bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brief Remarks on Paradigm Shifts in Japanese Anthropology during the 20th Century
Authors: Kreiner Josef
Published: February 2024

Anthropological thinking has a long history in Japan and had already reached a rather high level during the Edo period. For these “roots”, I refer to the very compact and up to now the best review in a Western language by the founder of folklore studies in modern Japan, Yanagita Kunio (Yanagida (sic!) 1944). In this paper, I will restrict myself, however, to the developments starting from the beginning of the modernization of Japan since the Meiji Restauration of 1868. Under the term “anthropology” I summarize here ethnology (cultural and/or social anthropology) and folklore studies (both referred to in Japanese as minzokugaku, but written with different characters), but will also include parts of neighboring sciences, such as sociology, linguistics, archaeology and prehistory, and physical anthropology, as far as they pertain to the central questions dealt with by the former.
From “Japanese Studies” to “International Japanese Studies” from Japan
Authors: Oguchi Masashi
Published: February 2024

“Japanese Studies” has become a word used ordinarily throughout the world, I think the term “International Japanese Studies” is a new wording created by the Hosei University. To prove this, the founders of the institution applied to Japan Patent Office and registered the name “Research Center for International Japanese Studies” as a trademark. Therefore in Japan, the establishment of an institution under the title of “Research Center for International Japanese Studies” had lawfully become the exclusive right of Hosei University. Here, I will discuss the meaning of this new field “International Japanese Studies” and try to summarize our activities and their results.
Technology Selection for Wastewater Treatment in the Maldives
Authors: KHALID MOHAMED SUMA , HECTOR GARCIA HERNANDEZ  , CHRISTINE MARIA HOOIJMANS
Published: February 2024

In the Maldives, the discharge of untreated wastewater into the sea poses a significant threat to public health and the marine environment. This study proposes technically feasible, sustainable, and economical wastewater treatment technologies appropriate for small islands in the Maldives. Out of the 187 residential islands in the Maldives, three islands (HA. Dhidhdhoo, HA. Hoarafushi, and HA. Ihavandhoo) were selected as study areas. This study characterized the wastewater from these islands using physiochemical and microbiological water quality assessment parameters. The Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies Appropriate for Reuse (WAWTTAR), an open-source software developed by the Humbolt State University in 1993, was used to simulate the performance of different wastewater treatment processes to treat the characterized wastewater. The feasible alternatives identified from these simulations were analyzed using a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), considering various indicators that influence the decision-making process. The wastewater quality assessment revealed that the wastewater generated in the three islands produced low concentrations of chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD and BOD), with concentrations ranging from 267 – 309 mg/L and 128 – 219 mg/L, respectively. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were also low (5.7 – 18.0 mg/L and 2.8 – 14.9 mg/L, respectively), where these concentrations in Dhidhdhoo and Hoarafushi were already within the maximum allowable limits of 15 mg/L and 10 mg/L, respectively, for discharge into the deep sea. Based on the findings, secondary treatment technologies such as membrane bioreactors (MBR) and sequencing batch reactors (SBR) with Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection were found to be the most feasible options for treating the wastewater. These results were further checked for robustness using a sensitivity analysis. This study demonstrates that the proposed methodology is suitable for technology selection and can provide valuable information for policymakers and stakeholders in the country and serve as a basis for future studies.
Direct Public Support of R&D and Innovation in Czech Firms: Unintended Consequences and Possible Peltzman Effect
Authors: Vokoun Marek
Published: February 2024

This paper examines the complex relationship between direct public support for innovation projects, the capacity to continuously innovate, and turnover growth, with a particular emphasis on the potential for a Peltzman effect. The objective of the quantitative analysis is to ascertain whether companies that are incentivized by direct subsidies tend to favour safer projects over riskier, groundbreaking innovations. To this end, the 2014 Czech innovation dataset has been employed, together with an extensive literature review. The findings indicate a correlation between firms that receive public funding and those that engage in continuous or occasional innovation activities. However, the impact on turnover growth is not positive, implying that, on average, public subsidies do not significantly contribute to turnover growth. The study raises concerns about potential market distortions, inefficient resource allocation, and the dynamics of collaboration among large firms in publicly funded projects. While acknowledging the exploratory nature of the models, the study emphasizes the importance of ongoing scrutiny and refinement of innovation policies to ensure their effectiveness in promoting genuine innovation while mitigating unintended consequences.
Hubungan Penggunaan ChatGPT Dengan Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Mahasiswa
Authors: Muhammad Hisyam Nashir  , Teddy Kurnia Wirakusumah  , Dedi Rumawan Erlandia
Published: February 2024

The rise in the phenomenon of using Artificial Intelligence such as ChatGPT and the very high trust of the Indonesian people in the development of Artificial Intelligence, especially the Gen Z generation group with Higher Education status (students), has given rise to debate in terms of the impact of its uses as a technology that helps the learning process. On the positive side, ChatGPT can provide personalized and interactive learning, while on the negative side, ChatGPT can provide incorrect and inaccurate information. Meanwhile, penetration of its uses can no longer be avoided because it is easy to access, so the good and bad sides will continue to be felt, especially for its users. Moreover, until now there is still very little research on how this technology can help fulfill the needs of students within the research campus, especially the most important need for them as someone who is pursuing higher education, namely the need for satisfying learning. Therefore, this research aims to explain the relationship between the uses of ChatGPT and the fulfillment of learning needs for students at the Faculty of Communication Sciences, Padjadjaran University with the help of the Uses and Gratification theory approach. The research method usesd is a quantitative method with a type of correlational study design using the Spearman Rank correlation test The results of this study show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the uses of ChatGPT and fulfilling the learning needs of students at the Faculty of Communication Sciences, Padjadjaran University with a correlation coefficient of 0.834. So, it can be concluded that the higher the uses of ChatGPT, the higher the fulfillment of students' learning needs, which means that frequent uses of ChatGPT can indicate that it is closely related to satisfying learning needs.
Antiviral properties of Essential Oils: What do we know?
Authors: Bisson Gabriela Silva
Published: February 2024

This narrative review delves into the antiviral properties of essential oils and aromatherapy, a field gaining prominence recently. Essential oils are noted for their pharmacological effects, particularly their antiviral capabilities. The review pays special attention to essential oils' effectiveness against influenza and coronaviruses. A comprehensive review in this context underscores the diverse chemical compounds in essential oils that offer broad-spectrum antiviral mechanisms. This is crucial given the growing resistance to conventional antiviral drugs, positioning plant-derived essential oils as potential novel antiviral agents. The hypothesis posited in this review is that essential oils could be effective natural antiviral agents, potentially useful as complementary or alternative therapies in viral infections. The review underscores the significance of essential oils' antiviral properties in enhancing human health, advocating for more focused research in this area.
Evaluation of the effects of essential oils on the reduction of stress: a rapid narrative review
Authors: Gusmão Camilla Teixeira Pinheiro
Published: February 2024

The present narrative review focuses on exploring the role of essential oils as a significant intervention in stress management. Stress, defined as an adaptive response to challenging stimuli, manifests in various spheres, with its approach being essential for the preservation of physical and emotional well-being. Essential oils present themselves as bioactive agents whose impact occurs on the nervous system through olfactory and cutaneous pathways, directly influencing emotional processes, memories, mood, and behavior. Notable among these essential oils are lavender, chamomile, and bergamot, recognized for their anti-stress properties. The application of these essential oils, whether through inhalation or cutaneous administration, demonstrates efficacy in promoting beneficial physiological and psychological effects. Individualization of treatment is emphasized, considering synergies, affinities, and personal preferences. The diversity of products, including diffusers and creams, amplifies application options, offering a flexible and personalized approach. In the clinical realm, the inclusion of essential oils in the stress management protocol is supported by their ability to modulate emotional responses and promote states of relaxation. In summary, essential oils emerge as a prominent and customizable strategy in stress treatment, contributing significantly to the promotion of physical and emotional balance in individuals.
Essential Oils: Usage, Safety, and Efficacy during Pregnancy
Authors: Paixão Viviane Lúcia Barão
Published: February 2024

Essential oils, while beneficial for various purposes, may pose risks to pregnant women and their fetuses, including hormonal imbalance, toxicity, and teratogenicity. Therefore, consultation with healthcare professionals is crucial before using these oils during pregnancy. Research is needed to determine which oils should be avoided and the safest methods of application. A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol published in 2022 aims to examine the effectiveness of aromatherapy, including essential oils, in preventing and treating various conditions. This study could provide valuable insights into the safe use of essential oils during pregnancy. Additionally, understanding the regulatory landscape and recognizing quality certifications is crucial for consumers to make informed decisions. The European Federation of Essential Oils (EFEO) and the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) have published guidance for characterizing essential oils. Despite the insights offered by clinical studies and professionals, there remains a gap in comprehensive research, particularly regarding specific oils and their effects on pregnancy-related conditions. This highlights the need for more rigorous scientific exploration.
LES CLÉS DE L’INFLUENCE DES ONG DANS LA NÉGOCIATION DE QUELQUES INSTRUMENTS INTERNATIONAUX
Authors: Le Goff Gaëlle
Published: February 2024

Basé sur les résultats d’une étude précédente consacrée à l’influence des Organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) sur quelques instruments internationaux, le présent article explore dans une perspective généraliste et holistique, les facteurs d’influence des ONG sur la négociation des textes internationaux. Juriste de formation, l’auteur s’est attachée à mettre en perspective les éléments juridiques, politiques et sociaux susceptibles de faciliter ou de gêner l’influence des ONG dans la formulation des normes de droit international. Cet article montre que les éléments favorables à l’influence des ONG sont nombreux, divers et, parfois conjoncturels. Aussi le succès des ONG dépend-t-il de leur capacité à maîtriser parfaitement les éléments qui sont de leur ressort, et de leur aptitude à comprendre et à agir en fonction des événements. En définitive, les facteurs d’influence étudiés constituent une grille de lecture, non exhaustive, qui devrait donner au lecteur les clés d’une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de l’influence des ONG dans la négociation des instruments internationaux.
UNITE OU PLURALISME, A PROPOS DE LA GARANTIE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME EN EUROPE
Authors: Badinter Robert
Published: February 2024

Après avoir dressé un bilan de l’activité de la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme, l’auteur se penche sur l’effet de l’adhésion des pays d’Europe centrale et orientale qui contribuent déjà à un accroissement considérable du nombre de requêtes, ce qui l’amène à faire état des points positifs du Protocole n°11, dont la mission est d’éviter un engorgement. Mais, craignant l’insuffisance, il propose d’autres solutions ; notamment une refonte complète du système actuel par l’adoption d’un nouveau Protocole. La deuxième partie de la contribution porte sur la Charte européenne des droits fondamentaux. Après avoir analysé son opportunité, son contenu et sa portée potentielle, l’auteur rappelle les difficultés rencontrées par ses rédacteurs mettant enfin en garde contre les écueils prévisibles à la lumière de ceux rencontrés par les Cours de Luxembourg et Strasbourg. Il conclut enfin sur l’adhésion repoussée lors du Sommet de Nice.
LES LIGNES DE FORCE DE L’ÉVOLUTION DU DROIT DE LA CONVENTION EUROPÉENNE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME ET DU CONTRÔLE DE SON APPLICATION
Authors: Cohen-Jonathan Gérard
Published: February 2024

Pour l’essentiel, le droit de la Convention européenne a subi depuis cinquante ans une double évolution, l’extension de son empire étant prolongée par une meilleure application au niveau national. En dehors de la diversité des droits eux-mêmes, l’extension du droit de la Convention doit beaucoup aux méthodes retenues par la Cour européenne pour les interpréter, d’une manière toujours dynamique et finaliste. Les voies de cette extension sont nombreuses, qu’il s’agisse, par exemple, de l’interprétation fonctionnelle des limitations de souveraineté ou de la théorie des « obligations positives ». Ces efforts ne dispensent pas d’apporter à la Convention, le cas échéant, un complément normatif. Un réel ordre européen des libertés requiert encore une amélioration apportée au niveau de l’application de ces normes en droit national, non seulement dans le cadre de l’exécution des arrêts, mais en dehors même de tout contentieux. Dans les deux cas, c’est l’idée de prévention qui domine. Comme en matière de mesures conservatoires ou provisoires, la pratique du Comité des droits de l’Homme des Nations Unies révèle une remarquable synergie. Ces progrès ne doivent pas faire oublier cependant la nécessité d’une meilleure cohérence et d’une transparence accrue de la jurisprudence européenne. L’ « ordre européen des libertés », que l’on porte haut, interdit plus que jamais les errements. Désormais seule à instruire les requêtes des individus, qui - phénomène unique au monde - s’adressent directement à elle, la Cour de Strasbourg doit faire face à une surcharge de travail qui expose paradoxalement l’individu au risque de déni de justice, et qui rend la réforme urgente, afin de suppléer aux faiblesses de la réforme introduite par le Protocole 11. Au moment de la rédaction de cette étude, la Conférence ministérielle européenne sur les droits de l’Homme ne s’était pas encore tenue. Des nombreuses interventions, de la Déclaration politique et des résolutions adoptées, il résulte la volonté la plus large de réaffirmer le rôle central que la Convention doit jouer en tant qu’ « instrument constitutionnel de l’ordre public européen ». C’est pourquoi, tout en saluant l’adoption d’une Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne, les Ministres veulent éviter tout conflit entre les deux systèmes de protection et évoquent à nouveau l’adhésion de la Communauté à la Convention. Concernant le nouveau Protocole 12 sur la non-discrimination, il a été, dès le 4 novembre, signé par 25 États.
QUELLES VIES PRIVÉE ET FAMILIALE POUR L’ÉTRANGER ? POUR UNE PROTECTION NON DISCRIMINATOIRE DE CES VIES PAR L’ARTICLE 8 DE LA CONVENTION EUROPÉENNE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (C.E.D.H.)
Authors: Saroléa Sylvie
Published: February 2024

L’article 8 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’Homme protège la vie familiale et la vie privée. Il ne peut y avoir d’ingérences dans le respect de ces droits que si elles sont prévues par la loi, nécessaires dans une société démocratique et proportionnelles à l’un des buts limitativement énumérés par cette disposition. Le présent article analyse l’application de cette disposition aux étrangers. La Cour et la Commission en ont déduit une protection à leur profit face aux mesures d’éloignement du territoire motivées notamment par l’ordre public et face aux décisions de refus d’accès au territoire. La jurisprudence décline cette protection, qui est celle de droits de la personne, et non du migrant, en fonction du contexte migratoire et des éléments d’extranéité des dossiers. Cette prise en compte ne doit pas être exclue. Toutefois, la manière dont elle opère conduit à un traitement discriminatoire de l’étranger. D’une part, les organes de Strasbourg jugent avec en toile de fond le droit qu’ils qualifient de « bien établi » des États de contrôler l’accès à leur territoire et la présence d’étrangers sur celui-ci. Cette affirmation n’est nullement questionnée au regard des causes légitimes prévues par l’article 8, lesquelles ne contiennent pas expressément la politique migratoire. D’autre part, lorsque ce contexte et la nationalité étrangère de la personne concernée interviennent aux trois niveaux d’examen des affaires : l’existence d’une vie familiale ou d’une vie privée, d’une ingérence dans celle-ci et l’analyse de la proportionnalité, la différence de traitement est indûment démultipliée. L’auteur propose à la Cour de s’affranchir de la chape que constitue pour sa jurisprudence le principe de la souveraineté des États en matière migratoire en l’analysant au regard des critères posés par l’article 8. Ce faisant, elle pourrait offrir à toute personne, fût-elle étrangère, une protection non discriminatoire de la vie familiale et de la vie privée.
COMPÉTENCE JUDICIAIRE ET COMPÉTENCE ARBITRALE : ANALYSE DE LA JURISPRUDENCE RÉCENTE AU QUÉBEC
Authors: Prujiner Alain
Published: February 2024

Depuis la Convention de New York en 1958, le régime juridique de l’arbitrage a constamment évolué. Ce mode de résolution des litiges a nécessité l’adoption de législations dans l’ensemble des provinces et des territoires du Canada, en plus du Parlement fédéral. Cet article présente l’attitude favorable des tribunaux et des particuliers envers l’arbitrage. L’utilisation accrue de l’arbitrage ne s’est toutefois pas faite sans heurts particulièrement en ce qui a trait à la détermination de la compétence des juges et des arbitres. L’auteur analyse cinq jugements qui illustrent bien les problèmes concrets auxquels le monde judiciaire doit encore faire face. Finalement, l’auteur porte un regard critique sur la situation actuelle tout en proposant des modifications qui permettraient de clarifier les compétences judiciaires et arbitrales.
LA CRÉATION DE LA COUR AFRICAINE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME ET DES PEUPLES : MÉCANISME EFFICACE DE PROTECTION DES DROITS DE L’HOMME ?
Authors: Delas Olivier , Ntaganda Eugène
Published: February 2024

La Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples se distingue des autres instruments internationaux. Elle proclame non seulement des droits, mais également des devoirs, tant sur le plan individuel que collectif. Le contrôle de cette Charte est confié à une Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, qui est l’organe principal de la Charte. Cependant, vingt ans après son adoption, la Charte africaine ne permet pas encore une mise en oeuvre effective des droits de l’Homme sur le continent africain.

L’OUA a adopté un projet de protocole à la Charte africaine dont le but est de créer une véritable Cour. Néanmoins, cette méthode comporte des lacunes institutionnelles en ce qui concerne le mécanisme des garanties procédurales. Les auteurs relèvent non seulement les insuffisances de la Commission, mais également les lacunes sur le statut de la Cour. Ils dégagent les possibilités de ce nouveau mécanisme tout en déterminant les limites intrinsèques et opérationnelles qui peuvent occasionner une entrave à l’efficience du mécanisme de protection.
A REVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF TRIBAL CHILDREN: POLICY IMPLICATIONS IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA
Authors: Gathia Joseph
Published: February 2024

Human dignity and integrity are the symbolic concepts at the centre of the ethical system comprising the social values that are the essence of human rights. The paper traces the Indian heritage of human rights and links this with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and pleads that human rights are not a Eurocentric idea. Contrary to the prevalent notion among NGOs that the Child’s Rights Convention is the only instrument which provides for the rights of children, the paper argues that the Universal Declaration on Human Rights provides a more holistic approach, as well as opportunities to the children from marginalized groups, particularly tribal children.

The paper is divided into five parts. Part one deals with the origin and cultural factors of human rights and the role of Universal Declaration on Human Rights in promoting and providing human rights of marginalized groups such as tribal communities. Part two deals with the situation of tribal children with particular reference to girls in India. Part three discusses the legal provisions and the effect of the CRC and UDHR. Part four deals with the micro level experiments and experiences, and, finally, part five with the policy implications for future action. The paper concludes with a note that strengthening grassroots democratic institutions is an important action, which needs to be on the agenda in the next millennium. The UDHR, rather than CRC and CEDAW, may play a more affirmative role because of their more holistic approaches, encompassing civil and political rights as well as cultural, economic and social rights. The paper also briefly sheds light on the effect of a market economy on tribal children.
L’ARBITRAGE INTERNATIONAL AU QUÉBEC : ORDRE PUBLIC INTERNE OU ORDRE PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL ?
Authors: Cartier Stéphanie
Published: February 2024

L’auteur s’interroge sur la nature de « l’ordre public » applicable à l’arbitrage international du Québec en étudiant la législation et la jurisprudence québécoise sur l’arbitrage interne et international. Les considérations d’ordre public interne prévalent-elles sur l’arbitrage international au Québec ou bien sont-elles des considérations d’ordre public international, limitant le moins possible ce mode privé de résolution de différends ?

L’auteur s’inspire d’abord du débat sur le caractère de « l’ordre public tel qu’entendu dans les relations internationales » adopté en droit international privé par le législateur québécois en 1994, après un long débat de près de vingt ans entre l’adoption « de l’ordre public interne » et de cet « ordre public international ». L’auteur étudie l’ « ordre public tel qu’il est entendu dans les relations internationales », de ce mode judiciaire de résolution des litiges internationaux, à la fois dans les règles du choix de la loi applicable par les tribunaux québécois et dans les règles de reconnaissance et d’exécution des jugements étrangers au Québec.

L’auteur compare ensuite la précision du législateur québécois en droit international privé quant au choix de « l’ordre public international » dans le chapitre X du Code civil du Québec et l’imprécision du législateur québécois en matière d’arbitrage international. L’auteur analyse l’utilisation de « l’ordre public » comme limite à ce mode privé de résolution des différends dans les instruments internationaux. Puis, elle poursuit avec « l’ordre public » des instruments législatifs québécois : dans la détermination de la compétence arbitrale (ou de l’arbitrabilité), dans la procédure arbitrale, dans le choix de la loi applicable par l’arbitre, dans le contrôle par les tribunaux, par homologation de sentences arbitrales internes et par la reconnaissance et l’exécution de sentences arbitrales étrangères, du choix de la loi applicable par l’arbitre. L’auteur étudie aussi les limites du droit international privé québécois imposées à l’arbitrage international portant sur les contrats d’emploi et de consommation.

Enfin, l’auteur conclut en déplorant l’imprécision de la référence à « l’ordre public » en arbitrage international au Québec, mais encourage néanmoins les tribunaux québécois à se référer à un « ordre public international » quand ils sont appelés à limiter le recours de parties privées à l’arbitrage international.
LE CONTRÔLE DE LÉGALITÉ DES DÉCISIONS DU CONSEIL DE SÉCURITÉ – UN BILAN APRÈS LES ORDONNANCES LOCKERBIE ET L’ARRÊT TADIC
Authors: Mazeron Florent
Published: February 2024

La contestation récente par certains États de la légalité des décisions du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU a redonné vie à un débat en sommeil depuis la Conférence de San Francisco, celui du contrôle de légalité des décisions du Conseil de sécurité. La chambre d’appel du TPIY, en admettant que même dans le cadre du Chapitre VII, l’action du Conseil était soumise à des contraintes juridiques, a ouvert la voie à un contrôle juridictionnel. Si ce contrôle apparaît opportun pour contrer certaines dérives dangereuses du Conseil de sécurité, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’il est fort difficile à mettre en œuvre vu l’état actuel du droit international. D’abord, parce que la CIJ n’a pas été conçue pour régler un contentieux de cette nature et il n’existe donc pas de fondement textuel à un tel contrôle. Ensuite, parce que le contrôle d’un pouvoir discrétionnaire reste un exercice éminemment difficile, nécessitant des standards adéquats qui, dans le cas présent, permettrait d’empêcher toute décision arbitraire du Conseil de sécurité sans toutefois substituer l’appréciation du juge à celle du Conseil. Les standards de contrôle proposés par le TPIY, fondés sur les buts et principes de la Charte de l’ONU, ne nous semblent pas, à cet égard, satisfaisants.
L’OBLIGATION DE JUGER OU D’EXTRADER DANS LA PRATIQUE CONTEMPORAINE DU CANADA
Authors: Olivier Marie-Pierre
Published: February 2024

Depuis quelques années, il existe, au sein de la communauté internationale, une volonté de punir les auteurs de crimes de guerre et de crimes contre l’humanité au sein de la communauté internationale, telle que l’illustrent la création des tribunaux internationaux pour le Rwanda et l’ex-Yougoslavie et, plus récemment, la ratification à Rome du traité sur la constitution de la Cour criminelle internationale. Toutefois, il est raisonnable de se demander si cette volonté ne demeure qu’un vœu pieux. Voilà la question que cet article aborde plus particulièrement sous l’angle de l’obligation en droit international pour les États de juger ou d’extrader les auteurs de crimes internationaux, une obligation qui existe depuis de nombreuses années et qui se retrouve au sein de plusieurs conventions et traités internationaux. L’auteur en présente les sources ainsi que les conséquences pour les États parties, en analysant la prétention de certains internationalistes qu’il s’agirait d’une norme coutumière.

Après avoir mis en place la toile de fond de l’obligation de juger ou d’extrader, l’auteur examine la pratique canadienne en présentant les développements législatifs au Canada, plus particulièrement la Loi sur l’extradition et les modifications apportées au Code criminel. En ce qui a trait à ces dernières, l’auteur trace un bref historique des événements qui ont mené à leur adoption. La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés constitue un autre instrument législatif important et susceptible d’avoir un impact sur l’obligation de juger ou d’extrader. À ce titre, l’auteur analyse les différentes sections de la Charte pouvant être invoquées dans ce contexte ainsi que la façon dont ces sections ont été interprétées par les tribunaux canadiens.

Puisque le Canada a ratifié la majorité des conventions internationales ayant trait à l’obligation de juger ou d’extrader les auteurs de crimes internationaux et que les instruments nécessaires pour s’en acquitter sont inclus dans la législation canadienne, comment se fait-il que les cas de procès ou d’extradition pour crimes internationaux soient si peu répandus ? Après avoir analysé la politique canadienne actuelle, l’auteur conclut qu’il existe un fossé entre les intentions et la pratique, et formule des recommandations pour l’avenir en vue de modifier la législation et surtout la pratique de sorte que le Canada puisse s’acquitter plus efficacement de ses obligations internationales. De telles modifications sont impératives à l’heure où le droit pénal s’internationalise.
IQCH regulates spermatogenesis by interacting with CaM to promote the expression of RNA-binding proteins
Authors: Ruan Tiechao , Zhou Ruixi , Yang Yihong , Guo Junchen , Jiang Chuan , Wang Xiang , Shen Gan , Dai Siyu , Chen Suren , Shen Ying
Published: February 2024

IQ motif-containing proteins can be recognized by calmodulin (CaM) and are essential for many biological processes. However, the role of IQ motif-containing proteins in spermatogenesis is largely unknown. In this study, we identified a loss-of-function mutation in the novel gene IQ motif-containing H (
IQCH
) in a Chinese family with male infertility, characterized by a cracked flagellar axoneme and abnormal mitochondrial structure. To verify the function of IQCH,
Iqch
-knockout mice were generated by CRISPR-Cas9 technology which reproduced the human phenotypes. Mechanistically, IQCH can bind to CaM and then regulate the expression of RNA-binding proteins (especially HNRPAB), which are indispensable for spermatogenesis. Collectively, this study firstly unveiled the function of IQCH, expanded the role of IQ motif-containing proteins in reproductive processes, and provided important guidance for genetic counseling and gene diagnosis for male infertility.
Combinatorial expression of gamma-protocadherins regulates synaptic connectivity in the mouse neocortex
Authors: Zhu Yi-Jun , Deng Cai-Yun , Fan Liu , Wang Ya-Qian , Zhou Hui , Xu Hua-Tai
Published: February 2024

In the process of synaptic formation, neurons must not only adhere to specific principles when selecting synaptic partners but also possess mechanisms to avoid undesirable connections. Yet, the strategies employed to prevent unwarranted associations have remained largely unknown. In our study, we have identified the pivotal role of combinatorial clustered protocadherin gamma (γ-PCDH) expression in orchestrating synaptic connectivity in the mouse neocortex. Through 5-prime end single-cell sequencing, we unveiled the intricate combinatorial expression patterns of γ-PCDH variable isoforms within neocortical neurons. Furthermore, our whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that as the similarity in this combinatorial pattern among neurons increased, their synaptic connectivity decreased. Our findings elucidate a sophisticated molecular mechanism governing the construction of neural networks in the mouse neocortex.
Cortical Plasticity is associated with Blood-Brain-Barrier Modulation
Authors: Swissa Evyatar , Monsonego Uri , Yang Lynn T. , Schori Lior , Kamintsky Lyna , Mirloo Sheida , Burger Itamar , Uzzan Sarit , Patel Rishi , Sudmant Peter H , Prager Ofer , Kaufer Daniela , Friedman Alon
Published: February 2024

Brain microvessels possess the unique properties of a blood-brain barrier (BBB), tightly regulating the passage of molecules from the blood to the brain neuropil and vice versa. In models of brain injury, BBB dysfunction and the associated leakage of serum albumin to the neuropil have been shown to induce pathological plasticity, neuronal hyper-excitability, and seizures. The effect of neuronal activity on BBB function and whether it plays a role in plasticity in the healthy brain remain unclear. Here we show that neuronal activity induces modulation of microvascular permeability in the healthy brain and that it has a role in local network reorganization. Combining simultaneous electrophysiological recording and vascular imaging with transcriptomic analysis in rats, and functional and BBB-mapping MRI in human subjects we show that prolonged stimulation of the limb induces a focal increase in BBB permeability in the corresponding somatosensory cortex that is associated with long-term synaptic plasticity. We further show that the increased microvascular permeability depends on neuronal activity and involves caveolae-mediated transcytosis and transforming growth factor beta signaling. Our results reveal a role of BBB modulation in cortical plasticity in the healthy brain, highlighting the importance of neurovascular interactions for sensory experience and learning.
A Novel Imaging Method (FIM-ID) Reveals that Myofibrillogenesis Plays a Major Role in the Mechanically Induced Growth of Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Jorgenson Kent W. , Hibbert Jamie E. , Sayed Ramy K. A. , Lange Anthony N. , Godwin Joshua S. , Mesquita Paulo H. C. , Ruple Bradley A. , McIntosh Mason C. , Kavazis Andreas N. , Roberts Michael D. , Hornberger Troy A.
Published: February 2024

An increase in mechanical loading, such as that which occurs during resistance exercise, induces radial growth of muscle fibers (i.e., an increase in cross-sectional area). Muscle fibers are largely composed of myofibrils, but whether radial growth is mediated by an increase in the size of the myofibrils (i.e., myofibril hypertrophy) and/or the number of myofibrils (i.e., myofibrillogenesis) is not known. Electron microscopy (EM) can provide images with the level of resolution that is needed to address this question, but the acquisition and subsequent analysis of EM images is a time- and cost-intensive process. To overcome this, we developed a novel method for visualizing myofibrils with a standard fluorescence microscope (FIM-ID). Images from FIM-ID have a high degree of resolution and contrast, and these properties enabled us to develop pipelines for automated measurements of myofibril size and number. After extensively validating the automated measurements, we used both mouse and human models of increased mechanical loading to discover that the radial growth of muscle fibers is largely mediated by myofibrillogenesis. Collectively, the outcomes of this study offer insight into a fundamentally important topic in the field of muscle growth and provide future investigators with a time- and cost-effective means to study it.
Enhanced trajectory tracking for quadrotors: disturbance observer state feedback control
Authors: Ren Siyu , Wang Liuping , Guan Robin Ping
Published: February 2024

This study investigates the dynamics and trajectory tracking of quadcopters by utilizing the Disturbance Observer-based Control (DOBC) algorithm. The quadcopter’s dynamic model, which consists of six degrees of freedom, includes both disturbances and uncertainties in the model. The DOBC approach incorporates the disturbance model into the system by introducing it at the input variables. It then compensates for disturbances to achieve accurate tracking of different reference trajectories. The simulated trajectories span a range of motion, varying from simple straight paths to complex spiral paths. In order to verify and evaluate the efficacy of the suggested control technique, simulations are performed using MATLAB. The simulations conclusively show that the disturbance observer-based method effectively achieves the tracking of specified reference trajectories in three-dimensional space. The study highlights the effectiveness of the DOBC algorithm in reducing the effects of disturbances and uncertainties, thereby improving the quadcopter’s capacity to accurately track various trajectories.
Effect of Continuous Application of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Growth Parameters and Yield of Rice
Authors: Tirkey Niketa , Singh C.S. , Singh A.K. , Singh Arvind Kumar , Manjhi R.P. , Alam Md. Parwaiz , Mahapatra P
Published: February 2024

A Long term (37 years) field experiment was conducted at Agronomical Research farm of Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi during Kharif season in 2020 to study the effect of Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth parameter and yield of rice. The experiment was conducted in Partially Confounded Design with nineteen treatments replicated four times. The rice variety used was Sahabhagi Dhan. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium level used were 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1, 0, 40 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 0 and 40 kg K2O ha-1.Application of 120 kg N ha-1, 80 kg P kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 significantly increased plant height, produced maximum numbers of tillers, dry matter and leaf area index at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest. The maximum grain and straw yield was recorded under with application of 120 kg N ha-1, 80 kg P kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1.
Global Stability Analysis of a Fractional-Order Ebola Epidemic Model with Control Strategies
Authors: Lolika Paride O. , Helikumi Mlyashimbi , Jomah Sulieman A. S. , Bakhet Mohamed Y. A. , Galla Kennedy Crispo , Kheiralla Awad Hussien
Published: February 2024

We proposed a fractional-order derivative model for Ebola virus disease (EVD) to assess the effects of control strategies on the spread of the disease in the population. The proposed model incorporates all relevant biological factors, health education campaigns, prevention measures, and treatment as control strategies. We computed the basic reproduction number R0 and qualitatively used it to assess the existence of the model states. In particular, we noted that two equilibrium points exist, the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points which are both globally stable whenever R0 < 1 and R0 > 1 respectively. We performed sensitivity analysis on the key parameters that drive the EVD dynamics to determine their relative importance in EVD transmission and prevalence. Model parameters were estimated using the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Guinea. Further, numerical simulation results are presented using fractional Adam-Bashforth-Moulton scheme to support the analytical findings. From the numerical simulations, we have noted that as \(\alpha\) decreases from unit, the solution profiles of the model attain its stability much faster than at \(\alpha\) = 1. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the aforementioned control strategies have the potential to reduce the transmission of EVD in the population.
Marketing Behaviour of Young Chrysanthemum Growers in Salem District of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Murugan, P. P  , Sree Madhumitha, G  , Denadyalan, S  , Janaki Rani, A
Published: February 2024

Aims: Cultivation of flower crops increases the income of the farmer through diversification of farm and improve their livelihood. The present study aims to analyse the marketing behavior of farm youth and constraints experienced by them in chrysanthemum cultivation.

Study Design: Ex-post facto research design was employed in the study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Salem district of Tamil Nadu during 2021.

Methodology: Salem district of Tamil Nadu was purposively selected as it has highest area under chrysanthemum cultivation. To achieve the objectives of the study, the data was gathered from the 120 young chrysanthemum growers from twelve villages of Salem district. The young chrysanthemum growers were randomly selected and the data has been gathered through personal interview method. The collected data has been tabulated and analyzed with suitable statistical tools like percentage analysis, cumulative frequency and mean score were employed.

Results: The findings revealed that chrysanthemum growers sell flowers as soon as it’s harvested (80%) through marketing channel – B (Farmer – Commission agent - Market). They fix price based on demand for the produce (50%) and sell in the nearby market within 5 km (43.33%) based on the market information obtained from relatives and friends (56.67%) with the help of truck (39.17%). While marketing farmer’s spent less on transport (55%) and got paid immediately after sale (60%) with cash (100%). Thus, it was found that nearly three-fourth of the young chrysanthemum growers had medium level of marketing behaviour (86.67%) and high commission charges (Mean score of 2.76) was the severe problematic constraint and problem of irrigation (Mean score of 1.80) was the least problematic constraint experienced by them.

Conclusion: Most of the farmers cultivate flower crops due to its high value and ensure reasonable price for the farmers. Since farmers are facing difficulties to continue agriculture because of reduced income and difficulties in marketing, they should be engaged in floriculture sector to increase their income. The untapped potential of the floriculture sector draw youth towards agriculture and ensures providing remunerative price to the small and marginal farmers involved in flower cultivation. Apart from providing income security to farmers, cultivation of flower crops ensures improves the livelihood of farmers by increasing their income.
Does the Effect of Different Governance Channels Depend on the Level of Development of African Countries?
Authors: Avom Désiré , Kenfack Martial Aimé , Ongo Emmanuel
Published: February 2024

The level of development of African States is consistent with the discussions surrounding the need for countries in the region to be fully immersed in practical philosophy. Decision-makers must adopt a coordinated strategy to stimulate the sustainable development of their economy; by incorporating various national plans aimed at encouraging well-being into national governance mechanisms. This paper studied the impact of governance on sustainable development. We use a dynamic panel estimation model, incorporating the PCA technique, to group the governance indicators of Kaufmann et al. [1] into three main composite indicators: economic, institutional and political governance. The Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimate shows that the development level of African countries is strongly influenced by established institutions. In the short- and long-term, various governance indicators (political, economic, and institutional) have a significant impact on human development and the ecological footprint of countries with high levels of development. On the other hand, they can only significantly stimulate development in countries with a medium level of development in the long term. Much more effort should be made in poorly developed countries to address the shortcomings that limit the implementation of laws and the fulfillment of the obligations of companies, the state, and citizens to ensure sustainable development.
Learning Character-based Analysis of Child Students Via Deep Learning Method
Authors: Huy Dinh Tran Ngoc
Published: February 2024

Character education is a program that encourages educational institutions worldwide to educate ethical, responsible and caring young individual by emphasizing universal eternal qualities. It is a proactive endeavour by schools, communities, and states to teach pupils moral ideals. This study highlighted how child-friendly schools could use literacy programs to build students' character. Because it was a case study, the author could not generalize the findings to all child-friendly schools. Character education was implemented by instilling moral values, facilitation, academic, social, and religious activities, and through class-based, school-wide, and community-based programs. The convolutional neural network (CNN) examines and learn character-based education for kids.
Mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity among four ethnic groups in Sierra Leone
Authors: Jackson Bruce A. , Wilson Jamie Lee , Kirbah Salwa , Sidney Sheree S. , Rosenberger Joshua , Bassie Larry , Alie Joe A.D. , McLean David C. , Garvey W. Timothy , Ely Bert
Published: March 2005

Although there are numerous ethnic groups in Sierra Leone, the Mende and Temne together account for approximately 60% of the total population. To see if genetic differences could be observed among ethnic groups in Sierra Leone, the nucleotide sequence of the hypervariable 1 (HV1) region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was determined from samples of the two major ethnic groups, the Mende (n = 59) and Temne (n = 121), and of two minor ethnic groups, the Loko (n = 29) and Limba (n = 67). Among these 276 HV1 sequences, 164 individual haplotypes were observed. An analysis of molecular variance indicated that the distribution of these haplotypes within the Limba sample was significantly different from that of the other ethnic groups. No significant genetic variation was seen between the Mende, Temne, and Loko. These results indicate that distinguishing genetic differences can be observed among ethnic groups residing in historically close proximity to one another. Furthermore, we observed some mitochondrial DNA haplotypes that are common among the Sierra Leone ethnic groups but that have not been observed in other published studies of West African ethnic groups. Therefore, we may have evidence for mtDNA lineages that are unique to this region of West Africa. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:156‐163, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel expression of αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 integrins in human melanoma cells upregulates bFGF expression and promotes their angiogenic phenotype
Authors: Döme Balázs , Rásó Erzsébet , Dobos Judit , Mészáros Livia , Varga Norbert , Puskás László G. , Fehér László Z. , Lörincz Tamár , Ladányi Andrea , Trikha Mohit , Honn Kenneth V. , Tímár József
Published: March 2005

Previous studies indicated that transfection of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3 into human melanoma cells expressing integrin αvβ3 promoted their in vivo (but not in vitro) growth and cell survival. To reveal the underlying pathomechanism, we have analyzed the angiogenic phenotype of αIIbβ3 integrin‐transduced human melanoma cells expressing integrin αvβ3. Upon heterotopic or orthotopic (intracutaneous) injections into SCID mice, the αIIbβ3 integrin‐overexpressing clones, ESL, ESH, 19L and 19H, grew more rapidly than the mock transfectant (αvβ3 expressing) clone, 3.1P. Morphometry demonstrated an increased intratumoral microvessel density in 19L and 19H tumors compared to 3.1P. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry indicated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is constitutively expressed in the majority of the cells of both the mock and the αIIbβ3 integrin‐transfected clones. However, the mock transfectant clone, 3.1P, did not express basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) at protein level (<1%), unlike the αIIbβ3 integrin‐transfected clones, 19L and 19H, (33.9 and 84.1%, respectively). Quantitative PCR analysis of 6 related human melanoma clones with various levels of αIIbβ3 integrin expressions revealed a correlation between the αIIb protein and bFGF mRNA expressions. Furthermore, cDNA microarray analysis of the 19H cells revealed 12 downregulated and 36 upregulated genes [among them 3 upregulated vasculogenic mimicry‐genes (CD34, endothelin receptor B, Prostaglandin I‐2 synthase)] when compared to 3.1P cells. The altered bFGF expression may be influenced by integrin‐linked signaling, since bβ3‐endonexin is upregulated in αIIbβ3‐transfected cells and tyrosine kinase inhibitors downregulate bFGF both at mRNA and protein levels. We propose here that the illegitimate expression of αIIbβ3 integrin in human melanoma cells already expressing αvβ3 integrin may alter their in vivo growth properties due to the modulation of their angiogenic phenotype. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.