bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic classification, mechanisms, and indications: A review
Authors: Haddad Mohammed F , Abdullah Basima A , AlObeidi Hassan AA , Saadi Ali M , Haddad Mustafa F
Published: August 2024

An antibiotic was originally a material created by one microorganism that selectively inhibits another’s development. Since then, synthetic antibiotics have been developed that perform comparable tasks, typically chemically similar to natural antibiotics. There are no effects of antibiotics on viral infections. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Several proposed classifications of antibiotics including chemical structure, mode of action, or organism of inhibitory activity. Most of the classification systems include two primary categories, the first categorizing based on chemical structure and the second categorizing based on the mechanism of action. Depending on their action, antibiotics are classified into bactericidal or bacteriostatic agents. Bactericidal agents kill or destroy the bacteria in the infected tissue; examples of bactericidal agents include penicillin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides. Bacteriostatic agents cease bacterial multiplication, allowing other mechanisms of the immune system to kill the microbes. The antibacterial actions of antibiotics include inhibiting the bacterial cell wall, interrupting protein synthesis, plowing down the bacterial nucleic acid (DNA/RNA), inhibiting the biochemical metabolism, chelating metallic cations that are necessary for bacterial growth, and impairing the bacterial membranes by disintegrating it.
INOVASI PELAYANAN APLIKASI SAPAWARGA DALAM MENDUKUNG KEBIJAKAN PEMBAYARAN PAJAK KENDARAAN BERMOTOR (PKB) PADA SAMSAT SOREANG KABUPATEN BANDUNG
Authors: Satibi Iwan , Duriat Ahtu , Abdullah Debby Cintya Maharani
Published: August 2024

Inovasi Pelayanan Aplikasi Sapawarga Dalam Mendukung Kebijakan Pembayaran Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor pada Samsat Soreang Kabupaten Bandung ditemukannya masalah, antara lain: Pertama, tingkat kepuasan terhadap Aplikasi Sapawarga yang diberikan oleh Masyarakat rendah. Kedua, inovasi belum sesuai dengan kebutuhan public sehingga adaptasi dan penerimaan Masyarakat pengguna aplikasi rendah. Ketiga, Tingkat pemahaman Masyarakat terhadap Aplikasi Sapawarga masih rendah. Keempat, inovasi belum menghasilkan kualitas yang lebih efektif dan efisien. Kelima, keterbatasan sumber daya aparatur pada Samsat Soreang menyebabkan sosialisasi terhambat. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu metode penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inovasi pelayanan Aplikasi Sapawarga menghadirkan keunggulan dan keuntungan bagi Masyarakat yang memberikan pelayanan pembayaran Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor yang lebih efektif dan efisien waktu. Namun pada pelaksanaannya, inovasi pelayanan Aplikasi Sapawarga belum menghasilkan kualitas yang lebih efektif dan efisien. Rendahnya kualitas yang dimiliki menjadikannya kepuasan yang diberikan Masyarakat rendah juga. Kebaruan yang dilakukan belum sesuai dengan kebutuhan publik yang menyebabkan adaptasi dan tingkat pemahaman Masyarakat rendah, selain itu aplikasi kerap mengalami gangguan. Oleh karena itu, Samsat Soreang berupaya melalui sosialisasi mengenai Aplikasi Sapawarga yang dilakukan secara langsung dan melalui media sosial. Namun, Samsat Soreang mengalami keterbatasan sumber daya aparatur yang menyebabkan sosialisasi secara langsung belum dilaksanakan dengan optimal.
Performance and disease status of pigs grown in a wean-to-finish facility compared to pigs grown in a conventional nursery and grower-finisher facility
Authors: Fangman Thomas , Hardin Laura , Grellner Gene , Carlson Marcia , Zulovich Joseph , Coleman Jack
Published: August 2024

Health and growth performance were similar whether pigs weaned at 11 to 14 days were raised to market weight in a wean-to-finish facility (999 pigs), or in a grower-finisher facility (998 pigs) located on the same site and managed by the same personnel, after 5 to 7 weeks in an off-site nursery.
The effect of short term high feed intake on the onset of puberty in transported gilts
Authors: Docic Anton , Bilkei Gabor
Published: August 2024

We conducted a trial to determine whether energy flushing combined with transport, regrouping, and exposure to boars influences the onset of puberty. In a large pig production unit, 320 incoming gilts approximately 160 days of age were randomly divided into two groups. The FLUSHED group (166 gilts) were both transported and energy flushed, and the TRANSPORTED group (154 gilts) were transported only. After transport, gilts were housed in small groups exposed to boars across an aisle. Boars were moved daily to pens facing different groups of gilts. As estrus detection is difficult in gilts this young, it was not attempted, and the onset of puberty was determined at slaughter one week after transport. Reproductive organs were collected immediately after slaughter and examined that day. There were more follicles >4 mm and uterine mass was larger (P>.05) in the FLUSHED group than in the TRANSPORTED group. Adrenal gland weight, ovarian weight, and uterine length did not differ between treatment groups. In this trial using 160-day old gilts, energy flushing increased follicular growth and uterine weight, which are indicators of puberty in gilts this age.
Economics of increasing lysine:calorie ratio and adding dietary fat for growing-finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment
Authors: De La Llata Manuel , Dritz Steve , Langemeier Michael , Tokach Mike , Goodband Robert , Nelssen Jim
Published: August 2024

Objective: To evaluate the economics of adding dietary fat and increasing lysine:calorie ratios in growing-finishing pigs reared in commercial swine facilities. Methods: Data was collected from 1200 gilts (initially 27 kg) and 1200 barrows (initially 34 kg). Two levels of fat (0% and 6% added choice white grease) and four lysine:calorie ratio regimens (LCR) arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial were examined. Monthly prices of corn, soybean meal, fat, and hogs for 1989 to 1998 were used to calculate feed cost, feed cost per kg of gain, and income over feed cost (IOFC) under two packing-plant pricing grids. Results: Adding fat and increasing LCR increased ADG, G:F, and feed cost per pig. For gilts, feed cost per kg of gain was lowest in 39.2, 15.0, and 4.2% of months for LCR2, LCR3, and LCR4 without added fat, respectively; and in 41.6% of months for LCR4 with added fat. The IOFC was highest in 98.3 and 100% of months for LCR4 with added fat using Grids One and Two, respectively. For barrows, feed cost per kg of gain was lowest in 84.4% of months for LCR3 without added fat. Using Grid One, IOFC was highest in 55 and 45% of months for LCR4 with or without added fat, respectively. Using Grid Two, IOFC was highest in 97.0% of months for LCR4 with 6% added fat. Implication: For evaluation of nutritional programs, IOFC is a better indicator of economic performance than feed cost per pig or feed cost per unit of gain.
Treatment and control of porcine proliferative enteropathy using different tiamulin delivery methods
Authors: Walter Don , Knittel Jeff , Schwartz Kent , Kroll Jeremy , Roof Mike
Published: August 2024

Objective: To determine the clinical and pathological effects when pigs infected with Lawsonia intracellularis and showing clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease are treated with tiamulin hydrogen fumarate (THF) administered in feed or water. Methods: All pigs in Study 1 (47 pigs) and Study 2 (48 pigs) were inoculated with a virulent pure culture of L intracellularis. After clinical signs became apparent, treated pigs were medicated for 28 days with THF administered in the feed at 35 g per ton (Study 1), or for 5 days with THF administered in the drinking water at 60 mg per liter (Study 2). Necropsies were performed on remaining control and treated pigs in Study 1 on Day 37 post-inoculation, and in Study 2 on Day 23 post-inoculation. Results: Medication in the feed or water significantly reduced development of gross and microscopic lesions, severity of clinical signs, and prevalence of fecal shedding of L intracellularis in treated pigs. Feed treatment with THF (2.0 mg per kg daily) had no effect on seroconversion, whereas water treatment (7.3 mg per kg daily) significantly reduced prevalence of seroconversion against L intracellularis. Implications: Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate in the feed (35 g per ton) or water (60 mg per liter) was effective in treating and controlling PPE. Timing of medication relative to time of infection with Lintracellularis may affect the immune response (seroconversion), fecal shedding, and development of lesions. Antibiotic dosage may also affect the immune response to L intracellularis infection, and may reduce fecal shedding, interfering with polymerase chain reaction tests for Lintracellularis.
Evaluation of the efficacy of a peroxygen compound, Virkon S, as a boot bath disinfectant
Authors: Amass Sandra , Ragland Darryl , Spicer Pat
Published: August 2024

Objective: To determine the efficacy of a 1% solution of Virkon(R)S as a boot bath disinfectant. Methods: After contaminating a boot with pig manure, the examiner either stepped through a boot bath of 1% Virkon(R)S; stood in a boot bath of 1% Virkon(R)S for 2 minutes; scrubbed the boot for 30 seconds in a boot bath of 1% Virkon(R)S; or scrubbed the boot for 30 seconds in a water bath and then stepped through a boot bath of 1% Virkon(R)S. Untreated, contaminated boots, and boots scrubbed for 30 seconds with water alone, were also cultured. Five repetitions were performed for each treatment. A 75-mm2 (0.12-sq in) area was sampled from the sole of each boot before and after treatment. Samples were diluted and cultured. Total bacterial counts per 75-mm2 sampling area were calculated. Mean bacterial counts before and after treatments were compared. Results: Stepping through a boot bath or standing in a boot bath of 1% Virkon(R)S for 2 minutes without first removing manure from boots did not disinfect boots. Disinfection was accomplished when visible manure was removed while standing and scrubbing in a boot bath of 1% Virkon(R)S, and when visible manure was first removed with water followed by dipping boots in 1% Virkon(R)S. Implications: Removal of visible organic material from boots using a hose and (or) brush and then dipping manure-free boots in a boot bath of 1% Virkon(R)S provided an economical and practical alternative for effective use of boot baths on farms.
Genetic interaction between porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains in cell culture and in animals
Authors: Murtaugh Michael , Yuan Shishan , Nelson Eric , Faaberg Kay
Published: August 2024

Objective: The need to obtain protective immunity and full reduction of disease associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections has encouraged the use of multiple vaccine types to possibly obtain broader protection against genotypically variable PRRSV isolates. This strategy introduces potential risks of genetic rearrangements that might accelerate the natural rate of genetic change, facilitating the emergence of new PRRSV strains. Our goal was to determine if recombination was occurring between vaccine strains in porcine cells and in vivo. Methods: Attenuated vaccine viruses were grown together in cultured cells or administered simultaneously to pigs. Cell culture fluids and pig sera were evaluated for recombinant viruses. Results: Genetic recombination occurred between attenuated vaccine strains of PRRSV grown together in porcine alveolar macrophages and in simian MA-104 cell cultures. However, animals inoculated with both strains simultaneously did not provide evidence of viral recombination between vaccine strains in vivo. Implications: Practices which favor co-infection of cells with different virus strains might accelerate the rate of genetic change in PRRSV due to recombination. However, the probability of recombination of vaccine strains in animals appears to be low and recombinants appear to grow poorly. Mixing of vaccine strains for simultaneous administration in swine must be considered with the knowledge that recombination could occur. Vaccinating infected herds also introduces the possibility of recombination between vaccine and field strains. The likelihood of producing viable recombinant vaccine viruses is low, since they did not persist in cell culture and were not observed in vivo.
Effects of antibiotic regimens on resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium in swine
Authors: Mathew Alan , Jackson Felix , Saxton Arnold
Published: August 2024

Objective: To determine the effects of antibiotic dosing schemes on resistance patterns of naturally occurring Escherichia coli and a challenge strain of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium in swine. Methods: In two trials, 96 weaned pigs were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium prior to being treated with antibiotics. Treatments included maximum label use, rotation of similar and non-similar antibiotics, increasing gradient doses, and pulse dosing, for a period of 2 weeks post challenge. Fecal samples were obtained before, during, and after antibiotic treatment for isolation of the challenge organism and E coli for resistance analysis using a minimum inhibitory concentration analysis. Results: The E coli from pigs treated with pulse doses of antibiotics had lower resistance compared to other groups. Greater resistance occurred in E coli when similar antibiotics were used in rotation. Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium was not affected by treatment and remained low throughout the study. Implications: Antibiotic regimens appear to affect antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with swine. Thus, dosing schemes that will simultaneously decrease risks posed by antibiotic resistance elements should be considered when formulating effective therapeutic or subtherapeutic antibiotic treatments. Such practices should address consumer concerns regarding agricultural use of antibiotics and increase acceptance of pork products.
Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by fomites (boots and coveralls)
Authors: Otake Satoshi , Dee Scott , Rossow Kurt , Deen John , Joo Han Soo , Molitor Thomas , Pijoan Carlos
Published: August 2024

Objectives: To determine if porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can be transmitted to susceptible pigs by fomites or people exposed to infected pigs. Methods: Ninety-six 4-week-old pigs from a PRRSV-naive source were organized into six groups individually housed in isolation rooms (four replicate trials, 24 pigs per trial). Group 1 pigs were inoculated intranasally with PRRSV strain VR-2332 (2 mL, 105 median tissue culture infective doses per mL.) On days 5, 6, and 7 post inoculation, investigators exposed to Group 1 pigs attempted to transmit PRRSV to sentinel pigs (Groups 2 to 5) by contact. After exposure to the infected pigs, an investigator entered the Group 2 room (Direct Contact group) wearing contaminated boots and coveralls and without washing hands. In contrast, investigators who entered the rooms housing Groups 3 to 5 were required to complete specific sanitation protocols, which included changing boots and coveralls and washing hands (Danish System, Group 3); changing boots and coveralls, showering, and 12 hours down time (Standard Protocol, Group 4); and changing boots and coveralls and showering, with no down time (Alternative Protocol, Group 5). Results: The PRRSV was detected on contaminated coveralls, boots, and hands of investigators who had contacted Group 1 pigs. Transmission of PRRSV occurred betweenGroups 1 and 2, but not between Group 1 and Group 3, 4, or 5. Implications: The PRRSV can be transmitted to susceptible pigs by contaminated fomites (boots and coveralls) and hands; however, the use of sanitation protocols appears to limit its spread.
Concurrent use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing of oropharyngeal scrapings and paired serological testing for detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in sows
Authors: Kleiboeker Steven , Lehman James , Fangman Thomas
Published: August 2024

Objective: To investigate the use of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on oropharyngeal scrapings concurrently with paired serological testing for detection of PRRSV infection in sows in commercial herds. Methods: Oropharyngeal scrapings were collected from 191 sows in a 1000-sow, commercial farrow-to-finish herd (Herd A) and from 56 sows in a 900-sow, commercial farrow-to-wean herd (Herd B). Sera were collected from all Herd A sows and 20 Herd B sows. An RT-PCR assay was used to amplify RNA extracted from oropharyngeal scrapings, and a commercial serum ELISA was used to assess PRRSV antibody levels. Results: Oropharyngeal scrapings from 28.3% of Herd A sows and 19.6% of Herd B sows were RT-PCR-positive for PRRSV. Administration of a killed swine influenza vaccine to 80% of Herd A sows 2 weeks before collection of oropharyngeal scrapings did not influence the rate of PRRSV detection. Sera from the 191 Herd A sows and 20 Herd B sows were negative for PRRSV by virus isolation. Virus isolation detected PRRSV in 36.4% of the RT-PCR-positive sows in Herd B. With RT-PCR results as an indicator of the true PRRSV status of the sow, paired ELISA testing had a sensitivity of 70.4% and a specificity of 49.6%. Implications: Oropharyngeal scrapings were RT-PCR-positive for PRRSV RNA in aviremic, clinically normal sows and in some sows with PRRSV ELISA sample: positive ratios <0.4. The diagnostic parameters of paired serological testing will likely preclude the use of this method for detecting PRRSV RT-PCR-positive sows.
The influence of canine teeth clipping on nursing and nursery pig performance
Authors: Bates Ronald , Hoge Mark , Edwards David , Straw Barbara
Published: August 2024

Litters that either had their canine teeth clipped or left intact had similar preweaning and nursery growth and mortality rates, although pigs with intact teeth had more facial wounds than those with clipped teeth. Clipping canine teeth is not routinely necessary for modern swine farms.
Serological evidence of Brucella species and Leptospira interrogans serovars in Greek swine herds
Authors: Burriel Angeliki , Varoudis Leonidas , Alexopoulos Constantine , Kritas Spiros , Kyriakis Spiros
Published: August 2024

In a serological survey in intensively managed swine herds in northern Greece (280 samples) and southern Greece (120 samples), 28.2% of samples were positive for Leptospira interrogans serovars and 3% for Brucella species. These pathogens of public health significance should be systematically investigated in Greece, a swine brucellosis-free country.
Genotypic and phenotypic comparison of swine Salmonella isolates from farm and abattoir
Authors: Erdman Matthew , Wedel Stephanie , Harris D L
Published: August 2024

Objectives: To determine if pigs became infected with different serotypes of Salmonella following transport and lairage, and whether genotypic and phenotypic analysis would identify different subtypes within the same serotypes. Methods: Salmonella organisms were isolated from lymph nodes of pigs from three herds (A,B,C) at the abattoir, and isolates were compared to those previously cultured from fecal samples from two of the herds (A,B). The farms were located in three different states within the United States, and pigs were transported to the same abattoir in separate clean and disinfected vehicles. Serotyping, antibiotic resistance profiling, and genetic fingerprinting using pulsed- field gel electrophoresis were used to compare isolates. Results: Salmonella serovars recovered from feces of pigs from farms A and B were also recovered from lymph nodes of pigs from the same farm. Additionally, isolates cultured from pigs at the abattoir were distinguishable from those cultured from pigs on the source farm by identification of serovars, genetic fingerprinting within serovars, and antibiotic resistance profiles. Implications: Biosecurity, from the time market pigs leave the farm up to and including the hours immediately prior to slaughter, is crucial to the control of salmonellae in pork. New populations of salmonellae, not previously present on the source farm, may be recovered from pigs at the abattoir. Rapid infection may occur in pigs not previously harboring Salmonella organisms, and the strain may be multi-antibiotic resistant, further elevating the food safety risk.
An observational study on tail biting in commercial grower-finisher barns
Authors: Kritas Spyridon , Morrison Robert
Published: August 2024

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of bitten tails and determine risk factors at pig and pen level in barns with a history of high incidence of tail biting. Methods: In two finishing barns, prevalence and severity of tail-biting lesions in docked pigs and association of bitten tails with gender were determined in a cross-sectional study. The associations with space allowance per pig, animal density, and barrow:gilt ratio per pen were examined. A matched case-control study determined the association between length of tail, severity of lesions on bitten tails, and chest girth (a surrogate measure of body weight). Results: In a total of 1895 pigs (58% barrows, 42% gilts), the prevalence of bitten tails was 16.3% (barrows 21%; gilts 9.4%). The odds of being a bitten barrow was 2.6 times higher than being a bitten gilt (P < .001). Approximately 60% of affected pigs of both genders had severe lesions. Neither prevalence nor severity of lesions was associated with space allowance, animal density, or barrow:gilt ratio within pen. The prevalence of bitten barrows was positively correlated with the percentage of gilts in the pen (r = 0.56, P = .001). Severely bitten pigs had significantly smaller chest girth than less affected pigs. No association of the severity of lesions with length of the tail was observed. Implications: Under the conditions of this study, the incidence of tail-biting lesions in barrows was more than twice that in gilts. Severely bitten pigs were smaller than pen mates. Sorting by gender may help reduce tail biting.
Influence of age and maternal antibodies on antibody responses of neonatal piglets vaccinated against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Hodgins Douglas , Shewen Patricia , Dewey Cate
Published: August 2024

Objective: To assess the relative importance of age and maternal antibodies on antibody responses of neonatal piglets to a commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine. Methods: Piglets from 20 sows in each of two commercial swine operations (with serological evidence of M hyopneumoniae exposure) were vaccinated once at 2, 3, or 4 weeks of age with an M hyopneumoniae bacterin, or were nonvaccinated controls. Serum IgG antibodies were assayed by ELISA, using surface antigens of M hyopneumoniae, in serum samples collected from pigs in the first week of life and at prevaccination, 3 weeks postvaccination, and 2.5 months of age. Sows were vaccinated against M hyopneumoniae in Herd B, but not in Herd A. Results: In Herd A, piglets had moderate titers of maternal antibodies. Vaccinated pigs had significantly higher antibody responses than nonvaccinates. Higher prevaccination titers were associated with lower responses. Age at vaccination was not associated with response to vaccination. In Herd B, piglets had high titers of maternal antibodies. Antibody titers of vaccinated pigs did not decline as rapidly as those of nonvaccinated pigs, and vaccinates had higher titers at 2.5 months of age. Implications: Titer of maternal antibodies, but not age (ie, immaturity of immune function), is a major concern when piglets are vaccinated against M hyopneumoniae. Vaccination of pigs as young as 2 weeks of age may induce active antibody responses in the presence of moderate titers of maternal antibodies. Caution should be used in extrapolating these findings to other vaccines and vaccination protocols
Derivation of porcine circovirus type 2-negative pigs from positive breeding herds
Authors: Opriessnig Tanja , Yu Shan , Thacker Eileen , Halbur Patrick
Published: August 2024

Objective: To summarize procedures utilized to derive piglets negative both for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and for antibody to PCV2, from PCV2-positive breeding herds. Methods: Sow herds were screened for antibodies to PCV2 by ELISA, with sample-to-positive (S:P) ratios >= 0.2 considered positive. Piglets were obtained by segregated early weaning (SEW) at 10 to 12 days of age. Maternal anti-PCV2 antibody was determined by testing weekly blood samples by ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assay. Absence of PCV2 was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on weekly serum samples and by PCR and immunohistochemistry assays on lymphoid tissues collected at necropsy (8 to 15 weeks of age). Results: Piglets negative for PCV2 by PCR and for anti-PCV2 antibody were derived from PCV2-positive breeding herds. Mean PCV2-antibody half-life in weanlings was estimated to be 19.0 days (95% confidence intervals, 17.6 and 20.3 days). Passively acquired PCV2-antibody present at 10 to 12 days of age declined to S:P ratios < 0.2 by 4.9 +/- 1.2 weeks of age in piglets with S:P ratios >= 0.2 and < 0.6; by 8.1 +/- 1.9 weeks in piglets with S:P ratios >= 0.6 and <= 1.0; and by 11.1 +/- 2.5 weeks in piglets with S:P ratios >= 1.0. Pigs kept in isolation remained PCV2-negative by PCR and ELISA through 8 to 15 weeks of age. Implications: SEW may be an effective technique to derive PCV2-negative piglets from positive breeding herds.
Reproductive performance in primiparous sows after postweaning treatment with a progestagen
Authors: Fernandez Lina , Diez Carmen , Ordonez Jose Maria , Carbajo Maite
Published: August 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine whether administration of altrenogest (Regumate; Roussel-Uclaf, París, France) to primiparous sows would improve estrus synchronization rate and reproductive efficiency of the herd, measured in terms of the weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI), the weaning-to-first-fertile-estrus-interval (WFEI), rate of sows repeating estrus, and conception rate at first estrus. First-parity sows (Landrace x Large White) from a commercial herd received altrenogest, 20 mg per sow per day, for 5 consecutive days starting the day after weaning. A group of untreated sows acted as controls. The percentage of sows showing estrus 4 to 7 days postweaning (controls; 65.6%) or 4 to 7 days after treatment ended (8 to 11 days postweaning) was higher (P < .05) in the altrenogest-treated group (86.2%). Sows were mated naturally twice at the first estrus after weaning and pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography 23 to 24 days later. There were no differences between treated and control sows in means of WEI, WFEI, rate of sows repeating estrus, or conception rate to first service. Litter size at farrowing, number of live born piglets, number of stillborn piglets, preweaning mortality, and weaned litter size were also similar between groups.
Effects of in-feed antimicrobial alternatives and antimicrobials on nursery pig performance and weight variation
Authors: Keegan Timothy , Dritz Steve , Nelssen Jim , DeRouchey Joel , Tokach Mike , Goodband Robert
Published: August 2024

Objectives: To compare the effects of several antimicrobial alternatives and in-feed antimicrobials on nursery pig performance. Methods: In Experiment One, 720 nursery pigs were used to evaluate feeding three yeast products (LactoSacc, Alltech, Nicholasville, Kentucky; Biomate Yeast Plus, Chr Hansen BioSystems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; BioSaf, Saf Agri, Minneapolis, Minnesota); three antimicrobial products containing bacteria (Probios and Bio-Plus 2B, Chr Hansen BioSystems) or oligosaccharides (Bio-Mos, Alltech); and the antimicrobial carbadox (Phibro Animal Health, Fairfield, New Jersey). In Experiment Two, 320 nursery pigs were used to evaluate feeding LactoSacc, Bio-Plus 2B, Bio-Mos, and carbadox in an on-farm trial. In Experiment Three, 320 nursery pigs (same commercial herd as in Experiment Two) were used to evaluate feeding carbadox, a combination of tiamulin (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, St Joseph, Missouri) and chlortetracycline (Alpharma, Fort Lee, New Jersey), a combination of neomycin and oxytetracycline (Phibro Animal Health), and Bio-Mos. Results: In Experiment One, in pigs fed the carbadox diet, ADG was greater (P < .05) than in pigs fed all other diets, and feed:gain was better (P < .05) than in pigs fed the control diet or the Probios diet. In Experiment Two, performance did not differ among treatment groups and controls. In Experiment Three, pigs fed the tiamulin–chlortetracycline and neomycin–oxytetracycline diets had greater ADG and average daily feed intake compared with control pigs (P < .05). There were no differences in growth performance among control pigs and those fed the carbadox or Bio-Mos diets. Implication: The antimicrobial alternatives evaluated did not enhance growth performance.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR CREATING FRAME GEODETIC NETWORKS WITH GNSS EQUIPMENT IN ORDER TO FILL THE UNIFIED ELECTRONIC CARTOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK (EECO) WITH PLANNING AND CARTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS
Authors: Kostesha Vladimir , Batenin Dmitriy , Chuksin Il'ya , Biryukov Denis
Published: August 2024

The article reflects the main directions of reforming the sphere of spatial data turnover in Russia. The essence of the Federal Information System, the unified digital platform "National Spatial Data System" is revealed. The objectives of its creation and its connection with other state information systems and state information resources of the country are defined. The content of the Unified Electronic Cartographic Framework as an integral part of the National Spatial Data System is reflected. The requirements for the composition of the metric and semantic information of the EEC are given. The analysis of the national reports of Rosreestr "On the state and use of lands" was carried out, on the basis of which a conclusion was made about the relevance of mapping the territory of Russia.
A description of the frame geodetic networks, methods and regulatory requirements for their construction is given. The substantiation of the possibility of optimizing the methodology for the production of satellite measurements in the "static" mode when creating networks of this class is given. The features of field and desk work within the framework of the study are reflected. Based on the results obtained, the duration of GNSS measurement sessions was determined, which allows to ensure the accuracy of the relative position of points of the frame geodetic network set by regulatory requirements.
Designing an immersive visit for public space assessment
Authors: Issa Elie , Belaroussi Rachid
Published: August 2024

The assessment of the quality of public spaces is crucial for fostering community well-being and urban development, contributing to the creation of inclusive, vibrant, and sustainable urban environments. It is possible to forecast the feeling imprinted in people by a future streetscape using virtual reality. Immersive visits are the best technological solution, given that a virtual environment of quality is provided with high quality resolution and urban details. The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) professionals involved in a large-scale real estate project under construction provided us with access to the BIM (Building Information Model) architectural plans of the entire infrastructure in the future district. A part of the neighborhood has already been built and is studied in this experiment: a public place with a tram station, a typical shopping street, and a pedestrian way, mainly a public place for leisure activity. These three points of view of interest will be studied with two modalities: real video showing the actual state of the built environment, and immersive visits using head-mounted devices, enabling virtual reality exploration of these public places. This article explains the practical construction of the 3D city model, and characterize the quality of the immersive visits through the use of questionnaires submitted to laypersons (non-expert participants).
In vitro induction and investigation of salinity tolerance in the callus of Vigna spp. (L)
Authors: Alsewidi Wasan Mohammed , Al-Oubaidi Hashim Kadhim
Published: August 2024

Cowpeas can be employed for rotational grazing or generating high-quality food when paired with crops such as maize. Cowpea seeds provide a substantial amount of protein and other essential elements. The purpose of this work was to use a mutagen and a high salt concentration to extract a salt tolerance gene from the callus. The callus was induced by adding 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4- D at mg/l and was then subjected to various concentrations of a combination of salts consisting of sodium chloride NaCl and Calcium Chloride.CaCl2, in addition to Magnesium chloride MgCl2, with a rate of 2:2:1 and potion 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM of the salt mixture added to the culture medium. Various levels of di ethyl sulfate (DES) mutagenic solution at a concentration of 0.1 mM were used to soak the callus for 30 minutes. The results showed that when using quantitative polymerase chain reaction q-PCR, they showed two genes of vigna, the first gene in this research. Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 (ADF3) demonstrated the explanation of the genes at doses of DES+200, 200, and 250 mM; however, the most elevated level of gene expression at DES+200mM is CT 30.47, with an upregulation of 2.479. The second gene, Protein S2, demonstrated that the gene is highly expressed at DES+200mM, cycle threshold (CT) 31.68, and DES+250mM concentrations and is upregulated at DES+150mM was 128.
Methodical apparatus for risk assessment in decision-making to combat illegal migration at the state border of Ukraine
Authors: Bloshchynskyi Ihor , Meiko Oleksandr , Zalozh Victor , Andrushko Volodymyr , Voitiuk Olena
Published: August 2024

This study proposes a methodical apparatus for risk assessment when making decisions on combating illegal migration at the state border of Ukraine. This apparatus includes a risk assessment methodology, a set of risk assessment indicators and criteria for combating illegal migration, a model of illegal migration risk assessment and a model for choosing the processing method. The goal that was set during the methodology development involves the following main stages: forming a set of indicators and criteria for risk assessment, assessment of the threat impact level (assessment of the threat probability level and the level of the threat’s negative consequences), vulnerability assessment, determining the risk level and the processing method. An expert survey of analysts from the Ukrainian Border Guard Agency was carried out to develop this set of risk assessment indicators and criteria. The proposed set includes new indicators, mathematical assessment models, quantitative values of assessment criteria and considers the influence weight of the main factors on the threat and vulnerability levels. This provides an opportunity to bring the qualitative characteristics of the risk level indicator to the provisions of modern risk management theory to obtain the quantitative value of the risk level, to exclude a subjective factor in assessment and to determine the risk level more accurately. The improved methodical apparatus allows developing of an action strategy aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of risk when making management decisions to combat illegal migration to assess a risk management result using an economic effect indicator.
The development of a smart teacher book for preventing stereotypical behavior and suspicion in early childhood education
Authors: Agustin Mubiar , Djoehaeni Heny , Kamarubiani Nike , Gustiana Asep Deni , Pratama Yoga Adi
Published: August 2024

This research develops and assesses the effectiveness of the Smart Teacher Book in preventing stereotypical behavior and suspicion in early childhood education. Employing a mixed-method approach, it combines qualitative descriptive analysis by experts, practitioners, and book users with a quantitative assessment through quasi-experimentation to evaluate the book's effectiveness while being integrated into children's learning activities. Twenty early childhood education teachers participated and were evenly divided into experimental and control groups. The instruments consist of three scales: appropriate, less appropriate, and not appropriate. The book comprises two main sections. The first section is tailored for teachers, covering stereotypical behavior and suspicion and their causes, dangers, and prevention strategies. The second section is designed for children, presenting illustrated material addressing various stereotypes and suspicions related to social categories such as race, gender, religion, and politics. Meanwhile, the test results indicate that the Smart Teacher Book is effective for early childhood education teachers in mitigating stereotypical behavior and suspicion, as evidenced by the readability and effectiveness of the test results. Therefore, the book holds promise as a tool for fostering inclusivity and reducing prejudice in early childhood education settings.
The use of social media and its relationship to national identity among university students
Authors: Al-Saify Hassan , Ibrahim Baneen , Alahmari Abdullah , Darwish Shaimaa
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the relationship between social media engagement and the formation of national identity among university students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), with a specific focus on the student population. Through an exploration of the extent of social media use, underlying motivations, and their impact on various dimensions of national identity, this research provides valuable insights into the perceptions and sense of belonging of young individuals in the digital era. We conducted a descriptive and analytical survey, administering a questionnaire to a sample of 386 KSA university students to ensure the generalizability of the findings within the student population. The study reveals a noteworthy level of social media engagement among KSA university students, driven by diverse motives encompassing cognitive, social, recreational, and educational aspects. Furthermore, it highlights the positive influence of social media on the students' national identity, with statistically significant correlations observed across cultural, emotional, social, and affiliative dimensions. The findings indicate that KSA university students exhibit a sense of pride in Saudi history and traditions, demonstrate respect for national symbols, and possess a stronger sense of national affiliation, potentially influenced by their online engagement. Based on these findings, the study recommends the strategic utilization of social media platforms to enhance support among KSA university students and Saudi youth in general, particularly for matters pertaining to national issues. By actively promoting national values, preserving cultural heritage, and cultivating a sense of belonging through social media, institutions can effectively strengthen the national identity of the younger generation.
The performance of workers through knowledge sharing and knowledge management: A quantitative analysis of SMEs
Authors: Sutrisno
Published: August 2024

This research aims to conduct a comprehensive review of the relationship between knowledge sharing, knowledge management practices, and worker performance in the SME sector. This research employs two primary theories, knowledge sharing and knowledge management, along with individual performance constructs, to identify correlations that serve as key findings. Comprehensive results from research are beneficial for academics and can serve as long-term references. The study employed structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) as its methodologies. It focused on 189 SMEs located in Semarang Regency, Indonesia. Non-random sampling, specifically purposive sampling, was utilized to select participants. Data were gathered through online questionnaire distribution to the chosen respondents. The findings indicate a robust and statistically significant positive correlation between knowledge sharing, knowledge management, and the performance of SME workers. Knowledge sharing and knowledge management ensure the availability and regularity of knowledge that supports day-to-day activities, while effective knowledge access and distribution increase employees' responsiveness to changing market and customer needs. This finding provides practical implications for SME owners and managers in developing strategies to enhance their organizational performance. By implementing effective knowledge sharing and management systems, SMEs can gain a competitive advantage, increase productivity, and enhance adaptability to market changes.
Kinetic perspectives for the degradation of oxacillin: A penicillanic acid derivative
Authors: Sahu Yuv Raj , Chaudhary Narendra Kumar , Bhattarai Ajaya
Published: August 2024

Oxidation of oxacillin, a penicillanic acid derivative, has been predicted by monoperiodatocuprate [MPC (III)] at 25°C with 0.10 mol dm-3 ionic strength, in an aqueous alkaline medium by UV/Visible spectrophotometric analysis, for which 1:4 stoichiometry of oxacillin: MPC (III) is visible. The appearance of a sharp peak by the spectrophotometer confirmed the formation of the complex. The reaction products have been recognized using spectral reports from the FT-IR, LC-MS, melting point, and other spot tests. A pseudo-first-order reaction has been confirmed for the oxidant, fractional order for the substrate, and alkali, even though periodate claimed a delaying effect due to the accumulation of periodate ions from both potassium periodate and monoperiodatocuprate as a common ion effect. The primary active species in the alkaline medium [Cu(H2IO6)(H2O)2] was discovered to be monoperiodatocuprate [MPC (III)]. To figure out the activation and thermodynamic parameters, it is helpful to know the uncatalyzed rate constants, the slow step rate constants, and the equilibrium constants. We have evaluated the dependence of reaction rates on different temperatures. We have calculated rate constants using absorbance data collected from the UV/visible spectrophotometer. We have thoroughly examined the potential rate constant derivation and a plausible mechanism that could explain the experimental findings.
The development of the level of environmental awareness among the residents in cities and residential neighborhoods
Authors: Lamdjad Imane , Alfalahi Buti Obaid Saeed , Alnujaifi Mustafa , Alheety Noaman Atallah
Published: August 2024

This research aims to develop and increase the level of environmental awareness regarding climate change and sustainability issues among individuals in cities and residential neighborhoods. The current research methodology is descriptive and analytical, based on a questionnaire tool consisting of (34) questionnaires. It was designed on the basis of (12) axes covering environmental awareness and environmental problems to obtain more accurate results. The research finds that there is a lack of environmental awareness among most individuals for many reasons, such as weak environmental culture and low educational level, in addition to a lack of interest in climate change issues. The research proposes several recommendations that are necessary to enhance the confidence of individuals and the population in technology, and promote environmental participation among all those concerned with environmental awareness, starting with decision-makers, politicians, government agencies, non-profit organizations, the private sector, and the population.
Impact and effects of the patient-centered approach in diabetic patients: A neuro-educational approach adapted to the concepts of empowerment and reflexivity
Authors: Essellouti Jamila , Bassiri Mustapha , Tridane Malika , Belaaouad Said
Published: August 2024

This study aims to assess the impact and effects of PCA on diabetic patients within a neuro-educational framework that aligns with the concepts of empowerment and reflexivity, demonstrating its influence on patient satisfaction and the development of cognitive and behavioral skills. Conceptually, the patient-centered approach (PCA) offers the possibility of implementing a neuro-educational approach for diabetic patients (WHO). However, the key question is its practical application in general practice. A neuro-educational approach to PCA was tested on a sample of 50 diabetic patients selected by 5 general practitioners. The aim was to adopt a comprehensive biopsychosocial approach, use global listening to understand patients' points of view, offer personalized advice, establish common ground on objectives, and identify the needs and obstacles affecting their management. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to examine the processes involved in changing behavior and acquiring skills. The study revealed a significant positive response, as well as the acquisition of reflexivity and autonomy skills in the majority of diabetes patients. Some patients showed a significant improvement in their sense of self-efficacy. However, a minority expressed resistance to this new support strategy. Ultimately, the educational approach within the PCA enabled diabetic patients to adapt and modify their behaviour, thus contributing to the acquisition of valuable skills. At the end of this study, PCA, enriched by other psychotherapeutic approaches, emerged as a systemic therapeutic support process that could be accessible to all general practitioners, teachable, and the subject of further research.
Dual cellular-path (MIHP) healthy urbanism - a proactive means to sustain placemaking
Authors: Hsu Li-Yen
Published: August 2024

The importance of holistic information integrity in managing complex problems and fostering inclusive, healthy urban environments has garnered significant attention. Distributing artificial intelligence-based topologies with dual or plural sensor-information nodes improves availability, reliability, and maintainability (ARM), ensuring holistic information integrity and promoting safe, efficient living. Bipartite spider-webs and cube-connected cycles target "the radial-ring urban-building skeleton" and "wetlands and sparsely populated areas," respectively. Also, honeycomb tori, also known mathematically as HT(m), m≥2, or a type of generalized honeycomb tori, GHT(m, 6m, 3m), have been discovered to have two Hamiltonian paths (MIHP) that are not connected to each other. Wireless communications tasks use these paths. This parallelism can create dual cipher-coding to support sensitive logistic privacy and help prevent information loss, electromagnetic interference, and unexpected changes caused by such things as clogged water. Consequently, the aforementioned methods can engage stakeholders by providing comprehensive and reliable information, fostering strong accountability, and ensuring the welfare of future generations. We can adapt this forward-thinking urbanism to areas that enhance life values, particularly in security-sensitive regions such as the acknowledged battlefield Kinmen. Here, the scalable parallelism topology aims to prevent harmful illness or substance spread, prevent sensitive or unnecessary challenges, and positively engage place-making through reliable communications and monitoring.