bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Analysis and Experimental Study of the Multi-Point Support Structure Based on Similar Theory Under Thermal Environment
Authors: Deng Xi , Liu Qingsong , Zhou Jianming , Xi Chen , Hou Shuo , Liu Qiang , Lu Guangyao , Wei Xudong , Ni Liang
Published: November 2022

For the large high-temperature structure with multiple points of support, the support keys are not only subjected to the self-weight of the structure, but also to the static and dynamic loads in the assembly environment; on the other hand, the nonuniform temperature distribution forms different degrees of thermal stresses on the structure, while the thermal expansion effect has a significant impact on the assembly state of the support keys and the supports. As an over-constrained system, if the extreme assembly relationship between the bearing key and the support occurs, such as jamming, it will further deteriorate the pre-stress condition of the support system and seriously threaten the safety of the structure. Restricted by the size of the structure and test conditions, the scaled model is considered instead of the full-sized structure for dynamics analysis and experimental study to evaluate the safety and reliability of the support system under thermal environment. In this paper, the force state of the bearing system under operation is analyzed by combining numerical simulation and scaled model tests, the possible jamming risk during the application of the bearing is predicted and the corresponding plan is formulated. The effectiveness of the plan is verified by optimizing the clearance factor of the scaled model, which provides a reference for the safe design of multi-point support structures under thermal environment.
High Temperature Oxidation Kinetics of Zr-Sn-Nb Alloy and the Effect of Its Oxide Film Growth On Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Zhao Wanqian
Published: November 2022

Zirconium-based alloys are widely used for fuel claddings particularly in pressurized water reactor. The high temperature oxidation kinetics of Zr-Sn-Nb alloys in steam in the temperature range of 650°C∼1250°C are studied by a modified thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The oxidation rate exponents and oxidation correlation are calculated. The rate transition of kinetic oxidation for Zr-Sn-Nb occur at 1100°C. The microstructure characteristic of the oxide film formed at 1200°C indicated that the oxide layer is constituted of nanometer exquiaxed grains on the outer surface, columnar grains along perpendicular to the O/M interface and quaisi-equxiaxed grains near the O/M interface. The thickness, crystal distribution and grains size of each layer is measured and analyzed. Furthermore, the correlation among the tetragonal phase fraction, the stress, and the microstructural change of the oxide film is schematized and then analyzed. How to obtain the intact columnar grains structures in the oxide and uniform protective oxide film formation are the key to improve the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys.
Research Status of Spent Fuel Transport Containers
Authors: Wang Changwu , Wang Zhipeng , Sun Qian , Zhang Yuhang
Published: November 2022

The development of nuclear energy will play an important role in the implementation of China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutral strategy. Since China’s first nuclear power plant came into commercial operation, nuclear power generation has reached a total of more than 2.6 trillion kilowatt hours, equivalent to a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions of about 2.1 billion tons. With more nuclear power units coming into operation, the production of spent fuel has also increased exponentially, and spent fuel transportation and off-stack storage have become the most urgent aspects of the back-end of China’s nuclear fuel cycle. The need for large spent fuel transport containers is becoming increasingly urgent as the spent fuel pools in China are becoming full and spent fuel cooled to a certain age needs to be transported to the final disposal site in spent fuel transport containers. The paper investigates the current research status of spent fuel transport containers from three aspects: design and manufacture, test capability and numerical simulation analysis, and gives reasonable suggestions for the development of large spent fuel transport containers in China.
Quality Analysis and Abnormal Repair of Transient Monitoring Data of CPR1000 Unit
Authors: Qian Wangjie , Chen Zhilin , Lv Feng , Zhang Yanwei , Gu Zheng , Chen Xin , Chen Hanming , Fan Nianqing
Published: November 2022

Transient statistics is an important method for nuclear power plants to monitor the stress status and life of primary circuit equipment and pipelines, and to prevent the strength damage and fatigue damage of the primary circuit pressure boundary. The automatic identification technology of nuclear power plant transients developed in recent years helps to understand the state of nuclear power plants and take corresponding actions in time to ensure the safe operation of nuclear power plants. High-quality, accurate transient monitoring data is the basis for transient statistics. In order to improve the quality of transient data, the temperature and pressure data of domestic CPR1000 pressurized water reactor units over the years of transient monitoring were statistically and analyzed, and the common abnormal data forms were determined as “data missing” and “data jumping”. For abnormal transient data, the mean repair method, the interpolation repair method and the repair method based on object characteristics are proposed. The actual case analysis of the transient monitoring data of the domestic CPR1000 pressurized water reactor unit shows that the above method can effectively repair the abnormal points of the transient data, thereby significantly improving the quality of the data, and laying the foundation for the automation of the transient statistics of nuclear power plants.
Study of the Regular Pattern Between the Geometric Characteristics of Radioactive Package and Its External Radiation Dose Rate
Authors: Wang Zhipeng , Wang Changwu , Sun Qian , Zhang Yuhang , Chen Lei
Published: November 2022

In recent years, as an important part of the nuclear technology used in the fields of industry, agriculture, medicine and scientific research, the transportation of radioactive materials has increased rapidly. diversification trend. In order to ensure the safety of relevant staff and the public, countries around the world and the IAEA have made certain regulations and constraints on the external radiation rates of radioactive material transport packages. Taking China as an example,  (GB11806-2019) is a national mandatory standard specially formulated in accordance with relevant national laws and regulations to prevent radioactive pollution, improve environmental quality, and regulate the management of radioactive materials transportation. The safety requirements for the transport of radioactive materials under normal transport conditions and transport accident conditions, in which the dose rates on the outer surface of the radioactive material package and at 1m are clearly specified. In practical work, it is often necessary to evaluate the surface of the package at different positions and the dose rate at 1m to ensure transportation safety. Based on several radioactive material transport containers with mature experience, this paper calculates the external radiation levels of various shapes of packages by using mathematical methods, and classifies them according to the geometric characteristics of the containers and the distribution of the contents. The influence of the surface of the location and the variation law of the dose rate at 1m is analyzed to provide a reference for the radiation safety management of radioactive material transportation activities.
Practice of Risk-Informed Nuclear Safety Management in CGN
Authors: Shijun Chen , Wenbo Luo , Zichun Wang , Lihui Chen
Published: November 2022

The development experience of nuclear power industry shows that risk-guided nuclear safety management is an effective means to deal with multi-unit nuclear safety management and improve the flexible operation of nuclear power plants. In order to comprehensively and effectively manage the nuclear safety status of group plant units, based on advanced nuclear safety management methods, CGN has gradually established and improved an independent supervision system for nuclear safety since 2017. After several years of exploration, the evaluation of group plant performance indexes and the importance of abnormal events, the determination of the operation safety state supervision and management action matrix and the corresponding action requirements have been carried out gradually, so as to realize the closed-loop management of the operation state of units. This paper summarizes the implementation of advanced nuclear safety management methods at the group level and proposes the direction for further development.
Development of China’s Nuclear Power Standard System and Brief Comparison With American and French Standards
Authors: Deng Ruiyuan , Wu Feifei , Dong Zhenbang , Liu Shangyuan , Du Jian , Zhang Hongwei , Sun Yecong , Zhang Xueyao
Published: November 2022

China’s nuclear power standards have generally experienced three stages: starting, moderate development and rapid development. Up to now, a PWR nuclear power standard system with clear hierarchy, complete and reasonable structure and meeting the needs of the industry has been basically formed. This paper analyzes the conception, planning principles, main scope and objects, hierarchical structure, project setting and evolution process of China’s nuclear power standard system. Finally, it briefly analyzes the characteristics and current situation of nuclear power standards in the United States and France, and expounds the differences in standardization mechanism and standard technology between the two countries and China.
Generative and reproducible benchmarks for comprehensive evaluation of machine learning classifiers
Authors: Orzechowski Patryk , Moore Jason H.
Published: November 2022

Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of machine learning (ML) algorithms is crucial to determine their scope of application. Here, we introduce the Diverse and Generative ML Benchmark (DIGEN), a collection of synthetic datasets for comprehensive, reproducible, and interpretable benchmarking of ML algorithms for classification of binary outcomes. The DIGEN resource consists of 40 mathematical functions that map continuous features to binary targets for creating synthetic datasets. These 40 functions were found using a heuristic algorithm designed to maximize the diversity of performance among multiple popular ML algorithms, thus providing a useful test suite for evaluating and comparing new methods. Access to the generative functions facilitates understanding of why a method performs poorly compared to other algorithms, thus providing ideas for improvement.
Top2a promotes the development of social behavior via PRC2 and H3K27me3
Authors: Geng Yijie , Zhang Tejia , Alonzo Ivy G. , Godar Sean C. , Yates Christopher , Pluimer Brock R. , Harrison Devin L. , Nath Anjali K. , Yeh Jing-Ruey Joanna , Drummond Iain A. , Bortolato Marco , Peterson Randall T.
Published: November 2022

Little is understood about the embryonic development of sociality. We screened 1120 known drugs and found that embryonic inhibition of topoisomerase IIα (Top2a) resulted in lasting social deficits in zebrafish. In mice, prenatal Top2 inhibition caused defects in social interaction and communication, which are behaviors that relate to core symptoms of autism. Mutation of Top2a in zebrafish caused down-regulation of a set of genes highly enriched for genes associated with autism in humans. Both the Top2a-regulated and autism-associated gene sets have binding sites for polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), a regulatory complex responsible for H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Moreover, both gene sets are highly enriched for H3K27me3. Inhibition of the PRC2 component Ezh2 rescued social deficits caused by Top2 inhibition. Therefore, Top2a is a key component of an evolutionarily conserved pathway that promotes the development of social behavior through PRC2 and H3K27me3.
Alteration history of Séítah formation rocks inferred by PIXL x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, and multispectral imaging on Mars
Authors: Tice Michael M. , Hurowitz Joel A. , Allwood Abigail C. , Jones Michael W. M. , Orenstein Brendan J. , Davidoff Scott , Wright Austin P. , Pedersen David A.K. , Henneke Jesper , Tosca Nicholas J. , Moore Kelsey R. , Clark Benton C. , McLennan Scott M. , Flannery David T. , Steele Andrew , Brown Adrian J. , Zorzano Maria-Paz , Hickman-Lewis Keyron , Liu Yang , VanBommel Scott J. , Schmidt Mariek E. , Kizovski Tanya V. , Treiman Allan H. , O’Neil Lauren , Fairén Alberto G. , Shuster David L. , Gupta Sanjeev ,   The PIXL Team
Published: November 2022

Collocated crystal sizes and mineral identities are critical for interpreting textural relationships in rocks and testing geological hypotheses, but it has been previously impossible to unambiguously constrain these properties using in situ instruments on Mars rovers. Here, we demonstrate that diffracted and fluoresced x-rays detected by the PIXL instrument (an x-ray fluorescence microscope on the Perseverance rover) provide information about the presence or absence of coherent crystalline domains in various minerals. X-ray analysis and multispectral imaging of rocks from the Séítah formation on the floor of Jezero crater shows that they were emplaced as coarsely crystalline igneous phases. Olivine grains were then partially dissolved and filled by finely crystalline or amorphous secondary silicate, carbonate, sulfate, and chloride/oxychlorine minerals. These results support the hypothesis that Séítah formation rocks represent olivine cumulates altered by fluids far from chemical equilibrium at low water-rock ratios.
A sublingual nanofiber vaccine to prevent urinary tract infections
Authors: Kelly Sean H. , Votaw Nicole L. , Cossette Benjamin J. , Wu Yaoying , Shetty Shamitha , Shores Lucas S. , Issah Luqman A. , Collier Joel H.
Published: November 2022

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major public health problem affecting millions of individuals each year. Recurrent UTIs are managed by long-term antibiotic use, making the alarming rise of antibiotic resistance a substantial threat to future UTI treatment. Extended antibiotic regimens may also have adverse effects on the microbiome. Here, we report the use of a supramolecular vaccine to provide long-term protection against uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
, which cause 80% of uncomplicated UTIs. We designed mucus-penetrating peptide-polymer nanofibers to enable sublingual (under the tongue) vaccine delivery and elicit antibody responses systemically and in the urogenital tract. In a mouse model of UTI, we demonstrate equivalent efficacy to high-dose oral antibiotics but with significantly less perturbation of the gut microbiome. We also formulate our vaccine as a rapid-dissolving sublingual tablet that raises response in mice and rabbits. Our approach represents a promising alternative to antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of UTIs.
Efficient catalyst screening using graph neural networks to predict strain effects on adsorption energy
Authors: Price Christopher C. , Singh Akash , Frey Nathan C. , Shenoy Vivek B.
Published: November 2022

Small-molecule adsorption energies correlate with energy barriers of catalyzed intermediate reaction steps, determining the dominant microkinetic mechanism. Straining the catalyst can alter adsorption energies and break scaling relationships that inhibit reaction engineering, but identifying desirable strain patterns using density functional theory is intractable because of the high-dimensional search space. We train a graph neural network to predict the adsorption energy response of a catalyst/adsorbate system under a proposed surface strain pattern. The training data are generated by randomly straining and relaxing Cu-based binary alloy catalyst complexes taken from the Open Catalyst Project. The trained model successfully predicts the adsorption energy response for 85% of strains in unseen test data, outperforming ensemble linear baselines. Using ammonia synthesis as an example, we identify Cu-S alloy catalysts as promising candidates for strain engineering. Our approach can locate strain patterns that break adsorption energy scaling relations to improve catalyst performance.
Reprogramming Müller glia to regenerate ganglion-like cells in adult mouse retina with developmental transcription factors
Authors: Todd Levi , Jenkins Wesley , Finkbeiner Connor , Hooper Marcus J. , Donaldson Phoebe C. , Pavlou Marina , Wohlschlegel Juliette , Ingram Norianne , Mu Xiuqian , Rieke Fred , Reh Thomas A.
Published: November 2022

Many neurodegenerative diseases cause degeneration of specific types of neurons. For example, glaucoma leads to death of retinal ganglion cells, leaving other neurons intact. Neurons are not regenerated in the adult mammalian central nervous system. However, in nonmammalian vertebrates, glial cells spontaneously reprogram into neural progenitors and replace neurons after injury. We have recently developed strategies to stimulate regeneration of functional neurons in the adult mouse retina by overexpressing the proneural factor Ascl1 in Müller glia. Here, we test additional transcription factors (TFs) for their ability to direct regeneration to particular types of retinal neurons. We engineered mice to express different combinations of TFs in Müller glia, including Ascl1, Pou4f2, Islet1, and Atoh1. Using immunohistochemistry, single-cell RNA sequencing, single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing, and electrophysiology, we find that retinal ganglion–like cells can be regenerated in the damaged adult mouse retina in vivo with targeted overexpression of developmental retinal ganglion cell TFs.
A universal way to enrich the nanoparticle lattices with polychrome DNA origami “homologs”
Authors: Ji Min , Zhou Zhaoyu , Cao Wenhong , Ma Ningning , Xu Weigao , Tian Ye
Published: November 2022

DNA origami technology has rapidly developed into an ideal means to programmably crystallize nanoparticles. However, most existing DNA origami three-dimensional platforms normally used a single type of DNA origami unit, which greatly limits the types of nanoparticle superlattices that can be synthesized. Here, we report a universal strategy to vastly enrich the library of nanoparticle superlattices, based on multiple-unit (≥4 units) DNA origami platforms, which were constructed by programmably cocrystallizing three different DNA origami octahedral “homologs.” Through selectively inserting nanoparticles into DNA origami monomers, numerous nanoparticle superlattices can be synthesized on the basis of the same platform. In this work, we obtained 85 types of DOF/AuNP (DNA origami frame/gold nanoparticle) superlattices using three different DNA origami platforms as examples. We believe that our strategy can provide possible access to fabricate virtually endless types of nanoparticle superlattices and promote the construction of functional materials with special properties.
Proof-of-Concept Standardized Approach Using a Single-Disk Method Analogous to Antibiotic Disk Diffusion Assays for Routine Phage Susceptibility Testing in Diagnostic Laboratories
Authors: Skusa Romy , Groß Justus , Kohlen Juliane , Schafmayer Clemens , Ekat Katharina , Podbielski Andreas , Warnke Philipp
Published: November 2022

Application of bacteriophages in clinical therapies is attractive due to increasing rates of isolation of multidrug-resistant bacteria worldwide. As the phage effect is highly specific, prior susceptibility testing of target bacteria is mandatory.
Stress Triggers Expression of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Infected Cell Protein 4 (bICP4) RNA during Early Stages of Reactivation from Latency in Pharyngeal Tonsil
Authors: Toomer Gabriela , Workman Aspen , Harrison Kelly S. , Stayton Erin , Hoyt Peter R. , Jones Clinton
Published: November 2022

BoHV-1, a neurotropic herpesvirus, establishes, maintains, and reactivates from latency in neurons. BoHV-1 DNA is also detected in pharyngeal tonsil (PT) from latently infected calves.
Late Mesozoic elevation history of the north Taihang Mountains, China: Constraints from clumped isotope geochemistry
Authors: Wen Yixiong , Zhang Laiming , Li Yalin , Huntington Katharine W. , Jin Tianjie , Schauer Andrew J. , Wang Chengshan
Published: November 2022

A series of tectonic events during the late Mesozoic, including the Yanshanian Orogeny and the Early Cretaceous tectonic extension, reshaped the tectonic regime and landscape of North China (NC). During this period, the Taihang Mountains (THM) became a prominent geomorphic and ecological separation zone, which separates NC into regions with different landforms, tectonic settings, and climatic regimes. The uplift history of the THM during the late Mesozoic is of great interest, since it is critical to constrain the geodynamic and regional climatic evolution of NC. In this study, we report the first carbonate clumped isotope thermometry (Δ47) data for paleosol carbonates from this region to constrain the paleoelevation of the north THM during the late Mesozoic. Our result indicates that the north THM was almost certainly 2.0 ± 0.8 km elevation at ca. 160 Ma associated with crust thickening and shortening. After the collapse of the eastern North China Craton (NCC), the north THM maintained high elevation at ca. 113 Ma (2.7 ± 0.7 km). The findings suggest that the present topographic features of NC may have been established in the Early Cretaceous. Finally, our study suggests elevation decrease at the end of the Early Cretaceous (ca. 110−100 Ma), which is possibly related to isostatic adjustment caused by asthenosphere upwelling and partial crustal thinning in the central NCC.
Nationwide, large-scale implementation of an online system for remote entry of patient-reported outcomes in rheumatology: characteristics of users and non-users and time to first entry
Authors: Glintborg Bente , Jensen Dorte Vendelbo , Terslev Lene , Hendricks Oliver , Østergaard Mikkel , Horskjær Rasmussen Simon , Jensen Mogens Pfeiffer , Adelsten Thomas , Colic Ada , Danebod Kamilla , Kildemand Malene , Loft Anne Gitte , Munk Heidi Lausten , Pedersen Jens Kristian , Østgård René Drage , Møller Sørensen Christian , Krogh Niels Steen , Agerbo Jette , Ziegler Connie , Hetland Merete Lund
Published: November 2022

Aims

In May 2020, a nationwide, web-based system for remote entry of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in inflammatory rheumatic diseases was launched and implemented in routine care (DANBIO-from-home). After 1.5 years of use, we explored clinical characteristics of patients who did versus did not use the system, and the time to first entry of PROs.

Methods

All patients followed in DANBIO were informed about DANBIO-from-home by electronic invitations or when attending their clinic. Characteristics of patients who did/did not use DANBIO-from-home in the period after implementation were explored by multivariable logistic regression analyses including demographic and clinical variables (gender, age group, diagnosis, disease duration, use of biological disease-modifying agent (bDMARD), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Patient Acceptable Symptom Scale (PASS)). Time from launch to first entry was presented as cumulative incidence curves by age group (<40/40–60/61–80/>80 years).

Results

Of 33 776 patients, 68% entered PROs using DANBIO-from-home at least once. Median (IQR) time to first entry was 27 (11–152) days. Factors associated with data entry in multivariate analyses (OR (95% CI)) were: female gender (1.19 (1.12 to 1.27)), bDMARD treatment (1.41 (1.33 to 1.50)), age 40–60 years (1.79 (1.63 to 1.97)), 61–80 years (1.87 (1.70 to 2.07), or age >80 years (0.57 (0.50 to 0.65)) (reference: age <40 years), lower HAQ (0.68 (0.65 to 0.71)) and PASS ‘no’ (1.09 (1.02 to 1.17). Diagnosis was not associated. Time to first entry of PROs was longest in patients <40 years of age (119 (24–184) days) and shortest in the 61–80 years age group (25 (8–139) days).

Conclusion

A nationwide online platform for PRO in rheumatology achieved widespread use. Higher age, male gender, conventional treatment and disability were associated with no use.
Infliximab biosimilar-to-biosimilar switching in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: clinical outcomes in real-world patients from the DANBIO registry
Authors: Nabi Hafsah , Hendricks Oliver , Jensen Dorte Vendelbo , Loft Anne Gitte , Pedersen Jens Kristian , Just Søren Andreas , Danebod Kamilla , Munk Heidi Lausten , Kristensen Salome , Manilo Natalia , Colic Ada , Linauskas Asta , Thygesen Pia Høger , Christensen Louise Brot , Kalisz Maren Høgberget , Lomborg Niels , Chrysidis Stavros , Raun Johnny Lillelund , Andersen Marlene , Mehnert Frank , Krogh Niels Steen , Hetland Merete Lund , Glintborg Bente
Published: November 2022

Objective

Successful uptake of biosimilars in rheumatology is limited by lack of real-world evidence regarding effectiveness of biosimilar-to-biosimilar switching. We investigated infliximab biosimilars CT-P13-to-GP1111 switching among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA).

Methods

Observational cohort study from the DANBIO registry. Patients were classified as originator-naïve or originator-experienced. Retention rates of 1-year GP1111 treatment were explored (Kaplan-Meier). We identified baseline factors (at the time of switch) associated with withdrawal of GP1111 (multivariable Cox-regression analyses with HRs including originator treatment history). Changes in subjective and objective measures of disease activity 4 months before and after the switch were assessed in individual patients.

Results

Of 1605 patients (685 RA, 314 PsA and 606 AxSpA, median disease duration was 9 years, 37% in Clinical Disease Activity Index/Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score remission), 1171 were originator-naïve. Retention rates at 1-year were 83% (95% CI: 81% to 85%) and 92% (95% CI: 90% to 95%) for the originator-naïve and originator-experienced, respectively. GP1111 retention rates were higher in originator-experienced compared to originator-naïve with RA (HR=0.4 (95% CI: 0.2 to 0.7)) and PsA (HR=0.2 (95% CI: 0.1 to 0.8)), but not significantly for AxSpA: HR=0.6 (95% CI: 0.3 to 1.2). Lower disease activity was associated with higher retention. Changes in disease activity preswitch and postswitch were close to zero.

Conclusion

This real-world observational study of more than 1600 patients with inflammatory arthritis showed high 1-year retention following a nationwide infliximab biosimilar-to-biosimilar switch. Retention was higher in originator-experienced and in patients with low disease activity, suggesting outcomes to be affected by patient-related rather than drug-related factors.
Infection profile of immune-modulatory drugs used in autoimmune diseases: analysis of summary of product characteristic data
Authors: Dey Mrinalini , Bechman Katie , Zhao Sizheng , Fragoulis George E , Smith Catherine , Cope Andrew , Nikiphorou Elena , Hyrich Kimme L , Galloway James
Published: November 2022

Objective

Serious infection remains a concern when prescribing immune-modulatory drugs for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The ‘summary of product characteristics’ (SmPCs) provide information on adverse events for example, infections, from clinical trials and postmarketing pharmacovigilance.

This review aimed to compare infection frequency, site and type across immune-modulatory drugs, reported in SmPCs.

Methods

The Electronic Medicines Compendium was searched for commonly prescribed immune-modulatory drugs used for: rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, connective tissue disease, autoimmune vasculitis, autoinflammatory syndromes, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis and/or other rarer conditions.

Information was extracted on infection frequency, site and organisms. Frequency was recorded as per the SmPCs: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to<1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to<1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to<1/1,000); very rare (<1/10 000).

Results

39 drugs were included, across 20 indications: 9 conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), 6 targeted synthetic DMARDs, 24 biologic (b)DMARDs.

Twelve infection sites were recorded. Minimal/no site information was available for most csDMARDs, certolizumab pegol and rituximab. Upper respiratory tract was the most common site, especially with bDMARDs. Lower respiratory, ear/nose/throat and urinary tract infections were moderately common, with clustering within drug groups.

Data for 27 pathogens were recorded, majority viruses, with herpes simplex and zoster and influenza most frequent. Variable/absent reporting was noted for opportunistic and certain high-prevalence infections for example, Epstein-Barr.

Conclusion

Our findings show differences between drugs and can aid treatment decisions alongside real-world safety data. However, data are likely skewed by trial selection criteria and varying number of trials per drug and highlight the need for robust postmarketing pharmacovigilance.
Prevalence and risk factors of stroke in China: a national serial cross-sectional study from 2003 to 2018
Authors: Tian Dai-Shi , Liu Chen-Chen , Wang Chao-Long , Qin Chuan , Wang Ming-Huan , Liu Wen-Hua , Liu Jian , Zhang Han-Wen , Zhang Rong-Guo , Wang Shao-Kang , Zhang Xiao-Xiang , Wang Liang , Pan Deng-Ji , Hu Jian-Ping , Luo Xiang , Xu Sha-Bei , Wang Wei
Published: November 2022

Stroke imposes a substantial burden worldwide. With the rapid economic and lifestyle transition in China, trends of the prevalence of stroke across different geographic regions in China remain largely unknown. Capitalizing on the data in the National Health Services Surveys (NHSS), we assessed the prevalence and risk factors of stroke in China from 2003 to 2018. In this study, data from 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018 NHSS were collected. Stroke cases were based on participants’ self-report of a previous diagnosis by clinicians. We estimated the trends of stroke prevalence for the overall population and subgroups by age, sex, and socioeconomic factors, then compared across different geographic regions. We applied multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between stroke and risk factors. The number of participants aged 15 years or older were 154,077, 146,231, 230,067, and 212,318 in 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018, respectively, among whom, 1435, 1996, 3781, and 6069 were stroke patients. The age and sex standardized prevalence per 100,000 individuals was 879 in 2003, 1100 in 2008, 1098 in 2013, and 1613 in 2018. Prevalence per 100,000 individuals in rural areas increased from 669 in 2003 to 1898 in 2018, while urban areas had a stable trend from 1261 in 2003 to 1365 in 2018. Across geographic regions, the central region consistently had the highest prevalence, but the western region has an alarmingly increasing trend from 623/100,000 in 2003 to 1898/100,000 in 2018 (Ptrend<0.001), surpassing the eastern region in 2013. Advanced age, male sex, rural area, central region, hypertension, diabetes, depression, low education and income level, retirement or unemployment, excessive physical activity, and unimproved sanitation facilities were significantly associated with stroke. In conclusion, the increasing prevalence of stroke in China was primarily driven by economically underdeveloped regions. It is important to develop targeted prevention programs in underdeveloped regions. Besides traditional risk factors, more attention should be paid to nontraditional risk factors to improve the prevention of stroke.
KRAS mutation-induced EndMT of brain arteriovenous malformation is mediated through the TGF-β/BMP-SMAD4 pathway
Authors: Xu Hongyuan , Huo Ran , Li Hao , Jiao Yuming , Weng Jiancong , Wang Jie , Yan Zihan , Zhang Junze , Zhao Shaozhi , He Qiheng , Sun Yingfan , Wang Shuo , Cao Yong
Published: November 2022

Objective

Somatic KRAS mutations have been identified in the majority of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs), and subsequent in vivo experiments have confirmed that KRAS mutation in endothelial cells (ECs) causes AVMs in mouse and zebrafish models. Our previous study demonstrated that the KRASG12Dmutant independently induced the endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which was reversed by treatment with the lipid-lowering drug lovastatin. However, the underlying mechanisms of action were unclear.

Methods

We used human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) overexpressing the KRASG12Dmutant for Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence and wound healing assays to evaluate the EndMT and determine the activation of downstream pathways. Knockdown of SMAD4 by RNA interference was performed to explore the role of SMAD4 in regulating the EndMT. BAVM ECs expressing the KRASG12Dmutant were obtained to verify the SMAD4 function. Finally, we performed a coimmunoprecipitation assay to probe the mechanism by which lovastatin affects SMAD4.

Results

HUVECs infected with KRASG12Dadenovirus underwent the EndMT. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathways were activated in the KRASG12D-mutant HUVECs and ECs in bAVM tissue. Knocking down SMAD4 expression in both KRASG12D-mutant HUVECs and ECs in bAVM tissues inhibited the EndMT. Lovastatin attenuated the EndMT by downregulating p-SMAD2/3, p-SMAD1/5 and acetylated SMAD4 expression in KRASG12D-mutant HUVECs.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the KRASG12Dmutant induces the EndMT by activating the ERK-TGF-β/BMP-SMAD4 signalling pathway and that lovastatin inhibits the EndMT by suppressing TGF-β/BMP pathway activation and SMAD4 acetylation.
Crop rotational diversity alters the composition of stabilized soil organic matter compounds in soil physical fractions
Authors: Tong Huan , Man Meiling , Wagner-Riddle Claudia , Dunfield Kari E. , Deen Bill , Simpson Myrna J.
Published: November 2022

Crop rotational diversity is an important part of sustainable agricultural and soil management to improve crop yield and soil fertility including enhancing soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization. Because of the physical protection via interactions with soil minerals, SOM in mineral-associated fractions is believed to be longer-lived and more stable relative to SOM in particulate (light) fractions. However, it is still unclear how crop rotational diversity alters soil carbon distribution, composition and stabilization in soil physical fractions. To address this, we studied a 37 years’ agricultural site with different crop rotational diversity (from continuous corn or alfalfa up to four species (corn, soybean, winter wheat, and red clover)). Soil carbon analysis, targeted compound analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods were used to obtain the distribution and degradation of SOM components in light and mineral-associated (F53–2000 µm, F2–53 µm, and F<2 µm) fractions. Higher soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were observed in F<2 µm with relatively high diversified crop rotations (three and four types of crops) compared to monoculture or two crops in the rotations, which suggests that carbon storage is enhanced in mineral-stabilized pools. Higher concentrations of long-chain aliphatic compounds as well as increased accumulation and preservation of lignin-derived compounds in fine aggregates (<53 µm) were also observed with relatively high diversified crop rotations. Overall, the increased concentration and preservation of specific SOM compounds as well as increased SOC in finer mineral-associated fractions (<53 µm) suggests that crop rotational diversity may enhance the long-term stability of SOM in agroecosystems.
Hawking temperature and the bound on greybody factors in $$D=4$$ double field theory
Authors: Liu Yang
Published: November 2022

We investigate the basic properties of Hawking radiation for spherical solutions in $$D=4$$

D
=
4

double field theory. We give the expression of the Hawking temperature for the solution and then discuss the results of various limits. We find that for all these limits only Schwarzschild solution and F-JNW solution can generate Hawking radiation. Moreover, we obtain the lower bound on greybody factors $$\sigma _l(\omega )$$

σ
l

(
ω
)

for the spherical solutions in $$D=4$$

D
=
4

double field theory. In particular, we calculate the bound on greybody factors $$\sigma _l(\omega )$$

σ
l

(
ω
)

for F-JNW solution. For F-JNW solution, $$\sigma _l(\omega )$$

σ
l

(
ω
)

monotonically increases as a and b increase.
A shifted Mahler measure identity for Boyd’s family
Authors: Yang Quanli , Liu Hang , Tang Guoping
Published: November 2022

Recently, the second author and Qin numerically verified some Mahler measure identities of genus 2 and 3 polynomial families. In this paper, we use the elliptic regulator to prove an identity involving shifted Mahler measure for Boyd’s family.
Welcome to AI matters 8(2)
Authors: Karpatne Anuj , Yao Ziyu
Published: November 2022

Welcome to the second issue of this year's AI Matters Newsletter. We open with a conference report by Louise Dennis, followed by a summary of events happening during 2022-2023 by Dilini Samarasinghe. This third article is a collection of responses to blue sky questions about AI education from the AAAI/ACM SIGAI New and Future AI Educator Program. Finally, the last issue by Register et al. discusses the pillars of joy and justice for AI, Machine Learning, and Data Science education.
Events
Authors: Samarasinghe Dilini
Published: November 2022

This section features information about upcoming events relevant to the readers of AI Matters, including those supported by SIGAI. We would love to hear from you if you are are organizing an event and would be interested in cooperating with SIGAI.For more information about conference support visit sigai.acm.org/activities/requesting_sponsorship.html.
Binary Sacrificial Coatings for Internal Corrosion Protection of Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Belarbi Zineb , Dogan Omer , Teeter Lucas , Chinn Richard E
Published: November 2022

One of the top reasons for the leaks in natural gas transmission pipelines is related to the internal corrosion of steel pipelines, mainly due to the presence of incidental H2O and CO2 in the line. Adding a protective coating or liner to the inner pipe surface reduces internal corrosion; however, conventional coatings (e.g., paint, epoxy, polyethylene, etc.) are insufficient to provide long-term corrosion resistance due to the permeation of the corrosive species such as H2O, CO2, Cl-. This research aimed to investigate the corrosion behavior of binary sacrificial coating for the protection of pipeline steel in a CO2-saturated aqueous electrolyte under natural gas pipeline conditions.

Two types of the cold spray binary metallic coatings (ZnCr, ZnNb) were studied using electrochemical techniques: potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), linear polarization resistance (LPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The evaluation of the corrosion resistance of cold spray binary metallic coatings (ZnCr, ZnNb) was carried out in an environment containing 3 barg CO2 pressure, simulating the partial pressures that are found in gas transmission over a solution of 3.5 wt.% NaCl heated to 40 ºC. Post-corrosion surface characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).

The EDS mapping analysis and XRD results revealed the presence of ZnCO3 layer. EDS analysis showed that no Cr was detected on the surface of ZnCr coating after 24 hours of exposure. This may be due to a thick layer of ZnCO3 formed on top of the ZnCr coating. The obtained data showed that cold spray binary metallic coatings (ZnCr, ZnNb) can be used as sacrificial anodic materials to protect the interior of the steel pipeline against CO2 corrosion in a natural gas transmission environment. Furthermore, self-healing properties of the binary metallic coatings were demonstrated as protective corrosion products formed on the damaged regions of the coating.

Keywords
:
CO2 corrosion, natural gas pipelines, cold spray coatings, zinc alloy, sacrificial coatings, self-healing coatings, electrochemical reaction autoclave
Enhanced Passivity and Resistance to Pitting of New Cr-Fe-Co-Ni-Mo Multi-Principal Element Single-Phase Alloys
Authors: Marcus Philippe , Wang Xueying , Zanna Sandrine , Seyeux Antoine , Perrière Loïc , Laurent-Brocq Mathilde , Guillot Ivan , Mercier Dimitri , Maurice Vincent
Published: November 2022

Extensive thermodynamic calculations exploring the large composition space of the Cr-Fe-Co-Ni-Mo system were performed in order to design new multi-principal element single-phase fcc alloys with enhanced passivity and resistance to localised corrosion.

This presentation will cover several aspects from design to production, passivation, surface analysis and pitting resistance of alloys with up to 15 at.% Mo . The newly designed and produced quinary alloys, Cr25Fe25Co5Ni40Mo5 and Cr15Fe10Co5Ni60Mo10 (at.%) show superior resistance to localised corrosion in chloride solution. The chemical states, composition and stratification of passive films were investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The resistance to pitting was measured after pre-passivation of the alloy surfaces in Cl--free acidic solution.

Stratification of the passive films was observed, with Cr, Fe, Ni,Mo oxides and hydroxides in the outer layer and Cr oxide in the inner layer.The amounts and distribution of chloride ions that penetrated into the passive films were also investigated. In-depth profiles show that, on the Mo-bearing alloys, chloride ions do not penetrate the Mo-enriched outer layer of the oxide film.

A direct link between the structural and chemical nature of passive films and the resistance to pitting in chloride solution was observed.

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (advanced grant agreement # 741123)
Localized Environment Enriched with Hydrogen Sulfide for Inducing Sulfide Stress Cracking on Type-430 Stainless Steel
Authors: Fushimi Koji , Yanagimoto Haruno , Shoji Sunao , Kitagawa Yuichi , Hasegawa Yasuchika
Published: November 2022

Exposure tests to hydrogen sulfide environments are frequently used to evaluate hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSC) in steel. However, there are many safety restrictions in handling hydrogen sulfide, and the maintenance of the facilities is very costly. To improve this situation, an electrochemical measurement method that can be used even in laboratories to simulate hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion tests easily. Specifically, a safe hydrogen sulfide corrosion test method was developed using a local hydrogen sulfide concentration environment near the steel surface.

A local acidic environment of pH 3-4 was induced by constant potential anodic polarization of a platinum electrode below 2 VSHE in an aqueous sodium sulfide solution. Exposure of the carbon steel surface to a local acidic environment resulted in the formation of iron sulfides such as FeS and FeS2 on the surface, accompanied by a negative shift of the carbon steel electrode potential and an increase in the microelectrode current. Local acidification of a potentiostatically polarized type-430 steel surface confirmed the existence of a critical potential at which the steel surface begins to depassivate and actively dissolve. It was suggested that the substitution of iron oxide for iron sulfide in a hydrogen sulfide environment determines the sulfidation of the steel surface. Using this method, furthermore, the formation of cracks was successfully induced on the surface of type-430 steel under tensile stress loading.
Respirometric Techniques for Real-Time Monitoring of Corrosion Reactions
Authors: Virtanen Sannakaisa
Published: November 2022

Recently, we have introduced novel respirometric methods for real-time monitoring of corrosion, both for atmospheric corrosion [1,2] and immersion conditions [3]. The approach is based on monitoring the rate of the cathodic reactions with help of different types of sensors; this enables to track the O2 reduction reaction and the H2 evolution reaction simultaneously. Different experimental setups have been developed, from static to flow cell scenarios. Moreover, combining respirometry with time-lapse microscopy reveals interesting details on initiation and propagation of corrosion. Most recently, the respirometric setups were coupled with electrochemistry [4], enlarging the corrosion cases to be studied from open-circuit conditions to potential-controlled systems. With this, it is possible for instance to follow and quantify the amount of oxygen evolving during transpassive dissolution of stainless steels at potentials above the water stability region (i.e., the net electrical current/charge can be assigned into partial currents for oxygen evolution and for metal dissolution). Examples will be presented, to illustrate the potential of these techniques to reveal new insights into corrosion mechanisms of active and passive metals and alloys.

References

M. Strebl, S. Virtanen, Real-Time Monitoring of Atmospheric Magnesium Alloy Corrosion, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166 (2019) C3001-C3009

M. Strebl, M. Bruns, S. Virtanen, Editors’ Choice—Respirometric in Situ Methods for Real-Time Monitoring of Corrosion Rates: Part I. Atmospheric Corrosion, J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 (2020) 21510

M.G. Strebl, M.P. Bruns, G. Schulze, S. Virtanen, Respirometric In Situ Methods for Real-Time Monitoring of Corrosion Rates: Part II. Immersion, J. Electrochem. Soc. 168 (2021) 11502

M.G. Strebl, M.P. Bruns, S. Virtanen, Coupling Respirometric HER and ORR Monitoring with Electrochemical Measurements, Electrochimica Acta 412 (2022) 140152
(Invited) Self-Assembly Synthesis and Interfacial Control of Electrode Architectures
Authors: Dai Sheng
Published: November 2022

Enhancement in electrochemical energy storage resides in tailored nanotextures resulting from making electrode materials with controlled compositions and structures. The complex interplay of solvent and solute structures and dynamics at charged interfaces, the transport of electrolyte ions into and out of pores, solvation/desolvation processes occurring in pores approaching bare-ion dimensions, and formation of interfaces via chemical reactions are all important parameters. Herein, several self-assembly synthesis methods for carbon and oxide composites as electrode materials for energy storage will be discussed. The objective of this talk is to demonstrate that nanostructured carbons and oxides derived from soft-template synthesis not only entail a high storage capacity but also, most importantly, can be made to have a significantly enhanced electronic & ionic conductivities and storage capacities. These enhanced transport properties in electrode architectures are the key to providing a high-rate capability for the corresponding energy storage systems.