bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schooling Bodies to Read and Write: A Technosomatic Perspective
Authors: Vlieghe Joris
Published: August 2016

In this article Joris Vlieghe defends the view that technologies of reading and writing are more than merely instruments that support education, arguing that these technologies themselves decide what education is all about and that they form subjectivity in substantial ways. Expanding on insights taken from media theory, Vlieghe uses the work of Bernard Stiegler in order to develop a “technosomatic” account of literacy initiation, that is, a perspective that zooms in on the physical dimensions of how to operate writing and reading technologies. He argues that that the bodily gestures and disciplines that constitute (elementary) literacy give rise to a particular space of experience, which comes down to a heavily embodied, first‐hand sense of what it means to be able to produce script. Vlieghe contends that the advent of digital writing and reading technologies implies a fundamental shift in this sense of ability, and that in order to understand digital literacy we need to take into account the technosomatic aspects of learning to read and write with digital media (a dimension that is absent from the way in which the New Literacies movement approaches the phenomenon of digitization).
Research, Governance, and Technologies of Openness
Authors: Hodgson Naomi
Published: August 2016

Recent policy changes in the European Union have introduced the requirement for publicly funded research to be published in open access. This can be seen as part of a mode of democratic accountability that not only promotes transparency but also, Naomi Hodgson argues, is constituted by visibility and openness. By drawing attention to the way in which the researcher is asked to understand herself in this policy context, Hodgson illustrates how particular technologies of performance measurement and management, and of publication, enter the researcher into this economy of visibility. The understanding of openness as a corrective to the traditional closed access system of publishing and the marketization of academia is challenged, then, in this article, which indicates how these technologies of reading and writing constitute the researcher as a particular figure in the emergent mode of governance.
How We Use and Are Used by Social Media in Education
Authors: Burbules Nicholas C.
Published: August 2016

In this article, Nicholas C. Burbules explores the effects of various social media on the ways people communicate, and the implications of these effects for the use of social media in educational contexts. Facebook, Twitter, and a host of other applications are being used in increasing numbers, especially by young people. It is where they live, share, and learn, so it is to be expected that educators would want to find ways to use these technologies to engage them. At the same time, however, these new media come with a host of issues and dangers as well as possibilities. Creative educators need to be aware of these in weighing the advantages and disadvantages of social media for educational purposes.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate modulators in inflammatory skin diseases – lining up for clinical translation
Authors: Thieme Markus , Zillikens Detlef , Sadik Christian D.
Published: August 2016

The bioactive lysophospholipid sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) is best known for its activity as T‐cell‐active chemoattractant regulating the egress of T cells from the lymph node and, consequently, the availability of T cells for migration into peripheral tissues. This physiological role of S1P is exploited by the drug fingolimod, a first‐line therapy for multiple sclerosis, which “detains” T cells in the lymph nodes. In recent year, it has been elucidated that S1P exerts regulatory functions far beyond T‐cell egress from the lymph node. Thus, it additionally regulates, among others, homing of several immune cell populations into peripheral tissues under inflammatory conditions. In addition, evidence, mostly derived from mouse models, has accumulated that S1P may be involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory skin disorder and that S1P receptor modulators applied topically are effective in treating skin diseases. These recent developments highlight the pharmacological modulation of the S1P/S1P receptor system as a potential new therapeutic strategy for a plethora of inflammatory skin diseases. The impact of S1P receptor modulation on inflammatory skin diseases next requires testing in human patients.
Effect of oral eicosapentaenoic acid on epidermal Langerhans cell numbers and PGD2 production in UVR‐exposed human skin: a randomised controlled study
Authors: Pilkington Suzanne M. , Gibbs Neil K. , Costello Patrick , Bennett Susan P. , Massey Karen A. , Friedmann Peter S. , Nicolaou Anna , Rhodes Lesley E.
Published: August 2016

Langerhans cells (LCs) are sentinels of skin's immune system, their loss from epidermis contributing to UVR suppression of cell‐mediated immunity (CMI). Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids show potential to reduce UVR suppression of CMI in mice and humans, potentially through modulation of LC migration. Our objectives were to examine whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ingestion influences UV‐mediated effects on epidermal LC numbers and levels of immunomodulatory mediators including prostaglandin (PG)D2, which is expressed by LC. In a double‐blind randomised controlled study, healthy individuals took 5‐g EPA‐rich (n=40) or control (n=33) lipid for 12 weeks; UVR‐exposed and unexposed skin samples were taken pre‐ and postsupplementation. Epidermal LC numbers were assessed by immunofluorescence for CD1a, and skin blister fluid PG and cytokines were quantified by LC‐MS/MS and Luminex assay, respectively. Presupplementation, UVR reduced mean (SEM) LC number/mm2 from 913 (28) to 322 (40) (P<.001), and mean PGD2 level by 37% from 8.1 (11.6) to 5.1 (5.6) pg/μL; P<.001), while IL‐8 level increased (P<.001). Despite confirmation of EPA bioavailability in red blood cells and skin in the active group, no between‐group effect of EPA was found on UVR modulation of LC numbers, PGD2 or cytokine levels postsupplementation. Thus, no evidence was found for EPA reduction of photoimmunosuppression through an impact on epidermal LC numbers. Intriguingly, UVR exposure substantially reduced cutaneous PGD2 levels in humans, starkly contrasting with reported effects of UVR on other skin PG. Lowered PGD2 levels could reflect LC loss from the epidermis and/or altered dendritic cell activity and may be relevant for phototherapy of skin disease.
IL‐17F regulates psoriasis‐associated genes through IκBζ
Authors: Bertelsen Trine , Ljungberg Christine , Boye Kjellerup Rasmus , Iversen Lars , Johansen Claus
Published: August 2016

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory and immune‐mediated skin disease. Antagonists of TNF‐α and, recently, IL‐17 have proven to be highly effective in the treatment for psoriasis; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis are poorly understood. Recently, we presented evidence that IκBζ is a key regulator in the development of psoriasis through its role in mediating IL‐17A‐driven effects. Like IL‐17A, IL‐17F is produced by a variety of immune cells, and the expression of IL‐17F is increased in psoriatic skin. The purpose of this study was to characterize the role of IL‐17F in the regulation of IκBζ expression and to investigate whether IL‐17F regulates psoriasis‐associated genes in human keratinocytes through IκBζ. Here, we demonstrate that IL‐17F stimulation induces IκBζ expression at both the mRNA and the protein levels in normal human keratinocytes. Moreover, silencing IκBζ by siRNA revealed that IκBζ is a key regulator of specific IL‐17F‐inducible psoriasis‐associated genes and proteins, including DEFB4/hBD2, S100A7, CCL20, IL‐8 and CHI3L1. In addition, IL‐17F‐induced IκBζ expression is mediated by a mechanism involving the p38 MAPK and NF‐κB signalling pathways, as shown by the clear reduction in IL‐17F‐mediated expression of IκBζ during chemical inhibition of these two signalling pathways. In summary, we present IκBζ as a novel key regulator of IL‐17F‐driven effects in psoriasis. Thus, antagonists to IκBζ could potentially provide a more targeted approach for treating psoriasis as well as for treating the other inflammatory and immune‐mediated diseases for which IL‐17‐targeting drugs have recently been approved.
Long noncoding RNA glypican 3 (GPC3) antisense transcript 1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via epigenetically activating GPC3
Authors: Zhu Xiao‐ting , Yuan Ji‐hang , Zhu Teng‐teng , Li Yang‐yang , Cheng Xiao‐yang
Published: August 2016

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) have critical roles in various pathophysiological processes, and are frequently dysregulated in many diseases, particularly in cancer. The lncRNA glypican 3 antisense transcript 1 (GPC3‐AS1) has been reported to be a potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening. However, the exact biological functions of GPC3‐AS1 in HCC, and its roles and regulation mechanisms regarding GPC3 are still unknown. In this study, we observed a significant upregulation of GPC3‐AS1 in HCC. Increased expression of GPC3‐AS1 was associated with α‐fetoprotein, tumor size, microvascular invasion, encapsulation, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage, and worse prognosis of HCC patients. Furthermore, we found that GPC3‐AS1 physically associated with P300/CBP‐associated factor and recruited it to the GPC3 gene body region, consequently inducing an increase in euchromatic histone marks and activating GPC3 transcription. GPC3‐AS1 expression was strongly correlated with GPC3 in HCC tissues. Gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function analyses showed that GPC3‐AS1 overexpression enhanced HCC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo. GPC3‐AS1 knockdown inhibited HCC cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, the effects of GPC3‐AS1 on HCC cell proliferation and migration were dependent on the upregulation of GPC3. Collectively, our studies indicate that GPC3‐AS1 significantly promotes HCC progression via epigenetically activating GPC3, and identifies GPC3‐AS1 as a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
Permeable Asphalt: A New Tool to Reduce Road Salt Contamination of Groundwater in Urban Areas
Authors: Dietz Michael E. , Angel Derek R. , Robbins Gary A. , McNaboe Lukas A.
Published: August 2016

Chloride contamination of groundwater in urban areas due to deicing is a well‐documented phenomenon in northern climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of permeable pavement on degraded urban groundwater. Although low impact development practices have been shown to improve stormwater quality, no infiltration practice has been found to prevent road salt chlorides from entering groundwater. The few studies that have investigated chlorides in permeable asphalt have involved sampling directly beneath the asphalt; no research has looked more broadly at surrounding groundwater conditions. Monitoring wells were installed upgradient and downgradient of an 860 m2 permeable asphalt parking lot at the University of Connecticut (Storrs, Connecticut). Water level and specific conductance were measured continuously, and biweekly samples were analyzed for chloride. Samples were also analyzed for sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Analysis of variance analysis indicated a significantly (p < 0.001) lower geometric mean Cl concentration downgradient (303.7 mg/L) as compared to upgradient (1280 mg/L). Concentrations of all alkali metals increased upgradient and downgradient during the winter months as compared to nonwinter months, indicating that cation exchange likely occurred. Despite the frequent high peaks of chloride in the winter months as well as the increases in alkali metals observed, monitoring revealed lower Cl concentrations downgradient than upgradient for the majority of the year. These results suggest that the use of permeable asphalt in impacted urban environments with high ambient chloride concentrations can be beneficial to shallow groundwater quality, although these results may not be generalizable to areas with low ambient chloride concentrations.
Prescribed burning is an effective and quick method to conserve rare pyrophilous forest‐dwelling flat bugs
Authors: Heikkala Osmo , Martikainen Petri , Kouki Jari
Published: August 2016

Fire suppression and reduced volumes of dead wood have led to a major decline in pyrophilous and saproxylic insects in Fennoscandian boreal forests. As a consequence, several species are currently seriously threatened. Flat bugs (Heteroptera, Aradidae) is an important invertebrate group that includes several pyrophilous species, including many threatened ones.

We explored whether specific conservation measures – prescribed burning and retention forestry – can facilitate the survival of flat bugs in managed forests. The large‐scale field experiment consisted of a burning treatment (yes/no) and four levels of logging intensity (clear‐cut, retention levels of 10 and 50 m3 ha−1, and unharvested controls). The data included 1224 individuals of 12 species, sampled over a 4‐year period.

Burning increased the species richness and abundance of the pyrophilous species. Two Red‐Listed and very rare pyrophilous species, Aradus angularis J. Sahlberg (Vulnerable) and A. laeviusculus Reuter (Near Threatened), were abundant after burning. The number of non‐pyrophilous flat bugs collapsed after burning but they re‐colonised the stands quickly, becoming as abundant as at the unburned stands. Logging increased the abundance of flat bugs only when retention forestry was applied.

This study shows that pyrophilous flat bugs are quickly able to locate recently burned forests and that these forests are important for their survival. The effect of fire is, however, transient at the stand level and pyrophilous species disappear almost completely quickly after fire. To maintain these species, recently burned forests with a sufficient volume of retention trees should be available continuously at the landscape level.
Incidence of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis before and after the February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake
Authors: Farquhar H. J. , McGettigan B. , Chapman P. T. , O'Donnell J. L. , Frampton C. , Stamp L. K.
Published: August 2016

Background

It has been suggested that environmental pollution from an earthquake might be associated with anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis (AAV).

Aim

To determine the incidence of AAV during the 3‐year period before (period 1), and the 3 years following (period 2), the earthquake that occurred on 22 February 2011 in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Methods

All ANCA tests performed in the Canterbury region for 3 years before the earthquake (period 1, 2007–2010), and for 3 years after the earthquake (period 2, 2011–2014) were examined. AAV was defined according to The European Medicines Agency classification algorithm. Medical records were reviewed and cases were included if they were newly diagnosed within the study period. Incidence was calculated using population data from the 2013 New Zealand census.

Results

A total of 52 new cases of AAV was identified. The incidence in period 1 was 1.87/100 000/annum (95% C.I. 1.23–2.72), and for period 2 was 1.73/100 000/annum (95% C.I. 1.12–2.55). There was no statistically significant difference in incidence between the two study periods. There was no difference when analysing by myeloperoxidase (MPO) or proteinase‐3 status, or restricting the analyses to those residing in an urban environment. The mean age at diagnosis for MPO AAV was significantly younger in period 2 than period 1 (61 years vs 71 years, P = 0.05). There were no other clinically important differences between the two groups.

Conclusion

This study does not support the hypothesis that an environmental agent, caused by dust pollution related to earthquake damage, has a causative role in the pathogenesis of AAV.
Off‐label use of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha inhibitors and anakinra at an Australian tertiary hospital
Authors: Linger M. W. , van Driel M. L. , Hollingworth S. A. , Martin J. H.
Published: August 2016

Background

Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha inhibitors (anti‐TNFα) and anakinra are monoclonal antibodies against pro‐inflammatory cytokines overexpressed in many systemic inflammatory diseases. In Australia, they are registered for the treatment of several rheumatological, gastroenterological and dermatological indications. Despite increasing observational evidence for their use in off‐label indications, there is a paucity of outcome research from the Australian hospital sector.

Aims

To describe the off‐label use of anti‐TNFα and anakinra at a tertiary referral hospital in Queensland, Australia and consideration of a drug register to inform future clinical decision‐making.

Methods

We performed an in‐depth retrospective chart audit of off‐label treatment with anti‐TNFα or anakinra at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital from mid‐2010 to mid‐2014, linking demographic, phenotypic, pathology and outcome data with these drugs.

Results

Off‐label use was identified in 10 patients. The most frequent indications were sarcoidosis and dermatological conditions. Three patients required sequential therapy with a second anti‐TNFα (total responses = 13). Complete response occurred in 46%, partial response in 38% and primary non‐response in 8%. Response was unable to be determined in 8%. We recorded 14 adverse events (infections most common).

Conclusion

This study suggests that anti‐TNFα may be beneficial for some off‐label indications (e.g. sarcoidosis). However, the observational design of this study (and pre‐existing research) limits the ability to infer causality and generalise results. We propose the creation of a mandatory drug register to monitor off‐label use. Whilst comparative efficacy cannot be established without a matched placebo arm, a register would enable some reporting on effectiveness in rare diseases and identify infrequent but serious adverse events.
Anger expression, self‐efficacy and interpersonal competency of Korean nursing students
Authors: Jun W.‐H.
Published: August 2016

Aim

The purpose of this study was to determine whether self‐efficacy mediated the relationship between anger expression and interpersonal competency in South Korean nursing students.

Background

Interpersonal competency allows nursing students to increase their self‐confidence in caring for patients. There is evidence of complex relationships between anger expression, self‐efficacy and interpersonal competency. Self‐efficacy could be considered a potential mediator in the association between anger expression and interpersonal competency in nursing students. However, few studies have investigated the mediatory role of self‐efficacy in this association.

Methods

A descriptive, cross‐sectional study was conducted. In total, 207 Korean nursing students completed a structured questionnaire. Measurement tools included the State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory, Self‐efficacy Scale and Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire.

Findings

Significant correlations were observed between anger expression, self‐efficacy and interpersonal competency. Self‐efficacy exerted a partial mediatory effect on the relationships between interpersonal competency and anger‐in and anger‐control within the anger expression subscales.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that appropriate anger expression could result in enhanced interpersonal competency via an increase in self‐efficacy.

Implications for nursing and health policy

The results concerning the mediatory role of self‐efficacy in the association between anger expression and interpersonal competency have provided new knowledge for nursing educators, managers and researchers, allowing them to support nursing students' interpersonal competency. Nursing schools should be required to evaluate students' anger expression patterns and to increase self‐efficacy when developing education programmes that provide interpersonal training for nursing students.
Near Net Shaping of Monolithic and Composite MAX Phases by Injection Molding
Authors: Gonzalez‐Julian Jesus , Classen Lukas , Bram Martin , Vaßen Robert , Guillon Olivier
Published: August 2016

Injection molding of Ti3SiC2, Ti2AlC, and Ti2AlC containing 10 wt% of SiC fibers has been investigated to enable the production of reliable complex near net shaped components. Gear wheels with 9 cogs, 32 mm external diameter, and 4 mm thickness have been successfully produced by injection and sintering, obtaining homogeneous components with the characteristic layered structure of the MAX phases and good surface quality with average roughness below 2 μm. Injection molding of MAX phases is reported for the first time, offering the potential for large‐scale production of functional parts for these compounds at affordable prices.
A simple and effective remedial learning system with a fuzzy expert system
Authors: Lin C.‐C. , Guo K.‐H. , Lin Y.‐C.
Published: August 2016

This study aims at implementing a simple and effective remedial learning system. Based on fuzzy inference, a remedial learning material selection system is proposed for a digital logic course. Two learning concepts of the course have been used in the proposed system: number systems and combinational logic. We conducted an experiment to validate the success of the proposed system where 88 students who studied a computer‐related program at a vocational high school in Taiwan participated in the experiment. The participating students came from three different types of classes. The fuzzy expert system determined the numbers of the remedial material units according to the scores of the pre‐test. Based on the results of the fuzzy expert system, each student then received personalized remedial learning materials by randomly selecting problem‐based learning units from a learning material repository. After reading the remedial learning materials, the students took the post‐test. The experimental results reveal that the students made significant progresses after studying the remedial learning materials. Both of high‐achieving students and low‐achieving students made significant progresses. Moreover, all of the three types of students made significant progresses.

Lay description

What is currently known about the subject matter:

Remedial learning systems are helpful.

Some systems are good for only low‐achieving students.

The remedial systems are complicated.

What their paper adds to this:

A fuzzy expert system has been added to produce remedial materials.

Automatically select the remedial learning units according to the pre‐test.

The implications of study findings for practitioners:

Our remedial system is good for both high‐achieving and low‐achieving students.

Our remedial system is good for different types of students.

Our remedial system is simple and easy‐to‐implement.
Cost Effectiveness of Implantable Cardiac Monitor‐Guided Intermittent Anticoagulation for Atrial Fibrillation: An Analysis of the REACT.COM Pilot Study
Authors: STEINHAUS DANIEL A. , ZIMETBAUM PETER J. , PASSMAN ROD S. , LEONG‐SIT PETER , REYNOLDS MATTHEW R.
Published: August 2016

Cost‐Effectiveness of ICM Guided Anticoagulation for AF

Introduction

Anticoagulation guidelines for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) disregard AF burden. A strategy of targeted anticoagulation with novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) based on continuous rhythm assessment with an implantable cardiac monitor (ICM) has recently been explored. We evaluated the potential cost‐effectiveness of this strategy versus projected outcomes with continuous anticoagulation.

Methods and Results

We developed a Markov model using data from the Rhythm Evaluation for AntiCoagulaTion With COntinuous Monitoring (REACT.COM) pilot study (N = 59) and prior NOAC trials to calculate the costs and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) associated with ICM‐guided intermittent anticoagulation for AF versus standard care during a 3‐year time horizon. Health state utilities were estimated from the pilot study population using the SF‐12. Costs were based on current Medicare reimbursement. Over 14 ± 4 months of follow‐up, 18 of 59 patients had 35 AF episodes. The ICM‐guided strategy resulted in a 94% reduction in anticoagulant use relative to continuous treatment. There were no strokes, 3 (5.1%) TIAs, 2 major bleeding events (on aspirin) and 3 minor bleeding events with the ICM‐guided strategy. The projected total 3‐year costs were $12,535 for the ICM‐guided strategy versus $13,340 for continuous anticoagulation. Projected QALYs were 2.45 for both groups.

Conclusion

Based on a pilot study, a strategy of ICM‐guided anticoagulation with NOACs may be cost‐saving relative to expected outcomes with continuous anticoagulation, with similar quality‐adjusted survival. This strategy could be attractive from a health economic perspective if shown to be safe and effective in a rigorous clinical trial.
Hard‐line Euroscepticism and the Eurocrisis: Evidence from a Panel Study of 108 Elections Across Europe
Authors: Nicoli Francesco
Published: August 2016

The 2014 European elections led to a sharp rise in the electoral consensus of parties and independent parliament members perceived as eurosceptic. This paper analyzes the interconnections between distressed economies and the electoral success of hard‐line eurosceptic parties. On a panel of 108 elections between 2008 and 2015, the random‐effects model shows the relative effect of long‐ and short‐term political trust, economic performance indicators, and institutional variables in determining the rise of hard‐line eurosceptic parties. In contrast with previous studies, which have tended to de‐emphasize the effect of economic performance in determining the success of eurosceptic forces, the results of this paper detect both a direct and a mediated effect of the economic crisis on the electoral success of hard‐line eurosceptic parties.
Fisher's sons’ effect in sexual selection: absent, intermittent or just low experimental power?
Authors: Sharma M. D. , Wilson A. J. , Hosken D. J.
Published: August 2016

The Fisherian sexual selection paradigm has been called the null model of sexual selection. At its heart is the expectation of a genetic correlation (rG) between female preference and male trait. However, recent meta‐analysis has shown estimated correlations are often extremely weak and not statistically significant. We show here that systematic failure of studies to reject the null hypothesis that rG = 0 is almost certainly due to the low power of most experimental designs used. We provide an easy way to assess experimental power a priori and suggest that current data make it difficult to definitively test a key component of the Fisher effect.
An randomized controlled trial of Post‐it® notes did not increase postal response rates in older depressed participants
Authors: Lewis Helen , Keding Ada , Bosanquet Katharine , Gilbody Simon , Torgerson David
Published: August 2016

Rationale, aims and objectives

Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a Post‐it® note to increase response rates and shorten response times to a 4‐month postal follow‐up questionnaire sent to participants taking part in the Collaborative Care in Screen‐Positive Elders (CASPER) trials.

Method

Our trial was a two‐arm randomized controlled trial comparing response rates to questionnaires with a printed Post‐it® note (intervention) and without (control), nested in multi centred randomized controlled trials of older people with varying levels of depressive symptoms; the CASPER+ and CASPER Self Help for those At Risk of Depression (SHARD) trials. A total of 611 participants were eligible and randomized. The primary outcome was response rates, secondary outcomes were time to response and need for a reminder.

Results

Of 297 participants, 266 (89.6%) returned their 4‐month questionnaire in the post‐it note arm, compared with 282 of 314 participants (89.8%) in the control arm (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.57, 1.65, P = 0.913). There were no statistically significant differences in time to respond or the need to be sent a reminder. Patients with a major depressive episode were more likely to return questionnaires with post‐it notes (P of interaction = .019).

Conclusion

There was no significant difference in response rates, time to response, or the need for a reminder between the intervention and control at 4‐month follow up for older people with depressive symptoms. However, there was a significant interaction between the Post‐it® note group and level of depression.
Who Feels Credit Constrained in Europe? The Role of Social Capital
Authors: Pereira Maria C. , Coelho Filipe , Lourenço Óscar
Published: August 2016

This paper analyzes the influence of social capital in consumers' perceptions of their borrowing constraints, which affect numerous financial decisions. Social capital is a multidimensional concept that concerns consumers' ability to obtain benefits from their engagement in social activities and social networks. To test the hypotheses, we rely on data from the European Social Survey. The results indicate that the four indicators of social capital (bonding capital, bridging capital, trust in people, and trust in institutions) are negatively associated with perceived borrowing constraints, and that some of these associations are moderated by income. The relationship of bonding capital with perceived borrowing constraints appears to be stronger than that of bridging capital, and trust in people reveals a stronger association with the outcome variable than trust in institutions. These results suggest several implications for practice and theory.
Intergenerational Support and Marital Satisfaction: Implications of Beliefs About Helping Aging Parents
Authors: Polenick Courtney A. , Zarit Steven H. , Birditt Kira S. , Bangerter Lauren R. , Seidel Amber J. , Fingerman Karen L.
Published: August 2016

Everyday support given to aging parents is a salient aspect of married life that may have implications for marital quality. Among 132 middle‐aged couples drawn from Wave 1 of the Family Exchanges Study, the authors examined the moderating effects of each spouse's normative and motivational beliefs about helping parents on associations between the frequency of everyday support that wives and husbands gave to their own parents and marital satisfaction. Husbands' more frequent provision of support was linked to wives' greater marital satisfaction when reports of personal rewards linked to helping parents were high for wives or low for husbands. Conversely, wives' more frequent provision of support was linked to husbands' lower marital satisfaction when reports of filial obligation were low for husbands or high for wives. Findings highlight the interdependence within couples and indicate that both spouses' perceptions are important in understanding linkages between intergenerational support and marital satisfaction.
Validity of three screening questions (3Q/TMD) in relation to the DC/TMD
Authors: Lövgren A. , Visscher C. M. , Häggman‐Henrikson B. , Lobbezoo F. , Marklund S. , Wänman A.
Published: August 2016

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are common but seem to be largely undetected within general dental care. To improve dentists’ awareness of these symptoms, three screening questions (3Q/TMD) have been introduced. Our aim was to validate 3Q/TMD in relation to the diagnostic criteria for TMD (DC/TMD), while taking into account the severity level of the symptoms. The study population consisted of 7831 individuals 20–69 years old, who had their routine dental check‐up at the Public Dental Health Service in Västerbotten, Sweden. All patients answered a health declaration, including the 3Q/TMD regarding frequent temporomandibular pain, pain on movement and catching/locking of the jaw. All 3Q‐positives (at least one affirmative) were invited for examination in randomised order. For each 3Q‐positive, a matched 3Q‐negative was invited. In total, 152 3Q‐positives and 148 3Q‐negatives participated. At examination, participants answered 3Q/TMD a second time, before they were examined and diagnosed according to DC/TMD. To determine symptom's severity, the Graded Chronic Pain Scale and Jaw Functional Limitation Scale‐20 (JFLS‐20) were used. In total, 74% of 3Q‐positives and 16% of 3Q‐negatives met the criteria for DC/TMD pain or dysfunction (disc displacements with reduction and degenerative joint disorder were excluded). Fifty‐five per cent of 3Q‐positives had a TMD diagnosis and CPI score ≥3 or a JFLS‐20 score ≥5, compared to 4% of 3Q‐negatives. The results show that the 3Q/TMD is an applicable, cost‐effective and valid tool for screening a general adult population to recognise patients in need of further TMD examination and management.
Ring Rest Seat Design for Severely Tilted Molar Abutment Tooth: An Alternative Option
Authors: AlHelal Abdulaziz , Kattadiyil Mathew T. , Jekki Balsam
Published: August 2016

A ring rest was used for a buccally inclined distal third molar, which served as an abutment for a distal extension Kennedy class II removable partial denture (RPD). This report describes in detail the ring rest design, which offers a conservative treatment option while complying with RPD principles. The design also allowed use of existing occlusal contact on the maxillary third molar without resulting in an overcontoured clasp design. Preparation technique for the rest, along with rationale for selection and design, is discussed. The need for other adjunctive treatment options was also avoided by using the inclination of the maxillary third molar, thereby providing a conservative, cost‐effective, and time‐efficient alternative treatment.
Pex14/17, a filamentous fungus‐specific peroxin, is required for the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins and full virulence ofMagnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Li Ling , Wang Jiaoyu , Chen Haili , Chai Rongyao , Zhang Zhen , Mao Xueqin , Qiu Haiping , Jiang Hua , Wang Yanli , Sun Guochang
Published: August 2016

Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotic cells that fulfil a variety of biochemical functions. The biogenesis of peroxisomes requires a variety of proteins, named peroxins, which are encoded byPEXgenes. Pex14/17 is a putative recently identified peroxin, specifically present in filamentous fungal species. Its function in peroxisomal biogenesis is still obscure and its roles in fungal pathogenicity have not yet been documented. Here, we demonstrate the contributions of Pex14/17 in the rice blast fungusMagnaporthe oryzae(Mopex14/17) to peroxisomal biogenesis and fungal pathogenicity by targeting gene replacement strategies. Mopex14/17 has properties of both Pex14 and Pex17 with regard to its protein sequence. Mopex14/17 is distributed at the peroxisomal membrane and is essential for efficient peroxisomal targeting of proteins containing peroxisomal targeting signal 1.MoPEX19deletion leads to the cytoplasmic distribution of Mopex14/17, indicating that the peroxisomal import of Pex14/17 is dependent on Pex19. The knockout mutants ofMoPEX14/17show reduced fatty acid utilization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) degradation and cell wall integrity. Moreover, Δmopex14/17mutants show delayed conidial generation and appressorial formation, and a reduction in appressorial turgor accumulation and penetration ability in host plants. These defects result in a significant reduction in the virulence of the mutant. These data indicate thatMoPEX14/17plays a crucial role in peroxisome biogenesis and contributes to fungal development and pathogenicity.
‘United by blood’: race and transnationalism during the Belle Époque
Authors: Younis Musab
Published: August 2016

The Belle Époque, often thought to be a period defined by nationalism, also saw the remarkable global proliferation of transnational affinities – especially those centred on race. Across Europe and its settler territories, notions of pan‐racial affinity spread alongside imperial nationalism, in the context of technological advancement that permitted novel imaginative possibilities. Meanwhile, texts of political imagination in Africa and Asia during this period – particularly those of pan‐Africanism and pan‐Islamism – demonstrate not only an awareness of the significance of racial thinking for Europe but a theorisation of the connections between Europe's racial imagination and its policies in the colonised world. The same advances in the fields of communication and travel that opened the door for new imaginative possibilities in Europe also enabled disparate communities in the colonised world to conceive of themselves, often for the first time, as collectively racialised subjects of a European world order.
Multicentre study of treatment outcomes in Australian adolescents and young adults commencing dialysis
Authors: Krischock Leah , Kennedy Sean E , Hayen Andrew
Published: August 2016

Aim

The aim of the study is to improve the understanding of outcomes and complications of dialysis in adolescents and young adults (AYA) to inform decisions about dialysis modality in this patient population.

Methods

Registry data on Australian AYA aged 13 to 20 years who commenced dialysis between 1/1/2000 and 31/12/2013 were retrieved from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplantation Registry and analyzed to determine associations between demographic characteristics, dialysis modality and outcomes.

Results

During the study period 300 AYA commenced dialysis at a median age of 17.2 years (IQR 15.6 to 18.6 years). Haemodialysis (HD) was the initial dialysis modality in 201 patients (67%). No significant differences between AYA receiving HD and peritoneal dialysis (PD) were noted in patient gender, age, race, primary renal disease, treating centre type, remoteness of residential area, lateness of referral or period of study.

Mean haemoglobin levels were lower in the HD group (P = 0.005) and significantly fewer HD patients attended school full time compared to patients managed on PD (P = 0.002 first year; P = 0.05 second year).

Conclusion

Dialysis modality choice does not appear to be influenced by patient characteristics nor dialysis outcomes. Future research is required to examine the reasons that HD is preferred over PD and to determine the optimal method of dialysis for this age group.
Intersections of the arts and nursing knowledge
Authors: Archibald Mandy M. , Caine Vera , Scott Shannon D.
Published: August 2016

The arts and nursing are profoundly connected. While the relationship between nursing and art has persisted over time, the majority of nursing scholarship on the arts has historically centered upon the art of nursing practice and the cultivation and application of aesthetic knowing. However, there is a burgeoning use of arts‐based strategies is nursing education, research, and practice. Correspondingly, there is a need to understand how such approaches can uniquely contribute knowledge to the nursing discipline in order to support arts‐integration for nursing scholars. We structure our inquiry into arts’ contributions according to two dominant methods of engaging with arts‐based strategies: knowing about (e.g., phenomena) vis‐à‐vis art‐viewing, and knowing through (e.g., embodied knowing) vis‐à‐vis art‐making. In doing so, we explore critical contributions of art to nursing research and educational practices, including arts’ capacity to augment traditional research and communication approaches, democratize the research space, challenge issues of representation, and facilitate education, dissemination, and reflexivity.
Towards integration of population and comparative genomics in forest trees
Authors: Ingvarsson Pär K. , Hvidsten Torgeir R. , Street Nathaniel R.
Published: August 2016

The past decade saw the initiation of an ongoing revolution in sequencing technologies that is transforming all fields of biology. This has been driven by the advent and widespread availability of high‐throughput, massively parallel short‐read sequencing (MPS) platforms. These technologies have enabled previously unimaginable studies, including draft assemblies of the massive genomes of coniferous species and population‐scale resequencing. Transcriptomics studies have likewise been transformed, with RNA‐sequencing enabling studies in nonmodel organisms, the discovery of previously unannotated genes (novel transcripts), entirely new classes of RNAs and previously unknown regulatory mechanisms. Here we touch upon current developments in the areas of genome assembly, comparative regulomics and population genetics as they relate to studies of forest tree species.

Contents

Summary
338

I.
Genome assembly
338

II.
Comparative genomics
339

III.
Population genomics
340

IV.
Future directions
342

Acknowledgements
343

References
343
Asymmetric and nonlinear pass‐through relationship between oil and other commodities
Authors: Irandoust Manuchehr
Published: August 2016

There are very few studies on the asymmetric relationship between crude oil prices and the prices of other commodities. Using the recently developed multivariate hidden cointegration technique, the results indicate that there exists a long‐run and asymmetric relationship between crude oil prices and the price of other commodities. The policy implication of our results is that crude oil as a strategic resource plays an important role in commodity markets and regardless of whether the commodity market is in a boom period or a downturn, the volatility of crude oil prices always affects other commodity prices.
Analysing the efficiency of renewable energy consumption among oil‐producing African countries
Authors: Ackah Ishmael , Alabi Oluwafisayo , Lartey Abraham
Published: August 2016

Africa's growth over the past two decades has been unprecedented. However, access to modern forms of energy seems to be a major hurdle for most African countries even though renewable energy sources abound. It has been argued that, knowledge of demand determinants and estimates help to guide investment and policy design in the energy industry. This study therefore examined the efficiency of renewable energy consumption. Furthermore, it investigated the effect of carbon emissions, GDP per capita, energy resource depletion and human capital development on renewable energy demand in 10 African countries. A dynamic panel generalised method of moments, panel fixed‐effect and a panel random‐effect models were applied. The results suggest that economic growth, energy prices, carbon emissions and energy resource depletion significantly affect renewable energy demand in one or all the models. The study recommends that to promote renewable energy consumption, economic welfare of the population should be enhanced.
Astigmatism in underserved rural areas: a population based study
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Nabovati Payam , Malekifar Azam , Yekta Abbasali , Ostadimoghaddam Hadi , Jafarzadehpur Ebrahim , Khabazkhoob Mehdi
Published: August 2016

Purpose

Studying the prevalence of astigmatism and its related factors in underprivileged rural areas in Iran.

Methods

Using random cluster sampling, two rural areas in the north and southwest of Iran were randomly selected, and 3851 persons over 1 year of age were invited to the study. In addition to recording demographics, retinoscopic refraction was conducted using baseline auto‐refraction results. The prevalence of astigmatism was determined based on cylinder error cut‐off points of 0.50 dioptre (D), 1.00, 2.00 and 3.00 D. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess variables’ relationship with astigmatism.

Results

The prevalence of astigmatism as a cylinder error greater than 0.50 D was 35.6% (95% CI: 33.7–37.6); this was 34.0% (95% CI: 31.4–36.6) in women and 36.9% (95% CI: 33.9–39.9) in men. The lowest prevalence was seen in the 6–20 year old age group (13.6%) and the highest prevalence was found in individuals older than 70 years (82.5%). In the multiple logistic regression model, age and education level were significantly related to astigmatism. The prevalence rates of with‐the‐rule (WTR), against‐the‐rule (ATR), and oblique astigmatism were respectively 15.0%, 17.2%, and 3.5%. The prevalence of WTR astigmatism decreased with age, while the prevalence of ATR (and oblique astigmatism to a lesser extent) increased.

Conclusion

The prevalence of astigmatism was similar to previous studies; however, there were considerable age‐related changes. In particular, the prevalence of astigmatism in elderly people was substantial and of concern, particularly given that virtually none of this age group were wearing distance spectacles.
Structure and homology ofPsittacosaurustail bristles
Authors: Mayr Gerald , Pittman Michael , Saitta Evan , Kaye Thomas G. , Vinther Jakob
Published: August 2016

We examined bristle‐like appendages on the tail of the Early Cretaceous basal ceratopsian dinosaurPsittacosauruswith laser‐stimulated fluorescence imaging. Our study reveals previously unknown details of these structures and confirms their identification as integumentary appendages. For the first time, we show that most bristles appear to be arranged in bundles and that they exhibit a pulp that widens towards the bristle base. We consider it likely that the psittacosaur bristles are structurally and developmentally homologous to similar filamentous appendages of other dinosaurs, namely the basal heterodontosauridTianyulongand the basal therizinosauroid theropodBeipiaosaurus, and attribute the greater robustness of the bristles ofPsittacosaurusto a higher degree of cornification and calcification of its integument (both skin and bristles). Although the psittacosaur bristles are probably homologous with avian feathers in their origin from discrete cell populations, it is uncertain whether they developed from a follicle, one of the developmental hallmarks of true feathers. In particular, we note a striking resemblance between the psittacosaur bristles and the cornified spine on the head of the horned screamer,Anhima cornuta, an extant anseriform bird. Similar, albeit thinner keratinous filaments of extant birds are the ‘beard’ of the turkey,Meleagris gallopavo, and the crown of the Congo peafowl,Afropavo congensis. All of these structures of extant birds are distinct from true feathers, and because at least the turkey beard does not develop from follicles, detailed future studies of their development would be invaluable towards deepening our understanding of dinosaur filamentous integumentary structures.
Obtaining Informationally Consistent Decisions When Computing Costs with Limited Information
Authors: Anand Vic , Balakrishnan Ramji , Labro Eva
Published: August 2016

We demonstrate the need to view in a dynamic context any decision based on limited information. We focus on the use of product costs in selecting the product portfolio. We show how ex post data regarding the actual costs from implementing the decision leads to updating of product cost estimates and potentially trigger a revision of the initial decision. We model this updating process as a discrete dynamical system (DDS). We define a decision as informationally consistent if it is a fixed‐point solution to the DDS. We employ numerical analysis to characterize the existence and properties of such solutions. We find that fixed points are rare, but that simple heuristics find them often and quickly. We demonstrate the usefulness and robustness of our methodology by examining the interaction of limited information with multiple decision rules (heuristics) and problem features (size of product portfolio, profitability of product markets). We discuss implications for research on cost systems.
Commentary: The Link between Presidential Ideology and State Policy: A Complex Equation
Authors: Gangone Lynn M. , Espinosa Lorelle L. , Johnson Heather L.
Published: August 2016

Related Content: Rabovsky and Rutherford (PAR September/October 2016)
Commentary: The Truth and Consequences of Academic Rankings
Authors: Trachtenberg Stephen Joel
Published: August 2016

Related Content: Fowles, Frederickson, and Koppell (PAR September/October 2016)
Commentary: “Bureauphobia”: A New Conceptual Tool for Understanding Public Dissatisfaction
Authors: Ruiz Ana
Published: August 2016

Related Content: del Pino, Calzada, and Díaz‐Pulido (PAR September/October 2016)