bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study on the formation of environmental recognition by dwelling unit location and residential floor in collective housing in a super‐high‐rise building
Authors: Zong Shichun , Ohuchi Hirotomo , Kimura Toshihiro , Yamada Satoshi
Published: March 2019

In Japan, a housing plan has been established involving mainly high‐rise housing and standardization. However, there have been few analyses and studies of the relationship and harmony between people and the natural environment based on the relationship between the residence and the surrounding environment. This paper aims to grasp the environmental perception of residents formed by the arrangement and building plans of settlements, focusing on the resident's residential floor and the location of the dwelling unit, classified as inland side facing land or coastal side facing water. We also explore cognitive characteristics from the constituent and cognitive domain areas of each cognitive domain and perform comparative analysis. Furthermore, we analyze the changes in the cognitive domain caused by vertical displacement of residential floor, aiming to grasp the effect of dwelling unit location and residential floor on formation of environmental perception in high‐rise residences.
Prokaryotic Nomenclature
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: March 2019

Nomenclature has been called the handmaid of classification. The nomenclature of the different kinds of living creatures falls into two parts: (i) informal or vernacular names, and very specialized and restricted names and (ii) scientific names of taxonomic groups (taxon, plural taxa). Since scientific names are in latinized form, they obey the grammar of classical, medieval, or modern Latin (Neo‐Latin). The taxonomic hierarchy is a conventional arrangement. The form of latinized names differs with the category. The species name consists of two parts. The first is the generic name. This is spelled with an initial capital letter and is a latinized substantive. The second is the specific epithet and is spelled with a lower case initial letter. The nomenclature of prokaryotic taxa up to the rank of class is regulated by the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.
How to Name New Taxa of Archaea and Bacteria
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: March 2019

Naming prokaryote taxa is an essential part in any description of new species, genera, families, and so on. The nomenclature of prokaryotes is governed by the General Considerations, Principles, Rules, and Recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (the Prokaryotic Code), a document approved by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. The scientific names of all taxa are Latin or latinized words treated as Latin regardless of their origin. They are usually taken from Latin or Greek. Therefore, anyone who describes new species, genera, and higher taxa of prokaryotes needs to have a basic understanding of classical Latin and Greek and the ways words and word elements from those languages are used when naming new taxa, so that the names comply with the requirements of the Code and its orthography appendix (Appendix 9). This article provides an overview of how names are correctly formed based on the Rules of the Code and on current practice, and gives practical advice how to name new prokaryotes, also for those who do not possess an in‐depth knowledge of Latin and Greek.
F
imbriimonadaceae
Authors: Quan Zhe‐Xue , Im Wan‐Taek
Published: March 2019

Fim.bri.i.mo.na.da.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Fimbriimonas
type genus of the family; suff.
‐aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Fimbriimonadaceae
family of the genus
Fimbriimonas
.

Armatimonadetes / Fimbriimonadia / Fimbriimonadales / Fimbriimonadaceae

The family of the
Fimbriimonadaceae
is currently represented only by the genus
Fimbriimonas
in the order of
Fimbriimonadales
.
Haloplasma
Authors: Göker Markus , Antunes André
Published: March 2019

Ha.lo.plas'ma. Gr. n.hals, salt; Gr. neut. n.plasma, something formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n.Haloplasma, a salt‐loving form.

Firmicutes / Bacilli / Haloplasmatales / Haloplasmataceae / Haloplasma

The genusHaloplasma, classified within the familyHaloplasmataceaeand orderHaloplasmataleswithin the phylumFirmicutes, consists ofGram‐negative cellswith characteristiccontractile cellular protrusions. Cells are pleomorphic, wall‐less, and non‐spore‐forming. When grown on solid media they produce very small colonies with a “fried‐egg” appearance. Members of this genus arestrictly anaerobic. They are alsostrictly organotrophic, using a very limited range of substrates, under denitrifying and fermentative conditions.Haloplasma contractile, the single species of the genus, ismoderately halophilicandmesophilic. The major respiratory lipoquinone is MK‐4, and phosphatidylglycerol and bisphosphatidylglycerol are the major polar lipids. Major fatty acids (>10%) are C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω9c, and summed feature 5 (most likely C18:2ω6,9c). Only one species of the genusHaloplasmahas been described to date.H. contractilehas been isolated from the brine–sediment interface of deep‐sea brine.

DNA G + C content: 33.6 mol% (based on HPLC); 33.0 mol% (based on the draft genome sequence).

Type species:Haloplasma contractileAntunes, Rainey, da Costa and Huber 2008b, 2471VP(Effective publication: Antunes, Rainey, Wanner, Taborda, Pätzold, Nobre, da Costa and Huber 2008a, 3586).
H
alobium
Authors: Mori Koji
Published: March 2019

Ha.lo'bi.um. Gr. masc. n.
hals, halos
salt; Gr. masc. n.
bios
life; N.L. neut. n.
Halobium
halophilic life.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Halorubraceae / Halobium

The genus
Halobium
, classified within the family
Halorubraceae,
order
Haloferacales
in the class
Halobacteria
, consists of orange‐red pigmented, extremely halophilic pleomorphic cells. They are obligately aerobic chemoorganoheterotrophs, and anaerobic growth with nitrate, dimethyl sulfoxide, or
l
‐arginine has not been observed. Oxidase and catalase reactions are positive. Major polar lipids include phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (Me‐PGP), and sulfated diglycosyl diether (S‐DGD‐1). Currently, the genus consists of two species:
Halobium palmae
and
Halobium salinum
. Isolates have been recovered from solar salterns.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 67.0–68.9.

Type species
:
Halobium palmae
Mori, Nurcahyanto, Kawasaki, Lisdiyanti, Yopi and Suzuki 2016, 3803
VP
.
B
revifollis
Authors: Otsuka Shigeto
Published: March 2019

Bre.vi.fol'lis. L. adj.
brevis,
short, small; L. masc. n.
follis,
a windball; N.L. masc. n.
Brevifollis,
a short ball, intended to mean a small ovoid cell.

Verrucomicrobia / Verrucomicrobiae / Verrucomicrobiales / Verrucomicrobiaceae / Brevifollis

Cells are ovoid to short fusiform, single, unbranched, nonmotile, nongliding, and stain Gram‐negative. Obligately aerobic. Chemoorganotrophic. The major respiratory quinone is menaquinone MK‐7 (H
2
). The DNA G + C content is approximately 59–60 mol%. The type species is
Brevifollis gellanilyticus
that degrades gellan gum with nitrate as the nitrogen source and no carbon sources. A member of the family
Verrucomicrobiaceae
, the phylum “
Verrucomicrobia
.” Known habitat is soil. The differentiation of this genus from the phylogenetically close genus,
Prosthecobacter
, is possible chiefly by the major menaquinone, MK‐7 (H
2
), and the absence of a single polar prosthecum, as well as the position in a phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 59–60 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Brevifollis gellanilyticus
Otsuka, Suenaga, Vu, Ueda, Yokota and Senoo 2013b, 3077
VP
.
R
oseimicrobium
Authors: Otsuka Shigeto
Published: March 2019

Ro.se.i.mi.cro'bi.um. L. adj.
roseus,
rose‐coloured, rosy; N.L. neut. n.
microbium,
a microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Roseimicrobium,
a rose‐coloured microbe.

Verrucomicrobia / Verrucomicrobiae / Verrucomicrobiales / Verrucomicrobiaceae / Roseimicrobium

Forms single ovoid to rod‐shaped cells that are unbranched, nonmotile, nongliding, and stain Gram‐negative. Aerobic. Chemoorganotrophic. The major respiratory quinone is menaquinone MK‐10. The major fatty acids are C
16:0
, anteiso‐C
15:0
, and C
16:1
ω5
c
. The predominant polar lipids are phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G + C content is approximately 60 mol%. The type species is
Roseimicrobium gellanilyticum
, which degrades gellan gum. A member of the family
Verrucomicrobiaceae
within the phylum
Verrucomicrobia
. Known habitat is soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 60 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Roseimicrobium gellanilyticum
Otsuka, Ueda, Suenaga, Uchino, Hamada, Yokota and Senoo 2013, 1984
VP
.
C
roceifilum
Authors: Hatayama Kouta
Published: March 2019

Cro.ce.i.fi'lum. L. adj.
croceus
saffron, yellow; L. neut. n.
filum
a thread; N.L. neut. n.
Croceifilum
a saffron yellow thread.

Firmicutes / Bacilli / Bacillales / Thermoactinomycetaceae / Croceifilum

Croceifilum
is a genus of the family
Thermoactinomycetaceae
, in the order
Bacillales
, and class
Bacilli
. The only currently described species of this genus,
Croceifilum oryzae,
was isolated from a rice paddy soil sample. This genus encompasses aerobic, mesophilic, Gram‐stain‐positive bacteria, which form a substrate mycelium, but not an aerial mycelium on solid medium. Endospores are produced singly on short, unbranched sporophores along the substrate mycelium. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid but no diagnostic sugars. The major menaquinone is MK‐7. The major cellular fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
and anteiso‐C
15:0
. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyl‐
N
‐methylethanolamine, and unidentified aminophospholipids. The genus
Croceifilum
is probably a later synonym of the genus
Baia
.

DNA G + C content (mol
%
)
: 42.5% (HPLC).

Type species
:
Croceifilum oryzae
Hatayama and Kuno 2015, 4064
VP
.
B
aia
Authors: Liu Chongxi , Guan Xuejiao , Xiang Wensheng
Published: March 2019

Bai'a. N.L. fem. n.
Baia
named after Hua Bai, a Chinese microbiologist.

Firmicutes / Bacilli / Bacillales / Thermoactinomycetaceae / Baia

Baia
is a genus in the family
Thermoactinomycetaceae
, order
Bacillales
, class
Bacilli
, and phylum
Firmicutes
. It currently comprises one species
Baia soyae
. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that
B. soyae
shared very high similarity to
Croceifilum oryzae
(99.51%), which is the only described species of the genus
Croceifilum
. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains formed a distinct phyletic line. In addition, the morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of
C
.
oryzae
resemble those of
B. soyae
. After further genome level comparisons,
C
.
oryzae
could be reclassified to the genus
Baia
. The genus
Baia
encompasses bacteria that are aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, mesophilic, and filamentous. Substrate mycelia are well developed, but aerial mycelium is not produced. Single endospores formed on substrate mycelium. Cell walls contain
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as diamino acid. The only menaquinone is MK‐7. Predominant phospholipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified aminophospholipids. Major fatty acid is iso‐C
15:0
. Known habitats are soybean root and rice paddy soil. The phylogenetically nearest neighbors are the genera
Croceifilum
and
Geothermomicrobium
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 41.7–49.9 (genome analysis, HPLC and
T
m
).

Type species
:
Baia soyae
Guan, Liu, Fang, Zhao, Jin, Li, Jia, Wang and Xiang 2015, 3758
VP
.
H
wanghaeicola
Authors: Jeong Sang Eun , Kim Jeong Myeong , Jeon Che Ok
Published: March 2019

Hwang.hae.i'co.la L. suff.
‐cola
(from L. n.
incola
), a dweller, inhabitant; N.L. masc. n.
Hwanghaeicola
, a dweller of the Hwanghae, the Korean name of the Yellow Sea.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Hwanghaeicola

Cells are motile cocci with a single flagellum. Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores are not observed. Strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, and moderate halotolerant. Optimum growth at 25–30°C and 2.0–3.0% NaCl. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive. Neither nitrate nor nitrite is reduced. The major isoprenoid quinone is ubiquinone‐10 (Q‐10). The cellular fatty acid profiles are predominated by C
18
:1
ω7
c
. The genus currently accommodates only one species
Hwanghaeicola aestuarii
, isolated from a sea tidal flat.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 66.0.

Type species
:
Hwanghaeicola aestuarii
Kim, Jung, Chae, Park and Jeon 2010, 2880
VP
.
L
ongimicrobiales
Authors: Pascual Javier , Genilloud Olga
Published: March 2019

Lon.gi.mi.cro.bi.a'les. N.L. neut. n.
Longimicrobium
type genus of the order; suff.
‐ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Longimicrobiales
, the order of the genus
Longimicrobium
.

Gemmatimonadetes / Longimicrobia / Longimicrobiales

The order
Longimicrobiales
is defined based on the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons. The order belongs to the class
Longimicrobia
and embraces only the monospecific family
Longimicrobiaceae
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 67.0 (HPLC).

Type genus
:
Longimicrobium
Pascual, García‐López, Bills and Genilloud 2016, 1982
VP
.
Ionization‐Facilitated Formation of 2D (Alumino)Silicate–Noble Gas Clathrate Compounds
Authors: Zhong Jian‐Qiang , Wang Mengen , Akter Nusnin , Kestell John D. , Niu Tianchao , Boscoboinik Alejandro M. , Kim Taejin , Stacchiola Dario J. , Wu Qin , Lu Deyu , Boscoboinik Jorge Anibal
Published: March 2019

The nanoscale confinement of noble gases at noncryogenic temperatures is crucial for many applications including noble gas separations, nuclear waste remediation, and the removal of radon. However, this process is extremely difficult primarily due to the weak trapping forces of the host matrices upon noble gas physisorption. Herein, the formation of 2D clathrate compounds, which result from trapping noble gas atoms (Ar, Kr, and Xe) inside nanocages of ultrathin silica and aluminosilicate crystalline nanoporous frameworks at 300 K, is reported. The formation of the 2D clathrate compounds is attributed to a novel activated physisorption mechanism, facilitated by ionization of noble gas atoms. Combined X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) studies provide evidence of an initial ionization process that significantly reduces the apparent trapping barrier. Noble gas ions become neutralized upon entering the cages, and their desorption requires unprecedentedly high temperatures, even in ultrahigh vacuum conditions. From 2D aluminosilicate films these temperatures are 348 K (Ar), 498 K (Kr), and 673 K (Xe). DFT calculations also predict that Rn can be trapped in 2D aluminosilicates with an even higher desorption temperature of 775 K. This work highlights a new ionization‐facilitated trapping mechanism resulting in the thinnest family of clathrates ever reported.
Single‐Irradiation Simultaneous Dual‐Modal Bioimaging Using Nanostructure Scintillators as Single Contrast Agent
Authors: Ju Qiang , Luo Shouhua , Chen Chunxiao , Fang Zhenlan , Gao Shengkai , Chen Gong , Chen Xueyuan , Gu Ning
Published: March 2019

The rising demand for clinical diagnosis tools has led to extensive research on multimodal bioimaging systems. Unlike single‐modal detection, multimodal imaging not only can provide both function and structure information but also can address the issue of sensitivity, depth, and cost. Despite enormous efforts, conventional step‐by‐step procedures for obtaining multimodal imaging pose a significant constraint on their practical applications. In this work, X‐rays as highly penetrating radiation is proposed as a single‐irradiation resource, while lanthanide‐based nanostructure scintillators are employed as the single contrast agent to attenuate and convert X‐rays, achieving computer tomography (CT) and optical dual‐modal imaging at the same time. In other words, CT and optical dual‐modal imaging are simultaneously produced via single radiation combined with single contrast agent. The function and structure information of targeted tumors in a mouse model can be clearly provided with large penetration and high sensitivity, indicating that this strategy is a simple but promising route for multimodal imaging of molecular disease and preclinical applications.
Impact of Hydrogel Elasticity and Adherence on Osteosarcoma Cells and Osteoblasts
Authors: Jiang Tongmeng , Xu Guojie , Chen Xiaoming , Huang Xianyuan , Zhao Jinmin , Zheng Li
Published: March 2019

Biochemical and physical properties of extracellular matrix (ECM) control cell behaviors, but how they affect osteosarcoma cells that do not require attachment and their normal counterparts (osteoblasts) that are anchorage‐dependent has not been reported yet. In this study, the effects of matrix elasticity and adherence on osteosarcoma MG63 cells are investigated using four types of scaffolds (collagen type I, matrigel, alginate, and agarose) with varied adhesion ligands and rigidity, as compared with osteoblast hFOB1.19 cells. MG63 cells on 2D films are sensitive to ECM adherence, similar to the situation of hFOB1.19 cultured in both 2D and 3D. However, osteosarcoma cells in 3D hydrogels are sensitive to ECM elasticity rather than adherence, with tumor proliferation and malignancy varied with matrix rigidity. The results indicate that osteosarcomas cells might adopt unnatural characteristics on flat surfaces. But in 3D culture, they recover their normal state independent of adherence, as regulated mainly by ECM elasticity via the integrin‐mediated focal adhesion pathway, which is further confirmed by in vivo studies. In contrast, osteoblasts and 2D cultured osteosarcoma cells are predominantly influenced by ECM bioactivity regulated by integrin‐mediated adherens junction pathway. This study might provide new insights into rational design of scaffolds for tumor/tissue engineering.
Crafting Polymeric and Peptidic Hydrogels for Improved Wound Healing
Authors: Stern David , Cui Honggang
Published: March 2019

Wound healing is a multifaceted biological process involving the replacement of damaged tissues and cellular structures, restoring the skin barrier's function, and maintaining internal homeostasis. Over the past two decades, numerous approaches are undertaken to improve the quality and healing rate of complex acute and chronic wounds, including synthetic and natural polymeric scaffolds, skin grafts, and supramolecular hydrogels. In this context, this review assesses the advantages and drawbacks of various types of supramolecular hydrogels including both polymeric and peptide‐based hydrogels for wound healing applications. The molecular design features of natural and synthetic polymers are examined, as well as therapeutic‐based and drug‐free peptide hydrogels, and the strategies for each system are analyzed to integrate key elements such as biocompatibility, bioactivity, stimuli‐responsiveness, site specificity, biodegradability, and clearance.
Encapsulated Cadmium Sulfide in Silicon Dioxide Porous Shells for Enhanced Photocatalytic Sustainability and Commendable Protection of Organic Carriers
Authors: Zhao Jian , Tian Shengnan , Shi Haiting , Quan Quan , Xiao Changfa
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this study is to provide a solution to two troublesome problems on photocorrosion of cadmium sulfide (CdS) and photocatalysis damage to organic carrier. An encapsulation system of CdS in silicon dioxide (SiO2) porous shell can be constructed by following strategies: polyporrole (PPy) layer is deposited on the surface of CdS nanoparticles via chemical redox polymerization; then the resulting PPy@CdS is covered by metasilicic acid (H2SiO3) with polyethylene glycol by sol–gel process, which originates from hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate; after removing PPy interlayers by calcination, CdS@void@SiO2 yolk–porous‐shell nanospheres (YSNs) are fabricated. As expected, YSN nanoarchitecture is verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The tailored void can be tuned by the sacrificed layers of PPy. CdS@void@SiO2 YSNs exhibit excellent photostability with a considerably low level of Cd2+ concentration at <30 ppm, which is dropped down 18 times less than ≈520 ppm of CdS. CdS@void@SiO2 YSNs show good dye removal efficiency up to 99.5%, and commendable hydrogen evolution of 126.8 µmol g−1 h−1. More interestingly, the transparent and porous SiO2 shell in the YSNs has an impressive shielding to organic carrier. Our versatile YSNs have great potential to translate CdS photocatalyst to industrial‐scale application because of its stability and nondestructivity.
van der Waals Layered Tin Selenide as Highly Nonlinear Ultrafast Saturable Absorber
Authors: Jhon Young In , Lee Jinho , Seo Minah , Lee Ju Han , Jhon Young Min
Published: March 2019

Saturable absorbers (SAs) are materials that can generate ultrashort pulse lasers via mode locking due to optical absorption nonlinearity. Recently, layered 2D materials have gained increasing attention as next‐generation SAs. Layered transition‐metal monochalcogenides (TMMCs) can provide the source for a large family of 2D materials with broad chemical composition while exhibiting superior structural features for SA, but as far as it is known, none of these is studied for SA applications to date. Here, for the first time, the nonlinear optical absorption properties of SnSe which belongs to accordion‐like layered TMMCs are investigated along with in‐depth exploration of its laser mode‐locking performance. Notably, SnSe exhibits a highly nonlinear modulation depth of 7.1% and readily generates femtosecond pulse lasers with a duration of 610 fs at 1560 nm, whose combined performance surpasses that of any 2D‐material‐based SA established so far. Density functional theory calculations show that the bandgap of SnSe can greatly vary depending on layer thickness, indicating its broadband applicability. This study clearly shows that layered TMMCs hold great potential for advanced SAs, significantly extending the horizon of mode‐locking materials for innovative laser technologies.
On the Conversion of Bauxite Ores to Highly Activated Alumina Media for Water Remediation
Authors: Haddad Andrew Z. , Pilgrim Corey D. , Sawvel April M. , Hohman James Nathan , Gadgil Ashok J.
Published: March 2019

Good quality drinking water is necessary to maintain a high quality of life. Millions lack access to clean and safe drinking water, and current trends suggest that billions will face acute water shortages in the coming decades. Development of new materials has led to technological impacts on water purification, from desalination membranes to atmospheric water scavenging. However, the most challenging aspect of technological solutions is cost: if the community being serviced cannot afford the solution, it is not likely to be sustainable. Repurposing Earth‐abundant materials to replace highly engineered solutions is an atractive solution. Herein, minimal processing of bauxite rocks produces a high‐porosity and reactive activated alumina in situ, without purification directly from the ore. This acid‐treated, thermally activated bauxite (ATAB) exhibits a high surface area of 401 ± 6 m2 g−1, a 40‐fold increase relative to its parent ore, and a 2× increase relative to the state‐of‐the‐art fluoride adsorbent, activated alumina. The composition, preparation, and mechanism of adsorption are studied by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and multiple‐quantum magic‐angle spinning 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The maximum adsorption density of ATAB is comparable with that of activated alumina, but ATAB requires fewer processing steps, thus warranting future consideration as a primary adsorbent of choice for fluoride removal from water.
Active Electrode Redox Reactions and Device Behavior in ECM Type Resistive Switching Memories
Authors: Lübben Michael , Valov Ilia
Published: March 2019

Electrochemical metallization cells rely on oxidation, reduction, and migration of metal cations in nanoscale thin films. The cations are typically provided by the oxidation of the active electrode. Commonly, Cu, Ag, or their compounds are used as electrodes for injecting cations into solid electrolytes, such as Ta2O5 or SiO2. However, the used criteria are mainly based on empirical knowledge. In this work, different materials (Ag, Al, Au, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ta, Ti, V, and Zr) are investigated for active electrodes and their redox reactions are studied. It is found that the electrochemical behavior of the metals is crucial for the switching properties, as well as for filament stability and retention properties of the devices. The Gibbs free energy of formation of the cations is identified as crucial factor for selection criteria.
Controllable Perovskite Crystallization via Antisolvent Technique Using Chloride Additives for Highly Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Tavakoli Mohammad Mahdi , Yadav Pankaj , Prochowicz Daniel , Sponseller Melany , Osherov Anna , Bulović Vladimir , Kong Jing
Published: March 2019

The presence of surface and grain boundary defects in organic–inorganic halide perovskite films can be detrimental to both the performance and operational stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, the effect of chloride additives is studied on the bulk and surface defects of the mixed cation and halide PSCs. It is found that using an antisolvent technique, the perovskite film is divided into two layers, i.e., a bottom layer with large grains and a thin capping layer with small grains. The addition of formamidinium chloride (FACl) into the precursor solution removes the small‐grained perovskite capping layer and suppresses the formation of bulk and surface defects, providing a perovskite film with enhanced crystallinity and large grain size of over 1 µm. Time‐resolved photoluminescence measurements show longer lifetimes for perovskite films modified by FACl and subsequently passivated by 1‐adamantylamine hydrochloride as compared to the reference sample. Impedance spectroscopy measurements show that these treatments reduce the recombination in the PSCs, leading to a champion device with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.2%, an open circuit voltage of 1152 mV and negligible hysteresis. The Cl treated PSC also shows improved operational stability with only 12% PCE loss after 700 h under continuous illumination.
Physical activity in women of reproductive age in a transitioning rural Polish population
Authors: Lee Katharine M. N. , Rogers Mary P. , Galbarczyk Andrzej , Jasienska Grazyna , Clancy Kathryn B. H.
Published: March 2019

Objective

Health research often focuses on moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity while neglecting low‐intensity habitual activities. Our aim was to understand habitual physical activity in women from a transitioning economy using a physical activity monitor.

Methods

This study investigated physical activity in 68 healthy premenopausal women (age 18–46) in rural Poland using FitBit One activity trackers for 1 week. Standard anthropometric techniques were used to measure height, weight, and body fat. Daily physical activity data were analyzed for step counts as well as duration and intensity.

Results

This sample of rural Polish women traveled a mean of 8428 (SD = 2650) steps per day. Time spent lightly active, fairly active, and very active were measured as 337.1 (SD = 87.8), 19.6 (SD = 30.5), and 6.7 (SD = 8.6) minutes per day, respectively. Total time active and time spent lightly active were associated with daily steps (P < 0.001 for both), and time lightly active increased with age (P = 0.02). No other significant relationships were observed between physical activity measures and BMI, age, or body fat.

Conclusions

In this sample, women spend a significant amount of time engaged in light‐intensity physical activity and travel a relatively high number of steps per day. Our data suggest that in this population, total daily activity does not depend on age in women between 18 and 46. We suggest that measurement methods which include low‐intensity activity may better characterize habitual physical activity in women who are expected to be performing large amounts of domestic labor.
The body center of mass in primates: Is it more caudal than in other quadrupedal mammals?
Authors: Druelle François , Berthet Mélanie , Quintard Benoît
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Whole body center of mass (BCoM) position values are lacking for a comparative sample of primates. Therefore, it still remains unknown whether the BCoM in primates is more posteriorly located than in other mammals. The aim of the present report is to provide data for a large sample of primate species and to compare the position of the BCoM in primates to non‐primate mammals.

Materials and methods

We collected morphometrics on eight primate species belonging to various families: Hylobatidae (Nomascus grabriellae, Nomascus Siki), Cercopithecidae (Cercopithecus roloway, Cercopithecus lhoesti, Colobus guereza, Trachypithecus francoisi), Cebidae (Sapajus xanthosternos), and Atelidae (Ateles fusciceps). Using a geometric model, we assessed the position of the BCoM in a natural quadrupedal posture and in a control posture. To complete our comparative sample with a wider range of morphotypes, we added the data available in the literature for hominoids (Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, Hylobates lar) and another cercopithecoid species (Papio anubis). We also evaluated the phylogenetic signal of the position of the BCoM in primates.

Results

The variation in the position of the BCoM in primates is very large, ranging from 40% of the distance between the hip and the shoulder in Ateles fusciceps to 63% in Hylobates lar. We observed a strong phylogenetic signal for this trait: hominoid species, as well as the baboon, have a cranial BCoM relative to the midline between the hip and the shoulder, arboreal cercopithecoids and the spider monkey have a caudal BCoM, and the capuchin monkey has a BCoM positioned at mid‐trunk. The variation observed in non‐primate quadrupedal mammals lies inside the variation range of primates, from 51% in Felis catus to 63% in Canis familiaris.

Discussion

The BCoM of primates is not more posteriorly located than in other quadrupedal mammals; however, there is a substantial range of variation in primates, from caudal (in arboreal quadrupeds) to cranial (in hominoids and terrestrial quadrupeds) positions. This variation is related to a phylogenetic model that suggests stabilizing selection for this trait. It seems that the BCoM position mostly depends of the size of the appendicular system (i.e., limbs) and the tail. Therefore, it may also reflect a general trend in quadrupedal mammals with arboreal species exhibiting a caudal BCoM and terrestrial species exhibiting a cranial BCoM. These results are discussed in the context of the locomotor evolution of primates including locomotor habits and gait mechanics. We also propose a new “passive” mechanism for the explanation of the particular weight support pattern observed in primates with tails.
Universal Anticancer Cu(DTC)2 Discriminates between Thiols and Zinc(II) Thiolates Oxidatively
Authors: Xu Luyan , Xu Jialin , Zhu Jingwei , Yao Zijian , Yu Na , Deng Wei , Wang Yu , Lin Bo‐Lin
Published: March 2019

Aerobic organisms must rely on abundant intracellular thiols to reductively protect various vital functional units, especially ubiquitous zinc(II) thiolate sites of proteins, from deleterious oxidations resulting from oxidizing environments. Disclosed here is the first well‐defined model study for reactions between zinc(II) thiolate complexes and copper(II) complexes. Among all the studied ligands of copper(II), diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) displays a unique redox‐tuning ability that enables copper(II) to resist the reduction by thiols while retaining its ability to oxidize zinc(II) thiolates to form disulfides. This work proves for the first time that it is possible to develop oxidants to discriminate between thiols and zinc(II) thiolates, alluding to a new chemical principle for how oxidants, especially universal anticancer Cu(DTC)2, might circumvent the intracellular reductive defense around certain zinc(II) thiolate sites of proteins to kill malignant cells.
Interconversion of Phosphinyl Radical and Phosphinidene Complexes by Proton Coupled Electron Transfer
Authors: Abbenseth Josh , Delony Daniel , Neben Marc C. , Würtele Christian , de Bruin Bas , Schneider Sven
Published: March 2019

The isolable complex [Os(PHMes*)H(PNP)] (Mes*=2,4,6‐tBu3C6H3; PNP=N{CHCHPtBu2}2) exhibits high phosphinyl radical character. This compound offers access to the phosphinidene complex [Os(PMes*)H(PNP)] by P−H proton coupled electron transfer (PCET). The P−H bond dissociation energy (BDE) was determined by isothermal titration calorimetry and supporting DFT computations. The phosphinidene product exhibits electrophilic reactivity as demonstrated by intramolecular C−H activation.
Synthesis of Bisheteroarylalkanes by Heteroarylboration: Development and Application of a Pyridylidene–Copper Complex
Authors: Huang Yuan , Brown M. Kevin
Published: March 2019

The development of pyridylidene‐Cu‐complexes and their application in Cu/Pd‐catalyzed heteroarylboration of alkenylheteroarenes is reported. The significance of 1,1′‐heteroarylalkanes as building blocks for drug discovery, as well as the straightforward and modular sequence to prepare the pyridylidene‐Cu‐complexes, makes this catalyst and it applications attractive for chemical synthesis. Furthermore, chiral variants of the pyridylidene‐Cu‐complexes have been prepared and utilized in the enantioselective arylboration of E‐alkenes, further demonstrating the value and potential of this class of catalysts.
IDPi Catalysis
Authors: Schreyer Lucas , Properzi Roberta , List Benjamin
Published: March 2019

High acidity and structural confinement are pivotal elements in asymmetric acid catalysis. The recently introduced imidodiphosphorimidate (IDPi) Brønsted acids have met with remarkable success in combining those features, acting as powerful Brønsted acid catalysts and “silylium” Lewis acid precatalysts in numerous thus far inaccessible transformations. Substrates as challenging to activate as simple olefins were readily transformed, ketones were employed as acceptors in aldolizations allowing sub‐ppm level catalysis, whereas enolates of the smallest donor aldehyde, acetaldehyde, did not polymerize but selectively added a single time to a variety of acceptor aldehydes.
All‐Fullerene Electron Donor–Acceptor Conjugates
Authors: Izquierdo Marta , Platzer Benedikt , Stasyuk Anton J. , Stasyuk Olga A. , Voityuk Alexander A. , Cuesta Sergio , Solà Miquel , Guldi Dirk M. , Martín Nazario
Published: March 2019

The synthesis and characterization of a covalent all‐fullerene C60‐Lu3N@Ih‐C80 electron donor–acceptor conjugate has been realized by sequential 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides on Lu3N@Ih‐C80 and C60. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that two fullerenes behaving as both electron donor (Lu3N@Ih‐C80) and acceptor (C60) are forming an electroactive dumbbell. DFT calculations reveal up to 16 diastereomeric pairs, that is, 8 with syn and 8 with anti orientation, with the anti‐RSSS isomer being the most stable. Spectroelectrochemical absorption and femtosecond transient absorption experiments support the notion that a C60⋅−‐Lu3N@Ih‐C80⋅+ charge‐separated state is formed. Spin conversion from the charge‐separated singlet state C60⋅−‐Lu3N@Ih‐C80⋅+ into the corresponding triplet state is facilitated by the heavy‐atom effect stemming from the Lu3N‐cluster, which, in turn, slows down the charge recombination by one order of magnitude.
Pyrolysis model for multiple compositions of a glass reinforced unsaturated polyester composite
Authors: McKinnon Mark B. , Martin Geraldine E. , Stoliarov Stanislav I.
Published: March 2019

This work describes the application of a parameter determination methodology to complicated multicomponent systems with a focus on developing pyrolysis models that can predict fire response as a function of the material composition. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, microscale combustion calorimetry, an absorption coefficient measurement, and radiation‐driven gasification experiments were conducted on fiberglass reinforced unsaturated polyester composites comprised of various ratios of matrix to reinforcement phases to fully parameterize the pyrolysis model. A single set of properties was defined for each of the reinforcement and matrix phases and the properties were validated against experimental data collected outside the model calibration conditions. This study demonstrated the ability of a pyrolysis model, parameterized through a systematic methodology, to produce pyrolyzate gas production rate predictions for the composites to within 20% of the experimental measurements and emphasized the implications for the use of pyrolysis models in the design of composites. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 47697.
Amelioration of Autoimmune Arthritis in Mice Treated With the DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor 5′‐Azacytidine
Authors: Tóth Dániel M. , Ocskó Timea , Balog Attila , Markovics Adrienn , Mikecz Katalin , Kovács László , Jolly Meenakshi , Bukiej Aleksandra A. , Ruthberg Andrew D. , Vida András , Block Joel A. , Glant Tibor T. , Rauch Tibor A.
Published: March 2019

Objective

Disease‐associated, differentially hypermethylated regions have been reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but no DNA methyltransferase inhibitors have been evaluated in either RA or any animal models of RA. The present study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of 5′‐azacytidine (5′‐azaC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, and explore the cellular and gene regulatory networks involved in the context of autoimmune arthritis.

Methods

A disease‐associated genome‐wide DNA methylation profile was explored by methylated CpG island recovery assay–chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in arthritic B cells. Mice with proteoglycan‐induced arthritis (PGIA) were treated with 5′‐azaC. The effect of 5′‐azaC on the pathogenesis of PGIA was explored by measuring serum IgM and IgG1 antibody levels using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, investigating the efficiency of class‐switch recombination (CSR) and Aicda gene expression using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, monitoring germinal center (GC) formation by immunohistochemistry, and determining alterations in B cell subpopulations by flow cytometry. The 5′‐azaC–induced regulation of the Aicda gene was explored using RNA interference, ChIP, and luciferase assays.

Results

We explored arthritis‐associated hypermethylated regions in mouse B cells and demonstrated that DNA demethylation had a beneficial effect on autoimmune arthritis. The 5′‐azaC–mediated demethylation of the epigenetically inactivated Ahr gene resulted in suppressed expression of the Aicda gene, reduced CSR, and compromised GC formation. Ultimately, this process led to diminished IgG1 antibody production and amelioration of autoimmune arthritis in mice.

Conclusion

DNA hypermethylation plays a leading role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis and its targeted inhibition has therapeutic potential in arthritis management.
Physico‐Chemical Modeling of a Lithium‐Ion Battery: An Ageing Study with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Heinrich Marco , Wolff Nicolas , Harting Nina , Laue Vincent , Röder Fridolin , Seitz Steffen , Krewer Ulrike
Published: March 2019

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements and simulations are performed on a nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC)/graphite pouch cell. A physico‐chemical continuum battery model is extended by a physical ageing model including a Solid Electrolyte Interphase. The model assumes a loss of electrochemically active surface area at anode and cathode as well as a growth of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer thickness. These ageing parameters have been adjusted with an algorithm to achieve agreement between simulated and measured spectra. The results for a 28 mAh pouch cell show that the ageing model is suitable to correlate the change of the impedance spectrum with the degree of degradation of the cell. In detail, SEI thickness is shown to increase by 45 nm, while the anode and cathode loose 20 % and 57 % of their electrochemically active surface area, respectively. In addition, deviating measurement conditions and the end of life of the cell can be indicated by the parameter identification algorithm. Furthermore, it is demonstrated, that the change of the high and low frequency semicircles can be assigned to the anode SEI and cathode respectively.
What Is the “Relevant” Amyloid β42 Concentration?
Authors: Raskatov Jevgenij A.
Published: March 2019

Alzheimer's amyloid beta can perform a wide variety of actions that are highly concentration dependent. This viewpoint aims to provide a framework for basic considerations on what might be considered brain‐relevant concentrations of the peptide. Some implications for the therapeutic implementation of the recently emerged oligomer‐to‐fibril strategy are discussed.
Intravascular lithotripsy assisted chronic total occlusion revascularization with reverse controlled antegrade retrograde tracking
Authors: Yeoh Julian , Hill Jonathan , Spratt James C.
Published: March 2019

Advances in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) techniques in chronic total occlusion (CTO) procedures have improved the success of this procedure. CTO PCI via the retrograde approach are facilitated most frequently by reverse controlled antegrade/retrograde tracking (R‐CART). This aims to create a communication between the proximal and distal lumens, which may be achieved between intimal and subintimal spaces. In patients with calcified coronary vessels, creating sufficient disruptions to connect these spaces can be challenging. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) has become a useful tool to modify intracoronary calcification for stent deployment and expansion. This case demonstrates the utility of IVL in facilitating connection in R‐CART to complete the CTO PCI where heavy calcification was present at the site of chronic occlusion.
Coronary artery fenestration as rescue management of intramural haematoma with luminal compression
Authors: Bresson Didier , Calcaianu Mihaela , Lawson Bree , Jacquemin Laurent
Published: March 2019

Conservative management is the first‐line treatment for spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) with stable haemodynamic status and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction three flow on angiography. However, in a few very specific patients, recurrent ischemia, or haemodynamic instability necessitates revascularization. Here, we describe a case of successful optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a cutting balloon. We performed fenestration at multiple decompression sites prior to stenting in an intramural haematoma with luminal compression. Rescue management of SCAD with luminal compression is a critical issue, because SCAD is an emergent clinical condition affecting young patients with a severe prognosis. To our knowledge, there are no large published series evaluating procedural success rates and long‐term follow‐up of this technique.
Effect of barrel temperature and feed moisture on the physical properties of chickpea, sorghum, and maize extrudates and the functionality of their resultant flours—Part 1
Authors: Wang Shuyang , Ai Yongfeng , Hood‐Niefer Shannon , Nickerson Michael T.
Published: March 2019

Background and objectives

The effect of barrel temperature (120 and 150°C, held constant in zones 4–6) and feed moisture (20 and 24%) on the physical properties of chickpea, sorghum, and maize extrudates and the functionality of their resultant flours was investigated.

Findings

The moisture–temperature interaction significantly affected expansion ratio for all extrudates. In general, greater expansion occurred at 150°C; however, greater expansion occurred for chickpea and the cereal flours at high and low moisture levels, respectively. Expansion was negatively correlated with both hardness and bulk density. Extrusion also gelatinized starch, which was indirectly reflected by the 2–3× increase in water hydration capacity and 8‐40x decrease in pasting viscosities for all flours. Oil holding capacity remained relatively unchanged. Extrusion showed minor and mixed results on the emulsifying abilities of the flours, whereas all precooked flours were nonfoaming. The precooked flours also displayed reduced nitrogen solubility relative to the raw flours.

Conclusions

Extrusion significantly affected the hydration and pasting properties of the flours. Maximum extrudate expansion required different extrusion conditions for chickpea flour as compared to cereal flours.

Significance and novelty

Based on their functionality, the extruded flours have potential application in instant hot or cold beverages or may be blended with other flours to achieve the desired product functionality.
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Wang Ao , Yuan Lei
Published: March 2019

Key Clinical Message

We report a case of hyperparathyroidism with hypercalcemia caused by a giant parathyroid adenoma. We use a technetium sestamibi scan to locate parathyroid mass. Bone emission computed tomography revealed the classic signs of metabolic osteopathy. She was recovered after parathyroidectomy.
Impact of Surface Composition of SrTiO3 Catalysts for Oxidative Coupling of Methane
Authors: Bai Lei , Polo‐Garzon Felipe , Bao Zhenghong , Luo Si , Moskowitz Benjamin M. , Tian Hanjing , Wu Zili
Published: March 2019

Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C2 hydrocarbons (C2H6 and C2H4) have regained much attention due to the shale gas revolution. Perovskite catalysts have shown promising activity and selectivity to C2 hydrocarbons. Here, we investigate the effect of surface reconstruction (leading to different surface compositions) of perovskites on the OCM by using SrTiO3(STO) as a model catalyst. Different surface densities of Sr (25–96 %) were attained via various treatments of STO. Low energy ion scattering (LEIS) and UV‐Raman results are in good agreement on the surface and subsurface composition of the reconstructed STO. From H2‐TPR, the same H2 consumption of STO samples allows relating their catalytic performances with surface acid‐base properties (quantified by NH3‐/CO2‐TPD). At 600–800 °C, the surface Sr enrichment was found to enhance CH4 conversion, C2 selectivity and the ratio C2H4/C2H6 up to Sr/(Sr+Ti) of 0.66 and then levels off. Furthermore, the relative concentration of basic sites, base/(base+acid), is found as a better descriptor for STO catalytic performances. This work shows the clear correlation between surface reconstruction, relative basicity/acidity and OCM catalytic performance over perovskite catalysts. The trends here are similar to those for CH4 combustion over the reconstructed STO in our recent work. Overall, we suggest that tuning surface reconstruction/composition of perovskites can be an effective approach to control CH4 activation and conversions.
Kemp Eliminases of the AlleyCat Family Possess High Substrate Promiscuity
Authors: Caselle Elizabeth A. , Yoon Jennifer H. , Bhattacharya Sagar , Rempillo Joel J. L. , Lengyel Zsófia , D'Souza Areetha , Moroz Yurii S. , Tolbert Patricia L. , Volkov Alexander N. , Forconi Marcello , Castañeda Carlos A. , Makhlynets Olga V. , Korendovych Ivan V.
Published: March 2019

The front cover artwork for Issue 05/2019 is provided by the Korendoych and the Makhlynets Labs at Syracuse University (USA) in collaboration with the VIB Centre for Structural Biology (Belgium), College of Charleston (USA) and Kyiv National University (Ukraine). The image shows AlleyCat2, a minimalist allosterically regulated Kemp eliminase, efficiently promoting ring opening of leflunomide, an immunosuppresant. Small libraries of designed catalysts provide fertile ground for discovering new reactivities. See the Communication itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801994.