bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Global Revolution”
Authors: Schmidli William Michael
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the emergence of democracy promotion in US foreign policy. In a speech at the Royal Gallery of the Palace of Westminster, Ronald Reagan called for a crusade for freedom in the Cold War struggle against communist totalitarianism. Reagan established democracy promotion as a core US goal and set the stage for the creation of the National Endowment for Democracy. The chapter highlights the role of Secretary of State George P. Shultz played in fusing the Reagan Doctrine's vision of rolling back communist gains in the developing world with the liberal internationalist appeal of the democracy promotion initiative. It also considers the significance of the initiative in US policy towards Nicaragua.
Tracking the “Indiana Jones of the Right”
Authors: Schmidli William Michael
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers the correlation between right-wing transnational activism, public diplomacy, and the Reagan Doctrine. It covers the loose alliance between administration actors, like the White House Outreach Working Group on Central America and the Office of Public Diplomacy for Latin America and the Caribbean (S/LPD), and nonstate actors, such as the adventurer and right-wing activist Jack Wheeler. Right-wing activists and public diplomacy played an important role in popularizing the Reagan Doctrine's vision of rolling back communist gains in the developing world. The chapter highlights the development of Wheeler's conservatism and his involvement into the Iran–Contra scandal. Wheeler's activities shed light on the network of conservatives that came together in the mid-1980s around a shared commitment to supporting anti-communist wars of liberation.
Introduction
Authors: Newsome W. Jake
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter provides a background of the Nazi persecution of queer people, highlighting the transformation of the symbol of the pink triangle. Originating as a concentration camp badge, the pink triangle was used by the Nazi SS (Schutzstaffel) to identify men imprisoned in concentration camps for being gay. For those men, the pink triangle meant torture, degradation, humiliation, and in all too many cases, death. Decades later, gay activists—first in West Germany and then in the United States—imbued the symbol with new meaning as they fought for legal and social equality. Embodied in the pink triangle, history became a tool to combat discrimination in the present as gay activists used it to press the governments of West Germany and the United States to distance themselves from the violent and murderous antihomosexual policies of the Third Reich. In the context of gay activism, queer communities transformed the pink triangle from a badge of damnation, shame, and imprisonment into a visual marker of resistance, pride, and liberation. The chapter then considers the role of the politics of memory in negotiations over the rights of citizenship for queer people.
“For Homosexuals, the Third Reich Hasn’t Ended Yet”
Authors: Newsome W. Jake
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the historical silencing of gay Holocaust survivors. Beginning immediately after the end of the Holocaust, various individuals and institutions—the Allied administrators of the occupation zones, denazification officials, subsequent West German politicians, journalists, social commentators, and Holocaust survivor organizations—consistently silenced the voices of gay survivors. The result was the omission of queer people from the broader, collective understandings of who constituted victims of Nazi injustice. The fact that West German society did not consider gay people victims cleared the way for policy makers and law enforcement in the Federal Republic to feel justified in their continued use of the Nazi version of Paragraph 175. Ultimately, West German law enforcement agencies arrested over one hundred thousand men—and sentenced nearly fifty-six thousand of them—on the basis of this law between 1949 and 1969, when it was finally amended, but not fully repealed. Then, too, because gay survivors were considered criminals rather than victims, they were denied the financial reparations and judicial exoneration that came with official victim status.
“The Only Acceptable Gay Liberation Logo”
Authors: Newsome W. Jake
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines how “coming out” became an explicitly political act in the 1970s and why activists in West Berlin chose the pink triangle as the logo that would signify the coming out of individuals, a social movement for gay rights (the Schwulenbewegung), and ultimately a chapter of history that society had ignored for decades. The chapter also looks at the amendment of Paragraph 175. In selecting the pink triangle, activists sought to transform it from a symbol of oppression into one of liberation. The symbol quickly spread across the nation as gay West Germans adopted the logo and claimed the identity that it represented. The Nazi past was thus foundational to a new “out” and politicized gay identity as well as inspiring visions for a more equitable society. Within months of the pink triangle's adoption as a gay rights logo in West Berlin, gay activists in North America donned the symbol.
“We Died There, Too”
Authors: Newsome W. Jake
Published: May 2023

This chapter assesses how acts of public commemoration in the 1980s produced a movement by local gay groups to construct physical memorials to the Nazis' gay victims. The public discussions surrounding pink triangle memorials reignited debates about official government recognition of and compensation for the one hundred thousand men arrested on the grounds of homosexuality. While the movement to memorialize the Nazis' gay victims was particularly important in Germany, Germans were not the only ones who sought to commemorate the Nazis' queer victims with a monument. The construction of pink triangle memorials in nine countries across the world undergirded the notion of an international gay history. Tracing the development of these memorials also reveals the gendered nature of memory politics. However, the hard-won successes of the push for memorialization were not equally enjoyed by all in the LGBTQ＋ community. The emphasis on Paragraph 175 and the experiences of “pink triangle prisoners” led to a focus on remembering gay men and the continued marginalization of lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and other queer people in the historical memory.
Epilogue
Authors: Newsome W. Jake
Published: May 2023

This epilogue details how the rainbow flag replaced the pink triangle as the symbol of the LGBTQ＋ community. The rainbow flag was used most prominently first on the West Coast. That began to change when New York's Heritage of Pride organization adopted the rainbow flag as the international symbol of gay pride in late 1985. Of course, as something that was so fundamental to gay liberation and community, the pink triangle was never entirely replaced. Many LGBTQ＋ people, especially those who had come out between the 1970s and 1990s, saw the pink triangle and rainbow flag as existing in tandem, while each served a different purpose. In recent years, there have been efforts to resurrect the political potency of the pink triangle as a symbol in the global fight against homophobia. The epilogue then explains that the project of creating a more inclusive and equitable national community in the present often drives a reckoning with the past. Eventually, after decades of activism and research by LGBTQ＋ communities, acknowledging and commemorating the fate of queer people during the Third Reich have become a part of Germany's coming to terms with its past.
A Brief Biography
Authors: Congdon Lee
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents a brief biography of George Kennan. Born in Milwaukee on February 16, 1904, Kennan took great pride in his family. He was proud of the fact that his family's tradition of farming bred into him a love of the rural life, a strong work ethic, and a spirit of independence. The chapter details how Kennan achieved fluency in the German language, as well as his education at Princeton University. Raymond Sontag, a distinguished historian of European diplomacy, was instrumental in leading Kennan, on graduation, to try for the newly organized Foreign Service. The chapter recounts his assignment at Hamburg and at Prague as an officer charged with maintaining custody of US diplomatic files and preserving US property. When Adolf Hitler launched World War II in Europe, the State Department transferred him to Berlin. The chapter also looks at Kennan's “Long Telegram,” in which he argued that relations with the USSR could be maintained as long as realism governed policy. Two months after he sent the telegram, he received appointment as the deputy commandant for foreign affairs at the newly established National War College in Washington, DC. Subsequently, he became the director of State's new Policy Planning Staff, charged with identifying America's long-term foreign policy objectives.
The Far and Near East
Authors: Congdon Lee
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses George Kennan's application of his foreign policy principles to relations with the countries of the Far and Near East. When, at the request of Secretary of State Marshall, Kennan created and assumed directorship of the Policy Planning Staff (PPS), he found that the Far East demanded much of his attention. For the rest of his life, Kennan was critical and dismissive of China and insistent that Japan be the cornerstone of US policy in the Far East. Indeed, he regarded Japan as the key to holding the Soviet Union at bay. As director of the PPS, Kennan argued forcefully for a reverse-course policy in Allied-occupied Japan, away from the demilitarizing and democratizing of the country, with an accompanying de-zaibatsuing process. Better, he reasoned, to restore Japan's economic stability. Meanwhile, Kennan thought that Near Eastern problems would have to be solved, if at all, by the peoples of the region. He made a qualified exception in the case of Israel, the creation of which he believed the United States should have opposed. His reason was fear that the new state would become a permanent ward and military liability.
For a Representative Government
Authors: Congdon Lee
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains George Kennan's call for a return to representative government. Kennan knew that the Founding Fathers of the United States conceived their political system to be that of a representative government. He argued that the generations subsequent to that of the framers of the Constitution had perverted what was supposed to be a representative government into a boss-ridden democracy. He believed too that this unfortunate transformation could be attributed largely to the country's acceptance of universal suffrage. That the representative government framed by the Founders was superior to the mass democracy that has replaced it was one of Kennan's principal teachings. It was, however, a lesson that his countrymen were unlikely to take to heart, egalitarianism being for them an article of religious faith. Representative government was undoubtedly a case of inequality because it meant that representatives could deliberate and vote on matters that the mass of people could not.
Conclusion
Authors: Congdon Lee
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter reflects on the continuing importance of George Kennan's warnings and the counsel he offered. His plea for a mature—that is, a realist—foreign policy has largely fallen on deaf ears. The foreign policy elite is still made up of neoconservatives and liberal internationalists protective of their power and influence. Far from conducting foreign policy on the basis of the national interest and a balance of power, they continue to promote ideological (democratizing) interventions. Of what Kennan described as America's “unfortunate involvement” in the Near East, there is as yet no end. More disturbing, had he lived to witness it, is the all but complete deterioration of relations with Russia.
Singing “Naked” Verses
Authors: Fraser Jennifer , Hadi Saiful
Published: May 2023

This chapter studies the expression of Islamic moralities in saluang performances in West Sumatra. It draws on fieldwork with saluang that spans eighteen years, involves more than forty hours of field recordings with some three hundred songs and formal interviews with singers, flute players, and other people engaged in the genre, to offer a close reading of the song “Upah Kasua.” The chapter then investigates the “interactive intimacies” in bagurau lapiak, a form of saluang performance found in roadside stalls at the edges of town, and the fringes of Minang moral life, where “behaviors outside the normative standards of Islamic propriety occur.” As the chapter argues, some of these songs include explicit lyrics that may be described locally as porno, suggesting that widespread and romanticized narratives regarding Minang Muslim piety should be reconsidered and “expanded to take into account the plural realities of contemporary Minangkabau lives.” The chapter emphasizes that the exploration of this scene is structured partly as an economic ethnomusicology of the financial interactions within bagurau lapiak performances.
The Vernacular Cosmopolitanism of an Indonesian Rock Band
Authors: Moore Rebekah E.
Published: May 2023

This chapter evaluates the activist, “vernacular cosmopolitanism” of the Balinese rock band Navicula. It presents how they have “used their music and star power to encourage Indonesia and the rest of the world to take action on our most urgent environmental crises.” The chapter also outlines the “pathways” of Navicula's cosmopolitanisms, showing us how their global environmental awareness manifests in uniquely Balinese forms of activism, action, and protest. The chapter describes how Navicula's style and success “contradicts old narratives about cultural flows from the West to the Rest.” It then focuses on the ways in which Indonesian popular musicians respond to the role the West has played in exacerbating local economic and environmental crises. Through close ethnographic storytelling, the chapter explains how, through their music, Navicula urges Western actors (scholars, tourists, and fans) to reconsider their ethical responsibilities to cultural others.
“Fix Your Face”
Authors: Hiranmayena Putu Tangkas Adi
Published: May 2023

This chapter centers around the author's arrangement of Dillinger Escape Plan's “Fix Your Face” for Gamelan Tunas Mekar, a Denver-based Balinese gamelan ensemble under the direction of I Made Lasmawan. It describes the aesthetic and social connections between American mathcore and Balinese gamelan beleganjur. By arranging a mathcore piece for beleganjur, the chapter surveys and problematizes the author's own multiple musical and cultural identities. As the chapter shows, his arrangement “critiques and frustrates genre categories” and “temporal ideologies” through “an auto-ethnographic inquiry.” The chapter then highlights the central frame in his exploration: the Balinese concept of benen mua, or “fixing one's face,” the performance of an outward attitude to social others. As the chapter underlines, this lens allows him to explore issues of cultural appropriation that are often elided in the American gamelan scene.
“Enemies of Our Country”
Authors: Kordan Bohdan S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the narratives surrounding the internment in Canada's Rocky Mountains National Park. At the start of the war, the designation of enemy alien was introduced to identify individuals whose origins could be traced to lands at war with Britain and its empire, which subsequently denoted adversary. Most of the time, the prisoners of war (POW) were civilians and non-combatants. The chapter explains how the internees' experience there would be defined by the ambiguity in their status as both POWs and civilians. It reflects on the narratives of the Banff/Castle Mountain camp internees, which are full of misery and despair.
Globalizing Captivity
Authors: Shimazu Naoko
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into the captivity experiences in Japan during World War I. Japan gained experience from the Russo-Japanese War after it established internationally acceptable standards of treatment of enemy captives in accordance with the Hague Convention of 1899 and the Hague Convention of 1907. Race mattered greatly to the Japanese as a significant category that determined nationalities deserving of civilized treatment. The chapter references a letter that showcased a day in the life of a prisoner-of-war camp in Bandō. It highlights how the captivity experiences in Japan were largely similar to other European experiences despite the idealization of the Bandō camp due to the Japanese understanding of the history of captivity.
Internment after the War’s End
Authors: Tate Hazuki
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the humanitarian camps established during the prisoner-of-war (POW) repatriation process when the Great War ended. It examines the patterns of POW movements and internments on the Eastern Front immediately after the war. The disorganized and poor repatriation programs prepared by state authorities triggered the free movement of prisoners longing to return home. Thus, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) operated the POW camps directly in order to address the need for a new type of internment that arose during the post-war era. The chapter then looks into the role of modernization and internationalization of humanitarianism during the Great War and its aftermath.
POWs, Civilians, and the Postwar Development of International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Wylie Neville , Landefeld Sarina
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains the influence of prisoners of war (POW) and civilians in the development of international humanitarian law after the war. It starts with the first postwar conference of the International Law Association (ILA) that addressed the law of the sea and the law governing the treatment of POWs. While the Great War may have marked a key moment in the evolution of civilian internment practices, it did not bring about any substantive improvement in the legal or normative framework governing this activity. The chapter then elaborates on the efforts of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to issue civilian protection. It explains that the civilian code's failure was rooted in the failure to manage the negotiation process and build coalitions and networks of experts to support the proposal.
From Bribes to Copayments
Authors: Praspaliauskiene Rima
Published: May 2023

This chapter problematizes policies of transparency and the practices and ethics of payment in a market-based health care system. It highlights attempts to turn the money in envelopes into transparent copayments that reveal how envelopes embody tensions over the informality, legality, or transparency of payments for health care. It also points out how envelopes raise fundamental questions about values, shared responsibilities, inequality, and the cost of living in the postsocialist state. The chapter juxtaposes two different economies of health care: envelopes that resemble a human economy and payments that are situated within a market economy. It shows how the calculative mechanism of envelopes and their valuation exceed the logic of the payment, emphasizing the distinctiveness of each person.
“I am a Doctor”
Authors: Praspaliauskiene Rima
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes how doctors deal with enveloped practices. Because offering money and gifts to medical providers is so engrained in the Lithuanian health care system, becoming a good doctor involves learning not only to be competent and caring but how to navigate encounters with envelopes. The chapter points out how young doctors doing their residency in hospitals must develop a personal ethical code for dealing with envelopes. The chapter discusses how doctors distinguish between payments, bribes, and gifts and between good and unscrupulous doctors, including how they perceive challenges to medical authority and the commodification of care. It illustrates the shifting economies of health from the medical provider's perspective.
Duty, Against the Odds
Authors: Hur Aram
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses civic duty, which has always been seen as something that is nice to have in democracies but its critical importance to democratic resilience has manifested in recent cases of democratic backsliding. It highlights contemporary forms of democratic erosion that have sent a clear signal to scholars of democracy that formal institutions are not enough to ensure democratic longevity. It also notes that the twenty-first century has shown that democratic consolidation is not a destination but an ongoing process. The chapter introduces what democracies can do to foster more civic duty in the face of growing divisions and increasingly opposed interests and confirms whether civic duty can be grown. It uncovers the democratic benefits and motivational roots of civic duty.
National Stories in South Korea and Taiwan
Authors: Hur Aram
Published: May 2023

This chapter reviews national stories that embed important cues about the historical relationship between a national people and the state in which they live. It points out how theses cues can powerfully shape who feels a sense of civic duty to their democracy by delineating the boundaries of national obligation. It also confirms what national stories actually look like and how something like nation–state linkage is learned. The chapter illustrates how national stories work in South Korea and Taiwan, taking a deep dive into this illuminating comparison. It traces the divergent nationalist histories of South Korea and Taiwan during the early nation-building period, noting different nationalist movements the two democracies experienced after independence in the mid-twentieth century.
Strong Civic Duty in the Name of Nation in South Korea
Authors: Hur Aram
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the root of South Korea's minjok-based nationalist history and the unifying national stories it produced. It highlights the widespread beliefs of nation–state linkage in South Korea that harness the moral pull of the nation in support of the democratic state for most citizens, motivating a sense of civic duty to contribute to it. It also reviews empirical studies in South Korea that systematically test the power of a national pull toward civic duty. Through a nationally representative survey of South Korean citizens, the chapter examines the national effect on two common manifestations of civic duty in democracies: the civic duty to vote and the civic duty to pay taxes. It emphasizes that stronger national identification not only predicts greater civic duty in South Korea, but it also reduces the explanatory power of payoff-based motivations.
Weak Civic Duty and Fragmented Nation in Taiwan
Authors: Hur Aram
Published: May 2023

This chapter documents how widespread beliefs of fractured nation–state linkage have measurably negative consequences for Taiwan's maturing democracy. It predicts that civic duty in Taiwan is much less rooted in nationalism than it is in South Korea. The empirical goal of the South Korea and Taiwan pairing is to keep constant the main aspects of the survey and experimental studies while varying the pivotal lever of nation-state linkage. The chapter provides a parallel survey analysis of the national effect on the civic duty to vote and the civic duty to pay taxes in a nationally weighted sample of Taiwan citizens. It complements the parallel survey analysis with a survey experiment that primes national obligation as the reason to contribute to the state, focusing on the context of relief efforts for earthquakes.
Civic Challenges to Democracy in East Asia
Authors: Hur Aram
Published: May 2023

This chapter reviews evidence that builds toward what is bound to be a surprising claim to many scholars of democracy: that nationalism is better known to tear democracies apart and motivates a sense of civic duty for many citizens in democracies. Nationalism refers to the deep psychological and emotional attachment to one's national community. It looks at national stories that instill belonging to a particular nation and embed critical know-how about that nation's past and present relationships to co-nationals, other nations, and the state it calls home. The chapter discusses the relational aspect of nationalism, specifically its historicized relationship to the state that shapes its civic or uncivic manifestations in democracies. It describes what a “post-national” democracy would be like in light of globalization and claims about the thinning of national boundaries.
Recovered
Authors: Starks Tricia
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores how Soviet tobacco returned to pre-war production levels four years after World War II devastated the industry. It elaborates on Soviet smoking through its period of recovery after the war until the importation of filter cigarette machinery in 1965. Tobacco became a habit during the war, which resulted in hypermasculinity spreading throughout the industry. However, the year 1949 proved a monumental year for Soviet tobacco after Iava Tobacco Factory Director Mariia Andreevna Ivanova sat for a photo that unveiled the tobacco manufacture as a women's kingdom. The chapter also explains how government investment in machinery manifested in the increased filtered cigarette production and use and the balance of male workers in factories.
The Post-Soviet Smoker
Authors: Starks Tricia
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter focuses on the revival and subsequent fall of the tobacco market in Russia. It explores today's Russia being transformed with restrictions and impositions of no-smoking spaces and lesser tobacco butts. The collapse of the Soviet Union dramatically changed the previous relationship between the tobacco business and the state, with consequences for production, marketing, and consumption. However, the influx of American cigarettes stabilized the tobacco situation, even as the government deteriorated. The chapter discusses how Russian President Vladimir Putin shifted the focus to health as a leading problem of the Russian state when he returned to office in 2008.
Toward a New Brooklyn
Authors: Blumin Stuart M. , Altschuler Glenn C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter recounts how the people of Brooklyn celebrated the end of the Civil War and mourned the death of a president in April 1865, which are epochal events in American history. It discusses the process of the state legislature that passed State Senator Henry C. Murphy's bill on authorizing the building of the East River bridge. In the years that followed, thousands of people crossed the river each day through the bridge on foot, in carriages and wagons, and aboard cable cars. The chapter highlights how the East River bridge, dubbed by locals as the Eighth Wonder of the World, and Brooklyn itself attracted the admiration of many who did not need statistics to know something grand had happened. It then looks at Brooklyn's rapid growth and its continuing attraction to those who worked in New York City in the years following the completion of the bridge.
Transformation
Authors: Blumin Stuart M. , Altschuler Glenn C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the notion of combining Brooklyn and New York that recurred often enough to give it the aura of inevitability to many who lived on both sides of the East River. It talks about Andrew Haswell Green, who broached the subject of the consolidation of Manhattan and its surrounding New York counties into a vast and politically integrated metropolis as early as 1868. Green's commission approached the legislature for a bill authorizing a referendum on consolidation to be held in all the affected counties. The chapter points out that the consolidation of Brooklyn promised a lower rate of taxation to homeowners and escape from a rapidly approaching, state-mandated limit to the city's borrowing capacity. To New Yorkers, the consolidation promised a transportation system that could relieve the overcrowding of Manhattan's immigrant East Side.
Envisioning France in a Postwar World
Authors: Marker Emily
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses how educational reconstruction in the postwar republic, French Africa, and Western Europe became entangled during the war in new and enduring ways. As Free French planners from London to Brazzaville elaborated new agendas for national, colonial, and transnational education reform, they also mapped new, often overlapping coordinates of belonging that crisscrossed French, African, and European space. The Brazzaville Conference and the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education encapsulate the wartime evolution of ideas and expectations about France's European and African futures. The chapter then locates the origins of two postwar conceptual shifts in what it meant to be French, African, and European in that wartime entanglement. One such shift concerns attitudes about the place of religion in French society and culture. The complex political geography of wartime education planning contributed to the emergence of new rationales for embracing Christianity as an integral part of France's cultural heritage and tamping down the anticlerical edge of French laïcité as the overarching framework for school policy in both metropole and colony. The other shift pertains to the coordinates of racial distinction. Education reformers' wartime visions about the role of education in what would become the French Union and united Europe reified ideas about French, African, and European youth, reconstituting a stark Europe–Africa binary in racialized terms.
Recalibrating Laïcité from Brazzaville to Bruges
Authors: Marker Emily
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the political, social, and geopolitical developments that drove the postwar culturalization of Christianity through time and across space. French education officials moved away from a version of laïcité that dissociated French national identity from Christianity at the very moment that France was trying to build a more democratic Franco-African community. The equation of Christianity, French culture, and “European civilization” turned non-Christian religious difference into a starker boundary between European and African France. As French leaders, educators, and activists considered to what extent France and Europe's “Christian inheritance” should guide education reform across metropolitan, colonial, and European space, they developed substantively different approaches to youth and education policy depending on the religion. The novel contours of postwar laïcité emerged at the crossroads of national reconstruction, postwar colonialism, and European integration. Ultimately, the critical interplay between the culturalization of Christianity, racist ideas about African Islam, and institutional arrangements in the late 1940s located France more firmly in a Europe that was understood to be both secular and Christian, which created new patterns of inequality and exclusion in the French Union.
Reconstructing Race in French Africa and Liberated Europe
Authors: Marker Emily
Published: May 2023

This chapter investigates how the tension between European and francophone African understandings of race and racism contributed to the consolidation of a new kind of postwar racial common sense. Associating race with non-Europeans only in venues like the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) turned race itself into a boundary between Europe and Africa. This hardened racial binary between Europeans and Africans surfaced at the Brazzaville Conference and influenced how French officials thought about African intellectual aptitudes and the suitability of Africans for higher education. Such views then became part of the institutional framework the French put in place for postwar colonial education reform, as is clearly reflected in the limited scope of French financial investments in expanding and enhancing Africans' educational opportunities after the war. Moreover, francophone Africans' rhetorical strategy to frame their demands as a racial justice issue struck a particularly discordant note at a time when Europeans were trying to avoid any and all references to race.
Atomland-on-Mars
Authors: Kiernan Vincent
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at the time when William Laurence's journalism vanished from public view. It argues that Laurence had deduced that the government had a classified project on atomic technology under way. As World War II progressed, physicists he had known for years had begun to vanish. The chapter then delves into the secrets about the US atom-bomb program, and recounts how Laurence tried to publicize what he had found out about the Nazis' atomic-bomb program. The chapter also examines how the federal government's Office of Censorship opposed news coverage of even the enemy's A-bomb efforts out of concern that such stories could risk drawing attention to America's huge but ultrasecret atomic-weapons project. Under the Office of Censorship, news organizations sought government review of news reports that might have posed a potential risk to the war effort; although the media's participation technically was voluntary, the government always had the last word. Ultimately, the chapter focuses on the offer that changed Laurence's professional life. The offer came from army Lt. Gen. Leslie R. Groves, the head of the Manhattan Project.
Trinity, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki
Authors: Kiernan Vincent
Published: May 2023

This chapter turns to discuss the plutonium bomb that was projected to have an explosive energy equal to that of 20,000 tons of TNT. The Trinity test was carried out in Alamogordo, New Mexico, about 200 miles south of Los Alamos. Bracing for history to be made, the chapter narrates how William Laurence was taken aback by the pessimism that he encountered among the physicists when he arrived at Los Alamos. Some of the Los Alamos scientists doubted that the bomb would explode at all. As the moment of detonation approached, the chapter chronicles how the light from the blast illuminated the night sky for miles and caused alarm among some New Mexico residents. Just as a lightning flash precedes a thunderclap by a few moments, so the light from Trinity was followed by a booming sound. The chapter documents at least four distinct accounts of the Trinity explosion that Laurence wrote over the years. It emphasizes that Laurence saw the Trinity test as marking the start of a new epoch in human history, an event with such wrenching emotional power that it could inspire its witnesses to spontaneously render deep philosophical reactions.
Reporter Grade 8
Authors: Kiernan Vincent
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the public's hunger for information about the fearsome new atomic technology. It argues that people wanted to know how it worked, how the United States should handle the atomic bomb, whether they should worry about their families' safety, and what would happen with the Soviet Union. The chapter also discusses William Laurence's journalistic productivity and how he strongly endorsed international control of atomic energy. It then jumps to look at Laurence's published articles in the Times. In 1948 he published a hundred bylined articles, and in 1949 he reached 108 articles—the most of any year in his career at the Times. At the same time, he was writing less about atomic energy. The chapter elaborates on the United States' nuclear testing in April 1948 with Operation Sandstone, a series of three explosions at Enewetak Atoll in the South Pacific designed to test new designs to replace the rudimentary models used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Contrary to his reputation as a leading journalist in atomic issues, the chapter notes that Laurence wrote nothing about these issues. The chapter examines whether the Soviet Union was an atomic threat to the United States, or when it might pose one in the future.
The Elixir of Life
Authors: Kiernan Vincent
Published: May 2023

This chapter shows William Laurence's front-page story that announced a new era in treating the debilitating disease of rheumatoid arthritis. In one stroke, he reminded his journalistic colleagues around the world that he was not just adept at covering atomic energy; he was one of the preeminent journalists covering all of science. The chapter looks back to the 1930s when Mayo Clinic's Edward Kendall had identified six different chemicals produced by the adrenal glands, which he called Compounds A through F. It then recounts how he and Mayo's Philip Hench began to zero in on Compound E as a possible treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Discussing the dramatic positive results and how the tests would trigger intense public interest, the chapter emphasizes that officials from Mayo and Merck ＆ Co. worked out a detailed plan for releasing information about the research, centered around a closed-door presentation by four Mayo researchers. The chapter looks at how the issue of finding adequate sources of cortisone started to fascinate Laurence, both as a news story to be covered for the Times and as a problem to solve for the public interest.
Peace through Understanding
Authors: Kiernan Vincent
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the New York World's Fair of 1964–65. It emphasizes that the fair's exhibits offered an exciting vision of progress for the 51 million visitors who passed through its gates: computers, modernistic automobiles, and telecommunications. For William Laurence, the fair was all these things. However, as the chapter argues, the fair also would be the cause of Laurence's professional ruin. It stresses that Laurence once again tried to serve two masters—his professional responsibility as a journalist and his consuming desire to be close to those in power, in this case, the powerful Robert Moses, the so-called master builder of New York who, among many other projects, headed the fair. The chapter also underscores Laurence's major change in his career: his retirement from the Times, embarking on a new career promoting the fair. It examines the key challenge in the fair's planning phases: convincing the federal government to support the privately run event. To that end, Moses put Laurence in charge of a committee to write a proposal for federal support. Ultimately, the chapter recounts their report that called on the federal government to spend $30 million to build a Franklin National Center of Science and Education at the fair site. It then considers how Laurence's association with the fair also skewed his journalistic work.
Introduction
Authors: Danely Jason
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter considers the resonance between the stories and lives of carers and older family members they cared for. It starts with anecdotes of people taking care of their elderly family members. Each layer of resonance presupposes an encounter that emerges from a relationship of fragility and openness between carers, care recipients, and the world. Fragility is considered to be the precondition for tender, responsive care that simultaneously exposes carers to exhaustion and suffering. The chapter elaborates on the concept of dangerous compassion wherein care and suffering become mutually entangled. It also acknowledges the complex and difficult emotions, ethical choices, and relationships within the everyday stories of carers.
Becoming a Carer
Authors: Danely Jason
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the narratives of becoming a carer in Japan and England. In both cultural contexts, carers described their entry into caring as a moment of assuming responsibility, which then changed over the duration of care. Additionally, the term ‘carer’ can highlight a specific political category referring to a contractual or legal designation of guardianship and authority to make decisions about care and to liaise with care institutions. According to Washida Kiyokazu, the durability of care is constituted by and intertwined with human fragility. The chapter explains that becoming a carer involved an ongoing process of considering attachments, identities, and memories that formed a meaningful basis for commitment.
Introduction
Authors: Bulgakov Sergii
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov's original edition of this book, which was only published in 1953, nearly a decade after his death. Bulgakov wrote the book in response to the Name-glorifying controversy that erupted into Russian public ecclesial consciousness during the first decade of the twentieth century. In the first five chapters, he examines in considerable detail the nature of words, parts of speech, the simple sentence comprised of subject-copula-predicate, and the epistemological implications of grammar. Bulgakov focuses on three aspects: the origin, the composition, and the function of words. He then charts a meandering course toward an elucidation of the mystery of names and our capacity for naming. Naming is a human action, and from what Bulgakov writes about naming, it seems to be the defining quality of humanness.
Toward a Philosophy of Grammar
Authors: Bulgakov Sergii
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents a philosophy of grammar. It begins with Immanuel Kant's concept of “transcendental aesthetic,” which investigates time and space as forms of experience and “pure intuition.” From the point of view of language, knowledge of what occurs in judgments is reduced to naming. Language has the richest means for the expression of spatiality and temporality in their different nuances. As the basic means for this, it has declension and conjugation. The chapter then studies the nature of the copula. Where time really is introduced into a judgment, it belongs not to the copula but to the predicate, although by virtue of the economy of means in language, it merges with the copula, so that its extra-temporal, purely agglutinative character shields itself with the concrete properties of a predicate. The chapter argues that logic and epistemology are possible only because there is grammar.
Language and Thought
Authors: Bulgakov Sergii
Published: May 2023

This chapter evaluates the relationship between language and thought. The distinction that accompanies the birth of a word is followed by the synthetic consciousness of what it in fact is: naming, judgment, cognition. What is cognoscible remains undiminished in its being, though it enters our consciousness by its logos, which enlightens and recognizes it from within, illuminating it, and bringing into it its difference and reason as such. Cognition, from the elementary to the most complex, contains a triune act: that of the muffled voice of being, the sounding of a word, and in the act of cognition the union of this stimulus and this word—in naming. The chapter then addresses the question about the transcendence or immanence of the being of thought.
The “Proper” Name
Authors: Bulgakov Sergii
Published: May 2023

This chapter assesses the acts of naming and names. Every name in its genesis is common as something arising from appellation (naming), but it is without fail also proper if it adheres to its bearer as its permanent predicate, so that its bearer is named with this predicate. Every naming is a judgment; in other words, every name has meaning, and this constitutes the so-called inner form of a name. However, with the passage of time, if a given name is destined for stability, it can become pallid in its meaning and will begin sounding like a sobriquet, a nickname, a “proper name.” Such is the fate of many names and place-names, which originally were semantic designations, names through predicates, but afterwards they became simply nicknames that had lost their meaning and forgotten their inner form. The question about the distinction of proper and common names has paramount significance for a philosophy of the name. The chapter breaks down into two questions: about the nature of a name itself and about the nature of its bearer.
Truth, Politics, and the Accused
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2023

This chapter centers on the issue of truth and denial, beginning at the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum located on the site of the prison run by Duch, the first person to be tried at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). It considers how the Khmer Rouge and the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) regime produced different historical narratives about the Democratic Kampuchea (DK) and the events that followed. The PRK regime's narrative framed DK in terms of Nazi-like atrocities, the Khmer Rouge denied the mass deaths while blaming Vietnam for the deaths that did occur and claiming that Vietnam was committing genocide in Cambodia. The chapter looks at the life of Nuon Chea and how he engaged in denial, including in his defense at the ECCC. It provides contextual background to the experience of serving as an expert witness and the larger stakes involved in genocide denial.
Anthropological Witness
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes the author's path to the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). It reviews the anthropological research that was the focus of the author's expert witness testimony and the author's book, which was discussed extensively at the trial, Why Did They Kill? Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide. The chapter highlights the author's initial questioning by the Trial Chamber president, who asked questions about his background, research, and reasons for writing the book. The Trial Chamber president's questions raised important issues about anthropological epistemology and how it differs from that of law. The chapter focuses on comparative genocide studies, including the dynamics of mass violence and extremism.
The Genocidal Process
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2023

This chapter delves into the prosecution questioning and locates the author's testimony in the larger context of the trial and the battle over truth and history. If the prosecution was like a construction crew building a legal edifice proving that Nuon Chea belonged to a highly centralized and top-down joint criminal enterprise, the defense acted like a demolition crew, seeking to tear down the argument. After the initial contextualization of the case, the chapter discusses how the prosecutor sought to highlight the author's credentials before asking him to answer the why? of genocide. It examines the author's testimony explaining how genocide comes to take place and how this genocidal process unfolded in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge. It also points out how the Khmer Rouge targeted specific groups for destruction and how the organization leaders orchestrated and incited violence.
Judgment
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2023

This chapter is narratively framed around the November 2018 verdict in Nuon Chea's trial, where he was convicted and the author was in attendance. The chapter begins with the Trial Chamber's ruling and then turns to an analysis of how the author's testimony informed the verdict. It also notes how the use of the author's testimony was impacted by prosecution and defense contestations over his methods, sources, and objectivity. The chapter reviews the process of organization of the Democratic Kampuchea (DK) that helped lay the groundwork for the mass murder of Vietnamese based on their group membership, a key criterion for reaching a genocide verdict. It ends with President Nil's statement that the Trial Chamber finds the Accused, Nuon Chea, to be guilty and names his crime of genocide by killing members of the Vietnamese and Cham groups.