bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of homoeopathic simillimum on raised blood lead and urine porphyrin concentrations in lead chemical company employees
Authors:   , Alexander Karen
Published: February 2022

This study contains a review of the major recognizable Industrial problem of chronic lead toxicity. Lead poisoning has been recognized for thousands of years, dating beclt to the Roman Empire. Today, Industries In South Africa and worldwide struggle to maintain low blood lead levels In their employees and companies have to abide by regulations to ensure they ere doing all that Is In their power. Cooltson Chemicals (Pty) Limited, In Durban, which has a factory which produces lead based chemicals, was approached with regard to treating the workers exposed to the lead dust and fumes with Homoeopathlc Slmlllimum. This Individualistic Homoeopathlc treatment depends on the person's symptoms and signs on a physical, mental and emotional level, and by treating the person as a whole, the excretion of toxic lead occurs. Thus lower lead levels result. According to Herneeepetntc methodology, It Is the sum of all the symptoms and signs In each Individual ease of a disease that Is the main pointer In the choice of the remedy. This Is where despite many complaining of a slmillar condition, or suffering from a common complaint, different Homoeopathlc remedies may be prescribed. Lower blood lead levels result In fewer retrenchments as once a factory employee continually presents with excessively high blood lead levels, he risks losing his Job. A sample group of twenty volunteers was obtained from this factory and each werker tooit his prescribed medication and had blood and urine tests talten at regular Intervals over five months. The precise methodology and the consequent results are explained In this paper. The results were analysed using the computer program, SGPLUS,to obtain summary statistics. The blood lead results were subjected to The Wilcoxon Signed RankTest to determine the 11kreasesand decreases In the levels over the monitoring period. Due to sample size and the presence to only one group In the research, the remaining results were from visual observation. Based on the problems encountered during this study, recommendations are made If further research Is to be done along similar guidelines. A final conclusion closes the study. The urine porphyrin tests are not a true Indicator of lead metabolism or excretion and these results are therefore not valid. A slight change did occur In the blood lead levels as Is discussed. A great deal of progress remains to be made with the aim of lowering blood lead levels In lead-exposed factory workers. Homoeopathy has the potential to alleviate this serious problem of chronic lead toxicity. Further research could provide Industry with the answer. Presently the emphasis Is on prevention of excessively high blood lead levels with only removal from exposure as the last possible means of alleviating the problem. If a method to solving lead toxicity In the Industrial sphere can be found, It has numerous possibilities In nonIndustry. Thus an opening exists for Homoeopathy.
The effect of cryotherapy on post dry needling soreness
Authors:   , Chonan Dheshini
Published: February 2022

Dry needling is the most effective way of treating Myofascial Pain Syndrome and appears to be as effective as an injection of an anaesthetic into myofascial trigger points. However the side effect common to both dry needling and the injection of an anaesthetic, is the development of post-needling soreness. Post-needling soreness results from bleeding at the area of needle insertion. The immediate application of cold to a needled area may decrease the severity of the cellular damage by restricting local bleeding. Cryotherapy can also decrease both nerve excitability and histamine release, which may result in decreased pain experienced by patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cryotherapy on post dry needling soreness. Therefore a randomised, 2 group parallel controlled clinical trial was proposed to test this hypothesis. Sixty asymptomatic volunteer participants between 18 and 50 were randomly divided into two equal groups - group A (combination group) received dry needling in conjunction with a cold gel pack, and group B received dry needling only. Algometer readings, a Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NRS 101) and a 24 Hour Pain Diary were used as assessment tools. SPSS version 15 was used for data analysis (SPSS Inc. Chicago, III, USA). Baseline demographics and outcome measurements (NRS 101, Algometer readings and 24 Hour Pain Diaries) were compared between the two groups using Pearson's chi square tests or Independent Samples t-tests as appropriate For the evaluation of the treatment effect for the NRS 101 and Algometer outcomes, repeated measures ANOVA procedure was used. Twenty four hour Pain Diaries by group interactions were reported for comparison of the treatment effect in the two treatment groups. The number of participants reporting pain at various time points post treatment were compared cross-sectionally by group with Pearson's chi square tests. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare time points post treatment at which the worst pain was experienced between groups. The change in the presence of pain over time was recorded as either no change, an increase (from no pain to pain) or a decrease (from pain to no pain).
A comparative study of ethanolic versus triturated dilutions in terms of the amount of caffeine extracted from Coffea tosta by means of high pressure liquid chromatography
Authors:   , Harris Bronwyn Claire
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of caffeine extracted from triturated samples and ethanolic samples of Coffea tosta using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a method of analysis. The study wanted to expand on homoeopathic pharmaceutical knowledge, specifically looking at the two methods of remedy preparation of plant materials. From the same batch of ground roasted coffee beans, using the decimal scale of dilution, the mother tincture (bill) and the first triturated (bill) samples were prepared. The subsequent 2xH and 3xH triturated and ethanolic potencies were then made in accordance with homoeopathic methodology. Each group contained three different dilution levels (bill, 2xH and 3xH), 18 samples per group giving a total of36 samples that were analysed using HPLC. Three samples were analysed from the three dilution levels in each Group, in total there were 18 samples from the triturated group and 18 from the ethanolic group. . The samples were analysed quantitatively using the highly accurate and advanced method of high pressure liquid chromatography. This method gives accurate readings of the caffeine concentrations of a sample compared to a caffeine standard. This allowed for quantification of the caffeine concentration of each sample. The percentage caffeine was calculated from each sample. The aim of the study was to evaluate the difference in each method of preparation by measuring the amount of caffeine extracted from the samples. The results obtained from the inter-Group Mann-Whitney and ANOVA tests showed that there was a significant difference between the ethanolic dilutions and triturated dilutions with regards to the 1xH and 2xH dilutions. In the 1xH dilution the ethanolic method retained
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER FROM TUBES WITH VARIOUS CROSS-SECTION
Authors: Fahzy Muhammad Chrissandy , Pardede Yonas Paskah , Yesa Danel Reka , Bahi Mohd Raden , Sahim Kaprawi
Published: February 2022

In heat transfer engineering, most of the tubes of the circular cross-section are used in the heat exchanger application, but the possibilities of using tubes other than circular type are available to enhance the rate of heat transfer. This experimental study presents the heat transfer rate performance of the tubes' difference cross-section; circular, elliptic, square, and triangle tubes. The tubes were heated at uniform heat flux at the outside surface, and the water flowed inside the tubes. The important parameters were measured during the experimentation. The results show that the heat transfer varies with the cross-section type. The triangle and elliptical tube give a higher heat transfer rate than other cross-sections.
İnşaat Projelerinde Kullanılan Proje Yönetim Tekniklerinin Analizi
Authors: KÖMÜRLÜ Rüveyda , KUZU Onur
Published: February 2022

Geçmişten günümüze kadar geçen zaman diliminde teknolojinin gelişmesi ile beraber sürekli değişim ve büyüme halinde olan yapı sektöründe, süreç içerisinde yaşanan gelişmelerle beraber projelerin gittikçe karmaşık ve girişik bir yapıya dönüştüğü görülmektedir. Bu nedenle yapı sektörü firmaları, projeleri koordineli bir şekilde optimum kalite, maliyet ve süre hedefinde tamamlamak için proje yönetimi ve tekniklerine ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Geliştirilen çeşitli proje yönetim teknikleri, bir projenin başlangıcından bitişine kadar ki süreçte yer alan her bir faaliyetin iş akış şemasını oluşturup projenin yönetiminde etkin rol oynayan yöntemler olarak tanımlanabilmektedir. Ancak, her projenin kendine özgü fiziki şartlar barındırmasından dolayı projelerin kendilerine özgü tekniklerle yürütülmesi yüklenici firmaları, çeşitli proje yönetim tekniklerinin kullanımında zorunlu kılar. Bu sayede projelerin yapılarına uygun bir şekilde belirlenen proje yönetim teknikleri ile projelerin hedeflerine başarılı bir şekilde ulaşılması sağlanırken projelerde olası bir yanlış yönetim tekniğinin uygulanması halinde ise firma maddi olarak zarar görmektedir. Dolayısıyla ilgili firma departmanlarının ve hâlâ geleneksel yöntemlerini kullananların bu hususta yapı sektöründe genel olarak kullanılan yönetim tekniklerinin avantajlarını/dezavantajlarını ve kullanım yerlerini iyi bir şekilde tespit etmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle proje yönetimi ve proje yönetim teknikleri ile ilgili çeşitli literatür kaynakları incelenmiş olup inşaat sektöründe yaygın olarak kullanılan CPM, PERT ve GANTT proje yönetim teknikleri açıklanarak karşılaştırılmış, birbirlerine göre avantaj ve dezavantajları ortaya konulmuştur. Aynı zamanda proje yönetimi ve proje yönetim tekniklerinin önemi ortaya konularak inşaat sektöründe faaliyet gösteren firmalara ve bu konu bağlamında akademik çalışma yapan kişilere ışık tutması amaçlanmıştır.
Unprecedented Summer Hypoxia in Southern Cape Cod Bay: An Ecological Response to Regional Climate Change?
Authors: Scully Malcolm E. , Geyer W. Rockwell , Borkman David , Pugh Tracy L. , Costa Amy , Nichols Owen C.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. In late summer 2019 and 2020 bottom waters in southern Cape Cod Bay (CCB) became depleted in dissolved oxygen (DO), with documented benthic mortality in both years. Hypoxic conditions formed in relatively shallow water where the strong seasonal thermocline intersected the sea floor, both limiting vertical mixing and concentrating biological oxygen demand (BOD) over a very thin bottom boundary layer. In both 2019 and 2020, anomalously high sub-surface phytoplankton blooms were observed, and the biomass from these blooms provided the fuel to deplete sub-pycnocline waters of DO. The increased chlorophyll fluorescence was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in sub-pycnocline nutrients, suggesting that prior to 2019 physical conditions were unfavorable for the utilization of these deep nutrients by the late summer phytoplankton community. It is hypothesized that significant alteration of physical conditions in CCB during late summer, which is the result of regional climate change, has favored the recent increase in sub-surface phytoplankton production. These changes include rapidly warming waters and significant shifts in summer wind direction, both of which impact the intensity and vertical distribution of thermal stratification and vertical mixing within the water column. These changes in water column structure are not only more susceptible to hypoxia, but also have significant implications for phytoplankton dynamics, potentially allowing for intense late summer blooms of Karenia mikimotoi, a species new to the area. K. mikimotoi had not been detected in CCB or adjacent waters prior to 2017, however increasing cell densities have been reported in subsequent years, consistent with a rapidly changing ecosystem.
Eddy enhanced primary production accelerates bacterial growth in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic
Authors: Devresse Quentin , Becker Kevin W. , Bendinger Arne , Hahn Johannes , Engel Anja
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Mesoscale eddies play essential roles in modulating the ocean's physical, chemical, and biological properties. In cyclonic eddies (CE) nutrient upwelling can stimulate primary production by phytoplankton. Yet, how this locally enhanced autotrophic production affects heterotrophic bacterial activities (biomass production and respiration) and consequently the metabolic balance between the synthesis and the consumption of dissolved organic matter (DOM) remains largely unknown. To address this gap, we investigated the horizontal and vertical variability of phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacterial activity along ~900 km zonal corridor between the coast of Mauretania and the Cape Verde Islands in the eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA). We additionally collected samples from a CE along this transect at high spatial resolution. Our results show cascading effects of physical disturbances induced by a CE on phyto- and bacterioplankton biomass and metabolic activities. Specifically, the injection of nutrients into the sunlit surface resulted in enhanced autotrophic plankton abundance and activity as indicated by Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration, DOM exudation, and primary productivity (PP). However, the detailed eddy survey revealed an uneven distribution of these parameters with, for example, the highest Chl-a concentrations and PP rates near and just beyond the CE’s periphery. The heterotrophic bacterial activity was similarly variable. Optode-based bacterial respiration (BR) and biomass production (BP) largely followed the trends of PP and Chl-a. Thus, a submesoscale spatial mosaic of heterotrophic bacterial abundance and activities occurred within the CE studied here that was closely related to variability in autotrophic production. This was supported by a significant positive correlation between concentrations of semi-labile organic carbon (SL-DOC; the sum of dissolved hydrolyzable amino acids and combined carbohydrates) and BR measurements. Bacterial growth efficiency (BP/(BR+BP)) was variable (1.4–10.5 %) within the CE and carbon exudation was not always sufficient to compensate the bacterial carbon demand (BR+BP; 28.3–114.5 %). We have additionally estimated the metabolic state in our samples, which showed that the CE carried a strong autotrophic signal (PP/(BR+BP) > 1). Overall, our results show that submesoscale (0–10 km) processes lead to highly variable metabolic activities of both phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes, which has implications for biogeochemical models estimating oceanic carbon fluxes. Additionally, we revealed that the CE not only traps and transports coastal nutrients and carbon to the open ocean but also stimulates phytoplankton growth generating freshly produced organic matter during westward propagation. This organic matter may fuel heterotrophic processes in the open ocean and may help to explain the often-observed net heterotrophic metabolic state of these environments.
Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching into the European river network
Authors: Gommet Céline , Lauerwald Ronny , Ciais Philippe , Guenet Bertrand , Zhang Haicheng , Regnier Pierre
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soils into the river network is an important component of the land carbon (C) budget. At regional to global scales, its significance has been estimated through simple mass budgets, often using multi-year averages of observed fluvial DOC fluxes as a proxy of DOC leaching due to the limited availability of observations of the leaching flux itself. This procedure leads to a systematic underestimation of the leaching flux because of the decay of DOC during fluvial transport. Moreover, this procedure does not allow for revealing spatiotemporal variability in DOC leaching from soils, which is vital to
better understand the drivers of DOC leaching and its impact on the local
soil C budget. In this study, we use the land surface model (LSM) ORCHILEAK to simulate the terrestrial C budget, including leaching of DOC from the soil and its subsequent reactive transport through the river network of Europe. The model performance is evaluated not only against the sparse observations of the soil DOC leaching rate, but also against the more abundant observations of fluxes and reactivity of DOC in rivers, providing further evidence that our simulated DOC fluxes are realistic. The model is then used to simulate the spatiotemporal patterns of DOC leaching across Europe over the period 1972–2012, quantifying both the environmental drivers of these patterns and the impact of DOC leaching on the land C budget. Over the simulation period, we find that, on average, 14.3 Tg C yr−1 of DOC is leached from land into European rivers, which is about 0.6 % of the terrestrial net primary production (NPP), a fraction significantly lower than that reported for tropical river networks. On average, 12.3 Tg C yr−1 of the leached DOC is finally exported to the coast via the river network, and the rest is respired during transit. DOC leaching presents a large seasonal variability, with the maximum occurring in winter and the minimum in summer, except for most parts of northern Europe, where the maximum occurs in spring due to snowmelt. The DOC leaching rate is generally low in warm and dry regions, and high in the cold and wet regions of Europe. Furthermore, runoff and the ratio between runoff from shallower flow paths on one hand and deep drainage and groundwater flow on the other hand are the main drivers of the spatiotemporal variation of DOC leaching. Temperature, as a major control of DOC production and decomposition rates in the soils, plays only a secondary role.
CliffDelineaTool v1.2.0: an algorithm for identifying coastal cliff base and top positions
Authors: Swirad Zuzanna M. , Young Adam P.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Correct quantification of coastal cliff erosion requires
accurate delineation of the cliff face bounded by the cliff top and base
lines. Manual mapping is time consuming and relies on the mapper's decisions and
skills. Existing algorithms are generally site specific and may be less
suitable for areas with diverse cross-shore cliff geometries. Here we describe
CliffDelineaTool (v1.2.0), a MATLAB/Python-based algorithm that identifies cliff base and
top positions on complex cliffs using cross-shore transects extracted from
digital elevation models. Testing on four 750–1200 m cliffed coastlines
shows that the model performance is comparable to manual mapping and
provides some advantages over existing methods but provides poor results for
cliff sections with ambiguous cliff top edges. The results can form the
basis for a range of analyses, including coastal inventories, erosion
measurements, spatiotemporal erosion trends, and coastline evolution
modeling.
A parameterization of long-continuing-current (LCC) lightning in the lightning submodel LNOX (version 3.0) of the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy, version 2.54)
Authors: Pérez-Invernón Francisco J. , Huntrieser Heidi , Jöckel Patrick , Gordillo-Vázquez Francisco J.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Lightning flashes can produce a discharge in which a continuing electrical current flows for more than 40 ms. Such flashes are proposed to be the main precursors of lightning-ignited wildfires and also to trigger sprite discharges in the mesosphere. However, lightning parameterizations implemented in global atmospheric models do not include information about the continuing electrical current of flashes. The continuing current of lightning flashes cannot be detected by conventional lightning location systems. Instead, these so-called long-continuing-current (LCC) flashes are commonly observed by extremely low-frequency (ELF) sensors and by optical instruments located in space. Reports of LCC lightning flashes tend to occur in winter and oceanic thunderstorms, which suggests a connection between weak convection and the occurrence of this type of discharge. In this study, we develop a parameterization of LCC lightning flashes based on a climatology derived from optical lightning measurements reported by the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on board the International Space Station (ISS) between March 2017 and March 2020. We use meteorological data from reanalyses to develop a global parameterization that uses vertical velocity at the 450 hPa pressure level as a proxy for the ratio of LCC to total lightning in thunderstorms. We implement this parameterization into the LNOX submodel of the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) for usage within the European Center HAMburg general circulation model (ECHAM)/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model and compare the observed and simulated climatologies of LCC lightning flashes using six different lightning parameterizations. We find that the best agreement between the simulated and observed spatial distribution is obtained when using a novel combined lightning parameterization based on the cloud-top height over land and on the convective precipitation over ocean.
Glacier and rock glacier changes since the 1950s in the La Laguna catchment, Chile
Authors: Robson Benjamin Aubrey , MacDonell Shelley , Ayala Álvaro , Bolch Tobias , Nielsen Pål Ringkjøb , Vivero Sebastián
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Glaciers and rock glaciers play an important role in the hydrology of the
semi-arid northern Chile. Several studies show that glaciers have rapidly
lost mass in response to climate change during the last decades. The
response of rock glaciers to climate change in this region is, however, less
known. In this study we use a combination of historical aerial photography,
stereo satellite imagery, airborne lidar, and the Shuttle Radar Topography
Mission (SRTM) DEM to report glacier changes for the Tapado Glacier–rock
glacier complex from the 1950s to 2020 and to report mass balances for the
glacier component of the complex, Tapado Glacier. Furthermore, we examine
high-resolution elevation changes and surface velocities between 2012 and
2020 for 35 rock glaciers in the La Laguna catchment. Our results show how
Tapado Glacier has shrunk by -25.2±4.6 % between 1956 and 2020,
while the mass balance of Tapado Glacier has become steadily more negative,
from being approximately in balance between 1956 and 1978 (-0.04±0.08 m w.e. a−1) to showing increased losses between 2015 and 2020
(-0.32±0.08 m w.e. a−1). Climatological (re-)analyses reveal a
general increase in air temperature, decrease in humidity, and variable
precipitation since the 1980s in the region. In particular, the severe
droughts starting in 2010 resulted in a negative mass balance of
-0.54±0.10 m w.e. a−1 between 2012 and 2015. The rock glaciers
within the La Laguna catchment show heterogenous changes, with some sections of
landforms exhibiting pronounced elevation changes and surface velocities
exceeding that of Tapado Glacier. This could be indicative of high ice
contents within the landforms and also highlights the importance of
considering how landforms can transition from more glacial landforms to more
periglacial features under permafrost conditions. As such, we believe
high-resolution (sub-metre) elevation changes and surface velocities are a
useful first step for identifying ice-rich landforms.
Wind turbine drivetrains: state-of-the-art technologies and future development trends
Authors: Nejad Amir R. , Keller Jonathan , Guo Yi , Sheng Shawn , Polinder Henk , Watson Simon , Dong Jianning , Qin Zian , Ebrahimi Amir , Schelenz Ralf , Gutiérrez Guzmán Francisco , Cornel Daniel , Golafshan Reza , Jacobs Georg , Blockmans Bart , Bosmans Jelle , Pluymers Bert , Carroll James , Koukoura Sofia , Hart Edward , McDonald Alasdair , Natarajan Anand , Torsvik Jone , Moghadam Farid K. , Daems Pieter-Jan , Verstraeten Timothy , Peeters Cédric , Helsen Jan
Published: February 2022

Abstract. This paper presents the state-of-the-art technologies and development trends of wind turbine drivetrains – the system that converts kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy – in different stages of their life cycle: design, manufacturing, installation, operation, lifetime extension, decommissioning and recycling. Offshore development and digitalization are also a focal point in this study. Drivetrain in this context includes the whole power conversion system: main bearing, shafts, gearbox, generator and power converter. The main aim of this article is to review the drivetrain technology development as well as to identify future challenges and research gaps. The main challenges in drivetrain research identified in this paper include drivetrain dynamic responses in large or floating turbines, aerodynamic and farm control effects, use of rare-earth material in generators, improving reliability through prognostics, and use of advances in digitalization. These challenges illustrate the multidisciplinary aspect of wind turbine drivetrains, which emphasizes the need for more interdisciplinary research and collaboration.
Community-Based Tax Incentives
Authors: De Barbieri Edward W.
Published: February 2022

Community-Based Tax Incentives
RISK MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC LOWER STRUCTURES IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT OF STORE BUILDING IN JAYAPURA CITY
Authors: Wayangkau Helen Giandita , Novrian Mangeke Fandy
Published: February 2022

Some of the work on the substructure of the building, namely foundations (pile, bore pile, sole), soil excavation, pile cap and sloof, raft foundation, retaining wall, waterproofing, backfill and compaction. Based on the implementation method, the sub-building structure has complex and complex work characteristics, so it is very vulnerable to the occurrence of risks in the construction implementation. The PROMETHEE method is used in research to follow up the Risk Breakdown Structure method in order to obtain a comprehensive or comprehensive rating of the main risks in a project. The results showed that the unpredictable external risks, namely inflation/price increases and the decline in people's purchasing power are the highest potential risks. Risk mitigation related to inflation/price increases should be carried out more slowly at the beginning of the project because inflation is national. Then wait until the economy improves and if funds are still available, all materials can be purchased or contracted firs
KAJIAN NERACA AIR DAERAH IRIGASI CIHERANG KABUPATEN BANDUNG PROVINSI JAWA BARAT
Authors: Anisarida An An , Hafudiansyah Edward
Published: February 2022

Ciherang Irrigation Area in Bandung is the location of the study. Based on data obtained, it showed water deficiency in the planting season 1 on October and in the planting season 2 on August. Thus, the study aimed to analyze the comparison between the availability of water and the need of water to get a proper cropping pattern implemented in the irrigation area. The availability of water was obtained from water debit that analyzed using the Weibull method while the need of water was determined by the availability of water for rice and palawija.. The results revealed that requirement of irrigation water in an existing cropping pattern of rice/palawija – rice/palawija – rice/palawija using the highest value of water demand at the weir intake gate (DR), 2,255 1/sec/ha, produced the total availability of water in an amount of 4,832 m3/sec while using the unit number for the implementation of operations in the field obtained the highest irrigation requirement value of 3,449 m3/sec.  The alternative cropping pattern of rice – rice – palawija using the total value of water demand at the weir intake gate (DR), 2,436 1/sec/ha produced the availability of water in an amount of 5,261 m3/sec while using the unit number for the implementation of operations in the field obtained the highest irrigation requirement value in amount of 4,154 m3/sec.
Determination of the Fractal Dimension of the Active Fault Data along the East Anatolian Fault Zone
Authors: Aydindag Bayrak Ebru , Kirci Pinar
Published: February 2022

The current study has analyzed active fault data along the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) applying both manual (classic) and modern versions of the box counting method. The EAFZ active fault dataset used for analysis was taken from the Geoscience Map Viewer and the Drawing Editor from the website of the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration. The study covered an area stretching from Karlıova in the north to Kırıkhan in the south. The fractal analysis of the earthquake surface rupture and the Holocene fault data was performed. Fractal dimensions of the EAFZ active-fault data were calculated for 15 boxes and compared with correlation coefficient values. The calculated fractal dimension values were found to vary with the density of the active-fault data falling into the boxes. The maximum fractal dimension value D1 was determined for Karlıova and its surroundings, which can be associated with the fault density due to the branching geometry.
Sexuality and Objectification in Dastan Narratives: Women as Objects of Desire in Hoshruba, the Land and the Tilism (Book 1)
Authors: Nadeem Farrukh
Published: February 2022

The writers of dastan narratives reflect their age-old contextual desire(s) in fictional experiences. The never-ending popularity of these ideologically romantic tales is significant in the history of Urdu language and literature. Metonymically, the dastan, Tilism-e-Hoshruba, encompasses the much celebrated theme of Dastan-e-Amir Hamza—an eternal battle between virtue and vice—in its narrative discourse, but the quickness of the fantasized actions makes this dastan phantasmagorically more thrilling. Despite being enormous source(s) of narrative pleasure in the Subcontinent, these classical discursive practices prove to be an explicit reflection of the textual and sexual politics traditionally perpetuated in the Indo-Islamic patriarchal structures. The rendition of female characters, for instance, in the narrative discourse of Hoshruba, depends on the patriarchal modes of production and re- presentation pre-existing in classical cultural contexts. Presented as alluring objects of the ideological syntax, many of the women in these fictional texts customarily remain victim to the patriarchal narrative gaze. The narrators of dastan employ an evocatively figurative language in sensationalizing the graphic description of the female characters in Hoshruba. From seductions to submissions, all of their acts are pre-eminently destined to serve the phallogocentric desires of their authors, audience and chivalrous heroes. This paper, therefore, is the critical study of the patterns of desire(s) with reference to sexuality and the culture of objectification in Dastan Hoshruba, the Land and the Tilism, Book 1.1 By intersecting romance and sexuality, it also aims at exploring the narrative units of desire that objectify the sexuality of female characters through the mechanics of fantasy and gaze.
Josep Cuatrecasas. A secretis redactor [Cavanillesia, 1928-1938]
Authors: González Bueno Antonio
Published: February 2022

We analyze the activity of Josep Cuatrecasas Arumí (1903-1996) as editorial secretary of the magazine Cavanillesia, published between 1928 and 1938. We value his participation from four fronts: secretary, author, reviewer and re-rated. The study allows specifying the date of publication of the articles in the journal, the influence of Emili Huguet del Villar on the geobotanical methodology followed by Josep Cuatrecasas and his effort to disseminate the new botanical publications, from the pages of the journal, together with Pius Font i Quer.
The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic Situation On The Risk Level Facing The Albanian SMEs (Case Study: Gjirokastra Region)
Authors: KOÇIU Lorenc
Published: February 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic situation that affected the whole globe, of course, also affected the economic, political, social and cultural life in Albania. This pandemic situation had a strong impact not only on changing the conditions of human relations, but also on changing doing business. In this context, Albanian SMEs should make continuous efforts to recognize the future risks they may face. In this paper, SMEs in the Gjirokastra region have been studied. The methodology used in this paper is based on data collection through a structured questionnaire and descriptive analysis of data collected from this questionnaire. At the end of this paper it turned out that due to the pandemic situation and its economic impact, Albanian SMEs are very attentive to changing conditions not only economic, but also social, legal, political, health. They are also carefully of the consequences that come from facing different risks due to changes in these conditions Key word: Albanian SMEs, financial risk, business risk, Covid-19, Gjirokastra
Ticaret Partnerlerinin Önemi: Türkiye’nin Ticaret Partnerleri Üzerine Bir Panel Veri Analizi
Authors: ÇİTİL Mücahit
Published: February 2022

In this study, the effect of selected economic indicators of 15 countries that Turkey exported the most between 1996-2019 on Turkey's exports was investigated by the panel data method. These economic indicators are the exports of the countries to which Turkey exports the most, the total output levels, the annual average value of their national currencies against the US dollar, their per capita incomes, manufacturing industry production and household consumption expenditures, These indicators are used by applying logarithmic transformation. According to the results, among the selected indicators of the trading partners, Turkey's exports are positively affected by the total output level and by the their exports of the trading partners., Turkey's exports, however, are more strongly affected by the level of total output represented by GDP. The depreciation of the national currencies of these trade partners against the US dollar and the manufacturing industry productions have a negative effect on Turkey's exports. Although the depreciation against the US dollar is compatible with expectations, the result for the manufacturing industry shows that the relationship between Turkey's export products and the manufacturing industries of its trading partners is favor substitution rather that supplementary. There is no statistically significant results for the per capita incomes and household consumption expenditures of trading partners. Key Words: International Trade, Turkish Economy, Export, Panel Data
Where is The Limit of Questioning More? A Study of The Proper Use of The Concept of Critical Thinking
Authors: BABII Alexandra-Niculina
Published: February 2022

Critical Thinking is a sum of abilities that are more and more required today in this world of disinformation. Critical Thinking even started to become a philosophy of life where people must carefully evaluate the information they encounter. However, this statement of „think critically” has started to be used by entities who promote false theories, fake news and unsound arguments. For example, the motto of the controversed news outlet Russia Today is „Question more”. Another example is that on the social network of Instagram, the hashtag #criticalthinking is used in posts that promote the theory of the flat earth, that promote antivaxxing movement and so on. If we are to be put in an average person’s shoes, how would we know which critical thinking is the right one? How would we know who to believe? This paper’s aim is to emphasize the importance of critical thinking standards and criteria and to analyse them in order to make the difference between a proper use of this statement and an abusive and alleged one. Keywords: critical thinking, fake news, thinking standards, question more.
Araştırıcı Sanat Eleştirisi ve Bir Sanat Eleştirisi Örneği
Authors: CAN GÜRBÜZ Gülsevim
Published: February 2022

Art criticism can be described as an examination, determination, and mental activity that seeks the value of an art work. In an art criticism, different analysis strategies and methods can be chosen for the related artwork. Edmund Burke Feldman's “researching art criticism” criticism model, which is determined as a method in thearticle, is one of them. In th earticle, it is aimed to examine the method of “researching art criticism” in general, and in particular, to criticize Paula Rego’s artwork called “The Maids” with this method. For this criticism, “description, analysis, interpretation and judgment-evaluation” phases for the work were formed. Description and analysis subheadings are included in the “results section”. The other two subheadings, which include the relationship, interpretation and evaluation of the results section’s informations, are also considered as the “discussion section”. Keywords: Art criticism, Feldman model of criticism, Description, Analysis, İnterpretation, Judgment, Evaluation, Paula Rego, The Maids
MAKNA PENDERITAAN ORANG SALEH MENURUT KITAB AYUB
Authors: Hutasoit Dora
Published: February 2022

Hukum providensia Tuhan, seringkali diinterpresentasikan terlalu dangkal: Orang saleh diberkati, orang fasik dihukum. Akibatnya pada hakikatnya kata saleh dan menderita tidak dapat bertemu. Kendati demikian, justru kitab Ayub memaparkan bahwa kedua hal itu bertemu di dalam pengalaman hidup Ayub.
PERAN ORANG PERCAYA DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KEADILAN SOSIAL
Authors: Takaliuang Jammes Juneidy
Published: February 2022

Peran serta orang Kristen dalam mewujudkan keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia bukan hanya partial, tetapi harus holistik. Karena tujuan pencapaian ini adalah manusia seutuhnya yang pada prinsipnya adalah keselarasan hubungan antara manusia dengan Tuhan-nya, antara sesama manusia serta lingkungan alam sekitarnya, keserasian hubungan antara bangsa-bangsa dan juga keselarasan antara cita-cita hidup di dunia dan mengejar kebahagian di akhirat. Jadi orang Kristen adalah agen untuk mewujudkan cita-cita mulia ini dengan berlandaskan kepada Kristus yang adalah sumber keadilan, serta status orang Kristen yang adalah warga kerajaan surga seperti yang digambarkan oleh Rasul Paulus dalam Filipi 3:20. Implementasi dari warga kerajaan surga adalah menjadi warga negara Indonesia yang benar dan bertanggung jawab, sehingga jelas bahwa orang Kristen harus mengambil peran dalam menentukan arah bangsa ini. Sikap skeptis dan pesimistis bukanlah bagian dalam diri orang Kristen. Lebih jelas lagi dalam ranah praksis orang Kristen wajib: 1) Memiliki perbuatan yang luhur, yang tercermin dalam sikap dan suasana kekeluargaan serta gotong royong; 2) Menjalankan sikap adil terhadap sesama dengan cara menghormati hak-hak orang lain; 3) Sistem balancing yaitu menjaga keseimbangan antara hak dan kewajiban; 4) Tidak menciptakan dehumanisasi melalui pereduksian harkat dan martabat manusia; 5) Memiliki cara hidup dan gaya hidup sederhana (menentang sifat hedonisme dan materialisme yang menonjolkan spirit individualisme); dan 6) Bekerja keras, memiliki integritas diri yang tinggi, kreatif dan  inovatif serta nasionalis.
MEMAKNAI NILAI DASAR DARI TINDAKAN ORANGTUA DALAM MENOLONG ANAK
Authors: Adipati Yustus
Published: February 2022

Di era globalisasi dan perubahan lingkungan yang demikian cepat ini, maka dalam perjalanan gereja selanjutnya telah menimbulkan berbagai tantangan baru dan menuntut gereja untuk peka terhadap berbagai persoalan berkaitan dengan keberadaan jemaat di masa kini dan yang akan datang. Dalam mengantisipasi perubahan zaman ini, gereja menghadapi tantangan yang cukup berat sebagai dampak atau akibat negatif dari kemajuan umat manusia dan hal yang nyata, salah satu di antaranya adalah terabaikannya hak anak dalam hal pendidikan. Bentuk-bentuk kegiatan mulai dari perencanaan, proses pelaksanaan pembelajaran, sampai dengan penilaian hasil belajar merupakan unsur-unsur penting dalam pendidikan. Sedangkan, upaya menolong anak, semuanya bermuara pada kegiatan pendidikan. Tanggungjawab keluarga menjadi sangat penting terutama bagi dan untuk masa depan anak di kemudian hari. Salah satu implementasi akademisnya adalah bahwa setiap anak berhak memperoleh pendidikan dan pengajaran serta pengembangan pribadi dengan tingkat kecerdasan sesuai dengan minat dan bakat anak. Sekalipun, tugas dan tanggungjawab terhadap pembinaan serta pendidikan anak secara teologis masih terkait dengan fungsi gereja; namun dalam praktik pelaksanaannya bahwa tugas pokok ini sangat tergantung sepenuhnya pada keterlibatan semua orangtua agar berperan nyata di tengah keluarga berdasarkan kemurahan hati.
INDIKATOR PENANAMAN NILAI-NILAI PAK DALAM KELUARGA BAGI PERBINAAN IMAN ANAK REMAJA DI ZAMAN NOW
Authors: Tindagi Magdalena Grace Kelly
Published: February 2022

Menurut Undang-undang  no 10 Tahun 1992, tentang Perkembangan  Kependudukan dan Pembangunan Keluarga Sejahtera  Bab 1 Pasal 1 butir 10:  disebutkan bahwa keluarga adalah unit terkecil dalam masyarakat yang terdiri dari suami isteri  atau suami-isteri-anak, ayah-anak, atau ibu anak. Dimensi Kristen sangat penting sebagai kaidah, norma, referensi, model tolok ukur dari seluruh performance pendidikan Kristen, serta menjadi “Imitatio Christi” yang kemudian mengaktualisasikan nilai-nilai Kristen dalam perilaku etis. Secara khusus karena keluarga menjadi pilar utama tempat pemeliharaan dan pelatihan  iman. Tugas dan peran orangtua dalam menanamkan nilai-nilai keluarga bagi pembinaan iman anak remaja di zaman now ini menjadi sangat vital dan mendasar bagi kehadiran keluarga Kristen, oleh karena apabila dilihat dari makna dalam bahasa Indonesia  makna dari kata keluarga yang dapat diartikan sebagai suatu unit keluarga yang terdiri dari pasutri dan anak-anak, atau istilah keluarga dapat juga diartikan seisi rumah atau mereka yang hidup di bawah satu atap dan satu pemimpin. Peranan Pemimpin dalam keluarga adalah orangtua yang beriman kepada Yesus Kristus sebagai dasar berdirinya keluarga (I Kor. 3:11; 11:3). Jadi tugas dan peran orangtua dalam menanamkan nilai-nilai  keluarga  bagi pembinaan iman anak remaja sangat signifikan di zaman now ini. Menurut Solaeman bahwa pengertian keluarga dalam arti yang lebih luas adalah ikatan yang meliputi semua pihak yang ada hubungan darah, atau yang disebut dengan clan atau marga, dan dalam arti sempit adalah hubungan darah antar keluarga inti yang terdiri atas ayah, ibu, dan anak. Sehingga, tugas orangtua dalam melibatkan anak remajanya dalam mewujudkan nilai-nilai kristiani menjadi sangat penting bagi penananam fondasi gereja selanjutnya. Kartini Kartono menyebutkan bahwa keluarga merupakan unit sosial terkecil yang memberikan fondasi primer bagi perkembangan anak.  Sehingga, tugas terpenting bagi gereja adalah menyiapkan fondasi yang kuat bagi lingkungan keluarga, sebagai lingkungan utama gereja (selain lingkungan sekitar dan lingkungan sekolah), agar para orangtua ikut berperan dan memberikan nuansa pada perkembangan anak remaja di zaman now; oleh karena baik buruknya struktur keluarga dan masyarakat  sekitar memberikan pengaruh baik atau buruknya pertumbuhan kepribadian anak.
PASTORAL KONSELING PSIKOLOGI ALKITABIAH BAGI PEREMPUAN YANG TELAH MELAKUKAN HUBUNGAN SEKS SEBELUM MENIKAH
Authors: Halawa Junius
Published: February 2022

Pertama, Pelayanan pastoral konseling merupakan pelayanan yang efektif untuk memahami dan menolong jemaat dalam setiap persoalan mereka. Secara khusus para hamba Tuhan harus memberikan pelayanan pastoral konseling bagi jemaat yang memiliki pergumulan khusus salah satunya bagi perempuan yang telah melakukan hubungan seks sebelum menikah, supaya jemaat dikuatkan, jiwanya diselamatkan dan mengalami pemulihan di dalam Tuhan. Dalam melakasankan pastoral konseling bagi perempuan yang telah melakukan hubungan seks sebelum menikah perlu menggunakan pendekatan psikologis Alkitabiah. Psikologi Alkitabiah dapat diterapkan para konselor Kristen untuk memudahkan memahami pikiran, perasaan dan keadaan yang sedang dialami konseli. Maka, psikologi berguna sebagai prinsip pendekatan supaya konseli dapat lebih terbuka, sehingga tujuan pastoral konseling itu sendiri dapat tercapai. Kedua, Perempuan merupakan ciptaan Tuhan yang mulia, berharga dan istimewa di hadapan Allah. Perempuan juga memiliki natur segambar dan serupa dengan Allah sehingga perempuan sehakikat dengan laki-laki. Tuhan menciptakan perempuan memiliki peranan sebagai penolong bagi suami, mengajarkan kebenaran kepada anak dan memberikan hidup untuk melayani Tuhan. Kemudian seks adalah merupakan ciptaan Tuhan yang baik bagi manusia. Tuhan punya tujuan menciptakan seks bagi manusia agar manusia memiliki keintiman, satu keastuan dan kenikmatan. Seks yang berkenan kepada Allah ialah hubungan seksual yang dilakukan oleh pasangan suami-istri yang sudah diberkati dalam pernikahan kudus. Seks menurut Alkitab memiliki dimensi prokreasi, dimensi relasi, dimensi rekreasi dan dimensi refleksi. Namun, fakta membuktikan bahwa seks seringkali dipahami secara salah oleh sebagian manusia. Kosekuensi logis dari pemahaman seks yang salah akan menimbulkan hubungan seksual yang terlarang misalnya hubungan seks sebelum menikah. Secara khusus perempuan melakukan hubungan seks sebelum menikah, memiliki beberapa faktor diantaranya pertumbuhan biologis, pacaran, pelecehan seksual, teknologi dan sebagainya. Perilaku hubungan seks sebelum menikah akan berdapak terhadap spritual, psikologi, fisik dan sosial. Ketiga, Kasus perempuan yang telah melakukan hubungan seks sebelum menikah adalah dosa yang sangat serius di hadapan Tuhan. Tuhan tidak menginzikan hubungan seksual di luar penikahan kudus. Dosa seks sebelum menikah mengakibatkan seseorang berstatus manusia berdosa di hadapan Allah. Perempuan yang telah melakukan hubungan seks sebelum menikah permasalahannya bisa diselesain dengan metode pastoral konseling yang tepat. Berdasarkan hasil temuan penelitian di lapangan mengenai faktor dan dampak hubungan seks sebelum memikan, maka cara untuk menyelesaikan kasus tersebut dengan menerapkan model pastoral konseling psikologi Alkitabiah bagi perempuan yang telah melakukan hubungan seks sebelum menikah
PELAYANAN TERHADAP JEMAAT LANJUT USIA SEBAGAI PENGEMBANGGAN PELAYANAN KATEGORIAL
Authors: Paende Elvin
Published: February 2022

Lanjut usia adalah mereka yang rata-rata telah memasuki usia 60 tahun ke atas. Dalam usia seperti ini setiap orang mengalami perubahan-perubahan yang mengarah pada kemunduran-kemunduran, baik dari segi fisik maupun rohani. Perubahan fisik akan mempengaruhi segi psikologis, sosiologis, dan pneumatologis para lanjut usia, sehingga mereka akan mengalami perasaan rendah diri karena merasa tidak mampu dan tidak berguna lagi.Hal tersebut akan membuat mereka menutup diri, akibatnya mereka merasa kesepian. Masalah ini akan terasa lebih berat lagi oleh karena memang para lanjut usia akan ditinggalkan oleh anak-anak yang telah terpencar ke berbagai tempat untuk membangun rumah tangga sendiri (sidron “sarang kosong”). Dalam keadaan demikian para lanjut usia cenderung untuk berdiam diri di rumah saja, suatu kondisi yang menjadi penyebab timbulnya masalah baru bagi para lanjut usia. Mereka akan menjadi asing bagi linkungan dan dilupakan orang, akibatnya mereka tertolak dan kehilangan harga diri. Oleh karena itu pelayanan gereja terhadap para lanjut usia haruslah ditempatkan sebagai satu pelayanan kategorial dan serius ditangani oleh pekerja dan hamba Tuhan khusus yang sungguh memahami persoalan atau permasalahan lanjut usia.Pelayanan kategorial tersebut akan membuat gereja terikat secara moril pada penanganan yang serius dan bertanggung jawab terhadap para lanjut usia yang menjadi anggota jemaat. Itu berarti pelayanan kategorial akhirnya memberikan keseimbangan dalam perhatian dan aksi penatalayanan dalam seluruh gerak pelayanan gereja.