bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the Value of Free Metals in the Synthesis of Lanthanoid Formamidinates: Is a Co‐oxidant Needed?
Authors: Deacon Glen B. , Junk Peter C. , Werner Daniel
Published: November 2015

Treatment of N,N′‐bis(aryl)formamidines (ArFormH), N,N′‐bis(2,6‐difluorophenyl)formamidine (DFFormH) or N,N′‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)formamidine (DippFormH), with europium metal in CH3CN is an efficient synthesis of the divalent complexes: [{Eu(DFForm)2(CH3CN)2}2] (Eu1) or [Eu(DippForm)2(CH3CN)4] (Eu2). The synthetic method was extended to ytterbium, but the metal required activation by addition of Hg0. With DFFormH in CH3CN, [{Yb(DFForm)2(CH3CN)}2] (Yb1) was obtained in good yield, and [Yb(DFForm)2(thf)3] (Yb3) was obtained from a synthesis in CH3CN/THF. Thus, this synthetic method completely circumvents the use of either salt metathesis, or redox transmetallation/protolysis (RTP) protocols to prepare divalent rare‐earth formamidinates. Heating Yb1 in PhMe/C6D6 resulted in decomposition to trivalent products, including one from a CH3CN activation process. For a synthetic comparison, divalent ytterbium DFForm and DippForm complexes were synthesised by RTP reactions between Yb0, Hg(R)2 (R=Ph, C6F5), and ArFormH in THF, leading to the isolation of either [Yb(DFForm)2(thf)3] (Yb3), or the first five coordinate rare‐earth formamidinate complex [Yb(DippForm)2(thf)] (Yb4 b), and, from adjustment of the stoichiometry, trivalent [Yb(DFForm)3(thf)] (Yb6). Oxidation of Yb3 with benzophenone (bp), or halogenating agents (TiCl4(thf)2, Ph3CCl, C2Cl6) gave [Yb(DFForm)3(bp)] or [Yb(DFForm)2Cl(thf)2], respectively. Furthermore, the structural chemistry of divalent ArForm complexes has been substantially broadened. Not only have the highest and lowest coordination numbers for divalent rare‐earth ArForm complexes been achieved in Eu2 and Yb4 b, respectively, but also dimeric Eu1 and Yb1 have highly unusual ArForm bridging coordination modes, either perpendicular μ‐1κ(N:N′):2κ(N:N′) in Eu1, or the twisted μ‐1κ(N:N′):2κ(N′:F′) DFForm coordination in Yb1, both unprecedented in divalent rare‐earth ArForm chemistry and in the wider divalent rare‐earth amidinate field.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed CS and CN Functionalization of Arenes: Combination of CH Activation and Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry
Authors: Wang Fen , Yu Xinzhang , Qi Zisong , Li Xingwei
Published: November 2015

Rhodium‐catalyzed sulfonylation, thioetherification, thiocyanation, and other heterofunctionalizations of arenes bearing a heterocyclic directing group have been realized. The reaction proceeds by initial RhIII‐catalyzed CH hyperiodination of arene at room temperature followed by uncatalyzed nucleophilic functionalization. A diaryliodonium salt is isolated as an intermediate, which represents umpolung of the arene substrate, in contrast to previous studies that suggested umpolung of the coupling partner.
Light‐Tunable Generation of Singlet Oxygen and Nitric Oxide with a Bichromophoric Molecular Hybrid: a Bimodal Approach to Killing Cancer Cells
Authors: Fraix Aurore , Blangetti Marco , Guglielmo Stefano , Lazzarato Loretta , Marino Nino , Cardile Venera , Graziano Adriana C. E. , Manet Ilse , Fruttero Roberta , Gasco Alberto , Sortino Salvatore
Published: November 2015

The design, synthesis, photochemical properties, and biological evaluation of a novel photoactivatable bichromophoric conjugate are reported. The compound 1, [4‐(4,4‐difluoro‐2,6‐diiodo‐1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacen‐8‐yl)‐N‐(3‐((4‐nitro‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)propyl)butanamide] combines a 2,6‐diiodo‐1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl BODIPY derivative as singlet oxygen (1O2) photosensitizer and 4‐nitro‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)aniline (NOPD) as nitric oxide (NO) photodonor, joined by an alkyl spacer. These two chromogenic units absorb in distinct regions of the visible spectrum, and their individual photochemical properties are conserved in the molecular conjugate. Irradiation of the bichromophoric conjugate with green light afforded 1O2 in high quantum yields, whereas 1O2 production was negligible with the use of blue light; under this latter condition, NO was released. Photogeneration of NO and cytotoxic 1O2 can therefore be regulated by appropriately tuning the excitation light wavelength and intensity. Tested on melanoma cancer cells, this resulted in amplified photomortality relative to that of a structurally correlated model compound 2 [4‐(4,4‐difluoro‐2,6‐diiodo‐1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacen‐8‐yl)‐N‐(3‐(p‐tolylamino)propyl)butanamide] deprived of the NO‐release capacity. The cellular uptake of 1, evaluated by confocal fluorescence microscopy, showed that the product is localized in the cytoplasm.
Panitumumab in combination with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin does not prolong survival in wild‐type KRAS advanced biliary tract cancer: A randomized phase 2 trial (Vecti‐BIL study)
Authors: Leone Francesco , Marino Donatella , Cereda Stefano , Filippi Roberto , Belli Carmen , Spadi Rosella , Nasti Guglielmo , Montano Massimo , Amatu Alessio , Aprile Giuseppe , Cagnazzo Celeste , Fasola Gianpiero , Siena Salvatore , Ciuffreda Libero , Reni Michele , Aglietta Massimo
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a rare and lethal disease with few therapeutic options. Preclinical data suggest that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway could be involved in its progression.

METHODS

This open‐label, randomized phase 2 trial recruited chemotherapy‐naive patients with advanced BTC displaying a wild‐type (WT) KRAS status. Patients were randomized to gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) and oxaliplatin (100 mg/m2) with (arm A) or without (arm B) panitumumab (6 mg/kg) for up to 12 cycles. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS) analyzed in an intention‐to‐treat fashion.

RESULTS

Eighty‐nine patients (45 in arm A and 44 in arm B) were enrolled between June 2010 and September 2013. After a median follow‐up of 10.1 months, the median PFS was 5.3 months (95% confidence interval, 3.3‐7.2 months) in arm A and 4.4 months (95% confidence interval, 2.6‐6.2 months) in arm B (P = .27). No survival differences were observed: the median overall survival was 9.9 months in arm A and 10.2 months in arm B (P = .42). In a subgroup analysis, no differences in PFS according to the site of the primary tumor were observed; patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with panitumumab may have had a survival benefit in comparison with the control group (15.1 vs 11.8 months, P = .13). As for safety, skin toxicity was the main adverse event in arm A (80% of the patients). A higher incidence of diarrhea (55.5% vs 31.8%), mucositis (22.2% vs 13.6%), and constipation (24.4% vs 15.9%) was seen in arm A.

CONCLUSIONS

These results confirm the marginal role of anti‐EGFR therapy even for WT KRAS–selected BTC. Cancer 2016;122:574–581. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Expectant management of veterans with early‐stage prostate cancer
Authors: Filson Christopher P. , Shelton Jeremy B. , Tan Hung‐Jui , Kwan Lorna , Skolarus Ted A. , Saigal Christopher S. , Litwin Mark S.
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

For certain men with low‐risk prostate cancer, aggressive treatment results in marginal survival benefits while exposing them to urinary and sexual side effects. Nevertheless, expectant management has been underused. In the current study, the authors evaluated the association between various factors and expectant management use among veterans diagnosed with prostate cancer.

METHODS

The authors identified men diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2008. The outcome of interest was use of expectant management, based on documentation captured through an in‐depth chart review. Multivariable regression models were fit to examine associations between use of expectant management and patient demographics, cancer severity, and facility characteristics. The authors assessed variation across 21 tertiary care regions and 52 facilities by generating predicted probabilities for receipt of expectant management.

RESULTS

Expectant management was more common among patients aged ≥75 years (40% vs 27% for those aged < 55 years; odds ratio, 2.57) and those with low‐risk tumors (49% vs 20% for patients with high‐risk tumors; odds ratio, 5.35). There was no association noted between patient comorbidity and receipt of expectant management (P = .90). There were also no associations found between facility factors and use of expectant management (all P>.05). Among ideal candidates for expectant management, receipt of expectant management varied considerably across individual facilities (0%‐85%; P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Patient age and tumor risk were found to be more strongly associated with use of expectant management than patient comorbidity. Although use of expectant management appears broadly appropriate, there was variation in expectant management noted between hospitals that was apparently not attributable to facility factors. Research determining the basis of this variation, with a focus on providers, will be critical to help optimize prostate cancer treatment for veterans. Cancer 2016;122:626–633. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Enhancing Organic Solar Cells with Plasmonic Nanomaterials
Authors: Lee Ju Min , Kim Sang Ouk
Published: November 2015

Plasmonic nanomaterials may offer promising routes to address the intrinsic performance limitations of conventional organic solar cells. Specifically, plasmonic materials have been widely exploited for the effective promotion of photon absorption in the organic active layers. For the further progress of plasmonic enhancement of organic solar cells, hybrid nanostructures integrating more than two different components are highly necessary for tailoring the outstanding optical and other relevant properties. In this Focus Review article, we highlight recent research on the synergistic benefits from plasmonic hybrid nanostructures, such as multimetal nanoparticles, clustered metal nanoparticles, and carbon–metal nanohybrids for desirable charge generation and charge transport/collection in organic solar cells.
A secure mutual authentication scheme with non‐repudiation for vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Chen Chin‐Ling , Chiang Mao‐Lun , Peng Chun‐Cheng , Chang Chun‐Hsin , Sui Qing‐Ru
Published: November 2015

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been a research focus in recent years. VANETs are not only used to enhance the road safety and reduce the traffic accidents earlier but also conducted more researches in network value‐added service. As a result, the security requirements of vehicle communication are given more attention. In order to prevent the security threat of VANETs, the security requirements, such as the message integrity, availability, and confidentiality are needed to be guaranteed further. Therefore, a secured and efficient verification scheme for VANETs is proposed to satisfy these requirements and reduce the computational cost by combining the asymmetric and symmetric cryptology, certificate, digital signature, and session key update mechanism. In addition, our proposed scheme can resist malicious attacks or prevent illegal users' access via security and performance analysis. In summary, the proposed scheme is proved to achieve the requirements of resist known attacks, non‐repudiation, authentication, availability, integrity, and confidentiality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Case Study of Mechanical Strain in Supramolecular Complexes to Manipulate the Spin State of Iron(II) Centres
Authors: Struch Niklas , Brandenburg Jan Gerit , Schnakenburg Gregor , Wagner Norbert , Beck Johannes , Grimme Stefan , Lützen Arne
Published: November 2015

Two novel supramolecular meso‐helicates have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements, NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. Both compounds show a considerably high stabilization of the high‐spin state of the metal centres compared with other compounds with similar types of ligands. Whereas the pyridyl complex [Fe2L23] [L2 = N,N′‐bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethylene)benzene‐1,3‐diamine] exhibits the beginning of a spin transition at around 350 K, the imidazolyl complex [Fe2L13] [L1 = N,N′‐bis(1H‐imidazol‐4‐ylmethylene)benzene‐1,3‐diamine] still exhibits a high‐spin configuration at 20 K. We applied DFT to characterize the molecular as well as solid states of both compounds. Although the low‐spin state of both systems is stabilized by crystal packing, an additional stabilization of the high‐spin state is induced by intramolecular interactions. This effect can be ascribed to mechanical strain in the backbone of the ligands hailing from very short CH–π interactions and being similar in effect to sterically demanding methyl groups.
Uptake of humic substance and COD from aqueous solutions using synergic processes such as O3/pH, O3/HCO3− and O3/PAC and multiple regression analysis
Authors: Oguz Ensar
Published: November 2015

Efficiencies of humic substance (HS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) uptake from aqueous solutions were investigated using O3/HS (100, 200, and 300 mg/L), O3/pH (4, 10, and 12), O3/F. Rate (5, 10, and 15 L/min), O3/Voltage (96, 135, and 170 V), O3/Tem. (14, 40, and 60°C), O3/
(0, 1000, and 2000 mg/L) and O3/PAC (0, 0.5, and 1 g/250 mL) processes. In this study, as distinct from the previous study, the main objective is the augmentation of efficiencies of HS and COD, and determination of the effective process using above stated processes. As a consequence of ozonation of 18 min, the efficiencies of HS and COD were determined as [(91, 85.7, and 79.3) and (76.6, 79.3, and 80), (76.3, 81.2, and 82.6) and (56.6, 72.6, and 79.3), (79.3, 81, and 82.3) and (79.3, 76.6, and 74.7), (79.3, 90.3, and 94) and (25.4, 24.2, and 23.2), (21.2, 23.2, and 24.5) and (23.2, 24.6, and 25.7), (19.3, 21.5, and 23.2) and (23.2, 24.8, and 26.3), (23.2, 20.8, and 19.3) and (23.2, 49, and 59)], respectively. As a result of the investigation, ozone was determined to be very effective for the removing of HS. However, ozonation alone was proven rather inefficient for the reduction of COD. O3/PAC process was considerably effective in the removal of COD and HS. The efficiencies of HS and COD uptake were predicted using Multiple regression. The model yielded a determination coefficient of 0.97 and 0.9, and a standard error of 4.53 and 3.69 for HS and COD values, respectively. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 653–660, 2016
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Treatment in Enduring Anorexia Nervosa: A Case Series
Authors: McClelland Jessica , Kekic Maria , Campbell Iain C. , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: November 2015

Objectives

This case series examined the therapeutic potential of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in five women with enduring anorexia nervosa.

Methods

Participants received ~20 sessions of neuronavigated high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Body mass index, eating disorder (ED) symptoms and mood were assessed pre‐treatment and post‐treatment, at 6‐month and 12‐month follow‐up (FU). Qualitative feedback regarding the intervention was obtained from participants and carers.

Results

From pre‐treatment to post‐treatment, ED and affective symptoms improved significantly, and body mass index remained stable. Further improvements in ED symptoms/mood were seen at 6‐month FU with 3/5 and 2/5 participants deemed ‘recovered’ on the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, respectively. However, most participants had lost some weight, and therapeutic effects on psychopathology had waned by 12‐month FU. Qualitative feedback regarding the intervention was encouraging.

Discussion

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was well tolerated, and preliminary evidence is provided for its therapeutic potential in anorexia nervosa. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Year to year variation in sea buckthorn juice volatiles using headspace solid phase microextraction
Authors: Leung Gee‐Sian , Marriott Ray
Published: November 2015

This study highlights the use of optimised headspace solid phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) to capture over 70 volatile compounds from three different varieties of sea buckthorn juice harvested from 2011 to 2013. The main components were identified as ethyl and 3‐methyl butyl esters which were quantified using deuterium labelled standards and synthesised as part of this work. Berries harvested over the three years showed variation in the concentration of the principle components that may be associated with weather variation. Previously unreported volatile compounds that may contribute to the unique aroma of sea buckthorn juice were also identified. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stabilization for three‐dimensional discontinuous Galerkin discretizations applied to nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulations
Authors: Blaise Sébastien , Lambrechts Jonathan , Deleersnijder Eric
Published: November 2015

A discontinuous Galerkin nonhydrostatic atmospheric model is used for two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional simulations. There is a wide range of timescales to be dealt with. To do so, two different implicit/explicit time discretizations are implemented. A stabilization, based upon a reduced‐order discretization of the gravity term, is introduced to ensure the balance between pressure and gravity effects. While not affecting significantly the convergence properties of the scheme, this approach allows the simulation of anisotropic flows without generating spurious oscillations, as it happens for a classical discontinuous Galerkin discretization. This approach is shown to be less diffusive than usual spatial filters. A stability analysis demonstrates that the use of this modified scheme discards the instability associated with the usual discretization. Validation against analytical solutions is performed, confirming the good convergence and stability properties of the scheme. Numerical results demonstrate the attractivity of the discontinuous Galerkin method with implicit/explicit time integration for large‐scale atmospheric flows. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sprouty2 and ‐4 hypomorphism promotes neuronal survival and astrocytosis in a mouse model of kainic acid induced neuronal damage
Authors: Thongrong Sitthisak , Hausott Barbara , Marvaldi Letizia , Agostinho Alexandra S. , Zangrandi Luca , Burtscher Johannes , Fogli Barbara , Schwarzer Christoph , Klimaschewski Lars
Published: November 2015

Sprouty (Spry) proteins play a key role as negative feedback inhibitors of the Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK pathway downstream of various receptor tyrosine kinases. Among the four Sprouty isoforms, Spry2 and Spry4 are expressed in the hippocampus. In this study, possible effects of Spry2 and Spry4 hypomorphism on neurodegeneration and seizure thresholds in a mouse model of epileptogenesis was analyzed. The Spry2/4 hypomorphs exhibited stronger ERK activation which was limited to the CA3 pyramidal cell layer and to the hilar region. The seizure threshold of Spry2/4+/− mice was significantly reduced at naive state but no difference to wildtype mice was observed 1 month following KA treatment. Histomorphological analysis revealed that dentate granule cell dispersion (GCD) was diminished in Spry2/4+/− mice in the subchronic phase after KA injection. Neuronal degeneration was reduced in CA1 and CA3 principal neuron layers as well as in scattered neurons of the contralateral CA1 and hilar regions. Moreover, Spry2/4 reduction resulted in enhanced survival of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y expressing interneurons. GFAP staining intensity and number of reactive astrocytes markedly increased in lesioned areas of Spry2/4+/− mice as compared with wildtype mice. Taken together, although the seizure threshold is reduced in naive Spry2/4+/− mice, neurodegeneration and GCD is mitigated following KA induced hippocampal lesions, identifying Spry proteins as possible pharmacological targets in brain injuries resulting in neurodegeneration. The present data are consistent with the established functions of the ERK pathway in astrocyte proliferation as well as protection from neuronal cell death and suggest a novel role of Spry proteins in the migration of differentiated neurons. © 2015 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards personalized screening: Cumulative risk of breast cancer screening outcomes in women with and without a first‐degree relative with a history of breast cancer
Authors: Ripping Theodora Maria , Hubbard Rebecca A. , Otten Johannes D.M. , den Heeten Gerard J. , Verbeek André L.M. , Broeders Mireille J.M.
Published: November 2015

Several reviews have estimated the balance of benefits and harms of mammographic screening in the general population. The balance may, however, differ between individuals with and without family history. Therefore, our aim is to assess the cumulative risk of screening outcomes; screen‐detected breast cancer, interval cancer, and false‐positive results, in women screenees aged 50–75 and 40–75, with and without a first‐degree relative with a history of breast cancer at the start of screening. Data on screening attendance, recall and breast cancer detection were collected for each woman living in Nijmegen (The Netherlands) since 1975. We used a discrete time survival model to calculate the cumulative probability of each major screening outcome over 19 screening rounds. Women with a family history of breast cancer had a higher risk of all screening outcomes. For women screened from age 50–75, the cumulative risk of screen‐detected breast cancer, interval cancer and false‐positive results were 9.0, 4.4 and 11.1% for women with a family history and 6.3, 2.7 and 7.3% for women without a family history, respectively. The results for women 40–75 followed the same pattern for women screened 50–75 for cancer outcomes, but were almost doubled for false‐positive results. To conclude, women with a first‐degree relative with a history of breast cancer are more likely to experience benefits and harms of screening than women without a family history. To complete the balance and provide risk‐based screening recommendations, the breast cancer mortality reduction and overdiagnosis should be estimated for family history subgroups.
Targeted therapies for treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer—Recent advances and future perspectives
Authors: Minguet Joan , Smith Katherine H. , Bramlage Peter
Published: November 2015

Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most deadly cancers worldwide, with poor prognosis once the disease has progressed past the point at which surgery is a viable option. Whilst chemotherapy has improved survival over recent decades, there is still great need for improvements in treatments for patients with advanced disease. Over the last decade, a variety of such drugs have received market approval for treating NSCLC, with a variety of others in the pipeline. Here, we review the development of targeted therapies for the treatment of advanced or metastatic NSCLC, including those already in clinical practice and those in early trials. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, gefitinib, erlotinib and afatinib; the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, crizotinib; and the anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, bevacizumab, are already providing improved survival for patients with NSCLC. Moreover, the discovery of EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements has enabled the identification of patients who are more likely to benefit from a specific drug. The recent approval of the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab, along with the designation of alectinib and MPDL3280A as breakthrough therapies by the FDA, demonstrates how rapidly this area of research is expanding. Over the last decade there has been significant progress made in the treatment of advanced NSCLC, and the large and varied selection of drugs currently undergoing trials provide great promise for improving the prognosis of this highly prevalent and deadly form of cancer.
Electroactive polyurethane/siloxane derived from castor oil as a versatile cardiac patch, part I: Synthesis, characterization, and myoblast proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Baheiraei Nafiseh , Gharibi Reza , Yeganeh Hamid , Miragoli Michele , Salvarani Nicolò , Di Pasquale Elisa , Condorelli Gianluigi
Published: November 2015

Tissue‐engineered cardiac patch aims at regenerating an infarcted heart by improving cardiac function and providing mechanical support to the diseased myocardium. In order to take advantages of electroactivity, a new synthetic method was developed for the introduction of an electroactive oligoaniline into the backbone of prepared patches. For this purpose, a series of electroactive polyurethane/siloxane films containing aniline tetramer (AT) was prepared through sol‐gel reaction of trimethoxysilane functional intermediate polyurethane prepolymers made from castor oil and poly(ethylene glycol). Physicochemical, mechanical, and electrical conductivity of samples were evaluated and the recorded results were correlated to their structural characteristics. The optimized films were proved to be biodegradable and have tensile properties suitable for cardiac patch application. The embedded AT moieties in the backbone of the prepared samples preserved their electroactivity with the electrical conductivity in the range of 10−4 S/cm. The prepared films were compatible with proliferation of C2C12 and had potential for enhancing myotube formation even without external electrical stimulation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 775–787, 2016.
Toxicological Implications and Inflammatory Response in Human Lymphocytes Challenged with Oxytetracycline
Authors: Di Cerbo A. , Palatucci A. T. , Rubino V. , Centenaro S. , Giovazzino A. , Fraccaroli E. , Cortese L. , Ruggiero G. , Guidetti G. , Canello S. , Terrazzano G.
Published: November 2015

Antibiotics are widely used in zoo technical and veterinary practices as feed supplementation to ensure wellness of farmed animals and livestock. Several evidences have been suggesting both the toxic role for tetracyclines, particularly for oxytetracycline (OTC). This potential toxicity appears of great relevance for human nutrition and for domestic animals. This study aimed to extend the evaluation of such toxicity. The biologic impact of the drug was assessed by evaluating the proinflammatory effect of OTC and their bone residues on cytokine secretion by in vitro human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Our results showed that both OTC and OTC‐bone residues significantly induced the T lymphocyte and non‐T cell secretion of interferon (IFN)‐γ, as cytokine involved in inflammatory responses in humans as well as in animals. These results may suggest a possible implication for new potential human and animal health risks depending on the entry of tetracyclines in the food‐processing chain.
MiR‐221 and miR‐26b Regulate Chemotactic Migration of MSCs Toward HGF Through Activation of Akt and FAK
Authors: Zhu Aisi , Kang Naixin , He Lihong , Li Xianyang , Xu Xiaojing , Zhang Huanxiang
Published: November 2015

The chemotactic migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is fundamental for their use in cell‐based therapies, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate their directed migration. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in the regulation of a large variety of cellular processes. However, their roles in regulating the responses of MSCs to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) remain elusive. Here, we found that microRNA‐221 (miR‐221) and microRNA‐26b (miR‐26b) were upregulated in MSCs subjected to HGF. Overexpression of miR‐221 or miR‐26b enhanced MSC migration through activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) was identified as a potential target of miR‐221 and miR‐26b; overexpression of miR‐221 or miR‐26b decreased PTEN expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of miR‐221 or miR‐26b in MSCs increased the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a downstream effector of PTEN, which regulates cell migration through assembly and distribution of focal adhesions (FAs), and more dot‐like FAs were localized at the periphery of these cells. Altering miR‐221 or miR‐26b expression influenced the directed migration of MSCs toward HGF. Inhibition of miR‐221 or miR‐26b suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt and FAK and upregulated PTEN expression, which was partly restored by HGF treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that miR‐221 and miR‐26b participate in regulating the chemotactic response of MSCs toward HGF. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1370–1383, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of Remittances on Domestic Capital Formation in Select African Countries: A Comparative Empirical Analysis
Authors: Yiheyis Zelealem , Woldemariam Kasahun
Published: November 2015

Remittances are expected to affect domestic investment, among others, through induced rise in savings and easing of financial constraints. However, the empirical evidence on the relationship between the two variables is rather thin, especially in the context of Africa. This study investigates the short‐run and long‐run effects of remittances on domestic investment in four African countries using the bounds testing approach to cointegration analysis. The findings of the study indicate that whether remittances spur domestic capital formation varies by country and the time horizon considered, highlighting, among others, the importance of identifying the factors that tend to condition their relationship. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extractable and non‐extractable polyphenols from blueberries modulate LPS‐induced expression of iNOS and COX‐2 in RAW264.7 macrophages via the NF‐κB signalling pathway
Authors: Cheng Anwei , Han Caijing , Fang Xixiu , Sun Jinyue , Chen Xiangyan , Wan Fachun
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Plant polyphenols are rich in blueberries that have a wide range of properties beneficial to human health. There are two types, according to the solubility of polyphenols, which were defined as extractable polyphenols (EPP) and non‐extractable polyphenols (NEPP), respectively. At present, in most of reports, ‘total polyphenol’ refers only to EPP excluding NEPP. In this paper, the effects of EPP and NEPP on lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and gene expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in RAW264.7 cells via nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signalling pathway were compared.

RESULTS

The results showed that EPP and NEPP from blueberries significantly inhibited the LPS‐induced production of NO and gene expression of iNOS and COX‐2 in cells. The constitutive level of p65 sub‐unit of NF‐κB was obviously detected after the treatments with EPP or NEPP. By contrast, the level of phosphorylated p65 (P‐p65) was strongly inhibited by EPP or NEPP. EPP had a stronger inhibition on the gene expression of iNOS and COX‐2 than that of NEPP.

CONCLUSION

These findings of inhibition of iNOS and COX‐2 mRNA expression through the suppression of NF‐κB suggest that EPP and ENPP from blueberries have significant anti‐inflammatory effect and may be a potential medicine. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
On notions of representability for cylindric‐polyadic algebras, and a solution to the finitizability problem for quantifier logics with equality
Authors: Sayed Ahmed Tarek
Published: November 2015

We consider countable so‐called rich subsemigroups of ; each such semigroup T gives a variety CPEAT that is axiomatizable by a finite schema of equations taken in a countable subsignature of that of ω‐dimensional cylindric‐polyadic algebras with equality where substitutions are restricted to maps in T. It is shown that for any such T, if and only if is representable as a concrete set algebra of ω‐ary relations. The operations in the signature are set‐theoretically interpreted like in polyadic equality set algebras, but such operations are relativized to a union of cartesian spaces that are not necessarily disjoint. This is a form of guarding semantics. We show that CPEAT is canonical and atom‐canonical. Imposing an extra condition on T, we prove that atomic algebras in CPEAT are completely representable and that CPEAT has the super amalgamation property. If T is rich and finitely represented, it is shown that CPEAT is term definitionally equivalent to a finitely axiomatizable Sahlqvist variety. Such semigroups exist. This can be regarded as a solution to the central finitizability problem in algebraic logic for first order logic with equality if we do not insist on full fledged commutativity of quantifiers. The finite dimensional case is approached from the view point of guarded and clique guarded (relativized) semantics of fragments of first order logic using finitely many variables. Both positive and negative results are presented.
Topological and algebraic properties of spaces of Lorch analytic mappings
Authors: Mauro Guilherme V. S. , Moraes Luiza A. , Pereira Alex F.
Published: November 2015

For a complex Banach algebra E, let be the space of the mappings from a connected subset U of E into E that are analytic in the sense of Lorch. We consider the space endowed with a convenient topology which coincides with the topology when or and we study topological properties of in connection with topological properties of the underlying space E. A description of the spectrum of is given and as a consequence, it is showed that the algebra is semi‐simple if and only if E is semi‐simple.
Süßes in der Not
Authors: Simon Arndt
Published: November 2015

500 Mal so süß wie Rohrzucker: Saccharin war von Anfang an begehrt. Doch so skurril wie die Berichte zu seiner Entdeckung liest sich auch manche deutsch‐deutsche Geschichte zur Saccharinproduktion.
In Tropfen gemessen
Authors: Schuler Friedrich
Published: November 2015

Mit digitaler Amplifikation von DNA in Tropfen lassen sich einzelne DNA‐Moleküle aufspüren und zählen. Die Tropfen der Probenflüssigkeit erzeugt ein rotierender Mikrofluidikchip im Format einer CD.
Faces of the needy: the portrayal of destitute children in the fundraising campaigns of NGOs in India
Authors: Bhati Abhishek , Eikenberry Angela M.
Published: November 2015

This paper focuses on the portrayal of children in fundraising campaigns by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working in India and answers the following questions: How do children feel about their portrayal in the images of funding campaigns? How do photographers or managers/directors affiliated with NGOs view their portrayal of destitute children? The study draws on data from analysis of images, focus groups with children, and interviews with photographers and campaign managers from NGOs working in different parts of India. Findings suggest that children like to be portrayed as happy and in a “good light”, telling the whole story about their lives but that also generates awareness about hardships they face, such as child labor; NGOs face a challenge in representing beneficiaries in a good light while also showing “need” to donors; and children interviewed were unaware of the purpose of the images as a fundraising and marketing tool, raising ethical concerns.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resting metabolic rate varies by race and by sleep duration
Authors: Spaeth Andrea M. , Dinges David F. , Goel Namni
Published: November 2015

Objective

Short sleep duration is a significant risk factor for weight gain, particularly in African Americans and men. Increased caloric intake underlies this relationship, but it remains unclear whether decreased energy expenditure is a contributory factor. The current study assessed the impact of sleep restriction and recovery sleep on energy expenditure in African American and Caucasian men and women.

Methods

Healthy adults participated in a controlled laboratory study. After two baseline sleep nights, subjects were randomized to an experimental (n = 36; 4 h sleep/night for five nights followed by one night with 12 h recovery sleep) or control condition (n = 11; 10 h sleep/night). Resting metabolic rate and respiratory quotient were measured using indirect calorimetry in the morning after overnight fasting.

Results

Resting metabolic rate—the largest component of energy expenditure—decreased after sleep restriction (−2.6%, P = 0.032) and returned to baseline levels after recovery sleep. No changes in resting metabolic rate were observed in control subjects. Relative to Caucasians (n = 14), African Americans (n = 22) exhibited comparable daily caloric intake but a lower resting metabolic rate (P = 0.043) and higher respiratory quotient (P = 0.013) regardless of sleep duration.

Conclusions

Sleep restriction decreased morning resting metabolic rate in healthy adults, suggesting that sleep loss leads to metabolic changes aimed at conserving energy.
Mothers' feeding behaviors in infancy: Do they predict child weight trajectories?
Authors: Dinkevich Eugene , Leid Lucy , Pryor Katherine , Wei Ying , Huberman Harris , Carnell Susan
Published: November 2015

Objective

To determine associations between mothers' feeding behaviors in infancy and children's weight from infancy through to toddlerhood in urban, low‐income, minority families and to explore the contribution of concerns about infant eating/weight.

Methods

One hundred sixty‐nine mother–infant dyads (88% African‐American) were recruited from an inner city pediatric practice. Questionnaires measuring restrictive feeding, pressuring to eat, and concerns about infant overeating/weight and undereating/weight were administered, and infants weighed and measured, at 6‐12 months. Anthropometric data up to 30 months were obtained from multiple (8.9 ± 2.6) well‐child visits, with 84% completing 11 visits.

Results

Higher pressuring was associated with lower weight‐for‐length z‐scores (WLZ) over the period from baseline out to 30 months and higher restriction with higher child WLZ over the same period. Pressuring and concern about infant undereating/weight were independently associated with WLZ, but the relationship between restrictive feeding and WLZ was reduced by accounting for concern about infant overeating/weight. Child weight trajectories were not influenced by feeding behavior.

Conclusions

Mothers restricted heavier infants and pressured leaner infants to eat, and the relationship between restriction and higher infant weight was mediated by concern about infant overeating/weight. Correcting misperceptions and discussing feeding with mothers reporting concern may help prevent excessive early weight gain.
Prenatal and postnatal markers of severity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia have similar prognostic ability
Authors: Werner N. L. , Coughlin M. , Kunisaki S. M. , Hirschl R. , Ladino‐Torres M. , Berman D. , Kreutzman J. , Mychaliska G. B.
Published: November 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare prenatal versus postnatal markers of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) severity at a single fetal‐care center.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed of patients having a complete prenatal evaluation and surgical repair (n = 55). Observed‐to‐expected lung‐to‐head ratio (o/eLHR), observed‐to‐expected total lung volume (o/eTLV), liver position (LP), a predictive dependent variable from logistic regression of o/eLHR and liver position (o/eLHR + LP), and diaphragmatic defect size per the CDH Study Group A–D classification were plotted into receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Survival and need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) were primary outcomes.

Results

Survival was 69%, and ECMO utilization was 56%. Distribution was 80% left‐sided defects. In the survival ROC curve, the area under the curve (AUC) for o/eLHR was 0.73, o/eTLV 0.74, LP 0.73, o/eLHR + LP 0.78, and defect size 0.84 (p = 0.23). The ROC curve for ECMO support showed o/eLHR had an AUC of 0.82, o/eTLV 0.89, LP 0.79, o/eLHR + LP 0.87, and defect size 0.90 (p = 0.19). The AUCs were similar when only left‐sided CDH was analyzed.

Conclusions

These data suggest that prenatal evaluation was equivalent to the postnatal diaphragmatic defect classification for predicting survival and need for ECMO in CDH patients. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of salt on adhesion of an epoxy/aluminum (oxide) interface in aqueous environments
Authors: Tan Kar Tean , White Christopher C. , Hunston Donald , Gorham Justin M. , Imburgia Michael J. , Forster Aaron M. , Vogt Bryan D.
Published: November 2015

Joints held by polymeric adhesives are commonplace in many engineered products, but normal service can require exposure to environmental conditions that present a significant challenge for maintaining the structural integrity of the interface. In particular, aqueous environments can wreak havoc on the joint strength. Here, a mechanistic approach is used to understand the difference in the debonding behavior of an epoxy/aluminum (oxide) interface when exposed to deionized (DI) water and aqueous sodium chloride by correlating macroscopic failure with the sorption of salt and water into the adhesive and its nanoscale distribution. For the epoxy‐aluminum system examined here, the presence of sodium chloride increases the resistance to crack growth in comparison to DI water. The debonding appears to be controlled by water near the buried interface. Salt water decreases the solubility of water in the epoxy and decreases the concentration of water near the buried interface, but the concentration of salt that enters the epoxy is below the detection limit. Thus, even if ions cannot penetrate or sorb into the adhesive, the presence of salt can significantly alter the water distribution within the adhesive and ultimately the strength of the joint. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:18–26, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Development of an SRM method for absolute quantitation of MYDGF/C19orf10 protein
Authors: Dwivedi Ravi C. , Krokhin Oleg V. , El‐Gabalawy Hani S. , Wilkins John A.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To develop a MS‐based selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assay for quantitation of myeloid‐derived growth factor (MYDGF) formerly chromosome 19 open reading frame (C19orf10).

Experimental design

Candidate reporter peptides were identified in digests of recombinant MYDGF. Isotopically labeled forms of these reporter peptides were employed as internal standards for assay development. Two reference peptides were selected SYLYFQTFFK and GAEIEYAMAYSK with respective LOQ of 42 and 380 attomole per injection.

Results

Application of the assay to human serum and synovial fluid determined that the assay sensitivity was reduced and quantitation was not achievable. However, the partial depletion of albumin and immunoglobulin from synovial fluids provided estimates of 300–650 femtomoles per injection (0.7–1.6 nanomolar (nM) fluid concentrations) in three of the six samples analyzed.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

A validated sensitive assay for the quantitation of MYDGF in biological fluids was developed. However, the endogenous levels of MYDGF in such fluids are at or below the current levels of quantitation. The levels of MYDGF are lower than those previously reported using an ELISA. The current results suggest that additional steps may be required to remove high abundance proteins or to enrich MYDGF for SRM‐based quantitation.
The natural fenhexamid‐resistant grey mould populations from strawberry in Zhejiang Province are dominated by Botrytis cinerea group S
Authors: Yin Dafang , Wu Sisi , Liu Na , Yin Yanni , Ma Zhonghua
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Recently, a novel clade Botrytis cinerea group S was found to be common in B. cinerea populations from Germany and New Zealand. Fenhexamid, an effective antibotrytis fungicide, has not been registered in China, but our preliminary study detected fenhexamid‐resistant (HydR) isolates from strawberry in Zhejiang Province.

RESULTS

Genetic identification of 639 B. cinerea isolates from strawberry found that 331 (62.9%) belonged to B. cinerea group S. The frequency of HydR isolates ranged from 0 to 37.5% among the nine locations. Of the 74 HydR isolates, 71 were B. cinerea group S and moderately resistant to fenhexamid (HydR). Seven new mutations S9G, P57A, P269L, V365A, E368D, E375K and A378T in the target gene erg27 were reported for the first time. Sixty‐two (83.8%) HydR isolates simultaneously carried P57A and A378T mutations, and further transformation assays showed that integration of one copy of erg27P57A,A378T into a wild‐type strain led to partial resistance. Detached fruit studies showed that fenhexamid at the recommended field rate could control the disease incited by moderately resistant isolates but not by highly resistant isolates.

CONCLUSION

B. cinerea group S isolates are widespread in all strawberry‐growing locations in Zhejiang Province. The natural HydR populations from strawberry are dominated by B. cinerea group S. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Fault detection for switched positive systems under successive packet dropouts with application to the Leslie matrix model
Authors: Wang Dong , Wang Zidong , Li Guoyang , Wang Wei
Published: November 2015

In this paper, the problem of fault detection filter design is dealt with for a class of switched positive systems with packet dropouts on the channel between the sensors and the filters. The phenomena of packet dropouts are governed by a Bernoulli process, and a stochastic switched positive system is established based on the augmented states of the plants and filters. Two criteria are developed to evaluate the performance of the fault detection for the system under investigation. Sufficient conditions are established on the existence of the desired filters for the mean‐square stability with an L1 disturbance attenuation level, and an index for the L− fault sensitivity is also derived through constructing a switched Lyapunov function in term of linear programming. Two illustrative examples, one of which is concerned with the Leslie matrix model, are provided to show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.