bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protonation of 5‐methylhydantoin and its thio derivatives in the gas phase: A theoretical study
Authors: Safi Zaki S. , Frenking Gernot
Published: January 2012

The gas phase proton affinities of 5‐methylhydantoin and its thio derivatives were theoretically studied through the use of high‐level density functional theory calculations. The structure of all possible tautomers and their conformers were optimized at the B3LYP/6‐311+(d,p) level of theory. Final energies were obtained at the B3LYP/6‐311+(2df,2p) level. The imidazolidone derivatives 5‐methyl‐2,4‐dioxo imidazolidine, 5‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐4‐thio imidazolidine, 5‐methyl‐2‐thio‐4‐oxo imidazolidine, and 5‐methyl‐2,4‐dithio imidazolidine possess moderately strong proton affinities. Protonation at sulfur would be larger than protonation at oxygen. The most stable protonated forms of2O4Oand2S4Ohave the proton attached to the heteroatom in position 2, whereas protonation of2O4Sand2S4Spreferentially takes place at position 4. The barriers for proton migration between the different tautomers are rather large. The energy decomposition analysis analysis of the OH+and SH+interactions suggests that the bonding interactions come mainly from the covalent bond formation. The contribution of the Coulomb attraction is rather small. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Telerobotic‐assisted bone‐drilling system using bilateral control with feed operation scaling and cutting force scaling
Authors: Kasahara Yusuke , Kawana Hiromasa , Usuda Shin , Ohnishi Kouhei
Published: January 2012

Background

Drilling is used in the medical field, especially in oral surgery and orthopaedics. In recent years, oral surgery involving dental implants has become more common. However, the risky drilling process causes serious accidents. To prevent these accidents, supporting systems such as robotic drilling systems are required.

Methods

A telerobotic‐assisted drilling system is proposed. An acceleration‐based four‐channel bilateral control system is implemented in linear actuators in a master–slave system for drill feeding. A reaction force observer is used instead of a force sensor for measuring cutting force. Cutting force transmits from a cutting material to a surgeon, who may feel a static cutting resistance force and vigorous cutting vibrations, via the master–slave system. Moreover, position scaling and force scaling are achieved. Scaling functions are used to achieve precise drilling and hazard detection via force sensation.

Results

Cutting accuracy and reproducibility of the cutting force were evaluated by angular velocity/position error and frequency analysis of the cutting force, respectively, and errors were > 2.0 rpm and > 0.2 mm, respectively. Spectrum peaks of the cutting vibration were at the theoretical vibration frequencies of 30, 60 and 90 Hz.

Conclusions

The proposed telerobotic‐assisted drilling system achieved precise manipulation of the drill feed and vivid feedback from the cutting force. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COMPLEX RESPONSE OF CHANNEL FILL–SCOUR BEHAVIOR TO RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTION: AN EXAMPLE OF THE UPPER YELLOW RIVER, CHINA
Authors: Xu Jiongxin
Published: January 2012

The influence of a reservoir on downstream hydrological regime and channel adjustment depends on the operational mode of the reservoir. The Liujiaxia and Longyangxia Reservoirs were completed in 1968 and 1985, respectively, both above Lanzhou. The former controls most suspended sediment supply from the drainage area above Lanzhou station, and the latter controls most runoff generated from the same area; the former has relatively small storage capacity and is used for interseasonal regulation of river flow, and the latter has much larger storage capacity and is used for multiannual regulation of river flow. Thus, the former changes sediment regime greatly, whereas the latter changes flow regime significantly. Of the runoff of the upper Yellow River, more than 95% comes from the drainage area above Lanzhou and less than 5% from below Lanzhou; of the sediment supply, 46% comes from the drainage area above Lanzhou and 56% from below Lanzhou, which cannot be regulated by the two reservoirs. Influenced by these factors, channel fill–scour behaviour after the reservoir construction exhibited a complex response, which can be separated as two stages. The response at the first stage was dominated by the Liujiaxia Reservoir and at the second by the Longyangxia Reservoir. The first stage of response can be generalized as follows: completion of the Liujiaxia Reservoir → large quantity of sediment trapped → downstream channel scour → sediment trapping attenuating due to the decrease of storage capacity → channel scour declining. The second stage of response can be generalized as follows: completion of the Longyangxia Reservoir → significant reduction of high‐flow season flow → downstream river flow incapable of carrying sediment supplied below the dam → downstream channel sedimentation enhanced. The changes induced by the two reservoirs occurred successively, and a cycle of complex response occurred during the river channel adjustment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential regulation of serotonin transporter cell surface expression
Authors: Lau Thorsten , Schloss Patrick
Published: January 2012

In the central nervous system the efficiency of serotonergic signaling is regulated by the release of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT), the activity of the neurotransmitter synthesizing enzyme, tryptophane hydroxylase 2, the negative‐modulatory autoreceptors 5HT1ARand 5HT1BR, and a selective re‐uptake system which transports released serotonin back into serotonergic neurons, the serotonin transporter (SERT). Because SERT directly controls the concentration of extracellular free 5‐HT, drugs as well as intracellular signaling pathways which regulate SERT activity play an important role in modulating serotonergic neurotransmission. SERT activity can be regulated by two different means: (1) regulation of SERT acute activity, that is, substrate affinity and/or maximal transport rate, or (2) by modulation the concentration of SERT molecules on the cell surface of neurons. This can be achieved by translocating SERT molecules from intracellular stores to the cell membrane or by inducing an internalization of SERT from the cell surface SERT to the cell interior (‘transporter trafficking’). In recent years evidence has accumulated that some antidepressants but also drugs of abuse such as cocaine or amphetamines not only block SERT mediated re‐uptake, but also impact on SERT cellular trafficking. In addition, several pathways have been identified, which modulate SERT cell surface expression by influencing the cellular distribution of SERT. This involves kinase/phosphatase‐activated pathways as well as intracellular proteins which upon direct interaction with the transporter promote its internalization from or export to the cell surface.WIREs Membr Transp Signal2012,1:259–268. doi: 10.1002/wmts.10

For further resources related to this article, please visit theWIREs website.
Calcium channels as therapeutic targets
Authors: Belardetti Francesco , Zamponi Gerald W.
Published: January 2012

Voltage gated calcium channels regulate numerous physiological functions, across a wide range of organ systems including heart, muscle, and brain. Different calcium channel subtypes have evolved to mediate specific cellular functions in these tissues. Because of their fundamental importance, voltage‐gated calcium channels are targeted by a number of clinically active drugs (including gabapentin, pregabalin, ethosuximide, nimodipine, etc.) in conditions such as pain, epilepsy, and hypertension. In addition, calcium channels are emerging as targets for novel therapeutic indications. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:433–451. doi: 10.1002/wmts.38

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Unscrambling genetic information at the RNA level
Authors: Moreira Sandrine , Breton Sophie , Burger Gertraud
Published: January 2012

Genomics aims at unraveling the blueprint of life; however, DNA sequence alone does not always reveal the proteins and structural RNAs encoded by the genome. The reason is that genetic information is often encrypted. Recognizing the logic of encryption, and understanding how living cells decode hidden information—at the level of DNA, RNA or protein—is challenging. RNA‐level decryption includes topical RNA editing and more ‘macroscopic’ transcript rearrangements. The latter events involve the four types of introns recognized to date, notably spliceosomal, group I, group II, and archaeal/tRNA splicing. Intricate variants, such as alternative splicing and trans‐splicing, have been reported for each intron type, but the biological significance has not always been confirmed. Novel RNA‐level unscrambling processes were recently discovered in mitochondria of dinoflagellates and diplonemids, and potentially euglenids. These processes seem not to rely on known introns, and the corresponding molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. WIREs RNA 2012, 3:213–228. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1106

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms

RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification
Supporting a strong sense of purpose: Lessons from a rural community
Authors: Shamah Devora
Published: January 2012

Many rural youth leave their small home towns, at least temporarily, to pursue education and work opportunities after high school. A strong sense of purpose will likely help these young people navigate their transition to adulthood away from the comforts of home. A case study of high school students in a remote rural county in the Pacific Northwest using survey and ethnographic data showed that traditional out‐of‐school activities (for example, sports, theater, band, Future Farmers of America) and community‐based activities (for example, community symphony, community classes, community events), along with work experiences, were all important for developing a strong sense of purpose. The case study points to the important role small rural schools can play in supporting youth and connecting them to activities that foster a strong sense of purpose. In addition, this article discusses the importance of paying attention to the development of a sense of purpose alongside traditional measures of academic achievement and social competence.
Conclusion: Recommendations for how practitioners, researchers, and policymakers can promote youth purpose
Authors: Mariano Jenni Menon
Published: January 2012

Initially drawing from, yet then expanding on the research discussed in this volume, this article discusses specific measures that practitioners, researchers, and policymakers can take to support purpose among youth. Strategies for educators include utilizing practical purpose teaching tools, such as purpose interviews, purpose‐related discussions, whole classroom and school community games, and purpose survey methodologies. Research strategies include expanding the study of youth purpose to more diverse groups of young people, and developing more succinct tools to assess purpose in research. Finally, the article discusses policy measures to promote purpose, including modification of current academic testing practices, expanding the breadth of course and extracurricular experiences in schools to provide opportunities for purpose development, and integrating purpose promotion skill‐building into existing teacher education programs.
Rotating strings and energy loss in non-conformal holography
Authors: Ali-Akbari Mohammad , Gürsoy Umut
Published: January 2012

Abstract

We study the energy lost by an accelerating quark probe in the quark-gluon plasma produced in the heavy ion collisions in an approximate setting where the acceleration of the probe is due to uniform circular motion. The energy loss rate of the rotating probe is calculated at strong coupling in the confining SU(N) gauge theory based on N D4 branes on a circle, using the rotating string solutions in the dual gravitational background. The system is known to exhibit a confinement-deconfinement transition at a finite temperature T
c. We investigate energy loss both in the low and the high T phases. The high T phase is similar to the previously studied case of the
$ \mathcal{N} = {4} $
plasma, yet we find differences due to non-conformality of the underlying theory. The low T phase, on the other hand exhibits novel interesting behavior: We find a dual gravitational mechanism that yields a lower bound on the emitted energy of the rotating quark, proportional to the mass gap in the glueball spectrum. The low T energy loss is argued to be completely due to glueball brehmstrahlung, hence the energy loss rate calculated here determines the Lienard potential for syncrotron radiation in this confining gauge theory at strong coupling.
Nine years of Experience with the Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in a Single Italian Center: A Retrospective Analysis of 1,050 Cases
Authors: Bernardi Sergio , Bertozzi Serena , Londero Ambrogio P. , Giacomuzzi Francesco , Angione Vito , Dri Cinzia , Carbone Arnalda , Petri Roberto
Published: January 2012

Background

This study aims to determine the prevalence and predictive factors for recurrence after sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and for sentinel lymph node positivity by SLNB in our population.

Methods

We followed up all SLNBs performed between 2002 and 2010 and analyzed data by R (version2.10.1), considering p < 0.05 significant.

Results

Among 1,050 patients with SLNB, 23% (245/1050) underwent secondary axillary dissection (CALND). Axillary recurrence prevalence among patients with negative SLNB was 1% (6/805) at a mean follow‐up of 54 months (±14), and 1.7% (95% CI 0.2–3.1%) after 6 years of follow‐up, as all recurrences developed between the 3rd and the 6th years of follow‐up. By multivariate analysis, axillary recurrence results correlated with large tumor size, high number of excised nodes, lymphovascular invasion, high grading, multifocality, Her‐2 positivity, intraductal histology, and comedo‐like necrosis. Moreover, SLNB positivity results correlated with young age, large tumor size, high number of excised nodes, negative history for second primary malignancies, lymphovascular invasion, and high grading.

Conclusions

Cancer characteristics represent important predictive factors for SLNB positivity, as well as for axillary recurrence in patients with negative SLNB, independently, by surgical and nonsurgical treatment. Therefore, cancer biological behavior and the patient’s hormonal profile should be evaluated with care to better tailor the follow‐up of women with breast cancer.
Possibility of immunotherapy for biliary tract cancer: how do we prove efficacy? Introduction to a current ongoing phase I and randomized phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding Wilms tumor 1 peptide vaccine to gemcitabine and cisplatin for the treatment of advanced biliary tract cancer (WT‐BT trial)
Authors: Okusaka Takuji , Ueno Makoto , Sato Tosiya , Heike Yuji
Published: January 2012

Background/purpose

In biliary tract cancer, few clinical studies evaluating immunotherapy have been reported. A phase I and randomized phase II study with Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) peptide vaccine plus gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) for chemo‐naïve patients with unresectable or recurrent biliary tract cancer was started, because the overexpression of WT1 is seen in the majority of patients with this disease, encouraging the potential of WT1‐based immunotherapy. This trial was registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN 000004886.

Methods and results

The aim of this trial is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the regimen and to determine whether the regimen should be compared with the current standard regimen, GC, in a subsequent phase III trial for patients with unresectable or recurrent biliary tract cancer. Six patients in the phase I study and a total of 100 patients in the phase II study will be accrued over a 2‐year period. The patients in the phase II study will be randomized at a 2:1 ratio to receive GC either with or without WT1 peptide vaccine. The primary endpoint of the phase II study is the 1‐year overall survival rate.

Conclusions

This is the first randomized trial to evaluate the use of immunotherapy in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer.
Mental Health Consequences of International Migration for Vietnamese Americans and the Mediating Effects of Physical Health and Social Networks: Results From a Natural Experiment Approach
Authors: Fu Hongyun , VanLandingham Mark J.
Published: January 2012

Although the existing literature on immigrant mental health is extensive, major substantive and methodological gaps remain. Substantively, there is little population-based research that focuses on the mental health consequences of migration for Vietnamese Americans. More generally, although a wide range of mental health problems among immigrants has been identified, the potential causal or mediating mechanisms underlying these problems remain elusive. This latter substantive shortcoming is related to a key methodological challenge involving the potentially confounding effects of selection on migration-related outcomes. This article addresses these challenges by employing a “natural experiment” design, involving comparisons among three population-based samples of Vietnamese immigrants, never-leavers, and returnees (N  =  709). Data were collected in Ho Chi Minh City and in New Orleans between 2003 and 2005. The study investigates the long-term impact of international migration on Vietnamese mental health, and the potential mediating effects of social networks and physical health on these migration-related outcomes. The results reveal both mental health advantages and disadvantages among Vietnamese immigrants relative to the two groups of Vietnamese nationals. Selection can be ruled out for some of these differences, and both social networks and physical health are found to play important explanatory roles.
Crumpled water bells
Authors: Lhuissier H. , Villermaux E.
Published: January 2012

Stationary axi-symmetrical pressurized bells formed by the impact of a liquid jet on a solid disc (so-called Savart water bells) can exhibit uncommon sharp and pointed shapes. They are characterized by two successive inflections of the two-dimensional bell generator profile, corresponding to partially concave bells. We show that this shape is incompatible with the usual assumption that the detail of the flow across the liquid sheet constitutive of the bell is unimportant. We consider the equilibrium of a curved liquid sheet offinitethickness sustaining a pressure difference between both sides, and show that several curvatures of the interface may be a solution under given flow conditions. The inflection of the bell profile is then explained in terms of a spontaneous transition from a ‘negative’ to a ‘positive’ curvature which conserves mass flow, linear and angular momenta. That inflection is also a transition from a super to a subcritical flow (with respect to capillary waves), having the status of a capillary hydraulic jump on afreely suspendedsheet, a novel object in fluid mechanics. The azimuthal wrinkles forming at the jump result from the inertial destabilization of the sheet due to the centripetal acceleration fluid particles experience as they flow along the highly curved bell profile in the vicinity of the fold. This finding also explains the singular shape at the edge of freely flapping sheets.
Steady free surface flows induced by a submerged ring source or sink
Authors: Stokes T. E. , Hocking G. C. , Forbes L. K.
Published: January 2012

The steady axisymmetric flow induced by a ring sink (or source) submerged in an unbounded inviscid fluid is computed and the resulting deformation of the free surface is obtained. Solutions are obtained analytically in the limit of small Froude number (and hence small surface deformation) and numerically for the full nonlinear problem. The small Froude number solutions are found to have the property that if the non-dimensional radius of the ring sink is less than$\rho = \sqrt{2} $, there is a central stagnation point on the surface surrounded by a dip which rises to the stagnation level in the far distance. However, as the radius of the ring sink increases beyond$\rho = \sqrt{2} $, a surface stagnation ring forms and moves outward as the ring sink radius increases. It is also shown that as the radius of the sink increases, the solutions in the vicinity of the ring sink/source change continuously from those due to a point sink/source ($\rho = 0$) to those due to a line sink/source ($\rho \ensuremath{\rightarrow} \infty $). These properties are confirmed by the numerical solutions to the full nonlinear equations for finite Froude numbers. At small values of the Froude number and sink or source radius, the nonlinear solutions look like the approximate solutions, but as the flow rate increases a limiting maximum Froude number solution with a secondary stagnation ring is obtained. At large values of sink or source radius, however, this ring does not form and there is no obvious physical reason for the limit on solutions. The maximum Froude numbers at which steady solutions exist for each radius are computed.
Zoonotic schistosomiasis in non-human primates: past, present and future activities at the human–wildlife interface in Africa
Authors: Standley C.J. , Mugisha L. , Dobson A.P. , Stothard J.R.
Published: January 2012

Schistosomiasis is one of the world's most widely distributed and prevalent parasitic diseases. Less widely recognized is that some species ofSchistosoma,including several that commonly affect humans, also cause disease in other mammalian species; in particular, infections in non-human primates are known. With interest increasing in emerging zoonotic diseases, the status of schistosomiasis as a zoonotic infection is in need of re-appraisal, especially in light of advances in application of molecular screening and epidemiological tools where newly reported infections raise general animal welfare and conservation concerns. Focusing on Africa, this review provides a summary of the occurrence of schistosomiasis in non-human primates and discusses new ways in which surveillance for schistosomiasis should be integrated into more effective conservation management and disease control strategies. Emphasis is on the more common forms of human schistosomiasis, their clinical manifestations and epidemiological significance in terms of infection reservoir potential.
On the necessary complexity of modeling of the Polar Mesosphere Summer Echo Overshoot Effect
Authors: BIEBRICHER ALEXANDER , HAVNES OVE , BAST RADOVAN
Published: January 2012

Recent numerical studies of the Polar Mesosphere Summer Echo (PMSE) Overshoot Effect predict the basic shape of the Overshoot Characteristic Curve (OCC) to undergo dramatic changes as the frequency of the radar decreases. Principally, this may render earlier modeling, which assumed near-instantaneous diffusion of electrons and ions, moot and exacerbate algebraic analysis of OCC obtained in the future with, e.g. the MORRO-radar (56 MHz) and a synchronized radio wave emitter, both at or near the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Scientific Association's site in Ramfjordmoen near Tromsø, Norway. Since, however, by far the most observational results on the PMSE Overshoot Effect have been assembled with the help of the Very High Frequency (VHF, 224 MHz) radar and the an Ultra High Frequency (UHF, 929 MHz) radar, both at the EISCAT site, we examine more closely whether near-instantaneous diffusion is a valid assumption for these particular frequencies. We show that, indeed, the earlier less complex and analytically more accessible model can still be considered sufficient for most, if not all, existing experimental data.
A continuous 293-year record of volcanic events in an ice core from Lambert Glacier basin, East Antarctica
Authors: Li R.X. , Xiao C.D. , Sneed S.B. , Yan M.
Published: January 2012

During the 18th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-18, 2001–2002), a 102.18 m ice core was drilled at site LGB69 (70°50′06.6′′S, 77°04′28.9′′E, 1850 m a.s.l., accumulation rate 70 cm yr-1), located to the east of the Lambert Glacier basin. This ice core has been analysed for chemical composition. Based on the high definition of seasonal variations of major ions, the ice core was dated to cover 293 years (ad 1708–2001), with errors at the bottom end within ± 2 years. The non-sea salt SO42- time series provides a proxy for historical volcanic eruptions preserved in the core, and high non-sea salt SO42- concentrations are well correlated to some documented volcanic events, such as Tambora (ad 1815), Cosiguina (ad 1835), Krakatoa (ad 1883) and Tarawera (ad 1886).
Russell on Universals
Authors: Urmson J. O.
Published: January 2012

It might seem that there are two separate questions about universals, the question of what they are and the question why we should believe that there are such things, and that the former question should be taken first; it might seem that until you know what they are it cannot be sensible to ask whether one should believe in them. How, for example, could one know whether it was sensible or even possible to believe in Father Christmas until one knew who or what he was supposed to be? But appearances could be deceptive. In the case of universals the position is different. What happened was that philosophers found themselves faced with certain problems of which they were inclined to say: this problem is insoluble unless there are some entities which have certain characteristics, the characteristics which would enable the problem to be solved. The things which, if they existed, would solve their problems they called forms or universals. So universals are things which have whatever properties they need to have to solve certain problems. This being so, it is clearly sensible to approach the theory of universals from the problems which led to philosophers postulating their existence.
The Paris Corpus
Authors: MORGENSTERN ALIYAH , PARISSE CHRISTOPHE
Published: January 2012

The Paris corpus was financed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, in the context of two research programmes entitled ‘Acquisition du Langage et Grammaticalisation’ (2005–2008, http://anr-leonard.ens-lsh.fr/) and ‘Communication Langagière chez le Jeune Enfant’ (CoLaJE, 2009–2012, http://colaje.risc.cnrs.fr). The aim of the two programmes was to collect new French data and add five new longitudinal corpora to the international database of the CHILDES project (http://childes.psy.cmu.edu/, MacWhinney, 2000), improve researchers’ transcription and coding systems to enable them to study the emergence and development of grammatical patterns used by children between age one and seven, and compare child and adult speech. The programmes brought together specialists from various fields of language acquisition in order to study language development in the same longitudinal corpus from a multimodal and interdisciplinary perspective. The analyses aimed to find regularities in acquisition for each child and across the children.
Le rôle de la prosodie dans les premières constructions grammaticales: étude de cas d'un enfant français monolingue
Authors: MARTEL KARINE , DODANE CHRISTELLE
Published: January 2012

La prosodie, qui fait l'objet d'une acquisition précoce chez le jeune enfant, pourrait contenir des indices (pauses, intonation, accentuation) susceptibles de faciliter la mise en place des premières combinaisons de deux mots et des premières relations syntaxiques. Nous proposons d'examiner les caractéristiques prosodiques des productions de Madeleine, entre 11 et 23 mois. L'analyse acoustique de 550 productions fait apparaître que les premiers mots apparaissent vers 12 mois de façon concomitante à la réalisation accrue de proto-mots bisyllabiques, produits avec des contours montants et montants-descendants, dont la forme temporelle se rapproche de la forme adulte. Les combinaisons de mots émergent ensuite, à partir de 18 mois, caractérisées par un contour d'intonation unique et modulé qui permet d'exprimer leurs liens de dépendance.
CATEGORIES IN THE MAKING: Assessing the role of semantics in the acquisition of noun and verb categories
Authors: ROSSI CAROLINE , PARISSE CHRISTOPHE
Published: January 2012

Little is known about what guides children in their acquisition of grammatical categories. This paper investigates how semantic knowledge could be involved in discovering these categories, thus confronting two competing hypotheses: are semantic categories innate, or are they developed in a piecemeal fashion? We tested for regular associations between basic semantic dimensions and the development of the founding categories of noun and verb. Six perceptually based semantic dimensions (Parisse and Poulain, 2010), shared by nouns and verbs but potentially distinctive, are coded in the productions of three children aged 1;06 to 2;06. Our results suggest that semantic dimensions do not offer an entry into the early differentiation of noun and verb categories.
Rising grammatical awareness in a French-speaking child from 18 to 36 months: uses and misuses of possession markers
Authors: LEROY-COLLOMBEL MARIE , MORGENSTERN ALIYAH
Published: January 2012

Children's awareness of grammar can be traced in the way they use and particularly misuse morphology and constructions in what Clark (2001) calls ‘emergent categories’. We focus our longitudinal study on a French speaking child's use of possession markers (Anaé,Paris Corpus), and her creative nonstandard productions (la poupée de moiforma poupée/my doll). We provide a detailed analysis of the ways in which she moves between a global strategy thanks to which she locates, identifies and uses whole blocks or constructions without analyzing them, and a more analytic strategy that parallels her progressive mastery of the semantic and syntactic complexity of grammatical morphemes.
The emergence of complex sentences in a French child's language from 0;10 to 4;01: causal adverbial clauses and the concertina effect
Authors: SEKALI MARTINE
Published: January 2012

This article tests Diessel's ‘integration’ path of development of adverbial clauses (cf. Diessel, 2004), with special focus on the acquisition of ‘causal’ adverbial clauses, in the context of the overall development of grammatical/semantic complexification in a French child's longitudinal corpus of spontaneous speech (Madeleine,Paris Corpus) from 10 months to 4;01 years old. Three main patterns are retrieved in the child's uses ofparce queconstructions in interactional contexts. Linguistic analysis of these constructions reveals a dynamic pattern of syntactic expansion, integration and diversification, here called theconcertina effect, which may provide an insight into the cognitive and pragmatic motives for syntax development in first language acquisition of French.
An adaptive epigenetic memory in conifers with important implications for seed production
Authors: Yakovlev Igor , Fossdal Carl Gunnar , Skrøppa Tore , Olsen Jorunn E. , Jahren Anne Hope , Johnsen Øystein
Published: January 2012

Conifers are evolutionarily more ancient than their angiosperm counterparts, and thus some adaptive mechanisms and features influenced by epigenetic mechanisms appear more highly displayed in these woody gymnosperms. Conifers such as Norway spruce have very long generation times and long life spans, as well as large genome sizes. This seemingly excessive amount of genomic DNA without apparent duplications could be a rich source of sites for epigenetic regulation and modifications. In Norway spruce, an important adaptive mechanism has been identified, called epigenetic memory. This affects the growth cycle of these trees living in environments with mild summers and cold winters, allowing them to adapt rapidly to new and/or changing environments. The temperature during post-meiotic megagametogenesis and seed maturation epigenetically shifts the growth cycle programme of the embryos. This results in significant and long-lasting phenotypic change in the progeny, such as advance or delay of vital phenological processes of high adaptive value, like bud break and bud set. This phenomenon is not only of important evolutionary significance but has clear practical implications for forest seed production and conservation of forest genetic resources. The underlying molecular mechanism that causes the ‘memory’ in long-lived woody species is currently under investigation. Here we summarize the information related to epigenetic memory regulation in gymnosperms, with special emphasis on conifers. The molecular mechanism behind this is still unknown but transcriptional changes are clearly involved. Epigenetic regulation may be realized through several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodelling, small non-coding RNAs and transposable element regulation, of which non-coding RNAs might be one of the most important determinants.
Techniques of reading and textual layout in ancient Greek texts
Authors: Battezzato Luigi
Published: January 2012

This proverb, attributed to Menander in a Byzantine collection, points to the simple paradox of reading: readers are able to see both the shape of letters and the meaning conveyed by them. How does mind get from visual recognition to the recognition of meaning? The step sounds incredibly simple when we make it, but becomes exceedingly complex to explain. Strangely enough, the step is not executed in the same way for all languages and scripts.

The ability to recognise shapes must be assisted by the interpreting activity of specific parts of the brain. A famous nineteenth-century medical case tells the story of a ‘French Businessman and amateur musician who woke up one day to discover that he could barely read a word’; as a consequence of a stroke, he could ‘no longer read words, name colours, or read musical notes, despite having completely intact vision’ (Wolf (2008) 171). Vision is thus a necessary but not sufficient requisite for reading.

Different systems of writing make use of different parts of the brain. Another case tells us yet again about a businessman ‘proficient in Chinese and English’ who ‘suffered a severe stroke in the posterior areas.
Four Lucretian emendations
Authors: Butterfield David
Published: January 2012

The sole difficulty of this passages lies at the close of 917. Ifatqueintroduces a second (necessarily subjunctive) verb,torratof the paradosis would be an unparalleled thirdconjugation form and is therefore highly improbable; the ungrammaticaltorretin O pre-correction can be readily dismissed. I find little attraction in Lachmann's and Housman's introduction of nominal forms, particularly since 918 implies that the reference in 917 is to a single torment (i.e.sitis). Romanes (1934) 25 conjecturedtortet, which is supported neither by Lucretian usage nor the corpus of extant Latin.
Works and nights: Marcus Argentarius (AP 9.161)
Authors: Gagné Renaud , Höschele Regina
Published: January 2012

In a long and colourful passage from Book 3 of his elegiac poemLeontion, a veritable manifesto of Hellenistic erotics, Hermesianax of Colophon (early third century BC) presents us with an amusing list of poets and their loves (fr. 7 Powell = Athen. XIII 597B). This catalogue features, inter alia, an enamoured Hesiod inspired by a woman. The notion of surly old Hesiod in love with a girl may come as a bit of a surprise to most students of classical philology. After all, one might suppose that the harsh, archaic misogyny of the didactic poet does not bode well for amorous relationships with members of the opposite sex.
Economic growth and the politics of entitlement
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: January 2012

Discussions of economic growth in antiquity have been primarily concerned with whether or not it occurred. Can we, from the array of unsystematic and often random information we have about individual and community wealth, and in the face of our very considerable ignorance about even such basic matters as population levels, find ways of measuring either aggregate orper capitagrowth? The second focus of scholarly energy has been on how growth might have been achieved, on levels of productivity and what limited them, on how institutions might have impeded or facilitated growth, and on the degree to which barriers may have been deliberately removed over time and growth consciously encouraged. This paper is not directly interested in either of those sets of questions. It is interested in who wanted growth in the first place.

The default assumption in discussions of growth often seems to be, at least implicitly, that it is brought about either by need or by greed. The desire of individuals to satisfy their needs more fully leads to an increase in, at the very least, aggregate productivity, and might be expected inevitably to drive growth from the supply side. The desire of individuals to increase their consumption drives growth from the demand side. The default assumptions tend to stop there, as ifwhat counts as need is absolute, a matter of a certain minimum number of calories or ‘wheat equivalent’ a day, and as if greed is simply part of human nature.
Centrality, ‘capitals’ and prehistoric cultures: a comparative study of late Bronze Age Crete and Cyprus
Authors: Adams Ellen
Published: January 2012

Early states functioned under entirely different circumstances from modern nation states, which politically and administratively require a capital city. The nature and extent of centralization in ancient societies is much harder to define. A comparative study of two similar geographical entities, such as islands, can shed light on the diverse and complex relationships between ancient polities and central places. Scholars have, at times, assigned capital cities to the Late Bronze Age island cultures of Crete and Cyprus – namely Knossos and Enkomi respectively. Differences in these cultures and settlements notwithstanding, this paper seeks to explore the multi-layered and diverse nature of past and present interpretations through a comparative approach. It is argued that we need to acknowledge the roles that recent politics and archaeological practices have had on previous and current narratives of the past. The often-troubled transformations undergone by modern nation states, and the expectation that such entities possess capitals, have coloured previous interpretations of the past more than is generally recognized. The categories constructed and models applied have guided our approaches but they have also imposed potentially anachronistic frameworks. This paper seeks further historical depth, and to better understand the complex and varied roles ancient central places had in their wider context.
Epicureans on kingship
Authors: McConnell Sean
Published: January 2012

Diogenes Laertius lists in his catalogue of Epicurus' works (10.28) a treatiseOn Kingship, which is unfortunately no longer extant. Owing to the Epicureans' antipathy to politics, such a work might be viewed with surprise and presumed to be virulently negative in outlook. Indeed, Plutarch reports that the Epicureans wrote on kingship only to ward people away from living in the company of kings (Adv. Col.1127a) and that they maintained that to be king oneself was a terrible mistake (Adv. Col.1125c-d). However, the scattered evidence that remains suggests the Epicurean views on kingship were both nuanced and sophisticated. In this paper I seek to reconstruct a viable account of the Epicurean position on kingship.
A Paleoproterozoic giant radiating dyke swarm in the Dharwar Craton, southern India
Authors: Kumar Anil , Hamilton Mike A. , Halls Henry C.
Published: January 2012

Identical high precision U‐Pb baddeleyite ages, together with paleomagnetic and geochemical data, on mafic dykes occurring over an area of 140,000 km2, define a Paleoproterozoic giant dyke swarm at ca. 2.367 Ga in the Dharwar craton, south India, referred to here as the Dharwar giant dyke swarm. All six U‐Pb ages on these dykes are identical within error and suggest emplacement of this swarm within a geologically short time span of ∼5 Myr. A systematic southward progression in the trend of dykes from N48°E to N90°E, defines a fan angle of about 40° with convergence to a focal point about 300 km west of the present‐day Dharwar craton boundary, resulting in a spectacular radiating dyke swarm extending across the entire eastern Dharwar craton. The large areal extent, radiating dyke pattern and short duration imply a mantle plume origin for the Dharwar giant dyke swarm. Despite their large areal distribution, all dykes in this swarm are geochemically coherent and have similar primitive mantle‐normalized trace element patterns and rare earth element characteristics. Although the NE part of the swarm is magnetically overprinted, a remanence survives that has the same direction as primary magnetizations from dykes in the southern part of the swarm.
The dayside open/closed field line boundary as seen from space‐ and ground‐based instrumentation
Authors: Johnsen M. G. , Lorentzen D. A.
Published: January 2012

In this paper we validate the method of Johnsen et al. (2012) for obtaining the cusp open/closed field line boundary (OCB) by the means of a single meridian scanning photometer (MSP). Three cases of conjugate measurements between the Longyearbyen MSP and the NOAA‐16 satellite are presented. The satellite OCB as obtained by the energetic particle detectors carried onboard the NOAA‐16 satellite is well co‐located with the OCB as obtained by the ground‐based MSP and well within the calculated uncertainties. We conclude that the method presented by Johnsen et al. (2012) for deriving the cusp OCB using a single MSP produces conscientious results.
Investigation of the viscous potential using an MHD simulation
Authors: Bruntz R. , Lopez R. E. , Wiltberger M. , Lyon J. G.
Published: January 2012

The viscous interaction between the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere is extremely difficult to study through direct observations. The viscous contribution to the polar cap potential, the viscous potential, is typically swamped by the much larger reconnection potential or obscured by rapidly changing solar wind conditions. We used the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) magnetohydrodynamic simulation to study the response of the viscous potential to a variety of ideal conditions both in the solar wind and the ionosphere. We found that the viscous potential in LFM increases with either increasing solar wind density or velocity, with a relation that is similar to some previous empirical results in form but different in detail. The density dependence scales as n0.439 (in cm−3) and velocity scales as Vx1.33 (in km s−1). Combining these results with a reference value, the viscous potential in LFM can be predicted using the formula ΦV = (0.00431)n0.439Vx1.33 kV. We also found that the viscous potential changes inversely in relation to constant Pedersen conductivity in an idealized ionosphere, a result that was previously predicted for LFM but not explored until now.
Individual tree branch‐level simulation of light attenuation and water flow of threeF. sylvatica L. trees
Authors: Bittner S. , Legner N. , Beese F. , Priesack E.
Published: January 2012

A leaf stomatal conductance model was combined with a hydrological tree and soil water flow model and a spatially explicit three‐dimensional canopy light model. The model was applied to single, old‐growthFagus sylvaticaL. trees, and the measured daily values of stem sap flux could be reproduced with a normalized root mean square error of 0.10 for an observation period of 32 days in the summer of 2009. The high temporal resolution of the model also makes it possible to simulate the diurnal dynamics of transpiration, stem sap flux, and root water uptake. We applied new data‐processing algorithms to information from terrestrial laser scans to represent the canopies of the functional‐structural model. The high spatial resolution of the root and branch geometry and connectivity makes the detailed modeling of the water usage of single trees possible and allows for the analysis of the interaction between single trees and the influence of the canopy light regime on the water flow inside the xylem. In addition to the laser scans of the observed trees, the model needs tree‐species‐specific physiological input parameters, which are easy to obtain. The model can be applied at various sites and to different tree species, allowing the up‐scaling of the water usage of single trees to the total transpiration of mixed stands.
Variable source and age of different forms of carbon released from natural peatland pipes
Authors: Billett M. F. , Dinsmore K. J. , Smart R. P. , Garnett M. H. , Holden J. , Chapman P. , Baird A. J. , Grayson R. , Stott A. W.
Published: January 2012

We used the carbon isotope composition (14C and δ13C) to measure the source and age of DOC, POC, dissolved CO2 and CH4 (δ13C only) released from three natural peat pipes and the downstream catchment outlet of a small peatland in northern England. Sampling under different hydrological extremes (high flows associated with storm events and low flows before or after storms) was used to explore variability in C sources as flow paths change over short periods of time. The δ13C composition of organic C differed (δ13C‐DOC −28.6‰ to −27.6‰;δ13C‐POC −28.1‰ to −26.1‰) from that of the dissolved gases (δ13C‐CO2 −20.5‰ to +1.1‰; δ13C‐CH4−67.7‰ to −42.0‰) and showed that C leaving the catchment was a mixture of shallow/deep pipe and non‐pipe sources. The isotopic composition of the dissolved gases was more variable than DOC and POC, with individual pipes either showing13C enrichment or depletion during a storm event. The 14C age of DOC was consistently modern at all sites; POC varied from modern to 653 years BP and evasion CO2 from modern to 996 years BP. Differences in the isotopic composition of evasion CO2 at pipe outlets do not explain the variability in δ13C and 14C at the catchment outlet and suggest that overland flow is likely to be an important source of CO2. Our results also show that the sources of CO2 and CH4 are significantly more variable and dynamic than DOC and POC and that natural pipes vent old, deep peat CO2 and POC (but not DOC) to the atmosphere.
Oligocene‐Miocene back‐thrusting in southern Mexico linked to the rapid subduction erosion of a large forearc block
Authors: Keppie D. Fraser , Hynes A. J. , Lee J. K. W. , Norman M.
Published: January 2012

Both the timing and mechanism for the removal of a ∼150–250 km wide forearc block from southern Mexico during the Cenozoic are controversial. Principal competing hypotheses are (1) removal due to sinistral strike‐slip shear, in which slow, diachronous removal of the Chortis Block throughout the Cenozoic is inferred, and (2) removal due to subduction erosion, in which rapid removal of a large forearc block during the late Oligocene/early Miocene is inferred to be synchronous with the rapid landward migration of the southern Mexican arc. New data indicate northeast‐directed back‐thrusting in (1) the Chacalapa shear zone west of −96.5°E, with the timing of shear deformation bracketed by a 25.5 ± 0.5 Ma U/Pb zircon age and a 20.7 ± 0.6 Ma Ar/Ar biotite age, and (2) in an unnamed shear zone to the south, with the timing of deformation bracketed by a 27.5 ± 0.5 Ma U/Pb zircon age and a 25.1 ± 0.2 Ma Ar/Ar biotite age. Zircon and biotite ages date the emplacement and cooling of deformed plutons, respectively. The observed back‐thrusting is consistent with a model of forearc removal due to subduction‐erosion processes because it is evidence for subduction‐orthogonal shortening occurring within the upper plate just before the landward migration of the southern Mexican arc. Rapid subduction of the southern Mexican forearc could have recycled continental lithosphere into the upper mantle at a rate up to half the global average rate of subduction erosion during the late Oligocene/early Miocene.