bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Second-Hand Exposure to Electronic Cigarette Vaping under a Real Scenario: Measurements of Ultrafine Particle Number Concentration and Size Distribution and Comparison with Traditional Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Palmisani Jolanda , Di Gilio Alessia , Palmieri Laura , Abenavoli Carmelo , Famele Marco , Draisci Rosa , de Gennaro Gianluigi
Published: November 2019

The present study aims to evaluate the impact of e-cig second-hand aerosol on indoor air quality in terms of ultrafine particles (UFPs) and potential inhalation exposure levels of passive bystanders. E-cig second-hand aerosol characteristics in terms of UFPs number concentration and size distribution exhaled by two volunteers vaping 15 different e-liquids inside a 49 m3 room and comparison with tobacco smoke are discussed. High temporal resolution measurements were performed under natural ventilation conditions to simulate a realistic exposure scenario. Results showed a systematic increase in UFPs number concentration (part cm−3) related to a 20-min vaping session (from 6.56 × 103 to 4.01 × 104 part cm−3), although this was one up to two order of magnitude lower than that produced by one tobacco cigarette consumption (from 1.12 × 105 to 1.46 × 105 part cm−3). E-cig second-hand aerosol size distribution exhibits a bimodal behavior with modes at 10.8 and 29.4 nm in contrast with the unimodal typical size distribution of tobacco smoke with peak mode at 100 nm. In the size range 6–26 nm, particles concentration in e-cig second-hand aerosol were from 2- (Dp = 25.5 nm) to 3800-fold (Dp = 9.31 nm) higher than in tobacco smoke highlighting that particles exhaled by users and potentially inhaled by bystanders are nano-sized with high penetration capacity into human airways.
High Specific Efficiency of Venom of Two Prey-Specialized Spiders
Authors: Michálek Ondřej , Kuhn-Nentwig Lucia , Pekár Stano
Published: November 2019

The venom of predators should be under strong selection pressure because it is a costly substance and prey may potentially become resistant. Particularly in prey-specialized predators, venom should be selected for its high efficiency against the focal prey. Very effective venom paralysis has been observed in specialized predators, such as spiders preying on dangerous prey. Here, we compared the toxicity of the venoms of two prey-specialized species, araneophagous Palpimanus sp. and myrmecophagous Zodarion nitidum, and their related generalist species. We injected different venom concentrations into two prey types—the prey preferred by a specialist and an alternative prey—and observed the mortality and the paralysis of the prey within 24 h. We found that the venoms of specialists were far more potent towards the preferred prey than alternative prey. The venoms of generalists were similarly potent towards both prey types. In addition, we tested the efficacy of two venom fractions (smaller and larger than 10 kDa) in araneophagous Palpimanus sp. Compounds larger than 10 kDa paralyzed both prey types, but smaller compounds (<10 kDa) were effective only on preferred prey, suggesting the presence of prey-specific compounds in the latter fraction. Our results confirm that prey-specialized spiders possess highly specific venom that allows them to subdue dangerous prey.
Detection of Abrin-Like and Prepropulchellin-Like Toxin Genes and Transcripts Using Whole Genome Sequencing and Full-Length Transcript Sequencing of Abrus precatorius
Authors: Hovde Blake T. , Daligault Hajnalka E. , Hanschen Erik R. , Kunde Yuliya A. , Johnson Matthew B. , Starkenburg Shawn R. , Johnson Shannon L.
Published: November 2019

The sequenced genome and the leaf transcriptome of a near relative of Abrus pulchellus and Abrus precatorius was analyzed to characterize the genetic basis of toxin gene expression. From the high-quality genome assembly, a total of 26 potential coding regions were identified that contain genes with abrin-like, pulchellin-like, and agglutinin-like homology, with full-length transcripts detected in leaf tissue for 9 of the 26 coding regions. All of the toxin-like genes were identified within only five isolated regions of the genome, with each region containing 1 to 16 gene variants within each genomic region (<1 Mbp). The Abrus precatorius cultivar sequenced here contains genes which encode for proteins that are homologous to certain abrin and prepropulchellin genes previously identified, and we observed substantial diversity of genes and predicted gene products in Abrus precatorius and previously characterized toxins. This suggests diverse toxin repertoires within Abrus, potentially the results of rapid toxin evolution.
Multiple Correspondence Analysis on Amino Acid Properties within the Variable Region of the Capsid Protein Shows Differences between Classical and Virulent Systemic Feline Calicivirus Strains
Authors: Brunet Sylvie , Sigoillot-Claude Cécile , Pialot Daniel , Poulet Hervé
Published: November 2019

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a widespread and highly prevalent pathogen of domestic cats, responsible for mild upper respiratory tract disease. Outbreaks of severe virulent systemic disease (VSD) associated with FCV infection have been reported worldwide. VSD FCV strains have a broader tropism and cause a systemic vascular compromise. Despite clear differences in the pathogenesis of VSD and oral respiratory infections, attempts to identify specific molecular markers of VSD strains on the major capsid protein VP1 have failed. Region E of VP1 is responsible for the interaction with the cell receptor Junctional Adhesion Molecule JAM-1 (FeJAM-1) and with VP2 minor capsid protein during the entry of the virus. We carried out an original analysis on the sequences from region E of VSD and classical strains. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis was performed on a Boolean matrix built by coding sequences on the basis of their amino acid properties. For the first time, this approach was able to differentiate VSD and classical FCV. Seven remarkable residue positions were shown to be statistically significant for pathotype differentiation, mainly located in the N-terminal hypervariable part of region E. As structural analysis suggested an interaction of these residues with FeJAM-1 or VP2, post-binding events, and specific conformational changes may explain the difference of pathogenesis between pathotypes.
In-Vivo Gene Therapy with Foamy Virus Vectors
Authors: Rajawat Yogendra Singh , Humbert Olivier , Kiem Hans-Peter
Published: November 2019

Foamy viruses (FVs) are nonpathogenic retroviruses that infect various animals including bovines, felines, nonhuman primates (NHPs), and can be transmitted to humans through zoonotic infection. Due to their non-pathogenic nature, broad tissue tropism and relatively safe integration profile, FVs have been engineered as novel vectors (foamy virus vector, FVV) for stable gene transfer into different cells and tissues. FVVs have emerged as an alternative platform to contemporary viral vectors (e.g., adeno associated and lentiviral vectors) for experimental and therapeutic gene therapy of a variety of monogenetic diseases. Some of the important features of FVVs include the ability to efficiently transduce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from humans, NHPs, canines and rodents. We have successfully used FVV for proof of concept studies to demonstrate safety and efficacy following in-vivo delivery in large animal models. In this review, we will comprehensively discuss FVV based in-vivo gene therapy approaches established in the X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) canine model.
Diversity and Evolution of Novel Invertebrate DNA Viruses Revealed by Meta-Transcriptomics
Authors: Porter Ashleigh F. , Shi Mang , Eden John-Sebastian , Zhang Yong-Zhen , Holmes Edward C.
Published: November 2019

DNA viruses comprise a wide array of genome structures and infect diverse host species. To date, most studies of DNA viruses have focused on those with the strongest disease associations. Accordingly, there has been a marked lack of sampling of DNA viruses from invertebrates. Bulk RNA sequencing has resulted in the discovery of a myriad of novel RNA viruses, and herein we used this methodology to identify actively transcribing DNA viruses in meta-transcriptomic libraries of diverse invertebrate species. Our analysis revealed high levels of phylogenetic diversity in DNA viruses, including 13 species from the Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, and Genomoviridae families of single-stranded DNA virus families, and six double-stranded DNA virus species from the Nudiviridae, Polyomaviridae, and Herpesviridae, for which few invertebrate viruses have been identified to date. By incorporating the sequence of a “blank” experimental control we also highlight the importance of reagent contamination in metagenomic studies. In sum, this work expands our knowledge of the diversity and evolution of DNA viruses and illustrates the utility of meta-transcriptomic data in identifying organisms with DNA genomes.
Mucosal Antibodies: Defending Epithelial Barriers against HIV-1 Invasion
Authors: Ruprecht Ruth M. , Marasini Bishal , Thippeshappa Rajesh
Published: November 2019

The power of mucosal anti-HIV-1 envelope immunoglobulins (Igs) to block virus transmission is underappreciated. We used passive immunization, a classical tool to unequivocally prove whether antibodies are protective. We mucosally instilled recombinant neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) of different Ig classes in rhesus macaques (RMs) followed by mucosal simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. We gave anti-HIV-1 IgM, IgG, and dimeric IgA (dIgA) versions of the same human nmAb, HGN194 that targets the conserved V3 loop crown. Surprisingly, dIgA1 with its wide-open, flat hinge protected 83% of the RMs against intrarectal R5-tropic SHIV-1157ipEL-p challenge, whereas dIgA2, with its narrow hinge, only protected 17% of the animals—despite identical epitope specificities and in vitro neutralization curves of the two dIgA isotypes (Watkins et al., AIDS 2013 27(9):F13-20). These data imply that factors in addition to neutralization determine in vivo protection. We propose that this underlying protective mechanism is immune exclusion, which involves large nmAb/virion aggregates that prevent virus penetration of mucosal barriers. Future studies need to find biomarkers that predict effective immune exclusion in vivo. Vaccine development strategies against HIV-1 and/or other mucosally transmissible pathogens should include induction of strong mucosal Abs of different Ig classes to defend epithelial barriers against pathogen invasion.
Factors Affecting Consumption of Water from a Newly Introduced Safe Drinking Water System: The Case of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Systems in Bangladesh
Authors: Hasan Muhammad Badrul , Driessen Peter P. J. , Majumder Shantanu , Zoomers Annelies , van Laerhoven Frank
Published: November 2019

Rather than committing exclusively to one drinking water option, households in Bangladesh often use a portfolio of sources that, in varying ways, to varying extents satisfy one or more out of several preferences they hold with regard to their drinking water. What happens if a new option is added to that mix? In communities of Bangladesh’ Southwestern coastal region where a new option (managed aquifer recharge, or MAR) was recently introduced, we observe variation in the extent to which this source contributes to satisfying households’ drinking water needs. Using multiple linear regression (n = 636 households), we found that perceived risk, costs, taste, self-efficacy, and form and intensity of competition with alternative drinking water options matter significantly.
WetSpa-Urban: An Adapted Version of WetSpa-Python, A Suitable Tool for Detailed Runoff Calculation in Urban Areas
Authors: Rezazadeh Helmi Nahad , Verbeiren Boud , Wirion Charlotte , van Griensven Ann , Weerasinghe Imeshi , Bauwens Willy
Published: November 2019

A tool called WetSpa-Urban was developed to respond to the need for precise runoff estimations in an increasingly urbanized world. WetSpa-Urban links the catchment model WetSpa-Python to the urban drainage model Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). WetSpa-Python is an open-source, fully distributed, process-based model that accurately represents surface hydrological processes but does not simulate hydraulic structures. SWMM is a well-known open-source hydrodynamic tool that calculates pipe flow processes in an accurate manner while runoff is calculated conceptually. Merging these tools along with certain modifications, such as improving the efficiency of surface runoff calculation and simulating flow at the sub-catchment level, makes WetSpa-Urban suitable for event-based and continuous rainfall–runoff modeling for urban areas. WetSpa-Urban was applied to the Watermaelbeek catchment in Brussels, Belgium, which recently experienced rapid urbanization. The model efficiency was evaluated using different statistical methods, such as Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and model bias. In addition, a statistical investigation, independent of time, was performed by applying the box-cox transformation to the observed and simulated values of the flow peaks. By speeding up the simulation of the hydrological processes, the performance of the surface runoff calculation increased by almost 130%. The evaluation of the simulated 10 minute flow versus the observed flow at the outlet of the catchment for 2015 reached a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.86 and a bias equal to 0.06.
Marble Slurry’s Impact on Groundwater: The Case Study of the Apuan Alps Karst Aquifers
Authors: Piccini Leonardo , Di Lorenzo Tiziana , Costagliola Pilario , Galassi Diana Maria Paola
Published: November 2019

Modern sawing techniques employed in ornamental stones’ exploitation produce large amounts of slurry that can be potentially diffused into the environment by runoff water. Slurry produced by limestone and marble quarrying can impact local karst aquifers, negatively affecting the groundwater quality and generating a remarkable environmental and economic damage. A very representative case-study is that of the Apuan Alps (north-western Tuscany, Italy) because of the intensive marble quarrying activity. The Apuan Alps region extends over about 650 km2; it hosts several quarries, known all over the world for the quality of the marble extracted, and a karst aquifer producing about 70,000 m3/day of high-quality water used directly for domestic purposes almost without treatments. In addition, Apuan Alps are an extraordinary area of natural and cultural heritage hosting many caves (about 1200), karst springs and geosites of international and national interest. During intense rain events, carbonate slurry systematically reaches the karst springs, making them temporarily unsuitable for domestic uses. In addition, the deterioration of the water quality threatens all the hypogean fauna living in the caves. This paper provides preliminary insights of the hydrological and biological indicators that can offer information about the impact of the marble quarrying activities on groundwater resources, karst habitats and their biodiversity.
The Origin of Major Ions of Groundwater in a Loess Aquifer
Authors: Huang Tianming , Ma Baoqiang
Published: November 2019

When groundwater represents most of the world’s reserves of unfrozen freshwaters, water quality is commonly a limiting factor in quantifying usable fresh groundwater storage, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Tracing the origin of major ions is important to the understanding of hydrochemical evolution and water–rock interaction. Strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) are geochemically similar in terms of ionic radius and ionic charge and can substitute for each other in mineral lattices such as in carbonates and silicates. This allows the use of Sr as a proxy for Ca during water–rock interaction. Geochemical mass balance and carbon and strontium isotope techniques were employed to study the origin of each major ion (such as Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, and SO4) in a loess aquifer (there is 10% to 20% of carbonate in the loess). Geochemical mass balance between atmospheric deposition and groundwater shows that the Cl (average concentration of 5.5 mg/L) and SO4 (average concentration of 6.8 mg/L) in groundwater originated from atmospheric deposition. The dissolution of loess using acetic acid was used to analyze the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of carbonate (mainly deposited in continental environments). Groundwater 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.710677 to 0.712319) are consistent with 87Sr/86Sr ratios in carbonate (0.710329 to 0.711085) but are significantly lower than the whole-rock (0.715136 to 0.717155) and residue (0.719091 to 0.720438), suggesting that Ca and Mg mainly originated from the dissolution of carbonate in the loess aquifer. However, Na originated from the dissolution of albite, suggesting saturation controls the ability of dissolution. There are cation exchanges between Ca + Mg and Na, resulting in Na concentration increases and Ca + Mg concentration decreases in groundwater. This study is important to the understand of the origin of the major ions in groundwater and the geochemical processes in silicate-carbonate aquifers.
Testing An Adoption Decision-Making Model of Nursery and Greenhouse Growers’ Water Reuse in the United States
Authors: Lamm Alexa , Warner Laura , Tidwell Abraham , Lamm Kevan , Fisher Paul , White Sarah
Published: November 2019

There is an increasing necessity to implement water treatment technologies in order to optimize the use of freshwater resources as the global nursery and greenhouse industry grows. Unfortunately, their adoption has been limited. This study tested a conceptual model for technology adoption based on the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations in tandem with Adaption-Innovation Theory and Critical Thinking Style literature. Using a series of linear and logistic regressions, three characteristics of an innovation—relative advantage, complexity, and trialability—were identified as significant drivers of growers’ decisions to implement water treatment technologies. Growers who seek information when thinking critically and are more innovative when solving problems did not perceive new technologies to be compatible or to possess a relative advantage over their current systems. The results suggested most growers are unsure of how new technologies fit into their existing operations. Creating opportunities for growers to get hands on experience with new technologies, such as a field day, could assist in increasing growers’ implementation. In addition, developing a series of online videos highlighting how to use, adapt and troubleshoot the equipment would greatly enhance chances of long-term adoption.
Accounting for Seasonal Land Use Dynamics to Improve Estimation of Agricultural Irrigation Water Withdrawals
Authors: Msigwa Anna , Komakech Hans C. , Verbeiren Boud , Salvadore Elga , Hessels Tim , Weerasinghe Imeshi , Griensven Ann van
Published: November 2019

The assessment of water withdrawals for irrigation is essential for managing water resources in cultivated tropical catchments. These water withdrawals vary seasonally, driven by wet and dry seasons. A land use map is one of the required inputs of hydrological models used to estimate water withdrawals in a catchment. However, land use maps provide typically static information and do not represent the hydrological seasons and related cropping seasons and practices throughout the year. Therefore, this study assesses the value of seasonal land use maps in the quantification of water withdrawals for a tropical cultivated catchment. We developed land use maps for the main seasons (long rains, dry, and short rains) for the semi-arid Kikuletwa catchment, Tanzania. Three Landsat 8 images from 2016 were used to develop seasonal land use land cover (LULC) maps: March (long rains), August (dry season), and October (short rains). Quantitative and qualitative observation data on cropping systems (reference points and questionnaires/surveys) were collected and used for the supervised classification algorithm. Land use classifications were done using 20 land use and land cover classes for the wet season image and 19 classes for the dry and short rain season images. Water withdrawals for irrigated agriculture were calculated using (1) the static land use map or (2) the three seasonal land use maps. Clear differences in land use can be seen between the dry and the other seasons and between rain-fed and irrigated areas. A difference in water withdrawals was observed when seasonal and static land use maps were used. The highest differences were obtained for irrigated mixed crops, with an estimation of 572 million m3/year when seasonal dynamic maps were used and only 90 million m3/year when a static map was used. This study concludes that detailed seasonal land use maps are essential for quantifying annual irrigation water use of catchment areas with distinct dry and wet seasonal dynamics.
Water Environment Management and Performance Evaluation in Central China: A Research Based on Comprehensive Evaluation System
Authors: Li Yuangang , Yang Weixin , Shen Xiaojuan , Yuan Guanghui , Wang Jiawei
Published: November 2019

As a developing country with insufficient water resources, China’s water environment management and performance evaluation have important research value. The three provinces (Henan, Hubei, and Hunan) in central China with typical significance in geographical location and water resources governance were selected as research objects in this paper. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA) method and the pressure-state-response (PSR) model, a comprehensive evaluation system for the water environment in those three provinces during 2011–2017 was established in this paper. The evaluation results show that: (1) The water environment management and performance evaluation of the three provinces in central China were generally poor in 2011–2012, but the overall trend was rising; (2) in 2013–2014, the situation was improved compared to the previous two years, but needed further enhancement; (3) in 2015–2017, the water environment management and performance of the three provinces showed significant improvement. Among them, the Hubei Province had the highest water environment evaluation value (1.692), and the Henan Province had the most significant progress (from 0.043 to 1.671). The contributions of this paper are: (1) The comprehensive evaluation model based on PCA and the PSR model was constructed to analyze the sustainable development of water environment in central China; (2) the performance evaluation system for water environment management, which could comprehensively evaluate the performance of water environment treatment and effectively reveal the correlation between various indicators, was established. The principal factors in water environment management can be obtained by this evaluation system. Based on the analysis of the reasons underlying the above changes, the corresponding policy recommendations for improving water environment management and performance in central China were suggested in order to provide a reference for further improvement of water environment management in developing countries.
Influence of Irrigation Frequency on Radicchio (Cichorium Intybus L.) Yield
Authors: Bortolini Lucia , Tolomio Massimo
Published: November 2019

Red chicory (radicchio) plants produce leafy heads that are of great commercial interest and they require a proper irrigation technique to achieve satisfactory productivity. The use of mini-sprinklers with high-frequency irrigation schedules may increase radicchio productivity, provide better growing conditions due to timely intervention, and save water, but so far little research has been carried out on this topic. This experiment aims at evaluating the effect of two mini-sprinkler irrigation schedules (high- and low-frequency) on radicchio yield and growing conditions over a 5-year cultivation period. Marketable radicchio head production was on average 12% greater with the high-frequency schedule (26.5 t ha−1) than with the low-frequency schedule (23.6 t ha−1), mainly due to greater head weight. The number of underweight, pre-flowering, rotten, and missing plants was significantly different between the two schedules when these variables were considered separately, but the overall number of marketable plants was greater in the high-frequency schedule during certain years. In general, the high-frequency schedule permitted to increase both radicchio yield and to reduce irrigation water use on average by 14% (−24 mm in volume), improving the irrigation water productivity by 19% (from 0.18 t mm−1 of the low-frequency schedule to 0.22 t mm−1 of the high-frequency schedule). Reducing the irrigation interval permits a timely adaptation to the weather course and improves radicchio growing conditions, presenting itself as a valid strategy that could be adopted by the farmers, upon appropriate consideration of energy and management costs.
Transport of Microplastic Particles in Saturated Porous Media
Authors: Chu Xianxian , Li Tiantian , Li Zhen , Yan An , Shen Chongyang
Published: November 2019

This study used polystyrene latex colloids as model microplastic particles (MPs) and systematically investigated their retention and transport in glass bead-packed columns. Different pore volumes (PVs) of MP influent suspension were first injected into the columns at different ionic strengths (ISs). The breakthrough curves (BTCs) were obtained by measuring the MP concentrations of the effluents. Column dissection was then implemented to obtain retention profiles (RPs) of the MPs by measuring the concentration of attached MPs at different column depths. The results showed that the variation in the concentrations of retained MPs with depth changed from monotonic to non-monotonic with the increase in the PV of the injected influent suspension and solution IS. The non-monotonic retention was attributed to blocking of MPs and transfer of these colloids among collectors in the down-gradient direction. The BTCs were well simulated by the convection-diffusion equation including two types of first-order kinetic deposition (i.e., reversible and irreversible attachment). However, this model could not well simulate the non-monotonic retention profiles due to the fact that the transfer of colloids among collectors was not considered. The results in this study are critical to developing models to simulate the fate and transport of MPs in porous media such as soil.
New Approach to Improve the Soil Water Balance Method for Evapotranspiration Estimation
Authors: Rashid Niaghi Ali , Jia Xinhua
Published: November 2019

As an important component of the water budget, quantifying actual crop evapotranspiration (ET) will enable better planning, management, and allocation of the water resources. However, accurate ET measurement has always been a challenging task in agricultural water management. In the upper Midwest, where subsurface drainage is a common practice due to the shallow ground water depth and heavy clayey soil, ET measurement using traditional ground-based methods is more difficult. In this study, ET was measured using the eddy covariance (EC), Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB), and soil water balance (SWB) methods during the 2018 corn growing season, and the results of the three methods were compared. To close the energy balance for the EC system, the residual method was used. For the SWB method, capillary rise was included in the ET estimation and was calculated using the measured soil water potential. The change of soil water content for ET estimation using the SWB method was calculated in four different ways, including daily average, 24:00–2:00 average, 24:00–4:00 average, and 4:00 measurement. Through the growing season, six observation periods (OPs) with no rainfall or minimal rainfall events were selected for comparisons among the three methods. The estimated latent heat flux (LE) by the EC system using the residual method showed a 29% overestimation compared to LE determined by the BREB system for the entire growing season. After excluding data taken in May and October, LE determined by the EC system was only 10% higher, indicating that the main difference between the two systems occurred during the early and late of the growing season. By considering all six OPs, a 6%–22% LE difference between the EC and the BREB systems was observed. Except during the early growing and late harvest seasons, both systems agreed well in LE estimation. The SWB method using the average soil water contents between 24:00 and 2:00 time period to calculate the daily capillary rise produced the best statistical fit when compared to the ET estimated by the BREB, with a root-mean-square error of 1.15. Therefore, measuring ET using the capillary rise from a shallow water table between 24:00 and 2:00 could improve the performance of the SWB methodology for ET measurement.
A Fifty-Year Experience of Groundwater Governance: The Case Study of Gakunan Council for Coordinated Groundwater Pumping, Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Endo Takahiro
Published: November 2019

Groundwater protection, which is effected by multiple actors at multiple levels using multiple instruments, is commonly termed “groundwater governance”. Although the concept has attracted increasing attention since the 1990s, several of its associated measures remain to be fully implemented. Most are still inchoate strategies and improvement is expected to be a gradual, long-term process. The Gakunan Council for Coordinated Groundwater Pumping (CCGP), which was established, in 1967, in Fuji City in Japan’s Shizuoka Prefecture, is an exceptional case. The Gakunan CCCP was created to deal with a common-pool resource problem where massive groundwater pumping caused seawater intrusion in the city’s coastal area due to the low cost of extraction and incomplete groundwater ownership. The Gakunan CCCP succeeded in recovering elevation of groundwater tables by connecting efforts between the public and private sectors, including information sharing, legal authority to regulate groundwater, investment in alternative water supplies, internal subsidies between groundwater users, and charge for water disposal. Previous studies have iterated that the fostering of participation from various stakeholders and dividing labor between them appropriately are key elements of successful groundwater governance. This paper investigates these factors, explores the importance of the metagovernor as coordinator, and offers a fresh perspective on the significance of groundwater governance.
Harmful Cyanobacteria in Three Oregon Lakes: Comments on Hall et al. Beyond Water Quality Advisories and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Water 2019, 11, 1125
Authors: Eilers Joseph
Published: November 2019

The article “An Ecological Function Approach to Managing Harmful Cyanobacteria in Three Oregon Lakes: Beyond Water Quality Advisories and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), Water 11:1125” by Hall et al. critiques the current approach used by the state of Oregon with regard to managing cyanobacterial blooms and offers the proper functioning condition (PVC) as a superior method of managing cyanobacterial blooms in lakes derived from nonpoint sources of pollution. They evaluated three lakes in Oregon as examples of how this approach could be applied to support water quality improvement. Two of the three lakes, Lemolo and Diamond, experienced cyanobacterial blooms, not as a function of nonpoint source loadings from the watershed, but rather because of internal nutrient cycling associated with high fish biomass. The third lake, Tenmile Lakes, in additional to having a greatly altered fish community, also experiences cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) issues because of timber harvest on steep slopes, loss of wetlands, altered watershed hydrology and nutrient input from septic systems. The authors’ attempts to use satellite images and PVC methodology on the stream networks is incomplete with respect to Tenmile Lakes and is totally misdirected regarding Lemolo and Diamond Lakes. Although I don’t support the current system employed by the state of Oregon to manage lakes experiencing CyanoHABs issues, the proposed approach offered by staff with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will yield little water quality benefit for the lakes in question.
Response to Comments for “An Ecological Function Approach to Managing Harmful Cyanobacteria in Three Oregon Lakes: Beyond Water Quality Advisories and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)”, Water 2019, 11, 1125
Authors: Hall Eric , Hall Robert , Aron Joan , Swanson Sherman , Philbin Michael , Schafer Robin , Jones-Lepp Tammy , Heggem Daniel , Lin John , Wilson Eric , Kahan Howard
Published: November 2019

The commenter’s key argument is that Diamond Lake’s problem is strictly one of biomass, i.e., introduction of the invasive Tui Chub fish. There are a few things to note in that respect. The Tui Chub is a bait fish. It is a lower-order prey fish for higher-order trout/salmonid species. Tui Chub is zooplanktivorous. Since the Tui Chub feed on zooplankton, if they themselves are prey for other species (or are being “culled” by artificial means), and there is no other entity to feed on the plankton and algae, the result would be a mass of plankton/algae bloom (i.e., harmful algal blooms (HABs)). This would lead to anoxic conditions in the euphotic zone, which puts even more stress on the higher-order trout/salmonid species. Our work found that the biological community (i.e., invertebrates and fish) are lagging indicators (i.e., response indicators).
Streamflow Variability in Mahaweli River Basin of Sri Lanka during 1990–2014 and Its Possible Mechanisms
Authors: Shelton Sherly , Lin Zhaohui
Published: November 2019

This study investigates the variation of seasonal streamflow and streamflow extremes in five catchments of the Mahaweli River Basin (MRB) Sri Lanka from 1990 to 2014, and the relationship between streamflow and seasonal rainfall in each catchment is then examined. Furthermore, the influence of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the seasonal rainfall and streamflow in the upper (UMRB) and lower reaches (LMRB) of MRB are explored. It’s found that the rainfall amount in southwest monsoon (SWM) season contributes 29.7% out of annual total rainfall in the UMRB, while the LMRB records 41% of the total rainfall during the northeast monsoon (NEM) season. The maximum streamflow of upper (lower) Mahaweli catchments is observed in the SWM (NEM) season. Catchments in the UMRB (LMRB) recorded strong interannual variability of seasonal overall flow (Q50), Maximum 10-day, and 30-day flows during the SWM (NEM) season. It’s further revealed that the catchment streamflow in the UMRB is closely correlated with the SWM rainfall in the interannual time scale, while streamflow of catchments in the LMRB is closely associated with the NEM rainfall. The effects of ENSO and IOD on streamflow are consistent with their impacts on rainfall for all catchments in MRB, with strong seasonal dependent. These suggested that the sea surface temperature anomalies in the both Indian Ocean and tropical Pacific Ocean are important factors affecting the streamflow variability in the MRB, especially during the SWM season.
Faktor Traumatik Penyebab Fobia Pada Tokoh Utama Dalam Novel’shinderera Tiisu’ Karya Sakaki Tsukasa
Authors: Lindawati Imas
Published: November 2019

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan faktor traumatik yang menjadi penyebab fobia pada tokoh utama. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan psikologi sastra. Sumber data adalah novel ‘Shinderera Tiisu’ karya Sakaki Tsukasa dan novel terjemahaan Indonesia yang berjudul ‘Cinderella Teeth’. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa faktor traumatik yang menjadi penyebab fobia pada tokoh utama adalah pengalaman pada masa anak-anak ketika berkunjung ke dokter untuk melakukan pengobatan gigi berlubang.

Kata Kunci : fobia spesifik, faktor traumatik,  penyebab fobia, cinderella teeth.                 

ABSTRACT

This study aims to describe traumatic factors that are the cause of phobias in the main character. The research method used is descriptive analysis using a psychology literature approach. The data source is Sakaki Tsukasa's 'Shinderera Tiisu' novel and an Indonesian translated novel titled 'Cinderella Teeth'. The results of this study indicate that the traumatic factors that are the cause of phobias in the main character are experiences in childhood when visiting a doctor to treat cavities.

Keywords: specific phobia, traumatic factors, causes of phobias, cinderella teeth.
Change et changeurs en Égypte ptolémaïque aux IIIe et IIe s. av. J.-C.
Authors: Burkhalter Fabienne
Published: November 2019

Monetary exchange and money-changers in Ptolemaic Egypt during the third and second centuries BC

This paper reconsiders the issue of the ratio between the bronze and silver currencies in Ptolemaic Egypt and studies the impact of the “ grande mutation” which occurred at the end of the 3rd century BC. The bronze currency was reorganized on the basis of a decimal system which put an end to the traditional exchange rate between bronze coins (chalkoi / obols) and the silver stater. However, this reform did not abolish the allagè of 2.5 obols for one stater recorded as from 260 BC. During the 2nd century BC, exchange remained a royal monopoly, but the money-changers involved in implementing the reform levied a new tax on exchange transactions called kollybos.
Le problème de la bonne foi dans la Profession de foi du Vicaire savoyard : Réflexions sur quelques points de la lecture mennaisienne de Rousseau
Authors: Hoffmann Paul
Published: November 2019

Je me suis proposé d'évaluer, sur quelques points précis , la pertinence de l'exégèse mennaisienne de la Profession de foi de Rousseau, dans la première Partie de Essai sur l'indifférence en matière de religion. Lamennais s'y est donné pour but de cerner ce qu'il appelle les inconséquences de Rousseau et qui, selon lui, décréditent l'ensemble du système de la religion naturelle : la contradiction entre l'affirmation du devoir de fidélité à la religion du père et le relativisme religieux ; l'indistinction des concepts de légalité et de légitimité, à propos de la Réforme ; l'incompatibilité entre l'exigence de sincérité dans la pratique extérieure (quelle que soit la religion à laquelle ressortit cette pratique) et l'énoncé du primat de la religion essentielle.
Le Christianisme social français de 1882 à 1940 : Évolution et problèmes (suite et fin)
Authors: Baubérot Jean
Published: November 2019

Cette étude constitue une synthèse de l'histoire du mouvement protestant du «christianisme social » de ses débuts (1882) à 1940. Considérant positivement la laïcité, ce mouvement se confronte à la modernité et au socialisme et cherche un nouveau rôle social pour un christianisme renouvelé.
Quelques lettres d'Alfred Loisy à Jacques Arnavon, protestant libéral
Authors: Reymond Bernard
Published: November 2019

Publication sélective d'un dossier constitué de lettres de Loisy à un ancien laïc catholique devenu protestant libéral. L'introduction situe les deux correspondants, et rappelle en particulier de quelle manière Loisy se situait par rapport au protestantisme libéral. Cette publication sélective laisse tomber tous les passages de ces lettres qui sont sans intérêt pour le lecteur.
Substance catholique et principe protestant d'après Paul Tillich
Authors: Beland Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2019

Jean-Pierre Beland : Catholic substance and Protestant principle according to Paul Tillich.

This article puts forward the theologian Paul Tillich's formula «Catholic substance and Protestant principle» as a possible means of transcending the conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism, terms which express an alienation from true Christianity. The formula seeks to bring out the fundamental structure and essence of the Church of Christ, as it should be whether Catholic or Protestant. An analysis of the two poles, «Catholic substance» and «Protestant principle», shows how they call for and complete each other.
Que représente la vie de Jésus pour l'apôtre Paul ?
Authors: Carrez Maurice
Published: November 2019

Maurice Carrez : What does the life of Jesus mean to St-Paul ?

In 2 Co.4.10 f. the twofold use of the term «life of Jesus » stands out among 6 of Paul's 13 mentions of Jesus. Is this usage identical with the «agony of Jesus» and «dead because of Jesus», or does each have its own value ? It is to be linked to Paul's situation as an apostle in which the personal, existential factors, as well as the emphasis on the earthly and global side of Jesus' present action, appear in his teaching in order to prevent Christ being placed outside history.
La crise de la théologie morale au XVIIIe siècle : le débat sur le bien et le mal
Authors: Brunetti Franz
Published: November 2019

Pour le XVIIIe siècle qui inaugure une nouvelle manière de voir le monde et l'homme en son sein, indépendante de toute foi révélée et de toute théologie, se pose de façon aiguë la question du fondement de l'éthique et de la distinction du bien et du mal. L'auteur étudie à ce propos tout d'abord la position de Voltaire passant d'un optimisme initial à la révolte et l'amertume après le désastre de Lisbonne ; puis le rigoureux matérialisme du baron d'Holbach ; la position médiane de d'Alembert enfin, qui insiste sur la nécessité de fonder a priori, tant ontologiquement qu'éthiquement, la liberté humaine.
Le royaume de Dieu dans la perspective du XVIIe s. piétiste et puritain
Authors: Subilia Vittorio
Published: November 2019

Le piétisme est un phénomène de psychologisation intériorisante de l'Evangile où la centralité du Dieu de Jésus-Christ, proclamée par la Réforme, est déplacée au profit de l'homme et son expérience de conversion. De son côté, le mouvement puritain, axé sur l'espérance du millénaire, est amené à vouloir réaliser le royaume de Dieu sur le plan de l'histoire.
L'Église multitudiniste dans le protestantisme allemand. regards sur le concept et la réalité de la « volkskirche » en république fédérale
Authors: Lienhard Marc
Published: November 2019

Marc Lienhard : The Established Church in German Protestantism. A Consideration of the Theory and Practice of the «Volkskirche» in Federal Germany.

The article relates how Luther's ecclesiology and the history of German protestantism have led to a multitudinous church described since the sixteenth century as the «Volkskirche». This term covers three different meanings : a Church borne by the people (the lay), a Church offered as a service to all, and a Church created for a particular people. The writer then proceeds in his second section to a presentation of four features of multitudinism in present-day protestantism in the Federal German Republic : one joins the Church by birth rather than by personal choice, members turn to the Church for its services at decisive moments in life, the Church is active in public life, and it accepts different opinions within its fold. However, a wearing away revealed in particular by departures from the Church is affecting the «Volkskirche». A third section deals with a number of recent theological views regarding the «Volkskirche».
Desenvolvimento corporal de um filhote de tatu verdadeiro Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nascido sob cuidados humanos
Authors: Testa Carolyne Assis Eigenheer Pinke , Rosa Patricia Sammarco , Castro Thiago Ferla Novais de , Hippólito Alícia Giolo , Okamoto Priscylla Tatiana Chalfun Guimarães , Melchert Alessandra
Published: November 2019

O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o crescimento de um filhote macho de Dasypus novemcinctus nascido em 10 de outubro de 2017 no Instituto “Lauro de Souza Lima”. Entre 15 dias e 200 dias de vida, foram realizadas pesagens e medições do animal a cada 15 dias. Entre 230 e 390 dias de vida, foram realizadas mais três pesagens e medições. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso e o crescimento do filhote. O filhote apresentou um desenvolvimento corporal linear e um ganho de peso adequado, em todo o período avaliado, exceto pelo período mais frio do ano, considerando os cuidados básicos e alimentação oferecidos, correspondendo às expectativas de crescimento da espécie.
Analisis Potensi Pemanenan Air Hujan Dengan Teknik Rainwater Harvesting Untuk Kebutuhan Domestik
Authors: Silvia Cut Suciatina , Safriani Meylis
Published: November 2019

Gampong Leuhan is one of the areas in West Aceh district where most of the people still use ground water as a source of daily necessities. Some people have used artesian wells or drilled wells, but if we look at the cost of manufacture is very expensive. If more use of ground water from the drilling system, then will be inflict an impact of land subsidence. with these conditions, to overcome the problem of the need for clean water and lack of water for people's lives, it needs more effective and efficient system. One of proses is to make rainwater harvesting system from the rooftop of the building/housing by maximizing high rainfall.  Field survey  indicate building area in Gampong Leuhan already in good condition and livable with dominant house rooftop made of zinc, that this condition will be very maximum in rainwater harvesting process. The analysis of rain harvesting potential in Gampong Leuhan shows 887.892 liters/day, with average rainwater harvesting potential for each house is 862,031 liters/day. The ratio between the total amount of water harvested is 887.892 liters/day with the total use of water for the needs of the people of Gampong Leuhan amounted to 482.346,90 liters/day, indicates that with rainwater harvesting techniques will be sufficient and able to become one of the alternatives in the supply of clean water. Keywords: Clean water, Rainfall, Potential of rain water, Rainwater harvesting.
TEKNIK KONSERVASI LAHAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE KANOPI TANAMAN LABU SIAM (Sechium Edule) DI DESA SUMBER BRANTAS BATU MALANG
Authors: Pitaloka Dyah , Talifatim M  , Anggraeni Hadi P  , Risfa Nurrohman  , Evi Dwi Safitri
Published: November 2019

Chayote (Sechiumedulesp) is gourd family (Cucurbiatea), this plant leaves tightly closed the planting area, grows on the ground or rather climbs, and is usually cultivated in the yard.Land conservation using the canopy cover method is one of the efforts made to save the environment.The change of land stretch from closed forest to open agricultural area and residential area in Tulungrejo Village, BumiadjiSubdistrict, Batu City is potential land degradation due to erosion caused by extreme rainfall due to the impact of climate change.

This study aims to determine the difference in the amount of erosion caused by rain wateron open land and closed land conservation using the Chayote plant canopy.This research was conducted from September to December 2018. The research location was in Tulungrejo Village, BumiadjiBatu District, East Java.The study began by making a 1x1 m2 water-holding pot in an open areaand areas with canopy cover of Chayote plants.The treatment in this study was repeated three times, with 5 duration of rain each 15 minutes later. The treatments were E1 = 30, minutes, E2 = 45 minutes, E3 = 60 minutes, E4 = 75 minutes and E5 = 90 minutes.

The results showed significantly different  at E5,the treatment of rain simulation for 90 minutes duration in an open area without canopy cover of the conjoined Chayote plant, the highest erosion reaches 121 kg / ha,while the area using land cover with canopy of Chayote plant statistic showed a significant difference in all treatments with the amount of erosion in the duration of 90 minutes 89 kg / ha.