bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ÖRGÜTSEL DIŞLANMA ÖLÇEĞİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ: GEÇERLİLİK VE GÜVENİRLİLİK ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: ABASLI Könül , ÖZDEMİR Murat
Published: June 2019

Bu çalışmada
Türkiye′de iş görenlerin örgütsel dışlanma algılarını saptamaya yönelik geçerli
ve güvenilir bir ölçeğin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla örgütsel
dışlanma literatürü esas alınarak madde havuzu hazırlanmış ve taslak form
kapsam geçerliliği, dil ve ifade açısından incelenmek ve değerlendirilmek üzere
eğitim yönetimi ile ölçme ve değerlendirme alanlarından toplamda dokuz uzman
görüşüne sunulmuştur. Uzmanlardan gelen önerilere dayalı olarak son hali
verilen 16 maddeden ibaret taslak ölçek pilot uygulama aşamasında Ankara ili
merkez ilçelerindeki 131 öğretmene uygulanmıştır. Ölçme aracının yapı
geçerliliği açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile sınanmıştır.
Açımlayıcı faktör analizi, Örgütsel Dışlanma Ölçeği′nin “hiçleştirme”
“yalnızlaştırma” olmak üzere iyi boyutlu olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ölçeği
temsil eden iki faktör birlikte toplam varyansın %70′ni açıklamıştır. Ana
uygulama aşamasında ise ölçeğin belirlenen faktör yapısı 465 öğretmenden oluşan
farklı bir çalışma grubu üzerinden doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile test
edilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda elde edilen bulgular iki
faktörlü modele yönelik uyum iyiliği değerlerinin “mükemmel”  düzeyinde olduğu göstermiştir. Bununla
beraber Örgütsel Dışlanma Ölçeği′ni temsil eden madde ve faktörlerin ayırt
edicilik özelliklerinin de yüksek düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. Ölçme aracının
Cronbach alfa iç tutarlık katsayısı .97 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu ise Örgütsel
Dışlanma Ölçeği′nin güvenirliği yüksek bir ölçek olduğunu göstermiştir. Tüm bu
bulgular, Örgütsel Dışlanma Ölçeği′nin Türkiye′deki örgütlerde iş görenlerin
örgütsel dışlanma algılarını tespit etmede kullanılmaya elverişli, geçerli ve güvenilir
bir ölçme aracı olduğuna ilişkin kantılar sunmuştur.
DOĞU VE BATI TÜRKÇESİ KURAN TERCÜMELERİNDE ESMA’ÜL HÜSNA’NIN TÜRKÇE SÖYLEMLERİ
Authors: BAYRAKTAR Fatma Sibel
Published: June 2019

Türklerden yaklaşık
dört yüz yıl önce Arapların, en az yüz yıldır da Farsların İslam dini ile
ilgili terminolojiyi oluşturup geliştirdikleri bilinmektedir. Türkler
İslamiyeti kabul ettiklerinde hazır bir dini terminoloji ile karşılaşmalarına
rağmen ilk İslami dönem eserlerinde bunları Türkçeleştirme yoluna gitmişlerdir.
Aynı çaba Kur’an tercümeleri ve diğer eserlerde de görülmektedir. Türkçede var
olan, Bayat, İdi, Ugan, tapug vb. sözcükler, sırasıyla Kadim, Rab, Kadir,
ibadet terimlerine karşılık olarak kullanılmışlardır. Kur’an tercümelerinde de
“Allah” adının karşılıkları Türkçe olarak kullanılmışlardır. Bu çalışmada
Allah’ın 99 ismi olan Esma’ül Hüsna'nın da değişik Türkçeleştirilme yolları
incelenmektedir.
Determinasi Faktor-Faktor Ekonomi Pada Risiko Investasi Di Industri Pertanian
Authors: Ningsih Ni Puspa , Dewi Made Pratiwi , Yuliati Ni Made
Published: June 2019

Industri pertanian merupakan salah satu sektor yang menopang perkembangan perekonomian serta memiliki tingkat pertumbuhan keluaran dan daya saing global komoditas pertanian yang potensial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji hubungan faktor-faktor ekonomi terhadap risiko investasi di industri pertanian. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan dalam industri pertanian yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2014 – 2018 dan sampel yang terlobat dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 16 perusahaan. Penelitian ini berjenis kuantitatif, dengan menggunakan alat analisa regresi linier berganda, Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa faktor ekonomi makro yang diwakili oleh tingkat suku bunga berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap risiko investasi, sementara korelasi antara nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dollar amerika ditemukan negatif signifikan terhadap risiko investasi saham. Faktor ekonomi mikro yaitu struktur modal, ditemukan pola hubungan positif signifikan antara struktur modal dan risiko investasi, serta pola negatif tidak signifikan ditemukan dalam hubungan likuiditas terhadap risiko investasi di industri pertanian.
EFEKTIVITAS NONTON BARENG DAN SHARING DALAM KEGIATAN PARENTING DI LEMBAGA PAUD
Authors: Kurnianingsih Sri , Santoso Agung
Published: June 2019

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji kelas parenting terhadap perubahan kognitif afektif dan psikomotor orangtua Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 31 orangtua di PosPAUD Menur yang mengikuti sembilan kali pertemuan parenting tiap hari Senin. Subjek berusia 21 – 56 tahun dengan pendidikan antara SD hingga  S1. Dalam tiap pertemuan diputarkan film pendek komedi keluarga  sesuai dengan tema. Terdapat tiga besara tema yaitu hubungan reflektif (4 pertemuan), disipilin positif (3 pertemuan), dan belajar efektif (2 pertemuan). Dalam film itu juga disampaikan secara singkat poin penting dari film yang ditonton. Selanjutnya orangtua diajak untuk sharing mengenai topik tersebut dikaitkan dengan pengalaman pribadi.  Kuesioner pre dan post diberikan sebanyak tiga kali sesuai dengan tema besar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pemahaman orangtua mengenai materi yang diberikan dengan model nonton bareng dan sharing tersebut
EFEKTIVITAS PENAGIHAN PAJAK DENGAN SURAT TEGURAN, SURAT PAKSA, DAN PENYITAAN DAN KONTRIBUSINYA TERHADAP PENERIMAAN PAJAK DI KPP PRATAMA SEMARANG TENGAH SATU
Authors: Wahdi Nirsetyo , Wijayanti Ratna , Danang Danang
Published: June 2019

Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2000 tentang Penagihan Pajak dengan Surat Paksa, utang pajak merupakan dasar penagihan pajak. Dengan penagihan pajak, khususnya penagihan pajak aktif, diharapkan Wajib Pajak atau Penanggung Pajak membayar utang pajaknya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan efektivitas penagihan pajak aktif melalui Surat Teguran, Surat Paksa, dan Surat Perintah Melaksanakan Penyitaan dan kontribusinya terhadap optimalisasi penerimaan pajak di KPP Pratama Semarang Tengah Satu. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas penagihan pajak  melalui Surat Teguran tidak efektif, melalui Surat Paksa tidak efektif, dan melalui Penyitaan kurang efektif. Kontribusi penerimaan penagihan pajak melalui Surat Teguran, Surat Paksa, dan Penyitaan terhadap penerimaan pajak KPP Pratama Semarang Tengah Satu tergolong sangat kurang. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan mendeskripsikan hambatan yang dihadapi oleh Seksi Penagihan dalam  melakukan penagihan pajak  dan solusi yang  telah dilakukan dalam  menghadapi hambatan/kendala tersebut.
PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN SISWA SMK PANDANARAN SEMARANG MENGENAI PENTINGNYA MENANAMKAN NILAI KEBHINNEKAAN DALAM RANGKA MENJAGA KEUTUHAN NKRI
Authors: Mulyani Tri , Muryati Dewi Tuti , Kridasaksana Doddy
Published: June 2019

Negara Indonesia terbentang dari Sabang sampai merauke dan dari Miangas sampai Rote, berjajar banyak pulau yaitu sekitar17.508 buah, baik pulau kecil maupun pulau besar, yang berdiam penduduk sebanyak 237.000.000 dengan ragam suku bangsa, bahasa, budaya, agama, adat istiadat dan keberagaman lainnya ditinjau dari berbagai aspek yang diikat dengan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. Corak karakter bangsa Indonesia pada dasarnya adalah religius, humanis, menyukai persatuan, suka bermusyawarah dan dalam mengambil keputusan dikedepankan untuk keadilan sosial, namun corak karakter tersebut menjadi luntur, khususnya di kalangan pelajar, dikotori dengan aksi tawuran yang disebabkan masalah sepele saling ejek. Dapat dicontohkan terjadinya tawuran antara Siswa SMK Sudirman Ungaran dengan antar pelajar di Lingkungan Tambakboyo, Ambarawa, Jawa Tengah yang menewaskan 1 siswa SMK Sudirman yaitu Alga Hidayat (15 tahun). Dari fenomena ini kiranya Tim Pengabdian Fakultas Hukum USM tergerak melakukan sosialisai dengan mengangkat permasalahan kurangnya pemahaman siswa SMK Pandanaran Semarang mengenai pentingnya menanamkan nilai kebhinnekaan dalam rangka menjaga keutuhan NKRI. Pengabdian ini dilakukan dengan metode ceramah, tanya jawab langsung dan evaluasi, dengan penyebaran kuesioner sebelum dan sesudah kegiatan dilaksanakan. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa baik sebelum maupun sesudah penyuluhan menunjukkan jumlah prosentase peningkatan pemahaman sebesar 19%, artinya bahwa penyuluhan yang telah dilaksnakan, menunjukkan adanya respon positif dari peserta. Para siswa yang mengikuti penyuluhan mulai mengerti bahwa pelajar juga wajib mempunyai semangat dan jiwa nasionalisme dalam diri mereka masing – masing salah satunya adalah menanamkan nilai kebhinnekaan, agar meminimalisasi konflik antar pelajar, sehingga dapat menjaga keutuhan NKRI.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI EFEKTIVITAS PENERIMAAN PESAN MAHASISWA DALAM KEGIATANBELAJAR MENGAJAR DI FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DAN KOMUNIKASI USM
Authors: Latief Mochamad Chaerul , A R.A Putri Shakty , Ersyad Firdaus Azwar
Published: June 2019

Dapat mengenyam pendidikan tinggi adalah hak dan impian tiap warga negara Indonesia. Universitas Semarang sebagai institusi penyelenggara pendidikan tinggi memfasilitasi tiap warga Jawa Tengah dan seluruh Indonesia untuk mendaptkan pendidikan tinggi dengan harga yang terjangkau dan kualitas yang baik. Kegiatan belajar mengajarpundilakukan oleh para pengajar yang ahli di bidangnya. Namun dalam kenyataannya input dan output yang diharapkan kurang sesuai. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dibuat untuk melihat faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi efektifitas penerimaan pesan dalamkegiatan belajar mengajar di Fakultas Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi.

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang memilii karakteristik data yang dinyatakan dalam keadaan sewajarnya atau sebagaimana adanya. Subjek kajian pada penelitian ini adalah individual yang menjadi narasumber utama dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar di Fakultas teknologi dan Informasi komunikasi. Adapun hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan menjelaskan bahwa faktor kecakapan dalam berkomunikasi dosen sangat mempengaruhi penerimaan pesan mahasiswa dan cara dan gaya berbicara serta diksi atau pemilihan kata yang disampaikan mempengaruhi mahasiswa dalam menangkap pesan yang disampaikan.
Physicochemical properties of silver catfish (Pangasius sp.) skin collagen as
influenced by acetic acid concentration
Authors: Hadfi N.H. , Sarbon N.M.
Published: June 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of silver catfish
skin collagen as affected by acetic acid concentration (0.5M and 0.7M). Acid solubilised
collagen (ASC) were isolated from the skin of silver catfish (Pangasius Sp.) and were
compared with commercial collagen. The yields of extracted collagen using 0.5M and
0.7M acetic acid were 10.94±0.38% and 5.47±0.20%, respectively. The pH values for
commercial collagen and extracted collagen for 0.5M and 0.7M acetic acid values were
6.52±0.04, 4.04±0.06 and 3.79±0.28, respectively. The functional group of collagen was
successfully detected, along with a flaky and fibrous morphology structure. The relative
viscosity for all samples decreased with an increase in temperature. Collagen extracted
with 0.5M acetic acid is more efficient for use as a solvent for collagen extraction since it
produces a higher yield and higher fibrous collagen thickness. This study found that
collagen extracted from silver catfish (Pangasius sp.) had the potential to be used as
alternative fish collagen in various fields.
iGEM Toronto: Promoting Independent Undergraduate Research in Synthetic Biology at the University of Toronto
Authors: Yeung Bi-ru Amy
Published: June 2019

Finding suitable research opportunities can be stressful for undergraduate students. These experiences can ultimately define a student’s future career path, decision to attend professional school or graduate programs, or interest in work-ing in a specific industrial stream. With academic and job-related applications, including scholarships and funding opportunities, putting greater emphasis on research experience, students are finding themselves seeking any opportu-nities made available to them. This can include becoming a volunteer tasked with basic lab tasks (cleaning, making simple solutions, restocking materials, etc.), or administrative duties (stock inventory, ordering reagents, file organiza-tion), which although important, do not fully allow them to gain the all the skillsets needed to become a researcher. There are also opportunities for students to take on research projects, but often with the project outline and instruc-tions established and given by an upperclassman or principal investigators (PIs), restricting the student from making big decisions or pursuing independent research. Despite being valuable experience, important skills such as designing or planning an experiment, or troubleshooting problems, remain underdeveloped. This creates a large gap in research ability between finishing undergraduate education and entering graduate school or pursuing a research career. So what opportunities are provided for undergraduate students to be independent researchers?
The methods of prophylaxis of the morbidity occurrence after pancreatico-duodenal resection
Authors: Коpchak V. М. , Pererva L. О. , Duvalko О. V. , Khanenko V. V. , Аndronik S. V. , Suhachov S. V. , Кropyvnytskyi V. О.
Published: June 2019

Objective. To elaborate the system of measures with objective of lowering of the occurrence rate for pancreatic fistula and severe complications after pancreaticoduodenal resection (PDR). Маterials and methods. Results of treatment was analyzed for 143 patients, to whom pancreaticoduodenal resection performed. In accordance to the scheme proposed, using elaborated scale of the risk for occurrence of postoperative pancreatic fistula, were operated 56 patients in 2017 - 2018 yrs (the main group). Comparative group consisted of 87 patients, operated in the clinic in 2015 - 2016 yrs without estimation of the risk for postoperative pancreatic fistula occurrence and sarcopenia presence, and formation of pancreaticojejunoanastomosis have depended upon decision of a surgeon-operator. Results. The rate of occurrence of the postoperative complications was trustworthily higher in the comparison group (c2 = 5.8, p=0.01). In the main group a clinically significant pancreatic fistula of Grade В was observed in 1 of 7 patients with postoperative complications. In the comparison group pancreatic fistulas of Grades В or С were diagnosed in 15 of 26 patients with postoperative complications, which are trustworthily higher, than in the main group (c2 = 4.16, p=0.04). Conclusion. The system of measures elaborated gave the possibility to reduce the occurrence rate for pancreatic fistula significantly - from 17.2 tо 1.8% and severe postoperative morbidity - from 29.9 tо 12.5%.
Prestenotic dilation of proximal parts of stomach as a predictor for development of gastro-esophageal reflux in late period after laparoscopic gastroplication
Authors: Savolіuk S. I. , Lysenko V. M. , Кrestіanov М. Yu. , Zavertylenko D. S. , Glagolіeva А. Yu. , Кruglіak E. К.
Published: June 2019

Objective. Estimation of immediate and late results of laparoscopic gastroplication (LGP) and analysis of predictors of unfavorable outcomes of bariatric operation.

Маterials and methods. The investigation was conducted on background of results of examination and surgical treatment on 79 patients, suffering obesity and metabolic syndrome, to whom LGP was accomplished on the cathedral bases of the Shupyk NMAPE Department of Surgery and Vascular Surgery in 2015 - 2018 yrs.

Results. In accordance to secondary investigations, done in one year after the operative intervention, the body mass index lowering/ improvement of the glycemia and lipidogram indices, as well as the arterial pressure normalization and reduction of the apnoe rate while sleeping were registered. In accordance to data of secondary roentgenoscopy with contrasting of the foregut, conducted in 6 mo after LGP, in 20 (25.3%) patients irregular narrowing of a gastric tube higher than gastric angle was registered. In 12 mo roentgenological signs of significant widening of the gastric tube, formatted of fundus and cardia were seen, as well as the angle of His enhancement, presence of gastro-esophageal reflux of the contrast, аnd 2 patients have had the signs of axial cardial hiatal hernia. Simultaneously in 20.2% patients the symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux disease with essential lowering of the patients’ quality of life were observed.

Conclusion. LGP constitutes a potentially secure and effective bariatric operation, after which the body mass reduces significantly and constantly. But in 20.2% patients the morbidity occur: through 12 mo after the operation GERD and reflux-esophagitis evolves. The origin of this late complications is a partial stenosis in the gastric angle region, what causes the development of prestenotic dilation of proximal gastric parts.
Results of application of chemical destruction in complex treatment of focal hepatic pathology
Authors: Dronov О. I. , Kovalska I.O. , Коzachuk E. S. , Bakunets P. P.
Published: June 2019

Objective. To estimate the immediate results of application of chemical destruction with 10% solution of calcium chloride in complex of treatment in the patients, suffering focal hepatic pathology.

Маterials and methods. In 2012 - 2019 yrs, using chemical destruction, the impact was delivered towards 104 tumoral foci (range from 1 tо 4) in the patients, suffering hepatocellular carcinoma (23.7%), colorectal cancer metastases (55.3%) and in noncolorectal cancer (21.1%). The foci diameter have constituted at average (2.60 ± 1.24) сm (in 1.0 - 4.0 сm range). Chemical ablation was performed, using injections of 10% solution of calcium chloride. Side-effects and answer of tumoral foci were estimated.

Results. The specific postoperative complications rate (formation of abscesses in zone of destruction, development of hematomas and biliomas) have constituted 10.5%. There were observed a complete answer in the foci 1.0 - 1.5 сm in diameter, while the disease progress - concerning the foci 3,8 - 4,2 сm in diameter. Local recurrence have occurred in 15.8% patients. The answer degree trustworthily depended upon the tumoral foci density (r=0.529, р < 0.001). Including, complete answering was observed in 76.9% hypodense, 23.1% іsodense foci, and partial - concerning 37.8% hypodense, 29.7% іsodense and 32.4% of the foci of mixed structure. Stabilization of the disease was diagnosed, concerning 15.0% іso- and hypodense, 40.0% hyperdense and 45.0% with the foci of mixed structure, while a progress - concerning 85.7% hyperdense and 14.3%of the foci of mixed density.

Conclusion. Іntratumoral injection of 10% solution of calcium chloride in the treatment of focal hepatic pathology is not accompanied by severe specific complications and mortality, the patients are survive the procedure satisfactory, which may be applied as a local tumoral control of tumoral foci up to 3.0 сm in diameter.
Results of transplantation of the hepatic right part from living familial donor
Authors: Коtenko О. G. , Minich А. А. , Hrynenko О. V. , Popov О. О. , Gusev А. V. , Grygorian M. S. , Fedorov D. О. , Yednak V. I. , Yuzvyk К. О. , Zhylenko А. I.
Published: June 2019

Objective. To estimate the immediate and late results in recipients while transplantation of the hepatic right part with median hepatic vein and without her.

Маterials and methods. Postoperative data about 86 patients, to whom the hepatic right half was transplanted in 2003 - 2018 yrs., with the objective to estimate the impact of presence of median hepatic vein in the transplant on the morbidity rate development, were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups: Group I - the patients, to whom the hepatic right half was transplanted without median hepatic vein, while Group II - the patients, to whom the hepatic right half was transplanted with median hepatic vein.

Results. The investigation have revealed a higher rate of vascular complications in patients, to whom the hepatic right half was transplanted without median hepatic vein, comparing with the patients, to whom the hepatic right half was transplanted with median hepatic vein. The infection-septic complications have developed more frequently in patients, to whom the hepatic right part was transplanted without median hepatic vein. Nonspecific surgical morbidity developed in 10 (23.3%) patients of the Group I and in 8 (18.6%) patients of the Group II. The rate of development of the small hepatic transplant syndrome was higher in the Group I. Оne-year, two-year and five-year survival in the Group I have constituted 79, 72 and 69% accordingly, in the Group II - 83, 74 and 70% accordingly.

Conclusion. Our experience of performance of the hepatic right half transplantation witnesses, that presence of median hepatic vein in the transplant correlates with lowering of the postoperative morbidity rate, as well as with frequency of development the small hepatic transplant syndrome, postoperative mortality and the stationary stay duration.
Pelvic injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in the patients, suffering severe combined trauma
Authors: Ibrahimov F. I.
Published: June 2019

Objective. Lowering of mortality in the patients, suffering severe combined pelvic injuries and acute respiratory distress-syndrome (ARDS), using a new tactics of treatment. Маterials and methods. We conducted retrospective and prospective analysis of the treatment results in 1033 patients, suffering severe combined trauma in 2009 - 2015 yrs in the Municipal Clinical Hospital №3 of Baku. For the comparative analysis conduction for the treatment results the patients were divided into two groups: a comparative one - the patients, who were treated in 2009 - 2010 yrs, and the main - the patients, who were treated in 2011 - 2015 yrs. The procedure for the comparative group patients’ treatment did not differ essentially from the standard one. The injuries of the main group were estimated, basing on the AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) and ISS (Injury Severity Scale) scales. The development rate for ARDS have constituted 41.2% in the main group (68 of 165 patients with pelvic injury) and 43.6% - in the comparative one (17 of 39 patients). The help for the patients, suffering nonstable pelvic injuries, who were classified in accordance to АО-Tile (fractures of the types В and С) and ARDS was delivered in accordance to the principle of a «damage control». Results. Lethality among the patients of the main group have constituted 17.6%, while in a comparative one - 23.5%. Conclusion. In compensated form of ARDS on the stage of the vital functions stabilization it is possible to perform the indicated surgical interventions, owing a small risk. In a subcompensated form of ARDS and presence of fractures of the long bones, nonstable pelvic fractures for conduction of effective treatment of the hollow organs, the surgical fixation of the fractures fragments is needed first of all. Before the surgical intervention in the patients, suffering decompensated form of ARDS, on the first order a durable (minimally 24 h) correction of vital functions and the main parameters of homeostasis is needed, аs well as the conduction of measures, aimed on the patient’s savage and survival.
Surgical treatment of the thyroid nodes of uncertain cytological structure
Authors: Таrashchenko Yu. M. , Коvalenko А. E. , Оstafiychuk M. V. , Yanchiі I. R. , Melnyk M. D. , Zelinskaya G. V. , Naida Yu. M.
Published: June 2019

Objective. To determine the clinical factors of the enhanced risk of malignancy in patients, having categories of cytological conclusions III (AUS/FLUS) and IV (FN/SFN).
Маterials and methods. There were 11 621 patients examined with cytological investigation of thyroidal nodes under ultrasonographic control. Cytological conclusions of category ІІІ (AUS/FLUS) have characterized 621 nodes, while conclusions of category IV (FN/SFN) - 1215 nodes. There were operated 150 patients, owing cytological conclusions of category III, 436 patients - with cytological conclusions of category IV, and 11 patients, having categories of cytological conclusions III and IV.
Results. Papillary and follicular carcinomas were revealed in 36% patients, suffering thyroidal nodes of the Bethesda III category, what is trustworthily more frequently (р < 0.01), than in the patients, suffering thyroidal nodes of the Bethesda category IV (25.1%).
There were revealed such factors of risk for malignant properties in patients, suffering thyroidal nodes with the Bethesda category III, as: the node size 2 сm and less, its hypoechogeneicity, uneven borders, irregular form, and presence of hyperechogenic foci (р < 0.01). Cystic degeneration of a node constitutes the sign of its benign origin (р < 0.01).
Conclusion. High risk of malignant changes (36%) in thyroidal nodes, in accordance to cytological conclusion of the Bethesda category III revealed, trusts the need for enhanced oncological suspicion and conduction of surgical treatment. Тhe additional factors of malignant changes must be taking into account as well, such as the node size 2 сm and less, its hypoechogeneicity, uneven borders, irregular form, and presence of hyperechogenic foci.
Selective reinnervation for correction of unilateral paralysis of larynx in thyroidal surgery
Authors: Palamarchuk V. О. , Тоvkai О. А. , Voitenko V. V. , Solomennikova N. V.
Published: June 2019

Objective. To estimate the possibility of performance of selective reinnervation of larynx in its abductionaal unilateral paralysis in thyroidal surgery.
Маterials and methods. There were analyzed the results of selective laryngeal reinnervation in 2 patients, suffering thyroidal cancer. Visual inspection of the larynx was conducted (fibrolaryngoscopy with archiving of the data) in preoperative and postoperative periods, аs well as in 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 mo postoperatively, spectral vocal analysis, estimation of vocal quality in accordance to the VHI-30 sсale reporting, using questionnaires ЕАТ-10 for determination of the dysphagia degree.
Results. Selective reinnervation was performed in 2 patients with extralaryngeal branching of nervus recurrence: in one - the postponed selective reinnervation of larynx (аutoplasty of the adduction branch of nervus recurrence) for correction of its postoperative abductional paralysis, and in the second - primary selective laryngeal reinnervation (аnastomosis of the adductional branch of nervus recurrence in the “end-to-end” style). In the first patient the tone and stretching of the paralyzed vocal cord free edge was registered in 15 mo after reinnervation, the coordinated move signs - in 2 yrs. In a second patient the restoration of tone and mobility of a vocal cord was registered in 4 mo after reinnervation. In both patients the main indices of the voice spectral analysis and of the self-estimation in accordance to the VHI-30 and ЕАТ-10 scales were restored up to normal values.
Conclusion. Selective reinnervation of larynx may be applied not for correction of respiratory disorders due to its bilateral paralysis only, but for restoration of a vocal function and elimination of aspiration symptoms in a case of unilateral paralysis of larynx as well.
Peculiarities of course of the urolithiasis disease in patients with a solitary kidney and concomitant diabetes mellitus type II
Authors: Кuprin D. I. , Boyko А. I. , Saidakova N. О. , Gubar А. О.
Published: June 2019

Objective. To analyze the cases histories of urolithiasis disease and its course peculiarities in patients with a solitary kidney, unilateral urolithiasis and concomitant diabetes mellitus type II.

Маterials and methods. Retrospective analysis of the cases histories was conducted in 109 patients, suffering urolithiasis disease with concomitant diabetes mellitus type II, of them in 31 patients a solitary kidney was present (Group I), in 78 - unilateral nephrolithiasis (Group II).

Results. There was established, that even in adequately corrected hyperglycemia in the patients, having a solitary kidney, the risk for unfavorable course of urolithiasis disease and diabetes mellitus type II is higher, than in patients, having both functioning kidneys. The majority of patients, having a solitary kidney, owe the lowered velocity indices of glomerular filtration and glomerular hyperfiltration, proteinuria and arterial hypertension, what, even in presence of diabetes mellitus with the middle severity course, constitutes a high risk for rapid lowering of renal function.

Conclusion. In the urolithiasis disease in the patients with a solitary kidney and concomitant diabetes mellitus type II there have an objectively proven risk for progressing of chronic renal disease. The necessity for the multidisciplinary approach realization of the urologists and endocrinologists activities in determination of personified schemes of treatment in these patients is substantiated.
Practical approach to the sustainable development in cities
Authors: Mąkólska-Tenold Maria , Bąk Monika
Published: June 2019

The concept of sustainable development increasingly affects cities and the challenges they face. At the present stage of sustainability awareness it is desired that the discussion about the city development combines the financial aspects and harmonious social relationships with the natural environment. The role of local authorities in implementation processes is undeniable. The objective of the paper is to verify theoretical assumptions regarding sustainable development governance in cities. A special attention is paid to transport and logistics solutions as supported measures but also as barriers of implementation. The detailed questionnaire in the form of the survey was chosen to examine how local governments practice the concept of the green urban economy to strengthen the sustainable development in different cities. Results prove that Scandinavian cities, in comparison to other European and some North American cities, are indisputable leaders in the development and implementation of sustainability strategies. They extensively involve stakeholders and facilitate open dialogue approach, create public-private partnerships and stimulate more sustainable behaviour through variety of financial incentives.
The exceptionalism of Romanian socialist television and its implications
Authors: Matei Alexandru , Sorescu- Marinković Annemarie
Published: June 2019

During recent years, the study of European televisions has rediscovered socialist television, and we have witnessed a rapid rise in scholarly interest in a new field of research: socialist television studies. On the whole, this recent body of literaturę presents two main new insights as compared to previous studies in the field of the history of Western television: on the one hand, it shows that European television during the Cold War was less heterogeneous than one may imagine when considering the political, economic and ideological split created by the Iron Curtain; on the other hand, it turns to and capitalizes on archives, mostly video, which have been inaccessible to the public. The interactions between Western and socialist mass culture are highlighted mainly with respect to the most popular TV programs: fiction and entertainment.

The authors give us an extraordinary landscape of the Romanian socialist television. Unique in the Eastern part of Europe is the period of the early 1990s. Upon the fall of the communist regime, after almost 15 years of freezing, TVR found itself unable to move forward.
"Na melinę" – zapomniane dzieło Stanisława Różewicza
Authors: Grzechowiak Jarosław
Published: June 2019

The film by Stanisław Rożewicz On the Hideout (original title: Na melinę) was included in the series of television films Day One, Last Day (original title: Dzień ostatni, dzień pierwszy, 1965). For many reasons, however, it was detained by censorship, although it represented high artistic values. The article is an attempt to examine both the content of the film itself and its literary prototype, as well as the answer to the question why it has not been broadcast for over 15 years.
Mathematical Modeling of the Electron Structure of Polymer Matrix PVDF+PB(ZRTiO3)+(SiO2)6 Hybrid Micro- and Nanocomposite
Authors: BAYRAMOV Azad , GASANOV Arzuman
Published: June 2019

Developments
of composite materials with organic and inorganic components discover the new
possibilities in material science. At present, the numerous kinds of polymer
materials with various physical mechanical and electro physical characteristics
are used as organic matrix. Numerous piezoelectric materials with various
properties are as inorganic phase of composites. Such combination of composite
components properties allows to create both micro and nanoactive dielectrics.
In this paper there have been presented the results of mathematical modeling of
the molecular structure of polymer matrix hybrid micro- and nanocomposites
materials having three phases: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) molecule, micro
particle of Pb(ZrTiO3)
piezoelectric and nanoparticle of (SiO2)6 dielectric
(PVDF + Pb(ZrTiO3) + (SiO2)6) by using of Parameterized Model number 3 (PM3) semi empirical
method. Molecular orbitals energy, potential ionization,
the total electronic energy of PVDF + Pb(ZrTiO3) + (SiO2)6 nanocomposite
have been calculated. The theoretical models of (SiO2)n nanoparticle, Pb(ZrTiO3)
microparticle and polymer matrix of PVDF
2(h-(-chf-chf-)10-h) + (SiO2)6
+ PbZrTiO3 hybrid
micro- and nanocomposite are constructed. The results of calculations
show that PVDF + Pb(ZrTiO3) + (SiO2)6 nanocomposite
is solid, electrophile, dielectrical and stable material.
The
wavelength of radiated photon is l228 nm. The elasticity of PVDF
+ Pb(ZrTiO3) + (SiO2)6
nanocomposite is more than twice the elasticity of PVDF polymer. They will find
a wide application in radio engineering, electronics, optoelectronics and
piezo technic, seismic and acoustic technics.
Obtención y Caracterización de un Hidrolizado Proteico de Quinua (Chenopodium quinoa willd)
Authors: Quelal Maria Belén , Nazate Karina , Villacrés Clara Elena , Cuarán Jimmy
Published: June 2019

La presente investigación se enfocó en obtener un hidrolizado a partir de un concentrado proteico de quinua (método de precipitación isoeléctrica), se obtuvo un hidrolizado por aplicación enzimática de papaína en diferentes concentraciones y temperatura. Las propiedades nutricionales y funcionales fueron evaluadas en el hidrolizado, estableciéndose que la aplicación de enzima a una concentración de 0.159 UA/g enzima y pH 6.5 permitió alcanzar una tasa de hidrólisis de 13 %, contenido de proteína 73.41 g/100 g, tasa de digestibilidad 87.75 %, y un perfil de aminoácidos esenciales dentro de los requerimientos patrones establecidos para niños, según la FAO. Las propiedades funcionales del hidrolizado reflejaron un índice de dispersibilidad de 83.71 %, solubilidad de la proteína 85.35 %, capacidad espumante 125 % de volumen a pH 10, capacidad de retención de agua 0.33 g/g proteína y retención de aceite 0.56 g/g proteína. Estos valores muestran la potencialidad del hidrolizado proteico en la elaboración de fórmulas alimenticias para dietas con regímenes especiales o como ingrediente en la industria alimenticia.
Usando SVG para desarrollar mapas web para personas con discapacidad visual
Authors: Juan-Armero Sergio , Luján-Mora Sergio
Published: June 2019

This paper addresses the problem of accessibility in geographical web maps. A person with disability cannot use, nowadays, a web map with the same functionality as other users do. This problem creates a huge gap in universal usability, since a wide range of people are left out. This contravenes clearly the principles of the Web, which was created to benefit everyone in any circumstances. In addition, this kind of map would be very useful for people with disabilities, but they cannot take advantage of them due to accessibility problems. In this paper, some of the latest technologies (e.g. PostGIS or SVG) are used in order to provide a geographical web map with accessible features. Since no standard way of doing so exists, our objective is to research, design and implement a system which consists on the essential components to provide accessibility. What we propose is one of the many possible solutions, with some advantages and limitations, for the problem of accessibility on geographical web maps. This proposed solution leads to a discussion about the obtained result and some comments on the current state of the technologies involved in web accessibility.
Investigación de Fraudes en las Organizaciones y el Rol de Auditoría Interna
Authors: Mantilla-Garcés Diego Marcelo , Herrera-Herrera Nancy Rocío
Published: June 2019

La transparencia, la actuación frente al fraude y sobre todo de qué manera evitar la impunidad, situación muy grave para las organizaciones y el Estado, se han convertido tanto en los sectores públicos como privados en demandas sociales. Según la Encuesta sobre fraude y delito económico 2018, de Price Waterhouse Coopers Méxicoindica que del porcentaje de organizaciones que experimentaron delitos económicos (2016-2018), el mayor incremento en delitos económicos se registró en América Latina, con un alza de 25 puntos porcentuales en comparación con 2016, países de Europa del Este y Asia Pacífico experimentaron un aumento de 14 y 16 puntos porcentuales, respectivamente. Para esta investigación se utilizaron los métodos cualitativo (estudio de casos) y analítico con el objetivo de contribuir a la generación de protocolos de actuación frente al fraude mediante la presentación de casos acontecidos en compañías y una recopilación de estándares y publicaciones que define la importancia y el rol de la auditoría interna en la investigación de fraudes.
Evaluation of Primary Care Dentist Service in the Implementation of Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN)
in Central Java and Yogyakarta
Authors: Hendrartini Julia , Hanindriyo Lisdrianto
Published: June 2019

Evaluation for the capitation payment system to the primary care dentist contracted by the Indonesian National Health Security Agency (BPJS Kesehatan) needs to be done as a basis for future improvements. This study aimed in describing the utilization of dental services; the average services fee received for each type of service; the level of patient satisfaction on dental service; the dentist level of satisfaction on the capitation payment system; and analyzing the suitability of capitation rates with generally accepted rates in the area of Central Java and Yogyakarta. Quantitative primary data was collected through questionnaires by dentists and their patients. While qualitative primary data was collected by Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Dentists involved in the FGD was selected by purposive sampling by local Indonesian Dental Association (PDGI) chairman. Secondary data of independent primary care dental practice was taken from BPJS Kesehatan. As a result, 26.76 % of primary care dentists have small number of insured patients (2001-5000). Real unit cost average was around IDR350,000 per visit. Most of the subjects (73.77 %) stated that they quite satisfied with the capitation payment system, but not with the nominal value. Most of the patients (98.5 %) were satisfied with the dental services. In conclusion, capitation nominal value needs to be adjusted with a detailed benefit packages. Enrollment-based membership mechanism needs to be evaluated. Routine monitoring and evaluation meetings between BPJS Kesehatan and primary care dentist needs to be done every 3 months, accompanied by PDGI.
Studi Penambahan Fungsi Kapal Melalui Pemanfaatan Kapal Tipe Lighter Aboard Ship (LASH) untuk Pulau-Pulau Kecil: Studi Kasus Kepulauan Kangean Kabupaten Sumenep
Authors: Awwalin Rodlitul , Nugroho Setyo
Published: June 2019

Produksi, ketersediaan dan harga kebutuhan pangan telah menjadi perhatian utama dan masalah rumit saat ini khususnya di daerah pulau-pulau kecil. Hal ini menjadikan pentingnya perubahan sistem logistik yang dapat memecahkan masalah sistem logistik di daerah pulau-pulau kecil. Salah satu fokus utama untuk menangani situasi ini adalah untuk menciptakan koneksi yang baik melalui pulau-pulau kecil yang ada di wilayah pulau-pulau di Indonesia, terutama di Kepulauan Kangean. Untuk menghubungkan pulau-pulau di Kepulauan Kangean, dengan gagasan pemanfaatan kapal tipe Lighter Abroad Ship (LASH) yang dioperasikan untuk menopang sistem logistik yang baik dalam aspek waktu, dan efisiensi penanganan muatan di pelabuhan kecil. Kapal ini adalah kapal kargo yang memuat tongkang-tongkang kecil sebagai kemasan, sehingga cocok untuk area operasional di negara-negara berkembang dan kepulauan, konsepnya adalah penanganan tongkang-tongkang yang efektif terhadap waktu, tongkang sebagai gudang apung ditinggalkan dan kapal langsung berlayar kembali, sehingga tidak membutuhkan antrian yang lama di pelabuhan serta menambah kinerja kapal dalam beroperasi. Tantangan memperbaiki logistik nasional memiliki banyak kendala seperti bentuk kondisi geografis yang berupa pulau-pulau kecil serta berjumlah banyak, dan kurangnya alat akses untuk menjangkau pulau-pulau terkecil tersebut menjadi kendala yang perlu diatasi. Untuk itu tujuan dari penelitian untuk mempelajari bagaimana pemanfaatan kapal tipe LASH, dengan menggunakan pendekatan berupa jumlah pertumbuhan penduduk serta Asal Tujuan Transportasi Nasional (ATTN) barang ke Kepulauan Kangean, untuk menentukan kapasitas muatan kapal, serta metode perhitungan optimasi biaya per-unit ton muatan paling rendah untuk memilih model kapal dan rute terpendek, kemudian penentuan konfigurasi gudang terapung yang berupa tongkang apung. Sehingga didapatkan model kapal dengan biaya perunit ton muatan paling rendah adalah kapal tipe LASH Gantry Crane rute R-2 (Situbondo-Sumenep-Sapudi-Arjasa-Kangayan-Sapeken-Situbondo) dengan biaya sebesar Rp. 625.912,-.
Studi Variasi Model Skeg Berdasarkan Resistance dan Pola Aliran yang Melewati Lambung Self Propulsion Barge
Authors: Widodo Widodo , Yasim Ahmad , Rina Rina , Ghofur Abdul
Published: June 2019

Aliran yang melewati lambung kapal dari ujung haluan hingga ke belakang buritan kapal selalu menghasilkan wakeyang merupakan perbedaan antara kecepatan kapal dan kecepatan air yang melalui propeller. Skegadalah salah satu komponen buritan yang bertujuan menjaga stabilitas kapal saat kapal melaju pada kecepatan tinggi serta membantu fluida mengalir lebih smooth melewati hull dan propeller kapal. Desain modelskegperlu direncanakan dengan baik karena jika tidak sesuai maka justru akan menghambat kinerja propeller. Penelitian inimenganalisa 4 bentuk skeg dengan pertimbangan resistance tambahan dan bentuk pola aliran yang ditimbulkan.Hasil pemodelan numerik didapatkan harga resistance kapal yang lebih kecil pada model 2 dan 4 yaitu 93,42 kN dan 97,43 kN. Untuk mendapatkan desain optimal maka model 2 dan 4 dipertimbangkan berdasarkan pola aliran dimana kecepatan aliran pada model 2 adalah 1,82 m/s lebih besar dari kecepatan aliran pada model 4 yaitu 1,68 m/s. Berdasarkan hasil analisa tahanan kapal dan pemodelan pola aliran maka disimpulkan bahwa desain yang paling optimal adalah skeg kondisi 2
BAFRA KIRSAL KONUTLARINDA ÇIKMALAR
Authors: TÜMER Şerif
Published: June 2019

Çıkmalı ev mimarisi, Türk sivil mimarlığının
temel unsurlarından birisi belki de en karakteristik özelliğidir. Gerek
imparatorluk başkenti İstanbul’da gerekse Anadolu’nun birçok yerinde çıkmalı
evlere rastlamak mümkündür. Fakat kırsal mimari özelinde hatta dağ köylerinde
çıkmalı (cumbalı) ev mimarisine rastlanması, büyük kentler ölçeğindeki Türk
sivil mimarlığı zevkinin, Anadolu kırsalındaki yansıması olarak karşımıza
çıkmaktadır. Mahrem unsur olan ev içinin kent mimarlığında dışarıya açılmasını
sağlayan, cephenin hareketlendirilmesi amacının yanı sıra manzara arayışının
bir sonucu olan çıkmaların kırsal bölgelerde karşımıza çıkması Anadolu kırsal
mimarlığında işlevselliğin yanı sıra beğeni arayışının da net bir
göstergesidir. Karadeniz bölgesinin karakteristik malzemesi ahşap da dâhil olmak
üzere çeşitli malzemelerden yapılan Bafra köy evlerindeki çıkmalar bu
çalışmanın konusu olacaktır. Bu çıkmalar konum, malzeme, strüktür gibi
yönlerden incelenerek önemleri ortaya konulacaktır. 8 köyden 32 evin inceleneceği
bu çalışmayla Bafra kırsal konut çıkma türleri belirlenecek olup Anadolu kır
konutları arasındaki yeri ve önemi belirtilecektir. Böylelikle bu konu üzerine
çalışan araştırmacılar için bir kaynak görevi görecektir. Şehir evlerinde sıkça
karşımıza çıkan ve uygun olmayan arazi şartlarında üst kat plânını düzeltmek
amaçlı başvurulan kat çıkmalarının Bafra köy evlerinde çok sık görülmemesi,
köylerdeki geniş ve uygun arazi şartlarında bu kullanıma gerek duyulmamasından
kaynaklıdır. Yine özellikle kent mimarlığında karşımıza çıkan sofa çıkmalı  köy evlerinin Bafra kırsal mimarlığında sıkça
uygulanması Bafra köy evlerinde beğeninin, işlevselliğin önüne geçtiğinin
göstergesidir. Bu makale ‘‘Bafra Kırsal Mimarisi’’ isimli ve hâlen yazım
aşamasında olan doktora tezi kapsamında yazılmıştır.

Bu makale ‘‘Bafra Kırsal
Mimarisi’’ isimli ve halen yazım aşamasında olan doktora tezi kapsamında yazılmıştır.
TAŞKÖPRÜLÜZÂDE’DE EĞİTİMİN İLKESİ OLARAK SEVGİ
Authors: YILMAZ Yasemin , UYSAL Enver
Published: June 2019

16. yüzyılda yaşamış olan Taşköprülüzâde (1495-1561), eserlerinde çocuk eğitimi, aile ahlakı ve devlet yönetimi gibi konulara yer vermiş önemli bir Osmanlı düşünürüdür. Ahlâk-ı Adudiyye Şerhi adlı eserinde ve İnsânî Hilafet ve Manevî Saltanatın Sırları ile Güzel Ahlâkın Üstünlüğü risalelerinde bize eğitim ile ilgili önemli ipuçları ve çözüm önerileri sunar. Onun eğitim metodunda sevgi faktörü öne çıkar. O, sevgiyi, terbiye kavramı ile ilişkilendirerek bir eğitim metoduna dönüştürmüş, bireysel ve toplumsal eğitimin merkezî kavramı olarak kullanmıştır. Günümüz eğitim sisteminde de sevgi faktörünün öne çıkarıldığı bir eğitim modeli benimsenmeye başlanmıştır. Asırlar öncesinde yazdığı eserleri ile günümüze ışık tutacak öneriler sunan Taşköprülüzâde, bu alanda başvurulabilir önemli bir kaynaktır. Makalede öncelikle sevgi kavramıyla irtibatlı kavramlar zinciri incelenmiş, daha sonra zıt kavramlar değerlendirilmiştir. Neticede Taşköprülüzâde’nin aile, okul ve toplumda sevginin merkeze alındığı bir eğitim modeli inşa ettiği görülmüştür.
FÂRÂBÎ’DE “İYİ, YETKİNLİK VE MUTLULUK” KAVRAMLARI IŞIĞINDA PDR HİZMETLERİNE FARKLI BİR YAKLAŞIM
Authors: TOPRAK KARAKAYA Filiz , UYSAL Enver
Published: June 2019

Günümüzde
Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik, gerek eğitim, gerekse hayatımızın diğer
alanları için önemli bir yere sahiptir. Buna yönelik hizmetlerin ana
kavramlarından olan ideal benlik, kendini gerçekleştirme, anlam arayışı,
mutluluk gibi kavramlar ve bunlara ulaşma çabası, Fârâbî felsefesindeki iyi,
yetkinlik, nihai hedef ve mutluluk kavramlarıyla benzerlik göstermektedir. Her
iki disiplinin de ortak noktası, son kertede kişinin sağlıklı ve mutlu bir
birey olabilmesidir. Fakat gerçek mutluluğun ne olduğu ve ona nasıl ulaşılacağı
doğru şekilde bilinmediği takdirde, bu süreç sonunda derin bir hayal kırıklığı
yaşanması kaçınılmazdır. Ayrıca nihai hedefin bu dünya ile sınırlı tutulması,
bu hedefe ulaşıldığında anlam arayışının ve yaşam gayesinin sona ermesi gibi
önemli bir sorunu da beraberinde getirecektir. Bu ise PDR çalışmalarının zayıf
halkası olarak görünmektedir. Çalışmada önce konunun kavramsal boyutu üzerinde
durulmuş, PDR hizmetlerinin temelini oluşturan anlam arayışı, öz farkındalık ve
özellikle A. Maslow’un düşüncelerine dayanarak kendini gerçekleştirme kavramı
ile PDR’de nihai gayeler belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. İkincil olarak Fârâbî’nin
özellikle Tahsîlu’s-Saâde, Tenbîh alâ Sebîli’s-Saâde, Fusûlü’l-Medenî ve el-Medînetü’l-Fâzıla adlı eserlerinde iyi, yetkinlik ve mutluluk kavramları incelenmiş, filozofun bu
kavramlarla ulaşmak istediği nihaî amaç tespit edilmeye çalışılmış, sonra da
iki alan arasındaki benzerlikler, ortak yönler ve ayrışmalar değerlendirilmiştir.
Fârâbî’nin bu kavramlara ahlâkî ve metafizik bir boyut yükleyerek insanın ancak
bu yetkinlikle iki dünya mutluluğuna ulaşabileceğini vurguladığı görülmüş, PDR
hizmetlerinde ise kendini gerçekleştirme çabasında insanın, öteki dünya
mutluluğunu göz ardı ettiği gözlemlenmiştir. Son olarak da, Fârâbî’nin
vurgulayıp öne çıkardığı boyutun dikkate alınmasının, PDR hizmetlerinde eksik
gibi görünen halkayı tamamlayabileceğine dikkat çekilmiştir. Çalışmada analiz,
sentez ve değerlendirme yöntemi kullanılmıştır.