bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What’s in a name?
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J
Published: November 2023

Before we get stuck into this chapter ask around and try to find out what a number is. The kind of response will probably range from ‘Well it’s obvious, everyone knows what a number is’ all the way to ‘Hmm, well now you come to mention it, I’d have to think carefully a bit before I give you an answer’. If possible ask your nearest friendly mathematician. When stuck with a question like this, a good way to answer it is to look in a dictionary. A dictionary will give you an answer something like this, The dictionary seems to be telling us that a number is two things which are quite different because the way we choose to write numbers and the number itself are not the same. Historically, as we will soon see, there have been many different ways of representing the same quantity. As mathematicians we use numbers every day and thinking for a while about how we write them is not only interesting but also quite fun.
Nonlinear Models in Medical Statistics
Authors: Lindsey J K
Published: November 2023

This text provides an introduction to the use of nonlinear models in medical statistics, It is a practical text rather than a theoretical one and assumes a basic knowledge in statistical modelling and of generalized linear models. The book first provides a general introduction to nonlinear models, comparing them to generalized linear models. It describes data handling and formula definition and summarises the principal types of nonlinear regression formulae. there is an emphasis on techniques for non-normal data. Following chapters provide detailed examples of applications in various areas of medicine, epidemiology, clinical trials, quality of life, pharmokinetics, pharmacodynamics, assays and formulations, and molecular genetics. The book concludes with appendicies describing data handling and model formulae in more detail, and given ways of modelling dependencies in repeated measurements, and data for the exercises.
Pharmacodynamics
Authors: Lindsey J K
Published: November 2023

Whereas pharmacokinetics involves the study of the concentration of some substance in the body, pharmacodynamics looks at the reaction of the body to that substance. Thus, pharmacodynamic models attempt to relate changing concentrations of some substance in the body to some pharmacological effect.

Pharmacodynamics can be considerably more difficult than pharmacokinetics for several reasons: Responses are often not continuous measurements such as concentrations, often being counts or ordinal values

Few mechanistic models have been developed for such responses.

Pharmacodynamic responses depend on concentrations of the substance of interest in the body so that, ideally, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models should be developed simultaneously, with appropriate interrelationships.
Molecular genetics
Authors: Lindsey J K
Published: November 2023

With the sequencing of the human genome, molecular biology has received a great deal of publicity. It is seen by some to have the potential to provide solutions to most of the problems of human health. However, the availability of the sequence is only the very beginning of the story. Genes must be located within the sequence, their function in the body must be determined, the mechanisms by which they are differentially expressed in different kinds of cells discovered, these must be related to the progression of a disease, and a cure must be found Molecular genetics is concerned with three types of rather large molecules that, fortunately, have a fundamentally linear structure. The central molecule in genetics is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which, although helical, is strictly linear in the structure of its most important components. This molecule, in tum, carries codes for all of the polypeptides (proteins) in the body as well as for certain ribonucleic acids (RNA). Although also basically linear, proteins have a more complex threedimensional structure because they fold up into very specific forms. Many types of RNA also fold but in somewhat less complex ways than proteins. Here, I shall only consider some very simple problems related to the linear structure of DNA as a small taste of the challenges available.
Reconstructing Early Intervention after Trauma
Authors: Orner Roderick , Schnyder Ulrich
Published: November 2023

The introduction of a diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the 1980 edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders heralded the dawn of modern psychotraumatology. On the strength of the conceptual refinements offered by this new diagnosis, much consideration has been given to the challenge of effecting early intervention after trauma. To do so offered the prospect of preventing initial reactions developing into a debilitating chronic disorder with complicating co-morbidities. Some of the original proponents of early intervention protocols have continued to claim that such provision will mitigate the effects of traumatic events, prevent the onset of a traumatic stress syndrome, allow early detection of those who may require further help and help re-establish a homeostatic equilibrium. The evidence base for making these claims has never been made explicit. More recent clinical trials suggest a more qualified position ought to be taken with respect to what should reasonably and reliably claimed for early intervention techniques used to date. More alarming is the growing cluster of studies warning against certain types of intervention. The optimism which once prevailed with respect to what early intervention after trauma might achieve has, in recent years, been replaced by controversy and defensively entrenched posturing. This book aims to provide a comprehensive update on the accumulated experience in the field of early intervention after trauma and defines standards for service provision. It does so by reviewing the historical traditions and theoretical foundations for early interventions and links recommendations for psychological first aid to a substantial body of multidisciplinary evidence. The ultimate aim of this book is to reconstruct an informed evidence base for early intervention after trauma.
Drugs and physical treatment after trauma
Authors: Freeman Chris
Published: November 2023

There is now a large and impressive evidence base for the treatment of PTSD using either drugs or psychological treatments. There is also an emerging evidence base for the treatment of Acute Stress Disorder with brief psychological treatments and a consensus that one-off individual debriefing post-trauma does no good and may do harm. Drug treatments have a long history in the management of Acute Stress Reactions after trauma and are still widely used. Self-medication with alcohol is undoubtedly the major intervention practised in the western world.
Palliative Care
Authors: Oliver David
Published: November 2023

Palliative care aims to consider the ‘whole patient’ within their social support system, allowing the management of symptoms, psychosocial issues, and spiritual issues. The role of palliative care may start from the time of diagnosis or the neurological event and may be combined with other treatment schedules. All health and social care professionals should be involved in the provision of palliative care, usually as members of multidisciplinary teams. There may also be a role for a specialist palliative care team, with specific expertise and training, to support patients and their families and the professional carers involved in the patient’s
Infectious Disease
Authors: Meadway Jeanette
Published: November 2023

Two infections are used to illustrate the issues occurring in palliative care of infectious disorders occurring in neurology. The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immune deficiency virus (HIV), whilst CJD is associated with a prion (a protease-resistant protein). Suitable care requires full knowledge of appropriate infection control measures, avoiding those which are unnecessary and present a barrier between carer and patient, often with damaging psychological consequences. The patient may suffer from stigma because of the infective nature of the disease, from the mental health problems which are often associated, as well as their social group.
Epilepsy
Authors: Weil Sabine , Noachtar Soheyl
Published: November 2023

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder which affects about 1% of the population and their relatives. Mortality in patients with epilepsy is nearly three times higher than in the standard population and includes causes such as trauma suicide and SUDEP (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients). Counseling about special risk situations is required. Social integration, education, employment, family planning, and family life are affected and may recurrently be impaired by epileptic seizures. Beside optimization of antiepileptic therapy, integrational work preventing social stigmatization of patients with epilepsy is a great challenge to physicians and lay groups.
Advance Directives
Authors: Voltz Akira Akabayashi Brian Taylor Slingsby Raymond
Published: November 2023

Advance directives (ADs) are one method proposed to facilitate communication among patients, families, and health-care providers regarding the plan of care that will be considered appropriate in times of incapacity. This chapter describes the aims and benefits of AD, particularly those related to issues common to neurological diseases. Also discussed is the health-care provider’s role in implementing advance care planning and the possible value of initiating discussion regarding end-of-life decisions between patient, family, and physician.
Spirituality
Authors: Taylor Robert M , Herr Sharol. L
Published: November 2023

Providing end-of-life care presents many challenges-some we learn about in our medical textbooks, whereas others we learn about primarily through our experience of observing, listening, and being present. Within the interdisciplinary approach to holistic care of the body, mind, and spirit in the provision of palliative care, we may witness not only the suffering and striving, but often the thriving of individuals. When we offer ourselves to others a transformation takes place allowing a breadth and depth of interaction and relationship rarely experienced in modern health care. The reaching out to others provides opportunities for awareness and growth in our usual and ordinary encounters as well. Spiritual care offers a dimension to medical care encouraging and supporting personal growth and transcendence beyond the physical experience. Opening ourselves up to these experiences will give us inspiration to continue on our course of caring.
Palliative Care Education for Neurologists
Authors: Maddocks Ian
Published: November 2023

Although the practice of specialist neurology has changed radically over recent decades, the formal education of the neurologist has failed to keep pace with that change, with an emphasis on the mastery of new knowledge and techniques in a limited area of the discipline, which often leads to early subspecialization. There have been many calls for a greater attention to the sociocultural aspects of the patient’s condition, but relatively few models to follow. Yet increasingly medicine deals with chronic conditions in which those aspects loom large in effective assessment and management. Palliative care seeks to provide a comprehensive approach to care in circumstances where any opportunity for cure has passed, with an emphasis on quality of life for the days that remain. The expertise developed in care of terminal cancer is increasingly recognised as relevant to many other advanced disease situations, including a wide range of conditions managed by neurologists. Palliative care deserves promotion as a basic component in the preparation of the specialist neurologist.
So, Here’s What’s Happened In My Life Since Last April
Authors: Jaffee Ben-Joshua
Published: November 2023

Dr Ben-Joshua Jaffee is one of the most integrated persons I know. There has never been any pretense to Ben-Joshua. He is a committed caregiver, a dedicated teacher, an academic, a friend to all who work with him. It is truly a case of ‘what you see is what you get’. The ripple effect caused among social workers by his work at the University of Washington School continues today. He was an eagerly awaited presenter at the King’s College Conferences on Death and Bereavement, and an active researcher as a member of the International Work Group on Death, Dying, and Bereavement.
Energy in biological systems and hydrogen biochemistry
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P
Published: November 2023

As we have seen in the previous chapters, the second major requirement for living organisms, besides the raw materials, ultimately chemical elements, is energy made available in appropriate, usable forms. In this chapter we examine which forms of energy are available for life and which forms are easily harnessed or stored for later use and transducible into other convenient forms, e.g. chemical bond energy.
The Role of Biological Macromolecules and Polymers
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters we described the elements, the physical-chemical basis of their uptake, their movements and distribution inside and outside cells, the chemical properties on which their functions are based, and the energy required to generate biological systems containing these elements.
General Introduction to Transition Metals in Biology
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P
Published: November 2023

In the introductory chapters we stressed that the different mineral elements had different biological functions and that these were based on a selection corresponding to potential for activity. This is the course evolution had to find, but much thought is necessary to see the complications which inevitably arise since many elements are capable of more than one function (see Chapter 7).
Manganese: dioxygen evolution and glycosylation
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P
Published: November 2023

The importance of manganese in living systems, though known to be very considerable, especially in plants, remains poorly explored in many areas. The manganese biochemistry which presently attracts greatest interest is that involved in 02 release by photosynthesis system II.
Itching and burning (pruritus ani)
Authors: Levitt Michael
Published: November 2023

An itching, burning, stinging bottom is an almost universal experience. For most people it is only an occasional problem; for many others, however, it is a recurring or constant nightmare. No other symptom—not even pain— is more distressing, more infuriating, or ultimately more exhausting. The need to scratch your bottom can be intense, driving you into the nearest toilet to get a little privacy or leaving you open to ridicule if seen scratching in public!

With scratching, the perianal skin becomes broken. This produces some spotting of blood as well as the weeping that inevitably occurs from any raw area of skin. This moisture further damages the surface barrier of the perianal skin leading to damp, pale, thickened skin with areas of splitting or even shallow ulceration. Burning pain and a stinging sensation when the skin comes in contact with hot water (in the shower, for example) add to the misery.
Bloating and irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Levitt Michael
Published: November 2023

People—patients and doctors alike—are naturally drawn towards mechanical explanations for their symptoms. A blockage, a twist, a kink, adhesions, compression. We like to be able to visualize the cause of our complaints in these generally simple terms and imagine an equally simple, mechanical solution.

The concept of uncoordinated, excessive, or even deficient activity of the intestinal muscle tube is a whole lot harder to grasp. And the realization that there may not be a straightforward ‘quick fix’ tablet or operation can be just as hard to accept.
Pregnancy, birth, bowels, and bottoms
Authors: Levitt Michael
Published: November 2023

Carrying and then giving birth to a baby can place enormous strain on even the fittest and best-prepared pelvic floor. No amount of pelvic floor exercises or aqua-aerobics can guarantee freedom from anal, perianal, and pelvic floor problems either during the many months of pregnancy or in the critical hours of the delivery itself.

The female undercarriage—properly called the perineum—is rarely unaffected by pregnancy and vaginal delivery. Most of these problems are transient nuisances only. Some, however, are ongoing sources of discomfort and pain. And, occasionally, problems provoked by a difficult or even traumatic vaginal delivery can cause lasting distress and disability.
Visiting your Doctor
Authors: Levitt Michael
Published: November 2023

The prospect of visiting a doctor to discuss a problem related to our bowels is not an inviting one. Talking about the workings of our bowels is embarrassing enough but this is made worse by uncertainty as to the correct terminology to use and by the likelihood that an internal examination is going to be performed. It’s little wonder that so many people leave symptoms unreported for so long, hoping that they will go away and that the inevitable humiliation will be avoided!

A thorough medical assessment of your symptoms is almost always going to involve discussion about how often you go, how easy or difficult it is to go, the consistency and even the colour of what you pass, the presence or absence of pain, prolapse, bleeding, mucus, and itching. There will be questions about abdominal pain and distension, about a family history of bowel conditions, about the birth of your children (for women), and about any previous bottom or bowel problems and operations.
Segregation and dynamics of mitochondrial DNA in mammalian cells
Authors: Enriquez Jose-Antonio
Published: November 2023

A key aim of mitochondrial genetics is to understand the rules that govern mtDNA segregation. To this end, cells carrying more than one mtDNA genotype have been generated and the partitioning of mtDNA to daughter cells monitored. Typically, these experiments investigated the segregation of mtDNAs carrying a pathological mutation versus apparently normal mtDNA. Another approach was to create animals with two mtDNA genotypes that were non-pathological and analyse the segregation pattern of the two types of mtDNA in different tissues at various ages. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that mtDNA segregation can be non-random, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex patterns of mtDNA segregation remain to be elucidated.
Respiratory Emergencies
Authors: Evans Tracey , Lynch Thomas
Published: November 2023

Shortness of breath is an ominous symptom in cancer patients, and its presence in patients with end-stage malignancy is associated with poor short-term prognosis. The differential diagnosis of shortness of breath in the patient with cancer is broad (Table 4.1). In most cancer patients, new onset of shortness of breath is a complication of the underlying malignancy or its treatment. However, respiratory complaints secondary to disorders unrelated to cancer become increasingly relevant as cancer treatments improve and more patients survive longer or are cured.
Organic matrix-mediated biomineralization
Authors: Mann Stephen
Published: November 2023

The wide-scale involvement of insoluble organic structures in controlled bio-mineralization is referred to as organic matrix-mediated biomineralization. The organic matrix is specifically synthesized under genetic control before and sometimes during the biomineralization process. In most cases, the matrix is a polymeric framework that consists of a complex assemblage of macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides.
Biological and narrative time in clinical practice
Authors: Hurwitz Brian
Published: November 2023

Neither seen nor felt directly, not heard, nor tasted, nor smelt, time is dimensional to being and inherent, therefore, in medicine (Elias 1992; Heidegger 2000). Clinical encounters typically focus on discerning time sequences, on relationships of before and after, on discussion of beginnings and endings. Setting out and manipulating temporal relationships are processes as central to consulting as they are to storytelling; in both, time passing and changes happening are existentially entwined. I recently registered one of my patients blind. The day was a sad occasion for both of us. I have been Doris Smith ‘s GP for 16 years. During this period, I have developed some feel for her mental illness, which is episodic and severe, I am able to recognize its early manifestations, and have a reasonable understanding of what ‘s likely to precipitate serious breakdown. We have a trusting relation- ship; I ‘ve written many a note to Doris about aspects of her care—concerning letters from hospital specialists, abnormally high blood glucose results and missed clinic appointments—to which she has always responded. However, I probably ‘know ‘ Mrs Smith in the sense of being acquainted with her personality and domestic circumstances better than I understand her.
Therapists and counsellors in primary care
Authors: Burd Mary , Wiener Jan
Published: November 2023

Most counsellors and psychotherapists enjoy working in primary care. Because such therapists have not been recognized by any of the NHS pay scales, their independent contractor status has enabled GPs to employ them directly and so tempting opportunities for work have been more available, especially for people who do not have a core professional background in psychology, medicine, or social work. Such posts, when advertised, attract large numbers of applicants, all apparently rushing to the front line to work with patients in distress at the site where they most commonly first present themselves. There are now about 3000 part-time counsellors employed in practices across the country, amounting to 1300 full-time posts (Mellor-Clarke 2000). At the same time, there is also a tradition of other NHS employed staff, such as clinical psychologists and CPNs working in primary care.
Psychopharmacology
Authors: Feeney Adrian , Nutt David
Published: November 2023

Drug treatments form an important part of the general practitioner ‘s repertoire of responses to mental health problems. In cases of anxiety disorders or depression, drugs are often initiated in primary care, while antipsychotics more often in the hospital setting. In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of new drugs available to treat both depression and psychosis. Effective prescribing in primary care is based on correct diagnosis, and thorough know- ledge of the efficacy and side effects of a few well-chosen agents. In the age of ever more limited drug budgets the selection of a newer and often markedly more expensive drug must be carefully justified. However, drug cost may not be the only factor, which dictates cost-effectiveness of prescribing. This chapter will consider the treatments of depression, anxiety disorders, insomnia, and psychosis in turn.
Psychological therapies
Authors: Parry Glenys , Cape John
Published: November 2023

All mental health practitioners and GPs use psychotherapeutic skills in the course of their routine care of patients. Our focus in this chapter is on psychotherapy undertaken as a specialist treatment by trained practitioners for whom the provision of psychological therapy is their dedicated role. We concentrate on NHS-provided psychological therapy and on treatment provided in secondary care, and the indications for referral thereto from primary care. Counselling and psychological treatments in primary care have been discussed in Chapter 10.There are many types of psychotherapy. The most common approaches in the NHS are cognitive-behaviour therapy, psychoanalytic (also called psycho- dynamic) psychotherapy, and systemic therapy, although cognitive-analytic therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy are also increasingly used.
The long reach of a giraffe’s neck
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan
Published: November 2023

The war between German settlers and the Herero people in former German South-west Africa was one of the most terrible of all colonial wars. A visit to the little cemetery at Waterberg—halfway between Windhoek, the capital city of Namibia, and the well-known Etosha National Park—is a reminder of bygone evil days. Here, there are many gravestones with the names of young German men who died during those battles, while in another part of the cemetery a copper plate erected in the 1980s by a German war veterans association commemorates the memory of their fallen—but nameless—adversaries. There is a steep slope beyond the cemetery, and high up on the slope perches a large and impressive house, built long ago as a holiday home for the governor-general of German South-west Africa. The house is now a restaurant and centre for Waterberg’s small, but species-rich, nature reserve.
Graphs and their role in biology
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike
Published: November 2023

Graphs play a fundamental role in phylogenetics. This section introduces some notation and concepts of graph theory. A graph G is an ordered pair (V, E) consisting of a non-empty set V of vertices and a multiset E of edges each of which is an element of {{x, y}: x, y ∈ V}. Unless otherwise stated, all graphs will have a finite set of vertices. An edge that joins a vertex to itself is a loop and edges that join the same distinct pair of vertices are called parallel edges. A simple graph is a graph that has no loops and no parallel edges. Unless otherwise stated, we will assume that all graphs in this book are simple.
X-trees and phylogenetic trees
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike
Published: November 2023

Phylogenetic trees’ provide a standard graphical representation of evolutionary relation-ships in biology. However, from a mathematical perspective, it is natural to consider a slightly more general class of objects called ‘X-trees‘. Briefly, an X-tree is a finite tree in which some vertices (including all vertices of degree one or two) are labelled by disjoint subsets of a set X. Although this definition may seem somewhat arbitrary, we will see in the next chapter that X-trees correspond naturally to a suitably structured set system. A phylogenetic tree is an X-tree for which only the leaves of the tree are labelled, and by singleton subsets of X.
Trees and splits
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike
Published: November 2023

In the first section of this chapter, we state and prove a classical result that we will refer to as the Splits-Equivalence Theorem. This result, established by Peter Buneman in 1971, provides a fundamental equivalence between X-trees and a certain type of collection of bipartitions of X. It has played a particularly important role in the mathematical development of phylogenetics as we shall illustrate throughout the chapter. Much of the material presented here builds on the approach of Bandelt and Dress (1986).
Using the Internet for research
Authors: McKenzie Bruce C
Published: November 2023

Easy and efficient access to the clinical journal literature is vital to the process of providing evidence-based healthcare.

MEDLINE, produced by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM), is the largest and best-known database indexing the clinical journal literature and can be searched for free via the Internet.

MEDLINE is a highly structured database which, with a basic understanding of the underlying structure, makes for an extremely powerful retrieval tool.

A MEDLINE search will involve identifying concepts, devising and running a search strategy, and often saving search results.
Learning and teaching
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline
Published: November 2023

Teachers want students to learn, and so it is important for us to have some understanding of how learning happens. In this chapter we will take a basic look at how students learn, how motivation affects learning, and how you can teach effectively by putting some of these ideas into action.
Designing a course
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline
Published: November 2023

No matter how wonderful your individual teaching session is, it will be affected by the other sessions on the course. Designing a course and making sure it works well takes a lot of time and effort, but the underlying principles are straightforward, and useful for all teachers. In this chapter we will look at how to design a course and some of the underlying principle and ideas.
Assessing students
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline
Published: November 2023

All of us get involved in assessments because we want to know how much our students have learned. However many of us perceive student assessment to be difficult and confusing. This seems to be because assessment has a complicated jargon, and several new and unfamiliar techniques. We also appreciate that assessment is a high stakes business, and don’t want to get involved in making mistakes that could have catastrophic results for our students.
How to use this book
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G
Published: November 2023

The book is divided into two main parts. In Part I, we consider the basic evidence which describes the presence and make-up of our body clock and the rhythms it produces. In Part II, we apply this knowledge to an understanding of: problems that can arise when the system goes wrong; difficulties that follow after we have changed our lifestyle, such as after a time-zone transition or during shift work; the usefulness of rhythms in clinical practice.

In addition, we want the reader to become as involved in the field as possible and to gain some idea of how the scientific method works. Therefore, at several points in the text, we invite readers to test them- selves, to try to solve some problems, and to make use of their knowledge of their own body clock.
The internal and external causes of body rhythms
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G
Published: November 2023

We humans, like other animals and plants, are constantly fighting against the opposing forces of our environment. Indeed, to fail to do so is to risk death. Long ago, for example, we evolved mechanisms to deal with the problems associated with living on dry land. In this environment, the effects of gravity are no longer balanced by the buoyancy that water provides, and the air, particularly on a dry and windy day, can cause loss of water by evaporation. Yet we can deal with these problems. We also have to cope with a far wider range of ambient (environmental) temperature than do organisms that live in the sea. On land, the sun can provide us with heat in the daytime but, after the sun has set, the air cools much more quickly than the water. In addition we must work continually to ensure that the body receives enough oxygen and food, and removes waste. Aquatic plants and animals, however, do not live in a watery paradise, as they have to suffer the destructive power of wave action and must deal with any changes in the composition of the water. Also, if they live in estuaries or in other bodies of shallow water, there is always the risk of desiccation.
Your body clock at different stages of your life
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G
Published: November 2023

So far, we have considered daily rhythms in healthy adults. Here we will consider the differences from adults that are found in the rhythms of healthy babies and aged people. These are important stages of our lives — too often biology textbooks neglect them and assume we are forever in our youth and prime! We can gain clues about the nature of the clock by a study of these stages, as well as use our understanding of it to offer advice.
Abnormalities of daily rhythms
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G
Published: November 2023

Put simply, the daily timing system consists of a body clock that is synchronized by external time cues and that sends information to a variety of systems in the body, so producing daily rhythms in them. It would not be surprising, however, if abnormalities were to arise at many points in such a system. Some of these are described below, together with ways to deal with them. A fairly extreme example is illustrated by a consideration of patients who are severely ill.
Time-zone transitions — advice
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G
Published: November 2023

Advice on whether or not to adjust to the new time zone depends very much upon the kind of journey being undertaken. We will consider the following possibilities:

A flight crossing only a few (3 or less) time zones;

A flight crossing several time zones (to the west or east), when the return journey back home occurs after only a short (less than 4 days) time;

A flight crossing several time zones to the west, where there is sufficient time for adjustment to the new time zone (staying 4 or more days in the new time zone);

A flight as in the last example, but to the east.
Night work — the problems
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G
Published: November 2023

Biologically, we are essentially daytime (diurnal) creatures — awake in the daytime and asleep at night — and most of us work in the daytime, at a ‘9-to-5’ job. About 20 per cent of the workforce suffer some biological abnormality, however, insofar as they work at night. Such an ‘abnormal’ pursuit affects many branches of the workforce. It is found in broadcasting, the hospital service, the fire-fighting and police forces, and in military personnel, computer operators, bankers, food distributors, long-distance lorry drivers, workers in the chemical, mining, refining, and steel industries, catering staff, hoteliers, coastguards, and many others — the list is almost endless.
Your body clock — some more details
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G
Published: November 2023

We have discussed the evidence for a body clock and for the kinds of rhythmic change that it normally produces. What we have not yet considered is where the body clock is, how it works, and how it is adjusted by external time cues. These have been areas of very active research in the last decade or so, and many complex details are now known about the processes involved. Here, we will outline some of the current views, necessarily having to leave out many details and sources of controversy.
Interactions of genetic predisposition and intrauterine events in the etiology of schizophrenia
Authors: Ellman Lauren M , Cannon Tyrone D
Published: November 2023

Genetic influences contribute substantially to the risk for developing schizophrenia, accounting for approximately 83 per cent of the variance (Cannon et al. 1998). Of the putative environmental contributors to the disorder, obstetric complications (OCs) are the most robust predictors of schizophrenia (McNeil 1988). There is still some controversy over whether the effects of OCs depend on (Cannon et al. 1990), covary with (Fish et al. 1992) or are independent of (Lewis and Murray 1987) genetic influences.
Prodromal period: pharmacological and behavioural interventions
Authors: Yung Alison R , Phillips, Lisa J , McGorry Patrick D
Published: November 2023

The prodromal period of schizophrenia is the first manifestation of illness, and refers to a period in which the individual is experiencing symptoms and difficulties, but before the onset of frank psychotic symptoms. Although there is great variability between patients in how their prodromes manifest, certain symptoms and signs have been frequently described. These include depressed mood, anxiety, irritability and aggressive behaviour, suicidal ideation and attempts, and substance use (Yung and McGorry 1996a, 1996b).
Treatment of late-life schizophrenia
Authors: Nayak Gauri V , Folsom David P , Twamley, Elizabeth W , Jeste Dilip V
Published: November 2023

There have been major advances in the treatment of schizophrenia during the past decade. A large part of the research, however, has been focused on younger patients with early (i.e., typical) onset of the illness. More recently, there has been an increasing awareness of the needs of older patients with schizophrenia. This population includes older patients with early-onset schizophrenia, as well as patients with late-onset schizophrenia (LOS), who first experienced psychotic symptoms in the later part of their lives, i.e., after age 40.
K-Theory
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki
Published: November 2023

Just as one goes from the (partial) semigroup {O, 1, 2, ... , N} to ℤ, we can form a group K0 (A) if we first turn the equivalence classes of projections into a semigroup. For inductive limits of finite dimensional C* -algebras, the AF algebras, these K0groups, or dimension groups are a complete invariant—just as they are for the simple infinite Cuntz algebras On. This raises the question of how far one can go in attempting to classify C*-algebras via K-theoretic invariants.
Positivity and Semigroups
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki
Published: November 2023

In particular, we will be concerned with the structure of L, and the problem of integrating (4.1.1), or when we can form a semigroup (maybe with certain positivity preserving properties) from an operator L. Typically X will be a Hilbert space, or a C* -algebra A, or the trace class operators (or more generally the predual of a von Neumann algebra—see Section 5.2).
The Fermion Algebra
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the Fermion algebra as the main technical tool for studying in Chapter 7 the two dimensional Ising model as the prototype lattice model in statistical mechanics. It will also feature in Chapter 8 as a means of constructing representations of chiral algebras, particularly the Virasoro algebra, in conformal field theories which can appear in critical statistical mechanical models. Ignoring most of the structure, the Fermion algebra is just an infinite tensor product of 2 x 2 matrix algebras. Such infinite tensor products of matrix algebras, UHF algebras, are studied in Sections 6.2 and 6.3, as well as their representations on infinite tensor products of Hilbert spaces. Subtleties about completions of such infinite tensor products of Hilbert spaces lead to inequivalent representations of UHF algebras, and criteria to decide when infinite tensor automorphisms are inner or weakly inner in the trace representation.
The geometry of music
Authors: Hodges Wilfrid
Published: November 2023

While Edward Elgar was writing his Enigma Variations , he went for a walk along the banks of the River Wye with his friend G. R. Sinclair. Sinclair brought his bulldog Dan, who fell in the river and barked as he climbed out again. Sinclair turned to Elgar and said ‘Set that to music’. So Elgar did, in the variation named G.R.S. after Sinclair. Elgar’s manuscript marks ‘Dan’ at the point where Dan barks, though the printed editions rather prudishly leave it out.
An Assessment of the Cell Vertex Method
Authors: Morton K W
Published: November 2023

For over ten years I have been working with students and colleagues at Oxford, firstly on selecting the cell vertex finite volume method from various alternatives —see [16], [12], [17], [13] — and then developing it for both the Euler and the Navier-Stokes equations of compressible flow, with progress being reported at the last two of these conferences — [15] and [14]. Now, as the research emphasis in much of CFO has switched from structured to unstructured meshes, the time is ripe for an assessment of progress and a review of prospects for the method.
Multidimensional Characteristic Galerkin Methods
Authors: Ostkamp S
Published: November 2023

For the numerical computation of hyperbolic problems a variety of different methods are available. Besides finite difference methods which are used for many decades, finite volume methods are very popular for hyperbolic problems. Since the beginning of the eighties a lot of work has been done in the development of a further kind of methods, the so-called wave decomposition models. In the literature a lot of different wave models can be found ([8, 3]). All methods mentioned above decompose the problems in more than one space dimensions into one-dimensional pieces. While finite volume methods solve one-dimensional Riemann problems over the cell edges, in the wave decomposition models the flux difference is decomposed into a discrete number of waves which are propagated along some selected directions.
Highly Accurate Solution of the Stationary Convection-Diffusion Equation
Authors: Perella A J
Published: November 2023

In this paper we propose a method which is applicable to the n-dimensional convection–diffusion equation. It is a generalisation of a method described in [5) but the analysis is quite different and leads us to different conclusions. It provides a natural interpolation between the Galerkin method on Cartesian grids for low mesh Péclet numbers and the Cell Vertex Finite Volume Method for high mesh Péclet numbers, except in the case where the flow is along the mesh lines in which case we recover a new method for the pure convection equation. Our method is designed to control the errors on the element boundaries with the consequence of controlling oscillations.
An Adaptive Finite Element Method for the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Capon P , Jimack P K
Published: November 2023

The non-dimensionalized Navier-Stokes equations for the 2-d flow of a compressible fluid may be written in non-conservative form, using primitive variables, as the system where U = (ρ, u, v,T)T, and Ao, Ai and Kij are 4 ×4 matrices which may depend upon U (as may the source term F). For external flow problems we may associate with the spatial domain, Ω, an internal rigid boundary, ΓB, and a far-field boundary, Γ∞ which is divided into an inflow and an outflow boundary according to the direction of the free-stream velocity u∞ = (cos α1,sin α. )T In this paper we use the finite element method to find steady solutions of (1.1), with associated boundary conditions, for a variety of flows (including both transonic and supersonic cases). We then attempt to automatically assess the accuracy of these solutions so as to take advantage of mesh adaptivity. This adaptivity takes two forms, as described in section 3. Firstly we make use of conventional local refinement in those regions of the domain where the solution is not of sufficient accuracy, we then enhance this refinement by moving the nodes of the mesh as well. The paper ends with a number of numerical examples which demonstrate the effectiveness of this new adaptive procedure in terms of both reduction in error and increase in efficiency.
Performance of Eddy-viscosity Models for a Flow with Periodic Pressure Gradient
Authors: Miyake Y , Tsujimoto K , Kawanishi Y
Published: November 2023

Modeling of turbulence is one of the most important problems in computational fluid dynamics of today. Although sharp rise of computer power is extending the possibility of doing turbulent flow prediction with large computational load such as LES, simulations based on Reynolds averaged equations, two-equation models in particular, are major in the practice of engineering. DNS database is a useful tool for validation of turbulence models including the group of k−ϵ c models. But since DNS can be applied only to simple canonical flows, it is needed to examine the validity of turbulence models more for a variety of complicated flows. Although test of turbulence model is mostly carried out in flows in which thin layer approximation is valid and as the consequence, problem is one-dimensional, but the flow fields in which two/three dimensional treatment is required should be tested.
Projection Decomposition Method with a Well-conditioned Basis for the Generalised Stokes Problem
Authors: Ovtchinnikov E E
Published: November 2023

Notations. Consider a domain Ω C R2 partitioned into m non-overlapping subdomains Ωi by the interface Γ: it is supposed that Ω and Ωi have piecewise-smooth Lipsitz boundaries. Below we use big letters for functions defined on O and small letters for their traces on r. For vector functions and spaces the boldface is used: thus, H1(Ω)=H1(Ω) ȕ H1(Ω) etc.
Numerical Computations of Stratified Flow Over Three- Dimensional Obstacles
Authors: Paisley M F , Castro I P
Published: November 2023

Accurate prediction of the flow dynamics of three-dimensional obstacles (hills and mountains) is fundamental to many environmental considerations, ranging from the dispersion of atmospheric constituents to the prediction of mesoscale meteorology. In the presence of a density gradient the flow is characterised by the Froude number, Fh = U / N h, where U, N and h are the upstream velocity, bouyancy frequency and obstacle height respectively. Interaction with topogaphy can be highly complex, even for relatively simple smooth geometries, and depending on the parameters of the flow (typically obstacle shape and Froude number) a wide range of phenomena can occur. The overall effect of a stable density gradient is to inhibit vertical motion, and this may lead to a significant proportion of the flow passing around an obstacle as well as over it. In general a train of lee waves forms downstream with the wave amplitudes increasing with the spanwise width of the obstacle. For obstacles which are sufficiently wide the amplitudes may be large enough that streamline overturning occurs and the wave breaks, creating a localised region of highly turbulent flow aloft. For obstacles which are sufficiently narrow, on the other hand, the flow mostly passes around the obstacle, leading to the generation of a pair of vertically-oriented wake vortices. In these cases if the Froude number is low enough vortex-shedding may occur, akin to that seen in neutral flow over a cylinder.
Navier-Stokes Solution of Compressible Fluid Flows using Advanced Turbulence Models and Unstructured Grids
Authors: Stolcis L
Published: November 2023

Turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers are usually computed by solving the Navier-Stokes equations in averaged form, together with a turbulent eddy-viscosity. The majority of the existing methods employ simple algebraic turbulence models, and can reach levels of computational efficiency comparable with that of inviscid solvers. The last few years have essentially seen an improvement in the accuracy and efficiency of the methods, whilst the use of more sophisticated turbulence models has not been particularly investigated.
Nightmare on Large Number Street
Authors: Dalton Bill
Published: November 2023

Computers play a vitally important role in the lives of us all. When we are taking off or landing in an aeroplane, our safety is dependent on the efficient operation of several computer systems. In most areas of finance -taxation, banking, personal credit – information is stored in, and provided by, computers. In hospitals and in doctors’ surgeries, computers are now commonplace. So it is reasonable to ask what are computers and just how reliable are they? What are computers? Although it is difficult to be certain when any story begins, one possible starting point to our story is a meeting that was held in Paris in August 1900. Every so often, many of the world’s best mathematicians meet and talk about mathematics. There are lectures and discussion groups, but at each meeting there are a few lectures that are more important than all the others. These are given by the greatest mathematicians of the day and all present look forward to hearing what these distinguished mathematicians have to say. In 1900, the man who many thought was probably the world’s greatest mathematician was a thirty-eight-yearold German mathematician called David Hilbert.