bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Surface Shape and Refractive Index of a Transparent Plate Based on Light Path Analysis
Authors: Ohtani Kozo , Okazaki Taiki , Baba Mitsuru
Published: October 2010

Many practical tasks in industry require the simultaneous determination of 3-D shape and refractive index of a transparent object. We have formulated an approach to evaluating the surface shape and refractive index by light path analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed method was confirmed from experimental results.
Separation and Reproduction of Mixed Images Using 2-D Complex Wavelet Transform
Authors: Matsuura Tsutomu , Faiz Amirul , Kiryu Kouji
Published: October 2010

The differences method between 1-D wavelet transform and 2-D wavelet transform in image processing is discussed. Both proposed method uses the quotient of complex valued time-frequency information of observed signals to detect the number of sources. No less number of observed signals than the detected number of sources is needed to separate sources. The assumption on sources is quite general independence in the time-frequency plane, which is different from that of independent component analysis. Using the same given Algorithm and parameters for both method, the result on separated images are compared.
Integral and Direct Representations of Nonlinear Inverse Mapping
Authors: Matsuura Tsutomu , Saitoh Saburou
Published: October 2010

In this paper we shall give practical, numerical and explicit representations of inverse mappings of n-dimensional mappings (of the solutions of n-nonlinear simultaneous equations) and show their numerical experiments by using computers. We derive those concrete formulas from very general ideas for the representation of the inverse functions.
A Study of 3D Objects Pose Estimation for CAT System
Authors: Elmi Abu Bakar , Miyake Tetsuo , Naito Shinya , Imamura Takashi , Zhang Zhong
Published: October 2010

In production line, pose estimation of 3D object of products is needed beforehand. In order to perform shape measurement of the objects corresponding to speed of the mass production lines before the contact measurement is done, the information of object pose and matching is become required. In this paper, we conducted a study on the performance of model based and view based pose estimation method using image sequence of a rotating 3D object. In model based, we used object feature points from center of gravity and in view based method, the subspace calculation by block diagonalization of matrix represents a transformation an image to another image. We have confirmed the both method performance and it’s considered useful for pose estimation.
Motion Pose Estimated Based on the Binocular Stereo Camera
Authors: Jin Tao , Jia Hong Zhi , Hou Wen Mei , Yamamoto Ryo , Nagai Norihiro , Fujii Yusaku , Maru Koichi , Ohta Naoya , Shimada Kazuhito
Published: October 2010

This paper introduced how to estimate motion pose using binocular stereo camera. The Euler angle of the moving object was computed by a rotation matrix. The result of the experiment shows astronaut was rotated during the parabola experiment. This work was useful for space research and space scale.
Dynamic Response Measurement of 1-Inch HDD Head Arm Assembly
Authors: Gu Bin , Shu Dong Wei , Fujii Yusaku , Shi Bao Jun
Published: October 2010

In this paper, dynamic response of 1-inch hard disk drive (HDD) head arm assembly (HAA) against an impact load is obtained by means of a 3D non-linear finite element model in ANSYS/LS-DYNA and experiments using Optical method. A mass is modeled as a rigid body and is made to collide with the arm. The velocity, displacement, acceleration and the inertial force of the mass are obtained from the time- history of finite element analysis (FEA). In the experiment, a mass that is levitated with an aerostatic linear bearing, and hence encounters negligible friction, is made to collide with the HAA and the dynamic bending test for the arm is realized. During the collision the Doppler frequency shift of the laser beam reflecting from the mass is accurately measured using an optical interferometer. The velocity, the position, the acceleration and the inertial force of the mass are calculated from the measured time-varying Doppler frequency shift. A good correlation between the experimental data and FEA results is observed.
Development of Micro-Force Sensor Based on 3-RRR Parallel Mechanism
Authors: Hu Peng Hao , Li Yong Jie , Zhao Qian Cheng
Published: October 2010

A new style micro-force sensor based on a 3-RRR parallel micro-motion stage which had been researching recent years was introduced in this paper. The sensor can be used in micro-force and micro-torque detection in precision engineering. The result and experience from 3-RRR micro-motion stage research bring this new idea. In the first place, the branched chain structure in motion stage needs to be simplified and improved to adapt to the requirement of sensor. Secondly, a mechanics model is constructed according to the sense organ structure. The Jacobin Matrix which is the most important matrix on parallel structure is analyzed and deduced. The relationship among key dimension is worked out through isotropy parameters. With the theory analysis, the final structure of sense organ is determined. The elastomeric sensor body was pasted with electrical-resistance strain gauges, after it was manufactured by Wire-EDM. Strain gauges employed Wheatstone bridge and amplifier AD620 to produce measuring data. Experiment has indicated that the new sensor is competent for micro-force detecting in X, Y direction and micro-moment around Z direction with high stability and reliability.
Analysing by Simulation to Evaluate the Method of Measuring Screw Rotors with CMM
Authors: Zhao Qian Cheng , Lu Chang You , Xu Qiao , Huang Geng
Published: October 2010

The important parts of a screw compressor are the two rotors. At present, generally use a CMM to check the form and other parameters of the rotors to ensure its function. Among the all geometrical parameters of a rotor, the form of traverse section profile is the most important one. In the process of measurement, the key technology problem is the probe radius correction because of the complexity of 3D helical surface. When the nominal values of the rotors are unknown, the radius correction is more difficult than that is known. This paper presents a method to evaluate the precision of measuring screw rotors by simulation. Suppose a referenced helical surface, first select the probe ball radius and sampling density, calculate the coordinate values of the probe ball centers along a fixed plane, then calculate the values of measured contour by radius correction, finally compare the reconstructed contour with the referenced surface to evaluate the selected measuring parameters such as probe ball radius, sampling density, the algorithm of radius correction and so on. This simulation process is necessary for actually measuring a screw rotor.
Research on Feature Extraction Method Based on Rub-Impact Acoustic Emission Signals of Mechanical Seal End Faces
Authors: Liao Chuan Jun , Suo Shuang Fu , Huang Wei Feng
Published: October 2010

Acoustic emission (AE) techniques are put forward to monitor rub-impacts between rotating rings and stationary rings of mechanical seals by this paper. By analyzing feature extraction methods of the typical rub-impact AE signal, the method combining of wavelet scalogram and power spectrum is found useful, and can used to attribute the feature information implicated in rub-impact AE signals of mechanical seal end faces. Both simulations and experimental research prove that the method is effective, and are used successfully to identify the typical features of different types of rub-impacts of mechanical seal end faces.
Signal Processing in Settlement and Seepage Monitoring for Earth Levee Using Fully Distributed Sensing along Optical Fibers
Authors: Zhu Ping Yu , Zeng Hong Yan , Leng Yuan Bao , Ma Ji Ming
Published: October 2010

In this study we analyze the signal in measurement system with distributed optical fiber sensors. The display signal is defined by the user not for general custom. The data of for-processing-part are processed regularly, which directly provides results for the user from the monitoring system. These results go into the next step to add environmental parameters, which includes weather, special events and season information. Information fusion and matching operation of the result and environment information enhances the accuracy of hidden hazard early warning.
An Investigation to Compare the Numerical Model Between Shell and Solid for Honeycomb Light-Weighted Mirror
Authors: Lin Yu Chuan , Lee Long Jeng , Chang Shenq Tsong , Cheng Yu Cheng , Huang Ting Ming
Published: October 2010

This article reports an accurate analysis approach of finite element modeling and optical modeling. It has been used for design and analysis of many opto-mechanical systems such as large telescopes and laser systems. The approach is to represent mirror surface deformation derived from finite element analysis (FEA) by Zernike polynomials, such that the impact of deformation on optical system performance can be evaluated by optical design and analysis program. The methodology of shell-based and solid-based finite element modeling and the comparison of their results have been described in this paper. The result shows that the deformation of the light-weighted mirror designed by this approach fulfills the requirements of optical design. The simulation results of shell based FE model are in good agreement with those of solid based FE model.
Measurement and Analysis of Static Friction for Feed Drives of CNC Machine Tools
Authors: Yeh Syh Shiuh , Sun Jin Tsu
Published: October 2010

Static friction generally exists in feed drive servomechanisms and usually affects the motions of CNC machine tools. In this study, the breakaway experiment is applied to measure the static friction of a feed drive servomechanism generally used in CNC machine tools, and the spectral analysis using the fast Fourier transformation algorithm is applied to analyze the frequency characteristics of the obtained static friction. Several experiments were carried out on a three-axis CNC milling machine so as to illustrate the feasibility of the developed measurement and analysis methods. The experimental results indicate that the static friction of a feed drive servomechanism is clearly position-dependent and the physical interaction of the mechanical parts in the transmission system used by the feed drive servomechanism significantly affects the characteristics of the static friction.
Issues with Body Mass Measurement on the International Space Station (ISS)
Authors: Shimada Kazuhito , Fujii Yusaku
Published: October 2010

Although inception of the measurement of astronaut body mass measurement was as old as Skylab era, progress in the field has not been as expected. There are fundamental physical difficulties as well as program management issues. New mass measurement systems with the current sensor technologies should be prepared, and the new sensor system could be expanded for “Drop Tower” in space.
A Method of Measurement and Monitoring to the Train's Vibration Frequency Spectrum-Varying Fault
Authors: Wang Jing , Chen Te Fang , Huang Cai Lun , Zhao Qian Cheng
Published: October 2010

In condition monitoring of train, because of load change, speed fluctuation and other effect factors, it may cause vibration frequency spectrum migration. If using the common vibration signal acquisition and spectral analysis method to this fault, there will be a result of characteristic spectral smearing, which will lead to misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. To solve this problem, the vibration mechanism of spectrum-varying fault was discussed. This paper studies a pulse-triggered sampling method of integral periodic signal, the equal angle re-sampling method and other appropriate signal processing method. The feasibility and validity of this method and technology has been verified by the application in Liuzhou Railway Bureau .
Structural Restoration and Adaptation to Modern Architecture of the Baroque Oppersdorf Palace, Wrocław, Poland
Authors: Berkowski Piotr , Dmochowski Grzegorz , Minch Maciej Yan , Szołomicki Jerzy
Published: October 2010

This paper is an overview of structural interventions which should be made to the Baroque Oppersdorf Palace during its renovation. All main technical problems were analyzed and proper constructional solutions were presented. Several characteristic types of destruction were detected, caused by natural deterioration and also by mechanical influences (war destruction, lack of conservation etc.). The main building structure has survived from the Baroque period, except for the wooden roof. Some of the cellar vaults and some of them over the first floor were also not destroyed. However, some main reconstruction work was done, probably in the last few years of the 19th century. For example, a break with a new staircase and some masonry vaults over the cellar were changed to ones of Klein type on steel beams. The main aim of the reconstruction was to strengthen the historical structure of the building and adapt it to the modern architecture and to reorganize the buildings inner space, but keeping the external proportions, architectural details and ornaments unchanged.
Revitalization of Historical Building in Wrocław’s City Centre, Poland
Authors: Berkowski Piotr , Dmochowski Grzegorz , Minch Maciej Yan , Szołomicki Jerzy
Published: October 2010

Some aspects of the revitalization of the 14th century historical building are presented in the paper. The building was originally used as a poorhouse and a hospital for children. The original Gothic masonry building on the site was a two-storey building with a cellar, situated in a corner of two streets. In the middle of the 19th century the building was converted into a school and then the first large-scale demolition of the hospital’s Gothic walls took place. After the 2nd World War a school was also situated in the building, where it existed until the late nineties. The aim of the renovation process was to convert it into an exclusive office block. The design works were preceded by historical research and on-site investigations. Complex conversion of the object consisted in the reconstruction of the old building structure, creating the inner courtyard and covering it with a glass roof. In the existing part of the basement one of the longest single-nave vaults in Poland and the exquisite roof truss system with a lying bidding-rafter post deserved special attention during the renovation.
Preservation, Safeguard and Valorization of Masonry Decorations in the Architectural Historical Heritage of Piedmont (Italy)
Authors: Carpinteri Alberto , Invernizzi Stefano , Lacidogna Giuseppe , Manuello Amedeo
Published: October 2010

In the present paper, a project for integrated investigation is described, using noninvasive methods, specially designed for dealing with the highly diversified historic heritage of Piedmont (Italy). The stability of the decorated surfaces will be investigated by innovative Acoustic Emission (AE) and ultrasonic methods already experimentally tested in the field of artistic and monumental cultural heritage in Italy. The ultrasonic investigation techniques allow assessing separations, defects and damage phenomena that can regard the decorated surfaces and the masonry supports. Innovative acoustic methods will allow distinguishing a well-preserved artwork in comparison to a damaged one providing a quantitative criterion for the definition of intervention priority.
Conservation and Preservation of Historical Earthen Structures
Authors: Osman Ashraf
Published: October 2010

This paper discusses the different techniques that can be adopted for conservation and preservation of historical earthen structures constructed using adobe mud bricks in non-seismic regions. Initially, it reports the different damage patterns and modes of failure that are usually exhibited by these structures due to aging process and poor environmental conditions as recorded from field visits. Then, it explains using structural fundamentals and soil mechanics principles the causes for these defects. Finally, it suggests various measures that can be taken to restore and preserve these endangered structures.
The Protection Problems and Reparations of Ahi Çelebi Mosque in Istanbul
Authors: Özakin Rabia , Erdem Ayten
Published: October 2010

The Ahi Çelebi Mosque, which is among Istanbul’s oldest mosques, is located on the shores of the Golden Horn in the Eminönü. This mosque, which was very probably built by Ahi Çelebi towards the end of the 15th century, was restored during the 16th century by Architect Sinan. It is a stone building with a rectangular plan, single dome, with a rear congregational area/son cemaat yeri in front of its main space, and a cut stone minaret at its right corner. Damaged by fires and earthquakes during its long history, this building, set on reclaimed land, was restored and strengthened at various times through the years.
In the 1980s, the building was unfavourably affected by the construction of the new Galata Bridge; it began to sink and slide towards the sea, with the result that it had to be supported with steel girdles as a temporary measure and was abandoned. In 2000, the General Directorate of Foundations had concrete pillars added underground to stabilise the base, and the sea water around the foundations was pumped out. During the last restoration carried out in 2005-2006, the main dome and walls were strengthened, the minaret was rebuilt, and the interior plaster and decorations were redone.
In this study we shall make a general re-evaluation of the restoration work undertaken on the 500 year old Ahi Çelebi Mosque. We shall determine to what degree the structural interventions and, in particular, the contemporary interventions have been able to maintain the original materials, shapes, workmanship and period additions, and whether or not these are distinguishable, reversible and suitable to the aesthetics of the whole.
The Restoration of a Wood-Frame House in Anatolia, the Yakup Ağa Mansion
Authors: Erdem Ayten , Özakin Rabia
Published: October 2010

A significant part of traditional dwellings in Turkey consists of houses built with wood-frame technique. The building of wood-frame houses continued until the 1950s. Up to the 1990s, the preferred method of restoration in Turkey of wooden buildings, which have been disappearing very quickly due to many reasons, had been to demolish and to rebuild them in reinforced concrete maintaining their outside appearance. Restoration experts have constantly explained that producing copies devoid of all their original values is contrary to the spirit of “preservation” and nowadays the obligation to restore wooden buildings by using the method of wood-frame building has been introduced; however, despite the introduction of the wood-frame method the demolition and reconstruction of wooden buildings have continued.
The Yakup Ağa Mansion was built in 1911 in Gerze/ Sinop The building, which was set on stone cellar walls, in three storeys with a wooden frame, is made up of two quarters. As time went by, the supporting frame weakened, leading to a partial collapse of the mansion, with the result that a project for the reconstruction of the mansion in reinforced concrete was approved, but never carried out. The mansion was expropriated in 2000 and restored in 2006. The restoration was done by paying attention to the preservation of original architectural elements, and the wood-frame was reinforced with partial renovations.
In this paper, the consolidation, completion and reconstruction interventions carried out to preserve the wooden mansion will be analysed, with the aim of determining the degree of conservation of the aesthetic, historical evidence and authenticity values of the building.
Scientific Education and Research Centre of the National Institute for Cancer Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: De Oliveira Benedito Tadeu
Published: October 2010

The article seeks to analyze the importance of the former headquarters of the Board of Public Health – DGSP (Diretoria Geral de Saúde Pública), in implementing and institutionalizing Brazilian public health policies, and the importance for Brazil of its restoration and reuse as the Centro de Difusão Científica [Scientific Education and Research Centre]. Constructed (1905-1914) at the initiative of Oswaldo Cruz and designed by the Portuguese architect Luiz Moraes Júnior, the following aspects of the old headquarters of the DGSP are examined: the original site; economic and technical means used in construction; the reasoning, programmes and purpose behind its use; economic, physical and conceptual limits and conditions of space; the creators, their ideas and programmes; the architects, their training, works and methods; the buildings and their environmental surroundings throughout the 20th century; with the City of Rio de Janeiro. The article also analyses the various proposed interventions: structural reinforcement, modernization of the installations, recovery of the construction materials and systems, as well as historic and architectural values; the original forms, volumes and spaces of the buildings. The current initiative taken by the Instituto Nacional do Câncer - Inca- of the Health Ministry, current owner of the property, recovers and preserves a reference point for the origin, evolution and institutionalization of Brazilian public health policies. A modern scientific education and research centre for researchers, health professionals, doctors and residents, as well as the general public, is to be installed in the buildings.
The Theory and Practice of Restoration in England in the Second Half of the 19th Century: The Work of George E. Street
Authors: López-Ulloa Fabián
Published: October 2010

The Romantic vision of ancient architecture, together with the evaluation of the said architecture as historical legacy, have contributed to the extensive path followed by the discipline of architectural restoration towards its consolidation as a scientific method along the 19th and the 20th century. During the Renaissance, when attention was turned to Classic Architecture, the study of the construction methods became the first germ for recognising the value of ancient architecture, in its many styles, as historical heritage. The scientific analysis that then took place in the 19th century, framed in the philosophical trend of Positivism, was also be reflected in architectural restoration: an appropriate intervention had to begin with learning about of the history of the construction. This can easily be understood considering that the term restoration includes many medieval constructions being completed or reconstructed introducing large additions or extensions, which were done taking as reference the use of traditional construction materials with their corresponding traditional technology and the study of agreements and manuscripts. These documents were unveiled by research, in parallel to the development of the formulation of a theoretical structural model, bearing in mind that, initially, masonry, timber and cast iron were the main construction materials, and their properties dictated the nature of structural forms (Charlton 1982).
The debate about architectural restoration begun in the 19th century has gone on to history mainly thanks to names like Viollet-le-Duc, Ruskin, Morris or Pugin. However, behind these names, a series of prominent figures can be recognized. The group was comprised of individuals of all filiations who were developing and bringing together the theory and the scientific practice originated in the twilights of the 18th century in the newly established French Republic. The innumerable positions, schools, trends and declarations that have developed since then, have today a point in common: the valuation and the respect for ancient architectural monuments, a living testimony for learning about the societies who constructed them.
The present work focuses on the figure of the Englishman George Edmund Street (1824-81), whose work is not as well known as that of some of his contemporaries named above, but is not less important for that reason. Street contributed to the restoration of many architectural monuments; his experience allowed him to device certain approaches to this discipline that yielded numerous restoration interventions, both inside and outside England. His work has not received as much attention as that of Butterfield, and his name is certainly not as well known as Scott's. Yet he has hardly been altogether forgotten (Hitchcock 1960).
Interventions on the Gothic Roof Structure of the Nave at the Lutheran Church in Bistriţa (Romania)
Authors: Kirizsán Imola , Szabó Bálint , Vass László
Published: October 2010

The roof structure of the Lutheran Church in Bistriţa is one of the historic roof structures with the widest span in Europe. With a volume of over 9,500 cubic metres, the span of the trusses is 22.60 m. The roof structure – built between 1557 and 1561 – underwent several consolidation interventions. It was seriously damaged in the fire of June 11, 2008, which entirely destroyed the tower’s roof structure and extended to the nave as well, in particular in the area next to the tower. The interventions treated those deficiencies of the nave roof structure resulting from the fire, or from defective maintenance and usage throughout time – missing parts, degraded joints, etc. – or from previous interventions, which altered the static model (by introducing straining devices on intermediary supports that were created subsequently). Made of 39 trusses (out of which 20 main and 19 secondary), the consolidated roof structure was restored as follows: at the first 8 trusses – where the fire destroyed over 70% of the parts – the initial structure was restored; at the consolidated trusses from 1897 (from truss #9 to truss #23), the static model resulting from consolidation was kept in the restoration process; whereas from truss #24 to truss #39 – consolidated in secondary trusses in 1926 – the initial static model was also restored.
Research, Planning and Interventions Guide for Historic Roof Structures with Baroque Character
Authors: Makay Dorottya , Olosz Emese
Published: October 2010

Historic structures generally and historic timber (roof) structures especially are not included into structural engineering curricula, in Romania. Roof structures and timber structures in general were also for a long time totally absent from all from construction and architecture university and craftsmen tuition curricula. The information gathered by dedicated professionals should be offered to young professionals, or those seeking specialisation in built heritage conservation, in a structured way: guidelines / handbooks, to prevent non-professional approaches. The Guide is to be finished in 2010 as integrated part of the PhD thesis of structural engineer D. Makay, supervised by Professor B. Szabó: Transylvanian Baroque Roof Structures.
Brick as a Construction Material in the Modernization Process of the Ottoman Architecture
Authors: Çiftçi Aynur , Yergün Uzay
Published: October 2010

Brick used with stone in an alternate order -especially on monumental masonry buildings- is one of the basic construction materials in Ottoman classical architecture. Parallel to the announcement of Tanzimat Declaration (1839), to the political and economical relations improved with European states and to the Industrial Revolution in Europe, an effective change had been seen on design concept and construction techniques in Ottoman architecture. Many new buildings were built using modern materials and imported techniques such as solid brick (in western norms) masonry walls, steel beams at the horizontal and vertical bearers, cement and concrete. The product of modern solid bricks in western standards had been realized in Ottoman territories in the last quarter of 19th century. The base of this research is constituted on 334 imported and local product solid bricks which remain to Zihni Göğer’s (firstly documented for this research), to Uzay Yergün’s, to Aynur Çiftçi’s and to the Yıldız Techical University, Department of Architectural Conservation’s private collections. Most of the bricks are in a good condition, clean and have stamps. From the stamps one learns where they were produced, in which country or even city, the names of the plants, the logos and the dates of product. During the documentation every brick is numerated, photographed and a catalogue is prepared including the dimensions of the bricks. The demolotion of the buildings made of solid brick masonry walls-especially those which are not registered as an essential cultural asset- the interventions undertaken and the use of new materials during restoration of bearer walls have damaged the original bricks. Finally they were not conserved and documented. The aim of this paper is to determine the change of the production and the standarts of the bricks, to indicate their varieties, their fields of use and their conservation problems before and after the modernisation period of Ottoman architecture. It is intended to take into consideration the conservation and documentation of this material during renovations reflecting the original construction technique of the period that belongs to monumental and civil architecture.
Assessment of the Compatibility of Repair Mortars in Restoration Projects
Authors: Cizer Özlem , Schueremans Luc , Serre Gerty , Janssens Elke , Van Balen Koen
Published: October 2010

In restoration works compatibility requirements of repair mortars are defined based on the original mortar characteristics, but the efficiency and the performance of the repair mortars after application on masonry are not generally evaluated. From this perspective, original mortars and repair mortars from two historic masonry structures were analyzed for their characterization. Compatibility of the repair mortars with the historic mortars is investigated in terms of chemical, mineralogical, and physical point of view. The efficiency of the analytical techniques used for the mortar characterization is discussed. A methodology relying on a basic approach for a mortar analysis is adopted taking into account the added values and the basic requirements from both practical and scientific point of view. This study will contribute to the existing knowledge on mortar analysis and will provide new insights on the assessment of the compatibility of the repair mortars.
A New Technique and its Application in the Conservation of Historical Masonry Constructions - Underpinning by Manual Pipe-Jacking
Authors: Zhang Wei Xi , Chen Ping , Zhao Dong , Zhang Yan Qiang
Published: October 2010

The structural damages, which result from the inadequate bearing capacity or the asymmetric support of foundation, are one of the crucial works in the conservation of historical masonry constructions. Firstly ,the box girders are slowly and evenly jacked by the manual pipe jacking technique ,and then casting the core beam to form a whole, so the construction is gradually situated on a "tray" with sufficient rigidity. Consequently, the structural damages caused by the inadequate bearing capacity or the asymmetric support of foundation is thoroughly treated. Based on the field test, the principle of the underpinning by manual pipe-jacking , the mutual effect mechanism between box girders and soil, the calculation of jacking force and its influence factors are investigated in detail, and the empirical formula of calculating jacking force is also presented.
Structural Rehabilitation of Siad Hashim Historical Mosque in Gaza
Authors: Ziara Mohamed M.
Published: October 2010

Historical structures in Palestine are subjected to various types of damages due to natural or manmade causes that result in sudden destruction or progressive deterioration. “Siad Hashim” mosque has been subjected to progressive deterioration due to long neglect, abuse, environmental factors, inadequate design and construction, soil settlement, damping, growth of vegetation and other factors that led this structure to a critical condition. This paper describes the nature, cause, assessment and rehabilitation measures corresponding to existing damages. Recent rehabilitation carried out in the structure is also described, emphasizing the criteria and techniques adopted and the underlying studies and analyses. The repair and strengthening carried out to the mosque have not only succeeded in restoring its original conditions but also upgraded its ability to carry applied loads and actions satisfying current code requirements.
Restoration of the Chapel of Padre Faria in Ouro Preto, MG - Brazil
Authors: De Marco Meniconi Rodrigo Otávio , De Oliveira Benedito Tadeu
Published: October 2010

The article deals with the restorations made in 2004, describing in addition several previous interventions, in particular, the work made by restorers from the Institute for National Historic and Artistic Heritage – IPHAN, in the 1940´s, wherein still resonated the procedures of Viollet-le-Duc. The article seeks to illustrate the double pathway that characterizes the role of Brazilian architects in the first steps in our modern architecture, showing how this very chapel could have served as inspiration for one of the most significant creations of the architect Oscar Niemeyer: the Chapel of Saint Francis of Assisi, in the Pampulha Complex in Belo Horizonte. This claim is justified in the operation of various factors, as much those relative to the esthetic and ideological motivations of the Modernist Movement in Brazil, as those linked to the programmatic operation of these architects in two professional sectors; that of the renovation and conservation of the architecture of the Baroque Mineira and the employment and use of its vocabulary in the production of our first modern architecture.
A comparison, albeit superficial, between the Chapel of Padre Faria and that of Saint Francis reveals the presence of common points; the same simplicity and austerity in the overall treatment, the employment of the same principles in the distribution and articulation of the spaces and volumetric solutions, the use of similar compositional elements, equal sensibility in the positioning of the monument in relation to the surrounding landscape, the attainment of the effects of light and shade in the interior, the same pictorial treatment of the surfaces and the integration of the various forms of artistic expression as the result of the achievement of a mystic and contemplative atmosphere. The restoration work demonstrates these historic, artistic and environmental values.
Retrofitting of Timber Beam Ceilings with the Timber-Concrete Composite Construction
Authors: Holschemacher Klaus , Kieslich Hubertus
Published: October 2010

Regarding the redevelopment of existing residential buildings the timber-concrete-compo-
site (TCC) construction is an innovative possibility to toughen up timber beam ceilings. Thereby a concrete slab is added to the timber beams. Both parts of the construction are connected by using special shear connectors. In this case timber is mainly loaded in tension and concrete is generally loaded in compression. The bearing capacity as well as the serviceability of the ceiling can be improved by this composite construction. The idea of combining the construction materials timber and concrete in the way that they both can take and carry on loads is not new. In Germany it was mentioned in 1939 for the first time. The cityscape of Central European towns is mainly characterized by buildings constructed before the 50th of the last century. The protection of the historical main structure of these buildings is getting more important today. Floors built up till that time were primarily made of timber. Research in Germany has been intensified during the last decade. This paper will show the specific properties of timber-concrete composite floors. Several metallic combing agents exist currently. Type and distance of the connection members influence the load bearing behavior of the composite construction. The main types used in Germany will be presented in this paper. The possible ways of calculating timber-concrete composite ceilings will be given and the design basis will be explained.
Comparison of In Situ and Laboratory Testing for the Characterization of Old Timber Beams before and after Intervention
Authors: Piazza Maurizio , Riggio Mariapaola , Tomasi Roberto , Giongo Ivan
Published: October 2010

In this paper an investigation campaign, carried out in occasion of the restoration of a timber floor in the Belasi Castle (Trentino, Italy), is reported. In order to validate a testing procedure for the calibration and control of an innovative wood-wood strengthening technique, results of tests performed in situ on the structural elements, in both the original and the repaired condition, have been compared with those obtained in laboratory on some dismantled beams. For the characterization of the material decay, both local mechanical and global vibrational testing have been carried out. For the mechanical characterization of the beams, before and after repair, direct static bending tests have been performed, with distributed loads, on site, and according to standard four-points loading schemes, in laboratory.
"Respecting the Diversity" - The Timber Roof of the “Cannons Loggia” in the Thun Castle (Italy)
Authors: Massari Giovanna A. , Riggio Mariapaola , Gadotti Francesco
Published: October 2010

Historical timber structures can be considered a paradigm of the “diversity”, which characterizes each individual artefact or part of it and represents a mark of heritage authenticity. In this paper, the term “diversity” indicates both the “variability” of the structure at its different hierarchical levels, and the “variation” in the typological form. Recognising, capturing and interpreting these peculiarities have been a main task, in the restoration of a timber roof in the Thun Castle (Trentino, Italy). After an exceptional snowfall the roof over the Cannons Loggia partially collapsed. In order to properly investigate the causes of the damages occurred to the structure and provide the necessary information for the intervention planning, a throughout investigation campaign was carried out. The adopted approach to repair aims at respecting the roof “diversity”, which is at the same time the mark of its originality and the cause of its deficiencies, relying on reversible and minimal interventions.
A Methodology for Approaching the Reconstruction of Historical Centres Heavily Damaged by 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake
Authors: Carocci Caterina F. , Cattari Serena , Circo Chiara , Indelicato Davide , Tocci Cesare
Published: October 2010

The paper illustrates the preliminary results of a research carried out on a historical centre heavily damaged by 2009 L’Aquila earthquake; in particular it presents shortly the Rubble Removal Plan realized and more in detail, the analysis conducted on a sample block. The detailed knowledge of the block is are essential for identifying probable causes that led to the present damage scenario and for planning consciously the reconstruction and restoration of the historical centre.
PERPETUATE Project: The Proposal of a Performance-Based Approach to Earthquake Protection of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Lagomarsino Sergio , Modaressi Hormoz , Pitilakis Kiriazis , Bosiljkov Vlatko , Calderini Chiara , D’Ayala Dina , Benouar Djillali , Cattari Serena
Published: October 2010

The paper describes the methodology proposed in the PERPETUATE Project (funded by the Seventh Framework Programme – Theme ENV.2009.3.2.1.1). The methodology proposed in PERPETUATE uses a displacement-based approach for the vulnerability evaluation and design of interventions. The use of safety verification in terms of displacement, rather than strength, orients to new strengthening techniques and helps in the comprehension of interaction between structural elements and unmovable artistic assets. The procedure is based on the following fundamental steps: definition of performance limit states, specific for the cultural heritage assets (considering both structural and artistic assets); evaluation of seismic hazard and soil-foundation interactions; construction knowledge (non-destructive testing, material parameters, structural identification); development of structural models for the seismic analysis of masonry structures and artistic assets and design of interventions; application and validation of the methodology to case studies. Two main scales are considered: the seismic risk assessment at territorial scale and at the scale of single historic building or artistic assets. The final aim of the project is to develop European Guidelines for evaluation and mitigation of seismic risk to cultural heritage assets.
Recommendations for the Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage in Chile
Authors: Montes Cecilia Aldunate , Giesen Clara Guzmán
Published: October 2010

Developing earthen architecture conservation in Chile is a widespread challenge present in different organizations in our country, although a clear legislation has not been defined in order to preserve this important legacy.
An extended look throughout the country allows us to understand the state of the art of restoration in Chile. In this respect, the recommendations in this paper are strategic to earthen architecture conservation in the Altiplano and in the Central Valley in the sense that they promote ideas for discussion of a national legislation on conservation and restoration.
We believe that understanding how earthen architecture in Chile has been preserved until now enables stakeholders to make better decisions in the long-term; we have focussed this paper on the generation of an emergency strategy that can make it possible for our scarce remaining heritage to resist the next earthquake.
Geotechnical Aspects of the N1 Tower, Prasat Sour Prat, Angkor Thom, Cambodia
Authors: Iwasaki Yoshinori , Fukuda Mitsuharu , Nakagawa Koichi , Akazawa Yasushi , Shimoda Ichita , Nakagawa Takeshi
Published: October 2010

This paper presents a case study of foundation of an inclined independent masonry tower in Angkor. One of the Prasat Sour Prat towers had been dismantled before reconstruction for conservation. The foundation was inclined as the same as the upper structure of the tower and spreading outwards. The inclination was considered caused by foundation failure with some differential settlements of the ground. During dismantling, the soil layers exposed on the trenched section were found rather horizontal than the inclined state that had been expected. Laterite blocks of step slope stones was found to have slid down along the soil mound of the foundation. The mechanism might have been caused by weakening of soil strength by wetting ground. Without dismantling, the real mechanism of the inclination was never known as well as the corresponding counter measures.
Timber Structure in the Mission Churches of Chiquitos (Bolivia): Origins, Evolution and Restoration
Authors: Trujillo Vladimir Rodríguez , Kühne Eckart
Published: October 2010

A group of churches of the 18th century in the Lowlands of Bolivia and Paraguay are characterized by a very special timber skeleton frame structure. Most of these churches belong to the famous former Jesuit missions of Guaraní, Chiquitos and Mojos, in densely wooded regions ad the edge of the Spanish colonial empire. The best preserved and most important of these buildings are the six churches of Chiquitos in Eastern Bolivia, declared World Heritage sites by the UNESCO. In these villages and small towns, many traditions of colonial time have survived. The old churches are still the spiritual centers for the Chiquitanos, the Christian Native Americans of the region. The typical plan of these churches is a rectangular interior space with three naves, adobe walls, entrance hall, laterals corridors and a huge and long gable roof. The timber structures of these buildings are very simple, with free standing carved wooden columns that are anchored in the ground, using a pre-Columbian indigenous technique. It is combined with the European ways of constructing roof structures and timber joints and with baroque stylistic influences from Spain and central Europe. Since nearly 40 years, these churches have been the object of a long-lasting restoration project that saved them all, using very different restoration methods and standards.
Second World War Damages of the Architectural Heritage: St. Maria Del Popolo Agli Incurabili Church in Naples
Authors: Russo Valentina , Lignola Gian Piero , Vassallo Emanuela , Zinno Alberto
Published: October 2010

The research concerns the case-study of the church of Santa Maria del Popolo into the historical Incurabili Hospital in Naples, seriously damaged during a bombing raid in 1943. The construction of a reinforced concrete trussed roof and floor above the main nave has caused serious structural problems and the church shows evident signs of deterioration today. The present situation offers the occasion to deep, in an interdisciplinary way, the delicate issue of the recent past strengthening operations realized with reinforced concrete that, associated with highly territorial seismicity, alarm about the condition of many historical buildings. In order to have a clear knowledge of the structural behavior of the church, assessing the actual in situ condition, a numerical FE analysis has been performed with the scope of evaluating the state of stress in the structural elements of the walls and of the roof, pointing out the structural deficiencies. The numerical damage assessment has been validated by means of comparisons with crack patterns. Providing a reliable model, it has been possible to fully simulate the behavior of historical structures when subjected to different and severe types of load, e.g. seismic loads.
Evaluation of Architectural Characteristics for Conservation Decisions of Değirmendağı, İzmir, Turkey
Authors: Kaplan Çağlayan Deniz , Murtezaoğlu Fulya , Akbulut Özge , İpekoğlu Başak
Published: October 2010

Historical settlements, which are integral parts of the cultural heritage, should be documented and evaluated with their local characteristics. The aim of this study is to document, analyze and evaluate the architectural, environmental and social characteristics of an urban settlement called Değirmendağı District, which has a historical background beginning with the Roman period to the present, in the center of metropolitan city of İzmir, on the Aegean coast of Turkey. The settlement is one of the earliest that was planned by local administration in İzmir and contributes to the İzmir silhouette with its location on a steep hillside in the township of Konak.
Documentation methods used are sketches, photography and architectural and social questionnaires. Inventory cards were prepared to collect architectural characteristics of each building and the social questionnaires were comprised of socio–economic characteristics of the settlers. Data gathered at the site was analyzed and evaluated to develop a conservation approach, including historical review of the ancient era.
Since the area is easily accessible and close to city center, the area becomes attractive. It has the advantage of the vista based on its inclined topography and grid-planned scheme. Değirmendağı District is a special area requiring special conservation within the city of İzmir. However, historical pattern has changed through the years because of changing lifestyle. The area, which is one of the most important and valuable districts in İzmir considering its history, location, and architectural characteristics should be integrated with the city and citizens. This study documents the present potentials and values of the area and forms a basis to prepare conservation approaches.