bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHIRAL UNITARY DYNAMICS OF HADRONS AND HADRONS IN A NUCLEAR MEDIUM
Authors: OSET E. , GENG L. S. , GAMERMANN D. , VICENTE VACAS M. J. , STROTTMAN D. , KHEMCHANDANI K. P. , MARTINEZ TORRES A. , OLLER J. A. , ROCA L. , NAPSUCIALE MAURO
Published: July 2009

In this talk I summarize recent findings around the description of axial vector mesons as dynamically generated states from the interaction of pseudoscalar mesons and vector mesons, dedicating some attention to the two K1(1270) states. Then I review the generation of open and hidden charm scalar and axial states, and how some recent experiment supports the existence of the new hidden charm scalar state predicted. I present recent results showing that the low lying 1/2+ baryon resonances for S = -1 can be obtained as bound states or resonances of two mesons and one baryon in coupled channels. Then show the differences with the S = 0 case, where the N*(1710) appears also dynamically generated from the two pion one nucleon system, but the N*(1440) does not appear, indicating a more complex structure of the Roper resonance. Finally I shall show how the state X(2175), recently discovered at BABAR and BES, appears naturally as a resonance of the [Formula: see text] system.
ENERGY SPECTRA OF $_{\Lambda\Lambda}^{10}{\rm Be}$
Authors: SHOEB MOHAMMAD , SONIKA
Published: July 2009

A brief historical perspective along with a few experimental laboratories around the world pursuing actively hypernuclear physics program is presented. The variational Monte Carlo (VMC) analyzes of ground state energies of s- and p-shell α-cluster hypernuclei [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] along with the excited states of p-shell are discussed. The calculated energies of excited states of hypernuclei, treated as three-and four-body systems compare fairly well with the other work and in our preliminary and the 'first calculation', the 4+ states of [Formula: see text] are predicted to be particle stable.
Lung Parenchymal Mechanics in Health and Disease
Authors: Faffe Débora S. , Zin Walter A.
Published: July 2009

The mechanical properties of lung tissue are important determinants of lung physiological functions. The connective tissue is composed mainly of cells and extracellular matrix, where collagen and elastic fibers are the main determinants of lung tissue mechanical properties. These fibers have essentially different elastic properties, form a continuous network along the lungs, and are responsible for passive expiration. In the last decade, many studies analyzed the relationship between tissue composition, microstructure, and macrophysiology, showing that the lung physiological behavior reflects both the mechanical properties of tissue individual components and its complex structural organization. Different lung pathologies such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, fibrosis, inflammation, and emphysema can affect the extracellular matrix. This review focuses on the mechanical properties of lung tissue and how the stress-bearing elements of lung parenchyma can influence its behavior.
Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Channels: From Genes to Function
Authors: Biel Martin , Wahl-Schott Christian , Michalakis Stylianos , Zong Xiangang
Published: July 2009

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels comprise a small subfamily of proteins within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. In mammals, the HCN channel family comprises four members (HCN1-4) that are expressed in heart and nervous system. The current produced by HCN channels has been known as Ih(or Ifor Iq). Ihhas also been designated as pacemaker current, because it plays a key role in controlling rhythmic activity of cardiac pacemaker cells and spontaneously firing neurons. Extensive studies over the last decade have provided convincing evidence that Ihis also involved in a number of basic physiological processes that are not directly associated with rhythmicity. Examples for these non-pacemaking functions of Ihare the determination of the resting membrane potential, dendritic integration, synaptic transmission, and learning. In this review we summarize recent insights into the structure, function, and cellular regulation of HCN channels. We also discuss in detail the different aspects of HCN channel physiology in the heart and nervous system. To this end, evidence on the role of individual HCN channel types arising from the analysis of HCN knockout mouse models is discussed. Finally, we provide an overview of the impact of HCN channels on the pathogenesis of several diseases and discuss recent attempts to establish HCN channels as drug targets.
From Pheromones to Behavior
Authors: Tirindelli Roberto , Dibattista Michele , Pifferi Simone , Menini Anna
Published: July 2009

In recent years, considerable progress has been achieved in the comprehension of the profound effects of pheromones on reproductive physiology and behavior. Pheromones have been classified as molecules released by individuals and responsible for the elicitation of specific behavioral expressions in members of the same species. These signaling molecules, often chemically unrelated, are contained in body fluids like urine, sweat, specialized exocrine glands, and mucous secretions of genitals. The standard view of pheromone sensing was based on the assumption that most mammals have two separated olfactory systems with different functional roles: the main olfactory system for recognizing conventional odorant molecules and the vomeronasal system specifically dedicated to the detection of pheromones. However, recent studies have reexamined this traditional interpretation showing that both the main olfactory and the vomeronasal systems are actively involved in pheromonal communication. The current knowledge on the behavioral, physiological, and molecular aspects of pheromone detection in mammals is discussed in this review.
Vascular Extracellular Matrix and Arterial Mechanics
Authors: Wagenseil Jessica E. , Mecham Robert P.
Published: July 2009

An important factor in the transition from an open to a closed circulatory system was a change in vessel wall structure and composition that enabled the large arteries to store and release energy during the cardiac cycle. The component of the arterial wall in vertebrates that accounts for these properties is the elastic fiber network organized by medial smooth muscle. Beginning with the onset of pulsatile blood flow in the developing aorta, smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall produce a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) that will ultimately define the mechanical properties that are critical for proper function of the adult vascular system. This review discusses the structural ECM proteins in the vertebrate aortic wall and will explore how the choice of ECM components has changed through evolution as the cardiovascular system became more advanced and pulse pressure increased. By correlating vessel mechanics with physiological blood pressure across animal species and in mice with altered vessel compliance, we show that cardiac and vascular development are physiologically coupled, and we provide evidence for a universal elastic modulus that controls the parameters of ECM deposition in vessel wall development. We also discuss mechanical models that can be used to design better tissue-engineered vessels and to test the efficacy of clinical treatments.
A Review of Some Recent Results for the Approximate Analytical Solutions of Nonlinear Differential Equations
Authors: Pamuk Serdal
Published: July 2009

This paper features a survey of some recent developments in techniques for obtaining
approximate analytical solutions of some nonlinear differential equations arising in
various fields of science and engineering. Adomian′s decomposition method is applied
to some nonlinear problems, and some mathematical tools such as He′s homotopy
perturbation method and variational iteration method are introduced to overcome the
shortcomings of Adomian′s method. The results of some comparisons of these three
methods appearing in the research literature are given.
New Poisson′s Type Integral Formula for Thermoelastic Half‐Space
Authors: Seremet Victor , Bonnet Guy , Speianu Tatiana
Published: July 2009

A new Green′s function and a new Poisson′s type integral formula for a boundary value problem (BVP) in thermoelasticity for a half‐space with mixed boundary conditions are derived. The thermoelastic displacements are generated by a heat source, applied in the inner points of the half‐space and by temperature, and prescribed on its boundary. All results are obtained in closed forms that are formulated in a special theorem. A closed form solution for a particular BVP of thermoelasticity for a half‐space also is included. The main difficulties to obtain these results are in deriving of functions of influence of a unit concentrated force onto elastic volume dilatation Θ(k) and, also, in calculating of a volume integral of the product of function Θ(k) and Green′s function in heat conduction. Using the proposed approach, it is possible to extend the obtained results not only for any canonical Cartesian domain, but also for any orthogonal one.
QTL Mapping of a High Protein Digestibility Trait in Sorghum bicolor
Authors: Winn Jennifer A. , Mason R. Esten , Robbins Adriana L. , Rooney William L. , Hays Dirk B.
Published: July 2009

Compared with other cereal grains, Sorghum bicolor shows lower protein digestibility. The low digestibility is thought to result from disulfide cross linking in the β‐ and γ‐kafirins. In contrast, the single recessive high digestibility/high lysine content (HD)
mutation which confers greater grain digestibility exists in sorghum that is thought to
result from reduced accumulation of γ‐kafirin that allows greater access to the high digestible α‐kafarin fraction. In an effort to both clearly define the molecular basis for
the HD trait and develop tools to improve the introgression of this difficult‐to‐screen trait,
this study focuses on mapping the QTLs linked to this trait. While the HD trait has been
defined as a single recessive gene, our results uncovered that two major QTLs on
chromosome 1 are associated with protein digestibility—one QTL (locus 1 from the HD
parent) unfavorably affects digestibility and one QTL (locus 2 from the HD parent) only
20 cM away favorably affects digestibility. A contrast analysis between genotypic
groups at these two loci shows that a higher level of protein digestibility may be
obtained when this linkage in repulsion is broken and favorable alleles are allowed to
recombine.
Existence of Solutions for Nonlocal Boundary Value Problems of Higher‐Order Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equations
Authors: Ahmad Bashir , Nieto Juan J.
Published: July 2009

We study some existence results in a Banach space for a
nonlocal boundary value problem involving a nonlinear differential equation
of fractional order q given by  cDqx(t) = f(t, x(t)), 0 < t < 1, q ∈ (m − 1, m], m ∈ ℕ, m ≥ 2, x(0) = 0, x′(0) = 0, x′′(0) = 0, …, x(m−2)(0) = 0, x(1) = αx(η). Our results are based on the contraction mapping principle and Krasnoselskii′s fixed point theorem.
Analysis of an Impulsive Predator‐Prey System with Monod‐Haldane Functional Response and Seasonal Effects
Authors: Baek Hunki , Do Younghae , Saito Yasuhisa
Published: July 2009

For a class of impulsive predator‐prey systems with Monod‐Haldane functional response and seasonal effects, we investigate conditions for the local and global stabilities of prey‐free solutions and for the permanence of the system
by using the Flquet theory of impulsive differential equations and comparison techniques. In addition, we numerically analyze the phenomena caused by seasonal effects and impulsive perturbation. It will be applicable to the controllability for the population of prey and predator.
Conductometric Gas Nanosensors
Authors: Di Francia Girolamo , Alfano Brigida , La Ferrara Vera
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a review of the current research activities in the field of gas nanosensors. Nanomaterials are characterized by physical and chemical properties that differ from their macroscopic counterparts and, in particular, by an enhanced chemical reactivity even at room temperature. This effect has stimulated the development of chemical sensors based on several different nanomaterials. Here we focus most attention on carbon nanotubes, silicon and metal oxide nanoparticles and metal nanowires. After introducing a few general definitions a discussion on the fundamental properties of the nanostate used in the sensor field is presented and several nanosensors, based on the aforementioned nanomaterials, are discussed. Finally, some personal conclusions will be drawn.
Rosiglitazone Prevents High Glucose-Induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Collagen IV Expression in Cultured Mesangial Cells
Authors: Whiteside Catharine , Wang Hong , Xia Ling , Munk Snezana , Goldberg Howard J. , Fantus I. George
Published: July 2009

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, negatively modulates high glucose effects. We postulated that rosiglitazone (RSG), an activator of PPARγprevents the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and collagen IV by mesangial cells exposed to high glucose. Primary cultured rat mesangial cells were growth-arrested in 5.6 mM (NG) or 25 mM D-glucose (HG) for up to 48 hours. In HG, PPARγmRNA and protein were reduced within 3 h, and enhanced ROS generation, expression ofp22phox, VEGF and collagen IV, and PKC-ζmembrane association were prevented by RSG. In NG, inhibition of PPARγcaused ROS generation and VEGF expression that were unchanged by RSG. Reduced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in HG was unchanged with RSG, and VEGF expression was unaffected by AMPK inhibition. Hence, PPARγis a negative modulator of HG-induced signaling that acts through PKC-ζbut not AMPK and regulates VEGF and collagen IV expression by mesangial cells.
The Effect of Fabrication Method on Passive UHF RFID Tag Performance
Authors: Björninen Toni , Merilampi Sari , Ukkonen Leena , Sydänheimo Lauri , Ruuskanen Pekka
Published: July 2009

In passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), transponders or tags are used to label objects to be identified. In this study passive tag antennas were produced using etching, screen-printing, and gravure printing methods. The threshold and backscattered signal strengths of the tags were measured to determine the effect of different manufacturing methods on the tags' performance. Conductivity, skin depth, thickness, and the quality of the conducting layer have a major effect on tag performance. Each manufacturing method sets its own boundary conditions on the processibility of the high quality conduction layer and such conditions need to be considered in tag design. Tag design also affects the manufacturing parameters used in the different techniques. The results of the study show that each of the studied fabrication methods can be used to manufacture reliable RFID tags.
Modal Decoupling Using the Method of Weighted Residuals for the Nonlinear Elastic Dynamics of a Clamped Laminated Composite
Authors: He Xiaoling
Published: July 2009

We develop an approach to reduce the governing equation of motion for the nonlinear vibration of a clamped laminated composite to the Duffing equation in a decoupled modal form. The method of weighted residuals enables such a reduction for laminates with clamped boundary conditions. Both rigidly clamped and loosely clamped boundary conditions are analyzed using this method. The reduction method conserves the total energy of the system. The decoupled modal form Duffing equation has constant modal parameters in terms of the laminated composite material′s properties and geometries. The numerical computations illustrate the individual modal response with an emphasis of the transitional phenomena to chaos caused by the large load.
α-Keto Acid Metabolites of Naturally Occurring Organoselenium Compounds as Inhibitors of Histone Deacetylase in Human Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Lee Jeong-In , Nian Hui , Cooper Arthur J.L. , Sinha Raghu , Dai Jenny , Bisson William H. , Dashwood Roderick H. , Pinto John T.
Published: July 2009

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are gaining interest as cancer therapeutic agents. We tested the hypothesis that natural organoselenium compounds might be metabolized to HDAC inhibitors in human prostate cancer cells. Se-Methyl-l-selenocysteine (MSC) and selenomethionine are amino acid components of selenium-enriched yeast. In a cell-free system, glutamine transaminase K (GTK) and l-amino acid oxidase convert MSC to the corresponding α-keto acid, β-methylselenopyruvate (MSP), and l-amino acid oxidase converts selenomethionine to its corresponding α-keto acid, α-keto-γ-methylselenobutyrate (KMSB). Although methionine (sulfur analogue of selenomethionine) is an excellent substrate for GTK, selenomethionine is poorly metabolized. Structurally, MSP and KMSB resemble the known HDAC inhibitor butyrate. We examined androgen-responsive LNCaP cells and androgen-independent LNCaP C4-2, PC-3, and DU145 cells and found that these human prostate cancer cells exhibit endogenous GTK activities. In the corresponding cytosolic extracts, the metabolism of MSC was accompanied by the concomitant formation of MSP. In MSP-treated and KMSB-treated prostate cancer cell lines, acetylated histone 3 levels increased within 5 hours, and returned to essentially baseline levels by 24 hours, suggesting a rapid, transient induction of histone acetylation. In an in vitro HDAC activity assay, the selenoamino acids, MSC and selenomethionine, had no effect at concentrations up to 2.5 mmol/L, whereas MSP and KMSB both inhibited HDAC activity. We conclude that, in addition to targeting redox-sensitive signaling proteins and transcription factors, α-keto acid metabolites of MSC and selenomethionine can alter HDAC activity and histone acetylation status. These findings provide a potential new paradigm by which naturally occurring organoselenium might prevent the progression of human prostate cancer.
Ultrasonographic Evidence that Bedrest after Embryo Transfer Is Useless
Authors: Lambers Marieke J. , Lambalk Cornelis B. , Schats Roel , Hompes Peter G.A.
Published: July 2009

Background: To demonstrate the effect of immediate ambulation after embryo transfer on the intrauterine location of the transfer content. Methods: Prospective observational randomized controlled study. Results: Fifty-seven patients (47.5%) had one air bubble at transfer and after 15 min change in position: group A (bedrest) 2.69 mm, group B (immediate ambulation) 2.00 mm (p = 0.511). The distance from the fundus declined by 26% in group A and 15% in group B (p = 0.229). Twenty-eight patients (23.3%) had two air bubbles at transfer and after 15 min: average change in position of the first air bubble: group A 3.07 mm, group B 1.80 mm (p = 0.282); average change in position of the second air bubble: group A 2.69 mm, group B 1.80 mm (p = 0.450). The distance from the fundus for the first air bubble declined by 2% in group A and 18% in group B (p = 0.593) and for the second air bubble by 22% in group A and 15% in group B (p = 0.711). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the transfer content is not affected by the immediate ambulation after transfer, illustrating why there is no rationale for bedrest after transfer.
Comparative Effects of Chlormadinone Acetate and Its 3α- and 3β-Hydroxy Metabolites on Progesterone, Androgen and Glucocorticoid Receptors
Authors: Schneider J. , Kneip C. , Jahnel U.
Published: July 2009

Aim/Methods: In vitro binding tests to human receptors and in vivo functional activities in animals were used to compare the effects of the progestin chlormadinone acetate (CMA) and its 3α- and 3β-hydroxy metabolites (3α-OH-CMA and 3β-OH-CMA) on progesterone, androgen and glucocorticoid receptors. Results: CMA, 3α-OH-CMA, 3β-OH-CMA and the reference progestin R5020 bound to human progesterone receptor with Ki values of 2.5 nm, 13 nm, 6.0 nm and 4.3 nm, respectively. Binding affinities to the human androgen receptor were characterized by Ki values of 3.8 nM for CMA, 83 nM for 3α-OH-CMA, 20 nM for 3β-OH-CMA and 2.9 nM for the reference androgen methyltrienolone. The Ki values for binding to the human glucocorticoid receptor were 16 nM for CMA, 69 nM for 3α-OH-CMA, 21 nM for 3β-OH-CMA and 1.2 nM for the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. In the rabbit endometrial proliferation test CMA, 3α-OH-CMA and 3β-OH-CMA (5 and 45 μg/kg p.o. for 5 days) had similar progestomimetic activities. CMA, 3α-OH-CMA and, to a lesser extent, 3β-OH-CMA (4.64 and 21.5 mg/kg p.o. for 7 days) inhibited testosterone-stimulated growth of prostate and seminal vesicles in castrated rats showing antiandrogenic activities. Glucocorticoid properties were demonstrated for CMA and 3α-OH-CMA (21.5 and 100 mg/kg p.o. for 6 days) but not for 3β-OH-CMA as reduction in thymus and adrenal gland weights in immature rats. Conclusion: Binding assays at human receptors showed similarly high affinities of CMA with the progesterone and androgen receptors and a 5 times lower affinity with the glucocorticoid receptor. At all receptor types, CMA had the highest, 3α-OH-CMA the lowest and 3β-OH-CMA an intermediate affinity. Animal studies revealed progestomimetic and antiandrogenic activities of CMA, 3α-OH-CMA and 3β-OH-CMA and glucocorticoid activities of CMA and 3α-OH-CMA.
Epidural Anesthesia for Placement of Spinal Cord Stimulators with Paddle-Type Electrodes
Authors: Zhang Kai , Bhatia Sanjay , Oh Michael , Whiting Donald
Published: July 2009

Background/Aims: Placement of paddle electrodes for spinal cord stimulation is usually performed under local anesthesia as the patient must be alert and cooperative during the procedure. This is often difficult, and involves significant discomfort for the patient. We explore the placement of spinal cord stimulators (SCS) under epidural anesthesia. Methods: Fifteen consecutive patients underwent single-shot epidural anesthesia prior to placement of the SCS. Patient perception of paresthesias during intraoperative stimulation was compared to preoperative pain dermatomes indicated by the patient. The ability to produce paresthesias as well as the voltage required to produce paresthesias under anesthesia were recorded. Patient demographics, amount and concentration of epidural drugs, use of local anesthetic or sedatives, and any complications were also recorded. Results: Epidural anesthesia was successfully induced in 14 patients. All patients were alert and cooperative. Paresthesias in appropriate dermatomes were induced in all patients. No local anesthetic or sedatives were used. The voltage required to induce paresthesias was double that required to maintain stimulation once the epidural had worn off. Conclusion: Epidural anesthesia provides a safe and effective means of placing SCS with paddle-type electrodes. There is no patient discomfort, and paresthesias are consistently elicited in appropriate areas in all patients.
Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity of Infectious Bronchitis Coronaviruses: Complicated Evolution and Epidemiology in China Caused by Cocirculation of Multiple Types of Infectious Bronchitis Coronaviruses
Authors: Liu Shengwang , Zhang Xiaonan , Wang Yu , Li Chengren , Han Zongxi , Shao Yuhao , Li Huixin , Kong Xiangang
Published: July 2009

Objective: To monitor and study the molecular epidemiology, evolution and pathogenicity of infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) in China in recent years and further our knowledge of the evolution of IBVs. Methods: Thirty-seven IBV isolates were isolated from commercial chickens in China. The isolates were characterized by RT-PCR, sequencing, typing and analyzing the entire S1 gene. In addition, 4 selected IBV isolates were used to experimentally infect the specific pathogen-free chickens to study their pathogenicity. Results: Three types of IBV have been cocirculating in chicken flocks in China in recent years. Unique insertions and deletions in S1 protein regions were identified among different types of IBV. Moreover, a new IBV strain was isolated and identified in a layer hen. S1 gene analysis showed that a recombination event had occurred in the virus’s evolutionary process. In addition, experimental infection has shown that IBV isolates have been nephropathogenic in China in recent years. Conclusion: Mutations, insertions, deletions and recombination of the S1 protein gene contribute to the genetic diversity of IBV in China. Cocirculation of multiple types of IBV in field conditions in China renders its epidemiology and evolution very complicated, indicating the necessity for development of new vaccines or vaccine strategies.
Lower Limb Radiology of Distal Myopathy due to the S60F Myotilin Mutation
Authors: McNeill Alisdair , Birchall Daniel , Straub Volker , Goldfarb Lev , Reilich Peter , Walter Maggie C. , Schramm Nicolai , Lochmüller Hanns , Chinnery Patrick F.
Published: July 2009

Distal myopathies are a clinically and genetically heterogenous group of disorders in which the distal limb musculature is selectively or disproportionately affected. Precisely defining specific categories is a challenge because of overlapping clinical phenotypes, making it difficult to decide which of the many known causative genes to screen in individual cases. In this study we define the distinguishing magnetic resonance imaging findings in myotilin myopathy by studying 8 genealogically unrelated cases due to the same point mutation in TTID. Proximally, the vastii, biceps femoris and semimembranosus were involved with sparing of gracilis and sartorius. Distally, soleus, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, extensor hallicus and extensor digitorum were involved. This pattern contrasts with other distal myopathies and provides further support for the role of imaging in the clinical investigation of muscle disease.
Impact of Anemia on Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Schwarz Clemens Peter , Koppelstaetter Christian , Amann Edda , Mayer Gert
Published: July 2009

Background: Recent studies indicate an increased mortality of anemic patients with renal failure when near-normal hemoglobin levels are aimed for by treatment with erythropoiesis stimulating agents. Aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) is a strong predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. The relationships between aPWV, hemoglobin levels and erythropoiesis stimulating agent dosage have not been evaluated to date. Methods: In 75 patients, aPWV was measured by applanation tonometry. Associations of aPWV and a broad range of clinical, laboratory and therapeutic parameters were determined by stepwise linear regression analysis. Results: aPWV was positively correlated to age (r = 0.55, p < 0.001), whereas the association with hemoglobin was significant, but negative (r = –0.31, p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis determined age (β = 0.513, p < 0.001), mean blood pressure (β = 0.255, p = 0.01), the presence of heart failure (β = 0.188, p = 0.03), hemoglobin (β = –0.226, p = 0.01), daily calcium load (β = –0.230, p = 0.01) and the presence of diabetes mellitus (β = 0.179, p = 0.04) to have a significant and independent influence on aPWV. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that in hemodialysis patients, aPWV is significantly but negatively associated with the serum hemoglobin concentration, even after multiple adjustments for other covariates.
Interferon-β1b Treatment in Neuromyelitis Optica
Authors: Tanaka Masami , Tanaka Keiko , Komori Mika
Published: July 2009

Background: The effects of interferon-β1b (IFN-β1b) administration in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have been confirmed, however, those in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) patients have not been shown. In this study, we assessed the effects of IFN-β1b treatment on disease exacerbation and disability progression in MS or NMO patients. Methods: We reviewed a series of 104 consecutive patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) (69) or NMO (35) treated with IFN-β1b in the MS clinical center of a national hospital in Japan. Results: The relapse number in the RRMS patients significantly decreased within 1 year after IFN-β1b treatment (p < 0.00001); however, that in the NMO patients did not show a significant decrease (p = 0.5601). The decrease in annualized relapse rates in each RRMS patient after treatment was significant (p < 0.01), but that in each NMO patient was not (p > 0.05). The change in Kurtzke’s Expanded Disability Status Scale score 1 year after treatment was higher in the NMO patients than in the RRMS patients (p = 0.0225). Conclusion: In NMO patients, IFN-β1b treatment was not effective in reducing the relapse number and the disability progression.
Extraction of a Chronically Implanted, Microfabricated, Subretinal Electrode Array
Authors: Chen Jinghua , Shah Hassan A. , Herbert Charles , Loewenstein John I. , Rizzo, III Joseph F.
Published: July 2009

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of extraction of a chronically implanted subretinal electrode array. Methods: Inactive, polyimide strips (10 mm × 1.5 mm × 15 μm) were surgically implanted into the subretinal space of 8 rabbits using a mostly ab externo approach. Pre- and postoperative clinical examinations, electroretinography and in some cases optical coherence tomography were performed to follow the course of the eyes. Two months after implantation, the polyimide strips were extracted from 5 eyes; 2 animals kept the implants and served as controls. All animals were then sacrificed and eyes enucleated for histological examination. Results: All 8 surgeries yielded successful placement of the arrays into the subretinal space. All 5 extraction surgeries were performed without obvious complications. Clinical examinations and electroretinography did not reveal any significant abnormalities. The histological examinations showed alterations from normal anatomy in all animals; the anatomical changes in the explanted animals were relatively mild and confined to the area of the surgery. Conclusions: Successful extraction of electrode arrays from the subretinal space of rabbits can be reliably performed 2 months after implantation, which is beyond the time period when postoperative scarring would be most intense.
First Report of Genotype E of Hepatitis B Virus in an Indian Population
Authors: Singh Jasbir , Dickens Caroline , Pahal Vikas , Kumar Rajesh , Chaudhary Rajender , Kramvis Anna , Kew Michael C.
Published: July 2009

Twenty-one hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates from the state of Haryana (North India) were studied for genotype, subgenotype, serotype distribution and precore mutations. Assays of alanine aminotransminase (ALT) and HBeAg were performed on all samples. Genotypes, subgenotypes and serotypes were determined by amplification of pre-S1/S2 regions followed by RFLP and also by phylogenetic analysis of amplified products. Mutations were studied by amplification and sequencing of the precore region. Twenty-four percent of the samples had high ALT levels and 90% were HBeAg negative. It was observed that 90% of the samples were HBV D genotype, (subgenotype D1, serotype ayw2), 5% HBV A genotype (subgenotype A1, serotype adw2), and the remaining 5% were HBV E genotype (serotype ayw4). The subgenotype A1 was quite similar to the South African isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the HBV isolates, based on the pre-S1/S2 gene sequences, confirmed genotype E. Amplification and sequencing of the precore region showed 1762A–T and 1764G–A mutations in 38 and 15% of the samples, respectively. 1809T was observed in 5% of the cases under study. This is the first report of the genotype E of hepatitis B virus in the Indian population. Efforts are underway to amplify and sequence the full length of this genotype E isolate.
The Liver and Kidney in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Slack Andrew J. , Wendon Julia
Published: July 2009

Both liver and kidney dysfunction are associated with adverse outcomes in critical illness. Advanced liver disease can be complicated by the hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with liver transplantation offering the best long-term outcome. However, until recently, HRS was associated with such a poor prognosis that this group of patients rarely survived long enough for transplantation to be considered. The use of vasopressin analogues and albumin infusions has improved the management of HRS and outcomes in terms of renal recovery and survival.
Status Epilepticus in Stroke Patients
Authors: De Reuck J. , Van Maele G.
Published: July 2009

Background: Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening condition that occurs in only 1.5% of the overall stroke population but in more than 10% of patients with stroke-related seizures. This retrospective study compares the characteristics of stroke patients with SE to those with ordinary seizures (OS). Patients and Methods: The demographic features, vascular risk factors, stroke type and etiology, stroke severity (according to the National Institute of Health Stroke scale) and disability (according to the modified Rankin scale), seizure type and onset, and post-ictal EEG findings were compared between 33 patients with SE and 288 with OS. SE was defined as a >30 min of either continuous seizure activity or multiple seizures without regaining consciousness. Results: Patients with SE had more severe strokes and a worse outcome. Demographic features and stroke etiology were similar in both groups. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was only observed as a risk factor in patients with OS. There was a non-statistical trend that SE occurred more frequently at stroke onset. Seizure recurrence was the same in both groups. Post-ictal EEG was always abnormal in the SE patients and normal in 30% of the OS group. Conclusions: SE occurs mainly in patients with a severe stroke and with severe disability. Patients with a severe stroke are probably more at risk of early-onset SE.
Soluble Fas Antigen and Soluble Fas Ligand in Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Authors: Briana Despina D. , Baka Stavroula , Boutsikou Maria , Liosi Sofia , Vraila Venetia-Maria , Gourgiotis Dimitrios , Hassiakos Dimitrios , Malamitsi-Puchner Ariadne
Published: July 2009

Background: The Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) pathway of apoptosis contributes to immune tolerance at the fetomaternal interface and has been ascribed a role in implantation and placental development. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) may be associated with impaired maternal-fetal tolerance, resulting in increased trophoblast apoptosis and uteroplacental vascular insufficiency. Objectives: To investigate soluble Fas (sFas) and FasL (sFasL) concentrations in maternal, fetal and neonatal serum of IUGR and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) pregnancies. Methods: Circulating sFas and sFasL concentrations were determined in 40 mothers and their 20 IUGR (due to several etiologies) and 20 AGA singleton full-term fetuses and neonates on postnatal day 1 (N1) and 4 (N4). Results: No significant differences in sFas and sFasL concentrations were observed between groups. In both groups, maternal sFas concentrations were increased compared to fetal, N1 and N4 ones (p≤0.005 in AGA and p < 0.001 in IUGR, in all cases). On the other hand, maternal sFasL concentrations were lower compared to fetal, N1 and N4 ones (p < 0.001 in all cases). Fetal sFasL concentrations were increased compared to maternal, but lower compared to N4 sFasL ones (p < 0.001 in AGA and p ≤ 0.020 in IUGR, in all cases). N4 sFasL concentrations were elevated compared to N1 ones (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Circulating maternal, as well as fetal sFas and sFasL concentrations do not differ between AGA controls and IUGR cases, irrespectively of the etiology of the latter. Furthermore, the results of this study imply an acceleration of Fas-FasL-mediated apoptosis during delivery and a respective decrease postpartum in both normal and IUGR pregnancies.
Mechanisms and Influence of Octreotide-Induced Regulation of Somatostatin Receptor 2 on Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Hua Yun-Peng , Yin Xiao-Yu , Peng Bao-Gang , Li Shao-Qiang , Lai Jia-Ming , Liang Hui-Zhen , Liang Li-Jian
Published: July 2009

Background: Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. Exposure of G protein-coupled receptors to their agonists induces a rapid decrease in their initial response. The goal of this study is to investigate alteration in SSTR2 by the treatment of SSTR agonist octreotide (OCT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the resulting consequence. Methods: Morphology, proliferation and cell cycle of the human HCC cell line (Bel7402) were evaluated. Effect of OCT on HCC growth and development was assessed in vivo. SSTR2 expression was measured by RT-PCR and detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Short-term OCT treatment on Bel7402 cells barely changed cell proliferation and morphology, and no apoptosis was induced. The SSTR2 protein level was markedly decreased on Bel7402 cells after exposure to OCT. However, the weight of the HCC xenograft was significantly lower in the OCT treatment group as compared with the control group. In the rat hepatocarcinogenesis model, the mortality and incidence of HCC in the OCT treatment group were remarkably less than those in the control group. Long-term OCT treatment led to increased levels of both SSTR2 mRNA and protein in hepatocytes and HCC cells. Conclusion: Short-term OCT treatment could lead to SSTR2 desensitization, resulting in a reduced inhibitory effect on HCC by OCT. However, long-term OCT treatment effectively inhibited the development and growth of HCC probably via resensitization and upregulation of SSTR2.
Torticollis under Cyclobenzaprine
Authors: Reuss Reinhard , Reuter Iris , Jauss Marek , Fischer Falko , Müller Silke C. , Stolz Erwin
Published: July 2009

The muscle-relaxing 5-HT2 receptor antagonist cyclobenzaprine is structurally closely related to amitriptyline. It is widely used to treat patients presenting with back pain and fibromyalgia. Very rarely cyclobenzaprine toxicity can result in extrapyramidal symptoms, but occurrence of torticollis has not been reported so far. We report on a patient presenting with torticollis and myoclonic movements after treatment with cyclobenzaprine, who was successfully treated with intravenous biperiden. This case might be additional evidence for the necessity of appropriate dosage in case of liver impairment. Secondly there are possibly consequences as regards the therapy of motor side effects.
Photopic Negative Response Reflects Severity of Ocular Circulatory Damage after Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Authors: Matsumoto Celso S. , Shinoda Kei , Yamada Kisaburo , Nakatsuka Kazuo
Published: July 2009

Purpose: To determine the relationship of the photopic negative response (PhNR) of the photopic electroretinogram (ERG) with the degree of circulatory disturbances in eyes following central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Methods: The circulatory disturbance was graded as mild (group 1) when the arm-to-retina transmission time was <30 s, moderate (group 2) when the time was >30 s and severe (group 3) when concurrent choroidal circulatory damage was found. For statistical analysis, groups 1, 2 and 3 were scored as 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Photopic ERGs were elicited by either short-flash (SF) or long-flash (LF) stimuli. Results: Both the SF and LF PhNR were significantly reduced in groups 2 and 3. The PhNR amplitude was negatively correlated with the severity of the ocular circulatory disturbances (p = 0.0498, ρ = –0.507 for SF PhNR; p = 0.0050, ρ = –0.750 for LF PhNR). Conclusion: The amplitude of the PhNR became more reduced as the severity of the circulatory disturbances increased in eyes with CRAO.
Short Daily versus Conventional Hemodialysis Quality of Life: A Cross-Sectional Multicentric Study in Spain
Authors: Puñal Rioboó J. , Sánchez-Iriso E. , Ruano-Ravina A. , Varela Lema M.L. , Sánchez-Guisande D. , González-Rodríguez L. , Herrero J.A. , Barril G. , Maduell F. , Hernández J. , Otero A. , Bajo M.A. , Sánchez R.
Published: July 2009

Background: End-stage renal disease is a major health problem worldwide nowadays. Although conventional hemodialysis is the most widely used modality, short daily hemodialysis has been proposed as a more physiologic treatment. The objective of this article is to compare the quality of life of patients on each hemodialysis modality. Methods: A multicentric cross-sectional study was performed in 9 Spanish hospitals. Patients treated for at least 3 months with conventional or short daily hemodialysis were included and quality of life measured using the Euroqol-5D quality of life questionnaire. Bayesian models were used for analyzing quality of life results. Results: Ninety-three patients were included, 27 were on daily hemodialysis and 66 on conventional hemodialysis. All models demonstrated a better quality of life for daily hemodialysis versus conventional hemodialysis. Only 14% of the patients on conventional hemodialysis were willing to change to a daily schedule. Conclusions: Short daily hemodialysis shows a better quality of life than conventional hemodialysis with all Bayesian approaches considered.
Early Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury: The Promise of Novel Biomarkers
Authors: Soni Sachin S. , Ronco Claudio , Katz Nevin , Cruz Dinna N.
Published: July 2009

The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) formerly referred to as acute renal failure (ARF) is increasing to epidemic proportions. Development of AKI portends excessive morbidity and mortality. AKI is associated with prolonged hospital stay, increased healthcare costs and high mortality especially in critically ill patients. The mortality rate has remained largely unchanged for many decades. Delay in the diagnosis of AKI using conventional biomarkers like urine output and serum creatinine has been one of the important obstacles in applying effective early interventions. Several new biomarkers are being evaluated in a quest for early diagnosis of AKI, among which neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) appears to be one of the most promising. This review summarizes the recent literature on these biomarkers.
Successful Treatment of Crush Syndrome Complicated with Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Using Hybrid Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Wei Qin , Baihai Su , Ping Fu , Xiaolei Chen , Jing Li , Rong Zhen
Published: July 2009

Background: The M8.1 ‘Wenchuan’ earthquake occurred on May 12th 2008 causing many injuries and casualties. We report a case with crush syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) successfully treated with hybrid continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Method: The patient is a 16-year-old female who was rescued from a collapsed building after 17 h. Emergency amputation was performed. Infections and crush syndrome caused sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure, heart failure, liver dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a short time. Hybrid CRRT including high volume hemofiltration, low temperature blood purification, hemoperfusion using endotoxin adsorbent as well as plasmapheresis was performed. Result: After the hybrid CRRT treatment, the patient’s condition improved progressively. Functions of lung, heart, liver and kidney recovered. Sepsis was controlled. CRRT treatment continued for 550 h without stop. She was followed up for 6 months without any sign of residual organ dysfunction. Conclusion: Hybrid CRRT is an effective treatment for patients with severe crush syndrome complicated with MODS.
Effects of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment on Oxidative Stress and Adiponectin Levels in Obese Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: de Lima Anna Myrna Jaguaribe , Franco Clélia Maria Ribeiro , de Castro Célia Maria Machado Barbosa , Bezerra Alice de Andrade , Ataíde, Jr. Luiz , Halpern Alfredo
Published: July 2009

Background: Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are both associated with the prevalence of major cardiovascular illnesses and certain common factors they are considered responsible for, such as stress oxidative increase, sympathetic tonus and resistance to insulin. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on oxidative stress and adiponectin levels in obese patients with and without OSA. Methods: Twenty-nine obese patients were categorized into 3 groups: group 1: 10 individuals without OSA (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI ≤5) who did not have OSA diagnosed at polysomnography; group 2: 10 patients with moderate to severe OSA (AHI ≧20) who did not use CPAP; group 3: 9 patients with moderate to severe OSA (AHI ≧20) who used CPAP. Results: Group 3 showed significant differences before and after the use of CPAP, in the variables of diminished production of superoxide, and increased nitrite and nitrate synthesis and adiponectin levels. Positive correlations were seen between the AHI and the superoxide production, between the nitrite and nitrate levels and the adiponectin levels, between superoxide production and the HOMA-IR, and between AHI and the HOMA-IR. Negative correlations were found between AHI and the nitrite and nitrate levels, between the superoxide production and that of nitric oxide, between the superoxide production and the adiponectin levels, between AHI and the adiponectin levels, and between the nitrite and nitrate levels and the HOMA-IR. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the use of CPAP can reverse the increased superoxide production, the diminished serum nitrite, nitrate and plasma adiponectin levels, and the metabolic changes existing in obese patients with OSA.
Effects of Inhalation of Thermal Water on Exhaled Breath Condensate in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Guarnieri Gabriella , Ferrazzoni Silvia , Scarpa Maria Cristina , Lalli Alberto , Maestrelli Piero
Published: July 2009

Background: Inhalation of thermal water (TW) is traditionally used as part of the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but its benefit and mechanisms are controversial. We previously observed a reduced proportion of neutrophils in induced sputum after treatment with TW. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether inhalation of TW in COPD patients is associated with biochemical changes of airway lining fluid, including a reduction in the neutrophil chemoattractant leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Methods: Thirteen COPD patients were randomly assigned to receive a 2-week course of TW and normal saline inhalation in a cross-over, single-blind study design. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) was collected before and after treatments. LTB4 concentrations in EBC were determined by ELISA, and EBC pH was measured before and after argon deaeration. Results: No significant differences in LTB4 concentrations in EBC were detected with either treatment. A significant decrease in pH of non-deaerated EBC was observed after a standard course of TW (median 7.45, interquartile range 6.93–7.66, vs. median 6.99, interquartile range 6.57–7.19; p = 0.05), which disappeared after argon deaeration. Conclusions: There is no evidence that TW treatment affects LTB4 concentration in EBC. The results of EBC pH measurements suggest that TW inhalation induces an imbalance of volatile components of the buffer system in airway lining fluid.