bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leakage Threshold of a Saddle Point
Authors: Huang De , Yan Xiang , Larsson Roland , Almqvist Andreas
Published: March 2023

The threshold condition for leakage inception is of great interest to many engineering applications, and it is essential for seal design. In the current study, the leakage threshold is studied by means of a numerical method for a mechanical contact problem between an elastic bi-sinusoidal surface and a rigid flat surface. The coalesce process of the contact patches is first investigated, and a generalized form of solution for the relation between the contact area ratio and the average applied pressure is acquired. The current study shows that the critical value of the average applied pressure and the corresponding contact area required to close the percolation path can be represented as a power law of a shape parameter, if the effect of the hydrostatic load from the pressurized fluid is ignored. With contact patches merged under a constant applied load, the contact breakup process is investigated with elevated sealed fluid pressure condition, and it is shown that the leakage threshold is a function of the excess pressure, which is defined as a ratio between the average applied pressure and the critical pressure under dry contact conditions.

Graphical abstract
Critical Closing Pressure and Cerebrovascular Resistance Responses to Intracranial Pressure Variations in Neurocritical Patients
Authors: Brasil Sérgio , de Carvalho Nogueira Ricardo , Salinet Ângela Salomão Macedo , Yoshikawa Márcia Harumy , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen , Paiva Wellingson , Malbouisson Luiz Marcelo Sá , Bor-Seng-Shu Edson , Panerai Ronney B.
Published: March 2023

Background

Critical closing pressure (CrCP) and resistance-area product (RAP) have been conceived as compasses to optimize cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and monitor cerebrovascular resistance, respectively. However, for patients with acute brain injury (ABI), the impact of intracranial pressure (ICP) variability on these variables is poorly understood. The present study evaluates the effects of a controlled ICP variation on CrCP and RAP among patients with ABI.

Methods

Consecutive neurocritical patients with ICP monitoring were included along with transcranial Doppler and invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring. Internal jugular veins compression was performed for 60 s for the elevation of intracranial blood volume and ICP. Patients were separated in groups according to previous intracranial hypertension severity, with either no skull opening (Sk1), neurosurgical mass lesions evacuation, or decompressive craniectomy (DC) (patients with DC [Sk3]).

Results

Among 98 included patients, the correlation between change (Δ) in ICP and the corresponding ΔCrCP was strong (group Sk1 r = 0.643 [p = 0.0007], group with neurosurgical mass lesions evacuation r = 0.732 [p < 0.0001], and group Sk3 r = 0.580 [p = 0.003], respectively). Patients from group Sk3 presented a significantly higher ΔRAP (p = 0.005); however, for this group, a higher response in mean arterial pressure (change in mean arterial pressure p = 0.034) was observed. Exclusively, group Sk1 disclosed reduction in ICP before internal jugular veins compression withholding.

Conclusions

This study elucidates that CrCP reliably changes in accordance with ICP, being useful to indicate ideal CPP in neurocritical settings. In the early days after DC, cerebrovascular resistance seems to remain elevated, despite exacerbated arterial blood pressure responses in efforts to maintain CPP stable. Patients with ABI with no need of surgical procedures appear to remain with more effective ICP compensatory mechanisms when compared with those who underwent neurosurgical interventions.
The Making of Gendered Bodies in Human-Robot Interactions
Authors: Velázquez Isabel García
Published: March 2023

With a growing curiosity in anthropomorphic robots, academics and interested parties have started to examine the ethical implications and social impacts of their (mis)use. Gender in anthropomorphic robots is a field that is slowly beginning to receive attention. Yet, its ambiguity has led to treating gender in anthropomorphic robots in a reductionist fashion, pointing to how stereotypical characteristics make certain gender identities and practices legible. I illustrate that the making of gendered bodies goes beyond the oversimplification of stereotypical readable gender cues. Thus, relational and corporeal ways of connecting people and technological artifacts can help to (de)construct the practices of gendering the human body and the body of anthropomorphic robots. This entails ‘alive genders’. By ‘alive genders’ I am referring to an approach which keeps understandings of gender destabilized and evolving. This not only brings awareness to the interdependence of the human body and the body of anthropomorphic robots but helps designers and roboticists to study the gendering of robots as a part of social practices.
Population differences in completeness and reliability of Dutch COVID-19 registry data
Authors: van Deursen Babette , de Jonge Ester A. L.
Published: March 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the bidirectional relationship between policy and data reliability has been a challenge for researchers of the local municipal health services. Policy decisions on population specific test locations and selective registration of negative test results led to population differences in data quality. This hampered the calculation of reliable population specific infection rates needed to develop proper data driven public health policy.
Mehrsprachigkeit, digitale Praxis und Schreibfähigkeit
Authors: Usanova Irina , Schnoor Birger , Gogolin Ingrid
Published: March 2023

Durch die fortschreitende Digitalisierung der Lebenswelt finden auch die literalen Praktiken des Lesens und Schreibens vermehrt in digitaler Modalität statt. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, Erkenntnisse darüber zu liefern, (1) ob lebensweltlich mehrsprachige Jugendliche bei digitalen Praktiken von ihrer Mehrsprachigkeit Gebrauch machen und (2) in welchem Verhältnis ihre digitalen Praktiken zu ihrer mehrsprachigen Schreibfähigkeit stehen. Analysiert wurden Fragebogendaten zur Nutzung digitaler Medien und Testdaten zur multilingualen Schreibfähigkeit aus der Studie „Mehrsprachigkeit an der Schwelle zum Beruf (MEZ-2)“. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie zeigen, dass die untersuchten Jugendlichen (n = 277) in erheblichem Maß Gebrauch von mehrsprachigen Fähigkeiten in ihrer digitalen Lebenswelt machen. In der untersuchten Population konnten vier Typen mehrsprachiger digitaler Literalitätspraktiken unterschieden werden. Die Typen unterscheiden sich sowohl nach der Anzahl genutzter Sprachen beim digitalen Lesen und Schreiben (monolingual, zweisprachig oder mehrsprachig) als auch bezüglich der Häufigkeit der literalen Praxen. In Bezug auf das Verhältnis zwischen digitalen literalen Praktiken und multilingualer Schreibfähigkeit konnte, sprachübergreifend, kein systematischer Zusammenhang feststellt werden.
Interventions to Modify Psychological Well-Being: Progress, Promises, and an Agenda for Future Research
Authors: Kubzansky Laura D. , Kim Eric S. , Boehm Julia K. , Davidson Richard J. , Huffman Jeffrey C. , Loucks Eric B. , Lyubomirsky Sonja , Picard Rosalind W. , Schueller Stephen M. , Trudel-Fitzgerald Claudia , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Warran Katey , Yeager David S. , Yeh Charlotte S. , Moskowitz Judith T.
Published: March 2023

Psychological well-being, characterized by feelings, cognitions, and strategies that are associated with positive functioning (including hedonic and eudaimonic well-being), has been linked with better physical health and greater longevity. Importantly, psychological well-being can be strengthened with interventions, providing a strategy for improving population health. But are the effects of well-being interventions meaningful, durable, and scalable enough to improve health at a population-level? To assess this possibility, a cross-disciplinary group of scholars convened to review current knowledge and develop a research agenda. Here we summarize and build on the key insights from this convening, which were: (1) existing interventions should continue to be adapted to achieve a large-enough effect to result in downstream improvements in psychological functioning and health, (2) research should determine the durability of interventions needed to drive population-level and lasting changes, (3) a shift from individual-level care and treatment to a public-health model of population-level prevention is needed and will require new infrastructure that can deliver interventions at scale, (4) interventions should be accessible and effective in racially, ethnically, and geographically diverse samples. A discussion examining the key future research questions follows.
Electronic structural and lattice thermodynamic properties of MAlO2 and M5AlO4 (M = Li, Na, K) sorbents for CO2 capture applications
Authors: Duan Yuhua
Published: March 2023

The electronic properties and thermal stabilities of MAlO2 and M5AlO4 (M = Li, Na, K) are investigated by density functional theory and lattice phonon dynamics. Based on the calculated electronic and lattice thermodynamic properties, their abilities to capture CO2 as solid sorbents are analyzed. The calculated electronic structural properties of MAlO2 and M5AlO4 indicate that all these alkali aluminates are semiconductors with a bandgap range of 2.4 ~ 6.4 eV. The 1st valence bands of these alkali aluminates are located 0 ~ − 6 eV under Fermi levels and are mainly contributed by p orbitals of O, s and p orbitals of Al and M. The phonon vibrational frequencies of M5AlO4 spread at a lower frequency range compared to their MAlO2 phases. With increasing temperature, the calculated phonon free energies of M5AlO4 decrease faster than their corresponding MAlO2 while their entropies have opposite trends. The reaction 2MAlO2 + CO2 = M2CO3 + Al2O3 has higher reaction heat and Gibbs free energy change than those of corresponding reaction 2/5M5AlO4 + CO2 = M2CO3 + 1/5Al2O3, which shows the former reaction possesses lower turnover temperature. Among the alkali aluminates studied, the β-NaAlO2, lt-KAlO2, and γ-LiAlO2 are better candidates that could be applied for CO2 capture technologies.

Graphical Abstract
Reading Spaces in Modern Japan
Authors: Kamei-Dyche Andrew T.
Published: March 2023

This study provides an accessible overview of the range of reading spaces in modern Japan, and the evolution thereof from a historical perspective. After setting the scene in a short introduction, it examines the development of Kanda-Jinbōchō, the area of Tokyo that has remained for a century the location in Japan most bound up with books and print culture. It then considers the transformation of public reading spaces, explaining how socio-economic factors and changing notions of space informed reading practices from the early modern era to the present. This led, in turn, to changes in bookstores, libraries, and other venues. Finally, it briefly considers the nature and impact of virtual reading spaces, such as the representation of reading and reading spaces in popular culture, and new modes of reading mediated by the digital realm as well as the multifaceted relationship between these and older forms of reading practice.
Geomorphology of Desert Dunes
Authors: Lancaster Nicholas
Published: March 2023

Sand dunes are a globally important depositional landform and sedimentary system. Their origins and dynamics are important in understanding how deserts have evolved in response to climate change and changes in sand supply and mobility, and how they will continue to evolve in the future. This book provides a state-of-the-art review of the characteristics of desert dunes and their sediments, and explores their dynamics on timescales from days to millennia as they respond to changes in wind speed and direction, precipitation and sand supply. This extensively revised edition reflects the advances in our understanding of desert dunes, their dynamics and history; and covers recent developments including the luminescence dating revolution, ground penetrating radar and advances in numerical modeling. Also covering dunes on Mars and Titan, this authoritative reference is a must-have for researchers and graduate students working on desert dunes and aeolian geomorphology.
All for One, and One for All? Analysing Party Positions on EU Solidarity in Germany in Challenging Times
Authors: Reinl Ann-Kathrin , Wallaschek Stefan
Published: March 2023

This article analyses party positions on European Union (EU) solidarity in Germany in the run-up to the 2021 German federal elections. While previous studies have investigated whether and under which conditions individuals support or reject different types of EU solidarity, little is known about how political parties position themselves on the issue. The study draws on an original expert survey on German party positions, including various items on EU solidarity. First, we demonstrate that the GAL–TAN dimension strongly shapes party positionings on EU solidarity. Second, the support by political parties varies along the long- or short-term institutionalization of types of EU solidarity. Third, the findings have political implications for the current German government coalition, revealing potential problems for a joint political agenda on EU affairs.
Rotational dynamics of a neutrally buoyant prolate spheroid in viscoelastic shear flows at finite Reynolds numbers
Authors: Li Yansong , Xu Chunxiao , Zhao Lihao
Published: March 2023

Non-spherical particles exhibit peculiar behaviour in non-Newtonian flows. In this paper, we numerically investigate the dynamics of a neutrally buoyant prolate spheroid immersed in viscoelastic shear flows at finite Reynolds numbers by means of the immersed boundary method. Our results show that the period of particle rotation changes monotonically with the solvent viscosity ratio but non-monotonically with the mobility factor. Furthermore, we find five rotation modes of the spheroid under the effects of fluid inertia and fluid rheology in the present flow configuration. With weak fluid inertia, the particle rotation rate is remarkably reduced by fluid elasticity, which also induces asymmetric rotational behaviour. While the particle tends to tumble in the shear plane with weak fluid elasticity and moderate fluid inertia. However, as the fluid elasticity increases, the particle rotates with a newly observed mode, named the asymmetric-kayaking mode, which is classified by two additional critical elastic numbers that differ from the earlier studies on Stokesian viscoelastic shear flows. The present findings imply the importance of fluid inertia and fluid elasticity on the particle dynamics and could be potentially used to control the particle orientations in viscoelastic fluid flows.
A second-order constitutive theory for polyatomic gases: theory and applications
Authors: Rana Anirudh S. , Barve Sukratu
Published: March 2023

In the classical irreversible thermodynamics (CIT) framework, the Navier–Stokes–Fourier constitutive equations are obtained so as to satisfy the entropy inequality, by and large assuming that the entropy flux is equal to the heat flux over the temperature. This article is focused on the derivation of second-order constitutive equations for polyatomic gases; it takes the basis of CIT, but most importantly, allows up to quadratic nonlinearities in the entropy flux. Mathematical similarities between the proposed model and the classic Stokes–Laplace equations are exploited so as to construct analytic/semi-analytic solutions for the slow rarefied gas flow over different shapes. A set of second-order boundary conditions are formulated such that the model's prediction for the drag force is in excellent agreement with the experimental data over the whole range of Knudsen numbers. We have also computed the normal shock structure in nitrogen for Mach

${Ma} \lesssim 4$

. A very good agreement was observed with the kinetic theory, as well as with the experimental data.
Inertio-capillary rebound of a droplet impacting a fluid bath
Authors: Alventosa Luke F.L. , Cimpeanu Radu , Harris Daniel M.
Published: March 2023

The rebound of droplets impacting a deep fluid bath is studied both experimentally and theoretically. Millimetric drops are generated using a piezoelectric droplet-on-demand generator and normally impact a bath of the same fluid. Measurements of the droplet trajectory and other rebound metrics are compared directly with the predictions of a linear quasipotential model, as well as fully resolved direct numerical simulations of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. Both models resolve the time-dependent bath and droplet shapes in addition to the droplet trajectory. In the quasipotential model, the droplet and bath shape are decomposed using orthogonal function decompositions leading to two sets of coupled damped linear harmonic oscillator equations solved using an implicit numerical method. The underdamped dynamics of the drop are directly coupled to the response of the bath through a single-point kinematic match condition which we demonstrate to be an effective and efficient model in our parameter regime of interest. Starting from the inertio-capillary limit in which both gravitational and viscous effects are negligible, increases in gravity or viscosity lead to a decrease in the coefficient of restitution and an increase in the contact time. The inertio-capillary limit defines an upper bound on the possible coefficient of restitution for droplet–bath impact, depending only on the Weber number. The quasipotential model is able to rationalize historical experimental measurements for the coefficient of restitution, first presented by Jayaratne & Mason (Proc. R. Soc. Lond.A, vol. 280, issue 1383, 1964, pp. 545–565).
Buckling of laminated composite plates and shell panels with some free edges under compression and shear
Authors: Prabhakara M. K.
Published: March 2023

A general analytical solution for the buckling of laminated composite plates and shell panels for all combinations of free, simply supported and clamped edge conditions is presented. The solution is formulated in terms of stress function and transverse deflection. All the boundary conditions for the stress function are exactly satisfied. For the transverse deflection the prescribed boundary conditions are satisfied by including them in the expression for the energy integral. Several types of boundary conditions in which at least a pair of opposite edges of the panel are free and subjected to axial compression are considered. The Galerkin method, with beam vibration functions used as shape functions, is utilised to determine the buckling loads. The results obtained are used to examine the effect of bending-extensional coupling, aspect ratio and the curvature parameter on the buckling load.
Technical Note — The impingement of underexpanded axisymmetric rocket motor exhausts and cold jets on flat plates
Authors: Cobbald T. J.
Published: March 2023

Rocket motors are used to provide propulsive thrust for various types of aerospace vehicle. The thrust is developed by the supersonic jets of hot gas emitted through the rocket motor exhaust nozzles. Usually, for most flight trajectories of rocket-propelled aerospace vehicles, the exhaust jets expand freely into the ambient medium. There are, however, instances where the exhaust jets impinge on solid obstacles which are either unavoidably or deliberately positioned in the vicinity of the rocket motor exhaust nozzles. In these cases, the exhaust jets are deflected from their normal paths. When a rocket exhaust jet is deflected in this manner by a solid obstacle, the situation is usually referred to as rocket exhaust impingement.
Flow past two tandem circular cylinders of unequal diameter
Authors: Luo S. C. , Gan T. L.
Published: March 2023

The present work investigates the structure associated with flow past two tandem circular cylinders with a diameter ratio of 0·33. The smaller cylinder is always upstream. The two parameters varied in the present work are the spacing between the cylinders denoted by l/d2where l is the centre to centre spacing and d2 is the diameter of the downstream cylinder, and the Reynolds number Re based on d2 Just like the case of flow past two equal size cylinders, a critical spacing was found to exist. For spacing less than the critical value, shear layers that separate from the upstream cylinder reattach onto the downstream cylinder (reattached flow regime) whereas for spacing larger than the critical value both cylinders shed vortices (co-shedding flow regime). For diameter ratio dl/d2 of 0·33 and at Re ≈ 6·27 × 104, the critical spacing is at l/d2 ≈ 1·8 to 2·2. In 1·8 ≤ l/d2 ≤ 2·2, bi-stable flow situation where the flow structure changes intermittently between the reattached and the co-shedding types was observed and the probability that the flow is co-shedding within the bi-stable regime is found to follow a normal distribution.It was also found that the reattached flow regime can be sub-divided into two sub-regimes. In 0·66 ≤ l/d2 ≤ 1·2 (sub-regime 1), the vortex formation length, lf, of vortices shed by the downstream cylinder appears to be shorter, resulting in larger drag force on the downstream cylinder and larger r.m.s. pressure around it. In 1·4 ≤ l/d2 ≤ 1·18 (subregime 2), lf appears to be larger which results in a smaller drag force and smaller r.m.s. pressure distribution when compared with sub-regime 1. Only the downstream cylinder has a Strouhal number S2 associated with it in the reattached flow regime. The general trend is that of a slight reduction in S2 with increasing l/d2 which is consistent with the relation of larger lf at larger l/d2 in the reattached flow regime. In the coshedding regime, the Strouhal numbers of both cylinders are similar.

The Reynolds number was varied in the range 3·15 × 104 ≤ Re ≤ 8·81 × 104. It was observed that both the mean drag and the r.m.s. lift and drag forces reduce in magnitude when Re was increased. From the spectra of the lift force, reduction in C'L was found to be due to a reduction in the regularity of the vortex shedding process. From the pressure distribution of the downstream cylinder at constant l/d2, it was found that the reduction in mean drag with increasing Re is caused by an increase in base pressure which in turn is likely to be the consequence of an increase in vortex formation length. The upper and lower limits of the range in the lldi at which bistable flow was detected were found to decrease with increasing Re. At l/d2 = 2·0, the flow was of the reattached type at Re = 3·15 × 104 and 4·75 × 104 but became bi-stable at Re ≥ 6·27 × 104.
The low-turbulence wind tunnel at Tōhoku University
Authors: Itō H. , Kobayashi R. , Kohama Y.
Published: March 2023

A general-purpose low turbulence wind tunnel was constructed using the design method of Bradshaw. Sound absorbent material was used in every four corners to decrease sound intensity produced by a fan. The longitudinal component of turbulence intensity at the centre of the closed working section is less than 0.02% of the mean velocity in the speed range between 18 m/s arid 53 m/s. The mean velocity variations across the working section are within ±0.1% of the mean velocity.

Performance measurements have been done at representative tunnel cross sections to clarify the behaviour of flow in the tunnel. This work differs from previous studies in the sense that emphasis is placed not only on velocity distributions, but also on turbulence intensity distributions at several cross sections of the tunnel.

The critical Reynolds number for a flat plate at zero incidence, Rec = 3.5 x 106, measured in a stream of the very low turbulence intensity of 0.016%, is larger than that reported by Schubauer and Skramstad.
An experimental investigation of the oblique blade-vortex interaction
Authors: Horner M. B. , Saliveros E. , Galbraith R. A. McD.
Published: March 2023

The experimental results of an oblique Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) study are presented. The quality of all pressure data reflects improvements in the Glasgow University BVI facility and in the method of reducing and presenting data. The data collected during oblique interactions is found qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that collected in corresponding parallel interactions, for interactions within ± 30° of parallel. Details of the pressure data are examined in the light of understanding gained from parallel BVI experimentation. The study highlights the effects of three dimensional flow interactions not accounted for in the nondimensionalisation traditionally utilised in the analysis of parallel blade-vortex interactions.
The user friendly airliner
Authors: Cumming A.C.D.
Published: March 2023

When I look back over the list of those who have given each of the previous 36 Roy Chadwick lectures since their inception in 1956, I observe a number of interesting features. The list includes some of the most illustrious names that have contributed to the pioneering and maturing phases of the design and development of gas-turbine powered flying machines. I was fortunate to have worked for and been in contact with — not to say under the lash of — at least two of them: Sir Stanley Hooker and John Coplin.
An examination of vortex convection effects during blade-vortex interaction
Authors: Horner M.B. , Saliveros E. , Galbraith R.A.McD.
Published: March 2023

The experimental results of a parallel Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) study are presented. The quality of all pressure data reflects improvements in the Glasgow University BVI facility and in the method of reducing and presenting data. Pressure histories clearly track the passage of a vortex-associated disturbance across the aerofoil. Tracking this disturbance permits an examination of vortex convection velocities, and also allows for a correlation between vortex trailing edge passage and force and moment perturbations.
Technology developments within the predesign phase of the Hermes spaceplane programme
Authors: Berkes U.L.
Published: March 2023

The development of the European spaceplane Hermes is based on new technologies under investigation. These technologies remain valid to the European aerospace database whatever the political future of the programme. Results achieved have been continuously implemented in the design process, which allowed the consolidation of the baseline configuration. Major technologies within the programme comprise re-entry Computational Fluid Dynamics and hypersonic Experimental Fluid Dynamics, the hot structure, thermal protection and material development, and development of new subsystem technologies for manned spaceflight.

A summary of the technology results achieved during the pre-design phase is made and implementation into the consolidated pre-design configuration is shown.
SIMPLICITY OF LEAVITT PATH ALGEBRAS VIA GRADED RING THEORY
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM PATRIK , ÖINERT JOHAN
Published: March 2023

Suppose that R is an associative unital ring and that
$E=(E^0,E^1,r,s)$
is a directed graph. Using results from graded ring theory, we show that the associated Leavitt path algebra
$L_R(E)$
is simple if and only if R is simple,
$E^0$
has no nontrivial hereditary and saturated subset, and every cycle in E has an exit. We also give a complete description of the centre of a simple Leavitt path algebra.
Corporal Punishment at Work in the Early Middle Ages: The Frankish Kingdoms (Sixth through Tenth Centuries)
Authors: Rio Alice
Published: March 2023

This article deals with a paradox. Evidence for the punishment of workers during the early Middle Ages is richer in the earlier period (sixth and seventh centuries), when rural workers are generally thought to have been the least oppressed; by contrast, direct discussion of the subject largely drops out of the record in the Carolingian era (eighth to tenth centuries), despite clear evidence for renewed intensification of economic exploitation by both lay and religious lordships over the same period. Whereas the punishment of slaves had once provided a richly productive metaphor for thinking through issues of moral authority and legitimate leadership, Carolingian moralists and commentators no longer took the punishment of workers as a meaningful model for other, more morally or religiously motivated practices of punishment. Despite interest in punishment in other, non-exploitative contexts, lords’ practices of punishment of their workers were no longer taken as productive of meaning, whether positive or negative. The relationship of lords with their lowest-ranking dependents no longer defined or illustrated their power in the way that it had for the earlier Roman and late antique paterfamilias. One reason for this was the increasing tension perceived between profit-seeking and the correct, justified exercise of punishment: the two were kept at arms’ length by Carolingian writers to a surprising extent.
A Critical Examination of the African Legal Framework for Indigenous Knowledge
Authors: Oguamanam Chidi
Published: March 2023

Indigenous or traditional knowledge (TK) systems are the springboard of authentic African innovation and creativity. However, there has been no adequate attempt to determine whether Africa internalizes its comparative advantage in Indigenous knowledge systems in its continental frameworks for socio-economic and development collaboration and aspirations. Despite TK's presumed significance and Africa's proactive promotion of Indigenous knowledge in international fora, TK is treated marginally in key instruments, perhaps as a legacy of colonially entrenched contempt for Indigenous knowledge systems. For Africa to effectively participate in the science and technology revolution, it is necessary to have an introspective and critical appraisal of the present traction around Indigenous knowledge, which is a logical starting point for effective science, technology and innovation policy-making in furtherance of African socio-economic and development collaboration in the knowledge economy.
Commentators and Doxographers on Xenophanes’ Theology
Authors: Brémond Mathilde
Published: March 2023

In this paper, I examine the various interpretations of Xenophanes’ theology in antiquity. After distinguishing between the traditions of commentaries and of doxographies, I focus on two unexpected testimonies: Pseudo-Aristotle in On Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias and Simplicius. Both attribute to Xenophanes, unlike other authors, the thesis that the god is neither limited nor unlimited and neither moved nor unmoved. I argue that this reading originates from Theophrastus, more specifically from a commentary on Aristotle’s Physics, but that Pseudo-Aristotle is responsible for misinterpreting this claim and adding arguments to justify it. I finally highlight the many sources of Simplicius, who uses not only Theophrastus’ commentary on the Physics and Pseudo-Aristotle, but also another doxographical work, possibly the Physical Opinions of Theophrastus.
Not by Dioscorides: On Simples
Authors: Fitch John G.
Published: March 2023

The work Πϵρὶ ἁπλῶν φαρμάκων or De simplicibus (Simp., also known as Πϵρὶ ϵὐποριστῶν) is ascribed in the MSS to Dioscorides. This ascription, first found in Oribasius (fourth century AD), was accepted by the most recent editor of the work, Max Wellmann, and is enshrined in LSJ, but has often been questioned. This article aims to disprove Dioscoridean authorship on the grounds of two characteristics of Simp.: first, its use of alphabetical organization; second, its unsatisfactory treatment of material that is better handled in Dioscorides’ De materia medica (MM). The use of alphabetical ordering in Simp. is inconsistent and frequently disrupted; furthermore, in the preface to MM, Dioscorides explicitly rejected alphabetization as a means of organizing lists of medications. Internal evidence shows that the author of Simp. made ineffectual attempts to conceal the alphabetical ordering of his material, possibly in response to Dioscorides’ criticism of that method. In its treatment of material that is paralleled in MM, Simp. sometimes lacks clarity or omits important details or makes errors, failings that would be highly unlikely if Dioscorides himself were its author.
Wandering maidens in the Acropolis Propylaia: some considerations on the spatial setting of the cults of the Charites, Artemis and Hermes, their administration and related cult images
Authors: Graml Constanze
Published: March 2023

This paper aims to develop a holistic view on the cults of the Charites, Artemis and Hermes which can plausibly be located in the Acropolis Propylaia. Based on the combined analysis of the spatial and architectural setting, which changed in the course of the erection of the Mnesiklean Propylaia in 437–432 BC, along with the imagery and textual evidence for these cults, I propose that due to the altered spatial distribution and the rotated building axes, initially separate cults were fused together. Consequently, iconographical shifts occur in the modes of depiction of these three divinities. The Charites, who were attached in Archaic imagery to Hermes, in the Classical period become iconographically intertwined with Artemis. The iconographic shift is detectable especially in the new cult images1 for Hermes Propylaios and Artemis Epipyrgidia with the Charites, which had been created by the sculptor Alkamenes, presumably by order of the Athenian state. This article should not be seen as a contribution to the analysis of copies (Kopienkritik) for known statue types or an architectural study; instead, its focus lies in the concepts of visualization of divine images, which were developed for a highly specific spatial setting in the cultic landscape of the Athenian Acropolis.
From Hormone Shots to Cruising Tips: Hungarian Experts and Homosexuality in Late State-Socialism
Authors: Kurimay Anita
Published: March 2023

This paper is about a remarkable file, ‘Interviews with Homosexuals’, in the bequest of László Cseh-Szombathy (1925–2007), who was internationally renowned and one of Hungary's most celebrated sociologists. Looking at the ways in which the interviews and the conceptual framework of the questions asked by Cseh-Szombathy were crafted, along with the interviewees’ answers to those questions, the article investigates the interaction of sexual experts and male homosexuals in late socialist-state Hungary. The author contends that, at the same time as sexual experts had historically fuelled and contributed to homophobia, sexual experts during late state-socialism also became the primary agents who started to speak out against the pathologisation of homosexuality and played a crucial role in facilitating homosexual men's exploration of sexual identity and self-acceptance. The paper highlights how Hungarian sexological experts engaged in productive dialogue with their patients and interview subjects, which shaped sexological expertise on homosexuality.
The Catastrophe of the Present and That of the Future: Expectations for European States from the Great War to the Great Depression
Authors: Richter Klaus
Published: March 2023

To understand the mindset that obstructed the paths out of the interwar crisis, we need to reconstruct widely held expectations for the future of states. To examine how such expectations changed, diverged and competed, this paper investigates the work of inquiry committees, ranging from British and German committees engaged in post-war economic planning to the League of Nation's Commission of Enquiry for European Union of the early 1930s. The paper concludes that the interwar crisis can only be understood if we put the Great War and the Great Depression into a common frame. The war changed expectations, but not as drastically as we would instinctively assume. The expectation of an order of expanding, integrating blocs was challenged by the emergence of new ‘small states’ but survived. It was shattered when efforts to overcome the economic slump failed, leading to a broader acceptance of territorial revisionism across Europe than hitherto assumed.
Sex-specific differences in neuropsychological profiles of mild cognitive impairment in a hospital-based clinical sample
Authors: Karstens Aimee J. , Maynard Taylor R. , Tremont Geoffrey
Published: March 2023

Objective:

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an etiologically nonspecific diagnosis including a broad spectrum of cognitive decline between normal aging and dementia. Several large-scale cohort studies have found sex effects on neuropsychological test performance in MCI. The primary aim of the current project was to examine sex differences in neuropsychological profiles in a clinically diagnosed MCI sample using clinical and research diagnostic criteria.

Method:

The current study includes archival data from 349 patients (age M = 74.7; SD = 7.7) who underwent an outpatient neuropsychological evaluation and were diagnosed with MCI. Raw scores were converted to z-scores using normative datasets. Sex differences in neurocognitive profiles including severity, domain-specific composites (memory, executive functioning/information processing speed, and language), and modality-specific learning curves (verbal, visual) were examined using Analysis of Variance, Chi-square analyses, and linear mixed models. Post hoc analyses examined whether sex effects were uniform across age and education brackets.

Results:

Females exhibit worse non-memory domain and test-specific cognitive performances compared to males with otherwise comparable categorical MCI criteria and global cognition measured via screening and composite scores. Analysis of learning curves showed additional sex-specific advantages (visual Males>Females; verbal Females >Males) not captured by MCI subtypes.

Conclusions:

Our results highlight sex differences in a clinical sample with MCI. The emphasis of verbal memory in the diagnosis of MCI may result in diagnosis at more advanced stages for females. Additional investigation is needed to determine whether these profiles confer greater risk for progressing to dementia or are confounded by other factors (e.g., delayed referral, medical comorbidities).
Substantial Differences in Compound Long‐Duration Dry and Hot Events Over China Between Transient and Stabilized Warmer Worlds at 1.5°C Global Warming
Authors: Yang Yi , Tang Jianping
Published: March 2023

Persistent hot and dry conditions could lead to serious impacts on society, economy, and human health. Using statistically downscaled and bias corrected data, we investigate the changes in compound long‐duration dry and hot (LDDH) events and the corresponding socioeconomic exposure over China in transient and stabilized warmer worlds. The transient response is identified with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and CMIP6 models, while the stabilized response is identified with the Community Earth System Model ensemble. Under 1.5°C and 2°C warming, the LDDH events in China will become more frequent and hotter. Substantial differences are found in LDDH features between transient and stabilized warming. For a given global temperature, the increase in frequency and temperature magnitude of LDDH events over most northern regions is significantly greater in a transient case than in a stabilized climate, while the increase over the southeastern China is substantially stronger under stabilized warming than transient warming. Future population exposure to LDDH events is projected to increase over China. For many regions, the aggregate exposure is two times greater in a transient climate than in a stabilized climate. Under transient warming, changes in LDDH events dominate the increase in population exposure whereas population change has smaller effects below 10%. For a stabilized warmer world, the negative population growth can largely offset the impact of climate change on exposure. Limiting global warming to 1.5°C instead of 2°C can reduce the exposure to LDDH events by 26.1% and 21.8% over China under transient and stabilized warming, respectively.
Climate Change and Rising CO2 Amplify the Impact of Land Use/Cover Change on Carbon Budget Differentially Across China
Authors: Huang Binbin , Lu Fei , Sun Binfeng , Wang Xiaoke , Li Xiaoma , Ouyang Zhiyun , Yuan Yafei
Published: March 2023

Given the increasing attention to climate change and rising CO2 (CCRC) in the global carbon cycle, we remain unclear about how China's unprecedented land use/cover change (LUCC) in the carbon budget has been affected by CCRC in recent decades. Here, we combined remotely sensed land use/cover (LUC) datasets and the Biome‐BGCMuSo model to address this issue by setting different scenarios. We found that LUCC led the carbon sink to increase by approximately 104.24 ± 46.52 Tg C without considering CCRC during 1990–2020. Carbon sinks contributed by afforestation (374.97 ± 36.50 Tg C) and grassland planting (15.75 ± 9.11 Tg C) offset other LUC trajectories caused carbon loss (286.47 ± 32.18 Tg C, 87.33% owing to agricultural reclamation). LUCC contributed carbon sinks were amplified by ∼20% under CCRC at the national scale. This rate increased to 106.03% in northeast China but decreased to −26.68% in southern China. CCRC led carbon sink contributed by afforestation amplified by 85.11% in northeastern China but was only 26.35% in southern China. CCRC amplified carbon emissions due to agricultural reclamation by 103.20% in northeastern China and by 25.09% in southern China. Our results demonstrated that ecological restoration projects are efficient in enhancing carbon sinks and mitigating emissions. Divergent amplifying/reducing effect of CCRC across different geographic regions implied the sensitivity of different LUC trajectories to CCRC varied with different climate backgrounds. Land management strategies should be implemented with spatial heterogeneity to amplify afforestation and grassland planting contributed carbon sinks and decrease other LUC trajectories caused carbon loss under the global change environment.
Segmentation and Radial Anisotropy of the Deep Crustal Magmatic System Beneath the Cascades Arc
Authors: Jiang Chengxin , Schmandt Brandon , Abers Geoffrey A. , Kiser Eric , Miller Meghan S.
Published: March 2023

Volcanic arcs consist of many distinct vents that are ultimately fueled by the common melting processes in the subduction zone mantle wedge. Seismic imaging of crustal‐scale magmatic systems can provide insight into how melt is organized in the deep crust and eventually focused beneath distinct vents as it ascends and evolves. Here, we investigate the crustal‐scale structure beneath a section of the Cascades arc spanning four major stratovolcanoes: Mt. Hood, Mt. St. Helens (MSH), Mt. Adams (MA), and Mt. Rainier, based on ambient noise data from 234 seismographs. Simultaneous inversion of Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion constrains the isotropic shear velocity (Vs) and identifies radially anisotropic structures. Isotropic Vs shows two sub‐parallel low‐Vs zones (∼3.45–3.55 km/s) at ∼15–30 km depth with one connecting Mt. Rainier to MA, and another connecting MSH to Mt. Hood, which are interpreted as deep crustal magma reservoirs containing up to ∼2.5%–6% melt, assuming near‐equilibrium melt geometry. Negative radial anisotropy, from vertical fractures like dikes, is prevalent in this part of the Cascadia, but is interrupted by positive radial anisotropy, from subhorizontal features like sills, extending vertically beneath MA and Mt. Rainier at ∼10–30 km depth and weaker and west‐dipping positive anisotropy beneath MSH. The positive anisotropy regions are adjacent to rather than co‐located with the isotropic low‐Vs anomalies. Ascending melt that stalled and mostly crystallized in sills with possible compositional differences from the country rock may explain the near‐average Vs and positive radial anisotropy adjacent to the active deep crustal magma reservoirs.
Gravity Anomalies and Implications for Shallow Mantle Processes of the Western Cocos‐Nazca Spreading Center
Authors: Zheng Tingting , Lin Jian , Schouten Hans , Smith Deborah K. , Klein Emily , Parnell‐Turner Ross
Published: March 2023

This study analyzes up‐to‐date gravity data in the Galapagos triple junction region to understand crustal structure and melt distribution beneath the propagating Cocos‐Nazca spreading center (CNSC). Application of a standard thermal model to the mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly (MBA) does not appear to result in a realistic crustal thickness in this region. The cross‐CNSC MBA profiles flatten and axial values increase from east toward the western end of the CNSC. A simple smoothing filter applied to the standard thermal model with different filter widths can explain the progressive flattening of the MBA and is interpreted as different distribution widths (concentrations) of partial melt in the mantle. The east‐west residual MBA gradient along the CNSC is similar to the east flank of the East Pacific Rise (EPR), suggesting that the along‐CNSC gradient could partly reflect the shallow mantle properties associated with the EPR.
Accounting for Offbeat Earthquakes Could Improve Forecasts
Authors: Martin-Jones Erin
Published: March 2023

A new model considers the full history of earthquakes on a fault, improving forecasts of when the next will strike.
The role of the osmosensitive transcription factor NFAT5 in corneal edema resorption after injury
Authors: Hadrian Karina , Musial Gwen , Schönberg Alfrun , Georgiev Tihomir , Küper Christoph , Bock Felix , Jantsch Jonathan , Cursiefen Claus , Eming Sabine A. , Hos Deniz
Published: March 2023

The osmosensitive transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5; or tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein; TonEBP) plays a key role in macrophage-driven regulation of cutaneous salt and water balance. In the immune-privileged and transparent cornea, disturbances in fluid balance and pathological edema result in corneal transparency loss, which is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide. The role of NFAT5 in the cornea has not yet been investigated. We analyzed the expression and function of NFAT5 in naive corneas and in an established mouse model of perforating corneal injury (PCI), which causes acute corneal edema and transparency loss. In uninjured corneas, NFAT5 was mainly expressed in corneal fibroblasts. In contrast, after PCI, NFAT5 expression was highly upregulated in recruited corneal macrophages. NFAT5 deficiency did not alter corneal thickness in steady state; however, loss of NFAT5 led to accelerated resorption of corneal edema after PCI. Mechanistically, we found that myeloid cell-derived NFAT5 is crucial for controlling corneal edema, as edema resorption after PCI was significantly enhanced in mice with conditional loss of NFAT5 in the myeloid cell lineage, presumably due to increased pinocytosis of corneal macrophages. Collectively, we uncovered a suppressive role for NFAT5 in corneal edema resorption, thereby identifying a novel therapeutic target to combat edema-induced corneal blindness.