bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Microtexture Study of Palygorskite-Rich Sediments from the Hawthorne Formation, Southern Georgia, by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Krekeler Mark P. S. , Guggenheim Stephen , Rakovan John
Published: January 2005

A microtexture analysis by TEM and AFM of palygorskite deposits from the Hawthorne Formation, southern Georgia is given. Palygorskite is the dominant mineral comprising an average of 65–70% of the sample volume with smaller volumes of smectite, illite and kaolinite. Morphologic observations indicate that the palygorskite formed in an unconfined environment, such as in the water column or in open-pore space. Some palygorskite textures appear to be secondary growths filling voids. An unusual texture is observed where smectite or illite-smectite (Reichweite, R = 0) form epitaxially on detrital illite and kaolinite particles. Oxides of Fe and Ti are common, and authigenic cassiterite is present but rare. Apatite is a common trace mineral in these sediments and occurs in a variety of textures. Apatite occurs as clusters which are believed to be small fecal pellets. These clusters have been partially dissolved and recrystallized and the crystals in the clusters are 50–100 µm in diameter. Other apatite crystals occur either as single crystals or in clusters that are not associated with fecal pellets.

The textural data of this study suggest that there was an evolving and complex mineralogical and geochemical system during and after deposition of the palygorskite deposits in the Hawthorne. The epitaxial overgrowths of smectite on detrital illite and kaolinite particles indicate an intermittent stratified water column occurring in the system. Freshwater was introduced into the system from the northeast of the Apalachicola embayment and overrode more saline water in the southwest portion of the embayment. The results of this study are consistent with previous environmental interpretations and provide additional details.
Progressive Stages in the Formation of Kaolin Minerals of Different Morphologies in the Weathering of Plagioclase
Authors: Papoulis Dimitris , Tsolis-Katagas Panayota , Katagas Christos
Published: January 2005

Halloysite and kaolinite occur in gneissic weathering profiles developed under a temperate climate in the Leucogia area of NE Greece. X-ray diffraction analyses of samples from three profiles of partially weathered gneisses have revealed that kaolinite becomes more abundant than halloysite with increasing intensity of the decomposition processes. To resolve the genetic relationship between halloysite and kaolinite, microtextures were examined by scanning electron microscopy using polished thin-sections and freshly exposed fracture surfaces, and their chemical compositions were determined using an analytical scanning electron microscope fitted with energy dispersive and wavelength dispersive spectrometers. Different morphological forms of halloysite and kaolinite were detected within the same rock mass. In the earliest stage of weathering, spheroidal aggregates consisting of microcrystalline halloysite are formed on the plagioclase surface. With progressive weathering, spheroidal halloysite converts to tubular halloysite. As weathering advances, tubular halloysite converts to platy halloysite, which in turn converts to kaolinite. Halloysite and kaolinite may coexist in the upper parts of the profiles. Electron microprobe analyses of spheroidal, tubular and platy halloysite and kaolinite show that the chemical composition of the various forms indicate a progressive Fe enrichment and Al depletion with advancing kaolinization, from VIFe0.08VIAl3.70 a.p.f.u. in spheroidal halloysite through VIFe0.29VIAl3.50 in platy halloysite to VIFe0.53VIAl3.32 in newly formed kaolinite. Final-stage, book-type kaolinite approaches its ideal chemical composition (VIFe0.04VIAl3.95). The mineralogy and composition of the kaolin minerals and the development of the various morphological forms of halloysite and kaolinite in different parts of the profiles are attributed to the chemistry of the ambient solutions. However, other physical and microenvironmental conditions (e.g. time and space available) also seem to have strong influence on the precipitation processes producing the morphological variations.
Weathering of Soils in Alpine Areas as Influenced by Climate and Parent Material
Authors: Egli Markus , Mirabella Aldo , Mancabelli Alessandro , Sartori Giacomo
Published: January 2005

Two soil sequences in northern Italy (Val di Fiemme and Val Genova) along an elevational gradient ranging from moderate (950 m a.s.l.) to high alpine (2440 m a.s.l.) climate zones were investigated with respect to element losses (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Al, Si, Mn) and development of clay minerals. Soils formed on paleo-rhyolitic parent material in Val di Fiemme and on tonalitic-granodioritic morainic material in Val Genova. All the soils have a similar age (∼12,000 y) and have been classified as Podzols. The soils are very acid and the pH values tend to increase with decreasing altitude. Podzolization processes were most intense in the range of the subalpine forest up to the timberline (1400–1900 m above sea-level (a.s.l.)). Element leaching was greatest in this range and weathering rates decrease with both higher and lower altitudes. Due to the different lithologies and precipitations between the two valleys, the total amount of chemical weathering was slightly different, although the same trends with altitude could be observed. Imogolite-type materials (ITM) are generally of minor importance. Greater concentrations of ITM were observed in the Bhs or Bs horizons of the Episkeleti-Entic Podzols at the lower altitudes. Iron eluviation was similar in all Podzols while larger amounts of eluviated Al were detected in Val Genova. The pattern of smectite distribution along the climosequences had similarities to the trend of cation losses. The largest amount of low-charge expandable minerals seems to exist in the range of the subalpine forest up to the timberline. The development of clay minerals with a smaller layer charge was more advanced in Podzols on rhyolitic material where smectite could be detected in the Bhs and Bs horizon. Parent material influenced chemical weathering in the soils along the two climosequences and essentially determined the degree of weathering and the formation of clay minerals.
Copper Sorption Mechanisms on Smectites
Authors: Strawn Daniel G. , Palmer Noel E. , Furnare Luca J. , Goodell Carmen , Amonette James E. , Kukkadapu Ravi K.
Published: January 2005

Due to the importance of clay minerals in metal sorption, many studies have attempted to derive mechanistic models that describe adsorption processes. These models often include several different types of adsorption sites, including permanent charge sites and silanol and aluminol functional groups on the edges of clay minerals. To provide a basis for development of adsorption models it is critical that molecular-level studies be done to characterize sorption processes. In this study we conducted X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic experiments on copper (II) sorbed on smectite clays using suspension pH and ionic strength as variables. At low ionic strength, results suggest that Cu is sorbing in the interlayers and maintains its hydration sphere. At high ionic strength, Cu atoms are excluded from the interlayer and sorb primarily on the silanol and aluminol functional groups of the montmorillonite or beidellite structures. Interpretation of the XAFS and EPR spectroscopy results provides evidence that multinuclear complexes are forming. Fitting of extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra revealed that the Cu-Cu atoms in the multinuclear complexes are 2.65 Å apart, and have coordination numbers near one. This structural information suggests that small Cu dimers are sorbing on the surface. These complexes are consistent with observed sorption on mica and amorphous silicon dioxide, yet are inconsistent with previous spectroscopic results for Cu sorption on montmorillonite. The results reported in this paper provide mechanistic data that will be valuable for modeling surface interactions of Cu with clay minerals, and predicting the geochemical cycling of Cu in the environment.
Adsorption of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) on Montmorillonite
Authors: de Bussetti Silvia G. , Ferreiro Eladio A.
Published: January 2005

The adsorption of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on montmorillonites saturated with calcium (Ca-Mt) and sodium (Na-Mt) as a function of the pH value and PVA concentration in aqueous solution was studied. Owing to the binding effect of the bivalent cation, the adsorption of PVA on Ca-Mt decreases as the pH of the suspension increases, whereas adsorption on Na-Mt is unaffected by the suspension pH. The adsorption maximum of PVA (pH 6) on Ca-Mt was 151.2 mg of PVA g−1 of clay, which is considerably lower than that on Na-Mt (496.2 mg g−1). These adsorption data coincide with the basal spacings obtained for the clays: 1.72 and 2.26 nm for Ca-Mt and Na-Mt, respectively. Sodium permits a greater separation between the clay laminae than calcium, but in both clays the presence of the polymer gives rise to a material in which PVA is intercalated between the laminae and is also adsorbed on the external surface. Adsorption is a slow process and is irreversible in both clays.
Sorption of Isoxaflutole and DKN on Organoclays
Authors: Carrizosa Maria Jose , Rice Pamela J. , Koskinen William C. , Carrizosa Ignacio , del Hermosin Maria Carmen
Published: January 2005

Sorption of the herbicide isoxaflutole and its main degradate, diketonitrile (DKN), to natural clays, SAz-1, SWy-2 and SHCa-1, and the organoclay derivatives (octadecylammonium (ODA) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)) of these clays was investigated. Isoxaflutole hydrolysis to DKN was too rapid in aqueous solutions with organoclays to characterize sorption. No measurable DKN sorption was observed for the natural clays. Sorption of DKN was greater on organoclays with an interlayer paraffin-like complex that were prepared from the high-charge SAz-1 clay than on organoclays with a bilayer or monolayer interlayer complex prepared using lower-charge SWy-2 or SHCa-1 clays. Desorption isotherms indicated that sorption was irreversible. For SAz-1 with HDTMA at ∼100% of the clay CEC, the d001 values suggest that DKN enters the interlamellar space of the organoclay and dissociates into the anion. The DKN anion forms a very stable chelate complex with the residual cations and/or partially-coordinated structural cations. This strong interaction supports the irreversibility of the sorptive process.
Conformation of Surfactant Molecules in the Interlayer of Montmorillonite Studied by 13C MAS NMR
Authors: He Hongping , Frost Ray L. , Deng Feng , Zhu Jianxi , Wen Xiaoyan , Yuan Peng
Published: January 2005

The ordering conformation of surfactant molecules in intercalated montmorillonite prepared at various concentrations was investigated by 13C MAS NMR. The 13C MAS NMR study demonstrates the coexistence of ordered and disordered chain conformations. Two main resonance peaks are associated with the backbone alkyl chains: the resonance at 33 ppm corresponds to the ordered conformation (all-trans), and the resonance at 30 ppm corresponds to the disordered conformation (mixture of trans and gauche). Deconvolution of 13C MAS NMR spectra indicates that the ordering conformation of surfactant molecules within the gallery of montmorillonite depends very much on their orientation and packing density. When amine chains are oriented parallel to the silicate layers, the amount of all-trans conformer decreases with the increase of amine concentration. However, the amount of all-trans conformer increases with the increase of amine concentration when amine chains radiate from the silicate layers. Furthermore, 13C MAS NMR spectra show that the intercalated surfactant molecules in the clay minerals never attained the complete liquidlike or solidlike behavior.
Effect of the Tetrahedral Charge on the Order-Disorder of the cation Distribution in the Octahedral Sheet of Smectites and Illites by Computational Methods
Authors: Sainz-Díaz C. I. , Palin E. J. , Hernández-Laguna A. , Dove M. T.
Published: January 2005

The order-disorder behavior of the isomorphous cation substitution of the octahedral sheet of phyllosilicates was investigated by Monte Carlo simulations based only on atomistic models in some three-species systems Al/Fe/Mg including a wide range of different octahedral compositions that can be relevant to clay compositions found in nature, especially for smectites and illites. In many cases, phase transitions do not occur, in that long-range order is not attained, but most systems exhibit short-range order at low temperature. The ordering of the octahedral cations is highly dependent on the cation composition. Variations in the tetrahedral charge (smectite vs. illite) produce slight differences in the cation distribution and the short-range and long-range order of octahedral cations do not change drastically. The average size of Fe clusters and the long-range order of Fe are not larger in illites than in smectites as previous reports concluded, but the proportion of Fe3+ cations non-clustered is higher in smectites than in illites. This behavior supports the experimental behavior of the Fe effect on the Al-NMR signal, which is lower in illites than in smectites.
Developing written discourse knowledge in whole language and code emphasis classrooms
Authors: Fang Zhihui
Published: January 2005

Background. Although there have been a plethora of studies comparing the effects of whole language vs. code emphasis instruction on children's literacy development, few have examined what children actually learn about features of written discourse in the two instructional settings. Aim. The purpose of this study was to compare the development of written discourse knowledge among young children in whole language and code emphasis classrooms. Samples. Participants were 64 first grade children, 29 boys and 35 girls, in four intact classrooms from a mid‐western school district of the United States. About half of them (N = 34) received whole language instruction and the other half (N = 30) code emphasis instruction. Methods. Each child was individually asked to compose a book‐like story about a personally relevant experience for others to read at the beginning and end of the school year. The texts were analysed linguistically and statistically in terms of three fundamental features of written discourse ‐ autonomy, conventionality, and specialised grammar. Results. The children developed more knowledge about the autonomy and conventionality features of written discourse, but their understanding of its specialised grammar remained inchoate. Further, the whole language and code emphasis groups did not demonstrate statistically significant differences in their working knowledge of written discourse. Conclusions. The nature of instructional programme (whole language vs. code emphasis) appears to have little impact on children's developing understanding of written discourse.
Children's perceptions of school‐based violence
Authors: Gumpel Thomas P. , Meadan Hedda
Published: January 2005

Background. An important first step in understanding school‐based violence is understanding children's subjective perceptions of the phenomena. Understanding these perceptions is likely to be a major factor in determining the integrity of both prevalence and intervention studies. Aims. We investigated how elementary and secondary aged children perceived school‐based violence. Sample. A sample of 979 children from a nested random sample of elementary (grades 3‐6) and middle school (grades 7‐8) classrooms in Jerusalem participated in this study. Methods. To understand children's perception of school violence, we used an instrument composed of 19 dichotomous items, each presenting a one‐line description of a behaviour, which the respondent would define as either ‘ intentionally harmful’ or not. Results. Eighth graders were significantly less likely to label the behaviours described as violent compared to all other grades; and seventh graders were less likely as compared to third, fourth and fifth graders; also, some between‐gender differences were found. Conclusion. The respondents often view the behaviours described as intentional and aggressive; this finding should serve as an impetus to widen the scope of school‐based violence interventions to include these behaviours, especially for younger children.
Social competition in school: Relationships with bullying, Machiavellianism and personality
Authors: Sutton Jon , Keogh Edmund
Published: January 2005

Background. Bullying is investigated as part of the individual's general framework of attitudes towards interpersonal relationships, social competition and motivation in school. Aims. It was hypothesised that bullying behaviour and pro‐bullying attitudes would be associated with socially competitive attitudes in the classroom, Machiavellianism, and the personality constructs of Psychoticism and Extraversion. Samples. 198 9‐ to 12‐year‐old children from two Glasgow primary schools. Methods. Children completed several measures: a newly developed questionnaire assessing motivations behind social competition and effort in class, the Kiddie‐Mach scale, the Pro‐Victim scale, items from the Olweus Bullying Questionnaire, and the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Results. A ‘ Desire for social success’ factor (incorporating a deliberate lack of effort) was negatively correlated with support for victims of bullying, even after partialling out Machiavellianism, Psychoticism, and social desirability. Pro‐victim attitudes were in turn negatively correlated with Machiavellianism and Psychoticism, and positively correlated with Lie score. Finally, children categorised as bullies scored significantly higher than controls on Machiavellianism, and significantly lower in terms of pro‐victim attitudes. Conclusions. Results are discussed in terms of further study and implications for classroom practice and anti‐bullying policy.
Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies.
Authors: Washburn Dorothy K.
Published: January 2005

Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies. David Woodward and G.Malcolm Lewis. eds. The History of Cartography. Volume 2. Book 3. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1998.662 pp.
The Legacy of Shingwaukonse: A Century of Native Leadership
Authors: Johnson Thomas H.
Published: January 2005

The Legacy of Shingwaukonse:. Century of Native Leadership. Janet E. Chute. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 1998. 359 pp.
Abraham on Trial: The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth
Authors: Goldberg Harvey E.
Published: January 2005

Abraham on Trial: The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth. Carol Delaney. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1998.334 pp.
>Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious Revival and Cultural Identity
Authors: Raverty Thomas D.
Published: January 2005

Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious Revival and Cultural Identity. Melvyn C. Goldstein and Matthew T. Kapstein. eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 207 pp.
Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times
Authors: Goodenough Ward H.
Published: January 2005

Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times. Marvin Harris. Walnut Creek. CA. London, and New Delhi: Altamira Press. 1999.224 pp.
Market Cultures: Society and Morality in New Asian Capitalisms
Authors: Ruf Gregory A.
Published: January 2005

Market Cultures: Society and Morality in New Asian Capitalisms. Robert W. Hefner. ed. Boulder. CO: Westview Press. 1998.328 pp.
The Last Passage: Recovering a Death of Our Own
Authors: Green James W.
Published: January 2005

The Last Passage: Recovering. Death of Our Own. Donald Heinz. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999. 296 pp.
Women Plantation Workers: International Experiences
Authors: Khan Aisha
Published: January 2005

Women Plantation Workers: International Experiences. Shobhita Jain and Rhoda Reddock. eds. New York: Berg. 1998.186 pp.
The Political Ecology of the Water Crisis in Israel
Authors: Doolittle William E.
Published: January 2005

The Political Ecology of the Water Crisis in Israel. Susan H. Lees. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1998. 188 pp.
Middle Eastern Women and the Invisible Economy
Authors: Guindi Fadwa El
Published: January 2005

Middle Eastern Women and the Invisible Economy. Richard A. Lobban Jr. ed. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998. 302 pp.
Ethnography through Thick and Thin
Authors: Myers Fred R.
Published: January 2005

Ethnography through Thick and Thin, George E. Marcus. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. 275 pp.
The Malthus Factor: Poverty, Politics and Population in Capitalist Development
Authors: Price David H.
Published: January 2005

The Malthus Factor: Poverty, Politics and Population in Capitalist Development. Eric Ross. New York: Zed Books, 1998.264 pp.
The Future of Us All: Race and Neighborhood Politics in New York City
Authors: Surrey David S.
Published: January 2005

The Future of Us All: Race and Neighborhood Politics in New York City. Roger Sanjek. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. 466 pp.
The Works: The Industrial Architecture of the United States
Authors: Letkemann Paul G.
Published: January 2005

The Works: The Industrial Architecture of the United States. Betsy Hunter Bradley. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999.348 pp.
The Caddo Chiefdoms: Caddo Economics and Politics, 700‐1835
Authors: Wyckoff Don G.
Published: January 2005

The Caddo Chiefdoms: Caddo Economics and Politics, 700‐1835. David La Vere. ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. 198 pp.
Plants for Food and Medicine: Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the Society for Economic Botany and the International Society for Ethnopharmacology
Authors: Anderson E. N.
Published: January 2005

Plants for Food and Medicine: Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the Society for Economic Botany and the International Society for Ethnopharmacology. H. D. V. Prendergast. N. L. Etkin. D. R. Harris. and P. J. Houghton. eds. Kew, Richmond, UK: Scientific Publications Dept., Royal Botanic Gardens, 1998. 438 pp.
Rape and Rape Avoidance in Ethno‐National Conflicts: Sexual Violence in Liminalized States
Authors: Hayden Robert M.
Published: January 2005

Mass rape is a common but not universal occurrence in ethnic or nationalist conflicts. Using South Asian and Bosnian data, in this article I argue that mass rape is likely when such conflicts take place during the partition of a territory and its population, when the state itself is liminal, both its territory and control over it uncertain. In conflicts in which the state is not itself threatened, and thus groups feel that they will continue to coexist, there is some evidence that rape is avoided, even when murder is accepted. However, such instances of rape avoidance are largely unstudied, in large part because of the focus on the violence of mass rape. Further, this focus on violence tends toward classifying all sexual relations between groups whose members have participated in mass rape as improper, thus depriving women who may not wish to rejoin their natal groups of agency, [rape, genocide, violence, India, Yugoslavia/Bosnia]
Having and Holding: Storage, Memory, Knowledge, and Social Relations
Authors: Hendon Julia A.
Published: January 2005

Starting from Giddens's concept of mutual knowledge, in this article I argue for an expanded definition of storage as a situated practice through which groups construct identity, remember, and control knowledge as part of a moral economy. Drawing on ethnographic and archaeological examples from a range of societies, including those of the Trobriand Islands, Neolithic Europe, and Mesoamerica, I consider the spatial and social meaning of utilitarian, household storage. Many of the social meanings embodied in utilitarian storage are found to also inform other kinds of storage, especially those categorized as burials and votive offerings, or caches, [storage, mutual knowledge, social memory, inalienable wealth, Mesoamerica]
In the Shadow of "Death with Dignity": Medicine and Cultural Quandaries of the Vegetative State
Authors: Kaufman Sharon R.
Published: January 2005

In this paper I address one site of technological development and cultural production, the permanent or persistent comatose condition and the institutions and practices that enable this life form to exist. As with other medical sites of ambiguity and change under recent scrutiny by anthropologists, the locations in which comatose bodies thrive are those in which the routinization of technology use in the clinic and a legitimating social and economic context come together to permit and create a further remapping of the notions of "life" and "person." I explore the new forms of knowledge, practice, and the body that are created at this site and how they are negotiated, and I discuss how the shifting understanding of "'culture" and "nature" both have an impact on and are informed by American quandaries about approaching death. I argue that beings who are neither fully alive, biologically dead, nor "naturally" self‐regulating, yet who are sustained by modern medical practices, destabilize the existing social order in ways that are different from other hybrid forms, [medical anthropology, anthropology of the body, bioethics, personhood, culture/nature dichotomy]
The State as a Chosen Woman: Brideservice and the Feeding of Tributaries in the Inka Empire
Authors: Gose Peter
Published: January 2005

The Inka state was gendered in complex and apparently contradictory ways. In military contexts, it became masculine, emphasizing conquest us the basis of men's individual matrimonial claims and the Inka sovereign's right to "give" them women. However, in its civilian tributary system, the Inka state assumed a female guise, providing food, drink, and clothing to dependent tributaries as an expression of its political‐economic power, according to the Andean idiom of mink a. By extending Collier and Rosaldo's notion of brideservice. this paper explores how these "opposed" genderings of the Inka state actually implied each other and formed a single complex, [gender, consumption, labor, state. Andes]
The Exorcising Sounds of Warfare: The Performance of Shamanic Healing and the Struggle to Remain Mapuche
Authors: Bacigalupo Ana Mariella
Published: January 2005

Since the cessation of Mapuche guerrilla warfare against Chileans in 1881, machis who are predominantly women, have progressively incorporated aspects of traditional warring into their shamanic healing and performance of collective nguiUatun rituals. Guns, knives, war cries, and male pre‐war bonding acts are used by machis to "kill" or "defeat" illness, evil, and the effects of acculturation on their patients and the community. Acculturation is often seen by the Chilean Mapuche as the root of illness, evil, and alienation. All three are conceived as enemies that threaten the Mapuche self from the outside and are detrimental to the physical and spiritual well‐being of the individual or group. While ritual played an important role in gaining supernatural help to strengthen warriors in the past, the warring complex in ritual, and healing in particular, is crucial in reinforcing contemporary Mapuche identity, traditions, and wholeness. I analyze the performance of spiritual warfare in healing and collective ritual as the Mapuche way of aggressively advocating the opposition between self, tradition, and life on one hand, and otherness, acculturation, and death, on the other.
Anthropology at the Edge: Essays on Culture, Symbol, and Consciousness
Authors: Price‐williams Douglas
Published: January 2005

Anthropology at the Edge: Essays on Culture, Symbol, and Consciousness. J. Ian Prattis. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996. $27.50 (paper), xviii. 311 pp.
Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects
Authors: Roth Christopher F.
Published: January 2005

Reincarnation and Biology:. Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects. Ian Stevenson. Westport, CT, and London: Praeger, 1997. volumes. 1192 pp. $195.00 (cloth).
“One Who Doesn't Know War, Doesn't Know Anything”: The Problem of Comprehending Suffering in Postwar El Salvador
Authors: Dickson‐Gómez Julia
Published: January 2005

Many times as I was interviewing campesinos living in a repopulated community in El Salvador about their experiences during the war, they would comment, “They say, he who hasn't experienced war doesn't know anything.” This article is an exploration of that statement and the challenge it presents to the implicit assumptions in much of the anthropological writing on violence.
Initiation in Cuban Santería
Authors: Mason Michael Atwood
Published: January 2005

Born into an Episcopalian family where people cultivated intimate and intense relationships with God, I have been exploring the popular Afro‐Cuban religion Santería with both an intellectual and religious interest since 1987. This true story is adapted from Living Santería: Rituals and Experiences in an Afro‐Cuban Religion, published bythe Smithsonian Institution Press in 2002.
Food Security and Nutrition: The Global Challenge
Authors: Srinivas K. Ravi
Published: January 2005

Uwe Kracht and Manfred Schultz. eds. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.
The Human Relationship with Nature: Development and Culture
Authors: Coyle Thomas R.
Published: January 2005

The Human Relationship with Nature: Development and Culture Peter H. Kahn The MIT Press1999
Introduction
Authors: SEYMOUR SUSAN
Published: January 2005

During the past three decades, it is argued, feminist anthropology and psychological anthropology have had little impact on one another. This introduction provides the historical background to this surprising impasse—why these two subdisciplines, which could be mutually enriching, have had separate trajectories. The introduction also provides a brief summary of each article, indicating how it contributes to a new feminist psychological anthropology.
Psychodynamic Universals, Cultural Particulars in Feminist Anthropology: Rethinking Hua Gender Beliefs
Authors: QUINN NAOMI
Published: January 2005

This article disputes the view that systems of gender identity are so extraordinarily variable cross‐culturally as to suggest that they are wholly culturally constructed, and, therefore, not open to universal explanation. Instead, we argue, these systems are underlain by a universal unresolved tension between being masculine and being feminine. This tension can best be understood in terms of the psychoanalytic concept of splitting, as developed by Melanie Klein and extended by feminist theorists Nancy Chodorow and Jessica Benjamin. We illustrate our argument with a detailed reanalysis of ethnographic material, published by Anna Meigs, on the Hua of Papua New Guinea. Our analysis challenges anthropologist Henrietta Moore's construal of the Hua case as evidence against the cross‐cultural applicability of Western categories of gender identity.
Moral Choices and Global Desires: Feminine Identity in a Transnational Realm
Authors: McHUGH ERNESTINE
Published: January 2005

Global changes during the last three decades have greatly altered the spatial and moral orientations of individuals in Nepal. This has caused a reordering of gender relations that has influenced the life experience of many women, challenging existing notions of feminine identity. Here, I apply a feminist psychological anthropology to understanding the ways in which social transformations in Nepal have shaped the hopes, ideals, and actions of a particular young woman who has been empowered, rather than burdened and displaced, by the changes of globalization. Her example shows how an analysis of individual lives can illuminate the motivating forces and differential effects of globalization and demonstrates that attention to gender is necessary for understanding the complex relationship between power and experience.
The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 1: Introduction and Treatment Experience
Authors: Semb Gunvor , Brattström Viveca , Mølsted Kirsten , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Shaw William C.
Published: January 2005

Objective

To calculate the amount of treatment and associated travel experienced by five groups of patients treated at different centers. (This data is related to outcomes and patient/parent satisfaction in subsequent papers in this series).

Design

A longitudinal cohort study where results were previously reported at 9 years and follow-up measurements were obtained for 12 and 17 years.

Setting

Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe.

Subjects

127 consecutively treated individuals with repaired unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.

Main Outcome Measures

Numbers of surgeries and outpatient visits, number of visits, and treatment duration for early orthopedics and orthodontic treatment, associated travel time and difficulties.

Results

The mean number of operations per center ranged from 3.5 to 6; length of orthodontic treatment from 3.3 to 8.5 years, and attendance from 49 to 94 visits; and for early orthopedics, 0 to 15 months of treatment, 0 to 17 visits, and 0 to 146 days in hospital.

Conclusion

Protocols for the management of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate can vary dramatically in the burden of treatment imposed.
The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 2: Craniofacial Form and Nasolabial Appearance
Authors: Brattström Viveca , Mølsted Kirsten , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Semb Gunvor , Shaw William C.
Published: January 2005

Objective

To compare craniofacial morphology and nasolabial appearance up to age 17 in individuals with repaired complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated at five European centers.

Design

Longitudinal cohort study.

Setting

Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe.

Subjects

127 consecutively treated individuals with repaired complete UCLP.

Main outcome measures

Cephalometric variables, 14 angular and 2 ratio variables, and panel ratings of nasolabial appearance, 4 variables.

Results

The results revealed that at ages 12 and 17, two centers had a flatter profile (gs-sn-pgs) and retrognathic maxilla (sss-ns-sms). Additionally, one of the two centers had increased lower face height. Ratings of nasolabial appearance showed more similarity between the centers.

Conclusion

The results confirm that systematic differences in craniofacial morphology and nasolabial appearance may occur between different cleft centers, but do not allow specific caused factors to be identified.
The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 4: Relationship among Treatment Outcome, Patient/Parent Satisfaction, and the Burden of Care
Authors: Semb Gunvor , Brattström Viveca , Mølsted Kirsten , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Zuurbier Petra , Rumsey Nichola , Shaw William C.
Published: January 2005

Objective

To assess patient/parent satisfaction with the treatment they had received from their respective teams, and to explore interrelationships between satisfaction, objectively rated outcome, and the burden of care.

Design

This study reports cross-sectional data as part of the overall longitudinal cohort study reported in the other four papers of this series.

Setting

Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe.

Subjects

127 consecutively treated 17-year-olds with repaired complete unilateral cleft lip and palate and their parents.

Main Outcome Measure

Patient/parent satisfaction.

Results

Generally, there was a high level of patient/parent satisfaction. There were no relationships among satisfaction, objectively rated outcomes, and the amount of care.

Conclusions

This study highlights various challenges involved in questionnaire surveys into patient/parent satisfaction, and underlines the need for collective efforts to improve our understanding of this issue.
Oral Clefts, Maternal Smoking, and TGFA: A Meta-Analysis of Gene-Environment Interaction
Authors: Zeiger Joanna S. , Beaty Terri H. , Liang Kung-Yee
Published: January 2005

Objective

A meta-analysis was performed to examine the association among maternal cigarette smoking, infant genotype at the Taq1 site in the transforming growth factor α (TGFA) locus, and risk of nonsyndromic oral clefts, both cleft palate (CP) and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P).

Design

Five published case-control studies were included in the meta-analyis. Pooled Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. Gene-environment interaction was also assessed by using the pooled data in a case-only analysis and polytomous logistic regression.

Results

Among nonsmoking mothers, there was no evidence of any increased risk for CP if the infant carried the TGFA Taq1 C2 allele. If the mother reported smoking, however, there was an overall increased risk for CP if the infant carried the C2 allele (ORsmokers = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.22 to 3.10). TGFA genotype did not increase risk to CL/P, regardless of maternal smoking status. Polytomous logistic regression revealed a significant overall smoking effect for CL/P (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.33 to 2.02) and CP (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.90).

Conclusions

While maternal smoking was a consistent risk factor for both CL/P and CP across all studies, the suggestive evidence for gene-environment interaction between the infant's genotype at the Taq1 marker in TGFA and maternal smoking was limited to CP. Furthermore, evidence for such gene-environment interaction was strongest in a case-control study drawn from a birth defect registry where infants with non-cleft defects served as controls.
A New Method for the Treatment of Macrocephaly Caused by Hydrocephalus
Authors: Mansour Natalie , Sobel Lisa , Lee Misook , Larumbe Jose , Stelnicki Eric
Published: January 2005

Objective

This report will discuss a new surgical technique for treating severe cases of macrocephaly in which the bony architecture is markedly distorted. The procedure relies on several novel surgical tools for its success that have not been previously applied to the treatment of this condition. It utilized the use of contraction osteogenesis devices, resorbable plating systems, and an age- and sex-matched computer-generated skull model, which was derived from a computed tomographic scan as a template for the new calvarium.

Results

In the case reported, combined use of these technologies allowed for the complete reconstruction of the calvarium down to the level of the cranial base to produce an appropriately sized skull. The skull model created a template onto which bony fragments could be placed and fixated into a normal shape using the resorbable plating system. The contraction osteogenesis devices then allowed for a slow, safe reduction of the hydrocephalus via a ventriculoperitoneal shunt over a period of several days. On completion of the contraction process, the devices served to fixate the calvarium to the cranial base during the period of bone healing.

Conclusion

The combination of these modalities represents a unique state-of-the-art method for the correction of severe macrocephaly without the risks of intracranial hemorrhage and provides a useful adjunct to the treatment of hydrocephalus.
Approaches to Craniofacial-Specific Quality of Life Assessment in Adolescents
Authors: Edwards Todd C. , Patrick Donald L. , Topolski Tari D. , Aspinall Cassandra L. , Mouradian Wendy E. , Speltz Matthew L.
Published: January 2005

Objective

To ascertain the domains that adolescents aged 11 to 18 years with congenital and acquired craniofacial differences (CFDs) consider important to their quality of life (QoL) to create a craniofacial-specific module.

Design

Interviews and inductive qualitative methods were used to guide the development of a conceptual and measurement model of QoL among adolescents with CFDs.

Setting

The Craniofacial Center at Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center in Seattle, Washington.

Patients, Participants

Thirty-three in-depth interviews with adolescents (aged 11 to 18 years), one young adult interview (age 19 years), 14 in-depth interviews with parents, one young adult focus group, one parent focus group, and one panel of researchers and clinical professionals working in the field.

Results

Using the qualitative methodology, grounded theory, seven domains that adolescents with CFDs perceive are important to having a good QoL were found. Six of the domains (coping, stigma and isolation, intimacy and trust, positive consequences, self-image, and negative emotions) comprised the Youth Quality of Life Instrument–Facial Differences module. One other domain, surgery, was a salient issue for many of the youth, but not all, so it was made into a separate module, the Youth Quality of Life Instrument– Craniofacial Surgery module. This module relates to the experience of surgery, outcomes of surgery, and preferences for future surgery.

Conclusions

Using an established qualitative methodology, two QoL modules specific to adolescents with CFDs were developed and are ready for psychometric validation. Potential uses of the instruments are discussed.
Ignoring it Doesn't Make it Stop: Adolescents, Appearance, and Bullying
Authors: Lovegrove Emily , Rumsey Nichola
Published: January 2005

Objective

To investigate levels of appearance-related concern in a normative population of adolescents.

Design

Action research methodology was used to help adolescents develop a questionnaire that elicited peer views on appearance (Part 1) and to further develop the Changing Faces psychosocial strategies for dealing with appearance-related bullying (Part 2).

Participants

Adolescents aged 11–19.5 years were involved in the development of a questionnaire on the extent and nature of appearance-related concerns: 36 in development of antibullying strategies and 210 in an intervention.

Intervention

Part 3 of the project was an intervention that included information on the importance of appearance in human interactions as well as learning and practicing eight nonconfrontational coping strategies.

Main Outcome Measures

The questionnaires developed by the adolescents, in addition to Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Questionnaire for Adolescents, were used preintervention, postintervention, and at 6 months postintervention.

Results

Of 11–13 year olds questioned, 75% cited teasing or bullying about their appearance as causing considerable distress. Concerns were compounded by a perceived lack of effective coping strategies. At 6 months postintervention, perceived levels of bullying had decreased by almost two-thirds, and there were significant improvements in global self-esteem, confidence to tackle teasing and bullying, and confidence with disfigurement issues. A nonintervention comparison group showed no such improvements.

Conclusions

Offering young people social skills to cope with teasing or bullying about appearance may substantially reduce general bullying as well as that specifically targeted at disfigured individuals. Involving young people in the design of an intervention to be used with them may be crucial to the intervention's eventual success, and strategies learned to cope with appearance-related bullying are easily adaptable for use in other types of confrontation.
Addressing Quality of Life Issues in Adolescents: Social Skills Interventions
Authors: Kapp-Simon Kathleen A. , McGuire Dennis E. , Long Beth C. , Simon Dennis J.
Published: January 2005

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine whether social skills training can improve the social interaction skills of adolescents with craniofacial conditions (CFCs) in a natural environment (school lunchroom).

Design

This study used a pre-post between-group comparison design. Differences between treatment and control subjects were analyzed via a repeated measures analysis of variance.

Setting

The observations were conducted in the respective school lunchrooms of the adolescents. Social skills groups were conducted in an outpatient clinic setting.

Main Outcome Measures

Structured data based on 45 minutes of observation was coded for type, frequency, and duration of social contact. Specific measures included subject initiations and responses, peer initiations and responses, conversation events, total positive communication, and frequency of nondirected comments.

Results

Both target and peer-controlled total communication improved across time with adolescents receiving social skills intervention showing significantly more improvement than those adolescents not receiving direct social skills interventions. Adolescents receiving treatment participated in significantly more target initiated conversations lasting at least three interchanges and showed a trend toward a greater frequency of target initiations and positive responses to peer initiations. Peers were more likely to respond to treatment subject initiations after intervention. Fewer treatment subjects used nondirected communication, whereas control subjects continued to use nondirected communication at a slightly increased frequency.

Conclusions

This study provides preliminary evidence that social skills training can increase the frequency of positive social interactions with peers for adolescents with CFCs.
Speech Production of Preschoolers with Cleft Palate
Authors: Hardin-Jones Mary A. , Jones David L.
Published: January 2005

Objective

The present investigation was conducted to examine the prevalence of preschoolers with cleft palate who require speech therapy, demonstrate significant nasalization of speech, and produce compensatory articulations. The relationship among these three dependent variables and the independent variables of cleft type and age of primary palatal surgery was also examined.

Participants

The participants included 212 preschoolers with repaired cleft palate aged 2 years 10 months to 5 years 6 months.

Main Outcome Measures

Chi-square analyses were performed to examine the relationship between two independent variables (cleft type and age of surgery) and three dependent variables (percentage of children requiring speech therapy, percentage demonstrating moderate to severe hypernasality and receiving secondary management for velopharyngeal insufficiency, and percentage producing glottal/pharyngeal substitutions).

Results

Sixty-eight percent of the children were enrolled in (or had previously received) speech therapy. Thirty-seven percent of the children demonstrated moderate-severe hypernasality or had received secondary surgical management for velopharyngeal insufficiency. Chi-square analyses revealed a significant relationship between cleft type and the number of children referred for speech therapy as well as the number of children with significant hypernasality. The analyses also revealed a significant relationship between age of palatal surgery and number of children with significant hypernasality.

Conclusions

Despite advances in surgical management and the advantages offered by team care, the majority of preschoolers with cleft palate continue to demonstrate delays in speech sound development that require direct speech therapy. An optimal treatment regimen for these children is one that includes primary palatal surgery no later than 13 months of age.
Melanin
Authors: Henson Joan M.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Occurrence and Structure

Fungi

Animals

Other Organisms

Function

Synthesis

Precursors

Pathways

Enzymes, Genes and their Regulation

Biodegradation

Production and Applications

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents