bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WITHDRAWN: The Study on Angiotensin II Induced-Ferroptosis in Vascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: fang hong , liu Chi , Cavdar Omer , Shen Yi
Published: May 2022

PurposeTo verify the effect of Angiotensin II on ferroptosis in vascular endothelial cells and clarify the related mechanism. MethodsHUVECs were evaluated for p53, P21,ALOX12, VEGF, MDA,GSH. Molecular marker impact upon AngII-induced ferroptosis was evaluated with students’ t-test，one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsAs the concentration of Ang II increased，the level of ALOX12, P53,GSH and MDA increased in HUVECs. The expression of VEGFA in HUVECs is negatively correlated with dose of Ang II. Incubation of HUVECs in AngII and valsartan for 48hr reduces ALOX12, P21, GSH and MDA. Compared with the single AngII group, ALOX12, P21, GSH and MDA in valsartan group was decreased significantly（p=0.000）.In pifithrin-α hydrobromide-treated, ALOX12, P21, GSH and MDA was reduced significantly, as compared to valsartan group（p=0.000）. The most larger reduction in ALOX12, P21,GSH and MDA was pifithrin - α hydrobromide combined with valsartan group. In contrast, the expression of VEGFA increased significantly after HUVECs were treated with pifithrin - α hydrobromide and valsartan（p=0.000）.ConclusionsAngII can induce ferroptosis of vascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism of AngII-induced ferroptosis may be regulated through the signal axis of ATR1,2-p53-ALOX12.
Effects of Different Inorganic Nitrogen Sources of Iris pseudacorus and Iris japonica on Energy Distribution, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Removal
Authors: Duan Rongrong , Xing Deke , Chen Tian , Wu Yanyou
Published: May 2022

High- and low-affinity transport systems are the main pathways for the transportation of NO3– and NH4+ across intracellular membranes. NO3− and NH4+ are assimilated through different metabolic pathways in plants. Fifteen ATP molecules are hydrolyzed in the metabolic process of NO3–; however, only five ATP molecules are hydrolyzed in that of NH4+. In this research, seedlings of Iris pseudacorus and Iris japonica were used as the experimental materials in the NO3–:NH4+ = 30:0, NO3–:NH4+ = 28:2, NO3–:NH4+ = 27:3, NO3–:NH4+ = 15:15, NO3–:NH4+ = 3:27, and NO3–:NH4+ = 0:30 treatments at the 7.5 mmol·L−1 the total nitrogen content (TN). The intracellular free energy was represented by physiological resistance (R) and physiological impedance (Z) according to the Nernst equation and could conveniently and comprehensively determine the cellular metabolic energy (GB). The maximum absorption rate (Vmax) and Michaelis constant (Km) for NH4+ and NO3– uptake were calculated according to the kinetic equation. The results showed that the cellular metabolic energy (GB) of I. pseudacorus was 1 to 1.5 times lower than that of I. japonica at each treatment on the 10th day. The GB values of I. pseudacorus and I. japonica seedlings increased with increasing NH4+ concentration. However, there was a turning point at the NO3–:NH4+ = 15:15 treatment for the cellular metabolic energy of I. pseudacorus and I. japonica. Correlation analysis showed that the value of cellular metabolic energy was negatively correlated with the Vmax and Km for NO3– uptake, whereas it was positively correlated with that for NH4+ uptake. These results demonstrate that the NO3–:NH4+ = 27:3 treatment level was the most suitable for I. pseudacorus and I. japonica. This indicates that the greater cellular metabolic energy is the most suitable for plant growth when the concentration of ammonium or nitrate had no significant difference at treatment. These results provide a simple and rapid solution for removal of nitrogen by determination of cellular metabolic energy.
A Study on Measuring Ecosystem Service and Physical and Psychological Health Benefits in Agricultural Landscape
Authors: Hung Shih-Han , Wu Chia-Ching , Yeh Yu-Chen , Yeh Ang , Chang Chun-Yen , Tang Hsing-Fen
Published: May 2022

Nature and health researchers have often suggested that nature induces better psychological and physical health responses than urban environments, especially with healthy ecosystems in nature. However, research that has empirically documented the daily benefits of physical and psychological health in rural landscapes is scarce. This study explores how rural landscapes could provide better health benefits than the built environment in daily life. The research involved on-site data collection with a set of psychological indicators (e.g., restorativeness, preference, emotion) and physical indicators (e.g., brain waves, heart rate) to compare the rural and the built environments. A total of 169 subjects took part in the study. We analyzed health indicators through analysis of variance to show the difference in water landscapes in rural areas relative to the built environment after the participants experienced the environments. The results showed that subjects could release stress and felt a greater sense of restorativeness, pleasure, and arousal in rural areas than in the built environment. Subjects preferred the rural landscape more than the built environment. To conclude, this study explains the rural landscape and its health-related benefits in Taiwan.
Novel Piperazine Derivatives as Anti Microbial Agents: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Patel Priteshkumar Rajeshbhai , Hirak Joshi , Ujash Shah , Bhagirath Patel , Mayank Bapna
Published: May 2022

Over the past decade, there has been an increased development of resistance in organisms that are typical pathogenic in humans. This increased resistance has limited the selection of antimicrobials that may be used to treat specific organisms. Therefore, there is demanding to develop novel classes of drugs, with fewer side effects, and shorter lengths of treatment are key in continuing the fight against infectious disease. In the search of newer antimicrobial agents, various heterocyclic compounds have been examined and out of them, Piperazine derivatives have exhibited diverse biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. In this work, we provide a summary of the recent advances of Piperazine derivatives exhibits anti-microbial activity and significant information of piperazine derivatives which may assist in the drug design and development of potent antimicrobial agents.
A Pharmacological Study on the Effect of Calendula officinalis Leaf Extract on Excision Wound Healing in Swiss Albino Mice
Authors: Pandey Priyanka , Despande Bhagyashree , Sarkar Ashish Kumar
Published: May 2022

Calendula officinalis is one of those plants which have medicinal importance due to its leaf and flowers have pharmacological activity, the important pharmacological parameters have been less investigated properly and can be scientifically proved by reverse pharmacology. It was found of interest to evaluate these properties of the extract of the leaf of C. officinalis. The present study is to screen wound healing activity of gels prepared from methanolic extracts of C. officinalis Linn. using excision wound models in albino mice. Formulations of the extracts were prepared in the gels of Carbopol individually and also in combination in equal ratio. In excision wound models, the so treated animals showed significant reduction in a period of epithelization and wound healing activity. The enhanced wound healing activity of hydroalcoholic extracts may be due to free radical scavenging action and the phytoconstituents present in it which either due to their individual or additive effect fastens the process of wound healing. It was found that Calendula extract enhanced the wound healing activity as seen by increased synthesis of connective tissue, especially collagen. There was a significant increase in the granuloma tissue. The wound contraction and increased tensile strength were found to be statistically significant.
Ayurvedic Perspective on Management of Nicotine Addiction - A Review
Authors: Solanki Varsha , Sud Sushant , Mehta Charmi , Baraiya Hetal P. , Bineesh E. P.
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Addiction is defined as a psychological or physiological dependence on a substance or habit that is beyond one’s control. Nicotine is the most widely consumed psychotropic drugs worldwide. The common use of nicotine increases the risk of noncommunicable diseases to many folds. It’s a long-term brain disorder that promotes compulsive substance usage despite negative effects. Addiction has a wide-ranging negative impact on humans, as well as social consequences. Sudden withdrawal from any addictive medication might result in psychosomatic illness. Aim: The goal of this study was to highlight the different Ayurvedic principles that can be used to prevent and manage addiction. Materials and Methods: This article’s content is based on personal clinical experiences as well as clinical studies published in index and non-index journals that deal with drug addiction, withdrawal, and management. To acquire relevant content, Ayurvedic Samhitas with commentaries and textbooks of Ayurveda and Modern medicine are recommended. Results: The Ayurveda has ancient science which has stores of herbal, mineral or Herbo mineral medication for prevention and cure of disease including addiction and withdrawal of drugs abused. The Padansika Krama is a unique method described in Ayurveda to stop the any harmful or non-harmful substance which homologous to human being, by tapper up manner. Conclusion: In addition, symptomatic withdrawal treatment by using concern drug, medicated smoke/Dhumpana as replacement therapy, psychological counselling, Achara Rasayana, Sadvritta, and Satvavajay Chikitsa are applicable.
A experiência de um esperançar virtual no cenário da pandemia da Covid-19
Authors: SOUSA JUNIOR Paulo de Tarso Xavier , NASCIMENTO Elaine Ferreira do , MONTE Liana Maria Ibiapina do
Published: May 2022

Este relato de experiência traduz a vivência da iniciativa “I Ciclo de Palestras e Debates: O Exercício do Esperançar no Período Pandêmico”, idealizado pela Fiocruz/Piauí. O trabalhou visou convidar diversos profissionais, dialogando sobre questões que tangem o cenário da pandemia da Covid-19, ofertando reflexões sobre possibilidades de reinvenção, suporte, luta e resistência diante das adversidades deste período. As rodas de conversa totalizaram em quatro encontros mensais com duração de uma hora aproximadamente. O presente escrito possui como objetivo descrever as ações desta extensão, delimitando os caminhos, perspectivas, percalços e êxitos encontrados neste esperançar. Para isto, a metodologia consiste na narração do trabalho, bem como análises realizadas mediante a fala dos convidados. Conclui-se que espaços como este, mesmo que virtuais, potencializam vozes e agenciam articulações em diversas esferas, promovendo, de fato, as características de um esperançar.
The interplay of corporate tax planning and corporate governance on firm value: Evidence from listed NGX consumer goods firms
Authors: Mustapha Abu Martins
Published: May 2022

The study investigates the interactive impact of tax planning and CG on firm value of the listed Nigerian consumer goods firms by examining whether this relationship is further strengthened or weakened in the presence of strong corporate governance. From the population of the entire 21 consumer goods firms of the Nigerian Exchange (NGX), 19 firms with complete data were selected as a sample. Data were collected from the annual reports of these firms and both descriptive and inferential analyses were employed to estimate the relationship between the variables. Tax planning was measured using the effective tax rate and book-tax difference, firm value using Tobin’s q, while corporate governance was measured using board independence. The fixed effect panel regression was used to estimate the relationship. The study revealed a positive relationship between tax planning (for both proxies) and firm value although the relationship is statistically insignificant (p = 0.0981 and 0.387). Also, there is limited evidence to support the assertion that the interactive effect of tax planning and firm value is significantly moderated by corporate governance (p = 0.818). The combined implication is that evidence on the moderating effect of corporate governance on tax planning and firm value is limited and should be interpreted with caution suggesting that more empirical research should be carried out in this area. In addition, shareholders should demand more disclosure of tax-related matters as this will help prevent information asymmetry, improve monitoring, and increase the value effectiveness of tax planning.
HEMŞİRELERİN BAKIŞ AÇISINDAN ÖLÜM VE ÖTANAZİ İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE FENOMENOLOJİK BİR ANALİZ
Authors: AYDIN Dilara , ATALAY Selin
Published: May 2022

Bu çalışmada hemşirelerin ölüm, ötanazi ve ölümcül hasta kavramları hakkındaki düşünce ve deneyimleri üzerinden ölüm ve ötanazi arasındaki ilişkiyi sosyolojik bir perspektif ile anlamak ve anlamlandırmak amaçlanmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenoloji yöntemi üzerine kurulan bu çalışmada, kartopu örnekleme yoluyla 20 hemşireye ulaşılmış, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak derinlemesine görüşme gerçekleştirilmiş ve elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada hemşirelerin ötanazi algısının çoğunlukla “istemli ötanazi” yönünde olduğu, ötanazinin uygulanması konusundaki düşüncelerinin çoğunlukla olumlu ancak yine de ötanazinin uygulama zeminine karşı tereddütlü oldukları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, hemşirelerin ölümü “son”, ölümcül hastayı “terminal dönem hastası ve kanser gibi ağır hastalar”, ötanazi ile ölmeyi ise “doğal ve yapay ölüm ayrımı” üzerinden tanımladığı görülmüştür. Araştırmadan elde edilen, hemşirelerin ölüm, ötanazi ve ölümcül hastaya ilişkin fikirleri ve deneyimleri üzerine veriler, çalışma kapsamında, Foucault’nun kuramsal çerçevesinden, biyopolitika, tıbbi bakış, tıbbileştirme kavramları temelinde tartışılmıştır.
“TRACTS OF RUSSIAN MEMORY” OR THE MAIN “NESTS” OF MEMORY IN RUSSIA
Authors:   Université de Genève, Nivat Georges
Published: May 2022

In this text, are given the plan and main contributions that are gathered in a collective work directed by Prof. Georges Nivat, Les sites de la mémoire russe. The first volume, Géographie de la mémoire russe, was published in 2007, the second one, Histoire et mythes de la mémoire russe, in 2019. The word “site” is meant as a prominent detail in the landscape and translated into Russian as “Uročišča”. The aim is to give a view of the main “sites” and debates that have arisen along Russian historiography since the 18th century. The “invention” of the “Chronicles” is one spectacular example. It goes from the first publication in 1846 to our days. Literature, painting, and music have constructed the Russian memory in the 18th century. Mussorgsky himself researched in the archives who were the Old believers, before writing his opera “Khovanshchina”. Ethnography appeared in the first half of the 19th century, the came great museums at the two extremities of the Empire, and a great number of ethnographical local museums are innumerable in Russia, have saved a lot of artefacts during the Soviet vandalistic period. Folklore was studied and local troubadours were registered until the end of the Soviet era. Emperor Peter the Great was keenly aware of the importance of creating his own myth during his lifetime, and succeeded, his role is still the main debate of Russian historiography and a very prominent site of memory. Loss of memory began early in the Soviet regime, loss of proletarian memory and as well as of peasant memory. Refs 9.
PRONUNCIATION NORMS THROUGH THE EYES OF A LEXICOGRAPHER
Authors:   V. V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the RAS, Kalenchuk Maria L.
Published: May 2022

One of the most controversial issues of orthoepy is the criteria for making codification decisions in the case of coexistence of pronunciation variants. For the authors of dictionaries, this question is especially important, since its solution determines the logic and procedure for the transition from pronunciation in the sounding speech of educated people to a codified norm. There are two approaches that determine the decision-making algorithm for the transition from pronunciation in live speech to codification recommendations — subjective and objective. A subjective assessment of the facts of orthoepic variability is called the position of an unconditional idea of the normativity of a variant based on tradition, following authoritative samples and the personal taste of the author of recommendations. An objective assessment of orthoepic variants can only be the result of representative sociolinguistic studies of the usus, which were started on the material of the Russian language in the 1960s under the leadership of M. V. Panov. The definition of the methodology is inextricably linked with the question of choosing criteria for recommending one of the coexisting pronunciation variants as a codified norm. The article discusses various reasons for making a decision to recommend a specific pronunciation variant as the norm: 1) compliance with the internal language law; 2) compliance with the cultural and historical tradition; 3) the prevalence of the variant and the statistics of the norm; 4) public approval and recognition by society of the variant as normative. It seems that the pronunciation variants identified in the sounding speech of educated people during representative and systematic sociolinguistic studies should be taken into account when developing pronouncing recommendations. And the only argument that prevents the usual variant from being given the status of a codified one is a violation of intra-linguistic laws. All other criteria — cultural and historical tradition, the authority of experts, speech skills and language taste of the author of the dictionary, etc. have a secondary character. Refs 16.
SOME ACCENTUATION OPTIONS FOR NON-DERIVATIVE FEMININE NOUNS WITH STEM ENDING WITH -А (-YA)
Authors:   V. V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the RAS, Antonova Olga V.
Published: May 2022

One of the unstable links in the field of nominal stress is accentuation of non-derivative feminine nouns with a stem ending with -а (-ya). It is well-known that during the development of the literary language, the place of stress in these lexemes gradually changed. In particular, there is a transition in subparadigm of the plural from flexion stress to root stress, as a result an additional opposition of numerical subparadigms is formed. Such changes are associated with the tendency of grammaticalization marked by V. N. Sidorov: singular and plural nouns strive for opposition on the basis of accent (old accent paradigms unite, and the stress in them is unified in singular and plural forms). To clarify the features of modern accent processes and clarify orthoepic recommendations we conducted an experiment. The results of the experiment, on the one hand, confirmed the tendency noted by V. N. Sidorov, and on the other hand, have shown nouns that do not follow this pattern and keep the old stress, as well as word forms, the stress in which changes differently. Accentuation dynamics are not always adequately reflected in modern spelling dictionaries: the results of the experiment clearly demonstrate that for a number of names, codification decisions should be adjusted. It is obvious that it is not the class of words that requires close attention, but each individual word (and sometimes even a word form). Refs 20.
ORTHOEPIC NORMS ARE NOT A DOGMA, BUT A LIVING SYSTEM
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Bogdanova-Beglarian Natalia V. , Stoyka Daria A. ,   Forensic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of St Petersburg and Leningrad region
Published: May 2022

According to L. A. Verbitskaya, the norm is “a set of phenomena allowed by the language system, selected and fixed in the speech of native speakers and mandatory for all who speak the literary language at a certain period of time”. The norm is static, it makes the literary language understandable for everyone and at any time. Researchers, however, noticed that the norm is a constant only with a great deal of convention. The codified norm is opposed by the real “norm–usus”, which is well understood by native speakers, but hasn’t been recorded almost anywhere. A good exception are the reduced forms (RF) of Russian super–frequency words. According to the compilers, RF is not just speech errors of people in a hurry, but the result of the evolutionary development of the language. Many of them can already be qualified as the norm of colloquial speech. The dictionary contains the most complete information about each form: from the written appearance of the original unit to real transcription based on auditory and instrumental analysis of contexts from the corpus of Russian everyday speech. This dictionary has a specific potential user: teachers of Russian as a foreign language (RFL) and foreign students. They hear these forms in our speech, see them in written texts — in the speech of literary characters — and don’t know how to use them and even often — how to understand them. The dictionary offers a compact list of such forms (100 units), with examples, simplified transcription and frequency lists, which makes it virtually a ready–made manual for RFL. Refs 22.
REMARKS ON PHONETICS AND SPELLING OF M. LOMONOSOV’S GERMAN TEXTS
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Filippov Konstantin A. , Grigor’eva Liubov’ N. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Koryshev Mikhail V. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Manerova Kristina V. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Filippov Andrei K. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: May 2022

M. Lomonosov’s texts in German provide numerous examples of word spelling inconsistency, e. g. Freiheit/Freyheit, Dero/dero, etc. The influencing factors for this are Lomonosov’s individual style and the scientific and educational discourse of 18th century Russia. The research focuses on the alternation of g/h and g/сh. The alternation at the beginning of a morpheme (Staffengagen/Staffenhagen) can be explained by the similarity in the pronunciation of the German letters g and h in Russian educational tradition. As possible reasons for the alternation in the intervocal position after i (abziegen/abzihen) and ei (verzeigen/ Verzeigung/verzeihen), one can point at voicing of a voiceless consonant /h/ in the position between two vowels and Russian spiranta /ɤ/ functioning as a variant of the phoneme /g/. In the final position of a word, the alternation of g / ch is observed in adjectives with the suffix -lich, causing a deviation from the standard spelling in the words neulig and unmöglig. In this case, the explanation could lie in the fact that in the German language, two productive derivational suffixes -ig and -lich exist, similar in form and in semantics. Also in the German texts of Lomonosov one can find variants Petersburg/Petersburch with alternating g/сh at the end of a word. The tradition of substituting -urch for -urg in place names survives in Russian grammar textbooks for foreigners up to mid–19th century as Russian г is pronounced as /x/ at the end of some words. Refs 22.
STUDY OF COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY: USSR AND USA
Authors: Znaesheva Irina V.
Published: May 2022

The article analyzes two prominent researches of the 1920–30th (World revolutionary propaganda by H. D. Lasswell and D. Blumenstock and The Language of the Red Army Soldier by I. N. Shpil’rein et al.) and proposes an attempt to look at certain aspects of Soviet science, particularly at the study of linguistic mechanisms of propaganda, not within the framework of a revisionist approach, but including it in the broader scientific and cultural and historical context. The analysis focuses on basically linguistic approaches used by the psychologists, sociologists, and political scientists of the USSR and the USA. The choice of these researches is conditioned, on the one hand, by the mutual interest of the two countries, on the other hand, by the fact that the problem of studying propaganda as a way of spreading communist ideas was equally acute for both countries, albeit with mirror-opposite goals underlying this interest. The analysis of the selected studies demonstrates similarities in study design and methodology. Refs 22.
JOHANN SEVERIN VATER AND SAMOYEDS
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Klubkova Tat’iana V.
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the article is to show the process of formatting a new kind of linguistics, a contribution by A. Schlözer and I. S. Vater of their version of modern linguistics based on the Samoyed (Nenets) language research. The article demonstrates the way the researchers have arrived at their conclusions through careful selection of sources, both published and archived. The 18th century, the “age of systematics”, complete with a new division of sciences, arrived at the transformation of ethnography and linguistics into independent disciplines. Those were prerequisites for the emergence of comparative- historical linguistics. Using the Samoyed language studies as an example, the article examines Schlözer and Vater’s solution of the problems arising in identifying linguistic kinship: the lack of grammatical descriptions and the difficulties of reliable fixation of a non-written language. The works by Vater are the most significant precursors for the first grammar of the Samoyed language, i. e. The Samoyed Grammar by M. Castrén (1854). Schlözer insisted that the Samoyeds were an independent people, and that the section of his Northern History devoted to their community was a traditional comprehensive description of history, geography, customs, and language. The author determines the place of the Samoyed language among the neighboring peoples, critically analyzing the sources while offering a thematic Latin-Samoyed dictionary. Schlözer’s materials were later referred to in the Comparative Dictionaries… by P. S. Pallas. I. S. Vater, realizing the need for a new classification of sciences, headed the department of ethnography and linguistics, thus re-defining the object of linguistics. Regularly addressing the Samoyed language, as well as publishing texts, dictionaries and grammar notes in it, both addressing his informants and actively cooperating with the international academic community, Vater placed the Samoyed language into a rich academic context. The activities of the conscientious and impartial authors in their particular academic field demonstrates a long process of introducing their new information into circulation, together with changes of visual description: from a mixed description (by Schlözer) to the distinction between ethnography and linguistics (Vater). Refs 12.
A. MEILLET ABOUT N. YA. MARR: AN OVERLOOK
Authors:   University of Lausanne, Moret Sébastien
Published: May 2022

At the beginning of the 20th century, the French Antoine Meillet (1866–1936) and the Soviet Nikolaj Yakovlevich Marr (1864–1934) were probably the most prominent linguists in their respective “worlds”: Meillet, in Western Europe, as the chief of the Indo-European comparative linguistics, and, in the Soviet Union, Marr as the herald of the so-called Marxist Soviet linguistics. These two approaches generally considered antagonistic, but that did not prevent Marr and Meillet from maintaining contacts, corresponding with each other for many years and knowing about their respective research. First, this paper aims to present the contacts these two linguists had, focusing on the correspondence between Meillet and Marr. Secondly, the paper examines what Meillet thought about Marr and his theories, on the basis, in particular, of the numerous reviews that Meillet wrote about Marr’s works. Refs 11.
MORPHONOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NOUNS WITH -KA ELEMENT IN THE FINAL PART
Authors:   Institute for Linguistic Studies of the RAS, Voeikova Maria D.
Published: May 2022

Nouns containing -ka in their final part have some distinct common properties: they have homogeneous and salient inflectional endings and belong to most frequent (1st and 2nd) declension classes, they are mostly built with several productive derivation patterns and therefore, gain in type and token frequency. This paper addresses some other, not so obvious particularities of this morphonological group. Their accentual types in several case forms tend to be connected with certain semantic groups (e. g., four syllabic masculine nouns in the genitive mostly denote masculine nouns meaning occupation: ljubovnika ‘lover-Gen’, nachal’nika ‘chief-Gen’), thus, helping to disambiguate the usual case syncretism. The data is taken from the frequency lists of word forms of the Corpus of Russian literary language. Accentual types were defined by the number of syllables and by the stress placement. The observations are interpreted from the point of view of systemic approach to modern Russian grammar including the further elaboration of bootstrapping mechanisms that are usually in play during speech perception by adults and language acquisition by children. In this case we deal with the morphonological bootstrapping determining the hidden preferences of speakers. These observations serve as a base for future experimental study of this and similar morphonological groups that should be taken into consideration during the analysis of productive derivation patterns and their structural functions, the correlation of semantic, pragmatic and structure, as well as their perceptive capacities. The prediction for experimental study is that nouns with -ka in the final part should be earlier recognized in the reaction time experiments, easier processed and, probably, earlier acquired by children. Another development of this topic is a similar description of the final -k- of the stem followed by other vowels marking oblique cases, like e, u, i and o, that, however, would be not as promising because of poorer syncretism in the sphere of other inflectional endings. Refs 20.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY ON THE REALIZATION OF SENTENTIAL COMPLEMENTS IN RUSSIAN
Authors:   Institute for Linguistic Studies of the RAS, Knyazev Mikhail Yu.
Published: May 2022

Declarative sentential complements in Russian can be realized either directly as čto-clauses or as čto-clauses embedded in the nominal construction headed by the “correlative” pronoun to. In previous studies, several factors that influence the choice of one of these two strategies have been identified, including the discourse status of the complement, the agentivity of the verb, the choice of the verb, register, etc. This study investigates the effect of syntactic complexity of the sententce in which the complement clause is embedded. The effect of complexity has been demonstrated before on the basis of several corpus studies of various constructions in English, which suggested that higher complexity is associated with the preference for the more explicit construction in the case of alternations. The goal of this study was to test whether complexity leads to a higher preference for the construction with the correlative (being the more explicit of the two alternants). Complexity was operationalized as additional embedding of the complement-taking predicate in a relative clause, either with a finite or a participial head (the latter presumably leading to still higher complexity). The hypothesis regarding the effect of complexity was tested in two experiments, an acceptability judgment study and a (100-scale) graded forced choice study. The experiments also tested the effect of the association between a verb and one of the two complementation strategies in the corpus (using the Attraction measure) as well as the effect of the subcategorization frame of the verb, i. e. whether it can take a direct object (by hypothesis, leading to the higher preference for čto-clauses) or only an oblique. The results of the experiments did not show an effect of complexity, which might be due to a small size of the effect and/or the nature of the task. However, the experiments revealed the effect of the Attraction class and of the subcategorization frame, namely, in oblique positions sentential complements show a higher preference for the correlative as opposed to direct positions. At the same time, verbs that have a higher association with čto-clauses in the corpus, show an approximately equal preference for both strategies. An explantion of this effect is proposed. Refs 16.
THE SPECIFICS OF PRIMING-EFFECT DURING REPRODUCTION OF A NON-USUAL UTTERANCE BY A CHILD
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Kruglyakova Tatiana А.
Published: May 2022

In his work How Children of the Preschool Age Observe Language, Gvozdev argued that a child of two-three years old could fix and correct errors in the speech of other people. At the same time, numerous priming-experiments built on the data of synonymous constructions of common language indicate that least frequency constructions willingly used by children in this age make the greatest influence on children’s speech. The aim of this article is to analyze speech behavior of a child who hears phrases with errors or receives a task to repeat wrongly constructed statements. Nobody has already studied constructions with speech errors in priming-experiments on Russian data. We analyzed the results of a pilot experiment on Russian data developed by non-native speakers of Russian from the Max Plank Institute for Evolutional Anthropology. There were 33 three-year-old children involved in the experiment. The texts included random deviations from both speech norms and frequency usage accepted in the Russian register of communication with children. Experiment results allow making some interim conclusions. The priming-effect on the perception of uncommon forms is low. Speech production mechanisms started to work when performing a task to repeat phrases heard by a child; that was followed with modifications of unusual forms, probably unconscious. Syntactic level (word order and choice of cases and prepositions) is least influenced by the prime. The previous speech experience also influences the ability to repeat what a child heard. The experience includes already formed grammatical representations of a certain child, the frequency of lexical units (including special contexts). While facing unusual constructions, the mechanism of evaluating the statement as “possible/impossible”, and “right/wrong” is launched which leads to its conscious or unconscious modification. Refs 18.
INTONATION OF EXTERNAL TEXT AND INTERNAL TEXT
Authors:   Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Piotrovskaia Larisa A.
Published: May 2022

The paper is devoted to the psycholinguistic analysis of text intonation during speech production and speech perception. The following statements are the theoretical background of research: 1) speech activity is mental activity, 2) both speech production and speech perception are active processes, 3) utterance sense depends on text sense, 4) according to N. Zhinkin external and internal text as well as text sense are crucial concepts. The results of multi-year acoustic analysis of oral monologic and dialogic speech are summarized. The speaker chooses intonation arrangement that is adequate not only to external text but also to internal text. The result of speech perception that is active mental process is an adequate comprehension of text sense that speaker wanted to express. Inadequate intonation arrangement of text sense might create considerable difficulties in oral speech perception process. The author argues that speech segmentation, the direction of pitch pattern, the movement of speech tempo and the specific type of stress, that is accentual phrasal stress, are representative of text sense, both external and internal. Key element for cognitive speech segmentation by speaker is existence of whole text intention and its sense segmentation. Inadequate sense-group segmentation might depend on communication breakdown or deficiency of intention to be understood such as control failure. Tune two instead of tune one is distinguished in oral monologic and dialogic speech. If we interpret the external text as a part of internal one, the new explanation of last word segmentation as well as accentual phrasal stress and also two accentual phrasal stresses in one phrase may be proposed. Refs 26.
A CARTOON OR A SERIES OF PICTURES? THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING AN EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Eismont Polina M.
Published: May 2022

Various experimental techniques are used in child language studies to research the development of coherent and cohesive narrative. The most common of them are the elicitation narrative tasks based on a series of pictures or on a video, for example, a cartoon. However, the comparison of the studies carried out using different methods shows the results that can both coincide and significantly diverge. Among the factors that influence the basic narrative characteristics of elicited child stories are age, the type of visual stimulus, its length, and the way the narrative is produced (online vs. subsequent mode). The following basic characteristics are considered to study the structure of narratives: opening and closing markers, details and separateness of the narration, the variety of characters and the presence (absence) of evaluation. The question whether the type of visual stimulus has a significant effect on the basic characteristics of children’s narratives and whether it is possible to construct a general description of the development of narrative skills regardless of the experimental task chosen by the researchers is discussed with a comparative analysis of oral narratives collected within two series of experiments with Russian native monolingual children of the senior preschool and primary school age. The analysis showed that although it is possible to reveal some tendencies inherent in the narratives collected with different experimental methods, the type of visual stimulus does not have any statistically significant effect on the basic characteristics of the narratives of primary schoolchildren. Only the differences in evaluation and closing markers in the narratives of older preschoolers, elicited either simultaneously with watching the cartoon or during its subsequent retelling, are statistically significant. Refs 37.
NON-LINEAR MEANINGS OF A MEDIA TEXT
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Popova Tatiana I.
Published: May 2022

The article deals with the problems of forming the meaning of the media text. The author focuses on the metatext elements of video blogs. The material of the study is the video blogs Parthenon by Leonid Parfenov and Eschenepozner by Nikolai Solodnikov. For the analysis of metetaxt units, the method of reconstruction of the intentional-semantic structure of the text is used. The semantics and type of the text to which the metatext comment is given are determined, as well as the nature of the metatext comment. The correlation between the semantics and the type of the main text and its meta-text commentary is revealed. The method of compositional analysis is used: the nature of the connectivity of the main text and metatext elements, the local and global connectivity of the compositional parts of the text and their metatext comments are determined. Semiotic methods are used to determine the nature of the relationship between the verbal and media components of the media text. The author distinguishes two types of metatext elements in video blogs: written inserts and out-of-text metatext notes. The author comes to the conclusion that at the level of local connectivity, metatext elements perform an informative function, and at the level of global connectivity — an evaluative one. The metatext commentary has a neutral objective character, at the level of local connectivity; it complements the main text, expanding its referential side. Metatext elements, on the one hand, serve to attract and retain the attention of the addressee, on the other hand, strengthen the critical perception of the information heard. Refs 16.
LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE WHOLE TEXT IN THE GENRE OF NOTES
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Rogova Kira A.
Published: May 2022

The article is devoted to the interpretive analysis of the whole text in the genre of notes of the St Petersburg writer M. N. Kuraev “Lenfilm” was!.. (2019). The work fits into a literary series dedicated to the bygone era, evoking opposite assessments, which find expression in irony in relation to the governing beginning of the organization of life and respect for the creative activities of people, in this case in the field of cinema. The author of the article attempted, on the basis of a consideration of the information structure of the text, to identify the principles of its organization: division into parts, the order of their following, the intentional settings that determine the selection and organization of language means. The reference to the composition of the text, which is fundamental for the analysis, made it possible to note the features of an organization that is different from the currently actively studied narrative: the connection of the compositional parts in it is determined not by temporary, as in the narrative, but by logical relations; to some initial thesis — a milestone in the presentation of content. Such an organization, which goes back to the functional-semantic type of speech — reasoning, does not exclude the inclusion of a “horizontal” line of development of the semantic content of the text, a kind of leitmotif in the information structure of the text. The variety of compositional components manifested itself in their intonational differences associated with the emotional state of the author at the moment of description, which is typical for ego narration, marked by a variety of intonation patterns of the text as a whole. Semantic analysis revealed a somewhat overestimated orientation of the author towards a common cognitive fund with the reader, which is noticeably shrinking over time. At the same time, an assumption is made about the interest that the text can arouse among readers of different ages. Refs 14.
A PARTICLE TCHUT NE (ALMOST) IN PERIPHRASTIC CONSTRUCTIONS AND THE CONTEXT OF THE SENTENCE
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Sretenskaya Larisa V.
Published: May 2022

Modern linguistics studies the combination of particles with notional words as a periphrastic construction which has a constant structure and semantics and is also regularly used in Russian spoken speech. The paper presents the analysis of the meaning of the analytical syntactic structure with a particle tchut’ ne (‘almost’) which implements subjective modality in the proposal and has a high emotionality and expression. Studying the features of the meaning, structure and grammar of the periphrastic construction tchut’ ne + V in the context of a sentence is the purpose of the article. In this paper the context is perceived in a narrow sense as a linguistic environment in which any given linguistic unit is used. With little emphasis having been put on the context, the existing works have mainly been focused on the meaning of the action which is close to completion, yet not fulfilled due to uncontrollability, surprise and suddenness of the situation. Test material analysis revealed that constructions with a particle almost do not only have a proximative meaning but also a contextually determined one, i. e., the maximum exaggeration of physical states and emotions of the subject (almost died of laughter etc.) and the controlled choice (almost said). Desemantization of verbs and the inclusion in the periphrastic construction of causatives provide a new meaning to it. Such type constructions as almost died from laughter, almost said become idiomatic. The article concludes that the contextual environment and communication goals affect the semantics of the periphrastic construction almost + V. Refs 22.
HOW TO SPEAK IN MULTIPLE VOICES: STRATEGIES OF SPEECH AUTORIZATION IN THE RECEPTION OF REVELATIONES BIRGITTA’S OF SWEDEN
Authors:   Institute for Linguistic Studies of the RAS, Bondarko Nikolai A.
Published: May 2022

The study discusses the issue of authorization methods for the Western European medieval religious tradition, presented in manuscript collections of religious literature. The tradition can be represented most representatively in collections of various texts, united by a common intention and sphere of functioning (for example, within the framework of one monastic order). On the example of a collection of religious texts dedicated to the approbation of the Revelationes St. Birgitta's of Sweden and translated from Church Latin into Early New High German in the Manuscript F. 955 op. 2 No. 57, National Library of Russia (c. 1500), the article describes the nature of the interaction of the official church discourse of the 14th–15th centuries and Brigitte’s visionary discourse, which went through several stages of editorial processing. Refs 11.
POETRY IN THE INSCRIPTIONS IN YOUNGER RUNES
Authors:   Institute for Linguistic Studies of the RAS, Kuz'menko Yury K.
Published: May 2022

Although the corpus of poetic inscriptions in younger runes has in the main been established in early Scandinavian scholarship, the structure and formulaic character of inscriptions have not yet been subjected to detailed research. In the paper, the structure of poetic runic texts has been described in the light of the hypothesis of the isochrony of bars, admitting an occasional lengthening of short syllables and shortening of long syllables. The formulaic structure is most clearly seen in the younger runic inscriptions on memorial stones. The formula is based on a constant alliterating pair (cf., for example, standa ‘to stand’ — steinn ‘stone’), whose elements occupy different short lines, cf. Hēr mun standa / steinn nær brautu ‘Here will stand a stone by the road.’ The varyable parts of the formula occupy the beginning of the first short line and the end of the second short one. Hēr mun can be replaced by prosodically equivalent and semantically similar combinations Nū skal, Hēr skal, Æ mun, and nær brautu ‘by the road’ can be replaced by the prosodically equivalent and semantically similar viðr bryggju ‘by the bridge’, ą bjargi ‘on the mountain’, miþli byja ’between villages’, at merki ‘as a monument’, at Ingjald ‘after Ingvald’. The paper also addreses some other most common formulas based on alliterating pairs. Refs 24.
RHETORICAL EXAMPLES OF “ANTHOCH ORATION” BY LIBANUS
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Mezheritskaya Svetlana I.
Published: May 2022

The Antioch oration of Libanius is, on the one hand, a typical product of the sophistic work of the orator, designed to glorify his native city, and on the other, one of the best examples of the panegyric of the city in late ancient oratory. A panegyric to the city is a popular genre of solemn eloquence, well studied and described in the ancient rhetorical literature. However, Libanius’ Antioch oration is particularly interesting as the result of the development of ancient oratory, accumulating the old rhetorical tradition and the best achievements of ancient Greek orators in this genre, dating back to Isocrates and to the first sophists. The discovery of the closest literary samples for the Antioch oration allows us to determine the degree and nature of the influence of the previous rhetoric literature (the so-called Second Sophistic) on the development of late ancient eloquence, often referred as the Third Sophistic, as well as assess the contribution of Libanius as a panegyrist to the history of ancient oratory. Refs 35.