bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity analysis for non-monotone missing binary data in longitudinal studies: Application to the NIDA collaborative cocaine treatment study
Authors: Fitzmaurice Garrett M , Lipsitz Stuart R , Weiss Roger D
Published: August 2018

Conventional approaches for handling missingness in substance use disorder trials commonly rely upon a single deterministic “worst value” imputation that posits a perfect relationship between missingness and drug use (“missing value = presumed drug use”); this yields biased estimates of treatment effects and their standard errors. Instead, deterministic imputations should be replaced by probabilistic versions that encode researchers prior beliefs that those with missing data are more likely to be using drugs at those occasions. Motivated by this problem, we present a method for handling non-monotone missing binary data in longitudinal studies. Specifically, we consider a joint model that combines a not missing at random (NMAR) selection model with a generalized linear mixed model for longitudinal binary data. The selection model links the distribution of a missing outcome to the corresponding distribution of the outcome for those observed at that occasion via a fixed and known sensitivity parameter. The mixed model for longitudinal binary data assumes the random effects have bridge distributions; the latter yields regression parameters that have both subject-specific and marginal interpretations. This approach is completely transparent about what is being assumed about missing data and can be used as the basis for sensitivity analysis.
Inequalities of Human Opportunities in India: A State-level Analysis
Authors: Vani B. P. , Madheswaran S.
Published: August 2018

This article attempts to measure the equality of opportunity among children in India at state level based on two waves (2004–2005 and 2011–2012) of data from Indian Human Development Survey. The measurement of access to basic services adjusted for differences associated with circumstances and commonly known as the Human Opportunity Index (HOI) is used following the World Bank methodology. This article also adopts multidimensional framework and modifies the HOI to account for access to multiple services to individuals and thus terms it as Multidimensional Human Opportunity Index (MHOI). The change in the MHOI between the two periods, 2004–2005 and 20011–2012, has been decomposed into scale effect and distribution effect. The findings show that the opportunities to access services are quite low and inequitable at all-India level, except in access to safe drinking water. Over the period of seven years, there is an increase in MHOI and much of it is due to the scale effect and not so much due to the distribution effect. Among the circumstance variables, location of residence and per capita expenditure were found to be crucial in influencing equitable access to basic services. Most of the BIMARU states had low and inequitable access to opportunities. Further, the location of residence (rural/urban) was an important factor in influencing access to services at the state level, with low levels of access in rural areas compared to urban areas. In the light of empirical findings, policy options are suggested.
Labour Market Inequalities in India: Dimensions and Policies
Authors: Dev S. Mahendra
Published: August 2018

This article deals with dimensions of labour market inequalities and policies for reducing these inequalities. The problem of inequality can be found across sectors, wages and earnings, quality of work, labour market access and, between organized and unorganized sector. Labour market segmentation is another important issue regarding inequalities. Reducing labour market inequalities is important for the sustainability of growth, reduction in poverty and a rise in human development in India. Macro policies, sectoral policies, skill related policies, education and social protection policies are important for reduction of labour market inequalities. At the global level, technological change has been one of the factors responsible for increasing labour market inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers. India has to be prepared for technological revolution and its implication for employment. The country has to address the “fundamental challenge” of improving human capital for all the workers in order to reduce inequalities. Political economy issues have to be tackled in order to address raising inequalities.
Biography in accounting history: Some personal reflections
Authors: Burrows Geoffrey H
Published: August 2018

These personal reflections, written in the form of a memoir, span the scope and scale of biography in accounting history, the author’s introduction to, and subsequent work in the field, the (doubtless idiosyncratic) lessons learned, the methodologies employed, the related ethical requirements and challenges, and the research and publication opportunities that exist in accounting projects with biographical elements.
Paradoxical Virtual Leadership: Reconsidering Virtuality Through a Paradox Lens
Authors: Purvanova Radostina K. , Kenda Renata
Published: August 2018

This conceptual article moves the conversation about virtual leadership forward by blending extant knowledge on virtuality and on leadership. Drawing on paradox theory, we show that virtuality is a paradox; therefore, virtual leadership’s core function is to deal with paradox. Our paradoxical virtual leadership model introduces three distinct leadership styles: synergistic, selective, and stagnant. Synergistic leaders view virtuality through a both–and cognitive framework, integrate divergent forces into synergistic solutions, and engage in varied, even opposing, behaviors to synergize virtuality’s paradoxical tensions and leverage the power of paradox. In contrast, selective leaders view virtuality through an either–or framework, and attempt to either manage virtuality’s challenges, or to capitalize on its opportunities, thus failing to balance paradoxical tensions. Finally, stagnant leaders adopt an avoidant framework, ignoring or avoiding virtuality’s paradoxes, and fail to lead effective virtual teams. The practical implications of this model—especially as they relate to how virtual leaders can synergize paradoxical tensions—are discussed.
Influences of Femininity and Maternal Relationships on Anxiety and Adjustment in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Shevenell Megan D. , Meteyer Karen
Published: August 2018

This study examined how maternal acceptance, care, and overprotection, along with individuals’ feminine gender orientation, impacted anxiety and adjustment among emerging adults. Data were collected via survey packets from 106 college undergraduates at a university in New England and analyzed using multiple regression models. Results indicated that maternal acceptance predicted better psychological adjustment above and beyond the influence of other parenting characteristics and gender role ideology; participants who felt accepted by their mothers growing up were more likely to have positive adjustment. However, with respect to anxiety, results suggested that having a more feminine gender role orientation was more strongly related to increased anxiety than maternal care, overprotection, and acceptance. These findings contribute to the understanding of unique factors that may serve as risk or resilience factors in the psychological well-being of young adults.
From Raindrops to a Common Stream: Using the Social-Ecological Systems Framework for Research on Sustainable Water Management
Authors: Baudoin Lucie , Arenas Daniel
Published: August 2018

Sustainable water management is a growing concern worldwide. Nonetheless, despite the existence of water-related reviews in the business literature, the contribution of organization and management studies to sustainability challenges remains unclear. As systemic approaches are necessary to tackle sustainability challenges, we use Elinor Ostrom’s social-ecological systems framework to assess whether and how the current management literature on water contributes to our understanding of sustainable water management. Our review shows that management research is still far from making a significant contribution to this field, because of limited knowledge accumulation and theoretical development, and the lack of integration of environmental factors within social science research generally. The social-ecological systems framework helps us identify future research opportunities that would feed more effectively into a multidisciplinary effort toward sustainable water management.
Poor Sleep Quality Among Adolescents With ASD Is Associated With Depressive Symptoms, Problem Behaviors, and Conflicted Family Relationships
Authors: Phung Janice N. , Abdullah Maryam M. , Goldberg Wendy A.
Published: August 2018

To better understand correlates of sleep issues for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we conducted two related studies of sleep quality in association with adolescent well-being and family relationships. In Study 1, 28 adolescents with ASD, 27 typically developing (TD) adolescents, and their mothers, participated. Mothers and adolescents independently completed questionnaires about sleep and adolescent functioning. In Study 2, 20 adolescents with ASD and their mothers participated, and actigraphy was used to measure sleep quality. Regression results from Study 1 indicated more daytime sleepiness was associated with more depressive symptoms and more discordant mother–adolescent relationships in the ASD sample. More sleep–wake problems were associated with more depressive symptoms in TD adolescents. In Study 2, more time asleep and poorer sleep efficiency were associated with more depressive symptoms and discordant sibling relationships. These findings suggest that helping adolescents with ASD with their sleep issues may confer benefits in other parts of their lives.
One-year follow-up of the XEN® implant with mitomycin-C in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma patients
Authors: Ibáñez-Muñoz Ana , Soto-Biforcos Víctor Santiago , Chacón-González María , Rúa-Galisteo Oscar , Arrieta-Los Santos Alexandra , Lizuain-Abadía María Ester , Del Río Mayor José Luis
Published: August 2018

Purpose:

To evaluate the intraocular pressure–lowering effect, the safety profile, and the success rate of the XEN45 Gel Stent (Allergan, Dublin, Ireland) in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma.

Methods:

Retrospective study conducted on patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, with or without cataract, who underwent XEN45 implantation surgery with subconjunctival mitomycin-C and had a minimum postoperative follow-up period of 12 months. The primary outcome measure was intraocular pressure reduction at 1 year as compared to baseline. Complete success was defined as a postoperative intraocular pressure reduction of ⩾20% from preoperative baseline at 12 months without any glaucoma medications. Qualified success was defined as a postoperative intraocular pressure reduction of ⩾20% at 12 months with medications.

Results:

Of the 24 screened patients, 21 eyes of 20 patients met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were included in the study. A total of 13 (62%) eyes underwent XEN alone surgery and 8 (38%) eyes had combined XEN + cataract surgery. Mean intraocular pressure was significantly reduced from 21.1 (3.8) mmHg at baseline to 15.2 (3.9) mmHg at 1 year, p < 0.001. Mean antiglaucoma medications dropped from 2.95 (0.97) preoperatively to 1.23 (1.22) at month 12 (p < 0.001). Of the 21 eyes included in the study, 18 (85.7%) were considered as success, 6 (28.6%) as complete success, and 12 (57.1%) as qualified success. Five eyes required needling revision. Complications included uveitis, choroidal detachment, hyphema, and cystoid macular edema in 2, 1, 1, and 1 eye, respectively.

Conclusion:

XEN45 Gel Stent implant significantly reduced the intraocular pressure and the number of antiglaucoma medications in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma.
Maturational Changes of Delta Waves in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Infant Twins
Authors: Vucinovic Mirjana , Kardum Goran , Vukovic Jonatan , Vucinovic Ana
Published: August 2018

Aims:

To compare developmental changes of delta 1 (0.5-2.0 Hz) and delta 2 (2.25-3.75 Hz) power spectra between healthy monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs and among MZ and DZ twin groups during active/REM (AS/REM) and quiet/NREM (QS/NREM) sleep stages at 38th, 46th, and 52nd weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA).

Materials and methods:

Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were analyzed using fast Fourier transforms. Differences in the developmental changes of delta power within twin pairs and between twin groups were estimated by calculating mean absolute differences of relative spectral values in delta 1 (0.5-2 Hz) and delta 2 (2.25-3.75 Hz) frequencies.

Results:

A review of electrodes showed that relative delta 1 power decreased, whereas delta 2 power increased from 38th toward 52nd week of PMA regardless of zygosity, sleep stages, and electrode position. Twin groups did not significantly differ ( P > .05) in within-pair MZ and DZ similarity for delta 1 and delta 2 power spectra; similarity between MZ twin partners for delta 1 and delta 2 power spectra was as high as that of DZ twin partners on each electrode position, sleep stage, and period of measurement.

Conclusions:

Developmental changes of delta 1 and delta 2 power spectra occurred equally in MZ and DZ twin groups during AS and QS sleep stages at 38th, 46th, and 52th PMA. The rhythm of EEG maturation evidenced by the maturation of delta 1 and delta 2 power spectra was not dependent on zygosity.
A Tale of Two Knee Implants in the Same Person: Narcotics for the First and Anti-inflammatory Drugs for the Second
Authors: Stevenson Donald D , Gasko Jennifer L
Published: August 2018

Opioid addiction is a world-wide tragedy, with severe consequences for both the victims and the society that must care for them. The pathways to addiction are multiple but postoperative opioid prescriptions for pain management are a major contributor to this crisis. This case report describes the differences in pain management during 2 different arthroplasties of the knees in the same person. After the first arthroplasty of the right knee 10 years ago, postoperative opioids were used, but after the second arthroplasty of the left knee in 2007, anti-inflammatory drugs took the place of opioids. The first postoperative treatment with opioids was marked by addiction and a nasty withdrawal. The recovery of knee function, driving, and return to work were prolonged. After the second arthroplasty in 2007, a combination of meloxicam (COX-2 inhibitor), high-dose acetaminophen (COX-1 inhibitor at higher doses), and diclofenac topical gel (COX-1 inhibitor with local effects) produced excellent pain control and significant reduction in swelling of the operated knee. The clinical course was smooth and recovery was rapid. The patient was walking normally and driving a car at 2 weeks and took an airplane trip at 4 weeks. After arthroplasty, postoperative opioids may not be necessary for most people.
The craft of evaluative practice: Negotiating legitimate methodologies within complex interventions
Authors: Connelly Steve , Vanderhoven Dave
Published: August 2018

Evaluations of complex interventions are likely to encounter tensions between different methodological principles, and between the inherent causal rationality of evaluation and the messy complexity of real institutional contexts. Conceptualizing evaluation as producing putatively authoritative evidence, we show how ‘legitimacy’ is a useful concept for unpacking evaluation design in practice. A case study of service integration shows how different approaches may have unpredictable levels of legitimacy, based in contrasting assessments of their methodological acceptability and actual utility. Through showing how practitioners resolved the tensions, we suggest that crafting a patchwork of different methodologies may be legitimate and effective, and can be seen as underpinned by its own pragmatic rationality. However, we also conclude that the explanatory power of theory-driven evaluation can be embedded in such an approach, both in elements of the patchwork and as an overarching guiding principle for the crafting process.
The micropolitics of posthuman early years leadership assemblages: Exploring more-than-human relationality
Authors: Fairchild Nikki
Published: August 2018

Engaging with posthuman theorising, this article puts to work a number of concepts to produce generative reimaginings of early years leadership. In 1992, Deleuze argued that we are witnessing a transition from societies of confinement to ‘societies of control’. In societies of control, power operates through neo-liberal corporate worlds via a process of ‘continuous modulation’, which encourages a regime of perpetual flows of change, revealing new productions of a more posthuman agency. Drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari, the author notes how the concept of assemblage can be employed to explore leadership. She argues that early years leadership in England is part of a wider set of connections and relations which include human and non-human ‘bodies’. The assemblage connects and collects bodies, and is not defined by its individual components but by what is produced as these bodies interact. These interactions can be striated, which explores certain forms of leadership. However, smoother spaces can also be produced, which empirically reveals the situational ethics and micropolitics of four early years leaders who are entangled with children, policy, neo-liberal framing, quality, curriculum, and social and material worlds in their settings and schools. This article broadens current views on early years leadership by taking a more-than-human view of relations between human and non-human bodies as a distributed subjectivity which reworks notions of solely human agency. This production allows the author to question how posthuman leadership and the ethics and micropolitics of connectivity might function in this new form of more-than-human relationality.
Presence of Complex and Potentially Conflicting Information in Prenatal Mobile Apps
Authors: Womack Jasmyne J. , Anderson LaKesha N. , Ledford Christy J. W.
Published: August 2018

Pregnant women are increasingly using mobile apps as a source of supplemental information. These pregnancy-related mobile apps present women with contradictory risk recommendations without the medical research to support their claims. The content analysis describes a sample of the pregnancy-tracking mobile application environment open to pregnant mothers and uses the social amplification of risk framework. Within this framework, written recommendations and the presence or absence of corresponding citations on controversial topics in pregnancy were recorded and risk was coded as received contradictory information. Of the 48 pregnancy-tracking mobile apps downloaded, 11 (22.9%) were associated with either a seller or a developer with a medical background. Only 24 of 48 (50.0%) of the apps cited a source, such as a health professional agency or peer-reviewed research journal for health recommendations. In our results, we show a sampling of contradictory risk recommendations made by mobile apps that cite or do not cite their source for that recommendation on 8 controversial topics in pregnancy. Findings suggest providers treating pregnant women must be aware of the complex information environment and help them navigate the risk information they encounter on some of the most popular pregnancy-tracking mobile apps.
Synthesis of SnO2 nanowires forCO, CH4 and CH3OH gases sensing
Authors: Shehzad Khurram , Shah Nazar Abbas , Amin Muhammad , Abbas Murrawat , Syed Waqar Adil
Published: August 2018

Synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructures, such as nanowires, is of vigorous significance for achieving the desired properties and fabricating functional devices. In this work, we report the synthesis of tin oxide (SnO2) nanowires on gold-catalyzed silicon substrate by carbothermal reduction process. SnO2 nanowires were synthesized with SnO2 and graphite powders as the source materials at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 900°C in the ambience of nitrogen (N2) gas. First, the effect of source material ratio SnO2:C on growth of SnO2 nanowires was studied. The structural, morphological and compositional properties of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The scanning electron microscopy investigation reveals that uniform dense nanowires of SnO2 (diameter ~127 nm and length ~40 µm) were synthesized with vapour–liquid–solid mechanism. Ultraviolet–visible spectra estimate that the optical band gap of the synthesized SnO2 nanowires was 3.72 eV. Second, the gas sensing performance of synthesized SnO2 nanowires was investigated by testing with carbon monoxide (CO), Methane (CH4) and methanol (CH3OH) gases at different operating temperatures and concentrations. Results indicate that the synthesized SnO2 nanowires are highly promising for gas sensing applications.
An area coverage algorithm for wireless sensor networks based on differential evolution
Authors: Qin Ning-ning , Chen Jia-le
Published: August 2018

Lifetime requirements and coverage demands are emphasized in wireless sensor networks. An area coverage algorithm based on differential evolution is developed in this study to obtain a given coverage ratio [Formula: see text]. The proposed algorithm maximizes the lifetime of wireless sensor networks to monitor the area of interest. To this end, we translate continuous area coverage into classical discrete point coverage, so that the optimization process can be realized by wireless sensor networks. Based on maintaining the ε-coverage performance, area coverage algorithm based on differential evolution takes the minimal energy as optimization objective. In area coverage algorithm based on differential evolution, binary differential evolution is redeveloped to search for an improved node subset and thus meet the coverage demand. Taking into account that the results of binary differential evolution are depended on the initial value, the resulting individual is not an absolutely perfect node subset. A compensation strategy is provided to avoid unbalanced energy consumption for the obtained node subset by introducing the positive and negative utility ratios. Under the helps of those ratios and compensation strategy, the resulting node subset can be added additional nodes to remedy insufficient coverage, and redundancy active nodes can be pushed into sleep state. Furthermore, balance and residual energy are considered in area coverage algorithm based on differential evolution, which can expand the scope of population exploration and accelerate convergence. Experimental results show that area coverage algorithm based on differential evolution possesses high energy and computation efficiencies and provides 90% network coverage.
Conventional vs 3-Dimensional Printed Cast Wear Comfort
Authors: Graham Jack , Wang Mark , Frizzell Kaela , Watkins Cynthia , Beredjiklian Pedro , Rivlin Michael
Published: August 2018

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the functionality of 3-dimensional (3D) printed orthoses for upper extremity immobilization compared with conventional immobilization. Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers were fitted with a 3D custom printed short arm cast and a short arm fiberglass cast in separate sessions. The Jebsen Hand Function Test (JHFT) was used to test function and dexterity in each cast. All volunteers completed a modified version of the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE). Skin complications were recorded. Results: There were no significant differences during the JHFT between casts, although one-third of the participants in the 3D cast could perform the tasks in a normal time, which they could not in the fiberglass cast. The average PRWE function score was lower in the 3D cast group than in the fiberglass group (45.5 vs. 80.8). Minor skin irritation was noted in 42% of patients in the fiberglass cast group compared with only 1 patient (8%) in the 3D cast group. One patient in the fiberglass group required a cast change due to inappropriate fit. Conclusions: Both casting techniques demonstrate similar objective function based on the JHFT. Patient satisfaction, comfort, and perceived function are superior in the 3D printed casts.
Intrathecal delivery of a palmitoylated peptide targeting Y382-384 within the P2X7 receptor alleviates neuropathic pain
Authors: Dalgarno Rebecca , Leduc-Pessah Heather , Pilapil Alexandra , Kwok Charlie HT , Trang Tuan
Published: August 2018

Pain hypersensitivity resulting from peripheral nerve injury depends on pathological microglial activation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This microglial activity is critically modulated by P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) and ATP stimulation of these receptors produces mechanical allodynia, a defining feature of neuropathic pain. Peripheral nerve injury increases P2X7R expression and potentiates its cation channel function in spinal microglia. Here, we report a means to preferentially block the potentiation of P2X7R function by delivering a membrane permeant small interfering peptide that targets Y382-384, a putative tyrosine phosphorylation site within the P2X7R intracellular C-terminal domain. Intrathecal administration of this palmitoylated peptide (P2X7R379-389) transiently reversed mechanical allodynia caused by peripheral nerve injury in both male and female rats. Furthermore, targeting Y382-384 suppressed P2X7R-mediated release of cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha and blocked the adoptive transfer of mechanical allodynia caused by intrathecal injection of P2X7R-stimulated microglia. Thus, Y382-384 site-specific modulation of P2X7R is an important microglial mechanism in neuropathic pain.
CFD investigation of sub-cooled boiling flow using a mechanistic wall heat partitioning approach with Wet-Steam properties
Authors: Promtong M , Cheung SCP , Yeoh GH , Vahaji S , Tu J
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the mechanistic wall heat partitioning approach was used to capture the complex heat and mass transfer in sub-cooled boiling flows. In order to accommodate the changes of local variables to be relevant to the physical properties of sub-cooled fluids, the Wet-Steam (IAPWS-IF97) is used as the working fluid. Currently, the approach is evaluated based on the bubble sliding along the wall before lifting-off, which is usually found in the flow boiling situations. In the simulation, the closure mechanistic models, including the fractal analysis, the force balance and the mechanistic frequency, were coupled with the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid framework, while the Shear Stress Transport model was used as a turbulent modelling closure. The Multiple Size Group model was introduced to handle the bubble interactions and predict the bubble size distribution. Moreover, the effect of adopting the sub-cooled liquid properties into the modelling was investigated and compared with the experiments over a wide range of flow conditions. Specifically, the predicted void fraction and the sub-cooling temperature near the heated wall were precisely compared with the cases of using the constant-property liquid. Overall, the satisfactory agreements were found between the experiments and the predictions of the liquid temperature, void fraction, interfacial area concentration, Sauter mean diameter and bubble and liquid velocities with the exception of the case of high heat and mass fluxes. To enhance the current prediction accuracy for a situation of having a high superheating temperature, more bubble interactions on the boiling wall, such as merging of the bubbles while sliding, need to be considered. Furthermore, to assess the model capability, this mechanistic approach will be introduced to elucidate the sub-cooled boiling flow in situations of using different fluids in the near future.
Nanocomposites containing polyvinyl alcohol and reinforced carbon-based nanofiller
Authors: Hajeeassa Khdejah S , Hussein Mahmoud A , Anwar Yasir , Tashkandi Nada Y , Al-amshany Zahra M
Published: August 2018

A new class of biologically active polymer nanocomposites based on polyvinyl alcohol and reinforced mixed graphene/carbon nanotube as carbon-based nanofillers with a general abbreviation (polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubes) has been successfully synthesized by an efficient solution mixing method with the help of ultrasonic radiation. Mixed graphene and carbon nanotubes ratio has been prepared (50%:50%) wt by wt. Different loading of mixed graphene–carbon nanotubes (2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were added to the host polyvinyl alcohol polymer. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubesa–e nanocomposites were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and the thermal stability was measured by thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermal gravimetric. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction spectra proved the addition of mixed graphene–carbon nanotubes into polyvinyl alcohol matrix. X-ray diffraction patterns for these nanocomposites showed 2 θ = 19.35° and 40° due to the crystal nature of polyvinyl alcohol in addition to 2 θ = 26.5° which attributed to the graphite plane of carbon-based nanofillers. Thermal stability of polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubes nanocomposites was enhanced comparing with pure polyvinyl alcohol. The main degradation step ranged between 360° and 450°C. Moreover, maximum composite degradation temperature has appeared at range from 285°C to 267°C and final composite degradation temperature (FCDT) displayed at a temperature range of 469–491°C. Antibacterial property of polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubesa–e nanocomposites were tested against Escherichia coli bacteria using the colony forming units technique. Results showed an improvement of antibacterial property. The rate percentages of polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubesb, polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubesc, and polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubesd nanocomposites after 24 h are 6%, 5%, and 7% respectively. However, polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubese nanocomposite showed hyperactivity, where its reduction percentage remarkably raised up to 100% which is the highest inhibition rate percentage. In addition, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl alcohol/graphene–carbon nanotubesa–d showed colony forming units values/ml 70 × 106 and 65 ± 2 × 106 after 12 h. After 24 h, the colony forming units values/ml were in the range of 86 × 106–95 × 106.
Malleable Registration Mask: Application of a Novel Registration Method in Image Guided Sinus Surgery
Authors: Albritton Ford D. , Kingdom Todd T. , DelGaudio John M.
Published: August 2018

Image-guided systems are becoming more widely used in endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery. All systems require initial registration to correlate the CT scan images to the patient's anatomy. Multiple registration techniques can be used. The ideal technique is one that is easy, reproducible, and provides the most accurate registration in the least amount of time. This study used an optical-based image-guided system (LandmarX) to test a unique mask registration technique and compared it to a previously used anatomic registration technique. Twenty-one patients were scanned with the mask and underwent surgery. Registration was performed using both the registration mask and the anatomic landmarks. Mean registration error and time were recorded. Results are reported for 20 patients. Mean registration error for the mask technique was 0.96 mm and took a mean of 41 seconds. Anatomic registration error using five or six points resulted in a mean initial error of 2.08 mm and took 31.2 seconds. Mean final anatomic registration error was 1.53 mm, requiring reregistration of a mean of 4.6 points, and took 106 seconds. Statistically significant differences were obtained between the two techniques with regard to registration error and time to final registration. We found that the registration mask technique is a more reliable technique in ease, accuracy, and time of registration. This technique should be especially beneficial to the less experienced image-guided surgeon.
The Therapeutic Effectiveness of Ibuprofen on the Symptoms of Naturally Acquired Common Colds
Authors: Winther Birgit , Mygind Niels
Published: August 2018

The pathogenesis of the common cold is associated with inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane with polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)1,2 and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and mediators in nasal secretions.3,4 We have investigated the effect of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen, 400 mg three times daily, in a placebo-controlled trial of 80 adults with naturally occurring common colds. Ibuprofen caused a significant reduction of headache (p = 0.008), earache (p = 0.01), muscle/joint pain (p = 0.045), and reduced body temperature (p = 0.02). There was a 40% reduction in the number of sneezes (p = 0.02) and a 33% reduction in the symptom score for sneezing (p = 0.04). This study did not detect any effect on other nasal symptoms.
Mucoceles of the Paranasal Sinuses with Intracranial Extension-Postoperative Course
Authors: Ichimura Keiichi , Ohta Yasushi , Maeda Yoh-Ichiro , Sugimura Hiroyoshi
Published: August 2018

Mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses cause progressive distension of the bony walls and induce compressive symptoms. Although rare, cases of massive intracranial extension have occurred. We believe that an endoscopic transnasal approach is the best choice for such huge mucoceles because it is the least invasive and can provide an adequate surgical field of view for wide marsupialization. However, the results of long-term follow-up after endoscopic transnasal surgery have not been reported. This study was designed to evaluate prospectively the postoperative course of patients with intracranially extended mucocele. In the last 5 years, we have operated on four patients with intracranially extended mucocele. Although postoperative scanning is not recommended routinely after surgery for inflammatory disease, we followed up two patients who consented by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with endoscopy. Dural descent to the original skull base plane necessitated long periods of follow-up, lasting 18 and 5 months, respectively. On the mucocele wall mucosa, which had been smooth during surgery, polyps and granulations developed after surgical drainage and lasted for a considerable time. Although endoscopic transnasal opening of mucocele is a method of choice, we recommend follow-up of such patients for long periods, at least until the frontal skull base dura returns to its original position.
The Role of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Chronic Sinonasal Sarcoidosis
Authors: Kay David J. , Har-El Gady
Published: August 2018

The aim of this study was to define a role for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in the treatment of chronic sinonasal sarcoidosis. All patients seen for sinonasal sarcoidosis in an otolaryngology practice in a tertiary care center from 1991 to 2000 were reviewed. Of 86 patients, 6 were treated with ESS for an operative rate of 7%. Surgeries were performed on those patients with significant sinonasal anatomic blockage. This included nasal obstruction from nasal polyposis and chronic and recurrent acute sinusitis from granulomatous lesions of the ostiomeatal complex. Patients remained symptom free for years after surgery on a nasal steroid regimen. Endoscopic sinus surgery is a viable treatment for those few patients with nasal obstruction or chronic sinusitis due to anatomic blockage from sinonasal sarcoidosis. Although it does not eradicate the disease or prevent recurrence, it does markedly improve quality of life by relieving severe symptoms and reducing the need for systemic steroids. This is the first study to advocate a role for surgery in sinonasal sarcoidosis beyond biopsy and management of complications. Although it may not be the appropriate approach for every patient, ESS certainly should be considered in the treatment options.
Usefulness of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance in Fulminant Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Howells R. Charles , Ramadan Hassan H.
Published: August 2018

Fulminant invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is an aggressive, destructive process most commonly affecting the immunocompromised host. Although frequently fatal, prognosis is related directly to early recognition and aggressive treatment. Various reports advocate computed tomography (CT) scanning as the study of choice in evaluating suspected invasive fungal disease, reserving magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for select cases. Others report lack of correlation between CT and surgical or pathological findings. Our aim was to investigate the usefulness of CT and MR in the diagnosis of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. We retrospectively reviewed four cases of biopsyproven invasive disease. Correlations between radiographic, endoscopic, and surgical findings were investigated. Rhizopus species were detected in three cases and mixed Mucor and Aspergillus species in another. Superimposed bacterial sinusitis was confirmed in all cases. CT findings were nonspecific, revealing pansinusitis; no bone destruction or intracranial extension was noted. Mild orbital cellulitis was noted in one case. Anterior rhinoscopy revealed nonviable tissue in two patients. Nasal endoscopy later confirmed tissue ischemia in a third patient, whereas a final patient had normal findings on both exams. Nonspecific findings resulted in delay of diagnosis by 48–72 hours in two patients with presumed bacterial sinusitis. MR revealed intracranial extension in two patients and better represented intraoperative findings. In conclusion, CT findings in invasive fungal rhinosinusitis may be nonspecific and underestimate extent of disease. A high index of suspicion and early endoscopic examination with biopsy are mandatory for evaluation. MRI may better represent disease progression and should be considered early.
Granulocyte Transfusion in the Management of Fulminant Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Samadi Daniel S. , Goldberg Andrew N. , Orlandi Richard R.
Published: August 2018

Usually, fulminant, invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is observed in the immunocompromised patient and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A high index of suspicion and early diagnosis is imperative for optimizing outcome. Mainstays of treatment include antifungal agents and radical resection of necrotic tissue. Reversal of the underlying medical condition, when possible, is a critical part of the management. In the neutropenic population, granulocyte transfusion may represent an adjunct to current therapy. We provide the first report of a case of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in which this intervention was used.
Endoscopic Transnasal Pituitary Surgery: Report on 180 Cases
Authors: Nasseri Shawn S. , Kasperbauer Jan L. , Strome Scott E. , McCaffrey Thomas V. , Atkinson John L. , Meyer Fredric B.
Published: August 2018

The endoscopic transnasal approach is an evolving technique for treating lesions in the sella turcica. Since this method was introduced at our institution 4 years ago, the majority of transsphenoidal procedures are performed with it. The records of all patients having endoscopic transnasal hypophysectomy at the Mayo Clinic during the last 4 years were reviewed retrospectively. The criteria analyzed were safety, functional and cosmetic outcome, and complications. During the 4-year period, the operative procedure was modified to improve operative exposure and safety. The results of our review showed a significant decrease in length of hospital stay, reduced operative time, reduced need for nasal packing, and elimination of a sublabial incision. The complication rate was equivalent to that reported for the traditional transseptal transsphenoidal approach. As the neurosurgeons at our institution gained experience with this approach, an increasing number of pituitary microadenomas were resected safely and successfully. In addition, because of the limited septal dissection, this approach is particularly helpful for revision operations. This approach also can be used for the full range of pituitary lesions and in conjunction with adjunctive techniques, including frontal craniotomy and -knife irradiation. Currently, the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach is the method preferred for surgically treating pituitary lesions in adults at our institution.
Medical Applications of Electronic Nose Technology: Review of Current Status
Authors: Thaler Erica R. , Kennedy David W. , Hanson C. William
Published: August 2018

Electronic noses, or artificial sensors of odorants, have been developed over the last ten years to perform a variety of identification tasks in various industries. This powerful technology is only beginning to be introduced in the field of medicine, but is promising in its potential to assist in diagnosis. This article reviews electronic nose technology and some initial investigations of potential applicability of the technology in the field of medicine.
Cold-Induced Rhinitis in Skiers—Clinical Aspects and Treatment with Ipratropium Bromide Nasal Spray: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bonadonna Patrizia , Senna Gianenrico , Zanon Piero , Cocco Giulio , Dorizzi Romolo , Gani Federica , Landi Massimo , Restuccia Massimo , Feliciello Amalia , Passalacqua Giovanni
Published: August 2018

Cold-induced rhinitis (CIR) is common among skiers and is perceived as a troublesome disease. We studied the clinical characteristics of CIR in a population of skiers and we evaluated the effectiveness of ipratropium bromide nasal spray (IBNS) in relieving symptoms in a double-blind placebo-controlled fashion. By means of specific questionnaires, we evaluated 144 subjects (69% men; mean age, 42.2 years). The prevalence of CIR was 48.6% and the distinctive symptom was rhinorrhea (96%), often severe. The prevalence of atopy was higher in the CIR patients (χ2; p = 0.004). Twenty-eight CIR subjects participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial for evaluating the effectiveness of IBNS (80 μg twice per day [b.i.d.]). The severity of symptoms was assessed by a visual analog scale, and the number of cleaning tissues used also was evaluated. The actively treated group showed a significant improvement of rhinorrhea (p = 0.0007) and a reduction in the number of cleaning tissues used (p = 0.0023). Only four mild local side effects were reported. We conclude that IBNS could be regarded as an optimal therapeutic option for treating CIR symptoms in skiers.
Role of Nasal Valve in the Surgically Corrected Nasal Respiratory Obstruction: Evaluation through Rhinomanometry
Authors: Ricci Eugenia , Palonta Francesca , Preti Giuliana , Vione Nicola , Nazionale Giuseppe , Albera Roberto , Staffieri Alberto , Cortesina Giorgio , Cavalot Andrea L.
Published: August 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the improvement of nasal flow and the fall of nasal resistance in 50 patients that underwent rhinoseptoplasty in our department and discuss the relative importance of valvular and septal deformities in nasal airway obstruction. Fifty consecutive patients underwent rhinoseptoplasty to improve nasal obstruction caused by severe septal deviation, external or internal valvular incompetence, or any combination of the three. We excluded patients with minor septal curvatures, septal perforations, or turbinate hypertrophy. Preoperative and postoperative rhinomanometry was performed on all 50 patients. In all 50 patients, septal and/or valvular surgery lowered nasal resistance in 90% of cases. Septoplasty alone with medial and basal osteotomies did not improve nasal flow (p < 0.4), whereas the correction of valvular obstruction alone increased nasal airflow in a statistically significant way (p < 0.0001). Moreover, patients with both valvular incompetence and septal deviation represented the group in which the greatest preoperative obstruction and the greatest postoperative improvement occurred. Nasal valvular function should be assessed with rhinomanometry in all preoperative rhinoplasty patients with airway obstruction. In many cases, valvular effects may surpass septal deviation as the primary cause of nasal airflow obstruction.
Antrochoanal Polyps in Children
Authors: Orvidas Laura J. , Beatty Charles W. , Weaver Amy L.
Published: August 2018

Although relatively rare, antrochoanal polyps represent one of the most common types of polyp diagnosed in children without cystic fibrosis. In an attempt to better define this entity and discuss treatment options, the histories and operative reports of all 25 children (aged 17 years and younger) diagnosed with an antrochoanal polyp between 1970 and 1997 at our institution were reviewed. All 25 children complained of nasal obstruction on presentation; other presenting symptoms included rhinorrhea (48%), snoring (36%), and mouth breathing (32%). All 25 patients were noted to have a mass in the nose on examination, and 16 (64%) also had a mass noted in the nasopharynx. All but 1 patient underwent surgical removal of the polyp: intranasal avulsion only, 2 patients; Caldwell-Luc procedures, 10 patients; intranasal procedures, 8 patients; and endoscopic procedures, 4 patients. Mean time to first recurrence was 44.5 months. Seven patients (29%) who underwent excision at our institution experienced recurrence, 3 after endoscopic procedures and 4 after intranasal procedures (with or without Caldwell-Luc; 1 of these patients had a second recurrence). Complications were unusual and included bleeding after pack removal (8.3%) and facial paresthesias (10%). Follow-up ranged from 2 days to almost 27 years and was aided by telephone interviews. We conclude that surgical treatment of these lesions is safe and effective. Endoscopic removal may result in a higher recurrence rate.
Treatment of Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis by Combination of Endoscopic Sinus Debridement and Amphotericin B
Authors: Alobid Isam , Bernal Manuel , Calvo Carlos , Vilaseca Isabel , Berenguer Juan , Alós Llucia
Published: August 2018

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RCM) is an aggressive fungal infection with a high mortality rate. It frequently develops in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or immunocompromised patients. RCM typically presents in a rapidly fulminant manner with headache, fever, mucosal necrosis, and ophthalmic symptoms. Although the definitive diagnosis is achieved by histopathological examination, computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance (MR) are the best imaging procedures in early diagnosis to assess the extent of the disease.
The Association between Sinusitis and Survival among Individuals Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Belafsky Peter C. , Amedee Ronald , Moore Brian , Kissinger Patricia J.
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between sinusitis and survival among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected persons. All patients enrolled in the adult spectrum of disease data base from November 1, 1990 to November 1, 1999 were included. Patients were followed until death, loss to follow-up, or the end of the study on January 10, 2000. A Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between sinusitis, various other cofactors, and survival. Of the 7513 HIV-infected patients followed, 57% were <35 years old, 59.5% were black, 78.5% were male, and 20.8% had an opportunistic infection (OI) at entry. The incidence of one or more diagnoses of sinusitis in the cohort was 14.5%. The mean entry CD4 count for the entire cohort was 347.8 (SD, 298.9) and the mean follow-up time was 33.2 months (SD, 25.7). The mean CD4 count at the time of sinusitis diagnosis was 391 (SD, 316). In the multivariate analysis, older age and lower CD4 cell count were associated with death. Sinusitis, gender, and race were not associated with survival. Sinusitis is frequent in individuals infected with HIV. After adjusting for level of immunodeficiency, age, gender, and race, sinusitis is not associated with an increased hazard of death. This may have implications for treatment, because a diagnosis of sinusitis does not portend a poor prognosis in individuals infected with HIV.