bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assimilation of SMOS Brightness Temperatures or Soil Moisture
Retrievals into a Land Surface Model
Authors: De Lannoy Gabriëlle J. M. , Reichle Rolf H.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Three different data products from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission are assimilated separately into the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, version 5 (GEOS-5) to improve estimates of surface and root-zone soil moisture. The first product consists of multi-angle, dual-polarization brightness temperature (Tb) observations at the bottom of the atmosphere extracted from Level 1 data. The second product is a derived SMOS Tb product that mimics the data at 40° incidence angle from the Soil Moisture Active Passive mission. The third product is the operational SMOS Level 2 surface soil moisture (SM) retrieval product. The assimilation system uses a spatially distributed ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) with seasonally varying climatological bias mitigation for Tb assimilation, whereas a time-invariant cumulative density function matching is used for SM retrieval assimilation. All assimilation experiments improve the soil moisture estimates compared to model-only simulations during the period 1 July 2010 to 1 May 2015 and for 187 sites across the United States. Especially in areas where the satellite data are most sensitive to surface soil moisture, large skill improvements (e.g. increase in anomaly correlation by 0.1) are found in the surface soil moisture. The domain-average surface and root-zone skill metrics are similar among the various assimilation experiments, but large differences in skill are found locally. The observation-minus-forecast residuals and analysis increments reveal large differences in how the observations add value in the Tb and SM retrieval assimilation systems. The distinct patterns of these diagnostics in the two systems reflect observation and model errors patterns that are not well captured in the assigned EnKF error parameters. Consequently, a localized optimization of the EnKF error parameters is needed to further improve Tb or SM retrieval assimilation.
“Under The Hand” Divorce Islamic Law Study of the Implementation of Divorce
Authors: Mukarromah Oom , Syamsurrizal Entus
Published: August 2016

Islamic Law regulates marriage and divorce sufficiently; Islamic jurists argue that if someone sentences the word talak and its kind to his wife then the talak is considered as valid. Meanwhile, positive law states that “Talak is a declaration of a husband performed in front of court session in Religious Court which becomes one of the reasons of divorce”. The fact shows that the people of Carenang, Serang, tend to refer on the Islamic law of divorce, not the one declared before the trial court. This matter engenders the illegal aspect of law, such as issuing a false death certificate to the former spouse. In order to elucidate the problem, the author proposes two main questions: (1) How is the concept of “under the hand” divorce based on fiqih and positive law?; (2) How is the Islamic Law review on the Article 39 Point 1 Law No. 1 of 1974 about Marriage and Article 34 of Government Regulations No. 9 of 1975? This study is conducted in normative jurisdiction and sociological jurisdiction which is comparatively descriptive analytic. This study is also conducted through mashlahah mursalah approach and Bentham utility principle. The results of the study show that; first, “under the hand” divorce performed by Carenang’s people is considered valid through the eye of Islamic Law, while it is invalid based on Positive Law due to the absence of the pledge before the trial court. Second, the behavior of “under the hand” divorce in Carenang has become a social fact and is included in Al-Maslahah al-Daruriyah category. The enactment of divorce law regulated by Article 39 Point 1 Law No. 1 of 1974 about Marriage and Article 34 of Government Regulations No. 9 of 1975 is covered in the Al-Maslahah al-Hajiyah category.
John H. Jackson (1932–2015)
Authors: McRae Donald
Published: August 2016

It is with the deepest regret that the Journal records the passing of John Jackson—teacher, scholar, contributor to this Journal and longtime member of its editorial board, and pioneer of international trade and economic law. The following is a tribute to John in recognition of his immense contribution to international law.

In 1969, World Trade and the Law of GATT was published. In some sense, this was the beginning of what is known today as international trade law. Based on meticulous research into documents of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which hitherto had barely seen the light of day and certainly not the eyes of scholars, the work was to be”pragmatic” and designed to address the “intricate complexity” of the law of GATT and to be of use to “the government or GATT official, the private attorney and the legal scholar.” The scale was ambitious but characteristically expressed in modest terms.
The Paris Climate Change Agreement: A New Hope?
Authors: Bodansky Daniel
Published: August 2016

Know your limits. This familiar adage is not an inspirational rallying cry or a recipe for bold action. It serves better as the motto for the tortoise than the hare. But, after many false starts over the past twenty years, states were well advised to heed it when negotiating the Paris Agreement. While it is still far too early to say whether the Agreement will be a success, its comparatively modest approach provides a firmer foundation on which to build than its more ambitious predecessor, the Kyoto Protocol.
“The Houses of the Tulips”: Persian Poetry on the Fallen in the Iran–Iraq War
Authors: Seyed-Gohrab Ali-Asghar
Published: August 2016

One of the notions triggered by the culture of martyrdom after the Islamic Revolution (1979) was the vogue of martyrdom. In the years prior to the Islamic Revolution and especially during the Iran–Iraq war (1980–88), martyrdom was idealized and even glamorized. The newly established Islamic government accorded an elevated position to the martyr, his family, friends, and even acquaintances. Such a death brought not merely public respect, but it also secured the family economically, as the family would receive money; and the brothers or sisters could secure, for instance, a place at the university, something that is difficult to achieve even for talented students as there is limited enrollment. In addition to these advantages, the alleys and streets were immediately named after these martyrs. This aspect of idealizing the cult of martyrdom is still evident in the majority of street names, changing the public sphere into a museum of martyrdom.
Reflection of War Rhetoric in the Persian War Novel Zimistān-i 62 (The Winter of 1983)
Authors: Shahnahpur Saeedeh
Published: August 2016

As one of the most influential historical events of the late twentieth century, the Iran‒Iraq war (1980–88) enriched the corpus of Persian novels from a thematic standpoint.1 This war introduced the war novel to Iranian society, a new literary genre that focused not only on the Iran‒Iraq war but also on the pertinent issues that stemmed from it. During the war, Persian war novels attempted to strengthen the military sentiment for the war and mobilize the masses to join the front lines. They did so by depicting the war as a great blessing and particularly by accentuating the Islamic nuances embodied in martyrdom. Ismā’īl Faṣīḥ’s Zimistān-i 62 (The winter of 1983) was one of the earliest Persian war novels that promoted martyrdom among Iranian volunteers. This article highlights the utility of the various genres of expression—such as dirge (nauḥa), slogan (shu’ār), and martyrs’ testaments (vaṣiyyatnāma-yi shuhadā)—that played a central role in propagating the concept of martyrdom in that novel. Analyzing the novel’s war rhetoric makes it possible to understand how it was received in Iranian society and adopted into the government’s policies in the course of the war. Furthermore, since the novel is often a reflection of the various aspects of the author’s society, ranging from politics to culture, analyzing The Winter of 1983 from this perspective makes it possible to reveal the complexities of Iranian culture at yet another pivotal time in its history, the Iran‒Iraq war.
On Oral and Poetic Transculturalism in Franco-Persian Novels
Authors: Daneshvar Esfaindyar
Published: August 2016

In this article I will attempt to show how the role of Romanesque writing and the technical choices therein expose readers to transcultural perspectives. Franco-Iranian author Ali Erfan approaches recurring themes surrounding the situation of exile in his novel Adieu Ménilmontant (Goodbye Ménilmontant) and is a good example of this phenomenon.1 He explores the sociocultural and historical antagonisms of his host country and Iran by anachronistically hiding—all the while inciting the reader to reflect upon—ideologies such as Nazism and Islamism. He places the responsibility of engaging in national politics upon the story’s main character, borrowing upon narrative elements (e.g., imagery), and themes from the oral tradition of the Oriental tale, including the search for one’s self and its reflection in the metaphorical mirror—by remodeling them in the (post)modern context. Finally, the surreal ending of the plot and the character’s psychological profile emphasize, once more, the possibilities of fictional writing within the totally free space of creativity.
Nutritional Quality and Functional Properties of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Pulp from Tanzania
Authors: Aluko Angela Ezra , Kinyuru John , Chove Lucy Mlipano , Kahenya Peter , Owino Willis
Published: August 2016

Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is a majestic tree associated with human habitation in some of the semi-arid regions of Africa and establishes an enormous economic and nutritional importance to the rural residential districts. The fruit pulp is considered to be of high nutritional significance; particularly vitamin C and calcium, also possess antioxidant functions as well as high dietary fiber content. Although it is a potential fruit for improving local diets and livelihoods,this fruit is underutilized and its potential not yet fully acknowledged. This work was contracted with the aim of defining the nutritional quality and functional properties of baobab pulp harvested  from some selected  parts  of Tanzania.Results indicated that the pulp from the three locations had moisture content which ranged between 9.16% to 10.30%, fat 0.46%-1.98%, ash 4.75%-5.21%, fiber 5.91%-9.65%, protein 3.23%-3.53%, carbohydrate 80.49%-85.19, vitamin C 169.74mg/100g-231.57mg/100g, beta-carotene 2.16 mg/100g-3.19mg/100g.Fructose 0.56±0.15-0.81±0.17g/100g, glucose 0.77±0.26-0.87±0.31g/100g and sucrose 0.75±0.25-0.84±0.29g/100g. The substantial differences (p≤ 0.05) between locations were observed in fat, crude fiber, carbohydrates, and fructose. Vitamin C, beta-carotene, protein, ash, moisture, sucrose and glucose showed no significance difference (p≤ 0.05) among locations. The functional properties included emulsification, foaming and gelling properties which ranged between 37.9-45.15%, 1.85-6.57% and 11-12% respectively and were significantly different (p≤ 0.05) among locations. The results show that baobab pulp has a good content of nutrients and functional properties which can be useful in food industries.
Beschikkingen ten behoeve van geestelijk verzorgers
Authors: de Jonge H.J.
Published: August 2016

Beschikkingen ten behoeve van geestelijk verzorgers

De auteur onderzoekt de mogelijkheid om geestelijk verzorgers als bedoeld in artikel 4:59 lid 1 BW krachtens uiterste wilsbeschikking te bevoordelen en gaat hierbij in op aanverwante rechtsfiguren.
Morphologic Accuracy in Differentiating Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma From Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cytology Specimens
Authors: Zakowski Maureen F. , Rekhtman Natasha , Auger Manon , Booth Christine N. , Crothers Barbara , Ghofrani Mohiddean , Khalbuss Walid , Laucirica Rodolfo , Moriarty Ann T. , Tabatabai Z. Laura , Barkan Güliz A.
Published: August 2016

Context.—The National Cancer Care Network and the combined College of American Pathologists/International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/Association for Molecular Pathology guidelines indicate that all lung adenocarcinomas (ADCs) should be tested for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements. As the majority of patients present at a later stage, the subclassification and molecular analysis must be done on cytologic material.

Objective.—To evaluate the accuracy and interobserver variability among cytopathologists in subtyping non–small cell lung carcinoma using cytologic preparations.

Design.—Nine cytopathologists from different institutions submitted cases of non–small cell lung carcinoma with surgical follow-up. Cases were independently, blindly reviewed by each cytopathologist. A diagnosis of ADC or squamous cell carcinoma was rendered based on the Diff-Quik, Papanicolaou, and hematoxylin-eosin stains. The specimen types included fine-needle aspiration from lung, lymph node, and bone; touch preparations from lung core biopsies; bronchial washings; and bronchial brushes. A major disagreement was defined as a case being misclassified 3 or more times.

Results.—Ninety-three cases (69 ADC, 24 squamous cell carcinoma) were examined. Of 818 chances (93 cases × 9 cytopathologists) to correctly identify all the cases, 753 correct diagnoses were made (92% overall accuracy). Twenty-five of 69 cases of ADC (36%) and 7 of 24 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (29%) had disagreement (P = .16). Touch preparations were more frequently misdiagnosed compared with other specimens. Diagnostic accuracy of each cytopathologist varied from 78.4% to 98.7% (mean, 91.7%).

Conclusion.—Lung ADC can accurately be distinguished from squamous cell carcinoma by morphology in cytologic specimens with excellent interobserver concordance across multiple institutions and levels of cytology experience.
Histopathologic Features of Prognostic Significance in High-Grade Osteosarcoma
Authors: Chui Michael Herman , Kandel Rita A. , Wong Marcus , Griffin Anthony M. , Bell Robert S. , Blackstein Martin E. , Wunder Jay S. , Dickson Brendan C.
Published: August 2016

Context.—

In osteosarcoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy the extent of tumor necrosis on resection is considered an indicator of treatment response, and this has been shown to correlate with survival in most but not all studies.

Objective.—

To identify additional histologic variables of prognostic significance in high-grade osteosarcoma.

Design.—

Slides of pretreatment biopsy and primary postneoadjuvant chemotherapy resections from 165 patients with high-grade osteosarcoma were reviewed. Univariate (Kaplan-Meier) and multivariate (Cox regression) analyses were performed to identify clinical and histomorphologic attributes associated with overall survival.

Results.—

Univariate analyses confirmed the prognostic significance of metastatic status on presentation, primary tumor size, anatomic site, and histologic subtype. Additionally, the identification of lymphovascular invasion, 10% or more residual viable tumor, and 10 or more mitoses per 10 high-powered fields assessed in posttreatment resections were associated with poor survival, retaining significance in multivariate analyses. Based on results from multivariate analysis, we developed a prognostic index incorporating primary tumor size and site, and significant histologic features assessed on resection (ie, lymphovascular invasion status, mitotic rate, and extent of viable tumor). This scoring system segregates patients into 3 risk categories with significant differences in overall survival and retained significance in an independent validation set of 42 cases.

Conclusions.—

The integration of clinical and microscopic features improves prognostication of patients with osteosarcoma.
Misinterpretation Rates of High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion in the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic PAP Education and PAP Proficiency Test Program
Authors: Zhao Chengquan , Crothers Barbara A. , Ghofrani Mohiedean , Li Zaibo , Souers Rhona J. , Hussain Mujtaba , Fan Fang , Ocal Idris Tolgay , Davey Diane D. ,   College of American Pathologists Cytopathology Committee
Published: August 2016

Context.—

Misinterpretation of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) is an important problem in daily practice and in the College of American Pathologists (CAP) PAP Proficiency Test (PAP-PT).

Objective.—

To investigate factors related to misinterpretation of HSIL through responses in a proficiency test versus an educational environment.

Design.—

We retrospectively evaluated 28 000 responses in the PAP Education Program (PAP-Edu) and 59 140 responses in PAP-PT from 1147 field-validated HSIL slides from 2007 to 2014. The related factors, such as program types, preparation types, participant types, and program years, were evaluated.

Results.—

Overall, 4.0% (2379 of 59 140) of responses for HSIL slides from PAP-PT were misinterpreted as either low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or negative, significantly more than those from PAP-Edu (3.2%; 898 of 28 000). However, the false-negative rate (misinterpreted as negative) was 0.9% (519 of 59 140) for PAP-PT, lower than that for PAP-Edu (1.0%; 266 of 28 000). The misinterpretation rates in PAP-PT trended down with time. Misinterpretation rates did not vary significantly by preparation methods. The misinterpretation rate for HSIL in the pathologists' responses was lower than that in cytotechnologists' responses in PAP-PT. More HSIL was misinterpreted as LSIL than as benign in both programs. Cytotechnologists interpreted HSIL as LSIL twice as much as pathologists. The most common false-negative misinterpretations were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy and reparative change.

Conclusions.—

The higher LSIL misinterpretation rate by cytotechnologists may be related to the differences in reporting responsibilities and proficiency test grading criteria. The trend of gradually decreasing misinterpretation rates of a reference diagnosis of HSIL in the PAP-PT program may be related to higher test-taking confidence and better preparation through educational programs. The fact that pathologists performed better than cytotechnologists in PAP-PT, but not in PAP-Edu, may reflect a heightened approach and attentiveness in the test-taking environment for pathologists.
Traduire les sciences humaines. Auteur, traducteur et incertitudes
Authors: Leclerc-Olive Michèle
Published: August 2016

Cet article se propose d’examiner la spécificité de la traduction des textes ayant des ambitions conceptuelles, qu’ils relèvent des sciences humaines et sociales ou de la philosophie. En effet, outre les problèmes que leur traduction partage avec la traduction littéraire, le travail sur les concepts à l’oeuvre dans ces textes requiert une attention et un engagement particuliers de la part du traducteur. Les recherches qui président à ses choix, et souvent reléguées aux coulisses de la science, soutiennent sa fonction auctoriale propre. La spécificité de cette pratique est analysée ici à la lumière de deux propositions théoriques : d’une part, la distinction entre concept thématique et concept opératoire, introduite par Eugen Fink, et, d’autre part, la distinction entre incertitude-nuance et incertitude-alternative qui nous vient de la philosophie de l’aléatoire. Rapprocher ces ressources catégorielles permet tout à la fois de documenter cette pratique traductive particulière et d’avancer quelques hypothèses sur la tâche du traducteur et sa responsabilité auctoriale dans ce champ particulier de la traduction. Les séquences argumentatives de l’article s’appuient sur des exemples empruntés à diverses expériences de traduction (notamment de George Herbert Mead, d’Aristote, du Coran et de Paul Ricoeur).
Doute et négociation : la perception des traducteurs professionnels
Authors: Collombat Isabelle
Published: August 2016

Le présent article, qui porte sur la perception qu’ont les traducteurs et traductrices du doute et de la négociation dans leur pratique professionnelle, part du constat que l’intégration explicite des compétences dites « émotionnelles » dans la compétence globale du traducteur est encore embryonnaire, alors que les spécialistes de la notion de compétence en ont démontré le rôle central. De fait, la gestion du doute (rationnel comme personnel) et la négociation, qui ressortissent à la dimension interpersonnelle, sont omniprésentes dans l’exercice de la profession : mal gérée, la composante relationnelle peut constituer une source de difficultés obérant la compétence globale du traducteur en nuisant notamment à sa confiance en soi.

Les aspects concrets du doute et de la négociation dans la pratique de la traduction professionnelle y sont étudiés par l’intermédiaire d’un sondage effectué auprès de traducteurs professionnels francophones du Québec et du Canada, visant à examiner la manière dont ils vivent et gèrent le doute dans la négociation au quotidien. L’analyse des réponses des 180 participants est abordée selon quatre thématiques couvrant les différences entre hommes et femmes ainsi que l’influence du nombre d’années d’expérience, du domaine de spécialité et du contexte d’exercice de la profession.
La réception ambivalente de Orientalism d’Edward Saïd dans le monde arabe – une question de traduction ?
Authors: El Qasem Faiza
Published: August 2016

Tout acte de traduction laisse des traces dans la mesure où le traducteur « emprunte » une voix qui n’est pas la sienne. Ce faisant, le traducteur révèle la clé de sa démarche, qui vise soit à s’effacer derrière la voix de l’auteur traduit, à être le passeur en quelque sorte d’une autre parole poétique, d’un autre regard sur le monde, soit au contraire à imprimer sa voix, à influer sur le traduire. Cela implique une prise en compte de la visibilité du traducteur, donc de sa subjectivité et par là même, une remise en cause des concepts traditionnels de la théorie et de la pratique de la traduction ayant trait à la fidélité, au sens et à l’interprétation. Traduire, c’est réécrire l’original non seulement pour faire passer un sens mais aussi pour refléter une certaine idéologie, introduire de nouveaux concepts, de nouveaux genres, bref, innover.

La position du traducteur face à l’altérité diffère selon qu’il cherche à narguer les règles de sa langue culture estimant qu’elles ne suffisent pas à rendre compte du contenu du texte à traduire, ou à l’inverse, à ne pas laisser subsister de points d’interrogation pour ne pas désorienter le lecteur et concevoir ainsi la lecture d’un texte traduit comme si l’auteur s’était directement exprimé dans la langue de traduction.

Dans ce contexte, nous interrogerons les pratiques des traducteurs arabes de l’ouvrage phare d’Edward Saïd, Orientalism, telles qu’elles sont données à lire à travers leurs préfaces. Nous ferons ensuite le lien avec la réception de l’ouvrage dans le monde arabe. Ces préfaces interrogent aussi le statut du traducteur : auteur de plein droit ou traducteur découvreur ? Telles sont les questions auxquelles nous nous intéresserons pour étudier l’empreinte du traducteur sur le texte.
Translation and Identity: Social Trajectories of the Translators of Hebrew Literature in French1
Authors: Sapiro Gisèle
Published: August 2016

This paper focuses on the relation between translation and identity through the case of translators from Modern Hebrew literature into French. The conditions of acquisition of linguistic skills and the paths that lead to the translational practice are analysed on the basis of a study of the social properties and trajectories of the translators, which reveals the population’s double historical process of specialization and of femininization. The way translators represent their activity to themselves, as expressed during in-depth interviews, is then placed in the context of the translators’ trajectories and habitus, following Daniel Simeoni’s suggestion. The question of translation’s role in the construction of individual and collective identity is thereby raised.
The Multiple Lives of Translators1
Authors: Meylaerts Reine
Published: August 2016

Daniel Simeoni’s call for an actor-based complement to the concept of norms in Translation Studies and its subsequent introduction of the habitus concept has revealed groundbreaking. Among other things, Translation Studies has benefited from using habitus as a conceptual tool to comprehend the translator/interpreter as a professional. However, as already pointed out by Simeoni 1998, a translator’s habitus cannot be reduced to his/her professional expertise as a translator. The present essay takes this observation a step further and argues that a translator’s plural and dynamic habitus (Lahire, 2004) also stands for a socialized individual with various positions and perceptions in other fields (e.g. the literary field for a literary translator especially when he/she is a novelist or critic him/herself) of which it would be artificial to isolate the translatorial habitus. A nuanced understanding of literary translators’ self-images and roles in cultural history asks for fine-grained analyses of their dynamic and plural intercultural habitus in all its complexities. It will lay bare translators’ multipositionality across linguistic, national and field-specific boundaries and the perceived aims, forms and functions of their multiple transfer activities, e.g. for the establishing of a national or international culture. Such an analysis may also contribute to a renewed model for interdisciplinary and intercultural historiographies of culture embedding translation within a multitude of transfer activities (translation, self-translation, etc.). As an illustration hereof, this essay analyzes a literary translator’s habitus in early 20th century Belgium.
Dénis de traduction et désir de traduire
Authors: Gambier Yves
Published: August 2016

La traduction connaît des transformations sous l’influence des TIC. Naguère, elle était invisible, niée, à la fois comme besoin, comme travail, comme profession et comme discipline. En quelques décennies, un nouvel environnement a bousculé ce monde de la traduction, laissant apparaître de nouveaux types de traducteurs et modifiant offres et demandes. Il n’empêche que nous avons encore besoin d’outils et de méthodes appropriés pour analyser les nouvelles hiérarchies entre d’une part les traducteurs et d’autre part les divers marchés du travail.
Impairment of cocaine-mediated behaviours in mice by clinically relevant Ras-ERK inhibitors
Authors: Papale Alessandro , Morella Ilaria Maria , Indrigo Marzia Tina , Bernardi Rick Eugene , Marrone Livia , Marchisella Francesca , Brancale Andrea , Spanagel Rainer , Brambilla Riccardo , Fasano Stefania
Published: August 2016

Ras-ERK signalling in the brain plays a central role in drug addiction. However, to date, no clinically relevant inhibitor of this cascade has been tested in experimental models of addiction, a necessary step toward clinical trials. We designed two new cell-penetrating peptides - RB1 and RB3 - that penetrate the brain and, in the micromolar range, inhibit phosphorylation of ERK, histone H3 and S6 ribosomal protein in striatal slices. Furthermore, a screening of small therapeutics currently in clinical trials for cancer therapy revealed PD325901 as a brain-penetrating drug that blocks ERK signalling in the nanomolar range. All three compounds have an inhibitory effect on cocaine-induced ERK activation and reward in mice. In particular, PD325901 persistently blocks cocaine-induced place preference and accelerates extinction following cocaine self-administration. Thus, clinically relevant, systemically administered drugs that attenuate Ras-ERK signalling in the brain may be valuable tools for the treatment of cocaine addiction.
Mapping transiently formed and sparsely populated conformations on a complex energy landscape
Authors: Wang Yong , Papaleo Elena , Lindorff-Larsen Kresten
Published: August 2016

Determining the structures, kinetics, thermodynamics and mechanisms that underlie conformational exchange processes in proteins remains extremely difficult. Only in favourable cases is it possible to provide atomic-level descriptions of sparsely populated and transiently formed alternative conformations. Here we benchmark the ability of enhanced-sampling molecular dynamics simulations to determine the free energy landscape of the L99A cavity mutant of T4 lysozyme. We find that the simulations capture key properties previously measured by NMR relaxation dispersion methods including the structure of a minor conformation, the kinetics and thermodynamics of conformational exchange, and the effect of mutations. We discover a new tunnel that involves the transient exposure towards the solvent of an internal cavity, and show it to be relevant for ligand escape. Together, our results provide a comprehensive view of the structural landscape of a protein, and point forward to studies of conformational exchange in systems that are less characterized experimentally.
bMERB domains are bivalent Rab8 family effectors evolved by gene duplication
Authors: Rai Amrita , Oprisko Anastasia , Campos Jeremy , Fu Yangxue , Friese Timon , Itzen Aymelt , Goody Roger S , Gazdag Emerich Mihai , Müller Matthias P
Published: August 2016

In their active GTP-bound form, Rab proteins interact with proteins termed effector molecules. In this study, we have thoroughly characterized a Rab effector domain that is present in proteins of the Mical and EHBP families, both known to act in endosomal trafficking. Within our study, we show that these effectors display a preference for Rab8 family proteins (Rab8, 10, 13 and 15) and that some of the effector domains can bind two Rab proteins via separate binding sites. Structural analysis allowed us to explain the specificity towards Rab8 family members and the presence of two similar Rab binding sites that must have evolved via gene duplication. This study is the first to thoroughly characterize a Rab effector protein that contains two separate Rab binding sites within a single domain, allowing Micals and EHBPs to bind two Rabs simultaneously, thus suggesting previously unknown functions of these effector molecules in endosomal trafficking.
Bridging the gap
Authors: Armitage Sarah K , Plotnikov Sergey V
Published: August 2016

A new study reveals that a protein called talin forms a vital link between microtubules and focal adhesions at the surface of cells.
Effects of annealing on electrical performance of multilayer MoS2 transistors with atomic layer deposited HfO2 gate dielectric
Authors: Wen Ming , Xu Jingping , Liu Lu , Lai Pui-To , Tang Wing-Man
Published: August 2016

Atomic layer deposited HfO2 annealed in different ambients (N2, O2, and NH3) is used to replace SiO2 as a gate dielectric for fabricating back-gated multilayer MoS2 transistors. Excellent electrical properties such as a mobility of 15.1 cm2/(V·s), an on/off ratio exceeding 107, and a hysteresis of 0.133 V are achieved for samples annealed in NH3 at 400 °C for 10 min. This is caused by the NH3 annealing passivation effects that reduce defective states in the HfO2 dielectric and the interface. The capacitance equivalent thickness is only 7.85 nm, which is quite small for a back-gated MoS2 transistor and is conducive to the scaling down of the device.
Developmental toxicity from exposure to various forms of mercury compounds in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) embryos
Authors: Dong Wu , Liu Jie , Wei Lixin , Jingfeng Yang , Chernick Melissa , Hinton David E.
Published: August 2016

This study examined developmental toxicity of different mercury compounds, including some used in traditional medicines. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos were exposed to 0.001–10 µM concentrations of MeHg, HgCl2,α-HgS (Zhu Sha), andβ-HgS (Zuotai) from stage 10 (6–7 hpf) to 10 days post fertilization (dpf). Of the forms of mercury in this study, the organic form (MeHg) proved the most toxic followed by inorganic mercury (HgCl2), both producing embryo developmental toxicity. Altered phenotypes included pericardial edema with elongated or tube heart, reduction of eye pigmentation, and failure of swim bladder inflation. Bothα-HgS andβ-HgS were less toxic than MeHg and HgCl2. Total RNA was extracted from survivors three days after exposure to MeHg (0.1 µM), HgCl2(1 µM),α-HgS (10 µM), orβ-HgS (10 µM) to examine toxicity-related gene expression. MeHg and HgCl2markedly induced metallothionein (MT) and heme oxygenase-1 (Ho-1), whileα-HgS andβ-HgS failed to induce either gene. Chemical forms of mercury compounds proved to be a major determinant in their developmental toxicity.
I-HEDGE: determining the optimum complementary sets of taxa for conservation using evolutionary isolation
Authors: Jensen Evelyn L. , Mooers Arne Ø. , Caccone Adalgisa , Russello Michael A.
Published: August 2016

In the midst of the current biodiversity crisis, conservation efforts might profitably be directed towards ensuring that extinctions do not result in inordinate losses of evolutionary history. Numerous methods have been developed to evaluate the importance of species based on their contribution to total phylogenetic diversity on trees and networks, but existing methods fail to take complementarity into account, and thus cannot identify the best order or subset of taxa to protect. Here, we develop a novel iterative calculation of the heightened evolutionary distinctiveness and globally endangered metric (I-HEDGE) that produces the optimal ranked list for conservation prioritization, taking into account complementarity and based on both phylogenetic diversity and extinction probability. We applied this metric to a phylogenetic network based on mitochondrial control region data from extant and recently extinct giant Galápagos tortoises, a highly endangered group of closely related species. We found that the restoration of two extinct species (a project currently underway) will contribute the greatest gain in phylogenetic diversity, and present an ordered list of rankings that is the optimum complementarity set for conservation prioritization.
p110α and p110β isoforms of PI3K signaling: are they two sides of the same coin?
Authors: Singh Paramjeet , Dar Mohd Saleem , Dar Mohd Jamal
Published: August 2016

Class‐1 phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinases (PI3Ks) are activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli and have been implicated in a wide range of cellular processes. p110α and p110β are the two most studied isoforms of the class‐1A PI3K signaling pathway. Although these two isoforms are ubiquitously expressed and play multiple redundant roles, they also have distinct functions within the cell. More recently, p110α and p110β isoforms have been shown to translocate into the nucleus and play a role in DNA replication and repair, and in cell cycle progression. In the following Review article, we discuss the overlapping and unique roles of p110α and p110β isoforms with a particular focus on their structure, expression analysis, subcellular localization, and signaling contributions in various cell types and model organisms.
Time interpolation of stationary and propagating surface disturbances for ocean modeling
Authors: Hisaki Yukiharu
Published: August 2016

Time interpolation of surface winds is important for ocean modeling. A simple and robust time interpolation method for both stationary and propagating surface disturbances is developed. Propagation vectors of the disturbances are evaluated on all grid points in two sea level pressure maps. The data are interpolated on the grid points from the propagation vectors. The root‐mean‐square deviation for the interpolation method is smaller than that for linear time interpolation. This method is more effective than linear interpolation as disturbances move faster. The energy of the predicted inertial currents using the proposed interpolation method is significantly different from that using the linear time interpolation.
Role of mechanical erosion in controlling the effusion rate of basaltic eruptions
Authors: Piombo Antonello , Tallarico Andrea , Dragoni Michele
Published: August 2016

In many basaltic eruptions, observations show that the effusion rate of magma has a typical dependence on time: the effusion rate curves show first a period of increasing and later a decreasing phase by a maximum value. We present a model to explain this behavior by the emptying of a magma reservoir through a vertical cylindrical conduit with elliptical cross section, coupled with the its widening due to mechanical erosion, produced by the magma flow. The model can reproduce the observed dependence on time of effusion rate in basaltic eruptions. Eruption duration and the maximum value of effusion rate depend on the size of magma chamber, on lava viscosity and strongly on erosion rate per unit traction.
A local index of Maritime Continent intraseasonal variability based on rain rates over the land and sea
Authors: Vincent C. L. , Lane T. P. , Wheeler M. C.
Published: August 2016

A local index for describing intraseasonal variability over the Maritime Continent is developed. The index is based on the ratio of area‐averaged rain rate over the land to that over the sea. It takes advantage of the fact that the main convective envelope of intraseasonal variability events tends to modulate the diurnal precipitation cycle over the land over the entire Maritime Continent. Lagged analysis is used to create composite intraseasonal variability events, where “day 0” is chosen according to when the normalized rain rate over the sea becomes greater than that over the land. The index identifies intraseasonal variability events associated with the Madden Julian Oscillation as well as equatorial Kelvin waves and westward propagating equatorial Rossby waves. The results suggest a similar local impact of all such events in suppressing the rain rate over land relative to that over the sea when the main convective envelope approaches.
High export of dissolved silica from the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Meire L. , Meire P. , Struyf E. , Krawczyk D. W. , Arendt K. E. , Yde J. C. , Juul Pedersen T. , Hopwood M. J. , Rysgaard S. , Meysman F. J. R.
Published: August 2016

Silica is an essential element for marine life and plays a key role in the biogeochemistry of the ocean. Glacial activity stimulates rock weathering, generating dissolved silica that is exported to coastal areas along with meltwater. The magnitude of the dissolved silica export from large glacial areas such as the Greenland Ice Sheet is presently poorly quantified and not accounted for in global budgets. Here we present data from two fjord systems adjacent to the Greenland Ice Sheet which reveal a large export of dissolved silica by glacial meltwater relative to other macronutrients. Upscaled to the entire Greenland Ice Sheet, the export of dissolved silica equals 22 ± 10 Gmol Si yr−1. When the silicate‐rich meltwater mixes with upwelled deep water, either inside or outside Greenland's fjords, primary production takes place at increased silicate to nitrate ratios. This likely stimulates the growth of diatoms relative to other phytoplankton groups.
Is seasonal net community production in the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre anomalously low?
Authors: Bender Michael L. , Jönsson Bror
Published: August 2016

The region of the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre (SPSG) at 20°–30°S, 140°–110°W is the oceanic area with the lowest chlorophyll concentration and the deepest nutricline, O2 saturation horizon, and euphotic zone. We analyze the limited available data from this region to determine if rates of net community production (NCP) are systematically lower than elsewhere. We present limited mixed layer O2/Ar data constraining mixed layer NCP, examine hydrographic data from the CLIVAR repeat hydrography P18 line to assess seasonal dissolved inorganic carbon drawdown, and review results from the literature. While it is not possible to formalize uncertainties, the evidence suggests that euphotic zone NCP is around the lower end (~1 mol m−2 yr−1) of rates observed elsewhere. However, NCP is shifted to unusually deep depths, a change enabled by the very low extinction coefficients of these waters.
New Technologies and Standards Enabling Grid Modernization
Authors: Gellings Clark , Wollman David
Published: August 2016

The smart grid, or grid modernization, integrates new interoperable and secure sensing, control, communications, information technologies and power technologies to increase the system efficiency, reliability, resilience, and sustainability of our electric grid. This chapter provides an overview of the key benefits and characteristics of smart grids, and describes new architectural concepts, advanced technologies and standards for smart grids.
Feeder Automation
Authors: Chen Chao‐Shun , Lin Chia‐Hung , Hsu Cheng‐Ting , Ku Te‐Tien
Published: August 2016

This chapter describes the function and configuration of feeder automation system to reduce the customer outage duration time when a fault contingency occurs in a distribution feeder. To propose the service‐restoration strategy for feeder automation more efficiently, the expert system with heuristic rules is applied to derive the proper switching operation procedures by considering the operation constraints of distribution systems. To extend the function of feeder automation to cover the laterals, the fully decentralized solution of lateral automation is proposed using the intelligent feeder terminal unit to execute the function of lateral automation and the I/O function for the automation of primary feeder. With the resilient function of feeder automation to perform the fault detection, isolation, and restoration automatically, the customer service reliability can therefore be enhanced significantly.
Standards, Security, and Smart Meters
Authors: Stuber Michael
Published: August 2016

Standards and security are critical parts of the safety of our increasingly digital world, including smart grids and their connection to customers through smart meters. In this chapter we provide an overview of smart meter technology and the current standards that are employed for smart meter design. We review the procedures employed to create such standards and survey the standards landscape for field area and home area networks.

We note that this chapter is written from a practitioner's perspective. The discussion that follows is born from experience as a lead systems architect of a major advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) product, direct participation in the creation of some of the standards discussed, and direct participation as head of global standards for a major AMI vendor.
Transactive Energy Systems
Authors: Knight Mark
Published: August 2016

It has been said that if Thomas Edison could see the electric industry today he would recognize it as being much the same as 100 years ago, but that may not be the case for much longer. The century old paradigm of large‐scale generation and distribution is starting to change as renewable resources make more of an impact. New devices, both personal and utility‐owned, impact the grid directly and also interact with each other. Preparation to integrate these technological and policy changes and to make measured and effective choices has already started. The industry is undergoing a fundamental shift from a “load following” paradigm, where central generation adjusted to varying demand, to a “supply following” paradigm, where responsive demand absorbs variable generation such as solar and wind. During the transition, the industry cannot afford to design purely for either extreme. That means we need an electric system that is flexible. Transactive energy is a model that provides that flexibility.
Phasor Measurements for Distribution System Applications
Authors: Stewart Emma M. , von Meier Alexandra
Published: August 2016

This chapter describes and reviews the potential for high‐resolution, time‐synchronized measurements from the next generation of synchrophasors or phasor measurement units (PMUs) tailored for use in distribution‐grid planning and operations analysis. Such data could augment the present diagnostic capabilities of grid analysis software and support more accurate modeling of the distribution system. Distribution PMUs are new sensors designed to advance measurement and diagnostic capabilities at the medium voltage level and provide improved visibility of the distribution grid, which is necessitated by increasingly complex loads and other distributed resources such as electric vehicle charging, distributed generation (DG), small‐scale electric energy storage, and others. Increasing penetration levels of DG have already led to concerns about the continued reliable operation of the distribution grid due to changing power‐flow characteristics and active generation, specifically related to protection, voltage regulation, and other power‐quality issues. Distribution PMUs provide an unprecedented ability to compare time‐stamped, synchronized measurements of voltage and current magnitudes and phase angles. This data, in conjunction with new and existing distribution‐grid planning and operational tools, is expected to enable better model validation, event detection and location, and renewable resource and load characterization, among other applications.

One key challenge is that sensing and data recording are rapidly outstripping the processing capabilities of standard planning and operational tools: not every tool can visualize a voltage phase‐angle measurement to the degree of accuracy measured by advanced sensors, and the degree of accuracy in measurement required for the distribution grid is not well defined. Power‐flow solving methods cannot handle the high volumes of data generated by modern sensors; standardization of sensor‐data communication platforms in planning and applications tools would allow integration of different vendors' sensors and advanced measurement devices. In addition, data from advanced sources such as PMUs could provide more accurate information about quantities such as true conductor, underground or overhead, and source impedance that are otherwise difficult to ascertain, as well as the characterization of complex loads or active devices on the grid. Although the input of high‐fidelity data to existing tools may be challenging, PMU data that include phase‐angle information, as well as data from other advanced sensors, will be especially useful for operational decisions that are based on time‐series trends of changing quantities.
Highly Active and Stable Graphene Tubes Decorated with FeCoNi Alloy Nanoparticles via a Template‐Free Graphitization for Bifunctional Oxygen Reduction and Evolution
Authors: Gupta Shiva , Qiao Liang , Zhao Shuai , Xu Hui , Lin Ye , Devaguptapu Surya V. , Wang Xianliang , Swihart Mark T. , Wu Gang
Published: August 2016

Development of highly active and stable bifunctional oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts from earth‐abundant elements remains a grand challenge for highly demanded reversible fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Carbon catalysts have many advantages over others due to their low cost, excellent electrical conductivity, high surface area, and easy functionalization. However, they typically cannot withstand the highly oxidative OER environment. Here, a new class of bifunctional electrocatalyst is reported, consisting of ultralarge sized nitrogen doped graphene tubes (N‐GTs) (>500 nm) decorated with FeCoNi alloy particles. These tubes are prepared from an inexpensive precursor, dicyandiamide, via a template‐free graphitization process. The ORR/OER activity and the stability of these graphene tube catalysts depend strongly on the transition metal precursors. The best performing FeCoNi‐derived N‐GT catalyst exhibits excellent ORR and OER activity along with adequate electrochemical durability over a wide potential window (0–1.9 V) in alkaline media. The measured OER current is solely due to desirable O2 evolution, rather than carbon oxidation. Extensive electrochemical and physical characterization indicated that high graphitization degree, thicker tube walls, proper nitrogen doping, and presence of FeCoNi alloy particles are vital for high bifunctional activity and electrochemical durability of tubular carbon catalysts.