bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma Endotoxin Concentrations in Clinically Normal and Potentially Septic Equine Neonates
Authors: Breuhaus Babetta A. , DeGraves Fred J.
Published: March 2010

Plasma endotoxin concentrations were measured at 1 to 2 and 5 to 6 days of age in clinically normal foals and in potentially septic neonatal foals admitted to North Carolina State University's Veterinary Teaching Hospital for a variety of conditions. In 1 to 2 and 5 to 6 day old normal foals, median plasma endotoxin concentrations were 2.17 (range, 1.61–2.54; n = 6) and 2.89 (range, 2.61–3.50; n = 7) endotoxin units/mL (EU/mL), respectively. Median plasma endotoxin concentration in potentially septic foals with negative blood cultures or gram positive isolates (n = 8) was 2.73 (range, 0.59–4.04) EU/mL. In hospitalized foals with gram negative isolates (n = 6), median plasma endotoxin concentration was 78.06 (range, 0.76–2,696.41) EU/mL, but individual endotoxin values were only increased in foals that were extremely sick and died within hours of sampling. Plasma endotoxin concentrations were significantly greater in foals with sepsis scores ≥ 11 compared with foals with sepsis scores ≤ 10. Increased plasma endotoxin concentrations appear to predict an unfavorable outcome in septic foals, but normal endotoxin concentrations do not appear to have any predictive value. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:296–302. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Bromide Therapy in Refractory Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy
Authors: Podell Michael , Fenner William R.
Published: March 2010

On a retrospective basis, the response to adding chronic oral bromide (BR) to phenobarbital (PB) administration in 23 refractory canine idiopathic epileptics between 1986 and 1991 was studied. The mean age for an observed first seizure was 24 months (range 7 to 72) for all dogs. Thirteen (57%) dogs were males with no breed predisposition observed. All dogs were diagnosed as having idiopathic epilepsy based on normal metabolic and neurologic diagnostic evaluations. Dogs were evaluated before BR therapy for a mean time of 22 months (range 5 to 75 months). Seventeen dogs (74%) received multiple antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) before BR therapy. All animals were maintained on PB at least 4 months before the onset of BR therapy, with a mean trough serum concentration of 37.8 mcg/mL and no improvement in seizure severity or recurrence. Twelve dogs presented with generalized isolated seizures and 11 with generalized cluster seizures (two or more seizures within 24 hours) as their first seizure. The effects of BR therapy were evaluated for a mean time of 15 months (range 4 to 33), with 17 dogs (74%) followed for 12 or more months. The mean BR serum concentration for the 0 to 4 months time period was 117 mg/dL compared with 161 mg/dL for the greater than 4 months period. Overall, response to BR therapy was associated with a reduction in the total number of seizures in 83% of the dogs when compared with their respective pre‐BR period. For those followed for 1 year after BR, there was a 53% reduction in the number of seizures compared with the previous 12 months. Furthermore, owners reported a decrease in seizure intensity (65% of dogs) and change to a less severe seizure type (22% of dogs) in those dogs that continued to have seizures. Seizure‐free status was obtained in 26% of the dogs with protection continuing up to 31 months in one dog. No correlations could be determined between response to BR and either age of onset of the first seizure or interval from the first AED therapy to BR therapy. Adverse effects of concomitant BR and PB therapy were polydipsia (56% of dogs), polyphagia (30% of dogs), excessive sedation (30% of dogs), and generalized ataxia (17% of dogs). As a result of BR treatment, the PB dosage was reduced in eight dogs (35%). In conclusion, concomitant BR and PB was well tolerated in dogs of this study and was effective in treating refractory canine idiopathic epilepsy, regardless of prior interval of seizure activity or previous treatment. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:318–327. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Pancytopenia Secondary to Lymphoid Leukemia in Three Horses
Authors: Lester Guy D. , Alleman Arthur R. , Raskin Rose E. , Meyer James C.
Published: March 2010

Pancytopenia was observed in two 3‐year‐old geldings and one 11‐year‐old mare. All horses had a brief history (2 days to 4 weeks) of fever, anorexia, and depression. One of the three horses had blast cells present on a peripheral blood smear. Examination of the bone marrow showed substantial infiltration with neoplastic lymphoid cells. At necropsy, neoplastic cells were restricted to the bone marrow in one horse, present in bone marrow, liver, and spleen in the second horse, and reported in multiple tissues in the third horse, including bone marrow, kidneys, lung, myocardium and lymph nodes. The value of a bone marrow aspirate and core biopsy in the investigation of pancytopenia is highlighted. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:360–363. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Intrapericardial Cysts in the Dog
Authors: Sisson David , Thomas William P. , Reed John , Atkins Clarke E. , Gelberg Howard B.
Published: March 2010

Intrapericardial cysts were identified as the cause of impaired cardiac filling in six young dogs. Pneumo‐pericardiography and two‐dimensional echocardiography showed the cysts in 2 of 2 dogs and in 4 of 4 dogs, respectively. One dog, which was also infected with heartworms, died before surgical excision of the cyst could be performed. In the remaining dogs, surgical excision of the cysts and subtotal pericar‐diectomy was successfully accomplished. Histologic examination of the excised tissue from one dog suggested that it was a pericardial coelomic cyst. The gross and histologic characteristics of the cysts removed from the other five dogs resembled those of acquired cystic hematomas. The etiopathogenesis of these cysts was uncertain, but all cysts were connected to a fatty pedicle of tissue. In one dog, a stalk of tissue was observed to enter the pericardium through a small peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia. In four dogs, the stalk of tissue was adhered to the apex of the parietal pericardium. These observations suggested that intrapericardial cysts, in some dogs, develop in association with, and possibly as a result of, congenital herniation and entrapment of omentum or a portion of the falciform ligament into the pericardial sac. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:364–369. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Preliminary Report: The Development of an Intraosseous Infusion Technique for Neonatal Foals
Authors: Golenz M. Renee , Carlson Gary P. , Madigan John E. , Craychee Terry
Published: March 2010

Six normal foals between the ages of 2 and 7 days were used in this study to develop a technique for intraosseous infusion in equine neonates. A 14‐gauge 1/2‐inch needle was placed intraosseously in the right proximal medial one‐third aspect of the radius and tibia of each foal. A maximum of 1 L of isotonic fluids was administered intraosseously at these sites. Radiographs were taken at the time of intraosseous needle placement, and at days 10, 30, and 60 following the procedure. The mean time for needle placement was 33 seconds for the tibia and 63 seconds for the radius. The mean fluid flow rates for the tibia were 47 mL/min and for the radius 27 mL/min. Minimal technical difficulties were encountered with the intraosseous site in the tibia, but subperiosteal and/or subcutaneous fluid leakage and needle displacement or occlusion were commonly seen in the radius. The local soft tissue swellings and periosteal reactions seen following the procedure had resolved by 2 months. Intraosseous infusion offers a safe, practical, and effective alternative to vascular access for fluid administration in neonatal foals. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:377–382. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Evidence for Genetic Involvement in Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Lawler Dennis F. , Templeton AIan J. , Monti Katherine L.
Published: March 2010

Quantitative genetic evaluation of clinical dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) was conducted in a large cattery with known history. Data showed that clinically affected cats were significantly more interrelated than randomly chosen case‐control populations from the same colony. The results of this study suggest that quantitative inheritance, either interactive with or independent of nutrition or presently unknown factors, is involved in feline dilated cardiomyopathy. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:383–387. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Tidal Breathing Flow‐Volume Loops in Healthy and Bronchitic Cats
Authors: McKieman Brendan C. , Dye Janice A. , Rozanski Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2010

Tidal breathing flow‐volume loops (TBFVL) were obtained from 19 healthy cats and 7 cats with chronic bronchial disease. Peak inspiratory flow (PIF) occurred late in the inspiratory cycle and was preceded by a gradual but more linear increase in the flow rate. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) occurred early during expiration and was followed by a curvilinear decrease in flow to a point near the end of expiration where flow ceased. The loops obtained were generally reproducible. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) for TBFVL indices of healthy cats ranged from 5.6% to 21.9%. Loop indices from cats with chronic bronchial disease had a mean CV between 6.6% and 28.4%. Significant differences were noted in the bronchitic cats' TBFVLs, including an increased ratio of expiratory time to inspiratory time, lower expiratory flow rates, decreased area under total and peak expiratory flow curves, and decreased tidal breathing expiratory volumes (TBEV) at 0.1 and 0.5 seconds. Selected TBFVL indices were also significantly reduced. TBFVL evaluation in the cat is easy to perform, is reproducible, and has allowed for the detection of changes during tidal breathing in cats with histories and physical findings of chronic lower airway disease. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:388–393. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Nocardiosis
Authors: Marino Dominic J. , Jaggy Andre
Published: March 2010

Two dogs with systemic nocardiosis are presented and the pathobiology, diagnosis, and treatment of nocardial infections are discussed. Both dogs had nonspecific respiratory signs and depression. The diagnosis was made by isolation of the organism only after surgical drainage was established and appropriate tissues were cultured. The response to surgical drainage and antimicrobial therapy was dramatic in both dogs, but one dog experienced a drug reaction to trimethoprim‐potentiated sulfonamide. Although systemic nocardial infections traditionally have had a grave prognosis, through early diagnosis, surgical intervention, and the use of newer, safer and synergistically acting antimicrobials, the prognosis has improved. This article reviews current human and veterinary literature regarding the microbiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of nocardiosis and reports on the successful treatment of systemic nocardiosis in two dogs.
Lactose Intolerance in a Calf
Authors: Olchowy Timothy W. J. , Linnabary Robert D. , Andrews Frank M. , Longshore Randall C.
Published: March 2010

Lactose intolerance was identified as the cause of bovine neonatal diarrhea. Glucose and xylose oral absorptions were normal whereas lactose absorption was reduced relative to normal calves. Lactase deficiency is common in people but rarely reported in animals. The treatment of whole milk with lactase alleviated the diarrhea.
Clinical Vignette
Authors: Peaston Anne
Published: March 2010

This 12‐month‐old, outdoor intact male cat (Fig. 1) was examined because of an untreated draining nasal lesion. The lesion. initially appeared as small punctures, and progressed ovcr 2 months to an ulcerated draining nodule that gradually enlarged to involve the whole muzzle, extending bilaterally to the medial canthi and having multiple drainage points through overlying necrotic skin. Results of serum feline leukemia virus antigen and feline immunodeficiency virus antibody tests were negative.
A Retrospective Study of the Use of Total Parenteral Nutrition in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Lippert Aunna C. , Fulton Robert B. , Parr Alice M.
Published: March 2010

The records of all dogs and cats receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) over a 43‐month period were examined retrospectively. Dextrose, amino acids, lipids, electrolytes, and vitamins were administered by central venous catheter according to published nutrient recommendations; 72 dogs and 12 cats were studied, accounting for 380 patient days of TPN. Duration of TPN administration was 1–14 days with a mean of 4.5 days. Most animals required TPN because of gastrointestinal dysfunction, and more than half of them gained weight during TPN administration. Mechanical complications were frequent. Metabolic complications, especially lipid and glucose intolerance, were also commonly seen. Septic complications were the least frequently encountered, but resulted in patient morbidity and may have contributed to mortality. Most animals receiving TPN were returned to enteral nutrition and discharged. For critically ill animals unable to tolerate enteral alimentation, TPN can be supportive therapy in the treatment of the primary disease.
Effect of Recombinant Canine Granulocyte Colony‐stimulating Factor on Peripheral Blood Neutrophil Counts in Normal Cats
Authors: Obradovich J. E. , Ogilvie G. K. , Stadler‐Morris S. , Schmidt B. R. , Cooper M. F. , Boone T. C.
Published: March 2010

Recombinant canine granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (rcC‐CSF) was administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 5 μg/kg/day to five healthy, young adult cats for 42 days. Mean neutrophil counts ± standard deviation increased significantly (P> 0.001) from 10,966/μL ± 2324 to 30,688/μL ± 5296 within 24 hours after administration of the first dosage of rcG‐CSF. Mean neutrophil counts reached 52,978/μL ±11,207 on day 6, representing a second significant increase (P> 0.01) over the previous 5 days. Mean neutrophil counts continued to increase, reaching 66,994/μL ± 12,419 on day 14, then remaining within a range of 66,994 to 87,839/μL throughout the remainder of the study. The maximum mean neutrophil count was 87,839/μL ± 8,695 on day 42. Neutrophil counts remained high until the administration of recombinant canine granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor was discontinued 42 days after initiation of therapy. Once the rcG‐CSF administration was discontinued, neutrophil counts returned to pretreatment values within 5 days. There were no significant changes in numbers of any of the other cell lines. There was no clinically significant toxicosis associated with the administration of rcGCSF.
Pathophysiology and Pharmacologic Modulation of Hepatic Fibrosis
Authors: Leveille Cynthia R. , Arias Irwin M.
Published: March 2010

Most chronic liver disorders are accompanied morphologically by the deposition of fibrous tissue within the hepatic parenchyma. This fibrotic tissue compromises hepatic function and contributes significantly to hepatic failure. Fibrosis is a dynamic process associated with the continual deposition and resorption of connective tissue. Therapeutic strategies are emerging whereby this dynamic process can be modulated. Since collagen is the major component of the extracellular matrix deposited in hepatic fibrosis, most anti‐fibrotic therapies have been directed toward the control of collagen metabolism. After collagen genes are transcribed and translated into precursor procollagen proteins, a number of post‐translational modifications that ensure the deposition of structurally sound collagen within the extracellular matrix occur. A number of drugs can specifically modulate collagen biosynthesis at the transcriptional level or at various post‐translational stages. These anti‐fibrotic drugs include corticosteroids, azathioprine, penicillamine, colchicine, zinc, prostaglandins, cyclosporine, and interferons. The pharmacologic action of these drugs and the clinical role in veterinary and human fibrotic hepatopathies will be discussed.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Composition of Cattle with Endotoxin‐induced Mastitis Treated with Isotonic (0.9%) or Hypertonic (7.5%) Sodium Chloride
Authors: Tyler Jeff W. , Welles Elizabeth G. , Sorjonen Donald C. , Spano Joseph S. , Gaslin J. Todd , Spears Harold
Published: March 2010

This study examined the safety of intravenous hypertonic saline in cattle with experimental gram‐negative endotoxemia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition was examined in five control cows and eight treated cows 24 hours after the intramammary infusion of 1 mg of endotoxin. Four of the endotoxin challenged cows were treated intravenously with isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride and four cows were treated intravenously with hypertonic (7.5%)sodium chloride. Decreased CSF osmolality, and sodium and alpha globulin concentrations and increased CSF concentrations of beta globulin were observed in both endotoxin‐challenged saline‐treated groups. No CSF compositional differences were observed between endotoxin‐challenged cows receiving isotonic or hypertonic saline. Although no cytologic or biochemical evidence of salt poisoning was observed in cows receiving hypertonic saline, significant changes were observed in the CSF composition of both endotoxin‐infused saline‐treated groups.
Effect of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection onToxoplasma gondii‐specific Humoral and Cell‐mediated Immune Responses of Cats with Serologic Evidence of Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Lappin Michael R. , Marks Amanda , Greene Craig E. , Rose Barbara J. , Gasper Peter W. , Powell Cynthia C. , Reif John S.
Published: March 2010

Serum samples from 89 cats with serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis were identified by using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detectedToxoplasma gondii‐specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) orT. gondii‐specific immunoglobulin G (IgG). Concurrent feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection was detected in 36 cats using an ELISA for detection of FIV‐specific IgG. The majority of the cats in both the FIV‐seropositive and FIV‐seronegative groups were male and >5 years of age. FIV‐seropositive cats were more likely to haveT. gondiiIgM titers without IgG (P> 0.05) or anyT. gondiiIgM titer (P> 0.05) than were FIV‐seronegative cats. FIV‐seronegative cats (1328) had a higherT. gondiiIgG geometric mean titer than did FIV‐seropositive cats (724) and were more likely to haveT. gondiiIgG titers 1:2048 than were FIV‐seropositive cats (P> 0.05). Cats with serologic evidence of bothT. gondiiand FIV infections had persistentT. gondiiIgM titers for >12 weeks. Lymphoblast transformation in response to concanavalin A,T. gondii‐specific intracellular antigens, andT. gondii‐specific secretory antigens was compared inT. gondiiseropositive and FIV‐seronegative cats, cats with serologic evidence ofT. gondiiinfection alone, and cats with serologic evidence of concurrent FIV andT. gondiiinfections. Lymphocytes from all but one cat in the FIV‐seropositive group responded to concanavalin A. Whereas lymphocytes from FIV‐seronegative cats with serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis responded toT. gondii‐specific antigens, four of five of the FIV‐seropositive cats with concurrent serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis did not.
Fructosamine
Authors: Reusch Claudia E. , Liehs Marianne R. , Hoyer Martine , Vochezer Renate
Published: March 2010

Fructosamines are glycated serum proteins that, depending on their life span, reflect glycemic control over the previous 2 to 3 weeks. The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction method adapted to autoanalysis appeared to be a practical means to assay fructosamine quickly, economically, and accurately. The upper limit of the reference range is 374 μmol/L in dogs (95% percentile) and 340 μmol/L in cats (95% percentile). Newly diagnosed diabetic dogs and cats that had not undergone previous insulin therapy had significantly higher fructosamine concentrations than nondiabetic animals. In diabetic dogs that were receiving insulin therapy, the fructosamine test reflected the glycemic state far more accurately than did individual blood glucose measurements. Animals with satisfactory metabolic control revealed fructosamine concentrations within the reference range, whereas fructosamine concentrations above 400 μmol/L indicated insufficient metabolic control. On the basis of fructosamine concentrations, cats with a transitory hyperglycemia and cats with diabetes mellitus were differentiated. The fructosamine test is a valuable parameter for the diagnosis and metabolic control of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats.
Spontaneous Systemic Hypertension in 24 Cats
Authors: Littman Meryl P.
Published: March 2010

Twenty‐four cats with spontaneous systemic hypertension were retrospectively studied. Blood pressure (BP) was measured indirectly by the Doppler technique in 17 cats (mean systolic 219.4 ± 43.2 mm Hg) and directly by femoral arterial puncture in 15 cats (mean systolic/diastolic 233.2 ± 40.9/148.1 ± 28.7 mm Hg). All cats had bilateral retinal hemorrhages and/or detachments. Twenty cats presented because of blindness. Other presenting signs included polyuria/polydipsia, weight loss, neurological signs, and/or epistaxis. Diagnostic tests were performed to determine the presence and the cause of any secondary organ damage. Common findings included retinal hemorrhages/ detachments, low‐grade systolic murmurs, cardiomegaly with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), small kidneys, mild azotemia, and urine specific gravity ≤ 1.020. Only 3 cats had hyperthyroidism. One cat was transiently diabetic. Necropsies on 2 cats with neurological signs showed nephrosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, and multifocal cerebral hemorrhages. Twenty cats were treated with diuretics,β‐adrenergic antagonists, and/or an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. One cat was treated with methimazole only, and 1 was treated with insulin transiently. The median survival of the 24 cats was 18 months. Response to therapy did not appear to have an impact on survival time.
Hemochromatosis in Salers Cattle
Authors: House John K. , Smith Bradford P. , Maas John , Lane V. Michael , Anderson Bruce C. , Graham Thomas W. , Pino Michael V.
Published: March 2010

Two 2‐year‐old Salers cattle from different herds raised on pasture were evaluated for retarded growth and diarrhea. Increase of liver enzyme activities and prolonged sulfobromophothalein (BSP) half life (T1/2) indicated liver disease with impaired liver function. Histopathologic examination of liver biopsies revealed a micronodular cirrhosis with marked deposition of hemosiderin in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and arterioles. Transferrin saturation (TS) and liver iron content were markedly increased, consistent with a diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Both animals were euthanatized due to deterioration in their condition. Necropsy findings included hepatomegaly and hemosiderin accumulation in the liver, lymph nodes, pancreas, spleen, thyroid, kidney, brain and other glandular tissue. Continued surveillance of the second herd (serum iron, total iron binding capacity [TIBC], unsaturated iron binding capacity [UIBC], and TS), identified a heifer as a hemochromatosis suspect in a subsequent generation. Liver biopsies from that animal revealed the same histopathologic changes as the previous 2 animals, and similar increases in liver iron content (8,700 ppm, normal range 45 to 300 ppm). The 3 affected cattle were all products of line breeding programs and shared a common ancestor. The absence of dietary iron loading in conjunction with the histopathologic and metabolic findings were consistent with a diagnosis of primary hemochromatosis. The reported disease is similar to idiopathic hemochromatosis in human beings in which there is a hereditary defect in iron metabolism.
Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Dogs With Chronic Weight Loss, With Special Reference to Cancer Cachexia
Authors: Vail David M. , Panciera David L. , Ogilvie Gregory K.
Published: March 2010

Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'‐triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (fT4), and free 3,5,3'‐triiodothyronine (fT3) were compared between tumor‐bearing dogs (with and without chronic weight loss) and non—tumor‐bearing dogs (with and without chronic weight loss) (n = 83). Serum T4, T3, and fT3concentrations were lower (P< .05) in dogs with weight loss, whether or not they were tumor‐bearing, than in dogs without weight loss. Serum fT4concentrations did not vary among the groups. Serum albumin concentrations were lower (P< .05) in cachectic dogs than in dogs not experiencing weight loss, regardless of their tumor‐bearing status. Percentage of weight loss was found to be associated (P< .05) with T4, T3, and fT3concentrations. It appears that the low thyroid hormone concentrations are related to either an abnormal nutritional state or to the severity of illness, rather than to a tumor‐related phenomenon.
Microcytosis and Iron Status in Dogs With Surgically Induced Portosystemic Shunts
Authors: Laflamme Dorothy P. , Mahaffey Edward A. , Allen Sheila W. , Twedt David C. , Prasse Keith W. , Huber Thomas L.
Published: March 2010

Microcytosis is common in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (PSS) and acquired liver disease. The objective of this study was to determine if microcytosis could be induced in normal dogs by surgical creation of PSS, and to characterize the changes in hematology and iron status. Hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, and mean cell hemoglobin concentration decreased linearly from 45.5%. 69.1 fL, 22.8 g/dL and 33.1% to 39.5%. 55.9 fL, 17.8 g/dL and 31.9%. respectively, 18 weeks after creation of PSS. The erythrocyte count did not change, but red cell distribution widths indicated a shift to a heterogenous population with decreased volume. Mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin decreased rapidly after induction of PSS and were significantly (P< .05) different from presurgery values within 2 weeks. Serum iron and copper concentrations and total iron binding capacity were decreased in dogs with PSS. Liver iron concentration doubled after creation of PSS, with the majority of stainable iron located in Kupffer cells. The changes in erythrocyte indices and measures of iron status in dogs with surgically induced PSS were similar to those in dogs with congenital PSS. Microcytosis developed rapidly in dogs after induction of PSS. These results indicate that iron deficiency was not the cause of microcytosis in these dogs.
Clinical and Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Ovine GM‐1 Gangliosidosis
Authors: Murnane Robert D. , Prieur David J. , Ahern‐Rindell Amelia J. , Holler Larry D. , Parish Steven M.
Published: March 2010

Ovine GM‐1 gangliosidosis is an inherited lysosomal storage disease. Nine lambs affected with the disease were studied to characterize clinical signs and to determine if there were any pathognomonic clinicopathologic abnormalities. Evaluation included physical, ophthalmic, and neurologic examinations, complete blood counts, serum enzyme and electrolyte analyses, urinalyses, cerebrospinal fluid analyses, blood gas analyses, roentgenograms, electromyograms, and electrocardiograms. Two affected lambs had clinicopathologic tests performed before and after the onset of clinical signs. The only consistent abnormalities recognized were nonspecific signs referable to the central nervous system; predominantly ataxia, conscious proprioceptive deficit most severe in the hind limbs, blindness, and recumbency. Lambs continued to eat and drink, though at diminished levels and with loss of body condition. It was concluded that there are no pathognomonic clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with ovine GM‐1 gangliosidosis, and antemortem diagnosis requires enzyme assay of leukocytes or cultured fibroblasts, or lectin histochemistry of tissues obtained by biopsy. Lysosomal storage diseases should be considered among the differential diagnoses in young animals presenting with early neonatal death or with nonspecific neurological signs, in concert with an absence of diagnostic clinicopathologic findings.
Treatment of Mycotic Rhinitis With Itraconazole in Three Horses
Authors: Korenek Nancy L. , Legendre Alfred M. , Andrews Frank M. , Blackford James T. , Wan Paul Y. , Breider Michael A. , Rinaldi Michael G.
Published: March 2010

Itraconazole, a third‐generation azole, was evaluated for treatment of resistant nasal mycotic infections in horses. Two horses withAspergillusspp nasal granulomas and 1 horse withConidiobolus coronatusnasal infection were treated with itraconazole (3 mg/kg PO bid). One of the horses with nasal aspergillosis was also treated by surgical resection of the nasal septum. The treatment time for the horses ranged from 3 to 4.5 months. No adverse effects were noted in any of the horses during the treatment period. Peak and trough serum itraconazole concentrations were < 0.5 μg/mL in all 3 horses. Itraconazole (3 mg/kg PO bid) appears to be effective in the treatment of nasalAspergillusspp infections in horses because the fungal infection was eliminated in both horses. One horse still had excessive nasal sounds during exercise and was retired from training, whereas the other horse returned to normal. The nasalC. coronatusinfection appeared resistant to itraconazole treatment in the affected horse because the granulomas were still present after 4.5 months of treatment.
Intravascular Leukostasis and Systemic Aspergillosis in a Horse With Subleukemic Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia
Authors: Buechner‐Maxwell Virginia , Zhang Chonghui , Robertson John , Jain N. C. , Antczak Douglas F. , Feldman Bernard F. , Murray Michael J.
Published: March 2010

Leukemia is a neoplastic disease of one or more of the cell types of the hemopoietic system and is rarely diagnosed in the horse. This report describes a case of subleukemic acute myelomonocytic leukemia in an 11 ‐year‐old gelding. Preliminary cytological diagnosis was supported by two types of laboratory investigations. Cytochemical characterization of blood and bone marrow neoplastic cells was consistent with a myelomonocytic origin. Neoplastic blast cells in peripheral blood were labeled by monoclonal antibodies specific for cell surface molecules of horse granulocytes, but they were not labeled by antibodies to T‐ or B‐lymphocytes or macrophages. Treatment was attempted but was unsuccessful. At necropsy, intravascular leukostasis was present in all tissues examined. Fungal hyphae were also found in lung interstitium and colonic submucosa, suggesting the presence of a systemic mycosis. Nucleated cells were isolated from peripheral blood and cultured in vitro; they survived for up to 2 weeks and had evidence of cell division that was not sustained. Frozenthawed cells stored in liquid nitrogen were also successfully cultured in vitro, but no permanent cell lines could be established.
A Retrospective Study of Vein Thrombosis in Horses Treated With Intravenous Fluids in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Authors: Traub‐Dargatz J.L. , Dargatz D.A.
Published: March 2010

The medical records of 68 horses treated with IV fluids for 24 hours or more were reviewed to determine the risk of vein thrombosis and to determine which factors were associated with the occurrence of vein thrombosis in these horses. Three factors were positively associated with vein thrombosis including use of locally produced fluids and presence of fever and diarrhea. Two factors, having general anesthesia or having surgery, were negatively associated with vein thrombosis. One continuous variable, duration of treatment, was positively associated with vein thrombosis. Factors not associated with vein thrombosis included breed, age, sex, type of catheter, outcome (lived or died), laminitis, colic, other drugs via the catheter, andtype of surgery. One type of catheter was used in the majority of horses (57) making it difficult to detect effect of catheter type. Preparation of the catheter site, the person placing the catheter, and technique of catheter maintenance were not evaluated. Like all retrospective studies, this study has limitations to the conclusions that can be made; however, the strong association between source of fluids, fever, diarrhea, anesthesia/surgery, and the occurrence of vein thrombosis merits consideration in the clinician's therapeutic plan.
Brain Stem Auditory‐Evoked Response Abnormalities in 14 Dogs With Confirmed Central Nervous System Lesions
Authors: Steiss Janet E. , Cox Nancy R. , Hathcock John T.
Published: March 2010

Abnormal brain stem auditory‐evoked responses (BAER) were recorded on 14 dogs with brain lesions confirmed by necropsy (n = 13) or magnetic resonance imaging and surgical biopsy (n = 1). Lesions included brain stem or cerebellar tumors (6 dogs), brain stem trauma (1 dog), forebrain tumors (3 dogs), hydrocephalus (2 dogs), granulomatous meningoencephalitis (1 dog), and meningoencephalitis (1 dog). Five affected dogs were comatose at the time of recording. BAER abnormalities could be classified as (1) absence of some or all of waves I to V, (2) increased latencies, with wave V being most frequently affected, or (3) a reduction in the amplitude ratio of waves V/1.
Cytosine Arabinoside as a Single Agent for the Induction of Remission in Canine Lymphoma
Authors: Ruslander David , Moore Antony S. , Gliatto John M. , L'Heureux Deborah , Cotter Susan M.
Published: March 2010

Cytosine arabinoside (AraC) was administered as a continuous IV infusion to 15 dogs with malignant lymphoma at a dose of 300 mg/m2/d for 2 consecutive days. Dogs were re‐examined 7 d after treatment for response to therapy and for hematologic toxicity. Regardless of response, all dogs were started on combination chemotherapy at this time. Other toxicities were reported by owners. No dog responded objectively to Ara‐C treatment, although 1 dog with circulating lymphoblasts had partial regression of lymphadenopathy but persistent blastemia. Thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 200,000/μL) 7 days posttreatment was the most commonly encountered hematologic toxicity, occurring in 10 of 14 dogs. Three of these 10 dogs were also mildly neutropenic (neutrophil counts of 2000 to 3000 cell/μL). Nonhematologic toxicity occurred in 8 of 15 dogs and was principally gastrointestinal in nature and mild in severity. Cytosine arabinoside at a dose of 300 mg/m2/day was not considered an active drug for the induction of remission in dogs with lymphoma.
Platelet Dysfunction Associated With Immune‐Mediated Thrombocytopenia in Dogs
Authors: Kristensen Annemarie T. , Weiss Douglas J. , Klausner Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2010

The effect of antiplatelet antibody on in vitro platelet function was investigated in 15 dogs with immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP). Platelet aggregation was assessed after addition of serum from healthy dogs (n = 5) or dogs with ITP (n = 15) to platelet‐rich plasma from a healthy donor dog. The aggregation responses to adenosine diphosphate, thrombin, and collagen/epinephrine were measured as the maximum aggregation observed after 2 minutes. In 13 of 15 dogs with ITP, maximal aggregation was significantly inhibited in response to ADP, thrombin, or collagen/epinephrine. The slope of the aggregation curve was decreased after addition of serum from 9 of 15 patients. A polyclonal rabbit anti—dog platelet antiserum induced inhibition of aggregation with all 3 agonists.

Serum from control dogs neither inhibited nor activated platelet aggregation. Aggregation experiments were repeated with all 3 agonists after addition of patient immunoglobulin (lg)G or IgG from a healthy dog to platelet‐rich plasma. The IgG fraction from 9 of 10 dogs with ITP suppressed platelet aggregation. The IgG fraction from polyclonal rabbit anti—dog platelet antiserum inhibited platelet aggregation with all agonists. These results suggest that many canine ITP patients have circulating antibodies that, in addition to causing platelet destruction, may cause platelet dysfunction.
The Effect of Combined Therapy With Captopril, Furosemide, and a Sodium‐Restricted Diet on Serum Electrolyte Concentrations and Renal Function in Normal Dogs and Dogs With Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Roudebush Philip , Allen Timothy A. , Kuehn Ned F. , Magerkurth John H. , Bowers Timothy L.
Published: March 2010

Captopril, furosemide, and a sodium‐restricted diet were administered to 6 normal dogs and 10 dogs with congestive heart failure. Serum electrolyte concentrations and renal function were monitored in both groups. In the normal dogs, no clinically meaningful changes in serum electrolyte, urea nitrogen, or creatinine concentrations developed during therapy with a sodium‐restricted diet and 4 weeks each of furosemide alone, captopril alone, or furosemide plus captopril. Three of 6 normal dogs on furosemide and a sodium‐restricted diet had at least one serum potassium concentration above the reference range during the 4 weeks of observation. One normal dog on captopril, furosemide, and a sodium‐restricted diet developed azotemia, and 2 dogs had serum potassium concentrations above the reference range during the 4 weeks of observation. Ten dogs with congestive heart failure were treated with captopril, furosemide, a sodium‐restricted diet, and digoxin.

Etiopathogenesis of the heart failure included valvular insufficiency (n = 6), dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 3), and dilated cardiomyopathy and dirofilariasis (n = 1). Serum electrolyte concentrations and renal function were monitored for 5 consecutive weeks in 7 of the 10 dogs and for 17 weeks or longer in 6. Two dogs were euthanized after 4 weeks because of acute decompensation of heart failure, and one dog developed severe azotemia and uremia. Six of 10 dogs with congestive heart failure had at least one serum potassium concentration above the reference range sometime during the 5 weeks of observation, although the changes in the mean serum potassium concentrations were not statistically significant. Four of 10 dogs with congestive heart failure developed azotemia sometime during the 5 weeks of observation.
Actinomycin D for Reinduction of Remission in Dogs With Resistant Lymphoma
Authors: Moore Anthony S. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Vail David M.
Published: March 2010

Twenty‐five dogs with malignant lymphoma refractory to chemotherapy were treated with actinomycin D at a median dose of 0.7 mg/m2(range, 0.5 to 0.9 mg/m2) every 3 weeks. The dogs treated had received between 2 and 8 chemotherapeutic agents (median 7), for a median of 266 days before being treated with actinomycin D. For 23 of the 25 dogs, previous chemotherapy included doxorubicin. No dog responded to actinomycin D chemotherapy.
Hemostatic Disorders in Feline Immunodeficiency Virus‐Seropositive Cats
Authors: Hart Stefan W. , Nolte Ingo
Published: March 2010

The hemostatic function of 40 feline immunodeficiency virus (FlV) seropositive and 8 FIV and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) seropositive cats was evaluated and compared with reference values from 30 clinically healthy cats. The FIVpositive cats were divided into 3 groups: group I included asymptomatic carriers; group II comprised sick FIV‐infected cats with illnesses not likely to influence the hemostatic system; and group III included FIV‐positive cats with diseases potentially associated with coagulopathies. Platelet counts in FIV/FeLV‐infected cats were significantly lower than in healthy cats (P< .003), whereas the differences in the 3 groups of FIV‐positive cats were variable (group I,P= .009; II,P= .05; III,P= .09). Thrombocytopenia (< 145,000 platelets/μL) was present in 4 FIV‐positive and 3 FIV/FeLV‐positive cats. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen (0.5 and 0.25 μg/mL), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (1 and 0.6 μmol/L), and thrombin (0.4 and 0.25 IU/mL) was not significantly different from that of healthy cats. The plasma coagulation system was evaluated by measuring one‐stage prothrombin time (OSPT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time, fibrinogen concentration, coagulation factor assays, fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FDP), and plasma exchange test. The OSPT was similar in FlV‐seropositive cats and in the healthy control group. Cats with FIV infection, however, had markedly shorter clotting times than healthy cats when using a modified test system (P< .05). In all groups of FIV‐infected cats and in those with FIV/FeLV infection, APTT measured with 2 different commercially available tests, and a modified plasma assay was markedly prolonged compared with healthy cats (APTT1 and 2:3 modification:P< .01; APTT2:P< .05 except group III). In 22 of 40 cats with FIV and in 5 of 8 cats with FIV/FeLV infection, plasma samples were beyond the reference range. The thrombin time was also significantly prolonged in cats with FIV and FIV/FeLV infection (P< .01); values in 17 of 40 FIV‐positive cats were above reference range. The mean fibrinogen concentration of cats with FIV and FIV/FeLV infection was higher than in the healthy control group (P< .001). Factor VIII activity of 4 cats with FIV infection was 1.5 times higher than that of healthy cats. Factor XII activity of 3 cats from a group of 20 cats with prolonged APTT was between 20% and 35%. Factor IX and XI activities ranged between 70% and 120%. The markedly prolonged APTT in 2 FIV‐positive cats could be shortened considerably in a plasma exchange test using 20% feline pooled plasma. The alterations in the coagulogram of FIV‐seropositive cats were not related to a clinical stage or concurrent diseases. A definite explanation of the distinct disorder within the intrinsic plasma coagulation system in FIV‐infected cats was not found.
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis in Rambouillet Sheep: Characterization of the Clinical Disease
Authors: Woods Philip R. , Storts Ralph W. , Shelton Maurice , Menzies Carl
Published: March 2010

A chronic progressive, neurodegenerative disease has been identified in 4 closely related flocks of purebred Rambouillet sheep. Blindness, circling, proprioceptive deficits, reduced cognition, and poor body condition are the main clinical signs. Prominent lesions include markedly decreased cerebral size and weight, enlarged cerebral ventricles, and intraneuronal accumulations of autofluorescent pigment. Affected sheep usually die between 1 and 2 years of age. The clinical signs and postmortem findings are consistent with neuronal ceroid‐lipofuscinosis.
Development of Gastroscopic Food Sensitivity Testing in Dogs
Authors: Guilford W. Grant , Strombeck Donald R. , Rogers Quinton , Frick Oscar L. , Lawoko Charles
Published: March 2010

The aims of this study were to develop a gastroscopic food sensitivity testing (GFST) technique for clinical use in dogs and to determine if the results of GFST were influenced by the feeding of a hypoallergenic diet immediately before the testing period (“unmasking”). The technical requirements for GFST were devised during a total of eight endoscopies performed in four healthy dogs. GFST was performed in anesthetized dogs in sternal recumbency. Food extracts were dripped onto the dependent aspect of the body of the stomach via plastic tubing passed through the endoscope. Changes were observed within 2 to 3 minutes of application, and included localized mucosal swelling and erythema, generalized mucosal erythema, and hyperperistalsis. The influence of “unmasking” was then examined in 6 atopic and 2 healthy dogs, which underwent GFST on three occasions, 4 weeks apart. Before the first and third testing periods, the dogs consumed a commercial dry dog food. For 5 days before the second testing period the dogs were fed a hypoallergenic elemental diet. Oral challenges were performed to identify which of the dogs had clinically overt immediate food sensitivity. Localized swelling was most frequently correlated with positive challenge PO. No positive reactions occurred in response to the negative control extract (lamb). The number of positive GFST results increased after feeding the hypoallergenic diet. In conclusion, these preliminary results indicate that GFST holds substantial promise for the diagnosis of immediate food sensitivities affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The sensitivity of the procedure appears to be enhanced by preceding testing with a hypoallergenic diet.
The Natural Clinical History of Canine Congenital Subaortic Stenosis
Authors: Kienle Richard D. , Thomas William P. , Pion Paul D.
Published: March 2010

The demographics and natural clinical history of canine congenital subaortic stenosis (SAS) were evaluated by retrospective analysis of 195 confirmed cases (1967 to 1991), 96 of which were untreated and available for follow‐up evaluation. Of these, 58 dogs had left ventricular outflow systolic pressure gradients available for assessment of severity. All 195 dogs were used for demographic analysis. Breeds found to be at increased relative risk included the Newfoundland (odds ratio, 88.1;P< .001), Rottweiler (odds ratio, 19.3;P< .001), Boxer (odds ratio, 8.6;P< .001), and Golden Retriever (odds ratio, 5.5;P< .001). Dogs with mild gradients (16 to 35 mm Hg) and those that developed infective endocarditis or left heart failure were diagnosed at older ages than those with moderate (36 to 80 mm Hg) and severe (>80 mm Hg) gradients. Of 96 untreated dogs, 32 (33.3%) had signs of illness varying from fatigue to syncope; 11 dogs (11.3%) developed infective endocarditis or left heart failure. Exercise intolerance or fatigue was reported in 22 dogs, syncope in 11 dogs, and respiratory signs (cough, dyspnea, tachypnea) in 9 dogs. In addition, 21 dogs (21.9%) died suddenly. Sudden death occurred mainly in the first 3 years of life, primarily but not exclusively, in dogs with severe obstructions (gradient, > 80 mm Hg; odds ratio, 16.0;P< .001). Infective endocarditis (6.3%) and left heart failure (7.3%) tended to occur later in life and in dogs with mild to moderate obstructions. Left heart failure was uncommon in the absence of additional congenital defects or infective endocarditis. Dogs with mild obstructions lived longer than other groups and tended to remain asymptomatic. The majority of dogs with severe obstructions died before 3 years of age and had a high prevalence (8 of 15) of sudden death. The prognosis for long‐term survival in dogs with untreated mild or moderate SAS is favorable (median survival, 30.5 and 51.1 months, respectively), while the prognosis for dogs with severe SAS is very poor (median survival, 18.9 months).
Medical Management of Right Dorsal Colitis in 5 Horses: A Retrospective Study (1987–1993)
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Carter G. Kent , Mealey Robert H. , Taylor Tex S.
Published: March 2010

Right dorsal colitis in horses has been associated with administration of phenylbutazone. Although reports of right dorsal colitis in this species have described surgical treatment associated with a poor prognosis, we have had success treating this condition medically. This report describes 5 horses with right dorsal colitis confirmed during celiotomy that were initially managed medically. All horses had a history of intermittent abdominal pain; weight loss was noted in only 1 horse. The doses (2.0 to 4.6 mg/kg PO bid) and duration (5 to 30 days) of administration of phenylbutazone were not unusually high relative to those recommended (4.4 mg/kg PO bid). Hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed in all horses at the time of admission; packed cell volume was low in 4 horses, and hypocalcemia was also observed in 4 horses. Three of 5 horses (60%) appeared to respond to dietary management and discontinuation of administration of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Dietary management consisted of feeding pelleted feed, and restricting or eliminating roughage for a period of at least 3 months. Two horses developed strictures of the right dorsal colon. One horse that developed a colonic stricture, possibly because its owners did not comply with recommendations for management, was subsequently treated surgically. The remaining horse that developed a stricture of the right dorsal colon was euthanized. These data indicate that some horses with right dorsal colitis can be successfully managed with medical treatment.