bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demystifying Disruption: On the Hazard of Being Replaced by New Technology
Authors: Sood Ashish , Tellis Gerard J.
Published: August 2018

In many industries, new technologies represent a serious threat to established companies. If underestimated, they can endanger their survival. Even if the chances of being disrupted are rather low, companies are well advised to watch out for emerging trends. A large-scale study analyzed the technological evolution of seven markets over several decades and found surprising results, which were not always in line with the most common theories on the topic.
The researcher observed that it was not always easy to predict which technology would ultimately prevail because old and new technologies regularly coexisted for some time and evolution was often erratic. New technologies were introduced both by incumbents and newcomers to the market. Chances of success were higher when the new technology was priced lower than the established technology, but price was less important than quality. Technologies with higher introduction prices also succeeded when they were superior.
New technologies always introduced new dimensions of importance, which gained importance in competition over time.
In many cases it was not the pioneer who ultimately succeeded with the new technology. It seems important to believe and invest in new technology, and to not abandon it too early. Further, companies might consider a “self-cannibalization strategy” during the times of transition from the old to the new technology.
Who Are the Spanish Journalists? Professional Profiles and Changes in the Profession
Authors: Berganza Rosa , Herrero-Jiménez Beatriz , Gómez Montero Eva Luisa
Published: August 2018

This study analyzes the current socio-demographic and labor profile of Spanish journalists, as well as perceived changes they view to their profession, based on results obtained in a representative survey of 390 Spanish journalists between March 1, 2014 and May 30, 2015 performed as part of the Worlds of Journalism Study project. Our findings show that the average Spanish journalist is a man in his late thirties with advanced university degrees in communications or journalism who has been working in the profession for over fifteen years. The results show that job insecurity is commonly viewed as an issue in the profession, as are hierarchical and salary differences with respect to gender. The relevance of audiences and the perceived influence of economic difficulties on the media are among the most important changes experienced by journalists in Spain in recent years.Este estudo analisa o atual perfil sociodemográfico e trabalhista do jornalista espanhol, assim como as mudanças percebidas na profissão a partir dos resultados obtidos numa pesquisa representativa realizada junto a 390 jornalistas espanhóis entre 1 de março de 2014 e 30 de maio de 2015, no âmbito do projeto Worlds of Journalism Study. Os resultados mostram que o perfil profissional do jornalista espanhol é o de um homem com mais de 35 anos, com formação universitária em comunicação ou jornalismo e que está há mais de quinze anos na profissão. Os dados assinalam a precarização da profissão, assim como as diferenças hierárquicas e salariais de género. A relevância dada às exigências da audiência, bem como a percepção das dificuldades econômicas dos meios de comunicação são algumas das mudanças mais importantes experimentadas pelos jornalistas na Espanha nos últimos anos.Este estudio analiza el perfil sociodemográfico y laboral actual del periodista español, así como los cambios percibidos en su profesión a partir de los resultados obtenidos en una encuesta representativa realizada a 390 periodistas españoles entre el 1 de marzo de 2014 y el 30 de mayo de 2015, dentro del proyecto Worlds of Journalism Study. Los resultados muestran que el perfil profesional del periodista español es el de un hombre a finales de la treintena, con estudios universitarios superiores en comunicación o periodismo y que lleva más de quince años trabajando en la profesión. Los datos señalan la precariedad laboral de la profesión, así como las diferencias jerárquicas y salariales de género. La relevancia cobrada por la audiencia y las influencias percibidas debido a las dificultades económicas de los medios son algunos de los cambios más importantes experimentados por el gremio en España en los últimos años.
The Journalists and a Profession in Mutation: The Voices of the Professionals of a Curitiba Radio
Authors: Cerqueira Bárbara Maia
Published: August 2018

The objective of this paper is to analyze the changes that took place in a radiophonic context in the face of a scenario of media convergence, which is linked to economic, social and productive transformations. As a theoretical basis, two basic concepts were used: media convergence, in its multidimensional approach (Fidler, 1997; Jenkins, 2009) and the journalism theory of Newsmaking (Wolf, 1997; Pena, 2005). The empirical basis used for the analysis was composed of nine semi-open interviews with current and former journalists from CNB-Curitiba. As a main result, it was identified that the productive changes are driven not only by the insertion of digital technologies in the daily routine, but also by economic and political interests, which interfere considerably in the practice of these professionals.O trabalho aqui exposto tem por objetivo analisar as mudanças ocorridas em âmbito radiofônico frente a um cenário de convergência de meios, que está atrelado a transformações econômicas, sociais e produtivas. Como base teórica, foram utilizados dois conceitos base: o da convergência midiática, em sua abordagem multidimensional (Fidler, 1997; Jenkins, 2009) e o da teoria jornalística do Newsmaking (Wolf, 1997; Pena, 2005). A base empírica utilizada para a análise é composta por nove entrevistas semiabertas, realizadas com atuais e antigos jornalistas da emissora CNB-Curitiba. Como principal resultado, foi identificado que as mudanças produtivas são impulsionadas não apenas pela inserção de tecnologias digitais na rotina diária, mas também por interesses econômicos e políticos, que interferem consideravelmente na prática destes profissionais.El trabajo realizado tiene como objetivo evaluar los cambios ocurridos en el ambito radiofónico ante una realidad de convergencia de medios, que se vincula a las transformaciones económicas, sociales y productivas. Como base teórica, se utiliza los conceptos básicos: de la convergencia mediática, en su abordaje multidimensional (Fidler, 1997; Jenkins, 2009) y la teoría periodística del Newsmaking (Wolf, 1997; Pena, 2005). La base empírica utilizada para el análisis está compuesta por nueve entrevistas semiabiertas, realizadas con actuales y antiguos periodistas de la emisora CBN-Curitiba. Entre los principales resultados, se identifica que los cambios productivos son impulsados no sólo por la inserción de tecnologías digitales en la rutina diaria, sino también por intereses económicos y políticos, que interfieren considerablemente en la práctica de estos profesionales.
A Note on Priest's Mereology
Authors: Cotnoir Aaron
Published: August 2018

In the last several years, paraconsistent mereology has begun to be developed and applied to

a range of philosophical issues, from puzzles about boundaries, to the Meinongian ‘problem

of nothingness’, to the metaphysics of unity. Because these formal systems are fresh

out of the package, as it were, there will inevitably be some wrinkles that need ironing out. In this

note, I’ll point out a problem with the system in Priest (2014a, 2014b), and suggest a natural fix.
Incorporation of CdFe2O4SiO2 nanoparticles in SbPO4-ZnO-PbO glasses by melting quenching process
Authors: Orives Juliane , Viali Wesley R. , Magnani Marina , Nalin Marcelo
Published: August 2018

The development of glasses containing nanoparticles dispersed homogeneously with controlled size and optimum parameters for functionality is a challenge. Glasses in the ternary system 60SbPO4-30ZnO-10PbO containing CdFe2O4-SiO2 nanoparticles  were studied. The CdFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by the coprecipitation method and the average size was 3.9 nm and then, they were protected by a silica layer. The nanoparticles were mixed with the glass precursors and transformed into glasses by melt-quenching method. Thermal and structural properties were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. While the optical properties were studied by M-Lines spectroscopy and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The glass samples obtained were completely transparent, with amber color and showed no sign of crystallization according to the techniques used. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the methodology used for the incorporation of nanoparticles was efficient. The nanoparticle protection methodology prior to incorporation into glasses may contribute towards the development of glasses containing nanoparticles useful for magneto-optics devices.
Spatial Distribution Of Atmospheric Pollutants Through Biomonitoring In Tree Bark Using X-Ray Fluorescence
Authors: Gurgatz Bruno Martins , Carvalho-Oliveira Regiani , Antoniaconi Gisele , Saldiva Paulo Hilário do Nascimento , Huergo Luciano Fernandes , Reis Rodrigo Arantes
Published: August 2018

Several studies have shown that tree barks can absorb air contaminants, therefore, trees can be used as biomonitors to identify the distribution of atmospheric pollutants. The city of Paranaguá, located at the coast of the Paraná State in Brazil, hosts the largest bulk cargo port in Latin America and an elevated number of fertilizer processing industries. In this study we used tree barks coupled to X-ray fluorescence spectrometer analysis to biomonitor the distribution of air pollutants in the city of Paranaguá. We identified a visual correlation between the level of the elements K and Cl, with high levels detected near fertilizer warehouses. A relation between Fe levels and position of railways and train stations were also clear. The low levels of the elements Zn, Al, Ba and Mg detected in a traffic restricted zone confirm the use of these elements as markers of vehicles traffic and validate the approach of using tree barks for air pollution biomonitoring.
El Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas como estrategia didáctica en el proceso de enseñanza
Authors: Palta Valladares Norma Isabel , Sigüenza Orellana Juan Patricio , Pulla Merchán Jhoana Fernanda
Published: August 2018

El presente artículo pretende determinar la utilización del Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas como estrategia didáctica en el proceso de enseñanza, para ello se identificó el nivel de conocimientos y el estado actual de utilización del ABP en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. El trabajo de campo se realizó en la Escuela de Educación General Básica José de la Vega del cantón Paute, provincia del Azuay, Ecuador en el año académico 2016-2017, se aplicó encuestas a docentes y estudiantes del octavo, noveno y décimo año de Educación General Básica; además se realizó un análisis de las Planificaciones Didácticas, empleándose para ello una matriz de revisión documental para cada documento. Identificándose que el ABP, es una estrategia didáctica que permite que el educando construya su aprendizaje mediante la participación activa, investigativa y crítica llevándole a un aprendizaje significativo, además se identificó que el nivel de conocimientos  sobre el ABP es casi nulo en docentes y estudiantes, así como su utilización en los procesos de enseñanza.
Vinculación Universidad - Sociedad: espacio para generar creatividad e innovación
Authors: Cisneros Quintanilla Pablo Fernando , Mendoza Bravo Karina Luzdelia
Published: August 2018

La proyección de la Universidad hacia la Sociedad adquiere su significativa relevancia en la búsqueda de una educación superior y con responsabilidad social. En el marco de una educación superior pertinente y con responsabilidad social, la proyección de la Universidad hacia la Sociedad adquiere una significativa relevancia. La Universidad ecuatoriana de manera general, inmersa en este proceso, tiene como misión Preservar, desarrollar y promover, a través de sus procesos sustantivos y en estrecho vínculo con la sociedad, la cultura, lo que le permitirá formar profesionales integrales que contribuyan al desarrollo de la localidad, la provincia y el país. Sin embargo, se ha evidenciado que, durante el proceso de formación de grado del profesional, existe una deficiente articulación de la Extensión Universitaria con los demás procesos sustantivos de la Universidad, identificándose además como únicos beneficiarios a los actores comunitarios y no a los estudiantes universitarios demostrándose así la ausencia del análisis de la extensión universitaria desde su dimensión pedagógica, donde se rescata el valor educativo que tiene la extensión universitaria en la formación de grado del profesional. En este contexto la extensión universitaria se constituye en una importante acción de vinculación con la comunidad y forma organizativa de aprendizaje, en respuesta a las demandas sociales, donde la universidad puede aportar y a la vez aprender de esa realidad.  Sin embargo, la Extensión Universitaria como experiencia social y educativa no ha logrado una adecuada visibilidad y trascendencia en relación a su carácter formativo y de transformación social, lo que limita el alcance de este espacio formativo en el crecimiento personal, profesional y social de los estudiantes universitarios. Surge así la necesidad de resignificar las potencialidades de la Extensión Universitaria desde las prácticas extensionistas como espacio social de integración formación-experiencia-contexto comunitario, a lo cual esta investigación responde con el análisis tanto conceptual como experimental mediante el estudio de caso de una práctica extensionista realizada en universidades ecuatorianas, por parte de los autores del presente trabajo, orientada a la transformación de la práctica extensionista en experiencias formativas de compromiso social, integradas al proceso formativo del profesional.
La investigación formativa como herramienta para la innovación educativa
Authors: Curay Banegas Edgar Rigoberto , Vanegas Quizhpi Oscar Santiago
Published: August 2018

{En la actualidad, la investigación formativa en Educación Superior sitúa al estudiante como protagonista principal de la generación de su propio conocimiento. La función de los docentes está orientada a utilizar métodos adecuados que permitan: tutorar, guiar, asistir y acompañar a los estudiantes hacia la consecución de un aprendizaje significativo e independiente, motivándolos a trabajar de manera colaborativa y autónoma según el caso. En el siguiente artículo se reflexiona sobre la experiencia derivada de la investigación formativa en la Unidad Académica de Educación de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca (UCACUE), donde se tiene por objetivo la innovación educativa al promover de forma permanente y sistemática la formación de investigadores a nivel de pregrado, con énfasis en el aprender haciendo. La finalidad del estudio que se presenta es el análisis de la innovación a través del proyecto integrador en las carreras de Educación Inicial y Sicología Educativa de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Los principales resultados obtenidos evidencian la idoneidad de la innovación docente implementada para potenciar el desarrollo de habilidades de pensamiento de orden superior. El desarrollo de estas competencias se logró gracias principalmente al desarrollo de la investigación formativa como trabajo integrador, lo cual permitió generar productos académicos que han sido expuestos en la modalidad de posters científicos, evaluados por los docentes en la casa abierta de fin de ciclo.
Outbreak of multiple strains of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli associated with rocket salad, Finland, autumn 2016
Authors: Kinnula Sohvi , Hemminki Kaisa , Kotilainen Hannele , Ruotsalainen Eeva , Tarkka Eveliina , Salmenlinna Saara , Hallanvuo Saija , Leinonen Elina , Jukka Ollgren , Rimhanen-Finne Ruska
Published: August 2018

In August 2016, an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) with 237 cases occurred in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. Gastroenteritis cases were reported at 11 events served by one catering company. Microbiological and epidemiological investigations suggested rocket salad as the cause of the outbreak. STEC ONT:H11 and EPEC O111:H8 strains isolated from food samples containing rocket were identical to the patient isolates. In this outbreak, the reported symptoms were milder than considered before for STEC infection, and the guidelines for STEC control measures need to be updated based on the severity of the illness. Based on our experience in this outbreak, national surveillance criteria for STEC have been updated to meet the practice in reporting laboratories covering both PCR-positive and culture-confirmed findings. We suggest that EPEC could be added to the national surveillance since diagnostics for EPEC are routinely done in clinical laboratories.
Troponin Elevation in Chronic Kidney Disease: An Educational Project
Authors: Sasso David
Published: August 2018

Many patients may present to Emergency Departments (ED) daily for a multitude of medical issues that may include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, elevated troponin levels in the presence of CKD, abnormal serum BUN and creatinine levels, or an abnormal renal ultra sound. Troponin levels that are elevated within the presence of CKD with no other signs and symptoms is not concerning for ACS or MI, but for cardiovascular death and mortality. The purpose of this project was to develop, create and deliver an educational program designed to increase nursing knowledge of elevated troponin levels in the presence of Chronic Kidney Disease. A pre-& post-test design was developed and implemented to measure the nursing staff’s knowledge of elevated troponin levels in the presence of CKD. The educational program was designed as a pamphlet that provided information from the literature and relevant clinical experience about signs, symptoms and the diagnosis of CKD, signs & symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome, (ACS). Twenty-three nurses (25%) completed both the pretest with a mean score of 74.7% with total scores ranging from 40%-90%. Twenty-three nurses also (25%) also completed the post-test with a mean score of 76.5% with total scores that ranged from 50%-100% which helped to prove there was an overall increase in learning, therefore suggesting that nurses’ knowledge on the topic was improved. Recommendations and implications for APRNs are also discussed.
Legal Reasoning and Big Data: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Antoniou Grigoris , Baryannis George , Batsakis Sotiris , Governatori Guido , Robaldo Livio , Siragusa Giovanni , Tachmazidis Ilias
Published: August 2018

The main underlying assumption of traditional legal knowledge representation and reasoning is that knowledge and data are both available in main memory. However, in the era of big data, where large amounts of data are generated daily, an increasing range of scientific disciplines, as well as business and human activities, are becoming data-driven. This paper discusses new opportunities and potential applications of legal reasoning involving big data as well as the technical challenges associated with the main concepts of the big data landscape, namely volume, velocity, variety and veracity. Future research directions based on the identified challenges are also proposed.
Students Satisfaction on Practical Learning in Nursing Laboratory Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta
Authors: Lasaara Nurun
Published: August 2018

The nursing diploma organizes education based on a national curriculum oriented to the development of science and technology as well as professional development and its composition refers to the competence of the nursing profession. Lectures are conducted in theory and practice, both clinical practice, family/community and laboratory practice. Practice in the laboratory is a learning strategy used to teach together psychomotor abilities, cognitive and affective using laboaratorioum means. In the implementation of laboratory practices need to be monitored to monitor the achievement of learning to learners so that can be achieved according to competence. Aim of the study was to determine student satisfaction of learning practice in laboratory of nursing department Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health in Yogyakarta. The type of this research is quantitative research in the form of satisfaction survey. The population in this research was students of diploma III and IV nursing Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health in Yogyakarta. The samples in this study were determined in total sampling. In accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, of the 360 ​​students, who participated in the study there were 340 students. The measuring instrument used was questionnaire. Data were analyzed using univariate descriptive analysis. From the questionnaires given to the students, from each item of satisfaction indicator that includes reliability, empathy, responsiveness, infrastructure, assurance   and communication system of 340 students got an average of more than 80% of respondents  answered  satisfied to the system of practical practice in the laboratory. The conclusion of the study is that scores derived from satisfaction items that include reliability, empathy, responsiveness, means of infrastructure, certainty and communication systems, average or more than 50% which means that students judge good or satisfied with the learning in the laboratory
Securing Data in Wireless Body Area Network Using Hyper-Chaotic Zhou System
Authors: Hasan Hasan Falah
Published: August 2018

E-Health care system is one of the great technology enhancements via using medical devices through sensors worn or implanted in the patient's body. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) offers astonishing help through wireless transmission of patient's data using agreed distance in which it keeps patient's status always controlled by regular transmitting of vital data indications to the receiver. Security and privacy is a major concern in terms of data sent from WBAN and biological sensors. Several algorithms have been proposed through many hypotheses in order to find optimum solutions. In this paper, an encrypting algorithm has been proposed via using hyper-chaotic Zhou system where it provides high security, privacy, efficiency and capacity in terms of long key space that ensures high resistance possibly obtained by any threat attack, key sensitivity is too high to any slight of change could be made in the encryption key and finally good statistical characteristic's analysis where the software has been used is microsoft visual studio version 10
Shorter Notices
Authors: Mir Annice Mahmood  , Afia Malik
Published: August 2018

Download the PDF file
Directions of U.S. Farm Programmes under a Freer Trade Environment
Authors: Luther G Tweeten
Published: August 2018

For the new round of WTO multilateral trade liberalisation negotiations to be successful, the world will need to be more enthusiastic and flexible about opening markets. Partisans will need to submerge their self-interests, and the U.S. will need to take the initiative for more open markets. This paper makes the case that only modest changes in the U.S. domestic grain, oilseed, and cotton programmes are needed for compatibility with global free trade. The Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act of 1996 and related policy changes in the 1990s brought fundamental reforms compatible with freer domestic and foreign markets. Chief among these were a shift from coupled deficiency payments to decoupled direct payments, an end to supply management, and less engagement of government in commodity stock accumulation and export subsidies. Converting commodity price support to recourse loans while ending all but administrative cost subsidies to crop insurance would go far to liberalise grain, oilseed, and cotton policies. Unilateral termination of commodity programmes including direct payments totalling 42 percent of net cash farm income in year 2000 would appear to be traumatic to producers. However, reduction of direct payments could be offset (for farm income) by rising farm commodity prices and receipts resulting from (1) less farm output attending lower loan rates and crop insurance subsidies, and (2) world farm commodity price-enhancement from freer global trade.
Wheat Self-sufficiency in Different Policy Scenarios and Their Likely Impacts on Producers, Consumers, and the Public Exchequer
Authors: Abedullah .  , V
Published: August 2018

Every government faces a challenge to select an optimum policy to provide food supplies to the consumers at a reasonable price and maintain a reasonable nutritional standard. The alternative policy options available are an uninterrupted market, imports, input subsidies, price support, combined policy developed by the combination of input subsidy and price support, and investment on research and infrastructure development. This paper analyses the impact of these options on consumers’ and producers’ welfare, tax revenue, and foreign exchange requirement. The import and input subsidy give net return to the society while price support generates net loss. The triple combined policy option generates the highest net return to the society when each import and input subsidy component is combined with price support in the ratio of 40 and 20 percent, respectively. The best policies to provide higher wheat supplies at lower prices and to improve the welfare of consumers and producers were investment on agricultural research and development of irrigation infrastructure in the long run, but for the short run, the first and the second best option were respectively the combined and the input subsidy policy.
Foreign Capital Inflow, Non-traded Intermediary, Urban Unemployment, and Welfare in a Small Open Economy: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Sarbajit Chaudhuri
Published: August 2018

The paper attempts to analyse the implications of foreign capital inflow in a small open economy with a non-traded intermediary on the welfare and urban unemployment in a three-sector Harris-Todaro (1970) framework. The standard immiserising result of a foreign capital inflow has been found to be valid when the non-traded intermediary is solely used in the protected import-competing sector. However, if the export sector too uses the intermediary, the economy may experience an improvement in its welfare and a reduction in the urban unemployment level.
P. R. Brahmananda. Money, Income, Prices in 19th Century India. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House, 2001. 744 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 1800.00.
Authors: Fazal Husain
Published: August 2018

Money, income, and prices are important macroeconomic variables that play a crucial roles in an economy. The trends in money supply, movements in prices, changes in nominal and real income, as well as their interrelationships affect the economic life and well-being of a nation. The compilation of data on these magnitudes over long periods of time along with the supporting analysis is what constitutes monetary history. The present book by P. R. Brahmananda has carried out such an exercise for India. In presenting the monetary history of India, the author has kept the pioneering work of Milton Friedman and Anna Shwartz as a model for his work, and has comprehensively treated the 19th century events and experiences of the then Indian Subcontinent in the monetary and related areas. In the process, more than 200 time series of different variables have been brought together. The book not only contains a narrative account including the summary of the various viewpoints before the currency committees, and a detailed chronology of the period, but also examines the pros and cons of the various controversies of that period. Moreover, it subjects the empirical evidence to econometric testing of several important hypotheses of the modern-day monetary theory.
Democratic Welfare State as Visualised by the Quaid-i-Azam
Authors: Rafique Ahmad
Published: August 2018

Quaid-i-Azam as a Socio-economic Thinker The Quaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, is known more for his political achievements than for his socio-economic thought. Last two decades, however, have seen a continuous flow of books containing his speeches, statements, messages, interviews, discussions in pre-independence legislative bodies and addresses in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Even a cursory look at this vast literature shows that he was not only concerned with the political aspect of sub-continent’s independence movement but also consistently expressed his views regarding the socio-economic uplift of masses in general and Muslim society in particular. These views in their bare essentials reflect a remarkable continuity of approach from the earlier days of his political career to the period he occupied the position of Governor General of Pakistan. Actually, he became more and more expressive and forthright as the prospects of Pakistan coming into existence became bright. When Pakistan finally appeared as a sovereign nation on the map of the world, he openly rejected the prevailing economic system as having failed to do justice between man and man and to eradicate friction from the international field.
Economic Vision of the Quaid-i-Azam
Authors: Zawwar Hussain Zaidi
Published: August 2018

I am grateful to the organisers for holding this seminar on an important, if somewhat less known, facet of the life-work of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who transformed the All India Muslim League from a run-of-the-mill political party into a mass movement. His role as the founder of an independent sovereign Muslim state in South Asia has been widely acclaimed by historians and scholars. However, his political tour de force has rather overshadowed what he did for the economic emancipation of Muslims before and after Independence. The demand for Pakistan visualised not just freedom from colonial rule but, no less importantly, liberation from the socio-economic domination of the majority community in business, commerce, education and public services. Jinnah knew full well that the areas to be included in Pakistan were economically and industrially backward. They constituted the agricultural hinterland of the industrialised areas of British India. A survey of industrial locations during the year 1939-40, appended below, highlights the vast disparity in industrial development between the two areas:
WTO Regulations and the Audio-visual Sector— An Analytical Framework for Pakistan
Authors: Mohammad Farooq  , Tariq Mahmood
Published: August 2018

Audio-visual services play a crucial and formative role in any society. These services are closely linked to the preservation of cultural identity and social values, and play a major role in shaping public opinion, safeguarding democratic system and developing creative potential. Due to these reasons, governments of both developed and developing countries not only provide direct and indirect incentives to their domestic industries but also strictly regulate the content of audio-visual media. During the Uruguay Round of WTO (World Trade Organisation) negotiations, audio-visual service sector witnessed limited liberalisation. Even major players such as the EU, Australia and Canada did not make any commitments to liberalise trade in these services. This was primarily to protect the domestic industries from foreign competition, promote their growth and to protect the cultural heritage of the nations from foreign influence. Many countries have repeatedly raised concerns about the capability of the GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) framework to take into account the democratic, cultural and social aspects. Others have explained that audio-visual sector is largely covered by domestic regulations and normal trade rules are not applicable to these services.
An Analysis of Public Expenditure on Education in Pakistan
Authors: Fazal Husain
Published: August 2018

Achieving economic growth is an important goal of any country. However, in recent years it has increasingly been realised that economic growth is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for human development. Pakistan provides a good example of a country which has historically enjoyed a respectable GDP growth rate and yet failed to translate this positive development into a satisfactory level of human development. Since its independence in 1947, Pakistan’s development policies have focused primarily on realising high economic growth and only incidentally on the task of providing social necessities. Such a process has given rise to a structure of production and distribution which has been only indirectly responsive to social goals. However, there is now a growing realisation that we could have done much better had we stressed human resource investments relatively more. The Education For All (EFA) movement, started more than a decade ago in 1990, accelerated the process of human resource development in many developing countries. The EFA refers to the global commitment to ensure that all children would complete Primary Education of good quality. A decade after, the Millennium Declaration resolved to ensure, by 2015, that all children would be able to complete a course of primary education.
Net Gains from Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water
Authors: Waqar A. Jehangir  , Hugh Turral
Published: August 2018

Pakistan is fortunate enough because its soils, topography and climate are generally suitable for farming but its agriculture sector faces the problem of scarcity of the irrigation water. This paucity of irrigation supplies has forced the farmers to use the ground water to augment their surface supplies. The quality of ground water in Pakistan varies from fit for irrigation to moderately saline to sodic. Thus the tubewell owners in the marginal quality ground water areas are bound to use the tubewell water in conjunction with the surface water on their farms. Currently the farmers are using about 65.75 BCM of ground water in Pakistan [Halcrow (2002)]. The international literature is filled with the studies on conjunctive water management and its impact on crop productivity and related issues [Gangwar and Toorn (1987); Bredehoeft and Young (1983); Gorelick (1988); Lingen (1988); O’Mara (1988); Shah (1988); Brewer and Sharma (2000); Datta and Dayal (2000); Raju and Brewer (2000); Sakhtivadivel and Chawala (2002) and Chaudhary and Shah (2003)]. In Pakistan, the review of literature shows that all of the previous studies conducted in the arena of water management reported the management problems leading to the inefficiencies in irrigation application and reduction in crop productivity, [Kijne and Velde (1991); Mustafa (1991) and Siddiq (1994)]. Few of the studies took into consideration the impact of waterlogging and salinity on productivity at farm level [Meyer, et al. (1996); Prathaper, et al. (1997) and O’Connell and Khan (1999)]. None of these studies have taken into consideration the trade-offs between gross farm income, ground water and salinity at irrigation subdivision level.
Housing: Opportunity, Security, and Empowerment for the Poor
Authors: Hina Nazli  , Sohail J. Malik
Published: August 2018

The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for Pakistan1 lays considerable emphasis on housing finance as a major intervention for poverty reduction. The national Housing Policy of 2001 has as its corner stone housing for the poor and needy. The Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy of Pakistan (IPRSP) completed in November 2001 explicitly recognised the importance of Housing for the poor. It stated that “housing is a fundamental human need as it provides physical, economic, and social security to the poor. However, depressed economic growth, rising population, and rapid urbanisation have resulted in an increased demand for housing infrastructure. It stated that the present backlog of housing units is more than 4 million in the country with the result that millions are forced to live in Katchi Abadis or under-serviced slum settlements. Estimates for urban population living in Katchi Abadis range from 35-50 percent”.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Usman Mustafa
Published: August 2018

Download the PDF file
M. Ashraf Janjua. History of the State Bank of Pakistan (1988–2003). State Bank of Pakistan. 976 pages. Hardback. Price not given. M. Ashraf Janjua. History of the State Bank of Pakistan (1988–2003) Supplement. State Bank of Pakistan. 352 p
Authors: A. R. Kemal
Published: August 2018

History of the State Bank of Pakistan is a series beginning with two volumes published first in 1992 and 1994. The former covered the 1948–60 period and the latter the years from 1961 to 77. M. Ashraf Janjua then wrote the next two volumes covering the years 1977–88 and 1988–2003. The third volume, pertaining to the years 1977–88, was reviewed by A. R. Kemal (PDR, 42:2, pp.161–166). That volume contains not only the major developments in the monetary and real sectors during the eleven-year period but also traces the developments since Independence.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Amara Saeed
Published: August 2018

Download the PDF file
Agricultural Terms of Trade in Pakistan: Issues of Profitability and Standard of Living of the Farmers
Authors: Abdul Aleem Khan  , Qazi Masood Ahmad
Published: August 2018

In the wake of the liberalised trade regime, Pakistan is undergoing structural adjustments. At the heart of the adjustments is liberalisation of markets and prices, including freeing the currency market, reducing industrial protection, and introducing financial austerity and macroeconomic stability. The agricultural sector is also undergoing these changes, which include eliminating export taxes and other trade restrictions and reducing producer subsidies (input and output subsidies). Such changes in the sector are critical as agriculture is the largest sector of Pakistan economy.
Study of Philanthropic Behaviour in Divine Economics Framework
Authors: Syed Nisar Hussain Hamdani  , Eatzaz Ahmad  , Mahmood Khalid
Published: August 2018

Unfortunately, religious behaviour has been viewed by economists in terms of “Islamic economics,” “Christian economics”, etc. [Iannaccone (1986)]. Hence there has been a dichotomy prevailing between religious economic frameworks and the conventional rational choice theory.1 Whereas the conventional economists tried a variety of models to estimate the relationship between wages and time allocated to market labour supply but found that results mostly do not speak of the real world situation [Deaton (1980)]. The underlying reason was supposed to be faith and values which have strong effect on labour supply decisions [Pencavel (1986)]. The philanthropic behaviour relates to labour supply decisions directly through time allocated to voluntary services or indirectly through time allocated for earning and then donations out of these. It is observed that the variables of economic importance especially those relating to household resource allocation or labour supply decisions seem to be present in religious affiliation of individuals, their values and their perceptions about life before and after death as believed by the followers of divine religions which account for about two thirds of the world population.
Prospects of Economic Integration among the ECO Countries
Authors: Tahir Pervez
Published: August 2018

The idea that the collective regional economic prospects of
the countries of a region exceed the sum of their individual prospects
has attracted the attention of politicians and economists since the
World War II. Its best known example has been the Treaty of Rome in the
Euro-Mediterranean region, which has nearly half of the regional trade
agreements in operation. GATT rules allowed the regional trade
agreements so long as they promoted freer intraregional trade without
raising trade barriers for the third countries. These agreements have
indeed been seen as complementary to the multilateral free trade
initiatives. With the advent of the WTO and the onset of globalisation,
the countries categorised as fast integrators are considered to have
better prospects than those categorised as slow integrators.
Garry J. Schinasi. Safeguarding Financial Stability: Theory and Practice. Washington, D. C.: IMF. 2006. xv+311 pages. $28.00.
Authors: Kalbe Abbas
Published: August 2018

Financial stability plays an important role in economic growth and leads to sustained development. As such, financial stability is gradually emerging as a distinct policy function. Safeguarding Financial Stability, by Garry Schinasi, explains why financial stability matters, what it means, and what challenges are involved in securing it. The book is divided into three parts and contains twelve chapters. Chapter 1 gives the outline of the book and provides answers to various related questions. It highlights the increasing importance of financial stability issues, pinpoints the need for an analytical framework, and describes the specific objectives and organisation of the book.
An Analysis of Poverty at the Local Level
Authors: Rashida Haq
Published: August 2018

Poverty is a situation of deprivation, failure to fulfill the minimum basic physical and psychological needs of an individual due to unavailability of sufficient economic resources at its disposal. It is associated to insufficient outcomes with respect to nutrition, health and education, to deficient social relations, to insecurity and to low self-esteem and powerlessness. So poverty can be analysed from monetary and non-monetary indicators of well-being. In Pakistan Poverty have manifold expressions, many dimensions and indeed, many root causes. Given such multidimensionality, it is not difficult to see why poverty cannot be reduced or summarily expressed, in terms of a single quantitative or qualitative indicator alone. Similarly, for alleviating poverty, all routes matter, recognising the heterogeneity of the voices and the perspectives of the poor expressed in economic and non-economic terms. Such a multidimensional approach, moreover, brings into forefront the importance of recognising the causal factors of poverty at the local level and addressing area-specific problems based on perceived needs and demands of the poor. An essential pre-requisite of institutionalising the approach, however, is the existence of decentralised and participatory structure of local governance that can introduce participatory development in which citizen at the grass-root are involved in planning, formulating and implementation of programs for themselves. In Pakistan, a local government system has been installed in the form of “Devolution Plan 2000” after the promulgation of Local Government Ordinance 2001 by all Provinces.....................
Managing Foreign Exchange Inflows: An Analysis of Sterilisation in Pakistan
Authors: Asad Jan  , Ather Elahi  , M. A. Zahid
Published: August 2018

A number of developing countries from Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe have experienced surge in capital inflows during recent years.1 These inflows have potential effects on macroeconomic stability; export competitiveness, and inflation. If not properly managed, these inflows can induce appreciation of local currency leading to serious repercussions for the rest of the economy. Under these conditions, the proactive role of monetary authorities in the management of capital inflows was highly desirable, wherein they intervened in the domestic exchange market in order to contain volatility in exchange rate besides accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. The main instruments available to deal with the possible effects of large capital inflows include sterilised intervention, fiscal tightening, trade and exchange liberalisation including easing controls on capital outflows. The foreign exchange interventions are typically accompanied by active sterilisation policy to keep inflation under control.
Public / Private Investment Linkages: A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis
Authors: Abdul Rashid
Published: August 2018

The issue of whether public investment crowds out or crowds in private investment has received considerable attention in the economic literature. Most of the empirical studies that examined the long run stable association between public and private investment have focused on examining this relationship for the developed countries with very little attention on the developing countries. The empirical results of these studies, however, are highly controversial. The existing empirical studies in this area can be divided into three categories. The studies in the first category including Barro (1974), Kormendi (1983), and Feldstein (1982) have examined the empirical implications of the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis (REH). The empirical results of most of the studies in this category were supportive of the REH. Seater (1993) argues that good empirical studies generally provide evidence in support of the REH; however, some studies refute it owing to the lake of econometric accuracy.
The Growth Impact of Exports in South Asian Countries
Authors: Abid Hameed
Published: August 2018

How exports affect growth has attracted considerable attention of the researchers in recent years. The failure of the import substitution policy during 1950s and 1960s to engender growth, led the South Asian countries to adopt export promotion strategy in the 70s and 80s to foster their economic growth. Many factors have caused this shift. Firstly, higher export earnings are expected to enhance the ability of a developing country to import additional industrial raw materials and capital goods, which in turn, are likely to expand its productive capacity. Secondly, the competition in the exports market may allow for greater capacity utilisation, higher economies of scale, greater specialisation on the basis of comparative advantage and accelerated technical progress in production for greater contribution to increased employment. Thirdly, strong correlation observed between exports and economic growth prompts export promotion further as part of the development strategy [Khan, et al. (1995)].
Economic Growth, Inflation, and Monetary Policy in Pakistan: Preliminary Empirical Estimates
Authors: Ahmed M. Khalid
Published: August 2018

The recent increase in financial market volatility and the increased surge within developing world to become part of the global market have posed several challenges for policy-makers in the emerging markets to decide on a policy regime— monetary or exchange rate—that suits their needs and could also provide stability to the financial system. In view of the macroeconomic characteristics of these emerging economies, the choice of an appropriate policy becomes important to achieve certain targets such as sizeable domestic and foreign investment, reduced reliance on external borrowings, fiscal discipline, etc. These would require both price and exchange rate stability and country’s ability to deal with external shocks to maintain and achieve sustainable economic growth. Pakistan is no different and until recently had a history of macroeconomic imbalances with extremely high foreign (as well as domestic) debt, high budget and current account deficits, extremely low international reserves, high inflation, high nominal interest rates and low economic growth. The average economic growth over 40 years is around 4 percent. The main focus of any policy has been to achieve a sustainable growth pattern. However, due to a number of macroeconomic imbalances such as high budget deficits, extremely high indebtedness, low savings and investment rates, lack of fiscal discipline, undeveloped financial markets, unstable exchange rates along with high population growth and huge defence expenditure made this task almost impossible. Some of these macroeconomic imbalances contributed to episodes of high inflation and unemployment that the country experienced during most of the period since independence.