bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Patient Self‐Disclosure Instrument
Authors: Dawson Carolyn , Schirmer Mary , Beck Lois
Published: April 2007

Four studies in which a patient self‐disclosure questionnaire was developed and tested are reported. The instrument was designed to include only content judged by both patients and clinicians as important. Three areas of patient difficulty in disclosing to a health care provider were measured: personal problems and feelings, responses to health care, and life style. Patient difficulty in disclosure was assessed by 21 7‐point rating scales, 7 for each disclosure area; ratings were summed to obtain scores. A correlation matrix of the ratings of 216 patients was subjected to a three‐factor principal components analysis with varimax rotation; the solution accounted for 59% of the total variance. High internal consistency and test re‐test reliability for the total scale and subscales were obtained; Cronbach's alpha .82–.83, n = 214; r = .81–.87, n = 66. In separate tests of construct validity patient self‐disclosure was shown to be influenced by locus of control and perception of clinician empathy, and to covary with heart rate changes.
Identifying artificially deformed crania
Authors: Clark J. L. , Dobson S. D. , Antón S. C. , Hawks J. , Hunley K. L. , Wolpoff M. H.
Published: April 2007

In this paper we report on a new discriminant function for the identification of artificially deformed crania. Development of the function, based on a sample of deformed and undeformed crania from the Philippines, required visual classification of the sample into deformed and undeformed groups. Working from the observation that deformed crania display flattened frontal and occipital regions, the sample was seriated based on degree of flattening; classification was based on the results of this seriation. The discriminant function, calculated using curvature indices, required only six simple measurements: arc and chord measurements for the frontal (glabella to bregma), parietals (bregma to lambda) and occipital (lambda to opisthion). The function was designed to be conservative, in that a deformed cranium may be classified as undeformed, but the opposite should not occur. Our function classified the undeformed crania with 100% accuracy and deformed crania with 76.9% accuracy, for a total of 91.9% agreement with visual classification. In order to evaluate whether the function is applicable for samples from outside the Philippines, a double blind test was conducted with a large sample of deformed and undeformed crania from a broad geographical and temporal range. For this sample, the function agreed with visual classification in 89.7% of cases; 98.8% of undeformed crania were correctly classified, while deformed crania were identified with 73.7% accuracy. These results demonstrate the utility of the new discriminant function for the classification of artificially deformed crania from diverse contexts. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wild or domestic? Biometric variation in the cat Felis silvestris Schreber
Authors: O'Connor T. P.
Published: April 2007

Investigation of modern biometric data indicates that it may be possible to distinguish wildcats from house cats in many instances. Applying the log‐ratio (log‐difference) technique to archaeological samples from medieval northern Europe, and to mixed samples of wildcats and house cats, shows that the differentiation may not always be clear, and the possibility that some samples include hybrids is discussed. The technique is applied to samples from the Orkney Islands to demonstrate that single wildcat specimens can be identified in small samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational optimal control of the terminal bunt manoeuvre—Part 2: minimum‐time case
Authors: Subchan S. , Żbikowski R.
Published: April 2007

This is the second part of a paper studies trajectory shaping of a generic cruise missile attacking a fixed target from above. The problem is reinterpreted using optimal control theory resulting in a minimum flight time problem; in the first part the performance index was time‐integrated altitude. The formulation entails non‐linear, two‐dimensional (vertical plane) missile flight dynamics, boundary conditions and path constraints, including pure state constraints. The focus here is on informed use of the tools of computational optimal control, rather than their development. The formulation is solved using a three‐stage approach. In stage 1, the problem is discretized, effectively transforming it into a non‐linear programming problem, and hence suitable for approximate solution with DIRCOL and NUDOCCCS. The results are used to discern the structure of the optimal solution, i.e. type of constraints active, time of their activation, switching and jump points. This qualitative
analysis, employing the results of stage 1 and optimal control theory, constitutes stage 2. Finally, in stage 3, the insights of stage 2 are made precise by rigorous mathematical formulation of the relevant two‐point boundary value problems (TPBVPs), using the appropriate theorems of optimal control theory. The TPBVPs obtained from this indirect approach are then solved using BNDSCO and the results compared with the appropriate solutions of stage 1. The influence of boundary conditions on the structure of the optimal solution and the performance index is investigated. The results are then interpreted from the operational and computational perspectives. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence between GNAT‐assessed implicit and explicit personality
Authors: Boldero Jennifer M. , Rawlings David , Haslam Nick
Published: April 2007

Two studies investigated the characteristics and correlates of implicit personality measures provided by the Go/No‐Go Association Task (GNAT), a variant of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Extraversion was assessed in Study 1, and all Big‐Five factors in Study 2. Of interest were the convergent validity of the measures with explicit personality and their reliability. The results demonstrate that the GNAT metric (d') is reliable, and has convergent validity, only when systematic variance in the GNAT indices is controlled. We also provide preliminary evidence for the predictive utility of GNAT indices of implicit extraversion and neuroticism by examining their ability to predict reaction times. The results suggest that this task provides a promising method for assessing implicit personality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High implicit self‐esteem is not necessarily advantageous: discrepancies between explicit and implicit self‐esteem and their relationship with anger expression and psychological health
Authors: Schröder‐Abé Michela , Rudolph Almut , Schütz Astrid
Published: April 2007

Two studies investigated how discrepancies between implicit and explicit self‐esteem are related to mental and physical health. We found that, compared to congruent self‐esteem, discrepant self‐esteem was related to more anger suppression, a more depressive attributional style, more nervousness, and more days of impaired health. The result applies not only to fragile (high explicit, low implicit) self‐esteem, but also to damaged (low explicit, high implicit) self‐esteem. These findings show that high implicit self‐esteem is not necessarily advantageous. In individuals with low explicit self‐esteem having high implicit self‐esteem was related to more health problems than having low implicit self‐esteem. Taken together the results suggest that discrepancies between implicit and explicit SE are detrimental to mental and physical health. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing IAT and TAT measures of power versus intimacy motivation
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. , King Laura A. , Houser‐Marko Linda , Osbaldiston Richard , Gunz Alexander
Published: April 2007

We assessed implicit orientations towards power versus intimacy using the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Implicit Associations Test (IAT). In addition, we assessed explicit orientations using self‐report measures of dominance versus nurturance motives and extrinsic versus intrinsic values. Further, we assessed the rated self‐concordance and importance of power versus intimacy idiographic goals. The six measures formed four factors: motives/values, goals, IAT and TAT. We also assessed a variety of outcomes ranging from well‐being to choice in a social dilemma. All six predictors correlated with at least some outcomes, with the values measure being strongest predictor of the predominantly self‐report outcomes. We suggest that there is value in simultaneously considering old school and new school approaches to assessing implicit motives. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The gatekeeper: individual differences are key in the chain from perception to behaviour
Authors: Perugini Marco , Prestwich Andrew
Published: April 2007

A basic assumption in mainstream social cognition is that the path from perception to behaviour is often automatic and direct, as supported for example by several experimental studies showing that priming can lead directly to a congruent behaviour without any need of conscious awareness of the process. However, we argue that the priming of a goal or an object activates individual differences in automatic evaluations at the associative level that in turn are the key predictors of action (gatekeeper model). A study (n = 90) on the American stereotype is presented to support the model. The results show that individual differences of the American stereotype as assessed with the IAT predicts a relevant action (essay evaluation) but only under condition of priming. Broader implications for predictive validity of implicit measures are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality and implicit social cognition research: past, present and future
Authors: Banse Rainer , Greenwald Anthony G.
Published: April 2007

The commentary to this special issue discusses how current research on implicit and automatic processes in personality is related to previous attempts to conceptualise and measure automatic or implicit aspects of personality that are difficult to assess using standard self‐report measures. The six original contributions of this issue are discussed in the light of earlier works and with respect to interesting research questions emerging from them. We point to a range of new implicit measures of personality, discuss current trends in implicit personality research and conclude with suggestions how future research could use implicit personality measures to improve our understanding of self‐regulatory and problem behaviour. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aqueous dispersions by ring‐opening metathesis polymerisation of exo,exo‐2,3‐bis(methoxymethyl)‐7‐oxanorbornene
Authors: Lu Shui‐Yu , Quayle Peter , Booth Colin , Yeates Stephen G. , Padget John C.
Published: April 2007

2,3‐Bis(methoxymethyl)‐7‐oxanorbornene was polymerised in water plus at least 9gdm−3 Synperonic F127 by ring‐opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP) initiated by commercial ruthenium trichloride. Stable dispersions with particle radii 0.03 μn or less were formed. Polymer molecular weights and molecular weight ratios by gel permeation chromatography (Mpk > 105, M̄wM̄n ∼ 2) were similar to those found earlier for ROMP of the same monomer in solution in aqueous ethanol.
The water retention values of never‐dried alkali‐treated celluloses
Authors: El‐Din Nabil M. Safy
Published: April 2007

The extent of swelling of refined and unrefined cotton linter, viscose pulp and paper pulp treated with various concentrations of NaOH from 4 to 20% at 20°C, then washed with water and never dried was measured in terms of the water retention values (WRV). The treatment of unrefined fibers with alkali resulted in increase in WRV; the only exception was viscose pulp treated with 12 and 14% NaOH. Cotton pulp refined with 5% NaOH showed an increase in the swelling ability in water which increased with the concentration of alkali treatment, whereas for viscose and paper pulps the amount of water retained increased with alkali concentration up to 12% and 14% NaOH, respectively, then decreased with further increase in alkali concentration. For cotton and viscose pulps refined with 20% NaOH, the alkali treatment increased the affinity of fibers to water up to alkali concentrations of 16% and 12% NaOH, respectively,′ then the WRV became more or less stable after treatment with higher concentrations of NaOH. On the other hand, the paper pulp refined with 20% NaOH then treated with alkali concentrations from 10 to 20% showed decreased WRV.
pH stimulus response of complex‐forming poly[(ethylene glycol‐co‐propylene glycol)‐g‐acrylamide]: cr‐poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: De Yao Kang , Sun Shan
Published: April 2007

A novel interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) was synthesized on the basis of polyhydroxy‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol‐co‐propylene glycol) chain extended with acrylamide and poly(acrylic acid) crosslinked with N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide. The study focused on the IPN's reversible response to pH and intelligent release behavior on pH stimulus.
New coordination polymers. IV. Oxidation of poly(vinyl alcohol) by permanganate ion in alkaline solutions. kinetics and mechanism of decomposition of intermediate complex
Authors: Hassan R. M. , El‐Gaiar S. A. , El‐Summan A. M.
Published: April 2007

The kinetics of decomposition of [PVA. MnVIO‐] intermediate complex have been studied spectrophotometrically. A first‐order dependence on the intermediate concentration was observed. The decomposition rate was found to be base‐catalysed. The kinetic parameters have been evaluated and a mechanism consistent with the results obtained is discussed.
Photo‐oxidative coupling polymerization of methoxy acetonitrile and thermal behavior of the polymer obtained
Authors: Tanaka H. , Tsunemine N. , Sato T. , Ota T.
Published: April 2007

Photo‐oxidative coupling polymerization of methoxy acetonitrile was carried out by using organic peroxide as an oxidizing agent under UV light irradiation at ambient temperature. The acetonitrile gave a homopolymer with a molecular weight of about 1000‐1600 in moderate yield. 1H‐NMR and ESR spectra demonstrated the production of the polymer with the structure of 1,1‐disubstituted polymethylene through a methoxycyanomethyl radical intermediate. It was also found that the polymer easily produced unpaired electrons in the structure only by heating and it initiated the polymerization of methyl methacrylate above 70°C. In addition, the acetonitrile also afforded a copolymer with diphenylmethane by the coupling polymerization.
The curing kinetics of a modified bismaleimide
Authors: Goodwin A. A.
Published: April 2007

The thermally initiated cure of a modified bismaleimide has been monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and kinetic parameters have been obtained using dynamic and isothermal methods. Two major exotherms were identified which correspond well to a first order crosslinking process, with activation energies in the range 72‐85 kJ/mol.
Effects of monomer feed methods in emulsion polymerizations and hydrophilicity of monomers on morphology of latex particles and their minimum film formation temperatures
Authors: Cao Tongyu , Xu Yongshen , Wang Yanjun , Chen Xuesun , Zheng Aiqin
Published: April 2007

The paper describes the synthesis of polymer emulsions of methylmeth‐acrylate‐methylacrylate, methylmethacrylate‐ethylacrylate, and methylmeth‐acrylate‐2‐ethylhexylacrylate systems by different monomer feed methods. The minimum film formation temperatures of the emulsions were determined. The morphology of the latex particles was observed by electron microscopy. It was found that the effects of monomer feed methods and the hydrophilicity of the monomers on both the morphology of the latex particles and the minimum film formation temperatures of their emulsions are significant.
Thermo‐oxidative degradation of heterophasic ethylene‐propylene copolymers and their fractions
Authors: Singh R. P. , Mani R. , Sivaram S. , Lacoste J. , Lemaire J.
Published: April 2007

The thermo‐oxidative degradation behaviour of heterophasic ethylene‐propylene copolymers and their fractions is discussed and the results are compared with those for the corresponding homopolymers. The most informative results were obtained when a small reactive species produced in the degradation was treated with reactive gases. The extent of thermal degradation was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The kinetics of oxygen absorption have also been studied at 140° C. Oxygen deficiency is manifested in the formation of diffusion‐limited products from ethylene‐propylene copolymer samples.
Hydrophilic sponges based on 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate. I. effect of monomer mixture composition on the pore size
Authors: Chirila Traian V. , Chen Yi‐Chi , Griffin Brendon J. , Constable Ian J.
Published: April 2007

A large number of hydrophilic sponges were prepared by polymerisation of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate in variable concentrations of water (60‐90% wt) in the initial monomer mixture. Concentration and type of crosslinking agents (ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and hexamethylene dimethacrylate (HDMA)) and concentration of redox initiators were also changed. All sponges were examined in cross‐section by conventional and environmental scanning electron microscopy. Micrographs indicated that, in order to obtain sponges with characteristics appropriate for biomedical use (e.g. pores larger than 10 μm), the minimum water concentration was 75% wt with EDMA as a crosslinking agent, or 70% wt with HDMA, for contents of crosslinking agents and initiator less than 1% wt. Micrographs also showed that higher contents of crosslinking agents or initiator led to larger pores. In high concentrations of water, this effect was less evident. Microscopic details confirmed the crucial role of the phase separation during polymerisation.
Phase equilibria of quasi‐ternary systems consisting of multicomponent polymers 1 and 2 in a single solvent. II. Cloud point curve
Authors: Shirataki Hironobu , Kamide Kenji
Published: April 2007

Theoretical equations and a calculation method giving cloud point curve (CPC) for a multicomponent polymer 1/multicomponent polymer 2/single solvent system (i.e. quasi‐ternary system) were derived on the basis of the Flory‐Huggins solution theory. The systematic calculations based on this method were carried out to examine the effects on CPC of the type of molecular weight distribution, the polydispersity and the weight‐average degree of polymerisation of the two original polymers, and three thermodynamic interaction parameters between solvent‐polymer 1 (X01), solvent‐polymer 2 (X02) and polymer 1‐polymer 2 (X12). The shape of CPC sensitively depends on the polydispersity of the original polymer and, with an increase in polydispersity, the immiscibility region becomes wider.
Kinetics of phase transition in lyotropic liquid crystalline polymers
Authors: Lin Jiaping , Wu Herong , Li Shijin
Published: April 2007

A kinetic study on phase transitions from nematic mesophase to isotropic state for poly(p‐benzamide) (PBA)/H2SO4 and poly(p‐phenyleneterephthalamide) (PPTA)/H2SO4 systems was carried out by using depolarized light intensity (DLI) technique and polarised light microscopy (PLM) observation. The order of phase transition and activation energy were evaluated. The results indicated that the phase transition for both PBA/H2SO4 and PPTA/H2SO4 systems is a first‐order transition, and the polymer concentration and molecular flexibility have significant influence on the activation energy of the phase transition. The influences of concentration and molecular flexibility were discussed on the basis of the modified mean‐field theory.
Copolymerisation of multimethacrylate with acrylic acid
Authors: Jantas Roman
Published: April 2007

The structure of products resulting from the free radical copolymerisation of multimethacrylate—poly(vinyl methacrylate)—with acrylic acid was examined by the radiometric method. The copolymerisation was carried out in dilute solutions of N,N‐dimethylformamide using 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile labelled with 14C as initiator. The results show that over 90% of methacrylate units react along the template chain forming ladder‐type blocks, while the remaining units branch or do not participate in the process.
The migration of plasticizer in solid propellant grains
Authors: Venkatesan D. , Srinivasan M. , Reddy K. Audisesha , Pendse V. V.
Published: April 2007

The migration of the plasticizer, dioctyl adipate (DOA) in the accelerated ageing of composite propellant has been studied. The method is based on the extraction of DOA with carbon tetrachloride and its estimation by gas chromatography. The concentration of DOA in the propellant at different distances from the insulation was determined after a definite ageing period and compared with the initial DOA concentration. The effect of (a) the ageing period, and (b) the ageing temperature on the degree of migration was examined. The present studies confirm the existence of plasticizer migration in the propellant adjacent to the insulation, during ageing.
Polyaniline dispersions. 3. Influence of the polymerization conditions
Authors: Stejskal Jaroslav , Kratochvil Pavel , Gospodinova Natalia , Terlemezyan Levon , Mokreva Pavlina
Published: April 2007

Several series of polyaniline dispersions were prepared by oxidative polymerization of aniline in aqueous medium. Ammonium persulfate was used as an oxidizing agent and poly(vinyl alcohol) as a steric stabilizer of dispersions. The amount of dispersion particles their size and uniformity and the fraction of the steric stabilizer attached to the particles were determined in dependence on the concentration of the individual components and on temperature. The properties of resulting dispersions are controlled mainly by the concentration of the oxidizing agent and by the polyaniline/stabilizer ratio.
Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization: The synthesis of unsaturated polyketones
Authors: Wagener K. B. , Patton J. T. , Forbes M. D. E. , Myers T. L. , Maynard H. D.
Published: April 2007

The first acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of unsaturated ketone containing monomers using the molybdenum catalyst, Mo(CHCMe2Ph)(N‐2,6‐C6H3‐i‐Pr2)[OCCH3(CF3)2]2 is reported. 6,6,8,8‐Tetramethyl‐1,12‐tridecadiene‐7‐one undergoes homopolymerization; copoly‐merizations are carried out with 1,9‐decadiene and 2,12‐dimethyl‐2,12‐dipentenylcyclododecan‐1‐one, 2,12‐diallylcyclododecan‐1‐one, and trans‐2,12‐diallyl‐2,12‐dimethylcyclododecan‐1‐one These polymerizations are initiated under bulk conditions and are continued in solution. No evidence of Wittig chemistry is observed between the carbonyl functional group and the catalyst when a high degree of steric hindrance exists around the carbonyl moiety. Polymer structures were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Molecular weights were determined by endgroup analysis and gel permeation chromatography.
Cationic polymerization of 3,6‐ dibromo‐9(2,3‐epoxypropyl) carbazole in the presence of allyl alcohol or acrylic acid
Authors: Gražulevičius Juozas V. , Kavaliūnas Rimtautas , Kreivéniené Nijolé , Kublickas Rimantas
Published: April 2007

Polymerization of 3,6‐dibromo‐9‐(2,3‐epoxypropyl) carbazole with SnCl4 in the presence of allyl alcohol or acrylic acid has been studied. This reaction has proved to be a convenient method of obtaining macromonomers containing allyl or acrylic functional groups. It was shown that both in the presence of allyl alcohol and acrylic acid polymerization proceeds by an activated monomer mechanism. Allyl alcohol and acrylic acid at the initial stage of reaction play the role of starting proton donor compound. However in contrast to allyl alcohol, acrylic acid is not totally consumed. Peculiarities of the mechanism of propagation are discussed.
The solid–liquid interface energy of organic crystals
Authors: Lu H.M. , Wen Z. , Jiang Q.
Published: April 2007

A simple thermodynamic model, originally developed for metals based on the Gibbs–Thomson equation and related considerations for homogeneous nucleation, has been extended to predict the solid–liquid interface energy γsl of organic crystals. The model predictions correspond to available experimental and other theoretical results for 38 organic crystals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relative importance of specific risk factors for insomnia in women treated for early‐stage breast cancer
Authors: Bardwell Wayne A. , Profant Judith , Casden Danielle R. , Dimsdale Joel E. , Ancoli‐Israel Sonia , Natarajan Loki , Rock Cheryl L. , Pierce John P. ,   for the Women's Healthy Eating & Living (WHEL) Study Group
Published: April 2007

Background: Many individual risk factors for insomnia have been identified for women with a history of breast cancer. We assessed the relative importance of a wide range of risk factors for insomnia in this population.

Methods: Two thousand six hundred and forty‐five women ⩽4 years post‐treatment for Stage I (⩾1 cm)–IIIA breast cancer provided data on cancer‐related variables, personal characteristics, health behaviors, physical health/symptoms, psychosocial variables, and the Women's Health Initiative‐Insomnia Rating Scale (WHI‐IRS; scores ⩾9 indicate clinically significant insomnia).

Results: Thirty‐nine per cent had elevated WHI‐IRS scores. In binary logistic regression, the variance in high/low insomnia group status accounted for by each risk factor category was: cancer‐specific variables, 0.4% (n.s.); personal characteristics, 0.9% (n.s.); health behaviors, 0.6% (n.s.); physical health/symptoms, 13.4% (p<0.001); and, psychosocial factors, 11.4% (p<0.001). Insomnia was associated with worse depressive (OR = 1.32) and vasomotor symptoms (particularly night sweats) (OR = 1.57).

Conclusion: Various cancer‐specific, demographic, health behavior, physical health, and psychosocial factors have been previously reported as risk factors for insomnia in breast cancer. In our study (which was powered for simultaneous examination of a variety of variables), cancer‐specific, health behavior, and other patient variables were not significant risk factors when in the presence of physical health and psychosocial variables. Only worse depressive and vasomotor symptoms were meaningful predictors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incapacity or unemployment? The utility of an administrative data source as an updatable indicator of population health
Authors: Norman Paul , Bambra Clare
Published: April 2007

A lack of annually accessible morbidity information for small geographical areas in England and Wales means that health studies are often restricted to using decennial, self‐reported census measures. Administrative data on health‐related benefit claims, in the form of Incapacity Benefit (IB) data, are more regularly available and claimants are professionally diagnosed. This source may have the potential to be an annual indicator of population health. We examine IB as an indicator of population health at local government district and subdistrict levels by investigating distributions and relationships between IB and other health measures from the census and from mortality statistics. We found that relationships in 2001 between IB, census measures and mortality suggest that using IB as an indicator of population health will give very similar results, especially with those reporting themselves in the 2001 Census as ‘permanently sick or disabled’ and in the more urban areas. Although IB should be an objective measure as it is professionally diagnosed, we recognise that IB may hide unemployment and have inferred an estimate using census data on economic activity by exploring the relationship between IB and those reporting themselves permanently sick or disabled. This estimate suggests that previous assertions about the relationship between IB and unemployment may have been overzealous. On balance, IB is currently a useful indicator of relative health for small areas. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects on transition temperature and Raman spectra of substitution of Cr and Al for Mg in MgB2
Authors: Shi Lei , Zhang Huarong , Zhou Shiming , Jia Yunbo , Chen Lin
Published: April 2007

Mg1−x Mx B2 (M = Cr, Al) polycrystalline bulk samples with 0 ≤ x ≤ 5% have been synthesized by a solid state reaction and studied by X‐ray diffraction, SEM and Raman spectroscopy. By comparing with the results of Sc‐substituted MgB2, it is found that all these atomic substitutions for Mg depress Tc, and Cr and Sc substitutions depress Tc even more quickly than the one of Al doping. It is suggested that the Tc changes of the M‐substituted MgB2 can be understood by the competing/cooperating effects of the hole‐filling and the disorder. The Raman peak linewidth decreases for Al‐substituted MgB2, which represents an opposite trend to the linewidth change of Mg1−x Crx B2 and shows an evidence of the disorder caused by the atomic substitution and the different arrangement of the substituted atoms in the lattice. Meanwhile, different frequency changes of the Raman peak for the Cr‐ and Al‐substitute MgB2 are discovered and understood by the competing/cooperating effects of the electron‐phonon coupling, the grain size, and the lattice contraction. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of simultaneous substitution of Li+ and Ti4+ in ceramics of Pb2KNb5O15 on structure, dielectric, modulus, impedance and conductivity properties
Authors: Sambasiva Rao K. , Murali Krishna P. , Madhava Prasad D.
Published: April 2007

Lead potassium lithium titanium niobate, Pb0.8K0.2Li0.2Ti0.25Nb1.8O6 (PKLTN) is prepared through a solid‐state reaction route. The XRD analysis at room temperature indexed as single phase with orthorhombic tungsten bronze (TB) with completely filled (A6C4B10O30‐type) structure. Partial substitution of Ti4+ in Nb5+ increased the B sites ordering, and is associated in charge compensation, creating oxygen vacancies entering in the crystal structure described by Kroger–Vink notation. Simultaneous substitution of Li+ and Ti4+ in Pb2KNb5O15 (PKN) resulted in an increase in the lattice parameters (a = 18.0131 Å, b = 18.1520 Å and c = 3.9376 Å) and a decreased TC to 445 °C. Space‐charge polarization, relaxation phenomenon and conduction mechanism due to charge carriers have been analyzed using dielectric, impedance and modulus characterization. Cole–Cole plots showed non‐Debye (polydispersive) type relaxation. DC conductivity activation energies calculated from Rb, MII peak frequencies and thermal behavior of AC and DC conductivity at 1 kHz in the ferro region are comparable to 0.32 eV, reveals the ionic conduction mechanism in PKLTN. Conduction via a hopping mechanism has been established from Jonscher's power law, σ (ω) = σDC + Aωn. The stretched exponential parameter, β is a measure of the distribution of relaxation times and was computed as a function of temperature (360–595 °C) using an impedance formalism, and has a minimum value of 0.74 at TC. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wave propagation in functionally graded piezoelectric spherically curved plates
Authors: Jiangong Yu , Bin Wu , Hongli Huo , Cunfu He
Published: April 2007

Based on linear three‐dimensional piezoelasticity, a Legendre orthogonal polynomial series expansion approach is used for determining the characteristics of guided waves in continuous functionally graded piezoelectric materials (FGPM) as spherically curved plates. The displacement components and electric potential, expanded in a series of Legendre polynomials, are introduced into the governing equations along with position‐dependent material constants so that the solution of the wave equation is reduced to an eigenvalue problem. Our results from a homogeneous anisotropic spherically curved plate are compared with those published earlier to confirm the accuracy and range of applicability of this polynomial approach. Guided‐wave dispersion curves for FGPM and the corresponding FGM spherically curved plates are calculated and the effect of piezoelectricity is shown. The mechanical displacement distribution and electric potential distribution are also illustrated. Finally, the influence of the ratio of radius to thickness on the dispersion curves is discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Superconductivity in the two‐dimensional Hubbard model?
Authors: Baeriswyl D. , Eichenberger D. , Gut B.
Published: April 2007

A refined variational wave function for the two‐dimensional repulsive Hubbard model is studied numerically, with the aim of approaching the difficult crossover regime of intermediate values of U. The issue of a superconducting ground state with d‐wave symmetry is investigated for an average electron density n ≈ 0.8 and for U = 8t. Due to finite‐size effects a clear‐cut answer to this fundamental question has not yet been reached. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gaped graphene bilayer: disorder and magnetic field effects
Authors: Castro Eduardo V. , Peres N. M. R. , Lopes dos Santos J. M. B.
Published: April 2007

Double layer graphene is a gapless semiconductor which develops a finite gap when the layers are placed at different electrostatic potentials. We study, within the tight‐biding approximation, the electronic properties of the gaped graphene bilayer in the presence of disorder and perpendicular magnetic field. We show that the gap is rather stable in the presence of diagonal disorder. We compute the cyclotron effective mass in the semi‐classical approximation, valid at low magnetic fields. Landau level formation is clearly seen in zigzag and armchair ribbons of the gaped bilayer at intermediate magnetic fields. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of doping on the pseudogap enhancement due to magnetic impurities in d‐density waves
Authors: Dóra Balázs , Maki Kazumi , Virosztek Attila , Ványolos András
Published: April 2007

We study the effect of quantum magnetic impurities on d‐wave spin density waves (d‐SDW). The impurity spins are aligned coherently according to the spin space anisotropy of the condensate. Both the order parameter and transition temperature increases due to the coherent interplay between magnetic scatterers and d‐SDW at fixed doping. By increasing the doping, the d‐SDW collapses. This can explain the recent experimental data on the pseudogap enhancement of Ni substituted NdBa2{Cu1−y Niy }O6.8 from Pimenov et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 227003 (2005)]. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhancement of thermoelectric performance in strongly correlated multilayered nanostructures
Authors: Freericks J. K. , Zlatić V.
Published: April 2007

We illustrate how the electronic charge reconstruction near the interfaces of metal–strongly‐correlated‐barrier–metal devices can lead to a significant enhancement of the thermoelectric response due to the breaking of particle‐hole symmetry. We show how one can achieve effective Seebeck coefficients larger than 150 µV/K and effective electronic figures‐of‐merit ZT higher than 1. Our work shows that electronic thermoelectric transport properties can be significantly enhanced from inhomogeneities created by the rearrangement of charge near the interfaces, and that bulk figures‐of‐merit cannot generically be employed to determine the figure‐of‐merit of a multilayered nanostructure. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Performance evaluation of elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry methods for the determination of the D/H ratio in tetramethylurea and other compounds – results of a laboratory inter‐comparison
Authors: Bréas Olivier , Thomas Freddy , Zeleny Reinhard , Calderone Giovanni , Jamin Eric , Guillou Claude
Published: April 2007

Tetramethylurea (TMU) with a certified D/H ratio is the internal standard for Site‐specific Natural Isotope Fractionation measured by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNIF‐NMR®) analysis of wine ethanol for detection of possible adulterations (Commission Regulation 2676/90). A new batch of a TMU certified reference material (CRM) is currently being prepared. Whereas SNIF‐NMR® has been employed up to now, Elemental Analysis/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (2H‐EA‐IRMS) was envisaged as the method of choice for value assignment of the new CRM, as more precise (better repeatable) data might be obtained, resulting in lower uncertainty of the certified value. In order to evaluate the accuracy and intra‐ and inter‐laboratory reproducibility of 2H‐EA‐IRMS methods, a laboratory inter‐comparison was carried out by analysing TMU and other organic compounds, as well as some waters. The results revealed that experienced laboratories are capable of generating robust and well comparable data, which highlights the emerging potential of IRMS in food authenticity testing. However, a systematic bias between IRMS and SNIF‐NMR® reference data was observed for TMU; this lack of data consistency rules out the 2H‐IRMS technique for the characterisation measurement of the new TMU CRM. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structured analysis of piecewise‐linear interconnected systems
Authors: Fowler Jeffrey M. , D'Andrea Raffaello
Published: April 2007

This paper considers the problem of assessing the induced L2gain of a system composed of non‐identical interconnected piecewise‐linear subsystems, when the topology of the underlying graph is arbitrary. Blending tools inspired by dissipativity theory and theS‐procedure, it presents sufficient conditions in the form of a set of finite‐dimensional linear matrix inequalities which are coupled in a way that reflects the spatial structure of the system under analysis. Results are presented comparing the efficacy of the new conditions to similar conditions for an equivalent global piecewise‐linear system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decentralized redistribution for cooperative patrol
Authors: Moore Brandon J. , Passino Kevin M.
Published: April 2007

This paper addresses the problem of enabling a group of autonomous vehicles to effectively patrol an environment significantly larger than their communication and sensing radii. Our formulation uses ana priorispatial decomposition of the environment into smaller areas in order to provide a framework for the allocation of vehicles to different parts of the environment. We develop a distributed cooperative control algorithm that transfers vehicles between these areas based on only local information and prove that it achieves the proper environment‐wide distribution of vehicles within a finite time interval. Various applications are discussed and simulations are included to illustrate convergence dynamics as well as to quantify practical performance as a function of problem parameters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From teachers to testers: How parents talk to novice and expert children in a natural history museum
Authors: Palmquist Sasha , Crowley Kevin
Published: April 2007

Informed by literature on childhood expertise in high‐interest topics and parent–child conversation in museum settings, this study explored how children's level of dinosaur expertise influences family learning opportunities in a natural history museum. Interviews identified children with high and low dinosaur knowledge and assigned them to expert and novice groups. Parent surveys revealed that expert children were more likely to have home environments where family members shared interests in dinosaurs and provided a variety of dinosaur learning resources. Analysis of family conversations demonstrated that parents with novice children more actively engaged them in learning conversations than parents with expert children. The implications of this shift in parental engagement are considered in terms of interest and knowledge development in informal settings, highlighting how islands of expertise might facilitate and in some cases hinder learning through shared family activity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 91:783–804, 2007
Recent results on the use of model resolution functions for the deconvolution of depth profiling data
Authors: Kotz Samuel , Nadarajah Saralees
Published: April 2007

The paper by Markarov [Surface and Interface Analysis, 20, 1993, pp. 821–826] considered the important problem of deconvolution of depth profiling data. In this note, we consider the problem of convoluting the initial Gaussian profile with a double exponential resolution function. The paper by Markarov only provided an asymptotic treatment of this problem. Here, we provide exact results, various approximations as well as a simple computer program. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Setting standards for Shariah application in the Islamic financial industry
Authors: Khan M. Fahim
Published: April 2007

The global growth of Islamic banking is taking advantage of the diversity and flexi‐bility in the fiqh opinions (often referred to as Shariah) to meet the challenges of growth. While the flexibility in fiqh opinion is presently contributing to global growth, it may soon become a constraining factor in the global growth of the industry if the challenges arising out of the use of diversity and flexibility in fiqh are not properly rec‐ognized and regulated. Though the infrastructure for standardizing the supervision and monitoring of the global expansion of the Islamic finance industry is rapidly growing, institutional arrangement for a regulated use of diversity and flexibility in Shariah rules is still a missing link. Such an institutional arrangement is needed not only to prepare the industry to play a bigger role in the development of global economy but also to ensure the adherence to the very specific element that makes the industry an “Islamic” industry. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Commodity futures: An Islamic legal analysis
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: April 2007

Commentators who have disputed the permissibility of futures in Islamic law have highlighted the following five points in their critique: (1) futures proceed over goods that are nonexistent at the time of contract; a futures sale is therefore only a paper transaction and not a genuine sale; (2) futures consist of sales in which the seller does not own the item he sells, (3) futures fall short of the requirement of qabd, or taking possession of the item prior to resale; (4) deferment of both sides of the bargain to a future date turns futures into the sale of one debt for another; and (5) futures involve excessive speculation that verges on gambling.

This article presents nine sections, beginning with a statement of issues, followed by a description of the futures contract, and a literature review in the next two sections. This is followed by an analysis of the hadith “sell not what is not with you,” a similar analysis of the issue of qabd, a section on the sale of debts, another on risk taking and speculation, and a conclusion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The combination of contracts in Shariah: A possible mechanism for product development in Islamic banking and finance
Authors: Arbouna Mohammed Burhan
Published: April 2007

The combination of contracts is a potential mechanism of product development in Islamic finance. However, this concept encounters legal issues due to ahadith that prohibit two contracts in one deal. The article argues for the validity of combining two or more contracts to structure Shariah‐compliant products. It discusses many aspects of combination of contracts, including terminologies and purposes of the con‐tracts, the degree of uncertainty and ambiguity, and the nature of the bargain in the contracts combined. If the contracts combined pass the tests established by legal prin‐ciples, there will be no legal objection to combine such contracts into one deal. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A survey on congestion control for mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Lochert Christian , Scheuermann Björn , Mauve Martin
Published: April 2007

Congestion control is a key problem in mobile ad hoc networks. The standard congestion control mechanism of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is not able to handle the special properties of a shared wireless multi‐hop channel well. In particular, the frequent changes of the network topology and the shared nature of the wireless channel pose significant challenges. Many approaches have been proposed to overcome these difficulties. In this paper, we give an overview over existing proposals, explain their key ideas and show their interrelations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SY‐XRF study of Hans Baldung Grien silverpoint drawings and the silver stylus from the ‘Karlsruhe sketchbook’
Authors: Reiche I. , Berger A. , Duval A. , Guicharnaud H. , Merchel S. , Radtke M. , Schäfer D. , Simon R.
Published: April 2007

We performed spatially resolved synchrotron‐induced x‐ray fluorescence analyses (SY‐XRF) of five silverpoint drawings from the famous ‘Karlsruhe sketchbook’ and a silverpoint, which is assumed to be an original one used by the Renaissance artist Hans Baldung Grien (1484–1545) himself. The silverpoint, one out of a very small number of ancient styli conserved nowadays, is fixed on the so‐called ‘Karlsruhe sketchbook’. Measurements were executed at the FLUO‐TOPO beamline at the electron storage ring ANKA. It has been shown, that SY‐XRF at this beamline is nondestructive and sensitive enough for the analysis of minor and major elements in the silver strokes. This study provides new insights into this graphical technique and ancient drawing instruments: results are that three drawings have been created with a common type of silverpoint containing about (10.4 ± 0.7) wt% of Cu. In all the cases, Hg at a 10% level by weight was identified in the strokes. Presence of Hg is not due to the original silver alloy, but is a result of a general alteration phenomenon of silverpoint drawings. This fact is confirmed by the analysis of the original silverpoint, which contains only small traces of Hg. The result for the copper content of the silverpoint (10.4 ± 1.7) wt% is in good agreement with that of these three drawings. It is supposable that the silverpoint found attached today served for the creation of the corresponding drawings. Moreover, the graphical technique of Baldung is found to be continual over three decades. Only one very late drawing dated to 1543 was probably realized with another silverpoint, containing about 3 wt% of Cu. This difference in the chemical composition of drawings from the late period might be used as a more precise dating indicator of Baldung drawings that are not clearly attributed to a certain period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public private partnerships: Incentives, risk transfer and real options
Authors: Alonso‐Conde Ana Belen , Brown Christine , Rojo‐Suarez Javier
Published: April 2007

Private financing of large‐scale infrastructure projects through public private partnerships (PPPs) has grown in recent decades. Together with changes in conventional construction procedures, there have been changes in the project financing model. The use of PPPs raises questions as to the role of the private sector in infrastructure provision and the conditions governing the long‐term contractual relationships between the private and public sectors. In some early examples of PPPs, the government guaranteed a minimum profitability over the cash flows using a set of contractual terms which transferred some of the risk of the project from the private provider back to the government. Using a large toll road project, the Melbourne CityLink Project, as a case study we show how the imposed conditions can be treated as real options, how these options affect the incentive to invest and how the public sector may be transferring considerable value to the private sector through government guarantees.
PARABOLIC RATIONAL MAPS
Authors: HAYDN NICOLAI , ISOLA STEFANO
Published: April 2007

The paper studies the dynamics of rational maps with indifferent parabolic points by comparing their
dynamical properties with those of their ‘jump transformation’ which is uniformly expanding on a non-compact
set with infinite Markov partition. It establishes the spectral properties of a two-variables
operator-valued function associated to the jump transformation and exploits their dynamical relevance to
allow the analytic properties of the pressure, the escape rate from a neighbourhood of the Julia set and the
asymptotic distribution of pre-images to be studied.