bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On computational homogenization of microscale crack propagation
Authors: Svenning Erik , Fagerström Martin , Larsson Fredrik
Published: January 2016

The effective response of microstructures undergoing crack propagation is studied by homogenizing the response of statistical volume elements (SVEs). Because conventional boundary conditions (Dirichlet, Neumann and strong periodic) all are inaccurate when cracks intersect the SVE boundary, we herein use first order homogenization to compare the performance of these boundary conditions during the initial stage of crack propagation in the microstructure, prior to macroscopic localization. Using weakly periodic boundary conditions that lead to a mixed formulation with displacements and boundary tractions as unknowns, we can adapt the traction approximation to the problem at hand to obtain better convergence with increasing SVE size. In particular, we show that a piecewise constant traction approximation, which has previously been shown to be efficient for stationary cracks, is more efficient than the conventional boundary conditions in terms of convergence also when crack propagation occurs on the microscale. The performance of the method is demonstrated by examples involving grain boundary crack propagation modelled by conventional cohesive interface elements as well as crack propagation modelled by means of the extended finite element method in combination with the concept of material forces. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Mother City and Colony: Bioarchaeological Evidence of Stress and Impacts of Corinthian Colonisation at Apollonia, Albania
Authors: Kyle B. , Schepartz L. A. , Larsen C. S.
Published: January 2016

This study uses bioarchaeological methods and interpretive frameworks, in conjunction with archaeological and textual evidence, to document and interpret the record of Greek colonial interactions between Corinth and local populations at Apollonia, Albania, in the region known as Illyria (modern Albania). A series of Illyrian human remains (n = 304; Early Iron Age–Hellenistic periods) and Corinthian human remains (n = 72; Neolithic–Hellenistic periods) were examined for evidence of physiological stress in order to characterise the impact of colonisation. Statistical comparisons of pre‐colonial and post‐colonial skeletal remains indicate that stress increased at Apollonia following colonisation. This change may have resulted from impoverishment following Corinth's extraction of local Illyrian resources and changes in sanitation and disease transmission associated with urbanism. Conversely, the record suggests a decrease in stress, although not to a significant extent, in Corinth. We speculate that decline in physiological stress in the Corinthian setting may reflect improved dietary quality and increased food availability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of compatibilizers and organically modified nanoclay on the morphology and performance properties of poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene)/polypropylene blends
Authors: Triantou Marianna I. , Gavriel Marios , Sakellaris Panagiotis , Tarantili Petroula A.
Published: January 2016

In this study, poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene)/polypropylene (ABS/PP) blends with various compositions were prepared by melt intercalation in a twin‐screw extruder. Modifications of the above blends were performed by using organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT, Cloisite 30B) reinforcement as well as two types of compatibilizers, namely polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MAH) and ABS grafted with maleic anhydride (ABS‐g‐MAH). Increasing the PP content in ABS matrix seems to increase the melt flow and thermal stability of their blends, whereas a deterioration of the tensile properties was recorded. On the other hand, the addition of ABS to PP promotes the formation of the β‐crystalline phase, which became maximum at 30 wt% ABS concentration, and increases the crystallization temperature (Tc) of PP. A tendency for increase of Tc was also recorded by incorporation of the above compatibilizers, whereas the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PP and SAN phase in ABS was reduced. Regarding the Young's modulus, the greatest improvement was observed in pure ABS/PP blends containing organically modified nanoclay. However, in reinforced pure PP, the use of compatibilizers is recommended in order to improve the elastic modulus. The addition of OMMT to noncompatibilized and compatibilized ABS/PP blends significantly improves their storage modulus. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:458–468, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Continuous approximation techniques for co‐simulation methods: Analysis of numerical stability and local error
Authors: Busch Martin
Published: January 2016

Coupling multiphysical systems by means of a co‐simulation, the data between the subsystems are interchanged at a discrete macro time grid, also denoted as communication time grid. Between the communication points the coupling variables are approximated so that the numerical solvers in the subsystems can calculate the differential equations. Classical approximation techniques based on extrapolation entail a discontinuity in the equations in each macro time step which can slow down the numerical time integration. In the paper at hand a C0‐continuous technique for approximating the coupling variables is reconsidered and the numerical stability and the local error of the method are compared to the classical Lagrange approximation approach. Further, the method is enhanced to a C1‐continuous (continuous and differentiable) approximation technique. Both methods are investigated in combination with different numerical coupling approaches (sequential Gauss‐Seidel scheme, parallel Jacobi scheme, force/displacement coupling, displacement/displacement coupling) which are commonly applied for co‐simulation in technical applications. It is shown that the C1‐continuous approximation technique yields a similar numerical stability and a similar local error as the Lagrange approach which results in a comparable or even better overall performance (taking into account the advantage of continuity at the numerical calculation of the subsystem differential equations). Applying the C0‐continuous approach, a similar numerical stability is obtained. However, the order of the local error is significantly lower than for the C1‐continuous method and the Lagrange approach.
Simulation-based training of surgical skills
Authors: Konge L. , Lonn L.
Published: January 2016

None
Initial severity and efficacy of risperidone in autism: Results from the RUPP trial
Authors: Levine S.Z. , Kodesh A. , Goldberg Y. , Reichenberg A. , Furukawa T.A. , Kolevzon A. , Leucht S.
Published: January 2016

Background

Risperidone is a common psychopharmacological treatment for irritability in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is not well-established how effective risperidone is across the initial symptom severity range. This study aims to examine the influence of baseline severity on the efficacy of risperidone in the treatment of ASD.

Methods

Participants were from the NIMH funded RUPP multisite, randomized, double-blind trial that compared risperidone to placebo to treat autistic disorder with severe tantrums, aggression, or self-injury. Participants were aged 5 to 17, and randomly assigned to risperidone (n = 49) or placebo (n = 52). Baseline and change scores were computed with the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) parent assessed scales with irritability as the primary outcome, as well as the clinician assessed ABC Irritability subscale, and Clinical Global Impression Scale.

Results

The relationship between baseline severity and change scores for the risperdone and placebo groups was examined with eight competing three-level mixed-effects models for repeated measure models. Significant (P < 0.01) interactions between treatment and baseline severity were observed for parent ABC ratings of irritability and lethargy only. Greater magnitudes of the differences between risperidone and placebo were observed from moderate to very severe baseline severity on irritability and lethargy. Initial severity values over approximately 30 had a strong effect on symptom change [irritability: effect size (ES) = 1.9, number needed to treat (NNT) = 2, lethargy ES = 0.9, NNT = 5].

Conclusions

Parents may expect benefits of risperidone on irritability and lethargy with moderate to severe symptoms of ASD.

Trial registration

Registry name: ClinicalTrials.gov, trial identifier: NCT00005014, URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00005014?term=NCT00005014&rank=1, registered on March 31, 2000.
Amount of Testosterone on Laundered Clothing After Use of Testosterone Topical 2% Solution by Healthy Male Volunteers
Authors: Satonin Darlene K. , Ni Xiao , Mitchell Malcolm I. , Joly Hellen , Muram David , Small David S.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Testosterone 2% solution (Axiron) applied to armpit(s) is used for replacement therapy in men with a deficiency of endogenous testosterone.

Aim

To determine the amount of testosterone on subjects' T-shirts 12 hours after applying testosterone solution, the residual testosterone on subjects' T-shirts after laundering, and the testosterone transferred to unworn textile items during laundering with worn T-shirts.

Methods

Healthy males ≥18 years old applied 2 × 1.5 mL of testosterone 2% solution to both axillae (total testosterone dose: 120 mg) and dressed in cotton long-sleeved T-shirts after a ≥3-minute waiting period. T-shirts were worn 12 hours before being removed and cut into halves, after which a 10 × 10 cm sample of each armpit area was excised for testosterone quantification before or after laundering with samples of unworn textiles.

Main Outcome Measures

Testosterone on worn T-shirts before and after laundering, and on unworn textiles laundered with the worn T-shirts.

Results

Twelve subjects enrolled and completed, with only minor adverse events. Mean testosterone in unwashed worn T-shirts was 7603 μg, with high between-subject variability (3359 μg to 13,069 μg), representing 13% of the dose to 1 armpit. Mean testosterone in worn, laundered T-shirts was 260 μg (7.55 μg to 1343 μg), representing 3% of the dose to 1 armpit. Mean transferred testosterone to other textiles during laundering ranged from 69 μg on texturized Dacron 56T Double to 10,402 μg on 87/13 nylon/Lycra knit, representing 0.0382% to 5.78% of the dose to 1 armpit.

Conclusion

Thirteen percent of the testosterone applied to axillae was transferred to T-shirts during wear. Ninety-seven percent of the transferred testosterone was removed from the T-shirts during washing, some of which was then absorbed to various degrees by other textiles. Clinical implications of these findings and biological activity of the remaining/transferred testosterone are unknown.
Comparison of Treatment of Emergent Adverse Events in Men with Premature Ejaculation Treated with Dapoxetine and Alternate Oral Treatments: Results From a Large Multinational Observational Trial
Authors: Verze Paolo , Cai Tommaso , Magno Carlo , Sabella Francesco , Cucchiara Vito , Palmieri Alessandro , Mirone Vincenzo
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Dapoxetine (DPX) has a pharmacokinetic profile suggesting a low rate of class-related adverse events (AEs).

Aim

To assess the incidence of treatment emergent AEs (TEAEs) of special interest (known associations with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and/or potential clinically relevant AEs), and the related discontinuation rate in patients with premature ejaculation (PE) treated with DPX or alternate oral treatment (AOT), in routine clinical practice.

Methods

In a prospective, 12-week, open-label, postmarketing observational, multinational study (PAUSE), 7545 patients were enrolled and divided into 2 groups: DPX 30–60 mg and AOT.

Main outcome measures

The incidence rate of predefined TEAEs of special interest (mood and related, neurocognitive related, cardiovascular, urogenital and sexual function, accidental injury, and abnormal bleeding) in the DPX and the AOT groups, and the rate of AEs leading to study discontinuation.

Results

The safety analysis was performed on 6128 patients treated with DPX and 1417 with AOT. The incidence of TEAEs of special interest in each AE category was greater for patients treated with AOT than with DPX. The higher differences were observed in the neurocognitive-related category (DPX 1.9% vs AOT 4.7%; P < .001), in the mood and related category (DPX 0.4% vs AOT 1.1%; P < .001), and in the urogenital system/sexual function (DPX 0.4% vs AOT 0.8%; P = .04). Cardiovascular TEAEs were the only AEs numerically greater in the DPX group (1.3 vs 1.6%, P = .34). The overall discontinuation rate was 10.9% in the DPX group and 6.9% in the AOT group).

Conclusion

DPX has a favorable safety profile in terms of class-related TEAEs and clinically relevant AEs of special interest. In particular, it shows a significantly better safety profile in mood and related AEs, neurocognitive-related AEs, urogenital system, and sexual function, compared to the AOT group in the study population.
Assessment of Sexual Fantasies in Psychiatric Inpatients with Mood and Psychotic Disorders and Comorbid Personality Disorder Traits
Authors: Colón Vilar Giancarlo , Concepción Erika , Galynker Igor , Tanis Thachell , Ardalan Firouz , Yaseen Zimri , Cohen Lisa J.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Sexuality is an important aspect of quality of life and sexual fantasies comprise a normal part of human sexuality. However, the nature of sexuality and sexual fantasies of patients with mental illness remains an understudied area.

Aim

To investigate the nature and frequency of sexual fantasies in psychiatric patients, the present study compared the frequency of four types of sexual fantasies across four different mood and psychotic diagnoses and three personality disorder clusters.

Methods

Study participants included 133 psychiatric inpatients recruited from an urban hospital. Sexual fantasies were compared across patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, major depressive disorder and three nonclinical samples from the literature and then correlated with personality cluster scores.

Main Outcome Measures

Subjects were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for Axis I and for Axis II Disorders. Sexual fantasies were assessed by the Wilson Sexual Fantasies Questionnaire, which measures four types of sexual fantasies (exploratory, intimate, impersonal, and sadomasochistic).

Results

Within the entire sample, there were significant differences across sexual fantasy types, with subjects scoring highest on intimate sexual fantasies and then exploratory, impersonal, and sadomasochistic. There were no significant differences across mood and psychotic diagnostic groups for any of the sexual fantasy scales and the scores were within the normative range of nonclinical samples. Patients with high cluster B scores scored significantly higher on all four fantasy scales than those without. Patients with high cluster A scores scored lower on intimate fantasies, but there was no association between cluster C scores and sexual fantasies. The association between cluster B and sexual fantasies remained consistent across Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for Axis I diagnoses (no interaction effect).

Conclusion

Patients with severe mental illness report sexual fantasies that are largely affiliative in nature and consistent with normative patterns. This suggests that assessment and treatment of sexual issues in the mentally ill should be part of the clinical routine as it is in healthy individuals.
Unprotected Intercourse and One-Night Stands: Impact of Sexual Excitation, Sexual Inhibition, and Atypical Sexual Arousal Patterns on Risky Sexual Behaviors in Women
Authors: Velten Julia , Scholten Saskia , Graham Cynthia A. , Margraf Jürgen
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Associations among sexual excitation, sexual inhibition, atypical sexual arousal patterns, and risky sexual behaviors have been reported in studies involving men and women. To date, longitudinal studies have not evaluated the predictive value of these propensities for future sexual behaviors in women.

Aim

To investigate associations among sexual excitation, sexual inhibition, atypical sexual arousal patterns, and potentially risky sexual behaviors in women.

Methods

Overall, 2,214 women (mean age = 30.65 years, standard deviation = 9.91 years) participated in a baseline Web-based survey. The 1- and 2-year follow-up surveys included 396 and 382 participants, respectively. Correlational analyses and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to analyze the relations between predictor and outcome variables.

Main Outcome Measures

Number of partners, number of one-time sexual encounters, and number of partners with whom no condoms were used during the 12-month periods before each of the three data assessment points.

Results

All five lower-order factors of sexual excitation showed positive correlations and all three lower-order factors of sexual inhibition showed negative correlations with outcomes at baseline and follow-up. Atypical sexual arousal patterns, the tendency to become aroused in unusual sexual situations, and the importance of relationship factors, such as trust, for sexual arousal were the strongest predictors for sexual behaviors at baseline. These variables also predicted the number of sexual partners and the number of one-night stands at follow-up.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that increased sexual arousal when experiencing negative mood might be a risk factor for potentially health-threatening sexual decisions and support the assumptions of the dual control model that sexual excitation is positively and sexual inhibition is negatively predictive of risky sexual behavior in women.
Assessing the Administrative Sanctions Regime for Insider Trading in China: An Empirical Approach
Authors: WENG Charlie Xiao-chuan , JIA Jingwei
Published: January 2016

The Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) has significantly revised its overall market supervision framework over the last two decades. China’s insider trading laws, however, remain broad and abstract, while most enforcement measures take place inside a black box. These circumstances have led to an unpredictable and ineffective enforcement regime. This article examines all administrative sanctions cases from 2000 to 2013 in order to examine the CSRC’s actual enforcement practices. This data shows that the agency has a history of inconsistent enforcement, which stands as a warning against the consequences of unpredictable regulation. Moreover, it argues that the Commission’s current approach to recognizing illegal gains is both unreasonable and illegal, and that the CSRC has failed to adequately enforce actions for loss evasion cases. By adjusting enforcement policy to take these considerations into account, the CSRC would significantly improve the efficacy of the sanctions regime in China.
Strengths-based community action as a source of resilience for children affected by armed conflict
Authors: Wessells M. G.
Published: January 2016

Psychosocial and mental health supports for war-affected children frequently are limited by a deficits focus. Current research and practice indicate the value of a strengths-based approach that supports children's resilience and supports a positive environment for children and builds on existing strengths. This paper analyzes how community-based child protection mechanisms are a cornerstone of prevention efforts, and views community-based action as a particularly valuable source for strengths-based support for war-affected children. It shows how collective planning and action on behalf of vulnerable children create high levels of community ownership and effective, sustainable supports for children. It suggests that significant work lies ahead in strengthening the evidence base regarding the effectiveness of strengths-based approaches and in transforming practice away from expert-driven approaches toward community-driven action.
On the Accuracy of the Timoshenko Beam Theory Above the Critical Frequency: Best Shear Coefficient
Authors: Franco-Villafañe J. A. , Méndez-Sánchez R. A.
Published: January 2016

We obtain values for the shear coefficient both below and above the critical frequency by comparing the results of the Timoshenko beam theory with experimental data published recently. The best results are obtained, by a least-square fitting, when different values of the shear coefficient are used below and above the critical frequency.
The collective nature of personalized medicine
Authors: MCGONIGLE IAN VINCENT
Published: January 2016

Precision medicine, incorporating personalized medicine, is an emerging medical model that holds great promise for improving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. The future success of precision medicine, however, depends on the establishment of large databases that collate diverse data, including family genealogies, disease histories, drug sensitivities and genomic data. Herein I raise some of the social and ethical challenges that such a system faces, specifically: the enrolment of volunteers into large genetic databases; the need for a change in mindset of clinicians, patients and the wider public; and the need for interdisciplinary ethics considering the emerging issues. Finally I argue that the future potential of ‘personalized’ medicine crucially depends on ‘collective’ participation of informed citizens.
Planting pattern and irrigation effects on water status of winter wheat
Authors: WANG G. Y. , ZHOU X. B. , CHEN Y. H.
Published: January 2016

The effects of planting pattern and irrigation on the soil water content, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content, leaf water potential and leaf water use efficiency of winter wheat were investigated in North China during the 2008/09 and 2009/10 growing seasons. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design that consisted of three planting patterns: (i) a uniform row spacing of 25 cm, and alternating wide–narrow row spacing of 40 and 20 cm tested as (ii) flat and (iii) furrow–ridge seedbeds. In addition, irrigation treatments of 90, 135 and 180 mm were used. The planting pattern, irrigation treatments and interactions between them significantly affected soil water content, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content, leaf water potential and leaf water use efficiency. The soil water content, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content, leaf water potential, grains/spike, thousand grain weight, leaf water use efficiency and yield were highest in the furrow–ridge seedbed planting pattern and increased with increasing irrigation (except for the leaf water use efficiency). The leaf water use efficiency in the 135 mm irrigation treatment was significantly greater than in the other treatments. In addition, soil water content, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content, leaf water potential, grains/spike and thousand grain weight were positively correlated with leaf water use efficiency and yield of winter wheat. The interaction between the furrow–ridge seedbed planting pattern and 135 mm irrigation increased soil water content, leaf water indices, grains/spike, thousand grain weight, leaf water use efficiency and yield. These results indicated that a beneficial response occurred for wheat yield. The furrow–ridge seedbed planting pattern combined with 135 mm of irrigation improved the soil and leaf water status and could increase wheat yield while using less water.
Feeding behaviour of greater amberjackSeriola dumerili(Risso, 1810) from Central Mediterranean (Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia)
Authors: Sley Ayda , Taieb Aymen Hadj , Jarboui Othman , Ghorbel Mohamed , Bouain Abderrahmen
Published: January 2016

The diet of greater amberjackSeriola dumerili(Carangidae) in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, Mediterranean) was described from analysis of stomach contents of 290 specimens fished between June 2004 and May 2006. The index of vacuity (%VI) was relatively low (37.9%) and differed significantly across size classes.Seriola dumeriliis an opportunistic predator that consumes mostly pelagic organisms; benthic prey were also examined in small proportion. The diet was quantified using the frequency of occurrence (%O), numerical abundance (%N), weight (%W) and the index of relative importance (IRI and %IRI) for each prey taxa. The most important prey were teleosts (%IRI = 99.61); molluscs and crustaceans were found occasionally (%IRI, 0.38 and 0.01%, respectively). Among teleosts, Clupeidae were also the dominant food items in number (%N = 36.06%) and then in frequency of occurrence (%O = 36.7%). In term of weight, Sparidae were the most abundant prey (%W = 36.5%). There is no significant difference between male and female diets. Seasonal differences in the diet components were observed.
Automorphism groups of countable algebraically closed graphs and endomorphisms of the random graph
Authors: DOLINKA IGOR , GRAY ROBERT D. , McPHEE JILLIAN D. , MITCHELL JAMES D. , QUICK MARTYN
Published: January 2016

We establish links between countable algebraically closed graphs and the endomorphisms of the countable universal graphR. As a consequence we show that, for any countable graph Γ, there are uncountably many maximal subgroups of the endomorphism monoid ofRisomorphic to the automorphism group of Γ. Further structural information about EndRis established including that Aut Γ arises in uncountably many ways as a Schützenberger group. Similar results are proved for the countable universal directed graph and the countable universal bipartite graph.
Barriers, Springboards and Benchmarks: China Conceptualizes the Pacific “Island Chains”
Authors: Erickson Andrew S. , Wuthnow Joel
Published: January 2016

US government reports describe Chinese-conceived “island chains” in the Western Pacific as narrow demarcations for Chinese “counter-intervention” operations to defeat US and allied forces in altercations over contested territorial claims. The sparse scholarship available does little to contest this excessively myopic assertion. Yet, further examination reveals meaningful differences that can greatly enhance an understanding of Chinese views of the “island chains” concept, and with it important aspects of China's efforts to develop as a maritime power. Long before China had a navy or naval strategists worthy of the name, the concept had originated and been developed for decades by previous great powers vying for Asia-Pacific influence. Today, China's own authoritative interpretations are flexible, nuanced and multifaceted – befitting the multiple and sometimes contradictory factors with which Beijing must contend in managing its meteoric maritime rise. These include the growing importance of sea lane security at increasing distances and levels of operational intensity.
Deficiencies in Learning COLREGs and New Teaching Methodology for Nautical Engineering Students and Seafarers in Lifelong Learning Programs
Authors: Mohovic Djani , Mohovic Robert , Baric Mate
Published: January 2016

The Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka, Croatia, manages the European Union (EU) project “Avoiding Collisions at Sea” (ACTs). The project is funded by the European programme “Leonardo da Vinci”. Other maritime education and training institutions participating in this project come from Great Britain, Spain, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Turkey. The purpose of this research was to identify skill gaps in knowledge and teaching of COLREGs (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 - Rules) for nautical Bachelor of Science (BSc) students and experienced deck officers. The analysis of the research on marine accidents has identified vessel collisions as one of the most frequent types of accidents. Further research showed that human error and misinterpretation of the Rules are the most frequent reasons for vessel collisions. Using a questionnaire, nautical students/navigating cadets and navigating officers' understanding of the Rules was tested. The results showed skill gaps in understanding of some parts of the COLREGs due to wrong interpretation and application of the Rules. The authors claim that it is possible to improve the professional competence of navigating officers by applying proper learning methods using real-life scenarios and e-learning.
Effects of forest structure, management and landscape on bird and bat communities
Authors: BOUVET AURELIE , PAILLET YOAN , ARCHAUX FREDERIC , TILLON LAURENT , DENIS PASCAL , GILG OLIVIER , GOSSELIN FREDERIC
Published: January 2016

Sustainable forest management aims to produce wood while preserving habitats for biodiversity, which is particularly challenging for vertebrates with local and landscape scale requirements, such as birds or bats. Managers need additional scientific evidence to help them balance conservative and integrative management methods. In this study, the relative influence of management abandonment, stand structure and landscape features on bird and bat communities in 14 managed and unmanaged forests in France is evaluated. Total birds and bats richness, richness for forest and threatened birds and edge-specialized bats significantly increased with total deadwood quantities. Richness of generalist, omnivorous and cavity-nesting birds was higher in unmanaged stands and richness of gleaner bats was positively influenced by the density of standing deadwood. By contrast, landscape variables had little influence on the different ecological groups but did have effects on individual species. Though the effects showed relatively limited magnitude, this study supports the value of deadwood and the importance of management abandonment for forest vertebrates. This study confirms that for integrated conservation strategies to be fully efficient they must be complemented by designating strict forest reserves because some target species groups depend on structural features found only at sufficient levels in those areas.
Cytological studies on induced mitogynogenesis in Japanese flounderParalichthys olivaceus(Temminck et Schlegel)
Authors: Hou Jilun , Wang Guixing , Zhang Xiaoyan , Liu Haijin
Published: January 2016

The effect of hydrostatic pressure treatment on the induction of mitogynogenesis in the eggs of Japanese flounderParalichthys olivaceus(Temminck et Schlegel) by using heterospecific sperm were studied. Before treatment, the eggs were at metaphase of the first mitosis. The spindle was disassembled by the treatment and then resembled in its pretreatment position, and the chromosomes were rearranged, i.e., the first mitosis was not blocked. During the second mitotic cycle, only a monopolar spindle was assembled in each blastomere and the chromosomes doubled, but cell cleavage was blocked. In the third cycle, mitosis proceeded normally with a bipolar spindle in each blastomere. Flow cytometric analysis of ploidy demonstrated that mitogynogenetic larvae were all diploid. The ultraviolet light-irradiated sperm of the red sea bream (Pagrus major) was condensed, formed a dense chromatin body, and randomly entered one blastomere.
Targeting HDAC with a novel inhibitor effectively reverses paclitaxel resistance in non-small cell lung cancer via multiple mechanisms
Authors: Wang L , Li H , Ren Y , Zou S , Fang W , Jiang X , Jia L , Li M , Liu X , Yuan X , Chen G , Yang J , Wu C
Published: January 2016

Chemotherapy paclitaxel yields significant reductions in tumor burden in the majority of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, acquired resistance limits its clinical use. Here we demonstrated that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) was activated in paclitaxel-resistant NSCLC cells, and its activation promoted proliferation and tumorigenesis of paclitaxel-resistant NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. By contrast, knockdown of HDAC1, a primary isoform of HDAC, sensitized resistant cells to paclitaxel in vitro. Furthermore, we observed that overexpression of HDAC1 was associated with the downregulation of p21, a known HDAC target, in advanced NSCLC patients with paclitaxel treatment, and predicted chemotherapy resistance and bad outcome. In addition, we also identified a novel HDACs inhibitor, SNOH-3, which inhibited HDAC expression and activity, induced cell apoptosis, and suppressed cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Notably, co-treatment with SNOH-3 and paclitaxel overcome paclitaxel resistance through inhibiting HDAC activity, leading to the induction of apoptosis and suppression of angiogenesis in vitro and in preclinical model. In summary, our data demonstrate a role of HDAC in paclitaxel-resistant NSCLC and provide a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome paclitaxel-acquired resistance.
Multi-scale polarisation phenomena
Authors: Kalashnikov Vladimir , Sergeyev Sergey V , Jacobsen Gunnar , Popov Sergei , Turitsyn Sergei K
Published: January 2016

Multi-scale methods that separate different time or spatial scales are among the most powerful techniques in physics, especially in applications that study nonlinear systems with noise. When the time scales (noise and perturbation) are of the same order, the scales separation becomes impossible. Thus, the multi-scale approach has to be modified to characterise a variety of noise-induced phenomena. Here, based on stochastic modelling and analytical study, we demonstrate in terms of the fluctuation-induced phenomena and Hurst R/S analysis metrics that the matching scales of random birefringence and pump–signal states of polarisation interaction in a fibre Raman amplifier results in a new random birefringence-mediated phenomenon, which is similar to stochastic anti-resonance. The observed phenomenon, apart from the fundamental interest, provides a base for advancing multi-scale methods with application to different coupled nonlinear systems ranging from lasers (multimode, mode-locked, random, etc.) to nanostructures (light-mediated conformation of molecules and chemical reactions, Brownian motors, etc.).
Prevention of Treacher Collins syndrome craniofacial anomalies in mouse models via maternal antioxidant supplementation
Authors: Sakai Daisuke , Dixon Jill , Achilleos Annita , Dixon Michael , Trainor Paul A.
Published: January 2016

Craniofacial anomalies account for approximately one-third of all birth defects and are a significant cause of infant mortality. Since the majority of the bones, cartilage and connective tissues that comprise the head and face are derived from a multipotent migratory progenitor cell population called the neural crest, craniofacial disorders are typically attributed to defects in neural crest cell development. Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a disorder of craniofacial development and although TCS arises primarily through autosomal dominant mutations in TCOF1, no clear genotype–phenotype correlation has been documented. Here we show that Tcof1 haploinsufficiency results in oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and neuroepithelial cell death. Consistent with this discovery, maternal treatment with antioxidants minimizes cell death in the neuroepithelium and substantially ameliorates or prevents the pathogenesis of craniofacial anomalies in Tcof1+/− mice. Thus maternal antioxidant dietary supplementation may provide an avenue for protection against the pathogenesis of TCS and similar neurocristopathies.
Novel base-pairing interactions at the tRNA wobble position crucial for accurate reading of the genetic code
Authors: Rozov Alexey , Demeshkina Natalia , Khusainov Iskander , Westhof Eric , Yusupov Marat , Yusupova Gulnara
Published: January 2016

Posttranscriptional modifications at the wobble position of transfer RNAs play a substantial role in deciphering the degenerate genetic code on the ribosome. The number and variety of modifications suggest different mechanisms of action during messenger RNA decoding, of which only a few were described so far. Here, on the basis of several 70S ribosome complex X-ray structures, we demonstrate how Escherichia coli tRNALysUUU with hypermodified 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm5s2U) at the wobble position discriminates between cognate codons AAA and AAG, and near-cognate stop codon UAA or isoleucine codon AUA, with which it forms pyrimidine–pyrimidine mismatches. We show that mnm5s2U forms an unusual pair with guanosine at the wobble position that expands general knowledge on the degeneracy of the genetic code and specifies a powerful role of tRNA modifications in translation. Our models consolidate the translational fidelity mechanism proposed previously where the steric complementarity and shape acceptance dominate the decoding mechanism.
Physics of transportation: Towards optimal capacity using the multilayer network framework
Authors: Du Wen-Bo , Zhou Xing-Lian , Jusup Marko , Wang Zhen
Published: January 2016

Because of the critical role of transportation in modern times, one of the most successful application areas of statistical physics of complex networks is the study of traffic dynamics. However, the vast majority of works treat transportation networks as an isolated system, which is inconsistent with the fact that many complex networks are interrelated in a nontrivial way. To mimic a realistic scenario, we use the framework of multilayer networks to construct a two-layered traffic model, whereby the upper layer provides higher transport speed than the lower layer. Moreover, passengers are guided to travel along the path of minimal travelling time and with the additional cost they can transfer from one layer to another to avoid congestion and/or reach the final destination faster. By means of numerical simulations, we show that a degree distribution-based strategy, although facilitating the cooperation between both layers, can be further improved by enhancing the critical generating rate of passengers using a particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm. If initialised with the prior knowledge from the degree distribution-based strategy, the PSO algorithm converges considerably faster. Our work exemplifies how statistical physics of complex networks can positively affect daily life.
Effects of aerobic exercise on ectopic lipids in patients with growth hormone deficiency before and after growth hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Christ Emanuel R. , Egger Andrea , Allemann Sabin , Buehler Tania , Kreis Roland , Boesch Chris
Published: January 2016

Growth hormone replacement therapy (GHRT) increases exercise capacity and insulin resistance while it decreases fat mass in growth hormone-deficient patients (GHD). Ectopic lipids (intramyocellular (IMCL) and intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) are related to insulin resistance. The effect of GHRT on ectopic lipids is unknown. It is hypothesized that exercise-induced utilization of ectopic lipids is significantly decreased in GHD patients and normalized by GHRT. GHD (4 females, 6 males) and age/gender/waist-matched control subjects (CS) were studied. VO2max was assessed on a treadmill and insulin sensitivity determined by a two-step hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) fat were quantified by MR-imaging. IHCL and IMCL were measured before and after a 2 h exercise at 50–60% of VO2max using MR-spectroscopy (∆IMCL, ∆IHCL). Identical investigations were performed after 6 months of GHRT. VO2max was similar in GHD and CS and significantly increased after GHRT; GHRT significantly decreased SAT and VAT. 2 h-exercise resulted in a decrease in IMCL (significant in CS and GHRT) and a significant increase in IHCL in CS and GHD pre and post GHRT. GHRT didn’t significantly impact on ∆IMCL and ∆IHCL. We conclude that aerobic exercise affects ectopic lipids in patients and controls. GHRT increases exercise capacity without influencing ectopic lipids.
Cochlear Outer-Hair-Cell Power Generation and Viscous Fluid Loss
Authors: Wang Yanli , Steele Charles R. , Puria Sunil
Published: January 2016

Since the discovery of otoacoustic emissions and outer hair cell (OHC) motility, the fundamental question of whether the cochlea produces mechanical power remains controversial. In the present work, direct calculations are performed on power loss due to fluid viscosity and power generated by the OHCs. A three-dimensional box model of the mouse cochlea is used with a feed-forward/feed-backward approximation representing the organ of Corti cytoarchitecture. The model is fit to in vivo basilar membrane motion with one free parameter for the OHCs. The calculations predict that the total power output from the three rows of OHCs can be over three orders of magnitude greater than the acoustic input power at 10 dB sound pressure level (SPL). While previous work shows that the power gain, or the negative damping, diminishes with intensity, we show explicitly based on our model that OHC power output increases and saturates with SPL. The total OHC power output is about 2 pW at 80 dB SPL, with a maximum of about 10 fW per OHC.
Permanent Rabi oscillations in coupled exciton-photon systems with PT -symmetry
Authors: Chestnov Igor Yu. , Demirchyan Sevak S. , Alodjants Alexander P. , Rubo Yuri G. , Kavokin Alexey V.
Published: January 2016

We propose a physical mechanism which enables permanent Rabi oscillations in driven-dissipative condensates of exciton-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities subjected to external magnetic fields. The method is based on stimulated scattering of excitons from the incoherent reservoir. We demonstrate that permanent non-decaying oscillations may appear due to the parity-time symmetry of the coupled exciton-photon system realized in a specific regime of pumping to the exciton state and depletion of the reservoir. At non-zero exciton-photon detuning, robust permanent Rabi oscillations occur with unequal amplitudes of exciton and photon components. Our predictions pave way to realization of integrated circuits based on exciton-polariton Rabi oscillators.
A Simple Approach for Molecular Controlled Release based on Atomic Layer Deposition Hybridized Organic-Inorganic Layers
Authors: Boehler Christian , Güder Firat , Kücükbayrak Umut M. , Zacharias Margit , Asplund Maria
Published: January 2016

On-demand release of bioactive substances with high spatial and temporal control offers ground-breaking possibilities in the field of life sciences. However, available strategies for developing such release systems lack the possibility of combining efficient control over release with adequate storage capability in a reasonably compact system. In this study we present a new approach to target this deficiency by the introduction of a hybrid material. This organic-inorganic material was fabricated by atomic layer deposition of ZnO into thin films of polyethylene glycol, forming the carrier matrix for the substance to be released. Sub-surface growth mechanisms during this process converted the liquid polymer into a solid, yet water-soluble, phase. This layer permits extended storage for various substances within a single film of only a few micrometers in thickness and hence demands minimal space and complexity. Improved control over release of the model substance Fluorescein was achieved by coating the hybrid material with a conducting polymer film. Single dosage and repetitive dispensing from this system was demonstrated. Release was controlled by applying a bias potential of ±0.5 V to the polymer film enabling or respectively suppressing the expulsion of the model drug. In vitro tests showed excellent biocompatibility of the presented system.
Hypercarnivorous apex predator could provide ecosystem services by dispersing seeds
Authors: Sarasola José Hernán , Zanón-Martínez Juan Ignacio , Costán Andrea Silvina , Ripple William J.
Published: January 2016

Large “hypercarnivorous” felids are recognized for their role as apex predators and hence as key elements in food webs and ecosystem functioning through competition and depredation. Here we show that cougars (Puma concolor), one of the largest and the most widely ranging apex felid predators with a strictly carnivorous diet, could also be effective secondary long distance seed dispersers, potentially establishing direct and non-herbivore mediated interactions with plant species at the bottom of the food web. Cougars accidently ingest and disseminate large amounts of seeds (31,678 seeds in 123 scats) of plant species initially consumed by their main prey, the Eared Dove Zenaida auriculata. The germination potential of seeds for the three plant species most abundantly found in cougar scats (19,570 seeds) was not significantly different from that observed in seeds obtained from dove gizzards, indicating that seed passage through cougar guts did not affect seed germination. Considering the estimated cougar density in our study area, dispersal of seeds by cougars could allow a mean, annual seed spread of ~5,000 seeds per km2. Our results demonstrate that strictly carnivorous, felid predators could have broad and overlooked ecological functions related to ecosystem structuring and functioning.
Label-free SERS study of galvanic replacement reaction on silver nanorod surface and its application to detect trace mercury ion
Authors: Wang Yaohui , Wen Guiqing , Ye Lingling , Liang Aihui , Jiang Zhiliang
Published: January 2016

It is significant to explore a rapid and highly sensitive galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method for detection of trace mercury ions. This article was reported a new GRR SERS analytical platform for detecting Hg(II) with label-free molecular probe Victoria blue B (VBB). In HAc-NaCl-silver nanorod (AgNR) substrate, the molecular probe VBB exhibited a strong SERS peak at 1609 cm−1. Upon addition of Hg(II), the GRR occurred between the AgNR and Hg(II) and formed a weak SERS activity of Hg2Cl2that deposited on the AgNR surfaces to decrease the SERS intensity at 1609 cm−1. The decreased SERS intensity "Equation missing"was linear to Hg(II) concentration in the range of 1.25–125 nmol/L, with a detection limit of 0.2 nmol/L. The GRR was studied by SERS, transmission electron microscopy and other techniques and the GRR mechanism was discussed.
Effects of asymmetric nanostructures on the extinction difference properties of actin biomolecules and filaments
Authors: Khoo E. H. , Leong Eunice S. P. , Wu S. J. , Phua W. K. , Hor Y. L. , Liu Y. J.
Published: January 2016

In this paper, symmetric and asymmetric tapering on the arms of the gammadion nanostructure is proposed to enhance both local field distribution and extinction difference (ED). The asymmetric tapered gammadion with tapering fraction (TF) of 0.67 is seen to have the largest ED and spatial local field distribution, producing a large wavelength shift of more than 50 percent as compared to the untapered gammadion nanostructures when immersed in a solution of actin molecules and filaments. The optical chirality, ζ shows that the larger local field amplitudes produced by the asymmetric designs increases the rate of chiral molecules excitation. This enhanced field is strongly rotating and highly sensitive to single molecules and larger filaments. Here, we show that the ED, optical chirality, sensitivity and rate of chiral molecules excitation can be improved by incorporating asymmetric designs into chiral gammadion nanostructures through tapering.