bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical application of in silico fragmentation based residue screening with ion mobility high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Kaufmann Anton , Butcher Patrick , Maden Kathry , Walker Stephan , Widmer Mirjam
Published: April 2017

Rationale

A screening concept for residues in complex matrices based on liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility high‐resolution mass spectrometry LC/IMS‐HRMS is presented. The comprehensive four‐dimensional data (chromatographic retention time, drift time, mass‐to‐charge and ion abundance) obtained in data‐independent acquisition (DIA) mode was used for data mining. An in silico fragmenter utilizing a molecular structure database was used for suspect screening, instead of targeted screening with reference substances.

Methods

The utilized data‐independent acquisition mode relies on the MSE concept; where two constantly alternating HRMS scans (low and high fragmentation energy) are acquired. Peak deconvolution and drift time alignment of ions from the low (precursor ion) and high (product ion) energy scan result in relatively clean product ion spectra. A bond dissociation in silico fragmenter (MassFragment) supplied with mol files of compounds of interest was used to explain the observed product ions of each extracted candidate component (chromatographic peak).

Results

Two complex matrices (fish and bovine liver extract) were fortified with 98 veterinary drugs. Out of 98 screened compounds 94 could be detected with the in silico based screening approach. The high correlation among drift time and m/z value of equally charged ions was utilized for an orthogonal filtration (ranking). Such an orthogonal ion mobility based filter removes multiply charged ions (e.g. peptides and proteins from the matrix) as well as noise and artefacts. Most significantly, this filtration dramatically reduces false positive findings but hardly increases false negative findings.

Conclusions

The proposed screening approach may offer new possibilities for applications where reference compounds are hardly or not at all commercially available. Such areas may be the analysis of metabolites of drugs, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, marine toxins, derivatives of sildenafil or novel designer drugs (new psychoactive substances). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hollow Carbon Nanopolyhedra for Enhanced Electrocatalysis via Confined Hierarchical Porosity
Authors: Song Xiaokai , Guo Linli , Liao Xuemei , Liu Jian , Sun Jianhua , Li Xiaopeng
Published: April 2017

A novel strategy for the fabrication of hollow Co and N‐codoped carbon nanopolyhedra (H‐CoNC) from metal–organic framework (MOF) using in situ evaporation of ZnO nanosphere templates is proposed. The excess Zn supply during the pyrolysis process is found beneficial in terms of high nitrogen (≈9.75 at%), relatively homogenous CoN bonding, and the electrochemically accessible hierarchical porous system. Compared with other reported “solid” CoNC of identical surface areas, the newly developed H‐CoNC shows enhanced kinetic current in 0.1 m KOH electrolyte and elevated oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance in 6 m KOH. The latter exceeds results obtained with the benchmark 20 wt% Pt/C, which is related to the strong confinement of O2 molecules in the H‐CoNC hierarchical porous system. Furthermore, the H‐CoNC displays great tolerance toward the methanol crossover and KSCN poisoning. Finally, the assembled Zn–air batteries with H‐CoNC yield a record open circuit potential (1.59 V vs Zn, stabilized at 1.52 V), high power density (331.0 mW cm−2), and promising rate performance. This work provides a new guideline for the design of MOF‐derived carbon materials, as well as novel insights into spatial confinement effect toward the ORR activity.
The Sapir‐Whorf hypothesis and inference under uncertainty
Authors: Regier Terry , Xu Yang
Published: April 2017

The Sapir‐Whorf hypothesis holds that human thought is shaped by language, leading speakers of different languages to think differently. This hypothesis has sparked both enthusiasm and controversy, but despite its prominence it has only occasionally been addressed in computational terms. Recent developments support a view of the Sapir‐Whorf hypothesis in terms of probabilistic inference. This view may resolve some of the controversy surrounding the Sapir‐Whorf hypothesis, and may help to normalize the hypothesis by linking it to established principles that also explain other phenomena. On this view, effects of language on nonlinguistic cognition or perception reflect standard principles of inference under uncertainty. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1440. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1440

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Computational Models of Language

Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain
Mathematics and Mourning: Textbook Burial and Student Culture Before and After the Civil War, 1853–1880
Authors: Fiss Andrew
Published: April 2017

In nineteenth-century America, students buried their mathematics books. This practice consistently celebrated the milestone of passing through collegiate mathematics, yet it changed due to national events. This article considers the case of Bowdoin College, where students buried their books differently before and after the Civil War. Antebellum, they observed a complex “Burial of Calculus” with songs, parades, and mock prayers. Postbellum, students personified their books as a woman, placing stones marked “Anna” on the textbooks’ graves. Using archival investigations of students' pamphlets and textbooks, this paper argues that these changes resulted from the war's effects on education as well as changing attitudes toward death. Both the antebellum and postbellum rituals communicated understandings of mathematics and academic achievement, as connected through a mock funeral ritual. Through investigating these connections, this paper asserts the importance of student practices for our understanding of Civil War era education.
Predicates, parts, and impermanence: a contemporary version of some central Buddhist tenets
Authors: McKEEVER MATTHEW
Published: April 2017

In this article, I argue that recent work in analytic philosophy on the semantics of names and the metaphysics of persistence supports two theses in Buddhist philosophy, namely the impermanence of objects and a corollary about how referential language works. According to this latter package of views, the various parts of what we call one object (say, King Milinda) possess no unity in and of themselves. Unity comes rather from language, in that we have terms (say, ‘King Milinda’) which stand for all the parts taken together. Objects are mind- (or rather language-)generated fictions. I think this package can be cashed out in terms of two central contemporary views. The first is that there are temporal parts: just as an object is spatially extended by having spatial parts at different spatial locations, so it is temporally extended by having temporal parts at different temporal locations. The second is that names are predicates: rather than standing for any one thing, a name stands for a range of things. The natural language term ‘Milinda’ is not akin to a logical constant, but akin to a predicate.

Putting this together, I'll argue that names are predicates with temporal parts in their extension, which parts have no unity apart from falling under the same predicate. ‘Milinda’ is a predicate which has in its extension all Milinda's parts. The result is an interesting and original synthesis of plausible positions in semantics and metaphysics, which makes good sense of a central Buddhist doctrine.
Are Enjoyment and Appreciation Both Yardsticks of	Popularity?
Authors: Lewis Robert Joel , Grizzard Matthew N. , Choi Jin-A. , Wang Pei Ling
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The current study adopts a broad-based model of media and audience values as well as recent understandings of enjoyment versus appreciation to predict that aggregate audience appraisals should be related to film budget, gross, and measures of viewership differently depending on the type of appraisal elicited. Data suggest both enjoyment and appreciation are positively related to measures of aggregate selective exposure when controlling for film budget. This finding challenges a view that appreciation is negatively related to success. Discussion centers on implications for understanding potential functional aspects of audience appraisals and suggests future research on audience morality and media production.
Packing Science into a Shipping Vessel
Authors: Rossby T. , Curry R. , Palter J.
Published: April 2017

Oleander Workshop II: 25 Years of Operations; Narragansett, Rhode Island, 26–27 October 2016
More Intense Rains in U.S. Midwest Tied to Farm Mechanization
Authors: den Hond Bas
Published: April 2017

Replacement of horses by machines since the 1940s allowed central U.S. farmers to change the crops they planted, which may have altered regional climate.
Modulation of gene expression dynamics by co-transcriptional histone methylations
Authors: Woo Hyeonju , Dam Ha So , Lee Sung Bae , Buratowski Stephen , Kim TaeSoo
Published: April 2017

Co-transcriptional methylations of histone H3 at lysines 4 and 36, highly conserved methyl marks from yeast to humans, have profound roles in regulation of histone acetylation. These modifications function to recruit and/or activate distinct histone acetyltransferases (HATs) or histone deacetylases (HDACs). Whereas H3K4me3 increases acetylation at promoters via multiple HATs, H3K4me2 targets Set3 HDAC to deacetylate histones in 5′ transcribed regions. In 3′ regions of genes, H3K36me2/3 facilitates deacetylation by Rpd3S HDAC and slows elongation. Despite their important functions in deacetylation, no strong effects on global gene expression have been seen under optimized or laboratory growth conditions. Instead, H3K4me2-Set3 HDAC and Set2-Rpd3S pathways primarily delay the kinetics of messenger RNA (mRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) induction upon environmental changes. A majority of mRNA genes regulated by these pathways have an overlapping lncRNA transcription either from an upstream or an antisense promoter. Surprisingly, the distance between mRNA and lncRNA promoters seems to specify the repressive effects of the two pathways. Given that co-transcriptional methylations and acetylation have been linked to many cancers, studying their functions in a dynamic condition or during cancer progression will be much more important and help identify novel genes associated with cancers.
Non-autotrophic methanogens dominate in anaerobic digesters
Authors: Kouzuma Atsushi , Tsutsumi Maho , Ishii Shun’ichi , Ueno Yoshiyuki , Abe Takashi , Watanabe Kazuya
Published: April 2017

Anaerobic digesters are man-made habitats for fermentative and methanogenic microbes, and are characterized by extremely high concentrations of organics. However, little is known about how microbes adapt to such habitats. In the present study, we report phylogenetic, metagenomic, and metatranscriptomic analyses of microbiomes in thermophilic packed-bed digesters fed acetate as the major substrate, and we have shown that acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens that utilize acetate as a carbon source dominate there. Deep sequencing and precise binning of the metagenomes reconstructed complete genomes for two dominant methanogens affiliated with the genera Methanosarcina and Methanothermobacter, along with 37 draft genomes. The reconstructed Methanosarcina genome was almost identical to that of a thermophilic acetoclastic methanogen Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1, indicating its cosmopolitan distribution in thermophilic digesters. The reconstructed Methanothermobacter (designated as Met2) was closely related to Methanothermobacter tenebrarum, a non-autotrophic hydrogenotrophic methanogen that grows in the presence of acetate. Met2 lacks the Cdh complex required for CO2 fixation, suggesting that it requires organic molecules, such as acetate, as carbon sources. Although the metagenomic analysis also detected autotrophic methanogens, they were less than 1% in abundance of Met2. These results suggested that non-autotrophic methanogens preferentially grow in anaerobic digesters containing high concentrations of organics.
Continuous niobium phosphate catalysed Skraup reaction for quinoline synthesis from solketal
Authors: Jin Jing , Guidi Sandro , Abada Zahra , Amara Zacharias , Selva Maurizio , George Michael W. , Poliakoff Martyn
Published: April 2017

Solketal is derived from the reaction of acetone with glycerol, a by-product of the biodiesel industry. We demonstrate the use of NbOPO4 as a catalyst for the conversion of solketal and anilines to quinolines.
Solvatochromism as a probe to observe the solvent exchange process in a 1-D porous coordination polymer with 1-D solvent accessible channels
Authors: Bezuidenhout Charl X. , Esterhuysen Catharine , Barbour Leonard J.
Published: April 2017

A one-dimensional porous coordination polymer possessing pleochroic and solvatochromic properties produces an unexpected double V-shaped discolouration of the crystal upon solvent exchange with acetonitrile and nitromethane. Modelling shows that the origin of this effect is preferential sorption at two faces of the crystal.
Electronic relaxation pathways of the biologically relevant pterin chromophore
Authors: DiScipio R. M. , Santiago R. Y. , Taylor D. , Crespo-Hernández C. E.
Published: April 2017

Femtosecond-to-microsecond transient absorption spectroscopy is used to report the ultrafast relaxation mechanism of 2-amino-1H-pteridin-4-one (pterin) for the first time.
Untangling surface oxygen exchange effects in YBa2Cu3O6+xthin films by electrical conductivity relaxation
Authors: Cayado P. , Sánchez-Valdés C. F. , Stangl A. , Coll M. , Roura P. , Palau A. , Puig T. , Obradors X.
Published: April 2017

The kinetics of oxygen incorporation and excorporation in YBCO epitaxial thin films was investigated by electrical conductivity relaxation measurements showing that the oxygenation kinetics of YBCO films is limited by the surface exchange process of oxygen molecules prior to bulk diffusion into the films.
Benzodiazines: recent synthetic advances
Authors: Mathew Thomas , Papp Attila Á. , Paknia Farzaneh , Fustero Santos , Surya Prakash G. K.
Published: April 2017

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in synthetic strategies for benzodiazines, important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
An updated roadmap for the integration of metal–organic frameworks with electronic devices and chemical sensors
Authors: Stassen Ivo , Burtch Nicholas , Talin Alec , Falcaro Paolo , Allendorf Mark , Ameloot Rob
Published: April 2017

This review highlights the steps needed to bring the properties of MOFs from the chemical lab to the microelectronics fab.
A Ni2P modified Ti4+ doped Fe2O3 photoanode for efficient solar water oxidation by promoting hole injection
Authors: Bu Qijing , Li Shuo , Cao Shuang , Zhao Qidong , Chen Yong , Wang Dejun , Xie Tengfeng
Published: April 2017

Nickel phosphide (Ni2P) was used as an excellent water oxidation cocatalyst for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, which could significantly promote the hole injection efficiency and suppress the back reaction of water oxidation over a Ti4+ doped Fe2O3 photoanode.
Artificial photosynthesis: closing remarks
Authors: Hammarström Leif
Published: April 2017

This paper derives from my closing remarks lecture at the 198th Faraday Discussion meeting on Artificial Photosynthesis, Kyoto, Japan, February 28–March 2. The meeting had sessions on biological approaches and fundamental processes, molecular catalysts, inorganic assembly catalysts, and integration of systems for demonstrating realistic devices. The field has had much progress since the previous Faraday Discussion on Artificial Photosynthesis in Edinburgh, UK, in 2011. This paper is a personal account of recent discussions and developments in the field, as reflected in and discussed during the meeting. First it discusses the general directions of artificial photosynthesis and some considerations for a future solar fuels technology. Then it comments on some scientific directions in the area of the meeting.
Atom- and step-economical nucleophilic arylation of azaaromatics via electrochemical oxidative cross C–C coupling reactions
Authors: Chupakhin O. N. , Shchepochkin A. V. , Charushin V. N.
Published: April 2017

A simple and efficient electrochemical method for the synthesis of asymmetrical bi(het)aryls through direct functionalization of the C(sp2)–H bond in azaaromatics with fragments of (hetero)aromatic nucleophiles has been developed.
Generation and manipulation of hydrogel microcapsules by droplet-based microfluidics for mammalian cell culture
Authors: Huang Haishui , Yu Yin , Hu Yong , He Xiaoming , Berk Usta O. , Yarmush Martin L.
Published: April 2017

This critical review discusses microfluidic generation and manipulation of cell-laden hydrogel microcapsules, and their applications for in vitro cell culture.
Structural insights into the ene-reductase synthesis of profens
Authors: Waller J. , Toogood H. S. , Karuppiah V. , Rattray N. J. W. , Mansell D. J. , Leys D. , Gardiner J. M. , Fryszkowska A. , Ahmed S. T. , Bandichhor R. , Reddy G. P. , Scrutton N. S.
Published: April 2017

New insight into the general utility of ene reductases for the synthesis of profens is established using structural and biocatalytic approaches.
A novel metal-free method for the selenocyanation of aromatic ketones to afford α-carbonyl selenocyanates
Authors: Sun Kai , Lv Yunhe , Chen Yao , Zhou Tingting , Xing Yanyan , Wang Xin
Published: April 2017

A rapid access to α-carbonyl selenocyanates has been developed through the direct selenocyanation of aromatic ketones.
Quarter‐mode circular cavity substrate integrated waveguide filtering power divider with via‐holes perturbation
Authors: Wang Xiang , Zhu Xiao‐Wei
Published: April 2017

A compact filtering power divider composed of two quarter‐mode circular cavities based on the substrate integrated waveguide is proposed. Two extra perturbing via‐holes added in each side of the quarter‐mode circular cavity achieve a selective bandpass filtering response and improve the performance of the upper stopband. The proposed FPD operates at 9.1 GHz with a 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 19.8%. The insertion loss in operating band is < 1.6 dB and the input return loss is better than 16 dB. The amplitude and phase imbalances between the two outputs are measured better than 0.6 dB and 3.5°, respectively. The measured results exhibit good agreement with the simulated ones.
Concurrent dual‐band digital predistortion implemented with reduced look‐up‐tables
Authors: Zhang Qian , Chen Wenhua , Feng Zhenghe
Published: April 2017

A reduced look‐up‐tables (LUTs) implementation of digital predistortion (DPD) for concurrent dual‐band power amplifiers (PAs) is proposed. In the proposed method, the dual‐band output is captured jointly with reduced sampling rate, then the PA characteristics of the lower band and the upper band are identified with a group of shared model coefficients, thus DPD can be implemented with shared LUTs for the two bands, which results in reducing the LUTs by 50% comparing with those traditional dual‐band DPD techniques implemented with individual LUTs for each band. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve better than −48.2 dBc adjacent channel power ration performance with reduced LUTs.
Quasi‐orthogonal space–frequency and space–time–frequency block codes with modified performance and simplified decoder
Authors: Koroupi Farokh , Morsali Alireza , Niktab Vida , Shahabinejad Mostafa , Talebi Siamak
Published: April 2017

Due to their superior performance and moderate computational complexity, quasi‐orthogonal space–frequency block codes (QOSFBCs) and quasi‐orthogonal space–time–frequency block codes (QOSTFBCs) are among prime candidates for implementation in multiple‐input multiple‐output communications systems. Originally, these codes were introduced for two transmit antennas and it is proved that they are full‐diversity within channels with equal‐power profile and integer delays. In this study, first, the authors generalise the construction of QOSFBCs and QOSTFBCs for arbitrary number of transmit antennas. Then, they provide the theoretical proof that these codes are full‐diversity for any arbitrary number of transmit antennas and any arbitrary delay and power profiles. Furthermore, they prove that the coding advantage of these codes is decomposed into two distinct parts, one of which represents the effect of the channel and the other represents the effect of the precoder. By optimising these two parts, they propose a modified version of QOSFBCs and QOSTFBCs which outperforms the latest space–frequency block codes and space–time–frequency block codes in the literature according to the analytical results and support of simulation results. Finally, they propose a new suboptimum linear decoder for the QOSFBCs and the QOSTFBCs which could achieve almost the same performance as the maximum‐likelihood decoder for large number of subcarriers.
Low‐complexity frequency‐domain turbo equalisation for doubly‐selective HF channel on GPP‐based SDR platform
Authors: Ravaei Yahya , Mahdi Nejad Mohammad , Madani Mohammad Hossein
Published: April 2017

In this study, the authors propose a low‐complexity frequency‐domain turbo equalisation scheme for doubly‐selective high‐frequency (HF) channel. The performance of time‐ and frequency‐domain turbo equalisers (TD/FD‐TE) by applying them to the waveforms of STANAG 4539 is compared. Compared with TD‐TE, FD‐TE has reduced computational complexity. However, its performance degrades for time‐varying channels. To improve the performance of FD‐TE, they divide the received blocks into consecutive sub‐blocks where the channel impulse response remains fixed for each sub‐block. Due to the absence of cyclic prefix in the sub‐blocks, the overlap frequency‐domain equalisation (FDE) is used in the first iteration. In the following iterations, the authors remove the interference term, therefore the channel matrix becomes circular and low‐complexity FDE is used. Simulation results show that compared with the TD‐TE, the performance loss of FD‐TE equipped with the authors’ proposed scheme at the bit error rate of 1 × 10−5 is <1 dB with much lower computational complexity. By real‐time software defined radio (SDR) implementation of the proposed receiver on a general purpose processor (GPP), the authors ensure real‐time feasibility of their algorithm. They use GNU radio tool for SDR implementation. It is shown that with GNU radio capabilities such as multi‐threading and pipelining, further reduction in processing time can be achieved.
SiC trench MOSFET with self‐biased p‐shield for low RON‐SP and low OFF‐state oxide field
Authors: Zhang Meng , Wei Jin , Jiang Huaping , Chen Kevin J. , Cheng Ching‐Hsiang
Published: April 2017

A SiC trench metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) with a self‐biased p‐shield (SBS‐MOS) is proposed and comprehensively studied. The p‐shield region is used to reduce the high oxide field at the OFF‐state, which would otherwise be detrimental to the device long‐term reliability. A self‐biasing network is designed to raise the potential of the p‐shield in the SBS‐MOS, so that the parasitic junction field effect transistor (JFET) is driven synchronously with the MOS‐gate. Mixed‐mode numerical simulations are carried out to study the performance of the proposed device. The SBS‐MOS boasts a reduced specific ON‐resistance (RON‐SP) compared with the trench MOSFET with a grounded p‐shield (GS‐MOS), by the reduction of the JFET resistance and/or further down‐scaling of the cell size. To synchronously drive the JFET region, only a slightly larger gate charge is required for the SBS‐MOS. Therefore, a low OFF‐state oxide field, a low RON‐SP and a low QGD are simultaneously achieved in the proposed SBS‐MOS.
Particle swarm optimisation driven low cost single event transient fault secured design during architectural synthesis
Authors: Sengupta Anirban , Kachave Deepak
Published: April 2017

Owing to aggressive shrinking in nanometre scale as well as faster devices, particle strike manifesting itself into transient fault spanning multiple cycle and multiple units will be the centre‐focus of application specific datapath generated through high‐level synthesis (HLS)/architectural synthesis. Addressing each problem above separately leads to large area/delay overhead; thus tackling both problems concurrently, leads to huge incurred overhead. To tackle this complex problem, this paper proposes a novel low cost particle swarm optimisation driven dual modular redundant (DMR) based HLS methodology for generation of a transient fault secured design secured against its temporal and spatial effects. The authors' approach provides a low cost optimised fault secured solution through a particle swarm optimisation exploration framework based on user area‐delay constraints. Results indicated that proposed approach obtains an area overhead reduction of 34.08% and latency overhead reduction of 5.8% compared with a recent approach.
Wideband low‐profile low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic patch antenna with a differential‐fed structure
Authors: Sun Wen‐Jian , Yang Wen‐Wen , Chen Jian‐Xin
Published: April 2017

A novel wideband patch antenna with a differential‐fed structure is proposed in this study. For this antenna, an H‐shaped patch is first adopted to build a compact design. Then, by introducing a via‐wall‐plate pair as the differential feeding scheme, favourable radiation patterns and enhanced operating bandwidth can be achieved in a low profile. Furthermore, a Marchand balun is incorporated into the overall design to facilitate the test and direct integration with existing single‐end radio‐frequency circuits. The proposed antenna, which is designed and fabricated, using low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic technology, could be used to develop a highly integrated system‐in‐package. The measured results demonstrate that the proposed antenna with a low profile of 0.06λ 0 obtains an impedance bandwidth of 11.2%, a peak gain of 7.1 dBi, and a low cross‐polarisation of better than −20 dB.
Distribution and Clearance of Blood Constituents after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats: Mechanisms and Relevance for Functional Outcomes
Authors: Chen Zhanyin , Liang Yuhang , Chen Fengjian , Lin Haifeng , Chen Yiyi , He Guolin
Published: April 2017

Background and Objective To evaluate the impact of blood clearance mechanisms on neurologic damage and functional outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats.

Methods A rat model of ICH was established through pre-cannulation and injection of autologous arterial blood into the caudate nucleus. Blood was supplemented with 6-amino-caproic acid (a procoagulant), low-molecular-weight heparin (an anticoagulant), or vehicle. Relationships between hematoma volume and edema size and neurologic damage were assessed at different times.

Results At 6 hours and 24 hours, hematoma volume was greater in rats that received anticoagulant than in the other two groups (p < 0.01). No significant differences were observed at 3 days, 5 days, or 7 days (p > 0.05). At 6 hours and 24 hours, the Neurological Severity Score in the procoagulant group was significantly higher than in the other two groups (comparison between groups, p < 0.01); and no significant differences were found at other times (p > 0.05).

Conclusion Enhanced clearance of leaked blood was associated with larger hematomas within the first 3 days of ICH and with less neurologic damage. The capacity to clear blood is an important determinant of functional recovery after ICH. Enhanced clearance may help reduce neurologic damage.
The Female Pediatric Surgeon
Authors: Dingemann Carmen
Published: April 2017

In medical schools throughout Europe, women make up an increasing proportion of graduates entering the medical profession. Even though this phenomenon is also found in the surgical profession, women are still clearly underrepresented. However, it has been demonstrated that women are equally qualified as men, and are as eager as men to aim for a surgical career.

In general, a career in surgery has significant lifestyle implications for both men and women. In particular, women meet challenges such as pregnancy, maternity, and responsibility for childcare that compete with pressures of time and expectations of productivity. Further complicating the situation, there is a huge complexity of national legislation dealing with maternity and parental leave within Europe. Owing to this legal inconsistency, a strong demand on targeted policies and guidelines has increased particularly among the surgical staff.

The scarcity of female role models and mentors has also been discussed as a possible explanation for the underrepresentation of women in academic surgery. Even in the 21st century, the advancement of women into leading positions of academic surgery and major surgical societies is still limited. An updated view of leadership development, the promotion of female surgeons in academic surgery, and identifying barriers to women entering this field are crucial to correcting the existing gender inequities.

This contribution aims to highlight the current situation of women in academic surgery, outline findings on gender disparities, and define persistent obstacles to the advancement of women in surgery. In addition, this review presents new possibilities and provides approaches to overcome the underrepresentation of female surgeons. In current literature, there is only little information concerning the situation of female pediatric surgeons. Therefore, this article mainly relies on available data on the female surgeon in general.
AE-Beitrag: Unikondylärer Ersatz vs. Totalendoprothese bei medialer Gonarthrose
Authors: Pfitzner Tilman , Perka Carsten , von Roth Philipp
Published: April 2017

Hintergrund Die isolierte mediale Gonarthrose ist eine Kniegelenkspathologie, die operativ sowohl den Einsatz eines unikondylären Oberflächenersatzes (Schlittenprothese) als auch die Implantation einer Totalendoprothese gestattet. Eine einheitliche Empfehlung, welches Verfahren bei dieser speziellen Indikation zu bevorzugen ist, fehlt jedoch.

Material und Methoden In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit sollen anhand der vorhandenen Literatur beide Verfahren bez. des klinischen Ergebnisses, des Langzeitüberlebens und der Komplikationsrate verglichen werden.

Ergebnisse Bezüglich des klinischen Outcomes zeigen die meisten Studien eine Überlegenheit des unikondylären Oberflächenersatzes. Hier ist jedoch zu beachten, dass diese Patienten häufig auch präoperativ einen besseren Ausgangsbefund aufwiesen, das Maß an Verbesserung jedoch vergleichbar zur Totalendoprothese war. Betrachtet man das Survival, so zeigen Studien, Institutional Registries und landesweite Register eine klare Überlegenheit der Totalendoprothese in der Langzeithaltbarkeit. Als potenzieller Bias muss hier die höhere Revisionsfreudigkeit bei der Schlittenprothese beachtet werden. Bezüglich der Mortalitätsrate zeigt die Literatur eine Überlegenheit der Schlittenprothese. Die implantatspezifischen Komplikationen sind wiederum bei der Schlittenprothese höher.

Schlussfolgerung Zusammengefasst ist eine klare Empfehlung für eines der beiden Verfahren aufgrund der Literaturlage nicht möglich. Das tendenziell bessere klinische Outcome und die niedrige Mortalitätsrate sprechen für den unikodylären Oberflächenersatz, während beim Langzeitüberleben und den implantatbedingten Komplikationen die Totalendoprothese im Vorteil ist.
A biphasic approach for the study of lift generation in soft porous media
Authors: Wu Qianhong , Santhanam Sridhar , Nathan Rungun , Wang Qiuyun
Published: April 2017

Lift generation in highly compressible porous media under rapid compression continues to be an important topic in porous media flow. Although significant progress has been made, how to model different lifting forces during the compression process remains unclear. This is mainly because the input parameters of the existing theoretical studies, including the Darcy permeability of the porous media and the viscous damping coefficient of its solid phase, were manually adjusted so as to match the experimental data. In the current paper, we report a biphasic approach to experimentally and theoretically treat this limitation. Synthetic fibrous porous materials, whose permeability were precisely measured, were subsequently exposed to sudden impacts using a porous-walled cylinder-piston apparatus. The obtained time-dependent compression of the porous media, along with the permeability data, was applied in two different theoretical models to predict the pore pressure generation, a plug flow model and a consolidation model [Q. Wu et al., J. Fluid Mech. 542, 281 (2005a)]. Comparison between the theory and the experiments on the pore pressure distribution proved the validity of the consolidation model. Furthermore, a viscoelastic model, containing a nonlinear spring in conjunction with a linear viscoelastic generalized Maxwell mechanical module, was developed to characterize the solid phase lifting force. The model matched the experimental data very well. The paper presented herein, as one of the series studies on this topic, provides an important biphasic approach to characterize different forces that contribute to the lift generation in a soft porous medium under rapid compression.
Vortex ground states for Klein-Gordon-Maxwell-Proca type systems
Authors: d’Avenia Pietro , Mederski Jarosław , Pomponio Alessio
Published: April 2017

We look for three-dimensional vortex-solutions, which have finite energy and are stationary solutions, of Klein-Gordon-Maxwell-Proca type systems of equations. We prove the existence of three-dimensional cylindrically symmetric vortex-solutions having a least possible energy among all symmetric solutions. Moreover we show that, if the Proca mass disappears, then the solutions tend to a solution of the Klein-Gordon-Maxwell system.
A method for simultaneously measuring polarization and phase of arbitrarily polarized beams based on Pancharatnam-Berry phase
Authors: Liu Sheng , Han Lei , Li Peng , Zhang Yi , Cheng Huachao , Zhao Jianlin
Published: April 2017

Based on the theory of the Pancharatnam-Berry phase, we propose a method for simultaneously measuring polarization and the phase of arbitrarily polarized beams by utilizing digital holography. This method requires merely a single-exposure imaging of interference fringes without changing any optical elements and thus greatly simplifies the operation of the measurement process. This method is more suitable for multiple measurements, especially for measuring the time-changing polarization. The conclusion is expected to provide a reference in polarization holography.
Linguistic and social embedding of variable concord with 1st plural nós ‘we’ in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Naro Anthony J. , Scherre Maria Marta Pereira , Foeger Camila Candeias , Benfica Samine de Almeida
Published: April 2017

In vernacular Brazilian Portuguese, use of 1st plural desinence -mos with nós ‘we’ is variable, although it is categorical in European Portuguese and very frequent in highly educated speakers in Brazil. Its absence is stigmatized in the urban context as an indication that the speaker ‘does not know how to speak Portuguese’. This phenomenon exhibits vigorous constraints and is subject to intricate structural conditioning based on tense and paradigmatic relationships, our main point. The most robust social effect is level of education. We analyze three samples and show that underlying this stigmatized morphosyntactic phenomenon there are effects on the functional level (tense distinctions), the cognitive level (marking of more easily perceptible forms), and the structural level (maintenance of phonological pattern).
The Portuguese inflected infinitive across varieties
Authors: Fiéis Alexandra , Madeira Ana
Published: April 2017

The aim of this paper is to investigate the properties and distribution of the inflected infinitive in different varieties of Portuguese, both from a diachronic and a synchronic perspective. Considering the development of the inflected infinitive from the 12th century up to the present, we argue that there are three types of inflected infinitives in Portuguese, which differ in their degree of finiteness, ranging from a form that exhibits similar characteristics to finite verb forms to a form which behaves like an uninflected infinitive.
Management of mycotoxin contamination in feeds.
Authors: Cheli F. , Pinotti L. , Novacco M. , Ottoboni M. , Tretola M. , Dell'Orto V.
Published: April 2017

It is not possible to avoid, predict or prevent mycotoxin occurrence during pre-harvest and feed storage. Despite efforts to control fungal contamination, extensive mycotoxin contamination has been reported to occur in feed. Therefore, their presence represents a constant health risk for animals. The European Union (EU) has established the most comprehensive regulations for mycotoxins in feed, expressed in the form of sampling procedures, analysis and maximum or guidance levels. These regulations largely affect raw material traders, feed industry and feed management at farm level, to ensure compliance with EU legislation requirements and ensure feed safety. This paper reviews the main operations and effective tools to properly manage the mycotoxin risk in the feed supply chain, focusing on the management practices to be considered at the level of feed industry and farm. Practical approaches will be discussed in the context of the current scientific research literature. Risks associated with mycotoxin contaminated feed can be reduced by following an integrated mycotoxin prevention and control management. To properly manage mycotoxin contamination in feed, the primary strategy is prevention in field and during storage. Regular feed monitoring for mycotoxin occurrence is the first critical point in order to obtain a right balance between safety, animal health, productivity and economic aspects in the respect of legislation regarding maximum or guidance levels. Despite strenuous prevention, control and management efforts, feed contamination with mycotoxins is an ever present problem for feed processors and farmers. Therefore, there is a great demand for mycotoxin mitigation and control strategies.
Desire satisfaction, death, and time
Authors: Purves Duncan
Published: April 2017

Desire satisfaction theories of well-being and deprivationism about the badness of death face similar problems: desire satisfaction theories have trouble locating the time when the satisfaction of a future or past-directed desire benefits a person; deprivationism has trouble locating a time when death is bad for a person. I argue that desire satisfaction theorists and deprivation theorists can address their respective timing problems by accepting fusionism, the view that some events benefit or harm individuals only at fusions of moments in time. Fusionism improves on existing solutions to the timing problem for deprivationism because it locates death’s badness at the same time as both the victim of death and death itself, and it accounts for all of the ways that death is bad for a person. Fusionism improves on existing solutions to the problem of temporally locating the benefit of future and past-directed desires because it respects several attractive principles, including the view that the intrinsic value of a time for someone is determined solely by states of affairs that obtain at that time and the view that intrinsically beneficial events benefit a person when they occur.
Emergency Department and Urgent Care Presentations
Authors: Weisholtz Daniel S. , Dworetzky Barbara A.
Published: April 2017

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) may present emergently to a variety of clinicians who are unaccustomed to managing them. Morbidity can occur when PNES are inappropriately treated as epileptic seizures, particularly in a pregnant patient, whose fetus may be unnecessarily exposed to antiepileptic drugs, or when PNES are markedly prolonged and mistaken for status epilepticus, resulting in aggressive treatments including intubation and general anesthesia. PNES should not be considered a benign condition. During the seizures, patients may experience injuries such as head traumas, fractures, and lacerations. PNES patients often also present to emergency departments with serious complaints unrelated to seizures, including somatic complaints such as pain or dyspnea, as well as acute psychiatric crises such as suicidal ideation or self-injurious behavior. PNES emergencies must be dealt with judiciously and serious problems must not be dismissed. Ultimately, emergency department visits can be used to help coordinate care with outpatient providers who can help clarify diagnosis and provide adequate treatment, which should eventually reduce unnecessary use of medical resources.
The Role of the Neurologist after Diagnosis
Authors: Bermeo-Ovalle Adriana , Kanner Andres M.
Published: April 2017

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are the most frequent type of paroxysmal events misdiagnosed as epileptic seizures. Neurologists are usually the initial contact in the care of patients with these events, as they are often able to recognize or suspect that they are not epileptic seizures and conduct a diagnostic evaluation. Unfortunately, many neurologists (and epileptologists) continue to believe that their work is finished when the diagnosis of PNES is established. In fact, the neurologists’ role only begins when the diagnosis is made. This chapter highlights the various roles that neurologists should play in the care of PNES patients during and following a diagnostic evaluation. It emphasizes the need for follow-up visits which ensure the patients’ understanding and acceptance of the diagnosis. The neurologist should promote continuity of care, allow for management of other functional neurological symptoms and neurological comorbidities, ensure rational pharmacological therapy with antiepileptic drugs, promote communication among healthcare providers, and avoid iatrogenic interventions.
Adherence to Weight Loss and Physical Activity
Authors: Janke E. Amy , Goodrich David E.
Published: April 2017

Maintaining a healthy weight and engaging in regular physical activity are two health behaviors that can provide significant benefit to individuals with chronic pain. However, adhering to lifestyle programs that promote weight loss and/or physical activity can be challenging. A socioecological model of adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors in individuals with pain can assist providers in understanding the physiological, intrapersonal/behavioral, and social/environmental factors that influence adherence. Providers can optimize adherence to weight loss by facilitating an effective patient–provider relationship, tailoring intervention approaches to meet a patient’s specific needs, and applying the Five A’s model of behavior change. Providers can support long-term engagement in physical activity by developing patient-centered exercise prescriptions based on an assessment of physical limitations, comorbidities, and age and to engage in shared decision-making to best account for patient preferences and barriers to exercise.
Biopsychosocial Approach to Improving Treatment Adherence in Chronic Pain
Authors: Cheatle Martin D. , Dhingra Lara
Published: April 2017

Up to 53% of patients with chronic nonmalignant pain demonstrate medication nonadherence, and many are nonadherent with behavior-change interventions for pain, presenting a significant challenge to providers managing this population and compromising patient-reported outcomes related to treatment efficacy, symptom control, and quality of life. Patients with chronic pain are often highly complex and present with numerous medical and psychological comorbidities. Many of these comorbidities, including mood, sleep, and substance use disorders, in addition to maladaptive coping with pain and varied clinician, health system, and family-related factors, can influence adherence to pain interventions. This chapter applies a biopsychosocial framework to guide the clinical assessment of nonadherence behaviors in chronic pain, including the identification of risk factors, mechanisms, and underlying processes of nonadherence, and presents strategies providers can potentially implement to enhance patient adherence to pharmacologic and behavioral therapies for pain management.
Therapy-related issues: respiratory system
Authors: Wiffen Philip , Mitchell Marc , Snelling Melanie , Stoner Nicola
Published: April 2017

This chapter outlines information relevant to clinical pharmacists related to respiratory system issues and is loosely based on the British National Formulary, Chapter 3. In particular, this chapter covers current guidelines on asthma management, including a section on inhaler techniques for different products, and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Therapy-related issues: obstetrics and gynaecology
Authors: Wiffen Philip , Mitchell Marc , Snelling Melanie , Stoner Nicola
Published: April 2017

This chapter outlines information relevant to clinical pharmacists related to obstetrics and gynaecology and is loosely based on the British National Formulary, Chapter 7. In particular, this chapter covers hormonal contraception, pre-eclampsia, and hyperemesis gravidarum.
Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health
Authors: Ferreira Isabel , Twisk Jos WR
Published: April 2017

It is now recognized that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is partly a paediatric problem, i.e. the onset begins in childhood, although clinical symptoms may not become apparent until later in life. Therefore, from a primary prevention point of view, the extent to which physical activity or physical fitness in childhood may deter this process is of utmost importance. Although physical activity and CRF at a young age have not been directly linked to the incidence of CVD, evidence thus far supports cardiovascular health benefits of early higher physical activity and CRF levels on cardiometabolic risk factors like obesity, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and their maintenance throughout the course of life. By affecting these intermediary pathways, lifelong (high-intensity) physical activity may also deter the age-related decreases in CRF and related signs of premature arterial ageing.
Exercise, physical activity, eating and weight disorders
Authors: Hills Andrew P , Street Steven J , Byrne Nuala M
Published: April 2017

Obesity is a highly visible yet neglected chronic health problem affecting developed and developing nations, particularly nations undergoing nutritional transition. The term ‘globesity’ has been coined to describe this international phenomenon, which primarily results from persistent energy imbalance typically characterized as reduced energy expenditure relative to energy intake. Conversely, disordered eating characterized by low energy intake, which is often paired with high levels of energy expenditure, are features of the opposite extreme to obesity and can manifest as eating disorders like anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Identification, treatment, and management of young people along the spectrum from frank eating disorders represents a persistent and growing health challenge. This chapter provides an overview of the range of factors contributing to inappropriate eating and activity disorders in childhood and adolescence, and how these problems might be managed.
Exercise, physical activity, and congenital heart disease
Authors: Buys Roselien , Reybrouck Tony , Gewillig Marc
Published: April 2017

In children with congenital heart disease, exercise testing is frequently performed to measure cardiorespiratory function and to assess abnormalities of cardiac rhythm. In paediatric cardiology, a reduced exercise capacity is common. This relates not only to the underlying heart defects, but often also to a low level of physical activity in daily life. Exercise training interventions to increase physical activity have been shown generally to be safe and beneficial in increasing exercise capacity. Therefore, except for some cases with medically imposed restrictions of intensive physical exercise, most patients are encouraged to be fully active during leisure time and to participate in all types of physical exercise at school.