bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROFITABILITY OF PRUNING WHITE PINE
Authors: Horton K. W.
Published: February 2014

Good profits are possible from pruning select large eastern white pines up to 80 years old, considering the acceptability of clear one-face boards as D Select lumber commanding a premium price. Pruning 16-foot butt logs with a pole saw is advocated as an efficient method. Pruning costs decrease with increasing stand age, and growth per decade is fairly uniform between age 40 and a rotation of 120; balancing compounded costs and conservatively estimated clear wood yields, a period of 40 years between pruning and harvesting is advocated.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE WILDLINGS AND COASTAL NURSERY SEEDLINGS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Eis S.
Published: February 2014

Survival and development of outplanted 2-0 and 2-1 white spruce nursery stock, transplanted 3-0 and 4-0 wildlings and 3-0 and 4-0 undisturbed wildlings are compared. Mortality was negligible in all groups. Planting check caused a 47% reduction in height increment during the first year and 15% during the second year after planting. The height increment was best related to the height growth during the previous year and total height of the planting stock. Insignificant differences were found between plants on undisturbed soil surface and those on exposed mineral soil.
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF INTERNAL MOISTURE DEFICITS IN TREES
Authors: Pierpoint Geoffrey
Published: February 2014

A technique for the direct measurement of xylem moisture pressure is reviewed and some original results are used as a basis for discussing certain facts relating to the use of the technique.
THE OPTIMUM FOREST ROTATION
Authors: Pearse P. H.
Published: February 2014

The basic factors influencing the optimum economic rotation are analysed and explained. A simple theoretical formulation of solution of the optimum rotation is described using elementary economic concepts, and its application is demonstrated. The solution is presented in a form which facilitates examination of the effects of various economic factors — the interest rate, additional costs, and silvicultural activities — on the optimum rotation.
A COMPARISON OF ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL FOREST LAND PRODUCTION IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Kabzems A. , Senyk J. P.
Published: February 2014

A comparison is made between actual and potential forest production of a forest area in Saskatchewan. This area is described as to location, physiography, main land characteristics and broad land form — forest relationships.
NOTES ON HYLPOXYLON CANKER OF ASPEN IN ALBERTA
Authors: Baranyay J. A.
Published: February 2014

The rate of canker growth, caused by HYPOXYLON PRUINATUM (Klotzsch) Cke. (H. MAMMATUM (Wahl.) Miller) and the intensification of the disease were investigated on trembling aspen, POPULUS TREMULOIDES Michx. in Elk Island National Park, Alberta. In 1963, 45.1 per cent of the trees on a 1/3-acre plot were either killed or infected. This number increased to 49.0 per cent during the following three years. All stem cankers were located below the 9 foot level and 75.0 per cent were facing north or northeast. The disease was not confined to a particular crown class. Infected, trees were killed in 4 to 8 years. Fifteen cankers were sectioned to study the nature of canker growth. The rate of girdling was not related to either the diameter or dominance of the tree. The cankers grew at a faster rate on dominant and co-dominant trees during the initial year of infection than on intermediate and overtopped trees. The disease did not cause increment loss during the infection period.
An Outline of Professional and Non-Professional Forestry Training in Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, West Germany and France
Authors: Hess Q. F.
Published: February 2014

Forestry training programs, particularly non-professional, are described on the basis of first-hand knowledge. Countries covered in this summary are Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, West Germany and France.Non-professional forest training policy, especially in Norway, Sweden and West Germany, commonly included a systematic mix of practical training or apprenticeship and preparatory courses at various stages in the preliminaries leading to entrance to a general diploma technical course. During most diploma courses systematic supervised practice forms an important part of the courses. After graduation, opportunities are provided to the non-professional graduates for further post-graduate specialized or refresher courses at times and places as selected, especially in Norway, Sweden and West Germany.It was also observed that non-professional forestry training was carried out at special schools, many of which were residential. Most of these schools had the use of adjoining or nearby forest lands which provided a place for practical field instruction which formed an important part of the curriculum. Usually, the course of study for forest technicians was one-quarter theory and three-quarters practical.Professional forestry training placed emphasis on basic scientific knowledge, rather than on techniques, and field work during the course of study was often on a weekly basis, in some instances. The training is generalized rather than specialized and the interrelations between disciplines is stressed. However, for the graduate forester there were few extension courses available.
Upwards from the Plateau
Authors: Bayly G. H.
Published: February 2014

The development of the forester's leadership role in forest land management is compared to rising profile of land between a sea or lake shoreline and a range of mountains, the progression is upward but the rate of climb changes. No plateau is identified. Reference is made to forestry leadership in several fields of forest land management; administration, land use, planning, research, forest management, recreational land use and fish and wildlife management. It is noted that forest land management includes activities for which foresters were not academically trained and reference is made to the fact that non-foresters, e.g. biologists and geographers are giving leadership in forest land management and thus providing beneficial competition and stimulation. The most important leadership role in the future may relate to regional planning. The forestry profession is cautioned not to abdicate this field to those in other disciplines.
A Comparison of Photo and Ground Measurements of Canopy Density
Authors: Bonnor G. M.
Published: February 2014

Comparisons were made of photo and ground estimates of canopy density in 18 softwood stands and 18 hardwood stands. Ground measurements were made with an instrument called the moosehorn; photo measurements were made on aerial photographs at a scale of 1:15,840. Results for both softwoods and hardwoods indicated that photo estimates are approximately 10 percent less than ground estimates. The width of 95 percent confidence intervals was less than 10 percent of canopy density.
Implications for Forest Industries and Management of an Expanded Role for North American Forestry in Meeting World Wood Needs
Authors: Smith J. Harry G.
Published: February 2014

North American wood can become a much more important World resource if the opportunities that exist are recognized and supported by appropriate national policies. As a basis for effective planning, economic and total inventories are needed. These should define the economic availability of the wood inventory and recognize that rate of annual height growth will govern tree harvest in the long run. The extremely high rates of growth of plantation grown Southern pines and eucalypts permit a high concentration of ownership, thereby reducing transportation costs and creating substantial advantages for plantations of these species. Since all systems of logging and milling now and in the forseeable future, will involve linear flow methods of processing, forest managers should control stocking to reduce the proportion of small logs and trees harvested. Because of the rapid evolution and diffusion into use expected of pulpwood processing machines in Eastern Canada it seems desirable that uncertainty in North American timber production planning be reduced by classification of land capability for intensive management. High priority should be given to exploitation of the excellent investment opportunities which exist for timber growth on the best sites and in the best Regions. Location decision factors need more study since the importance of timber control seems to have been under-rated.
Regional Variation in Susceptibility of Eastern North American Forests to Budworm Attack Based on History of Outbreaks
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

The history of spruce budworm outbreaks based on radial growth studies of host and non-host trees from five main regions and eight subregions in eastern North America, and covering a period of two centuries for most regions, throws some light on the epidemiology of this insect. Past outbreaks, instead of embracing the whole area suject to the most recent series of outbreaks, occurred in separate parts of the erea. Epidemics of this insect did not recur regularly within regions, the time of occurrence of future outbreaks therefore cannot be predicted with accuracy on the basis of the periodicity of past ones. Pulpwood stands in the Atlantic sector were more prone to attack than those in Ontario. Optimum forest conditions (abundance of balsam fir) for budworm outbreaks are found in the Atlantic sector, while optimum weather conditions (dry summers) occur in Ontario, but forest conditions in Ontario are a more limiting factor than climate in the Atlantic sector. Outbreaks have occurred most frequently and have been most severe in the southern Quebec-Main-New Brunswick region. Although fir reaches greatest abundance in central Quebec and in the Gaspé Peninsula, these regions afford marginal weather conditions for the development of outbreaks due to the prevailing cool wet climate. Past outbreaks were almost completely the result of natural factors. These continue to be important, but cutting practices, forest fires caused by man, and chemical treatment of budworm-infested areas are altering natural forest succession; this will probably affect the course of future outbreaks.
The Rhizometer – a device for measuring roots of tree seedlings
Authors: Morrison I. K. , Armson K. A.
Published: February 2014

A photoelectric device — the rhizometer — which can be used to estimate root surface areas of seedlings is described. The advantage of this instrument is that it is rapid and non-destructive. The method gives comparable results to estimates obtained by direct measurement of diameters and lengths; in addition the estimates are highly reproducible. The technique used has considerable application in the assessment of root systems of seedlings grown under experimental conditions and also in the routine measurement of nursery production stock. Seedlings are capable of being planted out after root measurement by this technique.
A portable meter for measuring impedance of tree seedling stems.
Authors: Driessche R. van den , Austin K. H. , Balderston M. B. , Stewart A. G.
Published: February 2014

An a.c. bridge suitable for measuring impedance in tree seedling stems is described and some results are given to illustrate the instrument's performance.
Decay in advanced Alpine Fir Regeneration in the Prince George District of British Columbia
Authors: Smith R. B. , Craig H. M.
Published: February 2014

The incidence, extent, and causal fungi of decay was investigated in alpine fir advanced growth up to 7 inches dbh and 7 to 246 years of age from logged and unlogged white spruce-alpine fir stands in the Prince George District. Decay was most serious in the older and larger trees, in trees with suspect indicators, and in those with poor crowns and malformed boles. Management recommendations for recently cut-over areas include removal of residual trees over 6 inches dbh, and of trees with certain suspect indicators in the 3-6 inch dbh classes. Variations in recommended stand improvement procedures are discussed.
L'état actuel des vieilles sapinières à Hylocomium à la forêt Montmorency de l'Université Laval
Authors: Paille Gilbert
Published: February 2014

The present status of old balsam fir stands (Hylocomium-Oxalis site-type) has been studied on sites of second quality (index of 40 feet at 50 years) by means of 1/5-acre random sample plots. Comparisons with normal yield tables indicate that, between the age of 70 and 90 years, these stands show 1) too many stems per acre, mainly due to abundant ingrowth, 2) a constant average stand, d.b.h., 3) a loss of 30 sq.ft. per acre of basal area, and 4) a reduction of the mean annual increment in merchantable volume from 33 to 22 cu.ft. per acre.It is concluded that these site class II balsam fir stands are already mature, rapidly deteriorating, and failing to occupy the station fully. Consequently, they should be managed on rotations shorter than 70 years. Thinnings might be conducted 15 years before the final cutting to salvage otherwise heavy losses by natural mortality.
Experimental Seeding of Conifers in Scarified Strips
Authors: Horton K. W. , Wang B. S. P.
Published: February 2014

Four years of direct seeding experiment involving four coniferous species on a scrub-aspen, sandy terrace site in Central Ontario showed that site preparation is essential for success and strip scalping by bulldozer is an effective method, that a sowing technique which buries the seed is preferable to surface broadcasting or raking of seed, that jack pine gives better results than white pine, red pine or spruce, and that wide variation in germination and survival can be expected from year to year.
The Relevance of Current Hazard Stick Reading to the Moisture Content of Logging Slash
Authors: Péch Gy.
Published: February 2014

Seven composite samples of western red cedar and western hemlock logging slash of 0.25 to 2 inches diameter were exposed on top of and within the bottom third of a fuel bed in the interior wet belt of British Columbia in August 1965. Their moisture contents were measured regularly 24 hours a day and compared with the moisture content of an exposed B.C. hazard stick on the basis of both the hourly drying rates on 1 clear day and the daily loss of moisture, relative to the morning maximum moisture content, for a period of 6 drying days after rain. The absolute moisture content values, the hourly rates of drying, and the daily fluctuation of the moisture content of the hazard stick differed from those of the fuel samples at all times. It was concluded that cedar-hemlock slash fuel moisture content cannot be predicted numerically from an individual measurement of the moisture content of freely exposed hazard sticks in those years when the slash retains a tight bark. Counting the number of drying days after rain proved to be of little practical value.
An Economic View Suggests that the Concept of Sustained Yield Should Have Gone Out with the Crosscut saw
Authors: Smith J. Harry G.
Published: February 2014

Some economists and many forest economists have analysed sustained yield concepts and found obvious deficiencies. Objectives of sustained yield forest management are not explicit, have limited value for modern decision making and may significantly retard economic growth and development, yet sustained yield is cherished by most forest managers.Following examination of the advantages and disadvantages of sustained yield concepts it is concluded that controversy should be encouraged with the hope that improved understanding will develop. New and better ideas must be evolved. Nautiyal's economically efficient objective of maximization of the present worth of net benefits from forest lands deserves wider recognition and full implementation.
Apparent Defect in Second-Growth Tolerant Hardwood Stands in Quebec
Authors: Winget Carl H.
Published: February 2014

Studies of external evidence of defect in second-growth hardwood stands in Quebec indicated that almost 50% of residual sugar maple, yellow birch and beech trees were seriously defective. Mechanical injury, particularly crown damage, and poor stem-form appeared to be the major sources of defect. Advance-growth saplings displayed much less evidence of defect. Clear-cutting systems leaving few poor-quality stems and depending for regenerations either on advance growth or on scarification and seeding seemed preferable to partial cutting. Tree quality classifications and cull studies in hardwood advance growth are required.
Forest Fires in the Chilean Forest Economy
Authors: Cartwright David
Published: February 2014

A brief history of forest fires in Chile has been given with emphasis on the changing outlook concerning forest fires. This has led to the realization of their destructive force and long term effects. The factors which contributed to this change in outlook have been mentioned and the protective methods presently employed in Chile described.
Resin Content of Red Pine Wood and its Effect on Specific Gravity Determinations
Authors: Keith C. T.
Published: February 2014

Accurate determinations of specific gravity for red pine test specimens require removal of resinous extractives prior to dry-weight measurement. This applies to sapwood specimens as well as heartwood, although much higher resin contents were observed in the later specimens. Resin content was typically highest in specimens from the central part of the stem (close to the pith) and tended to decrease progressively toward the bark.
Stocking of Northern Hardwood Regeneration Based on Exponential Dropout Rate
Authors: Leak W. B.
Published: February 2014

Survival and mortality in even-aged seedling-sapling northern hardwoods are described as an exponential process, where the probability of a tree — alive at mean stand diameter [Formula: see text] and living to mean stand diameter [Formula: see text] or beyond — is:[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Values of R were estimated from field data. The average number of trees at [Formula: see text] required to produce 1 tree at [Formula: see text] equals 1/P. By using the binomial distribution, the author determined the number of trees at [Formula: see text] required to produce with high probability 1 tree or more at [Formula: see text]. Regeneration stocking guides, based on this mathematical process, are presented.
Conversion of Trees to Finished Lumber — the Volume Losses
Authors: Kerbes E. L. , McIntosh J. A.
Published: February 2014

The volumes of 138 spruce trees from one logging setting in southeastern British Columbia were measured, at each step in their conversion to kiln-dried lumber. All volume losses in harvesting, sawmilling and planing were determined by log and tree size. The greatest losses were in the form of chippable residues and sawdust at the sawmill, followed by shavings at the planer mill. Of a total stem (from 12 inches above ground to a top of six inches diameter), approximately 37% is recovered as lumber, 18% is available as chippable residues at the sawmill and the remaining 45% is lost in the various steps of conversion.
Breeding and Genetics of Caragana
Authors: Cram W. H.
Published: February 2014

Research at the Indian Head Tree Nursery from 1947 to 1959 has produced an original breeding program to improve vigor of the Siberian pea-tree (Caragana arborescens, Lam.) for shelterbelt plantings in the Canadian Prairies. The species proved to be naturally cross-pollinated by insects and techniques for artificial self-and cross-pollinations were evolved. Seed viability problems related to maturity and dormancy were resolved to ensure maximum germination for progeny tests. Propagation of selections by softwood cuttings was superior to grafting for the production of clonal material. Two recessive factors, for the pendulant and albino characters, were identified and "tester" trees with these gene markers are utilized in controlled crosses to delete selections carrying these undesirable factors. Self-compatibility of 218 open-pollinated trees, which were selected on the basis of vigor ranged from zero (self-incompatible) to 99%. Cross-compatibility data, from reciprocal crosses of one self-compatible and three self-incompatible selections, segregated the four selections into three compatibility groups due to action of oppositional theory factors. A breeding program for the mass production of hybrid seed, by natural pollination of paired self-incompatible selections in isolated crossing blocks, has been developed. Steps to apply this program to improving the vigor, disease, insect and wood characteristics of caragana or of conifers, are detailed.
Genetics and Breeding of Black Spruce and Red Spruce
Authors: Morgenstern E. K. , Fowler D. P.
Published: February 2014

This review emphasizes findings that are of value for early application in tree breeding and silviculture. Black spruce and red spruce are closely related genetically and hybridize where their ranges overlap, particularly in the Maritime Provinces. Black spruce provenance experiments indicate a possibility of increasing yield by moving southern provenances from continental areas north into mild maritime climates. Red spruce provenance experiments and field studies suggest that populations containing hybrids are vigorous and more resistant to the spruce bud-worm than pure populations. As reforestation programs develop, priorities in the application of genetics to silviculture are: (1) designation of seed zones; (2) development of seed production areas; and (3) selection of plus trees and establishment of seed orchards.
Genetics and Breeding of Jack and Lodgepole Pines in Canada
Authors: Yeatman C. W. , Teich A. H.
Published: February 2014

Genetic variation of jack pine and lodgepole pine is reviewed in relation to artificial regeneration in Canada. Broad patterns of variation conform to adaptational gradients in relation to latitude, length of growing season, temperature, and altitude. Intensive selection and breeding to increase productivity of these species has been initiated recently by a number of agencies in Canada but it will be some time before superior seed is available from seed orchards.Natural populations of jack pine and lodgepole pine will continue to supply bulk quantities of seed. Early improvement in the genetic quality of seed for reforestation will be made by the proper choice of seed source. Until provenance tests provide more definitive answers to seed movement, seed should be collected locally, i.e. within the geo-climatic zone in which it is to be used. Stands of good phenotypic quality should be designated for seed production well in advance of anticipated requirements for seed. Such stands may be developed as seed production areas or incorporated into harvesting schedules. Accurate records of seed origin should be maintained from seed collection to outplanting or direct seeding to provide a basis for future selection of prime sources for seed collection and of breeding stock.
Tree Breeding and Genetics of Exotic Conifers in Canada
Authors: Holst M. J. , Heimburger C. C.
Published: February 2014

The most commonly planted exotic conifers in Canada are Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Norway spruce has its highest potential on acid soils in high precipitation areas where it is more productive than the local spruce and fir mixture. Extensive plantations of Norway spruce have not been established because of its susceptibility to attack by white pine weevil. A number of provenance experiments have been established, and selection and breeding for resistance to the white pine weevil appear promising.Scots pine has not been favoured for timber production in Canada mainly because most early seed imports came from poorly formed stands in western Germany. Rapid early growth and green foliage in early winter led to extensive cultivation of these German types for Christmas trees. A limited number of stands from Poland and White Russia, and nearly all the Scots pine from Estonia-Latvia (Riga Pine) are well formed and are recommended for timber production, but not for the growing of Christmas trees. On less fertile sites, Scots pine grows more rapidly than red pine but, at least in the first 20 years, it does not grow as well as jack pine. Selected provenances of Scots pine hold much promise in the prairie region and in the boreal forest.Other exotic spruces have not been widely planted in Canada so very little is known about their silvicultural potential and ecological amplitude. Combined species and provenance trials have been planted recently to remedy this situation. A hybrid between Serbian and black spruce growing at Chalk River, Ontario has grown more rapidly than either parental species. Other species hybrids have been made, but are not yet assessed.In an attempt to develop a hard pine of wider ecological amplitude than red pine, species hybrids have been made between Scots pine, Japanese red pine and varieties of Pinus nigra. These are promising on rich soils in southern Ontario and might be extended further to the north and to poorer acid soils by using selected provenances for the breeding work. Pitch pine has been successfully crossed with P. taeda and P. radiata in an attempt to improve the productivity and potential of pitch pine.
A Backward Step in Forest Research
Authors: Matte François
Published: February 2014

not available
Studies of Private Forest Ownership in Southwestern Quebec
Authors: Jones A. R. C. , Lord R. A.
Published: February 2014

A survey of the ownership patterns and attitudes to forestry practices was conducted in Soulanges and Huntingdon counties, Quebec, in 1965. A bilingual questionnaire was used and over 400 woodlot owners were personally visited to obtain information on the current use of their woodlots. It was found that the majority of woodlot harvests were unplanned. Pasturing was common with reforestation being undertaken by less than 10 per cent of the owners in either county. The majority were unaware of the provincial reforestation assistance programme. Between 56 and 60 per cent of the owners were farmers with a prime interest in their woodlots as a source of products for home use. The remaining owners were non-farmers more interested in speculation, security or the recreational values of the woodlot. Close to half the owners have never sold forest or maple products, and improvement practices, other than fencing, occupied less than 10 per cent of the owners. Ten to 15 per cent have sold forest products regularly. No more than 6 per cent have sought forestry assistance directly. Many listed lack of time and know-how and better alternatives to be responsible for the general lack of use of the woodlot. The farm owner tended to use his woodlot for home use and on occasions sold wood products and syrup. He also attempted some improvements such as fencing or thinning. The non-farmer was more likely to reforest, but only 75 acres had been planted and only 19 owners had reforested more than one acre.
The Forest Manager's Entomological Dream
Authors: Graham Kenneth
Published: February 2014

Decision-making in insect pest management requires a large resource of information for predicting, evaluating and interpreting causes of insect aggressions, and funds of information on alternatives between no action and various courses of positive action. The task of searching out relevant information for these purposes is immensely complex, and relevance is difficult to evaluate when seen only in the short term context which clamors for "action now".Research is conducted in two philosophically different ways. The more usual approach is technique-oriented and sifts extensively for the hidden truths of nature. Then the facts are surveyed for possible, and often unpredicted applications. Diverse motives spur an investigator on. Often it appears that he is unclear of the full relevance of his own effort in relation to the problem he hopes to solve. This is part of the price to be paid in the course of gaining factual revelations which are to be directly applicable to pest management, and for the information which assists other researchers in solving problems. The other approach in research reaches out to a speculated goal of manipulating nature in a specifically defined way. The obstacles are envisioned more clearly and attacked more narrowly and intensely. This is called "mission-oriented" research. It often involves more speculation and "intuition", circumventing broad exploration, but is capable of attaining some goals which would be scarcely attainable by the free-directional approach. Both philosophical approaches are complementary in solving problems.There is some justification in assertions that much of research lacks clear relevancy for forest insect pest management. Sometimes there appears no other reason for an undertaking than that it is a popular topic of the moment. However, the broad uncovering of new scientific territory in this way yields much that can be translated into action. Researchers might more often invest their talents in mission-oriented research which preconceives a possible workable goal more explicitly and clearly, using scientific speculation about the working of a facet of nature, then narrowing the experiments to test for workability.
Measurement of Frost-hardiness in Douglas Fir at Three Nurseries by an Electrical Method
Authors: van den Driessche R.
Published: February 2014

Frost-hardiness changes in three Douglas fir provenances at each of three nurseries were followed from September, 1968, to April, 1969, by measuring electrical impedance of stems. Nursery had a greater effect on hardiness than provenance, with seedlings at one nursery reaching the same level of hardiness two weeks earlier than those at another nursery. Detection of these hardiness differences shows the practical value of the impedance method for measuring frost-hardiness.
The Epidemiology of the Swaine Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion Swainei Midd.
Authors: McLeod J. M.
Published: February 2014

Neodiprion swainei, a defoliating sawfly specific to jack pine, has destroyed thousands of acres of commercially important jack-pine forests in recent years. This sawfly can kill trees within 4 years of the start of a population increase. Outbreaks are usually found in foci in poorer jack-pine sites on outwash plains. Tree mortality occurs after complete defoliation of the previous years' foliage, combined with severe defoliation of the current year's foliage. Tree mortality starts in the first year after particularly severe defoliation and may be cumulative to 5 years; thus, detection of the insect in a stand should warrant increased watchfulness.Outbreaks may follow at intervals of about 8 years. Hazard areas for Quebec and Ontario are defined.
Research on Nondestructive Testing of Wood in Canada
Authors: Stanton C. R.
Published: February 2014

Since early in Canada's history men have, in effect, applied the principles of nondestructive testing of wood. They visually graded timber for the specific purposes they had in mind. With increasing competition from other construction materials whose properties have been capable of more precise evaluation, wood has, in many cases, found itself superseded. Modern, nondestructive tests can accomplish much towards rectifying this unsatisfactory situation. Since 1951, the Ottawa and Vancouver Forest Products Laboratories have been engaged on research which has led to some notable advances in this field. Some of these have been adopted by industry while others have not. Although much research remains to be done to identify and perfect new and improved means of nondestructive testing, it nevertheless behooves the forest industry to make use of every technique presently available to the fullest extent possible and at the same time keep abreast of every new development. Failure to do so could result in further advantage to those materials in competition with wood.
Seasonal Variation of Stump Infection by Fomes Annosus in Coastal British Columbia
Authors: Morrison D. J. , Johnson A. L. S.
Published: February 2014

Susceptibility of fresh-cut stumps of western hemlock, amabilis fir, Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce to infection via Fomes annosus (Fr.) Karst. spores was determined at 12 consecutive monthly intervals. Over 40% of the amabilis fir, western hemlock, Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce stumps became infected throughout the year when inoculated with a basidiospore suspension. Airborne spore infection of amabilis fir was high (> 80%) throughout the year; infection of Douglas-fir was lower during the summer, whereas infection of hemlock was lower during the fall and winter. Excepting amabilis fir, natural airborne spore inoculum resulted in a lower percentage stump infection than when the stumps were inoculated with basidiospores.
New Challenges Faced in Northern Development
Authors: Williston Ray
Published: February 2014

not available
A Proceedure for Systematically Fitting Local Volume Functions Using Orthogonal Polynomials
Authors: Wensel L. C. , Roessel J. Van
Published: February 2014

The proposed technique is designed to fit orthogonal polynomial equations to existing local volume tables. This method has the advantage of being able to find the "best" fit of up to 8 powers (terms) such that (1) the function will yield volumes that increase with increasing diameter, and (2) will keep the end points of the curves within range. The computer program is designed so that it can be used with little or no knowledge of the computational process involved.
Growing Yellow Birch Seedlings In Polyethylene Bullet Containers
Authors: Stanek W.
Published: February 2014

Plastic, bullet-shaped containers 2.5 and 4.5 inches long were suitable for producing healthy and vigorous yellow birch planting stock in the greenhouse. The larger containers favored the growth of taller plants with a better root system. In field trials, roots became established outside the containers during the first year of growth but did not break the plastic casing. After the first winter in the open nearly two-thirds of the seedlings had survived, but only one-third of them were in good condition.
Foresters and Environmental Decisions
Authors: Manning G. H.
Published: February 2014

Professional foresters are more and more finding themselves at odds with the public in Canada and the United States. The profession must take several steps if decisions concerning the environment are not to be wholly removed from the area of responsibility of forestry. First, foresters must recognize that there are areas of decision which are beyond their technical competence. That forestry's major role must be analysis, and not decision, given the level and type of training most foresters possess. Two methods of remedying forestry's lack of decision making competence are to broaden the educational process, and place physical training in specific forestry skills in an on-the-job basis; and to seek knowledge of society's goals and wishes for resource development and management.
A New Coating Treatment for Coniferous Seeds
Authors: Radvanyi Andrew
Published: February 2014

Excessive loss of seeds to small mammals has long been considered a major cause of inadequate regeneration of cutover forest lands in North America. While numerous compounds, devices, and practices to minimize such losses have been tried, a fully acceptable and effective seed-coating procedure has not been developed. In the study reported, the widely used seed-coating formulation using endrin, arasan, aluminum powder, and latex is examined, and a new seed-coating formulation employing a highly effective rodent repellent is suggested.
Site Preparation in Ontario
Authors: Hall John
Published: February 2014

The need to provide wood in ever increasing amounts requires that all cut-over and burned-over areas be retained in the production of wood. It also requires the rehabilitation of all other potentially productive areas which are not now growing a useful crop of trees. This can be accomplished by one or more of the regeneration methods now in use and by a programme of forest stand improvement. A continuing programme of equipment and method development should substantially assist in the attainment of the objective.Site preparation in Ontario can perhaps be said to have received it's first real impetus when some enterprising staff members rigged a granite boulder to a bulldozer to provide a crude drag type scarifying unit. This led to the construction of a number of "Rube Goldberg" devices, some of which are readily recognizable in the scarifying units currently in use.The past decade has seen the expansion of Ontario's site preparation programme from 6700 acres in 1957 to 75,000 acres in 1968. Forecast need is for 178,000 acres by 1973.Mechanical scarification currently accounts for 82% of the total treated area, with chemical and prescribed burning treatments making up the remainder.The bulk of the treated area has been for planting of nursery stock or tube seedlings. This may change appreciably because of an increasing aerial and ground seeding programme.Equipment development continues to receive top priority in order to increase efficiency and reduce costs.No "sophisticated" scarifying equipment has yet been introduced to the Ontario scene. Equipment developed by staff members continues to be the mainstay of the programme. Ontario policy is to continue its equipment development programme and to field test any other equipment which could make the site preparation programme more effective and efficient.
Prescribed Fire — Its Place in Reforestation
Authors: Kiil A. D. , Chrosciewicz Z.
Published: February 2014

Forest fires have played an important role in determining the type and composition of forest ecosystems in the temperate region of North America. The close association between fires and forest ecosystems has helped the resource manager to interpret the significance of fire in reforestation, which in turn has induced him to use burning for this specific purpose. Until very recently, however, most of the burns in Canada have been carried out primarily for slash-fire-hazard reduction. Considerations in the planning and use of prescribed fire for hazard reduction and reforestation are inextricably linked and sometimes complementary. In addition to protection and reforestation objectives, prescribed burning should find wide application in the management of wildlife habitats and watersheds. Recommendations are made to assist resource managers and the public in appreciating more fully the present and potential role of fire in the forest ecosystems.
Direct Seeding in Ontario
Authors: Scott J. D.
Published: February 2014

The direct seeding programme in Ontario has increased from 80 acres in 1956 to a maximum of 11,135 acres in 1967.Seed is applied by a variety of methods including fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft, snowmobiles and a variety of manual and mechanical equipment.All sites are prepared prior to seed application using mainly mechanical equipment such as finned drums, blades, teeth, tractor pads and ships anchor chains.Most of the seed is treated to reduce losses from animals and disease and is usually sown in the fall.The three main factors affecting the results of direct seeding in Ontario are weather, condition of the seed bed and the amount and distribution of the seed.Direct seeding is now the recommended artificial regeneration method for jack pine in many parts of the Province.
Hand and Machine Tree Planting in Northern Ontario
Authors: Stevens W. C.
Published: February 2014

Northern Ontario lies entirely in the Precambrian Shield with its many rock outcrops, sand plains, valleys and extensive lowlands.Tree planting started on a limited scale in Northern Ontario in the 1920's but it was not until the mid-fifties that the program really expanded into millions of trees.White spruce, black spruce, jack pine, red pine and white pine are the most important species planted for commercial forest products.The advent of new site preparation techniques has made possible the planting of areas that were previously by-passed.Due to the rugged conditions in Northern Ontario, tree planting by machine is still not too prevalent.For the purpose of this paper, Northern Ontario is that portion of the province lying north of the historic fur-trading route of the French and Mattawa Rivers and the Great Lakes. The area is made up entirely of Precambrian shield with many outcrops of rock, sand plains of jack pine, valleys and extensive lowlands of spruce.
Broadcast burning slash favors black spruce reproduction on organic soil in Minnesota
Authors: Johnston William F.
Published: February 2014

Slash burning tests showed that summer broadcast burning is superior to both winter progressive burning and no disposal for reproducing black spruce on clearcut areas in north-central Minnesota. Broadcast burning is superior because: 1 it exposes moist sphagnum moss and consumes dry mosses, and thus produces favorable seedbeds over the entire clearcut area; 2 it kills all residual conifers and eradicates dwarf mistletoe; and 3 assuming slash disposal is prescribed, it is much cheaper than progressive burning.
Aerial dispersion of black spruce seed
Authors: McEwen J. K.
Published: February 2014

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Méthode de classification des pins gris et détermination de leur susceptibilité aux insectes secondaires
Authors: Benoit Paul
Published: February 2014

The usual method of estimating the defoliation of jack pine does not permit evaluation with any precision of the critical point at which the tree becomes susceptible to the invasion by secondary insects. The method here described does meet that principal objective. Moreover, it eliminates the differences in observations made by different persons and at different times. The new method uses two variables: 1/ the ratio, in percent, between the total height of the tree and the height of the crown, and 2/ the residual foliage to which a uniform mathematical value is given according to the ratio crown/tree height. The classification of the trees is obtained with the following equation:[Formula: see text]That equation, seemingly complex, is remarquably easy to apply in such forest investigation. Calculations have shown that the critical point of susceptibility of jack pine to secondary insects is when the tree reaches down to about Class 35. The application of that method in forestry is proposed.
Land value, logging costs, and financial maturity
Authors: McKillop William
Published: February 2014

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Gale damage in coniferous plantations in southeastern Ontario
Authors: Stroempl George
Published: February 2014

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Applicability of Plonski's yield tables for black spruce in central and eastern Canada
Authors: Heger L. , Lowry G. L.
Published: February 2014

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Wetting agents: not always a plus in seed germination
Authors: Burridge L. O. W. , Jorgensen E.
Published: February 2014

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Air space controls root extension from open-ended containers during seedling production
Authors: Scarratt J. B.
Published: February 2014

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Appreciating the potential of a devasted land
Authors: Watson W. Y. , Richardson D. H.
Published: February 2014

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Economies of scale and trends in sawmill capacity in British Columbia
Authors: Dobie James
Published: February 2014

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Forest fire hazard recorder
Authors: Peterson W. S. , Tweddle T. A.
Published: February 2014

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Armillaria root rot in seeded and planted areas in Newfoundland
Authors: Singh Pritam , Richardson J.
Published: February 2014

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Transplants do better than seedlings, and …
Authors: Mullin R. E. , Howard C. P.
Published: February 2014

De 1957 à 1962, en Ontario, bon nombre de plantations ont été établies afin de comparer les taux de survie et de croissance des semis et des repiqués de différents âges des épinettes blanche et noire de même que des pins rouge et blanc. Le présent rapport relate les mesures en hauteur et la survie enregistrées après la première décennie. Les épinettes blanche et noire donnèrent le même rendement lors des plantations printanière et automnale. Pour ce qui a trait au pin rouge, la plantation d'automne s'avéra beaucoup moins satisfaisante sauf lors de l'utilisation de matériel 2-2. Chez le pin blanc, la plantation d'automne fut négative quelles que furent les catégories de plants utilisés. En comparant les catégories d'âge des jeunes plants, les 2-1 furent relativement inférieurs, même aux 3-0, du point de vue survie et croissance, et partant, plus dispendieux x produire. La comparaison la plus importante soit, entre les 2-2 et les 3-0, montra que les taux de survie et croissance furent supérieurs chez les plants repiqués. En terme de croissance et survie globales à l'acre (jumelant le % de survie et la hauteur moyenne à 10 ans), le matériel repiqué occasionna une augmentation de l'ordre de 48.2% chez l'épinette blanche, 34.3% chez l'épinette noire, 80.8% chez le pin rouge, et 17.4% chez le pin blanc. Une comparaison du coût de production entre les 3-0 et 2-2 montra que dans l'obtention d'une même hauteur, (cm/acre à 10 ans) il est plus avantageux d'utiliser les plants repiqués. Selon les espèces et les buts visés, cette économie peut être de l'ordre de 10-35%.
Eutypella canker, characteristics and control
Authors: Kliejunas John T. , Kuntz James E.
Published: February 2014

Characteristics of incipient and perennial Eutypella cankers on maple are presented. The disease cycle is discussed in relation to effective control. Selecting canker-free trees as crop trees, cutting cankered trees and removing cankered sections from the stand, and pruning of branches one inch (2.5 cm) or less in diameter from the first 10 feet (3 m) of the trunk of potential crop trees are recommended for control.
Germination control of stratified sugar maple seeds
Authors: Webb D. Paul
Published: February 2014

A method for the control of germination of stratified sugar maple seeds based on the water content of the seeds prior to stratification has been developed and is described.
Une réévaluation de la situation concernant la rouille vésiculeuse du pin blanc au Québec
Authors: Lavallée André
Published: February 2014

Four host-susceptibility zones based on elevation and climate were delineated. In zone 1, less than 5% of white pine stems were affected even without Ribes eradication. The level of infection remained lower than 15% in most plantations in zone 2. Recommendations based on recent studies are made concerning site selection and protective measures. Studies of meteorological data and of recent and earlier disease surveys confirm the validity of this approach to the white pine blister-rust problem.
La qualité des stations et la productivité des plantations de pin rouge (Pinus resinosa Ait.) au Québec.
Authors: Popovich S.
Published: February 2014

This paper presents an evaluation of site quality based on the relationship between volume per square foot of basal area and age of plantation, for planted red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) in Quebec.A graph for the three site index classes is included with indication for its use. There is a table showing the values of volume per square foot of basal area as a function of average height and average form quotient of a stand, permitting a rapid evaluation of stand volume of a plantation. Finally, several factors affecting growth and yield of red pine plantations for various sites in Quebec are discussed.
Seedfall studies in red spruce
Authors: Powell G. R.
Published: February 2014

Seedfall from the 1966 cone crop in a 75-year-old red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) stand in central New Brunswick was monitored with traps. The seedfall per hectare over a 12-month period was 54.8 million, weighing 146 kg and averaged 55% soundness. About 76% of the seed fell in the fall. This seed had a higher percentage soundness than that falling later. Fall also contained all the insect-filled seeds collected, but these constituted only 1.5% of the total seedfall. The fall of pollen cones associated with the seed crop weighed 152 kg/ha. The seedfall was higher than that reported for other North American spruce species. Inferences for biomass and litterfall studies, and for natural and artificial regeneration are briefly discussed.
Compatible systems for the estimation of tree and stand volume
Authors: Evert Felix
Published: February 2014

The advantages of compatible systems for the estimation of tree and stand volume are described. An example of the derivation of compatible systems is shown, and four compatible systems are presentation.