bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Latin American Revolution: a Theory of Imperialism, Not Dependence
Authors: Fernández Raúl A. , Ocampo José F.
Published: March 2007

Our central concern in this issue is to raise new questions about dependency theory, elaborate and refine ideas, and generate new thinking on the subject. Timothy Harding, who was deeply involved in the dialogue and revision on the Fernández-Ocampo article, is Associate Professor of History at California State University, Los Angeles and author of a recent study of labor in Brazil. Raúl A. Fernández and José F. Ocampo argue for discarding dependency theory altogether and identify a number of weaknesses in that theory. Fernández is Assistant Professor and Ocampo is Visiting Professor in the Program in Comparative Culture at the University of California, Irvine. Critical comments on their paper are offered by Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Marvin Sternberg. Cardoso, director of the Centro Brasileiro de Análise e Planejamento in Sao Paulo and author of major contributions on dependency strongly attacks Fernández- Ocampo. Sternberg, Associate Professor of Economics at the State University of New York, Albany, attempts to move toward a reconciliation of theory by dependentistas and traditional Marxists. Now associated with the Latin American Institute of the Free University of Berlin, André Gunder Frank reviews his own writings on dependency and underdevelopment in the light of many criticisms he has received in recent years, and he offers a negative prognosis on the work of dependistas. Guy J. Gilbert, a graduate student in political scince at the University of California, Riverside, delves into another area; he examines and rebuts the proposition that dependency is of crucial significance in socialist countries.
O Inimigo De Papel
Authors: Cardoso Fernando Henrique
Published: March 2007

(There are two polemics: that which clarifies, refines, and advances understanding and that such as the Fernández-Ocampo article which is dogmatic and reaffirms positions which political practice has made obsolete. The authors unjustly lump all the dependentistas together and do not refer to the vast Latin American literature on the subect. Weffort (1970) made an opposite (and equally erroneous) critique to that of Fernández-Ocampo, accusing the dependent istas of ignoring the internal enemies and concentrating only on imperialism. The mistake in both cases artificially separates imperialism from its internal allies in the dominated country. The authors also ignore the context in which Frank set his position on the capitalist character of Latin America since the conquest, and they do not make any contribution by characterizing Latin America as semi-feudal or with strong feudal remnants. The main contribution of depen dency theory has been to get beyond the generality of imperialism and describe specific mech anisms and ties between the local and international structures. Dependentistas do not substitute for or invalidate the theory of imperialism. Nor do they claim that dependency produces only underdevelopment, for indeed there can be dependent development. Dependency must be ana lyzed historically to see how colonial slave dependency is different from feudal dependency. Some countries were never underdeveloped or dependent since both processes began only with the development of a world market and the exploitation of some states by others. Most Latin American agrarian economies are not capitalist or feudal but rather are colonial-latifundist. Thus the authors create paper enemies in the feudal lords and their imperialist allies. Further, they invent a growing gap between city and country while in fact industrialization, urbanization, and dependent capitalism follow developmental lines with great unevenness and regional differen tiation. The principal enemy is not imperialism seen as something separate from local domina tion. The struggle against imperialism implies identifying its internal face which is the local monopoly industrial-financial sector and the local bourgeoisie to which it is allied in both city and countryside) .
Recent Advances in Development of High Performance Composites
Authors: Economy J.
Published: March 2007

Considerable progress has been made in development of reinforcing agents which combine high strength and stiffness with low density and good thermal resistance. Status of work carried out on the use of single crystal whiskers, polycrystalline fibers and single crystal flakes as reinforcing materials is dis cussed. Progress made on incorporating these various types of reinforcing agents into composites is reviewed. Whiskers are shown to have considerable potential but because of subcriti cal length and low strength poor translation of properties has been reported. Continuous filaments of boron and graphite ap pear to provide the most immediate opportunity for develop ment of high performance composites. However, eventually it appears that single crystal flakes will provide the greatest advantage because of their tendency to reinforce in the planar direction. For high temperature application composites rein forced with boron nitride or carbon fiber are the most promising.
Plastisol Sealants for Automotive Applications
Authors: Bullman A.R.
Published: March 2007

Plastisol sealants are widely used in the automotive industry both as structural adhesives and as water-proofing compounds. Over the years, a variety of materials have been used to promote adhesion in formulated plastisol sealants. This paper covers experimental work with a series of plastisol sealants using silane coupling agents as integral blend adhesion promoters. Silanes with cyclic epoxy, mer capto, amino, and diamino functional groups have been studied. The influence of silane structure on adhesion, viscosity, viscosity stabil ity, flow properties, and sag resistance has been examined. After detailed study of formulating variables, it has been found that silane coupling agents will contribute significantly to the improvement of a number of essential sealant characteristics.
Elastoplastics In Engine Gaskets
Authors: Johnson A.H.
Published: March 2007

There is a very wide range of physical property requirements for engine gaskets. For example, sealing pressures may range from 150 psi to 3000 psi, temperature spans of several hundred degrees are normally encountered and resistance of hot oil, fuels, air and water are of prime importance. By employing elastomeric binders such as polychloroprene, butadieneacrylonitrile, chlorosulfonated polyethylene or polyacrylates, gasket compositions have been de veloped which perform quite satisfactorily in this type of service.
New Automotive Power Transmission Belt Concepts
Authors: Semin Roy E.
Published: March 2007

Conventional automotive accessory drives currently use up to four V-belts. This is a result of the popular options of power steering and air conditioning. In addition, new models are equipped with belt driven A.I.R. pumps to meet EPA emission standards. These drive systems have become increasingly more complex and less reliable as accessory loads and underhood temperatures have increased. A single "V-Ribbed" belt driving from both surfaces and tracked in "serpentine" fashion around the acces sory sheaves has been developed. This system provides possibilities for reduced drive cost and increased reliability as well as important space saving. Use of a synchronous driving surface permits use of this system on overhead cam engines or for driving the distributor on both conventional and rotary engines. A key feature of the drive system is a floating idler which maintains constant belt tension. This feature eliminates maintenance and prevents damage to drive components caused by undertensioning or overtensioning the belt. Assembly costs are reduced since all accessories are mounted in a fixed position and complex mounting brackets are elim inated.
Effect of Carbon Black Concentration on the Micro Mechanism of Fracture of Rubber Vulcanizates
Authors: Dutta Naba K. , Tripathy D.K.
Published: March 2007

The tear and tensile fracture surfaces of gum and a series of carbon-black-loaded bromobutyl rubber vulcanizates with 15, 30, 50, 70 and 100 phr of N-220 black have been examined by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Correlation between mechanical properties and microscopic view of the fracture topography has been discussed. It is observed that micro scopic understanding of crack-growth process may provide an excellent ratio nalization of the mechanistic aspect of failure and strength properties by physi cal testing methods.
Studies on the Epoxidation of Natural Rubber
Authors: Roy S. , Gupta B.R. , Maiti B.R.
Published: March 2007

Latex stage epoxidation of natural rubber with in-situ formed performic acid with and without acetic acid at room temperature were studied at various feed composition. Epoxidised natural rubber was characterised by IR, NMR and DSC. A simple kinetic model was developed from laboratory ex perimental data. Various side reaction products were detected. The H1-NMR spectra of product sample prepared in our laboratory and samples of ENR50 from Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM) were compared.
Temperature in Rubber Moldings during Injection Molding Cycle: Simulation and Experimentation
Authors: Isayev A.I. , Hosaki Toru
Published: March 2007

Measurements of temperature traces in a rubber compound are carried out during injection molding cycle. The measurements are performed using a special temperature measuring device inserted into molds having a cylindrical cavity. The measurements indicate complex temperature traces with a minimum and a maximum during molding cycle. Calculations of tem perature field are performed based on the finite difference solution of the two- dimensional transient heat conduction equation with convective heat transfer on the boundary. The predicted temperature traces, although qualitative, cor rectly simulate experimental observations.
Effect of Plasticizer Type and Concentration on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
Authors: Varughese Susy , Tripathy D.K.
Published: March 2007

The low temperature and isothermal dynamic mechanical proper ties for different plasticizers like aromatic oil, paraffinic oil, and di-octyl phthalate (DOP) in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) vulcanizates were stud ied. 10, 20, and 40 phr of aromatic oil were used for studying the effect of plasti cizer concentration on the above mentioned properties. Though the low temper ature flexibility was equally improved by all the three types of plasticizers, the addition of paraffinic oil was found to be more effective in ENR. Increasing con centration of aromatic oil in ENR showed that the Tg values are decreased and the low temperature flexibility increased.
New Ethnographies
Authors: Luckenbill David F.
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies Editor. The preferred form is the short, critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. In preparation of this section, and in addition to the standard academic audience, the New Ethnographies Editor invites the participation of practitioners and graduate students committed to the application of field research. Please direct volunteered reviews to Marc L. Miller, New Ethnographies Editor, University of Washington, HF-05, Seattle, WA 98105.
The Elusive Christ: a New Reading of the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Stibbe M.W.G.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Stibbe examines one of the distinctive aspects of John's characterization of Jesus, namely, Jesus' elusiveness. He looks first of all at the elusiveness of Jesus' movements. He then looks at Jesus' elusive language. Stibbe suggests that the intertextual background for John's elusive Christ lies in the Wisdom literature, Deutero-Isaiah and Mark's Gospel. He also offers an explanation on historical grounds, arguing that the elusiveness of the Johannine community and indeed of the historical Jesus himself lies behind this narrative presentation. Theological factors are also considered. In conclusion, Stibbe suggests that John's portrayal of Jesus as the elusive Christ accounts for the excitement of a first reading of John's story, and also for the seduction of the reader into subsequent rereadings.
The Composition and Chronology of Second Corinthians
Authors: Taylor N.H.
Published: March 2007

Canonical 2 Corinthians includes, and in most cases substantially preserves, texts which originally belonged to five different letters from Paul to the church at Corinth. The earliest, 2 Cor. 6.14-7.1, is a fragment of the letter alluded to in 1 Cor. 5.9. 1 Corinthians follows this letter, and precedes Paul's second, disastrous visit to Corinth. 2 Corinthians 10-13 follows this visit. Thereafter, Paul wrote 2 Cor. 2.14- 6.13, 7.2-4, seeking restoration of relations after the crisis. After meeting with Titus on the latter's return from Corinth, Paul wrote 2 Cor. 1.1-2.13, 7.5-8.24. Finally, Paul wrote 2 Corinthians 9 ahead of his third visit to Corinth. The letters reflect developments in Paul's relationship with the Corinthian church before, during and after the intrusion of his opponents and the crisis they precipitated.
Luke 10.18—Who Saw Satan Fall?
Authors: Hills Julian V.
Published: March 2007

In Lk. 10.17-20 Jesus' first statement to the returning missionaries has traditionally been translated, 'I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven' (10.18). A wide variety of interpretations have been offered, concerning when and how Jesus saw or will see Satan fall: before creation, at the temptations, during the disciples' mission, at the crucifixion, etc. The article proposes that the imperfect έθεΏρουν be translated not 'I saw' but 'they [sc. 'the demons' in 10.17] saw', and hence that Jesus' response to the disciples is an explanation of their successful exorcisms: the demons became subject to the disciples because they had seen their leader, Satan, dethroned.
The Son of Man in Matthew: Heavenly Judge or Human Christ
Authors: Luz U.
Published: March 2007

The first section of this article lists the characteristics of Matthew's use of the expression 'the son of the man', its addressees and its distribution through the Gospel. The second section puts forward the thesis that Matthew presupposes that his Christian readers already know the son of man sayings of Jesus, that is the whole of his destiny as described in these sayings. The third section examines how the expression functions in the narrative. Matthew uses the son of man logia in order to reinforce the Jewish misunderstanding of Jesus: his Jewish adversaries reject the claims of Jesus; they do not hear his special instruction, so that finally the Sanhedrin judges Jesus, who, as son of the man, will judge the world. On the other hand, Jesus teaches his disciples by means of the son of the man sayings about the whole course of his history and future destiny, so that they (and the reader of the Gospel) not only know about the way and future exaltation of Jesus, but also about the real depth of the catastrophy into which Israel is falling through its rejection of Jesus the son of the man.
The Meaning of παλιγγενεσία in Matthew 19.28
Authors: Sim David C.
Published: March 2007

Some dispute surrounds the correct interpretation of παλιγγενεσία in Mt. 19.28. While all scholars accept that this term possesses eschatological import, there is no agreement on its precise meaning. One school of thought argues that the term reflects the common apocalyptic belief in the re-creation of the cosmic order after its prior destruction at the eschaton. Other scholars, however, dispute this interpretation and insist that παλιγγενεσία has basically temporal connotations; it refers merely to the new age which will succeed the present age. This study will defend the first interpretation by introducing to the discussion two other Matthaean passages, namely 5.18 and 24.35, whose importance in relation to this subject has not been fully appreciated.
Converging Ideologies: Berger and Luckmann and the Pastoral Epistles
Authors: Horrell David
Published: March 2007

Berger and Luckmann's work has been a prominent resource for sociological approaches to the New Testament. Margaret MacDonald has recently drawn upon it in order to describe and understand the process of institutionalization from the time of Paul to that of the Pastoral Epistles. This article raises critical questions in relation to both Berger and Luckmann's theory and the Pastoral Epistles, in the belief that the ideologies of the theory and the texts are notably similar. The theory, therefore, is in danger of reinforcing and confirming the ideology of the text, rather than penetrating it critically. A critical sociological approach, Horrell suggests, must raise the questions concerning the social interests reflected in the texts and the texts' ideological dimensions. Adopting such a critical approach, it is tentatively suggested that the Pastorals represent an ideological form of Pauline Christianity which offers religious legitimation for the domination of subordinate social groups.
Jesus' Wilderness Temptation According to Mark
Authors: Gibson Jeffrey B.
Published: March 2007

This paper challenges the critical consensus that Mark's version of the story of Jesus' wilderness temptation (here taken to include Mk 1.9-11) says nothing concerning that temptation's nature, content or outcome. While Mark's version is admittedly brief and spare of detail, its brevity should not be confused with vacuity nor its relative lack of detail taken as an indication that Mark was content to assert only the fact that Jesus was tempted. When read against the background of the religious and cultural assumptions of the milieu in which Mark wrote, the details contained within the story are both sufficient in number and sufficiently resonant descriptively to give the information purportedly not contained there. Mark was indeed intent at Mk 1.9-13 to speak concretely about the nature, content and outcome of Jesus' wilderness temptation. An unwarranted and methodologically unsound concentration on what is not in Mark has prevented this from being seen.
John 1.43-51 and 'the Son of Man' in the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Walker William O.
Published: March 2007

Most scholars agree that the Fourth Gospel's Christology is essentially incarnational in nature, but there is no scholarly consensus regarding the relation of the title 'Son of Man' to the incamational Christology. An examination of Jn 1.43—51—the peri cope containing the first 'Son of Man' reference—suggests a deliberate juxtaposition of the three titles 'Son of God', 'Son of Joseph', and 'Son of Man'. 'Son of God' emphasizes the heavenly origin and divine nature of Jesus, and 'Son of Joseph' his earthly origin and human nature. The resulting christological tension is restored by the title 'Son of Man'—a term implying either human or (with reference to Dan. 7.13-14) more-than-human nature, and, already in the pre-Johannine tradition, applied to Jesus. Precisely as 'Son of Man', Jesus is the 'ladder' between the heavenly and the earthly, between God and humankind.
The Use of Scripture in 2 Corinthians 6.16c-18 and Paul's Restoration Theology
Authors: Scott James M.
Published: March 2007

Paul's use of Scripture in 2 Corinthians is sometimes regarded as incidental and casual. This evaluation is possible, however, only if the 'alleged "fragment"' of 6.14-7.1, with its well-formed catena of OT citations in 6.1c-18, is excluded from consideration. The present article suggests that 6.14—7.1 is not only integral to Paul's apology for his apostleship in 2.14-7.4, but that the catena in particular makes a crucial point about the New Covenant which provides closure for the whole apology. Thus Paul's restoration theology forms the framework for the apostle's argument in 2.14-7.4.
1 Corinthians 14.34-35: a Reconsideration of Paul's Limitation of the Free Speech of Some Corinthian Women
Authors: Jervis L. Ann
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the interpolation theory for 1 Cor. 14.34-35 is historically improbable. Instead these words should be regarded as Paul's own and so interpreted in their present context. In 1 Corinthians 12-14 Paul seeks to convince the Corinthians that charismatic worship is an appropriate expression only when love is manifest.Paul wrote 14.34-35 out of concern that some women's speech was detrimental to the Corinthian assembly's exercise of prophecy, not because it was spoken by women, but because it was self-focused rather than loving. While Paul's means of persuasion trades on the patriarchal values of his society, his diagnosis of the problem at Corinth is based not on subordinationist convictions but rather on a concern to communicate that sensitivity and love should be the cardinal testimony to God.
Paul's Paradigmatic 'I' and 1 Corinthians 6.12
Authors: Dodd Brian J.
Published: March 2007

The consensus view of the twice repeated 'All things are lawful for me' (πάντα μοί έξεστίν) in 1 Cor. 6.12 (cf. 10.23) is that Paul cites a Corinthian slogan, perhaps from their letter mentioned in 7.1. This paper traces the rise of the current unanimity, and argues that this concord is based on repetition and duration rather than force of argument. The reasons for the consensus are questioned, and an alternative is proposed that 6.12 is characteristic of Paul's persuasive style in 1 Corinthians. It is argued that 4.16-17 and 11.1 are key to understanding Paul's persuasive strategy in chs. 5-15. Examples are given of Paul's similar use of self-characterization elsewhere in 1 Corinthians (e.g., 4.6; 5.12; 7.7; 8.13-9:27; 10.29-11.1; 12.31-13.3, 11-12; 14.6, 11, 14, 15, 18-19). The conclusion is drawn that 6.12 may be understood as a typical use of Paul's paradigmatic 'I', congruent with his rhetorical strategy throughout 1 Corinthians.
The Beatific Vision as a Posing Exhibition: Revelation's Hypermasculine Deity
Authors: Moore Stephen D.
Published: March 2007

Rejecting recent apologetic readings of Revelation that affirm the otherness of its deity, this article attempts to demonstrate the extent to which Revelation's theology is a male fantasy. For the author of Revelation, eternal bliss consists in the uninterrupted vision of a being who is divine, 'perfect' and hypermasculine. Is there a contempo rary cultural analogue to this apotheosis of the hegemonic male as the ultimate object of vision, adoration, identification and desire? Yes, the bodybuilding posing exhibition. Using contemporary testaments to male narcissism, bodybuilding magazines in particular, the article atempts to decipher an ancient testament to male narcissism.
A Commentator's Approach To the 'Effective History' of Philippians
Authors: Bockmuehl Markus
Published: March 2007

This study begins by offering an introduction to the neglected role of Wirkungs geschichte in biblical interpretation, developing reflections on appropriate methods and approaches in dialogue with the work of Heikki Räisänen and especially Ulrich Luz. It is argued that the modern meaning of a biblical text cannot be fully elucidated without reference to the history of both its meaning and its effects in the period between the ancient author and the modern interpreter.

Turning to the effective history of Paul's letter to the Philippians, the article then examines both the influence of the letter as a whole and that of three particular passages (1.21-23; 2.5-11; 3.20). It is suggested that the genre of the commentary is particularly well suited to a running account of the place and presence of biblical books within the history of our civilization, which could provide vital tools for the construction of a hermeneutical bridge from the world of the text to the world of the Christian reader and his or her community
Palestinian Christianity and the Caligula Crisis. Part I. Social and Historical Reconstruction
Authors: Taylor N.H.
Published: March 2007

In ordering that his statue be erected in the Temple in Jerusalem (39/40 CE) the emperor Caligula precipitated the first potentially cataclysmic events in Palestine since the inception of Christianity. The impact of this episode on the development of Christianity therefore requires treatment such as it has not hitherto received. The silence of Christian and non-Christian Jewish, as well as pagan, sources on the effect of the crisis on Palestinian Christianity require that our reconstruction depend on analogous situations and inference from what is known of the events and of the nature of primitive Christianity. In Part I Taylor argues that the crisis would have seemed the probable occasion of the fulfilment of Jesus' prophecy of the destruction of the Temple, which would be followed by his eschatological return and the estab lishment of God's kingdom. If the desecration of the Temple was the necessary pre cursor to this, the Christians would not have sought to impede it. Furthermore, the popular movements ranged against the Roman forces would have required leadership whose activities challenged Christian professions about Jesus, and whose authority the Christians could not have acknowledged. The crisis would therefore have alien ated the Christians within Palestinian Judaism, and exposed their beliefs to falsification. In Part II Taylor examines the eschatological discourse in Mark 13, and argues that it is substantially a Christian response to the Caligula crisis. The expecta tion of idolatrous desecration of the Temple before its destruction, and the experience of alienation and persecution, and of heightened eschatological anticipation, reflect the period when the Roman advance was awaited. The recognition that the end was not yet, with consequent separation of the profanation of the Temple from the escha tological return of Christ, reflects the aftermath when the Palestinian Christians were adjusting to the delay in the parousia of Christ.
Methodological Rivalries: Theology and Social Science in Girardian Interpretations of the New Testament
Authors: Dunnill John
Published: March 2007

This paper examines some applications to biblical studies of Rene Girard's theory that all human culture and religion is based on the mechanism of mimetic violence. It looks particularly at recent writings by B. Chilton and R.G. Hamerton-Kelly, which employ Girardian analysis to uncover Jesus' critique of sacrifice as ritual vengeance. In both cases Girard's theory is shown to function not as a neutral heuristic tool but as a theologically weighted presupposition. The paper argues that Girard's anthropo logical theory is highly misleading as an account of sacrifice, and itself presupposes the anti-sacrificial theology it appears to generate. The theory, which is large and suggestive, needs to be criticized on both anthropological and theological grounds before being appropriated. In this instance what looks like an enriching dialogue between biblical studies and the human sciences is the subordination of exegesis and historical inquiry to a forceful but unexamined theology.
'Worthy of His Kingdom': Honor Discourse and Social Engineering in 1 Thessalonians
Authors: deSilva David A.
Published: March 2007

An ancient proponent of a minority culture met the challenge of sustaining commit ment to the group through a number of distinct uses of honor discourse. The first half of this article establishes a method for analyzing the rhetorical impact of honor discourse in a text from the Graeco-Roman period and its potential for sustaining group values and commitment; the second half shows the method at work in 1 Thessalonians. Paul insulates the readers from concern for the opinion and approval of the non-believing world by censuring outsiders as unreliable guides to honorable behavior: society's censure of the believers thus should carry no weight. Paul directs their ambitions to the eternal honor to be gained by securing God's approval. The group members are called to reinforce one another's commitment to those distinctive Christian values that will result in honor on the last day.
Imitations and repetitions: what do children say following recasts?
Authors: Strapp Chehalis M. , Federico Amy
Published: March 2007

The current study investigated whether children revise their speech (i.e., imitate) or repeat their errors following negative evidence. In addition we examined how children's replies varied as a function of family setting. Fourteen children (2;3) were videotaped interacting with their mothers, fathers and siblings (4;1) in dyad, triad and tetrad settings. Analyses revealed that following recasts children were likely to revise their speech rather than repeat their original error. Without feedback, children repeated their errors. The overall pattern of children's replies following recasts differed considerably from replies following noncorrective speech across family settings. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed in terms of current negative evidence research.
Language-particular or language-independent factors in acquisition? Children's comprehension of object pronouns in Dutch, French and German
Authors: Weissenborn Jurgen , Kail Michèle , Friederici Angela
Published: March 2007

Children's comprehension of direct and indirect object pronouns in Dutch, French and German was studied in order to determine the role of language-particular factors in acquisition. The pronoun systems of the three languages differ on a number of dimensions that have been assumed to influence the acquisition process: the phonological proper ties of pronouns (clitic vs. non-clitic); the position of the pronoun in the sentence and the phrasal category in which the pronoun occurs: prepositional ([ppPREP[NP[PRO]]]) vs non-prepositional ([NP[PRO]]). A picture-matching task was used. Three age groups, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old children, were tested. The results indicate that language- particular properties, at least in the part of the grammar investigated here, do not play the role assumed in some theories of language development, but that more abstract, language-independent proper ties of the pronouns, such as their function as internal verbal argu ments, are relevant for acquisition. Those language-particular factors which were observed are secondary and restricted to limited domains.
The construction of expository text
Authors: Boscolo Pietro
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study is to analyse the ways in which elementary school children construct an expository text, i.e. a text whose primary objective is to express information and ideas and which is well exemplified in school textbooks. Eighty subjects from grade 2 to 8 were requested to write a text about the wind. The writing task was divided into two main phases: in the first phase each subject dictated his/her ideas to an adult who transcribed them; in the second phase the subject had to write a text using the ideas he/she had expressed. The data showed a developmental trend in expository writing, which concerns particularly three aspects of the written productions: the strategies of content generation used by the subjects, the changes from dictation to text production, and the organization of the final text.
Verb use by language-impaired and normally developing children
Authors: Watkins Ruth V. , Rice Mabel L. , Moltz Candace C.
Published: March 2007

This study examined verb use in a group of preschool-age children with language impairments and two control groups of normally developing children. The specific questions of the study involved the diversity of the language-impaired children's verb lexicons relative to their age- and language-matched counterparts, and the presence of similar frequently used, multipurpose verb forms in both samples. Analysis of transcript data revealed that while language-impaired youngsters relied on a less diverse main verb lexicon than both their age- and language-matched peers, they used a similar set of high frequency verbs.
A quantitative analysis of the single-word stage
Authors: Robb Michael P. , Bauer Harold R. , Tyler Ann A.
Published: March 2007

A quantitative analysis of the single-word stage was performed by evaluating children's production of words, relative to nonwords, along a monthly developmental continuum. The vocalizations of six children were sampled over a period of one year, spanning the first two years of life. The development of word use was studied by calculating the ratio of words to nonwords in each child's monthly vocalization sample. Results of the analyses indicated that nonwords were present in the children's vocalizations throughout the single-word stage of development. Further, individual children had distinct 'word curves' defining their early lexical development. The resulting word curves are discussed in the context of stage models of vocalization development and existing measures of speech and language acquisition.
Mothers' social regulatory language to young children in family settings
Authors: Halle Tamara , Shatz Marilyn
Published: March 2007

We investigate the language mothers use to regulate social conduct in family settings with their older (4- to 5-year-old) and younger (2-year-old) children. Samples of spontaneous conversations between British mothers and their children were collected over six months. Twenty-five percent of mothers' child- directed speech was social regulatory, with significantly more such language directed to younger children. Although the most common kind of regulatory language directed to both children was imperative mands used prescriptively, our data also suggest permission statements to younger children were used often to restrict activity, whereas permission statements to older children were used largely to permit activity. We discuss results with regard to maternal sensitivity to children's developmental differences, conversational constraints in family settings, and possible cultural influences on speech styles.
Instructional discourse strategies: differences between hearing and deaf mothers of deaf children
Authors: Jamieson Janet R.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the language used by mothers when instructing their hearing and deaf preschool children. Mothers and children from three matched groups, hearing mother - hearing child, hearing mother - deaf child, and deaf mother - deaf child, were videotaped during a problem-solving task. Dependent measures were maternal discourse behaviours and child initiative. The hearing mothers in the mother - deaf child dyads were less likely than the deaf mothers to adapt their discourse strategies to accommodate their children's needs as visual processors of information, and their children showed less initiative in terms of linguistic and construction attempts than the other children. The findings of this study support Vygotsky's dialectical theory of cognitive development.
Extreme poverty and the development of precursors to the speech capacity
Authors: Oller D. Kimbrough , Eilers Rebecca E. , Basinger Devorah , Steffens Michele L. , Urbano Richard
Published: March 2007

The study of infant vocal development has suggested that babbling is an important precursor of the speech capacity. In addition, research has shown that the babbling of infants is biologically robust - it develops normally in infants from widely varying environments of language and socio-economic status. Babbling development is so robust that even premature birth does not appear to slow its course in healthy infants.
Predictors of MLU: semantic and morphological developments
Authors: Rollins Pamela Rosenthal , Snow Catherine E. , Willett John B.
Published: March 2007

In the past decade the existence of individual differences in both rate and route of language development has been widely accepted. Some between-child differences are observed in the synchro nization of morphological with semantic skills. These differences are obscured by portmanteau measures like MLU. The purpose of this paper is to explore semantic and morphological predictors of MLU in order to identify individual variation in language development in a fairly large number of typically developing children. To accomplish this goal, we identified two additional variables: NPSAT, a measure of morphological skill, and MLU cw, a measure of utterance length in content words. A growth modelling strategy was used to identify both 'within-child' and 'between-child' differences in longitudinal data from 36 children. We found that typically developing children indeed use different strategies in lengthening their utterances. We therefore recommend caution in the use of MLU to 'language match' children when doing research on early language development.
Speaker perspective and reference in young children
Authors: Clark Eve V. , Svaib Trisha A.
Published: March 2007

When speakers choose a word, they choose the perspective from which they wish to present an entity or an event. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that young children accept multiple perspectives from an early age. That is, they know that two terms can refer to the same entity, as shown by their comprehension and production of multiple terms for the same referent. A total of 36 children aged 2;2 to 4;8 answered questions about pictures that required shifts in level (e.g., from cat to animal or the reverse) or domain (e.g., from dog to sailor or the reverse). Even the youngest two-year-olds managed both tasks: they understood multiple terms for the same referents and also produced second terms for referents that had already been labelled. These data support a many-perspectives view of lexical acquisition over a single-perspective view.
The conversational style of Estonian mothers
Authors: Tulviste Tila , Raudsepp Margit
Published: March 2007

Previous research suggests that Estonian mothers of 2-year-olds are more interested in the control of their children's behaviour than in prompting conversational participation. The present study aims to investigate whether the finding holds true also for Estonian mothers of 4-year-old children. In addition, the amount and type of regulatory language used by mothers with 2-year-olds and 4-year-olds in two activity settings are compared: during meals and in puzzle-solving activities. Maternal utterances aimed at directing children's attention, physical activity and verbal activity were coded (imperatives, declaratives, questions). To establish the level of children's linguistic abilities, MLU and the longest utterance were calculated. The results showed that, although mothers directed more regulatory language to younger children than to older children, the pattern of using regulative language was the same with both age groups. Mothers were concerned chiefly with regulating physical activity and elicited little conversation. The preferred sentence type was imperative. In the younger age group, significantly more regulation of children's attention and physical activity occurred during puzzle solving than at meals. Some pecularities of Estonian language and culture are discussed that might determine the style of regulatory language used by Estonian mothers.
The conversational style of Estonian mothers
Authors: Tulviste TA , Raudsepp Margit
Published: March 2007

Previous research suggests that Estonian mothers of 2-year-olds are more interested in the control of their children's behaviour than in prompting conversational participation. The present study aims to investigate whether the finding holds true also for Estonian mothers of 4-year-old children. In addition, the amount and type of regulatory language used by mothers with 2-year-olds and 4-year-olds in two activity settings are compared: during meals and in puzzle-solving activities. Maternal utterances aimed at directing children's attention, physical activity and verbal activity were coded (imperatives, declaratives, questions). To establish the level of children's linguistic abilities, MLU and the longest utterance were calculated. The results showed that, although mothers directed more regulatory language to younger children than to older children, the pattern of using regulative language was the same with both age groups. Mothers were concerned chiefly with regulating physical activity and elicited little conversation. The preferred sentence type was imperative. In the younger age group, significantly more regulation of children's attention and physical activity occurred during puzzle solving than at meals. Some pecularities of Estonian language and culture are discussed that might determine the style of regulatory language used by Estonian mothers.
Crib speech in autistic and psychotic children: case studies of form, content and function
Authors: Schaerlaekens Annemarie
Published: March 2007

Since Ruth Weir's Language in the Crib (1962), the phenomenon of pre-sleep monologues has been studied almost exclusively in normally developing children. This article reports the pre-sleep monologues of five developmentally disturbed children: three autistic and two psychotic. The language used in these monologues is compared with similar monologues in normally developing children, concentrating on function, form and content. Similarities are most apparent in form and content, although a few differences appear. The main differences concern function and age of appearance, although the hypothesis of the later age being related to mental retardation is seriously challenged.
Mother-infant object involvement at 9 and 15 months: relation to infant cognition and early vocabulary
Authors: Stevens Elizabeth , Blake Joanna , Vitale Grace , Macdonald Silvana
Published: March 2007

This study investigated maternal verbal and nonverbal behaviours during mother-infant object involvement episodes and their relation to infant cognitive level and productive vocabulary. Thirty mother-infant dyads were observed at home during 20 minutes of play at 9 months and 10 minutes of play at 15 months with two different toys. Developmental change in maternal scaffolding behaviours was sensitive to toy difficulty. Scaffolding at both ages was related to the Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI), and scaffolding at 15 months was related concurrently to infant vocabulary. Labelling at 15 months, under both joint and non- joint attentional conditions, was related both to Bayley MDI and to concurrent infant vocabulary. Verbal behavioural directives at both ages were related to Bayley MDI and at 15 months were related concurrently to infant vocabulary. Attention-getting directives decreased with age and were unrelated to either MDI or vocabulary. Somewhat different results were obtained with frequencies vs. proportional frequencies of types of maternal verbalizations,
Reflexive and middle markers in early child language acquisition: evidence from Mexican Spanish
Authors: Jackson-Maldonado Donna , Maldonado Ricardo , Thal Donna J.
Published: March 2007

Use of the clitic se was analysed in 28- and 36-month-old Spanish-speaking toddlers using a Cognitive Grammar model (Langacker 1987, 1992, Maldonado 1992). The data demonstrate that the first forms of the clitic se focus on the critical moment of change (middle forms) rather than true reflexives. This aspectual phenomenon is based on cognition. We argue, therefore, that the earliest uses of se by Spanish-speaking children occur because of the cognitive salience of the action described by the verb. These results provide strong support for cognitive models of language acquisition and evidence against the claim that all non-reflexive uses of se are either derived from a subject deletion rule or simple exceptional uses that should be listed in the lexicon.
A Programme for the Early Identification of the Learning Needs of School Entrants
Authors: Gardiner Phyllis A.
Published: March 2007

Increasing emphasis is being placed upon the need to prepare young children for school entry so that they can make the most of the school curriculum. The two articles which follow deal specifically with this subject. Beginning on this page is a description of an assessment programme to be introduced from this September in the Canadian province of Ontario, and on page 10 begins an article describing a recent field study in Munich, Germany, which explored means of aiding socially withdrawn children at the pre-school level.

Phyllis A. Gardiner is a member of the Lakehead Board of Education, 2135 Sills Street, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
Adolescent Social Perception: A Study of Senior High School Students in Jakarta
Authors: Sadli Saparinah , Wibowo Sudirgo
Published: March 2007

Adolescent behaviour always tends to give rise to concern, but recently in Jakarta such was the concerted level of concern shown by the official authori ties, parents, educators and the press over the behaviour patterns of the city's teenagers that a special study was carried out under the auspices of the Univer sity of Indonesia. However, the results of the study belied many of the causes for concern.
Comparison of Ease of Learning of Four Glucose Meters
Authors: Jenkins Cheryl A. , Powers Margaret A. , Molitch Mark E.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the ease with which subjects were able to learn to use four blood glucose meters: Glucoscan 3000, Glucometer II, Accu-Chek II, and Diascan. Diabetes educators taught use of meters to 42 subjects in groups of three or four over two hours. Order of presentation was controlled by repeated measures Latin Square design. Twenty-five minutes were allowed for instruction and return demon stration of each meter. Subjects performed tests until three consec utive tests fell within the expected range or the allotted time was completed. Visual analog scales (eg, ease of learning, calibration, starting, testing, reading, and lack of confusion) were completed by subjects immediately following use of each meter. Statistically significant differences were found between meters. Overall ranking (easiest to hardest) was Glucoscan 3000 > Diascan > Glucometer II > Accu-Chek II. In addition to consideration of these results, educators still need to consider the individual in selecting the appropriate meter.
Exercise and the Intensively Treated IDDM Patient
Authors: Smith Lori , Casso Mary Beth
Published: March 2007

Individuals with IDDM can benefit from an exercise program in the same way nondiabetic individuals can. In addition to lowering insulin requirements and reducing the risk for cardiovas cular disease, exercise can produce many of the same physical adaptations in IDDM patients that nondiabetic individuals achieve. When used in combination with diet and insulin, exercise can produce beneficial effects on metabolic control.
Intensive Insulin Therapy: A Personal and Historical Perspective
Authors: Skyler Jay S.
Published: March 2007

Intensive therapy of Type I dia betes is a system of therapy in which the patient is the key partner in day-to-day management. A number of technical developments in the late 1970s led to the development of intensive therapy. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) proved to be the major change agent that stimulated the revolution in dia betes management that is intensive therapy. One important event that stimulated widespread use of SMBG was the development of spring-loaded finger-pricking devices. The introduction of glycated hemoglobin measure ments as an indicator of glycemic control over several weeks allowed quantitative assessment of glycemic control. The advent of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) stimulated thinking about insulin regimens. These advances have combined not only to facilitate development of intensive therapy as a strategy of diabetes management, but also to permit development of research protocols to assess the impact of such therapy on the chronic complications of diabetes.