bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Strength and Conditioning Association's Endorsement of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Sport Science Institute's “Mental Health Best Practices: Inter-Association Consensus Document: Best Practices for Understanding and Supporting Student-Athlete Mental Wellness”
Authors: Gearity Brian , Moore E. Whitney G.
Published: July 2017

COLLEGIATE ATHLETES EXPERIENCE UNIQUE AND SIGNIFICANT STRESSORS THAT REQUIRE AN INFORMED, TEAM APPROACH TO SUPPORTING THEIR MENTAL HEALTH. AS INTEGRAL MEMBERS OF THE SUPPORT TEAM RESPONSIBLE FOR COLLEGIATE ATHLETES' HEALTH AND WELL-BEING, STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROFESSIONALS SHOULD UNDERSTAND MENTAL HEALTH BEST PRACTICES AND APPLY THEM WITHIN THEIR SCOPE OF PRACTICE. THUS, THE NATIONAL STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING ASSOCIATION ENDORSES THE NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION'S DOCUMENT ENTITLED, “MENTAL HEALTH BEST PRACTICES: INTER-ASSOCIATION CONSENSUS DOCUMENT: BEST PRACTICES FOR UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORTING STUDENT-ATHLETE MENTAL WELLNESS.” THE FOLLOWING PROVIDES A BRIEF REVIEW OF THIS DOCUMENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROFESSIONALS.
Commitment-Based Strategies to Increase Exercise Participation
Authors: Kompf Justin , LaVaute Brittany
Published: July 2017

PARTICIPATION IN EXERCISE IS STAGGERINGLY LOW AND FEW MEET THE RECOMMENDED PRESCRIPTIONS FOR AEROBIC AND RESISTANCE TRAINING. ONE REASON FOR MINIMAL PARTICIPATION MAY BE DUE TO NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE EXPERIENCES FELT DURING EXERCISE. THE USE OF BEHAVIORAL COMMITMENT STRATEGIES CAN SUPPORT INDIVIDUALS' EFFORTS WITH AN EXERCISE PROGRAM, DESPITE UNPLEASANT AFFECTIVE STATES.
A practical algorithm for the retrieval of floe size distribution of Arctic sea ice from high-resolution satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery
Authors: Hwang Byongjun , Ren Jinchang , McCormack Samuel , Berry Craig , Ayed Ismail Ben , Graber Hans C. , Aptoula Erchan
Published: July 2017

In this study, we present an algorithm for summer sea ice conditions that semi-automatically produces the floe size distribution of Arctic sea ice from high-resolution satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar data. Currently, floe size distribution data from satellite images are very rare in the literature, mainly due to the lack of a reliable algorithm to produce such data. Here, we developed the algorithm by combining various image analysis methods, including Kernel Graph Cuts, distance transformation and watershed transformation, and a rule-based boundary revalidation. The developed algorithm has been validated against the ground truth that was extracted manually with the aid of 1-m resolution visible satellite data. Comprehensive validation analysis has shown both perspectives and limitations. The algorithm tends to fail to detect small floes (mostly less than 100 m in mean caliper diameter) compared to ground truth, which is mainly due to limitations in water-ice segmentation. Some variability in the power law exponent of floe size distribution is observed due to the effects of control parameters in the process of de-noising, Kernel Graph Cuts segmentation, thresholds for boundary revalidation and image resolution. Nonetheless, the algorithm, for floes larger than 100 m, has shown a reasonable agreement with ground truth under various selections of these control parameters. Considering that the coverage and spatial resolution of satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar data have increased significantly in recent years, the developed algorithm opens a new possibility to produce large volumes of floe size distribution data, which is essential for improving our understanding and prediction of the Arctic sea ice cover.
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA
Authors: Syafei Isop
Published: July 2017

This study was motivated by the fact that the process of learning the Quran Hadith subject in Madrasah Aliyah is still far from developing the students' critical thinking skills, caused by the learning process most focused on result and value (product oriented). This study aimed to generate and develop a learning model to improve student’s critical thinking skills. This research was conducted using research and development approach (R & D), included (1) a preliminary study, (2) Model Development, and (3) Test validation. Model testing carried out by experiment in the form of a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest control group design. The results showed that the learning model developed proved more effective to improve the processes and outcomes of learning the Qur'an Hadith. In terms of the learning process, the implementation of this model can improve the performance of teachers, namely; more effective learning time, learning more concentrated and more controlled learning activities.
STUDI DESKRIPTIF TENTANG KESABARAN IBU BEKERJA DALAM MENGASUH ANAK HIPERAKTIF DI SDN PUTRACO-INDAH
Authors: W Lisa , M Kintan , F Andhini , W Risha
Published: July 2017

Each parent was given a great responsibility, extraordinary privilege and grace as a role model that determines life, perhaps even growing someone who someday will become parents too. For working mothers, they are required to be able to divide their time between work and family time. In a phenomenon that we have encountered, working mother and have a hyperactive child often experience stress. This is caused by the condition of the mother when went home after office are facing some difficulties in controlling their child behavior. For that it takes the patience of a mother in particular who work in raising children are hyperactive so that later the child can maximize his or her potential.
PENTINGNYA KETERAMPILAN PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN SOSIAL BAGI SISWA SMP
Authors: Rofiq Arif Ainur
Published: July 2017

Social decision making skill is the ability to control self to be not easily influenced by social stimulus. This skill operated by using decision making steps include identifying problem, gathering information, doing verification, deciding alternatives solution, and choosing the best solution. This social decision making skill is very important for junior high school students because the inability of adolescents in decision making might bring them to negative life stream, which leads to failure to achieve an integral personality. By that, the social decision making skill is an important competence to be mastered by
Renal recovery following orthotopic liver transplant after prolonged kidney injury: Perspectives on diagnosing hepatorenal syndrome and determining which patients should undergo simultaneous liver kidney transplantation
Authors: Card Mary Elizabeth , Moeckel Gilbert , Turner Jeffrey Michael
Published: July 2017

We present a case of an individual with cirrhosis and renal failure. This case is notable because the patient was found to have hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) superimposed on Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. After 8 months of dialysis, the patient had significant renal recovery following orthotopic liver transplant (OLT). Cases such as this are not likely to be rare, as case series have shown that IgA deposits are a common occurrence in patients with cirrhosis, including those who have HRS. While current diagnostic criteria for HRS emphasize the importance of excluding glomerular lesions, we argue that this approach should be reconsidered. More specifically, we feel that the diagnostic approach to HRS should be more inclusive of cases in which patients have simultaneous HRS and glomerular injury. In addition, our case highlights the challenges in determining which patients will benefit most from simultaneous liver–kidney transplants over OLTs alone.
Finite-element modelling for the assessment of tunnel-induced damage to a masonry building
Authors: Yiu W. N. , Burd H. J. , Martin C. M.
Published: July 2017

The likely severity and extent of cracking damage in existing masonry buildings caused by shallow tunnelling in urban areas is typically assessed in practice using a phased sequence of calculations of increasing complexity. If initial assessments (e.g. with the building modelled as an elastic beam) suggest that damage could be significant, or for buildings with high heritage value, it may be appropriate to conduct more detailed assessments using three-dimensional (3D) numerical analysis. This paper demonstrates the application of 3D finite-element modelling in this context. Models are developed to quantify the effect of shallow tunnelling on an example masonry building founded on strip footings, considering both single- and twin-tunnel scenarios in a typical London soil profile. The analyses use appropriate constitutive models for the soil and the masonry, and allow for the possibility of slippage or gapping at the soil–foundation interface. The results presented here focus on the interaction between the soil and the building (by way of its foundations) and on the influence of explicitly modelled window and door openings. It is shown that useful damage predictions can be obtained from 3D analysis of a single facade and foundation, without the need to model a complete building. The study also highlights some of the limitations of current elastic beam assessment methods.
Joint time delay and Doppler passive acoustic 3D tracking of bats. v1
Authors: Mishchenko Ales , Glotin Herve
Published: July 2017

The method described here is from the PLoS ONE paper entitled "Joint time delay and Doppler passive acoustic 3D tracking, applied to studies of bats in natural habitats".This method detects acoustic events (possible bat calls) and filters them according to their consistency with each other as well as with extracted kinematics of the bat. This allows to filter out false detections, related to echoes and noise, improves the reconstruction of bats trajectories and allows to study bats behavior. This method (with another parameters) can be also potentially applied to the extraction of the trajectory of any fast moving objects, in particular, sound-emitting machinery, such as trajectories of cars before and after accident, and many others. This protocol (together with bat-related parameters, such as frequency ranges, intervals between calls, etc) is designed to reproduce the method of Joint time delay and Doppler passive acoustic 3D tracking in a case of tracking bats by an array of 4 ultrasonic microphones.
Association between hypokalemia and cardiovascular diseases among hospitalized patients in tertiary care teaching hospital in North Karnataka: a retrospective study
Authors: Badiger Raju H. , Desai Santosh B. , Kantamanenin Ravindra , Kavatkopp Chetana K. , George Joel , Basha Sheikh H.
Published: July 2017

Background: Potassium is an extremely crucial element in maintaining the normal charge between intracellular and extracellular space. Normal cellular function is maintained through potassium homeostasis. The normal range of plasma potassium is 3.5 to 5.1 mmol/L. The deviation both hypo and hyperkalaemia are associated with cardiovascular diseases especially cardiac arrhythmia. The objective was to study the association of hypokalaemia on cardiovascular diseases.Methods: During this one year of retrospective study socio-demographic profile of the patients were collected from the medical record section of hospital. The participants were grouped into four classes based on the serum potassium levels as, Group A: < 2 mmol/L, group B: 2-2.49 mmol/l, group C: 2.5 - 2.9 mmol/L, group D: 3 - 3.49 mmol/L and group E (control group) 3.5 to 5.1 mmol/L. The participants were also grouped as those suffering from cardiovascular diseases and those with non-cardiovascular diseases.Results: In our study 4818 records were categorized into 5 groups including control group. Males (61.35%) were slightly more than female (38.65%). The mean age group was 43±4 years. Results revealed that there was positive association between the sexes. Females were more commonly associated as compared to males. Hypokalaemia among cardiovascular diseases was only 22.2% as compared to non-cardiovascular diseases. The mean systolic (142±8) and diastolic Blood pressure (92±2) among cardiovascular diseases was slightly higher as compared with the non-cardiovascular diseases.Conclusions: Hypokalaemia is significantly associated with myocardial infarction when compared with other disorders. Hypokalaemia was more commonly associated with cardiovascular diseases as compared with non-cardiovascular diseases.
Evaluation of serum c-peptide levels in type 2 diabetics in Punjabi population
Authors: Deep Hardeep Singh , Singh Barjinder Pal , Singh Shalinder Pal
Published: July 2017

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic and endocrine disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Human insulin and c-peptide are synthesized as a single polypeptide chain known as Proinsulin in the pancreatic beta cells. Serum insulin measurement gives a wrong value of insulin secretion, because insulin after its secretion into the portal vein, passes through the liver where approximately 50% of the delivered insulin is extracted. The measurement of C-peptide, thus provides a better index of endogenous insulin production and pancreatic beta cell function than insulin measurements.Methods: The present study was conducted on 100 adult patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus presenting in OPD and emergency or admitted in Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar. Type 1 diabetic patients, pregnant females with diabetes, patients presenting with acute infections, septicaemia, patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis, patients with pancreatic carcinoma were excluded from the study. In this study C-Peptide levels were estimated by DRG C-peptide ELISA method.Results: In our study, 38% patients had adequate insulin reserve (Normal C-peptide levels). Only 2% patients had poor insulin reserve (C-peptide levels below normal). 60% patients had c peptide levels more than normal, indicating insulin resistance. Increase in fasting c-peptide levels were associated with increased fasting plasma glucose (due to insulin resistance). A positive correlation exists in our study with r value of 0.523.Conclusions: As majority of patients with elevated FBS and fasting c-peptide were obese, our study infers that obese are more insulin resistant than non-obese. Since c-peptide levels assess the endogenous insulin reserve, it will also be helpful to alter the treatment modality based on it. So, routine c-peptide testing should be done in patients with poor glycaemic control to modify treatment modality accordingly.
A study of various factors associated with sexual dysfunction in males with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Jakka Nagendar Reddy , Ramesh2 Jayanthy
Published: July 2017

Background: SD is very common in type 2 diabetic men. Many middle aged and older adults with diabetes are sexually active, but the rate of sexual inactivity is higher than in non-diabetic subjects. The objective of this study was to study various factors associated with sexual dysfunction in males with type- 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: A total of 60 male type 2 diabetic subjects were studied. They were divided in to two groups, 42 subjects with SD were in one group and 18 subjects with normal sexual function were in the second group. Differences between groups were assessed for statistical significance using T-test, Mann-Whitney test and Chi-square test, where ever applicable. The data were presented as Mean±Standard deviation or percentages.Results: The prevalence of SD was 70%, ED was 93%, Orgasmic dysfunction was 38 %, 9 had HSDD (21%) and 22 had premature ejaculation (52%). The age (p = 0.335), duration of DM (p = 0.097), BMI (p = 0.717), WC (p = 0.138) were not significantly different between two groups. FPG (p = 0.000), PPG (p = 0.000) and HbA1c (p = 0.000) were significantly higher in SD group. Non-HDL cholesterol level (p = 0.001) and TG level (p = 0.021) were significantly higher in SD group. The eGFR (p = 0.150) was not significantly different between two groups. Spot urine protein creatinine ratio (p = 0.002) was significantly higher in SD group.Conclusions: It was concluded that SD is a highly prevalent problem in males with type 2 DM. ED is the most common form of SD, followed by PE, Orgasmic dysfunction and HSDD. The age, duration of DM, BMI and WC are not associated factors of SD.
Vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarian and non-vegetarian diabetic population receiving prolonged Metformin based oral hypoglycemic agents therapy
Authors: Verma Vivek Kumar , Nim Ranjit Kumar , Singh P. S. , Kumar Manoj , Singh Geeta , Singh Anand Kumar
Published: July 2017

Background: Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorder that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. Over the period of time the metabolic dysregulation associated with diabetes mellitus causes secondary pathophysiological changes in multiple organs like heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidney and nerves resulting in various complications. However, a common potential interaction of metformin with vitamin B-12 is well documented but is poorly studied by the physicians who prescribe metformin to their diabetic patients. Since vitamin B-12 deficiency is common among vegan population as compared to population consuming food of animal origin (meat, fish and dairy products). But in this article, it has been studied that metformin cause vitamin B-12 deficiency even in non-vegetarian population. The aim of this study was to asses’ vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarian and non-vegetarian diabetic population receiving prolonged Metformin based oral hypoglycaemic agents therapy. It was a cross sectional study done in Department of Medicine, UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India.Methods: Study done among patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus of age group 30-60 years on prolonged metformin based OHA therapy and having peripheral neuropathy were included in study. Data was analysed on SPSS Version 22.0 and p value obtained.Results: Statistical analysis of 93 patients included in study showed that vitamin B12 deficiency is common among the vegetarian (56.52%) and non-vegetarian (35.71%) population but the difference is not statistically significant (p value=0.29) which is more in favour of metformin associated vitamin B12 deficiency in non-vegetarian population.Conclusions: Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in diabetes patients on metformin based OHA therapy hence we recommend routine screening for Vitamin B12 deficiency in such diabetes patients.
Racial Differences in Prostate Cancer Treatment: The Role of Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Watson Megan , Grande David , Radhakrishnan Archana , Mitra Nandita , Ward Katelyn R. , Pollack Craig Evan
Published: July 2017

Objective: This study examines whether socioeconomic status (SES), measured at both the individual and neighborhood levels, is associated with receipt of definitive treatment for localized prostate cancer and whether these associations mediate racial differences in treatment between non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black men. 

Design: The Philadelphia Area Prostate Cancer Access Study (P2 Access) is a mailed, cross-sectional survey of men sampled from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry, combined with neighborhood Census data. 

Setting: Eight counties in southeastern Pennsylvania. 

Participants: 2,386 men with prostate adenocarcinoma. 

Main Measures: Receipt of definitive treatment, race, self-reported income, education, employment status, and neighborhood SES. 

Results: Overall, Black and White men were equally likely to receive definitive treatment. Men living in neighborhoods with higher SES were more likely to receive definitive treatment (OR 1.57, 95%CI 1.01, 2.42). Among men who received definitive treatment, Black men were significantly less likely to receive radical prostatectomy compared with White men (OR .71, 95% CI .52, .98), as were men with some college education compared with those with a high school education or less (OR .66, 95% CI .47, .94). SES does not mediate racial differences in receipt of definitive treatment or the type of definitive treatment received, and associations with income or employment status were not significant. 

Conclusions: These results stress the importance of examining racial disparities within geographic areas and highlight the unique associations that different measures of SES, particularly neighborhood SES and education, may have with prostate cancer treatment.

Ethn Dis. 2017;27(3):201-208; doi:10.18865/ed.27.3.201. 
Perceived Discrimination and Reported Trust and Satisfaction in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Glover LáShauntá M. , Sims Mario , Winters Karen
Published: July 2017

Objectives: 1) To examine the association of multiple dimensions of discrimination with reported trust and satisfaction with providers; 2) to report within-group differences among African Americans (AAs). 

Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study. The study population included AAs aged 35 to 84 years from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) (N=5,301). Poisson regression (PR) was used to quantify the association between perceived discrimination and reported trust and satisfaction with providers before and after controlling for selected characteristics. 

Main Measures: Measures of perceived discrimination included everyday, lifetime, burden from lifetime discrimination, and stress from discrimination. Outcomes included trust and satisfaction with providers. 

Results: The mean everyday discrimination score was 2.11 (SD±1.02), and the mean lifetime discrimination score was 2.92 (SD±2.12). High (vs low) levels of everyday discrimination were associated with a 3% reduction in the prevalence of trust in providers (PR .97, 95% CI .96, .99) in all models. In fully-adjusted models, high (vs low) lifetime discrimination was associated with a 4% reduction in the prevalence of trust and satisfaction (PR .96, 95% CI .95, .98). Burden of discrimination was not associated with trust or satisfaction, but stress from discrimination was inversely associated with satisfaction. 

Conclusions: The significant association between discrimination and mistrust and dissatisfaction suggests that health care providers should be made aware of AA perceptions of discrimination, which likely affects their levels of trust and satisfaction.

Ethn Dis. 2017;27(3):209-216; doi:10.18865/ed.27.3.209 
Asian American Dietary Sources of Sodium and Salt Behaviors Compared with Other Racial/Ethnic Groups, NHANES, 2011-2012
Authors: Firestone Melanie , Beasley Jeannette , Kwon Simona , Ahn Jiyoung , Trinh-Shevrin Chau , Yi Stella
Published: July 2017

Objective: Asian Americans consume more sodium than other racial/ethnic groups. The purpose of this analysis was to describe major sources of sodium intake to inform sodium reduction initiatives. 

Methods: Cross-sectional data on adults (aged >18 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012 with one 24-hour dietary recall were analyzed (n=5,076). Population proportions were calculated from “What We Eat in America” (WWEIA) food categories. 

Results: Asian Americans had a higher sodium density vs adults of other racial/ ethnic groups (means in mg/1000kcal: Asian American, 2031.1; Hispanic,1691.6; White: 1666.5; Black: 1655.5; P<.05, all). Half of sodium consumed by Asian Americans came from the top 10 food categories, in contrast to Hispanics (43.6%), Whites (39.0%), and Blacks (36.0%). Four food categories were a top source of sodium for Hispanics, Whites, Blacks, and others, but not among Asian Americans: cold cuts and cured meats; meat mixed dishes; eggs and omelets; and cheese. The top three food category sources of sodium among Asians were soups, rice, and yeast breads accounting for 28.9% of dietary sodium. Asian Americans were less likely to add salt at the table, but used salt in food preparation ‘very often’ (P for both <.01). 

Conclusions: Mean sodium consumption and sources vary across racial/ethnic groups with highest consumption in Asian Americans. Given the smaller number of food categories contributing to sodium intake in Asian Americans, results imply that targeted activities on a few food items would have a large impact on reducing sodium intake in this group.

Ethn Dis. 2017;27(3):241-248; doi:10.18865/ed.27.3.241 
The Psychological Experience of Physiological Childbirth: A Protocol for a Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies
Authors: Leahy-Warren Patricia , Nieuwenhuijze Marianne , Kazmierczak Maria , Benyamini Yael , Murphy Margaret , Crespo-Mirasol Esther , Spyridou Andria , Jonsdóttir Sigridur Sia , Tackas Lea , Olza Ibone
Published: July 2017

PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review of the literature is to look at the current evidence of the psychological experience of physiological childbirth.

BACKGROUND: Childbirth is a dynamic process in which the fetal and maternal physiology interacts with the woman’s psychosocial context, yet this process is predominantly evaluated using objective, physical measures. Simultaneously, childbirth is also a profound psychological experience with a deep impact in women that is physical, psychological, and social. The description of the psychological processes and experiences that happen during physiological childbirth will likely improve the care women receive during childbirth as health care professionals and carers will have a greater understanding of the process.

METHODS/DESIGN: The electronic databases MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, SocINDEX, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection will be searched using the EBSCOhost platform to identify studies that meet the inclusion criteria. No language or publication date constraints will be applied. Articles that pass the 3-stage screening process will then be assessed for risk of bias and have their reference lists hand searched.

DISCUSSION: By synthesizing the results of the studies, this systematic review will help illuminate gaps in the literature, direct future research, and inform policymakers.
Fighting Cancer with Mathematics and Viruses
Authors: Santiago Daniel N. , Heidbuechel Johannes P. W. , Kandell Wendy M. , Walker Rachel , Engeland Christine E. , Abate-Daga Daniel , Enderling Heiko
Published: July 2017

After decades of research, oncolytic virotherapy has recently advanced to clinical application, and currently a multitude of novel agents and combination treatments are being evaluated for cancer therapy. Oncolytic agents preferentially replicate in tumor cells, inducing tumor cell lysis and complex anti-tumor effects, such as innate and adaptive immune responses and the destruction of tumor vasculature. With the availability of different vector platforms and the potential of both genetic engineering and combination regimens to enhance particular aspects of safety and efficacy, the identification of optimal treatments for patient subpopulations or even individual patients becomes a top priority. Mathematical modeling can provide support in this arena by making use of experimental and clinical data to generate hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying complex biology and, ultimately, predict optimal treatment protocols. Increasingly complex models can be applied to account for therapeutically relevant parameters such as components of the immune system. In this review, we describe current developments in oncolytic virotherapy and mathematical modeling to discuss the benefit of integrating different modeling approaches into biological and clinical experimentation. Conclusively, we propose a mutual combination of these fields of research for more efficient development and effective treatments.
Minimum Age of Sale for Tobacco Products and Electronic Cigarettes: Ethical Acceptability of US “Tobacco 21 Laws”
Authors: Morain Stephanie Rubino , Malek Janet
Published: July 2017

Several US jurisdictions have recently passed laws that raise the minimum age of sale for tobacco products and electronic cigarettes to 21 years (Tobacco 21 laws). Although these laws have been demonstrated to be an effective means to reduce youth smoking initiation, their passage and potential expansion have provoked controversy. Critics have objected to these laws, claiming that they unduly intrude on individual freedom and that they irrationally and paternalistically restrict the freedom of those aged 18 to 20 years, who were previously able to legally purchase tobacco products.

We have examined the ethical acceptability of Tobacco 21 laws. First, we have described ethical support for such a restriction grounded in its public health benefit. We have then offered arguments that raise doubts about the soundness of critics’ objections to these regulations and described an additional ethical justification arising from concern about preventing harm to others.

On the basis of this analysis, we conclude that Tobacco 21 laws are ethically justifiable.
From Lead Exposure in Early Childhood to Adolescent Health: A Chicago Birth Cohort
Authors: Winter Alix S. , Sampson Robert J.
Published: July 2017

Objectives. To assess the relationships between childhood lead exposure and 3 domains of later adolescent health: mental, physical, and behavioral.

Methods. We followed a random sample of birth cohort members from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, recruited in 1995 to 1997, to age 17 years and matched to childhood blood test results from the Department of Public Health. We used ordinary least squares regression, coarsened exact matching, and instrumental variables to assess the relationship between average blood lead levels in childhood and impulsivity, anxiety or depression, and body mass index in adolescence. All models adjusted for relevant individual, household, and neighborhood characteristics.

Results. After adjustment, a 1 microgram per deciliter increase in average childhood blood lead level significantly predicts 0.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01, 0.12) and 0.09 (95% CI = 0.03, 0.16) SD increases and a 0.37 (95% CI = 0.11, 0.64) point increase in adolescent impulsivity, anxiety or depression, and body mass index, respectively, following ordinary least squares regression. Results following matching and instrumental variable strategies are very similar.

Conclusions. Childhood lead exposure undermines adolescent well-being, with implications for the persistence of racial and class inequalities, considering structural patterns of initial exposure.
Pathogen Survey of Pulp and Paper Mill Biosolids Compared with Soils, Composts, and Sewage Biosolids
Authors: Flemming Cecily A. , Pileggi Vince , Chen Shu , Lee Susan S.
Published: July 2017

Regulatory policies to manage land application of organic materials are risk based, with focus on the quality of these residuals. The Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) determined that limited information was available on pulp and paper biosolids (PPB) with respect to human enteric pathogens. To address this data gap, MOECC conducted an extensive survey (2005–2006) across Ontario to characterize the microbiological quality of PPB. Quantitative testing was performed for fecal indicators (Escherichia coli, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens) and enteric pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia) using matrix‐validated methods. Comparative benchmark materials (soils and soil amendments) were analyzed concurrently for risk comparison. Results showed that detection rates in PPB were low, 5 to 25% for pathogens and <55% for E. coli. Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, and Shigella were found at low frequency (6–8% of samples) and at low mean concentrations (2 most probable number g−1 dry wt., 9 oocysts g−1 dry wt., and 7 cells g−1 dry wt., respectively). Giardia was more frequently observed (19% of samples), with a mean of 30 cysts g−1 dry wt. Pathogen concentrations in PPB were generally equivalent to or higher than those in soils, composts, and pelletized sewage biosolids but significantly lower than in sewage biosolids. Escherichia coli levels exceeded standards (1000 colony‐forming units g−1 dry wt.) in one‐third of samples, most often in fresh PPB rather than stored and lagoon solids. Microbial quality of PPB across all surveyed mills tended to be variable and sector‐ and/or site‐specific but in many cases would not consistently meet Canadian federal fertilizers standards. These findings were important to inform Ontario's nutrient management regulations, supporting classification of PPB as higher pathogen risk than compost and commercial fertilizers.

Core Ideas

Pathogens were found at low frequency in PPB but higher than in compost and soil.

Bacterial prevalence is higher in recycled mill PPB compared with virgin fiber mills.

E. coli is a poor indicator of fecal inputs in PPB; C. perfringens may be useful.

PPB would not routinely meet E. coli, Salmonella standards of federal Fertilizers Regulations.

Giardia were found in most mills, but molecular methods need improvement to inform risk.
Assessing Coastal Plain Risk Indices for Subsurface Phosphorus Loss
Authors: Shober Amy L. , Buda Anthony R. , Turner Kathryn C. , Fiorellino Nicole M. , Andres A. Scott , McGrath Joshua M. , Sims J. Thomas
Published: July 2017

Phosphorus (P) Index evaluations are critical to advancing nutrient management planning in the United States. However, most assessments until now have focused on the risks of P losses in surface runoff. In artificially drained agroecosystems of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, subsurface flow is the predominant mode of P transport, but its representation in most P Indices is often inadequate. We explored methods to evaluate the subsurface P risk routines of five P Indices from Delaware, Maryland (two), Virginia, and North Carolina using available water quality and soils datasets. Relationships between subsurface P risk scores and published dissolved P loads in leachate (Delaware, Maryland, and North Carolina) and ditch drainage (Maryland) were directionally correct and often statistically significant, yet the brevity of the observation periods (weeks to several years) and the limited number of sampling locations precluded a more robust assessment of each P Index. Given the paucity of measured P loss data, we then showed that soil water extractable P concentrations at depths corresponding with the seasonal high water table (WEPWT) could serve as a realistic proxy for subsurface P losses in ditch drainage. The associations between WEPWT and subsurface P risk ratings reasonably mirrored those obtained with sparser water quality data. As such, WEPWT is seen as a valuable metric that offers interim insight into the directionality of subsurface P risk scores when water quality data are inaccessible. In the long term, improved monitoring and modeling of subsurface P losses clearly should enhance the rigor of future P Index appraisals.

Core Ideas

We evaluated subsurface P routines of five P Indices in artificially drained soils.

Subsurface P ratings mostly accorded with P loads in leachate and ditch drainage.

Water extractable P at the seasonal high water table was a proxy for ditch P loss.

Useful P Index predictions hinged on accurate depictions of subsurface water flux.

Increased monitoring and modeling of subsurface P loss is needed to test P Indices.
Tile Drainage Nitrate Losses and Corn Yield Response to Fall and Spring Nitrogen Management
Authors: Pittelkow Cameron M. , Clover Matthew W. , Hoeft Robert G. , Nafziger Emerson D. , Warren Jeffery J. , Gonzini Lisa C. , Greer Kristin D.
Published: July 2017

Nitrogen (N) management strategies that maintain high crop productivity with reduced water quality impacts are needed for tile‐drained landscapes of the US Midwest. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of N application rate, timing, and fall nitrapyrin addition on tile drainage nitrate losses, corn (Zea mays L.) yield, N recovery efficiency, and postharvest soil nitrate content over 3 yr in a corn–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. In addition to an unfertilized control, the following eight N treatments were applied as anhydrous ammonia in a replicated, field‐scale experiment with both corn and soybean phases present each year in Illinois: fall and spring applications of 78, 156, and 234 kg N ha−1, fall application of 156 kg N ha−1 + nitrapyrin, and sidedress (V5–V6) application of 156 kg N ha−1. Across the 3‐yr study period, increases in flow‐weighted NO3 concentrations were found with increasing N rate for fall and spring N applications, whereas N load results were variable. At the same N rate, spring vs. fall N applications reduced flow‐weighted NO3 concentrations only in the corn–soybean–corn rotation. Fall nitrapyrin and sidedress N treatments did not decrease flo8w‐weighted NO3 concentrations in either rotation compared with fall and spring N applications, respectively, or increase corn yield, crop N uptake, or N recovery efficiency in any year. This study indicates that compared with fall N application, spring and sidedress N applications (for corn–soybean–corn) and sidedress N applications (for soybean–corn–soybean) reduced 3‐yr mean flow‐weighted NO3 concentrations while maintaining yields.

Core Ideas

We measured 3‐yr mean N losses for corn–soybean rotation with both phases present each year.

Flow‐weighted NO3 concentrations increased with N rate for fall and spring N.

Spring N reduced NO3 concentrations compared with fall N for corn–soybean–corn rotation.

Fall N + nitrapyrin did not decrease N losses or increase yield compared with fall N at the same rate.

Sidedress N did not decrease N losses or increase yield compared with spring N at the same rate.
Combined electrocoagulation and electro-oxidation of industrial textile wastewater treatment in a continuous multi-stage reactor
Authors: GilPavas Edison , Arbeláez-Castaño Paula , Medina José , Acosta Diego A.
Published: July 2017

A combined electrocoagulation (EC) and electrochemical oxidation (EO) industrial textile wastewater treatment potential is evaluated in this work. A fractional factorial design of experiment showed that EC current density, followed by pH, were the most significant factors. Conductivity and number of electrooxidation cells did not affect chemical oxygen demand degradation (DCOD). Aluminum and iron anodes performed similarly as sacrificial anodes. Current density, pH and conductivity were chosen for a Box–Behnken design of experiment to determine optimal conditions to achieve a high DCOD minimizing operating cost (OC). The optimum to achieve a 70% DCOD with an OC of USD 1.47/m3 was: pH of 4, a conductivity of 3.7 mS/cm and a current density of 4.1 mA/cm2. This study also shows the applicability of a combined EC/EO treatment process of a real complex industrial wastewater.
Physiological basis of thinking activity
Authors: Baranov Sergey Nikolaevich
Published: July 2017

The article considers one of the higher mental functions – thinking, types of thinking and the place of a given mental function among other functions of the psyche.
Collective investment as a driver for public-private partnership development
Authors: Mikheev Mark Dmitrievich
Published: July 2017

This article examines the investment mechanism as a driver for developing public-private partnership, analyzes the main ways of developing public-private partnerships, including legal, economic, organizational measures aimed at developing mutually beneficial cooperation between the state and business in providing economic support to the enterprise operating in the innovation spheres.
Стандартизация методики измерения карьерного самоопределения
Authors: Diomin Andrey N. , Sedykh Artem B. , Sedykh Boris R.
Published: July 2017

Introduction. The My Vocational Situation (MVS) scale by John L. Holland, Denise Daiger, and Paul G. Power is widely used in the world psychological theory and practice. The article presents the results of the final stage of its modification. This scale reveals problems in the following three areas: (a) vocational identity; (b) barriers in making career decisions; (c) information about employment opportunities and training. The Russian version, called The Technique for Measuring Career Self-Determination (TMCS), expands the ways of assessing professional identity that already exist in Russian psychology. This technique is a good supplement to other tools and approaches to psychological measuring career processes.

Methods. The Technique for Measuring Career Self-Determination includes the following scales: (a) Vocational Identity; (b) Barriers;(c) Occupational Information. The last two scales have more items in comparison with the English version. The study shows rates of internal reliability, test-retest reliability, their construct and predictive validity. The scales were subject to non-linear standardization, taking into account the distribution of raw scores in samples of Russian final-year bachelor students and bachelor graduates with 2–4 years’ experience.

Results. The study revealed the levels of vocational identity and self-assessment of barriers in Cattell’ssten scores (united samples of the final-year bachelor students and bachelor graduates, n = 720), the levels of occupational information in the z-scores for the final-year bachelor students (n = 363) and bachelor graduates (n = 357). The article includes the text of the technique and the calculation of raw scores.

Discussion. The Russian modification of The My Vocational Situation (MVS) scale and its standardization have been accomplished. The study presents new psychometric results. The findings suggest that the technique is applicable to domestic research and consulting practice, including the monitoring and comparative studies.
Синтез кластеров оксидов железа в мезопорах монодисперсных сферических частиц кремнезема
Authors: Стовпяга Е.Ю. , Еуров Д.А. , Курдюков Д.А. , Смирнов А.Н. , Яговкина М.А. , Григорьев В.Ю. , Романов В.В. , Yakovlev D.R. , Голубев В.Г.
Published: July 2017

Предложен метод получения нанокластеров alpha-Fe2O3 в порах монодисперсных сферических частиц мезопористого кремнезема (mSiO2) путем однократной пропитки пор расплавом кристаллогидрата нитрата железа и его последующей термодеструкции. Восстановлением в термодинамически равновесных условиях из alpha-Fe2O3 в порах синтезированы нанокластеры Fe3O4. Затем частицы, содержащие Fe3O4, были отожжены в кислороде для превращения Fe3O4 обратно в alpha-Fe2O3. В результате получены частицы со структурой ядро--оболочка mSiO2/Fe3O4@mSiO2/alpha-Fe2O3. Исследованы состав и структура синтезированных материалов, а также полевая зависимость магнитного момента от напряженности магнитного поля. Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект N 15-52-12011) и DFG в рамках ICRC TRR 160. DOI: 10.21883/FTT.2017.08.44764.439
Влияние термообработки на атомную структуру core-shell наночастиц PtCu в составе электрокатализаторов PtCu/C
Authors: Прядченко В.В. , Беленов С.В. , Шемет Д.Б. , Волочаев В.А. , Срабионян В.В. , Авакян Л.А. , Табачкова Н.Ю. , Гутерман В.Е. , Бугаев Л.А.
Published: July 2017

Электрокатализаторы PtCu/C, содержащие биметаллические наночастицы PtCu, синтезированы методом последовательного химического восстановления Cu2+ и Pt(IV) в углеродной суспензии, приготовленной на основе водного раствора этиленгликоля. Исследование атомной структуры приготовленных наночастиц PtCu, а также полученных после термической обработки при 350oC было выполнено с помощью PtL3- и CuK-спектров рентгеновского поглощения в протяженной области (EXAFS), методов просвечивающей электронной микроскопии (ТЕМ) и порошковой рентгеновской дифракции (XRD). Согласованный анализ TEM-микрофотографий, XRD-профилей, а также EXAFS-спектров позволил установить, что в состав полученных электрокатализаторов входят наночастицы PtCu со структурой Cu-ядро-Pt-оболочка, а также оксиды меди Cu2O и CuO. Термическая обработка электрокатализаторов при 350oC приводит к сплавлению биметаллических наночастиц с формированием как однородных, так и упорядоченных твердых растворов PtCu, а также к частичному восстановлению медных оксидов. Исследования структурных характеристик наночастиц PtCu проведены при финансовой поддержке Южного федерального университета (грант N ВнГр-07.2017-06). Методика синтеза катализатора PtCu/C разработана в рамках выполнения гранта РФФИ N 14-29-04041 офи\_м. DOI: 10.21883/FTT.2017.08.44771.43
IMPLEMENTATION OF BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ON INTERURBAN BRIDGE IN MALUKU PROVINCE
Authors: Marasabessy Erwin
Published: July 2017

Bridges as transport infrastructures play a vital role in smoothing traffic flows. The success of a bridge in playing its role and serving its function depends on its management. The Directorate General of Highways of the Ministry of Public Work has used a system to manage bridges known as the Bridge Management System (BMS). The system allows a systematic plan and provides a uniform procedure for all bridge operation activities on the national and provincial level. Data from Implementation Agency of National Inter-Urban Roads of Area IX, Northern Maluku in 2011 indicates that the total length of national roads in Maluku Province is 15,238.01 M, with a total of 562 bridges. In Ambon Island, especially, there are 52 bridges totaling 1,176.25 m in length. The study was conducted at several inter-urban bridges in Maluku Province of Ambon Island: Wai Batu Merah, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, Wai Yari and Wai Tua bridges. Assessment of bridge structure conditions was conducted visually to determine the conditions of the existing bridges comprehensively by referring to the Bridge Management System (BMS) complemented with a computer-based Bridge Management Information System (BMIS). Condition scores for the five bridges—Wai Batu Merah, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, Wai Yari, and Wai Tua, according to Bridge Management System, are 2, 1, 2, 1, and 2 respectively. The scores of the five bridges indicate that their physical condition can be categorized as good or with minor defects. Based on technical screening, the proposed treatment for Wai Batu Merah, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, dan Wai Tua bridges is the rehabilitation of their sub-elements. As for the Wai Yari Bridge, the treatment will be maintained regularly. The defect repair costs are IDR 149,138,238.00, IDR 81,048,000.00, IDR 174,579,106.10, IDR 79,233,324.01 and IDR 238,323,258.60 for Wai Batu, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, Wai Yari, and Wai Tua Bridges, respectively.
THE APPLICATION OF LEGAL CONSTRUCTION IN THE RULINGS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT
Authors: Bisariyadi Bisar
Published: July 2017

The Constitutional Court does not only interpreting the Constitution in judicial review cases. The Courtalso applies legal construction which include constitutional construction and statutory construction. Thisarticle aims to identify this approach in the Court rulings. It also seeks to find conditions that trigger theCourt to venture on discovering the law by applying legal construction.
REVITALIZATION OF BADAN PENASIHATAN, PEMBINAAN DAN PELESTARIAN PERKAWINAN (BP4) IN PERFORMING COURT-ANNEXED MEDIATION FOR MARITAL DISPUTES IN RELIGIOUS COURT IN D.I.YOGYAKART
Authors: Ilhami Haniah
Published: July 2017

This research identify the revitalization of Badan Penasihatan, Pembinaan dan Pelestarian Perkawinan (BP4) after The 14th BP4 National Conference in 2009, in performing Court-annexed mediation for Marital Dispute at Religious Court in D.I. Yogyakarta. This  research founds several institutional transformation of BP4 including the Legal Basis, Institutional Form, Institutional Relation with Ministry of Religious Affair, Employement/Management Provisions, and Financial Provisions. In Performing Court-annexed mediation. BP4 in D.I. Yogyakarta has been cooperating with 2 (two) Religious Courts, both in Wonosari and Yogyakarta through Memorandum of Understanding in form of cooperation in the placement of certified mediator from BP4 and cooperation in funding the certified mediators. All Mediators are bound by Regulation of The Supreme Court No. 1 year 2016 concerning Procedures of Court-annexed Mediation, related to Types  of  Cases  Mediated,  Mediator’s  Fee,  Venue  of  Mediation,  Period  of  Mediation,  and Mediator’s requirement.