bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulation and In-vitro Evaluation of Bilayer Tablets of Atenolol and Amlodipine
Authors: Sikdar KM Yasif Kayes , Ahamed Ahad , Alam Md Mahbubul , Sarkar Md Raihan , Sajeeb BK
Published: July 2019

The present investigation was focused on formulation and in-vitro evaluation of a fixed dose bilayer tablet of two prominent antihypertensive agents, atenolol and amlodipine. The tablets were designed to immediately release atenolol (ATF1-ATF5) by using different percentage of sodium starch glycolate as super-disintegrant for prompt blood pressure lowering activity and sustain release amlodipine (AMF1- AMF5) by varying the percentage of hydroxy propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) for prolonged activity. After evaluation of the physical and chemical parameters of the formulations according to United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) guidelines, the best immediate release formulation was found in ATF1 in terms of dissolution (99.87% after 45 minutes) and other tablet properties like hardness, disintegration time, good flow properties etc. However, the best sustained release activity was found in AMF3 in terms of dissolution (99.98% after 24 hours with constant release) and other tablet properties. After optimization of the formulations, both atenolol and amlodipine parts were successfully compressed into bilayer tablets and post-compression parameters were evaluated. In 0.1 N HCl medium, the release of atenolol from bilayer tablet was found 98.97% after 45 minutes and in case of amlodipine it was found 98.12% in 0.1 N HCl medium followed by phosphate buffer medium after 24 hours. Drug release kinetics showed that the atenolol layer followed Case I, QasiFickian transport and amlodipine layer followed Anomalous (non-Fickian) transport. Compatibility study was conducted by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, crystalline nature of substances and extent of its conversion to amorphous form was studied using X-ray Diffractometry (X-RD).
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 153-169, 2019
Preparation and In-vitro Characterization of Gastroretentive Floating Tablets of Domperidone
Authors: Hasan Ikramul , Saha Tushar , Reza Md Selim
Published: July 2019

The present investigation was design for domperidone floating table preparation and in-vitro characterization. The ultimate target was increasing gastric retention by means of floatability of the tablet. Hydrophilic cellulosic polymers, Methocel K15M and Methocel K100M were used in this experiment for achieving release controlling property. Sodium bicarbonate played the key role of floatation by generating gas. Direct compression was the method of choice for preparing the tablets. The tablets were evaluated for physical parameters, buoyancy study, total floating time determination and dissolution study. Acidic dissolution medium (0.1N HCl), mimicking the environment of the stomach, was used in USP II apparatus for 12 hours to find out the pattern of drug release. The release mechanism was analyzed by exploring the zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer equations. All the physical parameters were within acceptable range and Methocel K100M showed more floating lag time and sustained release property than Methocel K15M. All the formulations showed more than 12 hours floating time. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study confirmed the compatibility of the drug with the excipients.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 170-175, 2019
In vivo Anti-diarrheal and CNS Depressant Activities of Hemigraphis hirta (Vahl) T. Anders.
Authors: Kayser Md Shahidulla , Bashar Moazzema Binta , Ahmed Tufael , Aman DA Anwar Al
Published: July 2019

Hemigraphis hirta has been used by folk practitioners to alleviate symptoms of several diseases, although the pharmacological activities of this plant have not been thoroughly explored. The current study was designed to assess the anti-diarrheal and CNS depressant activities of H. hirta in mice model. For both assays, the experimental mice received the methanolic crude extract and its petroleum ether soluble fraction at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight which are denoted as CME 200, CME 400, PESF 200 and PESF 400, respectively. Both fractions remarkably attenuated castor oil-induced diarrheal effect in a dose-dependent manner and the results were comparable to standard loperamide (89.47%). Among all, PESF 400 exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.01) anti-diarrheal activity as demonstrated by 78.95% inhibition of defacetion. Compared to reference drug diazepam, all the tested samples considerably shortened the time for onset of sleep and prolonged the duration of phenobarbitoneinduced sleep in mice. The results of our present study, being reported for the first time, demonstrate that the methanol extract of leaves of H. hirta and its organic soluble partionates possesses significant anti-diarrheal and CNS depressant properties. However, this preliminary screening requires further detailed investigation to confirm these findings as well as to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 176-180, 2019
Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. Exhibits in vivo Antidepressant and Antidiarrheal Activities
Authors: Rahman Muhammed Mahfuzur , Shampa Sharmin Khandker , Bari Md Abdul , Islam Mohammad Kaisarul , Rashid Mohammad A
Published: July 2019

Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq., is medicinal herb belongs to the family Urticaceae. It is used for treating various diseases by folk practitioners and rural people. The CNS antidepressant and antidiarrhoeal activities of the crude extract were investigated at 200 and 400 mg/kg bw in Swiss Albino mice model. The crude methanolic extract revealed significant (p < 0.05) antidepressant activity in mice at 400 mg/kg bw. On the other hand, in the castor oil-induced antidiarrheal assay, the extract demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) antidiarrhoeal activity at 400 mg/kg bw.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 181-184, 2019
Antidepressant and Sedative-hypnotic Activities of Methanolic Extract of Grewia asiatica Linn. Leaves in Mice
Authors: Jebin Rasna , Molla Md Islam , Mohammad Chowdhury Surid , Rafe Md Rajdoula
Published: July 2019

Grewia asiatica (Family-Malvaceae), known as Phalsa in Bangladesh, is also native to India, Nepal, Pakistan, Cambodia and Thailand. The plant has a long history of traditional uses. The present investigation was designed to evaluate acute toxicity test, antidepressant and sedative-hypnotic activities of the methanolic extract of the leaves of G. asiatica. In acute toxicity test, methanolic soluble fraction of the plant extract of G. asiatica showed no significant changes in the body weight between the control and treated group at the doses of 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/kg body weight. The extract could not significantly reduce immobility time in comparison with control group and standard drug (Nortriptyline) treated group in forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Sedative-hypnotic activity was evident at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight after observing in hole board test. Sedative-hypnotic activity of short duration of action was also evident in hole cross and open field test.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 185-191, 2019
Antidiarrheal Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Melochia corchorifolia L. and Glochidion thomsonii in Experimental Animal Models
Authors: Jahan Nusrat , Ferdousi Jannatul , Alam Md Jahir , Rahman Tasmina , Rahman Mizanur , Shahriar Masum
Published: July 2019

Diarrhoea is a public health problem in developing countries. It is therefore important to identify plants with antidiarrhoeal activity. Melochia corchorifolia and Glochidion thomsonii have been used in folk medicine to alleviate several diseases. The present study was performed to investigate the anti-diarrheal properties of ethanolic extract of M. corchorifolia whole plant and G. thomsonii bark. Anti-diarrheal potential was evaluated using castor oil and MgSO4 induced diarrhea, GI motility test as well as castor oil induced enteropooling assay in mice. Extracts were used at 250 and 500 mg/kg per orally. Loperamide (10 mg/kg p.o) was used as standard drug. The ethanolic crude extracts exhibited statistically significant and dose-dependent (250 and 500 mg/kg) anti-diarrheal effect against the total number of episodes of defecation as well as diarrheal feces. In animals pretreated with MC and GT extract showed 42.53% (p<0.05) and 53.13% (p<0.001) protection at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 89.40% (p<0.001)and 57.47% (p<0.001) protection at 500 mg/kg against castor oil induced diarrhea. The MC extract at 500 mg/kg exhibited significant (p<0.05) inhibition of diarrhea (51.04%) in MgSO4 induced diarrhea. In BaSO4 induced GI motility test both the extracts inhibited GI motility and GT at 500 mg/kg dose 38.77% which was highly significant (p<0.01). In the Castor oil induced enteropooling assay MC 250 and 500 mg/kg and GT 250 and 500 mg/kg reduced the intestinal fluid accumulation by 27.42% and 48.39% (p<0.01) and 38.71% (p<0.05) and 51.61% (p<0.01), respectively. The results suggested that both the extracts possessed significant antidiarrhoeal properties which was comparable with standard drug, loperamide and further studies are required to evaluate these effects and the potential of the plant.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 192-199, 2019
Evaluation of Bioactivities of Gouania tiliaefolia Lam., an Indigenous Traditional Medicinal Plant of Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Tufael , Khan Rifat , Tabassum Nafisa , Aktar Fahima , Islam Mohammad Kaisarul
Published: July 2019

The crude methanol extract of Gouania tiliaefolia Lam. was partitioned by the modified Kupchan method and the fractions were evaluated for total phenolic content, antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, hypotonic and heat-induced membrane stabilizing activities. The petroleum ether soluble fraction (PESF) and methanol extract (ME) showed the highest phenolic content of 78.30 ±1.60 mg and 70.37 ± 0.84 mg, respectively, which were expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE). Similar trends were observed in case of anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activities, where the PESF possessed the highest free radical scavenging activity and brine shrimp lethality (IC50 = 2.88 ± 0.02 μg/ml, LC50 = 2.59 ± 0.14 μg/ml), followed by ME (IC50 = 4.79 ± 0.17 μg/ml, LC50 = 3.38 ± 0.08 μg/ml) and CSF (IC50 = 37.51 ± 0.96 μg/ml, LC50 = 73.55 ± 0.26 μg/ml). In case of assays for thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities, all extractives showed insignificant results compared to the respective standards. The crude methanol extract of G. tiliaefolia was used to examine the in-vivo analgesic (central and peripheral), antidiarrheal and antidiabetic activities in Swiss albino mice. In case of castor oil induced diarrhea, the ME gave better reduction of diarrhea by 71.43% (at 400 mg/kg-body weight) compared to loperamide (64.29%). Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test and the ME showed 71.42% and 75.39% reduction of blood glucose at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg-body weight, respectively when compared with the standard glibenclamide that reduced blood glucose by 66.17%. The central- and peripheral-analgesic activity was evaluated by the tail-flick test and acetic acid induced writhing test, respectively. In both the cases, ME demonstrated dose-dependent analgesic activity compared to the standards.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 200-207, 2019
Leaves of Clerodendrum wallichi Merr. Exhibit Analgesic, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Ahmed Tufael , Noor Farah Ashrafi , Soma Mahfuza Afroz , Aktar Fahima , Kuddus Md Ruhul
Published: July 2019

The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of leaves of Clerodendrum wallichii Merr. The analgesic activity of the crude methanolic extract of C. wallichii (MECW) was determined by tail flick- and acetic acid-induced writhing method in Swiss albino mice. In tail flick method, oral administration of MECW at 400 mg/kg body weight exhibited 362.19% elongation of pain response in experimental mice at 60 min. The same dose of plant extract significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions in mice and this effect was dose-dependent. In addition, the methanol extract of C. wallichii (MECW) and its petroleum-ether (PESF), chloroform (CSF), dichloromethane (DCMSF) and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fraction were subjected to assay for determination of total phenol content, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities test by standard protocols. The highest amount of phenolic content was present in the MECW (75.44±0.68 mg of GAE/g of extract) while the AQSF displayed the highest free radical scavenging capacity (IC50 value of 7.23±0.05 μg/ml) as compared to 25.18±1.89 μg/ml exhibited by the standard butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). In brine shrimp lethality test, the number of surviving shrimp nauplii was counted and LC50 was assessed after 24 h. Both MECW and its PESF exhibited maximum toxicity towards brine shrimp with LC50 value of 10.3±0.01 μg/ml with respect to standard vincristine sulfate (having LC50 of 0.45 μg/ml). The results of the present investigations suggest that methanolic extract of C. wallichii possesses analgesic, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, confirming the traditional use of the plant.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 208-213, 2019
Analgesic, Anti-diarrheal, CNS-depressant, Membrane Stabilizing and Cytotoxic Activities of Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) W&A
Authors: Hasan Mohammad Mahmudul , Taher Mohammad Abdullah , Rahman Md Azizur , Muslim Tanvir
Published: July 2019

The methanol extract of the leaves of Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) W&A was investigated for the evaluation of analgesic, anti-diarrheal and CNS-depressant activities in Swiss albino mice. The analgesic activity was assessed by formalin-induced paw licking method, where the crude extract of C. virosa (400 mg/kg, b.w.) exhibited 41.46% reduction of licking response in mice as compared to 73.17% reduction exhibited by standard acetylsalicylic acid. In the castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice, the plant extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg, b.w., demonstrated 56% reduction of diarrheal feces in mice, while the standard loperamide revealed 76% reduction of diarrheal feces. The CNS-depressant activity of the plant extract was assessed through phenobarbitone-Na induced sleeping time test. The methanol extract of C. virosa and its different Kupchan fractions were also subjected to screen membrane stabilizing and cytotoxic activities using acetylsalicylic acid and vincristine sulphate as standard, respectively.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 214-218, 2019
Studies of Biological Activities of the Roots of Bombax ceiba L.
Authors: Rahman Md Hasanur , Rashid Mohammad A , Chowdhury Tofail Ahmad
Published: July 2019

Bioactivities of the methanolic crude extract of root of Bombax ceiba L. and its organic and aqueous soluble partitionates were studied to investigate its medicinal importance. In Free radical scavenging assay by DPPH method, the aqueous soluble partitionate (AQSF) demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 3.33 ± 0.25 μg/ml. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay of different partitionates of the root demonstrated the significant lethality by the hexane soluble partitionate (HSF) having LC50 value of 1.19 ± 0.10 µg/ml. Among different fractionates of the root, the highest percentage (44.55 ± 0.12%) of clot lysis was exhibited by AQSF. The crude extract revealed promising antidiarrheal, hypoglycemic, central and peripheral analgesic activities at both doses of 200- and 400- mg/kg body weight in Swiss-Albino rat model.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 219-223, 2019
Steroids from the Leave of Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross
Authors: Hossain Md Sagar , Khan NM Mofiz Uddin , Quddus Md Saiful , Chowdhury AM Sarwaruddin
Published: July 2019

β-sitosterol (1) and β-sitosterol-D-glucoside (2) were isolated from the dichloromethane soluble fraction of a methanol extract of the leave of Persicaria perfoliata. The crude fraction was subjected to antimicrobial screening and brine shrimp lethality bioassay, where moderate antimicrobial activity was observed against most of the test organisms was seen. The hexane soluble fraction also displayed significant cytotoxic activity with LC50 0.64 μg/ml in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. This is the first report of occurrence of these compounds from this plant.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 224-227, 2019
Preparation and Evaluation of Palonosetron Hydrochloride Oral Thin Film
Authors: Bhowmik Sreebash Chandra , Alam Marzia , Pathan Md Saiful Islam
Published: July 2019

The purpose of the current study was to develop a fast dissolving polymeric oral thin film containing palonosetron hydrochloride having good mechanical properties, fast disintegration, dissolution and good drug content uniformity. Solvent casting method was used to prepare the films. Compatibility between drugs and excipients were studied using FTIR and HPLC. Nine different formulations of film from F1 to F9 were prepared using different concentration of polymer A at drug-polymer A ratio (1:26), (1:28), (1:30), (1:32), (1:34), (1:36), (1:38), (1:40), (1:42) and at polymer A-plasticizer B of (65:10), (70:10), (75:10), (40:10), (42.5:10), (45:10), (47.5:10), (50:10), (52.5:10), respectively. The in vitro dissolution study was carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at 37±0.5oC and 50 rpm using USP XXIV paddle method. Physicochemical evaluations of all the batches were performed including weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, pH, in vitro disintegration and drug release, FTIR and content uniformity test. Maximum and minimum drug dissolution were found in F6 (108.7%) and in F1 (98.5%), respectively. The maximum and minimum disintegration time were in F9 (43.8 sec) and F1 (25 sec), respectively which demonstrated that disintegration of the film was directly proportional to the polymer A and plasticizer B concentration. It is quite evident from the present research work that the film prepared using polymer A-plasticizer B were smooth, mechanically strong and easy to peel out. Among all the batches, formulation F5 showed best results with respect to disintegration (33 sec), drug dissolution (105%), content uniformity (98.51%) and folding endurance (731). Therefore, it can be said that combination of polymer A and plasticizer B can be prospectively used for the preparation of palonosetron hydrochloride oral thin film.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 228-234, 2019
A Mini Review on the Chemical Compounds of the Genus Acacia
Authors: Hussain Mohammad Musarraf
Published: July 2019

The genus Acacia is a pioneering source of diversified chemical compounds. The purpose of this review is to compile of the phytochemicals from few species of Acacia. A total ten species of Acacia were studied and seventy six (1-76) phytoconstituents, including their chemical structures are reported in this review. The highest number of chemical compounds has been reported from Acacia nilotica.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 235-242, 2019
Air pollution tolerance index of Mangifera indica plant species growing in the greater Dhaka region, Bangladesh
Authors: Sadia HE , Jeba F , Kamal ATMM , Salam A
Published: July 2019

Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of the mango (Mangifera indica) leaves growing in the greater Dhaka region, Bangladesh was studied. Leaf samples were collected in winter season from both roadsides and residential locations of different parts of greater Dhaka region. The APTI values of the leaves were calculated from the total chlorophyll content (TCC), ascorbic acid concentration, relative water content (RWC), and pH of the leaf extract. Determined APTI values were compared with Particulate Matter (PM2.5) values in each sampling location. TCC and ascorbic acid concentration were determined with a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. TCC values varied between 0.25 and 1.10 mg/g with an average of 0.66 mg/g. The average concentration of ascorbic acid was 2.21 mg/g (values ranging from 0.33 to 3.24 mg/g) and the RWC varied from 81.5% to 97.4%. Moreover, pH values of the leaf extracts were found acidic (4.48-5.78). The average APTI values varied depending on the locations with a total average of 10.1. However, the average APTI value in the residential area (10.5) was slightly higher compared to roadsides (9.70) indicating the existence of high-level pollutions at the roadsides. The highest APTI value was observed in Dhaka city sampling location (10.6) where the lowest value was found in Narayangonj (9.70). APTI values showed a strong correlation with particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5). These results suggest that Mangifera indica is very sensitive to the air pollutants.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 1-12
Genetic diversity among Asparagus species using morphological characteristics and RAPD markers in Pakistan
Authors: Irshad M , Idrees M , Tariq A , Pathak ML , Hanif M , Naeem R
Published: July 2019

The aim of present research was to study the genetic diversity among Asparagus species and its cultivars using morphological characteristics and RAPD markers. In-vitro and field experiments of 14 germplasm sources of Asparagus species and its cultivars were conducted at the Kohat University of Science and Technology to estimate the comparative performance. Highest genotypic variance, phenotypic variance, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variance were observed in shoot height in shoot related traits were 318.40, 320.30, 939.34 and 944.96, respectively, whereas highest values for root related traits were observed in root length that were 21.84, 22.35, 141.60 and 144.91 respectively. Among the shoot related traits maximum heritability, genetic advance and genetic gain were calculated for shoot length, while in root related traits these characters were highest for root dry weight. RAPD markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity analysis of 14 germplasm sources of Asparagus species and its cultivars. RAPD markers generated a total of 247 bands, of these 239 bands were polymorphic with average of 34.1 bands per primer. Cluster analysis based on Neighbor Joining methods showed that wild species (A. adsendens, A. densiflorus, A. capitatus, A. gracelus, A. plumosus, A. racemosus and A. setaceus) were genetically distant from A. officinalis and its cultivars (Abril, Apollo, Gersengum, Huchel, Para seletion and Taranga). The results of the present investigations could be particularly used for authentic identification and would be useful for evaluation of genetic improvement of Asparagus species and its cultivars.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 13-24
Partial sequence analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome B gene of Labeo calbasu of Bangladesh
Authors: Begum RA , Alam MT , Jahan H , Alam MS
Published: July 2019

Labeo calbasu (Family Cyprinidae) was studied at DNA level to know genetic diversity within and between species. The mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt-b) gene of L. calbasu was sequenced and compared to the corresponding sequences of other Labeo species. DNA was isolated from the tissue sample of L. calbasu using phenol: chloroform extraction method. Forward and reverse primers were designed to amplify the target region of cytochrome b gene. A standard PCR protocol was used for the amplification of the desired region. Then, the forward and reverse sequences obtained were aligned and edited to finalize a length of 510 nucleotides which was submitted to NCBI genbank database. Nucleotide BLAST of this sequence at NCBI resulted 100% sequence similarity with L. calbasu sequence of the same region of cyt-b gene. Multiple sequence alignment of the sequence with seven more Labeo species sequences revealed 120 polymorphic sites, which have been mark of diversity among the species and might be used in molecular identification of the Labeo species. A constructed phylogenetic tree has shown relationship among the Labeo species. This research demonstrated the usefulness of mitochondrial DNA-based approach in species identification. Further, the data will provide appropriate background for studying genetic diversity within-species of the Labeo species in general and of L. calbasu in particular.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 25-30
Effects of arsenic and phosphorus on the growth and nutrient concentration in rice plant
Authors: Howladar MM , Uddin MJ , Islam MM , Parveen Z , Rahman MK
Published: July 2019

A pot experiment was carried out with arsenic (As) viz. 0, 0.1, 1 and 2 mgL-1 as sodium arsenite and phosphorus viz, 0, 15 and 30 μgmL-1 as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate to evaluate their effects on dry matter yield and nutrients concentration in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) in the net house. Arsenic toxicity caused more damage to root than to shoot. As reduced plant height and dry matter yields but lower level increased the same significantly. A maximum diminution of 26.70% shoot weight and 32.30% root weights were observed where 2 mgL-1As and 0 μgmL-1 P were applied. Micronutrients were found to be more strongly antagonized by arsenic than the macronutrients. Maximum and minimum accumulation of different nutrients was found at 30 μgmL-1 and 0 μgmL-1 P applications, respectively. The lowest concentration of most of the nutrients were found at 2 mgL-1As and 0 μgmL-1 P. Experiment revealed that the concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, sulphur, iron, copper, zinc and manganese in the root and shoot of rice plants showed an antagonistic effect with As and synergistic effect with P.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 31-38
Biodiversity and medicinal uses of globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) plant
Authors: Bekheet S , Sota V
Published: July 2019

Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a vegetable crop native of the Mediterranean basin and it is grown mainly for its immature flower buds. The edible parts of artichoke have important nutrition values to their content of inulin, fibers and minerals. Furthermore, artichoke is recognized as a medicinal plant where leaves and heads are rich source of polyphenolic compounds. It is recommended for the treatment of gallstones, liver disease or damage and poor liver function. The pharmaceutical properties of artichoke are linked to their special chemical composition, which includes high levels of polyphenols such as cynarin, along with its biosynthetic precursor chlorogenic acid. Globe artichoke is characterized by a wide range of biodiversity which represents a prerequisite for genetic improvement. However, there are many factors including biotic and abiotic stresses threatening the genetic resources of globe artichoke. Such factors could result in genetic erosion due to crop failure and loss of cultivars. Therefore, there is a great need to preserve the globe artichoke diversity for future genetic improvement. Because most cultivars are highly heterozygous, maintenance of globe artichoke germplasm in seed form is restricted. Otherwise, conservation in the field presents major drawbacks, which limit its efficacy and threaten the safety of germplasm conserved in this way. The application of biotechnology tools, i.e. plant tissue culture and molecular biology technique can provide reliable methods for supporting the exploitation and conservation of globe artichoke biodiversity. Furthermore, in vitro culture techniques could be used for the controlled production of artichoke secondary metabolites. This article discusses the biodiversity, conservation and nutritional and medicinal aspects of globe artichoke plant.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 39-54
Genetic variability, heritability and selection response for yield attributes in nine rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes
Authors: Khan A , Shah SMA , Sohail A , Haleem A , Maryam M , Burni T , Asad M
Published: July 2019

Genetic variability, heritability and selection response were studied among rice genotypes for yield attributing traits. Nine rice genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design with two replications at the University of Agriculture Peshawar-Pakistan during 2018. Significant differences were observed among the rice genotypes for all the traits. Pakhal took maximum value for Culm length (113.6 cm), Panicle length (29.05 cm), Secondary branches panicle-1 (31.4), Grain length (10 mm), Spikelets panicle-1 (162.8) and Grains panicle-1 (122.7 g). However genotype NIAB-IR-8 took maximum value for 100 grain weight (2.9 g) and Grain yield plant-1 (30.28 g). High heritability and genetic advance were observed for all the studied traits viz. Culm length (0.95 and 27.77), Panicle length (0.84 and 3.83), Grain length (0.62 and 0.78), Secondary branches panicle-1 (0.66 and 6.19), Spikelets panicle-1 (0.59 and 21.82), Grains panicle-1 (0.75 and 15.82), 100 grain weight (0.76 and 0.31) and Grain yield plant-1 (0.95 and 13.34). On the basis of superiority for yield attributing traits Pakhal and NIAB-IR-8 could be recommended for future use in rice breeding programs.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 55-60
Spatio-temporal variations of water quality and phytoplankton diversity of the different rivers flowing within Sundarban mangrove wetland ecosystem of Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed A , Akter N , Hasan S , Ataullah M
Published: July 2019

The water of different rivers passing in the Sundarban Mangrove Forests (SMF) of Bangladesh was analyzed to know the spatio-temporal variations in the water quality and phytoplankton diversity of the river. The pH of the waters of all the rivers examined showed a narrow range of variation (6.60-7.8 in 2015 and 6.3 to 7.5 in 2016) indicating the buffering capacity of different rivers. The values of pH showed a slightly decreasing tendency indicating the acidification of river waters which might be due to increase of global CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The temperature of water, conductivity, salinity, DO (ppm), DO (% sat), K, Na, was found to vary from 27.6 to 30.8° C, 8.00 to 32.30 mS/cm, 5.50 to 23.00 ‰, 3.5 to 6.35 ppm, 46.60 to 82.00 %, 125.00 to 630.00 mg/l, 600 to 4300 ppm, respectively in April 2015; and ranged from 28.8 to 31.0° C, 9.48 to 31.60 mS/cm 5.00 to 24.00 ‰, 0.11 to 5.33 ppm, 1.2 to 95.2 % saturation, 110 to 670 ppm, 4683.5 to 13465.10 ppm, respectively in March 2016. The values of Ca, Mg and Fe were 210 to 500 ppm, 320.0 mg/l to 892.0 mg/l and 0.25 to 0.050 mg/l, respectively in 2015. The amount of DO was very low during 2016 especially in the locations 1, 2, 3 which might be due to cloudy condition during sampling time. Principal component analyses (PCA) of different variables of the year 2015 showed that PC-1 had positive loading of water temperature, air temperature, humidity, pH, conductivity, Salinity, Na, K, Fe, Mg, Zn whereas PC-1 of different variables during 2016 showed positive loading of only water temperature and pH. Maximum number of phytoplankton taxa was recorded from Sela river (Tambulbunia) where 34 taxa (with the unknown ones) were recorded followed by Passur river (near Mongla Ferry Ghat). Coscinodiscus is found to be the dominant genus. Maximum Shannon-Weaver index of diversity was found in Homra Khal (value was 6.825) and minimum was found in Sela river (where the oil tanker sank and value was 0.0). Only one species of phytoplankton was found in this place. Maximum species richness (d) was observed in Passur river at Mongla ferry ghat with a value of 14.81 whereas, maximum evenness (e) was found in location 16 (Homra khal with a value of 5.437).

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 61-76
Some behavioural aspects on the Hemidactylus species of Bangladesh
Authors: Rabbe MF , Jaman MF , Rahman MM , Alam MM
Published: July 2019

Hemidactylus is a taxonomically complex genus and little is known about its feeding and breeding behavior in Bangladesh. Most of the species of this genus have a preference to live within human habitations, and play an important role in ecosystem, controlling insect pest population. Their breeding strategy is almost similar with each other and associated with their body structure. Review of literature found that there is a relationship between life history pattern and their reproductive biology. They lay two eggs per clutch usually and the highest egg number (12) has been recorded for H. frenatus. Strong significant positive correlation (r = 0.91) was found for preclaocal-femoral pores and egg number. Besides, significant negative correlation was found for average female body size and egg number (r = 0.96). Previous work and observation records showed that feeding habit is almost similar among all species of Hemidactylus and dipteran insects were the mostly consumed food item.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 77-84
Effect of eggshell and lime on growth and mineral nutrition of kalmi (Ipomoea aquatica: Convolvulaceae) grown on lead contaminated soil
Authors: Mahajabin S , Rahman S , Chamon AS , Mondol MN , Rahman M
Published: July 2019

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Eggshell and Lime in ameliorating lead uptake to alleviate toxicity of lead in Kalmi (Ipomoea aquatica).The lengths, fresh and dry weights of shoot was decreased significantly in 200 mg Pb kg-1soil as compared to the control. The similar significant decreasing trend in macro nutrient concentration in shoot and root was also observed. The percentage of N, P, K, S, Mg and Ca concentrations in edible parts (shoots) decreased by 7.73, 54.55, 12.50, 35.29, 17.65 and 19.61, respectively in 200 mg Pb kg-1 treated pots compared to the control. On the other hand, Pb concentration in shoot and root was the highest at 200 mg Pb kg-1 treated pots (36.14 and 111.14 mg Pb kg-1) and the lowest was in the control treatment (3.48 and 14.48 mg Pb kg-1 pot-1). Treatments of lime and eggshell had positive effects on the productivity of Kalmi and remediating the effect of lead uptake by the plants. Between the two amendments eggshell showed better efficiency in ameliorating the toxic effects of lead and increasing the macro nutrients uptake by plants. Lime and eggshell ameliorated Pb uptake of kalmi in shoot (edible parts) by 32.26 and 61.79% compared with the control and reduced root to shoot transfer (TrF) of Pb by15.15 and 30.30% in shoots and roots of kalmi compared to the untreated pots.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 85-92
Ecological and social impacts of eucalyptus tree plantation on the environment
Authors: Bayle GK
Published: July 2019

Eucalyptus is an ever green flowering tree and a shrub which belong to the family Myrtaceae, subfamily Myrotideae and consists of some 800 species. This tree is native to Australia and widely planted for various uses in the different parts of Ethiopia integrating into the various farming systems, and their planting has resulted in high economic profitability. It is over a century since eucalyptus was introduced in Ethiopia for multipurpose use and rescues the remaining indigenous forests from being destroyed, for controlling soil erosion, for replacing indigenous species for fuel-wood, thereby preventing further degradation of natural forests by quickly producing firewood, would eliminate the causes which frequently may have led to land degradation and desertification and also a food and habitat for wild animals. But, it also a harmful effect on the environment, uses a lot of nutrient which is leading to soil exhaustion and reduction of crop yields, secretion of allelochemical and decreasing crop production, but the trees are neither good nor bad, and careful analysis of the ecological and social implications should be undertaken before planting. Decisions, such as what, where, why and how to grow and how to manage it have to be made; and the social and ecological implications of each decision, as well as the economic implications, have to be weighted up.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 93-104
Phytoplankton flora of Tanguar haor ecosystem in Bangladesh: Cyanophyta, Pyrrhophyta, Chrysophyta and Euglenophyta
Authors: Bhuiyan MAH , Islam SAMS , Kowser A , Islam MR , Kakoly SA , Asaduzzaman K , Khondker M
Published: July 2019

The present paper is dealt with the composition and density of the population of pelagic phytoplankton collected from two studied stations, namely Watch Tower and Rauar Station of Tanguar Haor in Sunamganj District. Plankton belonging to the divisions Cyanophyta, Pyrrhophyta, Chrysophyta and Euglenophyta were studied from bimonthly collected samples during 2017 and 2018. Division Cyanophyta was represented by the occurrence of 17 species followed by Chrysophyta (16 spp.), Euglenophyta (4 spp.) and Phyrrhophyta (2 spp.). The most dominant plankton taxon was Dinobryon sertularia Ehrenberg whose density was 374 ×103 ind/l and 137.5 ×103 ind/l at Watch Tower and Rauar Station, respectively. Euglenoid population was relatively poorer compared to the other groups of phytoplankton. Abundant population of D. sertularia designates the Tanguar Haor ecosystem as moderate in terms of productivity. A total of 39 species recorded from three algal divisions, namely Cyanophyta, Pyrrhophyta, Chrysophyta and Euglenophyta. Tanguar Haor ecosystem was included with mean phytoplankton population of Cyanophyta, Pyrrhophyta, Chrysophyta and Euglenophyta.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 105-112
The bees (Apocrita: Hymenoptera) of Dhaka city, Bangladesh
Authors: Akter T , Akther S , Sultana S , Jhorna JA , Begum S
Published: July 2019

A total of 11 bee species belonging to two families Apidae and Megachilidae was identified. The identified species were Apis dorsata, Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Apis florea, Ceratina binghami, Ceratina nigrolateralis, Xylocopa aestuans, Xylocopa violacea, Xylocopa latipes, Megachile disjuncta and Megachile umbripennis. The species were identified by using standard taxonomic keys. Details of external morphology like head, wing venation, antennal type, physical coloration etc. were used in the keys. The bees were collected from three areas of Dhaka city - Curzon Hall, Ramna Park and Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University from October 2017 to May 2018. During the study period it was observed that the richness of bee species was found maximum during the month of October (31.01%) and was more abundant in Curzon Hall and Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University area than the Ramna park area. The bee A. dorsata was the most abundant (about 36.23% of the total population) and M. umbripennis was the least abundant (about 1.74% of the total population) species in the study areas. It was also observed that bee species were more attracted to the yellow flowers specially Cosmos sulphureus and Tecoma stans than the other coloured flowers.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 113-120
Biology of Danaus chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae): feeding potentials in the larval host plants and adult nectar plants
Authors: Alam MM , Khan HR , Shahjahan RM , Sadia JT , Bashar MA
Published: July 2019

The biology and feeding potential of plain tiger butterfly, Danaus chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) were examined in both field and laboratory conditions from July 2011 to June 2012. Field collected singly laid eggs on host plant (Asclepias curassavica) were reared in the laboratory at room temperature (25 ± 3 °C) and 70 ± 5% RH. Various life stages of the butterfly, viz. egg, larvae, pre-pupa, pupa and adult have been described. The egg incubation period was 4.6 ± 0.8 days; the duration of larval stages from 1st to 5th instars were 1.7 ± 0.2, 2.2 ± 0.2, 2.5 ± 0.3, 2.7 ± 0.2 and 3.1 ± 0.4 days, respectively; pre-pupal period was 1.4 ± 0.4 days; pupal period was 8.6 ± 1.1 days; the longevity of the adult females was 7.8 ± 0.3 days and of the males was 10.4 ± 0.7 days. The larval lengths of each of the five instars were 3.7 ± 0.84, 8.7 ± 1.09, 14.3 ± 1.20, 23.2 ± 2.36 and 38.5 ± 2.54 mm, respectively. The feeding potential rates of the five instar larvae were 5.5 ± 1.11%, 22.8 ± 2.96%, 67.7 ± 2.99%, 96.8 ± 4.09% and 293.6 ± 15.9%, respectively. The weights (in gram) of the excreta of five larval instars were 0.06 ± 0.02, 0.13 ± 0.03, 0.54 ± 0.06, 0.81 ± 0.06 and 1.96 ± 0.09, respectively. A total of 187 individuals was observed on 16 potential nectar plants in the Butterfly Research Park (BRP), Gazipur. These were Lantana camara, Asclepias curassavica, Duranta plumeri, Hibicus rosa sinensis, Duranta repens, Tagetes patula, Ixora chinensis, Heliotropium indicum, Cosmos bipinnatus, Wedelia calendulaca, Punica hybrida, Spilanthes calva, Leucas linifolia, Helianthus annus, Euphorbia pulcherrima and Gomphera globosa. Among these, L. camara was visited most frequently (16.58%) and L. linifolia was least frequently (1.60%) by this butterfly. No Danaus chrysippus was observed visiting H. annus and E. pulcherrima plants.

J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 121-132
RANCANG BANGUN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (IRS) KAMUS BAHASA-SUNDA.COM DENGAN METODE VECTOR SPACE MODEL (VSM)
Authors: Heristian Sujiliani , Al Kautsar Hanggoro Aji , Sayfulloh Asep
Published: August 2019

Sundanese language is no longer the mother tongue / first language in its own area, but it has become the second language after the Indonesian language. The need for preservation of the Sundanese language in the form of online that can be accessed for its users so it will facilitate the searching of text documents especially sunda documents IRS Software is designed to provide the optimal document search results using VSM method, so users will get fast and accurate search results. The VSM method will weight every document in the database so that the documents have different weights to determine which documents are most similar to queries, the highest-weighted documents are ranked in the search results. The evaluation of IRS search results is done by recall and precision tests. Cosine calculation results known that Document 1 (D1) has the highest level of similarity and then followed by D3 and D2 documents is a point or vector in this space. It proves each query that is given has a different level of closeness to the existing documents, it can be Draw the conclusion dkumen which has a high level of similatas influenced by the given query
Kajian Aritmatika Sosial dalam Perhitungan Ilmu Faraidh (Ilmu Waris) dalam QS. An-Nisa
Authors: Aminah Siti , Yazidah Nok Izatul
Published: August 2019

One of the general sciences that has a relationship with al quran is mathematics. This study aims to examine social arithmetic in the calculation of faraidh knowledge in the Surah An-Nisa. The analysis is intended to know and understand contextually the Surah An-Nisa which is closely related to the faraidh contained therein. In this study using qualitative descriptive methods. This type of research is literature study. The subjects in this study are social arithmetic and faraidh, while the object in this research is the Al-Quran. The procedures carried out to collect data in this study include documentation documentation studies and focused discussions. The results of this study indicate that in Surah An-Nisa which consists of 176 ayah, it can be concluded that there are nine ayah in Surah An-Nisa which explains the science of faraidh. The ten ayah referred to are: Surah An-Nisa ayah: 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 33, and ayah 176. So, the remaining 167 ayah do not explain faraidh. As previously explained, there are nine ayah in the Surah An-nisa which explain faraidh, which is also social arithmetic.
The journey towards the best quality of MCQs test, a success story in a medical school
Authors: Hassan Bahaeldin , Alamri Abdulaziz , Ahmad Muhammed T. , Abid Muhammed
Published: July 2019

Multiple choice question (MCQ) test is the most popular assessment tool that used in medical schools, faculty training on construction of multiple choice questions and peer review are the main factors that contributing to have a good quality MCQ test. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of these two factors on the quality of MCQ test. An extensive training program was conducted for the staff members who were participated in teaching and assessment of undergraduate medical students of clinical biochemistry and psychiatric courses. Post-test item analysis was used to compare pre-training with post-training item analysis parameters. Chi-square test was applied, level of significance was 5%. Regarding difficulty index, it showed great improvement in number of questions which lie in acceptable range of difficulty from 16%, 25% before the training program to 61%,42% after the training program for psychiatry and clinical biochemistry courses respectively and this is   significantly different (P0.05). In psychiatry course the number of questions with negatively discrimination power had been decreased from 36% before training program to 10% after it (P value 0.05). No significant improvement noticed in biochemistry course regarding this aspect. Both courses were showed improvement in the function of distracters, the percentage of test items where all distracters were functioning was increased from 11% to 41% in psychiatry course (P value=0.0002), and from 12% to 46%, in biochemistry course (P value=0.0001). The two courses which included in the study showed increased reliability after the training program and peer review processes, but this improvement is not statistically significant. A dramatic improvement was observed in the quality of MCQs after peer review and training program. We recommend adopting training program on construction of MCQs to be as teaching license for all medical school staff members in Saudi Arabia.
PERBEDAAN pH SALIVA SEBELUM DAN SETELAH BERKUMUR DENGAN REBUSAN BUNGA ROSELLA PADA MAHASISWA JURUSAN KEPERAWATAN GIGI BUKITTINGGI
Authors: . Zulfikri , Putra Fiki Rivaldo
Published: July 2019

Polyphenols and flavonoids of roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L ) acts as an antiviral, antioxidant and antibacterial that can affect bacteria and increase the pH of saliva in the oral cavity. The purpose of this study to determine differences in the pH of saliva before and after rinsing with stew rosella The design is a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest. The population in this study Dental students from the Department of Nursing. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. Data collected by direct observation and examination of the salivary pH. Analysis of the data used using paired t test.Results showed before rinsing with rosella flower stew, average salivary pH 6.6 (acidic) and after rinsing with rosella flower stew average salivary pH to 7.0 (neutral). Statistical test Paired t test showed p value = 0.00 <0.05. Conclusion of the study that there is a significant difference between the pH of saliva before and after rinsing with stew rosella. Suggested to the research subjects to use a mouthwash of natural materials such as stew rosella to maintain oral health.
HUBUNGAN STRES DENGAN KEJADIAN HIPERTENSI DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SEI PANCUR KOTA BATAM TAHUN 2018
Authors: Rahmadeni Asfri Sri , . Lela Fajar , . Nahrul Hayat
Published: July 2019

Hypertension is a condition in which blood pressure increases persistently which is ranked number one cause of death each year. It is estimated that in 2025 there will be 1.5 billion people suffering from hypertension, this problem occurs in many developed and developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of stress with the incidence of hypertension at the Sei Pancur Health Center in Batam City in 2018. The research method used analytical design with a cross sectional design. The sampling technique of this study used non-probability sampling technique with purposive sampling totaling 61 samples. The results of this study found that the stress experienced was in very heavy stress the majority of 62.3% of respondents, the majority of 91.8% of respondents experienced hypertension. The results of the analysis there is a relationship between stress and the incidence of hypertension with a value of ρ = 0.001 <0.05. Based on this, it is recommended that health services improve health care problems, especially problems that cause hypertension.