bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Voriconazole Plasma Concentration Data from Pediatric Studies
Authors: Karlsson Mats O. , Lutsar Irja , Milligan Peter A.
Published: December 2008

Voriconazole is a potent triazole with broad-spectrum antifungal activity against clinically significant and emerging pathogens. The present population pharmacokinetic analysis evaluated voriconazole plasma concentration-time data from three studies of pediatric patients of 2 to <12 years of age, incorporating a range of single or multiple intravenous (i.v.) and/or oral (p.o.) doses. An appropriate pharmacokinetic model for this patient population was created using the nonlinear mixed-effect modeling approach. The final model described voriconazole elimination by a Michaelis-Menten process and distribution by a two-compartment model. It also incorporated a statistically significant (
P
< 0.001) influence of the CYP2C19 genotype and of the alanine aminotransferase level on clearance. The model was used in a number of deterministic simulations (based on various fixed, mg/kg of body weight, and individually adjusted doses) aimed at finding suitable i.v. and p.o. voriconazole dosing regimens for pediatric patients. As a result, 7 mg/kg twice a day (BID) i.v. or 200 mg BID p.o., irrespective of body weight, was recommended for this patient population. At these doses, the pediatric area-under-the-curve (AUC) distribution exhibited the least overall difference from the adult AUC distribution (at dose levels used in clinical practice). Loading doses or individual dosage adjustments according to baseline covariates are not considered necessary in administering voriconazole to children.
Linezolid Alone or Combined with Rifampin against Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
in Experimental Foreign-Body Infection
Authors: Baldoni Daniela , Haschke Manuel , Rajacic Zarko , Zimmerli Werner , Trampuz Andrej
Published: December 2008

We investigated the activity of linezolid, alone and in combination with rifampin (rifampicin), against a methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) strain in vitro and in a guinea pig model of foreign-body infection. The MIC, minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) in logarithmic phase, and MBC in stationary growth phase were 2.5, >20, and >20 μg/ml, respectively, for linezolid; 0.01, 0.08, and 2.5 μg/ml, respectively, for rifampin; and 0.16, 0.63, >20 μg/ml, respectively, for levofloxacin. In time-kill studies, bacterial regrowth and the development of rifampin resistance were observed after 24 h with rifampin alone at 1× or 4× the MIC and were prevented by the addition of linezolid. After the administration of single intraperitoneal doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg of body weight, linezolid peak concentrations of 6.8, 12.7, and 18.1 μg/ml, respectively, were achieved in sterile cage fluid at ≈3 h. The linezolid concentration remained above the MIC of the test organism for 12 h with all doses. Antimicrobial treatments of animals with cage implant infections were given twice daily for 4 days. Linezolid alone at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg reduced the planktonic bacteria in cage fluid during treatment by 1.2 to 1.7 log
10
CFU/ml; only linezolid at 75 mg/kg prevented bacterial regrowth 5 days after the end of treatment. Linezolid used in combination with rifampin (12.5 mg/kg) was more effective than linezolid used as monotherapy, reducing the planktonic bacteria by ≥3 log
10
CFU (
P
< 0.05). Efficacy in the eradication of cage-associated infection was achieved only when linezolid was combined with rifampin, with cure rates being between 50% and 60%, whereas the levofloxacin-rifampin combination demonstrated the highest cure rate (91%) against the strain tested. The linezolid-rifampin combination is a treatment option for implant-associated infections caused by quinolone-resistant MRSA.
Robust Antiviral Efficacy upon Administration of a Nucleoside Analog to Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Chimpanzees
Authors: Carroll Steven S. , Ludmerer Steven , Handt Larry , Koeplinger Kenneth , Zhang Nanyan Rena , Graham Donald , Davies Mary-Ellen , MacCoss Malcolm , Hazuda Daria , Olsen David B.
Published: December 2008

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects an estimated 170 million individuals worldwide and is associated with an increased incidence of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently approved therapies to treat HCV infection consist of combinations of pegylated alpha interferon and ribavirin which result in a sustained viral response in 40 to 60% of patients. Efforts to develop improved therapies include the development of direct inhibitors of virally encoded enzymes such as the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. A nucleoside analog, 2′-
C
-methyl-7-deaza-adenosine (MK-0608), has been shown to inhibit viral RNA replication in the subgenomic HCV genotype 1b replicon, with a 50% effective concentration (EC
50
) of 0.3 μM (EC
90
= 1.3 μM). To determine efficacy in vivo, MK-0608 was administered to HCV-infected chimpanzees, resulting in dose- and time-dependent decreases in plasma viral loads. In separate experiments, chimpanzees dosed for 7 days with MK-0608 at 0.2 and 2 mg per kg of body weight per day by intravenous administration experienced average reductions in viral load of 1.0 and >5 log
10
IU/ml, respectively. Two other HCV-infected chimpanzees received daily doses of 1 mg MK-0608 per kg via oral administration. After 37 days of oral dosing, one chimpanzee with a high starting viral load experienced a reduction in viral load of 4.6 log
10
, and the viral load in the other chimpanzee fell below the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the HCV TaqMan assay (20 IU/ml). Importantly, viral load remained below the LOQ throughout the duration of dosing and for at least 12 days after dosing ended. The results demonstrate a robust antiviral effect on the administration of MK-0608 to HCV-infected chimpanzees.
In Vitro Efficacy of ST246 against Smallpox and Monkeypox
Authors: Smith Scott K. , Olson Victoria A. , Karem Kevin L. , Jordan Robert , Hruby Dennis E. , Damon Inger K.
Published: December 2008

Since the eradication of smallpox and the cessation of routine childhood vaccination for smallpox, the proportion of the world's population susceptible to infection with orthopoxviruses, such as variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) and monkeypox virus, has grown substantially. In the United States, the only vaccines for smallpox licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have been live virus vaccines. Unfortunately, a substantial number of people cannot receive live virus vaccines due to contraindications. Furthermore, no antiviral drugs have been fully approved by the FDA for the prevention or treatment of orthopoxvirus infection. Here, we show the inhibitory effect of one new antiviral compound, ST-246, on the in vitro growth properties of six variola virus strains and seven monkeypox virus strains. We performed multiple assays to monitor the cytopathic effect and to evaluate the reduction of viral progeny production and release in the presence of the compound. ST-246 had 50% effective concentrations of ≤0.067 μM against variola virus and <0.04 μM against monkeypox virus. In a dose-dependent manner, plaque size and comet tail formation were markedly reduced in the presence of the drug at low, noncytotoxic concentrations between 0.015 and 0.05 μM. Our in vitro phenotype data suggest that ST-246 inhibits variola and monkeypox viruses similarly by reducing the production and release of enveloped orthopoxvirus and support the development of ST-246 as an antiviral therapeutic compound for the treatment of severe systemic orthopoxvirus infections.
Virologic Failure in Therapy-Naïve Subjects on Aplaviroc plus Lopinavir-Ritonavir: Detection of Aplaviroc Resistance Requires Clonal Analysis of Envelope
Authors: Kitrinos Kathryn M. , Amrine-Madsen Heather , Irlbeck David M. , Word J. Michael , Demarest James F.
Published: December 2008

The CCR100136 (EPIC) study evaluated the antiviral activity of the novel CCR5 entry inhibitor aplaviroc in combination with lopinavir-ritonavir in drug-naïve human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected subjects. Although the trial was stopped prematurely due to idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, 11 subjects met the protocol-defined virologic failure criteria. Clonal analyses of the viral envelope tropism, aplaviroc susceptibility, and
env
sequencing were performed on plasma at day 1 and at the time of virologic failure. Molecular evolutionary analyses were also performed. Treatment-emergent resistance to aplaviroc or lopinavir-ritonavir was not observed at the population level. However, aplaviroc resistance was detected prior to therapy at both the clonal and population levels in one subject with virologic failure and in six subjects in a minority (<50%) of clones at day 1 or at the time of virologic failure. Reduced aplaviroc susceptibility manifested as a 50% inhibitory concentration curve shift and/or a plateau. Sequence changes in the clones with aplaviroc resistance were unique to each subject and scattered across the envelope coding region. Clones at day 1 and at the time of virologic failure were not phylogenetically distinct. Two subjects with virologic failure had a population tropism change from CCR5- to dual/mixed-tropic during treatment. Virologic failure during a regimen of aplaviroc and lopinavir-ritonavir may be associated with aplaviroc resistance, only at the clonal level, and/or, infrequently, tropism changes.
The Emerging Human Pathogen
Photorhabdus asymbiotica
Is a Facultative Intracellular Bacterium and Induces Apoptosis of Macrophage-Like Cells
Authors: Costa S. C. P. , Girard P. A. , Brehélin M. , Zumbihl R.
Published: December 2008

Photorhabdus
species are gram-negative entomopathogenic bacteria of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Among the different members of the genus, one species,
Photorhabdus asymbiotica
, is a pathogen of both insects and humans. The pathogenicity mechanisms of this bacterium are unknown. Here we show that
P. asymbiotica
is a facultative intracellular pathogen that is able to replicate inside human macrophage-like cells. Furthermore,
P. asymbiotica
was shown for the first time in an intracellular location after insect infection. We also demonstrated that among Australian and American clinical isolates, only the Australian strains were able to invade nonphagocytic human cells. In cell culture infection experiments, Australian clinical isolates as well as cell-free bacterial culture supernatant induced strong apoptosis of a macrophage cell line at 6 h postinfection. American isolates also induced cellular death, but much later than that induced by Australian ones. Mammalian cultured cells analyzed for key features of apoptosis displayed apoptotic nuclear morphology, activation of the initiator caspases 8 and 9 and the executioner caspases 3 and 7, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis, suggesting activation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways.
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Prevents Intestinal Epithelial Cell Injury Caused by
Enterobacter sakazakii
-Induced Nitric Oxide both In Vitro and in the Newborn Rat Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Hunter Catherine J. , Williams Monica , Petrosyan Mikael , Guner Yigit , Mittal Rahul , Mock Dennis , Upperman Jeffrey S. , Ford Henri R. , Prasadarao Nemani V.
Published: December 2008

Enterobacter sakazakii
is an emerging pathogen that has been associated with outbreaks of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) as well as infant sepsis and meningitis. Our previous studies demonstrated that
E. sakazakii
induces NEC in a newborn rat model by inducing enterocyte apoptosis. However, the mechanisms responsible for enterocyte apoptosis are not known. Here we demonstrate that
E. sakazakii
induces significant production of nitric oxide (NO) in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) upon infection. The elevated production of NO, which is due to increased expression of inducible NO synthase, is responsible for apoptosis of IEC-6 cells. Notably, pretreatment of IEC-6 cells with
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
(ATCC 12278) attenuated the upregulation of NO production and thereby protected the cells from
E. sakazakii
-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, pretreatment with
L. bulgaricus
promoted the integrity of enterocytes both in vitro and in the infant rat model of NEC, even after challenge with
E. sakazakii
. Infection of IEC-6 cells with
E. sakazakii
upregulated several genes related to apoptosis, cytokine production, and various signaling pathways, as demonstrated by rat gene array analysis, and this upregulation was subdued by pretreatment with
L. bulgaricus
. In agreement with these data,
L. bulgaricus
pretreatment protected newborn rats infected with
E. sakazakii
from developing NEC, resulting in improved survival.
The effect of microwave therapy upon muscle blood flow in man.
Authors: Wyper D. J. , McNiven D. R.
Published: December 2008

Muscle blood flow was measured using a radioactive tracer technique in five normal subjects. Flow values obtained during application of 2450 MHz microwave therapy were compared with resting values and in each case the treatment produced a significant increase; the mean values being 2.9 ml/100g/min at rest and 11.4 ml/100g/min during application of the microwave therapy. Comparison is made with previous studies using other therapeutic agents and it is concluded that the most significant effect on muscle blood flow is produced by microwave therapy.
British pilot study of exercise therapy. I. Middle-aged men.
Authors: Carruthers M. E. , Edwards R. H. , Pride N. B. , Nixon P. , De Moncheaux C.
Published: December 2008

The physiological and biochemical effects of a carefully graduated course of vigorous gymnasium training with two or three weekly exercise sessions lasting only 15 minutes have been studied in middle-aged London business men. Activity diaries and psychological questionnaires indicated that these men had a positive attitude to exercise which was probably greater than average. The gymnasium exercises caused a large oxygen debt and considerable rises in plasma catecholamines and lactate levels. A close correlation was found between the pulse rate during exercise and the Borg scale of perceived exertion, so that both could be used to ensure that short periods of exercise were sufficiently vigorous to produce a training effect, and protect against over-exertion. The acceptability of this particular exercise regime was shown by the low fall-out and injury rate. It is suggested that this exercise training programme possesses many features which are advantageous if increased physical activity is to be more widely used as a method of reducing some of the risk factors in coronary heart disease.
The reproducibility of submaximal work heart rates-an interim report.
Authors: Sykes K. , Pace E. , Charlesworth E. J.
Published: December 2008

Work heart rates were taken from four subjects performing standardized bouts of work on the Monark Ergometer. Whilst a linear relationship was observed between heart rate and work intensity on any one day, it is evident that day to day variations in the position (intercept) of these lines exists. The slopes are virtually identical for all subjects and for different days, however the position of the lines differs widely both between and within subjects. The best linear regression equation developed for the prediction of heart rate after 180 seconds of work from pre-exercise heart rate and work intensity was found to have 95% confidence limits of +/- 12.7 beats. Heart rates are reproducible 95% of the time to within +/- 12.2 beats when pre-exercise heart rate is ignored.
The excretion of ibuprofen by the horse - a preliminary report.
Authors: Evans J. A. , Lambert M. B. , Miller J.
Published: December 2008

The anti-inflammatory drug Ibuprofen [(+/-)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid] was estimated in the blood and urine of a horse using gas-liquid chromatography of the silylated derivative. Levels of the drug in the two body fluids were measured over a period of about 24 hours after administering a 12 gm dose of Ibuprofen. Plasma peak levels were observed within 30 to 60 min, and the drug was no longer detectable in the plasma by 8 hr. Urinary peak levels were observed 200 to 300 min after dosing, and the drug was no longer detectable in the urine by about 28 hr. It was observed that only 2% to 6% of the free unchanged drug was excreted in the urine.
The gas-liquid chromatograph and the electron capture detection in equine drug testing.
Authors: Blake J. W. , Tobin T.
Published: December 2008

Three gas-liquid chromatographic (G.L.C.) procedures discussed have been designed around the four "esses" of detection tests--speed, sensitivity, simplicity, and specificity. These techniques are admirably applicable to the very low plasma drug levels encountered in blood testing under pre-race conditions. The methods are equally applicable to post-race testing procedures, where both blood and urine samples are tested. Drugs can only rarely be detected by the electron capture detector (E.C.D.) without a prior derivatization step, which conveys to the drug(s) high electron affinity. Because of broad applicability, two derivatizing agents, heptafluorobutyric (HFBA) and pentafluorpropionic (PFPA) anhydrides are employed. The three techniques, allowing broad coverage of various drug classes are: 1) direct derivatization of drugs to form strongly electron capturing amides and esters. 2) reductive fragmentation of drugs with lithium aluminum hydride to form alcohols, with conversion to ester derivatives. 3) oxidative fragmentation of drugs with potassium dichromate to form derivatizable groups, followed by direct derivatization.
Meralgia paraesthetica--a sports lesion in girl gymnasts.
Authors: Macgregor J. , Moncur J. A.
Published: December 2008

Investigation into thigh pain in two girl gymnasts has established the likely relationship between the point of impact on the thighs during exercises on the asymmetric bars and mild neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaenous nerve. The clinical and biomechanical steps taken to elucidate the problem are described. Local infiltration of anaesthetic has confirmed a definitive diagnosis of meralgia paraesthetica in one case.
On the choice of fluid for the hydration of middle-aged marathon runners.
Authors: Kavanagh T. , Shephard R. J.
Published: December 2008

Nine subjects (five well-trained post-coronary patients and four other middle-aged joggers) paticipated in a 42 km "Marathon" race. The course was covered in an average of 212 minutes under pleasantly warm conditions (Maximum 21.7 degree C, 69% relative humidity). Subjects were given initial hyperhydration and repeated subsequent doses of water, "Erg" (Na+ 19mE/l K+ 10.7mE/l, glucose 5.3g/100 ml) or a "Special Solution" (during the race Na+ 21mE/1 glucose 4.1g/100 ml; after the race Na+ 20 mE/l, K+ 4.7mE/l., glucose 4.1 g/100 ml). Weight loss averaged 2.2 kg and sweat production 3.3l taking account of water liberated from the hydration of glycogen and the oxidation of food stuffs, it was estimated that most subjects suffered relatively little dehydration over the race (0.4--0.8l). This was confirmed by a sustained urine production of greater than 100ml/hr. Nevertheless, rectal temperatures showed substantial elevation over the race (final readings 38.3 - 40.2 degree C). In terms of fluid balance and stability of plasma mineral composition, the runners drinking water performed slightly better than those receiving the other two solutions. Nevertheless, there may be merit in giving potassium solutions during recovery from vigorous effort.
Metabolic effects of heavy physical training on female 'age-group' swimmers.
Authors: Robinson P. S. , Caffrey G. P. , Ridinger R. R. , Steinmetz C. W. , Bartels R. L. , Shaffer T. E.
Published: December 2008

Twelve female age-group swimmers and twelve female controls, aged ten to sixteen, performed a pre-training discontinuous maximal cycle ergometer test to determine the capacities of their anaerobic (alactacid and lactacid) and aerobic energy systems. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were determined during rest, exercise, and recovery. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise for determination of blood lactic acid concentrations. Tests were readministered to both groups immediately following the swimmers' competitive season. It was concluded that female swimmers possess significantly superior oxygen transport systems as compared to the untrained controls and that the high level of aerobic fitness is maintained throughout their training programme.
Effect of a twelve week exercise programme on cardio-respiratory and body composition variables in non-obese young and middle-aged females
Authors: White Gail M. , Young R. J.
Published: December 2008

This study investigated the effect of a 12-week exercise programme consisting of jogging, calistnenics, and recreational activities on the cardiorespiratory function and body composition of 15 young and 15 middle-aged nonobese women 21-32 and 34-57 years, respectively. The exercise programme was 3 days per week for an average of 45 minutes each session. Pre- and post-programme data were obtained on: age, height, total body weight, resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, vital capacity, submaximal heart rate, supra-iliac skinfold, thigh skinfold, waist girth, cup size, body density, and percent fat. The t-test was used to test the difference between the young and middle-aged groups before and after the exercise programme and to test the pre- and post-programme mean values of each group. No differences between the groups or changes due to the exercise programme were observed on total body weight. No significant cardiorespiratory differences were found between the two groups at either test period, however, the young group decreased significantly (p < .01) in submaximal HR and the middle-aged group decreased significantly in resting (p < .01) and submaximal (p < .001) HR illustrating the positive effect of the programme. No significant body composition differences were found between the two groups at the pre-test. At the post-test the middle-aged group had a significantly (p < .10) larger thigh skinfold thickness than the young group. The young group did not change significantly on body composition measures from pre- to post-test. In contrast, the middle-aged group increased significantly in body density (p < .01) and decreased in percent body fat (p < .01) due to a significant (p < .01) reduction in supra-iliac skinfold thickness from 21.67 ± 2.35 to 18.13 ± 2.08 mm. The data were compared with data from other studies using similar age groups. The pre-test percent fat of the young group (25.07 ± .74) was similar to values reported in other studies. The middle-aged group had a relatively lower fat percentage (27.46 ± 1.58) compared with other middle-aged groups.
A simple inexpensive method for estimating underwater weight.
Authors: Thomas T. R. , Cook P. L.
Published: December 2008

A description is given of a simple, inexpensive and versatile method for estimating underwater weight. The use of a portable stock tank allows the determination of % Fat by underwater weighing without requiring a swimming pool, built-in tank, or special facility. Twenty-eight college students were weighed on two separate testing sessions 24-48 hours apart. Ten trials were performed at each session. The mean of the last five trials was used in determining underwater weight. The test-retest reliability coefficient was high, r = 0.98, and most of the successive trial correlations were above 0.99. The mean % Fat for the women (N = 9) was 22.2 +/- 5.9 and for the men (N = 19) was 13.7 +/- 5.1.
Standards on age, height and weight in Olympic running events for men.
Authors: Khosla T.
Published: December 2008

The Olympic champions, finalists and participants are well differentiated on age, height and weight (adjusted for height) in each of the eight running events. Height for height, the champions in sprinting events are heavier than other participants but the trend is reversed in long distance events. Physiological reasons for these differences are discussed.
The energy cost of an 80 km run.
Authors: Myles W. S.
Published: December 2008

Data was collected from two men who attempted an 80 km run. Measurements of aerobic power (VO2 max) and determinations of heart rate (HR) and submaximal oxygen consumption (VO2) during treadmill running were carried out one week before the run. Throughout the 80 km run, HR was recorded by telemetry and used together with the laboratory data to estimate VO2 as a percentage of VO2 max. One subject completed the 80 km distance at 58% of VO2 max, the other subject, operating at 74% of VO2 max, was obliged to retired after 55 km. The data in this and other studies indicate that the high energy costs reported for the marathon (70-85% of VO2 max) cannot be sustained over the 80 km distance but that about 60% of VO2 max can be continued for seven hours and longer.
Body composition of rugby union football players.
Authors: Bell W.
Published: December 2008

The components of body composition were studied in 56 second class rugby union football players: 28 forwards and 28 backs. Fowards were found to have 19.5% TBF (TOTAL BODY FAT) and 80.5% LBM (LEAN BODY MASS); backs 12.2% TBF and 87.8% LBM. It was felt that greater attention should be given to the ratio of TBF to LBM in determining body weight and that there should be an increased emphasis of the LBM at the expense of TBF.
Equestrian injuries--a one year prospective study.
Authors: McLatchie G. R.
Published: December 2008

A one year prospective study of equestrian injuries was carried out in an area where horse riding is a popular pursuit. 115 persons suffered injury--eighty females and thirty-five males of whom sixty were under fifteen years of age. No fatalities were recorded and there were 0.2 injuries per 100 rides. Most injuries were minor and to the musculo-skeletal system. Visceral and cerebral injuries were not common but the former were life threatening in all cases. It is concluded that young riders should be supervised.
Major injuries in Norwegian football.
Authors: Roaas A. , Nilsson S.
Published: December 2008

All Norwegian football players are insurance covered and most of the severe injuries occurring in Norwegian football are therefore reported to the Norwegian Football Association. Based on these reports a survey of major injuries in Norwegian football in the period 1970-1974 is given. This study has already led to recommendations to the Football Association in order to reduce the number of severe injuries. A more extensive registration form is now used which probably will give more and better information about injuries in Norwegian football in the future.
Aerobic work capacity in young sedentary men and active athletes in India
Authors: Verma S. K. , Sidhu L. S. , Kansal D. K.
Published: December 2008

Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) was determined in 40 sedentary men aged 17-25 years and in 96 active athletes of the same age participating in 5 different kinds of sport. The V̇O2max in the sedentary group was found to be 36.8 ± 4.0 (SD) ml.kg.-1min-1. The results in the sedentary group were found to be lower than those recorded on inactive populations in other countries by 12-35%, possibly due to the low participation rate in sport among Indians. The mean V̇O2max in 96 active athletes was 48.4 ± 5.1 ml.kg.-1min-1which is slightly low as compared to V̇O2max values recorded in active populations in other countries. The difference in the mean V̇O2max of sedentary group and that of the active one was found to be statistically significant. The highest mean V̇O2max was recorded in the group of long distance runners (56.4 ml.kg.-1min-1) while lowest mean V̇O2max values were recorded in the group of football players 44.2 + 2.1 ml.kg.-1min-1).
Blood lactate concentrations during incremental work before and after maximum exercise.
Authors: Davis H. A. , Gass G. C.
Published: December 2008

Five male subjects performed three successive incremental work tests on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. The first and second tests were separated by thirty minutes of rest, the second and third by three minutes of maximum work. During the third test, venous blood lactate concentrations were still decreasing at work rates where they were increasing during the first two tests. The work rate at which rapid increases in lactate concentrations occurred during the final test coincided with the work rate where rapid increases occurred in the two initial tests. It was concluded that this point represented a threshold where a balance existed between removal and release of lactate from and into the plasma compartment, and did not coincide with the anaerobic threshold. It is postulated that steady state work at levels above this threshold would result in a continuous increase in venous lactate concentration.
Combined force injury of the elbow joint--the mechanism clarified.
Authors: McLatchie G. R. , Miller J. H. , Morris E. W.
Published: December 2008

An unusual elbow injury occurring as a result of a poorly executed breakfall in judo is recorded. The treatment, possible mechanism and outcome are described. The poor prognosis of severe lesions is emphasised with reference to current literature.
Backache in oarsmen.
Authors: Stallard M. C.
Published: December 2008

There has been an increase in complaints of backache amongst oarsmen recently. It is suggested that backache is related to the training programme and the modern style of rowing and that the rotational forces of rowing are responsible for the symptoms. An approach to the management of the problem is suggested.
The oxygen uptake - work-output relationship of runners during graded cycling exercise: sprinters vs. endurance runners.
Authors: Niemelä K. , Palatsi I. , Takkunen J.
Published: December 2008

In order to study oxygen consumption (VO2) for a given work load at the exhaustive level of a graded cycling exercise in well-trained runners, a progressive cycle ergometer exercise test was performed on 9 sprinters and 12 endurance runners, all in good national standing; 12 sedentary men served as control subjects. The relationship between VO2 and work-output appeared to be linear in most of the subjects, but a plateau phenomenon was observed in two sprinters and two endurance runners. An upwards curvilinear increase in VO2 was noticed during the last two minutes of exercise in four endurance runners, but not in any of the sprinters. The four endurance runners with this unexpected increase in VO2 had a significantly higher (p < .01) "peak VO2" (mean = 75.3 ml.kg.-1.min.-1) than the rest of the endurance runners (mean = 55.1), and a significantly higher (p < .001) peak VO2 than the sprinters (mean = 46.0). It is concluded that the plateau phenomenon appears in runners during graded cycle ergometry, though rather seldom. It is less clear if the endurance runners showing the upwards curvilinear increase in VO2 possess a better aerobic performance capacity towards the end of progressive exercise. Nevertheless, the linear relationship between VO2 and work load does not appear to be the only one observed in runners during graded exercise.
Cervical injury in rugby football--a New Zealand survey.
Authors: Burry H. C. , Gowland H.
Published: December 2008

In a study of cervical injury in New Zealand rugby football in the years 1973 to 1978 inclusive, 54 cases of injury were identified of which five were fatal. There is no evidence that the incidence of these injuries is increasing. Incomplete figures for the season of 1979/80 include two deaths and 14 cases of permanent cord compression or temporary quadriplegia. The scrum is confirmed as a danger area but the danger occurring during the formation of the scrum is seen to be greater than was previously thought. Young players appear to be particularly vulnerable in scrums. The ruck and maul are danger areas. One-third of the accidents occurred during training or social games. It is concluded that the incidence of injury could be reduced by appropriate player selection, better coaching and amendment of the laws. Since only one player was aware of his danger at the time of his accident, it would seem that coaching with an emphasis on awareness and precautionary measures would be effective in prevention of cervical injury.
Karate and karate injuries.
Authors: McLatchie G.
Published: December 2008

The origins of karate and its evolution as a sport are described. Karate injuries tend to occur in three main areas: the head and neck, the viscera, and the limbs. Effective legislation controlling karate, which could help prevent injuries, is lacking at the moment and should be established. Recommendations for the prevention of injury include the introduction of weight classes, mandatory provision of protective equipment such as padded flooring, and the outlawing of certain uncontrollable methods of attack.
Canoeists' disorientation following cold immersion
Authors: Baker S. , Atha J.
Published: December 2008

As an initial step to a broader study of the disorientating effects of cold water immersions on top class competitive canoeists a survey was made of the incidence of hazardous immersions amongst a majority sample of the better canoeists in the country. Virtually the entire entry to one of the most important national competitive meets was canvassed. A total of 288 canoeists in the 1st and 2nd divisions were identified and asked to participate. Replies were received from 247 (86%).

All those responding had had extensive experience of canoeing in winter spate and were capable of fast and efficient first-time canoe rolls in cases of capsize. Particular interest was focussed on the 85 (34%) who had experienced at least one capsize in cold water during training or competition in mid-winter.

Respondents viewed the winter capsize seriously. Despite their familiarity with the conditions in which they trained all 85, recalling their capsize experiences, reported being concerned, most (79%) only modestly so, but a significant proportion (21%) confessed to feelings of extreme alarm.

A number of marked physical symptoms that regularly attend on a capsize were widely reported, the most usual of which was severe pain in the forehead (89%) and breathing and speaking difficulties when afloat (64%). Additionally 62% reported sensory problems including visual difficulties, dizziness and disorientation. Five canoeists admitted fainting.

Despite these hazards few preventive measures were taken and clothing with negligible thermal insulation properties was commonly worn. It is concluded that transient cold immersions can be disturbing, and can disorientate the canoeist, but that although conscious of this and to his own potentially high cost, he takes little notice of it in his desire to compete successfully.
Blood lactate concentration following maximum exercise in trained subjects.
Authors: Gass G. C. , Rogers S. , Mitchell R.
Published: December 2008

The time when blood lactate reaches peak concentration following maximum exercise is unclear. The post exercise venous blood lactate concentration was determined serially for 30 minutes in 13 trained men following maximum exercise on a motor driven treadmill. Lactates were determined enzymatically in duplicate. The VO2 max and percent body fat was 65.1 +/- 4.8 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 11.4 +/- 1.4, respectively. The venous lactate reached a peak concentration at the 6th minute (14.2 mmol.L-1) of an inactive recovery, and declined linearly thereafter to reach a concentration of 7.43 +/- 0.60 mmol.L-1 at the 30th minute. The net rate of lactate removal was .30 mmol.L-1.min-1. Statistical analysis found no significant difference in lactate concentration during the 4th, 5th and 6th minute post exercise, indicating that these post exercise times may be appropriate to sample venous blood for peak lactate concentration.
Tennis elbow: incidence in local league players.
Authors: Carroll R.
Published: December 2008

Seventy-four local league players were surveyed through a questionnaire and interview to establish the incidence of tennis elbow, the perceived causes, preventive measures taken and their perceived effectiveness. Of these 35% suffered from tennis elbow, 77% of those critically. The tennis racquet used, technique and timing and the condition of the court were perceived as the main causes, whilst playing tennis frequently was seen as the main contributory factor. The effectiveness of both medical treatment and non-medical measures are noted, but only 5 cases of complete recovery from the injury are reported. Medical help was not sought in almost 50% of the cases, and lack of faith in the GP's interest or advice was noted. Information about tennis elbow did not appear to be easily accessible. More sports injury clinics and wider dissemination of information are suggested. The American research is reviewed.
University of Manchester sports injury clinic.
Authors: Galasko C. S. , Menon T. J. , Lemon G. J. , Banks A. J. , Morris M. A. , Bourne M. S. , Bentley S.
Published: December 2008

This paper reviews the work of the sports injury clinic based at the Student Health Centre, University of Manchester during its first eighteen months. A total of 852 patients including 46 Centre of Excellence athletes were treated. The results indicate that the establishment of such a specialised clinic is worthwhile, that the injured sportsmen should be treated by individuals trained and interested in the treatment of injured patients in general and that the commonest injuries are soft tissue injuries to the knee of ankle joint. A record card, designed for future computer analysis, is illustrated. It includes details of the sport, training, mechanism of injury, pathology and treatment.
Some risk factors in trampolining illustrated by six serious injuries.
Authors: Hammer A. , Schwartzbach A. L. , Paulev P. E.
Published: December 2008

Four case histories out of 75 significant trampoline injuries (from a total of 198 injuries re-examined) plus two recent accidents (1979) are presented, illustrating that the trampoline is posing an undue risk of serious injury. It is argued that the only single factor capable of preventing trampoline injuries is a trampoline ban. This is imperative in schools. Trampoline clubs are advised to reconsider the risk factors involved.
Physical efficiency tests on Indian male "Kabaddi" inter-university players.
Authors: De A. K. , Dasgupta P. K. , Panda B. K. , Bhattacharya A. K.
Published: December 2008

The participants of inter-university "Kabaddi" competition showed higher values of height, weight and surface area than average Indian population, indicating better attainment of growth in them. Further, the values of respiratory efficiency tests like, FEV1, MEFR and PEFR were also observed to be more in these players, probably due to training effect. The grip strength values were high in comparison to those of Indian football goalkeepers and hockey players.
Seasonal changes in cyclists' performance. Part I. The British Olympic road race squad.
Authors: White J. A. , Quinn G. , Al-Dawalibi M. , Mulhall J.
Published: December 2008

British Olympic road squad cyclists were monitored during the 1980 racing season to evaluate training for the Moscow Games. Riders demonstrated reductions in body fat index, % body fat and endomorphy (p greater than .05). Graded exercise, using a "Racermate" wind load simulator/racing cycle ergometer system, showed reduced cardiovascular demands to warm-up exercise, and increased cardiovascular index, VO2 maximum, aerobic/anaerobic threshold shifts during maximal exercise (NS), with no changes in gearing, equivalent road speed, absolute/relative power output and leg power. Compared with "non-select" riders demonstrated lower body fat index, % body fat and endomorphy (p greater than .05), higher Hb and PCV % (p greater than .05) and elevated neuroticism and extraversion (p greater than .05). Furthermore, "select" riders demonstrated lower HR and CV index during warm-up exercise (p greater than .05), and elevated CV index, VO2 maximum, aerobic/anerobic thresholds during maximal exercise (p greater than .05), resulting from higher gearing, equivalent road speed and absolute/relative power output (p greater than .05).
Surgical treatment of ankle instability in athletes.
Authors: Kristiansen B.
Published: December 2008

Eighteen athletes with symptoms of recurrent sprain and instability of the ankle during activity were treated by reconstructing the lateral ligament by the Evans technique. Before the operation 55 per cent had given up all athletic activities because of pain, swelling or instability, and 17 per cent had restricted their activities. The average age at operation was 24.6 years and the average follow-up period 3.1 years. Normal stability was achieved in 67 per cent and improved stability in 11 per cent, but only 33 per cent were still engaged in athletic activities without any complaints from the ankle. The results are similar to other methods of surgical repair.
Complication-free Achilles tendon repair.
Authors: Cetti R.
Published: December 2008

Fifty-one patients with subcutaneous rupture of the tendo calcanei Achillis were consecutively operated on with simple end-to-end suture using Bunnell's technique. The operation was performed under local anaesthesia. All patients were seen at follow-up four months after the operation. The complication rate was low compared to the ones reported in the current literature. It is concluded that operative treatment of Achilles tendon rupture performed under local anaesthesia is safe, economical and acceptable to patients.
Physiological and anthropometric parameters that describe a rugby union team.
Authors: Maud P. J.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to describe the anthropometric and physiological parameters that apply to a USA amateur rugby union club team. Fifteen players who were members of the club's first team were evaluated for body composition, muscular strength, power and endurance, flexibility, anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, and cardio-respiratory function shortly after completion of the regular season. Means for some of the variables measured include: age, 29 yr; height, 180 cm; weight, 84 kg; lean body weight, 74 kg; body fat, 12%, endurance sit-ups, 50/min; vertical jump height, 51 cm; anaerobic power output, 132 m.kg.s-1 (1.32 kw); anaerobic capacity, 2247 m.kp/40s (22.5 kJ); maximum heart rate, 186 beats/min; maximum ventilation, 175 l/min-1; maximum respiratory quotient 1.23; and maximum oxygen uptake, 56.6 ml.kg-1 min-1. In comparison with other rugby players studied these players had higher maximum oxygen uptake values, were similar in endurance sit-up and vertical jump ability, exhibited less upper body strength, and the forwards had lower body fat percentages. They were generally within the range of scores found to describe the aerobic and anaerobic fitness, and body composition of other élite amateur and professional intermittent sport athletes.
Physiological and psychological correlates of success in track and field athletes.
Authors: Thomas T. R. , Zebas C. J. , Bahrke M. S. , Araujo J. , Etheridge G. L.
Published: December 2008

Twenty-four collegiate distance runners and 20 power athletes (sprinters and jumpers) of various success levels were tested on a number of physiological and psychological parameters. Multiple regression analysis indicated that physiological factors could explain over 81% of the variance related to successful distance running while physiological and psychological factors could explain over 80% of the of the variance related to successful sprinting and jumping. Body weight, fibre type, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and hamstring strength were significant singular correlates to successful distance running. Year in school, percent body fat, quadriceps strength, and leg muscle balance were significant single correlates to successful sprinting and jumping performance.
Cardiovascular and metabolic responses of trained and untrained middle-aged men to a graded treadmill walking test.
Authors: Williams D. H. , Williams C.
Published: December 2008

A treadmill walking test was developed in order to provide a suitable method of assessing the fitness levels of sedentary middle-aged men (mean age, 44.3 yrs) at submaximal intensity. The incremental stages of the test enabled subjects to terminate the workload whenever undue discomfort was experienced. The test procedure was used in a preliminary experiment to compare the cardiovascular and metabolic responses of trained and untrained middle-aged men to exercise. Heart rate responses to the test were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the untrained, compared with the trained, men as were the post-exercise blood lactic acid concentrations (p less than 0.01), Respiratory Exchange Ratios (p less than 0.01), Ventilatory Equivalents (p less than 0.05) and Rate of Perceived Exertion (p less than 0.01). However, there were no differences in the oxygen cost of walking between the two groups.
Influence of time of day on all-out swimming.
Authors: Baxter C. , Reilly T.
Published: December 2008

The effect of time of day on all-out swim performances was examined. Fourteen subjects performed maximal front crawl swim tests on separate days over 100 m. and 400 m. at 5 different times of day between 06.30 h. and 22.00 h. Performance showed a significant linear trend with time of day in close though not exact association with the circadian rhythm in oral temperature: a goodness of fit test confirmed that the values predicted from linear trend analysis coincided with the measured values (p less than 0.05). The steady improvement throughout the day was 3.5% for 100 m. and 2.5% for 400 m. swims. Trunk flexibility displayed a time of day variation with a trough in the morning and a peak in the afternoon. No significant rhythm was observed in ankle and shoulder flexibility, grip strength or peak expiratory flow rate (p greater than 0.05). It was concluded that maximal swimming trials are best scheduled for the evening and worst in the early morning. Specific fitness factors cannot clearly account for the higher exercise capability in the evening which is strongly related to the circadian curve in body temperature.
Influence of time of day on reactions to cycling at a fixed high intensity.
Authors: Reilly T. , Baxter C.
Published: December 2008

The circadian cycle in all-out competitive performance may be due to changes in motivational drive to tolerate strenuous exercise rather than to rhythms in maximal physiological functions. This experiment explored the hypothesis that a fixed relative loading of high intensity aerobic effort could be sustained for longer in the evening compared with the morning. Eight females cycled to exhaustion at 95% VO2 max at 06.30 h. and at 22.00 h. after a 5 min, moderate load of 40% VO2 max. Oral temperature was 0.4 degrees C higher at 22.00 h. compared with the earlier time. Perceived exertion showed no significant effect of time of day at either work load but exercise tolerance time, total work done and peak lactate production were significantly greater at 22.00 h. (p = 0.05). Perceived exertion at the high load was significantly related to endurance time (r = -0.77) and to the rating at the low work level (r = 0.75). Peak lactate was not significantly correlated with the time to exhaustion (p less than 0.05). It was concluded that superior exercise performance in the evening may be attributed to a greater tolerance for high intensity exercise which is closely associated with the acrophase in body temperature.