bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term morbidity associated with delayed treatment of first
admission schizophrenic patients: a re-analysis of the Camarillo State
Hospital data
Authors: WYATT R. J. , GREEN M. F. , TUMA A. H.
Published: July 2002

Background. The authors examined data from a
follow-up study of first admission schizophrenic patients treated with
and without antipsychotic medications, who were discharged from the
hospital within 6 months. It was predicted that patients who did not
require antipsychotic medications for discharge would have a more
favourable long-term outcome.

Methods. The subjects were part of the Camarillo State
Hospital study conducted by May and colleagues in the late 1950s and
early 1960s. Patients had been randomly assigned to treatment with and
without antipsychotic medications. The number of rehospitalization
days and total prescribed chlorpromazine equivalents were calculated
for each patient for the 2 years following discharge. In order to
assess patients' continuing ability to function, 11 patients from
each group who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia were matched for
age, educational status at first admission, race, and gender; their
Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) score was estimated
across a period of 6–7 years following discharge.

Results. During the second year following discharge,
patients initially treated with antipsychotic medications required
fewer rehospitalization days than the initially non-medicated
patients. Furthermore, 6–7 years following initial discharge,
those patients initially treated with medications were functioning at
a higher level, as measured by GAF scores, than patients not initially
treated with antipsychotic medications.

Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that, at
least for this subgroup of patients, early treatment with
antipsychotic medications both decreases the immediate morbidity
associated with schizophrenia, and prevents detrimental changes
possibly related to prolonged untreated psychosis.
The effects of unemployment on psychiatric illness during young
adulthood
Authors: FERGUSSON D. M. , HORWOOD L. J. , LYNSKEY M. T.
Published: July 2002

Background. The aims of this study were to examine
the associations between exposure to unemployment following school
leaving and rates of psychiatric disorder using data gathered on a
birth cohort of New Zealand young people studied up to the age of
18.

Methods. At age 18 cohort members were assessed on:
(a) duration of exposure to unemployment from age 16;
(b) DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depression, anxiety
disorders, conduct disorder, nicotine dependence, other substance
abuse/dependence and attempted suicide. This information was
integrated into longitudinal data gathered on the social
circumstances, family background and adjustment of the cohort up to
the age of 18.

Results. Increasing exposure to unemployment was
associated with increasing risks of psychiatric disorder in
adolescence. Those exposed to 6 months or more unemployment had rates
of disorder that were 1·5 to 5·4 times higher than those
not exposed to unemployment. However, most of the elevated risk of
disorder among those unemployed was explained by family and personal
factors that were present prior to school leaving age. Nonetheless,
even after control for these factors those exposed to unemployment had
significantly higher rates of anxiety disorder and substance use
disorders.

Conclusions. To a large extent the relationships between
unemployment and psychiatric disorder seen in this cohort were
explained by social, family and personal factors that were present
before school leaving age. Nonetheless, young people exposed to
unemployment had higher rates of substance use and anxiety
disorder.
Suicidal behaviour: an epidemiological and genetic study
Authors: STATHAM D. J. , HEATH A. C. , MADDEN P. A. F. , BUCHOLZ K. K. , BIERUT L. , DINWIDDIE S. H. , SLUTSKE W. S. , DUNNE M. P. , MARTIN N. G.
Published: July 2002

Background. Psychiatric history, familial history of suicide

attempts, and certain traumatic life
events are important predictors of suicidal thoughts and behaviour.
We examined the epidemiology
and genetics of suicidality (i.e. reporting persistent suicidal
thoughts or a plan or suicide attempt)
in a large community-based sample of MZ and DZ twin pairs.

Method. Diagnostic telephone interviews were conducted
in 1992–3 with twins from an Australian
twin panel first surveyed in 1980–82 (N=5995 respondents).

Data were analysed using logistic
regression models, taking into account twin pair zygosity and the history
of suicidality in the
respondent's co-twin.

Results. Lifetime prevalence of suicidal thoughts and attempts

was remarkably constant across birth
cohorts 1930–1964, and across gender. Major psychiatric correlates
were history of major
depression, panic disorder, social phobia in women, alcohol dependence
and childhood conduct
problems. Traumatic events involving assault (childhood sexual
abuse, rape or physical assault) or
status-loss (job loss, loss of property or home, divorce), and
the personality trait neuroticism, were
also significantly associated with suicide measures. Prevalence
of serious suicide attempts varied as
a function of religious affiliation. After controlling for these
variables, however, history of suicide
attempts or persistent thoughts in the respondent's co-twin
remained a powerful predictor in MZ
pairs (odds ratio=3·9), but was not consistently predictive in DZ
pairs.
Overall, genetic factors
accounted for approximately 45% of the variance in suicidal thoughts and
behaviour (95%
confidence interval 33–51%).

Conclusions. Risk of persistent suicidal thoughts and
suicide attempts is determined by a complex
interplay of psychiatric history, neuroticism, traumatic life
experiences, genetic vulnerability specific
for suicidal behaviour and sociocultural risk or protective factors.
Psychiatric co-morbidity and hospital utilization in
the general medical sector
Authors: SAVOCA ELIZABETH
Published: July 2002

Background. This article provides evidence about the relationship
between psychiatric disorders,
physical disorders and hospital use in the general medical sector using
a broadly based survey of the
US population.

Methods. The data are from the 1989 National Health Interview
Survey. This survey contains
medical and mental health evaluations for the entire sample. In a multivariate
framework, the
author estimates the effect of mental illness on the probability of being
admitted to a general
hospital, the number of admissions and the length of stay.

Results. Hospital use in the general medical sector is significantly
higher for persons with coexisting
physical and psychiatric conditions than for those with no psychiatric
disorders. For a wide range
of medical conditions, the predicted number of hospital admissions and
the length of a hospital stay
increase substantially when the physical illness is accompanied by a psychiatric
condition.

Conclusions. One implication of this finding is that economic
evaluations of alternative psychiatric
treatments should consider any differences in hospital costs related to
the treatment of coexisting
medical conditions. Another implication pertains to health care systems
where insurers have some
discretion over which individuals to insure. In the absence of adequate
adjustments in insurance
payments for high-risk potential enrollees, psychiatrically disabled persons
may have more limited
access to health insurance.
Ageing and mental health in a developing country: who cares? Qualitative studies from Goa, India
Authors: PATEL VIKRAM , PRINCE MARTIN
Published: July 2002

Background. While there is a growing body of epidemiological evidence on the prevalence of mental
illnesses in late-life in developing countries, there is limited data on cultural perceptions of mental
illnesses and care arrangement for older people.

Method. This qualitative study used focus group discussions with older people and key informants
to investigate the status of older people and concepts of late-life mental health conditions,
particularly dementia and depression, in Goa, India.

Results. Vignettes of depression and dementia were widely recognized. However, neither condition
was thought to constitute a health condition. Dementia was construed as a normal part of ageing
and was not perceived as requiring medical care. Thus, primary health physicians rarely saw this
condition in their clinical work, but community health workers frequently recognized individuals
with dementia. Depression was a common presentation in primary care, but infrequently diagnosed.
Both late-life mental disorders were attributed to abuse, neglect, or lack of love on the part of
children towards a parent. There was evidence that the system of family care and support for older
persons was less reliable than has been claimed. Care was often conditional upon the child's
expectation of inheriting the parent's property. Care for those with dependency needs was almost
entirely family-based with little or no formal services. Unsurprisingly, fear for the future, and in
particular ‘dependency anxiety’ was commonplace among older Goans.

Conclusions. There is a need to raise awareness about mental disorders in late-life in the community
and among health professionals, and to improve access to appropriate health care for the elderly
with mental illness. The study suggests directions for the future development of locally appropriate
support services, such as involving the comprehensive network of community health workers.
Why divine foreknowledge?
Authors: ROBINSON MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Christian theism has traditionally claimed that God knows the future.
But why is divine foreknowledge important? In this essay, I argue that divine
foreknowledge is valuable to Christian theism and that a hefty theological price
must be paid if it is rejected. I also attempt to show that the range of knowledge
available to God in theological models that deny divine foreknowledge is
significantly less than claimed by proponents of these views. In particular, I argue
that the God of such models could not know future physical necessities, physical
probabilities, divinely intended future free acts, or future events required by the
divine nature.
Hell and the goodness of God
Authors: VAN HOLTEN WILKO
Published: July 2002

In this paper I contribute to the ongoing debate on hell in three
ways:
(1) I distinguish between three questions that play a key role in any discussion
of the
doctrine of hell; (2) I argue positively for the need of a doctrine of
hell for Christian
theism; (3) after evaluating several theological positions, I argue that
the doctrine
of hell should be construed as intrinsically bound up with the Christian
conviction
that God is love and wants to live with human beings in a relationship
of mutual
love and fellowship. From this perspective on hell I provide some fresh
criticisms on
the positions of John Hick, Thomas Talbott, and Charles Seymour.
John J. Gumperz & Stephen C. Levinson (eds.),
Rethinking linguistic relativity. (Studies in
the social and cultural foundations of language.) Cambridge
& New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. viii,
488. Hb $75.95, pb $27.95
Authors: Hill Jane H.
Published: July 2002

Almost forty years ago, the “Whorf Hypothesis”
was one of the things that attracted me to linguistic anthropology.
George Orwell's 1984, with its dark vision
of a world made safe for power by bureaucratic euphemism,
was one of my favorite books, and Whorf's claim that
novel and valuable ways of understanding the world might
be encoded in small stateless languages struck me as a
particularly telling and precise statement of a large anthropological
commitment. But my own Whorfianism, and everybody else's
as well, was soon to be seriously challenged. In the late
1960s and early 1970s, new scholarship on language universals
and linguistic typology undercut the theory of linguistic
relativity. Whorf's own best-known descriptive claims,
especially those about Hopi, were challenged by knowledgeable
field workers (Voegelin et al. 1979, Malotki 1983). By
the early 1990s, Steven Pinker could confidently write
that Whorfianism was “wrong, all wrong” (1994:57),
“outlandish” (63), and “bunk” (65)
– and this is a mere subsample of Pinker's characterizations.
Neurophysiological measures of reading difficulty in very‐low‐birthweight children
Authors: Khan Shakeela C. , Frisk Virginia , Taylor Margot J.
Published: July 2002

Twenty‐four 8–10‐year‐old children (13 very low birthweight, 11 control) performed a lexical decision and a semantic classification task while event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Both groups were within normal range on standardized reading tests, but the very‐low‐birthweight group had lower scores. There were no differences between groups in reaction times or accuracy for ERP tasks. On analyses of P2a (246 ms anteriorly), P2p (336 ms posteriorly), N2a (356 ms anteriorly), and N2p (396 ms posteriorly) peaks and a late positive component, control children showed greater right than left asymmetry at P2p and greater left than right asymmetry at N2a. Very‐low‐birthweight children showed less asymmetry. For the late positive component, both groups showed greater left than right asymmetry, which was more marked for the semantic classification task. The results suggest that very‐low‐birthweight children display differing cortical utilization during reading.
Adaptiveness, law-of-effect theory, and control-system theory
Authors: Coleman S. R.
Published: July 2002

It is suggested that the control-system theory of Domjan et al. restates in engineering vocabulary the primary thesis of law-of-effect theories: namely, that classical-conditioning arrangements may involve CR-contingent reinforcement. The research cited by Domjan et al. is relevant to the idea that classical conditioning is an adaptive process, but is irrelevant to their control-system theory.
Adaptive flexibility, testosterone, and mating fitness: Are low FA individuals the pinnacle of evolution?
Authors: Cunningham Michael R.
Published: July 2002

The expansion of human evolutionary theory into the domain of personal and environmental determinants of mating strategies is applauded. Questions are raised about the relation between fluctuating asymmetry (FA), testosterone, and body size and their effects on male behavior and outcomes. Low FA males' short-term mating pattern is considered in the context of an evolved tendency for closer and longer human relationships.
On the behavioural interpretation of neurophysiological observation
Authors: Laming Donald R. J.
Published: July 2002

Examples of terror generated by an aircraft disaster, of human courtship behaviour, and of the application of laboratory techniques to the commercial training of animals suggest (1) that emotion is simply the subjective counterpart of (objective) motivation (so that separate brain mechanisms would be an embarrassment) and (2) the apparent involvement of reward and punishment is a consequence of the excessively narrow range of experimental procedures used and has no foundation in the design of the brain.
Hesitations and clarifications on a model to abandon feedback
Authors: Slowiaczek Louisa M.
Published: July 2002

Hesitations about accepting whole-heartedly Norris et al.'s suggestion to abandon feedback in speech processing models concern (1) whether accounting for all available data justifies additional layers of complexity in the model and (2) whether characterizing Merge as non- interactive is valid. Spoken word recognition studies support the nature of Merge's lexical level and suggest that phonemes should comprise the prelexical level.
Innate psychology and open-ended processes: Finding the middle ground
Authors: Wilson David Sloan
Published: July 2002

Rolls's mechanistic account of emotion can help to bridge a rift within the field of evolutionary psychology. One side of the rift emphasizes the importance of innate psychological mechanisms that evolved to solve specific problems encountered in the ancestral environment. The other side emphasizes learning, development, and culture as open-ended evolutionary processes in their own right. Rolls shows how these two views can be reconciled, allowing a productive middle ground to be explored.
“Spandrels of the night?”
Authors: Lynch Gary , Colgin Laura Lee , Palmer Linda
Published: July 2002

Vertes & Eastman argue against the popular idea that dreams promote memory consolidation and suggest instead that REM provides periodic endogenous stimulation during sleep. Although we suspect that much of the debate on the function of dreams reflects a too eager acceptance of the “adaptationist program,” we nonetheless support the position of the authors and propose a specific advantage of periodic REM activity.

[Vertes & Eastman]
Facing the hard question
Authors: Duch Włodzisław
Published: July 2002

The following questions are considered: Why is it difficult to create a theory of consciousness? What are the contents of consciousness? What kind of theory is acceptable as transparent? and, What is the value of conscious experience?
Embodiment in language-based memory: Some qualifications
Authors: de Vega Manuel
Published: July 2002

(1) Non-projectable properties as opposed to the clamping of
projectable properties play a primary role in triggering and guiding
human action. (2) Embodiment in language-mediated memories should
be qualified: (a) Language imposes a radical discretization on body
constraints (second-order embodiment). (b) Metaphors rely on
second-order embodiment. (c) Language users sometimes suspend
embodiment.
Embodiment is the foundation, not a level
Authors: Feldman Jerome A.
Published: July 2002

Embodiment, the explicit dependence of cognition on the
properties of the human body, is the foundation of contemporary
cognitive science. Ballard et al.'s target article makes an
important contribution to the embodiment story by suggesting how
limitations on neural binding ability lead to deictic strategies for
many tasks. It also exploits the powerful experimental method of
instrumented virtual reality. This commentary suggests some ways
in which the target article might be misinterpreted and offers other
cautions.
Repetition priming: Memory or attention?
Authors: Milner Peter M.
Published: July 2002

There is no general agreement as to the meaning of long-term
potentiation, but this cannot be resolved by using it to explain
additional phenomena. Increased attention to recently experienced
stimuli is a form of learning known to neuropsychologists as
repetition priming. As more is learned about the neurochemistry
of synaptic change, the term LTP will wither.
Processing limitations can help neural growth build hierarchical representations
Authors: Haith Gary
Published: July 2002

Processing limitations can be an advantage for a learner
(Elman 1993; Newport 1990; Turkewitz 1982). They can filter input to
the learner so that the relations to be learned increase in complexity
only gradually. The time-course of filtered input can complement the
growing neural representations discussed by Quartz &
Sejnowski.
Distal versus proximal mechanisms of “real” self-deception
Authors: Lockard Joan S.
Published: July 2002

There is little fear that the concept of motivational bias as proposed by Mele is likely to dampen the current academic
ferment (see Mele's Introduction) with respect to self-deception
for several reasons: (a) like philosophy, science has more recently
abandoned the heuristic of a rational human mind; (b) the concept
is parsimonious, applicable to many research topics other than
self-deception, and, therefore, scientifically serviceable; (c) as a
proximal mechanism it addresses process rather than function, that
is, how rather than why questions; (d) it is not
as interesting a question as why there is a high prevalence of
“real” self-deception (i.e., “garden-variety
self-deception” as described by Mele, see sect. 6); and (e)
a more penetrating issue is whether “real” self-deception
is adaptive.
Innate talents: Reality or myth?
Authors: Howe Michael J. A. , Davidson Jane W. , Sloboda John A.
Published: July 2002

Talents that selectively facilitate the acquisition of high
levels of skill are said to be present in some children but not
others. The evidence for this includes biological correlates of
specific abilities, certain rare abilities in autistic savants, and
the seemingly spontaneous emergence of exceptional abilities
in young children, but there is also contrary evidence indicating
an absence of early precursors of high skill levels. An analysis of
positive and negative evidence and arguments suggests that
differences in early experiences, preferences, opportunities,
habits, training, and practice are the real determinants of
excellence.
Cultural transmission with an evolved intuitive ontology: Domain-specific cognitive tracks of inheritance
Authors: Boyer Pascal
Published: July 2002

Atran's account of cultural transmission can be
further refined by considering constraints from early-developed, domain-specific intuitive ontological understanding. These
suggest specific predictions about the cultural survival of
“memes,” depending on the way they activate
intuitive understanding. There is no general dynamic of cultural
inheritance; only complex predictions for domain-specific
competencies that cut across cultural domains.
Reconnecting data analysis and research design: Who needs a confidence interval?
Authors: Hayes Andrew F.
Published: July 2002

Chow illustrates the important role played by significance
testing in the evaluation of research findings. Statistics and the
goals of research should be treated as both interrelated and separate
parts of the research evaluation process – a message that will
benefit all who read Chow's book. The arguments are especially
pertinent to the debate over the relative merits of confidence
intervals and significance tests.
We can't fill in answers to philosophical questions
Authors: Kaufman Lloyd
Published: July 2002

The target article discusses the classic blind spot, scotomas,
subjective contours, and other so-called filling-in phenomena. Its
purpose is to evaluate the idea that some theories of filling-in
amount to tacit acceptance of Cartesian materialism and a form of
psychophysical isomorphism. Pessoa et al. reject what is termed
structural isomorphism as well as Cartesian materialism, but claim
that neural processes adduced as underlying filling-in may be
acceptable without implying isomorphism. The article supports the
idea of perceiving as an active constructive process. However, the
various subthemes are not clearly related to each other. Topological
psychophysical isomorphism is indeed untenable, but the tacit
assumption that filling-in enjoys any kind of unique status with
respect to illuminating philosophical questions is doubtful.
A neural basis for the Chorus model?
Authors: Tovée M. J.
Published: July 2002

The neural basis of the Chorus model has been cast in terms
of the visual alphabet theory, but the neural evidence can also be
interpreted as supporting a theory of higher level representation in
which neurons are responsive to complex 3D stimuli. These neurons,
functioning as a population, could also form the basis of a
representation such as envisaged by the Chorus model.
Insufficient support for either response “priming” or “program-level imitation”
Authors: Zentall Thomas R.
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon propose that priming can account for the
imitation of simple actions, but they fail to explain how the behavior
of another can prime the observer's own behavior. They also
propose that imitation of complex skills requires a sequence of acts
tied together by a program, but they fail to rule out the role of
trial-and-error learning and perceptual/motivational mechanisms
in such task acquisition.
Psychology and sociology: Beyond neither determinism nor science
Authors: Schooler Carmi
Published: July 2002

While agreeing with Rose's reasoning about why the causes
of organisms' behaviors cannot be reduced to the solely biological
and molecular, this review questions Rose's uses of the terms
“determinism” and “contingency”; his occasional
seemingly cavalier acceptance as fact of unproven hypotheses about
social and psychological phenomena; and his general disdain for the
psychometric tradition and its causal modeling extensions.
Zeta functions for certain non-hyperbolic systems and topological Markov approximations
Authors: YURI MICHIKO
Published: July 2002

We study dynamical (Artin–Mazur–Ruelle) zeta functions for piecewise invertible multi-dimensional maps. In particular, we direct our attention to non-hyperbolic systems admitting countable generating definite partitions which are not necessarily Markov but satisfy the finite range structure (FRS) condition. We define a version of Gibbs measure (weak Gibbs measure) and by using it we establish an analogy with thermodynamic formalism for specific cases, i.e. a characterization of the radius of convergence in terms of pressure. The FRS condition leads us to nice countable state symbolic dynamics and allows us to realize it as towers over Markov systems. The Markov approximation method then gives a product formula of zeta functions for certain weighted functions.
Pruning fronts and the formation of horseshoes
Authors: DE CARVALHO ANDRÉ
Published: July 2002

Let $f: \mathbb{R}^{2} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2}$ be a homeomorphism of the plane. We define open sets $P \subset \mathbb{R}^{2}$, called pruning fronts after the work of Cvitanović et al. in 1988, for which it is possible to construct an isotopy $H: \mathbb{R}^{2} \times [0,1] \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2}$ with open support contained in $\bigcup _{n \in {\mathbb{Z}} } f^{n} (P)$ such that $H(\cdot, 0 ) = f(\cdot)$ and $H(\cdot, 1) = f_{P} (\cdot)$, where $f_P$ is a homeomorphism under which every point of $P$ is wandering. Applying this construction when $f$ is Smale's horseshoe, it is possible to obtain an uncountable family of homeomorphisms, depending on infinitely many parameters, going from trivial to chaotic dynamic behavior. This family is a two-dimensional analog of a one-dimensional universal family.
Stability through Change: The Pervasiveness of Political Ideas
Authors: Hinnfors Jonas
Published: July 2002

For all the day-to-day changes, the parties have actually been surprisingly faithful to their overarching ideologies. However, in no way has this stability precluded change. The main claim made in this article is that, on the contrary, in several instances it appears that the only way of keeping up ideological stability is through policy change. The kind of stability based on an ongoing adaptation and change might be the very triggering cause behind the successful opening up of a policy window. By offering a firm point of reference, ideology analysis could function as a bridge between ‘formative’ approaches – which indicate some degree of actor freedom — and ‘path dependency’ approaches – which stress deterministic structuring by institutions – and provide one of the missing links between institutional and rational choice analyses.
Health care professionals' support for older carers
Authors: PICKARD SUSAN , SHAW SANDRA , GLENDINNING CAROLINE
Published: July 2002

This paper examines four specific themes relating to older carers' experience:
care-giving in the context of particular roles and relationships embedded in
biographical histories; care in the context of dementia; care involving skilled
or complex health care-tasks; and care of an intimate/personal nature. In
each case, we look at the nature of support provided by health care
professionals. Analysis of the data suggests several conclusions. Older carers
are carrying out a range of tasks including complex health care tasks, many
of which were once part of a nurse's remit and role. Nurses approach older
carers as a unique but not homogeneous group and acknowledge many of their
distinct needs as well as their right to choice concerning the extent of their
involvement in care-giving. However, this approach conceals several implicit
assumptions and expectations about the role of older carers. In particular,
professionals' emphasis on older people's individual choice jars with the
latter's own experience of reciprocity existing within the context of lifetime
relationships. The paper suggests that modifications have to be made in
professionals' approach if older people are to be presented with choice and
support in the care-giving they perform.
Research in the Biology of Ageing
Authors: PHELAN JOHN P. , ROSE MICHAEL R.
Published: July 2002

The biology of ageing is finally becoming tractable science. After
millennia of dead-ends and extravagant promises, we can now see our
way to understanding the mechanisms of ageing. And there is now the
genuine prospect of substantially intervening in the process so as to
postpone it. These developments have taken place quite rapidly over
the last twenty years, and may not be widely known. Here we introduce
some of the basic features of this intellectual revolution, along with its
more portentous implications for the human predicament. At the
centre of this reformation has been evolutionary genetics. Mathematical
research has revealed the evolutionary necessity of ageing in most
organisms. Experimental research has shown that evolutionary forces
readily alter patterns of ageing. The evolutionary research has been
allied with genetic and molecular investigations as well, allowing a
broad-based attack on the diverse problems of ageing. This attack has
now penetrated far enough that the postponement of ageing has
become a problem limited by ‘technological’ restraints rather than
shortcomings in our general understanding of the process.
Gerontological Nursing: Professional Priority or Eternal Cinderella?
Authors: NOLAN MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Over thirty years ago geriatric nursing, as it was then called, was at the
forefront of nursing research in the United Kingdom. Concurrent with
the emergence of geriatric medicine as a distinct speciality, the
pioneering study of Doreen Norton and colleagues (Norton et al. 1962)
served to highlight both the deficits that existed in the hospital care of
older people and the enormous potential of nursing to improve the
situation, particularly for the ‘irremediable’ patient (Norton 1965).
Caring for those who could not be cured but required on-going support
was seen to constitute ‘true nursing’ and was identified as an area of
practice in which nurses should excel (Norton 1965, Wells 1980). Such
potential went largely unrealised, however, as nursing focused on
acute, hospital-based care (Nolan 1994). As a consequence, those
working in continuing care struggled to find value in their work and
patients were subjected to ‘aimless residual care’ (Evers 1991), a
situation exacerbated by the continued application of the biomedical
model (Reed and Watson 1994). Despite claims that nurses working
with older people have ‘special skills’ (Royal
College of Nursing 1993),
the nature of such skills has therefore never fully been explicated.
Indeed, Armstrong-Esther et al. (1994) asked what nurses currently
contribute to the well-being of elderly people and, following their
study, suggested that nurses must take the initiative and expand their
role if ‘we are going to avoid simply warehousing the elderly until they
die’. The need to act is particularly pressing at present as the spectre
of ‘bed-blockers’ emerges once more and there is growing professional
concern that older people may soon be denied the right to receive care
from a qualified nurse (Nursing Times 1996).
Between global markets and domestic politics: Brazil's military-industrial collapse
Authors: CONCA KEN
Published: July 2002

Concerns about Third World military industrialization, which animate a broad range of international security debates, often take for granted the South's capacity for sustained military-industrial development. A convergence of favourable conditions spurred rapid defence-sector growth in much of the South beginning in the late 1970s. But the increasingly competitive character of the global arms economy and the turbulent political situations of most would-be military industrializers have derailed this growth. The collapse of Brazil's defence sector in the early 1990s illustrates that the largest barriers to Third World military industrialization are not financial or technological but rather institutional. Simultaneous domestic-political and global-market changes destabilized the institutional foundation of Brazilian military-industrial growth, despite the defence sector's impressive technological, industrial, and political advantages. It has proven impossible to reconcile the military's domestic political needs in post-authoritarian Brazil with the global-market integration on which the sector's financial and technological development depends.
Theorising the international system: perspectives from Historical Sociology
Authors: HOBDEN STEPHEN
Published: July 2002

Recent interest in the work of Historical Sociologists has concentrated on their renewed interest in the state. There is considerable regard for the historical account of state formation and development produced by writers such as Mann, Skocpol and Tilly. Surprisingly there has been less attention paid to another feature of their writings—the locating of states in an inter-state context. This article examines the international context envisioned by four historical sociologists. It argues that, although these writers have been successful at historicising state formations, this powerful account has not been matched with a historical account of international relations. If this project is to move forward, a complementary historical account of international contexts, or global structures, is required.
The gendered carnival of pop
Authors: Railton Diane
Published: July 2002

One of the ironies of popular music studies is that the music that is the most popular, in terms of contemporary chart success, is rarely discussed by academics writing in the field. In this article I want to suggest that this is because some forms of ‘mainstream’ chart pop music, and the discourse of the magazines that promote this type of music, pose a threat to the certainties of both gender and genre that underpin ‘serious’ popular music. The music I am concerned with here is that provided by ‘boy bands’ like Boyzone, Westlife or Five, and ‘girl groups’ like The Spice Girls, Atomic Kitten or Precious, as well as mixed-sex groups such as Steps, SClub7 and Hear'Say, and singers such as Britney Spears and Billie – music that is the mainstay of magazines such as the UK publications Smash Hits, Top of the Pops and Live and Kicking. I shall argue that this music, and the way of enjoying music promoted by the magazines that support it, can best be understood in terms of a carnivalesque disruption that challenges all stable ideas about what makes music good, and what popular music should be about. Furthermore, I shall argue that, just as this music is perhaps the only form of popular music to have a predominantly female audience, the threat that it poses is the threat of the feminine, and of female encroachment into what is still predominantly a male, and masculine, world.
CHILDREN AFTER IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
Authors: Buitendijk Simone E.
Published: July 2002

This paper provides an overview of the effects of in vitro fertilization
(IVF) on the children born from it. One of the main problems with IVF to date
remains the high incidence of multiple pregnancies, which carry an inherent
higher risk of preterm delivery and, therefore, of increased morbidity and
mortality in newborns. Further, singleton pregnancies and twin pregnancies
from IVF compared to control singleton or twin pregnancies appear to be at
higher risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. Whether this is an effect
of the procedure per se or is related to maternal factors, or a combination of
both, remains to be studied. The risk of congenital malformations does not,
with the available data, seem to be elevated. As of now, it remains unclear
whether embryo freezing is a safe procedure. Psychomotor development of
children born through IVF does not seem to be disturbed. Until further and
more extensive studies are conducted, it remains unclear whether IVF poses
long-term risks for the children.
REPORTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY HEALTHSYSTEM CONSORTIUM
Authors: Perry Seymour
Published: July 2002

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an idiosyncratic drug reaction
first reported in the literature in the 1940's. Two different types of
HIT have been identified. Type I, also known as benign, early-onset
thrombocytopenia, occurs in as many as 20% of patients receiving heparin and
is characterized by up to a 30% reduction in baseline platelet counts during
the first few days of therapy. Despite reductions in platelet count, most
patients with this type of HIT have platelet values above 100 × 109 cells/L, and this condition usually resolves in a few days without
further adverse sequelae.
ON ESTIMATING AN ARMA MODEL WITH AN MA UNIT ROOT
Authors: McCabe B.P.M. , Leybourne S.J.
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the behavior of the maximum
likelihood estimator of a Gaussian autoregressive moving
average model with a unit root in the moving average polynomial.
The results are primarily of interest in testing hypotheses
that involve moving average unit roots as, for example,
when testing for stationarity of a series.
THE NONSTATIONARY FRACTIONAL UNIT ROOT
Authors: Tanaka Katsuto
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with a scalar I(d) process
{yj}, where the integration order
d is any real number. Under this setting, we first explore
asymptotic properties of various statistics associated with
{yj}, assuming that d is known
and is greater than or equal to ½. Note that
{yj} becomes stationary when
d < ½, whose case is not our concern here. It turns
out that the case of d = ½ needs a separate treatment
from d > ½. We then consider, under the normality
assumption, testing and estimation for d, allowing for any
value of d. The tests suggested here are asymptotically
uniformly most powerful invariant, whereas the maximum likelihood
estimator is asymptotically efficient. The asymptotic theory for
these results will not assume normality. Unlike in the usual unit
root problem based on autoregressive models, standard asymptotic
results hold for test statistics and estimators, where d
need not be restricted to d ≥ ½. Simulation
experiments are conducted to examine the finite sample performance
of both the tests and estimators.
ON ASYMPTOTIC INFERENCE IN COINTEGRATED TIME SERIES WITH
FRACTIONALLY INTEGRATED ERRORS
Authors: Jeganathan P.
Published: July 2002

Vector valued autoregressive models with fractionally
integrated errors are considered. The possibility of the
coefficient matrix of the model having eigenvalues with
absolute values equal or close to unity is included. Quadratic
approximation to the log-likelihood ratios in the vicinity
of auxiliary estimators of the parameters is obtained and
used to make a rough identification of the approximate
unit eigenvalues, including complex ones, together with
their multiplicities. Using the identification thus obtained,
the stationary linear combinations (cointegrating relationships)
and the trends that induce the nonstationarity are identified,
and Wald-type inference procedures for the parameters associated
with them are constructed. As in the situation in which
the errors are independent and identically distributed
(i.i.d.), the limiting behaviors are nonstandard in the
sense that they are neither normal nor mixed normal. In
addition, the ordinary least squares procedure, which works
reasonably well in the i.i.d. errors case, becomes severely
handicapped to adapt itself approximately to the underlying
model structure, and hence its behavior is significantly
inferior in many ways to the procedures obtained here.
Effects of termite exclusion on decay of heavy and light hardwood in a tropical rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: TAKAMURA KENZI
Published: July 2002

Wood pieces of a heavy hardwood Neobalanocarpus heimii (King) P. S. Ashton and a light hardwood
Shorea macroptera Dyer were used in decomposition experiments with termite-exclusion and control trays on the forest
floor of the Pasoh Forest Reserve, West Malaysia to determine effects of wood quality on termite-mediated wood
decay. Shorea macroptera had a significant loss of C in the presence of termites while Neobalanocarpus heimii showed
no significant termite effect. Neobalanocarpus heimii and S. macroptera both accumulated N in the absence of termites,
but S. macroptera lost it when termites were present. The C/N ratio decreased with and without termites as decay
proceeded in both species. Neobalanocarpus heimii accumulated P, but S. macroptera lost it with and without termites.
The C/P ratio decreased in N. heimii, but did not change in S. macroptera. Decomposition was considerably enhanced
by termites in S. macroptera, but not in N. heimii, indicating that termite foraging activity was affected by the different
wood qualities of the two trees. The qualities responsible for the differences and how different wood qualities affect
nutrient cycling in the tropical rain forest ecosystem are discussed.
Postdispersal fruit and seed removal by forest-dwelling rodents in a lowland rainforest in Mexico
Authors: SÁNCHEZ-CORDERO VICTOR , MARTÍNEZ-GALLARDO ROBERTO
Published: July 2002

This study examined whether postdispersal fruit and seed removal by terrestrial mammals of common plant species was affected by the type of item, item density (low, medium, high), and habitat (gap, mid-succession, mature). Fruits of Brosimum alicastrum and Ficus yoponensi (Moraceae), Astrocaryum mexicanum (Palmae), and Nectandra ambigens (Lauraceae), and seeds of Omphalea oleifera (Euphorbiaceae) and Cymbopetalum baillonii (Annonaceae) were tested at the Los Tuxtlas rainforest in Mexico. Item removal from 108 experimental patches (N = 2340 fruits or seeds for each plant species tested) after 5 d was lower for F. yoponensis (6.6%) than for N. ambigens (68.8%), B. alicastrum (67.8%), C. baillonii (64.0%) and A. mexicanum (60.0%). No seeds of O. oleifera were removed. A higher fruit or seed removal was observed from high density than low density food patches in A. mexicanum, C. baillonii and N. ambigens, but not in B. alicastrum and F. yoponensis. A higher fruit or seed removal was observed from food patches in mature forest than in gaps in all plant species tested. Similar removal values between open (open to all terrestrial mammals) and caged (open to small rodents) fruit and seed patches, abundant rodent live-trapping, and a scarcity of large terrestrial mammals, indicated that forest-dwelling small rodents were the main postdispersal removal agents. Differences in plant species seedling recruitment resulting from small rodent food choices can partially determine long-term forest floristic composition at the Los Tuxtlas rainforest.
Redefining the ecological niche of a tropical rain forest canopy tree species using airborne imagery: long-term crown dynamics of Toona ciliata
Authors: Herwitz Stanley R. , Slye Robert E. , Turton Stephen M.
Published: July 2002

Past controlled growth experiments indicate that the seedling and sapling responses of the tropical rainforest canopy tree species Toona ciliata are most consistent with a light-demanding, early successional pioneer. This ecological niche assignment was tested in the mature stage of its life cycle after it achieves a position in the upper canopy. Mortality, survivorship and crown growth rates over the 18-y period 1976–1994 were measured using co-registered repeat airborne stereophotographic coverage of a representative forest stand in northeast Queensland, Australia, where T. ciliata had the fourth highest relative importance in a population of 46 co-occurring canopy tree species. The airborne re-inventory was conducted in a 3.6-ha sample area and limited to only canopy trees. The results were compared with a ground-based inventory of both canopy and subcanopy trees ≥10 cm dbh in a 0.5-ha permanent plot. Over the period 1976–1994, there was no mortality and no evidence of decline among T. ciliata conspecifics having crown areas >60 m2 and trunk diameters >30 cm. In the 3.6-ha airborne sample area, more than 85% of T. ciliata survivors experienced positive crown growth, in contrast to only 57% of the other co-occurring canopy trees. Toona ciliata's crown growth rates were highest in the 60–80-m2 crown size class. Upon reaching an upper canopy position, T. ciliata not only persisted as a dominant canopy tree species, but it also achieved some of the largest crown areas (>100 m2). Toona ciliata mortality in the ground-based plot involved mainly subcanopy trees of 10 – 30 cm dbh that had not yet assumed a canopy position and were not detectable in the aerial stereopairs. Both the crown and dbh growth rates of T. ciliata indicate enhanced vigour in the later stage of its life cycle. Its long-term survivorship and growth patterns are indicative of a persistent canopy tree species that fits the niche of a long-lived, shade-intolerant pioneer. These results demonstrate the usefulness of a long-term airborne database on the life-histories of canopy tree crowns for more clearly defining their ecological niches.
Age-based rationing of medical care in
nineteenth-century England
Authors: EDWARDS CLAUDIA
Published: July 2002

This article questions whether indoor medical care for the elderly provided
under the poor law and by voluntary hospitals during the second and third
quarters of the nineteenth century was rationed on the basis of age and,
given that the elderly were discriminated against compared with other age
groups, how their ability to secure medical care changed over time and
between providers.

The research was motivated by the current debate on the allocation of
scarce health care resources in the British National Health Service. This
debate has contrasted the traditional approach of doctors who ration care
on the basis of medical need, that is through clinical assessment of a
patient's state of health, with new solutions developed by health
economists and medical ethicists who seek to maximize the health care
outputs society can buy or the welfare individuals can achieve over their
lifetime.

I use admission and discharge registers from two case studies – a
voluntary hospital in Bristol and a workhouse infirmary in East London
– to test the following hypothesis: that during the period medical
resources, as defined by admissions and hospital days, were allocated
according to the medical need of age groups. Differential access to medical
and nursing staff, to remedies or interventions, and standards of hygiene
or diet are not considered. Although these care components were clearly
important, and some aggregate indicators may be calculated for the two
providers, the available sources do not allow comparison of the allocation
of these components between age groups.

Section II outlines the theoretical framework underpinning this article
and Section III introduces the historical context. The sources of data are
described in Section IV and the evidence is presented in Section V. The
final section contributes to the historiography of old age for nineteenth-century England by suggesting ways in which to interpret the findings.