bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coevolution of Interorganizational Relations
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this essay is to discuss and develop a new coevolutionary model of organizational relations. In this model, well-formed interorganizational relations are best thought of as poised on the edge between exploitation and symbiosis. Thus they are constantly fluctuating between competition and cooperation, forever being redefined. New value and knowledge will emerge from the destabilizing interaction of the two systems that coevolve in a spiral manner over time. This twister may be a direct product not of dialectics (thesis-antithesis-synthesis) but rather of an interplay between structures within a structure, in which the interaction of parts constitutes the whole.
Sacagawea: The Making of a Myth
Authors: Barbie Donna
Published: November 2023

A Shoshone woman—child-captive of the Hidatsas, subsequent wife of a French fur trader, and purported guide to the Lewis and Clark expedition—stands as a legendary figure in America. Sacagawea, whose name is variously spelled “Sacajawea,” “Sacagawea,” and “Sakakawea,” is that celebrated woman. Since 1805, when she made her first appearance in print, hundreds of histories, paintings, and novels have told her story. An abundance of statues and landmarks have been named in her honor, and a United States one dollar coin bears her image. As is true of any legend, Sacagawea’s proponents fashioned an idealized woman, according to their own definition. In doing so, they formulated a satisfying narrative of her life, while also using it to address compelling contemporary issues in America. At the end of the twentieth century, this Native woman’s story continues to endure in the society that first endowed it with significance.

Historically, we know little with any certainty about Sacagawea. The only written materials documenting any significant aspects of her life are the journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-6). Even within their logs, members of the Corps of Discovery merely mentioned her, generally suggesting that she played a relatively insignificant role in the mission. Not a single notation described her physically, and entries usually referred to her as “the squar” (squaw) or “the Indian woman.” In nearly two years, only rarely did any of the journalists attempt to use her name. The journals do offer some details of Sacagawea’s life.
Diagnosis and Management of Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Authors: Mendell Jerry R , Kissel John T , R.Cornblath David
Published: November 2023

Peripheral neuropathies represent a challenging subject for most physicians. This is an up-to-date, comprehensive, and readable book on peripheral neuropathies that includes concise information on the clinical, electrophysiological, pathological, pathogenic, and treatment aspects of the most important disorders. New molecular and serologic diagnostic tests are discussed. Sections are devoted to nerve and skin biopsy techniques and findings, quantitative sensory and autonomic reflex tests. Case examples are used liberally throughout the text. The editors: Mendell, Kissel, and Cornblath are experienced clinicians that bring complementary knowledge to each of the subjects. Additional authors have been handpicked for specific topics which add to the value of the edition.
Approach To Diagnosis
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

The approach to neurologic diagnosis in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)– seropositive patient is different from that for the non-HIV-seropositive patient. The classic structure of “where is the lesion?” followed by “what is the lesion?” must be tempered by the appreciation of the principles detailed in Chapter 3. Indeed, the first of several additional questions should be “what is the degree of advancement of HIV disease?” Beyond the necessary modifications to the more classic neurologic approach, there are particular syndromes unique to HIV neurology that can be helpful in arriving at a diagnosis.
Communicating Science
Authors: Gross Alan G , Harmon Joseph E , Reidy Michael
Published: November 2023

This book describes the development of the scientific article from its modest beginnings to the global phenomenon that it has become today. Their analysis of a large sample of texts in French, English, and German focuses on the changes in the style, oganization, and argumentative structure of scientific communication over time. They also speculate on the future currency of the scientific article, as it enters the era of the World Wide Web. This book is an outstanding resource text in the rhetoric of science, and will stand as the definitive study on the topic.
Neuropsychological Assessment of Mental State
Authors: Weintraub Sandra
Published: November 2023

The study of brain-damaged patients has shown that the traditional categories around which the mental state examination is organized (e.g., memory, language, reasoning, etc.) are not unitary. For example, some patients could have preserved language comprehension for commands requiring whole body movements but not for those requiring only limb movements; some may learn a new motor skill without conscious memory of the experience (see Chapter 4); yet others may experience emotion but are not able to convey it via modulations of prosody and facial expression (see Chapter 6). Functional imaging studies in healthy adults have demonstrated that performing even a simple mental task activates distributed neuroanatomical networks and not a single, dedicated “center.” Furthermore, domains of mental processes are highly interactive, so an impairment in one may influence performance of tests in another. For example, a task of mental calculation may be failed because of a primary defect of attention or language, or because of an inability to sequence a series of goal-directed actions. These considerations have shaped the neuropsychological approach to testing mental state described in this chapter.
Affective Prosody and the Aprosodias
Authors: Ross Elliott D
Published: November 2023

Following the seminal discoveries of Broca18 and Wernicke106 that focal left hemi sphere lesions may cause profound deficits of language, neurological studies of human communication have, for the most part, focused on left hemisphere injury and resultant aphasias.
Dualities and Tensions of Planned Organizational Change
Authors: Seo Myeong-Gu , Putnam Linda L , Bartunek Jean M
Published: November 2023

Our purpose in this chapter is twofold. First we describe a variety of types of capacity-building planned change efforts in organizations (cf. Beer and Nohria, 2000) as these emerged and developed from the mid– twentieth century through the turn of the twenty-first century. Second, we explore underlying dualities and tensions and their implications within each of these change efforts. We do so to highlight some hidden dynamics of these approaches and to open up possibilities for their wider and deeper development. Thus, we examine both theories and practices linked with planned change to uncover dichotomies, or dualities, in approaches and tensions among underlying assumptions of these perspectives.
Hormones, Genes, And Cancer
Authors: Henderson Brian E , Ponder Bruce , Ross Ronald K
Published: November 2023

Hormonal carcinogenesis is an important and controversial area of current research. In addition to accelerating existing cancers, can hormones play the role of primary carcinogens? How do genetic factors influence hormone-related cancer risk? Hormones, Genes, and Cancer addresses these questions. Over the past few decades, cancer research has focused on external environmental causes(e.g., tobacco smoke, viruses, asbestos). With the advent of new genetic sequencing techniques, we are just now beginning to understand how the body's internal environment(i.e., the hormones and growth factors that determine normal development) influences cancer etiology and prevention. From molecular insights to clinical analyses, this volume provides state-of-the-art information on the complex interactions between hormones and genes and cancer. The epidemiology and molecular endocrinology of prostate, breast, uterine, ovarian and testicular cancer are detailed in this timely treatise.
A Handbook of Slavic Clitics
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway
Published: November 2023

Clitics are grammatical elements that are treated as independent words in syntax but form a phonological unit with the word that precedes or follows it. This volume brings together the facts about clitics in the Slavic languages, where they have become a focal points of recent research. The authors draw relevant generalizations across the Slavic languages and highlight the importance of these phenomena for linguistic theory.
The Theory of Mistake
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

The most difficult problems in criminal theory are generated by dissonance between reality and belief, between the objective facts and the actor’s subjective impression of the facts. In Chapter Seven we explored the implications of the facts being innocent, but the actor’s beliefs being criminal. Now we tum to the vast set of problems connected with the facts being incriminating, but the actor’s beliefs, innocent. This is the general problem of mistake and ignorance about conduct that nominally violates a legal prohibition. If the actor knows of the circumstances in these cases, he surely would be liable for his conduct; but if he does not know, we confront the general theoretical question about the extent to which his ignorance provides an excuse for his legal violation.
Ambiguity, Indeterminacy, Deixis, and Vagueness Evidence And Theory,
Authors: Gillon Brendan S
Published: November 2023

The concepts of ambiguity, indeterminacy, deixis, and vagueness are fundamental to linguistic theory in general and to semantic theory in particular. Yet linguists have made surprisingly little effort to understand them. And while philosophers have paid a great deal of attention to the concepts of deixis and vagueness, they have rather neglected those of ambiguity and indeterminacy. This essay takes a step in the direction of redressing this neglect. In particular, I seek not only to delineate each concept and to distinguish them clearly from one another but also to improve our understanding of what empirical evidence warrants their ascription to expressions of a language.
Embryology of the Ear
Authors: K.Sulik Kathaleen , Cotanche Douglas A
Published: November 2023

Embryonic development of the internal, middle, and external ear entails well-orchestrated temporal and spatial changes. Descriptions of these developmental changes, as presented here, are derived primarily from studies of mammalian development, although some data acquired from studies of other classes of vertebrates are included. As much descriptive and illustrative material from human embryos is presented as is possible, and most of the remainder is derived from studies of rodents. Although it must be done with caution, in many cases, extrapolation between species appears to be appropriate.
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Netzloff Michael L , Elsea, sarah H , Fisher Rachel A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we have included metabolic diseases that are known to be associated with genetic hearing Joss but have omitted some extremely rare metabolic diseases that may, by chance alone, be seen with hearing loss. Because of the relative frequency of nonsyndromic hearing Joss, with an increasing number of defined genes inherited not only in a monogenic fashion but also via mitochondrial mechanisms, chance associations of these conditions with metabolic disease have likely occurred.
Knowledge and Learning, Markets and Organizations: Managing the Information Transaction Space
Authors: Huizing Ard , Bouman Wim
Published: November 2023

The field of knowledge management lacks a comprehensive analysis from the economic perspective. While numerous benefits are claimed in literature, for instance, increased productivity and the creation of innovative products and services, it is broadly acknowledged that the business or strategic value of knowledge management is hard to demonstrate (Davenport et al. 1998, Zack 1999). The aim of this chapter is to help develop an economic foundation for knowledge management. We view knowledge management as an organizational discipline bridging information demand and supply in support of learning processes within organizations. The fundamental task of organizing is generally to achieve purposeful, coordinated action from organizations that consist of many specialized individuals and other resources that can be deployed in different ways and for different purposes (Douma and Schreuder 1991, Grant 1996). To better exploit the potential productivity of these resources and to learn from the experiences, a vast network of information exchange is necessary. We call this complex and chaotic network of human interaction “the information transaction space” and see it as the object of knowledge management. It represents the set of all possible information exchanges-economists say “transactions”-available to any actor at any time.
Technological and Organizational Designs for Realizing Economies of Substitution
Authors: Garud Raghu , Kumaraswamy Arun
Published: November 2023

The Schumpeterian era during which “gales of creative destruction” brought about revolutionary changes over long periods of time (Schumpeter 1942) is past. In recent times, we have entered a neo-Schumpeterian era where technological change appears to be ceaseless. To survive in this new era, firms have to innovate continually (Klein 1977). Continual innovation, however, imposes limits on a firm’s ability to realize scale economies. Moreover, rapid change dampens the diffusion of new technologies as customers postpone purchases due to fear of obsolescence (Rosenberg 1982). Slower diffusion of technological changes creates problems for firms attempting to recoup investments made in technologies that change continually. There is another facet to this new era that renders contemporary environments different from those prevalent during Schumpeter’s time. Specifically, many of these technologies are “systemic” in nature (Winter 1987); that is, they are embodied in multicomponent products that connect to each other. The development and production of such technological systems require significant investments in several complementary technologies (Hakansson 1989, Powell and Brantley 1992, Quinn 1992, Teece 1987).
A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro
Published: November 2023

It is widely observed that the society we live in has been gradually turning into a “knowledge society” (Drucker 1968, Bell 1973, Toffler 1990). The ever increasing importance of knowledge in contemporary society calls for a shift in our thinking concerning innovation in large business organizations-be it technical innovation, product innovation, or strategic or organizational innovation.1 It raises questions about how organizations process knowledge and, more important, how they create new knowledge. Such a shift in general orientation will involve, among other things, a reconceptualization of the organizational knowledge creation processes. The theory of organization has long been dominated by a paradigm that conceptualizes the organization as a system that “processes” information or” solves” problems. Central to this paradigm is the assumption that a fundamental task for the organization is how efficiently it can deal with information and decisions in an uncertain environment. This paradigm suggests that the solution lies in the “input-process-output” sequence of hierarchical information processing.
Palatogenesis: Closure of the Secondary Palate
Authors: Sperber Geoffrey H
Published: November 2023

The secondary palate, so called because it forms after the appearance of the primary palate, constitutes both the floor of the nasal cavities and the roof of the mouth. The secondary palate is comprised of the anterior hard and the posterior soft palate and is an essential component of normal respiration, mastication, deglutition, and speech. The very existence of the definitive secondary palate in humans characterizes a major mammalian evolutionary separation of the respiratory from the masticatory functions of the primitive stomodeal (oronasai) chamber of vertebrate antecedents. The transition of the single chamber of the embryonic stomodeum into the divided compartments of the two nasal cavities for respiration and the oral cavity for mastication represents a subdivision of this common chamber found in primitive crossopterygian fish, reptiles, birds, and early mammals. The separation of a continuous respiratory channel (the nostrils) from an intermittently required food-ingestion channel (the mouth) enabled the evolutionary development of leisurely mastication without respiratory interference. This separation occurs only anteriorly since the nasopharynx and oropharynx share a channel posteriorly, which accounts for momentary asphyxiation during swallowing.
Methodological Issues in Epidemiological Studies of Oral Clefts
Authors: Christensen Kaare
Published: November 2023

At a first glance, oral clefts (OCs) seem an ideal group of congenital malformations to be studied. They are among the most common congenital malformations and, compared to most other anomalies, easily diagnosed and described. However, even such a seemingly straightforward task as estimating the frequency of OC imposes its own problems. The first part of this chapter addresses methodological issues in the assessment of OC frequency, including frequency measurements and the completeness and biases in various ascertainment sources. The second part covers some methodological issues in connection with the two major design options for assessing environmental risk factors for OC: case-control studies and follow-up studies. Although OCs are among the most frequent congenital malformations and relatively easily assessed, the statistical power of most etiological studies is low, especially because most studies subdivide OCs into cleft lip (CL) with or without cleft palate (CUP) and isolated cleft palate (CP) and, furthermore, into syndromic and nonsyndromic cases. These subdivisions are based on observations that nonsyndromic CUP and CP rarely segregate in the same family (Fogh-Andersen, 1942) and that a substantial number of syndromic cases have a strong association with specific genetic mutations. Additionally, it may be of interest to study OCs stratified by familial occurrence and severity [bilateral vs. unilateral CUP, cleft lip and palate (CLP) vs. CL] (Mitchell, 1997). Finally, some studies have suggested that the nonsyndromic CP group may consist of two etiologically different subtypes: CP affecting the soft palate only and CP affecting both the hard and soft palate (Christensen and Fogh-Andersen, 1994; Clementi et al., 1997).
Birth Defects Surveillance Systems and Oral Clefts
Authors: Correa Adolfo , Edmonds Larry
Published: November 2023

Oral clefts are among the more frequent and readily diagnosed major congenital anomalies. Accordingly, they have been the subject of many studies that have increased our knowledge of their epidemiology. For instance, studies of the variation in prevalence by race/ethnicity have shown a high rate of oral clefts in Asians, followed by whites and African-Americans (Vanderas, 1987). Etiologic studies have identified possible increases in the risk of oral clefts with a number of factors, including maternal smoking (Khoury et al., 1989; Kallen 1997; Lieff et al., 1999), alcohol consumption (Shaw et al., 1999), use of corticosteroids (Carmichael and Shaw, 1999), and occupational factors (Bianchi et al., 1997; Lorente et al., 2000) (see Chapters 16 and 17). Data for these studies have come from population-based surveillance systems for birth defects. This chapter examines the methods of population-based birth defects surveillance systems, reviews recent prevalence data on oral clefts from state and international monitoring programs, and offers some recommendations for enhancing the use of birth defects surveillance programs for studies of oral clefts. Population-based birth defects surveillance programs aim at having a relatively complete or representative sample of affected infants in the population and, as such, can provide more accurate and reliable estimates of rates and risk factors for birth defects than birth defects registries based on a selected sample of hospitals. Therefore, after the epidemic of limb reduction defects associated with thalidomide use in the 1960s, interest was extensive in population-based surveillance systems for identifying increases in the frequency of birth defects possibly associated with maternal exposure to teratogens in the general population.
Environmental Risk Factors and Oral Clefts
Authors: Hayes Catherine
Published: November 2023

Although the literature regarding the etiology of oral clefts is extensive, unique causal factors remain unknown. The widely held belief is that oral clefts are of multifactorial etiology, with both genetic predisposition and environmental influence playing a role. In this chapter, the term environmental is used in its broadest sense to include characteristics of the individual, such as age, sex, and race; behaviors, such as smoking and alcohol use; as well as other exposures, such as occupational or environmental ones. While no strong risk factors for oral clefts have been identified, several potential environmental risk factors have been investigated, including smoking, alcohol, caffeine, benzodi azepines, and corticosteroids. In evaluating the role of specific risk factors or a category of risk factors in epidemiology, several criteria are examined for causality. These include consistency, strength of association, biologic plausibility, temporal sequence, and dose-response relationship. Often, there is a remarkable lack of consistency for several of the risk factors discussed in this chapter. Also, many of the measures of association are not strong. In addition, usually there is little information regarding the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome. A dose-response relationship can seldom be demonstrated. Therefore, making inferences about the causality of oral clefts is largely an inconclusive task. In this chapter, the current evidence regarding the role of environmental risk factors in the etiology of oral clefts is discussed.
Developing a Cleft Palate or Craniofacial Team
Authors: Strauss Ronald P
Published: November 2023

Cleft palate and other craniofacial conditions are widely cared for in the context of a multi-specialty healthcare team (Strauss, 1999). Various types of healthcare team organization exist, and effective teambased healthcare delivery has the ability to address the fragmentation and dehumanization that can result when a spectrum of specialists and disciplines are needed to provide assessment and technical care. The organization and delivery of cleft palate and craniofacial health services vary according to national and health system characteristics. Economic development and sociopolitical structures define the resources and health delivery system within which craniofacial care is rendered. In developed nations, organized healthcare teams largely deliver craniofacial care, although individual specialists outside of the team context render some care. In some nations, regional or national centers of clinical care have been organized to aggregate clinical service delivery and facilitate regionalization.In recent years, efforts such as the “Eurocleft” study have resulted in more regionalized care delivery. In many nations, such as the United States, a competitive market system exists that allows as many teams to develop as the market for services will bear. Reimbursement mechanisms, cultural factors, and health system characteristics define the craniofacial health delivery system.
Clean Indoor Air Restrictions: Progress and Promise
Authors: Jacobson Peter D , Zapawa Lisa M
Published: November 2023

For the past 25 years, the enactment of strong clean indoor air laws has been a primary goal of the tobacco control movement. From a legislative perspective, the issue has been how to translate increasingly broad public support for clean indoor air restrictions into laws that protect the public from the harms of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS, also known as passive or secondhand smoke) without unduly burdening individual rights to consume a legal product.

Even today, when smoking in public places is highly regulated in many states, the debate over the scope of that regulation is far from settled. That the state has the right to regulate smoking to secure the public’s health is beyond question. The policy debate is about when, how, and under what circumstances the state should exercise that power Qacobson, Wasserman, and Raube 1993).
Utilitarian Approaches to Justice in Health Care
Authors: Hayry Matti
Published: November 2023

Utilitarianism, as an ethical tradition, insists first, “that action is best which procures the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers” (Hutcheson, 1725) and, second, that “justice is a principle which proposes to itself the production of the greatest sum of pleasure or happiness” (Godwin, 1793). When these principles are applied to the problems of justice in health care, the self-evident norm seems to be that all traditional and common-sense accounts of equity, fairness, and deserts should be overridden by straightforward calculations of utility, or the net good produced by medical decisions and public policies. My purpose in this chapter, however, is to show that there is more than meets the eye in utilitarian responses to health care provision. Although the idea of adding and subtracting utilities and disutilities has been popular in health administration, this is by no means all there is to “procuring the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers.” In one sense, all approaches to justice in health-care provision are utilitarian. The primary problem is that resources are limited, and that all possible life-saving and health-enhancing treatments cannot be extended to everyone. Because difficult choices between individuals and groups must be made, no one can, knowingly and seriously, propose policies that would be inefficient, that is, which would simply throw away scarce resources to no one’s benefit.
The Medical, the Mental, and the Dental: Vicissitudes of Stigma and Compassion
Authors: Teitleman Michael
Published: November 2023

In late 1999, the Surgeon General of the United States issued Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (hereafter MHR). The report is a comprehensive survey of current scientific understanding of the major mental disorders, the therapeutic tools available to help affected individuals, and the clinical services that are needed by each age group across the life span. The report also articulates a vision of a system of mental health care with a broad range of programs to meet the needs of children, adolescents, adults, and elders through schools, nursing homes, prisons, residential programs, shelters, home-visit agencies, and community centers as well the usual hospital, clinic, and office sites. The outlook of the Surgeon General’s report is generally rosy. It touts the growth in knowledge and the clinical advances of the last three decades. The picture is less rosy when it turns to the gap between the mental health needs of the population and the delivery of mental health services. The gist of the Surgeon General’s outlook 1s that more is known about mental disorder than ever before, more effective treatment is available than ever before, but most of those who need help do not receive it.
What Went Wrong?
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

For a long time, people in the Midlle East have been asking themselves and each other this agonizing question - what went wrong? How did the most advanced, creative, flourishing, enlightened, and also the richest and most powerful civilization in the world lose both its strength and leadership and become - in various perspectives - the victim, the prey, the war, the pupil of the West. This book examines the different aspects of the encounter with the West - guns, factories, parliament, monogamy, technology, the sciences and the arts, and the Middle Eastern response to them. Finally, it reviews the different ways in which this question has been formulated, the various diagnoses of what ails the Middle East, and the prescriptions for its cure.
Trading and Exchanges
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

This book is about trading, the people who trade securities and contracts, the marketplaces where they trade, and the rules that govern it. Readers will learn about investors, brokers, dealers, arbitrageurs, retail traders, day traders, rogue traders, and gamblers; exchanges, boards of trade, dealer networks, ECNs (electronic communications networks), crossing markets, and pink sheets. Also covered in this text are single price auctions, open outcry auctions, and brokered markets limit orders, market orders, and stop orders. Finally, the author covers the areas of program trades, block trades, and short trades, price priority, time precedence, public order precedence, and display precedence, insider trading, scalping, and bluffing, and investing, speculating, and gambling.
Start-Up Factories
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G
Published: November 2023

This book gives the findings of a concise study of start-up factories in the United States by Japanese companies. This in-depth look at this increased phenomenon discusses not only the quality of jobs these factories produce, but it also expands to reveal their keys to success in achieving a strong competitive advantage. Finally, this volume gives the four inter-related strategies ( high performance management strategy, the economics of efficient wages, the quality of technology plants and regional economic development) that make for successful, high performance factories.
Mapping Functional Structure: A Project
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

This volume presents the first results of a long-term research project aiming at the discovery and mapping out of the functional structure of natural language sentences. The impetus of the study of functional structure, after Chomsky (1986, 3) first suggested extending the X-bar format to the nonlexical categories of Inflection and Complementizer, can be traced back to some fifteen years ago, with Abney (1987) for the DP, and Pollock (1989) for the sentence, with subsequent modifications by Belletti (1990), Ouhalla (1991), and Chomsky (1993), among others.

Since then, the amount of work produced in the study of functional structure on a variety of languages, has grown to such an extent that a systematic mapping of the various functional heads found in the sentence and other phrases of the languages of the world has become appropriate, if not imperative. The idea is that we are at a point when it is finally possible to set the question in a systematic and empirical fashion, by having the various types of evidence considered in the literature interact and converge onto distinct functional hierarchies for each phrase.
The Regulation of Brain Ions
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

The blood-brain barrier stabilizes ion levels in the central nervous system in the face of fluctuations in circulating blood, but even when all is quiet, the com position of the extracellular fluids in the brain differs from that in the rest of the body. The differences may seem small at first sight, but they are functionally important.
Irreversible Hypoxic (Ischemic) Neuron Injury
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

Cerebral stroke is a devasting condition. The distinguished neuroanatomist Alf Brodal (1973) wrote a restrained yet gripping first-hand account of a stroke he suffered. He self-diagnosed the anatomical extent of the lesion, and recounted the struggle to re-learn with the remaining parts of his brain the skills that were lost in the affected parts. As he wrote, “even if the patient seems to be as he was ... he is painfully aware himself that this is not so.”
The Neuroendocrinology Of Aging
Authors: Seidman Stuart N
Published: November 2023

A primary postulate of senescence is that the ability to regulate the internal environment in response to changes in the internal or external milieu is reduced (Hazzard, 1997). Age-related endocrinological changes are generally seen in this context. Although there develops with age a progressive reduction in homeostatic regulation of endocrine function, such changes are generally not apparent under normal circumstances. Indeed, most basal plasma hormone concentrations do not change with age. When the systems are stressed, however, as in a glucose challenge, impaired function becomes evident. The potential of such normative endocrine changes to have a negative impact on central nervous system (CNS) functioning would appear to be great. However, although data are limited, the evidence that does exist does not support any such age-related neuroendocrine effects. In this chapter, we will first consider the role of hormones in neuropsychiatry, review general age-related changes in endocrine systems, and describe the implications of these changes for late-life depressive illness. Then we will focus on the example of age-related testosterone decline in men in order to examine specific depression-related issues raised by this hormonal dysregulation.
Electroconvulsive Therapy In Late-Life Depression
Authors: Sackeim Harold A
Published: November 2023

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has a special role in the treatment of late-life depression and other psychiatric conditions in the elderly. Compared to those receiving pharmacological treatments, the elderly constitute an especially high proportion of those who receive ECT. For example, a survey of practice in California between 1977 and 1983 indicated that the probability of receiving ECT increased markedly with patient age. While 1.12 persons per 10,000 in the general adult population were treated with ECT, this rate was 3.86 persons per 10,000 people aged 65 years and above (Kramer, 1985). Across diagnoses, Figure 21.1 presents the number of patients treated with ECT in California between 1989 and 1994 as a function of age. (Data for 1993 were not available.) The use of ECT was constant over this period, and the high representation of elderly patients is noteworthy. Similarly, a national survey of inpatient psychiatric facilities conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) indicated that patients aged 61 and older comprised the largest age group receiving ECT (Thompson and Blaine, 1987). In this survey, overall use of ECT had declined substantially in a comparison between the years 1975 and 1980. However, there was no change in the rate of use for inpatients aged 61 years and above. In a follow-up NIMH national survey, Thompson et al. (1994) reported that the use of ECT increased somewhat between 1980 and 1986. Hospital type and age were particularly strong predictors of the use of this modality. Electroconvulsive therapy was far more commonly administered in private general and psychiatric hospitals than in hospitals in the public sector. Individuals aged 65 and older received ECT at a higher rate than persons in any other age group. Indeed, as Figure 21.2 shows, the overall increase in the use of ECT between 1980 and 1986 was fully attributable to its greater use in elderly patients. The national estimate in 1986 was that 15.6% of inpatients with mood disorders received ECT if they were 65 years of age or older, while the rate was only 3.4% among younger inpatients with mood disorder.
The Color of Housing
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A
Published: November 2023

In the fall of 1942, many Near North Side Chicagoans had reason to rejoice. Long considered one of the city’s worst slums, the neighborhood now boasted the Frances Cabrini Homes, a new, state-of-the-art housing project, with sunny apartments and modern kitchens. Not everyone was so excited, however. Initially, thinking the Homes would revitalize the crumbling neighborhood, Father Luigi Giambastiani, long-time pastor of the nearby St. Philip Benizi Church, had grown increasingly bitter about the project in these months. In a letter to the Chicago Housing Authority, he explained why: “The cohabitation or quasi-cohabitation of Negro and White hurts the feelings and traditions of the White people of this community. . . . You know neither you, nor I, would cherish the idea of living next door to a neighbor from whom nature, tradition and culture have segregated us. By this cohabitation, the Negroes might be uplifted but the Whites, by the very laws of environment feel that they will be lowered.”
South Africa in World History
Authors: Berger Iris
Published: November 2023

This volume begins in the early centuries of the Common Era with the various groups of people who had settled in southern Africa.. Stone Age foragers, farmers with iron technology, and pastoralists all interacted to create a complex society before Europeans arrived. In the seventeenth century, Dutch settlers developed a colonial society based on the menial labor of indigenous inhabitants of the Cape and slaves imported from the East Indies and other parts of Africa. British conquest in the early nineteenth century brought an end to slavery, as well as new forms of colonial domination, tension between the British and the original Dutch settlers, armed struggle between expanding European communities and Africans (including the highly militarized Zulu kingdom), and intensive missionary activity that transformed many African societies. The discovery of diamonds and gold in the late nineteenth century brought industrialization based on migrant labor, new clashes between British and Africaaners, the final conquest of African societies, and new European migrants. During the twentieth-century, despite further economic development, African communities were increasingly impoverished. New forms of racial domination lead to the implementation of apartheid in 1948 and heightened political organizing among both African and Africaaner nationalists. The intensification of resistance in the 1970s and ‘80s coupled with drastic changes in the international balance of power brought an end to the apartheid state in 1994 and an intensified struggle to overcome apartheid’s economic and political legacy by building a new nonracial society. The book emphasizes social and cultural history, focusing on people’s interactions and identities according to race, class, gender, religion and ethnicity. It also addresses changes in literature (both oral and written), music, and the arts and draws on the extensive biographical and autobiographical literature to provide a personal focus for the discussion of major themes. While this emphasis reflects dominant trends in historical scholarship for the past two decades, it also includes recent material on environmental history and relationships between African Americans and South Africans. Where relevant, it highlights comparisons between South African and U.S. history.
Working Together
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: November 2023

The typical workplace is a hotbed of human relationships--of friendships, conflicts, feuds, alliances, partnerships, coexistence and cooperation. Here, problems are solved, progress is made, and rifts are mended because they need to be - because the work has to get done. And it has to get done among increasingly diverse groups of co-workers. At a time when communal ties in American society are increasingly frayed and segregation persists, the workplace is more than ever the site where Americans from different ethnic, religious, and racial backgrounds meet and forge serviceable and sometimes lasting bonds. What do these highly structured workplace relationships mean for a society still divided by gender and race? Structure and rules are, in fact, central to the answer. Workplace interactions are constrained by economic power and necessity, and often by legal regulation. They exist far from the civic ideal of free and equal citizens voluntarily associating for shared ends. Yet it is the very involuntariness of these interactions that helps to make the often-troubled project of racial integration comparatively successful at work. People can be forced to get along-not without friction, but often with surprising success. This highly original exploration of the paradoxical nature--and the paramount importance--of workplace bonds concludes with concrete suggestions for how law can further realize the democratic possibilities of working together. In linking workplace integration and connectedness beyond work, Estlund suggests a novel and promising strategy for addressing the most profound challenges facing American society.
Mergers And Acquisitions in Banking and Finance
Authors: Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

This book is intended to lay out, in a clear and intuitive as well as comprehensive way, what we know - or think we know - about mergers and acquisitions in the financial services sector. It evaluates their underlying drivers, factual evidence as to whether or not the basic economic concepts and strategic precepts are correct. It looks closely at the managerial dimensions in terms of the efficacy of merger implementation, notably the merger integration process. The focus is on enhancing shareholder value creation and the execution of strategies for the successful management of mergers. It also has a strong public-policy component in this "special" industry where successes can pay dividends and failures can cause serious problems that reach well beyond the financial services industry itself. The financial services sector is about halfway through one of the most dramatic periods of restructuring ever undergone by a major global industry. The impact of the restructuring has carried well beyond shareholders of the firms and involved into the domain of regulation and public policy as well as global competitive performance and economic growth. Financial services are a center of gravity of economic restructuring activity. M A transactions in the financial sector comprise a surprisingly large share of the value of merger activity worldwide -- including only deals valued in excess of $100 million, during the period 1985-2000 there were approximately 233,700 M A transactions worldwide in all industries, for a total volume of $15.8 trillion. Of this total, there were 166,200 mergers in the financial services industry (49.7%), valued at $8.5 trillion (54%). In all of restructuring frenzy, the financial sector has probably had far more than its share of strategic transactions that have failed or performed far below potential because of mistakes in basic strategy or mistakes in post-merger integration. It has also had its share of rousing successes. This book considers the key managerial issues, focusing on M A transactions as a key tool of business strategy - "doing the right thing" to augment shareholder value. But in addition, the degree of integration required and the historic development of integration capabilities on the part of the acquiring firm, disruptions in human resources and firm leadership, cultural issues, timeliness of decision-making and interface management have co-equal importance - "doing it right."
Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
Authors: Restall Matthew
Published: November 2023

Here is an intriguing exploration of the ways in which the history of the Spanish Conquest has been misread and passed down to become popular knowledge of these events. The book offers a fresh account of the activities of the best-known conquistadors and explorers, including Columbus, Cortés, and Pizarro. Using a wide array of sources, historian Matthew Restall highlights seven key myths, uncovering the source of the inaccuracies and exploding the fallacies and misconceptions behind each myth. This vividly written and authoritative book shows, for instance, that native Americans did not take the conquistadors for gods and that small numbers of vastly outnumbered Spaniards did not bring down great empires with stunning rapidity. We discover that Columbus was correctly seen in his lifetime--and for decades after--as a briefly fortunate but unexceptional participant in efforts involving many southern Europeans. It was only much later that Columbus was portrayed as a great man who fought against the ignorance of his age to discover the new world. Restall also shows that the Spanish Conquest relied heavily on black and native allies, who provided many thousands of fighters, vastly outnumbering the conquistadors. In fact, the native perception of the Conquest differed sharply from the Spanish version--they saw it as a native civil war in which the Spaniards played an important but secondary role. The Conquest, Restall shows, was more complex--and more fascinating--than conventional histories have portrayed it. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest offers a richer and more nuanced account of a key event in the history of the Americas.
Lost Boundaries: Race, Blood, and Bodies
Authors: Lederer Susan E
Published: November 2023

In the 1949 “social message” film Lost Boundaries, Scott Carter, a Negro physician, his wife, and children pass for white in a New Hampshire town. When the physician seeks to enlist during World War II, his request for a commission is rejected when his old college records reveal his Negro blood. Before this revelation, in a dramatic scene in the film, a nurse holds a bottle of blood. When someone mentions “Negro blood,” she drops the bottle, it crashes to the floor and the blood splashes over the white hospital tiles. Lost Boundaries was based on a “true story.”
Feeding Problems Of The Child With Special Health-Care Needs
Authors: Cloud Harriet , Ekvall, Shirley W , Hicks Linda
Published: November 2023

The nutritional health of an infant or child is determined by adequate intake of either food or other nutritional products by feeding and/or eating. The amount of food intake depends, in turn, on the infant’s ability to suckle, suck, progress to the cup and solid food, and eventually self-feed the recommended mix of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water. Infants and children with special health-care needs are frequently at risk for feeding problems that impact on their growth, energy needs, and immunity to disease. Other consequences of feeding problems include anemia, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, dental caries, developmental delays, and psychosocial problems. Feeding problems have been defined as the inability or refusal to eat certain foods because of neuromotor dysfunction, obstructive lesions, and/or psychosocial factors. Problems generally are classified as oral-motor, positioning, and behavioral. Feeding problems are frequently found in infants and children with cerebral palsy, cleft lip and palate, Down syndrome, seizures, spina bifida, prematurity, Prader-Willi syndrome, hypotonia, and other chronic medical disorders.1 Feeding problems should be assessed with an understanding of the normal development of feeding and the physical makeup of the mouth and pharynx.
Human Malformations and Related Anomalies
Authors: Stevenson Roger E
Published: November 2023

Malformations result from pathologic processes during the embryonic period. The pathologic processes may be in- born, extrinsic, or some combination of the two. There is a narrow period of vulnerability during which developmental processes may be affected adversely, since most human body structures are formed between the second and the eighth weeks of development. Some organs, such as the brain, continue to develop throughout fetal life and even after birth. The small period of vulnerability notwithstanding, a remarkably large number of conceptuses, per- haps the majority, fall victim to disturbances in normal develop- mental processes.