bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are patients with bipolar disorder and comorbid attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder more neurocognitively impaired?
Authors: Torres Imma , Sole Brisa , Corrales Montse , Jiménez Esther , Rotger Sofia , Serra‐Pla Juan Francisco , Forcada Irene , Richarte Vanesa , Mora Ester , Jacas Carlos , Gómez Nuria , Mur Maria , Colom Francesc , Vieta Eduard , Casas Miquel , Martinez‐Aran Anabel , Goikolea Jose M. , Ramos‐Quiroga Josep A.
Published: September 2017

Objective

Research on neurocognitive impairment in adult patients with comorbid bipolar disorder (BD) and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is very scarce. This study assessed the neurocognitive profile of a comorbid group (BD+ADHD) compared with that of pure BD (pBD) group, pure ADHD (pADHD) group and healthy controls (HCs).

Methods

This was a three‐site study comprising 229 subjects: 70 patients with pBD, 23 with BD+ADHD, 50 with pADHD, and 86 HCs. All patients with BD had been euthymic for at least 6 months. Neuropsychological performance was assessed using a comprehensive neurocognitive battery.

Results

Our results showed that all the clinical groups had poorer performance than the HCs in all the neurocognitive domains except for executive functions. No significant differences were observed between the pBD and BD+ADHD groups in any of the cognitive domains, with these two groups showing greater impairment than the pADHD group in executive functions and visual memory.

Conclusions

Our results, although preliminary, suggest that the BD+ADHD group showed the same neurocognitive profile as pBD patients, most likely reflecting the same neurobiological basis. On the other hand, the pADHD group showed a more selective moderate impairment in attention.
Double response of glaciers in the Upper Peio Valley (Rhaetian Alps, Italy) to the Younger Dryas climatic deterioration
Authors: Baroni Carlo , Casale Stefano , Salvatore Maria Cristina , Ivy‐Ochs Susan , Christl Marcus , Carturan Luca , Seppi Roberto , Carton Alberto
Published: September 2017

A pronounced climate reorganization characterized the Lateglacial–Holocene transition in the Northern Hemisphere. Glaciers in the Alps reacted to the last climate deterioration at the end of the Late Pleistocene leaving landscape features suitable for reconstructing Lateglacial and early Holocene history. In this context, the Upper Peio Valley in the Ortles‐Cevedale Group (Rhaetian Alps, Italy) has well‐preserved moraines of La Mare Glacier and Careser Glacier, which we used to reconstruct the glaciers' behaviour and to investigate the Lateglacial–Holocene transition. Detailed glacier reconstructions combined with 11 new 10Be exposure ages allow dating of the response of these glaciers to the Younger Dryas (YD) cold event. La Mare and Careser glaciers reacted to the YD with a double response, building two clear moraine sets. Data from La Mare Glacier indicate the first advance occurred prior to 12.3±0.7 ka (before 10.0±0.7 ka at Careser Glacier). Both glaciers then re‐advanced before 11.2±0.8 ka as dated at La Mare Glacier. This phase can be interpreted as the Egesen stadial glaciers' expression of the end of the YD. Morphometric parameters of the reconstructed phases allowed the estimation of areal and volumetric variations of the studied glaciers as well as equilibrium line altitude (ELA). ΔELA with respect to the Little Ice Age (LIA) maximum position are −225 m for La Mare Glacier and −180 m for the Careser Glacier. Although the behaviour of the two glaciers showed coherence during the Egesen stadial and the LIA, they have behaved individually since then. La Mare has lost 60% of its area, while Careser has lost 85% since the latest Pleistocene. We attribute this to the greater proportion of ice at high elevation of the La Mare Glacier, underlining the importance of bed hypsometry in glacier response.
Foraging strategies of generalist and specialist Old World nectar bats in response to temporally variable floral resources
Authors: Stewart Alyssa B. , Dudash Michele R.
Published: September 2017

Foraging theory predicts that generalist foragers should switch resources more readily, while specialist foragers should remain constant to preferred food resources. Plant‐pollinator interactions provide a convenient system to test such predictions because floral resources are often temporally patchy, thus requiring long‐lived pollinators to switch resources seasonally. Furthermore, flowering phenologies range from ‘steady‐state’ (low‐rewarding but highly reliable) to ‘big‐bang’ (high‐rewarding but ephemeral) plant species. We assessed how nectarivorous Old World bats respond to this temporally variable floral environment by examining their diets throughout the year. Over 15 months of fieldwork in southern Thailand, we simultaneously: (1) recorded the flowering phenologies of six bat‐pollinated plant taxa; and (2) assessed the diets of seven common flower‐visiting bat species. As predicted, the generalist nectarivore (Eonycteris spelaea) frequently switched diets and utilized both big‐bang and steady‐state resources, while the specialist nectarivores (Macroglossus minimus and M. sobrinus) foraged on one or two steady‐state plant species year‐round. Our results suggest that larger and faster bat species are able to fly longer distances in search of big‐bang resources, while smaller bat species rely on highly predictable food resources. This study supports the theory that generalist foragers have flexible diets, while specialist species restrict foraging to preferred floral resources even when other floral resources are more abundant. Moreover, these findings demonstrate how plant flowering phenology and pollinator diet breadth can shape the frequency and constancy of pollinator visits; we further discuss how such interactions can influence the potential extent of gene flow within a patchy floral environment.
Impact of traumatic dental injuries on quality of life in preschoolers and schoolchildren: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zaror Carlos , Martínez‐Zapata María José , Abarca Jaime , Díaz Jaime , Pardo Yolanda , Pont Àngels , Ferrer Montse
Published: September 2017

Objectives

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in childhood and adolescence are a potential public health problem given their prevalence and consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of TDIs on the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of preschoolers and schoolchildren, by synthesizing the available evidence.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, ScieLo and Lilacs databases since January 1966 until March 2016. The included studies compared OHRQoL between groups with and without TDIs, using validated instruments. The selection process and data extraction were carried out by two researchers independently. A third reviewer resolved discrepancies. Methodological quality was assessed with the Effective Public Health Practice Project's Quality Assessment Tool. Meta‐analyses were performed using random effect models, separately for preschoolers and schoolchildren.

Results

Of 213 identified articles, 26 studies (involving a total of 4582 patients and 13 601 controls between the ages of 1 and 15 years) met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies had been published in the last 5 years, and their methodological quality was judged to be moderate. The TDIs group had a significantly higher chance of reporting any impact on OHRQoL than controls for both preschoolers (OR = 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28‐1.63; I2 = 0%) and schoolchildren (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.04‐1.66; I2 = 70%). In preschoolers, the OR for OHRQoL impact for complicated vs uncomplicated TDIs was 1.53 (95% CI: 1.04‐2.26; I2 = 0%). The social domain was the most affected one in schoolchildren (standard mean difference = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.55; I2 = 68%).

Conclusion

Traumatic dental injuries have a negative impact on OHRQoL of both preschoolers and schoolchildren. Outcome standardization to measure OHRQoL impact, such as mean score differences and cut‐off points, is needed. Prospective cohort studies are recommended to confirm these findings and to understand how TDIs’ impact changes with time.
Haemoglobin concentrations in pregnancy and respiratory and allergic outcomes in childhood: Birth cohort study
Authors: Shaheen S. O. , Macdonald‐Wallis C. , Lawlor D. A. , Henderson A. J.
Published: September 2017

Background

Limited epidemiological evidence suggests that low maternal iron status and anaemia in pregnancy may increase the risk of childhood respiratory and allergic outcomes.

Objectives

To investigate the relation between maternal haemoglobin concentrations in pregnancy and childhood respiratory and allergic outcomes.

Methods

In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we examined associations of maternal haemoglobin concentrations (g/dL) in pregnancy with hayfever, eczema, wheezing, doctor‐diagnosed asthma, allergic sensitisation and total IgE at 7 years, and with lung function at 8‐9 years in the offspring, after controlling for potential confounders (N = 3234‐5335).

Results

Maternal haemoglobin was not associated with offspring hayfever, eczema, wheezing or asthma. However, the first haemoglobin measurement in pregnancy (<18 weeks' gestation) and the last measurement (>28 weeks' gestation) were negatively associated with allergic sensitisation (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI] per g/dL 0.91 [0.83 to 0.99] and 0.90 [0.83 to 0.98], respectively). The last haemoglobin measurement was also negatively associated with total IgE (adjusted geometric mean ratio 0.94 [0.88 to 0.99]). Anaemia (haemoglobin <11 g/dL) in late pregnancy was negatively associated with forced vital capacity (difference in standard deviation score −0.07 [−0.13 to −0.01]).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Lower maternal haemoglobin in pregnancy may be a risk factor for allergic sensitisation, elevated IgE and lower FVC in childhood, which may reflect effects of lower prenatal iron status. However, maternal haemoglobin was not associated with risk of childhood asthma or other allergic disorders.
Overall and peripheral lung function assessment by spirometry and forced oscillation technique in relation to asthma diagnosis and control
Authors: Heijkenskjöld Rentzhog C. , Janson C. , Berglund L. , Borres M. P. , Nordvall L. , Alving K. , Malinovschi A.
Published: September 2017

Background

Classic spirometry is effort dependent and of limited value in assessing small airways. Peripheral airway involvement, and relation to poor control, in asthma, has been highlighted recently. Forced oscillation technique (FOT) offers an effort‐independent assessment of overall and peripheral lung mechanics. We studied the association between lung function variables, obtained either by spirometry or multifrequency (5, 11 and 19 Hz) FOT, and asthma diagnosis and control.

Methods

Spirometry measures, resistance at 5 (R5) and 19 Hz (R19), reactance at 5 Hz (X5), resonant frequency (fres), resistance difference between 5‐19 Hz (R5‐R19) and Asthma Control Test scores were determined in 234 asthmatic and 60 healthy subjects (aged 13‐39 years). We used standardized lung function variables in logistic regression analyses, unadjusted and adjusted for age, height, gender and weight.

Results

Lower FEV1/FVC (OR [95% CI] 0.47 [0.32, 0.69]) and FEF50 (0.62 [0.46, 0.85]) per standard deviation increase, and higher R5 (3.31 [1.95, 5.62]) and R19 (2.54 [1.65, 3.91]) were associated with asthma diagnosis. Independent predictive effects of FEV1/FVC and R5 or R19, respectively, were found for asthma diagnosis. Lower FEV1/FVC and altered peripheral FOT measures (X5, fres and R5‐R19) were associated with uncontrolled asthma (P‐values < .05).

Conclusions

Resistance FOT measures were equally informative as spirometry, related to asthma diagnosis, and, furthermore, offered additive information to FEV1/FVC, supporting a complementary role for FOT. Asthma control was related to FOT measures of peripheral airways, suggesting a potential use in identifying such involvement. Further studies are needed to determine a clinical value and relevant reference values in children, for the multifrequency FOT measurements.
What can agencies do to increase foster carer satisfaction?
Authors: Randle Melanie , Miller Leonie , Dolnicar Sara
Published: September 2017

Stable, long‐term foster care homes are critical to ensuring a safe and nurturing childhood for many children worldwide. Greater foster carer satisfaction is associated with increased carer retention and is therefore critical in securing such stable homes for children. The purpose of this study is to determine which factors associated with foster care agencies contribute to higher levels of foster carer satisfaction. Results from a longitudinal study of 137 foster carers indicate that perceived adequacy of agency support, preplacement training, money to cover placement expenses, and a good match between the carer and the child are predictive of higher foster carer satisfaction. A mediation model further points to the provision of preplacement training as key to ensuring higher levels of satisfaction. Results offer new insights into factors related to foster carer retention and provide guidance to foster care agencies about actions that they can take to maximize the retention of foster carers.
ProactiveCrowd: Modelling Proactive Steering Behaviours for Agent‐Based Crowd Simulation
Authors: Luo Linbo , Chai Cheng , Ma Jianfeng , Zhou Suiping , Cai Wentong
Published: September 2017

How to realistically model an agent's steering behaviour is a critical issue in agent‐based crowd simulation. In this work, we investigate some proactive steering strategies for agents to minimize potential collisions. To this end, a behaviour‐based modelling framework is first introduced to model the process of how humans select and execute a proactive steering strategy in crowded situations and execute the corresponding behaviour accordingly. We then propose behaviour models for two inter‐related proactive steering behaviours, namely gap seeking and following. These behaviours can be frequently observed in real‐life scenarios, and they can easily affect overall crowd dynamics. We validate our work by evaluating the simulation results of our model with the real‐world data and comparing the performance of our model with that of two state‐of‐the‐art crowd models. The results show that the performance of our model is better or at least comparable to the compared models in terms of the realism at both individual and crowd levels.
Biodiversity Sensitive Urban Design
Authors: Garrard Georgia E. , Williams Nicholas S. G. , Mata Luis , Thomas Jordan , Bekessy Sarah A.
Published: September 2017

Cities are increasingly considered important places for biodiversity conservation because they can harbor threatened species and because conservation in cities represents an opportunity to reconnect people with nature and the range of health and well‐being benefits it provides. However, urbanization can be catastrophic for native species, and is a well‐known threat to biodiversity worldwide. Urbanization impacts can be mitigated by urban design and development improvements, but take‐up of these practices has been slow. There is an urgent need to incorporate existing ecological knowledge into a framework that can be used by planners and developers to ensure that biodiversity conservation is considered in decision‐making processes. Here, we distill the urban biodiversity literature into five principles for biodiversity sensitive urban design (BSUD), ranging from creating habitat and promoting dispersal to facilitating community stewardship. We then present a framework for implementing BSUD aimed at delivering onsite benefits to biodiversity, and that is applicable across a range of urban development types and densities. We illustrate the application of the BSUD framework in two case studies focusing on the: (1) protection of an endangered vegetation remnant in a new low‐density subdivision; and (2) persistence of an endangered reptile in an established suburban environment.
Clinical experience of a new reference material for exercise capacity in exercise stress testing in Sweden
Authors: Lindow Thomas , Mosén Henrik , Engblom Henrik
Published: September 2017

Background

In 2014, the Swedish Association of Clinical Physiology recommended the use of a new reference material for exercise capacity in bicycle exercise stress testing, ‘the Kalmar material’. Compared to the formerly used reference material, ‘the Kristianstad material’, an increase in the amount of patients being classified as having decreased exercise capacity was expected, but the extent of this in clinical practice is not known.

Methods

Results of exercise capacity from 1449 bicycle exercise tests, in patients aged ≥20 years (656 women, 793 men) performed at two departments of Clinical Physiology before and after change of reference materials, were collected. Maximal workload was related to the predicted values of both reference materials. If made, recommendations for supplemental nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging study by the attending physician were noted.

Results

Using the new reference material, 31% of all patients were classified as having a decreased exercise capacity, compared to 17% using the formerly used reference material. The difference between the two reference materials was largest in the older age groups. In one of the departments, an increase in recommendations of supplemental myocardial perfusion studies was seen after introduction of the new reference material, whereas the opposite was seen at the other department.

Conclusion

A large amount of patients are being classified as having decreased exercise capacity and very few as having good exercise capacity using the new reference material for exercise capacity.
Benefits and drawbacks of social non‐drinking identified by British university students
Authors: Conroy Dominic , de Visser Richard O.
Published: September 2017

Introduction and Aims

Promoting the benefits of not drinking alcohol during social occasions where other peers may be drinking (‘social non‐drinking’) may support more moderate drinking among young people. We analysed free‐text responses from university students to gauge the frequency/focus of identified benefits of, and drawbacks to, social non‐drinking. We also assessed whether/how identified benefits and drawbacks were associated with recent drinking behaviour and psychological correlates of harmful drinking.

Design and Methods

Secondary data analyses were conducted on 511 free‐text responses provided by students participating in a health intervention. Template analysis was used to identify potential benefits of social non‐drinking. Links between responses relating to social non‐drinking and behavioural/psychological measures were assessed.

Results

46.2% of female students and 42.0% of male students had engaged in social non‐drinking in the previous week. Overarching benefits of social non‐drinking included: improved physical and psychological health; increased self‐esteem/agency; a higher quality social life and having a more stable/productive life. Hostility/ambivalence to social non‐drinking was evident in 26.6% of responses. Among women only, endorsing higher self‐esteem and agency as a benefit of social non‐drinking was associated with increased intention to heed government drinking recommendations (β = 0.10, P = 0.036).

Discussion and Conclusions

Focus on social non‐drinking may help encourage more moderate drinking among young people by articulating positives of social non‐drinking while raising awareness of a changing normative context in which non‐drinking is increasingly more common among young people.
Assessment of the eradication measures applied to Phytophthora ramorum in Irish Larix kaempferi forests
Authors: O'Hanlon R. , Choiseul J. , Brennan J. M. , Grogan H.
Published: September 2017

Phytophthora ramorum is the causal agent of the sudden larch death epidemic in Ireland and the UK. Within the EU, it is a quarantine pathogen and eradication measures are required if it is detected in horticultural or forest environments. Eradication measures in forests include the clearance of susceptible tree hosts from the infected stand along with all host known to support pathogen sporulation within a 250‐m buffer zone of the infected stand. Between 2010 and 2016, these measures have affected over 18,000 ha of Larix kaempferi forests in Ireland and the UK, but the epidemic continues to spread. An assessment of the efficacy of the eradication measures has not been published to date. Here, we provide details of the detection frequency of P. ramorum from aerial (rainwater) and terrestrial (soil, watercourses, plant material) sources in three forest locations in Ireland that had significant areas of L. kaempferi affected by P. ramorum before their removal. Monitoring of six plots with differing infection and eradication management histories was carried out from September 2013 to 2015. Presence of P. ramorum was confirmed by plating plant material onto selective media, followed by morphological identification. Phytophthora ramorum was detected in 65 of 1283 samples, in all sample types and in 17 of the 20 months sampled. Only three of the 295 soil samples were positive for P. ramorum, with all of these coming from an area under perennial standing water. The most positive samples came from a plot where symptomatic Larix trees had not been removed and the findings occurred consistently over the 2‐year study. Plots where infected Larix had been removed were rarely positive for P. ramorum across all the sample types indicating a level of success from the eradication measures in reducing pathogen levels on the sites.
Neural correlates of multisensory reliability and perceptual weights emerge at early latencies during audio‐visual integration
Authors: Boyle Stephanie C. , Kayser Stephanie J. , Kayser Christoph
Published: September 2017

To make accurate perceptual estimates, observers must take the reliability of sensory information into account. Despite many behavioural studies showing that subjects weight individual sensory cues in proportion to their reliabilities, it is still unclear when during a trial neuronal responses are modulated by the reliability of sensory information or when they reflect the perceptual weights attributed to each sensory input. We investigated these questions using a combination of psychophysics, EEG‐based neuroimaging and single‐trial decoding. Our results show that the weighted integration of sensory information in the brain is a dynamic process; effects of sensory reliability on task‐relevant EEG components were evident 84 ms after stimulus onset, while neural correlates of perceptual weights emerged 120 ms after stimulus onset. These neural processes had different underlying sources, arising from sensory and parietal regions, respectively. Together these results reveal the temporal dynamics of perceptual and neural audio‐visual integration and support the notion of temporally early and functionally specific multisensory processes in the brain.
Climate mitigation by dairy intensification depends on intensive use of spared grassland
Authors: Styles David , Gonzalez‐Mejia Alejandra , Moorby Jon , Foskolos Andreas , Gibbons James
Published: September 2017

Milk and beef production cause 9% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Previous life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have shown that dairy intensification reduces the carbon footprint of milk by increasing animal productivity and feed conversion efficiency. None of these studies simultaneously evaluated indirect GHG effects incurred via teleconnections with expansion of feed crop production and replacement suckler‐beef production. We applied consequential LCA to incorporate these effects into GHG mitigation calculations for intensification scenarios among grazing‐based dairy farms in an industrialized country (UK), in which milk production shifts from average to intensive farm typologies, involving higher milk yields per cow and more maize and concentrate feed in cattle diets. Attributional LCA indicated a reduction of up to 0.10 kg CO2e kg−1 milk following intensification, reflecting improved feed conversion efficiency. However, consequential LCA indicated that land use change associated with increased demand for maize and concentrate feed, plus additional suckler‐beef production to replace reduced dairy‐beef output, significantly increased GHG emissions following intensification. International displacement of replacement suckler‐beef production to the “global beef frontier” in Brazil resulted in small GHG savings for the UK GHG inventory, but contributed to a net increase in international GHG emissions equivalent to 0.63 kg CO2e kg−1 milk. Use of spared dairy grassland for intensive beef production can lead to net GHG mitigation by replacing extensive beef production, enabling afforestation on larger areas of lower quality grassland, or by avoiding expansion of international (Brazilian) beef production. We recommend that LCA boundaries are expanded when evaluating livestock intensification pathways, to avoid potentially misleading conclusions being drawn from “snapshot” carbon footprints. We conclude that dairy intensification in industrialized countries can lead to significant international carbon leakage, and only achieves GHG mitigation when spared dairy grassland is used to intensify beef production, freeing up larger areas for afforestation.
Spatial heterogeneity of biomass and forest structure of the Amazon rain forest: Linking remote sensing, forest modelling and field inventory
Authors: Rödig Edna , Cuntz Matthias , Heinke Jens , Rammig Anja , Huth Andreas
Published: September 2017

Aim

Estimating the current spatial variation of biomass in the Amazon rain forest is a challenge and remains a source of substantial uncertainty in the assessment of the global carbon cycle. Precise estimates need to consider small‐scale variations of forest structures resulting from local disturbances, on the one hand, and require large‐scale information on the state of the forest that can be detected by remote sensing, on the other hand. In this study, we introduce a novel method that links a forest gap model and a canopy height map to derive the biomass distribution of the Amazon rain forest.

Location

Amazon rain forest.

Methods

An individual‐based forest model was applied to estimate the variation of aboveground biomass across the Amazon rain forest. The forest model simulated individual trees; hence, it allowed the direct comparison of simulated and observed canopy heights from remote sensing. The comparison enabled the detection of disturbed forest states and the derivation of a simulation‐based biomass map at 0.16 ha resolution.

Results

Simulated biomass values ranged from 20 to 490 t (dry mass)/ha across 7.8 Mio km2 of Amazon rain forest. We estimated a total aboveground biomass stock of 76 GtC, with a coefficient of variation of 45%. We found mean differences of only 15% when comparing biomass values of the map with 114 field inventories. The forest model enables the derivation of additional estimates, such as basal area and stem density.

Main conclusions

Linking a canopy height map with an individual‐based forest model captures the spatial variation of biomass in the Amazon rain forest at high resolution. The study demonstrates how this linkage allows for quantifying the spatial variation in forest structure caused by tree‐level to regional‐scale disturbances. It thus provides a basis for large‐scale analyses on the heterogeneous structure of tropical forests and their carbon cycle.
Headache Interest in Academic Neurology Leadership: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Robbins Matthew S. , Rosen Noah L.
Published: September 2017

Background

Headache disorders are exceedingly common, debilitating neurological conditions, and there is a striking paucity of headache specialists nationally. However, headache education is underrepresented in the curriculum of neurology residency programs and few neurology residents elect to pursue headache medicine fellowships. We aimed to explore the possibility that a low degree of headache interest among neurology department chairs and residency program directors (PDs) underlies this mismatch.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional analysis of chairs and PDs associated with ACGME neurology residency programs. Data sources included the ACGME program list, faculty profiles on institutional webpages, Doximity profiles, the American Headache Society (AHS) membership directory, and the roster of United Council for Neurologic Specialties (UCNS) headache diplomates. A headache interest was deemed to be present with the presence of a declared headache or concussion interest, completion of a headache fellowship, active AHS membership, or UCNS certification.

Results

Our review included 137 residency programs comprising 127 department chairs, 132 PDs, and 5 faculty who were both chairs and PDs. Of all faculty, 62 (23.5%) were women. Headache expertise was declared by 10 (7.6%) chairs and 13 (9.5%) PDs. Headache fellowship training was pursued by 1 (0.8%) chair and 5 (3.6%) PDs, and among all faculty was the 10th most common subspecialty fellowship pursued. Three (2.3%) chairs and 7 (5.1%) PDs were AHS members. Seven (5.3%) chairs and 10 (7.3%) PDs were UCNS headache certified. An overall headache interest was present in 29 (11.0%) faculty, including 14 (10.6%) chairs and 15 (10.9%) PDs. A graduate degree aside from an MD (eg, PhD, MPH) was more likely to be achieved in faculty without a headache interest (29.4%) than faculty with a headache interest (6.9%, P = .0076). Residency programs where either the chair or PD had a headache interest were just as likely to feature a UCNS headache fellowship program than programs without chair or PD headache interest (25.0 vs 23.0%, P = .83).

Conclusions

Current neurology department chairs and residency PDs have low rates of headache interest, which may influence the emphasis of headache education in neurology training. Headache interest is associated with lower rates of other graduate degrees, and future analysis should examine if academic faculty interested in headache are less likely to be in leadership positions because of a lack of research funding, opportunities, or accomplishments.
A novel histological examination with dynamic three‐dimensional reconstruction from multiple immunohistochemically stained sections of a PD‐L1‐positive colon cancer
Authors: Korehisa Shotaro , Ikeda Tetsuo , Okano Shinji , Saeki Hiroshi , Oki Eiji , Oda Yoshinao , Hashizume Makoto , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: September 2017

Aims

Programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression is observed in patients with microsatellite instability‐high (MSI‐H) colon cancer, which is susceptible to immune checkpoint blockade. The aim of this study was to investigate the interrelationship between PD‐L1‐positive cells and cytotoxic T cells, lymphatic vessels and vascular endothelium by using histological examination with the three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction of a PD‐L1‐positive colon cancer.

Methods and results

Serial sections of MSI‐H colon cancer tissue were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson trichrome stains; immunohistochemical analysis of PD‐L1, CD8, D2‐40 and CD31 was performed. Several 3D models of MSI‐H colon cancer were reconstructed with a 3D data visualisation system. Moreover, 18 serial sections were stained with PD‐L1, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, CD45, CD31, CD68 and H&E in the same case to confirm that PD‐L1 was expressed on tumour cells, CD31‐positive cells and macrophages in the invasive frontal region. Notably, there was a peak in the expression of PD‐L1 and CD31 in the invasive frontal region. D2‐40‐positive cells were abundant in the overall tumour stroma, and CD8‐positive cells infiltrated the tumour parenchyma. PD‐L1 was expressed on tumour cells in the parenchyma and other cells in the stroma. Additional staining of 18 consecutive sections revealed that the other cells were CD68‐positive and CD45‐positive macrophages and CD31‐positive proliferating vascular endothelial cells.

Conclusions

We confirmed that PD‐L1 was highly expressed in the invasive frontal region in 3D models of MSI‐H colon cancer tissue. This method can be useful for accurately evaluating the localisation of immune checkpoint molecules.
The prevalence and risk factors for acute respiratory infections in children aged 0‐59 months in rural Malawi: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Cox Miriam , Rose Louis , Kalua Khumbo , de Wildt Gilles , Bailey Robin , Hart John
Published: September 2017

Background

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity. Malawi has high childhood mortality but limited data on the prevalence of disease in the community.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of children aged 0‐59 months. Health passports were examined for ARI diagnoses in the preceding 12 months. Children were physically examined for malnutrition or current ARI.

Results

828 children participated. The annual prevalence of ARI was 32.6% (95% CI 29.3‐36.0%). Having a sibling with ARI (OR 1.44, P = .01), increasing household density (OR 2.17, P = .02) and acute malnutrition (OR 1.69, P = .01) were predictors of infection in the last year. The point prevalence of ARI was 8.3% (95% CI 6.8‐10.4%). Risk factors for current ARI were acute‐on‐chronic malnutrition (OR 3.06, P = .02), increasing household density (OR1.19, P = .05) and having a sibling with ARI (OR 2.30, P = .02).

Conclusion

This study provides novel data on the high prevalence of ARI in Malawi. This baseline data can be used in the monitoring and planning of future interventions in this population.
A multiobjective GRASP–VND algorithm to solve the waste collection problem
Authors: López‐Sánchez A.D. , Hernández‐Díaz A.G. , Gortázar F. , Hinojosa M.A.
Published: September 2017

In this paper, the waste collection problem (WCP) of a city in the south of Spain is addressed as a multiobjective routing problem that considers three objectives. From the company's perspective, the minimization of the travel cost is desired as well as that of the total number of vehicles. Additionally, from the employee's point of view, a set of balanced routes is also sought. Four variants of a multiobjective hybrid algorithm are proposed. Specifically, a GRASP (greedy randomized adaptive search procedure) with a VND (variable neighborhood descent) is combined. The best GRASP–VND algorithm found is applied in order to solve the real‐world WCP of a city in the south of Spain.
Enhanced wound‐healing performance of a phyto‐polysaccharide‐enriched dressing – a preclinical small and large animal study
Authors: Wang Chih‐Hsin , Chang Shu‐Jen , Tzeng Yuan‐Sheng , Shih Yu‐Jen , Adrienne Chang , Chen Shyi‐Gen , Chen Tim‐Mo , Dai Niann‐Tzyy , Cherng Juin‐Hong
Published: September 2017

Alginate is a natural rich anionic polysaccharide (APS), commonly available as calcium alginate (CAPS). It can maintain a physiologically moist microenvironment, which minimises bacterial infection and facilitates wound healing at a wound site. Patients with burn injuries suffer from pain and an inflammatory response. In this study, we evaluated the CAPS dressing and traditional dressing containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for wound healing and scar tissue formation in a burn model of rat and swine. In our pilot study of a burn rat model to evaluate inflammatory response and wound healing, we found that the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β were up‐regulated in the CAPS treatment group. Next, the burn swine models tested positive for MCP‐1 in a Gram‐positive bacterial infection, and there was overproduction of TGF‐β during the burn wound healing process. Rats were monitored daily for 1 week for cytokine assay and sacrificed on day 28 post‐burn injury. The swine were monitored over 6 weeks. We further examined the pain and related factors and inflammatory cytokine expression in a rodent burns model monitored everyday for 7 days post‐burn. Our results revealed that the efficacy of the dressing containing CAPS for wound repair post‐burn was better than the CMC dressing with respect to natural wound healing and scar formation. The polysaccharide‐enriched dressing exerted an antimicrobial effect on burn wounds, regulated the inflammatory response and stimulated anti‐inflammatory cytokine release. However, one pain assessment method showed no significant difference in the reduction in levels of adenosine triphosphate in serum of rats after wound dressing in either the CAPS or CMC group. In conclusion, a polysaccharide‐enriched dressing outperformed a traditional dressing in reducing wound size, minimising hypertrophic scar formation, regulating cytokines and maximising antimicrobial effects.
Enhanced fracture toughness in nonstoichiometric magnesium aluminate spinel through controlled dissolution of second phase alumina
Authors: Miller Jesse A. , Reimanis Ivar E. , Du Merac Marc R.
Published: September 2017

Dissolution of Al2O3particles into a MgAl2O4(spinel) matrix is accompanied by a volumetric expansion that is predicted to lead to a compressive stress field upon cooling, resulting in a promising microstructure for enhanced toughening of transparent spinel. This study explores the conditions to form such a microstructure by hot‐pressing powders of Al2O3and spinel, at temperatures that promote dissolution of the Al2O3. Tough, particulate‐reinforced composites were formed under lower temperatures and shorter times, but single phase, cubic spinel was formed at 1700°C for 10 hours. The single phase spinel made in this way exhibited a toughness of 2.26 ± 0.17 MPa√m, significantly higher than the equivalent nonstoichiometric spinel made by traditional methods, 1.72 ± 0.06MPa√m. X‐ray diffraction measurements revealed lattice parameter changes consistent with the dissolution of Al2O3into spinel. Mechanics modeling reveals that toughening arises due to the volume expansion as Al2O3dissolves into the spinel matrix.
Correction for adipocyte size and number in the analysis of differences in gene expression in fat tissues
Authors: Alfonso L.
Published: September 2017

In gene expression studies of candidate genes related to fat deposition, accounting for differences in cell number using reference genes could be not sufficient when cell transcriptional levels are related to cell size, or the tissues are constituted by different types of cells where candidate genes could be differentially expressed. In these situations, mixed model can be applied giving the possibility to take into account the effects of adipocyte size and number on gene expression. The inclusion in the models of analysis of adipocyte size and number, previously estimated taking into account the possible bimodality of size distribution, reduces the rate of false positives in the expression of candidate genes, although, as expected, more powerful designs are needed to detect true differences. The analysis of cellularity of adipose tissue is recommended to infer differences in the expression of genes related to fat deposition.
Anatomical and electrical remodeling with incomplete left atrial appendage ligation: Results from the LAALA‐AF registry
Authors: Turagam Mohit , Atkins Donita , Earnest Matthew , Lee Randall , Nath Jayant , Ferrell Ryan , Bartus Krzysztof , Badhwar Nitish , Rasekh Abdi , Cheng Jie , Di Biase Luigi , Natale Andrea , Wilber David , Lakkireddy Dhanunjaya
Published: September 2017

Background

The anatomical, electrical, and clinical impact of incomplete Lariat left atrial appendage ligation remains unclear.

Methods

We studied LAA anatomy pre‐ and postligation using contrast enhanced‐computed tomography (CT) scans in 91 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who subsequently underwent catheter ablation (CA).

Results

Eleven patients had an incomplete exclusion (12%) with a central leak ranging from 1 to 5 mm. Despite incomplete ligation; the LAA volume were reduced by 67% postprocedurally when compared to preprocedure. In 7 patients with a leak between 1 and 3 mm, there was a 77% reduction in LAA volume beyond the ligation site suggestive of remodeling of the LAA. In 4 patients with larger (4–5 mm) leak the LAA remnants (LAARs) were slightly larger than those with smaller leaks on follow‐up CT scan. Three out of the 4 demonstrated LAA electrical activity during CA and underwent isolation of the LAA ostium. Follow‐up imaging showed two of these LAARs completely sealed with no communication with the left atrium. There was no significant difference in the AF recurrence rates between the patients who had a leak versus those with complete ligation (4 of 11 [36%] vs. 22 of 80 [27%]; P  =  0.6). Oral anticoagulation was discontinued in all patients with small leaks and 2 patients with large leaks that sealed completely upon follow‐up imaging. There were no strokes or TIAs at 12 months.

Conclusion

Despite incomplete LAA ligation by Lariat device there is significant anatomical and electrical remodeling that resulted in reduction in LAA size, volume, and electrical activity.
Incidence, prevalence, and mortality of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease in Korea: a nationwide, population‐based study (2006–2015)
Authors: Lee Y.B. , Lee S.Y. , Choi J.Y. , Lee J.H. , Chae H.S. , Kim J.W. , Han K.D. , Park Y.G. , Yu D.S.
Published: September 2017

Background

The epidemiology of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease varies among ethnic populations worldwide. Trends in the incidence of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease have not been investigated based on the Korean National Health Insurance database.

Objectives

This study investigated the incidence and mortality of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease by age using nationwide population data in Korea.

Methods

A nationwide population‐based cohort study was performed using the Korean National Health Insurance Claims Database from 2006 to 2015. The incidence of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease was calculated by age, sex, calendar year and habitat. And comorbid metabolic diseases were also analysed in patients with Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease.

Results

The annual incidence of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease per 100 000 person‐years was 3.976 (2.587 for males and 5.373 for females) from 2006 to 2015. The incidence of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease peaked among people in their 40s (6.561 per 100 000 person‐years). Incidence was significantly higher in subjects with comorbid metabolic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The mortality rate per 1000 person‐years increased with age in patients with Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease.

Conclusions

This study showed the incidence, prevalence and mortality of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease. Metabolic conditions increased the risk of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease among Koreans.
Cognitive Trajectory Changes Over 20 Years Before Dementia Diagnosis: A Large Cohort Study
Authors: Li Ge , Larson Eric B. , Shofer Jane B. , Crane Paul K. , Gibbons Laura E. , McCormick Wayne , Bowen James D. , Thompson Mary Lou
Published: September 2017

Background/Objectives

Longitudinal studies have shown an increase in cognitive decline many years before clinical diagnosis of dementia. We sought to estimate changes, relative to “normal” aging, in the trajectory of scores on a global cognitive function test—the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI).

Design

A prospective cohort study.

Setting

Community‐dwelling members of a U.S. health maintenance organization.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older who had no dementia diagnosis at baseline and had at least two visits with valid CASI test score (N = 4,315).

Measurements

Average longitudinal trajectories, including changes in trajectory before clinical diagnosis in those who would be diagnosed with dementia, were estimated for CASI item response theory (IRT) scores. The impact of sex, education level, and APOE genotype on cognitive trajectories was assessed.

Results

Increased cognitive decline relative to “normal” aging was evident in CASI IRT at least 10 years before clinical diagnosis. Male gender, lower education, and presence of ≥1 APOE ε4 alleles were associated with lower average IRT scores. In those who would be diagnosed with dementia, a trajectory change point was estimated at an average of 3.1 years (95% confidence interval 3.0‐3.2) before clinical diagnosis, after which cognitive decline appeared to accelerate. The change point did not differ by sex, education level, or APOE ε4 genotype. There were subtle differences in trajectory slopes by sex and APOE ε4 genotype, but not by education.

Conclusion

Decline in average global cognitive function was evident at least 10 years before clinical diagnosis of dementia. The decline accelerated about 3 years before clinical diagnosis.
Accurate representation of interference colours (Michel–Lévy chart): from rendering to image colour correction
Authors: LINGE JOHNSEN S.A. , BOLLMANN J. , LEE H.W. , ZHOU Y.
Published: September 2017

Here a work flow towards an accurate representation of interference colours (Michel‐Lévy chart) digitally captured on a polarised light microscope using dry and oil immersion objectives is presented. The work flow includes accurate rendering of interference colours considering the colour temperature of the light source of the microscope and chromatic adaptation to white points of RGB colour spaces as well as the colour correction of the camera using readily available colour targets.

The quality of different colour correction profiles was tested independently on an IT8.7/1 target. The best performing profile was using the XYZ cLUT algorithm and it revealed a ΔE00 of 1.9 (6.4 no profile) at 5× and 1.1 (8.4 no profile) at 100× magnification, respectively.

The overall performance of the workflow was tested by comparing rendered interference colours with colour‐corrected images of a quartz wedge captured over a retardation range from 80–2500 nm at 5× magnification. Uncorrected images of the quartz wedge in sRGB colour space revealed a mean ΔE00 of 12.3, which could be reduced to a mean of 4.9 by applying a camera correction profile based on an IT8.7/1 target and the Matrix only algorithm (ΔE00 < 1.0 signifies colour differences imperceptible by the human eye). ΔE00 varied significantly over the retardation range of 80–2500 nm of the quartz wedge, but the reasons for this variation is not well understood and the quality of colour correction might be further improved in future by using custom made colour targets specifically designed for the analysis of high‐order interference colours.
Legal dispossession and civil war in Colombia
Authors: del Pilar Peña‐Huertas Rocío , Ruiz Luis Enrique , Parada María Mónica , Zuleta Santiago , Álvarez Ricardo
Published: September 2017

How are institutions that regulate property rights related to the massive coercive dispossession of land that took place during the Colombian conflict? How did the workings of these institutions change during the conflict? We answer these questions through an analysis of a unique data set of rulings on land restitution issued between 2012 and 2015. The paper argues that the exclusionary nature of the institutions that regulate the access and assignment of property rights preceded the onset and escalation of the Colombian conflict, but shows how and why once the conflict began, the set of techniques used to promote coercive dispossession through those institutions could be significantly broadened and escalated. By doing so, it intends to advance the knowledge of how institutions are transformed, in this case in a deeply anti‐egalitarian and violent sense, during war.