bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Typology of Communication Dynamics in Families Living a Slow-Motion Technological Disaster
Authors: Orom Heather , Cline Rebecca J. W. , Hernandez Tanis , Berry-Bobovski Lisa , Schwartz Ann G. , Ruckdeschel John C.
Published: January 2012

With increasing numbers of communities harmed by exposures to toxic substances, greater understanding of the psychosocial consequences of these technological disasters is needed. One community living the consequences of a slow-motion technological disaster is Libby, Montana, where, for nearly 70 years, amphibole asbestos-contaminated vermiculite was mined and processed. Former mine employees and Libby area residents continue to cope with the health consequences of occupational and environmental asbestos exposure and with the psychosocial challenges accompanying chronic and often fatal asbestos-related diseases (ARD). Nine focus groups were conducted with Libby area residents. Transcripts were analyzed to explore patterns of family communication about ARD. The following five patterns emerged: Open/Supportive, Silent/Supportive, Open/Conflictual, Silent/Conflictual, and Silent/Denial. Open/Supportive communication included encouragement to be screened for ARD, information about ARD and related disaster topics, and emotional support for people with ARD. In contrast, communication patterns characterized by silence or conflict have the potential to hinder health-promoting communication and increase psychological distress.
Response to Intervention in Secondary Schools
Authors: King Seth A. , Lemons Christopher J. , Hill David R.
Published: January 2012

Secondary school administrators are increasingly finding themselves in the position of implementing Response to Intervention (RTI). This system of providing progressively intensive levels of intervention for the purposes of preventing academic failure and identifying children with learning disability may be useful at the secondary level. However, many aspects of RTI are based on research conducted in elementary schools. The purpose of this article is to provide a basic description of RTI, to summarize research conducted at the secondary level, and to provide a set of considerations for secondary administrators regarding RTI implementation.
Margin Photocoagulation in Laser Surgery for Early Glottic Cancer
Authors: Lucioni Marco , Bertolin Andy , D’Ascanio Luca , Rizzotto Giuseppe
Published: January 2012

Objective

Assess the impact of surgical margin CO2 laser photocoagulation (LPC) on disease local control in patients submitted to endoscopic surgery for early glottic cancer in comparison with subjects treated with laser cordectomy without borders LPC.

Study Design

Historical cohort study.

Setting

Regional referral cancer center.

Subjects and Methods

A total 281 patients with early glottic cancer (T1a, T1b, T2) were treated with endoscopic laser cordectomy according to the European Laryngological Society Classification between 1999 and 2006. Among the patients, 123 (treated between 2003 and 2006) were submitted to postresection LPC of surgical margins (group 1), whereas 158 (operated between 1999 and 2002) underwent laser cordectomy without margin LPC (group 2). Median follow‐up was 51 months (range, 36‐101 months).

Results

Local recurrence was found in 43 of 281 (15.30%) subjects (18 with T1a, 13 with T1b, 12 with T2). A significant difference in recurrence rate was found among patients treated with margin LPC in comparison with group 2 (P =. 022). In particular, a lower recurrence rate in LPC patients was noticed in case of close (≤1 mm), nondefinable, and positive margins with infiltration of the superficial border. No significant difference was noticed in the case of negative edges (>1 mm) or involvement of either deep margin or both superficial and deep edges.

Conclusions

Surgical margin LPC increases disease local control in the case of close and superficial margin positivity. In such cases, no further treatment (surgical revision or radiotherapy) seems to be required in LPC patients. In case of deep border involvement, surgical revision or radiotherapy should be performed.
Study Abroad as a Tool for Promoting Cultural Safety in Nursing Education
Authors: Mkandawire-Valhmu Lucy , Doering Jennifer
Published: January 2012

Nurse educators are calling for the transformation of nursing education toward curricula that promote clinical reasoning through reflective practice and understanding of patient experiences in an effort to motivate students to become change agents. Study abroad programs can play an important role in this transformation through educating nurses in the delivery of culturally safe health care in a diverse world. Exposing nursing students to study abroad experiences that are guided by critical approaches such as a postcolonial feminist framework provides nursing students with opportunities to be immersed in the life and culture of people who have a completely different positioning and location while reflecting on the “us” versus “them” phenomenon that is pervasive in modern Western society and generates negative cultural comparisons. Attention to the design and implementation of such programs is important if nursing schools in the Western world are to uphold ethical standards, promote equality in relationships with host communities and avoid inadvertent exploitation and marginalization of vulnerable peoples. We present the development and implementation of a community health study abroad program for American nursing students in Malawi, Africa using a postcolonial feminist framework.
Growing Up Our Way
Authors: Kruske Sue , Belton Suzanne , Wardaguga Molly , Narjic Concepta
Published: January 2012

In this study, we attempted to explore the experiences and beliefs of Aboriginal families as they cared for their children in the first year of life. We collected family stories concerning child rearing, development, behavior, health, and well-being between each infant’s birth and first birthday. We found significant differences in parenting behaviors and child-rearing practices between Aboriginal groups and mainstream Australians. Aboriginal parents perceived their children to be autonomous individuals with responsibilities toward a large family group. The children were active agents in determining their own needs, highly prized, and included in all aspects of community life. Concurrent with poverty, neocolonialism, and medical hegemony, child-led parenting styles hamper the effectiveness of health services. Hence, until the planners of Australia’s health systems better understand Aboriginal knowledge systems and incorporate them into their planning, we can continue to expect the failure of government and health services among Aboriginal communities.
Osteoarthritis in the cat
Authors: Bennett David , Zainal Ariffin Siti Mariam bt , Johnston Pamela
Published: January 2012

Practical relevance Osteoarthritis (OA) is very common in the cat and in many cases is associated with significant long-term pain, which limits mobility and activity, and severely compromises the animal’s quality of life.

Clinical challenges The treatment of chronic arthritic pain is a major challenge and many analgesic drugs used in other species are not licensed, not available or not tested for use in the cat. Many older cats with painful OA have some degree of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and many clinicians are reluctant to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in these animals because of the potential for nephrotoxicity.

Evidence base There are several publications that show that meloxicam is an effective NSAID for the cat and can be used long-term. It is easy to administer and there is published evidence that meloxicam can actually slow the progression of CKD in this species. Many other drugs are used to treat chronic pain in the cat but there is no documented evidence of their efficacy in OA. Unlike the dog, there is limited evidence for the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid-rich diets in managing feline OA and further work is required. There is no published data as yet for the usefulness or otherwise of nutraceuticals (glucosamine and chondroitin) in managing feline OA; studies in the authors’ clinic suggest some pain-relieving effect. Research into environmental enrichment as a way of improving quality of life in cats with painful OA is lacking, but it is an approach worth using where possible. Modifications to the environment (eg, provision of comfortable bedding and ramps) are also important.
The Truth About Triplett (1898), But Nobody Seems to Care
Authors: Stroebe Wolfgang
Published: January 2012

Since Gordon Allport (1954) identified Triplett’s (1898) study as the first social psychological experiment in his handbook chapter on the history of social psychology, most social psychology textbooks have been repeating this claim. They typically add that it was also the first study demonstrating social facilitation. According to their descriptions, Triplett (1898) had children reel in fishing lines and he found that their performance improved when this task was performed in the presence of another child rather than alone. None of this is correct. Triplett’s study was not the first social psychology study (it was not even the first study on social facilitation), the experimental task was described wrongly, and the evidence for social facilitation was overstated. Because correct information about the historical status of the Triplett study has been available for many decades, this type of misinformation raises questions about whether psychologists attach sufficient importance to the history of their discipline.
Bite-Size Science and Its Undesired Side Effects
Authors: Bertamini Marco , Munafò Marcus R.
Published: January 2012

Short and rapid publication of research findings has many advantages. However, there is another side of the coin that needs careful consideration. We argue that the most dangerous aspect of a shift toward “bite-size” publishing is the relationship between study size and publication bias. Findings based on a single study or a study based on a limited sample size are more likely to be false positive, because the false positive rate remains constant, whereas the true positive rate (the power) declines as sample size declines. Pressure on productivity and on novelty value further exacerbates the problem.
Sequences of errors in the Judo throw Morote Seoi Nage and their relationship to the learning process
Authors: Gutiérrez-Santiago Alfonso , Prieto Iván , Camerino Oleguer , Anguera María T
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study was to identify the most common technical errors, and their behavioural sequences, in the judo throw Morote Seoi Nage. Participants ( n = 46; 29 men and 17 women) were physical education students who were systematically observed by means of video recordings taken over a period of five academic years. The results, derived from descriptive statistics and a sequential analysis of T-patterns obtained with the software package THEME v.5, showed that a sub-optimal knee bend produces a throw around the side rather than over and towards the front of the shoulder. Furthermore, an inadequate hip and trunk position, caused by prior incorrect placement of the left foot, leads to a failure of weight bearing, which itself is the cause of the side throw. As regards the teaching and learning of judo, these findings enable us to propose motor drills to correct the errors detected, and movement sequences that will ensure a successful throw. Recommendations are also made about the use of feedback.
A rapid diagnostic test for human regulatory T-cell function to enable regulatory T-cell therapy
Authors: Canavan James B. , Afzali Behdad , Scottà Cristiano , Fazekasova Henrieta , Edozie Francis C. , Macdonald Thomas T. , Hernandez-Fuentes Maria P. , Lombardi Giovanna , Lord Graham M.
Published: January 2012

Regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25hiCD127loFOXP3+ T cells [Tregs]) are a population of lymphocytes involved in the maintenance of self-tolerance. Abnormalities in function or number of Tregs are a feature of autoimmune diseases in humans. The ability to expand functional Tregs ex vivo makes them ideal candidates for autologous cell therapy to treat human autoimmune diseases and to induce tolerance to transplants. Current tests of Treg function typically take up to 120 hours, a kinetic disadvantage as clinical trials of Tregs will be critically dependent on the availability of rapid diagnostic tests before infusion into humans. Here we evaluate a 7-hour flow cytometric assay for assessing Treg function, using suppression of the activation markers CD69 and CD154 on responder T cells (CD4+CD25− [Tresp]), compared with traditional assays involving inhibition of CFSE dilution and cytokine production. In both freshly isolated and ex vivo expanded Tregs, we describe excellent correlation with gold standard suppressor cell assays. We propose that the kinetic advantage of the new assay may place it as the preferred rapid diagnostic test for the evaluation of Treg function in forthcoming clinical trials of cell therapy, enabling the translation of the large body of preclinical data into potentially useful treatments for human diseases.
Atypical case of Wolfram syndrome revealed through targeted exome sequencing in a patient with suspected mitochondrial disease
Authors: Lieber Daniel S , Vafai Scott B , Horton Laura C , Slate Nancy G , Liu Shangtao , Borowsky Mark L , Calvo Sarah E , Schmahmann Jeremy D , Mootha Vamsi K
Published: January 2012

Background

Mitochondrial diseases comprise a diverse set of clinical disorders that affect multiple organ systems with varying severity and age of onset. Due to their clinical and genetic heterogeneity, these diseases are difficult to diagnose. We have developed a targeted exome sequencing approach to improve our ability to properly diagnose mitochondrial diseases and apply it here to an individual patient. Our method targets mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the exons of 1,600 nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial biology or Mendelian disorders with multi-system phenotypes, thereby allowing for simultaneous evaluation of multiple disease loci.

Case Presentation

Targeted exome sequencing was performed on a patient initially suspected to have a mitochondrial disorder. The patient presented with diabetes mellitus, diffuse brain atrophy, autonomic neuropathy, optic nerve atrophy, and a severe amnestic syndrome. Further work-up revealed multiple heteroplasmic mtDNA deletions as well as profound thiamine deficiency without a clear nutritional cause. Targeted exome sequencing revealed a homozygous c.1672C > T (p.R558C) missense mutation in exon 8 of WFS1 that has previously been reported in a patient with Wolfram syndrome.

Conclusion

This case demonstrates how clinical application of next-generation sequencing technology can enhance the diagnosis of patients suspected to have rare genetic disorders. Furthermore, the finding of unexplained thiamine deficiency in a patient with Wolfram syndrome suggests a potential link between WFS1 biology and thiamine metabolism that has implications for the clinical management of Wolfram syndrome patients.
Impact of complex NOTCH1 mutations on survival in paediatric T-cell leukaemia
Authors: Mansur Marcela Braga , Hassan Rocio , Barbosa Thayana C , Splendore Alessandra , Jotta Patricia Y , Yunes José Andrés , Wiemels Joseph L , Pombo-de-Oliveira Maria S
Published: January 2012

Background

Molecular alterations occur frequently in T-ALL and the potential impact of those abnormalities on outcome is still controversial. The current study aimed to test whether NOTCH1 mutations and additional molecular abnormalities would impact T-ALL outcome in a series of 138 T-ALL paediatric cases.

Methods

T-ALL subtypes, status of SIL-TAL1 fusion, ectopic expression of TLX3, and mutations in FBXW7, KRAS, PTEN and NOTCH1 were assessed as overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) prognostic factors. OS and EFS were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test.

Results

The frequencies of mutations were 43.5% for NOTCH1, while FBXW7, KRAS and PTEN exhibited frequencies of 19.1%, 9.5% and 9.4%, respectively. In 78.3% of cases, the coexistence of NOTCH1 mutations and other molecular alterations was observed. In multivariate analysis no statistical association was revealed between NOTCH1 mutations and any other variable analyzed. The mean length of the follow-up was 68.4 months and the OS was 50.7%. SIL-TAL1 was identified as an adverse prognostic factor. NOTCH1 mutation status was not associated with outcome, while the presence of NOTCH1 complex mutations (indels) were associated with a longer overall survival (p = 0.031) than point mutations.

Conclusion

NOTCH1 mutations alone or in combination with FBXW7 did not impact T-ALL prognosis. Nevertheless, complex NOTCH1 mutations appear to have a positive impact on OS and the SIL-TAL1 fusion was validated as a negative prognostic marker in our series of T-ALL.
Photoluminescence characteristics of Cd1-xMn
x
Te single crystals grown by the vertical Bridgman method
Authors: Hwang Younghun , Um Youngho , Park Hyoyeol
Published: January 2012

In this paper, we report a systematic investigation of band-edge photoluminescence for Cd1-x
Mn
x
Te crystals grown by the vertical Bridgman method. The near-band-edge emissions of neutral acceptor-bound excitons (labeled as L1) were systematically investigated as a function of temperature and of alloy composition. The parameters that describe the temperature variation of the energy were evaluated by the semiempirical Varshni relation. From the temperature dependence of the full width at half maximum of the L1 emission line, the broadening factors Γ(T) were determined from the fit to the data. The activation energies of thermal quenching were obtained for the L1 peak from the temperature dependence of the bound exciton peaks and were found to decrease with increasing Mn concentration.
Fabrication and characterization of carbon-based counter electrodes prepared by electrophoretic deposition for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Kim Hyunkook , Choi Hyonkwang , Hwang Sookhyun , Kim Youngjoo , Jeon Minhyon
Published: January 2012

Three different carbon-based counter electrodes are investigated in light of catalytic activities such as electrochemical frequencies and interface impedances. We fabricated carbon-based counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells [DSSCs] using graphene, single-walled carbon nanotubes [SWNTs], and graphene-SWNT composites by electrophoretic deposition method. We observed the optical and electrochemical properties of the carbon-based counter electrodes. The DSSC with the graphene-deposited counter electrode demonstrated the best conversion efficiency of 5.87% under AM 1.5 and 1 sun condition. It could be utilized for a low-cost and high-throughput process for DSSCs.
Adeno-associated virus-mediated brain delivery of 5-lipoxygenase modulates the AD-like phenotype of APP mice
Authors: Chu Jin , Giannopoulos Phillip F , Ceballos-Diaz Carolina , Golde Todd E , Pratico Domenico
Published: January 2012

Background

The 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) enzymatic pathway is widely distributed within the central nervous system. Previous works showed that this protein is up-regulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and that its genetic absence results in a reduction of Amyloid beta (Aβ) levels in the Tg2576 mice.

Here by employing an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector system to over-express 5LO in the same mouse model, we examined its contribution to their cognitive impairments and brain AD-like amyloid pathology.

Results

Our results showed that compared with controls, 5LO-targeted gene brain over-expression in Tg2576 mice results in significant memory deficits. On the other hand, brain tissues had a significant elevation in the levels of Aβ peptides and deposition, no change in the steady state levels of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), BACE-1 or ADAM-10, but a significant increase in PS1, nicastrin, and Pen-2, three major components of the γ-secretase complex. Additional data indicate that the transcription factor CREB was elevated and so were the mRNA levels for PS1, nicastrin and Pen-2.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that neuronal 5LO plays a functional role in the pathogenesis of AD-like amyloidotic phenotype by modulating the γ-secretase pathway. They support the hypothesis that this enzyme is a novel therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of AD.
Effect of ulinastatin on growth inhibition, apoptosis of breast carcinoma cells is related to a decrease in signal conduction of JNk-2 and NF-κB
Authors: Wang Hong , Sun Xin , Gao Feng , Zhong Biao , Zhang Yong-hua , Sun Zhijun
Published: January 2012

Objective

This study aims to investigate thein vitroeffects of Ulinastatin (UTI) and Taxotere (TXT) on cell proliferation; cell apoptosis; xenografted tumor growth; and expression of insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R), platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGFA), nerve growth factor (NGF), c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNk-2), and NF-κB in a human primary breast cancer cells and breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.

Methods

The cell lines cultured were divided into four groups: 1) control group, 2) UTI group, 3) TXT group, and 4) UTI+TXT group. The method of MTT essay, flow cytometry, and RT-PCR were used to detect cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and expression of IGF-1R, PDGFA, NGF, NF-κB, JNk-2, respectively. The growth of xenografted tumor in nude mice was used to calculate the anti-tumor rate. Immunohistochemistry staining (SP) was used to detect the expression of IGF-1R, PDGFA, NGF, ki-67, caspase-3, JNk-2, and NF-κB.

Results

Proliferation of human breast cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, and growth rate of xenografted tumor decreased in order of UTI+TXT > TXT > UTI > control, apoptosis increased in the order control < UTI < TXT < UTI+TXT. The gene expression and protein expression of IGF-1R, PDGFA, NGF, NF-κB and JNk-2 in breast cancer cells was inhibited by UTI and TXT.

Conclusions

UTI 1) inhibits the proliferation of human breast cancer cells and the growth of xenografted tumors, 2) induces cancer cell apoptosis, and 3) enhances the anti-tumor effect of TXT. This mechanism might be related to decreasing signal transduction of JNk-2 and NF-κB, and then expression of IGF-1R, PDGFA, NGF.
Mechanisms of allergen‐specific immunotherapy
Authors: Fujita Hiroyuki , Soyka Michael B , Akdis Mübeccel , Akdis Cezmi A
Published: January 2012

Allergen‐specific immunotherapy (allergen‐SIT) is a potentially curative treatment approach in allergic diseases. It has been used for almost 100 years as a desensitizing therapy. The induction of peripheral T cell tolerance and promotion of the formation of regulatory T‐cells are key mechanisms in allergen‐SIT. Both FOXP3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and inducible IL‐10‐ and TGF‐β‐producing type 1 Treg (Tr1) cells may prevent the development of allergic diseases and play a role in successful allergen‐SIT and healthy immune response via several mechanisms. The mechanisms of suppression of different pro‐inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, mast cells and basophils and the development of allergen tolerance also directly or indirectly involves Treg cells. Furthermore, the formation of non‐inflammatory antibodies particularly IgG4 is induced by IL‐10. Knowledge of these molecular basis is crucial in the understanding the regulation of immune responses and their possible therapeutic targets in allergic diseases.
Adiponectin associates with markers of cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis and induces production of proinflammatory and catabolic factors through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways
Authors: Koskinen Anna , Juslin Sami , Nieminen Riina , Moilanen Teemu , Vuolteenaho Katriina , Moilanen Eeva
Published: January 2012

Introduction

Adiponectin is an adipokine that regulates energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity, but recent studies have pointed also to a role in inflammation and arthritis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association and effects of adiponectin on inflammation and cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Cartilage and blood samples were collected from 35 male OA patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery. Preoperative radiographs were evaluated using Ahlbäck classification criteria for knee OA. Circulating concentrations of adiponectin and biomarkers of OA, that is, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), were measured. Cartilage samples obtained at the time of surgery were cultured ex vivo, and the levels of adiponectin, nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, MMP-1 and MMP-3 were determined in the culture media. In addition, the effects of adiponectin on the production of NO, IL-6, MMP-1 and MMP-3 were studied in cartilage and in primary chondrocyte cultures.

Results

Plasma adiponectin levels and adiponectin released from OA cartilage were higher in patients with the radiologically most severe OA (Ahlbäck grades 4 and 5) than in patients with less severe disease (Ahlbäck grades 1 to 3). Plasma adiponectin concentrations correlated positively with biomarkers of OA, that is, COMP (r = 0.55, P = 0.001) and MMP-3 (r = 0.34, P = 0.046). Adiponectin was released by OA cartilage ex vivo, and it correlated positively with production of NO (r = 0.43, P = 0.012), IL-6 (r = 0.42, P = 0.018) and MMP-3 (r = 0.34, P = 0.051). Furthermore, adiponectin enhanced production of NO, IL-6, MMP-1 and MMP-3 in OA cartilage and in primary chondrocytes in vitro in a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent manner.

Conclusions

The findings of this study show that adiponectin is associated with, and possibly mediates, cartilage destruction in OA.
Near-source response of a resistive layer to a vertical or horizontal electric dipole excitation
Authors: Cuevas Nestor H. , Alumbaugh David
Published: January 2012

Frequency and time-domain analytical expressions are derived for the electromagnetic field response of a resistive layer inserted in an otherwise homogeneous whole-space as observed in the vicinity of an electric dipole source. The analysis of closed-form solutions demonstrated that at near-source-receiver offsets, the spectral and spatial distribution of the fields is better described by a superposition of images, associated with the dipolar character of the charges distributed in the boundaries, rather than the guided mode behavior dominating the response in the far offset regime. Approximate solutions of the fields in the frequency domain were derived using the saddle point method of integration. The formulas describing the fields were in good agreement with semianalytical calculations. However, a lower frequency bound was found, below which the expressions are inaccurate, and thereby they cannot be used to obtain time-domain solutions. A kernel modulation scheme was used instead, which yields an infinite series representation for the fields. The expressions thus derived produce accurate fields to very low frequencies, and thereby they were also used to obtain time-domain formulas. The analysis indicated that for a vertical electric dipole (VED) excitation, the late time response of the image field associated with the charge density induced on the upper boundary appears to cancel the direct field, thus providing the response of the layer. For a horizontal electric dipole (HED) source, the superimposed contributions of the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes appeared to oppose the image field, resulting in the direct field dominating over the response of the layer, and thereby masking any sensitivity to the properties of the layer in this configuration.
p57KIP2 regulates radial glia and intermediate precursor cell cycle dynamics and lower layer neurogenesis in developing cerebral cortex
Authors: Mairet-Coello Georges , Tury Anna , Van Buskirk Elise , Robinson Kelsey , Genestine Matthieu , DiCicco-Bloom Emanuel
Published: January 2012

During cerebral cortex development, precise control of precursor cell cycle length and cell cycle exit is required for balanced precursor pool expansion and layer-specific neurogenesis. Here, we defined the roles of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p57KIP2, an important regulator of G1 phase, using deletion mutant mice. Mutant mice displayed macroencephaly associated with cortical hyperplasia during late embryogenesis and postnatal development. Embryonically, proliferation of radial glial cells (RGC) and intermediate precursors (IPC) was increased, expanding both populations, with greater effect on IPCs. Furthermore, cell cycle re-entry was increased during early corticogenesis, whereas cell cycle exit was augmented at middle stage. Consequently, neurogenesis was reduced early, whereas it was enhanced during later development. In agreement, the timetable of early neurogenesis, indicated by birthdating analysis, was delayed. Cell cycle dynamics analyses in mutants indicated that p57KIP2 regulates cell cycle length in both RGCs and IPCs. By contrast, related CKI p27KIP1 controlled IPC proliferation exclusively. Furthermore, p57KIP2 deficiency markedly increased RGC and IPC divisions at E14.5, whereas p27KIP1 increased IPC proliferation at E16.5. Consequently, loss of p57KIP2 increased primarily layer 5-6 neuron production, whereas loss of p27KIP1 increased neurons specifically in layers 2-5. In conclusion, our observations suggest that p57KIP2 and p27KIP1 control neuronal output for distinct cortical layers by regulating different stages of precursor proliferation, and support a model in which IPCs contribute to both lower and upper layer neuron generation.
Cell metabolism affects selective vulnerability in PINK1-associated Parkinson's disease
Authors: Yao Zhi , Gandhi Sonia , Burchell Victoria S. , Plun-Favreau Helene , Wood Nicholas W. , Abramov Andrey Y.
Published: January 2012

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly in autosomal recessive forms of the disease caused by mutations encoding PINK1. Although mitochondrial pathology can be demonstrated in many cell types, it is neurons that bear the brunt of cell death in PD. We studied the mitochondrial physiology of neurons and muscle cells with loss of function of the nuclear encoded mitochondrial protein PINK1. PINK1 is widely expressed in many types of tissues, but deficiency selectively induces death in neurons. We report here that the same genetic defect results in opposing phenotypes in different cell types, depending on the metabolic properties of the cell. Thus, PINK1-deficient myocytes exhibit high basal mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), whereas PINK1-deficient neurons have been shown to exhibit a low Δψm. PINK1 deficiency induces impaired respiration in both cell types, with a concomitant increase in glycolytic activity. We demonstrate that the high glycolytic capacity in myocytes compared with neurons enables them to produce more ATP and, therefore, compensates for the metabolic defects induced by PINK1 deficiency. Furthermore, the high Δψm generated in PINK1 knockout (KO) muscle mitochondria enables them to buffer cytosolic Ca2+ fluxes, rendering them resistant to Ca2+ stress effectively. Conversely, PINK1 KO neurons were previously shown to develop mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and Ca2+-induced mitochondrial depolarisation. Prevention of Ca2+ dysregulation in myocytes might therefore account for the sparing of these cells in PD.
Iraqis in exile: Migratory networks as a coping strategy
Authors: DORAÏ MOHAMED KAMEL
Published: January 2012

The largest concentration of Iraqi refugees is in Syria. Here they are treated officially as 'guests', having no formal legal status. Facing increasingly difficult circumstances, increasing numbers of refugees attempt to move to third countries. Using research undertaken in Syria and
Sweden, this article examines the pressures that lead them to undertake new journeys and the means by which they mobilize kin and religious networks.
“My Parents Decide If I Can. I Decide if I Want to.” Children's Views on Participation in Medical Research
Authors: Swartling Ulrica , Hansson Mats G. , Ludvigsson Johnny , Nordgren Anders
Published: January 2012

The participation of children in medical research raises many ethical issues, in particular regarding assent. However, little is known about children's own views on participation. This study presents results from interviews with children 10–12 years old with and without experience in a large-scale longitudinal screening study. We identified five themes: (1) knowledge about research, (2) a sense of altruism, (3) shared decision-making and right to dissent, (4) notions of integrity, privacy, and access, and (5) understanding of disease risk and personal responsibilities. We conclude that the children feel positive towards medical research, and want to take an active part in decisions and have their integrity respected. However, the study also indicates that children who had participated in longitudinal screening had a limited understanding, suggesting the vital importance of providing information appropriate to their age and maturity. This information should be provided out of respect for the children as persons, but also to promote their willingness to continue participating in longitudinal studies.
Novel self‐aligned top‐gate oxide TFT for AMOLED displays
Authors: Morosawa Narihiro , Ohshima Yoshihiro , Morooka Mitsuo , Arai Toshiaki , Sasaoka Tatsuya
Published: January 2012

Abstract— A novel highly reliable self‐aligned top‐gate oxide‐semiconductor thin‐film transistor (TFT) formed by using the aluminum (Al) reaction method has been developed. This TFT structure has advantages such as small‐sized TFTs, lower mask count, and small parasitic capacitance. The TFT with a 4‐μm channel length exhibited a field‐effect mobility of 21.6 cm2/V‐sec, a threshold voltage of −1.2 V, and a subthreshold swing of 0.12 V/decade. Highly reliable TFTs were obtained after 300°C annealing without increasing the sheet resistivity of the source/drain region. A 9.9‐in.‐diagonal qHD AMOLED display was demonstrated with self‐aligned top‐gate oxide‐semiconductor TFTs for a low‐cost and ultra‐high‐definition OLED display. Excellent brightness uniformity could be achieved due to small parasitic capacitance.
Cathode‐luminescence diagnostics of MgO, MgO:Si, MgO:Sc, and MgCaO
Authors: Kuang Wen‐Jian , Tolner Harm , Li Qing
Published: January 2012

Abstract— The cathode‐luminescence (CL) emission of crystalline MgO, MgO:Si, MgO:Sc, and MgCaO, often used as a protective‐layer material in PDPs, were measured. In some of these materials, it was found that the UV emission band is located at a shorter wavelength than published in the literature and depends upon the type of impurities or doping. MgCaO‐pellet material is found to contain a separate CaO phase. It is concluded that the recombination mechanism is thermally assisted in most of these materials, while only in the case of MgO:Sc tunneling recombination was found.
Forest conservation delivers highly variable coral reef conservation outcomes
Authors: Klein Carissa J. , Jupiter Stacy D. , Selig Elizabeth R. , Watts Matthew E. , Halpern Benjamin S. , Kamal Muhammad , Roelfsema Chris , Possingham Hugh P.
Published: January 2012

Coral reefs are threatened by human activities on both the land (e.g., deforestation) and the sea (e.g., overfishing). Most conservation planning for coral reefs focuses on removing threats in the sea, neglecting management actions on the land. A more integrated approach to coral reef conservation, inclusive of land–sea connections, requires an understanding of how and where terrestrial conservation actions influence reefs. We address this by developing a land–sea planning approach to inform fine‐scale spatial management decisions and test it in Fiji. Our aim is to determine where the protection of forest can deliver the greatest return on investment for coral reef ecosystems. To assess the benefits of conservation to coral reefs, we estimate their relative condition as influenced by watershed‐based pollution and fishing. We calculate the cost‐effectiveness of protecting forest and find that investments deliver rapidly diminishing returns for improvements to relative reef condition. For example, protecting 2% of forest in one area is almost 500 times more beneficial than protecting 2% in another area, making prioritization essential. For the scenarios evaluated, relative coral reef condition could be improved by 8–58% if all remnant forest in Fiji were protected rather than deforested. Finally, we determine the priority of each coral reef for implementing a marine protected area when all remnant forest is protected for conservation. The general results will support decisions made by the Fiji Protected Area Committee as they establish a national protected area network that aims to protect 20% of the land and 30% of the inshore waters by 2020. Although challenges remain, we can inform conservation decisions around the globe by tackling the complex issues relevant to integrated land–sea planning.
A 10‐Year Evaluation of Implants Placed in Fresh Extraction Sockets: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Covani Ugo , Chiappe Giacomo , Bosco Mario , Orlando Bruno , Quaranta Alessandro , Barone Antonio
Published: January 2012

Background: The placement of an implant into a fresh extraction socket has been identified as a reliable technique, allowing a reduction in the time needed for prosthetic rehabilitation. This treatment modality is widely reported in the scientific literature; however, the long‐term outcomes and the need for guided bone regeneration (GBR) are still topics of debate. The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the clinical and radiologic findings from the 10‐year follow‐up of immediately placed implants, with and without the GBR procedure.

Methods: A total of 159 implants in 91 patients are included in this study; 101 implants required a GBR procedure simultaneously with placement. All implants were used to support a single crown restoration. The clinical/radiographic measurements were repeated each year up to the 10‐year follow‐up. At the 10‐year follow‐up visit, the papilla index and the apico‐coronal location of mid‐buccal soft tissue positions were recorded.

Results: The 10‐year cumulative success rate was 91.8% (87.9% in the non‐GBR group and 94.1% in the GBR group). The clinical attachment level (CAL) measurements were stable throughout the study, and 82% of the implants showed marginal bone loss (MBL) of 0.6 to 1.5 mm at the 10‐year visit; moreover, these two parameters did not show significant differences between the GBR and non‐GBR groups. Seventy percent of the implant sites showed acceptable outcomes in terms of interproximal papilla. The facial gingival level was more apical in the non‐GBR group than in the GBR group (P <0.05).

Conclusions: The present prospective clinical study shows that implants placed in fresh extraction sockets had a high cumulative success rate, namely 91.8% after 10 years. No differences were detected in survival and success rate of implants whether GBR procedures were performed or not. The CAL, MBL, and marginal level of soft tissue measurements were stable throughout the 10‐year evaluation.
Influence of Placement Depth on Bone Remodeling Around Tapered Internal Connection Implant: A Clinical and Radiographic Study in Dogs
Authors: Huang Baoxin , Meng Huanxin , Piao Muzi , Xu Li , Zhang Li , Zhu Weidong
Published: January 2012

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of placement depth on bone remodeling around implants with two different types of tapered internal implant–abutment interface (IAI): tapped‐in (TI) tapered internal IAI and screwed‐in (SI) tapered internal IAI in dogs.

Methods: The second, third, and fourth premolars and the first molar in mandibles of six beagle dogs were extracted. After 8 weeks, two SI implants and two TI implants were placed in one side of the mandible. There were four experimental groups: 1) SI placed crestally (SIC); 2) TI placed crestally (TIC); 3) SI placed 1.5 mm subcrestally (SIS); and 4) TI placed 1.5 mm subcrestally (TIS). Healing abutments were connected 12 weeks after implant surgery. Implants and teeth were brushed every second day during the healing period. Clinical and radiographic parameters were recorded at 4, 10, and 16 weeks after second‐stage surgery.

Results: Differences between SI and TI implants inserted in the same vertical position were not significant for peri‐implant probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), or bone resorption (P >0.05). Subcrestal placement of both implants had greater PD and CAL compared to crestal groups. However, distance from IAI to the first bone–implant contact was lower in subcrestal groups compared to crestal groups (1.27 ± 0.42 mm for SIC versus 0.46 ± 0.26 mm for SIS, P <0.05; 1.36 ± 0.31 mm for TIC versus 0.78 ± 0.42 mm for TIS, P <0.05).

Conclusions: Tapered internal IAI configuration had no significant effect on crestal bone resorption. Moreover, subcrestal placement of tapered internal IAI had a positive impact on crestal bone preservation around the cervix of the implant.
Perceptions of soft tissue laser use in orthodontics
Authors: Burke Brandon , Hamdan Ahmad Mohammad , Tufekci Eser , Shroff Bhavna , Best Al M. , Lindauer Steven J.
Published: January 2012

Objectives:

To compare attitudes of orthodontists, periodontists, and general dentists regarding the use of soft tissue lasers by orthodontists during the course of orthodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods:

An analogous survey was developed to evaluate and compare the current opinions of a representative sample (n  =  538) of orthodontists (61.3%), periodontists (24.3%), and general dentists (14.3%) regarding orthodontists' use of soft tissue lasers.

Results:

The majority (84%) of orthodontists, periodontists, and general dentists regarded the use of a soft tissue laser by orthodontists as appropriate. When compared to orthodontists and general dentists, a lower percentage of periodontists indicated that soft tissue laser use by orthodontists was appropriate (P < .01). For each of the eight specific soft tissue laser procedures investigated, periodontists reported a significantly lower level of appropriateness than did orthodontists and general dentists (P < .01). Around 75% of the total sample believed that referral would not be affected by the use of soft tissue lasers by orthodontists.

Conclusions:

Orthodontists, periodontists, and general dentists differed in their opinions of the perceived appropriateness of soft tissue laser use by orthodontists, with periodontists reporting a lower level of appropriateness. Clinicians need to communicate effectively to ensure that orthodontic patients in need of adjunctive soft tissue surgery are treated to the accepted standard of care.
Contrast transfer characteristics of the light sword optical element designed for presbyopia compensations
Authors: Petelczyc K. , Bará S. , Ciro López A. , Jaroszewicz Z. , Kakarenko K. , Kolodziejczyk A. , Sypek M.
Published: January 2012

The paper discusses the abilities of the light sword optical element (LSOE) for presbyopia compensation. The imaging properties are analyzed by means of the modulation transfer functions and output images of the star resolution test. All numerical calculations are performed assuming an optical set-up simulating the presbyopic human eye with 3 mm pupil acting on-axis and based on the Gullstrand model. In order to have a meaningful comparison we expand our study and present adequate analysis for other elements potentially useful in ophthalmology as reading glasses, bifocal lenses and axicons. According to the obtained results the LSOE can successfully realize vision with an extended depth of field. Under assumed conditions the element makes possible the compensation of an assumed defocus up to 4 dioptres. The output images formed by the LSOE are well recognizable and have acceptable qualities for near as well as far object distances.
A new method to determine bird and bat fatality at wind energy turbines from carcass searches
Authors: Korner‐Nievergelt Fränzi , Korner‐Nievergelt Pius , Behr Oliver , Niermann Ivo , Brinkmann Robert , Hellriegel Barbara
Published: January 2012

Wind energy is of increasing importance for a sustainable energy supply worldwide. At the same time, concerns about the number of birds and bats being killed at wind turbines have been growing. In this situation, methods for a reliable estimation of bird and bat fatality numbers are needed. To obtain an unbiased estimate of the number of fatalities from fatality searches, the probability to detect the carcass of an animal being killed at a turbine has to be assessed by considering carcass persistence rate, searcher efficiency and the probability that a killed animal falls into a searched area. Here, we describe a new formula to determine the detection probability of birds or bats that are killed at wind turbines and which can estimate the number of fatalities from the number of carcasses found. The formula was developed to analyse a large data set of bats killed at wind turbines in Germany. In simulations, we compared it to three other formulas used in this context. Our new formula seems to have unbiased results when searcher efficiency and carcass removal rate are constant over time. When searcher efficiency or carcass removal rate varied with time, all four formulas showed a similar bias. These comparative results can be used to choose between methods depending on the quality of information available. Our estimator can, for instance, be adapted to different situations including temporal changes of searcher efficiency or carcass removal rate because it is based on an explicit process model.
Biotechnology Growth Partnership: A Potential Flagship Program in S&T
Authors: Adhikari Raju , Adhikari Benu
Published: January 2012

Nepal Journal of Biotechnology. Jan. 2011, Vol. 1, No. 1 : 55-58