bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drunken Immigrants, Businessmen’s Order, and the Founding of the Chicago Police Department
Authors: Mitrani Sam
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the conflicts that gave rise to the Chicago Police Department. Over the first half of the 1850s, elite Chicagoans confronted two interrelated problems of order that prompted them to create a police force: the need to protect their property and the property of visiting businessmen, and the need to enforce order more generally among a largely immigrant class of wage workers who were not bound by earlier forms of social control. It was in this context that Levi Boone's Law and Order Party won control of the city government and embarked on an anti-immigrant temperance policy. This chapter considers the creation of the Chicago Police Department on April 30, 1855 and describes the Lager Beer Riot as a founding moment for the department. It also discusses what the new police department did on a daily basis during its first six months, such as arresting a large number of working-class Irish and German immigrants for drinking.
Tiger Woods and the Perils of Colorblind Celebrity
Authors: Nishime Leilani
Published: May 2017

This chapter moves from the more familiar white/nonwhite binary to the less commonly studied double-minority multiracial representation. The celebrity culture surrounding Tiger Woods is a vivid example of how the boundaries between black and white racial categories hinge on the exclusion or erasure of Asians from the national imagination. Until the scandal over his infidelity, sports and mainstream media celebrated Woods as the exemplar of our current colorblind moment. An analysis of his online and televised advertising campaigns and his representation in feature magazine articles prior to his adultery scandal demonstrates the difficulty of a multiracial reading in the context of colorblind rhetoric and visual practices. In contrast, postscandal publicity remakes his image from disembodied to overly embodied and debunks the argument, promoted by Woods himself, that we are beyond race and are thus blind to difference.
The Matrix Trilogy and Multiraciality at the End of Time
Authors: Nishime Leilani
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents an analysis that emphasizes the interpretive possibilities of contestory or ambivalent readings of multiracial narratives. As argued in Chapter 1, only a portion of the moviegoing audience can read Keanu Reeves as a multiracial Asian. Rather than recapitulate viewing habits that render multiraciality irrelevant, using a multiracial perspective to understand The Matrix film series enables a far richer and more rewarding film experience. Understanding Reeves's character Neo as multiracial makes visible the interrelated representations of multiraciality, future utopias, and cyclical time in the film trilogy. The studio marketed the film as a merger of Hong Kong and Hollywood cinema, yet its visual imagery is at odds with its narrative and extratextual portrayal of hybridity. During the same period as the release of the trilogy, Reeves was becoming increasingly visible as an Asian American, due in part to the publicity for the film. His multiraciality, then, was linked to a film narrative that depends upon conflicting depictions of the hybrid body, echoing a larger societal ambivalence about the much-lauded multiracial future.
“The Foulest Ulcer on the Body of Our Nation”
Authors: Talbot Christine
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the ways that the interrelated practices of polygamy and theocracy motivated cultural campaigns to remove Mormons from the body politic. Anti-Mormons used racial, particularly Orientalist, tropes to mark Mormons as nonwhite. They also employed a rhetoric of social class to illustrate Mormonism's danger to the body politic. They argued, for example, that Mormon converts from Europe were “ignorant, almost pauper emigrants of the Old World” who threatened to degenerate the racial stock of America. These cultural campaigns against Mormons compelled and informed the reform and legal campaigns of the late 1870s and 1880s that resulted in Mormonism's capitulation to national demands.
Making the Past the Present
Authors: Tarulevicz Nicole
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies the ways in which ideas about Singapore's food heritage are used to help Singaporeans negotiate the multiracial nature of the island-state. Rojak—a Singaporean salad or condiment—highlights how various foods have become potent national symbols that simultaneously speak to diversity and unity, and in the process help define the boundaries of what is considered national food. Though globalization has provided new foodways, old foodways remain potent determinants of Singaporean society. Exploring the relationship between the global and the local to explain how cosmopolitanism emerged as a powerful nationalist discourse, the chapter posits the port as the key mechanism for this process. It considers the movement of people as a force for shaping the food of the nation and the way the rhetoric concerning a migrant past is strategically deployed.
The Kitchen
Authors: Tarulevicz Nicole
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the marginalized Singaporean kitchen. Although they think hard about where and what they eat, very few Singaporeans spend time thinking about where their food is prepared. The chapter thus considers the physical space of the kitchen, with reference to domestic architectural sources, and the sociological meaning of the kitchen in the colonial and the post-independence periods. Because of the intimate association between the state and housing, Singaporean kitchens provide a unique insight into the way in which food preparation is conceptualized by the state. Moreover, discussions of kitchens and their relationship to Singaporean society requires a different understanding of the categories of gender and domesticity.
The Differential Visions of Queer Migration Manifestos
Authors: Chávez Karma R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes three manifestos linking queer politics with migration politics written and distributed in 2006 and 2007, and another, which builds upon two of those manifestos, published in 2011. The manifestos represent coalitional moments in that they supply visions for queer, migrant, and queer migrant activism, rights, and justice that point toward coalition. The visions of coalition differ widely from the inclusionary perspective, and yet the visions are offered in concrete and possible terms. In contrast to the normative and the utopian, the authors of these manifestos develop and advance a different political vision, a “differential vision” of queer migration coalitional politics. A differential vision reflects an impure political orientation, whereby activists seek relationships to others who may take different approaches but who resist hegemonic power systems.
Fannie Barrier Williams
Authors: Hendricks Wanda A.
Published: May 2017

Born shortly before the Civil War, activist and reformer Fannie Barrier Williams (1855–1944) became one of the most prominent educated black women of her generation. This book shows how Williams became “raced” for the first time in early adulthood, when she became a teacher in Missouri and Washington, D.C., and faced the injustices of racism and the stark contrast between the lives of freed slaves and her own privileged upbringing in a western New York village. She carried this new awareness to Chicago, where she joined forces with black and predominantly white women's clubs, the Unitarian church, and various other interracial social justice organizations to become a prominent spokesperson for progressive economic, racial, and gender reforms during the transformative period of industrialization. The book focuses on the critical role geography and social position played in Williams' life, illustrating how the reform activism of Williams and other black women was bound up with place and space. By highlighting how Williams experienced a set of freedoms in the North that were not imaginable in the South, the book expands how we understand intellectual possibilities, economic success, and social mobility in post-Reconstruction America.
Crossing the Border of Race
Authors: Hendricks Wanda A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the congregation of All Souls Unitarian Church in Chicago fulfilled Fannie Barrier Williams' progressive vision of an intellectually stimulating, racially broad-minded, and integrated community. It begins with a background on All Souls Unitarian Church, led by minister Jenkin Lloyd Jones, and proceeds by discussing Barrier Williams' attraction to Unitarianism due in part to the movement's inclusion of women. It then considers Barrier Williams' friendship with Unitarian minister, reformer, and activist Celia Parker Woolley as well as Prudence Crandall's influence on her religious ideology. It also describes Barrier Williams' participation in the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition and concludes with an assessment of the controversy surrounding her attempt to join the Chicago Woman's Club, a white women's group that did not want to accept black women as members. The chapter shows that Barrier Williams' ordeal with the Chicago Woman's Club is proof that living north of Jim Crow and virulent racism did not necessarily bring about equality or acceptance.
Anna Howard Shaw and Women’s History
Authors: Franzen Trisha
Published: May 2017

This chapter reviews Anna Howard Shaw's life and accomplishments, and presents some final thoughts. The author says that over the years of researching Anna Howard Shaw, she was driven by a quest to understand not only the life of this remarkable woman but also how women's history transformed this transgressive, irreverent pioneering woman into an incompetent and conservative leader. She argues that denying the immensity of Shaw's contributions to woman suffrage demands ignoring a great deal of documentation. Although one book and one view can hardly answer all the questions concerning Shaw's place in U.S. and woman suffrage history, hopefully this biography, by bringing new sources and new evidence into the discussion and by reframing the issues, has kept the inquiry open.
What Shall We Wear for Tennis?
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes several high-profile moments in the early history of women's tennis fashions, accepting costume historian Anne Hollander's assertion that “changes in dress are social changes.” When upper-class women first took to the courts in the late nineteenth century, they did so clad in the constraining livery of their everyday lives. As the distaff game became more competitive, the need to shed the fetters of restrictive garb became ever more demanding. As a result, there emerged several conspicuous, controversial incidents when women appeared in increasingly abbreviated costumes, revealing their ankles and wrists, their arms and legs, and the shapes and forms of their bodies in the quest to free their sporting movements.
Rules, Rulers, and the “Right Kind” of Competition
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how women physical educators began to reevaluate their collective position against intercollegiate, commercial, and hypercompetitive sports for their students. Particular attention is given to a series of National Institutes on Girls' Sports, jointly sponsored by the Division for Girls and Women's Sports (DGWS) and the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) that took place during the 1960s. At these clinics, educators, recreation leaders, and other interested parties learned the necessary tools to teach sport skills to their respective charges and to encourage them to engage in “the right kind of competition.” The emergent groundswell of support was an important antecedent to the subsequent developments in women's sport.
Something to Cheer About?
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to competitive cheerleading. Over the past one hundred years, cheerleading has been noticeably gendered, regendered, sexualized, commercialized, and sportified. Recently, various organizations have worked hard to legitimize competitive cheer, though they have met resistance from women's sports advocates, members of the cheer industry, and residual perceptions of who a cheerleader is and what she does. Where cheerleading was once the sole purview of men, the majority of today's participants are women. These shifts have brought about an undeniable sexual aspect to the pursuit, which scholars Pamela J. Bettis and Natalie Guice Adams characterize as rife with “exotic tensions.” The chapter analyzes whether cheer's newest incarnations reconcile the persistent divide between athleticism and femininity, or if it simply reasserts conventional schisms between them.
The Ordeal of Eugene Debs
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds
Published: May 2017

The American panic of 1893 has its origins in the fiscal policy of the U.S. Congress. Within a year, the 1893 panic ushered in one of the most famous labor conflicts in American history. The American Railway Union's support for workers locked out of the Pullman Palace Car Company became a titanic general strike centered in Chicago. What began as international doubt about the dollar's convertibility into gold became by 1894 a test of Eugene Debs' new American Railway Union, then an abortive strike, then a collapse of the traditional two-party system. This story is often told differently by political scientists, labor historians, and scholars of socialism, the South, or the transition from the Gilded Age to the Progressive era. This chapter attempts to put some of those histories and historiographies together.
Whose Hard Times?
Authors: Zhang Lu
Published: May 2017

This chapter carries out an in-depth analysis of the transformation of China's automobile industry and its labor force over the past two decades, with particular attention on how shop-floor, national, and global processes interact in complex ways to produce the specific industrial relations and dynamics of labor unrest in the Chinese automobile industry. It argues that the massive foreign investment in China's auto sector through joint ventures and the increased scale and concentration of automobile production have created and strengthened a new generation of autoworkers with growing workplace bargaining power and grievances. However, the acute contradictory pressures of simultaneously pursuing profitability and maintaining legitimacy with labor have driven large state-owned automakers and Sino-foreign joint ventures to follow a policy of labor force dualism, drawing boundaries between formal and temporary workers. While formal workers enjoy high wages, generous benefits, and relatively secure employment, temporary workers suffer comparatively low wages, unsecure employment, and heavier and dirtier job assignments. Temporary and other low-wage autoworkers have also become the main source of militancy in the auto industry.
How Workers and the Government Have Dealt with Economic Crisis and Industrial Decline
Authors: Montgomery Edward
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins with a brief review of the evidence on the causes of the Great Depression and its impact on workers and their families. It examines some of the similarities and differences in the causes of the Great Recession and its impact on workers. It briefly summarizes some of the different policies that presidents Roosevelt and Obama enacted to shorten the crisis and ease the burden on workers. It argues that while presidents Roosevelt and Obama were both called “socialist” by critics, their similarities are limited, and both the short- and long-term impacts of the policies they enacted during these crises are quite different for workers. While the near-term impact of the Great Recession was dwarfed by the Great Depression, the Great Recession exacerbated long-term structural trends that may well leave workers facing far more uncertain futures. Workers' own relative passivity in the face of these dynamics contrasts sharply with their grandparents' generation during the Great Depression. Absent a revival of their activism, we may well see the continued erosion, or even the end, of the New Deal social contract.
Afterword
Authors: Gold Roberta
Published: May 2017

This afterword reflects on the gains and losses of tenant struggles in New York City. It begins with a discussion of the negatives, such as the weakening of the rent-stabilization system, the continued increase in the city's homeless population, the gentrification of whole neighborhoods, the rise in rents, and changes in cooperative housing due to spiraling prices. It then examines the positives. For example, half the city's two million renters still benefit from rent control or stabilization. Renters still make up most of New York. Tenant councils continue to dot the boroughs, and umbrella groups like Met Council, Tenants and Neighbors, and the Mitchell-Lama Residents Coalition make their presence felt in legislatures, courtrooms, and residential hallways. The tenant movement's legacy is also palpable in feminism and in contemporary community organizations that have advanced both the concept and the reality of “community land.”
The Appeal and Final Decision
Authors: Grow Nathaniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines organized baseball's appeal following its loss in the Baltimore case as well as the Supreme Court's final decision, a period spanning May 1919 to October 1922. After Justice Wendell Phillips Stafford issued his verdict, organized baseball's attorneys began preparing the appeal. The defendants identified a total of thirty-five alleged legal errors committed by Stafford during the trial, ranging from various evidentiary rulings to the court's determination of the interstate commerce issue and its instructions to the jury. Meanwhile, George Pepper was preparing the brief that organized baseball would present to the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. The Baltimore Federals filed its own brief on September 15, 1920. This chapter first considers the Supreme Court proceedings in Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National League as well as its decision-making process before discussing Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s ruling in favor of organized baseball. It also cites the Supreme Court's rejection of Baltimore's request for a rehearing.
Conclusion
Authors: Parry-Giles Shawn J.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter assesses what the verbal and visual news coverage of Hillary Clinton tells us about the gendered nation, political authenticity and character, and news framing of U.S. political women at the turn of the twenty-first century. Those who become routine fixtures in news stories can function as didactic character models to be admired and emulated, as well as chastised and even despised. Journalists (along with the aid of news writers and news producers) serve as some of the nation's most powerful biographers, contributing stories and pictures that make up the chapters of a political leader's life. Moreover, conceptions of authentic womanhood and authentic manhood in particular bring together ideological forces that can empower yet also bind the nation's political leaders, offering a gender baseline that fuses with other markers of political authenticity to define an individual leader.
Gregory Benford
Authors: Slusser George
Published: May 2017

Gregory Benford is perhaps best known as the author of Benford's law of controversy: “Passion is inversely proportional to the amount of real information available.” That maxim is a quotation from Timescape, Benford's Nebula and Campbell Award-winning 1980 novel, which established his work as an exemplar of “hard science fiction,” dedicated to working out the consequences of modern science rather than substituting pseudoscience for fantasy. An astrophysicist by training and profession, Benford has published more than twenty novels, over 100 short stories, some fifty essays, and myriad articles that display both his scientific rigor as well as a recognition of literary traditions. This book explores the extraordinary, seemingly inexhaustible display of creative energy in Gregory Benford's life and work. By identifying direct sources and making parallels with other works and writers, the book reveals the vast scope of Benford's knowledge, both of literature and of the major scientific and philosophical issues of our time. The book also discusses Benford's numerous scientific articles and nonfiction books and includes a new interview with him.
The Quaker and the Colonist
Authors: Diemer Andrew
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the correspondence between Samuel McGill, a black emigrant to Liberia, and Moses Sheppard, a white Quaker supporter of the American Colonization Society (ACS). It casts light on the vexed role of the ACS in abolitionist thought of the 1850s, as well as on Quaker notions of interracial communication and friendship. The ACS was founded in 1816 by a coalition of northern reformers and southern slaveholders. Its stated goal was to establish a colony in Africa that was to be populated by American free blacks. The ACS would also help to promote the growth of that colony by assisting free blacks who consented to become colonists. Many of its northern supporters (and some of its southern supporters as well) hoped that these efforts would help make possible the gradual end of slavery in the United States. However, the majority of northern free blacks vigorously opposed the ACS and African colonization, denouncing it as a proslavery plot to remove American free blacks from the land of their birth.
Friend on the American Frontier
Authors: Ryan James Emmett
Published: May 2017

This chapter asks how an ordinary Quaker not involved in the abolition campaign might have considered the matter of slavery and answers this by reading the memoir of Charles Pancoast, A Quaker Forty-Niner: The Adventures of Charles Edward Pancoast on the American Frontier. Pancoast was a Philadelphian Quaker whose time on the frontier in the 1840s and 1850s was marked by a cautious response to the problem of slavery. Most of his account in details his own adventures and fortune-seeking in the Midwest and the Pacific Coast. Failing as a drugstore entrepreneur in Missouri, Pancoast spent time owning and operating a steamship on the Missouri River, and eventually found himself at work and seeking his fortune in business among the gold rush miners of California. In all, young Pancoast spent 14 years afoot in the hinterlands and byways of Western America, before returning home to settle in Philadelphia in 1854 at the age of thirty-six.
Roll Over, Tchaikovsky!
Authors: Amico Stephen
Published: May 2017

Centered on the musical experiences of homosexual men in St. Petersburg and Moscow, this ground-breaking study examines how post-Soviet popular music both informs and plays off of a corporeal understanding of Russian male homosexuality. Drawing upon ethnography, musical analysis, and phenomenological theory, the book offers an expert technical analysis of Russian rock, pop, and estrada music, dovetailing into an illuminating discussion of homosexual men's physical and bodily perceptions of music. The book outlines how Russian homophobia and gender systems interact, often inconsistently, with popular music. Performers sustain a delicate literal and physical dance with cultural expectations. It also outlines how popular music performers use song lyrics, drag, physical movements, images of women, sexualized male bodies, and other tools and tropes to implicitly or explicitly express sexual orientation through performance. Finally, the book uncovers how such performances help Russian gay men to create their own social spaces and selves, in meaningful relation to others with whom they share a “nontraditional orientation.”
Early Film Experiments
Authors: Godfrey Donald G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on C. Francis Jenkins' early film experiments. The large-screen projector and the concept of intermittent motion remain Jenkins' most lasting contributions to the industries of film and motion pictures in television. His projector was the first to freeze a frame of film for a fraction of a second, as it flowed past the lamp and lens of the projector. The late 1870s into the early 1900s was a time of growing industrial opportunity. Still photography was becoming a popular hobby, while inventors such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Emile Reynaud, Thomas A. Edison, George Eastman, and Thomas J. Armat were working on ways to add motion. This chapter discusses Jenkins' early demonstrations of his inventions, including the Phantoscope camera-projector, as well as his growing popularity as an inventor.
Jenkins’ Motion Pictures
Authors: Godfrey Donald G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines C. Francis Jenkins' photographic inventions that he used to demonstrate motion pictures in a variety of applications. Despite losing in the early battle with Thomas J. Armat, Jenkins declared himself the inventor of the motion-picture projector. With the Phantoscope, he ventured into home and educational use. He would travel west, filming a Hopi Snake Dance, teach photographic expression, and invent fireproof protections for the projector. This chapter first provides an overview of Jenkins' first Phantoscopes and the patents he obtained for them before turning to his demonstrations of the use of motion pictures at home and in science. It then recounts Jenkins' use of his motion-picture camera to film the Hopi tribe in northeastern Arizona performing the Snake Dance. It also discusses the Jenkins Phantoscope Company's manufacturing of Phantoscopes for educational household use, along with Jenkins' other inventions such as the Marveloscope and a high-speed camera. Finally, the chapter considers Jenkins' promotion of the use of photography in education by teaching photographic expression.
Islanders in the Empire
Authors: Poblete JoAnna
Published: May 2017

In the early 1900s, workers from new U.S. colonies in the Philippines and Puerto Rico held unusual legal status. Denied citizenship, they nonetheless had the right to move freely in and out of U.S. jurisdiction. As a result, Filipinos and Puerto Ricans could seek jobs in the United States and its territories despite the anti-immigration policies in place at the time. This book takes an in-depth look at how the two groups fared in a third new colony, Hawaiʻi. Using plantation documents, missionary records, government documents, and oral histories, the book analyzes how the labor migrants interacted with Hawaiian government structures and businesses, how U.S. policies for colonial workers differed from those for citizens or foreigners, and how policies aided corporate and imperial interests. As the book shows, the workers' advantages came with significant drawbacks. Unlike foreign nationals, Filipinos and Puerto Ricans lacked access to consular and other officials with the power to intercede on labor and other issues. Instead, workers often had to rely on unofficial community mediators who also served employers in positions of authority. A rare tandem study of two groups at work on foreign soil, the book offers a new perspective on U.S. imperialism and labor issues of the era.
Introduction: Defining U.S. Colonial Experiences
Authors: Poblete JoAnna
Published: May 2017

This book examines the overarching process and function of U.S. imperialism and the general impact of ambiguous legal status on U.S. colonials by focusing on two different colonized groups in Hawaiʻi: Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. It compares the experiences of Puerto Rican and Filipino laborers using the concept of U.S. colonialism, which highlights the liminal and subordinate political-legal status of multiple groups who have come under direct U.S. authority. It also explores the in-between political-legal statuses of work migrants in relation to issues of citizenship, migration, and labor. The book shows that in this in-between status, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos engaged in migration patterns, as well as government and labor processes, that were fundamentally different from foreigners, citizens, and each other. This introduction provides an overview of the intra-colonial experiences of Filipino and Puerto Rican laborers in Hawaiʻi U.S. colonialism in Hawaiʻi, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico; and labor needs of sugar plantations in Hawaiʻi during the Civil War and the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875; and the book's chapters.
Maya Market Women
Authors: Kistler S. Ashley
Published: May 2017

As cultural mediators, Chamelco's market women offer a model of contemporary Q'eqchi' identity grounded in the strength of the Maya historical legacy. Guatemala's Maya communities have faced nearly five hundred years of constant challenges to their culture, from colonial oppression to the instability of violent military dictatorships and the advent of new global technologies. In spite of this history, the people of San Juan Chamelco, Guatemala, have effectively resisted significant changes to their cultural identities. Chamelco residents embrace new technologies, ideas, and resources to strengthen their indigenous identities and maintain Maya practice in the 21st century, a resilience that sets Chamelco apart from other Maya towns. Unlike the region's other indigenous women, Chamelco's Q'eqchi' market women achieve both prominence and visibility as vendors, dominating social domains from religion to local politics. These women honor their families' legacies through continuation of the inherited, high-status marketing trade. This book describes how market women gain social standing as mediators of sometimes conflicting realities, harnessing the forces of global capitalism to revitalize Chamelco's indigenous identity. Working at the intersections of globalization, kinship, gender, and memory, the book presents a firsthand look at Maya markets as a domain in which the values of capitalism and indigenous communities meet.
Autism and Gender
Authors: Jack Jordynn
Published: May 2017

The reasons behind the increase in autism diagnoses have become hotly contested in the media as well as within the medical, scholarly, and autistic communities. This book suggests the proliferating number of discussions point to autism as a rhetorical phenomenon that engenders attempts to persuade through arguments, appeals to emotions, and representational strategies. The book focuses on the ways gender influences popular discussion and understanding of autism's causes and effects. It identifies gendered theories like the “refrigerator mother” theory, for example, which blames emotionally distant mothers for autism, and the “extreme male brain” theory, which links autism to the modes of systematic thinking found in male computer geeks. The book's analysis reveals how people employ such highly gendered theories to craft rhetorical narratives around stock characters—fix-it dads, heroic mother warriors rescuing children from autism—that advocate for ends beyond the story itself while also allowing the storyteller to gain authority, understand the disorder, and take part in debates. The book reveals the ways we build narratives around controversial topics while offering new insights into the ways rhetorical inquiry can and does contribute to conversations about gender and disability.
Presenting Gender
Authors: Jack Jordynn
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces a rhetorical history of the male computer geeks, engineers, and other high-tech types who came to epitomize autism in the late 1990s. It employs rhetorical analysis of key texts, including Simon Baron-Cohen's book The Essential Difference, a Wired magazine article titled “Silicon Valley Syndrome,” and a series of articles diagnosing Silicon Valley titans such as Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates as autistic by drawing on topoi of technology, geekdom, and cognitive capitalism, or the “knowledge economy.” As presented, gendered characters help make a cultural phenomenon seem livelier and more immediate to readers, often in ways that stereotype people—in this case, autistic people—in order to make a larger rhetorical point.
The Digital Turn in Textual Scholarship
Authors: Haugen Odd Einar , Apollon Daniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a historical overview of critical editions since the nineteenth century from three angles: a historic perspective, a contextualizing perspective, and an intrinsic perspective. The historical perspective is based on the development of Karl Lachmann and Gaston Paris, who have introduced a rigorous form coupled with a logical approach that is still present in “philological science,” and includes the first tryouts in using computers to improve, extend, and diffuse scholarly editions. Additionally, an overview of the evolution and the diffusion of the different paradigms and practices is developed by the authors. The chapter also addresses questions of content and authority.
Introduction
Authors: Burnham Karen
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book focuses on the work of Australian science fiction (SF) author Greg Egan. At the time of this writing Egan has published twelve novels and sixty shorter stories. Over time we can chart a clear career trajectory that any author could be proud of: an early mix of successes and rejections, slowly finding his core themes and audience, getting published regularly, showing up in Year's Best anthologies, getting award nominations, moving from short stories to novels, and winning major awards. There is no doubt that what Egan writes is near the heart of contemporary SF and hard SF. More than any other contemporary science fiction writer, he has set himself a project of raising science's profile through art—to convince people that science is as important and critical to the human condition as romance or religion.
Writing Radical Hard SF
Authors: Burnham Karen
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins with an overview of Greg Egan's fiction. It centers his work in the context of the “radical hard SF” promoted by the magazine Interzone in the mid-to-late 1980s and provides an overview of his work to date, including his rise to prominence (and subsequent diminishment). It traces a loose “future history” that his stories follow, moving from biomedical advances in the near future to digital immortality in the far future. It also gives a summary of some of his reception by critics to date, including the focus on his perceived lack of characterization and the various attacks and defenses that have been mounted over his work. In discussing his approach to character, the chapter also covers the diverse range of characters that he portrays in his fiction.
Homo narrans and the Irrepressibility of Stories
Authors: Davis Coralynn V.
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates that Maithil women weave theories of storytelling into their tales; moreover, some of these theories resonate with those developed in multidisciplinary literatures that consider the role of narrative in human life. Three specific contentions are examined. The first is Maithil women's implicit argument that stories themselves carry a form of agency that renders them irrepressible. This irrepressibility of tales takes on a particularly gendered significance in the context of Maithil gender order. The second narratological point is that stories move and morph. When stories travel across space, genre, context, and teller, as they inevitably do, they change in meaning and content. Finally, Maithil women's tales intimate a theory about the political nature of stories and storytelling: that insights and viewpoints on the social configurations of power are embedded in tales, and therefore their telling is a form of discursive political engagement.
The Europeanization of Cinema
Authors: Halle Randall
Published: May 2017

This innovative study advances the concept of “interzones”—geographical and ideational spaces of transit, interaction, transformation, and contested diversity—as a mechanism for analyzing European cinema. The book focuses especially on films about borders, borderlands, and cultural zones as it traces the development of interzones from the inception of central European cinema to the avant-garde films of today. Throughout, it shows how cinema both reflects and engenders interzones that explore the important questions of Europe's social order: imperialism and nation-building in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; “first contact” between former adversaries (such as East and West Germany) following World War II and the Cold War; and migration, neo-colonialism, and cultural imperialism in the twenty-first century. Ultimately, the book argues that today's cinema both produces and reflects imaginative communities. It demonstrates how, rather than simply erasing boundaries, the European Union instead fosters a network of cultural interzones that encourage cinematic exploration of the new Europe's processes and limits of connectivity, tolerance, and cooperation.
Introduction
Authors: Halle Randall
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter describes Europeanization as not simply the immediate sublation of the nation-state into a broader and more advanced form. Europeanization retains the nation-state and yet unleashes the potential of other forms of social organization to exist in increased significance: the local, regional, global, but also the subcultural, minoritarian, ethnic, migrant, diasporic, exiled, displaced, relocated, and nongovernmental. The chapter then shows how cinema offers images for various imaginative communities. It considers questions of spatial and temporal organization in cinema as they intersect with the socioeconomic arrangements. Unlike print culture, which was bound immediately to linguistic and ethnic-national communities, film proved capable of crossing borders and appealing to divergent communities.
Collaborators for Emancipation
Authors: Moore William F.
Published: May 2017

Few expected politician Abraham Lincoln and Congregational minister Owen Lovejoy to be friends when they met in 1854. One was a cautious lawyer who deplored abolitionists' flouting of the law, the other an outspoken antislavery activist who captained a stop on the Underground Railroad. Yet the two built a relationship that, in Lincoln's words, “was one of increasing respect and esteem.” This book examines the thorny issue of the pragmatism typically ascribed to Lincoln versus the radicalism of Lovejoy, and the role each played in ending slavery. Exploring the men's politics, personal traits, and religious convictions, the book traces their separate paths in life as well as their frequent interactions. It shows how Lincoln and Lovejoy influenced one another and analyzes the strategies and systems of belief each brought to the epic controversies of slavery versus abolition and union versus disunion. The book moves beyond mere politics to a nuanced perspective on the fabric of religion and personal background that underlay the minister's worldview. The book reveals how Lincoln embraced the radical idea of emancipation, and how Lovejoy shaped his own radicalism to wield the pragmatic political tools needed to reach that ultimate goal.
Disenchanting the Nation of Slavery, 1860
Authors: Moore William F. , Moore Jane Ann
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Abraham Lincoln and Owen Lovejoy's continued antislavery campaign and how they finally attained political power with Lincoln's election as the sixteenth president of the United States in 1860. In Illinois, Lincoln had learned to harness various political forces and pull them together, but he knew he needed more national exposure if he was to win the presidency as a compromise candidate from a necessary state. Like Lincoln, Lovejoy sought wider national recognition. This chapter first discusses Lincoln's speech at Cooper Union in New York City on February 27, 1860, in which he defended the Republican position with regard to slavery. It then considers Lovejoy's Barbarism of Slavery speech in Congress on April 5, 1860, along with the nomination of Lincoln as the Republican presidential candidate for that year's elections. It also looks at the campaigns in support of Lincoln, with particular emphasis on the roles played by Lovejoy and the Wide Awakes, and concludes with an assessment of Lincoln's victory.
Negotiating Art and Industry in the Postwar Context
Authors: Williams Tami
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies several of Dulac's early narrative Impressionist films, and her ideal of cinema as a spatiotemporally complex universe of symbols—one in which meaning is created through an intertextual network of figurative associations, such as pictorial and rhythmic gesture. Dulac's integral approach, based on life, movement, and rhythm, exemplified in a surviving extract of what is considered the first Impressionist film, La Fête espagnole (1920), is used in a particularly innovative and feminist manner in one of her earliest extant films, La Belle Dame sans merci (1921). Dulac's use of dance as a discursive metaphor disrupts a heteronormative, monogamous, and linear narrative structure, creating a queer subtext in her later films, both commercial and avant-garde.
Popular Front Activism and Vichy
Authors: Williams Tami
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the evolution of Dulac's socialist humanist politics under the Popular Front, from her activism and syndicalism or labor union work within the context of the vast cultural movement of Mai '36, to a rather controversial shift that led to her complex political position under the Vichy regime. During this era, from 1936 to 1938, Dulac's activism for the cinema and by way of the cinema blossomed. She undertook several Socialist film projects, and played a major role in restructuring the French film industry and in cultivating a propitious environment for the future of the medium. Her role was central on several fronts, from the nationalization of the industry to the creation of a French cinematheque and a film directors' union.
Kirtland Temple
Authors: Howlett David J.
Published: May 2017

The only temple completed by Mormonism's founder, Joseph Smith Jr., the Kirtland Temple in Kirtland, Ohio, receives 30,000 Mormon pilgrims every year. Though the site is sacred to all Mormons, the temple's religious significance and the space itself are contested by rival Mormon denominations: its owner, the relatively liberal Community of Christ, and the larger Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This biography of Kirtland Temple is set against the backdrop of religious rivalry. The two sides have long contested the temple's ownership, purpose, and significance in both the courts and Mormon literature. Yet members of each denomination have occasionally cooperated to establish periods of co-worship, host joint tours, and create friendships. The book uses the temple to build a model for understanding what he calls parallel pilgrimage—the set of dynamics of disagreement and alliance by religious rivals at a shared sacred site. At the same time, it illuminates social and intellectual changes in the two main branches of Mormonism since the 1830s, providing a much-needed history of the lesser-known Community of Christ.
New Shrines and New Capital, 1990–2012
Authors: Howlett David J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how sacred sites are also built through cooperation. At sites of parallel pilgrimage, people may negotiate with others and form alliances that allow them access to otherwise denied resources. In addition, people who form alliances benefit from a multiplier effect—meaning the resources of a group are greater than the sum of its parts. Group membership carries with it a form of power, or social capital that can only be established and maintained by “reacknowledgement of proximity”—that is, “relations of proximity in physical (geographical) space or even in economic and social space.” The chapter then looks at the changing proximal relationships in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints around the Kirtland Temple.
Marriage
Authors: Whitmire Ethelene
Published: May 2017

This chapter narrates Regina's romances and culminates in her marriage. Regina, like many young women in New York City, had a dating life that was complicated, diverse, and mysterious. She had more than one fiancé, a long distance relationship, a possible affair with a Jewish writer, and a secret lover—the author of a “Dear Reggie” letter who may have been the one she truly loved though her family disapproved of the liaison. During the early years of her marriage, Regina was involved with the local Rho chapter of Delta Sigma Theta, an African American sorority, and served as the president. Famous past and present members of the sorority include Lena Horne, Mary McLeod Bethune, Mary Church Terrell, Barbara Jordan, Judith Jamison, Wilma Rudolph, and Nikki Giovanni, among others.
Old Time Dancing in Northeast Tennessee
Authors: Spalding Susan Eike
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the impact of social and economic changes on old time dancing in Northeast Tennessee in the twentieth century, using the Beechwood Family Music Center in Fall Branch as a focal point of discussion. It begins with a background on Beechwood, one of several places in the Northeast Tennessee–Southwest Virginia valley where old time dancing took place in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It then considers how how rural values and industrialization converged in early-twentieth-century Northeast Tennessee, along with its effects on local dance traditions. It also explores the marketing of square dancing as part and parcel of the rural image produced by the barn dances and by recordings of “hillbilly” music; the emergence of modern western square dancing and wagon training in Northeast Tennessee; and folk revival and festivals. The chapter concludes with an overview of the evolution of dance forms and styles as well as dance music at Beechwood, along with the revival of traditional Appalachian square dancing and clogging in Northeast Tennessee.
Dance at Pine Mountain Settlement School
Authors: Spalding Susan Eike
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role played by the Pine Mountain Settlement School in the promotion of dance in Eastern Kentucky beginning in the early twentieth century. It first provides a historical background on Pine Mountain Settlement School and on one of its founders, Katherine Pettit. It then discusses the ways that Pine Mountain utilized recreation and dance to promote good health and good citizenship; settlement workers' fight for dance hall reform in the Eastern Kentucky mountains beginning in 1910; and the establishment of the Conference of Southern Mountain Workers and the Russell Sage Foundation. It also explores the role of folk dance as an antidote to popular culture; how the Mountain Folk Festival helped to sustain dance at Pine Mountain; and Pine Mountain's promotion of Danish dance above local dance as well as its decision to return to local dance tradition. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Pine Mountain's legacy in terms of helping various types of dancing take root as living tradition in Eastern Kentucky.
Watching Women's Liberation, 1970
Authors: Dow Bonnie J.
Published: May 2017

In 1970, ABC, CBS, and NBC—the “Big Three” of the pre-cable television era—discovered the feminist movement. From the famed sit-in at Ladies' Home Journal to multi-part feature stories on the movement's ideas and leaders, nightly news broadcasts covered feminism more than in any year before or since, bringing women's liberation into American homes. This book uses case studies of key media events to delve into the ways national TV news mediated the emergence of feminism's second wave. First legitimized as a big story by print media, the feminist movement gained broadcast attention as the networks' eagerness to get in on the action was accompanied by feminists' efforts to use national media for their own purposes. The book chronicles the conditions that precipitated feminism's new visibility and analyzes the verbal and visual strategies of broadcast news discourses that tried to make sense of the movement. Groundbreaking and packed with detail, this book shows how feminism went mainstream, and what it gained and lost on the way.