bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross-Sectional Asset Pricing Tests
Authors: Jagannathan Ravi , Schaumburg Ernst , Zhou Guofu
Published: November 2010

A major problem in finance is to understand why different financial assets earn vastly different returns on average. In this paper, we survey various econometric approaches that have been developed to empirically examine various asset pricing models used to explain the difference in cross section of security returns. The approaches range from regressions to the generalized method of moments, and the associated asset pricing models are both conditional and unconditional. In addition, we review some of the major empirical studies.
An Informal Perspective on the Economics and Regulation of Securities Markets
Authors: Spatt Chester S.
Published: November 2010

This review uses an economic lens to offer perspectives on securities regulation. We discuss several motives for regulation and highlight some facets of regulatory conflict, competition, and coordination as well as the range of required securities market disclosures. We discuss the roles of economics and cost-benefit analysis in regulation under administrative law as well as “counting” and “line-drawing” exercises and the nature of the “unintended consequences” of regulation. Among the specific examples of securities regulation that the review highlights using economic principles are short-sale regulation (including the economic costs associated with short interest) and enforcement sanctions against corporations. We also note some of the successes (options backdating) and failures (Madoff and mutual fund market timing) of the securities regulator in identifying new enforcement challenges. This review concludes by highlighting the importance of regulatory uncertainty and time-consistent policies and applies this principle to several contexts related to the financial crisis.
Weak and Strong Convergence Theorems for Asymptotically Strict Pseudocontractive Mappings in the Intermediate Sense
Authors: Zhao Jing , He Songnian
Published: November 2010

We study the convergence of Ishikawa iteration process for the class of asymptotically "Equation missing"-strict pseudocontractive mappings in the intermediate sense which is not necessarily Lipschitzian. Weak convergence theorem is established. We also obtain a strong convergence theorem by using hybrid projection for this iteration process. Our results improve and extend the corresponding results announced by many others.
Silicon-Micromachined Gas Chromatographic Columns for the Development of Portable Detection Device
Authors: Sanchez Jean-Baptiste , Schmitt Aline , Berger Franck , Mavon Christophe
Published: November 2010

We report the fabrication of a gas chromatographic column module integrated on a silicon substrate and usable as a portable measurement device dedicated to the selective detection of various chemical compounds (gas or vapour). PDMS, PEG, and F13-TEOS stationary phases have been prepared in order to coat the inside walls of microchannels. The microcolumn tests were performed with a mixture of hydrocarbons and ketone. After having evaluated the effectiveness of such a separation module, we showed an application by coupling a GC microcolumn with a metal oxide-based gas sensor. The best results were obtained at a low isothermal temperature mode of the GC micro-column (near the ambient temperature). The coupling between the GC microcolumn and a metal oxide gas sensor enables to obtain a rapid, reliable, and selective analysis of various chemical compounds.
On Some Geometric Constants and the Fixed Point Property for Multivalued Nonexpansive Mappings
Authors: Zhang Jingxin , Cui Yunan
Published: November 2010

We show some geometric conditions on a Banach space X concerning the Jordan-von Neumann constant, Zbăganu constant, characteristic of (separation) noncompact convexity, and the coefficient R(1, X), the weakly convergent sequence coefficient, which imply the existence of fixed points for multivalued nonexpansive mappings.
Synthesis and Characterization of Glassy Carbon Nanowires
Authors: Lentz C. M. , Samuel B. A. , Foley H. C. , Haque M. A.
Published: November 2010

The advent of carbon-based micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems has revived the interest in glassy carbon, whose properties are relatively unknown at lower dimensions. In this paper, electrical conductivity of individual glassy carbon nanowires was measured as a function of microstructure (controlled by heat treatment temperature) and ambient temperature. The semiconducting nanowires with average diameter of 150 nm were synthesized from polyfurfuryl alcohol precursors and characterized using transmission electron and Raman microscopy. DC electrical measurements made at 90 K to 450 K show very strong dependence of temperature, following mixed modes of activation energy and hopping-based conduction.
Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care: A Randomized Study Using Aromatic Herbs
Authors: Ben-Arye Eran , Dudai Nativ , Eini Anat , Torem Moshe , Schiff Elad , Rakover Yoseph
Published: November 2010

This study is a prospective randomized double‐blind controlled trial whose aim was to investigate the clinical effects of aromatic essential oils in patients with upper respiratory tract infections. The trial was conducted in six primary care clinics in northern Israel. A spray containing aromatic essential oils of five plants (Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, Origanum syriacum, and Rosmarinus officinalis)as applied 5 times a day for 3 days and compared with a placebo spray. The main outcome measure was patient assessment of the change in severity of the most debilitating symptom (sore throat, hoarseness or cough). Sixty patients participated in the study (26 in the study group and 34 in the control group). Intention‐to‐treat analysis showed that 20 minutes following the spray use, participants in the study group reported a greater improvement in symptom severity compared to participants in the placebo group (P = .019). There was no difference in symptom severity between the two groups after 3 days of treatment (P = .042). In conclusion, spray application of five aromatic plants reported in this study brings about significant and immediate improvement in symptoms of upper respiratory ailment. This effect is not significant after 3 days of treatment.
Coupled Coincidence Point Theorems for Nonlinear Contractions in Partially Ordered Quasi-Metric Spaces with a Q-Function
Authors: Hussain N , Shah MH , Kutbi MA
Published: November 2010

Using the concept of a mixed g-monotone mapping, we prove some coupled coincidence and coupled common fixed point theorems for nonlinear contractive mappings in partially ordered complete quasi-metric spaces with a Q-function q. The presented theorems are generalizations of the recent coupled fixed point theorems due to Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham (2006), Lakshmikantham and Ćirić (2009) and many others.
Genome-wide Association Study of Prostate Cancer Mortality
Authors: Penney Kathryn L. , Pyne Saumyadipta , Schumacher Fredrick R. , Sinnott Jennifer A. , Mucci Lorelei A. , Kraft Peter L. , Ma Jing , Oh William K. , Kurth Tobias , Kantoff Philip W. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Stampfer Meir J. , Hunter David J. , Freedman Matthew L.
Published: November 2010

Background: A pressing clinical issue in prostate cancer is to distinguish which men will have an indolent or aggressive course of disease. Clinical variables such as Gleason grade and stage are useful predictors of lethal cancer; however, the low predictive values of the common Gleason scores, changes in grading over time, and earlier diagnosis of patients due to screening limits their clinical utility. Identifying genetic variants associated with lethal prostate cancer could inform clinical decision making.

Methods: We conducted a genome-wide association study, comparing lethal prostate cancer cases to cases surviving at least 10 years beyond their initial diagnosis. Genotyping was done with the Affymetrix 5.0 chip [∼500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and 1,483 copy number variants (CNV)] on DNA from participants in the Physicians' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (196 lethal cases, 368 long-term survivors). After excluding SNPs and individuals based on quality control criteria, logistic regression assuming an additive model was done using the PLINK software.

Results: No SNP reached genome-wide significance (P ≤ 1 × 10−7); however, three independent SNPs had P < 1 × 10−5. One top-ranked SNP replicated (P = 0.05) in an independent follow-up study. Although no CNV had genome-wide significance, 14 CNVs showed nominal association with prostate cancer mortality (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: No variants were significantly associated at a genome-wide level with prostate cancer mortality. Common genetic determinants of lethal prostate cancer are likely to have odds ratios <2.0.

Impact: Genetic markers identified could provide biological insight to improve therapy for men with potentially fatal cancer. Larger studies are necessary to detect the genetic causes of prostate cancer mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2869–76. ©2010 AACR.
Effects of Prenatal Ethanol Exposure on Postnatal Growth and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis
Authors: Aros Sofía , Mills James L. , Iñiguez Germán , Avila Alejandra , Conley Mary R. , Troendle James , Cox Christopher , Cassorla Fernando
Published: November 2010

Aims: To study the effect of in-utero alcohol exposure on the insulin-like growth factor axis (IGF) and leptin during infancy and childhood, considering that exposed children may exhibit pre- and postnatal growth retardation. Methods: We prospectively identified heavily drinking pregnant women who consumed on average 4 or more drinks of ethanol per day (≧48 g/day) and assessed growth in 69 of their offspring and an unexposed control group of 83 children, measuring serum IGF-I (radioimmunoassay), IGF-II (immunoradiometric assay, IRMA), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) (IRMA) and leptin (IRMA) at 1 month and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of age. Results: IGF-II levels increased with age in both groups, but the rate of increase was significantly higher in exposed children, and levels were significantly higher in ethanol-exposed children at 3, 4, and 5 years of age. In exposed children, IGF-I levels were higher at 3 and 4 years and leptin levels were significantly lower at 1 and 2 years. Exposed subjects showed a much lower correlation between IGF-I and growth parameters than unexposed subjects. Conclusion: Exposure to ethanol during pregnancy increases IGF-I and IGF-II and decreases leptin during early childhood. The increase in serum IGF-II concentrations in ethanol-exposed children suggests that this hormone should be explored as a potential marker for prenatal alcohol exposure.
Ditransitive Asymmetries and a Theory of Idiom Formation
Authors: Bruening Benjamin
Published: November 2010

This article discusses three asymmetries in ditransitives—quantifier scope, nominalizations, and idioms—and argues that an asymmetric theory like that advocated by Marantz (1993) and Bruening (2001) is correct. A symmetric theory like that proposed by Harley (1997, 2002) cannot account for the asymmetries. The article also proposes a complete theory of idiom formation based on selection. It also proposes a formal semantics for double object constructions that includes a mechanism for composing complex predicates. This semantics can account for the different readings of again and other modifiers, and can also be extended to nonalternating verbs like deny, spare, envy, and cost, with correct predictions about their behavior.
Influence of Forced Large-Scale Atmospheric Patterns on Surface Air Temperature in China
Authors: Jia Xiaojing , Lin Hai
Published: November 2010

The seasonality of the influence of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST)-forced large-scale atmospheric patterns on the surface air temperature (SAT) over China is investigated for the period from 1969 to 2001. Both observations and output from four atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) involved in the second phase of the Canadian Historical Forecasting Project (HFP) are used. The large-scale atmospheric patterns are obtained by applying a singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis between 500-hPa geopotential height (Z500) in the Northern Hemisphere and SST in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Temporal correlations between the SAT over China and the expansion coefficients of the leading SVD modes show that SAT over China can be significantly influenced by these large-scale atmospheric patterns, especially by the second SVD mode. The relationship between the SAT over China and the leading atmospheric patterns in the observations is partly captured by the HFP models.

Furthermore, seasonal forecasts of SAT over China are postprocessed using a statistical approach. This statistical approach is designed based on the relationship between the forecast Z500 and the observed SST to calibrate the SAT forecasts. Results show that the forecast skill of the postprocessed SAT over China can be improved in all seasons to some extent, with that in fall having the most significant improvement. Possible mechanisms behind the improvement of the forecast are investigated.
Synthesis of Ag–Pd Alloy Nanoparticles Suitable as Precursors for Ionic Migration-Resistant Conductive Film
Authors: Yamamoto Mari , Kakiuchi Hiroshi , Kashiwagi Yukiyasu , Yoshida Yukio , Ohno Toshinobu , Nakamoto Masami
Published: November 2010

Tetradecanoate-stabilized Ag–Pd alloy nanoparticles (NPs) were quantitatively synthesized by the controlled thermolysis of silver tetradecanoate and palladium tetradecanoate in the presence of tripropylamine. This approach is a one-pot synthetic method applicable to large-scale preparation. The Ag–Pd alloy NPs obtained at feeding ratios of Ag/Pd = 85/15, 50/50, and 15/85 have mean diameters of about 3 nm with narrow size distributions. The structure of Ag–Pd alloy NPs was solid solution face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline structure, which was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurement. The elemental compositions of the Ag–Pd alloy NPs corresponded closely with the feeding ratio of the precursors. The Ag–Pd alloy NPs were studied as printable precursors to fabricate conductive elements for printed electronics. The electronic circuit pattern was prepared by screen-printing, using Ag–Pd alloy NPs ink, and then converted to conductive film by annealing at 300 °C. The obtained metallic Ag–Pd alloy film had both high conductivity and ionic migration-resistance.
Competition between Hydrogen and Dihydrogen Bonding: Interaction of B2H6 with HF and LiH
Authors: Zabardasti Abedien , Joshaghani Mohammad , Solimannejad Mohammad
Published: November 2010

Ab initio calculations were used to analyze the interactions between a molecule of B2H6 with HF and LiH at the MP2/aug-cc-pvdz computational level. B2H6 could interact with HF and LiH through both its terminal (Ht) and bridged (Hb) hydrogens. Interaction of Hb of B2H6 with HF and LiH result in formation of Hb···F hydrogen and Hb···H dihydrogen bonds, respectively. In contrast, Ht of B2H6 leads to formation of Ht···H and Ht···Li bonds in the interaction with HF and LiH. The B2H6–LiH complexes are more stable than B2H6–HF counterparts. The structures obtained have been analyzed with the atoms in molecules (AIMs) methodology.
Palladium-Catalyzed Allylation Reaction of Alkynylborates
Authors: Ishida Naoki , Shinmoto Tatsuo , Sawano Shota , Miura Tomoya , Murakami Masahiro
Published: November 2010

Alkynyl(aryl)(diorganyl)borates, anionic tetrahedral boron compounds, reacted with allylic bromides in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst to produce (diorganyl)(trisubstituted alkenyl)boranes. Allylation took place at the alkynyl carbon β to boron, inducing 1,2-migration of the aryl group on the anionic boron center to the α-carbon.
Photoinduced Change in Mechanical Properties of Anthracene Polymers Containing Flexible Side Chains
Authors: Kondo Mizuho , Takemoto Masahiko , Matsuda Takehiro , Fukae Ryohei , Kawatsuki Nobuhiro
Published: November 2010

Anthracene polymers containing flexible side chains were prepared and their photomechanical properties were investigated. The glass transition temperature of the polymers decreased and the photoreactivity at room temperature was enhanced with an increase of the flexible side chain content. When the polymer was formed into a fiber shape and illuminated with UV light, it bent toward the actinic light source. The deformation was investigated using a thermomechanical analyzer, which revealed that the polymers undergo fast expansion and slow contraction in response to UV light, due to the thermal expansion and photodimerization of the anthracene moiety, respectively.
MCM-41 Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Recyclable Catalysts for the Sequential Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Epoxides, CO2, and Methanol
Authors: Li Jian , Wang Liguo , Liu Shimin , Li Xueli , Shi Feng , Deng Youquan
Published: November 2010

One kind of novel heterogenous bifunctional catalyst, MCM-41 grafted quaternary ammonium salts with terminal amino group, was prepared. These catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic performance and good reusability in the sequential synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from epoxides, CO2, and methanol.
Early failure of the Ultima metal-on-metal total hip replacement in the presence of normal plain radiographs
Authors: Donell S. T. , Darrah C. , Nolan J. F. , Wimhurst J. , Toms A. , Barker T. H. W. , Case C. P. , Tucker J. K.
Published: November 2010

Metal-on-metal total hip replacement has been targeted at younger patients with anticipated long-term survival, but the effect of the production of metal ions is a concern because of their possible toxicity to cells. We have reviewed the results of the use of the Ultima hybrid metal-on-metal total hip replacement, with a cemented polished tapered femoral component with a 28 mm diameter and a cobalt-chrome (CoCr) modular head, articulating with a 28 mm CoCr acetabular bearing surface secured in a titanium alloy uncemented shell.

Between 1997 and 2004, 545 patients with 652 affected hips underwent replacement using this system. Up to 31 January 2008, 90 (13.8%) hips in 82 patients had been revised. Pain was the sole reason for revision in 44 hips (48.9%) of which 35 had normal plain radiographs. Peri-prosthetic fractures occurred in 17 hips (18.9%) with early dislocation in three (3.3%) and late dislocation in 16 (17.8%). Infection was found in nine hips (10.0%).

At operation, a range of changes was noted including cavities containing cloudy fluid under pressure, necrotic soft tissues with avulsed tendons and denuded osteonecrotic upper femora. Corrosion was frequently observed on the retrieved cemented part of the femoral component. Typically, the peri-operative findings confirmed those found on pre-operative metal artefact reduction sequence MRI and histological examination showed severe necrosis.

Metal artefact reduction sequence MRI proved to be useful when investigating these patients with pain in the absence of adverse plain radiological features.
Initial shortening and internal fixation in combination with a Sauvé-Kapandji procedure for severely comminuted fractures of the distal radius in elderly patients
Authors: Arora R. , Gabl M. , Pechlaner S. , Lutz M.
Published: November 2010

We identified 11 women with a mean age of 74 years (65 to 81) who sustained comminuted distal radial and ulnar fractures and were treated by volar plating and slight shortening of the radius combined with a primary Sauvé-Kapandji procedure.

At a mean of 46 months (16 to 58), union of distal radial fractures and arthrodesis of the distal radioulnar joint was seen in all patients. The mean shortening of the radius was 12 mm (5 to 18) compared to the contralateral side. Flexion and extension of the wrist was a mean of 54° and 50°, respectively, and the mean pronation and supination of the forearm was 82° and 86°, respectively. The final mean disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand score was 26 points. According to the Green and O’Brien rating system, eight patients had an excellent, two a good and one a fair result.

The good clinical and radiological results, and the minor complications without the need for further operations related to late ulnar-sided wrist pain, justify this procedure in the elderly patient.
Ablation of bone cells by electroporation
Authors: Fini M. , Tschon M. , Ronchetti M. , Cavani F. , Bianchi G. , Mercuri M. , Alberghini M. , Cadossi R.
Published: November 2010

Short intense electrical pulses transiently increase the permeability of the cell membrane, an effect known as electroporation. This can be combined with antiblastic drugs for ablation of tumours of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of electroporation when applied to bone and to understand whether the presence of mineralised trabeculae would affect the capability of the electric field to porate the membrane of bone cells.

Different levels of electrical field were applied to the femoral bone of rabbits. The field distribution and modelling were simulated by computer. Specimens of bone from treated and control rabbits were obtained for histology, histomorphometry and biomechanical testing.

After seven days, the area of ablation had increased in line with the number of pulses and/or with the amplitude of the electrical field applied. The osteogenic activity in the ablated area had recovered by 30 days. Biomechanical testing showed structural integrity of the bone at both times.

Electroporation using the appropriate combination of voltage and pulses induced ablation of bone cells without affecting the recovery of osteogenic activity. It can be an effective treatment in bone and when used in combination with drugs, an option for the treatment of metastases.
The outcome of pelvic reconstruction with non-vascularised fibular grafts after resection of bone tumours
Authors: Krieg A. H. , Lenze U. , Gaston M. S. , Hefti F.
Published: November 2010

We retrospectively evaluated 18 patients with a mean age of 37.3 years (14 to 72) who had undergone pelvic reconstruction stabilised with a non-vascularised fibular graft after resection of a primary bone tumour. The mean follow-up was 10.14 years (2.4 to 15.7). The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score was 76.5% (50% to 100%). Primary union was achieved in the majority of reconstructions within a mean of 22.9 weeks (7 to 60.6). The three patients with delayed or nonunion all received additional therapy (chemotherapy/radiation) (p = 0.0162). The complication rate was comparable to that of other techniques described in the literature.

Non-vascularised fibular transfer to the pelvis is a simpler, cheaper and quicker procedure than other currently described techniques. It is a biological reconstruction with good results and a relatively low donor site complication rate. However, adjuvant therapy can negatively affect the outcome of such grafts.
The Global Research-and-Development Network and Its Effect on Innovation
Authors: Kim Changsu , Park Jong-Hun
Published: November 2010

The authors examine the impact of a firm's innovation by analyzing its position in a global research-and-development network and its orientation toward using scientific knowledge (science intensity). Drawing on organizational learning and network theory research, they focus on the moderating role of a firm's network position in the relationship between the firm's science intensity and the impact of its innovation. Data derived from the global pharmaceutical industry indicate that a firm's science intensity enhances the impact of its innovation by facilitating effective search. This relationship is reinforced when the firm has network resources derived from an efficient network position. These results support the idea that the impact of innovation is strengthened when internal research capability and external network resources are combined. This study, which is conducted in a global industry network context, also enables the authors to examine the role of international gatekeepers in bridging ties across U.S., Japanese, and European geographic boundaries.
Mechanical characterization of single bamboo fibers with nanoindentation and microtensile technique
Authors: Yu Yan , Tian Genlin , Wang Hankun , Fei Benhua , Wang Ge
Published: November 2010

More mechanical information on fibers is needed for better understanding of the complex mechanical behavior of bamboo as well as optimizing design of bamboo fiber based composites. In this paper, in situ imaging nanoindentation and an improved microtensile technique were jointly used to characterize the longitudinal mechanical behavior of fibers of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazei ex H. de Lebaie) aged between 0.5 and 4 years. These methods show that 0.5-year-old fibers have similar mechanical performances to their older counterparts. The average longitudinal tensile modulus and tensile strength of Moso bamboo fibers ranges from 32 to 34.6 GPa and 1.43 to 1.69 GPa, respectively, significantly higher than nearly all the published data for wood fibers. This finding could be attributed to the microstructural characteristics of the small microfibrillar angle and scarcity of pits in bamboo fibers. Furthermore, our results directly support the assumption that the widely used Oliver-Pharr analysis method in nanoindentation test significantly underestimates the longitudinal elastic modulus of anisotropic plant cell wall.
Problems of the Infant of the Diabetic Mother
Authors: Ogata Edward S.
Published: November 2010

Great progress has been made in the care of the pregnant woman who has diabetes. Despite this, the risk of the infant of a diabetic mother (IDM) having macrosomia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, respiratory distress syndrome, polycythemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and cardiomyopathy remains. In addition, the IDM has an increased incidence of congenital anomalies, poor neurobehavioral development, and obesity and metabolic abnormalities in later life. Fastidious attention to maternal diabetic control in both the preconceptual and pregnancy periods reduces the risk of these morbidities.
Influence of treatment with ultralow-dose aspirin on platelet aggregation as measured by whole blood impedance aggregometry and platelet P-selectin expression in clinically normal dogs
Authors: S. Sharpe Kristopher , A. Center Sharon , F. Randolph John , B. Brooks Marjory , L. Warner Karen , Stokol Tracy , C. Barr Stephen , Julia Felippe M.
Published: November 2010

Objective—To evaluate the influence of treatment with ultralow-dose aspirin (ULDAsp) on platelet aggregation, P-selectin (CD62P) expression, and formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates in clinically normal dogs.

Animals—18 clinically normal dogs.

Procedures—Studies were conducted before and 24 hours after ULDAsp administration (0.5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h, for 2 days). Whole blood impedance aggregometry for the assessment of platelet function was performed with sodium citrate–anticoagulated blood and aggregation agonists (ADP at 20, 10, and 5 μmol/L; collagen at 10, 5, and 2 μg/mL). Onset, maximum response, and rate of platelet aggregation were recorded. Flow cytometric assays were configured to detect thrombin-induced CD62P expression and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood. Externalized platelet CD62P and constitutive CD61 (GPIIIa) were labeled with antibodies conjugated to phycoerythrin (PE) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), respectively. Red blood cell–lysed paraformaldehyde-fixed EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood was dual labeled with CD61-FITC and a panleukocyte antibody (CD18-PE) to characterize platelet-leukocyte aggregates.

Results—ULDAsp significantly delayed platelet aggregation onset with ADP at 20 μmol/L by 54% to 104%, attenuated maximum aggregation with various concentrations of ADP and collagen by ≥ 41%, and slowed aggregation rate with the highest ADP and collagen concentrations by ≥ 39%. Depending on the parameter tested, up to 30% of dogs failed to have an ULDAsp effect. Thrombin stimulation significantly increased CD62P expression in platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates, but ULDAsp did not alter basal or thrombin-stimulated CD62P expression.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—ULDAsp treatment of clinically normal dogs impaired platelet aggregation in most dogs, but did not influence CD62P platelet membrane expression. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1294–1304)
Influence of kidney function on urinary excretion of albumin and retinol-binding protein in dogs with naturally occurring renal disease
Authors: Raila Jens , Brunnberg Leo , Schweigert Florian J. , Kohn Barbara
Published: November 2010

Objective—To evaluate excretion of urinary albumin (UAlb) and urinary retinol-binding protein (URBP) in dogs with naturally occurring renal disease.

Animals—64 client-owned dogs.

Procedures—Dogs were assigned to groups according to plasma creatinine concentration, urinary protein-to-urinary creatinine ratio (UP:UC), and exogenous plasma creatinine clearance (P-ClCr) rates: group A (n = 8), nonazotemic (plasma creatinine < 125 μmol/L) and nonproteinuric (UP:UC < 0.2) with P-ClCr rate > 90 mL/min/m2; group B (26), nonazotemic and nonproteinuric with P-ClCr rate 50 to 89 mL/min/m2; group C (7), nonazotemic but proteinuric with P-ClCr rate 53 to 98 mL/min/m2; group D (8), azotemic and borderline proteinuric with P-ClCr rate 22 to 45 mL/min/m2); and group E (15), azotemic and proteinuric (P-ClCr not evaluated). The UAlb and URBP concentrations were measured via ELISA; UAlb-to-urinary creatinine (UAlb:UC) and URBP-to-urinary creatinine (URBP:UC) ratios were determined.

Results—UAlb:UC and URBP:UC did not differ between groups A and B. Increased UAlb: UCs and URBP:UCs were paralleled by increased UP:UCs in groups C, D, and E relative to values from groups A and B, independent of azotemia. There were significant positive correlations of UP:UC with UAlb:UC and of UAlb:UC with URBP:UC (r = 0.82 and 0.46, respectively). However, UP:UC, UAlb:UC, and URBP:UC were not significantly correlated with P-ClCr rate.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—UAlb and URBP concentrations were paralleled by urinary protein concentrations and may be useful in assessing renal management of plasma proteins. Determination of urinary protein, UAlb, or URBP concentration was not sufficiently sensitive to detect reduced P-ClCr in nonazotemic dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1387—1394)
Culture and Importance of Backgrounds: A Cross-Cultural Study of Photograph Taking
Authors: Zhang Jie , Li Chen , Smithson Adam , Spann Ethan , Ruan Fang
Published: November 2010

To compare the focus on targeted people while taking a photograph, samples of American and Chinese college students were randomly selected and asked to take casual pictures of people around them with digital cameras. About 200 photographs were rated for the focus on the intended target in the picture. American students were more likely to focus on the targeted individual, while the Chinese students were more likely to attend to the background and the environment of the targeted individual. The findings imply that for the Chinese college students, the environment can be equally important as the person. Possibly for Americans the environment is less important due to the more individualistic culture.
Multiway Contingency Tables: Monte Carlo Resampling Probability Values for the Chi-Squared and Likelihood-Ratio Tests
Authors: Long Michael A. , Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: November 2010

Monte Carlo resampling methods to obtain probability values for chi-squared and likelihood-ratio test statistics for multiway contingency tables are presented. A resampling algorithm provides random arrangements of cell frequencies in a multiway contingency table, given fixed marginal frequency totals. Probability values are obtained from the proportion of resampled test statistic values equal to or greater than the observed test statistic value.
Teaching Cognates in Isolation and Context: A Practical Note on Montelongo, et al. (2009)
Authors: Rodriguez Timothy A.
Published: November 2010

The use of cognates in teaching word identification and vocabulary meaning is an underused resource in the teaching of English-language learners, especially for learners whose language is similar to English, e.g., Spanish. A recent study by Montelongo, Hernandez, Herter, and Hernandez reported that the effect of initial consonants was strong for recognizing words in isolation. In addition, they pointed out that cognates containing suffixes identical between English and Spanish were more quickly recognized than cognates containing similar but not identical suffixes. Further, they stated teachers would do well to take these differences into account when employing a cognate strategy with their Latino English-language learners. The purpose of this response is to discuss how different types of cognates and their various meanings may be examined by educators and students when employing cognates as a strategy in learning English.
An exceptional case of complete lumbosacral spine duplication and open myelomeningocele in adulthood
Authors: Alberio Nicola , Pentimalli Luigi , Alessandrello Raffaele , Lipani Rita , Maiello Marco , Morabito Antonio , Spitaleri Angelo , Zambuto Maria Rita , Soma Pierfranco , Francaviglia Natale
Published: November 2010

The authors describe the case of a 47-year-old woman with a wide (14 × 12–cm) ulcerated lumbosacral myelomeningocele. The patient had sought medical attention for a sudden copious CSF leak from the lumbosacral sac followed by clinical signs of CSF leakage. After admission, neuroradiological assessment (spinal MR and 3D CT imaging) revealed the uncommon finding of a complex malformation characterized by a complete spine duplication originating at the L2–3 level, both hemicords having a separate dural sac. The myelomeningocele sac originated medially at the L-2 level. Surgical repair of the lumbosacral myelomeningocele was performed. The placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt became necessary to treat secondary hydrocephalus. After reviewing accredited classifications on spinal cord malformations, the authors believe that, to date, complete duplication and separation of the spine and dural sac seems exceptional, and its report in adulthood appears exceedingly rare.
Spinal cord tethering following myelomeningocele repair
Authors: Mehta Vivek A. , Bettegowda Chetan , Ahmadi Sebastian A. , Berenberg Petra , Thomale Ulrich-Wilhelm , Haberl Ernst-Johannes , Jallo George I. , Ahn Edward S.
Published: November 2010

Object

Symptom response to spinal cord untethering, and the impact of duraplasty and scoliosis on retethering, are poorly understood in tethering after myelomeningocele (MMC) repair. In this retrospective study, the authors examined the outcomes of children who developed first-time spinal cord tethering following MMC repair. The response of symptoms to untethering and the role of duraplasty and scoliosis in retethering are explored.

Methods

The authors performed a review of 54 children with first-time symptomatic spinal cord tethering following MMC repair to determine the impact of untethering on symptoms, the impact of dural repair type on retethering, and the role of scoliosis on the prevalence and time to retethering.

Results

The average patient age was 10.3 ± 4.9 years, and 44% were males. The most common presenting symptoms of tethered cord syndrome were urinary (87%), motor (80%), gait (78%), and sensory (61%) dysfunction. The average postoperative time to symptom improvement was 2.02 months for sensory symptoms, 3.21 months for pain, 3.50 months for urinary symptoms, and 4.48 months for motor symptoms, with sensory improvement occurring significantly earlier than motor improvement (p = 0.02). At last follow-up (an average of 47 months), motor symptoms were improved in 26%, maintained in 62%, and worsened in 11%; for sensory symptoms, these rates were 26%, 71%, and 3%, respectively; for pain, 28%, 65%, and 7%, respectively; and for urinary symptoms, 17%, 76%, and 7%, respectively. There was no difference in symptom response with type of dural repair (primary closure vs duraplasty). Symptomatic retethering occurred in 17 (31%) of 54 patients, but duration of symptoms, age at surgery, and type of dural repair were not associated with retethering. Scoliosis was not associated with an increased prevalence of retethering, but was associated with significantly earlier retethering (32.5 vs 61.1 months; p = 0.042) in patients who underwent additional untethering operations.

Conclusions

Symptomatic retethering is a common event after MMC repair. In the authors' experience, sensory improvements occur sooner than motor improvements following initial untethering. Symptom response rates were not altered by type of dural closure. Scoliosis was associated with significantly earlier retethering and should be kept in mind when caring for individuals who have had previous MMC repair.
Intraoperative angiography during microsurgical removal of arteriovenous malformations in children
Authors: Ellis Michael J. , Kulkarni Abhaya V. , Drake James M. , Rutka James T. , Armstrong Derek , Dirks Peter B.
Published: November 2010

Object

Confirming the successful management of pediatric arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) requires high-quality postoperative digital subtraction angiography. Although the role of intraoperative angiography during the microsurgical removal of AVMs is well established in adults, the technique has several limitations including poor image quality, uniplanar image acquisition, and absent full heparin protection. Here, the authors report on their experience with high-quality intraoperative angiography during the surgical management of pediatric AVMs in their image-guided therapy (IGT) facility.

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed the demographic, clinical, and radiological characteristics of 22 patients who underwent the surgical management of AVMs at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, with the aid of high-quality intraoperative or immediate postresection cerebral angiography via a transfemoral approach.

Results

Between January 2000 and August 2009, 18 children (mean age 13.05 ± 4.04 years, range 4–21 years) underwent both surgical management of an AVM and intraoperative cerebral angiography at an IGT facility. An additional 4 children underwent angiography immediately after surgery in the regular operating room while under the same anesthesia. The mean AVM size was 2.55 ± 1.43 cm (range 1–6 cm) with a mean Spetzler-Martin grade of 2.27 (range 1–4). Intraoperative angiography in 4 of the 18 patients demonstrated residual AVM requiring additional resection. One patient demonstrated residual AVM on immediate postoperative angiography and underwent immediate reoperation. Successful excision of the residual AVM was confirmed on angiography the following day in that case. Procedural complications occurred in connection with 1 (3.3%) of 30 angiograms, including asymptomatic transient nonfilling of an ophthalmic artery, which was resolved on follow-up angiography. Negative intraoperative angiograms were confirmed with follow-up angiograms in 15 (93.75%) of 16 patients at a mean of 9.93 ± 5.70 months. One patient with a negative intraoperative angiogram demonstrated a tiny residual AVM on follow-up angiography at 8 months (false-negative rate 6.25%), but had a negative preoperative angiogram 1 year later in the IGT facility. No patient with a negative intraoperative angiogram required further AVM-directed treatment.

Conclusions

Intraoperative angiography is a safe and effective adjunct to the surgical management of AVMs in children. This novel approach allows the pre-, intra-, and postoperative acquisition of high-quality images, which can help guide the resection of AVMs, especially those that are small, diffuse, or of a complex angioarchitecture.
Visual field constriction in children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus
Authors: Rudolph Diana , Sterker Ina , Graefe Gerd , Till Holger , Ulrich Anett , Geyer Christian
Published: November 2010

Object

Many ophthalmological abnormalities are described in conjunction with hydrocephalus. The results of visual field diagnosis remain a matter of further discussion. The aim of this study was to investigate visual field deficits in children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus.

Methods

All children over 6 years of age treated for hydrocephalus at the authors' institute between December 2007 and December 2008 were included in the study. The children underwent an ophthalmological investigation for strabismus and binocular function, ophthalmoscopy, visual acuity, and refraction.

The special focus was the visual field diagnosis, which the authors established in all children with cognitive conditions. The investigation was made by using the Goldmann visual field examination (kinetic perimetry). Children with and without visual field defects were compared concerning age at the time of ophthalmological examination, genesis of hydrocephalus, and frontooccipital horn ratio measured on current CT or MR images.

Results

Complete investigations were undertaken in 56 children (24 girls and 32 boys, mean age 15.1 years). The following orthoptic pathological entities were diagnosed: 29 children have a strabismus in 29 cases, 17 of these have an exotropia, 12 an esotropia, 4 children a hypotropia, 2 a hypertropia and 3 children a heterophoria. A nystagmus was found in 10 children. The ocular fundus investigation showed 13 children with an optic nerve atrophy.

A visual field diagnosis was possible in 44 of the 56 patients and was incomplete in 12 patients with cognitive deficits or inadequate compliance. In 24 of 42 children there was a concentric visual field constriction between 10° and 50° out of the center. Children with visual field deficits were older than those with a normal visual field (p = 0.051). Nine of 10 children with postmenigitic hydrocephalus had a visual field defect (p = 0.025). In children with visual field defects the frontooccipital horn ratio was significantly higher (p = 0.013).

Conclusions

The results suggest that children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus have a higher risk of having ophthalmological abnormalities. Visual field deficits are often a problem in these patients. A diagnostic visual field examination can complete the ophthalmological monitoring in patients with hydrocephalus, especially in patients with large ventricles. Children with postmeningitic hydrocephalus should be ophthalmologically monitored more frequently and intensively.
Following the script: Optical Character Recognition Technology and the British Town and Trade Directory
Authors: Coles Tim , Alexander Andrew , Shaw Gareth
Published: November 2010

Directories are a universal data source widely used in urban historical research. This paper reports on a series of experiments to explore the applicability of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology as a means of mass directory data entry.
Biologic Therapy for Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: PHUMETHUM VEERAPONG , JAMAL SHAHIN , JOHNSON SINDHU R.
Published: November 2010

Objective.

Biologic agents are increasingly used in the rheumatic diseases. Their role in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) is uncertain. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of biologic agents in SSc. We review the evidence for the use of biologic agents to improve inflammatory arthritis, disability, and skin score, and we review adverse effects with biologic agents in patients with SSc.

Methods.

A systematic literature review was performed to identify studies evaluating the use of biologic agents in SSc. Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched. A standardized abstraction form was used to extract biologic agent, study design, sample size, treatment effect, and adverse effects.

Results.

A total of 23 studies from 1413 citations were evaluated. Three studies evaluated infliximab, 3 evaluated etanercept, 3 evaluated antithymocyte globulin, 3 evaluated imatinib, 6 evaluated rituximab, and 1 study each evaluated interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IFN-α, relaxin, delipidated, deglycolipidated Mycobacterium vaccae, human anti-transforming growth factor ß1 antibody, and oral type I collagen. Studies of etanercept and infliximab suggest improvements in inflammatory arthritis and Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI). None of the other biologic agents demonstrated reproducible, statistically significant improvements in joint count, HAQ-DI, or skin score.

Conclusion.

Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents may improve inflammatory arthritis and disability in SSc. The effect on skin score is uncertain. Adequately powered trials are needed to evaluate efficacy, and longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate longterm safety of these agents in SSc.
Parasitic mites and microsporidians in managed western honey bee colonies on the island of Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Williams Geoffrey R. , Head Krista , Burgher-MacLellan Karen L. , Rogers Richard E.L. , Shutler Dave
Published: November 2010

Western honey bees,Apis melliferaL. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), occur in nearly every region inhabited by man because they provide valuable honey, wax, and pollination services. Many commercial honey bee operations are plagued by economically important parasites; however, beekeepers on the island of Newfoundland, Canada, are in a unique position because of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador’s strict import regulations and geographic isolation. We surveyed about 25% of the island’s approximately 100 managed honey bee colonies. The parasitic mitesVarroa destructorAnderson and Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) andAcarapis woodi(Rennie) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) were not detected, whereasNosemaspp. microsporidia were detected in two of four beekeeping operations and in 11 of 23 (48%) colonies (intensity = 482 609 ± 1199 489 (mean ± SD); median intensity = 0). BecauseV. destructorandA. woodiare important pests that typically require chemical treatments, beekeepers on the island of Newfoundland may be uniquely positioned to market organic honey bee products from colonies that could also be a source of mite-naïve bees for research.
Sleep disturbances, cognitive decline, and AD biomarkers alterations in early Parkinson's disease
Authors: Zhong Rui , Gan Caiting , Sun Huimin , Zhang Kezhong
Published: May 2024

Objective

We aimed to investigate whether each type of sleep disturbances (i.e., pRBD, EDS, and insomnia) is specifically associated with faster decline in global cognition and different cognitive domains among de novo PD patients. We also assessed the influence of sleep disturbances on core AD CSF biomarkers alterations and conversion to dementia.

Methods

Prospectively longitudinal data were obtained from the PPMI cohort. Sleep disturbances and cognition ability were assessed by questionnaires at baseline and follow‐up visits. Generalized linear mixed models were utilized to assess the effect of sleep disturbances on cognitive decline and core AD CSF biomarkers change. The associations between sleep disturbances and conversion to dementia were analyzed using Cox regression analysis.

Results

Baseline pRBD was associated with faster decline in global cognition and all cognitive domains, including verbal episodic memory, visuospatial ability, executive function, language, and processing speed. EDS was associated with faster decline in three cognitive domains, including verbal episodic memory, executive function/working memory, and processing speed. Insomnia was associated with faster decline in global cognition and verbal episodic memory. Meanwhile, pRBD and EDS were associated with longitudinal decrease of CSF Aβ42. Baseline pRBD increased the risk of conversion to dementia. The risk of dementia in PD patients with multiple sleep disturbances also increased compared with those without sleep disturbance.

Interpretation

Sleep disturbances (i.e., pRBD, EDS, and insomnia) were associated with cognitive decline in early PD. EDS and pRBD were associated with decrease of CSF Aβ42. Moreover, pRBD was associated with conversion to dementia.