bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulating CH4 and CO2 over South and East Asia using the zoomed chemistry transport model LMDzINCA
Authors: Lin Xin , Ciais Philippe , Bousquet Philippe , Ramonet Michel , Yin Yi , Balkanski Yves , Cozic Anne , Delmotte Marc , Evangeliou Nikolaos , Indira Nuggehalli K. , Locatelli Robin , Peng Shushi , Piao Shilong , Saunois Marielle , Swathi Panangady S. , Wang Rong , Yver-Kwok Camille , Tiwari Yogesh K. , Zhou Lingxi
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The increasing availability of atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from surface stations can improve the retrieval of their fluxes at higher spatial and temporal resolutions by inversions, provided that chemistry transport models are able to properly represent the variability of concentrations observed at different stations. South and East Asia (SEA) is a region with large and very uncertain emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), the most potent anthropogenic GHGs. Monitoring networks have expanded greatly during the past decade in this region, which should contribute to reducing uncertainties in estimates of regional GHG budgets. In this study, we simulate concentrations of CH4 and CO2 using a zoomed version of the global chemistry transport model LMDzINCA during the period 2006–2013. The zoomed version has a fine horizontal resolution of ~ 0.66° in longitude and ~0.51° in latitude over SEA and a coarser resolution elsewhere. The concentrations of CH4 and CO2 simulated from the zoomed model (abbreviated as ‘ZASIA’) are compared to those from the same model but with a uniform regular grid of 2.50° in longitude and 1.27° in latitude (abbreviated as ‘REG’), both having the same vertical 19 sigma pressure levels and prescribed with the same biogenic and anthropogenic fluxes. Model performance is evaluated for annual gradients between sites, seasonal, synoptic and diurnal variations, against a new dataset including 30 surface stations over SEA and adjacent regions. Our results show that, when prescribed with identical surface fluxes, compared to REG, the ZASIA version moderately improves the representation of CH4 mean annual gradients between stations as well as the seasonal and synoptic variations of this trace gas within the zoomed region. This moderate improvement probably results from reduction of representation errors and a better description of the CH4 concentration gradients related to the skewed spatial distribution of surface CH4 emissions, suggesting that the zoom transport model will be better suited for inversions of CH4 fluxes in SEA. With the relatively coarse vertical resolution and low-frequency (monthly) prescribed fluxes, the model generally does not capture the diurnal cycle of CH4 at most stations even with its zoomed configuration, emphasizing the need to increase the vertical resolution, and to improve parameterizations of turbulent diffusion in the planetary boundary layer and deep convection during the monsoon period. The model performance for CH4 is better than that for CO2 at any temporal scale, likely due to inaccuracies in the CO2 fluxes prescribed in this study.
Surface deposition of oxidized mercury dominated by production in the upper and middle troposphere
Authors: Shah Viral , Jaeglé Lyatt
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Oxidized mercury (Hg(II)) is chemically produced in the atmosphere by oxidation of elemental mercury and is directly emitted by anthropogenic activities. We use the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model, with gaseous oxidation driven by Br atoms, to quantify how surface deposition of Hg(II) is influenced by Hg(II) production at different atmospheric heights. We tag Hg(II) chemically produced in the lower (surface–750 hPa), middle (750–400 hPa) and upper troposphere (400 hPa–tropopause), in the stratosphere, as well as directly emitted Hg(II). A two-year simulation (2013–2014) reproduces the spatial distribution and seasonal cycle of Hg(II) surface concentrations and Hg wet deposition observed at the Atmospheric Mercury Network (AMNet) and the Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) stations over the United States to within 21 %, but displays a 46 % underestimate of wet deposition observed at the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) stations. We find that Hg(II) produced in the upper and middle troposphere constitutes 91 % of the tropospheric mass of Hg(II) and 91 % of the annual Hg(II) wet deposition flux. This large global influence from the upper and middle troposphere is the result of strong chemical production coupled with a long lifetime of Hg(II) in these regions. Annually, 77–84 % of surface level Hg(II) over the western U.S., South America, South Africa, and Australia is produced in the upper and middle troposphere, whereas 26–66 % of surface Hg(II) over the eastern U.S., Europe, East Asia, and South Asia is directly emitted. Over the oceans, 72 % of surface Hg(II) is produced in the lower troposphere, because of higher Br concentrations in the marine boundary layer. The global contribution of the upper and middle troposphere to the Hg(II) dry deposition flux is 52 %. It is lower compared to the contribution to wet deposition because dry deposition of Hg(II) produced aloft requires its entrainment into the boundary layer, while rain can scavenge Hg(II) from higher altitudes more readily. We find that 55 % of the spatial variation of Hg wet deposition flux observed at the MDN sites is explained by the combined variation of precipitation and Hg(II) produced in the upper and middle troposphere. Our simulation points to a large role of Hg(II) present in the dry subtropical subsidence regions, which account for 74 % of Hg(II) at 500 hPa over the continental U.S., and more than 60 % of the surface Hg(II) over high-altitude areas of the western U.S. During the Nitrogen, Oxidants, Mercury, and Aerosol Distributions, Sources, and Sinks (NOMADSS) aircraft campaign, the contribution of these dry regions was found to be 75 % when measured Hg(II) exceeded 250 pg m−3. Our results highlight the importance of the upper and middle troposphere as key regions for Hg(II) production and of the subtropical anticyclones as the primary conduits for the production and export of Hg(II) to the global atmosphere.
Multiphase composition changes and reactive
oxygen species formation during limonene
oxidation in the new Cambridge Atmospheric
Simulation Chamber (CASC)
Authors: Gallimore Peter J. , Mahon Brendan M. , Wragg Francis P. H. , Fuller Stephen J. , Giorio Chiara , Kourtchev Ivan , Kalberer Markus
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The chemical composition of organic aerosols influences their impacts on human health and the climate system. Aerosol formation from gas-to-particle conversion and in-particle reaction was studied for the oxidation of limonene in a new facility, the Cambridge Atmospheric Simulation Chamber (CASC). Health-relevant oxidising organic species produced during SOA formation were quantified in real-time using an Online Particle-bound Reactive Oxygen Species Instrument (OPROSI). Two categories of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were identified based on time series analysis: a short-lived component produced during precursor ozonolysis with a lifetime on the order of minutes, and a stable component which was long-lived on the experiment timescale (~ 4 hours). Individual organic species were monitored continuously over this time using Extractive Electrospray Ionisation (EESI) Mass Spectrometry (MS) for the particle phase and Proton Transfer Reaction (PTR) MS for the gas phase. Many first generation oxidation products are unsaturated, and we observed multiphase aging via further ozonolysis reactions. Volatile products such as C9H14O (limonaketone) and C10H16O2 (limonaldehyde) were observed in the gas phase early in the experiment, before reacting again with ozone. Loss of C10H16O2 (7-hydroxy limononic acid) from the particle phase was surprisingly slow. A combination of reduced C=C reactivity and viscous particle formation (relative to other SOA systems) may explain this, and both scenarios were tested in the Pretty Good Aerosol Model (PG-AM). A range of characterisation measurements were also carried out to benchmark the chamber against existing facilities. This work demonstrates the utility of the CASC chamber, particularly for understanding the reactivity and health-relevant properties of organic aerosols using novel, highly time-resolved techniques.
Suspect Guillain-Barré syndrome in a male rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Becker Tamara , Pieper Florian , Liebetanz David , Bleyer Martina , Schrod Annette , Maetz-Rensing Kerstin , Treue Stefan
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare, mainly acute inflammatory polyneuropathy in humans. It is frequently post-infectious with auto antibodies being formed against myelin sheaths, resulting in a progressive and more-or-less severe paralysis of the motor neuron and cranial nerves. Mortality is low and 60 % of the patients recover completely from the disease after intensive treatment.In animals, there are a few diseases that closely resemble GBS, but cases of GBS in monkeys seem to be scarce. In this case report, the clinical course of a progressive tetraplegia in a male rhesus macaque is described. Clinical, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), electroneurography (ENG) and electromyography (EMG), and pathological findings revealed symptoms very similar to human GBS.
Kidney Disease Associated with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
Authors: Sawinski Deirdre
Published: March 2017

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the USA is growing, and stem cell transplant recipients are at risk for both acute and chronic renal injury. Some etiologies of acute kidney injury are shared with the general population, such as prerenal azotemia and acute tubular necrosis, while others are unique to aspects of the stem cell procedure and include hepatic veno-occlusive disease and BK cystitis. Long-term hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors are also at increased risk for chronic kidney disease, and important etiologies include calcineurin inhibitor toxicity, nephrotic syndrome, and thrombotic microangiopathy. Stem cell transplant patient survival on chronic dialysis is poor, but well-selected patients can have excellent outcomes with renal transplantation.
A influência do turismo de eventos na Região das Hortênsias, Rio Grande do Sul, (Brasil): o caso do evento Natal Luz de Gramado
Authors: Vidal Roger Pierre , Riedl Mario
Published: March 2017

Este trabalho consiste numa análise do turismo de eventos, enfocando especificamente o evento Natal Luz de Gramado, no Rio Grande do Sul, (Brasil). Para atingir tal objetivo, realizou-se uma pesquisa com uma amostra de 239 visitantes do acontecimento, bem como uma análise de dados secundários, que teve como escopo dar suporte a análise dos impactos do evento na Região das Hortênsias. Buscou-se também analisar a sua influência no enfrentamento do problema da sazonalidade do turismo nos meses de verão. A pesquisa apresenta como resultado a transformação na última década entre o turismo de verão e de inverno na Região das Hortênsias, devido ao evento Natal Luz. Observou-se uma modificação radical no fluxo de visitantes em Gramado e Região na última década (2005 a 2015) devido ao evento Natal Luz.
Ambiente turístico empreendedor: um estudo com empreendedores de Paranaguá – Paraná – Brasil
Authors: Vieira Raquel Dos Santos , Bahl Miguel
Published: March 2017

Parte do desenvolvimento local de um município depende de ações empreendedoras ligadas ao setor de turismo. Para que iniciativas empreendedoras ocorram, é necessário que o ambiente onde estejam inseridas seja propício a empreender. Assim ocorrendo, o presente trabalho1 foi elaborado pela importância de entender o conceito de ambiente empreendedor no turismo e da valorização dos sujeitos empreendedores e objetivou identificar quais seriam as características que tornam um ambiente propício ao empreendedorismo no turismo a partir de um estudo com empreendedores participantes do curso de capacitação em Gestão Empresarial do Programa Bom Negócio Paraná no município de Paranaguá (Paraná, Brasil). Os resultados da coleta de dados, realizada em abril de 2015, com um total de 12 participantes apontaram que um ambiente é propício a empreender quando há apoio dos familiares e incentivos do setor público.
Raadsleden in lokale rekenkamers: de gevolgen voor de doorwerking van rekenkameronderzoek
Authors: Koster Paul , Tollenaar Albertjan
Published: March 2017

Counselors in local audit offices. The effects for the impact of audit investigation

The Dutch minister of Home Affairs, Ronald Plasterk, has resolved to obligate municipalities to set up an independent audit office. Other variants of the audit office function, in which counselors themselves are members of local audit offices or commissions, will be forbidden. The minister’s assumption is that an independent audit office will control the municipal government more effectively. The disappearance of counselors as member of audit offices (or commissions) may have implications for the impact of local audit reports. The supposed effect of the membership of counselors is that there will be better coordination between the local audit office (or commission) and the need for control of the municipality. In addition one might suppose that the presence of counselors in the audit office guarantees that the audit reports will receive enough attention in the municipal council. Both effects concern the impact of local audit investigation. In this article, the authors study the extent to which membership of counselors really contributes to the impact of local audit investigation on the basis of quantitative (a survey amongst secretaries of local audit offices) and qualitative (an explorative case study in a number of Dutch municipalities) research. The results show that the membership of counselors as such does not lead to a greater impact, but that a proper consultation is required between the audit office and the municipal council.
Naschrift bij de zeven levens van de (gemeentelijke) bestuurswetenschappen
Authors: Reussing Rik
Published: March 2017

Postscript to the seven lives of the (municipal) administrative sciences

The anniversary issue of this magazine (Reussing, 2016/4: 71-101) contained an essay with a short history of the (municipal) administrative sciences. This postscript contains a number of corrections, clarifications and additions to this essay, in chronological order. Examples are the inherently Fabian vision on socialism by one of the pioneers alderman Floor Wibaut, the importance of Jos (not Joop) van der Grinten in the early period (next to the founder of public administration in the Netherlands, Gerrit van Poelje) and the later prime minister Willem Drees as the successor of Herman Nieboer as member of the editorial board in 1921 of the first magazine in the field of ‘Municipal Administration’.
Selected Characteristics of Business Environment in Visegrad Region
Authors: Bruothová Michaela
Published: March 2017

Business environment is considered to be an important factor that affects the competitiveness of the country or region. The assessment of business environment is subject to analysis realized by many national as well as internationally accepted institutions, whose outputs have usually form of composite indices reflecting the quality of the business environment. The aim of the article is to investigate the relationship between different indices of the quality of business environment on one side and selected macroeconomic indicators and country's credit rating on the other side. The analysis concentrates on the countries of Visegrad four region (V4) – Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. The following indices are analyzed: Ease of Doing Business created by the World Bank Group , Global Competitiveness Index, Index of Economic Freedom, rating from The World Competitiveness Yearbook and Fragile State Index. We use the real gross domestic product, unemployment rate and inflation rate as the macroeconomic indicators and the results of the country's credit rating evaluated by Moody's, Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings. The analysis is based on the country level data for the 2005 – 2014 period derived from the official statistical reports of World Bank, World Economic Forum, Institute for Management Development, The Heritage Foundation, Fund for Peace and Eurostat. The analysis is performed through correlation analysis using Pearson as well as Spearman correlation coefficients. The results of our analysis indicate that relationship between different indices of the quality of business environment and selected macroeconomic indicators or country's credit rating is country specific.
The burden of domestication: a representative study of welfare in privately owned cats in Denmark
Authors: Sandøe P , Nørspang AP , Forkman B , Bjørnvad CR , Kondrup SV , Lund TB
Published: March 2017

The way in which domestic cats are kept and bred has changed dramatically over the last two centuries. Notably, a significant number of cats are kept indoors, most of them are neutered and many are selectively bred. This likely has consequences for their welfare. A few studies link housing, neuter status and breeding in cats to risks of welfare problems. However, the study presented here is the first to quantify the risks and document the prevalence of risk factors. It builds on results from a questionnaire sent to a representative sample of the Danish population. Using the responses from cat owners who keep cats in the home (n = 378), the paper aims to investigate how indoor confinement, neutering and selective breeding affect health, behaviour and other factors relating to cat welfare. The paper reports that confined cats had significantly more behavioural problems than free-roaming cats; that a smaller proportion of the free-roaming cats suffered from the behavioural problems investigated; and that entire cats had significantly more behavioural problems than neutered cats. Finally, significantly more purebred cats than domestic shorthair cats were found to have diseases. Being confined, being intact and being purebred are therefore significant risk factors for behavioural or health problems associated with reduced welfare in privately owned cats.
The effects of acute exposure to mining machinery noise on the behaviour of eastern blue-tongued lizards (Tiliqua scincoides)
Authors: Mancera KF , Murray PJ , Lisle A , Dupont C , Faucheux F , Phillips CJC
Published: March 2017

The mining industry is an important source of noise for wildlife, and the eastern blue-tongued (EBT) lizard (Tiliqua scincoides) is an Australian animal that may be impacted. We analysed the behaviour of nine EBT lizards during and after exposure for 5 s to one of five combinations of mining machinery noise frequency and amplitude (frequency < or > 2 kHz, low [60-65 dB (A)] and high [70-75 dB (A)] amplitude, or a control treatment). Following exposure, lizards could leave the test chamber and enter an escape chamber, which led into a small hiding chamber. Chambers were monitored for 15 min after initial exposure. In the test chamber, lizards exposed to high frequency, high amplitude noise spent more time freezing, a typical stress response in reptiles, when compared with animals in all the other treatments. This was especially the case for lizards exposed to high frequency noise. In the hiding chamber, high frequency noise at high amplitudes decreased durations of head positioning to the right and downwards, suggesting a lateralised fear reaction, but decreased standing and freezing behaviours. We hypothesise that lizards have lateralised behaviour reactions to mining noise, with high frequency, high amplitude noise being the most detrimental. Our results demonstrate that acute exposure to mining noise had negative effects on EBT lizards’ behaviour and welfare, which may suggest a threat for lizards experiencing chronic mining noise in the wild, making the study of mining machinery noise in situ a research priority.
Developing a horse welfare assessment protocol
Authors: Viksten SM , Visser EK , Nyman S , Blokhuis HJ
Published: March 2017

This paper describes the development and pilot-testing of a horse welfare assessment protocol (HWAP). The HWAP consists of the collective measurement of numerous factors considered likely to affect a horse's welfare and is thereby designed to provide a holistic score of its welfare status and to identify potential risk factors. The draft protocol contains 47 measures: 15 animal-based, 24 resource-based and eight management-based. It was tested in the autumn at two Swedish riding schools using a total of 37 horses of varying breed, gender and age. Each assessment was repeated after 16-25 days. The results showed that 66% (31/47) of the measures had over 85% repeatability between assessments. Results indicated occurrence of behavioural issues, eg aggression and avoidance, and potential risk factors, such as inadequate management routines and feeding regimes. Using the HWAP, the assessment of up to 22 horses could be carried out in one day. Changes were proposed to the draft protocol which included incorporating an ethogram to assess the human-animal relationship and assessing bit-related injuries. We propose that the protocol might: i) provide a firm basis for the welfare monitoring of horses; ii) identify important potential risk factors; iii) guide welfare improvement and management practices for horse owners and stable managers; and iv) contribute to the development of certification schemes for horse facilities.
Humane euthanasia of neonates I: validation of the effectiveness of the Zephyr EXL non-penetrating captive-bolt euthanasia system on neonate piglets up to 10.9 kg live-weight
Authors: Grist A , Murrell JC , McKinstry JL , Knowles TG , Wotton SB
Published: March 2017

To determine if mechanical blunt force trauma using a non-penetrating captive bolt was a viable method of producing an immediate stun/kill in neonate piglets (Sus scrofa domesticus) as an alternative to manual blunt force trauma. Piglets (n = 60) were acquired from a local producer and allocated to one of five weight ranges: birth weight to 3 kg (n = 12); 3 to 5 kg (n = 11); 5 to 7 kg (n = 13); 7 to 9 kg (n = 13); and 9 to 11 kg (n = 11). These piglets with an average live-weight of 6.1 kg were anaesthetised and electroencephalogram (EEG) recording electrodes inserted sub-dermally over the right cranium to allow recording of Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs). Following recording of baseline VEPs in the anaesthetised state, the piglet was shot once in the frontal-parietal position with a Bock Industries Zephyr EXL non-penetrating captive bolt powered by 120 psi air pressure. Movement scoring, behavioural indices of loss of brain function and VEPs were monitored throughout. VEPs were lost immediately in all piglets shot when the head was resting on a hard surface. This experiment demonstrates that mechanical blunt-force trauma, using a single-shot, non-penetrating captive bolt, such as the Zephyr EXL, provides for an immediate stun kill in neonate piglets up to 10.9 kg live-weight. This immediacy of action, combined with reproducible effects will improve the welfare of piglets to be subjected to on-farm euthanasia due to disease, ill-thrift or other commercial concerns.
Sprogpolitik: So ein Ding müssen wir auch haben
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning , Bisgaard Jonna , Lauridsen Majken Brunsborg , Wichmann Kamilla Kvist
Published: March 2017

To argue that language policies are subject to the vagaries of fashion may be a slight exaggeration. But language policies have indeed attracted growing interest and been increasingly debated over the last three to four years. During this time many companies and organisations have formulated a language policy, or they are currently in the process of doing so. At the national level several politicians have been complaining that no language policy exists for the Danish language. On the other hand, many journalists and several linguists have been criticising the language policy for which the Danish Language Council is responsible as inappropriate. All these statements may appear rather contradictory. The confusion can, however, partly be accounted for by the prevalence of different definitions of what a language policy is and what it involves. In this contribution we will suggest ways of resolving the terminological problems and also discuss some concrete Danish proposals for the part of language policy that we have termed ‘specific language policy’.
Replik til HB et al: Sprogpolitik: So ein Ding müssen wir auch haben. So ein Ding haben wir schon seit einem Jahr
Authors: Da Silva Tina , Pagter Annette , Vendelev Bodil , Andersen Henrik
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Feasibility of an International Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation Data Repository
Authors: Bradford Elissa Held , Baert Ilse , Finlayson Marcia , Feys Peter , Wagner Joanne
Published: March 2017

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) rehabilitation evidence is limited due to methodological factors, which may be addressed by a data repository. We describe the perceived challenges of, motivators for, interest in participating in, and key features of an international MS rehabilitation data repository.

Methods:

A multimethod sequential investigation was performed with the results of two focus groups, using nominal group technique, and study aims informing the development of an online questionnaire. Percentage agreement and key quotations illustrated questionnaire findings. Subgroup comparisons were made between clinicians and researchers and between participants in North America and Europe.

Results:

Rehabilitation professionals from 25 countries participated (focus groups: n = 21; questionnaire: n = 166). The top ten challenges (C) and motivators (M) identified by the focus groups were database control/management (C); ethical/legal concerns (C); data quality (C); time, effort, and cost (C); best practice (M); uniformity (C); sustainability (C); deeper analysis (M); collaboration (M); and identifying research needs (M). Percentage agreement with questionnaire statements regarding challenges to, motivators for, interest in, and key features of a successful repository was at least 80%, 85%, 72%, and 83%, respectively, across each group of statements. Questionnaire subgroup analysis revealed a few differences (P < .05), including that clinicians more strongly identified with improving best practice as a motivator.

Conclusions:

Findings support clinician and researcher interest in and potential for success of an international MS rehabilitation data repository if prioritized challenges and motivators are addressed and key features are included.
Dignidade sexual e proteção no sistema penal
Authors: Torres José Henrique Rodrigues
Published: March 2017

De nada adiantou Hércules libertar Prometeu dos rochedos que o aprisionavam, pois o miserável Titã continuou a eles acorrentado, eternamente, por um anel feito com uma pedra deles extraída. Com relação ao tratamento legislativo dado à sexualidade, especialmente no âmbito do direito penal, o sistema jurídico brasileiro sofreu, recentemente, profundas mudanças, mas, de nada adiantará a edição de novos e inovadores dispositivos legais se, ao aplicá-los, os seus intérpretes continuarem acorrentados aos paradigmas que estruturavam os rochedos da antiga sistemática jurídica, construída no terreno pantanoso e traiçoeiro da ideologia patriarcal. Como diria Alberto Caeiros, heterônimo de Fernando Pessoa, não basta abrir a janela para ver os campos e os rios. É preciso romper com os antigos paradigmas.
Desenvolvimento psicomotor em crianças pré-termo e a termo na idade escolar
Authors: Cardoso Ana Amélia , Magalhães Lívia De Castro , Barbosa Vanêssa Maziero
Published: March 2017

Fatores biológicos, como prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascimento, e fatores ambientais, como nível sócioeconômico, podem influenciar o desenvolvimento infantil. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o desenvolvimento psicomotor de três grupos de crianças em idade escolar: (1) pré-termo de famílias de baixa renda, (2) a termo de famílias de baixa renda, e (3) a termo de classe média. Participaram do estudo 120 crianças de 5 a 7 anos de idade, 40 em cada grupo. As crianças foram submetidas a avaliação de equilíbrio estático, tônus postural, habilidades perceptuais e viso-motoras. Foi observada diferença significativa de desempenho entre os grupos na maioria dos testes. Ao analisar o efeito isolado do nível sócioeconômico, observou-se efeito favorável à classe média nos itens de tônus postural e equilíbrio. Os resultados sugerem que o desenvolvimento de crianças prematuras deve ser acompanhado até pelo menos a idade escolar, principalmente daquelas em situação de desvantagem social, sendo importante incentivar a implantação de programas de acompanhamento longitudinal do desenvolvimento dentro do sistema público de saúde.
Prevalência de atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor em pré-escolares
Authors: Torquato Jamili Anbar , Paes Janine Batista , Bento Maria Cristiane C. , Saikai Glaucy Mara P. N. , Souto Juliana Novaes , Lima Elbimeire De Almeida M. , Abreu Luiz Carlos de
Published: March 2017

O desenvolvimento infantil é um processo de mudanças relacionado com a idade e influenciado pelo ambiente em que a criança vive. Desta maneira, o objetivo é verificar o a prevalência de atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (DNPM) em pré-escolares. Procedimentos: tratou-se de um estudo transversal analítico realizado em três abrigos e uma escola particular da Zona Leste de São Paulo-SP, na qual participaram 81 crianças. Aplicou-se um questionário aos responsáveis pelas crianças participantes e para avaliar o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor das crianças foi utilizado o Teste Denver II. Os resultados revelaram a prevalência de atraso no DNPM em crianças institucionalizadas (31,6%), p=0,06. A linguagem foi a área mais freqüentemente afetada nas crianças com suspeita de atraso. Em relação ao suporte familiar e condições ambientais não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas crianças institucionalizadas. Verificou-se que os resultados não significativos talvez sejam conseqüência da relação de apego que as crianças institucionalizadas adquirem entre si e da convivência com um maior número de crianças. Conclusão: o presente estudo não encontrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de crianças institucionalizadas e não-institucionalizadas, porém houve maior prevalência de suspeita de atraso nas crianças institucionalizadas.
Desempenho motor em recém-nascidos pré-termo de alto risco
Authors: Nicolau Carla Marques , Costa Anna Paula Bastos Marques , Hazime Haline Omar , Krebs Vera Lúcia Jornada
Published: March 2017

OBJETIVO: avaliar o desempenho motor em recém-nascidos pré-termo (RNPT) com risco para o desenvolvimento motor. MÉTODO: estudo prospectivo entre junho 2007 e dezembro 2008 com RN estáveis, respiração espontânea em ar ambiente e idade corrigida até 120 dias de vida. O estudo consistiu na avaliação do desempenho motor através do Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP), sendo aplicado por fisioterapeuta treinado, na alta hospitalar. A análise dos resultados foi realizada através de medidas descritivas e medidas de sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos positivo e negativo. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 69 RNs com idade gestacional (IG) média 32,61 ± 2,69 semanas e peso médio 1207,00 ± 380,14 gramas, com predomínio do sexo masculino (62%) e dos adequados para a idade gestacional (66,6%). Da população estudada 56 RN apresentaram pontuação na média, 7 apresentaram pontuação abaixo da média e 6 apresentaram escores muito abaixo da média. Os RN com pontuação dentro da média apresentaram IG média 34,44 ± 0,59 sem, peso médio de nascimento 1355,50 ± 294,26 gramas e permaneceram em média 11,22 ± 7,07 dias em oxigênio inalatório. Os RN que obtiveram desempenho abaixo da média apresentaram IG média 32,00 ± 2,59 sem, peso médio de nascimento 1180,00 ± 334,16 gramas e permaneceram 8,20 ± 4,24 dias sob ventilação mecânica (VM); os RN com pontuação muito abaixo da média apresentaram IG média 28,76 ± 2,54 sem, peso de nascimento 830,00 ± 332,06 g e permaneceram em média 42,50 ± 18,93 dias em VM. Verificou-se 54,5% sensibilidade, 71,4% especificidade e valores preditivos positivo e negativo de 75% e 100%. CONCLUSÃO: Os RNPT que apresentaram pior desempenho motor foram os que permaneceram em suporte ventilatório prolongado.
Taxonomic and functional trait diversity of wild bees in different urban settings
Authors: Normandin Étienne , Vereecken Nicolas J. , Buddle Christopher M. , Fournier Valérie
Published: March 2017

Urbanization is one of the major anthropogenic processes contributing to local habitat loss and extirpation of numerous species, including wild bees, the most widespread pollinators. Little is known about the mechanisms through which urbanization impacts wild bee communities, or the types of urban green spaces that best promote their conservation in cities. The main objective of this study was to describe and compare wild bee community diversity, structure, and dynamics in two Canadian cities, Montreal and Quebec City. A second objective was to compare functional trait diversity among three habitat types (cemeteries, community gardens and urban parks) within each city. Bees were collected using pan traps and netting on the same 46 sites, multiple times, over the active season in 2012 and 2013. A total of 32,237 specimens were identified, representing 200 species and 6 families, including two new continental records,Hylaeus communisNylander (1852) andAnthidium florentinum(Fabricius, 1775). Despite high community evenness, we found significant abundance of diverse species, including exotic ones. Spatio-temporal analysis showed higher stability in the most urbanized city (Montreal) but low nestedness of species assemblages among the three urban habitats in both cities. Our study demonstrates that cities are home to diverse communities of wild bees, but in turn affect bee community structure and dynamics. We also found that community gardens harbour high levels of functional trait diversity. Urban agriculture therefore contributes substantially to the provision of functionally diverse bee communities and possibly to urban pollination services.
Sorghum and wheat differentially affect caecal microbiota and associated performance characteristics of meat chickens
Authors: Crisol-Martínez Eduardo , Stanley Dragana , Geier Mark S. , Hughes Robert J. , Moore Robert J.
Published: March 2017

This study compared the effects of wheat- and sorghum-based diets on broiler chickens. The growth performance and caecal microbial community of chickens were measured and correlations between productivity and specific gut microbes were observed. Cobb broilers 15 days of age were individually caged and two dietary treatments were used, one with a wheat-based diet (n = 48) and another one with a sorghum-based diet (n = 48). Growth performance measurements were taken over a 10 day period and samples for microbiota analysis were taken at the end of that period. Caecal microbiota was characterised by sequencing of 16S bacterial rRNA gene amplicons. Overall, the results indicated that a sorghum-based diet produced higher apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and body-weight gain (BWG) values in chickens, compared to a wheat-based diet. Nevertheless, sorghum-fed birds had higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) values than wheat-fed birds, possibly because of some anti-nutritional factors in sorghum. Further analyses showed that caecal microbial community was significantly associated with AME values, but microbiota composition differed between dietary treatments. A number of bacteria were individually correlated with growth performance measurements. Numerous OTUs assigned to strains ofLactobacillus crispatusand Lachnospiraceae, which were prevalent in sorghum-fed chickens, were correlated with high AME and BWG values, respectively. Additionally, a number of OTUs assigned to Clostridiales that were prevalent in wheat-fed chickens were correlated with low FCR values. Overall, these results suggest that between-diet variations in growth performance were partly associated with changes in the caecal microbiota.
Mythic Substrate of Ibn al-ʿArabī's Immutable Entities (al-aʿyān al-thābita)
Authors: Lawson Todd
Published: March 2017

The Quran’s sacred myth of the primordial covenant recounted at Q 7:172, it is suggested here, is the most immediate source for the distinctive and sometimes otherwise puzzling technical term al-aʿyān al-thābita (“Immutable Entities”) in the ontological discourse of Muḥyī l-Dīn Ibn al-ʿArabī (d. 1240), al-shaykh al-akbar.
Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement. By John Stratton Hawley
Authors: Pauwels Heidi
Published: March 2017

A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement. By John Stratton Hawley. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015. Pp. xiv + 438. $49.95.
Emergence of Israel in the Twelfth and Eleventh Centuries B.C.E. By Volkmar Fritz, translated by James W. Barker
Authors: Whisenant Jessica
Published: March 2017

The Emergence of Israel in the Twelfth and Eleventh Centuries B.C.E. By Volkmar Fritz, translated by James W. Barker. Biblical Encyclopedia, vol. 2. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011. Pp. xviii + 268. $32.95 (paper).
The role of histidines in amyloid β fibril assembly
Authors: Brännström Kristoffer , Islam Tohidul , Sandblad Linda , Olofsson Anders
Published: March 2017

Low pH has a strong stabilising effect on the fibrillar assembly of amyloid β, which is associated with Alzheimer's disease. The stabilising effect is already pronounced at pH 6.0, suggesting that protonation of histidines might mediate this effect. Through the systematic substitution of the three native histidines in Aβ for alanines, we have evaluated their role in fibril stability. Using surface plasmon resonance, we show that at neutral pH the fibrillar forms of all His‐Ala variants are destabilised by a factor of 4–12 compared to wild‐type Aβ. However, none of the His‐Ala Aβ variants impair the stabilising effect of the fibril at low pH.
Genetic analysis of uterine adenosarcomas and phyllodes tumors of the breast
Authors: Geyer Felipe C. , Burke Kathleen A. , Piscuoglio Salvatore , Ng Charlotte K. Y. , Papanastasiou Anastasios D. , Marchiò Caterina , Selenica Pier , Edelweiss Marcia , Murray Melissa P. , Brogi Edi , Soslow Robert A. , Rubin Brian P. , Norton Larry , Reis‐Filho Jorge S. , Weigelt Britta
Published: March 2017

Uterine adenosarcomas and breast phyllodes tumors (PTs) are morphologically similar, being composed of stromal projections in a leaf‐like fashion lined by epithelial cells. Here, we investigated whether their histologic similarities would be mirrored at the genetic level. The previously reported repertoires of somatic genetic alterations found in 19 adenosarcomas and 22 PTs (six benign, six borderline, and 10 malignant) were compared. PTs significantly more frequently displayed mutations affecting MED12, the TERT gene promoter and bona fide cancer genes, whereas adenosarcomas harbored a higher rate of MDM2/CDK4 and TERT gene amplifications. Pathway analyses based on the genes affected by somatic genetic alterations in these tumors indicated that Wnt signaling likely plays a role in the biology of adenosarcomas and benign/borderline PTs. In conclusion, despite the differences at the gene level, PTs and adenosarcomas share remarkable morphologic similarities and enrichment for somatic genetic alterations affecting Wnt pathway‐related genes.
Seismic constraints on the architecture of the Newport‐Inglewood/Rose Canyon fault: Implications for the length and magnitude of future earthquake ruptures
Authors: Sahakian Valerie , Bormann Jayne , Driscoll Neal , Harding Alistair , Kent Graham , Wesnousky Steve
Published: March 2017

The Newport‐Inglewood/Rose Canyon (NIRC) fault zone is an active strike‐slip fault system within the Pacific‐North American plate boundary in Southern California, located in close proximity to populated regions of San Diego, Orange, and Los Angeles counties. Prior to this study, the NIRC fault zone's continuity and geometry were not well constrained. Nested marine seismic reflection data with different vertical resolutions are employed to characterize the offshore fault architecture. Four main fault strands are identified offshore, separated by three main stepovers along strike, all of which are 2 km or less in width. Empirical studies of historical ruptures worldwide show that earthquakes have ruptured through stepovers with this offset. Models of Coulomb stress change along the fault zone are presented to examine the potential extent of future earthquake ruptures on the fault zone, which appear to be dependent on the location of rupture initiation and fault geometry at the stepovers. These modeling results show that the southernmost stepover between the La Jolla and Torrey Pines fault strands may act as an inhibitor to throughgoing rupture due to the stepover width and change in fault geometry across the stepover; however, these results still suggest that rupture along the entire fault zone is possible.
Magnetism of a red soil core derived from basalt, northern Hainan Island, China: Volcanic ash versus pedogenesis
Authors: Liu Zhifeng , Ma Jinlong , Wei Gangjian , Liu Qingsong , Jiang Zhaoxia , Ding Xing , Peng Shasha , Zeng Ti , Ouyang Tingping
Published: March 2017

Similar to loess‐paleosol sequences in northwestern China, terrestrial sedimentary sequences (red soils) in southern China also provide sensitive Quaternary records of subtropical/tropical paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. Compared with red clay sequences originated from eolian dust, red soils derived from bedrock have received little attention. In this study, a long core of red soil derived from weathered basalt in northern Hainan Island, China, was systematically investigated by using detailed magnetic measurements and rare earth element analyses. The results show that an extremely strong magnetic zone with a maximum magnetic susceptibility (>10 × 10−5 m3 kg−1) is interbedded in the middle of the core profile. This layer contains a significant amount of superparamagnetic magnetite/maghemite particles that primarily originated from volcanic ash, with secondary contributions from pedogenesis. The former has an average grain size of ~19 nm with a normal distribution of volume, and the latter has a much wider grain size distribution. The presence of volcanic ash within the red soil indicates that these Quaternary basalts were not formed by continuous volcanic eruptions. Moreover, the magnetic enhancement patterns differ between the upper and lower zones. The upper zone is more magnetically enhanced and experienced higher precipitation and temperature than the lower zone. Discrimination of superparamagnetic particles originating from pedogenic processes and volcanic ash thus provides a sound theoretical base for accurate interpretation of magnetism in red soils in this region.
Modeling tsunami propagation and the emplacement of thumbprint terrain in an early Mars ocean
Authors: Costard Francois , Séjourné Antoine , Kelfoun Karim , Clifford Stephen , Lavigne Franck , Di Pietro Ilaria , Bouley Sylvain
Published: March 2017

The identification of lobate debris deposits in Arabia Terra, along the proposed paleoshoreline of a former northern ocean, has renewed questions about the existence and stability of ocean‐sized body of water in the early geologic history of Mars. The potential occurrence of impact‐generated tsunamis in a northern ocean was investigated by comparing the geomorphologic characteristics of the Martian deposits with the predictions of well‐validated terrestrial models (scaled to Mars) of tsunami wave height, propagation direction, runup elevation, and distance for three potential sea levels. Our modeling suggests several potential impact craters ~30–50 km in diameter as the source of the tsunami events. Within the complex topography of flat‐floored valleys and plateaus along the dichotomy boundary, the interference of the multiple reflected and refracted waves that are observed in the simulation may explain the origin of the arcuate pattern that characterizes the thumbprint terrain.
Dynamics of biomass and carbon sequestration across a chronosequence of masson pine plantations
Authors: Justine Meta Francis , Yang Wanqin , Wu Fuzhong , Khan Muhammad Naeem
Published: March 2017

The changes of forest biomass stock and carbon (C) sequestration with stand ages at fixed intervals in the different vegetation components remain unknown. Using the masson pine (Pinus massoniana) relative growth equation, biomass carbon stocks were obtained in four masson pine plantations at 12 year intervals (3 years, 15 years, 27 years, and 39 years). Meanwhile, the changes in soil organic C (SOC) stock with stand ages were also estimated. The biomass stock varied from 1.41 to 265.33 Mg ha−1, 6.87 to 7.49 Mg ha−1, and 2.66 to 4.86 Mg ha−1 in the tree, shrub, and herb layers. Carbon concentrations in plant tissues were 51.6%, 39.0%, and 42.2% in the tree, shrub, and herb layers. The aboveground biomass C contributed 81.7% and 60.5% in the tree and shrub layers, and the root to shoot (R/S) ratio of the tree and shrub layer biomass averaged 0.23 and 0.69. Biomass C stock increased significantly (p < 0.05) with forest age, whereas the changes in biomass accumulation rate decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The annual net C sequestration increased with age from 0.47 to 9.83 Mg ha−1 yr−1 in the tree layer but decreased in the shrub and herb layers. The SOC content decreased with soil depth but increased with age, whereas the SOC stock increased with depth and age. However, the total ecosystem C stock increased significantly (p < 0.05) with stand age suggesting that age is the controlling factor of photosynthetic and biological processes and thus changes in biomass accumulation and C sequestration in masson pine plantations. Therefore, in‐depth studies are needed for continuous monitoring of the changes in nutrients and elements cycling with stand ages in this forest ecosystem.
Retracted: miR‐944 inhibits metastasis of gastric cancer by preventing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition via MACC1/Met/AKT signaling
Authors: Pan Tao , Chen Wenjun , Yuan Xiaoming , Shen Jun , Qin Chuan , Wang Linbo
Published: March 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to play vital roles in tumor progression. Recently, miR‐944 was reported to play either an oncogenic or tumor suppressive role in human cancers. However, the expression of miR‐944 and its exact role in gastric cancer (GC) remain unknown. This study aimed to evaluate whether loss of miR‐944 could promote the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of GC. Reduced expression of miR‐944 was identified in 40 pairs of human GC and matched normal tissues by qRT‐PCR. Reduced expression of mi‐944 was also observed in GC cell lines. Restoration of miR‐944 inhibited cell migration and invasion in MGC‐803 cells, while its loss facilitated metastasis of SGC‐7901 and BGC‐823 cells. Notably, miR‐944 overexpression prohibited EMT of GC cells in vitro, while miR‐944 knockdown had the opposite effect. Bioinformatics software predicted that MACC1 was a direct target of miR‐944. We observed negative regulation of miR‐944 on MACC1 expression, and direct binding between miR‐944 and MACC1 was verified by dual‐luciferase assays in HEK293T cells. Restoration of MACC1 resulted in promoted EMT and metastasis in miR‐944‐overexpressing MGC‐803 cells. Loss of MACC1 abrogated the effects of miR‐944 knockdown on EMT and metastasis of SGC‐7901 cells. We also found that the Met–AKT pathway might be involved in MACC1‐mediated EMT. In conclusion, miR‐944 acts as an inhibitor of EMT and metastasis of GC by targeting MACC1. This study highlights the potential effects of miR‐944 in the prognosis and treatment of GC.