bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pro-Oxidative and Proinflammatory Effects After Traveling From Los Angeles to Beijing
Authors: Lin Yan , Ramanathan Gajalakshmi , Zhu Yifang , Yin Fen , Rea Nolan D. , Lu Xinchen , Tseng Chi-Hong , Faull Kym F. , Yoon Alexander J. , Jerrett Michael , Zhu Tong , Qiu Xinghua , Araujo Jesus A.
Published: November 2019

Background:

Exposure to air pollution increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Preventing chronic cardiovascular diseases caused by air pollution relies on detecting the early effects of pollutants on the risk of cardiovascular disease development, which is limited by the lack of sensitive biomarkers. We have previously identified promising biomarkers in experimental animals but comparable evidence in humans is lacking.

Methods:

Air pollution is substantially worse in Beijing than in Los Angeles. We collected urine and blood samples from 26 nonsmoking, healthy adult residents of Los Angeles (mean age, 23.8 years; 14 women) before, during, and after spending 10 weeks in Beijing during the summers of 2014 and 2015. We assessed a panel of circulating biomarkers indicative of lipid peroxidation and inflammation. Personal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of combustion-originated air pollutants, was assessed by urinary PAH metabolite levels.

Results:

Urinary concentrations of 4 PAH metabolites were 176% (95% CI, 103% to 276%) to 800% (95% CI, 509% to 1780%) greater in Beijing than in Los Angeles. Concentrations of 6 lipid peroxidation biomarkers were also increased in Beijing, among which 5-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid levels reached statistical significance (false discovery rate <5%), but not 8-isoprostane (20.8%; 95% CI, −5.0% to 53.6%). The antioxidative activities of paraoxonase (−9.8%; 95% CI, −14.0% to −5.3%) and arylesterase (−14.5%; 95% CI, −22.3% to −5.8%) were lower and proinflammatory C-reactive protein (101%; 95% CI, 3.3% to 291%) and fibrinogen (48.3%; 95% CI, 4.9% to 110%) concentrations were higher in Beijing. Changes in all these biomarkers were reversed, at least partially, after study participants returned to Los Angeles. Changes in most outcomes were associated with urinary PAH metabolites (
P
<0.05).

Conclusions:

Traveling from a less-polluted to a more-polluted city induces systemic pro-oxidative and proinflammatory effects. Changes in the levels of 5-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid as well as paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in the blood, in association with exposures to PAH metabolites, might have important implications in preventive medicine as indicators of increased cardiovascular risk caused by air pollution exposure.
Capturing the World with Performance: John Cage's Probabilistic Aesthetics for the Digital Age
Authors: Wojnowski Konrad
Published: November 2019

In one of his most influential lectures on indeterminacy, “Composition as Process,” John Cage compared musical composition to a camera, implying that performance can be thought of as an act of making photos. The idea of composition-as-camera suggests a certain understanding of the materiality of sound. Cage's theory of composition and indeterminate performance responded to the emergence of a new epistemology of information and conveyed a probabilistic agenda: a way of apprehending reality that only became possible after the first computers were up and running.
Gross Negligence Manslaughter and the Delivery of Healthcare: A Time for Change?
Authors: Samanta Jo , Samanta Ash
Published: November 2019

Manslaughter caused by gross negligence is a common law offence that has long existed in English jurisdiction. Although circumstances and context can be highly influential in determining the outcome of inadvertent errors, English law does not permit sufficient consideration of such issues. The recent and controversial case of R v. Bawa-Garba is used to illustrate some of the central issues that are pertinent to the debate. We examine some of the key considerations that mitigate against punishment alone from being the optimal response to death caused by gross negligence during healthcare delivery. Instead we suggest that a broader focus on patient safety and the public interest is called for to ensure safe systems of work by enhancing organisational accountability and the promotion of professional and institutional duty of candour. We conclude by offering positive proposals for change.
copla: A Transnational Criminal Court for Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Currie Robert J. , Leon Jacob
Published: November 2019

States in the Latin American and Caribbean regions have long called for the creation of an independent, international court to prosecute members of transnational organised crime gangs. These organisations not only profit from the illicit traffic in drugs, people and cultural property, but are able to corrupt and undermine the domestic legal systems and judiciaries of the affected states. This article examines the current proposal for the creation of the “Latin American and Caribbean Criminal Court against Transnational Organized Crime” (copla). It reviews the rationale for creating such a court, examines the main pillars of the current proposal, and suggests the potential for it to play a normative and regulatory role in the transnational criminal law ecosystem.
Collective Emotions in Celebratory, Competitive, and Conflictual Contexts: Exploring the Dynamic Relations between Group-Based and Collective Pride and Shame
Authors: Sullivan Gavin Brent , Day Chris R.
Published: November 2019

Pride and shame are typically viewed as diametrically opposed but dynamically related personal emotions that also occur in group-based and collective forms. Building upon seminal work by Cooley and Scheff to explain the generation and manifestation of these emotions in the imaginations and everyday realities of people’s social-relational individual and group lives, our analysis addresses contemporary developments in social and psychological science (Collins, Mackie & Smith, Reicher & Neville, Skey, Sullivan, von Scheve & Ismer, Wetherell), by highlighting patterns of complex, dynamic relations between occurrences of group-based pride, group-based shame, collective pride and collective shame in prototypical group contexts of celebration, competition and conflict. Our novel analysis includes underexplored group agency and performative details and we argue that mixtures of negative group pride and anger evident in collective hubris or contempt and some forms of aggression directed towards other groups are not necessarily produced by repression of collective shame.
Happy, Stressed, and Angry: A National Study of Teachers’ Emotions and Their Management
Authors: Patulny Roger , Bellocchi Alberto , Mills Kathy A. , McKenzie Jordan , Olson Rebecca E.
Published: November 2019

The teaching profession offers meaningful, stimulating work that accords with teachers’ sense of professional pride and identity, but is also synonymous with high levels of stress, conflict (and associated emotions such as anger and shame) and ultimately, attrition. The degree to which teachers within a national population ‘up-manage’ the former or ‘down-manage’ the latter emotions is unknown. This study utilises new data from the Australian Survey of Emotions and Emotion Management (SEEM) to examine emotions and emotion management among teachers, and workers in comparable service roles, such as health care and customer service, in contemporary Australian society. It finds that teachers exhibit great natural happiness, but also experience and hide (through surface-acting) high levels of stress. Teachers also experience high levels of anger compared to other professions, though they usually manage this successfully through deep acting strategies. These findings imply that teachers are generally happy and professionally committed to (and proud of) their work, but at the cost of managing significant levels of stress and conflict. We discuss the implications for teacher professional development, initial teacher education and policy, and the need to investigate anger/shame dynamics and management in future research into pedagogy.
The Interconnection between Critical Media and Social Media Literacy and Science Literacy, in Adolescents and Children: A Critical Pedagogy Approach
Authors: Gkiolmas Aristotelis S. , Chalkidis Anthimos
Published: November 2019

In the current work, the intrinsic intertwining between Scientific Literacy and Critical Media Literacy is presented and scrutinized. The two kinds of Literacy do converge in many cases, while in others the one is a prerequisite for the other. The whole interconnection is, naturally, examined from an educational point of view, and especially the perspective of critical pedagogy is emphasized, on how these two kinds of literacy could strengthen and deepen one another even more, by pointing to certain methodological and educational praxis suggestions. A double “route” of opposing directions is presented, the route from Scientific Literacy to Critical Media Literacy and the route vice versa.
Influence of Oxidized Graphene Quantum Dots as Photosensitizers
Authors: Yang Woosung , Park Ill-Woo , Lee Jeong Min , Choi Hyonkwang
Published: November 2019

In this study, we successfully prepared oxidatively functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) to engineer the absorption band of a photoanode. By employing a facile hydrothermal process, we demonstrate the degree of intrinsic oxidation at the polar carbene edges of the GQDs, using
Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammetry results show that oxygen functional groups on the GQDs can change the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels. Dye-sensitized
solar cells, with the GQDs dissolved in the dye, were evaluated in terms of their I–V characteristics and conversion efficiencies. The GQDs dissolved in the dye were easily attachable to TiO2 porous particles, and also contributed to the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
Thermally Treated Graphene Oxide/Polyacrylonitrile Based Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber Precursor
Authors: Gergin Ilknur , Micusik Matej , Ismar Ezgi , Omastova Maria , Sezai Sarac A.
Published: November 2019

Graphene oxide (GO) included polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite electrospun nanofiber webs were fabricated, and thermal oxidation of PAN/GO composite nanofibers were performed at different temperatures (25, 250, 280, and 300 °C) for different time intervals (0, 1 and 3 h.) to investigate
the oxidation process of PAN/GO nanofibers. The thermal oxidation process of PAN has a complex mechanism through the cyclization and dehydrogenation steps. For all oxidized samples, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated
Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) Spectroscopic results were comparatively evaluated to investigate the effect of GO addition onto the nanofiber webs. After heat treatment, change in C1s spectra from virgin PAN to oxidized form was detected and sp2 carbon is developed.
The presence of GO accelerated the oxidation and development of the final structure. At shorter heat treatment time, less oxidized forms are obtained. The cyclization of nitrile pendant groups of PAN forming polyimine type structure is the main reaction occurs during stabilization. In addition
to the imine sequences with three to six units long, the presence of polar groups C═O, OH and COOH in the chains facilitates the initiation of the cyclization process through a nucleophilic attack and accelerates the subsequent oxidative ring closure reactions which these newly formed
bonds during thermal oxidation and stabilization steps play an essential role on the carbonization process as an intermediate form of PAN based structures.
Propylene Epoxidation to Propylene Oxide Over RuO2, CuO, TeO2, and TiO2 Supported on Modified Mesoporous Silicas
Authors: Thongboon Surached , Rittiron Pacharaporn , Kiatsaengthong Danusorn , Chukeaw Thanaphat , Seubsai Anusorn
Published: November 2019

Direct gas phase epoxidation of propylene to propylene oxide (PO) using O2 is a challenging problem in catalysis research. Silica-supported ruthenium-copper-based catalysts have been recently reported to be promising for propylene epoxidation. In this work, mesoporous silica
supports modified with RuO2, CuO, and TeO2 with and without TiO2 were investigated for propylene epoxidation to PO. The prepared catalysts were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of mesoporous silica supports modified with RuO2, CuO,
and TeO2, and the second group consisted of the same components as the first group but adding TiO2. The prepared supports and catalysts were characterized using BET surface area analysis and other advanced instrument techniques. It was found that the catalyst made with
RuO2 and TeO2 impregnated onto porous silica modified with CuO and TiO2 (denoted as RuTe/CuTiSi) exhibited an excellent PO formation of 344 gPO h−1 kg−1cat, which was superior to that of the other prepared
catalysts. Moreover, the addition of TiO2 into the catalyst greatly improved the PO formation rate and the arrangement of active components in the catalyst and strongly influenced catalytic performance.
Preparation of Biscuit-Like SO2−4/ZrO2 Catalyst for Alkylation of o-Xylene with Styrene
Authors: Wang Shuang , Wan Ling , Zheng Leizhi , Fu Xiaoqi , Jiang Tingshun , Yang Juan
Published: November 2019

We present here a facile synthesis of SO2-4/ZrO2 solid superacid by impregnating the biscuit-like mesoporous ZrO2 nanoparticles prepared by an emulsion combustion method directly into H2SO4 solution. The obtained solid
acid catalyst was characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, Brunner-Emmet-Teller measurement, and infrared analysis. Its catalytic performance was examined by alkylation of o-xylene with styrene. The optimal
catalytic formulation, obtained from the investigation of experimental conditions, was determined to be 5 wt% of catalyst loading with initial o-xylene/styrene molar ratio of 5 under reaction temperature at 120 °C for 120 min, achieving a 100% styrene conversion and a 93.3% 1-phenyl-1-xylyl
ethane selectivity. The biscuit-like SO2−4/ZrO2 solid acid exhibited high catalytic activity and selectivity and excellent structural stability. This synthetic strategy for preparing the mesoporous SO2−4 promoted ZrO2
solid superacid catalyst is generalized and expected to be applied to other metal oxides.
Optoelectric Property and Flexibility of Tin-Doped Indium Oxide (ITO) Thin Film
Authors: Park Ji Young , Park Hee Jung
Published: November 2019

Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are key materials for electronic devices such as flat panel displays (e.g., a liquid crystal display and a light emitting diode display), photovoltaic cells, and transparent transistors. Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) is known to be highly conductive/transparent,
but rigid. In this study, very thin (<35 nm) ITO films with amorphous phases were prepared on flexible substrates and their optoelectric properties investigated. A 10 nm-thick ITO film was also fabricated. Because of their low thickness, their transmittances were above 80% at ˜550
nm wavelength. Their sheet resistances were below 0.7 kΩ/sq and decreased with increasing film thickness. An interesting observation was that their sheet resistances were nearly unchanged even at a bending radius of ˜2 mm. These optoelectric properties and flexibility demonstrate
that the ITO films fabricated in this study are suitable transparent conducting oxides for the electrodes of flexible optoelectric devices.
Synthesis of Highly Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films Using Vacuum Evaporation Technique
Authors: Jain Parveen , Singh Sukhvir , Pundir Sandeep Kumar
Published: November 2019

The synthesis of thin films of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) is synthesized by thermal evaporation technique under high vacuum conditions and further annealing at different conditions of temperature. These films were further characterized by using SEM, XRD, AFM, photoluminescence spectroscopy
and UV-Visible in order to understand the structural and optical properties associated with them. Parameters to synthesize uniform, homogeneous, single phase and highly transparent ITO thin films have been optimized.
Size-Selective ZnO Nanocrystals as Spectral Energy Converters for Use in Advanced Display Devices
Authors: Jaiswal Vishnu V. , Haranath D.
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we report the synthesis of size-selective zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals by three different techniques namely, auto-combustion, co-precipitation and atomizer and their effective energy conversion from harmful ultra-violet (UV, 365 nm) to visible green light. All the three
methods are facile and convenient for the controlled synthesis of ZnO nanocrystals with an average crystallite size ranging 12–35 nm. The structural characterization using XRD revealed that the phase of ZnO nanocrystals was wurtzite. The morphology of the ZnO nanocrystals in all the
three cases was found to be spherical and uniform as determined by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope. The novelty of the current work is to synthesize highly luminescent ultra-small ZnO nanocrystals without any dopant and their possible use as efficient spectral converters in
displays. This result is further supported by steady-state photoluminescence spectra recorded under UV (365 nm) radiation as excitation. The presence of quantum confinement effect and increased surface to volume ratio perfectly established that ZnO nanocrystals synthesized by various routes
have significant impact in the fields of optoelectronics, biomedical fields and advanced active display devices.
Effect of NiO Precursor Solution Ageing on the Perovskite Film Formation and Their Integration as Hole Transport Material for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Singh Arjun , Ranjan Rahul , Ranjan Sudhir , Singh Anand , Garg Ashish , Gupta Raju Kumar
Published: November 2019

Exceptional progress in the performance of perovskite solar cells in a very short time has made it a potential photovoltaic technology for future deployment. The compositional engineering in perovskite materials and other buffer layers makes it a feasible candidate for commercial applications
in the near future. However, there are certain challenges associated with these devices which need to be addressed such as device stability, process dependent device efficiency, hole transport layer (HTL) etc. The device performance is highly dependent on the processing parameters of the precursors.
Understanding the origin of this challenge is very crucial for reproducible device performance. In this work, we have focused on utilizing NiO as a HTL in planar perovskite solar cells and studied the ageing effect of NiO precursor solution on the perovskite film quality in terms of crystallinity,
grain growth, surface morphology, and overall device performance. It is observed that the ageing of NiO precursor promotes the formation of NiO films with increased roughness which improves the perovskite film quality. Structural and morphological studies revealed that the perovskite films
formed on aged NiO films were highly crystalline in nature, uniform and with larger grain size. Current– voltage characteristics under illumination show that the films casted from NiO aged solution are better for perovskite solar cell applications and result in reduced parasitic resistances
and enhanced charge transport.
Structural and Optical Properties of GaN Film on Copper and Graphene/Copper Metal Foils Grown by Laser Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Ramesh C. , Tyagi P. , Bera S. , Gautam S. , Subhedar Kiran M. , Senthil Kumar M. , Kushvaha Sunil S.
Published: November 2019

We report the direct growth of crystalline GaN on bare copper (Cu) and monolayer-graphene/Cu metal foils using laser molecular beam epitaxy technique at growth temperature of 700 °C. The surface morphology investigated with field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that
the size of GaN grains for film grown on bare Cu falls in range of 90 to 160 nm whereas large grains with size of ˜200 to 600 nm was obtained for GaN grown on graphene/Cu foil under similar growth condition. The transverse optical mode of cubic GaN and E2 (high) phonon
mode for wurtzite GaN phases were obtained on the GaN film grown on Cu and graphene/Cu metal foils as deduced by Raman spectroscopy. The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy studies showed that the near band edge emission peaks for GaN on Cu and graphene/Cu consist two major peaks at 3.26 and
3.4 eV, corresponding to cubic and wurtzite GaN, respectively. The Raman and PL studies disclosed that the mixed phase growth of GaN occurs on these foils and better structural and optical quality for GaN on graphene/Cu foil. The direct growth of GaN on two dimensional graphene on polycrystalline
metal foils is beneficial various transferrable and flexible opto-electronics device applications.
A High-Performance Signed-Unsigned Multiplier Using Vedic Mathematics
Authors: Ganjikunta Ganesh Kumar , Khan Sibghatullah I. , Basha M. Mahaboob
Published: November 2019

A high speed N × N bit multiplier architecture that supports signed and unsigned multiplication operations is proposed in this paper. This architecture incorporates the modified two's complement circuits and also N × N bit unsigned multiplier circuit. This
unsigned multiplier circuit is based on decomposing the multiplier circuit into smaller-precision independent multipliers using Vedic Mathematics. These individual multipliers generate the partial products in parallel for high speed operation, which are combined by using high speed adders
and parallel adder to generate the product output. The proposed architecture has regular-shape for the partial product tree that makes easy to implement. Finally, this multiplier architecture is implemented in UMC 65 nm technology for N = 8, 16 and 32 bits. The synthesis results shows
that the proposed multiplier architecture improves in terms of speed and also reduces power-delay product (PDP), compared to the architectures in the literature.
Managing Knowledge Sharing-Protecting Tensions in Coupled Innovation Projects among Several Competitors
Authors: Rouyre Audrey , Fernandez Anne-Sophie
Published: November 2019

While collaborating with several competitors on coupled innovation projects requires smooth knowledge sharing to ensure the project’s success, protecting knowledge is also essential due to the prevailing risks of coalition formation, opportunism, and knowledge leakage. Intense tensions between knowledge sharing and protection may arise and must be managed to avoid project failure. This article explores the formal and informal mechanisms used to manage these tensions. The case studied (Galileo) reveals the limited role of informal mechanisms to manage such tensions and shows how a centralized project structure encouraged the formal sharing of knowledge by protecting firms from unwanted knowledge transfers between competitors.
Influence of pyrolytic thermal history on olive pruning biochar and related epoxy composites mechanical properties
Authors: Bartoli Mattia , Nasir Muhammad Abid , Jagdale Pravin , Passaglia Elisa , Spiniello Roberto , Rosso Carlo , Giorcelli Mauro , Rovere Massimo , Tagliaferro Alberto
Published: November 2019

Olive pruning is waste from olive cultivation and is generally disposed of through incineration. Olive pruning can, however, be salvaged by pyrolysis, which also produces an interesting carbon-based material known as biochar. Biochar has been proved as a suitable filler which improves the mechanical properties of epoxy composites. Despite this, literature has few studied focused on the relationship between biochar thermal history and the properties it induces in related biochar containing composites. In this work, we report a morphological analysis of biochar produced at different pyrolytic high treatment temperatures (400℃, 600℃, 800℃, and 1000℃) using different heating rates (5℃/min, 15℃/min, and 50℃/min). We investigate the effect of different biochar morphology on the biochar epoxy-related composites, proving the tuneability of the mechanical properties of composites according to the thermal history of the biochar employed.
Behavioral Sciences in the Promotion of Oral Health
Authors: McGrath C.
Published: November 2019

The importance and value of behavioral sciences in dentistry have long been recognized, and their contribution to dental education, research, clinical practice, and oral health policy has been significant over the past half century. Over time behavioral sciences have expanded our understanding of oral health beyond “disease” to a broader biopsychosocial concept of oral health. This in turn has led dentistry away from a focus of “treatment” to oral health “care,” notably in the new millennium. Key oral health behaviors have been identified for more than half a century: the importance of diet, oral hygiene, dental services, and other factors. Various behavioral models and theories have been proposed, particularly since the 1970s, providing useful frameworks with sound psychological basis to help understand the paths of oral health behaviors. These models draw on theories of self-efficacy, motivation, counseling, and “behavior change.” Since the 1980s, there has been a greater understanding that these behaviors often share a common pathway with the etiology of other diseases (common risk factors). Furthermore, the relationship between individual factors and the broader environmental factors has been increasingly emphasized since the 1990s, leading to a united call for action in addressing oral health inequalities. Within the past decade, there are useful examples of models, frameworks, and techniques of behavior change with respect to oral health, involving planning, prompting, encouraging, goal setting, and/or motivating. In particular, there is a growing interest and use of motivational interviewing. Likewise, behavioral therapies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, are increasingly being employed in dental practice in the management of dental anxiety, pain, and psychosomatic dental and oral problems, with promising results. Recommendations are outlined for future directions for behavioral sciences in the promotion of oral health.
The Evolution of Neuroscience as a Research Field Relevant to Dentistry
Authors: Iwata K. , Sessle B.J.
Published: November 2019

The field of neuroscience did not exist as such when the Journal of Dental Research was founded 100 y ago. It has emerged as an important scientific field relevant to dentistry in view of the many neurally based functions manifested in the orofacial area (e.g., pain, taste, chewing, swallowing, salivation). This article reviews many of the novel insights that have been gained through neuroscience research into the neural basis of these functions and their clinical relevance to the diagnosis and management of pain and sensorimotor disorders. These include the neural pathways and brain circuitry underlying each of these functions and the role of nonneural as well as neural processes and their “plasticity” in modulating these functions and allowing for adaptation to tissue injury and pain and for learning or rehabilitation of orofacial functions.
Commentary: Challenges and Opportunities for Women in Dental Research
Authors: Albino J. , Teles F. , Cohen L.K.
Published: November 2019

This commentary integrates and expands on the preceding articles in this issue that document and celebrate a century of women’s achievements in the International Association for Dental Research (IADR). The increasing participation and leadership of women in dental and craniofacial research and within the IADR were viewed from the perspective of a changing culture of science. The steps that have been taken by the IADR to develop greater inclusiveness are acknowledged, and some of the challenges that remain are discussed in terms of obstacles that are most often social or cultural in origin. Comparisons are made across countries, and the social determinants that lead to differences in women’s participation are described. Recommendations are made for developing strategies to change elements of our institutional cultures that have provided advantages to some groups of researchers more than to others. The unconscious biases and a lack of commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion that limit the participation of members of some groups limit the progress and achievements of science in general.
Have Women Broken the Glass Ceiling in North American Dental Leadership?
Authors: Li J. , de Souza R. , Esfandiari S. , Feine J.
Published: November 2019

In the last few decades, the number of women graduating from North American (NA) dental schools has increased significantly. Thus, we aimed to determine women’s representation in leadership positions in NA dental and specialty associations/organizations, dental education, and dental journals, as well as the proportion of men/women researcher members of the American Association for Dental Research (AADR). We contacted NA dental associations to provide us with the total number and the men/women distribution of their members. Men/women distributions in leadership positions were accessible from the internet, as were data on the sex of deans of NA dental schools. Data on the editors in chief of NA dental journals were gathered from their websites, and the AADR provided the number and sex of its researcher members. Collected data underwent descriptive statistics and binomial tests (α = 0.05). Our findings suggest that women are underrepresented in leadership positions within the major NA dental professional associations. While the median ratio of women leaders to women members in professional associations is 0.91 in Canada, it is only 0.67 in the United States. The same underrepresentation of women is evident in the leadership of the Canadian Dental Association and the American Dental Association. We found that women are underrepresented as deans and editors in chief for NA oral health journals. Only 16 of 77 NA dental school deans are women, while 3 of 38 dental journals have women editors in chief. The probability of finding these ratios by chance is low. However, the number of women dental researcher AADR members underwent an overall increase in the past decade, while the number of men declined. These results suggest that, despite the increase in women dentists, it will take time and effort to ensure that they move through the pipeline to senior leadership positions in the same manner as their male colleagues.
A novel hedonic price modelling approach for estimating the impact of transportation infrastructure on property prices
Authors: Lieske Scott N , van den Nouwelant Ryan , Han Jung Hoon , Pettit Christopher
Published: November 2019

Hedonic estimations of the effect of transport infrastructure on property prices vary widely. This high variability demonstrates a deficit in our understanding of these relationships, limits the utility of econometrics for the valuation of urban property markets, and limits the development and implementation of effective and fair market-based policy tools. Several avenues may lead to improved consistency: re-consideration of accessibility, inclusion of urban design characteristics, assessment of spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity, and consideration of geographic scale. This paper outlines the rationale and opportunities for inclusion of, and presents empirical tests for, these assertions using a case study in western Sydney, Australia. Results show a number of urban design characteristics to be significant determinants of residential property price. Street connectivity and higher density in areas surrounding residences negatively impact price, higher density close to train stations positively impacted price in one model. Park-and-ride stations led to decreases in property values. Smaller study area results indicate a nonlinear relationship between distance to train station and property price and a disamenity impact for residences within 400 m of train stations. Relative accessibility measured as frequency of peak hour trains is a significant and positive determinant of price in the larger study area. Incorporation of a price trend surface and estimation using a spatial error model reduce the extent to which spatial autocorrelation overstates the effect of a train station on prices. These conceptual and empirical improvements further develop our understanding of the effect of transport infrastructure on property values.
Identifying Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in an Administrative Health Claims Database: Do Algorithms Generate Similar Findings?
Authors: Ye Yizhou , Manne Sudhakar , Bennett Dimitri
Published: November 2019

Application of selective algorithms to administrative health claims databases allows detection of specific patients and disease or treatment outcomes. This study identified and applied different algorithms to a single data set to compare the numbers of patients with different inflammatory bowel disease classifications identified by each algorithm. A literature review was performed to identify algorithms developed to define inflammatory bowel disease patients, including ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and inflammatory bowel disease unspecified in routinely collected administrative claims databases. Based on the study population, validation methods, and results, selected algorithms were applied to the Optum Clinformatics® Data Mart database from June 2000 to March 2017. The patient cohorts identified by each algorithm were compared. Three different algorithms were identified from literature review and selected for comparison (A, B, and C). Each identified different numbers of patients with any form of inflammatory bowel disease (323 833; 246 953, and 171 537 patients, respectively). The proportions of patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and inflammatory bowel disease unspecified were 32.0% to 47.5%, 38.6% to 43.8%, and 8.7% to 26.6% of the total population with inflammatory bowel disease, respectively, depending on the algorithm applied. Only 5.1% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease unspecified were identified by all 3 algorithms. Algorithm C identified the smallest cohort for each disease category except inflammatory bowel disease unspecified. This study is the first to compare numbers of inflammatory bowel disease patients identified by different algorithms from a single database. The differences between results highlight the need for validation of algorithms to accurately identify inflammatory bowel disease patients.
Association Between Surgeons’ Technical Efficiency and Hospital Revenue
Authors: Nakata Yoshinori , Watanabe Yuichi , Otake Hiroshi
Published: November 2019

To evaluate surgeons’ performance, health care managers often use the revenues that surgeons make for the hospital. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between surgeons’ technical efficiency and their revenues by using multiple regression analysis on surgical data. The authors collected data from all the surgical procedures performed at University Hospital from April 1 through September 30 in 2013-2018. Output-oriented Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes model of data envelopment analysis was employed to calculate each surgeon’s technical efficiency. Seven independent variables were selected; revenue, experience, medical school, surgical volume, sex, academic rank, and surgical specialty. Multiple regression analysis using Tobit model was used for our data. The data from a total of 17 227 surgical cases were obtained in the 36-month study period. The authors performed multiple regression on 222 surgeons. Revenue had significantly positive association with mean efficiency score ( P = .000). Surgical volume had significantly negative association with mean efficiency score ( P = .000). The other coefficients were statistically insignificant. An increase in revenue by 1% was associated with 0.46% to 0.52% increases in efficiency score. We demonstrated that surgeons’ revenue can serve as a proxy variable for their technical efficiency.
The Labor Market Returns to For-Profit Higher Education: Evidence for Transfer Students
Authors: Liu Vivian Yuen Ting , Belfield Clive
Published: November 2019

Objective: This study examines the labor market gains for students who enrolled at for-profit colleges after beginning their postsecondary education in community college. Method: We use student-level administrative record data from college transcripts, unemployment insurance earnings data, and progression data from the National Student Clearinghouse across full entry cohorts of community college students in two statewide systems between 2001 and 2006. Using regression analysis and fixed effect methods, we calculate the wage gains to attainment across different student transfer patterns. Results: We find significant wage penalties to transfer to a for-profit college instead of to a public or private nonprofit college. For some student groups, earnings are higher if they drop out of community college instead of transferring to a for-profit college. Conclusion: Students in for-profit colleges do have lower opportunity costs in terms of foregone earnings while enrolled in college. However, these do not sufficiently compensate for lower earnings growth after college.
Microvessel occlusions alter amyloid-beta plaque morphology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zhang Yuying , Bander Evan D , Lee Yurim , Muoser Celia , Schaffer Chris B , Nishimura Nozomi
Published: November 2019

Vascular dysfunction is correlated to the incidence and severity of Alzheimer’s disease. In a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (APP/PS1) using in vivo, time-lapse, multiphoton microscopy, we found that occlusions of the microvasculature alter amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. We used several models of vascular injury that varied in severity. Femtosecond laser-induced occlusions in single capillaries generated a transient increase in small, cell-sized, Aβ deposits visualized with methoxy-X04, a label of fibrillar Aβ. After occlusions of penetrating arterioles, some plaques changed morphology, while others disappeared, and some new plaques appeared within a week after the lesion. Antibody labeling of Aβ revealed a transient increase in non-fibrillar Aβ one day after the occlusion that coincided with the disappearance of methoxy-X04-labeled plaques. Four days after the lesion, anti-Aβ labeling decreased and only remained in patches unlabeled by methoxy-X04 near microglia. Histology in two additional models, sparse embolic occlusions from intracarotid injections of beads and infarction from photothrombosis, demonstrated increased labeling intensity in plaques after injury. These results suggest that microvascular lesions can alter the deposition and clearance of Aβ and confirm that Aβ plaques are dynamic structures, complicating the interpretation of plaque burden as a marker of Alzheimer’s disease progression.
Uncertainty Avoidance and Intrapreneurship: A Four-Level Investigation
Authors: Arslanagic-Kalajdzic Maja , Cerne Matej , Kadic-Maglajlic Selma
Published: November 2019

Although uncertainty avoidance is identified as an important concept for understanding intrapreneurial intentions, empirical findings have not been consistent in portraying a broader picture of how uncertainty avoidance shapes intrapreneurial intentions. This study bridges this gap through a four-level conceptual model of the role of uncertainty avoidance in the formation of employees’ intrapreneurial intentions, differentiating among unit- and country-level uncertainty avoidance. Using the established relationship between behavioral control and intentions, we consider how employee creativity and self-efficacy influence intrapreneurial intentions. Following the person-environment fit paradigm and the resulting fit traditions of complementarity and supplementarity, we narrow in on how these processes operate within specific (stimulating or inhibiting) cultural settings in terms of uncertainty avoidance at both the unit and country levels. Using data from 787 employees on the first level nested into 73 units on the second level, 19 organizations on the third level, and eight countries on the fourth level, study shows evidence for a beneficial interplay between unit-level uncertainty avoidance and creativity or self-efficacy when there is a supplementary or complementarity fit. The interplay between behavioral and contextual factors is negative, however, when neither type of fit applies. Finally, country-level uncertainty avoidance seems to be irrelevant to intrapreneurial intentions.
Burden of Mental, Neurological, Substance Use Disorders and Self-Harm in North America: A Comparative Epidemiology of Canada, Mexico, and the United States
Authors: Vigo Daniel , Jones Laura , Thornicroft Graham , Atun Rifat
Published: November 2019

Objective:

To estimate the burden of mental, neurological, substance use disorders and self-harm (MNSS) in Canada, Mexico, and the United States.

Method:

We extracted 2017 data from the Global Burden of Disease online database. Based on a previously developed framework to classify and aggregate the burden of specific disorders and symptoms, we reestimated the MNSS burden to include suicide, alcohol use, drug use, specific neurological, and painful somatic symptom disorders. We analyzed age–sex-specific patterns within and between countries.

Results:

The MNSS burden is the largest of all disorder groupings. It is lowest in Mexico, intermediate in Canada, and highest in the United States. Exceptions are alcohol use, bipolar, conduct disorders, and epilepsy, which are highest in Mexico; and painful somatic syndromes and headaches, which are highest in Canada. The burden of drug use disorders in the United States is twice the burden in Canada, and 7 times the burden in Mexico. MNSS become the most burdensome of all disorder groups by age 10, staying at the top until age 60, and show a distinct pattern across the lifetime. The top three MNSS disorders for men are a combination of substance use disorders and self-harm (United States), with the addition of painful somatic syndromes (Canada), and headaches (Mexico). For women, the top three are headaches and depression (all countries), drug use (United States), neurocognitive disorders (Mexico), and painful somatic syndromes (Canada).

Conclusion:

MNSS are the most burdensome disease grouping and should be prioritized for funding in Canada, Mexico, and the United States.
“Down Here We Rely on Fishing and Oil”: Work Identity and Fishers’ Responses to the BP Oil Spill Disaster
Authors: Harrison Jill Ann
Published: November 2019

Survey research on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill has documented both short-term and longer term effects of the spill and chemical agents on physical, mental, and environmental health, but less is known about how individuals living in and around affected areas make sense of the oil spill disaster. Prior research on disaster describes how people make sense of these events through social, political, and relational processes, yet have not explored the mediating role that work identity might play in the sense-making process. Using in-depth interviews with Louisiana shrimp fishers, I show how interpretations of the British Petroleum (BP) oil spill and its aftermath are fundamentally grounded in work identity. Findings indicate fishers recognize the role BP played in their ongoing health and environmental problems related to the spill. At the same time, they generally view BP as favorable and hold optimistic views regarding their abilities to continue to fish in grounds where they find evidence of the oil spill. Work identity filters how these fishers make sense of their experience and limits the range of responses available to them. This project, thus, centers work within research on the subjective experience of disaster, and further contributes to understanding the socially constructed nature of disaster perceptions and responses.
Indie Unions, Organizing and Labour Renewal: Learning from Precarious Migrant Workers
Authors: Però Davide
Published: November 2019

This article examines the organizing practices of indie unions – the emerging grassroots unions co-led by precarious migrant workers. It draws on an embedded actor-centred approach involving extensive multi-sited ethnography. The article shows how workers normally considered un-organizable by the established unions can build lasting solidarity and associational power and obtain material and non-material rewards in the context of precarity, scarce economic resources and a hostile environment. Here, I argue that the organization of workers into ‘communities of struggle’ geared towards mobilization facilitates their empowerment, effectiveness and social integration. The article contributes to labour mobilization theory by redefining the concept of organizing in inclusionary terms, so that the collective industrial agency of precarious and migrant workers organizing outside the established unions can be adequately recognized and accounted for.
Interdigital syphilis: a rare form of secondary syphilis
Authors: Rubins S , Esteves Morete A , Rubins A , Janniger CK , Schwartz RA
Published: November 2019

A 39-year-old man with bilateral painful erosions in his toe web spaces and on the penile shaft was misdiagnosed as having Gram-negative toe web infection, and treated with broad-spectrum oral antibiotics. Further evaluation revealed positive serological tests for syphilis. Pedal interdigital syphilis is a rare manifestation of secondary syphilis.
Distracting Objects Induce Early Quitting in Visual Search
Authors: Moher Jeff
Published: November 2019

Task-irrelevant objects can sometimes capture attention and increase the time it takes an observer to find a target. However, less is known about how these distractors impact visual search strategies. Here, I found that salient distractors reduced rather than increased response times on target-absent trials (Experiment 1; N = 200). Combined with higher error rates on target-present trials, these results indicate that distractors can induce observers to quit search earlier than they otherwise would. These effects were replicated when target prevalence was low (Experiment 2; N = 200) and with different stimuli that elicited shallower search slopes (Experiment 3; N = 75). These results demonstrate that salient distractors can produce at least two consequences in visual search: They can capture attention, and they can cause observers to quit searching early. This novel finding has implications both for understanding visual attention and for examining distraction in real-world domains where targets are often absent, such as medical image screening.