bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A laboratory technique for the evaluation of automotive gear oils of API GL‐4 level
Authors: Bisht R. P. S. , Singhal Sudhir
Published: July 2006

Automotive gear oils, as typically used in rear axles, are normally evaluated in terms of their performance in full‐scale bench tests. One such test is the CRC L‐19/CRC L‐42 test, which is included in API and other specifications. The L‐19 test method is now obsolete, and the L‐42 is used basically to define GL‐5 level oils. An indigenous test method, IIP Method VAV‐382, has been developed at the Indian Institute of Petroleum on an Amsler machine, operating under sliding conditions between two discs, and is also included in the IS:1118‐92 specification for multi‐purpose gear oils for GL‐4 level oils. This method has been re‐examined to obtain better resolution of scuffing of the disc surfaces. The modified procedure has proved effective, and the procedure and results for various commercial oils are described in this paper, which shows the method to be effective for the evaluation of GL‐4 level oils.
Pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR spectroscopy: An effective tool for the analysis of mixtures of lubricating oil components
Authors: Kapur G. S. , Berger S.
Published: July 2006

In the presently reported work, the multinuclear two‐dimensional (2D) diffusionordered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (DOSY) technique based on the pulsed field gradient (PFG) has been used in experiments to analyse mixtures of lubricating oil components. One‐dimensional (1D) PFG experiments have also been used to simplify and edit the NMR spectra of the mixtures. Such experiments provide a clean spectrum of the highest molecular weight (slower diffusing) component by eliminating the signals of lower molecular weight (faster diffusing) components, without any prior physical separation. These pulsed field gradient experiments not only facilitate the separation of resonance signals of different components, but also lead to their subsequent identification, and provide information about the number and structure of components in a mixture. Some examples of our initial efforts to establish 1D and 2D PFG‐based NMR experiments for the analysis of mixtures of lubricating oil components are given and assessed to illustrate the potential applications of such techniques in the field of lubricating oils.
Analysis of engine oil and phosphorus volatility
Authors: Selby T. W.
Published: July 2006

An apparatus has been designed that allows the measurement of phosphorus volatility, which is important in, among other things, controlling the degradation of exhaust catalysers in automobiles. Following on from the original Noack volatility test, the Selby—Noack apparatus can measure up to 99.9% of volatiles. The apparatus has been used in the present work to assess the relationship between engine oil volatility and engine oil phosphorus volatility (from additives), some reflections on which are presented.
Major pathways for used oil disposal and recycling. Part 1
Authors: Kajdas Czeslaw
Published: July 2006

One of the main concerns with lubricating oil relates to used oil management for both industrial and engine oils, although the environmental impact of gasoline and diesel engine oils is the most critical. Provided that efficient management systems are in place, most used oil should not reach the environment, so, the major question is how to dispose of collected used oil. The first option lies in burning it as a fuel, the second in recycling (reclaiming, reprocessing, re‐refining). The latter allows recovery of mineral base oils, which are valuable constituents of crude oil.

Mobile (on site) and fixed plants for industrial oil recycling will first be discussed, and the paper will look at the most modern re‐refining processes that produce base oils of as high quality as virgin base oils. Based on current re‐refining experience, the quality of finished lubricants blended from re‐refined base stocks is also noted. Re‐refining today may be of significant benefit to the economy and can, of course, protect the environment. All modern re‐refining technologies produce small amounts of by‐products in which toxic materials may have been concentrated. A final aspect of reprocessing used oil is to integrate it, after hydrogen treatment, into existing refineries. This valuable raw material can then be directly routed to a lube oil unit or even to a cracking unit for conversion to gasoline. The integration of used oil treatment processes into selected refineries may be the most effective pathway to used oil disposal.

In this first part, the author looks at the nature of the problems associated with used oil, its use as a fuel, and simple recycling. He then goes on to look at major re‐refining processes, starting with hydrogenation (KTI, Mohawk, BERC/NIPER, and PROP technologies). Part 2 will describe other processes, including a range of vacuum distillation/clay treatment technologies.
Influence of operating conditions on friction and temperature characteristics of a wet clutch engagement
Authors: Holgerson Mikael
Published: July 2006

To optimise the gear change in automatic transmissions, more knowledge is needed of the engagement behaviour of wet clutches. A factorial design investigation of the engagement of a wet clutch has been carried out. The friction and temperature characteristics have been studied. The experiments were carried out in an apparatus that can vary sliding velocity, drive torque, inertia, force rate, and lubricant flow. The results show how these parameters affect the response data: engagement time, developed energy, temperature rise, maximum torque, maximum power, static friction, dynamic friction, and initial friction. There are interaction effects between some of the input parameters, but they are relatively small. The friction coefficient varies over time but is independent of the input parameters, except for dynamic friction, which decreases with increasing sliding velocity, drive torque, and inertia. The temperature rise was found to be proportional to developed energy and both these were most affected by sliding velocity. The drive torque and force rate have the greatest effect on the engagement time.
Analysis of micropitting of prototype surface fatigue test gears
Authors: Hoeprich Michael R.
Published: July 2006

The early stages of micropitting were examined on experimental gears designed for surface fatigue studies by the Helical Gear Rating Committee of the American Gear Manufacturers Association. Optical profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, and metallographic examinations were conducted on the first prototype gearset tested. The gearset was tested in an FZG test rig. To evaluate tooth bending fatigue strength, the gears were loaded to load stage 12. A tooth broke from bending fatigue in 0.88 h (the expected time). This short runtime allowed for the examination of micropitting at an early stage of development. The distribution and morphology of micropitting over the tooth face and associated relationships with surface micro‐ and macrogeometry features and traction have been examined. Micropitting was primarily associated with finish geometry. A few pits were associated with sulphide inclusions and one pit was possibly initiated by a small non‐metallic inclusion. Metallographic examinations revealed asperity‐related lines of dark etching alterations caused by high asperity contact and traction stresses.
Stick‐slip in the presence of a normal vibration
Authors: Krallis M. , Hess D. P.
Published: July 2006

This paper presents a dynamic analysis of a contact system subjected to an applied normal vibration. The tangential motion of the system is found to exhibit stick‐slip behaviour dependent on the applied vibration, even in the absence of a difference in static and kinetic friction or a negative gradient in the friction‐velocity relation. The analysis leads to the development of a criterion for stick‐slip in the form of an equation defined in terms of the system and input parameters. This criterion is also presented graphically and is assessed through a series of experiments. The analysis and measurements show that stick‐slip occurs for a significantly wider drive velocity range when the normal vibration applied is near the natural frequency of the drive system. In addition, when stick‐slip occurs in the presence of a normal vibration, the frequency of stick‐slip is found to lock in to the frequency of the applied vibration.
Electroless deposition and structure of Ni‐MoSi2 composite coatings
Authors: Shoeib M. , Maamoun M. A.
Published: July 2006

Nickel‐molybdenum silicide (Ni‐MoSi2) composite coatings were produced by a technique using an electroless nickel bath containing MoSi2 in suspension. The operating conditions of the electroless deposition of Ni‐MoSi2 composite coatings and their structure were studied by X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the composite coatings were determined. Some properties of the Ni‐MoSi2 composite coatings, such as oxidation resistance at high temperature, were investigated. These materials have potential for use in high‐temperature applications involving oxidation resistance.
The role of bearing and scan mechanism life testing in the flight qualification of the MODIS instrument
Authors: Vandyk Steven G. , Dietz Brian J. , Street Kenneth W. , Jones William R. , Jansen Mark J. , Dube Michael J. , Sharma Rajeev K. , Predmore Roamer E.
Published: July 2006

This paper describes the results of accelerated and operational life tests on bearings for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). It also describes the post‐test analysis of the disassembled bearings. Analysis was performed using micro‐Raman, micro‐FTIR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). In general, the three sets of bearings in each of three test stations were in very good condition after accumulating 68, 144, and 209 million cycles, respectively. Some of the bearings exhibited lubricant degradation, indicated by viscous lubricant deposits on the cage and raceways.
Detailed characterisation of sulphur and nitrogen components in a multifunctional, ashless lubricant additive by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques
Authors: Bansal V. , Chopra A. , Sastry M. I. S. , Kagdiyal V. , Sarpal A. S.
Published: July 2006

The work reported here used infrared (IR), multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and chromatographic techniques to identify and characterise a commercial sulphur‐ and nitrogen‐containing ashless multifunctional additive. The proper assignment of signals in the 1H/13C NMR and IR spectra of the sample has facilitated the identification of different types of sulphur‐ and nitrogen‐containing components. The methodology involves investigation by NMR and IR spectroscopies, thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and high‐performance liquid chromatogaphy (HPLC) techniques to elucidate the types of components present. This requires the generation of NMR and IR spectral data for standard compounds of alkyl sulphides with different sulphur content and alkyl chain, and nitrogen and sulphur components such as thiadiazole, imidazoline, triazole, etc., and spectral comparison with the spectra of the unknown sample. Further, these components have been separated by silica/alumina column chromatographic and preparative TLC techniques and subsequently analysed for their exact chemical structure by spectroscopic techniques. The combined spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses have yielded the presence of four types of components: di‐t‐octyl polysulphide, di‐t‐octyl thiadiazole, a component containing amine ether functionality, and alkyl amine salts of mono/dialkyl phosphoric acid.
The tribological behaviour of paper friction plates for wet clutch applications investigated on SAE II and pin‐on‐disc test rigs
Authors: Ost W. , De Baets P.
Published: July 2006

The friction behaviour of wet clutches for automatic transmission applications strongly influences the dynamic behaviour of the entire machine or vehicle, including the transmission. The wear, and also the friction curve, determines the life of the clutch.

In this research, both SAE II and pin‐on‐disc tests have been used to investigate the wear and friction characteristics of paper friction material. A comparison is made of the friction coefficients and the wear rates obtained on both test rigs. Although the pin‐on‐disc tests failed to reproduce correctly the wear rates of the SAE II tests, they can be used for a qualitative analysis of the influence of material parameters and operating conditions on both friction coefficients and wear rates.
Measurement of friction force in pneumatic cylinders
Authors: Belforte G. , Mattiazzo G. , Mauro S. , Tokashiki L. R.
Published: July 2006

Although the performance and reliability of pneumatic cylinders depend to a great extent on the friction generated at the seals, the friction characteristics have not been widely studied. Both the literature and manufacturers' catalogues rarely discuss the friction characteristics of pneumatic cylinders, and the lack of friction models limits the design, optimisation, and analysis of pneumatic cylinder systems. In seeking to improve the characteristics of pneumatic cylinders and to clarify the friction phenomenon, this paper describes friction force measurement tests carried out in pneumatic cylinders of six different diameters, from 32 to 100 mm. An experimental apparatus was designed to assess the effect of a broad range of operating conditions, where the velocity and pressure of the cylinder chambers are controlled independently. Measurements of friction force are shown for velocities of up to 0.5 m/s and pressures of up to 0.8 MPa. The data obtained will be useful for developing a suitable friction model, and the experimental apparatus will allow study of the effects on the friction force of different types of seal, lubricant, and cylinder barrel.
Characterisation of Diesel Engine Cylinder Liner Deposits by Surface Measurements
Authors: Buhaug Øyvind , Almås Terje
Published: July 2006

This paper briefly reviews cylinder liner deposits and describes their effect on lubricating oil consumption and surface topography. Cylinder liner deposits may be invisible to the naked eye, but can be identified by surface topography measurement. A simulation of a cylinder liner with deposits is used to identify which of the available surface characteristics is best suited as a measure of deposit severity. Surface measurements are used to detect deposits in a case study. The deposits are found to be concentrated in a belt around the mid‐stroke region of the cylinder liner. The comparatively low position of the deposit may explain the slow response of a fuel additive treatment in restoring oil consumption control, as the additive treatment in this case is seen to be most effective in the uppermost part of the cylinder liner.
Abrasive Wear of DLC/PVD Multilayer Coatings: AFM Studies
Authors: Martini C. , Prandstraller D. , Lanzoni E. , Poli G.
Published: July 2006

The tribological behaviour of multilayered coatings deposited on plain carbon steel was investigated by microscale abrasion tests (MSATs). The multilayered coatings consisted of an outer diamond‐like carbon (DLC) layer, a physical vapour deposition (PVD) nitride‐based interlayer, and an inner electroless Ni‐P layer. PVD TiN‐ and Ti(C,N)‐coated samples with and without the DLC outer layer were studied in order to evaluate the influence of each layer on the tribological behaviour of the multilayer‐coated system.

The MSATs were carried out using a device based on ball‐cratering geometry: a hard steel sphere was rotated against the coated specimen in the presence of an aqueous suspension of SiC particles. The wear coefficients of the multilayers were calculated from the diameter of the wear craters. The morphology of the wear scars produced by the MSATs was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The wear damage was described by measuring the r.m.s. roughness (Sq) on the sides of the wear craters. Roughness values were related to the wear coefficients (kc) for the different multilayers on the basis of mathematical elaboration typical of the ‘design of experiment’ (DOE) statistical technique. The presence of the DLC outer layer reduced the roughness of the crater sides and significantly increased the wear resistance of the multilayer only in the case of the PVD TiN sublayer.
Wear data from friction pairs for microscale piezoelectric actuators
Authors: Mudhivarthi S. , Hess D. P.
Published: July 2006

This paper presents friction and wear data from a series of physical tests on numerous friction pairs. The tests were designed to simulate the loads, motions, and conditions typical in microscale piezoelectric actuator applications. The friction pairs tested included various combinations of steels, ceramics, and surface‐treated steels. Both high‐cycle tests and low‐endurance tests were performed and the optimum friction pairs for these applications were identified based on high friction, low wear, and low roughness.
Surface anisotropy for monitoring the wear of IC engine cylinders
Authors: Pandazaras C. , Petropoulos G.
Published: July 2006

The present work proposes a methodology for monitoring the wear of internal combustion engine cylinders. This could be useful in calculating the time at which maintenance should be done on such a tribosystem or in determining its lifetime. On the basis of experimental data obtained using a friction—wear simulator, and through the determination of certain standardised and non‐standardised micro‐geometric parameters of the cylinder surface that change with respect to operating time, it is shown that the characteristic that exhibits the most variation is the cylinder surface anisotropy. This factor participates to a large degree in the partial hydrodynamic lubrication mechanism of the reciprocating piston ring system and, as it is associated with the stage of wear, better expresses the characteristics of the cylinder's worn surface. As a consequence, by prescribing a limit for the maximum acceptable anisotropy as a basic criterion, the ultimate tolerable stage of wear is controlled simultaneously and vice versa.
Mechanical properties of tribologically modified nano‐layers
Authors: Shakhvorostov D. , Pinto H. , Pyzalla A. , Enders S. , Pöhlmann K. , Scherge M.
Published: July 2006

Wear in modern mechanical systems is characterised by ultra‐low wear rates in the range of a few nanometres per hour. Both the surfaces of the materials involved and their volumes undergo modification as regards morphology, crystalline arrangement, and chemical composition. The depth of tribological interactions for given conditions is in the order of a micrometre or less. Synchrotron‐based X‐ray diffraction and nano‐indentation were used to probe these thin modified zones. The specimens were taken from tribometric experiments employing the radionuclide technique as the ultimate tool to measure ultra‐low wear rates. To obtain different degrees of tribological interaction various loads and sliding velocities were applied. The specimens were classified according to the total power dissipated during the tribometric experiment.
Investigation into the traction coefficient in elastohydrodynamic lubrication
Authors: Wang Y. S. , Yang B. Y. , Wang L. Q.
Published: July 2006

The elastohydrodynamic traction coefficients of two Chinese aviation lubricating oils were investigated for various loads, rolling velocities, and lubricant inlet temperatures using a self‐made test rig. Traction coefficient versus slide‐to‐roll ratio curves were generated. The concept of critical load varying with the lubricant temperature is proposed. This paper presents a new empirical formula for the dynamic performance design of high‐speed rolling bearings, that relates traction coefficient with normal load, rolling velocity, and lubricant inlet temperature. The coefficients of the formula may be computed by regression analysis of the experimental data. Two example calculations are presented. The predicted results from the formula agree well with experimental observations.
Method of determining temperature fields in rubbing solid contacts
Authors: Tkachuk D. V. , Bogdanovich P. N. , Belov V. M.
Published: July 2006

The aim of this study has been to develop a new method of recording temperature fields over friction surfaces and within thin surface layers of friction pair elements. In this, the materials tested include steel, titanium, aluminium, silica glass, and sapphire. When studying the temperature distribution in the surface layers of mated bodies a pin‐on‐disc geometry is used. The friction regimes are as follows: the sliding velocity is varied within the range 10–80 m/s and the nominal pressure is 0.06–0.5 MPa. Experiments have been performed using a set‐up involving an optoelectronic scanning technique and comprising a high‐speed friction machine and a temperature field recording system. The latter consists of an optoelectronic transducer, a monitor, a video tape recorder, an amplifier, a device to form oscillograms of image brightness, and a digital storage oscillograph.
A new tool for industrial tribology filling the gap between macro‐ and nano‐ tribology
Authors: Achanta S. , Drees D. , Celis J.‐P. , Mollenhauer O. , Spiller F.
Published: July 2006

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the similarities and variations between friction and wear data acquired with two different types of laboratory tribological test equipment that not only operate in the gap between macro‐ and nano‐testing, but also provide test parameters that allow an overlap across the whole scale from macro‐ to nanoscale friction and wear tests. Comparative wear tests were conducted under identical test conditions in the overlap region between macro‐ and micro‐regions using an existing piece of laboratory fretting test equipment and a novel one. The experimental test data obtained with these two experimental set‐ups are discussed.
Air interface switching and performance analysis for fast vertical handoff in cellular network and WLAN interworking
Authors: Shi Minghui , Xu Liang , Shen Xuemin (Sherman) , Mark Jon W. , Saleh Aladdin
Published: July 2006

The integration of wireless local area network (WLAN) hotspot and the 3G cellular networks is imminently the future mode of public access networks. One of the key elements for the successful integration is vertical handoff between the two heterogeneous networks. Service disruption may occur during the vertical handoff because of the IP layer handoff activities, such as registration, binding update, routing table update, etc. In this paper, the network interface switching and registration process are proposed for the integrated WLAN/cellular network. Two types of fast vertical handoff protocols based on bicasting and non‐bicasting supporting real‐time traffic, such as voice over IP, are modeled. The performance of a bicasting based handoff scheme is analyzed and compared with that of fast handoff without bicasting. Numerical results and the simulation are given to show that packet loss rate can be reduced by the bicasting during handoff scheme without increasing bandwidth on both wireless interfaces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of the Number and Extent of Positive Lymph Nodes in 200 Patients with Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Three‐field Lymph Node Dissection
Authors: Shimada Hideaki , Okazumi Shin‐ichi , Matsubara Hisahiro , Nabeya Yoshihiro , Shiratori Tooru , Shimizu Takanori , Shuto Kiyohiko , Hayashi Hideki , Ochiai Takenori
Published: July 2006

Background

Subtotal esophagectomy with three‐field lymph node dissection (3FLD) has been reported to improve survival in patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of the extent and number of positive lymph nodes for long‐term survival of patients who underwent 3FLD.

Methods

From January 1983 to December 2002, a total of 200 patients with thoracic esophageal SCC underwent 3FLD without any neoadjuvant therapy. The prognostic impact of the extent and number of positive lymph nodes was evaluated by both univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

The extent of positive nodes associated with a 5‐year survival were as follows: none, 69%; one‐field, 50%; two‐field, 29%; and three‐field, 11%. The number of positive nodes associated with 5‐year survival were as follows: single node, 65%; two‐nodes, 51%; and more than three‐nodes, 20%. Among patients with cervical lymphatic spreading, patients with upper tumors showed significantly better survival than patients with lower tumors (P = 0.036). Multivariate analysis indicated that number of positive nodes and the abdominal node status were independent prognostic factors among lymph node status.

Conclusions

Together, number and extent of positive lymph nodes can be considered an independent predictor of a high risk of recurrence. Although cervical lymphatic spreading was risk factor for worse survival, patients with upper tumors may have survival benefit after cervical lymph node dissection.
Habitat shift and time budget of the Tibetan argali: the influence of livestock grazing
Authors: Namgail Tsewang , Fox Joseph L. , Bhatnagar Yash Veer
Published: July 2006

Livestock production is the primary source of livelihood and income in most of the high steppe and alpine regions of the Indian Trans‐Himalaya. In some areas, especially those established or proposed for biodiversity conservation, recent increases in populations of domestic livestock, primarily sheep and goats, have raised concern about domestic animals competitively excluding wild herbivores from the rangelands. We evaluated the influence of domestic sheep and goat grazing on the habitat use and time budget of the endangered Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni in the proposed Gya‐Miru Wildlife Sanctuary, Ladakh, India. We asked if the domestic sheep and goat grazing and collateral human activities relegate the argali to sub‐optimal habitats, and alter their foraging time budgets. Data were collected on habitat use and time budget of a population of c. 50 argalis before and after c. 2,000 sheep and goats moved onto their winter pasture in the Tsabra catchment of the aforementioned reserve. Following the introduction of domestic sheep and goats, argalis continued to use the same catchment but shifted to steeper habitats, closer to cliffs, with lower vegetation cover, thus abandoning previously used plant communities with denser cover. Argalis’ active time spent foraging also decreased by 10% in response to the presence of livestock. These results suggest a clear disturbance effect of livestock on argalis, and indicate a potential for competition, conceivably a significant disadvantage for argalis in winter when forage availability is minimal.
Genomic variations and transcriptional regulation of the human μ‐opioid receptor gene
Authors: Bayerer Bettina , Stamer Ulrike , Hoeft Andreas , Stüber Frank
Published: July 2006

The μ‐opioid receptor (MOR1) is a target of endogenous and exogenous opioids and plays a pivotal role for anesthesia and analgesia. Variations in the 5′ flanking sequence of the μ‐opioid receptor gene may influence transcriptional regulation and ultimately alter protein expression of MOR1. In the present study we investigated the influence of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within the μ‐opioid receptor promoter on promoter activity and evaluated the frequencies of the relevant SNPs in 700 patients under opioid medication.

Reporter‐gene‐constructs were created by means of PCR and site directed mutagenesis, testing eight SNPs previously described. The neuroblastoma cell line SHSY5Y was used for transfection and promoter activity was estimated by luciferase activity.

Of the eight reporter gene constructs employed to test genomic variations, two produced a significant change in luciferase activity when compared to wild‐type constructs. The G‐554A variation located within a known NFkB binding element resulted in a decreased activity whereas the A/G base exchange at position −1320 showed an increased luciferase activity. This particular variant generated a myeloid zinc finger (MZF1) cis‐acting element known to impact transcription.

The allele frequency of the −1320G variant was 0.21% in 700 Caucasian patients under opioid medication in contrast to 9.1% reported previously in drug addicted African Americans. Because of this unexpected low frequency an association analysis to opioid requirements and effects of μ‐opioid receptor agonists was not feasible.

In conclusion, transcriptional regulation of MOR1 is modified by two genetic variations at positions −554 and −1320 of the μ‐opioid receptor promoter. Individuals presenting these variations may have an altered level of MOR expression. A possible association of these genomic variants on efficacy and side effects of opioid treatment in different ethnic groups has to be elucidated.
TRUSS, a tumor necrosis factor receptor‐1‐interacting protein, activates c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase and transcription factor AP‐1
Authors: Soond Surinder M. , Terry Jennifer L. , Riches David W.H.
Published: July 2006

Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) induces the transcriptional activation of numerous genes involved in the inflammatory response. The recently identified protein TRUSS was investigated for its role in TNF‐α‐induced activation of c‐Jun‐NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) and transcription factor, AP‐1. Ectopic expression of TRUSS activated JNK and AP‐1 in the absence and presence of TNF‐α stimulation. The C‐terminal region of TRUSS interacted with TNF receptor‐associated factor‐2 (TRAF2) and co‐expression of dominant‐inhibitory TRAF2 with TRUSS inhibited AP‐1 activation, suggesting that TRUSS signaling occurs upstream of TRAF2. Further, a dominant‐inhibitory mutant of TRUSS inhibited TNF‐α‐induced AP‐1 activation. These findings suggest that TRUSS activates JNK in a TRAF2‐dependent fashion and is involved in TNF‐α‐induced AP‐1 activation via JNK kinases.
For the mind's eye only: puritans, images and ‘the golden mines of Scripture’
Authors: Moore Susan Hardman
Published: July 2006

Seventeenth-century puritans had the habit of speaking visually, talking pictures. Sermons and tracts from the English-speaking Reformed tradition made lavish use of vivid verbal images drawn from the Bible. Yet zealous Protestants wanted to strip images out of churches and books – and, some would say, even from the mind – in an ‘inner iconoclasm’ to match the outer. So why fill the mind's eye with pictures?

It is often thought that Protestantism, particularly of the Reformed variety, saw a decisive shift from the visual to the verbal. However, the move was by no means a clean break. Visual elements survived aplenty, though often transposed into new forms. The complexity of these changes has been well recognised by recent scholars, but the focus has been more on outward and material aspects of Protestant culture than on words (or, more accurately, the Word) as image-makers for the mind.

To understand the drive for verbal imaging in puritanism with more precision, this paper considers the experience of readers in a culture where print was new; aspects of Reformed theology that paved the way, in particular the stress on the unity of scripture that promoted interest in typology; the boost that new printed aids to Bible study – specifically, concordances – gave to drawing ‘mental pictures’ from scripture; and the relation of all this to making the Bible both easy to handle and memorable, which was a key element in the strategy to drive the Protestant message into the hearts and minds of the people.
SARS transmission in Vietnam outside of the health-care setting
Authors: TUAN P. A. , HORBY P. , DINH P. N. , MAI L. T. Q. , ZAMBON M. , SHAH J. , HUY V. Q. , BLOOM S. , GOPAL R. , COMER J. , PLANT A.
Published: July 2006

To evaluate the risk of transmission of SARS coronavirus outside of the health-care setting, close household and community contacts of laboratory-confirmed SARS cases were identified and followed up for clinical and laboratory evidence of SARS infection. Individual- and household-level risk factors for transmission were investigated. Nine persons with serological evidence of SARS infection were identified amongst 212 close contacts of 45 laboratory- confirmed SARS cases (secondary attack rate 4·2%, 95% CI 1·5–7). In this cohort, the average number of secondary infections caused by a single infectious case was 0·2. Two community contacts with laboratory evidence of SARS coronavirus infection had mild or sub-clinical infection, representing 3% (2/65) of Vietnamese SARS cases. There was no evidence of transmission of infection before symptom onset. Physically caring for a symptomatic laboratory-confirmed SARS case was the only independent risk factor for SARS transmission (OR 5·78, 95% CI 1·23–24·24).
Application of a SeaWinds/QuikSCAT sea ice melt algorithm for assessing melt dynamics in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Howell Stephen E. L. , Tivy Adrienne , Yackel John J. , Scharien Randall K.
Published: July 2006

A remotely sensed sea ice melt algorithm utilizing SeaWinds/QuikSCAT (QuikSCAT) data is developed and applied to sea ice the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) from 2000 to 2004. The extended advanced very high resolution radiometer Polar Pathfinder (APP‐x) data set is used to identify spatially coupled relationships between sea ice melt and radiative forcings. In situ data from the Collaborative Interdisciplinary Cryospheric Experiment (C‐ICE) (2000, 2001, and 2002) and the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES) (2004) are used to validate APP‐x data during the melt period. QuikSCAT‐detected maps of melt onset, pond onset, and drainage are created from 2000 to 2004, and results indicate considerable interannual variability of melt dynamics within the CAA. In some years, melt stages are positively spatially autocorrelated, whereas other years exhibit a negative or no spatial autocorrelation. QuikSCAT‐detected stages of melt are found to be influenced by interannual varying amounts and timing of radiative forcing making prediction difficult. The spatiotemporal variability of ice melt also influences the distribution of ice within the CAA. The lower‐latitude regions of the CAA are shown to have accumulated increasing concentrations of multiyear ice from 2000 to 2005. This paper concludes with a discussion of the interplay between thermodynamic and dynamic sea ice processes likely to have contributed to this trend.
Influence of upwelling, subsurface stratification, and heat fluxes on coastal sea surface temperature off southwestern New Caledonia
Authors: Alory Gaël , Vega Andres , Ganachaud Alexandre , Despinoy Marc
Published: July 2006

Strong cooling events off the western barrier reef of New Caledonia have been recently observed and attributed to wind‐driven coastal upwelling. A simple one‐dimensional model based on a heat budget in the mixed laxer is developed and calibrated to explain the daily variations of sea surface temperature (SST) observed at a coastal station off southwestern New Caledonia from 1992 to 2005. This model takes into account the daily wind‐forced vertical advection and air‐sea heat fluxes, as well as seasonal variations of the subsurface temperature stratification. It can explain a large part of the daily SST variations and helps to quantify the relative contribution of the main vertical processes involved in these variations. The model shows that upwelling is the dominant process at daily timescale, and its SST signature is strongly modulated by the seasonal variations of the subsurface stratification. The surface heat fluxes have a smaller influence than upwelling on daily SST variations. Coastal chlorophyll a concentration increases during upwelling events.
Characterization of polar organic components in fine aerosols in the southeastern United States: Identity, origin, and evolution
Authors: Gao Song , Surratt Jason D. , Knipping Eladio M. , Edgerton Eric S. , Shahgholi Mona , Seinfeld John H.
Published: July 2006

Filter samples of fine aerosols collected in the Southeastern United States in June 2004 were analyzed for the characterization of polar organic components. Four analytical techniques, liquid chromatography –mass spectrometry, ion trap mass spectrometry, laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, and high‐resolution mass spectrometry, were used for identification and quantification. Forty distinct species were detected, comprising on average 7.2% and 1.1% of the total particulate organic mass at three inland sites and a coastal site, respectively. The relative abundance of these species displays a rather consistent distribution pattern in the inland region, whereas a different pattern is found at the coastal site. Chemical and correlation analyses suggest that the detected species are secondary in nature and originate from terpene oxidation, with possible participation of NOx and SO2. It is estimated that polar, acidic components in fine aerosols in the Southeastern United States cover a molecular weight range of 150–400 Da and do not appear to be oligomeric. Other components with MW up to 800 Da may also be present. The detected polar organic species are similar to humic‐like substances (HULIS) commonly found in fine aerosols in other rural areas. We present the first, direct evidence that atmospheric processing of biogenic emissions can lead to the formation of certain HULIS species in fine aerosols, and that this may be a typical pathway in the background atmosphere in continental regions; nevertheless, a natural source for HULIS, such as from aquatic and/or terrestrial humic/fulvic acids and their degradation products, cannot be precluded.
Application of Hopfield neural network for extracting Doppler spectrum from ocean echo
Authors: Gui Renzhuo , Yang Zijie
Published: July 2006

This paper proposes the method of a Hopfield‐type neural network (HNN) for extracting Doppler spectrum from ocean echo. First, it introduces the basic principle of HNN for optimized processing. Second, expanding the principle of utilizing autoregression (AR) to estimate frequency spectrum, we point out how to apply HNN in spectrum estimation. Last, the three methods are utilized to process actual data, that is, the conventional fast Fourier transform method, modern spectrum estimation–AR method, and the spectrum estimation method based on HNN. The results obtained by the three methods prove that the spectrum estimation method based on HNN is feasible for extracting the Doppler spectrum from ocean echo.
Quality figures and error bars for autoscaled Digisonde vertical incidence ionograms
Authors: McNamara Leo F.
Published: July 2006

An expert system for validating ionograms autoscaled by the University of Massachusetts‐Lowell system Automatic Real Time Ionogram Scaler with True Height (ARTIST) is described. The expert system is implemented as a FORTRAN program QualScan. QualScan reads in the standard archiving output file that is created by ARTIST, which is an ASCII summary of the salient information about the scaled trace, and attempts to determine if the scaled trace is a valid representation of the actual ionogram. It provides an overall quality figure for the scaled trace, based mainly on its reasonableness, and defines error bars for the main F2 layer parameters and for the F2 plasma frequency profile. QualScan can be used on a single ionogram for real‐time operations or on a batch of ionograms for qualifying data to be stored in ionospheric databases. QualScan typically “fails” one‐third of ionograms from low‐latitude and midlatitude sites.
Use of radars to monitor stream discharge by noncontact methods
Authors: Costa J. E. , Cheng R. T. , Haeni F. P. , Melcher N. , Spicer K. R. , Hayes E. , Plant W. , Hayes K. , Teague C. , Barrick D.
Published: July 2006

Conventional measurements of river flows are costly, time‐consuming, and frequently dangerous. This report evaluates the use of a continuous wave microwave radar, a monostatic UHF Doppler radar, a pulsed Doppler microwave radar, and a ground‐penetrating radar to measure river flows continuously over long periods and without touching the water with any instruments. The experiments duplicate the flow records from conventional stream gauging stations on the San Joaquin River in California and the Cowlitz River in Washington. The purpose of the experiments was to directly measure the parameters necessary to compute flow: surface velocity (converted to mean velocity) and cross‐sectional area, thereby avoiding the uncertainty, complexity, and cost of maintaining rating curves. River channel cross sections were measured by ground‐penetrating radar suspended above the river. River surface water velocity was obtained by Bragg scattering of microwave and UHF Doppler radars, and the surface velocity data were converted to mean velocity on the basis of detailed velocity profiles measured by current meters and hydroacoustic instruments. Experiments using these radars to acquire a continuous record of flow were conducted for 4 weeks on the San Joaquin River and for 16 weeks on the Cowlitz River. At the San Joaquin River the radar noncontact measurements produced discharges more than 20% higher than the other independent measurements in the early part of the experiment. After the first 3 days, the noncontact radar discharge measurements were within 5% of the rating values. On the Cowlitz River at Castle Rock, correlation coefficients between the USGS stream gauging station rating curve discharge and discharge computed from three different Doppler radar systems and GPR data over the 16 week experiment were 0.883, 0.969, and 0.992. Noncontact radar results were within a few percent of discharge values obtained by gauging station, current meter, and hydroacoustic methods. Time series of surface velocity obtained by different radars in the Cowlitz River experiment also show small‐amplitude pulsations not found in stage records that reflect tidal energy at the gauging station. Noncontact discharge measurements made during a flood on 30 January 2004 agreed with the rated discharge to within 5%. Measurement at both field sites confirm that lognormal velocity profiles exist for a wide range of flows in these rivers, and mean velocity is approximately 0.85 times measured surface velocity. Noncontact methods of flow measurement appear to (1) be as accurate as conventional methods, (2) obtain data when standard contact methods are dangerous or cannot be obtained, and (3) provide insight into flow dynamics not available from detailed stage records alone.
Correlation between the inner edge of outer radiation belt electrons and the innermost plasmapause location
Authors: Li Xinlin , Baker D. N. , O'Brien T. P. , Xie L. , Zong Q. G.
Published: July 2006

A remarkable correlation between the inner edge of the outer radiation belt electrons and the innermost plasmapause location is demonstrated by using 12 years of measurements of MeV electrons from the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) and the Combined Radiation and Release Experiment Satellite (CRRES) during its entire mission (July 1990–October 1991). An empirical model of the plasmapause location, Lpp, by O'Brien and Moldwin (2003) as well as the measured Lpp during the CRRES mission is used for the comparison. This correlation suggests that the innermost Lpp is the innermost limit of the outer radiation belt penetration. We discuss the possible scenarios that might explain this correlation.
How cold was the Last Glacial Maximum?
Authors: Schneider von Deimling Thomas , Ganopolski Andrey , Held Hermann , Rahmstorf Stefan
Published: July 2006

We present a new approach to estimate the magnitude of global‐mean cooling (dTLGM) at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) relative to the pre‐industrial climate, by combining an ensemble of coupled climate model simulations with empirical constraints on regional cooling inferred from proxy data. We have generated a large ensemble of paired runs (∼100) for pre‐industrial and LGM boundary conditions with different versions of the same climate model of intermediate complexity. The model ensemble covers a broad range of climate sensitivities and produces a similarly broad range of dTLGM (4.3–9.8°C). Using reconstructed tropical SST cooling, we constrain the range of dTLGM to 5.8 ± 1.4°C, which is corroborated by proxy data from other regions. This cooling is considerably larger than most estimates of previous LGM simulations. The reason is that most models did not account for the effect of atmospheric dust content and vegetation changes, which yield an additional 1.0–1.7°C global cooling.
Stratospheric origin of cold surge occurrence in East Asia
Authors: Jeong Jee‐Hoon , Kim Baek‐Min , Ho Chang‐Hoi , Chen Deliang , Lim Gyu‐Ho
Published: July 2006

In the present study, we have found a precursory signal in the stratospheric circulation prior to the cold surge occurrence in East Asia. Over northern Eurasia, about one week before the cold surge occurrence, strong stratospheric negative potential vorticity anomalies and rising of geopotential height are observed. The dynamic linkage between the stratospheric perturbations and the tropospheric adjustment, along with initial disturbances for a cold surge occurrence, are discussed.
Will the Real Sex Slave Please Stand Up?
Authors: Davidson Julia O'Connell
Published: July 2006

This paper critically explores the way in which ‘trafficking’ has been framed as a problem involving organized criminals and ‘sex slaves’, noting that this approach obscures both the relationship between migration policy and ‘trafficking’, and that between prostitution policy and forced labour in the sex sector. Focusing on the UK, it argues that far from representing a step forward in terms of securing rights and protections for those who are subject to exploitative employment relations and poor working conditions in the sex trade, the current policy emphasis on sex slaves and ‘victims of trafficking’ limits the state's obligations towards them.
Revolutionary Marriage: On the Politics of Sexual Stories in Naxalbari
Authors: Roy Srila
Published: July 2006

Marriage practices, the dynamics of interpersonal relationships and the politics of sexuality are relatively under-researched themes in the study of Bengali communism. Historical scholarship on the revolutionary politics of the extreme left Naxalbari andolan of the late 1960s–1970s, the object of this piece of study, is no exception. The article engages with women and men's narratives on the practice of ‘revolutionary’ marriage in the movement through the prism of contemporary popular memory studies and narrative analysis. Drawing on field interviews with middle-class male and female activists, the article draws attention to the contestatory nature of marriage in the collective memory of the movement. Narrative contestations over marriage in the Naxalite movement underscore, I argue, a tension between a utopian ideal of transgressive interpersonal relations and dominant middle-class codes of sexual morality. At the same time, individual attempts to ‘compose’ (in storytelling) socially recognizable and acceptable subject positions are grounded upon the silencing and abjection of more risky memories. Given the discrepancies and contradictions within the narrative repertoire from which individuals construct their identities, these ‘marriage stories’ are a tremendous resource for investigating the politics of love, sexuality and subject-formation in middle-class Bengali society.