bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A SMOOTH TEST FOR THE EQUALITY OF DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Bera Anil K. , Ghosh Aurobindo , Xiao Zhijie
Published: July 2012

The two-sample version of the celebrated Pearson goodness-of-fit problem has been a topic of extensive research, and several tests like the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramér-von Mises have been suggested. Although these tests perform fairly well as omnibus tests for comparing two probability density functions (PDFs), they may have poor power against specific departures such as in location, scale, skewness, and kurtosis. We propose a new test for the equality of two PDFs based on a modified version of the Neyman smooth test using empirical distribution functions minimizing size distortion in finite samples. The suggested test can detect the specific directions of departure from the null hypothesis. Specifically, it can identify deviations in the directions of mean, variance, skewness, or tail behavior. In a finite sample, the actual probability of type-I error depends on the relative sizes of the two samples. We propose two different approaches to deal with this problem and show that, under appropriate conditions, the proposed tests are asymptotically distributed as chi-squared. We also study the finite sample size and power properties of our proposed test. As an application of our procedure, we compare the age distributions of employees with small employers in New York and Pennsylvania with group insurance before and after the enactment of the “community rating” legislation in New York. It has been conventional wisdom that if community rating is enforced (where the group health insurance premium does not depend on age or any other physical characteristics of the insured), then the insurance market will collapse, since only older or less healthy patients would prefer group insurance. We find that there are significant changes in the age distribution in the population in New York owing mainly to a shift in location and scale.
Effective Adaptive Kalman Filter for MEMS-IMU/Magnetometers Integrated Attitude and Heading Reference Systems
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Jinling
Published: July 2012

To improve the computational efficiency and dynamic performance of low cost Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)/magnetometer integrated Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS), this paper has proposed an effective Adaptive Kalman Filter (AKF) with linear models; the filter gain is adaptively tuned according to the dynamic scale sensed by accelerometers. This proposed approach does not need to model the system angular motions, avoids the non-linear problem which is inherent in the existing methods, and considers the impact of the dynamic acceleration on the filter. The experimental results with real data have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can maintain an accurate estimation of orientation, even under various dynamic operating conditions.
On the Uses of Foucault for International Law
Authors: AALBERTS TANJA , GOLDER BEN
Published: July 2012

This symposium concerns the utility of the work of the French philosopher and social theorist, Michel Foucault (1926–84), for international law as an academic discipline. It almost goes without saying that there are several different ways to approach this question ofutility. We want to introduce the symposium by sketching just a few of the different avenues by which one could approach the question of Foucault's utility for theorizing international law. One dominant understanding within the extant legal literature on Foucault is essentially to ask after his own legal-theoretical credentials. This approach is based on the seemingly straightforward and widely shared presupposition that if his ‘work offers no plausible account of law, why should legal scholars take him seriously? If we seek to bring Foucault into law, must we not first seek to bring law into Foucault?’1Here, a precondition to being taken seriously within the discourse of law is precisely the plausibility of one's fidelity to existing conceptions of what lawis. Somewhat solipsistically, then, from this perspective, one must first adduce a plausible theory of law in order to be taken seriously within law.
‘The Life of Individuals as well as of Nations’: International Law and the League of Nations’ Anti-Trafficking Governmentalities
Authors: LEGG STEPHEN
Published: July 2012

This paper will address an often-neglected agenda of the much-derided League of Nations: its ‘social’ and ‘technical’ works. These targeted human security through regulating different forms of international mobility, including the fight against trafficking in women and children. The League used conventions and conferences to commit nation-states, in a legal model, to standardized anti-trafficking measures. It also, however, worked to educate and inform states, voluntary organizations, and the general public about the nature of trafficking and the ways of combating it. The latter techniques are here interpreted using Foucault's governmentality writings, which encourage us to look beyond the juridical epistemologies of international relations and international law, but not beyond the interlacing of laws and norms, here explored through interwar League governmentalities.
Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship
Authors: KRASMANN SUSANNE
Published: July 2012

Although initially perceived as illegal and illegitimate, targeted killing has gained legal approval and greater acceptance as a tactic in the US fight against terrorism. Rather than being accomplished extra-legally or gradually normalized as an exception to the rule, as critics proclaim, targeted killing becomes inscribed into a law that was, and is, prepared to accept it as a practice. Conceiving of law as a practice renders the mutually constitutive relationship between targeted killing and the law visible. As a practice, law is indissoluble from the forms of knowledge both that enact it and that its enactment invokes. Targeted killing could assert itself as a security dispositif that displaces and relocates political notions underlying and defining international law.
Two Governments and One Legitimacy: International Responses to the Post-Election Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: RIM YEJOON
Published: July 2012

This article examines international responses to the post-election crisis in Côte d'Ivoire, where two distinct governments were established due to contradiction between the election results proclaimed domestically and those certified by the internationally entrusted authority observing the election. Between two competing authorities, the international community stood firmly in favour of the internationally recognized president-elect as ‘legitimate authority’ while acting against the opponent whom they considered to hold ‘illegitimate authority’. Considering the principle of democracy as the underlying rationale grounding the international responses, this article identifies three mechanisms that incorporate and thus promote the principle of democracy: international election monitoring as setting mechanism, international representation as consolidating mechanism, and international intervention as enforcing mechanism. In accordance with these analyses, the current stage of democracy in international legal discourse is queried, particularly the democratic entitlement of a government in relation to determination of its international legitimacy.
Reactions to Non-Performance of Treaties in International Law
Authors: FORLATI SERENA
Published: July 2012

Identifying the range of lawful reactions to non-performance of treaties is still problematic, as shown by the case concerning the Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (FYROM/Greece). After reviewing the current understanding of the relationship between the law of treaties and the law of international responsibility, the author analyses the legal regime pertaining to suspension and termination of treaties on grounds of breach, on the one hand, and, on the other, to countermeasures, arguing that the exceptio inadimpleti contractus may still play an independent, albeit limited, role as a reaction to lawful non-performance of international treaties.
A Conversation with Antonio Cassese
Authors: ACQUAVIVA GUIDO
Published: July 2012

This ‘interview’, prepared posthumously with original material from Judge Antonio Cassese, traces the origins of his academic and professional career. It further attempts to shed some light on Antonio Cassese's multifaceted contributions to the fields of human rights, self-determination, and international criminal law. In particular, it attempts to show in his own words the passion and rigour with which Judge Cassese approached the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) as well as its seminal first steps, which marked a resurgence of international criminal justice and paved the way for a host of contemporary international criminal institutions.
Factors associated with being lost to follow-up before completing tuberculosis treatment: analysis of surveillance data
Authors: MILLETT E. R. C. , NOEL D. , MANGTANI P. , ABUBAKAR I. , KRUIJSHAAR M. E.
Published: July 2012

Completion of treatment is key to tuberculosis control. Using national surveillance data we assessed factors associated with tuberculosis patients being lost to follow-up before completing treatment (‘lost’). Patients reported in England, Wales and Northern Ireland between 2001 and 2007 who were lost 12 months after beginning treatment were compared to those who completed, or were still on treatment, using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Of 41 120 patients, men [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1·29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·23–1·35], 15- to 44-year-olds (P<0·001), and patients with pulmonary sputum smear-positive disease (aOR 1·25, 95% CI 1·12–1·45) were at higher risk of being lost. Those recently arrived in the UK were also at increased risk, particularly those of the White ethnic group (aOR 6·39, 95% CI 4·46–9·14). Finally, lost patients had a higher risk of drug resistance (aOR 1·41, 95% CI 1·17–1·69). Patients at risk of being lost require enhanced case management and novel case retention methods are needed to prevent this group contributing towards onward transmission.
Nuculidae (Bivalvia) in the Cape Melville Formation, King George Island, Antarctica, with an overview of the bivalve fauna
Authors: Whittle Rowan J. , Quaglio Fernanda , Alistair Crame J. , Linse Katrin
Published: July 2012

Nuculid bivalves of the Cape Melville Formation (Early Miocene, King George Island) are reviewed. Ten bivalve taxa are listed from the formation in the families Nuculidae (two species), Sareptidae, Malletiidae, Limopsidae (two species), Limidae, Pectinidae, Hiatellidae, and Periplomatidae. The Nuculidae consist of two species of Leionucula Quenstedt, 1930. One of these, L. melvilleana n. sp., is described and the other consists of the two species named previously by Anelli et al. (2006), which are demonstrated to be synonymous and are assigned to the species Leionucula frigida (Anelli, Rocha-Campos, Santos, Perinotto & Quaglio 2006). This assemblage, dominated by protobranchs (89% of specimens), is a typical fauna of offshore soft substrates, with a few specimens transported from hard substrates nearby. The diversity of Nuculidae has decreased in the Antarctic region through the Cenozoic.
Real-time evidence for age grad(ing) in late adolescence
Authors: Wagner Suzanne Evans
Published: July 2012

This study provides real-time support for the hypothesis, previously inferred from apparent time studies, that stable sociolinguistic variables are age-graded. Stable variables have been shown to exhibit a curvilinear pattern with age in which adolescents use nonstandard variants at a higher rate than adults do. An analysis of the morphophonological variable (ing) was carried out using recordings and ethnographic observations of 13 young American women during and after their final years of high school. Offering a detailed look at the late adolescent life stage, the study also explores speakers’ motivations for retaining or retreating from nonstandard variants as they prepare to enter adulthood. These are examined at both the group and the individual level. The results indicate that the degree of retreat from nonstandard variants is socially differentiated, in line with apparent time findings. Future enrollment in a locally oriented college, and alignment to a local ethnic network (Irish or Italian)—not social class—were the predictors of retention in high school.
Connectivity for Bridge-Addable Monotone Graph Classes
Authors: ADDARIO-BERRY L. , MCDIARMID C. , REED B.
Published: July 2012

A classof labelled graphs isbridge-addableif, for all graphsGinand all verticesuandvin distinct connected components ofG, the graph obtained by adding an edge betweenuandvis also in; the classismonotoneif, for allG∈and all subgraphsHofG, we haveH∈. We show that for any bridge-addable, monotone classwhose elements have vertex set {1,. . .,n}, the probability that a graph chosen uniformly at random fromis connected is at least (1−on(1))e−½, whereon(1) → 0 asn→ ∞. This establishes the special case of the conjecture of McDiarmid, Steger and Welsh when the condition of monotonicity is added. This result has also been obtained independently by Kang and Panagiotou.
The Use of the Revised Trauma Score as an Entry Criterion in Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock Studies: Data from the DCLHb Clinical Trials
Authors: Sloan Edward P. , Koenigsberg Max , Clark James M. , Desai Amol
Published: July 2012

Introduction

The Revised Trauma Score (RTS) has been proposed as an entry criterion to identify patients with mid-range survival probability for traumatic hemorrhagic shock studies.

Hypothesis/Problem

Determination of which of four RTS strata (1-3.99, 2-4.99, 1-4.99, and 2-5.99) identifies patients with predicted and actual mortality rates near 50% for use as an entry criterion in traumatic hemorrhagic shock clinical trials.

Methods

Existing database analysis in which demographic and injury severity data from two prior international Diaspirin Cross-Linked Hemoglobin (DCLHb) clinical trials were used to identify an RTS range that could be an optimal entry criterion in order to find the population of trauma patients with mid-range predicted and actual mortality rates.

Results

Of 208 study patients, the mean age was 37 years, 65% sustained blunt trauma, 49% received DCLHb, and 57% came from the European Union study arm. The mean values were: ISS, 31 (SD = 18); RTS, 5.6 (SD = 1.8); and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 10.4 (SD = 4.8). The mean TRISS-predicted mortality was 34% and the actual 28-day mortality was 35%. The initially proposed 1-3.99 RTS range (n = 41) had the highest predicted (79%) and actual (71%) mortality rates. The 2-5.99 RTS range (n = 79) had a 62% predicted and 53% actual mortality, and included 76% blunt trauma patients. Removal of GCS <5 patients from this RTS 2-5.99 subgroup caused a 48% further reduction in eligible patients, leaving 41 patients (20% of 208 total patients), 66% of whom sustained a blunt trauma injury. This subgroup had 54% predicted and 49% actual mortality rates. Receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis found the GCS to be as predictive of mortality as the RTS, both in the total patient population and in the RTS 2-5.99 subgroup.

Conclusion

The use of an RTS 2-5.99 inclusion criterion range identifies a traumatic hemorrhagic shock patient subgroup with predicted and actual mortality that approach the desired 50% rate. The exclusion of GCS <5 from this RTS 2-5.99 subgroup patients yields a smaller, more uniform patient subgroup whose mortality is more likely related to hemorrhagic shock than traumatic brain injury. Future studies should examine whether the RTS or other physiologic criteria such as the GCS score are most useful as traumatic hemorrhagic shock study entry criteria.

Sloan EP, Koenigsberg M, Clark JM, Desai A. The use of the Revised Trauma Score as an entry criterion in traumatic hemorrhagic shock studies: data from the DCLHb clinical trials. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(4):1-15.
Theory of Mind in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Dennis Maureen , Simic Nevena , Gerry Taylor H. , Bigler Erin D. , Rubin Kenneth , Vannatta Kathryn , Gerhardt Cynthia A. , Stancin Terry , Roncadin Caroline , Yeates Keith Owen
Published: July 2012

Theory of mind (ToM) involves thinking about mental states and intentions to understand what other people know and to predict how they will act. We studied ToM in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and age- and gender-matched children with orthopedic injuries (OI), using a new three-frame Jack and Jill cartoon task that measures intentional thinking separate from contingent task demands. In the key ToM trials, which required intentional thinking, Jack switched a black ball from one hat to another of a different color, but Jill did not witness the switch; in the otherwise identical non-ToM trials, the switch was witnessed. Overall accuracy was higher in children with OI than in those with TBI. Children with severe TBI showed a larger decline in accuracy on ToM trials, suggesting a specific deficit in ToM among children with severe TBI. Accuracy was significantly higher on trials following errors than on trials following correct responses, suggesting that all groups monitored performance and responded to errors with increased vigilance. TBI is associated with poorer intentional processing in school-age children and adolescents relative to peers with OI; furthermore, children with TBI are challenged specifically by intentional demands, especially when their injury is severe. (JINS, 2012,19, 1–9)
Prospective Memory Deficits are Associated with Poorer Everyday Functioning in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Pirogovsky Eva , Woods Steven Paul , Vincent Filoteo J. , Gilbert Paul E.
Published: July 2012

Although individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) evidence moderate deficits in prospective memory (PM), it is not known whether PM deficits confer an increased risk of poorer everyday functioning. In the current study, 33 individuals with PD and 26 demographically similar normal controls (NC) were administered performance-based and self-report measures of PM and everyday functioning, including medication and financial management. As compared to NC, PD participants demonstrated significantly lower scores on performance-based measures of PM and financial capacity, worse performance at a trend level on performance-based medication management and endorsed significantly greater self-reported declines in PM and instrumental activities of daily living (iADLs). In the PD sample, the laboratory measure of PM significantly correlated with performance-based measures of financial capacity and medication management and a self-report measure of medication management. Self-reported PM failures significantly correlated with perceived declines in iADLs, worse medication management, and poorer health-related quality of life. Although future studies are needed to examine the incremental ecological validity of PM in PD, findings from this study extend prior research by providing preliminary evidence that PM impairment may play a significant role in a range of critical everyday functions in PD. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)
Comparison and Validation of Visual Assessment and Image Processing Algorithms to Quantify Morphology Dynamics ofEuglena gracilis
Authors: Krishnan Anand , Watson Ian , Parton Roger , Sharp James
Published: July 2012

Image processing algorithms were developed and compared with visual assessment from 12 volunteers to quantify the temporal morphological structure of a singleEuglena gracilisorganism. Representative images ofE. gracilis, showing different morphological characteristics from ovate to cylindrical and elongate, were captured with a bright-field video microscopy system. These images were ranked by the volunteers in order from ovate to elongate. The images were analyzed in the spatial and spatial frequency domain, and the order of the images from each analysis was ranked against the visual assessment. The assessment methods agreeing with the volunteer's preferred sequence were an eccentricity measurement (major axis over the sum of the minor axis at three points), the cross correlation of the image without high pass filtering or edge detection, and cross correlation of the power spectral density.
Video-Based Tracking of Single Molecules Exhibiting Directed In-Frame Motion
Authors: Yüce M. Yavuz , Jonáš Alexandr , Kiraz Alper , Erdoğan Alper T.
Published: July 2012

Trajectories of individual molecules moving within complex environments such as cell cytoplasm and membranes or semiflexible polymer networks provide invaluable information on the organization and dynamics of these systems. However, when such trajectories are obtained from a sequence of microscopy images, they can be distorted due to the fact that the tracked molecule exhibits appreciable directed motion during the single-frame acquisition. We propose a new model of image formation for mobile molecules that takes the linear in-frame motion into account and develop an algorithm based on the maximum likelihood approach for retrieving the position and velocity of the molecules from single-frame data. The position and velocity information obtained from individual frames are further fed into a Kalman filter for interframe tracking of molecules that allows prediction of the trajectory of the molecule and further improves the precision of the position and velocity estimates. We evaluate the performance of our algorithm by calculations of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound, simulations, and model experiments with a piezo-stage. We demonstrate tracking of molecules moving as fast as 7 pixels/frame (12.6 μm/s) within a mean error of 0.42 pixel (37.43 nm).
THE LOST SLOW MOVEMENT FROM BEETHOVEN'S QUARTET OP. 18 NO. 2
Authors: COOPER BARRY
Published: July 2012

In October 1799 Beethoven delivered manuscript copies of three new quartets (Op. 18 Nos 1–3) to Prince Lobkowitz. The following year, however, he revised Nos 1 and 2, writing a new slow movement for No. 2 in which little of the original material was retained. The original slow movement was discarded and is now lost, but many sketches for it survive in the sketchbook Grasnick 2. Although these sketches seem disjointed and fragmentary, they represent all seventy-four bars of a complete movement, with some lower parts also indicated for more than half the bars, enabling the movement to be reconstructed in much detail. This lost movement is of great interest, with some striking imitation and modulations in the two contrasting episodes, and an ending that reconciles the opening theme with the stormy second section. The movement is of particular importance since no other lost works completed by Beethoven that are of such substance are known from such a late date.
Total palliative care for a patient with multiple cerebral infarctions that occurred repeatedly in association with gastric cancer (Trousseau's syndrome)
Authors: Ukai Katsuyuki , Okajima Akiko , Yamauchi Aya , Sasaki Eiji , Yamaguchi Yohsuke , Kimura Hiroyuki , Aleksic Branko , Ozaki Norio
Published: July 2012

Objective:

Malignancy-related thromboembolism, also referred to as Trousseau's syndrome, can present as acute cerebral infarction, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), and migratory thrombophlebitis. Therefore, many physical, neurological, and psychological symptoms associated with Trousseau's syndrome may occur in the clinical course.

Method:

To illustrate this, we report a case of a male patient in his 50s with carcinomatous peritonitis caused by gastric cancer, with multiple cerebral infractions that developed during disease progression. The patient was admitted to our hospital for the treatment of side effects of chemotherapy, although he strongly hoped to go home as soon as possible. In addition to making social supports plans, we were required to perform intensive total palliative care, because of his physical pain, general fatigue, anorexia, abdominal and neck pain, and psychological issues (insomnia, delirium, depression, suicidal thoughts, self-mutilation, panic attacks, agoraphobia, fear of death, and feelings of hopelessness).

Results:

To the best of our knowledge, based on the literature search, this is the first reported case of Trousseau's syndrome described in the context of total palliative care, especially psychological care.

Significance of results:

We propose that neurological symptoms of Trousseau's syndrome cause these extensive mental disorders. Furthermore, because of the prognosis of Trousseau's syndrome, we should utilize our expertise fulfill the patient's wishes.
COMPLETENESS VIA CORRESPONDENCE FOR EXTENSIONS OF THE LOGIC OF PARADOX
Authors: KOOI BARTELD , TAMMINGA ALLARD
Published: July 2012

Taking our inspiration from modal correspondence theory, we present the idea of correspondence analysis for many-valued logics. As a benchmark case, we study truth-functional extensions of the Logic of Paradox (LP). First, we characterize each of the possible truth table entries for unary and binary operators that could be added to LP by an inference scheme. Second, we define a class of natural deduction systems on the basis of these characterizing inference schemes and a natural deduction system for LP. Third, we show that each of the resulting natural deduction systems is sound and complete with respect to its particular semantics.
Reexamining Political Discussion and Disagreement in Church Networks: An Exit Poll Assessment
Authors: Sokhey Anand Edward , Mockabee Stephen T.
Published: July 2012

The workplace has been hailed as a fruitful context for encountering difference, but other institutions of adult life — notably the church — have been downplayed, as it has been argued that self-selection produces political homogeneity within these environments. At the same time, much of what scholars know about social influence has been based on relatively blunt measures of disagreement, typically included in surveys conducted over multiple-week spans either before or after the actual voting has taken place. Inspired by work on the survival, loci, and democratic consequences of political disagreement, we survey voters at the moment when the literature would suggest they should be most likely to report agreement: Election Day. Wedding exit poll methodology with items that capture the major dimensions of networks and the content of discussion, we re-examine the contexts in which discussions take place and untangle issue-specific patterns of disagreement. We find evidence that church-based networks fulfill important democratic roles relative to other contexts, exposing individuals to cross-cutting discourse while serving as unique sources of information in the midst of broader electoral environments.
The Curious Case of School Prayer: Political Entrepreneurship and the Resilience of Legal Institutions
Authors: Hays Bradley D.
Published: July 2012

School prayer represents a curiosity of Reagan era politics. Reagan and the social conservative movement secured numerous successes in accommodating religious practice and faith in the public sphere. Yet, when it came to restoring voluntary school prayer, conservatives never succeeded in securing the judicial victory that they sought despite conditions that seemingly favored change. Herein, we attempt to reconcile Reagan era successes with Reagan era failures by exploring Reagan's entrepreneurial activity to affect both the demand (i.e., judges) and supply (i.e., litigants) side of legal change. Identifying Reagan's entrepreneurial activities in his attempt to alter national social policy reveals the resilience of legal institutions to presidential and partisan regimes. Reagan's efforts to change national school prayer policy gained some measure of legislative success by securing the Equal Access Act but it failed to garner a change in school prayer jurisprudence. We conclude by noting that the difficulty of influencing both the demand and supply side of legal change in a timely manner and its implication for reconstructing policy through the courts.
RethinkingDover: Religion, Science, and the Values of Democratic Citizenship
Authors: Liebell Susan P.
Published: July 2012

TheDoverdecision restricted the mention of Intelligent Design in a public school science classroom yet theDoveropinion offers an inadequate defensive position. Liberal democracy can exclude Intelligent Design based on the Establishment Clause yet courts do not affirm the teaching of best available science or connect teaching science to other constitutional rights, duties, or institutions. AlthoughDoverhas triggered a debate over the role of religion in public and private life, the case reveals complex issues regarding science, citizenship, and the values of liberal democratic civic identity. In three sections, this article (1) reviews the creationism jurisprudence; (2) dissects theDoverdecision; and (3) suggests an alternative juridical approach grounded in an education case,Plyler v. Doe, in which education creates citizens who are politically competent, economically fit, and capable of self-development. The conclusion reframes the debate over Intelligent Design as one of civic identity and political reproduction arguing that liberals, using the ideas of Brennan, Marshall, and Breyer must make a positive case for the role of science in shaping the liberal citizen, worker, and person.
Economic inequality and its asymmetric effect on civic engagement: evidence from post-communist countries
Authors: Karakoc Ekrem
Published: July 2012

The global increase in inequality raises concerns among scholars and policy-makers. However, limited evidence exists to identify how inequality affects citizens’ behavior. This study explores the effects of economic inequality on participation in civil society associations by testing hypotheses derived from resource and conflict theories. Using a multilevel Poisson model in 18 post-communist countries, this study finds that inequality has a nonlinear effect on civil society. Economic inequality has a drastically demobilizing effect on associational participation in countries with lower income inequality; meanwhile high inequality has a slightly weak mobilizing effect on associational participation. Further tests show that the effect of inequality varies across different socioeconomic groups, but that the poor are most affected.
Multipoint observations of substorm pre‐onset flows and time sequence in the ionosphere and magnetosphere
Authors: Shi Yong , Zesta Eftyhia , Lyons L. R. , Xing X. , Angelopoulos V. , Donovan E. , McCready M. A. , Heinselman C. J.
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we use a rare and close longitudinal conjunction of the THEMIS spacecraft with the Sondrestrom radar to present multipoint observations of important features of the time sequence of substorm pre‐onset plasma flows in the ionosphere and magnetotail on March 5, 2008. We found that the onset was preceded sequentially by enhanced polar cap flows heading equatorward near the polar cap boundary, and then by tail fast flows from the mid‐tail to the near‐Earth region. We also observed in situ fluctuations in short‐period Pi2 band (∼30–50 s) in both the magnetic field and plasma pressure during the initial couple of min of the fast flows, occurring nearly simultaneously with the dipolarization and the fast flows and propagating earthward. Our results suggest that these fluctuations may be triggered by the fast flows, and may play an important role in the substorm onset process. Our event suggests that localized tail reconnection may be triggered by the enhanced polar cap flows, though the reconnection location cannot be unambiguously determined. Earthward fast flows are generated as a result of the tail reconnection and reach the inner magnetosphere to initiate the substorm onset. The presented case is consistent with that predicted by the Nishimura et al. (2010a) scenario.
Exploring a new method for the retrieval of urban thermophysical properties using thermal infrared remote sensing and deterministic modeling
Authors: De Ridder K. , Bertrand C. , Casanova G. , Lefebvre W.
Published: July 2012

Increasingly, mesoscale meteorological and climate models are used to predict urban weather and climate. Yet, large uncertainties remain regarding values of some urban surface properties. In particular, information concerning urban values for thermal roughness length and thermal admittance is scarce. In this paper, we present a method to estimate values for thermal admittance in combination with an optimal scheme for thermal roughness length, based on METEOSAT‐8/SEVIRI thermal infrared imagery in conjunction with a deterministic atmospheric model containing a simple urbanized land surface scheme. Given the spatial resolution of the SEVIRI sensor, the resulting parameter values are applicable at scales of the order of 5 km. As a study case we focused on the city of Paris, for the day of 29 June 2006. Land surface temperature was calculated from SEVIRI thermal radiances using a new split‐window algorithm specifically designed to handle urban conditions, as described inAppendix A, including a correction for anisotropy effects. Land surface temperature was also calculated in an ensemble of simulations carried out with the ARPS mesoscale atmospheric model, combining different thermal roughness length parameterizations with a range of thermal admittance values. Particular care was taken to spatially match the simulated land surface temperature with the SEVIRI field of view, using the so‐called point spread function of the latter. Using Bayesian inference, the best agreement between simulated and observed land surface temperature was obtained for the Zilitinkevich (1970) and Brutsaert (1975) thermal roughness length parameterizations, the latter with the coefficients obtained by Kanda et al. (2007). The retrieved thermal admittance values associated with either thermal roughness parameterization were, respectively, 1843 ± 108 J m−2 s−1/2 K−1 and 1926 ± 115 J m−2 s−1/2 K−1.
Estimation of dissolved organic carbon contribution from hillslope soils to a headwater stream
Authors: Mei Yi , Hornberger George M. , Kaplan Louis A. , Newbold J. Denis , Aufdenkampe Anthony K.
Published: July 2012

The downward flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the vadose zone was examined using “artificial rain” experiments on a soil lysimeter at the White Clay Creek watershed in southeastern Pennsylvania. Refractory DOC (RDOC) and labile biodegradable DOC (BDOC) were transported from the organic rich soil layer and eluted from the base of a soil lysimeter during the experimental water applications. A physically based, distributed model that considers water flow and the transport of heat, RDOC and labile BDOC was developed and used to explore the hypothesis that the delivery of DOC to the water table occurs primarily in the riparian zone. Macropores were considered by adopting a dual permeability modeling approach. The calibrated model successfully replicated the temporal dynamics of a bromide tracer, and of RDOC and labile BDOC eluted from the soil lysimeter during the experiments. An estimated annual DOC delivery to groundwater in the watershed was obtained by scaling up the vertical one‐dimensional model to the watershed. The results suggest that the subsurface contribution of DOC accounts for about 72% of the total annual export from the watershed, and the riparian zone contributes more than 90% of total DOC in groundwater.
Honors
Authors: Anonymous
Published: July 2012

Eleven AGU members are among the 96 recipients of the 2012 Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers announced by the White House on 23 July. They are Anthony Arguez, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Joseph Colgan, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); Temilola Fatoyinbo‐Agueh, NASA; Karen Felzer, USGS; Justin Hagerty, USGS; Heileen Hsu‐Kim, Duke University; Francis McCubbin, Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico; Jayne Billmayer Morrow, National Institute of Standards and Technology; David Noone, University of Colorado, Boulder; Yuri Shprits, University of California, Los Angeles; and Rebecca Washenfelder, NOAA. The award is the highest honor bestowed by the U.S. government on science and engineering professionals in the early stages of their independent research careers.
Local factors important for water availability
Authors: Bhattacharya Atreyee
Published: July 2012

One important issue that has grabbed the attention of scientists and policy makers alike is the amount of freshwater that will be available to populations across different climate settings, especially as rain belts reorganize in response to warming temperatures over the 21st century. The amount of freshwater available on land, calculated from runoff, is a function of supply and demand, where annual rainfall determines the supply and the dryness determined by solar radiation largely controls the demand. Local factors, such as vegetation and soil types that are directly tied to regional climate, modulate the surface water supply and demand. However, there are no observations to quantify the effect of regional climate on surface water availability.
Seasonal variations in N2O emissions from central California
Authors: Jeong Seongeun , Zhao Chuanfeng , Andrews Arlyn E. , Dlugokencky Edward J. , Sweeney Colm , Bianco Laura , Wilczak James M. , Fischer Marc L.
Published: July 2012

We estimate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Central California for the period of December 2007 through November 2009 by comparing N2O mixing ratios measured at a tall tower (Walnut Grove, WGC) with transport model predictions based on two global a priori N2O emission models (EDGAR32 and EDGAR42). Atmospheric particle trajectories and surface footprints are computed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Stochastic Time‐Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) models. Regression analyses show that the slopes of predicted on measured N2O from both emission models are low, suggesting that actual N2O emissions are significantly higher than the EDGAR inventories for all seasons. Bayesian inverse analyses of regional N2O emissions show that posterior annual N2O emissions are larger than both EDGAR inventories by factors of 2.0 ± 0.4 (EDGAR32) and 2.1 ± 0.4 (EDGAR42) with seasonal variation ranging from 1.6 ± 0.3 to 2.5 ± 0.4 for an influence region of Central California within approximately 150 km of the tower. These results suggest that if the spatial distribution of N2O emissions in California follows the EDGAR emission models, then actual emissions are 2.7 ± 0.5 times greater than the current California emission inventory, and total N2O emissions account for 8.1 ± 1.4% of total greenhouse gas emissions from California.
Weighing the ocean: Using a single mooring to measure changes in the mass of the ocean
Authors: Hughes Chris W. , Tamisiea Mark E. , Bingham Rory J. , Williams Joanne
Published: July 2012

Combining ocean and earth models, we show that there is a region in the central Pacific ocean where ocean bottom pressure is a direct measure of interannual changes in ocean mass, with a noise level for annual means below 3 mm water equivalent, and a trend error below 1 mm/yr. We demonstrate this concept using existing ocean bottom pressure measurements from the region, from which we extract the annual cycle of ocean mass (amplitude 8.5 mm, peaking in late September), which is in agreement with previous determinations based on complex combinations of global data sets. This method sidesteps a number of limitations in satellite gravity‐based calculations, but its direct implementation is currently limited by the precision of pressure sensors, which suffer from significant drift. Development of a low‐drift method to measure ocean bottom pressure at a few sites could provide an important geodetic constraint on the earth system.
How the inclination of Earth's orbit affects incoming solar irradiance
Authors: Vieira L. E. A. , Norton A. , Dudok de Wit T. , Kretzschmar M. , Schmidt G. A. , Cheung M. C. M.
Published: July 2012

The variability in solar irradiance, the main external energy source of the Earth's system, must be critically studied in order to place the effects of human‐driven climate change into perspective and allow plausible predictions of the evolution of climate. Accurate measurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) variability by instruments onboard space platforms during the last three solar cycles indicate changes of approximately 0.1% over the sunspot cycle. Physics‐based models also suggest variations of the same magnitude on centennial to millennia time‐scales. Additionally, long‐term changes in Earth's orbit modulate the solar irradiance reaching the top of the atmosphere. Variations of orbital inclination in relation to the Sun's equator could potentially impact incoming solar irradiance as a result of the anisotropy of the distribution of active regions. Due to a lack of quantitative estimates, this effect has never been assessed. Here, we show that although observers with different orbital inclinations experience various levels of irradiance, modulations in TSI are not sufficient to drive observed 100 kyr climate variations. Based on our model we find that, due to orbital inclination alone, the maximum change in the average TSI over timescales of kyrs is ∼0.003 Wm−2, much smaller than the ∼1.5 Wm−2 annually integrated change related to orbital eccentricity variations, or the 1–8 Wm−2variability due to solar magnetic activity. Here, we stress that out‐of‐ecliptic measurements are needed in order to constrain models for the long‐term evolution of TSI and its impact on climate.
Response of ionospheric convection to sharp southward IMF turnings inferred from magnetometer and radar data
Authors: Fiori R. A. D. , Boteler D. H. , Koustov A. V.
Published: July 2012

Reconfiguration of the convection pattern associated with a sudden transition in the north/south component of the IMF from stable positive to stable negative values is investigated for two events using both magnetometer and SuperDARN data. The IMF transition impinges upon the magnetosphere near the 10 MLT sector; perturbations are clearly seen on the dayside at the time of onset and on the nightside with a ∼10 min delay from onset. This implies a dayside‐to‐nightside progression of the ionospheric response observed in the magnetic perturbations and SuperDARN velocities, contrary to the globally simultaneous response reported in the literature for a number of other events. The foci of the dawnside convection cells are shown to shift from near midnight toward the dayside, reaching a final location between 06 MLT and 08 MLT within 14–18 min of onset. The location of the duskside convection cell remains in the early afternoon sector both prior to and after the transition for both events. Once the convection foci reach a final location, the overall convection pattern enhances.
Space‐time variability of polar cap patches: Direct evidence for internal plasma structuring
Authors: Dahlgren H. , Perry G. W. , Semeter J. L. , St.‐Maurice J.‐P. , Hosokawa K. , Nicolls M. J. , Greffen M. , Shiokawa K. , Heinselman C.
Published: July 2012

Coordinated observations of ionospheric variability near the geomagnetic pole using the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar (RISR‐N), Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) High Frequency (HF) radars, and all‐sky imagers have clarified the relative contribution of structuring mechanisms operating on polar plasma patches. From the multipoint RISR‐N observations, a three dimensional image can be constructed of the plasma parameters. The colocated coherent echoes from the SuperDARN radars provide information on field aligned irregularities, and from all‐sky imagers located in Resolute Bay, Canada and Qaanaaq, Greenland, information is obtained on the emission brightness at different wavelengths. A good correlation is found between the location of the coherent, incoherent and optical signals of patches. From the SuperDARN radar data it is evident that plasma irregularities seem to be present throughout the region of enhanced electron density. The patches are observed to be formed in the cusp region due to bursty flux transfer events and are then transported across the polar cap. During the time period of about 10 minutes when a patch drifted through the RISR‐N field of view, the patch seemed to undergo significant deformation in all three spatial dimensions, with density fluctuations of about 10% and spatial variations leading to stretching and tilting of the patch. The findings show that plasma structuring can likely occur within polar cap patches, which support previous suggestions that a patch is highly variable as it drifts across the polar cap, with a faster spread of irregularities throughout the patch as a result.
Frictional strength and healing behavior of phyllosilicate‐rich faults
Authors: Tesei Telemaco , Collettini Cristiano , Carpenter Brett M. , Viti Cecilia , Marone Chris
Published: July 2012

We study the mechanisms of frictional strength recovery for tectonic faults with particular focus on fault gouge that contains phyllosilicate minerals. We report laboratory and microstructural work from fault rocks associated with a regional, low‐angle normal fault in Central Italy. Experiments were conducted in a biaxial deformation apparatus at room temperature and humidity, nominally dry, under constant normal stresses of 20 and 50 MPa, and at a sliding velocity of 10μm/s. Our results for nominally dry conditions show good agreement with previous work conducted under controlled pore fluid pressure. The phyllosilicate contents of our samples, which include clay, talc and chlorite range from 0 to 52 weight %. We study both intact rock samples, sheared in their in situ geometry, and powders made from the same rocks to address the role of fabric in fault healing. We measured frictional healing, Δμ, using slide‐hold‐slide tests with hold periods ranging from 3 to 3000 s. Phyllosilicate‐free materials show friction values ofμ ≈ 0.6 and healing rates that are larger in powdered samples, β ≈ 0.006 (Δμ per decade in time, s) compared to intact wafers of fault rock, β≈ 0.004. For phyllosilicate‐bearing materials, healing rates are low,β< 0.002, and independent of fabric, phyllosilicate content and normal stress. We observe that frictional strength decreases systematically with increasing phyllosilicate content. Intact, phyllosilicate‐bearing fault rock is consistently weaker than its powdered equivalent (0.2 <μ < 0.3 versus 0.4 < μ< 0.5, respectively). We compare our data to results from experiments conducted on a wide range of materials and conditions. Deformation microstructures show localized slipping along sub‐parallel shear planes. We suggest that low values of frictional strength and near zero healing rates will combine to exacerbate the weakness of phyllosilicate‐bearing faults and promote stable, aseismic creep.