bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health‐Care Data Protection and Biometric Authentication Policies: Comparative Culture and Technology Acceptance in China and in the United States
Authors: Brown Cheryl L.
Published: January 2012

A proliferation of health information technology (HIT) policies to implement dimensions of e‐health, including electronic medical records, electronic health records, personal health records, and e‐prescribing—along with expanding initiatives on mobile health in developed countries and emerging technologies—has sparked academic inquiry into the protection of privacy and data and the technology to protect privacy and data. This article examines HIT policies in the United States and in China and the use of authentication technologies to assess biometrics as privacy's friend or foe in different political frameworks with varying conceptions of privacy. An analysis of privacy in the context of health data protection, challenging relations of trust between patients and providers, the increasing perspective of health data integrity as a cyber‐security issue, and the growing rate of medical fraud and medical identity theft may yield findings of a convergence of views of privacy and biometrics unexpected of contrasting political cultures.
The effect of α and γ‐interferon on proliferation and production of IgE and β2‐microglobulin in the human myeloma cell line U‐266 and in an α‐interferon resistant U‐266 subline
Authors: Brenning G. , Jernberg H. , Gidlund M. , Sjöberg O. , Nilsson K.
Published: January 2012

An IFN‐resistant subline (U‐266rα) was established from the IFN‐α‐sensitive myeloma cell line U‐266 by subculturing U‐266 cells with increasing doses of INF‐α. The U‐266rα secreted IgE at a higher rate than the U‐266 (7.2 × 10−13 g/c/8 h as compared to 3.3 × 10−13 g/c/8 h). The 2 cell lines were found to be equally high producers of β2m (9.2 and 9.6 × 10−13 g/c/8 h). The U‐266 produced 2.9 times less IgE and 5 times more β2m compared to the initial production rates at establishment. INF‐α and recombinant IFN‐αM2 (rIFN‐α2) inhibited proliferation and concomitantly decreased the rate of IgE and β2m secretion in U‐266 but not in U‐266 IFNrα, which in contrast was slightly stimulated by IFN‐α with respect to growth, IgE and β2m secretion. In addition, IFN‐α at a concentration of 100 U/ml was shown to decrease the IgE and β2m production without exerting more than minimal cytotoxicity on U‐266 cells. No antiproliferative effect was found for IFN‐γ or recombinant IFN‐γ (rIFN‐γ) on either of the 2 cell lines. IFN‐γ and rIFN‐γ were, however, found to stimulate the production of β2m. Our results show that the U‐266 and the derived IFN‐α‐resistant subline can be used as models for studying some of the biological effects of IFN‐α and ‐γ in vitro. The clinical implications of these in vitro results, in particular the usefulness of serum determinations of immunoglobulin and β2m concentrations for monitoring the tumor cell mass, are discussed.
Impaired chemiluminescence response by neutrophils in patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Dammacco F. , Miglietta A. , Perfetto S. C.
Published: January 2012

Neutrophil chemiluminescence (CL) as a measure of oxygen‐dependent killing activity was evaluated in 3 groups of patients: (a) 63 patients with multiple myeloma (MM); (b) 31 subjects with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS); (c) 32 healthy controls. Neutrophil CL response was shown to be significant reduced both in patients with MM (p < 0.001) and in subjects with MGUS (p < 0.001). A significant difference was also observed between the results obtained in MM and those of MGUS (p < 0.001). Treated MM patients showed a more severe impairment of neutrophil chemiluminesccence response than that observed in untreated patients (p < 0.001). It is suggested that the impairment of neutrophil CL response, possibly related to decreased killing activity, may play a role, along with other known causes, in the increased susceptibility to infection observed in MM patients.
Autoantibodies in individuals splenectomized because of trauma
Authors: Aaberge Ingeborg S. , Gaarder Per Ivar
Published: January 2012

Sera from 104 individuals splenectomized because of abdominal trauma were examined for the occurrence of 9 different autoantibodies. Our findings indicate that the occurrence of autoantibodies in splenectomized individuals without systemic disease is not increased and does not differ significantly from that found in an age‐ and sex‐matched control population.
Lymphocyte subpopulations in megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B‐12 deficiency
Authors: Gogos C. A. , Kapatais‐Zournbos K. N. , Zoumbos N. C.
Published: January 2012

Lymphocyte subpopulations were measured in the blood of 17 patients with megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B‐12 deficiency. 14 patients had pernicious anaemia and 3 others were gastrectomized. By using monoclonal antibodies recognizing T cell surface markers and immunofluorescence microscopy, we found a significant decrease in the number of circulating suppressor T cells and an increase in the ratio of helper to suppressor T lymphocytes in pernicious anaemia patients. This finding may be related to other immune abnormalities found in pernicious anaemia, e.g. the presence of multiple autoantibodies.
Remodelling of the palatal dome following rapid maxillary expansion (RME): laser scan‐quantifications during a low growth period
Authors: Muchitsch A. P. , Winsauer H. , Wendl B. , Pichelmayer M. , Kuljuh E. , Szalay A. , Muchitsch M.
Published: January 2012

Muchitsch A. P., Winsauer H., Wendl B., Pichelmayer M., Kuljuh E., Szalay A., Muchitsch M. Remodelling of the palatal dome following rapid maxillary expansion (RME): laser scan‐quantifications during a low growth period.  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012;15:30–38 © John Wiley & Sons A/S

Structured Abstract

Objectives –  To evaluate changes in the palatal vault after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) with bonded splint appliances.

Setting and Sample Population –  The sample comprised 24 children (12 boys and 12 girls) with mixed dentition (mean age 8.3 years; range 6.4–10.4 years).

Materials and Methods –  Following expansion, the splint appliance was used as a retainer for 6 months and then removed. Study casts were taken before RME (T0) and when the appliance was removed (T1). Then, 3D laser scans were taken to build complete 3D jaw models. Frontal cross sections were constructed at 53–63, 55–65 and 16–26, exported as coordinates, and finite element calculated to quantify their area, width and height. Maxillary length was also determined.

Results –  Paired t‐tests indicated statistically significant increases in the average palatal width (T1–T0 = 6.53–6.79 mm) and cross‐sectional area (T1–T0 = 20.39–21.39 mm2) after RME (p < 0.001). However, small but statistically significant reductions were observed in palatal height (T1–T0 = −0.49 mm, only at 55–65; p < 0.001) and length (T1–T0 = −0.54 mm; p < 0.01). Linear regression analysis showed statistically significant (p < 0.001) direct correlations between the widths and respective cross‐sectional areas. Age did not influence any measurement. The reliability of the measurements was examined with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). We found an ICC > 0.99 (p < 0.001) for all tested parameters.

Conclusions –  Rapid maxillary expansion distinctly increased mean palatal widths and cross‐sectional areas. However, palatal height (55–65) and maxillary length decreased to a small extent.
Evaluation of the efficacy of two mouthrinses formulated for the relief of xerostomia of diverse origin in adult subjects
Authors: Morales‐Bozo Irene , Rojas Gonzalo , Ortega‐Pinto Ana , Espinoza Iris , Soto Lilian , Plaza Anita , Lozano Carla , Urzúa Blanca
Published: January 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00626.x

Evaluation of the efficacy of two mouthrinses formulated for the relief of xerostomia of diverse origin in adult subjects

Objective:  To evaluate the efficacy of two new mouthrinses in the reduction of xerostomía‐associated symptomatology.

Background:  Xerostomia is a common chronic health condition that affects a great number of adults and significantly deteriorates quality of life, such that treatment is necessary.

Materials and methods:  Sixty‐seven adult subjects of both sexes presenting xerostomia of diverse origin were selected. Mouthrinses were tested using a double‐blind, randomized, cross‐over clinical trial with an intervining wash out period.

Results:  The 100% of subjects presented sensation of dry mouth, and 86% stated sensation of thick saliva. Burning tongue sensation, need to drink liquids to swallow and the sensation of swallowing difficulty were recorded in more than 50% of the patients. The most frequent pathologies in the sample were depression, arthritis, and arterial hypertension. Results of the clinical tests showed that mouthrinse 1 relieves sensation of dry mouth, need to drink liquids, and swallowing difficulty. In contrast, mouthrinse 2 relieves only latter two symptoms. Both rinses were more effective in relieving xerostomía‐associated symptomatology in patients taking 3 or more medicines simultaneously.

Conclusion:  Both mouthrinses were effective in relieving various xerostomia symptoms, could be distributed at a low cost, thereby improving the quality of life of population affected.
A Bioinformatics Search for Selective Histamine H4 Receptor Antagonists Through Structure‐Based Virtual Screening Strategies
Authors: Christopher Fenila , Thangam Elden Berla , Suresh Muthaiyan Xavier
Published: January 2012

The prevalence of allergic disease is increasing dramatically in the developed world. Studies of allergic diseases have clearly demonstrated that histamine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the early‐phase allergic response. Histamine effects are mediated by H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors. The presence of the histamine H4 receptors on leukocytes and mast cells suggests that the new histamine receptor H4 plays an important role in the modulation of the immune system. Thus, histamine H4 receptor is an attractive target for anti‐allergic therapy. In our present study, we have generated a histamine H4 receptor model using I‐TASSER based on human B2‐adrenergic G‐protein‐coupled receptor. Structurally similar compounds of the three known antagonists JNJ777120, thioperamide, and Vuf6002 were retrieved from PubChem, and database was prepared. Virtual screening of those databases was performed, and six compounds with high docking score were identified. Also the binding mode revealed that all the six compounds had interaction with Asp94 of the receptor. Our results serve as a starting point in the development of novel lead compounds in anti‐allergic therapy.
Safety and Feasibility of NeuroFlo Use in Eight- to 24–Hour Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Hammer M. D. , Schwamm L. , Starkman S. , Schellinger P. D. , Jovin T. , Nogueira R. , Burgin W. S. , Sen S. , Diener H. C. , Watson T. , Michel P. , Shuaib A. , Dillon W. , Liebeskind D. S.
Published: January 2012

Background

Acute treatment of ischemic stroke patients presenting more than eight-hours after symptom onset remains limited and largely unproven. Partial aortic occlusion using the NeuroFlo catheter can augment cerebral perfusion in animals. We investigated the safety and feasibility of employing this novel catheter to treat ischemic stroke patients eight-hours to 24 h following symptom onset.

Methods

A multicenter, single-arm trial enrolled ischemic stroke patients at nine international academic medical centers. Eligibility included age 18–85 years old, National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score between four and 20, within eight-hours to 24 h after symptom onset, and perfusion–diffusion mismatch confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. The primary outcome was all adverse events occurring from baseline to 30 days posttreatment. Secondary outcomes included stroke severity on neurological indices through 90 days. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00436592.

Results

A total of 26 patients were enrolled. Of these, 25 received treatment (one excluded due to aortic morphology); five (20%) died. Favorable neurological outcome at 90 days (modified Rankin score 0–2 vs. 3–6) was associated with lower baseline NIHSS ( P < 0·001) and with longer duration from symptom discovery to treatment. There were no symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages or parenchymal hematomas. Asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was visible on computed tomography in 32% and only on microbleed in another 20%.

Conclusions

Partial aortic occlusion using the NeuroFlo catheter, a novel collateral therapeutic strategy, appears safe and feasible in stroke patients eight-hours to 24 h after symptom onset.
Fabry's Disease: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study in Young Adults with Cryptogenic Stroke
Authors: Saposnik Gustavo , Lanthier Sylvain , Mamdani Muhammad , Thorpe Kevin E. , Melo Magda , Pope Karen , Selchen Daniel , Moore David F. ,   on behalf of the Canadian Stroke Consortium and the Stroke Outcome Research Canada (SORCan) Working Group
Published: January 2012

Background

Stroke in young adults is etiologically diverse and may represent a diagnostic challenge remaining cryptogenic in one-fourth of cases. Limited information is available on the prevalence of Fabry's disease, a treatable multisystem inherited lysosomal storage disorder, and disability in young patients with cryptogenic stroke.

Design and methods

The Canadian Fabry Stroke Screening Initiative (CFSSI) is a prospective multicenter cohort study of young adults (age 18–55) presenting with an ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or intracerebral haemorrhage of unknown etiology to stroke centres across Canada. Diagnosis of Fabry's disease is made by direct DNA analysis of blood samples for α-galactosidase gene mutations or polymorphisms. Demographics, clinical information, and investigations including brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are collected. Functional neurological assessment includes neurological examination, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stroke scale, modified Rankin scale, and the Barthel index. A follow-up interview is conducted by telephone or in person approximately six-months after the index stroke/transient ischemic attack/intracerebral haemorrhage to determine patient outcomes, quality of life, and patient use of medications.

Main outcome

Prevalence of positive DNA mutation or single nucleotide polymorphism screens for Fabry's disease as a proportion of total cryptogenic stroke. Secondary outcomes include incident risk of new or recurrent vascular event at six-months, discharge disposition, disability at six-months as measured by the modified Rankin scale, mean time from symptoms onset to the definite etiological diagnosis, and length of hospital stay.

Conclusion

This study constitutes the first initiative to determine the prevalence of a positive screen for Fabry's disease in young adults with stroke in Canada. Moreover, the Canadian Fabry Stroke Screening Initiative will provide information on recurrent vascular events, disability at six-months (modified Rankin scale), and disposition in this understudied population.
Molecular analysis of the β‐globin gene cluster haplotypes in a Sudanese population with sickle cell anaemia
Authors: ELDERDERY A. Y. , MILLS J. , MOHAMED B. A. , COOPER A. J. , MOHAMMED A. O. , ELTIEB N. , OLD J.
Published: January 2012

Introduction:  Sudan has a multiethnic population with a high frequency of Hb S, but little is known about the βS haplotypes in this population.

Methods:  Blood samples from Sudanese Hb SS individuals were taken at two locations. Family history, age, ethnicity and clinical symptoms were recorded for each subject. Hb S was investigated using cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE) and cation exchange–high performance liquid chromatography. Dried blood samples from 93 individuals were used for βS haplotype identification based on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for seven restriction sites.

Results:  Haplotypes could be assigned unequivocally to 143 chromosomes. Four of the five typical βS‐globin haplotypes were identified. The most frequent was the Cameroon (35.0%), followed by the Benin (29.4%), the Senegal (18.2%) and the Bantu (2.8%). The Indian‐Arab haplotype was not observed. Three atypical haplotypes were identified in 17 patients, occurring at a combined frequency of 14.6%. One of these, found at the high frequency of 11.8%, possibly represented a new Sudan haplotype.

Conclusion:  βS Haplotyes were demonstrated successfully from dried blood samples. A new haplotype is apparent in Sudan, in addition to the four African haplotypes.
SILENCE LENDS INTEGRITY TO SPEECH: TRANSCENDING THE OPPOSITES OF SPEECH AND SILENCE IN THE ANALYTIC DIALOGUE
Authors: Bravesmith Anna
Published: January 2012

abstract

In this paper the interplay between silence and the spoken words used by analyst and patient will be explored within the context of clinical practice. Both analyst and patient, it is argued, are engaged in a personal struggle to try to discover an integrative connection between silence, often experienced as nothingness, and speech, often experienced as suffocating or mendacious. The uses of silence in aiding speech to attain integrity will be described with reference to two clinical vignettes. Selections from psychoanalytic theory and practice will be discussed, throwing some light on silence and analytic spoken dialogue, and it will be argued that a Jungian perspective contributes a further, unique, insight through the concept of transcendent function. This is a way of seeing silence and speech as opposites, out of which new levels of meaning arise as a result of union and unconscious cooperation in the relationship between them. This union is known as coniunctio.
Behavioural rehabilitation of chronic low back pain: Comparison of an operant treatment, an operant‐cognitive treatment and an operant‐respondent treatment
Authors: Vlaeyen Johan W. S. , Haazen Ingrid W. C. J. , Schuerman Joop A. , Kole‐Snijders Ank M. J. , van Eek Hugo
Published: January 2012

Seventy‐one chronic low back pain patients were assigned to one of three behavioural rehabilitation treatments or a waiting‐list condition. The first intervention consisted of an operant treatment, aimed at increasing health behaviours and activity levels and at reducing pain and illness behaviours. In the second intervention, a cognitive treatment, aimed at the reinterpretation of catastrophizing pain cognitions and at enhancing self‐control, was combined with an operant treatment. The third intervention consisted of the combination of the operant approach and a respondent treatment. During the respondent treatment, patients were taught to decrease muscle tension levels, using the 'applied relaxation' technique supported by EMG‐biofeedback and graded exposure to tension‐eliciting situations.

A repeated measurements design included observer rating of pain behaviours, observer ratings of mood, self‐reported depression, residual health behaviours, pain cognitions and experienced pain intensity. Follow‐up assessment occurred at six months and one year after termination of treatment. Results suggest that, for the sample as a whole, improvements are found on measures of pain behaviours, health behaviours, pain cognitions and affective distress and that these improvements are maintained at six months and one year follow‐up. During the treatment the three treatment groups improved significantly more than the waiting‐list control group on most of the measures. Further, the results of this study provide evidence that the operant‐cognitive and operant‐respondent conditions are more efficacious in decreasing pain behaviours and in increasing health behaviours and efficacy expectations than operant treatment alone. This differential effect among the conditions is maintained at follow‐up. Patients who received the OC and OR treatments catastrophize less than OP patients, and OC patients showed better scores on outcome‐efficacy than OR patients. In general, the results suggest that behavioural rehabilitation programmes for chronic low back pain are effective and that the effects of an operant treatment are magnified when self‐control techniques are added.
Depression in male and female patients undergoing cardiac surgery
Authors: Burker Eileen J. , Blumenthal James A. , Feldman Michelle , Burnett Rachel , White William , Smith L. Richard , Croughwell Narda , Schell Randy , Newman Mark , Reves J. G.
Published: January 2012

The present longitudinal study was designed to determine the prevalence of depression in male and female patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and to examine what factors are associated with depression before and after surgery. One day prior to surgery (T1), and one day prior to discharge from the hospital (T2), 141 patients completed a psychometric test battery including the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D), the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). Data were also collected on 13 physiological measures. Forty‐seven per cent of patients were depressed (defined as a score of 16 or above on the CES‐D) at T1. Scores on the CES‐D significantly increased from T1 (M = 15) to T2 (M = 20), with 61 per cent of patients classified as depressed at T2. Factors associated with depression at T1 were female gender, higher state anxiety, and less social support. Depressed patients at T2 were characterized by higher scores on the STAI at T2 and higher scores on the CES‐D at T1. The prevalence of depression in cardiac surgery patients, particularly women, may be underrecognized and warrants increased attention.
How do women cope with menstrual cycle changes?
Authors: Choi Precilla Y. L. , Salmon Peter
Published: January 2012

Very little is known about how women naturally cope with premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. A sample of 342 women was therefore surveyed to discover how they coped with menstrual cycle changes and how helpful these methods were. Principal components analysis of responses to a specially devised coping checklist revealed four components which corresponded to types of coping distinguished in the literature. These were termed: active‐behavioural, active—cognitive, avoidance and menstrual cycle specific. There was no relationship between the extent to which particular coping strategies were used and how helpful they were thought to be. The most popular ways of coping were active‐cognitive. The most helpful were active‐behavioural and active—cognitive. Further analyses did not show any effect of parity or occupational group on the frequency or helpfulness of the different types of coping; nor was there any association with age. Modest correlations of coping methods with symptom severity emerged.
Autobiographical memory and chronic pain
Authors: Wright Judith , Morley Stephen
Published: January 2012

The influence of chronic pain on the recall of autobiographical memories of pain and non‐pain events was examined. Eleven chronic pain patients and 11 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects retrieved autobiographical memories to neutral and pain‐related cue words. Patients and controls retrieved equal numbers of memories, but pain subjects retrieved more memories incorporating elements of physical pain. Analysis of the content of these memories revealed that patients and controls recalled equal numbers of memories of themselves and other people in acute pain and that the difference observed was attributable to the pain patients recalling memories of themselves in chronic pain. Memories of pain were recalled significantly faster than non‐pain memories. The results are discussed with reference to the possible biasing effects of pain state on memory and the schematic processing of pain memories.
Coping strategies and phobias: The relationship between fears, phobias and methods of coping with stressors
Authors: Davey Graham C. L. , Burgess Ian , Rashes Rachel
Published: January 2012

Two studies are described which assessed the extent to which fears and phobias are associated with particular types of strategies for coping with stress. Study 1 compared scores on the Fear Survey Schedule (FSS) with scores on a modified version of the Health and Daily Living Form and the Miller Behavioural Style Scale (MBSS) in a normal population. A principal component analysis revealed that high scores on the social fears and miscellaneous phobias subscales of the FSS were directly associated with avoidance coping strategies, inversely associated with cognitive reappraisal strategies which devalue or deny the importance of the stressor, but unrelated to any of the measures on the MBSS. Study 2 compared the coping strategies of simple phobics, panic disorder patients and normal controls. Both simple phobics and panic disorder patients differed from normal control subjects by reporting greater use of avoidance coping strategies, and reduced use of cognitive threat devaluation. These findings are consistent with models of anxiety‐based disorders which implicate avoidance or escape in the maintenance of such disorders, or which identify the evaluation of the precipitating trauma as important in the acquisition of such disorders.
Irritable bladder syndrome: A void in the research?
Authors: Hunt Jen
Published: January 2012

There has been much interest in recent years in the effective treatment of functional or psychosomatic symptoms such as irritable bowel syndrome. Functional bladder disorders appear to have received little attention from psychologists, although they may account for as many as 20 per cent of urology out‐patient referrals. Evidence is presented to support the existence of an irritable bladder syndrome which is characterized by urgency and frequency of micturition. Aetiological factors are considered and treatment approaches are briefly described and evaluated. Research to date is reviewed and suggestions are made for future research in this area.
Reality discrimination, reality monitoring and disposition towards hallucination
Authors: Rankin Peter M. , O'Carroll Pierce J.
Published: January 2012

This investigation tested the hypotheses that individuals disposed towards hallucination are deficient in the meta‐cognitive skills of reality discrimination and reality monitoring, and that there is a strong correlation between the measures of these skills. Normal subjects scoring high or low on a scale measuring predisposition towards hallucination were tested on an auditory signal detection task. High scorers on the scale were found to differ from low scorers on a measure of perceptual bias but not on a measure of sensitivity. The same groups of subjects were tested on a reality monitoring measure in which they were required to monitor two different types of word: words they were required to listen to, and words they were required to listen to on some trials and imagine on others. On a surprise frequency test it was found that high scorers did not differ from low scorers on their ability to accurately count the memories of words they had heard. It was also found that both high scorers and low scorers overestimated the number of times they had heard words when they had also been required to imagine these words on tests; however, high scorers made this error to a significantly greater extent. A strong correlation was found between reality discrimination and reality monitoring measures for high scorers, but no correlation was found for low scoters.
The Italian DAS as a screening instrument for depression in the elderly
Authors: Carpiniello B. , Carta M. G. , Pariante C. M. , Rudas N. , Reda M. A.
Published: January 2012

The accuracy of the 14‐item Italian version of the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (IDAS‐14) as a screening tool for depression among elderly people is evaluated and compared with the BDI. Results for the IDAS‐14 are most satisfactory, since high levels of both specificity (0.95) and sensitivity (0.89) may be obtained at a given cut‐off score (56).
Field Adjustment of Hydraulic-Turbine Governors
Authors: Avery C. L.
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses certain aspects of the adjustment of hydraulic-turbine governors for stable operation on a-c networks and describes a series of field tests performed to determine satisfactory adjustment of units operating on a network of limited capacity.
A Fluid Mechanics Approach to the Labyrinth Seal Leakage Problem
Authors: Vermes Ge´za
Published: January 2012

The paper describes investigations of labyrinth seals carried out recently; derives new theoretical and semitheoretical formulas for computation of the leakage which agree within 5 per cent with the tests for three different types of seals; off-design performance of the seals is treated theoretically and experimentally.
Selection of the Hydraulic Turbines for the Mammoth Pool Project
Authors: Burrier Horace E.
Published: January 2012

Mammoth Pool Project has a normal static head of 1100 ft which is within the operating range of either the impulse or reaction type hydraulic turbine. An economic analysis is made for using two 88,000 hp turbines, either of the multinozzle impulse or of the reaction type. Power generation and motoring operations of each type are evaluated with the final evaluation justifying the selection of two reaction turbines for this powerhouse.
Re´sume´ of Transonic-Compressor Research at NACA Lewis Laboratory
Authors: Lieblein Seymour , Johnsen Irving A.
Published: January 2012

During the past decade, the Lewis Laboratory of the NACA was engaged in intensive research on the aerodynamics of high-performance axial-flow compressors. The focal point of this program, the development of the transonic compressor, is briefly reviewed, and the basic significance of the results is discussed. Following this, a re´sume´ of succeeding experimental single and multistage investigations and analytical studies is given to indicate the scope of the work and the major results achieved. An extensive bibliography covering the research effort during this time is included.
Acid Cleaning of Superheaters and Reheaters
Authors: Ashton William F. , Rose Stanley M.
Published: January 2012

The object of this paper is to present both laboratory and field experience in the chemical cleaning of drainable and nondrainable superheaters and reheaters. It will be limited to the general discussion of flow characteristics, types of solvents, equipment used, and methods employed, with emphasis on actual results obtained in the field.
The Significance of the Hall Effect for Three MHD Generator Configurations
Authors: Harris L. P. , Cobine J. D.
Published: January 2012

Analyses are presented for the influence of the Hall effect on electrical terminal characteristics, generated power per unit volume, pressure gradient, and generator efficiency in three configurations for MHD generators. The results indicate that desirable generator characteristics can be attained when the Hall effect is either negligible or dominant.
Efficiency Determination of Marine Boilers: Input-Output Versus Heat-Loss Method
Authors: Cohen L. , Fritz W. A.
Published: January 2012

At the Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory boiler efficiencies are determined simultaneously by the input-output and heat-loss methods. This paper discusses the procedures followed in testing boilers for efficiency and the results and relative merits of the two methods. Naval boilers are described as well as the instrumentation and weigh systems utilized in efficiency determinations. Results from over 200 tests performed on some 35 boilers are used as the basis for comparison between input-output and heat-loss efficiency.
The Polytropic Analysis of Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Schultz John M.
Published: January 2012

The real-gas equations of polytropic analysis are derived in terms of compressibility functions X and Y which supplement the familiar compressibility factor, Z. A polytropic head factor, f, is introduced to adjust test results for deviations from perfect-gas behavior. Functions X and Y are generalized and plotted for gases in corresponding states.
A Multifuel Engine Experience
Authors: Isley Walter F.
Published: January 2012

Continental, through contract with the U. S. Army Ordnance Corps, has developed a multifuel diesel engine capable of burning combat gasoline. This engine is of a conventional design except for those features which contribute to its multifuel capabilities. These features include the Hypercycle combustion system, a special intake swirl port, a water-jacketed intake manifold, and a manifold flame heater for cold starting. Engines have been installed in Army M35, 2 1/2-ton trucks and extensively tested on the intended fuels under Arctic, temperate, and desert conditions, during which the multifuel capabilities have been clearly demonstrated.
The Problems of Sealing Hydrogen Peroxide in a 3000-F Environment
Authors: Matt R. J.
Published: January 2012

With the advent of advanced flight vehicles powered by ramjet power plants, fuel accessory equipment, such as turbopumps, will be subjected to severe environments of: (1) High temperatures (from power plants or aerodynamic heating); (2) low temperatures (from cryogenic fuel tanks); (3) chemical attack (from fuels and oxidizers). The present state-of-the-art is nebulous concerning the seals for this type of application and any successful effort toward the advancement of the art may be of considerable assistance to others in the field. It is with this idea in mind that this paper is presented.
The Use of Visible Light Models for the Study of Radiant Heat Transfer in Furnaces
Authors: Schwartz C. H. , Goldberg S. A. , Orning A. A.
Published: January 2012

Apparatus was developed for the study of radiant heat transfer in furnaces by means of models using visible light. Flame radiation was simulated by an array of miniature lamps. Strips coated with a high reflectance paint were used to represent partial wall reflection. Measurements were made with an integrating-sphere light meter. Tests with models of a gas-fired furnace and a pulverized-coal-fired furnace showed the usefulness of the models in the study of such variables as flame position, furnace geometry, and the reduction of heat transfer by ash and slag deposits.
An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Multiple Disk Pumps and Compressors
Authors: Rice Warren
Published: January 2012

An unconventional type of turbomachinery employing a rotor composed of smooth disks is described and the history and motive principle of such devices briefly recounted. An experimental program of research on such devices is described, together with a description of the design and testing of an experimental water pump, a blower, and an air compressor using multiple disk rotors. Data resulting from the testing of the devices are presented in summary form with discussions of the conclusions which the data allow. A “first-approximation” analysis is presented of the flow processes within the rotor and of the limiting performance and efficiency of multiple disk pumps. Solution of the resulting equations, found by digital computation, is presented for a wide range of geometry and of flow variables, in terms of dimensionless parameters. A brief discussion is given of possible applications of multiple dish pumps, compressors and blowers, and of the information now available for the design of the devices.
High Response Aerosol Probe for Sensing Gaseous Temperature in a Two-Phase, Two-Component Flow
Authors: Benedict R. P.
Published: January 2012

Usual means for sensing temperature in a gaseous flow carrying suspended liquid droplets invariably yield the liquid temperature only. In this paper, we discuss a probe configuration which separates the liquid from the gaseous phase for water/gas mass ratios up to 1.2, and which provides for sensing the temperature of the gaseous phase by means of a miniature thermocouple. The overall system exhibits response rates on the order of 10 milliseconds for the water/gas environment in which the probe was evaluated.
Operating Results With Gas Turbines of Large Output
Authors: Pfenninger H.
Published: January 2012

Operational figures of some Brown Boveri gas-turbine installations classed according to the fuel burned: oil, blast furnace gas, natural gas. Corrosion and contamination of gas-turbine blades, laboratory and pilot tests, general considerations, fuel oils obtainable, their ash content and composition, and their suitability for use in gas turbines. Effect of the ash content and ash composition of liquid fuels, and of the dust content and dust composition of gaseous fuels on the life of the blading material. Drop in output and efficiency with time. Reduction of the rate of contamination of the blades by additives in the fuel. Experience with natural gas-fired gas turbines. Plant maintenance costs.
Gas Turbine Silencers
Authors: Eckel Oliver C.
Published: January 2012

The silencing of gas turbine installations is primarily a problem of attenuating the noise from the atmospheric inlet and the exhaust openings except where installations are made in residential or rural areas in which case the sound from the gas turbine enclosure, auxiliaries, and driven equipment must also be included as part of the silencing program. The subject matter of this paper is limited to the inlet and exhaust openings. The amounts of attenuation that can be obtained from natural factors such as divergence, directivity, air attenuation, and duct configuration are given and graphically shown. The sound absorbing qualities of baffles for the absorption of sound in the eight octave bands is described. At elevated temperatures, the performance of baffles at any octave band must be adjusted to the wavelength at the elevated temperature. Airflow characteristics are designed to be compatible with turbine operating efficiencies. Accepted fabrication practice is described and mechanical performance standards recommended. Properly designed silencers incorporate structurally adequate and durable casings, balanced sound attenuation, and pressure drops that will not adversely affect turbine performance.
The Use of Compressor-Inlet Prewhirl for the Control of Small Gas Turbines
Authors: Shouman A. R. , Anderson J. R.
Published: January 2012

The objective of this paper is to describe a control system recently developed to provide nearly instantaneous power response with a two-shaft gas turbine. The principal elements in this system are movable guide vanes in the compressor inlet. The effects of air prewhirl on centrifugal compressor and gas-turbine engine performance are discussed and test results are presented.
Thrust Nozzles for Supersonic Transport Aircraft
Authors: Migdal David , Horgan John J.
Published: January 2012

Supersonic transports will require jet-engine thrust nozzles that are highly efficient from take-off to supersonic cruise in order to minimize the direct operating costs. Variable-area ejectors, plug nozzles, and modifications of these basic types have been tested extensively during the past several years. Performance trends for these nozzles are presented with the emphasis on external flow effects. A new ejector which utilizes aerodynamically actuated doors to admit external air into the ejector shroud is discussed.
Temperature Distribution in the Susquehanna River at Brunner Island Steam Electric Station
Authors: Hatfield H. F.
Published: January 2012

The author describes the results of some research on temperature distribution and flow patterns in the Susquehanna River at Brunner Island Steam Electric Station. The effect of the plant’s warm condenser water discharge as well as the effect of the sun and the contour of the river bottom are investigated.
Determination and Significance of Gaseous Fuel Octane Numbers
Authors: Baxter I.
Published: January 2012

Gaseous fueled engines have for many years been built without an undue concern for the octane number of the fuel, as long as it contained a substantial amount of methane. The steady increase in engine power ratings in recent years has made the determination of octane numbers on specific gas mixtures desirable. The introduction of turbocharging for gas engines places further stress on fuel quality. A standardized apparatus and technique for determining octane numbers of gaseous fuels in the ASTM-CFR knock test engine is now available. The means for making such ratings are described. While ratings on mixtures of saturate hydrocarbon gases can be calculated with acceptable accuracy, the presence of unsaturates or of antiknock additives makes an engine test necessary.
Bureau of Mines Progress in Developing the Coal-Burning Gas Turbine Power Plant
Authors: Nabors W. M. , Strimbeck D. C. , Cargill R. W. , Smith J.
Published: January 2012

The Bureau of Mines is developing a turbine driven by hot gases from burning coal. Primary emphasis so far has been to develop and test new blades designed to resist coal-ash erosion, the major problem confronting earlier developers of a coal-burning turbine. Improved coal preparation and feeding equipment and more efficient combustion and ash separation systems also are being developed. Overall objective of the Bureau is to build and operate a machine to demonstrate the technical feasibility of an open-cycle coal-burning gas turbine power plant. In the early phases of the Bureau turbine program, tests were conducted with a machine initially built by the Locomotive Development Committee of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. Blade erosion had been revealed as the major problem in the LDC work, so prior to initial operations a gas turbine manufacturer was asked to review the results of the previous tests and recommend a new blade design. Several important changes were recommended, and a set of blades incorporating the new features was designed, fabricated, and installed in the turbine in 1963. The initial test of the turbine was conducted late in 1963. In 878 cumulative hr of operation the blades suffered little from erosion. The rotor blades appear capable of an additional operating period of up to 10,000 hr, and the stator blades (slightly notched at the bases on the last three rows) for at least 5000 hr. The test results indicated that with further research and development blades capable of the 50,000 to 100,000 hr regarded as minimum for commercial power plants are a definite possibility. The major difficulty in the 878-hr test was ash deposition on the blades, especially the first-stage stator blades. Means of preventing or controlling ash deposition are being sought during a second 1000-hr test of the new blades in the summer and fall of 1964. Certain modifications were made in the coal-combustion, ash-separation, and coal-feeding systems prior to this test to improve operability of the turbine plant.
Radiation From a Directional Source: Beam Divergence in Solar Simulators
Authors: Bobco R. P.
Published: January 2012

The analysis of thermal phenomena associated with radiation from sources which are imperfectly collimated is presented in a form convenient for engineering calculations. The analysis is developed in terms of beam divergence and directional intensity and applied to an hypothetical solar simulation system. Two different intensity distributions are postulated and expressions are derived for solar constants and solar shape factors. The concept of shadowing is discussed and a procedure is described for calculating both local and mean solar shape factors in penumbral regions. A simple L-shaped configuration is analyzed to illustrate the procedures and to examine the influence of beam divergence on equilibrium temperatures. Results are presented for both diffuse and specular surfaces, and several values of α*/ε.
Hydraulic Turbine Setting Criteria
Authors: Ruud F. O.
Published: January 2012

Higher settings of hydraulic turbines are proposed which will result in lower relative tailwater levels with associated operational improvements. Present selling criteria may lead to unsatisfactory operation at higher tailwater levels. Cavitation damage is not necessarily prevented by low settings, and draft-tube surges may occur under high tailwater conditions.
Radial Force on the Impeller of Centrifugal Pumps With Volute, Semivolute, and Fully Concentric Casings
Authors: Biheller H. Joseph
Published: January 2012

An experimental investigation of the magnitude and direction of the unbalanced radial force on centrifugal pump impellers was made. Pumps with single volute, semiconcentric and fully concentric casings of several specific speeds, collector aspect ratios, and with both closed and semiclosed impellers were tested over the full operating range. An equation enabling prediction of expected radial forces based only on pump geometry, operating speed, and capacity (expressed as fraction of capacity at best efficiency) is presented.
Three-Dimensional Theory of Incompressible and Inviscid Flow Through Mixed Flow Turbomachines
Authors: Schilhansl M. J.
Published: January 2012

In this paper the author presents a three-dimensional flow study for mixed (axial and radial) flow rotors. In order to make the analysis manageable the actual stream surfaces are assumed to coincide with surfaces of revolution. The intersections of the blade surfaces with these surfaces of revolution are mapped onto planes normal to the axis of the rotor. The investigation of the flow in the “picture” planes is based on available two-dimensional cascade theories. Position and shape of the surfaces depend upon the equilibrium of the flow in the direction perpendicular to the surfaces of revolution. The flow in each individual surface of revolution is found by remapping from the planes. Improved position and shape of the surfaces of revolution can be derived from the equilibrium condition. This procedure must be iterated until two consecutive iterations lead to the same result.
Hydrogen Evolution and Steam Dissociation in Steam Generators
Authors: Le May Iain
Published: January 2012

The paper discusses the metal-steam reaction and the evolution of hydrogen in steam generating plants both from this reaction and from thermal dissociation. An analysis is made of the quantity of hydrogen expected at outlet from a particular monotube steam generator, expressions being derived from which the degree of dissociation can be calculated when the fluid no longer has a stoichiometric composition because of oxygen used up in the metal-steam reaction. The effect of oxygen in the feedwater is considered and the oxygen and hydrogen contents of the steam at outlet calculated for various cases.
Turbocharged Two-Stroke-Cycle Gas Engines
Authors: Land M. L. , Carameros Alex
Published: January 2012

Pulse turbocharging, which had a long history of successful operation in sea-level installations on two-stroke-cycle gas engines, did not give satisfactory results at high altitude as evidenced by increased thermal loading and reduced load-carrying ability. Proper application of the constant-pressure system overcame these difficulties. The underlying theory explaining these results, supported by factory and field developments, is given in this paper. Start-up, operational, and maintenance experiences are given on constant-pressure-turbocharged, two-cycle, uniflow engines at high altitude.
Development of a High-Temperature Molten Lithium Pump
Authors: Kelly R. W. , Wood G. M. , Milich J. J. , Ferguson C. , Manfredi D. V.
Published: January 2012

The circulation of the liquid-metal heat-transport fluids used in high-performance, mobile, nuclear power plants requires high-temperature pumps. These pumps must be capable of moderately high efficiency over a very long lifetime and have small size, low weight, and high reliability. As an initial phase of a lithium pump development program and to provide pumps for companion development programs, a 195-gpm pump was designed and successfully developed. Extensive testing of pump components, as well as water and liquid-metal tests of complete pump assemblies, was accomplished to meet the program objectives of high performance and high reliability for the required long operating lifetime. Several successful lithium tests of 10,000-hr duration were accomplished with the lithium development pumps and a pump used in a companion heat-exchanger development program.