bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Low-Moral Actions by Malicious Anonymous Operators of Avatar Robots
Authors: Shaheen Taha , Brščić Dražen , Kanda Takayuki
Published: September 2024

Avatar robots allow a teleoperator to interact with the people and environment of a remote place. Malicious operators can use this technology to perpetrate malicious or low-moral actions. In this study, we used hazard identification workshops to identify low-moral actions that are possible through the locomotor movement, cameras, and microphones of an avatar robot. We conducted three workshops, each with four potential future users of avatars, to brainstorm possible low-moral actions. As avatars are not yet widespread, we gave participants experience with this technology by having them control both a simulated avatar and a real avatar as a malicious anonymous operator in a variety of situations. They also experienced sharing space with an avatar controlled by a malicious anonymous operator. We categorized the ideas generated from the workshops using affinity diagram analysis and identified four major categories: violate privacy and security, inhibit, annoy, and destroy or hurt. We also identified subcategories for each. In the second half of this study, we discuss all low-moral action subcategories in terms of their detection, mitigation, and prevention by studying literature from autonomous, social, teleoperated, and telepresence robots as well as other fields where relevant.
Algorithmic Persuasion with Evidence
Authors: Hoefer Martin , Manurangsi Pasin , Psomas Alexandros
Published: September 2024

In a game of persuasion with evidence, a sender has private information. By presenting evidence on the information, the sender wishes to persuade a receiver to take a single action (e.g., hire a job candidate, or convict a defendant). The sender’s utility depends solely on whether the receiver takes the action. The receiver’s utility depends on both the action and the sender’s private information.

We study three natural variations. First, we consider the problem of computing an equilibrium of the game without commitment power. Second, we consider a persuasion variant, where the sender commits to a signaling scheme and the receiver, after seeing the evidence, takes the action or not. Third, we study a delegation variant, where the receiver first commits to taking the action if being presented certain evidence, and the sender presents evidence to maximize the probability the action is taken. We study these variants through the computational lens, and give hardness results, optimal approximation algorithms, and polynomial-time algorithms for special cases. Among our results is an approximation algorithm that rounds a semidefinite program that might be of independent interest, since, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first such approximation algorithm in algorithmic economics.
Search Steering in Two-Sided Platforms
Authors: Guinsburg Pedro Vaissman , Saraiva Gustavo Quinderé
Published: September 2024

Many two-sided platforms are known to steer customers toward certain products based on their willingness to pay. In this article, we study platforms’ incentives to adopt this type of market segmentation and present conditions under which this can generate distortions that negatively impact the surplus from buyers and sellers. In our environment, a monopolistic platform matches sellers with buyers. Upon being matched, each pair of buyer and seller negotiates prices. If they choose to transact, the platform receives a commission fee proportional to the value of the transaction plus a flat fee per transaction. The platform is assumed to have full information about customers’ and sellers’ outside options. We show that, as long as the market is in excess supply or as long as
there is a crossing between the demand and supply curves
, the platform’s optimal matching is suboptimal from the perspective of buyers and sellers.
Macrophages Promote Atherosclerosis Development by Inhibiting CD8T Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Xu Xiaoming , Wu Yuteng , Xu Yifei , Mao Wei , Pan Yanyun
Published: September 2024

Background. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory cardiovascular disease. However, whether the association of immune cells in plaques promotes the progression of this disease has not yet been completely elucidated. Materials and Methods. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between C1q+ macrophages and CD8T cells through scRNA‐seq data reanalysis, quantitative real‐time PCR, and flow cytometry. Chromatin immunoprecipitation‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and antibody‐blocking experiments were performed to investigate the role of macrophage–CD8T interaction in atherosclerosis. An atherosclerotic mouse model was developed to confirm our findings. Results. Mechanistically, Spi1 expression induced by granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor promoted C1q expression in the macrophages. Moreover, C1q+ macrophages suppressed CD8T cell apoptosis by upregulating Slc7a7 expression to enhance the L‐arginine uptake of CD8T cells. CD8T‐derived interferon‐γ promoted macrophage activation to induce atherosclerosis. Blockade of the C1q–C1qbp axis attenuated atherosclerosis. Conclusion. In conclusion, macrophages interacting with CD8T promote atherosclerosis development via the C1q–C1qbp axis.
Duration of Breastfeeding and Risk Reduction of Breast Cancer among Mothers Who Have Ever Breastfed: A Case‐Control Study Conducted in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Authors: Tiruneh Fentanesh Nibret , Ntenda Peter Austin Morton
Published: September 2024

Introduction. Breast cancer is currently the most frequently detected cancer in women and the primary cause of cancer‐related deaths globally. The incidence of breast cancer has significantly increased in countries across sub‐Saharan Africa, counting Ethiopia. There are multiple determinants of breast cancer, a few of these can be changeable whereas others are not. Evidence suggests that breastfeeding, which is a changeable determinant, reduces breast cancer risk. However, there is a lack of evidence specifically linking the duration of breastfeeding to breast cancer risk. To date, no study has been conducted on the association between the duration of breastfeeding and the likelihood of breast cancer among Ethiopian women. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between breastfeeding duration and breast cancer risk in Ethiopian mothers who had breastfed, taking into account other significant determinants. Methods. A hospital‐based case‐control study was carried out in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, involving 203 women (70 cases and 133 controls). Face‐to‐face interviews were performed using a standardized, validated questionnaire that assessed various sociodemographic, reproductive, lifestyle, and dietary characteristics. Differences between cases and controls were evaluated using the chi‐square test. The associations among factors were examined through bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression, with results presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results. The multivariable investigation revealed that an inverse relationship between breastfeeding duration and breast cancer risk. Mothers who breastfed for a longer period had a 93% lower risk of breast cancer (AOR = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.021–0.21) compared to those who breastfed for a shorter duration. Younger mothers had a 95% lower likelihood of developing breast cancer (AOR = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.003–0.91) than older mothers. Additionally, mothers with sedentary behaviour were 10.53 times more likely to develop breast cancer (AOR = 10.53; 95% CI: 5.21–21.36) than those who were moderately or highly active. Mothers who experienced chest therapy were 6.43 times more likely to develop breast cancer (AOR = 6.43; 95% CI: 3.20–13.90) compared to those who had not. Conclusions. Interventions such as breastfeeding counselling and promoting the recommended duration of breastfeeding are crucial in minimizing the risk of breast cancer. Enhancing physical activity should also be viewed as a vital approach for lowering breast cancer risk. Additionally, healthcare professionals need to limit exposure to chest radiation therapy to reduce the likelihood of breast cancer.
Influence of Staphylococcus aureus Infection on Partially Ischemic Excisional Skin Wounds
Authors: Rodrigues Adrian E. , Dolivo David M. , Hou Chun , Li Yingxing , Sun Lauren S. , Mustoe Thomas A. , Hong Seok Jong , Galiano Robert D.
Published: September 2024

Background. Skin wounds, whether medically or incidentally induced, are always at a risk of becoming infected, but the infection risks are greater when the wounds are recovering under ischemic, poorly perfused conditions. Staphylococcus aureus, which frequently infects cutaneous and soft tissue, can infect to a greater extent when wounds are poorly perfused. Bad as this may be, both MSSA and MRSA strains of S. aureus can cause severe infections, with MRSA being considered more aggressive. Methods. In this study, we used a lagomorph ear excisional wound model to initially test the influence of partial ischemia on uninfected wound healing. We then subsequently test the same ischemic injury model under an active MSSA infection and compared these wounds against normally perfused MSSA‐infected wounds. Lastly, we test whether differences in healing exist between MSSA‐infected and MRSA‐infected wounds, both under the same ischemic model. Results. The data suggest that partial ischemia considerably reduces healing of noninfected wounds (epithelial gap P=∗∗∗∗, granulation gap P=∗∗∗, and granulation area P=∗∗∗∗). Similarly, partial ischemic wounds coupled with MSSA infection display healing impairments against likewise‐infected wounds healing under normal perfusion (epithelial gap P=∗, granulation gap P=∗, and granulation area P=∗∗). No significant differences were observed between MSSA‐infected and MRSA‐infected wounds healing under ischemia. Conclusion. The data produced quantitative differences in healing under various conditions consequent to ischemia and S. aureus infection. Although it is well recognized that ischemia and infection adversely influence healing, by testing these conditions, we determined the detrimental magnitude such circumstances inflict on skin healing, thereby providing a relative reference to compare and gauge when met with similar conditions clinically.
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Features and Medico‐Legal Implications of Diagnostic Omission
Authors: Albano Davide , Argo Antonina , Bilello Giuseppa , Cumbo Enzo , Lupatelli Melania , Messina Pietro , Sciarra Fabio Massimo , Sessa Mario , Zerbo Stefania , Scardina Giuseppe Alessandro
Published: September 2024

Early diagnosis of oncologic pathologies has a crucial role to determine patient’s prognosis and therapeutic path. Nonetheless, clinical errors and omissions that can occur during diagnostic, as well as detection of preneoplastic or neoplastic condition, may result in devasting consequences both for patients in terms of health and for professionals in terms of medico‐legal responsibility. This study is aimed at examining in depth, through the presentation of a specific clinical case, the medico‐legal aspects inherent to the diagnosis of oral cancer, analyzing the preventive, interceptive, and diagnostic strategies, the legal implications of clinical evaluation errors and diagnostic omission, and the type of medical damage produced and professional liability. The medico‐legal landscape surrounding oral squamous cell carcinoma is multifaceted and characterized by diagnostic challenges, treatment complexities, and legal considerations. Health‐care providers must remain vigilant in navigating these complexities to ensure optimal patient care while mitigating legal risks. By prioritizing high‐quality medical records, fostering transparent communication with patients, and implementing preventive strategies, health‐care institutions can strive to minimize the incidence of litigation and uphold standards of ethical practice in oral carcinoma cases. Additionally, continued research and education in forensic and legal medicine are essential in informing evidence‐based practices and promoting patient safety in this evolving field.
Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of Extended‐Spectrum β‐Lactamase (ESBL)‐Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Retail Cattle Meat
Authors: Liza Nasrin Akter , Hossain Hemayet , Rahman Chowdhury Md. Shahidur , Al Naser Jarin , Lasker Rayhan Mahmud , Rahman Asikur , Haque Md. Ariful , Al Mamun Md. , Hossain Md. Mukter , Rahman Md. Mahfujur
Published: September 2024

Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended‐spectrum β‐lactamases (ESBLs) can result in severe human infections, contributing to the development of complex diseases. Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the ESBL‐producing pathogens that helps to set antimicrobial resistance as a major public health problem worldwide. The current study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize ESBL‐producing K. pneumoniae and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in retail cattle meat samples. A comprehensive set of 225 cattle meat samples was gathered from 13 upazilas within the Sylhet district of Bangladesh. The bacterial isolates were obtained through biochemical and cultural techniques, and the identification of K. pneumoniae was accomplished using polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Antimicrobial susceptibilities were assessed using disk diffusion in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2020) guidelines. Genes encoding ESBL enzymes were detected by the double‐disk synergy test (DDST) and multiplex PCR. The overall prevalence of Klebsiella spp. was 28.89% (65/225), whereas the positive percentage of K. pneumoniae was 59.2% (29/49) confirmed by PCR. Antimicrobial resistance was observed against 12 antibiotics. According to the phenotypic resistance pattern determined through the disk diffusion method, all isolates (100%) were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and colistin. On the other hand, the highest susceptibility was observed towards gentamicin (97.95%), followed by ciprofloxacin (85.71%), tetracycline (83.67%), and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (81.63%). Out of the total K. pneumoniae isolates analyzed, ESBL genes were present, and the highest percentage, 82.8% (24/29), tested positive for blaTEM genes. Interestingly, among the nine ESBL genes, six were identified in K. pneumoniae isolates, except for blaOXA, blaCTX‐M‐grp2, and MultiCaseDHA. The study’s results reveal the presence of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing multidrug‐resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae in retail cattle meat samples posing a substantial public health threat.
Navigating Pregnancy: Information Sources and Lifestyle Behavior Choices—A Narrative Review
Authors: Gjestvang Christina , Haakstad Lene Annette Hagen
Published: September 2024

Background: Accessible health information during pregnancy is important to positively affect maternal and fetal health. However, the quality and accuracy of health information can greatly vary across numerous sources. This narrative review is aimed at summarizing the literature on pregnant individuals’ information sources and how these sources influence their habits toward GWG, PA, and nutrition. Such data will highlight preferences and needs, reveal challenges, and identify opportunities for improvement.

Methods: We searched PubMed for studies published in the last decade. Out of 299 studies initially identified, 20 (16 quantitative and four qualitative) met the eligibility criteria (investigating information sources and their influence on health habits toward GWG, PA, nutrition, pregnant participants, adequate data reporting, and being available in full text).

Results: Primary sources of health information varied. The Internet (26%–97%) and healthcare providers (HCPs) (14%–74%) predominated, followed by family/friends (12%71%), books/magazines (49%–65%), and guidelines/brochures (25%–53%). Despite the widespread use of the Internet, HCPs were considered the most reliable source. The use of the Internet to retrieve health information was reported to be 2–4 h a week, and < 50% discussed the online information with their HCP. The Internet was also used as a supplementary resource on topics raised by HCPs. Regarding the influence on health habits, the Internet, HCPs, media, and family positively influenced GWG and promoted adherence to recommended guidelines (OR = 0.55–15.5). Only one study showed a positive association between Internet use and PA level. The Internet, media, HCPs, and information brochures were associated with better adherence to nutritional recommendations.

Conclusions: Pregnant individuals relied on the Internet and HCP, with a preference for the Internet despite trust in midwives. Several sources of health information were positively associated with adherence to GWG and nutrition recommendations. Improving the quality of online information should be a priority for policymakers and health authorities.
Risk Stratification in Twin Pregnancies Complicated by GDM
Authors: Catic Anja , Heinzl Florian , Göbl Christian , Yerlikaya-Schatten Gülen , Reischer Theresa
Published: September 2024

Aims: This study was aimed at assessing the association of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose threshold levels and the requirement of insulin therapy in twin pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods: In this post hoc analysis of a cohort study spanning 18 years, 446 patients with twin pregnancy and GDM (246 managed with lifestyle modification and 200 requiring pharmacotherapy) were included. We collected and evaluated maternal characteristics, as well as fasting, 1‐h, and 2‐h glucose concentrations from a standardized 75‐g OGTT. The assessment methods included logistic regression analysis, positive and negative predictive values, area under the curve (AUC), and random forest analysis.

Results: The fasting (p < 0.01, OR: 1.03 [95% CI 1.01–1.05]) and 1‐h (p < 0.01; OR: 1.01 [95% CI 1.00–1.02]) glucose levels during the OGTT were significantly associated with the subsequent need for insulin therapy, with thresholds of 95 mg/dL for fasting glucose and 184 mg/dL for the 1‐h OGTT. Additionally, indications for insulin therapy were marked by thresholds of 108 mg/dL at G0, 215 mg/dL at G60, and 86 mg/dL at G120.

Conclusion: Identifying threshold values for insulin therapy and risk stratification in twin pregnancy are crucial for optimal patient management.
Phytochemicals in Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases: A Bibliometric Study
Authors: Yiwen Zhao , Lubin Niu , Ruifang Zhu , Yan Cao , Shifan Han
Published: September 2024

Background. Phytochemicals are compounds that are naturally found in plants and are known to have various health benefits. However, phytochemicals are structurally complex, inherently unstable, and have low bioavailability. Unfortunately, research on phytochemicals lags behind that of essential nutrients. This paper focuses on a bibliometric analysis to understand citation patterns in phytochemical research related to chronic diseases. It examines the current state of research, research focal points, and anticipated trends in the field. Methods. We analyzed published literature on phytochemicals and chronic diseases using the Web of Science database. Our search included only English‐language publications until April 1, 2023. Visual Metrics software was used to examine data on countries, institutions, authors, journals, and citations. Results. For this study, a total of 2,297 articles were retrieved from 2008 to the present, with a significant increase in citations starting in 2017. China was found to be the leading country in paper production, while the United States had the highest H‐index, placing both at the forefront of research in this field. King Saud University published the most, and Liu RH emerged as the most influential author. The analysis showed limited collaboration between institutions across different countries. Molecules were the primary source for phytochemical‐related papers. The top 20 keywords highlighted flavonoids and their association with cardiovascular diseases, indicating them as prominent themes in recent phytochemical research with the potential to remain relevant. Conclusions. The study highlights the increasing interest in phytochemical research related to chronic diseases. It provides a thorough review and analysis of the present situation, the latest research topics, and academic trends in this field. This information is precious for researchers and healthcare professionals. It helps them to comprehend significant literature and keep up‐to‐date with the latest advancements in the field, eventually leading to progress in this field.
Comparative Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Underwater Cable Detection and Tracking Techniques: A Comprehensive Survey
Authors: Unal P. , Hatipoglu O. I. , Turker A. , Unal A. F. , Deveci B. U. , Kirci P. , Ozbayoglu M.
Published: September 2024

This survey provides a comprehensive review of underwater cable detection and tracking literature, identifying key problem types and highlighting unique underwater challenges. It emphasizes the critical role of underwater cable detection in global communications and energy infrastructures, addressing complexities like low visibility and variable sea conditions. The analysis compares the efficacy of various models, particularly deep learning approaches like CNNs and Transformers, in adapting to underwater imagery challenges. A new roadmap for efficient cable detection and tracking systems is proposed, focusing on multimodal data integration and nonoptical detection methods. Importantly, the study includes performance evaluations of state‐of‐the‐art models on custom underwater datasets, offering practical insights. The survey’s findings are validated through an implementation of an underwater object‐tracking model incorporating effective algorithms from the literature.
A Logistic Growth Model with Discrete‐Time Delay and a Restriction on Harvesting
Authors: Anokye Martin
Published: September 2024

The paper examines the fish population dynamics of a delay logistic model with restrictions on harvesting in a deterministic environment. This is the first time an autonomous model with a harvesting function has been created to regulate the harvesting of fish. The goal of the study is to help external regulatory bodies manage fishing harvests and replenish fish stocks. The dynamics scenario mirrors the facts of fishing systems and enhances the research that has already been done. Two restriction conditions are employed. In the event that the agency detects overfishing, all fish harvesting is prohibited, with the fishing control parameter raised in order to bring the fish back to full stock, while the catchability coefficient is set to zero. However, if the system is designed so that harvesting is carried out in accordance with the fish’s sustainable growth level, then we have the partial restriction condition where no ban is imposed on fishing. This model’s practical benefit is its adaptability; it may be redesigned to suit any physical system whose functioning is comparable to this phenomenon. As a result, it is advised that the regulatory bodies use the model to manage the fish stock.
Novel Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell‐Based Model for Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells to Reveal Possible Disease Mechanisms for Macular Degeneration in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Authors: Viheriälä Taina , Hongisto Heidi , Saari Lyydia , Oksanen Marika , Ilmarinen Tanja , Väärämäki Suvi , Uusitalo Hannu , Nevalainen Pasi , Skottman Heli
Published: September 2024

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare metabolic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance. The manifestation in PXE is represented by retinal complications, pseudoxanthomas of the skin folding areas, and arterial calcification. The retinal complications are caused by the calcification of Bruch’s membrane beneath retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) that can lead to retinal macular degeneration. The exact mechanism for the retinal pathophysiology is not known, and patients have variable symptoms and findings. Two induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from a patient carrying the common homozygous mutation c.3421C > T, p.Arg1141X in the ATP‐binding cassette transporter gene (ABCC6; OMIM264800) were established and fully characterized. Then, RPE cells were differentiated, and molecular and functional characterization was conducted as a comparison to healthy controls. Data demonstrated that PXE‐specific high‐quality hiPSC lines can be established from a skin biopsy regardless of the skin‐related disease phenotype and disease‐specific RPE differentiation is feasible. The molecular and functional assessment of the PXE‐specific RPE indicated increased pigmentation and reduced epithelial barrier functions as well as phagocytosis activity as compared to healthy controls. Although preliminary data, this indicates possible RPE‐dependent factors that might explain the individual vulnerability of the retinas for macular degeneration in PXE. Future validation of the novel findings with additional PXE patients will be important.
Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Musculoskeletal Status: A Cross‐Sectional Study of NHANES
Authors: Shi Yue , Li Shuhan , Xie Xiaolong , Feng Yue
Published: September 2024

Objective. The metabolic effects of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on musculoskeletal metabolism are controversial. This study explored the effect of MetS on bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle quality index (MQI). Methods. Data from the NHANES database from 2011 to 2014 were extracted, and nonpregnant participants aged 45–59 years were included. The included data were first weighted by complex sampling, and then, the effect of MetS on BMD and MQI was analyzed using multifactorial linear regression. We then performed a stratified analysis by gender and BMI classification. Moreover, a mediation analysis of MetS on BMD was conducted, with MQI as a mediating variable. A propensity score matching analysis method with a complex sampling design was additionally performed to verify the stability of the results. Results. A total of 1943 participants were eventually included. After adjusting for covariates, the results of linear regression show that MetS is associated with elevated pelvic BMD (beta = 0.03; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.06; P = 0.02) and reduced MQI, especially arm MQI (beta = −1.02; 95% CI = −1.27, −0.77; P < 0.0001). MetS is more associated with BMD in women, MQI in normal or heavyweight, and BMD in lightweight, according to stratified analysis. MQI explains the indirect effect of MetS on BMD (beta = 0.007; 95% CI = 0.003, 0.010). Conclusion. This study provides evidence that MetS elevates BMD and reduces MQI, and further, that there is a mediating effect of MQI on elevated BMD.
Family History of Hypertension and Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Nigerians
Authors: Abiodun Olugbenga Olusola , Anya Tina , Adekanmbi Victor Tunde , Ojji Dike
Published: September 2024

Introduction. Studies on the relationship between a family history of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy are sparse. We evaluated this relationship in patients with essential hypertension. Methods. A total of 1668 patients with essential hypertension were consecutively enrolled in the prospective Federal Medical Centre Abuja Hypertension Registry. First‐degree family history was defined by the presence of a known history of hypertension in any or both parents, siblings, and children. Echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed using the criteria of the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Results. The prevalence of a family history of hypertension, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy were 61.7%, 46.8%, and 30.8%, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, paternal history of hypertension [OR: 1.56, CI: 1.20–2.05, p = 0.001] was associated with an increased risk of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, while maternal history of hypertension [OR: 0.72, CI 0.58–0.91, p = 0.006] was associated with a reduced risk. Age ≥50 years (p = 0.026), duration of hypertension ≥1 year (p = 0.047), and heart failure (p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of left ventricular hypertrophy, while male sex (p < 0.001) was associated with a reduced risk. Conclusion. Our study showed that a paternal history of hypertension is associated with an increased left ventricular hypertrophy risk among patients with essential hypertension, while maternal history is protective.
Toward Sustainable Leather Processing: A Comprehensive Review of Cleaner Production Strategies and Environmental Impacts
Authors: Alemu Lioul Getachew , Kefale Girmaw Yeshanbel , Hailu Ruth , Tilahun Anteneh , Minbale Eyob , Eyasu Alene
Published: September 2024

Although the leather processing industry is vital in terms of employment creation, revenue generation, consumption of by‐products from the meat industry, and the production of the valuable commodity called leather, the industry is considered “red marked” due to the discharge of solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes from each unit operation. In addition, different cleaner production options were investigated to mitigate the negative effects of the leather industries. Cleaner options in curing were mostly focused on the use of plant extracts and the sodium chloride‐free preservation method, which eliminates the salinity and 70% TDS of the discharged water. The application of enzymes in the soak and unhairing facilitates the operation, reduces COD, BOD, and TDS in the effluent, and yields better results than the conventional method. Saltless and waterless pickling with nonswelling acid and chrome‐free tanning was considered cleaner options for pickling with salts and conventional tanning methods. This article provides an in‐depth analysis and review of conventional leather processing, hazardous chemicals in each unit operation, the environmental impact of conventional operations from curing to tanning, and cleaner leather production approaches in each unit operation.
Unveiling SmearOFF Efficacy in Smear Layer Removal through Ultrasonic Activation Examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Khudhur Hidayat Ababakr , Bakr Diyar Khalid , Hamasaeed Niaz Hamaghareeb , Saleem Sazan Sherdl , Mahdi Sohela Fakher , Tawfiq Hozan Farid
Published: September 2024

A layer of smear that coats the walls of root canals is produced by root canal instrumentation, which could be unfavorable to endodontic therapy. The endodontic irrigant SmearOFF is designed to effectively remove both the smear layer and bacteria concurrently. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of SmearOFF and 17% EDTA in removing the smear layer across the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of root canals. Sixty‐four single‐canal mandibular premolar roots were chosen. Two irrigant protocols were separated into two sets of thirty‐two teeth, respectively, Group 1 (6% NaOCL/SmearOFF) and Group 2 (6% NaOCl/17% EDTA.) Until X2, the ProtaperNext rotary system (Dentsply, Maillefer, Switzerland), with a COXO C‐SMART Endomotor (Foshan COXO Medical instrument Co., Ltd., China) was utilized for the shaping of all teeth, the equipment settings were tuned to 300 revolutions per minute (rpm) and a torque of 3 Newton‐centimeters (Ncm). Before applying the final irrigants, an initial irrigation with 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was performed using a 27‐G side‐vented needle. An ultrasonic gadget, EndoUltra, was utilized to activate the irrigation. After that, the determination of how well the proposed solutions worked on the prepared teeth was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. The mean smear layer scores were lower in all three regions (coronal, middle, and apical) using 17% EDTA in comparison with the samples treated with SmearOFF. Despite that, there were no significant differences between G1, 6% NaOCL/SmearOFF and G2, 6% NaOCL/17% EDTA in smear layer removal according to Kruskal–Wallis tests and Mann–Whitney U‐tests (p < 0.05). Considering the findings of this investigation, both 17% EDTA and SmearOFF serve as chelating agents, demonstrating the capability to effectively remove the smear layer. This process is facilitated with the assistance of passive ultrasonic irrigation at intervals of every third of the root canal.
Neuroprotective Effects of Metformin and Berberine in Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Sickness‐Like Behaviour in Mice
Authors: Kodi Triveni , Praveen Sharanya , Paka Sravan Kumar , Sankhe Runali , Gopinathan Adarsh , Krishnadas Nandakumar , Kishore Anoop
Published: September 2024

Sickness behaviour, a set of behavioural changes associated with neuroinflammation, is expressed as decreased mobility and depressed behaviour. Activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is reported to regulate inflammation in conditions such as Alzheimer and traumatic brain injury. Metformin, an antidiabetic agent acting via AMPK activation, possesses anti‐inflammatory properties. Similarly, the reported anti‐inflammatory activities of berberine could be partially attributed to its ability to activate AMPK. In this study, we investigated the effects of metformin and berberine against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced sickness‐like behaviour, associated with neuroinflammation, impaired cognition, and oxidative stress. Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups, normal control, LPS control, metformin treatment, and berberine treatment. The control groups received saline for 7 days. Groups 3 and 4 received metformin (200 mg/kg) and berberine (100 mg/kg), respectively, orally once daily for 7 days. On day 7, 1 h after the treatments, animals received LPS (1.5 mg/kg i.p.) to induce sickness‐like behaviour. Open field test (OFT) and forced swim test (FST), were performed within 2 h of LPS administration. Then, proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β and TNF‐α), acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), and oxidative stress markers were estimated in the brain homogenate. In the LPS control group, immobility state, proinflammatory cytokines, AChE, and lipid peroxidation were significantly increased, whereas the glutathione levels were decreased. Pretreatment with metformin significantly improved immobility in the FST, with reduced IL‐1β, oxidative stress markers, and AChE activity. However, no significant changes were observed in OFT. Berberine pretreatment exhibited only an apparent, statistically insignificant, improvement in sickness‐like behaviour assessed using FST and OFT, cytokine levels, oxidative markers, and AChE. Several factors affect treatment efficacy, such as treatment duration and administered dose. Considering these, berberine warrants elaborate preclinical evaluation for neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, based on the effects observed, AMPK activators could regulate neuroinflammation, cognition, and oxidative stress linked with sickness‐like behaviour.
Parameter Identification of Photovoltaic Models by an Enhanced RIME Algorithm
Authors: Zhou Ting–Ting , Shang Chao
Published: September 2024

Accurate identification of photovoltaic (PV) model parameters is crucial for the study of factors affecting PV power generation efficiency. This study addresses this challenge by introducing the enhanced RIME algorithm (ERIME). ERIME achieves a fine balance between exploration and exploitation by combining a modified soft‐rime search strategy and a shared information mutation mechanism, thus ensuring population diversity. To assess the efficacy of ERIME, the recognized CEC2022 test function suite is adopted to evaluate its search performance. Furthermore, to validate the versatility of ERIME in parameter identification of PV model, we tested the proposed method on several PV models, including single diode model (SDM), double diode model (DDM), triple diode model (TDM), and multiple PV module models (PVM). An in‐depth statistical analysis of the results and a comparative study with the popular existing research methods highlight the superiority of ERIME. Specifically, ERIME improves the best value metrics of SDM, DDM, and TDM by 6.63E−06, 2.28E−05, and 1.36E−04, respectively, compared to RIME and reduces the standard deviation by 2.02E−03,1.75E−03, and 1.54E−03, respectively, compared to MVO. Comprehensive results show that the proposed method has better robustness and convergence accuracy than the state‐of‐the‐art algorithm.
Abstract A002: HPV Vaccination Disparities by Gender Identity Among Adults Aged 18–44-Year-Olds
Authors: Lee Minjee , Tsai Meng-Han
Published: September 2024

Background: In the U.S., human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has been recommended for individuals up to age 26, although it is currently approved for people up to age 45. While lower rates of vaccination are expected for adults between the ages of 27 and 45, there is limited research examining vaccination rates among this age cohort across all gender subgroups. This research aimed to explore HPV vaccination status, with subgroup analyses by gender identity, sexual orientation, and sociodemographic/access to care factors that may serve as barriers to or facilitators of vaccination. Methods: This study utilized data from the 2019-2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The analytic sample included individuals who reported their gender identity, sexual orientation, and HPV vaccination status. Weighted, multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with vaccination initiation and completion. Results: The 17,382 individuals aged 18-44 years included 8,134 cismales, 9,164 cisfemales, 37 transmales, and 47 transfemales. Vaccination initiation and completion rates were low, at 24.2% and 9.5%, respectively, and varied by gender identity: cismales (15.7%/4.1%), cisfemales (29.6%/12.6%), transmales (37.7%/17.9%), and transfemales (40.2%/8.8%) (P < .0001). In weighted multivariable models, cismales were significantly less likely than cisfemales to initiate (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.34-0.47) and complete (OR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.21-0.33) vaccination. However, no significant differences were observed for transmales and transfemales compared to cismales. Factors associated with lower initiation included older age, non-Hispanic Black race, being married, having a high school diploma, rural residence, lack of insurance, and no regular healthcare provider. Factors associated with lower completion included older age, non-Hispanic Black race, being married, having a high school diploma, and no regular healthcare provider. Conclusion: HPV vaccination rates in the U.S. are low across all gender subgroups. Understanding vaccination disparities, particularly those related to gender identity, as well as identifying vaccination facilitators and barriers, is crucial for informing policy and program efforts, especially for adults between the ages of 27 and 45 who were excluded from the initial vaccination recommendations.

Citation Format: Minjee Lee, Meng-Han Tsai. HPV Vaccination Disparities by Gender Identity Among Adults Aged 18–44-Year-Olds [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A002.
Abstract A005: Addressing Moonshot limitations: High-risk racial disparities in leading cancers
Authors: Kaur Sukhmani , Kehm Rebecca , Terry Mary Beth
Published: September 2024

Cancer remains a leading cause of death in the U.S., posing a significant public health challenge with rising incidence rates among young adults. In response, the Biden administration reignited The Cancer Moonshot initiative in 2022, aiming to reduce cancer mortality by 50% over the next 25 years. However, as there remains different mortality rates across subpopulations defined by race and ethnicity, the 50% translates into much more or less depending on the starting point for each group. Achieving this goal would require a 57.0% decrease for Black Americans, 51.9% decrease for White Americans, 21.4% for Asian Americans, 31.0% decrease for Hispanics, and 41.3% decrease for American Indian/Alaska Natives. This study examines the trends in in U.S. cancer incidence, 5-year survival, and mortality during 1992-2022 with a focus on the five leading cancers (lung, colorectal, breast, pancreas, prostate) stratified by race and ethnicity. From 2008-2020, overall cancer death rates have declined by 1.18%/year with attribution to declining lung cancer rates (-2.75%/year, 2005-2020) and anti-smoking campaigns. Estimates have been made on how to meet the Cancer Moonshot through primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, but these rates have not factored in the different starting points nor racial disparities that exist. Progress has been heterogenous across racial/ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic Black communities continue to face excessive cancer burden compared to counterparts and have had the slowest declines in annual percent changes for mortality. To reach the Moonshot’s mortality goals in 2047, an annual decline of 1.78% across all racial and ethnic groups is needed. However, the required mortality reductions vary by cancer type and are lower for Non-Hispanic Blacks and Non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaska Natives due to inadequate access to screening and treatment. This study delineates the need for multi-level, culturally tailored interventions to improve cancer prevention, screening, and treatment accessibility. To achieve Moonshot objectives, it is imperative to increase the number of on-site patient navigators, enhance accessibility through health education and transportation services, and promote digital campaigns for primary and secondary prevention services. Despite discrepancies in interventions and policy practices, enhancing the cultural competence and holistic nature of these interventions will strengthen efforts towards health equity. These approaches can better serve high-risk groups and alleviate racial disparities in cancerous outcomes.

Citation Format: Sukhmani Kaur, Rebecca Kehm, Mary Beth Terry. Addressing Moonshot limitations: High-risk racial disparities in leading cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A005.
Abstract A007: Beyond continental ancestry categories: trans-population genomic similarity continuum reveals overlooked somatic-germline interactions across cancer types
Authors: Mohsen Hussein , Perea-Chamblee Tomin , Carrot-Zhang Jian
Published: September 2024

A growing body of research highlighted a strong presence of continuums that describe human genomic diversity. Historical scholarship has also extensively investigated the use of discrete classification systems in human genomics further questioning their validity. To investigate the limiting effect of pre-defined stratification, we performed a wide comparative driver GWAS analysis at the trans-population (i.e. without stratification) vs continent-based population levels across 16 cancer types. Results demonstrate that in the MSK-IMPACT cohort (n = 56,826 samples), the analysis of the trans-population genomic similarity continuum captures significant somatic-germline interactions (p < 5x10-8) in cancer type-specific and pancancer cohorts, with a set of interactions overlooked by the discrete continent-based paradigm. We demonstrate that overlooked germline SNPs have similar allele frequencies and directional relationships with somatic alterations across pre-defined discrete categories, and that earlier stratification prevents their detection due to lowered statistical power. PheWAS analysis of detected germline variants revealed associations with cancer and non-cancer phenotypes reported in previous studies as well as novel hits. To expand the scope of the trans-population lens, we carried out a comparative analysis on 17 whole-exome TCGA cohorts to identify potential cancer drivers based on mutational frequencies. Results similarly revealed known and potential cancer drivers at the trans-population level that would be overlooked when pre-defined continent-based stratification is applied. The lens we adopt further highlights the necessity for new quantitative perspectives to comprehensively detect genomic patterns and to leverage entire genomic datasets without pre-defined stratification schemes.

Citation Format: Hussein Mohsen, Tomin Perea-Chamblee, Jian Carrot-Zhang. Beyond continental ancestry categories: trans-population genomic similarity continuum reveals overlooked somatic-germline interactions across cancer types [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A007.
Abstract A016: Understanding the Impact of Numerous Cancer Prevention Guidelines on Public Adherence
Authors: Nzeako Tochukwu , Chido-Amajuoyi Onyema
Published: September 2024

Background: Organizations like the American Cancer Society (ACS) and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) have developed comprehensive cancer prevention guidelines focusing on nutrition, physical activity, cancer screening, and vaccination with a goal of reducing cancer incidence and improving cancer health outcomes. However, the abundance and complexity of these guidelines can lead to public confusion and potentially hinder adherence. This study investigates public perception of the multitude of cancer prevention guidelines and their potential impact on compliance. Methods: Data were derived from the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, Cycle 4, 2020), conducted via a mail survey from February to June 2020. We examined public perception about cancer prevention recommendations and if the number of recommendations made it more difficult to determine which ones to follow. Multivariable Logistic regression was used to examine the factors that are associated with agreement with the statement: “there are so many different recommendations about preventing cancer, it's hard to know which ones to follow.” Results: Survey respondents consisted of 3,747 U.S. adults. Approximately 74.1% of respondents agreed with the statement, "There are so many different recommendations about preventing cancer, it's hard to know which ones to follow." Non-Hispanic Black respondents had the highest proportion of agreement (80.6%) Level of education was statistically significantly associated with agreement with the statement "there are so many different recommendations about preventing cancer, it's hard to know which ones to follow." As education level increased, the odds of agreeing with the statement decreased. Specifically, college graduates (aOR 0.58; 95% CI: 0.36-0.94), and those with postgraduate education had an aOR of 0.38 (95% CI: 0.22-0.67). Conclusion: The study highlights significant public perception challenges regarding the abundance of cancer prevention guidelines. These findings suggest a need for streamlined communication and education strategies to enhance guideline adherence and optimize cancer prevention efforts.

Citation Format: Tochukwu Nzeako, Onyema Chido-Amajuoyi. Understanding the Impact of Numerous Cancer Prevention Guidelines on Public Adherence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A016.