bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ferroelectric hysteresis loop scaling and electric‐field‐induced strain of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–BaTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Shi Jing , Fan Huiqing , Liu Xiao , Li Qiang
Published: June 2014

The field dependence of ferroelectric hysteresis loop and polarization reversal of 0.94(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 (BNT‐6BT) ferroelectrics at room temperature and 110 °C are investigated. The variation of the hysteresis area suggests three stages of the polarization reversal at the two temperatures, where the first and third stage can be scaled as power law relationships, and the second stage shows non‐linear functions. Distinct features in the two temperatures indicate the differences between the domain structures and their external field responses. The reversible field‐induced phase transition from relaxor phase to ferroelectric phase at 110 °C plays a key role in getting the large strain.
Deep‐blue, low‐threshold amplified spontaneous emitting and high thermal stability binaphthyl derivates
Authors: Guo Kunping , Zhang Qi , Wang Feifei , Lin Hong , Wei Bin , Gao Xicun
Published: June 2014

We have investigated the photoluminescent characteristics of binaphthyl derivates, 4′′,4′′′‐N,N‐diphenylamine‐4,4′‐diphenyl‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BN1), 4′′, 4′′′‐(9‐(9H‐9‐carbazole)‐4, 4′‐diphenyl‐1, 1′‐binaphthyl (BN2) and 4, 4′‐bis(9‐(p‐fluorophenyl)‐9H‐3‐carbazole))‐1, 1′‐binaphthyl (BN3) and found their amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from neat films. The ASE threshold of pumping energy, Eth = 4.4, 3.8, 5.3 µJ cm−2 were obtained under optical excitation at 355 nm for the neat films of BNs, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Moreover, the lasing of those non‐doped films exhibited deep‐blue emission, whose peak spectra of BNs 1, 2, and 3 were 438, 421, and 428 nm, respectively. We have also studied the thermal‐stability of BN1 by annealing at 250 °C for 30 min and found that the ASE threshold stayed almost unchanged compared to untreated film, demonstrating its high heat resistance characteristics. The characteristics of decreased tendency to crystallize and weaker intermolecular interactions in the solid state of BNs make them potential candidates for approaching electrically pumped organic laser diodes.
Structural characterization of secoiridoid glycosides by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Shufang , Xu Yimin , Chen Pinghong , Zhang Yufeng
Published: June 2014

RATIONALE

The fragmentation behavior of seven secoiridoid glycosides (SIGs) isolated from Gentiana triflora Pall., a traditional Chinese medicine, was investigated by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI‐IT‐MS).

METHODS

Multistage electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn) experiments both in positive‐ and negative‐ion mode were used to elucidate the main fragmentation pathways of these compounds.

RESULTS

In full scan mass spectra, different deprotonated or protonated molecules were observed for compounds with different basic structure. Ring cleavages of the aglycon moiety were observed in MS2 spectra and the characteristic ions provided valuable information on the basic structural skeletons. Their fragmentation pathways and fragment ion structures were proposed.

CONCLUSIONS

The established fragmentation patterns have been successfully used to identify eleven SIGs in the extract of Gentiana triflora Pall. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indole–diterpenoid profiles of Claviceps paspali and Claviceps purpurea from high‐resolution Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Uhlig Silvio , Egge‐Jacobsen Wolfgang , Vrålstad Trude , Miles Christopher O.
Published: June 2014

RATIONALE

The biological activities most commonly associated with indole–diterpenoids are tremorgenicity in mammals and toxicity in insects through modulation of ion channels. The neurotoxic effects of some analogues are the cause of syndromes such as 'ryegrass staggers' and 'Paspalum staggers' in cattle and sheep. Our purpose was to obtain and interpret mass spectra of some pure Claviceps‐related indole–diterpenoids (paspaline, paspalinine, paxilline, paspalitrems A and B) to facilitate identification of related compounds for which standards were not available.

METHODS

C. paspali‐infected Paspalum dilatatum as well as C. purpurea sclerotia obtained from infected Phalaris arundinacea were extracted and the extracts separated via liquid chromatography. Low‐ and high‐resolution mass spectra were then obtained of known and potentially unknown indole–diterpenoids.

RESULTS

At least 20 different indole–diterpenoids were detected in the C. paspali extract with molecular masses ranging from 405 Da (C28H40NO) to 517 Da (C32H40NO5). The C. purpurea sclerotia were shown to contain several indole–diterpenoids with molecular masses ranging from 405 Da (C28H40NO) to 419 Da (C28H38NO2).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates for the first time that C. purpurea may also produce indole–diterpenoids. This might explain why grazing of Phalaris spp. is occasionally connected with a tremorgenic syndrome in cattle, called 'phalaris staggers'. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FISH RESPONSE TO ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURES IN TEMPORARY STREAMS: THE IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS
Authors: Matono P. , Bernardo J. M. , Costa A. M. , Ilhéu M.
Published: June 2014

Mediterranean temporary streams show high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Native fish species are adapted to this natural variability, but the cumulative effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbances may compromise the stability and persistence of fish assemblages. This study aimed to determine if environmental drivers affect the response of fish assemblages to anthropogenic pressures in temporary streams and identify what type of fish assemblages are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance. Data were collected from 22 sites located in southern Portuguese temporary streams between 1996 and 2012. The temporal pattern of fish assemblages in each site was used to examine fish assemblage stability, that is, the relative constancy of species abundance over time, quantified using the Bray–Curtis similarity coefficient. Native fish assemblage stability was positively associated with altitude, annual rainfall, percentage of riffles and habitat diversity and highly negatively related to anthropogenic pressure, particularly land use intensification, riparian degradation, sediment load and organic contamination/nutrient enrichment. Results highlighted an interaction between natural environmental and anthropogenic pressure gradients; anthropogenic disturbance tends to be lower in high‐elevation headwater streams and increases in lowland streams, particularly in downstream reaches. In upstream reaches, especially in lowland streams, fish assemblage stability showed a steep decline with the increase in anthropogenic pressure. Lowland downstream reaches displayed a less steep decline of fish assemblage stability in response to degradation, despite having greater anthropogenic disturbance. The results highlight the particular vulnerability of headwater streams in lowland sectors to anthropogenic disturbance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of Sediment Hydraulic Conductivity in River Reaches and its Potential Use to Evaluate Streambed Clogging
Authors: Datry T. , Lamouroux N. , Thivin G. , Descloux S. , Baudoin J. M.
Published: June 2014

Streambed substrates have pervasive effects on stream biodiversity and biogeochemistry. The excessive input of fine sediments in streams and the subsequent alteration of the physical characteristics of streambed substrates are considered today as a major environmental issue. The estimation of streambed hydraulic conductivity (K) may be simpler than other estimations of reach‐scale physical characteristics and could serve to quantify the alterations of streambeds across stream networks. In this study, we examined between‐reach and within‐reach variability and temporal changes of streambed K across 101 stream reaches in France, including nine reaches previously judged as clogged and nine as references (unclogged). We also examined the relationships between K and some environmental variables such as vertical hydraulic gradient, streambed grain size, flow velocity or distance to the bank. We demonstrated that 15 measurements of streambed K per reach could be used to compare streams among each other and over time. Clogged reaches displayed much lower K than reference reaches, and more generally, reach‐averaged K and the number of non‐null K values per reach allowed discriminating reaches among each other without observer bias. K was higher in upwelling compared with downwelling areas, probably because of fine sediment uplifting. With the low cost in terms of equipment (<€100 per unit) and time (2–4 h per site), reach‐scale streambed K estimates are promising for studying the alterations of streambed substrates across stream monitoring networks such as clogging, but also for understanding large‐scale drivers of these alterations, or for upscaling recent developments in hyporheic ecology at the reach scale. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Hydrological Status Concept: Application at a Temporary River (Candelaro, Italy)
Authors: De Girolamo A. M. , Lo Porto A. , Pappagallo G. , Tzoraki O. , Gallart F.
Published: June 2014

In achieving the final objective of the European Water Framework Directive, the evaluation of the ‘hydrological status’ of a water body in a catchment is of the utmost importance. It represents the divergence of the actual hydrological regime from its ‘natural’ condition and may thus provide crucial information about the ecological status of a river. In this paper, a new approach in evaluating the hydrological status of a temporary river was tested. The flow regime of a river has been classified through the analysis of two metrics: the permanence of flow and the predictability of no‐flow conditions that were evaluated on monthly streamflow data. This method was applied to the Candelaro river basin (Puglia, Italy) where we had to face the problem of limited data availability. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool model was used when streamflow data were not available, and a geographic information system procedure was applied to estimate potential water abstractions from the river. Four types of rivers were identified whose regimes may exert a control on aquatic life. By using the two metrics as coordinates in a plot, a graphic representation of the regime can be visualized in a point. Hydrological perturbations associated with water abstractions, point discharges and the presence of a reservoir were assessed by comparing the position of the two points representing the regime before and after the impacts. The method is intended to be used with biological metrics in order to define the ecological status of a stream, and it could also be used in planning the ‘measures’ aimed at fulfilling the Water Framework Directive goals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural Stem Cells Differentiated From iPS Cells Spontaneously Regain Pluripotency
Authors: Choi Hyun Woo , Kim Jong Soo , Choi Sol , Hong Yean Ju , Kim Min Jung , Seo Han Geuk , Do Jeong Tae
Published: June 2014

Differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells by transduction of exogenous reprogramming factors. After induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are established, exogenous genes are silenced. In the pluripotent state, retroviral genes integrated in the host genome are kept inactive through epigenetic transcriptional regulation. In this study, we tried to determine whether exogenous genes remain silenced or are reactivated upon loss of pluripotency or on differentiation using an in vitro system. We induced differentiation of iPS cells into neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro; the NSCs appeared morphologically indistinguishable from brain-derived NSCs and stained positive for the NSC markers Nestin and Sox2. These iPS cell-derived NSCs (iPS-NSCs) were also capable of differentiating into all three neural subtypes. Interestingly, iPS-NSCs spontaneously formed aggregates on long-term culture and showed reactivation of the Oct4-GFP marker, which was followed by the formation of embryonic stem cell-like colonies. The spontaneously reverted green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive (iPS-NSC-GFP+) cells expressed high levels of pluripotency markers (Oct4 and Nanog) and formed germline chimeras, indicating that iPS-NSC-GFP+ cells had the same pluripotency as the original iPS cells. The reactivation of silenced exogenous genes was tightly correlated with the downregulation of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) during differentiation of iPS cells. This phenomenon was not observed in doxycycline-inducible iPS cells, where the reactivation of exogenous genes could be induced only by doxycycline treatment. These results indicate that pluripotency can be regained through reactivation of exogenous genes, which is associated with dynamic change of Dnmt levels during differentiation of iPS cells. Stem Cells  2014;32:2596–2604
Nrf2, a Regulator of the Proteasome, Controls Self-Renewal and Pluripotency in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Jang Jiwon , Wang Yidi , Kim Hyung-Seok , Lalli Matthew A. , Kosik Kenneth S.
Published: June 2014

Nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) is a master transcription factor for cellular defense against endogenous and exogenous stresses by regulating expression of many antioxidant and detoxification genes. Here, we show that Nrf2 acts as a key pluripotency gene and a regulator of proteasome activity in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Nrf2 expression is highly enriched in hESCs and dramatically decreases upon differentiation. Nrf2 inhibition impairs both the self-renewal ability of hESCs and re-establishment of pluripotency during cellular reprogramming. Nrf2 activation can delay differentiation. During early hESC differentiation, Nrf2 closely colocalizes with OCT4 and NANOG. As an underlying mechanism, our data show that Nrf2 regulates proteasome activity in hESCs partially through proteasome maturation protein (POMP), a proteasome chaperone, which in turn controls the proliferation of self-renewing hESCs, three germ layer differentiation and cellular reprogramming. Even modest proteasome inhibition skews the balance of early differentiation toward mesendoderm at the expense of an ectodermal fate by decreasing the protein level of cyclin D1 and delaying the degradation of OCT4 and NANOG proteins. Taken together, our findings suggest a new potential link between environmental stress and stemness with Nrf2 and the proteasome coordinately positioned as key mediators. Stem Cells  2014;32:2616–2625
Analysis and design of Coleman transform‐based individual pitch controllers for wind‐turbine load reduction
Authors: Lu Q. , Bowyer R. , Jones B.Ll.
Published: June 2014

As the size of wind turbines increases, the effects of dynamic loading on the turbine structures become increasingly significant. There is therefore a growing demand for turbine control systems to alleviate these unsteady structural loads in addition to maintaining basic requirements such as power and speed regulation. This has motivated the development of blade individual pitch control (IPC) methodologies, many of which employ the Coleman transformation to simplify the controller design process. However, and as is shown in this paper, the Coleman transformation significantly alters the rotational system dynamics when these are referred to the non‐rotating frame of reference, introducing tilt–yaw coupling in the process. Unless this transformation is explicitly included in the model employed for IPC design, then the resulting controllers can yield poor performance. Therefore, in this paper, we show how to model the Coleman transformation in a form that is amenable to IPC analysis and synthesis. This enables us to explain why traditional design parameters of gain and phase margin are poor indicators of robust stability and hence motivate the need for a multivariable design approach. The robust multivariable IPC approach advocated in this paper is based upon
loop shaping and has numerous desirable properties, including reliable stability margins, improved tilt–yaw decoupling and simultaneous rejection of disturbance loads over a range of frequencies. The design of a robust multivariable IPC is discussed, and simulation results are presented that demonstrate the efficacy of this controller, in terms of load reduction on both rotating and non‐rotating turbine parts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fellatio in captive brown bears: Evidence of long‐term effects of suckling deprivation?
Authors: Sergiel Agnieszka , Maślak Robert , Zedrosser Andreas , Paśko Łukasz , Garshelis David L. , Reljić Slaven , Huber Djuro
Published: June 2014

Sexually stimulating behaviors that are not linked to reproduction are rare among non‐human (especially non‐primate) mammals. Such behaviors may have a function in the hierarchy of social species. In solitary species, such behaviors are more enigmatic, and possibly indicative of something abnormal. Here, we report on a case of two male brown bears, raised in captivity since being orphaned as cubs, which engaged in recurrent fellatio multiple times per day until at least 10 years old. The roles of provider and receiver in the act remained unchanged, and the behavior itself became highly ritualized. The provider always initiated the contact involving vigorous penile sucking that appeared to result in ejaculation. We suggest that the behavior began as a result of early deprivation of maternal suckling, and persisted through life, possibly because it remained satisfying for both individuals. This constitutes the first descriptive report of fellatio in bears, and suggests that some bears may suffer lifelong behavioral consequences from being orphaned at an early age. Zoo Biol. 33:349–352, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimising expression of the recombinant fusion protein biopesticide ω-hexatoxin-Hv1a/GNA inPichia pastoris:sequence modifications and a simple method for the generation of multi-copy strains
Authors: Pyati Prashant , Fitches Elaine , Gatehouse John A
Published: June 2014

Production of recombinant protein bio-insecticides on a commercial scale can only be cost effective if host strains with very high expression levels are available. A recombinant fusion protein containing an arthropod toxin, ω-hexatoxin-Hv1a, (from funnel web spider Hadronyche versuta) linked to snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) is an effective oral insecticide and candidate biopesticide. However, the fusion protein was vulnerable to proteolysis during production in the yeast Pichia pastoris. To prevent proteolysis, the Hv1a/GNA fusion expression construct was modified by site-directed mutagenesis to remove a potential Kex2 cleavage site at the C-terminus of the Hv1a peptide. To obtain a high expressing clone of P. pastoris to produce recombinant Hv1a/GNA, a straightforward method was used to produce multi-copy expression plasmids, which does not require multiple integrations to give clones of P. pastoris containing high copy numbers of the introduced gene. Removal of the Kex2 site resulted in increased levels of intact fusion protein expressed in wild-type P. pastoris strains, improving levels of intact recombinant protein recoverable. Incorporation of a C-terminal (His)6 tag enabled single step purification of the fusion protein. These modifications did not affect the insecticidal activity of the recombinant toxin towards lepidopteran larvae. Introduction of multiple expression cassettes increased the amount of secreted recombinant fusion protein in a laboratory scale fermentation by almost tenfold on a per litre of culture basis. Simple modifications in the expression construct can be advantageous for the generation of high expressing P. pastoris strains for production of a recombinant protein, without altering its functional properties.
The Eastern Partnership and the disintegration of Eastern Europe: The end of the region-building project?
Authors: Bosse Giselle
Published: June 2014

The article analyses the regional approach in the Eastern Partnership (EaP). It is argued that the EaP is a political region-building project, which has entailed the construction of the EaP region as a political and economic periphery based on a process of assimilating the EaP countries to EU norms and standards. The assimilation project has, however, failed to yield significant success. The article explores the potential (and perhaps by now the missed opportunity) to adopt a more emancipatory approach to the region, including the strengthening of political and economic cooperation and infrastructure links between the EaP countries to reduce their dependence on Russia. But the outlook is bleak: after a decade of the EU's and Russia's region-building projects competing (with neither power being particularly successful in the attempt to assimilate ‘its region’), the region and its states are likely to be fragmented into a multiplicity of territories which are set to develop into de facto dependencies of either Russia or the EU/ the West.
Can the EU support democracy in the Eastern Partnership?
Authors: Kobzová Jana
Published: June 2014

Democracy cannot be imposed from the outside: if it is to be sustainable, it has to come from within. External actors can at best help to support those on the ground who are pursuing the same democratic agenda. While democratisation has been one of the EU's key objectives for the Eastern Partnership region, in practice, the EU has faced many obstacles to achieving this goal. Internally, its actions have not always been coordinated, and the EU's rhetoric has not been backed up by political and financial resources. Moreover, those who hold power in the region and could therefore contribute to their countries’ democratisation have rarely been interested in doing so. These constraints are unlikely to change any time soon–-but the EU can enhance the region's democratic prospects by improving its coordination and widening the scope of those it supports in the region, thereby helping to expand the circle of those who have a stake in their countries’ democratisation.
Sex differences in learning and memory following short‐term dietary restriction in the rat
Authors: Rajab Ebrahim , Alqanbar Batool , Naiser Mohammed J. , Abdulla Habib A. , Al‐Momen Monaf M. , Kamal Amer
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Acute or prolonged dietary restriction has been shown to have significant effects on learning and memory, and also on the food seeking behaviour in animals.

Aim

This study investigated whether or not there are sex differences in spatial learning and memory following short‐term dietary restriction in the rat.

Methods

Two month‐old male (n = 24) and female (n = 24) Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either (1) male or female control (i.e. normal diet regimen); (2) male or female 40% dietary restriction for either 2 hours (2 h‐DR) or 2 weeks (2 wks‐DR) duration. Following the restriction paradigm (i.e. either 2 h or 2 weeks), animals were weighed, and learning and memory was assessed daily for a total of 5 days by Morris Water Maze.

Results

Dietary restriction for 2 h provoked high speed swimming in female rats compared to controls. However the females performance in water maze was inferior to the control animals. Two weeks after 40% DR resulted in reduction of male's body weight by 20% compared to their control group. However, both males and females showed difficulties in water maze learning and memory test after the 2 weeks 40% DR. The animals swam longer distance and took longer time to reach the platform when compared to their age‐matched controls.

Conclusion

In fully developed brain, adult animal's cognitive performance is shown to be affected by acute and prolonged stress in the form of food restriction. Interestingly, the impact of this stress was different according to the sex of the animals. In female rats, dietary restriction has a negative effect on learning and memory after 2 h and 2 weeks intervals. In male rats, 2 h of DR has a positive effect on learning and memory; however this effect is not maintained and by 2 weeks there is a negative effect similar to that seen in female animals.
Example of a non-standard extreme-value law
Authors: HAYDN NICOLAI , KUPSA MICHAL
Published: June 2014

It has been shown that sufficiently well mixing dynamical systems with positive entropy have extreme-value laws which in the limit converge to one of the three standard distributions known for independently and identically distributed processes, namely Gumbel, Fréchet and Weibull distributions. In this short note, we give an example which has a non-standard limiting distribution for its extreme values. Rotations of the circle by irrational numbers are used and it will be shown that the limiting distribution is a step function where the limit has to be taken along a suitable sequence given by the convergents.
Multiple recurrence and convergence for certain averages along shifted primes
Authors: SUN WENBO
Published: June 2014

We show that any subset$A\subset \mathbb{N}$with positive upper Banach density contains the pattern$\{m,m+[n{\it\alpha}],\dots ,m+k[n{\it\alpha}]\}$, for some$m\in \mathbb{N}$and$n=p-1$for some prime$p$, where${\it\alpha}\in \mathbb{R}\setminus \mathbb{Q}$. Making use of the Furstenberg correspondence principle, we do this by proving an associated recurrence result in ergodic theory along the shifted primes. We also prove the convergence result for the associated averages along primes and indicate other applications of these methods.
Two-dimensional planar plumes: non-Boussinesq effects
Authors: van den Bremer T. S. , Hunt G. R.
Published: June 2014

In an accompanying paper (van den Bremer & Hunt, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 750, 2014, pp. 210–244) closed-form solutions, describing the behaviour of two-dimensional planar turbulent rising plumes from horizontal planar area and line sources in unconfined quiescent environments of uniform density, that are universally applicable to Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq plumes, are proposed. This universality relies on an entrainment velocity unmodified by non-Boussinesq effects, an assumption that is derived in the literature based on similarity arguments and is, in fact, in contradiction with the axisymmetric case, in which entrainment is modified by non-Boussinesq effects. Exploring these solutions, we show that a non-Boussinesq plume model predicts exactly the same behaviour with height for a pure plume as would a Boussinesq model, whereas the effects on forced and lazy plumes are opposing. Non-intuitively, the non-Boussinesq model predicts larger fluxes of volume and mass for lazy plumes, but smaller fluxes for forced plumes at any given height compared to the Boussinesq model. This raises significant questions regarding the validity of the unmodified entrainment model for planar non-Boussinesq plumes based on similarity arguments and calls for detailed experiments to resolve this debate.
THE SMELL OF SOPHOKLES'SALMONEUS: TECHNOLOGY, SCATOLOGY, METATHEATRE
Authors: Cowan Robert
Published: June 2014

Virtually nothing is known for certain about Sophokles' satyr playSalmoneus. However, a number of extremely probable deductions may be made on the basis of the few surviving fragments and the mythographic testimony about its eponymous villain (the iconographical record is totally unhelpful, or almost so). This article adds some further suggestions about the implications of the three most substantial fragments, which, if they do not quite share that level of extreme probability, it is hoped have a high degree at least of plausibility, and some significance for (meta-)dramatic and thematic aspects of the play as a whole. I shall argue that a reference to the malodorous quality of the thunderbolt draws attention to the gross physicality of the thunder-machine orbronteion(βροντεῖον) which Salmoneus has invented and constructed out of ox-hides. This has both a metatheatrical dimension, since thebronteionwas probably part of the stage-machinery of 5th-century drama, and a thematic one, since it emphasises the low, corporeal nature of Salmoneus' thunder in contrast to the sublime weapon of Zeus which it imperfectly mimics. The established parallelism between thunder and farting adds another level to the debasing of Salmoneus’ invention and concomitant deflation of his pretensions. Finally, I shall suggest that another fragment relating to the sympotic game ofkottabosmay have drawn a similarly deflating parallel between the hurling of the wine-lees and that of the tyrant's ersatz thunderbolts.
Partition Studies: Prospects and Pitfalls
Authors: Chatterji Joya
Published: June 2014

Partition, unquestionably a pivotal event of the South Asian twentieth century, has become a subject of great significance in its own right.1Studies of partition began with a profound reexamination of why it happened;2they gathered momentum as scholars looked at the provincial and local roots of the drive to divide India;3and the subject took a big step forward when oral histories revealed how women and men experienced the traumas of its bloody upheavals, the violence of “the burning plains of the Punjab” becoming a metaphor for partition itself.4
Nonlinear control of parallel manipulators for very high accelerations without velocity measurement: stability analysis and experiments on Par2 parallel manipulator
Authors: Natal Guilherme Sartori , Chemori Ahmed , Pierrot François
Published: June 2014

This paper presents a comparison between control/state estimation methods applied on Par2 parallel manipulator for pick-and-place applications as well as a discussion about the mechanical vibrations issue that may become important when reaching very high accelerations. Real-time experiments were performed first to compare two controllers (a linear Proportional-Derivative controller and a nonlinear/adaptive Dual Mode (DM) controller) complied with the same High-Gain Observer (HGO) to estimate articular velocities, and second to compare three state observers (a Lead-lag-based, an Alpha-beta-gamma (ABG) and an HGO) complied with the same nonlinear DM controller. The stability analysis of the Par2 robot under the control of the proposed DM controller (complied with the HighGO for joint velocity estimation) is also provided. Some small mechanical vibrations were noted when reaching 20 G acceleration, which means that it can become an important issue for higher accelerations. Some suggestions are then made for future investigations to avoid/damp these vibrations.
On the control of a single flexible arm robot via Youla-Kucera parameterization
Authors: Esfandiar Habib , Daneshmand Saeed , Kermani Roozbeh Dargahi
Published: June 2014

In this paper, based on the Youla-Kucera (Y-K) parameterization, the control of a flexible beam acting as a flexible robotic manipulator is investigated. The method of Youla parameterization is the simple solution and proper method for describing the collection of all controllers that stabilize the closed-loop system. This collection comprises function of the Youla parameter which can be any proper transfer function that is stable. The main challenge in this approach is to obtain a Youla parameter with infinite dimension. This parameter is approximated by a subspace with finite dimensions, which makes the problem tractable. It is required to be generated from a finite number of bases within that space and the considered system can be approximated by an expansion of the orthonormal bases such as FIR, Laguerre, Kautz and generalized bases. To calculate the coefficients for each basis, it is necessary to define the problem in the form of an optimization problem that is solved by optimization techniques. The Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) optimization tool is employed in order to optimize the controller gains. The main aim in controller design is to merge the closed-loop system and the second order system with the desirable time response characteristic. The results of the Youla stabilizing controller for a planar flexible manipulator with lumped tip mass indicate that the proposed method is very efficient and robust for the time-continuous instances.
Performing Visions of Governmentality: Care and Capital in 100% Vancouver
Authors: ZAIONTZ KEREN
Published: June 2014

100% Vancouver was created by Rimini Protokoll and produced in 2011 by Theatre Replacement as part of the PuSh Festival. One hundred Vancouver residents performed a statistical portrait of the city based on Canada's 2006 mandatory long-form census. In this article, I set out to understand how a show that felt so local is part of a global project and a transposable dramaturgy that is designed to be tented anywhere. I explore this seeming paradox in 100% Vancouver because it self-consciously shared the stage with a corporate sponsor connected to the globalizing force of finance capitalism. I propose that this transparent redistribution of artistic capital to corporations that deal in finance capital is not a capitulation to the market. Rather, it is a social relationship with the market. 100% Vancouver demonstrates how contemporary citizen-led performance is a battleground for declining and dominant visions of governmentality that range from welfare government to finance capitalism.
Stages of the Loss, Translation as Contamination: How The Ritual Made It to the Royal National Theatre, London
Authors: O’THOMAS MARK
Published: June 2014

This article focuses on the practice of translating Brazilian playwright Samir Yazbek's play The Ritual for the Royal National Theatre, as part of its 2012 Connections season. The article charts the course of the translation through its different stages, and through the different drafts of the play as they emerged, and examines the way in which translation itself can become a mediator for dramaturgical support, development, enquiry and critique. Through an interrogation not only of what is retained by the playwright, but also of what ultimately falls by the wayside, what is lost, I examine the peculiarly British notion of ‘workshopping’ new writing, in its linguistic mediated form of translation, and the role of the translator as cultural mediator. Ultimately, the article points towards an international economy of playwriting products where translation becomes a means of mediating cultures through particular and specific frames that remain largely unchallenged.
GPS/INS/Odometer Integrated System Using Fuzzy Neural Network for Land Vehicle Navigation Applications
Authors: Li Zengke , Wang Jian , Li Binghao , Gao Jingxiang , Tan Xinglong
Published: June 2014

The integration of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) with Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) has been very actively studied and widely applied for many years. Some sensors and artificial intelligence methods have been applied to handle GPS outages in GPS/INS integrated navigation. However, the integrated system using the above method still results in seriously degraded navigation solutions over long GPS outages. To deal with the problem, this paper presents a GPS/INS/odometer integrated system using a fuzzy neural network (FNN) for land vehicle navigation applications. Provided that the measurement type of GPS and odometer is the same, the topology of a FNN used in a GPS/INS/odometer integrated system is constructed. The information from GPS, odometer and IMU is input into a FNN system for network training during signal availability, while the FNN model receives the observations from IMU and odometer to generate odometer velocity correction to enhance resolution accuracy over long GPS outages. An actual experiment was performed to validate the new algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed method can improve the position, velocity and attitude accuracy of the integrated system, especially the position parameters, over long GPS outages.
Nutritional regulation of glucokinase: a cross-species story
Authors: Panserat Stéphane , Rideau Nicole , Polakof Sergio
Published: June 2014

The glucokinase (GK) enzyme (EC2.7.1.1.) is essential for the use of dietary glucose because it is the first enzyme to phosphorylate glucose in excess in different key tissues such as the pancreas and liver. The objective of the present review is not to fully describe the biochemical characteristics and the genetics of this enzyme but to detail its nutritional regulation in different vertebrates from fish to human. Indeed, the present review will describe the existence of the GK enzyme in different animal species that have naturally different levels of carbohydrate in their diets. Thus, some studies have been performed to analyse the nutritional regulation of the GK enzyme in humans and rodents (having high levels of dietary carbohydrates in their diets), in the chicken (moderate level of carbohydrates in its diet) and rainbow trout (no carbohydrate intake in its diet). All these data illustrate the nutritional importance of the GK enzyme irrespective of feeding habits, even in animals known to poorly use dietary carbohydrates (carnivorous species).
Pattern-based unsupervised parsing method
Authors: SANTAMARÍA JESÚS , ARAUJO LOURDES
Published: June 2014

We have developed a heuristic method for unsupervised parsing of unrestricted text. Our method relies on detecting certain patterns of part-of-speech tag sequences of words in sentences. This detection is based on statistical data obtained from the corpus and allows us to classify part-of-speech tags into classes that play specific roles in the parse trees. These classes are then used to construct the parse tree of new sentences via a set of deterministic rules. Aiming to asses the viability of the method on different languages, we have tested it on English, Spanish, Italian, Hebrew, German, and Chinese. We have obtained a significant improvement over other unsupervised approaches for some languages, including English, and provided, as far as we know, the first results of this kind for others.
On the genitive's trail: data and method from a sociolinguistic perspective
Authors: JANKOWSKI BRIDGET L. , TAGLIAMONTE SALI A.
Published: June 2014

Research on the English genitive (e.g. Rosenbach 2007: 154) reports increasing use of thes-variant. This has been explained as extension to inanimate possessors, a semantic shift (e.g. Hundt 1998; Rosenbach 2002), or due to the pressures of economy in journalism, a register change (Hinrichs & Szmrecsanyi 2007; Szmrecsanyi & Hinrichs 2008). The present work reports on a large-scale sociolinguistic investigation of the genitive in vernacular Canadian English using socially stratified corpora and individuals of all ages. The results show that human, prototypical possessors are 96 per cents-genitive and non-humans are 95 per centof-genitive. Within the small envelope where both forms are possible, we discover that variation patterns quite differently depending on animacy. For humans, use of thes-genitive is stable in apparent time and correlates with whether or not the possessor ends in a sibilant. In contrast, non-human collectives/organizations reveal an increasing use ofs-genitives in apparent time and a favouring effect of short possessors, persistence (when ans-genitive has occurred recently in the previous discourse) and when the individual has a blue-collar job. Groups comprising humans (collectives and organizations), such asour church's youth group, and places that are possible locations for humans (countries, cities, etc.), as inToronto's best restaurant, are the prime conduit for this change. These findings from vernacular speech confirm the extension of thes-genitive in inanimates by semantic extension.
Factors affecting the retention of sentential negation in heritage Egyptian Arabic
Authors: ALBIRINI ABDULKAFI , BENMAMOUN ELABBAS
Published: June 2014

This study investigates the areas of resilience and vulnerability in sentential negation in heritage Egyptian Arabic and explores their theoretical implications. Egyptian heritage speakers completed three narrative production tasks, five experimental production tasks, and a acceptability judgment task. The results indicate that they have a full grasp of the location of negation and its configurational properties, but diverge from native speakers in such aspects of sentential negation as merger with lexical heads and dependency or licensing relations. We propose that these asymmetric patterns are due to various factors, including the age at which a structure is typically acquired in the L1, as well as its morphological and syntactic characteristics. The results of this study have implications for the ongoing debate in heritage language research about the linguistic areas that display greater stability/vulnerability. For example, phrase structure seems less vulnerable than licensing dependencies and the mapping between syntax and the morphological interface.
Rosa de Vries: A Dutch Diva and Nineteenth-Century Trans-Atlantic Operatic Culture
Authors: METZELAAR HELEN
Published: June 2014

In an arduous, twenty-year international career, Dutch opera soprano Rosa de Vries née van Os (1824–89) performed both French and Italian opera repertory with leading companies on both sides of the Atlantic. Experiencing triumphs and disappointments while managing both career and family, de Vries represents a class of mid-century opera singers, celebrated in their time but little remembered today. This article tells the story of de Vries's life and career, and in doing so aims to contribute to an understanding of transatlantic operatic life at the time. This reconstruction of Rosa de Vries offers a gateway for further studies of the cultural heritage of an important period in the history of opera and the strenuous demands of an international operatic marketplace.
Observance of international humanitarian law by forces under the command of the European Union
Authors: Naert Frederik
Published: June 2014

In this contribution, I will identify the main issues relevant for the applicability and application of international humanitarian law (IHL) in military operations under the command of the European Union (EU) and I will briefly describe the EU's practice and policy in this respect.1
Notfallsonographie des Thorax für internistische und traumatologische Patienten
Authors: Horn Rudolf , Krähenbühl Gilbert
Published: June 2014

Die Thorax-Sonographie hat in der Notfalldiagnostik einen hohen Stellenwert. Beim Symptom Dyspnoe gibt sie schnell und zuverlässig Hinweise über die möglicherweise zugrundeliegende Erkrankung. Insbesondere in der Differenzierung zwischen Lobärpneumonie, kardialem Lungenödem und der Lungenembolie kann sie mit grosser Sicherheit eingesetzt werden. Nach einem Thoraxtrauma lassen sich die meisten Verletzungen sonographisch erkennen: Lungenkontusion, Pleuraerguss, Perikarderguss, Pneumothorax, Rippenfrakturen und Sternumfraktur. Beim instabilen Patienten können mittels der Sonographie schon zu Beginn wegweisende Entscheidungen getroffen werden.
Fokussierte Chirurgische Bedside Sonographie: E-FAST – Abdominales Aortenaneurysma – Cholezystolithiasis – Appendizitis acuta
Authors: Studer Maria , Studer Peter
Published: June 2014

Ultraschall ist ein wichtiges und einfach erlernbares diagnostisches Hilfsmittel, was am Patientenbett als fortgesetzte klinische Untersuchung zur Diagnosesicherung helfen kann. Insbesondere Chirurgen sind häufig im Schockraum gefordert Entscheidungen zu treffen hinsichtlich sofortiger Operation oder weiterführender Diagnostik. In vielen Ländern wird bereits im Rahmen der Facharztausbildung Wert auf eine fundierte Ultraschallausbildung in der Chirurgie gelegt. Das Interesse ist auch in der Schweiz gross. Mit Hilfe der ICAN wird das Kursangebot ausgebaut. Dieser Artikel gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die wichtigsten chirurgischen Ultraschallapplikationen auf der Notfallstation.
Design Your Own Job Through Job Crafting
Authors: Demerouti Evangelia
Published: June 2014

Job crafting can be viewed as changes that employees initiate in the level of job demands and job resources in order to make their own job more meaningful, engaging, and satisfying. As such, job crafting can be used to complement top-down approaches to improve jobs in order to overcome the inadequacies of job redesign approaches, to respond to the complexity of contemporary jobs, and to deal with the needs of the current workforce. This review aims to provide an overview of the conceptualizations of job crafting, the reasons why individuals craft their jobs, as well as the hypothetical predictors and outcomes of job crafting. Furthermore, this review provides suggestions to organizations on how to manage job crafting in their processes, and how to stimulate more beneficial job crafting behavior. Although research on job crafting is still in its infancy, it is worthwhile for organizations to recognize its existence and to manage it such that it has beneficial effects on the employees and the organization at large.
The Cross-Talk between Canonical and Non-Canonical Wnt-Dependent Pathways Regulates P-Glycoprotein Expression in Human Blood–Brain Barrier Cells
Authors: Pinzón-Daza Martha L , Salaroglio Iris C , Kopecka Joanna , Garzòn Ruth , Couraud Pierre-Olivier , Ghigo Dario , Riganti Chiara
Published: June 2014

In this work, we investigate if and how transducers of the ‘canonical’ Wnt pathway, i.e., Wnt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)/β-catenin, and transducers of the ‘non-canonical’ Wnt pathway, i.e., Wnt/RhoA/RhoA kinase (RhoAK), cooperate to control the expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in blood–brain barrier (BBB) cells. By analyzing human primary brain microvascular endothelial cells constitutively activated for RhoA, silenced for RhoA or treated with the RhoAK inhibitor Y27632, we found that RhoAK phosphorylated and activated the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which dephosphorylated tyrosine 216 of GSK3, decreasing the GSK3-mediated inhibition of β-catenin. By contrast, the inhibition of RhoA/RhoAK axis prevented the activation of PTP1B, enhanced the GSK3-induced phosphorylation and ubiquitination of β-catenin, and reduced the β-catenin-driven transcription of Pgp. The RhoAK inhibition increased the delivery of Pgp substrates like doxorubicin across the BBB and improved the doxorubicin efficacy against glioblastoma cells co-cultured under a BBB monolayer. Our data demonstrate that in human BBB cells the expression of Pgp is controlled by a cross-talk between canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways. The disruption of this cross-talk, e.g., by inhibiting RhoAK, downregulates Pgp and increases the delivery of Pgp substrates across the BBB.
Frizzled Fissure to Improve Central Nervous System Drug Delivery?
Authors: Drewes Lester R
Published: June 2014

Delivery of therapeutics to the brain is challenging because of efflux pumps located in the vascular endothelium. A detailed analysis of Wnt signaling in a human brain endothelial cell line indicates that expression and function of P-glycoprotein, a major efflux transporter, is controlled by non-canonical Wnt signaling. Inhibition of this pathway leads to downregulation of P-glycoprotein and increased transcellular drug transport and reveals a potential strategy for improving drug delivery for treatment of neurologic diseases.
Plasmin-Dependent Modulation of the Blood–Brain Barrier: A Major Consideration during tPA-Induced Thrombolysis?
Authors: Niego Be'eri , Medcalf Robert L
Published: June 2014

Plasmin, the principal downstream product of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), is known for its potent fibrin-degrading capacity but is also recognized for many non-fibrinolytic activities. Curiously, plasmin has not been conclusively linked to blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption during recombinant tPA (rtPA)-induced thrombolysis in ischemic stroke. This is surprising given the substantial involvement of tPA in the modulation of BBB permeability and the co-existence of tPA and plasminogen in both blood and brain throughout the ischemic event. Here, we review the work that argues a role for plasmin together with endogenous tPA or rtPA in BBB alteration, presenting the overall controversy around the topic yet creating a rational case for an involvement of plasmin in this process.
n-Bu4NI/TBHP-catalyzed direct amination of allylic and benzylic C(sp3)–H with anilines under metal-free conditions
Authors: Zhang Xusheng , Wang Min , Li Pinhua , Wang Lei
Published: June 2014

An efficient n-Bu4NI/TBHP-catalyzed direct amination of allylic and benzylic C(sp3)–H with anilines under metal-free conditions was developed.