bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSVII-7 Fatty acid profile is not affected by feeding finishing cattle essential oils and/or benzoic acid
Authors: Wang Lydia M , Bohrer Benjamin M
Published: November 2020

Fatty acid profile of beef subcutaneous fat was evaluated in two separate studies where blends of essential oils and/or benzoic acid were fed to finishing steers. Study 1 had sixty-eight finishing steers that were fed 1 of 5 finishing diets: no additional supplement, monensin/tylosin, essential oil blend #1 (Victus Liv, DSM Nutritional Products), benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products), or a combination of essential oil blend #1 and benzoic acid. Study 2 had seventy-six finishing steers that were fed 1 of 7 finishing diets: no additional supplement, monensin/tylosin, essential oil blend #1, essential oil blend #2 (Fortissa Fit 45, Provimi Canada), benzoic acid, a combination of essential oil blend #1 and benzoic acid, or a combination of essential oil blend #2 and benzoic acid. All feed additives were supplemented according to manufacturer instructions, which were 33 mg/kg of monensin, 11 mg/kg of tylosin, 1 g/steer/day of essential oil blend #1, 4 g/steer/day of essential oil blend #2, and 0.5% inclusion level (on a DM basis) of benzoic acid. Fatty acid profile was determined on a 4 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm sample of subcutaneous fat from the 12th rib location of each steer. Fatty acid methyl esters were used to identify and quantify individual fatty acids using gas chromatography. Data were analyzed separately for the two studies, using a RCBD with fixed effect of treatment, and random effects of block (allocation weight of the steers) and the interaction of treatment and block. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA), total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), MUFA:SFA, PUFA:SFA, and n6:n3 were not different (P > 0.09) between treatments for either study. Overall, it was concluded that supplementation of essential oils and/or benzoic acid did not affect fatty acid profile of beef subcutaneous fat.
PSVII-1 Carcass weight and quality grade impact the rate of internal temperature decline in beef primals
Authors: Egolf Samantha , Hite Lydia , Egolf Austin , Bakker Christina , Blair Amanda , Kyle Grubbs J , Underwood Keith
Published: November 2020

Beef carcass weights (HCW) and quality grades (QG) have increased in the United States the last 30 years, yet chilling systems have not drastically changed. The objective was to examine the influence of HCW and QG [USDA select, low choice (LC), upper 2/3 choice (UC), and prime)] on internal temperature decline of the chuck, loin, and round. Carcasses (n=309) were selected by weight [light (LW) = 295.5–341 kg; middle (MW) = 386.4–431.8 kg; heavy (HW) = 465.9–522.7 kg]. Data loggers were placed 20.32 cm deep in the chuck and round and 10.16 cm deep in the loin to record internal temperature for 26 h. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS using HCW and QG as the main effects. A HCW×QG interaction was observed in the chuck (P=0.0286) and round (P< 0.0001), but not the loin (P=0.0689). Chuck temperatures from LC HW carcasses were 1.8°C higher at 0 h compared to LC LW, LC MW, and select MW carcasses (P< 0.05). At 26 h, all LW, select MW, and LC MW chucks had final temperatures at 6.1°C-7.7°C, followed by UC and prime MW at 9.1°C-9.5°C, then all HW chucks at 10.7°C-11.6°C (P< 0.05). At 0 h, select and prime LW rounds had lower temperatures compared to other rounds (P< 0.03). Round temperatures began to decline at 1.75 h in LW and 2.25 h in MW and HW carcasses. Final temperatures for LW and MW were 3.7-5.9⁰C and 1.6-3.0⁰C cooler, respectively, compared to HW rounds at 26 hr (P< 0.04). Loins started with similar temperatures (39.2-40.7⁰C; P >0.05). Elevated temperatures were observed in HW loins, compared to LW and MW loins (P< 0.05), until 26 h when similar temperatures were achieved (P >0.05). Carcass weight and quality grade interact during chilling and this relationship requires further research.
PSIX-18 Prediction of urinary P excretion as a tool to assess mineral status of growing pigs
Authors: Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , de Rauglaudre Theophane
Published: November 2020

Urinary losses of phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) are indicators of absorbed compared to amount needed for tissue growth as well as their balance for bone deposition. They can thus be a good indicator of the mineral status. This hypothesis has been validated through meta-analysis using a database of P and Ca retention in growing pigs including 43 publications published between 1969 and 2018 for a total of 51 experiments and 251 dietary treatments. P urinary excretion has been simulated using a multiple regression analysis with the proc MIXED (Minitab® 19) with trial effect as random. Average body weight of the pigs was 32kg ±18kg. Urinary P losses (urineP) was influenced by apparent digestible P (digP, recalculated for each treatment; g/kg), total Ca (Ca, g/kg), and microbial phytase (PhytM, FTU/kg). The model created explains 90% of urineP (R2 = 91%). UrineP was increased with digP from about 2 g/kg of digP (digP, P = 0.02, digP x digP, P < 0.001), before this point it was very low. Increasing dietary Ca decreased urineP linearly when exceeding the 2 g/kg of digP (Ca x digP, P < 0.001); P can then be fixed into bone as hydroxyapatite. The contribution of P is thus to manage in conjunction with dietary Ca. PhytM effect depends of both Ca and P (PhytM x Ca x digP; P = 0.03) showing that phytM addition reduces urineP depending of digP and Ca. As an example, in 6 g Ca/kg diet, 500 FTU/kg addition reduce urineP by 28% in 2 g digP/kg and by only 4% in 4 g digP g/kg. This is due to a better retention of P into bone in low digP. Next step will be urinary Ca modeling and then looking at meaning of their ratio in relation to mineral status to develop a practical tool to assess Ca and P status of pig.
PSIX-20 Antibacterial activity of an essential oil combination against several common enteropathogens in swine production
Authors: Canal Bernat , Mesas Luis , Sol Cinta , Puyalto Monica , Carvajal Ana , Gomez Manuel , Mallo Juan Jose
Published: November 2020

Essential oils (EOs) have different mechanisms, most of them targeting the bacterial wall. This fact can explain differences in the effectivity of EOs between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, combining certain EOs can broaden their individual spectrum of efficacy due to potential synergistic effects. This trial aimed to test the in vitro antibacterial activity of an EO combination (oregano and clove oils) against a collection of relevant bacterial pathogens in swine production. The Gram-negative bacterial species chosen were Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica, Escherichia coli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and the Gram-positive bacterial species were Clostridium perfringens and Streptococcus suis. In addition, Lactobacillus fermentum was included to compare the susceptibility between this beneficial intestinal bacteria and the pathogens tested. The broth microdilution method at pH 6 and the subculturing from wells without bacterial growth were used to determine the minimum concentration of active principle necessary to inhibit (MIC) or kill (MBC) the 50% and 90% (MIC50/90/MBC50/90) of the population of every bacteria. The results showed that the lowest MIC50/90 were obtained for B. hyodysenteriae (37.5/75 ppm) while for S. enterica ssp. enterica (150/300 ppm), C. perfringens (150/150 ppm), E. coli (300/300 ppm) and S. suis (150/300 ppm) results were similar. Regarding the MBC50/90; B. hyodysenteriae (18.8/75 ppm) was the most susceptible pathogen, again, compared to S. enterica ssp. enterica (300/300 ppm), C. perfringens (150/150 ppm), E. coli (300/300 ppm) and S. suis (150/300 ppm). In contrast, the highest bacteriostatic/bactericidal concentrations were obtained against L. fermentum (MIC50/90 600/1,200 ppm and MBC50/90 600/2,400 ppm). These results suggest that the bacterial category (Gram-positive or Gram-negative) did not have an influence on the MIC and MBC. It can also be concluded that B. hyodysenteriae is the most susceptible enteropathogen to this EO blend. However, the in vivo effect of this combination of EOs must be further studied.
PSIX-7 Effects of a dietary seaweed product on sow progeny performance, fecal consistency, and fecal microbiota during gestation, lactation, nursery and grow-finish periods
Authors: Williams Hadley , Del Tuffo Leandro , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D , Laskoski Fernanda , Vier Carine , Constance Laura , Niederwerder Megan C , Arkfeld Emily
Published: November 2020

This study evaluated the effects of providing a selected mix of brown, red and green seaweeds (OceanFeed® Swine; Ocean Harvest Technology, Galway, Ireland) to sows during gestation and lactation and progeny during nursery and grow-finish periods on growth performance, fecal consistency, and microbiota composition. Twenty-eight sows and litters were used from d 30 of gestation until weaning. Sow treatments consisted of a control diet or diet supplemented with OceanFeed Swine (OFS) at 0.50% in gestation and 0.66% in lactation. At weaning, 360 pigs from these sows were used from d 0 to 56 and 57 to 156 in nursery and grow-finish periods, respectively, in a split-plot design. Treatments were a control diet or a diet supplemented with OFS at 0.75% in the nursery and grower phase (5.5 to 34 kg and 34 to 59 kg respectively) and 0.5% in the finisher phase (59 to 127 kg). Maternal OFS supplementation did not improve (P >0.10) sow or litter performance. There was no evidence (P >0.10) for main effects or interactions for nursery and finishing performance. On day 56 after weaning, there was an increased proportion of pigs exhibiting the families Peptostreptococcaceae and Veillonellaceae in fecal samples when fed OFS in the nursery and originating from OceanFeed OFS-fed sows. Pigs from this treatment combination also had increased mean number of species detected within the families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae and had lower mean number of species detected within the family Fusobacteriacea. In the finishing period, no evidence for main effects or interactions (P >0.10) were observed on overall growth performance. In summary, addition of OFS in gestation, lactation, and nursery-finishing phases had no consistent effect on sow or litter performance; however, there were relative increases in beneficial bacteriain fecal microbiota, including the butyrate-producing families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae that warrant further investigation.
PSVI-13 Sequential feeding with diets varying in amino acid content improves body composition in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Veira Alini M , Santos Luan S , Fraga Alícia Z , Oliveira Marllon M , Reis Furtado Campos Paulo H , Hauschild Luciano
Published: November 2020

This study evaluated the effect of conventional (CONV) and sequential feeding (SEQ) programs with diets varying in amino acid content over the day on body composition in growing-finishing pig. Sixty-eight 25-kg (±2.04) BW barrows were assigned to the following feeding programs: 1) CONV in which pigs received 100% of standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA recommendations for the entire day; 2) SEQ providing 80% SID AA recommendations from 2400 to 1159 h and 120% from 1200 to 2359 h (SEQ80-120); 3) SEQ providing 70% SID AA recommendations from 2400 to 1159 h and 130% from 1200 to 2359 h (SEQ70-130); and 4) SEQ providing 60% SID AA recommendations from 2400 to 1159 h and 140% from 1200 to 2359 h (SEQ60-140). The experimental period lasted 82 days. At days 0, 28, 54 and 82 body lean mass, fat and minerals were measured using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Pigs fed SEQ80-120 had body composition variables similar to CONV pigs (P >0.05). Whereas, pigs fed SEQ70-130 had greater (P< 0.05) body fat mass (5.27 vs 4.48 kg), bone mineral content (0.656 vs 0.605 kg), fat mass gain (0.100 vs 0.073 kg/d) and bone mineral gain (6.92 vs 5.16 g/d) than CONV pigs during phase 1. Still during phase 1, SEQ60-140 fed pigs had greater (P< 0.05) bone mineral content (0.655 vs 0.605 kg), lean mass gain (0.436 vs 0.374 kg/d) and bone mineral gain (7.48 vs 5.16 g/d) than CONV pigs. During phase 3, bone mineral content was higher (P< 0.05) for SEQ70-130 than CONV (1.408 vs 1.269 kg). During the entire experimental period, body composition variables were not affected by SEQ (P >0.05). According to our results, sequential feeding program improves body composition of pigs at the beginning of the growth period.
PSVI-6 Effect of reduced dietary protein and amino acid supply imposed in the grower and finisher period or solely in the finisher period on growth traits and carcass protein deposition efficiency in pigs
Authors: Giuseppe Bee , Kasper Claudia , Schlegel Patrick
Published: November 2020

Above 65 kg empty BW, protein deposition is greater in pigs fed protein-restricted compared to standard diets. It is unclear whether the greater CP deposition rate in the finisher period results from the restricted CP supply in the grower period. To elucidate this question, a growth performance study (22.1-110.0 kg BW) was performed with 48 Swiss Large White pigs. They were assigned to either treatment C, LPF or LPGF. The grower-finisher diets of treatment C were formulated based on the Swiss feeding recommendations whereas those of treatment LPGF contained 20% lower digestible CP and essential amino acid levels than diets C. Pigs of the LPGF treatment were offered in the grower and finisher period the standard and the low CP diets, respectively. The pigs were reared in 1 large pen, equipped with 6 automatic feeders, which allowed measuring the individual ad-libitum feed intake per visit. The BW was determined weekly and carcass composition at slaughter was determined by dual-X-ray-absorpiometry. Growth performance and dual-X-ray-absorpiometry data were analyzed with a linear mixed model using treatment as fixed and litter, litter size and farrowing series as random effects. Despite total CP intake was 6 and 16% lower (P< 0.05) in the LPGF than the LPF and C groups, respectively, overall ADG among treatments did not differ. In accordance, gain-to-CP-intake ratio was 9 and 20% greater (P< 0.05) in the LPGF than the LPF and C group. The carcass protein content did not differ whereas carcass fat content was 9% greater (P< 0.05) in LPGF than LPF and C pigs. Carcass protein deposition efficiency was 0.5 and 6.7%-units greater (P< 0.05) in LPGF than LPF and C pigs, respectively. In conclusion, lowering the CP supply by 20% in the grower and finisher compared to solely the finisher period or not at all has no detrimental effect on growth performance, markedly improves CP utilization for carcass protein deposition but slightly increases carcass fatness.
PSVIII-8 Effects of dietary L-arginine on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in finishing pigs
Authors: Seok Woo Jung , Ahn Je min , Kim Yong Min , Kibria Sumya , Shi Huan , Kim In Ho
Published: November 2020

Arginine plays an important role in regulating arginine-nitric oxide synthase pathway, regulating lipid metabolism, and upregulating the mRNA levels of genes involved in fat synthesis in muscle in animals, and can therefore improve feed utilization for protein accretion. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation of different concentrations of L-arginine on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of 120 crossbred [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 53.80 ± 1.86 kg were used in this 10-week feeding trial. The pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (5 pigs/pen and 8 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design according to their sex (2 gilts and 3 barrows) and BW. Dietary treatments included: 1) CON, corn-soybean meal based basal diet (containing 13.81 MJ/kg metabolic energy and 0.95% lysine for entire experimental period); 2) LA0.5, CON + 0.5 g/kg L-arginine; 3) LA1.0, CON + 1.0 g/kg L-arginine. Individual body weight was measured initially and at the end of 5th and 10th week, feed consumption was recorded on pen basis during the experiment to determine growth performance. Meat samples were randomly taken from each pen (2 pigs per pen, 1 gilt and 1 barrow; 16 pigs per treatment) for determination of meat quality. All data were analysed using linear and quadratic contrast (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The result showed that L-arginine did not affect pig growth performance and nutrient digestibility. However, dietary L-arginine supplementation linearly increased (P< 0.05) muscle marbling score, while linearly decreasing (P< 0.05) cooking loss and drip loss of pork muscle (Table 1). Results of present study demonstrated that 1.0 g/kg L-arginine would be beneficial in improving the meat quality in finishing pigs.
PSVIII-13 Finishing non-castrated male and female pigs have different response to the lysine to energy ratio
Authors: Aymerich Pau , Soldevila Carme , Bonet Jordi , Gasa Josep , Coma Jaume , Solà-Oriol David
Published: November 2020

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differential effect of the lysine to energy ratio on boars and gilts in the finishing phase. The effect of the standardized ileal digestible Lysine (SID Lys) to net energy (NE) ratio was analyzed in a dose-response study with 780 crossbred finishing pigs (Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)) with an initial weight of 69.6±8.7 kg. Pigs were distributed in pens of 13 pigs, used as the experimental unit. Each pen was randomly assigned by BW and block to one of the SID Lys:NE levels (2.64, 3.05, 3.46, 3.86 and 4.27 g SID Lys/Mcal NE), with 6 replicates per dietary treatment and sex. Diets were isoenergetic (2,460 kcal NE/kg) and fed for 41 days. Individual carcass composition was measured at the end of the experiment. Statistical analysis to determine the effect of SID Lys:NE consisted on linear and quadratic polynomial contrasts. In addition, broken-line linear (BLL) models were fit when possible. Increasing the SID Lys:NE ratio had a linear (p< 0.001) and quadratic (p=0.020) effect on boars ADG. However, it did not have neither a linear nor quadratic effect on gilts ADG. Regarding FCR, increasing the SID Lys:NE ratio linearly decreased (p< 0.001) and showed a quadratic tendency in boars (p=0.055). For gilts only a linear decrease was reported (p=0.001). In addition, carcass leanness increased linearly on boars (p< 0.001) but not in gilts (p=0.097). Based on BLL modelling, growth of boars was maximized at 3.13 g SID Lys/Mcal NE (95% CI: [2.84, 3.43]) and FCR minimized at 3.95 g SID Lys/Mcal NE (95% CI: [3.46, 4.44]). The results of this experiment confirmed a differential response of boars and gilts to the lysine to energy ratio.
PSVIII-6 Effect of Pellet Die Thickness and Conditioning Temperature During the Pelleting Process on Phytase Stability
Authors: Truelock Courtney N , Ward Nelson E , Wilson Jonathan W , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B
Published: November 2020

This experiment evaluated the effects of pellet die thickness and conditioning temperature on microbial phytase stability. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial of die thickness (5.6 and 8.0 length:diameter [L:D]) and conditioning temperature (74, 79, and 85°C). Phytase was added to a corn-soybean meal-based diet. The diet was steam conditioned (245 × 1397 mm Wenger twin staff pre-conditioner, Model 150) and pelleted (CPM Model 1012-2) with a 4 × 22.2 mm (5.6 L:D) or 4 × 31.8 mm (8.0 L:D) pellet die. Conditioner retention time was set at 30 s and production rate was set at 15 kg/min. All treatments were replicated over 3 days. Conditioned mash and pellet samples were collected and immediately placed in an experimental counter-flow cooler for 15 min. Samples were analyzed for phytase activity and pellet durability index (PDI). Conditioning temperature, hot pellet temperature (HPT), and production rate were recorded throughout each processing run. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS (v. 9.4), with pelleting run as the experimental unit and day as the blocking factor. There was no evidence (P >0.14) for any die thickness × conditioning temperature interactions. Pelleting with the 8.0 L:D die increased (P < 0.01) HPT (83.2 and 84.2°C) and PDI (81.9 and 89.7%). Increasing conditioning temperature from 74 to 85°C increased (linear, P< 0.03) HPT (80.1, 83.6, and 87.5°C , respectively) and PDI (84.3, 84.9, and 88.2%, respectively) and decreased (linear, P< 0.01) phytase stability from 97.1 to 35.8% in conditioned mash and from 60.8 to 25.9% in cooled pellets. There was no difference (P >0.72) in stability due to die thickness. Results of this experiment demonstrated phytase stability decreased linearly as temperature rose above 74°C. Although the thicker pellet die increased HPT and PDI, the rise in HPT was not great enough to reduce phytase stability.
PSVIII-16 The effects of adding two organic acid blends with or without high levels of zinc or copper, on post-weaning pig performance
Authors: Bradley Casey L , Bergstrom Jon , Nemechek Jeremiah , Hahn J D
Published: November 2020

A subset of 720 weaned pigs (6.44 ± 0.1 kg, PIC genetics, approximately 21-d of age) were used in a 42-d trial with a 2x3 factorial design evaluating the effects of adding organic acid (OA) blends [factor 1 = no organic acid (NO), Acid Pak 1 (AP1), Acid Pak 2 (AP2)] to diets with or without higher levels of Zn or Cu [factor 2 = +/-PZC] on pig performance. Pigs were allotted 10 pigs/pen to 12 weight blocks and randomly assigned the six dietary treatments. The +PZC diets contained 3000 ppm Zn (d 0-7), 2000 ppm Zn (d 8-21), and 250 ppm Cu (d 21-42) and -PZC diets contained 95 ppm Zn and 20 ppm Cu (d 0-42). The AP1 and AP2 diets used 0.9% of 2 acid premixes (d 0-21), and 0.45% of the premixes (day 22-42). AP1 provided 0.5% benzoic acid, 0.07% sodium butyrate, and 0.025% phosphoric acid (day 0-21) and half those levels (day 22-42). AP2 included the same acids as AP1 but at half the rate and combined with 7 other organic acids and carvacrol. From d 0-21, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were improved (P< 0.01) by +PZC compared to -PZC and by AP1 or AP2 compared to NO (P< 0.02). Overall (d 0-42), ADG and G:F were improved (P< 0.01) by +PZC compared to -PZC and by AP1 or AP2 compared to NO (P< .010). Data from this trial indicate that performance was improved by the addition of both OA and PZC. However, pigs fed OA and -PZC performed similarly to those fed NO and +PZC in the post-weaning period. In summary, regardless of the acid combination, organic acid supplementation has the potential to improve growth performance in weaned pigs.
PSVII-18 Fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle from Angus and Wagyu sired cattle at the 6th and 12th rib location
Authors: Jaborek Jerad , Fluharty Francis L , Relling Alejandro E
Published: November 2020

The fatty acid (FA) composition of the longissimus muscle (LM) of Angus and Wagyu sired cattle raised to a similar body weight (612 kg) were compared at the 6th and 12th rib locations. Angus sired steers represented T1, cattle from a Wagyu sire selected for growth represented T2, and cattle from a Wagyu sire selected for marbling represented T3. Data were analyzed mixed model with repeated measurements on animal (LM location); the model include the fixed effect of treatment, LM location, and their interaction, and random effect of sex. The percentage of 16:0, 18:1cis9, 18:3, and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) exhibited a treatment*LM location interaction (P ≤ 0.7), where T2 cattle had a greater percentage of 16:0 and a lesser percentage of 18:1cis9, 18:3, and MUFA at the 12th rib vs. 6th rib location compared with T1 and T3 cattle. The percentage of total FA lipid, polyunsaturated FA(PUFA), and PUFA:SFA ratio in the LM were greater (P ≤ 0.02) for T3 cattle compared with T1 and T2 cattle. The percentage of 18:0 was greater (P ≤ 0.01) for T1 cattle compared with T2 and T3 cattle, while T1 cattle had a greater (P ≤ 0.01) percentage of saturated FA (SFA) compared to T3 cattle. The percentage of 18:1cis9, other 18:1cis isomers, 18:2, MUFA, and MUFA:SFA ratio were greater (P ≤ 0.02) for T3 cattle compared with T1 cattle, with T2 cattle being intermediate. The percentage of total FA lipid, 18:0, 18:1 trans isomers, and SFA were greater (P ≤ 0.01) at the 6th rib LM location, while 14:1, 18:cis9, other 18:1 cis isomers, MUFA, MUFA:SFA, and PUFA:SFA ratio were greater (P ≤ 0.02) at the 12th rib LM location
PSVII-19 Fatty acid profiles in subcutaneous adipose and the mammary fat pad of Holstein calves receiving different estradiol treatments
Authors: Miquilini Marina , Hardy Nicole R , Enger Kellie , Dieter Phyllis , Relling Alejandro E , Enger Benjamin
Published: November 2020

Estradiol administration increases mammary parenchyma growth and can increase the mass of the mammary fat pad (MFP) in calves. Estradiol can affect fatty acid metabolism, but it is unknown how estradiol affects the fatty acid profile of the MFP and if these effects are consistent across adipose stores. The objective of this investigation was to determine if fatty acid profiles were affected by estradiol administration and if this response is adipose tissue type specific. Holstein heifer calves were reared on a common diet and administered 12 daily injections prior to euthanasia at 82 days of age. Injections were either daily injections of corn oil (n = 4; CON), 9 injections of corn oil followed by 3 injections of estradiol (n = 4; SHORT), or 12 injections of estradiol (n = 4; LONG). Fatty acids were extracted from MFP and subcutaneous adipose tissues samples and analyzed using gas chromatography. Data were analyzed using a mixed model considering the effect of treatment, adipose tissue depot, their interaction, and the random effect of animal. Only significant treatment effects and treatment-adipose type interactions are presented here (Table 1). Estradiol administration (SHORT and LONG) increased total C18:1 fatty acids (P = 0.05), and tended to increase non-C18:2 t10 c12 CLAs, C18:3, and total omega-3 fatty acids (P ≤ 0.1) in the MFP and subcutaneous adipose tissues relative to CON. There was a treatment by tissue interaction for C18:1 trans-10 (P = 0.01), and a tendency for C18:1 trans-11 and C18:2 trans-10 cis-12 (P ≤ 0.1) indicating that estradiol’s effects on fatty acids are tissue specific. Together, these results indicate that the MFP responds differently to estradiol than subcutaneous adipose tissues and that these alterations are associated with different periods of induced mammary growth via estradiol.
PSVII-14 Effects of birth characteristics, nursing behaviors, and supplemental milk on piglet pre-weaning growth and survival
Authors: Clemons Courtney Moore , Flowers William
Published: November 2020

The objectives of this study were to determine effects of birth characteristics, nursing behaviors and an oral gavage of milk replacer on pre-weaning growth and survival of piglets. Sixty-one sows were monitored during farrowing and length, timing, order and other birth characteristics were recorded for 789 piglets. Nursing behaviors and body weights were obtained on days 1, 8, 15, and 21 of lactation. Pairs of piglets (n=205) nursing the same teats were selected and one was given 1 mL milk replacer at 24 hours postpartum while the other was the control. Birth weight (p< 0.0001) and teat location nursed (p< 0.0001) were significant sources of variation for both growth and survival. Both decreased (p< 0.05) as nursing location became more posterior. Piglets nursing the first pair of teats had the highest gain (5.43 + 0.13 kg) and survival (86.2%) while those nursing the seventh pair (3.82 + 0.18 kg and 67.1%) had the lowest. The largest piglets at birth (1.88 + 0.01 kg, n=204) had better (p< 0.05) growth (5.38 + 0.10 vs. 4.09 + 1.0 kg) and survival (91.1 vs 70.5%) compared with the smallest pigs (1.08 + 0.1 kg, n=207). Milk replacer did not influence piglet growth (p=0.84) but improved survival (84.9 vs 79.3%; p=0.04). Birth order (p >0.21), farrowing length (p >0.42) and birth interval (p >0.38) did not affect growth or survival. These results indicate that teat location and birth weight have significant effects on pre-weaning growth and survival while the duration, timing and order of piglet births do not and that an oral gavage of milk has potential for improving pre-weaning survival.
PSVII-20 Heat stress alters reproductive phenotypic impacts of Zearalenone in pre-pubertal gilts
Authors: Roach Crystal M , Mayorga Edith J , Ross Jason W , Baumgard Lance H , Keating Aileen F
Published: November 2020

Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by strains of Fusarium and is often inadvertently consumed via feed contamination. Heat stress (HS) occurs when heat accumulation exceeds heat dissipation resulting in increased body temperature. Independently, HS and ZEA cause swine reproductive dysfunction such as delayed puberty onset, altered circulating steroid hormones and irregular estrous cycles. During HS, gilts become hyperinsulinemic and insulin regulates hepatic and ovarian chemical metabolism. We hypothesized that during HS, ZEA-induced alterations to reproductive parameters are heightened such that HS is additive to ZEA-induced reproductive toxicity. Prepubertal crossbred gilts (n = 38) were randomly assigned to six treatment groups: thermal neutral (TN) ad libitum fed controls (TNCT; n = 6); TN + ZEA (2 ppm; TNZ; n = 6); pair-fed (PF) control (PFCT; n = 6); PF + ZEA (2 ppm; PFZ; n = 6); cyclical HS control (HSCT; n = 7); and HS + ZEA (2 ppm; HSZ; n = 7) for 7 d. Ovarian and uterine weights (g) were measured, and nipple and vulva diameters (l × w; mm2) were assessed by digital calipers. Ovarian weight was decreased (P = 0.04) in the PFZ relative to PFCT, but ZEA did not affect ovarian weight in the other groups (P > 0.73). There was no impact of ZEA exposure on uterine weight (P > 0.22) or nipple diameter (P > 0.51) in any treatment groups, respectively. There was no effect of ZEA on vulva size in either of the TN groups; however, vulva diameter increased (P = 0.04) in the HSZ relative to HSCT. These data suggest that HS exaggerates some ZEA-induced phenotypic effects in prepubertal gilts. This project was supported by the Iowa Pork Producers Association.
PSVI-21 Effect of preconditioning pre-shipment and injectable antioxidant trace elements and vitamins on growth, antioxidant status, and plasma metabolites and insulin concentration in weaned beef cattle
Authors: Lizarraga Raul M , Galarza Esteban , Mattioli Guillermo , Parker Anthony J , Relling Alejandro E
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of weaning preconditioning and parenteral supplementation of minerals and vitamin on growth and plasma total antioxidant status (TAS), glucose, NEFA, and insulin concentrations, in calves at feedlot arrival. Sixty male Angus-cross calves were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (n=15/treatment). Treatments were arranged in a 2x2 factorial design; the main factors were mineral and vitamins supplementation (supplementation (S) vs no supplementation (NS)), and preconditioning (preconditioning (P) vs. not (NP)). Supplementation was applied subcutaneously on d -45, -26 and 0 and provided Cu, Mn, Se, Zn, and vitamins A and E (Adaptador Min-Vit ®, Biogénesis Bagó). Preconditioning consisted in a 26-day period between weaning and transportation at feedlot (d0) with the animals remaining in the same location. Blood samples were collected on d -26, 0 and 15. Animals were weighted on d-45, -26, 0, 8, 15 and 29. On d0 calves were load into a truck and drove for 5-hours to the feedlot. Data were analyzed using a mixed model as a 2x2 factorial, using repeated measurements. Body weight was greater on d 0, 8 15 and 29 group on groups NP, followed by S-P, and the lowest for NS-P (Triple interaction P < 0.01). Treatment did not affect (P ˃ 0.1) plasma insulin and glucose concentrations. There was a triple interaction (P < 0.08) for plasma TAS and NEFA concentration. Plasma TAS concentration was grater due to a decrease in its concentration for the S-P and NS-NP from d0 to d8, but not in the other treatments. Plasma NEFA concentration had the greater increase in the NP groups followed by S-NP on d0. In conclusion, 26-days precondition weaning decrease body weight compare with a traditional weaning. Mineral and vitamin supplementation in precondition weaning partially reduced that effect
PSVIII-22 Utilization of NUtrack to assess sire influence on pig activity and activity effects on weight
Authors: Ostrand Lexi , See Garrett , Trenhaile-Grannemann Melanie D , Schmidt Ty , Psota Eric , Rohrer Gary , Mote Benny E
Published: November 2020

Structural conformation and behavior are integral components in sows remaining productive in the herd. This initial investigation studied the impact of activity data on weight and the impact of sires on overall activity of group housed replacement gilts. Beginning at 19 wk of age, video recorded data of approximately 75 gilts/wk for a total of 230 gilts over 3 wk was collected for 7 consecutive d using the NUtrack system, which tracks distance travelled (m), time standing (s), eating (s), and laying (s), and angle rotated (degrees). Any d that logged for less than 24 hr were dropped from analysis. Data were analyzed using mixed models (SAS V 9.4) including random effects of dam, barn, pen, and on-test date, and fixed effects including total laying time, angle rotated, distance travelled, time standing, and sire. For 20 wk wt, the mixed model included distance, laying, angle, and standing. Sire had an effect on distance traveled (P < 0.05). The following traits also had an effect on distance: angle (P < 0.01), laying (P < 0.001), standing (P < 0.001), sitting (P < 0.01), and eating (P < 0.01). Pearson correlation coefficient showed a positive correlation between wt and laying (0.26), and negative correlations between wt and distance (-0.34), standing (-0.28) and angle (-0.42). The regression of distance on 20 wk wt yielded a regression coefficient of -0.027 (P < 0.05) m/d per lb and the model explained 11.85% of the variation in 20 wk wt. NUtrack can be utilized to track activities and distance travelled of swine in group pens. Given the results presented herein, continued investigation into the heritability of these activity traits and their association with sow longevity is warranted.
PSVIII-19 Evaluation of Cooling Pads on Late Lactating Sows
Authors: Shirley Larissa , Burgett Morgan , Field Tyler , Schinckel Allan P , Stewart Kara R , Garcia Ricardo M , Johnson Jay S , Stwalley Robert
Published: November 2020

An electronically controlled cooling pad has been developed to remove excess heat from sows using water cooled by flowing through underground pipes. This study was designed to evaluate different water flush rates on physiological measures of heat stress on day 16 to 21 of lactation. Twelve sows were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (control (CN), flush 2.0 L over 30 sec every 2.5 minutes (F2.5), or flush every 5 minutes (F5)) in a Latin square design. Feed intake (FI) was recorded daily at 0700 h. Temperatures were gradually increased from 22°C at 0800 h to 32°C by 0930 h. Then 32°C was maintained until 1500 h, when cooling of the room began. After 1800 h, the cooling pads were flushed every 9 minutes. Rectal temperature (RTemp), skin temperature (STemp), and respiration rates (RR) were measured at 0700, 0730, 0900, 1200, 1500, and 1800 h daily, with thermal imaging (IR) being taken at 1200 and 1500 h. The effects of flush rate (amount of water flushed) on STemp were linear (P=0.023), with means of 35.9, 35.0, and 35.9°C for the CN, F2.5, and F5.0 treatments. Pad flush rate effects of RTemp were linear (P< 0.001) and were greater in CN sows compared to F2.5 and F5 (39.3°, 38.8°, and 38.9°C), P< 0.0001). RR was affected by treatment (60 vs 42 and 50 breaths/min, P< 0.005 for CN, F2.5, and F5.0 treatments). Treatment by time interactions were significant for RR (P=0.0003) and RTemp (P=< 0.0001), with the greatest differences at 1200 and 1500 times (RR = 89, 48, & 65; and RTemp 39.9, 39.0, & 39.2°C for CN, F2.5, and F5.0 treatments). Skin temps measured by thermal imaging were not different among treatments (P=0.38) nor DFI (P=0.41). Cooling pad use with a flush rate of 2.0 L/2.5 min reduced body temperature to euthermia without increasing RR most effectively. This has implications toward reducing energy expenditure for thermoregulatory processes, which can increase nutrient availability for lactation during HS.
PSI-12 Performance and carcass measurements by rabbits offered diets with and without a phytogenic feed additive
Authors: Wilbers Kimberly , Shanks Bruce C , Caldwell James D , Koppen Megan , Adams Kevin
Published: November 2020

Weaning stress and other environmental conditions can impact growing rabbit performance and carcass measurements. Therefore, investigating a feed ingredient that may mitigate these effects is important. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of a phytogenic feed additive would improve performance and carcass measurements of growing rabbits. On October 22nd, 2018, a total of 16 (1.01 ± 0.02 kg BW) New Zealand White male rabbits were weaned and stratified by BW and allocated randomly to 1 of 2 groups representing 2 treatments: 1) Control (C; no phytogenic; n = 8) and 2) 454 g/ton phytogenic feed additive (PHYTO; n = 8). During the 42-d study, rabbits were housed in individual cages and offered a 18% CP and 2% fat commercial grower diet. All rabbits had ad libitum access to feed and water. Rabbits were weighed at the start of the study and weekly thereafter until the end of the feeding period when they were transported to a local abattoir, harvested, and carcass measurements recorded. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Start weight, weekly BW, end BW, weekly gain, total gain, weekly intake, total intake, and G:F did not differ (P ≥ 0.11) between treatments. Carcass shrink percentage was greater (P = 0.003) from PHYTO compared with C. Whereas, HCW and dressing percentage were greater (P < 0.05) from C compared with PHYTO. Loin width did not differ (P = 0.89) between treatments. Ultimate pH was lower (P = 0.02) from PHYTO compared with C. Therefore, offering this specific phytogenic to weaned rabbits may not improve performance, but may impact certain carcass measurements. Further research is warranted to explore phytogenic impacts on carcass acceptability.
PSI-13 The effect of Advanced Digestive Enhancing Protein Plus Technology on growth performance and fecal score in weaning pigs
Authors: McInerney Clare , Nelson Kathryn , Close Baylee , Talukder Jamil , Jang Young Dal
Published: November 2020

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of ADEPPTTM on growth performance and fecal score in weaning pigs. At weaning, a total of 54 pigs, 7.47 ± 0.79 kg of initial body weight (BW), were assigned to 3 treatments in 3 replicates with 6 pigs per pen based on sex, breed, and BW for a 28-d feeding trial. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0% of ADEPPTTM (Proprietary product of Vets Plus, Inc., Menomonie, WI) in 2 phases (d 0-14 and d 15-28 postweaning, respectively). In the first week (d 3-5 postweaning) of the trial, a diarrhea pig was removed from each pen when diarrhea was observed, housed in the separate pens within treatment (n=3 pigs per treatment) and then treated with a 100-ml solution of electrolytes and ADEPPTTM by drenching for 3 days. Growth performance and fecal score (1=normal to 4=watery diarrhea) were measured. All data were analyzed by ANOVA using GLM procedure of SAS for linear and quadratic effects of increasing ADEPPTTM levels. There were no significant differences in BW, ADG, and ADFI throughout the entire period whereas a quadratic trend was observed in G:F for overall period with increasing ADEPPTTM levels (P< 0.10; 0.583, 0.621, and 0.586 for 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0% of ADEPPTTM levels, respectively) with the greatest value in the 0.5% ADEPPTTM treatment. Fecal score tended to decrease linearly with increasing ADEPPTTM levels during d 0-7 postweaning (P=0.11; 1.88, 1.81, and 1.57, respectively). There was no significant difference on fecal score of diarrhea pigs while ADG tended to increase linearly in d 21-28 postweaning (P=0.08; 533.6, 700.2, and 853.9 g/d, respectively) with increasing ADEPPTTM levels. This result indicated that ADEPPTTM could have a potential to enhance growth performance of weaning pigs at 0.5% level and might be effective on postweaning diarrhea pigs.
PSI-10 Genetic parameters for soybean allergy response in divergently-selected pigs
Authors: Chen Yuwen , Schinckel Allan P , Stewart Terry , Brito Luiz , de Oliveira Hinayah Rojas , Alvarenga Amanda
Published: November 2020

Genetically selecting for improved animal resilience has become of great interest in modern livestock breeding. In this context, piglets experience a transitory allergic response to soybean proteins that has a negative impact on their growth and welfare. The main objective of this study was to determine whether soybean allergy response is a heritable trait, using divergently selected pig lines. The base generation pigs were generated from nine sire lines (primarily Yorkshire and Landrace) and two dam sources (Yorkshire × Chester White F1 and Landrace × Yorkshire F1). Soybean allergic response was measured, following a skin test protocol, on pigs that received a diet containing 28% soybean meal for 21 consecutive days post-weaning. The skin test was performed with an intradermal injection of soybean protein. Wheel and flare scores (ranging from 0 to 3) were assigned approximately 60 minutes post-injection. Based on the skin test total scores (i.e., the sum of the wheal and flair scores, ranging from 0 to 6), animals were selected to create two (a high and a low) soybean protein reacting lines, and bred within lines for nine generations. Phenotypes used in this study were measured on a total of 5,505 animals born from generations one to nine, in both high and low reacting lines. Significant systematic effects (P < 0.05) included in the statistical model were birth year, birth season, sex, and weaning weight (as a covariate). Genetic parameters for the skin test were estimated using a pedigree-based relationship matrix containing 9,201 animals, and a threshold animal mixed model. The genetic variance estimated for soybean allergy was 0.091, indicating that there is genetic variability in this trait. The heritability estimated for soybean allergy response was 0.139, which indicates that food allergy response is a heritable trait and can be improved through selective breeding.
PSIII-3 Effect of Day of Induction on Sow and Piglet Performance
Authors: McGuire Miranda R , Dunckelberger Jenelle , Eggert John , Schinckel Allan P , Knol Egbert
Published: November 2020

Induction can be a useful herd management tool. However, inducing too early can negatively impact critical biological processes for the sow and her piglets. Although inducing at 115 d of gestation is widely accepted for commercial sows, the natural gestation length of purebred lines can exceed 115 days. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the effect of induction at 115 vs. 117 d of gestation on the performance of purebred sows and their piglets. Purebred Landrace females from a commercial multiplier were used for this study. Sows were mated to one of the following genetic lines: A, B, or C. Of the 601 sows placed on test, 264 and 135 sows farrowed as a result of induction at 115 or 117 days of gestation, respectively. From these 399 sows, piglets sired by line C (n=1,715) were used for subsequent analyses. Traits of the sow analyzed included: percent stillborn, sow mortality (from 0 to 24 days post-farrowing), and removal rate (between farrowing and weaning). Traits of the piglet analyzed included: weaning weight, lactation ADG, and pre-weaning mortality. All traits were analyzed using a generalized linear model, except for mortality and removal rate, which were analyzed using a LOGIT model. Piglets from the 117 group had significantly greater weaning weight (P=0.02), significantly greater ADG (P=0.0009), and numerically lower pre-weaning mortality (P=0.16) than piglets from the 115 group. Sows induced at 117 days of gestation had numerically lower percent stillborn, lower mortality, and lower removal rate than sows induced at 115 days of gestation, although not significant (P=0.13, P=0.48, and P=0.50, respectively). In conclusion, there was a numerically or significantly favorable effect of inducing sows at 117 vs. 115 d of gestation on both sow performance and early-life piglet performance.
PSIII-9 Performance by weaned Katahdin lambs offered diets with and without Actifor® Pro
Authors: Edwards Kandace , Shanks Bruce C , Caldwell James D , Adams Kevin
Published: November 2020

Using all-natural phytogenics could be an alternative to using growth promotors within animal agriculture; particularly, since consumers are becoming more concerned with the use of these types of products. Our objective was to determine if using Actifor® Pro (PRO) could improve weaned lamb performance. On June 17th, 2019, a total of 60 (18 ± 0.92 kg BW) Katahdin ram lambs were weaned and stratified by BW and allocated randomly to 1 of 10 groups representing 2 treatments: 1) C (no PRO added; n = 5) and 2) PRO (5 g/hd/d; n = 5). During the 84-d study, lambs were housed in 2.4 × 4.9-meter pens and offered a 16% CP commercial grower diet. All lambs had ad libitum access to feed and water. Prior to the start of the study, all lambs were administered a CD&T vaccine plus drenched with an oral dewormer. Lambs were weighed at the start, d 28, d 56, and at the end of the study. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with pen(treatment) as the error term. Start, d 28, d 56, final BW, d 56 gain, d 56 ADG, final gain, and final ADG did not differ (P ≥ 0.31) between treatments. However, d 28 gain and d 28 ADG tended (P = 0.07) to be greater from PRO compared with C. Intake and G:F did not differ (P ≥ 0.19) between treatments throughout the study. Therefore, feeding Actifor® Pro may improve gain within the first 28 days after weaning, but those difference may not persist throughout the growing phase. Furthermore, this product may need to be investigated in a creep feed diet.
PSIII-11 The effect of GALR2 genotype and differing implant strategies on blood metabolite concentrations in finishing steers
Authors: Anderson Ellie S , Hall Jerica R , Hirchert Mara R , Swanson Kendall C , Maddock Carlin Kasey R , Dahlen Carl R , Ward Alison K
Published: November 2020

The neuropeptide receptor galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) is involved in appetite regulation and is therefore a potential target for marker-assisted management of finishing cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the interaction between implant strategy and GALR2 genotype on the metabolic status of feedlot steers. Angus crossbred steers (n = 93) were selected for the study based on GALR2 c.-199G >T genotype (n = 19 GG, 36 TT and 38 TG steers). Steers were blocked by initial body weight into two groups (248 ± 50 and 293± 43 kg) and finished for 166 or 202 days. Steers were assigned one of two implant strategies in a 2 (implant) × 3 (genotype) factorial design. The implant strategies were: one implant of Revalor-S (Merk, New Jersey) on day 77 of finishing (1X) or two implants with the first on day 0 and the second on day 77 (2X). All steers were fed a standard feedlot ration throughout the study. Blood samples were collected every 28 days. Serum samples were analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and glucose concentration. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS with repeated measures and significance was set at P < 0.05. Day × Implant interaction had a significant effect on BUN (P = 0.0035), and day × genotype had a significant effect on serum glucose concentration (P = 0.0049). There was no effect of implant × genotype interaction for BUN or glucose (P > 0.05). On days 84 and 140 glucose concentration was greater in GG steers than GT steers (P < 0.05) and tended to be greater than TT steers (P ≤ 0.0667). We conclude that there is no interaction between implant strategy and GALR2 genotype on metabolism in finishing steers.