bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REPRODUCTION OF FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA EHRH. BY SEED IN WISCONSIN
Authors: Dix R. L. , Skrentny Jr. R. F.
Published: August 2008

An investigation was carried out to determine the factor or factors causing the paucity of reproduction by seeds of Fagus grandifolia in southern Wisconsin, as contrasted with the relatively abundant reproduction by seed in the northern part of the state. A greater percentage of viable seed was found to occur in northern conifer–hardwood forests than in southern hardwood forests. The results of in vitro tests suggested that pollen from trees in northern conifer–hardwood forests has a higher percentage germination and produces longer pollen tubes than that from trees found in southern hardwood forests. Parthenocarpic development was observed but the seeds from such fruits were not viable. Quantitative studies on seedling survival showed higher survival rates in the mor humus of northern conifer–hardwood stands than in the mul humus of southern hardwood stands. The study suggests that the relatively high success of beech reproduction by seeds in northern conifer–hardwood forests is related to both higher seed viability and more favorable conditions for seed germination and seedling survival. Geographic location of stands appears less important than forest type to the success of beech reproduction by seed.
ON THE CLAIMED ‘ADAPTIVE’ NATURE OF IAA-OXIDASE AND AN EFFECT OF GREEN LIGHT ON IAA-OXIDASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Boll William G.
Published: August 2008

This paper examines the claim by Galston and Dalberg (Am. J. Botany, 41, 373 (1954), that IAA-oxidase is an adaptive enzyme, by which was meant that it is an enzyme formed as a consequence of the presence of IAA. Certain of the published evidence is rejected as irrelevant to the question.It is shown here that crude IAA-oxidase preparations from etiolated pea buds show a lag phase in IAA destruction whereas this is not so with enzyme from hook tissue or older stem tissue.Pretreatment of hook tissue or older tissue with IAA did not increase IAA-oxidase activity. It is confirmed that IAA-oxidase preparations from buds pretreated with IAA gave more destruction of IAA, when measured after 60 minutes, than did enzyme from untreated buds. This difference occurred because of elimination of the lag phase in destruction and not because of induced formation of enzyme.The lag phase in IAA-oxidase activity with enzyme extracted from buds was increased by exposing the seedlings to 3 minutes of weak green light (maximum transmission 520 mμ) at 16 hours before harvest. Pretreatment of such light-treated buds with IAA did not completely eliminate the lag phase in IAA-oxidase activity. It is suggested that these effects of green light are a new photo-effect in plants.
EFFECT OF LEAF MATURITY, TEMPERATURE, CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION, AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN CLONAL LINES OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY, VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM AIT. UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: Forsyth F. R. , Hall I. V.
Published: August 2008

The rate of apparent photosynthesis of the lowbush blueberry was determined in Warburg flasks using Pardee's CO2buffers. A marked increase in rate of O2evolution occurred as the temperature was raised from 13.0 to 29.5 °C. With a constant temperature of 25.0 °C the rate of O2evolution increased as the CO2concentration increased from 0.2 to 0.8%. The young and middle-aged leaves had a higher rate of apparent photosynthesis than the older leaves. The rate was higher at a light intensity of 1000 ft-c than at 650 ft-c at a CO2concentration of 0.4%. At the higher light intensity a lowbush blueberry clone selected on the basis of superior agronomic characteristics had a significantly higher rate of apparent pholosynthesis than an average clone.
THE LASER AS A TOOL FOR ISOLATING SINGLE CELLS
Authors: Leppard Gary G. , Raju M. V. S.
Published: August 2008

A laser pulse of 15 millijoules was used to rupture the wall of the target cell of the protonema of the moss Bryum stenotrichum C.M. and cause the protoplast to be ejected. A technique for isolating cells from an organized system, such as a moss protonema, by the laser beam is described. The behavior of the isolated apical and subapical cells in culture has been compared.
ON THE ABSCISSION REGION IN LEAVES OF THE BLUE SPRUCE
Authors: Sifton H. B.
Published: August 2008

The problem of leaf fall due to desiccation was re-examined in Picea. It was found that abscission took place with equal facility regardless of which side of the abscission zone was subjected to more rapid desiccation; that prior to a certain stage of development the leaves failed to fall when dried; and that, for some time after this, they fell more rapidly than after reaching maturity. Microchemical study indicated that a change from pectic acid to soluble pectin in the abscission layer coincided in time with the earliest stage at which fall would be produced by desiccation, and that the decreasing ease of abscission for some time after this corresponded with the increase in amount and lignification of the secondary vascular tissue. It was concluded that the changes leading to abscission here are identical with those in deciduous forms and that the leaves are retained on the branches because of their strong vascular bundles, which become brittle on drying.
THE GENUS GODRONIA
Authors: Groves J. Walton
Published: August 2008

This paper is a taxonomic study of the genus Godronia Moug. & Lév. with a discussion of its history, morphology, conidial relations, parasitism, and distribution. Twenty-four species and five forms are recognized, of which 14 species and three forms have been studied in culture. Seven species and three forms are described as new; one new combination and one new name are proposed. The genera Scleroderris (Fr.) Bon. and Crumenula DeNot. are regarded as taxonomic synonyms of Godronia. A section of doubtful and excluded species is included comprising discussions of 94 species that have been referred to the genus Godronia or the genus Scleroderris.
TOMENTELLA AND RELATED GENERA IN NORTH AMERICA: I. STUDIES OF NOMENCLATURAL TYPES OF SPECIES OF HYPOCHNUS DESCRIBED BY BURT
Authors: Larsen Michael J.
Published: August 2008

Detailed descriptions, supplemented by line drawings, of holotype collections of 13 species of wood-rotting fungi described from North America by Burt are presented. Additional specimens are cited, providing many new geographic records and substratum relationships for North America. Hyphal systems are discussed and Hypochnus canadensis Burt (now Tomentella bombycina (Karst.) Erikss.) is reported as having a dimitic hyphal system. One new combination is proposed, Tomentella epigaea (Burt) Larsen (basionym, Hypochnus epigaea Burt).
RELATION BETWEEN CONE PRODUCTION AND DIAMETER INCREMENT OF DOUGLAS FIR (PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (MIRB.) FRANCO), GRAND FIR (ABIES GRANDIS (DOUGL.) LINDL.), AND WESTERN WHITE PINE (PINUS MONTICOLA DOUGL.)
Authors: Eis S. , Garman E. H. , Ebell L. F.
Published: August 2008

Cone count records for a 28-year period on 80 Douglas fir, 14 grand fir, and 9 western white pine were statistically analyzed with the annual diameter increment to evaluate the relationship between cone and wood production. The width of annual rings was depressed only during the years of cone production, suggesting that carbohydrates used in cone development were supplied from current photosynthesis rather than from stored reserve. The initiation of reproductive buds did not appear to be dependent on the level of carbohydrates in a tree and the role of carbohydrates was probably only that of nutrition during cone development. Maturing cones did not exhibit any inhibitory effect on initiation of new flowering buds. Different species may require a different combination of climatic factors for initiation of flowering buds.
PERITHECIUM DEVELOPMENT IN CHAETOMIUM TRIGONOSPORUM
Authors: Corlett Michael
Published: August 2008

Chaetomium trigonosporum produces mature perithecia and a Scopulariopsis-like conidial state in cultures derived from single ascospores. The perithecial primordium consists of a central ascogonium surrounded by a vegetative sheath. Division and tangential growth of the peridial cells results in enlargement of the perithecium and the development of a central cavity. The ascogonium initial which typically arises from a single uninucleate cell of the vegetative mycelium soon develops into an ascogonium consisting of several uninucleate cells. Several cells of the ascogonium become multinucleate. From these cells the ascogenous hyphae branch more or less dichotomously toward the apex of the perithecium. The cells of the ascogenous hyphae are uninucleate and apical cells develop into asci directly, without the crozier stage.C. trigonosporum has a "Xylaria type" centrum characteristic of Chaetomium and distinct from the "Ophiostoma type" centrum found in Microascus.
ASCOCONIDIUM TSUGAE N. SP. ASSOCIATED WITH BARK DISEASES OF WESTERN HEMLOCK IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Funk A.
Published: August 2008

Ascoconidium tsugae n. sp., a phialosporous hyphomycete from the periderm of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) occurs in both the Coastal and Columbia forests, associated with dying branches. The fungus grows slowly on malt agar but does not produce fruiting structures in culture. Evidence of weak pathogenicity is presented.
A GROWTH INHIBITOR PRODUCED BY CRYPTOSPORIOPSIS SP., AN IMPERFECT FUNGUS ISOLATED FROM YELLOW BIRCH, BETULA ALLEGHANIENSIS BRITT.
Authors: Stillwell M. A.
Published: August 2008

In plate culture, Cryptosporiopsis sp. inhibited growth of 31 basidiomycetes isolated from decay in coniferous and deciduous trees; an ascomycete, the Dutch elm disease fungus; and a phycomycete, the potato late blight fungus. In liquid malt extract medium, Cryptosporiopsis sp. produced a substance highly inhibitory to Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx, the fungus most commonly associated with decay in living branches of yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Britt. Growth of F. fomentarius was also inhibited markedly by the presence of Cryptosporiopsis sp. in sterile yellow birch wood. In unsterile, peeled logs of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., the amount of decay was significantly reduced in those treated with an application of a water suspension of mycelial fragments of Cryptosporiopsis sp. In unsterile, unpeeled logs there was also less decay in those treated with the mycelial suspension of Cryptosporiopsis sp.; however, the difference between the treated and untreated logs was not significant.
THE GENUS FLAGEOLETIA (SACC.) HÖHN.
Authors: Reid James , Booth Colin
Published: August 2008

The genus name Flageoletia (Sacc.) Höhn. is shown to be a synonym of the genus name Phomatospora Sacc. Three of the four described species, Flageoletia leptasca (Pk. & G. W. Clint.) Höhn., Flageoletia tenuis (Sacc.) Höhn., and Flageoletia rehmiana Höhn. are synonymous and assigned to Phomatospora leptasca (Pk. & G. W. Clint.) J. Reid & Booth comb. nov. The fourth species, Flageoletia bambusina Syd. represents an undescribed genus and is herein designated Neoflageoletia bambusina (Syd.) J. Reid & Booth, comb, nov., the type species of the new genus, Neoflageoletia J. Reid & Booth.
CHEMICAL REGULATION OF OZONE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN NICOTIANA TABACUM
Authors: Lee T. T.
Published: August 2008

Detached leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. (var. White Gold), treated with urea, potassium nitrate, kinetin, or p-hydroxybenzoic acid became more susceptible to ozone injury. The chemically induced susceptibility was reversed by a subsequent treatment with sucrose and, to a less extent, with 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid or L-cysteine. The degree of reversibility was proportional to the duration and concentration of the respective treatment. The chemical modification of ozone susceptibility was effective on leaves at different stages of maturity. In the urea-treated leaves, the level of cytoplasmic non-protein nitrogen was positively correlated with the severity of ozone injury (r = 0.617). Positive correlations between leaf sensitivity and both total soluble nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were also significant. A sucrose treatment after urea treatment effectively reduced the soluble-nitrogen fractions.
GROWTH SUBSTANCES IN DEVELOPING MAZZARD CHERRY SEEDS
Authors: Pillay D. T. N.
Published: August 2008

Changes in the endogenous growth substances occurring during the development of mazzard cherry ovules and seeds were investigated. Four major substances stimulating the elongation of Avena 1st internode sections were separated from methyl alcohol extracts by chromatography. Both total and chromatographically separated growth substances showed a high concentration during the initial stages of development, which rapidly decreased with the cessation of growth and ripening of the fruit. These findings contribute experimental evidence for the existence of both qualitative and quantitative changes in the pattern of endogenous growth substances during seed development, and possibly indicate their association with the alternating cycles of growth and rest periods observed during the development of mazzard cherry fruits.
ENZYMES OF MARINE ALGAE: I. STUDIES ON PHENOLASE IN THE GREEN ALGA, MONOSTROMA FUSCUM
Authors: Tocher R. D. , Meeuse B. J. D.
Published: August 2008

Phenolase (o-diphenol: O2 oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.10.3.1) is reported for the first time in a green alga. This enzyme isolated from Monostroma fuscum (Postels and Ruprecht) Wittrock resembles the enzyme from higher plants in most of its characteristics, including its substrate specificities, the influence of inhibitors, and its relatively low oxygen affinity. The in vivo role of the enzyme is discussed in relation to its intracellular localization and its oxygen affinity.
EFFECT OF (2-CHLOROETHYL) TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE ON THE LEVEL OF ENDOGENOUS INDOLE COMPOUNDS IN WHEAT SEEDLINGS
Authors: Norris R. F.
Published: August 2008

A relatively simple and rapid spectrophotometric technique for quantitatively assaying indoleacetic acid (IAA) has now been used for determining the levels of free tryptophan in wheat seedlings (Trilicum vulgare L. var. Thatcher). This technique showed relatively large quantities of tryptophan, and a bioassay, lesser amounts of an auxin (probably IAA), to be present in 11-day-old dark-grown wheat seedlings. The quantities recovered were 200 to 400 μg of tryptophan and 0.30 to 0.60 μg of auxin (IAA equivalents) from 1.0 g of dried plant material.Inclusion of (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) in the growing medium of the wheat seedlings caused a reduction in the levels of both free tryptophan and the auxin, the magnitude of the effect increasing with increasing dose of CCC. At the highest rate used, 2500 mg per liter of CCC, tryptophan was reduced by approximately 35% and the auxin by approximately 50 to 60%. The evidence presented here indicates that the decreased level of auxin in CCC-treated plants reported by previous workers may have been due to a decreased level of tryptophan. It is therefore suggested that the effects of CCC on plants could be due to direct or indirect changes induced in the metabolism of their indole compounds.
GROWTH REGULATOR CHANGES IN RELATION TO GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT.
Authors: Giertych M. M. , Forward D. F.
Published: August 2008

The occurrence of growth regulators and nucleic acids in buds of red pine trees has been investigated in relation to seasonal change, position of the bud in the crown, and age of the tree. The regulators were extracted, separated by chromatography, and assayed by an Avena straight-growth test. Three growth promoters and an inhibitor were found in the buds on all occasions. All of them affected the growth of hypocotyls of red pine seedlings as well as Avena inter-nodes, and none gave an indole reaction. The regulators varied in concentration in relation to season, age, and bud position. The individual growth promoters varied independently, one of them, designated as P1, being more variable than the others. Changes in the inhibitor were frequently, but not invariably, reciprocal to those of P1. There is evidence that individual growth promoters may be concerned with separate aspects of growth. The balance between P1 and the inhibitor was related to extension growth, with the notable exception that a balance favorable to growth reappeared in September, when no growth occurs. RNA concentration declines during the summer and a deficiency of this nucleic acid could be implicated in the cessation of growth.Treatment with ammonium nitrate fertilizer caused a shift from male to female cone production and a localized increase in the number of shoots that developed in the following year. These effects were accompanied by changes in concentration of growth promoters in the buds.
A NEW SPECIES OF ARACHNIOTUS WITH AN OIDIODENDRON CONIDIAL STATE
Authors: Barron G. L. , Booth C.
Published: August 2008

A new species of Arachniotus is figured and described. This species, A. striatosporus, is characterized by having fusiform ascospores which appear striate in surface view because of the presence of five to nine more or less longitudinal ridges. The ascospores appear stellate in cross section. The species has a conidial state belonging to the form genus Oidiodendron.
THE HAUSTORIUM OF ERYSIPHE CICHORACEARUM AND THE HOST–PARASITE INTERFACE ON HELIANTHUS ANNUUS
Authors: McKeen W. E. , Smith R. , Mitchell N.
Published: August 2008

Electron microscopy showed that the haustoria of Erysiphe cichoracearum which were randomly scattered in the epidermal cells of sunflower bathed in a cavity which was surrounded by the plasma membrane of the host. After infection of the sunflower cells, an increase in concentration of the host cytoplasm was noted. The haustorium was an elongated ellipsoidal body with tortuose branches which emerged from each end and wove back over the body. The branches seldom came into contact with each other or the body of the haustorium or the surrounding membrane. The possibility of the branches being vestigial or functional is discussed. The haustorial body and branches contained numerous chondriosomes, vesicles, and large electron-dense bodies. These bodies formed in vesicles by coalescence of smaller dense bodies. The chondriosomes were mainly the chondriocont type. In the body of the haustorium a nucleus and an opaque nucleolus with two electron-transparent areas were observed. Encapsulation material was scattered irregularly along the host membrane and was structureless, which suggests that it was waste material. The rest of the cavity was filled with a solution through which interchange between the host and fungus occurred. Active transport from the host protoplasm to the fungus was suggested. No evidence was obtained for cytoplasmic connections between the parasite and the host.
THE VEGETATION OF DUNE SAND AREAS WITHIN THE GRASSLAND REGION OF SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Hulett G. K. , Coupland R. T. , Dix R. L.
Published: August 2008

Quantitative data were collected in 101 vegetational stands in two regions considered to be representative of dune sand vegetation within the grassland zone of Saskatchewan. The purpose was to ascertain species distributional patterns and to attempt to relate these distributions to environmental factors. The data were used to establish two ordinations, one based on physiographic types and the other on compositional similarities between the stands. Areas of active erosion and deposition are dominated by rhizomatous species, particularly Agropyron spp. and Psoralea lanceolata. Juniperus horizontalis is prominent in stabilized blowouts, while stabilized dunes support grassland dominated by Stipa comata, Carex eleocharis, and Koeleria cristata. The most mesic sites, dune depressions and sand flats, are occupied by Carex heliophila and Agropyron spp. with a shrubby overstory of Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Rosa woodsii, and Prunus virginiana. Factorial gradients involved in the distributional patterns include a moisture gradient ranging from xeric to mesic and a stability gradient ranging from active complexes to stabilized areas. The existence of these gradients and the intergradation of the species behavioral patterns offer strong evidence of the continuous nature of dune sand vegetation in Saskatchewan.
UNIFORM GARDEN STUDIES ON THE ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA NUTT. COMPLEX IN INTERIOR BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Marchand L. S. , McLean Alastair , Tisdale E. W.
Published: August 2008

The behavior of Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata and A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana in uniform gardens at Kamloops, Nickel Plate, and Greenstone as well as in some natural habitats supported the separation of the two subspecies. Kamloops (1140 ft) is located in the typical habitat of ssp. tridentata and Nickel Plate (5600 ft) represents the typical habitat of ssp. vaseyana.In their natural habitats ssp. vaseyana flowered about 2 weeks earlier than ssp. tridentata and their flowering periods did not overlap. In the Kamloops uniform garden ssp. vaseyana collections showed two distinct flowering patterns considered to be two ecotypes. The ssp. tridentata collections from the outer edge of the distribution of the subspecies flowered 1 week earlier than collections from the center of the range.Most of the ssp. tridentata plants set out in the Nickel Plate garden died within 3 years but most survived in the one at Greenstone. Almost one-half of the plants of ssp. vaseyana died in the Kamloops garden, mostly during the summers, except for the Nickel Plate material, which appeared more hardy. About 40% of the United States ssp. tridentata killed out in the local tridentata environment (Kamloops), mostly over winter.Leaves of ssp. vaseyana plants were typically wider than those of ssp. tridentata but leaf lengths were variable and not a good diagnostic character. The ssp. vaseyana plants had a spreading-decumbent growth form while ssp. tridentata plants grew more upright.
PEROXIDASE ISOZYMES IN BEAN LEAVES BY PREPARATIVE DISC ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Racusen David , Foote Murray
Published: August 2008

Three peroxidase isozymes were isolated from bean leaves by preparative discontinuous electrophoresis on acrylamide gel. The amounts of these isozymes varied with leaf age, suggesting a developmental pattern which might match the metabolic events of maturation and senescence.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CYTOPLASMIC BRIDGES IN VOLVOX AUREUS
Authors: Bisalputra T. , Stein Janet R.
Published: August 2008

The structure and development of cytoplasmic bridges connecting adjoining cells in Volvox aureus coenobia is demonstrated by electron microscopy. The cytoplasmic connections originate from incomplete cell division. In the early stages, mitochondria and other smaller organelles may move freely from one cell to the next. The cytoplasmic bridges then stretch as the cells separate from each other during maturation of the colony. When they are fully stretched, only endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes are found in these cytoplasmic strands. The nature of these cytoplasmic connections is discussed and it is concluded that they should be distinguished from plasmodesmata of higher plants and the structures should be called simply "cytoplasmic bridges". It is also reported that the matrix of the colonial wall is derived from the dictyosome activity during the coenobium development.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHITE SPRUCE TO POLYPORUS TOMENTOSUS IN HEALTHY AND DISEASED STANDS
Authors: Whitney R. D.
Published: August 2008

Roots of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in areas affected by stand-opening disease were not more susceptible than those in healthy stands when inoculated with Polyporus tomentosus Fr. The percentages of inoculated roots infected in heavily diseased, lightly diseased, and healthy stands were 23, 25, and 25% respectively. Although more roots on suppressed trees were infected than on dominant trees as a result of inoculation, these differences were significant in only three plots. Ten-month-old inoculum caused significantly more infections than 6-month-old inoculum. The pH of the upper mineral soil horizons (A2 and B) did not influence infection or early disease development in inoculated roots.
A PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY IN THE GENUS TYMPANIS
Authors: Funk A.
Published: August 2008

Three species of Tympanis (Helotiales) were studied in culture. The common carbohydrates were well utilized with the exception of sucrose. Approximately equal growth was made on organic and inorganic nitrogen. Only one species was totally deficient for thiamin and biotin. All species had an optimum growth temperature of 25 °C and a broad pH optimum of pH 3–5. Temperature variations produced marked cultural changes in two species. A preliminary study of the chemical properties of two pigments, and observations on fruiting habits, ascospore discharge, and ascospore germination of one species are reported.
EFFECT OF ROSE BENGAL AND LIGHT ON GROWTH OF BARLEY SEEDLINGS
Authors: Mitrovich George , Kuehner Calvin C.
Published: August 2008

When barley seeds were allowed to germinate in the presence of rose bengal (a polyhalogenated fluorescein) and light, a reduction in shoot length, root length, and number of roots per plant was observed. Rose bengal also completely prevented the formation of root hairs in light and permitted the development of a minimal number of root hairs in the dark. Exposure of 48-hour-old, dark-grown seedlings to visible light resulted in a reduction in the total length of roots produced as compared with seedlings kept in the dark. When similar seedlings were exposed to the same intensity of light in the presence of rose bengal, greater reduction in the total length of roots was obtained. Production of root hairs was again inhibited by rose bengal in both light and dark. Some resumption of growth of rose bengal treated seedlings was obtained when the seedlings were washed after treatment and permitted to grow an additional period in the absence of rose bengal. This recovery was much less for seedlings which had been illuminated than it was for seedlings which developed in the dark.
THE SEED COAT EFFECT IN RELATION TO THE PHOTOINDUCTION OF GERMINATION IN DATURA FEROX L.
Authors: Gugliada M. L. , Soriano A. , Burkart S.
Published: August 2008

In decoated photoblastic Datura ferox seeds, the length of the incubation period which precedes irradiation with red light affects their response to this treatment. Although the behavior of intact seeds shows the same tendency, the germination counts do not reach the same values. These differences between intact and decoated seeds decrease as afterripening advances.The presence of the seed coat during the incubation period which precedes irradiation brings about a situation which can, depending on the stage of after-ripening, determine a decrease in the response to photoinduction.As afterripening advances, the light requirement for maximum response decreases, as does the level of the inhibitor present in the seeds.The changes in response obtained when seeds are incubated intact or decoated in different stages of afterripening may be linked to either of these phenomena. The physiological situations revealed by the experimental results, and which appear to be related to the presence or absence of the seed coat, may be due to its effect on oxidation processes.
CHYTRIDS AND ALGAE: II. FACTORS INFLUENCING PARASITISM OF RHIZOPHYDIUM SPHAEROCARPUM ON SPIROGYRA
Authors: Barr D. J. S. , Hickman C. J.
Published: August 2008

Host–parasite interrelationship studies showed that temperature was the most important environmental factor associated with epidemics of Rhizophydium sphaerocarpum (Zopf) Fischer on Spirogyra. Certain highly susceptible spring species of Spirogyra grew poorly or not at all at 30 C, the optimum temperature for R. sphaerocarpum, while resistant summer species grew well at 30 C, and even at 35 C. Both pure-culture growth of R. sphaerocarpum and infection of Spirogyra were optimal at approximately pH 7.0–7.5, falling off markedly below pH 6.0 and above pH 8.5. Spirogyra itself grew over a wider pH range, especially on the alkaline side. Infection of Spirogyra was negligible in darkness but a light intensity of 40 ft-c permitted some infection. No difference in infection occurred over a range of light intensities from 65 to 980 ft-c or in day lengths varying from 8 to 16 hours at a light intensity of 600 ft-c. Light saturation for Spirogyra was 400 ft-c. In contrast to the effect of light upon infection, pure culture growth of R. sphaerocarpum was considerably greater in total darkness than at light intensities of 20 ft-c or higher.
CHANGES IN PEACH TREES (cv. RED HAVEN) ATTACKED BY TAPHRINA DEFORMANS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO NITROGEN METABOLISM IN INFECTED AND NON-INFECTED LEAVES
Authors: Raggi Vittorio
Published: August 2008

Some of the changes induced by Taphrina deformans on metabolism (particularly the nitrogen metabolism) of peach leaves were studied. Observations were as follows. (1) Dry weight diminishes in the infected tissues, especially at the end of the cycle, whereas it remains almost unchanged in the non-infected tissues of the diseased plant. (2) Initially, the amount of total nitrogen, per gram of dry substance is clearly greater in the infected tissues than in the control, then it becomes lower during the differentiation of the asci, especially at the stage of full sporulation. Similar variations occur also, in a more attenuated form, in the non-infected tissues. (3) A considerable increase of the glycolytic activity is observed in the infected tissue especially during the period preceding the differentiation of the asci, and an increase of respiration, even though much more restricted, is observed also in the next period. In non-invaded tissues, an increase of glycolysis is noted along with a diminution of respiration. (4) The non-infected leaves weigh more than those of the control until the differentiation of the asci; after it, they have a clear drop up to the maturity of the asci, and a further revival at the end of the disease. (5) In the infected tissues, the content of free amino acids is always higher than in the control (with a maximum after sporulation), whereas in the non-infected ones it is generally lower. (6) The more important alterations in the pool of the free amino acids in invaded tissues consist in a scarcity, in percentage of the total, of alanine and glutamic acid, especially at the end of the disease, whereas proline, ornithine, glycine, and others increase, especially during the incubation period. In particular the glutamine–asparagines– threonine group reaches the highest value when sporulation has occurred. In the non-invaded tissues, the changes are more restricted. (7) The content of protein amino acids in infected tissues is generally lower than in the control, especially in the last phases of infection whereas in the non-invaded parts it is generally higher, except in differentiation of the asci. (8) In the infected tissue, the alterations of the quantitative relationships between the single protein amino acids (in percentage of the total) are not very great, but some diminutions and increases are recorded (diminution of alanine, glycine, leucine, etc.; increase of lysine, histidine, etc.); in the non-infected tissues, no noteworthy alterations were observed.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: XVIII. DISTRIBUTION OF TRITIUM-LABELLED CYTIDINE, URIDINE, AND LEUCINE IN WHEAT LEAVES INFECTED WITH THE STEM RUST FUNGUS
Authors: Bhattacharya P. K. , Shaw Michael
Published: August 2008

Wheat leaves were detached 6 days after inoculation with the stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis var. tritici Erikss. and Henn.) and fed with tritiated leucine, cytidine, uridine, or thymidine. Mesophyll cells in infected zones incorporated more leucine into protein and more cytidine and uridine into RNA than did cells in adjacent uninfected tissue. Leucine, cytidine, and uridine were also heavily incorporated by fungal mycelium and developing uredospores. Grain counts over host nuclei in the infected zone were two to three-fold of those over nuclei in adjacent uninfected zones. There was no detectable incorporation of thymidinemethyl-3H into either the fungus or the host cells. The results are discussed.
INDUCED PSILOTUM FERTILE-APPENDAGE ABERRATIONS: MORPHOGENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Rouffa A. S.
Published: August 2008

An otherwise normal plant of Psilotum nudum consistently produced aberrant fertile appendages over a 5-year period when the plant was grown under prolonged periods of cool-white fluorescent lighting of approximately 200–400 ft-c (0.625–1.2 MW/cm2), 16-hour photoperiod at 25–27 °C. The following variations were observed: (1) multiple synangia with or without combinations of vegetative lobing and (or) shallow dichotomies; (2) a prolonged axis growth up to 2 Cm; (3) combinations between these extremes. Vascularization of the aberrant fertile appendages showed either exaggerations of the normal condition, or multiple dichotomies. Marked asymmetrical branching and growth of the upper shoot system accompanied the development of the aberrant fertile appendages. Normal fertile appendages often followed groups of aberrant fertile appendages on the same stem axis.A temporary readjustment in the developmental pattern of the shoot systems is discussed. Variations in the timing of phases of this developmental pattern could explain the variations in aberrancies. Temporary ontogenetic reversal of an evolutionary trend is deemed possible if the evolution of Psilotum favored a proliferation of genes, rather than an increase in the number of gene controlled processes. A reconstruction of a possible ancestral fertile shoot is presented, and a Protopteridium ancestry is suggested for Psilotum.
AN INTERESTING ENTYLOMA SPECIES FROM INDIA
Authors: Pavgi M. S. , Singh R. A.
Published: August 2008

A foliicolous Entyloma species inciting wartlike sori on a common tropical weed Blumea oxydonta DC. was collected at Varanasi, India. Morphology of the sorus and teliospores and observations on teliospore germination indicated it was an undescribed species, which is accommodated as Entyloma thirumalachari Pavgi and Singh.
THE MICROBIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF WOOD OF LIVING BALSAM FIR AND BLACK SPRUCE IN QUEBEC
Authors: Etheridge D. E. , Morin L. A.
Published: August 2008

Determinations of bacterial and fungal microfloras were made on 2% malt agar slants from wood samples of a living balsam fir, by following standard techniques for the isolation of decay fungi. Comparative studies with other microbiological sampling techniques and with different media have demonstrated (i) the general suitability of the standard method for ecological studies of wood-inhabiting microorganisms, and (ii) the validity of negative results obtained in previous isolation studies with the standard method. These findings reveal the pith column as a major center of bacterial activity in balsam fir, with relatively low activity recorded for the heartwood, and none at all in the sapwood. There is evidence that a similar situation exists in living black spruce, although the level of microbiological activity was much lower in the heartwood of this species, and bacteria almost nonexistent. Isolation studies conducted over the past 3 years in Quebec revealed that 40% of 132 living balsam fir trees and over 90% of 42 living black spruce trees sampled had sterile heartwood and sapwood. Retinocyclus abietis (Crouan) Groves and Wells was the only fungus isolated from both heart-wood and sapwood of the two species.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PERIODICITIES IN GERMINATION OF CHENOPODIUM BOTRYS AND VARIATIONS IN SOLAR RADIO FLUX
Authors: Cumming Bruce G.
Published: August 2008

There were pronounced fluctuations in the percentage germination of seeds of Chenopodium botrys that were kept stored in darkness under carefully controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. Germination tests were conducted over a period of more than 2 years in controlled environment cabinets at 30 °C with different photoperiods supplied by fluorescent light. The fluctuations in percentage germination showed no evident correlation with the following factors: relative humidity, barometric pressure, lunar cycle, magnetic intensity.There were highly significant correlations between the fluctuations in germination and solar radio flux (10.7 cm wavelength, indicative of sunspot activity). The best positive correlation between values for solar radio flux and percentage germination suggested that the effect of solar flux on germination (whether direct or indirect) was greatest during the week immediately preceding the wetting of seeds. Periodogram analyses of the periodicity of percentage germination and solar flux has provided two periodograms which have corresponding peaks, showing that the component periods for solar flux are practically the same as those for germination. It cannot yet be stated whether these correlations were indicative of a direct effect of solar radio flux on germination. The present evidence affirms the contention that largely unexamined exogenous factors may influence rhythmic biological processes.
CUCURBITARIA PICEAE AND ASSOCIATED SPHAEROPSIDALES PARASITIC ON SPRUCE BUDS
Authors: Shoemaker R. A.
Published: August 2008

The lectotype of Cucurbitaria piceae Borthwick was found to have ascospores considerably larger than the dimensions given in the original description. The species is redescribed and illustrated along with two pycnidial fungi, Megaloseptoria mirabilis Naumov and Camarosporium strobilinum Bomm. Rouss. and Sacc, that were found associated with the pyrenomycete. Megalospora gemmicida Naumov is treated as a synonym of Cucurbitaria piceae which occurs on buds of Picea abies (L.) Karst., P. pungens Engelm., and P. glauca (Moench) Voss, and is reported in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Russia, Scotland, and Switzerland. Megaloseptoria mirabilis was noted on P. abies, P. glauca, and P. pungens, and has been found in Denmark, Finland, Russia, Scotland, and Switzerland. Camarosporium strobilinum on P. abies, and P. glauca, occurs in Denmark, Finland, Italy, and Scotland.
DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE PORE SIZE IN LIVING MEMBRANES OF NITELLA BY THE TECHNIQUES OF ELECTROOSMOSIS AND RADIOACTIVE TRACERS
Authors: Fensom D. S. , Ursino D. J. , Nelson C. D.
Published: August 2008

By measuring the number of water molecules per ion moved electroosmotically through living membranes of Nitella flexilis before and after the addition of chemicals to a solution of 10−4 M KCl, the effect of the chemical upon electroosmotic transport was investigated. Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform reduced slightly the amount of water transported per ion. On the other hand 10−5 M indoleacetic acid caused major changes in electroosmotic transport, increasing it in cells tested in July–August, but decreasing it in cells tested in October–November. Different ions also carry different amounts of water with them electroosmotically. These changes can be interpreted in terms of changing pore size.The relative pore size was also determined by measuring the permeation of glucose-14C and sucrose-14C in the absence and presence of electroosmotic transport and in cells treated with indoleacetic acid. Both the plasmalemma and tonoplast were freely permeable to glucose-14C but not to sucrose-14C. However, in the presence of electroosmotic transport sucrose did permeate the cell membrane. Indoleacetic acid enhanced this permeation of sucrose-14C.
PAIRING INCOMPATIBILITY AND OTHER DISTINCTIONS AMONG HIRSCHIOPORUS [POLYPORUS] ABIETINUS, H. FUSCO-VIOLACEUS, AND H. LARICINUS
Authors: Macrae Ruth
Published: August 2008

Sporophores from 31 collections from North America and Europe representing the poroid, irpicoid, and lamellate forms of the Hirschioporus abietinus aggregate were used as a source of monokaryons for pairings. Sibling crosses have confirmed published reports on the tetrapolarity of the poroid and irpicoid forms and have shown that the lamellate form is also tetrapolar. Crosses between different collections have demonstrated practically complete incompatibility between the poroid, irpicoid, and lamellate forms. Among the poroid sporophores from North America, two groups have appeared which are incompatible with each other, but both of which are at least partially compatible with the poroid form from Norway. The Canadian collection (DAOM 9517), reported in previous work by Raestad and Robak as "intermediate", is shown here to conform completely with the irpicoid form. The question of the taxonomic value of reported hyphal anastomoses between otherwise incompatible cultures is discussed. On the basis of the evidence from differences in morphology of typical sporophores, growth in culture, and host preferences, as well as incompatibility between collections, it is concluded that the poroid, irpicoid, and lamellate forms are best considered three separate species.
A REVISION OF THE GENERA OF THE HYPODERMATACEAE
Authors: Darker Grant D.
Published: August 2008

A reclassification of the genera and species of the Hypodermataceae with special emphasis on the conifer-inhabiting species is presented. The 22 genera fall into 7 groups as follows. A. The Lirula complex on Abies and Picea including 3 genera: Virgella, gen. nov., with rod-shaped spores segregated from Hypoderma, Isthmiella, gen. nov., with bifusiform spores from Bifusella, and Lirula, gen. nov., with clavate spores from Hypodermella. B. The Hypodermella complex comprising Hypodermella v. Tub., subcuticular on Larix, limited to the type species; a group of 3 subepidermal genera on Pinus including Davisomycella, gen. nov., with clavate spores, Ploioderma, gen. nov., with rod-like spores, and Elytroderma Darker with 2-celled spores; and a subhypodermal genus, Lophodermella v. Höhn. on Pinus. C. The Bifusella complex with Bifusella v. Höhn. on Pinus, Duplicaria Fckl. on Empetrum, and a new subepidermal genus, Soleella, on Pinus. D. The Hypoderma complex comprising Hypoderma DC. ex Saint Amans emend. De Not., Meloderma, gen. nov., a segregate from Hypoderma having Lophodermium affinities, Lophodermium Chev., and Lophomerum Ouellette and Magasi, a recent phragmosporous segregate from Lophodermium. E. The genus Coccomyces De Not. F. The Colpoma complex with Colpoma Wallr., Xyloschizon Syd., and Bifusepta Darker. G. The Rhytisma complex with Rhytisma Fr., Placuntium v. Höhn., and Nymanomyces P. Henn.
A NEW DAVISOMYCELLA SPECIES ON PINUS BANKSIANA
Authors: Darker Grant D.
Published: August 2008

Davisomycella fragilis, a new species of Hypodermataceae, is described on Pinus banksiana and comparisons are made with other hypodermataceous species occurring on the same host.
A MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF THE SPECIES CERATOCYSTIS FIMBRIATA
Authors: Webster R. K. , Butler E. E.
Published: August 2008

Isolates of C. fimbriata from different hosts and geographic locations differed in colony type, pathogenicity, growth rate, and conidial states, but were similar in certain other characters, including an absolute requirement of thiamine for the production of perithecia, optimum temperature for growth, perithecial morphology, and sexual behavior.The amount of cross-fertility between strains from different hosts and geographic locations was determined. The significance of morphological differences and cross-fertility between strains is discussed in relationship to the taxonomy of C. fimbriata and the related species C. moniliformis (Hedge.) C. Moreau. C. variospora Davids. is considered a synonym of C. fimbriata.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRECOCIOUS FLOWERING OF WESTERN RED CEDAR AND FOUR SPECIES OF CUPRESSUS WITH GIBBERELLINS A3 AND A4/A7 MIXTURE
Authors: Pharis Richard P. , Morf William
Published: August 2008

Induction of staminate and ovulate strobili was obtained on western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) by foliar application of gibberellin A3. Staminate strobili could be induced as early as age 4 months after 3.5 months of treatment under long-day conditions, but further development of the strobilus required a photoperiodic sequence of long-day — short-day — long-day. Induction of the ovulate strobilus may also have occurred under long-day conditions at an early age, but development did not become apparent until the above photoperiodic sequence had been given. Age at this time was 12 months. It is concluded that induction and development of the strobilus is under photoperiodic as well as hormonal control.Foliar application of gibberellin A3 and a gibberellin A4/A7 mixture to pygmy cypress (Cupressus pygmaea Sarg.), Portuguese cypress (Cupressus lusitanica Mill.), and Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica Greene) at age 7–9 months resulted in induction of staminate strobili on all plants. Length of time to flowering varied both with species of plant and gibberellin. Application of gibberellin A3 to Arizona and Portuguese cypress seedlings resulted in production of ovulate as well as staminate strobili at ages 21 and 10 months respectively. Mourning cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) still in a juvenile needle stage at age 9 months has proved unresponsive to foliar application of gibberellin A3 for at least 100 days.
DIFFERENCES IN PHENOLIC EXTRACTS FROM HEALTHY DOUGLAS-FIR ROOTS AND THOSE INFECTED WITH PORIA WEIRII
Authors: Barton G. M.
Published: August 2008

Extractive differences between the roots of healthy Douglas-fir trees and those infected with Poria weirii Murr. have been demonstrated by the technique of thin-layer chromatography. Of these the most important are the absence of dihydroquercetin-3′-glucoside in root sections with advanced decay, the presence of an unknown non-phenolic constituent in healthy roots, and the presence of an unknown phenolic extractive in decayed roots.The complete absence of quercetin, quercetin-3′-glucoside, and aromadendrin in either root bark or root wood eliminates them from any possible participation in this study.
DEVELOPMENT AND TAXONOMY OF APIOSPORINA COLLINSII
Authors: Kennedy Lorene L. , Stewart Archibald W.
Published: August 2008

The ascocarp of Apiosporina collinsii is a pseudothecium which develops from a subiculum. It has pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate asci and an irregular pore in the apical region. The centrum development is of the Pleospora-type and the production of ascogenous hyphae is similar to that described for Spororomia leporina. Apiosporina collinsii is classified in the Venturiaceae, Pleosporales and Loculoascomycetes.The restriction of the parasite to one or a few branches of the host Amelanchier alnifolia is due to the production of cork cells which isolate infected areas in the stem. The retention of infected leaves is associated with cork which surrounds the leaf traces in the petioles.
PARAPHAEOSPHAERIA MICHOTII
Authors: Shoemaker R. A. , Eriksson Ove
Published: August 2008

Based on a study of types, Leptosphaeria folliculata was found to be synonymous with Paraphaeosphaeria michotii. The fungus is redescribed and the distinctive biseptate echinulate ascospores are illustrated. The fungus occurs on a wide variety of monocotyledons and has been noted from Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Kenya, Sweden, and the United States of America.
RHIZOCALYX ABIETIS PETRAK, THE PERFECT STATE OF RHIZOTHYRIUM ABIETIS NAUMOFF
Authors: Smerlis E.
Published: August 2008

Rhizocalyx abietis Petrak is reported from Quebec on dead foliage of balsam fir (Abies balsamea). The genetical relationship between R. abietis and Rhizothyrium abietis Naumoff is established and a description of the perfect state given.
ZYGOSPORIUM MASONII AND Z. ECHINOSPORUM FROM HAWAII
Authors: Wang C. J. K. , Baker Gladys E.
Published: August 2008

Zygosporium masonii Hughes and Z. echinosporum Bunting & Mason (Hyphomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti) were isolated in Hawaii from coastal sands and air respectively. Dark, thick-walled, billhook-like vesicles bearing flask-shaped sporogenous cells are characteristic of the genus. Several modes of conidial formation are found in Z. masonii. Its sporogenous cells may be phialides, collarettes, or may become denticulate. In addition, Sporotrichum-type conidiophores are present, making a total of four types of spore production in this species. The need for rules in the nomenclature of imperfect fungi to accommodate fungi which possess more than one type of sporulation is briefly discussed.