bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels antagonize ictal‐like epileptiform activity in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus
Authors: Andreasen Mogens , Skov Jane , Nedergaard Steen
Published: June 2007

Reactive glial cells, for example, from patients with temporal lope epilepsy have a reduced density of inward rectifying K+ (Kir) channels and thus a reduced K+ buffering capacity. Evidence is accumulating that this downregulation of Kir channels could be implicated in epileptogenesis. In rat hippocampal brain slices, prolonged exposure to the nonselective Kir channel antagonist, Cs+ (5 mM), gives rise to an epileptiform field potential (Cs‐FP) in area CA1 composed of an initial positive (interictal‐like) phase followed by a prolonged negative (ictal‐like) phase. We have previously shown that the interictal‐like phase depends on synaptic activation. The present study extends these findings by showing that the ictal‐like phase of the Cs‐FP is (i) sensitive to osmotic expansion of the extracellular space, (ii) reversed very quickly during wash out of Cs+, and (iii) re‐established in the presence of Ba2+ (30–200 μM) or isosmotic low extracellular concentration of Na+ ([Na+]o, 51.25 mM). The interictal‐like phase showed less or no sensitivity to these treatments. In the complete absence of Cs+, the Cs‐FP could be fully reconstructed by the combined application of 4‐aminopyridine (0.5 mM), an isosmotic high extracellular concentration of K+ ([K+]o, 7 mM), and low [Na+]o (51.25 mM). These results suggest that the interictal‐like phase is initiated through synaptic activation and results from an unspecific increase in neuronal excitability, whereas the ictal‐like phase is entirely dependent on blockade of Kir channels in CA1. We propose that glial dysfunction‐related loss of Kir channels may not alone be sufficient for starting the induction process, but will likely increase the tendency of an epileptogenic process to proceed into seizure activity. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychotherapy in Japan: The case of Mrs. A
Authors: Kanazawa Yoshinobu
Published: June 2007

The problems of Mrs. A's children are the initial focus of professional work. Her depression receives professional attention in the course of treatment of the children. Mrs. A is most likely working individually with an eclectic therapist, with increasing her awareness and insight as treatment goals. Developing a good working relationship with the client is of prime importance to the therapist. Projective as well as objective psychological tests may be used. Her psychiatrist prescribes antidepressant and sleep‐inducing medications. Mrs. A's family may not be involved in her treatment; group therapy and self‐help resources are also unlikely to be used. I argue that to understand psychotherapy in Japan, the context of psychotherapy practice as well as cultural influence need to be considered. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 755–763, 2007.
Psychotherapy in South Africa: The case of Mrs. A
Authors: Cooper Saths
Published: June 2007

Psychotherapy in South Africa is confronted by issues that reflect the emerging nature of the nascent democracy. Historic racial patterns have characterized the production of psychotherapists and psychologists who are predominantly white female and who often have difficulty mediating the socioeconomic and ethnic reality of their black clientele. Despite this problem, psychotherapists are increasingly relied on and are equipping themselves to intervene meaningfully without their values impacting on the outcomes. These points are illustrated in the case of Mrs. A, who is treated in the cultural context of an evolving South Africa. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 773–776, 2007.
An international perspective on psychotherapy
Authors: Wedding Danny
Published: June 2007

This commentary reviews the contributions made in each of the other articles in this issue in the context of the author's international experience. I discuss the tremendous diversity in education, training, experience, and legal status of psychologists around with world, using examples from Argentina, Australia, Brunei, Iran, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, and Spain—the eight countries represented in this issue of Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 785–790, 2007.
Youth sense of community: Voice and power in community contexts
Authors: Evans Scot D.
Published: June 2007

Sense of Community theory suggests that people feel more attracted to groups and settings in which they feel influential or powerful. Unfortunately, young people have no voice or influence in many of the contexts in which they find themselves. Furthermore, teenagers are often unequipped and undersupported to participate fully and feel like they are making meaningful contributions to society. This is especially the case for young people who are disadvantaged or members of a minority groups. A two‐part study was undertaken to explore sense of community in adolescents. The first phase utilized existing tools to measure adolescent sense of community in school, neighborhood, and city contexts. The second phase of the study relied on in‐depth interviews with teenagers to better understand how they construct their sense of community. This article reports findings from the second phase and looks closely at the sense of community domain of “influence” as it applies to adolescents. Interviews with young people suggest that they feel a stronger self‐described sense of community in contexts where they experience voice and resonance, some power and influence, and adequate adult support and challenge. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 693–709, 2007.
Pressure‐Assisted Spinning: A Versatile and Economical, Direct Fibre to Scaffold Spinning Methodology
Authors: Arumuganathar Sumathy , Jayasinghe Suwan N.
Published: June 2007

Spinning composite polymer fibres by means of electric fields has been investigated for well over a century. These spun fibres have been explored across many areas of research, spanning the physical to the life sciences; however, electrospinning has the hazardous nature of the high voltage at the spinning needle. We demonstrate here a competing direct fibre to scaffold preparation method, completely determined by an applied pressure. Our technique reported here removes the hazardous high‐voltage element from the fibre/scaffold formation technique and has the ability to form uniaxial fibres and scaffolds comparable to those fabricated by electrospinning. We refer to this fibre generation approach as “pressure‐assisted spinning (PAS)”, which will have a tremendous impact in a range of applications, spanning the physical through to the life sciences. PAS joins the techniques for fibre to scaffold generation with a view to significantly and globally contributing to the micro‐ and nanosciences.

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Organic Memory Device Based on Carbazole‐Substituted Cellulose
Authors: Karakawa Makoto , Chikamatsu Masayuki , Yoshida Yuji , Azumi Reiko , Yase Kiyoshi , Nakamoto Chikanobu
Published: June 2007

A novel functionalized cellulose derivative, 6‐O‐[4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)butyl]‐2,3‐di‐O‐methyl cellulose, has been synthesized and characterized. The photoluminescence spectrum of the as‐cast film of the cellulose derivative exhibits sharp peaks with a well‐defined vibronic structure, which indicates that the interaction between carbazole groups is rather weak. This is in contrast to the broad spectrum of a poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) thin film. A thin‐film device, where the cellulose derivative is sandwiched by two different metals, shows a drastic transition between low‐ and high‐conductivity states upon the forward and backward sweeping of an external electric field. This reversible current density transition behavior demonstrates a typical memory characteristic, with the ON/OFF (high‐ and low‐conductivity) states exhibiting a current ratio of about four orders of magnitude. The cellulose derivative with a functional group such as a carbazole moiety will be a candidate for organic electronic materials.

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Atom‐Transfer Radical Batch and Semibatch Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Fu Yao , Mirzaei Ahmad , Cunningham Michael F. , Hutchinson Robin A.
Published: June 2007

Batch and semibatch styrene polymerizations are carried out using a heterogeneous ATRP catalyst system that provides excellent molecular‐weight control. The observed initiator efficiency is lower for semibatch operation due to the high initiator concentrations required to make a low‐MW polymer. Experiments verified that the insoluble metal complex does not participate in the polymerization and that Cu(I) solubility is an order of magnitude higher than that of Cu(II). A mechanistic model, using kinetic coefficients from literature and the solubility data from this study, provides a good representation of the experimental results.

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Arlington county adopts the manager plan
Authors: Reid Hugh
Published: June 2007

Arlington County, V a., becomes thejirst county in the United States to adopt the manager plan by popular vote.
The city manager in Kentucky
Authors: Owsley Roy H.
Published: June 2007

After three years' effort to secure legal power to adopt the city manager plan, the voters of Lexington, Covington and Newport, Kentucky, have ordered its introduction in their cities.
Oregon's recent experience with a party convention
Authors: Barnett James D.
Published: June 2007

Because of death of a candidate for election as governor it was necessary to resort to a party convention to nominate a successor. The conduct of the convention did not inspire confidence in this method of making nominations.
Street railways in foreign cities
Authors: Mosher W. E.
Published: June 2007

A concise survey of the street railway situation in Canada and Europe.
How the radio aids police work
Authors: Shenefield H. T.
Published: June 2007

Toledo's experience demonstrates the radio's utility in catching criminals. More than sixty cities are already operating or have under construction police radio services. At least three states are doing likewise.
Municipal aid for the unemployed
Authors: Hurlburt Walter C.
Published: June 2007

Frequency of economic depressions and the economy of decentralized administration dictate that municipalities create permanent organizations for the extension of aid to the unemployed.
Some notable state budget documents of 1931
Authors: Buck A. E.
Published: June 2007

Budgets submitted to thirty‐seven state legislatures on the whole show continued improvement in form and arrangement.
North Carolina's new plan for controlling local fiscal affairs
Authors: Masslich Chester B.
Published: June 2007

North Carolina's new Local Government Act introduces stringent state control over local debts and debt service, new to American experience.
Politics and Seattle's municipal light system
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: June 2007

Movement for recall of Mayor Edwards grows from contest over Seattle's municipal light and power system. Policies regarding public ownership of other utilities are involved.
The buffalo public school survey
Authors: Freeman Harry H.
Published: June 2007

A sweeping survey recommended abolition of Buffalo's dual system of school control and points the way to many new economies.
Maine's administrative code
Authors: Dow E. F.
Published: June 2007

Maine's new code consolidates twenty‐eight existing agencies into four integrated departments.
Does the probst rating system rate? I. no
Authors: Blog León
Published: June 2007

Los Angeles municipal employees, declares Mr. Blog, are dissatisfied with the Probst Rating System. which was described in the REVIEW for March.
British mayors
Authors: Woodruff Clinton Rogers
Published: June 2007

An ancient office enjoying sgmbolic prerogatives is in danger of be coming „politicalized”︁.
Les entreprises mixtes
Authors: Dimock Marshall E.
Published: June 2007

A possible escape from the regulation tangle.
Oregon voters defeat state administrative reorganization, but—
Authors: McKinley Charles
Published: June 2007

Voters overwhelmingly defeated consolidation amendment, but Governor Meier, elected by astounding majority, pushed integration before legislature with partial success and possibly more yet to come.
New York cleans house
Authors: Connery Robert H.
Published: June 2007

First reform mayor since John Purroy Mitchel launches administration of “experts” with brilliant promise.
Wisconsin cities count their debts
Authors: Pfeil George
Published: June 2007

Prejudice a poor substitute for facts in public hancing.
The blue grass state reorganizes
Authors: Manning J.W.
Published: June 2007

Bills just signed mark real advances in spite of some obvious weaknesses.
The information bureau in German cites
Authors: Ridey Clarence E.
Published: June 2007

American officials might learn much from German municipal reporting technique.
A Missouri county wants a new deal
Authors: Grand Joseph H.
Published: June 2007

How a weak county system piles up local costs.
The new role of the public administrator
Authors: Brownlow Louis
Published: June 2007

A changing world brings changing tasks.
Literature of the New Deal
Authors: Trull Edna
Published: June 2007

A reference list of books on contemporary government.
Georgia cuts state government costs
Authors: Gosnell Cutte R. B.
Published: June 2007

A million dollars saved annually through reorganization.
Mobilizing our housing forces
Authors: Ascher Charles S.
Published: June 2007

Success of National Housing Act depends largely on cities cooperation.
City planning for the new day
Authors: Menhinick Howard K.
Published: June 2007

Changes in population present new problems and new opportunities.
Effective rate regulation though sliding scale agreements
Authors: Roberts William A.
Published: June 2007

Suggesting a method for overcoming the natural resistence utility owners to rate reductions as profits increase.
The new trend to public ownership
Authors: Olmsted Harold M.
Published: June 2007

Sentiment for municipal ownership grows as increased opportunities are presented to prove its merits.
The municipally owned utility: Profits or service?
Authors: Smith Wade S.
Published: June 2007

Profit‐making policy a dubious substitute for taxation and prevents fullest use of utility service.
The future of municipal government
Authors: Dodds Harold W.
Published: June 2007

Drift toward greater state control among important trends seen by League's new president.
The distribution coefficient of oil and curing agent in PP/EPDM TPV
Authors: Lei Caihong , Huang Xianbo , Ma Fangzhong
Published: June 2007

The distribution coefficients of oil and curing agent in PP/EPDM TPV were calculated by measuring the melting point of the PP phase using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PP/EPDM TPV was prepared by using a twin screw extruder and a peroxide curing agent was used. The peroxide induces the degradation of PP, resulting in the decrease of Tm. The oil in PP phase also decreases the Tm. Based on the Tm difference among pure PP and PP/EPDM TPV before and after extraction by cylcohexane, the calculated oil distribution coefficient is 0.537. The addition sequence of PP, oil, and curing agent has a significant effect on the Tm and the calculated curing agent distribution coefficient is 0.52. Both of the coefficients are less than 1. Based on the calculation of the two coefficients, a rationale design of thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) can be made by proper control of raw materials, addition sequence, and processing parameters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of a shared experience group for women and their support persons following prenatal diagnosis and termination for a fetal abnormality
Authors: Gordon L. , Thornton A. , Lewis S. , Wake S. , Sahhar M.
Published: June 2007

Objectives Support after fetal diagnosis of abnormality (SAFDA), is a facilitated shared experience group for women and their partners or support person, in Victoria, Australia, who have had a pregnancy termination for a fetal abnormality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the SAFDA‐facilitated group.

Methods A questionnaire‐based study was undertaken between 2001 and 2005 to evaluate SAFDA. A deidentified self‐completed questionnaire was given to participants at the end of each group and included questions relating to the referring professional, participants' prior expectations of the group, helpfulness of participation, preferred group format, length, and venue. In addition, there was also opportunity for participants to make general comments on their experiences of participating in SAFDA.

Results A total of 85 participants (100% response) completed the questionnaire. Seventy‐one participants (84%) considered it ‘very helpful’ to participate in the group. Seventy‐eight participants (92%) considered that a shared‐experience group was the most beneficial format. Comments written by participants affirmed that the present format of SAFDA was a highly valued opportunity to listen to and share experiences in a confidential small group.

Conclusion SAFDA is a beneficial forum for women and their partners or support person to share their experiences after having had a pregnancy termination for a fetal abnormality. Further, SAFDA provides information and insights for health professionals who are considering how best to support women. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrapericardial teratoma with hydrops leading to in utero demise
Authors: Pachy F. , Raiffort C. , Mechler C. , Zilberman S. , Mandelbrot L.
Published: June 2007

We report a case of intrapericardial teratoma following in utero demise at 29 weeks with nonimmune hydrops. The diagnosis was strongly suggested by ultrasound findings and confirmed by fetopathology. The mechanism whereby intrapericardial teratomas may lead to hydrops and death is massive pericardial effusion responsible for compressive tamponade.

When prenatal diagnosis is performed before this stage, in utero interventions can obtain decompression, and the birth can be planned with rapid and appropriate management of the neonate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐dependent variations of ligand‐receptor contact points in hAT1
Authors: Arsenault J. , Renaud M. P. La Haye , Clément M. , Fillion D. , Guillemette G. , Leduc R. , Lavigne P. , Escher E.
Published: June 2007

Photoaffinity labelling is regularly used to investigate proteins, including peptidergic G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCR). To this purpose benzophenone photolabels have been widely used to identify many contact residues in ligand‐binding pockets. The three‐dimensional binding environment of the human angiotensin II type 1 receptor hAT1 has been determined using an iterative methionine mutagenesis strategy based on the photochemical properties and preferential incorporation of benzophenone onto methionine. This has led to the construction of a ligand‐bound receptor structure. The present study investigated the effect of temperature on the accessibility of some of these contact points. The hAT1 receptor and two representative Met mutants (H256M‐hAT1 and F293M‐hAT1) from the iterative mutagenesis study were photolabelled with the benzophenone‐ligand 125I‐[Sar1, Bpa8]AngII at temperatures ranging from − 15 °C to 37 °C. Labelled receptors were partially purified and digested with cyanogen bromide to identify the contact points or segments. There were no changes in receptor contacts or labelling in the 7th transmembrane domains (TMD) of hAT1 and F293M‐hAT1 across the temperature range. However, a temperature‐dependent change in the ligand‐receptor contact of H256M‐hAT1 was observed. At − 15 °C, H256M labelling was identical to that of hAT1, indicating that the interaction was specific to the 7th TMD. Significant labelling changes were observed at higher temperatures and at 37 °C labelling occurred almost exclusively at mutated residue H256M‐hAT1 in the 6th TMD. Simultaneous competitive labelling of different areas of this target protein indicated that the ligand‐receptor structure became increasingly fluctual at physiological temperatures, while a more compact, low mobility, and low energy conformation prevailed at low temperatures. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐crystal EPR studies of a perchlorate‐bridged dimeric copper(II) complex with 2‐[(4‐methyl‐pyridin‐2‐ylimino)‐methyl]‐phenol
Authors: Srinivasan R. , Sougandi I. , Velavan K. , Venkatesan R. , Sambasiva Rao P.
Published: June 2007

A new dimeric perchlorate‐bridged copper(II) complex with the Schiff's base ligand 2‐[(4‐methyl‐pyridin‐2‐ylimino)‐methyl]‐phenol has been synthesized. The complex has been characterized using elemental analysis, ultraviolet–visible and infrared spectroscopy, conductivity, magnetic studies and EPR techniques. Single‐crystal EPR studies indicate that zero‐field splitting (D) is relatively small, and that the half‐field transition is not observed due to its low intensity. An interesting observation in the frozen solution is that the low‐field side of the zero‐field splitting line splits into seven lines, due to interaction between the two copper ions. The magnetic susceptibility data indicate a weak ferromagnetic property and that the complex is a 1:2 electrolyte. Another set of EPR resonances corresponding to higher D and g values, compared to the system reported, are noticed, whose origin is not yet known. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Semiconductor heterostructure studies using emerging technologies
Authors: Hirayama Yoshiro , Sogawa Tetsuomi , Suzuki Kyoichi , Kanisawa Kiyoshi , Yamaguchi Hiroshi
Published: June 2007

Low‐temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy (LT‐STM), surface acoustic wave (SAW), and mechanical cantilever are used to measure and manipulate quantum characteristics in semiconductor heterostructures. A nanoscale detection of local density of states is demonstrated for electrons confined in semiconductor quantum wells and dots by a combination of InAs‐based heterostructures and LT‐STM. The SAW is used to realize moving quantum wires and dots in semiconductor heterostructures. A synchronized optical measurement confirms two types of modulation, i.e. bandgap and potential modulations. A combination of mechanical cantilever and quantum heterostructures gives a new mechanical functionality and a novel tool to analyse quantum transport characteristics. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus‐castus L. extracts
Authors: Sağlam Hüsniye , Pabuçcuoğlu Aysun , Kıvçak Bijen
Published: June 2007

The ethanol, n‐hexane and water extracts of Vitex agnus‐castus L. leaves and fruits were screened for antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of plant extracts was determined by an improved assay based on the decolorization of the radical monocation of 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+). The water and ethanol extracts showed stronger antioxidant activity than the n‐hexane extracts. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pilotprojekt zur Instandsetzung orthotroper Platten
Authors: Hamme Markus , Naumann Joachim , Prehn Wolfgang
Published: June 2007

Orthotrope Stahlfahrbahnplatten von Brücken, insbesondere solche aus der Zeit vor 1970, weisen gelegentlich Ermüdungsschäden auf. Die absehbare Entwicklung des Verkehrs in Richtung höherer Achslasten und größeren Volumens lässt Gefährdungen der Dauertragfähigkeit auch bei gesunden Brücken vermuten, weswegen eine nachhaltige Ertüchtigung der bestehenden orthotropen Fahrbahnplatten ein Thema ist. Vom Landesbetrieb Straßenbau NRW wurde deshalb in Abstimmung mit dem Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung ein Pilotprojekt zur dauerhaften Instandsetzung orthotroper Fahrbahnplatten durchgeführt. Im folgenden Aufsatz werden die Gründe für die Ausführung des Pilotprojekts und die grundlegenden Planungsparameter sowie die ersten Erfahrungen erläutert.
Verstärkung der orthotropen Stahlfahrbahn der Schönwasserparkbrücke mittels Stahl‐Elastomer‐Sandwich (SPS)
Authors: Matuschek Johann , Stihl Thomas , Bild Stefan
Published: June 2007

Vom Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung wurde 2005 ein Pilotprojekt zur Anwendung von Stahl‐Elastomer‐Sandwich‐Overlay zur Verstärkung von orthotropen Stahlfahrbahnen gefördert. Mit diesem wurde eine neue Technik getestet, mit der Brückenbauwerke gegen Gefährdungen aus stärker werdendem Verkehr ertüchtigt werden können.

Im folgenden Aufsatz werden das getestete Verfahren sowie Planung und Ausführung des Pilotprojekts an einer Autobahnbrücke der BAB A 57 in Krefeld beschrieben.
Ein Bemessungsmodell für durchlaufende Verbundträger mit großen Stegöffnungen
Authors: Weil Torsten , Schnell Jürgen
Published: June 2007

Durchlaufende Verbundträger können mit dem Fließgelenkverfahren berechnet werden. Bei dieser Methode werden die plastischen Querschnitts‐ und Systemreserven ausgenutzt. Bisher war bei der Anwendung der Fließgelenktheorie die Betrachtung von großen Öffnungen im Steg nicht geklärt. Im Fachgebiet Massivbau und Baukonstruktion der Technischen Universität Kaiserslautern wurde ein von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) gefördertes Forschungsprojekt [1] bearbeitet, bei dem durchlaufende Verbundträger mit Öffnungen experimentell und numerisch untersucht wurden. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes wurde u. a. ein Nachweiskonzept entwickelt, mit dem solche Verbundträger nach der Fließgelenktheorie bemessen werden können. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird dieses Bemessungsmodell vorgestellt.
Rapid determination of iodine value by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Miyake Yuko , Yokomizo Kazuhisa , Matsuzaki Narihide
Published: June 2007

High‐resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) has been found to be an effective tool for the direct, rapid, and automated determination of the iodine value (IV) of vegetable oils, including hydrogenated oils (IV=45.9–140.2). The total time required to obtain the 1H NMR data is about 3 min per sample. The IV is calculated from the number of double‐bonded protons and the average molecular weight derived directly from the spectrum. The average of olefinic protons and allylic plus divinyl protons area was used to calculate the absolute number of double‐bonded protons. The 1H NMR results were compared with those obtained by the traditional Wijs‐cyclohexane methods. The correlation coefficient between traditional IV and the novel 1H NMR method was r2=0.9994 for the regression equation Y=0.9885X + 2.8084, where X was the result given by the traditional method. With the proposed regression equation, IV calculated by the 1H NMR method was within an error of ± 1 unit of the result obtained by the traditional method. The proposed method is practically viable if one can afford to have the NMR system.
Flavor stability of high‐oleic peanuts stored at low humidity
Authors: Mugendi J. B. , Sims C. A. , Gorbet D. W. , O’Keefe S. F.
Published: June 2007

Shelf‐life studies were conducted on roasted high‐oleic peanuts (HOP; F1250, BC93Q10) and a reference peanut with normal oleic acid content (NOP, Florunner). HOP contained at least 80% oleic acid and 3% linoleic acid, whereas normal‐oleic peanuts contained 53% oleic and 27% linoleic acids. Peanuts were dry‐roasted to a medium roast (Hunter lab L=50) and stored at 40°C at 18% relative humidity. Samples were removed from storage at different intervals (0, 2, 4, 7, and 10 wk) for sensory evaluation and chemical oxidation measurements. Sensory attributes rated included roasted peanutty flavor, sweetness, crunchiness, and oxidized flavors (cardboardy and painty). The two HOP lines were not significantly different from each other in flavor quality or stability during storage but had better flavor quality and stability than NOP. The latter oxidized faster and developed painty off‐flavors to a greater extent than did the HOP lines. Chemical oxidation measurements confirmed higher levels of oxidation in NOP than in the HOP lines. Peroxide values at 10‐wk storage were 47 meq/kg oil for NOP and <3 meq/kg oil for the HOP lines. Both HOP lines had greater shelf lives than NOP.
4‐Demethylsterols and triterpene alcohols from two Vanilla bean species: Vanilla fragrans and V. tahitensis
Authors: Ramaroson‐Raonizafinimanana Béatrice , Gaydou Emile M. , Bombarda Isabelle
Published: June 2007

4‐Demethylsterol and triterpene alcohol compositions of two Vanilla bean species (V. fragrans and V. tahitensis) were investigated. From retention times and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, nine 4‐demethylsterols were identified in V. fragrans and seven in V. tahitensis. The 4‐demethylsterol fraction of V. fragrans was characterized by a high content of 24‐methylene cholesterol (27–40%) and of β‐sitosterol (35–46%). The 4‐demethylsterol fraction of V. tahitensis was characterized by a high content of stigmasterol (27%) and of β‐sitosterol (57.5%), and a lower amount of 24‐methylene cholesterol (5%). Vanilla tahitensis was also characterized by the presence of ergosta‐5,25‐dien‐3β‐ol (2%) and the absence of campesterol, stigmasta‐5,22,25‐trien‐3β‐ol, and ergosta‐7,24(28)‐dien‐3β‐ol. The beans’ age modified the ratio 24‐methylene cholesterol/β‐sitosterol in V. fragrans. Combining liquid chromatography and gas chromatography allowed the identification of four other demethylsterols in V. fragrans (brassicasterol, 0.02%; stigmasta‐5,23‐dien‐3β‐ol, 1.43%; stigmasten‐22‐ol, 0.1%; and fucosterol, 0.5%) from the 4‐demethylsterol fraction. 24‐Methylene cholesterol and β‐sitosterol were isolated, and their structures were confirmed by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Four triterpene alcohols were identified in V. fragrans, including cycloartenol (0.9–1.6%) from the triterpene alcohol fraction, 24‐dihydrotirucallol (17–23%) from the triterpene alcohol fraction, tirucall‐7‐en‐3β‐ol (6–7.5%) from the triterpene alcohol fraction, and in a higher content cyclosadol (66–69%) from the triterpene alcohol fraction. The content ranges were studied as a function of the beans’ age. Demethylsterol and triterpene alcohols profile could be used for origin differentiation.
The rate of ring opening of γ‐and δ‐lactones derived from meadowfoam fatty acids
Authors: Isbell Terry A. , Steiner Beth A.
Published: June 2007

δ‐Lactones derived from meadowfoam (Limnanthes) fatty acids were reacted with amine and alcohol nucleophiles in a second‐order reaction to provide the acyclic 5‐hydroxy eicosanoic acid esters and amides. The rate of reaction for the ring opening of δ‐lactones was compared to the rate of ring opening of γ‐lactones and the rate of derivatization of meadowfoam fatty acids. δ‐Lactones showed a much larger rate for the formation of derivatives than the corresponding γ‐lactones or fatty acids. γ‐Lactone had a rate constant >7700 times larger for the formation of butyl ester than meadowfoam fatty acids. The formation of amides from δ‐lactones is even faster than the esterification reaction and requires no catalyst or solvent when conducted at the melting point of the lactone.
Characterization of expression of a plant oleate desaturase in yeast
Authors: Brown Adrian P. , Dann Rachel , Bowra Steve , Hills Matthew J.
Published: June 2007

We have expressed the oleate desaturase gene of Arabidopsis thaliana in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by means of a galactose‐inducible promoter. Transfer of yeast cells to galactose‐containing media and growth at 30°C resulted in the production of active oleate desaturase, as shown by the appearance of the diunsaturated octadecadienoic acid (18:2) and hexadecadienoic acid (16:2). The highest level of these two fatty acids was 46.2%. In induced cultures, 18:2 appeared before 16:2, and we show that both of these fatty acids were present first on phosphatidylcholine and then appeared in other phospholipids and a neutral lipid fraction. We raised antibodies against the C‐terminal 100 amino acids of oleate desaturase and demonstrated that this protein was in the microsomal fraction of induced cells.
Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in the serum and peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis
Authors: Pupo‐Nogueira A. , de Oliveira R.M. , Petta C.A. , Podgaec S. , Dias J.A. , Abrao M.S.
Published: June 2007

Objectives: To investigate whether there is an association between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in serum and peritoneal fluid, and the presence of pelvic endometriosis and its clinical symptoms. Methods: Blood and peritoneal fluid sample levels of VEGF were measured in 46 women undergoing laparoscopy: 32 with suspected endometriosis and 14 with confirmed endometriosis. Data were analyzed according to phase of the menstrual cycle, symptoms, disease stage, and disease site. Results: There were no significant associations between serum and peritoneal fluid levels of VEGF and the presence of endometriosis, even when controlling for the menstrual phase. However, among the women with confirmed endometriosis, there was a significant increase (P = 0.002) in the mean peritoneal VEGF level in those in the late secretory phase compared with those in the proliferative and early secretory phases. Conclusions: Measuring VEGF levels in symptomatic patients is not helpful to differentiate those with endometriosis from those with a different condition. However, in the late secretory and menstrual phases, mean VEGF levels were higher in women with confirmed endometriosis than in those suspected of having the disease.
Midwifery Education and Maternal and Neonatal Health Issues: Challenges in Pakistan
Authors: Rukanuddin Rafat Jan , Ali Tazeen Saeed , McManis Beth
Published: June 2007

Although numerous health care interventions have been implemented in Pakistan, the high maternal and neonatal mortality rates still remain a challenge. Developed countries have reduced maternal and neonatal mortality rates by improving the skill and knowledge levels of nurse‐midwives. This paper reviews maternal and neonatal health issues, challenges in current midwifery education, and the role of government and international agencies in Pakistan. The exact maternal and neonatal mortality rates in Pakistan are unknown; a census has not occurred since 1998, and data provided in more recent studies were presented in summary format. A number of factors that contribute to the high mortality rate could easily be controlled by using competent nurse‐midwives throughout all levels of the Pakistani health care system. A reduction in the maternal mortality rate is likely to occur if the Pakistan government and international agencies work together to implement specific recommendations in maternal and neonatal health. These recommendations include: 1) holding an invitational conference; 2) strengthening the existing midwifery and Lady Health Visitor curricula; 3) pilot testing an expanded midwifery program; and 4) advocating for and obtaining political commitments and resources for midwifery education.
History from the Healer's Shrine: Genre, Historical Imagination, and Early Ganda History
Authors: Kodesh Neil
Published: June 2007

Recent interpretations of oral histories in Africa have been based increasingly on the premise that each teller creates a unique oral text. Oral sources, according to this new formulation, should not be “flattened by transcription,” with individual voices operating interchangeably. Rather, these sources should be heard with all of the personal, subjective, ambiguous, and contradictory inflections with which they circulate in practice. This emphasis on multiplicity, variability, and subjectivity represents a notable departure from earlier approaches to oral history that privileged “tradition” as a distinctive cultural form and, following a meticulous methodology pioneered by Jan Vansina, sought to sift their stable and verifiable elements from the flux of performances. Perspective and performance, once considered antithetical to the pursuits of professional historians working with oral sources, now occupy a privileged position in the analytical framework.
Distant Wonders: The Strange and the Marvelous between Mughal India and Habsburg Iberia in the Early Seventeenth Century
Authors: Flores Jorge
Published: June 2007

The Book of Imaginary Beings, by the celebrated Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, appeared in 1969. This was the English translation of the revised and expanded second edition of an anthology of fantastical stories he had published two years before in association with Margarita Guerrero (El Libro de los seres imaginarios). According to the author, it was a “handbook of the strange creatures conceived through time and space by the human imagination,” a topic that was known to fascinate him. In fact, the success of Borges' work shows that such creatures appeared to hold as great a fascination for contemporary society as they had held over other societies many centuries before. Perhaps this brief evocation of Borges' interest in imaginary beings from other times and from all cultures—even if fantasies certainly do not hold an identical value in each historical period and the same significance in every culture—may help to demonstrate how mistaken it is to think that such ‘aberrations’ and ‘anomalies’ have entirely faded as ‘modernity’ has emerged. However, Borges did make it clear that the beings he was dealing with—whether the Indian elephant-headed god Ganesha or the monstrous Kujatha—were ‘imaginary,’ and he took care to distinguish them from other, let us say, ‘real’ entities. Such a clear demarcation has not always been feasible, and it is precisely the changing status of the ‘strange and marvelous’ that lies at the center of this essay.
Writing from the Margins: Brazilian Slaves and Written Culture
Authors: Graham Sandra Lauderdale
Published: June 2007

This small but extraordinary document casts light on the ways in which slaves and former slaves in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who, though illiterate or barely literate themselves, nevertheless used writing to press for what they wanted or thought they had a claim to. Poor Brazilians generally could not read or write, nor could many who were far better off, but slaves and former slaves are the subject here because written culture impinged on them in particular ways. In many of their writings freedom is a repeated theme—getting it and using it—but not the only one. Occasionally, a slave appealed through the courts to be removed from an abusive master's authority. Former slaves who accumulated property of their own might pass it on to heirs named in a will. Petty commerce and personal business involving money and receipts drew unlettered slaves and freed people into countless informal written transactions.
The Limits of Hegemony: Elite Responses to Nineteenth-Century Imperial and Missionary Acculturation Strategies in India
Authors: Copland Ian
Published: June 2007

At the heart of the problematic of colonialism lies a deceptively simply question: why did the colonized put up with their subjection? I say deceptively simple because, while there is an obvious answer on which practically all researchers are agreed—that is, European ‘power’—its nature, sources, and mode of implementation have always been hotly debated.
Changing the Subject: Western Knowledge and the Question of Difference
Authors: Seth Sanjay
Published: June 2007

In 1840, the General Committee for Public Instruction in Bengal, presiding over the ‘Anglicist’ educational policy enunciated five years earlier, declared, “the ultimate object which we have in view is to infuse into the student, possessed of talents and leisure, a taste for literature and science,” all of which would “hasten the regeneration of the country.” The Committee observed with satisfaction that English education was proving very popular with the middle classes, but also noted, “At present, education is for the most part appreciated only for the direct returns it yields.” The Committee clearly hoped that over time education would come to be appreciated for other reasons. In the meantime, its instrumental value constituted a useful and even necessary inducement. A few years later, this same body reported many more students were entering and completing school, thus achieving their goal of attaining “the qualifications requisite to perform the mechanical duties of a writer [a clerk].” But, they continued, “our object to raise the character of the people by education and not by their purses is still far distant.”
Borders of the Nation, Borders of Citizenship: Italian Repatriation and the Redefinition of National Identity after World War II
Authors: Ballinger Pamela
Published: June 2007

Although Italian colonialism began to claim scholars' attention in a systematic way from the 1970s on, colonialism's epilogue—decolonization—remains largely ignored for the Italian case. What scholarship has been produced on the decolonization process after fascism's defeat tends either to focus on the details of the international treaty debates by which Italy's former possessions received independence or became trusteeships (the domain of diplomatic history), or to consider whether Italy constitutes a “postcolonial” space (the realm of cultural studies). Analyses of the latter variety note the general lack of public consciousness about Italy's colonial past or postcolonial present. Pinkus, for example, describes the cultural consequences of decolonization in terms of a nonevent: “The term nonevent suggests, indeed, that the lack of any traumatic severing of Italy's colonial appendages has contributed to the lack of a full-scale national reevaluation of the country's colonial past.” In an evocative analysis, Pinkus interprets Antonioni's 1962 film L'eclisse (The eclipse) as symptomatic of the eclipsing of the memories of colonialism's end. In the postwar period, she claims, such memories became displaced onto Italy's “conquest” of its urban peripheries (Italy's “deserts”) and their transformation into large-scale residential neighborhoods. Yet Pinkus conflates the recent silence about decolonization with silence about decolonization at the time of events, assuming the “lack of any traumatic severing of Italy's colonial appendages.” One visible (at least at the time, if not subsequently) and little explored aspect of the “trauma” of decolonization was the repatriation of Italian nationals from the ex possedimenti, or former possessions.
Response ofNeobenedenia girellae(Monogenea) oncomiracidia to brightness and black-and-white contrast
Authors: ISHIDA M. , KAWANO F. , UMEDA N. , HIRAZAWA N.
Published: June 2007

Neobenedenia girellae, a capsalid monogenean, is a significant pathogen due to both its ability to cause high mortality in fishes and its low host specificity. Established control methods have both advantages and disadvantages. Biological control measures with no unfavourable effects on the environment should be incorporated into the control strategy. The response ofN. girellaeoncomiracidia to brightness and black-and-white contrast was investigated to search for an alternative approach of disease prevention or control. Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus(Paralichthyidae), were exposed to oncomiracidia in an aquarium divided into areas of different brightness (∼1·3, 41·3 and 138·0 lux). The number of parasites on the fish group reared in 138·0 lux was significantly higher than on those reared in the lower brightness levels. Thus, the fish tended to be more vulnerable to infection byN. girellaeunder brighter conditions. Challenge trials using host fish mucus and whole live fish were established to detect the response by oncomiracidia to black-and-white contrast on a whiteversusa black background. Markedly moreN. girellaeoncomiracidia attached to black-painted areas and dark-coloured fish (normal spotted halibut,Verasper variegatus(Pleuronectidae) compared with white-painted areas and light-coloured fish (mal-colouredV. variegatus) on a white-coloured background. On a black-coloured background, moreN. girellaeoncomiracidia tended to attach to white-painted areas and light-coloured fish. Thus, black-and-white contrast is considered important for host finding byN. girellaeoncomiracidia. The simplicity of the positive phototactic behaviour and the response to black-and-white contrast may lead to the development of a simple, practical and inexpensive method to controlN. girellaeoutbreaks.
Knowledge of whelk dyes and pigments in Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Biggam C. P.
Published: June 2007

This article aims to evaluate the likelihood that whelk dye was known in Anglo-Saxon England, either in the form of imported cloth and textile products, and/or as an activity carried out in England. The nature of whelk dye and the likely processing options available to early societies are considered in the light of extant records and modern experimentation in Israel and Britain. The currently available ‘hard’ evidence is then presented from archaeology, manuscript studies, and the chemical analysis of textiles. Finally, the semantic and literary evidence is considered, including three passages from texts by Bede and Aldhelm, and a new interpretation of OE cornwurma.
Æthelthryth of Ely in a lost calendar from Munich
Authors: Gretsch Mechthild
Published: June 2007

A fragment of a calendar, written s. viii2/4, either in England or in an Anglo-Saxon centre on the Continent was preserved in Munich until 1939, but was subsequently lost. While still extant, the fragment had been printed, and from this edition it can be seen that, in addition to universally culted saints, the entries included the obits of five Anglo-Saxons, Æthelthryth among them. After a brief review of how the commemorations of the universal saints relate to the earliest manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum and to Bede's Martyrology, the article focuses on the English obits, in particular on the question of what light may be shed on the origin and first ambience of the calendar by its commemoration of Æthelthryth and by the form in which her obit there appears.
A Welsh record of an Anglo-Saxon political mutilation
Authors: Boyle Elizabeth
Published: June 2007

A previously unidentified annal-entry in the Welsh chronicles Brut y Tywysogion and Brenhinedd y Saesson records the blinding of the sons of Ealdorman Ælfhelm as part of the ‘palace revolution’ of 1006. This article discusses how the Old English names Wulfheah and Ufegeat were recorded by Welsh scribes in accordance with Welsh phonological and orthographical norms. Possible Anglo-Saxon sources for the annal-entry are briefly considered and the transmission of the annal-entry in the Welsh sources is analysed.
Glacio-lacustrine aragonite deposition, meltwater evolution and glacial history during isotope stage 3 at Radok Lake, Amery Oasis, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica
Authors: Goodwin Ian D. , Hellstrom John
Published: June 2007

The late Quaternary glacial history of the Amery Oasis, and Prince Charles Mountains is of significant interest because about 10% of the total modern Antarctic ice outflow is discharged via the adjacent Lambert Glacier system. A glacial thrust moraine sequence deposited along the northern shoreline of Radok Lake between 20–10 ka bp, overlies a layer of thin, aragonite crusts which provide important constraints on the glacial history of the Amery Oasis. The modern Radok Lake is fed by the terminal meltwaters of the alpine Battye Glacier. The aragonite crusts were deposited in shallow water of ancestral Radok Lake 53 ka bp, during the A3 warm event in Isotope Stage 3. Oxygen isotope (δ18O) analysis of the last glacial-age aragonite crusts indicates that they precipitated from freshwater with a δ18OSMOW composition of -36%, which is 8% more depleted than the present water (-28%) in Radok Lake. A regional oxygen isotope (δ18O) and elevation relationship for snow is used to determine the source of meltwater and glacial ice in Radok Lake during the A3 warm event. This relationship indicates that Radok Lake received meltwater from the confluence of both Battye Glacier ice and an expansion of grounded western Lambert Glacier ice in the Amery embayment.