bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light harvesting photovoltaic mini‐generator
Authors: Bermejo Sandra , Silvestre Santiago , Ortega Pablo , Herrera Gerard
Published: August 2011

In this work, the design, fabrication and characterisation of a millimetre‐size photovoltaic (PV) energy source is described. The fabrication process is based on p‐type silicon‐on‐insulator wafers. It is shown that scaling up the number of cells from 9 to 169 makes the open‐circuit voltage to increase from 3.6 to 101.5 V with generated power densities ranging from 2.07 to 6.7 mW/cm2 under 100 mW/cm2 standard AM 1.5 Global Spectrum. A prototype consisting of a PV mini‐module connected to a mini‐battery has been assembled, modelled and characterised. The results show that the mini‐PV source can be used in low power applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Random and block styrenic copolymers bearing both ammonium and fluorinated side‐groups
Authors: Valade David , Boschet Frédéric , Ameduri Bruno
Published: August 2011

1H,1H,2H,2H‐Perfluorooctyloxymethylstyrene (FS) was prepared and copolymerized with chloromethylstyrene (CMS). Conventional radical copolymerization of both these aromatic monomers led to poly(CMS‐co‐FS) random copolymers for which CMS was shown to be more reactive than the fluorinated comonomer. Their controlled radical copolymerization based on degenerative transfer, namely iodine transfer polymerization (ITP), led to various poly(CMS)‐b‐poly(FS) block copolymers. Molecular weights of poly(CMS‐co‐FS) copolymers reached 33,000 g mol−1 while those of poly(CMS)‐b‐ poly(FS) block copolymers were 22,000 g mol−1. Their composition ranged from 18 to 61 mol.% in FS. These copolymers were modified via a cationization step, aiming at replacing the chlorine atom in CMS unit by a trimethylammonium group, leading to the formation of cationic sites. The resulting functionalized copolymers exhibited different solubilities. If both copolymerization techniques led to water‐insoluble copolymers, the block architecture enabled incorporating lower FS proportion, resulting in more cationic sites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Recommended management of common bacterial skin infections
Authors: Ni Riain Una
Published: August 2011

Bacterial skin infections can usually be successfully managed with topical antibiotics if mild and very localised, or with systemic agents if widespread or more severe. Our Drug review discusses their features and recommended treatment, followed by sources of further information. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
In‐situ X‐ray diffraction study of an electric field induced phase transition and giant strain in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–x %BaTiO3 lead‐free single crystals
Authors: Ge Wenwei , Zhang Qinhui , Wang Zhiguang , Yao Jianjun , Li Jiefang , Luo Haosu , Viehland D.
Published: August 2011

A giant electric field (E) induced strain of ε = 0.60% has been observed for Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–5.6%BaTiO3 single crystals under E = 20 kV/cm at 130 °C. In‐situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that this induced transition was between pseudocubic and tetragonal structures. Our work provides a potential alternative to lead‐based piezoelectric materials. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Persian Gulf summertime low‐level jet over sloping terrain
Authors: Giannakopoulou E. M. , Toumi R.
Published: August 2011

There are few observational and numerical studies of the summertime low‐level jet (LLJ) over the Persian Gulf, known as the shamal. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model accurately simulates the LLJ's vertical structure, nocturnal features and strong diurnal variation of the wind. The case‐study period is divided into a period during which the shamal is spatially extended (strong winds over the Gulf and Iraq) and a period during which it is less spatially extended (strong flow only over the Gulf). Orography, mountain slope and land/sea breeze are found to be key factors for the shamal diurnal variation of wind speed and wind direction; the Blackadar mechanism appears to be secondary to the heating in forcing the shamal. The Zagros Mountains not only channel the northwesterly winds but also provide a barrier for the easterly monsoon airflow, which maximizes the wind speed. Only during the less extensive period does the Zagros Mountains slope significantly affect the shamal wind intensity and direction. Both shallow and steep mountain slope sensitivity studies feature a jet‐like flow over the Persian Gulf. The steep slopes cause larger wind speeds; however, the shallow slopes reveal a stronger diurnally varying wind direction due to larger heating and cooling of the sloping terrain. It is also shown that, during the less extensive period, the land breeze and the lower friction over the sea increase the intensity of the nocturnal jet over the Gulf. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Optimal linearization trajectories for tangent linear models
Authors: Stappers R. J. J. , Barkmeijer J.
Published: August 2011

We examine differential equations where nonlinearity is a result of the advection part of the total derivative or the use of quadratic algebraic constraints between state variables (such as the ideal gas law). We show that these types of nonlinearity can be accounted for in the tangent linear model by a suitable choice of the linearization trajectory. Using this optimal linearization trajectory, we show that the tangent linear model can be used to reproduce the exact nonlinear error growth of perturbations for more than 200 days in a quasi‐geostrophic model and more than (the equivalent of) 150 days in the Lorenz 96 model. We introduce an iterative method, purely based on tangent linear integrations, that converges to this optimal linearization trajectory.

The main conclusion from this article is that this iterative method can be used to account for nonlinearity in estimation problems without using the nonlinear model. We demonstrate this by performing forecast sensitivity experiments in the Lorenz 96 model and show that we are able to estimate analysis increments that improve the two‐day forecast using only four backward integrations with the tangent linear model. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A Proactive Operational Framework for Business Continuity in the Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Lin Chin‐Sen , Kao Sunny , Chen Long‐Sheng
Published: August 2011

Prolonged disruption due to a man‐made crisis or a natural disaster could result in the loss of vital corporate assets or market share. To protect the organization and ensure the survival of the business, a comprehensive contingency plan is necessary. Some unique characteristics of the semiconductor industry are its equipment and its technological and capital‐intensive investments. As with any other industry, the uninterrupted provision of products and services to clients should be considered the key priority of the semiconductor industry. In this regard, this paper presents a systematic and proactive operational framework for the semiconductor industry to effectively anticipate, resist, and recover from disasters. The framework is composed of three phases: emergency response team, crisis management, and business continuity plan. The contents of these phases are discussed, and related workable procedures and measures are recommended to practitioners to ensure that organizations can continue to operate in the most adverse situations and thus remain viable and profitable during and after the crisis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using metrology in early prehistoric stone tool research: further work and a brief instrument comparison
Authors: Evans A. A. , Macdonald D.
Published: August 2011

Early prehistoric research aims to discover the activities of our ancestors and piece together the process of evolution and sociocultural development. A key element in this process is the study of stone tools, particularly how these tools functioned in prehistory. Currently, there are no established quantitative methods that address stone tool function. This article provides a summary of previous studies using metrological methods in stone tool research and details the use of laser scanning confocal microscopy to conduct areal surface analysis using three‐dimensional data sets. Research to‐date is preliminary but promising and shows that microscopic metrological approaches can provide a quantitative method to identify how stone tools were used. A limited comparison of two metrological systems is presented, the results of which highlight a need for caution and further investigation on the comparability of related data sets. SCANNING 33: 294–303, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibitory effects of Broccolini leaf flavonoids on human cancer cells
Authors: Wang Bingfang , Zhang Xuewu
Published: August 2011

Broccolini (Brassica oleracea Italica × Alboglabra) is a hybrid between broccoli and Gai Lan, also known as Chinese broccoli and Chinese kale. The aim of this study was to assess the antitumor activity of Broccolini leaf flavonoids (BLF). Cell growth inhibition was evaluated using a standard colorimetric MTT assay, cellular morphology was observed using phase contrast microscopy and flow cytometry was introduced to further investigate cells apoptosis effect. The results showed that BLF possess a dose‐dependent antiproliferative effects on four human cancer cell lines (SW480, HepG2, Hela, and A549) and apoptosis induction activity on SW480 cell line. Thus, the hybrid species Broccolini could be considered as a functional vegetable with potential in assisting for the treatment of four human cancers examined here. SCANNING 34: 1–5, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indium chloride‐induced micronuclei via reactive oxygen species in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 cells
Authors: Lin Ruey‐Hseng , Yang Ming‐Ling , Li Yi‐Ching , Chang Hui‐Min , Kuan Yu‐Hsiang
Published: August 2011

We study the cytotoxicity of indium chloride (InCl3) in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, the V79 cells, using MTT assay. The results showed that InCl3 did not induce significant cytotoxicity at various concentrations tested. In addition, the frequency of micronuclei (MN) was assayed to evaluate the genotoxic effects of InCl3 in V79 cells. InCl3 at concentrations ranged 0.1–1 μM significantly increased MN frequency in a concentration‐dependent manner. Both catalase and superoxide dismutase at concentrations of 75 and 150 μg/mL significantly inhibited InCl3‐induced MN. Similarly, Germanium oxide (GeO2) and dimercaprol expressed antigenotoxic effects. From these findings, it is concluded that InCl3 is a potent genotoxic chemical, which may be mediated partly by inducing oxidative stress. The significance of this study shows that the workers in the semiconductor factories should be cautious in exposing to the hazardous genotoxic InCl3. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 28: 595–600, 2013.
Design, implementation, and evaluation of a field‐programmable gate array‐based wireless local area network synchronizer
Authors: Kennedy Christopher E. , Dechene Dan J. , Shami Abdallah
Published: August 2011

Synchronization is a critical operation required by majority of wireless receivers. This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of an orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing baseband packet synchronizer deployed on a field‐programmable gate array (FPGA). Packet detection, carrier frequency offset estimation/correction, and time synchronization are all performed in the time domain by processing samples before the fast Fourier transform computation on the receiver. We propose techniques to reduce the area complexity of the arithmetic computations while maintaining the performance of existing approaches. FPGA implementation results are reported, and the design is evaluated by simulation under additive white Gaussian noise channel conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nesting Phenology and Clutch Characteristics of Captive Siamese Crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Cambodia
Authors: Platt Steven G. , Monyrath Vuthy , Sovannara Heng , Kheng Long , Rainwater Thomas R.
Published: August 2011

The Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) is considered one of the least studied and most critically endangered crocodilians in the world. Although few wild populations remain, more than 700,000 C. siamensis are held on commercial crocodile farms in Southeast Asia. Despite conservation concerns, many aspects of C. siamensis life history remain poorly known, particularly with regards to its reproductive biology. We studied nesting phenology, clutch characteristics, and other aspects of C. siamensis reproductive biology on crocodile farms in Cambodia during 2000 and 2001. Oviposition among captive crocodiles began in February and continued into early June. The mean (±1 SD) oviposition date based on pooled data from 2000 and 2001 was 5 April ± 24 days. Mean oviposition date differed significantly between 2000 and 2001, possibly as a result of annual variability among nesting cues. The mean incubation period was 72 ± 3 days and eggs hatched from 5 May to 18 August. Mean clutch size (25.0 ± 8.8 eggs; n = 183) differed significantly between years, possibly resulting from the >2.5‐fold increase in sample size during 2001. There was no correlation between clutch size and oviposition date during either 2000 or 2001. A single female produced two clutches during 2001, complimenting previous reports of double‐clutching among C. siamensis. The mean length and width of 515 eggs were 78.2 ± 4.9 and 48.1 ± 2.5 mm, respectively; mean egg mass was 90.8 ± 16.5 g (n = 471). One unpipped egg contained a set of twins. Zoo Biol 31:534‐545, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ischemic Colitis: Clinical Presentation, Localization in Relation to Risk Factors, and Long‐Term Results
Authors: Glauser Philippe M. , Wermuth Petra , Cathomas Gieri , Kuhnt Evelyn , Käser Samuel A. , Maurer Christoph A.
Published: August 2011

Background

Ischemic colitis is commonly thought to occur most often in the left hemicolon close to the splenic flexure owing to insufficient blood supply near Griffith’s point. This study investigates the colorectal localization pattern, the risk factors, and the long‐term outcome of histologically proven ischemic colitis.

Methods

Between 1996 and 2004, a total of 49 patients with a median age of 69 years (range 26–94 years) with colonoscopically assessed and histologically proven ischemic colitis were identified on behalf of the pathology database. Long‐term results of 43 patients were evaluated retrospectively after a median interval of 79 months (range 6–163 months).

Results

In 27 patients (55%) more than one location was affected. We found 98 affected locations in 49 patients. The distribution of ischemic colitis in our group shows no significantly preferred location. In an exploratory analysis, the cecum, ascending colon, and right flexure were affected significantly more often if intake of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) is documented. There was no association between the location of ischemic colitis and a history of smoking, peripheral artery occlusive disease, coronary heart disease, diabetes, or malignant tumor.

Conclusions

Ischemic colitis seems not to have a predisposing site of occurrence in the colorectum, especially Griffith’s point which was not afflicted significantly more often than other sites. Frequently, ischemic colitis afflicts more than one colonic location. In patients being treated with NSAIDs, ischemic colitis was observed significantly more often in the right hemicolon. Recurrence of ischemic colitis seems to be rare.
Community‐acquired Pneumonia during Long‐term Follow‐up of Patients after Radical Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer: Analysis of Incidence and Associated Risk Factors
Authors: Hanyu Takaaki , Kanda Tatsuo , Yajima Kazuhito , Tanabe Yoshinari , Komukai Shintaro , Kosugi Shin‐ichi , Suzuki Tsutomu , Hatakeyama Katsuyoshi
Published: August 2011

Background

There are no data concerning the occurrence of community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) in esophageal cancer patients during long‐term follow‐up after radical esophagectomy. The aims of the present study were to determine the incidence of CAP in esophageal cancer patients who underwent radical esophagectomy and to identify the risk factors.

Methods

A total of 186 consecutive patients who underwent radical esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal carcinoma in our hospital between 1991 and 2000 were enrolled in this study. Data on the occurrence of CAP were retrospectively collected from medical records, follow‐up files, and telephone interviews with patients. The cumulative incidence of CAP was calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method, and the risk factors for CAP were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses. The median follow‐up time was 77 months (range 12–216 months).

Results

Sixty patients suffered from CAP during the follow‐up period. The cumulative incidence was 25.8% at 5 years and 38.4% at 10 years. Multivariate analysis revealed the following as the significant risk factors for CAP: presence of lymph node metastasis (Hazard ratio [HR], 2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55–4.50; P < 0.001), colonic interposition (HR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.41–5.82; P = 0.004), obstructive lung disease (HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.11–3.42; P = 0.021), and preoperative hypoalbuminemia (HR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.20–3.60; P = 0.009).

Conclusions

There is a high incidence of CAP in esophageal cancer patients after esophagectomy. Positive nodal metastasis, colonic interposition, obstructive lung disease, and preoperative hypoalbuminemia are risk factors for this long‐term postoperative morbidity.
Fast‐Track Concepts in Major Open Upper Abdominal and Thoracoabdominal Surgery: A Review
Authors: Fagevik Olsén Monika , Wennberg Elisabet
Published: August 2011

Introduction

The purpose of this article was to review the research considering fast‐track concepts in upper abdominal and thoracoabdominal surgery.

Methods

A search for clinical studies evaluating the fast‐track concept after open major upper abdominal or thoracoabdominal surgery was performed. Reference lists of identified articles were searched. Trials—written in English—that compared a concept and traditional care were evaluated with regard to their internal validity. Level of evidence was defined and each outcome was evaluated.

Results

In total, 15 articles were found, separated into gastric (n = 2), pancreatic (n = 5), hepatic (n = 2), esophageal (n = 3), and aortic surgery (n = 3). Three were randomized, controlled trials. The different trials represented various concepts of fast‐track surgery, but the majority included specific programs for analgesics, avoidance of drainage tubes, early start of oral nutrition, and early and active mobilization. There is moderate evidence that fast‐track concepts result in shorter hospital stay. There is low evidence that fast‐track concepts shorten need of ventilation, decrease the need of care at the intensive care unit, decrease postoperative pain, and reduce total hospital costs. The concepts seem to have similar rates of surgical complications, readmission rate, and mortality rates as conventional care. No specific adverse events were reported.

Conclusions

Although the methodological quality of the articles reviewed was low and the trials heterogeneous, all trials concluded that the introduction of fast‐track concepts were safe and feasible, achieved shorter hospital stays, and reduced costs. Future randomized, controlled trials are needed to further evaluate the effect of these concepts.
Renal Vein Lengthening Using Gonadal Vein Reduces Surgical Difficulty in Living‐Donor Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Feng Jia‐Yu , Huang Chi‐Bing , Fan Ming‐Qi , Wang Ping‐Xian , Xiao Ya , Zhang Gen‐Fu
Published: August 2011

Background

During living‐donor kidney transplantation, to maximally decrease donor injury, the right kidney with lower glomerular filtration rate often is selected as the donor kidney. However, the renal vein of the right kidney is relatively short for transplantation. The gonadal vein is essentially useless and is easily accessed during the donor nephrectomy.

Methods

Seventeen live kidney donors received right kidney nephrectomy for living‐donor kidney transplantation. Short renal veins were lengthened by circular anastomosis or spiral anastomosis of longitudinally cut gonadal veins. The renal function of receivers was evaluated using creatinine clearance.

Results

The renal veins were extended by 2.0–2.7 cm with circular anastomosis and 4.1–4.5 cm with spiral anastomosis with an average of 2.5 ± 0.7 cm. Lengthening of renal veins averaged 20.4 ± 4.2 min. All surgeries were successful, significantly reducing difficulty of vascular anastomosis during transplantation. No poor early graft function occurred. No side effects were observed in donors.

Conclusions

When donor renal veins are too short for effective kidney transplantation and may affect reliability of vascular anastomosis, they can be lengthened by using gonadal veins without increasing injury to the donor. Successful extension of donor kidney renal veins expands the indication for right donor kidneys.
Surgical Impact on Gastric Cancer with Locoregional Invasion
Authors: Lai Kuan‐Kai , Fang Wen‐Liang , Wu Chew‐Wun , Huang Kuo‐Hung , Chen Jen‐Hao , Lo Su‐Shun , Li Anna Fen‐Yau
Published: August 2011

Background

The benefit of resection of gastric cancer with locoregional invasion is still under debate. This study aimed to investigate the impact of surgery on patients with gastric cancer with locoregional invasion.

Methods

From January 1988 to December 2009, a total of 2,678 patients with gastric cancer underwent surgery at the Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Among these patients, 569 and 295 were diagnosed as T4a (serosa invasion without penetration of visceral peritoneum) and T4b (serosa exposure with invasion of adjacent structure), respectively. Invasion type and prognosis were analyzed in patients with gastric cancer who had either curative or palliative resection.

Results

Our results showed that patients with T4a gastric cancer had a better 5‐year overall survival than patients with T4b (22.5% vs. 11.5%, P < 0.001). Patients with T4b who had curative resection had a better 5‐year overall survival than those with T4b who had palliative resection (13.8% vs. 7.3%, P = 0.001). The prognosis of patients with gastric cancer with pancreas invasion was worse than those with mesocolon invasion, as no patients with pancreas invasion survived more than 5 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that tumor size (P = 0.019), Bormann classification (P < 0.001), stromal reaction (P = 0.001), and nodal involvement (P < 0.001) were independent predictors for overall survival in patients with T4b gastric cancer.

Conclusion

Resection of T4b gastric cancer could be performed with curative intent. Patients with gastric cancer with pancreas invasion had a poorer prognosis than those with mesocolon invasion.
AORN Ergonomic Tool 7: Pushing, Pulling, and Moving Equipment on Wheels
Authors: Waters Thomas , Lloyd John D. , Hernandez Edward , Nelson Audrey
Published: August 2011

Pushing and pulling equipment in and around the OR can place high shear force demands on perioperative team members' shoulder and back muscles and joints. These high forces may lead to work‐related musculoskeletal disorders. AORN Ergonomic Tool 7: Pushing, Pulling, and Moving Equipment on Wheels can help perioperative team members assess the risk of pushing and pulling tasks in the perioperative setting. The tool provides evidence‐based suggestions about when assistive devices should be used for these tasks and is based on current ergonomic safety concepts, scientific evidence, and knowledge of effective technology and procedures, including equipment and devices for safe patient handling.
Supply Chain Optimization for Pediatric Perioperative Departments
Authors: Davis Janice L. , Doyle Robert
Published: August 2011

Economic challenges compel pediatric perioperative departments to reduce nonlabor supply costs while maintaining the quality of patient care. Optimization of the supply chain introduces a framework for decision making that drives fiscally responsible decisions. The cost‐effective supply chain is driven by implementing a value analysis process for product selection, being mindful of product sourcing decisions to reduce supply expense, creating logistical efficiency that will eliminate redundant processes, and managing inventory to ensure product availability. The value analysis approach is an analytical methodology for product selection that involves product evaluation and recommendation based on consideration of clinical benefit, overall financial impact, and revenue implications.
Clinical Issues—September 2011
Authors: Denholm Bonnie
Published: August 2011

This Month

Safe medication administration

Key words: safe medication practices, rights of medication administration.

Use of surgical masks during cystoscopy and dental procedures

Key words: cystoscopy attire, surgical masks.

Determining whether prothrombin should be classified as tissue or medication

Key words: classification of human‐derived hemostatic agents, prothrombin.

Surgical patient waiting times

Key words: patient satisfaction survey, extended preoperative wait times.
The Optimum Cage Position and Orientation on the ALIF with Facet Screw Fixation: A Finite Element Analysis and the Taguchi Method
Authors: Fan C.-Y. , Chao C.-K. , Hsu C.-C. , Chao K.-H.
Published: August 2011

Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (ALIF) has been widely used to treat internal disc degeneration. However, different cage positions and their orientations may affect the initial stability leading to different fusion results. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the optimum cage position and orientation for aiding an ALIF having a transfacet pedicle screw fixation (TFPS). A three-dimensional finite element model (ALIF with TFPS) has been developed to simulate the stability of the L4/L5 fusion segment under five different loading conditions. The Taguchi method was used to evaluate the optimized placement of the cages. Three control factors and two noise factors were included in the parameter design. The control factors included the anterior-posterior position, the medio-lateral position, and the convergent-divergent angle between the two cages. The compressive preload and the strengths of the cancellous bone were set as noise factors. From the results of the FEA and the Taguchi method, we suggest that the optimal cage positioning has a wide anterior placement, and a diverging angle between the two cages. The results show that the optimum cage position simultaneously contributes to a stronger support of the anterior column and lowers the risk of TFPS loosening.
Effects of Flow Patterns on Aerodynamic Forces of a Square Cylinder at Incidence
Authors: Huang R. F. , Lin B. H.
Published: August 2011

The pressure distributions around a square cylinder in a crossflow were experimentally studied in a wind tunnel. The subject of study was conventional, but the results presented new findings. The experiments were performed by using a home-made linear pressure scanner. The ranges of Reynolds number and incidence angle were 2 × 104- 9.4 × 104and 0° - 45°, respectively. According to the topological flow patterns, the flows around the square cylinder at incidence showed three characteristic regimes: The subcritical, supercritical, and wedge flows. A critical incidence angle αcri= 15° separated the regimes of subcritical and supercritical modes. The results of current study provided information regarding the effects of the topological flow patterns on surface pressure distribution, drag, and lift characteristics. The pressure distributions, drag, and lift presented different characteristics in different characteristic flow regimes and had close correlations with the flows. At the critical incidence angle 15° which separated the subcritical and supercritical regimes, the surface-averaged pressure coefficient on each face displayed local extreme value—The drag coefficient attained a minimum of 1.6, the lateral force coefficient reached a maximum of 0.9. The appearance of the minimum drag at the critical incidence angle was attributed to the reduction of wake width which was induced by two surface flow phenomena: (1) reattachment of the separated boundary layer on the lateral surface facing windward at the critical incidence angle and (2) flow pattern change on the lateral surface facing leeward.
Multi-Cross-Correlation Method in Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Hsu T.-W. , Shin C.-Y. , Ou S.-H. , Li Y.-T.
Published: August 2011

A multi-cross-correlation method (MCCM) was developed in a particle image velocimetry (PIV) auto-processing system to reduce spurious vectors and improve accuracy of measurements. This technique is an improvement based on conventional cross-correlation method (CCM). Four typical neighboring interrogation windows were specified to be overlapped and calculated by MCCM. A high cross-correlation value is obtained in which many particle images match up with their corresponding spatially shifted partners, and small cross-correlation peaks due to interference of noises during experiments are reduced. Several parameters such as out-of-plane motions, particle size, and seeding density are considered for checking both MCCM and conventional PIV algorithms. The examination gives authenticity to the merits of MCCM for avoiding particles loss or mistaken velocity vectors.
An Accurate Method for First and Second Derivatives of Dynamic Responses
Authors: Liu Q. , Zhang J. , Gu L. , Yan L.
Published: August 2011

This paper has developed an accurate method for calculating the first and second derivatives of dynamic responses with respect to the design variables of structures subjected to dynamic loads. An efficient algorithm to calculate the dynamic responses, their first and second derivatives with respect to the design variables is formulated based on the Newmark-β method. The algorithm is achieved by direct differentiation and only a single dynamics analysis is required. An example is demonstrated with the new method proposed in this paper and the analytical method. The comparative numerical results show the new method is highly accurate compared to the analytical method.
Ceramics Toughening Mechanism Study of Mixed-Mode I-III Cracks with a New Yield Criterion
Authors: Yang Z.-J. , Wang Z.-Q. , Tang L.-Q , Sun X.-Y.
Published: August 2011

Considering the SD (strength differential) effect on compressive strength and tensile strength in zirconia ceramic material, a yield criterion with a special parameter is introduced. In addition, by analogy with associated flow rule, the constitutive model of phase transformation ceramic material has been established. Under generalized plane strain condition, the theoretical toughening expressions of mixed-mode I-III stationary cracks and steady-state growing cracks have been developed with the constitutive model. The crack toughening effect has been discussed in detail with the Poisson ratio, parameters k / α (the ratio of nominal yield strength and SD effect factor) and ω (the scale factor of mode I crack and mode III). The integral calculation shows that phase transformation toughening of stationary cracks is negative shielding effect and the toughening effect of the steady-state growing cracks change obviously with the increase of parameter k / α. Comparison between experimental data and theoretical data indicates that the yield criterion is in accord with the actual characteristics of the zirconia ceramic, when the expression of mixed-mode I-III crack is reduced to mode I crack. The results obtained in present paper can provide the useful theoretical reference for the research of phase transformation toughening in ceramic materials.
Finite-Volume Multi-Stage Scheme for Advection-Diffusion Modeling in Shallow Water Flows
Authors: Guo W.-D. , Lai J.-S. , Lin G.-F. , Lee F.-Z. , Tan Y.-C.
Published: August 2011

This paper adopts the finite-volume multi-stage (FMUSTA) scheme to the two-dimensional coupled system combining the shallow water equations and the advection-diffusion equation. For the convection part, the numerical flux is estimated by adopting the FMUSTA scheme, where high order accuracy is achieved by the data reconstruction using the monotonic upstream schemes for conservation laws method. For the diffusion part, the evaluations of first-order derivatives are solved via the method of Jacobian transformation. The hydrostatic reconstruction method is employed for treatment of source terms. The overall accuracy of resulting scheme is second-order both in time and space. In addition, the scheme is non-oscillatory and conserves the pollutant mass during the transport process. For scheme validation, six advection and diffusion transport tests are simulated. The influences of the grid spacing and limiters on the numerical performance are also discussed. Furthermore, the scheme is employed in the simulation of suspended sediment transport in natural-irregular river topography. From the satisfactory agreements between the simulated results and the field measured data, it is demonstrated that the proposed FMUSTA scheme is practically suitable for hydraulic engineering applications.
Modeling of the Propagation of a Reaction Front in Fixed Bed Combustion of Wood Particles
Authors: Bidabadi M. , Abedinejad M. S. , Fereidooni J.
Published: August 2011

The goal of the combustion research is to achieve optimum combustion mode. Reaction Front velocity is one of the most important parameter that is studied in this field. Most biomass consumed at the present time is burned in fixed or moving beds. Fixed-bed combustion systems are characterized by the slow combustion of large particles subjected to an oxidizing ambient. In this paper a model for propagation of a reaction front of wood particles in a fixed Bed is presented. Once the bed is ignited, an apparent flame zone is formed at the bed's top surface and the flame front moves downwards into the bed of fuel at a speed depending on fuel type and operating parameters. Effect of different parameters such as air flow rate through the bed, primary air temperature, moisture content, particle size and number density of fuel particles on the reaction front velocity has been studied. In order to compare the results of this model with the associated experimental data three species of wood fuels are studied and the agreement is found to be satisfactory.
The Ending of St. Mark's Gospel
Authors: Knox Wilfred Lawrence
Published: August 2011

In The Gospel according to St. Luke the late Professor Creed accepted the view of Welhausen and Meyer that the original version of Mark was intended to close with the words ἐϕοβοῦντο γάρ. The view avoids the difficulty of explaining the fact that neither Matthew nor Luke knows any other ending; it is certainly hard to see how a document could have gained so wide a circulation that the authors of these two Gospels knew it, and yet had at some previous date been so little known that the only surviving copy had lost its original ending.
The Coming of the Pythia
Authors: Latte Kurt
Published: August 2011

The commonly accepted idea of the evolution of the Delphian mantic may be outlined thus: There was first an oracle of the Mother Earth, working by incubation (cf. p. 16, later). Later on, Apollo took possession of it, but its character remained unchanged: the believers continued to receive revelation in dreams. Afterwards Dionysos went to Delphi and with him ecstasy entered into the cult. It was not until then that oracles were given by an inspired, i.e. ecstatic, priestess called Pythia.
Saul Who Also Is Called Paul
Authors: Harrer G. A.
Published: August 2011

From the time of Origen and of Rufinus and St. Jerome the question of the apparent change of the apostle's name from Saul to Paul has interested students of the New Testament. The problem is due to the fact that the author of the Acts in briefly giving an account of Paul's meeting with the Roman governor of Cyprus, Sergius Paullus, and with the false prophet Elymas, simply states: “Then Saul (who also is called Paul) filled with the Holy Ghost, set his eyes on him, etc.” Before this verse in Acts the apostle's name is invariably given as Saul, and after this verse he is always called Paul, except in two passages where there is reference to the very beginning of his career, his conversion. In his letters the name Paul, and never Saul, is used.
Maenadism in the Bacchae
Authors: Dodds E. R.
Published: August 2011

“In art, as well as in poetry, the representation of these wild states of enthusiasm was apparently due to the imagination alone, for in prose literature we have very little evidence, in historic times, of women actually holding revels in the open air. Such a practice would have been alien to the spirit of seclusion which pervaded the life of womankind in Greece. … The festivals of the Thyiads were mainly confined to Parnassus.” Thus Sandys in the introduction to his justly admired edition of the Bacchae. Diodorus, on the other hand, tells us (4.3) that “In many Greek states congregations (βακχεῖα) of women assemble every second year, and the unmarried girls are allowed to carry the thyrsus and share the transports of the elders (συνενθουσιάζειν).” And since Sandys' day inscriptional evidence from various parts of the Greek world has confirmed Diodorus' statement. We know now that such biennial festivals (τριετηρíδες) existed at Thebes, Opus, Melos, Pergamum, Priene, Rhodes; and they are attested for Alea in Arcadia by Pausanias, for Mitylene by Aelian, for Crete by Firmicus Maternus. Their character may have varied a good deal from place to place, but we can hardly doubt that they normally included women's ὄργια of the ecstatic or quasi-ecstatic type described by Diodorus, and that these often, if not always, involved nocturnal ὀρειβασíα or mountain dancing.
The Bay Psalm Book and Harvard Hymnody
Authors: Foote Henry Wilder
Published: August 2011

The Bay Psalm Book, which was printed here in Cambridge three hundred years ago this summer, is something much more significant than a bibliographical rarity or a literary curiosity. Its early editions are, of course, choice items of Americana for collectors, and its verse, which at first sight seems so uncouth, has provoked the derision or sarcasm of unsympathetic critics who have done no more than glance at it. Unfortunately most people know little more about the book than these widely publicized facts. But the Bay Psalm Book deserves respectful consideration on other and better grounds, for it is the earliest literary monument of the English-speaking colonists on this continent; it is a key to an understanding of their religious life; and it was the fountain-head of that great stream of later American hymnody of which it is the direct spiritual ancestor.
The Significance of Luther's Earliest Extant Sermon
Authors: Bluhm H. S.
Published: August 2011

The last few decades of research concerning Luther have been clearly characterized by the close attention paid to his early development. Aided by some remarkable discoveries of hitherto unknown early Luther material, scholars have investigated particularly the important period from roughly 1513 to 1517/18, during which the ‘new’ religion of Luther evolved and reached its first flowering. The largely uncharted years before 1513, however, still remain in comparative darkness, despite Otto Scheel's notable work which, for all its completeness, is peripheral rather than central so far as the figure of Luther himself is concerned. While Scheel has succeeded in recreating the environment, physical as well as intellectual, in which the boy and youth lived and moved, he has been able to tell us but little of Luther's early spiritual development. The sources available to us unfortunately do not permit our going much beyond what Scheel has so competently presented. A few early letters and the marginal notes of 1509/10 constitute practically the whole body of direct Luther records before 1513. This situation is most regrettable indeed since we do not really know, aside from the general religious background in which Luther grew up, the all-important specific and personal elements characteristic of his early religion. In other words, we do not actually know the individual and intimate features of the religion from which Luther developed into the ‘new’ religion so wholly and unmistakably his own.
Sambathis
Authors: Youtie Herbert C.
Published: August 2011

On O. Mich. I, 657 a large, “epigraphic” hand has written five lines, of which three obviously contain the names of Greek gods. The same hand is responsible also for O. Mich. I, 658. Since the editor is inclined to relate these ostraca as parts of a single text, his transcripts of both are repeated here.
Niebuhr's Philosophy of History
Authors: Jacobson N. P.
Published: August 2011

This paper is a study of the second volume of The Nature and Destiny of Man with a view to deriving Niebuhr's philosophy of history. It may be said that the one thing which Niebuhr has uppermost in mind is to set forth such a philosophy of history; we shall attempt to catch it within the scope of this paper, and having delineated the structure in its main elements, we shall criticize it from the point of view of Christian Naturalism and attempt a constructive interpretation of our own.
Additions and Corrections
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

By the editor's kindness I am permitted to present here some corrections and supplements to papers and notes previously published in this Review. I had hesitated to claim the attention of readers again for matters of minor importance; but justice to other scholars seemed to demand an additional word about some of the following topics, and the interest of the supplementary matter must be my excuse for reverting to the others.
Gamaliel's Speech and Caligula's Statue
Authors: Swain Joseph Ward
Published: August 2011

“But a Pharisee named Gamaliel, a teacher of the Law highly regarded by all the people, got up in the council and ordered the men to be removed for a while, and then said, ‘Men of Israel, take care what you propose to do with these men. For some time ago Theudas appeared, claiming to be a person of importance, and a group of men numbering some four hundred joined him. But he was killed and all his followers were dispersed and disappeared. After him, at the time of the census, Judas of Galilee appeared, and raised a great following, but he too perished and all his followers were scattered. So in the present case, I tell you, keep away from these men and let them alone, for if this idea or movement is of human origin, it will come to naught, but if it is from God, you will not be able to stop it. You may actually find yourselves fighting against God!’” — Acts V, 34–39 (tr. Goodspeed).
Sappho's Prayer to Aphrodite
Authors: Cameron A.
Published: August 2011

The importance of Sappho's first poem as a religious document has long been recognized, but there is still room for disagreement as to the position that should be assigned to it in a history of Greek religious experience. The difficulty lies in the interpretation of the language of the poem; not of its literal meaning, which is clear, but of its tone and color. Is the poem, as Bowra puts it, “a prayer intimate and serious”? Is it “after all a religious poem, concerned with an experience which can only be called mystical”? Or is it an exercise in a literary genre, charming indeed in the simple directness of its expression, but still conventional and not to be taken seriously as a religious utterance. Or, finally, does the truth lie somewhere between these two extremes?
Boethius's Consolatio Philosophiae as a Sequel to Augustine's Dialogues and Soliloquia
Authors: Silk Edmund T.
Published: August 2011

Boissier long ago remarked that Augustine's Dialogues (that is, the Contra Academicos, De Beata Vita and De Ordine) reminded him in a way of Boethius's Consolatio Philosophiae. He was dealing with the vexed question of Boethius's Christianity. It seemed to him that Boethius in dealing purely philosophically in the Consolatio with problems lying more or less within the domain of theology had done nothing more than Augustine had done at Cassiciacum and that he was probably following Augustine's example. This meant that Boethius was just as much a Christian and probably the same sort of Christian as the young Augustine. Boissier did not carry his analysis of the resemblance between the two any farther.
Some Personal and Social Aspects of Navaho Ceremonial Practice
Authors: Kluckhohn Clyde
Published: August 2011

Here and there in the published literature on Navaho ceremonials one finds a suggestive detail or an illuminating general statement bearing on the relationship of ceremonial organization to social organization, but we have not yet had a systematic analysis of any body of data from this point of view. This paper will supplement my “Participation in Ceremonials in a Navaho Community” in the direction of providing an account of the “religious” behaviors of the Ramah-Atarque Navahos. The treatment will center around the family and clan affiliation of practitioners, their teachers, patients, and those attending ceremonials, but it will be convenient to incorporate also a few details bearing on individual status.
Confession of Sins and the Classics
Authors: Pettazzoni Raffaele
Published: August 2011

In the first of his letters ex Ponto (vv. 51–58) Ovid mentions the confession of sins practised in the religion of Isis by the faithful (in the presence of a priest?). One man, seated before the altar of the goddess (Isiacos focos, v. 52), confessed that he had offended her divinity (numen violasse fatentem, v. 51); a second, deprived of his sight in punishment for some similar crime, went along the public road crying out that he had merited the castigation (se meruisse, v. 54). Ovid affirms that he had seen all this with his own eyes (vidi ego, v. 51). It may be that his vidi ego is purely rhetoric. Confession of sins, however, was certainly practised in Egypt ab antiquo, as is proved by a group of Theban inscriptions of the epoch of the XlXth Dynasty (about 1300 B.C.) dedicated to various divinities, amongst whom is a local goddess assimilated to Isis-Hathor. Moreover, ophthalmia was very common in Egypt.
Pope Paul III and the American Indians
Authors: Hanke Lewis
Published: August 2011

When Alexander VI promulgated the bull Inter caetera on May 4, 1493 granting Spain a large part of the new world, there seems to have been no doubt that the natives who dwelt in the ‘very remote islands and mainlands’ would be willing and able to accept the teachings of the Catholic church. For Alexander had been informed that in those far off lands were

very many peoples living in peace and, as reported, going unclothed, and not eating flesh. Moreover, … these very peoples … believe in one God the Creator in heaven, and seem sufficiently disposed to embrace the Catholic faith and be trained in good morals. And it is hoped that, were they instructed, the name of the Savior, our Lord Jesus Christ, would easily be introduced into the said countries and islands.

These optimistic predictions were not fulfilled and, as the Spanish conquest of the Americas proceeded to reveal the existence of millions of natives, the action of the papacy in the conversion and protection of these masses of Indians became an important matter, for as that studious seventeenth century jurist, Antonio de Leon Pinelo, declared:

Inasmuch as the Indies were conceded to the kings of Castile principally in order to favor and convert the Indians, no harm must come of this concession.