bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invertibility of Frame Operators on Besov-Type Decomposition Spaces
Authors: Romero José Luis , van Velthoven Jordy Timo , Voigtlaender Felix
Published: February 2022

We derive an extension of the Walnut–Daubechies criterion for the invertibility of frame operators. The criterion concerns general reproducing systems and Besov-type spaces. As an application, we conclude that $$L^2$$

L
2

frame expansions associated with smooth and fast-decaying reproducing systems on sufficiently fine lattices extend to Besov-type spaces. This simplifies and improves recent results on the existence of atomic decompositions, which only provide a particular dual reproducing system with suitable properties. In contrast, we conclude that the $$L^2$$

L
2

canonical frame expansions extend to many other function spaces, and, therefore, operations such as analyzing using the frame, thresholding the resulting coefficients, and then synthesizing using the canonical dual frame are bounded on these spaces.
Application of geostatistical techniques in the assessment of groundwater contamination in the Afigya Kwabre District of Ghana
Authors: Agyemang Victor Ofori
Published: February 2022

Geostatistical techniques have been applied to successfully assess the groundwater quality in the Afigya Kwabre District of Ghana. Forty boreholes were sampled for physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of the groundwater. Principal component analysis revealed that seven components contain 81.01% of the variation of the original variables. Factor 1 accounted for 31.34% of the total variance, factor 2 accounted for 10.97%, third and fourth factors explained 8.41% and 8.19%, the fifth factor showed 8.13% while the sixth and seventh components showed 7.76% and 6.21% variances, respectively. R-mode cluster analysis showed five clusters. Cluster 1 was made of Na+, Cl−, TH, SiO2, HCO3− and TDS. Cluster 2 and cluster 3 contained dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, K+ and F−, Br, respectively. Cluster 4 was made of PO43− and NO3−and Cluster 5 had Ca2+, Mg2+, Total. coli, Fecal. coli, SO42−, and salinity. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between EC and TDS, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn, Na+, TH, HCO3−; pH and Ca2+, HCO3−; Mg2+ and Ca2+, Na+, TH, HCO3−, Fe; Ca2+ and Na+, TH, HCO3−; Cu and PO43−; Mn and Na+; F− and SO42− as well as NO3− and PO43−. The study revealed the impact of both natural processes such as rock mineral weathering, ion exchange, and anthropogenic activities such as application of agrochemicals on farmlands and improper waste disposal on the geochemistry of the groundwater. Generally, the groundwater in the District has a low pH. However, it is generally suitable for domestic use with exception of a few samples with high Fe, F-, Pb concentrations and Escherichia coliform and fecal coliform contaminations. The study has shown that the geostatistical technique is useful in determining the state of water contamination, the extent of contamination, and possible source of contaminants, as well as presenting a guideline for effective groundwater resource management.
Regression modeling for laminar flow of herschel–barkley fluids in the concentric elliptical annulus
Authors: Tang Ming , Kong Linghao , He Shiming , Zhang Guangfu , Li Huajun , He Lang
Published: February 2022

Deep fractured formations have poor pressure-bearing capacity and a narrow safety drilling fluids density window, leading to high risk of well control. Accurate prediction of annulus pressure drop is great significance to the safe drilling of deep fractured formations. Conventional annulus pressure drop predictions are mostly based on regular circular annulus but elliptical annulus are easily formed due to the rock structure, mechanical properties and heterogeneity of ground stress. In order to accurately and conveniently predict the pressure drop of the Herschel–Barkley (H–B) fluids laminar flow in the concentric annulus of elliptical wellbore (CAEW), an analytical model based on the assumption of narrow-slot flow was established and solved by considering the flow core in this paper. We found that the flow pattern index, the proportion of inner and outer diameter and the proportion of the major and minor axes were the main influencing factors through analysis. On this basis, a new method for predicting pressure drop of the H-B fluids in the CAEW was established. It was found that the new regression model was in excellent agreement with the analytical and numerical models, with most of the error bars within ± 10%, indicating that the regression model could accurately predict the dimensionless pressure gradient in the CAEW without complex mathematic method.
Efficiency assessment using fuzzy production possibility set and enhanced Russell Graph measure
Authors: Arana-Jiménez Manuel , Sánchez-Gil M. Carmen , Lozano Sebastián , Younesi Atefeh
Published: February 2022

This paper studies the efficiency assessment of Decision Making Units (DMUs) when their inputs and outputs are fuzzy sets. An axiomatic derivation of the fuzzy production possibility set is presented and a fuzzy enhanced Russell graph measure is formulated using a fuzzy arithmetic approach. The proposed approach uses polygonal fuzzy sets and LU-fuzzy partial orders, and provides crisp efficiency measures (and associated efficiency ranking) as well as fuzzy efficient targets. The proposed approach has been compared with other fuzzy DEA approaches on different datasets from the literature, and the results show that it has more discriminant power and more flexibility in modelling the input and output data.
Adsorption and desorption of Cd in reclaimed soil under the influence of humic acid: characteristics and mechanisms
Authors: Zheng Yonghong , Zhang Zhiguo , Chen Yongchun , An Shikai , Zhang Lei , Chen Fangling , Ma Chengnan , Weiqing CAi
Published: February 2022

Exogenous humus can change the content and migration activity of cadmium (Cd) in soil. Humic acid (HA) is an important soluble humus component in soil. In order to explore the relationship between cadmium pollution mechanism and ecological environment of humic acid in reclaimed soil, the characteristics of humic acid adsorbing cadmium in alkaline conditions were studied. This study employed reclaimed soil from the Huainan mining area, China. The adsorption and desorption characteristics as well as influence mechanisms on the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) were explored under the influence of HA. The results show that: (1) When Cd concentration was low (0.2–10 mg/L), HA had little effect on Cd adsorption and desorption in reclaimed soil. When the Cd concentration was high (15–80 mg/L), HA had a great influence on the adsorption and desorption of Cd in reclaimed soil. The addition of HA can inhibit the adsorption of Cd by reclaimed soil and effectively improve the desorption capacity of Cd by reclaimed soil. (2) The kinetic curves of Cd adsorption and desorption of reclaimed soil with added HA show that both processes (adsorption and desorption) include two stages: rapid reaction and slow reaction. The adsorption of Cd by reclaimed soil under the influence of HA was 18.18% lower than that of normal reclaimed soil, and the increase of Cd desorption was 50.29%. (3) The factors affecting the adsorption and desorption of Cd in the soil were analyzed with gray theory, and their importance can be ordered as follows: Cd concentration > HA concentration > pH > temperature. Considering the influence of HA, a multi-factor coupling function model of adsorption and desorption of Cd in soil is established. This model provides theoretical guidance for the scientific prediction and evaluation of Cd environmental pollution risks in soil and will be useful for developing a new solution for engineering remediation of high concentration Cd contaminated soil.
What Is a Quantum Field Theory?
Authors: Talagrand Michel
Published: February 2022

Quantum field theory (QFT) is one of the great achievements of physics, of profound interest to mathematicians. Most pedagogical texts on QFT are geared toward budding professional physicists, however, whereas mathematical accounts are abstract and difficult to relate to the physics. This book bridges the gap. While the treatment is rigorous whenever possible, the accent is not on formality but on explaining what the physicists do and why, using precise mathematical language. In particular, it covers in detail the mysterious procedure of renormalization. Written for readers with a mathematical background but no previous knowledge of physics and largely self-contained, it presents both basic physical ideas from special relativity and quantum mechanics and advanced mathematical concepts in complete detail. It will be of interest to mathematicians wanting to learn about QFT and, with nearly 300 exercises, also to physics students seeking greater rigor than they typically find in their courses.
That’s None of Your Business! On the Limits of Employer Control of Employee Behavior Outside of Working Hours
Authors: Lister Matthew
Published: February 2022

Employers seeking to control employee behavior outside of working hours is nothing new. However, recent developments have extended efforts to control employee behavior into new areas, with new significance. Employers seek to control legal behavior by employees outside of working hours, to have significant influence over employees’ health-related behavior, and to monitor and control employees’ social media, even when this behavior has nothing to do with the workplace. In this article, I draw on the work of political theorists Jon Elster, Gerald Gaus, and Michael Walzer, and privacy scholars Daniel Solove and Anita Allen, to show what is wrong with this extension of employer control of employees’ outside of work behavior. I argue that there are ethical limits on the controls that employers may put on their employees’ behavior outside of work, and that many of these limits should be enshrined into legal protections which would prevent employers from conditioning employment on the regulations criticized.
Predictors of Mechanical Ventilation in Guillain–Barré Syndrome with Axonal Subtypes
Authors: Michel-Chávez Anaclara , Chiquete Erwin , Gulías-Herrero Alfonso , Carrillo-Pérez Diego Luis , Olivas-Martínez Antonio , Macías-Gallardo Julio , Aceves-Buendía José de Jesús , Ruiz-Ruiz Eduardo , Bliskunova Tatiana , Portillo-Valle Jennefer , Cobilt-Catana Rafael , Ortiz-Quezada Jorge Alberto , Durán-Coyote Salvador , Rodríguez-Perea Elizabeth , Aguilar-Salas Emmanuel , Cantú-Brito Carlos , García-Ramos Guillermo , Estañol Bruno
Published: February 2022

Background:

The early clinical predictors of respiratory failure in Latin Americans with Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) have scarcely been studied. This is of particular importance since Latin America has a high frequency of axonal GBS variants that may imply a worse prognosis.

Methods:

We studied 86 Mexican patients with GBS admitted to theInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, a referral center of Mexico City, to describe predictors of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV).

Results:

The median age was 40 years (interquartile range: 26–53.5), with 60.5% men (male-to-female ratio: 1.53). Most patients (65%) had an infectious antecedent (40.6% gastrointestinal). At admission, 38% of patients had a Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score <30. Axonal subtypes predominated (60.5%), with acute motor axonal neuropathy being the most prevalent (34.9%), followed by acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (32.6%), acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) (25.6%), and Fisher syndrome (7%). Notably, 15.1% had onset in upper limbs, 75.6% dysautonomia, and 73.3% pain. In all, 86% received either IVIg (9.3%) or plasma exchange (74.4%). IMV was required in 39.5% patients (72.7% in AMSAN). A multivariate model without including published prognostic scores yielded the time since onset to admission <15 days, axonal variants, MRC sum score <30, and bulbar weakness as independent predictors of IMV. The model including grading scales yielded lower limbs onset, Erasmus GBS respiratory insufficiency score (EGRIS) >4, and dysautonomia as predictors.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that EGRIS is a good prognosticator of IMV in GBS patients with a predominance of axonal electrophysiological subtypes, but other early clinical data should also be considered.
Magisterial Authority and Theological Authorship: The Harm of Plagiarism in the Practice of Theology
Authors: Dougherty M. V. , Hochschild Joshua P.
Published: February 2022

The disclosure of serial plagiarism in the extensive theological and journalistic publications of Thomas Rosica, CSB, former Vatican spokesperson and sometime media attaché of the Holy See Press Office, attracted significant media attention in early 2019. This article examines a selection of Rosica's hidden sources, focusing on how passages from magisterial church documents appear without attribution in his theological works. Our examination of this unusual case of plagiarism highlights important facets of authorship and authority in the practice of theology as well as the key role of attestation in magisterial teaching.
Investigation of a cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a hospital administration building
Authors: Jones Lucas D. , Chan Ernest R. , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Redmond Sarah N. , Navas Maria E. , Zabarsky Trina F. , Eckstein Elizabeth C. , Kovach Jeffrey D. , Linger Marlin , Zimmerman Peter A. , Donskey Curtis J.
Published: February 2022

Objective:

To investigate a cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in employees working on 1 floor of a hospital administration building.

Methods:

Contact tracing was performed to identify potential exposures and all employees were tested for SARS-CoV-2. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to determine the relatedness of SARS-CoV-2 samples from infected personnel and from control cases in the healthcare system with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the same period. Carbon dioxide levels were measured during a workday to assess adequacy of ventilation; readings >800 parts per million (ppm) were considered an indication of suboptimal ventilation. To assess the potential for airborne transmission, DNA-barcoded aerosols were released, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify particles recovered from air samples in multiple locations.

Results:

Between December 22, 2020, and January 8, 2021, 17 coworkers tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, including 13 symptomatic and 4 asymptomatic individuals. Of the 5 cluster SARS-CoV-2 samples sequenced, 3 were genetically related, but these employees denied higher-risk contacts with one another. None of the sequences from the cluster were genetically related to the 17 control sequences of SARS-CoV-2. Carbon dioxide levels increased during a workday but never exceeded 800 ppm. DNA-barcoded aerosol particles were dispersed from the sites of release to locations throughout the floor; 20% of air samples had >1 log10 particles.

Conclusions:

In a hospital administration building outbreak, sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed transmission among coworkers. Transmission occurred despite the absence of higher-risk exposures and in a setting with adequate ventilation based on monitoring of carbon dioxide levels.
Subgrid-scale models of isotropic turbulence need not produce energy backscatter
Authors: Vela-Martín Alberto
Published: February 2022

This investigation questions the importance of inverse interscale energy fluxes, the so-called energy backscatter, for the modelling of the energy cascade in large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent flows. The invariance of the filtered Navier–Stokes equations to divergence-preserving transformations of the subgrid-scale (SGS) stress tensor is exploited here to explore alternative representations of the local SGS energy fluxes. Numerical optimisation procedures are applied to the SGS stress tensor – obtained by filtering isotropic turbulence flow fields – to find alternative stresses that satisfy the filtered Navier–Stokes equations, but that produce negligible backscatter. These alternative SGS stresses show that backscatter represents not a flux of energy from the subgrid to the resolved scales, but conservative spatial fluxes, and that it need not be modelled to reproduce the local energetic exchange between the resolved and the subgrid scales in LES. From the perspective of statistical mechanics, it is argued that this is a consequence of the strong statistical irreversibility of inertial-range dynamics, which precludes inverse energy cascades even in a local sense. These findings show that the energy cascade is strongly unidirectional locally, and that it can be modelled as an irreversible sink of energy, justifying the extended use of purely dissipative SGS models in LES.
Global stability and resolvent analyses of laminar boundary-layer flow interacting with viscoelastic patches
Authors: Pfister J.-L. , Fabbiane N. , Marquet O.
Published: February 2022

The attenuation of two-dimensional boundary-layer instabilities by a finite-length, viscoelastic patch is investigated by means of global linear stability theory. First, the modal stability properties of the coupled problem are assessed, revealing unstable fluid-elastic travelling-wave flutter modes. Second, the Tollmien–Schlichting instabilities over a rigid wall are characterised via the analysis of the fluid resolvent operator in order to determine a baseline for the fluid-structural analysis. To investigate the effect of the elastic patch on the growth of these flow instabilities, we first consider the linear frequency response of the coupled fluid-elastic system to the dominant rigid-wall forcing modes. In the frequency range of Tollmien–Schlichting waves, the energetic flow amplification is clearly reduced. However, an amplification is observed for higher frequencies, associated with travelling-wave flutter. This increased complexity requires the analysis of the coupled fluid-structural resolvent operator; the optimal, coupled, resolvent modes confirm the attenuation of the Tollmien–Schlichting instabilities, while also being able to capture the amplification at the higher frequencies. Finally, a decomposition of the fluid-structural response is proposed to reveal the wave cancellation mechanism responsible for the attenuation of the Tollmien–Schlichting waves. The viscoelastic patch, excited by the incoming rigid-wall wave, provokes a fluid-elastic wave that is out-of-phase with the former, thus reducing its amplitude.
Faster MCMC for Gaussian latent position network models
Authors: Spencer Neil A. , Junker Brian W. , Sweet Tracy M.
Published: February 2022

Latent position network models are a versatile tool in network science; applications include clustering entities, controlling for causal confounders, and defining priors over unobserved graphs. Estimating each node’s latent position is typically framed as a Bayesian inference problem, with Metropolis within Gibbs being the most popular tool for approximating the posterior distribution. However, it is well-known that Metropolis within Gibbs is inefficient for large networks; the acceptance ratios are expensive to compute, and the resultant posterior draws are highly correlated. In this article, we propose an alternative Markov chain Monte Carlo strategy—defined using a combination of split Hamiltonian Monte Carlo and Firefly Monte Carlo—that leverages the posterior distribution’s functional form for more efficient posterior computation. We demonstrate that these strategies outperform Metropolis within Gibbs and other algorithms on synthetic networks, as well as on real information-sharing networks of teachers and staff in a school district.
Geographic Boundaries and Local Economic Conditions Matter for Views of the Economy
Authors: Bisbee James , Zilinsky Jan
Published: February 2022

The link between objective facts and politically relevant beliefs is an essential mechanism for democratic accountability. Yet the bulk of empirical work on this topic measures objective facts at whatever geographic units are readily available. We investigate the implications of these largely arbitrary choices for predicting individual-level opinions. We show that varying the geographic resolution—namely aggregating economic data to different geographic units—influences the strength of the relationship between economic evaluations and local economic conditions. Finding that unemployment claims are the best predictor of economic evaluations, especially when aggregated at the commuting zone or media market level, we underscore the importance of the modifiable areal unit problem. Our methods provide an example of how applied scholars might investigate the importance of geography in their own research going forward.
Does Competence Make Citizens Tolerate Undemocratic Behavior?
Authors: FREDERIKSEN KRISTIAN VREDE SKAANING
Published: February 2022

Are citizens willing to tolerate violations of democratic rules and norms by competent political leaders? I examine this question employing well-powered conjoint experiments in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Mexico, and South Korea. The findings yield good as well as bad news for democracy. I find that undemocratic behavior by political candidates decreases voter support, whereas candidate competence increases support. Contrary to expectations, the effects of undemocratic behavior and competence do not interact. This means that competent candidates are sanctioned for violating democratic principles but also that support for undemocratic candidates increases with their competence. These findings can help explain the successes and failures of undemocratic political leaders around the world: although these leaders can gain support by appearing to be competent, competence does not make citizens tolerate undemocratic behavior entirely.
Property (T) in k-gonal random groups
Authors: Montee MurphyKate
Published: February 2022

The k-gonal models of random groups are defined as the quotients of free groups on n generators by cyclically reduced words of length k. As k tends to infinity, this model approaches the Gromov density model. In this paper, we show that for any fixed
$d_0 \in (0, 1)$
, if positive k-gonal random groups satisfy Property (T) with overwhelming probability for densities
$d >d_0$
, then so do jk-gonal random groups, for any
$j \in \mathbb{N}$
. In particular, this shows that for densities above 1/3, groups in 3k-gonal models satisfy Property (T) with probability 1 as n approaches infinity.
Factors influencing SARS-CoV-2 infection rate in Belgian nursing home residents during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Peckeu-Abboud L. , van Kleef E. , Smekens T. , Latour K. , Dequeker S. , Int Panis L. , Laga M.
Published: February 2022

In April 2020, Belgium experienced high numbers of fatal COVID-19 cases among nursing home (NH) residents. In response, a mass testing campaign was organised testing all NH residents and staff. We analysed the data of Flemish NHs to identify institutional factors associated with increased SARS-CoV-2 infection rates among NH residents. Cross-sectional study was conducted between 8 April and 15 May 2020. Data collected included demographics, group category (i.e. staff or resident), symptom status and test result. We retrieved additional data: number of beds and staff, type of beds (level of dependency of residents) and ownership (public, private for profit/non-profit institutions). Risk factor analysis was performed using negative binomial regression. In total, 695 NHs were included, 282 (41%) had at least one resident tested positive. Higher infection rate among residents was associated with a higher fraction of RVT beds, generally occupied by more dependent residents (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.97; 95% CI 1.00–3.86) and higher staff infection rate (IRR 1.89; 95% CI 1.68–2.12). No relationship was found between other investigated NH characteristics and infection rate among residents. Staff-resident interactions are key in SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics. Vaccination, regular staff testing, assessment of infection prevention and control strategies in all NHs are needed to face future SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in these settings.
Exploring parents’ perspectives on feeding their young children: a qualitative study using photo-elicitation in Chile
Authors: Galvez Espinoza Patricia , Vizcarra Marcela , Molina Paulina , Coloma María José , Stecher María José , Bost Kelly , Schwingel Andiara
Published: February 2022

Objective:

Childhood obesity is considered one of the most important public health problems around the world. Chile is currently one of the Latin American countries with a high prevalence of childhood obesity. Given that parents’ food parenting practices shape their children’s lifelong eating habits, addressing those practices is key to curbing later problems of obesity. However, studies of the influences on Chilean parents’ food parenting practices are scarce. Hence, this study explores factors that influence food parenting practices of preschool-aged children in Chile.

Design:

Qualitative research, using interviews with the photo-elicitation technique.

Setting:

Metropolitan Region, Chile

Participants:

Twenty-five parents from families recruited from public childcare centres.

Results:

Through a thematic analysis with an inductive approach, we identified five themes that influence food parenting practices: (1) parents’ previous experiences and how they determine their current goals and beliefs; (2) responses to the child’s characteristics; (3) the influences of other family members, especially grandparents; (4) parents’ nutritional knowledge; and (5) living contexts, especially limited budgets and lack of time.

Conclusions:

The study reveals multilevel influences, which converge at the family level, on food parenting practices. A family-centrerd approach that addresses the mentioned influences is necessary to improve the management of the childhood obesity problem in Chile.
Liberal egalitarian justice in the distribution of a common output. Experimental evidence and implications for effective institution design
Authors: Degli Antoni Giacomo , Faillo Marco , Francés-Gómez Pedro , Sacconi Lorenzo
Published: February 2022

We present an experiment that sets up a context of production of a common output obtained by using production means that are randomly and unequally distributed. Before the production phase, subjects must choose a distributive principle for the output division, under ignorance of the allocation of the production means. Subsequently, they make a distributive choice fully aware of their luck and performance. The aim of the experiment is to test, first, whether ordinary subjects in an impartial situation are capable of converging on a fair principle of distribution – able of redressing the arbitrariness of the initial production means allocation; and second, whether these same ordinary subjects are capable of actually following that principle in a real distributive choice that excludes coercion, reputation effects and other forms of social pressures. The main finding is that a distributive rule that redresses initial inequalities is both acceptedex-anteand actually appliedex-postby most individuals. Our conclusion is relevant for the issue of realism of normative theories of justice and the possibility of institution design aimed at implementing distributive justice principles and policies.
A novel approach to non-invasive blood glucose sensing based on a single-slot defected ground structure
Authors: Mansour Esraa , Allam Ahmed , Abdel-Rahman Adel B.
Published: February 2022

In this study, we explore a novel approach to measure blood glucose concentration in a non-invasive way using a compact defected ground structure (DGS) filter. The proposed sensor is promising because it is cost-effective, compact, non-ionizing in nature, and convenient for diabetics. Therefore, a portable microwave biosensor can be utilized using these features. In this study, we present a single DGS sensor which is designed on a Rogers RO4003C substrate and fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line, and operating in the industrial, scientific, and medical radio bands (2.4–2.5 GHz). The changes in dielectric properties in blood are mainly relying on glucose concentrations. The main concept of using a sensor is by placing a finger on the sensing area (the slot). The filter is demonstrated by simulations using CST Microwave Studio. Additionally, the blood layer with different glucose concentrations from 250 to 16 000 mg/dl is presented by the Cole–Cole model. The sensor can achieve a relatively good sensitivity of 7.8285 kHz/mg/dl. The size of the fabricated sensor is 40 × 40 × 0.883 mm3, which is suitable for hand-held use.
How Future Teachers Learn and Teach about Greek Gods. From University to Primary Education
Authors: Iriarte Unai , Prieto Aida Fernández
Published: February 2022

This article seeks to illustrate the importance of teaching the history of ancient Greece in the Primary Education Degree in Spain. The objective is to observe, from the analysis of a case study carried out at the University of Seville, how students pursuing the Degree in Primary Education acquire knowledge and how they then transfer and adapt this knowledge to a classroom of primary school students. This study highlights several methodologies and facts. It focuses on the necessity that future teachers know the history of ancient Greece in order to understand the legacy of this civilisation in today's world. In addition, it demonstrates the positive impact of integrating methodologies and techniques, such as Cooperative Learning (CL), Project Based Learning (PBL) and Gamification, both on a teacher's own learning and in their future role. This article is part of the activities of the Innovations and Didactic Group Gender and History Cliogen (GINDO-UB/187).
Metakognitives Strategiewissen – prädiktiv für die Sprachfähigkeit und den Studienerfolg von internationalen Studierenden
Authors: Seeger Jennifer , Lenhard Wolfgang
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung. Internationale Studierende an deutschen Hochschulen sehen sich mit vielfältigen Herausforderungen des Studienalltags konfrontiert. Grundlegend für ein erfolgreiches Studium ist hierbei eine eigenverantwortliche Anpassung an die neue und offen gestaltete Lern- und Arbeitsumwelt sowie ein angemessener Umgang mit sprachlich schwierigen Situationen im Studienalltag. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht anhand einer Stichprobe von 289 internationalen Studierenden die grundlegende Kompetenz des metakognitiven Strategiewissens und stellt Bezüge zur Sprachfähigkeit in der deutschen Zweitsprache sowie dem Studienerfolg her. Das metakognitive Strategiewissen zu Studienbeginn erweist sich für die Entwicklung der Sprachfähigkeit über das anfängliche Sprachniveau hinaus prädiktiv. Dasselbe Ergebnis zeigt sich für den Studienerfolg in Form erreichter Leistungspunkte innerhalb der ersten drei Studiensemester. Die Ergebnisse deuten demnach auf eine Relevanz metakognitiven Strategiewissens für die Sprachfähigkeit in der deutschen Zweitsprache sowie den Studienerfolg internationaler Studierender.
The 28 November 2020 Landslide, Tsunami, and Outburst Flood – A Hazard Cascade Associated With Rapid Deglaciation at Elliot Creek, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Geertsema M. , Menounos B. , Bullard G. , Carrivick J. L. , Clague J. J. , Dai C. , Donati D. , Ekstrom G. , Jackson J. M. , Lynett P. , Pichierri M. , Pon A. , Shugar D. H. , Stead D. , Del Bel Belluz J. , Friele P. , Giesbrecht I. , Heathfield D. , Millard T. , Nasonova S. , Schaeffer A. J. , Ward B. C. , Blaney D. , Blaney E. , Brillon C. , Bunn C. , Floyd W. , Higman B. , Hughes K. E. , McInnes W. , Mukherjee K. , Sharp M. A.
Published: February 2022

We describe and model the evolution of a recent landslide, tsunami, outburst flood, and sediment plume in the southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia, Canada. On November 28, 2020, about 18 million m3 of rock descended 1,000 m from a steep valley wall and traveled across the toe of a glacier before entering a 0.6 km2 glacier lake and producing >100‐m high run‐up. Water overtopped the lake outlet and scoured a 10‐km long channel before depositing debris on a 2‐km2 fan below the lake outlet. Floodwater, organic debris, and fine sediment entered a fjord where it produced a 60+km long sediment plume and altered turbidity, water temperature, and water chemistry for weeks. The outburst flood destroyed forest and salmon spawning habitat. Physically based models of the landslide, tsunami, and flood provide real‐time simulations of the event and can improve understanding of similar hazard cascades and the risk they pose.
Helheim Glacier's Terminus Position Controls Its Seasonal and Inter‐Annual Ice Flow Variability
Authors: Cheng Gong , Morlighem Mathieu , Mouginot Jérémie , Cheng Daniel
Published: February 2022

Over the past decade, one of the largest contributors to total ice discharge across the Greenland ice sheet, Helheim Glacier, has experienced large fluctuations in ice velocity. In this study, we simulate the dynamics of Helheim, from 2007 to 2020, using the Ice‐sheet and Sea‐level System Model to identify the drivers of these large changes in ice discharge. By quantifying the impact of individual external forcing and model parameters on Helheim's modeled velocity, we find that the position of the calving front alone explains the dynamic variability of the glacier, as it has a direct and large impact on Helheim's ice velocity. The seasonal to inter‐annual variability of Helheim Glacier is, however, relatively insensitive to the choice of friction law or ice rheology factor. This study shows that more research on calving dynamics and ice–ocean interactions is required to project the future of this sector of Greenland.
Determining the Near‐Instantaneous Curvature of Earth's Bow Shock Using Simultaneous IBEX and MMS Observations
Authors: Starkey M. J. , Dayeh M. A. , Fuselier S. A. , Petrinec S. M. , McComas D. J. , Ogasawara K. , Szalay J. R. , Schwadron N. A.
Published: February 2022

The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission provides a unique opportunity to study Earth's magnetosphere on a global scale via energetic neutral atom imaging. Due to the orbital configuration, IBEX is in a side‐viewing vantage point relative to the magnetosphere for a few months every year. This allows the Earth's magnetosphere to be imaged in the X‐Z geocentric solar ecliptic (GSE) plane. Using IBEX observations and near‐simultaneous in‐situ observations of Earth's bow shock (BS) from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we determine the curvature of Earth's BS in the X‐Z GSE plane for 22 instances. We then compare the curvature to different upstream solar wind parameters in order to identify correlations with the contemporary physical conditions. We find that the solar wind dynamic pressure, as well as the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strength, X‐Y, and Y‐Z components are all linearly related to the curvature. We then investigate the time scales over which these correlations persist using variable time windows over which the upstream parameters are averaged. Lastly, we investigate the asymmetry of the BS in the X‐Z plane by comparing an asymmetry measure with different solar wind parameters. We find that the magnetic tension force from the IMF deflects the BS, and thus the underlying magnetopause obstacle. The results presented here provide the first near‐instantaneous observations of Earth's BS on a global scale, show the importance of IMF on generating asymmetries, and provide a basis for future modeling and observational studies of the BS.
Wave Dissipation and Mean Circulation on a Shore Platform Under Storm Wave Conditions
Authors: Lavaud Laura , Bertin Xavier , Martins Kévin , Pezerat Marc , Coulombier Thibault , Dausse Denis
Published: February 2022

While wave processes on shore platforms have been recently advanced by a number of field‐based studies, few attention has been paid to the role of bed roughness on wave dissipation and wave setup dynamics in these environments. This study reports on a new field experiment conducted under storm wave conditions on a gently sloping shore platform which was instrumented from 10 m water depth up to the shoreline. Data analyses are complemented with numerical simulations performed with a 3D fully coupled modeling system using a vortex force formalism to represent the effects of short waves on the mean circulation. An accurate representation of wave dissipation by both depth‐induced breaking and bottom friction is found essential to reproduce the transformation of short waves across the platform and the resulting wave setup. Wave energy dissipation by bottom friction is dominant in the subtidal part of the platform and contributes to about 40% of the total wave energy dissipation. The enhanced wave bottom friction on the platform decreases the wave height before breaking, which reduces the contribution of wave forces to the wave setup compared to a smooth bottom (mechanism 1). Conversely, an idealized analysis of the cross‐shore momentum balance reveals that the wave‐induced circulation increases the wave setup, this process being enhanced on a rough bottom (mechanism 2). The contribution of mechanism 2 increases with the bottom slope, accounting for up to 26% of the wave setup for a 1:20 sloping shore platform, and overcoming mechanism 1.
Discharge‐Modulated Soil Organic Carbon Export From Temperate Mountainous Headwater Streams
Authors: Gies Hannah , Lupker Maarten , Wick Silvan , Haghipour Negar , Buggle Björn , Eglinton Timothy
Published: February 2022

Erosion and riverine transport of organic carbon is an important component of the global carbon cycle, but the significance of this process for Earth's surface carbon budgets depends on the sources of carbon being mobilized. In this study, we aim to constrain how runoff‐driven erosion modulates the contribution of different carbon source endmembers, that is, bedrock, soil and vegetation, in three forested headwater catchments in the Swiss Prealps. The sources of organic carbon are determined using an inverse model based on bulk carbon isotope signatures and the abundances and distributions of long‐chain n‐alkane plant wax biomarkers in suspended sediments collected over a range of discharges. Despite landcover differences and contrasting bulk particulate organic carbon (POC) signatures, the increase of soil‐sourced organic carbon with runoff is similar in all three studied catchments. This apparent existence of common processes implies that export fluxes of soil organic carbon may be extrapolated to similar catchments. Overall, our analysis shows that runoff‐driven soil erosion in these alpine headwater streams is responsible for the export of at least 0.3 to 0.8 gC m−2 yr−1 as POC. Our study also shows that despite a significant variability in isotopic and molecular POC signatures at low runoff, all three catchments show a convergence of these signatures at higher discharges. Suspended sediment samples collected at above‐average runoff are hence most representative of overall endmember contributions.
Modes of Oblique Inversion: A Case Study From the Cretaceous Fold and Thrust Belt of the Western Transdanubian Range (TR), West Hungary
Authors: Héja G. , Ortner H. , Fodor L. , Németh A. , Kövér S.
Published: February 2022

Inversion of pre‐existing normal faults is a frequent phenomenon in orogenic belts. However, their impact on the evolution of the Cretaceous Eoalpine orogeny is poorly studied, despite the widespread presence of Triassic and Jurassic normal faults. Our study area is the SW part of the Transdanubian Range (TR), which represents the uppermost thick‐skinned nappe of the Eoalpine orogeny in the Alpine realm. The variable trend of Cretaceous contractional structures within the Transdanubian Range has been traditionally explained by poly‐phase shortening. However, based on the combined analyses of field observations and 3D seismic data, we found that the complex geometry of Cretaceous contractional structures can be explained rather by the oblique inversion of segmented Late Triassic grabens. In general, the SW part of the TR can be characterized by N‐S trending contractional structures. NW‐SE striking oblique ramps are nucleated above Late Triassic normal faults, whereas NE‐SW trending folds and thrust with limited strike‐parallel length evolved due to the inversion of pre‐existing breached relay ramps, which connected the segments of Late Triassic normal faults. We determined different types of oblique ramps, incuding normal faults, which suffered transpressional reactivation, oblique hanging wall breakthrough thrusts, oblique footwall short‐cut and hanging wall by‐pass thrusts. Only very steep normal faults, or those that strike at low angle to the regional E‐W shortening direction, were not reactivated.
Time to Update the Split‐Sample Approach in Hydrological Model Calibration
Authors: Shen Hongren , Tolson Bryan A. , Mai Juliane
Published: February 2022

Model calibration and validation are critical in hydrological model robustness assessment. Unfortunately, the commonly used split‐sample test (SST) framework for data splitting requires modelers to make subjective decisions without clear guidelines. This large‐sample SST assessment study empirically assesses how different data splitting methods influence post‐validation model testing period performance, thereby identifying optimal data splitting methods under different conditions. This study investigates the performance of two lumped conceptual hydrological models calibrated and tested in 463 catchments across the United States using 50 different data splitting schemes. These schemes are established regarding the data availability, length and data recentness of continuous calibration sub‐periods (CSPs). A full‐period CSP is also included in the experiment, which skips model validation. The assessment approach is novel in multiple ways including how model building decisions are framed as a decision tree problem and viewing the model building process as a formal testing period classification problem, aiming to accurately predict model success/failure in the testing period. Results span different climate and catchment conditions across a 35‐year period with available data, making conclusions quite generalizable. Calibrating to older data and then validating models on newer data produces inferior model testing period performance in every single analysis conducted and should be avoided. Calibrating to the full available data and skipping model validation entirely is the most robust split‐sample decision. Experimental findings remain consistent no matter how model building factors (i.e., catchments, model types, data availability, and testing periods) are varied. Results strongly support revising the traditional split‐sample approach in hydrological modeling.
First Observations of Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Using Automated Amateur Radio Receiving Networks
Authors: Frissell Nathaniel A. , Kaeppler Stephen R. , Sanchez Diego F. , Perry Gareth W. , Engelke William D. , Erickson Philip J. , Coster Anthea J. , Ruohoniemi J. Michael , Baker Joseph B. H. , West Mary Lou
Published: February 2022

We demonstrate a novel method for observing Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (LSTIDs) using high frequency (HF) amateur radio reporting networks, including the Reverse Beacon Network (RBN), Weak Signal Propagation Reporter Network (WSPRNet), and PSKReporter. LSTIDs are quasi‐periodic variations in ionospheric densities with horizontal wavelengths >1,000 km and periods between 30 and 180 min. On Nov 3, 2017, LSTID signatures were observed simultaneously over the continental United States in amateur radio, SuperDARN HF radar, and GNSS Total Electron Content with a period of ∼2.5 hr, propagation azimuth of ∼163°, horizontal wavelength of ∼1680 km, and phase speed of ∼1,200 km hr−1. SuperMAG SME index enhancements and Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar measurements suggest the LSTIDs were driven by auroral electrojet intensifications and Joule heating. This novel measurement technique has applications in future scientific studies and for assessing the impact of LSTIDs on HF communications.
Blood glutamine synthetase signaling in alcohol use disorder and racial disparity
Authors: Nahar Lailun , Kaufman Sarah E. , Davis Patrick G. , Saunders Stephanie L. , Disbrow Elizabeth A. , Patterson James C. , Nam Hyung W.
Published: February 2022

As of 2018, 14.4 million adults ages 18 and older in the U.S had alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, only about 8% of adults who had AUD in the past year received treatment. Surveys have also shown racial disparities regarding AUD treatments. Thus, it is imperative to identify racial disparities in AUD patients, as it may indicate a specific underlying pathophysiology in an AUD subpopulation. To identify racial disparity in AUD, we enrolled 64 cohorts, including 26 AUD participants and 38 healthy controls, from Northwest Louisiana using community-based enrollment. Then, we used psychometric scales to assess alcohol drinking patterns and measured blood metabolites change using LC-MS/MS. Alcohol-related scales from the questionnaires did not differ between the Caucasian AUD participants and African-American AUD participants. From blood metabolomics analyses, we identified that 6 amino acids were significantly different by AUD status and or race. Interestingly, Caucasian AUD participants had a higher glutamate metabolism mediated by glutamine synthetase (GS). The correlation between blood glutamate/glutamine ratio and GS activity was only significant in the Caucasian AUD group whereas no changes were observed in African-American AUD group or controls. Taken together, our findings from this sample population demonstrate that blood GS is a potential biomarker associated with Caucasian AUD, which is an important step towards the application of a new pharmacological treatment for AUD.
Dicer promotes genome stability via the bromodomain transcriptional co-activator BRD4
Authors: Gutbrod M. J. , Roche B. , Steinberg J. I. , Lakhani A. A. , Chang K. , Schorn A. J. , Martienssen R. A.
Published: February 2022

RNA interference is required for post-transcriptional silencing, but also has additional roles in transcriptional silencing of centromeres and genome stability. However, these roles have been controversial in mammals. Strikingly, we found that Dicer-deficient embryonic stem cells have strong proliferation and chromosome segregation defects as well as increased transcription of centromeric satellite repeats, which triggers the interferon response. We conducted a CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screen to restore viability and identified transcriptional activators, histone H3K9 methyltransferases, and chromosome segregation factors as suppressors, resembling Dicer suppressors identified in independent screens in fission yeast. The strongest suppressors were mutations in the transcriptional co-activatorBrd4, which reversed the strand-specific transcription of major satellite repeats suppressing the interferon response, and in the histone acetyltransferaseElp3. We show that identical mutations in the second bromodomain ofBrd4rescue Dicer-dependent silencing and chromosome segregation defects in both mammalian cells and fission yeast. This remarkable conservation demonstrates that RNA interference has an ancient role in transcriptional silencing and in particular of satellite repeats, which is essential for cell cycle progression and proper chromosome segregation. Our results have pharmacological implications for cancer and autoimmune diseases characterized by unregulated transcription of satellite repeats.