bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supine versus prone position in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Birowo Ponco , Tendi William , Widyahening Indah S. , Rasyid Nur , Atmoko Widi
Published: April 2020

Background: The decision for using supine or prone position in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is still debatable. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy and safety profile of the supine and prone position when performing PCNL.

Methods: A systematic electronic search was performed using the database from MEDLINE, Cochrane library and Google Scholar from January 2009 to November 2019. The outcomes assessed were stone free rate, major complication rate, length of hospital stay and mean operation time.

Results: A total of 11 articles were included in qualitative and quantitative analysis. The efficacy of PCNL in supine position as determined by stone free rate is significantly lower than in prone position (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.66 – 0.83; p<0.00001), However, major complication rate is also lower in the supine group compared with the prone group (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.51 – 0.96; p=0.03). There is no statistically significant difference in the length of hospital stay and mean operation time between both groups.

Conclusion: Prone position leads to a higher stone free rate, but also a higher rate of major complication. Thus, the decision of using which position during PCNL should be based on the surgeon’s experience and clinical aspects of the patients.
Expanding the Horizons of Primary School Children in the Process of Playing the Game "Gastronomic travel"
Authors: Kovalevskaya I.
Published: April 2020

The article proposes to consider a cycle of lessons for younger students, the purpose of which is to familiarize themselves with the culinary traditions of different countries. The concept developed with the active participation of the author and implemented in the course "Gastronomic travel" is intended to complement the educational subject "The World Around Us": during the lessons, the preparation of national dishes by students is accompanied by a complete "regional immersion". Based on the research of reputable psychologists and teachers, the significance of the role-playing game for the child as a means of understanding the world and preparing for further serious activity is revealed. Its relevance is emphasized not only for preschoolers, but also for children of primary school age. Particular attention is paid to the practice of using educational and play techniques in the educational process of primary school, which allows you to avoid routine, stimulates the child's cognitive interest, creates conditions for his free self-expression and development.
The Strategic Objective of Improving the Professional Skills of Primary School Teachers in the Light of the Implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard of the Primary General Education
Authors: Vinogradova Natalya
Published: April 2020

The article discusses issues related to improving the professional competencies of an elementary school teacher, suggests ways to improve his professional skills, which allows in practice to form the functional literacy of a primary school student, which is stated as part of the requirements in the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education (FSES PGE). The history of the concept of “functional literacy” is considered, a program of continuing education courses is set out, the purpose of which is to ensure the teacher’s readiness to organize the process of formation of the functional literacy of a primary school student.
Periodization of Children’s Imaging Activities
Authors: Moreva Ol'ga
Published: April 2020

The article discusses the changes that occur in the drawings of children as they grow up. Based on the analysis of studies of children’s drawings and taking into account their own pedagogical experience, the author’s periodization of children’s visual activity was compiled. Its age stages and stages of artistic development of children aged from 1 year to 12 years are reflected in it. The characteristics of children’s drawings at each stage are given, the corresponding features of the children’s pictorial activity, their relation to the drawing process and their artwork are analyzed. Brief methodological recommendations are given on the organization of the pictorial activity of children at each of the distinguished stages.
Las habilidades cognitivas y socioemocionales de los adultos y sus resultados en el mercado laboral en Colombia
Authors: Acosta Pablo , Muller Noël , Sarzosa Miguel
Published: April 2020

Investigaciones existentes en países desarrollados muestran que personas con mayores niveles de habilidades cognitivas y socioemocionales obtienen mejores resultados en el mercado laboral. Sin embargo, se desconoce si esos hallazgos se pueden extrapolar a países de medianos y bajos ingresos. En este documento, exploramos cómo las habilidades cognitivas y socioemocionales en adultos colombianos (edad entre 15 y 64) se relacionan con sus condiciones laborales. Controlando por números factores distorsionantes en una encuesta transversal, encontramos que adultos con altos niveles de habilidades obtienen mejores resultados en el mercado laboral. Las habilidades cognitivas y socioemocionales se asocian con diferentes indicadores. Adultos con mayores niveles de habilidades cognitivas tienen mejores trabajos (con salarios más altos, formales y menos proclives a ser trabajos manuales) y son más propensos a completar su educación terciaria. Las habilidades socioemocionales se relacionan, aunque en menor medida, con tener un mejor trabajo. No obstante, se vinculan estrechamente con la probabilidad de ser activo en el mercado laboral y con la probabilidad de completar su educación terciaria. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los adultos colombianos con mayores niveles de habilidades cognitivas y socioemocionales logran mejores resultados en el mercado laboral y que intervenciones de política que faciliten el desarrollo de ambos tipos de habilidades pueden tener consecuencias muy positivas.
Producción chilena de Molibdeno: Influencia en el mercado mundial y su comportamiento exportador (2007-2016)
Authors: Donoso Ovalle Ricardo , Valenzuela Klagges Bárbara , Soto Bubert Andrés , Muñoz Pavlov Vlamir , Valenzuela Klagges Ivan
Published: April 2020

Chile es líder en la industria mundial de molibdeno, sin embargo, no se observan estudios relacionados con la modelación del comportamiento exportador. Se estudia el comportamiento exportador chileno del molibdeno durante el período 2007-2016 y detectan las variables que influyen en él. Adicionalmente, se identifica el efecto de las relaciones comerciales, tratados de libre comercio, facilitación comercial y logística. Para modelar el comportamiento exportador de molibdeno se aplica un modelo gravitacional ampliado a la realidad del comercio bilateral chileno y mercado mundial del molibdeno. El modelo planteado sigue un patrón que corresponde a datos de panel dinámicos.
Efectos de los auges y la crisis del petróleo en la economía colombiana: un enfoque autorregresivo vectorial variable en el tiempo
Authors: Melo-Becerra Ligia Alba , Parrado-Galvis Ligia Marcela , Ramos-Forero Jorge Enrique , Zarate-Solano Héctor Manuel
Published: April 2020

El propósito de este documento es estimar el impacto de los choques de precios y producción de petróleo en variables macroeconómicas como la deuda pública, el tipo de cambio real y la actividad económica colombiana. Este país depende en gran medida de las exportaciones de petróleo, lo que podría conducir a diferentes obstáculos en el manejo macroeconómico cuando los precios y la producción de petróleo registran fluctuaciones. El documento describe la importancia del petróleo en Colombia, que pasó de ser un país completamente importador en 1976 a una economía exportadora de petróleo en 1986. El análisis empírico utiliza una metodología de vectores autorregresivos con parámetros cambiantes en el tiempo, que supone que la relación entre los precios y la producción de petróleo con las variables macroeconómicas cambia dinámicamente. Los resultados confirman que existen diferentes patrones de volatilidad estocástica de las variables incluidas en el modelo. De acuerdo con las funciones impulso-respuesta, los choques positivos del precio del petróleo no causaron efectos significativos en el tipo de cambio real ni en la deuda pública. Sin embargo, el choque negativo de los precios en 2015 condujo a una depreciación real y a un aumento de la deuda pública.
Intervindo em atividade física, alimentação e estresse em moradores de município de pequeno porte
Authors: Galliano Leony Morgana , Reichert Felipe Fossati
Published: April 2020

Objetivou-se apresentar o modelo conceitual e desafios de uma intervenção de educação em saúde, incluída por meio do Sistema Único de Saúde. Todos moradores de Dona Francisca, Rio Grande do Sul, de 50-80 anos de idade, atendidos pelos oito agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) foram considerados elegíveis para a intervenção, que abrangeu: i) encontro individual; ii) contatos motivacionais; iii) encontros educacionais relacionados à atividade física, alimentação e controle de estresse. A intervenção foi conduzida pelos ACS previamente treinados. Foram realizadas três coletas de dados: i) linha de base (2014; n = 649); ii) intermediária (2015; n = 544) e; iii)  final (2016; n = 555). Os principais desafios foram relacionados a pactuação dos ACS, baixa participação nos encontros educacionais e coleta de dados, especialmente em áreas rurais. Porém, houve capacitação dos ACS, maior acesso às informações de saúde para a população e coletas de dados que possibilitam traçar o perfil de uma população de município de pequeno porte.
Examining the Heterogeneous Impact of Ride-Hailing Services on Public Transit Use
Authors: Babar Yash , Burtch Gordon
Published: April 2020

Practice or Policy Abstract
Enabling perinatal volunteering
Authors: Suppiah Celia
Published: April 2020

Quality peer support has an important contribution to make to the ‘Better Births’ agenda. Celia Suppiah, CEO of Parents 1st UK, explains the reason
Gestational diabetes and ethics
Authors: Winter George F
Published: April 2020

With cases of gestational diabetes on the rise due to the increase in obesity rates, George F Winter reveals the importance of screening and diagnosis
Terminology review: changing culture to reduce risk
Authors: Nurmahi Christina
Published: April 2020

Christina Nurmahi clarifies the distinction between the terms Syntocinon® and Syntometrine® in order to avoid confusion in clinical practice
Back to the future: midwives' experiences of undertaking a return to midwifery practice programme
Authors: Cowman Triona , Fleming Judith Mary , Greene Liz
Published: April 2020

Background

Midwives returning to practice is considered to be an important recruitment initiative. Refresher programmes are generally required by returning midwives; however, there is a paucity of current research on the success of these programmes.

Aim

To explore the experiences of registered midwives undertaking a return to midwifery practice programme in Ireland, and the effectiveness of the programme in preparing and returning midwives to practice.

Method

A mixed-methods approach was used including data collection through questionnaire, focus groups and interviews. Nine midwives undertaking a return to midwifery practice programme were included in the study.

Findings

A passion for midwifery is a key driver for returning to practice. Returning midwives have unique learning and support needs yet they do not always receive the appropriate support. In total, 62% of midwives did not return to midwifery practice on programme completion. Challenges were encountered when seeking employment opportunities to consolidate knowledge and skills gained on the return to midwifery practice programme.

Conclusion

Return to midwifery practice programmes need to be tailored and clinical staff need to be adequately prepared to provide the required support. As a recruitment strategy, current emphasis is on the education component. However, equal emphasis needs to be placed on employment pathways on programme completion if this initiative is to be effective at returning midwives back to the workforce.
Investigation of informed consent procedures initiated in the intrapartum period
Authors: Alvarez Mary , Hotton Emily , Harding Sam , Crofts Joanna F , Wade Julia
Published: April 2020

Background

When research involves procedures initiated in the intrapartum period, there is considerable variation in information provision. If midwives are to optimise the process of information provision and facilitate good understanding of the research, we need to understand how information is currently being provided.

Aim

To investigate the feasibility and acceptability of an approach to investigating information provision for informed consent to research involving interventions initiated during the intrapartum period.

Methods

Audio recordings of seven study recruitment consultations and six structured interviews were transcribed and analysed to construct a ‘hints and tips’ for recruitment document for midwives.

Findings

Most women and three out of five midwives agreed to audio-recording consultations. All participants confirmed the acceptability of audio-recording recruitment consultations. Midwives varied in their experiences.

Conclusion

This approach to exploring the informed consent processes is feasible and acceptable to women and midwives. Findings will inform further investigation of information provision in the ASSIST II study.
A report on a quality improvement initiative to increase midwives' confidence in attending home birth
Authors: Horler Angela Lynn
Published: April 2020

Since the dissolvement of the ‘supervisor of midwives’ role, NHS England has introduced a new midwifery role: the professional midwifery advocate (PMA) via the advocating for education and quality improvement (A-EQUIP) model. The author undertook the long course PMA study, which is a six-month module. A requirement of the module was to implement a quality improvement project within the student PMA NHS Trust. As part of a wider project under the ‘Better Births Maternity Transformation Programme’ (2016) to increase the home birth rate for the trust, the author chose to implement a quality improvement project to improve the (shared) home birth equipment available to community midwives, aiming to increase midwives’ confidence in attending home birth. Through the use of quality improvement tools and utilising a compassionate leadership model, the project aim was met: 75% of midwives reported they felt increased confidence in attending home birth with the new equipment offering.
Are you a myth-busting, empathetic infection control superhero?
Authors: Bissett Julie
Published: April 2020

Julie Bissett considers how dental nurses are perfectly placed to filter the facts from the fiction when it comes to infection control
More than just the Monday blues
Authors: Patel Hina , Fagan Saundra
Published: April 2020

Dentist Hina Patel and dental nurse Saundra Fagan consider how to rethink and reframe the stress within dentistry – with a look at the causes and the coping strategies
Ethical advertising and selling
Authors: Collier Andrew
Published: April 2020

Andrew Collier looks at the professional requirements of both promoting and communicating information about treatment – as well as the potential pitfalls
In at the deep end
Authors: Kaur Claire
Published: April 2020

Dental nurse Claire Kaur offers her top tips to help your new job go swimmingly
How to box clever with your time
Authors: Atkins Ben
Published: April 2020

Dentist Ben Atkins on the importance of dedicating valuable hours to planning and feedback, colleagues and loved ones – and even consider ‘switching off’ when you can
Training eyes to save lives
Authors: Matthews Annette
Published: April 2020

Dental hygienist and therapist Annette Matthews talks about the window of opportunity for dental nurses to talk to patients about sun, skin and the power of protection
In safe hands
Authors: Pattni Jenni
Published: April 2020

SBDN charity ambassadors Jenni Pattni and husband Baz have just returned from Uganda, volunteering with Dentaid. Here, they share their experience
Look sharp!
Authors: Ellwood Fiona
Published: April 2020

Fiona Ellwood considers the results of the Society of British Dental Nurses' needlestick injury survey and suggests the number remains alarming
Managing water quality with peace of mind
Authors: Bacon Peter
Published: April 2020

Peter Bacon considers some effective ways in which dental nurses can manage and reduce biofilm in dental unit water lines
Composite Build-Ups: a Review of Current Techniques in Restorative Dentistry
Authors: Bhola Surina , Barker Dean
Published: April 2020

Composite build-ups are a widely used technique in Restorative Dentistry, typically for tooth wear cases. A patient who requires dental rehabilitation may have composite build-ups on anterior teeth in order to increase vertical dimension, improve appearance, and provide protection to their remaining teeth. This paper reviews the most commonly used methods to increase predictability of treatment, including their ease of use and to improve the aesthetic outcomes.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article is clinically relevant in educating clinicians in the different methods of predictable composite build-ups for tooth wear cases.
A Case of Mistaken Identity of a Mesiodens
Authors: Ong Queenie , Flett Andrew
Published: April 2020

This case report discusses the characteristics, sequelae and management of the supernumerary tooth in a developing dentition, particularly the mesiodens. The case describes when an eruption of a mesiodens was misdiagnosed as a microdont maxillary central incisor, leading to ectopic and late eruption of the permanent maxillary incisor. This case highlights the importance of clinical and radiographic investigation where tooth size asymmetry is observed in the upper anterior region.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: The incidence of a single microdont maxillary central incisor is rare and is not known to be documented in the literature. If a small tooth erupts in the midline it should be considered a supernumerary tooth until proven otherwise. Further clinical and radiographic investigation should be performed to determine the presence and location of the maxillary central incisor(s).
Eucalyptus Extrusion Injury: not such an Essential Oil?
Authors: Mustufvi Zhain , Veale Benjamin , Tkacz Karolina , Adams Aidan , Al-Khayyat Ahmed
Published: April 2020

Eucalyptus oil is an essential oil commonly used as a solvent to remove old gutta-percha when performing endodontic re-treatment procedures. Although commonly used by dentists, evidence for its safety is lacking. This report outlines a previously undocumented case of a 44-year-old male who attended the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery department with sudden onset facial swelling in response to extrusion of eucalyptus oil through the apex of a tooth during root canal re-treatment by his dentist. The management of this case is discussed and the important safety aspects with regard to the chemicals used in endodontic treatments are reviewed.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: This paper highlights that the risk of extrusion injury during endodontic treatment is not limited to the use of sodium hypochlorite but also to other chemicals such as, and in our case, eucalyptus oil.
Do dissatisfied patients have unrealistic expectations? A systematic review and best-evidence synthesis in knee and hip arthroplasty patients
Authors: Hafkamp Frederique J. , Gosens Taco , de Vries Jolanda , den Oudsten Brenda L.
Published: April 2020

End-stage osteoarthritis is commonly treated with joint replacement. Despite high clinical success rates, up to 28% of patients are dissatisfied with the outcome. This best-evidence synthesis aimed to review studies with different forms of study design and methodology that examined the relationship between (fulfilment of) outcome expectations of hip and knee patients and satisfaction with outcome. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, Cochrane, and Google Scholar to identify studies conducted up to November 2017. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. In this best-evidence synthesis systematic review, the following main results could be seen. In only half of all studies were preoperative expectations associated with level of satisfaction, while in almost all studies (93%), fulfilment of expectations was related to satisfaction. The effect of met expectations did not differ between hip and knee patients or study design. Fulfilment of expectations seems to be consistently associated with patient satisfaction with outcome. Emphasis in future research must be placed on the operationalization and measurement of expectations and satisfaction to determine the (strength of the) influence of these different forms of assessment on the (existence of the) relationship.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:226-240. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190015
The use of external fixation in the emergency department: applications, common errors, complications and their treatment
Authors: Encinas-Ullán Carlos A. , Martínez-Diez José M. , Rodríguez-Merchán E. Carlos
Published: April 2020

The use of an external fixator (EF) in the emergency department (ED) or the emergency theatre in the ED is reserved for critically ill patients in a life-saving attempt. Hence, usually only fixation/stabilization of the pelvis, tibia, femur and humerus are performed. All other external fixation methods are not indicated in an ED and thus should be performed in the operating room with a sterile environment. Anterior EF is used in unstable pelvic lesions due to anterior-posterior compression, and in stable pelvic fractures in haemodynamically unstable patients. Patients with multiple trauma should be stabilized quickly with EF. The C-clamp has been designed to be used in the ED to stabilize fractures of the sacrum or alterations of the sacroiliac joint in patients with circulatory instability. Choose a modular EF that allows for the free placement of the pins, is radiolucent and is compatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Planning the type of framework to be used is crucial. Avoid mistakes in the placement of EF.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:204-214. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190029
Promoting democracy or pursuing hegemony? An analysis of U.S. involvement in the Middle East
Authors: Wood Ruairidh
Published: April 2020

Promoting democracy in the Middle East has been cited by the U.S. as a key foreign policy objective post-Cold War. As a result the U.S. has intervened in numerous countries and conflicts, particularly since 9/11 and the subsequent declaration of the War on Terror. However, this has not been without controversy and its actions often aid imperialism rather than the country it claims its intervention is benefitting. This paper challenges the claim that the U.S. is indeed promoting democracy, arguing that it is instead pursuing national objectives to increase hegemony. By analyzing U.S. involvement in the Middle East from the Soviet-Afghan War, through the Invasion of Iraq and Arab Spring, up to present day, this paper contends that the U.S. has continuously created instability in the region, in terms of both state and human security. By constructing various actors as threats to themselves, the West or the world, the U.S. has been able to justify its aggressive pursuit of foreign policy objectives in the Middle East. Utilizing the theories of realism, liberalism, and constructivism, this research discusses how the U.S. has attempted to achieve hegemony in the region, and indeed globally, before contrasting this with humanitarian efforts it has been a part of. The paper also analyses the impact external actors have had on U.S. action, discussing the crucial but often constrained role of the United Nations, as well as the contentious proliferation of private military and security companies in the post-Cold War era.
To what extent has U.S. foreign policy contributed to an increase in religious inspired terrorism since 1945?
Authors: Morris Charlotte
Published: April 2020

This paper will analyze the role that U.S. Foreign Policy has had on increasing religious inspired terrorism since 1945. Justifications for the War on Terror after 9/11 were for freedom, democracy, and the eradication of terrorism, yet the interventions that have taken place both in the 20th and 21st centuries have neither spread democracy nor freedom and have even increased terrorism, especially in the Middle East and also internationally. The role that each presidential administration after World War II has played in increasing U.S. power and influence in the Middle East has further increased security threats both towards those in the region and Western states. The significant shift in policy after the attacks of 11 September 2001 allowed for the securitization of religious terrorism and a state of exception in which the United States has broken international law and violated human rights through extraordinary measures. The use of drones, in particular by the Obama administration has allowed the War on Terror to move into the shadows from the overt military interventions of George W. Bush in Afghanistan and Iraq, whilst still having a devastating effect on civilians and the stability of the states it targets. The human rights abuses of the United States both in the Middle East and in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base question the legitimacy of the invasions and aims of the democratic state by breaking the rule of law and have also contributed to the increase in religious inspired terrorism.
State terrorism: are academics deliberately ignoring it?
Authors: Wright Joshua
Published: April 2020

This article seeks to examine whether there is a deliberate ignorance on the part of scholars over the possibility of state terrorism. According to Jackson, Smyth, and Gunning (2009: 78), academics who ignore the “possibility of state terrorism … as a field with academic and political authority … can be considered … conditions that … make state terrorism possible.” The argument will incorporate realism, with its focus on state-centric security, with liberalism, with its focus on human security, to identify which theoretical perspective best evaluates whether academics are deliberately ignoring the possibility of state terrorism. It will also draw on interviews conducted with a small group of academics, all specialists in the fields of security, international relations, and intelligence, during the spring of 2019, for the purpose of this research.
Notes on Michio Morishima's Understanding of Marxian Economics
Authors: Zhang Xian
Published: April 2020

Michio Morishima's recapitulation and study of Marxian economics by means of mathematical methods focus primarily on the typical themes such as the labor theory of value, the theory of exploitation, the transformation problem, the theory of reproduction and so on, which provides a new mathematical perspective for understanding Marxian economics. However, Morishima's understanding of Marxian economics is full of contradictions: on the one hand, he speaks highly of Marxian economics, believing that Marx has conducted pioneering work in and made innovative contributions to general equilibrium theory, dynamic general equilibrium theory, contemporary economic growth theory, input–output analysis and the dual dualities of commodity production society and the like important fields and front subjects of modern economics, in particular Morishima, employing mathematical methods, has proved the objectivity of values and the sufficiency and necessity of exploitation to capitalism; on the other hand, Morishima attempts to integrate Marxian economics into orthodox economics, and finally contends abandoning the labor theory of value, the theory of exploitation (the theory of surplus value) and the theory of the breakdown of capitalism. The work of Morishima shows that formalized Marxian economics must follow the logic of Marxian economics, otherwise, replacing the logic of economics with the logic of mathematics will lead to erroneous results.
The Theory of Factions in Monopoly Capital
Authors: Corell Richard , Herzog Ernst
Published: April 2020

Kurt Gossweiler has become known as one of the most important German researchers on fascism. Particularly his books The Röhm Affair, Big Banks, Industrial Monopolies, State: Economy and Policy of the State Monopolistic Capitalism in Germany 1914–1932 and Capital, Reichswehr and NSDAP: To the Early History of German Fascism 1919–1924 are found as reference books also in Western German university libraries, despite Gossweiler's main merit: having irrefutably hammered out the class character of fascism analyzing the factions in German monopoly capitalism. After 1989, after the incorporation of the socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR), he devoted himself to researching the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union and its impact with focus on revisionism.
Editorial
Authors: Hand Felicity
Published: April 2020

An introduction to the special In memoriam issue of the journal dedicated to the memory of Geoff Davis.
A Marvelous Man
Authors: Griffiths Gareth
Published: April 2020

An account of Geoff Davis’s enormous contribution to African Studies.
Tribute to Geoff Davis
Authors: Hart Justina
Published: April 2020

A tribute to Geoff Davis and a poem inspired by meeting him.
‘The intoxicated octopus and the garlic-kissed prawn’: Geoffrey Davis in Canada
Authors: Moss Laura
Published: April 2020

A celebration of Geoffrey Davis’s work in Canadian literature and his great organizational skills.
It all began with an invitation – from China.
Authors: Romich Manfred
Published: April 2020

An account of how the author and Geoff travelled together to China several times. Forty years of friendship and common interests are fondly remembered.
It all started when …………….
Authors: Senior Mike
Published: April 2020

A brief summary of how Geoff Davis first became involved in Commonwealth Literature following a visit to Southern Africa and experiencing applied apartheid.
Geoff's photos
Authors: Davis Geoff
Published: April 2020

A selection of geoff's photos.
Effectiveness of Online Training and Supervisor Feedback on Safe Eating and Drinking Practices for Individuals With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: McCulloch Emaley , Cuckler Audra , Valdes Elise , Hughes M. Courtney
Published: April 2020

Dysphagia is common in individuals with developmental disabilities. Little research exists on the impact of trainings aimed at improving Direct Care Staff's (DCS) use of safe eating and drinking practices. This article presents two studies using pre-and postexperimental design, evaluating online training to improve DCSs' knowledge and ability to identify nonadherence to diet orders. A pilot study (n = 18) informed improvements to the intervention. The follow-up study (n = 64) compared those receiving training with those receiving training plus supervisor feedback. There was no significant difference between groups after training. Both groups increased in knowledge and identification of nonadherence to diet orders. Online training may be an effective tool for training DCS in safe eating and drinking practices.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Birth Outcomes and Labor and Delivery Charges Among Massachusetts Women With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Akobirshoev Ilhom , Mitra Monika , Parish Susan L. , Valentine Anne , Simas Tiffany A. Moore
Published: April 2020

Understanding the pregnancy experiences of racial and ethnic minority women with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) is critical to ensuring that policies can effectively support these women. This research analyzed data from the 1998–2013 Massachusetts Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal (PELL) data system to examine the racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes and labor and delivery charges of U.S. women with IDD. There was significant preterm birth disparity among non-Hispanic Black women with IDD compared to their non-Hispanic White peers. There were also significant racial and ethnic differences in associated labor and delivery-related charges. Further research, examining potential mechanisms behind the observed racial and ethnic differences in labor and delivery-related charges in Massachusetts' women with IDD is needed.
Integrating Health Promotion in the Everyday Life of People With Intellectual Disability—The Extent to Which Current Initiatives Take Context Into Account
Authors: Kuijken Noortje M. J. , Naaldenberg Jenneken , Anrooij Kristel Vlot-van , Sanden Maria W. G. Nijhuis-van der , van Schrojenstein Henny M. J. , Valk Lantman-de , Leusink Geraline L.
Published: April 2020

Taking the dynamics of everyday life into account is important for health behavior change. Surveys were conducted to gain insight into available health promoting physical activity and nutrition initiatives in the everyday life of people with intellectual disability (ID). Researchers considered characteristics of the initiatives and the attention they give to resources and hindering factors of healthy living for people with ID. The 47 initiatives mostly focused on physical activity and consisted of regularly organized, stand-alone activities. Care professionals, rather than health professionals, were involved. Organizational resources and hindering factors received relatively little attention. Health promotion for people with ID could benefit from incorporating health behavior into routines of daily living, focusing more attention on organizational resources, and improving the collaboration between health professionals and care professionals.
Vision measuring method for the involute profile of a gear
shaft
Authors: Miao Jianwei , Tan Qingchang , Liu Siyuan , Bao Haojing , Li Xianbao
Published: April 2020

Since the involute profile error of a gear shaft influences its
transmission performance, it is desirable to accurately and quickly
measure its involute profiles. With the advantages of low cost,
universal applicability and in situ detection, a vision measuring
method for multiple involute profiles of a gear shaft is developed
only using one image in this study. The base circle radius and initial
position angle of the involute are obtained by geometrically fitting
the involute profile. The correctness and reliability of the method
are tested by measuring the pitch deviation of the gear shaft; a
specialized experiment is carried out; and the factors affecting the
measurement accuracy also are analyzed.
Generation and measurement of high-order optical vortices by using the cross phase
Authors: Wang Chen , Ren Yuan , Liu Tong , Luo Chuankai , Qiu Song , Li Zhimeng , Wu Hao
Published: April 2020

We investigate a method for the generation and measurement of high-order optical vortices (OVs) by using the cross phase (CP), which is applied to implement interconversion between Laguerre–Gauss (LG) beams and Hermite–Gaussian beams in the far-field. Experimentally, we generate LG beams, which are a kind of typical OVs, with 20 radial nodes, and measure OVs with topological charges up to 200 via the CP. On this basis, we discuss the relationship between intensity distributions and the waist radius of initial light beams. This work provides an alternative method to generate and measure high-order OVs, which is useful in the fields of optical micro-manipulation, high-dimensional quantum entanglement, and remote sensing of the angular rotation of structured objects.
Gaussian spatial-polarization entanglement in a folded Mach–Zehnder interferometer
Authors: Asokan S. , Ivan J. Solomon
Published: April 2020

Gaussian spatial-polarization entanglement in a coherent vectorial paraxial light field is studied. Detection of spatial-polarization entanglement through fringe movement on rotation of a linear polarizer, with the light field passing through the polarizer, is outlined. The fringe movement is shown to be a sufficient condition for the detection of spatial-polarization entanglement in coherent paraxial vector light fields. Two Gaussian light fields with a small relative tilt but with significant spatial overlap and with orthogonal polarizations are shown to possess close to 1 ebit of spatial-polarization entanglement. Tunable Gaussian spatial-polarization entanglement is experimentally demonstrated in a folded Mach–Zehnder interferometer.
Effect of hair removal on solar UV transmission into skin and implications for melanoma skin cancer development
Authors: Huang Xiyong , Protheroe Michael D. , Al-Jumaily Ahmed M. , Paul Sharad P. , Chalmers Andrew N.
Published: April 2020

Melanoma is the severest type of skin cancer. As distinct from many other cancer types, the incidence of melanoma has been increasing steadily over the last century. Discovering new risk factors of melanoma will not only raise public awareness but also potentially contribute to the improvement of skin cancer protection in the future. Nowadays, the tendency of shaving skin hair is becoming increasingly popular for aesthetic purposes. However, human hair serves several functions, one of which is ultraviolet (UV) protection for the skin. What is more, stem cells found in the follicles of hair could be the origin of melanoma upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the effect of shaving on solar UV transmission in the skin. To achieve that, two groups of skin models are constructed in TracePro software: one with unaltered hair and one with shaved hair. The UV transport in the models is simulated using the Monte Carlo method and the absorptions in the stem cells layer are compared. It is found that shaving will increase the UV transmission to the follicular stem cells to a certain degree. More specifically, shaving limbs will generally increase the solar UV transmission from about 5% to 20% in the UV wavelength range.
Guided-mode resonances in flexible 2D terahertz photonic crystals
Authors: Kyaw Chan , Yahiaoui Riad , Chase Zizwe A. , Tran Viet , Baydin Andrey , Tay Fuyang , Kono Junichiro , Manjappa Manukumara , Singh Ranjan , Abeysinghe Don C. , Urbas Augustine M. , Searles Thomas A.
Published: April 2020

In terahertz (THz) photonics, there is an ongoing effort to develop
thin, compact devices such as dielectric photonic crystal (PhC) slabs
with desirable light–matter interactions. However, previous works in
THz PhC slabs have been limited to rigid substrates with thicknesses

∼

100

s

of micrometers. Dielectric PhC slabs
have been shown to possess in-plane modes that are excited by external
radiation to produce sharp guided-mode resonances with minimal
absorption for applications in sensors, optics, and lasers. Here we
confirm the existence of guided resonances in a membrane-type THz PhC
slab with subwavelength (

λ
0

/

6

−

λ
0

/

12

) thicknesses of flexible dielectric
polyimide films. The transmittance of the guided resonances was
measured for different structural parameters of the unit cell.
Furthermore, we exploited the flexibility of the samples to modulate
the guided modes for a bend angle of

θ
≥

5
∘

, confirmed experimentally by the
suppression of these modes. The mechanical flexibility of the device
allows for an additional degree of freedom in system design for
high-speed communications, soft wearable photonics, and implantable
medical devices.
Carta Social Municipal: uma estratégia de intervenção integrada
Authors: Cordeiro A. M. Rochette , Santos Lúcia
Published: April 2020

As transformações observadas na década de 70 relativamente a valores pessoais, sociais e culturais, bem como a aspetos laborais tiveram significativas repercussões na evolução da área social. Se até esse momento esta era restrita e deveras simplificada, após este período sofreu uma grande modificação, alargando-se e tornando-se mais complexa. No momento atual parece ser inquestionável que a ação social apresenta um papel imprescindível numa sociedade cuja evolução deu origem a novas necessidades e modos de vida, vendo-se, assim, confrontada com uma crescente procura de diferentes respostas sociais de apoio aos indivíduos carenciados e respetivas famílias. A necessidade de se equacionar uma Carta Social Dinâmica surge como resposta à inexistência de uma política sustentável de ação social em termos municipais que apontasse medidas concretas para os desafios crescentes.
A Geografia e a globalização. Análise e reflexão a partir de um estudo de caso na Bahia (Brasil)
Authors: Fernandes João Luís J.
Published: April 2020

[Recensão a] NETO, S. C. (2014) - Do isolamento regional à globalização: Contradições sobre o desenvolvimento do Extremo Sul da Bahia. Salvador, Editora da Universidade Federal da Bahia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0871-1623_34_13
Relações Externas da União Europeia a Leste: nota introdutória
Authors: Freire Maria Raquel
Published: April 2020

Este número especial da Revista Debater a Europa é dedicado às relações externas da União Europeia (UE) com destaque para as relações da UE com a Rússia e com os estados da Parceria Oriental. Num contexto de rivalidade sem precedente após o final da Guerra Fria entre a UE e a Rússia, cujas implicações na área de vizinhança partilhada entre estes dois atores são muito claras, impõe-se analisar estas relações de modo a melhor compreender como chegamos à situação atual e podermos então refletir sobre como avançar numa lógica mais construtiva. O desafio de organizar este número especial surge no contexto dos trabalhos que estou a desenvolver no âmbito da Cátedra Jean Monnet1, e constitui um momento de reflexão importante sobre as relações externas da UE num momento particularmente desafiador do processo de construção europeia. Agradeço o convite aos editores da Revista e deixo um agradecimento muito particular aos autores que se associaram a esta iniciativa permitindo dar-lhe forma e substância.
Relationship Between the Police Educational Formation System and Public Security
Authors: Beu Artur , Nepravishta Ariana
Published: April 2020

The harmonization between the Albanian police education system and the EuropeanFramework and in particular with the Bologna System is a must of nowadays and for thepolice organization itself. In this context, the police organization needs to be upgradeespecially in the upper level but it can’t be understood without an adequate educationalsystem. Currently, the challenges of the police education system face some obstacles offormation type which lead to a lack in the police education to achieve university levels.This will return into a boomerang for the forthcoming generations which are beingprepared to be police staff, due to the lack of relevant university education. Based on thecurrent education model, a police officer recruit has the opportunity to joint policeorganization after the high school (18 years old), and his education level is destined to benot upgraded in any way in order to reach university levels. It seems that Albania has somuch need to an escalation process when it comes to the police education system that itcan accept a missing formation which could lead to real problems in the near future. Thistype of model could function in the basic operational level but it is destined tomalfunction in the upper level of leadership. In this contexts it is needed a paralleluniversity education level associated to the police education formation in order toupgrade the police leadership. Currently, there is no experience of cooperation betweenuniversities and police formation institution in this regard. In Europe and other countriesof the Region the main goal is the unification of curricula in order to have some commoncore curricula and in this manner to improve the mutual exchange of students and cadetsfrom one to another institution and from one to another country. This is absolutelyachievable also in police education and formation framework. A more effectivecooperation and exchange process of students among police academies and formationcenters in Europe and region will enable a more effective fight against crime and will leadto the so desirable product of enhancement of public trust towards police and an increaseof the perception of security.
Sustainability Comparison Between Organic and Conventional Systems at Farm and Field Scale: A Case Study in Olive Production Systems in Apulia Region
Authors: Calabrese Jenny , Pacini Cesare , Vazzana Concetta , Nikolla Mariana
Published: April 2020

Dependence of conventional agricultural systems on chemical fertilizers and pesticidesmakes agricultural systems less stable and important drift polluters influencing to theregional and global sustainability. This problem made human being think about thealternative systems: agricultural systems that mimic natural systems and are friendly to theenvironment; those have higher economical efficiency concerning production level andcosts. The objective of the present study was sustainability assessment and comparison oforganic and conventional system with special focus environmental and economicalperformance. The case study consisted of two organic and conventional olive producingfarms in the South of Italy. The method used for sustainability assessment wasEnvironmental Accounting Information System (EAIS) that integrates togetherenvironmental (soil organic matter, soil erosion, genetic and landscape biodiversity,EPRIP, etc ) and economical indicators (gross margin). Data used for assessment ofEAIS indicators values were mainly collected from: farm economic-accounting systems,interviews, farm maps, area public organizations, bibliographical sources, farm nutrientaccounting systems, observations and field assessments and chemical soil analyses. Theindicator values measured into two farms were compared to theoretical or referenceindicator values. Based on indicator assessment it was concluded that organic olivegrowing farm had better performance than conventional farm.
Education For Sustainable Development
Authors: Engjellushe Engjellushe
Published: April 2020

The practical definition of sustainable development remains "balance between the social,economic and natural resources”. To builda system for sustainable development inprogress is very difficult; it should be noted that to talk about the three elements at thesame time. Finding balance, adds more difficult, because, "the preservation of theecosystem", includes in itself, human capital,making peoples an integral part of theecosystem that we are trying to save. Mostly, sustainable development requires major andradical changes, in particular to human behaviors and habits, connected to nature and theeconomy. The aim of this article is to identify the role of education in sustainabledevelopment. The development of education inthe context of sustainable development,promotes the correct answer of science, but a way of engaging with different perspectiveson the world we live in, and share together every moment of our lives.