bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
miRNAs detection in equine plasma by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for doping control: Assessment of blood sampling and study of eca‐miR‐144 as potential erythropoiesis stimulating agent biomarker
Authors: Loup Benoit , André François , Avignon Justine , Lhuaire Marion , Delcourt Vivian , Barnabé Agnès , Garcia Patrice , Popot Marie‐Agnès , Bailly‐Chouriberry Ludovic
Published: April 2021

Short half‐life doping substances are, quickly eliminated and therefore difficult to control with traditional analytical chemistry methods. Indirect methods targeting biomarkers constitute an alternative to extend detection time frames in doping control analyses. Gene expression analysis (i.e., transcriptomics) has already shown interesting results in both humans and equines for erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormone (GH), and anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) misuses. In humans, circulating cell‐free microRNAs in plasma were described as new potential biomarkers for control of major doping agent (MDA) abuses. The development of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method allowing the detection of circulating miRNAs was carried out on equine plasma collected on different type of tubes (EDTA, lithium‐heparin [LiHep]). Although analyzing plasma collected in EDTA tubes is a standard method in molecular biology, analyzing plasma collected in LiHep tubes is challenging, as heparin is a reverse transcription (RT) and a PCR inhibitor. Different strategies were considered, and attention was paid on both miRNAs extraction quality and detection sensitivity. The detection of endogenous circulating miRNAs was performed and compared between the different types of tubes. In parallel, homologs of human miRNAs characterized as potential biomarkers of doping were sought in equine databases. The miRNA eca‐miR‐144, described as potential erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) administration candidate biomarker was retained and assessed in equine post‐administration samples. The results about the qPCR method development and optimization are exposed as well as the equine miRNAs detection. To our knowledge, this work is the first study and the proof of concept of circulating miRNAs detection in plasma dedicated to equine doping control.
Cytosolic d‐type CpG‐oligonucleotides induce a type I interferon response by activating the cGAS‐STING signaling pathway
Authors: Bode Christian , Poth Jens M. , Fox Mario , Schulz Susanne , Klinman Dennis M. , Latz Eicke , Steinhagen Folkert
Published: April 2021

Cytosolic DNA receptor cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) has been shown to be critically involved in the detection of cytosolic, self‐ and non‐self‐DNA, initiating a type I IFN response through the adaptor protein Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Current studies propose that canonical binding of dsDNA by cGAS depends on DNA length, but not on base sequence. In contrast, activation of TLR9 is sequence dependent. It requires unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in microbial DNA, which is mimicked by synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). Here, we provide evidence that d‐type ODN (D‐ODN), but not K‐type ODN (K‐ODN), bind to human cGAS and activate downstream signaling. Transfection of D‐ODN into a TLR9‐deficient, human monocytic cell line (THP‐1) induced phosphorylation of IRF3 and secretion of IFN. This response was absent in cells with CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated cGAS‐ or STING‐deficiency. Utilizing a protein pulldown approach, we further demonstrate direct binding of D‐ODN to cGAS. Induction of a type I IFN response by D‐ODN was confirmed in human primary monocytes and monocyte‐derived macrophages. These results are relevant to our understanding of self–nonself‐discrimination by cGAS and to the pharmacologic effects of ODN, which currently are investigated in clinical studies.
Complete and Versatile Post‐Synthetic Modification on Iron‐Triazole Spin Crossover Complexes: A Relevant Material Elaboration Method
Authors: Enríquez‐Cabrera Alejandro , Ridier Karl , Salmon Lionel , Routaboul Lucie , Bousseksou Azzedine
Published: April 2021

In this paper we study the post‐synthetic modification (PSM) reaction on solid spin crossover (SCO) [Fe(NH2trz)3]X2 (X=NO3, OTs, Cl, SO4, BF4) complexes with different substrates. The wide access to a diversity of functionalized complexes with imine, amide and carbamide groups from the same amino parent compound demonstrates the synthetic approach value of this method. The as‐obtained post‐synthetic complexes were studied by IR, solid NMR, elemental analyses, and powder X‐ray diffraction, and compared to the corresponding compounds obtained by direct synthesis (DS) routes. Moreover, after digestion of the complexes obtained by PSM reactions, the free ligands were characterized by NMR in solution, which allowed us to indirectly confirm the formation of complexes we wished to synthesize. The study reveals in numerous cases that a complete post‐synthetic modification is possible despite the structural cohesion that is established between the 1D coordination chains within these materials. Spin crossover properties of some complexes obtained by both methods are also reported and compared.
RGD Peptide‐Drug Conjugates as Effective Dual Targeting Platforms: Recent Advances
Authors: Battistini Lucia , Bugatti Kelly , Sartori Andrea , Curti Claudio , Zanardi Franca
Published: April 2021

In recent years, targeted therapies have raised increasing interest as effective strategies to improve therapeutic efficiency, reduce the impact of adverse side effects, and overcome drug resistance, particularly in the field of cancer chemotherapeutics. Many examples of RGD (Arg‐Gly‐Asp) peptide‐drug conjugates (PDCs) have been proposed as targeted drug delivery systems. These molecular hybrids embody high affinity ligands targeting disease signatures (overexpressed integrin receptors or specific integrin‐related pathways within diseased cells/tissues) connected to recognized therapeutic units by means of carefully designed linker‐spacer combinations, to ultimately control stability, physico‐chemical properties, timing, and localization of drug release. This account has collected and critically surveyed relevant contributions from the period of 2015 to the present day, wishing to provide a window open on new synthesis strategies facing the challenging issues of site‐selective drug delivery and dual drug targeting.
Synthesis of Azasugar–Sulfonamide conjugates and their Evaluation as Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrases: the Azasugar Approach to Selectivity
Authors: Pratesi Debora , Sodini Andrea , Matassini Camilla , Cardona Francesca , Angeli Andrea , Carta Fabrizio , Ferraroni Marta , Supuran Claudiu T. , Goti Andrea
Published: April 2021

Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) are zinc metalloenzymes which play a pivotal role both in physiological and pathological processes in humans (h). Therefore, modulation of the activity of hCAs represents an appealing target for drug development, which is highly challenging due to the large number of isozymes expressed and the requirement in discovery of selective inhibitors. By following the “sugar approach” and in light of our recent disclosure of two selective hCAs inhibitors based on nitrogen containing glycomimetic–sulfonamide conjugates, twelve new azasugar−benzenesulfonamides have been synthesized. These compounds were prepared by connecting several benzenesulfonamides to a triazole armed azasugar, varying in the chain length and type of linking moiety (ureido, amido or thioureido) to probe their influence on the inhibition profile. The in vitro biological assays highlighted that such structural changes have remarkable effects on the hCAs inhibition profile. Several new compounds behave as selective inhibitors, and four of them are particularly effective on the therapeutically relevant hCAs II and VII isoforms.
An Overview of 4‐ and 5‐Halo‐1,2,3‐triazoles from Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Arenas José Laxio , Crousse Benoît
Published: April 2021

1,2,3‐triazoles are important scaffolds in several fields, and there is still a demand to construct these compounds, most notably the disubstituted 4, 5 compounds. The latter are obtained in different ways, but the 4‐ and 5‐halo triazoles are generally the key intermediates in their synthesis. These halogenated compounds are an extraordinary platform leading to a great chemical diversity around the 4 and 5 positions. However, their own pathways are generally put aside at the expense of the substituted triazoles. This review is focused on the main synthesis of 5‐ and 4‐halo 1,2,3‐triazoles from cycloaddition followed or not by halogenation reaction. Unlike the halogens (iodine, bromine, and chlorine), the 5‐ and 4‐fluoro 1,2,3‐triazoles will be presented separately due to their relatively more difficult and still recently challenging synthesis.
Longitudinal comparisons of a whole‐mouth taste test to clinician‐rated and patient‐reported outcomes of dysgeusia postradiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer and associations with oral intake
Authors: Messing Barbara Pisano , Ward Elizabeth C. , Lazarus Cathy , Ryniak Keri , Maloney Jessica , Thompson Carol B. , Kramer Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

Background

After head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment, dysgeusia may be a barrier to oral intake. In this exploratory study, we prospectively examined taste perception, clinician‐rated (CRO) and patient‐reported (PRO) taste changes and their effect on oral intake postradiotherapy.

Methods

Twenty‐eight patients were assessed at baseline, treatment weeks 2 and 4, and 1, 3, and 6 months post‐treatment using a whole‐mouth taste test and associated CRO and subjective PRO measures.

Results

Greater taste impairment was reflected by subjective than by a whole‐mouth taste test. The most significant and consistent decline occurred mid‐treatment. The Chemotherapy‐Induced Taste Alteration Scale (PRO) discomfort subscale correlated significantly with maintaining an oral diet, percent of oral intake, and appetite level from mid‐treatment to 6 months post‐treatment.

Conclusions

PRO results indicated ongoing oral intake issues. Whole‐mouth taste tests may fail to fully reflect functional taste‐loss. Dysgeusia prevention and treatment methods are needed to improve patient outcomes.
What's Left for a Computational Chemist To Do in the Age of Machine Learning?
Authors: Kulik Heather J.
Published: April 2021

Machine learning (ML) has become a central focus of the computational chemistry community. I will first discuss my personal history in the field. Then I will provide a broader view of how this resurgence in ML interest echoes and advances upon earlier efforts. Although numerous changes have brought about this latest wave, one of the most significant is the increased accuracy and efficiency of low‐cost methods (e. g., density functional theory or DFT) that have made it possible to generate large data sets for ML models. ML has also been used to bypass, guide, or improve DFT. The field of computational chemistry thus finds itself at a crossroads as ML both augments and supersedes traditional efforts. I will present what I believe the role of the computational chemist will be in this evolving landscape, with specific focus on my experience in the development of autonomous workflows in computational materials discovery for open‐shell transition‐metal chemistry.
The Unity of African Law
Authors: Allott A. N.
Published: April 2021

Contributed to the 2nd Conference of Negro Writers and Artists, Rome, 28th March—2nd April 1959, and published by kind permission of the Conference.
Fagonia arabica extract as a safe‐environment green corrosion inhibitor for Cu in HNO3 solution
Authors: Fouda Abd El‐Aziz El‐Sayed , Ahmed Abd El‐Moneim Mohamed , El‐Darier Salama Mohamed , Badr Sherif Elsayed
Published: April 2021

The effect of Fagonia arabica as corrosion inhibitor for Cu in nitric acid solution was studied utilizing mass loss technique, potentiodynamic polarization measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increase in the concentration of inhibitor; the inhibitive effect of this inhibitor was explained based on adsorption metal surface, the adsorption effect follows Flory‐Huggins adsorption isotherm. The corrosion rate was calculated; the results revealed that F. arabica has good inhibition effect on Cu. The surface morphology of Cu metal was examined by employing various techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and SEM. The AFM results observed greater inhibition efficiency of F. arabica for Cu dissolution in the acid corrosive environment. The parameters for the corrosion procedure have also been determined and discussed.
X‐ray radiation monitor for measuring solids content in fluid fine tailings
Authors: Yu Bo , Wang Wei , Sraw Talwinder K. , Srivastava Tulika , Sedgwick Andrea , Junaid Abu , Gupta Manisha , Fedosejevs Robert , Tsui Y. Y.
Published: April 2021

The extraction of bitumen from oil sands produces fluid fine tailings (FFT) consisting mainly of water, sands, clay, and residual bitumen. Generally, devices with radioactive sources are used to measure the variation of FFT density or solids concentration inline, but to date there is no suitable device for in situ monitoring in tailings storage facilities such as large tailings ponds. In this study, an alternative method using high‐resolution spectrometry based on a low radiation intensity source and a cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector was used to measure the solids content in tailings samples based on X‐ray attenuation. The radiation source used in the experiment was a 1 μCi 133Ba. GEANT4, a Monte Carlo–based simulation code that calculates the transmission of radiation through matter, was used to simulate the results of this study and build calibration curves that can determine the solids content concentration based on measured sample composition. Experiments and simulations were performed on various concentrations of both actual FFT samples from tailings facilities and kaolin as a model material. Good agreement between the experimental and simulation results was observed, paving the way for a potential real‐time solids content measurement system that could be deployed over large areas to measure the settling of FFT in tailings ponds.
Financing the economy: The multidimensional influences of financial development on economic complexity
Authors: Nguyen Canh Phuc , Su Thanh Dinh
Published: April 2021

This study examines how financial development influences economic complexity, using a broad index of financial development. By utilising a global sample of 86 countries over the period 2002–2017 and applying several econometric techniques, we find that financial institutions and financial markets, as well as their sub‐indices (financial depth, financial access and financial efficiency), have significantly positive impacts on economic complexity. Interestingly, financial institutions have a stronger effect than financial markets, and it is the same with financial efficiency over financial access and financial depth. Three subsamples comprising 28 low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries, 22 upper‐middle‐income countries and 36 high‐income countries are examined.
Metachromatic leukodystrophy: A single‐center longitudinal study of 45 patients
Authors: Fumagalli Francesca , Zambon Alberto A. , Rancoita Paola M. V. , Baldoli Cristina , Canale Sabrina , Spiga Ivana , Medaglini Stefania , Penati Rachele , Facchini Marcella , Ciotti Francesca , Sarzana Marina , Lorioli Laura , Cesani Martina , Natali Sora Maria Grazia , Del Carro Ubaldo , Cugnata Federica , Antonioli Gigliola , Recupero Salvatore , Calbi Valeria , Di Serio Clelia , Aiuti Alessandro , Biffi Alessandra , Sessa Maria
Published: April 2021

In this study, we characterize the natural course of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), explore intra/inter group differences, and identify biomarkers to monitor disease progression. This is a longitudinal observational study. Genotype and characteristics at disease onset were recorded. Time‐to‐event analyses were performed to assess time to major disease‐related milestones in different subgroups. Longitudinal trajectories of nerve conduction velocities (NCV), brain MRI score, and brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) were described. We recruited 22 late‐infantile, 14 early‐juvenile, 5 late‐juvenile, and 4 adult MLD patients. Thirty‐four were prospectively evaluated (median FU time 43 months). In late‐infantile patients, the attainment of independent walking was associated with a later age at dysphagia. In early‐juvenile, the presence of isolated cognitive impairment at onset was not a favorable prognostic factor. Late‐infantile and early‐juvenile subjects showed similar rapid loss of ambulation and onset of seizures, but late‐infantile displayed earlier loss of trunk control, dysphagia, and death. We found significant differences in all major disease‐related milestones (except death) between early‐juvenile and late‐juvenile patients. Late‐juvenile and adult patients both presented with a predominant cognitive impairment, mild/no peripheral neuropathy, lower brain MRI score at plateau compared to LI/EJ, and later cerebellar involvement. NCV and BAER were consistently severely abnormal in late‐infantile but not in older subjects, in whom both NCV and BAER were variably affected, with no deterioration over time in some cases. This study clarifies intra/inter group differences between MLD subtypes and provides additional indications regarding reliable clinical and instrumental tools to monitor disease progression and to serve as areference to evaluate the efficacy of future therapeutic interventions inthe different MLD variants.
Winter AOD trend changes over the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region
Authors: Shaheen Abdallah , Wu Renguang , Lelieveld Jos , Yousefi Robabeh , Aldabash Midyan
Published: April 2021

The present study documents the winter aerosol optical depth (AOD) trends over the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region using MERRA‐2 and moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) collection 6.1 data. A significant upward AOD trend was identified during the years 2000–2010, whereas the AOD followed a significant downward trend during the years 2010–2017. Our analysis indicates that aeolian dust is the main contributor to AOD changes. The winter AOD changes are related to meteorological factors over the EMME region. During the early period (2000–2010), a significant decrease in sea level pressure induced dry and hot southeasterly winds blowing from the desert regions in the Middle East toward the EMME, which increased the temperature and reduced the relative humidity, thus enhancing evaporation and promoting soil drying. In contrast, during the late period (2010–2017), a significant increase in sea level pressure, accompanied by an increase in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, induced northwesterly winds from higher latitudes, which decreased the temperature and increased the relative humidity, reducing dust mobilization in the EMME, in particular, in Iraq and Egypt. This shows to what extent AOD trends in the EMME region are controlled by changing meteorological weather conditions.
Characterization of edible collagen casings in comparison with the ovine casing and their effect on sausage quality
Authors: Zając Marzena , Pająk Paulina , Skowyra Gabriela
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND

Bovine hide underlayer is used to manufacture collagen casings for sausage production. Edible collagen casings and natural ovine casing (as a reference) were chosen for analysis. The collagen casings (intended for: A – breakfast sausages, B – scalded sausages and C – dried sausages) were manufactured with the use of glyoxal as a cross‐linking agent. The casings properties along with the quality of the sausages manufactured in those casings was analyzed.

RESULTS

Casing A had a higher swelling capacity and water solubility, a* and b* color parameters, and wet elongation at break values, as well as a lower shrinking temperature. The remaining mechanical and water parameters were comparable to other collagen casings. The ovine casing contained more water, and was redder and less yellow compared to the collagen casings, whereas swelling, solubility and water vapor permeability were higher. The sausages in casing A were the softest and had the highest a* and b* color parameters. The results of the sensory analysis indicate that the sausages in casing B exhibited the highest quality on a three‐point scale among the tested sausages and were also the most acceptable for judges. The ovine casing was graded as the hardest during cutting and also when in the mouth.

CONCLUSION

By contrast to the producer's descriptions, the collagen casings were similar with respect to many properties. The differences between sausages in collagen casings were not so distinct as might be expected. Despite our expectations, the sausages in the natural casing were not rated as the best compared to sausages in collagen casings in the sensory analysis. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effect of storage states on stability of three organophosphorus insecticide residues on cowpea samples
Authors: Bian Yanli , Wang Boning , Liu Fengmao , Wang Yihan , Huang Hongwei
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND

The stability of pesticide residues in stored samples is very important to ensure the quality of data about the residues. The evaluation of pesticide residues in food and environment samples is an important means to ensure food quality and protect consumers against potential dietary risks. Improper storage of pesticide residue samples may result in loss of pesticide and unreliable data, which could affect safety assessments.

RESULTS

The influences of storage conditions, including temperature (−20 °C, 4 °C, and ambient temperature) and sample state (homogenized state and coarsely chopped state) on the storage stability of dichlorvos, malathion, and diazinon on cowpea were studied. Dichlorvos and malathion were more stable in an homogenized state than in a coarsely chopped state. At 4 °C, the residual dichlorvos in the coarsely chopped state and the homogenized state, respectively, was 12% and 69%; the residual malathion was 26% and 92%, respectively. Dichlorvos suffered a large loss of 89% and 59% for coarsely chopped and homogenized cowpea, even at −20 °C. It was obvious that the stability of dichlorvos and malathion were more affected by storage state than diazinon. The stability of diazinon was significantly affected by temperature. The effect of storage state and temperature on stability is likely to be correlated with enzymes in the matrix, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD).

CONCLUSION

The optimal stable storage conditions for three organophosphorus insecticides residues on cowpea were in the homogenized state and under a lower temperature. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Plasma‐activated water production and its application in agriculture
Authors: Guo Dingmeng , Liu Hongxia , Zhou Lei , Xie Jinzhuo , He Chi
Published: April 2021

The use of plasma‐activated water (PAW) treatment is a promising technology that has many advantages, such as high efficiency, flexibility, environmental safety, and no residue. Thus, PAW has been applied in the agriculture industry to increase agricultural production. The application of PAW technology in agricultural production should emphasize its systematic nature, controllability, and operability, making it practical. This review systematically illustrates the production of PAW and the factors influencing it. The application of PAW in agriculture and its mechanism are discussed, including the effect on seed germination, the promotion of plant growth, and the control of plant diseases and pests. The implications of PAW for agriculture production and some of the related challenges are discussed. This review provides a deeper understanding of the viability of PAW technology in agriculture production. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Proteomic analysis of metabolic mechanisms associated with fatty acid biosynthesis during Styrax tonkinensis kernel development
Authors: Wu Qikui , Chen Chen , Wang Xiaojun , Zhang Zihan , Yu Fangyuan , Guy Robert D
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND

Styrax tonkinensis is a white‐flowered tree with considerable potential as a feedstock source for biodiesel production from the oily seed contained within its nutlike drupes. Transcriptome changes during oil accumulation have been previously reported, but not concurrent changes in the proteome.

RESULTS

Using proteomic analysis of samples collected at 50, 70, 100 and 130 days after flowering (DAF), we identified 1472 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Based on their expression patterns, we grouped the DEPs into nine clusters and analyzed the pathway enrichment. Proteins related to starch and sucrose metabolism were most abundant at 50 DAF. Proteins involved in fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis were mainly grouped into a cluster that peaked at 70 DAF. Proteins related to protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum had two major patterns, trending either upwards or downwards, while proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis showed more complex relationships. We identified 42 key enzymes involved in lipid accumulation during kernel development, including the acetyl‐CoA carboxylase complex (ACC) and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). One oil body membrane protein, oleosin, continuously increased during kernel development.

CONCLUSION

A regulatory network of oil accumulation processes was built based on protein and available transcriptome expression data, which were in good temporal agreement. This analysis placed ACC and PDC in the center of the network, suggesting that the glycolytic provision of substrate plays a central regulatory role in FA biosynthesis and oil accumulation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Ultrasound‐assisted dual‐cloud point extraction with high‐performance liquid chromatography‐hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry for mercury speciation analysis in environmental water and soil samples
Authors: Xie Meiyi , Hao Xiaotang , Jiang Xun , Liu Weiting , Liu Tiantian , Zheng Han , Wang Mei
Published: April 2021

A method for simultaneous preconcentration and determination of mercury species in water and soil samples was established using high‐performance liquid chromatography with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry after ultrasound‐assisted dual‐cloud point extraction. The extraction process was divided into two steps. In the first cloud point extraction, inorganic mercury and methylmercury formed chelates with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and were extracted into Triton X‐114 micelles. In the second stage, a displacement reaction between sodium diethyldithiocarbamate‐inorganic mercury/methylmercury and l‐cysteine occurred, and the analytes entered the l‐cysteine aqueous solution under ultrasonication. This aqueous solution was directly introduced to the high‐performance liquid chromatography with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry and the detection was completed within 6 min. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the linear range was 0.10–5.0 μg/L (r ≥0.9993) for inorganic mercury and methylmercury, and the enhancement factors were 15.7 for inorganic mercury and 6.35 for methylmercury. The limits of detection for inorganic mercury and methylmercury were 0.004 and 0.016 μg/L, respectively. The approach was successfully applied to the determination of trace inorganic mercury and methylmercury in water and soil samples with good recoveries (85.3–110%). This method solved the problem of peak fusion of the two analytes and was successfully applied to the speciation analysis of mercury.
Importance of Margins, Radiotherapy, and Systemic Therapy in Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Sahovaler Axel , Ziai Hedyeh , Cardemil Felipe , Huang Shao Hui , Su Jie , Goldstein David P. , Gilbert Ralph , Hosni Ali , Hope Andrew , Waldron John , Spreafico Anna , Monteiro Eric , Witterick Ian , Irish Jonathan , Gullane Patrick , Xu Wei , O'Sullivan Brian , de Almeida John R.
Published: April 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

The ideal strategy in the treatment of mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (MMHN) remains unclear. Our objective was to evaluate the importance of surgical margins, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy in MMHN.

Study Design

Retrospective Single Institutional Review.

Methods

Retrospective review of patients with MMHN treated at a tertiary care oncology center between 1999 and 2016.

Results

Seventy‐six patients were included, 60 of whom were treated with curative intent. Negative or close margins compared with positive margins were associated with higher 3‐year overall survival (OS) (62% vs. 29% vs. 13% P = .012), disease‐free survival (33% vs. 29% vs. 4% P = .003), and distant control (48% vs. 29% vs. 22% P = .039). Cases with pre‐/postoperative radiotherapy had a marginally higher locoregional control versus without (69% vs. 59%, P = .117). Immunotherapy for recurrent and/or metastatic disease was associated with an increase in 3‐year OS (15% vs. 3% P = .01).

Conclusion

Achieving negative surgical margins is relevant in disease control. Despite small sample size, our data suggest that radiotherapy may enhance surgical outcomes. Immunotherapy has therapeutic benefit.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 131:2269–2276, 2021
Current management of button battery injuries
Authors: Sethia Rishabh , Gibbs Hannah , Jacobs Ian N. , Reilly James S. , Rhoades Keith , Jatana Kris R.
Published: April 2021

Button batteries (BB) are found in common household items and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population when ingested. BBs are made of various chemistries and have a unique size and shape that yield significant injury when lodged in the pediatric esophagus. BBs create a local tissue pH environment of 10 to 13 and can induce liquefactive necrosis at the negative pole. This initial injury can progress with further tissue breakdown even after removal. Unfortunately, patients may present with vague symptoms similar to viral illnesses and there is not always a known history of ingestion. Plain film X‐ray can be diagnostic. Exposure can lead to caustic injury within 2 hours. Thus, timely endoscopic removal is the mainstay of treatment. Novel mitigation and neutralization strategies have been implemented into treatment guidelines. These include the preremoval ingestion of honey or sucralfate and intraoperative irrigation with acetic acid. Depending on the severity of injury following removal, careful consideration should be given for potential delayed complications including fistulization into major vessels which often leads to death. The National Button Battery Taskforce and several industry members have implemented prevention strategies such as educational safety outreach campaigns, child‐resistant packaging changes, and warning labels. Governmental regulation and industry changes are key to limit not only the amount of BB ingestions, but also the devastating consequences that can result. Anonymous reporting of BB injuries through the Global Injury Research Collaborative has been made convenient and centralized through the advent of a user‐friendly smartphone iOS/App Store and Android/GooglePlay application called the “GIRC App”; all specialists who manage foreign body cases should contribute their cases to help prevent future injuries. BB ingestion must be recognized and treated promptly using a multidisciplinary approach to optimize outcomes for these patients. Ultimately, a safer BB technology is critically needed to reduce or eliminate the severe and life‐threatening injuries in children.

Level of Evidence

5
Bulk Energy Transferability Linked to Critical N–H Modes of an Interfacial Nanoscale Surface Modification via Unique Isophorone Diisocyanate Amine Exchange Reaction
Authors: Attard Thomas L.
Published: April 2021

A surface‐modified carbon‐fiber reinforced epoxy (CF/E) via a unique isophorone diisocyanate amine (IDA) reaction produces a new interfacial epoxy‐polyurea “matrix” (IEPM) that elicits excellent mechanical energy transferability in brittle CF/E. The chemical bonding property in the IEPM molecule is produced via moieties of an epoxy mixture and N‐H‐concentrated urea molecules, where IDA thermodynamics are controlled via a curing parameter, tc (in hours). Nano‐scale properties of the IDA reaction, confirmed via fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and chemical mapping of molecules comprising the IEPM structure, are linked to bulk mechanical energy transferability, specifically loss modulus, E″(ω), and post‐elastic energy absorption. Using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of six test specimens and a Generalized Maxwell Model – verified via Prony Series calibration of the storage modulus to DMA data to compute relaxation parameters – the ultrathin IEPM is isolated, and E″(ω) is computed as a function of tc. IEPM that is produced via tc = 0 exhibited two, six, and ten times greater loss modulus than IEPM produced via 0.5 ≤ tc ≤ 2; tc = 3.5; and tc = 24 (baseline design utilizes cured CF/E). Finally, IDA surface‐modification of CF/E improved energy absorption capacity (post‐elasticity) between 250% (tc = 0.5) and 300% (tc = 0).
A method to find approximate solutions of first‐order systems of nonlinear ordinary equations
Authors: Alvarez‐Sánchez J. J. , Gadella M. , Lara L. P.
Published: April 2021

We develop a one‐step matrix method in order to obtain approximate solutions of first‐order nonlinear systems and nonlinear ordinary differential equations, reducible to first‐order systems. We find a sequence of such solutions that converge to the exact solution. We apply the method to different well‐known examples and check its precision, in terms of local error, comparing it with the error produced by other methods. The advantage of the method over others widely used lies on the great simplicity of its implementation.
Microseismic monitoring of rockbursts with the ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: Dip A. Cecilia , Giroux Bernard , Gloaguen Erwan
Published: April 2021

We introduce an algorithm to monitor seismic velocity changes associated with rockbursts in mines, through microseismic monitoring. Rockbursts are extreme events resulting from the complex interaction between mining activities and geology, and represent a significant threat to mines. In recent years, the use of passive seismic monitoring for mine safety and productivity has progressed substantially, aiming to understand and predict this hazard. In this work, additional value is given to microseismic monitoring, using it to map temporal changes of seismic velocity in the rock mass that can potentially be associated with stress changes leading to rockbursts. An application of the ensemble Kalman filter is presented for assimilating travel times of seismic P and S waves in a fast and efficient way in order to update the mine's velocity model. Combining sequential Gaussian simulation and ensemble Kalman filter techniques, we were able to monitor the occurrence of velocity changes underground. The proposed approach allows zones to be highlighted where the rock mass is under stress and where potential risk can be expected. The performance of the method was first tested on several synthetic scenarios and, subsequently, on a real 3D case of a deep mine in Canada. The application on the real data set allowed mapping a change in velocity in the area where a rockburst occurred four hours afterwards.
Effects of an Interprofessional Communication Approach on Support Needs, Quality of Life, and Mood of Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Krug Katja , Bossert Jasmin , Deis Nicole , Krisam Johannes , Villalobos Matthias , Siegle Anja , Jung Corinna , Hagelskamp Laura , Unsöld Laura , Jünger Jana , Thomas Michael , Wensing Michel
Published: April 2021

Background

To address the support needs of newly diagnosed patients with lung cancer with limited prognosis, the Milestone Communication Approach (MCA) was developed and implemented. The main elements of the MCA are situation-specific conversations along the disease trajectory conducted by an interprofessional tandem of physician and nurse. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of MCA on addressing support needs, quality of life, and mood as compared with standard oncological care.

Patients and Methods

A randomized trial was conducted with baseline assessment and follow-up assessments at 3, 6, and 9 months in outpatients with newly diagnosed lung cancer stage IV at a German thoracic oncology hospital. The primary outcome was the Health System and Information Needs subscale of the Short Form Supportive Care Needs Survey (SCNS-SF34-G) at 3-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included the other subscales of the SCNS-SF34-G, the Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy lung module, the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety, and the Distress Thermometer.

Results

At baseline, 174 patients were randomized, of whom 102 patients (MCA: n = 52; standard care: n = 50) provided data at 3-month follow-up. Patients of the MCA group reported lower information needs at 3-month follow-up (mean ± SD, 33.4 ± 27.5; standard care, 43.1 ± 29.9; p = .033). No effects were found for secondary outcomes.

Conclusion

MCA lowered patient-reported information needs but did not have other effects. MCA contributed to tailored communication because an adequate level of information and orientation set the basis for patient-centered care.

Implications for Practice

By addressing relevant issues at predefined times, the Milestone Communication Approach provides individual patient-centered care facilitating the timely integration of palliative care for patients with a limited prognosis. The needs of patients with lung cancer must be assessed and addressed throughout the disease trajectory. Although specific topics may be relevant for all patients, such as information about the disease and associated health care, situations of individual patients and their families must be considered. Additionally, using the short form of the Supportive Care Needs Survey in clinical practice to identify patients’ problems might support individually targeted communication and preference-sensitive care.
Effect of carbon nanotubes and silica nanoparticles on the durability of basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites in seawater and sea sand concrete environment
Authors: Su Chang , Wang Xin , Ding Lining , Wu Zhishen
Published: April 2021

This paper focuses on the durability of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) laminas exposed to solutions of normal concrete (NC) and seawater sea sand concrete (SWSSC) by acceleration of temperature. Modification of BFRP laminas using different contents of silica nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was conducted, and the effect of modification on the durability of the lamina was evaluated. The degradation and modification mechanism of BFRP laminas was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the BFRP laminas exhibited obvious strength degradation after exposure to the NC and SWSSC solutions, while the Young's modulus of the laminas remained nearly unchanged. The tensile strength of BFRP laminas in SWSSC solution declined faster than in NC solution due to the combined effect of alkali ions and saline ions in the SWSSC solution accelerated the corrosion of FRP. Additionally, the durability of MWCNT‐modified specimens has been significantly improved. The SEM images revealed that MWCNTs in the resin matrix improve the interface bonding performance between the fiber and the resin. Furthermore, the diffusion path of OH−, Cl−, and H2O molecules is elongated and hindered by MWCNTs. The silica nanoparticle‐modified BFRP laminas obtained improved corrosion resistance performance only at a content of 1 wt%. Additionally, the long‐term residual tensile strength of modified BFRP laminas under NC and SWSSC environments was predicted.
Registration of ‘S13‐2743C’ as a conventional soybean cultivar with high oil content, broad disease resistance, and high yield potential
Authors: Chen P. , Shannon G. , Scaboo A. , Crisel M. , Smothers S. , Clubb M. , Selves S. , Vieira C. C. , Ali M. L. , Mitchum M. G. , Nguyen H. T. , Meinhardt C. , Klepadlo M. , Li Z. , Bond J. , Li S. , Smith J. R. , Gillen A. M. , Mengistu A. , Robbins R. T.
Published: April 2021

High demand for early‐maturing conventional (non‐genetically modified [GMO]) high‐oil soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars in the food and special niche markets led to the development and release of ‘S13‐2743C’ (Reg. no. CV‐538, PI 695097). It is a tall, early maturity group IV (relative maturity 4.1) non‐GMO soybean developed and released by the University of Missouri–Fisher Delta Research Center soybean breeding program. This early maturing, indeterminate type cultivar is desired by growers in the southern United States to plant along with later maturity groups to allow flexibility during the harvest season. S13‐2743C has high oil content (238.4 g kg−1) and a broad disease resistance package, including resistance to soybean cyst nematode race 3, phytophthora root rot, stem canker, sudden death syndrome, and frogeye leaf spot. It has white flowers, grey pubescence, and brown pod walls. Seeds have buff hila and intermediate luster. S13‐2743C was tested in 103 environments across eight states and showed high yield potential in Missouri and other southern states, including Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee.
Amorphous Cobalt Boride Alloy Synthesized by Liquid Phase Methods as Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Gao Jian‐Fei , Hou Jing‐Feng , Kong Ling‐Bin
Published: April 2021

An amorphous cobalt boride alloy with high electronic conductivity is fabricated through the liquid‐phase reduction method. Benefiting from large specific surface area and hierarchical pore structure, the as‐synthesized Co‐B nanoflakes expose substantial electrochemical active sites, promote the transfer of electrons and ions, and accelerate the redox kinetic process. The as‐obtained amorphous Co‐B alloy sample displays a specific capacitance of 411 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, and with the current density increased to 10 A g−1, it maintains 69% of the initial capacitance. The as‐assembled asymmetric supercapacitor device reveals electrochemical properties comprising an excellent specific capacitance of 64.3 F g−1 at 0.25 A g−1, superior cyclical stability of 105% after 20,000 cycles at 3 A g−1, and maximum energy density of 22.9 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 200.3 W kg−1. This study demonstrates great potential in developing high‐conductivity materials for an asymmetric supercapacitor through utilizing an amorphous cobalt boride alloy as a promising electrode material.
Digital solutions for sleep problems in children: A pilot study
Authors: Tedford Stephanie E. , Romano Lindsay , Gozal David , Medalie Lisa
Published: April 2021

Children with sleep difficulties have limited options for treatment. Advancements in technology allow for the digital delivery of evidence‐based sleep strategies developed with a focus on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches for insomnia. An initial survey study was conducted to assess the need and current management of sleep problems in pediatric populations. A secondary pilot study evaluated the effect of a digitally‐delivered sleep strategy for the treatment of pediatric sleep problems. In the pilot study, participants had access to a mobile application which provided individualized CBT‐focused sleep solutions delivered over 6–10 weeks. A total of 218 participants were surveyed to determine their need and approach for pediatric sleep problems. Approximately 74% reported sleep problems in children aged 0–1 (46%), 2–4 (67%), 5–12 (85%), and 13–17 (73%). In the pilot study, 11 families with pediatric sleep problems (children categorized as baby, toddler and school‐aged) were enrolled and received the DrLullaby digital intervention. An improvement in key sleep behavior was observed including “time to fall asleep” (n = 8; 72.7%), “total time asleep” (n = 6; 54.5%) and “time awake” (n = 7; 63.6%). Within group analysis for time awake and time to fall asleep showed a mean change from baseline of 75.6% and 31.3%, respectively. Within group analysis for total time asleep showed a mean improvement of 1 h and 3 min compared to baseline. The collective distress scale score was decreased by 35%. These results suggest viability of the digital delivery of evidence‐based sleep strategies for treatment of pediatric sleep problems.
Reliability of machine learning to diagnose pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Tobal Gonzalo C. , Álvarez Daniel , Kheirandish‐Gozal Leila , del Campo Félix , Gozal David , Hornero Roberto
Published: April 2021

Background

Machine‐learning approaches have enabled promising results in efforts to simplify the diagnosis of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A comprehensive review and analysis of such studies increase the confidence level of practitioners and healthcare providers in the implementation of these methodologies in clinical practice.

Objective

To assess the reliability of machine‐learning‐based methods to detect pediatric OSA.

Data Sources

Two researchers conducted an electronic search on the Web of Science and Scopus using term, and studies were reviewed along with their bibliographic references.

Eligibility Criteria

Articles or reviews (Year 2000 onwards) that applied machine learning to detect pediatric OSA; reported data included information enabling derivation of true positive, false negative, true negative, and false positive cases; polysomnography served as diagnostic standard.

Appraisal and Synthesis Methods

Pooled sensitivities and specificities were computed for three apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) thresholds: 1 event/hour (e/h), 5 e/h, and 10 e/h. Random‐effect models were assumed. Summary receiver‐operating characteristics (SROC) analyses were also conducted. Heterogeneity (I
2) was evaluated, and publication bias was corrected (trim and fill).

Results

Nineteen studies were finally retained, involving 4767 different pediatric sleep studies. Machine learning improved diagnostic performance as OSA severity criteria increased reaching optimal values for AHI = 10 e/h (0.652 sensitivity; 0.931 specificity; and 0.940 area under the SROC curve). Publication bias correction had minor effect on summary statistics, but high heterogeneity was observed among the studies.