bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on grain yield and some baking quality characteristics of spring wheat
Authors: Elonen Paavo , Rinne Sirkka-Liisa , Suomela Hilkka
Published: July 2018

In the years 1967—70 twelve irrigation experiments of spring wheat were carried out in southern Finland (60-62° N, 22-26° E). Sprinkler irrigation (2 X 30 mm) increased the grain yields on an average by 1240±470kg/ha (from 2740 to 3980 kg) or 45±17 %. The increases in yield were significant on clay soils (9 trials) and loam (1 trial) but insignificant on fines and (1 trial) and mould (1 trial). Additional nitrogen fertilization (from 76 to 143kg/ha N) increased the grain yields on an average by 350± 200 kg/ha or 11±6 %. The ripening of wheat was significantly promoted by irrigation in one year but slightly retarded in three years. Nitrogen fertilization slightly retarded ripening every year The falling number of grains tended to be slightly improved by irrigation (from 285 to 321, on an average), but in most trials irrigation and nitrogen fertilization had no significant influence on the falling number. Irrigation decreased the crude protein content of grains in all trials, on an average by 2.2 ± 0.7 %-units (from 16.3 to 14.1%). This unfavourable effect was, however, avoided with additional nitrogen which increased the protein content by 1.9±0.4%-units (from 14,3 to 16.2 %). The effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on those characteristics of wheat that are correlated with protein, were similar to the effects on the protein content. Thus, irrigation decreased the zeleny value (from 64 to 53 ml), cold viscosity (from 214 to 114 seconds), water absorption (from 66.5 to 64.9 %) and the valorimeter value (from 68 to 60), while these characteristics were improved by nitrogen fertilization. Irrigation did not decrease the Pelshenke value but increased significantly the ratio of the Pelshenke value/protein content (from 5,1 to 6.1). This indicates that the quality of protein was improved by irrigation, while the effect of nitrogen fertilization was the reverse. In fact, irrigation and additional nitrogen fertilization affected the quantity and quality of protein and the baking quality characteristics of wheat in opposite directions but the quantity of grain yield in the same direction. With these two methods combined it was possible to produce 60 % higher grain yields without any noteworthy changes in the baking quality characteristics of spring wheat.
Estimation of carcass characteristics in young beef cattle
Authors: Ruohomäki Hilkka
Published: July 2018

In the present study the main objectives were to determine whether sufficiently accurate estimation of live weight, carcass weight and carcass composition with live measurements is possible, and whether an accurate estimation of carcass composition with any other procedure than total carcass dissection is possible. The material consisted of 205 1-year old steers and bulls and 174 bull calves. Within experiment each trait of each animal was corrected for age, breed and feeding with a correction factor obtained with the least squares method. In the stepwise regression analysis the results for both age groups were analysed separately. From live measurements the best estimators in both age groups were width of chest, heart girth and natural length. The most reliable predictor of meat quantity was carcass weight. Revalue was 96 % for both age groups. In estimation of meat percentage the Revalue obtained for the olds with cutting results of fore shanks was 56 %, the respective value for the 1-year olds was considerably lower. With 1-yearolds the carcass weight and some byproducts gave the highest estimations for the quantity and percentage of fat, R2 were 62 % and 50 % respectively, and for the 14-yearolds the kidney fats and the cutting results of flanks gave the highest estimations, R2 were 70 % and 59 % respectively. For the quantity and percentage of bone the R2 for the 1-yearolds obtained with cutting results of shanks were 68 % and 55 % respectively, and for the 14-year olds 82 % and 70 % respectively. When the cutting results of the fore and hind quarters were used as estimators the R2 obtained for all the traits were higher in both age groups than with any other estimator, R2 obtained with carcass quality scores remained lower.
Chemical and organoleptic evaluation of some Finnish apple varieties
Authors: Voho Kerttu , Varo Pertti
Published: July 2018

Chemical and organoleptic analyses were carried out on ten important locally grown apple varieties. Most of the varieties were characterized by high titratable acidity and fairly low total sugar concentration. Consequently the sugar-to-acid ratio (a suggested indicator of the eating quality of apples) remained low. However, some of the varieties with high acidity (Red Atlas, Raike) were scored high in the preference test, confirming that other factors in addition to the sugar-to-acid ratio have an influence on the palatability of apple juices. Generally it seems that juice from most of the studied varieties should be mixed with low acid, high sugar juices to be suitable for commerical juice production.
Istutuksen tasaisuuden merkitys perunan tuotannossa
Authors: Varis Eero , Lannetta Ilmo
Published: July 2018

Perunan istutuksen tasaisuuden vaikutusta Realta-, Rekord- ja Ijsselster-lajikkeiden satoon ja laatuun selvitettiin Hankkijan kasvinjalostuslaitoksen Anttilan koetilalla ja Maatalouskoneiden Tutkimuslaitoksella vuosina 1970-73 yhteensä kuudessa kokeessa. Istutuksen epätasaisuus alensi satoa yhdessä tapauksessa, missä satotaso oli matala. Tärkkelyspitoisuus aleni 0.3—0.7 %-yksikköä epätasaisuuden asteesta ja kokeesta riippuen. Epätasainen istutus aiheutti isojenmukuloiden määrän lisääntymisen keskikokoisten kustannuksella. Ominaispainojakautumassa ei ollut selviä eroja, mutta v. 1972—73 oli merkkejä epätasaisen istutuksen vaikutuksesta ominaispainojakautuman keskittymiseen keskimmäisiin ominaispainoluokkiin.
Sokerijuurikkaan naatit ja niistä valmistettu säilörehu: I. Koostumus ja rehuarvo
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Sormunen Riitta
Published: July 2018

Kelasilppurilla korjattujen sokerijuurikkaan naattien ja niistä 4—5 m:n korkuisiin tornisiiloihin valmistetun säilörehun koostumusta ja rehuarvoa. tutkittiin vuosina 1971—1972. Säilöntäainetta ei käytetty. Säilörehun keskim. pH oli 3.9 ja ammoniumtyppipitoisuus 4.7 % kokonaistypestä. Säilörehun koostumus ja in vitro-sulavuus oli huomattavasti parempi 1—2 m;n kuin 3—4 m:n syvyydessä. Naattien (1) ja naattisäilörehun (2) keskimääräinen koostumus oli, % k.a:sta: raakaproteiini 18.4, 19.3; vesiliukoiset orgaaniset hapot 5.5, 13.8; sokerit 21.2, 3.1; hemiselluloosa 15.8, 22.0; selluloosa 8.3, 11.8;raakaligniini 3.0, 3.8; raakakuitu 10.8, 15.3; tuhka 19.0, 17.0.—g/kg k.a.: Ca 14.7, 17.7; P 2.4, 2.1; Mg 7.3, 7.0; K 44.6, 38.2; Na 12.2, 8.3; Cl 35.9, 20.5. mg/kg k.a.: Fe 430, 589; Cu 15, 19; Mn 402, 439; Zn 393, 416. Orgaanisen aineen in vitro-sulavuus oli 82.6 ja 78.4 %, kuiva-aineen ry-arvo 0.92 ja 0.77, srv 156 ja 176 g/ry. Ry-laskutavan tarkkuutta on kommentoitu. In vitro-sulavuustulosten toistettavuus rutiinityössä todettiin varsin hyväksi. Koesäkeissä ja irrallaan siilossa olevan naatti- ja paperisäilörehun koostumuksessa ei todettu merkitsevää eroa (P>0.1).
Sokerijuurikkaan naatit ja niistä valmistettu säilörehu: II. Koostumus ja rehuarvo
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Sormunen Riitta
Published: July 2018

Sokerijuurikkaan naateissa säilönnän aikana tapahtuvia ravintoainetappioita ja puristemehun sidontaa mukaan pantuun sanomalehtipaperiin, olkeen ja ruohoon tutkittiin 45 m:n korkuisissa tornisiiloissa säkkikokeilla. Ravintoaineita hävisi vähiten ja pidättyi eniten siilon yläosassa. Keskimäärin todettiin seuraavat tappioprosentit: tuorepaino 50, kuiva-aine 30, orgaaninen aine 28, in vitro-sulava orgaaninen aine 33, raakaproteiini 26, sokeri 88, hemiselluloosa 7, selluloosa 1, tuhka 38, Ca 17, P 32, Mg 31, Na 52, K 40, Cl 56. Orgaanisia happoja tuli lisää 77 %. Naattien joukkoon pantu sanomalehtipaperi (1), olki (2) ja ruoho (3) sitoivat ravintoaineita (g/kg k.a.) keskimäärin seuraavasti: kuiva-ainetta201,202, 50; raakaproteiinia 65, 84, 67; orgaanisia happoja 79, 146, 94. Kivennäisistä pidättyi eniten K, Cl ja Na; olki sitoi parhaiten myös kivennäisiä. Pienen olkimäärän sekoittamista naattien joukkoon säilöntävaiheessa on ehdotettu. Siiloon vuorokerroksin naattien kanssa säilötty sanomalehtipaperi (100 kg/1 000 kg naattia) alensi kuiva-ainetappion 29 %:sta 19%:iin ja raakaproteiinitappion 36 %:sta 15%:iin. Lihamullit eivät syöneet naattirehun mukana koko paperimäärää.
Occurrence of Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J.J. Davis on spring barley and winter rye in Finland
Authors: Mäkelä Kaiho
Published: July 2018

This study was carried out on Rhynchosprium secalis (Oud.) J. J. Davis occurring on spring barley, winter rye and couch grass (Agropyron repens (L.) PB) in Finland. The results were obtained from samples of barley (c. 860 samples) and rye (c. 200 samples) gathered in fields during the growing season throughout the country in 1971 1973. The samples (c. 170 samples) of Agropyron repens were collected in fields and the borders of fields. The fungi of all the samples were examined by microscope and cultures and inocolation tests were used as well. Rhynchosporium secalis was observed to occur commonly on spring barley throughout the country from Helsinki to Lapland. The fungus was observed in about 30 per cent of the fields and in below 60 percent of the localities examined. Leaf blotch was commoner on six rowed barley than on two-rowed barley. The fungus sometimes attacked a field in great profusion. R. secalis was observed in below 50 per cent of the winter rye samples and in below 70 per cent of the localities examined. The fungus occurred commonly in the southern part of Finland and was found also in Lapland (Inari, 69° N, 27°E). Spores of the fungus were most abundant in the leaves of rye in spring and in early summer. R. secalis was observed rather scarce (in over 10 per cent of fields and in over 25 per cent of the localities examined) on Agropyron repens throughout the country. A high degree of host specialisation has been found within the species R. secalis. Two isolates from spring barley and from winter rye were pathogenic to their original host only.
Mineral content of grain yield of cereals and the effect of fertilization on it
Authors: Pessi Yrjö , Syvälahti Jorma , Saari Esko , Ylänen Mikko
Published: July 2018

This investigation examines the mineral content of cereal grain yields and the effect of NPK-fertilization on this content. The NPK-fertilization and the increased yield level thus obtained have not essentially affected the mineral contents of cereal grain. Among different kinds of cereals the mineral content of oats is in most cases the highest and that of rye and winter wheat the lowest. None of the different kinds of fertilizers gave clear differences in the mineral content of barley grain.
Effect of soil moisture on the ability of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) to reduce an injurious content of nitrate nitrogen in soil
Authors: Jaakkola Antti
Published: July 2018

The ability of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum) to reduce a high content of mineral nitrogen in soil was studied in a pot experiment in greenhouse. The experimental soil consisted of a silty clay rich in humus and a fine sand. The soils were kept at three moisture levels corresponding approximately to pF values 2, 3 and 4. Two levels of nitrogen were applied, 175 and 350 mg/kg, as ammonium nitrate. The clay and fine sand soils initially contained 370 and 780 mg/kg of nitrate nitrogen, respectively. The grass was harvested five times during 205 days. The excess of the nitrate in the clay soil prouducing high nitrate contents in the grass was exhausted after two cuttings when the soil moisture was kept at pF 2, whereas it was not reduced at all at pF 4. At pF 3, the excess nitrate was exhausted after the 3rd and 4th cutting at lower and higher nitrogen application levels, respectively. The nitrate content of the grass grown on the fines and soil was reduced to an acceptable level only at pF 2 and after the lower application of nitrogen, not before the last cutting, however.
Transfer of formaldehyde from feed to milk during the feeding of fresh cut grass treated with formaldehyde-containing preservative
Authors: Kreula Matti , Rauramaa Aino
Published: July 2018

6 cows were fed for 2 weeks with fresh cut grass treated with formaldehyde-containing preservative. The formaldehyde content of the treated grass, as fed, averaged 490 mg/kg fresh weight and the consumption was 32—44 kg fresh material/ cow/day. The formaldehyde content of the milk rose rapidly from a pre-feed level of 0 to 0.6—2.2 mg/kg, and fell to 0 immediately after the feeding period. The faeces and urine contained 150-260 and 16—26 mg formaldehyde/kg fresh weight respectively during the feeding period, background values being about 10 and 1 mg/kg.
Cellulase digestion technique compared with the in vitro digestibility of forages
Authors: Pulli Seppo
Published: July 2018

A red clover-grass mixture and a couch grass (E. repens) pure stand were studied at eighteen different stages of maturity in Viikki. The analytical techniques were a cellulase digestion method and a two stage in vitro digestion technique. A high correlation (r = .99*** for both types of stand and residual standard deviations (RSD) of 0.9 and 1.3 respectively) was found between cellulase DM digestibility and in vitro DM digestibility. The difference between cellulase and in vitro DM digestibility increased as the plants advanced in maturity, because the effect of enzyme decreased, as the plants were more matured. The relationship between cellulase DM digestibility and plant protein content was very close, (r = .99***for the clover-grass mixture and couch grass and RSD’s of 0.6 and 0.5 respectively). At the early stages of maturity when the plant protein content and in vitro DM digestibility were high, the cellulase technique digested more efficiently the clover-grass mixture than the couch grass. The cellulase method was rapid, reproduciple and well suited to the evaluation of the plant material studied.
The role of the quality of soil organic matter in cadmium accumulation in plants
Authors: Jaakkola Antti , Yläranta Toivo
Published: July 2018

Two acid soils (pHCaCl2 4—4.5) synthesized by mixing 1 part by weight of Carex or Sphagnum peat with 9 parts by weight of clay, were compared in a pot and an incubation experiment. In the pot experiment the experimental plant was the radish, the cadmium content of whose tops rose in the first harvest by 23 mg/kg and in the second by 16 mg/kg when 5.12 mg of cadmium labelled with 115mCd had been added to the mixture of Carex peat and clay (3 kg/pot). The corresponding contents in radishes grown in a mixture of Sphagnum peat and clay were 51 and 33 mg/kg. In the roots, the corresponding contents were only 1/3—1/4 of the preceding. Of the cadmium added to the mixture of Carex peat and clay, radish tops and roots took up an overall 3.9 %. In the mixture of Sphagnum peat and clay the corresponding proportion was 9.5 %. In the incubation experiment, differences in the solubility of the added cadmium accounted satisfactorily for the differences found in the plant experiment. It was concluded from the results of the pot and incubation experiments and from autoradiographic tracings of cadmium uptake in radishes, that radishes were able to take up cadmium dissolved in soil water with little hindrance, and that translocation occurred in the plant in conjunction with the transpiration stream.
The occurrence of bromine in some Finnish and imported vegetables determined by a polarographic method
Authors: Hirn Jorma , Stabel-Taucher Ruth , Pekkanen Timo
Published: July 2018

The bromide content of 59 Finnish and imported vegetable samples was determined by a modified polarographic method. 10 lettuce samples out of 20 were found to contain bromide in excess of 5 ppm fresh matter, which is the maximum level tolerated for bromide in some countries. These lettuce samples originated from Holland and Spain. In addition the natural bromide level of 2ppm was exceeded in some conserved and fresh vegetable samples, but was always less than 5 ppm.
The effect of some gram-negative bacteria on the ripening and quality of dry sausage
Authors: Petäjä Esko
Published: July 2018

The possible use of gram-negative bacteria as starter cultures in dry sausage was studied by inoculating the following gram-negative bacteria into dry sausage both alone and with Lactobacillus plantarum: Aeromonas x, Aeromonas 19. Vibrio costicolus, Achromobacter 22, Achromobacter guttatus, Achromobacter X, Escherichia coli, or Proteus vulgaris. Sausage without any inoculation and sausage containing Micrococcus sp. + Lactobacillus plantarum were used as references. Aeromonas x and 19 strains had a very favourable effect on the quality of dry sausage when inoculated together with lactobacilli. Both strains reduced nitrate, and the colour formed during the first 3 days. The pH value of Aeromonas + Lactobacillus sausages decreased so quickly that the consistency of these sausages developed within one week and was at least as good as, and often firmer than in Micrococcus + Lactobacillus sausages. The consistency of Aeromonas 19 + Lactobacillus sausages was better at the 0.05 significance level than that of Micrococcus + Lactobacillus samples. The aroma and flavour of Aeromonas + Lactobacillus sausages were as good as or better than those of Micrococcus 4- Lactobacillus sausages. The aroma and flavour of Aeromonas 19 + Lactobacillus sausages were significantly better (significance level 0.001) than Micrococcus-f Lactobacillus sausages. The flavour of Aeromonas x + Lactobacillus sausages was better at the 0.05 level than Micrococcus + Lactobacillus sausages. The number of bacteria, roughly the number of lactobacilli. was often significantly higher in Aeromonas + Lactobacillus sausages (range 2—4 x 108/g between 3 and 21 days of ripening) than in Micrococcus + Lactobacillus sausages (range 8 X 107 1.5 X 108/g between 3 and 21 days of ripening). For this reason the former sausages ripened more quickly than the latter. Vibrio 21 and three Achromobacter strains did not thrive in dry sausage and disappeared during the first 7 days of ripening. When inoculated together with lactobacilli, Escherichia coli had almost as favourable an effect as micrococci on the quality of dry sausage. Inoculations of E. coli alone and Proteus vulgaris, both alone and with lactobacilli, did not improve the quality of dry sausage. P. vulgaris actually had a detrimental effect. Conclusion The investigation has proved that gram-negative bacterial strains Aeromonas x and 19 inoculated with lactobacilli improve the quality of dry sausage and that, especially with the Aeromonas 19 + Lactobacillus inoculum, better dry sausage was obtained than with micrococci and lactobacilli.
Effect of added magnesium, potassium, lime and nitrogen on oats: I. Yields
Authors: Jokinen Raili
Published: July 2018

With peat as the growth base the effect of the various combinations of three amounts of magnesium, of three of potassium, of two of lime and two of nitrogen on the grain and the straw crop yields, grown in pots, was investigated. During three seasons the magnesium fertilization did not affect the grain or the straw yield, the weight of the grain, or the rate of maturing in the first year. After the magnesium reserve had been exhausted the annual magnesium fertilization was needed to satisfy the requirements of an abundant crop. The highest level of potassium application together with a double magnesium fertilization rate caused a slight decrease in the yield, as the amount of water soluble salts in the growth base reached a high value. A deficiency in magnesium impeded more strongly the development of the grain crop than that of the straw crop; the maturing of the crop was delayed, and the grains were small. The ratio of potassium to magnesium in the annually renewed fertilization, when both nutrients were being used, did not affect the yield of oats. The amount of nutrients used had a more important significance than the ratio of the nutrients. Increase in the amounts of potassium, lime or nitrogen each had a diminishing effect on the yield if the plants were suffering from a deficiency of magnesium. Together with magnesium these treatments increased both the grain and the straw yields. Without the magnesium fertilization the highest rate of potassium increased clearly the value of the ratio K/Mg in the growth base, and caused a decrease in the yield.
Sianlihan tuotannon lyhytaikaisia vaihteluja selittävä ennustemalli
Authors: Granberg Leo
Published: July 2018

Maatilahallituksen suunnitteluosastolla on vuosina 1976 ja 1977 kehitelty sianlihan tuotannon lyhyen tähtäimen ennusteisiin soveltuvaa mallia. Malliin on selitettäväksi muuttujaksi valittu teurastettujen lihotussikojen määrä. Selitettävinä muuttujina ovat eläinlaskennasta saatava astutettujen emakoiden määrä, rehuviljasadon määrä, sianlihan reaalinen hinta sekä trendi ja kausimuuttujat. Vuosien 1965—1975 neljännesvuosiaineistosta lasketut tilastolliset tunnusluvut osoittautuivat verrattain hyviksi. Hintamuuttujan konstruoiminen muodostui kuitenkin erittäin ongelmalliseksi, mikä viittaa siihen, etteivät hintavaihteluiden tuotantovaikutukset ole lainkaan yksiselitteisiä, vaikka eräät aikaisemmat ennustemallit ovat keskeisesti rakentuneet hintamuuttujien varaan. Pyrittäessä soveltamaan tutkitun kaltaista mallia ennustekäyttöön kohdataan useita ongelmia, joista merkittävimmiksi osoittautuivat tässä yhteydessä tilastoaineiston asettamat rajoitukset, mallin ulkopuolelle pakosta jäävien tekijöiden, mm. talouspoliittisten toimenpiteiden vaikutus ja mallin »konservatiivisuus», ts. mallin kertoimien verraten nopea vanheneminen, mikä johtaa kumulatiivisiin virheisiin ennusteissa.
Faunal communities of the field stratum and their succession in reserved fields
Authors: Hokkanen Heikki , Raatikainen Mikko
Published: July 2018

The arthropod of the field stratum and small mammal fauna of 51 reserved fields were studied in Central Finland in 1974. In high summer the arthropod density was on the average 210 individuals/m2, of which Auchenorrhyncha formed 42 %, Hymenoptera 18 %, Coleoptera 14 %, and others 26 %. Arthropods were more abundant in fields that had been reserved after leys than in fields after open cultivations. The abundance of most arthropod taxa increased as the time in reservation increased. However, the abundance of most pests of any significance decreased with years. Sorex araneus L. and Microtus agrestis L. formed almost 90 % of the small mammal fauna of the fields. Their abundance was on the average much less than in the Scots pine seed orchards nearby. The leafhopper faunas were divided into three communities. One appeared in young (1st —3rd year) fields, and the other two in older (2nd—6th year) fields, one in dry and one in moist fields. The Apion fauna was divided into four communities. The dependence of the described arthropod communities on the vegetational communities of the fields was weak, although some relationships were observable.
On the suitability of roach, perch, vendace and whitefish for canning in small scale canning stations
Authors: Kuuppo Mailis , Koivurinta Juha , Koivistoinen Pekka
Published: July 2018

The suitability of roach (Rutilus rutilus), perch (Perca fluviatilis), vendace (Coregonus albula L.), and whitefish (Coregonus sp.) for canning in small scale canning stations was tested. Various pretreatment methods and processing conditions were evaluated for different fish species. Processing equipment suitable for small scale canning stations was developed in the course of this study. The keepability of the canned products was followed by physical, organoleptic and microbiological determinations during a period of 18 months. The roach, vendace and whitefish preserves were of the types »canned fish in tomato sauce» and »canned fish in oil and its own juice» and the perch preserves of the type »canned fish in brine». Roach, vendace and whitefish were salted by immersing into 21 % brine for 4—25 minutes depending on the size of the fish and preheated by smoking at 90° C for 60 —120 minutes. Products of good quality were obtained from whitefish which was dried by cooking in oil at 120 °C for 3 minutes instead of smoking. The perch were cooked in 3 % and 4 % brine for 15—20 minutes depending on the size of the fish. The best time and temperature combination for the aimed F value 10 and for a product of good quality was 60 minutes at 115°C when using rotation. In organoleptic evaluation all the canned products were judged to be of good quality and there were no significant changes in appearance, texture, taste or aroma during 18 months' storage at room temperature. No microbial growth or swelling of the cans was detected during storage. Use of frozen raw material in canning whitefish had no detectable effect on the quality of the final product.
Alppiruusun pistokkaiden juurtumiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä
Authors: Ylätalo Marja
Published: July 2018

Selvitettiin pistämisajankohdan ja juurtumista edistävien käsittelyjen vaikutus kolmen Suomessa kestävimmäksi todetun alppiruusulajin (Rhododendron brachycarpum ssp. tigerstedti, Rh. ’Cunningham’s White’ ja Rh. smirnowii) pistokkaiden juurtuvuuteen. Pistokkaat juurrutettiin 40 cm paksulla turvealustalla muoviteltassa, joka aukaistiin kastelua varten kahden kuukauden välein. Parhaimmaksi pistämisajankohdaksi osoittautui tammikuu. Tällöin silmujen hidas puhkeaminen mahdollisti samanaikaisen juurtumisen. Tammikuussa Rh. brachycarpum ssp. tigerstedti -laji juurtui 100%:sti, kun pistokkaat käsiteltiin 0.6 % IBA:lla (käsittelemätön 79 %). Elokuun pistämiserissä IBA ei edistänyt juurtuvuutta. Pistokkaiden tyvien benomyylikäsittely ehkäisi tyven mätänemistä ja paransi juurtuvuutta erityisesti yhdessä IBA:n kanssa käytettynä. Pistokkaan tyven kaavoitus lisäsi myös juurtuneiden määrää ja paransi juuriston laatua. Kokeessa olleista lajeista vaikeimmin juurrutettavaksi osoittautui Rh. smirnowii.
Physiological effects of Pekilo single cell protein on pigs
Authors: Järvinen Ritva , Savonen Raija , Ahlström Antti , Alaviuhkola Timo
Published: July 2018

The physiological effects of Pekilo microfungus biomass (Paecilomyces varioti) grown in sulphite spent liquor solution was studied in pigs. Sixteen Finnish landrace gilts weighing about 22 kg were divided into two groups of eight animals each. The animals were fed a barley- and oat-based diet supplemented with vitamins and minerals. The soybean and fish meal mixture used as a protein supplement for the control group was replaced with Pekilo at a level of 13 % of the feed weight in the experimental diet used up till farrowing. The experimental diet used during lactation contained 15 % of Pekilo. The feed consumption and weight gain of the animals were recorded. The experiment lasted almost one year and included the growth, gestation and lactation periods of the sows. The weight gain of the piglets was observed. After weaning of the litter the sows were analysed for blood haemoglobin, haematocrit and white blood cell count, plasma glucose, serum bilirubin, ASAT, ALAT, urea, uric acid, allantoin, total protein and albumin/globulin ratio. The allantoin, uric acid and creatinine contents of a single urine sample were determined quantitatively, and the pH, glucose and protein contents semiquantitatively. The urine density was measured. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and reproductive performance. Serum urea and plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in the Pekilo-fed group than in the control group but were within the normal limits for swine. The serum allantoin level and the urine allantoin/creatinine ratio of the Pekilo group were significantly above the control group values. No differences were found between the two groups in the other blood and urine analyses. The use of Pekilo biomass as protein supplement in the diet of breeding sows was found to have no detrimental effects as assessed on the basis of weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, reproductive performance and certain blood and urine parameters.
Kasvihuonekurkun viljelyn työnmenekki
Authors: Yläranta Maritta , Ryynänen Viljo
Published: July 2018

Vuonna 1977 tehdyssä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kasvihuonekurkun viljelyn työvaiheittaista ja viikottaista työnmenekkiä eri pituisissa viljelyissä. Samalla pyrittiin löytämään syitä viljelmien välisiin työnmenekkieroihin. Keskimääräiseksi vuotuiseksi kokonaistyönmenekiksi 1000 m2 kohti saatiin lyhyessä viljelyssä 682 tuntia, keskipitkässä viljelyssä 1553 tuntia ja pitkässä viljelyssä 1616 tuntia. Yksittäisistä työvaiheista käytettiin eniten työtä (27 %) versojen leikkaukseen. Sadonkorjuuseen kului 16 % työajasta. Kasvukauden aikainen työnmenekin viikkojakautuma oli hyvin erilainen eri viljelmillä. Useilla pitkää viljelyä harjoittavilla viljelmillä oli työhuippu sadonkorjuukaudella. Keskimääräinen työntuotos oli lyhyessä viljelyssä 27,6 kg/h, keskipitkässä viljelyssä 20,4 kg/h ja pitkässä viljelyssä 25,2 kg/h. Keskimääräinen työntuotos sadonkorjuutyössä oli 154,2 kg/h sekä lajittelussa ja pakkauksessa 229,1 kg/h. Viljelmien välisiä työnmenekkieroja ei pystytty selvittämään lineaarisella regressioanalyysillä. Yksittäisten työvaiheiden tarkastelussa todettiin automatisoinnin selvästi vähentäneen työnmenekkiä. Kuitenkin yrittäjän organisointikyvyllä ja hänen sekä muiden työntekijäin yksilöllisellä suorituskyvyllä näytti olleen hyvin suuri vaikutus työnmenekin vaihteluihin.
The composition of the faecal microbial flora of milking cows on feeds containing urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen
Authors: Ettala T. , Seuranen A. , Kreula M.
Published: July 2018

Using a variety of culture media, counts of live bacteria in the faeces of milking cows on purified, protein-free feed in which urea was the only source of nitrogen (0-cows) and on urea-rich, low-protein feed (ULP-cows) were made. Samples were taken from 3 0-cows and 3 ULP-cows weekly. Counts of lactobacilli, micrococci, propionic acid bacteria and lactate-utilising butyric acid bacteria were made during a period of 41 weeks, and counts of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, enterococci and coliform bacteria for 26 weeks. Counts are given as log10 number/g fresh faeces. In the 0 cows anaerobic bacteria counts were 5—9, ULP cows 6—9; aerobic bacteria were 5—7 and 5—8 respectively. »Propionic acid bacteria» counts were 4—7 with both 0- and ULP-cows, lactobacilli 3—8 in 0 cows and 4—8 in ULP cows, and micrococci 2—7 in both groups. Enterococci were 2—6 in 0 cows and 37 in ULP cows, and coliforms 3—6 and 2—6respectively. Lactate utilising butyric acid bacteria were 0—4600/g fresh faeces, being fewer in 0-cows than in ULP cows. There was large variation in the counts of all bacteria from one week to the next. In a single cow almost all the bacterial counts could be low at the same time and the following week they could all be high. In different animals the timing of these variations was not the same. The counts of bacteria growing under anaerobic conditions were the main exception to the above variations. The ratio between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in faeces was measured and it was found that with both types of test feed the gram-negative were more numerous. In addition the occurrence of bacterial spores was studied; their counts, as a proportion of the total number of bacteria reacting to stain, averaged 6.5 and 26.7 % respectively in 0- and ULP-cows.
Botrytis porri Buchw. on leek as an important storage fungus in Finland
Authors: Tahvonen Risto
Published: July 2018

Botrytis porri Buchw. was found to be a common and economically significant pathogenic fungus on leeks in storage. The increase in the number of fungi caused a linear decrease in the number of marketable leeks when stored at 0.5° C. B. porri was found to spoil leeks even at —0.5° C. Spraying with benomyl and thiophanatemethyl one or two weeks before harvesting significantly decreased the numbers of the fungus and the amount of damage caused during storage. Botrytis allii Munn and Fusarium avenaceum Sacc. rarely caused spoilage of leeks.
Food and agriculture model for Finland
Authors: Kettunen Lauri
Published: July 2018

The purpose of the project of the Finnish food model is a) to examine what are the long term problems of Finnish agriculture b) to build a mathematical model which can be used for the description of the development of agriculture and which includes policy factors which affect the development, and c) to study what kind of policy actions are needed to secure selfsufficiency of agriculture in the long run. The first version of the model is presented in this article. It is a recursive simulation model where only the use of fertilizer is determined by optimization methods. The base year is 1978 and the development of agriculture can be simulated 25 years ahead. The estimates of parameters are mainly obtained from previous studies, but in some cases subjective consideration is needed
The effects of trace element supplements on blood levels of horses
Authors: Kääntee Esa , Kurkela Paavo
Published: July 2018

This study concerns the effects of Se, Cu, Co, Mn and Zn supplements on blood levels of Finnish warm-blooded trotters. The results revealed that the blood Se content corresponding to the feed Se content of 0.1 mg/kg is 0.17 ± 0.03 mg/kg in the horse. Blood Se level was directly related to the feed Se content and the other feed trace elements had a similar effect on blood levels.
Chloride and sulphate solutions as extractants for soil P: I Effect of ionic species and ionic strength on P desorption
Authors: Hartikainen Helinä , Yli-Halla Markku
Published: July 2018

The effect of Cl and SO2-4, anions as well as that of the ionic strength on the desorption of soil P were studied in 102 mineral soil samples by extracting them with KCI and K2SO4 solutions at ionic strengths of 0.025 and 0.1. The quantities of salt soluble and water soluble P in the soils were compared. Both sulphate solutions extracted more P in every single sample than either of the chloride solutions. On the other hand, the material could be divided into three groups according to the position of water in the order of extraction efficiency. In the group W>S>Cl, consisting of 53 samples, water was the most effective extractant, in the group S>W>Cl of 37 samples water was less effective than sulphate solutions but more effective than the chloride solutions, and in 12 samples (S>Cl>W) water was the least effective, less effective than even chloride. The groups classified according to P extractability did not deviate from each other in terms of soil texture, pH or org. C %, but the salt solutions tended to be the more effective extractants the poorer the P status of the soil was. The salt soluble and water soluble P which are closely related to each other correlated with the same factors. Exclusive of the group of 12 samples (S>Cl>W), the highest value sof correlation coefficient were found for NH4F-P/Al, i.e. the molar ratio of NH4F soluble P (CHANG and JACKSON's method) to oxalate extractable Al (r=0.89***-0.93***). The absolute differences between amounts of P dissolved in KCI and K2SO4 solutions of the same initial ionic strength were the greater the more water soluble P the samples contained (r=0.58* -0.94***). An increase in ionic strength tended to depress the extractability of P in both salt solutions. Therefore the ligand exchange between sulphate and phosphate or hydroxyl was regarded unprobable. A theory of the extraction mechanism of sulphate was presented. The greater extraction efficiency of sulphate was assumed to be caused by the exchange reactions with H2O groups which affect the ionic strength in a solution and the electric condition near the surface.
Preliminary experiments into the use of Streptomyces spp. isolated from peat in the biological control of soil and seed-borne diseases in peat culture
Authors: Tahvonen Risto
Published: July 2018

Streptomyces spp. isolates obtained from peat effectively inhibited the growth of Alternaria brassicicola Wiltshire, Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc., F. sulphureum Schlechtendahl, Pythium debaryanum auct. non Hesse and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn on PDA medium, but Streptomyces spp. isolates from fine sand soil were not effective against F. culmorum compared to the strains isolated from peat. Treatment of cauliflower seeds with Streptomyces spp. isolated from peat effectively controlled damping-off caused by A. brassicicola and R. solani when the seedlings were grown on either disinfected or fresh peat. Spraying the seeding layer of the peat substrate with a suspension of Streptomyces reduced the mortality of barley sprouts and foot rot caused by F. culmorum, and damping-off on sugar beet caused by P. debaryanum.
Effect of liming on phosphorus in two soils of different organic matter content: II Changes in the availability of phosphorus to turnip rape (Brassica campestris)
Authors: Hartikainen Helinä
Published: July 2018

The effect of calcitic limestone treatments on the availability of P to turnip rape was studied with two acid mineral soils of pH 4.8 (CaCl2) in a pot experiment during two growing seasons. The soil reactions of a connected incubation test served to interpret the results obtained in the pot experiment. The experimental soils represented soil types of dissimilar responses to liming in regard to P availability. In the muddy fine sand (3 % of org. C), initially poor in easily soluble P, liming enhanced plant growth as well as P uptake in the second year. However, in spite of intensified P removal, the final content of water- soluble P in the limed soils was not lower than in the unlimed ones. This was assumed to demonstrate an augmented availability of P. Also in the fine sand soil (6.4 % of org. C), rich in water-soluble P, liming slightly improved growth of the second harvest in the pots not treated with P, but it did not affect P removal. In the pots amended with P, on the contrary, liming had no effect on the dry matter yields, but it tended to depress P withdrawal. Nevertheless, all the limed soils contained finally less water-soluble P than the unlimed ones, which suggests a diminished availability. The results of the pot experiment demonstrate that a relatively low soil pH does not necessarily limit growth of turnip rape, provided no nutrient deficiency or metal toxicity occurs.
Effects of different ammonium nitrate levels on the amounts of exchangeable soil magnesium and applied magnesium in eight mineral soils
Authors: Jokinen Raili
Published: July 2018

Eight mineral soils (pH(CaCl2) 4.6—6.1, clay 4—65 %, org. C 1.9—5.7 %) were treated with ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulphate solutions adding 0, 20 or 40 mg mineral N and 0 or 4 mg Mg per 100 g soil. The soils were incubated for seven weeks at a constant temperatureof 20°C and a 25 % moisture level. After incubation, the exchangeable Mg was extracted with 1 M neutral ammonium acetate. The exchangeable magnesium content seemed to increase in some soils and to decrease in other soils with increasing ammonium nitrate amounts. The applied magnesium was fixed in a non-exchangeable form, especially at the highest ammonium nitrate level, in two clay soils taken from the rapakivi area of south-eastern Finland. In the other soils all applied magnesium was exchangeable irrespective of the amount of ammonium nitrate.
In vitro evaluation of protein digestibility in the abomasum and small intestine of ruminants
Authors: Setälä Jouko , Väätäinen Hanna , Ettala Terttu
Published: July 2018

The investigation included studies with microbial protein, 0,5 % formaldehyde (HCHO) treated protein in soybean meal, and ruminally undegradable feed proteins in cotton seed and sunflower seed cakes. Microbial mass was separeted with centrifugations from the rumen contents of roughage-fed sheep. Undegradable feed proteins were prepared with the nylon bag technique. The proteins were digested in solutions of pepsin-HCI and trypsin-chymotrypsin. The average digestibility for microbial protein was 80.7 %. The corresponding values for the undegradable proteins in cottonseed cake and sunflower seed cake were 83.7 % and 82.7 %. In the incubation with pepsin-HCI, pH in the solution affected significantly (P < 0.001) the digestibility of HCHO-treated protein in soybean meal. The average digestibilities at pH 1.5—2.0, pH 2.5—3.0, and pH 3.1—4.0 were 97.2, 76.0, and 71.0 %, respectively.
Nutritive value and metabolic effects of whey protein concentrate and hydrolysed lactose for growing pigs
Authors: Näsi Matti
Published: July 2018

In two digestibility and balance trials with growing pigs, whey protein concentrate (WPC) was compared as a protein supplement with casein (CAS) and dried skim milk (DSM), and, 30 % lactose (40 % dried whey, DW) was compared as a sugar supplement with the same amounts of hydrolysed lactose (HYLA) and sucrose (SUC). The effects of these supplements on protein and mineral metabolism of the pigs were investigated, WPC contained 42.2 % crude protein and had a high content of lysine, 8.6 g, and sulphur containing amino acids: cystine 2.8 and methionine 2.2g/16 g N, These exceeded the values for DSM. The hydrolysing degree of the enzymatically treated lactose syrup was 73 %. WPC had high crude protein digestibility, 99.1 % as compared to 95.4 for CAS and 95.0 % for DSM. Dried whey had low crude protein digestibility, 72.5 %. The amino acids in the WPC diet were highly digestible, but low values were obtained for the DW diet. On the WPC diet, nitrogen retention was higher than with the other protein supplements (P > 0.05), urinary urea excretion was low and the biological value very high. On a combination of WPC and HYLA protein utilisation was higher than on dried whole whey. On the diets supplemented with different sugars, none of the blood parameters differed statistically significantly (P > 0.05) and all values lay within the reference range. Water intake was on average 49 % greater on diets with sugar supplements than without. Urinary excretion of reducing sugars averaged 40.2, 8.3 and 6.6 g/d on the HYLA, SUC and DW diets, while on the diets without sugar supplements the values were 0.8—1.2 g/d. The following mean daily mineral retention values were obtained: P 4.0 g, Ca 5,9 g. Mg 0,4 g, Na 1.9g, K 2.9 g, Fe 27 mg, Cu 6.4 mg, Zn 65 mg and Mn 4.0 mg. The surplus Na and K on the DW diet were excreted in the urine and the pigs did not have diarrhoea.
Wood molasses as a preservative for high moisture barley: 2. Ration digestibility and rumen fermentation in sheep
Authors: Huhtanen Pekka
Published: July 2018

The effect of wood molasses ensiled barley on ration digestibility and nitrogen utilization (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2) and on rumen fermentation and degradation rate in sacco (Exp.2) was investigated in two experiments. The ration contained 0.9 kg of DM. The proportion of hay was 30 % in Exp. 1 and 40 % in Exp. 2. In Exp. I the experimental diets were dried barley (DB) and barley ensiled with a level of 8 (WMB8) or 16 % (WMB16) wood molasses of barley DM. In Exp. 2 the diets were dried barley (DB), propionic acid-treated barley (PAB) and barleys ensiled with 0.3 % v/w % of AIV II solution (AIVB) or with wood molasses at a level of 12 % of barley DM (WMB12). The ration digestibility decreased with increasing levels of wood molasses. The difference in DM and organic matter(OM) digestibility was significant (P < 0.05) between DB and WMB16. Wood molasses tended to decrease the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fibre and to increase nitrogen retention. The percentages of nitrogen retained of ingested were in Exp. 1 on DB, WMB8 and WMB16 diets 13.1, 17.8 and 15.8 % and in Exp. 2 on DB, PAB, AIV Band WMB12 diets 13.8, 13.2, 10.3and 14.5%, respectively. After feeding, the concentration of total VFA in the rumen was higher when ensiled barleys were fed. The proportion of propionic acid in the total VFA was greater with DB and PAB than with AIVB and WMB12 diets (P < 0.01), and butyric acid was correspondingly lower (P < 0.01 and P > 0.05). The proportion of isovaleric and valeric acids was highest on AIVB diet. On DB and PAB diets the ammonia concentration in the rumen decreased after feeding, but on AIVB and WMB12 diets the highest value was reached 1.5 hours after feeding. The degradation rate of DM and CP as determined by nylon bag method was faster on AIVB and WMB12 than on DB and PAB diets.
Wood molasses as a preservative for high moisture barley: 3. Feeding value for growing cattle
Authors: Huhtanen Pekka
Published: July 2018

In two experiments the feeding value for growing cattle of barley ensiled with wood molasses (55 % DM) was compared with dried barley (DB) and barley ensiled with AIV II solution (AIVB). Wood molasses was applied at levels of 8 (WMB8) or 16% (WMB16) of barley DM in Exp. 1 and 12 % (WMB12) of barley DM in Exp. 2. The AIV II solution was used at a level of 0.3 % v/w. In Exp. 1 DB and WMB8 were compared during period 1 and DB and WMB16 during period 2. AIVB and WMB12 were compared In Exp. 2. Experiment 1 was performed with 12 and Exp. 2 with 16 animals of Ayrshire and Friesian breed. The average ages of the animals at the beginning of the experiment were 126 and 100 days. The first period in Exp. 1 lasted 45 days and the second 53 days. Experiment 2 lasted 140 days. The feeding was based on barley, soybean meal and hay in Exp. 1 and on barley, rapeseed meal and grass silage in Exp. 2 and daily gain of 1200g/d was targeted. The average proportion of barley of total DM intake averaged 61 % during period 1 and 59 % during period 2 of Exp. 1 and 54 % in Exp. 2. The corresponding proportions of forage of DM intake were 27, 32 and 37 %. The average daily gains of 1107 and 1178g for DB and WMB8, 1182 and 1129 g for DB and WMB16 and 1248 and 1251 g for AIVB and WMB12 were not significantly different. Nor did the groups show any significant differences in feed conversion rate, carcass characteristics and rumen fermentation except the lower (P < 0.05) dressing percentage of the WMB16 group in Exp. 1. Plasma urea N was higher (P < 0.01) and cholesterol lower (P < 0.01) in the AIVB group than in the WMB12 group. Plasma concentrations of glucose, alanine aminotransferase, asparte aminotransferase and creatinine did not differ significantly in the different groups.
Peat ash and basic slag as substitutes for lime with reference to phosphorus uptake by turnip rape
Authors: Hartikainen Helinä
Published: July 2018

The effect of peat ash and basic slag on the P supply to turnip rape was compared with that of calcitic and dolomitic limestone in a pot experiment performed with two acid mineral soils of pH 4.8 (CaCl2). Changes in soil properties induced by various liming agents were investigated in an analogous incubation test, and the results served to interpret the observations made in the pot experiment. When the liming materials were added in equal quantities, their ability to reduce soil acidity decreased in the sequence: calcite > dolomite > basic slag > peat ash. However, their growth-promoting effect appeared only in the second year and was not related to the neutralizing ability. In the muddy fine sand soil (3.0 % of org. C) poor in water-soluble P, the peat ash and basic slag were equally effective as calcite in increasing the dry matter yields. In the fine sand soil (6.4 % of org. C), the basic slag and dolomite significantly increased the second yield. The efficiency of peat ash and basic slag seemed to be attributable to their positive impact on P resources. In fact, peat ash served as a slowly acting P-fertilizer rather than as a liming agent. In the basic slag treatment, an increased silicate concentration obviously resulted in desorption of P. In the P-deficient muddy fine sand, the peat ash was equivalent to calcite in intensifying the P uptake. On the other hand, in the fine sand soil where the polymerization of Al due to an increased pH obviously resulted in enhanced P retention, the P uptake was higher in the soils treated with peat ash and basic slag than in those amended with conventional liming agents.