bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impaired Grip Force Modulation in the Ipsilesional Hand after Unilateral Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke
Authors: Quaney Barbara M. , Perera Subashan , Maletsky Rebecca , Luchies Carl W. , Nudo Randolph J.
Published: November 2005

Understanding grasping control after stroke is important for relearning motor skills. The authors examined 10 individuals (5 males; 5 females; ages 32-86) with chronic unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke (4 right lesions; 6 left lesions) when lifting a novel test object using skilled precision grip with their ipsilesional (“unaffected”) hand compared to healthy controls (n = 14; 6 males; 8 females; ages 19-86). All subjects possessed normal range of motion, cutaneous sensation, and proprioception in the hand tested and had no apraxia or cognitive deficits. Subjects lifted the object 10 times at each object weight (260 g, 500 g, 780 g) using a moderately paced self-selected lifting speed. The normal horizontal (“grip”) force and vertical tangential (“lift”) force were separately measured at the thumb and index finger. Regardless of the object weight or stroke location, the stroke group generated greater grip forces at liftoff of the object (≥ 39%; P ≤ 0.05) and across the dynamic (P ≤ 0.05) and static portions (P ≤ 0.05) of the lifts compared to the healthy group. Peak lift forces were equivalent between groups, suggesting accurate load force information processing occurred. These results warrant further investigation of altered sensorimotor processing or compensatory biomechanical strategies that may lead to inaccurate grip force execution after strokes.
Following Suit: An Examination of Structural Constraints to Industrial Upgrading in the Third World
Authors: Videla Nancy Plankey
Published: November 2005

Through ethnographic research at a model garment factory in Central Mexico that had re-organized under lean techniques in 1996, this article challenges assumptions made by development theorists who posit industrial upgrading as the path to development. The article argues greater attention needs to be given to differential capitalization structures, institutional pressures, management fashion-setters and power changes in the apparel and textile commodity chain that constrain upgrading for Third World firms. In this case study, sunk costs made to transform the firm in question into a lean factory and full-package producer, in the end debilitated the firm's capacity to respond to market fluctuations and worker unrest. Paradoxically, in an effort to become a flexible producer a successful export manufacturer devolved into a sub-contractor, and eventually closed its doors.
CD11c+ dendritic cells and plasmacytoid DCs are activated by human cytomegalovirus and retain efficient T cell-stimulatory capability upon infection
Authors: Kvale Espen Ø. , Dalgaard Jakob , Lund-Johansen Fridtjof , Rollag Halvor , Farkas Lorant , Midtvedt Karsten , Jahnsen Frode L. , Brinchmann Jan E. , Olweus Johanna
Published: November 2005

It has been suggested that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) evades the immune system by infecting and paralyzing antigen-presenting cells. This view is based mainly on studies of dendritic cells (DCs) obtained after culture of monocytes (moDCs). It is contradicted by the asymptomatic course of HCMV infection in healthy persons, indicating that other key antigen-presenting cells induce an efficient immune response. Here we show that HCMV activates CD11c+ DCs and plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs). In contrast to moDCs, CD11c+ DCs and PDCs produced interferon (IFN) type 1 when exposed to HCMV. Autocrine IFN type 1 partially protected CD11c+ DCs against infection, whereas PDCs were resistant to HCMV even when IFN type 1 activity was inhibited. HCMV exposure induced the maturation of CD11c+ DCs by IFN type 1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Importantly, CD11c+ DCs infected by inhibiting IFN type 1 activity retained full capacity to stimulate T cells. Renal transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive treatment had lower frequencies of CD11c+ DCs and PDCs in blood than did healthy controls. The results show that HCMV activates the immune system by interacting with CD11c+ DCs and PDCs and that recipients of renal transplants have low frequencies of these cell types in blood.
Efficacy of thrombolytic agents in the treatment of pulmonary embolism
Authors: Capstick T. , Henry M. T.
Published: November 2005

Recent guidelines recommend bolus-dose alteplase for treating massive pulmonary embolism (PE). However, the safest and most effective treatment is as yet unknown.

In the present study, a meta-analysis of published studies of alteplase infusion, bolus-dose alteplase and streptokinase was performed. The outcome measures were as follows: objective assessment of thrombolysis; all-cause mortality; deaths due to initial PE, major bleeding episodes and recurrent PE; and morbidity.

In total, 26 studies were identified; however, only two comparative studies of alteplase infusionversuseither bolus-dose alteplase or streptokinase were found. Meta-analysis revealed no significant difference between the three regimens, but was compromised by a paucity of data. Crude analysis of summated data on thrombolytic efficacy from all studies revealed that alteplase infusion was more effective than bolus-dose alteplase (relative risk (RR): 1.95; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19–3.2), whereas streptokinase was more effective than alteplase infusion (RR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.09–1.47). Alteplase infusion had a lower mortality due to the initial PE than both bolus-dose alteplase and streptokinase (RR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.05–0.59 and RR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.04–0.46, respectively).

In conclusion, this evidence suggests that the three thrombolytic agents may vary in efficacy. However, large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm these results.
α1-Antitrypsin deficiency and lung disease: risk modification by occupational and environmental inhalants
Authors: Senn O. , Russi E. W. , Imboden M. , Probst-Hensch N. M.
Published: November 2005

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent and preventable disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Severe and intermediate α1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (serum levels <11 and 11–20 µmol·L−1, respectively) increase the risk of COPD in active smokers. However, little is known about the interaction of severe and intermediate AAT deficiency with modifiable COPD risk factors other than active smoking.

In this study, a MEDLINE search was carried out for studies investigating the combined effect of environmental inhalants (occupation and passive smoking) and AAT deficiency in the lung. A total of 18 studies using established methods for the assessment of AAT deficiency were included in this review.

Occupational exposures and passive smoking affected lung function decline or prevalence of respiratory symptoms in four out of five studies investigating subjects with severe AAT deficiency, and in eight out of 13 studies with a focus on intermediate AAT deficiency. While study designs mostly prohibited formal assessment of effect modification, an interaction between intermediate AAT deficiency and passive smoking was identified in two studies with children. Additional study limitations included small sample size, poor adjustment for confounding and misclassification of environmental exposure as well as AAT activity.

In conclusion, population-based epidemiological studies with associated biobanks are needed to identify gene–environment interactions and population subgroups susceptible to α1-antitrypsin deficiency.
Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy: an effective asthma treatment option?
Authors: Vogelmeier C. , D'Urzo A. , Pauwels† R. , Merino J. M. , Jaspal M. , Boutet S. , Naya I. , Price D.
Published: November 2005

This 12-month dose-titration study assessed the effectiveness of budesonide/formoterol for maintenance plus relief with a control group using salmeterol/fluticasone for maintenance plus salbutamol for relief.

Adolescents and adults (n = 2,143; mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 73% predicted; mean inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) 884 µg·day−1) were randomised to budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 µg two inhalationsb.i.d.plus additional inhalations as needed, or salmeterol/fluticasone 50/250 µgb.i.d.plus salbutamol as needed. Treatment was prescribed open label; after 4 weeks, physicians could titrate maintenance doses in accordance with normal clinical practice.

Maintenance plus as-needed budesonide/formoterol prolonged the time to first severe exacerbationversussalmeterol/fluticasone (25% risk reduction). The total number of severe exacerbations was significantly reduced in the budesonide/formoterol group (255versus329). Both regimens provided sustained improvements in symptoms, as-needed use, quality of life and FEV1, with differences in favour of the budesonide/formoterol group for as-needed use (0.58versus0.93 inhalations·day−1) and FEV1(post-β2-agonist values). Mean ICS dose during treatment was similar in both groups (653 µg budesonide·day−1(maintenance plus as-needed)versus583 µg fluticasone·day−1).

The simplified strategy using budesonide/formoterol for maintenance and reliever therapy is feasible, safe and at least as effective as salmeterol/fluticasone plus salbutamol.
Use of continuous positive airway pressure during flexible bronchoscopy in young children
Authors: Trachsel D. , Erb T. O. , Frei F. J. , Hammer J.
Published: November 2005

Young children are at increased risk for hypoxaemia and hypercapnia during flexible bronchoscopy due to the small size and increased collapsibility of their airways. Various strategies are used to prevent hypoventilation and to provide oxygen during the procedure. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on ventilation during flexible bronchoscopy in infants and young children.

Tidal breathing was measured in 16 spontaneously breathing and deeply sedated children, aged 3–25 months, by ultrasound spirometryviaan airway endoscopy mask. Measurements were made with the tip of the bronchoscope positioned in the pharynx with no CPAP, and in mid-trachea with 0, 5 and 10 cmH2O of CPAP.

Transition of the bronchoscope through the vocal cords was associated with significant decreases of tidal volumes (5.0±0.5versus3.4±0.5 mL·kg−1), peak tidal expiratory flows (78±12versus52±10 mL·s−1) and peak tidal inspiratory flows (98±15versus66±12 mL·kg−1). CPAP (5–10 cmH2O) induced almost complete reversal of these changes.

In conclusion, it is shown here that flexible bronchoscopy in spontaneously breathing young children is associated with significant decreases in tidal volume and respiratory flow. These changes are largely reversible with continuous positive airway pressure.
Risk factors of frequent exacerbations in difficult-to-treat asthma
Authors: ten Brinke A. , Sterk P. J. , Masclee A. A. M. , Spinhoven P. , Schmidt J. T. , Zwinderman A. H. , Rabe K. F. , Bel E. H.
Published: November 2005

Recurrent exacerbations are a major cause of morbidity and medical expenditure in patients with asthma. Various exogenous and endogenous factors are thought to influence the level of asthma control, but systematical data on the involvement of these factors in the recurrence of asthma exacerbations are scarce.

In this study, 13 clinical and environmental factors potentially associated with recurrent exacerbations were investigated in 136 patients with difficult-to-treat asthma. Patients with more than three severe exacerbations (n = 39) in the previous year were compared with those with only one exacerbation per year (n = 24). A systematic diagnostic protocol was used to assess 13 potential risk factors.

Factors significantly associated with frequent exacerbations included: severe nasal sinus disease (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.7); gastro-oesophageal reflux (OR 4.9); recurrent respiratory infections (OR 6.9); psychological dysfunctioning (OR 10.8); and obstructive sleep apnoea (OR 3.4). Severe chronic sinus disease and psychological dysfunctioning were the only independently associated factors (adjusted OR 5.5 and 11.7, respectively). All patients with frequent exacerbations exhibited at least one of these five factors, whilst 52% showed three or more factors.

In conclusion, the results show that recurrent exacerbations in asthma are associated with specific co-morbid factors that are easy to detect and that are treatable. Therapeutic interventions aimed at correcting these factors are likely to reduce morbidity and medical expenditure in these patients.
Airway narrowing in porcine bronchi with and without lung parenchyma
Authors: Noble P. B. , Sharma A. , McFawn P. K. , Mitchell H. W.
Published: November 2005

During bronchoconstriction elastic after-loads arise due to distortion of lung parenchyma by the narrowing airway. In the present study, the functional effect of parenchymal elastic after-load on airway narrowing was determined.

Airway narrowing was measuredin vivoover a range of transpulmonary pressures and compared within vitronarrowing measured at corresponding transmural pressures. Bronchi were generation 10 with internal diameters of ∼4 mm.In vivoluminal narrowing was measured by videobronchoscopy in anaesthetised and ventilated pigs.In vitroluminal narrowing was measured by videoendoscopy in isolated bronchial segments. Airways were activated by maximum vagal nerve stimulation and maximum electrical field stimulationin vivoandin vitro, respectively.

At 5 cmH2O, stimulation produced a 35.9±3.2% (n = 6) and a 36.5±2.4% (n = 11) decrease in lumen diameterin vivoandin vitro, respectively. At 30 cmH2O, luminal narrowing fell to 23.7±2.0%in vivoand 23.4±2.5%in vitro. There was no difference between luminal narrowingin vivoandin vitroat any pressure.

In conclusion, these findings suggest that in mid-sized, cartilaginous bronchi, parenchymal elastic after-loads do not restrict airway narrowing.
Goal-oriented treatment and combination therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Hoeper M. M. , Markevych I. , Spiekerkoetter E. , Welte T. , Niedermeyer J.
Published: November 2005

Combination therapy may improve outcome in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

PAH patients were treated according to a goal-oriented therapeutic strategy. Patients who did not reach the treatment goals with monotherapy received combination treatment according to a predefined strategy, including bosentan, sildenafil and inhaled iloprost. Intravenous iloprost and lung transplantation were reserved for treatment failures. End points were overall survival, transplantation-free survival, and survival free from transplantation and intravenous prostanoid treatment.

Between January 2002 and December 2004, 123 consecutive patients with PAH were treated according to the novel approach. Survival at 1, 2 and 3 yrs was 93.0, 83.1 and 79.9%, respectively, which was significantly better than the survival of a historical control group, as well as the expected survival. Compared to the historical control group, the use of combination treatment also significantly improved the combined end point of death, lung transplantation and need for intravenous iloprost treatment.

In conclusion, a therapeutic approach utilising combinations of bosentan, sildenafil and inhaled iloprost in conjunction with a goal-oriented treatment strategy provides acceptable long-term results in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension, and reduces the need for intravenous prostaglandin treatment and lung transplantation.
A genome-wide survey of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes and their paralogues in zebrafish
Authors: Sambrook Jennifer G , Figueroa Felipe , Beck Stephan
Published: November 2005

Background

The genomic organisation of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) varies greatly between different vertebrates. In mammals, the classical MHC consists of a large number of linked genes (e.g. greater than 200 in humans) with predominantly immune function. In some birds, it consists of only a small number of linked MHC core genes (e.g. smaller than 20 in chickens) forming a minimal essential MHC and, in fish, the MHC consists of a so far unknown number of genes including non-linked MHC core genes. Here we report a survey of MHC genes and their paralogues in the zebrafish genome.

Results

Using sequence similarity searches against the zebrafish draft genome assembly (Zv4, September 2004), 149 putative MHC gene loci and their paralogues have been identified. Of these, 41 map to chromosome 19 while the remaining loci are spread across essentially all chromosomes. Despite the fragmentation, a set of MHC core genes involved in peptide transport, loading and presentation are still found in a single linkage group.

Conclusion

The results extend the linkage information of MHC core genes on zebrafish chromosome 19 and show the distribution of the remaining MHC genes and their paralogues to be genome-wide. Although based on a draft genome assembly, this survey demonstrates an essentially fragmented MHC in zebrafish.
Epidural abscess caused by Streptococcus milleri in a pregnant woman
Authors: Lampen Russell , Bearman Gonzalo
Published: November 2005

Background

Bacteria in the Streptococcus milleri group (S. anginosus, S. constellatus, and S. intermedius) are associated with bacteremia and abscess formation. While most reports of Streptococcus milleri group (SMG) infection occur in patients with underlying medical conditions, SMG infections during pregnancy have been documented. However, SMG infections in pregnant women are associated with either neonatal or maternal puerperal sepsis. Albeit rare, S. milleri spinal-epidural abscess in pregnancy has been reported, always as a complication of spinal-epidural anesthesia. We report a case of spinal-epidural abscess caused by SMG in a young, pregnant woman without an antecedent history of spinal epidural anesthesia and without any underlying risk factors for invasive streptococcal disease.

Case presentation

A 25 year old pregnant woman developed neurological symptoms consistent with spinal cord compression at 20 weeks gestation. She underwent emergency laminectomy for decompression and was treated with ceftriaxone 2 gm IV daily for 28 days. She was ambulatory at the time of discharge from the inpatient rehabilitation unit with residual lower extremity weakness.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a Streptococcus milleri epidural abscess in a healthy, pregnant woman with no history of epidural anesthesia or invasive procedures. This report adds to the body of literature on SMG invasive infections. Treatment of SMG spinal-epidural abscess with neurologic manifestations should include prompt and aggressive surgical decompression coupled with targeted anti-infective therapy.
Disseminated tuberculosis presenting with finger swelling in a patient with tuberculous osteomyelitis: a case report
Authors: Agarwal Shradha , Caplivski Daniel , Bottone Edward J
Published: November 2005

Background

Extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis have become increasingly important in the era of HIV/AIDS.

Case presentation

We describe a case of tuberculosis (TB) dactylitis in a patient with AIDS who originated from the Ivory Coast. The diagnosis was established by direct visualization of acid-fast bacilli on joint fluid and bone biopsy of the proximal phalanx. Imaging of the chest revealed multiple bilateral nodules. Confirmation of the diagnosis was made by isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum and bone cultures.

Conclusion

Tuberculosis should be considered in patients with unusual soft tissue or skeletal lesions, especially when an immunosuppressive condition is present. Ziehl-Neelsen staining and culture of tissue obtained via surgical biopsy offer the most direct approach to diagnosis.
Psychiatric problems of detainees under the Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001
Authors: Robbins Ian , MacKeith James , Davison Sophie , Kopelman Michael , Meux Clive , Ratnam Sumi , Somekh David , Taylor Richard
Published: November 2005

Aims and Method

To provide a composite view of the impact of indefinite detention under the Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001. Until recently, a number of detainees had been detained under this legislation since December 2001. The impact of this on eight detainees and three of their spouses is examined through qualitative analysis of 48 reports and documents compiled by 11 psychiatrists and 1 psychologist.

Results

Detention has had a severe adverse impact on the mental health of all detainees and the spouses interviewed. All were clinically depressed and a number had post-traumatic stress disorder. The indefinite nature of detention was a major factor in their deterioration.

Clinical Implications

The use of indefinite detention without trial has severe adverse consequences that may pose insurmountable problems for the prison healthcare system.
Assessing risk and emotional disturbance using the CORE–OM and HoNOS outcome measures at the interface between primary and secondary mental healthcare
Authors: Leach Chris , Lucock Mike , Barkham Michael , Noble Rachael , Clarke Linda , Iveson Steve
Published: November 2005

Aims and Method

There is interest in how outcome measures routinely used in mental health settings compare with each other in assessing risk and emotional disturbance. The relation between the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure (CORE–OM), a client-completed measure, and the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS), a clinician-completed measure, was explored using data from 297 clients referred to secondary services by a primary care mental health liaison team.

Results

The correlation between CORE–OM and HoNOS was 0.50, with cluster and factor analyses revealing overlap between the measures in assessing risk to self and others and general emotional issues.

Clinical Implications

Although the measures are typically used in different settings, the overlap suggests that both might be useful in any setting where assessment for mental health problems and risk is needed.
Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial Comparing Adjuvant Interferon Alfa and Isotretinoin With Interferon Alfa Alone in Stage IIA and IIB Melanoma: European Cooperative Adjuvant Melanoma Treatment Study Group
Authors: Richtig Erika , Soyer H. Peter , Posch Martin , Mossbacher Ulrike , Bauer Peter , Teban Ligia , Svolba Gerhard , Wolf Ingrid H. , Fritsch Peter , Zelger Bernhard , Volc-Platzer Beatrix , Gebhart Walter , Mischer Paul , Steiner Andreas , Pachinger Wolf , Hintner Helmut , Gschnait Friedrich , Rappersberger Klemens , Pilarski Peter , Pehamberger Hubert
Published: November 2005

Purpose

The combination of interferon alfa (IFNα) and isotretinoin has shown a direct antiproliferative effect on human melanoma cell lines, but it remained unclear whether this combination is more effective than IFNα alone in patients with metastatic melanoma. We evaluated safety and efficacy of IFNα and isotretinoin compared with IFNα alone as adjuvant treatment in patients with primary malignant melanoma stage IIA and IIB.

Patients and Methods

In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 407 melanoma patients in stage IIA (301 patients) and IIB (106 patients) were randomly assigned to either IFNα and isotretinoin (isotretinoin group; 206 patients) or IFNα and placebo (placebo group; 201 patients) after excision of the primary tumor. IFNα was administered three times a week at a dose of 3 million units subcutaneously for 24 months. Isotretinoin at a dose of 20 mg for patients ≤ 73 kg, 30 mg for patients greater than 73 kg, or placebo daily for 24 months.

Results

A scheduled interim analysis revealed no significant differences in survival rates, with the isotretinoin group and the placebo group showing 5-year disease-free survival rates of 55% (95% CI, 46% to 65%) and 67% (95% CI, 59% to 75%), respectively, and overall 5-year survival rates of 76% (95% CI, 67% to 84%) and 81% (95% CI, 74% to 88%), respectively. The trial was stopped for futility.

Conclusion

The addition of isotretinoin to an adjuvant treatment of low-dose IFNα in patients with stage IIA and IIB melanoma had no significant effect on disease-free or overall survival and is therefore not recommended.
Low-Dose Outpatient Chemobiotherapy With Temozolomide, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor, Interferon-α2b, and Recombinant Interleukin-2 for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Weber Robert W. , O'Day Steven , Rose Madalene , Deck Regina , Ames Patricia , Good James , Meyer John , Allen Robert , Trautvetter Sharon , Timmerman Molly , Cruickshank Scott , Cook Mary , Gonzalez Rene , Spitler Lynn E.
Published: November 2005

Purpose

The objective of this study was to further investigate the efficacy and safety of low-dose outpatient chemobiotherapy in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma.

Patients and Methods

Thirty-one patients with histologically confirmed unresectable measurable metastatic melanoma were enrolled onto an open-label, multicenter phase II study. The treatment regimen consisted of oral temozolomide followed by subcutaneous biotherapy with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-alfa, and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2).

Results

Twenty-eight patients (90%) had M1c disease, and 58% had three or more sites of metastasis. Four patients (13%), all with M1c disease, had a complete response, and four patients had a partial response. The median progression-free survival was 4.9 months and the median overall survival was 13.1 months. Two patients (6%) developed CNS metastasis as the first site of disease progression, and 7 (23%) of 30 experienced CNS progression after receiving chemobiotherapy. A total of 112 cycles of therapy were administered. Toxicity occurred in 78% of the cycles and was grade 1 or 2 in the majority of cases and easily managed. Grade 4 toxicity occurred in 3% of the cycles.

Conclusion

This low-dose chemobiotherapy combination produces clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma, even in those with M1c disease, is well tolerated, and allows home dosing. It offers a reasonable alternative to high-dose regimens, such as high-dose biochemotherapy or rIL-2 requiring prolonged periods of hospitalization, or single agent outpatient regimens, such as dacarbazine, which is usually not effective in patients with M1c disease. Furthermore, it may protect against the development of brain metastases.
Disruption of the Transmembrane Dense Core Vesicle Proteins IA-2 and IA-2β Causes Female Infertility
Authors: Kubosaki Atsutaka , Nakamura Shinichiro , Clark Anne , Morris John F. , Notkins Abner L.
Published: November 2005

Female infertility is a worldwide problem affecting 10–15% of the population. The cause of the infertility in many cases is not known. In the present report, we demonstrate that alterations in two transmembrane structural proteins, IA-2 and IA-2β, located in dense core secretory vesicles (DCV) of many endocrine and neuroendocrine cells, can result in female infertility. IA-2 and IA-2β are best known as major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes, but their normal function has remained an enigma. Recently we showed in mice that deletion of IA-2 and/or IA-2β results in impaired insulin secretion and glucose intolerance. We now report that double knockout (DKO), but not single knockout, female mice are essentially infertile. Vaginal smears showed a totally abnormal estrous cycle, and examination of the ovaries revealed normal-appearing oocytes but the absence of corpora lutea. The LH surge that is required for ovulation occurred in wild-type mice but not in DKO mice. Additional studies showed that the LH level in the pituitary of DKO female mice was decreased compared with wild-type mice. Treatment of DKO females with gonadotropins restored corpora lutea formation. In contrast to DKO female mice, DKO male mice were fertile and LH levels in the serum and pituitary were within the normal range. From these studies we conclude that the DCV proteins, IA-2 and IA-2β, play an important role in LH secretion and that alterations in structural proteins of DCV can result in female infertility.
Thioredoxin-Binding Protein-2-Like Inducible Membrane Protein Is a Novel Vitamin D3 and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)γ Ligand Target Protein that Regulates PPARγ Signaling
Authors: Oka Shin-ichi , Masutani Hiroshi , Liu Wenrui , Horita Hiroyuki , Wang Dongmei , Kizaka-Kondoh Shinae , Yodoi Junji
Published: November 2005

Thioredoxin binding protein-2 (TBP-2), which is identical with vitamin D3 (VD3) up-regulated protein 1 (VDUP1), plays a crucial role in the integration of glucose and lipid metabolism. There are three highly homologous genes of TBP-2/vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1 in humans, but their functions remain unclear. Here we characterized a TBP-2 homolog, TBP-2-like inducible membrane protein (TLIMP). In contrast to TBP-2, TLIMP displayed no significant binding affinity for thioredoxin. TLIMP exhibited an inner membrane-associated pattern of distribution and also colocalized with transferrin and low-density lipoprotein, indicating endosome- and lysosome-associated functions. VD3 and ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, an important regulator of energy metabolism and cell growth inhibition, induced the expression of TLIMP as well as TBP-2. Overexpression of TLIMP suppressed both anchorage-dependent and -independent cell growth and PPARγ ligand-inducible gene activation. These results suggest that TLIMP, a novel VD3- or PPARγ ligand-inducible membrane-associated protein, plays a regulatory role in cell proliferation and PPARγ activation.
Intermedin/Adrenomedullin-2 Inhibits Growth Hormone Release from Cultured, Primary Anterior Pituitary Cells
Authors: Taylor Meghan M. , Bagley Sara L. , Samson Willis K.
Published: November 2005

Intermedin (IMD), a novel member of the adrenomedullin (AM), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), amylin (AMY) peptide family, has been reported to act promiscuously at all the known receptors for these peptides. Like AM and CGRP, IMD acts in the circulation to decrease blood pressure and in the brain to inhibit food intake, effects that could be explained by activation of the known CGRP, AM, or AMY receptors. Because AM, CGRP, and AMY have been reported to affect hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland, we examined the effects of IMD on GH, ACTH, and prolactin secretion from dispersed anterior pituitary cells harvested from adult male rats. IMD, in log molar concentrations ranging from 1.0 pm to 100 nm, failed to significantly alter basal release of the three hormones. Similarly, IMD failed to significantly alter CRH-stimulated ACTH or TRH-stimulated prolactin secretion in vitro. However, IMD concentration-dependently inhibited GHRH-stimulated GH release from these cell cultures. The effects of IMD, although requiring higher concentrations, were as efficacious as those of somatostatin and, like somatostatin, may be mediated, at least in part, by decreasing cAMP accumulation. These actions of IMD were not shared by other members of the AM-CGRP-AMY family of peptides, suggesting the presence of a novel, unique IMD receptor in the anterior pituitary gland and a potential neuroendocrine action of IMD to interact with the hypothalamic mechanisms controlling growth and metabolism.
Switch to diester preen waxes may reduce avian nest predation by mammalian predators using olfactory cues
Authors: Reneerkens Jeroen , Piersma Theunis , Damsté Jaap S. Sinninghe
Published: November 2005

It has long been recognised that nest depredation by olfactory-searching mammals greatly influences the reproductive success of ground-nesting birds. Yet adaptations of birds to diminish smell during nesting have rarely been investigated. Recently, a remarkable shift in the composition of uropygial gland secretions (preen waxes) was discovered in many ground-nesting shorebirds and ducks that begin incubation, during which the usual mixtures of monoester preen waxes are replaced by mixtures of less volatile diester waxes. In this study we show experimentally that an olfactory-searching dog had greater difficulty detecting mixtures of the less volatile diesters than mixtures of monoesters. This is consistent with the hypothesis that diester preen waxes reduce birds' smell and thereby reduce predation risk.
Historical Overview of Research in Reconfigurable Flight Control
Authors: Steinberg M
Published: November 2005

This article presents a historical overview of research in reconfigurable flight control. For the purpose of this article, the term ‘reconfigurable flight control’ is used to refer to software algorithms designed specifically to compensate for failures or damage of flight control effectors or lifting surfaces, using the remaining effectors to generate compensating forces and moments. This article will discuss initial research and flight testing of approaches based on explicit fault detection, isolation, and estimation, as well as later approaches based on continuously adaptive and intelligent control algorithms. In addition, approaches for trajectory reshaping of an impaired aircraft with reconfigurable inner loop control laws will be briefly discussed. Finally, there will be some discussion on current implementations of reconfigurable control to improve safety on production and flight test aircraft and remaining challenges to enable broader use of the technology, such as the difficulties of flight certification of these types of approaches.
Design and Evaluation of a Damage-Tolerant Flight Control System
Authors: Hess R A , Vetter T K , Wells S R
Published: November 2005

The performance and stability requirements for a robust flight control system design are presented in the form of a ‘design challenge.’ The challenge includes description of specific vehicle failures that are to be accommodated by the flight control system. The vehicle chosen for the design is the innovative control effector vehicle, and both longitudinal and lateral/directional degrees of freedom are included. Two flight conditions are considered: Mach number 0.3 and altitude 15 000 ft; Mach number 0.9 and altitude 35 000 ft. No scheduling of the flight control law is permitted in the design. After the performance and stability requirements are described, a solution to the design challenge is presented in the form of a sliding-mode control system offered as an alternative to reconfigurable designs. The performance of this system is then evaluated through analysis and computer simulation, including significant failures and damage.
Ensuring Access to Emergency Services in the Presence of Long Internet Dial-Up Calls
Authors: Ramaswami V. , Poole David , Ahn Soohan , Byers Simon , Kaplan Alan
Published: November 2005

Telephone availability is critical, particularly in emergency situations when people need immediate help. We used statistical data analysis and queueing models to identify the root cause of dial-tone unavailability in parts of the AT&T network and to develop remedies. Our solutions restored quality service, protecting the AT&T brand name and ensuring the safety of our customers. This work also gave AT&T opportunities to reduce transit charges paid to other carriers by $15 million per year. In addition, we have filed five patent requests, of which two have been granted and the rest are pending (Chaudhury et al. 2004, Kaplan and Ramaswami 2004). Furthermore, our findings have important implications for several current areas of research related to Internet and broadband technologies, call-center engineering, and network security.
Reinventing Crew Scheduling at Netherlands Railways
Authors: Abbink Erwin , Fischetti Matteo , Kroon Leo , Timmer Gerrit , Vromans Michiel
Published: November 2005

In 2001, the 6,500+ drivers and conductors of the Dutch railway operator NS Reizigers were very dissatisfied with the structure of their duties, which led to nationwide strikes. However, the successful application of an operations research model supported the development of an alternative set of scheduling rules. This alternative set of rules, called Sharing-Sweet-and-Sour, satisfied the drivers’ and conductors’ requests for more variety in their duties and improved the railway operator’s punctuality and efficiency. The application of the operations research model cut personnel costs by about $4.8 million (1.2 percent) per year. Moreover, we showed that the railway operator could even reduce personnel costs by over $7 million per year.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lev Benjamin
Published: November 2005

The range of books reviewed is wide, covering theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems (no software is reviewed). In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. Publishers who wish to have their books reviewed should send them to Professor Benjamin Lev. We list the books received; not all books received can be reviewed because space is limited. Those who would like to review books are urged to send me their names, addresses, and specific areas of expertise. We commission all reviews and do not accept unsolicited book reviews. Readers are encouraged to suggest books that might be reviewed or to ask publishers to send me copies of such books.

The authors or editors of the books reviewed in this issue are Tito A. Ciriani, Giorgio Fasano, Stefano Gliozzi, Roberto Tadei, Elliott Mendelson, John L. Nazareth, Narayan S. Rau, Philippe Robert, Stefan Seuring, Martin Muller, Maria Goldbach, and Uwe Schneidewind.
The Spectrographic Characterization of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Hyman H. M. , Weisberger S.
Published: November 2005

A spectrographic method has been developed for the determination of the following elements, in the given concentration ranges, in aluminum alloys: manganese 0.01–0.8%, iron 0.1–6.0%, magnesium 0.1–2.0%, copper 0.3–10.0%, zinc, 0.03–5.0%, silicon 0.1–6.0%, chromium 0.02–0.4%, nickel 0.02–0.6%, titanium 0.01–0.1%, lead 0.01–1.0%, calcium 0.1–2.0%. The standard errors of estimate, calculated for each of the working curves used, range from 11.4% to 14.0%. The method has proven itself highly satisfactory for the classification of unknown types of aluminum alloys and, to a limited extent, in specification analyses.

It is versatile since it can be applied to a sample of any size, shape or metallurgical history.
A Study of Matrix Effects on a Graphite Base Semi-Quantitative Procedure
Authors: Grove E. L. , Norris J. A.
Published: November 2005

This paper will report an investigation of the procedure routinely used for the analysis of electromagnetically separated isotopes and in particular the variations in analytical results due to matrix effects. Analytical samples are mixed in a ratio of 1 to 9 parts graphite by weight and arced at S amperes, 2400 volts a.c. in a 3/16-inch pedestal type electrode. Inconsistencies in analytical results for certain samples prompted the authors to study some common impurities; namely, Al, Fe, Ca, Ba, and Si in matrices involving fluorides, chlorides, carbonates, and sulfates of several alkaline and alkaline earth elements which from experience have shown the greatest variations. Quantitative data showing enhancement and suppression effects are given.
A Direct Infrared Method for Determining 4-Methyl-2,6-Ditertiarybutylphenol in Mineral Oil
Authors: Bain George H.
Published: November 2005

A convenient and rapid direct infrared method for determining 4-methyl-2,6-ditertiarybutylphenol in mineral oil has been developed that uses the 2.74-micron hydroxyl band. The spectrum of the sample is recorded between 2.65 and 2.85 microns to obtain a pair of absorbances from which the phenol concentration is determined. The corresponding phenol-free oil is not needed, and no sample preparation is required when other substances containing the hydroxyl group are absent. The method is accurate to 0.01% phenol; instrument time is about five minutes.
Semi-Automatic Arc Gap with a Motorized Stand
Authors: Owen Louis E.
Published: November 2005

A system providing semiautomatic arc-gap control for emission spectrography is described. Motor-driven electrode-carrying arms of an arc-spark stand are positioned according to signals derived from phototransistors located in the image plane of the arc gap produced by a cylindrical lens. The circuitry is applicable to other stands.
A Rapid Matching Technique for Semi-Quantitative Spectrochemical Analysis
Authors: Hodge Edwin S. , Baer William K.
Published: November 2005

Several widely-used methods of qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis involve the visual estimation of line intensity. The subjective nature of such observations and the repetitious handling of plates or films have led to the development of a visual intensity scale.

A selected single line at several different intensities was enlarged to make a transparent intensity scale. This was placed behind the viewing screen of an ARL projection-comparator A table of intensities measured by the scale was prepared for about 40 elements ranging from 0.0001 to 30% concentration. Using the scale and the table, over 90% of the individual determinations on 25 standard samples were in agreement with the certified values.

The advantages of this technique include faster analysis, freedom from handling standard spectrograms on plates or films, elimination of eye strain in using a plate magnifier, and the elimination of comparison of lines intensities by memory.
A Spectrochemical Method for the Determination of Trace Amounts of Silver in Stainless Type Steels
Authors: Woodruff J. F. , Harris Thomas , Canody Lillian J.
Published: November 2005

A spectrochemical method is described for the determination of silver in stainless type steels. This method uses briquetted drillings, millings, or nibblings. Details of the method, such as sample holders, the line pair used, excitation conditions, preparation of standards, and precision of data are discussed.
Quantitative Determination of Impurities in Selenium
Authors: Peterson G. E. , Currier E. W.
Published: November 2005

A quantitative spectrochemical procedure is given for the determination of aluminum, bismuth, copper, lead, magnesium, nickel, silver, and zinc, in high purity selenium. The nominal range is from 1.0 to 100 parts per million with slight variations peculiar to the individual elements. A 0.50 gram sample is burned directly in a d.c. arc. For the elements covered in this report, the average percentage error is within ±20% when the average of triplicate determinations is utilized for each sample. The method is simple and rapid, and enables one to synthesize standards with a minimum of contamination and effort The elements sought, their analytical spectral lines, and their minimum detectable amounts are given in tabular form. This method is designed for use in research as well as quality control.
Quantitative Ultraviolet Vapor Spectrophotometry
Authors: Friedel R. A.
Published: November 2005

Applications of quantitative ultraviolet vapor spectrophotometry are discussed. A micropipet-sintered disc sample introduction technique based on accurate volume measurements circumvents difficult measurement of low pressures. The method greatly facilitates determination of accurate absorption intensities and thus permits many applications of vapor spectra requiring accurate intensity data. Quantitative analyses are presented.

Deviations from the linear absorption law in the sharp bands of benzene and toluene vapors have been studied quantitatively. These deviations may be due to finite slit widths or to nearby scattered radiation, but they apparently are not due to sample fluorescence.
The Dependence of Background Associated with High Voltage AC Arc Spectra on Certain Parameters
Authors: Strasheim A.
Published: November 2005

An experiment is described which seems to indicate that line spectra of analysis elements and the associated background are excited concurrently in an ac arc. If, for the analysis of plant and biological materials, an ac arc is used as light source, the intense OH band spectrum covering the wavelength region 3063–3300 Å is best resolved by arcing the sample in an atmosphere of oxygen Carbon dioxide is unsatisfactory. The gas environment of an ac arc influences its spectral characteristics and spectra excited in oxygen and carbon dioxide atmospheres are much more spark-like than spectra excited in air Of the arc parameters, viz electrode separation and arc current, the latter is the more critical and arc currents must be regulated to .1 ampere.
Standards for the Spectrographic Analysis of Magnesium, It's Alloys and Some Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Pittwell L. R.
Published: November 2005

Methods for the preparation and use of spectrographic standards for the analysis of magnesium and aluminum are discussed, and a method of preparation described. Methods of analysing the standards for homogeneity and composition are included.
New Direct Reading Attachment for Three Meter Concave Grating Spectrograph
Authors: Eikrem L. O.
Published: November 2005

A direct reading attachment for the Baird-Atomic Three Meter Concave Grating Spectrograph is described. The 20-inch plate-holder is replaced by a “DR Head”, an assembly containing focal curve, exit slits, and photomultiplier tubes. Rapid setting of exit slits is facilitated by use of an electronic slit setting attachment. A separate cabinet contains high and low voltage power supplies, the measuring circuitry, and the clock type reading units. The concentrations of eight different elements may be read simultaneously. Stability of optical alignment is assured by the use of a servo monitor which automatically and continuously keeps the spectrum lines precisely aligned with the exit slits.
The Use of Perchloryl Fluoride in Flame Photometry
Authors: Schmauch George E. , Serfass Earl J.
Published: November 2005

Perchloryl fluoride and hydrogen as a gas combination burned in a modified Beckman burner produces an easily controlled, bluish flame with sufficiently low background for use as an excitation source A survey of the type of spectra produced by the hydrogen-perchloryl fluoride flame with various series of solutions of metallic salts was performed to determine the effectiveness of this gas combination in flame photometric analyses.

A comparison of the various lines and bands produced upon excitation of samples by three gas combinations was made These included acetylene-oxygen, hydrogen-fluorine, and hydrogen-perchloryl fluoride gas combinations From this comparison, one observes that primarily atomic line and metal oxide band radiation is produced by the acetylene-oxygen flame and primarily atomic line and metal fluoride and chloride band radiation is produced by the hydrogen-perchloryl fluoride flame The hydrogen-fluorine flame produced primarily atomic line and metal fluoride band radiation for the elements studied. Both the hydrogen-fluorine and the hydrogen-perchloryl fluoride flames are capable of producing the same type of radiation, however, the lines and bands produced by the former are generally more intense

It should be noted that, in general, the solvent does not effect the type of radiation observed for a particular element when excited with the hydrogen-perchloryl fluoride flame, but the organic solvents seem to produce higher intensity under similar conditions
Spectrophotometric Determination of Molecular Weights by Use of Styphnates and Picrates
Authors: Siele Victor I. , Picard Jean P.
Published: November 2005

The molecular weights of a large variety of amines, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic amines, have been determined by a study of the absorption spectra of their picrate and styphnate derivatives The effect of concentration upon the accuracy of the method is discussed The rapidity and simplicity of this technique appears to be quite promising