bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermo-hydraulic analysis of desiccation cracked soil strata considering ground temperature and moisture dynamics under the influence of soil-atmosphere interactions
Authors: Jabbarzadeh Milad , Sadeghi Hamed , Tourchi Saeed , Golaghaei Darzi Ali
Published: September 2023

Global warming and climate change significantly affect ground temperature and flow patterns. Moreover, areas prone to cracking experience intensified temperature and moisture variations. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate ground temperature and moisture dynamics considering soil-atmosphere interaction through a coupled thermo-hydraulic analysis. Heat transfer, advective, and non-advective fluxes were simulated using CODE_BRIGHT finite element program to study water flow and energy transfer within the soil. Statistical analyses were conducted using an existing dataset to match the crack geometry with previous studies and find the best distribution for the width-to-depth ratio of cracks \left(C_R\right) as a dimensionless parameter. The results indicated that C_R variations follow a lognormal distribution. Numerical modeling scenarios were developed using statistical analysis results. The findings indicate that temperature variations decrease exponentially with depth, while surface soil temperature shows higher uncertainty due to atmospheric temperature fluctuations. Collecting various temperature trends in cracked soil at different time intervals, defined a limited region as maximum range of temperature variations (\Delta T). Results reveal that \Delta T in different crack scenarios can vary up to 4 times higher than intact soil. For the prediction of \Delta T, considering the impact of climate variations on cracked soil, a 3D boundary surface was developed based on two variables: soil depth (z) and crack depth \left(C_D\right). Furthermore, an equation for estimating \Delta T for uncracked soils was proposed. Additionally, cracked soil showed approximately 1.4 times higher desiccation rates than uncracked soil. Deeper cracks exhibited even more severe desiccation rates, being about 1.2 times higher.
Individual and environmental contributors to psychological distress during imprisonment
Authors: Favril Louis , van Ginneken Esther F.J.C.
Published: September 2023

People in prison bear a higher burden of psychiatric morbidity compared with the general population. This study examined the extent to which individual and environmental factors contribute to poor mental health during imprisonment. Participants comprised 1296 randomly selected adults in 15 Belgian prisons. Psychological distress was more common in women than men and peaked during the early stages of imprisonment. In addition to having a history of mental disorder, low levels of perceived autonomy, safety, and social support were independently associated with experiencing distress. These findings underscore the importance of considering the prison environment in policies to improve the mental health of incarcerated individuals.
Economic growth, greenhouse gas emissions, and voting behavior: Any evidence of political decoupling?
Authors: Neimanns Erik
Published: September 2023

A large literature on economic voting has documented that economic growth is a fundamental source of political stability for governments, increasing the size of the pie that governments can distribute and increasing governments´ chances to become reelected. Although there are strong, though non-trivial, links between economic growth and climate change mitigation, evidence on the electoral effects of governments´ efforts to mitigate climate change is scant and ambiguous. To derive expectations regarding the combined role of economic and climate voting, I elaborate on the material consequences economic growth and climate change mitigation are likely to have for individuals across different social class locations. Using individual-level data from the European Social Survey between 2002 and 2018 and country-level data from various sources, I examine how climate change mitigation performance and economic growth affect electoral support for incumbent parties. The results show that individuals in the lowest income positions react particularly sensitive to economic growth and government ambitions in climate policy, and that these associations are conditional on individuals´ relative position in the income distribution as reflected by changes in income inequality. The results offer a more nuanced understanding regarding the conditions that may grant governments electoral leeway to implement ambitious climate policy and that may allow for decoupling between electoral support for incumbent parties and economic growth in capitalist economies exposed to climate change.
Situational Analysis of Human Development in Nepal
Authors: Pyakurel Raja Ram
Published: September 2023

Human Development as progress towards greater human well-being, and provided country-level data for a comparing country status based on the well-being indicators. The main objective of the study is to analyze the overall human development status of Nepal. Data were collected through the national census and survey, UNDP HDI reports and online materials. According to the HDI report 2021\22 Nepal perform in the 143rd position with a 0.602 value. The trend of HDI is increasing despite 2021 \22. Nepal's HDI achieved the highest index in 2019 with 0.611 after 29 years. Nepal uplifted into medium development human development. In SAARC countries Nepal's HDI value is comparatively low compared with Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives and India. Bagmati province ranks at the top and Madesh and Karnali provinces perform worst in HDI, GDI, GII and MPI indices according to the HDI Report 2020. Bagmati and Gandaki provinces have high literacy, life expectancy and GDP per capita. Between 1990 to 2022 Nepal's HDI value changed from 0.399 to 0.602 a change of 50.9%, during the period. For the improvement of the HDI indices, the government should formulate and implement appropriate policies which shape the regional and national targets.
Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, α-naphthylacetic acid on the variant formation of Valentine Hoya (Hoya kerrii)
Authors:   Intitude of Biotechnology Research and Development, Can Tho University, Ngo Minh Tri , Tran Le Nguyen ,   Intitude of Biotechnology Research and Development, Can Tho University, Tran Thi Mỹ Tien ,   Intitude of Biotechnology Research and Development, Can Tho University, Lam Ngoc Kim Truc ,   Intitude of Biotechnology Research and Development, Can Tho University, Phung Hoang Yen ,   Intitude of Biotechnology Research and Development, Can Tho University, Duong Nguyen Mai Anh ,   Intitude of Biotechnology Research and Development, Can Tho University, Phung Thi Hang ,   School of Education, Can Tho University, Nguyen Thi Pha ,   Intitude of Biotechnology Research and Development, Can Tho University
Published: September 2023

Valentine Hoya (Hoya kerrii) is favoured by many people for its richness in leaf shape, colour and flower fragrance. To increase the diversity and abundance of Hoya, leaf samples were transplanted into MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D and α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) (concentration 4-7 mg/l) to create callus and induce mutations. Calli formation rate was observed at 100% after 15 days of culture in all treatments supplemented with growth regulators, while the control treatment showed no callus formation. The results of rapid callus multiplication showed that the callus-forming leaf sample obtained from the treatment of 5 mg/l 2,4-D gave the largest callus size (2.98 cm). The 45-day-old calli were transferred to MS + 1 mg/l IBA + 3.5 mg/l BAP regeneration medium, the time of shoot appearance for callus samples treated with NAA was 95 days after subculture with the highest regeneration rate of 66.67%, earlier than 2,4-D treated calli (225 days, 50% regeneration rate). The results of genetic divergence analysis using RAPD markers recorded a total of 330 DNA bands with molecular sizes ranging from 170 to 2700 bp. The polymorphism information content index was calculated in the 0.23-0.40 range. Samples treated with 5 mg/l NAA had the lowest similarity coefficient of 0.455, growth parameters such as petiole diameter, dermal tissue thickness, vascular bundle area, and a number of wood bundles recorded in samples treated with 5 mg/l NAA were superior to those of the control.Keywords:α-naphthylacetic acid, Hoya kerrii, polymorphisminformation content, variation, 2,4-D.Classification number:4.6
Artificial intelligence applications in media archives
Authors: Bazán-Gil Virginia
Published: September 2023

The aim of this paper is to present an international overview of the use of artificial intelligence in the context of media archives in broadcasters, preservation institutions and press agencies, through a comprehensive analysis of sources primarily focusing on case studies presented at international conferences and seminars, together with the results of the survey on the use of artificial intelligence conducted by FIAT/IFTA. Once the most commonly used technologies have been defined and we have identified the stages of the production workflow in which they are used, we will discuss the specific applications of these technologies in television archives, audiovisual heritage preservation organisations, press agencies and innovation projects where technology vendors and media companies collaborate. Finally, we will deal with the challenges related to the implementation of AI in media archives, the need for datasets in the development of language models, and the relevance of a sensible use of technology.
An Android-based Augmented Reality Application Design for the Physics Book of Grade XII ; Chapter 7 Theory of Relatively
Authors: Safwan  , Feri Susilawati  , Devi Mulia Sari  , Mizanul Ahkam  , Vitto Syahputra
Published: September 2023

Generally speaking, there are still numerous institutions that employ learning methods that are relatively inefficient. For instance, they still rely on traditional book media. where, the use of book media is still relatively inefficient, especially in material that requires a high level of understanding. The Work System Design Method for this augmented reality application uses several software, namely Blender3D, Unity, and Vuforia. This system's design includes interfaces or display interfaces that depict application workflows described through Flowcharts. Through this final project, we have developed a mobile-based augmented reality application that boasts several key features. The Main Menu includes pointer buttons to other menus, while the AR Menu displays the 3D object. The Help and About menus are also available. Our conclusion is that this augmented reality application can assist students who are keen on learning, and it can alleviate difficulties in understanding complex subjects.
Hydrobiological characteristic of small lakes in northern Karelia during the ice-covered period
Authors: Maximov A.A. , Berezina N.A. , Litvinchuk L.F. , Sharov A.N. , Maximova O.B. , Smirnov V.V. , Usov N.V.
Published: September 2023

The life of lakes in winter is still insufficiently studied. The purpose of this article is a comparative analysis of the quantitative development of planktonic and benthic communities and the abiotic conditions of their existence during the ice-covered period in two small (<1 km2) northern lakes that differ greatly in morphometry and the degree of water humification. A significant difference was revealed in the seasonal dynamics of plankton communities in the studied lakes. In a deeper lake with water uncolored by humus, the quantitative development of phytoplankton at the end of the ice-covered period was almost as significant as during the open-water period. It is necessary to note the rapidity of changes in under-ice phytoplankton in early spring: in April 2020, the content of chlorophyll a in water changed more than six times during a week. There was no mass development of phytoplankton under the ice in a shallow highly humified lake. The zooplankton of the studied lakes was characterized by the opposite trend. In the deep-water lake, the winter zooplankton was noticeably inferior to the summer one in terms of the level of quantitative development; in the shallow lake, a high biomass (~1 g/m2) of zooplankton was noted throughout the entire study period. The macrozoobenthos of lakes in winter, on the whole, retained the same high level of quantitative development as in the open-water period. Seasonal differences were local and were caused by the redistribution of bottom animals due to changes in the oxygen and, possibly, temperature regime of bottom waters. In particular, due to hypoxic-anoxic conditions at the end of the ice-covered period, benthic animals migrated from the profundal zone of the deep-water lake. After the ice melted and the near-bottom waters were saturated with oxygen, the profundal community quickly recovered. Thus, the quantitative development of biological communities in winter can vary greatly even in closely located lakes, in particular, it depends on the degree of humification of the water body. Given the high dynamism of phytoplankton in early spring, the assessment of the role of the under-ice period in the life of lakes, apparently, requires long-term research, including detailed observations at the end of ice-covered period.
Size and age structure of the population of Monoporeia affinis (Amphipoda) in the Petrozavodsk Bay of Lake Onego
Authors: Kalinkina N.M. , Isakova K.V.
Published: September 2023

The Petrozavodsk Bay of Lake Onego is characterized by favorable temperature, food and oxygen conditions for the functioning of relict crustaceans Monoporeia affinis (Lindström, 1855) population. The analysis of the size-age population structure was performed for this species for the first time. In 2018, the spring and autumn state of the M. affinis population differed. The contribution to the total number of young crustaceans with a body length of 1.5–2.0 mm and 2.1–3.0 mm in May and September was distinguished. The number of these two size groups changed inversely from May to September, which indicated the growth processes of juveniles. The total contribution of young crustaceans to the total population at different stations varied within 40–50% in May and 20–40% in September. Based on the analysis of size-frequency histograms and the method of principal components, two age cohorts of crustaceans with a body length of 3.1–7.0 mm (the first cohort, age 1 year) and 7.1–10.0 mm (the second cohort, age 2 years) were identified. The proportion of the first cohort in the total population of M. affinis was on average 12% in May and September. The proportion of the second cohort in May was on average 2%, and in September it increased to 8%. The data obtained are in good agreement with two age cohorts of M. affinis in other lakes of Karelia.
THE POLICY OF LAOS, THAILAND, CAMBODIA AND VIETNAM IN RELATION TO THE MEKONG PROBLEM
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), BUTKO Aleksandr A.
Published: September 2023

Водная проблема Меконга оказывает значительное влияние на политику стран нижнего течения реки – Лаоса, Таиланда, Камбоджи и Вьетнама. Эти страны заинтересованы в увеличении использования его ресурсов, в первую очередь – энергетических. Несмотря на существующие опасения, касающиеся влияния гидро-энергетики на состояние экологической системы субрегиона, они наращивают сотрудничество в сфере трансграничной торговли электроэнергией. Привлечение внешних участников рассматривается в качестве важного фактора комплексного развития субрегиона, включающего, прежде всего, создание и совершенствование энергетической и другой инфраструктуры. Вовлечение как можно большего количества нерегиональных игроков в участие в субрегиональных процессах позволяет оказывать давление на КНР по вопросу водопользования, снижать вызванную американо-китайским противостоянием напряженность, а также создавать условия для здоровой конкуренции в развитии субрегиона.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NICKEL INDUSTRY OF INDONESIA (Part 1.)
Authors:   Ministry of Industry and Trade of the RF, Moscow, Russia, POPOV Aleksandr A.
Published: September 2023

В статье анализируется никелевая промышленность Индонезии на различных этапах ее развития, связанных с ролью в отрасли государственного сектора в лице компании «Антам», значением в отрасли иностранных инвестиций и системы «Рабочих контрактов», получивших распространение после прихода к власти режима Сухарто и принятия Закона 1967 г. «Об иностранных капиталовложениях»; созданием в стране первых перерабаты-вающих мощностей и значительным ростом числа эксплуатируемых месторождений и увеличением добычи никелевой руды для удовлетворения спроса китайской экономики; с политикой правительства по ограничению и запрету экспорта необработанной руды и переходу к полной переработке ее внутри страны и производству товаров с высокой добавленной стоимостью.
PACIFIC ISLAND COUNTRIES AND THE GREATER EURASIA: COMMON INTERESTS IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WORLD ORDER
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), GARIN Artyom A.
Published: September 2023

Oceania is a group of countries and territories geographically scattered across the vast South Pacific. Nowadays, it has found itself in the vanguard of the transformation of the world order. Under the current conditions, Pacific Island Countries (PICs) are increasingly interested in diversifying ties in the international arena, in particular with the Greater Eurasia. However, it's possible that this will cause a negative reaction from Australia and the United States, which are used to keeping Oceanian actors in their orbit. The article examines the main trends of the transformation of the world order, emphasizes the importance of cooperation between the countries of PICs and the Greater Eurasia, as well as suggests a number of areas of interaction where the interests of the parties coincide (security, combating climate change, economy, education, and traditional values).
PARTICIPATION OF ASEAN PARTNERS IN ENSURING POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY IN EURASIA: AN ENGLISH SCHOOL PERSPECTIVE
Authors:   HSE University, Moscow, Russia, KOROLEV Alexander S.
Published: September 2023

Статья посвящена изучению взаимодействию АСЕАН с региональными партнерами – ЕАЭС, КНР и Индией – в обеспечении политико-экономической безопасности в Евразии через призму концепции международного общества английской школы ТМО. Автор анализирует плотность двусторонних связей в противодействии коронакризису, санкциям и торговым войнам. Исследование выявило, что сотрудничество между ведущими членами евразийского пространства в борьбе с тремя вызовами зачастую носит хаотичный и асимметричный характер. В ряде случаев, например, в связке АСЕАН-ЕАЭС или ЕАЭС-Индия, двустороннее взаимодействие характеризовалось институциональной и торгово-экономи¬ческой инерцией в период коронакризиса и ранее. Одновременно с этим, в период с 2014 по 2021 гг. партнеры АСЕАН, прежде всего, КНР и ЕАЭС, неоднократно прибегали к «дипломатии принуждения» и использовали дискриминационные меры в отношении друг друга, что привело к дисбалансу сил и интересов.Совокупность этих факторов позволяет сделать вывод о несоответствии ряда базовых положений английской школы ТМО в их увязке с политико-экономическими процессами в Евразии. Таким образом, представляется некорректным утверждать о существовании международного общества в Евразии применительно к вопросам обеспечения политико-экономической безопасности на примере АСЕАН и ее партнеров.
MOVING THE INDONESIA CAPITAL
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), PETROVA Olga L.
Published: September 2023

В конце августа 2019 г. правительство Индонезии официально объявило о планах перенести свою столицу. Правительство планирует превратить новую столицу в низкоуглеродный суперхаб, который будет поддерживать секторы здравоохранения и технологий. Цифровые изображения, предоставленные правительством, показывают город, окруженный лесом; людей, идущих по тротуарам, вдоль которых посажаны деревья, и здания с крышами, увитыми растениями. Всё окружено прудами, чистыми ручьями и густым лесом. Однако план правительства Индонезии построить свою новую столицу в восточной части острова Борнео вызывает обеспокоенность у защитников окружающей среды и прав человека.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI TERBIMBING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATA PELAJARAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
Authors: Gani Resyi Abdul , Purnamasari Ratih , Mujahidah Fitriah
Published: September 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperbaiki proses pembelajaran dan meningkatkan hasil belajar mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam pada siswa kelas IV melalui penerapan model pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing. Subyek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IV Sekolah Dasar Negeri Kadumanggu 03 Kecamatan Babakanmadang Kabupaten Bogor yang terdiri dari 30 siswa, dengan komposisi 13 siswa laki-laki dan 17 siswa perempuan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada semester genap tahun pelajaran 2020/2021. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini dilaksanakan dua siklus, pada siklus satu dan siklus dua terdiri dari empat tindakan utama yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukan penilaian pelaksanaan pembelajaran pada siklus I sebesar 62,9, siklus II 86,125, sudah melampaui indikator keberhasilan 81. Perubahan sikap siswa siklus I 49,46, siklus II 90,46, sudah melampaui indikator keberhasilan 81. Perubahan keterampilan siswa siklus I 60,13, siklus II 86,13, sudah melampaui indikator keberhasilan 81. Begitu pula dengan ketuntasan hasil belajar pada siklus I mencapai 37%, siklus II 87%, sudah melampaui KKM 70. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing dapat memperbaiki proses pembelajaran dan meningkatkan hasil belajar mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam pada siswa kelas IV Sekolah Dasar Negeri Kadumanggu 03 Kecamatan Babakanmadang Kabupaten Bogor.
Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar IPA tentang Menguji Lemak pada Makanan melalui Metode Eksperimen Kelas V SDN 57 Buton
Authors: Kaif Sitti Hermayanti , Fajrianti Fajrianti
Published: September 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar dan pelaksanaan pembelajaran menggunkan metode eksperimen. Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di SDN 57 Buton dengan subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas V yang berjumlah 9 siswa. Jenis penelitian ini yakni Penelitian Tindak Kelas (PTK). Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi aktivitas siswa dan tese evaluasi pada setiap siklus. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang didapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan aktivitas siswa dan hasil belajar siswa menggunakan metode eksperimen pada pelajaran IPA materi uji lemak pada makanan pada siswa kelas V SDN 57 Buton Tahun ajaran 2022/2023 pada sikluss I menunjukkan presentase tertinggi sebesar 79,5% pada indikator kehadiran, sedangkan presentase aktivitas siswa terendah sebesar 47,5% pada indicator kejujuran. Hasil belajar siswa siklus I siswa yang mencapai KKM dengan presentase sebesar 55,56%. Pada siklus II hasil observasi aktivitas siswa memiliki peningkatan yakni siswa mencapai di atas rata-rata dengan presentase 70%, dan untuk hasil belajar siswa meningkat dengan presentase sebeser 100%.
The Fell approach structure
Authors: ATEŞ Meryem , SAĞIROĞLU PEKER Sevda
Published: September 2023

In the present paper we construct a new approach structure called Fell approach structure. We define the new structure by means of lower regular function frames and prove that the Top-coreflection of this new structure is the ordinary Fell topology. We also give analogue result for the extended Fell topology and investigate some properties of Fell approach structure.
Morality without Categoricity
Authors: Ventham Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

This paper argues that an agent’s moral obligations are necessarily connected to her desires. In doing so I will demonstrate that such a view is less revisionary—and more in line with our common-sense views on morality—than philosophers have previously taken it to be. You can hold a desire-based view of moral normativity, I argue, without being (e.g.) a moral relativist or error theorist about morality. I’ll make this argument by showing how two important features of an objective morality are compatible with such a desire-based account: 1) morality’s authoritative nature, 2) our ability to condemn immoral agents.
Penyambutan Bulan-Bulan Khusus (Bulan Suci Ramadhan dan Isra Mi’raj) Dengan Tradisi Maapam di Kampung Padang Panjang Nagari Talu, Pasaman Barat
Authors: Mailani Yurisa
Published: September 2023

This research is motivated by the traditions carried out by the people in West Pasaman in welcoming special months, such as welcoming the holy month of Ramadan and commemorating the Isra Mi'raj day which is still carried out today, namely by carrying out the maapam tradition. the purpose of this research is to find out about the maapam tradition that has been carried out by the Nagari Talu community, especially in the Padang Panjang village. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Source of data comes from primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques with observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques with data reduction, data display, and conclusions. The results of this study show that if the maapam tradition is still running today, with the maapam activities a friendship can be established because it is done together, and presents laughter and cohesiveness.
Uluslararası afet risklerini azaltma standartlarına göre coğrafya öğretim programı: Bir içerik analizi
Authors: KAYA Niyazi , ARTVİNLİ Eyüp , DÖNMEZ Leyla
Published: September 2023

Bu araştırmanın amacı, 2018 yılında güncellenerek uygulanmaya başlanan coğrafya dersi öğretim programının uluslararası standartlara göre afet risklerini azaltma eğitimi bağlamında analizini yapmak ve sözkonusu programda afet risklerini azaltma eğitimine yer verilme düzeyini tespit etmektir. Nitel bir araştırma olan bu çalışmada doküman analizi tekniği kullanılarak elde edilen veriler araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen kontrol listesine göre değerlendirilerek yorumlanmıştır. 2018 coğrafya dersi öğretim programının afet risklerini azaltma eğitimi bağlamında analiz edilmesinde kullanılan kontrol listesi, araştırmacılar tarafından UNICEF ve UNESCO iş birliğinde yürütülen okul müfredatında afet riskinin azaltılması çalışmasında önerilen kontrol listesinden uyarlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre 2018 coğrafya dersi öğretim programının afet risklerini azaltma eğitimi bağlamında öğrencilere afet bilinci kazandırmada ve öğretmenlerin sınıflarda etkili afet riskini azaltma eğitimi yapmalarında rehberlik edebilme düzeyi az bulunmuştur. Buna göre coğrafya öğretim programının afet eğitimi ve afet risklerini azaltma bağlamında söz konusu uluslararası standartlara göre güncellenmesi önerilmektedir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre uygulanmakta olan 2018 coğrafya öğretim programında yer alan içerik ve açıklamalar coğrafya dersini alan öğrencilerde afet ve afetlere ilişkin yeterli bilgi, beceri, değer ve tutum oluşturmayı sağlayacak nicelik ve nitelik düzeyinde değildir.
Evolution of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic: mutation-limited or selection-limited?
Authors: Bajpai Srashti , Watve Milind
Published: September 2023

The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has witnessed the emergence and succession of various virus variants. While the phenomenon of immunity-evading variants is known in other viruses like influenza, there is limited understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes involved in this succession. Due to the availability of large-scale epidemiological data collected and shared publicly during the Covid-19 pandemic, it becomes possible to explore evolutionary questions that also have implications for public health. We propose multiple alternative hypotheses regarding the origin and spread of these variants and evaluate them based on epidemiological data. Our analysis indicates that the invasion of novel variants is primarily limited by selection rather than mutation. Moreover, the repeated waves observed during the pandemic are not solely caused by the emergence of new variants. Instead, there is a significant overlap between conditions that lead to a wave and those that favor the selection of partially immune-evading variants. This association may contribute to the rise of a new wave alongside the invasion of a new variant. However, the association is not strong enough to support a causal role of the new variant. The dynamic interplay between epidemiological processes and selection on viral variants carries important implications for public health and can guide future policies aimed at effectively controlling infectious epidemics.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SIMON SAYS GAME TO TEACH LISTENING
Authors: Murni Rini Astuti , Zuhriyah Mukminatus
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to know the effectiveness of Simon says game on students’ listening ability at class VIII I of SMPN 1 Jombang. The method used in this research was quantitative method with a pre- experimental design. Population of the research was eighth grade of SMPN 1 Jombang, and the researcher used class VIII I as the sample of this research with total 30 students which consisted of 12 boys and 18 girls. The instrument of this study was listening test and it was conducted before (pre-test) and after (post- test) the treatment. The result of the data was analyzed using SPSS for windows ver.25. The mean  score of students in the pre- test is 76,67 and the mean score of students in post- test is 95,17. Therefore, the paired sample t-test is 0,000 which is lower than 0,05. That means H0 is rejected (null hypothesis) and Ha is accepted (alternative hypothesis). To sum it up, the results show that Simon says game was effective on students’ listening ability.

Keywords: effectiveness, listening ability, Simon says game
THE EFFECT OF USING FOUR-SQUARE WRITING METHOD ON STUDENTS’ WRITING ABILITY AND VOCABULARY MASTERY AT SMK NURUL FALAH PEKANBARU
Authors: TRIA SAUHANA FELCI
Published: September 2023

This research aims to find out the students’ writing ability category, to find out the students’ vocabulary mastery category, to find out whether the using of Four-Square Writing method can give the significant effect on students’ writing ability in descriptive text and to find out what extent the using of Four-Square Writing method gives the significant effect on students’ vocabulary mastery. The study of this research is quasi-experimental research that pre – test and post test deign are used in this research. The sample of this research is the first year students at SMK Nurul Falah Pekanbaru. They are experimental class and control class. The data were collecting by using writing in descriptive text and vocabulary tests. Four-Square Writing method was used by this research. The result of this research shows that 1. There is significant effect on implementing treatment of Four-Square Writing method toward students’ writing ability for experimental group. The T-test result was 19,868, its df was 28, comparing number of significance. If probability >0.05 null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. If probability <0.05, alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. Because the significance was 0.000 < 0.05, thus, Ha was accepted while Ho was rejected. 2. There is significant effect on implementing treatment of GRASP strategy toward students’ vocabulary mastery for experimental class. The t-test result was 12,231,, its was df 28, by comparing number of significance. Because the significance was 0.000 < 0.05, thus, Ha was accepted while Ho was rejected.
ELEVATING SPEAKING SKILL THROUGH STICK PUPPET ROLE PLAY
Authors: HASANAH YULI ASTUTI
Published: September 2023

This research was to describe how stick puppet role play can improve the students’ speaking skill in terms of fluency, grammatical accuracy, pronunciation and vocabulary in delivering conversations for the language functions of inviting, accepting or refusing invitation, complimenting, and congratulating someone.

The design used was classroom action research. The researcher was the teacher of the class and was assisted by the observer to observe the implementation of the strategy. The research was conducted in one cycle for five meetings. The subjects of this research were thirty two students of VIII A class of SMP Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Malang, in the academic year of 2012/2013. The instruments of this research were observation checklist, speaking test for role play and questionnaire. In addition, the data were analyzed and reported descriptively. This research was considered successful if the average of the students’ speaking scores met the criteria of success at least 70 for the whole class.

The procedures of the implementation of stick puppet role play cover five main steps, namely: modeling, drafting, creating, rehearsing, and performing. In modeling, the teacher modeled how to use the expressions of inviting, accepting or refusing invitation, complimenting, and congratulating someone through the use of videos and model of conversations. In drafting, the students made their own draft of conversations while in creating step, the students created the stick puppets based on the characters in the conversations. Furthermore, in rehearsing, the students practiced their performance of stick puppet role play while the teacher gave feedback for improvement. Finally, in performing, the students performed the stick puppet role play on the stage and recorded by the observer.

The research finding showed that from thirty two students, twenty six students got fair, two students got good, four students got very good, and none got excellent. It means that thirty two students (100 %) could pass the criteria of success as the students’ scores were above 70. The students’ average score was 74. The highest score was 85 and the lowest was 70. Moreover, the implementation of the strategy also brought positive students’ attitude in the range of vocabulary, the ease of getting an idea, the speaking skill improvement, the students’ excitement, the students’ enthusiasm, the students’ confidence, and the effectiveness of the implementation of stick puppet role play.

Therefore, suggestions are delivered to English teachers to use stick puppet role play in teaching speaking for not only other language functions such as agreeing and disagreeing but also to other genres such as narrative and descriptive. It is also offered to future researchers to conduct a study on the use of stick puppet role play to English receptive skills such as listening and reading as this study focused on speaking in which belongs to the productive skill.
INVESTIGATING THE WAYS TO IMPROVE ESSAY WRITING BY IELTS STUDENTS
Authors: Bhatti Muhammad Safdar
Published: September 2023

English is being learned and used all over the world. It has become a Lingua Franca and a language of more significant opportunities. It also exercises a great influence on the elite class of the country. Its knowledge is a successful passport for employment. Both oral and written skills are essential for learning a language. Learning a second language is never easy. Students must wrestle with new vocabulary, rules for grammar and sentence structure, idioms, pronunciation, and more. Some people seem to catch on much more quickly than others. Writing is a productive skill, and its primary concern is to give an insight into grammatical rules and composition writing. So the current paper evaluates the ways to improve students' efficiency while attempting argumentative essays in the IELTS Test conducted by the British Council of Pakistan. The researcher has studied the reasons behind these deficiencies and has paved the ways that may help English language teachers and students as they work with developing language skills for academic and social success. The sample of the study was taken from a local academy of Bahawalpur. The data was collected by using a pre-test, post-test, and questionnaire. The participants included ten teachers and 100 students of IELTS. The findings of the study proved the hypothesis correct. The conclusion with suggestions and recommendations was summed up at the end of the study.
DEIXIS IN JACK AND THE BEANSTALK SHORT STORY: CONTEXT MEANING ANALYSIS
Authors: Saifina El Dina
Published: September 2023

Deixis is the study of words or phrases that contain the meaning of people, places, and times. Deixis has respective functions based on the classification. The purpose of this study is to find the types of deixis and the meanings of deixis based on the context of the short story. The author used descriptive qualitative methods to analyze the context meaning of deixis in the short story titled Jack and The Beanstalk. The results showed that there were three types of deixis applied in the short story and each of the types has its meaning based on the context.

Keywords: Deixis, Short story, Context meaning
DEIXIS ANALYSIS IN THE SHORT STORY ENTITLED “THE NIGHT COME SLOWLY” BY KATE CHOPIN
Authors: Devansa Riski Indrasara
Published: September 2023

Language is an important aspect of our life. It is used as a communication tool among humans. Hence, human needs to learn it. Talking about language, certainly, it has a correlation with pragmatics. Pragmatics itself is one of the studies about language. Pragmatic learned about contextual meaning. Surely, it needs to be learned. Pragmatics itself has nine categories. However, the category that most reflects the relationship between language and its context is deixis. According to Levinson, deixis has five types, they are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. The purpose of this research is to know what kinds of deixis in this short story entitled ”The Night Come Slowly” written by Kate Chopin. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the deixis in this short story. The steps are collecting the data, finding the deixis, and make it in the list, and then identifying and classifying the deixis into five types of deixis and the last is analyzing the deixis. The result shows that in this short story not all deixis is used. The discourse deixis is not used in this story. The most deixis used by the writer is person deixis with the frequency 27 (65,86%).
ANALYSIS OF INFLECTIONAL SUFFIX ON SELECTED POEMS BY ROBERT FROST
Authors: Nurkhamidah Putri Wulandari  , Lilia Indriani
Published: September 2023

As a language learner, definite changes or forms of words are significant. When a word is added by one or a few letters, the meaning and purpose of that word will change. Words changes occur due to the addition of letters at the beginning or the end of the word. The affix at the beginning of the word is called a prefix, while the affix at the end is called a suffix. Eight suffixes in English do not change the part of a word's speech but signify additional information about it; -s, 's, -'s, -er,  -ed, -ing, -en, -est. This paper aims to Identify the most used inflectional suffixes in Robert Frost's poems, which are widely used in linguistics and literature study. The result of the research is that Robert Frost's poems use the entire inflectional suffixes. The -s suffix is the inflectional suffix that he uses the most in his poems. It indicates that Robert Frost tends to express or describe something in the plural form.
AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES ON "PERCY JACKSON THE SEA MONSTER" NOVEL BY RICK RIORDAN
Authors: Masitoh Umi , Indriani Lilia
Published: September 2023

The English word formation in morphology in this analysis will investigate the morphology of English word formation in this research. The form, purpose, and meaning of derivational suffixes in the novel were the study's problems. This research aims to figure out what kind of derivational suffixes there found in the data source. The data for this analysis came from Rick Riordan's E-book novel Percy Jackson and the Sea Monster. The data in this study was collected using the documentation process. This study's data was analyzed using a qualitative approach. The study revealed four derivational suffix types: nominal Suffix, verbal Suffix, adjectival Suffix, and adverbial Suffix. Based on the observation and readings of the e-novel of the study, the purpose of the study is to describe word-forming the derivational Suffix and what the Suffix that mainly uses by Rick Riordan's in the novel Percy Jackson and the Sea Monster. The researcher found four derivational suffixes from the novel: verb, adverb, noun, and adjective. Moreover, the data collected from the novel are 363 data of words forming the derivational Suffix.
CORPUS LINGUISTIC RESEARCH: ANALYZING ADVERB OF PLACE IN "THE HOBBIT" NOVEL BY J.R.R. TOLKIEN
Authors: Ardhani Rizky Amalia
Published: September 2023

One part of speech that is usually in various works of literature is an adverb. Adverbs are important because used to provide a further description of a verb. Adverb will explain how an incident took place. This article will take the theme from the adverb of place. The function of the adverb of place in sentence structure is to express where an event occurs. Adverbs of place are usually after an object or main verb. This study examines the frequency and usage patterns of the adverb of place in J. R. R. Tolkien's novel The Hobbit. The Hobbit is an epic fantasy adventure novel by world-renowned author J.R.R. Tolkien. In a short time, this fantasy novel series immediately received a positive response from readers in England and America before spreading to all corners of the world. This novel was chosen as the data source because the sentences contained many adverbs of place.
BENEFITING EFL STUDENTS IN LISTENING COMPREHENSION WITH ENGLISH SONGS
Authors: Berlia Sari Inggar , Riana Rahmawanti Movi
Published: September 2023

This study aims to analyse the benefit of listening to English songs to improve their listening skills. This study uses qualitative case study methodology. Qualitative case study methodology enables researchers to conduct an in-depth exploration of complex phenomena within some specific context. According to Baskarada cited in Rashid, case study method is the most widely used in academia for researchers interested in qualitative research. Data collection by giving questionnaires and written interviews in this study were ten students of 4th-semester education class A, English Education Department, one of the private universities in Bogor for the 2020-2021 academic year. This study shows benefits for students in listening to English songs; it can improve English language skills, help students focus more on learning, motivate learning, relax the body, all students agree that listening to English songs can be obtained by listening to English songs as a learning medium.

Keywords: song, music, media, learning, learning atmosphere
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON ONLINE LEARNING CLASS DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Purwanti Sri Erma , Maizarah
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to find out the students’ perception on online learning class during covid 19 pandemic. Sample of this study were 16 students of the third semesterand the fifth semester of English Study Program at Islamic University of Indragiri. The research method used in this study was a descriptiveresearch. Researchers gave questionnaire and interview about student’s perception on online learning class during covid 19 pandemicto collect the data. After the data has been collected, it was found that the data from questionnaire shown that the percentage is 52,97 %, it can be written that the students’ perception on learning online class during covid 19 pandemic wasNeutral, because 52,97% was in range 60%-79,99%. This finding means that the students do not refuse learning online classduring covid 19 pandemic but also do not accept as whole since some obstacles they faced during online class. The poor connection and less of interaction made most of the learners did not have deep understanding of the material as in offline class.
THE ABILITY OF THE 2021/2022 ACADEMIC YEARS STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT, ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF INDRAGIRI IN USING ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB IN A SENTENCE
Authors: Mustajib Agus , Syafrizal
Published: September 2023

This research was intended to find out the student’s ability in using descriptive adjective and adverb of manner in a sentence. The method used in this research was the descriptive quantitative research. The population of this research was the students of Islamic University of Indragiri. The sample of this research were 41 students (A and B classes) at the first semester of English Education Department, Islamic University of Indragiri in the academic 2021/2022 years. In collecting the data, this research used written test (essay) as the research instrument to use to find out the students’ ability in using descriptive adjective and adverb of manner in a sentence. Based on the result of test, the mean score of students’ ability in using descriptive adjective and adverb of manner in a sentence was 65.43. It was categorized enough level. Then for both of indicators, their ability in using adjective was higher than adverb. It can be proved by the result of the mean score was 73.10, and 61.04 for using adverb in a sentence. In conclution, the students in using adjective and adverb in a sentence were still confused to differentiate between two types of the grammatical structure.
TYPES OF EXPRESSIVE ACTS IN BOHEMIAN RHAPSODY MOVIE 2018
Authors: Piscesco Pijar , Afriana
Published: September 2023

This descriptive qualitative study identified the expressive acts in Bohemian Rhapsody movie 2018. The theory from Martinez (2013) was utilized to examine the different types of expressive acts in the data source. Then, an observational approach and a non-participation technique were used to collect data for this research. The data was then evaluated using two methods. Those were pragmatic identity and pragmatic competence in equalizing. The researchers discovered 15 utterances that made by the characters in the movie Bohemian Rhapsody. Based on the character’s utterances, there were 5 different types of expressive acts. There were 2 acts that indicated the congratulating, 5 acts that indicated the thanking, 4 acts that indicated the apologizing, 1 act that indicated the condoling, and 3 acts that indicated the boasting.  Furthermore, among the 15 utterances that had been discovered, the act of thanking became the most prominent among the other types of expressive acts.
STUDENTS’ READING HABIT AT THE FOURTH SEMESTER OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION, FKIP-UIR
Authors: Clara Angelica  , Idayani Andi , Sailun Betty
Published: September 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the learning process is carried out online and students spend a lot of time at home with the phone. Therefore, there are so many types of e-books that you can look for to read in your spare time. This research aims to find out the students' reading habit in the fourth semester of English Language Education, FKIP-UIR. This research used the descriptive qualitative method. The sample of this research was used purposive sampling. The research sample was 43 of class 4B at English Language Education of FKIP UIR. This study found that students' reading habits were categorized as positive. Almost all students have a good attitude toward reading. Then, most students enjoy reading ebooks and do not feel annoyed when asked to read e-books. Meanwhile, students also have positive book reading. Students have favorite types of e-books to read and read e-books quite often. Furthermore, students also have positive time spent on reading both in academic and non-academic. Finally, students also get positive motivation in reading, and students get motivation from their families and lecturers in the academic field to read e-books because reading can improve achievement. on the other hand, the researcher found one indicator of reading habits to get negative results. The indicator is reading frequency. Most students said they did not often visit the web for online reading resources as well as students did not often read e-books because they did not like reading and preferred listening to reading.