bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Alchornea cordifolia and Costus afer Against Some Bacterial Isolates
Authors: Owhe-Ureghe UB  , Akpo CO
Published: July 2016

The antibacterial activity of the fresh and concentrated extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and Costus afer against five bacterial species was demonstrated in vitro. The diameter of the zones of inhibition ranged from 6.7±1.5mm to 39.±2.5mm for the fresh juices. The concentrated leaf and stem pith extracts had an inhibition range of 6.3±0.7mm to 22.0±2.5mm. The fresh stem pith juice of Alchornea cordifolia was the most potent plant part and K. varians (39.3±2.5mm) was the most susceptible isolate with a zone of inhibition, which compared well with the gentamycin control (39.3±0.6mm). Extracts from the concentrated leaves were more potent than the juice from the fresh leaves. A combination of the fresh juices did not result in higher zones of inhibition. The extracts obtained from the concentrated leaves and stem of C. afer did not inhibit any of the bacteria tested. The pattern of response exhibited by the bacteria to the extracts was shown by ANOVA to be significantly different. However, ANOVA showed no significant difference in the activity of the concentrated extracts from the leaves of lchornea cordifolia on K. varians (P>0.05). The stem pith and leaves of A. cordifolia can be exploited for use as antibacterial drugs against the bacteria tested since susceptibility to some of them compared well as to gentamycin. The traditional use of these plants for the treatment of diseases caused by the tested isolates was scientifically verified.
(Re)conceptualising Risk: What (Seems to) Work for At-Risk Students
Authors: Zyngier David
Published: July 2016

This review of current research into at-risk programs serves to categorise and characterise existing programs and to evaluate the contribution of these programs to assisting students at-risk from marginalised backgrounds. This characterisation questions the (sometimes) implicit assumptions and the consequences of those assumptions inherent in and behind these various accounts. This involves a synthesis and reformulation, based on epistemological standpoints, both explicit and implied, of the various researchers. Using as a lens the (various and varied) understandings of social justice and the goals of education (Gale & Densmore, 2000; 2003) I identify three sometimes overlapping and sometimes contesting standpoints in relation to at-risk students, characterised as instrumentalist or rational technical, social constructivist or individualist and critical transformative or empowering. I argue that programs ‘which simply seek to achieve change in the individual young people are doomed to failure’ (Stewart, 1998, 4) and that a critical transformative understanding of at-risk may deliver improved outcomes for young people by challenging ‘the school context in which the young people are located’ (Stewart, 1998, 4).
Genotype × Environment Interactions for Oil Content in Peanut and Stable High‐Oil‐Yielding Sources
Authors: Janila P. , Manohar Surendra S. , Patne Nagesh , Variath Murali T. , Nigam S.N.
Published: July 2016

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes with superior and stable agronomic performance and high oil content were identified from testing of 160 advanced breeding lines over six seasons. The study revealed significant genotype and genotype × environment (G × E) interaction determining oil and protein content; shelling outturn; and pod, kernel, and oil yield in peanut. The variability among genotypes was high across the environments for pod yield (546–7382 kg ha−1), oil yield (301–2742 kg ha−1), oil content (37–60%), 100‐seed weight (21–127 g), and protein content (19–31%). The GGE biplot technique revealed that ICGV 05155 is a stable genotype for oil yield with an average oil yield of 1886 kg ha−1. ICGV 05155 recorded highest average pod yield of 4928 kg ha−1, kernel yield of 3420 kg ha−1, and oil content of 55.1%. ICGV 06049, ICGV 06041, ICGV 06420, and ICGV 03043 were other genotypes with stable oil yield. Simple regression showed significant contributions of oil content (18–54%), and kernel yield (92–99%) to oil yield across the environments. Simultaneous improvement of kernel yield and oil content is feasible in breeding programs, as kernel yield had no negative association with oil content. The high oil content genotypes, ICGV 05155, ICGV 06049, ICGV 06041, ICGV 06420, and ICGV 03043, with stable oil yield were promoted to multilocation adaptive trials required for their release for cultivation and used as parents in breeding programs and development of mapping population to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) governing oil content.
Mapping the Increased Protein Digestibility Trait in the High‐Lysine Sorghum Mutant P721Q
Authors: Massafaro Moriah , Thompson Addie , Tuinstra Mitch , Dilkes Brian , Weil Clifford F.
Published: July 2016

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a dietary staple for >500 million people in over 30 countries of the semiarid tropics. Unlike other major cereals, proteins in sorghum grain become much less digestible after wet cooking. P721Q is a high‐lysine sorghum mutant that exhibits a three‐ to fourfold increase in protein digestibility after cooking as compared with other sorghum cultivars. While its increased lysine content has been traced to decreased levels of a kafirin storage protein, the goal of this study was to identify the genetic determinant of the increased digestibility. Genome sequencing of bulked segregants from a P721Q × BTx623 mapping population revealed the highly digestible protein trait maps to the same cluster of kafirin genes that contain the high‐lysine mutation.
As principais causas da não formalização das empresas na cidade de Guarapari/ES
Authors: Nascimento Máyra Vidal , Corcetti Elisabete , Silva Gibson Dall'Orto Muniz da
Published: July 2016

Este artigo é uma pesquisa descritiva, com caráter quantitativo, cujo objetivo é verificar as principais causas da não formalização das empresas na cidade de Guarapari/ES, ou ainda, o artigo vem auxiliar os novos empreendedores, governo, sociedade e demais interessados na temática, quanto às razões que contribuem para a formação deste quadro. Para sua realização foram adotados como instrumentos de pesquisa o levantamento bibliográfico e questionário com perguntas fechadas, realizado com 198 (cento e noventa e oito) empreendedores na cidade de Guarapari/ES. Por fim, relatam-se os motivos que levaram a amostra estudada a empreender, e o perfil dos empreendedores não formalizados.
Evidenciação do Valor Justo de Ativos Financeiros das Empresas Listadas na BM&FBOVESPA
Authors: Politelo Leandro , Kaveski Itzhak David Simão , Klann Roberto Carlos
Published: July 2016

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo mensurar o nível de evidenciação das informações relativas ao valor justo dos instrumentos financeiros exigidas pelo CPC 40 das empresas listadas no segmento do Novo Mercado da BM&FBovespa. O estudo caracteriza-se como descritivo e foi conduzido por meio de análise documental e abordagem quantitativa. A população é composta por 255 observações, sendo 127 empresas em 2010 e 128 em 2011. A amostra compreendeu 251 observações, sendo 125 empresas de 2010 e 126 de 2011. Para coleta dos dados foi elaborado um check list composto por 13 itens, com base no Pronunciamento Técnico CPC 40. Foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo das notas explicativas dos anos de 2010 e 2011 das empresas. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que a evidenciação média das empresas foi de 36,62% em 2010 e de 40,35% em 2011. Em ambos os anos houve empresas que atenderam por completo aos itens analisados e empresas que não evidenciaram nenhum item. Os setores com maior e menor índice de evidenciação nos anos de 2010 e 2011 foram, respectivamente, o setor de “Petróleo, Gás e Biocombustíveis” e “Financeiro e Outros”. Conclui-se que o nível de evidenciação das empresas do segmento do Novo Mercado listada na BM&FBovespa, apesar de ter apresentado uma evolução no período analisado, pode ser considerado baixo.
Redes de Cooperação e Território: o caso da Associação Rede Casanova
Authors: Almeida Giovana Goretti Feijó de , Silveira Rogério Leandro Lima da
Published: July 2016

Este ensaio apresenta algumas reflexões a respeito da constituiçãoe funcionamento das Redes de Cooperação dentro do contexto da relação Redes eOrganização Territorial quanto as suas articulações estratégicas e políticas noterritório. É discutido também o discurso veiculado pelas Redes de Cooperação visandoa adesão de novos associados no intuito de conquista territorial. Assim como, analisa-sea participação dos lojistas nesse tipo de organização associativa que se tornouuma oportunidade para as empresas pequenas e médias concorrerem com as de maiorporte e também com as globais. Buscou-se, por fim, aprofundar essa reflexãoatravés da análise de uma Rede de Cooperação concreta: a Rede CasanovaMateriais de Construção.
Gestão social e participação nas decisões: estudos de caso em cooperativas de base social catarinenses
Authors: Silva Karin Vieira da , Moretto Neto Luis
Published: July 2016

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a participação dos atores organizacionais nos processos de tomada de decisão, a partir dos pressupostos da gestão social, em duas cooperativas de base social do estado de Santa Catarina. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados seguiram uma abordagem qualitativa, aplicada através do estudo de casos múltiplos, caracterizando-se ainda como uma pesquisa aplicada e descritiva. A coleta de dados foi realizada através da análise documental, observação e entrevistas semi estruturadas. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizadas as técnicas de análise de conteúdo e análise documental. O estudo permitiu constatar a coexistência de traços de gestão social e gestão estratégica (tradicional), em ambas as organizações estudadas. Verificou-se que a organização que experimentou maior processo de burocratização em suas estruturas ao longo do tempo apresenta menor interface com as orientações da gestão social, e, consequentemente, a participação dos atores organizacionais no processo decisório ocorre com intensidade menor. Enquanto a organização que apresentou aspectos mais informais e distanciados de uma estrutura tecnoburocrática, a participação apresentou-se de forma mais evidente e efetiva, assim como as suas práticas de gestão em geral, manifestaram maior convergência com os pressupostos de gestão social. Por fim, salienta-se que, independente das práticas de gestão utilizadas, as cooperativas estudadas configuram-se como exemplos de associativismo popular para o enfrentamento de demandas sociais, desempenhando um importante papel social e na conquista da cidadania.
Análise do Capital Social no Arranjo Produtivo Local do Leite de Santana do Livramento-RS
Authors: Patias Tiago Zardin , De Marco Daiana , Wittmann Milton Luiz , Reis Xavier Thiago
Published: July 2016

A dinâmica do cenário econômico exige das empresas a busca de vantagens competitivas sustentáveis como uma estratégia para sobreviverem no mercado concorrencial. Neste contexto surgem os Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APLs) como forma de aumentar a competitividade e o capital social local e regional. O presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar o capital social no APL do Leite de Santana do Livramento-RS, identificando quais variáveis influenciam sua formação e propor ações para potencializá-las. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa quantitativa de caráter descritivo, com coleta de dados através de um survey aplicado a uma amostra de produtores rurais de leite pertencentes ao APL. Infere-se que o capital social presente no APL do Leite, mensurado pelas dimensões estrutural, cognitiva e relacional, apresenta elementos positivos, como a confiança, a identificação social e a participação, os quais necessitam de manutenção. Adicionalmente identificam-se elementos negativos, como as relações sociais entre os produtores, a baixa cooperação, reciprocidade e necessidade de maior interação.
Certificação ambiental e internacionalização: uma análise do setor madeireiro brasileiro
Authors: Tripoli Angela Cristina Kochinski , Prates Rodolfo Coelho
Published: July 2016

A presente pesquisa analisa a influencia da certificação ambiental sobre a internacionalização do setor madeireiro no Brasil. O estudo se desdobra em duas partes. Inicialmente, por meio de dados da FAO e do MDIC, foi calculada a Vantagem Comparativa Revela para os bens madeireiros. Esse índice mostrou que o Brasil, embora detenha imensas quantidades de recursos naturais, não apresenta vantagem comparativa nesse setor. E com dados da Receita Federal Brasileira e do Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), que é o selo mais difundido no setor florestal brasileiro, foi possível verificar que as empresas madeireiras certificadas exportam, em média, um valor maior que as não certificadas e exportam também para um número maior de países. Os resultados encontrados aqui mostram a importância da certificação ambiental tanto ao meio ambiente quanto às empresas.
Os bancos comunitários de desenvolvimento na política pública de finanças solidárias: apresentando a realidade do nordeste e discutindo proposições
Authors: Rigo Ariadne Scalfoni , França Filho Genauto Carvalho de , Leal Leonardo Prates
Published: July 2016

Este trabalho apresenta e discute a realidade do conjunto dos Bancos Comunitários de Desenvolvimento (BCDs) da região Nordeste do Brasil, no âmbito da política pública de finanças solidárias que se delineia. A metodologia consistiu num levantamento-diagnóstico em 26 BCDs desta região, de julho a setembro de 2012. Os resultados afirmam os BCDs como tecnologias sociais adequadas a uma política pública de finanças solidárias que pretende atingir as pessoas mais pobres. Suas estruturas coletivas de gestão e a metodologia de concessão e cobrança de empréstimos baseadas nas relações de proximidade parecem mais adequadas para a transposição das barreiras formais e institucionais que os bancos tradicionais colocam no tocante a concessão de crédito para a população de baixa renda. No entanto, a realidade que se apresenta diante dos BCDs aponta dificuldades que podem comprometer a plenitude das ações destas organizações nos territórios. A principal dificuldade esta relacionada à formação do fundo de crédito que os força a racionar significativamente as concessões de crédito. Outros desafios identificados foram os relativos à formação do lastro para impulsionar a circulação da moeda social no território e dinamizar as trocas.
Authors: Purwarianti Ayu , Firdaud Hari Bagus
Published: July 2016

Paper ini memaparkan hasil penelitian dalam membangun aplikasi pendiktean Bahasa Indonesia untuk waktu nyata. Dalam membangun sebuah aplikasi pendiktean, terdapat beberapa masalah seperti perintah suara (voice command), Out Of Vocabulary (OOV), noise, dan filler. Adapun yang menjadi fokus dalam penelitian ini adalah penanganan perintah suara dan OOV dari kata yang didiktekan. Pendiktean suara merupakan pengembangan lanjut dari pengenalan suara secara waktu nyata dengan tambahan metode untuk menangani hal-hal yang telah dinyatakan sebelumnya. Untuk menangani perintah suara, sebuah modul ditambahkan untuk mengecek hasil decoding dari sistem pengenalan suara. Adapun untuk menangani OOV, ditambahkan modul penanganan pengejaan setelah sebelumnya dinyatakan status ejaan. Model perintah suara dan model huruf ditambahkan ke dalam kamus dan digunakan sebagai pelatihan dari model bahasa n-gram. Dalam pengujian, dilakukan evaluasi terhadap sistem pengenalan suara, penanganan perintah suara, dan modul pengejaan sebagai strategi untuk menangani kata OOV. Untuk modul pengenalan suara, akurasi yang dicapai adalah 70%. Untuk modul penanganan perintah suara, pengujian menunjukkan bahwa perintah suara dapat ditangani dengan baik. Sedangkan untuk modul pengejaan, pengujian menunjukkan bahwa hanya 20 dari 26 huruf yang berhasil dikenali.

In this paper, we presented the results of research in building applications dictation of the Bahasa Indonesia for real-time. In developing a dictation application, there are some problems such as voice command, Out of Vocabulary (OOV), noise, and filler. As the focus in this research is the handling of voice command and OOV from dictated words. Voice dictation is a further development of real time voice recognition with an additional method to deal with things that have been stated before. To handle voice commands, a module is added to check the results of decoding of the voice recognition system. To handle OOV, spelling handling module is added after the previously stated spelling status. Voice command model and the model letter are added to the dictionary and used as the training of n-gram language model. In testing, we conducted an evaluation of speech recognition systems, voice commands and spelling handling module as a strategy to deal with OOV words. For the speech recognition module, the achieved accuracy is 70%. For voice commands handling module, the test showed that voice commands can be handled properly. As for the spelling module, testing showed that only 20 of the 26 letters that successfully recognized.
PERANCANGAN MODEL REPRESENTASI PENGETAHUAN BERBASIS ONTOLOGI PADA APLIKASI SIPELANTIK: STUDI KASUS PUSINTEK KEMENTERIAN KEUANGAN
Authors: Susilo Andrianto , Handayani Putu Wuri , Wilarso Iik
Published: July 2016

In supporting the implementation of ICT service management, Pusat Sistem Informasi dan Teknologi Keuangan (Pusintek) already have the Sistem Pengelolaan Layanan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (Sipelantik) application. This application is the automation of ICT service management business process, especially in the area of Service Support. In practice, the knowledge generated from this business process has broad enough coverage. However, these knowledges are not easily retrieved. Thus, a model that can describe and connect the knowledge is demanded. This study proposes a model of ontology-based ICT services knowledge representation using the existing knowledge on the Sipelantik application. The Ontology models are developed by software Protege in the form of Web Ontology Language (OWL). Simple Protocol And RDF Query Language (SPARQL) and Description Logic (DL) Query are used to obtain the information and knowledge from OWL models and to ensure that the relationships between concepts are properly defined. Reasoner Pellet plugin is used to ensure the consistency of the built ontology models. This research results in six classes of knowledge (knowledge base, role, service request, incident handling, component configuration, and service catalog) including the subclasses and an ontology model as knowledge of ICT services that can be shared and reused.
IDENTIFIKASI PORTOFOLIO, STRATEGIC SOURCING DAN PENGUKURAN KETERSEDIAAN LAYANAN TI PADA PT PLN (PERSERO) WILAYAH SUMATERA SELATAN, JAMBI, DAN BENGKULU
Authors: Hidayanto Achmad Nizar , Herianto .
Published: July 2016

PT. PLN Wilayah Sumsel, Jambi dan Bengkulu banyak menggunakan layanan TI agar dapat mengelola proses bisnisnya dengan baik. Tidak adanya suatu mekanisme pengukuran kinerja pihak ketiga membuat perusahaan kesulitan mengukur kinerja pihak ketiga. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengatasi berbagai permasalahan yang ada di PT. PLN Wilayah Sumsel, Jambi dan Bengkulu. Tahap pertama penelitian ini akan dilakukan dengan menjabarkan strategi dengan analisis SWOT, yang menghasilkan portofolio layanan TI. Tahap selanjutnya adalah pemberian rekomendasi mengenai strategic sourcing dalam membangun layanan TI perusahaan dengan menganalisis kondisi perusahaan saat ini. Pada tahap akhir penelitian akan dijabarkan mengenai mekanisme pengukuran ketersediaan layanan TI dengan kerangka kerja COBIT 4.1 sub segmen DS1. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh portofolio layanan TI yang secara efektif dapat mendukung perusahaan. Penelitian ini juga menghasilkan temuan yang menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan belum mampu mengelola sendiri layanan TI secara internal, sehingga pengembangan layanan TI sebaiknya dilakukan melalui outsourcing. Formulasi mengenai SLA juga diusulkan dalam penelitian ini agar dapat digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja pengelola layanan TI perusahaan. PT. PLN Region Sumsel, Jambi and Bengkulu use IT services in order to properly manage its business processes. The absence ofa mechanism for third-party performance measurement make it difficult to measure the performance of third parties.This study aimed to address the various problems that exist in there. The first phase of this research will be done by outlining strategies with SWOT analysis, which produces a portfolio of IT services. The next stage is the provision of recommendations on the strategic sourcing in developing IT services in the company by analyzing the current condition of the company. In the final stage of research, we will clarify the mechanisms in measuring the availability of IT services with COBIT 4.1framework, DS1 sub segments. From the research results obtained a portfolio of IT services that can effectively support the company. The study also produced findings that shows the company has not been able to manage their own IT services internally, so the development of IT services should be done through outsourcing. Formulation of the SLA is also proposed in this study, so that can be used to measure the performance of IT service management company.
PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM PENCARI PAKAR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE ASSOCIATION RULES
Authors: Furqon Moehammad Arief , Sensuse Dana Indra
Published: July 2016

Suatu organisasi membutuhkan informasi tentang kondisi kepakaran. Salah satu aspek yang dapat digunakan dalam menentukan kepakaran di institusi pendidikan tinggi adalah publikasi ilmiah yang pernah dibuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang kepakaran berdasarkan publikasi yang pernah dibuat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode association rules untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang kepakaran berdasarkan publikasi yang ada. Di sini, dilihat tingkat kemunculan nama seseorang pada koleksi publikasi pada bidang yang sejenis. Hasil penelitian ini sebuah model pencarian informasi yang bermanfaat bagi manajemen puncak untuk mengetahui kepakaran seseorang. Dengan demikian, pengambilan keputusan oleh manajemen puncak dapat terlaksana dengan bantuan pakar yang tepat.
KNOWLEDGE SHARING MODEL AMONG ACADEMIC STAFFS IN UNIVERSITIES
Authors: Bulan Semlinda Juszandri , Sensuse Dana Indra
Published: July 2016

Knowledge sharing is very important in an organization, one of the effects of these activities is to improve the performance of the organization. In education sector, effective knowledge sharing among academic staff can improve the performance of a college. This research proposed a model for knowledge sharing among academic staff, firstly the factors that influence knowledge sharing consists of individual factors, organizational factors and technological factors and secondly relationship between knowledge sharing and organizational performance.
Pelvic Support Osteotomy; Salvage Procedure in Chronically Dislocated Hips Case Report: Technical Note on the On-lay Bone Positioning of a Lengthening Nail and Review of the Literature
Authors: Reynders-Frederix Pieter , Reynders-Frederix Cristina , Wajid Muhammad
Published: July 2016

Background:

Young patients with a acquired dislocation of the hip with concomitant shortening of the lower limb is a difficult diagnostic problem with few definite treatment options.

Methods:

We used the technique, originally described by Ilizarov, with a double femur osteotomy and lengthening the femur. Lengthening was done with a sub muscular placed on-lay femur distraction rod. Distraction of the rod was done by fluid mechanics. After lengthening, the distraction was secured by a parked plate by locking the distal part of the plate.

Results:

This patient needed a lengthening of 60 mm, distraction time was 36 days with a distraction index of 1.61 mm per day and a healing index of 31.4 days per cm lengthening.We encountered one complication in which an exchange of the plastic feeding tube was needed at 20 days post-surgery.

Conclusions:

In the reported case we could improve gait with reduced limping and equalizing her leg length discrepancy.
Privatization in Serbia - an assesment before the last round
Authors: Vujacic Ivan , Petrovic-Vujacic Jelica
Published: July 2016

Serbia has had a long history of privatization. It commenced in 1990 and was
only fully completed, as defined by the privatization legislation, in 2015.
The reasons for this are many and complex and the paper provides a short
historical overview. Privatization, however, began in earnest after the
democratic revolution of 2000 and the paper analyses the political motives
behind the adoption of the current model. The paper goes on to explain the
model design, as well as its dynamics and results. The analysis probes more
deeply into the specific weaknesses of auction implementation, showing that
an alternative approach could have produced better results in terms of
revenue. The specific institutional flaws that led to a high failure rate in
the privatization of companies are identified and analysed. These weaknesses
lie in the design, implementation, and monitoring, which led to results that
were not in line with the goals of the privatization process. The designers
of the privatization model gave scant attention to broader institutional
coherence, which enabled largescale manipulation of the process. In some
cases this enabled motives unrelated to the future of the firm being
privatized to dominate the process. Finally, the scope of the last round of
privatization in Serbia, which commenced in June 2015, and the probable
results are discussed.
A retrospective study of Class II mixed-dentition treatment
Authors: Oh Heesoo , Baumrind Sheldon , Korn Edward L , Dugoni Steven , Boero Roger , Aubert Maryse , Boyd Robert
Published: July 2016

Objective: To consider the effectiveness of early treatment using one mixed-dentition approach to the correction of moderate and severe Class II malocclusions.

Materials and Methods: Three groups of Class II subjects were included in this retrospective study: an early treatment (EarlyTx) group that first presented at age 7 to 9.5 years (n = 54), a late treatment (LateTx) group whose first orthodontic visit occurred between ages 12 and 15 (n = 58), and an untreated Class II (UnTx) group to assess the pretreatment comparability of the two treated groups (n = 51). Thirteen conventional cephalometric measurements were reported for each group and Class II molar severity was measured on the study casts of the EarlyTx and LateTx groups.

Results: Successful Class II correction was observed in approximately three quarters of both the EarlyTx group and the LateTx group at the end of treatment. EarlyTx patients had fewer permanent teeth extracted than did the LateTx patients (5.6% vs 37.9%, P < .001) and spent less time in full-bonded appliance therapy in the permanent dentition than did LateTx patients (1.7 ± 0.8 vs 2.6 ± 0.7years, P < .001). When supervision time is included, the EarlyTx group had longer total treatment time and averaged more visits than did the LateTx group (53.1 ± 18. 8 vs 33.7 ± 8.3, P < .0001). Fifty-five percent of the LateTx extraction cases involved removal of the maxillary first premolars only and were finished in a Class II molar relationship.

Conclusion: EarlyTx comprehensive mixed-dentition treatment was an effective modality for early correction of Class II malocclusions.
Potential Influences on Long-Term Service Performance of Road Infrastructure by Automated Vehicles
Authors: Chen Feng , Balieu Romain , Kringos Nicole
Published: July 2016

Automated vehicles (AVs) have received great attention in recent years, and an automated road transportation sector may become reality in the next decades. Many benefits of AVs have been optimistically predicted, although some benefits may be overestimated because of a lack of thinking from a holistic point of view. From a future perspective, this study investigated the potential consequences to the long-term service performance of practical physical road infrastructure after the advent of the implementation of AVs on a large scale. Specifically, the pavement rutting performance by the possibly changed behaviors, such as the vehicle’s wheel wander, lane capacity, and traffic speed, was examined carefully with the finite element modeling approach. With the use of AVs, the decreased wheel wander and increased lane capacity could bring an accelerated rutting potential, but the increase in traffic speed would negate this effect, which was shown by the simulation results of rut depth. Therefore the influence cannot be judged as positive or negative in general; judgment actually depends much on the practical road and traffic conditions. In the future the physical roads not only might serve for the mobility of the vehicles but also might be capable of enabling other new functions. An early consideration of how to lead the future development of physical road infrastructure toward multifunctionality is emphasized.
Management of Bridges Under Aging Mechanisms and Extreme Events: Risk-Based Approach
Authors: Khatami Dena , Shafei Behrouz , Smadi Omar
Published: July 2016

Current bridge management systems predict the condition state of bridge elements primarily on the basis of the extent of continuous structural deterioration. Although the existing systems deliver a range of capabilities for the management of bridges under normal operational conditions, these systems do not take into account the consequences of sudden extreme events in a systematic way. Considering the uncertainties involved in natural and manufactured hazards in addition to the ones associated with environmental exposure conditions, there is a critical need to develop risk-based approaches that not only take into account the site-specific aging mechanisms and extreme events at the same time but also accommodate the spatial and temporal randomness originated from them. This study introduced a risk-based, life-cycle analysis framework to be implemented in the current bridge management systems used by the transportation agencies. A set of representative bridges exposed to environmental stressors and seismic hazards was investigated to demonstrate the capabilities of this framework. The condition states of the bridges were predicted in accordance with the Markovian transition matrices that were generated for both aging mechanisms and seismic events. The outcome of this study highlights how the developed framework can contribute to improve the life-cycle performance and cost predictions, especially when the adverse effects of extreme events cannot be neglected in the management of bridges.
Use of Markov Chain Model Based on Actual Repair Status to Predict Bridge Deterioration in Shanghai, China
Authors: Li Li , Li Feng , Chen Zhang , Sun Lijun
Published: July 2016

Bridge condition prediction is crucial in preparing conservation budgets for the maintenance of bridges. A bridge management system has been formally used and promoted for urban bridge management in Shanghai, China, since 2004, and 16,623 bridge records have been accumulated. Although there are many data records, predicting bridge deterioration precisely is difficult because the data composition is complicated and the maintenance history is varied. Therefore a Markov chain model was applied as a decision aid to consider the different conservation strategies. More than 66,000 data records were used to calibrate the model. The modeling considered two conservation regimes: ( a) routine maintenance and minor repair and ( b) medium and major repair. The repair rate was obtained through an actual conservation survey. The influence of spatial distribution was also considered. Bridge conservation efforts were uneven at the city level. The condition of bridges in the central city is much better than that of those in suburban areas, although the proportion (55.6%, 2014) of suburban bridges is larger. Furthermore, based on the present status of bridges, conservation efforts have been insufficient generally and even worse in suburban areas. The medium and major repair levels have had a significant impact on deck systems and superstructure but quite a small impact on substructure and the whole bridge. Thus the present conservation efforts cannot improve the overall bridge condition fundamentally. As a result, the condition of bridges in Shanghai has deteriorated rapidly.
Development of Mechanistic Shrinkage Cracking Model for Cementitiously Stabilized Materials
Authors: Wang Jingan , Wen Haifang , Muhunthan Balasingam
Published: July 2016

Transverse and block cracking have been identified as the most severe distresses for pavements with cementitiously stabilized layers (CSLs). Such cracking results from shrinkage, especially drying shrinkage, of the CSL. This study identified the properties of cementitiously stabilized materials that significantly affected shrinkage cracking in pavements with CSLs, including ultimate drying shrinkage, gradient drying shrinkage, and the coefficient of friction. Laboratory experiments were conducted to quantify these properties. Empirical models to predict the ultimate drying shrinkage and gradient drying shrinkage were developed. In addition, restrained drying shrinkage tests were developed to simulate field shrinkage cracking. These test results, which considered the effects of moisture and drying shrinkage gradients throughout the depth of the CSL, were used to develop new mechanics-based models for shrinkage crack spacing and width. The new models were shown to provide reasonable predictions of shrinkage crack spacing and width observed in laboratory tests.
Safety Effects of Road Geometry and Roadside Features on Low-Volume Roads in Oregon
Authors: Ewan Levi , Al-Kaisy Ahmed , Hossain Fahmid
Published: July 2016

Crashes are random events and can occur at any location along a roadway. On roadways with high traffic volumes, the more frequent occurrence of crashes permits the direct identification of high-frequency crash locations with the use of historical data. On low-volume roads, crash occurrence, particularly the occurrence of crashes with fatal and serious injuries, is less frequent. There is a need to understand better the risks associated with geometric and roadside features along low-volume roadways in order to identify locations where preventive countermeasures may be employed. This paper describes the collection and analysis of a large sample of data from low-volume roads in Oregon to quantify the effects of geometric and roadside features on crash occurrence and associated risks. The effects of lane width, shoulder width, grade, side slope, fixed objects near the roadway, and horizontal and vertical curves have been quantified. For the low-volume road sample, roads with lanes less than 12 ft wide have a much higher crash risk than do roads with standard 12-ft lanes. Similarly, roads with narrow or no shoulders tend to have much higher crash rates than roads with shoulders 4 ft or 5 ft wide. Crash risk is shown to be much higher on curves with higher degrees of curvature compared with curves with smaller degrees of curvature.
Characterization of Abandoned Mine Voids Under Roadway with Land-Streamer Seismic Waves
Authors: Sullivan Brian , Tran Khiem T. , Logston Brian
Published: July 2016

The paper presents an application of two-dimensional (2-D) time-domain waveform tomography for characterization of abandoned underground mine voids under a highway. Measured surface-based seismic wave fields are inverted by a full waveform inversion technique that is founded on a finite-difference solution of 2-D elastic wave equations and the Gauss–Newton inversion method. The key advantage of this waveform approach is the ability to generate all possible wave propagation modes of seismic wave fields (body waves and Rayleigh waves) by forward modeling; the modes are then compared with measured data to infer complex subsurface properties. Both the pressure wave and shear wave velocities are inverted independently and simultaneously to increase the credibility of characterized profiles. Real experimental data sets were collected on asphalt pavement by using a land streamer, which did not require that geophones be coupled into the pavement and allowed the testing system to be moved along the road quickly. The seismic results show that the waveform analysis was able to delineate two mine voids embedded at a depth of about 15 m. The existence of the voids was confirmed by confirmation drilling.
Feature Selection for Ranking of Most Influential Variables for Evacuation Behavior Modeling Across Disasters
Authors: Demiroluk Sami , Yazici M. Anil , Ozbay Kaan , Carnegie Jon A.
Published: July 2016

The extensive list of factors that affect the evacuee decision process makes it difficult to design effective surveys and to develop decision models with high predictive power. Regression models and significance levels can help identify relevant variables and overcome this problem to an extent. However, such approaches fall short of ranking these variables or recognizing the redundant ones. In this study, the use of a feature selection method was proposed to ensure that the selected features were relevant and not at the same time redundant. This method, called conditional mutual information maximization, consists of picking features at each step and minimizes the uncertainty in the decision conditional on the response of any feature already picked. As a case study, the variables influencing evacuation behavior in the Northern New Jersey Evacuation Survey were ranked and compared for disaster scenarios. To validate the method and to demonstrate how it compared with the traditional methods, logistic regression models were also estimated with the same data set. It was found that the top-ranked variables might be available through an existing database such as the U.S. census and some could be calculated on the basis of the threat type and government action. This fact can be useful for emergency planners when an evacuation survey for a study area is not readily available. Overall, the feature selection algorithm succeeds in identifying the most influential factors for all threat types. The suggested approach can help both preprocessing (e.g., defining a set of input variables) and postprocessing (e.g., identification of variables that should be kept) for behavioral modeling.
Modeling Evacuation Behavior Under Hurricane Conditions
Authors: Yang Hong , Morgul Ender Faruk , Ozbay Kaan , Xie Kun
Published: July 2016

The understanding of evacuation behavior is critical to establishing policies, procedures, and organizational structure for an effective response to emergencies. This study specifically investigated the evacuation behavioral responses under hurricane conditions. The study aimed to explore the association between contributing factors and the evacuation decision choices as well as evacuation destination choices. Unlike previous studies that modeled each response behavior separately, this study proposed to use the structural equation modeling approach to examine the interrelationship between response behaviors. A case study was performed with the data set from a survey conducted in New Jersey. With Bayesian estimation approaches, the proposed structural equation models were estimated, and the effect of each predictive variable was captured. An important finding is that individuals’ preference to evacuate did not significantly affect their choices of evacuation destinations. In addition, other socioeconomic and demographic characteristics that affected evacuation behavior were identified.
Using Big Data to Study Resilience of Taxi and Subway Trips for Hurricanes Sandy and Irene
Authors: Zhu Yuan , Ozbay Kaan , Xie Kun , Yang Hong
Published: July 2016

Hurricanes Irene and Sandy had a significant impact on New York City; the result was devastating damage to the New York City transportation systems, which took days, even months to recover. This study explored posthurricane recovery patterns of the roadway and subway systems of New York City on the basis of data for taxi trips and for subway turnstile ridership. Both data sets were examples of big data with millions of individual ridership records per month. The spatiotemporal variations of transportation system recovery behavior were investigated by using neighborhood tabulation areas as units of analysis. Recovery curves were estimated for each evacuation zone category to model time-dependent recovery patterns of the roadway and subway systems. The recovery rate for Hurricane Sandy was found to be lower than that for Hurricane Irene. In addition, the results indicate a higher resilience of the road network compared with the subway network. The methodology proposed in this study can be used to evaluate the resilience of transportation systems with respect to natural disasters and the findings can provide government agencies with useful insights into emergency management.
From Morality to Psychology
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: July 2016

This article looks at the changes in the concepts used to write about emotions
in Urdu between 1870 and 1920. It argues that while emotions at the beginning
of the period were still thought of as premised upon notions of equilibrium
and balance, which accorded a crucial role to the will and to rationality,
fifty years later concepts celebrated the elementary power of emotions and
their capacity to overwhelm the individual. This can be read as an indicator
and factor of a profound emotionalization of private as well as public life.
The first section looks at ethical and pedagogical texts, the second at articles
published in journals linked to the reformist Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental
College at Aligarh, and the final section at the reconfiguration of emotion
knowledge through the translation and adaptation of psychological treatises.
Gamma Knife radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors: a single-center series of 75 cases
Authors: Ibrahim Ramez , Ammori Mohannad B. , Yianni John , Grainger Alison , Rowe Jeremy , Radatz Matthias
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE

Glomus jugulare tumors are rare indolent tumors that frequently involve the lower cranial nerves (CNs). Complete resection can be difficult and associated with lower CN injury. Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has established its role as a noninvasive alternative treatment option for these often formidable lesions. The authors aimed to review their experience at the National Centre for Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Sheffield, United Kingdom, specifically the long-term tumor control rate and complications of GKRS for these lesions.

METHODS

Clinical and radiological data were retrospectively reviewed for patients treated between March 1994 and December 2010. Data were available for 75 patients harboring 76 tumors. The tumors in 3 patients were treated in 2 stages. Familial and/or hereditary history was noted in 12 patients, 2 of whom had catecholamine-secreting and/or active tumors. Gamma Knife radiosurgery was the primary treatment modality in 47 patients (63%). The median age at the time of treatment was 55 years. The median tumor volume was 7 cm3, and the median radiosurgical dose to the tumor margin was 18 Gy (range 12–25 Gy). The median duration of radiological follow-up was 51.5 months (range 12–230 months), and the median clinical follow-up was 38.5 months (range 6–223 months).

RESULTS

The overall tumor control rate was 93.4% with low CN morbidity. Improvement of preexisting deficits was noted in 15 patients (20%). A stationary clinical course and no progression of symptoms were noted in 48 patients (64%). Twelve patients (16%) had new symptoms or progression of their preexisting symptoms. The Kaplan-Meier actuarial tumor control rate was 92.2% at 5 years and 86.3% at 10 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Gamma Knife radiosurgery offers a risk-versus-benefit treatment option with very low CN morbidity and stable long-term results.
Probabilistic versus deterministic tractography for delineation of the cortico-subthalamic hyperdirect pathway in patients with Parkinson disease selected for deep brain stimulation
Authors: Petersen Mikkel V. , Lund Torben E. , Sunde Niels , Frandsen Jesper , Rosendal Frederikke , Juul Niels , Østergaard Karen
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE

Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and tractography allows noninvasive mapping of the structural connections of the brain, and may provide important information for neurosurgical planning. The hyperdirect pathway, connecting the subthalamic nucleus (STN) with the motor cortex, is assumed to play a key role in mediating the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS), which is an effective but poorly understood treatment for Parkinson disease. This study aimed to apply recent methodological advances in DWI acquisition and analysis to the delineation of the hyperdirect pathway in patients with Parkinson disease selected for surgery.

METHODS

High spatial and angular resolution DWI data were acquired preoperatively from 5 patients with Parkinson disease undergoing DBS. The authors compared the delineated hyperdirect pathways and associated STN target maps generated by 2 different tractography methods: a tensor-based deterministic method, typically available in clinical settings, and an advanced probabilistic method based on constrained spherical deconvolution. In addition, 10 high-resolution data sets with the same scanning parameters were acquired from a healthy control participant to assess the robustness of the tractography results.

RESULTS

Both tractography approaches identified connections between the ipsilateral motor cortex and the STN. However, the 2 methods provided substantially different target regions in the STN, with the target center of gravity differing by > 1.4 mm on average. The probabilistic method (based on constrained spherical deconvolution) plausibly reconstructed a continuous set of connections from the motor cortex, terminating in the dorsolateral region of the STN. In contrast, the tensor-based method reconstructed a comparatively sparser and more variable subset of connections. Furthermore, across the control scans, the probabilistic method identified considerably more consistent targeting regions within the STN compared with the deterministic tensor-based method, which demonstrated a 1.9–2.4 times higher variation.

CONCLUSIONS

These data provide a strong impetus for the use of a robust probabilistic tractography framework based on constrained spherical deconvolution, or similar advanced DWI models, in clinical settings. The inherent limitations and demonstrated inaccuracy of the tensor-based method leave it questionable for use in high-precision stereotactic DBS surgery. The authors have also described a straightforward method for importing tractography-derived information into any clinical neuronavigation system, based on the generation of track-density images.