bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator implantation with opioid sparing truncal plane blocks and deep sedation
Authors: Miller Marc A. , Garg Jalaj , Salter Benjamin , Brouwer Thomas F. , Mittnacht Alex J. , Montgomery Morgan L. , Honikman Rafael , Arkonac Derya E. , Choudry Subbarao , Dukkipati Srinivas R. , Reddy Vivek Y. , Weiner Menachem M.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (S‐ICD) is most commonly implanted under general anesthesia (GA), due to the intraoperative discomfort associated with tunneling and dissection. Postoperative pain can be substantial and is often managed with opioids. There is a growing interest in transitioning away from the routine use of GA during S‐ICD implantation, while also controlling perioperative discomfort without the use of narcotics. As such, we assessed the feasibility of a multimodal analgesia regimen that included regional anesthesia techniques in patients undergoing S‐ICD implantation.

Methods and Results

Twenty patients received truncal plane block (TBL) immediately before S‐ICD implantation. The first 10 patients were implanted under general anesthesia (GA + TBL), and the next 10 patients were implanted under deep sedation (DS + TBL). Additionally, the DS + TBL patients were also prescribed a structured regimen of nonopioid analgesics in the perioperative period. Opioid consumption was calculated as milligram morphine equivalents (MME). In‐hospital opioid consumption was significantly lower in the patients implanted with DS + TBL (MME = 0) as compared with patients receiving GA + TBL (MME = 60; P = 0.004).

Conclusions

Subcutaneous ICD implantation with anesthesia‐delivered DS and a multimodal anesthetic regimen that includes TBL is feasible and associated with significantly less perioperative opioid consumption.
Optimization of Maca polysaccharide extraction process and its chemo‐protective effects on cyclophosphamide‐induced mice
Authors: Wang Chengxiao , Xu Lei , Huang Luqi , Li XinRui , Han Wei , Liu Diqiu , Cui Xiuming , Yang Ye
Published: September 2018

In this study, the extraction process of Maca polysaccharide (LMP) was deeply studied and its chemo‐protective effects on Cyclophosphamide (Cy)‐induced mice were evaluated. By single factor investigation and response surface methodology optimization, it was found that the liquid‐to‐solid ratio, extraction time, and extraction temperature were the main factors which affected the extraction yield of LMP. The optimum extraction process was obtained by Box–Behnken design combined with response surface methodology. It was found that, at the condition of liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 30:1; extraction time of 2.3 hr; and extraction temperature of 90°C, the yield of the LMP could reach 46.56%. Furthermore, by oral administration of LMP, the cyclophosphamide‐induced mice showed the proliferation of lymphocyte and the phagocytic capacity of macrophages’ enhancements. The number of white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelets in the peripheral blood were up‐regulated; the spleen total superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione‐peroxidase activities were enhanced, while the Serum malondialdehyde and Triacylglycerols content was reduced. Therefore, our work provided an effective way for extraction of LMP and demonstrated the chemo‐protective effects of LMP on the animal level.

Practical application

Natural polysaccharides from functional food sources are widely accepted for their bioactive activities. As extraction conditions significantly affected the quality and yield of polysaccharides, the effective extraction process for polysaccharides should be systematically investigated. In the current work, the optimum conditions for polysaccharides extraction from Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) (LMP) were obtained using liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 30:1 for 2.3 hr at 90°C. The Mass characterization and Monosaccharide Composition of LMP were also determined. Furthermore, the extracted LMP exhibited well Chemo‐protective activities on Cyclophosphamide‐induced mice. Therefore, our work showed the potential applications of Maca polysaccharides as the easily accessible source of natural immunopotentiating agents in function food and pharmaceutical industry.
Spontaneous retroperitoneal liposarcoma in a free‐ranging juvenile golden‐headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas)
Authors: Díaz‐Delgado Josué , Molina Camila V. , Catão‐Dias José L. , Kierulff Maria C. M. , Pissinatti Alcides , Bueno Marina G.
Published: September 2018

Malignant adipocytic neoplasia is rare among nonhuman primates. We report the gross and microscopic features of a retroperitoneal liposarcoma with myxofibrosarcoma‐like dedifferentiation in a free‐ranging juvenile golden‐headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas). To our knowledge, this is the first report of such tumor subtype in New World primates.
Changing from 12‐hr to 8‐hr day shifts: A qualitative exploration of effects on organising nursing care and staffing
Authors: Baillie Lesley , Thomas Nicola
Published: September 2018

Aims and objectives

To investigate (a) How nursing care is organised on wards where nursing staff work different lengths of day shifts, and (b) How length of day shift affects the staffing of wards.

Background

Twelve‐hour shifts have become increasingly common worldwide but there are concerns about impact on care quality and safety. Eight‐hour shifts, and how day shift length affects how nurses organise their work, and staffing, have been little studied.

Design

Case study.

Methods

The setting was two older people's wards in an acute hospital in England. Nursing staff on one ward continued to work 12‐hr day shifts; staff on the other ward worked 8 hr late and early day shifts, with an afternoon overlap, for 6 months. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 22 nursing staff. Semi‐structured observations were conducted from 12–15.00 (5 × 3 hr episodes on each ward). Data analysis was conducted using the Framework approach.

Results

Theme 1: Organising nursing care and staff activities, (sub‐themes: Care delivery across a 12 hr shift; Care delivery on early and late 8 hr shifts; Staff communication and documentation; Staff breaks; Teaching, supervision and staff development); Theme 2: Staffing wards with different length of day shift (sub‐themes:: Adequacy of staffing and use of temporary staff; Recruitment and retention of staff after introducing 8 hr shifts).

Conclusion

Nursing staff organised care on 8‐hr shifts similarly to 12‐hr shifts but then felt dissatisfied with their care delivery and handovers. Nursing staff on both wards approached care in a task‐focused way. There were concerns that adopting an 8‐hr shift pattern negatively affected recruitment and retention.

Relevance to clinical practice

Changing from 12 hr to 8 hr day shifts may affect nursing staff satisfaction with their care delivery and handovers, and have a negative effect on staffing wards.
Everyday life and mastocytosis from a patient perspective—a qualitative study
Authors: Jensen Britt , Broesby‐Olsen Sigurd , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Nielsen Dorthe S.
Published: September 2018

Aim

To investigate and gain knowledge about patients’ perspectives on everyday life with mastocytosis and how they experience, understand and manage symptoms and challenges.

Background

Indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) is a disease characterised by the accumulation and activation of mast cells. Symptoms are diverse and range from mild to severely debilitating or even fatal. It is considered rare but is underdiagnosed due to lack of awareness. Quantitative studies have shown that ISM can negatively impact quality of life. No qualitative studies have described everyday life with the disease.

Design

A qualitative interview study taking a phenomenological approach.

Methods

Seven qualitative, semi‐structured interviews with adult patients with ISM. The analysis was inspired by Giorgi's phenomenological method. COREQ reporting guidelines were used.

Results

Three themes and five subthemes emerged from the analysis. (a) The everyday life with a rare disease, unknown to most people. Being perceived as a hypochondriac in the encounter with the health system. The diagnosis makes a difference. Expert knowledge is important. (b) Living with and handling the invisible and visible symptoms. The visible body. (c) Fearing an attack. Feeling safe and vulnerable at the same time.

Conclusion

Patients with ISM are severely affected in their everyday lives, especially in terms of their relationship with family and social network. Symptoms restrict and complicate activities and participation in social contexts, and the fear of an anaphylactic attack is always present. The disease affects patients’ self‐perception and sexuality. The rarity of the disease and general low awareness seems to be of great importance in the encounter with the healthcare system, both before and after diagnosis, and there is a need for expert knowledge, support and care.

Relevance for clinical practice

The focus of counselling should not only be on the disease itself, but also on living life with the disease.
Manual removal of placenta in women having unpredictable adherent placenta
Authors: Furukawa Seishi , Fujisaki Midori , Maki Yohei , Oohashi Masanao , Doi Koutarou , Sameshima Hiroshi
Published: September 2018

Aim

Our aim is to provide expected outcomes for undergoing manual removal of placenta (MROP) following vaginal delivery in women having an unpredictable adherent placenta (AP).

Methods

The data were obtained from four hospitals in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. We used propensity score‐matched (1:1) analysis to match women who underwent MROP with women who did not undergo MROP (control). Total blood loss and hemorrhagic rate used as a ratio of women who reached a certain amount of blood loss were compared. Subgroup analysis was undertaken and was dependent on the presence of AP. We found the cut‐off value of blood loss for detecting AP.

Results

Thirty‐seven MROP cases were identified. Total blood loss and hemorrhagic rate differed significantly between MROP cases and controls; 95% of controls had blood loss of 1000 mL or less, whereas for the MROP cases, it was 14%. Fourteen MROP cases were diagnosed with AP. The hemorrhagic rate differed significantly between MROP cases with and without AP (n = 19); 79% of MROP cases without AP had blood loss of 2000 mL or less, whereas for the MROP cases with AP, it was 7%. There were seven incidents of hysterectomy and two of arterial embolization in MROP cases with AP. Through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, 2035 mL of blood loss was determined to be the optimal cut‐off value for detecting AP.

Conclusion

The incidence of unpredictable AP in MROP cases was as high as 38%. The morbidity of MROP cases with unpredictable AP was severe. MROP should be prohibited in the absence of appropriate hemostatic preparations.
First trimester screening for preterm and term pre‐eclampsia by maternal characteristics and biophysical markers in a low‐risk population
Authors: Sepúlveda‐Martínez Alvaro , Rencoret Gustavo , Silva María C. , Ahumada Paz , Pedraza Daniel , Muñoz Hernán , Valdés Enrique , Parra‐Cordero Mauro
Published: September 2018

Aim

To develop a combined predictive model for preterm and term pre‐eclampsia (PE) during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Methods

This investigation was a nested case–control study in singleton pregnancies at the Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Unit, University of Chile Hospital. A priori risks for preterm and term PE were calculated by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Biophysical markers were log10‐transformed and expressed as multiples of the median. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate a combined predictive model of preterm and term PE. Detection rates at different cut‐off points were determined by a receiver operator curve analysis of a posteriori risks.

Results

First trimester mean arterial pressure and uterine artery Doppler pulsatility index were significantly higher in women who develop PE than in the unaffected group. The detection rate of preterm PE based on maternal characteristics and biophysical markers was 72% at a 10% false‐positive rate, corresponding to a cut‐off risk of 1 in 50. The detection rate for term PE was 30% at a 10% false‐positive rate.

Conclusion

Preterm PE can be predicted by a combination of maternal characteristics and biophysical markers. However, first trimester screening is less valuable for term PE.
Multicenter Measurements of T1 Relaxation and Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Intra and Intersite Reproducibility
Authors: Vavasour Irene M. , Meyers Sandra M. , Mädler Burkhard , Harris Trudy , Fu Eric , Li David K.B. , Traboulsee Anthony , MacKay Alex L. , Laule Cornelia
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Quantitative T1 and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may provide information about pathological changes underlying disability and progression in diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). Imaging the corpus callosum (CC), a primary site of damage in MS with a critical role in interhemispheric connectivity, may be useful for assessing overall brain health, prognosis, and therapy efficacy. We assessed the feasibility of multisite clinical trials using advanced MRI by examining the intra and intersite reproducibility of T1 and DTI measurements in the CC and segmented white matter (WM).

METHODS

Five healthy volunteers were scanned twice within 24 hours at six 3T sites. Coefficients of variation (COVs) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for CC and WM T1, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (Dax), and radial diffusivity (Drad) assessed intrasite and intersite reliability.

RESULTS

CC and WM T1 showed excellent intrasite reproducibility with low COVs (mean = .90% and .89%, respectively) and good ICCs (CC = .78, WM = .90). T1 also demonstrated intersite reliability (low COVs: CC = 2.4%, WM = 1.8%; moderate ICCs: CC = .43, WM = .69). DTI had low intrasite COVs (CC: FA = 1.3%, MD = 1.5%, Dax = 1.4%, Drad = 2.2%; WM: FA = .9%, MD = .9%, Dax = .7%, Drad = 1.2%) and high intrasite ICCs (CC: FA = .95, MD = .97, Dax = .94, Drad = .97; CC: FA = .9, MD = .66, Dax = .88, Drad = .63), indicating excellent intrasite reproducibility. DTI also showed excellent intersite reliability with low COVs (CC: FA = 2.1%, MD = 4.1%, Dax = 3.4%, Drad = 5.3%, WM: FA = 1.3%, MD = 1.9%, Dax = 1.8%, Drad = 2.1%,) and good ICCs (CC: FA = .90, MD = .84, Dax = .72, Drad = .90; WM: FA = .83, MD = .34, Dax = .62, Drad = .41).

CONCLUSIONS

T1 and DTI measures are reproducible using equivalent MRI scanners and sequence protocols. Using a similar MR system, it is feasible to carry out multicenter studies using T1 and DTI to evaluate changes within the CC and WM.
Melatonin reprogramming of gut microbiota improves lipid dysmetabolism in high‐fat diet‐fed mice
Authors: Yin Jie , Li Yuying , Han Hui , Chen Shuai , Gao Jing , Liu Gang , Wu Xin , Deng Jinping , Yu Qifang , Huang Xingguo , Fang Rejun , Li Tiejun , Reiter Russel J. , Zhang Dong , Zhu Congrui , Zhu Guoqiang , Ren Wenkai , Yin Yulong
Published: September 2018

Melatonin has been shown to improve lipid metabolism and gut microbiota communities in animals and humans; however, it remains to know whether melatonin prevents obesity through gut microbiota. Here, we found that high‐fat diet promoted the lipid accumulation and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in mice, while oral melatonin supplementation alleviated the lipid accumulation and reversed gut microbiota dysbiosis, including the diversity of intestinal microbiota, relative abundances of Bacteroides and Alistipes, and functional profiling of microbial communities, such as energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Interestingly, melatonin failed to alleviate the high‐fat‐induced lipid accumulation in antibiotic‐treated mice; however, microbiota transplantation from melatonin‐treated mice alleviated high‐fat diet‐induced lipid metabolic disorders. Notably, short‐chain fatty acids were decreased in high‐fat diet‐fed mice, while melatonin treatment improved the production of acetic acid. Correlation analysis found a marked correlation between production of acetic acid and relative abundances of Bacteroides and Alistipes. Importantly, sodium acetate treatment also alleviated high‐fat diet‐induced lipid metabolic disorders. Taken together, our results suggest that melatonin improves lipid metabolism in high‐fat diet‐fed mice, and the potential mechanisms may be associated with reprogramming gut microbiota, especially, Bacteroides and Alistipes‐mediated acetic acid production. Future studies are needed for patients with metabolic syndrome to fully understand melatonin’s effects on body weight and lipid profiles and the potential mechanism of gut microbiota.
Comparison of UVB effects on growth and induction of UVB screening compounds in isolates of metaphytic algae from temperate zone streams and ponds
Authors: O'Neal Steven W. , Hoover Angie M.
Published: September 2018

Filaments in the surface layers of metaphytic mats are exposed to high photon flux densities of PAR and UVBR. We investigated the effect of UVBR exposure on growth of eight isolates of common metaphytic algae (Cladophora, Mougeotia, Oedogonium, Pithophora, Spirogyra, and Zygnema) acclimated to either high or low PAR levels prior to UVBR exposure. All isolates acclimated to low PAR exhibited significant reductions in growth rate caused by the UVBR exposure (P < 0.05). Acclimation to high PAR resulted in seven of the isolates being more tolerant of the UVB exposure. The two Zygnema isolates exhibited the most pronounced effect of high PAR acclimation with growth rates of UVB exposed treatments being equal to that of controls (P > 0.05). High PAR acclimation also protected chlorophyll a levels in the Zygnema isolates. Absorption of UVB by methanol extracts increased 322%–381% for the two Zygnema isolates when high PAR acclimated. The broad absorption peak at 270 nm suggests that phenolic compounds were responsible. Previous studies have shown that Zygnema isolates from extreme environments tolerate UVBR and contain UVB screening compounds, but our results extend these adaptions to Zygnema from typical temperate zone habitats. Although none of the other metaphytic algae produced UVB absorbing compounds, they all exhibited higher growth rates under UVBR exposure following high PAR acclimation. This suggests that the algae evaluated have inducible defenses against UVBR exposure that coupled with their mat structure would provide an adaption to the challenging light environment in shallow‐water habitats.
Low‐dose ACTH stimulation testing in dogs suspected of hypoadrenocorticism
Authors: Botsford Annabel , Behrend Ellen N. , Kemppainen Robert J. , Gaillard Philippe R. , Oprandy Frank , Lee Hollie P.
Published: September 2018

Background

Low‐dose ACTH stimulation testing would lower cost and may increase sensitivity for identification of partial ACTH deficiency.

Hypothesis

(1) The low‐dose ACTH stimulation test will provide comparable results to the standard‐dose ACTH stimulation test in dogs suspected of hypoadrenocorticism and (2) partial ACTH deficiency exists in dogs and can result in chronic, intermittent gastrointestinal signs.

Animals

Thirty‐one client‐owned dogs suspected of having hypoadrenocorticism.

Methods

Prospective study. Dogs suspected of having hypoadrenocorticism received 1 μg/kg cosyntropin IV for the first ACTH stimulation test; the second test was performed 4 h later and dogs received 5 μg/kg cosyntropin IV. Blood samples were obtained pre‐ACTH and 1 hour post‐ACTH for each dose (4 measurements total). Samples for endogenous ACTH measurement were obtained at the time of initial blood collection.

Results

No significant difference was observed in the basal cortisol concentration before administration of a 1 μg/kg versus before a 5 μg/kg dose of cosyntropin (P= .544). For dogs suspected of having hypoadrenocorticism, the ACTH‐stimulated cortisol concentrations in response to both doses of ACTH were equivalent (90% confidence interval [CI], 80.5‐97.2%;P= .04). No cases with partial ACTH deficiency were identified conclusively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

A 1 μg/kg dose of cosyntropin is equivalent to a 5 μg/kg dose of cosyntropin for screening dogs suspected of hypoadrenocorticism. The existence of partial ACTH deficiency was not identified in this small group of dogs.
Cutaneous infections by dematiaceous opportunistic fungi: Diagnosis and management in 11 solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Ferrándiz‐Pulido Carla , Martin‐Gomez M. Teresa , Repiso Trinidad , Juárez‐Dobjanschi Cecilia , Ferrer Berta , López‐Lerma Ingrid , Aparicio Gloria , González‐Cruz Carlos , Moreso Francesc , Roman Antonio , García‐Patos Vicente
Published: September 2018

Background

The incidence of cutaneous infections by dematiaceous fungi is rising in our environment due to the high number of solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR).

Objective

To review our experience in the management of cutaneous phaeohyphomycoses in a Spanish reference centre for dermatological care of SOTR.

Methods

Retrospective clinical, histopathological and microbiological review of all SOTR diagnosed of a phaeohyphomycosis in a 7‐year period.

Results

Eleven SOTR were identified (8 lung and 3 kidney). The lesions were solitary in six patients and multiple in five, affecting mostly the lower extremities. Early lesions showed epidermal hyperplasia and a diffuse dermal suppurative granulomatous infiltrate that was progressively substituted by fibrosis when the lesions were treated. Septated fungal structures with refractile walls were identified. DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of Alternaria spp (8 cases), Cladosporium cladosporioides, Microsphaeropsis arundinis and Exophiala oligosperma. Three patients with single lesions were treated with surgery, while the other 8 required long‐term antifungal therapy, including itraconazole, voriconazole and/or terbinafine, combined with surgery and reduction in tacrolimus doses.

Conclusion

A clinical, histopathological and microbiological correlation is essential to corroborate this diagnosis. Solitary lesions are easily treated with surgery, but larger or multiple lesions may require long medical treatments combined with surgery and modification of immunosuppressive medication. The list of dematiaceous fungi implicated in cutaneous infections is expanding, in line with the availability of more sophisticated identification methods and the increasing number of immunosuppressed patients.
Phenological patterns in Mediterranean south Iberian serpentine flora
Authors: Hidalgo‐Triana Noelia , Pérez‐Latorre Andrés V.
Published: September 2018

Phenological phases have been studied in Mediterranean serpentine shrubland vegetation in the south of the Iberian Peninsula to obtain a phenological characterization of the serpentine flora and to make a comparison between endemic serpentine and non‐serpentine plants in different years and altitudes. For this purpose, data were taken in the serpentine ecosystem of Sierra Bermeja (Andalusia, Spain) establishing two plots on two altitudinal bioclimatic belts and during two different years. A total of 28 persistent taxa were studied, including both serpentinophytes, their magnesicolous allies and non‐serpentinophytes, to detect possible differences between serpentine and non‐endemic taxa. Phenological calendars and phenological patterns (phenophasic indexes) were obtained. The species showed phenophasic patterns similar to those of other studied Mediterranean flora: a phenological pause coinciding with summer and most species behaving as summer semi‐deciduous with seasonal dimorphism. There were no statistically significant differences in phenology and in phenological indexes due to altitude or serpentine affinity. The best represented active phenophasic period of the species was 9–11 months of activity although showing the summer phenological pause. Species with low index of reproductive/vegetative activity of the species predominated, employing more time/resources for vegetative functions, and with synchronous phenophases, where flowering and growth coincide. The phenophasic period of serpentinophytes and magnesicolous taxa pointed to a certain delay in the period of flowering with respect to the group of non‐serpentinophytes, a result which could have important implications for reproduction.
Dispersal biophysics and adaptive significance of dimorphic diaspores in the annual Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Arshad Waheed , Sperber Katja , Steinbrecher Tina , Nichols Bethany , Jansen Vincent A. A. , Leubner‐Metzger Gerhard , Mummenhoff Klaus
Published: September 2018

Heteromorphic diaspores (fruits and seeds) are an adaptive bet‐hedging strategy to cope with spatiotemporally variable environments, particularly fluctuations in favourable temperatures and unpredictable precipitation regimes in arid climates.

We conducted comparative analyses of the biophysical and ecophysiological properties of the two distinct diaspores (mucilaginous seed (M+) vs indehiscent (IND) fruit) in the dimorphic annual Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae), linking fruit biomechanics, dispersal aerodynamics, pericarp‐imposed dormancy, diaspore abscisic acid (ABA) concentration, and phenotypic plasticity of dimorphic diaspore production to its natural habitat and climate.

Two very contrasting dispersal mechanisms of the A. arabicum dimorphic diaspores were revealed. Dehiscence of large fruits leads to the release of M+ seed diaspores, which adhere to substrata via seed coat mucilage, thereby preventing dispersal (antitelechory). IND fruit diaspores (containing nonmucilaginous seeds) disperse by wind or water currents, promoting dispersal (telechory) over a longer range.

The pericarp properties confer enhanced dispersal ability and degree of dormancy on the IND fruit morph to support telechory, while the M+ seed morph supports antitelechory. Combined with the phenotypic plasticity to produce more IND fruit diaspores in colder temperatures, this constitutes a bet‐hedging survival strategy to magnify the prevalence in response to selection pressures acting over hilly terrain.
Trachelas tranquillus envenomation with presumed bacterial superinfection in a child
Authors: Smith Robert J. , Osterhoudt Kevin , Lin Richard J. , Yan Albert C.
Published: September 2018

A 27‐month‐old girl with a history of congenital myopathy presented with two indurated, pink plaques involving the right arm and left thigh. Closer examination identified central puncta within these plaques, which reportedly occurred at sites of witnessed arachnid bites. After confirmation of the spider species as Trachelas tranquillus, she was treated to address cutaneous inflammation and suspected superinfection using oral and topical antibiotics as well as topical corticosteroid resulting in prompt resolution of her lesions. Trachelas tranquillus should be considered as a possible source of inflammatory spider bites that can become superinfected.
Soil‐transmitted helminth parasites and allergy: Observations from Ecuador
Authors: Chico Martha E. , Vaca Maritza G. , Rodriguez Alejandro , Cooper Philip J.
Published: September 2018

There is considerable interest as to potential protective effects of soil‐transmitted helminths (STH) against allergy and allergic diseases. Here, we discuss findings of studies done of the effects of STH parasites on atopy and allergic diseases in Ecuador. While cross‐sectional studies have consistently shown a reduced prevalence of allergen skin prick test (SPT) reactivity among infected schoolchildren, the removal of these infections by repeated deworming did not affect SPT prevalence over the short‐term (ie, 12 months) but may have increased SPT prevalence over the long‐term (ie, 15‐17 years). In the case of allergic symptoms, cross‐sectional studies have generally not shown associations with STH and intervention studies showed no impact on prevalence. However, a birth cohort suggested that early STH infections might reduce wheeze by 5 years. Allergic sensitization to Ascaris, however, explained a significant proportion of wheezing among rural schoolchildren. Studies of the effects of STH on immune and inflammatory responses indicated a potential role of STH in contributing to more robust regulation. The effects of STH on allergy are likely to be determined by history of exposure over the life‐course and by interactions with a wide variety of other infectious and non‐infectious factors.
Genetic structure of the Canarian palm tree (Phoenix canariensis) at the island scale: does the ‘island within islands’ concept apply to species with high colonisation ability?
Authors: Saro I. , García‐Verdugo C. , González‐Pérez M. A. , Naranjo A. , Santana A. , Sosa P. A.
Published: September 2018

Oceanic islands are dynamic settings that often promote within‐island patterns of strong population differentiation. Species with high colonisation abilities, however, are less likely to be affected by genetic barriers, but island size may impact on species genetic structure regardless of dispersal ability.

The aim of the present study was to identify the patterns and factors responsible for the structure of genetic diversity at the island scale in Phoenix canariensis, a palm species with high dispersal potential. To this end, we conducted extensive population sampling on the three Canary Islands where the species is more abundant and assessed patterns of genetic variation at eight microsatellite loci, considering different within‐island scales.

Our analyses revealed significant genetic structure on each of the three islands analysed, but the patterns and level of structure differed greatly among islands. Thus, genetic differentiation fitted an isolation‐by‐distance pattern on islands with high population densities (La Gomera and Gran Canaria), but such a pattern was not found on Tenerife due to strong isolation between colonised areas. In addition, we found a positive correlation between population geographic isolation and fine‐scale genetic structure.

This study highlights that island size is not necessarily a factor causing strong population differentiation on large islands, whereas high colonisation ability does not always promote genetic connectivity among neighbouring populations. The spatial distribution of populations (i.e. landscape occupancy) can thus be a more important driver of plant genetic structure than other island, or species′ life‐history attributes.
Can We Identify with a Nation Low in Morality? The Heavy Weight of (Im)Morality in International Comparison
Authors: Moscatelli Silvia , Menegatti Michela , Albarello Flavia , Pratto Felicia , Rubini Monica
Published: September 2018

Research has shown that the perceived morality of the ingroup is a primary source of group pride and ingroup identification. The present research examined whether this is true even when a group has a poor reputation for morality in terms of dishonesty and corruption, such as in the case of Italians. To address this issue, two studies analyzed the role of the three fundamental dimensions of social judgment—morality, competence, and sociability—in predicting Italians’ identification with their nation when the salience of social comparison and the status of the comparison outgroup were varied. Findings showed that perceived morality predicted ingroup identification when participants did not engage in social comparison. Under salient social comparison, individuals based group identification on other dimensions: Perceived sociability was the main predictor of identification when respondents compared with a higher status outgroup (Germans; Study 1; N = 109), whereas perceived competence was the main predictor of identification when participants compared with a lower status outgroup (Romanians; Study 2; N = 121). Overall, findings showed compensation processes in social identification: When social comparison is salient, members of a low morality group base identification on the dimension which allows positive differentiation from the outgroup.
From Ideal to Real Risk: Philosophy of Causation Meets Risk Analysis
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Rocca Elena
Published: September 2018

A question has been raised in recent years as to whether the risk field, including analysis, assessment, and management, ought to be considered a discipline on its own. As suggested by Terje Aven, unification of the risk field would require a common understanding of basic concepts, such as risk and probability; hence, more discussion is needed of what he calls “foundational issues.” In this article, we show that causation is a foundational issue of risk, and that a proper understanding of it is crucial. We propose that some old ideas about the nature of causation must be abandoned in order to overcome certain persisting challenges facing risk experts over the last decade. In particular, we discuss the challenge of including causally relevant knowledge from the local context when studying risk. Although it is uncontroversial that the receptor plays an important role for risk evaluations, we show how the implementation of receptor‐based frameworks is hindered by methodological shortcomings that can be traced back to Humean orthodoxies about causation. We argue that the first step toward the development of frameworks better suited to make realistic risk predictions is to reconceptualize causation, by examining a philosophical alternative to the Humean understanding. In this article, we show how our preferred account, causal dispositionalism, offers a different perspective in how risk is evaluated and understood.
Gone with the wind: Demographic transitions and domestic saving
Authors: Cavallo Eduardo , Sánchez Gabriel , Valenzuela Patricio
Published: September 2018

This study explores the relationship between demographic factors and saving rates using a panel dataset covering 110 countries between 1963 and 2012. In line with predictions from theory, this paper finds that, on average, lower dependency rates and greater longevity are associated with higher domestic saving rates. However, these correlations are statistically robust only in Asia. In particular, Latin America, which is a region that has undergone a remarkably similar “saving friendly” demographic transition since the 1970s, did not experience the same boost in saving rates as Asia. The paper highlights that the potential dividends arising from a favorable demographic transition are not automatically accrued. This is a sobering message at a time when the demographic tide is shifting in the world.
Productivity, capital intensity, and ISO 14001 adoption: Theory and evidence
Authors: Ni Bin
Published: September 2018

The determinants of ISO 14001 adoption have been considered to fall into two categories: external pressure from environment‐oriented stakeholders or customers and internal need due to expected future benefits. In this study, we further elaborate the mechanism underlying firms’ adoption of the standard by investigating the inter‐relationship among firms’ productivity, capital intensity, and decision making regarding adoption. Applying a general equilibrium model, we show that under optimal conditions, highly productive firms can benefit more from adoption. Moreover, technological advancements potentially drive up firms’ capital intensity and this positively affects their incentive for adoption. The empirical practice using firm‐level data in Vietnam verifies our predictions with robustness. In addition, we find that the phenomenon outlined above becomes even more obvious in the manufacturing sectors.
It Takes Three: How Mass Media Coverage Conditions Public Responsiveness to Policy Outputs in the United States*
Authors: Williams Christopher J. , Schoonvelde Martijn
Published: September 2018

Objective

Democratic governance requires that policy outcomes and public demand for policy be linked. While studies have shown empirical support for such a relationship in various policy domains, empirical evidence also indicates that the public is relatively unaware of policy outputs. This raises a puzzle: Why do policy outputs influence public attitudes if the public knows little about them?

Methods

This study seeks to address this paradox by examining the conditioning role of media coverage. We rely on data derived from the Policy Agendas Project in the United States, allowing us to analyze the relationship between policy outcomes, public preferences, and newspaper content across a long span of time (1972–2007).

Results

Our results indicate that public policy preferences respond to policy outputs, and that this relationship is strengthened by greater media attention to a policy area. Importantly, our findings also indicate that without media attention to a policy area, there is no direct effect of policy outputs on public demand for policy.

Conclusions

Media coverage appears to be a key factor for public responsiveness to occur. In the absence of policy coverage by the media, public responsiveness to policy outputs is greatly reduced.
Export product range and economic growth in theEUcountries
Authors: Kaitila Ville
Published: September 2018

We analyse the number of differentHS8 products in theEUcountries’ exports in 1995–2015. We review what share, or coverage, of the total possible number of these products the countries have exported each year. TheEU15 countries have typically witnessed a slow rise in this coverage rate, that is, a widening of their extensive margins. The exception is Finland where the share has declined considerably. On the other hand, Ireland, Greece, Portugal and the new member countries have seen a dramatic increase in their export product coverage. We analyse how the development in the coverage rate and, as a comparison, the diversification of exports as measured by the Herfindahl–Hirschman index are associated withGDPper capita growth. We find that changes in the former measure are positively associated with economic growth after we have controlled forGDPper capita catching‐up as well as investment and export activity. We also find that smallerEUeconomies do not specialise more than large ones in their exports as could perhaps be assumed.
Trade openness and the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from Chinese cities
Authors: Fang Zheng , Huang Bihong , Yang Zhuoxiang
Published: September 2018

This paper examines the impact of economic growth and trade openness on environment in 261 Chinese cities over the period of 2004–2013, using recently developed continuously updated fully modified method which allows for both cross‐sectional dependence and endogeneity. Two types of pollutants, industrial waste water and sulphur dioxide are investigated, and three measures of openness are employed in the regression. From the results, we find that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis holds not only for the whole China, but also in different regions. It is estimated that wastewater pollution increases with economic development until per capita GDP reaching the turning point of 42,991–48,828 yuan (in constant 2002 price), which varies depending on the specific measure of trade openness. The turning point for sulphur dioxide is found to occur at a much lower income level around 9,588–10,663 yuan per capita GDP. Furthermore, export is mostly found to be positively related with pollution and the impact of import is likely to be negative for both the whole China and across regions, if the significance is identified in the estimation results.
A case of canine high‐grade T‐cell lymphoma immunophenotypically consistent with T‐zone lymphoma
Authors: Parachini‐Winter Cyril , Curran Kaitlin M. , Russell Duncan S. , Gorman Elena
Published: September 2018

A 9‐year‐old spayed female Curly Coated Retriever was referred for evaluation of generalized peripheral lymphadenomegaly. The dog was clinically healthy on presentation with no anomalies detected on complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, or three‐view thoracic radiographs. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and cytology of the peripheral lymph nodes were consistent with lymphoma with an intermediate‐sized lymphoid population. Flow cytometry of peripheral lymph nodes was consistent with a homogeneous population of CD4+ T cells that had lost expression of the pan‐leukocyte antigen CD45. Variable expression of CD21, CD25, and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were also noted. This was considered consistent with T‐zone lymphoma (TZL), although the T cells were noted to be larger than usual based on flow cytometry. Due to the suspected indolent nature of this patient's disease and clinical progression, a careful monitoring approach was initially discussed with the owner. However, additional diagnostic testing was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Bone marrow cytology did not show any significant anomalies. The largest lymph node (left mandibular) was extirpated and submitted for histopathology. Based on the lymph node architecture, cellular features, and high mitotic activity, an unexpected diagnosis of peripheral T‐cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL‐NOS) was made. The dog was started on CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy. This case illustrates the limitations of using flow cytometry as the sole means of diagnosing TZL and highlights the importance of using complementary tests when subtyping canine lymphoma, which is significant when considering a patient's treatment plan and prognosis.
Anatomy of the vestibulum esophagi and surgical implications during prosthetic laryngoplasty in horses
Authors: Brandenberger Olivier , Martens Ann , Robert Céline , Wiemer Peter , Pamela Hugo , Vlaminck Lieven , Barankova Katerina , Haspeslagh Maarten , Perkins Justin D. , Ducharme Norm , Rossignol Fabrice
Published: September 2018

Objective

To describe the anatomy of the entry to the equine esophagus (vestibulum esophagi) and to assess the risk of penetrating its adventitia and/or lumen during laryngoplasty.

Study design

Ex vivo cadaveric study.

Sample population

Five isolated equine larynges and 39 equine head and neck specimens.

Methods

The anatomy of the vestibulum esophagi was studied by dissection of 5 cadaver specimens. Then, a bilateral laryngoplasty was performed, including 5 suture placements through the muscular processes, caudal, rostral, and sagittal, with straight and curved needles. Two of the 3 surgeons performing the implantations were unaware of the goals of the study. Suture positions and iatrogenic trauma to the lumen and/or adventitia of the vestibulum esophagi were identified during dissection of the specimens. Risk factors for penetrating the adventitia were evaluated with a multivariate regression model.

Results

The vestibulum esophagi spans between both wings of the thyroid cartilage over the entire width of the larynx, covering the rostral spine (arcuate crest) of the arytenoid cartilages. It is covered by the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles. Masked surgeons were associated with a significantly higher number of adventitia penetrations (72%) compared to the nonmasked surgeon (9%). The lumen of the vestibulum esophagi was penetrated in 4.6% of suture placements and only by the 2 masked surgeons.

Conclusion

Penetration of the adventitia was more common when surgeons were unaware of the anatomical extent of the vestibulum esophagi.

Clinical significance

Anatomical knowledge of the extent of the vestibulum esophagi reduces the risk of penetrating its lumen or adventitia during suture placement on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage.
Current Conduction in Dual Channel Black Phosphorene Nanoribbon Transistor
Authors: Johari Zaharah , Alias Nurul Ezaila , Auzar Zuriana
Published: September 2018

Phosphorene continues to fascinate research community due to its excellent physical and electrical properties. In this paper, the feasibility study of using dual conducting channel in black phosphorene nanoribbon transistor is investigated using Atomistic simulation tool. Both electronic and transport properties are evaluated. Through simulation, it is demonstrated that the conduction behavior behave differently where the current exhibit a great deal of increment when using dual channel. The performance was superior compared to single channel and suggests that the number of conducting channel is a significant factor in improving device behavior.
BIVARIATE FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS USING GUMBEL COPULA
Authors: Ismail Tarmizi , Ahmed Kamal , Alamgir Mahiuddin , Noor Kakar Mohammad , Fadzil Abu Bakar
Published: September 2018

A copula based methodology is presented in this study for bivariate flood frequency analysis over a station over a Kelantan river basin located in Northeast Malaysia. The joint dependence structures of three flood characteristics, namely, peak flow, flood volume and flood duration were modelled using Gumble Copula. Various univariate distribution functions of flood variables were fitted with observed flood variables to find the best distributions (eg. generalized pareto, log-normal, exponential, gamma distribution, weibull, gumbel, cauchy). The results of study revealed that different variable fits with different distributions and the correlation analysis among variables showed a strong association. Cumulative joint distribution functions (CDF) of peakflow and volume, peakflow and duration and volume and duration revealed that return period of joint return periods are much higher.
1-D CONSOLIDATION OF SOFT CLAY SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC LOADING USING LEM
Authors: El Gendy Omar , El Arabi Ibrahim , El Kersh Ibrahim
Published: September 2018

In this paper, a numerical modification is carried out on the Layer Equation Method (LEM) of El Gendy and Herrmann to be applicable for analyzing 1-D consolidation of soft clay subjected to cyclic loading. The LEM is applicable for multilayered soil system subjected to variable initial stress along depth. The proposed solution is used for normally and over consolidated clays subjected to different types of cyclic loading considering the basis of the method of Toufigh and Ouria. The LEM is incorporated by the authors into the geotechnical software ELPLA and is verified with two verifications. The results of the verifications are close to the references results. The proposed solution is applied for circular storage tanks as a structure subjected to cyclic loading from filling and discharging cycles. An application was held to study the effect of cyclic loading on two zones located at Port-Said city in Egypt using real soil data from real sites. The results of the average degree of consolidation and consolidation settlement versus time are presented for both zones.
BUBNOV-GALERKIN METHOD FOR THE ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMNS
Authors: I.O. Ofondu , E. U Ikwueze , C. C. Ike
Published: September 2018

In this work the Bubnov-Galerkin variational method was applied to determine the critical buckling load for the elastic buckling of columns with fixed-pinned ends. Coordinate shape functions for Euler column with fixed-pinned ends are used in the Bubnov-Galerkin variational integral equation to obtain the unknown parameters. One parameter and two parameter shape functions were used. In each case, the Bubnov-Galerkin method reduced the boundary value problem to an algebraic eigen-value problem. The solution of the characteristic homogeneous equations yielded the buckling loads. One parameter coordinate shape function yielded relative error of 4% compared with the exact solution. Two parameter coordinate shape function gave a relative error of 0.77%, which is negligible.