bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prioritization Preferences among General Practitioners in Hungary
Authors: Gulácsi László , Hajdú Ottó
Published: June 2011

Cost-utility analyses use the quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) as a measure of health benefit. Normally, they treat every QALY gain equally, that is, attach the same weight (or value) to each QALY gained. However, it appears that this practice does not reflect the distributional preferences of the general public nor of health care professionals. Maximizing the QALY gain from a given budget is not the only aim in priority setting. This article presents a study into such distributional preferences of general practitioners (GPs) for prioritization at the patient level in Hungary. Given the special position GPs have in many health care systems, including the Hungarian, more knowledge of their preferences is important. The authors used a discrete choice experiment to study these preferences, focusing on factors related to the characteristics of the patients, the disease, and treatment effects. Results show that the most important factors influencing the GPs’ decision were the age of the patient, the mortality of the disease, the impact of the disease on patients’ quality of life, and the potential for the full restoration of the previous health status. The treatment of patients without comorbidities was preferred to that of patients with comorbidities. Importantly, these preferences in GPs may steer the actual distribution of health care.
Jute-Reinforced Polymer Composite with HDDA Monomer by UV Radiation in the Presence of Additives
Authors: Zaman H.U. , Khan R.A. , Khan M.A. , Beg M.D.H.
Published: June 2011

Jute fabrics (hessian cloth) reinforced thermo-set composites were prepared by using urethane acrylate oligomer solutions (50–90% by weight) followed by UV radiation. It was found that 70% oligomer-treated jute fabrics performed the best results. The monomer hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) was used as a coupling agent for jute fabrics and found potential on the performance of the composites. Urea was incorporated with 30% HDDA to monitor its effect on the properties and 1% urea showed the best mechanical properties of the composites. Water uptake and dielectric properties of the composites were also performed.
Preparation and Characterization of Polypropylene/Superfine Down Powder Blend Films
Authors: Huang J. , Liu X. , Li W. , Xu W.
Published: June 2011

To develop a novel hygroscopic PP film available for functional application, superfine down powder (SDP) was blended with polypropylene (PP) to produce blend pellets, and the extruded pellets were hot-pressed into blend films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos showed the interface between SDP and PP matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the crystallinity of PP/SDP blend films decreased with increasing SDP content. Compared to pure PP film, PP/SDP blend films showed higher moisture regain, improved thermal stability and more residues at 600°C according to thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves showed that the addition of SDP accelerated the crystallization process of PP matrix. The water absorption of PP/SDP blend films with 50 wt% SDP achieved an increase of 11.9%. It was worth noting that the water absorption and mechanical properties of PP/SDP blend films depended on SDP content.
Estimation of Interlayer Thickness in Inorganic Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites
Authors: Liang J.Z.
Published: June 2011

The structure of the interlayer between matrix and inclusions affect directly the mechanical and physical properties of inorganic particulate-filled polymer composites. The interlayer thickness is an important parameter for characterization of the interfacial structure. The effects of the interlayer between the filler particles and matrix on the mechanical properties of polymer composites were analyzed in this article. On the basis of a simplified model of interlayer, an expression for estimating the interlayer thickness ([Formula: see text]) was proposed. In addition, the relationship between the [Formula: see text] and the particle size and its concentration was discussed. The results showed that the calculations of the [Formula: see text] and thickness/particle diameter ratio ([Formula: see text]) increased nonlinearly with an increase of the volume fraction of the inclusions. Moreover, the predictions of [Formula: see text] and the relevant data reported in literature were compared, and good agreement was found between them.
Multi-criteria Optimization Using Taguchi and Grey Relational Analysis in CNC Turning of PEEK CF30
Authors: Cabrera F.M. , Fuentes D. , Hanafi I. , Khamlichi A. , Jabbouri A.
Published: June 2011

The robust design of turning parameters is dealing with the optimization of surface roughness and cutting force in turning of reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with 30% of carbon fibers (PEEK CF30) using TiN-coated cutting tools. The selected turning parameters include the cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. Grey–Taguchi method is combining orthogonal array design of experiments with relational analysis, which enables the determination of the optimal combination of turning parameters with the multiple criteria. The basic aim of grey relational analysis is to find the grey relational grade, which can be used for the optimization conversion from a multi-criteria problem to a single objective problem. This study not only proposes a novel optimization technique, but also contributes the satisfactory solution for multiple CNC turning objectives with profound insight.
A Numerical Investigation of Thermal-related Matrix Shrinkage Crack and Delamination in Composite T-Piece Specimens Using a Modified Interface Cohesive Model
Authors: Chen Jiye
Published: June 2011

This article numerically investigated the curing temperature effect on matrix shrinkage crack and the effect of matrix shrinkage cracking on delamination in composite T-piece specimens using a modified interface cohesive model with thermal effects accounted. Thermal relative coefficient was introduced to produce the relative thermal displacement in the formulation of interface cohesive elements. The thermal shrinkage crack in the deltoid region of T-piece was simulated. Effect of this thermal initial cracking on the prediction of dominated delamination [Chen, J., Ravey, E., Hallett, S., Wisnom, M. and Grassi, M. (2009). Prediction of Delamination in Braided Composite T-Piece Specimen, Composites Science and Technology, 69(14): 2363–2367; Chen, J. (2011) Simulation of Multi-directional Crack in Braided Composite T-Piece Specimens Using Cohesive Models, Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 34(2): 123–130.] of T-piece under T-pull loading case was also studied. The investigation indicated that some improper restraints to T-piece specimens during the curing process will induce so called thermal shrinkage cracks in the deltoid region of T-piece. This sort of thermal related matrix shrinkage crack has limited effect on the capacity of T-piece to resist T-pull loading. Radius laminates are the main load carrier in the T-pull loading case. This modeling investigation supplied considerable information for the design and manufacture of T-piece related composite components under pulling condition. Further investigation considering loading cases such as bending and combination with bending and T-pull is suggested in the future work to explore general effects of thermal related matrix shrinkage cracking on delaminating.
Improvement of Microstructure and Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Hydroxyapatite Composites Treated with Zirconate Coupling Agent
Authors: Chow W. S. , Tham W. L. , Mohd Ishak Z. A.
Published: June 2011

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite has potential application in denture base materials. Surface treatment of HA using zirconate coupling agent (ZCA) has been carried out to improve the interfacial bonding between the PMMA matrix and HA filler. The effects of different concentration of ZCA (i.e., 2–8%) on the mechanical properties of PMMA/HA composites was investigated using tensile and three-point bending flexural tests. The morphological properties of the PMMA/HA composites was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). It was found that PMMA/5HA-2% ZCA composites exhibited higher flexural strength compared to that of untreated PMMA/HA composites. This is attributed to the enhancement of interfacial interaction between PMMA and HA, which can be evidenced by the FESEM and EDX technique. The kinetics of simulated body fluid (SBF) absorption of PMMA/HA composites were studied at 37°C for immersion duration of 2 months. The mathematical treatment used in analyzing the data was the Fickian diffusion and utilized Fick's second law of diffusion. It is worth mentioning that the kinetics of SBF absorption of the PMMA/HA composites conformed to Fickian law behavior, whereby the initial SBF absorption follows a linear relationship between the percentage gain at any time t and t1/2, followed by saturation. It was found that the equilibrium SBF content of PMMA/HA composite was reduced by the ZCA treatment.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Compatibilized Waste Office White Paper-Filled Low-Density Polyethylene Composites
Authors: Faisal A. , Salmah H.
Published: June 2011

The effect of maleic anhydride-g-polyethylene compatibilizing agent on mechanical and thermal properties of waste office white paper (WOWP)-filled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites was investigated. Results showed that compatibilized LDPE/WOWP composites have higher tensile strength, Young’s modulus than uncompatibilized LDPE/WOWP composites, but lower on elongation at break. Thermal analysis results exhibited that compatibilized LDPE/WOWP composites have higher thermal stability, and degree of crystallinity ( Xc) compared to uncompatibilized LDPE/WOWP composites, but melting temperature ( Tm) did not change significantly. Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform–infrared spectroscope studies revealed that the addition of compatibilizing agent enhanced dispersion of filler in polymer matrix as an evidence of covalent bonding between WOWP filler and compatibilizing agent.
Coupling Analysis on Thermoviscoelastic Constitutive of Nano-Fe3O4 Reinforced Nitrile Butadiene Rubber
Authors: Wang Qilei , Yang Fengyu , Liu Yi , Yang Qian , Chen Junhui , Guan Hongyan
Published: June 2011

Nano-Fe3O4 reinforced nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) samples were prepared, and the distribution of nano-Fe3O4 particles was mensurated. Using the split Hopkinson pressure bar with an electronic temperature control device and the SHS4-VS1 dynamic fatigue tester, stress–strain curves of NBR/nano-Fe3O4 composites with different mass fractions of nano-Fe3O4 were measured at −30°C to 60°C and different strain rates (1 × 10−3/s to 3 × 103/s). Based on the nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory, we analyzed the thermoviscoelastic constitutive of NBR/nano-Fe3O4 composites, got free energy expression of decoupling form between thermal effects and mechanical effects, and put forward a constitutive model which can describe one-dimensional compressive force at different temperatures and different strain rates.
Characterization of Flexibly Linked Shape Memory Polyurethane Composite with Magnetic Property
Authors: Chung Yong-Chan , Choi Jae Won , Choi Min Woo , Chun Byoung Chul
Published: June 2011

A flexibly cross-linked shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) was converted to a magnetic polymer by making a composite with a ferromagnetic particle (Fe3O4). The flexibly cross-linked SMPU has already displayed excellent mechanical and shape memory properties; the design of a magnetically responsive material allowed for a unique and novel SMPU. Among the three different composite preparation methods (melt-mixing, solvent blending, and in situ reaction mixing), the melt-mixing method was the best and attained even distribution of magnetic particles and high mechanical and shape memory properties. Differential scanning calorimetric and infrared results showed that the polymer structure was not affected by melt-mixing. In tensile testing, the maximum stress of the composite reached 39 MPa, and the strain at break also increased to 2495%. Shape recovery exhibited maximums as high as 99% and displayed similar values after repetitive shape recovery test cycles. Finally, the magnetic property of SMPU was characterized by a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer and demonstrated in the magnetic attraction test. The potential applications of the magnetic and flexible SMPU are discussed.
Development and parameterization of a time-invariant (equilibrium) material model for segmented elastomeric polyureas
Authors: Grujicic M , He T , Pandurangan B , Runt J , Tarter J , Dillon G
Published: June 2011

A time-invariant (equilibrium) material mechanical model for segmented polyureas, a class of thermoplastically linked co-polymeric elastomers, is developed and parameterized using experimental data available in open literature. The key components of the model are developed by first constructing a simple molecular-level microstructure model and by relating the microstructural elements and intrinsic material processes to the material mechanical response. The new feature of the present material model relative to the ones currently used is that the physical origin and the evolution equation for the deformation-induced softening and inelasticity observed in polyureas are directly linked to the associated evolution of the soft-matrix/hard-segment molecular-level microstructure of this material. The model is first developed for the case of uniaxial loading, parameterized using one set of experimental results, and finally validated using another set of experimental results. The validation procedure suggested that the model can reasonably well account for the equilibrium mechanical response of polyureas under the simple uniaxial-loading conditions. In the last portion of this study, a general finite-strain three-dimensional material model for polyureas was developed and cast as a subroutine suitable for linking with commercial finite-element programs.
A theoretical review of the operation of vibratory stress relief with particular reference to the stabilization of large-scale fabrications
Authors: Walker C
Published: June 2011

Vibratory stress relief (VSR) is widely used on large welded fabrications to stabilize the structures so that they do not distort during further machining or during operational duty. The level of applied stress achieved during VSR on such structures is only 5–10 per cent of the yield stress. It is, therefore, not obvious how these applied loads come to modify the level of residual stress. It is suggested here that the reason for the success of VSR applied to large fabrications lies (a) in the origin of the residual stresses and (b) in the partial relief of these residual stresses by the initiation of the transformation of retained austenite particles (in the size range from 1 to 25 µm) by the movement of dislocations into positions that are favourable for the nucleation of martensite embryos. The shear deformation associated with the transformation of retained austenite into martensite will reduce the residual stress field to the point where the stability of the structure may be assured.
Studies on effective thermal conductivity of particle-reinforced polymeric flexible mould material composites
Authors: Nandi A K , Deb K , Datta S , Orkas J
Published: June 2011

Due to poor thermal conductivity of conventional flexible polymeric mould materials, the solidification of (wax/plastic) patterns in soft tooling (ST) process takes a longer time. This problem can be solved by increasing the effective thermal conductivity of mould materials through (high thermal conductive) particle reinforcement. Therefore in this study, the equivalent thermal conductivities (ETCs) of particle-reinforced polymeric mould materials, namely silicone rubber and polyurethane are experimentally observed using hot disc technique. Findings show that not only the amount of filler content and type of filler material, but also particle size has significant influence on the effective thermal conductivity of polymer and it starts increasing drastically at 20–30 per cent volume fraction of filler content. To predict the cooling time in ST process, it is important to have an appropriate model of ETC. In this study, a new method is proposed based on a genetic algorithm fuzzy (GA-fuzzy) approach to model the effective thermal conductivity of a two-phase particle-reinforced polymer composites (PCs). The effectiveness of the model is extensively tested in comparison with various empirical expressions reported in literature based on the experimental measurements. It has been found that the model based on GA-fuzzy approach not only outperforms the existing models, but also possesses a generic one applicable to a wide range of two-phase particle-reinforced PCs.
Anticipatory Anxiety Hinders Detection of a Second Target in Dual-Target Search
Authors: Cain Matthew S. , Dunsmoor Joseph E. , LaBar Kevin S. , Mitroff Stephen R.
Published: June 2011

Professional visual searches (e.g., baggage screenings, military searches, radiological examinations) are often conducted in high-pressure environments and require focus on multiple visual targets. Yet laboratory studies of visual search tend to be conducted in emotionally neutral settings with only one possible target per display. In the experiment reported here, we looked to better emulate high-pressure search conditions by presenting searchers with arrays that contained between zero and two targets while inducing anticipatory anxiety via a threat-of-shock paradigm. Under conditions of anticipatory anxiety, dual-target performance was negatively affected, but single-target performance and time on task were unaffected. These results suggest that multiple-target searches may be a more sensitive instrument to measure the effect of environmental factors on visual cognition than single-target searches are. Further, the effect of anticipatory anxiety was modulated by individual differences in state anxiety levels of participants prior to the experiment. These results have implications for both the laboratory study of visual search and the management and assessment of professional searchers.
Mating Interest Improves Women’s Accuracy in Judging Male Sexual Orientation
Authors: Rule Nicholas O. , Rosen Katherine S. , Slepian Michael L. , Ambady Nalini
Published: June 2011

People can accurately infer others’ traits and group memberships across several domains. We examined heterosexual women’s accuracy in judging male sexual orientation across the fertility cycle (Study 1) and found that women’s accuracy was significantly greater the nearer they were to peak ovulation. In contrast, women’s accuracy was not related to their fertility when they judged the sexual orientations of other women (Study 2). Increased sexual interest brought about by the increased likelihood of conception near ovulation may therefore influence women’s sensitivity to male sexual orientation. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated women’s interest in mating using an unobtrusive priming task (Study 3). Women primed with romantic thoughts showed significantly greater accuracy in their categorizations of male sexual orientation (but not female sexual orientation) compared with women who were not primed. The accuracy of judgments of male sexual orientation therefore appears to be influenced by both natural variations in female perceivers’ fertility and experimentally manipulated cognitive frames.
Human neutrophil peptides 1, 2 and 3 (HNP 1–3): elevated serum levels in colorectal cancer and novel marker of lymphatic and hepatic metastasis
Authors: Kemik O , Kemik AS , Sumer A , Begenik H , Purisa S , Tuzun S
Published: June 2011

Objective. Biological levels of localized colon tumors are needed for the diagnosis and prevention of colon cancer. Numerous biomarker studies are produced currently through research. We investigated some peptides with the aim of identifying biomarkers for colorectal cancer and lymphatic and hepatic metastasis. Materials and methods. A total of 100 patients with histologically proven colorectal cancer and 60 normal volunteers were included in this study. Preoperative serum was collected for analysis. Human neutrophil peptides levels (HNP) were assayed by solid phase RIA (Radio Immun Assay) based on monoclonal antibodies. Results. The HNP-1, -2 and -3—also known as α-defensin-1, -2 and -3—are present in elevated concentrations in the plasma from colorectal cancer patients. Conclusion. Preoperative high plasma HNP 1–3 levels are associated with colorectal cancer. The HNP 1–3 levels may procure information on patients with lymph node or hepatic metastasis.
Antiphospholipid syndrome and rheumatic fever: a case spanning three decades of changing concepts and common immunological mechanisms
Authors: Alcock R , Elsik M , Yiannikas C , Yiannikas J
Published: June 2011

We present a case of primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), initially diagnosed as acute rheumatic fever, resulting in severe mitral valve incompetence. This case raises questions of the specificity of the Jones diagnostic criteria for rheumatic fever in a population where it is infrequently encountered. There are similarities in clinical, pathological and echocardiographic presentations between rheumatic fever and APS, in addition to common immunological mechanisms. Our case highlights the possibility that rather than rheumatic fever being primarily responsible for her recurrent attacks of chorea and arthritis, the streptococcal infections in our patient occurred either in the setting of underlying antiphospholipid antibodies (‘second hit’ phenomenon), or may have triggered the development of pathogenic antibodies (molecular mimicry), subsequently leading to the clinical evolution of APS. During the three decades of our patient and her recurrent problems, there has been an evolving knowledge of the mechanisms of APS and rheumatic fever, allowing us to extend our understanding beyond symptoms and syndromes, to a better realization of the underlying immunological relationship between the two.
Optic neuropathy as a presenting feature of systemic lupus erythematosus: two case reports and literature review
Authors: Frigui M , Frikha F , Sellemi D , Chouayakh F , Feki J , Bahloul Z
Published: June 2011

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may affect the eyes and/or visual system in up to a third of patients; however, optic nerve involvement has been rarely reported. SLE presenting as optic neuropathy is exceptional. We report two new cases of optic neuropathy as a presenting feature of SLE. The first patient presented with an ischemic optic neuropathy and antiphospholipid antibodies, and the second presented with optic neuritis. A literature review for previous cases of SLE presenting as optic neuropathy was performed. Early diagnosis of SLE-associated optic neuropathy is warranted and leads to a better prognosis.
A cosmopolitan analysis of the contradictions in EU regional and enlargement policies as drivers of Europeanization
Authors: Sellar Christian , McEwen Laurel
Published: June 2011

Although much has been written on the process of Europeanization, there is a lack of research on its nuances and implications. The academic literature to date focuses on debating the contradictions inherent within the politics of Europeanization without attempting to conceptualize what those contradictions mean in actual practice. This paper draws upon the work of Beck and Grande to analyze the myriad of contradictions shaping all levels of European space. To do so, this paper examines concrete instances of cosmopolitan practice that actually promote the maintenance of the nation-state reality currently characterizing the European Union. These examples show that, at the intersection of the subnational/supranational and supranational/national levels, contradictions are instrumentalized, creating bottom-up and top-down flows of power and influence between all European scales. The evidence presented in this paper indicates that these flows are unintended side-effects that drive Europeanization processes in a way that allows for the simultaneous promotion and regulation of European diversity. This implies that carefully managed and instrumentalized contradictions are powerful engines of Europeanization that actively transform European governance.
City festivals: creativity and control in staged urban experiences
Authors: Johansson Marjana , Kociatkiewicz Jerzy
Published: June 2011

In a global market, cities aim to develop a distinct profile to attract mobile consumers. One means increasingly used to attain distinction is to brand the city as experience space. In particular, the urban festival has become a popular organizational form for creating experience spaces and for marketing cities. Festivals are often strategically conceived with the purpose of promoting a ‘distinctive city’, in line with uniqueness being the keystone of success in the experience economy. This paper applies an experience economy framework to analyse city festivals as potentially transformative practices, helping re-imagine urban space and reshape urban identity. Building on empirical studies of the Stockholm Culture Festival and the Nowy Kercelak Fair in Warsaw, it examines the tension between controlled image production and carnivalesque celebration and the extent to which the meanings and flow of urban space can be managed. Using Lefèbvre’s notion of the production of space and Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts of de-territorialization and re-territorialization, this paper critically assesses the possibility of reshaping urban practices through the staging of festivals, and the potential for creativity and expression extant in managed staging of experience.
Molecular detection of a mixed infection of Goatpox virus, Orf virus, and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae in goats
Authors: Chu Yuefeng , Yan Xinmin , Gao Pengcheng , Zhao Ping , He Ying , Liu Jixing , Lu Zhongxin
Published: June 2011

The current study investigated an outbreak of mixed infection with Goatpox virus (GTPV), Orf virus (ORFV), and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (MCCP) that occurred on a Chinese goat farm, with a case fatality rate of 60.2%. The observed clinical signs were ecthyma and accelerated respiration with frequent coughing. Specific fragments of the p32 gene of GTPV, B2L gene of ORFV, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene of MCCP were synchronously amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the tissues of 12 dead goats. The PCR products were cloned, sequenced, and aligned with related reference sequences in GenBank for further identification of the pathogens. The present study reports a mixed infection with GTPV, ORFV, and MCCP in goats.
The effects of cytochalasin D and abciximab on hemostasis in canine whole blood assessed by thromboelastography and the PFA-100® platelet function analyzer system
Authors: Brainard Benjamin M. , Abed Janan M. , Koenig Amie
Published: June 2011

The selective inhibition of platelet function in whole blood coagulation testing may allow insights into the nature of hypercoagulability in dogs with critical illness. To determine the effects of cytochalasin D and abciximab on hemostatic parameters in canine citrated whole blood, an in-vitro study was designed using thromboelastography (TEG) and a platelet function analyzer (PFA-100®). 8 clinically healthy mixed breed dogs donated blood that was anticoagulated with 3.2% sodium citrate in a 9:1 blood-to-citrate ratio. Addition of cytochalasin D to citrated whole blood from 6 dogs at concentrations ranging from 0 µg/ml to 10 µg/ml caused a maximal reduction of TEG maximum amplitude (MA) at a concentration of 7.5 µg/ml (52.7 ± 4.3 to 14.3 ± 7.8 mm). Addition of abciximab to canine citrated whole blood at concentrations of either 20 µg/ml or 40 µg/ml did not affect the TEG tracing; however, addition of abciximab to citrated canine whole blood at concentrations of 10 µg/ml and 20 µg/ml significantly prolonged PFA-100 closure times (72.5 ± 15 to 149.2 ± 91 sec and 275.6 ± 54 sec, respectively, P < 0.04). Inhibition of canine platelet function by cytochalasin D is demonstrated by TEG, but abciximab did not change TEG tracings. Abciximab does, however, inhibit platelet aggregation under shear stress as measured by the PFA-100. Inhibition of canine platelet function with cytochalasin D may allow further TEG studies in dogs with clinical disease.
High-resolution gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulphate–agarose gel electrophoresis on urine samples for qualitative analysis of proteinuria in dogs
Authors: Giori Luca , Tricomi Flavia Marcella , Zatelli Andrea , Roura Xavier , Paltrinieri Saverio
Published: June 2011

The aims of the current study were to assess whether sodium dodecyl sulphate–agarose gel electrophoresis (SDS-AGE) and high-resolution electrophoresis (HRE) can identify dogs with a urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC ratio) >0.2 and whether HRE can provide preliminary information about the type of proteinuria, using SDS-AGE as a reference method. HRE and SDS-AGE were conducted on 87 urine samples classified according to the International Renal Interest Society as non-proteinuric (NP; UPC ratio: <0.20; 32/87), borderline proteinuric (BP; UPC ratio: 0.21–0.50; 15/87), or proteinuric (P; UPC ratio: >0.51; 40/87). SDS-AGE and HRE were positive in 14 out of 32 and 3 out of 32 NP samples and in 52 out of 55 and 40 out of 55 samples with a UPC ratio >0.20, respectively. The concordance between HRE or SDS and UPC ratio was comparable (κ = 0.59; κ = 0.55). However, specificity (90%) and positive likelihood ratio (7.76) were higher for HRE than for SDS-AGE (56% and 2.16) while sensitivity was lower (73% vs. 94%). The analysis of HRE results revealed that a percentage of albumin >41.4% and an albumin/α1-globulin ratio (alb/α1 ratio) >1.46 can identify samples classified by SDS-AGE as affected by glomerular proteinuria while a percentage of α1-globulin >40.8% and an alb/α1 ratio <0.84 can identify samples classified by SDS-AGE as affected by tubular proteinuria. In conclusion, both SDS-AGE and HRE could misclassify samples with a UPC ratio higher or lower than 0.20. Therefore, UPC ratio must always be determined before conducting these tests. The percentage of albumin and α1-globulin or the alb/α1 ratio determined by HRE can provide preliminary information about the origin of proteinuria.
Polymerase chain reaction–based species verification and microsatellite analysis for canine cell line validation
Authors: O’Donoghue Liza E. , Rivest Jason P. , Duval Dawn L.
Published: June 2011

Cell line cross-contamination as well as genetic drift during passaging have been acknowledged as widespread problems since the 1960s. Improper cell line identification can invalidate results and, if not discovered, pollute the scientific community’s body of knowledge with regard to cancer cell lines, their gene expression, and their drug susceptibilities. Despite the obvious need, validation of cell line identity is not yet widely required, and the problem persists. A highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach and short tandem repeat (STR) profiling were used to examine the prevalence of inter- and intraspecies cell line contamination in a veterinary research setting. First, 60 cell lines from 6 laboratories were tested with multiplex species-specific PCR capable of identifying 6 commonly used species. Of these, 3 were determined to be misidentified by species. Second, to identify intraspecies contamination among canine cancer cell lines, 29 canine lines from 3 different laboratories were analyzed with STR fingerprinting. Using this methodology, 3 canine cell lines were determined to be misidentified or cross-contaminated by other canine cell lines. Finally, genetic drift was observed within 1 cell line obtained from different laboratories. These findings emphasize the importance of cell line validation as a critical component of “good cell culture practice.” A database of the STR profiles obtained in the current study has been established for future comparison and validation of canine cell lines by investigators at Colorado State University and other institutions.
Molecular and pathological investigations of the central nervous system in Borrelia burgdorferi–infected dogs
Authors: Krimer Paula M. , Miller Andrew D. , Li Qiang , Grosenbaugh Deborah A. , Susta Leonardo , Schatzberg Scott J.
Published: June 2011

Although neurological signs have been reported sporadically in dogs with systemic Lyme disease, it is unknown if neuroborreliosis occurs in dogs. The current study systematically evaluates canine brains for evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Twelve Beagles were experimentally challenged with B. burgdorferi–infected ticks at 18 weeks of age, and 2 unexposed dogs served as controls. One of the uninfected dogs and 6 infected dogs were each given 5 daily immunosuppressive doses of dexamethasone starting at 153 days post-infection. Eleven dogs were confirmed as infected by skin punch biopsy polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology. Neurological signs were not seen in any dogs through the end of the 190-day study. Whole blood, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brains from all dogs were collected. DNA was extracted from blood, CSF, and brain and evaluated by PCR for B. burgdorferi. Formalin-fixed brain tissue was examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and PCR. Immunohistochemical staining for B. burgdorferi antigen was negative in all cases. The CSF analysis was normal, and PCR was uniformly negative for B. burgdorferi in all dogs. Six of the 11 (45%) infected dogs had mild to moderate lymphoplasmacytic choroid plexitis, which was more pronounced in the immunosuppressed dogs. The lack of B. burgdorferi DNA and immunohistochemical evidence of organisms, including within the choroid plexus lesions, suggests that B. burgdorferi does not have a direct role in the etiopathogenesis of canine central nervous system pathology.
Evaluating Culturally Responsive Group Work with Black Women
Authors: Jones Lani V. , Warner Lynn A.
Published: June 2011

Purpose: This study examined the efficacy of a culturally congruent group treatment model, entitled “Claiming Your Connections” (CYC) aimed at reducing depressive symptoms and perceived stress, and enhancing psychosocial competence (i.e., locus of control and active coping) among Black women. Method: A total of 58 Black women recruited from health and human service community-based organizations were randomly assigned to either the CYC intervention or a wait-list control group. Women in the CYC program attended weekly group intervention sessions over a 10-week period, and the wait-list control group did not receive any treatment for the same duration. Results: At pretreatment both groups indicated moderate levels of depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and psychosocial competence. After the intervention, the CYC group reported a significant reduction in depressive symptoms and perceived stress. There was no statistically significant change on these variables for the control group. Implications: Results suggest that the CYC group intervention program is effective with Black women who report having difficulty managing stressors of daily life.
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Cancer-Related Low Back Pain
Authors: Yakovlev Alexander E. , Resch Beth E.
Published: June 2011

Objective: At least one third of patients with cancer have pain at the time of their diagnosis. In an attempt to provide increased pain relief for patients with intractable cancer pain, unconventional agents and interventional procedures including spinal cord stimulation (SCS) have received considerable attention. Methods: Patients with cancer-related low back pain underwent an uneventful SCS trial with percutaneous placement of 2 temporary 8-electrode leads placed at the level of T8-T9-T10. Results: After experiencing excellent pain relief during the 2-day trial, patients were subsequently implanted with permanent leads and generator with sustained pain relief at 12 months postoperation. Conclusion: Spinal cord stimulation provides an effective, alternative treatment option for select patients with cancer-related pain who have failed conservative treatment.
Exploring the Validity of the Problem-Solving Inventory With Mexican American High School Students
Authors: Huang Yu-Ping , Flores Lisa Y.
Published: June 2011

The Problem-Solving Inventory (PSI; Heppner & Petersen, 1982 ) was developed to assess perceived problem-solving abilities. Using confirmatory factor analysis, results supported a bilevel model of PSI scores with a sample of 164 Mexican American students. Findings support the cultural validity of PSI scores with Mexican Americans and enhance the generalizability with culturally diverse samples.
Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Seeley William W. , Zhou Juan , Kim Eun-Joo
Published: June 2011

The behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) slowly undermines emotion, social behavior, personal conduct, and decision making. These deficits occur in concert with focal neurodegeneration that can be quantified with modern structural and functional imaging and neuropathological methods. As a result, studies of bvFTD have helped to clarify brain structures, networks, and neurons that prove critical for normal social-emotional functioning. In this article, the authors review the evolving bvFTD literature and propose a simple, testable network-based working model for understanding bvFTD.
“Our People Are Still Resisting”: Farmworker Community Organizing and the Texas Agricultural System
Authors: Edwards Michelle L.
Published: June 2011

Previous research demonstrates that the contemporary industrial agricultural system in the United States is ecologically and socially destructive. In many ways, it exemplifies the capitalist system of production. A case study of farmworker community organizers in Texas reveals that a key aspect of organizers’ resistance to the industrial agricultural system is a critique of the overall capitalist system. Semistructured, in-depth interviews demonstrate that organizers’ strategies for resistance include integrating human and environmental issues; working outside of the system; increasing inclusivity through incorporating women leaders, families, and community empowerment efforts; and emphasizing collaborative and nonhierarchical systems. This study identifies how, within the context of this resistance, the environmental justice approach can be a useful supplement to the treadmill of production and Marxian political economy approaches.
The differential diagnosis of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis
Authors: Kitley JL , Leite MI , George JS , Palace JA
Published: June 2011

Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis refers to florid and widespread inflammation of the spinal cord causing T2 hyperintensity on spinal magnetic resonance imaging that is seen to extend over three or more vertebral segments. Whilst rare, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis is clinically important as it can lead to catastrophic morbidity, and a group of these patients are at risk of further attacks. Early identification and establishment of the underlying aetiology is vital in order to initiate appropriate therapy and optimize outcomes. Whilst longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis is classically associated with neuromyelitis optica, there are many other causes. These include other inflammatory aetiologies, infection, malignancy and metabolic disturbance. Some of these are readily treatable. Laboratory and radiological investigations can help to differentiate these causes. Treatment of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis hinges on distinguishing inflammatory and non-inflammatory aetiologies and identifying patients who are at high risk of a recurrent course.
Patient characteristics and determinants of quality of life in an international population with multiple sclerosis: Assessment using the MusiQoL and SF-36 questionnaires
Authors: Fernández Oscar , Baumstarck-Barrau Karine , Simeoni Marie-Claude , Auquier Pascal ,   on behalf of the MusiQoL study group
Published: June 2011

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) can have psychological and socioeconomic consequences that affect patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) as much as physical disability.

Objective: To determine the clinical and sociodemographic factors affecting HRQoL in a large international study using the MS International QoL (MusiQoL) questionnaire.

Methods: Patients aged >18 years with a diagnosis of MS for >6 months or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) were enrolled. Sociodemographic and clinical data were recorded, and patients completed the MusiQoL and 36-item short form (SF-36) health survey questionnaires.

Results: In total, 1992 patients from 15 countries were enrolled (mean [standard deviation] age: 42.3 [12.5] years; 70.5% women; 70.4% with relapsing–remitting MS). Multivariate multiple regression analyses identified lower educational level, higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, cognitive impairment, being single and shorter time since last relapse as significant predictors of lower MusiQoL global index scores ( p < 0.05). Older age, female sex, higher EDSS score, shorter time since last relapse and receiving current MS treatment were significant predictors of lower SF-36 physical component summary scores ( p < 0.05). The SF-36 mental component summary score was linked to occupational status, inpatient/outpatient status, time since last relapse, and whether the patient was receiving MS treatment ( p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Sociodemographic and clinical factors are linked to HRQoL in patients with MS. Interventions that affect these factors might be expected to influence HRQoL.
Dramatic worsening following plasma exchange in severe post-natalizumab withdrawal multiple sclerosis relapse
Authors: Papeix C , Depaz R , Tourbah A , Stankoff B , Lubetzki C
Published: June 2011

We report the case of a young woman with multiple sclerosis who discontinued natalizumab twice and experienced a severe relapse following each natalizumab withdrawal. The first relapse was successfully treated by intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP). In contrast the second relapse was unresponsive to IVMP. Subsequent treatment by plasma exchanges (PLEX) was followed by a dramatic neurological worsening. This case suggests that PLEX after natalizumab discontinuation may increase relapse severity.
“Scratching” beneath the surface: An integrative psychosocial approach to pediatric pruritus and pain
Authors: Stein Traci R. , Sonty Nomita , Saroyan John M.
Published: June 2011

Pruritus is prevalent in children with atopic dermatitis and associated with effects on mood, quality of life, sleep, scholastic performance, social and family functioning. In this study a 7-year-old African American female with severe atopic dermatitis, itching and pain refractory to multiple systemic and topical medications was referred for treatment. At baseline, the patient scratched to the point of bleeding, despite maximal doses of anti-histamines, antidepressant and topical therapies. The patient became progressively shy, anxious, and her scholastic performance suffered. A literature review prompted the implementation of a multi-modal program of family cognitive behavioral therapy, imagery, aromatherapy, drawing, and biofeedback. The results were that decreased itch, scratching, pain, and anxiety were seen within the first month. Fewer lesions and episodes of bleeding were observed with almost complete skin clearance by the fourth month. The article concludes that a short-term, integrative program including psychological, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and medical therapies may represent a novel, efficacious approach for children suffering from severe atopic dermatitis.
Content-based language teaching: Convergent concerns across divergent contexts
Authors: Lyster Roy , Ballinger Susan
Published: June 2011

This article serves as the introduction to this special issue of Language Teaching Research on content-based language teaching (CBLT). The article first provides an illustrative overview of the myriad contexts in which CBLT has been implemented and then homes in on the five studies comprising the special issue, each conducted in a distinct instructional setting: two-way Spanish—English immersion in the USA, English-medium ‘nature and society’ lessons taught at a middle school in China, English-medium math and science classes in Malaysian high schools, English-medium history classes in high schools in Spain, and ‘sheltered instruction’ classes for English language learners in US schools. In spite of such divergent contexts, the five studies converge to underscore the pivotal role played by teachers in CBLT and the concomitant need for professional development to support them in meeting some of the challenges specific to CBLT.
Student and teacher oral language use in a two-way Spanish/English immersion school
Authors: Ballinger Susan , Lyster Roy
Published: June 2011

This study examines the Spanish use of students and teachers at a US two-way immersion school. Students and teachers from Grades 1, 3, and 8 (5—6-year-olds, 7—8-years-olds, and 12—13-yearolds, respectively) were observed and interviewed, and students completed questionnaires to determine what factors influenced their language of choice and their divergence from Spanish when it was the language of instruction. Although students showed an overall preference for English, particularly in interactions with peers, findings indicate that students’ language background, culturally relevant teaching activities, teacher language use, and students’ sensitivity to others’ need for language accommodation influenced their use of Spanish with peers.
Cognitive content engagement in content-based language teaching
Authors: Kong Stella , Hoare Philip
Published: June 2011

This article reports a study of aspects of pedagogy that can bring about students’ cognitive engagement with academic content and, thus, use of the academic language in content-based language lessons in three middle schools in Xi’an, China. Two criteria — academic content level and depth of processing — were used to determine cognitive content engagement by students. A detailed analysis of three lessons taught by the same teacher is presented in this article. These are selected to highlight the differences between teaching that facilitated engagement and the use of the academic language and teaching that failed to do so. The analysis shows that engagement seemed to occur when the teacher focused the content on challenging technical academic knowledge and helped students explore this content in depth. She focused on relationships between meanings rather than facts in isolation and demanded the processing of knowledge in different ways, which created the space for the use of academic language. She structured her lessons in a cyclical manner and exploited the feedback moves in the predominantly initiation— response—feedback (IRF) classroom interaction pattern to facilitate deep processing. She also had clear content and language learning objectives.