bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kompensationsmöglichkeiten föderaler Vollzugsdefizite. Das Beispiel der kantonalen Alkoholpräventionspolitiken
Authors: Sager Fritz
Published: January 2011

The implementation of public policies in Switzerland is highly federal and decentralized with the main competencies at the sub‐national level of the member states, i.e. the cantons. Comparing alcohol prevention policies in the Swiss cantons, the present article supports the thesis of considerable differences in the cantonal provision of respective outputs. At the same time we can find cooperative implementation strategies compensating the resulting performance deficits. However, this so‐called “secondary harmonization” only is applied by about half of the cantons. We identify three reasons for that fact: First, only those cantons engage in horizontal cooperation that, on the one hand, have an actual interest in improving their policy performance, and, on the other hand, can afford it resource‐wise. Second, today's paradigm of the “lean state” leads to competitive rather than cooperative implementation strategies. Third, the federal administration neither encourages horizontal cooperation, nor do we find a vertical cooperation between the higher and the lower federal level on an equal basis.
Die Prämienverbilligung im Krankenversicherungsgesetz: Vollzugsföderalismus und sekundäre Harmonisierung
Authors: Balthasar Andreas
Published: January 2011

Subject of the report is the question about factors of influence on the development of a common policy between the cantons in implementing the subsidizing of contributions to health insurance of persons living in modest economic circumstances. It clearly appears that this so‐called secondary harmonization in the first place has been pushed by the concretization of the executive program by the federal administration. Secondly, the influence of various forms of horizontal cooperation is mentioned, which facilitated the exchange of information and reflection between the cantons and promoted the development of a common model for a solution. Thirdly, the paper refers to the role of the evaluation, in which a comparative analysis of the sociopolitical effectiveness of the cantonal implementation systems was made. This studies induced a number of cantons to make adaptations. In spite of all tendencies towards harmonization, however, the cantonal implementation systems still differ greatly also in this public policy. This fact is explained by fundamentally differing policy cores as well as by the varying extent to which information required for the implementation of subsidizing contributions is available in the cantons.
Vetospieler und die Durchsetzbarkeit von Side‐Payments
Authors: Fischer Alex
Published: January 2011

Once an agreement is signed at the international level, it can no longer be modified during the domestic decision‐making process. However, it is possible to compensate potential veto players by a purely domestic legislative act. Under which circumstances do such side‐payments make sense, and what is the role played by political strategies? In order to be compensated, an actor needs to be considered a veto player. Furthermore, the defenders of the international agreement must have a sufficiently large interest in its ratification to be willing to offer compensations. These basic conditions fulfilled, the existence or not of side‐payments depends on the strategic interactions between the political actors. In the last ten years, Swiss citizens had to vote twice on an international agreement establishing free movement of persons. In both cases, the unions asked for flanking measures; while they failed in their attempt in the context of the European Economic Area, they succeeded in the case of the bilateral agreements. This difference in outcome is all the more surprising since in both cases the unions were in a veto player position and the export oriented economy had a strong interest in the ratification of the agreements. This article explains the different fate of the unions' claims by stressing the role of changes in actor strategies. The credibility of the threat to block the decision‐making process and the succession of the game sequences are in this perspective of paramount importance. By using strategically the veto threat, domestic groups such as unions are able to benefit from internationalisation.
Finanzpolitik als Nachahmungswettbewerb: Empirische Ergebnisse zu Budgetinterdependenzen unter den Schweizer Kantonen
Authors: Schaltegger Christoph A.
Published: January 2011

This article examines whether spending decisions in Swiss cantons are interdependent, that is, whether the spending decisions of a canton are influenced by those of other cantons. Theoretically, fiscal policy imitation among cantons can be interpreted as a process of policy and innovation diffusion, as a result of tax competition or as a consequence of federalism as a policy laboratory. The panel analysis presented in this article provides evidence of the existence of budget spillovers among neighbouring cantons. Cantonal governments do not take spending decisions in isolation, but by systematically comparing the fiscal policies in neighbouring cantons.
Whither the Liberal Democratic Model? Immigration Politics in Switzerland and Japan
Authors: Lavenex Sandra
Published: January 2011

A comparison of Japan's and Switzerland's immigration policies disclaims both globalist and public choice explanations that would predict a similar increase in immigrant numbers and an expansion of immigrant rights in liberal democracies. Although both countries have traditionally espoused a rather exclusionary approach towards immigration, Japan is unique in having hitherto succeeded in preempting large numbers of immigrants from entering the country and in having avoided the legal and societal integration of those migrants already present in its territory. In seeking to explain the different trajectories followed by immigration politics in Japan and Switzerland, despite their similar internal and external economic constellations, this article highlights the role of domestic institutions and norms in filtering economic pressure for immigration. Whereas these internal determinants explain to a large degree why Switzerland has become a country of immigration while Japan has not, the central factor explaining the recent expansion of foreign residents’ rights in Switzerland lies not so much in internal determinants but in the country‘s progressing approximation to the European Union and its single market. Notwithstanding these differences, the article concludes that Japan‘s greater resistance to change might now have reached a critical juncture, where demographic pressure and economic demand will make an opening up to increased labor migration unavoidable.
Social policies in Switzerland and Japan: Managing Change in Liberal‐Conservative Welfare States
Authors: Bonoli Giuliano , Kato Junko
Published: January 2011

Both the Swiss and the Japanese welfare states are difficult to classify in any one of the most widespread typologies, as each of the two countries combines features that are typical of the liberal model, such as a large private sector role in the delivery of welfare, with aspects that are more reminiscent of the conservative model. These include a social insurance system geared toward status preservation and low employment rates for mothers. In this article, Japan and Switzerland are characterised as liberal conservative welfare states. After pointing out the key features of this hybrid welfare state model, the article puts forward some hypothesis with regard to the reform trajectory that this model is likely to follow. In particular, it is argued that retrenchment in these two countries is likely to be more substantial than in conservative welfare states, because the private schemes that are going to be curtailed are less accountable to public scrutiny and do not automatically expose retrenchment‐oriented governments to the risk of electoral punishment. The hypothesis is only partially confirmed by the empirical analysis of reform, as Swiss direct democracy institutions are proving a formidable obstacle to a generalised dismantling of welfare programmes. In Japan, uncovered needs resulting from retrenchment and social change are being picked up by families.
Typologien und Wandel: Die kantonalen Parteiensysteme im letzten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Ladner Andreas
Published: January 2011

Die bisherigen Versuche die kantonalen Parteiensysteme zu typologisieren kommen zu ganz unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen. Der Grund dafür liegt darin, dass sie sich auf nur wenige und unterschiedliche Parteiensystemmerkmale abstützten. Vernachlässigt wird dabei zudem der Aspekt eines allfälligen Wandels der Parteiensysteme. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, ausgehend von einer Typologisierung, welche möglichst alle wichtigen Eigenheiten der kantonalen Parteiensysteme berücksichtigt, den Wandel der Parteiensysteme zu analysieren und mögliche Entwicklungen aufzuzeigen. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass bei gewissen Systemmerkmalen trotz einer Annäherung in nächster Zeit nicht davon auszugehen ist, dass die kantonalen Parteiensysteme auf das nationale Parteiensystem hin konvergieren.
Die Tugend des Staatsmanns. Eine pragmatische Dimension in Kants politischer Philosophie
Authors: Nawrath Thomas
Published: January 2011

Der vorliegende Artikel sucht die Dimension konkreter Politik in Kants Philosophie und fragt anhand des Verhältnisses von Staatsoberhaupt und Untertan danach, wann eine Republik mehr ist als nur ein Wort auf einem Blatt Papier. Hierzu wird das Verhältnis zwischen Kants Ethik und seiner Pädagogik heranzuziehen sein. Weder kann die Lösung allein durch die Individualethik erbracht werden, noch befriedigt allein eine geschichtsphilosophische Hoffnung. Denn dadurch wird das Selbstdenken als zentrale Forderung der Aufklärung konterkarriert. Die realhistorischen Ereignisse in Frankreich und ihre systematische Erläuterung durch Kant weisen auf dasselbe Problem hin, wenn er die Abschaffung der Adelselite befürwortet. Die Institution des Adels genügt nämlich ebenfalls nicht dem Kriterium der Menschenrechte. Daraus ergibt sich für die Republikanisierung, damit sie für den Untertan nachvollziehbar wird, die Bildung eines politischen Bewusstseins. Hierzu antizipiert Kant dasjenige, was heute unter dem Begriff des Sozialkapitals diskutiert wird.
La Suisse: un cas d'exception pour le nationalisme?
Authors: Ipperciel Donald
Published: January 2011

Dans les débats sur la nation et le nationalisme, la Suisse est souvent présentée comme un cas d'exception par les tenants d'un nationalisme subjectiviste, surtout lorsqu'il s'agit de prendre position contre une conception linguistique de la nation. Nous aimerions quant à nous contribuer à la thèse du fondement linguistique de la nation en réfutant le caractère exceptionnel de la Suisse. Selon nous, la Suisse est soumise au même titre à la logique communicationnelle – et donc linguistique – ous‐tendant la nation moderne que le sont les grandes nations. Dans ce contexte, la Suisse constituerait un Etat “multinational“ respectant la logique communicationnelle propre aux Etats démocratiques. Notre approche se voudra théorique et historique.
Vom Extremtyp zum Normalfall? Die schweizerische Konsensusdemokratie im Wandel: Eine Re‐Analyse von Lijpharts Studie für die Schweiz von 1997 bis 2007
Authors: Vatter Adrian
Published: January 2011

Can Switzerland still be seen as an extreme case of federal consensus democracy, as illustrated by Arend Lijphart (1999)? A reanalysis of Lijphart's study of the Swiss political system from 1997 to 2007 clearly demonstrates that a consensus democracy has emerged that bears strong tendencies toward adjustment and normalization of the original exceptional Swiss case to the rest of the continental European consensus democracies. Switzerland can be considered a typical, rather than extreme, case of consensus democracy.
Putting the Special Case in Its Place: Switzerland and Small‐N Comparison in Policy Research
Authors: Fontana Marie‐Christine , Afonso Alexandre , Papadopoulos Yannis
Published: January 2011

This research note presents a set of strategies to conduct small‐N comparisons in policy research including the Swiss case. Even though every country can be considered “special” to some extent, the Swiss political system is often viewed as a particularly difficult case for comparison because of the impact of its idiosyncratic institutional features (most notably direct democracy). In order to deal with this problem, our note sets out two possible strategies ‐ the use of functional equivalents and of counterfactual reasoning ‐ and explains how to implement them empirically through process tracing and the establishment of causal chains. As an illustration, these strategies are used for a comparison of the process of electricity market liberalisation in Switzerland and Belgium.
Les femmes au Parlement européen: Effets du mode de scrutin, des stratégies et des ressources politiques. L'exemple de la délégation française
Authors: Beauvallet Willy , Michon Sébastien
Published: January 2011

Cet article vise à apporter des éléments d'explication quant à la féminisation des élus français au Parlement européen. S'il semble nécessaire de prendre en compte le mode de scrutin, ses effets ne peuvent véritablement se comprendre qu'en relation, d'une part avec la position du Parlement européen dans le champ politique français et d'autre part avec la configuration propre des luttes sociales et politiques qui traversent l'espace public français au cours des années 1990. C'est dans ce cadre que le genre constitue une ressource politique plus rentable au Parlement européen qu'au parlement français, avec pour conséquence la promotion de femmes moins familiarisées avec l'exercice du métier politique; des femmes qui de ce fait s'orientent davantage vers des formes de « bonne volonté » parlementaire et des stratégies de surinvestissement des rôles politiques européens. La spécificité relative des postures qu'elles adoptent au sein de l'institution renvoie donc moins à une hypothétique « nature féminine », qu'à un ensemble de processus sociopolitiques.
Les derniers écueils vers la parité politique en Belgique: Une analyse des élections régionales de 2004
Authors: Pilet Jean‐Benoît , Fiers Stefaan
Published: January 2011

La Belgique impose depuis les années 2000 la parité femmes‐hommes sur les listes de candidats pour les élections aux différents niveaux de pouvoir (local, régional, fédéral et européen). Cette obligation a accru la féminisation des assemblées pour atteindre entre un quart et un tiers d'élues. Le progrès est donc réel mais la stricte parité reste éloignée. Cet article s'interroge sur les raisons de ce « plafond de verre ». Elles sont à chercher dans la réticence des partis à accorder les premières places sur les listes à des candidates, et encore plus à placer une femme en première position. Dans un scrutin proportionnel de listes semi‐ouvertes, la part d'élues s'en trouve automatiquement réduite, surtout lorsque la magnitude des circonscriptions est faible. Parmi les motivations de ces réticences à la parité l'une des plus importantes est la conviction que les candidates seraient de moins bonnes « locomotives électorales » que leurs homologues masculins. Pourtant, et cet article le démontre, ces craintes ne résistent pas à l'épreuve des faits. Une analyse détaillée des résultats électoraux en Belgique montre bien que les femmes ne réalisent pas de moins bonnes performances électorales que les hommes lorsqu'elles sont placées en tête de liste.
The Political Rationale of Administrative Reforms: Parliamentary Support of Output Control in Switzerland
Authors: Schedler Kuno , Schmucki Lukas
Published: January 2011

Sufficient political support is a sine qua non of comprehensive administrative reforms. However, while the pros and cons of administrative reform measures have been extensively discussed in theory and research, only little is known about the political process which determines whether or not administrative reforms are implemented at all. Against this background, the article aims at throwing light on the politicians' backgrounds and mindsets which account for their attitude towards administrative reforms. Referring to the theories of voting behaviour, socio‐structural, socio‐psychological, and rational choice factors by Swiss members of parliament are tested for their impact on the attitude towards new output control policies as part of wider administrative reforms. Findings help us understand the different fates of administrative reforms in the legislative process, and they make it possible to draw some essential conclusions for the design and implementation of future administrative reforms. In consequence of this, the article's findings are a significant contribution for the study of the political rationale of administrative reforms as well as the characteristics of political rationale in general.
Power and Conflict in the Swiss Political Elite: An Aggregation of Existing Network Analyses
Authors: Fischer Manuel , Fischer Alex , Sciarini Pascal
Published: January 2011

Since Kriesi's (1980) pioneering work no study has attempted to provide an overall picture of power configuration among the Swiss political elite. To fill this gap we aggregate recent network analyses carried out in various policy domains. Based on meta‐hypotheses regarding the likely effects of the contextual changes that have taken place during the last thirty years, we compare the structure of the Swiss political elite existing in the 1970s to that of the last decade with respect to reputational power, collaboration and conflict. Our results suggest that important transformations have indeed occurred. Thus, both political parties and some specific state bodies could increase their power, whereas most interest groups have lost some. While the internationalization of politics has overall had the expected effects with respect to the power structure and to conflict among political parties, it did not lead to the hypothesized, new conflict among interest groups.
Development and Consequences of Referendum Campaigns in Switzerland, 1981‐1999
Authors: Marquis Lionel , Bergman Manfred Max
Published: January 2011

Since the early 1990s, new forms of referendum campaigns have emerged in the Swiss political arena. In this paper, we examine how referendum campaigns have transformed in Switzerland, focusing on a number of features: their intensity, duration and inclusiveness (i.e., the variety of actors involved). These features are assumed to change in the long run in response to societal changes and in the short run as a function of variations in elite support. We further argue that public knowledge of ballot issues depends on the characteristics of campaigns. To formally test our hypotheses, we draw on advertisement campaigns in six major Swiss newspapers in the four weeks preceding each ballot from 1981 to 1999 and develop a structural equation model. We indeed find that the duration of referendum campaigns has increased over time, while their inclusiveness has decreased. Most importantly, we find that pub­lic knowledge is strongly related to the characteristics of campaigns.
Die Dialektik multikultureller Identität: Kanada als Lehrstück
Authors: Winter Elke
Published: January 2011

Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Konstruktion multikultureller nationaler Identität am Beispiel Kanadas. Mittels einer Untersuchung ausgewählter Artikel zweier großer kanadischer Zeitungen, der Globe and Mail und der Toronto Star in den 1990er Jahren wird gezeigt, dass sowohl Kanada‐USA Gegenüberstellungen als auch Vergleiche des englischsprachigen Kanadas mit dem französischsprachigen Quebec eine wichtige Rolle für die Konstruktion des Mythos “multikulturelles Kanada” spielen. Die mittels der Fallstudie gewonnenen Einsichten werden anschließend dazu genutzt, zwei in der Fachliteratur gängige Darstellungen des Kanada‐Quebec Verhältnisses zu nuancieren und die Konstruktion eines multikulturellen nationalen Selbstverständnisses theoretisch zu erfassen.
Protest Politics in a Changing Political Context: Switzerland, 1975–2005
Authors: Hutter Swen , Giugni Marco
Published: January 2011

This article analyses if and how recent changes within the Swiss political system have influenced different aspects of protest politics (e.g. level, issues, action repertoires, and transnationalization). We argue that opportunities for mobilization have emerged in recent years due to changes in the institutionalized political context and that these changes have at least partially led to a resurgence of protest activities in the early 2000s. In a longitudinal perspective, it is however rather moderate. Additionally, new social movements still dominate Swiss protest politics. Although social and migration‐related questions gained in salience, the changes are not as dramatic as in the case of party politics. The rise of a new integration‐demarcation cleavage has not (yet) shaken Swiss protest politics as heavily as Swiss party politics. Finally, even though they are not integrated into a pronounced new protest cycle, the early 2000s are marked by the global justice movement. In this context, we observe a slight radicalization of the action repertoire and police reactions, which is at least partially explained by the emergence of new “transnational” sites of contention.
Swiss Energy Policy and the Challenge of European Governance
Authors: Jegen Maya
Published: January 2011

The European Union establishes external relations with third countries in different ways. Network governance is considered as an organisational opening that provides for more cooperative flexibility and inclusion. In this article, I examine to what extent network governance enables Switzerland's inclusion in the European energy sector. I argue that, as the network governance of EU energy policy becomes more institutionalized – from the regulatory forums of Florence and Madrid to the European Regulators Group for Electricity and Gas (ERGEG) – Switzerland tends to be excluded. I further argue that this lack of political inclusion is partly compensated by patterns of market governance that favor Swiss firms. Neither network nor market governance, however, is a sufficient form of coordination and traditional options such as bilateral agreements (electricity) and autonomous adaptation (gas) seem inevitable.
Conditioned Networking: Swiss–EU Relations in Transport
Authors: Lehmkuhl Dirk , Siegrist Olivier
Published: January 2011

This article addresses the structural characteristics of the interactions between Switzerland and the EU in the transport sector, i.e. transport by air and land. More precisely, it is focused on two different aspects of this relationship: first the modes of coordination between Switzerland and the EU according to the concept of external governance and, second, those conditions that make inclusive patterns of interaction more likely. The central finding of this case study is an expansion of both the regulatory and organisational boundary in both cases. This shift finds expression in the incorporation of Swiss actors into a variety of networks that, at least in some cases, allow Swiss actors to shape EU policy making. The actual patterns of interaction are influenced by a number of factors, including the type of governance inside the EU that facilitates the inclusion of third parties in EU external governance and the problem structure that is characterized by coordination rather than enforcement problems.
Playground or Democratisation? New Participatory Procedures at the European Commission
Authors: Hüller Thorsten
Published: January 2011

In the previous decade, the European Commission has promoted direct citizen involvement in European Union (EU) affairs via institutions such as deliberative polls, citizen conferences, online consultations or citizens' initiatives. Do these instruments foster EU democratisation? In this article, the Commission's participatory turn is re‐constructed. Against the yardstick of a democracy theoretical framework, two participatory instruments (European Citizens' Consultations and the Commission's online consultations) are assessed. Both instruments are seriously flawed: the ECC cannot resolve the trade‐off between demanding and egalitarian participation, and remains almost unrecognised outside the forum (bridging problem). Online consultations suffer both from a lack of active participation and of the symbolic accountability of the Commission to the contributions of ordinary citizens.
Psychopharmacology training in clinical psychology: a renewed call for action
Authors: Julien Robert M.
Published: January 2011

Knowledge of psychopharmacology is essential for a clinical psychologist to practice his/her profession, regardless of whether one desires to become licensed to prescribe psychoactive medications. This commentary reiterates a call made almost 20 years ago for all practitioners to gain and utilize this knowledge. Without psychopharmacology knowledge, one is extremely limited in the ability to interact with medical prescribers and to optimally serve their patients as a valued member of the health care team. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–4, 2011.
Synthese des Benzylethers von Virginiamycin S1
Authors: Kessler Horst , Kühn Manfred , Löschner Thomas
Published: January 2011

Die Synthese des Benzylethers von Virginiamycin S1 (1) wird beschrieben. Hierzu wird das Dipeptid Boc‐MePhe‐4Kps‐OH (22) mit dem Depsipeptid Pic(3‐OBzl)‐Thr(H‐Phg‐)‐D‐Abu‐Pro‐OBut (19, 20) durch EDCI/DMAP gekuppelt. Nach Abspaltung der Schutzgruppen wird mit dem gleichen Reagenz cyclisiert. Die Synthese der Depsipeptidfragmente 12, 18 ist optimiert worden. Trotzdem racemisieren 20% des Phenylglycins bei der Veresterung. Eine Abtrennung des Epimeren gelingt nicht.
Synthese von (−)‐Detoxin D1
Authors: Häusler Johannes
Published: January 2011

Untersuchungen an den Oxylactonen 3–8 zeigen, daß sich mit wäßriger Alkalilauge lediglich bei den Hydroxylactonen 3 und 4 sowie beim Tetrahydropyranylether 8 der Lactonring ohne β‐Eliminierung des 7‐Oxydrests öffnen läßt, nicht jedoch bei den empfindlicheren Acyloxylactonen 5–7. Die bei der Lactonringöffnung von 4, 8 und 14 anfallenden Alkalicarboxylate werden mit Benzylbromid verestert und gegebenenfalls acetyliert (Produkte 9, 12, 13 und 23). Abspaltung der Schutzgruppe von 13 liefert neben wenig Umacylierungsprodukt 11 den Hydroxyester 10. – Acylierung von racemischem Detoxininlacton 3 mit (S)‐Valin ergibt das Diastereomerengemisch der Valyldetoxininlactone 15a und b, das aufgetrennt wird. Das natürlich konfigurierte 15a wird analog zur Darstellung von 10 aus 4 zum Valyldetoxinin 19 umgesetzt. Diese Syntheseschritte verlaufen jedoch uneinheitlicher (Eliminierungsprodukte 22a und 24). Der Aufbau der Seitenkette führt schließlich über 20 und 21 zur Titelverbindung 1.
Pilzfarbstoffe, 501) Synthese von Terphenylchinonen durch Methoxid‐katalysierte Umlagerung von Grevillin‐Derivaten
Authors: Lohrisch Hans‐Joachim , Schmidt Holger , Steglich Wolfgang
Published: January 2011

Die Methoxid‐katalysierte Umlagerung von Grevillin‐Derivaten 2 liefert Terphenylchinone 1 in hohen Ausbeuten. Die Flexibilität dieser Methode wird an der Synthese von Polyporsäure (1a), Ascocorynin (1b) und Leucomelon (1m) demonstriert, sowie von Terphenylchinonen und Terphenylchinon‐Analogen, die 2,4,5‐Trihydroxyphyenyl‐, 4‐Nitrophenyl‐, 2,4‐Dichlorphenyl‐, Naphthyl‐, Indolyl‐ und Styryl‐Reste enthalten. Die so dargestellten Verbindungen 1 lassen sich nach Wikholm und Moore(20) in Pulvinsäurelactone 6 umwandeln.
Pheromone Synthesis, LXXXI1) New Synthesis of the Enantiomers of exo‐Brevicomin, the Pheromone of Dendroctonus brevicomis Le Conte
Authors: Mori Kenji , Seu Young‐Bae
Published: January 2011

A new synthesis of the title compounds (1R,5S,7R)‐1 and (1S,5R,7S)‐1 from the enantiomers of tartaric acid is described.
Preparation and chromatographic performance of calix[4]crown‐5 macrocycle‐bonded silica stationary phase
Authors: Erdemir Serkan , Yilmaz Mustafa
Published: January 2011

A new calix[4]crown‐5 macrocycle‐bonded silica stationary phase (CL‐CIMS) was prepared and applied at the same time to develop a chromatographic procedure to separate aromatic amines, phenols and drugs in this study. The chromatographic behaviors of the prepared stationary phase for these analytes were studied and compared with those of ODS (octadecylsilane). The effect of organic modifier content and pH of the mobile phase on retention and selectivity of these compounds were investigated. Some aromatic amines, phenols or drugs on CL‐CIMS were successfully separated. The results show that CL‐CIMS exhibits high selectivities for the above analytes in high aqueous mobile phases and a bright prospect in routine, fast separation of aromatic amines, phenols and drug compounds. From chromatographic data, it can be concluded that hydrophobic interaction is mainly responsible for the retention behavior as well as hydrogen‐bonding interaction, π–π and dipole–dipole interaction.
Extraction, thermal cleanup, and GC/MS quantification with disposable solid extractants: Application to hydrophobic analytes in aqueous surfactant solutions
Authors: Begnaud Frédéric , Debonneville Christian , Chaintreau Alain
Published: January 2011

Fragranced consumer products are generally formulated together with surfactants. In application, these products are often highly diluted with water. Analyzing trace amounts of fragrance ingredients in such mixtures is challenging and usually requires either time‐consuming sample cleanup or extensive cleaning of the trapping device to avoid memory effect and cross‐contamination between samples. To overcome these limitations, a new disposable extraction device has been developed to be used in combination with a thermodesorption–GC–MS unit. Made of PDMS foam cylinders, it efficiently extracts trace amounts of hydrophobic compounds from complex aqueous solutions and provides an online sample cleanup, thanks to the controlled desorption temperature, which allows retaining the low volatile constituents of the matrix within the absorptive foam. Combined with a stable isotope dilution assay, accurate quantifications of Cetalox®, Muscenone™, Helvetolide®, Polysantol®, Dartanol, and Myrrhone® from aqueous solution containing surfactant and from water from the aeration tank of a sewage plant were successfully conducted. LOQ varied between 1 and 25 ppb (20% confidence interval, α=0.1).
Reactivity of dpph• in the oxidation of catechol and catechin
Authors: Chen Wei‐Lin , Li Wei‐Shuen , Fu Ping‐Jou , Yeh Andrew
Published: January 2011

A kinetic study of the reduction of pyrocatechol and catechin by dpph• radical has been carried out in various ratios of CH3OH/H2O mixed solvent at pH 5.5–7.5, μ = 0.10 M [(n‐Bu)4N]ClO4, and T = 25°C. The rate constants of oxidation in aqueous solvent, k, were obtained from the extrapolation of the linear plots of the specific rate constants k vs. % H2O plots at each pH value. A linear relationship between k and 1/[H+] was observed for both flavonoids with k = k1Ka1/[H+], where Ka1 was the first acid dissociation constant on the catechol ring and k1 is the rate constant of the oxidation of the mononegative species HX−. The values of k1 obtained from the slopes of the plots are (8.2 ± 0.2) × 105 and (6.1 ± 0.1) × 105 M−1 s−1 for pyrocatechol and catechin, respectively. The analysis of the reaction on the basis of Marcus theory for an outer‐sphere electron transfer reaction yielded a value of 3.7 × 103 M−1 s−1 for the self‐exchange rate constant of dpph•/dpphH couple. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 147–153, 2011
Chain Length Dependence in Diketopyrrolopyrrole/Thiophene Oligomers
Authors: Karsten Bram P. , Janssen René A. J.
Published: January 2011

Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based polymers have shown good performance in polymer solar cells. Monodisperse short oligomers, monomer up to tetramer, of one of these polymers, pBBTDPP1, have been prepared and the chain length dependence of their optical and electrochemical properties has been investigated. The optical and electrochemical data obtained in solution lead to the conclusion that conjugation in this system is very limited. The most probable reason for this is a twist in the backbone, caused by steric hindrance of the dodecyl side chains with the sulfur atoms. In thin films, the chain length dependence of the optical properties is much stronger, due to planarization of the oligomer chains upon aggregation.

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Actuation of Electro‐Active Artificial Muscle at Ultralow Frequency
Authors: Lu Jun , Kim Sang‐Gyun , Lee Sunwoo , Oh Il‐Kwon
Published: January 2011

The electromechanical properties of an electro‐active artificial muscle of poly(styrene‐alt‐maleimide)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) with glycerol as a solvent at ultralow frequencies were investigated. Actuated at higher potentials and in the open air, the artificial muscle showed no back‐relaxation, and the deformation increased steadily as long as the voltage was applied quasi‐statically. Under a simple stimulus with such low frequency as 0.005 Hz, the artificial muscle displayed excellent harmonic responses, and its actuation performance was observed to be improved continuously by a self‐activating process along with the time increased. This is attributed to a combination effect resulting from the unique nanochannels of the ionic network polymer and the large inertia mass of the viscous glycerol.

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Lab‐on‐a‐plate: Extending the functionality of MALDI‐MS and LDI‐MS targets
Authors: Urban Pawel L. , Amantonico Andrea , Zenobi Renato
Published: January 2011

We review the literature that describes how (matrix‐assisted) laser desorption/ionization (MA)LDI target plates can be used not only as sample supports, but beyond that: as functional parts of analytical protocols that incorporate detection by MALDI‐MS or matrix‐free LDI‐MS. Numerous steps of analytical procedures can be performed directly on the (MA)LDI target plates prior to the ionization of analytes in the ion source of a mass spectrometer. These include homogenization, preconcentration, amplification, purification, extraction, digestion, derivatization, synthesis, separation, detection with complementary techniques, data storage, or other steps. Therefore, we consider it helpful to define the “lab‐on‐a‐plate” as a format for carrying out extensive sample treatment as well as bioassays directly on (MA)LDI target plates. This review introduces the lab‐on‐plate approach and illustrates it with the aid of relevant examples from the scientific and patent literature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:435–478, 2011
Urothelium‐dependent and urothelium‐independent detrusor contractility mediated by nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibition
Authors: Santoso Aneira Gracia Hidayat , Lo Wan Ning , Liang Willmann
Published: January 2011

Aims

The urothelium has been implicated in regulating detrusor smooth muscle contractility but the identity of the putative urothelium‐derived inhibitory factor remains unconfirmed. There was inconclusive evidence on the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) in mediating detrusor contractions. This study examined varying regulation by NOS and COX in transverse and longitudinal carbachol (CCh)‐induced and unstimulated phasic contractions.

Methods

Rat detrusor strips with the urothelium‐intact (+UE) and urothelium‐denuded (−UE) were isolated in both transverse and longitudinal directions. Isometric tension of the detrusor strips was recorded both during stimulation with CCh and at the unstimulated state. In the unstimulated state, phasic contractile activity was measured. Tension recordings were made with and without the NOS inhibitorNω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) and COX inhibitor indomethacin (Indo).

Results

Only transverse +UE strips responded convincingly toL‐NAME and Indo treatment, generating larger CCh‐induced contractions. In unstimulated tissues,L‐NAME treatment increased phasic amplitude in −UE strips only. Indo treatment failed to elicit any change in the amplitude but suppressed frequency of the phasic activity in transverse +UE strips. There was no significant Indo‐mediated change in other strips.

Conclusions

The data suggested heterogeneity in the regulation of directional detrusor contractility via NOS‐ and COX‐associated mechanisms. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:619–625, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical irritation of the prostate sensitizes P2X3receptor‐mediated responses in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons
Authors: Zhang Heng , Liu Limei , Lu Gensheng , Chen Zhiwen , Fang Qiang , Yang Zhong , Li Longkun , Li Weibing , Song Bo , Zhou Zhansong
Published: January 2011

Aims

P2X3(ATP‐gated receptors) in nociceptive neurons of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) participate in transmission of pain signals from the periphery to the spinal cord. However, the role of P2X3receptors in chronic prostate pain and continued intractable pain remains unclear.

Materials and Methods

We examined ATP‐evoked responses and P2X3expression in DRG neurons isolated from rats with prostatic inflammation induced by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the prostate. Neurons were dissociated from the L6–S1DRG. The effect of ATP on the excitability of DRG neurons was determined using whole‐cell patch clamp. P2X3receptor expression was determined with Western blot on the 3rd and 10th days after irritation of the prostate.

Results

Although application of ATP induced both fast‐ and slow‐inactivating currents and caused depolarization in control and inflamed neurons, compared to the control group, the increase in ATP responses gave rise to large depolarization that exceeded the threshold of action potentials in inflamed DRG neurons. The affinity of P2X3receptor for ATP increased significantly and inflammation enhanced the expression of P2X3receptor in inflamed neurons.

Conclusions

P2X3receptor upregulation could account for neuronal hypersensitivity and contribute to abnormal pain responses associated with chronic prostatitis. These results suggest that P2X3receptors are useful targets for the treatment of pain in chronic prostatitis. 30:612–618, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpression of miR‐210, a downstream target of HIF1α, causes centrosome amplification in renal carcinoma cells
Authors: Nakada Chisato , Tsukamoto Yoshiyuki , Matsuura Keiko , Nguyen Tung Lam , Hijiya Naoki , Uchida Tomohisa , Sato Fuminori , Mimata Hiromitsu , Seto Masao , Moriyama Masatsugu
Published: January 2011

MiR‐210 is significantly up‐regulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCC), but the mechanism and biological consequences of miR‐210 up‐regulation are poorly understood. Here, we show that miR‐210 is highly expressed in renal carcinoma cell lines and that its expression is clearly correlated with accumulation of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) under normoxia as well as hypoxia, suggesting that miR‐210 up‐regulation in renal carcinoma cells is most likely due to accumulation of HIF1α. To reveal the effects of miR‐210 up‐regulation, the miR‐210 precursor was transfected into renal carcinoma cells. After transfection, the cells accumulated at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and their viability was decreased, suggesting that miR‐210 overexpression may trigger an event that hinders normal cell division. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated a multipolar spindle accompanied by centrosome amplification in cells overexpressing miR‐210. It has been reported that centrosome amplification induces chromosome mis‐segregation, finally leading to chromosome instability and aneuploidy. Indeed, the proportion of aneuploid cells (>4n) was increased in miR‐210 overexpressed cells. By using the TargetScan and PicTar algorithms, E2F3 was identified as one of the possible targets of miR‐210 and was suppressed at the protein level by miR‐210. Moreover, the proportion of aneuploid cells was increased in E2F3 siRNA transfected cells. On the basis of these results, we propose that miR‐210 up‐regulation due to HIF1α accumulation may induce aneuploidy via E2F3 down‐regulation at least in part, and may play a role in tumourigenesis and/or progression of CCC. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent results for single‐junction and tandem quantum well solar cells
Authors: Adams J. G. J. , Browne B. C. , Ballard I. M. , Connolly J. P. , Chan N. L. A. , Ioannides A. , Elder W. , Stavrinou P. N. , Barnham K. W. J. , Ekins‐Daukes N. J.
Published: January 2011

The band gap of the quantum well (QW) solar cell can be adapted to the incident spectral conditions by tailoring the QW depth. The single‐junction strain‐balanced quantum well solar cell (SB‐QWSC) has achieved an efficiency of 28.3%. The dominant loss mechanism at the high concentrator cell operating bias is due to radiative recombination, so a major route to further efficiency improvement requires a restriction of the optical losses. It has been found that (100) biaxial compressive strain suppresses a mode of radiative recombination in the plane of the QWs. As biaxial strain can only be engineered into a solar cell on the nanoscale, SB‐QWSCs are seen to have a fundamental efficiency advantage over equivalent bulk cells. Strain‐balanced quantum wells in multi‐junction solar cells can current match the sub‐cells without the introduction of dislocations. Calculations are shown which predict efficiency limits as a function of QW absorption and band gap for such cells. A dual‐junction InGaP/GaAs solar cell with QWs in the bottom sub‐cell has been grown and characterized. Laboratory and calculated efficiencies relative to control cells are presented for the reported cell and a modeled device, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of spectrum on the power rating of amorphous silicon photovoltaic devices
Authors: Monokroussos C. , Bliss M. , Qiu Y.N. , Hibberd C.J. , Betts T.R. , Tiwari A.N. , Gottschalg R.
Published: January 2011

The effects of different spectra on the laboratory based performance evaluation of amorphous silicon solar cells is investigated using an opto‐electrical model which was developed specifically for this purpose. The aim is to quantify uncertainties in the calibration process. Two main uncertainties arise from the differences in the test spectrum and the standard spectrum. First, the mismatch between reference cells and the measured device, which is shown to be voltage dependent in the case of amorphous silicon devices. Second, the fill factor of the device is affected by different spectra. Different cell structures and states (specifically different i‐layer thickness and levels of degradation) for the different light sources are investigated in this work. These sources are different solar simulators, LED sources, Tungsten as well as the standard terrestrial AM1.5G radiation. It is shown that the performance cannot be evaluated by short circuit current alone. The voltage dependent quantum efficiency of p‐i‐n devices can introduce a mismatch in the PMPP of 1% for 250 nm i‐layer devices in as prepared state, rising to up to 4% for the 600 nm i‐layer devices at degraded state. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction to the special issue: Cognitive‐behavioral therapy in the school setting—Expanding the school psychologist's toolkit
Authors: Allen Korrie
Published: January 2011

The majority of students with mental health problems receive services in the school setting rather than the community setting. The field of school psychology has advocated for the use of evidenced‐based interventions to address mental health problems. The purpose of this special issue is to refine the school psychologist's role through the use of cognitive‐behavioral interventions. This issue includes articles that address specific disorders (e.g., conduct problems, anxiety) providing research evidence for cognitive‐behavioral interventions and discussing solutions to implementation issues that arise in the school setting. In addition, the issue includes articles that (a) discuss implementation models for cognitive‐behavioral interventions in the school, (b) provide a case study, and (c) review methods to enhance parent consultation. In this article, the issue is introduced by reviewing the impact of mental health problems on the school system, the role of the school psychologist, and the implementation of cognitive‐behavioral interventions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
School‐based treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Schultz Brandon K. , Storer Jennifer , Watabe Yuko , Sadler Joanna , Evans Steven W.
Published: January 2011

The authors review the research literature regarding school‐based treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Students with ADHD often do not receive access to special services, even though the impairments associated with the disorder often compromise learning and cause concerns for classroom teachers, school administrators, and support staff. Several school‐based psychosocial interventions that have shown promise in the research literature are described. The authors conclude by offering their perspective on the opportunities and challenges inherent in school‐based services for students with ADHD, with a focus on cognitive and behavioral interventions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism behind the stress‐induced change in boron and arsenic diffusion in silicon devices and its experimental verification
Authors: Lau W. S. , See K. S. , Yang P.
Published: January 2011

There are contradictory reports regarding the effects of uniaxial compressive stress on boron diffusion in silicon. Some reported on the stress‐induced retardation of boron diffusion, whereas some reported on the stress‐induced enhancement of boron diffusion. This work serves to reconcile the conflicting reports on the effects of shallow trench isolation‐induced compressive stress on boron diffusion in silicon. We propose that there are two opposing mechanisms that affect the strain‐induced change in boron diffusion. Mechanism 1, which is related to the strain‐induced reduction in the silicon lattice constant, will lead to a retardation of the boron diffusion of the S/D extension implants. Mechanism 2, which is related to the formation of transient dislocations in silicon during the ramping up period of the S/D annealing, will lead to an enhancement of boron diffusion of the S/D extension implants. The interactions between the two opposing mechanisms would affect the on current versus S/D overhang characteristics as well as the off current versus S/D overhang characteristics. Similar theory can be extended to arsenic diffusion.
The free positron lifetime in amorphous polymers at low temperature
Authors: Laforest N. , Bas C. , De Baerdemaeker J. , Djourelov N. , Dauwe C.
Published: January 2011

A series of amorphous polymers was studied by positron annihilation lifetime (PALS) spectroscopy at 20 K each experiment lasted more than 1 week. The lifetime spectra were deconvoluted into three exponential components. In isothermal conditions, an increase of the free positron lifetime is observed while the parapositronium (pPs) and orthopositronium (oPs) lifetimes do not change with the measuring time.

This upward trend was correlated to the oPs intensity change. To explain the time dependence of the free positron lifetime, a model based on heterogeneities in the electronic density and accumulation of shallowly trapped electrons (STEs) caused by the 22Na source irradiation is proposed. The fittings give two parameters the intrinsic free positron lifetime $\tau _{2}^{0} $ and the Onsager radius $R_{0}^{{\rm PALS}} $.