bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tolerance to heavy metals in Littorina saxatilis from a metal contaminated estuary in the Isle of Man
Authors: Daka Erema R. , Hawkins Stephen J.
Published: March 2004

Population differences were measured in the tolerance of Littorina saxatilis from sites around the Isle of Man, to acute exposure to zinc, lead, copper and cadmium. Animals from a site influenced by disused mine run-off in Laxey estuary (high zinc) were compared with animals from less contaminated estuaries (Peel-high lead, but lower zinc), and the relatively uncontaminated Castletown and Ramsey estuaries, plus the open coast near Derbyhaven. Median lethal times (LT50) were estimated for each test concentration (5, 10, 20 mg l−1 Zn; 5, 10 mg l−1 Pb; 0·5, 1·0, 2·0 mg l−1 Cu and Cd) except for those that did not produce sufficient mortalities. Individuals from Laxey estuary showed significantly higher tolerances to zinc (10 mg l−1) and lead (5 mg l−1) than animals from the unpolluted sites. No co-tolerance to copper or cadmium was apparent. Population tolerance to zinc was correlated with reduced accumulation rates. Lead tolerance may result from the ability of the tolerant individuals to sequester the metal and detoxify it in their tissues; the littorinids from Laxey had significantly higher rates of lead accumulation.
Vertical posture of the clypeasteroid sand dollar Encope michelini
Authors: Lawrence John M. , Herrera Joan , Cobb Janessa
Published: March 2004

Vertical posture has been studied only in the scutellid sand dollar Dendraster excentricus although it has been reported in another Dendraster species and two species of laganid sand-dollars. The vertical posture has been associated with the posterior eccentric position of the apical system and petals of the test. We have discovered the scutellid sand dollar Encope michelini, which shows no eccentricity of the apical system and petals, also has the vertical posture in the population studied. Absence of eccentricity of the apical system and petals in living and fossil sand-dollars does not indicate absence of the vertical posture.
Reproductive biology of the holothurian Holothuria tubulosa (Echinodermata) in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Despalatović Marija , Grubelić Ivana , šimunović Ante , Antolić Boris , Žuljević Ante
Published: March 2004

The reproductive cycle of a local population the aspidochirote Holothuria tubulosa in Kaštela Bay (Adriatic Sea) was analysed from July 1994 to August 1995 by histological examination and observations of macroscopic features of the gonads. Five gonadal stages were described: recovery stage, growing stage, mature stage, spawning stage, and post-spawning stage. The distinguishing features used to describe gonad stages in both sexes included the main features of reproductive cells and gonad wall. The reproductive cycle showed a clear annual pattern and was synchronous in both sexes. Spawning occurred during the warm season, from July to September, when the surface water temperature ranged from about 22°C to 26°C. From October to January individuals were in resting phase and had no gonads. In both sexes, variations in maturity indices were related to the seasonal changes in temperature.
Cephalopods of the South Georgia slope
Authors: Collins Martin A. , Allcock A. Louise , Belchier Mark
Published: March 2004

During January 2003 the bathymetric distribution of the cephalopod fauna of the South Georgia and Shag Rocks slope (100–900 m) was investigated using a commercial bottom trawl. Forty-four trawl stations caught 193 cephalopod specimens including six species of octopod and seven of squid. The benthic octopods Pareledone turqueti and Adelieledone polymorpha were abundant in shallow water at South Georgia, being replaced by Thaumeledone gunteri in greater depths. However, neither A. polymorpha nor T. gunteri were caught on the adjacent Shag Rocks area. Two specimens of the deep-sea genus Graneledone were caught on the South Georgia slope. The most abundant squid species caught were Moroteuthis knipovitchi, Psychroteuthis glacialis and Slosarczykovia circumantarctica, which are primarily pelagic and may have been taken when their vertical migrations impinged on the slope.
Spawning and fecundity of king weakfish, Macrodon ancylodon, in the Río de la Plata estuary, Argentina–Uruguay
Authors: Militelli M.I. , Macchi G.J.
Published: March 2004

The reproductive biology of the king weakfish, Macrodon ancylodon, inhabiting the estuarine waters of the Río de la Plata (Argentina–Uruguay), was studied using macroscopic and histological analysis of the gonads. The samples were collected from commercial landings and from three research cruises carried out between 1999 and 2001. King weakfish is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity. Spawning of this species extends from October to March with two main peaks of gonadal index in November and March. Based on the incidence of females with new postovulatory follicles, the evening near sunset was the estimated time of spawning for M. ancylodon. Spawning frequency, determined using the percentages of females with postovulatory follicles, was about 17% during March 2001, indicating that females spawn once every six days at the second peak of the reproductive season. Batch fecundity ranges from 12,400 to 225,700 hydrated oocytes and was fitted to a linear function of total length and ovary-free female weight. The number of hydrated oocytes decreased at the end of the spawning season. In addition, a decline in hydrated oocyte size and weight was also observed during this period.
Morphological study of Pagrus pagrus, Pagellus bogaraveo, and Dentex dentex (Sparidae) in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Palma J. , Andrade J.P.
Published: March 2004

Morphometric measurements were collected on red porgy, Pagrus pagrus, red seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo, and common dentex, Dentex dentex samples, from four countries along the south European Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean Sea (Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece). Multivariate statistical analysis was used to discriminate populations. Stepwise discriminant analysis yielded a reduced variable set that identified significant differences among all four countries. The overall per cent-correct classification rate for the four samples from the stepwise discriminant analysis, based on 18 adjusted morphometric characters for Pagrus pagrus samples, and 14 (for both Pagellus bogaraveo and D. dentex) samples were 99·6%, 100% and 97·9%. There was a significant degree of morphological dissimilarity between countries (samples), for each species. A clear difference was displayed between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean samples, and a geographical gradient was found for the common dentex.
Characteristics and circumstances of homicidal acts committed by offenders with schizophrenia
Authors: JOYAL C. C. , PUTKONEN A. , PAAVOLA P. , TIIHONEN J.
Published: March 2004

Background. While men with schizophrenia are at higher risk of displaying homicidal behaviours compared with the general population, very little is known about the circumstances related to the triggering of such violent acts among offenders with schizophrenia. The main goal of the present investigation was to describe the surrounding context, psychotic symptoms, target characteristics and other circumstantial factors associated with homicidal acts committed by men with schizophrenia, with or without an additional antisocial personality disorder (APD).

Method. Comprehensive clinical and research interviews, as well as multiple sources of information including reports from social workers and police officers, criminal records, witness statements and questionnaires completed by friends, acquaintances and family members were used to determine specific characteristics surrounding the homicidal acts.

Results. Overall, a significant majority of homicides were considered as the consequence of psychotic symptoms; they mostly involved someone who knew the offender; and they usually occurred in a private residence. However, the subgroup of offenders with both schizophrenia and APD were less likely to be judged as responding to psychotic symptoms; they assaulted a non-relative more frequently, and they were more likely to have used alcohol and to be involved in an altercation with the victim prior to the incident than offenders without APD.

Conclusion. Even for such extreme acts as homicides, the circumstances affecting the occurrence of violence among offenders with schizophrenia may differ when an additional APD diagnosis is present, which would have important implications for prevention and treatment programmes.
Neuroticism, a central link between somatic and psychiatric morbidity: path analysis of prospective data
Authors: NEELEMAN J. , BIJL R. , ORMEL J.
Published: March 2004

Background. Neuroticism and somatic complaints are linked, and the aim of this study is to disentangle which mechanisms may be responsible for this association.

Method. In a stratified sample of 7076 adults (18–65 years), neuroticism, 22 self-reported chronic somatic conditions and five broad CIDI-diagnosed psychiatric syndromes were assessed at baseline and, in 3625 (51%) subjects, 3 years later. Using path analysis we examined whether neuroticism has direct links with future somatic morbidity and, conversely, whether morbidity at baseline is linked with higher neuroticism later on.

Results. Neuroticism at baseline is associated with psychiatric and somatic morbidity at follow-up after 3 years (31% and 24%, respectively, are direct associations, i.e. unmediated by each other or neuroticism at follow-up and independent of morbidity at baseline). Conversely, somatic and psychiatric morbidity at baseline are associated with increased neuroticism at follow-up (27% and 15%, respectively, are direct associations).

Conclusions. Neuroticism raises risk for psychiatric and somatic morbidity but also results from them. It represents a central nexus in the process of morbidity accumulation.
The relationship between social support, depression and treatment for depression in people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: MOHR D. C. , CLASSEN C. , BARRERA M.
Published: March 2004

Background. Studies have been fairly consistent in finding a relationship between social support and depression. However, little is known about the relationship between depression and social support in the context of treatment for depression. This study examined the effects of treatment for depression on social support among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Method. Sixty-three moderately depressed MS patients received 16 weeks of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), supportive expressive group psychotherapy (SEGP) or sertraline. Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory and social support was measured using Arizona Social Support Interview Schedule.

Results. Treatment for depression was associated with significant increases in perceived social support, utilized social support and satisfaction with support, as well as reduction in need for emotional support. There were no significant changes in structural support or need for physical support. There were also no differences in change in social support across treatments. All changes in social support were fully explained by depression. Improvements in utilized social support and satisfaction with social support were fully mediated by improvements in depression. Baseline depression predicted improvements in perceived support and need for emotional support.

Conclusions. These findings suggest that improvements in social support among MS patients during treatment for depression can be explained by depression. However, different domains of social support may be differentially sensitive to changes in depression.
Clinical response augments NK cell activity independent of treatment modality: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled antidepressant trial
Authors: FRANK M. G. , HENDRICKS S. E. , BURKE W. J. , JOHNSON D. R.
Published: March 2004

Background. Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with alterations in immune function. Suppression of natural killer (NK) cell activity (NKCA) reliably characterizes immunological alterations observed in MDD. Antidepressant pharmacotherapy has been associated with modulation of NKCA. Previous investigations into antidepressant modulation of NKCA have not employed randomized double-blind placebo controlled designs. Thus, it is unknown whether treatment-associated changes in immune function are due to drug, placebo, or spontaneous remission effects. The present investigation examined the effect of antidepressant treatment on NKCA utilizing a randomized double-blind placebo controlled experimental design.

Method. Patients (N=16) met DSM-IV criteria for MDD and were randomly assigned to drug (N=8; citalopram, 20 mg/day) or placebo (N=8) under double-blind conditions. Severity and pattern of depressive symptoms were assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). NK cell function was measured using a standard chromium-release assay and NK cell number assessed by flow cytometry. HDRS scores, NK cell function, and NK cell numbers were collected at 0, 1, 2 and 4 weeks of treatment.

Results. Clinical response was associated with augmented NKCA independent of treatment condition. Failure to respond to treatment resulted in significantly reduced NKCA over treatment interval.

Conclusions. The present results suggest that alterations in the depressive syndrome, regardless of therapeutic modality, may be sufficient to modulate NKCA during antidepressant trials and thus may significantly impact on co-morbid health outcomes in MDD.
Association between childhood trauma and physical disorders among adults in the United States
Authors: GOODWIN RENEE D. , STEIN MURRAY B.
Published: March 2004

Background. The goal of this investigation was to determine the association between self-reported childhood trauma and physical disorders among adults in the United States.

Method. Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey (N=S877). Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, and childhood neglect and the likelihood of specific physical disorders among adults.

Results. Childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse and neglect were associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of a wide range of physical illnesses during adulthood. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifetime anxiety and depressive disorders, alcohol and substance dependence, and all types of trauma: results showed that childhood physical abuse was associated with increased risk of lung disease (OR=1·5 (1·1, 2·2)), peptic ulcer (OR=1·5 (1·03, 2·2)) and arthritic disorders (OR=1·5 (1·1, 2·2)); childhood sexual abuse was associated with increased risk of cardiac disease (OR=3·7 (1·5, 9·4)); and childhood neglect was associated with increased risk of diabetes (OR=2·2 (1·1, 4·4)) and autoimmune disorders (OR=4·4 (1·7, 11·6)).

Conclusions. Consistent with previous work, these results suggest that self-reported childhood trauma is associated with increased risk of a range of physical illnesses during adulthood. Future research that includes replication of these findings using prospectively assessed physical and mental disorders with objectively measured biological data using a longitudinal design, including other known risk factors for these diseases and more detailed information on specific forms of abuse, is needed to understand the potential mechanisms of these links.
Peer assessment of tertiary music performance: opportunities for understanding performance assessment and performing through experience and self-reflection
Authors: Blom Diana , Poole Kim
Published: March 2004

This paper discusses a project in which third-year undergraduate Performance majors were asked to assess their second-year peers. The impetus for launching the project came from some stirrings of discontent amongst a few students. Instead of finding the assessment of their peers a manageable task, most students found the breadth of musical focus, across a diverse range of musical styles on a wide range of instruments, daunting and difficult. Despite this, students and staff believed the task had proved valuable for learning about the assessment process itself and for understanding the performance process.
South Asian music education in Essex: an ethnography of bhangra
Authors: Poole Adrian
Published: March 2004

The general aim of this article is to explore South Asian music and culture in an educational context. The fieldwork on which it is based mainly consists of semi-structured interviews with pupils of South Asian origin (aged 11–18) who attend a secondary school in Ilford, Essex. The learning methods of South Asian musicians are considered and a detailed investigation of the socio-cultural environment in which these learning methods are related is undertaken, focusing on the role that music plays in the formation of concepts of culture, ‘identity’ and ‘place’. The majority of the musical material is drawn from the South Asian genre of bhangra, concentrating on the improvisations and rhythms of dhol players.
Lukwesa ne Ciwa – The story of Lukwesa and Iciwa: musical storytelling of the Bemba of Zambia
Authors: Ng'andu Joseph , Herbst Anri
Published: March 2004

This article describes inshimi – a musical storytelling practice of the Bemba people in Zambia. It gives a general perspective on the whole practice and some details on the ‘MUSIC’ as contained in the practice. The article further encourages the idea that inshimi represents a nucleus of the ‘MUSIC’ practices of the Bemba people and therefore plays a vital role in the transmission of musical arts practices. Embedded in musical storytelling are educational principles that could and should guide musical arts education in Africa and the rest of the world.
Editorial
Authors: COX GORDON , PITTS STEPHANIE
Published: March 2004

This issue – the first of our 21st anniversary year – has two clear themes: the teaching and learning of world musics, and the assessment of musical performance and understanding. Within these themes, the papers present accounts of research at all levels of music teaching, from nursery to higher education, and range across diverse geographical contexts: Australia, China, the UK, the USA and Zambia. There is evidence here of a wide-ranging research community in music education, which would have been hard to imagine when the British Journal of Music Education was founded in 1984.
Case studies in novel narial anatomy: 2. The enigmatic nose of moose (Artiodactyla: Cervidae: Alces alces)
Authors: Clifford Andrew B. , Witmer Lawrence M.
Published: March 2004

The facial region of moose Alces alces is highly divergent relative to other cervids and other ruminants. In particular, the narial region forms an expanded muzzle or proboscis that overhangs the mouth. The nose of moose provides a case study in the evolution of narial novelty within a phylogenetically well‐resolved group (Cervidae). The function of the nasal apparatus of moose remains enigmatic, and new hypotheses are proposed based on our anatomical findings. Head specimens of moose and outgroup taxa were subjected to medical imaging (CT scanning), vascular injection, gross anatomical dissection, gross sectioning, and skeletonization. Moose noses are characterized by highly enlarged nostrils accompanied by specialized musculature, expanded nasal cartilages, and an increase in the connective‐tissue pad serving as the termination of the alar fold. The nostrils are widely separated, and the rhinarium that encircles both nostrils in outgroups is reduced to a tiny central patch in moose. The dorsal lateral nasal cartilage is modified to form a pulley mechanism associated with the levator muscle of the upper lip. The lateral accessory nasal cartilage is enlarged and serves as an attachment site for musculature controlling the aperture of the nostril, particularly the lateralis nasi, the apical dilatators, and the rectus nasi. Bony support for narial structures is reduced. Moose show greatly enlarged nasal cartilages, and the entire osseocartilaginous apparatus is relatively much larger than in outgroups. The nasal vestibule of moose is very large and houses a system of three recesses: one rostral and one caudal to the nostrils, and one associated with the enlarged fibrofatty alar fold. As a result of the expanded nasal vestibule, osseous support for the nasal conchae (i.e. turbinates) has retracted caudally along with the bony nasal aperture. The nasoturbinate and its mucosal counterparts (dorsal nasal concha and rectal fold) are reduced. The upturned maxilloturbinate, however, is associated with an enlarged ventral nasal concha and alar fold. Moose are the only species of cervid with these particular characteristics, indicating that this anatomical configuration is indeed novel. Although functional hypotheses await testing, our anatomical findings and published behavioural observations suggest that the novel narial apparatus of moose probably has less to do with respiratory physiology than with functions pertaining specifically to the nostrils. The widely separated and laterally facing nostrils may enhance stereolfaction (i.e. extracting directional cues from gradients of odorant molecules in the environment), but other attributes of narial architecture (enlarged cartilages, specialized musculature, recesses, fibrofatty pads) suggest that this function may not have been the evolutionary driving force. Rather, these attributes suggest a mechanical function, namely, an elaborated nostril‐closing system.
Survey of the slender loris (Primates, Lorisidae Gray, 1821: Loris tardigradus Linnaeus, 1758 and Loris lydekkerianus Cabrera, 1908) in Sri Lanka
Authors: Nekaris K. A. I. , Jayewardene J.
Published: March 2004

In 2001 and 2002, surveys of slender lorises were carried out in Sri Lanka, providing the first recent information on four taxa (Loris lydekkerianus nordicus, L. l. grandis, L. tardigradus tardigradus, and L. t. nycticeboides) endemic to the island. Thirty‐one sites across five ecological zones were surveyed. Approximately 766 km were covered in 17 areas where no lorises were found; 192 km were walked or motored in 14 sites yielding 185 sightings of Loris: L. l. nordicus (n=111), L. t. tardigradus (n=69), L. l. grandis (n=4), and L. t. nycticeboides (n=1). Density estimates, based on sightings of animals/km, were: L. t. tardigradus (0.86–13 animals/km) and L. l. nordicus (0.33–50 animals/km). Significantly fewer sightings occurred within protected areas than were made outside of them. Animal densities varied across habitat type with the highest density of lorises occurring in the dry zone in monsoon forests. Presence of Loris is positively associated with insect presence, and negatively associated with primary forest with little undergrowth; taxa differ in their ability to thrive on the edge of human habitations. Human‐induced threats include habitat loss, electrocution on live wires, road accidents, the pet trade, and use in traditional medicine. Further behavioural and ecological studies are needed to estimate the habitat requirements for the different taxa of slender loris.
A comparative study of growth, skeletal development and eggshell composition in some species of birds
Authors: Blom Jonas , Lilja Clas
Published: March 2004

Some studies of birds suggest that the development of the skeleton may invoke a constraint on the rate of postnatal growth. Other studies have shown that the eggshell is the major source of calcium for skeletal development of the embryo. To test whether avian growth rate is indeed associated with different patterns of skeletal development, we compared the degree of skeletal ossification of the long bones of the wing and the leg of one slowly growing precocial species (quail Coturnix japonica) with that of two rapidly growing altricial species (starling Sturnus vulgaris and fieldfare Turdus pilaris). The degree of skeletal ossification of the long bones of the wings and legs of lines of quails that had undergone long‐term selection for high‐ and low‐growth rate, respectively, also was compared with a non‐selected control line. Next, the fine structure of the inner eggshell surface (mammillary layer) of both pre‐ and post‐incubated eggs, i.e. before and after embryonic development/calcium removal was compared. The data show that the skeleton of the more rapidly growing species and lines was less ossified than that of the more slowly growing ones. This difference appeared to be associated with different rates of calcium removal from the eggshell. Removal was more extensive in eggs of quail than in eggs of starling and fieldfare, i.e. more extensive in shells with a high number of mammillary tips per unit of surface area than in shells with a lower number. It is therefore concluded that growth rate is of fundamental importance for the pattern of skeletal development. Moreover, the mammillary density varies between different bird species, it is suggested, in order to support the different rates of calcium removal by developing embryos.
LE TRAITÉ DE THĀBIT IBN QURRA SUR LA FIGURE SECTEUR
Authors: BELLOSTA HÉLÈNE
Published: March 2004

Suscités par la reprise massive de la recherche en astronomie au IXe siècle dans le monde islamique et essentiellement à Bagdad, laquelle nécessite des outils mathématiques nouveaux, une floraison de traités, tant astronomiques que mathématiques, voit le jour à cette époque. D'entre les traités mathématiques, un certain nombre est consacré à la ‘‘figure secteur” (al-shakl al-qattā‘), c’est-à-dire au théorème dit ‘‘de Ménélaüs” sur la sphère, lequel généralise le théorème dit ‘‘de Ménélaüs” dans le plan. Ce théorème de Ménélaüs sur la sphère, ou règle des six quantités, est, en l’absence du théorème des sinus sur la sphère, lequel ne date que de la deuxième moitié du Xe siècle, le principal outil de l'astronomie sphérique. Le traité de Thābit ibn Qurra (mort en 901) sur La figure secteur est le premier de ces traités consacrés au théorème de Ménélaüs, tant dans le plan que sur la sphère, à nous être parvenu; point de départ de tout un courant, il influencera profondément le développement ultérieur de la géométrie sphérique. Ce traité, qui est en fait une épître adressée à un correspondant malheureusement anonyme, présente en outre l'intérêt de montrer que, dans le milieu scientifique de cette époque à Bagdad, beaucoup s'intéressaient à ce théorème, essayaient d'en énoncer d'autres cas de figure et de compléter la démonstration qu'en donne Ptolémée dans l'Almageste.
BAG-1 in carcinogenesis
Authors: Sharp Adam , Crabb Simon J. , Cutress Ramsey I. , Brimmell Matthew , Wang Xiu-hong , Packham Graham , Townsend Paul A.
Published: March 2004

BAG-1 is a multifunctional protein that exists as several differentially localised and functionally distinct isoforms. BAG-1 isoforms interact with a diverse array of molecular targets and regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, transcription, apoptosis, metastasis and motility. The BAG domain of BAG-1 interacts with chaperone molecules and this is considered important for many BAG-1 functions. The ability of BAG-1 to regulate such a wide variety of cellular processes suggests it might play an important role in many cancer types. For example, regulation of nuclear hormone receptor function and susceptibility to apoptosis might have a major impact on cancer development, progression and response to therapy. There is also increasing evidence that BAG-1 expression is altered in a variety of human malignancies relative to normal cells, and with further understanding of BAG-1 function it might become a powerful prognostic/predictive marker in human cancer. This review describes the structure and function of BAG-1 isoforms and the potential clinical implications of their expression in tumour cells.
Space‐time model for regional seismicity and detection of crustal stress changes
Authors: Ogata Yosihiko
Published: March 2004

The regional occurrence rate of earthquakes is modeled as a function of previous activity, the specific form of which is based on empirical laws in time and space such as the modified Omori formula and the Utsu‐Seki scaling law of aftershock area against magnitude, respectively. Its parameters, including the p‐value of the aftershock decay rate, vary from place to place in such a way that, for example, the regional p‐value at the locations around the main shock is similar to the one estimated from the corresponding individual aftershock sequence. The estimated space‐time model is used to visualize features of the regional seismic activity. The utility is demonstrated by applying the model to the events of M ≥ 5 in and around Japan for the period 1926–1995. Among the parameters of the model, this paper is particularly concerned with the normalized K‐value of the modified Omori function indicating the aftershock productivity. This takes high values around the boundaries of asperities that are estimated in the wide area off the East Coast of Tohoku District, Japan, by the inversion of historical strong motion seismograms. Furthermore, this space‐time model enables us to identify the anomalous period and regions where the actual occurrence rates deviate systematically from the modeled one. Such an anomaly (activation and quiescence) relative to the model could sensitively reveal the change of stresses in the regions. We attempt to relate this relative activation and lowering of the seismicity to the pattern of Coulomb stress changes due to a rupture or silent slip elsewhere. For example, such anomalies seen in the seismic activity in the central Japan (M ≥ 2.5) during 1995–1999 and during 2001 are respectively likely the consequence of the Coulomb stress changes due to the 1995 Kobe rupture and the interplate aseismic slip during 2001 beneath the western Tokai region.
Probing the mechanical properties of seismically active crust with space geodesy: Study of the coseismic deformation due to the 1992 Mw7.3 Landers (southern California) earthquake
Authors: Fialko Yuri
Published: March 2004

The coseismic deformation due to the 1992 Mw7.3 Landers earthquake, southern California, is investigated using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements. The ERS‐1 satellite data from the ascending and descending orbits are used to generate contiguous maps of three orthogonal components (east, north, up) of the coseismic surface displacement field. The coseismic displacement field exhibits symmetries with respect to the rupture plane that are suggestive of a linear relationship between stress and strain in the crust. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data show small‐scale deformation on nearby faults of the Eastern California Shear Zone. Some of these faults (in particular, the Calico, Rodman, and Pinto Mountain faults) were also subsequently strained by the 1999 Mw7.1 Hector Mine earthquake. I test the hypothesis that the anomalous fault strain represents essentially an elastic response of kilometer‐scale compliant fault zones to stressing by nearby earthquakes [Fialko et al., 2002]. The coseismic stress perturbations due to the Landers earthquake are computed using a slip model derived from inversions of the InSAR and GPS data. Calculations are performed for both homogeneous and transversely isotropic half‐space models. The compliant zone model that best explains the deformation on the Calico and Pinto Mountain faults due to the Hector Mine earthquake successfully predicts the coseismic displacements on these faults induced by the Landers earthquake. Deformation on the Calico and Pinto Mountain faults implies about a factor of 2 reduction in the effective shear modulus within the ∼2 km wide fault zones. The depth extent of the low‐rigidity zones is poorly constrained but is likely in excess of a few kilometers. The same type of structure is able to explain high gradients in the radar line of sight displacements observed on other faults adjacent to the Landers rupture. In particular, the Lenwood fault north of the Soggy Lake has likely experienced a few centimeters of left‐lateral motion across <1‐km‐wide compliant fault zone having the rigidity reduction of more than a factor of 2. The inferred compliant fault zones are interpreted to be a result of extensive damage due to past earthquakes.
Sensitivity of atmospheric response to modeled snow anomaly characteristics
Authors: Gong Gavin , Entekhabi Dara , Cohen Judah , Robinson David
Published: March 2004

The presence of snow over broad land surface regions has been shown to not only suppress local surface temperatures, but also influence various remote climate phenomena. However, the specific mechanisms and snow anomaly characteristics which produce this response are still not well understood. In this study, large‐ensemble general circulation model (GCM) experiments are performed to investigate the sensitivity of the atmospheric response to snow cover vs. snow depth anomalies, and the relevant surface thermodynamic processes involved. Realistic, observation‐based, autumn‐winter snow forcings over Siberia are developed and applied as model boundary conditions, to evaluate the climate response to (1) comprehensive snow forcings including snow cover and snow depth components, (2) snow cover only forcings, and (3) snow forcings in the absence of a surface albedo response. Results indicate that snow cover extent anomalies are not the only significant contributor to the local temperature response; snow depth anomalies are shown to have a comparable effect. Furthermore, the albedo effect is not the predominant thermodynamic mechanism; processes related to the insulative properties of the snowpack (e.g., thermal conductivity and latent heat flux) are also involved. Lastly, we find that realistic snow cover and snow depth anomalies acting in conjunction are required to produce a local temperature response which is strong enough to distinctly modulate the winter Arctic Oscillation (AO) mode as shown in previous studies. Such a detailed understanding of the atmospheric sensitivity to snow anomaly characteristics is beneficial for effectively utilizing any potential climate predictability contained in snow anomaly signals.
One‐dimensional photochemical study of H2O2, CH3OOH, and HCHO in the marine boundary layer during Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropics (PEM‐Tropics) B
Authors: Chang Wonil , Lee Meehye , Heikes Brian G.
Published: March 2004

This study was motivated by the discrepancies found between measurements made in the marine boundary layer during several large‐scale field campaigns and photochemical model simulations appropriate for these campaigns. Particularly for H2O2, CH3OOH, and HCHO, gaps between theories and measurements remain unresolved. The temporal and spatial distributions and behavior of these species indicate that they are subject to chemical and physical processes such as gas‐phase chemistry, scavenging by sea‐salt particles, sea‐salt aerosol chemistry involving halogen species, air‐sea gas exchange, and free troposphere‐marine boundary layer (FT‐MBL) exchange. We attempted to account for the previous disagreements and to identify dominant processes controlling the species by incorporating these processes into a single model. For this purpose, a one‐dimensional photochemical model was developed and verified against observational data from Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropics B (PEM‐Tropics B). A series of model simulations were conducted with varied chemical schemes and material boundary flux conditions. The results highlighted that two processes, FT‐to‐MBL O3 transport and dry deposition, were critical in determining the abundance of H2O2, CH3OOH, and HCHO. This study also demonstrated that gas‐phase chemistry alone with rationalized fluxes was capable of capturing the behavior of CH3OOH and HCHO. Other processes, including scavenging by sea‐salt particles and sea‐salt aerosol chemistry involving halogen species, were found to be negligible under pristine conditions of this study. There was a general agreement between the observations and calculations for O3, OH, CH3OOH, and NOx. However, there remain gaps for H2O2 and HCHO. By taking into account wet removal, the model reproduced the observation reasonably well.
Biohydrogenation of dietaryn-3 PUFA and stability of ingested vitamin E in the rumen, and their effects on microbial activity in sheep
Authors: Chikunya S. , Demirel G. , Enser M. , Wood J. D. , Wilkinson R. G. , Sinclair L. A.
Published: March 2004

The present study investigated the susceptibility of dietaryn-3 PUFA to ruminal biohydrogenation, the stability of ingested vitamin E in the rumen and the subsequent uptake of PUFA and vitamin E into plasma. Six cannulated sheep were assigned to six diets over five 33d periods, in an incomplete 6×5 Latin square. The diets, based on dried grass, were formulated to supply 50g fatty acids/kg DM using three lipid sources: Megalac®(calcium soap of palm fatty acid distillate; Volac Ltd, Royston, Herts., UK), linseed (formaldehyde-treated; Trouw Nutrition, Northwich, Ches., UK) and linseed–fish oil (formaldehyde-treated linseed+fish oil). The diets were supplemented with 100 or 500mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg DM. Fat source or level of vitamin E in the diet did not alter microbial activity in the rumen. Biohydrogenation of linoleic acid (18:3n-6; 85–90%), linolenic acid (18:3n-3; 88–93%), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; 91%) and EPA (20:5n-3; 92%) was extensive. Feeding formaldehyde-treated linseed elevated concentrations of 18:3n-3 in plasma, whilst 22:6n-3 and 20:5n-3 were only increased by feeding the linseed–fish oil blend. Duodenal recovery of ingested vitamin E was high (range 0·79–0·92mg/mg fed). High dietary vitamin E was associated with increased plasma α-tocopherol (2·57v.1·46μg/ml for 500 and 100mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg DM respectively), although all concentrations were low. Plasma vitamin E levels, however, tended to decrease as the type and quantity of PUFA in the diet increased. The present study illustrates that nutritionally beneficial PUFA in both fish and linseed oils are highly susceptible to biohydrogenation in the rumen. Although α-tocopheryl acetate resisted degradation in the rumen, plasma vitamin E status remained deficient to borderline, suggesting either that uptake may have been impaired or metabolism post-absorption increased.
Effects of dietaryn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, breed and dietary vitamin E on the fatty acids of lamb muscle, liver and adipose tissue
Authors: Demirel G. , Wachira A. M. , Sinclair L. A. , Wilkinson R. G. , Wood J. D. , Enser M.
Published: March 2004

The effect of feedingn-3 PUFA on the fatty acid composition of muscle, adipose tissue and liver of lambs was investigated. Groups of eight ram lambs per breed, Suffolk×Lleyn (24kg live weight) and Scottish Blackface (18kg live weight), were each fed one of six diets containing one of three fat sources (50g fatty acids/kg DM; Megalac® (calcium soap of palm fatty acid distillate; Volac Ltd, Royston, Herts., UK) and formaldehyde-treated whole linseed (Trouw Nutrition UK, Northwich, Ches., UK) either alone or with fish oil (1:1, w/w) and either 100 or 500mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg DM. Feed was offeredad libitumuntil slaughter at approximately half breed mature live weight. The type of dietary fat had no effect on intake, growth rate or feed conversion ratio. The 3·0-fold higher concentration of 18:3n-3 in the linseed compared with the Megalac® diet approximately doubled (P<0·001) the concentration in the neutral and polar lipid fractions of musculus semimembranosus and liver, and in adipose tissue it increased 2·5-fold. Feeding protected linseed also increased (P<0·001) concentrations of 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-3 in muscle polar lipids and both lipid fractions of liver. The linseed–fish oil raised the 20:5n-3 concentrations above those for the linseed diet and also increased 22:6n-3. Scottish Blackface lambs had lower concentrations of 18:3n-3 in all lipids compared with Suffolk x Lleyn lambs, but more 20:5n-3 in the polar lipids of muscle and liver. High levels of dietary vitamin E were associated with small decreases in the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids and increases in PUFA. Linseed raised the PUFA:saturated fatty acid ratios in liver and adipose tissue but not in muscle, and improved then-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio, as did the linseed–fish oil. Different combinations of dietary fatty acids and better protection against rumen biohydrogenation are required to improve muscle PUFA:saturated fatty acids ratios.
Influence of soya-based infant formula consumption on isoflavone and gut microflora metabolite concentrations in urine and on faecal microflora composition and metabolic activity in infants and children
Authors: Hoey Leane , Rowland Ian R. , Lloyd Antony S. , Clarke Don B. , Wiseman Helen
Published: March 2004

The urinary excretion of soya isoflavones and gut microflora metabolites was investigated in infants and children who had been fed soya-based infant formulas in early infancy. These infants and children were compared with cows'-milk formula-fed controls, to determine at what age gut microflora metabolism of daidzein to equol and/orO-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) was established, and whether exposure to isoflavones in early infancy influences their metabolism at a later stage of development. Sixty infants and children (aged 4 months–7 years) participated in the study; thirty in each of the soya and control groups. There were four age groups. These were: 4–6 months (seven in the soya group and seven in the control group); 7–12 months (seven in the soya group and nine in the control group); 1–3 years (six in the soya group and eight in the control group); 3–7 years (ten in the soya group and six in the control group). Urine samples were collected to measure isoflavonoids by MS, and faecal samples were collected to measure gut-health-related bacterial composition, by fluorescentin situhybridisation with oligonucleotide probes, and metabolic activity. A soya challenge (typically a soya yoghurt alternative product containing 4·8g soya protein and on average 22mg total isoflavones) was given to control-group infants (>6 months) and children, and also to soya-group children that were no longer consuming soya, to determine their ability to produce equol and/orO-DMA. Urinary genistein, daidzein and glycitein were detected in all infants (4–6 months) fed soya-based infant formula;O-DMA was detected in 75% of infants but equol was detected in only 25%. In the controls (4–6 months), urinary isoflavonoids were very low or not detected. In the older age groups (7 months–7 years),O-DMA was found in the urine samples of 75% of the soya group and 50% of the controls, after the soya challenge. Equol excretion was detected in 19% of the soya-group infants and children, and in only 5% of the controls. However, in the oldest (3–7 years) children, the proportion excretingO-DMA and equol was similar in both groups. Faecal bacterial numbers forbifidobacteria(P<0·001),bacteroidesandclostridia(P<0·05) were significantly lower for the soya group compared with the control group. There appears to be no lasting effect of early-life isoflavone exposure on isoflavone metabolism.
Association of adipose tissue arachidonic acid content with BMI and overweight status in children from Cyprus and Crete
Authors: Savva Savvas C. , Chadjigeorgiou Charalambos , Hatzis Christos , Kyriakakis Michael , Tsimbinos George , Tornaritis Michael , Kafatos Anthony
Published: March 2004

The relationships betweenn-3 andn-6 fatty acids in subcutaneous fat, BMI and overweight status were investigated in eighty-eight children from Crete and Cyprus. Overweight status, BMI and serum lipid levels were similar in children at both locations, but Cretan children had higher levels of total MUFA than Cypriot children (62·2 (sd 2·8) v. 52·2 (sd 2·8)% area, respectively,P<0·001) and consequently Cypriot children had higher levels of total saturated, polyunsaturated,trans,n-3 andn-6 fatty acids. Cypriot children had also higher levels of individualn-3 andn-6 fatty acids, specifically linoleic, α-linolenic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids. The variance of BMI was better explained (38·2%) by adipose tissue arachidonic acid content than any othern-3 andn-6 fatty acids. Mean levels of arachidonic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were higher in overweight and obese subjects. All obese subjects fell in the 4th quartile of arachidonic acid levels, whereas 88·9% of overweight subjects fell in the 3rd and 4th quartile of arachidonic acid. These results indicate positive associations between adipose tissue arachidonic acid and BMI and overweight status. Further research could clarify whether this association is causal.
Effect of fat replacement by inulin or lupin-kernel fibre on sausage patty acceptability, post-meal perceptions of satiety and food intake in men
Authors: Archer Bridie J. , Johnson Stuart K. , Devereux Helen M. , Baxter Amynta L.
Published: March 2004

The present study examined whether replacing fat with inulin or lupin-kernel fibre influenced palatability, perceptions of satiety, and food intake in thirty-three healthy men (mean age 52 years, BMI 27·4kg/m2), using a within-subject design. On separate occasions, after fasting overnight, the participants consumed a breakfast consisting primarily of either a full-fat sausage patty (FFP) or a reduced-fat patty containing inulin (INP) or lupin-kernel fibre (LKP). Breakfast variants were alike in mass, protein and carbohydrate content; however the INP and LKP breakfasts were 36 and 37% lower in fat and 15 and 17% lower in energy density respectively compared with the FFP breakfast. The participants rated their satiety before breakfast then evaluated patty acceptability. Satiety was rated immediately after consuming the breakfast, then over the subsequent 4·5h whilst fasting. Food consumed until the end of the following day was recorded. All patties were rated above ‘neither acceptable or unacceptable’, however the INP rated lower for general acceptability (P=0·039) and the LKP lower for flavour (P=0·023) than the FFP. The LKP breakfast rated more satiating than the INP (P=0·010) and FFP (P=0·016) breakfasts. Total fat intake was 18g lower on the day of the INP (P=0·035) and 26g lower on the day of the LKP breakfast (P=0·013) than the FFP breakfast day. Energy intake was lower (1521kJ) only on the day of the INP breakfast (P=0·039). Both inulin and lupin-kernel fibre appear to have potential as fat replacers in meat products and for reducing fat and energy intake in men.
Bovine lactoferrin reduces plasma triacylglycerol and NEFA accompanied by decreased hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol contents in rodents
Authors: Takeuchi Takashi , Shimizu Hirohiko , Ando Kunio , Harada Etsumori
Published: March 2004

In the present study we examined whether oral administration of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) reduces plasma or hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol in mice. When bLF mixed with a standard commercial diet (10g/kg) was given to mice for 4 weeks, plasma triacylglycerol and NEFA decreased, while plasma HDL-cholesterol levels increased (P<0·01). These changes in plasma lipid profiles were accompanied by significant decreases in hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol contents. When mice were fed a high-fat diet containing 300·0g lard, 10·0g cholesterol and 2·5g bovine bile powder/kg for 4 weeks, bovine LF did not have any significant effects on plasma or hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Furthermore, bLF had no significant effects on faecal excretion of total bile acids in mice. Interestingly, bLF showed a suppressive effect on the lymphatic triacylglycerol absorption in chronically treated rats. We conclude that bLF has a beneficial effect on plasma cholesterol levels and retards hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed a standard diet.