bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New ways of looking into handwritten miscellanies of the seventeenth century: the case of “Spes Altera”
Authors: Ribes Traver Purificación
Published: January 2021

A large number of copies of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 2 circulated in handwritten miscellanies from the second quarter of the Seventeenth Century. Eleven of those copies have significant variant readings that have led critics to put forward different hypotheses regarding their nature and quality. Most critics, taking into account stylometric analyses, have regarded them as early drafts of Shakespeare’s printed version, and have agreed on their poor quality.By paying due attention to the text’s context of production and reception, we have reached a different conclusion regarding both the nature and quality of the handwritten versions of Sonnet 2. In our view, they are the product of a conscious rewriting on the part of some educated member of the universities or Inns of Court. Close reading of the manuscript copy text (Spes Altera, Bellasys Ms, c.1630), and a line by line comparison with the 1609 Q text, suggest a deliberate attempt on the part of its adapter at increasing the poem’s metrical regularity and structural coherence.
Intelligent Identification of Coal Structure for the Control of Heat-Induced Gas Outburst and Energy-Efficient Mining
Authors: Li Tao , Yao Banghua , Wen Zhihui , Wang Dengke , Zhang Hongtu
Published: January 2021

Coal structure could be roughly divided into four types. Among them, the two kinds of tectonic coal face a high risk of heat-induced gas outburst, which arises from the unfavorable temperature conditions in the coal structure. However, there is not yet an efficient way to identify the type of coal structure. The adjacent types of coal structures are often misjudged. The lack of an efficient identification method hinders the prevention of heat-induced gas outburst, making it difficult to realize energy-efficient and safe mining. To solve the problem, this paper first theoretically analyzes the ultrasonic properties of different types of coals, and applies backpropagation neural network (BPNN) to build up an intelligent identification model for the type of coal structure. Specifically, the characteristic parameters of ultrasonic signal were taken as the basis for judging the type of coal structure, the identification algorithm of BPNN was adopted to accurately identify the structure type of coal, and then the heat-induced gas outburst risk of the coal was evaluated preliminarily. Experimental results show that the proposed model could accurately identify the type of coal structure, and even differentiate between adjacent types of coals. The research results provide a reference for effective prevention of heat-induced gas outburst, and realization of energy-efficient and safe mining.
Investigation on the Performance of a Solar Hybrid Refrigeration System Using Environmentally Friendly Fluids
Authors: Boumaraf Latra , Khadraoui Rachedi
Published: January 2021

In order to evaluate the performance of a hybrid compression / ejection refrigeration system using solar energy at low or medium temperature, a simulation model of its behavior based on those of its various components has been developed. It includes in particular for the ejector, a 1-D model of the "constant section mixing" type developed in optimal transition regime. The refrigerants tested are steam for the ejector loop and the R1234yf (replacing the R134a) for the mechanical compression loop. The behavior of the H2O vapor flowing in the ejector is considered that of the perfect gas. The properties of refrigerants are calculated using REFPROP® software, everywhere else. For a cooling capacity of 10 kW and air conditioning operating conditions, the model allows to determine the main parameters of the ejector and its entrainment ratio, the thermal and mechanical COP of the whole refrigeration system as well as the necessary surface of the solar collector. Furthermore, the influence of the temperature of the boiler, the condenser, the intercooler as well as that of the evaporator on the mechanical COP of the hybrid system and the solar collection surface in particular, were examined. The results highlight that the solar refrigeration system with hybrid cycle compression/ejection using the refrigerants H2O/R1234yf allows an increase of the mechanical COP higher than 50% compared to that of the conventional refrigeration system and thus constitutes an acceptable ecologically system that can compete with the latter.
Formation of students' motivation to study physical education and sports
Authors: Kutergin N.B. , Korukovec A.P.
Published: January 2021

This article is updated essential characteristic of human motivation and its terminological representation. We consider the motivation of students for training on physical training as a special kind of general motivation. Presents the means and methods of formation of motivational approach among students of higher educational institutions to the educational process on physical training and its further development and improvement.
The influence of physical training on the training of cadets of a military institute
Authors: Norin N.E. , Glushkov P.YU.
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the impact of physical training on the training and education of cadets at the Novosibirsk Military Institute. The process of training in the discipline "Physical Training" is presented as a specially organized activity aimed at the transfer and assimilation of knowledge, the formation of skills and abilities, the development and improvement of physical and mental qualities. The article may be useful for teachers of physical training and sports, who in their daily teaching activities improve their knowledge and methodological skills.
Von Warschau nach New York. Die poetischen Passagen der Dichterin Kadya Molodowsky
Authors: Pareigis Christina
Published: January 2021

1935 gelingt Molodowsky die Emigration von Warschau nach New York. Ihre Poesie verarbeitet schon von Beginn an Erfahrungen der Fremdheit und des Exils: 1920 bildet ihr Debüt den Auftakt für ein literarisches Werk, das eine enge Verbindung von religiöser Tradition und säkularer ‚yidishkayt‘ eingeht. Ihr Frühwerk thematisiert die Erfahrung von Armut und Antisemitismus, und auch diejenige von Frauen zwischen Emanzipation und Verbundenheit mit ihrer traditionellen Herkunft. Die in den USA entstandene Dichtung akzentuiert insbesondere die Schwellensituation der Immigranten: den Druck der Schmelztiegelgesellschaft, die jiddische Sprache als Trägerin von Tradition und Identität sowie den drohenden Verlust kollektiver Erinnerung durch eine Gesellschaftssituation, in der kulturelle wie sprachliche Differenzen allmählich eingeebnet werden.
INVENTÁRIO DE HISTÓRIAS DE LEITURA: RECURSO METODOLÓGICO PARA A PRÁTICA DOCENTE
Authors: Texeira Rocha Marinalva Aguiar , Teixeira dos Santos Dulce Helena
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo foi construído a partir do relato de histórias de leitura vivenciadas pelos alunos iniciantes do Curso de Letras do CESC/UEMA, quando dos primeiros contatos com o texto escrito. O objetivo da pesquisa foi refletir, a partir das narrativas [por eles produzidas], como as memórias de leitura da infância podem contribuir, de forma significativa, com o processo de formação profissional, quando do exercício da docência. As ocorrências memorialísticas são constituídas por várias recordações guardadas ao longo dos anos e que podem ser trazidas para o presente, a fim de reativar a memória desses sujeitos. A ideia da produção de histórias de leitura também se pautou em identificar, ao longo do exercício de rememoração, o processo que consolidou a prática de leitura de cada um. Para fundamentar as discussões a respeito de formação de leitor, buscou-se aporte teórico em Lacerda (2009), Rocha (2014; Maia (2020); Cosson (2014), entre outros.
Graduate Education in Rehabilitation Counseling and the Stigma of Mental Illness: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Boen Randall , Ruiz Derek
Published: January 2021

The Rehabilitation Counseling profession has foundations in disability awareness and acknowledges disability stigma as a barrier to full participation. Graduate-level rehabilitation counseling programs assist students with self-evaluation and examination of attitudes toward individuals with disabilities. Effective service providers are seen as having knowledge of how social attitudes play a part in issue of inclusion and full participation. Mental health is an area that has historically drew considerable attention. However, barriers to effective service delivery still persist and may include the stigma toward individuals with mental illness. Attitude formation and the implications of stigma will be provided in this conceptual article. This literature review will include an overview of factors that may contribute to stigmatizing reactions. Recommendations for graduate educational programs are discussed including best practices. These include creating a learning environment that focuses on student's awareness, knowledge, and skills surrounding issues that affect individuals with severe and persistent mental illness.
Social Justice and Community-Based Rehabilitation Counseling
Authors: Millington Michael J.
Published: January 2021

This invited article reports and reflects upon the proceedings of a presentation at the NRCA Symposium on Social Justice held on in Memphis Tennessee in 2019. The author posits that a proper understanding of social justice opens the door for a new, international vision for rehabilitation counseling in the context of community. The model reinterprets rehabilitation counseling as social justice counseling within the framework of community-based rehabilitation as currently defined within the established matrix and guidelines. This model augments our understanding of rehabilitation counseling role and function with an emerging practice in advocacy/empowerment. The construct of empowerment is operationalized for development in practice across community settings. The author reflects upon lessons learned in advancing this model of practice in the Asia/Pacific region. In a call for collaborative next steps, he concludes that the way to an empowered international identity for rehabilitation counseling is through an activist, inclusive, international community of practice that advocates for our role as agents of social justice.
Use of computed tomography data for forensic identification of an individual
Authors: Leonov Sergey V. , Shakiryanova Julia P.
Published: January 2021

Background: The article presents our own experience of using computer tomography for identification of individuals with known results.
Aims: The aim of the study was to verify the possibility of performing an identification study using a three-dimensional model obtained from computed tomography of the head. Identification was performed using a three-dimensional model of the head, based on computer tomography sections made in various projections, with a step of 1.231.25 mm. Two-dimensional images of the face (photos) were used for comparison. All comparative studies were conducted using approved methods of craniofacial and portrait identification: by reference points and contours. The experiment used a computer program that allows you to export DICOM-files of computed tomography results to other formats (InVesalius), as well as computer programs that directly work with the research objects (Autodesk 3ds Max, alternative programs Adobe Photoshop, Smith Micro Poser Pro).
Results: In the course of research, it was found that, having computer tomography data of the head, it is possible to conduct identification studies on the following parameters: on the reconstructed three-dimensional model of the soft tissues of the face, on the three-dimensional model of the skull (craniofacial identification), on the features of the structure of the ear.
Conclusion: Positive results were obtained when comparing objects, which makes it advisable to use them in practical and scientific activities.
COVID-19 pathology: experience of 2000 autopsies
Authors: Zayratyants Oleg V. , Samsonova Maria V. , Cherniaev Andrey L. , Mishnev Oleko D. , Mikhaleva Liudmila M. , Krupnov Nikolai M. , Kalinin Dmitry V.
Published: January 2021

Background: Pathological anatomy, patogenesis and the morphogenesis of manifestations and complications of COVID-19 remain insufficiently studied. The fullest information on structural bases of organs and tissues alterations by new coronavirus disease can be obtained as a result of autopsies.
Aims: The aim of the study was to study the morphological changes of lungs and other organs of the autopsies of COVID-19 deceased persons. Results of 2000 autopsies of people who died of a severe form of COVID-19 in Moscow, consisting of 1212 men and 788 women, from March 20 to May 22, 2020 (a ratio 1.54:1) aged from 20 to 99 years (on average 68.515.63 years) were presented. This experience was previously generalized in the Atlas COVID-19 pathology. Autopsies were made in the converted interstationary pathoanatomical offices at strict observance of rules of biosafety according to standard and legal documents of WHO, Russian Ministry of Health and Rospotrebnadzor.
Results: Morphological changes of lungs with varying severity and extent were detected in all examined cases; however, damage to other organs was also common, which in some cases prevailed over pulmonary changes and was the cause of death. The main morphological changes in lungs were diffuse alveolar damage and microangiopathy, alveolar hemorrhage syndrome, thrombosis, and thromboembolism.
Conclusion: The involvement of the lungs, other organs, and vascular system in the pathological process is a result of multiple factors. It is advisable to implement clinical and morphological masks of COVID-19.
Diagnostics of the cause of aneurism rupture in case of basal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a rare case report
Authors: Veselkina Olesya V. , Plis Semyon S. , Khutornoy Nikita V. , Shishkina Ludmila V. , Prazdnikov Erik N. , Klevno Vladimir A.
Published: January 2021

Background: Basal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) caused by rupture of intracranial aneurysms usually has non-traumatic etiology. However, head injury shortly before death can start legal case, even if aneurysm was found. In such cases, forensic pathologists have to decide on the cause of the rupture and the role of the injury.
Case presentation: The article presents a rare case from forensic practice: 43 years old male dies after a head blunt trauma. The death was caused by basal SAH, which was caused by a microaneurysm rapture of the left posterior cerebral artery. The autopsy revealed external damages on the face and focal hemorrhages in soft tissues of the head and back. A detailed analysis of the morphological findings, clinical picture and circumstances was performed. The results showed that it was non-traumatic basal SAH. The cause of aneurism rupture was intracranial hypertension increased by vomiting and unusual body position shortly before the death.
Conclusion: Available published articles were studied on the causes of ruptures of pathological cerebral arteries and forensic interpretation in controversial cases. Results suggest that current recommendations should be revised. The hypothesis of the most significant sign indicating unnatural death (localization of the damage in the projection of the brain base) could not be confirmed.
Sustainable and responsible investment in Indonesia and Malaysia: an event study on SRI-KEHATI and FTSE4GBM Indices
Authors: Targanski Klara Petra Theodora , Murhadi Werner R.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of SRI index on abnormal return of added to and deleted stocks of two countries, Indonesia (SRI-KEHATI) and Malaysia (FTSE4GBM). The effect was examined using CAAR of the stock around index announcement. This research was conducted using event study methodology. The samples used in this research are all the stocks that were added to and deleted from SRI-KEHATI index on 2009-2018 announcements and FTSE4GBM index on 2014-2018 announcements. The result of hypothesis test shows that SRI index announcement has negative significant effect to the added stocks to SRI-KEHATI’s CAAR before announcement, after announcement and cumulative periods, to added stocks to FTSE4GBM’s before announcement and cumulative periods, and to deleted stocks from FTSE4GBM’s after announcement and cumulative periods. SRI index announcements has positive significant effect to the deleted stocks from SRI-KEHATI’s CAAR before announcement. Information on SRI index announcements has effects to the decisions made by investors. Indonesian investors reacted negatively toward added stocks but not choosing deleted stock either after announcements. Malaysian investors reacted negatively toward both added and deleted stocks, added stocks are perceived better even if positive CAAR are insignificant after announcements.
Obstacles build communication and coordination of institution in the university: a qualitative study
Authors: Rony Zahara Tussoleha , Suharjuddin Suharjuddin , Silitonga Tatar Bonar
Published: January 2021

The Corona Virus Pandemic forces most organizations to implement systems and policies that are adjusted to gov-ernment regulations and appeals, including work from home, including at a research institute in private universi-typies in Indonesia. For the systems and policies to be implemented effectively, the leadership makes adjustments, especially in managing communications. Communication management is an important point during this transi-tional period because it has an impact on the coordination and results of work. Ineffective communication causes the institution's performance to be less than optimal. The purpose of this research is to describe the practice of communication management and coordination carried out by the leadership of an institution at a private university in Jakarta. The research method chosen was a case study approach, 11 informants were determined by purposive and snowball sampling. The results of this research show that the communication and coordination carried out by the leadership of the institution is not optimal, besides that it is limited to taking the initiative in confirming and providing a response, resulting in delays in completing their work. The fact in the field of leadership has not ad-justed the style of communication and coordination during the new normal. Comprehensive communication and coordination skills need serious attention because these abilities have an impact on institutions in building a cul-ture of synergy.
Marriage Tradition of Tobati Tribe: in Perspective on Islamic Law
Authors: Siswanto Eko , Ubaidillah A.
Published: January 2021

This study investigated the marriage has human values to fulfill the instincts of human life. In the community of Tobati tribes, marriage has been arranged based on its customary traditions that have been agreed upon for generations. It focused on exploring the form of the marriage tradition of the repentant tribal people and how Islamic law analyzes the similarities and differences. The researcher applied descriptive qualitative design to explore the objectives of this study then analyzed by Miles Huberman’s theory. The findings show that there are several steps in the marriage process, namely: first, propose (ask in marriage); second, waiting for a period (waiting for a decision from the woman’s family); third, giving the application, and the last, the procession of the marriage. These four stages, there are similar to the stages of marriage according to Islamic law, but there is a very significant difference, namely the obligation to deliver the application after obtaining approval to carry out the wedding procession.
Strategi Pengembangan Desa Digital Untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas UMKM
Authors: Supriyanto Agus , Hana Kharis Fadlullah
Published: January 2021

The development of online business has increased very rapidly in 2019. Many people who prefer to buy goods online rather than directly. This is a result of the development of increasingly sophisticated technology with the many features of buying and selling online applications. The presence of online stores that make lifestyle changes in society. Ease and efficiency are the main factors in the people's preference for online transactions. Based on that, the purpose of this study is to analyze the obstacles and constraints of MSMEs to join the online store. After getting the results of the analysis then formulate a development strategy. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research object that is the village of Padurenan. The village was chosen because the MSMEs that have been established are very large for the size of one village of 92 units. The results showed that the padurenan village had made a digital village in 2017. The village was able to support from various parties, but when the members were decreasing and there were only 2 MSME members left. The strategy will be developed also by using the principles of Islamic business ethics. Online sales are based on transparency, honesty and fairness. This encourages the realization of sharia maqasid in doing business in the MSME sector.
Analisis Rasio CAMEL (Capital, Asset, Management, Earnings, Equity dan Liquidity) pada Tingkat Kesehatan Bank (Studi Kasus BRI Syariah Periode 2018-2019)
Authors: Andriasari Widi Savitri , Munawaroh Siti Ummi
Published: January 2021

This study aims to determine the results of the CAMEL ratio analysis (Capital, Asset Quality, Management, Earnings and Liquidity) at the soundness level of a Sharia BRI Bank for the period 2018-2019. The soundness level of a bank is an assessment conducted by the OJK for each bank to determine whether the bank is in good health or not. Regulations regarding the assessment of the level of health at commercial banks are contained in Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 13/1/PBI/2011 and Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 8/POJK.03/2014 and Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 4/POJK.03/2016. This type of research is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Descriptive research method is the method used to describe the research results by analyzing data from financial statement sources. While the quantitative research method is a study that uses data in the form of numbers as a means of analyzing and calculating. For this reason, the source of data needed in this study is secondary data which is the financial statements of a Sharia BRI Bank for the period 2018-2019. Through the data source in the form of financial reports can find out the soundness level of BRI Syariah Bank in 2018-2019 by calculating and analyzing the CAMEL ratio.
Sex Differences in Clinical Outcomes Following Surgical Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Maerz Tristan , Nepple Jeffrey J. , Bedi Asheesh , Zaltz Ira , Belzile Étienne , Beaulé Paul E. , Sink Ernest L. ,   the ANCHOR Group, Clohisy John C.
Published: January 2021

Background:

Sex-based differences in clinical outcomes following surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement remain largely uncharacterized; this prospective, multicenter study evaluated these differences both directly and adjusted for covariates.

Methods:

Hips undergoing surgical treatment of symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement were prospectively enrolled in a multicenter cohort. Patient demographics, radiographic parameters, intraoperatively assessed disease severity, and history of surgical procedures, as well as patient-reported outcome measures, were collected preoperatively and at a mean follow-up of 4.3 years. A total of 621 (81.6%) of 761 enrolled hips met the minimum 1 year of follow-up and were included in the analysis; 56.7% of analyzed hips were female. Univariate and multivariable statistics were utilized to assess the direct and adjusted differences in outcomes, respectively.

Results:

Male hips had greater body mass index and larger α angles. Female hips had significantly lower preoperative and postoperative scores across most patient-reported outcome measures, but also had greater improvement from preoperatively to postoperatively. The preoperative differences between sexes exceeded the threshold for the minimal clinically important difference of the modified Harris hip score (mHHS) and all Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) domains except quality of life. Preoperative sex differences in mHHS, all HOOS domains, and Short Form-12 Health Survey physical function component score were greater than the postoperative differences. A greater proportion of female hips achieved the minimal clinically important difference for the mHHS, but male hips were more likely to meet the patient acceptable symptom state for this outcome. After adjusting for relevant covariates with use of multiple regression analysis, sex was not identified as an independent predictor of any outcome. Preoperative patient-reported outcome scores were a strong and highly significant predictor of all outcomes.

Conclusions:

Significant differences in clinical outcomes were observed between sexes in a large cohort of hips undergoing surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement. Despite female hips exhibiting lower baseline scores, sex was not an independent predictor of outcome or reoperation.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Effect of Etiology, Radiographic Severity, and Comorbidities on Baseline Parent-Reported Health Measures for Children with Early-Onset Scoliosis
Authors: Ramo Brandon A. , McClung Anna , Jo Chan-Hee , Sanders James O. , Yaszay Burt , Oetgen Matthew E. ,   on behalf of the Pediatric Spine Study Group (PSSG)
Published: January 2021

Background:

The Classification of Early-Onset Scoliosis (C-EOS) allows providers to differentiate patients, for clinical and research purposes, on the basis of the etiology of their disease as well as radiographic parameters. The Early Onset Scoliosis Questionnaire (EOSQ) is the first disease-specific, parent-reported HRQOL (health-related quality-of-life) outcome measure for this condition. We sought to determine the influence of the C-EOS etiology designation, radiographic parameters, and medical comorbidities on EOSQ scores to differentiate quality of life in this heterogeneous patient population. We hypothesized that baseline EOSQ scores for patients with EOS would be strongly affected by the C-EOS etiology designation.

Methods:

The analysis included prospectively enrolled patients with EOSQ scores recorded in a multicenter EOS database prior to intervention for the EOS. EOSQ scores were compared across C-EOS etiologies, severity of disease based on radiographic measurements, and patient comorbidities prior to scoliosis intervention.

Results:

Six hundred and ten patients with EOS were available for analysis; 119 had congenital, 201 had idiopathic, 156 had neuromuscular, and 134 had syndromic EOS. In multivariate analysis, neuromuscular and syndromic etiologies were associated with lower scores than congenital and idiopathic etiologies in many EOSQ domains including general health, transfer, daily living, fatigue/energy level, and emotion. Patients with neuromuscular EOS had the lowest EOSQ scores in general. Congenital and idiopathic EOS did not differ from each other in any EOSQ domain. Coronal Cobb and kyphosis angles had significant inverse but generally weak correlations with EOSQ domains. Individual medical comorbidities had a minor effect on certain domains while American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class and total number of comorbidities had inverse correlations with most domains.

Conclusions:

The underlying etiology of EOS appears to have a significant influence on the parent-reported HRQOL outcomes of the disease. Specifically, syndromic and neuromuscular C-EOS diagnoses are associated with lower EOSQ scores before treatment compared with congenital and idiopathic diagnoses. Radiographic measurements of severity have a relatively small influence on EOSQ scores. These baseline differences in C-EOS-designated etiology should be accounted for in studies comparing outcomes of treatment for this heterogeneous patient population.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Meniscal and Mechanical Symptoms Are Associated with Cartilage Damage, Not Meniscal Pathology
Authors: Farina Evan M. , Lowenstein Natalie A. , Chang Yuchiao , Arant Kaetlyn R. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Matzkin Elizabeth G.
Published: January 2021

Background:

Traditionally defined “meniscal” and “mechanical” symptoms are thought to arise from meniscal tears. Yet meniscal tears and cartilage damage commonly coexist in symptomatic knees. To better characterize the primary driver of these symptoms, we investigated whether the presence of preoperative patient-reported knee symptoms (PRKS), including knee catching/locking, grinding/clicking/popping, and pain with pivoting, are associated with various intra-articular pathological conditions diagnosed at knee arthroscopy.

Methods:

We collected prospective data from 565 consecutive patients who underwent knee arthroscopy from 2012 to 2019 and had PRKS collected via the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire. The diagnosis of meniscal pathology and concomitant cartilage damage was confirmed and classified intraoperatively. We used multivariable regression models, adjusting for possible confounders, to examine the association of specific pathological conditions of the knee with the presence of preoperative PRKS.

Results:

Tricompartmental cartilage damage was strongly associated with significantly worse PRKS, with an increase of 0.33 point (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.08 to 0.58; p = 0.01) on a 0 to 4-point scale. We did not observe an association between meniscal pathology and preoperative PRKS.

Conclusions:

Contrary to current dogma, this study demonstrates that traditionally defined “meniscal” and “mechanical” knee symptoms are strongly associated with the burden and severity of underlying cartilage damage rather than with specific meniscal pathology.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Biological and Biotechnical Aspects of Organization and Functioning of the Oyster Hatchery in the Black Sea
Authors:   A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Pirkova A.V. , Ladygina L.V. ,   A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Kholodov V.I. ,   A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS
Published: January 2021

This guide encompasses the experience gained by the authors when cultivating the Pacific oyster in the experimental hatchery of IBSS and the international experience described in literature. The functioning of oyster hatcheries is based on the knowledge of the species biology. The guide provides an opportunity to acquire knowledge for managing different stages of the production cycle. Therefore, it can be useful for rearing oyster larvae and spat in both experimental and commercial hatcheries. The guide includes a discussion of choosing the right place for the hatchery and the calculations of the required space, sea- and freshwater volumes, amounts and concentrations of microalgae and the necessary equipment for obtaining 5 million specimens of spat during the spawning. A description of the developmental biology of the Pacific oyster and different microalgae species used as feed for producers, larvae, and spat is given. Breeding achievements are presented in the selection of commercially valuable traits of oyster, such as enhanced growth, survival, and disease resistance, which can increase reliability and economic viability of the hatchery in the near future. Genetic manipulations with ploidy for producing tetraploid and triploid oysters are described. The book is recommended for researchers – biologists and biotechnologists, university teachers, biological science students, aquaculture specialists, and engineers.
Ediacaran life close to land: Coastal and shoreface habitats of the Ediacaran macrobiota, the Central Flinders Ranges, South Australia
Authors: McMahon William J. , Liu Alexander G. , Tindal Benjamin H. , Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: January 2021

The Rawnsley Quartzite of South Australia hosts some of the world's most diverse Ediacaran macrofossil assemblages, with many of the constituent taxa interpreted as early representatives of metazoan clades. Globally, a link has been recognized between the taxonomic composition of individual Ediacaran bedding-plane assemblages and specific sedimentary facies. Thorough characterization of fossil-bearing facies is thus of fundamental importance for reconstructing the precise environments and ecosystems in which early animals thrived and radiated, and distinguishing between environmental and evolutionary controls on taxon distribution. This study refines the paleoenvironmental interpretations of the Rawnsley Quartzite (Ediacara Member and upper Rawnsley Quartzite). Our analysis suggests that previously inferred water depths for fossil-bearing facies are overestimations. In the central regions of the outcrop belt, rather than shelf and submarine canyon environments below maximum (storm-weather) wave base, and offshore environments between effective (fair-weather) and maximum wave base, the succession is interpreted to reflect the vertical superposition and lateral juxtaposition of unfossiliferous non-marine environments with fossil-bearing coastal and shoreface settings. Facies comprise: 1, 2) amalgamated channelized and cross-bedded sandstone (major and minor tidally influenced river and estuarine channels, respectively), 3) ripple cross-laminated heterolithic sandstone (intertidal mixed-flat), 4) silty-sandstone (possible lagoon), 5) planar-stratified sandstone (lower shoreface), 6) oscillation-ripple facies (middle shoreface), 7) multi-directed trough- and planar-cross-stratified sandstone (upper shoreface), 8) ripple cross-laminated, planar-stratified rippled sandstone (foreshore), 9) adhered sandstone (backshore), and 10) planar-stratified and cross-stratified sandstone with ripple cross-lamination (distributary channels). Surface trace fossils in the foreshore facies represent the earliest known evidence of mobile organisms in intermittently emergent environments. All facies containing fossils of the Ediacaran macrobiota remain definitively marine. Our revised shoreface and coastal framework creates greater overlap between this classic “White Sea” biotic assemblage and those of younger, relatively depauperate “Nama”-type biotic assemblages located in Namibia. Such overlap lends support to the possibility that the apparent biotic turnover between these assemblages may reflect a genuine evolutionary signal, rather than the environmental exclusion of particular taxa.
Computing Pressure Front Propagation Using the Diffusive-Time-of-Flight in Structured and Unstructured Grid Systems via the Fast-Marching Method
Authors: Chen Hongquan , Onishi Tsubasa , Park Jaeyoung , Datta-Gupta Akhil
Published: January 2021

Diffusive-time-of-flight (DTOF), representing the travel time of pressure front propagation, has found many applications in unconventional reservoir performance analysis. The computation of DTOF typically involves upwind finite difference of the Eikonal equation and solution using the fast-marching method (FMM). However, the application of the finite difference-based FMM to irregular grid systems remains a challenge. In this paper, we present a novel and robust method for solving the Eikonal equation using finite volume discretization and the FMM.

The implementation is first validated with analytical solutions using isotropic and anisotropic models with homogeneous reservoir properties. Consistent DTOF distributions are obtained between the proposed approach and the analytical solutions. Next, the implementation is applied to unconventional reservoirs with hydraulic and natural fractures. Our approach relies on cell volumes and connections (transmissibilities) rather than the grid geometry, and thus can be easily applied to complex grid systems. For illustrative purposes, we present applications of the proposed method to embedded discrete fracture models (EDFMs), dual-porosity dual-permeability models (DPDK), and unstructured perpendicular-bisectional (PEBI) grids with heterogeneous reservoir properties. Visualization of the DTOF provides flow diagnostics, such as evolution of the drainage volume of the wells and well interactions.

The novelty of the proposed approach is its broad applicability to arbitrary grid systems and ease of implementation in commercial reservoir simulators. This makes the approach well-suited for field applications with complex grid geometry and complex well architecture.
Is deployement of diagnostic test alone enough? Comprehensive package of interventions to strengthen TB laboratory network: three years of experience in Burkina Faso
Authors: Alagna Riccardo , Combary Adjima , Tagliani Elisa , Sawadogo Léon Tinnoga , Saouadogo Tandaogo , Diandé Souba , Ouedraogo Francis , Cirillo Daniela Maria
Published: January 2021

BackgroundsThe laboratory plays a critical role in tuberculosis (TB) control by providing testing for diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and surveillance at each level of the health care system. Weak accessibility to TB diagnosric services still represents a big concern in many limited resources’ countries. Here we report the experience of Burkina Faso in implementing a comprehensive intervention packages to strengthen TB laboratory capacity and diagnostic accessibility.MethodsThe intervention lasted from October 2016 to December 2018 and focused on two main areas: i) development of strategic documents and policies; ii) implementation of TB diagnostic technology. National TB laboratory data were collected between 2016 and 2018 and evaluated according to five programmatic TB laboratory indicators: i) Percentage of notified new and relapse TB cases with bacteriological confirmation; ii) Percentage of notified new and relapse TB cases tested by Xpert MTB/RIF; iii) Percentage of notified, bacteriologically confirmed TB cases with a drug susceptibility testing (DST) result for rifampin; iv) Percentage of notified MDR-TB cases on the estimated number of MDR-TB cases; v) The ration between the number of smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF tests. We compared these indicators between a one year (2016-2017) and two years (2016-2018) timeframe.ResultsFrom 2016 to 2018, the percentage of bacteriologically confirmed cases increased from 67% to 71%. The percentage of new and relapse TB cases notified tested by Xpert MTB/RIF increased from 18% in 2016 to 46% in 2018 and the percentage of bacteriologically confirmed cases with an available DST result for rifampicin increased from 27% in 2016 to 66% in 2018.. The percentage of notified MDR-TB cases on the estimated number of MDR-TB cases in 2018 increased from 43% in 2016 to 78% in 2018. In 2018, the ratio between the number of smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF tests decreased from 53% in 2016 to 21% in 2018. ConclusionWe demonstrated that the implementation of a comprehensive package of laboratory strengthening interventions led to a significant improvement of all indicators. External technical assistance played a key role in speeding up the TB laboratory system improvement process.
Informational Cost and Networks Navigability
Authors: Estrada Ernesto
Published: January 2021

Understanding how information navigates through nodes of a complex network has become an increasingly pressing problem across scientific disciplines. Several approaches have been proposed on the basis of shortest paths or diffusive navigation. However, no existing approaches have tackled the challenges of efficient communication in networks without full knowledge of their global topology under external noise. Here, we develop a first principles approach and mathematical formalism to determine the informational cost of navigating a network under different levels of external noise. Using this approach we discover the existence of a trade-off between the ways in which networks route information through shortest paths, their entropies and stability, which define three classes of real-world networks. This approach reveals that environmental pressure has shaped the ways in which information is transferred in bacterial metabolic net-works and allowed us to determine the levels of noise at which a protein-protein interaction network seems to work in normal conditions in a cell.
A single bacterial sulfatase is required for metabolism of colonic mucin O-glycans and intestinal colonization by a symbiotic human gut bacterium
Authors: Martens Eric , Luis Ana , Jin Chunsheng , Pereira Gabriel , Glowacki Robert , Gugel Sadie , Singh Shaleni , Byrne Dominic , Pudlo Nicholas , London James , Basle Arnaud , Reihill Mark , Oscarson Stefan , Eyers Patrick , Czjzek Mirjam , Michel Gurvan , Barbeyron Tristan , Yates Edwin , Hansson Gunnar , Karlsson Niclas , Cartmell Alan
Published: January 2021

Humans have co-evolved with a dense community of microbial symbionts that inhabit the lower intestine. In the colon, secreted mucus creates a physical barrier that separates these microbes from the intestinal epithelium. Some gut bacteria are able to utilize mucin glycoproteins, the main mucus component, as a nutrient source. However, it remains unclear which bacterial enzymes initiate the degradation of the highly complex O-glycans found in mucins. In the colon, these glycans are heavily sulfated, but the specific sulfatases that are active on colonic mucins have not been identified. Here, we show that sulfatases are essential to the utilization of colonic mucin O-glycans by the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. We have characterized the activity of 12 different sulfatases encoded by this species, showing that these enzymes collectively are active on all of the known sulfate linkages in colonic O-glycans. Crystal structures of 3 enzymes provide mechanistic insight into the molecular basis of substrate-specificity. Unexpectedly, we found that a single sulfatase is essential for utilization of sulfated O-glycans in vitro and also plays a major role in vivo. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms of mucin degradation by gut bacteria, an important process for both normal microbial gut colonization and diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sulfatase activity is likely to be a keystone step in bacterial mucin degradation and inhibition of these enzymes may therefore represent a viable therapeutic path for treatment of IBD and other diseases.
The Predictive Value of High School Grade Point Average to Academic Achievement and Career Satisfaction of Dental Graduates
Authors: Al-Asmar Ayah , Owais Yara , Ismail Noor , Sabra Alaa , Abd-Raheam Islam
Published: January 2021

Background: In a country where admission to dental schools is based solely on the cognitive abilities of students, the aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between high school grade point average and graduating academic achievement for dental students. Moreover, determine whether a correlation exists between dental students’ graduating academic achievement and their career choices and job satisfaction.Methods: A five-year retrospective cohort study was conducted at the University of Jordan, involving (828) dental graduates first enrolled between 2010 and 2014. Corre­lations comparing high school grade point average and graduating academic achievement were done for the total sample composed of (736) students. A short survey was constructed to assess the career choices and job satisfaction for recently graduated dentists and correlate them with their graduating academic achievement. Results: Statistically significant but a weak correlation was found between high school grade point average and graduating academic achievement for dental students (p ≤ 0.05). Statistically significant correlations were found between graduating academic achievement and career choices and job satisfaction and between gender and different tested factors.Conclusion: The significant positive correlations between the high school grade point average and graduating academic achievement of our dental students indicate that our school admission system depending on high school grade point average is a valid system although not enough pre-admission criterion. The significant negative correlation between the graduating academic achievement and the career choices and job satisfaction demonstrates the discontent among fresh graduate dentists in Jordan with their career after graduation. This information is required to update the dental school admissions procedures in response to the changing dental educational landscape.
Photolysis controls the isotopic composition of water products escaping Mars’ atmosphere
Authors: Alday Juan , Trokhimovskiy Alexander , Irwin Patrick , Wilson Colin , Montmessin Franck , Lefèvre Franck , Fedorova Anna , Belyaev Denys , Olsen Kevin , Korablev Oleg , Vals Margaux , Rossi Loïc , Baggio Lucio , Bertaux Jean-Loup , Patrakeev Andrey , Shakun Alexey
Published: January 2021

The current Martian atmosphere is about five times more enriched in deuterium than Earth's, providing a direct testimony that Mars hosted several times more water in its early youth than nowadays. Estimates of the total amount of water lost to space from the current mean D/H value depend on a rigorous appraisal of the relative escape between deuterated and non-deuterated water. The transport of water to the upper atmosphere, from whence it may escape to space, has been assumed to be controlled by water condensation and photolysis, both of which affect the isotope composition of the escaping hydrogen. Their respective role in influencing the relative proportion of escaping D and H atom populations in the upper atmosphere has remained speculative. Here we report HDO and H<2sub>O profiles observed by the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter) in orbit around Mars that, once combined with expected photolysis rates, reveal that the ultraviolet dissociation of water not only governs the production of atomic hydrogen, prevailing over the ion chemistry mechanism, but also dominates the production of H relative to D atoms, disrupting the old paradigm of atmospheric condensation being the main process differentiating D and H in the upper atmosphere.
A health and food-system analysis of Brexit-related policy approaches
Authors: Freund Florian , Springmann Marco
Published: January 2021

Brexit is expected to have significant impacts on the UK food system, which has implications for dietary risk factors and public health. Here we use an integrated economic-health modelling framework to analyse the impacts of different policy approaches to Brexit. According to our analysis, a “Hard Brexit” could increase diet-related mortality in the UK as costs for health-promoting and import-dependent foods, such as fruits and vegetables, increase and their consumption decreases. Negotiating free-trade agreements with the USA and Commonwealth countries as part of a “Global Britain” approach led to relative increases in food availability, but not of health-promoting foods, resulting in further increases in diet and weight-related mortality. Negotiating a free-trade agreement with the EU addressed both food availability and fruit and vegetable intake, which halved the increases in mortality. Combining this “Soft Brexit” approach with an agricultural subsidy reform that incentivises greater production of fruits and vegetables mitigated the Brexit-related increases in risk factors and led to net improvements in diet-related mortality.