bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,6‐Dichloro‐1,4‐thiaselenane from Divinyl Sulfide and Selenium Dichloride.
Authors: Amosova S. V. , Penzik M. V. , Albanov A. I. , Potapov V. A.
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Puupehanol, a Sesquiterpene‐Dihydroquinone Derivative from the Marine Sponge Hyrtios sp.
Authors: Xu Wen‐Hui , Ding Yuanqing , Jacob Melissa R. , Agarwal Ameeta K. , Clark Alice M. , Ferreira Daneel , Liang Zong‐Suo , Li Xing‐Cong
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbonate Derivatives of 14β‐Hydroxycodeine.
Authors: Evsikova I. V. , Moiseev S. K. , Petrovskii P. V. , Kalinin V. N.
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Alkaloid from Lycoris aurea.
Authors: Pi Hui Fang , Zhang Peng , Ruan Han Li , Zhang Yong Hui , Sun Han Dong , Wu Ji Zhou
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unsaturated Dideoxy Fluoro‐ketopyranosyl Nucleosides as New Cytostatic Agents: A Convenient Synthesis of 2,6‐Dideoxy‐3‐fluoro‐4‐keto‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl Analogues of Uracil, 5‐Fluorouracil, Thymine, N4‐Benzoyl Cytosine and N6‐Benzoyl Adenine.
Authors: Manta Stella , Tzioumaki Niki , Tsoukala Evangelia , Panagiotopoulou Aggeliki , Pelecanou Maria , Balzarini Jan , Komiotis Dimitri
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Haplofungins, Novel Inositol Phosphorylceramide Synthase Inhibitors, from Lauriomyces bellulus SANK 26899. Part 1. Taxonomy, Fermentation, Isolation and Biological Activities.
Authors: Ohnuki Takashi , Yano Tatsuya , Ono Yasunori , Kozuma Shiho , Suzuki Toshihiro , Ogawa Yasumasa , Takatsu Toshio
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bicyclic α,ω‐Dicarboxylic Acid Derivatives from a Colonial Tunicate of the Family Polyclinidae.
Authors: Bao Baoquan , Dang Hung The , Zhang Ping , Hong Jongki , Lee Chong‐O. , Cho Hee Young , Hung Jee H.
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Yellow Core—Blue Shell Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles Using Active Surface Coordination Sites on a Prussian‐Blue Analogue.
Authors: Ishizaki Manabu , Sajima Yoshie , Tsuruta Shoko , Gotoh Akihito , Sakamoto Masatomi , Kawamoto Tohru , Tanaka Hisashi , Kurihara Masato
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Properties of Single‐Walled Nanotubes Filled with Inorganic Compounds
Authors: Eliseev A. A. , Kharlamova M. V. , Chernysheva M. V. , Lukashin A. V. , Tretyakov Yu. D. , Kumskov A. S. , Kiselev N. A.
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fragmentation of Small Carbon Clusters, a Review
Authors: Beroff K. , Chabot M. , Mezdari F. , Martinet G. , Tuna T. , Desesquelles P. , Le Padellec A. , Barat M.
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Arylation Reactions Involving the Formation of Arynes
Authors: Chen Yu , Larock Richard C.
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Arylation Reactions of Alkynes: The Sonogashira Reaction
Authors: Viciu Mihai S. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel Homeostasis and Nickel Regulation: An Overview
Authors: Li Yanjie , Zamble Deborah B.
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Interactions in Chemomechanical Polymers
Authors: Schneider Hans‐Joerg , Strongin Robert M.
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Prodrug Approaches for Enhancing the Bioavailability of Drugs with Low Solubility.
Authors: Mueller Christa E.
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Small Chemicals, Bioactivation, and the Immune System — A Fragile Balance of i‐Tox and Benefits?
Authors: Esser Charlotte , Jux Bettina
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review of Solid‐State Electrochemical Sensors for Measurements of Sulfur Content of Liquid Metals
Authors: Liu Tao , Li Lin , Yu Jingkun
Published: February 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Computational modelling of industrial pulp stock chests
Authors: Bhattacharya S. , Gomez C. , Soltanzadeh A. , Taghipour F. , Bennington C. P. J. , Dumont G. A.
Published: February 2010

Agitated pulp stock chests are the most widely used mixers in pulp and paper manufacture. Stock chests are used for a number of purposes, including attenuation of high‐frequency disturbances in pulp properties (such as mixture composition, fibre mass concentration, and suspension freeness) and are designed using semi‐empirical rules based largely on previous experience. Tests made on both laboratory and industrial‐scale pulp chests indicate that they are subject to non‐ideal flows, including channelling and creation of dead zones.

In the present work, a commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software (Fluent) is used to model two industrial pulp stock chests. The first chest is rectangular, agitated using a single side‐entering impeller, and feeds a mixture of chemical pulps at 3.5% mass concentration (Cm) to a papermachine. The second chest has rectangular geometry, with a mid‐feather wall used to direct suspension flow through a U‐shaped trajectory past four side‐entering impellers. This chest is used to remove latency from a Cm = 3.5% thermomechanical pulp suspension ahead of stock screening.

For CFD computations, pulp rheology was described using a modified Hershel–Buckley model. Steady‐state simulations were made corresponding to process conditions during mill tests. The calculated steady‐state flows were then used to determine the dynamic response of the virtual chests and then compared with experimental measurements and found to agree reasonably well. The computed flow fields provided insight into mixing processes occurring within the chests, showing cavern formation around the impellers (which reduced the agitated volume available for mixing). Mass‐less particle tracking, using the steady‐state flow field, gave insight into the stagnant regions and bypassing zones created in the vessels. This paper discusses difficulties encountered in characterising the mixing (both experimentally and computationally) and the limitations of the industrial data.
Ion and pH Sensing with Colloidal Nanoparticles: Influence of Surface Charge on Sensing and Colloidal Properties
Authors: Zhang Feng , Ali Zulqurnain , Amin Faheem , Feltz Anne , Oheim Martin , Parak Wolfgang J.
Published: February 2010

Ion sensors based on colloidal nanoparticles (NPs), either as actively ion‐sensing NPs or as nanoscale carrier systems for organic ion‐sensing fluorescent chelators typically require a charged surface in order to be colloidally stable. We demonstrate that this surface charge significantly impacts the ion binding and affects the read‐out. Sensor read‐out should be thus not determined by the bulk ion concentration, but by the local ion concentration in the nano‐environment of the NP surface. We present a conclusive model corroborated by experimental data that reproduces the strong distance‐dependence of the effect. The experimental data are based on the capability of tuning the distance of a pH‐sensitive fluorophore to the surface of NPs in the nanometer (nm) range. This in turn allows for modification of the effective acid dissociation constant value (its logarithmic form, pKa) of analyte‐sensitive fluorophores by tuning their distance to the underlying colloidal NPs.
A dual‐time central‐difference interface‐capturing finite volume scheme applied to cavitation modelling
Authors: Gough H. , Gaitonde Ann L. , Jones D. P.
Published: February 2010

This paper describes a central‐difference interface‐capturing scheme applied to the prediction of flows with cavitation. Compressible cavitation schemes based on standard central‐difference solvers have been previously described, but the current scheme uses an incompressible formulation only previously implemented with an upwind solver. The central‐difference solver offers significant advantages in computational time compared with upwind schemes. Regions of cavitation are captured rather than tracked. This means that there is no need for complex tracking and reconstruction procedures for the interface of the cavitation region. The use of such schemes on an arbitrarily unstructured mesh is no more complicated than on its structured counterpart. Results for a number of test cases are presented, with comparisons made with both experimental data and other numerical solutions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk of third and fourth tumors in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: León Xavier , Martínez Vicenç , López Montserrat , García Jacinto , Quer Miquel
Published: February 2010

Background

The objective of our study was to analyze the incidence and location of second and subsequent tumors in patients after an index head and neck carcinoma.

Methods

A retrospective study was made by reviewing clinical data prospectively collected from 3631 patients with head and neck cancer. Incidence, location, and histology of the second, third, and fourth tumors was evaluated.

Results

During the follow‐up, 839 second tumors, 147 third tumors, and 35 fourth tumors were diagnosed. The annual hazard ratio was 3.8% for second tumors, 5.1% for third tumors, and 7.8% for fourth tumors. The risk of second and subsequent neoplasms remained constant throughout the follow‐up. There were significant differences in the risk of appearance between the second and third tumors (p < .0001), and between the third and fourth tumors (p = .005).

Conclusion

Patients with a second tumor after an index head and neck carcinoma have an increased risk for developing subsequent tumors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Glycosaminoglycans modulate RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Ling Ling , Murali Sadasivam , Stein Gary S. , van Wijnen Andre J. , Cool Simon M.
Published: February 2010

Skeletal integrity is tightly regulated by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that are both under the control of extracellular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) through their interactions with endogenous growth factors and differentiation‐promoting ligands. Receptor activator of NF‐kappa‐B ligand (RANKL), which is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related protein that is critical for osteoclast formation, is produced by osteoblasts and further modulated by certain types of GAGs. Using unfractionated osteoblast‐derived GAGs that reflect the complex tissue microenvironment within which osteoclasts reside, we demonstrate that these GAGs block the osteoclastogenic activity of RANKL. Furthermore, RANKL significantly reduces extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK) activity, a putative suppressor of osteoclastogenesis, but osteoblast‐derived GAGs eliminate the inhibitory effects of RANKL on ERK activity. Notably, while imposing an anti‐osteoclastic effect, these GAGs also enhanced the proliferation of osteoblasts. Thus, the osteoblast microenvironment is a potent source of GAGs that promote bone anabolic activities. The anti‐osteoclastogenic and osteoblast‐related mitogenic activities of these GAGs together may provide a key starting point for the development of selective sugar‐based therapeutic compounds for the treatment of osteopenic disorders. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 1222–1231, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A climatological analysis of heatbursts in Oklahoma (1994–2009)
Authors: McPherson Renee A. , Lane Justin D. , Crawford Kenneth C. , McPherson William G.
Published: February 2010

Heatbursts are characterized by a sudden and highly localized increase in air temperature, a simultaneous decrease in relative humidity and dewpoint temperature, and strong gusty winds, typically associated with decaying thunderstorms. The small spatial extent and short duration of most heatbursts makes detailed study of these events difficult using the standard federal observation network (e.g. hourly observations) established in most countries. Thus, many discussions of heatbursts note that they are ‘rare’ phenomena. However, observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet indicate that although heatbursts are meso‐alpha scale phenomena, they are not rare. Using multi‐criteria analysis, 207 heatburst events of various magnitudes, areal coverage and duration were identified between 1994 and 2009 across Oklahoma. Significantly more heatbursts were detected in the western two‐thirds of the state as compared to the eastern third. Heatbursts were primarily nocturnal events, with 70% of heatburst events initiated between 0000 and 0800 UTC (i.e. between 6 p.m. and 2 a.m. Central Standard Time). With 62 of the 207 events, June was the most active month for heatbursts. At the other extreme, no heatbursts were detected during February and November, and only one was observed during January and December. Almost all of the heatbursts occurred underneath or adjacent to weak radar echoes at the time of the event. Four basic radar patterns were associated with the events: (1) radar echoes associated with rapidly weakening convection, (2) weak reflectivity not produced by or associated with deep moist convection, (3) weak radar echoes to the rear of a dissipating mesoscale convective system (MCS) and (4) weak reflectivity along the periphery of intense convection that did not appear to be weakening. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
PTSD symptom increases in Iraq‐deployed soldiers: Comparison with nondeployed soldiers and associations with baseline symptoms, deployment experiences, and postdeployment stress
Authors: Vasterling Jennifer J. , Proctor Susan P. , Friedman Matthew J. , Hoge Charles W. , Heeren Timothy , King Lynda A. , King Daniel W.
Published: February 2010

This prospective study examined: (a) the effects of Iraq War deployment versus non‐deployment on pre‐ to postdeployment change in PTSD symptoms and (b) among deployed soldiers, associations of deployment/postdeployment stress exposures and baseline PTSD symptoms with PTSD symptom change. Seven hundred seventy‐four U.S. Army soldiers completed self‐report measures of stress exposure and PTSD symptom severity before and after Iraq deployment and were compared with 309 soldiers who did not deploy. Deployed soldiers, compared with non‐deployed soldiers, reported increased PTSD symptom severity from Time 1 to Time 2. After controlling for baseline symptoms, deployment‐related stressors contributed to longitudinal increases in PTSD symptoms. Combat severity was more strongly associated with symptom increases among active duty soldiers with higher baseline PTSD symptoms.
A fast‐adaptive composite grid algorithm for solving the free‐space Poisson problem on the cell broadband engine
Authors: Ritter Daniel , Stürmer Markus , Rüde Ulrich
Published: February 2010

Fast solvers for Poisson's equation with boundary conditions at infinity are an important building block for molecular dynamics. One issue that arises when this equation is solved numerically is the infinite size of the domain. This prevents a direct solution so that other concepts have to be considered. Within this paper a method is discussed that employs hierarchically coarsened grids to overcome this problem. Special attention has to be paid to the discretization at the grid interfaces. A finite volume approach is used for the same. The resulting set of linear equations is solved using a fast‐adaptive composite grid algorithm. Emphasis is put on the implementation of the method on the STI cell broadband engine, a modern multi core processor, that is powerful in floating point operations and memory bandwidth. Code optimization techniques are applied as well as parallelization of the code to get maximum performance on this processor. For validation of the performance test runs are executed and the runtime is analyzed in detail. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a patient with type 1 diabetes in the absence of ketoacidosis
Authors: Hosseini AA , Manjunatha RS , Jacob A , El‐Lahawi M , Baskar V
Published: February 2010

While the increased risk of thrombosis in the arterial tree among individuals with diabetes has been well studied, little is known about such risk in the venous system outside the settings of hyperosmolarity or ketoacidosis. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a recognised but extremely rare complication of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We report a case of CVST in a patient with type 1 diabetes but without DKA, in whom we speculate that chronic poor glycaemic control was a contributory factor. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Crystallography and Structure–Property Relationships in 2,2′,2″,2′′′,4,4′,4″,4′′′,6,6′,6″,6′′′‐Dodecanitro‐1,1′ : 3′1″ : 3″,1′′′‐ Quaterphenyl (DODECA)
Authors: Zeman Svatopluk , Roháč Michal , Friedl Zdeněk , Růžička Aleš , Lyčka Antonín
Published: February 2010

X‐ray crystallographic study of 2,2′,2″,2′′′,4,4′,4″,4′′′,6,6′,6″,6′′′‐dodecanitro‐1,1′ : 3′1″ : 3″,1′′′‐quaterphenyl (DODECA) has been carried out. Nonbonding interatomic distances of oxygen atoms inside of all the nitro groups are shorter than those corresponding to the intermolecular contact radii for oxygen. By means of the DFT B3LYP/6‐31(d, p) method a difference of 136 kJ mol−1 between the X‐ray and DFT structures of DODECA was found. The bearer of the highest initiation reactivity in its molecule in solid phase should be the nitro group at 4′′′‐position, in contrast to those at 2′‐ or 2″‐positions in its isolated molecule. The most reactive nitro group in the DODECA molecule can be well specified by the relationship between net charges on nitro groups and charges on their nitrogen atoms, both of them for the X‐ray structure. The 15N chemical shift, corresponding to this nitro group for the initiation by impact and shock, correlates very well with these shifts of the reaction centers of the other six “genuine” polynitro arenes.
Strain‐reducing chemical bonding self‐organizations in nanocrystalline composites and non‐crystalline glasses and thin films
Authors: Lucovsky Gerald
Published: February 2010

This article identifies a length scale for spinodal decomposition of Hf and Zr silicate alloys. This has provided important insights into chemical bonding self‐organizations in non‐crystalline alloys as well, in particular for the intermediate phase regime of chalcogenide alloys. Additional insights into nanolength scales for chemical bonding self‐organizations; also extending into the medium range order (MRO) regime in network glasses are identified through comparisons between the first sharp diffraction peaks in oxide and chalcogenide compounds and alloys. These length scales are based on the extraction of real space correlation and coherence lengths, R and L, respectively. These comparisons have identified bond‐ionicity related differences in the short range order which play a significant role in promoting differences in MRO between oxides and chalcogenides, including bulk glasses as well as thin films.
Crystal nucleation in electron‐beam evaporated amorphous silicon on ZnO:Al‐ and SiN‐coated glass for thin film solar cells
Authors: Sontheimer Tobias , Becker Christiane , Gall Stefan , Rech Bernd
Published: February 2010

The crystallization of high‐rate electron beam evaporated amorphous silicon on ZnO:Al‐coated glass and SiN‐coated glass was investigated by applying ex‐situ optical microscopy and isothermal annealing. The nucleation process in solar cell structures consisting of n+‐Si(PECVD)/p‐Si/p+‐Si layers was analyzed and subsequently compared to the phase transition in p‐Si and n+‐Si(PECVD)/p‐Si on SiN and ZnO:Al‐coated glass. With a high steady‐state nucleation rate and a low activation energy (EIss = 2.7 eV), the nucleation process of Si on ZnO:Al has shown to differ significantly from nucleation on SiN (EIss = 4.5 eV) in the investigated temperature regime of 560 °C to 600 °C. The experiments revealed that the n+‐Si(PECVD) layer did not serve as a nucleation layer and did not influence the nucleation of p‐Si on SiN. On ZnO:Al, however, the nucleation rate of n+‐Si(PECVD)/p‐Si was found to be smaller than the nucleation rate of a single p‐Si layer. While the p+‐Si promotes the nucleation on SiN, it did not affect the nucleation process of Si on ZnO:Al. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optoelectronic properties of a‐Si1–xCx:H films grown in hydrogen diluted silane‐methane plasma
Authors: Vygranenko Yuri , Fernandes Miguel , Louro Paula , Vieira Manuela , Sazonov Andrei
Published: February 2010

This work reports on the optoelectronic properties and device application of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a‐Si1–xCx:H) films grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD). The films with an optical bandgap ranging from about 1.8 to 2.0 eV were deposited in hydrogen diluted silane‐methane plasma by varying the radio frequency power. Several n–i–p structures with an intrinsic a‐Si1–xCx:H layer of different optical gaps were also fabricated. The optimized devices exhibited a diode ideality factor of 1.4‐1.8, and a leakage current of 190‐470 pA/cm2 at –5 V. The density of deep defect states in a‐Si1–xCx:H was estimated from the transient dark current measurements and correlated with the optical bandgap and carbon content. Urbach energies for the valence band tail were also determined by analyzing the spectral response within sub‐bandgap energy range. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ni‐Si oxide as an inducing crystallization source for making poly‐Si
Authors: Meng Zhiguo , Liu Zhaojun , Zhao Shuyun , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi Sing , Li Juan , Wu Chunya , Xiong Shaozhen
Published: February 2010

Nickel silicon oxide mixture was sputtered on a‐Si with Ni‐Si alloy target with Ni:Si weight ratio of 1:9 and used as a new inducing source for metal induced lateral crystallization (MILC). The characteristics of the resulted poly‐Si materials induced by Ni‐Si oxide with different thickness were nearly the same. This means the metal induced crystallization with this new inducing source has wide processing tolerance to make MILC poly‐Si. Besides, it reduced the residual Ni content in the resulted poly‐Si film. The transfer characteristic curve of poly‐Si TFT and a TFT‐OLED display demo made with this kind of new inducing source were also presented in this paper. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical characterization of a‐C:H as a dielectric material in metal/insulator/metal structures
Authors: Zúñiga‐I. C. , Kosarev A. , Torres‐J. A. , Rosales‐Q. P. , Calleja‐A. W. , Hidalga‐W. F.J. De la , Malik O.
Published: February 2010

The fabrication and electrical characterization of Metal‐Insulator‐Metal (MIM) structures, using a‐C:H films as the insulating material, are presented in this work. These PECVD carbon films show a very low dielectric constant and a very high resistivity. The current conduction mechanisms were analyzed before and after the post deposition annealing in pure argon ambient at 400°C. For as‐deposited films, the experimental J ‐U curves showed that under low biasing regime (|U | < 8 V) the space charge limited current conduction is the main transport mechanism, whereas under higher biasing regime (|U | > 8 V)) the current transport is dominated by the Schottky mechanism. For annealed structures, under low and high biasing the ohmic and Schottky mechanisms were identified as the main processes for the electrical transport. Finally, we found that both parameters, the dielectric constant and resistivity, decrease slightly after the thermal annealing. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radiation Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells: The 4 R's of Radiobiology Revisited
Authors: Pajonk Frank , Vlashi Erina , McBride William H.
Published: February 2010

There is compelling evidence that many solid cancers are organized hierarchically and contain a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). It seems reasonable to suggest that a cancer cure can be achieved only if this population is eliminated. Unfortunately, there is growing evidence that CSCs are inherently resistant to radiation, and perhaps other cancer therapies. In general, success or failure of standard clinical radiation treatment is determined by the 4 R's of radiobiology: repair of DNA damage, redistribution of cells in the cell cycle, repopulation, and reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor areas. We relate recent findings on CSCs to these four phenomena and discuss possible consequences.
Near infrared imaging with nanoparticles
Authors: Altınoğlu Erhan İ. , Adair James H.
Published: February 2010

Near infrared imaging has presented itself as a powerful diagnostic technique with potential to serve as a minimally invasive, nonionizing method for sensitive, deep tissue diagnostic imaging. This potential is further realized with the use of nanoparticle (NP)‐based near infrared (NIR) contrast agents that are not prone to the rapid photobleaching and instability of their organic counterparts. This review discusses applications that have successfully demonstrated the utility of nanoparticles for NIR imaging, including NIR‐emitting semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), resonant gold nanoshells, and dye‐encapsulating nanoparticles. NIR QDs demonstrate superior optical performance with exceptional fluorescence brightness stability. However, the heavy metal composition and high propensity for toxicity hinder future application in clinical environments. NIR resonant gold nanoshells also exhibit brilliant signal intensities and likewise have none of the photo‐ or chemical‐instabilities characteristic of organic contrast agents. However, concerns regarding ineffectual clearance and long‐term accumulation in nontarget organs are a major issue for this technology. Finally, NIR dye‐encapsulating nanoparticles synthesized from calcium phosphate (CP) also demonstrate improved optical performances by shielding the component dye from undesirable environmental influences, thereby enhancing quantum yields, emission brightness, and fluorescent lifetime. Calcium phosphate nanoparticle (CPNP) contrast agents are neither toxic, nor have issues with long‐term sequestering, as they are readily dissolved in low pH environments and ultimately absorbed into the system. Though perhaps not as optically superior as QDs or nanoshells, these are a completely nontoxic, bioresorbable option for NP‐based NIR imaging that still effectively improves the optical performance of conventional organic agents. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 461–477

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Toward failure analyses in systems biology
Authors: Bhattacharya Sanjoy K. , Gomes James , Cebulla Colleen M.
Published: February 2010

Parallels between designed and biological systems with respect to formal failure analyses have been presented. Failure analysis in designed systems depends on an identified, limited set of parameters or operation variables with high predictive value. In contrast, the biological systems pose problems in identification of operation variables and the identified variables may not be accurate predictors of failure. The difficulty in parameter identification is because of large numbers of components and the inability to envelope variables at each compartment or contour level. Contour level maps for biological systems are currently non‐existent, and most failure models are based on very limited, unilateral operation variables (a mutant gene). Operation variable identification within each contour level will enhance failure analyses of complex biological systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods
{[Eu(ox)(H2O)4]·[CuBr(2‐pzc)2]·4H2O}: Hydrogen Bonding Directed Assembly to Supramolecular Network
Authors: Mou Ji‐Xia , Wang Jun , Fan Jun , Zhang Wei‐Guang
Published: February 2010

A new 3d–4f heterometallic coordination framework, {[Eu(ox)(H2O)4]·[CuBr(2‐pzc)2]·4H2O} (1) [ox = oxalate; 2‐pzc = pyrazine‐2‐carboxylate] was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis, as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 represents one 3D supramolecular heterometallic coordination framework that is assembled from rare lanthanide‐ox anionic chains and CuBr(2‐pzc)2 cationic units through hydrogen bonds.
An overview of a cohort of South African patients with mitochondrial disorders
Authors: Smuts Izelle , Louw Roan , du Toit Hanli , Klopper Brenda , Mienie Lodewyk J. , van der Westhuizen Francois H.
Published: February 2010

Mitochondrial disorders are frequently encountered inherited diseases characterized by unexplained multisystem involvement with a chronic, intermittent, or progressive nature. The objective of this paper is to describe the profile of patients with mitochondrial disorders in South Africa. Patients with possible mitochondrial disorders were accessed over 10 years. Analyses for respiratory chain and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes were performed on muscle. A diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder was accepted only if an enzyme activity was deficient. Sixty‐three patients were diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder, including 40 African, 20 Caucasian, one mixed ancestry, and two Indian patients. The most important findings were the difference between African patients and other ethnicities: respiratory chain enzyme complexes CI+III or CII+III deficiencies were found in 52.5% of African patients, being of statistical significance (p value = 0.0061). They also presented predominantly with myopathy (p value = 0.0018); the male:female ratio was 1:1.2. Twenty‐five (62.5%) African patients presented with varying degrees of a myopathy accompanied by a myopathic face, high palate, and scoliosis. Fourteen of these 25 also had ptosis and/or progressive external ophthalmoplegia. No patients of other ethnicities presented with this specific myopathic phenotype. Caucasian patients (16/20) presented predominantly with central nervous system involvement. Of the South African pediatric neurology patients, Africans are more likely to present with myopathy and CII+III deficiency, and Caucasian patients are more likely to present with encephalopathy or encephalomyopathy.
Manifolds and Mechanics
Authors: Jones Arthur , Gray Alistair , Hutton Robert
Published: February 2010

This book provides an easy introduction to the theory of differentiable manifolds. The authors then show how the theory can be used to develop, simply but rigorously, the theory of Lanrangian mechanics directly from Newton's laws. Unnecessary abstraction has been avoided to produce an account suitable for students in mathematics or physics who have taken courses in advanced calculus.
Lectures in Logic and Set Theory
Authors: Tourlakis George
Published: February 2010

This two-volume work bridges the gap between introductory expositions of logic or set theory on one hand, and the research literature on the other. It can be used as a text in an advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate course in mathematics, computer science, or philosophy. The volumes are written in a user-friendly conversational lecture style that makes them equally effective for self-study or class use. Volume 1 includes formal proof techniques, a section on applications of compactness (including nonstandard analysis), a generous dose of computability and its relation to the incompleteness phenomenon, and the first presentation of a complete proof of Godel's 2nd incompleteness since Hilbert and Bernay's Grundlagen theorem.
The Equations of Oceanic Motions
Authors: Müller Peter
Published: February 2010

Modeling and prediction of oceanographic phenomena and climate is based on the integration of dynamic equations. The Equations of Oceanic Motions, published in 2006, derives and systematically classifies the most common dynamic equations used in physical oceanography, from large-scale thermohaline circulations to those governing small scale motions and turbulence. After establishing the basic dynamical equations that describe all oceanic motions, Müller then derives approximate equations, emphasizing the assumptions made and physical processes eliminated. He distinguishes between geometric, thermodynamic and dynamic approximations and between the acoustic, gravity, vortical and temperature-salinity modes of motion. Basic concepts and formulae of equilibrium thermodynamics, vector and tensor calculus, curvilinear coordinate systems, and the kinematics of fluid motion and wave propagation are covered in appendices. Providing the basic theoretical background for graduate students and researchers of physical oceanography and climate science, this book will serve as both a comprehensive text and an essential reference.
IBM-PC in the Laboratory
Authors: Thompson B. G. , Kuckes A. F.
Published: February 2010

The primary object of this manual is to build an understanding of the principles of computer operations and the use of computers in the laboratory. While the development of applications for computers has been rapid since their introduction, the principles of computer operation and their use in sensing and control have remained stable. Those are the primary subjects of this book, throughout which a gradual understanding of what goes on inside a computer is developed. The laboratory provides a vital experience in linking theory with physical reality, and all of the computer work is done in the context of doing experiments. The IBM-PC design is used as the basis for the book. The internal design of this machine is slightly more complicated than earlier personal computers, but it is still simple enough to be quickly learned. The computer can be directly controlled by proper programming, and offers considerably more power than earlier designs. The IBM design also has expansion slots which make the addition of special hardware capabilities relatively simple, and provide a great flexibility in interfacing the machine to other equipment. The book, based on courses given at Cornell University, is designed as a tutorial to be used in conjunction with laboratory work. It will be a valuable guide and reference for students who are familiar with first-year university physics and have some computing experience.
Interpretation and Overinterpretation
Authors: Eco Umberto , Culler Jonathan , Rorty Richard , Brooke-Rose Christine
Published: February 2010

Umberto Eco, international bestselling novelist and leading literary theorist, here brings together these two roles in a provocative discussion of the vexed question of literary interpretation. The limits of interpretation - what a text can actually be said to mean - are of double interest to a semiotician whose own novels' intriguing complexity has provoked his readers into intense speculation as to their meaning. Eco's illuminating and frequently hilarious discussion ranges from Dante to The Name of the Rose, Foucault's Pendulum to Chomsky and Derrida, and bears all the hallmarks of his inimitable personal style. Three of the world's leading figures in philosophy, literary theory and criticism take up the challenge of entering into debate with Eco on the question of interpretation. Richard Rorty, Jonathan Culler and Christine Brooke-Rose each offer a distinctive perspective on this contentious topic, contributing to a unique exchange of ideas between some of the foremost and most exciting theorists in the field.
The Economics of Industrial Society
Authors: Morishima Michio
Published: February 2010

This book is a stimulating and original introduction to the economics of industrial society. It is intended for use as a student text, but will also be of interest to all those - whether students or teachers - looking for new ways of understanding the economic problems of industrialised countries. It provides an effective critique of current economic theories, and develops an original model of the economics (whether neo-classical, Marxist, or Keynesian) of modern industrial society. Throughout the book the analysis is oriented towards the solution of problems in the real world, and towards explaining the operation of economic institutions in different countries. The work looks at the way individual markets operate, the determination of foreign exchange rates, the problem of unemployment, and the fiscal and monetary policies needed to tackle unemployment. This book analyses the case of an industrial country entirely dependent on other countries for its raw materials.
The Road to Independence for Kosovo
Authors: Perritt, Jr. Henry H.
Published: February 2010

This book tells the story of Kosovo's independence, from the periodic bloodshed of the twentieth century to the diplomacy that led to a determination of Kosovo's final status as a state in 2008. Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia in February 2008, over the objection of Serbia and Russia. This culminated in more than a hundred years of, sometimes violent, resistance to what the majority Albanian population considered to be 'occupation' by foreign forces - first those of the Ottoman Empire, then those of Serbia, and finally by the United Nations. Kosovo's independence was the product of careful diplomacy, orchestrated by the United States and leading members of the European Union, under a framework brokered by former Finnish president Martti Ahtisaari, who subsequently won the Nobel Prize for Peace.
A parametric study of the generation and degeneration of wind-forced long internal waves in narrow lakes
Authors: SAKAI TAKAHIRO , REDEKOPP L. G.
Published: February 2010

The generation and energy downscaling of wind-forced long internal waves in strongly stratified small-to-medium sized narrow lakes are studied. A two-layer nonlinear model with forcing and damping is employed. Even though the wave field is fundamentally bidirectional in nature, a domain folding technique is employed to simulate the leading-order internal wave field in terms of a weakly nonlinear weakly dispersive model equation of Korteweg–deVries type. Parametric effects of wind-forcing and environmental conditions, including variable topography and variable basin width, are examined. Energy downscaling from basin-scale waves to shorter scales are quantified by means of a time evolution of the wave energy spectra. It is demonstrated that an internal wave resonance is possible when repetitive wind-forcing events arise with a frequency near the linear seiche frequency. An attempt is made to apply the model to describe the shoaling of long waves on sloping endwall boundaries. Modelling of the energy loss and energy reflection during a shoaling event is calibrated against laboratory experiments.
Competition between kinematic and dynamic waves in floods on steep slopes
Authors: BOHORQUEZ P.
Published: February 2010

We present a theoretical stability analysis of the flow after the sudden release of a fixed mass of fluid on an inclined plane formally restricted to relatively long time scales, for which the kinematic regime is valid. Shallow-water equations for steep slopes with bed stress are employed to study the threshold for the onset of roll waves. An asymptotic solution for long-wave perturbations of small amplitude is found on background flows with a Froude number value of 2. Small disturbances are stable under this condition, with a linear decay rate independent of the wavelength and with a wavelength that increases linearly with time. For larger values of the Froude number it is shown that the basic flow moves at a different scale than the perturbations, and hence the wavelength of the unstable modes is characterized as a function of the plane-parallel Froude numberFrpand a measure of the local slope of the free-surface height φ by means of a multiple-scale analysis in space and time. The linear stability results obtained in the presence of small non-uniformities in the flow, φ > 0, introduce substantial differences with respect to the plane-parallel flow with φ = 0. In particular, we find that instabilities do not occur at Froude numbersFrcrmuch larger than the critical value 2 of the parallel case for some wavelength ranges. These results differ from that previously reported by Lighthill & Whitham (Proc. R. Soc.A, vol. 229, 1955, pp. 281–345), because of the fundamental role that the non-parallel, time-dependent characteristics of the kinematic-wave play in the behaviour of small disturbances, which was neglected in their stability analyses. The present work concludes with supporting numerical simulations of the evolution of small disturbances, within the framework of the frictional shallow-water equations, that are superimposed on a base state which is essentially a kinematic wave, complementing the asymptotic theory relevant near the onset. The numerical simulations corroborate the cutoff in wavelength for the spectrum that stabilizes the tail of the dam-break flood.
Wellington's First Command: The Political and Military Campaign Against Dhoondiah Vagh, February–September 1800
Authors: DAVIES HUW J.
Published: February 2010

Wellington's first independent command has been seen as a short, but intense, ‘baptism of fire’ in which the young Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Wellesley commanded a small force against the insurgent, or ‘freebooter’, Dhoondiah Vagh. New evidence presented here, however, demonstrates that the three-month military campaign was preceded by several months of political negotiation and intelligence gathering designed to isolate Dhoondiah and starve him of sanctuary, support and sustenance. As a result, the campaign was much more complex than previously thought, and demonstrates important lessons about British imperial expansion in the region at the beginning of the nineteenth century, on the nature of British authority in India, and on the opening stages of the military career of the future Duke of Wellington.
Monuments to Edward Wilson in Cheltenham
Authors: King Carolyn
Published: February 2010

Edward Adrian Wilson was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England on 23 July 1872. He attended Cheltenham College and then proceeded to Cambridge where he read natural sciences and to St George's Hospital, London where he trained in medicine. His name is best known because of his participation in Robert Falcon Scott's Antarctic expeditions of. 1901–1904 and 1910–1913. He reached the South Pole with Scott on 17 January 1912 and died with him on the return journey on or after 29 March 1912.
Virgil Thomson: a Portrait of his Music (as Glimpsed in Recent Recordings)
Authors: Lister Rodney
Published: February 2010

Virgil Thomson's music is foolishness to some, a stumbling block to others, but those of us who love it love it with all our hearts, through thick and thin (which often as not means through bad and unknowing performances). Those who don't love it, don't see that there's anything there at all. They just don't get it. The music can also seem cryptic to players, since although it has few notes, it is nonetheless not at all easy to play. On any number of occasions I have had people tell me that the music seems to them to be just harmony exercises. I have never been able to explain it to them. If they don't see the great beauty of The Mother of Us All or Mostly About Love or the Cello Concerto, nothing I can say can make them see it. I simply sadly resign myself to the fact that between them and me is a great, unbridgeable gulf.