bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computation of Electromagnetic Torque in a Double Rotor Switched Reluctance Motor Using Flux Tube Methods
Authors: Vaithilingam Chockalingam Aravind , Misron Norhisam , Zare Mohammad Reza , Aris Ishak , Marhaban Mohammad Hamiruce
Published: October 2012

With their highly robust nature and simple design, switched reluctance machines are finding their way into numerous modern day applications. However, they produce oscillatory torque that generates torque ripple and mechanical vibrations. A double rotor structure to maximize the flux linkage and thereby increase the torque generating capability is proposed. As the machine operates close to saturation, the torque computation depends heavily on the energy conversion as the rotor rolls over the stator for a fixed pole pitch. The flux linkage characteristics are highly non-linear, hence estimation of the magnetic and mechanical parameters is extremely cumbersome. Magnetic circuit analysis by interpretation of the number of flux tubes using integration techniques at different positions of the machine to develop the flux linkage characteristics of the double rotor structure is presented. Computation of the inductances during the movement of rotor from unaligned to aligned is crucial in determining the generated torque. Relevant equations of calculations for inductance and flux linkages in the aligned, partially aligned and unaligned positions are computed. The partially aligned computation is based on the average on two intermediate positions, namely the 1/4th aligned and 3/4th aligned conditions. The static torque characteristics based on the energy conversion principles are used to compute the torque value. Results from simulation and experiments used for performance evaluation of the proposed flux tube analysis for computation of the electro-magnetic torque are presented.
NotI Microarrays: Novel Epigenetic Markers for Early Detection and Prognosis of High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Kashuba Vladimir , Dmitriev Alexey A. , Krasnov George S. , Pavlova Tatiana , Ignatjev Ilya , Gordiyuk Vasily V. , Gerashchenko Anna V. , Braga Eleonora A. , Yenamandra Surya P. , Lerman Michael , Senchenko Vera N. , Zabarovsky Eugene
Published: October 2012

Chromosome 3-specific NotI microarray (NMA) containing 180 clones with 188 genes was used in the study to analyze 18 high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) samples and 7 benign ovarian tumors. We aimed to find novel methylation-dependent biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of HGSOC. Thirty five NotI markers showed frequency of methylation/deletion more or equal to 17%. To check the results of NMA hybridizations several samples for four genes (LRRC3B, THRB, ITGA9 and RBSP3 (CTDSPL)) were bisulfite sequenced and confirmed the results of NMA hybridization. A set of eight biomarkers: NKIRAS1/RPL15, THRB, RBPS3 (CTDSPL), IQSEC1, NBEAL2, ZIC4, LOC285205 and FOXP1, was identified as the most prominent set capable to detect both early and late stages of ovarian cancer. Sensitivity of this set is equal to (72 ± 11)% and specificity (94 ± 5)%. Early stages represented the most complicated cases for detection. To distinguish between Stages I + II and Stages III + IV of ovarian cancer the most perspective set of biomarkers would include LOC285205, CGGBP1, EPHB1 and NKIRAS1/RPL15. The sensitivity of the set is equal to (80 ± 13)% and the specificity is (88 ± 12)%. Using this technique we plan to validate this panel with new epithelial ovarian cancer samples and add markers from other chromosomes.
The Role of MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Migration, Invasion and Metastasis
Authors: Tang Joy , Ahmad Aamir , Sarkar Fazlul H.
Published: October 2012

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a major class of small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by targeting mRNAs to trigger either translational repression or mRNA degradation. They have recently been more widely investigated due to their potential role as targets for cancer therapy. Many miRNAs have been implicated in several human cancers, including breast cancer. miRNAs are known to regulate cell cycle and development, and thus may serve as useful targets for exploration in anticancer therapeutics. The link between altered miRNA signatures and breast cancer development and metastasis can be observed either through the loss of tumor suppressor miRNAs, such as let-7s, miR-30a/31/34a/125s/200s/203/205/206/342 or the overexpression of oncogenic miRNAs, such as miR-10b/21/135a/155/221/222/224/373/520c in breast cancer cells. Some of these miRNAs have also been validated in tumor specimens of breast cancer patients, underscoring their potential roles in diagnostics, as well as targets for novel therapeutics for breast cancer. In this review article, we will provide an overview and update of our current understanding of the mode of action of several of these well characterized miRNAs in breast cancer models. Therefore, better understanding of the gene networks orchestrated by these miRNAs may help exploit the full potential of miRNAs in regards to cancer diagnosis, treatment, and therapeutics.
Membranes for Environmentally Friendly Energy Processes
Authors: He Xuezhong , Hägg May-Britt
Published: October 2012

Membrane separation systems require no or very little chemicals compared to standard unit operations. They are also easy to scale up, energy efficient, and already widely used in various gas and liquid separation processes. Different types of membranes such as common polymers, microporous organic polymers, fixed-site-carrier membranes, mixed matrix membranes, carbon membranes as well as inorganic membranes have been investigated for CO2 capture/removal and other energy processes in the last two decades. The aim of this work is to review the membrane systems applied in different energy processes, such as post-combustion, pre-combustion, oxyfuel combustion, natural gas sweetening, biogas upgrading, hydrogen production, volatile organic compounds (VOC) recovery and pressure retarded osmosis for power generation. Although different membranes could probably be used in a specific separation process, choosing a suitable membrane material will mainly depend on the membrane permeance and selectivity, process conditions (e.g., operating pressure, temperature) and the impurities in a gas stream (such as SO2, NOx, H2S, etc.). Moreover, process design and the challenges relevant to a membrane system are also being discussed to illustrate the membrane process feasibility for a specific application based on process simulation and economic cost estimation.
Transmission X-ray Microscopy—A New Tool in Clay Mineral Floccules Characterization
Authors: Żbik Marek S. , Song Yen-Fang , Frost Ray L. , Wang Chun-Chieh
Published: October 2012

Effective flocculation and dewatering of mineral processing streams containing clays are microstructure dependent in clay-water systems. Initial clay flocculation is crucial in the design and for the development of a new methodology of gas exploitation. Microstructural engineering of clay aggregates using covalent cations and Keggin macromolecules have been monitored using the new state of the art Transmission X-ray Microscope (TXM) with 60 nm tomography resolution installed in a Taiwanese synchrotron. The 3-D reconstructions from TXM images show complex aggregation structures in montmorillonite aqueous suspensions after treatment with Na+, Ca2+ and Al13 Keggin macromolecules. Na-montmorillonite displays elongated, parallel, well-orientated and closed-void cellular networks, 0.5–3 µm in diameter. After treatment by covalent cations, the coagulated structure displays much smaller, randomly orientated and openly connected cells, 300–600 nm in diameter. The average distances measured between montmorillonite sheets was around 450 nm, which is less than half of the cell dimension measured in Na-montmorillonite. The most dramatic structural changes were observed after treatment by Al13 Keggin; aggregates then became arranged in compacted domains of a 300 nm average diameter composed of thick face-to-face oriented sheets, which forms porous aggregates with larger intra-aggregate open and connected voids.
Studies on 2-Arylhydrazononitriles: Synthesis of 3-Aryl-2-arylhydrazopropanenitriles and Their Utility as Precursors to 2-Substituted Indoles, 2-Substituted-1,2,3-Triazoles, and 1-Substituted Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines
Authors: Khalil Khaled D. , Al-Matar Hamad M.
Published: October 2012

Coupling of 2-benzylmalononitrile with aromatic diazonium salts afforded 3-phenyl-2-arylhydrazonopropanenitriles 4a,b, which were rearranged into 2-cyanoindoles 5a,b upon heating with ZnCl2 in the presence of glacial acetic acid. The produced indole derivatives 5a,b can be successfully used as valuable precursors to synthesize 1,2,4-oxadiazolylindoles 8a,b. The reaction of arylhydrazononitriles 4a,b with hydroxylamine afforded an amidoximes 9a,b that could be cyclized into 1,2,3-triazole-4-amines 10a,b. In addition, 4a,b could be converted into 4-aminopyrazoles 12a,b via condensation with chloroacetonitrile in the presence of triethylamine as a basic catalyst. Finally, compounds 12a,b were refluxed with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMFDMA) to afford amidines 13a,b that were readily cyclized to the corresponding pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines 14a,b when refluxed with ammonium acetate.
Antimicrobial Peptides for Therapeutic Applications: A Review
Authors: Seo Min-Duk , Won Hyung-Sik , Kim Ji-Hun , Mishig-Ochir Tsogbadrakh , Lee Bong-Jin
Published: October 2012

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as potential therapeutic sources of future antibiotics because of their broad-spectrum activities and different mechanisms of action compared to conventional antibiotics. Although AMPs possess considerable benefits as new generation antibiotics, their clinical and commercial development still have some limitations, such as potential toxicity, susceptibility to proteases, and high cost of peptide production. In order to overcome those obstacles, extensive efforts have been carried out. For instance, unusual amino acids or peptido-mimetics are introduced to avoid the proteolytic degradation and the design of short peptides retaining antimicrobial activities is proposed as a solution for the cost issue. In this review, we focus on small peptides, especially those with less than twelve amino acids, and provide an overview of the relationships between their three-dimensional structures and antimicrobial activities. The efforts to develop highly active AMPs with shorter sequences are also described.
A New Window-Based Program for Quality Control of GPS Sensing Data
Authors: Lee Dongha , Cho Jaemyoung , Suh Yongcheol , Hwang Jinsang , Yun Hongsik
Published: October 2012

The main purpose of this study is to develop a new Windows-based program that calculates a quality control parameter that shows the quality of GPS observations using Global Positing Sensing (GPS) data in a Receiver INdependent Exchange (RINEX) format. This new program, Global Positing Sensing Quality Control) (GPSQC), allows general GPS users to easily and intuitively check the quality of GPS observations before post-processing, which will lead to the improvement of GPS positioning precision in diverse areas of GPS applications. The GPSQC is designed to control the multi-path, cycle slip, and ionospheric errors of L1 and L2 signals in GPS observations. The GPSQC was developed using C#.NET language for the Window series with Microsoft Graphical User Interfaces (MS GUIs). This program gives brief information for GPS observations, time series plots, graphs of quality control parameters, and a summary report in MS word, Excel and PDF formats. It can simply perform quality checking of GPS observations that is difficult for surveyors conducting field work. We expect that GPSQC can be used to improve the accuracy of positioning and to solve time-consuming problems due to data loss and large errors in GPS observations.
FPGA-Based Multiprocessor System for Injection Molding Control
Authors: Muñoz-Barron Benigno , Morales-Velazquez Luis , Romero-Troncoso Rene J. , Rodriguez-Donate Carlos , Trejo-Hernandez Miguel , Benitez-Rangel Juan P. , Osornio-Rios Roque A.
Published: October 2012

The plastic industry is a very important manufacturing sector and injection molding is a widely used forming method in that industry. The contribution of this work is the development of a strategy to retrofit control of an injection molding machine based on an embedded system microprocessors sensor network on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device. Six types of embedded processors are included in the system: a smart-sensor processor, a micro fuzzy logic controller, a programmable logic controller, a system manager, an IO processor and a communication processor. Temperature, pressure and position are controlled by the proposed system and experimentation results show its feasibility and robustness. As validation of the present work, a particular sample was successfully injected.
The Importance of Considering Product Loss Rates in Life Cycle Assessment: The Example of Closure Systems for Bottled Wine
Authors: Kounina Anna , Tatti Elisa , Humbert Sebastien , Pfister Richard , Pike Amanda , Ménard Jean-François , Loerincik Yves , Jolliet Olivier
Published: October 2012

Purpose: The objective of this study is to discuss the implications of product loss rates in terms of the environmental performance of bottled wine. Wine loss refers to loss occurring when the consumer does not consume the wine contained in the bottle and disposes of it because of taste alteration, which is caused by inadequate product protection rendering the wine unpalatable to a knowledgeable consumer. The decision of whether or not to drink the wine in such cases is guided by subjective consumer taste perception and wine quality expectation (drinking the bottle or disposing of the wine down the drain and replacing it with a new bottle). This study aims to illustrate the importance of accurately defining system boundaries related to wine packaging systems. Methods: The environmental impacts resulting from wine loss rates as related to two types of wine bottle closures—natural cork stoppers and screw caps—have been estimated based on literature review data and compared to the impact of the respective closure system. The system studied relates to the functional unit “a 750 mL bottle of drinkable wine” and includes bottled wine, bottle and closure production, wine production, wine loss and wine poured down the drain. Results: The range of wine alteration rates due to corked wine is estimated to be 2–5% based on interviews with wine experts. Consumer behavior was assessed through a sensitivity study on replacement rates. When the increase in loss rate with the cork stopper is higher than 1.2% (corresponding to 3.5% corked wine multiplied by a consumer replacement rate of 35%), the influence of losses on the impact results is higher than that of the closure material itself. The different closures and associated wine losses represent less than 5% of the total life cycle impact of bottled wine.
Sustainable Construction for Urban Infill Development Using Engineered Massive Wood Panel Systems
Authors: Lehmann Steffen
Published: October 2012

Prefabricated engineered solid wood panel construction systems can sequester and store CO2. Modular cross-laminated timber (CLT, also called cross-lam) panels form the basis of low-carbon, engineered construction systems using solid wood panels that can be used to build residential infill developments of 10 storeys or higher. Multi-apartment buildings of 4 to 10 storeys constructed entirely in timber, such as recently in Europe, are innovative, but their social and cultural acceptance in Australia and North America is at this stage still uncertain. Future commercial utilisation is only possible if there is a user acceptance. The author is part of a research team that aims to study two problems: first models of urban infill; then focus on how the use of the CLT systems can play an important role in facilitating a more livable city with better models of infill housing. Wood is an important contemporary building resource due to its low embodied energy and unique attributes. The potential of prefabricated engineered solid wood panel systems, such as CLT, as a sustainable building material and system is only just being realised around the globe. Since timber is one of the few materials that has the capacity to store carbon in large quantities over a long period of time, solid wood panel construction offers the opportunity of carbon engineering, to turn buildings into ‘carbon sinks’. Thus some of the historically negative environmental impact of urban development and construction can be turned around with CLT construction on brownfield sites.
Do Only Small Uremic Toxins, Chromophores, Contribute to the Online Dialysis Dose Monitoring by UV Absorbance?
Authors: Arund Jürgen , Tanner Risto , Uhlin Fredrik , Fridolin Ivo
Published: October 2012

The aim of this work was to evaluate the contributions of the main chromophores to the total UV absorbance of the spent dialysate and to assess removal dynamics of these solutes during optical on-line dialysis dose monitoring. High performance chromatography was used to separate and quantify UV-absorbing solutes in the spent dialysate sampled at the start and at the end of dialysis sessions. Chromatograms were monitored at 210, 254 and 280 nm routinely and full absorption spectra were registered between 200 and 400 nm. Nearly 95% of UV absorbance originates from solutes with high removal ratio, such as uric acid. The contributions of different solute groups vary at different wavelengths and there are dynamical changes in contributions during the single dialysis session. However, large standard deviation of the average contribution values within a series of sessions indicates remarkable differences between individual treatments. A noteworthy contribution of Paracetamol and its metabolites to the total UV absorbance was determined at all three wavelengths. Contribution of slowly dialyzed uremic solutes, such as indoxyl sulfate, was negligible.
An Architecture for Diversity-aware Search for Medical Web Content
Authors: Denecke K.
Published: October 2012

Objectives: The Web provides a huge source of information, also on medical and health-related issues. In particular the content of medical social media data can be diverse due to the background of an author, the source or the topic. Diversity in this context means that a document covers different aspects of a topic or a topic is described in different ways. In this paper, we introduce an approach that allows to consider the diverse aspects of a search query when providing retrieval results to a user.

Methods: We introduce a system architecture for a diversity-aware search engine that allows retrieving medical information from the web. The diversity of retrieval results is assessed by calculating diversity measures that rely upon semantic information derived from a mapping to concepts of a medical terminology. Considering these measures, the result set is diversified by ranking more diverse texts higher.

Results: The methods and system architecture are implemented in a retrieval engine for medical web content. The diversity measures reflect the diversity of aspects considered in a text and its type of information content. They are used for result presentation, filtering and ranking. In a user evaluation we assess the user satisfaction with an ordering of retrieval results that considers the diversity measures.

Conclusions: It is shown through the evaluation that diversity-aware retrieval considering diversity measures in ranking could increase the user satisfaction with retrieval results.
THE IMPACT OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS ON INSIDER TRADING PROFITABILITY IN BELGIUM
Authors: Geyt Debby Van , Cauwenberge Philippe Van , Bauwhede Heidi Vander
Published: October 2012

The 2007 global financial crisis led to a chaotic financial environment characterized by highly uncertain and volatile stock markets. This created additional uncertainty about the fundamental value of shares and potentially increased the benefit of inside information. In this paper, we use event study methodology to examine whether Belgian corporate insiders were able to benefit from these turbulent market conditions. Given the large weight of financial institutions, the Belgian stock market was especially vulnerable to the financial crisis and provides an interesting environment to test this hypothesis. Our results show that, while insiders are generally able to earn abnormal returns, these returns are significantly higher during the years of the financial crisis.
Corps et souffrances génocidaires
Authors: Jacques Alexia , Girard Noémie
Published: October 2012

Résumé Cet article explore le processus de déshumanisation et ses effets sur les individus et plus particulièrement sur leur corps. Pour approcher l’univers de la déshumanisation, les auteurs se sont plongées dans l’irreprésentable des violences génocidaires survenues dans la région des Grands Lacs au Burundi. Deux grandes interrogations constituent le fil rouge de la réflexion : le corps et le paradoxal. Le cas de Nemesa, jeune ex-rebelle burundaise, a permis de penser la souffrance paradoxale liée aux violences extrêmes et inhumaines.
Le corps obèse, sémaphore de la souffrance familiale
Authors: Cuynet Patrice , Sanahuja Maria de la Almudena , Bernard Alexandra
Published: October 2012

Résumé À travers le cas clinique d’une adolescente obèse, l’article postule que le corps « obèse » peut être l’espace d’expression de la conflictualité inter et transgénérationnelle. Le symptôme de l’obésité viendrait alors préserver l’homéostasie familiale. Cet écrit met le projecteur sur la dimension contenante de ce corps « encombrant », signifiant formel d’une enveloppe psychique porteuse de traces douloureuses appartenant au mémorial familial. Il expose ainsi une explication au phénomène de résistance à l’amaigrissement rencontré parfois dans la clinique de l’obésité.
Douleur de l'enfant et thérapies avec les familles
Authors: Le Goff Jean-François
Published: October 2012

Résumé L’article présente la consultation de thérapie familiale qui s’est ouverte dans l’unité de lutte contre la douleur de l’enfant de l’hôpital Trousseau en 2010, expérience qui se révèle tout à fait fructueuse. Les consultations familiales ne soignent pas directement le symptôme douloureux, mais permettent de diminuer les stress déclenchant les douleurs ou limitant les soins à l’enfant. L’imaginaire familial articule les différents enjeux thérapeutiques mis en jeu dans ces entretiens. Plusieurs familles ont ainsi pu sortir de l’impasse relationnelle et trouver des évolutions inattendues.
Référence aux sensations corporelles dans un groupe mères-bébés avec accueil différencié des pères
Authors: Accard Nelly , Burel Grégoire , Lesieur Marie , Puissant Delphine
Published: October 2012

Résumé Dans le cadre d’un réseau de périnatalité, une équipe de pédopsychiatrie anime depuis dix ans un groupe thérapeutique destiné à accueillir des parents en grande difficulté psychique, avec leur bébé de moins de 2 ans. Un dispositif sensoriel amène les parents, grâce à la parole et au groupe, à pouvoir revivre d’une manière dédramatisée et symbolisable des sensations corporelles. L’expérience de l’observation clinique indique une meilleure adaptation des mères aux besoins sensoriels de leur bébé avec, chez ce dernier, des avancées certaines dans son développement psychomoteur et affectif.
Familles et VIH. De la stigmatisation à la normalisation ?
Authors: Rosenblum Ouriel , Vinay Aubeline , Okome Assoume Sonia
Published: October 2012

Résumé Après avoir dressé un historique de l’accession à la parentalité des patients séropositifs depuis le début de l’épidémie, l’article décline quelques situations spécifiques familiales. Le point commun de ces différents contextes est l’omniprésence du secret et de la honte de la contamination par le vih , qui infiltrent la relation entre parents et enfants. L’article tente d’en analyser les fonctions à la fois défensives et organisatrices au sein de la famille.
Les soins d'un enfant autiste au risque de ses voyages
Authors: Rousselon Valérie
Published: October 2012

Résumé Les voyages temporaires des enfants autistes issus de l’immigration vers leur pays d’origine s’organisent parfois autour d’un objectif thérapeutique et confrontent alors les soignants qui s’occupent d’eux en France à un univers fantasmatique inhabituel. En s’intéressant à ces voyages, le thérapeute permet aux familles et à l’institution de donner du sens à la mise en œuvre d’autres types de soins. Entendre ce que le départ mobilise comme représentations inquiétantes ou illusoires pour les soignants permet de tempérer des incompréhensions et une insécurité que nous savons délétères dans le soin psychique. L’article illustre cette réflexion par une situation clinique qui montre comment des soins entrepris dans un jardin d’enfants thérapeutique ont été articulés avec des thérapies traditionnelles choisies par les parents mahorais d’un enfant autiste.
Contenir, transformer, retraiter. Trois fonctions des visites médiatisées
Authors: Cornalba Vincent
Published: October 2012

Résumé Dans ce présent article, il s’agit de définir les conditions à partir desquelles il est possible de convoquer la notion de « visite médiatisée ». Le dispositif mis en place dans le cadre de rencontres parent/enfant et nécessitant un travail de médiatisation doit pouvoir s’appuyer sur trois fonctions spécifiques. La première correspond à l’établissement d’un système pare-excitation susceptible d’accueillir et de réduire les effets des excitations générées dans et par la rencontre. La deuxième représente le travail de métabolisation des données de la rencontre en éléments psychiques, à travers les processus de traduction et de transformation. Enfin, la visite médiatisée doit contribuer au retraitement du négatif tel que l’histoire familiale en porte la trace. Ces fonctions s’inscrivent dans un principe de continuité sans lequel il est inapproprié de parler de médiatisation des visites.
Les chefs d'établissement : de nouveaux managers au sein d'organisations en mutation
Authors: Attarça Mourad , Chomienne Hervé
Published: October 2012

Résumé En s’appuyant sur une enquête empirique, cet article vise à caractériser les mutations du rôle de chef d’établissement. Celui-ci apparaît comme un manager public en quête de légitimité et de référentiel professionnel afin de pouvoir assurer ses responsabilités de pilotage et son rôle de leadership. Il se trouve au cœur d’un champ de tensions résultant des évolutions structurelles des établissements scolaires, le conduisant à concilier trois modes de coordination : la standardisation des procédés, la standardisation des résultats imposée de façon croissante par la tutelle, et la standardisation des compétences indispensable à l’autonomie d’action des enseignants.
Crise ou déclassement ?
Authors: Nivet Bastien
Published: October 2012

Résumé Les difficultés rencontrées par l’Union européenne (UE) dans sa gestion de la crise ont fait émerger un nouveau « discours inquiet sur l’Europe » dans les relations internationales. Venant tant de pays « du Sud » que des États-Unis, ce discours vient troubler l’image d’une UE davantage destinée à venir en aide aux autres qu’un acteur suscitant leur inquiétude. Il est nécessaire de le décrypter et de l’analyser, afin de comprendre s’il s’agit d’un discours symbolique ou s’il révèle, plus largement un déclassement de l’UE sur la scène mondiale.
Quelles leçons tirer de la privatisation du renseignement aux États-Unis ?
Authors: Van Puyvelde Damien
Published: October 2012

Résumé Un aperçu des raisons, des modalités et des conséquences de la privatisation du renseignement aux États-Unis depuis 2001, met en lumière une série de leçons qui pourrait s’avérer utile aux décideurs français. Au xxi e siècle, l’intensification des relations public-privé dans le secteur du renseignement paraît inévitable pour qui veut maintenir des services de renseignement compétitifs. Cependant, ces relations sont appelées à se développer dans un marché caractérisé par une concurrence imparfaite. Il est donc nécessaire que l’État attache une attention particulière au contrôle de ce marché afin de pallier les aspects les plus négatifs de son externalisation et de maintenir une hiérarchie entre autorité publique et secteur privé.
L'État selon Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Lenoir Rémi
Published: October 2012

Alors qu’il s’obligeait à ne pas utiliser le mot État dans ses travaux jusque dans la deuxième moitié des années 1980, Bourdieu lui a consacré son cours au Collège de France pendant trois ans (1989-1992). Pourquoi ? Leur édition récente permet de répondre à cette question. Il s’en explique lui-même en retraçant la sociogénèse de l’État en Europe, depuis le XII e siècle en relation avec ce qu’il appelait depuis le début des années 1970, le « champ du pouvoir ». Cet intérêt pour l’État doit l’essentiel à ses études sur les modes de domination et ses enquêtes sur les différentes fractions de la classe dominante (la « noblesse d’État ») qui ont beaucoup contribué à l’élaboration de la notion de capital symbolique dont l’accumulation primitive, est, selon Bourdieu, au fondement de l’émergence de l’État, principal agent et instrument primordial de construction de la réalité sociale.
Science de la science de l'État : la perturbation du chercheur embarqué comme impensé épistémologique
Authors: Alam Thomas , Gurruchaga Marion , O’Miel Julien
Published: October 2012

L’article poursuit la réflexion sur le renouvellement des méthodes d’enquête en lien avec les transformations contemporaines des politiques de recherche. Comparant trois expériences de recherche, l’article étaye le potentiel heuristique de nos engagements réflexifs dans la réforme de l’État. La participation observante et l’ethnopraxie permettent d’avoir accès en direct à la machine réformatrice et de se départir des approches scolastiques de l’action publique. Surtout, l’article s’intéresse aux perturbations induites par la présence du chercheur embarqué sur et par son terrain. Comme le processus d’indigénisation n’est jamais abouti, le chercheur commet nécessairement des impairs, des gaffes, des perturbations, dont l’analyse s’avère féconde pour une science de la science de l’État.
Le gaullisme d'ordre des années 68
Authors: Audigier François
Published: October 2012

Résumé Traumatisés par la crise de mai 1968 qu’ils lisent comme un plan organisé et secret de sédition, certains gaullistes organisent autour de cette menace de subversion une partie importante de leur action militante et de leur réflexion théorique. Avec l’appui du conseiller élyséen Jacques Foccart, ces gaullistes d’ordre assurent une veille et préparent la riposte autour d’associations et d’individus réunis en réseaux. Ils exercent, auprès du parti gaulliste, du gouvernement, du Parlement, des médias, une certaine influence, jouant le rôle de lobby afin de promouvoir, avec une efficacité inégale, une action répressive. Si ces réseaux manquent trop de cohérence pour être qualifiés totalement de courant politique, ils forment au sein du gaullisme des années 68 une tendance originale différente de l’anticommunisme classique de l’époque du Rassemble du peuple français (RPF).
La « petite lanterne du progrès »
Authors: Granger Christophe
Published: October 2012

Résumé Entre 1890 et 1914, l’école primaire, centre laïcisé des existences locales, forme aussi le cœur d’une intense œuvre d’ « éducation populaire », celle des adultes autrement dit. Le soir, après la classe, les instituteurs accueillent la population locale et s’efforcent, en favorisant l’accès de chacun à la compréhension du monde et au débat d’opinion, de faire naître le « citoyen éclairé » que les républicains appellent de leurs vœux. La banlieue « ouvrière » qui s’organise alors aux portes de Paris se révèle d’une particulière vivacité. Outre les cours du soir, les maîtres y multiplient les conférences, auxquelles les projections lumineuses confèrent un succès considérable. Marqués par l’idéal d’une société solidaire, ils animent aussi de nombreuses amicales d’anciens élèves de l’école, qui assurent une importante entraide locale et la socialisation des jeunes par les aînés. Cette éducation populaire n’a rien de simples restes du festin scolaire de la République. Elle dit l’implication sociale des instituteurs, la plasticité de leur métier et l’inventivité pratique dont ils faisaient montre. Elle dit aussi l’intensité passée d’une croisade nationale, où se dessinaient les interrogations de la démocratie moderne.
Michel Debré et les avatars du libéralisme français (1936-1945)
Authors: Perrier Jérôme
Published: October 2012

Résumé Haut fonctionnaire devenu homme politique, Michel Debré a toujours attaché une grande importance aux idées, préalable indispensable à l’action politique. Ses riches archives personnelles en témoignent et permettent de retracer avec précision son cheminement intellectuel entre 1936 et 1945, moment où les valeurs libérales fondatrices du modèle républicain français sont mises à rude épreuve. Jeune technocrate, Michel Debré vit avec douleur la crise du régime parlementaire jusqu’à l’effondrement de 1940, qui suscite chez lui une brève tentation autoritaire. Avant que son entrée dans la Résistance ne coïncide avec une forme de synthèse néolibérale visant à réconcilier liberté et autorité, aux antipodes du citoyen opposé aux pouvoirs incarné par le philosophe Alain, mais dans la lignée d’un libéralisme par l’État, hérité notamment des grands fondateurs de la Troisième République. Analyser en détail ce parcours fournit dès lors une contribution inédite à l’étude de la genèse de la Constitution de 1958.
Qualitative and quantitative determination of water in airborne particulate matter
Authors: Canepari S. , Farao C. , Marconi E. , Giovannelli C. , Perrino C.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. This paper describes the optimization and validation of a new simple method for the quantitative determination of water in atmospheric particulate matter (PM). The analyses are performed by using a coulometric Karl-Fisher system equipped with a controlled heating device; different water contributions are separated by the application of an optimized thermal ramp (three heating steps: 50–120 °C, 120–180 °C, 180–250 °C). The analytical performance of the method was verified by using standard materials containing 5.55% and 1% by weight of water. The recovery was greater than 95%; the detection limit was about 20 μg. The method was then applied to NIST reference materials (NIST1649a, urban particulate matter) and to real PM10 samples collected in different geographical areas. In all cases the repeatability was satisfactory (10–15%). When analyzing the reference material, the separation of four different types of water was obtained. In real PM10 samples the amount of water and its thermal profile differed as a function of the chemical composition of the dust. Mass percentages of 3–4% of water were obtained in most samples, but values up to about 15% were reached in areas where the chemical composition of PM is dominated by secondary inorganic ions and organic matter. High percentages of water were also observed in areas where PM is characterized by the presence of desert dust. A possible identification of the quality of water released from the samples was tried by applying the method to some hygroscopic compounds that are likely contained in PM (pure SiO2, Al2O3, ammonium salts, carbohydrates and dicarboxylic acids) and by comparing the results with those obtained from field samples.
Sensitivity of cloud condensation nuclei to regional changes in dimethyl-sulphide emissions
Authors: Woodhouse M. T. , Mann G. W. , Carslaw K. S. , Boucher O.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. The atmospheric oxidation of dimethyl-sulphide (DMS) derived from marine phytoplankton is a significant source of marine sulphate aerosol. DMS has been proposed to regulate climate via changes in cloud properties, though recent studies have shown that present-day global cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations have only a weak dependence on the total emission flux of DMS. Here, we use a global aerosol microphysics model to examine how efficiently CCN are produced when DMS emissions are changed in different regions. We find that global CCN production per unit mass of sulphur emitted varies by more than a factor of 20 depending on which oceanic region the change in DMS emission flux is applied. The variation in CCN production efficiency depends upon where CCN production processes (DMS oxidation, SO2 oxidation, nucleation and growth) are most efficient and removal processes (deposition) least efficient. The analysis shows that the production of aerosol sulphate through aqueous-phase oxidation of SO2 limits the amount of H2SO4 available for nucleation and condensational growth and therefore suppresses CCN formation, leading to the weak response of CCN to changes in DMS emission. Our results show that past and future changes in the spatial distribution of DMS emissions (through changes in phytoplankton or wind speed patterns) could exert a stronger control on climate than net increases in biological productivity.
Reducing CO2 from shipping – do non-CO2 effects matter?
Authors: Eide M. S. , Dalsøren S. B. , Endresen Ø. , Samset B. , Myhre G. , Fuglestvedt J. , Berntsen T.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Shipping is a growing sector in the global economy and it contributions to global CO2 emissions are expected to increase. CO2 emissions from the world shipping fleet will likely be regulated in the near future, and studies have shown that significant emission reductions can be achieved at low cost. Regulations are being discussed for both existing ships, as well as for future additions to the fleet. In this study a plausible CO2 emission reduction inventory is constructed for the cargo fleet existing in 2010, as well as for container ships, bulk ships and tankers separately. In the reduction inventories CO2 emissions are reduced by 25–32% relative to baseline by a ship type specific cost-effectiveness criterion, and 9 other emission compounds are changed as a technical implication of reducing CO2. The overall climate and environmental effects of the changes to all 10 emission components in the reduction inventory are assessed using a chemical transport model, radiative forcing (RF) models and a simple climate model. We find substantial environmental and health benefits with up to 5% reduction in surface ozone levels, 15% reductions in surface sulfate and 10% reductions in wet deposition of sulfate in certain regions exposed to heavy ship traffic. The major ship types show distinctly different contributions in specific locations. For instance, the container fleet contributes 50% of the sulfate decline on the west coast of North America. The global radiative forcing from a 1-yr emission equal to the difference between baseline and reduction inventory, show an initial strong positive forcing from non-CO2 compounds. This warming effect is due to reduced cooling by aerosols and methane. After approximately 25 yr, the non-CO2 forcing is balanced by the CO2 forcing. For the global mean temperature change we find a shift from warming to cooling after approximately 60 yr. The major ship types show significant differences in the short term radiative forcing; for instance the direct SO4 forcing from tankers is 30% higher than for container and bulk. The net long term effects on RF are similar due to similar CO2 forcing. We assess an emission scenario where the reduction inventory is sustained on the fleet as it steadily diminishes over time due to scrapping and disappears in 2040. We find a net temperature increase lasting until approximately 2080. We conclude that changes in non-CO2 emission does matter significantly if reductions of CO2 emissions are made on the year 2010 cargo shipping fleet. In sum, we find that emission changes motivated by CO2 reductions in shipping will be beneficial from a long-term climate perspective, and there are also positive environmental and health effects identified as concentrations of key short-lived pollutants are reduced.
Parameterizing radiative transfer to convert MAX-DOAS dSCDs into near-surface box averaged mixing ratios and vertical profiles
Authors: Sinreich R. , Merten A. , Molina L. , Volkamer R.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. We present a novel parameterization method to convert Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) differential Slant Column Densities (dSCDs) into near-surface box averaged volume mixing ratios. The approach is applicable inside the planetary boundary layer under conditions with significant aerosol load, does not require a-priori assumptions about the trace gas vertical distribution and builds on the increased sensitivity of MAX-DOAS near the instrument altitude. It parameterizes radiative transfer model calculations and significantly reduces the computational effort. The biggest benefit of this method is that the retrieval of an aerosol profile, which usually is necessary for deriving a trace gas concentration from MAX-DOAS dSCDs, is not needed. The method is applied to NO2 MAX-DOAS dSCDs recorded during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area 2006 (MCMA-2006) measurement campaign. The retrieved volume mixing ratios of two elevation angles (1° and 3°) are compared to volume mixing ratios measured by two long-path (LP)-DOAS instruments located at the same site. Measurements are found to agree well during times when vertical mixing is expected to be strong. However, inhomogeneities in the air mass above Mexico City can be detected by exploiting the different horizontal and vertical dimensions probed by MAX-DOAS measurements at different elevation angles, and by LP-DOAS. In particular, a vertical gradient in NO2 close to the ground can be observed in the afternoon, and is attributed to reduced mixing coupled with near surface emission. The existence of a vertical gradient in the lower 250 m during parts of the day shows the general challenge of sampling the boundary layer in a representative way and emphasizes the need of vertically resolved measurements.
Atmospheric reactive nitrogen concentrations at ten sites with contrasting land use in an arid region of central Asia
Authors: Li K. H. , Song W. , Liu X. J. , Shen J. L. , Luo X. S. , Sui X. Q. , Liu B. , Hu Y. K. , Christie P. , Tian C. Y.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Atmospheric concentrations of reactive nitrogen (Nr) species from 2009 to 2011 are reported for ten sites in Xinjiang, China, an arid region of central Asia. Concentrations of NH3, NO2, particulate ammonium and nitrate (pNH4+ and pNO3−) showed large spatial and seasonal variation and averaged 7.71, 9.68, 1.81 and 1.13 μg N m−3, and PM10 concentrations averaged 249.2 μg m−3 across all sites. Lower NH3 concentrations and higher NO2, pNH4+ and pNO3− concentrations were found in winter, reflecting serious air pollution due to domestic heating in winter and other anthropogenic sources such as increased emissions from motor traffic and industry. The increasing order of total concentrations of Nr species was alpine grassland; desert, desert-oasis ecotone; desert in an oasis; farmland; suburban and urban ecosystems. Lower ratios of secondary particles (NH4+ and NO3−) were found in the desert and desert-oasis ecotone, while urban and suburban areas had higher ratios, which implied that anthropogenic activities have greatly influenced local air quality and must be controlled.
Estimating actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation using standard meteorological data: a pragmatic synthesis
Authors: McMahon T. A. , Peel M. C. , Lowe L. , Srikanthan R. , McVicar T. R.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. This guide to estimating daily and monthly actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation covers topics that are of interest to researchers, consulting hydrologists and practicing engineers. Topics include estimating actual evaporation from deep lakes and from farm dams and for catchment water balance studies, estimating potential evaporation as input to rainfall-runoff models, and reference crop evapotranspiration for small irrigation areas, and for irrigation within large irrigation districts. Inspiration for this guide arose in response to the authors' experiences in reviewing research papers and consulting reports where estimation of the actual evaporation component in catchment and water balance studies was often inadequately handled. Practical guides using consistent terminology that cover both theory and practice are not readily available. Here we provide such a guide, which is divided into three parts. The first part provides background theory and an outline of conceptual models of potential evaporation of Penman, Penman-Monteith and Priestley-Taylor, and discussions of reference crop evaporation and then Class-A pan evaporation. The last two sub-sections in this first part include techniques to estimate actual evaporation from (i) open-surface water and (ii) landscapes and catchments (Morton and the advection-aridity models). The second part addresses topics confronting a practicing hydrologist, e.g. estimating actual evaporation for deep lakes, shallow lakes and farm dams, lakes covered with vegetation, catchments, irrigation areas and bare soil. The third part addresses six related issues (i) hard-wired evaporation estimates, (ii) evaporation estimates without wind data, (iii) at-site meteorological data, (iv) dealing with evaporation in a climate change environment, (v) 24-h versus day-light hour estimation of meteorological variables, and (vi) uncertainty in evaporation estimates. This paper is supported by supplementary material that includes 21 appendices enhancing the material in the text, worked examples of many procedures discussed in the paper, a program listing (Fortran 90) of Morton's WREVAP evaporation models along with tables of monthly Class-A pan coefficients for 68 locations across Australia and other information.
Recent changes in spring snowmelt timing in the Yukon River Basin detected by passive microwave satellite data
Authors: Semmens K. A. , Ramage J. M.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Spring melt is a significant feature of high latitude snowmelt dominated drainage basins influencing hydrological and ecological processes such as snowmelt runoff and green-up. Melt duration, defined as the transition period from snowmelt onset until the end of the melt-refreeze, is characterized by high diurnal amplitude variations (DAV) where the snowpack is melting during the day and refreezing at night, after which the snowpack melts constantly until depletion. Determining trends for this critical period is necessary for understanding how the Arctic is changing with rising temperatures and provides a baseline from which to assess future change. To study this dynamic period, brightness temperature (Tb) data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) 37 V-GHz frequency from 1988 to 2010 were used to assess snowmelt timing trends for the Yukon River Basin, Alaska/Canada. Annual Tb and DAV for 1434 Equal-Area Scalable Earth (EASE)-Grid pixels (25 km resolution) were processed to determine melt onset and melt-refreeze dates from Tb and DAV thresholds previously established in the region. Temporal and spatial trends in the timing of melt onset and melt-refreeze, and the duration of melt were analyzed for the 13 sub-basins of the Yukon River Basin with three different time interval approaches. Results show a lengthening of the melt period for the majority of the sub-basins with a significant trend toward later end of melt-refreeze after which the snowpack melts day and night leading to snow clearance, peak discharge, and green-up. Earlier melt onset trends were also found in the higher elevations and northernmost sub-basins (Porcupine, Chandalar, and Koyukuk Rivers). Latitude and elevation displayed the dominant controls on melt timing variability and spring solar flux was highly correlated with melt timing in middle (~600–1600 m) elevations.