bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engineering interfacial charge-transfer by phase transition realizing enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity
Authors: Wu Chuanqiang , Fang Qi , Liu Qin , Liu Daobin , Wang Changda , Xiang Ting , Khalil Adnan , Chen Shuangming , Song Li
Published: February 2017

Thin, planar metallic MoS2 and g-C3N4 nanojunctions with high photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity were demonstrated. The charge transfer kinetics in the junctions plays a key role for the hybrid catalyst.
Integration of pharmacophore mapping and molecular docking in sequential virtual screening: towards the discovery of novel JAK2 inhibitors
Authors: Yao Ting-Ting , Xie Jiang-Feng , Liu Xing-Guo , Cheng Jing-Li , Zhu Cheng-Yuan , Zhao Jin-Hao , Dong Xiao-Wu
Published: February 2017

An integrated sequential virtual screening protocol by combining molecular docking and pharmacophore mapping was successfully constructed to identify novel small-molecule inhibitors of JAK2.
Sustainable oleic and stearic acid based biodegradable surfactants
Authors: Bhadani Avinash , Iwabata Kazuki , Sakai Kenichi , Koura Setsuko , Sakai Hideki , Abe Masahiko
Published: February 2017

Renewable ester functionalized fatty acid based imidazolium surfactant.
Promising biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon material for high performance supercapacitor
Authors: Huang Yuqing , He Jian , Luan Yuting , Jiang Yong , Guo Shien , Zhang Xugang , Tian Chungui , Jiang Baojiang
Published: February 2017

High surface area, porous carbon materials were obtained from rice husk ash and exhibited good charge storage capacity.
Are the experimentally observed 3-dimensional carbon honeycombs all-sp2 structures? The dangling p-orbital instability
Authors: Fthenakis Zacharias G.
Published: February 2017

3-Dimensional all-sp2 honeycomb carbon structures are unstable, due to dangling bonds, formed on the junction atom unhybridized p-orbitals.
Podophyllotoxin–pterostilbene fused conjugates as potential multifunctional antineoplastic agents against human uveal melanoma cells
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wang Jing , Liu Lai , Zheng Chengyue , Wang Yang , Chen Yongzheng , Wei Gang
Published: February 2017

ConjugateB1showed potential multifunctional antineoplastic activity against human uveal melanoma cells.
A bifunctional cerium phosphate catalyst for chemoselective acetalization
Authors: Kanai Shunsuke , Nagahara Ippei , Kita Yusuke , Kamata Keigo , Hara Michikazu
Published: February 2017

A CePO4catalyst exhibits high catalytic performance for the chemoselective acetalization of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with alcohols, in sharp contrast to other homogeneous and heterogeneous acid and/or base catalysts.
Deconvoluting the influences of 3D structure on the performance of photoelectrodes for solar-driven water splitting
Authors: Esposito Daniel V. , Lee Youngmin , Yoon Heayoung , Haney Paul M. , Labrador Natalie Y. , Moffat Thomas P. , Talin A. Alec , Szalai Veronika A.
Published: February 2017

This study describes and demonstrates a systematic approach for deconvoluting the influences of 3D structure on photoelectrode performance.
Modifying photocatalysts for solar hydrogen evolution based on the electron behavior
Authors: Lin Zhaoyong , Li Lihua , Yu Lili , Li Weijia , Yang Guowei
Published: February 2017

This article highlights the recent strategies for improving photocatalytic hydrogen evolution based on electron generation, survival and utilization.
Hybrid carbon@TiO2 hollow spheres with enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity
Authors: Wang Weikang , Xu Difa , Cheng Bei , Yu Jiaguo , Jiang Chuanjia
Published: February 2017

Photocatalytic CO2 conversion toward solar fuels via hybrid carbon@TiO2 hollow spheres.
Metal organic frameworks based on bioactive components
Authors: Rojas S. , Devic T. , Horcajada P.
Published: February 2017

This review highlights the latest advances of Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in the promising biomedical domain, from their synthesis to their biorelated activities.
Flexible metal nanowire-parylene C transparent electrodes for next generation optoelectronic devices
Authors: Ahn Yumi , Lee Donghwa , Jeong Youngjun , Lee Hyungjin , Lee Youngu
Published: February 2017

Metal nanowire-parylene C transparent electrodes exhibited outstanding optoelectronic properties as well as excellent long-term stability and flexibility.
Earth-abundant WC nanoparticles as an active noble-metal-free co-catalyst for the highly boosted photocatalytic H2 production over g-C3N4 nanosheets under visible light
Authors: He Kelin , Xie Jun , Yang Zhuohong , Shen Rongchen , Fang Yueping , Ma Song , Chen Xiaobo , Li Xin
Published: February 2017

Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution over g-C3N4 nanosheets modified by earth-abundant WC nanoparticles as an active noble-metal-free co-catalyst.
Catalyst free synthesis of α-fluoro-β-hydroxy ketones/α-fluoro-ynols via electrophilic fluorination of tertiary propargyl alcohols using Selectfluor™ (F-TEDA-BF4)
Authors: Naveen Naganaboina , Balamurugan Rengarajan
Published: February 2017

A facile access to α-fluoro-β-hydroxyketones via electrophilic fluorination.
Triflic acid promoted solvent free synthesis of densely functionalized furans
Authors: Vijayaprasad Pulaganti , Venkanna Avudoddi , Shanker Medi , Kishan Eslavath , Venkateswar Rao Pallapothula
Published: February 2017

A simple, efficient and novel methodology has been developed for the synthesis of substituted furans mediated by triflic acid. In the reaction initial step involves the Friedel–Crafts arylation, followed by the dehydrative cyclization.
All the King’s men and all the King’s women: reading Vishal Bhardwaj’s Maqbool as a “creative mistranslation” of Shakespeare’s Macbeth
Authors: Mondal Subarna
Published: February 2017

This article attempts to read how Shakespeare’s Macbeth lives in twenty-first century India in the form of Vishal Bhardwaj’s Maqbool. The article takes the recurrent tempests of religiously generated animosity in the Indian subcontinent as a textual field within which Macbeth, under the garb of Maqbool, resides. The centre/margin construct that forms the core of Maqbool provides us with an opportunity to ponder over our own historical moment, a moment fraught with interminable violence and hatred inspired by the politics of difference. Bhardwaj provides us with the possibility, in both Maqbool (based on Macbeth) and Haider (based on Hamlet), that Shakespeare could be directly related to the saga of relentless religious violence that plagues some South Asian countries to date. Vishal Bhardwaj’s Maqbool reimagines Shakespeare’s Macbeth as a struggle for power within the hierarchy of organized crime in Mumbai. The film, however, may also be seen as a glimpse into a fiercely patriarchal Islamic set-up by an equally fierce Hindu gaze. This tale of Shakespeare in a twenty-first century setting creates a sense of all-consuming foreboding whereby the polarization of Hindus and Muslims becomes more than a power game: it becomes symptomatic of Indian society where wily politicians and shrewd policemen, render a state’s law machinery into a den of horrific violence. This article attempts to show that beneath the overt narrative difference between the play and the film lurks a similar political reading of both the texts. The film opens with the illusion of “other” as the “center”. But gradually with numerous instances of illegitimacy like the mock-family structure, the half-caste protagonist, the illicit relationships, and above all, the entire space of the film peopled predominantly by the Muslims made illegitimate by consigning it to the mafia world, we realize that the “other”, initially projected as the “center” here is not merely castigated, but defeated, defeated not from without, but from within. This article is published as part of a collection to commemorate the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare’s death.
Theory of cortical function
Authors: Heeger David J.
Published: February 2017

Significance

A unified theory of cortical function is proposed for guiding both neuroscience and artificial intelligence research. The theory offers an empirically testable framework for understanding how the brain accomplishes three key functions: (
i
) inference: perception is nonconvex optimization that combines sensory input with prior expectation; (
ii
) exploration: inference relies on neural response variability to explore different possible interpretations; (
iii
) prediction: inference includes making predictions over a hierarchy of timescales. These three functions are implemented in a recurrent and recursive neural network, providing a role for feedback connections in cortex, and controlled by state parameters hypothesized to correspond to neuromodulators and oscillatory activity.
Unprofessional translation
Authors: Harris Brian
Published: February 2017

This paper will discuss the pros and cons of publication in blog format compared with publication through conventional academic channels. The web blog Unprofessional Translation was started in 2009 as a reaction against the way “mainstream” translation studies and bilingualism studies had continually ignored the important aspects of translation that it focuses on. The declared primary topics of the blog are Natural Translation, Native Translation and Language Brokering. As of 31 July 2012, the blog contained approximately 140,000 words in 234 posts accompanied by illustrations and by 268 comments from readers, of whom 124 were formally registered “Members.” It addresses a non-expert readership, with the explicit aim of convincing them that translating is a quasi-universal human capability and activity which is not confined to trained or highly experienced experts. There are numerous posts for each of the blog topics. However, the blog template displays the posts chronologically, and, as a result, it requires considerable work with the Search function to follow any of the threads coherently. Therefore, this paper brings together a selection of the material thematically.
Dialoguing across differences
Authors: Orellana Marjorie Faulstich
Published: February 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the research that has been done on language brokering over the last three decades. It identifies the kinds of questions that have been asked and the framings that have driven the work, raising questions about why these and not other directions were pursued. Using this overview of the field, it suggests what is missing and what other kinds of questions could be asked. It also considers how each locus of investigation could be built upon and connected to others, in order to expand and deepen our understanding of the practice and its effects, and suggests what is needed for the next generation of research on this multidimensional topic.
Issues of terminology in public service interpreting
Authors: Pöllabauer Sonja
Published: February 2017

This chapter focuses on interpreter-mediated institutional encounters and specialist language. Based on Niska’s (1998a; 1998b) and Valero-Garcés’(2005) taxonomies of strategies for translating specialist terminology, the author analyses instances of specialist language in a corpus of recordings of institutional encounters, and discusses which strategies are used by the interpreters to render specialist terms. The data were collected between 2007 and 2009 as part of an interdisciplinary project called “Community Interpreting and Communication Quality in Social Service and Healthcare Institutions.”
Language-related disaster relief in Haiti
Authors: Rogl Regina
Published: February 2017

After Haiti was hit by a devastating earthquake in January 2010, the disaster relief community saw the unprecedented response of thousands of spontaneous helpers – among them many multilinguals. Translators and interpreters were urgently needed to help establish communication within the disaster relief community, to assist in coordinating crisis intervention and above all, to provide urgent language services for those affected. Because of the chaotic situation in the aftermath of the earthquake, volunteers were able to mobilize only by massive use of social media and Internet technologies. This paper investigates the efforts of volunteer translators/interpreters to meet the needs of multilingual communication of the international disaster relief community. It explores how language volunteers mobilised and organised in spontaneous networks, what type of (translation) projects they launched and engaged in, which language technologies they used or helped to develop and which challenges they met during their work.
Language brokering
Authors: Bauer Elaine
Published: February 2017

Language brokering is a common phenomenon among children of migrants, whereby the child mediates between a parent and a different language speaker. This paper uses data from a UK study to explore the retrospective childhood experiences of adults who grew up interpreting and translating for their parents. It examines the ways in which children perform as agents during language brokering, converting meanings in one language into meanings in another in order to achieve particular goals. The paper analyses ways in which adults report that they exercised this form of agency in childhood, and how they feel this influenced their adult identities.
Arab government budgets: selected indicators
Authors: El-Khoury Gabi
Published: February 2017

This statistical file is concerned with Arab government budgets as it assumes that the sharp drop in oil prices coupled with ongoing regional conflicts have caused significant deficits in the budgets of most Arab countries, especially Arab oil-exporting countries, where governments had to implement a wide range of fiscal reforms aiming at rationalizing public spending and enhancing public revenues. On the other hand, lower oil prices have eased pressures on public finance in Arab oil-importing countries, especially in light of the rising cost of energy subsidies. Yet, many of these countries had also to proceed with structural reforms to reduce fuel subsidies and control the budget.

Tables 1 and 2 provide statements on government revenues and grants, including estimates of government revenues as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), while Tables 3–5 show hydrocarbon and tax revenues, including estimates of these revenues as a percentage of total public revenues.

Tables 6 and 7 provide statements on government expenditures, including estimates of government expenditures as a percentage of GDP, while Tables 8 and 9 deal with the structure of expenditures, showing estimates of current and capital expenditures along with figures on the functional classification of current expenditures.

Overall surplus/deficit figures for Arab government budgets along with projections of the general government fiscal balance are shown in Table 10.
Geopolitics of identity: Egypt’s lost peace
Authors: Sabet Amr G. E.
Published: February 2017

This paper attempts to provide a conceptualization of Egypt’s current predicaments by process-tracing historical critical junctures and sequences of causal mechanisms that contributed to bringing about the January 2011 events. Focusing on the period between the July 1952 Revolution led by Gamal Abdel Nasser and the events of 2011, it traces the developments and changing political and strategic trajectories of the three presidents Nasser, Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak. The case of Egypt is examined here as ‘an instance of a class of events’ focusing on phenomena related to the tracing of causal factors or critical junctures, and mechanisms leading to a particular outcome on 25 January 2011. It further links the uprising to that country’s 1979 ‘Peace Treaty’ with Israel. This treaty ‘de-securitized’ the latter, allowing it significant regional freedom of action. This had a causal effect on challenging Egypt’s identity-motivated action, contributing, in the process, to undermining its identity structure. An increasing awareness among many Egyptians of the link between the treaty and their identity formation is one of the main reasons for summoning the legacy of Nasser’s leadership as a source of ‘ontological security’.
The Pluripotent Stem-Cell Marker Alkaline Phosphatase is Highly Expressed in Refractory Glioblastoma with DNA Hypomethylation
Authors: Iwadate Yasuo , Suganami Akiko , Tamura Yutaka , Matsutani Tomoo , Hirono Seiichiro , Shinozaki Natsuki , Hiwasa Takaki , Takiguchi Masaki , Saeki Naokatsu
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND: Hypomethylation of genomic DNA induces stem-cell properties in cancer cells and contributes to the treatment resistance of various malignancies.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the correlation between the methylation status of stem-cell-related genes and the treatment outcomes in patients with glioblastoma (GBM).

METHODS: The genome-wide DNA methylation status was determined using HumanMethylation450 BeadChips, and the methylation status was compared between a group of patients with good prognosis (survival > 4 yr) and a group with poor prognosis (survival < 1 yr). Immunohistochemistry for proteins translated from hypomethylated genes, including alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), CD133, and CD44, was performed in 70 GBMs and 60 oligodendroglial tumors.

RESULTS: The genomic DNA in refractory GBM was more hypomethylated than in GBM from patients with relatively long survival (P = .0111). Stem-cell-related genes including ALPL, CD133, and CD44 were also significantly hypomethylated. A validation study using immunohistochemistry showed that DNA hypomethylation was strongly correlated with high protein expression of ALPL, CD133, and CD44. GBM patients with short survival showed high expression of these stem-cell markers. Multivariate analysis confirmed that co-expression of ALPL + CD133 or ALPL + CD44 was a strong predictor of short survival. Anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors without isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation were significantly correlated with high ALPL expression and poor survival.

CONCLUSION: Accumulation of stem-cell properties due to aberrant DNA hypomethylation is associated with the refractory nature of GBM.
Developing a Theoretical Framework for Studies on Acculturation and Chronic Disease
Authors: Afable-Munsuz Aimee , Perez-Stable Eliseo
Published: February 2017

It is well documented that immigrants who arrive in the United States have superior health compared with native-born individuals. However, US evidence suggests that this initial health advantage erodes over time, a process referred to as “unhealthy assimilation,” the “acculturation paradox,” or the “immigrant paradox.” Variation in terminology reflects divergence in the conceptual frameworks researchers have used to approach the study of immigrant health, and in particular, how adaptation to US culture and environment influences health. The goal of this chapter is to summarize the evidence on studies that examine these questions in US immigrants with regard to chronic disease risk, in particular obesity, diabetes, and physical activity. A theoretical framework is proposed that can guide interpretation of findings on studies of chronic disease risk in US immigrants and inform future studies that aim to examine the influence of migration on health from a global perspective.
Chemosensory Transduction in Arthropods
Authors: Stengl Monika
Published: February 2017

Reception of chemicals via olfaction and gustation are prerequisites to find, distinguish, and recognize food and mates and to avoid dangers. Several receptor gene superfamilies are employed in arthropod chemosensation: inverse 7-transmembrane (7-TM) gustatory and olfactory receptors (GRs, ORs), 3-TM ionotropic glutamate-related receptors (IRs), receptor-guanylyl cyclases, transient receptor potential ion channels, and epithelial sodium channels. Some of these receptor gene families have ancient origins and expanded in several taxa, producing very large, variant gene families adapted to the respectively relevant odor ligands in species-specific environments. Biochemical and electrophysiological studies in situ as well as molecular genetics found evidence for G-protein-dependent signal transduction cascades for ORs, GRs, and IRs, suggesting that signal amplification is paramount for chemical senses. In contrast, heterologous expression studies argued for primarily ionotropic transduction as a prerequisite to interstimulus intervals in the range of microseconds.
Rock Art as Cultural Expressions of Social Relationships and Kinship
Authors: Brady Liam M. , Bradley John J. , Kearney Amanda
Published: February 2017

This chapter examines rock art as cultural expressions of social relationships and kinship. More specifically, it considers the type(s) of relationships that exist or emerge in Indigenous contexts and how appreciation of these relationships can elucidate the meaning, symbolism, and significance of rock art. It first explores the relational contexts of rock art by citing examples involving sorcery before discussing the social embeddedness of rock art and the network of relationships that rock art operates within. It then analyzes the regional relatedness and social connectedness of rock art and shows that the breadth of relationships into which rock art is embedded involves ontology and epistemology. The chapter uses a series of case studies drawn primarily from rock art research with Yanyuwa, a maritime-oriented Indigenous language group in northern Australia’s southwest Gulf country, supplemented with examples from the American Southwest and other areas within Australia.
The Archaeology of Rock Art in Northern Africa
Authors: di Lernia Savino
Published: February 2017

The first reports on the rock art of north Africa were written in the mid-nineteenth century. Since then, rock art has become a key area of African archaeological research. Commencing with a short background on the environmental setting, this chapter reviews past research and major theoretical perspectives through to the present, highlighting contributions to wider debates. The main geographical, temporal, and archaeological frameworks of north African rock art are summarized in broad chronological order, beginning with late Pleistocene engravings up to ‘Camel art’ of more recent, historical age. Despite current hurdles faced in today’s research environment, rock art studies are of great importance in north Africa, especially when undertaken by African scholars. This precious, irreplaceable, nonrenewable cultural resource is of great educational value, and its preservation, teaching, and dissemination may contribute to a renewed awareness of the cultural value of rock art for future generations.
Prevention
Authors: Taylor C. Barr , Fitzsimmons-Craft Ellen E. , Goel Neha J.
Published: February 2017

Eating disorders (EDs) are important and common problems among adolescents and young women, and preventing them would be an important public health achievement. Fortunately, several recent studies, informed by cross-sectional, longitudinal, and clinical risk factor research, have demonstrated a significant decrease in ED risk factors, with several programs also achieving a significant reduction in ED onset within at-risk females. This chapter reviews and evaluates the state of ED prevention research, highlighting current theoretical approaches and effective programs, emphasizing emerging empirical support for cognitive dissonance, Internet, school-based, media literacy, and combined ED and obesity prevention programs. Conclusions about how to enhance recent progress in the field of EDs are provided.
Transboundary Unbound
Authors: Petersen-Perlman Jacob D. , Watson Julie E. , Wolf Aaron T.
Published: February 2017

This chapter calls for a new examination of the water conflict‒cooperation dialogue, beyond the traditional areas of water allocation and utilization. It calls for dialogue to incorporate two critical dimensions: (1) variability linked to climate change and the water-food-energy-environment nexus when framing parameters of water-related conflict; and (2) “unbounding” of analysis beyond political and geographical borders to include internal, regional, and global conflict and cooperation. It discusses three basins as case studies: the Nile, the Mekong, and the Aral Sea. It discusses how water conflicts are not bound to political or natural borders, or to disputes explicitly over water. Rather, it explores how resources intrinsically tied to water decisions may prompt conflict; yet, water may be a leverage point for peace, as well. It concludes by identifying relevant water-conflict transformation strategies that may be applied to use water as a nexus for peace-building.
A Logic of Comparative Support: Qualitative Conditional Probability Relations Representable by Popper Functions
Authors: Hawthorne James
Published: February 2017

Revising classical logic—to deal with the paradoxes of self-reference, or vague propositions, for the purposes of scientific theory or of metaphysical anti-realism—requires the revision of probability theory. This chapter reviews the connection between classical logic and classical probability, clarifies nonclassical logic, giving simple examples, explores modifications of probability theory, using formal analogies to the classical setting, and provides two foundational justifications for these ‘nonclassical probabilities’. There follows an examination of extensions of the nonclassical framework: to conditionalization and decision theory in particular, before a final review of open questions and alternative approaches, and an evaluation of current progress.
Confirmation Theory
Authors: Crupi Vincenzo , Tentori Katya
Published: February 2017

We first discuss several qualitative properties of confirmation as analyzed in a probabilistic framework. Some of these properties are classical, while others are relatively novel; some are shared by absolute and incremental confirmation, others are distinctive for each kind. We then proceed to address axiomatic characterizations of major classes of probabilistic measures of incremental confirmation. This treatment includes an original result displaying how conditions which single out the traditional probability difference measure up to ordinal equivalence. Finally, we argue that the longstanding project of a compelling confirmation-theoretic generalization of logical entailment (and refutation) can be achieved, provided that the right explicatum is adopted (to wit, a relative distance measure). This conclusion, we submit, dispels concerns that have been aired in the literature up to recent times.
Probability in Philosophy of Language
Authors: Swanson Eric
Published: February 2017

This chapter uses four historically important approaches to conditionals to help illustrate ways of thinking about the language of subjective uncertainty more broadly construed. On the first, conditionals express propositions and `if' is a truth-functional connective. Problems here motivate the second hypothesis-that a conditional expresses a proposition the probability of which equals the probability of the consequent conditional on its antecedent. Problems for this approach in turn motivate a third kind of view on which conditionals do not express propositions that are true or false. According to one such approach, `if' has a non-compositional meaning: it is used to help express conditional beliefs in a special, non-semantic way. The costs of abandoning compositionality motivate the final family of views considered, on which compositional semantic interpretation functions output non-propositional objects; therefore semanticists can and should help themselves to tools developed by formal epistemologists.
Probability in 17th- and 18th-century Continental Europe from the Perspective of Jacob Bernoulli’s Art of Conjecturing
Authors: Sylla Edith
Published: February 2017

Edith Dudley Sylla, “Probability in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Continental Europe from the perspective of Jacob Bernoulli’s Art of Conjecturing.” Abstract Jacob Bernoulli’s book The Art of Conjecturing, published in Basel in 1713 based on a carefully written manuscript left incomplete at the time of Bernoulli’s death in 1705, may be considered the founding document of mathematical probability. It brought together the mathematics of games of chance found in Christiaan Huygens’ On Reckoning in Games of Chance with approaches to weighing the probable truth of conjectures in civil, moral, or economic matters. The four parts of Bernoulli’s book are described. Whereas a key concept for Huygens and Bernoulli was expectation, Abraham De Moivre defined probability in terms of relative frequency. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of De Moivre’s De mensura sortis and The Doctrine of Chances.
A Brief History of Probability Theory from 1810 to 1940
Authors: Fischer Hans
Published: February 2017

This chapter charts the origins and consolidation of the English statistical school from the 1860s to the 1930s, with a focus on the school’s chief figures: Francis Galton (1822–1911), Karl Pearson (1857–1936), and Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890–1962). It begins with a historical overview of the rise of statistics as a study, taking into account the founding of the Statistical Society of London, which became the Royal Statistical Society. It then examines the contributions of Galton, Pearson, and Fisher to the development of modern statistics. It also considers the role played by other figures in the conception of statistics as a branch of applied mathematics in Britain, including Harold Jeffreys. The chapter concludes by discussing the English statistical school’s demise, along with the advance of statistical theory in the United States.
Future Perspectives
Authors: Pabon Peter , Howard David M. , Ternström Sten , Kob Malte , Eckel Gerhard
Published: February 2017

This chapter, through examining several emerging or continuing areas of research, serves to look ahead at possible ways in which humans, with the help of technology, may interact with each other vocally as well as musically. Some of the topic areas, such the use of the Voice Range Profile, hearing modeling spectrography, voice synthesis, distance masterclasses, and virtual acoustics, have obvious pedagogical uses in the training of singers. Others, such as the use of 3D printed vocal tracts and computer music composition involving the voice, may lead to unique new ways in which singing may be used in musical performance. Each section of the chapter is written by an expert in the field who explains the technology in question and how it is used, often drawing upon recent research led by the chapter authors.
Introduction
Authors: MacDonald Michael J.
Published: February 2017

This introduction provides an overview of the aims, audience, structure, and content of The Oxford Handbook of Rhetorical Studies. In addition to defining rhetoric and mapping the field of rhetorical studies, it provides a historical context for the contemporary resurgence of interest in rhetoric through a discussion of new methods of textual and historical analysis, the modern expansion of the field of rhetoric, and novel forms of rhetorical theory and practice made possible by new media technologies. The introduction also provides detailed summaries of all 60 chapters, arranged thematically to offer a topical survey or “snapshot” of the Handbook as a whole. In general, the introduction argues that rhetoric, far from being moribund, is a protean, multifaceted art that plays a key role in myriad academic disciplines (drama, literature, philosophy, etc.) and fields of social practice (law, politics, education, etc.).
Epiphanic Moments
Authors: Oliver Cynthia
Published: February 2017

In the form of a lyric essay, this chapter offers perspectives of artists across the field coping with the messages delivered, received, and absorbed in the dance world. From the atmosphere in the studio that primes the young dancer with particular ideas around his or her training, to the complicated and sometimes confusing conditions and processes of creating dances, this work discusses artists’ challenges with garnering support, with the steps toward and negotiations around being presented, as well as relationships with peers, the receipt and offering (or lack thereof) of criticism in both informal and formal arenas, and ultimately survival in their complicated, beloved field of dance. This chapter questions the psychological, material, and political conditions of practitioners in the field, offering its content as a means to consider the layered, complicated nature of choosing dance as a way of life in contemporary North America.
The Politics of Speculative Imagination in Contemporary Choreography
Authors: Lepecki André
Published: February 2017

Through a close analysis of recent works by experimental choreographers from Brazil, the United States, and Europe, this chapter discusses the uses of speculation and imagination as choreopolitical tools used to bypass the introjection of censorship typical of contemporary societies of control. The kinetic expression of such introjection is defined as an act of choreopolicing. By proposing that the refusal to give something to view must be taken as a fully affirmative gesture in experimental choreography, the chapter further proposes that imagination has become the realm through which one may resist the “creative impetus” characteristic of cognitive and affective capitalism.
Problem as a Choreographic and Philosophical Kind of Thought
Authors: Cvejic Bojana
Published: February 2017

This chapter accounts for a distinctive kind of thought, born in and through European dance since the mid-1990s, which has thoroughly transformed choreography and performance by reinventing performed relations between the body, movement, and time under the theme of “problems.” The practice of this thought is rooted in the problematization of specific concerns within contemporary theater dance, such as the body-movement bind with respect to expression and form, improvisation and processuality, or spectatorship. Most important, its forte lies in introducing a method of creation by way of problem-posing, which merits philosophical attention. Choreographing problems involves composing ruptures between movement, the body and duration in performance such that they engender a shock upon sensibility, one that inhibits recognition. Thus problems “force” thinking as an exercise of the limits of sensibility that can be accounted for not by representation, but by the principle of expression that Gilles Deleuze develops from Spinoza’s philosophy.
Urban Choreographies
Authors: Klein Gabriele
Published: February 2017

In recent years, above all in urban environments, new cultures of public protest and artistic interventions have established themselves. These artistic and aesthetic forms increasingly operate with physical, theatrical, and choreographic practices and tools, developing a politics of images in an effective and affective media environment. This chapter discusses, using the examples of LIGNA’s performances Radioballet and Dance of All, the aesthetic, political, and social dimensions of artistic interventions based on a concept of community that is defined by corporeal and aesthetic practices. The chapter highlights the political potential implied in the aesthetic and artistic forms of public cultural gatherings. It focuses on the production of attention by means of bodily practices (gestures, facial expressions, movement, dance), theatrical settings (stage, costumes, music), and choreographic tools (organization of bodies, rhythm, dramaturgy).
Tracking the Political Economy of Dance
Authors: Desmond Jane
Published: February 2017

This chapter analyzes the processes of transporting community-based dance practices to the stage, and argues that previously dominant formulations of “appropriation” are not complex enough to theorize this “political economy” of dance practices, practitioners, and audiences as dance forms move across cultural communities and onto the stage. Taking three disparate case studies as a way of thinking through these issues, this chapter investigates works by Twyla Tharp on Broadway, by Chuck Davis and his African American Dance Ensemble on stages in New York or Durham, NC, and Hawaiian hula performances in tourist venues and local halaus, or studios, to suggest that a more complex goal and sharper theoretical practice would be to literally track the political economy of dance practices, the accrual of monetary and cultural capital, and the ways that meanings change for performers and audience when dances move across cultural and commercial/non-commercial boundaries.
Dancing D-Day
Authors: McCarren Felicia
Published: February 2017

This chapter considers a commission from the French Ministry of Defense for a choreography performed for heads of state in 2014; on the seventieth anniversary of the Allied landing at Normandy. French and US presidents referred to the “freedom” won in the historic battles, staged by the dance piece referred to as the “key” to the day’s events. Considering alternate meanings of the word “free,” this chapter urges consideration of the economic model subtending discussions of dance as a practice of “freedom.” Are dancers supported by state funding in France “less free”? Are dancers “on the market” freer? The political uses of dance in the French Republic, which the author explored in her book French Moves, as well as their economic motivations, are analyzed in this chapter in the context of the D-Day commemoration.
Between the Cultural Center and the Villa
Authors: Fortuna Victoria
Published: February 2017

This chapter discusses Lucía Russo’s El borde silencoso de las cosas, the inaugural project of the Cooperation Cultural Center’s Dance and Politics Program in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The work explored exacerbated landscapes of inequality in neoliberal Buenos Aires and resulted in a community dance initiative (In Movement) in the Villa 31 shantytown. The chapter examines how El Borde and In Movement exemplify the Buenos Aires contemporary dance community’s search for new modalities of collective political engagement in the wake of Argentina’s December 2001 economic crisis. It argues that bodies in motion not only engender alternate collective political subjectivities and communities, but also actively renegotiate the social, racial, cultural, class, and gender logics that accompany neoliberalism.
Formal Epistemology
Authors: Douven Igor , Schupbach Jonah N.
Published: February 2017

Formal epistemology is a young but vibrant field of research in analytic philosophy characterized by both its matter and its method. The subject matter of this field is epistemology, the theory of knowledge. The method for investigating the subject matter of epistemology involves the use of formal, logicomathematical devices. This chapter highlights the major achievements of formal epistemology so far and gives a sense of what can be accomplished by addressing problems from mainstream epistemology with the use of logic, probability theory, computer simulations, and other formal tools. The historical roots of the field are also described, and there is a discussion of new questions that have been raised by formal epistemology that should also be of interest to mainstream epistemologists. We also pay attention to the currently emerging subfield of formal social epistemology.
Heat transport in Rayleigh–Bénard convection and angular momentum transport in Taylor–Couette flow: a comparative study
Authors: Brauckmann Hannes J. , Eckhardt Bruno , Schumacher Jörg
Published: February 2017

Rayleigh–Bénard convection and Taylor–Couette flow are two canonical flows that have many properties in common. We here compare the two flows in detail for parameter values where the Nusselt numbers, i.e. the thermal transport and the angular momentum transport normalized by the corresponding laminar values, coincide. We study turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in air at Rayleigh number
Ra
=10
7
and Taylor–Couette flow at shear Reynolds number
Re
S
=2×10
4
for two different mean rotation rates but the same Nusselt numbers. For individual pairwise related fields and convective currents, we compare the probability density functions normalized by the corresponding root mean square values and taken at different distances from the wall. We find one rotation number for which there is very good agreement between the mean profiles of the two corresponding quantities temperature and angular momentum. Similarly, there is good agreement between the fluctuations in temperature and velocity components. For the heat and angular momentum currents, there are differences in the fluctuations outside the boundary layers that increase with overall rotation and can be related to differences in the flow structures in the boundary layer and in the bulk. The study extends the similarities between the two flows from global quantities to local quantities and reveals the effects of rotation on the transport.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number’.
Self-sustaining processes at all scales in wall-bounded turbulent shear flows
Authors: Cossu Carlo , Hwang Yongyun
Published: February 2017

We collect and discuss the results of our recent studies which show evidence of the existence of a whole family of self-sustaining motions in wall-bounded turbulent shear flows with scales ranging from those of buffer-layer streaks to those of large-scale and very-large-scale motions in the outer layer. The statistical and dynamical features of this family of self-sustaining motions, which are associated with streaks and quasi-streamwise vortices, are consistent with those of Townsend’s attached eddies. Motions at each relevant scale are able to sustain themselves in the absence of forcing from larger- or smaller-scale motions by extracting energy from the mean flow via a coherent lift-up effect. The coherent self-sustaining process is embedded in a set of invariant solutions of the filtered Navier–Stokes equations which take into full account the Reynolds stresses associated with the residual smaller-scale motions.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number’.
Iroki: automatic customization and visualization of phylogenetic trees
Authors: Moore Ryan M. , Harrison Amelia O. , McAllister Sean M. , Polson Shawn W. , Wommack K. Eric
Published: February 2017

Phylogenetic trees are an important analytical tool for evaluating community diversity and evolutionary history. In the case of microorganisms, the decreasing cost of sequencing has enabled researchers to generate ever-larger sequence datasets, which in turn have begun to fill gaps in the evolutionary history of microbial groups. However, phylogenetic analyses of these types of datasets create complex trees that can be challenging to interpret. Scientific inferences made by visual inspection of phylogenetic trees can be simplified and enhanced by customizing various parts of the tree. Yet, manual customization is time-consuming and error prone, and programs designed to assist in batch tree customization often require programming experience or complicated file formats for annotation. Iroki, a user-friendly web interface for tree visualization, addresses these issues by providing automatic customization of large trees based on metadata contained in tab-separated text files. Iroki’s utility for exploring biological and ecological trends in sequencing data was demonstrated through a variety of microbial ecology applications in which trees with hundreds to thousands of leaf nodes were customized according to extensive collections of metadata. The Iroki web application and documentation are available athttps://www.iroki.netor through the VIROME portal (http://virome.dbi.udel.edu). Iroki’s source code is released under the MIT license and is available athttps://github.com/mooreryan/iroki.
Unsupervised idealization of ion channel recordings by Minimum Description Length: Application to human PIEZO1-channels
Authors: Gnanasambandam Radhakrishnan , Nielsen Morten Schak , Nicolai Christopher , Sachs Frederick , Hofgaard Johannes Pauli , Dreyer Jakob Kisbye
Published: February 2017

Researchers can investigate the mechanistic and molecular basis of many physiological phenomena in cells by analyzing the fundamental properties of single ion channels. These analyses entail recording single channel currents and measuring current amplitudes and transition rates between conductance states. Since most electrophysiological recordings contain noise, the data analysis can proceed by idealizing the recordings to isolate the true currents from the noise. This de-noising can be accomplished with threshold crossing algorithms and Hidden Markov Models, but such procedures generally depend on inputs and supervision by the user, thus requiring some prior knowledge of underlying processes. Channels with unknown gating and/or functional sub-states and the presence in the recording of currents from uncorrelated background channels present substantial challenges to unsupervised analyses.

Here we describe and characterize an idealization algorithm based on Rissanen’s Minimum Description Length (MDL) Principle. This method uses minimal assumptions and idealizes ion channel recordings without requiring a detailed user input or aprioriassumptions about channel conductance and kinetics.. Furthermore, we demonstrate that correlation analysis of conductance steps can resolve properties of single ion channels in recordings contaminated by signals from multiple channels. We first validated our methods on simulated data defined with a range of different signal-to-noise levels, and then showed that our algorithm can recover channel currents and their substates from recordings with multiple channels, even under conditions of high noise. We then tested the MDL algorithm on real experimental data from human PIEZO1 channels and found that our method revealed the presence of substates with alternate conductances.
Bayesian molecular dating as a “doubly intractable” problem
Authors: Guindon Stéphane
Published: February 2017

1

This study focuses on a conceptual issue with Bayesian inference of divergence times using Markov chain Monte Carlo. The influence of fossil data on the probabilistic distribution of trees is the crux of the matter considered here. More specifically, among all the phylogenies that a tree model (e.g., the birth-death process) generates, only a fraction of them “agree” with the fossil data at hands. Bayesian inference of divergence times using Markov Chain Monte Carlo requires taking this fraction into account. Yet, doing so is challenging and most Bayesian samplers have simply overlooked this hurdle so far, thereby providing approximate estimates of divergence times and tree process parameters. A generic solution to this issue is presented here. This solution relies on an original technique, the so-called exchange algorithm, dedicated to drawing samples from “doubly intractable” distributions. A small example illustrates the problem of interest and the impact of the approximation aforementioned on tree parameter estimates. The analysis of land plant sequences and multiple fossils further illustrates the importance of proper mathematical handling of calibration data in order to derive accurate estimates of node age.