bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A discourse of the rule of the decrease of the height of the mercury in the barometer, according as places are elevated above the surface of the Earth, with an attempt to discover the true reason of the rising and falling of the mercury, upon change of weather
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

The elastick property of the air have been long since made out, by experiments before the R. Society and elce where
Part of a letter written in Latin to Thomas Gale, S. T. D. Secret. Reg. Soc. from Carniola, by Mr. John Weichard Valvasor liber Baro; containing the method of casting statues in metal; together with an invention of his for making such cast statues of an extraordinary thinness, beyond any hitherto known or practised
Authors: Valvasor Freiherr Von
Published: December 2006

I send you likewise my method of casting statues in metal, in obedience to the commands of the Royal Society; it is as follows.
Part of a letter from Mr. William Cole of Bristol to the publisher, about the grains resembling wheat which fell lately in Wilt-shire
Authors: Cole William
Published: December 2006

This City and Country round about, is filled with Reports of Raining Wheat about
Warminster
, and other Places within Six or Eight Miles of it, and many believe it; I have procured several Parcels of it, and carefully examined them, and find it to be the seeds of
Ivy-Berries
, which from Towers and Churches, Chimneys, Walls and high Buildings, were lately by very herce Tempests of Wind and Hail, driven away from the holes, chinks and other parts where Birds had brought them, especially
Sterlines
and
Choughs
:
An account of several curious observations and experiments, concerning the growth of trees; made by Thomas Brotherton, of Hey, in the County of Lancaster, Esq. Brought in and read before the R. S. by R. H. Fellow of the said Society
Authors: Brotherton Thomas , Hooke Robert
Published: December 2006

The first experiment was made in the Year 1671, upon a
Crab
Tree, about four Inches in Diameter; it was hacked round with a Hatcher, so as to cut pretty deep into the Wood, besides the cutting off of the Bark, for about four Inches wide.
A relation of an extraordinary effect of the power of imagination: Communicated by Mr. Edward Smith, Secretary to the Philosophical Society at Dublin, as it was brought before that company, by Mr. St. George Ash. R. Soc. S. who had seen the thing
Authors: Ash Georg
Published: December 2006

One
Elizabeth Dooly
of the County of
Kilkenny
was aged 13 Years in
January
last; Her Mother being with Child of her was frighted by a Cow as shee milked it, thrown down and hit on her Temple, within an eighth of an Inch of her Eye, by the Cows Teat.
De constructione problematum solidorum, five æquationum tertiæ vel quartæ potestatis, unica data parabola ac circulo efficienda; differtatiuncula Authore Edm. Halley
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

Qvo pacto æquationes omnes Cubum vel Quadrato-quadratum quantitatis incognitæ involventes, ope parabolæ cujuscung
;
A discourse concerning the most seasonable time of felling of timber
Authors: Pepys Samuel , Plot Robert
Published: December 2006

When I first imparted to your Majesty the manner of felling of Timber in the Country of
Stafford
, with the advantage it might give to your Royal Navy, were all the Timber used in building your Fleet so felled.
Medicina hydrostatica, or hydrostaticks applied to the materia medica, shewing how by the weight that divers bodies used in physick have in water, one may discover whether they be gennine or adulterate. By the Honourable Robert Boyle Fellow of the Royal Society, London, 8ˇ° 1690. Printed for Sam. Smith
Authors: Boyle Robert
Published: December 2006

The Honourable Author designs in this Treatise to shew, that by weighing Bodies in Water, comparing their weight in Air, and from thence deducing the proportion of weight to Water, the Specific Gravity of Bodies may be more exactly determined;
I. An account of the earthquakes in Sicilia, on the ninth and eleventh of January, 1692/3. Translated from an Italian letter from Sicily by the noble Vincentius Bonajutus, and communicated to the Royal Society by the learned Marcellus Malpighius, physician to his present Holineß
Authors: Bonajutus Vincentius
Published: December 2006

The great secrets of nature are so inscrutable, that we find them far out of our reach whenever we go about to form a true and nice judgment of them; nor is the task less difficult to discover the effects of portentous events, divers accidents being often confounded with the effects themselves, and one cause enchained with and depending on another.
III. The extract of another letter to the same purpose
Authors: Owen George
Published: December 2006

Honoured Sir, I here send you a note out of a M S. entituled, The History of Pembroke-shire. 'Twas written about the Year 1603. by one Mr. George Owen, a gentleman of that country, who seems to have been a person of constderable accuracy and veracity .
VI. A letter from Richard Townley, of Townley in Lancashire, Esq; containing observations on the quantity of rain falling monthly, for several Years successively: communicated to the Royal Society
Authors: Townley Richard
Published: December 2006

Sir, I have now compleated this last year’s observations, which I was very desirous should accompany the others I now also send you; and I hope you will be pleased upon that score to pardon my delay in obeying your commands
I. An account of the Giants Causway in the North of Ireland
Authors: Foley Sam , Molyneux Thomas
Published: December 2006

The Giants Causway is placed by Mr. Cole in the annext map of the sea-coast of the district of Colerain, somewhat more than eight English miles North-East from the town of Colerain, in the county of Antrim, about three English miles from the Bushmills, almost directly north.
II. An account of the evaporation of water, as it was experimented in Gresham Colledge in the Year 1693. With some observations thereon
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

In order to explain the Circulation of Vapour Experimentally, I caused an Experiment of the Quantity of Vapour arising simply from the warmth of the Water, without being exposed either to Sun or Wind, to be made in
Gresham Colledge
, which has been performed with great care and accuracy by Mr. Hunt, operator to the Society:
III. A paper about magnetism, or concerning the changing and fixing the polarity of a piece of iron
Authors: C. J.
Published: December 2006

Sir, Having but little Matter from abroad, I will here give you something of my own: Being a Breviate of some Experiments of the
Loadstone
, or rather of
Magnetism
, which I lately made.
V. A second letter concerning the same
Authors: Kirke Thomas
Published: December 2006

Honoured Sir, Yesterday l saw the Weather again, his Udder is much fallen, each side being now about the bigness of a Wallnut; there is Milk still in it, enough to stream out above half a yard.
I. A letter of Dr William Oliver, F. R. S. concerning a calenture
Authors: Oliver William
Published: December 2006

Sir, In the month of
Aug
. 1693. I was called upon about four a clock in the morning, to see a sailer on board the
Albemarle
man of war; in a violent calenture.
III. A letter from Mr. Antony Van Leuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning some fossils of Swisserland, &c.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Last February l imparted my thoughts and obsevations to the learned and famous Monsieur Peter Valkenier, envoy from the States General to the Swiss Cantons, about Mountain-Cristal, and particularly that it was not produced from Ice, nor grew in the mountains, where it has its increase, as many are of opinion; but that it is coagulated of the air, there where it is fixt in the mountain, that air and a little moisture is shut up in crystals; the parts of which being separated, are again resolved into long particles, of which a great many are hexangular.
IV. A letter from Mr John Thorpe, M. A, of University College in Oxford, to Dr Hans Sloane, S. R. S. concerning worms in the heads of sheep, &c.
Authors: Thorpe John
Published: December 2006

With this you receive the delineation of a worm, found in dissecting the head of a sheep, in the cells form’d between the lamiæ of the Os frontis: It is an apode, and seems to be a species of the Eulæ; tho much different from the common sort breeding in putrid flesh.
VI. An experiment made at a meeting of the R. Society Decemb. 20. 1704. of firing gun-powder on a red hot Iron in Vacuo Boyliano
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

The Candent Iron being included in a recipient proper for that purpose, and the air withdrawn (which was in about two minutes of time) the mercury then in the gage standing at 29 inches ½, a quantity of gunpowder was made immediately to descend upon the red hot Iron, which continu’d upon the surface of it some small time before it went off, and then was observ'd not to fire all at once; and the last of the quantity that did so, seem’d to give the greatest flash: upon which, the mercurial gage was taken notice of to descend something more than an Inch, it rising again 3/10 of the same.
IV. An account of insects in the barks of decaying elms and ashes.
Authors: Dudley Matthew
Published: December 2006

About 5 or 6 years since, l removed divers Elms, more than six inches Diameter, which for the first two or three years all thrived very well; but two or three years ago there happening a very dry time in July or August, I observed one of those Elms, which stood very shallow, and on pretty high ground, looked very sick; the Leaves turned yellow, and began to fall off; which made me with a Knife examine the Bark.
VI. Experiments on the production and propagation of light from the
phosphorus
in
vacuo
, made before the Royal Society by Mr. Fra. Hauksbee
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

Experiment I. In pursuance to the Commands of his Honourable Society, Having a dark Room provided, the first Experiment was by drawing some Lines on a piece of blue Paper with the
Phosphorus
, which became immediately Luminous in the open Air, having a continual undulating Motion. This being plac'd under a Receiver, after some few Exclusions, the Undulation ceas'd, but the Luminous Quality appeared to be in a great measure increas'd; the Receiver being farther exaulted, it became manifestly brighter; and so continu'd, till on the Admission of Air (which was gradually done) the Light sensibly diminishing all the while. But upon the Repetition of the Experiment, it was the Opinion of those Gentlemen then present, that it did not appear altogether so brisk or so vivid as at first.
A prospect of the weather, winds, and height of the mercury in the barometer, on the first day of the month; and of the whole rain of every month in the year 1703, and the beginning of 1704. Observ'd at Towneley in Lancashire, by Ri. Towneley, Esq; and at Upminster in Essex
Authors: Derham William
Published: December 2006

This illustrious Society having been pleased to accept of Mr Townley's and my observations compared, concerning the height of the mercury, &c.
I. Catalogus concharum fossilium, metallorum, mineralium, &cco. Quæ a Cl. D. Johanne Jacobo Scheuchzero, M. D. Tiguri, & Societat. Reg. Angl. Soc. nuper accepit D. Jacobus Petiver, S. R. S
Authors: Scheuchzer Johann Jakob , Petiver D. Jacobum
Published: December 2006

1. A
mmonis cornna
varij generis armata ex
Burgundia
.
III. Part of a letter from Mr N. Regnart, concerning a pin found in the gizard of a fowl
Authors: Regnart N.
Published: December 2006

Sir, I cannot but take notice to you of a particular accident, that seems to deserve your observation: which is, that in cutting the stomach or gizard of a fowl, finding something resisted my knife, upon examining it farther, I discover'd it to be a pin, which the pullet had swallowed, and in all probability had lain in her some time: for it had pierced thro the memhrane on the inside, and made a passage into the thick part, where, it had form'd itself a bed.
V. Part of a letter from the late Sir Philip Skippon, Kt, to the late Reverend Mr. John Ray, concerning the bones of a humane fœtus voided thro' an impostume in the groin. Communicated to the Publisher, by Mr. Samuel Dale
Authors: Skippon Philip
Published: December 2006

Yesterday in the Afternnon my Cozen
Horsnel
and my self visited a Woman 66 years old, in
Drurglane
, who had a Child consumed in the
vterus
about 28 years ago; She bore two Children after this, one lived 11 years, and the other 6.
II. Gulielmi Cockburni M. D. solutio problematis de purgantium & emeticorum medicamentorum dosibus determinandis in quacunque hominis ætate, temperamento, temperamenti varietate per universum terrarum orbem, ab ipso mense Martio proxime elapso, in actis philosophicis propositi. Et illustri admodum doctoque D. Edwardo Southwell, Annæ Reginæ a Secretis Hibernicis, &c. consecrata
Authors: Southwell Edward
Published: December 2006

Quo rectiùs diversas emeticorum & purgantium Modicamentorum Doses, pro Temperamentorum & Ætatum varietate, decernamus.
III. Microscopical observations on the seeds of several East-India plants
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Honourable gentlemen
, I now take the Liberty of communicating to you these my following Observations - a certain ancient Surgeon, that is a great Collector of Foreign Curiosities, had entreated another Surgeon, for whom he had an esteem, that when he was in the
East Indies
, and discover'd in the Plants or Seeds of those Parts any particular operation or effect, that he would impart some of 'em to him, with an account of their said operation; Whereupon he had received from the
East Indies
the Seed of a Tree called
Euwane
, of which the Description and Operation is as follows. operation or effect, that he would impart some of 'em to him, with an account of their said operation
V. An account of a very large tumour in the fore part of the neck, &c.
Authors: Douglas James
Published: December 2006

I lately had the opportunity of opening a Woman, about 50 years old, who had a very large Tumour, or hard Swelling, in the fore part of her Neck, possessing all the space between the whole extent of the lower Jaw and the upper part of the Sternum, with a considerable rising in its middle; laterally its point inclining to the Left side, tho the biggest part of the Tumour was on the Right.
III. A letter from Dr William Musgrave, Fellow of the College of Physicians, and R. S. To Dr Hans Sloane, R. S. Secr, concerning the jaundice, occasioned by a stone obstructing the ductus communis bilarius, which was afterwards voided by stool
Authors: Musgrave William
Published: December 2006

Sir, Being of late at
Clifton
, in
Dorsetshire
, the seat of M.
Havevey
, nephew to the celebrated physician of that name, I was there shewn a curiosity, which I thought remarkable, and may be perhaps be worthy your notice.
VIII. An account of the death and dissection of John Bayles, of Northampton, reputed to have been 130 years old
Authors: Keill James
Published: December 2006

John Bayles
, the old button-maker of
Northampton
, is commonly reputed to have been 130 years of age when he dyed. There is no register so old in the parish where he was christened; but the oldest people, of which some are 100, others 90, and others above 80 years, remember him to have been old when they were young.
II. An account of an experiment made before the Royal Society at Gresham College, together with a repetition of the same, touching the production of a considerable light upon a slight attrition of the hands on a glass globe exhausted of its air: with other remarkable occurrences
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

Having had the Favour of making several Experiments, in Relation to the Production of Light from Sundry Bodies, and in Different Manners, before this Honourable Society, which they were pleas’d to Countenance, by their Approbation and Publication of them, as being in some respect or other, Different from any heretofore made on the same subject:
II. An account of a hydrops ovarii, with a new and exact figure of the glandulæ renales, and of the uterus in a puerpera.
Authors: Douglas James
Published: December 2006

I Lately opend the Body of a Woman, aged 27, who dyed the third day after Delivery, on which I made the following remarks.
VI. An observation of a tumor on the neck, full of hydatides
Authors: Hewnden Anthony
Published: December 2006

A Gentlewoman in
London
, aged 25 years, had a large Wenny Tumor, the
Basis
taking its Origin from all the lower hinder part of the Skull, stretching down the Neck near each Jugular, extending it self almost as low as both
Scapula's
; on the upper part was a
Phlegmon
.
VII. Part of a letter from Mr Robert Taylor to Dr Hans Sloane, R. S. Secr. concerning a monstrous birth
Authors: Taylor Robert
Published: December 2006

Last week a Woman in a Neighbouring Village being in Strong Labour, the Midwife finding the Birth coming very awkwardly, and more Legs than usual, after a tedious time, delivered the poor Woman of Twins (designed by Nature doubtless) but joyned together;
VIII. An account of Dr Ehm's treatise of St George's Bath by Landeck, in the lordship of Glats near Silesia
Authors: Ehm
Published: December 2006

He gives an account of this Water, that it fills a Basin of 21 Foot long, 10 broad, and 5 foot deep, every 4 hours.
Several experiments shewing the strange effects of the effluvia of glass, produceable on the motion and attrition of it
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

In the late Experiments, which seem something to Illustrate Attraction or Electricity, by the Ends of the surrounding Threads pointing to the Axis of the Affricated Glass, there is something farther very Remarkable, and worthy Consideration;
II. An essay on the invention of printing, by Mr. John Bagford; with an account of his collections for the same, by Mr. Humfrey Wanley, F. R. S. Communicated in two letters to Dr. Hans Sloane, R. S. Secr
Authors: Bagford John , Wanley Humfrey
Published: December 2006

The Antiquity of Printing, and the first Inventors, hath been treated of by many Authors: I shall now only give a short account of the Observations I have made in many Years from old Books of several sorts and kinds.
VI. Part of a letter written to Signior Antonio Magliabechi, by Mr Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning the particles of silver dissolved in aqua fortis, &c.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

I Take the liberty to acquaint you, Honoured Sir, that I communicated to you some Months ago my Opinion concerning Diamonds ; the sum of which was, that they do not grow bigger by lying in the Earth, but that their magnitude and figure is assumed at once, and at the very time of the coagulation or coalescence of the Particles which compose them.
IV. A letter from Mr. Ra. Calep, Mr. William Cowper, F. R. S. concerning a woman 62 years of age (who is still living) that lost her leg and greatest part of her thigh by a gangrene
Authors: Calep Ra.
Published: December 2006

The wife of Tho. Steven of Maidenhead in the County of Berks, (aged about 62 years,) was seized with a fever about the latter end of November 1697. Her physician used various remedies to remove her fever, which in about 14 days terminated in a tumor and numness in her left foot, both which did by degrees creep up her leg, and half way up her thigh.
I. The practice of purging and vomiting medicines, according to Dr. Cockburn's solution of his problem; with tables shewing their doses in particular ages and constitutions. Inscrib'd to the learned Dr. Garth, F. R. S. by W. Cockburn, M. D.
Authors: Cockburn William
Published: December 2006

By my solution of the problem for determining the due doses of purging and vomiting medicines, in all their cases, it is manifest in general, that these medicines operate either upon the account of their being mixed with the blood, or by their stimulating the stomach and guts
IV. Joannis Keill ex Æde christi oxon. A. M. epistola ad cl. virum Gulielmum Cockburn, Medicine Doctorem. In qua leges attractionis aliaque physices principia traduntur
Authors: Keill John
Published: December 2006

Cum summâ benevolentiâ, & non vulgari Amicitiâ me complexus sis, Iniquus essem, vir ornatissime, nisi conarer aliquam tibi vicissim referre gratiam.
I. Microscopical observations on red coral: In a let­ter to the Royal Society from Mr. Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

This brings you (pursuant to your own Request) some observations which I made about two Years ago, concerning Red Coral, which are these that fol­low.
II. Jo. Keill ex Æde Christi Oxoniensis, A. M. epistola ad clarissimum virum Edmundum Hallenium Geometriœ Professorem Savilianum, de legibus virium centripetarum
Authors: Keill John
Published: December 2006

Haud oblitus es, uti arbitror, Vir Clarissime, te cum nuper esses Oxonii, Theorema, quo Lex vis centripetæ,
Quantitatibus finitis
exhiberi possit, mecum communicasse: Quod Theorema tibi monstravit Egregius Mathematicus D. Abrahamus De Moivre, Dixitque Dominum Isaacum Newtonum, Theorema huic simile prius Invenisse.
VII. An extract of a memoir, concerning the discovery of a passage by land to California; with a map and description of that Country. Presented to the Royal Council of Guadalaxara in Mexico, by Francis Maria Picolo. Taken from the letters of the missionary Jesuits, printed at Paris.
Authors: Picolo Francis Maria
Published: December 2006

My Lord, In Obedience to the Orders you some Days ago honoured me with, I shall give you an Exact and Faithful Account of the Discoveries and Settlements, that Father de Salvatierra and my self have made in California, for these five Years Past, that we have been in this large Country.
V. Epistola D. Guidonis Grandi, societatis regalis Londin. Socii, ad illust. Comitem D. Laurentium Magalotti, dictœ societatis socium, de natura proprietatibus soni
Authors: Grandi Guido
Published: December 2006

Elegantissimum Præsulis Armachani commentariolum de Sono, quod mihi nuper communicasti, summâ animi voluptate perlegi; at circa Semiplani figuram in calce ejus scripti commemoratam, in cujus potissimum expositione meam à te operam desiderari significaveras (sive ob argumenti ipsius difficultatem, ingenii mei viribus longè superiorem, sive ob diagrammatis Londino transmissi, minùs fortassè ad impressum exemplar exactam delineationem) vereor, ut satis assequi mentem Auctoris, tuisque votis pro merito respondere valuerim.
I. A letter from Mr. James Yonge, F. R. S. to Dr. Hans Sloane, S. R. Sec. concerning a bunch of hair voided by urine
Authors: Yonge James
Published: December 2006

A Plethorick Woman about Fifty Years old that used often to be afflicted with Nephritick Pains, employ'd me to relieve her the Nineth of
May
last.
II. A letter from Mr. Ant. Van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. containing his observations upon the hair mentioned in the foregoing letter, &c
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Honourable Gentlemen, In your Letter of the 24th of
October
last there was inclosed a small Lump of a hairy Substance, which was discharg'd by a Woman about 50 Years old or upwards, after she had taken a Dose of
Spanish
Flies given her for an Ulcer in the Kidneys.
III. A letter from Mr. James Yonge, F. R. S. to Dr. Hans Sloane, R. S. Secr. concering several solid bodies voided by Urine
Authors: Yonge James
Published: December 2006

Honoured Sir,
Yesterday I did again examine the Woman from whom the Bunch came, as also her Daughter, and Servant that attended her when it was ejected; and they all affirm that the Chamber-Pot used was a White glazed one, and very clean; and the Woman tells me she sensibly felt it when it came away, and that a Tumour which she felt in one side of her Belly, did thereupon vanish.
IV. A letter from Mr. James Yonge, F. R. S. to Dr. Hans Sloane, R. S. Secr. containing an account of an unusual blackness of the face; and of several extra-uterine fœtus’s
Authors: Yonge James
Published: December 2006

Honoured Sir, The Relation I sent
September
1707. of an hairy Bunch ejected by Urine from a Nephritick Wo­man, I find did not meet that Regard, and Credit which I think it well deserved.
IX. Part of a letter from Mr. B. Sherman to Dr. Hans Sloane, R. S. Sec. concerning the bones of a dead fœtus, taken out of the uterus of a cow; and of a callus that supplied the loss of part of the os femoris
Authors: Sherman Bezaleel
Published: December 2006

Sir, You will receive with this a Curiosity which I thought might not be unacceptable to you; tis the Bones of a Calf that perished in the
Uterus
of its Dam after the following manner, as I had the Account from the Person who sold the Cow to the Butcher.
V. A letter from Mr. Antony Van Leeuenhoek, F. R. S. to John Chamberlayne, Esq; F. R. S. containing his observations upon the edge of Razors, &c
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Sir, In your last acceptable Letter dated from
Westminster
the 2d. of August, I observe that you desire me to turn my speculations, and to give you my Thoughts upon several Appearances relating to a Razor.
VI. Observations of the Transit of Mercury over the sun, Oct. 31. 1736. Communicated to the Royal Society
Authors: Graham George , Manfredi Eustachio , Weidler Johann Friedrich
Published: December 2006

I.
An observation of the
Transit
of
Mercury
over the
Sun, Oct. 31. 1736.
by Mr.
George Graham,
F. R. S. made in
Fleetstreet, London.
Mercury
not yet seen, then Clouds.
III. An essay on the cohesion of fluids
Authors: Young Thomas
Published: December 2006

It has already been asserted, by Mr. Monge and others, that the phenomena of capillary tubes are referable to the cohesive attraction of the superficial particles only of the fluids em­ployed, and that the surfaces must consequently be formed into curves of the nature of lintearias, which are supposed to be the results of a uniform tension of a surface, resisting the pressure of a fluid, either uniform, or varying according to a given law. Segner, who appears to have been the first that maintained a similar opinion, has shown in what manner the principle may be deduced from the doctrine of attraction, but his demonstration is complicated, and not perfectly satisfactory; and in applying the law to the forms of drops, he has neglected to consider the very material effects of the double curvature, which is evidently the cause of the want of a perfect coinci­dence of some of his experiments with his theory. Since the time of Segner, little has been done in investigating accurately and in detail the various consequences of the principle. It will perhaps be most agreeable to the experimental phi­losopher, although less consistent with the strict course of logical argument, to proceed in the first place to the comparison of this theory with the phenomena, and to inquire afterwards for its foundation in the ultimate properties of matter. But it is necessary to premise one observation, which appears to be new, and which is equally consistent with theory and with experiment; that is, that for each combination of a solid and a fluid, there is an appropriate angle of contact between the surfaces of the fluid, exposed to the air, and to the solid. This angle, for glass and water, and in all cases where a solid is perfectly wetted by a fluid, is evanescent: for glass and mer­cury, it is about 140°, in common temperatures, and when the mercury is moderately clean.
XVII. On the mutual action of sulphuric acid and alcohol, with observations on the composition and properties of the resulting compound
Authors: Hennell Henry , Brande William Thomas
Published: December 2006

The following experiments were originally undertaken with the view of ascertaining the nature of that singular product of the distillation of sulphuric acid and alcohol, which has long been known in the pharmaceutical laboratory under the name of oil of wine, and which has generally been regarded by chemists as a modification of sulphuric ether. The results however of my enquiries have led me to very different conclusions, and induce me to regard it as a hitherto undescribed compound of sulphuric acid and carbon and hydrogen; the latter elements existing in the same proportions as in olefiant gas, and exerting a peculiar saturating power in respect to the acid. I have also ascertained that hydrocarbon, with an additional proportion of sulphuric acid, affords a compound which is capable of uniting with salifiable bases, and of forming a distinct series of products.
of oil of wine.
As I originally considered the elements of oil of wine to be the same as those of ether, I endeavoured to ascertain their relative proportions by passing its vapour over red hot oxide of copper in a glass tube, in the apparatus contrived for such decompositions by Dr. Prout and Mr. Cooper, Trans. Soc. Arts XLI. p. 56. In these experiments I always obtained, along with the other products, a considerable proportion of sulphurous acid, and afterwards upon washing the contents of the tube with water upon a filter, it was of a bluish tint, and held sulphate of copper in solution ; a result which I could not readily account for, as every precaution had been taken to free the oil of wine which I used from all adhering sulphurous and sulphuric acid.
Cerebral aspergillosis diagnosed by detection of Aspergillus flavus-specific DNA, galactomannan and (1→3)-β-d-glucan in clinical specimens
Authors: Khan Zia U. , Ahmad Suhail , Mokaddas Eiman , Said Tarek , Nair M. P. , Halim M. A. , Nampoory M. R. , McGinnis M. R.
Published: December 2006

A case of cerebral aspergillosis was diagnosed by the detection of Aspergillus flavus-specific DNA in brain biopsy and serum specimens. The diagnosis was also supported by detection of elevated levels of galactomannan and (1→3)-β-d-glucan in serum specimens. Despite the presence of dichotomously branched septate hyphae in brain biopsy, the culture remained negative. The inability to isolate the organism in culture suggested that combined therapy of AmBisome and caspofungin was fungicidal for the fungus in the brain abscess.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism of Streptococcus suis strains correlates with their profile of virulence-associated genes and clinical background
Authors: Rehm Thomas , Baums Christoph G. , Strommenger Birgit , Beyerbach Martin , Valentin-Weigand Peter , Goethe Ralph
Published: December 2006

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) typing was applied to 116 Streptococcus suis isolates with different clinical backgrounds (invasive/pneumonia/carrier/human) and with known profiles of virulence-associated genes (cps1, -2, -7 and -9, as well as mrp, epf and sly). A dendrogram was generated that allowed identification of two clusters (A and C) with different subclusters (A1, A2, C1 and C2) and two heterogeneous groups of strains (B and D). For comparison, three strains from each AFLP subcluster and group were subjected to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. The closest relationship and lowest diversity were found for patterns clustering within AFLP subcluster A1, which corresponded with sequence type (ST) complex 1. Strains within subcluster A1 were mainly invasive cps1 and mrp+ epf+ (or epf*) sly+ cps2+ strains of porcine or human origin. A new finding of this study was the clustering of invasive mrp* cps9 isolates within subcluster A2. MLST analysis suggested that A2 correlates with a single ST complex (ST87). In contrast to A1 and A2, subclusters C1 and C2 contained mainly pneumonia isolates of genotype cps7 or cps2 and epf− sly−. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that AFLP allows identification of clusters of S. suis strains with clinical relevance.
Bone marrow and skin granulomatosis in a patient with Bartonella infection
Authors: Keynan Yoav , Yakirevitch Evgeny , Shusterman Tali , Alter-Migdal Erella , Avidor Boaz , Weber Gabriel , Giladi Michael
Published: December 2006

This report describes a case of granulomatous inflammation, involving the bone marrow and skin, due toBartonellainfection in an immunocompetent patient. The clinical presentation included prolonged fever, pancytopenia, rash and hepatitis.Bartonellainfection should thus be added to the growing list of entities that produce marrow granulomas and fever.
Cell adherence-promoted activity of Plesiomonas shigelloides GroEL
Authors: Tsugawa Hitoshi , Ito Humie , Ohshima Miho , Okawa Yoshio
Published: December 2006

Previously, it has been demonstrated that the invasion of Caco-2 cells by Plesiomonas shigelloides induces apoptotic cell death. Therefore, the attachment to and colonization of eukaryotic intestinal host cells by P. shigelloides are important steps in causing pathogenicity. In this study, the participation of P. shigelloides GroEL in the attachment of P. shigelloides was examined. The groESL operon of P. shigelloides was isolated by PCR. The nucleotide sequence of the groESL operon of P. shigelloides revealed two ORFs of 294 nucleotides for groES and 1647 nucleotides for groEL. Cell fractionation and immunostaining experiments suggested that the GroEL of P. shigelloides was associated with the bacterial cell surface. The expression of the groEL gene was upregulated during the attachment and apoptosis-induction stages, and the expression of the protein was also induced during the attachment stage. Furthermore, GroEL efficiently promoted the attachment of P. shigelloides to Caco-2 cells, as measured by a FACSCalibur flow cytometer. These results demonstrated that GroEL has a positive influence on the attachment of P. shigelloides to Caco-2 cells.
Brains and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients hyperexpress MS-associated retrovirus/HERV-W endogenous retrovirus, but not Human herpesvirus 6
Authors: Mameli Giuseppe , Astone Vito , Arru Giannina , Marconi Silvia , Lovato Laura , Serra Caterina , Sotgiu Stefano , Bonetti Bruno , Dolei Antonina
Published: December 2006

Multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated retrovirus (MSRV)/HERV-W (human endogenous retrovirus W) and Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) are the two most studied (and discussed) viruses as environmental co-factors that trigger MS immunopathological phenomena. Autopsied brain tissues from MS patients and controls and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analysed. Quantitative RT-PCR and PCR with primers specific for MSRV/HERV-W env and pol and HHV-6 U94/rep and DNA-pol were used to determine virus copy numbers. Brain sections were immunostained with HERV-W env-specific monoclonal antibody to detect the viral protein. All brains expressed MSRV/HERV-W env and pol genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that cerebral MSRV/HERV-W-related env sequences, plasmatic MSRV, HERV-W and ERVWE1 (syncytin) are related closely. Accumulation of MSRV/HERV-W-specific RNAs was significantly greater in MS brains than in controls (P=0.014 vs healthy controls; P=0.006 vs pathological controls). By immunohistochemistry, no HERV-W env protein was detected in control brains, whereas it was upregulated within MS plaques and correlated with the extent of active demyelination and inflammation. No HHV-6-specific RNAs were detected in brains of MS patients; one healthy control had latent HHV-6 and one pathological control had replicating HHV-6. At the PBMC level, all MS patients expressed MSRV/HERV-W env at higher copy numbers than did controls (P=0.00003). Similar HHV-6 presence was found in MS patients and healthy individuals; only one MS patient had replicating HHV-6. This report, the first to study both MSRV/HERV-W and HHV-6, indicates that MSRV/HERV-W is expressed actively in human brain and activated strongly in MS patients, whilst there are no significant differences between these MS patients and controls for HHV-6 presence/replication at the brain or PBMC level.
Recombinant dimeric small immunoproteins neutralize transmissible gastroenteritis virus infectivity efficiently in vitro and confer passive immunity in vivo
Authors: Bestagno Marco , Sola Isabel , Dallegno Eliana , Sabella Patricia , Poggianella Monica , Plana-Durán Juan , Enjuanes Luis , Burrone Oscar R.
Published: December 2006

Small immunoproteins (SIPs) are single-chain molecules comprising the variable regions of an antibody assembled in a single polypeptide (scFv) and joined to the immunoglobulin heavy-chain dimerizing domain. To investigate the potential of these molecules to provide protection against enteric infections when supplied orally, SIPs were generated against Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a highly pathogenic porcine virus. Different variants of TGEV-specific SIPs were created, of ε and α isotypes, by exploiting the dimerizing domains εCH4 and αCH3 of human and swine origin. Transfected cells secreted these recombinant mini-antibodies efficiently, mainly as dimers stabilized covalently by inter-chain disulphide bridges. The specificity and functionality of the recombinant TGEV-specific SIPs were determined by in vitro binding, neutralization and infection-interference assays. The neutralization indices of the TGEV-specific SIPs were all very similar to that of the original TGEV-specific mAb, thus confirming that the immunological properties have been preserved in the recombinant SIPs. In vivo protection experiments on newborn piglets have, in addition, demonstrated a strong reduction of virus titre in infected tissues of animals treated orally with TGEV-specific SIPs. It has therefore been demonstrated that it is possible to confer passive immunization to newborn pigs by feeding them with recombinant SIPs.
Complete sequence and analysis of the ovine herpesvirus 2 genome
Authors: Hart Jane , Ackermann Mathias , Jayawardane Gamini , Russell George , Haig David M. , Reid Hugh , Stewart James P.
Published: December 2006

Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is endemic in sheep populations worldwide and causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a lymphoproliferative disease, in cattle, bison and deer. OvHV-2 has been placed in the gammaherpesvirus subfamily and is related closely to Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1). Here, the cloning, sequencing and analysis of the complete OvHV-2 genome derived from a lymphoblastoid cell line from an affected cow (BJ1035) are reported. The unique portion of the genome consists of 130 930 bp, with a mean G+C content of 52 mol%. The unique DNA is flanked by multiple copies of terminal repeat elements 4205 bp in length, with a mean G+C content of 72 mol%. Analysis revealed 73 open reading frames (ORFs), the majority (62) of which showed homology to other gammaherpesvirus genes. A further subset of nine ORFs is shared with only the related AlHV-1. Three ORFs are entirely unique to OvHV-2, including a spliced homologue of cellular interleukin-10 that retains the exon structure of the cellular gene. The sequence of OvHV-2 is a critical first step in the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of MCF.
Patterns of recombination in turnip mosaic virus genomic sequences indicate hotspots of recombination
Authors: Ohshima Kazusato , Tomitaka Yasuhiro , Wood Jeffery T. , Minematsu Yoshiteru , Kajiyama Hiromi , Tomimura Kenta , Gibbs Adrian J.
Published: December 2006

Potyviruses have variable single-stranded RNA genomes and many show clear evidence of recombination. This report studied the distribution of recombination sites in the genomes of 92 isolates of the potyvirusTurnip mosaic virus(TuMV); 42 came from the international gene sequence databases and an additional 50 complete genomic sequences were generated from field samples collected in Europe and Asia. The sequences were examined for evidence of recombination using seven different sequence comparison methods and the exact position of each site was confirmed by sequence composition analysis. Recombination sites were found throughout the genomes, except in the small 6K1 protein gene, and only 24 of the genomes (26 %) showed no evidence of recombination. Statistically significant clusters of recombination sites were found in the P1 gene and in the CI/6K2/VPg gene region. Most recombination sites were bordered by an upstream (5′) region of GC-rich and downstream (3′) region of AU-rich sequence of a similar length. Correlations between the presence and type of recombination site and provenance, host type and phylogenetic relationships are discussed, as is the role of recombination in TuMV evolution.
Two novel translocation breakpoints upstream of SOX9 define borders of the proximal and distal breakpoint cluster region in campomelic dysplasia
Authors: Leipoldt M , Erdel M , Bien‐Willner GA , Smyk M , Theurl M , Yatsenko SA , Lupski JR , Lane AH , Shanske AL , Stankiewicz P , Scherer G
Published: December 2006

The semilethal skeletal malformation syndrome campomelic dysplasia (CD) with or without XY sex reversal is caused by mutations within the SOX9 gene on 17q24.3 or by chromosomal aberrations (translocations, inversions or deletions) with breakpoints outside the SOX9 coding region. The previously published CD translocation breakpoints upstream of SOX9 fall into two clusters: a proximal cluster with breakpoints between 50–300 kb and a distal cluster with breakpoints between 899–932 kb. Here, we present clinical, cytogenetic and molecular data from two novel CD translocation cases. Case 1 with karyotype 46,XY,t(1;17)(q42.1;q24.3) has characteristic symptoms of CD, including mild tibial bowing, cryptorchidism and hypospadias. By standard fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and by high‐resolution fiber FISH, the 17q breakpoint was mapped 375 kb from SOX9, defining the centromeric border of the proximal breakpoint cluster region. Case 2 with karyotype 46,X,t(Y;17)(q11.2;q24.3) has the acampomelic form of CD and complete XY sex reversal. By FISH and somatic cell hybrid analysis, the 17q breakpoint was mapped 789 kb from SOX9, defining the telomeric border of the distal breakpoint cluster region. We discuss the structure of the 1 Mb cis‐control region upstream of SOX9 and the correlation between the position of the 14 mapped translocation breakpoints with respect to disease severity and XY sex reversal.
Skin conductance or entropy for detection of non‐noxious stimulation during different clinical levels of sedation
Authors: Gjerstad A. C. , Storm H. , Hagen R. , Huiku M. , Qvigstad E. , Ræder J.
Published: December 2006

Background:  State entropy (SE) measures electroencephalographic signals, whereas response entropy (RE) also includes frontal electromyographic activity. In the presence of electromyographic activity, the RE index is larger than the SE index, the difference being denoted as RE‐Δ (RE‐Δ= RE – SE). Skin conductance (SC) may be expressed by a slow reacting variable, the mean SC level, the derivate of the mean SC level (D‐SC), the number of SC fluctuations (NSCF) or the amplitude of the SC fluctuations (ASCF), which directly shows skin sympathetic nerve activity. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether these SC and entropy variables could differentiate between the responses obtained to load sound stimuli at different sedation levels before the induction of general anaesthesia.

Methods:  Twenty women scheduled for gynaecological laparotomy were studied. The modified observer’s assessment of alertness sedation (OAAS) was used to classify the patients’ hypnotic levels. White sounds (98 dB) were given at OAAS level 5 without propofol, at OAAS levels 4–3 and 3–2 with propofol and at OAAS levels 3–2 and < 2 with propofol and remifentanil.

Results:  RE and SE showed a steady decline from OAAS level 5 to level < 2 (P < 0.01). RE‐Δ did not discriminate between any of the OAAS levels (P= NS). The mean SC level discriminated between OAAS levels 4–3 to < 2 (P < 0.01). D‐SC discriminated between all the different OAAS levels (P < 0.01). NSCF discriminated between OAAS levels 5 to 3–2 (P < 0.05), but did not discriminate at OAAS level 3–2 between propofol alone or combined with remifentanil, or between OAAS level 3–2 and < 2. ASCF differentiated between OAAS levels 5 and 4 (P < 0.001) and OAAS levels 3–2 and < 2 (P < 0.05) only.

Conclusion:  RE, SE and D‐SC showed a similar discrimination between sound responses at the different sedation levels.
BIASES IN STATIC OLIGOPOLY MODELS? EVIDENCE FROM THE CALIFORNIA ELECTRICITY MARKET*
Authors: KIM DAE‐WOOK , KNITTEL CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: December 2006

Estimating market power is often complicated by a lack of reliable marginal cost data. A number of empirical studies identify industry competition and marginal cost levels by estimating the firms' first order condition within a conjectural variations framework. Few studies, however, have analyzed the accuracy of this technique. In this paper, we use direct measures of marginal cost for the California electricity market to measure the extent to which estimated mark‐ups and marginal costs are biased. Our results suggest that the technique poorly estimates mark‐ups and the sensitivity of marginal cost to cost shifters.
SELF‐DECOMPOSABILITY AND OPTION PRICING
Authors: Carr Peter , Geman Hélyette , Madan Dilip B. , Yor Marc
Published: December 2006

The risk‐neutral process is modeled by a four parameter self‐similar process of independent increments with a self‐decomposable law for its unit time distribution. Six different processes in this general class are theoretically formulated and empirically investigated. We show that all six models are capable of adequately synthesizing European option prices across the spectrum of strikes and maturities at a point of time. Considerations of parameter stability over time suggest a preference for two of these models. Currently, there are several option pricing models with 6–10 free parameters that deliver a comparable level of performance in synthesizing option prices. The dimension reduction attained here should prove useful in studying the variation over time of option prices.
HEDGING UNDER GAMMA CONSTRAINTS BY OPTIMAL STOPPING AND FACE‐LIFTING
Authors: Soner H. Mete , Touzi Nizar
Published: December 2006

A super‐replication problem with a gamma constraint, introduced in Soner and Touzi, is studied in the context of the one‐dimensional Black and Scholes model. Several representations of the minimal super‐hedging cost are obtained using the characterization derived in Cheridito, Soner, and Touzi. It is shown that the upper bound constraint on the gamma implies that the optimal strategy consists in hedging a conveniently face‐lifted payoff function. Further an unusual connection between an optimal stopping problem and the lower bound is proved. A formal description of the optimal hedging strategy as a succession of periods of classical Black–Scholes hedging strategy and simple buy‐and‐hold strategy is also provided.
More or Less Unequal? Evidence on the Pay of Men and Women from the British Birth Cohort Studies
Authors: Joshi Heather , Makepeace Gerry , Dolton Peter
Published: December 2006

Gender pay differences are not merely a problem for women returning to work and part‐time employees, but also for those in full‐time, continuous careers. In data from cohort studies, the gender wage gap for full‐time workers in their early thirties fell between 1978 and 2000. This equalization reflects improvements in women’s education and experience rather more than a move towards equal treatment. Indeed, had the typical woman full‐timer in 2000 been paid at men’s rates she would have actually received higher pay than the typical man. Within one cohort, passing from age 33 to 42, gender inequality increased. This was partly due to differences in the qualifications and experience of the women in employment at those points, but unequal treatment also rose among women employed full time at both ages.