bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future Reef Growth Can Mitigate Physical Impacts of Sea‐Level Rise on Atoll Islands
Authors: Beetham Edward , Kench Paul S. , Popinet Stéphane
Published: September 2017

We present new detail on how future sea‐level rise (SLR) will modify nonlinear wave transformation processes, shoreline wave energy, and wave driven flooding on atoll islands. Frequent and destructive wave inundation is a primary climate‐change hazard that may render atoll islands uninhabitable in the near future. However, limited research has examined the physical vulnerability of atoll islands to future SLR and sparse information are available to implement process‐based coastal management on coral reef environments. We utilize a field‐verified numerical model capable of resolving all nonlinear wave transformation processes to simulate how future SLR will modify wave dissipation and overtopping on Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu, accounting for static and accretionary reef adjustment morphologies. Results show that future SLR coupled with a static reef morphology will not only increase shoreline wave energy and overtopping but will fundamentally alter the spectral composition of shoreline energy by decreasing the contemporary influence of low‐frequency infragravity waves. “Business‐as‐usual” emissions (RCP 8.5) will result in annual wave overtopping on Funafuti Atoll by 2030, with overtopping at high tide under mean wave conditions occurring from 2090. Comparatively, vertical reef accretion in response to SLR will prevent any significant increase in shoreline wave energy and mitigate wave driven flooding volume by 72%. Our results provide the first quantitative assessment of how effective future reef accretion can be at mitigating SLR‐associated flooding on atoll islands and endorse active reef conservation and restoration for future coastal protection.
Large Eddy Simulation of Flow and Turbulence at the Steep Topography of Luzon Strait
Authors: Jalali M. , Sarkar S.
Published: September 2017

Steep generation sites for topographic internal gravity waves can also be sites of turbulence. The present work uses turbulence‐resolving Large Eddy Simulation (LES) for tidal flow over multiscale, steep bathymetry patterned after a portion of the west ridge of Luzon Strait at 20.6∘N. Oceanic values of the slope criticality, Froude number, excursion number, and aspect ratio are matched. The amplitude and phasing of velocity, overturns, and dissipation are similar to observations made at a deep mooring. However a tidal phase is noted in which there is a discrepancy that could arise from the resonant interaction with waves generated at the east ridge that is not included in the model. Turbulent dissipation originates from several mechanisms including breaking lee waves during flow reversal, downslope jets, critical‐slope boundary layer, high‐mode internal wave beams, off‐slope lee wave breaking and wave breaking in a valley between subridges. The model baroclinic energy budget is closed with negligible residual and the local turbulence loss of 23.5% is large.
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Identification of Pharmaceutical Raw Materials
Authors: Miró Vera Aira Y. , Alcalà Bernàrdez Manel
Published: September 2017

The development, validation, and maintenance of spectral libraries for raw materials identification based on near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) are presented in this article. A pharmaceutical example is used to describe concepts and general criteria about the whole lifecycle of these classification methods. The process is sequentially presented in two parts. The first one involves the development and validation of a first version of a library, using an initial number of raw materials and samples. This section exposes the preparation of the data sets, the selection of the discrimination method, the configuration of the data pretreatment, and the evaluation of the acceptance criteria along with internal and external validation processes.

The second part describes the sequential updating and revalidation of the library. It is based on a second and a third versions of the method, which are generated after the introduction of new raw materials and new samples of original materials over two different periods. This part of the article includes further considerations that must be taken into account to complete a proper maintenance of the library. In this section, the qualification through the construction of cascading libraries and the renewal of the model by means of calibration sets update are presented. A final scheme of the general strategy attempts to summarize the main steps during the calculation, validation, and maintenance of this qualitative method. Current recommendations of the European Medicine Agency (EMA) and the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) about this topic are considered throughout the entire article.
Introduction to Sexual Violence
Authors: Asaolu Ibitola O. , Koss Mary P.
Published: September 2017

Sexual violence began to receive proper attention in the United States in the 1990s with the first national Violence Against Women survey, the passage of the Violence Against Women Act, and the addition of violence as a priority area in the Healthy People 2000 initiative. With advances in public health surveillance and clearer definitions of sexual violence, we have begun to see increased sophistication of sexual violence information. This chapter explores the definition and measurement of sexual violence in the United States and how it has evolved in the fields of health, civil rights, and criminal justice. The chapter further discusses risk factors for sexual violence victimization including socioeconomic status, race, cultural background, and cumulative trauma. The chapter concludes with a focus on consequences of sexual violence, especially relating to mental health and maternal and child health.
Genetics of Aggression in Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Kukekova Anna V.
Published: September 2017

The range of aggressive behaviors observed in humans cannot be studied in a single animal model, but a spectrum of animal models can facilitate an understanding of the genetic regulation of aggression. This chapter discusses recent discoveries in the genetics of aggression in rodents, canids, and primates. Rodents, often used to study intermale aggression, provide advantages for functional studies using gene modification techniques. Dramatic changes in aggressive behavior, which took place during dog and fox domestication, allow the investigation of a wider array of aggressive behaviors. Finally, studies of individual differences in the behavior of rhesus monkeys and other primates provide insight into developmental aspects of aggression and gene–environment interactions. Although studies of human social behavior using animal models present challenges, a spectrum of such models, each of which provides its own unique information, can work synergistically to yield robust insights into human aggressive behavior.
Neuroanatomy of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Yang Yaling
Published: September 2017

An increasing number of structural imaging studies have investigated the neural bases of violent behavior and aggression in recent years. Findings from these studies have suggested that violent behavior and aggression may be consequences of deficits in multiple brain regions involved in behavioral control, emotional regulation, and reward processing. In addition, some evidence points to potential distinct neural mechanisms underlying different forms of aggression. Evidence from lesion studies further suggests the possibility of a causal relationship between brain deficits and the development of violent behavior and aggression. The chapter also considers whether genetic vulnerabilities may interact with environmental risk in the development of brain structure, leading to violent and aggressive behavior. Last, it is noted that further development of effective intervention and treatment is needed to explore the possibility of reversing and remediating brain deficits to alleviate the impact of violence and aggression on the individual and society.
Do Group Processes Cause Violence and Aggression?
Authors: Otten Sabine
Published: September 2017

Do group processes cause violence and aggression? The appropriate answer to the question posed by this chapter is not a straightforward “yes” or “no” but rather “sometimes.” On the one hand, people may be involved in conflicts as a direct consequence of their group membership and with the aim of pursuing the group's interest. Their participation in the conflict and the side they are on is directly determined by their group affiliation. Prominent examples are warfare between nations and hooliganism between rival soccer supporters. On the other hand, there are instances where group processes and social identities are not the immediate cause but nonetheless have an impact on how conflicts are perceived and how they further develop. For example, the intentionality of a group member's negative behavior may be interpreted differently based on stereotypes regarding their group. Relevant theory and empirical evidence for both options will be presented and their practical implications discussed.
Displaced Aggression Is Alive and Well
Authors: Pedersen William C. , Ellison Jennifer , Miller Norman
Published: September 2017

Displaced aggression refers to aggressive retaliation toward a target other than an initial provocateur. Meta‐analytic evidence confirms its reliability and robustness (mean effect size = +0.54) and indicates moderation by intensity of provocation, similarity of displacement target to provocateur, and negativity of the displaced aggression setting. Experimental research strongly supports this latter correlational finding, (1) confirming the importance of minor negative target actions to its elicitation, (2) showing no instances of it in the absence of a trigger, and (3) thereby establishing the construct validity of triggered displaced aggression. In this chapter, we review several additional moderators of displaced aggression as well as the effects of individual differences in the propensity to engage in it (viz., trait displaced aggression). We also emphasize rumination's role in eliciting it. Finally, we discuss the application of triggered displaced aggression to intergroup violence and the experimental evidence supporting the construct validity of vicarious retribution.
Behavioral Explanations of Aggression and Violence
Authors: Mueller Michael M. , Nkosi Ajamu
Published: September 2017

Behavior analysis provides a natural‐science approach like those of the physical sciences to understanding aggression and violence. It focuses on why individuals exhibit aggressive behavior in the context of specific environmental events. As a distinct behavioral topography, aggression does not require a unique explanation. Behavior analysis views aggression as it does all other behaviors, as
learned
behavior displayed by individuals as they interact with the ever‐changing variables present in the environment. Like any other behavior, aggression is lawful and governed by basic behavioral principles. Aggression is the product of biological evolution, cultural evolution, and evolution of operant behavior during the individual's lifespan through the processes of variation and selection, but greatest emphasis is placed upon the current environment's function of selecting behavior.
Race and Gender Stereotypes and Violence and Aggression
Authors: Burgess Melinda C. R.
Published: September 2017

In the United States there are a number of stereotypes about aggression, particularly in regard to race and gender. Mere knowledge, separate and independent of endorsement, of these stereotypes can influence both physical and social harm to others (e.g., increased rates of shooting in response to Black male targets, increased acceptance of racist statements, and increased tolerance of sexual harassment and assault) as well as physical and social harm to the self (e.g., hypertension and body image disturbance, stereotype threat, and limiting career choices). This chapter outlines the myriad ways these stereotypes impact our reactions and behaviors toward members of these stereotyped groups, whether they are others or ourselves.
Systematic Screening for Challenging Behaviors in Tiered Support Systems
Authors: Sprague Jeffrey , Lane Kathleen Lynne
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, we describe the logic and procedures for conducting universal screening for antisocial behavior within a three‐tiered system of support. First, we present the purpose and rationale for adopting and implementing universal screening, describing how screening aligns with federal legislation and best practice. Second, we introduce several universal publicly and commercially available screening tools and systems for detecting students in need of more intensive and targeted interventions and supports. Third, we describe model procedures and considerations for installing universal screening with integrity, with the aim of increasing the reliability and validity of the process. Finally, we offer a hypothetical illustration of how to conduct systematic screening for behavior challenges as part of regular school practices effectively and efficiently.
Teaching Gun Safety Skills to Children
Authors: Miltenberger Raymond G. , Valbuena Diego , Sanchez Sindy
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses research on teaching safety skills to children to prevent gunplay. Gunplay by children results in hundreds of accidental deaths and injuries each year. The chapter starts with a discussion of assessment and concludes that in situ assessment is the only valid approach to assessment of safety skills. The chapter then discusses two approaches to training safety skills: an informational approach and an active learning approach. The active learning approach, including behavioral skills training and in situ training, is the only effective approach to training safety skills. The chapter concludes with a discussion of training implemented by peers, parents, and simulation in order to increase the accessibility of training.
Parent Training and the Treatment of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Valle Linda Anne , Kaminski Jennifer W.
Published: September 2017

Parent training is an intervention in which parents learn strategies to promote changes in their children's behavior. Parent training is effective in treating children's disruptive behaviors, which increase children's risk for future violence and aggression, and in treating parental violence, aggression, and maltreatment of their children. The effects are robust across a wide range of family characteristics, cultural groups, settings, and delivery methods. However, availability and access to evidence‐based parent training remains limited. Translational research is needed to identify optimal ways to increase widespread adoption, successful implementation, sustainability, and accessibility for families.
Treatment of the Psychopathic Personality
Authors: Howe Jacqueline , Wijetunga Charity , Nijdam‐Jones Alicia , Rosenfeld Barry
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the literature on the treatment of psychopathy in adults. First, early treatment approaches are reviewed, with a particular focus on therapeutic communities. Next, studies examining the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of psychopathy are summarized, including investigations of the Dangerous and Severe Personality Program and sex‐offender‐specific CBT interventions. Finally, research examining integrative approaches to the treatment of psychopathic personality traits in adults is reviewed, with an emphasis on dialectical behavior therapy and schema‐focused therapy. The chapter concludes with a brief critique of existing psychopathy research, highlighting the need for continued study in this area.
Prevention of Aggression and Violence in Families
Authors: Murphy Christopher M. , Farzan‐Kashani Julian , LaMotte Adam D. , Miles‐McLean Haley A. , Maldonado Ana
Published: September 2017

Efforts to prevent family violence have focused on specific family subsystems, most notably intimate partner violence (IPV) and child abuse. Intensive programs that reduce normative acceptance of violence and enhance conflict‐management skills have successfully prevented IPV in both universal and high‐risk samples of high‐school‐aged youth. Dyadic interventions for adult couples have not been consistently effective in preventing IPV. For child abuse, significant preventive effects have been found for nurse home visiting, early Head Start, and Triple P, a multilevel public health approach to promoting positive parenting. Parent–Child Interaction Therapy, which uses live coaching to enhance parenting skills, has been effective in preventing new instances of aggression among maltreating parents. Despite evidence that aggression and violence are common in other family subsystems, including sibling aggression, child‐to‐parent aggression, and extended family aggression, our review found no controlled studies of interventions focused on preventing violence in entire family units.
Treatment of Batterers: What Works?
Authors: Armenti Nicholas A. , Iyican Susan , Sommer Johannah M. , Babcock Julia C.
Published: September 2017

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a common problem and men arrested for IPV are typically court‐mandated to attend men‐only groups. These interventions have been found to have only small effect sizes for stopping violence and do not address the abuse perpetrated by women. In the United States, many states mandate against the use of any interventions other than Duluth model men‐only groups. However, there is preliminary theoretical and empirical support for alternative interventions, including new wave and conjoint interventions. These interventions place greater emphasis on treatment‐matching principles and incorporate strategies to address problems such as emotion regulation difficulties, impulsivity, and communication deficits. Given the limited effectiveness of existing interventions and the initial support for alternative interventions, additional experimental studies are needed. However, political barriers continue to hinder the implementation of novel investigations of important treatment targets that may have a greater impact on reducing IPV.
Bullying at Work: Personal Relationships and Undermined Social Support—A Creative Writing Case Study
Authors: Vickers Margaret H.
Published: September 2017

Workplace bullying is a massive problem with well‐documented, nasty consequences for the mental and physical health, well‐being, careers, and personal lives of targets. What have not been adequately interrogated are the relational consequences for third parties of those impacted by bullying at work: personal relationships with friends, partners, and family members can also be undermined, and the social support normally anticipated, and the relationship itself, can be impaired. This chapter presents a creative nonfiction account of workplace bullying showing the lack of understanding of workplace bullying by all involved, the lack of social support arising from the knowledge gaps, and the negative impacts on all involved. Further research into the social and relational outcomes of workplace bullying is recommended.
Prevention of Football Hooliganism: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Poutvaara Panu , Priks Mikael
Published: September 2017

Hooligan violence is prevalent in many countries. Governments use various law enforcement methods with the common feature that they are costly. Theoretical work suggests that discriminative policing is effective in reducing crime but that indiscriminate policing, such as the use of teargas, may backfire. A problem when evaluating such theories empirically is that societies often respond to crime with law enforcement. It is therefore difficult to identify the cause and effect in law enforcement and crime. We review some empirical work that puts this problem at the center of the analysis. An overall conclusion is that the evidence supports the notion that discriminative law enforcement is effective against hooligan violence.
Creating and Sustaining Safe Environments in Juvenile Corrections
Authors: Leone Peter E. , Lockwood Susan , Gagnon Joseph C.
Published: September 2017

Too often Juvenile correctional facilities are settings where violence and abuse are routine. The principles of positive youth development and facility‐wide systems of behavior management can be used to shape institutional culture in ways that support youth and teach positive prosocial behavior. Well‐developed education programs and staff development are key elements in transforming juvenile corrections. Pendleton Juvenile Correctional Facility in Indiana, USA, provides an example of the transformation of one institution.
Evidence‐Based Policing: Does It Reduce Violence?
Authors: Telep Cody W.
Published: September 2017

Evidence‐based policing focuses on using the findings and conclusions drawn from rigorous research to help guide policy and practice. Based on a number of experimental and quasi‐experimental studies, there is strong support for the idea that evidence‐based policing can reduce violence. Focusing in particular on place‐based approaches, this chapter reviews what is known about the impact of various policing strategies on reducing violent crime. We review evidence on a series of innovations since the 1980s in policing that all show overall positive effects in tests examining violent crime outcomes. These include hot spots policing, directed patrol programs focused on gun violence, focused deterrence or pulling levers programs, and problem‐oriented policing. We also discuss broken windows policing, a popular strategy for which the evidence is more mixed. Overall, we find evidence that police can be most effective in reducing violence when they are place based, focused, and proactive.
Mobilizing
C
anada to Promote Healthy Relationships and Prevent Bullying among Children and Youth
Authors: Pepler Debra , Craig Wendy M. , Cummings Joanne , Petrunka Kelly , Garwood Stacey
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, we describe the evolution, mechanisms, and impact of PREVNet (Promoting Relationships and Eliminating Violence Network) in Canada. PREVNet is a national network of researchers, youth‐serving organizations, governments, and corporations working together to prevent bullying and promote healthy relationships for Canadian children and youth. PREVNet has been funded since 2006 by Canada's Networks of Centres of Excellence research program. Through PREVNet's partnerships, we have been engaged in a societal intervention by cocreating tools and resources to enhance the practices of those involved in the lives of children and youth across the country. We have developed several mechanisms to drive our efforts to foster wide‐scale social change, including four strategy pillars for knowledge mobilization, working groups to cocreate tools and resources, and broader strategies to engage multiple sectors within the country to focus on these important issues related to child and youth well‐being.
The Chloroplast Proteolytic Machinery
Authors: Adam Zach
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Proteolytic Processes in Chloroplasts

Identified and Characterized Chloroplast Proteases and Peptidases

Predicted Chloroplast Proteases and Peptidases

Roles of Identified Proteases in Development and Maintenance

Degradation of Integral Membrane Proteins

Evolutionary Aspects

Future Prospects
Condensed Tannins
Authors: Tanner Greg
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Biosynthesis from Coumaroyl‐CoAto Leucoanthocyanidin

Synthesis of Catechin (2,3‐trans‐flavan‐3‐ol)

Synthesis of Epicatechin (2,3‐cis‐flavan‐3‐ol)

Intravacuolar Transport and Polymerization

Evolution of Biochemical Pathways

Regulation of Biosynthesis

Opportunities for Manipulation of Proanthocyanidins

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Structure, Function and Regulation of Primary H+and Ca2+Pumps
Authors: López‐Marqués Rosa L. , Schiøtt Morten , Jakobsen Mia Kyed , Palmgren Michael G.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Pumps in Plants

Proton Pumps in Plant Cells

Calcium Pumps in Plant Cells

Other Plant Cation Pumps

Acknowledgements
Potassium Nutrition and Salt Stress
Authors: Amtmann Anna , Armengaud Patrick , Volkov Vadim
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

The Physiology of Potassium Nutrition and Salt Stress

Setting the Scene forK+andNa+Transport

Functional Genomics ofK+andNa+Transport: Linking Experimental Evidence

Functional Types of Transporters Involved inK+Homeostasis and Salt Stress

Regulation and Integration ofK+andNa+Transport

Future Prospects

Concluding Remarks
Auxin as an Intercellular Signal
Authors: Friml Jiří , Wiśniewska Justyna
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Auxin Transport – Known Pathways

Molecular Components

Subcellular Dynamics of Auxin Carriers

The Role of Auxin Gradients in Plant Development

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Lessons on Signalling in Plant Self‐Incompatibility Systems
Authors: McCubbin Andrew G.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

S‐RNase
‐Based Single‐Locus Gametophytic
SI

Gametophytic Self‐Incompatability in the Papaveraceae

Sporophytic Self‐Incompatability
Inflorescence Architecture
Authors: Bhatt Anuj M.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Determinate and Indeterminate Inflorescence Types

Simple and Compound Inflorescences

Growth and Branching Patterns of Shoots

Vegetative to Reproductive Transition

Meristem Identity

Genetic Regulation of Inflorescence Architecture

Evolution of Inflorescence Architecture
Evers, Medgar (1925–1963)
Authors: Edge Thomas
Published: September 2017

Medgar Wiley Evers typified the black grassroots leadership that made the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s possible. He was born on July 2, 1925, in Decatur, Mississippi. In 1943, Evers dropped out of high school and, lying about his age, joined his older brother Charles in the United States Army. After serving a tour in Europe, he returned to Mississippi, finished high school, and enrolled in Alcorn College. Evers faced harsh opposition when he attempted to vote on his twenty‐first birthday; he and his brother were met with armed resistance at the courthouse. This episode, along with his experiences in college, strengthened Evers's desire to challenge Mississippi's segregated society.
Fahd, Yusuf Salman Yusuf (1901–1949)
Authors: Franzén Johan
Published: September 2017

Fahd, whose real name was Yusuf Salman Yusuf, led the Iraqi Communist Party (ICP) from 1941 until his death in 1949. Fahd devoted his life to the Iraqi national movement and has generally been credited with transforming the ICP from a small party of urban intellectuals in the beginning of the 1940s to a well‐oiled oppositional party. He was born in Baghdad on June 19, 1901, but when he was 7 years old, the family moved to Basra. He enrolled at the American Mission School at al‐'Ashshar at age 13, but was unable to finish because his father became ill and was unable to pay his tuition. Fahd then had to take up employment to support the family, working as a clerk with the British occupational forces at Basra.
Fanelli, Giuseppe (1826–1877)
Authors: Whelehan Niall
Published: September 2017

Giuseppe Fanelli was an Italian revolutionary born in Naples. He is best remembered for introducing Mikhail Bakunin's anarchistic ideas to Spain in 1868. His life was one of constant revolutionary agitation that passed through nationalist, republican, and anarchist stages.
Fiji, Parliamentary Insurrection
Authors: Corfield Justin
Published: September 2017

The islands of Fiji, in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, were visited by European explorers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with Abel Tasman's visit in 1643 being the first confirmed European contact with Fiji. Although trade in sandalwood started soon afterwards, it was usually through middlemen, and the first direct trade between the Europeans and the Fijians over sandalwood was in 1805. In order to get the wood, the Europeans often traded weapons, and the access to these in the Fijian islands usually led to fighting with violent tribal warfare during the first part of the nineteenth century.
Flushing Remonstrance
Authors: Leibensperger Summer D.
Published: September 2017

In 1657, 31 citizens in the Dutch colony of New Netherlands signed a petition that became known as the Flushing Remonstrance. This petition was written in response to the religious oppression imposed by the director general on the area and declared citizens' freedom to practice religion without persecution. Though the citizens were protesting the treatment of Quakers, no Quakers signed the document.
Fonseca, Carlos (1936–1976)
Authors: Sierakowski Robert
Published: September 2017

Carlos Fonseca Amador was born the illegitimate scion of one of the wealthiest local families in the northern mountains in the region of Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Though his father was a liberal Somoza supporter, Fonseca developed a passionate drive to overthrow the regime and the reigning social order. Early in his youth, Fonseca and childhood friend Tomás Borge (b. 1930) came upon the Marxist critique of capitalism and the necessity for a transition to socialism. The young Carlos Fonseca joined several groups that were active in the movement against the dictatorship before becoming involved in the then‐outlawed Socialist Party of Nicaragua, which was the Moscow‐line communist party. He attended the local National Institute of the North where he graduated at the top of his class before heading to León to attend law school at the National University of Nicaragua. While at the university he was very active in the growing anti‐regime student movement, particularly through the Student Council of the National University (CUUN).
Foreign Intervention and Revolution
Authors: Rubinson Paul
Published: September 2017

The importance of foreign intervention and external forces on a revolution cannot be overestimated. Each of these factors can both cause a revolution and determine the outcome. States do not exist, and revolutions do not occur, in a vacuum. The fates of states and revolutions depend to a large extent on the actions of other powerful state actors in the geopolitical landscape. Scholars have shown that war, ideology, and imperialism can act as agents of revolution and counter‐revolution; furthermore, these three factors can also be the targets of revolutions and revolutionaries themselves. Specifically, war can cause a country to become destabilized enough to encourage the outbreak of revolution. Alternately, countries themselves can initiate wars in order to spread revolutions. Using war intentionally to spread revolution usually stems from a revolutionary ideology. Imperialism (an ideology of its own) acts to repress revolution by forcing states into colonial subservience, though this process inspires as many revolutions as it thwarts. Other scholars have analyzed the role of foreign powers in revolutions through the lens of world systems theory, which offers an attempt to make and test predictions about the effects of external factors on revolutions. Finally, scholars have also begun to study what revolutionaries themselves have thought and done about foreign intervention during revolutions.
France, Post‐World War
II
Labor Protests
Authors: Block Marcelline
Published: September 2017

Large‐scale labor demonstrations – including strikes, protests, and insurrections – are a major political, economic, and social presence in post‐World War II France, a legacy of the French Revolution, itself the biggest social protest in the country's history. Although the largest, best‐known, and most important labor protest in the postwar era occurred in May 1968 – “an explosion of revolutionary lyricism,” according to Milan Kundera – several significant protests occurred in 1958 and 1995, as well as through the first decade of the twenty‐first century. Major labor uprisings occurred in 2006 and 2007 and continued throughout 2008 during the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy. In May 2008 France's leading trade union, the Communist Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), called for port workers to have a 24‐hour strike each week, blocking tankers on May 20 and June 9, 10, 17, and 18 at the biggest French oil port, Fos‐Lavera, near Marseille, which is also the world's third largest oil port.
G
abriel's
R
ebellion
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: September 2017

The enslaved revolutionary known only as Gabriel was born in 1776 near Richmond, Virginia, at Brookfield, the Henrico County plantation of Thomas Prosser. By Virginia standards, Brookfield was a large plantation, with approximately 50 laborers. Most likely, Gabriel's father was a blacksmith, the occupation chosen for Gabriel. Status as an artisan provided considerable standing in the slave community, as did his ability to read and write. In the fall of 1798 Gabriel's master died, and ownership of Brookfield passed to 22‐year‐old Thomas Henry Prosser, who maximized his profits by hiring out his surplus slaves, so Gabriel spent a considerable part of each month smithing in Richmond for white artisans. Although still a slave, he enjoyed a rough form of freedom.
Giustizia e Libertà, Partito d'Azione
Authors: Colombini Chiara
Published: September 2017

From 1929 to 1947, Giustizia e Libertà (Justice and Liberty), and then Partito d'Azione (Action Party), actively resisted Italian fascism on the principles of democracy, the legacy of the Italian Risorgimento, and the ideals of social reform.
Global Day of Action Against Capitalism, June 18 (J18), 1999
Authors: Trott Ben
Published: September 2017

Friday, June 18, 1999 (which became dubbed simply “J18”) was a global day of action against capitalism, primarily in financial and banking centers around the world. It was the opening day of the 25th G8 (Group of Eight, most industrialized nations) summit in Cologne, Germany. Emerging out of a global movement which had been gradually growing in the wings of the world's stage, and going on to inspire the protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO) ministerial in Seattle, USA, later that year, J18 belongs to the little‐known prehistory of what has since become referred to as the counter‐globalization or global justice movement.
Glorious Revolution, Britain, 1688
Authors: Pincus Steven
Published: September 2017

England's Glorious Revolution of 1688–9 holds a special place in our understanding of the modern world and the revolutions that had a hand in shaping it. For the better part of three centuries scholars and public intellectuals identified England's Revolution of 1688–9 as a defining moment in England's exceptional history. Political philosophers have associated it with the origins of liberalism. Sociologists have contrasted it with the French, Russian, and Chinese revolutions. Historians have pointed to the revolution as confirming the unusual nature of the English state. Scholars of literature and culture highlight the Revolution of 1688–9 as an important moment in defining English common sense and moderation. All of these interpretations derive their power from a deeply held and widely repeated narrative of England's Revolution of 1688–9. Unfortunately, that narrative is wrong. Replacing that historical narrative with a new one will necessarily force us to revise many of the basic historical, political, moral, and sociological categories we use to make sense of the modern world. The old narrative emphasized the Revolution of 1688–9 as a great moment in which the English
defended
their unique way of life. Recent scholarship suggests instead that the English revolutionaries
created
a new kind of modern state. It was that new state that has proved so influential in shaping the modern world.
Gorz, André (1923–2007)
Authors: Shippen Nichole
Published: September 2017

André Gorz was a western social philosopher whose work combines the insights of Marxism, existentialism, and ecology. Gorz is predominantly known for his politics of autonomous free time, and his reinvigoration of socialism with what he viewed as the inherent anti‐capitalist politics of the ecology movement. André Gorz was born in Vienna in 1923 to a Catholic mother and a Jewish father. Educated in Switzerland at the Institut Montana boarding school and at the University of Lausanne, Gorz subsequently moved to Paris in his early twenties, and later acted as a political editor for
Les Temps Modernes
, a French political and literary journal founded by Jean‐Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir.
Green Bans Movement,
A
ustralia
Authors: Burgmann Meredith , Burgmann Verity
Published: September 2017

The Australian green bans movement lasted from 1970 to 1975. It was the first such action in the world. It occurred when builders' laborers (BLs) took the unusual action of refusing to work on environmentally or socially undesirable construction and a significant social movement developed in support of these bans. The movement saved Sydney from much of the devastation that would otherwise have been wrought by developers and had international ramifications within environmental politics.
Impaired synaptic function is linked to cognition in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Selnes Per , Stav Ane Løvli , Johansen Krisztina K. , Bjørnerud Atle , Coello Christopher , Auning Eirik , Kalheim Lisa , Almdahl Ina Selseth , Hessen Erik , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Aarsland Dag , Fladby Tormod
Published: September 2017

Objective

Cognitive impairment is frequent in Parkinson's disease, but the underlying mechanisms are insufficiently understood. Because cortical metabolism is reduced in Parkinson's disease and closely associated with cognitive impairment, and CSF amyloid‐β species are reduced and correlate with neuropsychological performance in Parkinson's disease, and amyloid‐β release to interstitial fluid may be related to synaptic activity; we hypothesize that synapse dysfunction links cortical hypometabolism, reduced CSF amyloid‐β, and presynaptic deposits of α‐synuclein. We expect a correlation between hypometabolism, CSF amyloid‐β, and the synapse related‐markers CSF neurogranin and α‐synuclein.

Methods

Thirty patients with mild‐to‐moderate Parkinson's disease and 26 healthy controls underwent a clinical assessment, lumbar puncture, MRI, 18F‐fludeoxyglucose‐PET, and a neuropsychological test battery (repeated for the patients after 2 years).

Results

All subjects had CSF amyloid‐β 1‐42 within normal range. In Parkinson's disease, we found strong significant correlations between cortical glucose metabolism, CSF Aβ, α‐synuclein, and neurogranin. All PET CSF biomarker‐based cortical clusters correlated strongly with cognitive parameters. CSF neurogranin levels were significantly lower in mild‐to‐moderate Parkinson's disease compared to controls, correlated with amyloid‐β and α‐synuclein, and with motor stage. There was little change in cognition after 2 years, but the cognitive tests that were significantly different, were also significantly associated with cortical metabolism. No such correlations were found in the control group.

Interpretation

CSF Aβ, α‐synuclein, and neurogranin concentrations are related to cortical metabolism and cognitive decline. Synaptic dysfunction due to Aβ and α‐synuclein dysmetabolism may be central in the evolution of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.
Self‐Powered Pulse Sensor for Antidiastole of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Ouyang Han , Tian Jingjing , Sun Guanglong , Zou Yang , Liu Zhuo , Li Hu , Zhao Luming , Shi Bojing , Fan Yubo , Fan Yifan , Wang Zhong Lin , Li Zhou
Published: September 2017

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally; fortunately, 90% of cardiovascular diseases are preventable by long‐term monitoring of physiological signals. Stable, ultralow power consumption, and high‐sensitivity sensors are significant for miniaturized wearable physiological signal monitoring systems. Here, this study proposes a flexible self‐powered ultrasensitive pulse sensor (SUPS) based on triboelectric active sensor with excellent output performance (1.52 V), high peak signal‐noise ratio (45 dB), long‐term performance (107 cycles), and low cost price. Attributed to the crucial features of acquiring easy‐processed pulse waveform, which is consistent with second derivative of signal from conventional pulse sensor, SUPS can be integrated with a bluetooth chip to provide accurate, wireless, and real‐time monitoring of pulse signals of cardiovascular system on a smart phone/PC. Antidiastole of coronary heart disease, atrial septal defect, and atrial fibrillation are made, and the arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation) is indicative diagnosed from health, by characteristic exponent analysis of pulse signals accessed from volunteer patients. This SUPS is expected to be applied in self‐powered, wearable intelligent mobile diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in the future.
Ultrasensitive and Fast All‐Inorganic Perovskite‐Based Photodetector via Fast Carrier Diffusion
Authors: Yang Bin , Zhang Fengying , Chen Junsheng , Yang Songqiu , Xia Xusheng , Pullerits Tõnu , Deng Weiqiao , Han Keli
Published: September 2017

Low trap‐state density, high carrier mobility, and efficient charge carrier collection are key parameters for photodetectors with high sensitivity and fast response time. This study demonstrates a simple solution growth method to prepare CsPbBr3 microcrystals (MCs) with low trap‐state density. Time‐dependent photoluminescence study with one‐photon excitation (OPE) and two‐photon excitation (TPE) indicates that CsPbBr3 MCs exhibit fast carrier diffusion with carrier mobility over 100 cm2 V−1 S−1. Furthermore, CsPbBr3 MC‐based photodetectors with high charge carriers' collection efficiency are fabricated. Such photodetectors show ultrahigh responsivity (R) up to 6 × 104 A W−1 with OPE and high R up to 6 A W−1 with TPE. The R for OPE is over one order of magnitude higher (the R for TPE is three orders of magnitude higher) than that of previously reported all‐inorganic perovskite‐based photodetectors. Moreover, the photodetectors exhibit fast response time of ≈1 ms, which corresponds to a gain ≈105 and a gain‐ bandwidth product of 108 Hz for OPE (a gain ≈103 and a gain‐bandwidth product of 106 Hz for TPE).
Metal‐Free Annulation Cascades of 1,7‐Enynes Using Di‐tert‐butyl Peroxide as the Methyl Source towards the Synthesis of Polyheterocyclic Scaffolds
Authors: Tan Fang‐Lin , Hu Ming , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: September 2017

A new metal‐free oxidative cascade methylation/cyclization of benzene‐linked 1,7‐enynes to construct methylated polyheterocyclic scaffold skeletons is described. In this transformation, three new C–C bonds and two new rings are formed. Notably, di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP) acts not only as a radical initiator but also as an efficient methyl source.

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Probing the Unique Role of Gallium in Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors through Structure–Property Relationships
Authors: Moffitt Stephanie L. , Zhu Qimin , Ma Qing , Falduto Allison F. , Buchholz D. Bruce , Chang Robert P. H. , Mason Thomas O. , Medvedeva Julia E. , Marks Tobin J. , Bedzyk Michael J.
Published: September 2017

This study explores the unique role of Ga in amorphous (a‐) InGaO oxide semiconductors through combined theory and experiment. It reveals substitutional effects that have not previously been attributed to Ga, and that are investigated by examining how Ga influences structure–property relationships in a series of pulsed laser deposited a‐InGaO thin films. Element‐specific structural studies (X‐ray absorption and anomalous scattering) show good agreement with the results of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. This structural knowledge is used to understand the results of air‐annealing and Hall effect electrical measurements. The crystallization temperature of a‐IO is shown to increase by as much as 325 °C on substituting Ga for In. This increased thermal stability is understood on the basis of the large changes in local structure that Ga undergoes, as compared to In, during crystallization. Hall measurements reveal an initial sharp drop in both carrier concentration and mobility with increasing Ga incorporation, which moderates at >20 at% Ga content. This decline in both the carrier concentration and mobility with increasing Ga is attributed to dilution of the charge‐carrying InO matrix and to increased structural disorder. The latter effect saturates at high at% Ga.
Ferroelectricity Tailored Valley Splitting in Monolayer WTe2/YMnO3 Heterostructures: A Route toward Electrically Controlled Valleytronics
Authors: Song Yan , Wang Xiaocha , Mi Wenbo
Published: September 2017

Control of valley degree of freedom in monolayer transition‐metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) has been realized by using optical pumping and magnetic fields. However, an electrical approach is missing and has potential for practical applications. In this paper, valley/ferroelectricity coupling is demonstrated for the first time in a monolayer WTe2/YMnO3 heterostructure. Tunable valley splitting by an electric field is predicted when a valley‐polarized monolayer TMDC is deposited on a multiferroic substrate. The fundamental principle behind this is an intermediate lattice–ferroelectricity coupling. An electric field changes the surface morphology of the substrate, hence the distance, that is, the exchange interaction, between the substrate and monolayer. The resulting tunable valley splitting brings a new component to electrically controlled valleytronics.
Benzylamine‐Treated Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite with High Thermal‐Photostability and Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Zhou Yang , Wang Feng , Cao Yu , Wang Jian‐Pu , Fang Hong‐Hua , Loi Maria Antonietta , Zhao Ni , Wong Ching‐Ping
Published: September 2017

Mixed iodide‐bromide organolead perovskites with a bandgap of 1.70–1.80 eV have great potential to boost the efficiency of current silicon solar cells by forming a perovskite‐silicon tandem structure. Yet, the stability of the perovskites under various application conditions, and in particular combined light and heat stress, is not well studied. Here, FA0.15Cs0.85Pb(I0.73Br0.27)3, with an optical bandgap of ≈1.72 eV, is used as a model system to investigate the thermal‐photostability of wide‐bandgap mixed halide perovskites. It is found that the concerted effect of heat and light can induce both phase segregation and decomposition in a pristine perovskite film. On the other hand, through a postdeposition film treatment with benzylamine (BA) molecules, the highly defective regions (e.g., film surface and grain boundaries) of the film can be well passivated, thus preventing the progression of decomposition or phase segregation in the film. Besides the stability improvement, the BA‐modified perovskite solar cells also exhibit excellent photovoltaic performance, with the champion device reaching a power conversion efficiency of 18.1%, a stabilized power output efficiency of 17.1% and an open‐circuit voltage (V
oc) of 1.24 V.