bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic respiratory videoendoscopy in ridden sport horses: Effect of head flexion, riding and airway inflammation in 129 cases
Authors: VAN ERCK E.
Published: November 2011

Reasons for performing study:Dynamic upper airway obstruction (UAO) is a cause of respiratory noise and sometimes poor performance in sport horses. Riding, head flexion and airway inflammation may impact upper respiratory tract stability during exercise.

Objectives:To evaluate upper airway mechanical behaviour in ridden sport horses using overground endoscopy and the effect of head flexion, rider intervention and underlying airway inflammation on the pharynx and larynx.

Methods:Resting and exercising videoendoscopic recordings during ridden exercise were obtained in 129 sport horses referred mainly for respiratory noise, poor performance or routine evaluation. The rider modified poll flexion and way of riding during the test and associated changes in UAO were recorded. Presence of upper and lower airway inflammation was also assessed.

Results:Dynamic UAO was diagnosed in 91% (64/70) of the horses referred for respiratory noise and in 71% (29/41) of horses referred for poor performance. Pharyngeal instability was the most frequently diagnosed problem. However, differences were observed between dressage horses and showjumpers. Rider interaction and head flexion exacerbated upper airway instability and promoted the occurrence of complex UAO. Both lower airway inflammation and pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia were associated with pharyngeal instability, but not with any other UAO.

Conclusions:Rider intervention during ridden exercise (i.e. the various movements a horse might be asked to perform) influences upper airway morphology and function and, in cases of upper airway dynamic obstruction, can contribute to increasing laryngeal and/or pharyngeal instability in sport horses.

Potential relevance:As these are changes that would not usually be seen with treadmill videoendoscopy, ridden videoendoscopy should be the preferred method for evaluation of the upper airway in sport horses.
Local Application of Neurotrophins Specifies Axons Through Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate, Calcium, and Ca
2+
/Calmodulin–Dependent Protein Kinases
Authors: Nakamuta Shinichi , Funahashi Yasuhiro , Namba Takashi , Arimura Nariko , Picciotto Marina R. , Tokumitsu Hiroshi , Soderling Thomas R. , Sakakibara Akira , Miyata Takaki , Kamiguchi Hiroyuki , Kaibuchi Kozo
Published: November 2011

Neurotrophins stimulate calcium signaling to promote axon specification.
Genome Sequencing Reveals a Phage in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Lehours Philippe , Vale Filipa F. , Bjursell Magnus K. , Melefors Ojar , Advani Reza , Glavas Steve , Guegueniat Julia , Gontier Etienne , Lacomme Sabrina , Alves Matos António , Menard Armelle , Mégraud Francis , Engstrand Lars , Andersson Anders F.
Published: November 2011

Helicobacter pylorichronically infects the gastric mucosa in more than half of the human population; in a subset of this population, its presence is associated with development of severe disease, such as gastric cancer. Genomic analysis of several strains has revealed an extensiveH. pyloripan-genome, likely to grow as more genomes are sampled. Here we describe the draft genome sequence (63 contigs; 26× mean coverage) ofH. pyloristrain B45, isolated from a patient with gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The major finding was a 24.6-kb prophage integrated in the bacterial genome. The prophage shares most of its genes (22/27) with prophage region II ofHelicobacter acinonychisstrain Sheeba. After UV treatment of liquid cultures, circular DNA carrying the prophage integrase gene could be detected, and intracellular tailed phage-like particles were observed inH. pyloricells by transmission electron microscopy, indicating that phage production can be induced from the prophage. PCR amplification and sequencing of the integrase gene from 341H. pyloristrains from different geographic regions revealed a high prevalence of the prophage (21.4%). Phylogenetic reconstruction showed four distinct clusters in the integrase gene, three of which tended to be specific for geographic regions. Our study implies that phages may play important roles in the ecology and evolution ofH. pylori.

IMPORTANCEHelicobacter pylorichronically infects the gastric mucosa in more than half of the human population, and while most of the infected individuals do not develop disease,H. pyloriinfection doubles the risk of developing gastric cancer. An abundance and diversity of viruses (phages) infect microbial populations in most environments and are important mediators of microbial diversity. Our finding of a 24.6-kb prophage integrated inside anH. pylorigenome and the observation of circular integrase gene-containing DNA and phage-like particles inside cells upon UV treatment demonstrate that we have discovered a viableH. pyloriphage. The additional finding of integrase genes in a large proportion of screened isolates of diverse geographic origins indicates that the prevalence of prophages may have been underestimated inH. pylori. Since phages are important drivers of microbial evolution, the discovery should be important for understanding and predicting genetic diversity inH. pylori.
SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION OF FUZZY REGRESSION MODELS: LEAST SQUARES AND LEAST ABSOLUTE DEVIATIONS
Authors: TANG HENGJIN , MIYAMOTO SADAAKI
Published: November 2011

Fuzzy c-regression models are known to be useful in real applications, but there are two drawbacks: strong dependency on the predefined number of clusters and sensitiveness against outliers or noises. To avoid these drawbacks, we propose sequential fuzzy regression models based on least absolute deviations which we call SFCRMLAD. This algorithm sequentially extracts one cluster at a time using a method of noise-detection, enabling the automatic determination of clusters and having robustness to noises. We compare this method with the ordinary fuzzy c-regression models based on least squares, fuzzy c-regression models based on least absolute deviations, and moreover sequential fuzzy regression models based on least squares. For this purpose we use a two-dimensional illustrative example whereby characteristics of the four methods are made clear. Moreover a simpler and more efficient algorithm of SFCRMLAD can be used for scalar input and output variables, while a general algorithm of SFCRMLAD uses linear programming solutions for multivariable input. By using the above example, we compare efficiency of different algorithms.
Open-Loop Wide-Bandwidth Phase Modulation Techniques
Authors: Nidhi Nitin , Su Pin-En , Pamarti Sudhakar
Published: November 2011

The ever-increasing growth in the bandwidth of wireless communication channels requires the transmitter to be wide-bandwidth and power-efficient. Polar and outphasing transmitter topologies are two promising candidates for such applications, in future. Both these architectures require a wide-bandwidth phase modulator. Open-loop phase modulation presents a viable solution for achieving wide-bandwidth operation. An overview of prior art and recent approaches for phase modulation is presented in this paper. Phase quantization noise cancellation was recently introduced to lower the out-of-band noise in a digital phase modulator. A detailed analysis on the impact of timing and quantization of the cancellation signal is presented. Noise generated by the transmitter in the receive band frequency poses another challenge for wide-bandwidth transmitter design. Addition of a noise transfer function notch, in a digital phase modulator, to reduce the noise in the receive band during phase modulation is described in this paper.
Are Dual-Method Messages Undermining STI/HIV Prevention?
Authors: O'Leary Ann
Published: November 2011

Adolescent girls and young women who are at risk for unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection (STI), including HIV, are frequently counseled to use a hormonal contraceptive to protect against the former and condoms to protect against the latter, for exampe, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2011. The present paper reviews the literature on multiple risk messages, compliance with this dual-use recommendation, predictors of dual use, and interventions developed to encourage dual use. Data indicate that simultaneous use of these two methods is not common, and that efforts to encourage dual use have not yielded promising results. An alternative is to recommend condom use alone, since condoms protect very well against STI and HIV, and quite well against pregnancy when used consistently and correctly. The availability of emergency contraception is relevant here. Research utilizing a randomized controlled trial is recommended.
Convergence of GAOR Iterative Method with Strictly α Diagonally Dominant Matrices
Authors: Wang Guangbin , Wen Hao , Wang Ting
Published: November 2011

We discuss the convergence of GAOR method for linear systems with strictly α diagonally dominant matrices. Moreover, we show that our results are better than ones of Darvishi and Hessari (2006), Tian et al. (2008) by using three numerical examples.
Keratinized Gingiva Determines a Homeostatic Behavior of Gingival Sulcus through Transudation of Gingival Crevice Fluid
Authors: Lagos Maria Luiza P. , Sant'Ana Adriana Campos Passanezi , Greghi Sebastião Luiz Aguiar , Passanezi Euloir
Published: November 2011

Objective. To shed light on the role of KG, its influence on periodontal behavior was investigated.Methods. Tissue fluid transudation was assessed in alveolar mucosa (P1A), outer gingival margin (P1B), at entrance of (P2) and within gingival sulcus (P3), before and after chewing of fibrous food in 16 patients portraying ≥2 mm KG at one tooth (group 1), and <2 mm at another homologous tooth (group 2).Results. There was a significant increase in GCF after chewing at P1B and P3 in group 1 and at P1A in group 2 (t-test, ).Conclusions. The results suggest that KG plays a role in marginal periodontal homeostasis.
Identification of Cancer Patients with Lynch Syndrome: Clinically Significant Discordances and Problems in Tissue-Based Mismatch Repair Testing
Authors: Bartley Angela N. , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Saraiya Devki S. , Urbauer Diana L. , Broaddus Russell R.
Published: November 2011

Tissue-based microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis and immunohistochemistry for DNA mismatch repair proteins are accepted screening tools to evaluate patients with cancer for Lynch syndrome. These laboratory analyses are thus important tools in cancer prevention. Quality assurance review was conducted to identify test discordances and problems. These results were then analyzed in conjunction with genetic testing outcomes. Six hundred and forty-six consecutive tumors from 2002 to 2010 were examined. MSI-low tumors were excluded so that 591 tumors comprised the final analyses. Discordance was defined as a discrepancy between immunohistochemical and MSI analysis. Problem was defined as indeterminate or questionable immunohistochemical or MSI results. All results and clinical and family histories were centrally reviewed by two pathologists and one genetics counselor. Discordances and problems were identified in 23 of 591 (3.9%) of the tumors. Twelve of 102 MSI-high carcinomas (11.8%) and one of 489 microsatellite stable tumors had discordant immunohistochemistry. Of these 13 tumors, 11 were from patients who had personal and/or family cancer histories concerning for a germline mismatch repair gene mutation. In addition to discordances, 10 tumors with problematic immunohistochemical profiles were identified. Accurate evaluation of MSI was possible in all tumors. In summary, concordance between immunohistochemistry and MSI was high, particularly for tumors that are microsatellite stable. Greater frequency of test discordance was identified in the tumors that were MSI-high. Thus, a major consequence of the use of immunohistochemistry by itself as a screen is the failure to identify colorectal and endometrial cancer patients who likely have Lynch syndrome. Cancer Prev Res; 5(2); 320–7. ©2011 AACR.
Organ Specificity of the Bladder Carcinogen 4-Aminobiphenyl in Inducing DNA Damage and Mutation in Mice
Authors: Yoon Jae-In , Kim Sang-In , Tommasi Stella , Besaratinia Ahmad
Published: November 2011

Aromatic amines are a widespread class of environmental contaminants present in various occupational settings and tobacco smoke. Exposure to aromatic amines is a major risk factor for bladder cancer development. The etiologic involvement of aromatic amines in the genesis of bladder cancer is attributable to their ability to form DNA adducts, which upon eluding repair and causing mispairing during replication, may initiate mutagenesis. We have investigated the induction of DNA adducts in relation to mutagenesis in bladder and various nontarget organs of transgenic Big Blue mice treated weekly (i.p.) with a representative aromatic amine compound, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), for six weeks, followed by a six-week recovery period. We show an organ-specificity of 4-ABP in inducing repair-resistant DNA adducts in bladder, kidney, and liver of carcinogen-treated animals, which accords with the bioactivation pathway of this chemical in the respective organs. In confirmation, we show a predominant and sustained mutagenic effect of 4-ABP in bladder, and much weaker but significant mutagenicity of 4-ABP in the kidney and liver of carcinogen-treated mice, as reflected by the elevation of background cII mutant frequency in the respective organs. The spectrum of mutations produced in bladder of 4-ABP–treated mice matches the known mutagenic properties of 4-ABP–DNA adducts, as verified by the preponderance of induced mutations occurring at G:C base pairs (82.9%), with the vast majority being G:C→T:A transversions (47.1%). Our data support a possible etiologic role of 4-ABP in bladder carcinogenesis and provide a mechanistic view on how DNA adduct–driven mutagenesis, specifically targeted to bladder urothelium, may account for organ-specific tumorigenicity of this chemical. Cancer Prev Res; 5(2); 299–308. ©2011 AACR.
Update in Biliary Endoscopy
Authors: Costamagna Guido , Boškoski Ivo , Familiari Pietro , Tringali Andrea , Cesaro Paola , Perri Vincenzo
Published: November 2011

Biliary endoscopy has seen the development of several new techniques in the last few years. Its current role includes direct diagnostic imaging, tissue sampling, early diagnosis and palliation of biliary tumors. Relatively new methods for biliary stones management are electrohydraulic lithotripsy combined with choledochoscope guidance and laser lithotripsy. Intraductal ultrasound, confocal laser endomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography are emerging, purely diagnostic endoscopic tools in biliary endoscopy. Cytological examinations such as digital imaging analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization have the potential of becoming very important in the early diagnosis of biliary tumors. Direct visualization of the biliary mucosa and tissue sampling can be done with the last generation of cholangioscopes. All these tools are promising, especially for the ‘undetermined biliary strictures’. Improvements in quality of life, survival and biliary drainage in patients with non-operable cholangiocarcinoma have been reported after the application of both photodynamic therapy and high-dose rate intraluminal brachytherapy. Drug-eluting stents with incorporated anti-tumor agents designed to improve patency and reduce the risk of tumor ingrowth have already been tested, and other stents are under investigation as well.
Therapeutic Double-Balloon Enteroscopy: A Binational, Three-Center Experience
Authors: Jovanovic Ivan , Vormbrock Klaus , Zimmermann Lars , Djuranovic Srdjan , Ugljesic Milenko , Malfertheiner Peter , Fry Lucia C. , Mönkemüller Klaus
Published: November 2011

Background/Aims: There are few reports focusing on therapeutic small bowel endoscopy. The aim of this study was to analyze the results of therapeutic small bowel endoscopy in a large cohort of patients. Methods: A retrospective study of a prospectively collected database comprising all patients undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic small bowel endoscopy in three centers. Results: A total of 614 double-balloon enteroscopies were performed in 534 patients. The most common pathological findings were angiodysplasias and vascular lesions (n = 98, 18%), mucosal ulcers and erosions (n = 95, 17.8%), polyps and tumors (including patients with familiar polyposis syndrome such as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, familiar adenomatous polyps syndrome, neurofibromatosis, adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors and gastrointestinal stromal tumors) (n = 52, 9.7%), and strictures (Crohn’s disease, ischemia, tumors) (n = 12, 2.2%). The mean duration of therapeutic small bowel enteroscopy was 67 min (range 30–115) compared to 50 min (range 25–105) for diagnostic procedures (p < 0.05). A therapeutic small bowel endoscopy was performed in 121 patients (22%). Therapeutic procedures included argon plasma coagulation of vascular lesions (n = 73), polypectomy (n = 49), mucosectomy (n = 5), stricture dilation (n = 7), foreign body extraction (n = 7), injection of fibrin glue (n = 10), and clip placement (n = 5). There were a total of 5 complications (0.9%; paralytic ileus, n = 2, pancreatitis, n = 1, bleeding n = 2). No perforations or deaths occurred. Conclusion: Endoscopists performing double-balloon enteroscopy should be trained and prepared to provide therapeutic interventions for small bowel disorders including argon plasma coagulation, injection, hemoclipping, polypectomy, mucosectomy and foreign body extraction. Therapeutic small bowel endoscopy, albeit associated with complications in about 1% of cases, can be considered a relatively safe procedure.
Soy Protein Preserves Basement Membrane Integrity through a Synergistic Effect on Nephrin, Matrix Metalloproteinase and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Authors: Palanisamy Nallasamy , Anuradha Carani Venkataraman
Published: November 2011

Background/Aims: Soy protein improves renal function and prevents albuminuria in diabetic rats. This study investigates whether the renoprotective effect of soy protein is related to sustenance of basement membrane integrity. Methods: Adult male albino rats were randomized into four groups and fed one of the following semi-synthetic diets consisting of corn starch (60%) and casein (20%; CCD), fructose (60%) and casein (20%; FCD), fructose (60%) and soy protein (20%; FSD), or corn starch (60%) and soy protein (20%; CSD). Plasma chemistry and renal changes were analyzed after 60 days. Results: FCD rats displayed metabolic derangements and renal ultrastructural changes. FSD rats showed reduction in type IV collagen, tissue inhibitor for matrix metallo-proteinase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and tumor necrosis factor-α expression and improved matrix metallo-proteinase expression. Renal architecture was preserved in these rats. Conclusion: Soy protein supplementation not only improved insulin sensitivity but also markedly attenuated renal basement membrane changes in fructose diet-fed rats. These findings provide evidence in support of the use of dietary soy protein in patients with diabetic kidney disease.
Giant Tumorous Legions Surrounding the Right Coronary Artery Associated with Immunoglobulin-G4-Related Systemic Disease
Authors: Ikutomi Masayasu , Matsumura Takayoshi , Iwata Hiroshi , Nishimura Go , Ishizaka Nobukazu , Hirata Yasunobu , Ono Minoru , Nagai Ryozo
Published: November 2011

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related systemic disease was first recognized as a clinicopathological entity about 10 years ago, and since then, it has attracted growing attention. It is an autoimmune disease which affects multiple organs including the pancreas, bile duct, salivary glands and retroperitoneum. Further, it was recently reported that it can be manifested as periarteritis, often as inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm. We describe the case of a 75-year-old man with autoimmune pancreatitis and parotitis who presented with angina. The serum concentration of IgG4 was significantly increased at 2,510 mg/dl. Coronary angiography showed multiple stenotic lesions and pronounced dilatation of the right coronary artery. Cardiac computed tomography disclosed increased wall thickness of the coronary arteries and focal tumorous lesions surrounding the right coronary artery. Treatment with steroids proved only marginally effective and he underwent surgical resection of the aneurysm and coronary artery bypass grafting. The diagnosis of IgG4-related systemic disease was confirmed by histological examination of the resected mass, which showed a massive infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells. This case emphasizes the importance of considering the diagnosis in any patient with abnormally increased wall thickness or ectatic lesions in the coronary arteries.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Is Associated with Altered Neuropsychological Performance in Young Adults
Authors: De Carolis Antonella , Giubilei Franco , Caselli Giulio , Casolla Barbara , Cavallari Michele , Vanacore Nicola , Leonori Rita , Scrocchia Ilaria , Fersini Anna , Quercia Augusto , Orzi Francesco
Published: November 2011

Background: Subjects with ischemic lesions have an increased risk of dementia. In addition, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment share many risk factors. These observations suggest that different diseases that cause altered blood perfusion of the brain or hypoxia promote AD neurodegeneration. In this case-control, cross-sectional study, we sought to test the hypothesis that hypoxia facilitates cognitive decline.Methods: We looked for altered neuropsychological performance in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) without apparent cardio- or cerebrovascular diseases or risk factors for atherosclerosis. A selected, homogeneous group of workers from two ceramic factories in a small town of central Italy was enrolled in this study. Results: The COPD patients had a slightly, but significantly worse performance than controls in a number of neuropsychological tests. Conclusion: The findings are consistent with the working hypothesis that chronic hypoxia facilitates cognitive decline.
The Remote Assessment of Melanocytic Skin Lesions: A Viable Alternative to Face-to-Face Consultation
Authors: Boyce Z. , Gilmore S. , Xu C. , Soyer H.P.
Published: November 2011

Background: The incidence of melanoma continues to rise in the Western world, prompting health care professionals to search for novel tools that may increase rates of early detection. Here we focus on one such tool: remote specialist diagnosis of melanocytic lesions utilising mobile-phone camera patient-generated clinical images. Objective: We aim to test the hypothesis that patient-generated clinical images utilising mobile phones are of acceptable quality, and that digital image diagnostic outcomes are comparable with face-to-face (FTF) diagnostic outcomes. Methods: Study participants were asked to photograph, using their mobile-phone camera any number of their own melanocytic naevi, and then upload these clinical images to a central server. Diagnostic accuracy of the management decision based on assessing these digital images was tested by comparing results from digital image assessment with results from FTF assessments. Results: We provide evidence that suggests potential patients are capable of uploading good quality clinical images of melanocytic lesions for diagnostic purposes, and we show that good concordance rates can be achieved with respect to digital image and FTF diagnostic outcomes. With respect to the latter, exact agreement was found in 116 of 167 assessable lesions (69%). Conclusions: This work suggests that specialist remote diagnosis of patient-generated clinical images of melanocytic lesions utilising mobile-phone cameras may be a viable alternative to traditional FTF assessments.
Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis with Thyroid Papillary Cancer in Multinodular Goiter: Case Report
Authors: Inaba Hidefumi , Suzuki Satoru , Takeda Teiji , Kobayashi Satoshi , Akamizu Takashi , Komatsu Mitsuhisa
Published: November 2011

Objective: To report a case of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) concomitant with thyroid cancer in multinodular goiter (MNG). Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A 61-year-old man treated with amiodarone for 5 years presented with mild sweating. He was found to have AIT simultaneously with thyroid papillary cancer and MNG. Administration of amiodarone was stopped, and he was treated with methimazole for AIT. Five weeks after the initial treatment, thyroid function normalized. Total thyroidectomy was considered to enable use of amiodarone again. Conclusion: This case showed that thyrotoxicosis, MNG and amiodarone may contribute to thyroid carcinogenesis. Amiodarone should be carefully commenced in cases with MNG.
Trapped Core Formation within a Shoaling Nonlinear Internal Wave
Authors: Lien Ren-Chieh , D’Asaro Eric A. , Henyey Frank , Chang Ming-Huei , Tang Tswen-Yung , Yang Yiing-Jang
Published: November 2011

Large-amplitude (100–200 m) nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) were observed on the continental slope in the northern South China Sea nearly diurnally during the spring tide. The evolution of one NLIW as it propagated up the continental slope is described. The NLIW arrived at the slope as a nearly steady-state solitary depression wave. As it propagated up the slope, the wave propagation speed C decreased dramatically from 2 to 1.3 m s−1, while the maximum along-wave current speed Umax remained constant at 2 m s−1. As Umax exceeded C, the NLIW reached its breaking limit and formed a subsurface trapped core with closed streamlines in the coordinate frame of the propagating wave. The trapped core consisted of two counter-rotating vortices feeding a jet within the core. It was highly turbulent with 10–50-m density overturnings caused by the vortices acting on the background stratification, with an estimated turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate of O(10−4) W kg−1 and an eddy diffusivity of O(10−1) m2 s−1. The core mixed continually with the surrounding water and created a wake of mixed water, observed as an isopycnal salinity anomaly. As the trapped core formed, the NLIW became unsteady and dissipative and broke into a large primary wave and a smaller wave. Although shoaling alone can lead to wave fission, the authors hypothesize that the wave breaking and the trapped core evolution may further trigger the fission process. These processes of wave fission and dissipation continued so that the NLIW evolved from a single deep-water solitary wave as it approached the continental slope into a train of smaller waves on the Dongsha Plateau. Observed properties, including wave width, amplitude, and propagation speed, are reasonably predicted by a fully nonlinear steady-state internal wave model, with better agreement in the deeper water. The agreement of observed and modeled propagation speed is improved when a reasonable vertical profile of background current is included in the model.
Parameterization of the Sedimentation of Raindrops with Finite Maximum Diameter
Authors: Ziemer Corinna , Wacker Ulrike
Published: November 2011

In common cloud microphysics parameterization models, the prognostic variables are one to three moments of the drop size distribution function. They are defined as integrals of the distribution function over a drop diameter ranging from zero to infinity. Recent works (by several authors) on a one-dimensional sedimentation problem have pointed out that there are problems with those parameterization models caused by the differing average propagation speeds of the prognostic moments.

In this study, the authors propose to define the moments over a finite drop diameter range of [0, Dmax], corresponding to the limitation of drop size in nature. The ratios of the average propagation speeds are thereby also reduced. In the new model, mean particle masses above a certain threshold depending on Dmax lead to mathematical problems, which are solved by a mirroring technique. An identical, one-dimensional sedimentation problem for two moments is used to analyze the sensitivity of the results to the maximum drop diameter and to compare the proposed method with recent works. It turns out that Dmax has a systematic influence on the model’s results. A small, finite maximum drop diameter leads to a better representation of the moments and the mean drop mass when compared to the detailed microphysical model.
Design and fabrication of a composite-antenna-structure for broadband frequency with microwave absorber
Authors: Kim Dongseob , Kim Jinyul , Kim Jaehee , Kim Minsung , Jun Oo-chul , Park Wee-sang , Hwang Woonbong
Published: November 2011

Here we design, fabricate, and study a composite-antenna-structure (CAS) with excellent electrical and mechanical properties. The CAS, consisting of a glass/epoxy face sheet and a honeycomb core, acts as a basic mechanical structure in which a spiral type antenna is embedded. To increase the signal intensity, a carbon fiber plate is used as the bottom sheet. This reflector interrupts radiation, causing the wave from the antenna source to flow to the end of the arms without sufficient radiation. To overcome this problem, a microwave absorber is used for unwanted radiation to reduce the effect of the reflector. We measured the antenna performance by the return loss, axial ratio, gain, and radiation pattern. The structure showed a bandwidth of 0.5–2 GHz and a gain of 5–9 dBi, with circular polarization characteristics and a reflection loss below −10 dB within the desired frequency band.
Hygrothermal durability and failure modes of FRP for marine applications
Authors: Santhosh K , Muniraju M , Shivakumar ND , Raguraman M
Published: November 2011

This article deals with the durability of 2D woven mat carbon/polyester, glass/isopolyester, and gel-coated glass/isopolyester reinforced composites under hygrothermic conditions with regard to marine applications. The test coupons were exposed to 60°C and 70°C at 95% RH for a maximum duration of 100 h. The samples were periodically withdrawn and weighed for moisture absorption and tested for the degradation in the mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength, and Young’s modulus and flexural modulus. Carbon/isopolyester-based specimens showed greater stability with respect to degradation in the mechanical properties than the glass/isopolyester/gel coat- and glass/isopolyester-based specimens. Glass/isopolyester exhibited the maximum moisture absorption, whereas the minimum moisture absorption was found in glass/isopolyester/gel coat. Diffusion coefficient ( D) was found to be the highest for glass/isopolyester and the lowest for glass/isopolyester/gel coat, based on the Fick’s law of diffusion. Diffusion coefficient increases with the increase in temperature for all the specimens. Microstructure study of fractured specimens was carried out using scanning electron microscope to compare matrix/fiber debonding and matrix-degradation of fiber-reinforced polymer composites.
Breaking Down Potential Barriers to Continued Program Participation
Authors: Serido Joyce , Borden Lynne M. , Wiggs Christine B.
Published: November 2011

Participation in youth programming fosters positive developmental outcomes for youth, yet recruitment and retention are ongoing challenges. Given the imbalance in rates of participation of ethnic minority youth, compared with White youth, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the contextual factors that promote or inhibit participation. In this study, the authors considered whether elements of positive youth programming, specifically youth voice and supportive relationships, would reduce potential barriers to continued program participation. Consistent with the extant literature, supportive relationships reduced potential barriers to continuing participation. The key finding from the study, however, showed that youth voice increased potential barriers to participation for ethnic minority youth but not for White youth. The implications for research and practice are discussed.
Typologies of Risk and Protection in the Lives of Filipino Street Children in Manila
Authors: Sta. Maria Madelene A. , Martinez Carmelo L. , Diestro Jose Maria A.
Published: November 2011

Focus group discussions with the youth living and working in the streets of Manila as well as interviews with key informants involved in intervention programs for these youth reveal several ways by which the youth may be protected from engaging in problem behaviors in and out of the streets. Findings reveal that conditions which promote the feeling of safety and of nurturance within familial relationships provide the children with a sense of protection and stability. The children are also protected when the community provides the child with opportunities to be productive and positively contribute to community life. The efficacy gained from their participation in productive communal life provides the street children with a sense of hope which allows them with an agency to chart their movement out of the streets.
Incremental learning of full body motion primitives and their sequencing through human motion observation
Authors: Kulić Dana , Ott Christian , Lee Dongheui , Ishikawa Junichi , Nakamura Yoshihiko
Published: November 2011

In this paper we describe an approach for on-line, incremental learning of full body motion primitives from observation of human motion. The continuous observation sequence is first partitioned into motion segments, using stochastic segmentation. Next, motion segments are incrementally clustered and organized into a hierarchical tree structure representing the known motion primitives. Motion primitives are encoded using hidden Markov models, so that the same model can be used for both motion recognition and motion generation. At the same time, the temporal relationship between motion primitives is learned via the construction of a motion primitive graph. The motion primitive graph can then be used to construct motions, consisting of sequences of motion primitives. The approach is implemented and tested during on-line observation and on the IRT humanoid robot.
Effects of plasma surface treatments of diamond-like carbon and polymeric substrata on the cellular behavior of human fibroblasts
Authors: López-Santos Carmen , Fernández-Gutiérrez Mar , Yubero Francisco , Vazquez-Lasa Blanca , Cotrino José , González-Elipe Agustín , Román Julio San
Published: November 2011

Surface properties play an important role in the functioning of a biomaterial in the biological environment. This work describes the influence of the changes that occurred on diamond-like carbon (DLC) and polymeric substrata by different nitrogen and ammonia plasmas treatments and its effects on the cell proliferation on these materials. All substrata were additionally subjected to the effect of neutral beams of nitrogen atoms and NH species for comparison purposes. Results about the proliferation, viability, and morphology of fibroblasts were correlated with surface chemical composition, surface tension, and topography. It was found that the presence of amine groups on the surface and the surface tension are beneficial factors for the cell growth. Surface roughness in DLC also plays a positive role in favoring cell adhesion and proliferation, but it can be detrimental for some of the treated polymers because of the accumulation of low molecular weight fragments formed as a result of the plasma treatments. Analysis of the overall results for each type of material allowed to define a unique parameter called ‘factor of merit’ accounting for the influence of the different surface characteristics on the cell deployment, which can be used to predict qualitatively the efficiency for cell growth.
Osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells on micro-patterned surfaces
Authors: Kaivosoja Emilia , Myllymaa Sami , Takakubo Yuya , Korhonen Hannu , Myllymaa Katja , Konttinen Yrjö T , Lappalainen Reijo , Takagi Michiaki
Published: November 2011

Osteogenic responses of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) were compared on square-patterned, inverse square-patterned, and planar titanium, chromium, diamond-like carbon (DLC), and tantalum; hypothesis was that both the materials and patterns affect osteogenesis. Samples were produced using photolithography and physical vapor deposition. Early-marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and mid-markers, small body size and mothers against decapentaplegic-related protein-1 (SMAD1), runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2), and osteopontin were studied using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. ALP and hydroxyapatite, were colorimetrically studied. ALP reached highest values on both patterned titanium samples, but mid-markers disclosed that it was already lagging behind planar and inverse patterned tantalum. Hydroxyapatite formation disclosed that osteo-induced hMSCs passed all the differentiation stages (except on planar chromium). Presence of hydroxyapatite disclosed that both types of patterning promoted ( p < 0.001) osteogenesis compared to planar samples. Results suggest that the osseocompatibility/integration of implants could be improved by changing the monotonous and featureless implant–host interface into micro-patterned interface to provide physical differentiation cues.
One man, one vote, one time? A model of democratization in the Middle East
Authors: Blaydes Lisa , Lo James
Published: November 2011

The protests associated with the 2011 Arab Spring represent a serious and sustained challenge to autocratic rule in the Middle East. Under what conditions will Arab protest movements translate into a full-fledged ‘fourth wave’ of democratization? We argue that questions about the commitment of Islamic political opposition to democracy beyond a country’s first free election may hinder Middle Eastern democratization. We extend Przeworski’s canonical model of political liberalization as described in Democracy and the Market (1991) and find that transition to democracy is only possible under two conditions. First, uncertainty regarding the preferences of key elite actors is a necessary condition for democratic transition. Second, the repressive capacity of the state must lie above a minimum threshold. Given these conditions, democracy can occur when two types of political actors meet – regime liberalizers who prefer democracy to a narrowed dictatorship, and civil society elite who honor democratic principles. While a series of influential studies have argued that authoritarian elites block democratic transition because of their fear of the economic redistributive preferences of the median voter, this study suggests that regime liberalizers in the Middle East suspect political openings could become a vehicle for Islamists to seize power through free elections only to deny the median voter another chance to express their will.
Comparison of human and animal femoral head chondral properties and geometries
Authors: Taylor Simon D , Tsiridis Eleftherios , Ingham Eileen , Jin Zhongmin , Fisher John , Williams Sophie
Published: November 2011

Investigations into tissue-preserving orthopaedic treatments should consider the tribology of articular cartilage; where simulations using animal joints are a predominant choice. However, very few studies have investigated the differences between human and animal cartilage. The aim of the present study was to characterise the differences in geometry and mechanical properties of human, porcine, bovine and ovine articular cartilage. Creep indentation was performed on osteochondral plugs taken from the superior region of femoral heads of all these species. Cartilage thickness was measured via the resistive force change of a needle descending through cartilage and bone. A biphasic finite element model was used to derive equilibrium elastic modulus and permeability. Results showed that human cartilage was significantly thicker than all other species tested. A positive correlation was found between femoral head diameter and cartilage thickness when comparing between species of quadrupeds. Human cartilage had the largest equilibrium elastic modulus, which was significant when comparing against porcine and bovine. However, porcine cartilage had significantly lower permeability. Significant differences in geometry and mechanical properties of articular cartilage were found between all species tested. It is necessary to consider these variations when choosing animal tissue to represent human.
Adherence to Antihypertensive Treatment and Its Determinants Among Urban Slum Dwellers in Kolkata, India
Authors: Bhandari Subhasis , Sarma P. Sankara , Thankappan Kavumpurathu R.
Published: November 2011

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and predictors of adherence to modern antihypertensive pharmacotherapy among slum dwellers in Kolkata, India. Prevalence of adherence based on patient self-reports of consuming ≥80% of the prescribed medications over a recall period of 1 week was found to be 73% (95% confidence interval = 68%-78%). Compared with their counterparts, the following patients were more likely to be adherent to treatment: patients hypertensive for ≥5 years (2.98 times), those whose hypertension was detected during checkups for conditions related to hypertension (2.35 times), those living with ≤4 family members (2.01 times), those with family income of ≥3000 rupees (2.56 times), those who were getting free drugs (4.16 times), patients perceiving current blood pressure to be under control (2.23 times), and those satisfied with current treatment (3.77). Those adherent to their prescribed medications were 1.71 times more likely to achieve adequate control of hypertension compared with those who were not adherent.
Awareness and Knowledge of Osteoporosis in Vietnamese Women
Authors: Nguyen Nguyen V. , Dinh Tri A. , Ngo Quang V. , Tran Vinh D. , Breitkopf Carmen Radecki
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Vietnamese women are at particular risk of osteoporosis and its complications. This study examined osteoporosis knowledge and awareness among Vietnamese women who have accessed health care. Methods. A sample of 217 women, 13 to 76 years of age, who were attending 1 of 2 health care facilities in Da Nang, Vietnam, between November and December 2009 completed a questionnaire assessing their awareness of osteoporosis and measuring their knowledge using a 30-item instrument reflecting 9 knowledge domains (eg, risk factors, diagnosis, prognosis). Results. A majority (81.6%) of the women had heard of osteoporosis. Awareness was associated with education, working in health care, and having a family member with osteoporosis. On average, Vietnamese women answered 49% of the knowledge questions correctly; scores ranged from 0 to 26 questions correct out of 30 (mean = 14.71 ± 5.2, median = 15). Mean knowledge scores were higher among those reporting a family member with osteoporosis, nurses (vs other vocations), and women with a high school education or greater (relative to those who had not completed high school). More than 90% of the women expressed interest in a prevention and treatment program. Conclusions. Vietnamese women may have heard of osteoporosis, yet they would benefit from education targeting prevention and treatment of the disease.
Changing Landscape of Malaria in China
Authors: Diouf Gorgui , Kpanyen Patrick N. , Tokpa Augustine F. , Nie Shaofa
Published: November 2011

Large-scale malaria control activities in China have been conducted with significant success, since the launch of the nationwide malaria control program. This study investigated the malaria distribution in China, particularly in provinces with high risks. Spatial and temporal data were assembled for all endemic or historically endemic areas and combined to identify common patterns and to investigate the actual changes in the burden of malaria in the country. Data were analyzed and the progress in malaria elimination feasibility was discussed. The results indicated that the current distribution of malaria and vectors associated could provide evidence on the assessment of the feasibility of the malaria elimination in China.
Drugs, Arms, and Arrowheads
Authors: Proulx Blythe Bowman
Published: November 2011

This article presents findings from a recent worldwide study of archaeological site looting, which largely fuels the international trade in illicitly obtained antiquities. Focused on practicing archaeologists’ opinions about and personal experiences with site looting, the study surveyed 2,358 archaeologists excavating throughout the world in 118 countries. Key findings presented here include archaeologists’ reports of connections between archaeological site looting and the production of and trade in methamphetamine across the United States. American archaeologists report run-ins with “meth heads” on their sites with increasing frequency. Other archaeologists working throughout the world report violent encounters with looters on site, some of whom even report being shot at and assaulted by looters. Overall findings suggest that archaeological fieldwork has become an increasingly dangerous occupation around the world.
Chernobyl and the Sublime Tourist
Authors: Goatcher Jeff , Brunsden Viv
Published: November 2011

The Chernobyl disaster has left a number of enduring effects. Aside from the contested numbers of fatalities attributable to the disaster, it has also left a number of physical symbols, and a cultural anxiety about technology and nuclear power in particular. This paper looks at a number of photographs from the Pripyat.com website that appear to share a visual grammar with ‘tourist snap-shots’. An iconological analysis of these images, which attempts to reconstruct the motivations behind such creative representation suggests that they can be read as attempts to capture a sense of ‘unrepresentable’ anxiety created by what has been called a ‘disenfranchisement of the senses’. This can be seen as an instance of the post-modern sublime, an enduring status of anxiety.
Anti-Imperial Rhetoric in the New Testament
Authors: Diehl Judy
Published: November 2011

The first of a series of three articles, this essay introduces current scholarship concerned with the use of anti-imperial rhetoric in the New Testament Gospels and the book of Acts. In the first century of the Common Era, if the powerful Roman Emperor was considered a god, what did that mean for the earliest Christians who committed loyalty to ‘another’ God? Was it necessary for the NT authors to employ subversive language, words and symbols, to conceal their true meanings from the imperial authorities in their communications to the first Christian communities? The answers to such key questions can give us a clearer picture of the culture, society and setting in which the NT was written. The purpose of this complex study is to observe how current biblical scholarship views anti-imperial rhetoric and anti-emperor implications found in the NT, assuming such rhetoric exists at all. This initial article reviews recent scholarship with respect to the background of the Roman Empire, current interpretive methods and research concerning anti-imperial rhetoric found in the NT Gospels and Acts.
Recent Scholarship on the Hodayot 1993–2010
Authors: Schuller Eileen M.
Published: November 2011

The Hodayot are a collection of poetic compositions of praise and thanksgiving that first became known with the discovery of the manuscripts in the caves of Qumran. These texts are preserved in eight copies, two found in cave l (1QHa, 1QHb) and six found in cave 4 (4QHa-e, 4QpapHf, 4Q427-432). This collection is reckoned, along with compositions such as the Rule of the Community, the War Scroll and the Pesharim, as one of the core sectarian documents of the specific type of Judaism reflected in the scrolls. The first part of this article describes the manuscripts, 1QHa, 1QHb, and 4QHa-f, with a specific focus on the distinctive features of each that contribute to our understanding of the nature and formation of the collection; the second part discusses specific topics that have been important in Hodayot research since the publication of the manuscripts from cave 4.