bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las propiedades rústicas de una familia de conversos segovianos : los Seneor/Coronel
Authors: Peña Barroso Efrén de la
Published: December 2014

La familia Coronel llevó a cabo una intensa política de adquisición de tierras en los alrededores de la ciudad de Segovia desde la segunda mitad del siglo XV. Linaje fundado por Abraham Seneor/Fernán Pérez Coronel, juez mayor de las aljamas de Castilla, sus herederos continuaron con la compra y concentración de tierras impulsada por éste. Las cuantiosas propiedades rurales que administraron sus miembros y el desarrollo económico que proporcionaron a la familia Coronel sirvieron de plataforma para que la familia se insertase en la oligarquía municipal de Segovia y en la élite castellana cristianovieja de su tiempo mediante el entronque con el líder comunero Juan Bravo.The Coronels, a converso family, carried out an ambitious policy of purchasing land on the outskirts of the city of Segovia as of the second half of the fifteenth century. This lineage was founded by Abraham Seneor/Fernán Pérez Coronel, the leading rabbi of the Castilian Jewry. His heirs pursued the same course of action by acquiring and amassing properties. The abundant lands administered by members of the Coronel family and the copious profits derived from them, became a stepping stone to join the ranks of Segovia’s urban oligarchy as well as the Old Christian social elite through the marriage of a member of this family to the famous comunero leader, Juan Bravo.
Las relaciones de los monarcas navarros con la aristocracia de ultrapuertos hasta 1328
Authors: Aparicio Rosillo Susana
Published: December 2014

Las tierras navarras de Ultrapuertos se encontraban confrontadas a una realidad especialmente compleja, puesto que representaban una zona de fricción entre intereses navarros, ingleses y franceses. Sin embargo, las familias nobles que habitaban este espacio mantuvieron un discurso equilibrado frente al poder regio navarro. Por un lado se aseguraron de que sus privilegios se mantenían intactos y que las injerencias del monarca en el territorio fueran lo más limitadas posibles. Por otro lado, escogieron cuidadosamente sus lealtades, cuando no bascularon entre varias fidelidades distintas. Mientras tanto, no dudaban en formar parte ellos mismos del engranaje del poder real navarro, formando parte del ejército o de los cuadros ejecutivos del reino, lo cual evidencia una elaborada estrategia de pervivencia y adaptación de estas elites nobiliarias ultraportanas.The lands of Lower Navarre (also known as Ultrapuertos) were immersed in a complex reality as they were located in a zone of friction between the Navarrese, the English and the French. Nevertheless, noble families that inhabited this space kept a delicate balancing act with respect to the royal Navarrese power. On the one hand, the aristocracy managed to maintain their privileges and avoided meddling by royal forces in the territory. On the other hand, they carefully chose their loyalties, often moving from one camp to the other. Meanwhile, they did not hesitate to form part of the royal Navarrese power structure within the army or the upper echelons of the administration of the Kingdom. This attests to the survival strategy and adaptability of the nobility of Lower Navarre.
Nuevas anotaciones sobre «la letra cortesana», nombre dado a este tipo gráfico por la corte de Castilla
Authors: Casado Quintanilla Blas
Published: December 2014

Las formas de la letra denominada «cortesana» por parte de la cancillería real del siglo XV llamó la atención de Enrique de Villena; un intelectual del citado siglo que quiso buscar una explicación a las formas de algunas letras consonantes de nuestro abecedario. Atribuyó esas formas «revueltas» a una fuerte influencia de la cultura gráfica de «los moros» y a una manera concreta de cortar la pluma para trazar la escritura. Otros intelectuales castellanoleoneses de finales del siglo XV y primeros años del XVI constataron la consolidación de algunas letras nuevas y observaron otras características relacionadas con la forma de ejecutar algunas abreviaturas, así como la incorporación de algunas letras nuevas, y las pusieron por escrito en sus respectivas obras.The graphic forms of the script known as «cortesana» by the Royal Chancery in the fifteenth century caught the attention of Enrique de Villena, an intellectual of that time who attempted to find an explanation to the consonant forms of this alphabet script. He attributed the «convoluted» forms to a strong influence of Moorish culture and a certain manner of holding the quill in the process of writing. Other intellectuals from Castile and León at the end of the fifteenth and the first years of the sixteenth century witnessed the consolidation of certain new letters and observed other characteristics related to the manner of execution of the abbreviations and implemented them in their respective writings.
Reflexiones metodológicas sobre la propiedad privilegiada en la Baja Edad Media: el mayorazgo castellano
Authors: Luchía Corina
Published: December 2014

En este trabajo se propone una reflexión metodológica sobre la conformación de la propiedad privilegiada en la Castilla bajomedieval. El mayorazgo como la forma más protegida de disposición patrimonial es pensado como parte de los procesos de negociación, que informan la conducta de los grupos privilegiados, tendiente a la configuración de sus posiciones de supremacía. La amplia casuística que caracteriza esta institución es resultado de la plasticidad con que los sectores de poder elaboran sus estrategias de reproducción. Las variables condiciones que hacen a la existencia de los patrimonios vinculados se expresan en las numerosas excepciones contempladas en la propia regla.This study proposes to reconsider the methodology regarding the creation of the property of the privileged classes in Late-Medieval Castile. The «mayorazgo» entail system became the property transmission mechanism with most guarantees which resulted from the negotiation processes based on the behaviour of privileged groups in their quest for power. The wide array of ideal-types that characterizes this institution is the product of the flexibility of the system utilized by these privileged groups as strategies of reproduction. The various conditions existing in the entail system is also the result of numerous exceptions contemplated in the rule.
Alonso Gutiérrez de Madrid y otros agentes financieros de Castilla la Nueva en la tesorería general de la Hermandad (1493-1498): vínculos cooperativos, redes socioeconómicas y gestión fiscal
Authors: Ortego Rico Pablo
Published: December 2014

Estudio de los perfiles socioeconómicos, actividades empresariales, estrategias de cohesión y vínculos cooperativos establecidos entre los principales agentes fiscales originarios de Castilla la Nueva que intervinieron en la gestión de la tesorería general de la Hermandad, en el marco de construcción de redes financieras caracterizadas por su diferente rango territorial (local, nacional e internacional).This study examines the socio-economic profiles, business activities, corporate strategies and links between the main financial agents from New Castile who managed the general treasury of the «Hermandad» within the context of the creation of financial networks at different territorial levels (local, national and international).
Sobre la vigencia en México de la Constitución española de Cádiz de 1812
Authors: Barragán José
Published: December 2014

En este trabajo se examinan, por un lado, las etapas de vigencia de la constitución española de 1812 en la Nueva España, mientras permanece vinculada al Imperio español y aún después de consumada su independencia en 1821. Se trata de declaraciones de vigencia hechas por las propias autoridades mexicanas, tanto del orden general y federal, como de los 19 Estados que firmaron el Acta de Federación de 1824, consolidándose la organización territorial y política de las provincias, que se transforman en Estados y de las municipalidades. Se destaca la influencia en las constituciones locales mexicanas especialmente en materia electoral, en la organización del respectivo poder judicial y especialmente en materia de libertades públicas y garantías procesales.In this paper are discussed, on the one hand, the stages of the entry into force of the spanish constitution of 1812 in New Spain, while remains linked to the Spanish Empire and even after consummate their independence in 1821. They are statements of force made by the own Mexican authorities, both of the order and general and federal, as of the 19 States that signed the constitution of 1824, consolidate territorial organization and policy of the provinces, to become States and municipalities. It details the influence in the local mexican constitutions especially in electoral matters, and with the organization of the judiciary power, and especially in the field of civil liberties and guarantees of due process.
El debate parlamentario y el uso de la palabra
Authors: Santaolalla López Fernando
Published: December 2014

El debate es la forma de trabajar del Parlamento y lo que a la postre le confiere su rasgo más destacado frente a los otros poderes del Estado. Existe una clara interdependencia entre el carácter representativo y el carácter deliberante del Parlamento. Cumple un papel fundamental e insustituible en la democracia, por lo que debe ser cuidado en extremo: la opinión pública puede conocer la actitud de cada partido sobre cada ley y cada problema político. Al mismo tiempo le permite valorar la capacidad y preparación de sus representantes. Constituye una escuela de democracia y tolerancia, al acostumbrar a los ciudadanos a oír con respeto las opiniones ajenas. El debate debe ser amplio y libre, pero también mínimamente ordenado. A tal fin se dirigen las diversas reglas sobre el uso de la palabra: solicitud de la misma, no interrupción, prohibición de lectura de discursos y otras. El presidente de la Cámara desempeña una función muy destacada para conseguir una participación igualitaria y para evitar excesos en uso de la palabra. En España el debate es muy restrictivo por cuanto se centra en los portavoces de los grupos, sin apenas ocasión de intervenir para otros parlamentarios. Se permite la lectura de discursos con lo cual se pierde espontaneidad y de resultas merma el interés de los ciudadanos.The debate is the way of working of Parliament and ultimately what gives it its most prominent feature in relation to the other branches of government. There is a clear interdependence between the representative and deliberative character of Parliament. Further it plays an irreplaceable role in democracy, so it must be carefully managed: the public opinion can know the attitude of each party on each law and political problem. At the same time it allows to evaluate the capacity and preparedness of the representatives. It is a school of democracy and tolerance so far it accustoms the public to hear other opinions respectfully. The debate should be broad and free, but also minimally ordered. To this end, various rules govern the manner of speaking: the request of the floor, not interruption, prohibition of reading speeches and others. The Speaker of the House plays an outstanding role to achieve equal participation and to avoid improper use of the floor. In Spain the debate is very restrictive because it is focused on the spokespersons of the political groups, with little opportunity to speak to other lawmakers. It allows reading speeches thus it loses spontaneity and as a result decrease the interest of citizens.
Los colegios diferenciados por sexo en Estados Unidos: constitucionalidad y actualidad de una tendencia imparable
Authors: Calvo Charro María
Published: December 2014

En los últimos años Estados Unidos ha experimentado el resurgir de la educación diferenciada por sexo con el apoyo de políticos de muy diferentes tendencias, educadores, padres, ciertos sectores feministas, así como asociaciones de defensa de los derechos de los afroamericanos y otras minorías. Esta tendencia, lenta pero implacable, entre los colegios públicos, como consecuencia de los excelentes resultados obtenidos, ha generado un encendido debate en ámbitos académicos, legales y políticos. La legislación norteamericana federal los motiva, incentiva y apoya, con ciertas condiciones relativas a garantizar la igualdad de oportunidades entre los sexos y la libertad de elección de los padres del modelo educativo que consideren apropiado para sus hijos. No obstante, la American Civil Liberties Union sigue mostrando su abierta oposición a estos centros educativos a los que considera discriminatorios. En este marco, hasta el momento, el Tribunal Supremo no ha encontrado en estos centros tacha alguna de inconstitucionalidad.In recent years the U.S. has experienced a resurgence of single-sex education with the support of politicians of very different tendencies, educators, parents, some feminist sectors and associations defending the rights of African Americans and other minorities. This trend, slowly but relentlessly, including public schools, has generated a heated debate in academic, legal and political fields. The federal U.S. legislation motivates, encourages and supports, with certain conditions relating to ensuring equality of opportunity between the sexes and freedom of parental choice of educational model they consider appropriate for their children. However, the American Civil Liberties Union continues to show his outspoken opposition to these schools to which they considered discriminatory. In this framework, so far, the Supreme Court has found these centers absolutely constitutional.
El derecho de asilo por motivos de orientación sexual e identidad de género
Authors: Díaz Lafuente José
Published: December 2014

El presente trabajo presenta un análisis crítico del contenido jurídico del derecho de asilo por motivos de orientación sexual e identidad de género. Sugiere que la regulación de este derecho en la Ley de Asilo 12/2009, de 30 de octubre, opera de forma restrictiva y condicionada e introduce elementos manifiestamente discriminatorios. Además, defiende que, en contra de la práctica de la Administración, los actos de discriminación grave en el acceso y ejercicio a los derechos sociales básicos también pueden constituir el elemento objetivo de persecución. En segundo término, introduce las principales garantías de procedimiento y condiciones de acogida que nuestro ordenamiento jurídico debe incorporar tras el paquete de asilo, aprobado en junio de 2013 por la Unión Europea, en relación con los solicitantes de asilo LGBTI. Por último, a la luz del estudio de la jurisprudencia española y europea, se cuestiona la coherencia y pertinencia en la exigencia de indicios suficientes para la prueba del relato y se rechaza el criterio de discreción desde el enfoque de los derechos humanos.This essay introduces a critical analysis on the legal content of the right to asylum on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity. It is suggested that the regulation of such rights under Spanish Law of Asylum 12/2009 it provides a restrictive and conditioned acknowledgement and introduces explicitly discriminatory elements. Furthermore, it is defended that, against current practice of national Administration, grave discriminatory acts in the access and enjoyment of social rights may constitute the objective element of persecution. Secondly, main procedural guarantees and reception conditions for LGBTI asylum-seekers are studied, under new asylum package approved by the European Union in June 2013. Lastly, according to the analyses of Spanish and European case-law, it is questioned the coherence and pertinence in the requirement of proving evidences and discretion criteria is rejected under the human rights approach.
Chemokine-Mediated Robust Augmentation of Liver Engraftment: A Novel Approach
Authors: Joshi Meghnad , Oltean Mihai , Patil Pradeep B. , Hallberg David , Kleman Marika , Holgersson Jan , Olausson Michael , Sumitran-Holgersson Suchitra
Published: December 2014

Effective repopulation of the liver is essential for successful clinical hepatocyte transplantation. The objective was to improve repopulation of the liver with human hepatocytes using chemokines. We used flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry assays to identify commonly expressed chemokine receptors on human fetal and adult hepatocytes. The migratory capacity of the cells to various chemokines was tested. For in vivo studies, we used a nude mouse model of partial hepatectomy followed by intraparenchymal injections of chemokine ligands at various concentrations. Human fetal liver cells transformed with human telomerase reverse transcriptase were used for intrasplenic cell transplantation. Repopulation and functionality were assessed 4 weeks after transplantation. The receptor CXCR3 was commonly expressed on both fetal and adult hepatocytes. Both cell types migrated efficiently toward corresponding CXC chemokine ligands 9, 10, and 11. In vivo, animals injected with recombinant chemokines showed the highest cell engraftment compared with controls (p < .05). The engrafted cells expressed several human hepatic markers such as cytokeratin 8 and 18 and albumin as well as transferrin, UGT1A1, hepatocyte nuclear factor (1α, 1β, and 4α), cytochrome CYP3A1, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (α and β), and human albumin compared with controls. No inflammatory cells were detected in the livers at 4 weeks after transplantation. The improved repopulation of transplanted cells is likely a function of the chemokines to mediate cell homing and retention in the injured liver and might be an attractive strategy to augment repopulation of transplanted hepatocytes in vivo.
Optimization of Ornithogalum Saundersiae Baker Propagation by Twin Scale Cuttings with the Use of Biopolymers
Authors: Salachna Piotr  , Zawadzińska Agnieszka
Published: December 2014

Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker, commonly known as Giant Chincherinchee, is an interesting bulbous plant with horticultural and medicinal potential. For increasing production of O. saundersiae planting material can be used rapid propagation by twin scaling. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of parent bulb circumference, twin scale cutting weight and the type of biopolymer coating on the yield of O. saundersiae bulblets. Propagules were encapsulated in three polymer mixtures: 1% gellan and 0.5% chitosan; 1% iota-carrageenan and 0.5% chitosan; 1% xanthan and 0.5% chitosan. Chitosan had a molecular weight (Mw) of 48 000 g·mol-1 and degree of deacetylation (DD) 85%. The twin scale cuttings were mixed with perlite and peat 1:1 (v/v) and stored for 100 days at 22-24˚C and relative humidity of 70-80%. The highest number of bulblets was produced by the parent bulbs 22-24 cm in circumference. The bulblets derived from the twin scale cuttings weighing 2.1-4.1 g were characterized by greater fresh weight, the greatest circumference and they produced the highest number of adventitious roots. Encapsulation of twin scale cuttings in gellan and chitosan or in iota-carrageenan and chitosan, resulted in the bulblets with more roots and greater weight and circumference, as compared to the control ones and the bulblets obtained from scales treated with xanthan and chitosan.
Carnitine Deficiency: A Causative Clue or a Sequel in Carboplatin Myelosuppression
Authors: Hossam M.M. Arafa  , Raed S. Ismail  , Nesreen Nabil  , Adel M. Mostafa
Published: December 2014

We have previously demonstrated that carnitine deficiency aggravated paracetamol-induced hepatopathy and carboplatin-induced nephropathy. As a continuum, we have addressed in the current study as to whether carboplatin-induced myelosuppression would be exacerbated by carnitine deficiency. Challenging male Wistar rats with a single dose of carboplatin (35 mg/kg, IP) induced bone marrow suppression manifested as anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia as well as increased frequencies of the micronucleated bone marrow cells; MPCE and MNCE with notable reduction in the P/N ratio. The platinum drug also elevated serum TNF-a and reduced serum free and total carnitine levels. Besides, ATP levels in red and T cells were lowered. Likewise, the mitochondrial membrane potential in T lymphocytes was reduced following the use of the potentiometric dye; JC-1, and this was well correlated with cellular ATP production. Carnitine deficiency exacerbated carboplatin myelotoxicity as it exaggerated all biochemical, hematological and cytogenetic parameters. To address as to whether carnitine deficiency was a causative clue or merely a sequel of carboplatin myelotoxicity, L-carnitine was supplemented ahead of carboplatin challenege. Herein, L-carnitine mitigated all the biochemical, hematological and cytogenetic effects possibly via modulating the release of TNF-a, cellular ATP production and restoring the mitochondrial membrane potential. Irrespective of the mechanisms involved, the current results may afford the potential role for carnitine supplementation as add-on nutraceutical in carboplatin-based chemotherapy.
The Walker circulation, diabatic heating, and outgoing longwave radiation
Authors: Stechmann Samuel N. , Ogrosky H. Reed
Published: December 2014

For the tropical atmosphere on planetary scales, it is common to model the circulation using strong damping. Here with new data analysis techniques, evidence suggests that damping can actually be neglected. Specifically, near the equator, the east‐west overturning circulation is in agreement with the undamped wave response to atmospheric heating. To estimate the heating, satellite observations of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are used. Frequently, OLR is used as a heuristic indicator of cloudiness. Here the results further suggest that OLR variations are actually proportional to diabatic heating variations, with a proportionality constant of 18 W m−2 (K d−1)−1. While the agreement holds best over long time averages of years or decades, it also holds over shorter periods of one season or 1 month. Consequently, it is suggested that the strength of the Walker circulation—and its evolution in time—could be estimated using satellite data.
Terrestrial lion roars and non‐Maxwellian distribution
Authors: Qureshi M. N. S. , Nasir Warda , Masood W. , Yoon P. H. , Shah H. A. , Schwartz S. J.
Published: December 2014

Lion roars are low‐frequency (∼100 Hz) whistler waves frequently observed in the Earth's magnetosheath. By analyzing both wave and electron data from the Cluster spacecraft, and comparing with linear Vlasov kinetic theory, Masood et al. (2006) investigated the underlying cause of the lion roar generation. However, the analysis based upon the bi‐Maxwellian distribution function did not adequately explain the observations qualitatively as well as quantitatively. This outstanding problem is revisited in the present paper, and a resolution is put forth in which, the flat‐top non‐Maxwellian distribution function with a velocity power law energetic tail, known as the (r,q) distribution, or the generalized kappa distribution is employed. Upon carrying out the linear stability analysis of the (r,q) distribution against the whistler wave perturbation, and upon comparison with the Cluster data, good qualitative and quantitative agreements are found between theory and data.
Thermal stability and degradation of biological terpolyesters over a broad temperature range
Authors: Tanadchangsaeng Nuttapol , Yu Jian
Published: December 2014

Because of high susceptibility to thermal degradation during conventional melt processing of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) homopolymer, incorporation of a second or third monomer unit in the polyester backbones is expected to reduce the melting temperature and crystallinity, resulting in a controlled thermal degradation with improved stability. In this work, random poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate‐co‐4‐hydroxyvalerate) (P3HB3HV4HV) terpolyesters biologically synthesized by Cupriavidus necator were investigated for the thermal stability and degradation over a broad temperature range (100–300°C) in comparison with P3HB homopolyester. The work revealed that below the complete melting point (around 150°C), the terpolyester exhibited a high thermal stability and became an amorphous semisolid suitable for conventional thermal processing. Size exclusion chromatography plus nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was used to examine the thermal degradation products and the vulnerability of different monomer units at high temperatures (240–290°C). We found that 3HV unit in P3HB3HV4HV copolymers was more vulnerable to thermal degradation than 3HB unit under air. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41715.
New Polymer‐Supported Mono‐ and Bis‐Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives: Synthesis and Use in Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Reactions
Authors: Jumde Ravindra P. , Di Pietro Anila , Manariti Antonella , Mandoli Alessandro
Published: December 2014

The straightforward synthesis of polystyrene‐supported Chinchona alkaloids and their application in the asymmetric dimerization of ketenes is reported. Six different immobilized derivatives, consisting of three dimeric and two monomeric 9‐O ethers, were prepared by “click” anchoring of soluble alkaloid precursors on to azidomethyl resins. The resulting insoluble polymer‐bound (IPB) organocatalysts were employed for promoting the dimerization of in‐situ generated ketenes. After opening of the ketene dimer intermediates with N,O‐dimethylhydroxylamine, valuable Weinreb amides were eventually obtained in good yield (up to 81 %) and excellent enantiomeric purity (up to 96 % ee). All of the IPB catalysts could be recycled effectively without significant loss of activity and enantioselectivity. The extension to other asymmetric transformations (meso‐anhydride desymmetrization and α‐amination of 2‐oxindoles) is also briefly discussed.
Neophyten in Mitteleuropa
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: December 2014

Seit dem 17. Jahrhundert hat die Einfuhr gebietsfremder Arten, insbesondere als Zier‐ und Gartenpflanzen, aber auch die unabsichtliche Einschleppung kontinuierlich zugenommen. Über 430 Neophyten‐Arten kommen in Deutschland inzwischen dauerhaft als Wildpflanzen vor. Die meisten davon sind unproblematisch, sehr viele wachsen in anthropogen gestalteten Lebensräumen wie auf Ruderalflächen und an Straßenrändern. Einige bilden allerdings schnell große Dominanzbestände in naturnahen Lebensräumen und sind durch die Konkurrenz zu heimischen Arten, die Umgestaltung von Ökosystemen und in wenigen Fällen durch Gefahren für die menschliche Gesundheit zu invasiven Arten geworden. Ihre Bekämpfung ist aufgrund ihrer massiven Regenerations‐ und Ausbreitungskraft sehr schwierig. Der Klimawandel wird viele dieser Arten begünstigen. Daher kommt vorbeugenden Maßnahmen gegen ihre weitere Ausbreitung und gegen künftige Invasionen besondere Bedeutung zu.
Improving the Properties of Bacterial R‐Selective Hydroxynitrile Lyases for Industrial Applications
Authors: Wiedner Romana , Kothbauer Bettina , Pavkov‐Keller Tea , Gruber‐Khadjawi Mandana , Gruber Karl , Schwab Helmut , Steiner Kerstin
Published: December 2014

Hydroxynitrile lyases (HNLs) catalyse the reversible cleavage of cyanohydrins to carbonyl compounds and HCN. The recent discovery of bacterial HNLs with a cupin fold gave rise to a new promising class of these enzymes. They are interesting candidates for the synthesis of cyanohydrins on an industrial scale owing to their high expression levels in Escherichia coli. The activity and enantioselectivity of the manganese‐dependent HNL from Granulicella tundricola (GtHNL) were significantly improved by site‐saturation mutagenesis of active site amino acids. The combination of beneficial mutations resulted in a variant with 490‐fold higher specific activity in comparison to the wild‐type enzyme. More importantly, GtHNL‐A40H/V42T/Q110H is a highly competitive alternative for the synthesis of chiral cyanohydrins, such as 2‐chlorobenzaldehyde cyanohydrin, (R)‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenylbutyronitrile, and (R)‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenyl‐3‐butene nitrile, which serve as intermediates for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structure and Optical Properties of Two Novel Nanosized Ln26@CO3 (Ln=Dy and Tb) Cluster‐Based Lanthanide–Transition‐Metal Organic Frameworks (Ln MOFs)
Authors: Zhang Yu , Huang Lian , Miao Hao , Wan Hong Xiang , Mei Hua , Liu Ying , Xu Yan
Published: December 2014

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Hua Mei and Yan Xu at Nanjing Tech University, China. The image depicts star‐like {Tb26} clusters, which are simplified as blue balls, and Ag atoms, which are distributed in the MOF structure uniformly to give a lanthanide–MOF structure with good optical properties. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201405178.
Single Flexible Janus Nanobelts to Realize Tunable and Enhanced Simultaneous Photoluminescent, Electrical, and Magnetic Trifunctionality
Authors: Yin Duanduan , Ma Qianli , Dong Xiangting , Lv Nan , Wang Jinxian , Yu Wensheng , Liu Guixia
Published: December 2014

Y2O3:Eu3+ nanoparticles (NPs), polyaniline (PANI), and Fe3O4 NPs are incorporated into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and electrospun into [Y2O3:Eu3+/PMMA]//[PANI/Fe3O4/PMMA] Janus nanobelts with Y2O3:Eu3+/PMMA as one half side and PANI/Fe3O4/PMMA as the other. The morphology and properties of the final products are investigated in detail by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), energy‐dispersive spectrometry (EDS), Hall effect measurements, fluorescence spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The results reveal that the [Y2O3:Eu3+/PMMA]//[PANI/Fe3O4/PMMA] trifunctional Janus nanobelts possess excellent electrical conductivity, magnetism, and fluorescence owing to their special nanostructure. Fluorescence emission peaks of Eu3+ are observed in the Janus nanobelts. The electrical conductivity reaches the order of 10−4 S cm−1. The luminescent intensity, electrical conductivity, and saturation magnetization of the Janus nanobelts can be tuned by adjusting the respective amounts of Y2O3:Eu3+ NPs, PANI, and Fe3O4 NPs. The flexible luminescent‐electrical‐magnetic trifunctional Janus nanobelts have many potential applications. More importantly, this design concept and construct technology is of universal significance for the fabrication of other multifunctional nanostructures.
Crystal growth, quality characterization and THz properties of DAST crystals
Authors: Bing Teng , Shu‐hua Wang , Ke Feng , Li‐feng Cao , De‐gao Zhong , Fei You , Xue‐jun Jiang , Lun Hao , Qing Sun
Published: December 2014

4‐N, N‐diethylamino‐4’‐N’‐methyl‐stilbazolium tosylate (DAST) crystals were grown by slope nucleation method (SNM). The crystal structure of grown DAST crystals was characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction with demonstrating X‐ray diffraction main peaks. The crystal defects were analyzed by the synchrotron radiation X‐ray topography. It was found that the unbalanced temperature gradient, the Teflon groove and the super saturation fluctuation were primary causes of crystal defects. Furthermore, widely tunable THz waves ranging from 1.16 to 16.71 THz were generated from 1 mm‐thick DAST crystal using the optical parametric oscillator (OPO). It was obtained that the THz output energy was 27.4 nJ (peak power of 2.74 W) and the highest conversion efficiency was 1.37 × 10−5 at 3.8 THz.
Seasonal variations in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols of brown trout
Authors: Kayhan H. , Başhan M. , Kaçar S.
Published: December 2014

Seasonal variations on phospholipid (PL) and triacylglycerol (TG) fatty acid (FA) compositions in muscles of Salmo trutta macrostigma were investigated by gas chromatography (GC) using the method described by Folch. The total lipid of the muscle was extracted using chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) and was separated into TG and PL using thin layer chromatography (TLC). A total of nineteen and sixteen different fatty acids were determined in TG and PL, respectively. The distributions of ΣSFAs (saturated fatty acids), ΣMUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids) and ΣPUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) proportions were found to be different among PL and TG fractions in all seasons. TG contained a lower proportion of ΣPUFA, but a higher proportion of ΣMUFA and ΣSFA than PL. The major components were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1 n‐9), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n‐3) in PL, 16:0, palmitoleic acid (16:1 n‐7), 18:1 n‐9, linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n‐6), linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n‐3), 20:5 n‐3 and 22:6 n‐3 in TG extracted from muscle of S. trutta macrostigma in all seasons. The total lipid content varied seasonally from 1.44% to 1.90% in female muscle of wet weight for S. trutta macrostigma. N‐3/n‐6 ratios of PL and TG were found to be 5.19–12.0 and 1.09–2.62, respectively.

Practical applications: The information in this study will be of practical value from a health perspective for populations who consume S. trutta macrostigma and for food producers.

Effect of seasonal variations on the fatty acid compositions of phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions of Salmo trutta macrostigma were investigated in view of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids by using GC.
Margarine supplemented with conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) has no effect on atherosclerosis but alleviates the liver steatosis and affects the expression of lipid metabolism genes in apoE/LDLR‐/‐ mice
Authors: Franczyk‐Żarów Magdalena , Czyżyńska Izabela , Drahun Anna , Maślak Edyta , Chłopicki Stefan , Kostogrys Renata B.
Published: December 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of margarine supplemented with punicic acid (cis‐9,trans‐11,cis‐13 C18:3) (CLnA) compared to CLA and linolenic acid (LnA) in apoE/LDLR‐/‐ mice in two independent experiments: LONG (18 weeks) and SHORT (10 weeks). Liver weight was increased in CLA group in both studies. Hepatic steatosis was found in animals fed CLA and margarine diets but less signs of the steatosis were observed in mice fed LnA and CLnA diets. In LONG, TC was significantly increased in animals fed LnA, whereas LDL + VLDL, HDL and TAG levels were unchanged. In mice fed CLnA the upregulated expression of PPARα and ACO was reported, however, SREBP‐1 was 7‐fold increased. Punicic acid and CLA isomers were determined both in adipose tissue and liver in CLnA fed mice. No effects of treatments on the area of atherosclerotic plaque were recognized. In conclusion margarine supplemented with CLA significantly increased liver weight and induced steatosis in mice in both studies. Our results did not support the notion that CLnA supplementation to the margarine possesses anti‐atheroclerotic effect but it alleviated the liver steatosis and affected the expression of lipid metabolism genes.

Practical applications: It has been reported that conjugated linolenic acid isomers (CLnA) have several health‐related effects. Margarine with omega‐3 fatty acids is commonly used as a functional food product. Therefore, the effect of margarine supplemented with CLnA compared to CLA and linolenic acid (LnA) in apoE/LDLR‐/‐ mice was evaluated. CLA supplementation increased liver weight and lead to steatosis, but CLnA alleviated the liver steatosis in mice. No effects of treatments on the area of atherosclerotic plaque were recognized. The up‐regulated expression of PPARα and SREBP‐1 and their target genes ACO and FAS was reported for studied fatty acids. More research is warranted to assess the potential health‐related properties of conjugated linolenic acids as bioactive compounds in the context of production of functional foods.

Effect of margarine supplemented with pomegranate seed oil as a source of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) on development of atherosclerotic plaque, liver steatosis, lipid profile and expression of lipid metabolism genes in apoE/LDLR‐/‐ mice.
A review of mercury concentrations in freshwater fishes of Africa: Patterns and predictors
Authors: Hanna Dalal E.L. , Solomon Christopher T. , Poste Amanda E. , Buck David G. , Chapman Lauren J.
Published: December 2014

The methylated form of mercury (methylmercury) is a potent neurotoxic chemical and a contaminant of concern for fisheries because of its potential effects on ecosystem and human health. In Africa, inland fisheries are a crucial component of food and economic security, yet little information is available on mercury (Hg) contamination trends. The authors compiled published data on Hg contamination in African freshwater fishes, invertebrates, and plankton, as well as on potential drivers of Hg concentrations in these organisms. From 30 identified studies the authors assembled 407 total Hg concentrations from 166 fish species, 10 types of invertebrates, and various plankton, distributed across 31 water bodies in 12 countries. In fishes, total Hg concentrations, expressed as mean (± standard deviation) per location, averaged 156.0 ± 328.0 ng/g wet weight and ranged from 5.5 ng/g wet weight to 1865.0 ng/g wet weight. Only locations with nearby artisanal and small-scale gold mining operations had mean Hg concentrations above the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization's recommended guideline for fish (500 ng/g wet wt). The authors used mixed models to detect relationships between fish Hg concentrations and trophic level, mass, latitude, and chlorophyll a. Mass, trophic level, and latitude were all positive predictors of Hg concentration, confirming the presence of Hg bioaccumulation and biomagnification in African fishes. Although strong trends in Hg concentrations were evident, the present study also highlights limited availability of Hg data in Africa. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1–9. © 2014 SETAC
Is the hospital decision to seek accreditation an effective one?
Authors: Grepperud Sverre
Published: December 2014

The rapid expansion in the number of accredited hospitals justifies inquiry into the motives of hospitals in seeking accreditation and its social effectiveness. This paper presents a simple decision‐theoretic framework where cost reductions and improved quality of care represent the endpoint benefits from accreditation. We argue that hospital accreditation, although acting as a market‐signaling device, might be a socially inefficient institution. First, there is at present no convincing evidence for accreditation causing output quality improvements. Second, hospitals could seek accreditation, even though doing so is socially inefficient, because of moral hazard, consumer misperceptions, and nonprofit motivations. Finally, hospitals that seek accreditation need not themselves believe in output quality improvements from accreditation. Consequently, while awaiting additional evidence on accreditation, policy makers and third‐party payers should exercise caution in encouraging such programs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electro‐induced Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers by Using Ionic Liquid 1‐Butyl‐3‐methy­limidazolium Tetrafluoroborate as Initiator
Authors: Yang Feng , Yang Jinliang , Zheng Kaijing , Stansbury Jeffrey W. , Nie Jun
Published: December 2014

Ionic liquids are used widely as solvents or electrolytes for electrochemical synthesis and applications due to their wide electrochemical windows, good electrical conductivity, and their excellent solubility to both organic and inorganic compounds. Until now, no papers have reported the use of ionic liquids as initiators in polymerization. In most cases, the kinetics of electro‐induced polymerization are studied by gas chromatography (GC), NMR, or the gravimetric method, which are complicated and time consuming. In this paper, the kinetics of electro‐induced polymerization of vinyl ethers using ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4) as initiator are investigated by real‐time Fourier transform near‐IR (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy. The results show that the ionic liquid BMIMBF4 is an efficient initiator for electro‐induced polymerization of vinyl ethers. The final double‐bond conversion and polymerization rate can be adjusted by the electric‐field intensity and the concentration of the ionic liquid BMIMBF4. Moreover, the post‐curing, as well as the obvious inhibition effects of KOH, indicate that the electro‐induced polymerization goes through a cationic process. The possible mechanism is also postulated.

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A Chiral Supramolecular Polymer Membrane with no Chiral Substituents by Highly Selective Photocyclic Aromatization of a One‐Handed Helical Cis‐cisoidal Polyphenylacetylene
Authors: Liu Lijia , Long Qing , Aoki Toshiki , Namikoshi Takeshi , Abe Yunosuke , Miyata Mari , Teraguchi Masahiro , Kaneko Takashi , Wang Yudan , Zhang Chunhong
Published: December 2014

A one‐handed helical cis‐cisoidal polyphenylacetylene (P) is successfully synthesized by an asymmetric‐induced polymerization of a chiral‐substituted phenylacetylene having two hydroxymethyl groups. Quantitative photocyclic aromatization of P in a membrane‐state followed by in situ removal of the chiral substituents affords a one‐handed helical supramolecular polymer membrane of the corresponding cyclic trimer (T) with no chiral substituents. The original one‐handed helicity of the precursor P is successfully transmitted to the resulting supra­molecular helicity of de‐T. Both the hydrogen bonds and the π–π stacking are thought to contribute to the retention of the chirality during the two‐step reaction in the membrane state.

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Mit Silikon zum robusten Enzym
Authors: Ansorge‐Schumacher Marion B.
Published: December 2014

Enzyme mit Silikon zu kombinieren, hat sich in den letzten Jahren als brauchbarer Ansatz erwiesen, um robuste und gut handhabbare Biokatalysatoren für die chemische Synthese bereitzustellen.
Kleben, bis das Zeug hält
Authors: Osterath Brigitte
Published: December 2014

Biobasierte Klebstoffe sind im Kommen — zumindest in der Forschung. Doch taugen die grünen Kleber auch für die Industrie?
Extern nach Ideen suchen
Authors: Zhu Hangzi , Leker Jens
Published: December 2014

Chemieunternehmen nutzen Crowdsourcing, um so ihren Innovationsprozess effizienter zu gestalten. Diese Art der Open Innovation erfordert jedoch den richtigen Umgang mit den Menschen einer Crowd und deren Wissen.
Recentralizing groundwater governmentality: rendering groundwater and its users visible and governable
Authors: Birkenholtz Trevor L.
Published: December 2014

Groundwater use, particularly for agricultural purposes, has exploded globally. This was driven by the advent of deep tubewell groundwater lifting technology, state‐led incentives for its adoption and de facto groundwater regulatory regimes around the world that by and large gave landowners the right to pump unlimited amounts of groundwater. As a result, many parts of the world are now facing severe groundwater overdraft. This has prompted calls for new forms of decentralized governance specific to groundwater, which has been dominated historically by institutions and policies created to manage surface water. This article makes three interrelated arguments about this regulatory shift. First, the rapid growth of energized groundwater extraction has created an unstable configuration of state actors, groundwater users, abstraction technologies, and flows of water and power. Second, given this heterogeneous assemblage, the dispersed character of groundwater extraction, and its rapid decline, attempts to craft groundwater specific governance are leading to innovations in rendering groundwater and hence its users visible and governable. In turn, this is setting in motion new kinds of groundwater governmentalities as state and civil society institutions attempt to rein in this system. So that third, rather than this leading to truly decentralized groundwater governance, we instead are witnessing a resurgence of the ‘resource‐state’ and the recentralization of policies and institutions that attempt to control decentralized groundwater users and ecologies. These are working to dispossess existing users rather than engage them in the policy‐making process. The article concludes with avenues for future research on understanding specific ‘groundwater governmentalities’. WIREs Water 2015, 2:21–30. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1058

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Water Governance
A Century of Powder Diffraction: a Brief History
Authors: Etter Martin , Dinnebier Robert E.
Published: December 2014

Almost a century has passed since the pioneering work ofDebye,Scherrer, andHulland their first powder X‐ray diffraction experiments in 1916/17. Although these pioneers and many others discovered most of the fundamental concepts in the field of powder diffraction within the first few years, nobody at that time could foresee the development of the computer and its calculating power in the 21st century. The general availability of computing power changed the field of powder diffraction, asHugo Rietveldshowed with his computer‐assisted whole powder pattern fitting concept around fifty years after the first powder diffraction patterns were observed. Nowadays, much more complex algorithms are used to solve and identify crystal structures from powders. The intention of this historical review is to show some of the most important developments from the viewpoint of the authors in the field of powder diffraction in the last century, from the beginnings of the first transmission experiments and the determination of simple cubic crystal structures to the techniques of today allowing for the refinement of thousands of atoms within one unit cell.
Genomic reconstruction to improve bioethanol and ergosterol production of industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zhang Ke , Tong Mengmeng , Gao Kehui , Di Yanan , Wang Pinmei , Zhang Chunfang , Wu Xuechang , Zheng Daoqiong
Published: December 2014

Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is the common yeast used in the fields of bread making, brewing, and bioethanol production. Growth rate, stress tolerance, ethanol titer, and byproducts yields are some of the most important agronomic traits of S. cerevisiae for industrial applications. Here, we developed a novel method of constructing S. cerevisiae strains for co-producing bioethanol and ergosterol. The genome of an industrial S. cerevisiae strain, ZTW1, was first reconstructed through treatment with an antimitotic drug followed by sporulation and hybridization. A total of 140 mutants were selected for ethanol fermentation testing, and a significant positive correlation between ergosterol content and ethanol production was observed. The highest performing mutant, ZG27, produced 7.9 % more ethanol and 43.2 % more ergosterol than ZTW1 at the end of fermentation. Chromosomal karyotyping and proteome analysis of ZG27 and ZTW1 suggested that this breeding strategy caused large-scale genome structural variations and global gene expression diversities in the mutants. Genetic manipulation further demonstrated that the altered expression activity of some genes (such as ERG1, ERG9, and ERG11) involved in ergosterol synthesis partly explained the trait improvement in ZG27.
Effects of parental vigilant care and feedback on novice driver risk
Authors: Shimshoni Yaara , Farah Haneen , Lotan Tsippy , Grimberg Einat , Dritter Oren , Musicant Oren , Toledo Tomer , Omer Haim
Published: December 2014

Vigilant care aims at reducing adolescent risk behaviors while matching parental involvement to the level of alarm signs. This study examined the effect of parent training in vigilant care and technological feedback on driving risk of novice male drivers. A sample of 217 Israeli families was divided into four conditions: a) no‐feedback, b) individual feedback, c) family feedback, and d) family feedback plus parent training in vigilant care. Feedback and risk assessment were conducted through in‐vehicle data recorders. A significant difference was found in favor of the vigilant care group compared to the no feedback group. When only the drivers in the high risk percentiles were considered, the vigilant care group was found superior to the family feedback group. The findings suggest that parental training in vigilant care may help reduce driving risk.