bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Methods for Accurate Image Centroid Position Determination with Matrix Sensors
Authors: Backes Paul G. , Stevenson Warren H.
Published: August 2012

Optical methods for the measurement of position, part dimensions, or alignment are finding increased application in manufacturing operations. Several of these methods utilize analog or digital position sensitive detectors to find the centroid of an illuminated spot on the detector. The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy with which the centroids of a direct laser beam and a circular incoherent image could be determined using a matrix array sensor. Centroids were found using five different analytical methods. The results showed that a simple intensity centroid computation was as accurate as more complex analytical schemes. Maximum errors of less than 1/20 pixel were found for both the laser beam and incoherent image centroids when their diameters were approximately 40 pixels. The effect of laser beam wander on accuracy was also investigated.
Energy Coupling in Surface Treatment Processes
Authors: Dausinger Friedrich , Beck Markus , Lee Jae H. , Meiners Eckhard , Rudlaff Thomas , Shen Jialin
Published: August 2012

In cutting or welding processes with lasers, deep penetration mechanisms allow high energy coupling rates. In surface treatment processes such as martensitic hardening, cladding and alloying, deep penetration of the laser beam is mostly not applicable. This generally leads to insufficient coupling rates. In this contribution several ways of enhancing the coupling rate are summarized. Following some theoretical considerations, results of experimental verifications are given.
Video Applications to Moiré Metrology
Authors: Blatt Joel H. , Hooker Jeffery A. , Belfatto Robert V. , Young Eddie H.
Published: August 2012

Video technology is applied to the problem of moiré metrology. In the past, moiré metrology seemed a promising yet limited method in the measurement and comparison of surface shape. The use of video technology has widened the area of application of moiré metrology by reducing the complexity of the optical set up and providing real time information on surface shape and deformation. A continuously variable grating projector and analog video circuitry are used to generate real time additive (bright line) and transmissive (dark line) moiré patterns. These patterns are used to compare a test object against a “perfect” reference object. This is done in both real time and through the use of computer image processing. Depth resolutions on the order of 0.3 mm are obtained on a cone 25.4 mm high and 50.8 mm wide. The projection system allows easy expansion to large objects. Because of the use of video technology moiré metrology can now be more readily applied to robotic vision and factory assembly line quality control over a wide range of scales.
Laser Applications in Criminalistics
Authors: Menzel E. R.
Published: August 2012

Lasers find application in numerous areas of criminalistics, such as fiber analysis, document examination and serology. Their widest use, however, is in detection of latent fingerprints. Several routine procedures for obtaining laser-excited fingerprint fluorescence on a range of surfaces have been developed. However, many surfaces fluoresce so strongly themselves that they are not amenable to these procedures. Time-resolved luminescence imaging is being investigated to permit detection of fingerprints on such surfaces.
Determining Weld Quality in Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Spot Welds
Authors: Bransch H. N. , Wang Z. Y. , Liu J. T. , Weckman D. C. , Kerr H. W.
Published: August 2012

For pulsed Nd:YAG laser spot welding applications, the development of optimum welding procedures ought to include various measures of weld size and quality, such as weld diameter, depth, surface contour and porosity. A split-specimen technique has been developed that, despite the small size of the welds, allows such measurements to be made faster and more accurately than the traditional metallurgical technique involving sectioning, polishing and etching. In the split-specimen technique, spot welds are made along a carefully prepared butt joint, cooled in liquid nitrogen and then fractured rapidly by an impact load. The accuracy and precision of this technique, relative to sectioned welds, were examined using welds on austenitic stainless steel. The influence of the roughness of the butting joint surfaces on measured weld dimensions was determined. It was found that measurements could be made more easily and with less error using the split-specimen technique, provided that the surface center-line average (CLA) roughness was less than about 1 μm. A number of examples illustrating the application of the technique are described in this paper. They include results from studies of pool shape development with increasing power intensity or pulse time, and the influence of welding conditions on porosity type and severity.
Comparison between Abrasive Water Jet Cutting and Laser Cutting
Authors: Ohlsson L. , Powell J. , Ivarson A. , Magnusson C.
Published: August 2012

This paper is intended to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of laser profiling techniques as compared with the Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ). The growth of AWJ as a cutting tool has provided engineers with a new profiling technique which often offers great technical and commercial advantages over more traditional methods. However, AWJ cutting is not the best solution to all profiling problems. There are a number of techniques which compete with or complement the process and the optimum profiling method can be difficult to identify[1]. The following paper serves as a general guide-line comparing two competitive cutting methods (CO2 laser cutting and Nd: YAG laser cutting) with AWJ cutting. The subject of cutting covers a great many more processes than can be reviewed in one article but the techniques to be discussed were chosen because they all involve profiling using an axially symmetric energy beam of some sort.
Combustion-Assisted Laser Cutting of a Difficult-to-Machine Superalloy
Authors: Molian P. A. , Baldwin M.
Published: August 2012

In laser cutting, the largest single application of lasers in manufacturing, the assist gas plays an important role in affecting the cutting performance. The assist gas is usually oxygen or an inert gas. In this work a mixture of acetylene and oxygen was employed to create combustion reactions during CO2 laser cutting that enabled an improvement in the cutting speed, and cut quality of a difficult-to-machine superalloy. A comparison with laser cutting of a plain carbon steel under identical conditions was also made to determine the usefulness of combustion energy. Results indicate that both cutting speed and quality are enhanced by the reduction in the viscosity of slag formed during cutting (which assisted in ejection of the slag through the bottom of the kerf) due to the heat released by the acetylene burning inside the kerf. Correlations of experimental data with a theoretical model provided the influence of combustion power and gas-flow power on the cutting phenomena.
TEA CO2 Laser-Induced Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation of Zirconium Tetra-tert-Butoxide: Reaction Mechanism and Dissociation Products
Authors: Okada Yoshiki , Kato Shuji , Satooka Sakae , Takeuchi Kazuo
Published: August 2012

Experiments of laser irradiation were performed to investigate the reaction mechanism of TEA CO2 laser-induced dissociation of zirconium tetra-tert-butoxide (Zr(t-OC4H9)4). The chemical structure of the dissociation product was analyzd by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), infrared absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. From the results, we surmise a reaction mechanism of the infrared multiphoton dissociation of Zr(t-OC4H9)4. The dissociation product is hydrolyzed in moist air to zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4).
On-The-Fly Drilling with a Fiber Delivered Face Pumped Laser Beam
Authors: Ortiz Angel L.
Published: August 2012

A high power Neodymium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Nd:YAG) Total-lnternal-Reflection Face Pumped Laser (TIR-FPL) coupled with a fiber delivery system has been proven to be a powerful processing tool for On-The-Fly (OTF) drilling [1–3]. Single-Pulse OTF drilling, (i.e., one laser pulse per hole with continuous part motion) at shallow angles to the surface with material thicknesses up to 50 mils can be easily accomplished generating good quality holes. Optical sensors are used to determine laser pulse break-through time and are examined as a potential feedback method for a drilling process monitor. The OTF samples are subjected to flow measurements to determine trends based on laser parameters (laser pulse energy and focal point location on the part). The primary findings are that optical break-through sensors provide a viable monitor of optical system behavior to control the laser drilling process. The percent Break-Through Time (%BTT) defined as the ratio of the breakthrough onset time divided by the total laser pulse duration decreases with increasing laser pulse energy. A 34% variation in the average flow per hole (defined as the total coupon flow/total number of drilled holes) on the OTF drilled part can be obtained by controlling the focal point placement on the part and changing the laser energy per pulse. These data offer information about the characteristics and process capabilities of FPL/fiber delivered laser beams used in manufacturing applications, specifically, OTF drilling capability with fiber delivered laser beams, and the control of airflow on an aircraft engine part.
Laser Safety Primer Outline for Industrial/Medical Users
Authors: Glynn T. J. , Walsh M.
Published: August 2012

Laser safety standards are detailed technical documents arising from the complexity of the different mechanisms, depending on the parameters of the laser beam, by which lasers interact with living tissue. As a result, their interpretation by non-expert laser users, who are concerned about safety issues, can cause many difficulties. Based on experience in advising industrial and medical laser users, we have developed a primer which (i) provides step-by-step guidance in the interpretation and use of the laser safety standards, and (ii) explains how to calculate the laser irradiance (on the retina or the skin) to which the user may be subjected in typical situations. A computer program has also been developed which, through a series of questions and answers, guides the user through the calculation of the maximum permissible exposure level and the nominal optical hazard distance for the application of interest. The overall package should be particularly useful to laser safety officers and users of lasers for research applications, as an independent check on safety calculations. It also provides a useful complement to the many worked examples in the laser safety standards.
Single Pass Laser Cutting of Polymers
Authors: Patel R. , Baisch G.
Published: August 2012

Since the early 1980's discovery of the ability of excimer lasers to etch polymers precisely and cleanly with minimal thermal damage, excimer lasers have been used actively in the semiconductor industry for various manufacturing processes. In the present study a process for laser cutting of polymers has been investigated. A laser beam of controlled cross-sectional shape is imaged onto a polymer surface. The geometry of the cutting path is controlled by precise movement of a sample mounted on a 2-axis computer controlled work stage. This type of a process is useful for applications such as selective laser cutting or laser marking of polymers. A parametric study of laser cutting of polymers using a 30 watt average power, 308 nm wavelength, XeCl pulsed laser was carried out. The effect of incident laser fluence and laser frequency were studied to determine maximum single pass cutting speed for a given thickness of polymer. Three different types of polymers were studied. Polymer films of different thickness were spin-coated on a silicon wafer and were cured to their respective full cure temperature. Polymer thicknesses from 7 microns to 38 microns were studied. Incident laser fluence was varied from 200 mj/cm2 to 1.0 J/cm2. Laser frequency was varied from 1 Hz to 50 Hz. An analytical formula for optimum single pass cutting speed as a function of the etch rate of a polymer, laser frequency, laser beam length in cutting direction, and polymer thickness was developed. Experimental results obtained indicate that cutting speed is directly proportional to the incident laser fluence and laser frequency, and is inversely proportional to polymer thickness. Predictions of optimum cutting speed obtained from the analytical formula for different polymers were in good agreement with the experimentally measured values.
Prediction Of Cavity Shape And Material Removal Rates Using A Two Dimensional Axisymmetric Heat Conduction Model For Fibrous Ceramic Insulation And Comparison With Experiments
Authors: He Mingli , Bishop P. J. , Minardi A.
Published: August 2012

High power lasers are used in industry as machining tools for many operations including drilling, cutting, welding, and etching. Because of its advantages over conventional machining such as tight tolerances, ability to machine hard materials without wearing of the machine tool, and ease of automation, an experimental and analytical study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of the laser to cut a nearly pure fibrous ceramic used as insulation material on the Space Shuttle. An analytical model was developed for drilling using a spatially varying laser beam. The model was used to determine the energy delivery to the surface from the laser beam and the conduction within the solid ceramic. A similarity variable was introduced to solve the transient heat conduction equation inside the solid tile and predict the temperature and temperature gradient. The temperature distribution within the tile was found and then used with an assumed boundary condition to predict the drilled cavity shape. This model has been used to develop algorithms for input into a computer automated laser machining facility. The model has been compared to experimental data taken using the ceramic material. The cavity shape and depth were experimentally measured in a thick sample using a CO2 laser and 10:5 collimation. Holes were drilled for various laser powers and exposure times. The hole depth and radius were measured after cross-sectioning the samples. Model predictions were within 15% of experimental results.
Tutorial Guide: Laser Measurement Techniques Guide For Hazard Evaluation. Part 2
Authors: Lyon Terry
Published: August 2012

A tutorial guide is presented to provide uniform guidance when performing radiometric measurements upon laser systems to perform a hazard evaluation. This guide was requested by and presented to the Department of Defense (DOD) Laser System Safety Working Group (LSSWG) to serve as a standardized method when performing hazard evaluations primarily upon tactical and training military laser systems including laser rangefinders and designators. Technical information is provided in detail to select a suitable detector, preform radiometric measurements, assess laser system pointing errors, calculate laser protective eyewear optical density, calculate beam divergence, and predict peak beam irradiances or radiant exposures at any distance from the laser. The guide identifies the primary health and safety consultants within DOD who are responsible to evaluate the potential hazards from military laser systems. This guide is intended to serve less experienced personnel by pointing out some common measurement errors and detector limitations which can lead to erroneous results. The guide also directs the reader to review the requirements of MIL-STD-1425A when a military laser system has been exempted from the requirements of the federal regulation for laser products, 21 CFR 1040. This guide was intended to facilitate acceptance of laser hazard evaluations performed by other services and to aid planners of joint service laser exercises.
Measurement of temperature and absorptance for laser processing applications
Authors: Ramanathan S. , Modest M. F.
Published: August 2012

The use of CO2 lasers has been successfully demonstrated for several manufacturing processes such as cutting, drilling, scribing, etc., of a wide range of materials. The absorptance of a material at the laser wavelength and at the material removal temperature substantially affect the efficiency of the laser machining process. Some materials have absorption bands in the mid-infrared and the absorptance changes drastically with temperature at the CO2 laser wavelength of 10.6 μm. Additionally, the absorptance of a material can change due to high-temperature effects such as decomposition, oxidation, etc., necessitating the measurement of absorptance at temperatures close to the material removal temperature and, preferably, during the laser machining process. A relatively simple experimental set-up is presented for the measurement of material removal temperature and of the absorptance of ceramic materials at the CO2 laser wavelength and at temperatures close to the material removal temperature. Experimental results have been obtained for hot-pressed silicon nitride and two continuous-fiber ceramic matrix composites, namely, carbon fibers embedded in a silicon carbide matrix (C/SiC) and silicon carbide fibers in a silicon carbide matrix (SiC/SiC). Temperatures were measured using an optical pyrometer while the absorptance measurements were performed with an integrating sphere. The material removal temperatures show good agreement with extrapolated equilibrium decomposition data; the absorptance data were found to be repeatable to within ±0.03.
Amending the CDRH performance standard for laser products
Authors: Dennis Jerome E.
Published: August 2012

The most recent amendments to the Federal performance standard for laser products became effective in 1985 and 1986. At this time, the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is making public its intention to amend the standard again and is inviting suggestions and comments. The amendments that are now under consideration are based upon advances in the sciences of photobiology and hazard evaluation. They are also intended to harmonize with developments in international standards for similar products, and to clarify and facilitate administration of the CDRH standard. Many of them were developed in cooperation with representatives of industry, professional societies, trade associations, and representatives on national and international standards committees. This discussion will explain the amendment process, provide a brief history of what has transpired thus far, and explain in some detail many of the amendments that are being considered. Among these are reduction of the emission durations for the classification of some laser products depending on their intended application, extension of Class IIIa to include invisible laser radiation products, revision of the applicability requirements for safety interlocks, revision of the tables of accessible emission limits for the laser product classes, increase in the class levels for which certain performance requirements are applicable, allowance of more flexibility in labeling, delegation of some approval authorities to a lower level of management, and new requirements for the higher classes of medical laser products. Many of the amendments are being considered to achieve a higher degree of consistency with the standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards 825 and 601-2-22.
Laser cladding of Ti–6Al–4V with various carbide powders
Authors: Folkes J. A. , Shibata K.
Published: August 2012

Laser cladding Ti–6Al–4V can be achieved with various weight percentages of different carbide powders. The microstructure and morphology of the clad layer is determined by the cladding powder composition, for a given set of laser parameters, such that 10 and 20 wt %Cr3C2 results in a β + TiC clad microstructure; 10 and 20 wt %WC results in an α + TiC clad microstructure (plus some original WC); and Mo2C gives an α + β + TiC or β + TiC structure, depending on the weight percentage of Mo2C. The morphology of the TiC in all cases is dendritic or feathery, depending on the carbide content. The microstructure observed in all cases agreed well with that theoretically predicted from the energetics of carbide formation and β-stabilizing properties of each element.
Laser safety standards in Europe
Authors: Tozer B. A.
Published: August 2012

This paper reviews the present state of the standards-making process in Europe, explaining such arcane terms as ‘CEN’, ‘CENELEC’, ‘Euronorm’ and ‘directive’. Standards-making bodies in Europe work to strict guidelines with regard to their relationship to member countries of the EEC and EFTA, and work closely with the international standards bodies, IEC and ISO, to minimize duplication of effort and to ensure minimum conflict with international standards. The current situation with regard to laser safety standards in Europe is reviewed, and the author speculates on some possible future developments.
Investigation into the underwater laser welding of steel
Authors: Shannon G. J. , Watson J. , Deans W. F.
Published: August 2012

An investigation was undertaken using a 1.2 kW carbon dioxide laser for underwater butt welding of BS 4360 43A and 50D steel, in order to assess the quality of the welds and to achieve an understanding of the laser/water/material interaction. Using a high-speed camera, the temporal behavior of the melt pool and “plasma” dynamics surrounded by an aqueous environment were monitored. Experiments were undertaken to characterize the attenuation of the laser beam in the water as a function of various focal length optics and depth of water. The effect of energy input conditions on the weld bead appearance and mechanical properties were also examined. The interaction of the laser beam with water produced a wave-guiding mechanism in which the focused beam instantaneously vaporizes the water and directs the beam on to the workpiece. The underwater weld beads exhibited sound microstructures over a range of weld energy inputs, mainly due to the formation of a “dry region” during welding. Metallurgical analysis of the welds showed a slight increase in hardness, though other post-weld mechanical strengths were similar to in-air results.
The influence of 8-prenylnaringenin on the activity of voltage-gated kv1.3 potassium channels in human jurkat t cells
Authors: Gąsiorowska Justyna , Teisseyre Andrzej , Uryga Anna , Michalak Krystyna
Published: August 2012

Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we investigated the influence of 8-prenylnaringenin on the activity of the voltage-gated Kv1.3 potassium channels in the human leukemic T lymphocyte cell line Jurkat. 8-prenylnaringenin is a potent plant-derived phytoestrogen that has been found to inhibit cancer cell proliferation. The results show that it inhibited the Kv1.3 channels in a concentration-dependent manner. Complete inhibition occurred at concentrations higher than 10 μM. The inhibitory effect of 8-prenylnaringenin was reversible. It was accompanied by a significant acceleration of channel inactivation without any pronounced change in the activation rate. Of the naringenin derivatives tested to date, 8-prenylnaringenin is the most potent inhibitor of the Kv1.3 channels. The potency of the inhibition may be due to the presence of a prenyl group in the molecule of this flavonoid. The inhibition of the Kv1.3 channels might be involved in the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of 8-prenylnaringenin that have been observed in cancer cell lines expressing these channels.
A comparision of efficacy of risperidone and olanzapine in schizophrenia patients
Authors: Shah SK , Ojha SP , Koirala NR , Sharma VD , Yengkokpam B
Published: August 2012

Schizophrenia is a leading worldwide mental health problem. It is also one of the common and challenging problems in Nepal. Risperidone and olanzapine is one of the major antipsychotic drug used for schizophrenia patients, however their efficacy is not compared in Nepal.To assess the efficacy of risperidone and olanzapine in schizophrenia patients in Nepalese context. An open-label, randomized, comparative, prospective study was done for 6 weeks. Total of 63 patients attending Psychiatry OPD in Jan to July 2008 at TUTH who could be available for close follow up were enrolled with consent. Risperidone was given in dose of 3-6 mg and Olanzapine in the dose of 15-20 mg per day. Efficacy and tolerability was assessed using PANSS, CGI, and UKU side-effect checklist. Both groups showed improvement in the entire positive, negative and general psychopathology subscales without significant difference in the two groups. Regarding tolerability, olanzapine was found to have significant sedation, weight gain while with risperidone extrapyramidal side-effects, palpitations, sexual side-effects were significant. Risperidone and olanzapine both are efficacious in the treatment of schizophrenia. Both the drugs have their own side-effects. Long-term efficacy and tolerability needs to be studied. As it has been seen in the ongoing studies, long-term use and side-effect profile, drop-out rates and the increase in metabolic syndromes need more consideration.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v7i3.6706 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2011, Vol-7, No-3, 29-35
Lingual Thyroid: A rare case report
Authors: Bhadoria S , Lavania A , Saxena R
Published: August 2012

Lingual Thyroid is rare developmental anomaly usually affecting females it is usually located in midline, in base of the tongue and represent the faulty migration of thyroid gland although the exact pathogenesis of this ectopic accessory thyroid tissue is not known it generally originates from the epithelial tissue of non obliterated thyroglossal ductus in this report a case of lingual thyroid in a 28 year old patient with difficulty in swallowing and foreign body sensation complaints for 3 years is presented ultrasound showed absent Thyroid in Neck. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v7i3.6708 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2011, Vol-7, No-3, 39-42
Anomalous third part of axillary artery- anatomical, embryological and clinical relevance
Authors: Satyanarayana N , Ranjit G , Sunitha P , Nitin V , Praveen G , Kumar DA , Devi PS
Published: August 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v7i3.6711 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2011, Vol-7, No-3, 43-47
Your consent and my decision - a case study
Authors: Asirvatham Packiaraj
Published: August 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i2.11702Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(2):27-30
Religious denominations vs ethical models in the beginning of life
Authors: Hossain Arif
Published: August 2012

An article was published at editorial of BJB in 2012 vol. 3 issue 1, page 3 entitled "Challenge of 21st Century to Integrate the Reproductive Technologies Concerning the Beginning of Human Life" written by Associate Editor of BJB. I would like to comment on article that the religions those have holy book from God have almost the same notion regarding the beginning of life. They are involved with biblical account of the creation of human and prefixed notion on procreation and families. From a bioethical point of view, religions seem to favor deontological models. It may hinder the proper ethical incorporation of reproductive technologies. Stewardship or divine providence leads to a fixed creational view, pessimist as basic attitude and dependence. On the other hand, other distinguished ethical models (consequentialism or utilitarianism) are "creativity", e.g. models of responsibility (personalism), models of caring (care ethics) etc. These models are anthropo-centric, optimistic, evolving creation (Created Co-Creator) and have open future. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how 21st century will integrate the new technologies concerning the beginning of human life. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i2.11703 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(2):31-34
One Medicine, One Acupuncture
Authors: Robinson Narda G.
Published: August 2012

“One Acupuncture”, like “One Medicine”, has the potential to improve research quality and clinical outcomes. However, while human acupuncture point locations have remained largely consistent over time, the veterinary versions remain imprecise and variable. Establishing anatomical criteria for veterinary acupuncture atlases in keeping with the human template will create congruence across species, benefiting both research and practice. Anatomic criteria for points based on objectively verifiable structures will facilitate translational research. Functionally comparative innervation, in particular, should be similar between species, as the nerves initiate and mediate physiologic changes that result from point stimulation. If researchers choose points that activate different nerves in one species than in another, unpredictable outcomes may occur. Variability in point placement will impede progress and hamper the ability of researchers and clinicians to make meaningful comparisons across species. This paper reveals incongruities that remain between human and veterinary acupuncture points, illustrating the need to analyze anatomical characteristics of each point to assure accuracy in selecting transpositional acupuncture locations.
Effect of Time (Within and Between Days), and Dairy Production Factors on the Impedance Value at 24 Acupuncture Points in Dairy Cows
Authors: Bosma Roel H. , Kalkers-van de Ven Shirley C. G. , Den Boer Mauk M. J.
Published: August 2012

This study evaluated the effect of hour and day of measurement, and of production factors on the impedance values (IVs) at 24 acupuncture points (APs). This is a first step in assessing whether electro-acupuncture can contribute to reduced antibiotic use in dairy farming. The APs studied were left (L) and right (R) points of the bladder (BL) and stomach (ST) meridians. The effect of time was measured in a 3x3 Latin square on six cows in one herd. The effect of production factors was analyzed using 108 cows from three herds for two months. The effect of time excludes BL 14R, 16R, 21R, 22R, 30R, 46-02R, 43-01L and 30L, and ST18 bilaterally for diagnostic use. The contribution of parity, age or lactation period to monthly models of BL21R, 18R and 15R, and ST18R exclude these for diagnostic use. Of the remaining APs, BL19R, BL20R and BL46-02L showed stable IVs and are recommended for reference measurements. APs BL14L, BL16L and BL17L are recommended for diagnostics, and BL 16R, 17R, 18R, 23R, 30R, 15L, 20L, 22L and 29L need further study. Factors contributing to the variation in the IV of several APs were: milk robot, number of inseminations, body condition score, days of the preceding lactation, kg milk and kg milk fat of current and preceding month and preceding year, and milk cell count and urea content.
Current Status of Antibiograms of Listeria ivanovii and Enterobacter cloacae Isolated from Ready-To-Eat Foods in Alice, South Africa
Authors: Nyenje Mirriam E. , Tanih Nicoline F. , Green Ezekiel , Ndip Roland N.
Published: August 2012

This study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility of 51 Listeria ivanovii and 33 Enterobacter cloacae strains isolated from various ready-to-eat foods sold in Alice, South Africa. Isolates were identified using standard microbiological tests and further confirmed using API 20E and API Listeria kits. The disc diffusion technique was used to screen for antimicrobial susceptibility against 15 antimicrobials; minimum inhibitory concentration of five antibiotics was determined by the broth dilution method. All the strains of E. cloacae (100%) and 96% of L. ivanovii isolates were resistant to at least four or more of the antibiotics; nineteen antibiotypes were obtained based on the antibiotics used in the study. Antibiotype A5: AR PGR VAR ER APR was predominant in both L. ivanovii (23.5%) and E. cloacae (57.5%) isolates. Marked susceptibility of Listeria ivanovii was observed against chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (100%) each while E. cloacae registered 100% susceptibility to ciprofloxacin only. Various percentages of susceptibility was reported to chloramphenicol and gentamicin (91%) each, nalidixic acid (97%) and streptomycin (94%). The MIC90 ranged from 0.004–7.5 µg/mL with E. cloacae being the most susceptible organism. The study demonstrated the presence of multi-resistant strains of bacteria in ready-to-eat-foods and speculates that these foods could serve as important vehicles transmitting multi-resistant bacteria to humans.
The Dual Action of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), the Main Constituent of Green Tea, against the Deleterious Effects of Visible Light and Singlet Oxygen-Generating Conditions as Seen in Yeast Cells
Authors: Mitrica Radu , Dumitru Ioana , Ruta Lavinia L. , Ofiteru Augustin M. , Farcasanu Ileana C.
Published: August 2012

Green tea extracts (GTEs) as well as their main component, the polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), are known for their versatile antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumoral or anti-inflammatory effects. In spite of the huge beneficial action, there is increasing evidence that under certain conditions green tea and its components can be detrimental to living organisms. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with various defects in the response to oxidative stress, we found that GTEs or EGCG act in synergy with visible light, exhibiting either deleterious or protective effects depending on the solvent employed. Similar synergistic effects could be observed under singlet oxygen-generating conditions, such as light exposure in the presence of photosensitizers or UV-A irradiation, therefore solvent variance may represent a powerful tool to modulate the preparation of green tea extracts, depending on the intended target.
Error Compensation for Area Digital Sun Sensor
Authors: Li Wen-Yang , Zhang Gao-Fei , You Zheng , Xing Fei
Published: August 2012

Compared to the error factors of the Linear Array Digital Sun Sensor (DSS), those of the Area Array DSS are complicated and methods used for error compensation are not valid or simple enough. This paper presents the main error factors of the Area Array DSS and proposes an effective method to compensate them. The procedure of error compensation of Area Array DSS includes three steps. First, the geometric error of calibration is compensated; second, the coordinate map method is used to compensate the error caused by optical refraction; third, the high order polynomial-fitting method is applied to calculate the tangent of the sun angles; finally, the arc tangent method is used to calculate the sun angles. Experimental results of the product of the High Accuracy Sun Sensor indicate that the precision is better than 0.02° during the cone field of view (CFOV) of 10°, and the precision is better than 0.14° during the CFOV 10° to 64°. The proposed compensation method effectively compensates the major error factors and significantly improves the measure precision of the Area APS DSS.
Barrel Pseudotilings
Authors: Leopold Undine
Published: August 2012

This paper describes 4-valent tiling-like structures, called pseudotilings, composed of barrel tiles and apeirogonal pseudotiles in Euclidean 3-space. These (frequently face-to-face) pseudotilings naturally rise in columns above 3-valent plane tilings by convex polygons, such that each column is occupied by stacked congruent barrel tiles or congruent apeirogonal pseudotiles. No physical space is occupied by the apeirogonal pseudotiles. Many interesting pseudotilings arise from plane tilings with high symmetry. As combinatorial structures, these are abstract polytopes of rank 4 with both finite and infinite 2-faces and facets.
Microsatellite markers for population studies of Phytophthora megakarya (Pythiaceae), a cacao pathogen in Africa
Authors: Mfegue C. V. , Herail C. , Adreit H. , Mbenoun M. , Techou Z. , Ten Hoopen M. , Tharreau D. , Ducamp M.
Published: August 2012

• Premise of the study: Phytophthora megakarya is the agent of black pod disease of cacao and is the main pathogen of this crop in Africa. Population genetic studies are required to investigate how this pathogen emerged. To this end, we developed 12 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for P. megakarya.

• Methods and Results: Microsatellite sequences were obtained by pyrosequencing of multiplex‐enriched libraries. Candidate loci with di‐ or trinucleotide motifs were selected, and primer pairs were tested with nine P. megakarya isolates. The 12 most polymorphic and unambiguous loci were selected to develop three multiplex PCR pools. The total number of alleles varied from two to nine, depending on loci, and higher than expected heterozygosity was observed.

• Conclusions: These markers were used for population genetic studies of P. megakarya in Cameroon and for comparison with reference strains from West Africa. This is the first time that microsatellite markers have been developed for P. megakarya.
Synthesis of compounds related to the anti-migraine drug eletriptan hydrobromide
Authors: Madasu Suri Babu , Vekariya Nagaji Ambabhai , Kiran M N V D Hari , Gupta Badarinadh , Islam Aminul , Douglas Paul S , Babu Korupolu Raghu
Published: August 2012

Eletriptan hydrobromide (1) is a selective serotonin (5-HT1) agonist, used for the acute treatment of the headache phase of migraine attacks. During the manufacture of eletriptan hydrobromide the formation of various impurities were observed and identified by LC–MS. To control the formation of these impurities during the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients, the structure of the impurities must be known. Major impurities of the eletriptan hydrobromide synthesis were prepared and characterized by using various spectroscopic techniques, i.e., mass spectroscopy, FTIR , 1H NMR, 13C NMR/DEPT, and further confirmed by co-injection in HPLC. The present study will be of great help in the synthesis of highly pure eletriptan hydrobromide related compounds.
Decentralization for High-Quality Education: Elements and Issues of Design
Authors: Healey III F. Henry , Crouch Luis
Published: August 2012

As developing countries seek to improve the quality of their education systems, one approach they are considering is decentralization. But transforming a centralized system into one that is decentralized and high quality is a complex undertaking, one that requires, among other things, a coherent design. This report details an approach for creating a viable design for a high-quality decentralized education system—an approach that is premised on sound principles such as economies of scale, speed of transaction, and customer satisfaction, and which has "effective schools" as the focal point of the method.
La violence en psychiatrie, témoignage d'une psychiatre en formation
Authors: Monhonval Pauline
Published: August 2012

Résumé Témoignage d’une psychiatre en formation, cet article décrit diverses formes de violences rencontrées en psychiatrie, au travers de situation concrètes du quotidien.
Interview de Maurice Berger. La violence extrême chez les enfants, une pathologie à questionner
Authors: Frisch-Desmarez Christine
Published: August 2012

Résumé Dans cet entretien, Maurice Berger développe certains aspects de son dernier livre « Soigner les enfants violents ». À partir de recherches qu’il mène dans son service spécialisé dans la prise en charge des enfants et préadolescents de plus en plus nombreux qui présentent un comportement extrêmement violent, il montre que cette pathologie grave a des origines multifactorielles et qu’elle s’inscrit dans une histoire personnelle et transgénérationnelle de négligence et de violence. Les processus psychiques présents derrière ce symptôme sont complexes. L’auteur propose une description précise des dispositifs thérapeutiques qui allient contenances institutionnelle, corporelle et pédagogique, couplées à un dispositif d’écoute intensif.
Dé-nommer, renommer le territoire. Le cas de Damgan, dans le Morbihan
Authors: Laligant Sophie
Published: August 2012

Résumé Comment les systèmes de valeurs sous-jacents aux noms de lieux et de personnes se cristallisent-ils ? Et en quoi la transformation des toponymes et anthroponymes traduit-elle les contrastes entre population locale et nouveaux arrivants, consécutifs aux reconfigurations des espaces liées au remembrement, au plan d’occupation des sols ( pos ) et au plan local d’urbanisme ( plu ) ? Nous étudierons ces questions à partir d’une longue enquête ethnographique conduite à Damgan, dans le Morbihan.
S'engager dans l'image. Migrants ouest-africains et journalistes français dans les années 1960
Authors: Dedieu Jean-Philippe
Published: August 2012

Résumé Se fondant sur la lecture d’archives visuelles et d’entretiens conduits auprès de journalistes, cet article questionne les conflits de représentation entre journalistes et migrants africains dans les années 1960. Il souligne les « dilemmes pratiques » rencontrés par un groupe socialement dominé ne souhaitant pas médiatiser ses conditions de vie et de logement pour ne pas être stigmatisé et réprimé. Cette étude de cas témoigne plus largement de la difficulté des migrants à faire respecter leur « droit à l’image » et à imposer une représentation visuelle valorisante de leur groupe.
L'imagerie cérébrale à l'épreuve de la psychanalyse
Authors: Potier Rémy
Published: August 2012

L’article propose d’interroger, à partir de la psychanalyse, quelques interactions possibles avec les neurosciences. Il s’agit de spécifier la particularité de l’investigation psychanalytique de la technique, notamment de l’imagerie cérébrale, pour en questionner les présupposés. Ce que révèle la prise en compte de toutes les dimension du dispositif, c’est qu’une méthodologie interdisciplinaire permet de circonscrire les limites de ce qui est observé. L’hypothèse du « nouvel inconscient » telle que la développe Lionel Naccache est discutée à cette occasion et mise à l’épreuve de ce qu’enseigne la clinique. L’argumentation de cet article propose l’idée que le dialogue entre psychanalyse et neurosciences apparaît particulièrement fécond si la délimitation des champs et des méthodes se cherche et se précise, sans ambiguïté.
L'imagerie médicale, une ambivalence certaine, quoique relative
Authors: Dagognet François
Published: August 2012

L’auteur, pour qualifier la spécificité de l’imagerie, définit la médecine comme ce qui externalise, ce qui met le dedans au-dehors, sans passer par la méthode sanglante. L’image réalise une prouesse, qui nous donne la chose sans la chose. Il faut alors apprendre à voir, apprendre à lire. La médecine est une herméneutique, une science de l’interprétation de ce qui est sous les yeux et qu’on ne voit pas. Néanmoins il faut recommander de limiter cette science des signes. Parce que l’image est pleine d’ambivalence, il faut restreindre ses pouvoirs. Par l’image, le patient est un peu dépersonnalisé car les facteurs distantiels, psychologiques, sociaux, cèdent la place aux corrélations anatomiques. On assiste dès lors à une distanciation du malade comme sujet de la maladie. En dépit de ces limites, l’imagerie médicale permet de rendre compréhensible ce qui se passe au plus profond de nous, sans ouvrir le coffre noir.
Le tracé et le profane
Authors: Bialès Pierre , Goddet Sybille
Published: August 2012

À partir d’une clinique du secourisme associatif dans son rapport au médical, et en particulier à ce dispositif d’images médicales qu’est scope (avec l’électrocardiogramme), se déploie la problématique de la confrontation du sujet face à une image énigmatique. Le tracé sur l’écran ne peut-il s’envisager comme métaphore de la vie et de la mort ? Là où l’indicible peut plonger le profane dans une violence du voir, la parole médicale s’institue dès lors comme une potentialité de re-symbolisation. L’urgence des interventions de premiers secours, en sa temporalité si spécifique, interroge une certaine éthique du regard.
La morgue : voir l'irreprésentable
Authors: Laufer Laurie
Published: August 2012

Le verbe « morguer » signifie « regarder avec hauteur ». La Morgue a été l’un des monuments parisiens les plus visités du siècle. À partir de l’enseignement freudien sur les « théories sexuelles infantiles », on peut penser que l’enfant vient là pour se former une théorie sexuelle : voir, c’est comprendre. Le corps dans sa nudité et sa crudité est à portée de regard. La pulsion scopique qui pousse un très large public à « venir voir » participe d’une articulation entre la violence, le sexe et la mort. Le scandale qu’a suscité cette institution est à la hauteur de ce qu’elle montre : scandale du corps écorché, nu, morcelé, devant lequel le regard se fait « exercice de cruauté ». Scandale d’une monstration dans laquelle la nudité intrique de façon innommable l’horreur et la fascination.
Jeunesse et condition adolescente dans la contemporanéité
Authors: Birman Joel
Published: August 2012

L’intention de cet article est de faire une lecture aussi bien historique que théorique sur la problématique de l’adolescence, en soulignant surtout ce qui arrive à la jeunesse dans la société brésilienne contemporaine.
Le corps, « char de l'âme » ?
Authors: Synodinou Claire
Published: August 2012

La relation corps-âme comporte l’idée d’un cheminement de concert. La formule, corps « char de l’âme », peut être représentative d’une partie de la théorie freudienne. Freud considère, quant aux pulsions, que les stimulations internes parviennent les premières à l’âme, et non que, seule, l’âme mène le corps. Il évitait le cloisonnement et, face à la dualité ou la non-dualité, il propose le travail psychique à plusieurs niveaux, privilégiant l’alternance du psychique et du corporel. Dans cet article, à travers des exemples, nous assistons à la défaite du corps chez le patient somatique et psychotique qui est conduit d’une certaine façon à sa séparation de l’âme. Le patient se trouve face à la vérité existentielle, comme si l’énergie se concentrait au point d’être palpable.
Lacan l'Helléniste
Authors: Zafiropoulos Markos
Published: August 2012

Cet article prolonge une recherche actuellement en cours, qui s'est attachée à démontrer les limitations d'une histoire de l'œuvre de Lacan qui ferait l'impasse sur ses liens étroits avec l'école française de sociologie, et en particulier Durkheim, Mauss et Lévi-Strauss.
La psychanalyse comme troisième sophistique
Authors: Rassial Jean-Jacques
Published: August 2012

La psychanalyse s’inscrit certes dans la tradition grecque, mais aussi dans la tradition juive, mais loin de l’idéalisme platonicien. L’hypothèse ici soutenue est qu’elle pourrait fonder une troisième sophistique, orientée par une rhétorique où la logique argumentaire prime sur l’élaboration déductive, d’autant plus en étant enrichie des acquis de la pragmatique. Ainsi, le corpus théorique de la psychanalyse peut être considéré comme un ensemble de croyances qui fondent la position de l’analyste au début de chaque cure pour que la casuistique la conteste et fasse faire à l’analyste comme au patient un pas théorique de plus.
Antiphon : devin, sophiste, cuisinier de paroles
Authors: Kouki Elisabeth
Published: August 2012

« Chez tous les hommes, en effet, la pensée gouverne le corps pour la santé et la maladie et pour tout le reste », disait Antiphon qui, selon les doxographes, pouvait « soigner en recourant au langage ceux qui étaient dans l’affliction ». Cet art d’ôter le chagrin qu’il exerça pendant quelque temps à Corinthe, son activité rhétorique (judiciaire) à laquelle il s’est totalement consacré par la suite, sa conception de la divination (et par extension l’onirocrisie) sont directement liés à sa réflexion philosophique qui paraissait radicale à son époque. Leur axe commun – la structure de l’interprétation, la fluidité/flexibilité du langage et son caractère performatif lorsqu’il est énoncé au moment opportun – s’inscrit dans une problématique qui fait apparaître des affinités entre Sophistique et Psychanalyse.