bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESPON PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KELAPA SAWIT DI PRE NURSERY PADA APLIKASI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR LIMBAH SAYURAN
Authors: Gunawan Renaldi , Astuti Yohana Theresia Maria , Parwati Wiwin Dyah Ully
Published: August 2022

Penelitian mempunyai tujuan untuk mengkaji pertumbuhan bibit kelapa sawit di pre nursery dengan pemberian pupuk organik cair (POC) sisa-sisa sayuran. Penelitian dilakukan di KP2 Instiper, Kelurahan Maguwoharjo, Kecamatan Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta pada bulan April - Juli 2021. Metode percobaan digunakan dalam penelitian yang terdiri dari dua faktor, yang disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap. Faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi POC dari limbah sayuran meliputi 4 aras yaitu: kontrol (tanpa POC), 150 ml/liter POC, 300 ml/liter POC dan 450 ml/liter POC. Faktor kedua adalah frekuensi aplikasi pupuk organik cair limbah sayuran meliputi 3 aras yaitu: 5 hari sekali, 10 hari sekali dan 15 hari sekali. Masing-masing kombinasi perlakuan dengan empat ulangan sehingga diperoleh 48 sampel tanaman. Hasil pengamatan dianalisis dengan sidik ragam yang dilanjutkan dengan uji DMRT pada jenjang nyata 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan pertumbuhan bibit kelapa sawit pre nursery pada aplikasi POC. Perbedaan frekuensi aplikasi POC memberikan tingkat pertumbuhan yang sama pada bibit kelapa sawit di pre nursery.

Kata Kunci: kelapa sawit, limbah sayuran, POC
TAMAN KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI (KEHATI) ERONITI SEBAGAI PENOPANG PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN DAN MASYARAKAT
Authors: Ferhat Amalia , Nugraha Nanda Satya , Bimantio Mohammad Prasanto , Putra Dian Pratama , Dorisno
Published: August 2022

Keberadaan Taman KEHATI Eroniti selain berfungsi melindungi ekosistem, juga memiliki keharusan untuk memberikan kebermanfaatan bagi masyarakat disekitar. Untuk mengkaji Taman KEHATI Eroniti sebagai penopang pengelolaan lingkungan, digunakan metode menghitung indeks diversitas atau indeks keanekaragaman (Shannon Index) dan metode menghitung indeks kemerataan jenis. Sementara untuk mengkaji peran Taman KEHATI Eroniti sebagai penopang masyarakat, digunakan metode Pemetaan Sosial (Social Mapping) yang terdiri dari: 1) analisis eksplanasi melalui metode pendokumentasian secara sistematis dan 2) analisis Social Return on Investment (SROI). Hasil analisis perhitungan indeks devirsitas atau keanekaragaman, menunjukkan peningkatan nilai indeks sebesar 2,01. Hasil analisis perhitungan indeks kemerataan menunjukkan hasil sebesar 0,5. Peningkatan nilai kedua indeks juga dibuktikan dari penigkatan populasi flora dan fauna secara fisik. Berdasarkan hasil social-mapping yang dilakukan diperoleh rangkuman data sebagai berikut: 1) deskripsi wilyah (berbatasan dengan 4 kelurahan, yaitu Kenteng, Bedoyo, Glinggang dan Ponjong); 2) deskripsi kependudukan (jumlah penduduk berdasarkan jenis kelamin per usia, tingkat pendidikan, mata pencaharian); 3) deskripsi isu - isu dimasyarakat (ketersediaan sumber daya air, ketersediaan lapangan kerja baru dan tingginya angka perantau). Sementara berdasarkan hasil SROI, keberadaan Taman KEHATI Eroniti memberikan dampak positif yang cukup signifikan. Dampak yang ditimbulkan meliputi: 1) terbentuknya unit usaha kascing sekala rumah tangga di 2 titik; 2) terciptanya engagement antara masyarakat dan pengelola Taman KEHATI Eronit melalui terbentuknya POKDARWIS dan 3) terbukanya peluang kerjsama antara pengelolan Taman KEHATI Eroniti, masyarakat dan para pihak. Kesimpulan penelitian, Taman KEHATI Eroniti tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai kawasan perlindungan ekosistem karst, tetapi memiliki fungsi menopang masyarakat dalam hal ekonomi.

Kata Kunci : Indeks keanekaragaman, indeks kemerataan, pengelolaan lingkungan, social mapping, taman kehati.
ANALISIS SWOT UNTUK PENENTUAN LOKASI DAN PENGELOLAAN TAMAN KEHATI PRAMBANAN PT SARIHUSADA GENERASI MAHARDHIKA – PRAMBANAN FACTORY
Authors: Bimantio Mohammad Prasanto , Nugraha Nanda Satya , Putra Dian Pratama , Dorisno
Published: August 2022

Keberadaan inisiasi pembangunan Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati (KEHATI) Prambanan merupakan salah satu bentuk kepedulian perusahaan terhadap keseimbangan ekosistem salah satunya berkaitan dengan menjaga keanekaragaman hayati yang memiliki peranan penting bagi keseimbangan sumberdaya alam. Dari berbagai identifikasi masalah yang menjadi temuan lapangan maka secara konsep dan strategi problem solving menggunakan analisis SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, dan Threat dimana metode ini akan menghasilkan strategi yang dapat diimplementasikan sebagai acuan dasar penentuan lokasi dan pengelolaan Taman KEHATI Prambanan. Berdasarkan hasil Analisis SWOT diperoleh kekuatan utama dari Taman KEHATI Prambanan adalah lokasi yang strategis dan aksesibilitas yang mudah dijangkau. Peluang utama yang dapat diusahakan adalah integrasi Taman KEHATI dengan area factory visit. Sementara untuk kelemahan utama adalah jumlah vegetasi dan sarana prasarana yang masih sangat minim, disisi ancaman yang harus diperhatikan adnaya potensi konflik lahan dengan warga sekitar karena lokasinya yang berdampingan langsung dengan lahan pertanian warga lokal. Perencanaan strategis yang dilakukan antara lain: pembangunan Taman KEHATI mengangkat tema pertanian organic integrative dengan masyarakat, membuat media informasi Taman KEHATI Prambanan, melakukan kegiatan yang bersifat pemberdayaan masyarakat, melakukan biodiversity monitoring untuk update status keanekaragaman flora dan fauna, edukasi dan penyadartahuan tentang Taman KEHATI Prambanan, dan pembentukan kelembagaan dalam pengelolaannya. Taman KEHATI selain berkontribusi kepada lingkungan juga diperlukan untuk urgensi pemeringkatan Program Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan Dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan (PROPER) yang dapat memberikan informasi terkait kinerja perusahaan dalam pengelolaan lingkungan. Taman KEHATI dinilai sangat diperlukan karena merupakan suatu sumber pembaharuan untuk kawasan hijau/penghijauan yang secara langsung atau tidak langsung dapat berkontribusi terhadap unsur konservasi dimasa depan.

Kata Kunci : Analisis SWOT, pemberdayaan masyarakat, taman kehati
Penentuan Tingkat Akurasi Metode Waypoint Rata-rata Garmin 64 S Untuk Pembuatan Titik Koordinat Dilapangan
Authors: Elfatma Olivia , Aji Wandha Atmaka , Na'imah Kholis , Setyawan Hery
Published: August 2022

Posisi dipermukaan bumi ditentukan dengan alat penentu posisi absolut yang disebut Global Positioning System (GPS). Peningkatan pemanfaatan GPS untuk pengumpulan titik koordinat atau waypoint diperkebunan kelapa sawit berdampak peningkatan metode pengumpulan data waypoint di lapangan. Metode umum adalah menggunakan tool buat titik atau mark. Metode terbaru adalah setelah tool buat titik dilanjutkan dengan menggunakan tool rerata titik. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan tingkat akurasi yang dimiliki GPS Garmin 64 S menggunakan kedua metode pembuatan waypoint. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan inventarisasi data penentuan posisi absolut beberapa kali pengukuran sample pohon sawit di Lahan Kebun Pengajaran dan Penelitian (KP2) Akademi Komunitas Perkebunan Yogyakarta dan nilai akurasi GPS yang sama dengan kedua metode pembuatan titik kordinat. Koordinat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), Zona 49 Selatan. Melalui penelitian ini diketahui tingkat akurasi ditentukan dari nilai standar deviasi. Semakin kecil nilai standar deviasi maka tingkat akurasinya semakin akurat. Hasil penelitian ini menun-jukan metode 1 memiliki rata-rata pergeseran X(lintang) sebesar 13,69 meter dan standar deviasi sebesar 3,70 me-ter. Metode 1 memiliki rata-rata pergeseran Y(bujur) sebesar 151,84 meter dan standar deviasi sebesar 12,32 meter. Hasil penelitian untuk metode 2 memiliki rata-rata pergeseran X(lintang) sebesar 14,92 meter dan standar deviasi sebesar 3,86 meter. Metode 2 memiliki rata-rata pergeseran Y(bujur) sebesar 360,85 meter dan standar deviasi sebesar 12,16 meter. Hasil penelitian ini dapat diseimpulkan pada metode 1 berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahun nilai lintang memiliki tingkat akurasi yang lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan metode 2. Pada nilai bujur, metode 2 memiliki memiliki tingkat akurasi yang lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan metode 1.

Kata Kunci : GPS, Titik Koordinat, Tool, UTM, Rerata Titik
PENGARUH KONSENTRASI NATRIUM ALGINAT DAN KALSIUM KLORIDA TERHADAP HASIL RESTRUKTURISASI BUAH STROBERI (FRAGARIA VESCA L.)
Authors: Lestario Lydia Ninan , Dewi Anggi Elvita , Riyanto Cucun Alep
Published: August 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai konsentrasi natrium alginat dan kalsium klorida (CaCl2) terhadap hasil restrukturisasi buah stroberi dan menentukan formulasi terbaik ditinjau dari penambahan berbagai konsentrasi natrium alginat dan (CaCl2) berdasarkan kadar antosianin, aktivitas antioksidan, kadar air, kadar serat, dan pH. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan menggunakan Rancangan Perlakuan Faktorial 3×3 dengan rancangan dasar Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi natrium alginat akan menurunkan kadar antosianin, aktivitas antioksidan, kadar air, dan menaikkan kadar serat serta pH. Sedangkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi CaCl2 akan menurunkan kadar antosianin, aktivitas antioksidan, kadar air, dan pH. Konsentrasi natrium alginat : CaCl2 terbaik berdasarkan kadar antosianin dan aktivitas antioksidan terbaik diperoleh pada 2%:0,5% yaitu berturut-turut sebesar 93,21 ± 6,03 mg/100 g berat kering dan 42,56 ± 5,93 %. Kadar air pada 4%:1% sebesar 70,84 ± 0,72%, kadar serat pada 4%:0,75% sebesar 1,35 ± 0,093%, dan pH pada 2%:1% sebesar 3,50 ± 0,17.

Kata Kunci : antosianin, kalsium klorida, natrium alginat, restruktrisasi, stroberi.
PEMBUATAN LIPBALM DARI PKO DAN VCO DENGAN PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK DAUN SIRIH MERAH (Piper ornatum) SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN
Authors: Siahaan Hermanto , Ruswanto Adi , Oktavianty Herawati , Ngatirah  , Widyasaputra Reza , Adisetya Erista , Bimantio Mohammad Prasanto
Published: August 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memproduksi lipbalm dari Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) dan Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) dengan penambahan ekstrak daun sirih merah, serta mengetahui karakteristik sifat fisik dan kimia dari lipbalm yang dihasilkan. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Blok Lengkap (RBL) dengan dua faktor yang terdiri atas 3 taraf . Faktor pertama yaitu perbandingan penambahan PKO dan VCO dengan taraf: F1=40:20%b/b, F2 = 20:40%b/b dan F3 = 30:30%b/b. Faktor kedua yaitu penambahan ekstrak daun sirih merah dengan taraf: P1= 4%b/b, P2= 3%b/b dan P3= 2% b/b. Sebanyak 5,4 gr carnauba wax ditimbang dan dipanaskan di atas hotplate pada suhu 60-65oC hingga meleleh, lalu tambahkan 4,8 gr beeswax, aduk hingga homogen. Setelah itu tambahkan PKO dan VCO sesuai dengan variabel, aduk kembali, lalu tambahkan ekstrak daun sirih merah sesuai dengan variabel, aduk hingga homogen. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis aktivitas antioksidan, kadar lemak, kadar air, vitamin E, pH, titik leleh, kelembaban dan uji organoleptik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan PKO dan VCO berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas antioksidan, titik leleh, vitamin E, kelembaban, pH, kadar air dan kadar lemak, Penambahan ekstrak daun sirih merah berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas antioksidan, vitamin E dan kadar lemak. Adapun lipbalm yang dihasilkan memiliki kelembaban yang baik serta memberikan warna kilap pada bibir sehingga tampak sehat alami.

Kata Kunci : lipbalm, daun Sirih Merah, PKO, VCO, antioksidan
Study of Blockchain Technology Applied to International Marketing and Potential Business Disruptions
Authors: Waykos Pradip , Pawar Prof. Dr. Satish N.
Published: August 2022

Technology has played a significant role in the continuous revolution in the internationalization of products. Most relevantly the transmission and communication tools. Starting from the invention of Print Media, Radios, Telephone, Fax and Internet. The Internet with emails, social media and e-commerce platforms made the world a smaller place where every small, medium business or individuals can easily market their product or service in any foreign country. While its possibility today, International marketing has many challenges yet to be addressed. On the other hand, like the Internet, the advent of Blockchain technology is likely to disrupt international marketing forte with its capabilities of distributed ledger technology, Smart Contracts and bringing Authenticity in untrusted environments. Objective of this paper is to draft the applications of blockchain in the future of international marketing. How Blockchain can help the global business environment to cope with diverse parameters. To evaluate if the said technology has potential to disrupt the current marketing methodologies by bringing trust in untrusted global business ecosystems. In this study we will explore the literature concerning the research done across the international business cut with blockchain technology and try to accomplish the objective with explorative study.
Performance Analysis of Protection System on A 20 KV Distribution System Network at PT PLN Tutorial Shop Pematang Siantar City
Authors: Wanhar Afandi
Published: August 2022

On era of globalization needs of electrical energy very high . In distribution of electrical energy expected could walk with good without existence interference. Distribution of electrical energy from generator until distribution to consumer expected could walk with good . In another side also often occur disturbance specifically on the distribution system power electricity . System distribution power electricity that uses cable air or cable soil often experience various interference . Frequent disturbances _ occur is disturbance symmetry or disturbance not the symmetry that can in the form of connection short one phase to land , between phase or break up wrong one or more . For knowing big current disturbance the required analysis system distribution transformer for knowing disturbances that will happen . Security setting design on network proper distribution is something effort protect equipment, system as well as needs consumer from possible disturbance occur in system distribution. Calculation current disturbance and big transformer nominal current will used as reference important in determination of transformer settings in deployment voltage to consumers
Optical Cable Backbone Network Design In The Province Kalimantan North Use Technology DWDM OTN
Authors: Manik Charla Tri Selda , Manik Azarya NJ Siahaan  , Saut Situmorang
Published: August 2022

In designing the backbone network for the province of East Kalimantan using Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) and Optical Transport Network (OTN) devices which cover 10 districts and cities consisting of 34 segments, of which 34 segments consist of 10 OTN DWDM sites and 16 Optical Land Amplifier sites ( OLA). From the results of the design and simulation of the backbone network, it was found that the value of the Optical Link Power Budget (OLPB) < 50 dBm where this value is the ideal value in deploying a DWDM OTN backbone network, and the range of the Optical Signal Noise Ratio (OSNR) is between 20 dBm < OSNR < 40 dBm, which is the ideal value for OSNR, and has an Optical Rise Time Budget (ORTB) < 60 ps, and also has a segment margin system of > 7 dB.
Anogenital Condyloma Acuminata In A Toddler: The Dilemma Of Sexual Abuse Versus Non-Abuse.
Authors: Malumani Malan , Ngalamika Owen
Published: August 2022

Condyloma acuminata, commonly known as genital warts, is a sexually transmitted infection. We have been seeing a surge in the paediatric population with no discernable thought of sexual abuse. this scenario begs for answers. HPV infection is a real burden in the Lower Middle-Income Countries, requiring the urgent attention it deserves. Soon or later we may be seeing HPV associated malignancies at a much younger age due to the double burden of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. A molecular epidemiological study on our patients or community is warranted.
Correlates of Hypertension among Persons Living with HIV at Livingstone Central Hospital: A Crosssectional study
Authors: Munsaka Sody M , Hamooya Benson M. , Sinkala Musalula , Malumani Malan , Masenga Sepiso K.
Published: August 2022

Background: Persons living with HIV (PLWH) are more likely to develop hypertension and cardiovascular disease than the HIV-negative population. The new hypertension guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) lowered the definition of hypertension from systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) of ≥ 140/90mmHg to ≥ 130/80, respectively. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in PLWH in Livingstone using the new hypertension diagnostic criteria.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. We recruited 226 antiretroviral treated PLWH attending routine visits. Socio-demographic, health and clinical data including BP readings were collected. Interviewer-structured questionnaires adapted from the World Health Organization Stepwise approach to Surveillance ( WHO STEPs) and the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) were used to collect data. Statistical evaluations were employed to elucidate relationships between hypertension and all response variables.

Results: The prevalence of hypertension using the old and new guidelines was 16% and 42%, respectively. Factors significantly associated with increased and reduced odds of developing hypertension after adjustments in multivariate logistic regression were age, body mass index (BMI), employment status, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and table salt consumption, respectively (p<0.05 for all). Using the new AHA/ACC criteria for hypertension shifted the prevalence from 16% (old criteria) to 42%.

Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension in PLH in Livingstone was 42% and the major risk factors associated with hypertensionin PLWH wereincreasing age, BMI and FBS. We recommend the inclusion of FBS in routine measurements in PLWH. The AHA/ ACC new guidelines should be reenforced in low-cost settings to increase the treatment ofh ypertension among PLWH.
Dental fear and its related factors among patients managed in a paediatric dental clinic of a university hospital in Tanzania
Authors: Sohal Karpal Singh , Mtaya-Mlangwa Matilda , Essajee Sakina
Published: August 2022

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental fear and its related factors among patients managed in a pediatric dental clinic of a university hospital in Tanzania.

Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out at the paediatric dental clinic of the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences(MUHAS) between November 2018 and April 2019. It included all paediatric dental patients aged between 6 and 12 years. A questionnaire used in this study captured information regarding patient's socio-demographic characteristics and the number of previous visits to the dental clinic. A fifteen-item Children's Fear Survey Schedule - Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) was used to assess the dental fear status in these pediatric patients.

Results: A total of 223 paediatric dental patients aged between 6 years and 12 years were included in the study. The mean age of participants was 9.52 ± 1.74 years with a male to female ratio ofl: 1.04. The means CFSS-DS score was 31.1 ± 8.57. Fear scores were high for Injections (3.37 ± 1.13), a stranger's touch (2.81 ± 1.08) and choking (2.69 ± 0.99). The presence of dental fear was found to be significantly associated with the parents' education level (p=0.001) and previous dental visits (p < 0.001 ).

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the prevalence of paediatric dental fear was low among the participants of this study. The education level of parents and previous dental visits were determinants of dental fear in children. Injections, being touched by strangers, and choking were the common fear-provoking factors.
Extraordinarily Low Prevalence of Refractive Error and Visual Impairment in Primary and Secondary School Learners in Kabwe District, Zambia
Authors: Muma Kangwa I. M , Mwelwa Godfrey , Buglass Anne , Mwacalimba Felidah , Mwitumwa David , Chibwe Chishimba , Musonda Wendy , Maambo Foster , Mulonda Beauty C. , Lisulo Moses , Labouschagne Faith , Moonga Phyllis
Published: August 2022

Objective: Kabwe District is largely an urban town in the Central Province of Zambia. We aimed to determine the prevalence of refractive errors and visual impairment in primary and secondary school learners in this District.

Method: A cross-sectional survey of 41 primary and secondary schools in Kabwe District. The examination included visual acuity (VA) testing, cycloplegic retinoscopy with subjective refinement if indicated, ocular motility testing and anterior segment and fundus examinations in visually impaired children.

Results: There was an estimated total of 32,971 learners who were eligible to participate of which 23,915 (72.5%) were enrolled into the survey. Of the 2,424 learners examined by the mobile ophthalmic team, 418 were refracted representing 17.2 %. Of the 418 learners refracted, 359 were diagnosed with refractive errors and prescribed spectacles. The mean spherical equivalent in the right eyes was 0.57 diopter (D) (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49 - 0.75), and the mean spherical equivalent in the left eyes was 0.59 (95% CI, 0.50 - 0.71). The prevalence of hyperopia was 0.9% (95% CI, 0.4 - 1.3; 207 subjects), and the prevalence of myopia was 0.5% (95% CI, 0.1-1.0; 119 subjects). The majority of learners (98.3%; 95% CI, 97.0 -99.0) had normal unaided binocular VA (at least 6/9 in their better eye). The overall prevalence of any visual impairment (presenting VA 6/9 in the better eye) was 1.7% (95% CI, 1.0 -2.5; 418 subjects) and the overall refractive error prevalence was 1.5% (95% CI, 1.0 -2.3; 359 subjects). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age (P 0.001) was a significant predictor and female gender (P 0.06) was a borderline significant predictor of the presence of any visual impairment.

Conclusions: Visual impairment is not a public health concern in this school-aged population in Kabwe District. The prevalence of uncorrected significant refractive errors among learners is not too high to justify a regular school eye screening programme in schools in Kabwe District.
Prevalence of Eye Diseases among Primary and Secondary School Learners in Kabwe District - Zambia
Authors: Muma Kangwa I M
Published: August 2022

Objective: To determine the pattern and magnitude of eye diseases among primary and secondary school learners in Kabwe District in Zambia.

Method: A cross-sectional study of 41 primary and secondary schools in Kabwe District. The examination included visual acuity (VA) testing, cycloplegic retinoscopy with subjective refinement if indicated, ocular motility testing, anterior segment and fundus examinations m visually impaired children.

Results: There was an estimated total of 32,971 learners who were eligible to participate of which a total of23,915 (72.5%) were enrolled into the study. The prevalence of eye diseases was 8.3%, with allergic conjunctivitis 5.7% followed by refractive error 1.5% and the least was pengicular disorder at 0.008%. None of those with refractive errors had an eye examination in the past. Glaucoma was diagnosed in three learners (0.01 %).

Conclusion: The survey found a moderate prevalence of eye diseases among the learners in Kabwe District with allergic conjunctivitis being the most prevalent cause followed by exceptionally low prevalence of refractive errors.
Inovasi Daun Lontar Untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Masyarakat Desa Lawanganagung
Authors: Fattach An’im , Syairozi Muhamad Imam , Rosyad Sabilar
Published: August 2022

Inovasi adalah sesuatu hal yang baru yang mengangkat dari ilmu pengetahuan, serta dapat memberikan manfaat dalam kehidupan manusia. Ilmu pengetahuan sangat dibutuhkan untu pengembangan inovasi. Tanpa adanya ilmu pengetahuan, inovasi tidak akan berjalan sebagaimana mestinya. Bahkan bisa saja salah sasaran, tidak bertahan lama dan hanya menjadi angan-angan. Inovasi sangan berguna di segala bidang kehidupan, oleh karena itu, memahami beberapa hal terkait inovasi memang diperlukan.  Daun lontar adalah daun siwalan atau bisa juga disebut daun ental(tal) yang di keringkan dan dipakai sebagai bahan kerajinan. Daun lontar juga digunakan sebagai media untuk menulis dan menggambar. Selain daun lontar buah siwalan atau ental juga bermanfaat bagi kesehatan. Banyak masyarakat yang menyebutnya sebagai pohon al-hayat atau pohon kehidupan. Meski lontar (siwalan) popular di kawasan nusa tenggara, pohon siwalan ternyata bukan flora endemic indonesia. Tanaman ini tumbuh di india dan srilanka, lalu menyebar ke arab Saudi hingga asia tenggara. Di tengah era modern kerajinan kepek (tas ayam aduan) dari daun lontar di desa Lawanganagun masih bertahan. Kerajinan kepek yang merupakan tas anyam aduan itu tetap banyak peminat meski banyak saingan produksi pabrik. Di sejumlah rumah warga dusun Sidowayah, desa Lawanganagung, kecamatan Sugio, kabupaten Lamongan inilah kepek daun lontar diproduksi. Sebagai daerah pegunungan kapur, bahan baku utama berupa daun lontar banyak ditemui di ladang mereka, sehingga pengrajin tidak perlu membeli bahan baku. Dalam sehari, pengrajin bisa menuntaskan 30 kepek, sedangkan harga jualnya berkisar Rp 1.500 per biji.
Biology of Diamond Back Moth Plutella xylostella L. on Cabbage
Authors: Rasool Kawsar , Ahmad Sheikh Bilal , Yaqoob Munaza
Published: August 2022

This study on the biology of diamond back moth revealed that the incubation period varied from 2 to 5 days (3.6 ± 1.34 days), while first, second, third and fourth instar larvae lived for 3 ± 1, 1.6 ± 0.54, 2.6 ± 0.54 and 4 ± 0.70 days, respectively with a total larval period of 11.4 ± 1.81 days. The prepupal and pupal stage lasted for 2 ± 0.70 and 4.4 ± 0.89 days, respectively. The adults lived for 5 ± 1.58 days and the life span of male and female varied from 22.6 ± 1.81 and 26.8 ± 1.92 days, respectively.
Pesticides Use Pattern in Okra
Authors: Chavan S. M. , Modi P. K. , Verm P. D.
Published: August 2022

A survey on the pesticide usage pattern in okra conducted among 100 farmers in Tapi District of Gujarat during 2017-18, revealed a clear trend in greater use of newer molecules followed by organophosphorous insecticides. Changing trend in awareness among farmers on the use of stick for mixing, and of measuring cup, and not reusing the pesticide containers for household purpose was observed. However, farmer’s knowledge on recommended pesticide, dosage, safe harvest interval, label claim, personnel protection as well as spraying, proper disposal of pesticide container was lacking, but their knowledge was fair enough on time of application and storage, proper mixing and measuring of pesticides. To produce pesticide residue free okra fruit, it is essential to educate the farmers about proper preharvest interval, use of recommended pesticides, increased awareness about restricted and banned ones, and health hazards caused by misuse of pesticides.
Seasonal Incidence of Mites on Kinnow in Punjab
Authors: Kaur Rajwinder , Bhullar Manmeet Brar , Sharma D. R. , Arora P. K. , Kaur Paramjit
Published: August 2022

Field surveys were conducted at ten days intervals from February 2016 to September 2017 in six Kinnow orchards at three locations (Ludhiana, Abohar, Hoshiarpur) in different agroclimatic zones of Punjab to evaluate the population dynamics of mites on kinnow. The study revealed the occurrence of Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), B. californicus (Banks), Tetranychus urticae Koch, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) and Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) as the most common phytophagous mites. The predatory mites viz., Euseius alstoniae Gupta, E. finlandicus (Oudemans) and Cunaxa setirostris (Hermann) were also found. The study showed that weather factors affected mites similarly in different fruit zones of Punjab. There was a negative correlation between mite abundance and rainfall at all locations. The families viz. Tenuipalpidae, Tarsonemidae and Cunaxidae exhibited a negative correlation with temperature and a positive with maximum relative humidity (RH). Tetranychidae had positive relationship with temperature and a negative one with maximum RH. Mite species peaked differently during various months but were more abundant in the arid (Abohar) followed by central (Ludhiana) and submontane zone (Hoshiarpur) of Punjab.
Population Dynamics of Major Sucking Pests of Okra
Authors: Suman Shivani , Badaya A. K. , Saxena Sakshi , Naveen  , Yadav Nishikant
Published: August 2022

The present study was carried out during kharif 2019 at the experimental site of College of Agriculture, Indore, Madhya Pradesh. The incidence of Amrasca biguttula biguttula was observed from 30th Standard Meterological Week (SMW) to 41th SMW, while Aphis gossypii was from 31st to 40th SMW, and Bemisia tabaci from 32nd to 40th SMW. The peak incidence of A. biguttula biguttula was observed @25.5 jassid/ 6 leaves in 35th SMW followed by A. gossypii @30.15 aphids/ 6 leaves in the 36th SMW, and B. tabaci @20.5 whitefly/ 6 leaves in 37th SMW. Correlation coefficients of incidence with the weather factors revealed that A. biguttula biguttula and Bemisia tabaci exhibit a significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity (r = 0.58 and 0.57, respectively), while A gossypii showed a non-significant relationship with weather parameters.
Efficacy of Certain Insecticides Against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in Okra
Authors: Kumar Ram , Singh P. P.
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Tirhut College Agriculture Dholi, Muzaffarpur (Bihar) during kharif 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) on okra. The results revealed that thiamethoxam 25WG @ 25 g a.i./ ha after three applications, at 15 days interval gave maximum reduction of incidence (0.50/ 3 leaves). The next effective ones were acetamiprid 20SP 20 g a.i./ ha and profenophos 50EC 500 g a.i./ ha which was at par with thiamethoxam 25WG @ 25g a.i./ ha. Among the botanicals, the yam bean seed extract (YBSE) 5% was superior followed by neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% and neem oil 3%.
Molecular Characterization of Wolbachia in Rugose Spiralling Whitefly Aleurodicus rugioperculatus and its Parasitoid Encarsia guadeloupae
Authors: N. Pradeeksha , Puttaraju H. P.
Published: August 2022

Wolbachia is a common maternally inherited bacterial endosymbiont of insects. Many species of whiteflies and their endoparasitoids exhibit interspecific variations/ species complexes which can be analysed through the variations between the host and the parasitoid using molecular markers. This study characterized the occurrence of Wolbachia in the whitefly Aleurodicus rugioperculatus and its parasitoid Encarsia guadeloupae. The Wolbachia surface protein(wsp) (450-600 bp) sequenced from the host-parasitoid collected from the field populations at Karnataka was analysed. The comparison of these sequences in the NCBI database through BLAST and ORF analysis revealed the presence of two new sequences infected with Wolbachia from the samples collected on the coconut palms (Cocos nucifera). The genetic relatedness of these has been brought out using the wsp gene through PCR.
Reproductive Biology and Population Dynamics of Indian Gerbil Rat Tatera indica in Wheat Crop
Authors: Dhillon Gursimran Kaur , Kaur Navdeep
Published: August 2022

Tatera indica, the Indian gerbil rat trapped during different growth stages of wheat crop, revealed that maximum mature gerbils (80-100%) were trapped during later growth stages (panicle initiation preharvest + lean period). While, 25 and 50% pregnant ones as well as 100 and 75% cyclic gerbils were collected during dough and preharvest stages, respectively. The weight of ovaries (13.00-19.00 mg/100 gbw), number and diameter of various follicles such as primordial (13.00-16.75; 19.57-19.98 μm), primary (6.50-7.33; 93.12-96.07 μm), secondary (2.75-3.67; 204.42-216.95 μm), pre-antral (2.75-3.50; 277.63-332.57 μm), antral (3.25-3.67; 474.44-499.98 μm), atretic (3.00-3.50; 211.49-247.33 μm) and corpus luteum (3.50- 5.50; 622.24-629.76 μm) were significantly more during later growth stages i.e. dough, preharvest stages and lean period. The sperm motility (89.50-89.67%), viability (92.50-92.67%) and count (119.67-131.75 millions/ml) was significantly more during dough and preharvest stages. The diameter of seminiferous tubules (203.68- 229.44 μm), number of spermatogonia (16.67-17.50), elongating spermatids (85.67-88.50) and elongated spermatids (81.00- 89.50) were significantly more during panicle initiation, dough and preharvest stages. Thus, control operations of T. indica should be done during tillering/panicle initiation stage before the initiation of their peak breeding activity during dough/ preharvest stages
Susceptibility of Diamond Back Moth Plutella xylostella (L.) to Diamide Insecticides
Authors: Pasupathi E. , Edward Y .S. Johnson Thangaraj , Kannan M.
Published: August 2022

The results on the toxicity of diamide group of insecticides to diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) indicated that the LC50 and LC95 values of flubendiamide for F1 to F12 generation decreased from 0.016 to 0.003 and 0.233 to 0.213 ppm, respectively; and with chlorantraniliprole these decreased from 0.011 to 0.002 and 0.407 to 0.095 ppm, respectively. The corresponding values of cyantraniliprole decreased from 0.000990 to 0.000365 and 0.038 to 0.028 ppm, respectively. Considering the F12 generation as susceptible, the tentative discriminating doses (DD) by leaf disc method to third instar larvae were arrived at as 0.003, 0.002 and 0.000365 ppm for flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole, respectively based on LC50.
Seasonal Incidence of Striped Flea Beetle Phyllotreta striolata F. on Cruciferous Crops in North Kashmir
Authors: Rasool Rozy , Lone Ghulam Mohammad
Published: August 2022

This study is on the seasonal incidence of Phyllotreta striolata F. during 2015 and 2016, on turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa), radish (Raphanus sativus) and cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata). The incidence observed at weekly intervals was correlated with weather factors. The pest was first observed during 35th standard meteorological week (SMW), and in 2015, peak was observed on turnip (22.8 beetles/ plant) and radish (22.2 beetles/ plant) during the 40th SMW; during 2016, peak was (19.4 beetles/ plant on turnip; 22.2 beetles/ plant on radish) in the 39th SMW; and on cabbage, the peak incidence (4.8 beetles/ plant- 2015; 9.2 beetles/ plant - 2016) was during 38th SMW. The incidence showed a positive correlation with temperature and sunshine hours, and a negative correlation with relative humidity and rainfall.
Effects of Date of Transplanting on The Incidence of Rice Leaf Folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) and its Population Dynamics
Authors: Kumar Anil , Deep Gagan , Nath Ravinder , Sran Amanpreet Singh
Published: August 2022

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of transplanting dates and weather parameters on the incidence of rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee). During 2018 kharif season, the first incidence was noticed during 27th standard meteorological week (SMW) irrespective of the transplanting dates, with peak being in the 28th SMW (1.67% damaged leaves/hill). Least damage was observed in 4th date of transplanting (20th July), while maximum incidence was with 20th June transplanting. The correlation of incidence with temperature showed negative correlation, while rainfall and relative humidity showe positive relationship.
Biology of Leaf Eating Caterpillar Trilocha varians (Walker) on Ficus microcarpa
Authors: Pandey Shalini , Singh Ram
Published: August 2022

The biology of Trilocha varians (Walker) was studied on Ficus microcarpa L.f. under laboratory conditions in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The fecundity ranged from 140-200 and incubation period was 3-5 days. It has five larval instars, with total larval and pupal period being 16-22 and 10-15 days, respectively. The adult male and female longevity were 4-7 and 6-12 days, respectively.
Seasonal Incidence of Ectoparasitic mites and Greater Wax Moth in Apis mellifera L. Colonies
Authors: Naveen  , Yadav Ashok S. , Kumar Neeraj
Published: August 2022

The incidence of ectoparasitic mites Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman), Tropilaelaps clareae (Delfinado and Baker) and wax moth Galleria mellonella (L.) on the honey bee Apis mellifera L. was assessed during 2019-20 at the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Morena, Madhya Pradesh. The results revealed that V. destructor infestation was at minimum (4%) in the first fortnight of July 2019 and maximum (14%) in the first fortnight of September 2019 with the visual examination method. There existed a negative correlation with the brood area. Tropilaelaps clareae infestation was minimum (6 mites/colony) in the second fortnight of November 2019 and maximum (22 mites/colony) during the first fortnight of October 2019, as assessed by the sugar dusting method. The infestation revealed a negative correlation with colony strength. Galleria mellonella incidence was at maximum (176 larvae, 72 pupae, and 17 adults/colony) in the second fortnight of September 2019 and minimum (5 larvae, 5 pupae, and 2 adults/colony) in the first fortnight of September, August and August 2019, respectively. The number of pupae and brood area was found significantly negatively correlated (r = -0.534); while the number of adults vs. colony strength and brood area were significantly negatively correlated (r = -0.499 and r = -0.607, respectively).
Toxicity of Insecticides on Indian Honey Bee Apis cerana indica F. and Stingless Bee Tetragonula iridipennis S. in Cashew
Authors: Deepika N. , Suresh K. , Usharani B. , Rajamanickam C. , Shanthi M.
Published: August 2022

The contact toxicity of insecticides used in the cashew ecosystem viz., thiamethoxam, carbosulfan, buprofezin, lambdacyhalothrin, imidacloprid, chlorpyriphos and profenophos were evaluated against Indian bee Apis cerana indica F., and stingless bee Tetragonula iridipennis S. under laboratory conditions. It was observed that buprofezin caused the least mortality of 21.48 and 19.91% with A. cerana indica and T. iridipennis, respectively; chlorpyriphos led to maximum mortality of 100% to with both the bees, and thus highly toxic at 24 hours after treatment (HAT). Imidacloprid led to >70% mortality with both the bee species at 24 HAT, while it varied from 40 to 60% the bees with thiamethoxam, carbosulfan and lambda cyhalothrin at 24 HAT.
Diversity of Insect Pollinators on Sesame
Authors: G. Selvakumari , Rani B. Usha , Suresh K . , Anand G. , Shanthi M.
Published: August 2022

Field experiment was carried out to explore the pollinator fauna and their abundance and diversity on sesamum. The results revealed 19 pollinators belonging to six families from three orders viz., Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera. Among these the order Hymenoptera was predominant having 15 species with maximum relative abundance. Foraging behaviour of Apis sp. was more (4.19 individuals/ m2/ 5 min) and non Apis sp. was less (1.12 individuals/ m2/ 5 min). Eventhough Diptera and Coleoptera shared equal number of species, the foraging behaviour and abundance was maximum with Diptera (1.02 individuals/ m2/ 5 min). The sesamum ecosystem flourished with pollinators during 0800-1000 and 1000-1200 hr with higher diversity indices of Shannon’s H (2.52) during 1000-1200 hr and Simpson’s D index (0.22) between 1600-1800 hr. Shannon’s E index was higher (0.85) during 1000-1200 and 1600-1800 hr
Report on Gynaikothrips uzeli (Zimmermann) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) from Delhi
Authors: Harshana Anand
Published: August 2022

This study reports on the new record of thrips Gynaikothrips uzeli (Zimmermann, 1900) found at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) campus, New Delhi during January 2018 in folded-leaf galls of Ficus benjamina L. (Moraceae). Predator, Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) was also found in the leaf galls feeding on thrips, keeping it under check. Based on nucleotide sequence of partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCOI) gene DNA barcode was generated for G. uzeli.
Efficacy of Plant Products Against Leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) in BT Cotton
Authors: Suryadevara Ram Sri Harsa , Kumar Vijay
Published: August 2022

Field experiments were conducted on Bt cotton at the RRS Abohar and PAU, Ludhiana to evaluate various plant products viz. castor oil, pongamia oil, crude neem oil, sesame oil, linseed oil, garlic extract along with commercial neem-based biopesticides, Nimbecidine (azadirachtin 1500 ppm) and Ecotin (azadirachtin 5000 ppm) against leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) in Bt cotton. Three days after application, maximum mortality was in garlic extract @ 30 ml/ l (54.00 and 52.68%) followed by neem oil @ 10 ml/ l (49.17 and 47.83%), Ecotin (azadirachtin 5000 ppm) @ 1.5 ml/ l (45.39 and 44.17%) at Abohar and Ludhiana, respectively. After five and seven days of second application, it was significantly more with Ecotin @ 1.5 ml/ l (44.56, 44.06 and 28.83, 28.17%) followed by neem oil @ 10 ml/ l (40.34, 39.95 and 28.28 and 27.67%) and Nimbecidine @ 10 ml/ l (37.33, 36.83 and 21.56, 21.17%) at both the locations, respectively. Among various plant products, maximum predator counts were obtained with in garlic extract @ 30 ml/ l. Seed cotton yield was also significantly higher in Ecotin @ 1.5 ml/ l treated plots.
Effect of Seed Protectants Against Pulse Beetle Callosobruchus chinensis Infesting Mungbean
Authors: Kumari Sonu , Yadav S. S. , Rolania Krishna , Dhanda Soniya
Published: August 2022

Efficacy of some seed protectants against pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) in stored mungbean variety MH 421 was evaluated under laboratory conditions in the Department of Entomology, CCSHAU, Hisar during October-December 2018. The result revealed that the neem leaf powder (30g/ kg) and neem oil (10 ml/ kg) were found most effective with maximum adult mortality (100 and 98.33%, respectively), lowest grain damage and weight loss (1.06 and 1.20%) and (0.75 and 0.81%, respectively), followed by mentha oil (2.5 ml/ kg) and lemongrass oil (2.5 ml/ kg). Turmeric powder resulted in only less adult mortality (48.33%) with maximum infestation and weight loss (14.66 and 4.13%, respectively).
Diversity and Abundance of Flower Visiting Insects Associated with Sesame
Authors: Rao K Sankara. , Kumar Yogesh , Yadav Sunita , Rawal Roomi
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was conducted at the Research farm of Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU) Hisar, Haryana to determine the diversity and abundance of insect pollinators on two varieties of sesame HT-1 and HT-2 during 2017 and 2018. A total of 34 insect species belonging to 18 families from four orders were observed. Of these Apis dorsata (4.76 bees/ m²/ 5 min; 26.92% of total flower visitors) followed by A. mellifera (2.34 bees/ m²/ 5 min), M. lanata (2.23 bees/ m²/ 5 min) and A. florea (1.32 bees/ m²/ 5 min) were predominant. Peak activity of the insect visitors was observed at 1000-1200 hr of the day.
Management of Borer and Flubendiamide Residue in Okra Using Milk-Made Bioagent and Calcium Hypochlorite
Authors: Elakkiya K. , Yasodha P. , Justin C Gailce Leo
Published: August 2022

Okra is an important vegetable, and it is subject to heavy yield losses by insect pests, of which the shoot and fruit borer Earias spp. is serious. Insecticides are used against this pest, leading to insecticide residues. This study evaluates Milkoid, an LAB formulation spray in field by spraying in tandem with flubendiamide and bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite). The results indicate that the population of epiphytic LAB density was maximum on plants sprayed with Milkoid with or without flubendiamide. The pest damage was significantly reduced after spraying flubendiamide with or without bleaching powder (3.76- 5.30%). Milkoid accelerated the degradation of flubendiamide with the dissipation rate of 70.07% on 15th day after spray. The efficacy of Milkoid in reducing the toxicity and the potential of calcium hypochlorite as an antimicrobial agent and the shoot and fruit borer management are discussed.
Population Dynamics of Rice Black Beetle Heteronychus lioderes Redtenbacher Under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Ahad Abdul , Srivastava Ajai , Mehta Vasu
Published: August 2022

Population dynamics of rice black beetle Heteronychus lioderes Redtenbacher was studied deploying light trap, pit method and assessment of tiller infestation. The pest was observed to be active from 29th to 42nd standard week (SW) with peak being in 35th SW as shown with light trap catches. The incidence started from 29th SW and reached a peak during 31st SW (3.8 adults in five pits and 48.4% tiller infestation). The weather factors when correlated with incidence revealed significant positive correlation with rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature, whereas it was non-significant positive one with relative humidity.
Erebid Moths in The Agroecosystems of Northern Kerala
Authors: K. Swafvan , Sureshan P. M.
Published: August 2022

The occurrences of erebid moths were monitored in the agroecosystems of Northern Kerala. Five districts viz., Malappuram, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Kannur and Kasaragod were covered during March 2018 to 2020 with 98 nights of survey. The observations led to observations on 1085 specimens and 121 species under 83 genera in ten subfamilies viz., Aganainae, Arctiinae, Boletobiinae, Calpinae, Erebinae, Herminiinae, Hypeninae, Lymantriinae, Pangraptinae, Scoliopteryginae.
Fumigant Toxicity of Artemisia absinthium Essential Oil to Common Stored Product Pests
Authors: Bano Parveena , Rather Mushtaq Ahmad , Mukhtar Malik , Sherwani Asma , Ganie Sajad
Published: August 2022

Essential oil of Artemisia absinthium (L.) a herbaceous perennial plant widely grown Kashmir valley was extracted by steam distillation method. The chemical composition of the extracted essential oil showed a total of 17 components, majority being β-thujone (17.25%), p-cymene (13.19%), camphor (12.42%), α terpineol (12.27%), eugenol (12.20%) and terpinen-4-ol (10.10%). The essential oil exhibited fumigant toxicity against the 1-7 days adults of Corcya cephalonica (Stainton), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). The LC50 values in case of C. cephalonica, T. castaneum and C. chinensis were 42.45, 48.63 and 58.11 μl L-1 air after 24 hr and 18.23, 34.32 and 41.16 μl L-1 air after 72 hr of exposure, respectively.
Survey on the Incidence of Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma Serricorne F. In Stored Turmeric
Authors: Kumar K. Ravi , Reddy C. Narendra
Published: August 2022

A survey was conducted to evaluate the incidence of cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne F. in three districts of Telangana state viz., Nizamabad, Ranga Reddy and Warangal. The survey was conducted twice- July and October 2014. These surveys revealed the prevalence of five species in stored turmeric viz., cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne F., drug store beetle Stegobium paniceum L., red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Herbst, lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica F. and saw-toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. Among these, L. serricorne was found to be the most dominant in all the three districts, with maximum infestation being observed in Ranga Reddy district.
Diversity of Insect Foragers on Indian Jujube Ziziphus mauritiana
Authors: Shyam Liza , Deka M. K.
Published: August 2022

A total of 12 insect foragers were recorded in Ziziphus mauritiana of which Apis cerana indica F. was the dominant one (50.66%) followed by Vespa magnifica (10.30%), A. mellifera (6.42%), Musca domestica (4.70%), Calliphora sp. (4.48%), Eristalinus sp. (4.27%), Monomorium indicum (3.94%), Athyma perius (3.50%), Polistes hebraeus (3.49%), Pelopidas sp. (3.45%), Pieris rapae (2.33%) and Coccinella septempunctata (2.24%). The forager abundance was maximum in the forenoon (0900-1000 hr). Foraging behaviour of A. cerana revealed that 0900-1000 hr was the peak period of its visit and activities.