bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summary of physicochemical properties of natural gas hydrate and associated gas-hydrate-bearing sediments, JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well, by the Japanese research consortium
Authors: Uchida T , Matsumoto R , Waseda A , Okui T , Yamada K , Okada S , Takano O
Published: March 2017

The JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well was drilled to a depth of 1150 m in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada, in February and March, 1998. A highlight of the project was the successful retrieval of natural gas hydrate samples
in a variety of sediments. A summary is presented of research conducted by the Japanese research consortium led by the Japan National Oil Corporation with participation by ten Japanese companies and institutes. Fingerprints of the gas hydrate crystal structure and the molar ratio of water to
guest-gas molecules occupying lattice sites are described for gas-hydrate-bearing samples as obtained by NMR and Raman spectroscopy. X-Ray CT imagery is used to describe the texture and gas hydrate/sediment characteristics of recovered samples during controlled dissociation testing. In addition,
inorganic and organic chemical, thermal geophysical, and physical properties are described for key core horizons. Results are also presented documenting the rate of gas hydrate dissociation in drilling fluids with different chemistry including lecithin.
Detailed evaluation of gas hydrate reservoir properties using JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well downhole well-log displays
Authors: Collett T S , Lewis R E , Dallimore S R , Lee M W , Mroz T
H , Uchida T
Published: March 2017

The JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well project was designed to investigate the occurrence of in situ natural gas hydrate in the Mallik area of the Mackenzie Delta of Canada. Because gas hydrate is unstable at surface pressure and temperature
conditions, a major emphasis was placed on the downhole logging program to determine the in situ physical properties of the gas-hydrate-bearing sediments. Downhole logging tool strings deployed in the Mallik 2L-38 well included the Schlumberger Platform Express with a high resolution laterolog,
Array Induction Imager Tool, Dipole Shear Sonic Imager, and a Fullbore Formation MicroImager.

The downhole log data obtained from the log- and core-inferred gas-hydrate-bearing sedimentary interval (897.25-1109.5 m log depth) in the Mallik 2L-38 well is depicted in a series of well displays. Also shown are numerous reservoir parameters, including gas hydrate saturation and sediment porosity
log traces, calculated from available downhole well-log and core data. The gas hydrate accumulation delineated by the Mallik 2L-38 well has been determined to contain as much as 4.15x10e9 m³ of gas in the 1 km² area surrounding the drill site.
Postglacial vegetation and climate
Authors: MacDonald G M
Published: March 2017

The past climate and vegetation of the Mackenzie valley has been reconstructed for the past 13 000 radiocarbon years using fossil-pollen records and studies of tree rings. The earliest vegetation cover in much of the valley was sparse and dominated by small
shrubs and herbs. It is possible that aspen and/or poplar trees were also present. By about 10 000 BP birch tundra was dominant throughout the valley. Between 10 000 and 9000 forests of white and black spruce were established as far north as the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula. The forest retreated slightly
in the Mackenzie Delta region and in the mountains after 5000 years ago. Tree-ring records show that the during portions of the nineteenth century, summer temperatures in the valley were perhaps 1 to 2°C colder than they are today. In the twentieth century there has been some increased
establishment of spruce at higher elevations in the mountains.
Past environmental change recorded in dune fields
Authors: Michaud Y , Bégin C
Published: March 2017

Sand dunes are excellent markers of past eolian activity and paleoenvironmental conditions. In the Mackenzie valley, sand dunes mainly occur in the vicinity of Fort Simpson, in the region of Tulita to Fort Good Hope, and on the northern tip of Tuktoyaktuk
Peninsula. The occurrence of both active and stabilized dunes illustrates that paleoenvironmental conditions controlling their development must have changed at least locally during the Holocene. Two generations of dune fields are recognized: old dune fields that were formed during the Late
Wisconsinian, and younger dune fields that have been episodically or continuously active in the Holocene. Comparison between dunes morphology, composition, orientation, and age with winddirection and temperature-moisture records revealed that caution must be exercised in placing a climatic
interpretation upon eolian phenomena at regional scale. In many locations, eolian activity may be triggered by ecological and geomorphic factors as well as climatic change.
Shallow ground temperatures
Authors: Burgess M M , Smith S L
Published: March 2017

The temperature in the ground changes according to daily or longer temperature cycles in the air. The amount of ground temperature change also diminishes rapidly with depth. Temperatures to a depth of 20 m, the approximate depth to which the yearly temperature
cycle penetrates, are presented for various environments in the Mackenzie valley. As a rough guideline, average ground temperatures are about 4°C warmer than mean annual air temperatures. This difference depends mainly on the insulating affect of vegetation and snow and changes in the moisture
content of the active layer. Smaller differences may result in peatlands where summer drying of organic soils enhances their insulating capacity. Even without a change in climate, disturbance at the ground surface will alter the ground thermal regime. Examples from the Norman Wells to Zama, Alberta
oil pipeline show warming and ground subsidence associated with the clearing of the pipeline right-of-way.
Streamflow in the Mackenzie valley
Authors: Brooks G R
Published: March 2017

Rivers in the Mackenzie valley generally exhibit a spring-snowmelt dominated mean monthly flow pattern classified as a subarctic, nival flow regime. Along the Mackenzie River, ice jamming during spring breakup is an important process since it can obstruct flow
locally and elevate river stage to flood levels. Flow along the large tributary rivers draining the Mackenzie Mountains to the west of the Mackenzie River can rise and fall rapidly in response to rain storms and diurnal snow melt. Global climatic change may result in an increase in the magnitude and
frequency of extreme floods, in common with mid-latitude rivers. Some hydraulic modelling suggests that precipitation, and therefore runoff, will increase, but other models indicate that the increased precipitation will be offset by greater evapotranspiration. Considerably more immediate and drastic
changes to the flow regime of a given river could arise from dam construction for hydroelectric generation.
Potential changes in permafrost distribution in the Fort Simpson and Norman Wells regions
Authors: Wright J F , Smith M W , Taylor A E
Published: March 2017

Modelling that predicts permafrost distribution and thickness in equilibrium with a given mean annual air temperature is applied to the Norman Wells and Fort Simpson regions. The model predicts the likelihood of permafrost, based on values of thermal conductivity
for the various surficial materials in each study area and a factor which describes the insulating property of ground-surface vegetation and snow cover. Estimates of permafrost thickness are obtained for various combinations of terrain characteristics. Using maps of vegetation and surficial geology,
these combinations can be compiled for each study area and used to map both permafrost thickness and extent, using a geographic information system. This technique predicts that, under an increase in mean annual air temperature of 2°C, permafrost extent decreases slightly and thickness decreases
markedly for the Norman Wells area. For the same temperature increase at Fort Simpson, permafrost almost completely disappears.
Bedrock geology of Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay
Authors: MacLean B
Published: March 2017

This paper summarizes information regarding the bedrock geology underlying Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay interpreted from seismic reflection data together with shallow borehole information, published data from adjoining terrestrial areas, and from an exploratory
well on Akpatok Island. Hudson Strait is underlain primarily by Lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (mainly calcareous carbonate rocks) that contact Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the adjacent land masses not far from the coasts of Baffin Island and Ungava and Labrador peninsulas. These
sedimentary rocks also form the central platform in Ungava Bay. Younger strata, possibly of Mesozoic age occur locally in Eastern basin and their presence has also been postulated in parts of western and southwestern Hudson Strait. Three half-graben structures, downfaulted against older rocks at
their southern margins, form prominent structural features in the floor of Hudson Strait. Phanerozoic (mainly Lower Paleozoic) sedimentary rocks thicken southward in these structures reaching 2000 m or more in Eastern basin. These basins have been sites for deposition of Quaternary sediments that
locally reach more than 100 m in thickness. Calcareous sediments and erratics derived from glacial erosion of the Paleozoic strata are important markers in interpreting ice-flow patterns in the region and sediment dispersal seaward.
Composition of sediments in Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay
Authors: Hardy I
Published: March 2017

Information regarding the composition of surficial sediments in Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay comes primarily from BenthosTM piston cores, large diameter and AGC Long Coring Facility cores collected at some fifty localities, together with box cores, and IKUTM
clam-shell grab samples from various localities. Many of the coring localities were selected to provide maximum information on the glaciomarine sediments and their chronologies with penetration to the underlying ice-contact sediments where feasible. Cores were also recovered from thick postglacial
deposits. Matrix-supported diamict sediments encountered at and near the base of two cores in Eastern basin are considered to be from ice-contact deposits. These sediments were barren of macrofauna and microfauna. Glaciomarine sediments consist primarily of laminated clayey and silty sediments with
some sandy components, occasional dropstones, and coarser intervals. They commonly comprise distinctive rhythmically bedded muddy and sandy sediments (cyclopsams and/or cyclopels). Postglacial muddy sediments typically are dark grey, extensively bioturbated clays. Variably sandy and gravelly
sediments form a thin surface veneer in areas exposed to current winnowing.
Ice dynamics modelling of the Hudson Strait region at late glacial time
Authors: Pfeffer W T
Published: March 2017

Ice dynamics modelling was undertaken to a) simulate in a physically realistic numerical model, glacial events between ca. 11 ka BP and ca. 9 ka BP (DC-0 and Gold Cove) and during the Noble Inlet event inferred from observations in the vicinity of Hudson Strait
and on Baffin Island; and b) to examine the compatibility of terrestrial and marine observations and model results. Modelling results indicate that successful advance of ice across eastern Hudson Strait from an initial position on Quebec
Patterns of ice flow and deglaciation chronolgy for southern coastal margins of Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay
Authors: Gray J T
Published: March 2017

Erosional features, erratic occurrences, and carbonate drift distribution on the southern margins of Hudson Strait revealed divergent flow from northern Ungava Peninsula into west-central Hudson Strait, and convergent flow from southern Ungava Peninsula, central
Quebec Labrador, and Torngat Mountains dispersal centres into Ungava Bay. Convergence of ice flows from Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay is suggested by easterly flow overriding the northern Labrador peninsula. In west-central Hudson Strait, only islands and promontories were affected by a Hudson Strait
ice stream, that later gave way to northeasterly flow off Ungava Peninsula. Ice retreat in the Torngat Mountains of northern Labrador was succeeded by invasion of easterly flowing and coalescent Ungava Bay and Hudson Strait ice, resulting in the north-trending Sheppard Lake moraines, and glacially
dammed lakes farther south. Carbon 14 mollusc dates from Deception Bay indicate an ephemeral opening of Hudson Strait prior to 10 ka BP, but general deglaciation of east-central Hudson Strait occurred at ca. 9 ka BP, with Ungava Bay finally free from ice after 7 ka BP. Late easterly flows across
Akpatok Island and 14C ages cannot be easily reconciled with late glacial resurgence of ice northward from Quebec Labrador across an ice-free Hudson Strait to Noble Inlet on south Baffin Island.
Geographic location conversion tool
Authors: Lepard D W
Published: March 2017

This Windows application converts geographic coordinates between any pair of ten systems; latitude and longitude as well as different grid and map projection systems. The grid systems supported are Township and Range, British Columbia's NTS-based grid system,
the Canada Lands system, the UTM system, and the UTM-based Military system. The projections supported are Mercator, Lambert, Polyconic, and Albers. Transformations can be done in either the NAD27 or NAD83 datums. Transformations between NAD27 and NAD83 require the grid shift files included with
the NTV2 software (see above). The appropriate grid shift file, usually NTV2_0.GSB must be renamed GRID.GSB and placed in a fixed directory:

e.g. MathTool.exe, MathTool.ini, readtool.txt ==> \MathTool
GRID.GSB, NTV21.exe ==> \NTV2
INFILE.TXT, OUTFILE.TXT (temporary files) ==> \NTV2

Note that the Twp Rge grids are assumed to be the same in each datum with the NAD83 coordinates being obtained by application of NTV2 on the NAD27 coordinates. To use the tool the user (1)enters a location and defines its coordinates system on the input source screen, (2)defines the desired output
system on the output destination screen, and (3)selects the find button. The application then calculates the location in the new destination system. The application is a Delphi (Trade Mark) run-time module for Windows XP and 95/98/00.

Note that NTV21.exe, derived from the NTV2 software (see above), can also be used in batch mode by setting INFILE.TXT to a file with records giving NAD (27 or 83), latitude, and longitude.
Geochemistry of alkaline lake waters of the northern Kechika Trough, British Columbia (NTS 94M/2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12; 104P/8, 9, 10, 15, 16)
Authors: Cook S J , Jackaman W , Friske P W , Day S J , Hall G E M , Coneys A M
Published: March 2017

Open File 1999-6 presents new analytical results for a regional lake water geochemical survey conducted in 1996 in the northern Kechika Trough area of northern British Columbia. The survey, covering parts of the Rabbit River (NTS 94M) and McDame (NTS 104P) map
areas, encompasses an approximately 5000 square kilometre-area of known high mineral potential for sedimentary-exhalative style zinc-lead-barium deposits. Exploration has been limited here by extensive drift cover and poor bedrock exposure.
The survey was conducted in conjunction with a lake sediment geochemical survey, analytical data for which has been previously released (Cook et al., l 997c). Surface waters were collected, at every second sediment site, from a total of 235 sites at an average density of approximately one site per
21.3 square kilometres. The waters were filtered and acidified, and analyzed for a suite of (i) major elements by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and (ii) trace elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at the Geological Survey of Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario. The standard Regional Geochemical Survey (RGS) suite of elements (U, F, sulphate, pH) was also measured in all water samples. Several additional constituents including total alkalinity, conductivity and total dissolved solids were also determined.
The alkaline lake waters in this area are characterized by high concentrations of calcium and magnesium, and by high pH, relative to lakes in some other flat-lying parts of B.C., such as the Nechako Plateau. Preliminary discussion of data for several elements indicate that the survey results confirm
the locations of some currently known prospects. In addition, the element distribution maps given here are complemented by a series of ratio maps which may assist in identifying areas of potential porphyry-style alteration and mineralization.
Geographic location conversion tool
Authors: Lepard D W
Published: March 2017

This Windows application converts geographic coordinates between any pair of nine systems; latitude and longitude as well as different grid and map projection systems. The grid systems supported are Township and Range, British Columbia's NTS-based grid system,
the Canada Lands system, the UTM system, and the UTM-based Military system. The projections supported are Mercator, Lambert and Polyconic. Transformations can be done in either the NAD27 or NAD83 datums (NAD27 only for Township and Range), but not between datums. To use the tool the user enters a
location and defines its coordinates system on the input source screen, defines the desired output system on the output destination screen, and selects the find button. The application then calculates the location in the new destination system. The application is a Delphi (Trade Mark) run-time
module for Windows 95/98.
Physical properties of cores from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well under simulated in situ conditions using the Field Laboratory Experimental Core Analysis System (FLECAS)
Authors: Kulenkampff J , Spangenberg E
Published: March 2017

Measurements of petrophysical parameters of gas-hydrate-bearing sediment samples under simulated in situ conditions were performed in the research laboratory in Inuvik, Northwest Territories between one and seven days after core retrieval. The samples are from
gas-hydrate-bearing zones at 890 - 925 m, 950 - 960 m, and 1080 - 1100mof the Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well. Twenty samples out of 11 core sections were investigated with the core analysis system FLECAS, a chilled pressure vessel with facilities for controlling confining and pore
pressure as well as temperature, and for monitoring electrical resistivity, and ultrasonic P- and S-wave velocities and amplitudes. After the experiments were completed, bulk and grain densities, porosity, fluid and gas hydrate saturations, and grain-size distributionwere determined for each sample.
The cation content of water samples obtained before and after gas hydrate decomposition was analyzed. The results are used for petrophysical modelling of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments.
Measurements of gas hydrate saturation in sediment cores recovered from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Lu H , Dutrisac D , Ripmeester J , Wright F , Uchida T
Published: March 2017

Measurements of gas hydrate saturation were carried out to specify its distribution in sediments recovered from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well, both at the drill site and in the laboratory after the fieldwork was
completed. At the Mallik drill site, gas hydrate saturation was estimated from the mass of gas released during gas hydrate dissociation, whereas in the laboratory it was calculated from the volume of gas released from gas hydrate. The evaluation of the test results shows that both methods generate
good results, with gas hydrate saturation varying from a few per cent to about 80%, but mainly in the range of 20% to 50%. Compared with the low gas hydrate saturation of silt and silty clay, gas hydrate is relatively abundant in sediments dominated by sand.
Occurrence of natural gas hydrate and associated gas-hydrate-bearing sediments in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Uchida T , Ochiai K , Waseda A , Sawamura F
Published: March 2017

The JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well was drilled to 1166mearly in 2002, and abundant gas-hydrate-bearing cores were successfully retrieved from a variety of sediments. Gas-hydrate-dominant layers were identified at depths of
890 to 1108 m. Gas-hydrate-bearing strata typically range from 10 cm to a few metres in thickness, and gas hydrate saturations in most gas
hydrate layers were quite high. Pore-space gas hydrate is very small in size and fills the intergranular porosity of sandy sediments.

The X-ray computed tomography (CT) images of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments always show very uniform CT values. The CT values in some parts of the sediment samples range from 1000 to 1200, which suggests that the methane hydrate contents range from 23 to 36 vol%of the sample. These values
indicate a high methane hydrate saturation in the intergranular porosity of the sand samples.
Characterization of the organic matter in lignite layers of the Kugmallit Sequence (Oligocene) at the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Haberer R M , Mangelsdorf K , Dieckmann V , Fuhrmann A , Wilkes H , Horsfield B
Published: March 2017

Organic-carbon-rich sediment samples (lignite and shale) from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well have been investigated using different analytical approaches for the different types of organic matter (kerogen, bitumen).
The kerogen composition of these samples analyzed by pyrolysis experiments and microscopic studies indicate a predominantly terrestrial
origin and an immature character of the organic matter. These results are supported by our molecular investigations of the bitumen that show a large variety of compounds from land plants (e.g. isopimarane, a-phyllocladane, olean-12-ene, and urs-12-ene). Additionally, biomarkers of microbial origin
were detected in significant amounts. The identified biomarkers allow conclusions on the plant community during sedimentation of the samples and point to a swampy milieu during their formation in interdistributary marshes and bayous in the Mackenzie Delta system.
Physical properties of natural gas hydrate and associated gas-hydrate-bearing sediments in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Uchida T , Uchida T , Kato A , Sasaki H , Kono F , Takeya S
Published: March 2017

The JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well was drilled to 1166 m below kelly bushing. Gas-hydrate-dominant layers were identified within the methane-hydrate stability zone at depths ranging from 890 to 1108 m, where the gas
hydrate occurs mostly filling intergranular porosity of sands.Gas-hydrate-bearing sandy strata range from 10 cmto a few metres thick,with porosities of 36 to 42%.Gas hydrate saturation inmost gas hydrate layerswas quite high, ranging up to 80%pore saturation.

X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy measurements showed that pore-space gas hydrate contained in sand is mainly of type I structure. Velocity of P-waves in those sand units, measured over the interval -20° to +5°C, decreased from 4 to 3 km/s as water ice melted, whereas that of
S-waves decreased from about 2.5 km/s at -20°C to about 1.5 km/s at 5°C. Measurements of mechanical strength and electrical resistivity were also undertaken.
Spectroscopic analysis of JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 5L-38 natural gas hydrate samples
Authors: Eaton M , Hester K C , Sloan E D
Published: March 2017

Natural gas hydrate contains the world's largest supply of fossil fuel. In situ samples, taken from beneath the thick permafrost at JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 well, were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Structure I gas hydrate was
observed in all samples analyzed, and cage-occupancy results are similar to those of gas hydrate formed under laboratory conditions.
Electrical-resistivity well-log analysis of gas hydrate saturations in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Collett T S , Lee M W
Published: March 2017

As part of theMallik 2002 GasHydrate Production Research Well Program, the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well was the focus of an advanced, downhole geophysical-logging program. Gas volumes that may be attributed to a gas
hydrate accumulation within a given geological setting are dependent on a number of reservoir parameters. Two of these parameters, sediment porosity and gas hydrate saturation, have been assessed with data obtained from downhole well-logging
devices deployed in Mallik 5L-38 well. Downhole logs confirm the occurrence of a relatively thick gas-hydrate-bearing stratigraphic section in the depth interval fromapproximately 891 to 1109m in the Mallik 5L-38 well. Porosities of the gas-hydrate-bearing reservoir rocks, derived from density well
logs, range from 25 to 40%. Gas hydrate saturations within the gas-hydrate-bearing units of the Mallik 5L-38 well, calculated from the downhole resistivity-log data, were very high, with peak gas hydrate saturations exceeding 90%.
Magnetic resonance log of JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well: gas hydrate saturation, growth habit, and relative permeability
Authors: Kleinberg R L , Flaum C , Collett T S
Published: March 2017

Nuclear magnetic resonance well logging can play an important role in characterizing gas hydrate deposits. Combined with density measurements of porosity, it is perhaps the simplest and most reliable means of obtaining accurate values of gas hydrate saturation
(fraction of pore space filled with gas hydrate). Nuclear magnetic resonance and other measurements demonstrate that gas hydrate saturations in Mallik 5L-38 tend to be less than 0.2, or between 0.6 and 0.8, with relatively few occurrences between 0.2 and 0.6. Acoustic logs combined with nuclear
magnetic resonance show that the growth habit of gas hydrate in sediments is pore filling, not cementing. Finally, nuclear magnetic resonance is used to estimate the hydraulic permeability of gas-hydrate-affected formations. Relative permeability to water as a function of gas hydrate saturation is
obtained, and compared to permafrost data and to models.
Anisotropic stress analysis from downhole acoustic logs in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38
gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Plona T J , Kane M R
Published: March 2017

This report describes the analysis of acoustic well-log data in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada. This study focuses on a 70m thick sandstone sequence (porosity ~38%) inwhich the upper
part of the sequence contains high concentrations of gas hydrate, whereas the lower part is mostly water bearing. The complete suite of acoustic data evaluated includes compressional-wave, Stoneley-wave, and four-component shear-wave data acquired with a cross-dipole, acoustic-logging tool. The
anisotropy log indicates the gas-hydrate-bearing sandstone section has low compressional-wave and shear-wave slownesses (fast sound speeds) and behaves in a homogeneous, isotropic manner. In contrast, the water-bearing sandstone section exhibits higher compressional-wave and shear-wave slownesses
(slow sound speeds), stress-induced anisotropy, and mechanical damage around the borehole, as indicated by additional radial acoustic slowness gradients. The azimuth of the fast shear-wave is consistent with the expected regional stress field.
Preliminary assessment of the waveform inversion method for interpretation of cross-well seismic data from
the thermal production test, JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Watanabe T , Shimizu S , Asakawa E , Kamei R , Matsuoka T
Published: March 2017

Repeated cross-well seismic surveys were carried out using the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 3L-38 and 4L-38 test wells before and during the gas production test from the gas-hydrate-bearing layer at the depth around 905 - 920 m in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. 5L-38
test well. Frequency-domain nonlinear waveform inversionwas employed to obtain high-resolution velocity images in the gas-hydrate-bearing layer. Effort was focused on detecting the change in acoustic properties of the gas-hydrate-bearing layer due to the gas production. Preliminary data observation
shows high velocity and remarkably high attenuation in the gas-hydrate-bearing layers and also implies the change of the acoustic properties in the gas reservoir due to the gas production. Tomography analyses of preprocessed waveform data using a reduced number of source-receiver pairs reconstructed
layered structures with small lateral heterogeneities. So far the result of waveform inversion does not indicate any obvious velocity decreases. Detailed processing and inversion are ongoing.
Initial geophysical and geological assessment of an industry 3-D seismic survey covering the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Brent T A , Riedel M , Caddel M , Clement M , Collett T S , Dallimore S R
Published: March 2017

An industry 3-D seismic survey covers the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate well. Interpretation supported by biostratigraphy indicates a normally faulted anticline with Mallik 5L-38 occupying the northern downthrown crest. This east-striking fault,
near Mallik 5L-38, has 800 m throw interpreted 700 m below gas-hydrate-bearing levels. Fault offset at Mallik 5L-38 gas-hydrate-bearing
levels is probably several hundred metres less, because syndepositional fault movement during or after the Late Eocene is suggested. Downhole velocity surveys at Imperial Oil Mallik P-59, J-37, and A-06 wells infer 105 m, 225 m, and 135 m gas hydrate, respectively, compared to 116 m known at the
Mallik 5L-38 well. Gas hydrate seismic characterization includes: multiple, generally weak, near-horizontal events; amplitude features on geological reflectors; amplitude 'blanking'; and chaotic, vertical reflective zones surrounding faults. Recognized data contamination features include
amplitude-frequency degradation beneath lakes and reverberated energy. There is a spatial correspondence of some subsurface faults with position and orientation of surface lakes, suggesting a possible genetic link.
Characteristics of natural fractures in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: McLellan P J , Gillen K P , Podetz C G , Dallimore S R
Published: March 2017

Borehole image log data from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate research well were analyzed for both natural and drilling-induced fractures. A total of 47 fractures were identified, of which 34 were interpreted to be natural in origin. Fractures
are clustered into distinct populations and their development is depth and lithology dependent. Terzaghi-corrected natural fracture frequencies range from 1.0 to 12.8 fractures per metre. Approximately half of the observed natural fractures occur within or proximal to gas-hydrate-bearing zones. Heat
distribution patterns observed during the thermal stimulation test of this well may be partially explained by the contribution of natural fractures that intersect the wellbore over the same depth range. Natural fractures are also believed to have affected microfracture stress tests and pressure
transient test that show evidence of long linear flow periods. Natural fracturing in and adjacent to gas hydrate deposits in subpermafrost settings is significant and could have an important impact on the economic development of this energy resource.
In situ stresses in the Mallik area
Authors: McLellan P J , Gillen K P , Podetz C G , Dallimore S R , Inoue T , Hancock S H
Published: March 2017

The orientations of the principal horizontal in situ stresses, OHmin and OHmax, were analyzedi n the Mallik area by investigating the local structural geology, regional borehole breakouts, drilling- induced fractures, borehole ellipticity, and shear-wave-velocity
anisotropy. Vertical-stress magnitudes in the Mallik area were evaluated by analyzing historical and recently acquired core and log bulk-density data. Minimum magnitudes of horizontal in situ stress (OHmin) were estimated using data from deeper industry leak-off tests on wells within 70 km of the
JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al.Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production researchwell and a profile of microfracture stress tests conducted in the Mallik 5L-38 well with Schlumberger's Modular Dynamics Tester (MDT)TM. The microfracture tests do not show classic hydraulic-fracture-breakdown pressures, and there are
several indications of the influence of natural fractures on the induced-fracture- propagation and closure pressures. The data suggest the existence of nearly isotropic, low-magnitude, horizontal in situ stresses in the gas-hydrate-bearing intervals in the Mallik 5L-38 well.
Procedures for regional moment tensor solutions in western Canada
Authors: Ristau J
Published: March 2017

Moment tensor analysis ofregional earthquakes (distances -< 1000 km) in western Canada is now possible due to the installation of more than 40 three-component broadband seismometers in western Canada and adjacent regions. At the Geological Survey of
Canada, Pacifie Geoscience Centre (PGC), regional moment tensor (RMT) analysis using robust waveform fitting techniques are employed to routinely calculate source mechanisms, moments, and depths of earthquakes with M ~ - 4.0 in and near western Canada. This bas resulted in about 10 times as man
y moment tensor solutions per year for this region than have been calculated using teleseismic methods which are limited to earthquakes about M > 5.0. To date, more than 400 RMT solutions have been calculated at PGC for western Canada and adjacent regions for the years 1995- 2004. These
solutions provide new insights into a number of tectonic problems in western Canada including defining plate boundaries , constraining plate motions, determining the state of stress and strain within plates, and more accurate magnitude estima tes. This report provides an overview of the basic theory
of moment tensor solutions, details of the method used at PGC to calculate RMT solutions , a number of examples of RMT solutions for earthquakes of varying magnitude and location throughout western Canada, and details of the crustal models used to mode! the observed
waveforms.
Pollen analysis of sediment cores from lakes in the Rouyn-Noranda region, Quebec
Authors: Grenier A , Kliza D A
Published: March 2017

Ambrosia pollen was used as a marker for the relative dating of lake-sediment cores from eight lakes in the vicinity of Rouyn-Noranda. The profiles of Ambrosia counts versus depth in the cores of these lakes have a characteristic shape, and the first sharp
increase from the bottom is taken as a marker horizon. The marker occurs at about 7.5 cm depth at Lake Marlon (4 km east of Rouyn-Noranda) and is found
progressively deeper in the cores from lakes farther east, being about 13 cm deep in Lake Vert, 25 km north of Val-d'Or and 100 km east of Rouyn-Noranda. Lead isotope (210Pb) dating of the core from 'Gravel Pit' Lake (9 km east of Rouyn-Noranda) gives an approximate age of the Ambrosia marker that
is consistent with the age of the development of the Noranda mining community (ca. 1926), and an average sedimentation rate over the whole core of about 0.11 cm/a. The somewhat earlier development of the region farther east, around Val-d'Or and the communities between Val-d'Or and Rouyn-Noranda, may
account in part for the deeper position of the Ambrosia marker in these cores. However, the sedimentation rate in Lake Vert is between 0.15 and 0.17 cm/a (the boundaries corresponding to the ages of the Val-d'Or and Rouyn-Noranda communities, respectively), and is therefore greater than the
sedimentation rate in 'Gravel Pit' Lake.
Rationale, research approach, and study sites for investigating vertical metal distributions in lacustrine sediments
Authors: Alpay S , Veillette J J , Rosa F , Douma M
Published: March 2017

Metals such as iron are generally more concentrated near the sediment-water interface than in deeper lake sediments. These observations have been widely reported. This enrichment has been attributed to increased recent anthropogenic deposition and/or to vertical
diagenetic remobilization. TheGeological Survey of Canada's Metals in the Environment (GSC MITE) Initiative has established a second phase of lake-sediment research to explore the relative effects of chronological metal loading and diagenetic metal remobilization in lake-sediment profiles.
Two acidic kettle lakes in the Canadian boreal forest, Lake Perron and Lac de la Pépinière,were selectedwithin the zone of influence of the Horne smelter in Rouyn-Noranda (Quebec). Major selection criteria were indications that the sites have been exposed to smelter emissions, i.e. diatom
evidence of increased lake-water acidity over time, geographic orientation in the prevailing wind directions with respect to the smelter, and no obvious metal loading from local anthropogenic sources other than the Horne smelter. Since changes in oxidation state and solubility can drive metal
mobility, lakes were chosen with a fully oxygenated water column in summer and a high probability of hypolimnetic anoxia in winter.
The rationale behind this study is to assess whether or not lake sediments from the study sites can be used as reliable archives of historical metal loading. The research approach and field sites chosen form essential contextual data from which emerging multidisciplinary analytical results of diatom
studies, pollen counts, solid- and aqueous-phase geochemistry, isotopic determinations, bacterial enumerations, and quantitative mineralogy can be interpreted and integrated.
Geographic location conversion tool
Authors: Lepard D W
Published: March 2017

This Windows application converts geographic coordinates between any pair of ten systems; latitude and longitude as well as different grid and map projection systems. The grid systems supported are Township and Range, British Columbia's NTS-based grid system,
the Canada Lands system, the UTM system, and the UTM-based Military system. The projections supported are Mercator, Lambert, Polyconic, and Albers. Transformations can be done in either the NAD27 or NAD83 datums. Note that the Twp Rge grids are assumed to be the same in each datum with the
NAD83 coordinates being obtained by application of NTV2 on the NAD27 coordinates. To use the tool the user (1)enters a location and defines its coordinates system on the input source screen, (2)defines the desired output system on the output destination screen, and (3)selects the find button. The
application then calculates the location in the new destination system. The application is a Delphi (Trade Mark) run-time module for Windows XP and 95/98/00.
Origin of hydrothermal sulphide and dolomite mineralizing fluids in southern Northwest Territories and northern Alberta
Authors: Gleeson S A , Gromek P
Published: March 2017

Bulk fluid-inclusion analyses were carried out on matrix dolomite, sulphides, coarse-grained dolomite and late-stage calcite from Great Slave Reef, Hay West, Windy Point and Qito mineral properties in Northwest Territories and selected areas in northern Alberta.
The study shows that there is no systematic difference in the major solute sources in any phase from early to late in the paragenesis or spatially throughout the study area. The halogen compositions of all the samples indicate that the bulk of the fluids originated as highly evaporated seawater.
However, some of the coarse dolomite and all the late-stage calcite samples show evidence for mixing between this saline fluid and a dilute, probably meteoric, water.
Stable and radiogenic isotopic signatures of mineralized Devonian carbonate rocks of the northern Rocky Mountains and the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
Authors: Paradis S , Turner W A , Coniglio M , Wilson N , Nelson J L
Published: March 2017

Mineralized and non-mineralized coarse-crystalline dolomite (CCD) and saddle dolomite (SD) in Devonian carbonate rocks of the northern Rocky Mountains and the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin are compared in terms of fluid inclusion microthermometry and stable
and radiogenic isotopic characterization. Samples from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin are divided into four areas: eastern Presqu'ile barrier, western Presqu'ile barrier, McDonald-Hay River Fault system, and the Peace River Arch.
Isotopic trends point to easterly formation-fluid flow paths from the Rocky Mountains to the western continental platform, and a key role for the northeast-trending structures in the circulation and focusing of hydrothermal and mineralizing fluids.
Two distinct lead isotopic populations exist in sulphides from the carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb occurrences of the northern Canadian Rocky Mountains, Mackenzie Mountains, and Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, suggesting that two separate fluid sources/pathways existed in the Western Canada Sedimentary
Basin.
The sub-Phanerozoic basement surface under the Great Slave Plain of the Northwest Territories, and its influence on overlying strata
Authors: MacLean B C
Published: March 2017

Basement topography and fault patterns across the southern plains of the Northwest Territories, as revealed by reflection seismic data, support the long-standing interpretation that a regionally extensive, orthogonal (northeast and a weaker northwest) pattern of
structural lineaments influenced Middle Devonian facies development. Basement faults, typically of small throw and extent, fall generally into one of three groups as defined by strike direction: north-south, northeast-southwest, and northwest-southeast. A fourth set follows the crest of the Fort
Simpson Magnetic Anomaly. There are both extensional and compressional linear features. The path of the Middle Devonian carbonate bank edge was affected by basement structures including: Celibeta High; north-south faults that are products of uplift; and regional lineaments, particularly the Liard
Line and the boundaries of Cordova Embayment. Development of hydrothermal dolomite appears to have been enhanced on Celibeta High and along Tathlina Fault.
Hydrodynamic study of Middle Devonian strata, southeastern Great Slave Plain, Northwest Territories
Authors: Janicki E P
Published: March 2017

A study was undertaken in the southeastern portion of the Great Slave Plain of the Northwest Territories to discover current hydrodynamic conditions in Middle Devonian formations. Apressure elevation chart, constructed from drill-stem test data, demonstrates one
aquifer system because almost all points line up along an average water gradient of 0.47 psi/foot.
A potentiometric surface map indicates that flow is primarily to the northeast in the direction of Precambrian outcrop. A small area of apparently low hydrodynamic potential exists near Cameron Hills. Widely spaced potential contours over most of the area indicate near-uniform flow conditions.
Excellent water recovery on drill-stem tests and core evidence indicate good permeability for the overall Middle
Devonian section.
Formation water salinity generally freshens to the northeast in the direction of Great Slave Lake and middle Devonian outcrops. Salinity varies widely near Cameron Hills.
Distribution of Presqu'ile dolomite in the Great Slave Plain, Northwest Territories
Authors: Janicki E P
Published: March 2017

This study was initiated to map out the extent and gross thickness of Presqu'ile dolomite in the Great Slave Plain of the Northwest Territories. Presqu'ile dolomite refers to a diagenetic replacive dolostone, often containing void- and fracture-filling white,
coarse-crystalline sparry hydrothermal or saddle dolomite commonly associated with the Pine Point lead-zinc deposits. The lead-zinc mineralization process is still a matter of some debate; the distribution of Presqu'ile dolomite could yield some clues. It could also be useful for oil and gas
exploration because of the high permeability of this dolomite.
A prominent northeast-southwest trend of thick Presqu'ile dolomite appears to be centered between the inferred Tathlina and Hay River fault zones. Presqu'ile dolomite appears to be most abundant close to surface; it does not occur below depths of 850 m. No Presqu'ile dolomite was found below the
Cretaceous cover in the study area.
Reassessment of Middle Devonian dolomite, Presqu'ile barrier, Northwest Territories
Authors: Coniglio M , Morrow D W , Wilson N
Published: March 2017

Re-examination of the petrography and geochemistry of hydrothermal, fabric-destructive dolomite in the Pine Point area and in the subsurface to the southwest of Pine Point provides a basis for challenging the current model for dolomitization of the Presqu'ile
barrier. Generally, saddle dolomite formed from high-salinity NaCl-CaCl2 fluids and records no evidence of mixing with less-saline fluids. Late-stage calcite formed from less-saline NaCl fluids, suggesting minor mixing with less-saline, perhaps meteoric fluids that penetrated into these rocks after
dolomitization.
Dolomitization may be related to extensional faults in the study area and the karstic pore-system that developed in the Presqu'ile barrier. The variability in the isotopic data can be explained by temporal or spatial variations in heat flow or the degree of recrystallization as a function of
fluid-rock interaction.
Geochemistry of volcanic rocks
Authors: Rogers N
Published: March 2017

This geochemical compilation contains 237 unpublished whole-rock geochemical analyses provided by S. Modeland (pers. comm., 2005) of mafic volcanic rocks and associated mafic intrusions from the Bravo Lake formation of the Piling group of central Baffin Island,
Nunavut (Modeland and Francis, 2004). All of the major and trace element analyses were obtained by XRF at the McGill Geochemical Laboratories, with the trace elements re-analysed in 2005. The REE's were analysed by ICP-MS in 2001 at the University of Victoria's geochemical laboratory for samples
with identification codes prefixed by SM and in 2002 and 2003, respectively, at the University of Saskatchewan's geochemical laboratory for the samples prefixed by the identification code FC, BF, SJ and NL and those prefixed by AD or PI. Details of geochemical methodologies, detection limits and
standard analytical errors for all of the methods applied are readily available from the constituent laboratories. Additional geochemical analyses of the westernmost Bravo Lake formation on central Baffin Island are published by Johns et al. (2006).
Geochemistry of granitoids
Authors: Whalen J B , Wodicka N , Jackson G D
Published: March 2017

This geochemical compilation includes analyses of both granitoid and sedimentary rocks that were compiled from the thesis of Johns (2002) plus a published paper of Thériault et al. (2001) and archived unpublished GSC digital files of R.J. Thériault.
Details of geochemical methods for those samples are contained in the data sources. In addition, this compilation contains unpublished geochemical analyses collected by the authors. For these samples, whole-rock major elements plus FeO were analyzed at the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) using XRF
on fused discs and dichromate titration, respectively. Whole rock trace element data were obtained at the GSC using a combination of ICP-ES and ICP-MS.
Mineral showings and deposits
Authors: Chorlton L
Published: March 2017

Mineral occurrences, or showings, are natural accumulations of one or more useful minerals that may, if present in sufficient quantities under the right physical and economic conditions, provide society with metallic or non-metallic raw materials. They represent
locations in the geological substrate that may have been detected through ground observation of promising ore mineral or rocks, through promising geochemical analyses of rock samples for target elements, or through promising responses to geophysical surveys. South Baffin Island contains showings of
the base metals nickel, copper, lead and zinc, precious metals including gold and silver, iron, carving stone, and gem-type minerals such as lapis lazuli and sapphire. Indications of radioactive metals, primarily uranium and thorium, were also recognized during geological mapping in the
mid-twentieth century.