bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explorations in Animist Materialism: Notes on Reading/Writing African Literature, Culture, and Society
Authors: Garuba Harry
Published: December 2005

Harry Garuba teaches at the Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town. His recent publications include “Negotiating the(Post)Colonial Impasse: Wole Soyinka's The Lion and the Jewel and Derek Walcott's Ti-Jean and His Brothers” (English Academy Review, December 1999), “The Island Writes Back: Discourse/Power and Marginality in Wole Soyinka's The Swamp Dwellers, Derek Walcott'sThe Sea at Dauphin, and Athol Fugard's The Island”(Research in African Literatures, winter 2001), and “Mapping the Land/Body/Subject: Colo- nial and Postcolonial Geographies in African Narrative” (Alternation, 2002).
Copyrighting Che: Art and Authorship under Cuban Late Socialism
Authors: Hernández-Reguant Ariana
Published: December 2005

Ariana Hernández-Reguant is a cultural anthropologist and a postdoctoral fellow at Tulane University Stone Center for Latin American Studies.
Compulsive Gambling, Diagrammatic Reasoning, and Spacing Out
Authors: Rizzo James
Published: December 2005

James Rizzo is a graduate student in anthropology at the University of Chicago. He is completing a dissertation on compulsive gambling and the ethics of capitalism.
Degraded Images, Distorted Sounds: Nigerian Video and the Infrastructure of Piracy
Authors: Larkin Brian
Published: December 2005

Brian Larkin teaches anthropology at Barnard College. He is coeditor(with Faye Ginsburg and Lila Abu-Lughod) of Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain (2002). He writes on media and urbanization in Nigeria.
Cultures of Circulation and the Urban Imaginary: Miami as Example and Exemplar
Authors: LiPuma Edward , Koelble Thomas
Published: December 2005

Edward LiPuma is a professor of anthropology at the University of Miami special-izing in the character of globalization and its implications for politics and culture. He is the author of Encompassing Others: The Magic of Modernity in Melane-sia (2000) and the coauthor (with Benjamin Lee) of Financial Derivatives and the Globalization of Riskk (2004) and the forthcoming The Political Culture of Democracy in South Africa (with Thomas Koelble). Thomas Koelble, a political scientist, teaches in the Graduate School of Business at the University of Cape Town and studies economic globalization, democratic theory, and traditional leadership in South Africa. His publications include The Left Unraveled: SocialDemocracy and the New Left Challenge in Britain and West Germany (1991) and The Global Economy and Democracy in South Africa (1998).
Secular Sublime: Edward Said at the Israel Museum
Authors: Goldstein Kaylin
Published: December 2005

Kaylin Goldstein is a postdoctoral associate in Judaic and interdisciplinary studies at the University of Miami. She is working on a book manuscript entitled “On Display: The Politics of Museums in Israeli Society.”
The Brookfields Hotel (Freetown, Sierra Leone)
Authors: Hoffman Danny
Published: December 2005

Danny Hoffman teaches in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Washington. His current research is on the Kamajor militia movement and its involvement in the civil war in Sierra Leone.
Classifying Diabetes; or, Commensurating Bodies of Unequal Experience
Authors: Rock Melanie
Published: December 2005

Melanie Rock is an assistant professor in the Department of Community Health Sciences at the University of Calgary. She also is affiliated with the Department of Anthropology and the Faculty of Social Work at the University of Calgary as well as with the Groupe de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Santé at the Université de Montréal. Her current work focuses on social inequality and health knowledges, particularly as manifested in the politics of canine diabetes.
The Billboard Campaign: The Los Alamos Study Group and the Nuclear Public Sphere
Authors: Masco Joseph , Masco Joseph
Published: December 2005

Joseph Masco is an assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago. He is the author of the forthcoming book The Nuclear Borderlands: The Manhattan Project in Post–Cold War New Mexico.
“No Cold or Empty Heart”: Polygenesis, Scientific Professionalization, and the Unfinished Business of Male Sentimentalism
Authors: NELSON DANA D.
Published: December 2005

dana d. nelson is Professor of English and Social Theory at the University of Kentucky. She is currently co-editing two projects,Materializing Democracy with Russ Castronovo, and a special issue ofAmerican Literature on “Violence, the Body and `The South'” with Houston Baker.
Who's Afraid of the Cultural Turn?
Authors: ARMSTRONG NANCY
Published: December 2005

nancy armstrong is Nancy Duke Lewis Professor of Comparative Literature, English, Modern Culture and Media, and Women's Studies at Brown University. She is author of Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel (Oxford University Press, 1987), The Imaginary Puritan: Literature, Intellectual Labor, and the Origins of Personal Life(with Leonard Tennenhouse) (University of California Press, 1992), andFiction in the Age of Photography: The Legacy of British Realism(Harvard University Press, 1999). This essay is a curious digression from her current book project, which has to do with the way novels write us and we in turn read them.
“Love Scattered, Not Concentrated Love”: Bernadette Mayer'sSonnets
Authors: SPAHR JULIANA
Published: December 2005

juliana spahr is an assistant professor at the University of Hawai'i, Manoa. Her fi rst book of poems, Response, appeared in 1996 as a winner of the National Poetry Series. Her scholarly book, Everybody's Autonomy, was published by University of Alabama Press earlier this year. She is coeditor, with Jena Osman, of the annual journal Chain, now on its eighth issue.
The Primitive Subject of Female Bodybuilding: Transgression and Other Postmodern Myths
Authors: IAN MARCIA
Published: December 2005

marcia ian is Associate Professor of English at Rutgers University, New Brunswick. She has most recently published, “Who Ate My Baby? Crimes of the Oral Father” in Studies in Gender and Sexuality, and “The Unholy Family: From Satanism to the Chronos Complex” in jpcs: Journal of the Association for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society. “Immaculate Conceptions:Henry James and the Private Sphere” is forthcoming in The Henry James Review. She is currently at work on a book entitled, America the “Secular”: The James Family and Others.
“The Right to Be Lonely”
Authors: RILEY DENISE
Published: December 2005

denise riley is Reader in the School of English and American Studies at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. Her most recent books are The Words of Selves: Identification, Solidarity, Irony (Stanford University Press, 2000) and Denise Riley: Selected Poems (Reality Street Editions, London, 2000).
Is Kinship Always Already Heterosexual?
Authors: BUTLER JUDITH
Published: December 2005

judith butler is Maxine Elliott Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at the University of California at Berkeley. Her most recent book is Antigone's Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death(Columbia University Press, 2000).
Sexual Events: From Clarence Thomas to Monica Lewinsky
Authors: FASSIN ERIC
Published: December 2005

Translated by James Swenson

eric fassin is a sociologist (Professeur agrégé) in the Social Sciences Department of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. Recent articles include feminist discussions of the anthropology of kinship (in L'Homme) and reproduction (in Le journal des anthropologues), and of Foucault's sexual politics of consent (in Prochoix). He coedited with Daniel Borrillo Au-delà du PaCS (puf: Paris, 1999) and is currently completing Same Sex, Different Politics: Comparative Politics of Gay Marriage, France and the United States (forthcoming, Duke University Press and Fayard, Paris).

james swenson teaches French at Rutgers University. He is the author of On Jean-Jacques Rousseau Considered as One of the First Authors of the Revolution (Stanford University Press, 2000) and translator of books and articles by Etienne Balibar, Jacques Rancière, and Jacques Lacan, among others.
Women, Boys, and the Paradigm of Athenian Pederasty
Authors: KONSTAN DAVID
Published: December 2005

david konstan is the John Rowe Workman Distinguished Professor of Classics and Professor of Comparative Literature at Brown University. Among his recent books are Sexual Symmetry: Love in the Ancient Novel and Related Genres (Princeton University Press, 1994), Greek Comedy and Ideology (Oxford University Press, 1995), Friendship in the Classical World (Cambridge University Press, 1997), and Pity Transformed(Duckworth, 2001). He is currently working on a book titled The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks.
Female Peristalsis
Authors: WALTON JEAN
Published: December 2005

jean walton is Associate Professor of English at the University of Rhode Island. She is the author of Fair Sex, Savage Dreams: Race,Psychoanalysis, Sexual Difference (Duke University Press, 2001), and is currently writing a book-length study of gender and peristalsis.
Animal Relatives, Difficult Relations
Authors: SMITH BARBARA HERRNSTEIN
Published: December 2005

barbara herrnstein smith is Braxton Craven Professor of Comparative Literature and English and Director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Science and Cultural Theory at Duke University,and Distinguished Professor of English at Brown University. Her recent publications include Belief and Resistance: Dynamics of Contemporary Intellectual Controversy (Harvard University Press, 1997) and“Cutting-Edge Equivocation: Conceptual Moves and Rhetorical Strategies in Contemporary Anti-Epistemology” (South Atlantic Quarterly101 [2002]). Her contribution to this issue is part of a work in progress titled Scandalous Knowledge: Science, Truth, and the Human.
Our Animal Cousins
Authors: RITVO HARRIET
Published: December 2005

harriet ritvo is the Arthur J. Conner Professor of History at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She has written widely on the history of human-animal relations, including The Platypus and the Mermaid and Other Figments of the Classifying Imagination (Harvard University Press, 1997) and The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Harvard University Press, 1987). She is working on a book about Victorian environmental history.
The Tradition Effect: Framing Honor Crimes in Turkey
Authors: KOGACIOGLU DICLE
Published: December 2005

dicle kogacioglu is currently a post-doctoral fellow at the Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women at Brown University. As a sociologist of law, her research interests are postcolonial and feminist socio-legal studies. She will assume a post as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Sabanci University, Istanbul, in the fall of 2004.
Narrating Feminism: The Woman Question in the Thinking of an African Radical
Authors: ABUSHARAF ROGAIA MUSTAFA
Published: December 2005

rogaia mustafa abusharaf is a fellow at the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard, and a senior fellow at the Center for the Study of World Religions, Harvard Divinity School. She is the author of Wanderings: Sudanese Migrants and Exiles in North America (Cornell University Press, 2002) and the editor ofFemale Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives (University of Pennsylvania Press, forthcoming 2004), in addition to numerous journal articles and anthologized essays. She teaches anthropology at Tufts.
Feminism, Fiction, and the Utopian Promise ofDracula
Authors: ARMSTRONG NANCY
Published: December 2005

nancy armstrong is Nancy Duke Lewis Professor of English,Comparative Literature, Modern Culture and Media, and Gender Studies at Brown University. She is the editor of the journal Novel: A Forum on Fiction, coeditor of the Oxford University Encyclopedia of British Literary History, and author of Desire and Domestic Fiction(Oxford University Press, 1987), The Imaginary Puritan (University of California Press, 1992), Fiction in the Age of Photography (Harvard University Press, 2000), and How Novels Think (Columbia University Press, 2005). This essay is based on the last chapter of her forthcoming book.
Speechless in Austen
Authors: NUNOKAWA JEFF
Published: December 2005

jeff nunokawa is Professor of English at Princeton University. His most recent book is Tame Passions of Wilde: Styles of Manageable Desire. He is currently at work on a study tentatively entitled“Eros and Isolation: Getting Away from Others in Victorian Literature.”
Obscure Gifts: On Jacques Derrida
Authors: CHEAH PHENG
Published: December 2005

pheng cheah teaches in the Rhetoric Department at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of Inhuman Conditions:Cosmopolitanism and Human Rights in the Current Global Conjuncture(Harvard University Press, 2006) and Spectral Nationality: Passages of Freedom from Kant to Postcolonial Literatures of Liberation (Columbia University Press, 2003) and the coeditor of Grounds of Comparison: Around the Work of Benedict Anderson (Routledge, 2003) and Cosmopolitics:Thinking and Feeling beyond the Nation (University of Minnesota Press,1998). He is currently working on a manuscript on financialization, human rights, and the inhuman for Harvard University Press.
Derrida and Feminism: A Remembrance
Authors: GROSZ ELIZABETH
Published: December 2005

elizabeth grosz teaches in the Women's and Gender Studies Department at Rutgers University. She is the author most recently of two books exploring the political implications of our received conceptions of time:The Nick of Time. Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely (Duke University Press, 2004); and Time Travels. Feminism, Nature, Power(Duke University Press, 2005).
Jackboot Nation Building: The West Brings “Democracy” to Bosnia
Authors: Carpenter Galen Ted
Published: December 2005

Ted Galen Carpenter is vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute in Washington, D.C.
A Bad Show? The United States and the 1974 Cyprus Crisis
Authors: Slengesol Ivar-André
Published: December 2005

Ivar-André Slengesol is a consultant to the World Bank.
The Horn of Africa: Another Humanitarian Crisis?
Authors: Dagne Theodros
Published: December 2005

Theodros Dagne is associate editor of Mediterranean Quarterly and an analyst with the Congressional Research Service.
In Defense of the Westphalian State: From Kosovo to Kashmir
Authors: Jha Prem Shankar
Published: December 2005

Prem Shankar Jha is former editor of the Hindustan Times and India correspondent for the Economist.
U.s. Missile Defenses and Europe
Authors: Weinrod W. Bruce
Published: December 2005

W. Bruce Weinrod is an attorney and international business advisor in Washington, D.C. From 1989 until 1993, he served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for European and NATO Policy.
“Rogue States” and NMD/TMD: Policies in Search of a Rationale?
Authors: Ahrari M. Ehsan
Published: December 2005

M. Ehsan Ahrari is professor of national security and strategy at the Joint Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia.
Nunn-Lugar—A Tool for the New U.S.-Russian Strategic Relationship
Authors: Lugar Richard
Published: December 2005

Richard Lugar, Republican of Indiana, is a member of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
Sudan: Living in Terror
Authors: Wolf Frank R.
Published: December 2005

Frank R. Wolf, Republican of Virginia, is a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Challenging the Future: On Building a Culture of Confidence and Partnership in the Euro-Mediterranean
Authors: Liotta P. H.
Published: December 2005

P. H. Liotta is the Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College. He wishes to thank James F. Miskel of the Naval War College for insightful readings of earlier drafts.
EU Enlargement: Implications for Europe, Cyprus, and the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Vassiliou George
Published: December 2005

George Vassiliou was president of the Republic of Cyprus from 1988 to 1993. He is currently the head of the Republic of Cyprus negotiating team for accession to the European Union.
Decision Making in Russia
Authors: Staar Richard F.
Published: December 2005

Richard F. Staar is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution on War,Revolution, and Peace at Stanford University and the author of The New Military in Russia.
The Bush “Vision” for Palestine: Realistic or Apocalyptic?
Authors: Veliotes Nicholas A.
Published: December 2005

Nicholas A. Veliotes is a former assistant secretary of state for the Near East and South Asia, ambassador to Egypt and Jordan, and chargéd'affaires in Israel.
The Death of the Oslo Accords: Israeli Security Options in the Post-Arafat Era
Authors: Celso Anthony N.
Published: December 2005

Anthony N. Celso is assistant professor of government and history at Valley Forge Military College.
NATO after Prague and Copenhagen
Authors: Weinrod W. Bruce
Published: December 2005

W. Bruce Weinrod is a Washington attorney. He served as deputy assistant secretary of defense forEuropean and NATO policy from 1989 until 1993.
Turkish-Bulgarian Relations: From Conflict and Distrust to Cooperation over Minority Issues and International Politics
Authors: Bishku Michael B.
Published: December 2005

Michael B. Bishku is associate professor of history at Augusta State University, Georgia.
The Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Zone: Prospects and Possibilities
Authors: Siousiouras Petros
Published: December 2005

Petros Siousiouras is a lecturer in international relations at Aegean University, Rhodes, and a scientific consultant at the Institute of International Relations, Panteion University, Athens.
The Challenge of Terrorism and Organized Crime
Authors: Angjeli Anastas
Published: December 2005

Anastas Angjeli is professor of finance at the University of Tirana and a member of the Albanian National Assembly. He is a former minister of finance.
Dangerous Deviations from Judaism: Islamic and Christian Fanaticism
Authors: Evangeliou Christos C.
Published: December 2005

Christos C. Evangeliou is professor of philosophy at Towson University and author of several books on classical Greek philosophy, including The Hellenic Philosophy: Between Europe, Asia and Africa.
Parliaments and Civil Society Cooperation in the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
Authors: Pace Roderick , Stavridis Stelios , Xenakis Dimitris K.
Published: December 2005

Roderick Pace is director of the European Documentation and Research Centre at the University of Malta. Stelios Stavridis holds an Onassis Foundation Fellowship at the Hellenic Centre for European Studies in Athens and is honorary fellow in the Hellenic Observatory of the LSE European Institute in London. Dimitris K. Xenakis is strategic analyst at the Defense Analysis Institute in Athens. He holds an honorary research fellowship from the Department of Politics at the University of Exeter and teaches international relations and Euro-Mediterranean politics in the Department of Political Science at the University of Crete. The views expressed here do not necessarily coincide with those of any of the above institutions.
Perspectives of a Prospective NATO Member
Authors: Pascu Ioan Mircea
Published: December 2005

Ioan Mircea Pascu is minister of defense of Romania.
The Clash of Ideologies
Authors: Schifter Richard
Published: December 2005

Richard Schifter has held senior foreign policy positions in the US government, including assistant secretary of state for human rights and humanitarian affairs.
Small Arms and Regional Security in the Western Mediterranean:reflections on European Views
Authors: Haqhaqi Jaouad
Published: December 2005

Jaouad Haqhaqi is a doctoral candidate in the Department of PoliticalStudies at Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, and is affiliatedwith the Center for Peace and Disarmament at the Liu Institute for GlobalIssues, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Christians and the Classics: War against Reason
Authors: Vallianatos Evaggelos G.
Published: December 2005

Evaggelos G. Vallianatos is visiting professor of agrarian policy and the global environment at the Department of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Maryland.
Immigration and Its Impacts in Switzerland
Authors: Afonso Alexandre
Published: December 2005

Alexandre Afonso is a teaching and research assistant at the Institute of Political and International Studies, University of Lausanne.
The Politics of Immigration: Why Spain Is Different
Authors: Encarnación Omar G.
Published: December 2005

Omar G. Encarnación is associate professor of politics at Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.
The Black Sea Region in an Enlarged Europe: Changing Patterns, Changing Politics
Authors: Maior George Cristian , Matei Mihaela
Published: December 2005

George Cristian Maior is state secretary for defense policy for Romania. Mihaela Matei is head of the strategic affairs directorate, Romanian Ministry of Defense.
The Muslims in France and the French Model of Integration
Authors: Maillard Dominique
Published: December 2005

Dominique Maillard is vice dean in charge of international relations and currently teaches at the University of Paris XII-Val de Marne.
Multilateralism, Multipolarity, and Regionalism: The French Foreign Policy Discourse
Authors: Bowen Norman
Published: December 2005

Norman Bowen is associate professor of political science at the California State University-Hayward and director of the university's International Studies Program.
The Mediterranean Region: Reality, Delusion, or Euro-Mediterranean Project?
Authors: Moulakis Athanasios
Published: December 2005

Athanasios Moulakis is director of the Institute of Mediterranean Studies,University of Lugano, Switzerland.
Security, Donors' Interests, and Education Policy Making in Egypt
Authors: Sayed Fatma H.
Published: December 2005

Fatma H. Sayed is an academic at the European University Institute,Florence, Italy, specializing in development assistance, policy analysis, and governance in the Euro-Mediterranean region and a consultant to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Development.
Greeks Bearing Consensus: Suggestions for Increasing Greece's Soft Power in the West
Authors: Klarevas Louis
Published: December 2005

Louis Klarevas is assistant professor of political science at the City University of New York-College of Staten Island and associate fellow of the European Institute at the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Containing Kosovo
Authors: Bardos Gordon N.
Published: December 2005

Gordon N. Bardos is assistant director of the Harriman Institute at Columbia University.
Imagining Europe: Symbolic Geography and the Future
Authors: Liotta P. H.
Published: December 2005

P. H. Liotta is professor of humanities at Salve Regina University and executive director of the Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy.
Iran's Nuclear Controversy: Prospects for a Diplomatic Solution
Authors: El-Khawas Mohamed A.
Published: December 2005

Mohamed A. El-Khawas is professor of history and political science at the University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC. He is the author of several books and numerous articles on the Middle East.
A Chronicle of Changing Clothes
Authors: Chang Eileen
Published: December 2005

Translated by Andrew F. Jones
The Year 1989 and the Historical Roots of Neoliberalism in China
Authors: Hui Wang
Published: December 2005

Translated by Rebecca E. Karl
An Essential Philosophical Thesis: “It Is Right to Rebel against the Reactionaries”
Authors: Badiou Alain
Published: December 2005

Translated by Alberto Toscano
New and Economical Mixing Method of Cement-Admixed Clay for DMM Application
Authors: Lorenzo GA , Bergado DT , Soralump S
Published: December 2005

The results of unconfined compression and oedometer compression tests confirmed the existence of optimum mixing clay water content for economical and efficient mixing of cement and clay for deep mixing method (DMM) application. A concept supporting the existence of optimum mixing clay water content is presented, and a schematic diagram idealizing the clay-water-air-cement interactions is illustrated. The optimum mixing clay water content (Cw,opt) is defined as the total clay water content of the clay-water-cement mixture that would yield the highest possible improvement in strength of cured cement-admixed clay. Based on the test results presented, the Cw,opt would fall near the liquid limit of the base clay. Significantly, at this optimum mixing water content, only 10% cement by weight is needed instead of the corresponding 17 % in the conventional method of mixing, with consequent 40 % reduction of cement content and cost.
Effect on Measured Shear Strength of Wedge Shear Box Spacing
Authors: Mirata T , Filiz E
Published: December 2005

The prismatic wedge shear test (priswest) is a relatively new test that enables the shear strength of gravels and crushed rock to be measured rapidly, using a portable frame and other simple devices. In testing which of the different methods of analysis for the wedge shear test is the more reliable for gravels, tests had previously been performed on 5–20 mm gravel with different spacing between the two halves of the priswest box; the method giving the more consistent results was proposed as the more reliable, based on the implicit assumption that as the spacing increased, the measured strength would remain constant. The present study was aimed at checking this assumption by investigating the effect on measured strength of the box spacing. No significant effect was observed.
A Large Biaxial Shear Box for Shaking Table Test on Saturated Sand
Authors: Ueng T-S , Wang M-H , Chen M-H , Chen C-H , Peng L-H
Published: December 2005

A large flexible laminar shear box was developed for the study of the behavior of saturated sand, especially liquefaction, and soil-structure interactions under two-dimensional earthquake shaking on a shaking table at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) in Taiwan. The shear box is composed of 15 layers of aluminum alloy inner and outer frames with a specimen size of 1880 by 1880 by 1520 mm. The soil at various depths inside the shear box can move, without torsion, according to the two-dimensional wave action induced by the shaking table. The sand specimen inside the shear box is prepared by the wet sedimentation method from a large pluviation device. Instruments are installed to measure the displacements, accelerations, and water pressures at various locations. Shaking table tests of the laminar shear box with and without a sand specimen were conducted. The test results showed that the performance of the biaxial laminar box and the instrumentation are satisfactory.
A Study on Properties of Foamed-Asphalt-Treated Mixes
Authors: Chiu CT , Lewis AJN
Published: December 2005

From both economical and ecological points of view, cold recycling is much more beneficial than hot recycling. However, due to not only the intrinsic properties of binding mechanisms but also the difficulties of process control, cold recycling did not gain common acceptance in Taiwanese paving industries. For the further development of environment-friendly paving materials and construction processes, this particular study investigated the engineering properties of foamed-asphalt-treated bases in Taiwan. Using a laboratory foaming plant, work was performed on local materials to produce foamed-asphalt-treated cold mixtures. The engineering properties of foamed-asphalt-treated mixes were tested and compared with those of hot recycled mixes. Test results show the benefits of utilizing high percentages (80%) of milled asphalt in foamed asphalt mixes. The optimum asphalt content of foamed asphalt mixes can be reduced from 3.5 to 2.0%, which is less than the mixes consisting of all new aggregate, and the moisture resistance of the mixture is enhanced. Resilience modulus and fatigue data show that foamed-asphalt-treated mixes perform as well as hot recycled mixes.
Utilization of Steel Slag Aggregate for Road Bases
Authors: Aiban SA
Published: December 2005

Industrial wastes and byproducts have to be disposed off properly so that their environmental impacts are minimized. Alternatively, some of these materials can be utilized in recycling processes, manufacturing of new products, or as construction materials. This paper presents an effective way of utilizing the steel slag aggregate (SSA), which is a byproduct of the steel manufacturing process, in road construction. A comprehensive study was conducted to characterize SSA and determine the potential for its use in road bases. Testing results indicated that SSA is an environmentally safe product and has physical and chemical properties that make it an excellent candidate for road base construction. Laboratory and field data have shown the superior performance of SSA over the locally available calcareous sediments. The resulting California Bearing Ratio values are doubled and the water sensitivity is much less when using SSA instead of the local calcareous material.
On the Anomaly of Cumulative Erosion and Abrasion-Time Curves
Authors: Meged Y
Published: December 2005

Erosion and abrasion-time curves of laboratory tests are of various forms. Most of these curves have a typical form, and are considered to be representative of erosion and abrasion phenomena. Other curves are considered anomalous; however, no definite explanations are offered for these irregularities. Analysis of the anomalous curves enables detection of the causes for these anomalies. The main causes detected for curve shape variation are: faulty test equipment, improper test procedure, variation in test specimen structure and properties, and wrong evaluation of test results.
Experimental Determination of Fatigue Crack Closure in 316 (N) Weld Using a Global CMOD Method
Authors: Johan Singh P , Mannan SL
Published: December 2005

The crack closure phenomenon is important in order to assess the fatigue crack growth. Hence, the accurate measurement of the opening load of the crack is essential for the determination of the effective stress intensity factor range (ΔKeff). The crack opening or closing point is commonly measured from load-displacement or load-differential displacement records. In spite of much effort devoted to the measurement and interpretation of closure, there seems to be no accurate method for evaluating the crack closure loads. This paper describes a “global crack mouth opening displacement” (GCMOD) method for the measurement of crack opening load on CT specimens. The crack opening load was determined from the change in the slope of the load versus displacement curve and is used to characterize closure loads in 316 (N) austenitic stainless steel weld at different a/W ratios during fatigue testing. A good correlation was obtained for ΔKeff/ΔK=−0.265 (a/W)+0.590 (for R=0.1) in the range 0.35 ≤a/W≤0.55. The loading-unloading hysteresis is clearly observed. Experimental results indicate that the closure load is almost independent of the crack lengths.
Application of 3D Laser Scanning on Measuring Pavement Roughness
Authors: Chang J-R , Chang K-T , Chen D-H
Published: December 2005

This study evaluates the use of 3D laser scanning technology to measure pavement roughness. Three 100 m test sections, ranging from smooth to very rough (with apparent cracks, areas of distress, and manholes) were selected to investigate the capability of the 3D laser scanning technology. Rod and level surveys were conducted to establish the reference profile for each test section. In addition, Multiple Laser Profiler (MLP) was employed to measure the multiple paths of each test section. Results from multiple paths of 3D laser scanning were compared with those from MLP and rod and level surveys. The 100 m reference profiles indicate similar results between the 3D laser scanning and rod and level survey. With 95% confidence, the statistical paired-samples T-test indicates that there is no significant variation between the results from rod and level surveys and 3D laser scanning. The data include IRI from 2.83 to 13.15 m/km such that they represent a wide spectrum of pavement conditions. The coefficient of correlation (R2) between the MLP and 3D laser scanning from 20 longitudinal profiles is 0.99. The 3D laser scanning is a static method and thus the data do not have to be filtered and therefore there is no associated cut-off wavelength problem. Based on the results gathered, the 3D laser scanner is able to collect reliable profile data and has high potential to be used as a QC/QA tool for construction acceptance. Through 3D laser scanning technology, pavement engineers are able to visualize the pavement roughness covering the entire pavement width in unprecedented detail that consists of extremely rich and accurate point-cloud data.
Survival of Postlarval Macrobrachium rosenbergii at Two Temperatures
Authors: Ortega-Salas A A , Arana-Magallón F C
Published: December 2005

Postlarvae of the giant Malaysian prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii were reared for a 120-d period under laboratory conditions at 20°C and 33°C to calculate survival. Ninety-six 50-d-old postlarvae were stocked in eight 70-L aquaria. A balanced commercial feed containing 40% protein was supplied daily at 20% to 9% of body weight during the first 2 months and at 5% to 3% of body weight during the final 2 months. Live brine shrimp Artemia franciscana were also provided as a supplemental food (10 organisms/L). Survival was 81% at 33°C and 67% at 20°C. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001) throughout the study period. Basic knowledge of rearing requirements under artificial conditions will be important for the production of juveniles as stock for large-scale prawn culture.
Effects of Smallmouth Buffalo and Potassium Permanganate Treatment on Plankton and Pond Water Quality
Authors: Mischke Charles C , Wise David J , Steeby James A , Zimba Paul V
Published: December 2005

There is recent interest in using smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus bubalus and treatment with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to control Dero digitata, the aquatic oligochaete host involved in the life cycle of proliferative gill disease. To complement those investigations, we determined the changes in water quality, phytoplankton, and zooplankton resulting from KMnO4 treatment and stocking of smallmouth buffalo into nursery ponds for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus; we did not evaluate the attendant control effectiveness on Dero spp. Stocking buffalo at a rate of 75/ha in nursery ponds did not cause changes in water quality, nutrients, or zooplankton concentrations. Ponds treated with KMnO4 (applied at 57 g/ha when partially filled to about 30 cm deep) contained higher total dissolved solids (230 mg/L) than untreated ponds (204 mg/L). Phytoplankton and zooplankton concentrations in the KMnO4 ponds increased 2−5 weeks after application compared with the control ponds. The observed changes in KMnO4 ponds may be related to nutrient regeneration through oxidation by KMnO4 or may indicate that potassium is a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton in these ponds. The increase in green algae, diatoms, and copepods would be beneficial to catfish fry culture because these algae blooms are desirable over cyanobacteria blooms and copepods are a preferred food resource of catfish fry.
Use of Cottonseed Meal in Aquatic Animal Diets: A Review
Authors: Li Menghe H , Robinson Edwin H
Published: December 2005

Cottonseed meal is a plant protein source that is abundant in most parts of the world, relatively high in protein, and generally less expensive per unit of protein than soybean meal. It is highly palatable and readily digested by most aquatic animals, though generally not as digestible as soybean meal. Its use in aquaculture feeds may be limited because of the potential toxic effects of free gossypol and its relatively low available lysine and methionine content. However, depending on economics, the protein quality of cottonseed meal can be improved by supplementing it with lysine or both lysine and methionine. Also, the concentrations of free gossypol in diets containing significant levels of cottonseed meal are typically below the levels that are detrimental to many aquatic animals. However, even as a partial replacement of soybean meal, cottonseed meal has generally been used at relatively low levels in aquatic animal diets, partially because the safe levels of cottonseed meal appear to differ for various fish and crustaceans. Although some cultured aquatic species can tolerate relatively high dietary levels of cottonseed meal, its use will probably continue to be limited to about 10–15% of their diets. Although this is largely related to the higher nutritive value of soybean meal, it is, to a lesser degree, because of the variation of free gossypol levels in various sources of the meal and the potential toxic effects of gossypol on certain aquatic animals. However, when market conditions are favorable, the use of cottonseed meal will increase because some aquatic animals are largely unaffected by free gossypol, and for them cottonseed meal can lower rearing costs.
Un-ionized Ammonia Exposure in Nile Tilapia: Toxicity, Stress Response, and Susceptibility to Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: Evans Joyce J , Pasnik David J , Brill Gregg C , Klesius Phillip H
Published: December 2005

A series of experiments were conducted to determine the toxicity, behavior, blood glucose stress response, and disease susceptibility in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following un-ionized ammonia (UIA) exposure. The acute toxicity of un-ionized ammonia to Nile tilapia was measured in a 96-h static test. The median lethal concentration (LC50) was 1.46 mg/L UIA at 24 and 48 h postexposure, 1.33 mg/L at 72 h postexposure, and 0.98 mg/L at 96 h postexposure. No mortalities were noted in unexposed (0 mg/L) control fish or fish exposed to 0.5 mg/L UIA. However, 93–100% mortalities were observed within 24 h among fish exposed to 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 mg/L UIA. In additional UIA exposure experiments, Nile tilapia were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.32–0.37 mg/L UIA) for 24 h and then administered an intraperitoneal injection with 750 colony-forming units (CFU) of Streptococcus agalactiae per fish. Mortalities of UIA-exposed and control fish were not significantly different 21 d postchallenge. Blood glucose levels were not significantly different between exposed and control fish 24 h after the beginning of UIA exposure or between preexposure fish and 24-h postexposure fish. Glucose levels in both groups increased significantly after UIA exposure and subsequent bacterial challenge, suggesting that Nile tilapia experienced handling or infection stress and not necessarily UIA exposure stress alone. During a time course study with 24-h UIA exposure, sequential blood glucose samples indicated acute stress responses 1–4 h postexposure that decreased by 24 h postexposure. The results of this study indicate that exposure to increased UIA concentrations alone had acute, transient effects on stress responses in Nile tilapia and that 24-h exposure to sublethal UIA concentrations up to 0.37 mg/L did not increase susceptibility to S. agalactiae.
Development of a mechanistic model for geosynthetic-reinforced flexible pavements
Authors: Kwon J. , Tutumluer E. , Kim M.
Published: December 2005

Geogrids and geotextiles enhance the performance and design of flexible pavements by providing geosynthetic reinforcement to the pavement structure. The structural performance of a layered pavement system is improved through the use of geogrids and high-strength geotextiles as base and sub-base reinforcement. Based on the finite element methodology, a non-linear mechanistic model was developed and utilized to investigate the structural benefit provided by geosynthetic reinforcement. The non-linear mechanistic model was employed to compare responses predicted from isotropic and cross-anisotropic characterizations of the granular base layer in unreinforced and geosynthetic-reinforced conventional flexible pavements. Results indicated that the use of a high-stiffness geogrid reinforcement typically reduced critical pavement responses, computed due to traffic loading and used primarily in mechanistic-based pavement thickness design. Higher percentage reductions in critical pavement responses, and thus increased geogrid reinforcement benefits, were often realized from the cross-anisotropic base characterization. Another indicator of this benefit was the computed stiffening of the granular base and subgrade layers, which could be demonstrated by the small modulus increases in the vicinity of the geogrid reinforcement.
Strengthening the Prevention of Periodontal Disease: The WHO Approach
Authors: Petersen Poul Erik , Ogawa Hiroshi
Published: December 2005

Background: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the burden of periodontal disease in adult populations worldwide, to emphasize the essential risk factors common to periodontal disease and chronic diseases, to outline important new strategies for effective prevention of periodontal disease, and to inform about the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in developing a national capacity for the prevention of disease.

Methods: Information about periodontal health status as measured by the Community Periodontal Index system is stored in the WHO Global Oral Health Data Bank. Updated information concerning WHO standard age groups was used to describe the prevalence rates of signs of periodontal disease, i.e., gingival bleeding, periodontal pocketing, and loss of attachment.

Results: Gingival bleeding is highly prevalent among adult populations in all regions of the world; advanced disease with deep periodontal pockets (≥6 mm) affects ∼10% to 15% of adults worldwide. The available evidence shows that important risk factors for periodontal disease relate to poor oral hygiene, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, and diabetes mellitus. Integrated preventive strategies based on the common risk factors approach are recommended for public health practice.

Conclusions: The vast majority of countries need to establish a surveillance system for measuring progress in the control of periodontal disease and promotion of oral health. WHO has designed approaches for the integration of oral disease prevention within the prevention of non‐communicable chronic diseases, and global strategies are currently being implemented in all regions of the world.
Identification of the Difference in Extracellular Matrix and Adhesion Molecules of Cultured Human Gingival Fibroblasts Versus Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis Gingival Fibroblasts Using cDNA Microarray Analysis
Authors: Hakki Sema S. , Balci Banu , Hakki Erdogan E. , Yilmaz Engin , Nohutcu Rahime M.
Published: December 2005

Background: A difference from the normal range in collagen profile and perivascular hyaline deposition in the dermis and gingiva has been demonstrated histopathologically in juvenile hyaline fibromatosis (JHF), which is an autosomal recessive disease. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanism of gingival overgrowth in JHF, and to observe differences in the expression of genes regulating extracellular matrix organization.

Methods: Human gingival fibroblasts (GF) were obtained from individuals who have clinically healthy gingival tissue. JHF‐GF were obtained from a patient who underwent a gingivectomy. Cultured fibroblast cells were examined visually using a phase contrast microscope. Total RNA from both cell types was isolated, and after biotin‐deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) labeling of cDNA, hybridization was performed with a pathway‐specific gene expression profiling array membrane. Extracellular matrix (ECM) and adhesion molecule (AM) mRNA expressions in GF and JHF‐GF were analyzed, and microarray data on genes modulating ECM remodeling were confirmed with reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

Results: Cell morphology differences were observed between fibroblast types. Although type I collagen gene expression levels were almost the same, decreased type IV collagen expression was noted in JHF‐GF versus GF. Decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and increased tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) transcripts were noted in JHF‐GF versus GF. Increased fibronectin and decreased laminin mRNA expression were observed in JHF‐GF when compared to GF. The present findings suggest that GF and JHF‐GF differ not only morphologically but also in the expression level of ECM and AM genes involving connective tissue turnover and remodeling.

Conclusions: Results from these analyses may be helpful to clarify the nature of overgrowth mechanisms, especially regarding enzymes and their inhibitors. This information is important in understanding the remodeling of ECM. The gingival overgrowth that is observed in JHF patients may be explained by a decreased level of MMPs and increased blockage of MMPs with TIMPs.
Cytokine Profiles in Peripheral Blood and Whole Blood Cell Cultures Associated With Aggressive Periodontitis, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Havemose‐Poulsen Anne , Sørensen Lars Korsbæk , Stoltze Kaj , Bendtzen Klaus , Holmstrup Palle
Published: December 2005

Background: Cytokines play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. An obvious question is whether patients with aggressive periodontitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or rheumatoid arthritis share blood cytokine profiles distinguishing them from individuals free of disease.

Methods: The study population consisted of Danish white adults, <35 years of age, diagnosed with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP; N = 18), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP; N = 27), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA; N = 10), or rheumatoid arthritis (RA; N = 23) and healthy individuals with no systemic or oral diseases (control [CTRL]; N = 25). Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the levels of interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra), IL‐6, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and lymphotoxin (LT)‐α in peripheral blood (plasma) and unstimulated and stimulated whole blood cell cultures from the same blood collection. Autoantibodies (aAb) to IL‐1α and IL‐6 were quantitated by radioimmunoassay.

Results: Similar patterns of slightly higher IL‐10 levels in plasma were found for GAgP and RA patients and in unstimulated cultures for GAgP, RA, and JIA patients. Interestingly, unstimulated cultures also demonstrated similar patterns of higher TNF‐α levels for these three groups of patients. Similar group patterns of periodontitis patients (LAgP and GAgP) included increased IL‐1Ra levels in stimulated cultures, which also showed similar group patterns of arthritis patients (JIA and RA) with respect to higher IL‐1α and lower LT‐α levels. Low titers of aAb to IL‐1α and IL‐6 were found in almost all individuals.

Conclusion: Patients with aggressive periodontitis and types of arthritis presented with similar components of blood cytokine profiles distinguishing them from individuals free of disease.
The University and the State in a Global Age: Renegotiating the Traditional Social Contract?
Authors: Kwiek Marek
Published: December 2005

This article is based on the Keynote Address to the European Conference on Educational Research (ECER), Dublin, Ireland, 7–10 September 2005. It argues that we are facing the simultaneous renegotiation of the major post-war social contract (concerning the welfare state) in Europe and the renegotiation of a smaller-scale modern social pact: the pact between the university and the nation-state. It suggests that the current, and especially future, transformations of the university are not fully clear outside of the context of transformations to the state (and to the public sector) under global pressures. These pressures, both directly and indirectly, will not leave the university as an institution unaffected. Thus it is more useful today than ever before to discuss the future of the university in the context of the current transformations of the state. The study is divided into four sections: a brief introduction; a section on the university and the welfare state in Europe; a section on the university and the nation-state in Europe; and tentative conclusions.