bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The basic heart anatomy and physiology from the cardiologist's perspective: Toward a better understanding of left ventricular mechanics, systolic, and diastolic function
Authors: Trifunović‐Zamaklar Danijela , Jovanović Ivana , Vratonjić Jelena , Petrović Olga , Paunović Ivana , Tešić Milorad , Boričić‐Kostić Marija , Ivanović Branislava
Published: October 2022

A comprehensive understanding of the cardiac structure–function relationship is essential for proper clinical cardiac imaging. This review summarizes the basic heart anatomy and physiology from the perspective of a heart imager focused on myocardial mechanics. The main issues analyzed are the left ventricular (LV) architecture, the LV myocardial deformation through the cardiac cycle, the LV diastolic function basic parameters and the basic parameters of the LV deformation used in clinical practice for the LV function assessment.
Novel nuclear medical procedures in the detection of microvascular dysfunction
Authors: Grozdic Milojevic Isidora , Kozarevic Nebojsa , Sobic‐Saranovic Dragana
Published: October 2022

Coronary microvascular dysfunction is present in two‐thirds of patients showing symptoms and signs of myocardial ischemia. Their microcirculation has abnormalities due to endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunction. Impairment of this mechanism causes a high risk of adverse cardiovascular event. Diagnosing coronary microvascular dysfunction is challenging. Guidelines recommend the use of nuclear medicine procedures in the above‐mentioned indications. Myocardial perfusion imaging with positron emission tomography is a novel procedure with high diagnostic accuracy and quality of images. It has short acquisition, low effective radiation dose and prognostic factors. There are still unknowns about this procedure and all its benefits.
Multimodality imaging for the management of patients with primary mitral regurgitation
Authors: Vratonjic Jelena , Jovanovic Ivana , Petrovic Olga , Paunovic Ivana , Boricic‐Kostic Marija , Tesic Milorad , Nedeljkovic‐Arsenovic Olga , Maksimovic Ruzica , Ivanovic Branislava , Trifunovic‐Zamaklar Danijela
Published: October 2022

Advanced cardiac imaging (ACI), including myocardial deformation imaging, 3D echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance, overcomes the limitations of conventional echocardiography in the assessment of patients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR). They enable a more precise MR quantification and reveal early changes before advanced and irreversible remodeling with depressed heart function occurs. ACI permits a thorough analysis of mitral valvular anatomy and MR mechanisms (important for planning and guiding percutaneous and surgical procedures) and helps to identify structural and functional changes coupled with a high arrhythmogenic potential, especially the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and heart failure development. The key question is how the data provided by ACI can improve the current management of primary MR.
Clinical exome sequencing identifies novel compound heterozygous mutations of the POMT2 gene in patients with limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy
Authors: Zhao Xiangyu , Gao Chunhai , Li Lin , Jiang Liangqian , Wei Yuda , Che Fengyuan , Liu Qiji
Published: October 2022

Objective

Mutations in protein O‐mannosyltransferase 2 (POMT2) (MIM#607439) have been identified in severe congenital muscular dystrophy such as Walker–Warburg syndrome (WWS) and milder limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy type 2N (LGMD2N). The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic causes in patients with LGMD2N.

Methods

Three patients diagnosed with mild limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy were recruited. The genetically pathogenic variant was identified by clinical exome sequencing, and healthy controls were verified by Sanger sequencing.

Results

Novel compound heterozygous mutations c.800A > G and c.1074_1075delinsAT of POMT2 were revealed in one affected individual by clinical exome sequencing. There was no report of these two variants and predicted to be highly damaging to the function of the POMT2.

Conclusion

The novel variants extend the spectrum of POMT2 mutations, which promotes the prognostic value of testing for POMT2 mutations in patients with LGMD2N.
Stormwater drives seasonal geochemical processes beneath an infiltration basin
Authors: McQuiggan Rachel , Andres A. Scott , Roros Andreanna , Sturchio Neil C.
Published: October 2022

Deicing salt is an important component of road safety during winter storms. Stormwater infiltration best management practices aim to prevent the salt from polluting streams and waterways, but this may shift pollutants to groundwater resources. In response to limited field studies investigating groundwater quality impacts caused by input of salt from stormwater infiltration best management practices, we monitored water levels and quality of groundwater at various depths in an unconfined aquifer around a stormwater infiltration basin using in situ sensors coupled with grab sampling. Our observations revealed differences in groundwater chemistry with depth in the aquifer and processes that were driven by the seasonal changes in the chemistry of stormwater (salt‐impacted in winter and fresh in non‐winter) recharging the aquifer. Water–matrix interactions in the vadose zone beneath the basin affected the transport of sodium (Na) into groundwater following non‐winter recharge. Sodium movement through the aquifer was delayed relative to chloride (Cl), indicating a longer residence time of Na in the vadose zone. Radium (Ra) concentrations were correlated with Cl concentrations, suggesting salt‐impacted recharge caused desorption of Ra into groundwater because of increased salinity. Stormwater‐influenced groundwater followed a preferential flow path due to heterogeneity of the aquifer materials, and water chemistry varied with time and location along the flow path. These results highlight the importance of well screen length, placement and depth, and frequency of observations when designing a monitoring network.
Identification of novel factors that affect the onset of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis: The role for microRNA‐323b‐5p
Authors: Sun Chang , Liu Mu‐Yun , An Wei , Liu Jun‐Cen , Yang Fu , Wang Fang , Jiang Jing‐Xian , Zhou Qi , Jia Yin , Wang Yue , Yuan Ji‐Hang , Ma Li‐Zhe , Sun Xiao‐Ru , Wang Luo‐Wei , Liao Zhuan , Li Zhao‐Shen
Published: October 2022

Background

The c.194+2 T>C variant of serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) is a known genetic risk factor found in Chinese patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (ICP), but the early‐onset mechanisms of ICP are still unclear.

Methods

Complementary experimental approaches were used to pursue other potential pathologies in the present study. The serum level of SPINK1 of ICP patients in the Han population in China was detected and verified by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Next, differentially expressed proteins and microRNAs from plasma samples of early‐onset and late‐onset ICP patients were screened by proteomic analysis and microarray, respectively.

Results

Combined with these advanced methods, the data strongly suggest that the regulatory effects of microRNAs were involved in the early‐onset mechanism of the ICP by in vitro experiments. There was no significant difference in the plasma SPINK1 expression between the early‐onset ICP and the late‐onset patients. However, the expression of plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx3) in early‐onset ICP patients was markedly lower than that in late‐onset ICP patients, although the level of hsa‐miR‐323b‐5p was lower in late‐onset patients compared to the early‐onset ICP group. In vitro experiments confirmed that hsa‐miR‐323b‐5p could increase apoptosis in caerulein‐treated pancreatic acinar cells and inhibit the expression of GPx3.

Conclusions

The up‐regulated hsa‐miR‐323b‐5p might play a crucial role in the early‐onset mechanisms of ICP by diminishing the antioxidant activity through the down‐regulation of GPx3.
129Xe and Free‐Breathing 1H Ventilation MRI in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis: A Dual‐Center Study
Authors: Marshall Helen , Voskrebenzev Andreas , Smith Laurie J. , Biancardi Alberto M. , Kern Agilo L. , Collier Guilhem J. , Wielopolski Piotr A. , Ciet Pierluigi , Tiddens Harm A. W. M. , Vogel‐Claussen Jens , Wild Jim M.
Published: October 2022

Background

Free‐breathing 1H ventilation MRI shows promise but only single‐center validation has yet been performed against methods which directly image lung ventilation in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Purpose

To investigate the relationship between 129Xe and 1H ventilation images using data acquired at two centers.

Study type

Sequence comparison.

Population

Center 1; 24 patients with CF (12 female) aged 9–47 years. Center 2; 7 patients with CF (6 female) aged 13–18 years, and 6 healthy controls (6 female) aged 21–31 years. Data were acquired in different patients at each center.

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5 T, 3D steady‐state free precession and 2D spoiled gradient echo.

Assessment

Subjects were scanned with 129Xe ventilation and 1H free‐breathing MRI and performed pulmonary function tests. Ventilation defect percent (VDP) was calculated using linear binning and images were visually assessed by H.M., L.J.S., and G.J.C. (10, 5, and 8 years' experience).

Statistical Tests

Correlations and linear regression analyses were performed between 129Xe VDP, 1H VDP, FEV1, and LCI. Bland–Altman analysis of 129Xe VDP and 1H VDP was carried out. Differences in metrics were assessed using one‐way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis tests.

Results

129Xe VDP and 1H VDP correlated strongly with; each other (r = 0.84), FEV1 z‐score (129Xe VDP r = −0.83, 1H VDP r = −0.80), and LCI (129Xe VDP r = 0.91, 1H VDP r = 0.82). Bland–Altman analysis of 129Xe VDP and 1H VDP from both centers had a bias of 0.07% and limits of agreement of −16.1% and 16.2%. Linear regression relationships of VDP with FEV1 were not significantly different between 129Xe and 1H VDP (P = 0.08), while 129Xe VDP had a stronger relationship with LCI than 1H VDP.

Data Conclusion

1H ventilation MRI shows large‐scale agreement with 129Xe ventilation MRI in CF patients with established lung disease but may be less sensitive to subtle ventilation changes in patients with early‐stage lung disease.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Divergent effects of biological and physical processes on dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics on a eutrophied and hypoxic continental shelf
Authors: Quiñones‐Rivera Zoraida J. , Wissel Björn , Turner R. Eugene , Rabalais Nancy N. , Justić Dubravko , Finlay Kerri P. , Milan Charles S.
Published: October 2022

Dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) represent reciprocal sides of aquatic metabolism. In closed systems, absolute DO and DIC changes follow a ~ 1 : 1 ratio, but in open systems coupling depends on mixing, air–sea gas exchange, and anaerobic respiration. To quantify DO–DIC controls in coastal waters, we evaluated their concentrations and stable isotopes together with water quality and physical conditions across the hypoxic zone off the Louisiana continental shelf in July 2002 and July 2003. This area is characterized by high yet variable productivity and strong seasonal changes in vertical stratification and river discharge. Prior to 2003, this area was impacted by two tropical systems that could impact vertical stratification and mixing with offshore waters. The relationship between DO and DIC displayed three patterns: (1) In bottom waters, DO and DIC showed similar (opposing) trends in concentrations and stable isotopes in both years, largely associated with nutrients and algal biomass. (2) In 2002, DO and DIC concentrations in surface waters followed similar spatial patterns (reflecting algal biomass, salinity, and nutrients). However, due to different atmospheric gas exchange, DIC depletion exceeded DO supersaturation sixfold. Accordingly, short‐term (DO) and long‐term productivity (DIC) were on the same trajectory. (3) In 2003, DO and DIC were decoupled in surface waters. High DO concentrations correlated with algal biomass (recent production) while DIC concentrations followed salinity (past production). Understanding challenges and opportunities of using DO and DIC individually or combined is critical for quantifying metabolic patterns and capturing impacts of natural variability and climate change on eutrophic continental shelfs.
Precise determination of dolomite content in marine sediments
Authors: Wurgaft Eyal , Wang Zhaohui Aleck , Shalev Netta , Morag Navot , Golan Rotem , Gavrieli Ittai
Published: October 2022

Dolomite (CaMg[CO3]2) is a common rock‐forming mineral. Nevertheless, its mechanisms of formation and the factors that cause dolomite concentration variations within the sedimentary records constitute long‐standing geochemical questions. In addition, the flux of Mg2+leaving the ocean by the formation of dolomite is a controversial question, with some studies arguing that dolomite formation is a negligible Mg2+sink in the modern ocean, while others show that it constitutes more than 50% of the total Mg2+removal rate. An important factor that impedes the resolution of the dolomite Mg2+flux is the lack of analytical methods with adequate precision and detection limit to directly measure minute quantities of authigenic dolomite in marine sediments. Here, we present a new analytical method for direct, precise measurement of dolomite content in marine sediments. The method is based on sequential leaching of carbonate minerals in acid and tracks the CO2emitted by the dissolution. Based on the measurement of gravimetric standards of calcite and dolomite, the method's detection limit and precision were determined as better than 0.2 and ± 0.2 dry wt% of dolomite, respectively. The method out‐performed dolomite quantification made by x‐ray diffraction and by inductive coupled plasma mass‐spectrometry, which provided precision of ± 2 and ± 1 dry wt%, respectively. Measurements of the dolomite content in modern sediments from the seafloor below the oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean and the eutrophic Mississippi plume, and in clayey‐silty alluvial soil from south‐eastern Israel, demonstrated that the aforementioned precisions are also valid for natural samples.
Gas phase lubrication study with an organic friction modifier
Authors: Eickworth Jennifer , Wagner Jonas , Daum Philipp , Dienwiebel Martin , Rühle Thomas
Published: October 2022

Friction modifier additives play a crucial role in controlling friction and wear of lubricated tribological systems. Model experiments in a controllable atmosphere performed by integrating a tribometer into a system of in situ surface analytical methods in vacuum can give insights into the additives functionality. In this work, thin, well‐defined layers of an organic friction modifier (OFM) are adsorbed onto an iron oxide surface by means of an effusion cell immediately before measuring friction and wear. The results show that contrary to the assumption that homogeneous layers are formed, this OFM accumulates in droplets on the surface. Droplet number and radius increase with evaporation time. In friction tests, the smallest friction values are found for a low coverage of droplets. For larger droplets, friction increases due to a capillary neck of additive that forms between the sliding surfaces and is dragged along during the friction test.
Partial regular solution to the Landau–Lifshitz–Maxwell system with spin accumulation in two dimensions
Authors: Rong Rong
Published: October 2022

We establish the existence, uniqueness, and singularities of coupled spin polarized transport equations in two dimensions. This coupled system includes Landau–Lifshitz–Maxwell equation, and a quasilinear parabolic equation describing the diffusion of spin accumulation. The approach bases on the Leray–Schauder fixed point theory and Moser iterative method; we prove strictly that there exists a weak regular solution except at most finite singular points.
A clinical bulbar assessment scale (CBAS) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Ball Laura J. , Geske Jenenne A. , Burton Elizabeth , Pattee Gary L.
Published: October 2022

Introduction/Aims

Comprehensive and valid bulbar assessment scales for use within amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) clinics are critically needed. The aims of this study are to develop the Clinical Bulbar Assessment Scale (CBAS) and complete preliminary validation.

Methods

The authors selected CBAS items from among the literature and expert opinion, and content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated. Following consent, the CBAS was administered to a pilot sample of English‐speaking adults with El Escorial defined ALS (N = 54) from a multidisciplinary clinic, characterizing speech, swallowing, and extrabulbar features. Criterion validity was assessed by correlating CBAS scores with commonly used ALS scales, and internal consistency reliability was obtained.

Results

Expert raters reported strong agreement for the CBAS items (CVR = 1.00; 100% agreement). CBAS scores yielded a moderate, significant, negative correlation with ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised (ALSFRS‐R) total scores (r = −0.652, p < .001), and a strong, significant, negative correlation with ALSFRS‐R bulbar subscale scores (r = −0.795, p < .001). There was a strong, significant, positive correlation with Center for Neurologic Studies Bulbar Function Scale (CNS‐BFS) scores (r = 0.819, p < .001). CBAS scores were significantly higher for bulbar onset (mean = 38.9% of total possible points, SD = 22.6) than spinal onset (mean = 18.7%, SD = 15.8; p = .004). Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) values were: (a) total CBAS, α = 0.889; (b) Speech subscale, α = 0.903; and (c) Swallowing subscale, α = 0.801.

Discussion

The CBAS represents a novel means of standardized bulbar data collection using measures of speech, swallowing, respiratory, and cognitive‐linguistic skills. Preliminary evidence suggests the CBAS is a valid, reliable scale for clinical assessment of bulbar dysfunction.
Role of spiritual intelligence and demographic factors as predictors of occupational stress, quality of life and coronavirus anxiety among nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Yadollahpour Mohammad Hadi , Nouriani Marieh , Faramarzi Mahbobeh , Yaminfirooz Mousa , Shams Mohammad Ali , Gholinia Hemmat
Published: October 2022

Aim

This study investigated the impact of spiritual intelligence and demographic factors in the prediction of occupational stress, quality of life and coronavirus anxiety among nurses.

Design

A cross‐sectional study was planned.

Methods

The study was conducted among full‐time nurses who were employed in two teaching hospitals of Babol city which were referral centres for caring patients infected with COVID‐19 from February–May 2021. One hundred and twenty‐nine nurses completed five questionnaires including the demographic questions, Quality of life (WHOQOL‐BRIF), Occupational Role Questionnaire (ORQ), Spiritual Intelligence and Coronavirus Anxiety Scale.

Results

The findings revealed that 69% of the nurses experienced moderate occupational stress, moderate quality of life and low coronavirus anxiety. Spiritual intelligence was the only significant negative predictor of occupational stress (β = −0.517, p = <0.001). The only positive predictor of quality of life was perceived income adequacy. Predicting factors of coronavirus anxiety were the perceived income adequacy as protective (β = −0.221, p = 0.022) and the number of children as predisposing (β = 0.401, p = 0.004) factors. These findings should be considered when planning nursing interventions for improvement of occupational stress, quality of life and anxiety especially during crises like the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Mutually exclusive genetic interactions and gene essentiality shape the genomic landscape of primary melanoma
Authors: Birkeälv Sofia , Harland Mark , Matsuyama Larissa Satiko Alcantara Sekimoto , Rashid Mamun , Mehta Ishan , Laye Jonathan P , Haase Kerstin , Mell Tracey , Iyer Vivek , Robles‐Espinoza Carla Daniela , McDermott Ultan , van Loo Peter , Kuijjer Marieke L , Possik Patricia A , Maria Engler Silvya Stuchi , Bishop D Timothy , Newton‐Bishop Julia , Adams David J
Published: October 2022

Melanoma is a heterogenous malignancy with an unpredictable clinical course. Most patients who present in the clinic are diagnosed with primary melanoma, yet large‐scale sequencing efforts have focused primarily on metastatic disease. In this study we sequence‐profiled 524 American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage I–III primary tumours. Our analysis of these data reveals recurrent driver mutations, mutually exclusive genetic interactions, where two genes were never or rarely co‐mutated, and an absence of co‐occurring genetic events. Further, we intersected copy number calls from our primary melanoma data with whole‐genome CRISPR screening data to identify the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) as a melanoma‐associated dependency. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
The utility of molecularly imprinted polymers for mass spectrometric protein and proteomics analysis
Authors: Halvorsen Trine Grønhaug , Reubsaet Léon
Published: October 2022

Selective and efficient sample clean‐up is important in mass spectrometric protein‐ and proteomics analyses from biological matrices. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), polymers prepared to have tailor‐made cavities for capture of target analytes may by such represent an interesting alternative for selective clean‐up. The present review aims to give an overview of the utility of MIPs for protein capture from biological matrices prior to mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. The application of MIPs in depletion of abundant proteins, in protein and proteotypic peptide capture as well as in capture of post‐translational modifications (PTMs) is described and discussed. In addition, an overview of available MIP formats and their advantages and challenges is given, together with an overview of the mass spectrometric techniques used in protein analysis after MIP capture. Overall, the present literature demonstrates that for many applications MIPs for sample clean‐up in mass spectrometric protein and proteomics analysis from biological matrices is still not fully matured. MIPs for proteotypic peptide capture is the most mature approach and a method for routine use may be available within the next few years.
Breeding and selection of taro (Colocasia esculenta) for improved disease‐resistance in Hawaiʻi
Authors: Paudel Roshan , Bartlett Bjarne , Zamora Carter M. , Keach James E. , Gutierrez‐Coarite Rosemary , Hawkins Jennifer , Ahmad Amjad , Motomura‐Wages Sharon , Kirk Emilie R. , Kantar Michael B. , Lamour Kurt H. , Bernabe Christopher , Shintaku Michael , Miyasaka Susan C.
Published: October 2022

Societal Impact Statement

Taro is a root crop with wide geographic range and high cultural significance to Indigenous peoples of Hawaiʻi and the Pacific. Taro Leaf Blight (TLB) is a worldwide disease of taro, and Hawaiian taro varieties exhibited little resistance to it. To improve TLB‐resistance, conventional breeding was conducted by hand‐pollination. Out of ~3500 taro seedlings, 18 varieties were selected and evaluated under non‐flooded conditions at four locations in Hawaiʻi over 5 years. Four varieties were identified as high yielding and disease‐resistant. Further, to prevent confusion of new taro varieties with traditional Hawaiian taro, we developed DNA fingerprints to differentiate them. Taken together, these results have provided information regarding new plant material and new tools for those interested in conservation and breeding across the Pacific.

Breeding and evaluation of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) was conducted in Hawaiʻi to increase resistance to Taro Leaf Blight (TLB), caused by oomycete pathogen Phytophthora colocasiae Racib., while maintaining high yields and desirable eating qualities. When breeding Indigenous crops such as taro, it is important to consider issues of Indigenous, intellectual property rights. In response to concerns by cultural practitioners about potential confusion of new taro genotypes with traditional landraces, we also sought to develop DNA fingerprints using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify the new genotypes.

Conventional breeding of taro was conducted by hand‐pollination of Hawaiian taro landraces with sources of TLB‐resistance from multiple countries. The most promising lines were multiplied and evaluated under upland (i.e., non‐flooded) conditions on four major Hawaiian Islands over 5 years. DNA was extracted from these new genotypes, analyses of SNPs conducted, and results compared to those of traditional Hawaiian landraces.

Bayesian yield analysis of these multi‐year and multi‐location trials identified taro genotypes 1016‐003, 1016‐019, 1024‐215, and 1005‐084 as producing twice the fresh weight corm yield as control “Maui Lehua” and exhibiting disease‐resistance across years and environments. DNA fingerprints of new genotypes were able to differentiate them from traditional Hawaiian landraces that make up a portion of their parentage.

Conventional breeding of taro in Hawaiʻi and multi‐year, multi‐location field trials have resulted in high yielding, disease‐resistant genotypes that maintain desirable qualities of some traditional Hawaiian landraces. DNA fingerprints of these new genotypes distinguish them from these traditional landraces, helping to preserve heritage germplasm.
Machine Learning Method to Predict Solid Propellant Breakage Efficiency of Cavitation Water Jet
Authors: Zhou Wenjun , Wang Xuanjun , Liu Bo , Zhao Meng , Zhang Youzhi , Ma Youzhi
Published: October 2022

As the number of obsolete solid rocket engines increases, determining methods to disassemble and reuse these engines has garnered increasing attention. The separation of solid propellants from the engine shell in an effective and safe way has important research significance. In this study, cavitation water jet technology was employed to extract solid propellant from the engine shell owing to its high breakage efficiency with low working pressure. The effects of the target distance and incident pressure on the breakage efficiency of solid propellants were investigated based on a cavitation water jet experimental system that we designed. A nonlinear relationship between the breakage efficiency and both the target distance and incident pressure was discovered, and the mechanism of solid propellant breakage by a cavitation water jet was proposed. To reduce the cost and time associated with the experiments, a machine learning approach was designed to predict the failure efficiency. Back propagation neural networks, support vector regression, genetic programming, and Gaussian process regression were adopted to construct the models. The results demonstrate that the back propagation neural network achieved the highest accuracy with a value of 0.974, followed by support vector regression with an accuracy value of 0.914 for predicting the mass loss rate. Therefore, machine learning technology is an effective tool for predicting the solid propellant breakage efficiency impacted by cavitation water jets.
Atmospheric All‐Solution‐Processed Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Cheng Pengpeng , Liu Zehan , Kang Ruyan , Zhou Jian , Zhao Jia , Zuo Zhiyuan
Published: October 2022

Perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are generally fabricated in a sandwiched device structure that contains a perovskite emissive layer between the electron transport layer (ETL) and the hole transport layer (HTL). However, protective atmosphere environments are avoidless during the fabrication processes of PeLEDs. Taking the large‐scale industrial production into consideration, all‐solution method‐processed ETL‐free PeLEDs under ambient conditions are still highly demanding. This work successfully demonstrates the optimization of blocking passivation layer ETL‐free PeLEDs by the all‐solution method for manufacturing in ambient conditions. The obtained PeLEDs have a luminance of more than 8200 cd m−2, which is more than 40 times higher compared with the control device. The optimization mechanism of passivation and synergism effects is proposed. These advances can provide an opportunity to fabricate high‐performance perovskite‐based photovoltaic devices under ambient conditions.
Berberine plays a cardioprotective role by inhibiting macrophage Wnt5a/β‐catenin pathway in the myocardium of mice after myocardial infarction
Authors: Tian Chun‐xia , Li Ming‐yue , Shuai Xin‐xin , Jiang Feng , Dong Ya‐lan , Gui Yang , Zhang Zi‐li , Qin Ren‐jie , Kang Zhen‐yu , Lin Lan , Sarapultsev Alexey , Wu Bin , Luo Shan‐shan , Hu De‐sheng
Published: October 2022

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the diseases with high fatality rate. Berberine (BBR) is a monomer compound with various biological functions. And some studies have confirmed that BBR plays an important role in alleviating cardiomyocyte injury after MI. However, the specific mechanism is unclear. In this study, we induced a model of MI by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and we surprisingly found that BBR significantly improved ventricular remodeling, with a minor inflammatory and oxidative stress injury, and stronger angiogenesis. Moreover, BBR inhibited the secretion of Wnt5a/β‐catenin pathway in macrophages after MI, thus promoting the differentiation of macrophages into M2 type. In summary, BBR effectively improved cardiac function of mice after MI, and the potential protective mechanism was associated with the regulation of inflammatory responses and the inhibition of macrophage Wnt5a/β‐catenin pathway in the infarcted heart tissues. Importantly, these findings supported BBR as an effective cardioprotective drug after MI.
Monitoring count time series: Robustness to nonlinearity when linear models are utilized
Authors: Weiß Christian H. , Testik Murat Caner
Published: October 2022

Linear models are typically utilized for time series analysis as these are often simple to implement and interpret, as well as being useful in modeling many practical phenomena. Hence, most of the literature on control charts for monitoring time series also consider linearity of the data generating processes (DGP). In practice, however, a nonlinear DGP can be modeled as if it is linear, either due to overlook or illusion, when it is approximately linear. This study quantifies the effects of nonlinear DGPs, misspecified and modeled as linear, on the performance of Shewhart‐type and cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts for count time series data. Time series models for bounded and unbounded counts with several parametrizations are considered for studying the sensitivity of linear approximations to nonlinear DGPs. The Markov chain (MC) approach and simulations are used to compute the average run length (ARL) performance of the control charts. Robustness of the performance is evaluated with respect to the extent that the DGP violates linearity, with and without errors in parameter estimation. It is shown that the chart designs are, in general, robust to model misspecification when the parameters are specified. However, the CUSUM performance can be affected significantly if both the model is misspecified and the parameters are estimated. Real‐world data implementations are provided to illustrate the sensitivity of the control charts' performances to the type of model and to the estimation approach.
Spatial Relation Controllable Di‐Defects Synergy Boosts Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction over VSe2 Nanoflakes in All pH Electrolytes
Authors: Zhang Jian , Li Jiandong , Huang Huajie , Chen Wei , Cui Yan , Li Yonghua , Mao Weiwei , Zhu Xinbao , Li Xing'ao
Published: October 2022

Defect engineering of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is important for improving electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. Herein, a facile and scalable atomic‐level di‐defect strategy over thermodynamically stable VSe2 nanoflakes, yielding attractive improvements in the electrocatalytic HER performance over a wide electrolyte pH range is reported. The di‐defect configuration with controllable spatial relation between single‐atom (SA) V defects and single Se vacancy defects effectively triggers the electrocatalytic HER activity of the inert VSe2 basal plane. When employed as a cathode, this di‐defects decorated VSe2 electrocatalyst requires overpotentials of 67.2, 72.3, and 122.3 mV to reach a HER current density of 10 mA cm−2 under acidic, alkaline, and neutral conditions, respectively, which are superior to most previously reported non‐noble metal HER electrocatalysts. Theoretical calculations reveal that the reactive microenvironment consists of two adjacent SA Mo atoms with two surrounding symmetric Se vacancies, yielding optimal water dissociation and hydrogen desorption kinetics. This study provides a scalable strategy for improving the electrocatalytic activity of other TMDCs with inert atoms in the basal plane.
Expanding opportunities to learn in secondary science classrooms using unconventional forms of classroom assessments
Authors: Kang Hosun , Talafian Hamideh , Tschida Paul
Published: October 2022

This study explores the role of unconventional forms of classroom assessments in expanding minoritized students' opportunities to learn (OTL) in high school physics classrooms. In this research + practice partnership project, high school physics teachers and researchers co‐designed a unit about momentum to expand minoritized students' meaningful OTL. Specifically, the unit was designed to (a) expand what it means to learn and be good at science using unconventional forms of assessment, (b) facilitate students to leverage everyday experiences, concerns, and home languages to do science, and (c) support teachers to facilitate meaningful dialogical interactions. The analysis focused on examining minoritized students' OTLs mediated by intentionally designed, curriculum‐embedded, unconventional forms of assessments. The participants were a total of 76 students in 11th or 12th grade. Data were gathered in the form of student assessment tasks, a science identity survey, and interviews. Data analysis entailed: (a) statistical analysis of student performance measured by conventional and unconventional assessments and (b) qualitative analysis of two Latinx students' experiences with the co‐designed curriculum and assessments. The findings suggest that the use of unconventional forms of curriculum‐embedded assessment can increase minoritized students' OTLifthe assessment facilitates minoritized students to personally and deeply relate themselves to academic tasks.
Dendritic Deep Residual Learning for COVID‐19 Prediction
Authors: Li Jiayi , Liu Zhipeng , Wang Rong‐Long , Gao Shangce
Published: October 2022

Deep residual network (ResNet), one of the mainstream deep learning models, has achieved groundbreaking results in various fields. However, all neurons used in ResNet are based on the McCulloch‐Pitts model which has long been criticized for its oversimplified structure. Accordingly, this paper for the first time proposes a novel dendritic residual network by considering the powerful information processing capacity of dendrites in neurons. Experimental results based on the challenging COVID‐19 prediction problem show the superiority of the proposed method in comparison with other state‐of‐the‐art ones. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Toward a Sociology of Traces
Authors: Comunello Francesca , Martire Fabrizio , Sabetta Lorenzo
Published: October 2022

This introduction chapter provides context and background to the concept of trace in social sciences, also presenting an overview of key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this volume. Information that was not meant to be informative and evidence that did not expect to possess evidential character, traces are construed as evidence only from the vantage point of the observer, inadvertently left behind by those who produced the trace in the first place (indeed, awareness might change footprints and make them fade out). Conceived as clues rather than statements, traces prove to be useful for studying current social facts and individuals who have not yet vanished. This holds to be true especially in our contemporary platform society, due to its datafication processes and the ensuing quantification of features never quantified before; digital footprints determine the selection of the most relevant content or services to offer, creating accordingly personalized feedback. Thus, individual and collective online behavior leading to traces production is shaped by digital environments’ affordances and constraints; at the same time, such socio-technically situated traces retroact over digital systems (by fueling algorithms and predictive models), thus reinforcing, or questioning, the power relations at stake. Conclusively, a brief remark is made on future research possibilities associated with the sociology of traces.
Traces and Algorithms as Socio-digital Objects
Authors: Amaturo Enrica , De Falco Ciro Clemente
Published: October 2022

The growing masses of digital traces generated by the datafication process make the algorithms that manage them increasingly central to contemporary society.

There is widespread agreement in considering traces and algorithms as complex objects that intertwine social and material practices with their own cultural, historical, and institutional nature (Halford et al., 2010).

Accordingly, given this strong intertwining between the social world and the digital world that is formed by material and technological objects, it becomes possible to consider the algorithms and traces as socio-digital objects. For this reason, this article aims to identify the features that allow us to frame them as socio-digital objects starting from concepts borrowed from the actor-network theory (Latour and Woolgar 1879). In particular, we will first discuss opacity, authority and autonomy concepts and then see how those features emerge in digital geographical traces.
Wozu soziologische Theorie?
Authors: Weißmann Martin
Published: October 2022

Die Kapitel dieses Buches sind auch durch ein geteiltes Verständnis des Zusammenhangs von soziologischer Theoriearbeit und empirischer Forschung miteinander verbunden, das in diesem Kapitel unter Bezugnahme auf Autoren wie Herbert Blumer, Talcott Parsons oder Robert K. Merton expliziert wird. Theoriearbeit, etwa in Form der Explikation von Begriffen, ist diesem Verständnis nach konstitutiv für empirische Forschung, insofern sie diese zum einen mit Regeln der Relevanz und Irrelevanz versorgt und zum anderen die Einsichten der empirischen Forschung ordnet und in breitere Debatten des Fachs übersetzt. In diesem Buch habe ich Theoriearbeit als Übersetzungsarbeit betrieben, indem ich die thematisierten Phänomene aus der Welt der Polizei(arbeit) als besondere Fälle allgemeinerer Phänomene aus dem Gegenstandsbereich der Soziologie analysiert habe, etwa die Ausdifferenzierung polizierender Instanzen aus der sie umfassenden Gesellschaft und ihre Organisationswerdung als besonderem Fall des allgemeineren Phänomens der Ausdifferenzierung sozialer Kontrolle und der Verorganisierung gesellschaftsbezogener Funktionen, die Arbeit von Polizisten mit Informanten und an Beschuldigten (in der Vernehmung) als Fall des Kontakts einer organisationalen Grenzrolle mit formal nicht zur Kooperation verpflichteten Nichtmitgliedern der Organisation oder den polizeilichen Korpsgeist als Fall einer kollegialen Versicherungsgemeinschaft gegen die individuelle Verantwortlichkeit für Fehler bei der Arbeit.
Die drei Funktionen des Äquivalenzfunktionalismus. Analyse, Begriffsbildung, Kritik
Authors: Weißmann Martin
Published: October 2022

Die zentrale Methode der Analysen in diesem Buch ist der soziologische Äquivalenzfunktionalismus, wie er in einer frühen Form von Robert King Merton (1957, S. 17–82) und mit einigen Modifikationen von Niklas Luhmann (1962, 1964a, 2010a) entwickelt und vertreten worden ist. Im Gegensatz zu der üblichen Lesart des Äquivalenzfunktionalismus als einer Methode lediglich der Rekonstruktion empirisch verwirklichter Problem-Lösungszusammenhänge verstehe ich den Äquivalenzfunktionalismus in erster Linie als Denkmethode, als Methode der Theoriearbeit. Die These dieses Kapitels lautet, dass ein an Merton und Luhmann anschließender Äquivalenzfunktionalismus Grundlage nicht nur der empirischen Analyse (4.1), sondern auch der problembezogenen Begriffsbildung (4.2) sowie der soziologisch disziplinierten Sozialkritik (4.3) sein kann. Veranschaulicht wird diese These unter anderem anhand der Entwicklung problembezogener Begriffe professioneller Arbeit und formaler Organisation sowie anhand der Diskussion, ob und wann die Polizei das Recht brechen sollte, um es durchzusetzen.
Organisierte Informationsgewinnung. Zur Geschichte polizeilicher Ermittlungsarbeit
Authors: Weißmann Martin
Published: October 2022

In diesem Kapitel rekonstruiere und analysiere ich drei Konstellationen aus der (Vor-)Geschichte kriminalpolizeilicher Behörden in Europa: Den Fall der Strafverfolgung ohne Polizei als Organisation und als Aufgabe von Privatleuten in England während des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts (5.1), die Gründungsgeschichte und Ermittlungspraxis der Pariser Kriminalpolizei unter Leitung des vormaligen Straftäters und Gefängnisinsassen Eugène François Vidocq zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts (5.2) und schließlich das ambivalente Verhältnis zwischen der Berliner Kriminalpolizei und den als Ringvereinen bezeichneten organisierten Vereinigungen von Straftätern in der Weimarer Republik (5.3). Diese in Hinblick auf ihre Struktur und den Grad ihrer Ausdifferenzierung aus der sie umfassenden Sozialwelt sehr verschiedenartigen ermittelnden Systeme verbindet miteinander, dass sie im Auftrag anderer sozialer Einheiten – dem Opfer einer Straftat, einer Gemeinde oder eines Staates – Straftaten aufklären und Straftäter überführen. Dieser Ermittlungsauftrag, so der Ausgangspunkt meiner Argumentation, legt für die ermittelnden Systeme Misstrauen, Gegnerschaft und Kampf als institutionalisierte Einstellungen gegenüber dem Umweltsegment der Normbrüche und Normbrecher nahe. Das Maß, in dem diese Einstellungen verwirklicht werden können, variiert mit dem Maß der Ausdifferenzierung des ermittelnden Systems aus der es umfassenden Sozialwelt: Der ehrenamtlich agierende Constable, der zugleich Mitglied der Gemeinde ist, in deren Auftrag er polizeiliche Funktionen erfüllt, ist schon durch diese Rollenkombination in dem ihm möglichen Misstrauen in die Selbstdarstellung anderer Gemeindemitglieder und also in der ihm möglichen Ermittlungsarbeit begrenzt. Im Vergleich dazu erweist sich die Berliner Kriminalpolizei während der Weimarer Republik als Fall einer ausdifferenzierten Ermittlungsinstanz, deren Mitgliedern Misstrauen in die Selbstdarstellungen von Bürgern in deutlich höherem Maße sozial ermöglicht ist. Auch diese professionellen Ermittler aber, so das systematische Argument dieses Kapitels, müssen Elemente von Vertrauen, Tausch und Kooperation in das Verhältnis zu denjenigen Umweltsegmenten einfließen lassen, mit deren Bekämpfung sie beauftragt sind. Dies zeigt sich vor allem anhand der für Polizeiarbeit zu allen Zeiten und an allen Orten unverzichtbaren Beziehung zwischen der Polizei und ihren Informanten, die im Fokus der Analysen steht.
Synthese zu Kapitel 5 und 6: Polizieren als Arbeit an der Grenze des Rechts und die Grenzen möglicher Rechtsdurchsetzung
Authors: Weißmann Martin
Published: October 2022

Zusammengenommen zeigt die Beschäftigung mit dem Einsatz von Informanten in der Polizeiarbeit die Kontinuität eines Problemgesichtspunkts: Die moderne Polizei, die darauf verzichtet, eigene andere Rollen ihres Personals als strukturelle Grundlage der Informationsgewinnung über Straftaten zu nutzen, weist zwar als Organisation ein höheres Maß an Ausdifferenzierung und Autonomie auf als ihre historischen Vorläufer. Diesem Gewinn an Ausdifferenzierung und Autonomie korrespondiert jedoch ein Verlust an Möglichkeiten der Informationsgewinnung, auf den Polizeiorganisationen dann wiederum durch die stärker formalisierte und organisierte Rekrutierung von Nichtmitgliedern als Informanten reagieren. Die Pflege dieser Kontakte erfordert dann häufig einen Verzicht auf konsequente Rechtsdurchsetzung, der schon aus der Analyse früherer Formen von Ermittlungsarbeit bekannt ist. Diese Beobachtung wird in diesem zusammenfassenden Kapitel als eine der Grenzen möglicher Rechtsdurchsetzung interpretiert, die eng mit dem grundlegenden Spannungsverhältnis von Regeltreue und Erfolg in der Polizeiarbeit verbunden ist.
Non-split singularities and conifold transitions in F-theory
Authors: Kuramochi R. , Mizoguchi S. , Tani T.
Published: October 2022

Abstract

In F-theory, if a fiber type of an elliptic fibration involves a condition that requires an exceptional curve to split into two irreducible components, it is called “split” or “non-split” type depending on whether it is globally possible or not. In the latter case, the gauge symmetry is reduced to a non-simply-laced Lie algebra due to monodromy. We show that this split/non-split transition is, except for a special class of models, a conifold transition from the resolved to the deformed side, associated with the conifold singularities emerging where the codimension-one singularity is enhanced to D2k+2 (k ≥ 1) or E7. We also examine how the previous proposal for the origin of non-local matter can be actually implemented in our blow-up analysis.
Hidden impurities in transparent conducting oxides: study of vacancies-related defects and impurities in (Cu–Ni) co-doped ZnO films
Authors: Al-Bataineh Qais M. , Ahmad Ahmad A. , Aljarrah Ihsan A. , Alsaad Ahmad M. , Telfah Ahmad
Published: October 2022

The effect of hydrogen and nitrogen impurities on the physical properties of transparent conductive oxides is investigated in this study. Therefore, 5 wt.% of copper and 5 wt.% of nickel co-doped zinc oxide ((Cu–Ni)/ZnO) films were prepared using the sol–gel method. The (Cu–Ni)/ZnO films were annealed in an oven at 500 °C for 2 h under air, vacuum, nitrogen, and argon atmospheres. The synthesized zinc hydroxide film was transformed to zinc oxide film during the annealing by evaporating $${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$$

H
2

O

. Films annealed under the mentioned atmosphere including as-prepared one were characterized by analyzing with UV–Vis and FTIR spectra in addition to the 2D mapping electrical conductivity of the surface measured by the 4-point probe. The annealed films under air, vacuum, and argon atmospheres led to generate H-related impurities bounded to the oxygen vacancy ($${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{O}}$$

H
O

) which they act as shallow donor defects resulting in forming (Cu–Ni)/ZnO films into n-type materials. Whereas, the film annealed under a nitrogen atmosphere has N-related defects bounding to the zinc vacancy ($${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$$

N
Zn

) which they act as shallow acceptor defects resulting in transforming the film from n-type to p-type. These defects affect the optical, electrical, and optoelectronic properties of the (Cu–Ni)/ZnO films.