bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Orientation as Measured by Perceptual Dominance in Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Gilson Mark , Brown Earl C. , Daves Walter F.
Published: March 2007

Binocular rivalry is a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when two different images are presented, one in either eve, in a binocular viewing device. Past studies have indicated that people's perceptual reports in a binocular situation reflect their actual feelings, affinities, and dispositions. In this study, groups of self-identified heterosexual (straight) and homosexual (gay) men served as subjects. They were presented with a series of sexually contrasted pairs of slides (heterosexual content paired with homosexual content) in a binocular device. The pictures they viewed contained specific heterosexual or homosexual visual stimuli with respect to the sexual preferences of men. It was found that perceptual reports significantly corresponded to sexual preference, with gay men reporting images of men and straight men reporting images of women.
Time Urgency and Type a Behavior
Authors: Strube Michael J
Published: March 2007

The time urgent compotent of the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern was investigated through examination of temporal placement of participation in a questionnaire study. Subjects volunteered to complete a questionnaire battery during an eight-week time period in order to gain extra-credit toward their course grade. Results indicated that Type As participated earlier in the time period than Type Bs. It was suggested that Type A-B status could be confounded with systematic changes in a study that occur as a function of time. Random assignment of subjects to participation times appears to be essential in such cases.
Sex-Role Attitudes:1972-1980
Authors: Helmreich Robert L. , Spence Janet T. , Gibson Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Sex-role attitudes as measured by the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (Spence & Helmreich, 1972) were assessed in samples of students tested in 1972, 1976, and 1980 and in samples of their parents tested in 1972 and 1976. In both student and adult samples there were large and significant shifts toward egalitarianism between 1972 and 1976. Male students showed no overall change in attitudes between 1976 and 1980, while female students showed a small but significant shift in the conservative direction. Examination of individual items revealed highest endorsement by both sexes of vocational and educational equality.
Self-Disclosure Reciprocity among Preadolescents
Authors: Cohn Nancy B. , Strassberg Donald S.
Published: March 2007

Self-disclosure reciprocity was investigated in third -and sixth-grade boys and girls. Results indicated that preadolescents hearing intimate disclosure input spent more time disclosing intimately than did preadolescents hearing nonintimate disclosure input. Girls spent significantly more time than boys in intimate disclosure and total disclosure at both grade levels.
The "Peripheral Cue Shift" Phenomenon
Authors: Littlepage Glenn E. , Whiteside Harold D.
Published: March 2007

A total of 54 subjects read scenarios of a behavioral act and observed pictures of actors. The scenarios differed in levels of commission; that is, the degree to which an act was considered purposive, careless, or justified. Pictures showed the actors expressing emotions of anger, happiness, or sadness. Facial expressions were paired with scenarios to form a 3 x 3 Latin Square design with replications. Results revealed that both facial expression and level of commission affected attributions of responsibility. Facial expressions influenced attributions only on just if ed and careless commission, suggesting that when amgibuity exists concerning an actor's feelings about his or her actions, facial expression can provide clues guiding attributions. These results are interpreted as reflecting a tendency to use directly relevant cues when available, but to use more peripheral cues when such cues are lacking.
Contextual Determinants of Personality
Authors: Veroff Joseph
Published: March 2007

An approach is developed that relies on the principle that an individual's personality is best described and understood in terms of various contexts in which that individual is embedded. Five different kinds of contexts are considered: historical, cultural (and subcultural), developmental, organizational, and interpersonal. Each is illustrated with findings from two national sample surveys (one done in 1957; the other in 1976) that measured social motives through thematic apperceptive techniques. This contextual approach implies that personality is dynamically accumulative over the life span and that it is best assessed by subdividing a given personality characteristic into variants of that characteristic, which, if measured, can accurately pick up the contextual effects on the characteristic.
Social Support Resources
Authors: Burda Philip C. , Vaux Alan , Schill Thomas
Published: March 2007

Although considerable research effort has been spent in documenting the beneficial effects of social support to individual well-being, little is known about the determinants of this resource or its distribution across sociocultural groups. The present study assessed the influence among college students of sex and sex role on three levels of social support resources: network characteristics, availability of several modes of support, and perceived supportiveness of family and friends. On a composite measure of overall support resources, females were superior to males, and feminine and androgynous individuals were superior to masculine and undifferentiated individuals. Only some specific social support variables differed across these groups specifically, network size and homogeneity, emotional support, and perceived supportiveness of family for sex role.
Physical Disability and the Perception of Social Interaction
Authors: Strenta A. Christopher , Kleck Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Observers watched a videotape of a stimulus person under one of four instructional sets. It was the subject's presumption that the target person thought her interactant was either: (a) physically normal; (b) taking medication for an allergy; (c) taking medication for epilepsy; or (d)facially scarred. Observers performed a perceptual segmentation task and commented upon breakpoints established in the stimulus tape. Persons given the facial scar set engaged in a fine-grained analysis of the stimulus tape and focused on nonverbal aspects of the behavior stream. A second study examined the effects of instructional sets (allergy or scar) and behavior focus (verbal or nonverbal) on the segmentation task. The latter variable influenced breakpoint frequency while the former did not. Results are discussed in terms of selective attention, level of analysis, and change of meaning explanations.
Reproduction and Discrimination of Time in Obese Subjects
Authors: Gardner Rick M. , Reyes Beth , Brake Shirley J. , Salaz Veronica E.
Published: March 2007

Two studies were conducted on time perception in obese subjects. In study 1, 20 obese and 20 normal-weight subjects were required to reproduce time intervals of 2, 4, and 8 seconds duration that had been signaled by an auditory cue by holding down a button. Obese subjects were found to be significantly less accurate on this task as well as more variable in their time estimations. In study 2 the same subjects discriminated between time durations of 2 or 2.4 seconds, 4 or 4.4 seconds, and 8 or 8.4 seconds. A signal detection analysis was employed to evaluate the possible role of response bias factors. Obese subjects were found to be less successful at discriminating the differences, although significant differences were only found with female subjects. The signal detection analysis revealed the differences were not due to response bias factors. The results support the internal-external theory of obesity by showing that obese subjects are inferior on time estimation tasks that require monitoring of internal cues related to the passage of time.
Not Just Another Pretty Face
Authors: Cash Thomas F. , Rissi John , Chapman Rees
Published: March 2007

Despite the voluminous literature on the physical attractiveness variable, little research has considered the psychosocial processes involved in self alterations of appearance (i.e., grooming behavior). The present study examined individual differences in a largely sex-specific facet of grooming, facial cosmetics use among women. Seventy-five female college students completed the Cash Cosmetics Use Inventory, which assesses the quantity and the situational-dispositional pattern of cosmetics use. Subjects completed personality measures of sex-role identity, sex-role attitudes, social self-esteem, and locus of control. Higher-quantity users were found to be more sex-typed on bipolar but not unipolar sex-role identity, somewhat more profeminist in attitudes, and less external in locus of control for achievement success. Women who were more situationally variable in their pattern of use did not differ in sex-role identity but were more liberal in sex-role attitudes and more internal vis-a-vis affiliative outcomes. These results are discussed in the context of sex-role theory, impression management, and new directions for a psychology of physical appearance.
Judgments of Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Alicke Mark D. , Smith Richard H. , Klotz M. L.
Published: March 2007

The relative and combined influences of faces and bodies on judgments of physical attractiveness were assessed in a factorial design crossing 3 levels (high, moderate, and low) of face and body attractiveness. Based on preratings, 3 sets of slides were created that super imposed faces onto bodies. A second sample of subjects then rated these 27 slides (3 faces X 3 bodies X 3 sets) on physical attractiveness, intelligence, sociability, and morality. Strong effects of both face and body on attractiveness ratings were obtained. In addition, a significant interaction was obtained between faces and bodies on ratings of physical attractiveness. Faces significantly influenced ratings of intelligence, sociability, and morality, whereas bodies had a significant effect on ratings of intelligence and sociability.
On the Submission and Processing of Division 8 Program Presentations for the APA Convention
Authors: Goodchilds Jacqueline D. , Folkes Valerie S.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of the 278 Division 8postersubmissionsfor the 1983 APA convention examined characteristics of poster submitters, what was submitted, and how posters were evaluated by reviewers. The results provided a profile of first authors in terms of APA and Division 8 membership, gender, seniority, work setting, and geographic location. Gender distributions were examined for the total of 553 authors. Submissions were categorized into four topic areas: group processes and interaction, cognitive processing, intraindividual, and subcultures and ethnicity. The program review process did not reveal biases by seniority or topic area. Among three criteria used to evaluate poster submissions, reviewers appeared to emphasize the importance of the topic in deciding whether to accept or reject.
Empathy, Sadness, and Distress
Authors: Fultz Jim , Schaller Mark , Cialdini Robert B.
Published: March 2007

A negative state relief explanation for the empathy-helping relationship (e.g., Cialdini et al., 1987) rests on the two-part assumption that empathy, sadness, and distress are (a) related but (b) distinct vicarious affective responses to another's suffering. This assumption received support in two studies from principal components analyses of subjects' self-reported affective responses to situations in which another college student was in need. In Study I subjects reported their response to three different need situations described as having occurred in recent psychology experiments, and in Study 2 subjects reported their response to a current need situation. Oblique rotations of three components extracted from affective responses to each need situation revealed that all components were intercorrelated. Orthogonal rotations, however, yielded component structures suggesting that empathy, sadness, and distress are quantitatively distinct. Correlations between indices of empathy, sadness, and distress further elucidated the relationships between the three affective responses. It is concluded that motivational models of helping and models of vicarious affect should include sadness as a response that is distinct from but related to both empathy and distress.
The "Disappearance" of Dissonance in an Age of Relativism
Authors: Lord Charles G.
Published: March 2007

Berkowitz and Devine (this issue) cite Lord, Ross, and Lepper's study of attitude polarization as evidence that current researchers are reinventing dissonance results without realizing it. They also cite Cooper and Fazio's review as evidence that current researchers have excessively narrowed the scope of dissonance theory. They regard these tendencies to overlook and narrow dissonance theory as symptomatic of a pervasive analytic, rather than synthetic, approach to studying human social behavior. In reviewing the evidence cited by Berkowitz and Devine, other interpretations are possible.
William James, the Nature of Knowledge, and Current Issues in Emotion, Cognition, and Communication
Authors: Buck Ross
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description (or knowledge about) put forward by William James in Principles of Psychology. The relevance of this distinction for the Zajonc-Lazarus debate on the primacy of affect versus cognition is considered, and Gibson s ecological theory of perception is invoked to suggest that the initial pickup of events is "filtered" by special-purpose motivational/emotional systems, leading to knowledge by acquaintance of the event. The phenomenon of agnosia is considered as a case of a modality-specific inability to convert knowledge by acquaintance into knowledge by description. From this, a model of the appraisal process is presented in which appraisal is defined as the integration of the knowledge by acqaintance of the event and motivational/emotional responses associated with the event. Subjective experience is considered as the knowledge by acquaintance of the state of certain motivational/emotional systems (feelings and desires), as is spontaneous emotional communication fostering the knowledge by acquaintance of the state of "other minds" via the direct pickup of specific displays.
Perceptions of Vulnerability to Pregnancy and the Use of Effective Contraception
Authors: Whitley Bernard E. , Hern Andrea L.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to determine (a) whether the lower pregnancy risk that sexually active college women attribute to themselves relative to "average"others results from underestimating their own risk or overestimating others' risk and (b) the relationship of this perceived difference to contraceptive use. Sexually active women, on the average, accurately rated their own and their best friend's risk and overestimated others' risk, although users of poor contraception did tend to overestimate the effectiveness of the methods they used. Coitally inexperienced women also overestimated others' pregnancy risk. Contrary to previous findings, perceived relative invulnerability to pregnancy was positively correlated with effectiveness of contraception, and poor contraceptors estimated their pregnancy risk to be higher than that of effective contraceptors. Implications of the findings for the theory of "unique invulnerability" to victimization are discussed.
Knowledge of the Advocated Position and the Processing of In-Group and Out-Group Persuasive Messages
Authors: MacKie Diane M. , Gastardo-Conaco M. Cecilia , Skelly John J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the processing consequences of receiving non-membership-relevant persuasive messages from in-group or out-group members. Students were given two-sided messages ostensibly from an in-group or out-group source. The position advocated in the message was announced either before or after message arguments were presented, and position-consistent arguments were either strong or weak. In-group messages were more likely to receive content-focused processing (as indicated by lager processing times and differential persuasion to strong and weak arguments) when position advocacy followed rather than pre ceded message presentation Prior knowledge of the in-group position produced acceptance of the in-group position regardless of message quality, particularly of the counter attitudinal message. Out-group appeals produced almost no attitude change, even with strong arguments. 7hese results provide further information about the processing mediation of the increased persuasive power of in-groups.
Moderators of Peer Social Influence in Adolescent Smoking
Authors: stacy Alan W. , Suassman Steve , Dent Clyde W. , Burton Dee , Flay Brian R.
Published: March 2007

Few studies have examined the relevance of social-influence-related moderator variables in the genesis of adolescent smoking. In the present study, the interactive effects of moderator variables with social influence (peer smoking and peer approval) on adolescent smoking were examined in a sample of high school students. Potential moderator variables of the effects of social influence were self-efficacy judgments, self-esteem, perceived stress, parental supervision after school, and gender. Results demonstrated that self-efficacy judgments signficantly moderated the predictive effects of social influence on smoking tendencies. These findings are consistent with theories suggesting that certain personality or situational variables act as buffers that either protect the adolescent against social influence or make the adolescent more susceptible to such influence.
Self-Evaluation and Creativity
Authors: Szymanski Kate , Harkins Stephen G.
Published: March 2007

Lack of evaluation potential leads to the social loafing effect, the finding that participants working together expend less effort than participants working alone. In 1988 Bartis, Szymanski and Harkins replicated this effect, showing that the lack of potential for evaluation by the experimenter led participants to generate fewer uses for a common object when they were asked to generate as many uses as possible. However, their research also demonstrated that this lack of evaluation potential facilitated creativity. Szymanski and Harkins have previously shown that the potential for self-evaluation has the same effect on loafing as experimenter evaluation. When participants can self-evaluate, the loafing effect is eliminated. In the present study, the effect of the potential for self-evaluation on creativity was tested. In a replication of the Bartis et al. study, subjects were asked either to generate as many uses as possible for a common object or to generate uses that were as creative as possible. The results demonstrated that the potential for self-evaluation undermined creativity and facilitated productivity of performance.
Procedural Justice and the Allocation of Power in Intergroup Relations: Studies in the United States and South Africa
Authors: Azzi Assaad E.
Published: March 2007

This study explored preferences for the proportionality (PR) versus equality (EQ) principles in the allocation of political power and other resources between majorities and minorities. Preferences for PR were expected when individual-level justice was salient and for EQ when group-level justice was salient. Group-level concerns were expected to be more salient for minorities than majorities for procedural resources and for group-level than individual-level distributive resources. Consistent with expectations, subjects from the United States and South Africa were more likely to divide a procedural resource (political power) equally between two simulated ethnic groups differing in size when led to identify with a minority than a majority. Equality was also more salient to members of real ethnic minorities than members of ethnic majorities. With regard to distributive resources, PR was predominant in the distribution of individual-level material resources and EQ in the distribution of group-level symbolic resources.
Conceptualizing Self with In-Group Stereotypes: Context and Esteem Precursors
Authors: James Keith
Published: March 2007

Use of internalized social stereotypes of an in-group in self-conceptions was examined. It was proposed that situationally induced salience of sex-group membership would interact with individual self-esteem to influence presence of gender roll stereotypes in the working self-concept of women. Sixty female subjects had their attention focused either on their unique characteristics or on their gender-group conceptions. This manipulation was crossed with self-esteem level. Masculinity and femininity scores from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory were obtained as dependent measures. Results showed that attentional focus interacted with self-esteem level to influence both masculinity and femininity scores. Theoretical and potential practical implications are discussed.
Message Framing, Self-Discrepancies, and Yielding to Persuasive Messages: The Motivational Significance of Psychological Situations
Authors: Tykocinskl Orit , Higgins E. Tory , Chaiken Shelly
Published: March 2007

Subjects possessing two distinct types of self-discrepancies, actual: ideal (Al) and actual: ought (AO), read a persuasive message about the importance of eating breakfast, framed in terms of either positive or negative outcomes. On the basis of an analysis of each discrepancy type as a chronic, individual motivational force and each frame as a momentary, situational motivational force, the positive outcome frame was predicted to be more effective than the negative outcome frame in motivating AO subjects to change their eating patterns; the opposite was predicted for Al subjects. The results supported this prediction. AO subjects' thoughts, feelings, and intentions showed a stronger persuasive effect of positive outcome framing than of negative outcome framing; the opposite was true for AIsubjects. The predicted interaction was also found on an immediate behavioral commitment measure. On a delayed action measure, only the effect predicted for AO subjects was found.
Self, Ethnicity, and Social Group Memberships in Two Generations of Italian Canadians
Authors: Cameron James E. , Lalonde Richard N.
Published: March 2007

Ethnic identity in the context of social category memberships was examined in two generations of Italian Canadians. Ratings based on perceived value similarity between a number of categories (self Canadians, Italians, immigrants, religion, family, friends, social class, age, and Americans) were made by 57 second-generation Italian Canadians and one parent of each. Multidimensional scaling analyses revealed a general distinction between Old World and New World values. First-generation self-identity was manifested in a distinct cluster including family, friends, and immigrants. The configuration for the second generation suggested a bicultural orientation, congruent with additional data on Italian language use across situations. The cross-generational transformation of ethnicity within a system of social categorizations is discussed.
The Generality of the Ratio-Bias Phenomenon
Authors: Denes-Raj Veronika , Epstein Seymour , Cole Jonathan
Published: March 2007

A well-substantiated, surprising finding is that people judge the occurrence of an event of low probability as less likely when its probability is represented by a ratio of smaller (e.g., I in 20) than of larger (e.g., 10 in 200) numbers. The results of three experiments demonstrated that the phenomenon is broadly general and occurs as readily in pre-as in post outcome judgments. These results support an interpretation in terms of subjective probability, as suggested by the principles of cognitive-experiential self theory, but not an interpretation in terms of imagining counter-factual alternatives, as proposed by norm theory.
The Measurement and Conceptualization of Mood Awareness: Monitoring and Labeling One's Mood States
Authors: Swinkels Alan , Giuliano Traci A.
Published: March 2007

The construct of mood awareness is presented as a form of attention directed toward one's mood states. Two dimensions of mood awareness were investigated through the development and validation of the Mood Awareness Scale. Mood monitoring refers to a tendency to scrutinize and focus on one's moods, whereas mood labeling refers to the ability to identify and categorize one's moods. The role of these two dimensions in self-reported affective experience was explored in four studies using various measures of personality, affect, and mood regulation. Mood monitoring predicted the experience of negative affect, neuroticism, intense affective reactions, and greater rumination on negative mood. Mood labeling predicted the experience of positive affect, extraversion, high self-esteem, and greater satisfaction with social support. The usefulness of these dimensions for predicting affective outcomes is discussed.
Discrimination in the Minimal Group Paradigm: Social Identity or Self-Interest?
Authors: Gagnon Andre , Bourhis Richard Y.
Published: March 2007

Social identity theory (SIT) proposes that discrimination reflects competition for a positive social identity. In contrast, the behavioral interaction model (BIM) proposes that self-interest and interdependence of fate are at the root of discrimination. Using the minimal group paradigm, 94 undergraduates were randomly categorized as group members in a 2 (Interdependence: autonomous/interdependent) × 2 (In-group Identification: low/high) factorial design. Before distributing resources, autonomous participants were told they would personally receive the maximum number of points in the experiment independently of others' allocations. Interdependent participants received points depending on allocations made by in-group and out-group others. Contrary to BIM, autonomous individuals discriminated as much as interdependent respondents, and discrimination was unrelated to expectation of in-group reciprocity. In line with SIT, high in-group identifiers discriminated more than low in-group identifiers.
Effects of Stereotypicality and Perceived Group Variability on the Use of Attitudinal Information in Impression Formation
Authors: Verplanken Bas , Jetten Jolanda , van Knippenberg Ad
Published: March 2007

In line with Susan Fiske and Steven Neuberg's continuum model of impression formation, it was found that when a social category was perceived as homogeneous on a stereotypic trait, a target's behavioral discrepancy from that stereotype elicited attention to and elaboration of individuating information. Individuating information consisted of the target person's attitude toward a stereotype-unrelated issue. Perceived variability was manipulated. Impressions of the stimulus person were related to participants'own attitude toward the issue, suggesting a similarity attraction effect. In the atypical-behavior/low-variability condition, this relationship was mediated by attitude-related thoughts. This suggests a cognitive-response-mediated similarity-attraction effect leading to relatively individuated impressions. All results were consistent across two different stimulus groups that were associated with complementary stereotypes.
Effects of Individuating Information on the Generalization Part of Allport's Contact Hypothesis
Authors: Scarberry Nikki C. , Ratcliff Christopher D. , Lord Charles G. , Lanicek Daniel L. , Desforges Donna M.
Published: March 2007

According to Gordon Allport's contact hypothesis, positive contact with a member of a negatively stereotyped group might ameliorate negative attitudes not only toward the specific member but also toward the group as a whole (generalization). In a direct empirical test of theoretical suggestions that individuating information might decrease the generalization part of the contact hypothesis, students learned material cooperatively with a "homosexual" confederate. To illustrate the material, the confederate used either impersonal or personal analogies. Students in the two conditions liked the confederate equally, but students who received personal analogies were less likely to ameliorate their attitudes toward homosexuals. The discussion addresses factors that might reduce the cognitive association between a group member and his or her group.
General and Personal Mortality Salience and Nationalistic Bias
Authors: Nelson Lori J. , Moore David L. , Olivetti Jennifer , Scott Tippony
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore the links between general and personal mortality salience and nationalistic bias. After watching either a mortality salience or a control videotape, participants read a scenario about a car accident in which the driver was suing either an American or a Japanese auto manufacturer. Results showed that mortality salience produced nationalistic bias in assignments of blame to the company and to the driver; such nationalistic bias did not occur in the control condition. This creation of intergroup bias when mortality was made salient is consistent with the predictions of terror management theory. This study makes an important theoretical contribution by providing evidence that the observed effects are driven by thoughts of personal mortality; the bias in favor of American auto companies occurred only among participants who reported thinking about their own deaths.
Eliciting Affect Using the International Affective Picture System: Trajectories through Evaluative Space
Authors: Ito Tiffany A. , Cacioppo John T. , Lang Peter J.
Published: March 2007

Most bipolar models of affective processing in social psychology assume that positive and negative valent processes are represented along a single continuum that rangesfrom very positive to very negative. Recent research has raised the possibility, however, that the motivational systems for positive/approach and negative/defensive valent processing (positivity and negativity, respectively) are separable. In this article, the authors use unipolar positivity, negativity, and ambivalence ratings and bipolar valence, dominance, and arousal ratings of 472 slides from the International Affective Picture System to examine several aspects of the bivariate model of evaluative space. Analysis confirmed a positivity offset and negativity bias in the activation functions of the valent systems as wel as multiple modes of evaluative activation (e.g., reciprocal, uncoupled positivity, uncoupled negativity). Together, these data suggest that the bipolar structure of affective processes should be tested rather than assumed.
An Evaluation of the Accuracy of Multidimensional IRT Linking
Authors: Li Yuan H. , Lissitz Robert W
Published: March 2007

Most multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) parameter estimation programs solve the identification problem by requiring that multidimensional traits be distributed as multivariate normal, MVN(0, I). Three types of MIRT linking methods were evaluated, which are based on a composite transformation that changes the linked group’s reference system into the base group’s reference system: an orthogonal Procrustes rotation, a translation transformation, and a single dilation. The results indicate that the best MIRT linking method was an unbiased, effective, and consistent estimator that produced accurate estimates of transformation parameters when errors in estimation of item parameters were purposely manipulated. This method was capable of successfully recovering item parameters under model-fitting conditions.
Multidimensional Componential Item Response Theory Models for Polytomous Items
Authors: Hoskens Machteld , De Boeck Paul
Published: March 2007

A framework for modeling componential data using item response theory models for polytomous items is presented. This framework models response accuracies on complex cognitive tasks, which are decomposed in terms of more basic elements (components), such as knowledge structures, cognitive processes, and strategies. Response categories of polytomous items correspond to possible response patterns on the components. Models with only single component effects are distinct from models that allow for component combination effects. For the latter, a further distinction is made between constant and dimension-dependent component combination effects as a function of whether these effects depend on an examinee’s ability. The proposed models are multidimensional, because separate abilities are assumed to be involved in their various components. An example illustrates the approach.
A Comparison of Psychiatric and Psychological Assessments of Acute Schizophrenics
Authors: Burdock Eugene I. , Hardesty Anne S. , Frosch William A. , Gershon Samuel , Greco Philip
Published: March 2007

Psychiatric and psychological ratings of psycho pathology were compared by means of canonical correlation of scores on the Inpatient Multidimen sional Psychiatric Scale (IMPS) syndromes with scores on the 10 subtests of the Structured Clinical Interview (SCI). The ratings by a team of psycholo gists on the SCI and by a team of psychiatrists on the IMPS were made simultaneously, while one of the psychologists conducted the structured interview of the SCI. In this way, 72 acute schizophrenics were rated shortly after admission to a psychiatric hospital; 58 of them were re-rated approximately one month later in a replication of the original procedure. Two canonical analyses were carried out: one on the initial ratings, the second on the replication. Canonical correlations of .84 and .86 were obtained respectively for the first latent roots at each occasion. Successive significant roots yielded correlations of .78 and .68 on the initial rat ings and .76, .69, and .64 on the follow-up ratings. After all 10 latent roots had been extracted for each occasion of rating, redundancy coefficients were calculated for each instrument. The results showed that for the initial ratings 30% of each in strument's variance could be explained by the other instrument; at the follow-up ratings the redun ancies were 40% for both sets of variables. The data are interpreted as evidence for the congruent validity of the SCI.
The Relation Between Item Format and the Structure of the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Authors: Velicer Wayne F. , Stevenson John F.
Published: March 2007

A Likert seven-choice response format for per sonality inventories allows finer distinctions by sub jects than the traditional two-choice format. The Eysenck Personality Inventory was employed in the present study to test the hypothesis that use of the expanded format would result in a clearer and more accurate indication of test structure. The sub jects, volunteers in a psychology course, took the standard two-choice version of the EPI and a seven- choice version one week apart, with the order counter-balanced. A principal components analysis with a varimax rotation yielded two components for the two-choice format, clearly identifiable as Eysenck's "Neuroticism" and "Extraversion" which together accounted for 18% of the variance. The seven-choice version resulted in six components ac counting for 46% of the variance. The expanded format suggested inadequacies in the structure of the EPI, defined the factor structure more clearly, and explained a greater proportion of the variance. It thus demonstrated the apparent advantages of the multiple-response format for scale construction.
Factor Analysis of the WAIS and Twenty French-Kit Reference Tests
Authors: Ramsey Philip H.
Published: March 2007

Over a 3-year period, 20 reference tests were given to 114 undergraduate students ranging in age from 18 to 46. The WAIS was given to 107 of the students. Maximum likelihood factor analysis was performed on the 31-variable correlation matrix formed by the 11 WAIS subscales and 20 reference tests. A maximum likelihood test of significance supported the hypothesis of 10 factors. Significant split-sample factor reliabilities and WAIS subscale loadings were found on all 10 factors. The rotated factors in order of explained variance were Verbal Comprehension, Visualization, Memory Span, Syllogistic Reasoning, General Reasoning, Induc tion, Mechanical Knowledge, Number Facility, Spa tial Orientation, and Associative Memory. The apparent contradictions between many previous analyses of the WAIS are discussed and a unified interpretation is presented.
A Cross-Validation Study of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory in Three Research and Development Organizations
Authors: Keller Robert T. , Holland Winford E.
Published: March 2007

A cross-validation study of the Kirton Adaption- Innovation Inventory (KAI) was conducted with 256 professional employees from three applied research and development organizations. The KAI was found to correlate well with direct measures of in novativeness (peer-nomination and management- rated measures of innovativeness) as well as with in direct indicators of innovativeness (number of pub lications, education, performance as rated by man agement, organizational level, self-esteem, intoler ance of ambiguity, and need for clarity). These re sults, moreover, held up well in each of the three research and development organizations. The orig inality subscale was found to be a potentially useful short version of the KAI. Implications for the use of the KAI are discussed.
Systematic Errors in Approximations to the Standard Error of Measurement and Reliability
Authors: Kleinke David J.
Published: March 2007

Lord's approximation to the standard error of measurement of a test uses only n, the number of items. Millman's is based on n and p, the mean difficulty. Saupe has used Lord's approximation to derive an approximation to the reliability. Through an empirical demonstration involving 200 classroom tests, all three approximations are shown to be biased. The Lord and Millman approximations overestimate sX√1-KR20, and thus Saupe's under estimates rXX' for these tests. The unweighted mean of the tests' mean item difficulties was .68, sup porting Lord's original warning that his approxima tion be used cautiously with tests that are either very difficult or very easy. Still, the approximations did correlate very highly with their criteria, sup porting their continued limited use.
A Four-Stage Factor Analytic Approach to Studying Behavioral Domains
Authors: Hattie John
Published: March 2007

Four stages in factor analyzing behavioral do mains are outlined using a measure of mental well- being or self-actualization, the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), as an example. The stages are (1) exploratory analysis to assess the number of fac tors ; (2) developing viable factor names that are based on theoretical arguments and ensuring that each factor consists of subscales that many re searchers agree appropriately load on the factor; (3) assessing the goodness of fit using confirmatory fac tor analysis; and (4) cross-validating the hypothesis on new data sets. After such an analysis it is claimed that the latent structure of the POI relates to the factors Sensitivity to Self and to Others, Per ception of Reality, Acceptance of Present Self, and Strongly Principled Yet Flexible When Confronting Others.
Nonverbal Communication Tests as Predictors of Success in Psychology and Counseling
Authors: Livingston Samuel A.
Published: March 2007

Six tests of nonverbal communication skills were investigated in an attempt to improve prediction of success for psychologists and counselors. The sub jects were graduate students at two different schools; the criterion variables were faculty mem bers' judgments of the students' academic work, in terpersonal relations, personal characteristics, and "predicted effectiveness" in the profession. Faculty ratings were collected several months after students were tested. One of the six nonverbal communication tests predicted faculty ratings of several characteris tics at both schools. This test was uncorrelated with the Graduate Record Examinations and only weak ly correlated with the Group Embedded Figures Test, as were most of the other nonverbal com munication tests.
An Item Response Theory for Personality and Attitude Scales: Item Analysis Using Restricted Factor Analysis
Authors: Thissen David , Steinberg Lynne , Pyszczynski Thomas , Greenberg Jeff
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the applicability of item re sponse theory to attitude scale development and pro vides an illustration derived from a study of the pro pensity toward jealousy in romantic relationships. The item analysis model used is identical to the factor analysis model, so factor analytic criteria are used to evaluate the scale. These criteria may be used to de cide whether the scale may be scored as a measure of a single variable and whether a simple sum or a weighted sum of the item responses serves as an opti mal test score. Estimates of the reliability of the scale based on the item response model are also described.
Effects of Local Item Dependence on the Fit and Equating Performance of the Three-Parameter Logistic Model
Authors: Yen Wendy M.
Published: March 2007

Unidimensional item response theory (IRT) has be come widely used in the analysis and equating of edu cational achievement tests. If an IRT model is true, item responses must be locally independent when the trait is held constant. This paper presents several mea sures of local dependence that are used in conjunction with the three-parameter logistic model in the analysis of unidimensional and two-dimensional simulated data and in the analysis of three mathematics achievement tests at Grades 3 and 6. The measures of local depen dence (called Q2 and Q3) were useful for identifying subsets of items that were influenced by the same fac tors (simulated data) or that had similar content (real data). Item pairs with high Q2 or Q3 values tended to have similar item parameters, but most items with similar item parameters did not have high Q2 or Q3 values. Sets of locally dependent items tended to be difficult and discriminating if the items involved an accumulation of the skills involved in the easier items in the rest of the test. Locally dependent items that were independent of the other items in the test did not have unusually high or low difficulties or discrimina tions. Substantial unsystematic errors of equating were found from the equating of tests involving collections of different dimensions, but substantial systematic er rors of equating were only found when the two tests measured quite different dimensions that were presum ably taught sequentially.
Correction for Restriction of Range when Both X and Y are Truncated
Authors: Alexander Ralph A. , Carson Kenneth P. , Alliger George M. , Barrett Gerald V.
Published: March 2007

The effect of range restriction on one variable in a bivariate normal distribution on the X-Y correlation and the problem of estimating unrestricted from re stricted correlations has been widely studied for more than half a century. The behavior of correction formu las under truncation of both X and Y, however, re mains largely unresearched. The performance of the correction formula for unidimensional truncation (Thorndike, 1947, Case 2) and an approximation pro cedure for correcting for bidimensional truncation pro posed by Wells and Fruchter (1970) were investigated. The Thorndike correction formula undercorrects in most circumstances. The Wells and Fruchter procedure performs quite well under most conditions but often results in a slight overcorrection. The performance of the Wells and Fruchter and Thorndike formulas are also compared under truncation on X or Y alone. In these circumstances the Wells and Fruchter correction is either equal or markedly superior to the traditional correction. Based on overall performance in recaptur ing the unbiased population values under both unidi mensional and bidimensional truncation, the Wells and Fruchter correction is recommended as the preferred procedure in many practical settings.
Evaluating Reading Diagnostic Tests: An Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis To Multitrait-Multimethod Data
Authors: Marsh Herbert W. , Butler Susan
Published: March 2007

Diagnostic reading tests, in contrast to achievement tests, claim to measure specific components of ability hypothesized to be important for diagnosis or remedia tion. A minimal condition for demonstrating the con struct validity of such tests is that they are able to dif ferentiate validly between the reading traits that they claim to measure (e.g., comprehension, sound dis crimination, blending). This condition is rarely tested, but multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) designs are ideally suited for this purpose. This is demonstrated in two studies based on the 1966 version of the Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test (SDRT). In each study, the application of the Campbell-Fiske guidelines and con firmatory factor analysis (CFA) to the MTMM data in dicated that the SDRT subscales could be explained in terms of a method/halo effect and a general reading factor that was not specific to any of the subscales; this refutes the construct validity of the 1966 version of the SDRT as a diagnostic test. Other diagnostic tests probably suffer the same weakness and should also be evaluated in MTMM studies.
A Consumer's Guide to LOGIST and BILOG
Authors: Mislevy Robert J. , Stocking Martha L.
Published: March 2007

Since its release in 1976, Wingersky, Barton, and Lord's (1982) LOGIST has been the most widely used computer program for estimating the parameters of the three-parameter logistic item response model. An al ternative program, Mislevy and Bock's (1983) BILOG, has recently become available. This paper compares the approaches taken by the two programs and offers some guidelines for choosing between the two pro grams for particular applications. Index terms: Bayesian estimation, BILOG, IRT estimation procedures, LOGIST, marginal maximum likelihood, maximum like lihood, three-parameter logistic model estimation pro cedures.
Person Fit and Criterion-Related Validity: An Extension of the Schmitt, Cortina, and Whitney Study
Authors: Meijer Rob R.
Published: March 2007

The effect on criterion-related validity of nonfitting response vectors (NRVs) on a predictor test was investigated. Using simulated data, it was shown that there was a substantial decrease in validity when the type of misfit was severe (i.e., guessing the correct answers to all test items), when the correlation between the predictor and the criterion scores was p = .3 or p = .4, and when the percent of NRVs was 15% or higher. The effect on test validity of removing NRVs from a dataset using the person-fit statistic Iz was also investigated. Only a small increase in validity (at most A = .03) was found. However, it was possible using lz to distinguish groups of examinees with low correlations with the criterion test. Regression analysis showed that the regression lines for fitting and nonfitting simulees did not cross and that only when the correlation between predictor scores and criterion scores was p = .3 or p = .4 and the number of simulees was large (30% NRVs) did lz scores improve prediction.
Toward Spatially Integrated Social Science
Authors: Goodchild Michael F. , Anselin Luc , Appelbaum Richard P. , Harthorn Barbara Herr
Published: March 2007

This article outlines the motivation for a spatial approach as a novel focus for cross-disciplinary interaction and research in the social and behavioral sciences. The authors review the emerging interest in space and place in the recent social science literature and develop a vision for a spatially integrated social science. This vision provides the conceptual basis for a program of six activities designed to promote a spatial perspective: learning resources, workshops, best-practice examples, place-based search, software tools, and a virtual community. The six programs will be informed by advances in the methods, technologies, and principles underlying spatial information science.