bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise da viabilidade da observação de aves como ferramenta para educação ambiental e ecoturismo no Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo.
Authors: Fieker Carolline Zatta , Reis Matheus Gonçalves , Dias Olivia Tavares , Tomaz Danilo Janczur
Published: March 2017

Inúmeras estratégias são utilizadas visando mitigar as ameaças à biodiversidade. A criação de unidades de conservação para preservação ambiental deveria ser concomitante à implantação destas estratégias, assim como em localidades onde o meio urbano encontra-se próximo a áreas de alta relevância ecológica. O presente trabalho coletou dados ecológicos sobre a avifauna da região de Cananéia, São Paulo, inserida no contexto dos ambientes costeiros estuarinos. Objetivamos oferecer análises sobre a observação de aves, as quais possam subsidiar a elaboração de planos de visitação em dois âmbitos: educação ambiental regional e ecoturismo como fonte de renda alternativa. Um total de 129 aves amostradas em uma semana de inverno, em diferentes ambientes, indica alta atratividade regional para observadores de aves. Cinco ambientes contribuíram com diversidade de maneiras distintas. Tais diferenças são evidenciadas tanto no tempo gasto para obtenção de listas de espécies, quanto nas singularidades das comunidades. Ambientes urbanos podem ser bem aproveitados em vista da facilidade espaço-temporal de registro de espécies, além da riqueza considerável, enquanto ambientes marinhos são mais atrativos devido às diferenças na comunidade observada. A restinga possui elementos presentes em outros ambientes, o que permite tempos curtos de permanência, ao passo que floresta e mangue, por exemplo, exigiriam maior investimento durante visitas. O contexto regional pode ser considerado ideal para ambas as atividades, reservando a cada uma considerações específicas quanto ao aproveitamento de determinados elementos ecológicos.
O TURISMO E AS QUESTÕES SOCIOAMBIENTAIS: UMA DISCUSSÃO SOBRE AS TRANSFORMAÇÕES NO LITORAL DO IGUAPE-CE
Authors: Caneiro Tatiane Rodrigues , Gonçalves Tiago Estevam
Published: March 2017

As transformações ambientais estão diretamente ligadas à degradação dos ecossistemas naturais, como poluição de lagoas, rios e mares, diminuição da biodiversidade vegetal e animal, ocupação de áreas vulneráveis. Desta forma o estudo das transformações socioambientais geradas pelo turismo em determinadas áreas são de grande relevância. Assim, o presente estudo pretende apresentar e analisar as principais transformações socioambientais geradas pelo turismo no litoral do Iguape, localizado no município de Aquiraz, no estado do Ceará, utilizar-se-á para tal finalidade de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, uma vez que o meio ambiente é algo que deve ser estudado através da ótica de vários especialistas, pois se entende que o meio ambiente é uma totalidade.
INTERCEPTAÇÃO E PRECIPITAÇÃO INTERNA: COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA E Pinus elliotttii var. elliotti?
Authors: Calux Jucelmo , Thomaz Edivaldo Lopes
Published: March 2017

A finalidade deste trabalho foi avaliar a interceptação e precipitação interna em área de Floresta Ombrófila Mista e plantio de Pinus elliottii var. elliottii. O estudo foi realizado no município de Irati, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Para a mensuração foi levada em consideração apenas a precipitação total e a precipitação interna. A média de interceptação na Floresta ficou em torno de 14,5%. A interceptação média de chuva no plantio de Pinus elliottii var. elliottii foi de 26,6%. A interceptação de chuva na área com pinus foi 83% maior que a interceptação na Floresta. Ambas as áreas tiveram aumento da precipitação interna e diminuição da interceptação com o aumento do volume de chuva.
APLICAÇÃO DO SIG NA ANÁLISE DO PADRÃO ESPACIAL DO MODELO SCS EM DIFERENTES ESCALAS
Authors: Rodrigues Pinheiro Everton Alves , Araújo Neto José Ribeiro de , Batista Lopes José Wellington
Published: March 2017

Os modelos hidrológicos têm a finalidade de estimar o escoamento superficial em regiões não monitoradas e estimar os padrões espaciais nas áreas monitoradas. Os processos que regem o escoamento superficial em bacias hidrográficas são bastante dependentes do fator escala, de modo que, quanto maior a escala maior os limites a serem ultrapassados para a ocorrência do mesmo. Se objetivou com esse trabalho aplicar e avaliar o padrão espacial das etapas do modelo SCS (Soil Conservation Service - Serviço de Conservação do Solo dos Estados Unidos da América) para duas bacias hidrográficas semiáridas de diferentes escalas e com diferentes níveis de conservação. Todas as etapas do modelo foram processadas no ambiente SIG (Sistema de Informações Geográficas) numa resolução de pixel de 30m x 30m. Os principais resultados encontrados foram: (i) o tipo de uso do solo teve forte influência no padrão espacial dos picos de descarga, onde as áreas vegetadas se localizaram nas maiores faixas de armazenamento de água no solo; (ii) a importância da vegetação nas respostas do modelo se deu principalmente devido o CN ser é o principal parâmetro de entrada do modelo, que depende grandemente das condições de uso do solo, daí a importância dos estudos locais de parametrização do CN e (iii); declividade teve pouca influência nos resultados gerados pelo modelo; (iv) quanto maior o valor de CN menor tende a ser o tempo de concentração do pixel.
EFEITO DA OCUPAÇÃO URBANA NA DRENAGEM DA BACIA DO RIO FARIA-TIMBÓ, RJ
Authors: Borges Renata Coura , Vieira Paloma Da Conceição , Lamego Simões Filho Francisco Fernando , Franklin Lapa Celso Marcelo
Published: March 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da ocupação urbana na drenagem da Bacia do Rio Faria-Timbó. Para tanto, foi realizada uma investigação sobre a Bacia do Rio Faria-Timbó localizada no Rio de janeiro, RJ. A dinâmica demográfica de ocupação foi avaliada em meio digital, por meio de mapas de urbanização. A partir dessas informações o modelo do Soil Conservation Service (SCS) foi empregado para conversão chuva-vazão. Para construção do hidrograma foi utilizado o método Bureau of Reclamation. Os resultados demonstram que a condição natural da bacia é susceptível a inundação e a ocupação urbana agrava ainda mais o problema.
Poetics in Motion: Appropriating C. K. Williams's Poetics in Film — The Case of Tar
Authors: Zauderer Elizabeth Faye
Published: March 2017

Scholarship on bio-pics of authors and poets has thus far focused mainly on issues pertaining to the appropriation of literary works and life stories, sometimes, but now always highlighting the latter as a source of inspiration for the former. This article explores how both poetry and poetics may be appropriated in film, taking Tar, the title poem of a collection of C. K. William's poems (1983), Williams's poetics (“Poetry and Consciousness” 1998, 1–9) and Pamela Romanowsky's cinematic rendition of the poem in The Color of Time (Dir. Edna Luise Biesold et al. 2014) as its case study. I begin with a review of Williams's poetics, followed by a reading of the figurative and discursive import of key metaphoric constructs in the poem Tar. Finally, I examine how Romanowsky appropriates such structures to communicate both the poem's emotional and contemplative effects.
Flexible cystoscope retrieval of detached resectoscope sheath beak
Authors: Athayde Jonathan , Papanikolaou Frank
Published: March 2017

Surveillance cystoscopy for bladder cancer following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) can have unexpected consequences, such as the detachment of the resectoscope beak. This is an infrequent event, with few published or standard techniques for its retrieval. These techniques range from the use of forceps, as Grainger et al described in the first published case report on resectoscope sheath extraction, to the use a holmium YAG laser with a 200 μm fiber to fragment the 26 French (Fr) resectoscope sheath in the patient’s bladder and other laser-based techniques. We hypothesize that resectoscope beak extraction can be achieved efficiently and safely using a flexible cystoscope in the absence of a laser apparatus and with better postoperative results than rigid resectoscope or forceps for extraction.
The Contribution of Learning Outcomes for Listening to Creative Thinking Skills
Authors: Aldig Ebru , Arseven Ayla
Published: March 2017

This study aims to examine teacher’s opinions on the contribution of learning outcomes for listening defined in the Ministry of National Education’s Turkish course curriculum for the 6th, 7th and 8th grades to the development of creative thinking skills. Mixed methods research design was adopted in the study. As the quantitative part of the study, a questionnaire titled “Assessment of learning outcomes for listening” was prepared by the researcher and administered to 150 Turkish teachers working at 35 different schools. Interviews were held with 13 teachers about the contribution of learning outcomes for listening to the development of creative thinking skills. The quantitative data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using the content analysis method. The analysis was conducted using frequencies, arithmetic means and the Chi-Square test.The findings of the study revealed that the learning outcomes for listening defined in the secondary Turkish course curriculum contributed to the development of creative thinking skills of students. The gender, seniority, alma mater and educational background of the teachers did not change the results. As a result of the interviews, four categories were identified: “listening outcomes and creativity”, “creative thinking”, “readiness level of students” and “development of thinking skills”.
Bounds for Covering Symmetric Convex Bodies by a Lattice Congruent to a Given Lattice
Authors: Kwak Beomjong
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we focus on lattice covering of centrally symmetric convex body on $\mathbb{R}^2$. While there is no constraint on the lattice in many other results about lattice covering, in this study, we only consider lattices congruent to a given lattice to retain more information on the lattice. To obtain some upper bounds on the infimum of the density of such covering, we will say a body is a coverable body with respect to a lattice if such lattice covering is possible, and try to suggest a function of a given lattice such that any centrally symmetric convex body whose area is not less than the function is a coverable body. As an application of this result, we will suggest a theorem which enables one to apply this to a coverable body to suggesting an efficient lattice covering for general sets, which may be non-convex and may have holes.
Characteristics of titanium nano-oxide (IV) as potent polymethyl metacrylate modifier
Authors: Cierech Mariusz , Wojnarowicz Jacek , Kolenda Adam , Łojkowski Witold , Mierzwińska-Nastalska Elżbieta , Zawadzki Paweł
Published: March 2017

Introduction. The aging of the population, as is currently observed, has wide-ranging implications. One of them is an increasing demand for prosthetic treatment of old people with missing teeth using acrylic partial or complete dentures. A denture base made of polymethyl metacrylate (PMMA) creates specific conditions in the oral cavity that predispose patients to develop denture stomatitis complicated by fungal infection. Attempts have recently been made to modify the surface of polymerized acrylic resin by a hydrophilic layer that disrupts the adhesion of microorganisms or to modify the whole chemical composition. In the era of nanotechnology it is reasonable to look for chemical nanocompounds with the intention of incorporating tchem into PMMA and to use their microbiological properties.
Aim of the study. Characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) before their potential use as a modifier for PMMA as an alternative material for denture bases.
Material and methods. TiO2 nanoparticles (Lot No: SHY-179, Promethean Particles Ltd., UK) were used as the experimental material. The average size and size distribution of the crystallites were determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The density of NPs was determined by helium pycnometer and a specific area using the linear equation form isotherm BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller). The average particle size was determined by the calculation results of the specific surface area and density. The NP. morphology is based on images from a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Results. Tested TiO2 – NPs had an average particle size of about 9 nm, a mean crystallite size of 5-6 nm, a density of 3.16 g/cm3 and a surface area of 215 m2/g. SEM studies showed high homogeneity of the nanoparticles, both in size and shape.
Conclusions. Properties of characterized NPs and the research results of other authors presented in this publication give us a reason to believe that a possible incorporation of NPs into polymethyl methacrylate will activate the antifungal function.
Bovine bone granulate or autogenous block grafts in maxillofacial reconstructions
Authors: Zawadzki Paweł , Jonasz Michał , Rolski Dariusz
Published: March 2017

Nowadays biotechnology can offer vast opportunities for maxillofacial surgery. The new prostheses and individual face implants can be produced at the chairside. A great problem for dental and maxillofacial surgeon is the reconstruction of lost bone. Bone loss may be caused by resorption, trauma or resection after surgical treatment of tumours. Rehabilitation of the majority of these patients requires a bone graft. Lack of general protocol and a multitude of materials used to rebuild bony tissue often makes it difficult to choose the best method.
In the present study, xenograft of bovine bone granulate (applied with collagen memebrane) has been compared with autogenous bone graft. The statistical analysis was performed to compare the level of bone loss following these procedures with a possibility of introducing dental implants in reconstructed tissue.
A total of 41 patients (26 women and 15 men) underwent reconstruction in 62 treatment sites. 13 reconstructions were performed with bovine bone xenograft and 49 with autogenous bone graft. The level of bone loss was lower in cases where bovine bone substitute material was applied, and thus gave better possibility to perform dental implant treatment.
Evaluation of Matrix Effects in Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Spices by LC-MS/MS
Authors: Chawla Suchi , Patel Hemlatta K , Gor Hetal N , Vaghela Kiran M , Solanki Priti P , Shah Paresh G
Published: March 2017

The study was conducted to investigate matrix interferences using QuEChERS sample preparation to understandwhether the dilution of matrix and/or the grouping of commodities can eliminate the need for selective individual matrix-matched standards in LC with tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis, and whether the calibration graph based ononly one matrix can be used for quantification in the other matrixes. Matrix effects (MEs) were studied by comparing the slopes of calibration curves of the matrix-matched standards (diluted with mobile phase) vis-à-vis the solvent-based standards.The present study showed that MEs were dependent on the nature of both the commodity and the analyte. Among the test matrixes, the highest variability in ME was recorded in capsicum. Most of the pesticides showed signal suppression in tomato, capsicum, and cumin matrixes. In brinjal matrix,the signal of most of the pesticides showed slight enhancement. Due to the similar nature of the MEs in tomatoand capsicum, these two commodities can be grouped together. Considering analyte variability, acetamiprid, 3-hydroxy carbofuran, dichlorvos, dimethoate, and spinosyn A and D showed no significant ME (≤20%) in tomato. Very high MEs (2360.9 and 1250.8%) were observed for quizalofop-p-tefuryl and tebuconazole, respectively. To check the effect of dilution in minimizing the ME, cucumber and brinjal matrixes were diluted 10×, and calibration curves were drawn with five concentration levels. It was found that about 60% of the total analyzedpesticides showed MEs ≤20%. In cumin, MEs ranged from −5.3% for triazophos to 661% for thiacloprid. Most of the pesticides showed recoveries in the acceptable range of 70–130% with calibration curvesfrom both matrixes. To compensate for MEs, it is suggested that (1) tomato and capsicum matrixes, which show similar trends, can be grouped together; and (2) cucumber matrix, when diluted 10×, can be used to prepare calibration curves for the quantification of pesticides in various fruiting and cucurbit vegetable matrixes by LC-MS/MS.
Optimization of a Modified QuEChERS Method for Multiresidue Analysis of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Sewage and Surface Water by LC-MS/MS
Authors: Kachhawaha Akanksha S , Nagarnaik Pranav M , Jadhav Manjusha , Pudale Anjali , Labhasetwar Pawan K , Banerjee Kaushik
Published: March 2017

A quick, sensitive multiresidue method was developed for the analysis of 19 multiclass pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface water and sewage water. The proposed modified QuEChERS method involved the extraction of water samples (10 mL) with acetonitrile (10 mL) after the addition of 1% acetic acid, 4 gmagnesium sulfate, and 0.2 g ammonium acetate, and was validated in distilled water, surface water, and sewagewater with respect to linearity, LOD and LOQ, precision, and accuracy. The LOD and LOQ varied within the ranges of 0.001–0.167 and 0.002–0.25 ng/mL, respectively. Recoveries of the target compounds ranged from 73 to 125%, with precision RSD values <27%. The method provided a precise estimation of PPCPs in field samples, and acetaminophen, atenolol, metformin, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, methylparaben, and triclosanwere detected in concentrations ranging from 0.10 to 1.40 and 0.10 to 3.4 ng/mL in surface water andsewage water, respectively. This is an innovative application of the QuEChERS approach for estimation of PPCPs from aqueous matrixes. The method provides significantly higher output (preparation of 25–30 samples a day) compared to conventional SPE-based methods (<10 samples a day).
The Evolving Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Foshat Michelle , Boroumand Nahal
Published: March 2017

Context.—

An explosion of information on pulmonary hypertension has occurred during the past few decades. The perception of this disease has shifted from purely clinical to incorporate new knowledge of the underlying pathology. This transfer has occurred in light of advancements in pathophysiology, histology, and molecular medical diagnostics.

Objectives.—

To update readers about the evolving understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and to demonstrate how pathology has shaped the current classification.

Data Sources.—

Information presented at the 5 World Symposia on pulmonary hypertension held since 1973, with the last meeting occurring in 2013, was used in this review.

Conclusions.—

Pulmonary hypertension represents a heterogeneous group of disorders that are differentiated based on differences in clinical, hemodynamic, and histopathologic features. Early concepts of pulmonary hypertension were largely influenced by pharmacotherapy, hemodynamic function, and clinical presentation of the disease. The initial nomenclature for pulmonary hypertension segregated the clinical classifications from pathologic subtypes. Major restructuring of this disease classification occurred between the first and second symposia, which was the first to unite clinical and pathologic information in the categorization scheme. Additional changes were introduced in subsequent meetings, particularly between the third and fourth World Symposia meetings, when additional pathophysiologic information was gained. Discoveries in molecular diagnostics significantly progressed the understanding of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Continued advancements in imaging modalities, mechanistic pathogenicity, and molecular biomarkers will enable physicians to define pulmonary hypertension phenotypes based on the pathobiology and allow for treatment customization.
Implementing Public Policies with User Fees that Align with Partisan Ideology: A Canadian Example
Authors: Hache Connie
Published: March 2017

The Canadian federal government not only provides public services such as infrastructure, healthcare and education that benefit all citizens, but government also provides services on an individual basis to citizens. Through a case study, this paper explores how government makes decisions that support its political party’s ideology in deciding whether or not to implement user fees for services that benefit individuals. Using public choice theory, we discuss three actors with each actor striving to maximize their utility: elected officials by obtaining enough votes to form government; citizen-voters by obtaining more benefits than what they finance through general taxation; and pressure groups by spending resources on political activities to secure the group members’ preferences. We then apply these three actors to a case study: the decision to increase user fees for criminal record suspensions. The case study brings forth an example of government not acquiescing to the majority of citizen-voters’ and pressure groups’ demands if these demands do not align with government’s self-interest such as furthering their ideological stance.
Accountability Agreements for Ontario Universities: The Balancing Character of a Policy Instrument
Authors: Díaz Victoria E.
Published: March 2017

This paper demonstrates how the choice of instrument facilitates acceptance of a new accountability requirement in the Ontario university sector as it helps balance the government’s need for control with the universities’ need for independence. The instrument, conceptualized as an agreement, embodies the negotiated character of the relationship between government and universities, and conveys the idea to different actors that their needs are met. Despite the promises of the instrument, when objectives are ambiguous, uncertainty is pervasive, and negotiation is limited, the increase in government control is minimized and the changes in university autonomy are negligible, thus suggesting that symbolic and rhetorical compliance may be the sustainable equilibrium between governments and governed. Nonetheless, some level of transformation is observed in the sector as the new tool contributes to strengthening priority alignment, highlighting the value of sharing stories, and increasing acceptance of reporting requirements.
The Canadian Federal Government and Normativity Transformations: Towards a Reconfiguration of Governmentality in Canada?
Authors: Rouillard Christian
Published: March 2017

For several decades, the Canadian federal government has been the subject of many administrative reforms whose nature, scale and resources vary considerably. The frequency of these reforms increased considerably during the 1990s, although political stability on the federal level was particularly high at the time. By using the normativity-governmentality dynamic as a heuristic model, this article focuses on the Public Service Modernization Act (PSMA) to better understand the effects of the transformation of norms on the modes of interactions and power relationships between actors, institutions and social groups in the Canadian public service context. It questions the way in which transformations in normativity change the conditions of governmentality in Canada. The main thesis of this paper argues that the normative flexibility given to managers (by the PSMA) in the staffing process does not lead to a real increase in their room to manoeuvre, due to: 1) the (re)definition of merit (confusion factor); 2) the concomitant implementation of the Financial Administration Act (inertia factor); and 3) the legacy of previous administrative reforms (the one-step-forward, one-step-back factor).
Musiques et identités remixées
Authors: Côté Gérald
Published: March 2017

Cet article présente une analyse contextuelle du travail créatif de quatre musiciens qui avaient comme mandat de remixer des chansons québécoises enregistrées avant les années 1960. Par le biais d’une enquête dont l’approche s’inspire de méthodes ethnographiques, l’auteur tente d’entrer dans la tête et le coeur des musiciens en vue d’identifier ce qui motive leur créativité et ce qui mène ces derniers à s’incliner vers certains modèles esthétiques plutôt que d’autres. Dans un espace social qualifié de postmoderne ou encore d’hypermoderne selon les sociologues, les motivations nous apparaissent diversifiées, fragmentées, fluctuantes et très contrastées d’un musicien à l’autre, et ce, à l’image d’une époque, d’une génération ou d’une réalité anthropologique urbaine et contemporaine. L’auteur conçoit la musique comme un phénomène multifactoriel où le social et le musical sont interdépendants, en mouvements ainsi qu’en constantes mutations.
High unexpected genetic diversity of a narrow endemic terrestrial mollusc
Authors: Madeira Pedro M. , Chefaoui Rosa M. , Cunha Regina L. , Moreira Francisco , Dias Susana , Calado Gonçalo , Castilho Rita
Published: March 2017

The Iberian Peninsula has an extensive record of species displaying strong genetic structure as a result of their survival in isolated pockets throughout the Pleistocene ice ages. We used mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data to analyze phylogeographic patterns in endemic land snails from a valley of central Portugal (Vale da Couda), putatively assigned toCandidula coudensis, that show an exceptionally narrow distributional range. The genetic survey presented here shows the existence of five main mitochondrial lineages in Vale da Couda that do not cluster together suggesting independent evolutionary histories. Our results also indicate a departure from the expectation that species with restricted distributions have low genetic variability. The putative past and contemporary models of geographic distribution of Vale da Couda lineages are compatible with a scenario of species co-existence in more southern locations during the last glacial maximum (LGM) followed by a post-LGM northern dispersal tracking the species optimal thermal, humidity and soil physical conditions.
Evolving Yangtze River reconstructed by detrital zircon U‐Pb dating and petrographic analysis of Miocene marginal Sea sedimentary rocks of the Western Foothills and Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan
Authors: Zhang Xinchang , Huang Chiyue , Wang Yuejun , Clift Peter D. , Yan Yi , Fu Xiaowei , Chen Duofu
Published: March 2017

The timing of the establishment of the Yangtze River, whether prior to the early Miocene (~24 Ma) or more recently (~2 Ma), has been a point of much debate. Here we applied detrital zircon U‐Pb dating to Miocene sedimentary rocks from Taiwan and to estuary sands from modern rivers in SE China to trace sediment provenance and to further constrain the evolution of the Yangtze River. Detrital zircon U‐Pb ages from Miocene sandstones of the Western Foothills show similar age spectra to Miocene and modern sediments in the Yangtze River drainage and some similarity to the Minjiang River sediments. However, they differ significantly from ages in some sandstones from the Hengchun Peninsula accretionary prism and from the estuary sands of the Jiulongjiang River. This information, together with petrographic and sedimentary facies analysis, argues that the Jiulongjiang and Minjiang Rivers were major sources to some Hengchun Peninsula turbidites (~12 Ma), while synchronous sedimentation in the Western Foothills was supplied from the Yangtze, Minjiang (or similar river), and possibly even the Yellow River. These sediments were transported southward/eastward via rivers or channels to the marginal sedimentary basins now inverted in the Western Foothills in Taiwan. The Yangtze River must have been established prior to the middle Miocene.
Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Grdina David J.
Published: March 2017

Overview

Many experimental and epidemiologic studies have since confirmed the oncogenic effects of radiation. This chapter reviews briefly the effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems, adaptive and bystander effects, cellular and molecular mechanisms for radiation carcinogenesis, and pharmacologic countermeasures that can mitigate against these processes.
Papillomaviruses and Cervical Neoplasia
Authors: Herfs Michael F. , Chang Martin C. , Crum Christopher P.
Published: March 2017

Overview

The field of HPV continues to move forward with new insights into pathogenesis, refined screening approaches using HPV testing, and the evolution of vaccines to include a wider range of HPV types covered. The squamocolumnar junction has been more precisely characterized, and its potential as a target for prevention in women beyond optimal age for vaccination is being discussed. HPV testing is assuming a major role in screening women over age 30, to the expense of the Papanicolaou smear, which will be largely limited to women between age 20 and 30, with reduction or elimination of cervical screening for women under age 20. For prevention of cervical neoplasia, the expansion of the range of HPV types targeted is now a reality, with new broader spectrum vaccines (such as 9‐valent vaccines) being introduced.
The Burden of Cancer Worldwide: Current and Future Perspectives
Authors: Ferlay Jacques , Wild Christopher P. , Bray Freddie
Published: March 2017

Overview

Cancer, once seen as a problem only of high‐income countries, is now a leading global cause of death responsible for one in three premature deaths from non‐communicable diseases. The global trend is set to continue over the next decades through population and lifestyle changes, part of an ongoing demographic and epidemiologic transition that will see the 14 million new cancer cases and 8 million cancer deaths estimated worldwide in 2012 rise by 55% by 2030. This chapter has three main aims. The first is to portray the marked diversity in the scale and profile of cancer in different regions of the world. Secondly, we point to the transitional nature of cancer incidence, showing that the rising incidence rates and shifting profiles of common cancers are linked to societal and economic change. Thirdly, present inequities are highlighted in countries undergoing transition, where a rising cancer incidence and mortality burden is often matched by limited data for planning purposes and an absence of operational national cancer plans. We conclude by discussing the means to improve data in resource‐constrained settings for cancer control action through the planning and development of population‐based cancer registries.
Nexgen Pathology: Predicting Clinical Course and Targeting Disease Causation
Authors: Cordon‐Cardo Carlos , Firpo‐Betancourt Adolfo
Published: March 2017

Overview

Pathology is a bridging discipline involving basic and clinical biomedical sciences. This context includes both descriptive and mechanistic approaches, with the goals of understanding the anatomical changes and underlying molecular events involved in disease‐related processes. Neoplastic disorders are a focal point for the further development of this chapter. The two main objectives of pathology are to define disease causation [from “Pathos” (Greek) “Disease”] and categorize disease states to render clinical diagnostic services. A modern academic Department of Pathology encompasses education activities, including teaching students, training residents and fellows, and mentoring faculty; and hospital‐based clinical services usually under three divisions, comprising anatomic pathology (surgical pathology, cytology, and autopsy services); clinical pathology (embodying a variety of laboratory services from blood bank and coagulation to chemistry and microbiology, among others); and molecular pathology (commonly housing somatic genetics, cytogenomics, and flow cytometry). During the past two decades, we have witnessed the transition from descriptive analysis of tissue histology and analyte variables that categorized patients and broad disease stages to more objective and quantitative multidimensional studies aimed at defining individual patient signatures. More traditional population and cohort‐based classifications are turning into patient‐specific profiles that optimize treatment efficacy and outcome: from diagnostic and prognostic approaches that group patients into disease categories to the development of a more precise, predictive, and individualized patient assessment. Such an integrated care model drives selection of evidence‐based treatment protocols to optimize clinical outcome, engendering a cost‐effective and personalized healthcare. Disease classification and assistance in selection of therapy is the focus of this “patient‐centric” pathology approach, expanding into monitoring of therapy (such as assessing therapeutic index and mutational load through tumor genotypes) and managing high‐risk patients through early diagnosis of their disease condition. The ultimate goals are to move from treating symptomatology to treating disease causation once origin of the disease is better understood and to move from a fee‐for‐service to population‐based accountable healthcare management.
Molecular Diagnostics in Cancer
Authors: Kalachand Roshni D. , Hennessy Bryan T. , Bast Robert C. , Mills Gordon B.
Published: March 2017

Overview

Molecular diagnostics refers to the use of molecular alterations that are associated with cancers to facilitate detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and/or treatment. Molecular biomarkers have often been studied in cancer tissue but potentially can be assayed in readily available patient samples (saliva, sputum, blood, urine, and feces), thereby minimizing the need for invasive biopsies. Traditional blood biomarkers—CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), PSA (prostate specific antigen), hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), AFP (alpha‐fetoprotein), CA125 and CA15‐3—have been used to monitor response to treatment and to detect disease recurrence. Their clinical utility often depends on the availability of effective treatment for residual or recurrent disease. Early detection requires biomarkers with high sensitivity to detect preclinical and ideally premetastatic disease, as well as high specificity to permit efficient, cost‐effective screening. Two‐stage strategies are often most promising where rising biomarkers trigger imaging or results of imaging are combined with biomarkers to improve positive predictive value. Cancer‐specific genomic aberrations have been identified which guide therapy and predict outcomes in subgroups of patients. Trastuzumab has dramatically altered the outcomes of patients withHER2amplified breast cancers, as have EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) inhibitors in the treatment of metastaticEGFRmutation positive non‐small‐cell lung cancer. As single driver gene aberrations frequently are not sufficient to predict therapeutic responses, gene signatures and multimarker panels incorporating DNA, RNA, and/or protein aberrations are being evaluated as potential effective biomarkers. A panel of multiple biomarkers (OncoType Dx) has proven useful in predicting the need for chemotherapy in addition to hormonal therapy in hormone receptor‐positive breast cancer. As targeted therapies are becoming a reality, so is the predictable emergence of resistance to these therapies, often occurring through gene amplification, secondary mutations, or reactivation of signaling mechanisms downstream from the targeted molecular aberration. The search for molecular biomarkers, the so‐called companion diagnostics, predictive of first‐line therapy resistance and second‐line therapy response, is now inherent to targeted drug development. However, these emerging integrative technologies have yet to benefit the majority of patients with cancer. Interpretation of the extensive number of aberrations identified by high‐throughput technologies, availability of adequate high‐quality tissue, cost, and clinical validation remain significant challenges to developing and implementing effective biomarkers. Strategic use of bioinformatics, international collaboration, development of prospectively collected clinically annotated biobanks containing fresh frozen tissue, and clinical validation in large prospective data sets key to bringing useful molecular biomarkers into clinical practice.
Vaccines and Immunostimulants
Authors: Schlom Jeffery , Gulley James L. , Hodge James W.
Published: March 2017

Overview

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approvals of the prostate cancer therapeutic vaccine sipuleucel‐T, the checkpoint inhibitor anti‐CTLA‐4 and anti‐PD‐L1/PD‐1 monoclonal antibodies, along with the results of recent clinical studies involving cancer vaccines and other immunotherapeutics, have placed immunotherapy into the mainstream of the management of many cancer types. This chapter reviews the various cancer vaccine platforms now under clinical evaluation, the range of potential tumor‐associated antigen vaccine targets, and the use of cancer vaccines in combination with so‐called nonimmune standard‐of‐care therapies as well as other immunotherapeutics. The distinction in the clinical evaluation of cancer vaccines versus more conventional cytotoxic therapies is also discussed.
Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Sharma Padmanee , Subudhi Sumit K. , Peggs Karl , Goswami Sangeeta , Gao Jianjun , Quezada Sergio , Allison James P.
Published: March 2017

Overview

The basic principles that guide cancer immunology are immune surveillance, immune editing, and immune tolerance. Rapid increase in the knowledge of the mechanistic details of these basic principles has led to clinical success in the treatment of cancer. In this chapter, we discuss the basic principles and recent advances in the field of basic and clinical immunotherapy that has given credence to the long‐held belief that the immune system can be used to treat cancer. Further, we also focus on the role of combining different types of immunotherapies and other therapeutic modalities in the treatment of cancer.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Jones Roy , Shpall Elizabeth , Champlin Richard
Published: March 2017

Overview

Hematopoietic cell transplantation is an effective therapy for a variety of hematologic malignancies and selected other cancers, immunodeficiency states, and genetic disorders. Refinement of methods has allowed the application of this technique to older patients as well as the use of human leukocyte antigen mismatched donors and products. While toxic, the majority of these treatments have curative potential for otherwise fatal cancers. The immunotherapeutic activity of allotransplantation provides both therapeutic benefit and lessons for future immune treatments of cancer.
Neoplasms of the Thyroid
Authors: Sherman Steven I. , Cabanillas Maria E. , Lai Stephen Y.
Published: March 2017

Overview

Thyroid carcinomas, particularly, papillary cancers, exhibit increasing incidence but, generally, low risk for mortality. An optimal approach to an undiagnosed thyroid mass relies upon ultrasound characterization and guided fine needle aspiration of lesions at risk for clinically significant malignancy. Given the absence of prospective trials, controversy continues over the most appropriate initial treatment strategy for differentiated carcinoma, including extent of thyroidectomy and neck dissection and use of adjuvant radioiodine. Medullary carcinoma is treated initially with thyroidectomy, central and possible lateral neck dissections, and early evaluation to distinguish sporadic from hereditary disease. Recent developments in systemic, targeted therapies have led to multiple anti‐angiogenic drugs available to treat progressive metastatic differentiated or medullary carcinoma with significant improvement in progression‐free survival, though improvements in overall survival are lacking. In distinct contrast, anaplastic carcinoma remains one of the most fulminantly aggressive malignancies, with limited and generally palliative benefit only from selected use of multimodality therapy with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Neoplasms of the Adrenal Cortex
Authors: Fojo Tito
Published: March 2017

Overview

Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare malignancy, with varied presentations and a poor prognosis. Imaging studies have emerged as central to a work up, and in most cases a biopsy is not needed and should not be performed. Pathologic examination is very valuable with the Weiss criteria used to discriminate a small adenomas from carcinomas. Management is multidisciplinary and includes surgical resection or ablation, oral mitotane, intravenous chemotherapy, and palliative radiation. Surgery remains the only proven curative option, must be considered at presentation, and relapse with laparoscopic resection avoided. Mitotane is approved for the treatment of inoperable functional and nonfunctional ACC and its clinical value is primarily as an anti‐hormonal agent. In a patient whose tumor is producing an excess of hormones mitotane is indispensable, however, its use in the adjuvant setting is uncertain. Replacement steroids are needed. Systemic chemotherapy using mitotane in combination with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (EDP‐M) or with streptozotocin (S‐M) are the preferred options. These should not be discarded in favor of a “novel targeted therapy”, none of which have shown any proven efficacy. Increasing evidence suggests that palliative radiation therapy is beneficial for patients with metastatic disease. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or cryoablation have emerged as surgical adjuncts or stand‐alone modalities for recurrences. As with most rare diseases, enrollment in clinical trials is strongly encouraged.
Tumors of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine and Gastroenteropancreatic System
Authors: Vosburgh Evan
Published: March 2017

Overview

The diffuse neuroendocrine system (DES) is represented by a small number of cells spread through the body, and the tumors that derive from these cells present a wide spectrum of epidemiologic, pathologic, biologic, genetic, and clinical features. Clinical and scientific investigation of the inherited multiple endocrine neoplasia (e.g., MEN‐1, MEN‐2) syndromes, and the various unique clinical syndromes secondary to secretion of specific peptides (e.g., insulinomas, glucagonomas, VIPomas) are challenging. Clinical presentation can be dramatic, nonspecific, or incidentally noted in absence of symptoms. Tumors might be small, difficult to detect tumors (<1 cm in size) or bulky hepatic metastases in a well patient. Cancer registry data show five‐year survivals for tumors of the neuroendocrine system that have not improved in the past several decades, and that remain about 30–60%. The same registry data documents a rising and unexplained incidence of these tumors, particularly the neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system (GEP‐NETs), that when coupled with the long average survival results in prevalence figures similar to cancers such as testicular, ovarian, and multiple myeloma.

Recent advances in understanding of the genetics, biology, clinical features, and response to therapy are better defining subtypes of neuroendocrine tumors once clustered and studied as “carcinoids.” Revised histologic grouping and staging are informing ongoing clinical trials and are providing more informed clinical care of these diverse tumors. Recent approvals of several targeted therapies with progression‐free survival benefit suggest that the status quo is changing for tumors of the DES.
Neoplasms of the Head and Neck
Authors: Ferrarotto Renata , Kies Merrill S. , Garden Adam S. , Kupferman Michael E.
Published: March 2017

Overview

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) comprise a diverse group of malignancies affecting the upper aerodigestive tract. The most common tumor type is squamous cell carcinoma. While the main risk factors for HNC remain tobacco and alcohol abuse, oncogenic viruses such as human papilloma virus and Epstein–Barr virus play a major carcinogenic role in tumors of the oropharynx and nasopharynx, respectively. The management of head and neck malignancies is site and histology specific, and requires a multidisciplinary team approach. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge of HNC, with focus on squamous and salivary cancers, and discuss ongoing and future research aiming to improve the management and outcomes of patients with these malignancies.
Thymomas and Thymic Tumors
Authors: Kelly Ronan J. , Marchevsky Alberto M.
Published: March 2017

Overview

Thymomas, carcinomas, and other thymic neoplasms are rare and comprise fewer than 1.5% of all solid tumors. They are currently classified according to the recently updated (2015) histologic classification of the World Health Organization (WHO). The histologic features and classification criteria for thymomas and thymic carcinomas are reviewed in this chapter, with an emphasis on various diagnostic problems. Thymomas are staged according to the Masaoka–Koga system, although the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) is currently developing staging guidelines. There is some current uncertainty regarding how to stage thymic carcinomas. Thymoma patients with stages I and II are treated with radical thymectomy, whereas radiation therapy and chemotherapy are used in patients with more advanced stages. This chapter discusses in detail the current state of the art for the treatment of thymomas and other thymic neoplasms. The results of various therapeutic options are difficult to evaluate with certainty in the absence of a significant number of randomized clinical trials. Indeed, level I and II evidence is difficult to gather for patients with neoplasms that are rare, have a long natural history, and require follow‐up for many years. The efforts of the International Thymic Malignancies Interest Group (ITMIG) to develop evidence‐based guidelines for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of thymic neoplasms are described.
Tumors of the Heart and Great Vessels
Authors: Yu Anthony F. , Yeung Sai‐Ching Jim , Escalante Carmen P. , van der Zee Sarina , Chahinian A. P. , Fuster Valentin
Published: March 2017

Overview

Primary tumors of the heart and great vessels are rare, but secondary tumors are significantly more common. Clinical manifestations of cardiac tumors depend on the location and size of the mass, not on the histopathology of the tumor. Several noninvasive imaging modalities including echocardiography, cardiac MRI, cardiac CT, and PET are currently available to provide complementary information on the location, extent, and tissue characteristics of a cardiac tumor. The clinical management of patients with cardiac tumors varies based on the type of tumor, clinical symptoms, and overall prognosis.
Primary Germ Cell Tumors of the Thorax
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Greco F. Anthony
Published: March 2017

Overview

Primary germ cell tumors (GCT) of the thorax are rare but potentially curable. Benign teratomas account for approximately 60–70% and usually appear in young adults. The large majority of these tumors are curable with surgical excision. Malignant mediastinal GCT usually occur in young men and can be divided histologically into pure seminoma (∼52% of cases) and various nonseminoma histologies. Pure seminomas are highly sensitive to chemotherapy; treatment with three cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) as used in testicular cancer is curative in more than 80%. Selected patients with small (<6 cm) localized seminomas have high cure rates with radiation therapy alone. Nonseminomatous mediastinal GCT are associated with Klinefelter's syndrome (5–10% of cases) and are also associated with various acute leukemias. Optimal treatment includes four cycles of BEP chemotherapy (or an equivalent regimen), followed by resection of residual mediastinal masses. The cure rate for these relatively poor prognosis GCT is approximately 45%.
Testis Cancer
Authors: Kollmannsberger Christian , Nichols Craig R. , Daneshmand Siamak , Hansen Eric K. , Corless Christopher L. , Roth Bruce J. , Einhorn Lawrence
Published: March 2017

Overview

Cancer of the testis is a relatively uncommon disease, accounting for approximately 1% of all cancers in males. However, it represents a highly curable neoplasm, the incidence of which is focused on young patients at their peak of productivity. Curative treatment of disseminated nonseminomatous germ cell tumors often combines surgery and chemotherapy. The goal of initial therapy is never palliation or prolongation of survival, but cure.