bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of phosphorylated chitosan‐coated carbon microspheres as flame retardant and its application in unsaturated polyester resin
Authors: Chen Zhongwei , Yu Yuan , Zhang Qingwu , Chen Zhiquan , Chen Tingting , Jiang Juncheng
Published: April 2019

In this work, phosphorylated chitosan‐coated carbon microspheres (PCH@CMS) was successfully synthesized. Obtained PCH@CMS used as flame retardant was added into unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray electron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that C═O, P─O, and P═O appeared on the surface of PCH@CMS. Compared with UPR, the residues of UPR/PCH@CMS‐10 at 800°C under nitrogen and air atmospheres increased by 9.0 and 3.9 wt%, respectively, and the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and the peak smoke release rate (pSPR) of UPR/PCH@CMS‐3 decreased by 18.9% and 23.5%, respectively. Limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), and cone calorimeter test (CCT) results showed that the addition of PCH@CMS could enhance the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the UPR composites. Moreover, the residues after CCT were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XPS, and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS). Based on the above results, the flame retardant mechanism of PCH@CMS was proposed. The carbon layer produced by the UPR/PCH@CMS composites was tortuous and could suppress the heat and pyrolysis product exchange with UPR matrix.
The North West London Diabetes Transformation Programme (NWL‐DTP): the journey so far in optimising diabetes care within North West London
Authors: Willis Tony , Chandok Raj , Delgado Raquel , Razak Yasmin , Robertson Lesley , Dornhorst Anne ,   On behalf of the North West London Diabetes Transformation Programme team, London, UK
Published: April 2019

In this paper we share learning and outcomes from three years of a North West London Diabetes Transformation Programme (NWL‐DTP) across eight clinical commissioning groups.

We have evaluated the improvements in care of 77 382 people with diabetes and 71 562 patients with non‐diabetic hyperglycaemia (NDH) between August 2015 and August 2018, based on primary care data from 229 practices.

Significant improvements in care have been achieved through active case finding, primary care improvement programmes and closer multidisciplinary working, supported by a clinical and administrative leadership team. Diabetes prevalence increased by 15% from 67 279 to 77 382 while the NDH register increased from 9071 to 71 562. There was an increase in: patients achieving all nine key care processes by 31.1%; HbA1c ≤58mmol/mol by 6.6%; blood pressure ≤140/80mmHg by 3.8%; cholesterol ≤4mmol/L by 6.8%; all three treatment targets by 4.5%; hypoglycaemia monitoring by 81.1%; collaborative care planning by 74.8%; and NDH annual review by 41.3%. North West London was the largest referrer into the National Diabetes Prevention Programme in the UK over this period.

The NWL‐DTP has achieved significant improvements in diabetes care in the context of very high levels of ethnic diversity, significant social deprivation and a complex health commissioning environment. Key enablers supporting the widescale transformation have been clinical leadership, digital systems support, patient engagement and commissioner buy‐in. Further evaluation will focus on health care utilisation, costs and complications in order to understand the impact on key diabetes endpoints. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons.
Prediction of local temperature‐dependent performance of silicon solar cells
Authors: Eberle Rebekka , Fell Andreas , Mägdefessel Sven , Schindler Florian , Schubert Martin C.
Published: April 2019

In this study, we present a method to predict the local temperature‐dependent performance of silicon solar cells from wafer lifetime images, which enables local investigation of silicon solar cell parameters under realistic operation conditions. The multicrystalline silicon wafers investigated underwent high‐temperature steps equivalent to emitter diffusion and contact firing for the production of a passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cell. Injection and temperature‐dependent lifetime images, gathered by calibrated photoluminescence (PL) imaging, are combined with numerical cell device simulations using Quokka3. Hereby, the spatially resolved open‐circuit voltage VOC, short‐circuit current density jSC, fill factor FF, and the efficiency η of a virtual solar cell based on the characterized material are predicted for various temperatures. These data are used to compute temperature coefficients of the aforementioned cell parameters. Our predictions are validated by a comparison with measurement results of cells made from sister wafers, which are analyzed globally and spatially resolved via PL imaging, Lock‐in Thermography, and Light‐Beam‐Induced‐Current measurements. We observed a lower temperature sensitivity of IV parameters in dislocation clusters despite of expecting high changes with temperature, which might be explainable by Shockley‐Read‐Hall (SRH) recombination of impurities like interstitial chromium.
Resistive Pulse Sensing as a High‐Resolution Nanoparticle Sizing Method: A Comparative Study
Authors: Terejánszky Péter , Papp Soma , Berényi Szilvia , Gyurcsányi Róbert E.
Published: April 2019

One of the main challenges of sizing methods for nanoparticle (NP) suspensions is to distinguish between particles and particle populations with very small size differences. This would be especially important to follow various surface functionalization processes of nanoparticles resulting in small alterations of their size. In this respect, methods involving the detection of single particles, such as resistive pulse sensing (RPS) or nanoparticle tracking analysis, are generally considered superior to ensemble measuring methods such as dynamic light scattering. However, to compare the exact capabilities of these methodologies require systematic investigations in optimized conditions for each method. Here, such a study is presented for a narrow size range of spherical latex nanoparticles (60–200 nm). It is concluded that the RPS methodology based on quartz nanopipets as single nanopore counters, is the only sizing method among those studied capable to fully resolve a ternary mixture of 70, 110, and 140 nm average diameter NPs. The practical usefulness of this size resolution is demonstrated by following the increase in diameter of latex nanoparticles after their surface modification with antibodies.
Use of X‐Ray Computed Tomography for Validation of Random Packs of Composite Solid Propellants
Authors: Vijay Chaitanya , Raguvarun K. , Bharghav K. V. S. , Balasubramaniam Krishnan , Ramakrishna P. A.
Published: April 2019

This paper presents a comparison of actual solid propellants with a computationally generated propellant pack, which is intended for use in combustion modelling studies. X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) was used to obtain a 3D reconstruction of an actual propellant sample. Random distribution of spherical particles of ammonium perchlorate (AP) has been used to model a composite solid propellant (random pack). The simulated random pack and 3D reconstructed propellant are compared based on three parameters capturing volume, area and length metrics, viz., density, exposed AP area and AP/binder intercept lengths. The density match is within 1.5 % between the actual propellant and the simulated propellant pack. The exposed AP surface area lies in the range 53–63 % for the 80–86 % solid loaded non‐aluminized propellants considered in the study. The histogram of the intercept lengths matched reasonably as well capturing the variation in particle size and solid loading of the propellant. However, the comparison between simulated and XCT reconstructed packs was found to be limited by the resolution of the XCT reconstruction of actual propellant samples.
Distributed continuous‐time algorithm for a general nonsmooth monotropic optimization problem
Authors: Li Xiuxian , Xie Lihua , Hong Yiguang
Published: April 2019

This paper investigates a general monotropic optimization problem for continuous‐time networks, where the global objective function is a sum of local objective functions that are only known to individual agent, and general constraints are taken into account, including local inequality constraints, global equality constraint, and local feasible constraints. In addition, all functions involved in the objective functions and inequality constraints are not necessarily differentiable. To solve the problem, a distributed continuous‐time algorithm is designed using subgradient projections, and it is shown that the proposed algorithm is well defined in the sense that the existence of its solutions can be guaranteed. Furthermore, it is proved that the algorithm converges to an optimal solution for the general monotropic optimization problem. Finally, a simulation example is provided for validating the theoretical result.
Optimization of the depth resolution for profiling SiO2/SiC interfaces by dual‐beam TOF‐SIMS combined with etching
Authors: Sameshima Junichiro , Takenaka Aya , Muraji Yuichi , Ogawa Shingo , Yoshikawa Masanobu , Suganuma Katsuaki
Published: April 2019

To examine precise depth profiles at the interface of SiO2/SiC, a high resolution that can detect slight discrepancies in the distribution is needed. In this study, an experimental method to achieve a high resolution of less than 1 nm was developed by using dual‐beam time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS). The analysis was preceded by the following three steps: (1) determination of the optimal analytical conditions of the analysis beam (Bi+) and sputtering beam (Cs+), (2) verification of the etching methods to thin the SiO2 layer, and (3) confirmation of the benefits of the low‐energy sputtering beam directed toward SiO2/SiC samples. By using the secondary ion intensity peak‐to‐valley ratio of BN− and BO− of a sample with delta‐doped boron multilayers, the appropriate Bi+/Cs+ condition for a high depth resolution was determined for each energy level of the sputtering beam. Upon verification of the etching methods to thin the SiO2 layer, slight discrepancies were found between samples that were obtained with different etching methods. The difference in the roughness values of the etched surfaces was proactively utilized for the performance confirmation of the low‐energy sputtering beam by means of precise observation of the profiles at the SiO2/SiC interface. The use of a Cs beam with a low energy between 0.25 and 0.5 keV enabled the detection of slight discrepancies in the roughness of less than 1 nm between samples. The aforementioned method has the potential to accurately detect discrepancies in the intrinsic distribution at the SiO2/SiC interface among samples.
Co‐infection of peste des petits ruminants and goatpox in a mixed flock of sheep and goats in Kanam, North Central Nigeria
Authors: Adedeji Adeyinka Jeremy , Dashe Yakubu , Akanbi Olatunde Babatunde , Woma Timothy Yusufu , Jambol Anvou Rachael , Adole Jolly Amoche , Bolajoko Mohammed Bashir , Chima Nneka , Asala Olayinka , Tekki Ishaya Sini , Luka Pam , Okewole Philip
Published: April 2019

Peste‐des‐petits‐ruminants (PPR) and Goat pox (GTP) are two devastating and economically important transboundary animal diseases of small ruminants in Africa and Asia that have been difficult to control. This study however, investigated an outbreak of PPR and GTP in a mixed flock of indigenous sheep and goats in Kanam, North Central Nigeria. A total of nine sera and seven tissues (lungs, spleen, scab and skin) samples were collected and analysed in the laboratory using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for PPR antibodies and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of PPR virus (PPRV) and GTP virus (GTPV). Gene fragments of the nucleoprotein of PPRV and the G‐protein‐coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) of GTPV were amplified and sequenced to confirm the presence of the causative viruses. Serologically, antibodies to PPRV were detected in all (9/9) sera collected. GTPV and PPRV was detected in corresponding samples (42.8% n = 3/7) of the scab/skin samples collected by both PCR and RT‐PCR technique. The phylogenetic analysis of PPRV revealed that the virus belongs to lineage IV and clustered with viruses from Gabon and Cameroon. Similarly, the GTPV also clustered with other sequences from Burkina Faso and Yemen. The positive cELISA, RT‐PCR and PCR results from samples collected from the same animals confirmed co‐infection of PPR and GTP in this mixed flock of sheep and goats. This is the first report of concurrent infection of PPR and GTP in mixed flock of sheep and goats in Nigeria. Our findings underscore the need for farmers to vaccinate their flock to control spread and economic losses as result of these diseases.
Aerodynamic analysis of a stator‐augmented linear cascade wind turbine
Authors: Jafari Seyed Amir Hosein , Kwok Kenny C.S. , Safaei Farzad , Kosasih Buyung , Zhao Ming
Published: April 2019

This study proposes to attach stator vanes to PowerWindow, a linear cascade wind turbine, to improve the flow direction in the device. By controlling the angle of attack, the stator vanes increase the acting force and decrease the undesirable force on PowerWindow blades. An analytical model using blade element momentum theory is developed for the new configuration, referred to as stator‐augmented PowerWindow. The analytical model has been verified by a computational fluid dynamic simulation. This study shows that the stator vanes are able to minimize/neutralize the undesirable axial force on PowerWindow so that the thrust coefficient decreases from 0.035 in the original model to −0.005 in the stator‐augmented one. In addition, by increasing the acting force on the blades, the stator augmentation will simultaneously enhance the coefficient of performance by up to 10%. This study also shows that by using stator vanes to control the angle of attack, unlike in the original PowerWindow, the direction of rotation of the stator‐augmented PowerWindow will remain the same regardless of the wind direction, increasing the utility of the device in practice.
The Changing Roles of Academic Leaders: Decision-Making, Power, and Performance
Authors: Geschwind Lars , Aarrevaara Timo , Berg Laila Nordstrand , Lind Jonas Krog
Published: April 2019

Major reforms in the Nordic countries have increased the formal autonomy of higher education institutions (HEIs) to make decisions over their own activities, both academic core tasks and managerial/administrative activities. The issue addressed in this chapter is how these changes have affected the role of the academic leader. Across the four countries, we see clear signs of change regarding academic leadership comprising a mix of institutional logics in the interviews: the professional, collegial traditional academic leadership, which is based on rotating systems, election among peers, and collegial decision-making, has been complemented with, and in some places replaced by, a managerial logic with top-down order-giving, performance measurement and appointed managers as a new academic profession. Another related general trend is the greater focus on individual managers. The analysis also shows that Denmark and Finland are the countries that lead the way when it comes to increasing the formal authority of managers. The introduction of appointed managers rather than elected ones has altered the way HEIs operate in these two countries. However, as this chapter has shed light on, management reform has not been implemented in the same depth and with the same pace across and within universities.
The quantum swampland
Authors: Danielsson Ulf
Published: April 2019

Abstract

In this paper we propose a quantum version of the swampland conjecture. We argue that quantum instabilities of de Sitter space discovered using field theoretical methods, are directly related to the difficulties in finding stringy de Sitter vacua.
All-loop cuts from the Amplituhedron
Authors: Langer Cameron , Srikant Akshay Yelleshpur
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The definition of the amplituhedron in terms of sign flips involves both one-loop constraints and the “mutual positivity” constraint. To gain an understanding of the all-loop integrand of

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

sYM requires understanding the crucial role played by mutual positivity. This paper is an attempt towards developing a procedure to introduce the complexities of mutual positivity in a systematic and controlled manner. As the first step in this procedure, we trivialize these constraints and understand the geometry underlying the remaining constraints to all loops and multiplicities. We present a host of configurations which correspond to various faces of the amplituhedron. The results we derive are valid at all multiplicities and loop orders for the maximally helicity violating (MHV) configurations. These include detailed derivations for the results in [1]. We conclude by indicating how one might move beyond trivial mutual positivity by presenting a series of configuration which re-introduce it bit by bit.
LHC limits on gluinos and squarks in the minimal Dirac gaugino model
Authors: Chalons Guillaume , Goodsell Mark D. , Kraml Sabine , Reyes-González Humberto , Williamson Sophie L.
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Dirac gauginos are a well-motivated extension of the MSSM, leading to interesting phenomenological consequences. At the LHC, gluino-pair production is enhanced while squark production is suppressed as compared to the MSSM, and the decay signatures are altered by a more complex chargino and neutralino spectrum. We investigate how this impacts current gluino and squark mass limits from Run 2 of the LHC. Concretely, we compare different assumptions about the electroweak-ino spectrum through four benchmark models paying particular attention to the effect of the trilinear λS coupling, which induces a mass splitting between the mostly bino/U(1) adjoint states. Among other results, we show that for large λS the additional $$ {\tilde{\chi}}_2^0\to f\overline{f}{\tilde{\chi}}_1^0 $$

χ
˜

2
0

→
f

f
¯

χ
˜

1
0

decays somewhat weaken the limits on gluinos (squarks) in case of heavy squarks (gluinos). Moreover, we compare the limits in the gluino vs. squark mass plane to those obtained in equivalent MSSM scenarios.
Cause of Death in Utah Avalanche Fatalities, 2006–2007 through 2017–2018 Winter Seasons
Authors: McIntosh Scott E. , Brant-Zawadzki Graham , Milliner Brendan H. , Christensen Erik D. , Nyberg Andrew A. , Grissom Colin K. , Olivares Christopher R. , Kim Han S. , Tremper Bruce
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Understanding patterns of avalanche fatalities can aid prevention and rescue strategies. In 2007, we published a report reviewing avalanche deaths in Utah between the 1989–1990 and 2005–2006 winter seasons. In the current report, we discuss Utah avalanche fatalities from the 2006–2007 to 2017–2018 seasons.

Methods

Avalanche fatality data were obtained from the Utah Avalanche Center and Utah State Office of the Medical Examiner. Autopsy reports were reviewed to determine demographic information, type of autopsy (external vs internal), injuries, and cause of death.

Results

Thirty-two avalanche deaths occurred in Utah during the study period. The mean (±SD) age of victims was 32±13 (8–54) y. Thirty victims (94%) were male and 2 (6%) were female. Seventy-two percent of deaths were from asphyxiation, 19% from trauma alone, and 9% from a combination of asphyxiation and trauma. Snowmobilers accounted for the largest percentage of avalanche fatalities (15 victims; 47%) during the 2007–2018 period.

Conclusions

Asphyxia continues to be the most prevalent killer in avalanche burial. Patterns of ongoing avalanche deaths continue to suggest that rapid recovery and techniques that prolong survival while buried may decrease fatality rates. Trauma is a significant factor in many avalanche fatalities. Education and technologies focused on reducing traumatic injuries such as improved education in techniques for avalanche risk avoidance and/or use of avalanche airbags may further decrease fatality rates. Snowmobilers represent an increasing percentage of Utah avalanche deaths and now make up the majority of victims; increased education targeting this demographic in the basics of avalanche rescue gear and avalanche rescue may also reduce fatalities.
Effective multi-scale approach to the Schrödinger cocycle over a skew-shift base
Authors: HAN R. , LEMM M. , SCHLAG W.
Published: April 2019

We prove a conditional theorem on the positivity of the Lyapunov exponent for a Schrödinger cocycle over a skew-shift base with a cosine potential and the golden ratio as frequency. For coupling below 1, which is the threshold for Herman’s subharmonicity trick, we formulate three conditions on the Lyapunov exponent in a finite but large volume and on the associated large-deviation estimates at that scale. Our main results demonstrate that these finite-size conditions imply the positivity of the infinite-volume Lyapunov exponent. This paper shows that it is possible to make the techniques developed for the study of Schrödinger operators with deterministic potentials, based on large-deviation estimates and the avalanche principle, effective.
Equilibrium states on higher-rank Toeplitz non-commutative solenoids
Authors: AFSAR ZAHRA , AN HUEF ASTRID , RAEBURN IAIN , SIMS AIDAN
Published: April 2019

We consider a family of higher-dimensional non-commutative tori, which are twisted analogues of the algebras of continuous functions on ordinary tori and their Toeplitz extensions. Just as solenoids are inverse limits of tori, our Toeplitz non-commutative solenoids are direct limits of the Toeplitz extensions of non-commutative tori. We consider natural dynamics on these Toeplitz algebras, and we compute the equilibrium states for these dynamics. We find a large simplex of equilibrium states at each positive inverse temperature, parametrized by the probability measures on an (ordinary) solenoid.
Richness, Fatness, and Salvation: The Movement of the Holy Spirit in the Blessings of the Holy Oils and Consecration of the Chrism during the Chrism Mass
Authors: Benitez Siobhan
Published: April 2019

During the Chrism Mass of Holy Thursday, when the oils of the sick and of the catechumens are blessed and the chrism is consecrated, the whole church assembles to celebrate these symbols of the human journey to God. That the oils and balsam used in the rite are derived from creation signifies the role of creation (specifically nonhuman creatures) in salvation. Indeed, the holy oils, fashioned from creation and blessed and consecrated before the whole church, are destined to mark and enable the journey of human beings toward union with God through the church. The consecration of the chrism is considered the foundation of all other blessings in the church, making it an appropriate lens to consider the relationship among creation, the church, and salvation. These prayers of blessing and consecration during the Chrism Mass indicate the movement of the Holy Spirit in creation, drawing human beings into heaven.
Simulated mechanical control of flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus) under mesocosm conditions
Authors: Turnage Gray , Madsen John D. , Wersal Ryan M. , Byrd John D.
Published: April 2019

Flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus L.) is an invasive aquatic and wetland plant capable of developing monotypic stands in emergent and submersed sites. This plant can rapidly outcompete native vegetation and impede human practices by reducing recreation (boating, fishing, and skiing) and disrupting agricultural use of water resources (irrigation canals). Mechanical removal practices occurring biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, and once per growing season were compared with chemical control with diquat applied sequentially at 0.19 ppmv ai for two consecutive months over 2 yr (2016 and 2017). Biweekly removal gave the most consistent control of B. umbellatus biomass and propagules. Diquat application along with monthly and bimonthly clippings gave varying degrees of B. umbellatus control. Clipping once per growing season did not control B. umbellatus when compared with reference plants, while clipping B. umbellatus every 2 wk (biweekly) controlled rush propagules most effectively. However, it is unlikely this method will be sufficient as a stand-alone control option due to the slow speed of harvester boats, the potential these boats have to spread B. umbellatus propagules to more sites, and the expense of mechanical operations. However, clipping could be used as part of an integrated strategy for B. umbellatus control.
The volume ratio effect on flow patterns and transition processes of thermocapillary convection
Authors: Kang Qi , Wang Jia , Duan Li , Su Yinyin , He Jianwu , Wu Di , Hu Wenrui
Published: April 2019

Thermocapillary convection has always been one of the most important research topics in microgravity fluid physics. A space experimental study on the thermocapillary convection in an open annular liquid pool – a typical thermocapillary flow system – has been conducted on the SJ-10 satellite of China. This space experiment has observed the spatial temperature distribution of the liquid free surface using an infrared thermal imager, obtained the flow pattern transition process, analysed the oscillation characteristics and revealed the instability mechanism of themocapillary convection. The shape effects on the flow instability are researched by changing the volume ratio, Vr, which denotes the ratio of the liquid volume to the volume of the cylindrical gap between the walls. The volume ratio effect has been focused on for the first time. For a certain volume ratio, the flow pattern would transform from the steady state to the oscillation state accompanied by directional propagating hydrothermal waves with increasing temperature difference. In addition, the significant influences of the volume ratio on the critical conditions and wavenumber selection have been analysed in detail.
Effects of pressure gradient on the evolution of velocity-gradient tensor invariant dynamics on a controlled-diffusion aerofoil at
Authors: Wu H. , Moreau S. , Sandberg R. D.
Published: April 2019

A weakly compressible flow direct numerical simulation of a controlled-diffusion aerofoil at $8^{\circ }$ geometrical angle of attack, a chord-based Reynolds number of $Re_{c}=150\,000$ and a Mach number of $M=0.25$ based on the free-stream velocity relevant to many industrial applications was conducted to improve the understanding of the impact of the pressure gradient on the development of turbulent structures. The evolution equations for the two invariants $Q$ and $R$ of the velocity-gradient tensor have been studied at various locations along the aerofoil chord on its suction side. The shape of the mean evolution of the velocity-gradient tensor invariants were found to vary strongly when the flow encounters favourable, zero and adverse pressure gradients and as well for different wall-normal locations. The coupling between the pressure-Hessian tensor and the velocity-gradient tensor was found to be the major factor that causes these changes and is greatly influenced by the mean pressure-gradient condition and the wall-normal distance. Striking differences exist from the mean trajectories of this coupling at least in the log layer and outer layer subject to different mean pressure gradients. The nonlinearity and viscous diffusion effects keep their respective invariant characters regardless of the pressure-gradient effects and wall-normal locations. The wall and the mean adverse pressure gradient were both found to suppress the vortical stretching features of the flow. These features are of great importance for the development of future turbulence models on wall-bounded flows, especially on surfaces with significant curvature such as cambered aerofoils and blades for which significant mean pressure gradients exist.
The evolution of a mobile payment solution network
Authors: Aas Kjersti , Rognebakke Hanne
Published: April 2019

Vipps is a peer-to-peer mobile payment solution launched by Norway’s largest financial services group DNB. The Vipps transaction data may be viewed as a graph with users corresponding to the nodes, and the financial transactions between the users defining the edges. We have followed the evolution of this graph from May 2015 to September 2016. This is a unique data set, as information about transactions of individuals is usually not available for research. In this paper, we use an advanced statistical model where preferential attachment is combined with fitness. We show that the intrinsic quality of the nodes in the Vipps network plays an important part in the evolution of the network. This insight may, e.g., be used to identify influential nodes for viral marketing.
A record of mid- and late Holocene paleohydroclimate from Lower Pahranagat Lake, southern Great Basin
Authors: Theissen Kevin M. , Hickson Thomas A. , Brundrett Ashley L. , Horns Sarah E. , Lachniet Matthew S.
Published: April 2019

We present a continuous, sediment core-based record of paleohydroclimate spanning ~5800 cal yr BP to recent from Lower Pahranagat Lake (LPAH), a shallow, alkaline lake in southern Nevada. We apply stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C) from fine-fraction authigenic carbonate, which are sensitive recorders of hydroclimatic variability in this highly evaporative region. Additional geochemical proxies (total organic carbon, C/N, and total inorganic carbon) provide supporting information on paleoecological change in and around the lake. Our data suggest progressively wetter conditions starting at the later part of the middle Holocene and extending into the late Holocene (~5500–3350 cal yr BP) followed by a millennial-scale dry period from ~3150 to 1700 cal yr BP. This latter interval encompasses the ‘Late Holocene dry period’ (LHDP) reported by other investigators, and our data help refine the area affected in this episode. Our data also show evidence for a series of century-scale fluctuations in regional hydroclimate, including wet and dry intervals between 2350 and 1600 cal yr BP, and drier conditions over the past few centuries. Paleohydroclimate trends in the LPAH record show correspondence with those from the central Great Basin to the north, suggesting that both areas were subject to similar climatic forcings.
Ice Complex formation on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Archipelago, East Siberian Arctic) since about 200 ka
Authors: Wetterich Sebastian , Rudaya Natalia , Kuznetsov Vladislav , Maksimov Fedor , Opel Thomas , Meyer Hanno , Günther Frank , Bobrov Anatoly , Raschke Elena , Zimmermann Heike H. , Strauss Jens , Starikova Anna , Fuchs Margret , Schirrmeister Lutz
Published: April 2019

Late Quaternary landscapes of unglaciated Beringia were largely shaped by ice-wedge polygon tundra. Ice Complex (IC) strata preserve such ancient polygon formations. Here we report on the Yukagir IC from Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island in northeastern Siberia and suggest that new radioisotope disequilibria (230Th/U) dates of the Yukagir IC peat confirm its formation during the Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 7a–c interglacial period. The preservation of the ice-rich Yukagir IC proves its resilience to last interglacial and late glacial–Holocene warming. This study compares the Yukagir IC to IC strata of MIS 5, MIS 3, and MIS 2 ages exposed on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. Besides high intrasedimental ice content and syngenetic ice wedges intersecting silts, sandy silts, the Yukagir IC is characterized by high organic matter (OM) accumulation and low OM decomposition of a distinctive Drepanocladus moss-peat. The Yukagir IC pollen data reveal grass-shrub-moss tundra indicating rather wet summer conditions similar to modern ones. The stable isotope composition of Yukagir IC wedge ice is similar to those of the MIS 5 and MIS 3 ICs pointing to similar atmospheric moisture generation and transport patterns in winter. IC data from glacial and interglacial periods provide insights into permafrost and climate dynamics since about 200 ka.
For Conscience and Kingdom Martyrs, Monarchs and the Spirit of Modernity in Early Modern England
Authors: Fordahl Clayton
Published: April 2019

This article compares the collective commemoration of martyrs to ascertain changes in cultural understandings of the relationship between the ultimate sacrifice offered by an individual and monarchal violence. This historical comparison is used to argue that changes in the nature of Christianity transformed the popular interpretation of sovereign violence from a desecrative to a redemptive force. While cultural individualism and political statism appear in secularized modernity as contradictory impulses, their birth in early modernity was induced by coherent and entirely consistent religious worldview.
Multi-band rejection filters based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons and folded split-ring resonators
Authors: Li Luping , Dong Lijuan , Chen Peng , Yang Kai
Published: April 2019

A dualband rejection filter and a triband rejection filter are proposed in this letter, both of which are implemented by cascading spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) of the same structure but with diverse rejection bands. Compared with traditional ones, the proposed filters provide more compact structures, wider rejection bands, and better independent tunability. In the proposed filters, the rejection bandwidth, the center frequency of the rejection band and the filter's cutoff frequency can be adjusted independently. And the different rejection bands in the same filter also can be independently controlled. Agreements between the dispersion of SSPP units and the S21 of filters are also presented. Measurement results demonstrate that both filters load multiple rejection bands on the 27.7 GHz wide low-pass band and all the rejection bands locate in Ku and K bands. The average rejection bandwidth and the average rejection depth of the two filters are 1.49 GHz and 42.1 dB, respectively.
Dark tourism: The “heritagization” of sites of suffering, with an emphasis on memorials of the genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi of Rwanda
Authors: Becker Annette
Published: April 2019

Nowadays, there exists an international movement towards the extensive recognition as cultural heritage, or “heritagization”, of areas where wars, genocides and massacres have taken place. The phenomenon of “seeing” mass death, called “dark tourism” or the “tourism of desolation”, has become both an aim and a destination for visitors. The article examines this heritagization, with an emphasis on the memorials of the genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi of Rwanda.
Emotional Impact and Perceived Effectiveness of Text-Only versus Graphic Health Warning Tobacco Labels on Adolescents
Authors: Margalhos Pedro , Esteves Francisco , Vila Jaime , Arriaga Patrícia
Published: April 2019

The study of smoking in adolescence is of major importance as nicotine dependence often begins in younger groups. Tobacco health warnings have been introduced to inform people of the negative consequences of smoking. This study assessed the emotions and perceived effectiveness of two formats of tobacco warnings on adolescents: Text-only versus graphic warning labels. In addition, we analyzed how emotions predicted their perceived effectiveness. In a cross-sectional study, 413 adolescents (131 smokers, 282 non-smokers) between 13–20 years of age rated their emotions (valence and arousal) and perceived effectiveness towards a set of tobacco warnings. Results showed that graphic warnings evoked higher arousal than text-only warning labels (p = .038). Most of the warning labels also evoked unpleasantness with smokers reporting higher unpleasantness regarding text-only warnings compared to non-smokers (p = .002). In contrast, perceived effectiveness of the warnings was lower in smokers than in non-smokers (p = .029). Finally, high arousal and being a non-smoker explained 14% of the variance of perceiving the warnings more effective. Given the role that warnings may play in increasing health awareness, these findings highlight how smoking status and emotions are important predictors of the way adolescents consider tobacco health labels to be effective.
Erythrocytes polyunsaturated fatty acids mediate relationship between dietary patterns and depression
Authors: Khosravi Maryam , Sotoudeh Gity , Ahmadkhaniha Reza , Majdzadeh Reza , Raisi Firoozeh
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Background: This study aimed to examine the association between depression and dietary patterns via the intermediary role of erythrocytes polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Methods: In this individually matched case-control study, the dietary patterns were extracted for 330 individuals using factor analysis. Furthermore, erythrocyte PUFAs including n-3 and n-6 were assessed using a GC–Mass spectrometry analytical method for 84 people. Depression was diagnosed using the criteria mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The dietary patterns were also extracted using a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Results: The findings showed that healthy dietary patterns were related to the risk of depression (P = 0.01, odds ratio (OR) = 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14-0.68) by the increase of ratio n-3 /n-6 PUFA (p ≤ 0.03) and decrease of ratio n-6 /n-3 PUFA (p ≤ 0.005). Moreover, the unhealthy dietary patterns were associated with the risk of depression (P = 0.02, OR = 2.7, 95%CI: 1.25-5.9) by the decrease of ratio n-3/n-6 PUFA (p ≤ 0.03) and increase of ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results, the type of dietary pattern is related to the risk of depression considering the changes in n-3 and n-6 PUFA as well as the ratio of n-3 to n-6 as the mediator variables. Of course, further studies are required in this area.
Time of Steady Climate Change
Authors: Lickley Megan , cael b. b. , Solomon Susan
Published: April 2019

Under an emission scenario where atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized, previous work suggests that on centennial time scales the rate of global temperature increases would steady at significantly lower rates than those of the 21st century. As climate change is not globally uniform, regional differences in achieving this steady rate of warming can be expected. Here, we define a “Time of Steady Change” (TSC) as the time of reaching this steady rate of warming, and we present a method for estimating TSC with the use of General Circulation Model experiments run under greenhouse gas stabilization scenarios. We find that TSC occurs latest in low latitudes and in the Arctic, despite these areas steadying at very different absolute warming rates. These broad patterns are robust across multiple General Circulation Model ensembles and alternative definitions of TSC. These results indicate large regional differences in the trajectory of climate change in coming centuries.
A Bottomside Parameterization for the Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model
Authors: Themens David R. , Jayachandran P.T. , McCaffrey Anthony M. , Reid Benjamin , Varney Roger H.
Published: April 2019

In this study, we present a bottomside model representation to be used by the Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (E‐CHAIM). This model features a new approach to modeling the bottomside electron density; namely, instead of modelling electron density directly, E‐CHAIM models the altitude profile of the scale thickness of a single bottomside layer. In this approach, the curvature in the bottomside associated with the E region and F1 layer is represented in the scale thickness domain as a peak function centered at the layer peak altitude. The use of this approach ensures the production of explicitly doubly differentiable bottomside electron density profiles and directly avoids issues known to exist within current standards, such as the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), which has discontinuities in space, time, and in the vertical electron density gradient. In terms of performance, after removing the impacts of hmF2 and NmF2, the new E‐CHAIM profile function generally performs comparably to the IRI, with bottomside TEC from both models within 2.0 TECU (1 TECU = 1016 e/m3) of observations. More specifically, the E‐CHAIM bottomside is demonstrated to outperform the IRI bottomside function in the F region during low solar activity periods with respect to incoherent scatter radar observations. At high latitudes, E‐CHAIM tends to outperform the IRI during winter months by between 10% and 40% of NmF2 while being outperformed by the IRI by between 10% and 25% of NmF2 during summer periods, mainly during the daytime at high solar activity.
Additive-free MXene inks and direct printing of micro-supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Chuanfang , McKeon Lorcan , Kremer Matthias P. , Park Sang-Hoon , Ronan Oskar , Seral‐Ascaso Andrés , Barwich Sebastian , Coileáin Cormac Ó , McEvoy Niall , Nerl Hannah C. , Anasori Babak , Coleman Jonathan N. , Gogotsi Yury , Nicolosi Valeria
Published: April 2019

Direct printing of functional inks is critical for applications in diverse areas including electrochemical energy storage, smart electronics and healthcare. However, the available printable ink formulations are far from ideal. Either surfactants/additives are typically involved or the ink concentration is low, which add complexity to the manufacturing and compromises the printing resolution. Here, we demonstrate two types of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene inks, aqueous and organic in the absence of any additive or binary-solvent systems, for extrusion printing and inkjet printing, respectively. We show examples of all-MXene-printed structures, such as micro-supercapacitors, conductive tracks and ohmic resistors on untreated plastic and paper substrates, with high printing resolution and spatial uniformity. The volumetric capacitance and energy density of the all-MXene-printed micro-supercapacitors are orders of magnitude greater than existing inkjet/extrusion-printed active materials. The versatile direct-ink-printing technique highlights the promise of additive-free MXene inks for scalable fabrication of easy-to-integrate components of printable electronics.
Cross-reactive neutralizing human survivor monoclonal antibody BDBV223 targets the ebolavirus stalk
Authors: King Liam B. , West Brandyn R. , Moyer Crystal L. , Gilchuk Pavlo , Flyak Andrew , Ilinykh Philipp A. , Bombardi Robin , Hui Sean , Huang Kai , Bukreyev Alexander , Crowe James E. , Saphire Erica Ollmann
Published: April 2019

Three Ebolavirus genus viruses cause lethal disease and lack targeted therapeutics: Ebola virus, Sudan virus and Bundibugyo virus. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails against the surface glycoprotein (GP) present a potential therapeutic strategy. Here we report two crystal structures of the antibody BDBV223, alone and complexed with its GP2 stalk epitope, an interesting site for therapeutic/vaccine design due to its high sequence conservation among ebolaviruses. BDBV223, identified in a human survivor of Bundibugyo virus disease, neutralizes both Bundibugyo virus and Ebola virus, but not Sudan virus. Importantly, the structure suggests that BDBV223 binding interferes with both the trimeric bundle assembly of GP and the viral membrane by stabilizing a conformation in which the monomers are separated by GP lifting or bending. Targeted mutagenesis of BDBV223 to enhance SUDV GP recognition indicates that additional determinants of antibody binding likely lie outside the visualized interactions, and perhaps involve quaternary assembly or membrane-interacting regions.
An additive Gaussian process regression model for interpretable non-parametric analysis of longitudinal data
Authors: Cheng Lu , Ramchandran Siddharth , Vatanen Tommi , Lietzén Niina , Lahesmaa Riitta , Vehtari Aki , Lähdesmäki Harri
Published: April 2019

Biomedical research typically involves longitudinal study designs where samples from individuals are measured repeatedly over time and the goal is to identify risk factors (covariates) that are associated with an outcome value. General linear mixed effect models are the standard workhorse for statistical analysis of longitudinal data. However, analysis of longitudinal data can be complicated for reasons such as difficulties in modelling correlated outcome values, functional (time-varying) covariates, nonlinear and non-stationary effects, and model inference. We present LonGP, an additive Gaussian process regression model that is specifically designed for statistical analysis of longitudinal data, which solves these commonly faced challenges. LonGP can model time-varying random effects and non-stationary signals, incorporate multiple kernel learning, and provide interpretable results for the effects of individual covariates and their interactions. We demonstrate LonGP’s performance and accuracy by analysing various simulated and real longitudinal -omics datasets.
Self-organization of swimmers drives long-range fluid transport in bacterial colonies
Authors: Xu Haoran , Dauparas Justas , Das Debasish , Lauga Eric , Wu Yilin
Published: April 2019

Motile subpopulations in microbial communities are believed to be important for dispersal, quest for food, and material transport. Here, we show that motile cells in sessile colonies of peritrichously flagellated bacteria can self-organize into two adjacent, centimeter-scale motile rings surrounding the entire colony. The motile rings arise from spontaneous segregation of a homogeneous swimmer suspension that mimics a phase separation; the process is mediated by intercellular interactions and shear-induced depletion. As a result of this self-organization, cells drive fluid flows that circulate around the colony at a constant peak speed of ~30 µm s−1, providing a stable and high-speed avenue for directed material transport at the macroscopic scale. Our findings present a unique form of bacterial self-organization that influences population structure and material distribution in colonies.
Author Correction: Crizotinib-induced immunogenic cell death in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Liu Peng , Zhao Liwei , Pol Jonathan , Levesque Sarah , Petrazzuolo Adriana , Pfirschke Christina , Engblom Camilla , Rickelt Steffen , Yamazaki Takahiro , Iribarren Kristina , Senovilla Laura , Bezu Lucillia , Vacchelli Erika , Sica Valentina , Melis Andréa , Martin Tiffany , Xia Lin , Yang Heng , Li Qingqing , Chen Jinfeng , Durand Sylvère , Aprahamian Fanny , Lefevre Deborah , Broutin Sophie , Paci Angelo , Bongers Amaury , Minard-Colin Veronique , Tartour Eric , Zitvogel Laurence , Apetoh Lionel , Ma Yuting , Pittet Mikael J. , Kepp Oliver , Kroemer Guido
Published: April 2019

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Lin Xia, which was incorrectly given as Xia Lin. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.