bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elementary Physical Education Teaching & Assessment
Authors: Hopple Christine J.
Published: April 2021

Assessments are a part of a physical educator's daily life. But most teachers struggle to find enough time to analyze their curriculum and develop assessments to track students’ learning.

Enter Elementary Physical Education Teaching & Assessment: A Practical Guide, Second Edition. This guide is designed to make the assessment process not only easier but also more manageable. Assessment becomes not a burden in a teacher's life but an essential teaching tool that assists students in learning what they need to learn—and indeed can motivate and challenge them to take charge of their learning.

This book, greatly expanded and revised from its original publication as Teaching for Outcomes in Elementary Physical Education, will help teachers

- plan and implement school- or district-wide curriculum based on the latest NASPE (National Association for Sport and Physical Education) Standards (2004);

- create their own assessment tools;

- understand, develop, and use alternative methods of assessment;

- assess program effectiveness and students’ progress toward understanding and acquisition of movement and fitness concepts and skills; and

- design and use rubrics for each assessment task.

In addition, teachers using this guide will learn to

- streamline and manage their day-to-day assessment tasks and paperwork, applying the technology most suited to assist them;

- interpret and communicate assessment results effectively; and

- make assessments an integrated part of their program.

In Elementary Physical Education Teaching & Assessment: A Practical Guide, Second Edition, teachers will discover tips for handling paperwork, tools for communicating with parents, and practical guidance on coordinating teaching and assessment and dealing with grading issues. In addition, they will find more sample rubrics, more assessment tasks, and more curriculum ideas. Dozens of reproducibles complete the most comprehensive and practical book available on assessment in elementary physical education.
Media Permainan Ular Tangga sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil Tentang Stunting di Polindes Gerung Utara Puskesmas Gerung Lombok Barat
Authors: Mulianingsih Misroh , Yolanda Henny , Widiastuti Novita Asri , Hayana Hayana
Published: April 2021

Stunting pada anak merupakan dampak dari defisiensi nutrien selama seribu hari pertama kehidupan. Sehingga perlu dilakukan pencegahan stunting melalui pemenuhan gizi dan pelayanan kesehatan kepada ibu hamil. Cara yang efektif dan menyenangkan dalam memberikan pendidikan kesehatan kepada ibu hamil yaitu melalui Permainan ular tangga stunting merupakan media edukasi kesehatan yang diciptakan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia sebagai upaya dalam mencegah terjadinya stunting pada anak. Permasalahan yang sering terjadi tingginya angka stunting akibat dari pengetahuan ibu yang kurang mengenai stunting dan tidak tahu cara mencegahnya, sehingga dibutukan tenaga kesehatan menyampaikan informasi mengenai stunting dimasyarakat terutama di ibu hamil. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan bersama Ibu hamil di wilayah kerja Polindes Gerung Utara pada hari rabu, 17 Maret 2021 pada jam 09.00 sampai selesai. Tujuan kegiatan ini untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan Ibu hamil mengenai pencegahan stunting.Metode pengabdian masyarakat melalui permainan ular tangga.Hasil yang diperoleh adalah terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan nilai rata-rata antara pengetahuan sebelum (pre-test) dan setelah (post-test) melakukan permaian ular tangga.Ada kenaikan nilai rata-rata pengetahuan ibu hamil setelah bermain ular tangga sebesar 26%. Kesimpulan: permainan ular tangga sangat efektif dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan kepada ibu hamil mengenai stunting, karena dikemas dalam sebuah permainan yang menyenangkan.
Internal Marketing and Employee’s Innovative Work Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Job Embeddedness and Social capital
Authors: Et al., Mubarak Hussain Haider
Published: April 2021

This study also explores the mediating effects of job embeddedness and Social capital. Data were collected from the employees of engineering sector of auto parts manufacturing firms in the vicinity of Islamabad and Rawalpindi regions. To test the hypothesis, SPSS and Hayes Bootstrap software were used for regression and mediation analysis. For confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), AMOS software was applied. The results of regression analysis divulged that internal marketing positively affects innovative work behavior and job embeddedness but insignificantly impacts social capital. Likewise, job embeddedness as an independent variable has a positive effect on innovative work behavior and social capital. The Hayes bootstrap analysis averred the significant mediation of job embeddedness and insignificant mediation of social capital between internal marketing and innovative work behavior. Hence Social capital significantly mediates the relationship between job embeddedness and innovative work behavior. Future direction and recommendations have been proposed at the end of this paper.
Women Centred Development Initiatives: Facilitating or Hindering Empowerment
Authors: Et al., Kamleshwer Lohana
Published: April 2021

Organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), USAID, DFID, are the leading organizations in social development. Others indicate that organizations like WB and other transnational agencies are not supposed to support any change and they fail to embrace the political process and social movements which can be sensitization forces in communities. Some authors have often identified that the concepts and achievements of gender struggles are sidelined by neo-liberal institutions. In this article, it will be argued that women may be being used as instruments in the process of their own disempowerment and this situation is caused by the neo-liberal economic reform and religious fundamentalism. A case study of the Indian women-centered development project of micro-credit, initiated by government and implemented by local NGOs is also discussed. Through a critical analysis of feminism and realities of the development project which promotes it, penetrating insights of its inequalities will be discerned. Further, it will be argued that under a flourishing patriarchal society, it will also draw attention to the rebellion by elected women representatives which have led to a flourishing new concept of women’s citizenship under a burgeoning neo-liberalism and fundamentalism. In this article, how international organizations can report and misrepresent the facts and figures, and set development goals which are beyond expectations, will be identified. In addition, ethnographic aspects such as gender-power relations and existing pathways to women’s empowerment in India will be highlighted. Additionally, initiatives will be recommended that may help to achieve equitable gender goals and gender mainstreaming.
Synthesis of TiO2/g-C3N4 material for visble light driven photocatalytic degradation ofmethylene blue
Authors: Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa  , Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu
Published: April 2021

In this study, an efficient strategy for the synthesis of solvent titanium dioxide and titanium dioxide/graphitic carbon nitride (TiO2/g-C3N4) heterostructure photocatalyst was applied to fabricate a kind of visible-light-driven photocatalyst. The obtained samples were  characterised  by  means of  X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence. The heterostructure shows higher absorption edge towards harvesting more solar energy compared with pure TiO2 and pure g-C3N4 respectively. The  photocatalytic  behaviour  under  visible light  and  kinetics of  the TiO2/g-C3N4 catalyst via methylene blue degradation were addressed. The results showed that the introduction of solvent titanium dioxide  into g-C3N4 enhanced  the  photocatalytic activity in  the  visible  light region.  TiO2/g-C3N4 is  potential  visible  light  driven photocatalyst  for  the  organic substances degradation in aqueous solutions.
Sorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions by activated biomass of common reed
Authors: Nguyen Van Hung  , Bui Thi Minh Nguyet  , Nguyen Kim Nuong  , Nguyen Huu Nghi  , Nguyen Thanh Tuoi  , Nguyen Anh Tien  , Le Lam Son
Published: April 2021

The adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution was studied by Common Reed (CR) activated with NaOH solution of 0.5 M. CR materials obtained were characterized using XRD, SEM and FT-IR. The adsorption data were studied for adsorption isotherms of Langmuir and Freundlich models. Adsorption of Pb(II)  and Cd(II) ions was best fitted with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II)  and Cd(II) ions were 19.84 mg/g and 17.33 mg/g, respectively. Experimental data were also performed to the pseudo-first-order and pseudosecond-order kinetic models. The results indicated that the biosorption of Pb(II)  and Cd(II) ions on activated CR biomass followed well the second-order kinetics. The results indicated that CR can be used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions in wastewater.
Synthesis of Fe2O3 nanoparticles and their applications in methylene blue treatment
Authors: Nguyen Vu Ngoc Mai  , Dao Ngoc Nhiem  , Pham Ngoc Chuc  , Doan Trung Dung  , Nguyen Thi Ha Chi  , Duong Thi Lim
Published: April 2021

In this study, nano Fe2O3 particles were synthesized by the combustion of gel from polyvinyl acohol (PVA) and tartaric acid (TA) for the degradation of methyl blue (MB) from the aqueous solution by the photocatalytic process. Factors affecting on Fe2O3 formation such as the pH of solution, temperature of gel formation, mole ratio of TA/PVA, temperature of calcination were investigated. The structure, morphology of Fe2O3 particles were characterized by analysis methods such as Differential Thermal Analysis, X- Ray Diffraction and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results showed that single-phase Fe2O3 was smaller than 60 nm of average grain size. When using Fe2O3 to investigate the photocatalytic capacity under the visible light irradiation, the results indicated that Fe2O3 catalysts showed a rather high photocatalytic ability to decompose MB. The intermediates coming from the photocatalytic degradation were identified.
PENGARUH KETERLIBATAN ORANG TUA TERHADAP HASILPEKERJAAN RUMAH SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Fembriani  , Selly Adriana
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini untuk melihat apakah ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara keterlibatan orang tua terhadap hasil pekerjaan rumah siswa kelas V Sekolah Dasar Negeri Oebobo 2 Kupang. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh keterlibatan orang tua terhadap hasil pekerjaan rumah siswa kelas V Sekolah Dasar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survei. Teknik pengumpulan datanya menggunakan teknik angket, wawancara sebagai instrumen utama dan studi dokumentasi yang berhubungan dengan hasil pekerjaan rumah siswa. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yakni analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dengan jumlah responden yang di teliti 26 orang terdiri dari 11 laki-laki dan 15 perempuan. Penelitian ini diadakan di SD Negeri Oebobo 2 Kupang, dengan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,001. Oleh karena 0,001<0,05, maka H0 ditolak dan Ha di terima, sehingga dapat dinyatakan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara keterlibatan orang tua dengan hasil pekerjaan rumah siswa. Dari hasil analisis juga didapatkan nilai sebesar 119,00 yang artinya siswa dengan kurang mendapatkan keterlibatan orang tua dalam mengerjakan tugas memiliki resiko 119 kali untuk mendapatkan nilai dengan kategori kurang baik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di atas maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa keterlibatan orang tua memiliki pengaruh terhadap hasil pekerjaan rumah siswa kelas V SD N Oebobo 2 Kupang.
Ledare
Authors: Borgehammar Stephan
Published: April 2021

N/A
Clinical trials of new culture media for staphylococcus isolation
Authors: Polosenko O. V. , Shepelin A. P. , Azhermacheva N. I. , Abaev I. V.
Published: April 2021

A comparative analysis of the quality of the developed nutrient media, Baird-Parker dry agar base and Vogel-Johnson dry agar Base and foreign analogues, was done based on results of clinical trials. The tested media were qualified by the main biological parameters, such as sensitivity, growth rate, and differentiating and inhibiting properties. The evaluation of statistical reliability of the results of trials of clinical samples was evaluated taking into account the number of parallel studies and the number of matches of the results of studies conducted by different performers. 116 clinical samples of received by a laboratory of the testing laboratory center for research from hospital no.164 over the period of clinical trials were analyzed. 46 cultures of potential pathogens were isolated when culturing on test and control media: S. aureus -35; S. epidermidis-6; S. saprophyticus - 5. Lecithinase activity on the medium “Baird-Parker dry agar Base” and mannitol fermentation on the medium “Vogel-Johnson dry agar Base” in the preliminary phenotypic test allow the isolation and differentiation of clinical isolates of S. aureus from S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus.
Soluble forms of immune checkpoints in ovarian cancer
Authors: Kovaleva O. V. , Belova T. P. , Kushlinsky D. N. , Korotkova E. A. , Podlesnaya P. A. , Gratchev A. N. , Zinoviev S. V. , Tereshkina I. V. , Sokolov N. Yu. , Kudlay D. A. , Kushlinskii N. E.
Published: April 2021

The data of a complex immunoassay comparative study of the content of soluble forms of sPD-1, sPD-L1, sNKG2D, sNKG2DL1, sB7-H3 and sHLA-G in the blood plasma of 75 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and 20 healthy donors of the control group are presented. The diagnostic significance of the studied proteins was determined. The study showed that the profile of soluble immunity checkpoints differs when malignant ovarian pathology occurs. There was a statistically significant decrease in the content of sPD-L1, sNKG2DL1, sB7-H3, and sHLA-G in the blood plasma of patients compared with the control group. Differences were found in the content of the studied markers depending on the histological type of tumors. Correlations between the soluble forms of some of the studied proteins are shown, indicating the presence of independent mechanisms of immune regulation in ovarian cancer, which may explain the insufficient effectiveness of the existing immunotherapy for this type of tumor. The results obtained will undoubtedly facilitate the development of new effective methods for the diagnostics and therapy of ovarian cancer.
Determination of adenine nucleotides by the modified method of high-performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Kalikova Lyubov Borisovna , Boyko E. R.
Published: April 2021

Adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP and AMP) play a central role in the regulation of metabolism and energy: they provide the energy balance of the cell, determine its redox state, act as allosteric effectors of a number of enzymes, modulate signaling and transcription factors and activate oxidation or biosynthesis substrates. A large number of methods have been developed to determine the level of ATP, ADP and AMP, but the most universal and effective method for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures is the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method (RP-HPLC). The aim of this study is to determine the optimal conditions for the qualitative separation and quantitative determination of standard solutions of ATP (1 mmol/l), ADP (0,5 mmol/l) and AMP (0,1 mmol/l) by RP-HPLC. The degree of separation of adenine nucleotides was estimated by the time of peak output in the chromatogram. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: assess the effect of the temperature of the analysis on the separation and change of the release time of the analytes in the chromatogram; determine the most optimal composition of the mobile phase for the separation of ATP, ADP and AMP in the chromatogram (the content of the organic solvent in the solution); to identify the effect of pH of the mobile phase on the separation of standard solutions of adenine nucleotides; set the optimal molarity of the mobile phase for the separation of ATP, ADP and AMP in the chromatogram. It was found that the temperature of the analysis does not affect the quality of peak separation, while the composition and pH of the mobile phase have a significant effect on the complete and clear separation of the studied nucleotides in the chromatogram. It was determined that the analysis temperature of 37°C and the mobile phase of 0.05 M KH2PO4 (pH 6.0) are optimal for separating the peaks of adenine nucleotides.
Proteome consistency of the aleurone layer in grain of major wheat species grown over different years
Authors: Meziani Samira , Nadaud Isabelle
Published: April 2021

Background: Aleurone layer (AL), being a living cell layer among the peripheral layers of the grain structure obtained after milling wheat, is rich in, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants potentially nutritional value of the flour. Objectives: To isolate AL in the mature grain of the three major species; Common wheat (CW), Durum wheat (DW), and Einkorn wheat (EW) that were grown at two different years as well as to analyze and compare their proteomes revealed through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and image analysis. Methods: The AL was hand dissected and unicellular purity verified using scanning electron microscopy. AL proteins were separated using IEF pH3-10 X SDS-PAGE then Coomassie-stained. The gels were scanned and the images were compared using the same spot (Nonlinear Dynamics) and were proteins identified using mass spectrometry and database interrogation. Results: For CW and DW samples, no significant quantitative or qualitative differences were observed between the AL proteome in the two years. However, a few quantitative differences were revealed between EW for AL of 2006 and 2007. The identified proteins were classified in the carbohydrate pathway and stress defense response. Conclusion: This remarkable stability over environmental growing conditions strengthens the need to pay greater attention to this unicellular living cell of the wheat grain.

Keywords: Wheat, durum, einkorn, aleurone layer, metabolic pathways.
SISTEMA DO TRÁFEGO INTERNACIONAL: SUBSÍDIO PARA AS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS
Authors: Moreira José César Pontes , Carvalho Paulo Roberto de Lima , Pimentel Cláudio Rogério Carneiro
Published: April 2021

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o Sistema do Tráfego Internacional (STI) de forma a identificar os elementos existentes na base de dados passíveis de tratamento estatístico, aptos a subsidiar os governos Federal, Estadual e Municipal na elaboração de políticas públicas nos diversos setores. Para isso, será utilizada a base de dados “online” do Sistema do Tráfego Internacional (STI), do DPF, a amostra será constituída de dados de cinco anos, compreendido no período de 01 janeiro de 2008 a 31 de Dezembro de 2012, em nível nacional. Os métodos observacional, entrevista informal, da pesquisa bibliográfica, da pesquisa documental e aplicação de questionário.  A coleta de dados primários foi realizada mediante acesso direto ao STI. As entrevistas foram realizadas com 15 especialistas, servidores públicos das esferas federal, estadual e municipal, das áreas da segurança, da educação e saúde. Os especialistas apontaram categorias como útil para o controle do fluxo migratório, além de servir para quantificar e dimensionar os serviços de migração para adequação dos padrões internacionais dado foi apontado como útil para o controle do fluxo migratório, além de servir para quantificar e dimensionar os serviços de migração para adequação dos padrões internacionais. Concluiu-se que há falta de integração das bases de dados dos sistemas informáticos públicos, o que contribui para um aumento dos custos de produção de informação, em razão de dificultar o reaproveitamento de dados armazenados por outros órgãos da administração pública, sendo viável a aplicação prática dos respectivos dados atualmente disponíveis.
RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA DE ESTÁGIO EM MATEMÁTICA NO ENSINO MÉDIO DA REDE ESTADUAL DE EDUCAÇÃO UTILIZANDO O SOFTWARE GEOGEBRA
Authors: Vorpagel Mateus , Flores Samuel , Eckert Bárbara , Ramos Daiany Cristiny , Barba Alessandra Negrini Dalla
Published: April 2021

Este trabalho apresenta o relato de uma experiência da disciplina de estágio supervisionado, do curso de Licenciatura em Matemática, que foi realizado no segundo ano do Ensino Médio, em um colégio da rede estadual de educação. Para o desenvolvimento das atividades estudaram-se alguns trabalhos desenvolvidos por Wankel e Blessinger (2012), Dullius e Quartieri (2015) e Ibraihm (2016), para fundamentação teórica dessa pesquisa. Além disso, analisaram-se os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio a fim de compreender melhor esse nível de ensino. Assistiu-se previamente seis aulas na turma na qual foi realizado o estágio, para fazer o levantamento dos conhecimentos prévios dos alunos. O conteúdo trabalhado foi Trigonometria no Triângulo Retângulo, onde se relacionou o conteúdo com o cotidiano dos estudantes, utilizando o software matemático Geogebra para os alunos simularem diferentes relações trigonométricas de modo a enriquecerem o aprendizado. No final do trabalho foi realizada uma avaliação individual escrita, onde mais de 60% da turma obteve nota acima da média.
AUTONOMIA E ESCLARECIMENTO EM PAULO FREIRE: QUESTÕES NECESSÁRIAS À EDUCAÇÃO PAUTADA NA PRÁTICA DA LIBERDADE
Authors: Borges Ana Maria Honorato , Rezende Euzilene Ferreira de , Ferreira Ludimila Lemes Arruda
Published: April 2021

O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar reflexões sobre autonomia e esclarecimento. Estas duas expressões são essenciais no contexto da educação contemporânea, haja visto que para o ser humano se tornar um ser social e aparentemente livre, ele carece de ser educado e ter consciência do quanto vale a pena a sua independência. Neste sentido, a discussão proposta é relevante num momento em que se vive muito mais a heteronomia do que a autonomia propriamente dita. Autores como Carlos Rodrigues Brandão, Norberto Bobbio, Immanuel Kant e outros foram utilizados neste estudo, porém a ênfase será dada a Paulo Freire. Em Freire, autor considerado como um dos influenciadores do movimento chamado Pedagogia Crítica e um dos mais célebres educadores do Brasil, se encontra o cerne da autonomia, em especial, para aqueles alunos que se matriculam nas instituições de ensino somente na vida adulta. Para ele, a escolarização é o ponto de partida para a conquista do próprio eu, pois ao se autoidentificar o aluno consegue se situar na sociedade de maneira analítica e negar a tudo o que conduz a opressão, evoluindo assim à construção do seu pensamento crítico. Para discutir o referido tema foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, principalmente nas obras Pedagogia do Oprimido e Pedagogia da Autonomia que tratam especificamente de autonomia a partir da condição de opressão. Essas e outras obras do autor trazem contribuições para compreender a importância de se construir uma educação pautada na liberdade, no respeito e na ética, pois só assim os indivíduos serão capazes de perceber e envidar esforços na luta contra as ideologias das classes dominantes e buscarem uma sociedade mais justa e digna para todos.
RESPONSABILIDADE PENAL PELO ABANDONO MATERIAL
Authors: Braga Tania Regina , Amaral Junior José Fernando do
Published: April 2021

Este trabalho pretende abordar sobre a família como base da sociedade, razão pela qual deve ser protegida por todos os instrumentos, pelo que o abandono familiar sob várias formas é considerado crime, mas existem outras disposições do Direito Penal que podem prever ou uma cláusula que contém o ato, mas é aconselhada e punida pelo direito penal. O abandono pode causar danos psicológicos, e muitas vezes, entrar em um quadro de profunda depressão, diminuindo a autoestima e aumentando a insegurança dessas pessoas abandonadas. Os idosos também sentem as consequências, quando são abandonados por alguém, assim como as crianças sofrem, com o psiquismo por causa da ausência dos pais. Iremos analisar de forma clara e objetiva, conceitos, princípios, para discutir os crimes contra o auxílio familiar, especialmente o abandono moral, e material, referindo-se a como são praticados, quais são as consequências, e como as punições são aplicadas a quem os pratica. Crimes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro.
DIREITO A EDUCAÇÃO E A UTILIZAÇÃO DA TECNOLOGIA SOCIAL PARA A CONSTRUÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO NO PROCESSO DE APRENDIZAGEM, INCLUSÃO E CAPACITAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS
Authors: Lacerda Vinícius Samôr de
Published: April 2021

A educação faz parte do rol de direitos humanos assegurados pela Declaração dos Direitos do Homem de 1948. Apesar do esforço das instituições de ensino e dos profissionais da educação, no Brasil, a maioria de nossos alunos deixam as salas de aula como um grande déficit de conhecimento e em seu processo de aprendizagem, o que vem influenciar na vida pessoal e profissional destes. Neste contexto, a tecnologia social pode diminuir ou eliminar o déficit de conhecimento e aprendizagem, assim como, a capacitação de jovens e adultos. O objetivo desta pesquisa é de verificar qual a importância da tecnologia social para a construção do conhecimento, no processo de aprendizagem e na capacitação de jovens e adultos. A temática é importante porque a utilização das tecnologias sociais para a capacitação profissional de jovens e adultos pode modificar a realidade socioeconômica destes. O método hipotético-dedutivo, neste contexto, oferece os meios de construir, metodologicamente, a análise do tema desta pesquisa e a formação de uma conjectura para responder ao problema inicialmente posto. A problemática desta pesquisa é: Qual a importância da utilização da tecnologia social para a construção do conhecimento, aprendizagem e capacitação de jovens e adultos?
CIDADES EDUCADORAS, DESENVOLVIMENTO E SUSTENTABILIDADE
Authors: Albuquerque Claudison Vieira de , Cordeiro António Manuel Rochette , Alcoforado Joaquim Luis Medeiros , Barros Marcos Alexandre de Melo
Published: April 2021

O embate entre os conceitos de crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico, desenvolvimento sustentável e desenvolvimento humano, associado às políticas públicas de melhorias na oferta de bens e serviços, como  universalização do ensino, do acesso à saúde, das melhorias estruturais das cidades (saneamento, urbanização e mobilidade), foram temas que compuseram as agendas dos países na segunda metade do século 20 e início do século 21. Para isso, a construção de cidades educadoras e  inteligentes tem sido uma tendência mundial, ainda que pouco implementada, uma vez nela se coaduna os princípios básicos de desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade
Mixing at the extratropical tropopause as characterized by collocated airborne H2O and O3 lidar observations
Authors: Schäfler Andreas , Fix Andreas , Wirth Martin
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The composition of the extratropical transition layer (ExTL), which is the transition zone between
the stratosphere and the troposphere in the midlatitudes, largely depends on dynamical processes
fostering the exchange of air masses. The Wave-driven ISentropic Exchange (WISE) field campaign in
2017 aimed for a better characterization of the ExTL in relation to the dynamic situation. This
study investigates the potential of the first-ever collocated airborne lidar observations of ozone
(O3) and water vapor (H2O) across the tropopause to depict the complex trace
gas distributions and mixing in the ExTL. A case study of a perpendicular jet stream crossing with
a coinciding strongly sloping tropopause is presented that was observed during a research flight
over the North Atlantic on 1 October 2017. The collocated and range-resolved lidar data that are applied to established tracer–tracer (T–T) space
diagnostics prove to be suitable to identify the ExTL and to reveal distinct mixing regimes
that enabled a subdivision of mixed and tropospheric air. A back projection of this information to
geometrical space shows remarkably coherent structures of these air mass classes along the
cross section. This represents the first almost complete observation-based two-dimensional (2D)
illustration of the shape and composition of the ExTL and a confirmation of established conceptual
models. The trace gas distributions that represent typical H2O and O3 values
for the season reveal tropospheric transport pathways from the tropics and extratropics that have
influenced the ExTL. Although the combined view of T–T and geometrical space does not inform about
the process, location and time of the mixing event, it gives insight into the formation and
interpretation of mixing lines. A mixing factor diagnostic and a consideration of data subsets
show that recent quasi-instantaneous isentropic mixing processes impacted the ExTL above and below
the jet stream which is a confirmation of the well-established concept of turbulence-induced
mixing in strong wind shear regions. At the level of maximum winds reduced mixing is reflected in
jumps in T–T space that occurred over small horizontal distances along the cross section. For a
better understanding of the dynamical and chemical discontinuities at the tropopause, the lidar
data are illustrated in isentropic coordinates. The strongest gradients of H2O and
O3 are found to be better represented by a potential vorticity-gradient-based tropopause compared to
traditional dynamical tropopause definitions using constant potential vorticity values. The presented 2D lidar data
are considered to be of relevance for the investigation of further meteorological situations
leading to mixing across the tropopause and for future validation of chemistry and numerical
weather prediction models.
Temperature decadal trends, and their relation to diurnal variations in the lower thermosphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere, based on measurements from SABER on TIMED
Authors: Huang Frank T. , Mayr Hans G.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. We have derived the behavior of decadal temperature trends over the 24 h of local time, based on zonal averages of SABER data, for the years 2012 to 2014, from 20 to 100 km, within 48∘ of the Equator. Similar results have not been available previously. We find that the temperature trends,
based on zonal mean measurements at a fixed local time, can be different from those based on measurements made at a different fixed local time. The
trends can vary significantly in local time, even from hour to hour. This agrees with some findings based on nighttime lidar measurements. This
knowledge is relevant because the large majority of temperature measurements, especially in the stratosphere, are made by instruments on
sun-synchronous operational satellites which measure at only one or two fixed local times, for the duration of their missions. In these cases, the
zonal mean trends derived from various satellite data are tied to the specific local times at which each instrument samples the data, and the trends
are then also biased by the local time. Consequently, care is needed in comparing trends based on various measurements with each other, unless the
data are all measured at the same local time. Similar caution is needed when comparing with models, since the zonal means from 3D models reflect
averages over both longitude and the 24 h of local time. Consideration is also needed in merging data from various sources to produce generic, continuous, longer-term records. Diurnal variations of temperature themselves, in the form of thermal tides, are well known and are due to
absorption of solar radiation. We find that at least part of the reason that temperature trends are different for different local times is that the
amplitudes and phases of the tides themselves follow trends over the same time span of the data. Many of the past efforts have focused on the
temperature values with local time when merging data from various sources and on the effect of unintended satellite orbital drifts, which result in
drifting local times at which the temperatures are measured. However, the effect of local time on trends has not been well researched. We also
derive estimates of trends by simulating the drift of local time due to drifting orbits. Our comparisons with results found by others (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit, AMSU; lidar)
are favorable and informative. They may explain, at least in part, the bridge between results based on daytime AMSU data and nighttime lidar
measurements. However, these examples do not form a pattern, and more comparisons and study are needed.
Multi-scale assessment of a grassland productivity model
Authors: Taylor Shawn D. , Browning Dawn M.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Grasslands provide many important ecosystem services globally, and projecting grassland productivity in the coming decades will provide valuable information to land managers. Productivity models can be well calibrated at local scales but generally have some maximum spatial scale in which they perform well. Here we evaluate a grassland productivity model to find the optimal spatial scale for parameterization and thus for subsequently applying it in future productivity projections for North America. We also evaluated the model on new vegetation types to ascertain its potential generality. We find the model most suitable when incorporating only grasslands, as opposed to also including agriculture and shrublands, and only in the Great Plains and eastern temperate forest ecoregions of North America. The model was not well suited to grasslands in North American deserts or northwest forest ecoregions. It also performed poorly in agriculture vegetation, likely due to management activities, and shrubland vegetation, likely because the model lacks representation of deep water pools. This work allows us to perform long-term projections in areas where model performance has been verified, with gaps filled in by future modeling efforts.
A Comparative Assessment of Gap-filling Techniques for Ocean Carbon Time Series
Authors: Vance Jesse M. , Currie Kim , Zeldis John , Dillingham Peter , Law Cliff S.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Regularized time series of ocean carbon data are necessary for assessing seasonal dynamics, annual budgets, interannual variability and long-term trends. There are, however, no standardized methods for imputing gaps in ocean carbon time series, and only limited evaluation of the numerous methods available for constructing uninterrupted time series. A comparative assessment of eight imputation models was performed using data from seven long-term monitoring sites. Multivariate linear regression (MLR), mean imputation, linear interpolation, spline interpolation, Stineman interpolation, Kalman filtering, weighted moving average and multiple imputation by chained equation (MICE) models were compared using cross-validation to determine error and bias. A bootstrapping approach was employed to determine model sensitivity to varied degrees of data gaps and secondary time series with artificial gaps were used to evaluate impacts on seasonality and annual summations and to estimate uncertainty. All models were fit to DIC time series, with MLR and MICE models also applied to field measurements of temperature, salinity and remotely sensed chlorophyll, with model coefficients fit for monthly mean conditions. MLR estimated DIC with a mean error of 8.8 umol kg−1 among 5 oceanic sites and 20.0 ummol kg−1 among 2 coastal sites. The empirical methods of MLR, MICE and mean imputation retained observed seasonal cycles over greater amounts and durations of gaps resulting in lower error in annual budgets, outperforming the other statistical methods. MLR had lower bias and sampling sensitivity than MICE and mean imputation and provided the most robust option for imputing time series with gaps of various duration.
Last interglacial sea levels within the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Caribbean Sea
Authors: Simms Alexander R.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. During the last interglacial (LIG) the volume of additional water in the world's oceans was large enough to raise global sea levels about 6–9 m higher than present levels. However, LIG sea levels vary regionally and those regional differences hold clues about the past distribution of ice sheets and local rates of subsidence and tectonic uplift. In this study, I used a standardized database template to review and summarize the existing constraints on LIG sea levels across the northern Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean shoreline of the Yucatán Peninsula. In total, I extracted 32 sea-level indicators including the insertion of 16 U-series ages on corals, 1 electron spin resonance age, 2 amino acid racemization ages, and 26 luminescence ages. Most dated sea-level indicators for the northern Gulf of Mexico are based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of beach deposits of a mappable LIG shoreline. This shoreline extends from the Florida Panhandle through south Texas but is buried or removed by the Mississippi River across most of Louisiana. A similar feature is observed in satellite images south of the Rio Grande within the Mexican portions of the Gulf of Mexico but has yet to be dated. Elevations measured on portions of this feature close to the modern coast point to sea levels less than 1 m to ∼5 m higher than present for much of the northern Gulf of Mexico. However, a few, albeit undated, portions of the same shoreline located at more inland locations point to sea levels up to +7.2 m, attesting to up to 7 m of differential subsidence between the inland and coastal sites. Across the Yucatán Peninsula, U-series dating of corals has provided the main index points for LIG sea levels. Other carbonate coastal features such as beach ridges and eolianites have also been described but rely on corals for their dating. The maximum elevation of the LIG coral-based relative sea-level (RSL) estimates decrease from around +6 m across the Caribbean shoreline of the Yucatán Peninsula near Cancún, Mexico, to as low as −6 m to the south beneath the southern atolls of Belize, although discussion continues as to the validity of the ages for these southern corals. If these lower-elevation corals are LIG in age, their below-present elevations may be a result of vertical motion along faults dipping into the Cayman Trough. South of Belize only one purported LIG coral has been dated on the Isla de Roatán off the coast of Honduras at a likely tectonically uplifted elevation of 37.2 m. Thus the elevation of LIG sea levels within the inland siliciclastic shorelines of Guatemala and Honduras as well as the southwestern Gulf of Mexico remains poorly constrained and a potential venue for future research. The database described in this paper is available open access in spreadsheet format as Simms (2020), at this link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4556163.
Comment on “A comparison of catchment travel times and storage deduced from deuterium and tritium tracers using StorAge Selection functions” by Rodriguez et al. (2021)
Authors: Stewart Michael Kilgour , Morgenstern Uwe , Cartwright Ian
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The combined use of deuterium and tritium to determine travel time distributions (TTDs) in streams is an important development in catchment hydrology (Rodriguez et al, 2021). This comment takes issue with Rodriguez et al.'s general rejection of the truncation hypothesis, i.e. that the almost exclusive use of stable isotopes has truncated our vision of streamflow TTDs and caused us to miss the long tails of old water often shown by tritium. We discuss reasons why this hypothesis may not hold for the catchment described by Rodriguez et al. (2021), but could still apply to a large proportion of all catchments. We also discuss more generally future applications of tritium in northern and southern hemisphere catchments.
A tidally driven estuary close to an amphidromy
Authors: Erenbjerg Sissal Vágsheyg , Albretsen Jon , Simonsen Knud , Olsen Erna , Kaas Eigil , Hansen Bogi
Published: April 2021

Abstract. This paper describes the implementation of a high-resolution three-dimensional model of the estuary “Sundalagið Norður”. This estuary is bound by narrow sills in both ends and has a large semidiurnal tidal variation. The proximity to an amphidromic region, results in a periodically varying difference in sea level height between both ends of the estuary, which generates strong semidiurnal tidal currents across the sills. The available observational data support the model results. The model results verify the dominance of tidal forcing with semidiurnally varying volume fluxes into and out of the estuary. The amplitudes of these fluxes vary in strength with the fortnightly variation between spring and neap tides. More surprisingly, the model also indicates a strong fortnightly variation of net fluxes averaged over 25 hours reducing both diurnal and semidiurnal tidal currents. These variations are caused by fortnightly variations in sea level difference between both ends of the estuary, which are verified by comparison with observed sea level variations. This rather surprising result implies that exchanges within the estuary and with its surroundings vary systematically; typically with one week of net northward flow followed by one week of net southward flow. This variation also appears to affect the mixing processes in the estuary and should be taken into account in planning development or activities. More observational data would be beneficial to validate the model more thoroughly and we recommend that a dedicated experiment with combined observations and numerical modeling is implemented.
Calving Front Machine (CALFIN): glacial termini dataset and automated deep learning extraction method for Greenland, 1972–2019
Authors: Cheng Daniel , Hayes Wayne , Larour Eric , Mohajerani Yara , Wood Michael , Velicogna Isabella , Rignot Eric
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Sea level contributions from the Greenland Ice Sheet are influenced by the rapid changes in glacial terminus positions. The documentation of these evolving calving front positions, for which satellite imagery forms the basis, is therefore important. However, the manual delineation of these calving fronts is time consuming, which limits the availability of these data across a wide spatial and temporal range. Automated methods face challenges that include the handling of clouds, illumination differences, sea ice mélange, and Landsat 7 scan line corrector errors. To address these needs, we develop the Calving Front Machine (CALFIN), an automated method for extracting calving fronts from satellite images of marine-terminating glaciers, using neural networks. The results are often indistinguishable from manually curated fronts, deviating by on average 86.76 ± 1.43 m from the measured front. Landsat imagery from 1972 to 2019 is used to generate 22 678 calving front lines across 66 Greenlandic glaciers. This improves on the state of the art in terms of the spatiotemporal coverage and accuracy of its outputs and is validated through a comprehensive intercomparison with existing studies. The current implementation offers a new opportunity to explore subseasonal and regional trends on the extent of Greenland's margins and supplies new constraints for simulations of the evolution of the mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet and its contributions to future sea level rise.
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an Ice Stupa in alpine conditions: a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface
Authors: Oerlemans Johannes , Balasubramanian Suryanarayanan , Clavuot Conradin , Keller Felix
Published: April 2021

Abstract. We present a simple tool to calculate the evolution of an ice stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the fact that an ice stupa has a very rough surface and is more exposed to wind than a flat glacier surface. The exposure factor enhances the turbulent fluxes.For characteristic alpine conditions at 2100 m, a stupa may reach a height of typically 6 to 10 m in early spring and obtain a volume of 100 to 250 m3 . We also discuss a case where the stupa grows on an inner structure.We show sensitivites of stupa height to temperature changes and exposure factor. Effects of snow cover, switching off water during daytime, different starting dates, etc. can easily be evaluated.
Historical Databases Now and in the Future
Authors: Inwood Kris , Maxwell-Stewart Hamish
Published: April 2021

Kees Mandemakers has enriched historical databases in the Netherlands and internationally through the development of the Historical Sample of the Netherlands, the Intermediate Data Structure, a practical implementation of rule-based record linking (LINKS) and personal encouragement of high quality longitudinal data in a number of countries.
Endless Digging and Endless Picking. Sex Ratios and Gendered Labour in Surinamese Plantations, 1830–1863
Authors: Van Galen Cornelis W. , Quanjer Björn , Rosenbaum-Feldbrügge Matthias , Kraijo Matthijs
Published: April 2021

In this article we study the question why the sex ratio among the enslaved population of plantation workers reversed from a male to a female surplus between 1830 and the abolition of slavery in 1863. We use the Historical Database of Suriname (HDS) to answer this question in three steps. First, we give a broad overview of the changing sex ratios in the various Surinamese regions between 1838 and 1861. Second, we study the age structure on three plantations in the district Coronie in 1830 in detail. Finally, we use muster rolls available for the Catharina Sophia plantation in the period 1848–1849 to analyse the gendered division of labour. Our results indicate that both the male surpluses during the 1830s and the subsequent skew of the sex ratios towards females were the effects of a gendered division of labour, in which plantation managers preferred male labourers for heavy and unhealthy work in the construction and upkeep of plantation polders. This led to an excess mortality of enslaved men.
Automating Historical Source Transcription
Authors: Thorvaldsen Gunnar
Published: April 2021

Transcribing the 1950 Norwegian census with 3.3 million person records and linking it to the Central Population Register (CPR) provides longitudinal information about significant population groups during the understudied period of the mid-20th century. Since this source is closed to the public, we receive no help from genealogists and rather use machine learning techniques to semi-automate the transcription. First the scanned manuscripts are split into individual cells and multiple names are divided. After the birthdates were transcribed manually in India, a lookup routine searches for families with matching sets of birthdates in the 1960 census and the CPR. After manual checks with GUI routines, the names are copied to the text version of the 1950 census, also storing the links to the CPR. Other fields like occupations or gender contain numeric or letter codes and are transcribed wholesale with routines interpreting the layout of the graphical images. Work employing these methods has also started on the 1930 census, which is the last of the Norwegian censuses to be transcribed.