bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of sonographic findings of placental mesenchymal dysplasia and subsequent pregnancy outcome
Authors: Nayeri U. A. , West A. B. , Grossetta Nardini H. K. , Copel J. A. , Sfakianaki A. K.
Published: December 2012

Objective

To describe the sonographic features and pregnancy outcomes of placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD), an entity often misdiagnosed as molar pregnancy.

Methods

We reviewed PMD cases from our institution and performed a systematic review of the existing literature. Inclusion criteria for the review were diagnosis of PMD as defined by placental pathology, description of placental morphology on antenatal ultrasound and reporting of pregnancy outcomes.

Results

We found three cases of PMD at our institution. Patient 1 had elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and an enlarged, hydropic placenta at 13 weeks, suggestive of a molar pregnancy. Patient 2 also had elevated hCG with large, vascular placental lakes on ultrasound suggesting placenta accreta or molar pregnancy. Case 3 involved placentomegaly and fetal anomalies suggestive of Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. From the literature review, 61 cases met the inclusion criteria. The most common sonographic features included enlarged (50%) and cystic (80%) placenta with dilated chorionic vessels. Biochemical aneuploidy screening abnormalities were relatively common as were fetal anomalies, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome and other genetic abnormalities. Pregnancy complications included intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR; 33%), intrauterine fetal death (IUFD; 13%), and preterm labor (33%). Pregnancies without fetal anomalies, IUGR, IUFD or preterm labor had normal neonatal outcomes despite PMD (9%).

Conclusions

The differential diagnosis of PMD includes molar pregnancy and other placental vascular anomalies. PMD is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, so heightened surveillance with genetic evaluation, serial growth scans and third‐trimester assessment of wellbeing should be considered. PMD must be differentiated from gestational trophoblastic disease because management and outcomes differ. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Utility of Effective Theories
Authors: Wells James D.
Published: December 2012

“Effective Theories” are theories because they are able to organize phenomena under an efficient set of principles, and they are effective because it is not impossibly complex to compute outcomes. The only way a theory can be effective is if it is manifestly incomplete. “Everything affects anything” is generally correct, but it saps confidence in our ability to predict outcomes. Effective Theories modify this depressing maxim by pointing out that “most things are irrelevant for all practical purposes.” A tree falling in Peru does not appreciably affect a canon ball’s flight in Australia. Any good Effective Theory systematizes what is irrelevant for the purposes at hand. In short, an Effective Theory enables a useful prediction with a finite number of input parameters.
Harmonic Oscillator as an Effective Theory
Authors: Wells James D.
Published: December 2012

The concepts of Effective Theories are illustrated allegorically within the context of one of the most ubiquitous models of oscillating physical phenomena—the harmonic oscillator.
Effective Theories and Elementary Particle Masses
Authors: Wells James D.
Published: December 2012

The concepts of effective theory have a rich history in particle physics. The early days of effective theories have many examples, including Fermi’s theory of nucleon decay and chiral lagrangian dynamics for pion scattering. These examples are touched upon briefly before going to the most pressing issue of today, which is the origin of elementary particle masses. The problem of mass generation is first described, where it is shown that simply writing down mass terms manifestly breaks cherished symmetries. It is then shown that spontaneous symmetry breaking cures this problem. The influence of effective field theory is then addressed, where it is shown that the smallness of neutrino masses nicely conforms with our intuition, but the weak-scale value of the Higgs boson mass is confusing. The chapter concludes with an essay describing this mystery and what the resolutions might be.
It is a graviton! or maybe not
Authors: Fok Ricky , Guimarães Caroline , Lewis Randy , Sanz Verónica
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The discovery of Kaluza-Klein (KK) gravitons is a smoking gun of extra dimensions. Other scenarios, however, could give rise to spin-two resonances of a new stronglycoupled sector and act as impostors. In this paper we prove that a spin-two resonance does not couple to the Standard Model through dimension-four operators. We then show that the massive graviton and its impostor both couple to the Standard Model through the same dimension-five operators. Therefore the spin determination is identical. Nevertheless, we also show that one can use the ratio of branching ratios to photons and to jets for distinguishing between KK gravitons and their impostors. The capacity to distinguish between KK gravitons and impostors is a manifestation of the breakdown of the duality between AdS and strongly-coupled theories.
High CD44s expression is associated with the EMT expression profile and intrahepatic dissemination of hepatocellular carcinoma after local ablation therapy
Authors: Mima Kosuke , Hayashi Hiromitsu , Imai Katsunori , Kuroki Hideyuki , Nakagawa Shigeki , Okabe Hirohisa , Chikamoto Akira , Watanabe Masayuki , Beppu Toru , Baba Hideo
Published: December 2012

Background/purpose

Local ablation therapy (LAT) is a widely used treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because it is less invasive than hepatic resection. The precise molecular mechanism underlying local HCC recurrence after LAT is largely unknown. The CD44 standard isoform (CD44s) is involved in epithelial—mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC. We investigate the significance of CD44s expression and EMT expression profile in local HCC recurrence after LAT.

Methods

We studied the expression levels of CD44s, EMT expression profile (E‐cadherinlow/vimentinhigh expression) and their association with clinicopathological factors in 30 HCC samples from patients with locally recurrent HCCs after LAT following hepatic resection. The alterations of CD44s expression was compared with those in initial HCCs from 150 patients without prior any anticancer treatment including LAT.

Results

A high CD44s expression was significantly associated with the EMT expression profile (P = 0.002), and it was also detected with a higher frequency in the locally recurrent HCCs after LAT compared to initial HCCs (P < 0.001). In addition, high CD44s expression was associated with the intrahepatic dissemination of HCC after LAT (P = 0.006).

Conclusions

These results suggest that high CD44s expression is associated with the aggressive recurrence pattern via EMT after LAT for HCC.
Addenda and corrigenda to the Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts
Authors: Gneuss Helmut
Published: December 2012

The ‘Preliminary List of Manuscripts Written or Owned in England up to
1100’, which appeared twenty years ago in vol. 9 of this periodical, was a first
attempt to bring together, in a concise inventory, what was then known about
surviving manuscripts and manuscript fragments written in, or imported into,
England from the end of the sixth to the end of the eleventh century. This has
now been superseded by the Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts, published as
vol. 241 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies series in 2001. Like
the ‘Preliminary List’, the Handlist cannot possibly claim to be perfect or complete,
but it is hoped that it may serve some useful purposes as a reference
work and, once again, as a searchlist.
One mark per word? Some patterns of dissimilation in Austronesian and Australian languages
Authors: Blust Robert
Published: December 2012

Adequately accounting for patterns of dissimilation has challenged more than one linguistic theory. This paper brings together evidence for certain recurrent patterns of dissimilation in Austronesian and Australian languages. It does not claim to have found a definitive solution to why these patterns occur, but it does provide indications that avoidance of multiple markedness may be causally implicated. Although the emphasis is different, the proposal offered here thus has fundamental similarities with Alderete (1997) in arguing that where it applies to dissimilation the Obligatory Contour Principle is inseparably connected with marked elements. Its primary contributions are to provide further empirical support for this claim that may not be readily accessible to non-specialists, to generalise the claim to a larger class of data, to suggest that the explanation for such patterns may be cognitive rather than phonetic and particularly to draw attention to conditions under which markedness-triggered dissimilation is suppressed.
Neutral vowels in sound-symbolic vowel harmony in Korean
Authors: Larsen Darrell , Heinz Jeffrey
Published: December 2012

The set of neutral vowels in the vowel-harmony pattern found in Modern Korean sound-symbolic words is traditionally considered to consist of two members: [i] and [ɨ]. Some authors have tentatively put forward the hypothesis that [u] and [y] are also neutral. A corpus study on the phonotactics of Korean sound-symbolic vowel harmony provides quantitative support both for the traditional understanding of [i] and [ɨ] as neutral vowels and for the tentative hypothesis that [u] and [y] are also neutral. Additionally, the corpus study reveals that vowels are neutral to different degrees. The vowel [a] is shown to be partially neutral, but unlike the other neutral vowels which are transparent, [a] is partially opaque. The distribution of diphthongs is also studied.
The Devil's Law Cases
Authors: Henderson Duncan
Published: December 2012

There exists a substantial body of legal and historical research on the case of Fendall v Wilson, in which the Privy Council famously ‘dismissed Hell with costs’. However, the case has never been examined in the context of Anglican debate over Hell and the Last Judgment in the second half of the nineteenth century. Despite its remarkable parallels with Fendall, Jenkins v Cook has been forgotten by most modern lawyers and has never been examined in parallel with Fendall. This article analyses the parts of the two cases that deal with Hell, the Last Judgment, and the Devil in the context of mid-nineteenth-century Anglican doctrinal litigation, and of the controversy over Hell in general and Essays and Reviews in particular. It also reconstructs some of the important factual elements of Jenkins that were not recorded in the first instance or appellate judgments. The contextual analysis of the judgments and unrecorded facts shows some surprising and evasive judicial responses to the doctrinal questions of whether Hell and the Devil exist and if so in what form. The article suggests that religious politics, rather than ecclesiastical jurisprudence, are the likelier cause of those responses. The article provides a historical contribution to the growing body of research and comment on the interplay of law and religion, in particular exemplifying some of the difficulties that arise when issues of religious doctrine are brought before purportedly secular courts.
Dopamine Genes and Sensory Sensitivity as a Temperamental Trait
Authors: Dragan Wojciech Ł. , Oniszczenko Włodzimierz , Czerski Piotr M. , Dmitrzak-Węglarz Monika
Published: December 2012

The regulative theory of temperament defines sensory sensitivity as the capacity to react to sensory stimuli of low stimulating value. Some evidence already exists indicating that dopamine has the potential to modulate different aspects of sensory sensitivity. The present study sought to identify the relationships between several polymorphisms in dopamine genes (DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DAT1, ANKK1, SNAP-25, and COMT) and sensory sensitivity as a temperamental trait. The method used in this study was family-based. The study was run on 149 biological families with one or two children aged 3–12 (M = 6.83; SD = 1.9). Phenotypic data were obtained using the Temperament Inventory for Children. We found a significant association with rs463379, the single nucleotide polymorphism in intron 4 of dopamine transporter gene (DAT1). Furthermore, we found a significant association with haplotypes in DAT1 and SNAP-25 (the synaptosomal associated protein of 25 kDa) genes. The data collected suggest that variability in dopamine genes may have an impact on the development of sensory sensitivity.
Wave signatures in the midlatitude ionosphere during a sudden stratospheric warming of January 2010
Authors: Goncharenko Larisa P. , Hsu Vicki W. , Brum Christiano Garnett Marques , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Fentzke Jonathan T.
Published: December 2012

This paper presents a case study of the day‐to‐day variability in the midlatitude upper atmospheric ion temperature (~200–400 km) with a focus on variability resulting from meteorological forcing. The data are obtained by the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (42.6°N, 288.5°E) on 18–31 January 2010, in coincidence with a major sudden stratospheric warming. We elucidate oscillations in ion temperature with both tidal periods (~8 h and ~12 h) and non‐tidal periods (>24 h) by analyzing residuals between the observed temperatures and those expected from an empirical model. We present the spatial‐temporal development of periodicities in ion temperature and discuss to what degree these periodicities might be related to the sudden stratospheric warming event. The spectral location and temporal evolution of periodicities with ~9.9–12.9 h and ~6.2–7.9 h suggest that they are related to the semidiurnal (12 h) and terdiurnal (8 h) tides that are enhanced during the sudden stratospheric warming. Periodicities with ~3–4 d and ~10–13 d are likely related to Rossby waves with 4 d and 10 d periods, while the strong periodicity observed at 16–17 h could result from the nonlinear interaction of the quasi 2 d wave with the semidiurnal tide. As planetary waves are not expected to propagate to altitudes of ~200–250 km, these experimental results raise questions about the potential mechanisms of coupling between the lower and upper atmosphere.
Exploring the influence of ionospheric O+ outflow on magnetospheric dynamics: dependence on the source location
Authors: Yu Yiqun , Ridley Aaron J.
Published: December 2012

Heavy ions of ionospheric origin (O+) play an important role in altering global magnetospheric dynamics. While the heavy ions mainly originate from the dayside cusp and the nightside auroral region, the impact of these heavy ions on magnetospheric dynamics has not been differentiated. Controversy also remains on the role of heavy ions on tail stability and their energization mechanism in the magnetosphere. Two global MHD simulations are carried out to investigate the influence of heavy ion outflow from different source regions on reconnection rates, tail stability, and ring current energization. The local reconnection rate at the subsolar point and the total dayside reconnection rate are reduced after the outflow begins, but the decrease is more significant when the outflow comes out of the cusp region. Furthermore, the magnetotail is more disturbed when heavy ions flow out of the dayside cusp region as opposed to the nightside auroral zone. This implies that the role of O+ on tail stability is not definitively positive or negative; instead, the location of the source of heavy ions may be important in determining tail dynamics. Finally, the simulation reveals that the heavy ions originating from the dayside cusp region experience first adiabatic heating while traveling from the tail reconnection site toward the Earth and then further energization caused by flow braking near the outer boundary of the ring current.
Experimental investigation into the effects of meteoritic impacts on the spectral properties of phyllosilicates on Mars
Authors: Gavin P. , Chevrier V. , Ninagawa K. , Gucsik A. , Hasegawa S.
Published: December 2012

Phyllosilicates have been identified in some of the most highly cratered Noachian terrains on Mars. To study the effects of such impacts on the properties of phyllosilicates, we experimentally shocked six phyllosilicate minerals relevant to the Martian surface: montmorillonite, nontronite, kaolinite, prehnite, chlorite, and serpentine. The shock‐treated samples were analyzed with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), near‐ and mid‐infrared (NIR and MIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence (CL), and the shock pressures and temperatures in some were modeled using Autodyn modeling software. XRD data show that the structure of each mineral, except prehnite, underwent partial structural deformation or amorphization. We also found that while the NIR spectra of shocked samples were very similar to that of the original sample, the MIR spectra changed significantly. This may explain some of the discrepancies between CRISM/OMEGA data (NIR) and TES/THEMIS (MIR) observations of phyllosilicates on Mars. Quartz was identified as a secondary phase in the XRD of shocked chlorite.
The redox state, FeO content, and origin of sulfur‐rich magmas on Mercury
Authors: Zolotov Mikhail Yu. , Sprague Ann L. , Hauck Steven A. , Nittler Larry R. , Solomon Sean C. , Weider Shoshana Z.
Published: December 2012

MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) orbital observations of Mercury have revealed elevated S abundances, Ca‐S and Mg‐S correlations, and a low upper limit for ferrous iron in surface silicates. These data indicate the presence of Ca and/or Mg sulfides in volcanic rocks and a low oxygen fugacity (fO2) in their parental magmas. We have evaluated coupled fO2 and fS2 values and FeO contents in Mercury's magmas from silicate‐sulfide equilibria and empirical models for silicate melts and metallurgical slags. The evaluated fO2 at 1700–1800 K is 4.5 to 7.3 log10 units below the iron‐wüstite buffer. These values correspond to 0.028–0.79 wt % FeO, implying that Fe must be also present in sulfides and metal and are also consistent with the composition of the partial melt of an enstatite chondrite. This derived upper limit for FeO is substantially lower than the limits obtained from reflectance measurements of Mercury's surface materials. The low fO2 and FeO values provide new constraints for igneous processes on Mercury as well as the formation, evolution, and internal structure of the innermost planet.
An opportunistic pathogen isolated from the gut of an obese human causes obesity in germfree mice
Authors: Fei Na , Zhao Liping
Published: December 2012

Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin is the only known bacterial product which, when subcutaneously infused into mice in its purified form, can induce obesity and insulin resistance via an inflammation-mediated pathway. Here we show that one endotoxin-producing bacterium isolated from a morbidly obese human’s gut induced obesity and insulin resistance in germfree mice. The endotoxin-producing Enterobacter decreased in relative abundance from 35% of the volunteer’s gut bacteria to non-detectable, during which time the volunteer lost 51.4 kg of 174.8 kg initial weight and recovered from hyperglycemia and hypertension after 23 weeks on a diet of whole grains, traditional Chinese medicinal foods and prebiotics. A decreased abundance of endotoxin biosynthetic genes in the gut of the volunteer was correlated with a decreased circulating endotoxin load and alleviated inflammation. Mono-association of germfree C57BL/6J mice with strain Enterobacter cloacae B29 isolated from the volunteer’s gut induced fully developed obesity and insulin resistance on a high-fat diet but not on normal chow diet, whereas the germfree control mice on a high-fat diet did not exhibit the same disease phenotypes. The Enterobacter-induced obese mice showed increased serum endotoxin load and aggravated inflammatory conditions. The obesity-inducing capacity of this human-derived endotoxin producer in gnotobiotic mice suggests that it may causatively contribute to the development of obesity in its human host.
Analysis of voltage and temperature dependent photocurrent collection in p3ht/pcbm solar cells
Authors: Ali Bakhtyar , Murray Roy , Hegedus Steven S. , Ismat Shah S.
Published: December 2012

Current-voltage (J-V) analysis of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend organic solar cells (OSC) at various temperatures has been recorded and analyzed. The photovoltaic parameters extracted from a lumped circuit analysis completely describe the illuminated J-V data from far reverse bias to beyond the open circuit voltage (Voc). A simple model for carrier collection, previously applied to inorganic thin film solar cells, has been used to describe the voltage dependence of the photocurrent, JL(V), with only one adjustable parameter, Lc/D, the ratio of the carrier collection length to the active-layer thickness. Measured J-V curves of a variety of OSCs with varying thickness and blend ratios are closely fit with this model. Effect of resistive and collection losses has been quantified and removed, allowing the intrinsic junction behavior to be uncovered. The temperature dependence of Voc is linear with negative temperature coefficient, dVoc/dT,∼ −1 mV/K. The values of the effective bandgap of the blend obtained from the intercept at T = 0 K decrease with the increase of the PCBM concentration. Our data support the idea of existence of mid-bandgap states, which increase with the increase in the disorder in the active layer.
Morphological effects on the electronic transport properties of three-phase thermoelectric materials
Authors: Gelbstein Yaniv
Published: December 2012

Multi-phase thermoelectric materials are widely investigated due to their high potential for thermoelectric efficiency enhancement as a result of lattice thermal conductivity reduction by phonon scattering from the involved interfaces. Yet, the electronic mutual influence of the involved phases on the thermoelectric efficiency has to date usually been neglected in designing novel multi-phase thermoelectric materials. In the current research, the influence of distribution and morphology alignment on the electronic thermoelectric properties of three-phase composite materials was analyzed. Such an analysis, based on defining interaction volumes of the relevant thermoelectric properties, for any distribution and relative amount of any three phases with known individual properties, can be utilized for thermoelectric efficiency enhancement by intentional alignment of the phases along the preferred thermoelectric direction. For the p-type Gex(SnyPb1−y)1−xTe thermoelectric alloys, following a phase separation reaction it was found that serially relative alignment between the involved phases is optimal from the thermoelectric point of view.
Growth of pseudomorphic structures through organic epitaxy
Authors: Kaviyil Sreejith Embekkat , Campione Marcello , Sassella Adele , Su Genbo , He Youping , Chen Chenjia , Borghesi Alessandro
Published: December 2012

The control of molecular orientation in thin solid film phases of organic semiconductors is a basic factor for the exploitation of their physical properties for optoelectronic devices. We compare structural and optical properties of thin films of the organic semiconductor α-quarterthiophene grown by molecular beam epitaxy on different organic substrates. We show how epitactic interactions, characteristic of the surface of organic crystals, can drive the orientation of the crystalline overlayer and the selection of specific polymorphs and new pseudomorphic phases. We identify a key role in this phenomenon played by the marked groove-like corrugations present in some organic crystal surfaces. Since different polymorphs possess rather different performance in terms of, e.g., charge carrier mobility, this strategy is demonstrated to allow for the growth of oriented phases with enhanced physical properties, while keeping the substrate at room temperature. These results provide useful guidelines for the design of technological substrates for organic epitaxy and they substantiate the adoption of an organic epitaxy approach for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices based on thin films of organic semiconductors.
Probe dynamics constraints on theoretical models for polymer dynamics
Authors: Phillies George D. J.
Published: December 2012

Measurements of diffusion and driven motion by probe particles in polymer solutions constrain theoretical models of polymer solution dynamics. In this paper, motions of large, intermediate (smaller than a polymer chain, larger than a solvent molecule), and small (solvent, ion) probes through polymer solutions and viscous small-molecule solvents are analyzed. The resulting constraints limit the physical models that can plausibly be used to describe polymer motion and separately limit the mathematical structures that might be used to obtain quantitative predictions from those models. A transition in small-molecule mobility through polymer solutions, at polymer concentrations near 400 g/l, is explained in terms of the size of a solvent molecule relative to the gaps between pairs of chain segments on adjacent polymer molecules.
Boundary conditions for plasma fluid models at the magnetic presheath entrance
Authors: Loizu J. , Ricci P. , Halpern F. D. , Jolliet S.
Published: December 2012

The proper boundary conditions at the magnetic presheath entrance for plasma fluid turbulence models based on the drift approximation are derived, focusing on a weakly collisional plasma sheath with Ti≪Te and a magnetic field oblique to a totally absorbing wall. First, the location of the magnetic presheath entrance is rigorously derived. Then boundary conditions at the magnetic presheath entrance are analytically deduced for v||i, v||e, n, ϕ, Te, and for the vorticity ω=∇⊥2ϕ. The effects of E × B and diamagnetic drifts on the boundary conditions are also investigated. Kinetic simulations are performed that confirm the analytical results. Finally, the new set of boundary conditions is implemented in a three-dimensional global fluid code for the simulation of plasma turbulence and, as an example, the results of a tokamak scrape-off layer simulation are discussed. The framework presented can be generalized to obtain boundary conditions at the magnetic presheath entrance in more complex scenarios.
Beef cattle keeping by smallholders in a mountainous province of northern Vietnam in relation to poverty status, community remoteness and ethnicity
Authors: Huyen Le Thi Thanh , Van Dinh Thi Tuyet , Markemann André , Herold Pera , Zárate Anne Valle
Published: December 2012

Vietnam’s national beef demand is continuously increasing, but is not able to be satisfied by domestic supply. Because land scarcity is a major constraint to beef production in many parts of the country, attempts to enhance beef production in Vietnam have focussed on small-scale household farms in remoter areas.
The present study aimed to investigate the relation between cattle keeping and poverty status of household farms in Son La province, north-west Vietnam. In addition, altitude, community remoteness and technology adoption of the investigated households were considered for an evaluation of the feasibility of smallholder beef cattle production in the upland areas. Data on livestock production of 299 randomly selected households of different ethnic groups in the lowlands and highlands of Yen Chau district, Son La province, were collected by using structured and standardised questionnaires. The poverty status of the households was defined on basis of daily per-capita expenditures, dividing the investigated households into poor and non-poor farmers with daily per-capita expenditures below and above the rural poverty line, respectively.
Cattle keeping farms in Yen Chau district showed advantages in terms of available land and labour resources compared with non-cattle keeping farms. Cattle were kept mainly by non-poor farmers, particularly the Thai, whose farm holdings are most commonly located in the lowlands. The number of cattle raised on farm was related to the poverty status of the households and remoteness. Cattle compete with other livestock in the use of limited farm resources. Cattle keeping farms more frequently applied feeding innovations to reduce feed competition on farm than the non-cattle keeping households.
For the very poor, small animals are more appropriate than beef cattle production activities. Only in the identified advantageous regions, smallholder farmers might engage in beef production, if appropriate policies are implemented to support them in raising cattle. Consequently, the development of beef production under those conditions could contribute to poverty reduction by increasing smallholder’s incomes in the remote highland regions.
Triazolium-Containing Metal–Organic Frameworks: Control of Catenation in 2D Copper(II) Paddlewheel Structures
Authors: Burgun Alexandre , Doonan Christian J. , Sumby Christopher J.
Published: December 2012

One approach to exploit metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as heterogeneous catalyst platforms requires the development of materials containing groups that can be utilised to anchor a catalytic moiety into the links within the structure. Here we report the synthesis of the first integrated triazolium-containing MOF linker and the first MOFs containing linkers of this type. 1,4-Bis(4-benzoic acid)-1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazolium chloride, H2L1Me, was synthesised in three steps by a ‘click’ reaction of methyl 4-ethynylbenzoate with methyl 4-azidobenzoate, methylation using methyl triflate, followed by ester hydrolysis in overall 74 % yield. The equivalent neutral triazole precursor, 1,4-bis(4-benzoic acid)-1H-1,2,3-triazole hydrochloride, H2L1(HCl), was also prepared and a comparison of the chemistry with Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and Cu(NO3)2·3H2O is presented. The results support the use of reaction conditions to control interpenetration and provide additional evidence that the charge on structurally similar ligands can drastically alter the types of structures that are accessible due to the requirements for charge balance in the final product.
Phylogenetic revision of Backhousieae (Myrtaceae): Neogene divergence, a revised circumscription of Backhousia and two new species
Authors: Harrington Mark G. , Jackes Betsy R. , Barrett Matthew D. , Craven Lyn A. , Barrett Russell L.
Published: December 2012

Backhousieae is a small tribe of Myrtaceae composed of two genera (Backhousia and Choricarpia) endemic to Australia. Phylogenetic analyses (parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian) were performed on a combined chloroplast (matK, trnH–psbA, trnC–psbM, trnL–F, rps16) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacers) dataset for all nine species of Backhousia, two species of Choricarpia and two undescribed species. Backhousieae is monophyletic; however, Choricarpia is embedded within Backhousia. In all analyses there were four strongly supported clades containing two to four taxa, with no support for relationships among clades, and the relationships of B. bancroftii and B. citriodora remain unresolved. Bayesian relaxed-clock molecular dating indicated that the Backhousieae has been potentially present in rainforest across Australia for more than 50 million years. The current distribution of Backhousia is inferred to be largely due to the contraction of Australian rainforest in the Neogene. New combinations in Backhousia are made for the two species of Choricarpia, and B. gundarara and B. tetraptera are described as new species. B. gundarara is known only from the Kimberley region of Western Australia, widely disjunct from the remaining Backhousia in eastern Queensland and New South Wales, and appears to be a lineage isolated by increasing aridity during the Miocene.
Affinities of the Boletus chromapes group to Royoungia and the description of two new genera, Harrya and Australopilus
Authors: Halling Roy E. , Nuhn Mitchell , Osmundson Todd , Fechner Nigel , Trappe James M. , Soytong Kasem , Arora David , Hibbett David S. , Binder Manfred
Published: December 2012

Harrya is described as a new genus of Boletaceae to accommodate Boletus chromapes, a pink-capped bolete with a finely scabrous stipe adorned with pink scabers, a chrome yellow base and a reddish-brown spore deposit. Phylogenetic analyses of large-subunit rDNA and translation elongation factor 1α confirmed Harrya as a unique generic lineage with two species, one of which is newly described (H. atriceps). Some Chinese taxa were recently placed in a separate genus, Zangia, supported by both morphology and molecular data. Multiple accessions from Queensland, Australia, support the synonymy of at least three species in a separate Australian clade in the new genus, Australopilus. The truffle-like Royoungia is also supported as a separate lineage in this clade of boletes. Even though it lacks stipe characters, it possesses the deep, bright yellow to orange pigments in the peridium. Additional collections from Zambia and Thailand represent independent lineages of uncertain phylogenetic placement in the Chromapes complex, but sampling is insufficient for formal description of new species. Specimens from Java referable to Tylopilus pernanus appear to be a sister group of the Harrya lineage.
False Security: North Carolina Sexual Offenders’ Perceptions of Residence Restrictions
Authors: PAGE AMY DELLINGER , Sprinkle Julie , Gilbert Griff
Published: December 2012

Despite increasingly restrictive sexual offender legislation from 1994 until 2006, there is little evidence that these laws are reduc-ing the number and severity of sexually motivated crimes. This study used a nonrandom sample of 231 adult sexual offenders from 11 outpatient treatment sites and assessed their experiences with residence restrictions in the state of North Carolina. Results indicate sexual offenders face emotional and financial difficulties as a result of residence restrictions, even in a state where restric-tions are less stringent. Young adults, in particular, had difficulty securing housing and were often unable to live with supportive family members. Overall, sexual offenders believed residence restrictions do nothing to prevent recidivism.
Survivors of Homicide Victims: Factors that Influence their Well-Being
Authors: Armour Marilyn , Umbreit Mark S.
Published: December 2012

Although survivors of homicide victims are recognized as a distinct bereaved population, little attention has been given to concepts of posthomicide wellness and the conditions that advance survivors’ healing. This article examines the well-being of survivors through interviews and focus groups with survivors and victim assistance providers. Data were analyzed using a combination of template analysis and grounded theory, qualitative approaches that serve to broaden existing theory and prior research about homicide bereavement so that survivors’ functioning can be assessed outside of theory built principally on death due to natural causes or through the lens of complicated bereavement. Findings include eight dimensions of well-being: (a) movement/intentionality, (b) stagnation, (c) reckonings, (d) injustice, (e) factors in the criminal justice system that help or hinder, (f) the role of time, (g) faith, and (h) family and friends. Findings suggest that posthomicide well-being is associated with cognitive and emotional movement in a forward direction. Discussion centers on the prevention of or reduction in barriers that block survivors’ movement.
Rational homotopy type of the classifying space for fibrewise self-equivalences
Authors: Buijs Urtzi , Smith Samuel
Published: December 2012

Let

p
:
E
→
B

p \colon E \to B

be a fibration of simply connected CW complexes with finite base

B
B

and fibre

F
F

. Let

a
u
t

1

(
p
)

{\mathrm {aut}}_1(p)

denote the identity component of the space of all fibre-homotopy self-equivalences of

p
p

. Let

B
a
u
t

1

(
p
)

{\mathrm {Baut}}_1(p)

denote the classifying space for this topological monoid. We give a differential graded Lie algebra model for

B
a
u
t

1

(
p
)

{\mathrm {Baut}}_1(p)

, connecting the results of recent work by the authors and others. We use this model to give classification results for the rational homotopy types represented by

B
a
u
t

1

(
p
)

{\mathrm {Baut}}_1(p)

and also to obtain conditions under which the monoid

a
u
t

1

(
p
)

{\mathrm {aut}}_1(p)

is a double loop-space after rationalization.
Extensions of embeddings below computably enumerable degrees
Authors: Downey Rod , Greenberg Noam , Lewis Andrew , Montalbán Antonio
Published: December 2012

Toward establishing the decidability of the two-quantifier theory of the

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Turing degrees with join, we study extensions of embeddings of upper-semi-lattices into the initial segments of Turing degrees determined by computably enumerable sets, in particular, the degree of the halting set

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. We obtain a good deal of sufficient and necessary conditions.
Evidence of long‐term structured cuckoo parasitism on individual magpie hosts
Authors: Molina‐Morales Mercedes , Gabriel Martínez Juan , Martín‐Gálvez David , A. Dawson Deborah , Rodríguez‐Ruiz Juan , Burke Terry , Avilés Jesús M.
Published: December 2012

Brood parasites usually reduce their host's breeding success, resulting in strong selection for the evolution of host defences. Intriguingly, some host individuals/populations show no defence against parasitism, which has been explained within the frame of three different evolutionary hypotheses. One of these hypotheses posits that intermediate levels of defence at the population level may result from nonrandom distribution of parasitism among host individuals (i.e. structured parasitism). Empirical evidence for structured brood parasitism is, however, lacking for hosts of European cuckoos due to the absence of long‐term studies.

Here, we seek to identify the patterns of structured parasitism by studying great spotted cuckoo parasitism on individual magpie hosts over five breeding seasons. We also aim to identify whether individual characteristics of female magpies and/or their territories were related to the status of repeated parasitism.

We found that 28·3% of the females in our population consistently escaped from cuckoo parasitism. Only 11·3% of females were always parasitized, and the remaining 60·4% changed their parasitism status. The percentage of females that maintained their status of parasitism (i.e. either parasitized or nonparasitized) between consecutive years varied over the study. Females that never suffered cuckoo parasitism built bigger nests than parasitized females at the beginning of the breeding season and smaller nests than those of parasitized females later in the season. Nonparasitized females also moved little from year to year and preferred areas with different characteristics over the course of the breeding season than parasitized females. Overall, females escaping from cuckoo parasitism reared twice as many chicks per year than those that were parasitized.

In conclusion, our study reveals for first time the existence of a structured pattern of cuckoo parasitism based on phenotypic characteristics of individual hosts and of their territories.
The evolutionary ecology of dwarfism in three‐spined sticklebacks
Authors: MacColl Andrew D. C. , Nagar Aliya El , de Roij Job
Published: December 2012

Body size is a defining phenotypic trait, but the ecological causes of its evolution are poorly understood. Most studies have considered only a single putative causal agent and have failed to recognise that different environmental agents are often correlated.

Darwin suggested that although trait variation across populations is often associated with abiotic variation, evolution is more likely to be driven by biotic factors correlated with the abiotic variation. This hypothesis has received little explicit attention.

We use structural equation modelling to quantify the relative importance of abiotic (pH, metal concentrations) and biotic (competition, predation) factors in the evolution of body size in three‐spined sticklebacksGasterosteus aculeatuson the island of North Uist, Scotland. We combine phenotypic data from multiple isolated populations, detailed characterisation of their environment and a common garden experiment that establishes the genetic basis of size differences.

Three‐spined sticklebacks on North Uist show almost unprecedented intraspecific evolution of body size that has taken place rapidly (<16 000 years). The smallest fish mature at only 7% of the mass of ancestral, anadromous fish. Dwarfism is associated with reduced abundance of a smaller competitor species, the nine‐spined sticklebackPungitius pungitius, and with low pH indicative of poor resource conditions. Dwarfism also tends to occur where an important predator, the brown troutSalmo trutta, is also small. The abundance ofP. pungitiusand the size ofS. truttaare themselves related to underlying abiotic environmental variation.

Despite the close association between abiotic and biotic factors across populations, our results support Darwin's hypothesis that biotic factors, associated with variation in the abiotic environment, are more important in explaining evolution than is abiotic variationper se. This study demonstrates the importance of considering the relationships between environmental variables before conclusions can be drawn about the causes of (body size) evolution on islands.
Suitability of three Ostrinia species as hosts for Macrocentrus cingulum: A comparison of their encapsulation abilities
Authors: Havard Sébastien , Pélissier Céline , Ponsard Sergine , Campan Erick D. M.
Published: December 2012

Two cornborer species, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and O. nubilalis, are major corn pests in Asia and Europe, respectively. In both continents, the larval endoparasitoid Macrocentrus cingulum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) develops on another, closely related stemborer, O. scapulalis, which feeds on mugwort and other dicotyledons. M. cingulum also emerges from O. furnacalis in Asia and O. nubilalis in North America, but not from O. nubilalis in Europe. We assessed the ability of three populations of each of the three Ostrinia species to encapsulate foreign bodies of a size similar to that of a M. cingulum egg. We conclude that variations in encapsulation ability alone cannot account for the differences observed in the field between parasite emergence rates in these different host species and geographic areas.
The CAP post 2013: Ineffective for Mitigating Climate Change
Authors: Freibauer Annette , Osterburg Bernhard , Reiter Karin , Röder Norbert
Published: December 2012

summary

The CAP post 2013: Ineffective for Mitigating Climate Change

Agriculture emits more than 11 per cent of the greenhouse gases (GHG) from the EU‐27. In this article we point out the shortcomings of the European Commission′s Reform Proposals for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) towards effective climate change mitigation and present some specifications to be included in the main text or the implementing regulations to support European agriculture in its transition towards climate‐friendly production. The Proposals set the aspiration to respond to climate change but fail to provide incentives to make a quantifiable step. Yet the CAP Reform Proposals can still set enabling framework conditions for mitigation, define binding targets and produce verifiable mitigation results. This article proposes inter alia: (1) to evaluate the GHG impacts of CAP measures and stop negative incentives e.g. support of intensive land use on carbon‐rich soils; (2) fostering a learning process by making GHG mitigation measures with verifiable results a mandatory part of the 2nd Pillar; (3) implementing measures along the food processing chain via improved resource efficiency, investments, innovation and knowledge transfer, and not just through area‐based measures; and (4) providing a separate CAP budget for mitigating CO2 emissions from agricultural soils, which are outside the EU Climate and Energy Package.
Assessing Systems‐based Practice
Authors: Chen Esther H. , O'Sullivan Patricia S. , Pfennig Camiron L. , Leone Katrina , Kessler Chad S.
Published: December 2012

The conceptual definition of systems‐based practice (SBP) does not easily translate into directly observable actions or behaviors that can be easily assessed. At the Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference on education research in emergency medicine (EM), a breakout group presented a review of the literature on existing assessment tools for SBP, discussed the recommendations for research tool development during breakout sessions, and developed a research agenda based on this discussion.
Experimental exposure indicates the amphibian chytrid pathogen poses low risk to New Zealand's threatened endemic frogs
Authors: Ohmer M. E. , Herbert S. M. , Speare R. , Bishop P. J.
Published: December 2012

The spread of chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is one of many threats facing amphibians worldwide. Ascertaining the severity of this threat to particular amphibian species is necessary if managers are to prioritize conservation actions. In New Zealand, Bd has been detected on both threatened endemic (Leiopelma spp.) and widespread introduced (Litoria spp.) anuran species, but Le. archeyi, one of four native species, has demonstrated low susceptibility to chytridiomycosis in captivity. To determine potential impacts of Bd on New Zealand's native anuran fauna, we assessed the susceptibility of two native species, Le. pakeka and Le. hochstetteri, to chytridiomycosis. We exposed Bd‐naïve individuals to a virulent New Zealand isolate of Bd, and monitored infection status with quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Both species demonstrated low susceptibility and all individuals cleared Bd infection (Le. hochstetteri by week 10, Le. pakeka by week 15). Furthermore, no frogs demonstrated clinical signs of chytridiomycosis. Since Le. archeyi has similarly demonstrated low susceptibility, this appears to be a genus‐wide trend, which warrants further study of the mechanism of this response. These findings, in agreement with results from field surveys and analyses of skin peptide defenses, suggest that Bd poses a low risk to leiopelmatids. An investigative study of potential susceptibility to Bd, such as this one, can better equip managers to target imminent threats and focus conservation plans for at‐risk amphibian fauna.
Effects of exercise and group counselling on body composition and VO2max in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Roessler Kirsten K. , Birkebaek Camilla , Ravn Pernille , Andersen Marianne S. , Glintborg Dorte
Published: December 2012

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is often associated with an increased waist circumference and with lower cardio‐respiratory fitness as a consequence of obesity, which may be improved by physical activity.

Objective

To investigate the effect of high‐intensity aerobic training combined with group counselling sessions on anthropometry and cardio‐respiratory fitness in women with PCOS.

Design

Seventeen sedentary, overweight women with PCOS were randomized in a cross‐over design to 16 weeks of intervention: eight weeks high‐intensity aerobic exercise was followed by eight weeks of group counselling (n = 8) or vice versa (n = 9). Fourteen of the women completed the tests.

Main outcome measures

Waist circumference, body mass index and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) were measured at baseline, cross‐over and post‐intervention.

Results

There was a decrease in waist circumference (119.9 vs. 106.5 cm) and body mass index (34.9 vs. 34.4 kg/m2) and an increase in VO2max (2554.9 vs. 2807.9 mL/min) during the intervention period (t = 16 weeks, n = 14), all p < 0.05. Weight loss tended to be highest in the group which started with group counselling (2.9 vs. 0.6 kg, t = 16 weeks, n = 14, p = 0.055).

Conclusion

Exercise in groups followed by counselling or vice versa had beneficial effects on waist circumference, weight, and VO2max in women with PCOS. Future studies should examine possible beneficial effects of combined group counselling and exercise on weight loss and adherence to exercise protocols among women with PCOS.