bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Contraction of Theory
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: November 2023

During the late 1960s and 1970s, the category of labor staged a series of profoundly significant, direct appearances within three leading conceptions of culture and communicative activity, clustering respectively around Althusserian structuralism, post-industrial theory, and post­ structuralism. This engagement, which rendered “labor” an immediate intellectual touchstone, was predicated on a broad and explicit encounter with orthodox Marxism, in which each school selectively identified a tradition of cardinal importance for its own more or less discrete theorization. Far from being simply reproduced and carried over, however, orthodox Marxism’ s concept of labor was taken up only so as to be categorically rejected.
Great Issues of Conscience: Medical Ethics Before Bioethics
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: November 2023

Bioethics did not begin with a Big Bang. Even though medical ethics, bioethics’ predecessor, was shaken by notable and notorious events, it was a slow accumulation of concerns about the ambiguity of scientific progress that turned the old medical ethics into the new paths of bioethics. Contributors to scientific progress began to express their concerns during the I960s, in occasional writings and at professional meetings and public conferences. They worried that the old tradition of medical ethics was too frail to meet the ethical challenges posed by the new science and medicine.
Commissioning Bioethics: The Government in Bioethics, 1974-1983
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: November 2023

The 1960s was the era of conferences, when scientists and a few other scholars gathered, as Rene Dubos had said, “to air” the issues. The speakers at those conferences were enthusiastic about the achievemimts of biomedicine and agonized over their attendant adverse effects on society. In 1968, that enthusiasm and agony moved momentarily from academic auditoria into the halls of Congress. This chapter reviews the federal government’s entry into bioethics, beginning with Congressional hearings and moving to legislation establishing two federal commissions to study bioethical issues, The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (The National Commission) and The President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (The President’s Commission). The work of these bodies both profited from and contributed to the development of bioethics.
Bioethics As a Discipline
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: November 2023

Bioethicists sometimes worry whether bioethics should be called a discipline. This concern is a mark of the academic mind, wondering whether one’s peculiar interest has a place in the panoply of subjects that have standing within the university. Many bioethicists were trained in the classical disciplines, such as philosophy, theology, or law, that have long held such standing and they know that their new interest lies outside the familiar territory of those disciplines. Yet, in the modem university, the clear lines of many classical disciplines have diffused into mosaics: even the most definitive ones, such as mathematics and physics, are complex collections of subdisciplines with quite diverse theories, methods, and even definitions of the field. So, is bioethics a discipline if it contains.
Advance Directives and the Determination of Death
Authors: Youngner Stuart J , Shuck Jerry M
Published: November 2023

The introduction and extensive development of life-sustaining technology three decades ago has brought wonders to humankind only dreamed of in previous times. Like all technology, however, medical technology is a two-edged sword. On one hand, it enhances life by extending its length and improving its quality. On the other, it creates complex moral choices where none existed before. In this chapter we discuss two situations in which medical technology has created difficult moral choices: decisions to limit life sustaining treatment, including the introduction of advance directives, and the determination of death. Experience has taught surgeons and patients that the application of this technology does not, in all instances, serve the wishes and best interests of patients. This realization has confronted surgeons, patients, and families with hard choices about when it is appropriate to withhold or even withdraw aggressive interventions such as intensive care, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, and cardio pulmonary resuscitation. In fact, a legal, ethical, and clinical consensus has emerged that mere extension of biological life need not be the only goal of medicine-that comfort and dignity are entirely appropriate goals when cure is no longer possible. This rejection of an absolute vitalism has been complemented by an equally important legal and ethical principle: that decisions about end-of life care rest primarily with the patient.
Nationalism, For and (Mainly) Against
Authors: Lichtenberg Judith
Published: November 2023

To many people, the very idea of nationalism smacks of ethnocentrism or even racism. They suspect that violence, hatred, and distrust of the Other, embodied in a sharply divided world of”us” and “them;’ always lurk within the nationalist’s heart. Recent world events have done nothing to allay these suspicions. Nationalism, according to this view, is an evil to be overcome by a cosmopolitan stance that denies the significance of national boundaries.
Introduction
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

The time is ripe for a new theory of classical form. Despite many recent, distinguished studies devoted to the instrumental works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven,1 most writers continue to describe the formal organization of this music using ill-defined concepts and ambiguous terminology derived from theories that have long fallen into disrepute.
Period
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

The most common tight-knit theme-type in instrumental music of the classical style is the eight-measure period. The period is divided into two, four-measure phrases fulfilling antecedent and consequent functions, respectively. The antecedent phrase begins with a two-measure basic idea, which is followed by a two-measure contrasting idea leading to a weak cadence. The consequent phrase repeats the antecedent but alters the contrasting idea in order to create a stronger cadence to close the theme.
Sonata Form
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

Sonata form is the most important large-scale formal type in instrumental music of the classical period. Almost every multimovement work (except the concerto) contains at least one movement written in this form. But sonata form is important not only because of its frequency of use: many historians and theorists consider it to be the period ‘s most highly developed and complex compositional design, the one in which composers reveal their greatest technical skill and expressive potential. Moreover, sonata form continued to exert enormous influence over compositional practice in later musical styles, and it remained a viable form, albeit highly modified, at least until the middle of the twentieth century.
Slow-Movement Forms
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

Most instrumental cycles in the classical period contain at least one movement to be performed in a slow tempo (Adagio, Largo, Andante). This movement normally occupies an interior position in the cycle and contrasts in tonality (or at least in modality) with its surrounding movements. Slow movements commonly employ one of the following formal types: sonata, sonata without development, large ternary, theme and variations, or five-part rondo.3 The first four of these forms are treated in this chapter; the five-part rondo will be discussed together with the other rondo forms in chapter 16. If all the movements of an instrumental cycle were constructed with the same degree of formal complexity, the slow movement would last considerably longer than the other movements, because of the slower pacing of its events. Thus to maintain a relatively consistent length among movements, composers often select a formal type for the slow movement that is inherently simpler than those used for fast movements. Compared with the highly elaborate schemes of the sonata, sonata-rondo, and concerto (the most common fast-movement forms), the large ternary, sonata without development, and theme and variations are considerably less complex. The five-part rondo is somewhat more complicated, but less so than other rondo forms. If composers choose to write a slow movement in sonata form, they normally do not exploit all its resources, so as to prevent the movement from becoming excessively long.
The Influence of the New Pyrrhonism
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries the influence of the revival of ancient Pyrrhonism was noticeable in several areas of intellectual concern.

Charles Schmitt has shown that Pyrrhonian themes came up in the questions debated at Oxford. William Hamlin has found other traces of Pyrrhonian topics in disputations at the time. He has also tracked down several copies of the first two Latin printings of Sextus in English libraries from the late 1570s on-ward. As an example of what happened to young readers of the text at the beginning of the seventeenth century, a case that may be typical is that of Joseph Mede (1586–1638). He was at Christ’s College, Cambridge, from 1602 to 1610. We are told that in 1603 young Joseph Mede came across an open copy of Sextus Empiricus on a student’s desk. When he looked at it his intellectual world quickly disintegrated, and he underwent a sceptical crisis. He then tried to find a basis for certainty in the various studies offered at the university. He studied philology, history, mathematics, physics, botany, anatomy, astrology, and even Egyptology (whatever that may have been at the time). In spite of all this learning “his philosophical reading led him towards Pyrrhonism.” He could not accept the possibility that mind might not know reality and might only be dealing with delusory ideas of an external world.
The Libertins Érudits
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

In the early part of the seventeenth century, a broader form of the scepticism of Montaigne, Charron, and Camus blossomed forth in France and flourished briefly as the view of the bright young men of the time. The wider popularity and application of the nouveau pyrrhonisme brought out more sharply its implications for both religion and science. This, in turn, gave rise to a series of attempts, cul-minating in the heroic failure of René Descartes to save human knowledge by destroying scepticism.

The sceptics of the early seventeenth century, the so-called libertins érudits, were direct-line descendants of Montaigne and Charron, children of Sextus Empiricus, and simply anti-Aristotelians. Most of them belonged, by virtue of offices secured by Richelieu and Mazarin, to intellectual circles in and around the palace. They were humanistic scholars prepared to push France into its Golden Age, libertins prepared to break with tradition and to launch a new tradition.
Descartes: Sceptique Malgré Lui
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

Descartes, having presented his triumphant conquest of the sceptical dragon, immediately found himself denounced as a dangerous Pyrrhonist and unsuccessful dogmatist whose theories were only fantasies and illusions. The orthodox, traditional thinkers saw Descartes as a vicious sceptic because his method of doubt denied the very basis of the traditional system. Hence, no matter what he himself might say, Descartes was considered the culmination of two millennia of Pyrrhonists from Pyrrho of Elis onward, all of whom had tried to undermine the foundations of rational knowledge. Those of sceptical inclination, while unwilling and unanxious to claim Descartes as their own, wished to show that he had achieved nothing, and that all his claims were only opinions, not certitudes. So they challenged every advance beyond the cogito (and even the cogito itself), in order to drown the heroic Descartes in a sea of uncertainty.
Philosophers of the Royal Society
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

Another way of dealing with the sceptical crisis in a nonmetaphysical way was offered by some of the philosophers, scientists, and theologians involved with the Royal Society of England. This theory of limited certitude was articulated especially by two figures, John Wilkins and Joseph Glanvill. Although Wilkins apparently formulated the theory first, it was published by Glanvill and then later appeared in Wilkins’ posthumous work “Of the Principles and Duties of Natural Religion.” The theory is a development from the earlier solution to the sceptical problems advanced by Sebastian Castellio and William Chillingworth.

The theory of limited certitude advanced by Chillingworth was accepted and developed by several moderate Anglican theologians, the Latitudinarians, as well as thinkers interested in relating religion and science. One of those who played a great role in this was John Wilkins (1614–72), who was warden of Wadham College, Oxford, during the Puritan Revolution and was also Cromwell’s brother-in-law.
Scepticism and Late Seventeenth-Century Metaphysics
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

As we have seen earlier, Descartes’ proffered solution to scepticism became embroiled in attacks, on the one hand from sceptics and on the other from dogmatic thinkers who did not share Descartes’ belief that he had found the new system of philosophy. Descartes’ followers tried to fend off attacks from the sceptics and the dogmatists while maintaining the basic elements of Descartes’ position. In the fifty years after Descartes’ death, the orthodox Cartesians attempted to fend off challenges from the Jesuits, from Spinoza, and from the new sceptics Simon Fouchet and Bishop Pierre-Daniel Huet.
The Slave Mother A Tale of the Ohio
Authors: Harper Frances Ellen Watkins
Published: November 2023

I have but four, the treasures of my soul,They lay like doves around my heart;I tremble lest some cruel hand Should tear my household wreaths apart. My baby girl, with childish glance,Looks curious in my anxious eye,She little knows that for her sake Deep shadows round my spirit lie.
In Nature’s Interests?
Authors: Varner Gary E
Published: November 2023

This book offers a powerful response to what Varner calls the “two dogmas of environmental ethics”--the assumptions that animal rights philosophies and anthropocentric views are each antithetical to sound environmental policy. Allowing that every living organism has interests which ought, other things being equal, to be protected, Varner contends that some interests take priority over others. He defends both a sentientist principle giving priority to the lives of organisms with conscious desires and an anthropocentric principle giving priority to certain very inclusive interests which only humans have. He then shows that these principles not only comport with but provide significant support for environmental goals.
A Critique of Environmental Holism
Authors: Varner Gary E
Published: November 2023

Both environmental philosophers and activists commonly claim that we face an “ecological crisis” that will not be solved unless and until a holistic environmental ethic takes hold of our psyches. The search for such an ethic commonly is traced to ecologist Aldo Leopold, who has been called the “patron saint” of environmental ethics. Leopold defined morally right actions as those that “tend to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community.” He stressed that “land ethic ... implies respect for [one’s] fellow members [of the biotic community], and also respect for the community as such.” And he characterized such a land ethic as both “an evolutionary possibility and an ecological necessity” (1949, pp. 224-25, 204, 203).
Deforestation in the American Tropics: The Regional and Global Stakes
Authors: Southgate Douglas
Published: November 2023

Latin America’s natural habitats have been receding for centuries. Before the 1970s, though, nearly everyone in the region regarded the geographic expansion of agriculture and other sectors of the rural economy as an unmitigated benefit. Well into the twentieth century, primary forests and other relatively undisturbed ecosystems were extensive. Moreover, it was generally agreed that human domination of the landscape must increase as nations develop and economies grow. Hence, deforestation was equated with progress.
Another Approach to Habitat Conservation: Agricultural Intensification
Authors: Southgate Douglas
Published: November 2023

Under the right set of circumstances, nature-based tourism and the harvesting of forest products are commercially promising and can be carried out in ways that benefit local communities and keep renewable resources intact. For example, conditions for the sustainable production of a9ai appear to be favorable in the Amazon estuary. The region’s waterways provide easy access to Belem, where several palm heart exporters are located and where demand is strong for a9ai fruit. In addition, output can be increased through the application of relatively simple stand improvement measures, such as seed dispersal and periodic thinning (Pollak, Mattos, and Uhl, 1995). Accordingly, quite a few smallholders in the estuary find it rewarding to raise a9ai, which involves little or no damage to natural resources.
9
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

As soon as she saw Marcela by her side, Lucia could not keep from asking her in surprise, “Is this your daughter?” “Yes, niftay,” the Indian replied, “she’s fourteen years old and her name is Margarita and you’re going to be her godmother.” This reply was marked by a gratified air that would have clearly told any observer, “This woman is relishing the sweetness of the legitimate pride that a mother feels when she knows that her daughter is ad mired-a mother’s blessed vanity that is a woman’s ornament, whether in the city with its electric lights or in the village bathed in the rays of the melancholy traveler of the nocturnal skies.” “Good, Marcela; it was a good idea to bring along this pretty girl. I love children. They’re so innocent, so pure,” added Lucia.
10
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

If we attack a people’s depraved customs without first having laid the basis of an education grounded in belief in a Higher Being, we shall encounter an impenetrable wall of selfish resistance and find yesterday’s peaceful lambs turned into raging wolves. If we tell the Canibus and the Huachipairis not to eat the flesh of their prisoners but do not previously impart to them the notions of humanity, brotherly love, and respect for the dignity and rights of others, then we, too, shall soon become food for those cannibals, whose tribes are scattered through the wild mountains of Ucayali and Madre de Dios. We believe that what happens in as in every small town of the Peruvian hinterland, is only another form of that savagery. The lack of schools, the lack of good faith on the part of the clergy, and the obvious depravity of those few who exploit the ignorance and consequent docility of the many, drive these towns ever farther away from true civilization, which, were it ever solidly established, would enrich our country with large areas capable of making it great.
15
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

She sun of bliss was shedding its purest rays on Dona Petronila’s house. Dona Petronila was a happy mother, because, after a long absence, her arms had held her beloved Manuel, the darling son who filled her dreams at night and was the joy of her gloomy days. He had left Killac a boy and had returned a fine upstanding man, not having wasted a single day of his schooling. Now he was sitting by his mother, holding her hands in his, gazing on her in rapture, and chatting about family matters. Don Fernando and Lucia appeared in the doorway; and on seeing them, Dona Petronila and Manuel stood up and Dona Petronila introduced her son in that special language that good mothers have invented, saying, “Senora Lucia, Senor Marin, this is Manuelito, my boy, who was such a little fellow when he left.”
20
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

The arrival of Marcela, carried on a rough wooden stretcher, wounded, widowed, and followed by the two orphans, at the same house she had left the day before cheerful and happy, had such a powerful effect on Lucia, who was alone at the time, that she could not restrain her tears as she went to receive her. She had the stretcher placed in a tidy room, put her arms around Rosalia, caressed Margarita, and spoke to both of them, calling them “my dears, poor little ones, my pretties.” Then she sat down by Marcela and said to her, “Oh my dear, how much resignation you need now! I beg you to be calm, to have patience.” “Nifiay, haven’t you learned better than to protect us?” the Indian said in a weak voice and with a listless look; but Lucia, without answering her question, remarked, “How weak she is!” and turning to two servants who were near the door, she ordered them, “Get her a little chicken broth with a few slices of toast and a soft-boiled egg.
5
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

The news of the subprefect’s arrival in Killac spread as quickly as Don Sebastian had anticipated, and with the same speed the citizens of the town gathered in the governor’s house. As they arrived, they addressed the subprefect, who solemnly awaited them in Don Se bastian’s parlor, in these terms: “We were delighted to hear your excellency was coming, Colonel,” said one. “Yes, your excellency. Now things will be run properly,” added another. “All the gentry of the town congratulate your excellency,” yet another explained. And they all made their comments on events, repeating the “excel lency,” which they seemed to consider an appropriate title, and speaking, as usual, in chorus.
9
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

In view of Don Sebastian’s weakness of character it was to be expected that his situation would grow more difficult after his meeting with the subprefect and after what passed between him and Dona Petronila. Manuel felt that the scene that had taken place in Don Sebastian’s bedroom, when he had dragged him away by force to save his mother from abuse by a drunkard, was humiliating; yet Manuel also knew that there are domestic scenes that entail no humiliation if they take place within the family home, and so he met the insults of his mother’s husband with manly composure, until sleep closed Don Sebastian’s eyes and restored peace between father and son. Once Pancorbo was sound asleep, Manuel went to look for his mother and found her weeping. He kissed her on the forehead, wiped away her tears, and said, “Courage, Mother; save your tears for when I am no longer by your side.” “Oh Manuel, I’m so unhappy!” Dona Petronila answered, sobbing.
17
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

After sacrificing four heifers to her friend Escobedo’s greed, Mar tina, the wife oflsidro Champi, ran home, frightened by the news that her husband’s imprisonment was due to his having rung the bells at the time of the riot; and once home, she collected Isidro’s ponchos and went to the jail. The jailer let her come in, and when she saw her husband she burst into uncontrollable tears. “Isidro, Isidrocha, what have they done to you? Ay! Your hands and mine are clean, we haven’t stolen anything or killed anyone. Ay!” the poor woman said. “Patience, Martica; save your tears and pray to Our Blessed Mother,” Isidro answered, trying to calm his wife, who dried her eyes with the edge of one of the ponchos and replied, “You know, Isidro, I’ve gone to see our friend Escobedo and he says he’ll have you out in no time.”
19
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

The change in the governing authorities of the province took place peacefully. The new subprefect sent the usual circulars to the local officials, invoking Law, Justice, and Equity. Once the festivities at Teodora’s house had ended, Don Gaspar came to Killac to give his virtuous daughter a personal account of all that had happened in Saucedo after her flight, to thank his friend Dofia Petronila for her hospitality, and to return with Teodora to their peaceful country life until the time should come for her to marry honest Mariano. No one could account for the whereabouts of Colonel Don Bruno de Paredes, because after a few miles’ ride he had dismissed his escort and gone off by himself to look for a safe hiding place. In subsequent days it did transpire that the property tax fund was notably depleted and that the Indian population held a sizable number of receipts for payment of a mandatory individual tax specially invented by his excellency and titled Public Education Fee.
24
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

For the inhabitants of a small town, seeing someone taken to jail is an event comparable to a fire in a larger place. When Don Sebastian, Estefano, and the rest were led out of Don Fernando’s house surrounded by soldiers, the citizens all watched from their doors, an amazing number of boys gathered, and all over town you could hear Manuel, employing all his manly fortitude to master the torment in his soul, said to Dona Petronila, “Be brave, Mother. Put your trust in God and don’t be frightened.” He offered her his arm and led her home through streets as far removed as possible from all the turmoil. Dona Petronila, thoughtful and calm by temperament, shed a few tears and followed her son silently and with a firm step. Once at home, she told him, “Leave me now, Manuel, and go do your duty.” Manuel, who already had some general knowledge of the law, immediately drew up a petition challenging the jurisdiction of the court, arguing his father’s innocence, and offering to produce supporting witnesses, a list of whom he attached on a separate sheet, along with the questions they were to answer within the time required by law. Then he went to the office of the judge who was to handle the case and spoke with several persons. He spent that whole night studying the criminal code, marking certain articles with a pencil, and writing lengthy drafts on large sheets of paper. He opened his desk drawer, took out some papers, and began to go through them.
28
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Manuel’s efforts had increased a hundredfold in the course of the day. He came home and told his mother, “Everything’s going well, Mother; it seems as though God is watching over my hopes. Don Sebastian and Champi are getting out of jail. The order’s just been sent to the warden, and when the time comes I’ll go for Don Sebastian myself” “So the judge has agreed... And what conditions did he impose?” asked Dona Petronila. ‘‘Just that he keep himself available and not leave town.” ‘‘And so we won’t be able to go away?” “You two won’t, but I’m leaving tomorrow so I can take the Thursday train and catch up with Don Fernando and my Margarita.” “But the case is still going on, son, and your father won’t know how to deal with it.” “I’ve taken care of everything for the few days I’ll be gone; and be sides that, when I come back I’ll bring Don Fernando’s written with drawal of the charges, so it wouldn’t matter if I hadn’t,” Manuel replied, walking about the room.
31
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Manuel’s journey was a happy one. It seemed as though the winged gods of Love and Marriage had allowed their balsam breath to fall on the snowy peaks and the prairies that he crossed on the train, unaware of the dangers that only days before had threatened the Marin family and with it his Margarita, that hymn of tenderness rising from the most delicate cords of his heart as from the Aeolian harp played by the angels of Happiness as they beat their ethereal wings over the immense plain. He, too, glimpsed the longed-for city in the Andean valley, which for him was the empress of the world because it sheltered the queen of his heart. He arrived; he took a room in the Casino Rosado, hurried through the necessary grooming, changed his clothes, and dashed off to the Imperial, saying to himself, “Thank you, Lord! I’m going to see her! How true it is that at the age of twenty our blood is hot and can bear no delay! Not one more day can I put off turning my dreams of happiness into reality... but... should I speak to Don Fernando right away? Ah, this need for prudence that holds back the impulses of our soul! During these days of her absence jealousy has already stung me with its poisoned barb.
32
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Hanging in a cloudless sky, the moon, no longer quite full, was shedding its silvery light, which, though it neither heats nor strikes the eye like the rays of the sun, envelops nature in a sweet and serene melancholy and sheds a warm and perfumed air on those December nights made for lovers’ meetings. Manuel kept looking at his gold watch, restless and lost in thought. Finally the hands showed the appointed time, and he took his hat and rushed out. In the blue parlor of the Imperial, brilliantly lit by elegant crystal chandeliers, the door stood wide open. Margarita, leaning back in one of the chairs next to the table with the flowers, was playing with the hem of a white handkerchief, her mind off among the clouds of her dreams. All around her was deepest silence.
Waterfowl
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A
Published: November 2023

The only known obligate brood parasite among the waterfowl, and indeed among all species of birds having precocial young, is the South American black-headed duck. Now generally accepted to be a member of the stiff-tailed duck assemblage Oohnsgard and Carbonell, 1996), the black-headed duck is fairly widespread but relatively uncommon throughout much of temperate South America, especially Argentina. In this same general region, there are two other species of stiff-tailed ducks, as well as several other marsh-breeding ducks, coots, and other marshland birds that represent potential host species.
Porcelain Monkeys and Family Identities
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

The clarion call of the Enlightenment for religious tolerance found, per- haps, no more illuminating metaphor than the friendship of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn—the composer’s grandfather—and the critic- playwright G. E. Lessing. Before their meeting in 1754 the young Lessing broached the issue in the comedy Die Juden (1749). A traveler foils two bandits, disguised as Jews, from assaulting a baron, who, offering his daughter’s hand in reward, discovers his rescuer is a Jew. The mores of the time thwart the wedding, yet the baron concedes, “How admirable the Jews would be if they were all like you!” To which the traveler rejoins: “And how amiable the Christians if they all had your qualities.”
In the Public Eye1827–1829
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

The old, antiquated phoenix is only waiting for his funeral pile, and will not be long finding it, for the time is at hand, and we shall live to see great things. —Fanny to Klingemann, April 14, 1828 Early on June 30, 1825, Zelter and the young builder C. T. Ottmer, escorted by bricklayers, carpenters, and the Singakademie management, assembled off Unter den Linden to lay the cornerstone of a new musical temple. Wielding a hammer, Zelter consecrated the first stone in the name of old Fasch. Designed by K. F. Schinkel, architect of Berlin neoclassicism, the new Singakademie became a living musical museum, its con- struction linked to Zelter, master mason and guardian of the Prussian musical heritage: on July 11 he secreted official documents inside the cornerstone and on December 11, his birthday, observed the capping-off ceremony. Work continued for about a year before Zelter held his first rehearsal in the new building; the public dedication followed on April 8, 1827, with a performance, appropriately, of Fasch’s monumental sixteen- voice Mass. Felix’s response was to compose his festive Te Deum for the new hall, which could accommodate 250 singers and an orchestra of 50, arranged in an amphitheatric arch within an oblong hall 84 by 42 feet. Zelter no doubt approved of the historicist composition, with its baroque, polychoral formations and ornate counterpoint, all furthering his agendum of glorifying past musical monuments. But by 1827, as Abraham realized, Felix had matured to the point that “his genius was now self-existent, and that further teaching would only fetter him.”
The Limits of Dialogue
Authors: Burgees John P
Published: November 2023

By the mid-1980s, it was apparent that East German Marxist-Leninist thinkers saw religion as a problem that they could not easily explain away. Maintaining consistency with earlier Marxist-Leninist thinking, they asserted that religion was a distorted way of interpreting reality and that it would eventually disappear from socialist society. Yet they had reason to feel chastened. No longer could they foresee the quick eradication of religion; rather, it appeared that religion was surviving and even thriving in socialist soil.
Finding Them in Nature (and Bringing Them Home)
Authors: Howland John L
Published: November 2023

Getting to know microorganisms well requires studying them under controlled conditions, generally in a laboratory setting. Therefore, they must be plucked from their usual habitat (nature) and somehow induced to grow in culture, preferably without competing species. This procedure, called isolation, can require considerable strategy—for example, in developing isolation media based on a reasonable judgments about the metabolic capabilities of target organisms. (In this fashion, isolation procedures link metabolic biochemistry and ecology.) Indeed, it sometimes appears quite difficult; recall that some microorganisms known to exist in nature have resisted all attempts at isolation and, as a consequence, we don’t know very much about them. And when we (somehow) do learn more, for example, about their metabolism, then it often becomes much easier to obtain them in culture.
Looking Forward
Authors: Howland John L
Published: November 2023

We have known about the Archaea for roughly two decades, a period of rapid discovery and not a few surprises. During this time, archaeal biology has stimulated us to think a great deal about early evolutionary history, which began roughly 3.8 billion years ago. Somehow, our minds can accommodate such expanses of time with relative ease; looking back—even a long way back—seems to come naturally.
South Sulawesi on Parade
Authors: Sutton R Anderson
Published: November 2023

Boarding the Garuda Airlines airbus for the final international portion of my journey on 17 July 1993, I was startled out of my jet lag by a small item in the events calendar of the inflight magazine: South Sulawesi’s fourth annual Culture Week (Ind. Pekan Budaya) festival, scheduled to begin that very day in Ujung Pandang, the provincial capital where I was about to begin new research. When I arrived at Hasanuddin Airport three days later and boarded a cab for the twenty-seven-kilometer ride to downtown Ujung Pandang, my inquiries to the cab driver concerning the big cultural festival were met with a polite and dispassionate remark that, as far as he knew, there was no festival going on at the moment, and none planned, though there had been several in previous years. At the hotel where I stayed for my first few days, I encountered the same response. What a remarkable contrast to Yogyakarta and Bali, for example, where almost everyone is aware for months in advance of the big festivals in June and July, each of which in recent years has lasted for several weeks and been heavily promoted through the tourist infrastructure (hotels, airlines, ground transport, etc.).
From Ritual Enactment to Stage Entertainment
Authors: Sutton R Anderson
Published: November 2023

The creation of secular entertainment from the performative aspects of ritual enactment has been widespread in Indonesia–indeed, in many parts of the world–resulting in enormous changes that often delegitimize practices and beliefs that may have held sway for generations. It is tempting to view all instances as part of a grand narrative of secularization and commodification, but the circumstances and motivations vary markedly. Certainly what has taken place in South Sulawesi has, in part, been a response to the global march to modernity. But other important conditions underlie the particular contours of performance history in South Sulawesi. Not least among these has been the subordinate position of local peoples under Dutch colonial rule and, subsequently, as Indonesians living under the hegemonic shadow of Javanese-dominated official culture.
Patriotism and Performance
Authors: Sutton R Anderson
Published: November 2023

Indonesia’s Independence day, 17 August, is marked and celebrated annually in myriad ways around the archipelago. Official ceremonies in the nation’s capital, provincial capitals, and many districts combine flag raising and militaristic pomp with speeches and Islamic prayers. Yet many events surrounding this holiday each year feature performances of local music and dance, often centering on local and ethnic communities rather than the larger nation-state. In this chapter I wish to consider three events connected with Indonesia’s Independence Day in South Sulawesi: one in Tanete, Bulukumba, a village far from the provincial capital (1993); the second in Fort Ujung Pandang (= Fort Rotterdam), in downtown Ujung Pandang (1994); and the third a traveling performance presented in various sites in and around Ujung Pandang (1995).
Sound and Power
Authors: Sutton R Anderson
Published: November 2023

As six women slowly entered the open stage in the warm evening air, their dance unfolded with subtle gestures, a steady calm upon each of their faces. To the right, a small group of musicians played fast and furious music, oboe squealing, two drums pulsating at superhuman tempos, and a small gong punctuating, but barely audible through the dense onslaught of drums and oboe. The drummers’ eyes stood wide open, staring forward as the tops of their heads bobbed rapidly back and forth, left to right; they shook their heads horizontally, seemingly as fast as their two hands alternated between the left and right heads of the drums.And at moments, to everone’s delight, they also rapidly raised and lowered their shoulders (ammikkik; unless otherwise noted, all foreign terms in this chapter are Makassarese) and occasionally came to an abrupt halt in their drumming as they placed their elbows on top of their drums. This was a staged performance of Makassarese pakarena, presented as part of the Culture Week festival I attended only three days after arriving in South Sulawesi for the first time, in July 1993 (see chapter 2). This utter contrast between exuberant music and restrained dance is widely recognized by Makassarese and other South Sulawesians themselves as an aesthetic puzzle, some interpretations of which will be elaborated below.
A Calling: Being True to Certain Ideals
Authors: Bryan Charles S
Published: November 2023

William Osler’s triumphant journey through life can be understood in at least two complementary ways. On the one hand, he exemplifies the universal hero-myth as elucidated by mythologist Joseph Campbell (Figure 2.1). Summoned by a strange personage, the would-be hero leaves his hut or castle for an unknown realm, encounters a series of tests and helpers under the watchful eye of a shadow presence, and prevailing, brings back to society an elixir that restores something that it had lost. Sir Thomas Browne was Osler’s shadow presence, medicine his adventure, and the single-handed writing of a textbook his supreme ordeal. The textbook completed, he gave society a reconciliation of the old humanities with the emerging new medical science.
Minds and Bodies
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

In Minds and Bodies, one of philosophy’s most dynamic and versatile thinkers gathers nearly forty review essays written over the past twenty years for non-specialized publications. They cover biography, particularly of Russell and Wittgenstein; philosophy of mind, especially consciousness; and ethics, with an emphasis on applied ethics. Taken together these essays form a vivid picture of contemporary philosophy for the general reader, and will be welcomed by those within the philosophical community for their crisp critical insights and rigorous assessments.
Humphrey: Getting the Wiggle into the Act
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Consciousness is not sempiternal, it has a history, a natural genesis. Once upon a time the universe contained no consciousness; then it sprang up here and there; and now the planet is flooded with the stuff. This is not to make the trivial observation that what people think and feel changes over time and generations, sometimes quite radically; it is a point about the deep biological roots of consciousness. Just as animal bodies are products of a long evolutionary process, in which chance variation is rigorously winnowed by natural selection, so animal minds must have a remote genesis in the mechanisms of differential survival as they worked on the available materials. Eyes gradually emerged as engines for exploiting the information contained in light, relying on the given chemical and optical properties of matter; and consciousness likewise must have emerged for some good biological reason, building on the prior properties of organisms. The question is how and why this happened: how did mentality arise from cell tissue? Answering this question would tell us,inot merely about the etiology of consciousness; it would also help us to uriderstand the nature of consciousness-particularly its relation to its physical substrate. If we knew the history of mind, then we would have effectively solved the mind-body problem, since we would understand how consciousness arises from matter.
Chalmers: Wise Incomprehension
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

It is very hard to devise a theory of consciousness that is not open to decisive objection. This is not because consciousness is so amorphously ill defined that anything goes and we find it impossible to choose among a plethora of options. Rather, no matter what theory we come up with, it always seems to run into some shattering difficulty. The problem of consciousness is like a chess game in which a series of forced moves always ends in checkmate, more or less humiliating. Sometimes it seems that the best we can hope for is some teetering ad hoc contrivance that just manages to evade outright refutationforthemoment at least. Philosophy is like that, we know; but with consciousness the constraints are especially tight.
Chomsky: Rules and Representations
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Chomsky’s new book restates, and somewhat amplifies, the contentions about language for which he is renowned. Its six chapters record (with modifications) sundry lectures given by Chomsky over the last five years. Perhaps inevitably, given their provenance, the chapters are exceedingly repetitious, and it is doubtful whether a lesser figure could have got away with this degree of underediting. Nevertheless, there is much interesting material here, and repetition has a way of sinking in. Besides, Chomsky might offer the excuse that some people never learn. My own opinion is that on some issues Chomsky clearly has the better of his critics, but there are others on which there are deeper and subtler worries behind objections whose typical formulation allows Chomsky’s untroubled dismissals. Matters are philosophically and methodologically less clear-cut than he acknowledges. I shall divide my remarks into two parts, the first logically prior to the second, trying to spell out the deeper worries alluded to.

Chomsky repeatedly insists that linguistic theories, in particular generative grammars, be accorded the same realist significance as is standardly ascribed to theories of natural science; he opposes what he calls “the bifurcation thesis” as between cognitive psychology and (say) physics.
Stroud: Not Knowing What We Know
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

I cannot know that I am not dreaming now, because I could have experiences just like these in dreaming sleep and suppose myself to be awake. If I cannot know that I am not dreaming now, then I cannot know that I am now seated before a fire writing. Therefore I cannot know that I am now seated before a fire writing. So Descartes famously argued, thus raising the general problem of scepticism about the external world. The argument is apt to strike one as both preposterous and compelling. What is the source of its power? Where, if anywhere, does it go wrong? And what does it show about epistemology and philosophy in general?
Ayer: Significantly Senseless
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Outside the profession, Wittgenstein’s fame as a twentieth-century philosopher is surpassed only by Russell’s. Hardly a week goes by without our encountering Wittgenstein’s name in one or other of the more popular organs of communication. There is some irony in this. For, unlike Russell, Wittgenstein maintained a ferocious aversion to publicity and wrote works of the utmost esotericism. Perhaps his present cult status in the extraphilosophical world stems, at least in part, precisely from this inaccessibility, thus doubling the irony. At any rate, a market surely exists for an exoteric study of Wittgenstein’s notoriously recondite ideas.

It is this market for which A. J. Ayer’s book is intended to cater: his avowed aim is to present Wittgenstein to interested readers who lack the benefit of a “considerable training in philosophy.” If he succeeds in this laudable aim it will not be at the cost of vulgarization: though Ayer keeps his pills digestibly small, he does not stoop to sweeten them. In other words, the nonphilosopher will find it pretty tough going, despite the clarity of Ayer’s style and his simplifications of Wittgenstein’s doctrines. But it is not clear that a better job could have been done.
Foot: Good Things
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Suppose I perform an action certified by morality as good-say, giving money to charity. I then do something good because it is good. We might say that this action had the moral property goodness and that in acknowledging this to be so I had a reason to perform it. Anyone else has an equal reason to perform the same action, which is good no matter who performs it. Thus, generalizing: morality is aptly seen as a set of principles that ascribe values to states of affairs and thereby provide reasons for bringing those states of affairs about. Morality says what we ought to do and insofar as we grasp its dictates we have the reasons it specifies: we know what we ought to do, and that we ought to do it is a reason for doing it.

This commonsense picture makes many philosophers squirm, and not because they are avowed moral nihilists. There are two main reasons. The first is that it seems to presuppose moral “cognitivism”: the agent recognizes goodness as an objective property that may be instantiated by his actions. By ascribing it to an action, he comes to know an objective truth-that his action is (or will be) good. This makes some philosophers nervous, because it suggests a metaphysics they don’t like the look of, whereby goodness becomes a “queer” property of things.

There is a second reason why the picture is found rebarbative: it entails that morality affords reasons for action that fail to take into account what the agent may himself desire or what may be in his interest.