bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconfiguring the Past: The Return of History in Recent Russian Film
Authors: Gillespie David
Published: October 2006

Russian cinema has often returned to its traditions in order to explore ways forward, and nowhere is this truer than in the historical film. Originally seen as a means of legitimizing the (Soviet) present, the cinematic investigation of history has tended in recent years not only to
debunk past ideologies, but also to create new myths as pointers to the future. Directors whose recent work is included in this study are Nikita Mikhalkov, Andrei Konchalovskii, Pavel Chukhrai, Alexander Sokurov and Gleb Panfilov.
Resurrecting the Alien Director: Jean-Pierre Jeunet in Hollywood
Authors: Ezra Elizabeth
Published: October 2006

This paper examines the critical reception of Jean-Pierre Jeunet's Alien Resurrection in the popular Anglo-American press, where the film was often discussed in terms that highlighted the director's status as an outsider. The anxiety that the film elicits among critics, it is
argued, is a function of the very abjection that is depicted graphically within the film: a fear of the unclassifiable and of the crossing of boundaries.
The Zoom in Popular Cinema: A Question of Performance
Authors: Willeman Paul
Published: October 2006

The author argues that the use of the zoom can be seen as a signifier of the film narrator's performance and proposes to read zooms as a style-figure recalling the oral performances of public storytellers. As such, the zoom is one of the ways in which a cinematic narrator signals what
is at stake in the modernisation of storytelling with the advent of the industrialisation of culture.
Performance analysis of prioritized parallel transmission MAC protocol in all‐IP wireless WAN
Authors: Jiang Zaihan , Zhou Mengchu
Published: October 2006

Prioritized parallel transmission MAC (PPTM) protocol is proposed for all‐IP wireless wide area network (WAN). In this paper, we analyse its performance and compare it with modified channel load sensing protocol (MCLSP). We model PPTM as a non‐preemptive priority queueing system and obtain a close form of transmission time delay for each priority class, throughput of the scheme, and number of packets in the queue in the Poisson arrival case. We find that PPTM achieves less transmission time delay than MCLSP does for high priority data. Hence, the overall performance of the system using PPTM is significantly improved. We verify the conclusions with simulation via a simplified all‐IP wireless WAN. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of connexin expression during mouse Schwann cell development identifies Connexin29 as a novel marker for the transition of neural crest to precursor cells
Authors: Li Jing , Habbes Hans‐Werner , Eiberger Jürgen , Willecke Klaus , Dermietzel Rolf , Meier Carola
Published: October 2006

Connexins are transmembrane proteins forming gap junction channels for direct intercellular and, for example in myelinating glia cells, intracellular communication. In mature myelin‐forming Schwann cells, expression of multiple connexins, i.e. connexin (Cx) 43, Cx29, Cx32, and Cx46 (after nerve injury) has been detected. However, little is known about connexin protein expression during Schwann cell development. Here we use histochemical methods on wildtype and Cx29lacZ transgenic mice to investigate the developmental expression of connexins in the Schwann cell lineage. Our data demonstrate that in the mouse Cx43, Cx29, and Cx32 protein expression is activated in a developmental sequence that is clearly correlated with major developmental steps in the lineage. Only Cx43 was expressed from neural crest cells onwards. Cx29 protein expression was absent from neural crest cells but appeared as neural crest cells generated precursors (embryonic day 12) both in vivo and in vitro. This identifies Cx29 as a novel marker for cells of the defined Schwann cell lineage. The only exception to this were dorsal roots, where the expression of Cx29 was delayed four days relative to ventral roots and spinal nerves. Expression of Cx32 commenced postnatally, coinciding with the onset of myelination. Thus, the coordinated expression of connexin proteins in cells of the embryonic and postnatal Schwann cell lineage might point to a potential role in peripheral nerve development and maturation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retained products of conception mimicking a large endometrial AVM: Complete resolution following spontaneous abortion
Authors: Jain Kiran , Fogata Maria
Published: October 2006

We report an unusual appearance of retained products of conception that mimicked an arteriovenous malformation. A 38‐year‐old woman presented with persistent scant vaginal bleeding and declining levels of serum beta‐HCG after therapeutic abortion. Sonographic examination revealed a highly vascular lobulated mass, which on spectral Doppler examination showed low resistance and high peak systolic velocity suggestive of arteriovenous shunting. The patient spontaneously passed tissue per vagina, after which the endometrial vascular mass completely disappeared, indicating that the sonographic abnormality was the retained products of conception. The pathologic basis for such a finding is discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2006
Synthesis of 1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐cyano‐5‐(4‐[11C]methoxyphenyl)‐N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide ([11C]JHU75528) and 1‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐4‐cyano‐5‐(4‐[11C]methoxyphenyl)‐N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide ([11C]JHU75575) as potential radioligands for PET imaging of cerebral cannabinoid receptor
Authors: Fan Hong , Ravert Hayden T. , Holt Daniel P. , Dannals Robert F. , Horti Andrew G.
Published: October 2006

Two novel ligands for cerebral cannabinoid receptor (CB1), 1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐cyano‐5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide (JHU75528) and 1‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐4‐cyano‐5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide (JHU75575) have been synthesized. Both JHU75528 and JHU75575 display a combination of higher binding affinity and lower lipophilicity than those of Rimonabant (SR141716), a high affinity CB1 selective antagonist, and AM281, the only available ligand for emission tomography imaging of CB1 in human subjects. Radiolabeled [11C]JHU75528 and [11C]JHU75575 were prepared by reaction of [11C]methyl iodide with nor‐methyl precursors. The average radiochemical yield, specific radioactivity, and radiochemical purity of [11C]JHU75528 were 16%, 235 GBq/µmol (6360 mCi/µmol), and 99%, respectively; those of [11C]JHU75575 were 8%, 196 GBq/µmol (5308 mCi/µmol), and 99%, respectively. Both ligands hold promise as PET radioligands for imaging CB1 receptor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correction of eddy‐current distortions in diffusion tensor images using the known directions and strengths of diffusion gradients
Authors: Zhuang Jiancheng , Hrabe Jan , Kangarlu Alayar , Xu Dongrong , Bansal Ravi , Branch Craig A. , Peterson Bradley S.
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To correct eddy‐current artifacts in diffusion tensor (DT) images without the need to obtain auxiliary scans for the sole purpose of correction.

Materials and Methods

DT images are susceptible to distortions caused by eddy currents induced by large diffusion gradients. We propose a new postacquisition correction algorithm that does not require any auxiliary reference scans. It also avoids the problematic procedure of cross‐correlating images with significantly different contrasts. A linear model is used to describe the dependence of distortion parameters (translation, scaling, and shear) on the diffusion gradients. The model is solved numerically to provide an individual correction for every diffusion‐weighted (DW) image.

Results

The assumptions of the linear model were successfully verified in a series of experiments on a silicon oil phantom. The correction obtained for this phantom was compared with correction obtained by a previously published method. The algorithm was then shown to markedly reduce eddy‐current distortions in DT images from human subjects.

Conclusion

The proposed algorithm can accurately correct eddy‐current artifacts in DT images. Its principal advantages are that only images with comparable signals and contrasts are cross‐correlated, and no additional scans are required. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dual‐Syringe Reactive Electrospinning of Cross‐Linked Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Ji Yuan , Ghosh Kaustabh , Li Bingquan , Sokolov Jonathan C. , Clark Richard A. F. , Rafailovich Miriam H.
Published: October 2006

Summary: A facile fabrication of a cross‐linked hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel nanofibers by a reactive electrospinning method is described. A thiolated HA derivative, 3,3′‐dithiobis(propanoic dihydrazide)‐modified HA (HA‐DTPH), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) are selected as the cross‐linking system. The cross‐linking reaction occurs simultaneously during the electrospinning process using a dual‐syringe mixing technique. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is added into the spinning solution as a viscosity modifier to facilitate the fiber formation and is selectively removed with water after the electrospinning process. The nanofibrous structure of the electrospun HA scaffold is well preserved after hydration with an average fiber diameter of 110 nm. A cell morphology study on fibronectin (FN)‐adsorbed HA nanofibrous scaffolds shows that the NIH 3T3 fibroblasts migrate into the scaffold through the nanofibrous network, and demonstrate an elaborate three‐dimensional dendritic morphology within the scaffold, which reflects the dimensions of the electrospun HA nanofibers. These results suggest the application of electrospun HA nanofibrous scaffolds as a potential material for wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Laser scanning confocal microscopy demonstrates that the NIH3T3 fibroblast develops an extended 3D dendritic morphology within the fibronectin‐adsorbed electrospun HA nanofibrous scaffold.

magnified image

Laser scanning confocal microscopy demonstrates that the NIH3T3 fibroblast develops an extended 3D dendritic morphology within the fibronectin‐adsorbed electrospun HA nanofibrous scaffold.
Immiscible CO2‐H2O fluids in the shallow crust
Authors: Kaszuba John P. , Williams Laurie L. , Janecky David R. , Hollis W. Kirk , Tsimpanogiannis Ioannis N.
Published: October 2006

The significance of a single CO2‐H2O fluid phase is well known for metamorphic systems, and CO2‐H2O immiscibility is explicit in fluid inclusion literature, especially regarding hydrothermal ores. Complex multiphase CO2‐H2O behavior exists over wide temperature and pressure ranges overlapping other important geochemical processes. The character and physical‐chemical properties of multiple phases possible for CO2 and H2O, and the potential impact of these coexisting phases on geochemical processes in the crust, are not broadly appreciated. We propose that immiscible supercritical CO2 fluid and a liquid rich in H2O coexist in the shallow crust, to 400°C and 300 MPa, and that interactions among the two fluids and host rock are significant processes that produce recognizable geochemical and textural evidence. Supercritical CO2 fluids bring potential complexity to fluid‐rock systems by influencing aqueous reactions via carbonic acid equilibria, penetrating complex geometries inaccessible to aqueous fluid, and dissolving and redistributing metals as organometallic compounds. The distal margin of a contact metamorphic aureole is one example we discuss in which interaction between two disparate CO2‐H2O fluids controls H2O activity and the progress and distribution of metamorphic hydration reactions. In another example, supercritical CO2 produces acidity, carbonate saturation, and silica supersaturation in brine. Separation and emplacement of this brine into a rock‐dominated system buffered to neutral pH enhances precipitation of carbonates and quartz, chalcedony, or amorphous silica in veins. Other possible examples of CO2‐H2O fluid immiscibility coupled with multiphase fluid‐rock interactions are clay desiccation, diagenetic and postdiagenetic silicate reactions, origin and distribution of carbonate cements in sedimentary basin sandstones, fluid‐mass transfer, and anthropogenic CO2 sequestration.
Limitations to upscaling of groundwater flow models dominated by surface water interaction
Authors: Vermeulen P. T. M. , te Stroet C. B. M. , Heemink A. W.
Published: October 2006

Different upscaling methods for groundwater flow models are investigated. A suite of different upscaling methods is applied to several synthetic cases with structured and unstructured porous media. Although each of the methods applies best to one of the synthetic cases, no performance differences are formed if the methods were applied to a real three‐dimensional case. Furthermore, we focus on boundary conditions, such as Dirichlet, Neumann, and Cauchy conditions, that characterize the interaction of groundwater with, for example, surface water and recharge. It follows that the inaccuracy of the flux exchange between boundary conditions on a fine scale and the hydraulic head on a coarse scale causes additional errors that are far more significant than the errors due to an incorrect upscaling of the heterogeneity itself. Whenever those errors were reduced, the upscaled model was improved by 70%. It thus follows that in practice, whenever we focus on predicting groundwater heads, it is more important to correctly upscale the boundary conditions than hydraulic transmissivity.
Gold as hydrogen: Structural and electronic properties and chemical bonding in Si3Au3+∕∕− and comparisons to Si3H3+∕∕−
Authors: Kiran Boggavarapu , Li Xi , Zhai Hua-Jin , Wang Lai-Sheng
Published: October 2006

A single Au atom has been shown to behave like H in its bonding to Si in several mono- and disilicon gold clusters. In the current work, we investigate the Au∕H analogy in trisilicon gold clusters, Si3Au3+∕0∕−. Photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations are combined to examine the geometric and electronic structure of Si3Au3−. We find that there are three isomers competing for the ground state of Si3Au3− as is the case for Si3H3−. Extensive structural searches show that the potential energy surfaces of the trisilicon gold clusters (Si3Au3−, Si3Au3, and Si3Au3+) are similar to those of the corresponding silicon hydrides. The lowest energy isomers for Si3Au3− and Si3Au3 are structurally similar to a Si3Au four-membered ring serving as a common structural motif. For Si3Au3+, the 2π aromatic cyclotrisilenylium auride ion, analogous to the aromatic cyclotrisilenylium ion (Si3H3+), is the most stable species. Comparison of the structures and chemical bonding between Si3Au3+∕0∕− and the corresponding silicon hydrides further extends the isolobal analogy between Au and H.
Terahertz-wave generation in quasi-phase-matched GaAs
Authors: Vodopyanov K. L. , Fejer M. M. , Yu X. , Harris J. S. , Lee Y.-S. , Hurlbut W. C. , Kozlov V. G. , Bliss D. , Lynch C.
Published: October 2006

The authors demonstrate an efficient room temperature source of terahertz radiation using femtosecond laser pulses as a pump and GaAs structures with periodically inverted crystalline orientation, such as diffusion-bonded stacked GaAs and epitaxially grown orientation-patterned GaAs, as a nonlinear optical medium. By changing the GaAs orientation-reversal period (504–1277μm), or the pump wavelength (2–4.4μm), we were able to generate narrow-bandwidth (∼100GHz) terahertz wave packets, tunable between 0.9 and 3THz, with the optical-to-terahertz photon conversion efficiency of 3.3%.
Noncore Components of the Fission Yeast γ-Tubulin Complex
Authors: Anders Andreas , Lourenço Paula C.C. , Sawin Kenneth E.
Published: October 2006

Relatively little is known about the in vivo function of individual components of the eukaryotic γ-tubulin complex (γ-TuC). We identified three genes, gfh1+, mod21+, and mod22+, in a screen for fission yeast mutants affecting microtubule organization. gfh1+ is a previously characterized γ-TuC protein weakly similar to human γ-TuC subunit GCP4, whereas mod21+ is novel and shows weak similarity to human γ-TuC subunit GCP5. We show that mod21p is a bona fide γ-TuC protein and that, like gfh1Δ mutants, mod21Δ mutants are viable. We find that gfh1Δ and mod21Δ mutants have qualitatively normal microtubule nucleation from all types of microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) in vivo but quantitatively reduced nucleation from interphase MTOCs, and this is exacerbated by mutations in mod22+. Simultaneous deletion of gfh1p, mod21p, and alp16p, a third nonessential γ-TuC protein, does not lead to additive defects, suggesting that all three proteins contribute to a single function. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggest that gfh1p and alp16p are codependent for association with a small “core” γ-TuC, whereas mod21p is more peripherally associated, and that gfh1p and mod21p may form a subcomplex independently of the small γ-TuC. Interestingly, sucrose gradient analysis suggests that the major form of the γ-TuC in fission yeast may be a small complex. We propose that gfh1p, mod21p, and alp16 act as facultative “noncore” components of the fission yeast γ-TuC and enhance its microtubule-nucleating ability.
Predicted function of the vaccinia virus G5R protein
Authors: Silva Melissa Da , Shen Ling , Tcherepanov Vasily , Watson Cristalle , Upton Chris
Published: October 2006

Motivation: Of the ∼200 proteins that have been identified for the vaccinia virus (VACV) genome, many are currently listed as having an unknown function, and seven of these are also found in all other poxvirus genomes that have been sequenced. The G5R protein of VACV is included in this list, and to date, very little is known about this essential and highly conserved protein. Conventional similarity searches of protein databases do not identify significantly similar proteins, and experimental approaches have been unsuccessful at determining protein function.

Results: Using HHsearch, a hidden Markov model (HMM) comparison search tool, the G5R protein was found to be similar to both human and archaeal flap endonucleases (FEN-1) with 96% probability. The G5R protein structure was subsequently successfully modeled using the Robetta protein structure prediction server with an archaeal FEN-1 as the template. The G5R model was then compared to the human FEN-1 crystal structure and was found to be structurally similar to human FEN-1 in both active site residues and DNA substrate binding regions.

Contact:  cupton@uvic.ca

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Moisturizing effect of cosmetic formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed by skin bioengineering techniques
Authors: Dal'Belo Susi Elaine , Rigo Gaspar Lorena , Berardo Gonçalves Maia Campos Patrícia Maria
Published: October 2006

Background/purpose: The polysaccharide‐rich composition of Aloe vera extracts (Aloe barbadensis Miller), often used in cosmetic formulations, may impart moisturizing properties to the product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cosmetic formulations containing different concentrations of freeze‐dried Aloe vera extract on skin hydration, after a single and a 1‐ and 2‐week period of application, by using skin bioengineering techniques.

Methods: Stable formulations containing 5% (w/w) of a trilaureth‐4 phosphate‐based blend were supplemented with 0.10%, 0.25% or 0.50% (w/w) of freeze‐dried Aloe vera extract and applied to the volar forearm of 20 female subjects. Skin conditions in terms of the water content of the stratum corneum and of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (CorneometerTM CM 825 and TewameterTM TM 210) were analysed before and after a single and 1‐ and 2‐week period of daily application.

Results: After a single application, only formulations supplemented with 0.25% and 0.50% (w/w) of Aloe vera extract increased the water content of the stratum corneum, while after the 2‐week period application, all formulations containing the extract (0.10%, 0.25% and 0.50%) had the same effect, in both cases as compared with the vehicle. TEWL was not modified after a single and after 1‐ and 2‐week period of application, when compared with the vehicle.

Conclusion: Our results show that freeze‐dried Aloe vera extract is a natural effective ingredient for improving skin hydration, possibly through a humectant mechanism. Consequently, it may be used in moisturizing cosmetic formulations and also as a complement in the treatment of dry skin.
Shear wave splitting changes associated with the 2001 volcanic eruption on Mt Etna
Authors: Bianco Francesca , Scarfı Luciano , Del Pezzo Edoardo , Patanè Domenico
Published: October 2006

The time delays and polarizations of shear wave splitting above small earthquakes show variations before the 2001 July 17–August 9 2001 flank eruption on Mt Etna, Sicily. Normalized time delays, measured by singular value decomposition, show a systematic increase starting several days before the onset of the eruption. On several occasions before the eruption, the polarization directions of the shear waves at Station MNT, closest to the eruption, show 90°–flips where the faster and slower split shear waves exchange polarizations. The last 90°–flip being 5 days before the onset of the eruption. The time delays also exhibit a sudden decrease shortly before the start of the eruption suggesting the possible occurrence of a ‘relaxation’ phenomena, due to crack coalescence. This behaviour has many similarities to that observed before a number of earthquakes elsewhere.
Routine elastic staining assists detection of vascular invasion in colorectal cancer
Authors: Abdulkader M , Abdulla K , Rakha E , Kaye P
Published: October 2006

Aim To determine the value of routine staining of colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens with elastic stains.

Methods and results Four hundred and ninety‐eight cases of CRC were included. In 208 cases, vascular invasion (VI) was assessed using elastic stains [Elastic van Gieson or Elastin haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)] that were introduced as routine staining in CRC in our hospital. As a control, 290 cases in which VI was assessed solely on H&E staining were included. The site, stage and presence of vascular invasion were determined in both groups. The cost, time and workload resulting from the addition of these stains were also taken into account. The sensitivity of detection of VI in CRC was significantly improved after the introduction of these elastic stains in our routine practice (46.2% compared with 35.5% in the control group; P = 0.014). Particular improvement was noted in Dukes' stage A and B. We also noted that the net benefits gained from the introduction of these special stains outweighed the small extra cost and effort and, in addition, saved time for the reporting pathologists.

Conclusion Routine elastic stains are very useful and practical in evaluation of VI status in CRC and we recommend implementing these stains in routine pathological practice to improve patient care.
External quality assurance for the laboratory diagnosis of Buruli ulcer disease in Ghana
Authors: Bretzel G. , Siegmund V. , Nitschke J. , Herbinger K. H. , Thompson R. , Fleischmann E. , Fleischer B. , Adjei O.
Published: October 2006

Objective  To assure the quality of the laboratory diagnosis of Buruli ulcer disease; microscopy and PCR were subjected to external quality assurance (EQA).

Methods  Slides were read by test laboratory staff, followed by blinded re‐reading by the controller. Parallel testing of PCR specimens was carried out at the local and external reference laboratory. Slides and PCR specimens with discordant results were subjected to a second reading/testing by the controller to determine the final result. For training purposes, slides and PCR specimens with discrepant results were subsequently re‐read/re‐tested under supervision at the test laboratory.

Results  Microscopy. First reading: concordance rate 82.9%, discordance rate 17.1%, percentage false negatives 27.1% (sensitivity 72.9%), percentage false positives 10.1% (specificity 89.9%). Second reading: concordance rate 97.9%, discordance rate 2.1%, percentage false negatives 4.2% (sensitivity 95.8%), percentage false positives 0.6% (specificity 99.4%). PCR. First testing: concordance rate 87.9%, discordance rate 12.1%, percentage false negatives 8.2% (sensitivity 91.8%), percentage false positives 19.1% (specificity 80.9%). Second testing: concordance rate 96.2%, discordance rate 3.8%, percentage false negatives 4.7% (sensitivity 95.3%), percentage false‐positives 2.1% (specificity 97.9%).

Conclusions  EQA identified deficiencies in the laboratory performance. Corrective action consisted in on‐site training and reduced the number of false‐negative and false‐positive microscopy and PCR results.

Keywords  Buruli ulcer diagnosis , quality assurance , microscopy , PCR , Ghana
Identification of a sigma‐class glutathione‐S‐transferase from the silkworm,Bombyx mori
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Zhang P. B. , Banno Y. , Fujii H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: A cDNA that encodes a glutathione‐S‐transferase belonging to sigma class (GSTS1) from the silkworm,Bombyx moriwas cloned by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed 66%, 48% and 41% identity to sigma‐class GSTs fromManduca sexta,Blattella germanicaandAnopheles gambiae, respectively. The GSTS1 was also estimated to be close to those GSTs in a phylogenetic tree. GSTS1 mRNA was widely distributed in various tissues. The recombinant GST (rGSTS1) was functionally overexpressed inEscherichia coliin a soluble form, purified to homogeneity and characterized. The pH‐optimum of rGSTS1 was around pH 8. The rGSTS1 retained more than 75% of its original activity after incubation at pH 4–9. Incubation for 30 min at temperatures below 40°C did not affect its activity. rGSTS1 was able to catalyse the reaction of glutathione with 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene, the universal substrate for GST, as well as with 4‐hydroxynonenal, the product of lipid peroxidation.
INCORPORATION OF ORTHO [32P]PHOSPHATE INTO THE SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS OF DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN*
Authors: Abdel‐Latif Ata A. , ABood L. G.
Published: October 2006

The refinement of techniques for the isolation of the cytoplasmic fractions of rat brain has now made it possible to study more accurately the biochemical development and turnover of the various subcellular elements of the neuron. A previous communication (Abdel‐Latif and Abood, 1964) described enzymic studies with cytoplasmic constituents prepared from embryonic and neonatal rat brains by the technique of density gradient centrifugation. It was the object of the present study to examine, with the aid of ortho [32P]phosphate, the formation and turnover of the phospholipids, phosphoproteins, and other phosphate‐containing compounds of the various subcellular components of the rat brain at various stages of development.

While several investigations have dealt with the incorporation of32P1 into the phospholipids of rat brain (Ansell, 1960; Davison and Dobbing, 1960; Ansell and Spanner, 1959; Rossiter, 1957; and Dziewiatkowski and Bodian, 1950) none has dealt with the incorporation into the phospholipids and phosphoproteins of the various subfractions, and very little work has been done on the turnover of well‐defined phospholipids in the developing brain.
LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS IN ANOXIC‐ISCHAEMIC RAT BRAIN*
Authors: Kosow David P. , Schwarz Henry P. , Marmolejo Alfonso
Published: October 2006

The uptake of [U‐14C]glucose and [2‐14C]acetate into lipids was measured in brain slices from anoxic, unilaterally ischaemic, unilaterally anoxic‐ischaemic, and control rats. The rate of incorporation was significantly decreased in the brain slices from the treated animals except for the contralateral hemisphere of the unilaterally ischaemic animals. Also, there was no significant difference between the anoxic and the anoxic‐ischaemic cerebral hemispheres of the anoxic‐ischaemic animals. Fractionation of the total lipid extract demonstrated that the decrease in incorporation was general and not due to any particular class of lipid.
IONIC BASIS FOR THE DEPOLARIZATION OF CEREBRAL TISSUES BY EXCITATORY ACIDIC AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Bradford H. F. , McIlwain H.
Published: October 2006

1. Membrane potentials were measured in samples of guinea pig cerebral cortex, before and after small localized additions of neutral solutions of a number of acidic amino acids.

2. Prompt depolarization from resting membrane potentials of about −60 mv to values of −30 to −45 mv occurred in response to l‐aspartate, l‐cysteate, l‐glutamate, dl‐homocysteate and l‐α‐aminoadipate. Slower, smaller and less frequent depolarization followed N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate, N‐methyl‐dl‐aspartate and N‐ethyl‐D‐aspartate. No change was observed to follow N‐n‐propyl‐d‐aspartate, N‐methyl‐dl‐glutamate, β‐alanine or glutamine.

3. The five amino acids which promptly depolarized, were found also to lower the phosphocreatine of cerebral tissues to which they were added during in vitro metabolism. They also increased the tissues’inorganic phosphate and in some cases diminished its acid‐labile nucleotide phosphate.

4. The five amino acids which promptly depolarized increased the intracellular sodium of the tissues within a minute of their addition; two of the N‐alkylated acids also had this effect. None of the acids had a comparably prompt effect on the tissues’potassium content.

5. Calculation from the data presented suggests (i) that glutamate increases fivefold the tissues’permeability to sodium relative to that to potassium; and (ii) that the additional sodium entering the tissue could accelerate its Na,K‐dependent adenosine triphosphatase sufficiently to account for the observed loss of energy‐rich phosphate and appearance of inorganic phosphate.
COMPARISON OF SPONTANEOUS LOSS OF CATECHOLAMINES AND ATP IN VITRO FROM ISOLATED BOVINE ADRENOMEDULLARY, VESICULAR GLAND, VAS DEFERENS AND SPLENIC NERVE GRANULES
Authors: Stjärne L. , Lishajko F.
Published: October 2006

The molar ratio catecholamines/ATP in the high speed sediment from homogenates of bovine adrenal medulla, vesicular gland, vas deferens and splenic nerve was relatively close to the‘equivalence ratio’of 4/1. On incubation in vitro the loss of amines and ATP from the medullary granules was slow and largely parallel. Thus the original amine/ATP ratio was maintained. The amine loss from the nerve granules occurred at a very high, and from the vesicular gland and vas deferens granules at an intermediate, rate. On the other hand, the decrease in ATP in these preparations was quite slow, leading to a marked change in the original amine/ATP ratio. These findings are regarded as further evidence of functional differences between granules derived from chromaffin cells and from sympathetic nerve tissue, and even between nerve granules from‘long’and 'short’noradrenergic neurons. The possible implications of these in vitro differences in amine and ATP release are discussed in relation to the mechanisms of amine release in vivo.
COMPARTMENTATION OF GLUTAMIC ACID METABOLISM IN BRAIN SLICES*
Authors: Berl S. , Nicklasi W. J. , Clarke D. D.
Published: October 2006

—

(1) Compartmentation of glutamate metabolism in brain cortex previously observed only in vivo, has now been demonstrated in vitro.This was shown by using [U‐14C]aspartate and [U‐14C]glutamate as tracer substrates.

(2) Preparation and maintenance of the slices at 0° resulted in reversible inhibition of glutamine synthesis. Preincubation at 37° for 10 min or preparation of the slices at room temperature partially overcame this inhibition.

(3) Transfer to fresh medium after preincubation had an added stimulatory effect on glutamine synthesis.

(4) Incubation in high K+ medium (27 mm) altered the relative specific activity of glutamine.

(5) The data are in keeping with the postulate of the existence of at least two different pools of citric acid cycle intermediates in the cerebral cortex.
THE EFFECTS OF 4‐HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Godin Y. , Mark J. , Mandel P.
Published: October 2006

—The effect of 4‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) on cerebral glucose metabolism has been studied. GHB increases the glucose level, decreases the lactate concentration and diminishes the incorporation of glucose carbon into glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid and GABA in the brain of the rat in a state of general anaesthesia. The data reported here suggest that GHB interferes in the metabolism of glucose in brain.
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT MECHANISMS FOR SULPHATE AND IODIDE IN IMMATURE CHOROID PLEXUS*
Authors: Robinson R. J. , Cutler R. W. P. , Lorenzo A. V. , Barlow C. F.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

The time‐course of development of sulphate and iodide transport mechanisms in choroid plexus was studied by measuring uptake of [35S]sulphate and [125I]iodide from an incubating medium by isolated choroid plexuses of foetal and newborn rabbits and cats. Sulphate uptake by choroid plexus was poorly developed in rabbit foetuses just before term, but highly developed in newborn animals. Iodide uptake was already well developed in the most immature foetuses studied.
TRANSYNAPTIC STIMULATION OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL METABOLISM IN SYMPATHETIC NEURONS IN SITU
Authors: LARRABEE M. G.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— An increase in 32P labelling of phosphatidylinositol, associated with synaptic activity, has previously been reported in excised sympathetic ganglia excited by preganglionic nerve impulses. In the present experiments a similar effect occurred in naturally‐stimulated ganglia. It occurred when the preganglionic impulses were either evoked by electrical stimulation of the preganglionic nerve or were discharged spontaneously from the central nervous system. Thus increased turnover of phosphatidylinositol appears to be a normal accompaniment of synaptic transmission in these ganglia.
3,4‐DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE IN CULTURED VENTRICULAR CELLS FROM CHICK EMBRYO HEART1
Authors: Jellinek M. , Sperelakis N. , Napolitano L. M. , Cooper T.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— —A substance resembling catecholamine found in chick hearts during the early stages of embryologic development was identified as DOPA. Cell cultures and fluorescence microscopy indicated intracellular location of this substance in myocardial cells. The absence of nerve tissue in the cell cultures was demonstrated by electron microscopy.
Measurement of acid monoamine metabolites in human and animal cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Gerbode F. A. , Bowers M. B.
Published: October 2006

Techniques for measuring 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid (5‐HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) have been modified to permit the use of smaller samples for measuring these acid monoamine metabolites in human and animal CSF. Levels of both HVA and 5‐HIAA were approximately three times as high in human ventricular CSF as in human lumbar CSF. Lumbar CSF levels of 5‐HIAA in neurologic patients were significantly higher than those in psychiatric patients. Values were obtained for HVA in dog cisternal CSF and for 5‐HIAA in dog, rabbit, and cat cisternal CSF.
A CHEMICAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE: ITS APPLICATION IN A STUDY OF PRESYNAPTIC RELEASE AND A CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ASSAY1
Authors: FELLMAN J. H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— 1. A chemical method for the determination of acetylcholine has been devised based upon

(a) The precipitation of acetylcholine out of solution as an iodine complex.

(b) The absorption of the quaternary ester to a ‘carboxyl’ ion exchange resin column.

(c) The hydrazinolysis of the acetylcholine to form acetyl hydrazide.

(d) The formation of a fluorescent molecule with salicylaldehyde.

2. The method was utilized to determine

(a) If tetramethylammonium ions would release acetylcholine from the cat cervical synaptic ganglion.

(b) The activity of enzyme choline acetyltransferase in rat brain.

3. The observation that tetramethylammonium ions do release acetylcholine sustains the viability of the hypothesis that acetylcholine forms a primary acyl bond with its receptor.
PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES IN THE BRAIN OF NORMAL AND CONVULSANT RATS
Authors: Piccoli F. , Camarda R. , Bonavita V.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides were measured in the brain of normal and electroshocked rats after chromatographic separation on ion‐exchange resin of mono‐, di‐ and tri‐phosphorylated derivatives.

CMP, IMP and NAD did not show any significant quantitative change. Adenine nucleotides showed an abrupt change followed by a rapid return to the control value. GTP was the only purine nucleotide exhibiting a relatively slow return to its starting concentration. The greatest percentage increase after electroshock was observed in UMP, which returned to its control value only after 5 min; UDPCoenzymes (i.e. UDPA plus UDPG) showed a relatively small drop during the development of the seizure and the slowest return to the base line; UTP showed a late transistory increase above the normal level after an initial drop associated with convulsant activity.

Tritiated uridine was injected intracisternally to investigate the turnover of pyrimidine nucleotides. UTP showed the highest specific radioactivity at the earliest time, followed by UMP, UDPCoenzymes and CMP. It was found that convulsant activity is associated with dramatic changes in the specific radioactivity of pyrimidine nucleotides.
p‐NITROPHENYL PHOSPHATASES OF A MEMBRANE FRACTION FROM BOVINE CEREBRAL CORTEX
Authors: Tanaka R. , Mitsumata T.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Three different types of p‐nitrophenyl phosphatases (NPPases) were solubilized by deoxycholate treatment from a membrane fraction of bovine cerebral cortex, and their characteristics were determined. Of these three NPPases (acid, Mg2+‐activated, and K+, Mg2+‐activated), only K‐Mg NPPase was stimulated about two‐fold by phospholipid and was inhibited by unsaturated neutral lipids and fatty acids. Unlike Na+‐K+‐Mga+‐activated ATPase, the enzyme did not absolutely require phospholipid for its activity, but was similarly thermolabile and was protected by phospholipid from thermal inactivation. Acid NPPase was separable from the other two NPPases by ammonium sulphate fractionation, and partly solubilized by dialysis against ATP‐mercaptoethanol solution. Hg2+ inhibited equally all three NPPases, but Ca2+ inhibited only Mg and K‐Mg NPPases. Ouabain was effective on K‐Mg NPPase alone.
THE METABOLISM OF TRITIATED DOPAMINE IN REGIONS OF THE RAT BRAIN IN VIVO—I
Authors: Taylor K. M. , Laverty R.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A simple combination of acid‐ and base‐exchange resin columns enabled a more complete separation of amine, acid and neutral metabolites of catecholamines from individual small brain samples to be made. Fractions containing individual catecholamines or metabolites were obtained in aqueous eluates suitable for fluorimetric or radioisotopic analysis. With consistent intraventricular injection and brain dissection techniques, this separation method enables a study of the metabolism of catecholamines in regions of the rat brain and the effects of drugs on this metabolism.
THE STRUCTURE OF BRAIN DIHEXOSYLCERAMIDE IN GLOBOID CELL LEUKODYSTROPHY1
Authors: Evans J. E. , McCluer R. H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Dihexosylceramide from the brain of a case of globoid cell leukodystrophy was isolated and characterized. Studies utilizing partial acid hydrolysis and methylation indicated the carbohydrate sequence to be galactosylglucosylceramide. The carbohydrate moiety was liberated by ozonolysis and identified to be lactose by GLC. 4‐Sphingenine and sphinganine were the only long chain bases detected. The chain length of the fatty acids present ranged from 14 to 25 carbons; C18, and C21 fatty acids composed one‐half of the mixture. All analyses were performed by GLC and TLC utilizing micro‐techniques.
THE EFFECT OF BREATHING OXYGEN ON THE METABOLISM OF THE RAT BRAIN UNDER NORMAL AND ISCHAEMIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Gercken G. , Preuss H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Breathing oxygen (1 atm.) for 2 hr increased the glycogen content of the rat brain from 3·38 to 4·35 μmoles glucosyl residues/g wet wt. At the same time the glucose and lactate concentrations were significantly decreased.

Both under normal conditions and when breathing oxygen, the sum (glycogen + glucose) × 2 + lactate, with which the balance of carbohydrate breakdown and lactate formation was assessed, was 13·5 μmoles/g wet wt.

Oxygen breathing effected a significant decrease in this sum after an ischaemic period of 1–15 min. In the control group breathing normal air, the sum, after all periods of ischaemia, ranged from 98 to 106 per cent of the starting value.

An increased partial pressure of oxygen did not change the breakdown rate of the high‐energy phosphate compounds. This result was not consistent with an oxidation of the carbohydrates which were missing in the balance. It is probable that other metabolites, which were not tested for, accumulated.

0 We failed to find any indication of storage of oxygen which the ischaemic brain could use for oxidative energy production.
DISTRIBUTION AND PROPERTIES OF CDP‐DIGLYCERIDE:INOSITOL TRANSFERASE FROM BRAIN1
Authors: Benjamins Joyce A. , Agranoff B. W.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

CDP‐diglyceride is converted to phosphatidyl inositol by several particulate subcellular fractions of guinea pig brain, with highest specific activity in the microsomal fraction. Optimal conditions with respect to pH, metal ion concentration, and substrate concentrations have been determined. The reaction was stimulated by the addition of bovine serum albumin and by Tween 80.

Of several dl‐CDP‐diglycerides synthesized and used as substrates in a spectrophoto‐metric assay for the enzyme, dl‐CDP‐didecanoin was the most active.

The enzyme showed a high selectivity for myo‐inositol. Of a number of compounds tested, only scyllo‐inosose and epi‐inosose served as substrates. Three inositol isomers and three myo‐inositol monophosphates inhibited the reaction slightly. The most potent inhibitor found was galactinol, a myo‐inositol galactoside.
LIGHT‐INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN RETINAL PYRUVATE AND HIGH‐ENERGY PHOSPHATES,IN VIVO
Authors: Lolley R. N.
Published: October 2006

—The effect of illumination upon some metabolic substrates of frog retina was investigatedin vivo, using conditions of illumination for which electrophysiological correlates in the retina are well defined. Frogs were frozen immediately after illumination, the tissue was processed for quantitative histochemistry, and the compounds were measured fluorometrically.

Levels of P‐creatine were lower in flash‐illuminated retinas than in either dark‐ or light‐adapted retinas. The high‐energy phosphates and pyruvate changed rapidly upon exposure to flashing light, then returned towards the original steady‐state level, with ATP preceding pyruvate and P‐creatine. ATP and P‐creatine were primarily concentrated in the bipolar and ganglion cell layers.

The energy reserve of the retina was depleted by an enhanced rate of neural activityin vivo.Levels of P‐creatine and ATP decreased in only those cellular layers which initiate neural action potentials. These data suggest that the mechanisms of neural excitation are closely coupled to energy and glucose metabolism in the retina.
THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN DEPRIVATION ON ELECTRICALLY STIMULATED CEREBRAL CORTEX SLICES
Authors: SWANSON P. D.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— (1) Thin slices were prepared from guinea pig cerebral cortex and allowed to incubate in oxygenated bicarbonate‐buffered medium for 30 min. Subsequent to that time the slices were made hypoxic by passing 95% N2‐5% CO2 through the medium. Hypoxic exposure caused the slices to gain Na+ and to lose K+ ions from the non‐inulin space. These shifts were especially pronounced when slices were electrically stimulated during the hypoxic period. Thus, after 30 min of hypoxia plus stimulation, non‐inulin Na+ had risen from 30 to 84, μequiv./g wet wt., and non‐inulin K+ had fallen from 50·5 to 14·3 μequiv./g wet wt.

(2) The above shifts were in part reversible, but when reoxygenated slices were subsequently electrically stimulated in oxygenated media, they failed to lose K+ or to gain Na+.

(3) The induced inexcitable state could not be attributed to inability of the slices to replenish ATP and phosphocreatine and may indicate an alteration in membrane constituents necessary for preservation of membrane excitability.
DISTRIBUTION OF AMINO ACIDS AND OF EXO‐ AND ENDOPEPTIDASES ALONG VERTEBRATE AND INVERTEBRATE NERVES
Authors: Marks N , Datta R. K , Lajtha A
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The proximo‐distal gradients for representative peptidases, peptidylpeptide hydrolases, and amino acids were measured in segments of peripheral nerve from invertebrates and vertebrates and in the lobster brain and ventral cord.

Crustacean nerve was characterized by a large pool of free amino acids totaling 100–200 μmoles/g wet wt. In lobster nerve, the principal free amino acid was aspartic acid which comprised 55 per cent of the free pool, whereas in the rat sciatic nerve it comprised only 5 per cent. The principal free amino acid in rat sciatic nerve was taurine (32 per cent of the pool) and in lobster brain glycine comprised 30 per cent of the pool. No consistent patterns emerged for the gradients along the nerves for amino acids and hydrolytic enzymes. In the leg nerve of the lobster, concentrations of aspartic acid and arginine were higher in the proximal region, and concentrations of proline and alanine were higher in the distal region. Concentrations of most amino acids were higher in the proximal regions of crab nerve, of lobster brain and ventral cord, and of rat sciatic nerve.

Rat sciatic nerve exhibited a pronounced proximo‐distal increase in activity of aminopeptidase (Leu‐Gly‐Gly). In lobster leg nerve, activity of neutral proteinase was higher in the proximal segment, whereas activity of acid proteinase was higher in the distal segment. The best examples of proximo‐distal gradients were found in lobster brain and ventral cord; activities of endopeptidases, arylamidases (Leu‐ and Arg‐βNA), and aminopeptidase were higher in the supra‐esophageal ganglia or cephalothorax segments than in the distal regions.
5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE, HISTAMINE AND N‐ACETYLHISTAMINE IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF DOSIDICUS GIGAS
Authors: Roseghini Marisa , Ramorino L. M
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The optic ganglia, cerebral ganglia and mantle nerve of the squid Dosidicus gigas were examined for possible amines. Histamine was detected in all three tissues. The optic ganglia were also found to contain 5‐HT and N‐acetylhistamine, an infrequently found derivative of histamine.
EFFECTS OF 6‐HYDROXYDOPAMINE ON CATECHOLAMINE CONTAINING NEURONES IN THE RAT BRAIN
Authors: Uretsky N. J. , Iversen L. L.
Published: October 2006

After the intraventricular injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA), there was a long lasting reduction in the brain concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA). The brain concentration of NA was affected by lower doses of 6‐OHDA than were required to deplete DA. A high dose of 6‐OHDA which depleted the brain of NA and DA by 81 per cent and 66 per cent respectively, had no significant effect on brain concentrations of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) or γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). The fall in catecholamines was accompanied by a long lasting reduction in the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase in the hypothalamus and striatum, areas in the brain which are rich in catecholamine containing nerve endings. There was, however, no consistent effect on catechol‐O‐methyl transferase or monamine oxidase activity in these brain regions. The initial accumulation of [3H]NA into slices of the hypothalamus and striatum was markedly reduced 22–30 days after 6‐OHDA treatment. These results are consistent with the evidence in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system that 6‐OHDA causes a selective destruction of adrenergic nerve endings and suggest that this compound may have a similar destructive effect on catecholamine neurones in the CNS.