bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co-producing knowledge for Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem Nexus Transition through Responsible Research and Innovation – results from four Mediterranean Countries
Authors: Schneider Xenia , Rodriguez-Sinobas Leonor , Bahnassy Mohammed , Abdelli Fethi , Rossetto Rudy , Caporalli Enrica , Chiarelli Davide Danilo , Galli Nikolas , Rulli Maria Cristina , Nardi Fernando
Published: February 2023

Climate change mitigation is becoming increasingly important for curbing severe hydrological events and at the same time for effectively managing natural resources. The nexus among water, energy, food, and ecosystem has recently evolved as a resource-management concept to cope with this interlinked set of resources, their complex interactions and their effect on the natural, innovation and social ecosystems. The transitioning towards the Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem (WEFE) Nexus for climate change mitigation requires knowledge exchange and co-production among resource managers, policymakers, farmers and other societal-stakeholders, and scientists.      For such WEFE-NEXUS transformation and adoption, it is necessary for actors and stakeholders to actively participate in the WEFE-NEXUS transition process and to take co-ownership of the       transition. In this respect, the concept of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) and its application through the RRI Roadmap is very suitable for facilitating the transition towards WEFE-Nexus. The RRI Roadmap applies an interactive process, where societal stakeholders, scientists andpolicymakers actively engage to share knowledge and to together co-define, co-design and co-construct a WEFE-Nexus Transition vision and plan with solutions and services.

 

This paper will illustrate how the RRI Roadmap has been applied for creating interdisciplinary knowledge co-production collaborations for co-designing and co-agreeing a WEFE-Nexus transition. The paper shows how individual disciplinary perspectives can converge and how these converged perspectives have fed the adaptation of hydrological models to specific conditions. This is part of the work executed in the EU PRIMA-funded project NEXUS-NESS, where the RRI Roadmap has been applied for transitioning towards WEFE-Nexus. The paper exemplifies the preliminary results of activities where social stakeholders together with scientists and policymakers have been actively engaged to co-produce knowledge in four locations: a) Cornia watershed, in coastal Tuscany, Italy; b) Duero watershed, Spain, c) Wadi Jir watershed in Tunisia and d) Wadi Naghamishwatershed, Egypt.
Clusters of low- and high-frequency repeating icequakes in the Mont-Blanc massif
Authors: helmstetter agnes
Published: February 2023

Glaciers or ice-streams have many common points with tectonic faults. Glaciers can move bystable or unstable slip or by creep within the glacier thickness. Like faults, glacier sliding canproduce “icequake” signals over a huge range of frequencies, rupture length and signalduration, as well as tremor. But because glaciers are shallower, the sliding interface can beaccessed directly much more easily, by boreholes or cavities. And they move much faster thantectonic faults, so that deformation is easier to estimate and icequake inter-event times aremuch shorter than for earthquakes.Here I present some observations of high- and low-frequencies repeaters of basal icequakesin the Mont-Blanc areas. Both types of events occur as bursts lasting for a few days or weeks,with quasi-regularly inter-events times of the order of a few minutes or hours, and progressivechanges in amplitude and inter-event times. High-frequency events (around 50 Hz) occur allover the year, with no clear triggering mechanism, and are located on the lower-part ofglaciers, where ice is at the melting point temperature and the glacier mainly moves by stablesliding. Low frequency events (around 5 Hz) are mainly located at higher elevations (mainlyabove 3000 m asl), on steeper slopes, and have larger magnitudes (-2<m<0). They are mainlyobserved during or shortly after snowfalls. At these elevations, glaciers are possibly coldbased,or close to the melting-point temperature, so that they are stuck to their bed andmainly deform by creep within the ice. We observe progressive changes in waveforms thatsuggest slow and evolving rupture velocities. These low-frequency icequakes may be theanalog of low-frequency earthquakes, which also occur near the transition between stable andunstable slip.
Dating the first Siberian trilobites with a Bayesian, stratigraphic age model
Authors: Eichenseer Kilian , Sinnesael Matthias , Smith Martin R. , Millard Andrew R.
Published: February 2023

Trilobites are the most diverse animal phylum in the Cambrian, and are critical stratigraphic markers. Despite their significance, the exact sequence of trilobite appearances across the globe, and their respective ages, are difficult to reconstruct due to a scarcity of radiometric dates. Using visual correlation of carbon isotope (δ13C) excursions and integration of available U-Pb age constraints, Landing et al. (2021) have estimated the age of the first Siberian trilobites at roughly 521 million years ago (Ma), which would make them the world’s oldest trilobites. Here, we aim to provide a more precise date, with uncertainty, using a Bayesian stratigraphic age model that takes the global signature of δ13C excursions to correlate proxy records from multiple locations. Our model integrates radiometric dates across sections, using ages from well-dated sections to inform age estimates in sections with little or no age information. The model works by evaluating the fit of Bayesian splines to different alignments of the sections, using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to obtain the posterior distributions. This approach provides an objective evaluation of different possible alignments, generating a probabilistic age-depth model. We apply this model to the lower Cambrian sections of the Anti-Atlas mountains in Morocco, and to the Sukharikha River section of the northwestern Siberian platform. The Moroccan sections provide a uniquely detailed δ13C record and multiple radiometric dates, and this age information is transferred to the Siberian section and the emergence of trilobites in the fossil record. Preliminary results indicate that the first appearance of Siberian trilobites is younger than previously estimated, and consequently closer in time to the first trilobites in Morocco and elsewhere.Landing, E., Schmitz, M., Geyer, G., Trayler, R., & Bowring, S. (2021). Precise early Cambrian U–Pb zircon dates bracket the oldest trilobites and archaeocyaths in Moroccan West Gondwana. Geological Magazine, 158(2), 219-238.
Process-based typology of the global coastal ocean based on physical and biogeochemical controls of the sea surface CO2 dynamics
Authors: Resplandy Laure , Roobaert Alizée , Laruelle Goulven Gildas , Liao Enhui , Regnier Pierre
Published: February 2023

Significant progress has been made regarding the spatial distribution of sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2 within the global coastal ocean. The physical and biochemical drivers that govern these CO2 sources and sinks as well as their variability on seasonal timescales are, however, poorly understood. In this study we aim at filling this knowledge gap and assess to what extend the CO2 dynamics in the coastal ocean is controlled by the adjacent open ocean or conversely is dominated by continental influence. We use the global ocean biophysical model MOM6-COBALT, carefully evaluated against a well-established coastal data-product (Laruelle et al., 2017), to quantify the individual influences of the oceanic transport, thermal changes, freshwater influence, and biological activity on the annual mean spatial distribution of CO2 sources and sinks as well as their seasonal variability for the coastal ocean worldwide. Our analysis reveals complex spatial and temporal dynamics, depending on the coastal region and/or the time scale investigated (seasonal or annual) resulting from interactions and compensations between the different processes. We identify five typical behaviors of coastal systems (i.e., coastal regions under biological drawdown, vertical transport, imprint of land, dominated by intracoastal alongshore currents, and weak CO2 sources and sinks coastal regions) and propose a processed-based typology of the coastal ocean based on the processes that control the spatial and seasonal air-sea CO2 dynamics. 
Pressure diffusion controls maximum induced earthquake magnitudes
Authors: Langenbruch Cornelius , Moein Mohammad J. A. , Shapiro Serge A.
Published: February 2023

It is an open question if maximum induced earthquake magnitudes can be determined based on knowledge about operational parameters, subsurface conditions and physical process understanding. We analyzed a global compilation of earthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing, geothermal reservoir stimulation, water disposal, gas storage and reservoir impoundment. Our analysis showed that maximum magnitudes scale with the characteristic length of pressure diffusion in the brittle Earth’s crust. An observed increase of the nucleation potential of larger magnitude earthquakes with time is likely governed by diffusion-controlled growth of pressure perturbed fault sizes. Numerical and analytical fault size modelling confirmed the findings. Finally, we derived scaling laws for the maximum possible and maximum expected magnitude for induced seismic hazard and risk forecasting and management.
Standardization of Eddy Covariance Measurements: Role of Setup, Calculation and Filtering in Parallel and Long-term datasets
Authors: Shaukat Sundas , Sabbatini Simone , Nicolini Giacomo , Papale Dario ,   ICOS-PIs
Published: February 2023

For monitoring GHGs and energy fluxes between ecosystems and the atmosphere, the Eddy covariance (EC) technique is a widely accepted approach. Its two dedicated instruments sonic anemometer and gas analyzers are available in the market with various designs and features. These many options, in addition to the diverse data processing methods that are routinely used, are potential sources of uncertainty that can impede site-to-site comparisons. The performances and specifications of the single sensor do not necessarily reflect uncertainty in the final measurements. As there are not any analogous measurements that could be used for validation, the Research Infrastructures (e.g., ICOS, NEON or Ameriflux) standardized the technique in its different steps, including sensor’s selection, instrumental setup, and data processing. However, no perfect sensor exists that can handle all possible environmental variables without probable concerns.This synthesis study is divided in to two sections. Primarily, effect of standardization is analysed using data from 15 sites covering different climate and ecosystems where two EC system run in parallel, one of them is standardized. The data are then processed both by the single station teams and centrally to evaluate differences due to setups and processing. Second part is reprocessing of long-term data from 9 sites, with the objective of understanding the effect of change in setups on a long timeseries, as well as to verify whether a standardized processing can aid harmonization of historical dataset gathered with old instruments with new dataset. Results pointed out that differences between the two systems and processing are site dependent and both setup and processing play role.Effect of standardization in the EC setup has been quantified on average between 10 and 16 % in carbon flux, 11 and 19 % in LE flux and 5 and 7 % in H flux. Differences due to processing methods are in general smaller for the standardized setup (9 % in FC, 14 % in LE and 10 % in H) respect to the non-standardized setup (17 % for FC, 16 % for LE and 12 % for H). Reprocessing of long-term data by using ICOS standard processing scheme helped to reduce the effect of instrumental setup shift from nonstandard to ICOS more prominently in LE and H fluxes.It is difficult to identify a single component that unites all the sites variations and differences because of the intricacy of the EC technique and its numerous steps (setup, calculation, and filtering). Although standardization does not guarantee the accuracy of the absolute numbers, it does help to decrease difference when modest changes (in time and among sites) must be recognized. Proper storage and organization of raw data and meta data is key for accurate data interpretation and future reanalysis. 
Global Decadal Sea Surface Height Forecast with Conformal Prediction
Authors: Lehmann Nils , Bamber Jonathan , Zhu Xiaoxiang
Published: February 2023

One of the many ways in which anthropogenic climate change impacts our planet isrising sea levels. The rate of sea level rise (SLR) across the oceans is,however, not uniform in space or time and is influenced by a complex interplayof ocean dynamics, heat uptake, and surface forcing. As a consequence,short-term (years to a decade) regional SLR patterns are difficult to modelusing conventional deterministic approaches. For example, the latest climatemodel projections (called CMIP6) show some agreement in the globally integratedrate of SLR but poor agreement when it comes to spatially-resolvedpatterns. However, such forecasts are valuable for adaptation planning incoastal areas and for protecting low lying assets.Rather than a deterministic modeling approach, here we explore the possibilityof exploiting the high quality satellite altimeter derived record of sea surfaceheight variations, which cover the global oceans outside of ice-infested watersover a period of 30 years. Alongside this rich and unique satellite record,several data-driven models have shown tremendous potential for variousapplications in Earth System science. We explore several data-driven deeplearning approaches for sea surface height forecasts over multi-annual todecadal time frames. A limitation of some machine learning approaches is thelack of any kind of uncertainty quantification, which is problematic forapplications where actionable evidence is sought. As a consequence, we equipour models with a rigorous measure of uncertainty, namely conformal prediction whichis a model and dataset agnostic method that provides calibrated predictiveuncertainty with proven coverage guarantees. Based on a 30-year satellitealtimetry record and auxiliary climate forcing data from reanalysis such asERA5, we demonstrate that our methodology is a viable and attractive alternativefor decadal sea surface height forecasts.
From volatile to non-volatile in sub second time-scales: rapid HOM formation in seemingly disparate chemical systems
Authors: Rissanen Matti , Kumar Avinash , Barua Shawon , Iyer Siddharth
Published: February 2023

During the recent decade our molecular level understanding of  secondary aerosol generation in the atmosphere has progressed tremendously. The old paradigm that ambient aerosol pre-stage formation necessitates long processing times with scarce oxidants in the atmosphere has been found flawed, and we are continuously learning how the increase in molecular oxygen content, and the corresponding decrease in vapour pressure, happen far faster than presumed. We are steadily approaching a situation where the classical “single compound, single SOA yield” type of a thinking becomes obsolete, and the mechanistic description at a molecular level is required to tackle the rapid formation of ambient secondary aerosol mass.In the current work we have performed laboratory flow reactor experiments of monoterpene and aromatic compound (auto-)oxidation applying chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) for product detection. The experiments were complemented by high-level quantum chemical computations of the important mechanistic steps, and the energy non-accommodation was accounted for in the formation of the important intermediates (i.e., we investigated the role of excess reaction energy for the product formation). It has been learned that even in seemingly very disparate chemical systems the formation of condensable products occurs fast, often in sub-second time-scales.
Extending MESMER-M to jointly emulate Earth System Model temperature and precipitation realizations
Authors: Schöngart Sarah , Lejeune Quentin , Gudmundsson Lukas , Nath Shruti , Seneviratne Sonia , Schleußner Carl-Friedrich
Published: February 2023

Emulators of Earth System Models (ESM) are runtime efficient models that mimic the behavior of an ESM using simple statistical methods. Because of their low complexity, emulators allow to quickly generate thousands of realizations of high-resolution data. Thus, they have proven to be valuable tools for exploring the emission space, quantifying different sources of uncertainty, and investigating extreme events. In this contribution, we introduce an extension to the Modular Earth System Model Emulator (MESMER) for generating monthly precipitation fields. Precipitation is emulated based off monthly temperature such that also the joint precipitation-temperature characteristics match the distribution of the underlying climate model. The emulation consists of two steps. First, the logarithm of precipitation at each location is assumed to depend linearly on temperatures at selected other locations nearby. The selected locations and the linear coefficients are optimized using a Lasso Regression. This step thus yields a deterministic precipitation response that encodes spatiotemporal relationships between precipitation at a given location and temperature at surrounding locations. Second, the residual variability is assumed to be independent from temperature and is modelled as a multi-dimensional noise process containing spatial correlations. The emulator is trained and tested on CMIP6 data. We show that the emulation set-up performs well in simulating the annual cycle, long-term trends in monthly precipitation as well as spatial patterns and natural variability of the underlying climate model. This offers a promising avenue for, as a next step, extending the MESMER emulation framework to other variables.
A Juno model of the Io - Jupiter electromagnetic interaction
Authors: Kotsiaros Stavros , Connerney John E. P. , Jørgensen John L. , Herceg Matija , Martos Yasmina
Published: February 2023

Juno’s highly elliptical polar orbit offers unique in-situ measurements of the electrodynamic interaction between Jupiter and its moon Io. These occur both near Io and near the surface of Jupiter and at distances between. Magnetic field data obtained during multiple traversals of magnetic field lines connected to the orbit of Io reveal remarkably rich and complex current densities along flux tubes connected to Io’s position along its orbit. Using Juno’s many traversals of Io's flux tube (IFT), we derive a model of the strength of the interaction with regards to distance along Io’s extended tail and Io’s position in the plasma torus, illuminating the interaction of Jovian magnetospheric plasma with Io and setting important constraints in the Io-Jupiter interaction.The model is based on an inverse methodology to distribute currents along  the IFT in such a way as to match the magnetic field signature observed during Juno’s traversals of the IFT as well as passages near the IFT. We derive, by means of non-linear optimization, the distribution of current within the IFT (during traversals) as well as the size and morphology of the IFT that best fits the magnetic field observations. We compare our results with observations of the IFT obtained near Io as Voyager 1 passed nearby.
Impacts on flood risk metrics by implementing mitigation measures on building and catchment scale
Authors: Bhola Punit , Doucet Margot , Reinhardt Bernhard
Published: February 2023

To provide insight on mitigation measures in non-life underwriting and pricing, we conducted a series of flood loss analyses to estimate impacts on flood risk metrics by implementing mitigation measures. The scenarios examined involved increasing standard of protection against riverine flooding on a catchment level and implementing building-level flood mitigation measures.

 

Analyses were carried out in Touchstone using the Verisk Inland Flood Model for Central Europe, which is a fully stochastic, event-based flood model, designed for portfolio risk management, covering both fluvial and pluvial flooding to insurable properties. Verisk is a leading provider of catastrophe models and software solutions to the insurance industry.
The Swarm Langmuir Probes, Ten Years in Space
Authors: Forte Roberta , Buchert Stephan , Nilsson Thomas , Qamili Enkelejda
Published: February 2023

The three-satellite SWARM constellation is a mission by the ESA Earth Observation directorate to provide very high-quality measurements of theEarth's magnetic field. Also the plasma environment in the topside ionosphere is monitored with Langmuir Probes which together with thermal ion imagers, TIIs, comprise the EFI (electric field instrument). Over ten years the LPs have delivered with near 100 % coverage estimates of ion and electron densities, and electron temperature in the global ionosphere. We present summaries of selected results and scientific achievements, point out some caveats of the data and give an outline of planned enhancements of the LP data products.
Numerical investigation of 2D/3D hydrodynamic conditions in the proximity of a bridge in an amazonian river
Authors: Cusipuma Ayuque Magaly , Montenegro Gambini Julio Isaac
Published: February 2023

The Nanay Bridge, Peru's largest bridge, is located on the Nanay Rive near its mouth to the Amazon River in the city of Iquitos, connecting different communities. The Nanay Bridge is 2,283.50 m long and 14.80 m wide. The construction of this structure was completed in November 2021, ensuring, and improving transportation. This research is aimed to the numerical investigation of the hydrodynamic conditions in an Amazonian River reach (Nanay) and is interaction with the mentioned bridge. To this end, The IRIC Nays CUBE and HEC-RAS models were used to simulate unsteady fully two and three-dimensional flow with non-hydrostatic water pressure and high vertical accelerations and velocities. It allows to represent the flow characteristics on the different piers as well as the water level at a certain lateral distance. Different experiments using mean, minimum and maximum flows for different return periods were conducted. Field ADCP and flow measurement data was used for characterization and validation purposes. Estimations of scour around the piers were carried out to quantify the impact of different flows in these elements. The three-dimensional flow structure plays an important role for determining the appropriate countermeasures for local scouring and protection. Our simulation results show that two and three-dimensional flow patterns match the conceptual model of river flow in this type of water courses. Our findings provide useful insight to verify the impact that the implantation of different infrastructures around the Amazonian water courses could produce. This contribution is pointed to be a support in river engineering in Amazonian rivers and might be more valuable in conjunction with physical hydraulic model investigation.
Evaluation of gas diffusion-saturation functions as inputs to multiphase flow and transport models simulating gas transport in variable saturated sand
Authors: Bahlmann Lisa Maria , Smits Kathleen M. , Neuweiler Insa
Published: February 2023

Multi-phase multi-component flow and transport models are a key instrument for analyzing and predicting gas transport inside the vadose zone. The soil moisture distribution within the vadose zone varies in time and space. Thus, accurate gas transport prediction relies on the precise knowledge of the saturation-dependency of the transport parameters such as the effective gas diffusion coefficient Deff. Although recent advances from typical small scale experiments (diffusion apparatus with typical soil core size of 100 cm3) show that Deff-saturation(S)-relationships are not only dependent on general soil characteristics such as air-filled porosity and total porosity, but can also be derived from pore network characteristics, such as pore connectivity and geometry, most model frameworks rely on simple empirical formulations such as Millington & Quirk (1961), which find wide acceptance, but have been found to not be universally applicable.The current state of research lacks extensive performance tests for the application of Deff-S-relationships beyond the small scale and especially for realistic natural conditions, where soil moisture changes with depth and gas transport processes may be more complex than in standard laboratory setups used for the experimental determination of Deff, which leads to unknown errors in the numerical prediction of sub-surface gas transport processes.We test different Deff-S-functions within a multi-phase-multi-component flow and transport model by reproducing a laboratory gas transport experiment, where a tracer gas is injected into a quasi-2D Darcy-scale sand tank with a soil moisture distribution that covers the full range from wet to dry and comparing simulated and measured gas concentrations at several locations within the tank over time. The systematic evaluation of different functions leads to the conclusion that the saturation-dependency of Deff in the tested sand follows power law-scaling at low gas phase saturation and linear scaling above, in line with the physically based concepts of percolation theory and effective medium theory and with recent experimental results (Ghanbarian et al., 2018). Other approaches such as (Buckingham, 1904; Penman, 1940; Millington & Quirk, 1961; Moldrup et al., 2000) lead to large errors between numerical and experimental results. We demonstrate that the use of an inaccurate Deff-S-function can lead to a misrepresentation of diffusion coefficients by a factor of up to 105, which underlines the need for a correct representation of the saturation-dependency of Deff in numerical modeling of sub-surface gas transport.
Modelling the phosphorus cycle in European agricultural soils under current and different management scenarios
Authors: Muntwyler Anna , Panagos Panos , Pfister Stephan , Lugato Emanuele
Published: February 2023

Phosphorous (P) is an essential nutrient for all crops, yet excess P leads to the pollution of the environment. Additionally, the mineral P fertilizer production uses rock P, a non-renewable resource that is on the critical raw materials list of the European Commission. This context calls for action to find ways to increase P use efficiency and reduce the loss of P to the environment. To come up with effective solutions, process-based models, such as DayCent, can help depict and investigate the effects of scenarios on the P cycle. On top of the calibrated Nitrogen and Carbon submodels, the P submodel of the biogeochemical model DayCent has recently been calibrated and tested using European long-term experiments. DayCent has a detailed representation of soil biogeochemistry and can reproduce the major effects of climate and agricultural management on crop production. We exemplify the possibility of the model to represent the current European agricultural soil P budget, including changes in the P pools in space and time. For this task, the model is run with data-derived soil characteristics and complemented with state-of-the-art input data sets. Additionally, the model is used to project the influence of various agricultural management scenarios from 2019 until 2030 and 2050 compared with a baseline of current agricultural practices targeted at different European biogeochemical hotspot areas. Finally, the detailed model and scenario results showcase a promising tool for assessing biogeochemical cycles in agricultural soils, including their interconnections.
STEMMUS-SCOPE for PLUMBER2: Understanding Water-Energy-Carbon Fluxes with a Physically Consistent Dataset Across the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere (SPAC) Continuum
Authors: Wang Yunfei , Zeng Yijian , Alidoost Fakhereh (Sarah) , Song Zengjing , Yu Danyang , Tang Enting , Han Qianqian , Bas Retsios , Serkan Girgi , van der Tol Christiaan , Su Zhongbo (Bob)
Published: February 2023

High-quality and long-term measurements of water, energy, and carbon fluxes between the land and atmosphere are critical for eco-hydrological monitoring and land surface model (LSM) benchmarking. Eddy Covariance has become the most widely used method for theory development and LSM evaluation. On the other hand, flux tower data as measured (even after site post-processing and gap-filling based on empirical formulation) cannot be used directly for validating LSMs, and most of time, lacking physically-consistent measurement across the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) (e.g., other than surface fluxes, lacking the measurement of soil moisture, soil water potential, leaf water potential, fluorescence, and reflectance). Here we present high-quality and long-term fluxes and corresponding above/below-ground hydrological, physiological, photosynthetic data derived from the STEMMUS-SCOPE model simulations for PLUMBER2 project with 170 FLUXNET sites. Fluxes data from PLUMBER2 and SM data from FLUXNET2015 are used to further validate the effectiveness of the STEMMUS-SCOPE dataset. Results show that the simulated fluxes and SM dataset have reasonable agreements with the in-situ measurements, using the available global input/forcing datasets without any model tunning. This dataset adds to the existing ecosystem flux and SM network to help increase our understanding of ecosystem responses to extreme events.
Compared physical properties of repacked and undisturbed soil samples as assessed by shrinkage analysis: method, interest and limitations
Authors: Deluz Cédric , Boivin Pascal , Keller Thomas , Dötterl Sebastian
Published: February 2023

Field scale is a key scale for soil quality management in cropland, particularly for organic carbon and nutrient contents. To cope with within field variability, composite samples are collected which allows determining inexpensive average analytical properties for purposes such as soil quality monitoring. This is not feasible for most soil physical properties which require the collection of undisturbed soil samples for their determination. Unfortunately, most physical properties show large and unpredictable variability, thus leading to heavy soil sampling, laboratory costs and physical data processing to determine field properties and their time trend. Shrinkage analysis (ShA) provides a characterization of the soil pores, their air and water equilibrium and the soil structure stability, on the full soil water content range. It is usually performed on undisturbed soil samples; however, it was also performed on repacked soil samples from 2 mm size hand-fractioned aggregates. Moreover, it characterizes the physical properties of the two pore systems, namely the structural pores and the plasma pores. The later can be assumed to remain unchanged upon fractionation. Oppositely, the coarser structural pores are obviously destroyed. However, the intra aggregate structure and, therefore, the smaller size structural pores, might be conserved. In the frame of a large scale on-farm diagnosis of soil quality, we hypothesized that a part of the soil physical properties quantified with ShA could be characterized on repacked composite soil samples collected at field scale. This was tested by comparing (i) the physical properties of undisturbed soil samples and repacked soil samples on a wide range of soil types and quality and (ii) the relationships between soil organic carbon content, soil clay content, and the physical properties of undisturbed and repacked soil samples, respectively. 
High resolution atmospheric and oceanic modelling over Antarctica: a coupling interface to study sea-ice processes
Authors: Maure Damien , Kittel Christoph , Lambin Clara , Fettweis Xavier
Published: February 2023

Understanding the future evolution of the climate over Antarctica is crucial, as the continent holds the potential for a 3-meter rise in sea levels by 2300. However, the Antarctic climate is impacted by various processes and interactions, particularly at the ocean-atmosphere-sea ice interface, which are not fully implemented in Global Climate Models (GCMs). We are developing a high-resolution two-way coupling between the reginal climate model MARv3.13 and ocean/sea-ice model NEMO4.2/SI3 to study these processes, such as blowing snow over sea-ice, and their potential impact on future polar climate scenarios selected by the PolarRES consortium. We evaluated the standalone models' performance in simulating current climate conditions using various meteorological observations, satellite data, and ship observations. The results of this study are a first step to check the setup before moving to a fully coupled interface, and already show the importance of regional modelling to better resolve specific processes. 
Using localized microseismic noise sources to perform high-resolution seismic Imaging of seafloor using Distributed Acoustic Sensing
Authors: Guerin Gauthier , Rivet Diane
Published: February 2023

In this study we use distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) on a 41-km-long submarine optical fibre (OF) cable located offshore Toulon, France. We record both the amplitude and frequency of seafloor strains induced by ocean surface gravity waves, as well as secondary microseisms. Combining the analysis of the two types of waves, we identify and localize local sources of secondary microseisms that manifest as Scholte waves generated by the reflection of oceanic gravity waves on the coastline. During the experiment, these local sources represent the most energetic contribution to the seismic noise recorded along the OF and by an onshore broad-band station located near the DAS interrogator. As a result, the characteristics of this noise are closely related to local wave conditions. One major challenge in performing seismic imaging using ambient seismic noise correlations using DAS data is that we cannot solve for the true seismic velocity because the noise wave field is dominated by local sources. To address this, we measure the incident angle of the dominant local noise sources, correct the apparent velocity using the incident angle retrieve from beamforming analysis and generate a 2D model. We then quantify the errors that arise from picking the dispersion curves of the most energetic velocities without correcting from the incident angle. Our results show that there are significant differences in velocities, with differences reaching up to several hundred meters per second. This highlights the importance of correcting these velocities before generating a tomography. Finally we evaluate an alternative strategy for a linear DAS fiber that cannot be use to localized the dominant noise source. We measure the dispersion curve of the slowest Scholte waves recorded and compare it to the corrected dispersion curves of the dominant source. Although this strategy suffers from limitation, it minimizes the error in the velocity model.
Subtropical lake under projected climate change: 3D model assessment and insights
Authors: Amitai Yael , Levi Yoav , Bucchignani Edoardo Bucchignani
Published: February 2023

Located in a highly sensitive climate area, according to the IPCC reports, Lake Kinneret is exposed to extreme changes in the next few decades. Lake Kinneret is a warm monomictic lake, located between subtropical and arid climatic belts. It is thermally stratified throughout most of the year and mixes thoroughly each winter when the epilimnion water temperature reaches equilibrium with the hypolimnion water temperature by surface cooling and turbulence. Using high-resolution atmospheric projections obtained from COSMO-CLM simulation to force a 3D hydrodynamical model, we show significant changes in the stratification and circulation of the lake over the next five decades. As air temperature is expected to rise by up to 2.5oC in winter and autumn by 2070, the water column full mixing is expected to be suppressed. Unmixed years are expected to appear more often and full mixing will be re-activated just when cold enough winter conditions allow a full water column turnover. The lack of mixing between the epilimnion and the hypolimnion may create an environment that is oxygen depleted in which very few organisms can live, hence, might strongly affect the lake's present ecological system, its sustainability, and its water quality. Stratification Index analysis results show that Lake Kinneret will remain stratified throughout the year 20%-30% of the time in 2030-2070 under the moderate climate change scenario RCP4.5. However, abrupt cooling of the lake surface due to enhanced latent heat loss is identified, around the year 2065, in the model results, and is expected to restrain the dramatic change in the lake stratification.
Real-time pluvial urban flood prediction with high spatial and temporal resolution – a case study for a steep catchment.
Authors: Berkhahn Simon , Neuweiler Insa
Published: February 2023

Pluvial urban flood events are prone to cause huge damages to infrastructures and can also endanger human lives. A strategy for dealing with natural disasters like urban flood events is to build up detailed models to predict potential implications of an event. These models are commonly physically based hydrodynamic models. Using such models for gaining better understanding of historical and possible future events can be beneficial. For damage mitigation during a storm event, the computational demand of these models is, however, too high. Therefore, substitute models have been developed in recent years, which are fast enough to allow for real time prediction. We present a machine learning model for real-time urban flood prediction with spatial and temporal resolution. The model was tested with promising results for a flat urban catchment. The model is based on a combination of autoencoders and a NARX neural network structure. The spatial resolution is 6 x 6 meters and the temporal resolution is 5 minutes. During the present research we applied the model to a steep urban catchment. Database for training the model was generated with the 1D/2D bidirectional coupled hydrodynamic model Hystem Extran 2D. As input we used design storm events with return periods of up to 100 years.  
A tribute to Bruno Wilhelm’s legacy in reading the geological record of lakes
Authors: Arnaud Fabien , Sabatier Pierre , Poulenard Jérôme , Giguet-Covex Charline , Jenny Jean-Philippe , Messager Erwan , Delannoy Jean-Jacques , Malet Emmanuel , Pignol Cécile , Allignol Françoise , Wilhelm Bruno
Published: February 2023

On April 7th 2022 we learnt the devastating news: our friend and colleague, Bruno Wilhelm, had passed in the mountain while ascending a steep slope in the aim of skiing it. One year after, our group, within which he came and grow to science up to the defence of his PhD thesis in 2012, is still graving. In that context, we are grateful to the organisers of this session for offering us the opportunity of reminding our scientific community the multiple advancements it owes to Bruno.Bruno Wilhelm indeed did a hard and innovative work in the aim of reading the geological record of lakes. He focused himself on the recording of extreme events in lake sediments. In this keynote, we will emphasize how Bruno proposed original ways of characterising what we call “instant deposits”, mostly in the early stages of his too short career. He then particularly worked the question of distinguishing among triggering factors of those “alien” layers that often interbed within lake sediment calm sedimentation. Bruno also proposed a detailed reflexion aiming at quantifying or, at least, ranking the intensity of those triggering events. He hence proposed several ways of assessing past floods intensity. In the same spirit, he explicitly proposed a procedure to assess the “recordability” of past earthquake events within a given lake system, based on historical chronicles. He also led a common reflexion about the ability of lake sediment to record a regional flood signal. After his PhD he committed himself in the scientific animation of the PAGES’ “Floods” working group which led him to coordinate the establishment of a comprehensive database and to participate in the redefinition of a collaborative work to better understand past flood patterns in the iam of anticipating future changes due to global warming.It is undeniable that Bruno Wilhelm had a brilliant and far too short career. However, with this speech we hope that the community will be even more aware about the important legacy he left us.
Martian Atmospheric Pressure Measurement from Space
Authors: Campbell Joel , Liu Zhaoyan , Lin Bing , Yu Jirong , Jiang Shibin
Published: February 2023

In order to facilitate human exploration on Mars, a need exists to study weather patterns and atmospheric conditions on Mars. Mars has colder weather than Earth, is known for its dust storms, and has a very thin atmosphere, yet its atmosphere and climate are more like Earth's than any other planet in our solar system. Despite these challenges, NASA scientists believe that Mars is the most promising planet for exploration and habitation. We are developing a new measurement concept that uses differential absorption Lidar system in the 2-μm CO2 absorption band to measure atmospheric CO2 and pressure on Mars. By selecting two or more closely spaced wavelengths, one can eliminate the effects of other gases and surface reflections, allowing us to accurately measure CO2 absorption and determine CO2 levels and air pressure on Mars. Our simulations show that this system will be able to measure air pressure with 1 Pa precision up to 5 km away, even in the presence of moderate dust, and measure CO2 and pressure profiles from the surface up to 13 km with a horizontal resolution of 100 km and a vertical resolution of 100 m (400 m during the day). These measurements will improve weather and climate modeling and prediction on Mars.
The continuing shrinkage of snow cover in High Mountain Asia over the last four decades
Authors: Li Yupeng , Chen Yaning
Published: February 2023

High Mountain Asia (HMA), known as Earth’s “third pole” and “Asia’s water tower,” is the largest glacier and snow reservoir on Earth except for the polar ice sheets. Snow is an important component of the HMA cryosphere, and its variability directly affects the water and energy balances in the region. Identifying long-term changes in snow cover in the HMA region is important for the development of downstream water resources, prevention of water disasters, and survival and social stability of the “Third Pole” region.We had developed a long-term, high-quality, daily High Mountain Asia Snow Cover (HMASCE) product to systematically study the snow cover indicators (SCA and snow cover phenology (SCP)) in different sub-regions and altitudes in HMA over the past 40 years in the context of global climate change. The results show that (1) the accuracy of the HMASCE product was validated using station snow depth data, with OA, PA, and UA values of 81.99%, 84.20%, and 76.39%, respectively. (2) the SCA shows a significant trend of shrinkage (-0.56% a-1), snow cover days (SCD) shortens by 15.5 days, and snow cover start date (SOD) is delayed by about 5.6 daysand snow cover end date (SED) has advanced by 10 d in HMA over the last 40 years. (3) Another important finding is the altitudinal dependence of SCD, where, below 5000 m, higher altitudes experience lead to greater SCD reduction than lower altitudes. The possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon related to the region's own characteristics, the elevation dependence of warming (EDW), and the increased black carbon.
Band-pass filtering based on the Fourier basis pursuit spectrum
Authors: Wang Guocheng , Liu Lintao , Ren Dong , Hu Huiwen
Published: February 2023

 The traditional Fourier transform (FT) spectrum method based on the L2 norm criterion, which is obtained by the Fourier transform has been widely used to extract harmonic and low-frequency signals. However, at this stage, it has the disadvantages of frequency aliasing and spectral leakage. The Fourier basis pursuit (FBP) spectrum methodbased on the L1 norm criterion, which is obtained by the inverse Fourier transform, can effectively improve the spectral leakage and frequency aliasing caused by the limited data length. Based on simulation experiments, this paper presents the properties of the FBP spectrum and FT spectrum under different windows. In addition, the band-pass filtering method based on FBP (FBPBPF) and the band-pass filtering method based on FT (FTBPF) are also compared. The results show that 1) the frequency range of the windows and signal reconstruction precision based on the FBP spectrum are notably superior to those based on the FT spectrum; 2) for quasi-harmonic signals, such as the simulated Chandler wobble(CW) and annual wobble(AW), the reconstruction precision using the FBP spectrum with triangular window is better than that with other windows; and 3) for simulated low-frequency signals, the extraction precision using the FBP spectrum with triangular window is better than that with other windows.
Understanding recent changes in Antarctic sea ice seasonality
Authors: Himmich Kenza , Stammerjohn Sharon , Vancoppenolle Martin , Madec Gurvan
Published: February 2023

Changes in the timing of Antarctic sea ice retreat and advance have been analyzed over 1979-2012, based on satellite sea ice concentration retrievals. The Ross Sea showed large trends towards earlier sea ice advance and later retreat whereas the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas showed opposite trends.Since 2016, however, we find the occurrence of anomalously late advance and early retreat in the Ross and Weddell Seas and anomalously early advance and late retreat, west of the Peninsula. Trends in the timing of sea ice retreat and advance are consequently weaker over 1979-2022, than over 1979-2012. Here, we investigate the possible role of ocean thermodynamics and wind-driven ice drift in causing such anomalies and resulting trend weakening, using satellite and reanalysis data.In most of the seasonal zone, anomalies in the date of advance strongly correlate with anomalies in the previous seasonal maximum sea surface temperature (SST) and in the previous date of retreat. This suggests that anomalies in the date of advance are caused by summer ocean heat uptake anomalies, themselves constrained by anomalies in the previous date of retreat. In a large outer band of the seasonal ice zone, however, anomalies in the timing of sea ice advance seem linked to anomalies in the magnitude of winter southerlies, suggesting a possible role for ice drift anomalies there.By contrast, we find no clear correspondence between anomalies in the date of retreat and anomalies in winds or SST. We will provide more analysis to disentangle the thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms causing anomalies in the date of retreat, based on a sea ice concentration budget decomposition.