bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Six year review of malignant oral and maxillofacial neoplasms attended at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Sohal K S , Moshy J R
Published: March 2019

Background: Cancers of the head and neck constitute an important group of human malignancies. It is estimated that head and neck cancers constitute about 5–8% of all malignancies world-wide. These neoplasms affect speech and deglutition due to their location and might result in tooth mobility, expansion and destruction of adjacent structures.This study aimed at determining the types, prevalence and demographic distribution of malignant oral and maxillofacial tumours among patients treated at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH).

Methods: This was a retrospective study where by histological results of lesions that occurred in oral and maxillofacial region from 1st January 2008 to 31st December 2013 were analyzed. The lesions were grouped into carcinomas, lymphomas and sarcomas; histological diagnoses of the top ten lesions with higher frequency of occurrence were picked for analysis.

Results: Malignant orofacial lesions accounted for 37.8% of all lesions that were biopsied from oral and maxillofacial region. Males comprised 51.4% of the patients. Age distribution was 3 to 98 years, mean 50.86 ± 19.89 years. Lymphomas and sarcomas occurred mostly in the patients below 40 years of age, while carcinomas were predominant above age 40 years. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion (62.2%) followed by Kaposi’s sarcoma (13.1%) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (7.4%).

Conclusion: Our analysis demonstrated 51 different types of malignant lesions in which squamous cell carcinomas were the most common. In general, carcinomas were prevalent group of malignant lesions, with its incidence increasing with advancement of age. The results provide a clue to the clinicians in establishing differential diagnosis hence aiding in correct identification and early diagnosis of orofacial cancer in Tanzania.
Strategies for Success: How Singapore Attracts and Retains the Convention and Trade Show Industry
Authors: Maclaurin D.J. , Leong K.
Published: March 2019

This article profiles the development and future potential of the meetings and convention (MICE) industry in Singapore. More than 400,000 international visitors attend over 4000 events every year in Singapore. The MICE sector is the highest earning component of the Singapore tourism industry, with the average attendee spending more than $2000 per visit. Although Singapore has state-of-the-art industry infrastructure and hardware, questions remain about the training and development of sufficient local human capital needed to manage the future of this globally competitive and specialized industry.
A Framework for Assessing “tangible” and “intangible” Impacts of Events and Conventions
Authors: Dwyer L. , Mellor R. , Mistilis N. , Mules T.
Published: March 2019

Governments are often asked to provide financial support for special events and conventions to be held within particular destinations. The major problem is: what degree of support, if any, is warranted? The answer to this question varies according to the perceived public benefits and costs associated with the event. Clearly, there is needed some framework of analysis that can be used to help determine which events should be supported, and to what extent, and which should not be supported with public funds. In late 1998 Tourism New South Wales commissioned the development of a framework for assessing the economic impacts of events and conventions (exhibitions, conferences) by type and by location. This framework was expected to serve as a device for discerning trends in economic impacts of events and conventions, and also serve as a guide to projecting the likely economic impacts of future events and conventions by type and by location. The focus of this article is on the usefulness of the framework for assessing the impacts of events and conventions. First, the aims of the project undertaken for Tourism New South Wales are specified, and the method outlined. Second, the framework that was developed for assessing the economic and other impacts of events and conventions is presented and discussed.
The Radial Acceleration Relation (RAR): Crucial Cases of Dwarf Disks and Low-surface-brightness Galaxies
Authors: Paolo C. Di , Salucci P. , Fontaine J. P.
Published: March 2019

McGaugh et al. have found, in a large sample of disk systems, a tight nonlinear relationship between the total radial accelerations g and their components g

b
that have arisen from the distribution of the baryonic matter. Here, we investigate the existence of such a relation in Dwarf Disk Spirals and Low Surface Brightness (LSB) galaxies on the basis of Karukes & Salucci and Di Paolo & Salucci. We have accurate mass profiles for 36 Dwarf Disk Spirals and 72 LSB galaxies. These galaxies have accelerations that cover the McGaugh range but also reach out to one order of magnitude below the smallest accelerations present in McGaugh et al. and span different Hubble Types. We found, in our samples, that the g versus g

b
relation has a very different profile and also other intrinsic novel properties, among those, the dependence on a second variable: the galactic radius, normalized to the optical radius R
opt, at which the two accelerations are measured. We show that the new far from trivial g versus

relationship is a direct consequence of the complex coordinated mass distributions of the baryons and the dark matter (DM) in disk systems. Our analysis shows that the McGaugh et al. relation is a limiting case of a new universal relation that can be very well framed in the standard “DM halo in the Newtonian Gravity” paradigm.
S-type and P-type Habitability in Stellar Binary Systems: A Comprehensive Approach. III. Results for Mars, Earth, and Super-Earth Planets
Authors: Wang 王兆 Zh. 鹏 , Cuntz M.
Published: March 2019

In Papers I and II, a comprehensive approach was utilized for the calculation of S-type and P-type habitable regions in stellar binary systems for both circular and elliptical orbits of the binary components. This approach considered a joint constraint, including orbital stability for possible system planets and a habitable region, determined by the stellar radiative energy fluxes (“radiative habitable zone”; RHZ). Specifically, the stellar S-type and P-type RHZs are calculated based on the solution of a fourth-order polynomial. However, in concurrent developments, mostly during 2013 and 2014, important improvements have been made in the computation of stellar habitable zones for single stars based on updated climate models given by R. K. Kopparapu and collaborators. These models entail considerable changes for the inner and outer limits of the stellar habitable zones. Moreover, regarding the habitability limit given by the runaway greenhouse effect, notable disparities were identified between Earth, Mars, and super-Earth planets due to differences in their atmospheric models, thus affecting their potential for habitability. It is the aim of this study to compute S-type and P-type habitable regions of binaries in response to the updated planetary models. Moreover, our study will also consider improved relationships between effective temperatures, radii, and masses for low-luminosity stars.
A New Method to Measure Star Formation Rates in Active Galaxies Using Mid-infrared Neon Emission Lines
Authors: Zhuang Ming-Yang , Ho Luis C. , Shangguan Jinyi
Published: March 2019

The star formation rate (SFR) is one of the most fundamental parameters of galaxies, but nearly all of the standard SFR diagnostics are difficult to measure in active galaxies because of contamination from the active galactic nucleus (AGN). Being less sensitive to dust extinction, the mid-infrared fine-structure lines of [Ne ii] 12.81 μm and [Ne iii] 15.56 μm effectively trace the SFR in star-forming galaxies. These lines also have the potential to serve as a reliable SFR indicator in active galaxies, provided that their contribution from the AGN narrow-line region (NLR) can be removed. We use a new set of photoionization calculations with realistic AGN spectral energy distributions and input assumptions to constrain the magnitude of [Ne ii] and [Ne iii] produced by the NLR for a given strength of [Ne v] 14.32 μm. We demonstrate that AGNs emit a relatively restricted range of [Ne ii]/[Ne v] and [Ne iii]/[Ne v] ratios. Hence, once [Ne v] is measured,the AGN contribution to the low-ionization Ne lines can be estimated, and the SFR can be determined from the strength of [Ne ii] and [Ne iii]. We find that AGN host galaxies have similar properties as compact extragalactic H ii regions, which indicates that the star formation in AGN hosts is spatially concentrated. This suggests a close relationship between black hole accretion and nuclear star formation. We update the calibration of [Ne ii] and [Ne iii] strength as an SFR indicator, explicitly considering the effects of metallicity, finding very good relations between Ne fractional abundances and the [Ne iii]/[Ne ii] ratio for different metallicities, ionization parameters, and starburst ages. Comparison of neon-based SFRs with independent SFRs for active and star-forming galaxies shows excellent consistency with small scatter (∼0.18 dex).
Relativistic Spin Precession in the Binary PSR J1141−6545
Authors: Venkatraman Krishnan V. , Bailes M. , van Straten W. , Keane E. F. , Kramer M. , Bhat N. D. R. , Flynn C. , Osłowski S.
Published: March 2019

PSR J1141−6545 is a precessing binary pulsar that has the rare potential to reveal the two-dimensional structure of a non-recycled pulsar emission cone. It has undergone ∼25° of relativistic spin precession in the ∼18 yr since its discovery. In this Letter, we present a detailed Bayesian analysis of the precessional evolution of the width of the total intensity profile, in order to understand the changes to the line-of-sight (LOS) impact angle (β) of the pulsar using four different physically motivated prior distribution models. Although we cannot statistically differentiate between the models with confidence, the temporal evolution of the linear and circular polarizations strongly argue that our LOS crossed the magnetic pole around MJD 54,000 and that only two models remain viable. For both of these models, it appears likely that the pulsar will precess out of our LOS in the next 3–5 yr, assuming a simple beam geometry. Marginalizing over β suggests that the pulsar is a near-orthogonal rotator and provides the first polarization-independent estimate of the scale factor (

) that relates the pulsar beam opening angle (ρ) to its rotational period (P) as

: we find it to be >6° s0.5 at 1.4 GHz with 99% confidence. If all pulsars emit from opposite poles of a dipolar magnetic field with comparable brightness, we might expect to see evidence of an interpulse arising in PSR J1141−6545, unless the emission is patchy.
A conservation checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sonora, Mexico, with updated species lists
Authors: Lemos-Espinal Julio A. , Smith Geoffrey R. , Rorabaugh James C.
Published: March 2019

Sonora has a rich natural diversity, including reptiles and amphibians. Sonora’s location on the United States-Mexico border creates some unique conservation challenges for its wildlife. We compiled a list of the amphibian and reptile species currently known for Sonora, summarized the conservation status of these species, and compared our list of species with known species lists for adjacent states. The herpetofauna of Sonora comprises 200 species of amphibians and reptiles (38 amphibians and 162 reptiles). Overall, Sonora shares the most species with Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Arizona. Approximately 11% of the amphibian and reptile species are IUCN listed, but 35.5% are placed in a protected category by SEMARNAT, and 32.6% are categorized as high risk by the Environmental Vulnerability Score.
A new species of the genus Arrup from a limestone cave in Akiyoshi-dai, Western Japan (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Mecistocephalidae)
Authors: Tsukamoto Sho , Shimano Satoshi , Murakami Takashi , Hiruta Shimpei F. , Yamasaki Takeshi , Eguchi Katsuyuki
Published: March 2019

Arrupakiyoshiensis Tsukamoto & Shimano, sp. n. is described from a limestone cave, Kagekiyo-ana, in Akiyoshi-dai, one of the largest karst regions in Japan, Yamaguchi prefecture. It is distinguishable from 14 valid named congeners by some unique characteristics including entire areolation on the cephalic pleurite, elongation of distal part of female gonopod, and a tubercle on forcipular segment II. In addition, the 18S rRNA gene sequences of A.akiyoshiensis Tsukamoto & Shimano, sp. n. and A.ishiianus, one of the most morphologically similar species, differed by four bp out of 1821 bp. The fact that only troglobionts and troglophilic species are found in the collection site suggests that this new species might be a cave-dweller.
Media education in Poland
Authors: Strykowski Waclaw , Kakolewicz Mariusz , Mickiewicz Adam
Published: March 2019

What can we do to help children and teenagers to learn about media? The author thinks that we have to encourage media education at schools on the basis of distinct general objectives and setting up special programmes to learn media in formal contexts. Moreover, this paper also considers that it is necessary to do the same out of school working with a global proposal that integrates all contexts and includes teachers training.

¿Qué podemos hacer para ayudar a niños y adolescentes en el aprendizaje de los medios? El autor considera que podemos, e incluso que debemos, potenciar la enseñanza de los medios de comunicación en las escuelas, partiendo de unos claros objetivos generales y estableciendo un programa especial para la enseñanza de los medios de comunicación en la práctica escolar. Además plantea la necesidad de fomentar la enseñanza de los medios fuera de la escuela con una propuesta integral de pedagogía de los medios de comunicación que incluya la formación del profesorado.
Media education in Switzerland
Authors: Georges Christian
Published: March 2019

It is difficult to set educational standards in Switzerland: given the complexity of the political structure and the different languages spoken, 26 educational systems are in function. Most pupils are familiar with the practical use of ICT. But few of them are taught to analyse the media themselves. Media education is integrated to other branches of learning. Thus, it depends most of the time on the good will of the teachers! In the past five years, high speed connections to the Internet have strongly increased in schools, thanks to a public-private partnership launched by the State. The program also improved ICT skills among teachers. Many locally based projects encourage pupils and students to use ICT to learn. Multimedia products crafted in schools are even broadcasted on TV websites. However, media education remains uneven among teachers. The use of audiovisual resources in the classroom is decreasing. Most teachers express reluctance towards the media. When it comes to life long learning, software proficiency is more sought after than media knowledge.

En Suiza, saturada de medios, compartimentada en 26 sistemas educativos propios, los alumnos se impregnan de una cultura que favorece naturalmente los usos prácticos de los medios de comunicación frente al análisis crítico. La educación de los medios es a menudo «integrada en otras ramas de la enseñanza». ¡Es decir, dejada a la libre elección de los profesores! Gracias a la cooperación público-privado, se ha dado un fuerte impulso en la Confederación para conectar los colegios a Internet de alta velocidad y para formar a los profesores en el uso pedagógico de las tecnologías. Además, a nivel local, se realizan acertadas acciones que en muchos casos desembocan en aplicaciones prácticas muy estimulantes: los alumnos aprenden a dominar la imagen, el sonido y la información a través de producciones originales. Pero globalmente, el panorama es algo desalentador: los profesores acceden a una formación muy desigual de los medios y las TIC, utilizan menos los audiovisuales que antiguamente y la mayoría desconfían bastante de los medios.
Media students, professional placements, University and the learning challenge
Authors: Lamuedra-Graván María
Published: March 2019

More and more media students complete their studies with professional placements every year. At the same time, each year more universities include such experience as an integral part of their curricula. This is in recognition of the fact that a learning process takes place during placements. Therefore, universities offering such training placements have to accept some responsibility for their success. Universities need to be aware of what students do during these periods of training in order to face the challenge posed by this responsibility. By doing this, universities will know which things need to be improved. This paper aims to generate debate on the following topic: the first work experience of media students should be fully educational and should transfer knowledge, skills and social engagement.

Cada vez más estudiantes de Periodismo realizan prácticas profesionales y más universidades incluyen estas primeras experiencias laborales como asignatura de su programa de estudios. De esta forma, la universidad reconoce que estas prácticas tienen un valor pedagógico y asume cierta responsabilidad en que así sea. Para llevar a cabo la difícil tarea aparejada a esa responsabilidad es necesario conocer cómo los estudiantes realizan prácticas profesionales en la actualidad, y reflexionar acerca de los aspectos que deben ser mejorados. Este trabajo trata de contribuir a este proceso de reflexión, cuya finalidad última es que las primeras experiencias laborales de los estudiantes de Periodismo sean formativas en un sentido integro: ayuden a asimilar habilidades, conocimientos y compromiso social.
To educate spectators: expositive proposals and dynamization
Authors: Moreno-Montoso María-Isabel
Published: March 2019

This paper is a reflection on the adaptation of the spectator to the latest tendencies in plastic art and image in general. This reflection leads up to consider the need for helping the audience to become critical spectators. This proposal is based on the development of activities, some of which have already been put in to practice, which are aimed at the audience with the goal of producing an active learning process. Apart from the participants´ personal involvement, motivation should be the focus of the activities.

Reflexionar acerca de la adaptación del espectador a las últimas tendencias de las artes visuales y del mundo de la imagen en general es el objetivo de este trabajo que nos lleva a considerar la necesidad de ayudar a la población a situarse como espectadores críticos. Esta propuesta se apoya en el desarrollo de acciones, algunas ya experimentadas, dirigidas al público para conseguir un aprendizaje activo. La motivación a partir de la implicación personal de los participantes debe ser el centro de interés en las actividades de las correspondientes acciones.
Teaching with films in the French educational system
Authors: Séguin-Vergara Jean-Claude
Published: March 2019

French school system has always taken the cinema’s educational dimension into account . Nevertheless, the full integration of films in the cultural and educational activities of French pupils only dates back to the 1980s. Indeed, films are part of the syllabus as an optional course in the last three years of secondary school. Besides, from primary school onward, a whole system which enables pupils to become familiar with the cultural and artistic dimension of films has been set up thanks to the collaboration of the Ministries of Education and Culture.

La enseñanza francesa, prácticamente desde los orígenes del cine, se ha preocupado por la dimensión didáctica del cine. Sin embargo, sólo se puede considerar que a partir de los años ochenta se ha conseguido poner en marcha un sistema completo que permita integrar el cine en las actividades culturales y educativas de los alumnos franceses. Por una parte, el cine forma parte del recorrido del alumno durante tres años antes del bachillerato. Se trata de una asignatura opcional. Por otra parte, desde la escuela primera hasta el bachillerato, existe un dispositivo que permite a los alumnos descubrir el cine como arte y como cultura gracias a la colaboración de los Ministerios de Educación Nacional y Cultura.
Cinema teaching in the Italian educacional system
Authors: Lariccia Federica
Published: March 2019

In 1999, the Education Ministry has financed the National Plan for the Promotion of Cinematographic & Audiovisual Language, promoted by Lino Miccichè, from the University of Rome III, in collaboration with institutions and national and regional associations. This Plan for three annualities has been blocked by italian government, due to his inestability and a lack of political will to renew the education system.

En 1999 el Ministerio de Educación ha financiado el «Plan Nacional para la Promoción de la Didáctica del Lenguaje Cinematográfico y Audiovisual en la Escuela», promovido por Lino Miccichè (Universidad Roma III), en colaboración con instituciones y asociaciones nacionales y regionales. El Plan, que preveía una duración de tres años, se paralizó a causa de la inestabilidad del gobierno italiano y de su escasa voluntad de renovar el sistema educativo escolar.
The state of things: two or three things I know about film analysis
Authors: Zunzunegui-Díez Santos
Published: March 2019

This paper offers a reflection on film analysis nature, a regular activity in cinema teaching. In order to understand this perspective, we show the main risk factors: the empirical data fetishism, the context fetishism and the biographism return. Our proposal reivindicates the relevance of film form and the necessity for pointing out how films comunicate.

El presente artículo ofrece una reflexión sobre la naturaleza del análisis fílmico, actividad habitual en el ámbito de la enseñanza del cine. Para ello, se muestran los principales riesgos del análisis fílmico: el fetichismo del dato empírico, el fetichismo del contexto y el retorno del biografismo. Nuestra propuesta reivindica el reconocimiento de la materialidad del texto fílmico y la necesidad de centrarse en cómo dicen las películas lo que dicen.
Cinematographic narrative and education for cinema
Authors: Gómez-Tarín Francisco-Javier
Published: March 2019

This paper presents the problems we have in a current society educated in the visual culture to teach Audio-visual Narrative in such a way that it takes a constant work of learning in the practical activity. Using this criterion, we begin studying the previous cultural parameters and continue with the practices, evaluation methods and feedback between pupils and teachers.

Se abordan en el texto los problemas que supone en una sociedad como la actual –fundamentalmente educada en la cultura visual– impartir docencia de una materia como «Narrativa audiovisual». El autor plantea llevar a cabo un conjunto de correcciones del bagaje inicial del alumnado universitario, a través de un trabajo constante de aprendizaje, enraizado en la actividad práctica. Con este criterio, se recorren diferentes perspectivas docentes, desde el chequeo de parámetros previos culturales, hasta las prácticas, pasando por los métodos de evaluación y de «feedback» entre alumnos y profesores.
Competence in media studies: its dimensions and indicators
Authors: Ferrés Joan
Published: March 2019

The document «Competences in Audiovisual Communication» can serve as a basis both for the criteria on which the Education in Audiovisual Communication should be based as well as the dimensions that must be taken into account. The main value of this document therefore lies in the fact that it has been agreed by the 14 most renowned experts in Spain, after consulting 50 experts from Latino-America.

Mediante el documento «Competencias en comunicación audiovisual» se pretende definir las dimensiones que debería atender una educación en comunicación audiovisual y señalar los indicadores mediante los que se deberían valorar los resultados de esta educación. El documento es el resultado de las aportaciones de unos 50 expertos de entre los más reconocidos del ámbito iberoamericano, y ha sido consensuado por 14 reconocidos expertos del Estado español.
The communication through glance: the difficulties apprehending reality
Authors: Parejo-Jiménez Nekane
Published: March 2019

Both the glance as a starting point and the film «Rear window», by A. Hichcock, as a guide will take us to the study of the roles played by different tools in the act of seeing. Binoculars, windows, photographic cameras and their accessories will all reduce the difficulties found while trying to apprehend the reality in a game where the voyeur is the protagonist. The paper also remarks the fact that the communicative process won´t be fulfilled unless the duality of looking at/being looked at appears.

La mirada como punto de partida y la película «La ventana indiscreta» de A. Hitchcock como eje vertebrador, darán paso al estudio de los roles que desempeñan diversos instrumentos que influyen en el acto de ver. Prismáticos, ventanas, cámaras fotográficas y sus accesorios limitarán las dificultades que se encuentran al intentar aprehender la realidad en un juego en el que el «voyeur» es la figura protagonista, sin olvidar que la comunicación no se considerará plena mientras el binomio ver y ser visto no se materialice.
Social exclusion and technology
Authors: Calvo-Salvador Adelina , Rojas-Pernia Susana
Published: March 2019

This paper describes the experience of an innovative educational project in new technologies, developed in Cantabria (Spain) from 2004 to 2006. The author stress the plurality of the groups with which they have worked (considered in risk of socio-digital exclusion), as well as the carrying out of the project in their leisure and free time. The analysis of this initiative tries to be an incentive to open a general reflection on education «in» and «with» information technologies which gives them back their character as a cultural appliance and their role in the complex dynamics of power and knowledge.

Se describe la experiencia de un proyecto de innovación educativa en nuevas tecnologías, desarrollado en Cantabria (España) durante el bienio 2004/06, en el que destaca la pluralidad de colectivos con los que se han trabajado –considerados en riesgo de exclusión sociodigital–, así como el desarrollo de la propuesta en el marco del ocio y del tiempo libre. El análisis de esta iniciativa trata de ser un acicate para abrir una reflexión más general sobre la educación «en» y «con» las tecnologías de la información que devuelva a las mismas su carácter de artefacto cultural y su papel en complejas dinámicas de poder y de conocimiento.
Newspapers as a didactic resource for the environmental education
Authors: Álvarez-Suárez Pedro
Published: March 2019

In spite of the repeated recommendations of the UNESCO to integrate the use of mass media in the education, the most teachers ignore their great possibilities as a didactic resource. In this work we present a new didactic strategy, alternative to the traditional methodology, which shows in practice the use of newspapers as a didactic resource in the training of environmental education teachers. We also analyze the changes in the conceptual knowledge and environmental attitudes that this methodology brings to the students.

A pesar de las repetidas recomendaciones de la UNESCO para integrar los medios en la educación, la gran mayoría del profesorado continua ignorando las grandes posibilidades que éstos ofrecen como recurso didáctico. En este trabajo se presenta una estrategia didáctica alternativa a la metodología tradicional (transmisiva-expositiva) que, salvando la distancia entre la teoría y la práctica, muestra el uso de la prensa como recurso didáctico en la formación de profesorado de educación ambiental. Se analizan, también, los cambios que esta metodología produce en los conocimientos conceptuales y actitudes ambientales de los sujetos que la siguen.
Evidence-Based Treatments of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Alateeqi Nahed , Janjua Maria Fatima
Published: March 2019

At present there is no established pharmacological intervention to treat the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Therefore, behavioral, developmental, and educational approaches are recommended as primary treatments to minimize core deficits in people with ASD and to maximize their functional independence and quality of life. The goal of these interventions is to enhance communication, promote social, play, and daily living skills, as well as to reduce interfering maladaptive behaviors. In this review we provide a brief description of commonly used nonpharmacological interventions along with the evidence of their effectiveness.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2019;49(3):115–119.]
Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Concept in Evolution
Authors: Nazeer Ahsan , Hashemi Nehdia , Imran Nazish , Azeem Muhammad Waqar
Published: March 2019

Autism is a fascinating topic that has attracted the interest of researchers and the lay public alike. The history of autism is filled with accomplishments of people who were astute observers of childhood psychopathology. Autism spectrum disorder affects a diverse group of children who share certain commonalities. There are ongoing attempts to understand its etiology and to refine diagnostic criteria for improved and timely recognition. In recent years, rapidly evolving research has highlighted the limits of our understanding of a disorder that at one time was considered rare, but now presents itself in 1 in every 59 children in the United States. This article particularly focuses on the history of autism as well as the changing criteria in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2019;49(3):103–108.]
Cariprazine: Pharmacology and Use in the Clinical Management of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Reyad Ayman Antoun , Mishriky Raafat
Published: March 2019

Cariprazine is a new atypical antipsychotic for management of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. This article examines the role of cariprazine, a partial D2 and D3 receptor agonist (with a higher affinity for the D3 receptor), in the management of psychiatric conditions. Cariprazine leads to significant improvements in scores on psychiatric scales such as the Positive and Negative Syndrome scale, the Clinical Global Impressions scale, and the Young Mania Rating scale, but it is also associated with side effects such as akathisia, restlessness, and insomnia. These findings can help guide psychiatrists and pharmacists in their clinical role of supporting their psychiatric patients.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2019;49(3):129–134.]
Effect of Gender and Procedure on Patient-Reported Dry Eye Symptoms After Laser Vision Correction
Authors: Schallhorn Julie M. , Pelouskova Martina , Oldenburg Catherine , Teenan David , Hannan Stephen J. , Schallhorn Steven C.
Published: March 2019

PURPOSE:

To evaluate factors associated with the change in dry eye symptoms following laser vision correction.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective case series of 13,319 patients who underwent laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) between January 2013 and February 2016 and completed a preoperative and 3-month postoperative patient-reported outcome questionnaire.

RESULTS:

In a multivariate linear regression model, women and contact lens wearers were associated with worse preoperative dry eye symptoms. Age was not significantly associated with preoperative dry eye symptoms. The change in dry eye symptoms preoperatively to postoperatively was affected by gender, procedure type, and preoperative dry eye symptoms. Patients who underwent PRK were more likely to report an increase in dry eye after 3 months (coefficient: 3.99, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.64 to 4.82,
P
< .001) and patients with worse preoperative dry eye were more likely to have improvement in symptoms after surgery (coefficient: −0.93, 95% CI: −0.97 to −0.90,
P
< .001). More women reported an increased level of symptoms 3 months after surgery than men (coefficient: 1.76, 95% CI: 0.68 to 2.84,
P
= .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Preoperative dry eye symptoms, female gender, and procedure type had a significant effect on preoperative to postoperative change in dry eye symptoms after laser vision correction. Age was not associated with dry eye symptoms in this population.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(3):161–168.]
Five-Year Follow-up of Correction of Myopia: Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lens With a Central Port Design
Authors: Alfonso José F. , Fernández-Vega-Cueto Luis , Alfonso-Bartolozzi Belén , Montés-Micó Robert , Fernández-Vega Luis
Published: March 2019

PURPOSE:

To assess the long-term correction of moderate to high myopia using a posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens with a central port design.

METHODS:

Uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, refraction, intraocular pressure (IOP), endothelial cell density (ECD), vault, and adverse events over a 5-year period were evaluated retrospectively.

RESULTS:

A total of 147 eyes (83 patients) were evaluated. Mean postoperative UDVA and CDVA were 0.05 ± 0.11 and 0.02 ± 0.08 logMAR at 1 year and 0.13 ± 0.18 and 0.02 ± 0.09 logMAR at 5 years, respectively. More than 95% of eyes achieved CDVA of 20/25 or better at both follow-up periods. CDVA was unchanged or improved from one to three or more lines in all eyes. Preoperatively, mean spherical equivalent (SE) was −9.20 ± 3.02 diopters (D). At 1 year, the mean SE was −0.17 ± 0.26 D, with 91.53% of eyes within ±0.50 D and 100% of eyes within ±1.00 D of the target. At 5 years, the mean SE was −0.44 ± 0.47 D, with 67.4% of eyes within ±0.50 D and 90.1% of eyes within ±1.00 D of the target. Mean IOP was 12.74 ± 1.65 and 13.0 ± 2.03 mm Hg, at 1 and 5 years, respectively. No significant rise in IOP (> 20 mm Hg) occurred during the follow-up period. Mean ECD was 2,696 ± 358 and 2,645 ± 359 cells/mm
2
at 1 and 5 years, respectively, representing a non-significant loss of 0.43% from preoperative values (
P
= .304). Mean vault changed significantly from 398 ± 187 µm at 1 year to 340 ± 163 µm at 5 years (
P
< .001). No intraoperative or postoperative complications or adverse events occurred during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS:

The good long-term outcomes found in this study support the use of this lens with a central port design for the correction of moderate to high myopia.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(3):169–176.]
Postoperative Corneal Complications in Small Incision Lenticule Extraction: Long-Term Study
Authors: Wang Yan , Ma Jiaonan , Zhang Lin , Zou Haohan , Li Jinxiao , Zhang Yue , Jhanji Vishal
Published: March 2019

PURPOSE:

To investigate the incidence and clinical results of corneal complications after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).

METHODS:

A retrospective cohort study including 3,223 patients (6,373 eyes) who were treated for myopia or myopic astigmatism was conducted. Postoperative corneal complications were recorded. Postoperative follow-up visits were scheduled on days 1 and 7 and months 1, 3, 6, and 12.

RESULTS:

Of the 6,373 cases, 432 eyes (6.8%) developed at least one corneal complication postoperatively. These included punctate epithelial erosions (3.26%), diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) (2.17%), corneal infiltrates (0.39%), interface debris/secretion (0.30%), interface haze (0.17%), interface foreign body (0.24%), corneal striae (0.14%), corneal edema (0.09%), and epithelial ingrowth (0.02%). Of cases with corneal complications, 308 (71.3%) had an uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of better than 20/25 and 49 (11.3%) eyes lost two or more lines of corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) on the first day after surgery. By 3 months, only 2 eyes (0.9%) had lost two or more lines of CDVA. At 6 months, 1 eye (1.0%) did not achieve a UDVA of 20/25 as a result of stage 3 DLK, but achieved 20/20 by 1 year. The postoperative spherical equivalent in cases without complications was lower than that in cases with complications at 1 day and 1 and 3 months (
P
= .001, .011, and .001, respectively), but there was no statistical difference at 6 and 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS:

In this large cohort study, a variety of corneal complications were noted after SMILE. Although some of these complications may temporarily affect visual recovery, most resolve with appropriate treatment.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(3):146–152.]
Assessment of the Association Between In Vivo Corneal Biomechanical Changes After Corneal Cross-linking and Depth of Demarcation Line
Authors: Vinciguerra Riccardo , Tzamalis Argyrios , Romano Vito , Arbabi Esmaeil M. , Batterbury Mark , Kaye Stephen B.
Published: March 2019

PURPOSE:

To test for an association between stiffening following corneal cross-linking (CXL) and demarcation line depth.

METHODS:

Sixty-six eyes of 66 patients treated with CXL for progressive keratoconus were included. Dynamic corneal response parameters (DCRs) were measured with the Corvis ST (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH; Wetzlar, Germany) on the day of CXL and after 1 month. Demarcation line was measured 4 weeks after CXL. A multivariate general linear model was used to test for an association between the change in DCRs and the ratio between demarcation line depth and the postoperative pachymetry.

RESULTS:

The authors found no significant associations between the change in inverse concave integrated radius (1/R) and the demarcation line ratio (
P
= .46), age (
P
= .33), sex (
P
= .11), preoperative maximum keratometry (
P
= .10), and laterality (
P
= .82). Similarly, there was no significant correlation between the change in 1/R and the demarcation line ratio (
R
2
= .002 and
P
= .75). However, there was a significant association between the preoperative values of 1/R and the respective change in 1/R (
P
< .0001). The change in 1/R was inversely proportional to the patient's preoperative 1/R; stiffer corneas (lower values of 1/R) were less affected than less stiff corneas (
R
2
= .23,
P
< .0001).

CONCLUSIONS:

CXL is associated with changes in DCRs, suggesting a change in corneal biomechanics following CXL. These changes do not appear to be associated with the demarcation line depth.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(3):202–206.]
Determining the Potential Role of Crystalline Lens Rise in Vaulting in Posterior Chamber Phakic Collamer Lens Surgery for Correction of Myopia
Authors: Gonzalez-Lopez Felix , Bilbao-Calabuig Rafael , Mompean Blas , Luezas Jorge , Ortega-Usobiaga Julio , Druchkiv Vasyl
Published: March 2019

PURPOSE:

To assess the effect of crystalline lens rise (CLR) on postoperative vault in eyes implanted with a phakic Visian Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) (STAAR Surgical Company, Monrovia, CA) with a central port for myopic correction.

METHODS:

Non-invasive Fourier-domain swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography was used for dynamic assessment of the study eyes under changing light conditions. Phakic intraocular lens (IOL) vault, anterior chamber depth (ACD), and CLR were recorded after surgery, and intra-eye differences were analyzed under scotopic and photopic ambient light conditions. Inter-group analysis and regression analysis were performed to investigate any potential correlation between these biometric variables.

RESULTS:

This retrospective observational study comprised 111 eyes (65 patients) implanted with a myopic Visian ICL. The mean change in CLR from mydriasis to miosis was 59 ± 60 µm (
P
< .001). The sample was further divided into four groups according to the CLR value in miosis: CLR < 0, 0 to 200, 201 to 350, and > 350 µm. A significant difference in central vault values was observed between the < 0 and > 350 µm groups, the 0 to 200 and 201 to 350 µm groups, and the 0 to 200 and > 350 µm groups (
P
< .05). Eyes with a high vault value (> 750 µm in mydriasis) had lower CLR values (
P
< .001) and higher ACD values (
P
< .001) than eyes with a low vault value (< 100 µm in miosis). The linear correlation observed was negative between CLR and ACD, positive between postoperative vault and ACD, and negative between postoperative vault and CLR (
P
< .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

CLR significantly affected anterior chamber depth and postoperative ICL vault.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(3):177–183.]
Adjustment of Spherical Equivalent Correction According to Cap Thickness for Myopic Small Incision Lenticule Extraction
Authors: Lee Hun , Kang David Sung Yong , Reinstein Dan Z. , Roberts Cynthia J. , Ambrósio Renato , Archer Timothy J. , Jean Seung Ki , Kim Eung Kweon , Seo Kyoung Yul , Jun Ikhyun , Kim Tae-im
Published: March 2019

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the amount of spherical equivalent correction for three different cap thicknesses (120, 130, and 140 µm) during myopic small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and determine the association between the amount of spherical equivalent correction and several variables in each cap thickness group.

METHODS:

In this retrospective, comparative, observational case series study, the authors compared refractive errors, keratometric values, laser setting (sphere correction, cylinder correction, spherical equivalent correction, optical zone, and cap diameter), and spherical aberration measured preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively between three different cap thickness groups: 120 µm (n = 554), 130 µm (n = 377), and 140 µm (n = 90). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the associations between the amount of spherical equivalent correction and several variables, including age, preoperative spherical equivalent, optical zone diameter, central corneal thickness, preoperative mean keratometric values, and preoperative corneal asphericity.

RESULTS:

According to cap thickness, attempted correction is adjusted to achieve the same refractive outcomes for different cap thicknesses. There were significant differences in the amount of sphere correction and spherical equivalent correction, as well as lenticule thickness, among subgroups. Changes in keratometric values, corneal asphericity, and spherical aberration were also significantly different among subgroups (all
P
< .001). Changes in keratometric values, corneal asphericity, and spherical aberration significantly increased as cap thickness increased. Preoperative spherical equivalent mainly influenced the amount of spherical equivalent correction in each group.

CONCLUSIONS:

Dioptric adjustment of spherical equivalent correction according to cap thickness is essential to obtain similar refractive outcomes in myopic SMILE procedures.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(3):153–160.]
Does riparian vegetation affect fish assemblage? A longitudinal gradient analysis in three Amazonian streams
Authors: Virgilio Lucena Rocha , Ramalho Werther Pereira , Silva João Carlos Barbosa da Silva , Suçuarana Monik Da Silveira , Brito Cleyton Holanda de , Vieira Lisandro Juno Soares
Published: March 2019

The degradation of riparian vegetation in low-order streams can cause irreversible environmental damage, biodiversity loss and alter the structure of communities. In this context, the present study evaluated how the level of degradation of riparian vegetation influences the fish assemblage in three low-order streams in the Brazilian Amazon. In each stream, three different stretches were delimited, distributed in the environments of forest, edge and pasture, and the samplings were conducted in three hydrological regimes using dip nets. Influences of the stretches and streams on richness and abundance were tested with GLMM, on the composition with PERMANOVA and on indicator species with IndVal. Species richness was higher in forest environments and lower in pasture; while abundance was higher in pasture and lower in forest. Species composition differed between stretches, streams and in the interaction between stretches and streams, with a strong difference between stretches of forest and pasture environments. Six species dependent of the riparian vegetation were classified as indicators of forest environments; while a generalist species was indicator of pasture. These results reinforce the negative influence of riparian vegetation removal on biological communities and provide subsidies that can help in the conservation and management of these systems.
A utilização da oxigenoterapia hiperbárica no processo de cicatrização por mordedura em cão.
Authors: Mazzi Marcelo Fialho
Published: March 2019

A Medicina Veterinária a cada dia tem buscado diversas formas de tratamento que acelere o processo de cicatrização de lesões em pequenos animais, reduzindo o tempo de tratamento, a exposição excessiva a medicamentos bem como o sofrimento de pacientes e tutores. A oxigenoterapia hiperbárica veterinária ainda é desconhecida da maioria dos médicos veterinários no Brasil; é uma terapia auxiliar onde os pacientes são mantidos no interior de uma câmara hermeticamente fechada, com suprimento controlado de oxigênio a 100%, e submetidos a níveis de pressão, acima da pressão atmosférica, por períodos e profundidade previamente estabelecidos, geralmente sem a necessidade de sedação dos pacientes.  A câmara hiperbárica exerce a possibilidade de acelerar o processo cicatricial de feridas.O presente trabalho relata o caso de uma canina fêmea, raça malinois de 4 anos com edema e ferida infectada no membro anterior por mordedura, tratada com oxigenoterapia hiperbárica.
Oxidation Behavior of Silicides
Authors: Mitra Rahul
Published: March 2019

The oxidation behavior of Mo, Nb, and Ti-silicides has received significant attention in past few decades for their potential to be used as high temperature structural materials. These Si-bearing intermetallic alloys have the ability to form an oxide scale containing SiO2, which is protective if formed as a continuous and impervious layer, so that the ingress of oxygen from atmosphere to the underneath alloy is restricted. To form a continuous and stable SiO2scale, it is important to have sufficient activity of Si along with thermodynamic and kinetic conditions favoring its growth in comparison to that of oxides of other alloying elements. MoSi2has superior oxidation resistance compared to that of Mo3Si or Mo5Si3, because of its higher Si content. Furthermore, a continuous film of SiO2is able to form at temperatures in the range of 800-1700oC on MoSi2due to vaporization of MoO3, but not on NbSi2or TiSi2due to competitive growth of Nb2O5or TiO2, respectively. During past two decades, a significant effort has been devoted to development of Mo-Si-B alloys containing Mo-rich solid solution, Mo3Si and Mo5SiB2as constituent phases, due to their ability to form a protective borosilicate scale. The presence of B2O3contributes to fluidity of borosilicate scale, thereby contributing to closure of porosities. Efforts have been also made to develop multicomponent Nb-silicide based alloys with optimum combination of mechanical properties and high temperature oxidation resistance with limited success. There have been efforts to develop silicide based coatings for protection oxidation for Mo-rich Mo-Si-B alloys and Nb-Si based ternary or multicomponent alloys with inadequate oxidation resistance. Oxidation behavior of selected silicides with potential for structural application, along with mechanisms for protection against oxidation has been reviewed and discussed.