bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Escassez hídrica: estudo de caso em uma comunidade rural do pantanal mato-grossense
Authors: Ferreira Nayara , Oliveira Caroline Mari de , Pinheiro Amanda dos Santos Bernardes , Nunes Josué Ribeiro da Silva , Castrillon Solange Kimie Ikeda
Published: May 2019

A água é um recurso de grande importância para o desenvolvimento e sobrevivência humana, porém a problemática referente à sua quantidade e qualidade representa motivo de preocupação mundial. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar a situação das famílias que sofrem com a escassez hídrica, por meio do relato das mulheres que residem no Assentamento Laranjeira I, situado na borda do Pantanal de Cáceres – MT. À coleta de dados adotou-se abordagem qualitativa descritiva, de caráter exploratório e como método de pesquisa optou-se pelo estudo de caso com a utilização de questionário estruturado, entrevista semiestruturada proposta por Kaufmann, rodas de conversa e registros em diário de campo. A amostra reuniu 20 famílias. No que diz respeito ao abastecimento de água 70% das famílias tem como fonte de água principal as minas (nascentes) que são obtidas por meio de gravidade, bombas, baldes e outros recipientes. Todas as famílias entrevistadas alegaram recorrer às fontes alternativas como as nascentes para a coleta de água para o consumo humano e armazenar a água em galões e garrafas pet. Através das falas foi possível constatar que pouco se avançou no processo de obtenção de água, no entanto algumas famílias conseguiram adquirir água em seus lotes através da perfuração de poços. As familiais utilizam moto, carro, bicicleta como meio de locomoção para a coleta de água. No Assentamento Laranjeiras I também foi constatado que muitas famílias por vezes ansiaram pelo desejo de ir embora do assentamento devido a problemática da falta de água. Foram observados também conflitos entre os moradores do assentamento relacionado ao uso da água, onde famílias disputam por minas e lançam mão de estratégias como a instalação de diversos encanamentos que levam a água às residências. Foi possível identificar também que as famílias adotaram medidas de adaptação para superar a falta de água como a coleta e captação da água da chuva. Por fim, esta realidade da comunidade estudada evidencia a necessidade de transformações estruturais e ações que visam ampliar o acesso aos sistemas de abastecimento de água. Atender aos excluídos do acesso demanda reconhecer a situação de alta vulnerabilidade na qual essa parcela da população está inserida e considerar as múltiplas dimensões e a diversidade de desafios para a efetividade de ações setoriais, como são as intervenções em abastecimento de água para consumo humano.
SORPTION OF HEAVY METALS BY MULTICOMPONENT FOAM POLYMER SORBENTS
Authors: Kakhramanov Najaf T. , Arzumanova Nushaba B. , Gahramanly Junis N. , Gadjieva Reyhan S.
Published: May 2019

The article is dedicated to the investigation of the sorption of heavy metals from water bodies by foam polymer sorbents obtained on the basis of multicomponent polymer mixtures. The need for such studies was dictated by the fact that the more diverse the content of functional or polar groups became in the composition of the foam polymer sorbent, the greater was the probability of increasing the efficiency of sorption of heavy metals. Biocomponent polymer mixtures based on polyamide + polyurethane and three-component mixtures polyamide + polyurethane + acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer were used as polymer matrix of the foam polymer sorbents at various ratios. Depending on the chemical nature and the ratio of the initial components in the macromolecules of polyurethane, polyamide and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, in addition to urethane groups, functional groups such as ether–, ester, amide, urea, and also aliphatic and nitrile groups are also present. The investigation results of the kinetic regularities of heavy metals sorption under polymer components different ratios and ambient temperature are presented. It is established that the foam polymer sorbent consists of pores and cells with a membrane structure, which allows using it for effective sorption of polar and nonpolar compounds. The concentration of sorbed heavy metals was determined by UV-spectroscopic analysis. It is shown that the presence of a system of pores and cells allows the sorbate to diffuse into its more deeply located regions, as a result of which sorption occurs throughout the volume of the sorbent. Essentially, the foam polymer sorbents sorb the molecules by dissolving them on the surface of their membranes. A large variety of adsorption centers on the surface and in the bulk of the foam polymer causes a whole complex of sorbent-sorbate interactions, among which the Van der Waals interactions, dispersion interactions, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds are the main ones.
THEORETICAL STUDY OF MODIFIED ELASTIC AND HIGH-ELASTIC PARAMETERS OF HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL RELAXATION CURVES
Authors: Litvinov Stepan V. , Trush Lyubov I. , Savchenko Andrei A. , Yazyev Serdar B.
Published: May 2019

The article provides an alternative method of determining the physical and mechanical parameters of the polymer by the preselected law of stress-strain connection. The non-linear generalized Maxwell-Gurevich equation is chosen as the specified law. It contains one elastic parameter - the modulus of elasticity, and three highly elastic: the modulus of elasticity, the modulus of velocity and the coefficient of initial relaxation viscosity. Existing techniques determine the specified parameters of the polymer as a function of one variable, usually temperature. In the article, using the example of relaxation curves of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), an algorithm is given for determining the characteristics of a material with the subsequent construction of the law of their change as a function of two variables: the level of ionizing radiation and the proportion of hydroxyapatite additive. Analysis of the results showed that the irradiation of the sample and the introduction of the additive have a different effect on the elastic and highly elastic parameters of the polymer. With simultaneous irradiation of the material and the introduction of additives, the polymer velocity modulus increases much more than the effects of each factor separately. In turn, the combined effect of radiation and additives leads to a certain decrease in the value of the coefficient of initial relaxation viscosity in comparison with the level achieved in the presence of either ionizing radiation or the introduction of hydroxyapatite. At the end, a model experiment is presented for constructing polymer relaxation curves using the physic and mechanical parameters obtained. The good agreement between the theoretical and experimental curves allows to speak about the reliability of the method used.
The French Army and Malian independence (1956–1961)
Authors: Joly Vincent
Published: May 2019

In Mali, as analyzed by Vincent Joly, military continuities led in 1961 to a real crisis. In January 1961 Modibo Keïta, the President of the independent country, enforced the evacuation of the remaining French troops. The worries of the Malian government had been intensified by French activities during the Algerian War and by French nuclear tests in the south of the Sahara. Under the pretext of Malian anger over French behaviour during the split of the Federation of Mali one year earlier, the government in Bamako – defender of increasingly ‘radical’ positions – gladly used this occasion to get rid of structures that effectively constituted a counterweight in the country. The new Malian political elite were particularly distrustful of the presence of the French military forces because French officials maintained close relations to army veterans and to the nomadic populations in the north of the country. Joly interprets the process leading to the 1961 crisis as characteristic of the complex decolonization processes, in which the French army had its own clients and networks in the now-independent countries.
Whitehall, the French Community and the Year of Africa: negotiating post-independence diplomacy in West Africa
Authors: Torrent Mélanie
Published: May 2019

Melanie Torrent highlights the perspective of British officials, who had to make sense of a process regarded as entirely different from their own experiences. The British impression was that, while they had efficiently planned their own retreat over a longer period, and guaranteed the survival of the Commonwealth, this stood in sharp contrast with the imperfections and the lack of vision inherent in the short-lived French ‘Community’ initiative (1958) from Paris. Torrent holds that the British believed their pattern of decolonization produced very different, more challenging but overall more equal and better relations between the former metropole and the newly independent African countries. There never was any suggestion to regard French policies as a model. Even so, according to Torrent’s interpretation, the French retreat from its former colonies internally put pressure on British officials, given that the Colonial Office was still in charge of affairs in Sierra Leone and the Gambia, and that the conflict-ridden situation in large parts of the territories of Eastern and Southern Africa was still unresolved.
The mainstream and the movement
Authors: Woodin Tom
Published: May 2019

Working class writing workshops were infused with a sectarian spirit of being alternative and they actively challenged elitism in favour of a participatory ethic. A national debate flared up over the decision of the Arts Council not to award a grant to these workshops on the grounds that its work was of ‘no literary merit’. From the 1990s, relations thawed and a widening acceptance of worker writers came into being across many cultural and educational institutions. The movement of workshops changed into a broader inclusive network while attempting to retain an element of distinctiveness. Survival itself proved extremely difficult in these circumstances.
The art of sabotage
Authors: Johnson Dominic
Published: May 2019

From the early 1970s, the Kipper Kids (Harry Kipper and Harry Kipper, aka Brian Routh and Martin Von Haselberg) became notorious for the danger, excess, strangeness, and baffled hilarity of their frequently drunken ‘ceremonies’. This chapter accounts for the former notoriety of the Kipper Kids to ask further questions about the performance of extremity as an aesthetic category in the 1970s. The theme of sabotage – or self-sabotage – emerges as a crucial element in the performance art of the Kipper Kids, in terms of their devising and presentation of specific ceremonies and works, and in their pursuit of careers as artists committed to art’s anti-aesthetic sensibility.
Jean Rhys and drunken consciousness (1929–1939)
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

Jean Rhys published four novels which have female protagonists who all drink at levels beyond those regarded as socially acceptable: Quartet (1929), After Leaving Mr Mackenzie (1930), Voyage in the Dark (1934), Good Morning, Midnight (1939). These four novels present the reader with a complex of self, consciousness, and modernity, inflected by an argument that women are forced to live differently in the world from men, and therefore experience and understand the world differently from men. One of the major achievements of the novels is the way in which they render the various states of consciousness of the female protagonist in the modern capitalist world, and this chapter considers the way in which Rhys integrates questions of gender, consciousness, modernity, alcohol and the self. Rhys’s protagonists choose their orientations as a way to define their selves and to define what is true in and about the world they inhabit. The modernist focus on alcoholic consciousness ensures a form of self-validation against a patriarchal and increasingly rationalistic society. This chapter also considers Rhys’s presentation of consciousness alongside our contemporary understanding.
John O’Brien, Leaving Las Vegas (1990): suicide
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter views John O’Brien’s Leaving Las Vegas as a novel which is fully aware of the general tenets of Existentialism, and of the baggage that comes with being labelled ‘an alcoholic’, yet does not see that either of these categories are much use to him: the only way to live is to binge-drink his way to death. In taking this route the chapter views the novel as offering a response to Camus’s views in The Myth of Sisyphus around life’s meaning and the question of suicide. The chapter analyses the ways in which both ‘the alcoholic’ and ‘the prostitute’ choose their modes of existence, and how ‘love’ is ultimately not a viable source of meaning or salvation. The cultural context is very much that of an America deracinated by a hedonism for which the committed binge drinker becomes a logical endpoint, and in the face of which a philosophy like Existentialism begins to lose its purchase.
Russia: Russia’s response to terrorism in the twenty-first century
Authors: Stepanova Ekaterina
Published: May 2019

The chapter explores how, despite earlier counterterrorism failures and two bitter wars in Chechnya, terrorism in Russia has declined in the 2010s. The Islamist-separatist terrorism problem that used to dominate national politics was degraded to a relatively peripheral issue that hovers at a level of persistent, but low-scale and increasingly fragmented violence, primarily in the North Caucasus. However imperfect, interim and incomplete, a ‘solution’ that has worked out in the Russian case was not ‘war’. This ‘solution other than war’ was made possible by certain developments outside Moscow’s direct control, such as the internal split within the insurgency catalyzed by its increasing jihadization, and resulted from a combination of the policy of Chechenization, shifts in federal security strategy towards smarter suppression and prevention, and massive reconstruction and development assistance. While this solution is no substitute for addressing the underlying structural causes of violent extremism and has involved enormous security, financial, human rights and governance costs for the nation, these costs are much lower than the cost of war. This is seen as one of the key broader lessons to be gleaned from Russia’s response to terrorism. It also explains why Russia has a genuine interest in ensuring that this degree of stabilization and decline in terrorism of North Caucasian origin is not distorted or reversed by new destabilizing factors, including transnational influences and connections.
Lebanon: Contending notions of terrorism in Lebanon: Politico-legal manoeuvres and political Islam
Authors: Saade Bashir
Published: May 2019

Explosions, armed actions, and other militant phenomena have been a recurrent feature of Lebanese politics. The divided political landscape across sects and party formations in the absence of a strong executive institutional mechanism in the aftermath of a protracted ‘civil’ war and a hashed-up cessation of hostilities in a turbulent regional environment has all contributed to a climate where violent acts are a way to conduct politics. As a result, the struggle over meaning and naming significantly shapes political struggles and the possibility for compromise in the Lebanon. Conflicting claims as to which acts are labeled terrorism, and how this war on words is integral to the different political struggles plaguing the country involving other regional state and non-state actors. This chapter will look at two important battles at managing claims of terrorism, one regarding the assassination of Prime Minister Rafic Hariri and the establishment of an international tribunal, and the other involving a Islamist targeted campaign waged by Hizbullah against “takfiri” groups such as Al Qaeda and ISIS.
Saudi Arabia: Islam and Saudi Arabia’s counterterrorism strategy
Authors: Meijer Roel
Published: May 2019

Saudi Arabia’s counter-terrorism strategy of the first decade on the twenty first century has been widely acclaimed as highly successful and presented as an example for other Muslim countries. The strategy was developed after the bomb attacks of AlQaida on the Arabian Peninsula in 2003. The program is however deeply religious and is based on the reconversion of terrorists from a Jihadi-Salafism to a quietist and law abiding version of Salafism. The chapter goes into the religious terminology Saudi counter-terrorism program by labelling terrorism as religious “deviation,” radicals as people who have been led by their “passions” and are no longer rational and have diverted form the “middle way”. The article also shows how prominent religious scholars have become deeply involved in the state counter-terrorism program of “intellectual security”.
Nigeria: A vicious cycle: The growth of terrorism and counterterrorism in Nigeria, 1999–2016
Authors: Giroux Jennifer , Nwankpa Michael
Published: May 2019

Violence in Nigeria has a tendency to shape-shift - from violent crimes, such as kidnapping and robbery, to various expressions of political violence, such as terrorism and insurgency, as well as police and military brutality.  Indeed, because of this, it’s difficult to talk about one type of violence without appreciating not only how it relates to specific contextual conditions but also to other forms of violence, which often overlap each other. Since Nigeria returned to civilian rule in 1999 the term ‘terrorism’ has increasingly been a part of the national discourse on security. On the one hand, the government refers to countering terrorism within the framework of its national security agenda while on the other hand, insurgent movements, namely those that have emerged in the southern Niger Delta region as well as the northeast, have increasingly used terrorism as one of many tactics within their violent campaigns. Though one can certainly make the argument that terrorism in Nigeria has been a growing concern, particularly in the last decade, analysis tends to look at the phenomenon in isolation rather than considering how it is connected to other forms of violence, and more importantly, how state responses to organized violence drive non-state groups to adopt new tactics and escalate conflict. To fill this gap this article will look at how terrorism is understood and experienced in Nigeria and how its conceptualization shapes the practice of counter-terrorism. Our analysis will capture both international and domestic factors - including the impact of 9/11 and subsequent EU and US efforts to counter terrorism in Nigeria - as well domestic realities, namely the societal impact of Nigeria's 1999 transformation from long military to democratic rule as well as the more recent insurgencies in the Niger Delta (2005-2009) and in the northeast (2009-present). Combined, analyzing the domestic and international considerations over a 15-year time period will allow us to trace how the conceptualization of terrorism and practice of counter-terrorism has changed over time.
Coda: theses on homelessness, public space, and urban resistance
Authors: Parson Sean
Published: May 2019

In the Coda, the lessons and theoretical positions of the entire document are condensed into four short theses, which can start a conversation around the role and politics of a radical homeless urban politics within the context of the twenty-first-century capitalist political economy and the rise of Trumpism in the United States.
Turkey: identity politics and reticent Europeanisation
Authors: Tsarouhas Dimitris
Published: May 2019

Identity politics is also at the heart of Dimitris Tsarouhas’ chapter on Turkey. Turkey’s key role in contributing to the security of the EU is shown by the migration crisis. However, over a long period certain member states of the EU have questioned Turkey’s suitability for EU membership on the basis of identity and values. In the case of Turkey therefore, the tensions between interests, identity and values which concern this volume are being played out most starkly.
Conclusion
Authors: Flenley Paul , Mannin Michael
Published: May 2019

The conclusion will show how the collection has explored the interrelationship between interests, values and identity in the neighbourhood and the ways in which these affect the EU’s approach to Europeanisation in two ways. Firstly how it looked at how these interrelate in different regions of the neighbourhood, bringing out differences and similarities. Secondly it shows how the book looked at how they interrelate in different sectors/issues which cut across the neighbourhood e.g. interests, values and identity and the issue of migration.
The martyr: dramaturgies of endurance, exhaustion and confession
Authors: Greer Stephen
Published: May 2019

Drawing on the cultural tradition of the martyr as a figure whose suffering confirms the truth of his testimony to a cause, this chapter examines the precarious terms on which singular individuals are allowed – or called upon – to speak for themselves and others. Moving from live art practices of self-injury where blood is really flowing through performative renditions of endurance to works which invoke the logic of the confessional, it examines the narratives of self-sacrifice and redemption which surround martyrdom – and the contemporary works which challenge their logic.
Featured practitioners: Ron Athey, Kira O’Reilly, Franko B, Eddie Ladd, Adrian Howells, Scottee.
The pariah: queer outcasts and the politics of wounded attachment
Authors: Greer Stephen
Published: May 2019

Starting with Neil Bartlett’s AIDS-era work A Vision of Love Revealed in Sleep, this chapter explores performances of singular individuality in which the state of being neither wholly included nor fully excluded invites us to reconsider liberal narratives of historical progress. While mainstream LGBT activism emphasises the possibilities of assimilation as a means of recovery from exclusion in the past, the singular figure of the pariah offers a new way of thinking marginal and politicized identity’s investment in its own history of hurt.
Featured practitioners: Neil Bartlett, Marc Rees, Seiriol Davies, Jon Brittain and Matt Tedford, David Hoyle.
The optimist: alternatives in the here and now
Authors: Greer Stephen
Published: May 2019

Reading against futural accounts of utopia in the work of Jill Dolan and Jose Esteban Muñoz, this chapter examines the significance of solo works which emphasise the ‘here and now’ as a space of personal, social and political intervention. By juxtaposing shows which tackle the uncertain task of planning for a future with intimate, one-to-one performances, it suggests how vulnerability may be deployed to address the exposure to harm faced by marginalised and/or minority subjects while also inviting audiences to recognise alternatives to the status quo. Understood as a focused attentiveness to the present that is not straightforwardly affirmative – and which may paradoxically involve feelings of doubt and vulnerability – optimism in performance describes how opportunities for resistance and change already exist. Such opportunities, though, are also riven with risk – particularly for queer, trans and other non-conforming subjects.
Featured practitioners: Deborah Pearson, Ivana Müller, Duncan Macmillan, FK Alexander, Rosana Cade, Nando Messias.
Semini and his progeny: the construction of Antwerp’s antique past1
Authors: Wouk Edward
Published: May 2019

Semini is one of several names for a small Gallo-Roman sculpture that was installed above the gate of Antwerp’s Vieux-Bourg sometime in the fourteenth century.  Little is known of the early history of Semini, although it was rumoured to be the object of a fertility cult.  Yet, in 1549, at a crucial moment in the political identity of the city and its relationship to the Hapsburg empire, the statue came to be identified as Priapus, the Greco-Roman god of the fields and of procreation.  This essay examines the reappropriation of Semini in the context of counter-reformation Antwerp.  It considers the importance of this small antiquity to emerging practices of local antiquarianism, historiography and philology, while also examining some of the everyday street activities which both reinforced and challenged concepts of antiquity in the early modern city.
Resurrecting Belgica Romana: Peter Ernst von Mansfeld’s garden of antiquities in Clausen, Luxemburg, 1563–90
Authors: De Jonge Krista
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines Peter Ernst von Mansfeld’s appropriation of local antiquities in his suburban residence and garden at Clausen, in Luxemburg. Mansfield, who would become the longest-serving governor of Luxemburg, built up an impressive collection of Gallo-Roman antiquities from Trier, Arlon and Metz. Mansfield constructed this complex, called La Fontaine, between 1563 and 1590 as a properly ‘antique’ setting, with a vaulted grotto and cryptoporticus. In this essays Mansfield’s antiquarian efforts are considered in the context of the broader search by Netherlandish humanists for archaeological evidence confirming their Roman roots. The Southern Low Countries, called Belgica after Julius Caesar’s Commentarii de bello Gallico, were known to have been once part of Roman Gaul, and even while it was still under construction, La Fontaine was visited by knowledgeable travellers hunting for the material remains of Belgica Romana. Later on, early accounts of the history of Gallo-Roman Luxemburg were greatly indebted to Mansfeld’s La Fontaine and its early chroniclers.
Introduction: rethinking Margaret Harkness’s significance in political and literary history
Authors: Robertson Lisa C. , Janssen Flore
Published: May 2019

This introduction situates the collection in the context of scholarship on Margaret Harkness to date, and sets out the volume’s objectives: to collate current scholarship on Harkness and her work and to contextualise it within the critical debates of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and, equally importantly, to open up avenues for further enquiry. It gives biographical and bibliographical information, and seeks to expand the critical categories in which Harkness’s work is read and understood by introducing lesser-known aspects of her life and work, such as her later novels, and the time she spent in India and Australia.
‘Connie’: melodrama and Tory socialism
Authors: Mutch Deborah
Published: May 2019

Margaret Harkness’s serial story ‘Connie’ appeared in the socialist Labour Elector in 1893–94, but was left unfinished when the periodical folded, reaching no conclusion to the cross-class romance between actress Connie and her lover, the son of a rural landowner. This chapter explores how Harkness uses melodrama in the serial to create a specific form of socialism: one based on the Tory narratives of duty, guidance, and a harmonious relationship across social classes. By focusing on Harkness’s use of the dual lenses of melodrama and Tory socialism, this chapter demonstrates the ways that Harkness uses the former to elucidate working-class women’s precarious social position under capitalism, and the latter to indicate possibilities for the amelioration of this compromised position.
American gun rights: from national defense to self-defense
Authors: Joyce Justin A.
Published: May 2019

Equally important to the development of American law, as well as the Western's imagination of gunslinging heroics, is the constitutional guarantee of gun possession, a guarantee explored in this chapter by examining key Supreme Court cases. This chapter argues that the modified conception of defense, from a collective duty to an individual right, enforces a rhetorical shift to normativity concomitant with the rise of modernity and the formation of dispersed, interrelated networks of power that create individuated subjects, what Michel Foucault has termed “biopower.”
‘Deserve’s got [everything] to do with it’: property, process, and justice in Unforgiven
Authors: Joyce Justin A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents a reading of Unforgiven (1992), situating this film within a paradigmatic shift in the extension of due process protections for minorities, and the transformation of American self-defense doctrine brought about through a focus on battered women.
Old dogs and new tricks: race and justifiable homicide in neoliberalism’s Western imagination
Authors: Joyce Justin A.
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter examines the relationship between the increasing codification of aggressive “Stand Your Ground” laws since 2005 and the continued relevance of the Western as a popular genre. This final chapter presents a reading of two contemporary Westerns, the television series Justified (2010-15) and Quentin Tarrantino's film, Django Unchained (2012), arguing that the film epitomizes the challenge of gun possession and self-defense within a neoliberal state.
Discontent in the age of mechanical reproduction
Authors: Prendergast Thomas A. , Trigg Stephanie
Published: May 2019

This chapter asks whether the mutual discontent we have diagnosed between medieval studies and medievalism is inevitable in future practice in these fields. Through its interest in recuperating the past, medievalism is an exemplary practice for the humanities and their understanding of history and culture. Facsimiles of medieval manuscripts further exemplify many of the similarities between medieval and medievalist study, and also our necessary discontent with most of the ways scholarship attempts to get back to and ‘touch’ the past. In the face of contemporary critiques of disciplinarity, we suggest that medieval and medievalism studies together are well placed to model new forms of academic engagement and resistance to the utilitarianism and vocationalism that increasingly dominates our universities. Productive engagement with the medieval past, from a wide range of disciplinary approaches, remains an urgent task for understanding the world around us.
‘Mutual benefit’ v. ‘the needs of the country’: Programming academic fields
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

A vital aspect of the Fulbright program’s history is showing how the program influenced changes, especially in the development of academic fields. The field of research emphases in awards reveals how tensions between the US and Australia could surface in regard to what might be seen as changing national preoccupations. Australia at first struggled to attract humanities and social science scholars as it was not seen to be very attractive and Americans preferred Europe or countries in Asia. Fulbright awards were nevertheless valuable in developing fields that made Australia the focus of study, e.g. Australian literature.
When sorrows come, they come not single spies
Authors: Oakley Warren
Published: May 2019

This chapter recounts the destruction of Covent Garden theatre by fire in 1808. In piecing together this event, it explores Harris’s potential complicity in the fire; his attempts to finance the rebuilding of the theatre; and the far-reaching financial, social, and political consequences. In doing so, Harris’s relationship with the Duke of Bedford is brought into focus. On the opening of the new theatre in 1809, terror was brought to the Garden through the Old Price riots. As these riots frustrated all attempts at performance for nearly three months, they hold an important place in the history of disorder in England. The riots gave a group of leading Westminster radicals, including Henry Clifford, the chance to oppose Harris and fight his political dominance. They reveal the defeat of a government agent during one of the most turbulent periods in the capital’s history. Only through understanding Harris’s career is it possible to appreciate fully the fight against radicalism in early nineteenth-century London.
Sir Thopas’s mourning maidens
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: May 2019

It is usually assumed that the maidens in Chaucer’s Sir Thopas who ‘mourn’ for him ‘when hem were bet to slepe’ are a parodic misunderstanding of the habit of romance knights of mourning for their ladies. This chapter argues that the maiden in love who passes sleepless nights lamenting is characteristic of a significant proportion of the metrical romances that Chaucer is imitating; it is the number of the maidens, the moralistic attitude to their sleep, and the suppression of their agency that constitute the joke.
Caxton in the middle of English
Authors: Matthews David
Published: May 2019

David Matthews explores how Caxton’s awareness of linguistic change informed his editing methods. Caxton’s editing of Trevisa's translation of Higden’s Polychronicon, for example, shows a distinct diachronic consciousness and a desire to forge something new out of Trevisa's ‘old’ English. This stands in contrast to his more deferential treatment of Chaucer. Matthews thus differentiates between philology as a tool for understanding another language and as an editorial practice focused on rendering texts transparent.
Above Sea
Authors: Lin Jenny
Published: May 2019

Shanghai, long known as mainland China’s most cosmopolitan metropolis, has recently re-emerged as a global capital. Above sea: Contemporary art, urban culture, and the fashioning of global Shanghai offers the first in-depth examination of turn of the twenty-first century Shanghai-based art and design – from state-sponsored exhibitions to fashionable cultural complexes to cutting edge films and installations. This book offers a counter-touristic view of one of the world’s fastest developing megacities that penetrates the contradictions and buried layers of specific locales and artifacts of visual culture. Informed by years of in-situ research including interviews with artists and designers, the book looks beyond contemporary art’s global hype to reveal persistent socio-political tensions accompanying Shanghai’s explosive transitions from semi-colonial capitalism to Maoist socialism to Communist Party-sponsored capitalism. Analyses of exemplary design projects such as Xintiandi and Shanghai Tang, and artworks by Liu Jianhua, Yang Fudong, Gu Wenda and more reveal how Shanghai’s global aesthetics construct glamorizing artifices that mask historically-rooted cross-cultural conflicts between vying notions of foreign-influenced modernity versus anti-colonialist nationalism, and the city’s repressed socialist past versus consumerist present. The book focuses on Shanghai-based art and design from the 1990s-2000s, the decades of the city’s most rapid post-socialist development, while also attending to pivotal Republican and Mao Era examples. Challenging the “East-meets-West” clichés that characterize discussions of urban Shanghai and contemporary Chinese art, this book illuminates critical issues facing today’s artists, architects, and designers, and provides an essential field guide for students of art, design, art history, urban studies, and Chinese culture.
Introduction: Locating global contemporary art in global China
Authors: Lin Jenny
Published: May 2019

The introduction argues that the global turn in contemporary art has been limited by overly generalized cultural categorizations and inadequate coverage of the local social, economic, political, and historical contexts of non-Western artworks. In response, the author posits an urban-focused, historically grounded, and theoretically rigorous model of disciplinary diversification that foregrounds key examples of art and design created in and about Shanghai. The city is described as an exemplary case study with which to localize global contemporary art, accounting for Shanghai’s longstanding “East-meets-West” mythology and genealogy stemming from its early twentieth century semi-colonial past and radical transformation during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76). The introduction acknowledges how Republican Shanghai has been recognized by scholars as a modern cultural capital with its own unique Shanghai style, haipai (literally sea style), and proposes that we must also consider the city’s art and design of the 1990s-2000s, the period of Shanghai’s most rapid growth as an international financial and cultural capital.
Installing a world city
Authors: Lin Jenny
Published: May 2019

Chapter Four considers worlding, or the city’s positioning as a cosmopolitan center on an international stage, as a philosophical construct and tangible phenomenon tied to the development and promotion of present-day Shanghai and contemporary Chinese art. The chapter presents three Shanghai-based installations by transnational art stars Gu Wenda, Xu Bing, and Cai Guoqiang. Disrupting the East-meets-West soundbites surrounding discussions of these works, this chapter interrogates the artists’ privileged subject positions, arguing that such artworks function as branding campaigns that world Shanghai. The chapter also discusses the loaded cultural geographies of these installations’ shared sites: the Bund, once the heart of Shanghai’s British and US-controlled International Settlement, and the Pudong Skyline, considered the shining jewel of China’s post-socialist economic rise. The chapter concludes by discussing a more critical recent project by Cai Guoqiang that acknowledged the migrant labor fuelling Shanghai’s urbanization in the face of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, and a related urban intervention by artist Ai Weiwei.
Epilogue: Forgotten corners
Authors: Lin Jenny
Published: May 2019

A few years ago, my students and I organized an exhibition of contemporary photography from mainland China, presented in our small university-run gallery in Portland. The project began with a call for photographs, which we forwarded to Chinese art schools, museums, and cultural institutions; to individual artists, photographers, and photojournalists; and through Chinese social media channels such as Weibo and WeChat. We asked people to email photographs of contemporary life in the PRC and to consider, but not limit themselves to, themes such as urbanization versus developments in the rural countryside, the impact of foreign cultures on local identities, the environmental impacts of globalization, and gender issues amid societal shifts. We grew giddy at the abundant response. Hundreds of photographs streamed into our class’s inbox. For the most part, the senders were previously unknown to me and my students. These strangers’ submissions allowed us to see, through their eyes, a fuller representation of the PRC, a place whose modern and contemporary art we had been studying mainly through past exhibitions, scholarly articles, and survey texts....
The Poverty Paradox
Authors: Huret Romain D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the invention of the modern poverty paradox – the increase of poor people in spite of economic growth in the 1950s. On this matter, the federal government played a pioneering role. By then, poor people were invisible, and federal officials gather statistics and ponder over new tools of measurement.
Uncertainty of Numbers, Certainty of Decisions
Authors: Huret Romain D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyses the division among the experts’ community. They soon became divided along gender and political lines once the War on poverty was implemented. However, in spite of their internal divisions, they looked for alternatives to Community Action Programs, notably the idea of a guaranteed income
Named Partners and Other Rugs
Authors: Fudge Erica
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on cows, and their value to the human household. In particular, it looks at the close relationship the woman who milked a cow would have with that animal, and how that relationship stands as a counterpoint to the legal representation of domestic animals in the period which figured them, in distinction from wild animals, as lacking volition. The chapter argues that documentation – from agricultural works as well as poetic ones – offers a way of understanding the complex juxtaposition of emotional attachment and utility in people’s relationships with their animals in the period.
Other Worldly Matter
Authors: Fudge Erica
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the possibility that animals were not only of material value (economic, practical) in this period by looking in particular at how wills bequeath animals to children. It reads the giving of lambs to godchildren alongside the bequeathing of bees to a vicar as a way of exploring the more-than-worldly meaning of these creatures; and as such argues that this is a way of comprehending how people could live closely with very few animals, individualizing them, and regard them as killable creatures. The chapter ends with a discussion of meat eating and its meaning in the period.
The Emergence of France as a Tourist Icon in the Belle Époque
Authors: Gordon Bertram M.
Published: May 2019

The coming of the railroad and trans-Atlantic steamships in the Belle Époque and of automobiles, movies, and inexpensive box cameras during the interwar years, all enhanced by the opera, theater, and gastronomy, facilitated the emergence of France as a leading tourism destination. During the interwar years, the Michelin Tire Company and Thomas Cook’s promoted battlefield tourism with guidebooks to First World War sites. Now a country that “one had to visit” to be considered culturally sophisticated in much of the western world, an elevated status appreciated by many locals as well, interwar France attracted Americans including Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, and Josephine Baker, and Germans such as Friedrich Sieburg, who wrote of “living like God in France.”
U.S. Empire and the Boundaries of the Nation
Authors: McGreevey Robert C.
Published: May 2019

While American political culture has long assumed that immigrants come from a world set apart, this book reframes our understanding of immigrants—demonstrating how many are actually migrants responding to U.S. influence in their home country and moving within the sphere of America’s world economic and political power. By showing how early U.S. colonialism in Puerto Rico gave rise to one of the largest migrations in modern American history, this study makes clear how U.S. involvement abroad not only affected foreign nations, but also fundamentally changed America itself.
Introduction to the Species Accounts
Authors: Buckley P. A.
Published: May 2019

The core of this book, offering qualitative and quantitative assessments of the migratory, breeding, wintering, and resident avifauna of the Northwest Bronx, New York City back to 1872. The present and historical statuses of 301 study area species and another 70 potential species are described in detail for the Bronx, for New York City, for Long Island, and for Westchester and Rockland Cos. for the first time since 1964. Study area winter population changes are amplified by comparison to their numbers on 90 annual Bronx-Westchester Christmas Bird Counts from 1924. Extended discussion of pertinent identification, ecological, taxonomic, and distributional issues complements the quantitative distribution and occurrence data and update all 371 species to 2016.
Species Accounts
Authors: Buckley P. A.
Published: May 2019

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Cultivated
Authors: Starks Tricia
Published: May 2019

Papirosy first appeared in Russian records in 1844, but military men had been using them for some time. They retained an extremely militant association throughout the nineteenth century. Although the smoking military man ruled the imagery of many countries, the frequency of conflicts with the Ottomans, the sourcing of Russian tobacco, and the formative experience of many smokers created not just a militaristic but an exceptionally imperialistic smoking culture in Russia even before advertisers began to push an image of tobacco as manly and valorous. More than just the use of tobacco by the military and the use of the military by tobacco advertisers connected smoking to the imperial project. Producers seeded imperial areas with the plants to establish power. Military metaphor infused papirosy from production and consumption to promotion and trade. The packaging of tobacco enticed the public into further engagement with imperialist pretensions, and the experience of empire fed back into the perception of tobacco.
The Statue/MURTI
Authors: Falcone Jessica Marie
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the religious utility and merit-making involved in statue building in Tibetan Buddhism. Turning towards the MPI statue itself, the chapter looks at its history from conception through various early instantiations of the design and then to its final iteration. The chapter looks at the MPI organization and staffers, and the early practices and plans of MPI in their first location: Bodh Gaya.
The Relics/SARIRA
Authors: Falcone Jessica Marie
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at the religious phenomenon of relic veneration in Tibetan Buddhism, and how that tradition has been harnessed by FPMT’s global Relic Tour. The Relic Tour, which travelled regularly for many years, both displayed relics and promoted the MPI statue. In this chapter, there is an in-depth ethnographic account of one particular Relic Tour stop, which shows the material and expressive culture on display
Steadfastness/ADITTHANA
Authors: Falcone Jessica Marie
Published: May 2019

This chapter goes to the heart of the anti-MPI statue grassroots resistance movement. It details the frustrations, politics and contested land values that gripped the Greater Kushinagar region after the MPI shifted its plans to Kushinagar from Bodh Gaya. The chapter tells the story of the rise of the Save the Land Movement and the activist endeavors that they initiated.
Feeding the State
Authors: Bailey Anna L.
Published: May 2019

How vodka provided the economic foundations of the tsarist Russian state from its invention in the sixteenth century. Examines the Bolsheviks’ contradictory approaches to alcohol: they railed against the tsarist alcohol monopoly as exploitation of the working classes, but came to adopt such a monopoly themselves once in power. In the 1920s the Bolsheviks were deeply divided as to what the Soviet approach to alcohol should be, which reflected a broader division within the Party as to how socialism should be built. Stalin’s approach of maximising alcohol sales to fund rapid industrialization prevailed, and from the start of the 1930s any discussion of alcohol problems within the USSR was silenced.
From Illegality to Demography
Authors: Bailey Anna L.
Published: May 2019

Examines how alcohol has been constructed as a “social problem” in Russia in the post-Soviet period. For many years the dominant construction of the problem was that of illegal alcohol, with alcohol’s negative effects on the demographic situation only gaining prominence in the latter half of the 2000s. The chapter explains why and why the large consumption peaks in 1994–5 and 2002–3 failed to provoke alarm among the ruling elite at the time, in spite of efforts by public health activists to problematise the issue, finding that the crises provoked by the transition from communism detracted attention from demographic issues.
The New Antialcohol Network
Authors: Bailey Anna L.
Published: May 2019

In the mid-2000s a new small but influential anti-alcohol movement emerged: an alliance of key members of a civil society elite including the Russian Orthodox Church, Public Chamber and public health professionals. Chapter 11 shows how this new elite was able to seize cultural authority over the definition of the “alcohol problem”, and thus set the anti-alcohol agenda where previous attempts by public health lobbyists had failed.