bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student Alcohol Use and Perceived Problems with Peers and Adults
Authors: Ringwalt Chris , Palmer James
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The authors examined the relationship between students' use of alcohol and the problems they experience with friends their own age and with four groups of adults, including the students' teachers or principal, police, parents or family, and adults in the neighborhood. Patterns among students' problems with friends and adults, and problems experienced by students who use alcohol, frequently get drunk, and frequently come to school drunk are explored. Using a stratified random cluster sample, 10,259 seventh through 12th grade North Carolina students were surveyed in spring 1987. For this study, the sample was limited to 6,526 students who reported drinking. No clear patterns emerged among the different groups of individuals with whom students could have problems, revealing a lack of coordinated intervention efforts among these groups. It was evident that teachers failed to detect and confront students who frequently come to school drunk. The need for increased intervention efforts is discussed.
Highlights from the Canada Youth and AIDS Study
Authors: King Alan J. C. , Beazley Richard P. , Warren Wendy K. , Hankins Catherine A. , Robertson Alan S. , Radford Joyce L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The identification of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, and the subsequent isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 1983, signaled the beginning of worldwide concern over the potential impact of the disease. As the global incidence of AIDS and HIV infection increased, Canadians expressed growing apprehension about the epidemic's affect on themselves. Because adolescents potentially are at risk for HIV infection, a special need existed to determine how Canadian youth were responding to the AIDS epidemic. During the summer of 1987, the Federal Centre for AIDS, in conjunction with the National Health Research and Development Program and the Canadian Public Health Association, commissioned a nationwide study. A national sample of more than 38,000 youth in grades 7, 9, 11, and the first year of college and university were surveyed about their knowledge, attitudes, and behavior concerning AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Also included in the total sample were youth who had recently dropped out of school and those who lived on the streets of large cities. In this article, the authors summarize findings from the study and offer conclusions and recommendations for action.
Vocational Education Students: A Difficult‐to‐Reach Population at Risk for Smoking‐Related Cancer
Authors: Corcoran Ruth Donnelly , Allegrante John P.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Vocational education high school students comprise a significant proportion of the school‐based population. Recent studies indicate vocational education students are at greater risk for cigarette smoking behavior than their non‐vocational education counterparts. Vocational students have higher prevalence rates of smoking than do non‐vocational students and are more likely to report that they expect to be smoking in the future. Characteristics of adolescents who participate in vocational education and their cigarette smoking behavior are reviewed, as well as the need to develop, implement, and evaluate new educational approaches designed to prevent cigarette smoking and the use of other tobacco products in this difficult‐to‐reach population.
AIDS: Questions from Fifth and Sixth Grade Students
Authors: Montauk Susan L. , Scoggin David M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Family Medicine resident physicians gave a slide show of information on AIDS to fifth and sixth grade students and their teachers. Throughout the program, students were encouraged to ask questions, which were recorded and categorized. Information on the presentation process, program content, and nature of the questions asked is presented. Through this pilot program, physicians in residency were trained and placed in a setting which allowed them to discuss AIDS with young people. Teachers were exposed to knowledge and techniques useful to their future role as educators concerning AIDS. The use of residents as co‐educators in public school classrooms was shown to be an asset in the sometimes difficult, but necessary task of educating this age group about AIDS. More importantly, a unique insight into student perceptions was gained through the careful examination of 400 student questions about AIDS and other sexuality related issues.
A Descriptive Analysis of Activity Structures in High School Health Education Classes
Authors: Wiley David C. , Peterson Fred L. , Silverman Stephen J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The extent of use of activity structures in high school health education classes was examined. Twenty health educators from high schools in a large southwestern city agreed to have their classes observed on four separate occasions. Trained individuals observed, coded, and timed various classroom activities using a standardized coding form. Across all 80 observations, most classroom time was spent in Teacher Presentation of Content (23.4%), Seatwork (23.1%), or Media Presentation (15.6%). Little classroom time was used in Student Presentation (.3%) or Behavioral Presentation (.02%). The project goal was to provide baseline observational data into health education classroom activities. From this initial quantitative description of activity structures, correlational and experimental studies can be designed to link these activity patterns with student outcomes in health instruction. (J Sch Health 1989;59(9):393–397)
Drinking, Drug Use, and Driving Among Rural Midwestern Youth
Authors: Sarvela Paul D. , Pape Deborah Jenkins , Odulana Justin , Bajracharya Srijana M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Data concerning self‐reported driving after drinking or using other drugs were collected from 3,382 junior and senior high school students in rural central and southern Illinois. Drinking, drug use, and driving increased steadily with age, with 42% of the 12th grade class indicating they had driven a car at least one time in the past six months after drinking or using other drugs. Riding with a driver who had been drinking also increased with age; 20% of the seventh grade sample had ridden in a car with a drinking driver, while 58% of the 12th grade sample reported having done so. Slightly more females had ridden in a car with a driver who had been drinking than males, while males reported higher rates of driving after drinking or using other drugs than females. Correlation analyses indicated 22 variables related significantly to drinking, drug use, and driving. Forward stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 11 variables related significantly to riding as a passenger with a drinking driver. Thirteen variables were related significantly to driving after drinking or using other drugs. Frequency of alcohol use variables were the most powerful indicators of self‐reported driving after drinking or using other drugs in this sample.
Chile: Perspectives in School Health
Authors: Langdon M. Cecilia , Gazmuri Consuelo , Venegas Lucia
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The leading health problems of children and adolescents in Chile is reviewed. The Chilean educational system and how the system addresses its principal health problems are described. A school health program is described as well as other educational programs designed and developed by nongovernmental institutions which have a smaller coverage. Current research studies regarding growth and development, child morbidity, nutritional level, and mental health studies are reviewed. In addition, principal challenges that include developing more efficient ways of referring children, enriching the curriculum and teacher training, assigning school hours for health teachers, and enlarging coverage of the health care evaluation programs are outlined. Of special importance is developing prevention programs for parents and children using school and community leaders to prevent health problems in areas such as human sexuality education, decision‐making, social abilities, and alcohol and drug abuse. Main efforts should be directed toward low‐income families and children to improve life conditions.
Japan: Perspectives in School Health
Authors: Watanabe Koji , Mori Chuzo , Haneda Noriyuki , Grunbaum Jo Anne , Labarthe Darwin R.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: In Japan, the original Law of School Health was established some 65 years ago to improve the environment and to prevent infectious diseases in school. Most recently, new environmental problems and behavioral issues have emerged. In addition to environmental health and health education, a major aspect of school health has been the development of a mass screening system both to detect present problems and to prevent adult diseases. In this article, the school health system in Japan is described and the application of mass screening by reference to heart disease as detected in Shimane Prefecture is illustrated. In the future, mass screening may be combined with a computer‐based analysis system for managing data on new kinds of problems. New disciplines may become involved and improved programs developed, based on the lessons already learned from mass screening.
Mexico: Perspectives in School Health
Authors: Allensworth Diane DeMuth , Greene Andres G. De Wit
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The school health program in Mexico, directed by the Office of School Hygiene (la Unidad de Higiene Escolar), is in a state of flux. The program will change substantially if an initiative between the national offices of health and education is enacted. The initiative would establish a national commission to be replicated at state, county, and district levels. Commissions would oversee integration of the health services component, social participation, and research into the school health program which currently only focuses on health instruction and a healthy school environment. The initiative would restore and improve a former model that incorporated health services as a part of the school health program. The history of the school health program, which can trace its roots to 1861 and President Benito Juarez, is provided.
People's Republic of China: Perspectives in School Health
Authors: Bin Shi Chen , Fu Zhu Pei , Qi Zhou Zong
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: As the population growth rate of the People's Republic of China slows, the health of its schoolchildren is improving. A three‐tiered health system incorporating traditional and modern medicine is reflected in an educational curriculum that is based on community involvement and, more recently, on prevention. The Chinese Ministry of Public Health focuses on three main issues affecting the health of schoolchildren: poor vision (myopia), dental care, and nutrition. Vision problems are predominate among Chinese students and are addressed through treatment, improved architectural design of school buildings, and lessening of homework assignments. Dental care is addressed through treatment and education. Nutrition, a problem primarily among rural schoolchildren, is addressed through vitamin and mineral supplements and community involvement.
United States: Perspectives in School Health
Authors: Stone Elaine J. , Perry Cheryl L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: An overview is presented of school health programs being conducted in the U.S. as well as the U.S. education system. Major health problems of youth are identified and initiatives to improve the health of school‐aged youth are reviewed. With the start of the new decade, it will be important to use and disseminate the findings from ongoing school health programs and research projects, to address the growing social issues for children and adolescents that directly affect their physical health, and to broaden the scope of school health to include issues of psychological or mental health, issues related to social competencies, dysfunctional family lives, or major life events.
Eating Disorders: A Framework for School Nursing Initiatives
Authors: Connolly Cynthia , Corbett‐Dick Patricia
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are complex illnesses identified with increased frequency among adolescents, particularly adolescent females. Eating disorders can have serious health consequences and school nurses can play an important role in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. An overview of eating disorders within a theoretical framework for school nursing practice is presented, and a case management role within an educational setting is proposed for school nurses. Etiology, classification, and signs and symptoms are highlighted for application in schools. Recommendations are made for curriculum planning and involvement of other school professionals. Treatment for eating disorders is most successful when initiated early in the illness. Schools provide a natural forum to reach adolescents, and school nurses, with their biopsychosocial emphasis, are uniquely prepared to address these disorders.
Effects of a Brief Theory‐Based Intervention on the Practice of Testicular Self‐Examination by High School Males
Authors: Murphy William G. , Brubaker Robert G.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This preliminary study evaluated a brief intervention, based on the theory of planned behavior, designed to encourage high school students to practice testicular self‐examination (TSE). Ninety‐nine male ninth and 10th grade students were exposed to a message challenging beliefs about outcomes of performing TSE as suggested by the theory of planned behavior, a message providing information about TSE and testicular cancer, or a control message, after which they completed a questionnaire operationalizing components of the theoretical model. Four weeks later, students reported their practice of TSE. As predicted, students exposed to the theory‐based message reported a stronger intention to perform TSE and, at follow‐up, were more likely to report having performed the exam than study participants exposed to other messages. Data provide partial support for the utility of the theory of planned behavior as a framework for constructing health‐promoting messages. Future research recommendations are offered.
A Comparison of Self‐Reported Health Education Competencies Among Selected School Health Educators In the United States and Taiwan, R.O.C
Authors: Chen W. William
Published: October 2009

Results from a preliminary, cross‐national study examining perceived competence of school health educators in Taiwan, R.O.C, and in Florida are reported. The study used the Self‐Assessment for the Health Educator instrument, developed by the National Task Force on the Preparation and Practice of Health Educators, Inc., which specifies 79 skills in seven competency areas. School health educators from Taiwan and Florida rated their own perceived competence regarding each skill, and assessed the perceived usefulness of each skill in health education practice. Responses from the two groups were similar on six of seven competency areas regarding usefulness of the items. Yet, teachers from Taiwan expressed greater perceived competence than the Florida teachers in five of seven areas. However, within both groups, teachers rated perceived usefulness higher than their own perceived level of competence. Inservice training, amount of formal training, and years of professional experience affected levels of perceived confidence in both groups. Initial results suggest the self‐assessment instrument may prove useful as a tool for examining professional competence in other countries, but more extensive research is needed to determine the instrument's applicability in cross‐national comparisons.
Evaluation of Access to Care and Medical and Behavioral Outcomes in a School‐Based Intervention Program for Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Williams Richard A. , Horn Susie , Daley Sandra P. , Nader Philip R.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The Project for Attention‐Related Disorders (PARD), instituted by the San Diego (Calif.) School District, represents a unique approach to identification, referral, and management of children with Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. As a school‐based program, PARD coordinates medical, psychosocial, behavioral, and educational interventions for each child, and provides resources for school personnel caring for children with ADHD. Three years after instituting PARD, about 60% to 70% of the children showed improvement after enrollment, evaluation, and treatment. Parental involvement in and acceptance of intervention for their children represented a significant follow‐up problem. Both medical and nonmedical interventions such as counseling, special programs, and behavior modification helped improve the educational life of these children.
Understanding Ethnicity, Identity Formation, and Risk Behavior Among Adolescents of Mexican Descent
Authors: Marcell Arik V.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The population of adolescents of Mexican descent is growing rapidly in the United States. However, the health needs of this group are not being adequately addressed by the health care system. Understanding the factors contributing to risk behavior in adolescents of Mexican descent may help improve service delivery and use. This article presents a sociodemographic profile of this group as well as a description of how one's degree of ethnic identification, acculturation, and other risk factors may contribute to problem behavior. Recommendations are provided to increase culturally appropriate prevention programs for youth of Mexican descent.
Correlates and Consequences of Early Initiation of Sexual Intercourse
Authors: Coker Ann L. , Richter Donna L. , Valois Robert F. , McKeown Robert E. , Garrison Carol Z. , Vincent Murray L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This cross‐sectional analysis of the 1991 CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey explored factors associated with an early age at first sexual intercourse. Almost 18% of White males, 49% of Black males, 5% of White females and 12% of Black females were sexually active before age 13. Carrying a weapon to school, fighting, and early (< age 13) experimentation with cigarettes and alcohol were associated with early initiation of sexual activity for all four race and gender groupings. Those initiating sexual activity early had greater numbers of partners but were 50% less likely to use condoms regularly and were two‐seven times more likely to have been pregnant or caused a pregnancy. Females who initiated sexual activity early were more likely to have had a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Interventions to postpone sexual activity need to be tailored to the ethnic and gender differences observed in these analyses. Interventions must begin before age 13 and should be comprehensive school‐based efforts. (J Sch Health. 1994; 64(9): 372–377)
Correlates of HIV Risk Among Young Adolescents in a Large Metropolitan Midwestern Epicenter
Authors: Levy Susan R. , Handler Arden S. , Weeks Kyle , Lampman Claudia , Perhats Cydne , Miller Todd Q. , Flay Brian R.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper examines levels of participation in and correlates of AJDS‐related risk behavior for young adolescents in high‐risk communities as determined by proxy indicators such as rates of reported STDs and adolescent pregnancies. Seventh and eighth grade students from two middle schools and ninth grade students from the receiving high school were surveyed. Descriptive and inferential techniques examined grade, racial, behavioral, and gender differences in participation in risk (substance use and sexual activity) and protective (use of condoms and use of condoms and foam) behaviors. Grade, race, and sexual activity were significant correlates of both licit and illicit drug use. Gender, grade, race, and licit and illicit drug use were significant correlates of sexual activity. Results demonstrate that not only are adults and older teens at risk in these communities, but younger adolescents also are at risk. Findings indicate a need for comprehensive HIV prevention programs at younger ages.
An Assessment of 23 Selected School‐Based Sexuality Education Curricula
Authors: Ogletree Roberta J. , Rienzo Barbara A. , Drolet Judy C. , Fetroy Joyce V.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: While quality sexuality education curricula are available, those responsible for selecting a curriculum may not feel confident to choose one to meet the needs of their students and community. This paper presents a method to guide in selecting sexuality education curricula as well as results from an evaluation of 23 school‐based sexuality education curricula. School administrators, curriculum specialists, health educators, school nurses, teachers, and parents involved in curriculum adoption or development can use the process described to select or develop a sexuality education curriculum to meet the needs of their school and community.
Who Teaches Health Education in Texas Secondary Schools?
Authors: Jacobs Wayne J. , Wylie Wayne E.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Although school health education now is seen as a national priority, little descriptive data on teachers responsible for delivering school health education have been collected. This survey provided baseline data on secondary health educators in Texas that, in turn, can be used to compare with data from other states. Questionnaires were received from 205 randomly selected secondary health educators in Texas. Subjects were sorted into two groups, full‐time health educators or part‐time health educators, based on the number of hours/classes spent teaching health education. Less than 50% of respondents held a degree in health education, 30% did not have a teaching certification in health education, and 10% had no academic background in health education. Those with no background in health education showed significantly less confidence and competence in their teaching ability than those with some background in health education. Almost all felt health education was as important as other courses, but slightly more than one‐half felt their administration shared that view. Less than 36% felt other faculty members viewed health education as important as other courses. (J Sch Health. 1995;65(9):365–368)
Long‐Term Implementation of the Teenage Health Teaching Modules by Trained Teachers: A Case Study
Authors: Tappe Marlene K. , Galer‐Unti Regina A. , Bailey Kelley C.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This evaluation addressed long‐term implementation of the Teenage Health Teaching Modules (THTM) by trained teachers in Indiana. Structured random sample telephone interviews and cross‐sectional written surveys determined the extent to which teachers implemented THTM and factors related to its implementation. Although most schools and teachers continued to use THTM, many teachers failed to maintain implementation fidelity. Barriers to THTM implementation included insufficient time for health instruction, reassignment of THTM teachers to other instructional areas, and the need for revised middle school modules. ANOVA and Mann‐Whitney U tests revealed more favorable THTM perceptions and implementation practices among teachers without implementation difficulties and among teachers who intended to attend a reconvening workshop. Evaluation of the long‐term implementation of THTM revealed the impact of environmental barriers on the use of innovative health education curricula by trained teachers.
Teachers' Receptiveness and Comfort Teaching Sexuality Education and Using Non‐Traditional Teaching Strategies
Authors: Haignere Clara S. , Culhane Jennifer F. , Balsley Catherine M. , Legos Patricia
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article reports on the comfort level of 97 eighth grade teachers using non‐traditional teaching strategies in sexuality education classes. Most were comfortable teaching sexuality education and undeterred by external factors such as students' religious beliefs, lack of administrative support, or parental protest. However, a quarter to a third of teachers reported never or rarely using activities such as roleplays, small‐group discussions, and problem‐solving exercises. Multiple regression indicated that only gender was a significant predictor of such usage. The greatest perceived barriers to teaching sexuality education and using alternative teaching strategies were lack of materials, lack of time, and difficulty with facilitation under traditional classroom structure. Although more research is needed to better understand barriers to using alternative strategies, teachers in two focus groups (n = 19) suggested 1) restructuring classroom settings to match the demands of new teaching strategies, and 2) “experience appropriate” curricula.
Cues to Parent Involvement in Drug Prevention and School Activities
Authors: Hahn Ellen J. , Simpson Mary Rado , Kidd Pamela
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This exploratory study used focus group methods to identify strategies that promote parent involvement with young children in an alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) prevention program. The Health Belief Model (HBM) guided the interview process and data analysis. Five focus groups were conducted with low‐income parents and school personnel from two urban elementary schools in Lexington, Kentucky. Cues to Action was the most frequent HBM construct expressed by both parents and school personnel in regard to ATOD prevention programs and general school activities. Enthusiasm for school activities expressed by children to their parents was identified as the core cue to parent involvement. Transportation, child care, and incentives were the basic requirements for parent involvement. Positive attitudes of school personnel, a combination of communication strategies, and multiple channels for involvement were major cues to parent involvement. Recommendations for involving parents in ATOD prevention and general school activities are suggested.
National Assessment of Early Elementary Teachers' Perceived Self‐Efficacy for Teaching Tobacco Prevention Based on the CDC Guidelines
Authors: M. Perry‐Casler Suzanne , Price James H. , Telljohann Susan K. , Chesney Barbara K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A national random sample of 505 early elementary school teachers completed a 47‐item survey to determine their perceived self‐efficacy for teaching tobacco prevention education based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for grades K‐3, their training status on tobacco prevention, and their level of teaching about tobacco prevention. Results indicated most of the teachers were female, White, held a bachelor's or master's degree, never smoked, and had not received formal tobacco prevention training. The teachers' scores were high for efficacy expectations, and for outcome expectations. Conversely, for outcome value, teachers ranked tobacco prevention fifth out of six health topics, as the most important health topic to teach elementary students. Also, teachers trained in four tobacco areas or more had statistically significantly higher scores for efficacy expectations than those trained in three or fewer areas. Statistically significant positive associations were also found between years of teaching tobacco prevention and efficacy and outcome expectation scores, and between the amount of time that tobacco prevention was taught during the past school year and outcome value. (J Sch Health. 1997;67(8):348–354)
Evaluating Health‐Related Web Sites
Authors: Pealer Lisa N. , Dorman Steve M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A growing concern has emerged for the quality of health‐related documents contained on the World Wide Web. Increased use of the World Wide Web by consumers and health education professionals, as well as ease of Web page publication, has heightened the need for criteria in Web page construction and evaluation. This article reviews and discusses elements to consider in Web page construction and evaluation, and provides a form to assist in assessment.
Cancer Cluster Investigation in a School District
Authors: Neuberger John S. , Pierce J. Thomas , Laim Sue Min
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Because of concern about a possible cancer cluster among employees of an elementary school, an industrial hygiene survey and health investigation were completed. An indoor‐air quality survey was conducted by a certified indusirial hygienist (CIH). A separate health survey concerning cancer occurrence was conducted by the authors among current (1995) and former (back to 1990) employees. Cancer data from the state health department registry were used to supplement self reports. The number of observed cancers were compared to those expected based on statewide and county data. A marginally significant increased risk was found for breast cancer among female employees who had worked for the school. No other excess in cancers was found. This excess of breast cancer was unlikely to have been related to an occupational exposure. Based on the study supported by the school district, which prefers to remain anonymous, this paper discusses the conduct of cancer cluster investigations in schools and recommends that screening and education for breast cancer be conducted in schools.
Support for School‐based Sexuality Education Among South Carolina Voters
Authors: Lindley Lisa L. , Reininger Belinda M. , Vincent Murray L. , Richter Donna L. , Saunders Ruth P. , Shi Leiyu
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A random‐digit dialed telephone survey was conducted in a traditionally conservative southern state to determine the level of support for sexuality education in the public schools including support for specific sexuality education topics, the earliest grade level at which each topic should be taught, and the amount of instruction time required for sexuality education in the high schools. Survey data were obtained from 534 South Carolina registered voters in late January/early February 1997. Results demonstrated that most South Carolina registered voters: 1) supported sexuality education in the public schools; 2) supported instruction on a variety of sexuality education topics; 3) supported instruction at all grade levels, especially beginning in middle school; and 4) believed instruction time for sexuality education in the high schools should either remain the same or be increased. In addition, a significant increase in support for sexuality education occurred from the beginning of the survey to the end, suggesting that the instrument itself may have served as an educational tool for respondents. The characteristics of registered voters who supported sexuality education at the beginning of the survey and at the end were examined and compared. These results may assist in the development of educational and marketing strategies designed to build support for school‐based sexuality education programs in South Carolina and elsewhere205‐212)
Cumulative Effects of Prevention Education on Substance Use Among 11th Grade Students in Ohio
Authors: Donnermeyer Joseph F. , Davis Russell R.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article examines participation in school‐based prevention education activities from a statewide sample of 11th grade students in Ohio. About 42% of subjects indicated they had never been involved in a prevention education activity. Differences existed in mean number of activities by both gender and White/nonWhite status. Popular prevention education activities included participation in D.A.R.E (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) at elementary, junior high, and senior high levels; “Just Say No Clubs”; Quest; and Red Ribbon Week. Only a small proportion of youth participated exclusively in any one of these activities. An association existed between student participation in prevention education and level of drug involvement. Students in each activity had lower mean scores for drug involvement when compared to students who had never participated in a prevention education activity. Also, the lowest mean scores occurred among students who had participated in multiple prevention activities. (J Sch Health. 1998; 68(4): 151‐158)
Recruitment and Retention in an Alcohol Prevention Program at Two Inner‐City Middle Schools
Authors: Pappas Deborah M. , Werch Chudley E. , Carlson Joan M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined recruitment within an alcohol prevention program at two diverse inner‐city schools and retention of these students through follow‐up at one month and one year. Subjects in Cohort 1 included 211 sixth grade students from one inner‐city, neighborhood school. Subjects in Cohort 2 included 650 sixth grade students from one neighborhood school (n=388) and one magnet (bused) school (n=262). Recruitment rates differed between the two Cohort 2 urban schools. However, when eligibility criteria were considered, recruitment rates were nearly identical. At one‐month posttest, dropouts were more at risk for alcohol use initiation than nondropouts. At one‐year follow‐up, dropouts were more likely to initiate alcohol and smokeless tobacco, and had greater total risk factors for alcohol use. These findings indicate the need to establish eligibility requirements, conduct aggressive recruitment and follow‐up to minimize subject attrition, and establish programming that targets students not recruited or retained when using standard protocols
Developing a Computer‐Assisted Health Knowledge Quiz for Preschool Children
Authors: Nix Susan Talbot , Ibanez Catherine D'Agostino , Strobino Barbara A. , Williams Christine L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The project evaluated the reliability of a computer‐assisted health education knowledge quiz, a multiple‐choice picture identification assessment tool for nutrition and health‐related knowledge in preschool age children. Pearson's product moment correlation coefficients were computed to assess overall and componential stability between test/retest scores of 51 children (mean age 3.6 years) enrolled in a Head Start preschool center. Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated to determine the internal consistency of the subscales. Overall reliability for the computer‐assisted quiz was high at .82 (p<. 01). For individual subscales, test/retest correlations were highest for Nutrition, Safety, and Environment (r = .56 to .81) and lower but still significant for Dental, Smoking, and Fitness (r = 37 to .48). Results suggest a computer‐assisted knowledge quiz can provide a reliable tool to assess health education knowledge in young children. In addition, the computer‐assisted test format is highly acceptable to preschool children and enables researchers to administer a more extensive test to young children with brief attention spans in a manner that engages their full cooperation and effort. In this respect it offers several advantages over traditional paper‐and‐pencil formats.
Can Deliberative Democracy Be Practiced? A Subnational Policy Pathway
Authors: CROWLEY KATE
Published: October 2009

This article reviews subnational participatory policy making and considers the extent to which participation—which seeks to breach the divide between citizen preference and political behavior—can be seen as deliberative practice. The process examined, TasmaniaTogether, is Australia's most participatory subnational planning and policy instrument, and is unique in that country, as well for directly linking public preference to policy design. Deliberative theory frames the examination of TasmaniaTogetherhere because it is in part concerned with exploring and overcoming the failing representative mandate that has inspired many such local participatory experiments. The study explores the tensions between deliberative theory and participatory practice, to identify common themes and forge greater relevance between the two. It considers the legitimacy of the process, its quest for community consensus, its link to policy‐setting contexts, its high level of institutionalization, and the lessons that can be learnt from it, which may in turn inform deliberative theory.

Este artículo examina el grado de participación sub‐nacional en el diseño de políticas y considera el grado en el que la participación—la cual busca superar las divisiones entre las preferencias ciudadanas y comportamiento político—puede ser vista como una práctica deliberativa. El ejemplo examinado, TasmaniaTogether, es el mayor instrumento político Australiano de planeación y de participación sub‐nacional, y es también único en dicho país al vincular directamente las preferencias del público con el diseño de políticas. La teoría deliberativa enmarca aquí el estudio de TasmaniaTogetherporque está en parte preocupada con la exploración y la superación del mandato representativo cuyas deficiencias han inspirado muchos tipos de experimentos de participación locales. El estudio explora las tensiones entre la teoría deliberativa y la práctica en la participación, para identificar temas comunes y forjar una mayor relevancia entre ambas. El estudio considera la legitimidad del proceso participativo deliberativo, su búsqueda de consenso comunitario, su conexión con contextos de definición de políticas, su alto nivel de institucionalización y las lecciones que puedan ser aprendidas en dicho proceso que podrían a su vez informar a la teoría deliberativa.
Trust between Regulators and the Regulated: A Case Study of Environmental Inspectors and Facility Personnel in Virginia
Authors: PAUTZ MICHELLE C.
Published: October 2009

The relationships between environmental inspectors and the facility personnel at regulated firms are often presumed to be adversarial, and this assumption affects the design and implementation of environmental regulations. However, closer examination of these relationships challenges this fundamental assumption of adversarial relations in environmental policy. Interviews with 44 inspectors and regulated officials throughout Virginia found that the interactions between these two categories of actors are positive. Over 90 percent of the interviewees were positive about their interactions with one another, and inspectors and regulated officials alike indicate that they trust the other. These findings are compelling because they contest common assumptions, and, as such, they provoke debate regarding the fundamental notions concerning the interactions between regulators and the regulated on the frontlines of environmental regulation.

La relación entre los inspectores medioambientales y el personal de las instalaciones en las compañías reguladas se supone, por lo general, antagonista, y este supuesto impacta el diseño y la implementación de las regulaciones medioambientales. Sin embargo, una revisión más detallada de estas relaciones cuestiona dicho supuesto. Entrevistas realizadas a 44 inspectores y funcionarios bajo regulación a lo largo de Virginia encontraron que las interacciones entre estas dos categorías de actores son positivas. Más del 90 por ciento de los entrevistados tuvieron una respuesta positiva en relación a sus interacciones con la otra parte, y tanto los inspectores como los funcionarios bajo regulación indicaron que confiaban los unos en los otros. Estas conclusiones refutan los razonamientos habituales y, de ahí, que provocan debate en lo que se refiere a las nociones fundamentales acerca de las interacciones entre los reguladores y los regulados en el frente de la regulación medioambiental.
Relationship between Tissue Structural Collapse and Disappearance of Flesh Transparency during Postmortem Changes in Squid Mantles
Authors: Kugino Mutsuko , Kugino Kenji , Tamura Tomoko , Asakura Tomiko
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:  This study evaluated the relationship between squid flesh transparency and muscle tissue microstructure. Squid mantle muscle was stored at 4 °C after being transported for 2 h by 4 different transportation methods used commonly in Japan (Group 1: live squid packed in ice‐cold seawater; Group 2: live squid packed at 4 °C; Group 3: squid killed immediately after harvest and packed at 4 °C; Group 4: live squid packed in a fish tank containing seawater). Parameters of muscle tissue transparency were measured by an image analysis of digital images of squid muscle tissue. The mantle muscle tissue was observed under a transmission electron microscope to determine the postmortem structural changes at the cellular level. The ATP content of muscle tissue and rupture energy of squid flesh were also measured. As a result, the transparency of squid flesh and the ATP content of the muscles showed the same pattern of change in degree as time passed. The values of these parameters were highest in the group of squid killed immediately followed in order by those transported live, the refrigerated squid, and squid stored in ice‐cold seawater. The mantle muscle tissue started to lose its transparency when the ATP in the muscle tissue started to decline. Disintegration of squid muscle tissue structure at the cellular level during storage under refrigeration for 24 h (4 °C) was observed in all methods of transportation. This suggested that destruction of the squid muscle tissue structure by autolysis is remarkably fast. The muscle tissue structure disintegrates due to decomposition of the muscle proteins, and muscle transparency is lost because the entire muscle develops a mixed coarse‐minute structure.
Effect of Various Types of Egg White on Characteristics and Gelation of Fish Myofibrillar Proteins
Authors: Hunt Angela , Park Jae W. , Handa Akihiro
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:  Three types of egg white protein (regular dried egg white [REW], special dried egg white [SEW], and liquid egg white [LEW]) were compared for their effect in surimi (CON), containing no egg white (EW). They were characterized for enzyme inhibition and time of EW addition, either with cryoprotectants prior to freezing or during gel preparation, using Pacific whiting surimi. In addition, the setting (suwari) effect and fish protein–EW protein interactions (dynamic rheological properties, total sulfhydryl groups, and fracture gel analysis) were evaluated using Alaska pollock surimi. After 12 mo frozen storage, adding 2% and 3% SEW to Pacific whiting surimi during chopping significantly (P < 0.05) increased the force and deformation values compared to adding the respective EW before freezing. The highest (P < 0.05) force (175.2 g) and deformation (9.0 mm) values after 12 mo were obtained when 3% SEW was added during chopping. Enzyme autolysis showed that addition of 2% EW protein was effective at inhibiting enzyme activity. During setting, adding 2% SEW maintained force (1047.4 g) and deformation (17.9 mm) values similar (P > 0.05) to CON (1055.1 g; 19.3 mm) and significantly (P < 0.05) better than 2% REW (666.1 g; 15.6 mm). Texture results corresponded well to other data where 2% SEW showed the lowest total sulfhydryl groups (48.3 mole/105 g), and higher elastic modulus (G′), which suggests improved protein interaction for gel formation. Overall, the addition of 2% to 3% SEW improved gel textural properties of Pacific whiting and Alaska pollock fish protein.
Leucocyte antibody screening of donors for the prevention of TRALI
Authors: Bux J.
Published: October 2009

Antibody‐mediated TRALI reduction strategies include the exclusion of high plasma volume blood components from risk donors or testing of these donors for leucocyte antibodies, i.e. HLA class I, HLA class II, and HNA antibodies. Recommendations for the detection of leucocyte antibodies have been made by the ISBT Working Party on Granulocyte Immunobiology.
From NAT/PI to NAS/PO: preparing for nucleic acid surveillance and product optimization
Authors: Nollet K. E.
Published: October 2009

The transfusion‐transmitted infection (TTI) risk of pathogens for which nucleic acid testing (NAT) has been implemented is now insubstantial compared to other hazards of transfusion. Minimizing the TTI risk of non‐tested pathogens is a goal of pathogen inactivation (PI); in particular, the interdiction of emerging pathogens is a major selling point. Incidental to PI is the possibility of eliminating certain patient‐oriented procedures, e.g. selectively screening for cytomegalovirus (CMV) or irradiating to prevent transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease (TA‐GVHD). Do NAT and PI introduce new hazards? Perhaps. The product‐oriented elements of ‘SQuIPP’– Safety, Quality, Identity, Purity and Potency – are interdependent in positive and negative ways, and every intervention, including NAT and PI, requires time and money. Time has a special impact on the quality and availability of labile products such as granulocytes and platelets. Money spent on one intervention is unavailable for any other, and is not necessarily allocated to yield the best overall cost per quality adjusted life year (cost/QALY) or similar measure. Thus, current debate often focuses on NAT vs. PI. The ‘right’ answer likely depends on circumstances; a recent Chikungunya epidemic in La Réunion provoked rapid deployment of PI to ensure a sufficient, local platelet inventory, but the quality of PI‐treated products is a matter of ongoing investigation. For the future, we should dare to imagine, and dare to insist on, better performance for lower cost in all safety interventions. Information technology (IT) and automation have probably shown the greatest cost/performance improvements in recent years, especially as recording and processing approach the molecular level. A rational next step is to acknowledge that DNA and RNA are themselves data storage media, which await better techniques for reading (and editing). The issue will not be how little we can test, but how well we can handle the vast data available in every donor sample. In a world of nucleic acid surveillance (NAS), ethics and privacy will be at the forefront of donor‐oriented considerations. As for products manufactured from donated blood, today’s photochemistry may be the beginning of a new wave. Now, we disable nucleic acid replication. In the future, we might regulate apoptosis or modify antigens. Product optimization (PO), starting with rational donor selection criteria, will proceed with manufacturing steps best suited to a particular patient’s circumstances, e.g. the platelets given for an acute haemorrhage may very well differ from those given solely for prophylaxis. What is least likely to harm should be replaced by what is most likely to help.
Advances in alloimmune thrombocytopenia laboratory investigations
Authors: Kaplan C.
Published: October 2009

Alloimmune thrombocytopenia is mainly encountered during pregnancy when the mother becomes immunized against the fetal platelets antigens she lacks. The resulting fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, which incidence has been evaluated to 1/1000 live births in Caucasians, is usually severe and can lead to bleeding. Intracranial hemorrhage (20‐30% in retrospective studies) is the most severe complication leading to death (10‐15%) or neurological sequelae (20%). Due to the recurrence for incompatible fetuses in the subsequent pregnancies, antenatal management has been developed. The diagnosis of fetal or neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is of utmost importance for the management of the affected infant and the subsequent pregnancies. The diagnosis is straightforward when a maternal alloantibody is detected directed against the offending antigen present in the infant. Although genotyping is widely used, unknown genetic variants may alter the results, and ethnic diversity is of importance. Genotype is not always phenotype. However phenotyping is somehow problematic because reference human sera have limited availability. The detection of the alloantibodies could be challenging. Currently the most widely techniques used are the antigen‐capture assays with mouse monoclonal antibodies. However false‐negative results may occur. New techniques are developed. In conclusion, international workshop exercises are of importance for further improvement and quality assurance proficiency.