bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making the grade: teacher training for inclusive education: A systematic review
Authors: Tristani Lauren , Bassett‐Gunter Rebecca
Published: December 2019

The role of teacher training, as it pertains to the adoption of inclusive education (IE) (European Journal of Special, 22, 2007, 367), is critical in realizing and achieving truly IE environments. Literature often reports poor or inadequate training with regard to IE practices (Preparing Teachers of the Deaf for a Complex, Jacksonville, FL). The purpose of this review was to examine North American and Australian research regarding teacher training for students with disabilities (SWD) with the goal of informing best practice. Of the 27 reviewed studies, teacher training interventions reported positive outcomes and showed improvements in the areas of teachers’ attitudes/perceptions, knowledge, and strategies/skill development (Teacher Education and Special Education: The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children, 32, 2009, 166) regarding IE SWD. The researchers cautiously recommend the employment of workshop style approaches as they appear to have the capacity to tackle all three outcome variables concurrently and within the shortest timeframe. Our restrained recommendations for best practice are born out of the quality of evidence presented within the reviewed studies.
Sudden Death Caused by Rupture of Spontaneous Ductus Arteriosus Aneurysm in an Adult
Authors: Fukuta Mamiko , Horita Tetsuya , Seko‐Nakamura Yoshimi , Kato Hideaki , Kanno Sanae , Monma‐Otaki Jun , Aoki Yasuhiro
Published: December 2019

A 55‐year‐old man complained of sudden onset of severe neck pain. This was followed by prompt loss of consciousness and death. Autopsy revealed rupture of a saccular aneurysm, which was considered to have resulted from enlargement of the remaining ductal tissue, and was located on the medial aspect of the uppermost portion of the descending aorta. Dense blood extravasation was noted in the posterior mediastinum and extending to the strap muscles of the neck and larynx. Histological examination of the rupture site revealed disappearance of the medial elastic fibers and thickened intima covered with dense fibrous tissue. Spontaneous ductus arteriosus aneurysm in adults is a rare finding, but widespread use of imaging technologies has revealed that it develops more frequently than previously recognized. Fatal complications may occur even when the aneurysm is relatively small. Therefore, pathologists should be aware of this aneurysm as a potential cause of sudden death.
Epidemiology and effects of fluid bolus administration in the paediatric emergency department
Authors: Solan Tom , Stephens David J , Williams Amanda , Babl Franz E , Long Elliot
Published: December 2019

Objective

Fluid bolus therapy (FBT) is recommended as the initial form of acute circulatory support for many disease processes. The epidemiology of its use in the ED is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess indications, use patterns and short‐term effects of FBT in a paediatric ED.

Methods

Retrospective observational study in the ED of the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (annual census >90 000) using hospital electronic medical record data for all patients who received an i.v. fluid bolus in the ED over the calendar year 2018 were included in the study. We extracted demographics, indications, volume, content of FBT as well as subsequent vital sign and biochemical changes.

Results

One thousand five hundred and thirty‐nine fluid boluses were administered to 1343/90 000 children (1.5%), 1185 received 1, 123 received 2, 32 received 3, and 3 received 4 boluses. Fluid bolus volume of 10 mL/kg was used in 45.3%, 20 mL/kg in 35.7%, 500 mL in 6.4% and 1000 mL in 7.1%. The fluid content was 0.9% saline in 99.9% of cases. The most common indications for FBT were: vomiting/diarrhoea (23%), acute febrile illness (11%) and pneumonia or sepsis (10% each). FBT was associated with a reduction in median heart rate by 6 beats per minute (P < 0.01), reduction in mean blood pressure by 3 mmHg (P < 0.01), and reduction in venous lactate by 0.2 mmol/L (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Fluid bolus therapy is a commonly used intervention in the paediatric ED, most often for dehydration. Variability in indications, dose and effects of FBT warrant further exploration.
Chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab for the treatment of advanced lung adenocarcinoma cancer harboring EGFR‐ANXA2, EGFR‐RAD51, ATR and BRCA2 mutations: A case report
Authors: Zhong Rui , Li Hui , Liu Yanling , Zhang Shuang , Liu Jingjing , Huang Zhicheng , Cheng Ying
Published: December 2019

Here, we report a case of a 36‐year‐old female patient with metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR‐ANXA2 and EGFR‐RAD51 double fusion mutations with BRCA2 (nonsense mutation of exon 11) and ATR mutations (Exon 44 variable shear mutation) identified by next generation sequencing (NGS). The efficacy was significantly improved after lobaplatin combined with pemetrexed, temozolomide and bevacizumab. This is the first report of a novel mutation type EGFR‐ANXA2, as well as double EGFR fusion mutations in advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, platinum‐based chemotherapy plus bevacizumab rather than targeted therapy showed favorable effects in this patient, providing a novel therapeutic conception for patients, even with multidriver mutations.
Working capital (mis)management – impact of executive age
Authors: Adhikari Hari P. , Krolikowski Marcin W. , Malm James , Sah Nilesh B.
Published: December 2019

Several recent studies have used the upper echelons theory to explain the impact of personal traits of top executives on various corporate policies. In this, first of its kind, study we find that older executives invest more in working capital; take longer to convert inventories to cash; and pay their suppliers sooner. These findings are consistent with the argument that risk aversion increases with executive age. Our findings indicate that executive age has significant bearing on working capital management policies. This study also initiates new avenues in research relating behavioral aspect of executives with short‐term financial management.
The epidemiology of subcutaneous panniculitis‐like alpha‐beta T‐cell lymphoma in New Zealand
Authors: Kim Yena , Coomarasamy Christin , Jarrett Paul
Published: December 2019

Background/Objectives

Subcutaneous panniculitis‐like alpha‐beta T‐cell lymphoma is a rare disease, which comprises less than 1% of all non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. The epidemiology of this disorder has not been established in New Zealand, particularly the ethnic variation.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted from 2005 to 2017 in South Auckland, New Zealand. Patients with histopathologically confirmed subcutaneous panniculitis‐like alpha‐beta T‐cell lymphoma, according to the WHO‐EORTC classification, were included. Cases were identified from multiple data sources to ensure the study population was completely surveyed. Census data were used as the denominator.

Results

Ten cases were identified. Five were men and five women. The median age at diagnosis was of 38.5 years (range 17–73 years). Nine were Māori/Pacific, and one was European. The ethnic relative risk of subcutaneous panniculitis‐like alpha‐beta T‐cell lymphoma in Māori/Pacific versus European was 11.1 (95% Cl 1.83–246.1, P = 0.005).

Conclusion

Māori and Pacific have a higher relative risk of subcutaneous panniculitis‐like alpha‐beta T‐cell lymphoma compared to non‐Māori/Pacific.
Think before you shave: Factors influencing choice of biopsy technique for invasive melanoma and effect on definitive management
Authors: de Menezes Sara Lee , Wolfe Rory , Kelly John William , Farrugia Helen , Mar Victoria Jane
Published: December 2019

Background/Objective

Partial biopsies are sometimes used for melanoma diagnosis with anticipated time and cost savings compared to excisional biopsy. However, their impact on subsequent melanoma management is unknown. Determine factors related to choice of partial over excisional biopsy to diagnose invasive melanoma and examine the effect of partial biopsies on definitive melanoma management.

Method

Retrospective repeated cross‐sectional population‐based study through the Victorian Cancer Registry of diagnosed melanomas in 2005, 2010 and 2015. A random sample of 400 patients per year, stratified by tumour thickness, was selected.

Results

A total of 1200 patients had 833 excisional and 337 partial biopsies. Omission of suspected diagnosis on pathology requests affected 46% (532/1151) of all diagnostic biopsies. Diagnostic suspicion did not influence preference for partial over excisional biopsy [Odds Ratio (OR) 1.2, 95%CI 0.8–1.7; P = 0.40]. The partial:excisional biopsy usage ratio was higher in patients aged > 50 years than patients aged <50 years [relative risk ratios (RRR) 1.5; 95%CI 1.0 to 2.2; P = 0.03]. In 34% and 17% of tumours diagnosed with punch and shave, respectively, three procedures were required for definitive excision instead of two, compared with 5% of excisional biopsies When partial biopsy was used, patients were at greater risk of requiring three‐staged excisions when controlled for age, anatomical site, melanoma subtype and thickness (RRR 6.7; 95%CI 4.4–10.1; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Diagnostic suspicion does not appear to be a major factor influencing choice of biopsy technique. Using partial biopsy to diagnose melanoma often leads to an extra procedure for definitive treatment compared with excisional biopsy.
Two‐year treatment programme showed that younger age and initial weight loss predicted better results in overweight and obese children aged 2‐16 years
Authors: Dalby Sina , Vahlkvist Signe , Østergaard Inge , Park Jørgensen Joan , Bogh Juhl Claus
Published: December 2019

Aim

We investigated an outpatient programme that followed the Danish Paediatric Society's recommended multidisciplinary approach to treating overweight and obesity.

Methods

Our cohort comprised 179 participants (55.3% girls) treated from April 2011 until March 2016 at the Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark. The participant's age ranged from 2.3 to 16.6 years. The body mass index‐standard deviation score was registered at inclusion and after three, 12 and 24 months.

Results

The girls were more obese than the boys at inclusion, and the mean reduction in the body mass index‐standard deviation score was 0.3 units during the study. Half of the participants achieved a reduction in body mass index‐standard deviation score of at least 0.25 units, and the frequency of obesity and severe obesity decreased from 69.3% to 47.5%. Predictors of weight loss were younger age and weight loss during the first 3 months. More than half (53.1%) completed the programme, and they were more likely to be younger and male.

Conclusion

The two‐year programme reduced the body mass index‐standard deviation score and the frequency of obesity. Younger age and early weight loss predicted success and younger age, and male sex predicted completion rates.
Developing and validating a scale for measuring teachers’ readiness for flipped classrooms in junior high schools
Authors: Chou Chih‐Lun , Hung Min‐Ling , Tsai Chia‐Wen , Chang Yu‐Chih
Published: December 2019

The aim of this research is to examine the dimensions of junior high school teachers’ readiness for implementing a flipped classroom approach and to construct and validate an instrument—the Flipped‐Classroom Teacher Scale (FCTS). Two sets of samples (170 and 495 junior high school teachers) served to explore and confirm the constructs of the FCTS model proposed by this study. The model has been empirically validated via exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis. The research participants were from different geographical locations in Taiwan. The FCTS consists of four factors: institutional support, technology self‐efficacy (TSE), teacher beliefs and teaching strategies (TS). The results show that the FCTS model is a valid and reliable scale. Teachers may use the FCTS to gain a greater understanding of their instructional design and strategies in relation to flipped classrooms.
Chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy as a bridge to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory/relapsed B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Zhang Yan , Chen Huiren , Song Yanzhi , Tan Xiyou , Zhao Yongqiang , Liu Xiaodong , Li Zhihui , Yang Fan , Jiang Min , Gao Zhiyong , Wu Tong
Published: December 2019

Although chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR‐T) targeted at CD19 or CD22 have achieved high complete remission (CR) in refractory/relapsed B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL), it is uncertain if allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) should be performed after CAR‐T therapy to accomplish a sustainable remission. Fifty‐two cases with relapsed/refractory B‐ALL who underwent allo‐HSCT after CR by CD19 or CD22 CAR‐T were enrolled. The median time from CAR‐T infusion to allo‐HSCT was 50 (34–98) days. Myeloablative reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC) with total body irradiation/fludarabine‐based or busulfan/fludarabine‐based regimens was used. Incidences of grade II–IV acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) and severe aGVHD were 23·1% and 5·8% respectively. Of 48 evaluable cases, 16 developed chronic GVHD (cGVHD) and in three of them the pattern was extensive. With a median follow‐up of 334 (41–479) days, one‐year overall survival and event‐free survival (EFS) were 87·7% and 73·0%. One‐year relapse rate and transplant‐related mortality (TRM) were 24·7% and 2·2% respectively. With quick bridge to allo‐HSCT after CAR‐T therapy, high EFS for refractory/relapsed B‐ALL has been achieved in this relatively large cohort. Our myeloablative RIC regimens have resulted in low incidences of aGVHD, cGVHD, viral reactivation and very low TRM even majority of transplants from haploidentical donors. Long‐term follow‐up is warranted.
Poor diet predicts periodontal disease development in 11‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Jauhiainen Leena Maria , Ylöstalo Pekka Viljo , Knuuttila Matti , Männistö Satu , Kanerva Noora , Suominen Anna Liisa
Published: December 2019

Objective

To study whether diets based on the Nordic food culture and dietary recommendations are related to periodontal disease development.

Methods

The data were based on the Health 2000 and 2011 Surveys (BRIF8901). The participants were aged 30‐49 in 2000, periodontally healthy, without diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. Analyses were made in the total study population (n = 240) and among nonsmokers (n = 193) in 2011. Periodontal condition was determined in a clinical examination, and the number of teeth with deepened (≥4 mm) periodontal pockets in 2011 was used as an outcome. The diet was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire and the quality of the diet using the Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS) and the Recommended Finnish Diet Score (RFDS) in 2000. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Poisson regression models.

Results

Low scores (indicating poor diet) in both the BSDS and the RFDS were associated with the development of deepened periodontal pockets. Among nonsmokers, the associations between low dietary scores and the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets were stronger than among the whole study population.

Conclusions

Among middle‐aged adults, poor‐quality diet appears to be associated with the development of periodontal disease.
PLCε1 suppresses tumor growth by regulating murine T cell mobilization
Authors: Strazza M , Adam K , Smrcka A V , Lerrer S , Mor A
Published: December 2019

Phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCε1) is a unique member of the phospholipase family, in that it also functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small GTPase Rap1. It is this function as a Rap1 GEF that gives PLCε1 an essential role in chemokine-mediated T cell adhesion. We have utilized a syngeneic tumor model, MC38 cells in C57BL/6 mice, and observed that tumors grow larger and more quickly in the absence of PLCε1. Single-cell analysis revealed an increased CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the spleens, lymph nodes and tumors of PLCε1 knock-out tumor-bearing mice. T cells isolated from PLCε1 knock-out mice were less activated by multiple phenotypical parameters than those from wild-type mice. We additionally noted a decrease in expression of the chemokine receptors C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and C-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) on CD4+ T cells from the spleens, lymph nodes and tumors of PLCε1 knock-out mice compared to wild-type mice, and diminished migration of PLCε1-depleted CD3+ T cells towards stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α. Based on these results, we conclude that PLCε1 is a potential regulator of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, functioning, at least in part, at the level of T cell trafficking and recruitment.
Survival outcomes for head and neck cancer patients with N3 cervical nodal metastases
Authors: Virk Jagdeep S. , Ingle Manasi , Podesta Christine M. , Gujral Dorothy M. , Awad Zaid
Published: December 2019

Background

Management of metastatic N3 nodal disease from primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is controversial. Recently, there has been a move to observation of the neck for those who achieve complete response (CR) after chemoradiotherapy (CRT). We sought to determine survival outcomes for N3 nodal disease, particularly for patients with human papilloma virus (HPV)‐positive HNSCC.

Methods

We carried out a systematic search of MEDLINE and Embase for articles between 01/2008 and 12/2017. Articles on N3 nodal disease in HNSCC patients treated with CRT or surgery + adjuvant RT/CRT were included if they reported on oropharyngeal or HPV+ subgroups. Local control (LC), nodal control (NC), distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS), disease‐free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) was assessed.

Results

Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Eight of these studies (N = 5304) allowed further comparison: 4 were on CRT, 2 on surgery + RT/CRT and 2 on both. Four of these eight studies and the remaining included study reported on residual nodal disease on histology after neck dissection (ND) following CRT. Patients treated with CRT achieved LC rates of 77%‐94% at 2‐3 years; those who had a CR had LC of >90%. Better NC was noted in patients who achieved a CR. Three‐year OS was better for HPV+ HNSCC (range, 55.2%‐81%). Patients with CR had better survival outcomes (DMFS 77% at 3 years vs 69.8% for HPV+; OS 68.9% at 3 years vs 55.2% for HPV+). Primary surgery demonstrated similar survival for HPV+ vs HPV− and better survival in oropharyngeal cancers. Five‐year DFS rates varied from 30% to 87%, and OS from 26.6% to 84%. For patients with non‐CR, positive histology rates varied from 27.3% to 100%, with average positive histology rates of 27.3% in HPV+ patients with non‐CR vs 60% for HPV− patients with non‐CR.

Conclusion

The current literature does not support the de‐escalation of treatment with HPV− N3 disease. Observation of HPV+ patients who achieve a CR post‐CRT is reasonable but further prospective studies are required given the heterogeneity and risk of bias within these current studies. Planned ND should remain standard of care for non‐CR cohort.
Antagonistic effect of natural habitat conversion on community adjustment to climate warming in nonbreeding waterbirds
Authors: Gaget Elie , Galewski Thomas , Jiguet Frédéric , Guelmami Anis , Perennou Christian , Beltrame Coralie , Le Viol Isabelle
Published: December 2019

Although the impacts of climate and land‐use changes on biodiversity have been widely documented, their joint effects remain poorly understood. We evaluated how nonbreeding waterbird communities adjust to climate warming along a gradient of land‐use change. Using midwinter waterbird counts (132 species) at 164 major nonbreeding sites in 22 Mediterranean countries, we assessed the changes in species composition from 1991 to 2010, relative to thermal niche position and breadth, in response to regional and local winter temperature anomalies and conversion of natural habitats. We observed a low‐level, nonsignificant community adjustment to the temperature increase where natural habitat conversion occurred. At the sites affected by natural habitat conversion, the relative increase of warm‐dwelling species in response to climate warming was 6 times lower and the relative species decline was 3 times higher than in the sites without natural habitat conversion. We found no evidence of community adjustment to climate warming when natural habitat conversion was >5% over 15 years. This strong negative effect suggests an antagonistic interaction between climate warming and habitat change. These results underline the importance of habitat conservation in community adjustment to climate warming.
Individual differences in motor development during early childhood: An MEG study
Authors: Johnson Blake , Jobst Cecilia , Al‐Loos Rita , He Wei , Cheyne Douglas
Published: December 2019

In a previous study, we reported the first measurements of pre‐movement and sensorimotor cortex activity in preschool age children (ages 3–5 years) using a customized pediatric magnetoencephalographic system. Movement‐related activity in the sensorimotor cortex differed from that typically observed in adults, suggesting that maturation of cortical motor networks was still incomplete by late preschool age. Here we compare these earlier results to a group of school age children (ages 6–8 years) including seven children from the original study measured again two years later, and a group of adults (mean age 31.1 years) performing the same task. Differences in movement‐related brain activity were observed both longitudinally within children in which repeated measurements were made, and cross‐sectionally between preschool age children, school age children, and adults. Movement‐related mu (8–12 Hz) and beta (15–30 Hz) oscillations demonstrated linear increases in amplitude and mean frequency with age. In contrast, movement‐evoked gamma synchronization demonstrated a step‐like transition from low (30–50 Hz) to high (70–90 Hz) narrow‐band oscillations, and this occurred at different ages in different children. Notably, pre‐movement activity (‘readiness fields’) observed in adults was absent in even the oldest children. These are the first direct observations of brain activity accompanying motor responses throughout early childhood, confirming that maturation of this activity is still incomplete by mid‐childhood. In addition, individual children demonstrated markedly different developmental trajectories in movement‐related brain activity, suggesting that individual differences need to be taken into account when studying motor development across age groups.
Role of strain imaging for assessment of myocardial viability in symptomatic myocardial infarction with single vessel disease: An observational study
Authors: Bhutani Mohit , Vatsa Deepankar , Rahatekar Parag , Verma Deepak , Nath Ranjit K. , Pandit Neeraj
Published: December 2019

Purpose

To study and evaluate the predictive value of strain imaging parameters in patients undergoing viability assessment postmyocardial infarction (MI) in comparison with Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) alone.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study (October, 2016–March, 2018), which recruited 100 symptomatic patients with MI, and angiographically proven single vessel disease, LV dysfunction with severe hypokinesia/akinesia on 2D echocardiography and viability proven by baseline DSE. Patients undergoing primary PCI were excluded. Patients were recruited in two groups: DSE alone (first group) and strain imaging with DSE (second group). Revascularization was done in all patients. Patients were assessed at 3 months for functional recovery by 2D echocardiography.

Results

On 3 month follow‐up after revascularization, 37 patients (74%) in first group and 33 patients (66.67%) in second group had functional recovery. Dobutamine‐stimulated strain parameters such as circumferential strain (CS; P = .005), radial velocity (RV; P < .001), longitudinal strain (LS; P < .001), and longitudinal strain rate (LSR; P < .001) were found to be a significant predictor of viability. The greatest area under the curve (AUC) for the ROC curves was obtained for low dose dobutamine RV (AUC = 0.92), low dose dobutamine LS (AUC = 0.94), and low dose dobutamine LSR (AUC = 0.88). Positive predictive value of the combination of low dose DSE with strain parameters (RV‐97.2%, LS‐97.4%, and LSR‐87.5%) for myocardial viability was significantly higher than low dose DSE positive/low dose strain parameters negative patients as well as low dose DSE group alone.

Conclusion

Evaluation of strain parameters with low dose DSE is clinically feasible for the detection of myocardial viability and adds incremental value to the subjective and semiquantitative wall‐motion scoring. LS at low dose DSE with WMSI was found to have the highest positive predictive value.
Labial pyogenic granuloma related to trauma: A case report and mini‐review
Authors: Banjar Assim , Abdrabuh Abrar , Al‐Habshi Manaf , Parambil Mohamed , Bastos Pedro , Abed Hassan
Published: December 2019

This paper reports a case of a labial pyogenic granuloma in the lower lip of a 15‐year‐old boy due to chronic trauma from the maxillary left central incisor. The case report is based on the CARE (CAse REport) Checklist developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. A further aim is to present a mini‐review about the link between labial pyogenic granuloma and trauma, through searching in three databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Global Health) using a predefined search strategy and keywords. The Cochrane Library and PROSPERO were also searched for published and ongoing systematic reviews, respectively. Only five case reports were found that discussed the link between labial pyogenic granuloma and trauma. Chronic trauma was found to be the most common cause of pyogenic granuloma affecting the lip. Excisional biopsy was the preferable treatment due to the advantage of allowing histopathologic assessment, which is necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis. Dentists advise to include labial pyogenic granuloma in their differential diagnosis (ie, mucocele, cyst, abscess, hematoma, minor salivary gland trauma or tumor) when assessing lesions in the upper and lower lips, in particular when related to a history of trauma.
No‐tillage and ryegrass grazing effects on stocks, stratification and lability of carbon and nitrogen in a subtropical Umbric Ferralsol
Authors: Ramalho B. , Dieckow J. , Barth G. , Simon P. L. , Mangrich A. S. , Brevilieri R. C.
Published: December 2019

No‐tillage farming combined with temporary cattle grazing is becoming a common practice in parts of South America. We quantified the effects of no‐tillage and winter grazing of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on soil carbon and nitrogen stock, stratification ratio (concentration in 0–5 to 10–20‐cm layer) and lability (based on particulate organic matter, POM), relative to conventional tillage or ungrazed ryegrass. A 9‐year‐old experiment was conducted in a southern Brazilian Ferralsol. Soil under no‐tillage accumulated 1.11 Mg C ha−1 year−1 and 0.10 Mg N ha−1 year−1 to 100‐cm depth relative to conventional tillage when ryegrass was not grazed, and also increased the stratification ratio of carbon (1.48 vs. 1.11) and nitrogen (1.66 vs. 1.17). The carbon and nitrogen lability was also greater in no‐tillage soil, as carbon and nitrogen stocks increased proportionally more in sand‐POM than in silt or clay size fractions (carbon lability index = 1.57 vs. 1.00; nitrogen lability index = 1.57 vs. 1.00). Semiquinone concentrations in physical fractions were 4–28% smaller in no‐tillage, suggesting less organic matter aromaticity in this treatment. Grazing, however, caused no further improvement of stocks of carbon and nitrogen in the 0–100‐cm layer of no‐tillage soil (e.g., 209 vs. 212 Mg C ha−1, ns), or enhancement of stratification or lability of those elements, relative to ungrazed ryegrass. Overall, no‐tillage effectively promoted soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation and lability in this subtropical Ferralsol, whereas grazing did not compromise the gains of no‐tillage.

Highlights

Capacity of no‐tillage and grazing to enhance stocks, stratification and lability of soil C and N.

C sequestration with no‐tillage is being debated, and little is known when combined with grazing.

No‐tillage accumulated 1.11 Mg C ha−1 year−1 but grazing promoted no further C accumulation.

No‐tillage effectively accumulated C in soil and grazing did not compromise such gain of no‐tillage.
Population epigenetic divergence exceeds genetic divergence in the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Johnson Kevin M. , Kelly Morgan W.
Published: December 2019

Populations may respond to environmental heterogeneity via evolutionary divergence or phenotypic plasticity. While evolutionary divergence occurs through DNA sequence differences among populations, plastic divergence among populations may be generated by changes in the epigenome. Here, we present the results of a genome‐wide comparison of DNA methylation patterns and genetic structure among four populations of Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We used a combination of restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) to explore population structure, gene‐wide averages of FST, and DNA methylation differences between oysters inhabiting four estuaries with unique salinity profiles. This approach identified significant population structure despite a moderately low FST (0.02) across the freshwater boundary of the Mississippi river, a finding that may reflect recent efforts to restore oyster stock populations. Divergence between populations in CpG methylation was greater than for divergence in FST, likely reflecting environmental effects on DNA methylation patterns. Assessment of CpG methylation patterns across all populations identified that only 26% of methylated DNA was intergenic; and, only 17% of all differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were within these same regions. DMRs within gene bodies between sites were associated with genes known to be involved in DNA damage repair, ion transport, and reproductive timing. Finally, when assessing the correlation between genomic variation and DNA methylation between these populations, we observed population‐specific DNA methylation profiles that were not directly associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms or broader gene‐body mean FST trends. Our results suggest that C. virginica may use DNA methylation to generate environmentally responsive plastic phenotypes and that there is more divergence in methylation than divergence in allele frequencies.
Verteporfin inhibits oxidative phosphorylation and induces cell death specifically in glioma stem cells
Authors: Kuramoto Kenta , Yamamoto Masahiro , Suzuki Shuhei , Sanomachi Tomomi , Togashi Keita , Seino Shizuka , Kitanaka Chifumi , Okada Masashi
Published: December 2019

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumour in adults. Since glioma stem cells (GSCs) are associated with therapeutic resistance as well as the initiation and recurrence in GBM, therapies targeting GSCs are considered to be effective for long‐term survival in GBM. Several reports suggested that oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of cancer stem cells is important for their survival; however, the requirement of OXPHOS in GSCs remains unclear. Few effective and safe agents that target GSC mitochondria are available in clinical settings. In this study, we demonstrated that GSCs had high OXPHOS activity compared with isogenic differentiated GSCs and that GSC survival depended on their OXPHOS activity. Remarkably, we showed that complexes III and IV had broad therapeutic windows and that the expression levels of mitochondrial DNA‐coded components of complexes III and IV were elevated in GSCs compared with differentiated GSCs. Moreover, our search of the Food and Drug Administration‐approved drugs for those targeting GSC mitochondria revealed that verteporfin (Visudyne®), a drug approved for macular degeneration, was a novel GSC‐specific cytotoxic compound that reduced OXPHOS activity. Importantly, the cytotoxic effect of verteporfin was specific to GSCs without any toxicity to normal cells, and the IC50 of approximately 200 nm was ten times less than its maximum blood concentration in humans. Overall, these findings indicated that high mitochondrial OXPHOS of GSCs is a potential GSC‐specific vulnerability and that clinically available drugs, such as verteporfin, might become novel GSC‐specific cytotoxic agents.
Long‐term trends and drivers of larval phenology and abundance of dominant brachyuran crabs in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada)
Authors: Émond Kim , Sainte‐Marie Bernard , Bêty Joël
Published: December 2019

Climate change has led to major shifts in the timing of biological events, with many studies demonstrating earlier phenology in response to warming. However, few of these studies have investigated the effects of climate change on the phenology of larvae in marine species. Phenological shifts can result in mismatches between consumers and prey and hence affect growth and survival of individuals, and ultimately population demography. We investigated the temporal changes in phenology and abundance of the larvae of dominant brachyuran crabs in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (eastern Canada) based on plankton collections spanning 1982–2012. The Gulf of St. Lawrence has warmed since the early 1990s, and our analyses revealed that larvae of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) and toad crabs (Hyas spp.) exhibited a significant trend towards earlier phenology over the 30‐year study period. This shift in phenology appeared to be a consequence of the effect of climate warming on both the timing of hatching and larval development rate. Larval abundance responded differently by crab taxon to climate warming, likely due to differences in thermal tolerance. The warming trend was unfavourable to snow crab, which is the most cold‐adapted and stenothermic of the taxa examined in this study. The abundance of snow crab larvae was lower when sea ice retreat occurred earlier than day 110 of the year and sea surface temperature was higher than 8.5°C. On the other hand, larval abundance of rock crab (Cancer irroratus), which prefers higher temperatures, was positively related to surface temperature.
Changes in the spawning habitat of two small pelagic fish in the Northwestern Mediterranean
Authors: Maynou Francesc , Sabatés Ana , Raya Vanesa
Published: December 2019

We investigated the effects of three sea surface oceanographic variables (temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a) on the abundance of eggs and larvae of two summer‐spawning species in the NW Mediterranean Sea, the anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and the round sardinella Sardinella aurita, based on data from ichthyoplankton surveys carried out in the 1980s, 2000s, and 2010s. The environmental data showed an increase in seawater temperature and salinity along time, coupled with a decrease in chlorophyll a (proxy for primary production). These long‐term directional changes in environmental conditions helped explain the important reduction observed in the abundance of eggs and larvae of anchovy, as well as shrinking of spawning habitat in this species. At the same time, the probability of occurrence of round sardinella has increased from practically zero in the 1980s to probabilities near 1 along the coastal area of the study region in the two decades of the 21st century. Given that the trends observed in the environmental variables along the three decades of study are expected to continue during the 21st century, as a consequence of climate change, the spawning habitat of anchovy is expected to continue decreasing, while round sardinella habitat can expand. Considering that anchovy is of high commercial importance in NW Mediterranean fisheries, while round sardinella has very low commercial interest, our results show that the viability of small pelagic fisheries in the area may be compromised.
Temperature and host diet jointly influence the outcome of infection in a Daphnia‐fungal parasite system
Authors: Manzi Florent , Agha Ramsy , Lu Yameng , Ben‐Ami Frida , Wolinska Justyna
Published: December 2019

Climate change has the potential to shape the future of infectious diseases, both directly and indirectly. In aquatic systems, for example, elevated temperatures can modulate the infectivity of waterborne parasites and affect the immune response of zooplanktonic hosts. Moreover, lake warming causes shifts in the communities of primary producers towards cyanobacterial dominance, thus lowering the quality of zooplankton diet. This may further affect host fitness, resulting in suboptimal resources available for parasite growth.

Previous experimental studies have demonstrated the respective effects of temperature and host diet on infection outcomes, using the zooplankter Daphnia and its microparasites as model systems. Although cyanobacteria blooms and heat waves are concurrent events in nature, few attempts have been made to combine both stressors in experimental settings.

Here, we raised the zooplankter Daphnia (two genotypes) under a full factorial design with varying levels of temperature (the standard 19°C and elevated 23°C), food quality (Scenedesmus obliquus as high‐quality green algae, Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii as low‐quality cyanobacteria) and exposed them to the parasitic yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata. We recorded life history parameters of the host as well as parasite traits related to transmission.

The combination of low‐quality cyanobacterial diets and elevated temperature resulted in additive detrimental effects on host fecundity. Low‐quality diets reduced parasite output, while temperature effects were context dependent. Overall, we argue that the combined effects of elevated water temperature and poor‐quality diets may decrease epidemics of a common fungal parasite under a climate change scenario.
Post‐human lawscapes of Indigenous community forests in Central India
Authors: Loivaranta Tikli
Published: December 2019

The increasing interest in post‐human legal geographies is evident in the Anthropocene, but the agency of place calls for more attention in the discussion. This post‐humanistic study explores the production of lawscape – the bringing together of multiple forms of law and place – in three Indigenous (Adivasi) communities in Central India. According to the interviews and observation conducted in these remote villages, the lawscape of the community forest emerges in encounters between humans and non‐humans, which intertwine with assemblages of formal law. In these community forests, law and place constitute each other in multiple ways. The customs, norms, and relations of the lawscape are not only relationships among people with respect to the land, forest, and resources, but among the whole more‐than‐human community, including the forest itself, with respect to its constituents. The territories and their (external and internal) boundaries are defined through bodily and material practices and in the interaction between different actors. The community forest extends as far as the residents are able to actively protect the forest. The degree of exclusion of the boundaries depends on how actors from outside the villages are perceived to treat non‐humans in the forest, and for what purposes. Inside the boundaries of the community forest there are small patches that have their particular functions and rules: a variety of places for humans and non‐humans. Inside the community forest assemblage, movement, encounters, and materiality constitute these subtle lawscapes, with their particular norms.
Episodic and Chronic Cluster Headache: Differences in Family History, Traumatic Head Injury, and Chronorisk
Authors: Barloese Mads C. J. , Beske Rasmus P. , Petersen Anja S. , Haddock Bryan , Lund Nunu , Jensen Rigmor H.
Published: December 2019

Objective and Background

The diagnostic criteria of episodic and chronic cluster headache (cCH) were recently modified, yet pathophysiological differences between the two are still unclear. The aim of this cross‐sectional study is to identify and characterize other differences between episodic and cCH.

Methods

Data from a retrospective, questionnaire‐ and interview‐based study were analyzed with a focus on associated factors including traumatic head injury (THI), familial history, and change of phenotype. Attack patterns were analyzed using Gaussian and spectral modeling.

Results

400 patients and 200 controls participated. A positive family history was more prevalent in chronic than episodic cluster headache (eCH) (34/146 (23%) vs 33/253 (13%), respectively, P = .008). A history of THI was more common in patients than controls (173/400 (43%) vs 51/200 (26%), respectively, P < .0001) and in chronic compared to eCH (77/146 (53%) vs 96/253 (37%), respectively, P = .004). Patients with a positive family history had a unique diurnal attack pattern with twice the risk of nocturnal attacks as patients who did not report family history. Patients reporting phenotype change had a chronobiological fingerprint similar to the phenotype they had experienced a transition into. A higher attack frequency in chronic patients was the only difference in symptom manifestation across all analyzed subgroups of patients.

Conclusions

cCH is associated with a positive family history and THI. In familial CH, a peak in nocturnal chronorisk may implicate genes involved in diurnal‐, sleep‐ and homeostatic regulation. The stereotypical nature of the CH attacks themselves is confirmed and differences between subgroups should be sought in other characteristics.
Research and recovery: Can patient participation in research promote recovery for people with complex post‐traumatic stress disorder, CPTSD?
Authors: Matheson Catherine , Weightman Elizabeth
Published: December 2019

Background

A new diagnosis of complex post‐traumatic stress disorder, CPTSD, has been agreed by the World Health Organization, WHO, and evidence is needed for what psychological treatment might be effective, particularly from those with experience of the disorder. We used a novel participatory approach to explore patient views and simultaneously studied the impact on the patient researchers of the research process itself. In this paper, we report on the latter section of the study how the involvement in research of patients with CPTSD affected their mental health. Symptoms of CPTSD may include emotional dysregulation, feelings of self‐worthlessness and difficulties in relationships.

Objective

The aim of this study section was to explore whether patients’ mental health could be promoted through empowering them to participate in research on CPTSD.

Design

The study had a qualitative, participatory design. The clinician who led the research (first author) held group meetings with patient researchers to explore the impact of the research process. The clinician also kept notes on the process in a reflective log.

Setting and participants

Six patient researchers participated in research with other patients with lived experience of CPTSD in an NHS outpatient unit in a London hospital.

Intervention studied

The research process itself was analysed in group meetings with researchers which the clinician recorded and transcribed.

Findings

Participation in research may promote increased self‐confidence and social inclusion for those with CPTSD.

Conclusion

Involvement in research may be seen as an empowering intervention because patients felt it contributed to recovery.
Measurement of bristle splaying of toothbrushes using digital imaging and evaluation of plaque removal efficacy over 3 months: A randomized controlled trial (RCT)
Authors: Kaneyasu Yoshino , Shigeishi Hideo , Maehara Tomoko , Fukada‐Sambuichi Eri , Amano Hideaki , Sugiyama Masaru
Published: December 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to develop an objective method to assess the degree of bristle splaying of used manual toothbrushes and to investigate their plaque removal efficacy.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial targeting Hiroshima University students was performed to assess the plaque removal efficacy of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) manual toothbrushes. Participants were randomly assigned to the soft toothbrush group (n = 40) or the medium toothbrush group (n = 40). A small number of participants discontinued the intervention for personal reasons in both the medium (n = 6) and soft (n = 2) toothbrush groups. Toothbrushes were collected immediately after first use (T0: baseline), after 1 month of use (T1: month 1), after 2 months of use (T2: month 3) and after 3 months of use (T3: month 6), following the allocation of a new toothbrush. The bristle surface area was measured using digital software.

Results

The surface area of the bristles was significantly greater at T1, T2 and T3 than at T0 in the medium toothbrush group (n = 34) and soft toothbrush group (n = 38) (P < .001). Importantly, plaque removal efficacy, calculated from a modified plaque control record score and modified patient hygiene performance score, was significantly lower at T2 than at T0 in both groups.

Conclusions

Our method for evaluation of bristle splaying is considered to be reliable and reproducible. PBT toothbrushes may become less effective after two months of use.
An eco‐friendly permeable brick with excellent permeability and high strength derived from steel slag wastes
Authors: Liu Jianlei , Lin Changwei , Liu Taoyong , Han Lei , Shen Xuefeng , Li Cui , Lu Anxian
Published: December 2019

Utilisation of industrial solid wastes to prepare products with high added value is an effective way that could relieve environmental pollution and create huge economic benefits. In this work, steel slag based permeable brick (SSPB) was successfully prepared by liquid phase sintering. The BSE‐EDS results indicate that the microstructure of the SSPB becomes dense because of the formation of a small amount of glass‐liquid phase (Na‐K‐Ca‐Fe‐Si‐O glass system). The effect of sintering temperature on various properties of the SSPB was systematically studied. It is found that as the sintering temperature increases from 1210 to 1300°C, the permeability deceases gradually, as well as the apparent porosity, water retention and water absorption. In contrast, the bulk density and mechanical strengths show gradually increasing trends. Most important of all, the SSPB sintered at 1270°C for 1 hour shows an excellent permeability (5.70 × 10−2 cm/s) and high mechanical strengths (compressive strength, 36.6 MPa; bending strength, 6.8 MPa). The prepared SSPB is not only likely to be a new type of permeable brick for sidewalk construction, but also relieve greatly environmental pollution from steel slag because of the high utilisation rate of steel slag (as high as 90%).
Nanofibre‐based bilayer biopolymer films: enhancement of antioxidant activity and potential for food packaging application
Authors: Bharathi S.K.V. , Leena M.M. , Moses J.A. , Anandharamakrishnan C.
Published: December 2019

This study aimed to enhance the antioxidant property of biopolymer film without the incorporation of external agents. The active bilayer film with improved antioxidant activity has been developed by electrospinning zein, a prolamine of corn as nanofibre (average diameter of 286 nm) on solvent cast chitosan film. Zein nanofibres exhibited a slight increase in antioxidant activity as compared to solvent cast zein film. But, zein nanofibre coating on chitosan films significantly improved its antioxidant activity from 12.41% to 44.17%. The developed bilayer films were evaluated for its ability to prevent browning in minimally processed apple slices and compared with those of chitosan and zein films plasticised with polyethylene glycol. Higher surface to volume ratio and better affinity of zein nanofibres in the bilayer film helped enhance its anti‐browning ability. Thus, zein nanofibre‐coated chitosan bilayer films can be used as an effective anti‐browning packaging material for the packing of minimally processed fruits.