bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An outbreak of Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii dermatophytosis at a veterinary school associated with an infected horse
Authors: Chollet Annemay , Wespi Bettina , Roosje Petra , Unger Lucia , Venner Monica , Goepfert Christine , Monod Michel
Published: February 2015

We report a case of an outbreak of inflammatory dermatophytoses caused by Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii (formally Trichophyton mentagrophytes pro parte) that involved an infected horse, the owner and at least 20 students, staff and stablemen at a veterinary school in Bern (Switzerland) that presented highly inflammatory dermatitis of the body and the face. Transmission from human to human was also recorded as one patient was the partner of an infected person. Both the phenotypic characteristics and ITS sequence of the dermatophytes isolated from the horse and patients were identical, consistent with the conclusion that the fungus originated from the horse. Three infected persons had not been in direct contact with the horse. Although direct transmission from human to human cannot be ruled out, fomites were most likely the source of infection for these three patients. Inspection of the literature at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century revealed that this dermatophyte was frequently transmitted from horses to humans in contact with horses (stablemen, coachmen, carters and artillery soldiers). The rarity of the present case report at the present time is likely related to the transformation of civilisation from the nineteenth century to nowadays in Europe with the change of horse husbandry. In addition, the inadequate immune response of the horse and the high number of people in contact with it at the equine clinic may explain the exceptional aspect of this case report.
The importance of food composition data in recipe analysis
Authors: Church S. M.
Published: February 2015

The estimation of the nutrient content of a food from its ingredients, or recipe analysis, can be a cost‐effective alternative to chemical analysis for a range of applications. For example, recipe analysis is used in menu planning for institutions and special diets, dietary assessment and food composition databases. More recently, it has become important for assessing whether school meals are meeting guidelines, for calculating ‘calories on the menu’ in food service outlets, for nutritional labelling, and in magazines, cookery books and recipe websites. Robust food composition data, such as the recently published Seventh Summary Edition of McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, are essential for recipe analysis, providing the ‘established and accepted’ source of information required for nutritional labelling. In addition, the new summary edition contains information on weight change, edible conversion factors and vitamin retention values which are invaluable when undertaking recipe calculations. There are, however, many challenges in recipe analysis, including sourcing appropriate nutrient values, converting ingredient quantities from units and household measures to weights, and assigning weight change factors. The new edition is a welcome and invaluable resource for recipe analysis, but the nutrient values and associated data (e.g. weight change and portion sizes) need to be reviewed, updated and expanded on an ongoing basis in order to reflect the changing food supply.
Sports nutrition in a regulatory limbo
Authors: Leser S.
Published: February 2015

The regulatory framework governing sports nutrition products in Europe is changing, with new Regulation 609/2013 on Food for Specific Groups coming into force in July 2016. Currently, sports nutrition products are regulated under the general provisions of Directive 2009/39/EC on Foodstuffs Intended for Particular Nutritional Uses (PARNUTS), the so‐called ‘dietetic foods’. An attempt to set out separate provisions for sports nutrition products, such as food composition and labelling criteria, was made by the European Commission in 2004, but at that time a consensus was not agreed and no official activity was developed in this area. In 2011, in light of conflicting rules with more recent legislation, the European Commission agreed to repeal the ‘dietetic foods’ framework, removing the food categories for which no specific provisions exist, such as sports nutrition products. Today, the prospect of regulators bringing in specific legislation for the sports nutrition sector has receded, with Europe's policy makers recognising that sports people are not a vulnerable subgroup of the general population to require additional controls, as reflected in superseding Regulation 609/2013 on Food for Specific Groups. However, as some Member States remain concerned over consumer safety coming from the use of sports nutrition products, the European Commission has been asked to prepare a report addressing the need, if any, for additional specific rules to govern these food products. As we approach what may be a conclusion on a decade‐long debate about how to regulate sports nutrition products in Europe, thanks to these regulatory changes, the sector may now face a very different challenge. Initially, the industry was in danger of a legislation that was so restrictive that it could have prevented growth and innovation in the sector. Today, as sports nutrition products have evolved to attend to the needs of the wider active population, the industry is now in danger of a regulatory framework that is so broad that it does not recognise the specific needs of sports people. The Commission Report, due in July 2015, is crucial for settling the legislative framework governing sports nutrition products once and for all, so that concerns from National Authorities and the issues currently experienced by the industry are addressed, and the sector can eventually achieve legal clarity and ensure consumer protection. This article discusses the changing regulatory environment for sports nutrition products in Europe, according to the particular views of the European Specialist Sports Nutrition Alliance (ESSNA), the trade association representing the interests of the sports nutrition industry in Europe.
Phylogenetic distance among beneficiary species in a cushion plant species explains interaction outcome
Authors: Pistón Nuria , Armas Cristina , Schöb Christian , Macek Petr , Pugnaire Francisco I.
Published: February 2015

Determining which drivers lead to a specific species assemblage is a central issue in community ecology. Although many processes are involved, plant–plant interactions are among the most important. The phylogenetic limiting similarity hypothesis states that closely related species tend to compete stronger than distantly related species, although evidence is inconclusive. We used ecological and phylogenetic data on alpine plant communities along an environmental severity gradient to assess the importance of phylogenetic relatedness in affecting the interaction between cushion plants and the whole community, and how these interactions may affect community assemblage and diversity. We first measured species richness and individual biomass of species growing within and outside the nurse cushion species, Arenaria tetraquetra. We then assembled the phylogenetic tree of species present in both communities and calculated the phylogenetic distance between the cushion species and its beneficiary species, as well as the phylogenetic community structure. We also estimated changes in species richness at the local level due to the presence of cushions. The effects of cushions on closely related species changed from negative to positive as environmental conditions became more severe, while the interaction with distantly related species did not change along the environmental gradient. Overall, we found an environmental context‐dependence in patterns of phylogenetic similarity, as the interaction outcome between nurses and their close and distantly‐related species showed an opposite pattern with environmental severity.
Agreement among optometrists and ophthalmologists in estimating limbal anterior chamber depth using the van Herick method
Authors: Jindal Anish , Myint Joy , Edgar David F. , Nolan Winifred P. , Lawrenson John G.
Published: February 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the inter‐observer agreement for measuring limbal anterior chamber depth (LACD) using the van Herick test in community optometrists, glaucoma specialist optometrists and ophthalmologists.

Methods

The study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, a random sample of 100 UK community optometrists were given an opportunity to select and grade eight digital slit‐lamp images of anterior chamber angles using the original van Herick 4 point grading scale. The images were included in a clinical decision making study using computerised virtual case vignettes. In the second phase, hospital‐based glaucoma specialist optometrists and glaucoma sub‐specialist ophthalmologists graded the LACD of the right eye using a 7‐point % grading scale in 57 consecutively presenting patients with suspect glaucoma. Inter‐observer agreement was assessed using linearly weighted kappa (κw).

Results

Inter‐observer agreement for community optometrists was moderate, with a mean κw for grading photographic images of 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43–0.57). Overall, ninety‐two percent of observations were within one grade of the actual grade, although grading of narrow angles was associated with a 13% false negative error rate (based on a ≤ grade 2 threshold). For Phase 2 of the study, pairwise comparisons between optometrists and ophthalmologists showed that agreement was moderate to substantial (mean κw = 0.54–0.65) with a false negative rate of 1.9% (based on a ≤ 25% threshold). Grading accuracy of specialist optometrists and ophthalmologists were equivalent.

Conclusions

In summary, the present study found that community optometrists showed moderate inter‐observer agreement for grading LACD. Glaucoma specialist optometrists showed moderate to substantial agreement with weighted kappa values that were equivalent to sub‐specialist ophthalmologists. The augmented 7‐point % grading scale is intuitive and potentially offers greater accuracy for grading narrow angles than the traditional 4‐point scale for grading LACD.
Body condition constrains immune function in field populations of female Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera
Authors: Graham R. I. , Deacutis J. M. , Simpson S. J. , Wilson K.
Published: February 2015

The insect innate immune system comprises both humoral and cellular defence responses. In the laboratory, the insect immune system is well characterized. In the field, however, little is known about the role of constitutive insect immune function and how it varies within and between populations. Laboratory studies suggest that host nutrition has significant impact upon insect immune function. Thus, the rationale for this study was to sample natural populations of the Australian Plague Locust Chortoicetes terminifera to establish whether locust body condition (as determined by protein and lipid content) impacted their constitutive immune system and, as a result, has the potential to impact on their capacity to respond to a pathogenic challenge. We found that body condition varied greatly between individual female locusts within sites and that haemolymph protein levels, but not body lipid content, varied between sites. Moreover, our measures of immune function were correlated with the haemolymph levels of protein (in the case of haemocyte density), lipid (prophenoloxidase activity) or both (lysozyme‐like antimicrobial activity). We discuss the implications of these findings for the role of biological pesticides in the control of locust populations.
Androecia in two Clusia species: development, structure and resin secretion
Authors: Sá‐Haiad B. , Silva C. P. , Paula R. C. V. , Rocha J. F. , Machado S. R.
Published: February 2015

Clusia fluminensis and C. lanceolata are dioecious shrubs having resiniferous flowers with strongly distinct androecia. The aim of this study was to investigate the development and anatomy of their androecia and the ultrastructure, histochemistry and secretory process of their androecium resin glands, examining whether the cellular aspects of resin secretion differed between these two morphologically distinct androecia. Stamens differ, being free in C. fluminensis and clustered in a synandrium in C. lanceolata. Staminode sterility is due to the undifferentiated nature of the anthers in C. lanceolata and degeneration of meiocytes and anther indehiscence in C. fluminensis. Resin is produced in subepidermal cavities and canals with wide lumens. In the secretory stage, epithelial cells present sinuous walls, voluminous nuclei, polymorphic plastids associated with periplastidial reticulum, mitochondria, oil bodies, multivesicular bodies, endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes. The resin is released through rupture points on the distal surface of stamens and staminodes, associated with disrupted cavities and canals. Our results show morphological diversity associated with functional similarity. Also, a secretion pattern shared by the two species includes initiation of the secretory process in young floral buds, compartmentalisation of the secretion in pre‐anthesis buds and release of secretions at anthesis. Cellular aspects of resin secretion in these species are quite similar, as are the chemical identities of the main components of the floral resins of the genus.
Does Organizational Image Matter? Image, Identification, and Employee Behaviors in Public and Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Rho Eunju , Yun Taesik , Lee Kangbok
Published: February 2015

Organizational image, identity, and identification are powerful concepts in terms of understanding members’ behaviors and beliefs. In particular, the term “image” has frequently been used to describe the overall impression of the organization, but most scholars have only focused on organizational image as it is perceived by external audiences. However, organizational image as perceived by members within an organization is critical for determining its impact on individual employees’ motivation, work behaviors, and further performance at work. This article explores the roles of organizational image and identification in explaining organizational behaviors—extra‐role behavior and absenteeism—in public and nonprofit organizations. A series of seemingly unrelated regressions were used to analyze survey data from 1,220 respondents. Results show that organizational image is positively related to employee identification, and identification has a significant influence on promoting extra‐role behavior and lowering employee absenteeism.

Practitioner Points

Organizational image as perceived by members of an organization is an aggregate of individual employees’ perceptions of the organization based on their own experiences and judgments (perceived organizational identity) and outsiders’ judgments about the organization (construed external image).

Both perceived organizational identity and construed external image influence the extent to which employees are likely to identify themselves as part of their organization.

The higher an employee's level of identification, the more he or she is likely to engage in extra‐role behavior.

Managing organizational image and identification in a positive way can significantly reduce costly voluntary employee absences, which are reasonably avoidable absences.
Immunohistochemical Expression of Growth Factors in the Follicular Wall of Normal and Cystic Ovaries of Sows
Authors: Sant'Ana FJF , Reis Junior JL , Blume GR , Gimeno EJ , Rey F , Ortega HH
Published: February 2015

Contents

The expression of growth factors was evaluated immunohistochemically in normal and cystic ovaries of sows. The immunohistochemically stained area (IHCSA) was quantified by image analysis to analyse the expression of these proteins in the follicular wall of secondary, tertiary and cystic follicles. IGF‐I immunoreactivity was strong in the granulosa cell layer (GC), moderate in the theca interna (TI) and mild in the theca externa (TE) of the normal follicles. There was severe reduction of the labelling to IGF‐I in the GC of the follicular and luteinized cysts. In the normal follicles, the reactivity for IGF‐II was very similar to pattern noted in IGF‐I. There was reduction of the IHCSAs in the GC of the follicular and luteinized cysts, but the decrease was not significant. The staining of the IGF‐II in the TI and TE of the cysts was increased, in comparison with normal follicles. The IHCSAs for VEGF were higher in the GC and TE of the normal follicles in contrast to TI, but this difference was noted only in the tertiary follicle. The VEGF reactivity increased in the GC of the cysts, in relation to normal follicles. The results of the current study show that the formation of ovarian cysts in sows is associated with alterations in the immunohistochemical expression of some growth factors.
Inflation and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Southern African Development Community
Authors: Bittencourt Manoel , van Eyden Reneé , Seleteng Monaheng
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we investigate the role of inflation rates in determining economic growth in 15 sub‐Saharan African countries, which are all members of the Southern African Development Community, between 1980 and 2009. The results, based on panel time‐series data and analysis (we use the fixed effects and fixed effects with instrumental variables estimators to account for heterogeneity and endogeneity in thin panels), suggest that inflation has had a detrimental effect to growth in the community. We highlight that inflation has offset the Mundell–Tobin effect and consequently reduced the much needed economic activity in the community, and also the importance of an institutional framework conducive to a stable macroeconomic environment as a precondition for development and prosperity in the community.
Oblique Wave Scattering by a Vertical Flexible Porous Plate
Authors: Koley S. , Kaligatla R. B. , Sahoo T.
Published: February 2015

In the present study, oblique surface wave scattering by a submerged vertical flexible porous plate is investigated in both the cases of water of finite and infinite depths. Using Green's function technique, the boundary value problem is converted into a system of three Fredholm type integral equations. Various integrals associated with the integral equations are evaluated using appropriate Gauss quadrature formulae and the system of integral equations are converted into a system of algebraic equations. Further, using Green's second identity, expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained in terms of the velocity potential and its normal derivative. Energy balance relations for wave scattering by flexible porous plates and permeable membrane barriers are derived using Green's identity and used to check the correctness of the computational results. From the general formulation of the submerged plate, wave scattering by partial plates such as (i) surface‐piercing and (ii) bottom‐standing plates are studied as special cases. Further, oblique wave scattering by bottom‐standing and surface‐piercing porous membrane barriers are studied in finite water depth as particular cases of the flexible plate problem. Various numerical results are presented to study the effect of structural rigidity, angle of incidence, membrane tension, structural length, porosity and water depth on wave scattering. It is found that wave reflection is more for a surface‐piercing flexible porous plate in infinite water depth compared to finite water depth and opposite trend is observed for a submerged flexible porous plate. For a surface‐piercing nonpermeable membrane, zeros in transmission coefficient are observed for waves of intermediate water depth which disappear with the inclusion of porosity. The study reveals that porosity has small influence on the wave‐induced excitation of the structure with higher flexibility but it tends to reduce the deflection of a stiffer structure. In case of partial flexible plates and membrane barriers, irrespective of the gap length, full transmission occurs due to wave diffraction through the gap in the very long wave regime while, full reflection occurs by complete flexible impermeable barriers for similar wave condition.
The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself…and Crime: The Current State of the Fear of Crime Literature and Where It Should Go Next
Authors: Henson Billy , Reyns Bradford W.
Published: February 2015

Researchers have explored the impact of fear of crime for well over 40 years. In that time, the fear of crime literature has undergone a remarkable evolution, with researchers examining it among varied populations, in many contexts, and from different theoretical perspectives. The purpose of the current work is to provide a brief review of the fear of crime literature, with specific focus on how the research has evolved. Particular attention is placed on how the definitions and measures of fear of crime have become more precise over time. In addition, a discussion of the theoretical perspectives and consequences of fear of crime is also included, along with directions for future research.
Litigating Change? Social Movements and the Court System
Authors: McCammon Holly J. , McGrath Allison R.
Published: February 2015

Social movement actors increasingly turn to the law and pursue litigation in their efforts to bring about social change. Our article provides an overview of scholarship on collective and politicized litigation, drawing from sociolegal studies, political science, and sociology. We consider scholarship that illuminates why activists turn to litigation tactics in the first place and circumstances in which a social movement litigation strategy can be successful. We also consider additional impacts of movement litigation. Given that social movement researchers in sociology have, to date, paid only limited attention to activist litigation, we encourage scholars in the discipline to investigate further this important form of social movement mobilization.
Neighborhood Structure, Social Capital, and Community Resilience: Longitudinal Evidence from the 2011 Brisbane Flood Disaster*
Authors: Wickes Rebecca , Zahnow Renee , Taylor Melanie , Piquero Alex R.
Published: February 2015

Objective

Whether a community can demonstrate resilience following a disaster largely depends on the pre‐disaster context. Community disadvantage, the concentration of vulnerable and ethnically diverse groups, and high levels of residential mobility in the pre‐disaster environment make it difficult for communities to “bounce back” following a disaster. The lack of social capital in the pre‐disaster context also hinders community resilience. Yet there is scant research that assesses the extent to which pre‐disaster structural conditions and the availability of local social capital influence community resilience post‐disaster.

Methods

We use administrative and longitudinal survey data from over 4,000 residents living in 148 urban communities in an Australian capital city (Brisbane). The survey data were collected before a major flooding event in 2011 and again 15 months post‐disaster to examine the influence of prior levels of social capital on community resilience. Our indicator of community resilience is an index of perceived community problems before and after disaster.

Results

Community problems were significantly lower in flooded communities when compared with nonflooded communities. Although higher levels of social capital were associated with lower community problems post‐flood, the effect of social capital on these problems did not differ in flooded and nonflooded areas. However, the concentration of vulnerable groups did lead to greater problems in flooded communities post‐disaster.

Conclusion

Although social capital may reduce local community problems under normal conditions, it may have a limited effect on reducing community problems in a post‐disaster environment. In contrast, the structural conditions of a neighborhood before flood have lasting and negative effects on community problems.
The codispersion map: a graphical tool to visualize the association between two spatial variables
Authors: Vallejos Ronny , Osorio Felipe , Mancilla Diego
Published: February 2015

The codispersion coefficient quantifies the association between two spatial processes for a particular direction (spatial lag) on a two‐dimensional space. When this coefficient is computed for many directions, it is useful to display those values on a single graph. In this article, we suggest a graphical tool called a codispersion map to visualize the spatial correlation between two sequences on a plane. We describe how to construct a codispersion map for regular and non‐regular lattices, providing algorithms in both cases. Three numerical examples are given to illustrate how useful this map can be to detect those directions for which the codispersion coefficient attains its maximum and minimum values. We also provide the R code to construct the codispersion map in practice.
SoilFlex‐LLWR: linking a soil compaction model with the least limiting water range concept
Authors: Keller T. , da Silva A. P. , Tormena C. A. , Giarola N. F. B. , Cavalieri K. M. V. , Stettler M. , Arvidsson J.
Published: February 2015

Soil compaction impacts growing conditions for plants: it increases the mechanical resistance to root growth and modifies the soil pore system and consequently the supply of water and oxygen to the roots. The least limiting water range (LLWR) defines a range of soil water contents within which root growth is minimally limited with regard to water supply, aeration and penetration resistance. The LLWR is a function of soil bulk density (BD), and hence directly affected by soil compaction. In this paper, we present a new model, ‘SoilFlex‐LLWR’, which combines a soil compaction model with the LLWR concept. We simulated the changes in LLWR due to wheeling with a self‐propelled forage harvester on a Swiss clay loam soil (Gleyic Cambisol) using the new SoilFlex‐LLWR model, and compared measurements of the LLWR components as a function of BD with model estimations. SoilFlex‐LLWR allows for predictions of changes in LLWR due to compaction caused by agricultural field traffic and therefore provides a quantitative link between impact of soil loading and soil physical conditions for root growth.
Cryptococcus gattii infection in solid organ transplant recipients: description of Oregon outbreak cases
Authors: Forrest G.N. , Bhalla P. , DeBess E.E. , Winthrop K.L. , Lockhart S.R. , Mohammadi J. , Cieslak P.R.
Published: February 2015

Cryptococcus gattii was recognized as an emerging infection in the Pacific Northwest in 2004. Out of 62 total infections in Oregon since the outbreak, 11 were in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. SOT recipients were more likely to have disseminated disease and higher mortality than normal hosts, who mostly had isolated mass lesions. The median time from transplantation to C. gattii diagnosis was 17.8 months. The primary sites of infection were lung (n = 4), central nervous system (n = 3), or both (n = 4). The Oregon‐endemic strain, VGII (subtypes IIa and IIc) was present in 10 of 11 patients; the median fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 12 μg/mL (range 2–32 μg/mL) for this strain. We found C. gattii infection among organ transplant recipients was disseminated at diagnosis, had low cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen titers, and was associated with an elevated fluconazole MIC and high attributable mortality.
Transcriptome atlas of the Arabidopsis funiculus – a study of maternal seed subregions
Authors: Khan Deirdre , Millar Jenna L. , Girard Ian J. , Chan Ainsley , Kirkbride Ryan C. , Pelletier Julie M. , Kost Sara , Becker Michael G. , Yeung Edward C. , Stasolla Claudio , Goldberg Robert B. , Harada John J. , Belmonte Mark F.
Published: February 2015

The funiculus anchors the structurally complex seed to the maternal plant, and is the only direct route of transport for nutrients and maternal signals to the seed. While our understanding of seed development is becoming clearer, current understanding of the genetics and cellular mechanisms that contribute to funiculus development is limited. Using laser microdissection combined with global RNA‐profiling experiments we compared the genetic profiles of all maternal and zygotic regions and subregions during seed development. We found that the funiculus is a dynamic region of the seed that is enriched formRNAs associated with hormone metabolism, molecular transport, and metabolic activities corresponding to biological processes that have yet to be described in this maternal seed structure. We complemented our genetic data with a complete histological analysis of the funiculus from the earliest stages of development through to seed maturation at the light and electron microscopy levels. The anatomy revealed signs of photosynthesis, the endomembrane system, cellular respiration, and transport within the funiculus, all of which supported data from the transcriptional analysis. Finally, we studied the transcriptional programming of the funiculus compared to other seed subregions throughout seed development. Using newly designedin silicoalgorithms, we identified a number of transcriptional networks hypothesized to be responsible for biological processes like auxin response and glucosinolate biosynthesis found specifically within the funiculus. Taken together, patterns of gene activity and histological observations reveal putative functions of the understudied funiculus region and identify predictive transcriptional circuits underlying these biological processes in space and time.
Hyperhemolysis syndrome in patients with sickle cell anemia: report of three cases
Authors: Santos Berta , Portugal Rodrigo , Nogueira Carmen , Loureiro Monique
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia. Worsening of anemia after red blood cell (RBC) transfusion has been reported and is often referred to as hyperhemolysis syndrome (HS). HS is a severe transfusion reaction characterized by destruction of both donor and host RBCs.

CASE REPORTS

In this study we report the clinical findings and treatment of three adolescent patients with SCA who presented with HS. HS occurred after exchange transfusion in two cases and after RBC transfusion during vasoocclusive crises in one. A decrease of serum hemoglobin (Hb) levels was observed 5 to 7 days after transfusions and ranged from 2.5 to 5.7 g/dL. The direct antiglobulin test was positive in two patients who also presented with alloantibodies. Patient 3 received 2 additional RBC units after the onset of HS and experienced the lowest Hb values (2.5 g/dL) shortly after. Patients received intravenous steroids as the main specific treatment and also immunoglobulin and erythropoietin. Resolution of hemolysis was observed in all cases. Of note, spleen lesions were detected in two patients, one had a normal spleen size, and the other presented with enlarged spleen. Pathophysiologic implications of these findings were discussed.

CONCLUSIONS

HS must be a well‐recognized complication of SCA after RBC transfusion. Prompt initiation of treatment and avoiding further transfusions may contribute to reduce the mortality associated with HS. The presence of functional spleen on the pathophysiology of HS deserves further evaluation.
In vitro variables of buffy coat–derived platelet concentrates with residual plasma of down to 10% are stably maintained in new‐generation platelet additive solutions
Authors: Gravemann Ute , Volgmann Thorsten , Min Kyungyoon , Philipp Roman , Lambrecht Bernd , Müller Thomas H. , Seltsam Axel
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND

Platelet additive solutions (PASs) facilitate plasma recovery and may reduce the risk of plasma‐associated adverse transfusion reactions. Whereas current apheresis techniques are able to produce platelet concentrates (PCs) with reduced residual plasma volumes, it is still technically challenging to prepare PCs with plasma levels less than 20% from whole blood. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of producing buffy coat (BC)‐derived platelets (PLTs) with as little as 10% residual plasma and to test the ability of PASs to preserve PLT quality under these conditions.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A pool‐and‐split design was used to evaluate the in vitro quality of semiautomatically prepared BC‐derived PCs stored for 7 days in either SSP+ (PAS‐IIIM) or Intersol‐G (glucose‐containing PAS) with 10% to 30% residual plasma in three phases: 1) 30% plasma (SSP+, Intersol‐G), 2) 20 and 15% plasma (SSP+, Intersol‐G), and 3) 10% plasma (Intersol‐G).

RESULTS

The different plasma‐reduced PAS‐PC types were comparable in volume, PLT concentration, and PLT yield and met all regulatory requirements. The in vitro quality variables of PLTs suspended in 20% or less residual plasma were comparable to those of PLTs stored in 30% plasma for both PAS types. PLT activation was slightly higher with SSP+ than with Intersol‐G. The quality of PCs suspended in Intersol‐G with 10% plasma was well maintained during storage.

CONCLUSIONS

Preparation of BC‐derived PCs with minimal plasma concentrations as low as 10% is feasible. Late‐generation PASs satisfactorily preserve the in vitro quality of such PCs during storage.
Short posterior ciliary artery anatomy in normal and acutely glaucomatous dogs
Authors: Fick Catherine M. , Dubielzig Richard R.
Published: February 2015

Objective

To quantify the total number and luminal areas of the short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCA) surrounding the canine optic nerve at the level of the sclera/lamina cribrosa in normal dogs and compare this data to dogs with a history of acute (≤7 days) glaucoma.

Procedures

Twelve normal globes were obtained through Harlan Laboratories, the UW‐Madison School of Veterinary Medicine necropsy service and via enucleation submissions to the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW). Ten globes with a history of acute glaucoma were obtained from submissions to the COPLOW. Optic nerves were cross‐sectioned in 20 micron steps, and five distinct levels were identified: the retinal nerve fiber layer; the retinal pigmented epithelium and neural canal opening; the choroid/pre‐lamina; the sclera/lamina cribrosa; and the retro‐lamina. At the level of the sclera/lamina cribrosa, SPCA profiles were counted and the luminal area was measured using Cell Sens software. Normal and glaucomatous globes were compared using ANOVA.

Results

Statistically significant smaller luminal areas and fewer numbers of arteries were recorded between normal and glaucomatous globes.

Conclusions

The glaucomatous eyes in this study have SPCA with decreased lumina, suggestive of a vascular pathology present at the early stages of clinical glaucoma. Smaller lumina may be a contributing factor to the ischemia, necrosis, and the eventual full‐thickness retinal atrophy often seen in glaucomatous dogs.
Effect of once daily topical 0.3% naltrexone on tear parameters and corneal sensitivity in dogs with uncontrolled keratoconjunctivitis sicca: a double‐masked randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Chen Thomas , Powell Cynthia C.
Published: February 2015

Objective

To determine the effect of once daily topical 0.3% naltrexone (NTX) on tear production, tear film breakup time (TFBUT), and corneal sensitivity in dogs with uncontrolled keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS).

Animals studied

Sixteen dogs with uncontrolledKCS.

Procedures

A randomized placebo‐controlled trial was performed in 16 dogs with topical 0.3%NTXonce daily or topical saline solution drops once daily. A baseline was obtained at week 0 for tear production (Schirmer tear test 1 and 2—STT1,STT2),TFBUT, and corneal sensitivity.STT1,STT2, andTFBUTwere then subsequently measured at weeks 1, 2, and 4 while onNTXor saline drops. Corneal sensitivity measures were repeated at week 4. The drops were subsequently discontinued and all parameters rechecked at week 5.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference in tear parameters or corneal sensitivity between theNTX‐treated and the saline‐treated groups.

Conclusion

Topical 0.3%NTXgiven as a once daily dose over 4 weeks did not alter tear production, tear film stability, or corneal sensitivity in dogs with uncontrolled KCS.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN CATHOLIC SOUTHERN EUROPE (ITALY, SPAIN, PORTUGAL)
Authors: Oviedo Lluís , Garre Alvaro
Published: February 2015

Reviewing the last fifty years of interaction between religion and science in Catholicism in Southern Europe, common traits are clearly evident: a late awareness of the importance of this interaction and a theological reluctance to address science or to account for its progress. Early signs of the engagement between religion and science appear as a consequence of the work of the French anthropologist and theologian Teilhard de Chardin. In Italy and Spain in the last fifteen years, we see a substantive growth in the rise of research centers and academic activities devoted to exploring the common ground between science, philosophy, and theology. However, despite all these efforts and the many positive signs, there remains a long way to go for theology to consider science as a true challenge and an inspiration and to integrate it into the theological curriculum.
Nonlinear Analysis of Rub Impact in a Three-Disk Rotor and Correction Via Bearing and Lubricant Adjustment
Authors: Weaver Brian K. , Zhang Ya , Clarens Andres F. , Untaroiu Alexandrina
Published: February 2015

Rubbing between rotating and stationary surfaces in turbomachinery can result in catastrophic failures if not caught quickly. Removing the rub impact can then often require time consuming and expensive solutions including field balancing or magnetic bearing systems. However, simple changes in bearing dynamics via bearing and lubricant adjustment could provide for a faster and cheaper alternative. In this work, a three-disk rotor was examined analytically for nonlinear rotordynamic behavior due to an unbalance-driven rub. The rotordynamic solution was obtained using nonlinear and steady state finite element models to demonstrate the effect of the rub impact on the dynamic response of the machine. A thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHD) model of tilting pad journal bearing performance was also used to study the possible removal of the rub impact by making minor adjustments to bearing parameters including preload, clearance, pad orientation, and lubricant properties. Gas-expanded lubricants (GELs), tunable mixtures of synthetic oil and carbon dioxide that have been proposed as a means to provide control in bearing-rotor systems, were also considered for their possible role in controlling the rub. The TEHD model provided a range of bearing inputs to the rotor models in the form of stiffness and damping coefficients. Results from the rotordynamic analyses included an assessment of critical speeds, peak rotor displacements, and vibration characteristics. Individual bearing parameter adjustments were found to have smaller, though still significant effects on the response of the machine. Overall, it was found that by adjusting a combination of these bearing parameters, the peak displacement of the rotor could be reduced by large enough amounts to remove the rub impact in the machine, hence providing a simple approach to solving rub impact problems in rotating machinery caused by excessive vibration.
New Result on Finite-Time Stability of Fractional-Order Nonlinear Delayed Systems
Authors: Chen Liping , Pan Wei , Wu Ranchao , He Yigang
Published: February 2015

Since Lyapunov method has not been well developed for fractional-order systems, stability of fractional-order nonlinear delayed systems remains a formidable problem. In this letter, finite-time stability of a class of fractional-order nonlinear delayed systems with order between 0 and 1 is addressed. By using the technique of inequalities, a new and simple delay-independent sufficient condition guaranteeing stability of fractional-order nonlinear delayed system over the finite time interval is obtained. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the obtained results.
Mask Image Planning for Deformation Control in Projection-Based Stereolithography Process
Authors: Xu Kai , Chen Yong
Published: February 2015

The mask-image-projection-based stereolithography process (MIP-SL) using a digital micromirror device (DMD) is an area-processing-based additive manufacturing (AM) process. In the MIP-SL process, a set of mask images are dynamically projected onto a resin surface to selectively cure liquid resin into layers of an object. Consequently, the MIP-SL process can be faster with a lower cost than the laser-based stereolithography apparatus (SLA) process. Currently an increasing number of companies are developing low-cost 3D printers based on the MIP-SL process. However, current commercially available MIP-SL systems are mostly based on Acrylate resins, which have larger shrinkages when compared to epoxy resins used in the laser-based SLA process. Consequently, controlling the shrinkage-related shape deformation in the MIP-SL process is challenging. In this research, we evaluate different mask image exposing strategies for building part layers and their effects on the deformation control in the MIP-SL process. Accordingly, a mask image planning method and related algorithms have been developed for a given computer-aided design (CAD) model. The planned mask images have been tested by using a commercial MIP-SL machine. The experimental results illustrate that our method can effectively reduce the deformation by as much as 32%. A discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of the mask image planning method and future research directions are also presented.
Alternating Force Based Drop-on-Demand Microdroplet Formation and Three-Dimensional Deposition
Authors: Zhao Long , Chang Yan Karen , Yao Rui , Lin Feng , Sun Wei
Published: February 2015

Drop-on-demand (DOD) microdroplet formation and deposition play an important role in additive manufacturing, particularly in printing of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro biological models for pharmacological and pathological studies, for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, and for building of cell-integrated microfluidic devices. In development of a DOD based microdroplet deposition process for 3D cell printing, the droplet formation, controlled on-demand deposition and at the single-cell level, and most importantly, maintaining the viability and functionality of the cells during and after the printing are all remaining to be challenged. This report presents our recent study on developing a novel DOD based microdroplet deposition process for 3D printing by utilization of an alternating viscous and inertial force jetting (AVIFJ) mechanism. The results include an analysis of droplet formation mechanism, the system configuration, and experimental study of the effects of process parameters on microdroplet formation. Sodium alginate solutions are used for microdroplet formation and deposition. Key process parameters include actuation signal waveforms, nozzle dimensional features, and solution viscosity. Sizes of formed microdroplets are examined by measuring the droplet diameter and velocity. Results show that by utilizing a nozzle at a 45 μm diameter, the size of the formed microdroplets is in the range of 52–72 μm in diameter and 0.4–2.0 m/s in jetting speed, respectively. Reproducibility of the system is also examined and the results show that the deviation of the formed microdroplet diameter and the droplet deposition accuracy is within 6% and 6.2 μm range, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate a high controllability and precision for the developed DOD microdroplet deposition system with a potential for precise cell printing.
Forward Kinematics Solution Distribution and Analytic Singularity-Free Workspace of Linear-Actuated Symmetrical Spherical Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Gan Dongming , Dai Jian S. , Dias Jorge , Seneviratne Lakmal
Published: February 2015

This paper presents a new kinematics model for linear-actuated symmetrical spherical parallel manipulators (LASSPMs) which are commonly used considering their symmetrical kinematics and dynamics properties. The model has significant advantages in solving the forward kinematic equations, and in analytically obtaining singularity loci and the singularity-free workspace. The Cayley formula, including the three Rodriguez–Hamilton parameters from a general rotation matrix, is provided and used in describing the rotation motion and geometric constraints of LASSPMs. Analytical solutions of the forward kinematic equations are obtained. Then singularity loci are derived, and represented in a new coordinate system with the three Rodriguez–Hamilton parameters assigned in three perpendicular directions. Limb-actuation singularity loci are illustrated and forward kinematics (FK) solution distribution in the singularity-free zones is discussed. Based on this analysis, unique forward kinematic solutions of LASSPMs can be determined. By using Cayley formula, analytical workspace boundaries are expressed, based on a given mechanism structure and input actuation limits. The singularity-free workspace is demonstrated in the proposed coordinate system. The work gives a systematic method in modeling kinematics, singularity and workspace analysis which provides new optimization design index and a simpler kinematics model for dynamics and control of LASSPMs.
Effects of chemical intermixing on electrical and thermal contact conductances at metallized bismuth and antimony telluride interfaces
Authors: Devender  , Mehta Rutvik J. , Lofgreen Kelly , Mahajan Ravi , Yamaguchi Masashi , Borca-Tasciuc Theodorian , Ramanath Ganpati
Published: February 2015

Tailoring electrical and thermal contact conductivities (Σc and Γc) across metallized pnictogen chalcogenide interfaces is key for realizing efficient thermoelectric devices. The authors report that Cu, Ni, Ti, and Ta diffusion and interfacial telluride formation with n-Bi2Te3 and p-Sb2Te3 influence both Σc and Γc. Cu metallization yields the highest Γc and the lowest Σc, correlating with maximal metal diffusion and copper telluride formation. Ni diffuses less and yields the highest Σc with Sb2Te3 due to p-type nickel telluride formation, which diminishes Σc improvement with n-Bi2Te3 interfaces. Ta and Ti contacts yield the lowest properties similar to that in Ni-metallized structures. These correlations between interfacial diffusion and phase formation on electronic and thermal transport properties will be important for devising suitable metallization for thermoelectric devices.
Analysis of the surface density and reactivity of perfluorophenylazide and the impact on ligand immobilization
Authors: Zorn Gilad , Castner David G. , Tyagi Anuradha , Wang Xin , Wang Hui , Yan Mingdi
Published: February 2015

Perfluorophenylazide (PFPA) chemistry is a novel method for tailoring the surface properties of solid surfaces and nanoparticles. It is general and versatile, and has proven to be an efficient way to immobilize graphene, proteins, carbohydrates, and synthetic polymers. The main thrust of this work is to provide a detailed investigation on the chemical composition and surface density of the PFPA tailored surface. Specifically, gold surfaces were treated with PFPA-derivatized (11-mercaptoundecyl)tetra(ethylene glycol) (PFPA-MUTEG) mixed with 2-[2-(2-mercaptoethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol (MDEG) at varying solution mole ratios. Complementary analytical techniques were employed to characterize the resulting films including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to detect fingerprints of the PFPA group, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ellipsometry to study the homogeneity and uniformity of the films, and near edge x-ray absorption fine structures to study the electronic and chemical structure of the PFPA groups. Results from these studies show that the films prepared from 90:10 and 80:20 PFPA-MUTEG/MDEG mixed solutions exhibited the highest surface density of PFPA and the most homogeneous coverage on the surface. A functional assay using surface plasmon resonance with carbohydrates covalently immobilized onto the PFPA-modified surfaces showed the highest binding affinity for lectin on the PFPA-MUTEG/MDEG film prepared from a 90:10 solution.