bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RIGID REACHABILITY, THE NON-SYMMETRIC FORM OF RIGID E-UNIFICATION
Authors: GANZINGER HARALD , JACQUEMARD FLORENT , VEANES MARGUS
Published: August 2002

We show that rigid reachability, the non-symmetric form of rigid E-unification, is already undecidable in the case of a single constraint. From this we infer the undecidability of a new and rather restricted kind of second-order unification. We also show that certain decidable subclasses of the problem which are [Formula: see text]-complete in the equational case become EXPTIME-complete when symmetry is absent. By applying automata-theoretic methods, simultaneous monadic rigid reachability with ground rules is shown to be PSPACE-complete. Moreover, we identify two decidable non-monadic fragments that are complete for EXPTIME.
RISK AND CAUSES-OF-RISK ASSESSMENT FOR AN EFFECTIVE INDUSTRIAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Authors: CAGNO E. , DI GIULIO A. , TRUCCO P.
Published: August 2002

It is widely accepted that progressive improvement of industrial safety is heavily dependent on the introduction of a systematic vision of man–machine–workplace interactions. In this respect, the risk assessment is one of the most critical tasks in the management of industrial safety. The paper presents a risk assessment approach, which uses analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to directly and holistically estimate risk, showing greater flexibility in comparison to traditional methods. In the first phase (risk assessment), given a work task, the methodology allows to support risk characterization and prioritization of hazards within a hierarchical framework. In the second phase (causes assessment), the proposed methodology supports the influence analysis of the main causes of risk — machine, operator, procedures and environment — providing management with a more rational framework to make decisions and allocate resources devoted to safety improvement actions. The methodology is illustrated with reference to a case study concerning machining operations.
THE TOTAL TIME ON TEST STATISTICS AND l1-ISOTROPY
Authors: HAYAKAWA YU
Published: August 2002

In the literature on the total time on test statistics, it is often assumed that the random variables are mutually independent. It is well known that the scaled total time on test statistics of i.i.d. exponential random variables are the order statistics of independent uniform random variables on (0, 1). We show that this is in fact a characterization property of the l1-isotropic sequence of random variables, which includes the sequence of i.i.d. exponential random variables as a special case.
SPATIAL QUERY PROCESSING USING GENERALIZED FILTER
Authors: ZHOU XIAOFANG , LIN XUEMIN , LIU CHENGFEI , CAO JINLI
Published: August 2002

Spatial data, ranging from various land information data to different types of environmental data, are typically collected and used by different custodians. The full benefits of using spatial data can be achieved by combining the data from different sources covering a common region. Due to organizational, political and technical reasons, it is unrealistic to physically integrate the vast amount of spatial data managed by different systems in different organizations. A practical approach is to provide interoperability to support multi-site data queries. In this paper, we study the performance aspect of complex spatial query processing. We propose a framework for processing queries with multiple spatial and aspatial predicates using data from multiple sites. Using a new concept called generalized filter, a query is processed in three steps. First, an aspatial filter that incorporates some conditions derived from spatial predicates is used to find a set of candidates, which is a superset of the final query results. Then, the candidates are manipulated and a refinement step is executed following an optimized candidate sequence. Finally, a post-processing step is used to handle spatial expressions in query results. The focus of this paper is to generate enhanced filters in order to minimize the need of transferring and processing complex spatial data.
MULTI-SOURCE SPANNING TREE PROBLEMS
Authors: FARLEY ARTHUR M. , FRAGOPOULOU PARASKEVI , KRUMME DAVID , PROSKUROWSKI ANDRZEJ , RICHARDS DANA
Published: August 2002

We consider a model of multicast communication in a network whereby multiple sources have messages to disseminate among all sites of a network. We propose that the messages from all sources are disseminated along the same spanning tree of the network and consider the problem of constructing an optimal such tree. One measure for suitability of the construction is the sum of distances from all sources to all other vertices. We show that finding the exact solution in this case in [Formula: see text]-hard (in the strong sense). We then investigate solutions for some restricted classes of graphs and give efficient algorithms for those. We also consider an alternative measure of goodness for the spanning tree, being the maximum eccentricity of a source. We show that the problem of finding such a minimum eccentricity spanning tree is somewhat easier to solve and give a pseudo-polynomial solution algorithm.
An Analogy between Colour and Spatial Coding
Authors: Clement Richard , Moorhead Ian
Published: August 2002

The early stages of colour coding are well established in that the trichromatic receptor stage is followed by a set of opponent colour channels. One interpretation of the sequence is that opponent channels carry unrelated aspects of the colour stimulus, unlike the cone channels. The overlap of the cone channels can be removed by decorrelating their spectral-sensitivity functions, and this procedure has been found to give opponent colour channels which match those found psychophysically. Since the known spatial-frequency channels also show considerable overlap, the question arises which aspects of the spatial stimulus are captured by decorrelating the spatial-frequency channels. The results of decorrelating the spatial-frequency channels are that the first decorrelated spatial filter acts as a broad bandpass filter which has a peak sensitivity at 7.9 cycles deg−1, and that the second decorrelated spatial filter acts as an opponent spatial-frequency channel, with a minimum output at a low (4.1 cycles deg−1) spatial frequency and a maximum output at a high (15.1 cycles deg−1) spatial frequency. The characteristics of the first decorrelated filter closely resemble the properties of the foveal perceptive field which have been used to explain the Hermann grid illusion. Thus, the decorrelation analysis produces a model for the functional organisation of the channel implementation at the neural and psychophysical levels, but which directly relates to the subjective appearance of the visual stimuli.
Footsteps and Inchworms: Illusions Show That Contrast Affects Apparent Speed
Authors: Anstis Stuart
Published: August 2002

A horizontal grey bar that drifts horizontally across a surround of black and white vertical stripes appears to stop and start as it crosses each stripe. A dark bar appears to slow down on a black stripe, where its edges have low contrast, and to accelerate on a white stripe, where its edges have high contrast. A light-grey bar appears to slow down on a white stripe and to accelerate on a black stripe. If the background luminances at the leading and trailing edges of the moving bar are the same, the bar appears to change speed, and if they are different the bar appears to change in length. A plaid surround can induce 2-D illusions that modulate the apparent direction, not just the speed, of moving squares. Thus, the motion salience of a moving edge depends critically on its instantaneous contrast against the background.
Model Studies Directed Towards the Synthesis of the Oxetane D-Ring of Paclitaxel: Assessment of the Oxyanion-Assisted Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction as a Means for Generating Oxete
Authors: Banwell Martin G. , Clark George R. , Hockless David C. R. , Pallich Susanne
Published: August 2002

In connection with attempts to generate oxete (8) via anionically assisted retro-Diels–Alder reaction, the oxetanes (11) and (12) have been prepared together with their acyclic analogues (35) and (36). The X-ray crystal structure of compound (11) has been determined. Each of the substrates (11), (12), (35) and (36) was treated with potassium hydride in the presence of 18-crown-6, conditions known to promote retro-Diels–Alder reactions in other systems. However, the first three substrates failed to engage in any such reaction even at temperatures up to 100˚C. In contrast, at 18˚C compound (36) reacted to give anthrone (13) in quantitative yield. These results indicate, inter alia, that regioelectronic effects play a crucial role in determining the success, or otherwise, of anionically-assisted retro-Diels–Alder reactions leading to polarized alkenes.
Effects of phosphonate and salicylic acid treatments on anthracnose disease development and ripening of 'Kensington Pride' mango fruit
Authors: Zainuri  , Joyce D. C. , Wearing H. , Coates L. , Terry L.
Published: August 2002

This study investigated treatment of mango
(Mangifera indica L.) fruit with 2 host
defence-promoting compounds for suppression of anthracnose disease
(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Cultivar
‘Kensington Pride’ fruit were treated at concentrations of up to
1000 mg/L with either potassium phosphonate or salicylic acid.
Applications were by various combinations of pre- and postharvest dips and
vacuum infiltration. Postharvest treatments at up to 2000 mg/L salicylic
acid were evaluated in a second fruiting season. Fruit were either
uninoculated or inoculated with the fungal pathogen. Colour, firmness and
disease-severity were assessed during shelf life at 23°C. There were
no significant (P>0.05) effects of potassium
phosphonate or salicylic acid on anthracnose disease severity in the first
season. Moreover, phosphonate or salicylic acid treatment did not
significantly affect fruit colour or firmness changes. There were significant
(P<0.05) reductions in anthracnose severity in
the second season, especially at the highest concentration of 2000 mg/L
salicylic acid. Mango fruit skin colour and firmness changes were also slowed
down significantly (P<0.05). These effects of
salicylic acid were attributed to inhibition of mango fruit skin ripening
(senescence).
The effect of a partial Y chromosome deletion in B10.BR-Ydel mice on testis morphology, sperm quality and efficiency of fertilization
Authors: Styrna Józefa , Bili´nska Barbara , Krzanowska Halina
Published: August 2002

Males of the mouse strain B10.BR/SgSn and its congenic mutant strain
B10.BR-Ydel, with a partial deletion of the Y
chromosome, were used to examine factors related to poor sperm quality and
quantity in the mutant strain. The testes of males from the two strains did
not differ in their immunohistochemical reaction to androgen receptors or in
the number of Sertoli and germ cells in tubules with normal morphology.
However, mutants showed a greater frequency of degenerated tubules, a higher
level of X–Y chromosome dissociation at meiosis (18%
v. 10% in control males), and a lower content of
resistant sperm heads in testis homogenates. In the cauda epididymidis, there
was a higher percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal heads (88%
v. 31%) and of spermatozoa with a cytoplasmic
droplet still attached (74% v. 51%). Many
sperm heads with flat acrosomes, occurring only in mutants (30% of
sperm population), were deficient in proteolytic enzymes, as evidenced by the
reaction on gelatine membranes. Most copulations of mutant males (11/18)
were sterile in spite of the presence of spermatozoa in the uterus, but in the
remaining copulations the fertilization rate was reasonably good (79%).
Low numbers of spermatozoa were recovered from the oviducts, and those with
the most severely deformed heads were less frequent there than in the uterus.
The results show that a partial deletion of the Y chromosome affects
efficiency of spermatogenesis, morphology of spermatozoa, their epididymal
maturation and capacity to reach the ampulla and fertilize eggs.
A molecular phylogeny of rainbow skinks (Scincidae: Carlia): taxonomic and biogeographic implications
Authors: Stuart-Fox Devi M. , Hugall Andrew F. , Moritz Craig
Published: August 2002

The phylogenetic relationships amongst 29 species of
Carlia and Lygisaurus were
estimated using a 726-base-pair segment of the protein-coding mitochondrial
ND4 gene. Results do not support the recent resurrection of the genus
Lygisaurus. Although most
Lygisaurus species formed a single clade, this clade is
nested within Carlia and includes
Carlia parrhasius. Due to this new molecular evidence,
and the paucity of diagnostic morphological characters separating the genera,
Lygisaurus de Vis 1884 is re-synonymised with
Carlia Gray 1845. Our analysis is also inconsistent with
a previous suggestion that Lygisaurus timlowi should be
removed to Menetia, a genus that is distantly related
relative to outgroups used here. Intraspecific variation in
Carlia is, in several instances, greater than
interspecific distance. The most strikingly divergent lineages are found
within C. rubrigularis, which appears to be
paraphyletic, with southern populations more closely related to
C. rhomboidalis than to northern populations of
C. rubrigularis. The two
C. rubrigularis–C. rhomboidalis lineages form part
of a major polytomy at an intermediate level of divergence. Lack of resolution
at this level, however, does not appear to be due to saturation or loss of
phylogenetic signal. Rather, the polytomy probably reflects a period of
relatively rapid diversification that occurred sometime during the Miocene.
MODULAR CONSTRUCTIONS OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORIES WITH INTERACTIONS
Authors: AKEROYD B. SCHROER , WIESBROCK H.-W.
Published: August 2002

We extend the previously introduced constructive modular method to nonperturbative QFT. In particular the relevance of the concept of "quantum localization" (via intersection of algebras) versus classical locality (via support properties of test functions) is explained in detail, the wedge algebras are constructed rigorously and the formal aspects of double cone algebras for d=1+1 factorizing theories are determined. The well-known on-shell crossing symmetry of the S-Matrix and of formfactors (cyclicity relation) in such theories is intimately related to the KMS properties of new quantum-local PFG (one-particle polarization-free) generators of these wedge algebras. These generators are "on-shell" and their Fourier transforms turn out to fulfill the Zamolodchikov–Faddeev algebra. As the wedge algebras contain the crossing symmetry information, the double cone algebras reveal the particle content of fields. Modular theory associates with this double cone algebra two very useful chiral conformal quantum field theories which are the algebraic versions of the light ray algebras.
ON THE FIRST MORITA-MUMFORD CLASS OF SURFACE BUNDLES OVER S1 AND THE ROCHLIN INVARIANT
Authors: KITANO TERUAKI
Published: August 2002

We consider the first Morita-Mumford class e1 of surface bundles over S1 as a bounded cohomology over Z. It is trivial in general. However in some class of surface bundles over S1 with spin structures, [Formula: see text] makes sense as a characteristic class of them and it is just the Rochlin invariant of such a 3-manifold. It gives a description of the Rochlin invariant as a secondary characteristic class.
FINITE TYPE LINK CONCORDANCE INVARIANTS
Authors: MELLOR BLAKE
Published: August 2002

This paper is a follow-up to [10], in which the author showed that the only real-valued finite type invariants of link homotopy are the linking numbers of the components. In this paper, we extend the methods used to show that the only real-valued finite type invariants of link concordance are, again, the linking numbers of the components.
TOTAL CURVATURES OF HOLONOMIC LINKS
Authors: EKHOLM TOBIAS , WEISTRAND OLA
Published: August 2002

A differential geometric characterization of the braid-index of a link is found. After multiplication by 2π, it equals the infimum of the sum of total curvature and total absolute torsion over holonomic representatives of the link.

Upper and lower bounds for the infimum of the total curvature over holonomic representatives of a link are given in terms of its braid- and bridge-index. Examples showing that these bounds are sharp are constructed.
CYSTIC LESION IN CARPAL BONE
Authors: Ikeda Masayoshi , Oka Yoshinori
Published: August 2002

Six cases of symptomatic cystic lesions of carpal bones which underwent operative treatment were reviewed. Definite diagnosis, etiology and treatment were also discussed. The lesions occurred in the scaphoid, lunate, capitate and triquetrum, and were multiple lesions in four of the six cases. Juxta-articular bone cyst was diagnosed in three cases: intraosseous cavity surrounded by fibrous membrane containing gelatinous material, and "bone cyst-like pathologic change" in three cases which contained fibrous connective tissue resembled the thick inner wall of juxta-articular bone cyst histologically. They were treated by curettage and cancellous bone grafting; the outcomes were favourable without complication. It is suggested that the minor trauma resulting from the carpal loading serves as a basis for intraosseous lesion, which initiates intramedullary metaplasia followed by fibrous connective tissue proliferation with/without mucin secretion, and forms cystic cavity.
HEALTH STATUS FOLLOWING RECESSIONAL ULNAR OSTEOTOMY
Authors: Jain Rina , Hudak Pamela , Vaughan C. , Bowen A.
Published: August 2002

This study describes the health status of 31 patients who underwent recessional ulnar osteotomy for ulnocarpal impingement. An additional lunotriquetral fusion was performed in 11/31 patients for joint degeneration. Outcomes included the DASH (Disability of arm, shoulder and hand) questionnaire, SF-36 Acute Health Survey, complications, and satisfaction with surgical outcome. Patients were stratified into two groups for analysis: osteotomy alone and osteotomy + fusion. The overall results indicated that osteotomy plus fusion in patients with more advanced ulnocarpal impingement did not equalise patients' post-operative health status to that reported by patients requiring osteotomy alone. Mean DASH and SF-36 physical component scores indicated better health status in the osteotomy group compared with the osteotomy + fusion group after surgery. Forty-one point nine per cent of patients required plate removal, and scar pain persisted in 58%. One patient in each group developed a non-union requiring revision surgery. Patients in both groups were generally satisfied with their surgical result, with a higher proportion of very or completely satisfied patients in the osteotomy group (65%) compared to the osteotomy + fusion group (27%). Overall, recessional ulnar osteotomy appears to be a successful procedure for the treatment of ulnocarpal impingement.
AGENTS IN OVERALLS: EXPERIENCES AND ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS
Authors: PARUNAK H. VAN DYKE
Published: August 2002

Agent technologies have steadily matured in moving from the research laboratory to industrial application over the last ten years. Numerous systems have been deployed or are under advanced development with strong industrial support. These systems suggest important lessons for both industry and researchers. From an industrial perspective, these examples reflect trends in both business and technology that make agents an increasingly attractive commercial tool. From a research perspective, these examples identify important gaps in agent technology that merit the attention of academicians.
Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics report: Survey of medication errors education during undergraduate and graduate medical education in the United States
Authors: Rosebraugh Curtis J. , Honig Peter K. , Yasuda Sally Usdin , Pezzullo John C. , Woosley Raymond L.
Published: August 2002

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 4–10; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.120676
Cardiovascular effect of almotriptan in treated hypertensive patients
Authors: Fleishaker Joseph C. , McEnroe Janet D. , Azie Nkechi E. , Francom Steven F. , Carel Barbara J.
Published: August 2002

Objective

Our objective was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of almotriptan, a 5‐hydroxytryptamine 1B/1D agonist, in treated patients with hypertension.

Methods

Twenty patients with hypertension controlled by medication received the following treatments in a randomized, double‐blind, crossover design: one placebo tablet, one 12.5‐mg almotriptan tablet, and one 25‐mg almotriptan tablet. Serial blood samples for analysis of almotriptan were obtained through 24 hours after administration. Serial measurements of supine blood pressure, 12‐lead electrocardiograms, and Holter electrocardiographic recordings were also obtained. Plasma almotriptan concentrations were measured with use of a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry assay. Differences between treatments in pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed with an ANOVA model appropriate for a crossover design. Blood pressure measures and QTc intervals were analyzed for treatment effects with use of a similar model. Analyses were performed on weighted mean and maximal changes from baseline for intervals from 0 to 4 and 0 to 12 hours after administration.

Results

Significant linear effects of dose were observed for the maximal change in diastolic blood pressure and for the maximal and mean changes in systolic blood pressure. These effects were consistent for both the 4‐ and 12‐hour periods after dosing. Mean changes from baseline during the interval from 0 to 4 hours were 1.59 ± 3.88, 1.85 ± 5.94, and 4.84 ± 5.99 mm Hg for systolic pressure and 1.38 ± 6.95, 6.25 ± 9.54, and 11.0 ± 10.6 mm Hg for diastolic pressure for placebo, 12.5 mg almotriptan, and 25 mg almotriptan, respectively. No instances of hypertensive crisis were observed. No QTc interval prolongation was observed.

Conclusions

Almotriptan has effects on blood pressure in subjects with controlled hypertension that are consistent with those of other members of the pharmalogic class.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 169–175; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121372
Institutional Re(turns) and the Strategic – Relational Approach
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: August 2002

The author distinguishes and comments on three different forms of the institutional turn: thematic, methodological, and ontological. He argues that there is a wide range of institutional turns that have been undertaken for quite different theoretical, empirical, and policy-related reasons; and suggests that the returns from any given institutional turn are by no means guaranteed to be positive. The different senses in which ‘institutions matter’ are explored and the need to contextualize the institutional turn, both at more macro and at more microlevels, is also emphasized. One way of undertaking this contextualization is through the ‘strategic – relational approach’ with its concern with both the structural and the strategic dimensions of a contextualized institutional analysis. As well as presenting the approach in general terms, the author also illustrates its relevance to the spatiotemporal dimensions of institutional analysis. Eight broad conclusions about the institutional turn are presented.
Exploring Isovist Fields: Space and Shape in Architectural and Urban Morphology
Authors: Batty Michael
Published: August 2002

The space that can be seen from any vantage point is called an isovist and the set of such spaces forms a visual field whose extent defines different isovist fields based on different geometric properties. I suggest that our perceptions of moving within such fields might be related to these geometric properties. I begin with a formal representation of isovists and their fields, introducing simple geometric measures based on distance, area, perimeter, compactness, and convexity. I suggest a feasible computational scheme for measuring such fields, and illustrate how we can visualize their spatial and statistical properties by using maps and frequency distributions. I argue that the classification of fields based on these measures must be a prerequisite to the proper analysis of architectural and urban morphologies. To this end, I present two hypothetical examples based on simple geometries and three real examples based on London's Tate Gallery, Regent Street, and the centre of the English town of Wolverhampton. Although such morphologies can often be understood in terms of basic geometrical elements such as corridors, streets, rooms, and squares, isovist analysis suggests that visual fields have their own form which results from the interaction of geometry and movement. To illustrate how such analysis can be used, I outline methods of partitioning space, covering it with a small number of relatively independent isovists, and perceiving space by recording properties of the isovist fields associated with paths through that space.
Amplitude and Spatial-Period Discrimination in Sinusoidal Gratings by Dynamic Touch
Authors: Nefs Harold T , Kappers Astrid M L , Koenderink Jan J
Published: August 2002

We measured discrimination thresholds for sinusoidal gratings using active dynamic touch. In the first experiment we measured the thresholds for amplitude discrimination as a function of amplitude and spatial period. Thresholds ranged between 10.8% and 15.8% of the standard amplitude. We showed that amplitude differences as small as 2 μm can be detected. We found that Weber fractions for amplitude discrimination are constant over a range of amplitudes, but are influenced by the spatial period of the grating; discrimination improved with increasing spatial period. In the second experiment we determined the thresholds for spatial-period discrimination. We used the same design as in the first experiment. Weber fractions ranged from 6.4% to 11.8%. Amplitude was found to have no effect on the Weber fractions for spatial-period discrimination. However, the spatial period had an effect on the Weber fractions: larger spatial periods yielded lower Weber fractions.
GROUND STATES OF A GENERAL CLASS OF QUANTUM FIELD HAMILTONIANS
Authors: ARAI ASAO , HIROKAWA MASAO
Published: August 2002

We consider a model of a quantum mechanical system coupled to a (massless) Bose field, called the generalized spin-boson model (A. Arai and M. Hirokawa, J. Funct. Anal. 151 (1997), 455–503), without infrared regularity condition. We define a regularized Hamiltonian H (ν) with a parameter ν ≥ 0 such that H = H (0) is the Hamiltonian of the original model. We clarify a relation between ground states of H (ν) and those of H by formulating sufficient conditions under which weak limits, as ν → 0, of the ground states of H (ν)'s are those of H. We also establish existence theorems on ground states of H (ν) and H under weaker conditions than in the previous paper mentioned above.
A BAYESIAN METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING THE FAILURE RATE OF SOFTWARE
Authors: JESKE DANIEL R. , QURESHI M. AKBER , MULDOON EUNAN
Published: August 2002

When software is tested according to the customer's operational profile, many techniques exist in the literature for using the resulting failure data to estimate the customer-perceived failure rate. Unfortunately, the overhead associated with defining and using the customer's operational profile during a system test can be significant. As a compromise, many projects test the software by executing it over a sustained period of time using simulated load scenarios that represent informed judgments of what the customer environment is likely to be. By itself, the load test data is suspect for estimating the customer-perceived failure rate since the load scenarios may not be accurate representations of the customer's usage patterns. Moreover, the load test data is limited by the relatively small amount of time that is set aside for load testing.

In some cases the release being tested is an evolution of a previous release already in the field. The field experience with the previous release along with a characterization of the difference between the two releases are natural sources of information for building a prior distribution of the failure rate of the new release. The load test data can then be used to obtain a posterior distribution of the failure rate of the new release. The posterior distribution inherently reflects the customer's operational profile through its dependence on the field data, and effectively enlarges the set of data from which inference about the failure rate of the new release is to be made. In this paper, we develop a model for the prior distribution of the failure rate, and obtain the corresponding posterior distribution. We illustrate our modeling approach using real data collected from one of our software products.
ISOLATED DORSAL DISLOCATION OF THE 5TH CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT
Authors: Vijayasekaran Vijith Sujeevan , Briggs Patrick
Published: August 2002

Injuries to the carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are uncommon injuries and isolated dislocation of these joints occurs very infrequently. The 4th and 5th CMC joints are predominantly involved in CMC joint injuries. The detection of CMC joint injuries requires a high index of suspicion and often depends on special radiographic views.

This article present a case report of a mid-shaft fracture of the 4th metacarpal which was associated with an isolated dislocation of the 5th CMC joint. An overview of the incidence, mechanism of injury, anatomy, clinical and radiological assessment of injuries involving dorsal dislocation of the 5th carpometacarpal joint is presented.
PERSPECTIVES ON AN INTEGRATED CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MODEL
Authors: ANUMBA C. J. , BOUCHLAGHEM N. M. , WHYTE J. , DUKE A.
Published: August 2002

This paper reviews the growing interest in an integrated construction project model, and examines the fundamental concept of an integrated project model by discussing the various definitions that have evolved as well as the various approaches to its development. The nature of collaborative communications that the integrated project model needs to support is also discussed, as are the enabling information and communications technologies that may have a role in the realization of the model. The paper concludes with some thoughts on the future development of the integrated construction project model.
Analgesic efficacy of rectal versus oral acetaminophen in children after major craniofacial surgery
Authors: van der Marel Caroline D. , van Lingen Richard A. , Pluim Marien A.L. , Scoones Gail , van Dijk Monique , Vaandrager J.Michael , Tibboel Dick
Published: August 2002

Background

Analgesic acetaminophen (INN, paracetamol) plasma concentrations after major surgery in neonates and infants have not yet been established in the literature. We therefore conducted a study in our intensive care unit.

Methods

Forty children, mean (standard deviation) age, 10.3 (2.3) months, received 20 mg/kg acetaminophen either orally (n = 20) or rectally (n = 20) every 6 hours after a rectal loading dose (40 mg/kg) during elective craniofacial correction. Blood samples were taken 1 hour before and 2 hours after administration of acetaminophen maintenance doses; pain scores were obtained every 3 hours.

Results

Acetaminophen plasma concentrations were higher in patients receiving rectal acetaminophen (mean area under the concentration‐time curve [AUC], 171.2 mg · h/L) than in patients receiving oral acetaminophen (mean AUC, 111.9 mg · h/L). Pain scores were higher in patients receiving oral acetaminophen. However, after exclusion of the patients who vomited from the group receiving oral acetaminophen, acetaminophen plasma concentrations and pain scores did not differ between the groups. There was no relation between acetaminophen plasma concentrations and pain scores. Although 9 of all 40 patients (22.5%) did not reach the expected analgesic acetaminophen plasma concentrations of 10‐ to 20 mg/L, <7.5% of the visual analog scale pain scores exceeded 4 cm, which was considered as a cutoff point.

Conclusion

These are the first data showing that the analgesic acetaminophen plasma concentration after major surgery in this age group does not always reach the 10 to 20 mg/L level. These data also show that, after a rectal loading dose of 40 mg/kg has been given during surgery, the best way of administering acetaminophen after craniofacial surgery is the rectal route.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 82–90; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.116794
CD4 response is correlated with peak plasma concentrations of indinavir in adults with undetectable human immunodeficiency virus ribonucleic acid
Authors: Anderson Peter L. , Brundage Richard C. , Kakuda Thomas N. , Fletcher Courtney V.
Published: August 2002

We retrospectively evaluated correlates of increases in CD4 cell count in antiretroviral agent‐naive subjects with fewer than 50 copies per milliliter of plasma human immunodeficiency virus ribonucleic acid who were participating in a study of indinavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine therapy. Pharmacologic data from intensive pharmacokinetic studies and baseline patient characteristics were evaluated as predictors of the increase in CD4 count from baseline to weeks 24, 56, and 80. Relations were investigated with regression analysis. Of all covariates, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of indinavir was significantly and uniquely associated with increases in CD4 count from baseline to all end points (P = .002 at week 80; n = 20). At week 80, subjects with a Cmax greater than the overall group median value of 7 μg/ml had an increase in CD4 count of 358 cells/μl versus 197 cells/μl for those with a Cmax less than 7 μg/ml (P = .006). These data suggest distinct pharmacodynamic relations exist for immune reconstitution and suppression of plasma human immunodeficiency virus ribonucleic acid. We hypothesize this new finding may be associated with expression of P‐glycoprotein.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 280–285; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121910
Improving the pre-weaning nutrition of calves by supplementation of the cow and/or the calf while grazing low quality pastures. 1. Cow production
Authors: Hennessy D. W. , Wilkins J. F. , Morris S. G.
Published: August 2002

Large numbers of weaner calves destined for meat production in Australia are
born to cows grazing low quality pastures and have low growth rates to
weaning. A study was undertaken in a New South Wales subtropical coastal area
(Grafton, 29°38′S, 152°54′E) to increase
these growth rates by supplementing cows to mid lactation and/or their
calves up to weaning. This paper reports on the effects of these
supplementation regimes on cow production. Cows were either not supplemented
or supplemented with cottonseed meal twice-a-week at 4.2 kg/head over 145
days, commencing before the expected start of calving. Calves, depending on
their treatment group, either had unrestricted access to a ‘creep’
containing a high-energy, high-protein pellet given from 75 or 150 days old,
or had no access at all to ‘creep’ feed. However, all cows and
their calves had access to mineral blocks.
Cottonseed meal-supplemented cows were heavier (408 v.
362 kg) and had higher condition scores (3.3 v. 2.9
units) than non-supplemented cows when weighed and scanned in November 1996,
after all cows had calved, and they maintained these differences until April
1997 when calves were weaned. There was a trend for cows, whose calves had
access to a ‘creep’ from 150 days old, to gain weight towards the
end of lactation whereas cows from other treatment groups lost weight.
Non-supplemented cows had a 3-fold greater daily intake of mineral blocks than
cottonseed meal cows (178 v. 61 g/cow) providing
them with an additional 9.8 g phosphorus/cow. Cottonseed meal cows were
observed to have fewer grazing incidences (60 v.
75% of activities) during supplementation than non-supplemented cows,
with grazing instances increasing for all cows during lactation. Cottonseed
meal cows whose calves had access to ‘creep’ feed continued to
have fewer grazing incidences (74 v. 90%) than
other cows 70 days post-supplementation. Milk yield was higher in cottonseed
meal cows than in non-supplemented cows (4.8 v. 4.0
kg/day). Following a synchronised insemination program, at the end of
cottonseed meal supplementation, the pregnancy rate of formerly cottonseed
meal-supplemented cows was twice that (40 v. 20%)
of non-supplemented cows. The combination of cottonseed meal supplements and
macrominerals from blocks improved cow liveweight, condition score, milk yield
and fertility, and was a successful strategy for increasing production from
low quality pastures.
Melaleuca dichroma, a new name for M. virgata (Benth.) Craven, nom. Illeg. (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Craven L. A. , Lepschi B. J.
Published: August 2002

A new name, Melaleuca dichroma, is proposed for
M. virgata (Benth.) Craven, a later homonym of
M. virgata (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) L.f.
Systematics and biogeography of pygmy possums (Burramyidae : Cercartetus)
Authors: Osborne M. J. , Christidis L.
Published: August 2002

Mitochondrial DNA sequences from the ND2 gene were used to investigate the
systematic relationships within pygmy possums
(Cercartetus) at the subspecies and species level. The
phylogenetic relationships identified between
Cercartetus species using partitioned ND2 sequences are
in agreement with published morphological characters.
C. caudatus was identified as the basal member of this
assemblage, whilst C. nanus and
C. concinnus are linked to the exclusion of
C. lepidus. Molecular data identifies some
inconsistencies in the assignment of subspecies within
Cercartetus, suggesting that revision may be warranted.
ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOUR OF SOLUTIONS OF GINZBURG–LANDAU AND RELATED EQUATIONS
Authors: OVCHINNIKOV YU. N. , SIGAL I. M.
Published: August 2002

In this paper we find asymptotic behaviour of solutions of the Ginzburg–Landau equation at the spatial infinity. Our method uses very little of a particular structure of the non-linearity and can be extended to a larger class of related equations.
Use of a spontaneous adverse drug events database for identification of unanticipated drug benefits
Authors: Brinker Allen , Beitz Julie
Published: August 2002

We describe an examination of a spontaneous adverse events database in an effort to identify agents with possible hitherto unknown antiangiogenic properties. The surrogate end point was abnormal wound healing. This analysis represents use of this database for identification of a possibly useful in vivo side effect. Through thoughtful choice of end points, we believe spontaneous adverse events databases have the capacity for hypothesis generation in a search for unanticipated beneficial drug properties.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 99–102; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.120677
Shed human enterocytes as a tool for the study of expression and function of intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters
Authors: Glaeser Hartmut , Drescher Siegfried , van der Kuip Heiko , Behrens Christoph , Geick Anke , Burk Oliver , Dent John , Somogyi Andrew , von Richter Oliver , Griese Ernst‐Ulrich , Eichelbaum Michel , Fromm Martin F.
Published: August 2002

Objectives

Intestinal metabolism and transport are now recognized as protective barriers against orally ingested xenobiotics, including drugs. However, in vitro studies of the expression and function of intestinal proteins are hampered by the limited availability of human intestinal tissues. Because enterocytes are constantly shed in large numbers into the gut lumen, this study investigated whether these cells could be collected with a multilumen perfusion catheter and whether they are functionally active.

Methods

In healthy volunteers, a 20‐cm isolated jejunal segment was generated with the perfusion catheter by inflating 2 balloons with air. Shed cells were characterized by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis for leukocyte‐specific CD45 and enterocyte‐specific villin, as well as for apoptosis. Homogenates of the cells were used for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Cytochrome P450 enzyme activity was determined with the calcium channel blocker verapamil as a substrate.

Results

On average, 4.83 mg protein and 56.23 million cells were collected from a 20‐cm segment during 2 hours. A total of 84.2% of the cells were positive for enterocyte‐specific villin, and only 1.6% of the collected cells were positive for CD45. The majority of cells (65.3%) were not in early or late apoptosis or necrosis. In all volunteers, drug‐metabolizing enzymes (such as members of the cytochrome P450 family) could be detected as both messenger ribonucleic acid and proteins. Consistent with expression data, formation of verapamil metabolites catalyzed by CYP3A4 and CYP2C was shown.

Conclusions

The majority of shed human enterocytes collected with a multilumen perfusion catheter were still functionally active and not apoptotic. Harvesting of spontaneously shed enterocytes provides a new tool for studies on expression and function of intestinal proteins.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 131–140; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121370
Time course of 8‐methoxypsoralen concentrations in skin and plasma after topical (bath and cream) and oral administration of 8‐methoxypsoralen
Authors: Tegeder Irmgard , Bräutigam Lutz , Podda Maurizio , Meier Silke , Kaufmann Roland , Geisslinger Gerd , Grundmann‐Kollmann Marcella
Published: August 2002

Background

The combination of 8‐methoxypsoralen with ultraviolet A exposure (PUVA therapy) is a standard treatment for a variety of dermatoses. The following three variants have been described: oral, bath, or cream PUVA. To achieve optimal therapeutic effects, ultraviolet A irradiation should be performed at the time of maximum photosensitivity, that is, at the time of maximum 8‐methoxypsoralen tissue concentrations.

Methods

To further specify this point of time, we assessed the concentration–time courses of 8‐methoxypsoralen in the skin after oral, bath, and cream administration of 8‐methoxypsoralen in a 3‐way crossover microdialysis study of 8 healthy subjects.

Results

Tissue concentrations after oral administration of 0.6 or 1 mg/kg 8‐methoxypsoralen were low (peak plasma concentration range, 1.7–6.6 ng/ml) compared with topical administration for which maximum concentrations of 200 to 520 ng/ml and 720 to 970 ng/ml were achieved with 0.1% 8‐methoxypsoralen cream and 3 mg/L 8‐methoxypsoralen bath, respectively. Plasma concentrations after oral 8‐methoxypsoralen, however, were up to 1000‐fold higher than those found after topical application. With both topical applications, the tissue peak concentration uniformly occurred in the first 20 minutes after the end of the application time. In contrast, the time to reach the tissue peak concentration after oral administration ranged from 1 to 4 hours.

Conclusions

The time course of tissue concentrations corresponds closely with the time course of minimal phototoxic doses found in previous studies. Because tissue concentrations after topical administration of 8‐methoxypsoralen (bath and cream) were high compared with plasma concentrations and because they were less variable and occurred at better predictable time points than those after oral administration, we suggest that topical PUVA is superior to systemic PUVA, at least from a pharmacokinetic point of view.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 153–161; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121908
Cyberspatial Cognition and Individual Access to Information: The Behavioral Foundation of Cybergeography
Authors: Kwan Mei-Po
Published: August 2002

In this paper I will examine individual access to information on the Internet through a cognitive-behavioral perspective. I argue that the objective structure of information resources in cyberspace is not helpful for understanding the experience of individual accessibility in cyberspace. Instead, cyberspatial cognition is crucial in constituting the effective cyber-environment and shaping human cyberspatial behavior. I propose a behavioral model of cyber-accessibility and examine how notions underlying conventional accessibility measures such as impedance and opportunity set can be extended for measuring individual cyber-accessibility. I argue that theories about spatial learning, cognitive mapping, and decision-making behavior are helpful for understanding individual cyberspatial behavior. This suggests that behavioral theories and models may provide a theoretical foundation for cybergeography.
Location, Location, Location: The Geography of the Dot Com Problem
Authors: Wilson Mark I
Published: August 2002

Cyberspace is often portrayed as a seamless expanse, with browsers of the web rarely made aware of the geographic location of a page. For all its professed aspatiality, however, analysis of the organization of cyberspace offers continuing proof of the presence of geographically determined influences. Beyond the core domain names suffixes (.com, .gov, .net, and .org) domains usually carry geographic identification (.uk, .au, .jp, and so on). As desirable domains are registered, organizations and individuals seek web locations in new areas to claim high visibility on the Internet. After examining the regulation, legal jurisdiction, and geography of domain name registration, in this paper I analyze the experience of six countries that have commercially attractive top-level domain names: American Samoa, Moldova, Nuie, Tonga, Turkmenistan, and Tuvalu. These domains illustrate how geographic issues can emerge in the practice of electronic interaction and identity.
Property, Care, and Environment
Authors: O'Neill John
Published: August 2002

One influential approach to environmental problems holds that their solution requires the definition of full liberal property rights over goods that will enable their value to be registered in actual or hypothetical markets. How adequate is that solution? In this paper I offer reasons to be sceptical, by placing recent liberal arguments in the context of older debates about property, in particular those concerned with the distribution of care. Although proposals for the extension of liberal property rights over environmental goods often appeal to arguments from the need to distribute care, I show that there are conflicts between them. Care for particular places that embody the life of a community that has an existence over time is often expressed through resistance to liberal property rights. We express mutual obligations to members of a community through a denial of exclusive property rights over certain common goods. Also, what constitutes care for environmental goods itself is contested across class, occupation, culture, and history. Conflicts between those with different conceptions of care are often expressed through conflicts in property rights. The justification of property rights by appeal to particular accounts of proper care has, from the time of Locke to the present, been invoked to legitimate the appropriation of goods. The introduction and maintenance of liberal property-rights regimes involves the creation and sustenance of a particular distribution of social power, and should be understood as such.
Claiming Legitimacy: Analysing Conflict in the Environmental Policy Process
Authors: Vira Bhaskar
Published: August 2002

The author presents a conceptual framework for the analysis of conflicting claims in the environmental policy context. It is suggested that claims can be analysed at three distinct levels: the social process of legitimisation and justification; the legal process of recognition and protection; and the political process of realisation. Outcomes depend in a complex and dynamic manner on the interaction of claims at each of these levels. An appreciation of these links may significantly enhance our understanding of the environmental policy process.