bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective Control of New Product Projects: The Interaction of Organization Culture and Project Leadership
Authors: McDonough Edward F. , Leifer Richard P.
Published: September 2003

In all organizations where technological innovation plays a key role, a state of creative tension exists between those responsible for technological development of new products and the organization's need to satisfy customer demands. The need to maintain a balanced state of tension is clear. When the balance swings too far in the direction of technological development, technological wizardry runs amok. When it swings too far in the direction of satisfying customer demands, innovativeness can be stifled and technological stagnation can result. Maintaining a state of creative tension is important, then, for producing viable and technologically innovative products. A key task confronting managers, therefore, is fostering innovation while at the same time controlling and channelling it to meet the business needs of the organization. Perhaps nowhere is this need greater than in the new product development process. Edward McDonough and Richard Leifer report the results of a study which suggest that this task may be accomplished by relying on a bounded delegation style of project leadership and a culture which emphasizes a business orientation.
The R&D/Production Interface: A Case Study of New Product Commercialization
Authors: Ginn Martin E. , Rubenstein Albert H.
Published: September 2003

The R&D/production interface is a key component of the innovation process. Effective transfer of technology across this interface has a direct bearing on the success of commercializing new technologies. Martin Ginn and Albert Rubenstein intensively studied three strategic business units of a major chemical company to examine how behavioral and performance variables interrelate for the key participants. The interface was found to be a key focus for interpersonal conflict. The conflict was found to be exacerbated by such factors as goal incompatibility, manufacturing complexity, uncertainty of product outcomes, exercises of power, and imperatives for action. Interestingly, projects which were more successful, both technically and commercially, tended to have higher levels of conflict and more superordinate goals than those that were less successful. Increasing compatibility of goals among participating groups is suggested as a means for improving interface relations.
Computing Technology for the Home: Product Strategies for the Next Generation
Authors: Venkatesh Alladi , Vitalari Nicholas P.
Published: September 2003

Recent developments in the personal and home computer marketplace have raised questions about the effectiveness of current product strategies. In this article, Alladi Venkatesh and Nicholas Vitalari focus on the home computer market which continues to evolve in different ways. Specifically, they identify five technologically oriented product strategies, the electronic game technology strategy, the children's educational focus strategy, the office technology transfer strategy, the consumer electronic interchange strategy, and the home information systems strategy. The authors feel that the home information systems strategy may have the best long‐run potential for success because it comes closest to meeting the needs of the changing household.
Exploring Retail Bank Performance and New Product Development: A Profile of Industry Practices
Authors: Reidenbach R. Eric , Moak Donald L.
Published: September 2003

Based on their survey, Eric Reidenbach and Donald Moak report that various aspects of new product development practices are associated with different levels of retail bank performance. Such practices and activities as the existence of a formal evaluation process, the existence of new product managers, the length of time a product spends in development, and the percentage of the operating budget spent on new product development tend to vary according to bank performance. Top performers have decidedly different new product development processes, structures, and practices than do average or negative performers.
Product Innovation by Smaller, High‐Technology Firms in Canada
Authors: Knight Russell M.
Published: September 2003

Russell Knight has surveyed 124 small, high‐technology firms in Canada to learn more about the processes they use to develop and market innovative products. The scope of his survey included an investigation of planning early in the product's development cycle, how products move from R&D to mass marketing, and how firms learn about their markets in very specialized areas. In general, Knight finds that the firms have more technical than general management expertise. Technically trained entrepreneurs have difficulty with general management skills needed to facilitate the successful introduction of new products.
Forecasting the Market Penetration of New Technologies Using a Combination of Economic Cost and Diffusion Models
Authors: Teotia A. P. S. , Raju P. S.
Published: September 2003

Forecasting market penetration is an essential step in the development, assessment, and commercialization of new technologies. Among the many forecasting approaches available are the economic cost model and the diffusion model. Separately, each of these approaches has been used in many applications of market penetration forecasting. In this article, A. P. S. Teotia and P. S. Raju briefly review these two approaches and then describe a methodology for forecasting market penetration using both of these approaches sequentially. They illustrate this approach with an example of market penetration forecasting for energy‐efficient electric motors. A combination approach, which incorporates the strengths of two or more approaches, may be superior in many instances to the use of any one approach alone.
Strategic Control of R&D Resource Allocations in Diversified Businesses
Authors: Ayal Igal , Rothberg Robert
Published: September 2003

Proper allocation of R&D resources across strategic business units is a challenge that has long been faced by executives of diversified business enterprises. Igal Ayal and Robert Rothberg have chosen to address this issue, applying a distinction between effectiveness and efficiency of R&D spending. Most companies seem to overcontrol such allocations in terms of tactical detail or efficiency considerations, and undercontrol in terms of strategic significance or effectiveness. Attention to the effectiveness of allocations requires that management assess the linkage between R&D spending and the attainment of overall corporate goals. The article draws conclusions about the design of appropriate R&D proposal generation and evaluation procedures and project control systems in strategically decentralized companies.
The Impact of Seasonality on the Launch of Infrequently Purchased Products
Authors: Berkowitz Marvin
Published: September 2003

Few published articles have dealt with the unique problems associated with the management of new, infrequently purchased products that exhibit seasonal patterns of demand. Marvin Berkowitz demonstrates how seasonality influences the performance of a new consumer durable good, a new brand of battery‐operated lights, during a 2‐year period following its launch. The data presented support four hypotheses: (I) the newest brands in a product category, when compared to dominant brands, will be subject to higher seasonal variation in consumer awareness, advertising recall, product attribute positioning, and purchase intent; (2) the relationship between seasonal effects and brand share within a product category will not be linear; (3) differences between product attributes for competing brands will be most apparent to consumers during periods of peak seasonal activity; and (4) perceptions of product attributes that are most important in the buying decision are subject to the least seasonal variation. The article also demonstrates how seasonal variations may be charted and discusses how this analysis contributes to the overall management of the new product.
New Product Development For Service Companies
Authors: Easingwood Christopher J.
Published: September 2003

It is well known that services differ from manufactured goods in a number of significant ways. Services are largely intangible, produced and consumed simultaneously, heterogeneous and perishable. These differences can lead to changes in service management. Christopher J. Easingwood has investigated how new products development practices in service organizations may reflect these differences. He has profiled practices found in a sample of service companies in the United Kingdom on topics ranging from idea generation to post‐launch assessment, together with the strategic role and organizational location of new products. A number of special characteristics of the new product activity in services companies are identified. For instance, the number of new product introductions may be restricted due to customer and staff confusion when faced with a proliferation of service products. Test markets are used primarily to ensure the proper functioning of the service rather than to provide a base for a national sales projection. These and other characteristics appear to be appropriate adaptations to the special features of services. They are part of a pattern that shows some of the ways that service companies have adapted the new product development process to meet unique problems in the service environment.
Idea Generation in Technology‐Based Firms
Authors: Conway H. Allan , McGuinness Norman W.
Published: September 2003

H. Allan Conway and Norman W. McGuinness report the results of an exploratory study of the idea generation process in nine technology‐based firms. Their objective was to determine if managerially useful patterns could be identified. The article outlines a three‐stage descriptive model of the search process encountered in the participating firms. A combination of managerial and market forces were found to be more important in the initiation of the search process than were technological influences.
New Product Development Practices of Industrial Marketers*
Authors: Moore William L.
Published: September 2003

William L. Moore personally interviewed a number of senior managers employed in 25 large industrial marketing companies about new product development practices. These managers are familiar with all phases of the development of typical new products, from the time ideas are generated until market introduction. Most respondents were either division heads or those directly responsible for a division's new product development program. In agreement with a previous study, the use of formal new product strategies and sophisticated quantitative marketing research techniques was found to be lacking in most companies. However, many other elements of the new product development process were carried out more completely than previously reported. For example, respondents reflected sensitivity to informal understanding of new product strategies. A number of the less sophisticated, small scale qualitative research methods actually used may be more appropriate than more sophisticated methods. While several research areas are suggested, the general assessment of the new product practices of these firms is more positive than that of Feldman and Page.
A Consumer‐Based Approach to Designing Product Line Extensions
Authors: Green Paul E. , Krieger Abba M.
Published: September 2003

A high proportion of new product introductions entail line extensions (e.g., new flavors, sizes, convenience packs, features) rather than totally new products. An attendant problem with line extending involves the possibility of cannibalization of the firm's current products. Paul Green and Abba Krieger describe an approach for designing line extensions that employs consumer tradeoff data and a variety of search heuristics to find “optimal” extensions that explicitly consider the cannibalization of current offerings. The methodology is applied to a case in which an agricultural chemicals firm is introducing a new soybean herbicide.
Pricing Augmented Commercial Services
Authors: Friedmann Roberto , French Warren A.
Published: September 2003

The delivery of augmented services is a powerful demonstration of innovative product/service management. Based on well‐executed scanning and positioning efforts, augmented services allow marketers to obtain a premium price for their innovative ness by delivering more than what consumers have learned to expect. For this purpose, Roberto Friedmann and Warren French have developed the notion of an augmented service. They then proceed to outline the necessary considerations and procedures for creating an augmented service that commands a premium price in its market.
Marketing Hype: A New Perspective for New Product Research and Introduction
Authors: Wind Jerry , Mahajan Vijay
Published: September 2003

Marketing research procedures typically used to support new product development activities often emphasize the collection of data from potential customers, even when the product success depends on the decisions of a number of key stakeholders such as distributors, media, etc. Consequently, most conventional product introduction efforts focus on a target customer segment and ignore the needs of other stakeholders. These narrowly concentrated research efforts can lead to unfounded expectations regarding the product performance. Similarly, the lopsided focus on consumers can lead to reduced marketing effectiveness. Jerry Wind and Vijay Mahajan argue for the recognition of the process of “marketing hype,” a set of prelaunch activities leading to the creation of a supportive market environment. This can lead to the creation of broader strategies that focus on the key stakeholders as subjects for new product research, and targets for the introductory marketing programs. This could lead to a richer understanding of the intergroup influences on the adoption of the new product and increase the chances of a successful new product launch.
Focus Groups and the Development of New Products by Technologically Driven Companies: A Comment
Authors: Seymour Daniel T.
Published: September 2003

Market research information often helps to reduce uncertainty in many new product decisions. Yet, each research technique has both strengths and weaknesses in terms of its ability to aid decision makers. Daniel Seymour responds to a recent Journal of Product Innovation Management article in which the benefits of focus group research were examined. By enumerating and describing the major limitations of the technique, a more informed choice of research approaches may be embraced.
Approaches to Accelerating Product and Process Development
Authors: Gold Bela
Published: September 2003

How can organizations shorten the length of the new products development process? This is undoubtedly one of the key questions facing managers today. One important goal is early market entry, maximizing competitive advantage in the process. Bela Gold draws on his experience with product and process development in a wide array of industries to identify eight approaches to accelerating development. Drawing on his field research, he briefly appraises the potentials, limitations, and risks of each and then discusses implications for a more promising strategy.
Firm Size and Product Innovation
Authors: Ettlie John E. , Rubenstein Albert H.
Published: September 2003

The linkage between firm size and product innovation has frequently been discussed by both researchers and other writers. John Ettlie and Albert Rubenstein report the results of a study which, by distinguishing between the incorporation of radical and incremental technology, attempts to resolve some of the controversy surrounding this issue. In particular, the authors hypothesize that up to a certain point, large firms with greater resources are more likely to commercialize radically new products successfully. Findings generally support this theory but refinements to the model are now possible. For example, firms with 1000 employees or less need not be excluded from radical product introduction if they resolve critical funding and research problems. This size‐radicalness distribution is shaped like a fish hook or a claw. That is, up to about 1000 employees, there is no significant relationship between number of employees and radicalness of a new product. Between 1200 and 11,000 employees there is a significant, direct relationship. Finally, very large organizations (in excess of about 45,000 employees) are unlikely to introduce radically new products. Larger firms were significantly more likely to adopt ambitious new processing technologies in order to introduce these new products. Also, new product success was significantly predicted by the absence of funding problems in introducing the innovation and the degree to which the new product was a radical departure from existing practice.
Forecasting New Product Market Potential: Combining Multiple Methods
Authors: Thomas Robert J.
Published: September 2003

Multiple measurement approaches are often recommended to forecast market potential for new products; however, methodologies to accomplish this have not been fully developed. In this article, Robert Thomas describes an implementation of a multiple methods approach for combining independent forecasts of new product market potential to improve new product planning decisions. The approach involves (I) defining a concept of market potential for the new product, (2) obtaining independent operationalizations and measures of the concept with multiple methods, and (3) using the concept as a basis for reconciling and combining forecasts obtained from the different methods. In the last step, a systematic procedure linked to the conceptual definition of market potential leads to the estimation of judgmental weights for combining the independent forecasts. A case study for a new type of electronic mail service illustrates the approach.
Redesigning Product Lines with Conjoint Analysis: How Sunbeam Does It
Authors: Page Albert L. , Rosenbaum Harold F.
Published: September 2003

Sunbeam Appliance Company, faced with the task of redesigning its lines of small appliances, developed a procedure that couples consumers' evaluations of possible new designs with a marketing research technique—conjoint analysis. In this article, Albert Page and Harold Rosenbaum describe Sunbeam's redesign of its food processor product line. They report detailed information, including key design attributes, alternative product designs, market segments, and competitive positions, and describe the use of a simulation model that predicts the market share of alternative product line configurations before they are even developed or introduced into the market. The procedure provides product line managers with a powerful tool to assist them in redesigning their lines.
FDA Regulation of Product Risk and Its Impact Upon Young Biomedical Firms
Authors: Hauptman Oscar , Roberts Edward B.
Published: September 2003

Data gathered on 62 products from 26 biomedical firms founded in Massachusetts between 1968 and 1975 show a positive relationship between the level of technological sophistication of a firm's products and the risk associated with the use of those products. Oscar Hauptman and Edward Roberts report the results of their study of the impact of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's approval process on these firms' resources and time. They found that young firms dealing with medical devices and pharmaceuticals were more sensitive to this regulatory process than those producing medical auxiliary products. Enactment of the 1976 FDA regulations amendment affecting medical devices apparently created a precarious environment for the marketing of new products. The amendment was found to have significant impact beyond its target product area, medical devices and supplies. It also challenged the management of firms producing drugs and Pharmaceuticals.
Book Review
Authors: Cooper Robert G.
Published: September 2003

This issue's book review addresses the important topic of networking. Despite their informal understanding of the need for networks, new product managers have seldom if ever been able to access a formal treatment of this topic. Nor have conferences or seminars included this topic in their development of critical management skills. Blair Little, a professor in the School of Business Administration at the University of Western Ontario, reviews a new book that reports some very intersting Swedish thinking about networking. He reports that the book is worth considering by JPIM's readers, even in light of some unique characteristics of the Swedish environment.
New Products: What Separates Winners from Losers?
Authors: Cooper R. G. , Kleinschmidt E. J.
Published: September 2003

There is no issue more fundamental to new products managers than understanding the factors that separate success from failure. In this article, Robert Cooper and Elko Kleinschmidt present a series of ten hypotheses which they test using data obtained from their study of 203 new products. Significantly, these products include both commercial successes and failures, since previous studies have concentrated on either one or the other. The authors conclude that product superiority is the number one factor influencing commercial success and that project definition and early, predevelopment activities are the most critical steps in the new products development process. Success, they argue, is earned. It is not the ad hoc result of situational or environmental influences. Synergy, both marketing and technical, is crucial.
New Industrial Product Design and Evaluation Using Multiattribute Value Analysis
Authors: Keeney Ralph L. , Lilien Gary L.
Published: September 2003

Increasingly, the design of successful new industrial products is related to careful market assessment. Traditionally, managers and researchers have studied their markets by examining a small number of product attributes that are common across a range of informed respondents. In many ways, these techniques fail to meet the challenges posed by today's often heterogeneous, highly competitive, fast moving industrial markets. Ralph Keeney and Gary Lilien introduce us to a technique they call multiattribute value analysis, both describing the procedure and describing a comprehensive example. Their approach introduces considerable flexibility to the process of market assessment. Technically, it permits the evaluation of many more attributes, value tradeoffs, and synergies among attributes than do more traditional methods. In addition, it permits nonlinear evaluation functions that may be idiosyncratic to the individual. Practically, their approach, illustrated with a detailed case application, is shown to have significant potential for aiding product design decisions.
How to Increase the Odds for Successful Brand Extension
Authors: Kane Chester L.
Published: September 2003

Increasingly, new products are being introduced to the market as line extensions. Chester Kane discusses several ways to improve current practices. He argues that several special steps should be taken to obtain maximum leverage from the value of an existing brand name. Starting with efforts to understand customer's perceptions of the brand, he describes a series of approaches that collectively stress planning, objectivity, and the use of appropriate research tools. The article discusses a variety of both successes and failures, noting that seldom do customer's perceptions match current brand marketing strategies, a fact overlooked by many companies.
Team Product Reviews: A Means of Improving Product Quality and Acceptance
Authors: Kozar Kenneth A.
Published: September 2003

Characteristics of both the life cycles and development processes of products and “systems” are surprisingly similar. These similarities offer a unique opportunity for the transfer of successful approaches from one discipline to the other. In this article, Kenneth Kozar describes a technique called team product reviews that he has used successfully in improving the quality and organizational acceptance of emerging systems. The article links the technique to new products development practices, identifies a variety of factors critical to the approach's success, and argues that the team review process helps to assure quality and user acceptance. In addition, the article provides guidelines for proper review behavior and includes examples of both successful and unsuccessful implementations of the technique. This cross‐disciplinary sharing represents an attempt to avoid missed deadlines, overrun budgets, and destructive human behavior during the new products development process.
Perspectives of a Trademark Attorney on the Branding of Innovative Products
Authors: Hemnes Thomas M. S.
Published: September 2003

One of the most important decisions facing new products managers is the selection of a brand name. Far too often, this decision is postponed or treated casually, leading to a myriad of later problems. Thomas Hemnes, a practicing trademark attorney, discusses these problems. He notes the importance of the choice of both the trademark and generic names for the new product and also provides helpful guidance. In addition, he discusses particular needs for documentation and record keeping, linked to both trademark selection and trademark maintenance. Finally, he draws important distinctions between trademark and patent registration, closing with a discussion of differences between practices in the United States and elsewhere in the world.
Forecasting Sales of New Contingent Products: An Application to the Compact Disc Market
Authors: Bayus Barry L.
Published: September 2003

Estimating the sales potential of new products before an actual launch is a major problem confronting marketing and new products managers. Several modeling efforts for both new durable products and consumer package goods have been reported. An area which has received little explicit treatment, however, is that of new contingent product sales. A specific case of such products is the close relationship between software (consumables or accessory items subject to repeat purchase), and hardware (the original durable good required for use of the software). Examples of this relationship include video cassette recorders and VCR tapes; microcomputers and floppy diskettes; and cameras and photographic film. In this article Barry Bayus discusses a practical method for estimating hardware and software sales of such products. Effects due to different market segment behaviors, pricing, awareness levels, and purchase intentions are incorporated into the model. Results from a study of the compact disc prerecorded audio market by RCAlAriola are presented in order to illustrate how the model can be applied and how the results are useful in making managerial decisions.
Diffusing New Ideas In‐House
Authors: Vandermerwe Sandra
Published: September 2003

New ideas trigger the innovation process and the development of new products. This article is concerned with new ideas generated in‐house and ways to ensure that these ideas have the maximum chance of being captured and diffused. Sandra Vandermerwe reports results of an exploratory study involving an international group of senior executives concerning their attempts to introduce new ideas and gain support for them within their firms. In particular, she was alert to reports of organizational resistance, when it was reported. She asked why this resistance occurred and what might be done to improve the receptivity to new ideas. The article examines the executives' responses and highlights an interesting feature of the findings: that new technological ideas may, by their very nature, be slow‐movers. Firms are encouraged to put more conscious effort into internal diffusion activity as they do externally in the marketplace. This would require new skills and a new role for originating individuals.
Psychological Meaning of Products and Product Positioning
Authors: Friedmann Roberto , Lessig V. Parker
Published: September 2003

New product positioning is an issue increasingly being considered by new products managers. An article on this topic by Crawford appeared in this Journal in 1985. Roberto Friedmann and Parker Lessig employ the concept of psychological meaning of products to discuss why and how Crawford's new product positioning typology affects the consumer. They present arguments to show that the psychological meaning of products and Crawford's typology address product positioning from complementary and converging perspectives. They also argue that psychological meaning of products can be a valuable managerial planning tool.
Product Shape as a Design Innovation Strategy
Authors: Berkowitz Marvin
Published: September 2003

Product design has become an effective competitive tool in the hands of a number of companies. Marvin Berkowitz discusses the impact of design variations on a proven winner in the marketplace. This article discusses the use of product shape as an element of innovation strategy in food processing. Can this particular design dimension be used to achieve differentiation from competitive products? The article explores how one company is attempting to capitalize on consumer trends for fitness and nutrition by designing its products with natural looking shapes. The research more generally probes how easy to spot design cues, like shape, are used by consumers to infer more important, but less readily accessible attributes like taste, softness, comfort and speed. Good design not only adds sales appeal, but encourages trading up, provides a basis for market segmentation, and for building a larger line from the same engineering investment.
Corporate Innovation and Entrepreneurship: A Canadian Study
Authors: Knight Russell M.
Published: September 2003

In his study of 112 corporate innovations, Russell Knight describes how 100 large Canadian corporations identified innovative ideas, evaluated them, and allocated resources to support their development. These innovations ranged from new product introductions to new processes or systems within these firms. He conducted a series of interviews with managers to explore both the role of corporate entrepreneurs and top management in creating a favorable environment for innovation within the firms, examining the roles of marketing research, research and development, production planning and finance in the process. The article reports several general conclusions regarding the practices of the more successful firms and presents several recommendations concerning how firms should organize to explore, develop and produce new innovative ventures within the corporation. These results are also contrasted with those of an earlier article Knight published in this Journal.
Analysis of Substrates for Single Emitter Laser Diodes
Authors: Alander Tapani M. , Heino Pekka A. , Ristolainen Eero O.
Published: September 2003

Electrically conductive substrates (i.e., metals) are often used in the mounting of semiconductor laser diodes. While metals offer a good electrical and thermal performance, they restrict the system integration due to lack of signal routing capability. Since the implementations utilizing laser diodes have become more common, the integration level has also become an important factor in these products. Mounting of lasers on insulative substrates is the key to large-scale integration. Organic boards form the de facto standard of insulative substrates; however, their use with lasers is impossible due to low thermal conductivity. Ceramics, however, offer nearly the same thermal performance as metals but as electrically insulative materials also provide the foundation for high integration levels. In this study the effects of three different ceramic substrates on the stresses within diode lasers was evaluated. Finite element method was used to calculate the mounting induced straining and the thermal performance of the substrate. The same procedure was employed to examine the optimum metallization thickness for the ceramic substrates. The results present how greatly the substrate material can affect the very delicate laser diode. The ceramic substrates, though having nearly the same properties, exhibited clearly distinctive behavior and a great difference in thermal and mechanical performance.
Compact Modeling of Forced Flow in Longitudinal Fin Heat Sinks With Tip Bypass
Authors: Coetzer C. B. , Visser J. A.
Published: September 2003

This paper introduces a compact model to predict the interfin velocity and the resulting pressure drop across a longitudinal fin heat sink with tip bypass. The compact model is based on results obtained from a comprehensive study into the behavior of both laminar and turbulent flow in longitudinal fin heat sinks with tip bypass using CFD analysis. The new compact flow prediction model is critically compared to existing compact models as well as to the results obtained from the CFD simulations. The results indicate that the new compact model shows at least a 4.5% improvement in accuracy predicting the pressure drop over a wide range of heat sink geometries and Reynolds numbers simulated. The improved accuracy in velocity distribution between the fins also increases the accuracy of the calculated heat transfer coefficients applied to the heat sinks.
Simulation of Void Growth in Molten Solder Bumps
Authors: Panton Ronald L. , Lee Jong W. , Goenka Lakhi , Achari Achyuta
Published: September 2003

This research studies the motion of void bubbles within molten solder bumps. Surface tension variation on the outer surface of the bump drives a flow that is transmitted to the interior by viscosity. Bubbles inside the bump grow by collisions with other bubbles. A computer model of this process has been formulated. In cases with the melting process from top to bottom, a ring of bubbles collected at the top outer rim of the solder bump. When the melting direction was reversed, the typical result was a single large bubble near the center with a few smaller recirculating bubbles.
Modeling the Thermal Behavior of Solder Paste Inside Reflow Ovens
Authors: Tava´rez A. , Gonza´lez J. E.
Published: September 2003

The development of a mathematical model of the soldering process of actual pastes as used in surface mount technology (SMT) lines is described in this paper. The coupled heat transfer processes between the solder paste and the flux including changes in solder paste properties are considered in the model. Specifically, the loss of solvents in the vehicle system, melting, solidification and further single phase cooling of the solder paste are contemplated in the model. Experiments were conducted with the objective of validating the predictions of the solder paste temperature profile and of the loss of weight due to flux extraction. Results are shown in this paper for typical eutectic paste 63%Sn-37%Pb and experimental data is in good agreement with the numerical predictions. Simulations using the lead-free solder paste systems 96.5%Sn-3.5%Ag and 42%Sn-58%Bi are also reported in this paper. The proposed model is suitable for incorporation into existing three dimensional heat transfer models of PCBs for simulations in ovens with similar characteristics as those used in actual manufacturing applications.
Simplification of Finite Element Models for Thermal Fatigue Life Prediction of PBGA Packages
Authors: Akay Hasan U. , Liu Yan , Rassaian Mostafa
Published: September 2003

The use of PBGA (plastic ball grid array) electronic packages has been greatly increased in the last decade due to high I/O densities offered. The fatigue life prediction for them is a relatively new task in the electronic field. PBGA packages have more complex geometry than conventional SMT (surface mount technology) packages, such as Leaded and Leadless Chip Carriers (LDCC and LLCC), in which the I/O pins are distributed along the perimeters of chip carriers and their geometries are suitable for two-dimensional (2-D) finite element (FE) simulation. This choice is not so clear in PBGAs. In this study, sectional 2-D, sliced three-dimensional (3-D), and 1/8th 3-D FE models for PBGA assemblies are compared to determine the appropriate FE models that are able to save computational time and memory while maintaining reasonable calculation accuracy. The comparisons and merits of each modeling approach are discussed. An energy-based method is used to predict the fatigue life for solder joints in PBGAs. The fatigue coefficients in the correlation equation, which were obtained previously from the analysis of traditional SMT packages, are updated for more accurate prediction. New fatigue coefficients are obtained for different modeling approaches.
Influence of Pulsating Submerged Liquid Jets on Chip-Level Thermal Phenomena
Authors: Narumanchi Sreekant V. J. , Amon Cristina H. , Murthy Jayathi Y.
Published: September 2003

In this study, numerical investigations are performed to examine the influence of unsteady submerged dielectric liquid (HFE-8401HT) jets impinging on electronic chip surfaces. The problem considered here involves conjugate heat transfer. Two different jet inlet velocity waveforms are studied—step and sinusoidal—over the range of frequencies 0.03–4.0 Hz, with the Reynolds number, based on jet inlet width, of up to 100. Results for chip surface temperatures and average Nusselt numbers are presented for both velocity waveforms over the range of frequencies considered, and the trends are discussed. A lumped-capacitance analysis for the chip is presented in terms of nondimensional parameters. The chip temperatures obtained from the analysis are compared to results obtained numerically.
Nonlinear Predictive Control of Transients in Automotive Variable Cam Timing Engine Using Nonlinear Parametric Approximation
Authors: Gorinevsky Dimitry , Cook Jeffrey , Vukovich George
Published: September 2003

The paper considers design of a predictive Linear Time Varying model-based controller with nonlinear feedforward for regulation of transient processes caused by setpoint step changes in a nonlinear plant. An optimal feedforward control sequence is computed based on an empirical Finite Impulse Response model of the process. Though the control techniques developed in this paper are meant to have more general industrial applicability, a specific automotive engine control application—control of Variable Cam Timing automotive engine—is pursued. An advantage of the proposed controller design in this problem is that no first principle models are required. Instead, nonlinear parametric approximations of a neural network type are being used to describe and identify static nonlinear mappings encountered in the problem. A number of simplifying assumptions and approximations are made to make practical implementation of the proposed scheme possible. Validity of the designed controller is verified by simulation. The proposed “model-free” design can potentially increase flexibility and save labor in development and deployment of such controllers for industrial systems.
Polynomial Solution of Predictive Optimal Control Problems For Systems in State-Equation Form
Authors: Grimble M. J.
Published: September 2003

The solution of linear quadratic predictive optimal control problems for systems represented in state-equation form, but using a polynomial systems approach, is considered. A multistep cost-function is used that includes future set-point information. A novel method is introduced for computing the vector of future controls and for solving a simpler optimization problem for the current control.
Switching Control With Learning for a Class of Systems
Authors: Zhang X. , Nair S. S.
Published: September 2003

Analytical details are developed for a robust adaptive control strategy that combines switching control and on-line adaptive learning, for a class of nonlinear systems. The condition for stable learning is derived, guidelines for design parameter selection are provided, and the tradeoff between performance and chattering control effort is examined. The results of the study are summarized in the form of a constructive procedure for controller design for the class of systems.
Gray-Box Approach for Fault Detection of Dynamical Systems
Authors: Park Han G. , Zak Michail
Published: September 2003

We present a fault detection method called the gray-box. The term “gray-box” refers to the approach wherein a deterministic model of system, i.e., “white box,” is used to filter the data and generate a residual, while a stochastic model, i.e., “black-box” is used to describe the residual. The residual is described by a three-tier stochastic model. An auto-regressive process, and a time-delay feed-forward neural network describe the linear and nonlinear components of the residual, respectively. The last component, the noise, is characterized by its moments. Faults are detected by monitoring the parameters of the auto-regressive model, the weights of the neural network, and the moments of noise. This method is demonstrated on a simulated system of a gas turbine with time delay feedback actuator.
Control of a Flywheel Assisted Driveline With Continuously Variable Transmission
Authors: Serrarens Alex F. A. , Shen Shuiwen , Veldpaus Frans E.
Published: September 2003

This paper proposes a control solution for a vehicular driveline with an internal combustion engine, a continuously variable transmission and an additional flywheel unit. This unit plays a part only in transient situations. It compensates for the engine inertia, enabling optimal fuel economy in stationary situations without losing driveability during transients. For control design, a simple, nonlinear model is developed and used for feedback linearization. The proposed controller is evaluated by simulations, using an advanced simulation model. The compensation of the engine inertia by the additional flywheel is demonstrated by vehicle experiments.
A Simple Virtual Sensor for Combustion Timing
Authors: Holmberg U. , Hellring M.
Published: September 2003

A low-complexity virtual sensor for the pressure peak position of the crank angle in a spark-ignited car motor is proposed. The algorithm estimates the pressure peak position from the ion current, measured from the spark plug. The complexity of the algorithm is an order of magnitude smaller than any other proposed schemes. Still, performance is not sacrificed. Closed-loop control is demonstrated on a SAAB 9000 driven on the highway.
Dynamics and Control of a Free-Piston Diesel Engine
Authors: Johansen Tor A. , Egeland Olav , Johannessen Erling Aa. , Kvamsdal Rolf
Published: September 2003

Free-piston diesel engines are characterized by freely moving pistons without any crankshaft or camshaft connected to the pistons. This allows a compact and efficient engine design, but requires automatic control of the piston motion. This paper present a dynamic mathematical model of a free-piston diesel engine, and a control oriented dynamic analysis leading to a piston motion control structure. Experimental results using a full scale test cylinder are included and show feasibility of the suggested control approach.
Periodic Tension Disturbance Attenuation in Web Process Lines Using Active Dancers
Authors: Pagilla Prabhakar R. , Dwivedula Ramamurthy V. , Zhu Yongliang , Perera Lokukaluge P.
Published: September 2003

This paper investigates the role of active dancers in attenuation of web tension disturbances in a web process line. A general structure of the active dancer is considered; governing equations for web spans upstream and downstream to the dancer roller are developed. A structural limitation that facilitates efficient design of the active dancer system for web tension disturbance attenuation is derived and discussed based on the developed model. An open-architecture experimental web platform is developed for conducting real-time control experiments using the active dancer system. The active dancer system model is experimentally identified using the standard system identification techniques available in literature. Three types of control designs were investigated for the active dancer system: a proportional-integral-derivative controller, an internal model based controller, and a linear quadratic optimal controller. Data collected from a series of experiments using the three control designs validate the usefulness of the active dancers in attenuating web tension disturbances in a web process line. A representative sample of the experimental data is presented and discussed.
Adaptive Control of Multi-Plane Active Balancing Systems for Speed-Varying Rotors
Authors: Shin Kwang-Keun , Ni Jun
Published: September 2003

The problem of active balancing of speed-varying rotors, whose dynamics are changing or hard to be known beforehand, is frequently encountered in many applications. This paper presents a new adaptive method for balancing speed-varying rotors with multi-plane active balancing devices. The new method utilizes the positive realness of the transfer function of the active balancing system. This paper first shows the positive realness of the active balancing system and combines it with a direct adaptive control design method. A set of simulations was conducted to show the validity of the developed control law. The simulation studies show that the new method works as expected and has potential impact on future active balancing control systems.
The Variable Structure Filter
Authors: Habibi S. R. , Burton R.
Published: September 2003

This paper presents a new strategy for state estimation. The strategy may be applied to linear systems and is referred to as the variable structure filter. The filter is considered for discrete-time systems subject to random disturbances and measurement noise. It requires a parametric model and can be formulated to accommodate modeling uncertainties. A proof of stability for the filter is provided. For stability, this concept requires a specification of an upper bound for uncertainties, disturbances, and measurement noise. The application of this filter to a third-order linear system is demonstrated.
Snake Skeleton Graph: A New Method for Analyzing Signals That Contain Spatial Information
Authors: Du Ruxu , Guo W. Z. , Xu Diana , Liasi Evangelos
Published: September 2003

Many modern engineering systems use multiple sensors for monitoring, diagnosis and control. Some of these sensors contain not only time domain and frequency domain information, but also valuable spatial domain information to which little attention has been paid. This paper presents a new method for capturing the spatial characteristics of the sensor signals. The basic idea is to model the spatial information of the signals using a Be´zier surface. For example, given m one-dimensional force signals: X1t,X2t,…,Xmt, at each time instance t, a Be´zier surface can be constructed, which describes the distribution of the force. Furthermore, lining up the surfaces at different time t1,t2,…,tn, will show how the force changes as a function of time. Since the graph looks like a snake skeleton, the new method is called the snake skeleton graph. The paper first describes how the snake skeleton graph is constructed using a demonstration example: a foot walking on a plate. Then it presents an application for fault diagnosis in sheet metal stamping operation. Future research topics are also discussed.
An Adaptive Parallel Observer System for Multirate Systems and Frequency-Aliased Output Measurements
Authors: Thein May-Win L. , Misawa Eduardo A.
Published: September 2003

This paper proposes the adaptive parallel observer system (APOS), a multirate estimation technique for discrete time systems, to compensate for output measurements that are available only periodically and for systems whose frequency content is beyond that of the Nyquist frequency. The APOS provides the controller with stable state and system parameter estimates, which allow for the extraction of the system damping ratio and resonant frequency despite the presence of aliasing. A stability proof and error bounds are provided. The APOS is applied to the actuator dynamics of an IBM Head/Disk Assembly (HDA) System, and the APOS parameter estimates are used to extract values of the system damping ratio and aliased resonant frequency via a trained neural network.