bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Bureaucracy‐lite’ and Continuities in Managerial Work
Authors: Hales Colin
Published: March 2003

This paper questions three frequently asserted, interrelated claims about developments in management: that centralized, regulated bureaucratic organizations characterized by hierarchy and rules are inevitably giving way to decentralized and empowered post‐bureaucratic organizations characterized by internal networks and an internal market; that, as a consequence, the traditional managerial role of command and control is being superseded by one of facilitation and coordination; and that, in turn, managerial work as routine administration of work processes is being supplanted by the ‘new managerial work’ of non‐routine leadership and entrepreneurship. It is argued that these claims often rest on caricatures of bureaucracy and network organization and are neither new nor well supported by evidence. Against these claims, the paper adduces case‐study evidence which shows that, despite claims about ‘decentralization’ and ‘empowerment’, organizational change may entail not a radical shift to network organization, but more limited change to a different form of bureaucracy in which hierarchy and rules have been retained but in an attenuated and sharper form –‘bureaucracy‐lite’. Consequently, managerial roles continue to be defined in terms of individual responsibility and vertical accountability for an organizational sub‐unit, and managerial work continues to be preoccupied with monitoring and maintaining work processes, routine direction and control of staff and processing information in order to deal with the ambiguities inherent in the dimensions of managerial ‘responsibility’.
New Evidence in the Generic Strategy and Business Performance Debate: A Research Note
Authors: Parnell John A.
Published: March 2003

Regardless of the numerous published tests of the business strategy–performance relationship, no consensus has been reached. Researchers continue to debate the merits of various theories, research methods, survey techniques and the use of different strategy typologies. This study tests for a strategy–performance linkage in a manner sensitive to prevailing research criticisms.
Puzzles in Organizational Learning: An Exercise in Disciplined Imagination
Authors: Weick Karl E.
Published: March 2003

Theory construction is in part an exercise in ‘disciplined imagination’. One way to discipline our imaginations around the topic of organizational learning, it is to pay special attention to things we forget, values we slight, goals we neglect, facts we avoid and questions we fear. Each aspect of this framework is explored in the paper through a variety of stories and examples. These include Charles Handy’s first job, fighting fires, medical diagnosis, Winston Churchill’s reflections on the fall of Singapore and the identification of dangerous viruses. These rich and evocative stories offer moments for reflection on underlying issues involved in sense–making, and provide the reader with insights into the relationship between leadership and learning.
Uncertainty, Contrariness and the Double‐bind: Middle Managers’ Reactions to Changing Contracts
Authors: Dopson Sue , Neumann Jean E.
Published: March 2003

This article describes the emerging changes in psychological contracts being experienced by British middle managers in relation to their employing organizations, the middle managers' negative reactions to these changes and organizational responses to such negativity. By analysing case studies of 16 organizations, a classification of changes to five elements of the psychological contract are identified: knowledge, motivation, goals and means, role behaviour and ethics. By analysing the semi‐structured interviews of 37 middle managers, selected from a much larger database for their obvious negative reactions, a continuum of such reactions is considered: uncertainty, contrariness and double‐bind. This consideration leads, then, to suggestions for further research.
Mixed Electoral Systems in Britain and the Jenkins Commission on Electoral Reform
Authors: Dunleavy Patrick , Margetts Helen
Published: March 2003

Mixed electoral systems seek to combine elements from different voting methods so as to maximise the numbers of individually accountable constituency MPs, while achieving more proportional outcomes in terms of parties' representation. This paper looks in detail at two kinds of mixed systems: variants of the Additional Member System; and AV Plus (or SV Plus). We examine how they would have operated in British conditions during the 1990s—how ballot papers would be structured, how voters respond to them and what electoral outcomes would have resulted. Both approaches offer good prospects for achieving a consensus amongst electoral reformers on an alternative to first-past-the-post elections. We also show how the Jenkins Commission's proposals can be located within the broader development of ‘British AMS’ by the Labour and Liberal Democrat parties. In addition, we quantify the main impacts of the policy choices which the Commission made in designing the proposed system to be submitted to a referendum. The British case will be a key one for the wider debate in political science about the endogenisation of voting system changes within party systems.
Hollowing Out or Filling In? Taskforces and the Management of Cross-Cutting Issues in British Government
Authors: Taylor Andrew
Published: March 2003

This article considers the problem posed by the need to build policy coherence across the levels of government but with a focus on the strategic role of the centre in the hollow state. It considers the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) as an example of a structure, the taskforce, designed to meet the demands of coherence-building. It concludes that, far from the centre being hollowed out, resulting in a permanent loss of capacity, there is a growing emphasis in the core executive on strategic co-ordination and the emergence of institutions such as the SEU indicate a counter-tendency to hollowing out: filling in.
Policy Emergence and Policy Convergence: The Case of ‘Scientific-Bureaucratic Medicine’ in the United States and United Kingdom
Authors: Harrison Stephen , Moran Michael , Wood Bruce
Published: March 2003

This article examines how the rather similar approaches to the management of medical care (which here we term ‘scientific-bureaucratic medicine’) emerged within the public-policy agendas of both the United Kingdom and United States during the 1990s. In particular, we address the theoretical puzzle of how explanations of policy emergence in single countries can be reconciled with policy convergence between two countries.
Discourse Rights and the Drumcree Marches: A Reply to O'Neill
Authors: Newey Glen
Published: March 2003

In a recent BJPIR article Shane O'Neill uses Habermas' discourse theory of rights to argue that the conflicts over marches in Drumcree can be resolved rationally in the nationalist residents' favour. I question this conclusion via a critique of Habermas' theory. Habermas' apparently unexceptionable requirement that political outcomes win universal acceptability is bought at the cost of vagueness: it fails to specify how acceptability is secured, or how the requirement itself is derived. So it cannot justify the exceptions to equal civil rights which O'Neill wants, such as exceptions to rights of freedom of expression or movement. Unionists can claim that their position respects Habermas' universal acceptability requirement. This exposes the limitations of attempts to impose abstract principles such as Habermas' on real political conflicts. A possible alternative to this is a form of Schmittian decisionism, in which rules either prove indeterminate, or are confronted with exceptional cases that call for executive intervention outside the framework of rules. Sensitivity to political context requires not derogations from rights, but respect for the autonomy of political processes.
A Generation Apart? Youth and Political Participation in Britain
Authors: Henn Matt , Weinstein Mark , Wring Dominic
Published: March 2003

Conventional wisdom holds that young people in Britain are alienated from politics, with some claiming that this reflects a wider crisis of legitimacy that should be met by initiatives to increase citizenship. This article addresses these areas, presenting both panel survey and focus group data from first-time voters. It concludes that, contrary to the findings from many predominantly quantitative studies of political participation, young people are interested in political matters, and do support the democratic process. However, they feel a sense of anticlimax having voted for the first time, and are critical of those who have been elected to positions of political power. If they are a generation apart, this is less to do with apathy, and more to do with their engaged scepticism about ‘formal’ politics in Britain.
Games in Dynamic‐Epistemic Logic
Authors: Van Benthem Johan
Published: March 2003

The author discusses games of both perfect and imperfect information at two levels of structural detail: players’ local actions, and their global powers for determining outcomes of the game. Matching logical languages are proposed for both. In particular, at the ‘action level’, imperfect information games naturally model a combined ‘dynamic‐epistemic language’– and correspondences are found between special axioms in this language and particular modes of playing games with their information dynamics. At the ‘outcome level’, the paper presents suitable notions of game equivalence, and some simple representation results.
Lifetime Earnings, Discount Rate, Ability and the Demand for Post–compulsory Education in Men in England and Wales
Authors: Johnson Daniel
Published: March 2003

Human capital theory suggests educational investments are made based on expected returns over the lifetime. Most other work in this field, particularly using British data, is based on demand models estimated in reduced form, with no earnings measures, or crudely constructed earnings measures, based on one or two earnings observations per individual.

We present a structural model of demand for educational investment which includes estimates of earnings paths for educational options as determinants of educational choice. This provides us with directly interpretable parameter estimates. The discount rate is also determined within our demand model.

Ability controlled earnings profiles are estimated by matching individuals from the General Household Survey to individuals in similar occupations from the National Child Development Survey (NCDS).

Our results show that expected earnings profiles vary according to observed ability and educational choice. Results from the demand model show that expected lifetime earnings have a significant impact on educational choice.

Other socio–demographic factors, particularly social class, also exhibit significant influences on the education decision. We estimate the discount rate to be lower than reported in other studies.
Against paternalism in Human Resource Management
Authors: Warren Richard
Published: March 2003

The paper presents an evaluation of the paternalistic model of HRM. The analysis reveals that this conception of the employment relationship is deeply flawed and does not provide a morally acceptable approach towards responsible citizens in a democratic society. Moreover, where the employment relationship is based upon managerial hegemony and secrecy, the danger is that this can become institutionalized as a corporate morality that brings about the unintended consequences of moral indifference and unjust conduct towards employees and other stakeholders. The conclusion of this evaluation is that a wise management will try to open up its decision‐making processes and seek the participation of a wide range of stakeholders in the determination of the economic and social purpose of the company. There is another option: the employment relationship can be informed by a communitarian perspective, which aims to strike a balance between the economic interests of employers and employees, and the need for justice to foster mutual cooperation in the pursuit of a common purpose. This conception of the employment relationship will be outlined here as HRM in the ‘community of purpose’.
The role of business ethics: where next? Is there a role for academics?
Authors: Bowie Norman
Published: March 2003

In his address to the conference Norman Bowie contrasted the business ethics climate in the US with that of the UK. He highlighted the adversarial nature of US corporate cultures and the heavy emphasis on compliance‐based programs, and contrasted this with the more collaborative relationships in the UK – and in Europe generally – which lead to partnerships with NGOs as a way to resolve ethical issues. However, the growing insistence that business ethics should pay is common to both business environments. Professor Bowie raised two further issues of concern. One was the increasing professionalisation of the business ethics ‘business’, and the other was the reluctance of students to opt for business ethics courses. Taking these factors together suggests that the role of academics in business ethics is shrinking fast.
Personalism and moral leadership: the servant leader with a transforming vision
Authors: Whetstone J. Thomas
Published: March 2003

After briefly describing the philosophy of personalism this article assesses each of three normative leadership paradigms (transformational leadership, postmodern or postindustrial leadership, and servant leadership) in terms of five major themes of this phenomenological philosophy. Servant leadership appears to be closest to personalism. The critical ingredient for servant leadership is also personalism’s starting point, i.e. the dignity of each human person. A genuine servant leader works with his followers in building a community of participation and solidarity. However, some claim that servant leaders are subject to manipulation by their followers. If so, and if transformational leaders, when too successful, gain too much power or manipulate using bogus empowerment, a superior approach might be provided by a combination in which a morally tough servant leader adopts certain transforming behaviors of Bass’s altruistic transformational leader. The leader and the followers would focus on a jointly formulated and refined vision, avoiding manipulation by any party through a mutual commitment to participation, solidarity of community, and respect for each person.
Business ethics and a state–owned enterprise in China
Authors: Ip Po–Keung
Published: March 2003

Since China's Reform Era began in 1979, corporations of all shapes and sizes mushroomed in the economic landscape. Among these companies, a few have distinguished themselves by their unique corporate cultures and financial performance. The Chinese state–owned enterprises (SOEs) are notorious for their inefficiency, conservatism, bloated bureaucracy, and obsoleteness. However, a few good SOEs stand out as corporations of excellence with commitment to business ethics. Very little study has been done on SOE corporate cultures and business ethics, especially in the western literature. This paper provides an insight into one such organisation – the Double Star Group of Qingdao. This paper includes the results of an empirical survey on Double Star's employees’ perception of its corporate culture and business ethics.
Profit‐Sharing in OECD Countries: a Review and Some Evidence
Authors: Estrin Saul , Pérotin Virginie , Robinson Andrew , Wilson Nick
Published: March 2003

This article starts by describing the extent of profit‐sharing schemes in OECD countries. It suggests that firms have increasingly introduced profit‐sharing schemes not only because of the tax breaks they involve, but also because of accumulating information on the link between profit‐sharing and productivity. It concludes with a summary of new research among UK manufacturing companies, which shows a productivity improvement of about 6% in cases where profit‐sharing bonuses were of order 5–10% of market wages.
Public‐Private Partnerships for Service Delivery
Authors: Domberger Simon , Fernandez Patrick
Published: March 2003

This article reports on the performance of services contracted out by the public sector to private sector organisations. The conclusions are based on probably the biggest‐ever questionnaire survey on this topic to‐date: it covered 7,500 public‐private partnerships, and was replicated annually over three years. The private sector organisations providing the services included multinationals like IBM and Andersen Consulting as well as local firms. The public sector “clients” were all from three Australian states or the Australian federal government. The study not only shows that these partnerships are set to go on expanding fast, but also explores the ways in which they have been successful and the pitfalls which the partners need to avoid.
Eleven Misconceptions about Customer Relationship Management
Authors: Verhoef Peter C , Langerak Fred
Published: March 2003

Higher buying rates and lower service costs make long–term customers more profitable and firms increasingly focus their marketing efforts on customer relationship management (CRM). However, they are often disappointed by the performance of CRM projects. These disappointing results are caused by managerial misconceptions about CRM and customer behaviour. This article focuses on 11 of these misconceptions to help managers make well–considered CRM–related decisions and raise the success rate of CRM projects.
The Relations among Body Image, Physical Attractiveness, and Body Mass in Adolescence
Authors: Rosenblum Gianine D. , Lewis Michael
Published: March 2003

Body dissatisfaction, a measure of body image, physical attractiveness, and body mass index were assessed in the same 115 participants at ages 13, 15, and 18 years. Sex differences in body dissatisfaction emerged between 13 and 15 years of age and were maintained at 18. Over adolescence, girls increased, while boys decreased, their body dissatisfaction. Body dissatisfaction was weakly related to others' ratings of the adolescents' physical attractiveness and their body mass index. The results support the idea that, overall, adolescents' body image has little to do with how others perceive them, but once developed remains constant through much of adolescence.
Putting the “Noun Bias” in Context: A Comparison of English and Mandarin
Authors: Tardif Twila , Gelman Susan A. , Xu Fan
Published: March 2003

Recently, researchers have been debating whether children exhibit a universal “noun bias” when learning a first language. The present study compares the proportions of nouns and verbs in the early vocabularies of 24 English‐ and 24 Mandarin‐speaking toddlers (M age = 20 months) and their mothers. Three different methods were used to measure the proportion of noun types, relative to verb types: controlled observations in three contexts (book reading, mechanical toy play, regular toy play), identical across languages; a vocabulary checklist (MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory); and mothers' reporting of their children's “first words.” Across all measures, Mandarin‐speaking children were found to have relatively fewer nouns and more verbs than English‐speaking children. However, context itself played an important role in the proportions of nouns found in children's vocabularies, such that, regardless of the language spoken, children's vocabularies appeared dominated by nouns when they were engaged in book reading, but not when they were playing with toys. Mothers' speech to children showed the same language differences (relatively more verbs in Mandarin), although both Mandarin‐ and English‐speaking mothers produced relatively more verbs than their children. In sum, whether or not language‐learning toddlers demonstrate a “noun bias” depends on a variety of factors, including the methods by which their vocabularies are sampled and the contexts in which observations occur.
Age and Gender as Determinants of Stress Exposure, Generation, and Reactions in Youngsters: A Transactional Perspective
Authors: Rudolph Karen D. , Hammen Constance
Published: March 2003

The present study used a contextual and transactional approach to examine age and gender differences in the experience and consequences of life stress in clinic‐referred preadolescents and adolescents. Eighty‐eight youngsters and their parents completed the Child Episodic Life Stress Interview, a detailed semistructured interview assessing the occurrence of stressful events in multiple life domains. Interviews were coded using a contextual threat rating method to determine event stressfulness and dependence. Youngsters also completed the Children's Depression Inventory and the Revised Child Manifest Anxiety Scale to assess self‐reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. Consistent with predictions, age‐ and gender‐related patterns of life stress varied across the type and context of stressors. Most notably, adolescent girls experienced the highest levels of interpersonal stress, especially stress and conflict that they generated within parent‐child and peer relationships. Preadolescent girls experienced the highest levels of independent stress and conflict in the family context. Adolescent boys experienced the highest levels of noninterpersonal stress associated with self‐generated events. Girls demonstrated particular vulnerability to depressive responses to dependent stress. The results build on and extend previous theory and research on age and gender differences in close relationships and stress, and illustrate the value of more refined conceptual models and more sophisticated methodologies in child life stress research.
The Relation between Mothers' Hostile Attribution Tendencies and Children's Externalizing Behavior Problems: The Mediating Role of Mothers' Harsh Discipline Practices
Authors: Nix Robert L. , Pinderhughes Ellen E. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Bates John E. , Pettit Gregory S. , McFadyen‐Ketchum Steven A.
Published: March 2003

This study examined relations among mothers' hostile attribution tendencies regarding their children's ambiguous problem behaviors, mothers' harsh discipline practices, and children's externalizing behavior problems. A community sample of 277 families (19% minority representation) living in three geographic regions of the United States was followed for over 4 years. Mothers' hostile attribution tendencies were assessed during the summer prior to children's entry into kindergarten through their responses to written vignettes. Mothers' harsh discipline practices were assessed concurrently through ratings by interviewers and reports by spouses. Children's externalizing behavior problems were assessed concurrently through written questionnaires by mothers and fathers and in the spring of kindergarten and first, second, and third grades through reports by teachers and peer sociometric nominations. Results of structural equations models demonstrated that mothers' hostile attribution tendencies predicted children's future externalizing behavior problems at school and that a large proportion of this relation was mediated by mothers' harsh discipline practices. These results remained virtually unchanged when controlling for initial levels of children's prekindergarten externalizing behavior problems at home.
Family Influences on Adaptive Development in Young Children with Down Syndrome
Authors: Hauser‐Cram Penny , Warfield Marji Erickson , Shonkoff Jack P. , Krauss Marty Wyngaarden , Upshur Carole C. , Sayer Aline
Published: March 2003

In this study we investigated the extent to which the family environment predicted differences in trajectories of adaptive development in young children with Down syndrome. The sample was comprised of 54 children with Down syndrome and their families who were studied from infancy through the age of 5 years as part of a longitudinal study of children with disabilities. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to estimate the parameters of hierarchical growth models in domains of adaptive development. Results indicated that growth in communication, daily living skills, and socialization domains were predicted by measures of the family environment (i.e., family cohesion and mother‐child interaction) above and beyond that predicted by maternal education. Further, Bayley MDI measures during infancy did not predict changes in adaptive development in any of the domains. The results are discussed in terms of implications for service provision and for expanding theoretical frameworks to include the development of children with disabilities.
Cultural Differences in Maternal Beliefs and Behaviors: A Study of Middle‐Class Anglo and Puerto Rican Mother‐Infant Pairs in Four Everyday Situations
Authors: Harwood Robin L. , Schoelmerich Axel , Schulze Pamela A. , Gonzalez Zenaida
Published: March 2003

This study examines cultural patterning in situational variability in mother‐infant interactions among middle‐class Anglo and Puerto Rican mothers and their 12 to 15‐month‐old firstborn children. Forty mothers were interviewed regarding their long‐term socialization goals and childrearing strategies, and videotaped interacting with their infants in four everyday settings: feeding, social play, teaching, and free play. Results suggest that: (1) Anglo mothers place greater emphasis on socialization goals and childrearing strategies consonant with a more individualistic orientation, whereas Puerto Rican mothers place greater focus on goals and strategies consistent with a more sociocentric orientation; (2) coherence was found between mothers' childrearing beliefs and practices, with Puerto Rican mothers more likely to directly structure their infants' behaviors; and (3) situational variability arose in mother‐infant interactions, but this variability showed a cultural patterning consistent with mothers' long‐term socialization goals and childrearing beliefs.
Infants of Depressed Mothers Exhibit Atypical Frontal Electrical Brain Activity during Interactions with Mother and with a Familiar, Nondepressed Adult
Authors: Dawson Geraldine , Frey Karin , Panagiotides Heracles , Yamada Emily , Hessl David , Osterling Julie
Published: March 2003

Previous studies have shown that infants of depressed mothers exhibit atypical frontal brain electrical activity when they are interacting with their mothers. Whereas typically developing infants exhibit greater left versus right frontal brain activity, infants of depressed mothers have been found to exhibit reduced relative left frontal activity. The left frontal brain region has been associated with the expression of positive emotions. In the present study, the question of whether the atypical pattern of brain activity found in infants of depressed mothers generalizes to situations not involving mother was addressed. Brain electrical activity was recorded from 13‐ to 15‐month‐old infants of depressed (N = 59) versus nondepressed (N = 40) mothers during a baseline condition, and during several social conditions that included a playful social interaction with a familiar experimenter. Infants of depressed mothers exhibited reduced left relative to right frontal activity during the baseline condition, and during interactions with their mothers and with the familiar experimenter. The present results suggest that the atypical pattern of electrical brain activity found in infants of depressed mothers generalizes to a variety of situations, including positive interactions with nondepressed adults.
Learning to Make Good Decisions: A Self‐Regulation Perspective
Authors: Byrnes James P. , Miller David C. , Reynolds Marianne
Published: March 2003

Two studies were conducted to determine the extent to which feedback could improve the decision‐making of adolescents and adults. In Experiment 1, 96 eighth graders and adults engaged in a task that required a choice between easy and hard questions. Two types of feedback (i.e., verbal and outcome) were used to help participants identify the type of question that would be most likely to earn them points. Results showed that (1) neither group benefited from verbal feedback, and (2) adults benefited more from outcome feedback than eighth graders. In Experiment 2, two types of feedback were once again employed in the context of a medical decision‐making task. Fifty‐five adults and adolescents participated. As was found in Experiment 1, adults seemed to benefit more from feedback than adolescents. In addition, intelligence was unrelated to performance. The results are interpreted within the perspective of a self‐regulation model of decision‐making.
Early Understanding and Production of Graphic Symbols
Authors: Callaghan Tara C.
Published: March 2003

Young children's ability to understand and produce graphic symbols within an environment of social communication was investigated in two experiments. Children aged 2, 3, and 4 years produced graphic symbols of simple objects on their own, used them in a social communicative game, and responded to experimenter's symbols. In Experiment 1 (N = 48), 2‐year‐olds did not effectively produce symbols or use the experimenter's symbols in the choice task, whereas 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds improved their drawings following the game and performed above chance with the experimenter's symbols. Ability to produce an effective graphic symbol was correlated with success on a task that measured understanding of the experimenter's symbols, supporting the claim that children's ability to produce a graphic symbol rests on the understanding of the symbolic function of pictures. In Experiment 2, 32 children aged 3 and 4 years improved their third set of drawings when they received feedback that their drawings were not effective communications. The results suggest that production and understanding of graphic symbols can be facilitated by the same social factors that improve verbal symbolic abilities, thereby raising the question of domain specificity in symbolic development.
Parental Responses to Sibling Conflict: The Effects of Development and Parent Gender
Authors: Kramer Laurie , Perozynski Lisa A. , Chung Tsai‐Yen
Published: March 2003

Mothers' and fathers' responses to their children's spontaneous sibling conflicts were observed using a wireless microphone system. Eighty‐eight two‐child, two‐parent families participated in three home observations. Secondborn children were 3 to 5 years of age and firstborn children were 2 to 4 years older. Associations between parents' enactment of three categories of conflict management strategies (passive nonintervention, child‐centered management, and parental control) and sibling interaction quality varied according to children's ages, gender of the monitoring parent, and type of strategy used. Passive nonintervention was highly associated with the occurrence of subsequent conflict. Younger sibling dyads, in particular, behaved more antagonistically when their parents did not intervene. In contrast, older sibling dyads were less involved and less close when their mothers intervened in any way. Results suggest that relatively younger sibling dyads may benefit more than older dyads from parental intervention.
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Authors: Geary David C. , Bjorklund David F.
Published: March 2003

Evolutionary developmental psychology is the study of the genetic and ecological mechanisms that govern the development of social and cognitive competencies common to all human beings and the epigenetic (gene–environment interactions) processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions. The basic assumptions and domains of this emerging field, as related to human life history and social and cognitive development, are outlined, as are implications for issues of importance in contemporary society.
An Integrated Model of Emotion Processes and Cognition in Social Information Processing
Authors: Lemerise Elizabeth A. , Arsenio William F.
Published: March 2003

Literature on the contributions of social cognitive and emotion processes to children's social competence is reviewed and interpreted in the context of an integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing. Neurophysiological and functional evidence for the centrality of emotion processes in personal–social decision making is reviewed. Crick and Dodge's model is presented as a cognitive model of social decision making, and a revised model is proposed into which emotion processes are integrated. Hypotheses derived from the proposed model are described.
The Development of Word Retrieval Abilities in the Second Year and its Relation to Early Vocabulary Growth
Authors: Dapretto Mirella , Bjork Elizabeth L.
Published: March 2003

The present research investigated the development of word retrieval abilities late in the second year when most children display a marked increase in word production. When asked what was hidden in a given box, children with still quite limited productive vocabularies were reliably less likely to produce the labels of the hidden objects than were children with larger productive vocabularies even though (1) all children could name those objects and (2) all children did well when asked to find those same hidden objects. Additionally, the provision of pictorial cues facilitated word retrieval, especially in the early stage of lexical development. Naming errors during a naturalistic book‐reading session peaked in children whose productive vocabularies had recently begun to expand, further suggesting that word retrieval processes undergo significant changes at this time.
The Development of Close Relationships in Japan and the United States: Paths of Symbiotic Harmony and Generative Tension
Authors: Rothbaum Fred , Pott Martha , Azuma Hiroshi , Miyake Kazuo , Weisz John
Published: March 2003

Findings from research on parent – child and adult mate relationships suggest that there are different paths of development in Japan and the United States. In Japan, the path is one of symbiotic harmony, as seen in the emphasis on union in infancy, others' expectations in childhood, the stability of relationships with parents and peers in adolescence, and assurance about the mate relationship in adulthood. In the United States, the path is one of generative tension, as seen in the tug between separation and reunion in infancy, the emphasis on personal preferences in childhood, the transfer of closeness from parents to peers in adolescence, and the emphasis on trust — a faith and hope in new relationships — in adulthood. The notion that there are different paths of development challenges Western investigators' presumption that certain processes — separation‐individuation, use of the relational partner as a secure base for exploration, and conflict between partners — are central in all relationships. The notion of different paths also challenges the assumption of many cross‐cultural investigators that relationships in the United States are less valued or weaker than those in Japan; this article highlights cultural differences in the meaning and dynamics, as opposed to the importance and strength, of relationships. The model suggests a need to investigate the processes underlying, and the adaptive consequences of, these two alternative paths.
Infants' Perception of the Audible, Visible, and Bimodal Attributes of Multimodal Syllables
Authors: Lewkowicz David J.
Published: March 2003

Three experiments investigated 4‐, 6‐, and 8‐month‐old infants' perception of the audible, visible, and combined attributes of bimodally specified syllables. Ninety‐six infants in each experiment were habituated to a person mouthing and uttering a syllable and then tested for detection of changes of either the audible, visible, or combined attributes of the syllable. When the attributes of the syllable were produced in an adult‐directed manner, all three age groups discriminated the audible and bimodal attribute changes but only the 8‐month‐olds discriminated the visible one. When the difference between the familiar and novel attributes of the syllable was enhanced by testing with a novel syllable produced in an infant‐directed manner, all three age groups detected all three types of changes. Finally, to test the possible role of audiovisual synchrony in responsiveness, infants were tested with an asynchronous syllable spoken either by the same person or by a novel person following habituation to a synchronous syllable. Results suggested that at four months infants attended primarily to the featural information, at six months primarily to the asynchrony, and at eight months to both features independently. These results help identify some of the important dimensions of multimodal speech during early development.
Appraisal, Social Support, and Life Events: Predicting Outcome Behavior in School‐Age Children
Authors: Jackson Yo , Warren Jared S.
Published: March 2003

To examine the relation between social support and appraisal of life events in predicting adaptive, externalizing, and internalizing behavior in 265 school‐age children, child‐report on both a global and a significant other measure of social support was used. Life event scores were separated into events endorsed as negative and events endorsed as positive by the child. Using hierarchical regression analyses, the present study tested two models: main effects and moderator models of the relation between life events, social support, and behavioral outcome. Support was found for global social support and positive life events in predicting adaptive, externalizing, and internalizing behavior. Gender differences were also found. Support was found for both the main effects and moderator models of the association between life events and global social support. Appraisal of life events as positive appears to compensate for lower levels of global social support. Appraisal is discussed as a possible protective factor from maladjustment after exposure to major life events.
Testing a Core Emotion‐Regulation Prediction: Does Early Attentional Persistence Moderate the Effect of Infant Negative Emotionality on Later Development?
Authors: Belsky Jay , Friedman Sarah L. , Hsieh Kuang‐Hua
Published: March 2003

To test the hypothesis that early attentional persistence will moderate the effect of infant negative emotionality on social competence, problem behavior, and school readiness at age 3, data collected as part of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care were subject to structural equation modeling analyses (N = 1,038). Consistent with Eisenberg et al.'s data on older children, high levels of negative emotionality were associated with low levels of social competence only when attentional persistence was poor. No such moderating effects of attentional persistence emerged in the case of behavior problems. And in the case of school readiness, findings indicated that high levels of negative emotionality predicted high levels of school readiness when attentional persistence was high, a result opposite to that found with respect to the prediction of social competence.
Children's Understanding of Psychogenic Bodily Reactions
Authors: Notaro Paul C. , Gelman Susan A. , Zimmerman Marc A.
Published: March 2003

One hundred twenty‐eight children in preschool through fifth grade (range= 4,3–1,4) and 76 adults serving as a comparison group participated in two studies that examined how children reason about psychogenic bodily reactions, that is, ailments or nonconscious physiological responses with origins in the mind (e.g., stress‐induced headache). Psychogenic bodily reactions provide an opportunity to study how children integrate knowledge between the domains of bodily response and psychology. In Study 1, participants were asked whether various familiar psychogenic bodily reactions were possible (e.g., can someone get a tummyache from worrying?). In Study 2, participants were presented with a novel domain (hypothetical “aliens” from outer space) and were asked whether various unfamiliar bodily conditions (e.g., toes swelling) could arise from various physical or psychological causes. As predicted, adults typically reported that psychogenic bodily reactions were possible, and that unfamiliar bodily conditions could result from either psychological or physical causes. In contrast, young children typically denied that psychogenic bodily reactions could occur and predicted that unfamiliar bodily conditions resulted from physical causes only. The results support a developmental path: younger children view psychogenic bodily responses as wholly physical, but with age, view them as both physical and psychological phenomena.
Social Identity and the Development of Children's Group Attitudes
Authors: Nesdale Drew , Flesser Debbie
Published: March 2003

This study assessed predictions drawn from social identity theory (SIT; Tajfel & Turner) concerning the acquisition of young children's intra‐ and intergroup attitudes and cognitions. In a minimal group study, 5‐ and 8‐year‐old children (N= 258) were arbitrarily assigned to teams that varied in their drawing ability (social status). In addition, the study varied the extent to which the children believed they could change teams (social mobility) and whether the team had additional positive qualities beyond their drawing skill (social change). The children subsequently rated their liking for, and similarity to, the ingroup and the outgroup and the extent to which they wished to change groups. Consistent with SIT and research with adults, the results indicated that children as young as 5 years of age were sensitive to the status of their social group, and that ingroup status has important implications for both their desire to remain group members as well as their perceived similarity to other group members. The extent to which the findings provide support for SIT and the intergroup similarities between adults and children are discussed.
Developmental Pathways from Child Maltreatment to Peer Rejection
Authors: Bolger Kerry E. , Patterson Charlotte J.
Published: March 2003

Using a prospective longitudinal design, rejection by peers, aggressive behavior, and social withdrawal were examined among a representative community sample of 107 maltreated children and an equal number of nonmaltreated children. Results revealed that chronic maltreatment was associated with heightened risk of rejection by peers. Chronically maltreated children were more likely to be rejected by peers repeatedly across multiple years from childhood to early adolescence. Maltreatment chronicity was also associated with higher levels of children's aggressive behavior, as reported by peers, teachers, and children themselves. Aggressive behavior accounted in large part for the association between chronic maltreatment and rejection by peers. Socially withdrawn behavior was associated with peer rejection, but did not account for the association between chronic maltreatment and peer rejection. These results held for both girls and boys, followed from childhood through early adolescence. Moreover, the links among chronic maltreatment, aggressive behavior, and peer rejection were already established by early school age. Implications of these results for developmental theory and intervention are discussed.
Children's Understanding of Emotion in Speech
Authors: Morton J. Bruce , Trehub Sandra E.
Published: March 2003

Children's understanding of emotion in speech was explored in three experiments. In Experiment 1, 4‐ to 10‐year‐old children and adults (N= 165) judged the happiness or sadness of the speaker from cues conveyed by propositional content and affective paralanguage. When the cues conflicted (i.e., a happy situation was described with sad paralanguage), children relied primarily on content, in contrast to adults, who relied on paralanguage. There were gradual developmental changes from 4‐year‐olds' almost exclusive focus on content to adults' exclusive focus on paralanguage. Children of all ages exhibited greater response latencies to utterances with conflicting cues than to those with nonconflicting cues, indicating that they processed both sources of emotional information. Children accurately labeled the affective paralanguage when the propositional cues to emotion were obscured by a foreign language (Experiment 2, N= 20) or by low‐pass filtering (Experiment 3, N = 60). The findings are consistent with children's limited understanding of the communicative functions of affective paralanguage.
Analytic and Heuristic Processing Influences on Adolescent Reasoning and Decision‐Making
Authors: Klaczynski Paul A.
Published: March 2003

The normative/descriptive gap is the discrepancy between actual reasoning and traditional standards for reasoning. The relationship between age and the normative/descriptive gap was examined by presenting adolescents with a battery of reasoning and decision‐making tasks. Middle adolescents (N= 76) performed closer to normative ideals than early adolescents (N=66), although the normative/descriptive gap was large for both groups. Correlational analyses revealed that (1) normative responses correlated positively with each other, (2) nonnormative responses were positively interrelated, and (3) normative and nonnormative responses were largely independent. Factor analyses suggested that performance was based on two processing systems. The “analytic” system operates on “decontextualized” task representations and underlies conscious, computational reasoning. The “heuristic” system operates on “contextualized,” content‐laden representations and produces “cognitively cheap” responses that sometimes conflict with traditional norms. Analytic processing was more clearly linked to age and to intelligence than heuristic processing. Implications for cognitive development, the competence/performance issue, and rationality are discussed.
Interpersonal Influence in Family Systems: A Social Relations Model Analysis
Authors: Cook William L.
Published: March 2003

Is parental control of a child's behavior due to the parenting style of the parent (e.g., authoritative parenting), the child's inclination toward compliance (i.e., an “easy” child), or the reciprocal system of parent–child exchange? This study addressed this question, as well as the broader one of who drives the interaction whenever one family member influences another. Family members from 208 two‐parent two‐child families of adolescents rated the degree to which each person in the family influenced each of the other family members. Social relations analysis of these data indicated that characteristics of the partner and the unique actor–partner “fit” were systematic sources of interpersonal influence, and that reciprocal influence was present in most — but not all — family dyads. A pattern in which parents compensate for each other's influenceability was also found. It is recommended that these findings be replicated using observational data that have been sequentially analyzed.
A Longitudinal Study of Visual Expectation and Reaction Time in the First Year of Life
Authors: Rose Susan A. , Feldman Judith F. , Jankowski Jeffery J. , Caro Donna M.
Published: March 2003

Developmental change and stability of visual expectation and reaction times (RT) were examined at 5, 7, and 12 months in a longitudinal sample of term and preterm infants (birthweight < 1,750 g). Using the traditional 200‐ms cut‐point to separate anticipatory from reactive saccades, RTs (and their standard deviations) declined markedly over age, whereas anticipations increased. Those infants who had faster RTs were more likely to anticipate upcoming events and were more attentive (fewer trials off‐task and less response variability). Cross‐age stability was modest for most measures from 5 to 7 and 7 to 12 months, but rarely significant from 5 to 12 months. When the cut‐point was lowered to 150 ms (to accommodate recent concerns that the higher cut‐point may misclassify some true RTs as anticipations), the age‐related increase in anticipations disappeared. Thus, although the results indicate marked increases in processing speed with age, evidence for increasing anticipations is equivocal. Findings were similar for preterm and term infants.