bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KAFKAESK? STAATLICHE REPRESSION UND LITERARISCHE WIDERSTÄNDIGKEIT
Authors: Donhauser Gerhard
Published: February 2019

In ihrem 2009 veröffentlichten dystopischen Roman »Corpus Delicti« schildert Juli Zeh einen Staat, dem die Gesundheit seiner Bürgerinnen und Bürger als höchster Zweck gilt. Dies bedeutet nicht zuletzt, dass Menschen verpflichtet werden, alles zu tun, um sich gesund zu erhalten. Das Ausgeliefertsein an repressive Apparate, deren Vertreter/innen womöglich ehrenwert anmutende ideologische Ziele für ihr Tun ins Treffen führen, scheint die Protagonistin des Romans mit vielen Menschen zu teilen, die sich - zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten - mit staatlicher oder vorstaatlicher politisch-institutioneller Unterdrückung konfrontiert sahen bzw. sehen - oder mit staatlicher Disziplinierung, wie sie Michel Foucault so anschaulich beschrieben hat. »Corpus Delicti« thematisiert insofern grundlegende politik- und rechtstheoretische Fragen, die zugleich in Sphären philosophischer Anthropologie hineinreichen, aber auch auf historische Dimensionen des Problems verweisen, was nicht zuletzt im Blick auf die vorderhand absurd anmutende Vorstellung eines »Rechts auf Krankheit« deutlich wird.
İşitme Engelliler Ortaokulunda Okuyan Öğrencilerin Din Kültürü ve Ahlak Bilgisine Dersine Yönelik Tutum ve Değerlendirmeleri: Amasya ve Samsun Örneği
Authors: GÜN Ayşegül
Published: February 2019

Bu çalışma, işitme engelliler ortaokulunda okuyan öğrencilerin DKAB dersine yönelik tutumlarını tespit etmek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, dokuz sorudan oluşan bir anket formu oluşturulmuş, Amasya ve Samsun illerinde bulunan iki işitme engelliler ortaokulunda uygulama yapılmıştır. Anket 63 öğrenciye uygulanmış ve verilen cevaplar bilgisayar ortamına aktarılarak yorumlanmıştır. Yorumlar yapılırken, çalışma esnasında yapılan gözlemlerden de yararlanılmıştır. Buna göre, işitme engelli öğrencilerin DKAB dersini çok sevdikleri ancak konuların ve ders kitabının anlaşılmasında bazı sorunlar yaşadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, bu sorunların oluşmasında rol oynayan etkenler üzerinde durulmuş ve işitme engelli öğrencilerin din eğitiminin önündeki engellerin kaldırılmasına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Arap Dilinde Edatların Yapı ve Fonksiyonu
Authors: HACIBEKİROĞLU Abdullah
Published: February 2019

Bu makale edatların dil geleneğindeki kaynaklarını ve önceki bilginlerin onları inceleme yöntemlerini, bununla birlikte kendilerinden sonra gelen sözlüklerde hareke değişikliği oluşturup oluşturmama biçiminde ortaya çıkan dilbilgisel (nahvî) etkilerini, çoğu zaman üslup göstergesi olarak kabul edilen anlamsal işlevlerini açıklayan çifte yapılarını ve görevlerini ele almaktadır.
Reflection on the 12th International Moral Competence-Symposium in Chemnitz (11th to 13th October 2018)
Authors: Reinicke Martina
Published: February 2019

.
Mis-Educative Martial Law – The Fate of Free Discourse and the Moral Judgment Competence of Polish University Students from 1977 to 1983
Authors: Nowak Ewa , Lind Georg
Published: February 2019

The reprinted paper refers to Georg Lind and his colleagues’ MCT-based FORM study conducted at several European universities in 1977-1983, including Polish ones. After a short phase of democratization, in 1981 Polish society suddenly faced martial law. That experience had an impact on Polish students moral-, discursiveand democratic competences, as measured by MCT. When Ewa Nowak started her Alexander von Humboldt Foundation supported research stay under the supervision of Professor Georg Lind (University of Konstanz, 2008-2010), they were inspired to revisit and discuss the puzzling Polish research findings of 1981/3. According to their main hypothesis, martial law restricted free speech at universities, and free speech is a key facilitator of the development of moral and democratic competence. In 2018, after a decade of collaborative research on moral and democratic competence, Lind, Nowak and colleagues started a new international MCT study in several Central- and East European countries to examine the impact of the contemporary constitutional crisis in Poland (and the institutional crisis within the European Union) on students’ moral and democratic competencies. In 2018/9 the 40th anniversary of the Moral Competence Test (MCT) and Konstanz Method of Dilemma Discussion (KMDD) will be celebrated. We would like to provide you with the most recent research findings soon.
Staat und Freiheit bei F. W. J. Schelling
Authors: Schmiljun André
Published: February 2019

Der Aufsatz untersucht das Begriffspaar Staat und Freiheit bei F. W. J. Schelling. Die These lautet: Obwohl Schelling den Staat ablehnt, scharf als „Mechanismus“ kritisiert und verurteilt, ist dieser aus seiner Sicht der einzige Garant — als „zweite Natur“ — zur Wiederherstellung der „verlorenen Einheit“, Sicherung der Freiheit des Menschen und Ermöglichung eines „Höheren Lebens“. Schelling untersetzt dabei seine Feststellung mit wirkmächtigen Metaphern vom Staat als „Organismus“ und „Kunstwerk“, um seine Idealvorstellungen eines politischen Gemeinwesens zu postulieren.
Creation of the fictional world in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt
Authors: Jański Krzysztof
Published: February 2019

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie metod tworzenia świata wykorzystanych w grze Wiedźmin 3: Dziki Gon, które pozwoliły na wypracowanie samodzielnej fikcyjnej konstrukcji. Pierwsza część tekstu omawia cechy miejsc w grach wideo. Następnie, po krótkim wprowadzeniu do twórczości Andrzeja Sapkowskiego, artykuł przedstawia sposoby, za pomocą których Wiedźmin 3 imituje topografię, architekturę, ludzką i pozaludzką działalność oraz dostarcza informacje o poszczególnych lokacjach. Omówione właściwości tytułu sprawiają, że miejsca stworzone na potrzeby gry tworzą niezależny ontologiczny konstrukt, a nie wyłącznie szkielet umożliwiający rozgrywkę.
Contemporary commons: Sharing and managing common-pool resources in the 21st century
Authors: Šestáková Anna , Plichtová Jana
Published: February 2019

In her groundbreaking work, Elinor Ostrom suggested that communities are able to self-organize and develop rules which allow them to effectively manage common-pool resources while avoiding the “tragedy of the commons”, as proposed by Hardin. Based on empirical case studies of how forests, irrigation, grazing land and fisheries are organized all over the world, Ostrom suggested several principles that can serve as guidelines for managing common-pool resources. In the 21st century new initiatives have been based on sharing. There are various examples such as car and bike sharing in cities, internet platforms such as Wikipedia, community gardens and many others. There is a reason to believe that these efforts will continue to grow and become more popular as people realise the economic, social and ecological benefits. The aim of this paper is to analyse to what extent Ostrom’s findings are relevant to these new, often urbanised or digitalised forms of sharing. Can the famous design principles for which she won the Nobel prize be applied or do we need to search for a different set of principles that are more suitable for these new emerging forms of ‘the commons’? Our findings suggest that although Ostrom’s framework needs to be adapted before being applied to the reality of urban and digitalised environments, some of her findings remain relevant.
Maintaining borders: From border guards to diplomats
Authors: Espanol Alicia , Marsico Giuseppina , Tateo Luca
Published: February 2019

The article aims at integrating the cultural psychology perspective of into the multidisciplinary field of border studies. It analyses the border phenomenon as a co-genetic system. The authors investigate the psychological side of people who relate to the border out of different motives. Then, it expands some of the theoretical concepts current in border studies by introducing psychological dimensions such as intentionality and directionality. Finally, the framework is applied to two case-studies representing the northern and southern European Union frontiers: the case of Estonian officer Eston Kohver in the Setumaa region on the Estonian–Russian border; and the experiences of border guards in the re-bordering process on the Spanish– Moroccan border. It offers an innovative conceptual resource based on a triadic co-genetic epistemological approach, which allows us to overcome the binary oppositions still very present in the contemporary debates in borders studies.
Bio-Crude by Acidic Phenolation and Carbamation for the Preparation of Phenolic Thermosetting Resin and Its Application in Thermoresistant Laminates
Authors: Wang Huan , Wang Zhuo , Ren Penggang , Wang Mingcun
Published: February 2019

Fir sawdust was liquefied in phenol solvent under acidic catalyst at 135, 150 and 165 °C, respectively; after neutralization, bio-crude was obtained where contained oil-like liquid and tiny powder-like residue. The bio-crude was chemically modified with urea at high temperature (e. g. > 130 °C) to form carbamate so as to improve chemical reactivity of bio-crude in phenolic resin synthesis. The carbamate-containing bio-crude was condensed with paraformaldehyde into thermosetting phenolic resin. Finally, this biomass-derived phenolic resin matrixed silica fabric laminates were processed. The uncured and thermally cured bio-based resins were characterized by the techniques of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum (FT-IR), rheology and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and the laminates’ structure and mechanical performances were studied using the methods of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), three point bending mechanical test and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The results showed: (1) the chemical reactivity of bio-crude was highly improved by carbamation; (2) biomass-derived thermosetting phenolic resin was thermally curable at 150–250 °C (with two exothermic peaks at 185 °C and 220 °C); (3) the char yield was about 47 %, which was not in apparent relationship with sawdust liquefaction temperatures; (4) flexural strength of silica fabric laminates at room temperature was around 357 MPa (similar with that of conventional phenolic laminate); (5) glass transition temperature of silica fabric laminate was above 270 °C (much higher than Tg of conventional phenolic resin laminate, which is normally at 215 °C). The biomass-derived phenolic resin is expected to be widely used as cost-effective and environment-friendly thermosetting resin in the application of high-performance composites.
Six-day footraces in the post-pedestrianism era
Authors: Salvesen Greg
Published: February 2019

In a six-day footrace, competitors accumulate as much distance as possible on foot over 144 consecutive hours by circumambulating a loop course. Now an obscure event on the fringe of ultra running and contested by amateurs, six-day races and the associated sport of pedestrianism used to be a lucrative professional athletic endeavor. Indeed, pedestrianism was the most popular spectator sport in America c. 1874–c. 1881. We analyzed data from 277 six-day races spanning 37 years in the post-pedestrianism era (1981–2018). Men outnumber women 3:1 in six-day race participation. The men’s (women’s) six-day world record is 644.2 (549.1) miles and the top 4% achieve 500 (450) miles. Adopting the forecasting model of Godsey (2012), we predict a 53% (21%) probability that the men’s (women’s) world record will be broken within the next decade.
The influence of logging upon the foraging behaviour and diet of the endangered Bornean banteng
Authors: Gardner Penny C. , Ridge Stephanie , Ee Wern Jocelyn Goon , Goossens Benoit
Published: February 2019

Logging causes soil compaction and alters the vegetation structure and plant diversity, and ungulates must adapt to modified conditions if they are to survive. We investigated the impact of logging upon the foraging ecology of the Bornean banteng using camera traps and botanical surveys. General linear models were used to explore the effects of site characteristics and plant diversity upon foraging duration, and plant specimens were identified to confirm dietary preferences. Foraging events were recorded over 40,168 nights in five forests. Foraging duration significantly decreased in open areas depauperate in species richness (F=7.82, p=<0.01); however, it increased with elevation (F=3.46, p=0.05). Their diet comprised eight invasive species (Mikania cordata and Chromolaena odorata, Cyperus difformis, Fimbristylis littoralis and Scleria sp., Desmodium triflorum, Eleusine indica and Selaginella sp.), which are characteristic of disturbed forest and fast to establish. Logging creates ideal conditions for these plants, which are preferentially selected by bantengs. Whilst logging may increase forage, the disturbances logging causes to the bantengs and the ensuing poaching may counteract any positive benefits. Developing forest management strategies that incorporate conservation of the bantengs may in turn encourage more favourable conditions for emergent timber species and also conserve this endangered wild cattle species.
Serum Neopterin and its Significance as Biomarker in Differentiation of Mods From Sepsis
Authors: Zhang Xiaohong , Chen Qingli , Ni Shuangling , Xiang Zemin , Zhou Xiaohui , Huang Yuanyuan
Published: February 2019

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamic changes of serum neopterin and its significance as biomarker in differentiation of MODS from sepsis. Methods Fifty eight critical illness patients and 21 healthy controls were included in the study. Of the included 58 critical illness patients, 37 cases were diagnosed of sepsis (sepsis group) and other 21 were non-sepsis subjects (non-sepsis group). Of the 37 sepsis patients, 17 were diagnosed of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS group). The serum level of neopterin of the above subjects were examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and compared between groups. Results The serum level of neopterin were 0.885±0.34(ng/mL), 3.77±2.08(ng/mL), 14.80±6.78(ng/mL) and 23.90±11.26(ng/mL) for healthy control, non-sepsis, non-MODS and MODS groups respectively with significant statistical difference (F=52.71, p<0.001). Serum neopterin level of non-sepsis, non-MODS and MODS groups were statistical different in the time points of 0, 24h, 48h, 72h, and 96h (p<0.05). The serum neopterin level was significant higher in MODS group compared to nonsepsis and non-MODS groups (p<0.05). Using the serum neopterin as biomarker in differentiation of MODS from sepsis, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and AUC were 70.59% (95%CI:44.04-89.69) %, 80.00% (95%CI:56.34- 94.27)% and 0.74(95%CI:0.57-0.91)% respectively. Conclusion Serum neopterin levels in patients with sepsis were elevated and can be used as a promising biomarker in differentiation of MODS from sepsis.
Web medical information produces anxiety in parents of infants with suspected galactosemia
Authors: Iakovou Kostas , Schulpis Kleopatra
Published: February 2019

Parents had already taken information about galactosemia from web medical pages because they were asked for a second blood sample from their infant suspected for the disease. All enzyme types of this disorder are diagnosed by neonatal screening perinatally and treated with a galactose (GAL) free diet. The most frequent information about the disease was mental retardation (100%), eye cataracts (100%) liver dysfunction (90.5%), speech delay (76.1%), hypoglycemia (69.0%), seizures (31.0), etc. Most clinical and laboratory information about galactosemia taken from the Internet was correct for the classical type of the disorder. A differentiation of the galactosemia enzyme types is needed.
Beneficial Effects of Small-Sided Games as a Conclusive Part of Warm-up Routines in Young Elite Handball Players
Authors: Dello Iacono Antonio , Vigotsky Andrew D. , Laver Lior , Halperin Israel
Published: February 2019

Iacono, AD, Vigotsky, AD, Laver, L, and Halperin, I. Beneficial effects of small-sided games as a conclusive part of warm-up routines in young elite handball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1724–1731, 2021—The aim of this study was to compare the effects of small-sided games (SSGs) and traditional warm-up strategies on the mechanical, physiological, and perceptional responses of handball players. Using a randomized and counterbalanced design, 12 elite male handball players completed a general 8-minute warm-up, which was concluded with an 8-minute section of either specific handball shooting drills or 3 × 2 minutes of 3 vs. 3 SSG with a passive recovery of 1 minute between bouts. Countermovement jumps (CMJs) and plyometric press-ups (PPs) were assessed before and immediately after the warm-up regimens using a force plate. Heart rate (HR) was assessed during the warm-up regimens, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed after the regimens. Meaningful differences favoring SSG were observed in most of the kinetic variables in the CMJs and PPs (|Hedges g| = 0.26–1.42). Conversely, no meaningful differences were found between warm-up regimens in RPE or HR responses (z-scores = 0.45 and 1.88, respectively). These results indicate that concluding warm-ups with SSGs offer greater benefits compared with a more traditional warm-up routine, despite similar HR and RPE responses even when matched for duration among elite-level handball players.
Genetic Basis for the Dominance of Israeli Long-Distance Runners of Ethiopian Origin
Authors: Ben-Zaken Sigal , Meckel Yoav , Nemet Dan , Kassem Eias , Eliakim Alon
Published: February 2019

Ben-Zaken, S, Meckel, Y, Nemet, D, Kassem, E, and Eliakim, A. Genetic basis for the dominance of Israeli long-distance runners of Ethiopian origin. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1885–1896, 2021—Israeli long-distance runners of Ethiopian origin have a major influence on the track and field long-distance record table. The aim of this study was to determine whether genetic characteristics contribute to this long-distance dominance. We assessed polymorphisms in genes related to endurance (PPARD T/C), endurance trainability (ACSL A/G), speed (ACTN3 R/X), strength (AGT T/C), and the recovery from training (MTC1 A/T and IL6 G/C) among top Israeli long-distance runners of Ethiopian origin (n = 37), Israeli non-Ethiopian origin runners of Caucasian origin (n = 76), and Israeli nonathletic controls (n = 55). Israeli runners of Ethiopian origin had a greater frequency of the PPARD CC + PARGC1A Gly/Gly polymorphism, associated with improved endurance performance, compared with Israeli runners of non-Ethiopian origins (24 vs. 3%, respectively, p < 0.01); a lower frequency of the ACSL AA polymorphism, favoring endurance trainability (8 vs. 20%, respectively, p < 0.05); a greater frequency of the ACTN3 RR polymorphism, associated with sprint performance (35 vs. 20%, respectively, p < 0.05); a greater frequency of the MCT1 AA genotype, associated with improved lactate transport (65 vs. 45%, respectively, p < 0.05); and a lower frequency of IL-6 174C carriers, associated with reduced postexercise muscle damage (27 vs. 40%, respectively, p < 0.01). There was no difference in the frequency of AGT T/C gene polymorphism between the long-distance runners of Ethiopian and non-Ethiopian origin. Frequencies of PPARD CC + PARGC1A Gly/Gly, MCT1 AA, IL-6 174C, and AGT polymorphism were significantly favorable among Ethiopian, but not among non-Ethiopian, origin runners compared with controls. Taken together, results suggest that genetically, the dominance of Israeli long-distance runners of Ethiopian origin relates not only to endurance polymorphisms but also to polymorphisms associated with enhanced speed performance and better training recovery ability.
Influence of Electronic Devices on Sleep and Cognitive Performance During Athlete Training Camps
Authors: Jones Maddison J. , Dawson Brian , Eastwood Peter R. , Halson Shona L. , Miller Joanna , Murray Kevin , Dunican Ian C. , Landers Grant J. , Peeling Peter
Published: February 2019

Jones, MJ, Dawson, B, Eastwood, PR, Halson, SL, Miller, J, Murray, K, Dunican, IC, Landers, GJ, and Peeling, P. Influence of electronic devices on sleep and cognitive performance during athlete training camps. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1620–1627, 2021—This study investigated the effects of removing athletes' electronic devices in the evening on sleep and performance during training camps. Water polo athletes (n = 26) attending a 7-night training camp (study 1) and triathletes (n = 23) attending a 4-night training camp (study 2) were randomly allocated to a no-device group (no electronic devices could be used after dinner or overnight; ND) or control group (unrestricted electronic device use; CON). Sleep was monitored through wrist actigraphy. The ND group completed a questionnaire measuring anxiety related to being unable to use electronic devices (“nomophobia”). Triathletes also completed a psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) at the start and end of camp. Water polo ND athletes went to bed earlier and spent longer time in bed than CON on the first night, but not on other nights. In triathletes, sleep quantity was not different between groups on any night. No statistically significant differences were observed for changes in nomophobia from the first to the last night of camp. No differences in PVT performance were observed between ND and CON triathletes. In conclusion, removal of evening electronic devices does not improve sleep quantity or cognitive performance in athletes during short-duration (4–7 nights) training camps.
Resistance Training Practices of Sprint Coaches
Authors: Healy Robin , Kenny Ian C. , Harrison Andrew J.
Published: February 2019

Healy, R, Kenny, IC, and Harrison, AJ. Resistance training practices of sprint coaches. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1939–1948, 2021—This study describes the results of a survey of resistance training practices of sprint coaches. This study investigated why sprint coaches prescribe resistance training to their athletes, what exercises they select, and what factors are involved with their selection. Forty-one of 73 (56%) sprint coaches with mean ± SD coaching experience of 8.4 ± 6.4 years were included in this study. Coaches completed an online questionnaire consisting of 5 sections: (a) informed consent, (b) coach background information, (c) coach education and qualifications, (d) coaches' views on resistance training, and (e) exercise selection and preference. The results showed that coaches prescribe resistance training to their sprint athletes to develop strength and power, which they believe will transfer to sprint performance. Coaches prescribed a wide variety of traditional, ballistic, and plyometric exercises, with the hurdle jump found to be the most widely prescribed exercise (93% of coaches surveyed). Coaches selected exercises for a variety of reasons; however, the 3 most prominent reasons were: (a) performance adaptations; (b) practicality; and (c) the targeting of muscles/muscle groups. Coaches prioritized exercises that specifically developed strength, power, and reactive strength for their sprint athletes. This research can be used to develop educational resources for sprint coaches who wish to use resistance training with their athletes. In addition, sprint coaches can use the data presented to expand their current exercise repertoire and resistance training practices.
Proximity to Failure and Total Repetitions Performed in a Set Influences Accuracy of Intraset Repetitions in Reserve-Based Rating of Perceived Exertion
Authors: Zourdos Michael C. , Goldsmith Jacob A. , Helms Eric R. , Trepeck Cameron , Halle Jessica L. , Mendez Kristin M. , Cooke Daniel M. , Haischer Michael H. , Sousa Colby A. , Klemp Alex , Byrnes Ryan K.
Published: February 2019

Zourdos, MC, Goldsmith, JA, Helms, ER, Trepeck, C, Halle, JL, Mendez, KM, Cooke, DM, Haischer, MH, Sousa, CA, Klemp, A, and Byrnes, RK. Proximity to failure and total repetitions performed in a set influences accuracy of intraset repetitions in reserve-based rating of perceived exertion. J Strength Cond Res 35(2S): S158–S165, 2021—The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of predicting repetitions in reserve (RIR) intraset using the RIR-based rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale. Twenty-five men (age: 25.3 ± 3.3 years, body mass: 89.0 ± 14.7 kg, height: 174.69 ± 6.7 cm, and training age: 4.7 ± 3.2 years) reported to the laboratory. Subjects performed a 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat followed by one set to failure at 70% of 1RM. During the 70% set, subjects verbally indicated when they believed they were at a 5RPE (5RIR), 7RPE (3RIR), or 9RPE (1RIR), and then continued to failure. The difference between actual repetitions performed and participant-predicted repetitions was calculated as the RIR difference (RIRDIFF). The average load used for the 70% set was 123.10 ± 24.25 kg and the average repetitions performed were 16 ± 4. The RIRDIFF was lower (RPEs were more accurate) closer to failure (RIRDIFF at 9RPE = 2.05 ± 1.73; RIRDIFF at 7RPE = 3.65 ± 2.46; and RIRDIFF at 5RPE = 5.15 ± 2.92 repetitions). There were significant relationships between total repetitions performed and RIRDIFF at 5RPE (r = 0.65, p = 0.001) and 7RPE (r = 0.56, p = 0.004), but not at 9RPE (r = 0.01, p = 0.97). Thus, being farther from failure and performing more repetitions in a set were associated with more inaccurate predictions. Furthermore, a multiple linear regression revealed that more repetitions performed per set was a significant predictor of RIR prediction inaccuracy at the called 5 (p = 0.003) and 7 (p = 0.011) RPEs, while training age (p > 0.05) was not predictive of rating accuracy. These data indicate RIR predictions are improved during low to moderate repetition sets and when there is close proximity to failure.
Individualized and Fixed Thresholds to Demarcate PlayerLoad Intensity Zones Produce Different Outcomes
Authors: Scanlan Aaron T. , Fox Jordan L. , Milanović Zoran , Stojanović Emilija , Stanton Robert , Dalbo Vincent J.
Published: February 2019

Scanlan, AT, Fox, JL, Milanović, Z, Stojanović, E, Stanton, R, and Dalbo, VJ. Individualized and fixed thresholds to demarcate PlayerLoad intensity zones produce different outcomes. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2046–2052, 2021—Individualized approaches to derive intensity zones are yet to be examined using microsensor metrics in basketball. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the time spent in different PlayerLoad intensity zones using individualized and fixed approaches during basketball training. Thirteen semiprofessional, male basketball players were monitored across the preparatory training phase. Microsensors recorded the time spent in 6 PlayerLoad intensity zones using individualized and fixed approaches. Individualized zones were calculated relative to the peak instantaneous PlayerLoad response observed in each player across training. Fixed zones were determined following predefined cut-points set in proprietary software. The majority of training time was spent in zones 1–2 (98–99%), with a low proportion of time detected in zones 3–6 (1–2%) across approaches. The fixed approach produced greater training time in zones 2 (11.9 ± 1.2 vs. 9.3 ± 2.4 minutes; very likely large) and 3 (1.7 ± 0.8 vs. 0.8 ± 0.9 minutes; very likely moderate), was an unclear small increase in time spent in zone 1 were apparent using individualized thresholds (76.5 ± 11.2 vs. 72.9 ± 9.6 minutes). Almost certain similar time was spent in zones 4–6 across approaches. Individual analyses showed deviations across players; however, fixed PlayerLoad thresholds produced higher training time in zones 2 (moderate to very large), 3 (moderate to very large), 4 (moderate to large), and 5 (moderate) than the individualized approach in most players. Variations in outcomes between individualized and fixed approaches must be considered when quantifying the time spent working in PlayerLoad intensity zones.
Sex-Related Hip Strength Measures Among Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Hedt Corbin A. , Pearson Jentry M. , Lambert Bradley S. , McCulloch Patrick C. , Harris Joshua D.
Published: February 2019

Hedt, CA, Pearson, JM, Lambert, BS, McCulloch, PC, and Harris, JD. Sex-related hip strength measures among professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1992–1999, 2021—Lower-extremity musculoskeletal injuries in soccer are common among sexes. However, it remains unknown whether differences between sexes exist with regard to absolute or relative hip strength and how these differences may relate to injury. In the current study, we performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of pre-season data from male (♂n = 21) and female (♀n = 19) professional United States soccer organizations. Two years of pre-season data were collected for peak strength of lower extremity and hip musculature (no duplicates used). A 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance was used to detect differences in hip strength between sexes and dominant compared with nondominant legs. For all significant multivariate effects indicated by Wilks lambda and follow-up univariate analysis, a Tukey's post hoc test was used for pairwise univariate comparisons. A 2-tailed independent-samples T-test was used for comparison of height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), mean leg length, and strength ratios between dominant and nondominant limbs between sexes. Type I error was set at α = 0.05 for all analyses. Height (♂183.1 ± 6.8 cm, ♀170.0 ± 5.5 cm), body mass (♂79.0 ± 8.7 kg, ♀65.1 ± 5.6 kg), BMI (♂23.5 ± 1.3 kg·m−2, ♀22.5 ± 1.4 kg·m−2), and mean leg length (♂95.5 ± 4.34 cm, ♀ 88.3 ± 3.24 cm) differed between groups (p < 0.05). Sex differences (p < 0.05) were also found for hip abduction (dominant ♂19.5 ± 3.6 kg, ♀17.3 ± 2.2 kg; nondominant ♂18.5 ± 3.7 kg, ♀16.0 ± 2.3 kg), adduction (dominant ♂19.8 ± 3.0 kg, ♀16.7 ± 2.3 kg; nondominant ♂20.1 ± 2.9 kg, ♀17.6 ± 2.9 kg), external rotation (dominant ♂21.7 ± 3.4 kg, ♀17.7 ± 2.4 kg; nondominant ♂21.6 ± 3.9 kg, ♀16.8 ± 2.1 kg), and dominant hamstring strength (♂27.9 ± 6.5 kg, ♀23.0 ± 4.9 kg). The ratio of hip internal to external rotation strength differed in the nondominant leg (♂1.1 ± 0.2, ♀0.9 ± 0.2, p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between males and females when measures were normalized to body mass. These findings provide baseline pre-season normative data for professional soccer athletes and indicate that strength differences can be expected among different sexes, but are attenuated with attention to body mass. Further research should indicate how pre-season strength measures relate to injury.
Effects of Different Periodization Strategies of Combined Aerobic and Strength Training on Heart Rate Variability in Older Women
Authors: Rodrigues Jhennyfer A. L. , Santos Bruna C. , Medeiros Leonardo H. , Gonçalves Thiago C. P. , Júnior Carlos R. B.
Published: February 2019

Rodrigues, JAL, Santos, BC, Medeiros, LH, Gonçalves, TCP, and Júnior, CRB. Effects of different periodization strategies of combined aerobic and strength training on heart rate variability in older women. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2033–2039, 2021—The preservation of autonomic function has been proposed to be a key determinant of health and longevity. Periodization in combined training (CT) (strength plus aerobic exercise in the same session) might improve autonomic modulation. However, the specific influences of nonperiodized (NP), flexible nonlinear periodized (FNLP), and nonlinear periodized (NLP) strategies of CT on heart rate variability (HRV) are currently unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of NP, FNLP, and NLP strategies of CT on HRV in physically active women. In total, 54 physically active older women (61.6 ± 6.3 years) previously engaged in a regular exercise training were randomly allocated into 3 groups: NP, FNLP, and NLP. All the subjects performed 12 weeks of training, 3 times per week, with the sessions divided into aerobic (bicycle or treadmill) and strength exercises. Before and after the exercise training, we examined anthropometric, body composition, and HRV measures (low-frequency [LF], high-frequency [HF], LF/HF, and root mean square successive difference of RR intervals [RMSSD]) during rest, a maximum exercise test, and recovery post-test. Mixed-model measures were used, and statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. The waist circumference reduced only in the NP group (∆ = −2.01%). The RMSSD increased in the NLP (∆ = 76.5%) and LF/HF ratio increased in the FNLP (∆ = 34.51%) during the rest period. There were no differences during the exercise test and recovery after test for LF, HF, LF/HF, or RMSSD. In active women, nonlinear periodization strategies of CT improved one of the cardiovascular health outcomes because HRV is a direct predictor of cardiovascular risk.
Match Activities in Basketball Games: Comparison Between Different Competitive Levels
Authors: Ferioli Davide , Schelling Xavi , Bosio Andrea , La Torre Antonio , Rucco Diego , Rampinini Ermanno
Published: February 2019

Ferioli, D, Schelling, X, Bosio, A, La Torre, A, Rucco, D, and Rampinini, E. Match activities in basketball games: comparison between different competitive levels. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 172–182, 2020—This study examined the (a) differences in the activity demands of official basketball games between different competitive levels (from elite to amateur levels) among a large cohort of adult male players and (b) match-to-match variations of basketball physical demands. Video-based time-motion analysis (TMA) was performed to assess the players' physical activity among 136 players. Match-to-match variations were determined analyzing 2 consecutive matches of the same level on 35 players. The frequency of occurrence (n per minutes) and the duration in percentage of playing time were calculated for high-intensity activity (HIA), moderate-intensity activity (MIA), low-intensity activity (LIA), and recovery (REC). Division I performed an almost certain greater number of HIA, MIA, and total actions per minutes of playing time compared with Division II that performed similarly to Division III. Division VI performed a likely-to-very likely lower number of LIA, MIA, and total actions per minute compared with Division III. Division I spent almost certain greater playing time competing in HIA and MIA compared with lower divisions. Time spent at REC was very likely greater in Division VI compared with all other Divisions. The frequency of occurrence was less reliable than percentage duration of game activities. Matches of different competitive levels are characterized by different physical activities. The ability to sustain greater intermittent workloads and HIA, and the ability to quickly recover from high-intensity phases during competitions should be considered as key components of basketball. The match-to-match variations values observed in this study might be useful to correctly interpret individual TMA data.
Effect of a Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution on Fluid Balance and Performance at a Thermoneutral Environment in International-Level Fencers
Authors: Chryssanthopoulos Costas , Tsolakis Charis , Bottoms Lindsay , Toubekis Argyris , Zacharogiannis Elias , Pafili Zoi , Maridaki Maria
Published: February 2019

Chryssanthopoulos, C, Tsolakis, C, Bottoms, L, Toubekis, A, Zacharogiannis, E, Pafili, Z, and Maridaki, M. Effect of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on fluid balance and performance at a thermoneutral environment in international-level fencers. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 152–161, 2020—The purpose of the study was to examine a possible effect of a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) solution on fluid balance and performance in fencing at a thermoneutral environment. Sixteen fencers performed two 120-minute training sessions separated by 7–14 days under similar environmental conditions (temperature: 20.3° C and humidity: 45–47%). Each session consisted of 60-minute conditioning exercises followed by 10 bouts of 3 minutes against the same opponent with 3-minute interval between each bout. Participants ingested at regular intervals either a 6% CHO-E solution or an artificially sweetened water (PL) in a counterbalanced order. No difference was observed between conditions in the heart rate responses, perceived exertion, changes in plasma volume, urine specific gravity, number of bouts won or lost, or points for and against. Considerable variability was observed in body mass changes that revealed significant differences at the time level (i.e., pre- vs. post-exercise) (F
1,15 = 9.31, p = 0.008, η2 = 0.38), whereas no difference was found between conditions (i.e., CHO-E vs. PL) (F
1,15 = 0.43, p = 0.52, η2 = 0.03) and conditions × time interaction (F
1,15 = 3.57, p = 0.078, η2 = 0.19). Fluid loss was not significantly different between conditions (p = 0.08, d = 0.47). The blood glucose level was higher (p < 0.01) after exercise in CHO-E, whereas the blood lactate level was similar between conditions. In conclusion, the CHO-E solution was as effective as the artificially sweetened water in terms of fluid balance and fencing performance at a thermoneutral environment. Because of large individual variability, fencers should monitor their fluid intake and body fluid loss in training and competition.
Effects of Resistance Training on Physical Performance in High-Level 800-Meter Athletes: A Comparison Between High-Speed Resistance Training and Circuit Training
Authors: Bachero-Mena Beatriz , Pareja-Blanco Fernando , González-Badillo Juan José
Published: February 2019

Bachero-Mena, B, Pareja-Blanco, F, and González-Badillo, JJ. Effects of resistance training on physical performance in high-level 800-meter athletes: a comparison between high-speed resistance training and circuit training. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1905–1915, 2021—This study compared the effects of 2 resistance training programs during 25 weeks on physical performance and hormonal response in high-level 800 m athletes. Thirteen male athletes (800-m personal best: 1:43–1:58 minutes:ss) were divided into 2 groups: high-speed resistance training group (RTG) (n = 6) and circuit training group (CTG) (n = 7). Three tests (T1, T2, and T3) including sprint and 800 m running, strength exercises, and blood hormones samples were performed. Both groups showed improvements in 800 m performance (RTG: likely positive, 80/20/0%; CTG: very likely positive, 98/2/0%); however, RTG showed an additional improvement in 200 m (likely positive, 85/15/0%), countermovement jump (CMJ) (very likely positive, 98/2/0%), and squat (likely positive, 91/9/0%), whereas CTG reached likely positive (88/11/1%) effects in CMJ and unclear/possibly negative effects in the rest of the strength variables analyzed. Concerning hormones, RTG resulted in a likely increase (83/15/3%) in testosterone from T1 to T3, and CTG showed a likely increase (79/17/4%) in cortisol from T2 to T3, remaining the rest of the hormones analyzed unclear. These results suggest that a resistance training characterized by high-speed and low-volume produced better improvements in both strength and running performance than a circuit training, accompanied by little changes in the hormonal response.
Faster Heart Rate Recovery Correlates With High-Intensity Match Activity in Female Field Hockey Players—Training Implications
Authors: Harry Khavish , Booysen Marc Jon
Published: February 2019

Harry, K and Booysen, MJ. Faster heart rate recovery correlates with high-intensity match activity in female field hockey players–training implications. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1150–1157, 2020—The physical match demands of female field hockey are intense and may differ according to playing positions. In addition, conducting sports-specific field tests can assist coaches in determining their players' preparedness for competition. There is limited research regarding the match demands and relevance of field testing at premier league levels. Therefore, the aims were to describe the physical match demands of female premier league (amateur) field hockey, and to determine the relationships between match activity patterns and physical performance tests. Match activity and heart rate data were collected from 32 female participants using the Zephyr BioHarness 3 system. Participants also performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery (level 1) (n = 22), repeated sprint ability (n = 21), and the heart rate recovery (n = 16) tests. Moderate to large effect sizes were observed when defenders were compared with midfielders and forwards for time spent (%) in standing/walking and jogging (d = 0.64–1.30) in addition to the playing time (%) spent in the low-to-moderate and very high heart rate zones (d = 0.69–0.85). Heart rate recovery (10 s) correlated with the playing time (%) spent in sprinting (r = 0.73, p = 0.002). Heart rate recovery (60 s) and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test both correlated with the playing time (%) spent in running (r = 0.77, p = 0.0006 and r = 0.54, p = 0.01). The differences in physical match demands between positions emphasize the importance of training specificity at premier league levels. The heart rate recovery test can be used to assess a female field hockey player's capability to perform high-intensity match activity.
Bilateral Deficit During Jumping Tasks: Relationship With Speed and Change of Direction Speed Performance
Authors: Bishop Chris , Berney Jake , Lake Jason , Loturco Irineu , Blagrove Richard , Turner Anthony , Read Paul
Published: February 2019

Bishop, C, Berney, J, Lake, J, Loturco, I, Blagrove, R, Turner, A, and Read, P. Bilateral deficit during jumping tasks: relationship with speed and change of direction speed performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1833–1840, 2021—Research to date has investigated the phenomenon of the bilateral deficit (BLD); however, limited research exists on its association with measures of athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude of the BLD and examine its relationship with linear speed and change of direction speed (CODS) performance. Eighteen physically active and healthy university students performed double- and single-leg countermovement jumps (CMJs), drop jumps (DJs), and standing broad jumps (SBJs) to calculate the BLD across jump tasks. Subjects also performed 10- and 30-m sprints and a 505 CODS test, which were correlated with all BLD metrics. Results showed varying levels of BLD across CMJ metrics (jump height, peak force, eccentric impulse, concentric impulse, and peak power), DJ metrics (ground contact time and flight time), and the SBJ (distance). However, a bilateral facilitation was shown for jump height and reactive strength index during the DJ test. The main findings of this study were that: (a) a larger BLD in CMJ height related to a faster 505 COD (left leg) (r = −0.48; p = 0.04), 505 COD (right leg) (r = −0.53; p = 0.02), and COD deficit (right leg) (r = −0.59; p = 0.01), (b) a larger BLD in CMJ concentric impulse related to faster 505 COD (left leg) (r = −0.51; p = 0.03), 505 COD (right leg) (r = −0.64, p = 0.01), and COD deficit (right leg) (r = −0.60; p = 0.01), and (c) a larger BLD in DJ flight time related to a faster 505 COD (left leg) (r = −0.48; p = 0.04). These results suggest that a larger BLD is associated with faster CODS performance, but not linear speed. This highlights the individual nature of the BLD and may support the notion of developing movement competency on one limb for enhanced CODS performance.
Performance Evaluation of Warm-Mix Recycled Asphalt Binders after Long-Term Aging
Authors: Li Qiang , Zhang Zhuoyu , Zhang Shuai
Published: February 2019

This study evaluates the pavement performance evolution of warm-mix recycled asphalt binders during the secondary service period. Warm-mix recycled asphalt binders with various long-term aging levels and recycling plans were produced by the laboratory simulation method. Conventional physical properties tests, the dynamic shear rheometer test, and the bending beam rheometer test were conducted to measure the performance of recycled binders. Effects of the aging level and recycling plan on the resistance to rutting, fatigue cracking, and low temperature cracking were investigated by statistical methods. It was found that after secondary long-term aging, recycled binders are more resistant to rutting, while they are less resistant to fatigue and low temperature cracking. The modified aging kinetic model can be used to accurately characterize the effect of secondary aging time on rutting or fatigue factors for recycled binders. The resistance of aged binders to fatigue and low temperature cracking is obviously improved by adding the warm mix asphalt additive. By comparison, using styrene butadiene rubber latex enhances the binder performance in almost all aspects. The aging level has a more significant effect than the recycling plan for all performance parameters.
Experimental Study on Heat-Reflective Epoxy Coatings Containing Nano-TiO2 for Asphalt Pavement Resistance to High-Temperature Diseases and CO/HC Emissions
Authors: Li Feng , Zhou Siqi , Du Yuchuan , Zhu Xingyi , Yu Jing , Fu Kangyu , Yang Zhenglong
Published: February 2019

The experimental study and an optimized formulation heat-reflective coating has been studied with epoxy resin as the matrix resin and nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the functional filler for asphalt pavement to deal with high-temperature diseases and carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from automobile exhaust. The mass ratio of the epoxy resin: diluent: curing agent: nano-TiO2: and ferric oxide was determined to be 100: 24: 36: 6.4: 0.3. Under the irradiation of the tungsten–iodine lamp, the epoxy coatings can reduce the surface temperature of the asphalt pavement to 57.9°C, whereas the reference surface temperature reaches 71.3°C. The epoxy coatings exhibited excellent wear resistance after 3 h of testing on a rutting machine. Furthermore, the CO/HC decomposition effect on the epoxy coatings has also been investigated, with a maximum decomposition rate of 19.3 % at 50°C and an ultraviolet intensity of 2,770 μW/cm2. The epoxy coatings have been proven to be a good solution for high-temperature disease and excessive CO/HC emissions from asphalt pavements.
L’ amélioration des conditions de travail des aidants par le prisme de la conciliation des temps sociaux : vecteur d’un meilleur climat organisationnel et de la rétention des employés
Authors: Gagnon Mélanie , Beaudry Catherine , Boies Jenny
Published: February 2019

Cet article rend compte d’une recherche menée auprès d’un vaste échantillon de 1910 employeurs québécois par l’entremise d’une enquête électronique. Les résultats permettent de dégager les perceptions des employeurs à l’égard de la main-d’oeuvre proche aidante, ainsi que les mesures et les pratiques que ces employeurs déploient afin de s’ajuster aux besoins de leurs salariés et d’aider ces derniers à articuler leurs responsabilités de soins avec celles du travail, ces deux sphères étant des vases communicants. Les résultats évoquent les principales contraintes organisationnelles soulevées par les employeurs et qui constituent un frein à la mise en place de pratiques de conciliation travail-vie personnelle. Ceux ayant embauché des proches aidants au cours des cinq dernières années ont remarqué des effets bénéfiques pour les aidants ayant eu recours à des pratiques de conciliation : amélioration du moral, de la loyauté et de l’engagement organisationnel. Parallèlement, des effets négatifs sont observés, à savoir la surcharge de travail pour l’employé et la réduction salariale. Au final, les effets positifs perçus par les employeurs sont plus souvent évoqués que les effets négatifs. Quant aux effets organisationnels positifs découlant des mesures de conciliation offertes aux proches aidants, ceux-ci sont reliés à l’amélioration du climat organisationnel et à la réduction du taux de roulement et des coûts liés à l’absentéisme, effets positifs plus souvent évoqués que les conséquences négatives perçues que sont la surcharge de travail pour le supérieur immédiat et les collègues ainsi que l’impact financier lié aux pratiques de conciliation.