symptom rating scale, COOP/WONCA charts, and the Short-Form Health Survey 36 for quality of life. Results will be analysed to assess differences in clinical efficacy between groups. Six-month follow-up examinations will evaluate the long-term value of probiotics on cardiovascular and respiratory disease end-point events. Discussion: We will explore the characteristics of nasal and intestinal microbiota in a population with high exposure to PM2.5. Probiotics and placebo interventions will be tested for efficacy in microbial balance regulation, effects on lung and physical functions, and quality of life improvement. This study is expected to provide reliable evidence to support the widespread promotion of probiotics in clinical practice for the protection of individuals with high exposure to PM2.5.
Pharmacodynamic comparison of different antimicrobial regimens against Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections with elevated vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration
Authors: Costa Thaina Miranda da , Cuba Gabriel Trova , Morgado Priscylla Guimarães Migueres , Nicolau David P. , Nouér Simone Aranha , Santos Kátia Regina Netto dos , Kiffer Carlos Roberto Veiga
Published: December 2019

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of bloodstream infections (BSI) worldwide, representing a major challenge for public health due to its resistance profile. Higher vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in S. aureus are associated with treatment failure and defining optimal empiric options for BSIs in settings where these isolates are prevalent is rather challenging. I n silico pharmacodynamic models based on stochastic simulations (Monte Carlo) are important tools to estimate best antimicrobial regimens in different scenarios. We aimed to compare the pharmacodynamic profiles of different antimicrobials regimens for the treatment of S. aureus BSI in an environment with high vancomycin MIC . Methods: Steady-state drug area under the curve ratio to MIC (AUC⁄MIC) or the percent time above MIC ( f T>MIC) were modeled using a 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation to achieve pharmacodynamic exposures against 110 consecutive S. aureus isolates associated with BSI. Results: Cumulative fractions of response (CFRs) against all S. aureus isolates were 98% for ceftaroline; 79% and 92% for daptomycin 6 mg/kg q24h and for the high dose of 10 mg/kg q24h, respectively; 77% for linezolid 600 mg q12h when MIC was read according to CLSI M100-S26 instructions, and 64% when MIC was considered at the total growth inhibition; 65% and 86% for teicoplanin, three loading doses of 400 mg every 12h followed by 400 mg every 24h and for teicoplanin 400 mg every 12h, respectively; 61% and 76% for vancomycin 1000 mg every 12h and every 8h, respectively. Conclusions: Based on this model, ceftaroline and high-dose daptomycin regimens delivered best pharmacodynamic exposures against S. aureus BSIs. Teicoplanin higher dose regimen achieved the best CFR (86%) among glycopeptides, although optimal threshold was not achieved, and vancomycin performance was critically affected by the S. aureus vancomycin MIC ≥ 2 mg/L. Linezolid effectiveness (CFR of 73%) is also affected by high prevalence of isolates with linezolid MIC ≥ 2 mg/L. These data show the need to continually evaluate the pharmacodynamic profiles of antimicrobials for empiric treatment of these infections.
Effect of dexmedetomidine on prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in pediatric strabismus surgery: A randomized controlled study
Authors: li shuangshuang , Liu Tingjie , Xia Junming , Jia Jie , Li Wenxian
Published: December 2019

Background : Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common side-effects following strabismus surgery. The present study aimed to compare the effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on PONV incidence in pediatric patients undergoing strabismus surgery. Methods : In this prospective randomized double-blinded study, 126 pediatric patients undergoing strabismus surgery were randomized into one of three groups: Placebo group, normal saline; DEX1 group, 0.3 ug/kg dexmedetomidine, and DEX2 group, 0.5 ug/kg dexmedetomidine. Oculocardiac reflex (OCR) events were recorded during surgery. PONV or postoperative vomiting (POV) was recorded for 24 hours in the ward. Pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) scale and emergence agitation (EA) scale were recorded in the recovery room. Results : Intraoperative OCR was significantly reduced in DEX2 group (42%) as compared to that of Placebo group (68%) (p=0.0146). During the first 24 hours post-op, the overall incidence of PONV was significantly lower in DEX2 group (10%) than that of Placebo group (32%) (p=0.0142). There was no significant difference in POV among the three groups. PAED or EA scores among the three groups were similar during recovery time. Conclusion : Dexmedetomidine (0.5 ug/kg) reduced OCR and PONV without lengthening extubation time or recovery time in pediatric patients undergoing strabismus surgery.
Genome sequencing of Mycobacterium pinnipedii strains: genetic characterization and evidence of superinfection in a South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens)
Authors: Pereira Taiana Silva , Ikuta Cássia Y. , Zimpel Cristina K. , Camargo Naila C. S. , Filho Antônio F. de Souza , Neto José S. Ferreira , Heinemann Marcos B. , Guimarães Ana M. S.
Published: December 2019

Background: Mycobacterium pinnipedii , a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC), is capable of infecting several host species, including humans. Recently, ancient DNA from this organism was recovered from pre-Columbian mummies of Peru, sparking debate over the origin and frequency of tuberculosis in the Americas prior to European colonization. Results: We present the first comparative genomic study of this bacterial species, starting from the genome sequencing of two M. pinnipedii isolates (MP1 and MP2) obtained from different organs of a stranded South American sea lion. Our results indicate that MP1 and MP2 differ by 113 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and 46 indels, constituting the first report of a mixed-strain infection in a sea lion. SNP annotation analyses indicate that genes of the VapBC family, a toxin-antitoxin system, and genes related to cell wall remodeling are under evolutionary pressure for protein sequence change in these strains. OrthoMCL analysis with seven modern isolates of M. pinnipedii shows that these strains have highly similar proteomes. Gene variations were only marginally associated with hypothetical proteins and PE/PPE (proline-glutamate and proline-proline-glutamate, respectively) gene families. We also detected large deletions in ancient and modern M. pinnipedii strains, including a few occurring only in modern strains, indicating a process of genome reduction occurring over the past one thousand years. Our phylogenomic analyses suggest the existence of two modern clusters of M. pinnipedii associated with geographic location, and possibly host species, and one basal node associated with the ancient M. pinnipedii strains. Previously described MiD3 and MiD4 deletions may have occurred independently, twice, over the evolutionary course of the MTBC. Conclusion: The presence of superinfection (i.e. mixed-strain infection) in this sea lion suggests that M. pinnipedii is highly endemic in this population. Mycobacterium pinnipedii proteomes of the studied isolates showed a high degree of conservation, despite being under genomic decay when compared to M. tuberculosis. This finding indicates that further genomes need to be sequenced and analyzed to increase the chances of finding variably present genes among strains or that M. pinnipedii genome remodeling occurred prior to bacterial speciation.
Islamofobija, musulmonų reprezentacija ir stereotipai vakaruose po 9/11 įvykių
Authors: Sutkutė Rūta
Published: December 2019

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas žiniasklaidos vaidmuo tarp įvaizdžių konstravimo ir realybės reprezentavimo orientalizmo ir islamofobijos kontekste. Žiniasklaida XXI amžiuje yra tapusi dominuojančiu šaltiniu pažinti islamą ir musulmonus, kadangi selektyviai atrenka, ką Vakarai turėtų žinoti apie islamą ir ką reikėtų paslėpti. Vis dėlto pagrindinė prielaida yra ta, kad žiniasklaidos kaip institucijos, formuojančios stereotipus, galimybės priklauso nuo vietinio sociokultūrinio konteksto.Išsikeltas tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti žiniasklaidos kaip tarpininko vaidmenį formuojant visuomenės vertybes, pasaulėžiūrą ir kuriant stereotipus skirtingose kultūrinėse terpėse per Muhammado karikatūrų krizės analizę. Tikslui pasiekti keliami šie uždaviniai: išanalizuoti žiniasklaidos kaip tarpininko vaidmenį formuojant vertybinę orientaciją ir konstruojant stereotipus; išanalizuoti stereotipo ir islamofobijos koncepcijas ir išsiaiškinti sąsajas su žiniasklaidos formuojamais neigiamais islamo ir musulmonų įvaizdžiais; ištirti keturių skirtingų valstybių žiniasklaidoje konstruojamus musulmonų ir islamo stereotipus analizuojant Muhammado karikatūrų atvejį.Atlikta kokybinė turinio analizė patvirtino hipotezę, kad skirtingose kultūrinėse terpėse tas pats įvykis pristatomas skirtingai formuojant tam tikrą vertybinę auditorijos, kuriai skirtas pranešimas, orientaciją. Vakarų žiniasklaidos priemonėse pateikiama informacija siekiama vaizduoti musulmonus kaip teroristus / islamistus, nusiteikusius prieš Vakarus, jų vertybes ir bet kokią integracijos galimybę Vakarų visuomenėse. O Libano ir Indijos (Kašmyro) žiniasklaidos priemonėse orientalizmo ir islamofobijos apraiškų nėra todėl, kad auditorijoje, kuriai skirtas pranešimas, dominuoja musulmonai, tačiau pastebima oksidentalizmo apraiškų – pasipriešinimas Vakarams ir jų kaip islamofobiškos visuomenės vaizdavimas spaudoje.Atlikta lyginamoji analizė patvirtino argumentą, kad veikėjai su labai skirtingais įsitikinimais ir vertybėmis konstruoja skirtingus įvykio pasakojimus. Vakarų žiniasklaidos priemonėse daugiausiai pateikiama politikų, rašytojų ir pačių žurnalistų pasisakymai, kurie skatina musulmonų marginalizavimą, stigmatizavimą ir islamofobijos reiškinį. Tuo tarpu kardinaliai skirtingoje kultūrinėje terpėje (Kašmyre ir Libane) veikėjai, kurių pasisakymai atkartoti straipsniuose ir kurie dėl to disponuoja galia formuojant vertybinę orientaciją ir viešąją nuomonę – musulmonų atstovai, daugiausia religiniai vadovai (imamai), kurie išreiškia priešišką poziciją Vakarų atžvilgiu ir jų hegemonijai Oriente.
Stock market, real estate market, and economic growth: an ARDL approach
Authors: Thi Nguyen My-Linh , Ngoc Bui Toan
Published: December 2019

The paper investigates the correlation between stock market, real estate market, and economic growth in Vietnam, which is an emerging country. Quarterly data in Vietnam from the third quarter of 2004 to the third quarter of 2018 were utilized. By using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, the results reveal that economic growth is positively associated with stock market and real estate market. An unprecedented finding of this study is that economic growth (GDP) is more correlated to stock market efficiency (SME) than net trading value by foreign investors (FI). Moreover, global financial crisis (GFC) exerts a negative impact on economic growth and real estate market in Vietnam. Further, net trading value by foreign investors (FI) also negatively influences real estate market (REM) in the short term. The study has greatly succeeded in giving first empirical evidence on the relationship between stock market, real estate market, and economic growth in Vietnam. More than that, the results show the key role of global financial crisis in this correlation. The findings are valuable to economies around the world, especially bringing a practical and meaningful value to developing countries like Vietnam.
La antropología del conocimiento de K-O Apel desde la perspectiva de la relación entre fuerza y significado
Authors: Bertorello Adrián
Published: December 2019

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar que el proyecto de una antropología del conocimiento de K-O  Apel se sitúa en la tradición de la lógica hermenéutica desarrollada por la lógica de Göttingen (Misch, Lipps, König). Esta afirmación se puede documentar a partir del modo en que Apel concibe las relaciones entre el Leibapriori) y el Erkenntnisapriori. En dos textos de los años sesenta Apel formula la relación entre cuerpo y conocimiento como una polarización de fuerzas opuestas. Cuarenta años más tarde cambia de perspectiva y la presenta como una relación tensiva de rivalidad. De esta manera Apel recoge en su propia argumentación un tema central de la lógica hermenéutica, a saber, la concepción de la vida como una mediación entre fuerza y significado.
ÇOCUK ADALET SİSTEMİNDE SUÇA SÜRÜKLENEN ÇOCUKLARA YÖNELİK UYGULAMALARDA KARŞILAŞILAN SORUNLAR
Authors: KARATAŞ Zeki , MAVİLİ Aliye
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı; çocuk adalet sistemi kapsamında suça
sürüklenen çocuklara yönelik uygulamaların çocuğun psiko-sosyal gelişim
özelliklerine ve çocuk hakları ilkelerine uygun olarak yerine getirilip
getirilmediğini çocukların ve alanda çalışanların görüşlerinin alınması yoluyla
anlamaya çalışmaktır.

Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çocuk
adalet sisteminin çok disiplinli yapısı nedeniyle örneklem seçiminde amaçsal
yaklaşım kullanılmış ve maksimum çeşitliliğin sağlanmasına özen gösterilmiştir.
Araştırma kapsamında yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak veriler
toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tümevarımcı bir yaklaşımla NVivo Nitel Veri
Analizi Programı’ndan yararlanılmış ve katılımcıların görüşleri doğrultusunda
öncelikle ortak kavramsal kodlar oluşturulmuş, sonrasında da alt tema ve temalara
ulaşılmıştır.

Araştırma sonucuna göre; çocuk adalet sistemi
uygulamalarında refah yaklaşımı yerine cezalandırma yaklaşımının benimsendiği;
adli kolluk, soruşturma, kovuşturma ve ceza infaz aşamalarında çocuk haklarına
ve çocuğun psiko-sosyal gelişimine uygun davranılmadığı, sistemin çocukları
yeniden toplumsallaştırmada yetersiz kaldığı, müdahaleye rağmen çocukların suç
işlemeye devam ettiği anlaşılmıştır.
Pengenalan Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Dengan Marker-Based Augmented Reality
Authors: Nur’aini Siti , Mukaromah Arnia Sari , Muhlisoh Siti
Published: December 2019

Proses belajar yang baik harus memuat aspek interaktif, memotivasi, menyenangkan dan memberikan ruang bagi siswa untuk dapat mengembangkan kreativitas dan kemandirian. Siswa kadangkala merasa kesulitan pada saat mengillustrasikan isi pembelajaran yang berupa pengetahuan konsep dan prosedur. Dalam pelajaran biologi, materi terkait konsep dasar struktur Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) merupakan materi yang bersifat teoritik dan abstrak. Pemahaman konsep seperti ini  memerlukan penggambaran dan modelling yang lebih realistik agar mudah dipahami. Visualisasi dari sumber belajar dan media belajar yang ada sudah dapat membantu  mempermudah pemahaman  konsep, tetapi variasi media yang lebih nyata, menarik, dan kekinian diharapkan dapat lebih meningkatkan minat siswa.  Pengembangan aplikasi Augmented Reality dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif media pembelajaran DNA. Aplikasi ini dikembangkan dengan metode ADDIE menggunakan Unity3D dan Vuforia. Hasil pengujian fungsional menunjukkan semua fitur dapat berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan kebutuhan di berbagai versi sistem operasi android. Sedangkan pengujian usability menunjukkan kepuasan mahasiswa sebanyak  86% yang artinya aplikasi ini dapat membantu mahasiswa dalam memahami materi DNA.
Pure Consciousness in the Context of Formal Logic
Authors: Semenov Vladimir
Published: December 2019

The subject of the research is the dynamics of noesis of pure consciousness and the rules of formal logic. The goal was to establish the foundations for the synthesis of pure consciousness and ordinary reason. The methodological basis was the theory of pure consciousness postulated by E. Husserl in his "Ideas for pure phenomenology and phenomenological philosophy. Book one. A general introduction to pure phenomenology". The research also featured I. Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason", in particular his reflections on the "foundations of pure reason" and the formal logic of Aristotle. Results. If we split the emerging experience of pure consciousness into interoceptive and exteroceptive, it means that the pure contemplation of things is not as pure as E. Husserl believed it to be, since the reason with its invariable logical operations is always added to the noesis procedure. This leads us to a less idealized understanding of phenomenology as a philosophical trend, even though Husserl’s work used classical laws of "contemplative intuition". The results can be applied in the field of epistemology and the theory of phenomenological knowledge. Findings. The subject of knowledge, even after the phenomenological reduction is completed, is still connected with rational activity. Such a vision of the phenomenological layer could eliminate the very possibility of the appearance of "pure entities" since we do not completely abandon our everyday "natural setting". However, we believe that in order to encounter anything at all in the "epoch" state, it is necessary to continue to keep in touch with reason, since otherwise there is a risk of falling into somnambulism. Reason, although it enters the layer of pure knowledge, does not lose its formal logical abilities. Logical laws are connected with the operation of noesis, thereby creating a general experience of things of an interoceptive or exteroceptive nature.