bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contributions to the Petrology of Barnavave, Carlingford, I.F.S.—4. Some Limestone Xenoliths enclosed in the Junction Hybrids
Authors: Nockolds S. R. , Mitchell R. L.
Published: May 2009

The limestone xenoliths about to be described were collected on the eastern side of Barnavave from a disused quarry situated at the junction between the “junction hybrids” and the surrounding Carboniferous limestone. The material comes from loose blocks left over during quarrying operations. Both the hybrids and the metamorphosed limestones have been dealt with in detail elsewhere1 and will only be referred to incidentally here.
Types and figured specimens of Lower Palaeozoic Trilobites in the University Museum, Oxford
Authors: Edmonds James M.
Published: May 2009

Seventy specimens of trilobites are listed and reference is made to the works in which they were figured and described. Many of them were originally hi private collections which have been deposited in the University Museum since the time of the publication. The specimens have been allotted numbers under a scheme of registration which it is intended should eventually incorporate the whole of the research and reference palaeontological collections under the care of the Professor of Geology at Oxford.
Ranikothalia in East and West Indies
Authors: Davies L. M.
Published: May 2009

The author emphasizes the distinction of the marine Paleocene fauna of India from that of Europe, and its resemblance to that of the West Indies (Antilles). He suggests a marine connection between West and East Indies across North Africa, south of the Mediterranean region, in basal Tertiary times, before the Americas had drifted far from Europe and Africa.
Dyke Phenomena of the Dicq Rock, Jersey, C.I.
Authors: Casimir M. , Henson Frederick A.
Published: May 2009

The granite of the Dicq Rock is traversed by several veins of fine grained aplogranite. These in turn are cut by a large dolerite dyke, which has been intruded into a brecciated fault zone within the granite. Three large blocks of granite occur within the dolerite; these originally formed the southern boundary of the fault. The petrography of these rocks, and the influence of the micro-breccia upon the textures found in the marginal and central part of the dolerite, are considered in detail.
On the Jurassic Lamellibranch Genera Hartwellia and Pronoella
Authors: Cox L. R.
Published: May 2009

The genus Hartwellia was founded by the late Dr. F. L. Kitchin (1926) for the reception of the well-known species from the Hartwell Clay which J. de C. Sowerby (1845, pl. Dcxlv, figs. 4, 5) had figured under the name Astarte hartwellensis. Kitchin was able to study specimens in which the hinge had been very clearly prepared and published excellent figures and a very detailed description of the internal as well as of the external characters of the shell.
The Identification of Graptolites
Authors: Elles G. L.
Published: May 2009

There are unfortunately few graptolites that have retained their original chitinous periderm;when these are preserved in rocks of suitable composition they may be isolated from the matrix, and having escaped distortion, may then be studied more or less in their original condition, and much of our knowledge concerning the structure shown by this group of fossils has, in recent years, been derived from such specimens;these, since they are preserved more or less in relief, differ greatly in appearance from the film-like fossils which are of far commoner occurrence, and which can rarely be taken at their face value, but require some degree of interpretation before identification is possible. Lapworth and Nicholson both recognized this, and it is much to be deplored that modern palaeontologists too often ignore this necessity for interpretation and take graptolites at their face value, with the result that specimens that are only views of well-known species are described as new species or varieties, and the literature of the subject is again being burdened with a number of names of no scientific value or significance.
A Note on Bathonian Gastropods Assigned to Freshwater Genera
Authors: Watson Hugh
Published: May 2009

It is claimed that the Bathonian gastropods recently assigned to Bathonella Yen do appear to not differ from Viviparus in any marked features of generic importance, and that there is really no satisfactory evidence to show that they and certain associated organisms lived in the sea rather than in fresh or brackish water.
On the Age of the Fauna of the Bugti Bone Beds, Baluchistan
Authors: Eames F. E.
Published: May 2009

The vertebrate fauna from the Bugti Bone Beds was at first assigned an Upper Nari age by Pilgrim. Later, he assigned them to the Gaj, on the basis of the identification of three species of Ostrea by Vredenburg. Regional field work carried out by members of the geological staff of the Burmah Oil Co., Ltd., showed that the beds really belonged to the Upper Nari after all. Re-examination shows that the identifications of the oysters cannot be upheld, and that there is no palaeontological evidence against the beds being of Upper Nari (Basal Miocene) age. It is therefore necessary to regard the vertebrate fauna as being of Upper Nari (Basal Miocene) age. A list of the species is given for purposes of reference.
Growth Stages in some Species of Promicroceras
Authors: Currie Ethel D.
Published: May 2009

In a recent study of the growth stages of Promicroceras marstonense (Currie, 1942), it was shown that apart from slight individual variations, the growth-ratios exhibited changes at certain stages, which are characteristic of the species. A similar investigation has now been carried out with material representing other species of Promicroceras, in order to ascertain how far there is general agreement within the genus and the extent to which any differences are typical of the various species studied.
Transgressive Upper Eocene in Palestine
Authors: Avnimelech M.
Published: May 2009

Several years ago I wrote a number of papers on the results of my investigations in a synclinal area near Megiddo, south-east of Mount Carmel, which I called “ the syncline of Megiddo ”. In the thick Eocene series of this syncline two distinct horizons of Lower and Upper Lutetian have been recognized. Above the Lutetian beds some patches of transgressive Upper Oligocene are preserved. Unfortunately the publications were based on investigations of only the north-eastern border of the whole synclinal region, further field explorations having been made impossible by the riots in 1936−39. In the summer of 1942 I renewed my fieldwork, which has led to a discovery of an Upper Eocene transgression over a probable Middle Eocene series.
The Age of the Reef-Limestones in the Lower Carboniferous of North Derbyshire
Authors: Parkinson Donald
Published: May 2009

Shirley and Horsfield (1940) in describing the Carboniferous Limestone of the Castleton-Bradwell area in North Derbyshire submitted evidence that the richly fossiliferous rocks of B2 age, the “Castleton reef knoll limestones lie with strong unconformity on the D1-D2 limestones, being piled against steep slopes or cliffs of Mid-Carboniferous age of at least 550 feet. The Nun Low limestones of P age follow with a similar relationship to the Castleton Limestones”.
Oahu Valley Sculpture: A Composite Review
Authors: Cotton C. A.
Published: May 2009

Some remarks recently made by Dr. Rastall in the Geological Magazine have drawn attention to a present need for objective study of valley sculpture in tropical rain-forest regions. Pending the collection of further data in difficult terrains like the Malay Peninsula and the Owen Stanley Range of New Guinea we have available some well-reasoned theories that have been offered in explanation of the peculiar forms assumed by most Hawaiian valleys—forms that are perhaps peculiar only when judged by cool-temperate standards.
The Study of Ammonites in Thin, Median Sections
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

During the preparation of the second part of the Catalogue of Ammonoidea of the Trias, several hundred thin median sections of ammonites were prepared and examined. Structural features of such sections are shown to have helped in the interpretation of Didymites, Lobites, and Paraganides, and some reference is made to characters of other genera, mainly Trachyceratida.
Metamorphism of the Trias in the Alps
Authors: Perrin R. , Roubault M.
Published: May 2009

In a previous number of theGeological MagazineProfessor O. T. Jones questioned the existence of the metamorphism of the Trias in the autochthonous Alps. The authors give a reply stating accurately their observations. They also recall similar observations made by other authors.

The assemblage of facts cited enables us to assert that this metamorphism exists. The problem is very complex indeed; but the fact that this metamorphism seems to be in contradiction to the classical theories about alpine orogenesis does not allow one to deny its reality. The authors maintain that the solution of the problem must be looked for in the new ideas on “fronts” of metamorphism.
The Fauna of the Rhaetic Beds in South Nottinghamshire
Authors: Johnson M. R. W.
Published: May 2009

The Rhaetic section at Newark is described and compared with sections further south. The Lower Rhaetic is locally sub-zoned by constant bone-bed horizons. In the south-west of the area a much richer fauna occurs and the zone-fossil Pteria contorta appears lower in the succession. The explanation offered is that a lagoon phase existed in the more northerly district.
The Significance of Terraces due to Climatic Oscillation
Authors: Cotton C. A.
Published: May 2009

When describing river terraces in his recently published account of the “Ice Age in West China” Richardson has assumed without question that in a period characterized by climatic oscillation wetter (and generally also colder) episodes result in aggradation and that degradation follows diminished precipitation.
Leicestershire Climate in Triassic Time
Authors: Watts W. W.
Published: May 2009

Much has been written on the subject of the physical and climatal conditions under which the Trias was deposited. Mention may be made of the work of Goodchild, 1896; Mellard Reade; Bonney, 1900, 1902; Lomas, 1907; and Bosworth, 1912. Their papers show a general concensus of opinion that the deposit took place under continental and desert conditions in an extremely arid climate. An important discovery made in 1899 by Mr. R. F. Martin near Mountsorrel, further finds at that place and near to it, and revelations made later at Mountsorrel itself, all seemed to the writer to give decisive confirmation to this conclusion. But doubt has been thrown upon the validity of some of this evidence, and it will be well to re-examine it.
The Age and Origin of the Red Sea Graben
Authors: Tromp S. W.
Published: May 2009

A brief summary is given of the origin and geological history of the Red Sea Graben area, based on personal observations in Egypt during the periods 1937–1940 and 1947–9. The author is inclined to believe that the graben zone was formed in its initial stages at the end of the L. Eocene; the movements continued at least till Pleistocene times. The mechanism of the graben is explained as a combination of regional shearing faults together with regional updoming followed by stretch-faulting.
Bedding-faults and Related Minor Structures in the Upper Valentian Rocks near Aberystwyth
Authors: Lewis H. P.
Published: May 2009

During recent years much attention has been given to the recognition of rock-structures which have been produced by the slumping and sliding of bedded deposits on the sea-floor during or soon after their accumulation, but as it is often difficult to distinguish between structures so formed and those which are the result of tectonic movements which occurred long subsequent to the deposition and consolidation of the rocks affected, it is my purpose to record certain minor bedding-structures which clearly owe their origin to such later tectonic movements in the hope that structures of this origin may more readily be distinguished from those produced by slumping. It is true that the occurrence of movements parallel to the bedding is suspected to have been widespread, and, among others, Boswell, Cobbold, and Greenly have recorded examples from this country (1937, 1904, 1919), yet, because of the general scarcity of direct evidence whereby the magnitude and frequency of such movements can be proved, it would seem to be of importance to describe the structures when the evidence of their later origin is manifest. It is for this reason, and with a view to supplementing the very little information on this topic usually contained in works on structural geology, that it has been thought advisable to make known some of the details of the minor bedding-structures which are visible in particularly instructive outcrops in the cliffs and on the foreshore of the coast of North Cardiganshire.
The Genotype of Cummingella Reed
Authors: Stubblefield C. J.
Published: May 2009

The genus Cummingella was erected by Reed (1942, p. 653) with the genotype “Entomolithus (Oniscites) derbiensis Martin”; the accompanying generic diagnosis, however, was based, not on the description and illustrations given by Martin (1809), but on the concept of Phillipsia derbiensis Auctorum which has prevailed since, at least, the time of H. Woodward's 1883 account published in the Monograph of the British Carboniferous Trilobites. The purpose of this note is to indicate and to attempt to clarify the unsatisfactory nomenclatorial state of both Martin's species and Phillipsia derbiensis Auctorum.
The Origin of the West Cumbrian Haematites
Authors: Trotter F. M.
Published: May 2009

Haematites of great commercial importance occur in West Cumberland, chiefly in the Carboniferous Limestone. Worked as early as the twelfth century the annual output reached half a million tons by 1861, since when the output has varied between that figure and one million tons. During these years of active exploitation many ore-bodies in the exposed ore field were worked out and active exploration is now concentrated around and to the south of Egremont, where the Carboniferous Limestone plunges beneath the New Red rocks. Among the problems confronting the searchers for new ore-bodies in this concealed ore field there is one of long standing, upon which unanimity has not been reached, namely the origin of the haematites. The question of origin is not one of mere academic interest. Its solution affords an important clue in the search for new ore-bodies. Two theories—magmatic origin and deposition from meteoric waters—are and have been propounded by rival advocates during the last fifty years. J. D. Kendall (1893) attributed the origin of the ores to ascent of magmatic solutions in pre-Permian times. To him we owe the theory of metasomatic replacement of the limestone by haematite, now generally accepted.
A Graptolite Lineage from North Cardiganshire
Authors: Challinor John
Published: May 2009

As the result of examining a considerable number of specimens belonging to the species Monograptus fimbriatus, M. raitzhainiensis, and M. triangulatus from certain strata of Llandovery age at a locality in North Cardiganshire, the writer is led to the conclusion that the forms comprised within these species constitute a continuously graded morphological series; and that the stratigraphical occurrence of these forms shows that this series is, further, an evolutionary lineage.
Tyrieocrinus (gen. nov.) and Scotiacrinus (gen. nov.) and Seven New Species of Inadunate Crinoids from the Carboniferous Limestones of Scotland and Yorkshire.
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

The majority of the Scottish specimens described in this paper consist of cups only, and have been in my collection for a long time. In earlier days they would probably have been assigned to genera like Poteriocrinites and Pachylocrinus, but in recent years great additions have been made to our knowledge of Carboniferous inadunate crinoids by American workers such as Kirk, Moore, Laudon, Strimple, and others. New genera and species have been created, many of them based on all the characters of complete crowns. Obviously, when dealing with cups alone, it is not always easy to trace exact relationship to such perfect examples of crinoid life. It seems evident, however, that the cups here dealt with differ in certain ways from forms so far described, and an attempt is now made to give them specific standing. Four new species are ascribed to known genera, three, including two new species, to the new genus Scotiacrinus, and one to a new Cromyocrinid genus for which the name Tyrieocrinus is proposed. A revision is also given of the species previously described as Erisocrinus scoticus (Wright, 1942, pp. 275–6) and now referred with reservations to Apographiocrinus Moore & Plummer. I wish here to thank Dr. A. C. Stephen, of the Royal Scottish Museum, for the loan of a specimen belonging to that institution, now named Scotiacrinus yoredalensis, and the authorities of the Museum for permission to describe and figure it.
The Distribution of Trace Elements in a Scottish Permo-Carboniferous Teschenite and its Lugaritic Differentiate
Authors: Patterson Edward M.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

In a recent description of a composite teschenite-picrite sill at Saltcoats in Ayrshire (Patterson, 1945), mention was made of a potash-rich variety of lugarite which occurs as a differentiate of biotite-teschenite. The latter rock was emplaced at an intermediate stage in the intrusion cycle of the sill, being preceded by a flow-banded teschenite and followed by hornblende-picrite. Differentiation of the biotite-teschenite took place in situ and had proceeded to a considerable extent before the picrite was intruded along the middle portion of the former rock, splitting it into an upper and a lower layer. Richness in volatile constituents was a characteristic of the biotite-teschenite magma and facilitated the process of differentiation (Tomkeieff, 1937, p. 85; Smyth, 1913, p. 33). The separation of an alkali-rich fraction which resulted, is seen in the field by the appearance of pink analcitic patches or “blebs” in the teschenite at a distance of a foot or so from the margins. Further from the contacts, where cooling conditions were more gradual, these analcitic areas increase in size and frequently coalesce to form veins, which themselves intrude adjacent areas of biotite-teschenite. The veins are pink in colour, and contain varying amounts of conspicuous acicular crystals of barkevikite and titanaugite. Petrologically they are similar to the lugarites of the Scottish Permo-Carboniferous suite (Tyrrell, 1917). In chemical composition they also resemble the type lugarite, with the important exception that the Saltcoats rock is much richer in potash, although the sum of potash and soda is little different. A close analogy is provided by covite, from Magnet Cove in Arkansas (Washington, 1901). On account of the close relationship of the Saltcoats rock to the Scottish teschenites, it was preferred to name the rock potash-lugarite.
The Granitic Cotectic Curve
Authors: Nockolds S. R.
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper (Nockolds, 1946) it was shown that certain granite-aplites associated with acid plutonic rocks of Caledonian age in Western Scotland fell on, or were very close to, the plagioclase-potash felspar-quartz cotectic curve (the granitic cotectic curve), the approximate position of which could be determined from experimental data now available. It seemed of interest to determine whether other granite-aplites from other areas behaved in the same way and chemical analyses of granite-aplites and related rocks were collected from the literature with this end in view.
The Significance of Variation in Granites
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

The object of the present short paper is to draw attention to what A seems to the writer to be a rather important omission in most recent discussions of the origin and nature of granite. In these discussions the word granite or almost equally often the word granodiorite are used as if it was to be assumed that all granites are alike and all granodiorites alike. In what follows, for the sake of brevity, all will be called granites, as a general class-name, without discriminating each time on small points of petrographical difference. Now all granites are not alike, by any means. They show wide variations, not so much in their main components of quartz, felspar, and ferro-magnesian minerals (the essential minerals, according to definition), but in their minor constituents and accessory minerals and still more in some of their accompanying phenomena. By this last expression is intended not so much their metamorphic effects, in the narrow sense of the word, but what is commonly called pneumatolysis, and still more importantly, the accompanying ore-deposits, if indeed it is possible to discriminate between these two categories.
Steganocrinus westheadi n.sp. and Note on a rare Crinoid and a Blastoid from the Carboniferous Limestone of Coplow Knoll, Clitheroe
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this note is to place on record two rare crinoids and a blastoid recently found at Coplow Knoll, Clitheroe. One of the crinoids belongs to a new species of Camerata now named Steganocrinus westheadi in honour of its finder, Mr. Stanley Westhead, of Clitheroe. The genus Steganocrinus has not hitherto been recorded from English Carboniferous rocks so that its occurrence at Coplow is noteworthy. The other crinoid, here temporarily assigned to “Pachylocrinus” conicus (Phillips), shows a considerable portion of the arms and was found by the author on a visit to Coplow last year. No other specimen of this species so complete has yet been recorded. On a later visit in the autumn of the same year a single finely preserved specimen of a blastoid was found. In its general characters this specimen does not appear to differ from Orophocrinus pentangularis (Miller), and in ordinary circumstances would call for no special comment here. Blastoids, however, are so rare at Coplow that the occurrence of this specimen, the only one ever found by the author at, or known to him from, this locality, is deemed worthy of record.
The Stratigraphy of the Albian Beds at Leighton Buzzard
Authors: Wright C. W. , Wright E. V.
Published: May 2009

The unusually interesting Albian beds exposed in the neighbourhood of Leighton Buzzard in Bedfordshire have been the subject of descriptive papers by Lamplugh and Walker (1903), Kitchin and Pringle (1920), and Lamplugh (1922), as well as a number of short notes and excursion reports. These papers give details of the stratigraphy of the Leighton Sands, the overlying Gault, and the extraordinary beds which occur in between them round Shenley Hill. Many of the ammonites from the “regularis nodules” of Billington Crossing, south of the town, were described by Spath (1922–1943). He also referred, in the same work, to a number of Upper Albian forms from the Nodule Bed at the base of the Upper Gault on Shenley Hill. Our own collecting, carried out intermittently since 1937, has produced many new records, including several new species, and recent work has enabled us to amplify the stratigraphical picture given by the authors mentioned above. The present paper deals only with the stratigraphy but we hope that it will be followed by papers on several elements of the fauna.
A Tooth of Elephas primigenius from Headswood, Larbert, Stirlingshire
Authors: Absalom R. Gregory , Henderson Stuart M. K.
Published: May 2009

Towards the end of January, 1937, an interesting discovery X was made at the sandpit belonging to the Headswood Sand and Gravel Company. The sandpit lies a little north of the point where the road from Larbert (Stirlingshire) forks for Dennyloanhead in the one direction, and Denny and Dunipace in the other. It is located immediately west of Headswood Farm, Stirlingshire (O.S. Sh. 24 S.W. 6 in. to 1 mile).
Caldenocrinus gen. nov. and related Scottish Crinoids
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

The new genus here proposed is based on nine specimens. All are more or less complete crowns. The best preserved example (Plate III, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5) was previously illustrated in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. as Synerocrinus incurvus (Trautschold) (Wright, 1939–1940, pl. xi, fig. 8). Later, the discovery of another well-preserved specimen caused some doubt about this interpretation and led to further cleaning and developing not only of the first mentioned specimen, but of others in my collection. Some of these were labelled as Synerocrinus incurvus (Trautschold) or the kindred species Amphicrinus scoticus Springer. From a study of all these specimens it is now evident that we are here dealing with a crinoid which differs in certain aspects from Synerocrinus or in fact from any other described Ichthyocrinid. Two specimens previously figured as Amphicrinus scoticus Springer (Wright, 1914, pl. xix, fig. 4, 1939–1940, pl. xi, fig. 2) are now here referred to the new genus.
The Composite Intrusion of Sròn Bheag, Ardnamurchan
Authors: McMath John
Published: May 2009

Much attention has been paid to composite dykes and sills during the present century, and accepted definitions of the term “composite” centre about that of Daly (1933), who has stated that composite dykes are formed by successive injection of chemically differing melts into the same fissure which widens to receive them.
The Granites of South-West Jersey
Authors: Henson Frederick A.
Published: May 2009

The aim of this paper is to present a brief description of the field relations of the South-West Granite Complex in the Island of Jersey, as shown by recent field work, together with a short description of the granites themselves. The area to be described forms a dissected peneplain, probably of Pliocene age. The magnificent coastal sections from St. Aubin to La Carrière reveal the nature of the two granite intrusions, the first into Pre-Cambrian shales, which are found to the north and north-east of the area; and the second a newer granite intrusion into the older one. Inland, the scenery is less spectacular, but the path from St. Aubin to Corbiére, which follows the old railway track, contains many excellent exposures of granite and shales, together with granite-shale contacts in the valley west of St. Aubin. West of Pont Marquet it traverses open country with dune sand encroaching from St. Ouen's Bay.
A Revision of the Upper Oxfordian Ammonites of Trept (Isère), Figured by de Riaz
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

In his monograph published in 1898, “Description des Ammonites des Couches à Peltoceras transversarium (Oxfordien Supérieur) de Trept (Isère),” A. de Riaz figured just under 100 ammonites, in 19 folio plates, of which 15 were devoted to the genus Perisphinctes. This work made known to geologists one of the most important Upper Oxfordian ammonite localities in the world, of special interest from its position in the Rhone valley, on the borderland between the Jura and the North-West European and Tethyan provinces. But in spite of the excellence of de Riaz’s photographs, their value is much reduced by the lack, in most cases, of either ventral views or whorl-sections, and by the failure to show septal sutures. Further, many of the photographs are more or less reduced, although stated to be of the natural size. The difficulty of identifying species from de Riaz’s work, therefore, is great; especially since for identification of members of the genus Perisphinctes a series of specimens at different growth-stages is usually indispensable.
Some New Ordovician and Silurian Fossils.
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

From time to time during the last fifteen years the specimens described below have been put into my hands for determination and description. In the hope of obtaining better specimens, which would explain more fully their structure and affinities, the publication of any notes on them has been repeatedly deferred, but further delay seems undesirable.
Notes on the Anal Plates of Eupachycrinus calyx and Zeacrinus konincki
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

Many years ago, after a short experience in collecting crinoid cups at the localities herein noted, especially that of Invertiel, it became evident to me that there was considerable variation in the disposition and shape of the anal plates in the cups of Eupachycrinus and in a lesser degree in those of Zeacrinus and other genera. From this I thought it might be possible, in a large number of specimens, to trace the evolutionary stages in the passage of these plates upwards in the cup, and perhaps even their elimination from the limits of the cup. With thoughts such as these in mind, I have in subsequent years laid aside the majority of the cups I have found, and in 1918 (Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. xvi, pt. iii, p. 376) gave a short account of an examination of 200 cups of Eupachycrinus, 45 of Zeacrinus, and 50 of Hydrieonocrinus. This examination was necessarily hurried, owing to the circumstances of the time, but it convinced me that some interesting results would be obtained from a larger series. It was not, however, till recently that I was able to begin this work, my original intention being not only to deal with the cups of the three genera already mentioned but also with a considerable number belonging to Ulocrinus and Woodocrinus. As the sorting and cleaning of the specimens proceeded it became evident that this would occupy considerable time. I have accordingly thought it advisable, in the first instance, to confine attention to Eupachycrinus and Zeacrinus, and in this communication propose only to give the results of the study so far as it has gone.
The Petrology and Structure of the Charnian Rocks of Bardon Hill
Authors: Jones Francis
Published: May 2009

It is admitted that the data, from which the author draws his conclusions are, taken piecemeal, scanty, hazy, and often ambiguous. The main purpose of the investigation was to examine the contention of Bonney that the phenomena of Bardon Hill might possibly be explained by assuming flow-brecciation, and also to satisfy the author's own observation of a not irregular distribution of enclaves, which seemed to him to warrant a revision of the ideas held on the relative age of the units, that go to the building of the hill. Perhaps the main quest may be summarized into—whether the Bardon Rock is to be regarded as merely compacted agglomerate or whether it is truly igneous ? With these purposes in view the groups of data given in this paper rank in order of value: 1, Field Data; 2, Macroscopic Data; 3, Microscopic Data; 4, Chemical Data. This order iolds good, because the more searching the investigation the more obscure the real issues become—befogged by the increasing insistence of metamorphic phenomena. Any conclusions drawn must satisfactorily explain the bulk phenomena of the Bardon Hill rocks and must depend on converging evidence. Where two opposing explanations are possible, the author has adopted the simpler as the more likely.
A Preliminary Survey of the Geology of Sark
Authors: Plymen George Horace
Published: May 2009

The island of Sark lies 7 miles to the east of Guernsey. Its length from north to south is over 3 miles, and its average breadth is one and a half miles. The island is a table-land with an average height, above sea-level, of 300 feet, probably a result of marine planation of Pliocene date. Access is accomplished by scaling the cliffs of Havre Gosselin (west coast) or through the tunnel of Creux Harbour (east coast). The southern portion, Little Sark, joins the mainland by an isthmus 8 feet wide, 250 feet high, and 300 yards long, known as La Coup´ee. Here, as in many parts of the island, the cliffs drop sheer to the sea, and considerable care is required in examining the rocks.
The Gravels of Little Hayes, and the Age of the Crouch Valley, South-East Essex
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The rarity of drifts in the Crouch Valley has been often remarked. The only river gravel marked in it on the Geological Survey Map, sheet I N.E., is a small patch at Little Hayes, a couple of hundred yards north of the Crouch, and 1¼ miles S.S.W. from Woodham Ferrers railway station. In the Evolution of the Essex Rivers (1922, p. 47), an analysis of the five chief constituents, based on a collection made by Mr. H. J. Nicholson, recorded some Jurassic sandstones which I regarded as probably derived from the boulder clay on hills about three miles north and north-west. A visit to the pit last year in order to obtain larger specimens of the Jurassic material yielded various cherts; one is a typical Rhaxella chert, which has not been previously recorded so far to the south-east. A thin bedded oolitic chert, which was different to any that I knew, was submitted to Mr. H. C. Sargent with the inquiry whether it might be one of the Carboniferous cherts of the Midlands. Mr. Sargent identified some of the inclusions as silicified oolitic grains, and rejected the rock as Midland Carboniferous. The specimens and slides were also kindly examined by Professor Boswell, who showed them to Mr. E. T. Dumble for comparison with the Rhaxella chert found by him in the Crag; they also did not know any similar rock. The specimens were then sent to Dr. Morley Davies, who confirmed the identity of the one specimen with the ordinary Oxford-Buckingham Rhaxella chert, and has, in the previous note, described the other as a Rhaxella chert in which the spicules are the nuclei of oolitic grains.
Some Non-foliated Igneous Rocks in Tanganyika Territory, and their bearing on Tectonic Problems in that region
Authors: Teale E. O.
Published: May 2009

Calcic and alkaline eruptive rocks representing many varieties have an extensive development along the northern portion of the eastern Rift Zone in the Tanganyika Territory. They are closely similar to those better known to British geologists in Kenya Colony, and in both areas have received a considerable amount of attention from petrologists.1 In Tanganyika Territory the nearest of these occurrences to the Indian Ocean hitherto known, with one exception, to be referred to later, is more than 130 miles from the coast, and the greatest development lies at 170 to about 250 miles inland.
A Deposit of Shell-bearing Tufa near Lydney, Gloucestershire
Authors: Coysh A. W.
Published: May 2009

The tufa that forms the subject of these notes occurs on the eastern side of Park Brook in Upper Old Park Wood, 2 miles north-west of Lydney (6 in. O.S. Sheet, 47 N.W. Glos.).
The Igneous Complex of Green Island and the Amherst Coast (Lower Burma)
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

1. The igneous complex shows a remarkably complete series of types from ordinary biotite granite, through contaminated granite, intrusion gneisses, lit-par-lit aplitic intrusions, to aplites and muscovite pegmatites.
2. Pale-coloured reaction zones occur between xenoliths and the granitic masses. The evidence points to an exchange of material between xenoliths and the surrounding magma.
3. All the rocks are mylonized and it is suggested that the micro-structure can only be explained by movement during the final stages of crystallization. The folding is believed to have taken place in late Mesozoic times, as the area forms part of the Indo-Malayan Mountain System.
The Earth's Thermal History, and Some Related Problems
Authors: Jeffreys Harold
Published: May 2009

It seems to be curiously difficult to obtain fair treatment for the theory of a continuously cooling earth and its consequence, the thermal contraction theory of mountain formation. After Davison and Darwin had calculated the available compression of the earth's crust on Kelvin's theory of the cooling of the earth, and obtained a result that was at any rate of an order of magnitude consistent with the observations then available, Osmond Fisher made a revised comparison, which amounted to supposing the mountains formed by compression all powdered and spread out uniformly over the whole surface of the earth; the thickness of the resulting layer was naturally very much less than the actual height of known mountains. So far as I have been able to trace, nobody protested against the assumption that the thickness of the material after it had been redistributed in this way was directly comparable with the height of the mountains as actually distributed, and Osmond Fisher's view seems to have been universally quoted as the last word on the subject. Even long after my rediscussion of the whole question in 1916, making allowances for the additional data provided by radioactivity, had again led to a result agreeing with observation within the uncertainty of the data, it was almost completely neglected in the literature of the subject, while Osmond Fisher's work retained undisputed pre-eminence.
The Relationship of the Rugosa to the Hexacoralla
Authors: Yakovlev N. N.
Published: May 2009

In this paper I propose to deal with the question set forth in the title in connexion with the recent works of different authors. Owing to the difficulties of international communication, I was unable until quite recently (1922) to consult the general works on the Rugosa corals published by Faurot, Jaekel, and Robinson.
On a Hitherto Unrecorded Intrusion from the Lleyn
Authors: Heard Albert
Published: May 2009

During the last summer, whilst mapping the district between Nevin and Clynnog-fawr, I discovered the intrusion which is described in this communication. I can find no reference to it, either in geological maps of the Lleyn or in any geological literature, and conclude that the occurrence has not been placed on record.
The Probable Solution of the Climate Problem in Geology
Authors: Ramsay Wilhelm
Published: May 2009

In the following pages I have endeavoured to give an interpretation, not only of the appearance of ice ages, but also of the greater changes of climate registered in the geological record. In view of the importance ascribed in this discussion to relief, I have named the theory the relief hypothesis.
On some Cornish Veinstones illustrating the close connexion between Igneous Intrusion and Deep Vein Filling
Authors: Davison E. H.
Published: May 2009

It is now generally accepted that there is no essential difference between igneous intrusion and the deposition of the minerals which fill the deep veins. Both igneous rocks and deep veins were formed from magmatic material, their differences being due to successive differentiation and not to difference in origin.
The Flint Flakings of the Weybourne Crag
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine
Published: May 2009

In my Presidential Address to the Geologists' Association I briefly referred to the flint flakings of the Weybourne Crag of the Cromer Coast, to which attention was first directed by Mr. F. N. Haward. During several recent visits I have been greatly impressed with the richness of this site in those remarkable flakings which are now so well known from the Ipswich district.
The Cretaceous Limestones of Jamaica and their Mollusca
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

Most of the exposures of Cretaceous Limestone in Jamaica were faithfully indicated on the Geological Survey map of Sawkins and Brown in 1865. They are limited in extent and occur at certain places among the complex of the older or Blue Mountain series of rocks that project from beneath the covering of White Limestone that covers the greater part of the Island. Contrary to one's common experience in many European countries the Cretaceous beds in Jamaica do not approach the sea coast in any part except near Port Antonio on the north-east coast, where the Trappean shales reach the sea; near St. Ann's Bay, about the centre; and at Green Island, on the north-west coast, where the Barrettia Limestone occurs within 2 miles of the sea. Elsewhere the sea coast is occupied by the White Limestone or beds that overlie it, with the exception of stretches along the north coast around Lucea Harbour and between Port Maria and Annotta Bay, occupied by the Carbonaceous Shales of Lower Eocene age.
Note on the Nature and Age of Scottish Rocks bearing Xenocrysts of Anorthoclase or Soda-microcline
Authors: Eyles V. A.
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper on the age of the East Fife volcanoes, Mr. Balsillie has laid stress on the occurrence of xenocrysts of soda-microcline in various ashes and agglomerates in East Fife. These Fifeshire occurrences are well known, but it may be of interest to draw attention to the fact that xenocrysts of similar composition have been encountered in at least two other Scottish localities.
A Zeolite-filled Cavity in the Igneous Rock of Croft, Leicestershire
Authors: Jones F. , Langley S.
Published: May 2009

During an intensive investigation of the joint phenomena of the South Leicestershire igneous intrusions a widened joint cavity eighteen inches long and five wide apparently filled with “calcite or quartz” was noted. On closer examination the mineral showed perfect trapezohedra of analcime and cube-like rhombohedra of chabazite. The analcime crystals attained a diameter of 0·4 inches: they comprised the bulk of the specimen, the chabazite being very subordinate and only in small sizes. As is usual the analcime had preceded the chabazite in order of crystallization. The cubic mineral was colourless, milky white, and also reddish through impregnation with iron oxide. The chabazite was opaque white but translucent on fracture.
On a Dolerite in the Dutch Carboniferous.
Authors: Tomkeieff S. , Tesch P.
Published: May 2009

In 1928 Dr. P. Tesch published a note on the occurrence of an igneous rock in Dutch Coal-measures (1).1 As this is the first occurrence of an igneous rock in Holland, the present authors have decided to publish a more detailed petrographical description of the rock, together with an attempt to correlate it with similar rocks in Great Britain and Germany.
On Camarotoechia borealis (von Buch 1834, ex. Schlotheim 1832)
Authors: Joseph J. K. S. St.
Published: May 2009

The name of this species was proposed by Schlotheim (1832, 65, No. 88), but the history of the form really goes back to Linnaeus. The earlier writers on the Scandinavian Palaeozoic took the name Anomia plicatella Linn. (1758, 702) to cover a great number of different ribbed brachiopods, and referred in their synonymies to the form figured in fig. 5, of tab. v, of Linnaeus's Museum Tessinianum (1753), a work published some years before the adoption of binomial nomenclature. When different authors began to subdivide this group, the name plicatella came to be restricted to a species referable to the genus Spirifer, and though some authors, Wahlenberg (1821, 67) and Dalman (1828, 140, Tab. vi, fig. 2), continued to use the name plicatella in a wide sense, so as to include the species under consideration, the latter seems to have come within the range of forms described by Schlotheim (1813, 36) as Terebratulithes lacunosus. This author apparently had the intention of separating a group of ribbed Silurian brachiopods, under the name of Terebratula borealis, for in the catalogue of his collection (Schlotheim, 1832, 65, No. 88) six specimens from the “Uebergangskalkstein” of Sweden are entered under this title. The term, however, remained a nomen nudum until von Buch (1834) gave an adequate description, and it is to this author that the species should correctly be ascribed. He chose as type a specimen from the Encriniten-Übergangskalkstein of Gotland, figured in an earlier work by Schlotheim (1822, 68, Taf. xx, fig. 6a—c) as Anomia Terebrat. lacunosus.
The Early Cretaceous and Miocene Peneplains of Nyasaland, and their Relation to the Rift Valley
Authors: Dixey F.
Published: May 2009

In that part of Central Africa lying to the west and south of Lake Nyasa various ancient peneplains have long been known (in (9)), but there has hitherto been available but little evidence whereby their relations to each other and to other more distant peneplains could be established. West and north-west of the lake, for example, there is the “4,000—foot” plateau, out of which rises the 7,000–8,000 ft. plateau of the Nyika and neighbouring highlands (see Fig. 1; also physical map in in (9)); and south of the lake, in Southern Nyasaland, the Kirk Mountains plateau (5,000 feet) overlooks the Shire Rift Valley from the west, whereas on the eastern side the eastward tilted Shire Highlands plateau is surmounted by the Zomba plateau (6,000 feet) and the Mlanje plateau (7,000 feet); the summit levels of the Mlanje Mountains, at 9,000–10,000 feet, probably indicate another ancient surface.
The Marginal Rocks of the Cairnsmore of Carsphairn Complex
Authors: Deer W. A.
Published: May 2009

The marginal rocks of this intrusion were described briefly in a paper dealing with the Cairnsmore complex. The intrusion is composite, consisting of a central granite, and successive zones of acid hybrid, tonalite, and basic hybrid. The complex began with the intrusion of gabbro, and when crystallized, but still ata high temperature, it was followed by the tonalite with the production of the basic hybrids. The original basic intrusion is nowhere found in an unaltered condition but is now represented by the “dioritic” lenses. It is seen then that the outermost zone of the intrusion uncontaminated by the incorporation of the sedimentary country rocks is itself a hybrid resulting from the intrusion of tonalite in the original gabbro. In the earlier paper it was suggested that the character of these marginal rocks was due to the combined effects of sedimentary contamination and igneous hybridization.
The Origin of Lulworth Cove, Dorsetshire
Authors: Burton E. St. John
Published: May 2009

The well known Lulworth Cove, situated on the Dorsetshire coast between Mupe Bay, on the east, and Dungy Head, on the west, is generally considered to be a very good example of the result of marine erosion acting upon rocks of unequal resistance, and such indeed it is.
The Base of the Devonian, with special reference to the Welsh Borderland
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

There is a tiny but very interesting inlier of Upper Ludlovian and Lower Downtonian rocks at Saltwells, near Stourbridge. It has been described in detail by Messrs. W. W. King and W. J. Lewis, and will not be redescribed here.
The Distribution of Heavy Minerals in the Rocks of Western Togoland
Authors: Robertson Thomas
Published: May 2009

During the course of a reconnaissance mineral survey of Western Togoland in 1918–19 many streams were panned, and the concentrates were afterwards examined to ascertain to what extent the heavy minerals in them could be used as a guide in geological mapping.
Contributions to the Petrology of Barnavave, Carlingford, I.F.S.—2. An Occurrence of Quartz-bearing Syenite and its Xenoliths
Authors: Nockolds S. R.
Published: May 2009

On the eastern side of Barnavave, at the immediate junction of the igneous mass with the surrounding limestone and about a quarter of a mile south of the fault which crosses the mountain, there is an isolated outcrop of a fine-grained, speckled rock which clearly invades the limestone at this point. The rock includes xenoliths broken from the limestone and also others of igneous origin.-and smaller dimensions. Microscopical examination proves the rock to be a syenite of unusual character which carries a small amount of quartz. It is possibly the rock referred to by Harker.
Type Specimens of Palaeozoic Corals from New South Wales in W. B. Clarke's First Collection, and in the Strzelecki Collection
Authors: Hill Dorothy
Published: May 2009

In this paper is given a revision of all but one of the corals in the Rev. W. B. Clarke's first collection of fossils from New South Wales; the collection was placed by him in the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge in 1844, and was described by M'Coy (1847). The types are still preserved at the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. A description is also given of the holotype ofAmplexus arundinaceusLonsdale, which was collected from New South Wales by Strzelecki in 1842, and is now in the British Museum (Natural History), London. The species are distributed as follows: 1? Permian, 1 Lower Carboniferous, 1 Devonian, and 1 Silurian or Lower Devonian.