bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agricultural insect pests as models for studying stress‐induced evolutionary processes
Authors: Gunn Joe C. , Christensen Blair M. , Bueno Erika M. , Cohen Zachary P. , Kissonergis Alexander S. , Chen Yolanda H.
Published: April 2024

Agricultural insect pests (AIPs) are widely successful in adapting to natural and anthropogenic stressors, repeatedly overcoming population bottlenecks and acquiring resistance to intensive management practices. Although they have been largely overlooked in evolutionary studies, AIPs are ideal systems for understanding rapid adaptation under novel environmental conditions. Researchers have identified several genomic mechanisms that likely contribute to adaptive stress responses, including positive selection on de novo mutations, polygenic selection on standing allelic variation and phenotypic plasticity (e.g., hormesis). However, new theory suggests that stress itself may induce epigenetic modifications, which may confer heritable physiological changes (i.e., stress‐resistant phenotypes). In this perspective, we discuss how environmental stress from agricultural management generates the epigenetic and genetic modifications that are associated with rapid adaptation in AIPs. We summarise existing evidence for stress‐induced evolutionary processes in the context of insecticide resistance. Ultimately, we propose that studying AIPs offers new opportunities and resources for advancing our knowledge of stress‐induced evolution.
Small Sample Inference for Two‐Way Capture‐Recapture Experiments
Authors: Rivest Louis‐Paul , Yauck Mamadou
Published: April 2024

The properties of the generalised Waring distribution defined on the non‐negative integers are reviewed. Formulas for its moments and its mode are given. A construction as a mixture of negative binomial distributions is also presented. Then we turn to the Petersen model for estimating the population size in a two‐way capture‐recapture experiment. We construct a Bayesian model for by combining a Waring prior with the hypergeometric distribution for the number of units caught twice in the experiment. Credible intervals for are obtained using quantiles of the posterior, a generalised Waring distribution. The standard confidence interval for the population size constructed using the asymptotic variance of Petersen estimator and 0.5 logit transformed interval are shown to be special cases of the generalised Waring credible interval. The true coverage of this interval is shown to be bigger than or equal to its nominal converage in small populations, regardless of the capture probabilities. In addition, its length is substantially smaller than that of the 0.5 logit transformed interval. Thus, the proposed generalised Waring credible interval appears to be the best way to quantify the uncertainty of the Petersen estimator for populations size.
Demographic, lifestyle, social, and psychological factors associated with worry‐related sleep problems among school‐going adolescents in Timor‐Leste
Authors: Cheah Yong Kang , Kee Chee Cheong , Lim Kuang Kuay , Cheong Yoon Ling
Published: April 2024

Objective

Adolescent sleep problems are a worldwide public health issue. The present study examines factors associated with worry‐related sleep problems among school‐going adolescents. The country of interest is Timor‐Leste, a low‐income country, where studies pertaining to adolescent sleep problems are lacking.

Design and Measures

Data were analysed from the Global School‐Based Student Health Survey Timor‐Leste (n = 3455). An ordered probit model was used to assess the effects of demographic, lifestyle, social, and psychological factors on different levels of worry‐related sleep problems (i.e., no, mild and severe sleep problems).

Results

School‐going adolescents were more likely to face mild or severe worry‐related sleep problems if they were older, passive smokers, alcohol drinkers and moderately active. School‐going adolescents who sometimes or always went hungry were more likely to experience worry‐related sleep problems than those who did not. Involvement in physical fights, being bullied, and loneliness were positively associated with the probability of having modest or severe worry‐related sleep problems.

Conclusion

Age, exposure to second‐hand smoke, alcohol consumption, physical activity, going hungry, physical fights, being bullied and loneliness are the important determining factors of adolescent worry‐related sleep problems. Policymakers should pay special attention to these factors when formulating intervention measures.
Arrhythmias and ion channelopathies causing sudden cardiac death in Hispanic/Latino and Indigenous populations
Authors: Zaveri Sahil , Chahine Mohamed , Boutjdir Mohamed
Published: April 2024

The limited literature and increasing interest in studies on cardiac electrophysiology, explicitly focusing on cardiac ion channelopathies and sudden cardiac death in diverse populations, has prompted a comprehensive examination of existing research. Our review specifically targets Hispanic/Latino and Indigenous populations, which are often underrepresented in healthcare studies. This review encompasses investigations into genetic variants, epidemiology, etiologies, and clinical risk factors associated with arrhythmias in these demographic groups. The review explores the Hispanic paradox, a phenomenon linking healthcare outcomes to socioeconomic factors within Hispanic communities in the United States. Furthermore, it discusses studies exemplifying this observation in the context of arrhythmias and ion channelopathies in Hispanic populations. Current research also sheds light on disparities in overall healthcare quality in Indigenous populations. The available yet limited literature underscores the pressing need for more extensive and comprehensive research on cardiac ion channelopathies in Hispanic/Latino and Indigenous populations. Specifically, additional studies are essential to fully characterize pathogenic genetic variants, identify population‐specific risk factors, and address health disparities to enhance the detection, prevention, and management of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in these demographic groups.
Domains, competences and learning outcomes for undergraduate education in periodontology
Authors: Figuero Elena , Gürsoy Mervi , Monnet‐Corti Virginie , Iniesta Margarita , Antezack Angeline , Kapferer‐Seebacher Ines , Graetz Christian , Vered Yuval , Stavropoulos Andreas , Wilensky Asaf , Eickholz Peter , Sanz Mariano
Published: April 2024

Aim

This review is intended to adapt the current conceptual framework in dental education based on four domains to propose a set of competences, learning outcomes and methods of teaching, learning and assessment for undergraduate education in periodontology.

Review

Based on the current framework of competences and learning outcomes recommended by the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE), undergraduate education in periodontology has been updated using the classification and clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases.

Conclusions

Specific learning outcomes have been proposed within each competence area, that is in Domain I (n = 10), Domain II (n = 13), Domain III (n = 33) and Domain IV (n = 12). Teaching methods and learning activities based on the different dimensions of the cognitive process have been proposed. Additionally, 10 key learning outcomes have been proposed as exit outcomes, which implies their accomplishment within the final assessment of any graduating student.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis: Impact of depression on prognosis in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Ji Yuejin , Li Hongxiao , Dai Guoliang , Zhang Xu , Ju Wenzheng
Published: April 2024

Background and Aim

Depression is highly prevalent in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which may affect the prognosis of IBD. This aimed to investigate the impact of depression on prognosis in IBD.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed in four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycINFO) up to December 31, 2023. Studies were included if they investigated the impact of depression on prognosis in IBD. The primary outcome was flare in IBD, and secondary outcomes were hospitalization, readmission, emergency visits, surgery, and escalation of medical therapy. Relative risks (RRs) were utilized to estimate the risk in each of the above prognostic indicators.

Results

Fourteen cohort and 10 case–control studies matched our entry criteria, comprising 630 408 patients with IBD. Twenty‐two of included studies were considered to have a low risk of bias. Depression was found to significantly increase the risk of flare (RR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.16–1.63), hospitalization (RR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.00–1.23), readmission (RR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.04–1.67), emergency visits (RR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.12–1.59), surgery (1.38, 95% CI 1.08–1.76), and escalation of medical therapy (RR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.13–1.69) in IBD. Of note, patients with depression in ulcerative colitis had significant differences in readmission (RR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.19–1.60) and escalation of medical therapy (RR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.55–2.04). Additionally, the association was observed in patients with Crohn's disease in terms of flare (RR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.08–2.01) and hospitalization (RR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.03–1.40).

Conclusions

Current evidence suggested that depression could significantly increase the risk of poor prognosis worsening in patients with IBD. However, the association varied in IBD subtypes.
Assisted living residents with dementia: Disparities in mental health services pre and during COVID‐19
Authors: Temkin‐Greener Helena , Hua Yechu , Cai Shubing
Published: April 2024

Background

Little is known about mental health among Medicare beneficiaries with Alzheimer's disease or related dementias (ADRD) who reside in assisted living (AL) communities. The COVID‐19 pandemic may have curtailed ambulatory care access for these residents, but telehealth may have expanded it. We examined in‐person and telehealth use of ambulatory mental health visits among AL residents with ADRD, pre and during the COVID pandemic, focusing on race/ethnicity and Medicare/Medicaid dual status.

Methods

A CY2018 cohort of AL residents with ADRD was identified. Outcome was any quarterly in‐person or telemedicine mental health visit based on national CY2019‐2020 Medicare claims. Key independent variables were individual race/ethnicity and dual status and the AL‐level proportion of dual residents. We estimated a linear probability model with random effects and robust standard errors. Quarterly indicators captured service use before and after the onset of the pandemic.

Results

The study included 102,758 fee‐for‐service Medicare beneficiaries with ADRD in 13,400 ALs. One in five residents had any mental health visits prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Black residents, and those with dual Medicare/Medicaid eligibility, were significantly less likely to use mental health services prior to and during the pandemic. There were no significant differences in visits via telemedicine by race/ethnicity or individual dual status. Residents in AL communities with a higher proportion of duals had a lower likelihood of visits before and during the pandemic.

Conclusions/Implications

Mental health service use among AL residents with ADRD was low and declining prior to the pandemic. Telehealth allowed for mental health visits to continue during the pandemic, albeit at a lower level. Residents in ALs with a higher proportion of duals were less likely to have in‐person or telehealth visits. The results suggest that some ALs may find it difficult to assure mental health service provision to this vulnerable population.
Association of behavioural and social–communicative profiles in children with 16p11.2 copy number variants: a multi‐site study
Authors: Verbesselt J. , Walsh L. K. , Mitchel M. W. , Taylor C. M. , Finucane B. M. , Breckpot J. , Zink I. , Swillen A.
Published: April 2024

Background

Despite the established knowledge that recurrent copy number variants (CNVs) at the 16p11.2 locus BP4–BP5 confer risk for behavioural and language difficulties, limited research has been conducted on the association between behavioural and social–communicative profiles. The current study aims to further delineate the prevalence, nature and severity of, and the association between, behavioural and social–communicative features of school‐aged children with 16p11.2 deletion syndrome (16p11.2DS) and 16p11.2 duplication (16p11.2Dup).

Methods

A total of 68 individuals (n = 47 16p11.2DS and n = 21 16p11.2Dup) aged 6–17 years participated. Standardised intelligence tests were administered, and behavioural and social–communicative skills were assessed by standardised questionnaires. Scores of both groups were compared with population norms and across CNVs. The influence of confounding factors was investigated, and correlation analyses were performed.

Results

Compared with the normative sample, children with 16p11.2DS showed high rates of social responsiveness (67%) and communicative problems (69%), while approximately half (52%) of the patients displayed behavioural problems. Children with 16p11.2Dup demonstrated even higher rates of social–communicative problems (80–90%) with statistically significantly more externalising and overall behavioural challenges (89%). In both CNV groups, there was a strong positive correlation between behavioural and social–communicative skills.

Conclusions

School‐aged children with 16p11.2 CNVs show high rates of behavioural, social responsiveness and communicative problems compared with the normative sample. These findings point to the high prevalence of autistic traits and diagnoses in these CNV populations. Moreover, there is a high comorbidity between behavioural and social–communicative problems. Patients with difficulties in both domains are vulnerable and need closer clinical follow‐up and care.
Staying on track – Keeping things running in a high‐end scientific imaging core facility
Authors: Renaud Oliver , Aulner Nathalie , Salles Audrey , Halidi Nadia , Brunstein Maia , Mallet Adeline , Aumayr Karin , Terjung Stefan , Levy Daniel , Lippens Saskia , Verbavatz Jean‐Marc , Heuser Thomas , Santarella‐Mellwig Rachel , Tinevez Jean‐Yves , Woller Tatiana , Botzki Alexander , Cawthorne Christopher ,   The Core4Life Consortium, Munck Sebastian
Published: April 2024

Modern life science research is a collaborative effort. Few research groups can single‐handedly support the necessary equipment, expertise and personnel needed for the ever‐expanding portfolio of technologies that are required across multiple disciplines in today's life science endeavours. Thus, research institutes are increasingly setting up scientific core facilities to provide access and specialised support for cutting‐edge technologies. Maintaining the momentum needed to carry out leading research while ensuring high‐quality daily operations is an ongoing challenge, regardless of the resources allocated to establish such facilities. Here, we outline and discuss the range of activities required to keep things running once a scientific imaging core facility has been established. These include managing a wide range of equipment and users, handling repairs and service contracts, planning for equipment upgrades, renewals, or decommissioning, and continuously upskilling while balancing innovation and consolidation.
Successful surgical management of a pyothorax in a Guinea baboon (Papio papio)
Authors: Sailler Anaïs , Laidebeure Sylvie , Lécu Alexis
Published: April 2024

A 16‐year‐old male Guinea baboon (Papio papio) was evaluated for weakness and focal wet fur of 1‐week duration. A pyothorax caused by Streptococcus anginosus was diagnosed. A surgical approach was chosen, combined with a systemic antibiotic therapy. Medical imaging and C‐reactive protein follow‐up revealed the resolution of the pyothorax.
Early transfusion patterns improve the Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS‐M) prediction in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Creignou Maria , Bernard Elsa , Gasparini Alessandro , Tranberg Anna , Todisco Gabriele , Moura Pedro Luis , Ejerblad Elisabeth , Nilsson Lars , Garelius Hege , Antunovic Petar , Lorenz Fryderyk , Rasmussen Bengt , Walldin Gunilla , Mortera‐Blanco Teresa , Jansson Monika , Tobiasson Magnus , Elena Chiara , Ferrari Jacqueline , Gallì Anna , Pozzi Sara , Malcovati Luca , Edgren Gustaf , Crowther Michael J. , Jädersten Martin , Papaemmanuil Elli , Hellström‐Lindberg Eva
Published: April 2024

Background

The Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS‐M) is the new gold standard for diagnostic outcome prediction in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). This study was designed to assess the additive prognostic impact of dynamic transfusion parameters during early follow‐up.

Methods

We retrieved complete transfusion data from 677 adult Swedish MDS patients included in the IPSS‐M cohort. Time‐dependent erythrocyte transfusion dependency (E‐TD) was added to IPSS‐M features and analyzed regarding overall survival and leukemic transformation (acute myeloid leukemia). A multistate Markov model was applied to assess the prognostic value of early changes in transfusion patterns.

Results

Specific clinical and genetic features were predicted for diagnostic and time‐dependent transfusion patterns. Importantly, transfusion state both at diagnosis and within the first year strongly predicts outcomes in both lower (LR) and higher‐risk (HR) MDSs. In multivariable analysis, 8‐month landmark E‐TD predicted shorter survival independently of IPSS‐M (p < 0.001). A predictive model based on IPSS‐M and 8‐month landmark E‐TD performed significantly better than a model including only IPSS‐M. Similar trends were observed in an independent validation cohort (n = 218). Early transfusion patterns impacted both future transfusion requirements and outcomes in a multistate Markov model.

Conclusion

The transfusion requirement is a robust and available clinical parameter incorporating the effects of first‐line management. In MDS, it provides dynamic risk information independently of diagnostic IPSS‐M and, in particular, clinical guidance to LR MDS patients eligible for potentially curative therapeutic intervention.
Black mothers' ethnic–racial socialization one year after highly publicized anti‐Black murders during the pandemic
Authors: Coates Erica E. , Moore Carrington , de Heer Rebecca , Brumley Calyn , Prudhomme Arielle , Edwards Lauren , Curtis Latisha
Published: April 2024

Although research on ethnic–racial socialization is well established, limited studies have examined the influence of specific, highly publicized anti‐Black murders. We assessed Black mothers' (N = 12, mean age = 37.45) concerns and ethnic–racial socialization with adolescents aged 11–18 years old approximately 1 year following the murders of George Floyd and other unarmed Black people. Researchers generated the following themes using reflexive thematic analysis: protecting adolescents from physical harm; protecting adolescents from psychological harm; parents' emotional distress; and parents' lack of confidence in their ethnic–racial socialization practices. Black mothers exhibit exceptional amounts of strength and courage as they navigate pervasive physical and psychological threats to their adolescents while experiencing worry and low confidence in their ability to socialize their adolescents about anti‐Black racism.
Development of a hard cider flavor wheel using free word sorting and multivariate statistical techniques
Authors: Calvert Martha D. , Neill Clinton L. , Ac‐Pangan Marlon F. , Stewart Amanda C. , Lahne Jacob
Published: April 2024

Flavor wheels are visual tools built from standardized sensory lexicons that are used in many different industries to improve communication, marketing, and quality discrimination among products. To date, flavor wheels have been developed for spices, coffee, wine, beer, and many other foods and beverages—yet no flavor wheel has been constructed for hard cider. While there is no single established method for constructed flavor wheels, most approaches are based on sensory descriptive analysis (DA) and free word sorting activities that investigate the semantic similarity and dissimilarity of descriptive terms. This research study utilized multiple DA studies for the generation of a sensory lexicon, followed by independent word sorting tasks with cider industry professionals (N = 40) and untrained consumers (N = 58) to establish two flavor wheels that are broadly understandable to a variety of industry stakeholders. Based on the results of DISTATIS and additive tree partitioning, this research showcases a workflow for developing and refining flavor wheels that incorporate both stakeholder and researcher input and can be built upon by other analysts.

Practical Applications

This research demonstrates an accessible methodology for developing flavor wheels that incorporates input from diverse parties and considers the semantic associations of terms used by cider consumers and industry professionals. The proposed methodology is a useful framework for other sensory scientists seeking to efficiently develop flavor wheels for multiple audiences. As a demonstration, this research also delivers two flavor wheels—one that highlights discrepancies in how industry consumers and producers semantically understand sensory experiences compared to trained sensory personnel, and a second wheel that showcases how hard cider can more objectively be described. Together, these flavor wheels are tools for improving sensory communication, education, and marketing in the US hard cider industry.
Epidemiology and assessment of Hepatitis B positive children in Western Australia
Authors: Bartley Hannah Elizabeth , Turner Emma Kate Lefroy , Ford Timothy John , Cherian Sarah
Published: April 2024

Aim

To describe the characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) presenting to a tertiary paediatric hospital in Perth, Western Australia. Review of implementation of previous follow‐up recommendations for the cohort was also undertaken.

Method

A retrospective data analysis of all individuals aged between 0 and 17 years presenting to the tertiary children's hospital who were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive over 8 years (2013–2020). Demographic features, clinical progress and follow up are described, including proportion transferred to adult services.

Results

Seventy‐four patients were identified to have CHB; mean age at diagnosis 11 years; standard deviation 4 years; 41 (55%) male. Cultural and ethnolinguistic diversity was high; 74% (n = 55) were from refugee‐like backgrounds. Many did not demonstrate English proficiency (23/40; 75%) and 7 (10%) Australian born including 4 patients who were Aboriginal. Most patients (58%) with CHB were in the hepatitis B e antigen‐positive chronic infection phase with no intervention provided. Seventeen children had undergone liver ultrasonography and one underwent liver biopsy; none received antiviral treatment. Follow up was concerning; 28 (38%) had at least one clinic non‐attendance, 24 (32%) lost to follow‐up and interpreter utilisation was poorly documented. Thirty‐nine (53%) were transferred to adult services with only 56% attending follow‐up.

Conclusion

CHB burden is higher in those from culturally and ethnolinguistically diverse backgrounds. There is a significant loss to follow‐up and suboptimal transfer to adult services. Improved recall, education and referral processes are necessary to overcome language, socioeconomic and cultural barriers. Although childhood complications are infrequent, longitudinal monitoring is crucial to prevent long‐term complications and adult morbidity.
Disease spectrum of torticollis in children and diagnostic flowchart: A retrospective, single‐centre study
Authors: Jianqiang Ma , Haitian Li , Xiaohu Fu , LV Zhongli , Xiaohong Mu
Published: April 2024

Aim

To describe the disease spectrum of torticollis in Chinese children and to improve its diagnostic flowchart.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted at the Rehabilitation Department of Beijing Children’s Hospital from 2017 to 2021. Patients were diagnosed and referred based on a diagnostic flowchart of torticollis. Detailed patient data were collected from the outpatient electronic medical record system.

Results

A total of 2047 patients met the inclusion criteria. The top five conditions were congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) (76.6%), cerebral palsy (5.1%), ocular torticollis (4.7%), brachial plexus injury (1.9%) and atlantoaxial rotary subluxation (1.3%). CMT was most common in 0–2 year olds, cerebral palsy in 3–5 year olds, and atlantoaxial rotary subluxation in 7–12 year olds. The top five referral departments were orthopaedics, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, head and neck surgery, neurology and neurosurgery.

Conclusions

The disease spectrum of torticollis in children and the diagnostic flowchart provide important references for diagnosing torticollis, which necessitates multidisciplinary collaboration.
Development of the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale (MWS) Japanese Edition and Examination of its Convergent, Discriminant, and Incremental Validity
Authors: Eslami Armaghan , Kanai Atsuko , Matsumoto Miyuki
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to translate and validate the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale (MWS) for the Japanese population in two divided studies. The MWS has four dimensions—motivational, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral—with a correlated four‐factor model. In Study 1, we translated the MWS into Japanese using the back‐translation method. Next, 200 participants recruited by a research company answered the Japanese version of the MWS. An exploratory factor analysis of the collected data indicated four factors that were in line with the original scale. In the second survey, 316 different participants were recruited using the same method as in Study 1, and they responded to the MWS, WorkBat, Dutch Work Addiction Scale, work engagement, perfectionism, work–family conflict, and negative affect measures. At first, we tested different factorial models of the MWS through the confirmatory factor analysis and correlated the four‐factor model that indicated the best model fit. Next, the discriminant, convergent, and incremental validity of the MWS were tested in Study 2. In general, the Japanese version of the MWS has good validity and reliability. Finally, some of the results, implications, and limitations of this study are discussed.
Molecular phylogeny and spatio‐temporal diversification of the Millettioid/Phaseoloid clade (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae)
Authors: Oyebanji Oyetola , Stull Gregory W. , Zhang Rong , Rahaingoson Fabien R. , Li De‐Zhu , Yi Ting‐Shuang
Published: April 2024

The Millettioid/Phaseoloid (or the Millettioid) clade is a major lineage of the subfamily Papilionoideae (Fabaceae) that is poorly understood in terms of its diversification and biogeographic history. To fill this gap, we generated a time‐calibrated phylogeny for 749 species representing c. 80% of the genera of this clade using nrDNA ITS, plastid matK, and plastome sequence (including 38 newly sequenced plastomes). Using this phylogenetic framework, we explored the clade's temporal diversification and reconstructed its ancestral areas and dispersal events. Our phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the Millettioid/Phaseoloid clade and four of its tribal lineages (Abreae, Desmodieae, Indigofereae, and Psoraleeae), while two tribal lineages sensu lato millettioids and phaseoloids are polyphyletic. The fossil‐calibrated dating analysis showed a nearly simultaneous divergence between the stem node (c. 62 Ma) and the crown node (c. 61 Ma) of the Millettioid/Phaseoloid clade in the Paleocene. The biogeographic analysis suggested that the clade originated in Africa and dispersed to Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas at different periods in the Cenozoic. We found evidence for shifts in diversification rates across the phylogeny of the Millettioid/Phaseoloid clade throughout the Cenozoic, with a rapid increase in net diversification rates since c. 10 Ma. Possible explanations for the present‐day species richness and distribution of the Millettioid/Phaseoloid clade include boreotropical migration, frequent intra‐ and intercontinental long‐distance dispersals throughout the Cenozoic, and elevated speciation rates following the Mid‐Miocene Climatic Optimum. Together, these results provide novel insights into major diversification patterns of the Millettioid/Phaseoloid clade, setting the stage for future evolutionary research on this important legume clade.
Barriers and enablers to people‐centred viral hepatitis care in Vietnam and the Philippines: Results of a patient journey mapping study
Authors: Holt Bethany , Mendoza Jhaki , Nguyen Hoang , Doan Duong , Nguyen Vy H. , Cabauatan Daniel Joy , Duy Lam Dam , Fernandez Martin , Gaspar Manu , Hamoy Geohari , Manlutac Joseph Michael D. , Mehtsun Sinit , Mercado Timothy Bill , Neo Boon‐Leong , Le Bao Ngoc , Nguyen Hoa , Nguyen Huyen Thu , Nguyen Yen , Pham Thuy , Pollack Todd , Rombaoa Mary Cris , Thai Pham , Thu Tran Khanh , Truong Pham Xuan , Vu Dung , Ong Janus , Duong David
Published: April 2024

In Vietnam and the Philippines, viral hepatitis is the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. This study aims to understand the barriers and enablers of people receiving care for hepatitis B and C to support both countries' efforts to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Retrospective, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a purposive, quota‐based sample of 63 people living with hepatitis B or C in one province of Vietnam and one region of the Philippines. A rapid deductive approach to thematic analysis produced key findings among the three phases of care: (1) pre‐awareness and testing, (2) linkage and treatment initiation and (3) ongoing treatment and recovery. The research found that participants followed five typical journeys, from a variety of entry points. Barriers during the pre‐awareness and testing phase included limited awareness about hepatitis and its management, stigma and psychological impacts. Enablers included being familiar with the health system and/or patients benefiting from social connections within the health systems. During the linkage and treatment initiation phase, barriers included difficult physical access, complex navigation and inadequate counselling. In this phase, family support emerged as a critical enabler. During the ongoing treatment and recovery phase, the cost of care and socially and culturally informed perceptions of the disease and medication use were both barriers and enablers. Exploring peoples' journeys with hepatitis B and C in Vietnam and the Philippines revealed many similarities despite the different cultural and health system contexts. Insights from this study may help generate a contextualized, people‐centred evidence base to inform the design and improvement of primary care services for hepatitis in both research sites.
Promoting physician‐as‐manager identities: The role of the workplace learning environment
Authors: Blissett Sarah , O'Sullivan Patricia
Published: April 2024

Blissett and O'Sullivan contend that workplace learning environment contributes to learners devaluing administrative tasks and, as such, must be considered in strategies to promote a physician‐as‐manager identity.
Virtual trial assembly of large steel members with bolted connections based on multiscale point cloud fusion
Authors: Zhang Zeyu , Liang Dong , Huang Haibin , Sun Lu
Published: April 2024

Virtual trial assembly (VTA) using 3D laser scanning as the digital carrier can overcome the shortcomings of time‐consuming and costly physical preassembly. However, its application in large steel structures with bolted connections remains limited. First, this study introduces a novel approach for acquiring multiscale point cloud data of large steel members using terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs) and hand‐held scanner (HHS). This approach considers both the global data and the local details of the steel members. Additionally, a precise registration method based on magnetic 3D targets is proposed for multiscale point clouds, which enables the registration accuracy of multisource point clouds to reach submillimeter precision. Subsequently, a novel algorithm for feature point screening is introduced, which utilizes a dichotomous point cloud grid approach to identify and extract a significant quantity of bolt holes effectively. This approach enables fully automated and fast extraction of the point cloud on the cylindrical inner surface of the holes. Finally, the bounding box and Procrustes analysis approach are employed to perform VTA using the point cloud of the cylindrical bolt holes as the assembled features. The accuracy and feasibility of the above method are verified by a down‐scale modeling experiment and project test, which provide technical support for the VTA of large steel truss structures.
Plant viruses and biomolecular condensates: novel perspectives in virus replication strategies
Authors: May Jared P.
Published: April 2024

This article is a Commentary on Lin & Nagy (2024), 243: 1917–1935.
Leucine‐rich alpha‐2‐glycoprotein 1 affects bone destruction via IL‐6 in mouse periodontitis model
Authors: Ouhara Kazuhisa , Takemura Tasuku , Taniguchi Yuri , Fujimori Ryousuke , Tamura Tetsuya , Akane Yuki , Matsuda Shinji , Hamamoto Yuta , Shintani Tomoaki , Kajiya Mikihito , Munenaga Syuichi , Iwata Tomoyuki , Fujita Tsuyoshi , Mizuno Noriyoshi
Published: April 2024

Objective

To investigate the production of leucine‐rich α‐2‐glycoprotein‐1 (LRG1) in periodontitis patients and its effectiveness as a new diagnostic marker for periodontitis.

Subjects and Methods

In vitro experiments were conducted to analyze LRG1 mRNA expression in human gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts via quantitative real‐time PCR. In vivo experiments were conducted to analyze LRG1 localization in periodontitis patients. The correlation between the serum LRG1 levels and alveolar bone resorption in the mouse periodontitis model was also investigated.

Results

A positive correlation existed between the periodontal inflamed surface area and serum LRG1 levels (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient: 0.60). LRG1 mRNA expression in human gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts was upregulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis stimulation or tumor necrosis factor‐α stimulation. Interleukin‐6 in human gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts induced the production of LRG1 and transforming growth factor‐β. LRG1 levels in the periodontal tissue and serum in the periodontitis model were higher than those in control mice. LRG1 local administration resulted in alveolar bone resorption, whereas the administration of interleukin‐6R antibody inhibited bone resorption.

Conclusions

LRG1 levels in serum and periodontal tissue are upregulated in periodontitis and are implicated in periodontal tissue destruction through interleukin‐6 production.
Xanthan‐based chlorhexidine gel effects in non‐surgical periodontal therapy? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Mensi Magda , Palazzolo Antonino , Garzetti Gianluca , Lops Diego , Calza Stefano , Rota Matteo
Published: April 2024

Objective

To carry out a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing scaling and root planing (SRP) or placebo with subgingival application of xanthan‐based CHX (chlorhexidine) gel as adjunct to SRP.

Materials and Methods

The literature search was carried out in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS; primary outcomes were probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction and gain in clinical attachment level (CAL).

Results

Overall, 15 studies were included. Three studies were judged to be at moderate risk of bias while the remaining 12 were rated at high risk of bias. A significant improvement in PPD reduction (standardized mean difference, SMD, 0.87, 95% CI, 0.41–1.34) and CAL gain (SMD = 0.84, 95% CI, 0.36–1.33) emerged for the SRP + CXH gel compared to the SRP alone group, in the presence of significant high heterogeneity among the studies.

Conclusions

Our systematic review and meta‐analysis showed that xanthan‐based chlorhexidine gel as adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal therapy gives benefit in terms of PPD reduction and CAL gain as compared to non‐surgical periodontal therapy only. Since there was high heterogeneity among studies and the quality of the evidence is low, further studies characterized by a better methodology, adequate sample size and longer follow‐up are warranted in the next future.

Registration

The protocol of this scoping review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO) with ID: CRD42023391589.
Dendritic cell subpopulations in carcinoma ex‐pleomorphic adenoma: A multicenter study
Authors: Machado Bárbara Azevedo , Gama‐Cuellar Ana Guadalupe , Scarini João Figueira , Díaz Katya Pulido , Mariano Fernanda Viviane , Albuquerque‐Junior Ricardo Luiz Cavalcanti , Gondak Rogério
Published: April 2024

Objective

Carcinoma ex‐pleomorphic adenoma (CEXPA) represents a malignant transformation from a recurrent or primary pleomorphic adenoma (PA), and the immune response may be essential in this process. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to identify and quantify subpopulations of dendritic cells (DCs) in CEXPA, residual PA in CEXPA (rPA), and PA.

Materials and Methods

A multicenter study was performed collecting salivary gland tumor (SGT) samples from three Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Centers. A tissue microarray containing 41 samples of CEXPA and 22 samples of PA was included in this study and submitted to immunohistochemical reactions against CD1a, CD83, CD207, and Ki67 antibodies.

Results

Both PA and rPA showed a higher quantification of CD207+ and CD83+ cells when compared to CEXPA (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). There was also a difference when comparing the cell proliferation index between PA/rPA and CEXPA using the Ki‐67 marker (p = 0.043). However, there was no difference in the DC population regarding clinical parameters such as sex, anatomical location, size, and metastases (p > 0.06).

Conclusions

Immunohistochemical profile of DC subpopulations and cell proliferation biomarkers in SGTs can contribute as an important tool in the differentiation of benign and malignant tumors or detection of initial areas with malignant transformation.
Pediatric anesthesia in Australia and New Zealand and health inequity among First Nations and Māori children
Authors: Waugh Edith , Thomas Jane , Anderson Brian J. , Lee‐Archer Paul
Published: April 2024

Australia and New Zealand are two countries in the Southern Pacific region. They share many pediatric anesthesia similarities in terms of medical organizational systems, education, training, and research, however there are important differences between the two nations in relation to geography, the First Nations populations and the history of colonization. While the standards for pediatric anesthesia and the specialty training requirements are set by the Australian and New Zealand College of Anesthetists and the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia in New Zealand and Australia, colonization has created distinct challenges that each nation now faces in order to improve the anesthetic care of its pediatric population. Australia generally has a high standard of living and good access to health care; disparities exist for First Nations People and for those living in rural or remote areas. Two influences have shaped training within New Zealand over the past 40 years; establishment of a national children's hospital in 1990 and, more importantly, acknowledgement that the First Nations people of New Zealand (Māori) have suffered because of failure to recognize their rights consequent to establishing a partnership treaty between Māori and the British Crown in 1840. Health inequities among Māori in New Zealand and First Nations People in Australia have implications for the health system, culturally appropriate approaches to treatment, and the importance of having an appreciation of First Nations people's history and culture, language, family structure, and cultural safety. Trainees in both countries need to be adequately supported in these areas in order for the sub‐specialty of pediatric anesthesia to develop further and improve the anesthetic and surgical outcomes of our children.
Ancient bayberry increased stress resistance by enriching tissue‐specific microbiome and metabolites
Authors: Li Gang , Wang Zhenshuo , Ren Haiying , Qi Xingjiang , Han Hao , Ding Xiangyang , Sun Li , Hafeez Rahila , Wang Qi , Li Bin
Published: April 2024

The ancient bayberry demonstrates superior resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses compared to cultivated bayberry, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. This study investigates whether long‐term bayberry cultivation enhances stress resistance through modulation of tissue‐specific microbes and metabolites. Employing microbiome amplicon sequencing alongside untargeted mass spectrometry analysis, we scrutinize the role of endosphere and rhizosphere microbial communities and metabolites in shaping the differential resistance observed between ancient and cultivated bayberry trees. Our findings highlight the presence of core microbiome and metabolites across various bayberry tissues, suggesting that the heightened resistance of ancient bayberry may stem from alterations in rhizosphere and endosphere microbial communities and secondary metabolites. Specifically, enrichment of Bacillus in roots and stems, Pseudomonas in leaves, and Mortierella in rhizosphere soil of ancient bayberry was noted. Furthermore, correlation analysis underscores the significance of enriched microbial species in enhancing ancient bayberry's resistance to stresses, with elevated levels of resistance‐associated metabolites such as beta‐myrcene, benzothiazole, L‐glutamic acid, and gamma‐aminobutyric acid identified through GC–MS metabolomics analysis. The beneficial role of these resistance‐associated metabolites was further elucidated through assessment of their promotive and allelopathic effects, as well as their phytostatic and antioxidant functions in lettuce plants. Ultimately, our study delves into the intrinsic reasons behind the greater resistance of ancient bayberry to biotic and abiotic stresses by evaluating the impact of long‐term planting on the microbial community and metabolites in the bayberry endosphere and rhizosphere, shedding light on the complex dynamics of host‐microbial interactions.
“Maybe if we weren't in the pandemic, I would have reconsidered”: Experiences of abortion care‐seeking during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Maryland
Authors: Dozier Jessica L. , Burke Anne E. , McMahon Hayley V. , Berger Blair O. , Quasebarth Madeline , Sufrin Carolyn , Bell Suzanne O.
Published: April 2024

Objective

To understand the COVID‐19 pandemic's impact on abortion care‐seeking in Maryland, a state with Medicaid coverage for abortion, high service availability, and laws supporting abortion rights.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured telephone interviews with 15 women who had an abortion between January 2021 and March 2022 at a hospital‐based clinic in a mid‐sized Maryland city. We purposively recruited participants with varied pandemic financial impacts. Interview questions prompted participants to reflect on how the pandemic affected their lives, pregnancy decisions, and experiences seeking abortion care. We analyzed our data for themes.

Results

All participants had some insurance coverage for their abortion; over half paid using Medicaid. Many participants experienced pandemic financial hardship, with several reporting job, food, and housing insecurity as circumstances influencing their decision to have an abortion. Most women who self‐reported minimal financial hardship caused by the pandemic indicated they sought an abortion for reasons unrelated to COVID‐19. In contrast, women with economic hardship viewed their pregnancies as unsupportable due to COVID‐19 exacerbating financial instability, even when they desired to continue the pregnancy. All participants expressed that having an abortion was the best decision for their lives. Yet, when making decisions about their pregnancy, the most financially disadvantaged women weighed their desires against the pandemic's constraints on their reproductive self‐determination.

Conclusions

The pandemic changed abortion care‐seeking circumstances even in a setting with minimal access barriers. Financial hardship influenced some women to have an abortion for a pregnancy that—while unplanned—they may have preferred to continue.
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis as a potent lung cancer risk factor: Insights from a Japanese large cohort study
Authors: Torasawa Masahiro , Shukuya Takehito , Uemura Kohei , Hayashi Takuo , Ueno Toshihide , Kohsaka Shinji , Masui Yoshihiro , Shirai Yukina , Okura Makiko , Asao Tetsuhiko , Mitsuishi Yoichiro , Shimada Naoko , Takahashi Fumiyuki , Takamochi Kazuya , Suzuki Kenji , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Seyama Kuniaki
Published: April 2024

Background and Objective

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare neoplastic disease associated with the functional tumour suppressor genes TSC1 and TSC2 and causes structural destruction in the lungs, which could potentially increase the risk of lung cancer. However, this relationship remains unclear because of the rarity of the disease.

Methods

We investigated the relative risk of developing lung cancer among patients diagnosed with LAM between 2001 and 2022 at a single high‐volume centre in Japan, using data from the Japanese Cancer Registry as the reference population. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in cases where tumour samples were available.

Results

Among 642 patients diagnosed with LAM (sporadic LAM, n = 557; tuberous sclerosis complex‐LAM, n = 80; unclassified, n = 5), 13 (2.2%) were diagnosed with lung cancer during a median follow‐up period of 5.13 years. All patients were female, 61.5% were never smokers, and the median age at lung cancer diagnosis was 53 years. Eight patients developed lung cancer after LAM diagnosis. The estimated incidence of lung cancer was 301.4 cases per 100,000 person‐years, and the standardized incidence ratio was 13.6 (95% confidence interval, 6.2–21.0; p = 0.0008). Actionable genetic alterations were identified in 38.5% of the patients (EGFR: 3, ALK: 1 and ERBB2: 1). No findings suggested loss of TSC gene function in the two patients analysed by NGS.

Conclusion

Our study revealed that patients diagnosed with LAM had a significantly increased risk of lung cancer. Further research is warranted to clarify the carcinogenesis of lung cancer in patients with LAM.

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