bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FUSION OF MULTIPLE SENSORS FOR SAFE OPERATIONS
Authors: Haley Paul H. , Thornton Susan M. , Mitchell Robert R. , Zachar William P. , Hoffelder Mike , McLean Steven
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Operating safely in cluttered environments is critical to future
autonomous robotic operations as exemplified by FCS Risk 213. In support of
this requirement, the Robotics Collaborative Technology Alliance (RCTA)
program, sponsored by the Army Research Lab (ARL), has supported research
tasks and corresponding integration and test events from 2006 through 2009.
Multiple sensor systems, including scanning LADARs and stereo camera pairs,
have been used to detect, track, and predict the future motion of obstacles
in the close proximity of unmanned ground vehicles. These sensors produce
frames of data at rates ranging from 6 to 30 Hertz. Resulting algorithm
outputs are correlated to the local world and detection results both above
and below the thresholds of the individual algorithms are recorded in a
common format. This paper describes two methods for fusing the detection
data. The first is a simplistic approach which implements a majority voting
scheme amongst the algorithm results. The second, more rigorous, approach
uses a “Strength-of-Detection” (SoD) method that utilizes an
association step incorporating an error covariance model for each sensor,
and also allows for cases where only a subset of the sensors report a
detection. Results show that fused detection performance is far better than
any single output due to the uncorrelated nature of single-sensor false
alarms. We present representative results for both individual sensors and
fused outputs.
IMPACT OF FRICTION REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ON FUEL ECONOMY FOR GROUND
VEHICLES
Authors: Fenske G. R. , Erck R. A. , Ajayi O. O. , Masoner A. , Comfort A. S.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Department of Defense is a major consumer of petroleum products –
over 700 million gallons per day. While the majority of fuel consumed is for
aircraft, in terms of logistics and exposure of personnel to hazardous
conditions, the amount of fuel consumed in ground vehicles is considerable, with
the cost (in-theatre, delivered) ranging from $100 to $600/gallon. This paper
addresses the impact that parasitic friction mechanisms (boundary lubrication
and lubricant viscosity) have on engine friction and overall vehicle efficiency.
A series of mechanistic models of friction losses in key engine components was
applied to investigate the impact of low-friction technologies on the fuel
consumption of heavy-duty, on-road vehicles. The results indicate that fuel
savings in the range of 3 to 5% are feasible by reducing boundary friction and
utilizing low-viscosity engine lubricants. The paper will discuss the
implications of the studies (as performed for commercial heavy-duty trucks) for
military ground vehicles, which have significantly different driving modes. The
paper will also discuss the potential of different strategies to implement
low-friction/low-viscosity solutions and the impact of these strategies on
reliability and durability.
Challenges in Adapting State-of-the-Art On-Highway Diesel Engine
Technologies To Meet Military Specifications
Authors: Tatur Marek , Tomazic Dean , Koehler Erik
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

State-of-the-art Diesel engines used for on-highway operation are integrated
systems containing multiple subsystems for performance and emissions
enhancements. The drive to lower tailpipe emissions on on-highway engines drives
system complexity which is both undesired and unnecessary for military ground
vehicles. There are, however, on-highway technologies such as high pressure fuel
injection systems and advanced turbocharger systems that allow improving the
engines’ efficiency and therefore lowering its fuel consumption. The
aforementioned technologies are currently available and present possible near
term opportunities for military ground vehicles. The adaptation to allow
reliable operation in military vehicles will be discussed as part of this near
term view. The authors will also discuss the electronic controls architecture
requirements that come along with these sophisticated technologies and discuss
the advantages and opportunities that present themselves using advanced
electronic controls for condition based maintenance and diagnostics.
ON THE RELIABILITY AND COMPLEXITY OF UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE
NETWORK
Authors: Dixit Arati M. , Singh Harpreet , Saab Kassem , Gerhart Grant R.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

There is an increasing interest in the use of unmanned ground vehicles for
defense and security. Collaboration and coordination of these vehicles is very
important for survivability. A set of unmanned vehicles in the battlefield have
to be controlled by a commander for safety of soldiers in the battlefield. In
order to achieve this objective reliability and complexity of these vehicle
networks is to be ascertained at various stages of the operations in the
battlefield. The objective of this paper is to suggest procedures for
ascertaining the reliability and the complexity of unmanned vehicle. In this
paper we suggest matrices for reliability and complexity of unmanned networks. A
demonstration of the simulation of the suggested procedure would be given. The
suggested procedures should be applicable to any number of vehicles in different
configurations in the battlefield.
Analysis of Spinal Compression and Energy-Absorbing Seats in Blast
Environments
Authors: Eridon James
Published: November 2024

Summary

Combat vehicle designers have made great progress in improving crew survivability
against large blast mines and improvised explosive devices. Current vehicles are
very resistant to hull failure from large blasts, protecting the crew from
overpressure and behind armor debris. However, the crew is still vulnerable to
shock injuries arising from the blast and its after-effects. One of these injury
modes is spinal compression resulting from the shock loading of the crew seat.
This can be ameliorated by installing energy-absorbing seats which reduce the
intensity of the spinal loading, while spreading it out over a longer time.

The key question associated with energy-absorbing seats has to do with the effect
of various factors associated with the design on spinal compression and injury.
These include the stiffness and stroking distance of the seat’s energy
absorption mechanism, the size of the blast, the vehicle shape and mass, and the
weight of the seat occupant. All of these affect the spinal compression, as
measured by the Dynamic Response Index. This paper presents a simple analytical
model which ties together all of these variables, showing the effect of
different energy-absorbing designs on crew survivability over a range of blast
conditions. The analysis shows that the most important factor in determining the
capability of the system to prevent injury is the stroking distance available to
the energy-absorption mechanism. In addition, the analysis shows the limits of
performance available to any seating system, and also how to optimize the seat
design to produce minimum spinal compression for any given set of design
parameters.
Portable Displays and Controls for Vehicle and Dismounted
Operations
Authors: Roy Monica V.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The concept of handheld control systems with modular and/or integrated display
provides the flexibility of operator use that supports the needs of
today’s warfighters. A human machine interface control system that easily
integrates with vehicle systems through common architecture and can transition
to support dismounted operations provides warfighters with functional mobility
they do not have today.

With Size, Weight and Power along with reliability, maintainability and
availability driving the needs of most platforms for both upgrade and
development, moving to convertible (mounted to handheld) and transferrable
control systems supports these needs as well as the need for the warfighter to
maintain continuous control and command connectivity in uncertain mission
conditions.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING METHODOLOGY FOR FUEL EFFICIENCY AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE TARDEC FUEL EFFICIENT DEMONSTRATOR (FED) PROGRAM
Authors: Luskin Paul , Berlin Robert
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The U.S. Department of Defense faces growing fuel demand, resulting in increasing
costs and compromised operational capability. In response to this issue, the
Fuel Efficient Ground Vehicle Demonstrator (FED) program was initiated in order
to demonstrate a tactical vehicle with significantly greater fuel efficiency
than a Humvee while maintaining capability. This article provides an overview of
a systems engineering methodology for maximizing fuel efficiency and its
application in concept development for the FED program. Engineering tools and
methods used include tradespace definition, provisional baseline product models,
decomposition of energy expenditure over the product usage cycle, structured
technology market surveys, complex systems modeling & simulation tools, and
design space exploration / Pareto optimization. The methodology explores the
impact of technology on fuel efficiency along with other aspects of vehicle
development including drive cycle definition, operational requirements,
subsystem specifications, and architecture.
LEVERAGING INCOSE RESOURCES TO IDENTIFY SYSTEMS ENGINEERING BEST PRACTICES
Authors: Peterson Troy A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The ability to leverage best practices from industry, academia, and government
programs can save a great deal of time and effort in the development and
management of complex systems. Leveraging such knowledge requires easy access to
information so technical teams can readily tailor and use these best practices
to avoid pitfalls and rework, thereby improving the system development process
and its output—the system of interest. The International Council on
Systems Engineering (INCOSE) provides a wealth of reviewed and refined Systems
Engineering best practices, lessons learned, and methods that can be used for
this very purpose. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of
INCOSE’s resources and how one can leverage them to aid in complex
system development to ultimately improve system performance.
STEREO VISION FOR EXPLOSIVE THREAT DEFEAT: TEST AND
RESULTS
Authors: Chenault David B. , Pezzaniti J. Larry , Edmondson Richard , Vaden Justin , Hyatt Brian , Morris James , Bodenhamer Andrew , Kaufman Seth , Kingston David , Newell Scott
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we report on the use of a 3D vision field upgrade kit for the
TALON robot consisting of a replacement flat panel stereoscopic display, and
multiple stereo camera systems. An assessment of the system’s use for
robotic driving, manipulation, and surveillance operations was conducted. A
replacement display, replacement mast camera with zoom, auto-focus, and variable
convergence, and a replacement gripper camera with fixed focus and zoom comprise
the upgrade kit. The stereo mast camera allows for improved driving and
situational awareness as well as scene survey. The stereo gripper camera allows
for improved manipulation in typical TALON missions.
HEURISTICS-ENHANCED DEAD-RECKONING FOR IMPROVED SITUATION AWARENESS WITH TELE-OPERATED ROBOTS
Authors: Borenstein Johann , Borrell Adam , Miller Russ , Thomas David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a practical and easy to implement method for
tracking the position of tele-operated Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs)
inside buildings, where GPS is unavailable. In conventional dead-reckoning
systems, which typically use odometry combined with a single-axis gyro or an
Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), heading errors grow without bound. For that
reason, tracking the position of tele-operated UGVs for more than a few
minutes becomes unfeasible. Our method, called Heuristics-Enhanced
Dead-reckoning (HEDR), overcomes this problem by completely eliminating
heading errors at steady state in tele-operated missions of unlimited
duration. As a result, HEDR allows the plotting of very accurate
trajectories on the Operator Console Unit (OCU). When overlaid over an
aerial photo of a building, the real-time trajectory display gives the
operator crucial information about position and heading of the UGV relative
to the building. This feature offers the operator much improved situation
awareness that is not provided by the conventional video feed from onboard
cameras.
SILICON CARBIDE FOR NEXT GENERATION VEHICULAR POWER
CONVERTERS
Authors: Kajs John , Castagno Scott , Schupbach Marcelo , Mitchell Gavin
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Several power converters are presently under development for the US Army TARDEC
using all Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices for the power switches. Power modules
have recently become available which incorporate multiple SiC devices for both
the active and passive switches. Modules fabricated by 2 different vendors
(Powerex and MS Kennedy) in a standard half H-Bridge configuration using the
same type and number of devices internally (Cree 1200 Volt/20 A DMOSFETs and
1200 Volt/10A SBD) have been obtained and tested. This paper will summarize the
main test results including the comparison of the conduction losses, switching
losses, switching capability, thermal characteristics, gate drive approach, and
physical characteristics (mass/dimensions). As expected, most of the
characteristics were very similar between the 2 modules and had reasonable
scaling from the individual device characteristics. The differences in the
internal connections for the modules result in some differences primarily in the
switching characteristics. In addition, there are some differences in the heat
transfer characteristics based on the size and material choice differences. A
description will be provided of how these modules will be used in the 2
converters being fabricated along with providing the test data. The converters
being built are both rated for 30 kW with nominal 300 Volt batteries for the
input. One converter provides 28 Volt DC output and the other 50/60 Hz AC
output. In addition to meeting the size constraints for fitting into vehicles,
the power converters are also being designed to operate from higher temperature
coolant (90-100 °C inlet).
RELIABILITY OF POWERTRAIN COMPONENTS EXPOSED TO EXTREME TRIBOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Fenske G. R. , Ajayi O. O. , Erck R. A. , Lorenzo-Martin C. , Masoner Ashley , Comfort A. S.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Results are presented from tests on a formulated 15W-40 mil-spec
engine/transmission fluid to examine the impact of additives on improving its
reliability and durability under extreme tribological conditions. A
block-on-ring (BOR) configuration was used to measure the effect of five
additives (an emulsion-based boric acid, tricresyl phosphate, particulate-based
boron nitride, particulate-based MoS2, and particulate-based
graphite) on the critical scuffing load as a function of additive concentration
and time to scuff during oil-off tests (starved lubrication). A four-ball
configuration was used to evaluate the impact of simulated engine grit/sand on
the abrasive wear of steel as a function of grit size and loading.

The results demonstrated that the additives increased the load for scuffing by 50
to 100% for the formulated oil and by 50 to 150% for the unformulated base fluid
used in the formulated oil. Two of the additives (emulsion-based boric acid and
tricresyl phosphate) doubled the time to scuffing for the formulated fluid. The
use of boric acid and tricresyl phosphate in the base fluid increased the time
to scuff significantly more. In both fluids, a low-friction regime was
frequently observed during the tests and, when present, resulted in greatly
increased survival times.

Oil-off tests were performed to simulate a loss-of-lubricant condition. The
results revealed a novel trend – the formation of a low-friction regime
under the starved (drained-oil) lubrication condition. When a low-friction
regime occurred (after the oil was drained from the test cup), the time to
scuffing increased dramatically.
BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS OF A COMMERCIALLY BASED DIESEL
ENGINE MODIFIED FOR OPERATION ON JP 8 FUEL
Authors: Lutz Tim , Modiyani Rajani
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The majority of commercial off the shelf (COTS) diesel engines rely on EGR to
meet increasingly stringent emissions standards, but these EGR systems would be
susceptible to corrosion and damage if JP-8 were used as a fuel due to its high
sulfur content. Starting with a Cummins 2007 ISL 8.9L production engine, this
program demonstrates the modifications necessary to remove EGR and operate on
JP-8 fuel with a goal of demonstrating 48% brake thermal efficiency
(BTE) at an emissions level consistent with 1998 EPA standards. The effects of
injector cup flow, improved turbo match, increased compression ratio with
revised piston bowl geometry, increased cylinder pressure, revised intake
manifold for improved breathing, and piston, ring and liner designs to reduce
friction are all investigated. Testing focused on a single operating point, full
load at 1600 RPM. This engine uses a variable geometry turbo and high pressure
common rail fuel system, allowing control over air fuel ratio, rail pressure,
and start of injection. These parameters were optimized for several component
combinations to provide an estimate of the best engine efficiency that could be
achieved for various levels of engine modification. While the program goal is to
have emissions consistent with 1998 EPA standards, testing was also conducted at
higher emissions levels to determine the additional gain in BTE that could be
possible if emissions were not a constraint.
ACHIEVING 44% THERMAL EFFICIENCY in TODAY’S ENGINES “More for Less”
Authors: McDowell Jim , Hunter Gary L. , Hennessy Chris
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The US Army is seeking improvements in the fuel efficiency of their military
vehicles.. They have initiated a number of R&D projects aimed at advancing
the state-of-the-art of powertrain efficiency including demonstration in a
laboratory environment. This effort will set a benchmark for the vehicle
integrators, allowing them to improve future vehicle offerings.

The SAIC, AVL, Badenoch, QinetiQ and Ker-Train Research team offered powertrain
solutions from 7 Tons to 40 Tons that achieved the goal of 44% thermal
efficiency and the stringent flexible fuel and emissions requirements. In each
of these offerings the team was able to identify modifications to existing
engines that allowed dramatic improvements in the thermal efficiency. These
efficiency improvements were achieved through a combination of techniques,
combustion cycle adjustments using in-cylinder pressure monitoring and precise
control of fuel injector timing, and turbo-compounding.

For the R&D project, the fuel injector timing will be controlled using
commercial engine development hardware and software. The high speed hardware
emulates the engine control module but allows the developer to finely tune the
fuel injection to maximize the 50% Maximum Fuel Burn point (MFB50) with only
limited NOx production. This will be accomplished using a variety of fuels and
maintaining the output power to within 2% of the engine’s nominal
rating.

This paper will describe the fundamental diesel combustion process that must be
controlled and techniques for usable power extraction from the waste exhaust
gases to provide this performance. It will describe the engine development tools
that enable these controls changes to be realized within a vehicle development
cycle and retain the baseline engine maturity.
A SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH TO COMPACT AUXILIARY POWER UNITS FOR
MILITARY APPLICATIONS
Authors: Brakora Tony , Hennessy Chris , Hunter Gary
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

AVL is developing a family of modular Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) based on the
current gasoline range extender engine/generator developed by AVL for plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles. These military specific variants will utilize the same
basic architecture as the gasoline version while incorporating semi-direct fuel
injection that is compatible with diesel fuel as well as kerosene based fuels
such as F-44, JP-5, JP-8, Jet-A, etc.

A systems engineering approach to the engine, generator, and power electronics
modules enables a wide range of power outputs and packaging options to be easily
developed from the base unit.
A Modern Diesel Engine Concept for Military
Application
Authors: Koehler Erik , Tatur Marek , Tomazic -Ing. Dean
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

When seeking a diesel engine to power their advanced military prototypes,
military vehicle developers have a mostly unsuitable list of options. Typically,
the decision comes down to a compromise of undesirable components and outdated
technology. A military supplier will likely face an option between an advanced
diesel engine specifically developed to achieve modern emission requirements or
an archaic powerplant that has decades old specific power level. These engines
were not developed for the unique requirements of a military application. A
diesel engine developed specifically for the military could take advantage of
opportunities associated with the application and produce a lighter, more
powerful and more capable vehicle.
THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION FOR HEAVY HYBRID
ELECTRIC MILITARY VEHICLES1
Authors: Park S. , Kokkolaras M. , Malikopoulos A. , AbdulNour B. , Sedarous J. , Jung D.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A thermodynamics-based Vehicle Thermal Management System (VTMS) model for a
heavy-duty, off-road vehicle with a series hybrid electric powertrain is
developed to analyze the thermal behavior of the powertrain system and
investigate the power consumption under different vehicle driving conditions.
The simulation approach consists of two steps: first, a Series Hybrid Electric
Vehicle (SHEV) powertrain is modeled; the output data of the powertrain system
simulation are then fed into a cooling system model to provide the operating
conditions of the powertrain components.

Guidelines for VTMS configuration was developed based on the vehicle simulation
results and the operating conditions of powertrain components. Based on the
guidelines, a VTMS configuration for the hybrid vehicle was created and used for
designs of experiments to identify the factors that affect the performance and
power consumption of each cooling system. Design space exploration techniques
are then applied to investigate trade-offs and determine near-optimal size of
components such that power consumed by fans and pumps is minimized. Finally,
gradient-based optimization is used to fine-tune the component sizing subject to
performance and geometry constraints. The cooling system design study
demonstrates that the configuration and sizing of an SHEV cooling system is
different from that of a conventional cooling system because of additional heat
sources, increased complexity of component operations and interactions, and the
dependency of parasitic power consumption on driving modes.
The Mission-Based Scenario: Rationale and Concepts to Enhance S&T Research Design
Authors: Lance Brent , Vettel Jean , Paul Victor , Oie Kelvin S.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we propose a new approach to developing advanced simulation
environments for use in performing human-subject experiments. We call this
approach the mission-based scenario. The mission-based scenario aims to: 1)
Situate experiments within a realistic mission context; 2) Incorporate tasks,
task loadings, and environmental interactions that are consistent with the
mission’s operational context; and 3) Permit multiple sequences of
actions/tasks to complete mission objectives. This approach will move us beyond
more traditional, tightly-scripted experimental scenarios, and will employ
concepts from interactive narrative as well as nonlinear game play approaches to
video game design to enhance the richness and realism of
Soldier-task-environment interactions. In this paper, we will detail the
rationale for adopting such an approach and present a discussion of significant
concepts that have guided a proof-of-concept test program of the mission-based
scenario, which we intend to integrate into ongoing S&T research
efforts.
ROBUST TRIGGERING OF MULTIPLE SUBSYSTEMS FOR A TERRAIN MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Binns Robert , Ferris John B.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

One primary system integration challenge for a terrain measurement system is the
triggering and time synchronization of all subsystems. Since individual
measurement systems vary in their triggering requirements, both in terms of
voltage levels and response times, a comprehensive triggering architecture is
difficult to implement. Examples of triggering signal inputs include: a
transistor-transistor logic (TTL) compliant signal, an RS-232 compliant signal,
and an open/close switch circuit. Pulse-triggering signals are also present, and
enable continuous time synchronization between instruments. Therefore, a
triggering scheme is proposed capable of accurately initiating, synchronizing,
and concluding data collection from multiple sensors and subsystems. Simulation
of complete circuit designs show that the trigger circuit is capable of properly
processing a single physical switch input signal into a TTL-compliant trigger
signal. Synchronization pulse signals are likewise amplified to TTL logic levels
and broadcast. The high level system design is presented with discussion about
the design considerations. A proof of concept demonstrates the approach is valid
for the Vehicle Terrain Measurement System (VTMS). Finally, the benefits of this
approach and future development to this system are presented.
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND FATIGUE STUDIES OF RUBBER COMPONENTS USED IN
TRACKED VEHICLES
Authors: Brown H.R. , Bouvard J.L. , Oglesby D. , Marin E. , Francis D. , Antonyraj A. , Toghiani H. , Wang P. , Horstemeyer M.F. , Castanier M.P.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In this study, a styrene butadiene rubber, which is similar to the rubber used in
road wheel backer pads of tracked vehicles, was investigated experimentally
under monotonic and fatigue loading conditions. The monotonic loading response
of the material was obtained under different stress states (compression and
tension), strain rates (0.001/s to 3000/s), and temperatures (-5C to 50C). The
experimental data showed that the material exhibited stress state, strain rate
and temperature dependence. Fatigue loading behavior of the rubber was
determined using a strain-life approach for R=0.5 loading conditions with
varying strain amplitudes (25 to 43.75 percent) at a frequency of 2 Hz.
Microstructural analysis of specimen fracture surfaces was performed using
scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to
determine the failure mechanisms of the material. The primary failure mechanisms
for both loading conditions were found to be the debonding of particles on the
order of 50 to 200 μm.
HUMAN DIMENSION CHALLENGES TO THE MAINTENANCE OF LOCAL AREA AWARENESS
USING A 360° INDIRECT VISION SYSTEM
Authors: Metcalfe Jason S. , Cosenzo Keryl A. , Johnson Tony , Brumm Bradley , Manteuffel Christopher , Evans A. William , Tierney Terrance
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Maintenance of local security is essential for the lethality and survivability in
modern urban conflicts. Among solutions the Army is developing is an
indirect-vision display (IVD) based sensor system supporting full-spectrum,
360°local area awareness. Unfortunately, such display solutions only
address part of the challenge, with remaining issues spawned by the properties
of human perceptual-cognitive function. The current study examined the influence
of threat properties (e.g. threat type, distance, etc.) on detection performance
while participants conducted a patrol through a simulated urban area.
Participants scanned a virtual environment comprised of static and dynamic
entities and reported those that were deemed potential threats. Results showed
that the most influential variables were the characteristics of the targets;
threats that appeared far away, behind the vehicle, and for short periods of
time were most likely missed. Thus, if an IVD system is to be effective, it will
be necessary to improve range performance and optimize the amount of viewing
time for 360° imagery. Some results indicated target salience as also
important. As such, real-time image processing may ultimately be necessary to
account for perceptual-cognitive factors affecting detection and identification
performance.
How to Deal with Fuel Found in Theater: CYPRESS-Cylinder Pressure
Based Combustion Control for Consistent Performance with Varying Fuel Properties
and Types
Authors: Jeal Geoff , Hunter Gary L. , Kruit Stephan L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Cylinder Pressure Monitoring (CYPRESS™). This technology
provides closed-loop feedback to enable a real-time calculation of the apparent
heat release rate (AHRR). This makes it possible to adapt to the fuel ignition
quality (cetane number) by adjusting the pilot injection quantity and the
placement of the pilot and main injection events. This enables the engine
control system to detect fuel quality and adapt the ignition sequence
accordingly.

This technology is also used to infer the total fuel energy injected by analyzing
the AHRR, making it possible to vary the injected fuel volume quantity to
achieve consistent (+/- 2%) full load power as the fuel energy density varies.
Analysis of the position of AHRR with respect to the crank angle (CA) is
dependent on the start of injection and subsequent fuel shots. The ability to
control the position of the AHRR maintains thermal efficiency as fuel properties
vary which are implemented by controlling the fuel injection pulse widths and
common rail injection pressure levels.

Key to the development of the control system and subsequent adaptation to a
corresponding engine is the AVL analysis and simulation tool suite as follows:

BOOST—One-dimensional thermodynamic modeling of the engine
system

FIRE—Detailed fluid mechanics of compressible and
incompressible fluid flows in the engine

Engine Simulation Environment (ESE) Diesel— Simulation of the
fluid mechanics and chemistry of the diesel combustion
process.

Through the use of a cylinder pressure sensor, the engine controller will be able
to map the development of the AHRR and the mass fuel burn point (MFB50%), which
provides good thermal efficiency correlation. The cylinder pressure map detects
the start of combustion (SOC) and the feedback controller adjusts the start of
injection (SOI) to maintain the SOC in the ideal crank position.

The cylinder pressure sensor allows for accurate measurement of the power
produced. By varying the volume of fuel in each injection shot the controller
actively manages the engine power and noise signature with different fuels (e.g.
DF-2, JP-8, JP-5, etc).

The initial concept for this approach was derived from AVL’s suite of
hardware and software tools developed for base engine combustion research and
development. This technology is now licensed to major OEMs and is in production
vehicles in Europe.
Development and Integration of a Soil-Tire Model for LAV-Terrain
Systems
Authors: Zhang Xiong , Knezevic Zeljko
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a novel approach for modeling LAV-terrain systems in a
dynamic simulation environment, which is based on results from the research and
development of advanced technologies by the Computer Modeling and Simulation
team of General Dynamics Land Systems-Canada (GDLS-C). The presented soil-tire
model has been developed based upon the application of terra-mechanics and is
being uniquely integrated with a full 8x8 LAV model in ADAMS/View, with
incorporation of large tire deflections and multi-passing effect. It is shown
that the highly efficient soil-tire model is capable of dynamically predicting
soil sinkage, tire deflection, wheel slip, rolling resistance, drawbar pull and
actual torque created at each soil-tire interface, as required by the mobility
analysis of LAV systems over soft terrains.
A PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF TRACKED VEHICLE DYNAMOMETER SYSTEMS FOR
MOBILITY LOAD EMULATION OF A COMBAT HYBRID ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
Authors: Goodell Jarrett , Connolly Tom , Leslie Ed , Smith Wilford
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The United States Army Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering
Center (TARDEC) is actively researching methods to advance the state of
hybrid-electric power system technology for use in military vehicles. Supporting
this research, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) is the lead
contractor for developing the Hybrid Electric Re-Configurable Movable
Integration Test-bed (HERMIT), which is operated at TARDEC in Warren, Michigan.
The HERMIT is a ground-vehicle-sized series hybrid-electric test-bed featuring a
diesel engine, permanent magnet generator, high voltage bus, DC-DC converter,
lithium ion battery pack, left and right traction motors, thermal management
system, and left and right bi-directional dynamometers. The power system is
sized for a 20-22 ton tracked vehicle. The dynamometers are responsible for
emulating loads that the tracked vehicle would see while running over a military
theater-type course.

This paper discusses the control system design for achieving mobility load
emulation and compares experimental results obtained from two different sets of
dynamometers running the same virtual course and duty cycle. Load emulation is
defined as the ability of the measured left and right sprocket speeds to track
the left and right sprocket speeds of the tracked vehicle model. The two types
of dynamometers used to obtain the experimental results are an AC dynamometer
and a DC dynamometer. The DC dynamometer has an inertia that is three times
larger than the AC dynamometer inertia. The experimental results are analyzed
with respect to the chosen duty cycle and the dynamometers used. Finally, the
effect of the duty cycle on the dynamometer choice is discussed.
SMART POWER ARCHITECTURE FOR INTELLIGENT POWER
DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Dolbin Brad , Jedynak David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Curtiss-Wright has developed an advanced Smart Power Architecture for Intelligent
Power Distribution, based on our Intelligent Power Distribution Demonstration
(iPDD) and experience in providing power distribution components specifically
for Heavy Brigade Combat Team (HBCT) vehicles. The challenges of power
distribution and management in ground vehicles are presented, including issues
of scalability, warfighter burden, and the complexity of distributing multiple
vehicle power sources. The fundamental building blocks of Smart Power are
described, including Power Distribution Units, Power Conditioning Units, and
types of Power Conversion Units (AC/DC, DC/DC, DC/AC). A Smart Power Reference
Architecture will be presented, showing how it enables scalable and modular
power distribution systems. How modular Smart Power Architecture can enable
commonality across vehicles and applications. How it can provide automatic and
programmable load management, including startup and shutdown sequencing, event
triggered load control, and automatic configuration for vehicle operational
modes. How multiple power sources can be used to provide uninterrupted vehicle
power, including off-vehicle scavenged power. How power sensitive loads can be
integrated into traditional unconditioned power, allowing for cost and SWaP
savings. How the Smart Power Architecture integrates with the US Army’s
VICTORY Architecture. How it integrates with and enables vehicle prognostic and
diagnostics. How the Smart Power Architecture for Intelligent Power Distribution
ultimately provides better value to the warfighter.
RAYTHEON COE: MIDDLEWARE ENABLING THE TACTICAL PLUG AND PLAY
FRAMEWORK
Authors: Stuessy Al
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Raytheon Common Operating Environment (RTN-COE) is a TRL-9 level integrated
real-time operating environment that has been utilized in 40 plus Army, Navy,
and Air Force programs. RTN-COE was created in 2000-2001 as an open architecture
instantiation of the US Army’s Weapons Systems Technical Architecture
Working Group (WSTAWG) Operating Environment API and has since been propagated
throughout the company. This paper will describe the evolution RTN-COE and
specifically how RTN-COE is a key enabler of the Raytheon Tactical Plug-and-Play
Framework that meets the low latency requirements associated with closed-loop
operations with sensors, while also providing a gateway to the C2 applications
within this framework. Finally this paper will elaborate upon the design
considerations addressed by RTN-COE that have enabled it to: facilitate digital
backbone integration, maximize scalability, enable multi-company software
integration to shared processors, and promote software reuse and
portability.
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF SENSOR ENHANCED ARMOR
Authors: Reynolds Thomas , Meitzler Thomas J. , Ebenstein Samuel
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The US Army is replacing conventional armor with new types of ballistic
protection which are lighter in weight than the materials they replace yet offer
the same degree of protection. A key component of this new type of armor is
called Multi Functional (MFA) or Sensor Enhanced Armor (SEA) because the armor
provides more capabilities than traditional ballistic protection for the soldier
and ground vehicle. In this paper we shall concentrate on the real-time health
monitoring of SEA.

We have developed a method which has been applied to several types of new
ballistic protection. We use ultrasonic waves to excite the armor panel. We
measure the response to the excitation when the ballistic protection is known to
be undamaged and store the results in a database. To determine if the armor has
been damaged, we measure it again and compare the new results to the contents of
the database.
ADVANCED SA – MODELING AND VISUALIZATION ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Saylor Kase J , Meyer Cyril F , Wilmes Theodore , Moore Michael S
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept prototype system created in an
applied research and development effort at Southwest Research Institute. The
Advanced Situational Awareness (ASA) Modeling and Visualization Environment is a
response to the need for applications that improve the value and presentation of
situational awareness information by leveraging the increased integration of
sensors, Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence,
Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR), and Electronic Warfare (EW) systems
with networks in ground vehicles. The ongoing U.S. Army Vehicular Integration
for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY) initiative is providing the framework by
which this integration of sensors and systems can be realized. By utilizing the
VICTORY concepts and current specifications, the research team was able to
develop an ASA system that provides: cross-vehicle reasoning, visualization of
situation awareness (SA) data overlaid on video, and a mapping capability.
Acoustic Based Sensing for Condition Based
Maintenance
Authors: Reichenfeld Curtis
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Curtiss-Wright has developed an acoustic based sensor technology for measuring
friction, shock, and dynamic load transfer between moving parts in machinery.
This technology provides a means of detecting and analyzing machine structure
borne ultrasonic frequency sounds caused by friction and shock events between
the moving parts of the machine. Electrical signals from the sensors are
amplified and filtered to remove unwanted low frequency vibration energy. The
resulting data is analyzed as a computed stress wave energy value that considers
the amplitude, shape, duration and rates of all friction and shock events that
occur during a reference time interval. The ability to separate stress waves
from the lower frequency operational noise makes this technology capable of
detecting damaged gears/bearings and changes in lubrication in equipment earlier
than other techniques, and before failure progression increases cost of repair.
Already TRL9 in adjacent industries, this technology offers great costs saving
potential for military ground vehicle maintainers.
SYSTEM REALIZATION FOR COLLABORATIVE VEHICLE WEIGHT TARGETING AND CASCADING
Authors: Kim Kyoung-Yun , Kim Yun Seon , Choi Keunho , Sohmshetty Raj
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

One of important characteristics of modern ground vehicles is the
maneuverability. Excessive size and weight might result in an obstacle to impede
the maneuverability of the ground vehicles. Weight should be consistently and
efficiently propagated from top-level design specifications to the various
subsystems and components. Furthermore, in a ground vehicle development
environment, the weight targeting requires heterogeneous departments to interact
with each other concurrently and collaboratively. In this paper, therefore, we
propose a web-based system to support the ground vehicle weight targeting and
cascading for ground vehicle engineers. The system enables weight efficiency
calculation with formulae to determine weight and cost targets via competitive
vehicle analyses in early product development stages. We implement the proposed
system by employing the web technology, which allows collaborative information
collection and sharing. With the newly introduced paradigm, the system takes
into consideration the various stakeholders who need to access vehicle weight
information. Via the suggested information system, vehicle weight information
and efficiency metrics (or formulation) are integrated and managed for weight
targeting and cascading practices, with associated information and metrics
designed to be congruent with a corporation’s enterprise-wide decisions.
For the purpose of the system’s validation, we implemented the system on
a vehicle manufacturer’s network and discuss the test results, which
were based on large-scale vehicle data.
PRODUCIBILITY AND CONFIDENCE INDICES DURING DEFENSE
ACQUISITION
Authors: Hadley James R. , McCarthy Daniel J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Given the complex nature of systems today, systems engineering’s primary
focus is typically consumed with optimizing function and performance. This
condition often causes producibility and cost to become an after-thought,
leading to late, over budget production. Therefore an objective and relevant
method is required to provide real-time feedback to system engineers relative to
producibility and confidence that facilitates better systems design and
programmatic decisions.

This paper will discuss the use of producibility model metrics to score several
key design elements for the creation of a single standardized producibility
index (PI) to encourage engineers to improve their designs for producibility
earlier in the development life-cycle. Additionally monitoring certain analysis
activities to gauge the level of accuracy in the producibility model will
provide metrics to create a single standardized producibility confidence index
(PCI) that can be used to mitigate risk in programmatic decision making. Lastly,
the On-Board Vehicle Power (OBVP) system will be used to demonstrate the PI and
PCI.
IDENTIFYING THE COMPONENT AND ARCHITECTURAL DRIVERS OF COST IN
MILITARY SYSTEMS
Authors: Bordley Robert , Peterson Troy , Samson Frederick
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Department of Defense (DoD) systems are often highly complex, costly and have
extraordinarily long life cycles. Due to these characteristics requirements that
these systems will need to meet over their life cycle are highly uncertain. To
meet future requirements more rapidly at a lower cost requires an understanding
of how to manage uncertainty and architecture to make these complex systems more
flexible, adaptable and affordable. This paper proposes an alternative
approaches to traditional development through managing uncertainty and
architecture in an iterative fashion with decision analysis methods. Several
specific methods and tools are discussed to include: Influence Diagrams, Design
of Experiments, Design Structure Matrix and Target-Oriented Utility.
Collectively the approach identifies the component and architectural drivers of
cost in military systems.
Hierarchical Platforms-Based Design of Ground
Vehicles
Authors: Mehta Sandeep , Cooper Stephen
Published: November 2024

An innovative new approach is presented that addresses the challenges of design
in a constantly changing environment. New solutions that satisfy changing
requirements are generated by rapidly reconfiguring ongoing projects and
effectively reusing trusted designs. Design is essentially a process of
generating knowledge about how to build new systems. Reuse is difficult because
this knowledge is amorphous and difficult to access. Hierarchical platform-based
engineering is used to structure and categorize this knowledge to make it easily
accessible. This approach has three essential components: 1) Hierarchical
platform-based design method organizes design projects into a structured
library; 2) Transformational systems engineering and concurrent risk assessment
are used to capture complex interactions between different CPS elements. These
captured interactions help assess reusability and reconfigurability of each
element; 3) A new design flow integrates platform-based design
methods into the overall design workflow. Detailed examples are presented to
illustrate the use of the new approach.
STREAMING VIDEO MODELING FOR ROBOTICS TELEOPERATION
Authors: Bounker Paul , Hope Kevin , Kaniarz John , Bergin Dennis
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Most of the current fielded Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) functionality is
dependent on the ability to drive the UGV using tele-operation technology. In
addition, a large number of payloads require tele-operation to perform the
mission function. Tele-operation technology is dependent on providing the
operator streaming video, which is reliant on radio capabilities along with
video format, resolution and compression routines. There have been Army efforts
to perform real-time network modeling as part of Program Executive
Office-Integration (PEO-I). These are primarily related to the passing of C2
tactical information from vehicle to vehicle.

Ground Vehicle Robotics (GVR) has funded a ‘proof of principle’
effort that culminated in a demonstration performed in February, 2011. This
effort modeled the impact of latency, packet/data loss and distorted signal on
streaming video being sent from a virtual UGV to the Operator Control Unit
(OCU). These distorted signals, cause loss of vehicle control. The initial
capability will allow for tradeoff analysis of radios, waveforms and antennas in
performing tele-operation and payload control of manipulator arms in various
rural and urban environments.

This paper will discuss the tradeoffs, architecture and design of the system in
support of the February, 2011 demonstration along with potential follow-on
activities and capabilities.
IMPLEMENTING A COMMON ARCHITECTURE FOR EOD ROBOTIC
SYSTEMS
Authors: Hinton Mark A. , Johannes Matthew S. , Zeher Michael J. , Kozlowski Matthew V.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Advanced Explosive Ordnance Disposal Robotic System (AEODRS) is a
Navy-sponsored acquisition program developing a new generation of open, modular
EOD robotic systems. In a previous paper, we described a common architecture for
the AEODRS family of systems. The foundation of that architecture is the careful
partitioning of an EOD robotic system into Capability Modules, and the
definition of inter-module interfaces based on recognized and accepted open
standards.

In this paper, we describe an implementation approach selected to demonstrate the
architecture’s contribution to subsystem and payload interoperability.
We further describe an approach to incremental integration of independently
developed subsystems and payloads into a mixed simulation System Testbed,
allowing independent assessment of each integrand’s compliance with the
defined interfaces of the architecture. We also illustrate how this incremental
approach enables the integration process to proceed with reduced dependence on
the order in which the independently developed subsystems and payloads are
delivered.