bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Feasibility of Water Sharing as a Drought Risk Management Tool for Irrigated Agriculture
Authors: Chengot Rishma , Knox Jerry W. , Holman Ian P.
Published: January 2021

Droughts can exert significant pressure on regional water resources resulting in abstraction constraints for irrigated agriculture with consequences for productivity and revenue. While water trading can support more efficient water allocation, high transactional costs and delays in approvals often restrict its wider uptake among users. Collaborative water sharing is an alternative approach to formal water trading that has received much less regulatory and industry attention. This study assessed how the potential benefits of water sharing to reduce water resources risks in agriculture are affected by both drought severity and the spatial scale of water-sharing agreements. The research focused on an intensively farmed lowland catchment in Eastern England, a known hot-spot for irrigation intensity and recurrent abstraction pressures. The benefits of water sharing were modelled at four spatial scales: (i) individual licence (with no water sharing), (ii) tributary water sharing among small farmer groups (iii) sub-catchment and (iv) catchment scale. The benefits of water sharing were evaluated based on the modelled reductions in the probability of an irrigation deficit occurring (reducing drought risks) and reduced licensed ‘headroom’ (spare capacity redeployed for more equitable allocation). The potential benefits of water sharing were found to increase with scale, but its impact was limited at high levels of drought severity due to regulatory drought management controls. The broader implications for water sharing to mitigate drought impacts, the barriers to wider uptake and the environmental consequences are discussed.
The Dimension of Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of Broadness of Information in Italian Companies
Authors: Spallini Sabrina , Milone Virginia , Nisio Antonio , Romanazzi Patrizia
Published: January 2021

In recent years, sustainability has become one of the key dimensions of business performance. The results obtained in terms of sustainability must be adequately communicated in suitable reports, the quality of which is determined by several factors. One of these, the breadth of information provided, plays a significant role. The aim of this paper is to measure the broadness of non-financial information in sustainability reports and correlate this to some selected variables that refer to corporate governance, i.e., the presence of an internal sustainability committee and of female directors; the characteristics of the report e.g., Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) citation; company features, number of employees, revenues, and Return On Assets ROA. For this purpose, 134 Italian companies were studied and a score based on the conformity of the NFD (non-financial disclosure) with the GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) standards was created. To test the research hypotheses, univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were performed. The results showed different behaviors by the companies in terms of sustainability policies. The GRISC (Global Reporting Initiative Score) has a greater concentration on mean values. Positive correlations were found between GRISC and the presence of an internal sustainability committee, SDG citation in the NFD and company size. This study offers support for policy makers and practitioners as it provides a measure of the breadth of sustainability information and relates this to the variables analyzed. The latter depend on regulatory interventions or company policies which are implemented, or could be implemented, to improve the extent of the NFD.
Study on Relative Carrying Capacity of Land Resources and Its Zoning in 31 Provinces of China
Authors: Zhou Wei , Elshkaki Ayman , Zhong Shuai , Shen Lei
Published: January 2021

Land carrying capacity is an important indicator to quantitatively assess and judge the extents of sustainable economic developing and coexistent harmonizing between human and nature. The significance of land carrying capacity has been highlighted recently by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, which set clear requirements for arable, construction, and ecological lands. Theories and models of land carrying capacity, however, are suffering from the interference of artificial parameter setting and poor applicability. This paper attempts to overcome these limitations and propose a single factor assessment of the carrying capacity of cultivated land, construction land, and ecological land in terms of the relative carrying capacity from the perspective of a single factor assessment. Through mutual comparison, we found that the deviation caused by simulated parameter setting has been eliminated, and the relative status of each province and/or region in China has been obtained, which could provide a reference for the management and utilization of land resources. We argue that China can achieve basic self-sufficiency in both space capacity and food production without placing pressure on the global sustainable development. The results also indicate that carrying capacity state of the advanced development areas such as the eastern coastal region is relatively poor, while the carrying capacity state of the western region is relatively good.
Implementing Nature-Based Solutions in Rural Landscapes: Barriers Experienced in the PHUSICOS Project
Authors: Solheim Anders , Capobianco Vittoria , Oen Amy , Kalsnes Bjørn , Wullf-Knutsen Turid , Olsen Mari , Del Seppia Nicola , Arauzo Idoia , Garcia Balaguer Eva , Strout James Michael
Published: January 2021

Nature-based solutions (NBS) are becoming increasingly important in both the EU and individual countries’ political agendas, as a sustainable means to reduce the risk posed by hydrometeorological hazards. However, as the use of NBS is increasing, a number of barriers regarding their practical implementation also become apparent. A number of review studies have summarized and classified barriers, mainly in urban settings. PHUSICOS is a Horizon 2020 Innovation Action to demonstrate the use of NBS in rural and mountain landscapes. Large-scale demonstrator case sites with several sub-projects are established in Italy, Norway and in the French and Spanish Pyrenees. The present paper describes the project’s NBS measures and their experienced barriers, some of which have resulted in full cancellation of the planned interventions. Many of the barriers experienced in rural settings have the same root causes as the ones described from urban areas, and the main barrier-creating mechanisms are institutional factors, resistance among stakeholders and technical and economic issues. The key element, however, is the lack of knowledge about the ability of NBS to deliver a series of co-benefits in addition to their risk-reducing effects and that long-term thinking is required to see the effect of many of these co-benefits.
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Mitigation Using Blockchain—A Comprehensive Insight
Authors: Wani Sharyar , Imthiyas Mohammed , Almohamedh Hamad , Alhamed Khalid M , Almotairi Sultan , Gulzar Yonis
Published: January 2021

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a major threat impeding service to legitimate requests on any network. Although the first DDoS attack was reported in 1996, the complexity and sophistication of these attacks has been ever increasing. A 2 TBps attack was reported in mid-August 2020 directed towards critical infrastructure, such as finance, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. It is estimated that these attacks will double, reaching over 15 million, in the next 2 years. A number of mitigation schemes have been designed and developed since its inception but the increasing complexity demands advanced solutions based on emerging technologies. Blockchain has emerged as a promising and viable technology for DDoS mitigation. The inherent and fundamental characteristics of blockchain such as decentralization, internal and external trustless attitude, immutability, integrity, anonymity and verifiability have proven to be strong candidates, in tackling this deadly cyber threat. This survey discusses different approaches for DDoS mitigation using blockchain in varied domains to date. The paper aims at providing a comprehensive review, highlighting all necessary details, strengths, challenges and limitations of different approaches. It is intended to serve as a single platform to understand the mechanics of current approaches to enhance research and development in the DDoS mitigation domain.
On the Existence of Non-Spurious Solutions to Second Order Dirichlet Problem
Authors: Bełdziński Michał , Gałaj Tomasz , Bednarski Radosław , Pietrusiak Filip , Galewski Marek , Wojciechowski Adam
Published: January 2021

Using the direct variational method together with the monotonicity approach we consider the existence of non-spurious solutions to the following Dirichlet problem −x¨t =ft,xt, x0 =x1 =0, where f: 0,1 × R→R is a jointly continuous and not necessarily convex function. A new approach towards deriving the discrete family of approximating problems is proposed.
Compact Design of 2 × 2 MIMO Antenna with Super-Wide Bandwidth for Millimeters Wavelength Systems
Authors: Alsaif Haitham , Eleiwa Mohamed A. H.
Published: January 2021

A novel compact planar 2 × 2 antenna system with super-wide bandwidth is presented in this paper. The MIMO antenna has four square-shaped patches with two slots in each that are interconnected with each other using four strip lines printed on a substrate of Rogers Duroid RT 5880 with relative permittivity of εr = 2.2 and tangent loss of δ = 0.0009. The proposed antenna system has a partial ground plane with two enhancement fractured slots. The design is characterized by a super-wide impedance starting from 15.2 to 62 GHz (a bandwidth of 46.8 GHz) and compact total system size of 11.2 × 15.25 mm2 with a thickness of 0.12 mm. The proposed MIMO design has omnidirectional radiation pattern for far field and the achieved peak gain reaches 13.5 dBi. The presented planar antenna which relies on computer aided design, has been designed and simulated using an industrial standard simulation code. Its performance results showed that the MIMO design is characterized by super wide bandwidth, omnidirectional radiation pattern, and high-power gain with miniaturized physical size; thus, it is suitable for radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems, fifth-generation applications, ultra-wideband systems, and others.
A Modified PRP-CG Type Derivative-Free Algorithm with Optimal Choices for Solving Large-Scale Nonlinear Symmetric Equations
Authors: Sabi’u Jamilu , Muangchoo Kanikar , Shah Abdullah , Abubakar Auwal Bala , Jolaoso Lateef Olakunle
Published: January 2021

Inspired by the large number of applications for symmetric nonlinear equations, this article will suggest two optimal choices for the modified Polak–Ribiére–Polyak (PRP) conjugate gradient (CG) method by minimizing the measure function of the search direction matrix and combining the proposed direction with the default Newton direction. In addition, the corresponding PRP parameters are incorporated with the Li and Fukushima approximate gradient to propose two robust CG-type algorithms for finding solutions for large-scale systems of symmetric nonlinear equations. We have also demonstrated the global convergence of the suggested algorithms using some classical assumptions. Finally, we demonstrated the numerical advantages of the proposed algorithms compared to some of the existing methods for nonlinear symmetric equations.
Virus-Encoded Complement Regulators: Current Status
Authors: Sinha Anwesha , Singh Anup Kumar , Kadni Trupti Satish , Mullick Jayati , Sahu Arvind
Published: January 2021

Viruses require a host for replication and survival and hence are subjected to host immunological pressures. The complement system, a crucial first response of the host immune system, is effective in targeting viruses and virus-infected cells, and boosting the antiviral innate and acquired immune responses. Thus, the system imposes a strong selection pressure on viruses. Consequently, viruses have evolved multiple countermeasures against host complement. A major mechanism employed by viruses to subvert the complement system is encoding proteins that target complement. Since viruses have limited genome size, most of these proteins are multifunctional in nature. In this review, we provide up to date information on the structure and complement regulatory functions of various viral proteins.
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance
Authors: Verhagen Josanne H. , Fouchier Ron A. M. , Lewis Nicola
Published: January 2021

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.
Uncertainty Analysis of SWAT Modeling in the Lancang River Basin Using Four Different Algorithms
Authors: Tang Xiongpeng , Zhang Jianyun , Wang Guoqing , Jin Junliang , Liu Cuishan , Liu Yanli , He Ruimin , Bao Zhenxin
Published: January 2021

The hydrological model is the primary tool for regional water resources management, allocation, and prediction. However, these models always suffer from large uncertainties from multiple sources. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an uncertainty analysis before performing hydrological simulation. Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2), Parameter Solution (ParaSol), Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) integrated with the SWAT-CUP software were used to calibrate the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and quantify the parameter sensitivity and prediction uncertainty of the SWAT in the Lancang River (LR) Basin, which is located in the southwest of China. This model was calibrated and validated using the four algorithms both at the daily scale, and the optimal simulation results derived by the four methods showed that the SWAT model performed well over the Yunjinghong station with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) values greater than 0.8 both in the calibration (1975 to 1989) and validation (1990 to 2004) periods. Among the four algorithms, the ParaSol algorithm produced the best simulation result at the daily scale with NSE values of 0.89 and 0.90 for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. Furthermore, the ParaSol algorithm has the greatest proportion of simulations (94%) with an NSE greater than 0.5. Parameter sensitivity analysis results demonstrated that the four methods all can be used for parameter sensitivity analysis in streamflow simulation, and they all identified that the base flow factor for bank storage (ALPHA_BNK) and effective hydraulic conductivity in the main channel alluvium (CH_K2) were more sensitive. The uncertainty analysis of model parameters showed that the parameter 95PPU (95% prediction uncertainty) width yielded by the ParaSol algorithm was the smallest compared with that of the other methods, followed by PSO, SUFI-2, and GLUE. The uncertainty analysis of the model simulation indicated that the SUFI-2 and PSO methods can achieve satisfactory results (with P-factor > 0.7 and R-factor < 1.5) at the daily scale; among them, SUFI-2 (P-factor = 0.93, R-factor = 1.17) performed much better than PSO (P-factor = 0.78, R-factor = 1.14). In general, by comparing its evaluation criteria (NSE, R2, RE, P-factor, and R-factor) to other methods, ParaSol stood out as the most efficient tool for model calibration. However, SUFI-2 remains the most robust method to perform uncertainty analysis considering its uncertainties of model structure, model inputs, and parameters. This study provides insight into hydrological simulation of the LR Basin using the appropriate algorithm to calibrate the model and implement the uncertainty analysis.
Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Soil Detachment Capacities of Three Loamy Soils on the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Lu Jian , Sun Baoyang , Ren Feipeng , Li Hao , Jiao Xiyun
Published: January 2021

Soil detachment is the initial phase of soil erosion and is of great significance to study in seasonal freeze-thaw regions. In order to elucidate the effects mechanism of freeze-thaw cycles on soil detachment capacity of different soils, a sandy loam, a silt loam, and a clay loam were subjected to 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 freeze-thaw cycles before they were scoured. The results revealed that with increased freeze-thaw cycles, soil bulk density and water-stable aggregates content decreased after the first few times and then kept nearly stable after about 10 cycles, especially for sandy loam. The shear strength of all soils gradually decreased as freeze-thaw cycles increased, except the values of clay loam increased subsequent to the 5th and 15th cycles. After the 20th cycle, the degree of decline of silt loam was the greatest (77.72%), followed by sandy loam (63.18%) and clay loam (39.77%). The soil organic matter of clay loam was much greater than silt loam and sandy loam and all significantly increased after freeze-thaw. Soil detachment capacity of silt loam and sandy loam was positively correlated with freeze-thaw cycle, which was contrary to findings for clay loam. The values of clay loam increased at first and then decreased during the cycles, reaching minimum values at about the 15–20th cycle. After the 20th cycle, the values of sandy loam and silt loam significantly increased 1.62 and 4.74 times over unfrozen, respectively, which was greater than clay loam (0.53 times). A nonlinear regression analysis indicated that the soil detachment capacity of silt loam could be estimated well by soil properties (R2 = 0.87, p < 0.05). This study can provide references for the study of the soil erosion mechanism in seasonal freeze-thaw regions.
Deterministic Model to Estimate the Energy Requirements of Pressurized Water Transport Systems
Authors: Cabrera Enrique , del Teso Roberto , Gómez Elena , Cabrera Enrique , Estruch-Juan Elvira
Published: January 2021

Energy intensity, Ie (kWh/m3) is the most popular indicator when characterizing the energy requirements of the water cycle, due to its direct and easy interpretation. In pressurized water transport systems, when referred to an appropriate physical framework (such as a single water transport pipeline), it assesses the efficiency of the process. However, in complex urban water transport networks, Ie only provides a basic notion of the energy needs of the system. The aim of this paper is to define a standard physical framework for assessing the energy intensity in water transport and distribution systems. To that purpose, an analytic expression that estimates Ie is proposed, based on system data and its operating conditions. The results allow for a realistic approximation of the energy needs of water transport. This energy assessment is completed with two context indicators: energy origin (C1) and topographic energy (θt), both essential when the energy efficiency of different systems is to be compared.
Long-Term Spatiotemporal Variation of Droughts in the Amazon River Basin
Authors: Paredes-Trejo Franklin , Barbosa Humberto Alves , Giovannettone Jason , Lakshmi Kumar T. V. , Thakur Manoj Kumar , de Oliveira Buriti Catarina
Published: January 2021

The Amazon River Basin (ARB) plays an important role in the hydrological cycle at the regional and global scales. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the incidence and severity of droughts could increase in this basin due to human-induced climate change. Therefore, the assessment of the impacts of extreme droughts in the ARB is of vital importance to develop appropriate drought mitigation strategies. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive characterization of dry spells and extreme drought events in terms of occurrence, persistence, spatial extent, severity, and impacts on streamflow and vegetation in the ARB during the period 1901–2018. The Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at multiple time scales (i.e., 3, 6, and 12 months) was used as a drought index. A weak basin-wide drying trend was observed, but there was no evidence of a trend in extreme drought events in terms of spatial coverage, intensity, and duration for the period 1901–2018. Nevertheless, a progressive transition to drier-than-normal conditions was evident since the 1970s, coinciding with different patterns of coupling between the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) as well as an increasing incidence of higher-than-normal surface air temperatures over the basin. Furthermore, a high recurrence of short-term drought events with high level of exposure to long-term drought conditions on the sub-basins Ucayali, Japurá-Caquetá, Jari, Jutaí, Marañón, and Xingu was observed in recent years. These results could be useful to guide social, economic, and water resource policy decision-making processes in the Amazon basin countries.
Real Time Control Systems of a Fighter Aircraft
Authors: Garg Asha , H. R. Uma , G. Usha , Saraf Amitabh
Published: January 2021

Most modern fighter aircraft are multi-role by design and rely heavily on a number of systems that are computer controlled in real time for achieving the most optimal performance. This paper presents three important real time control systems designed for the Indian Light Combat Aircraft. These are the flight control system, the anti-skid brake control system and the environment control system. Design objectives for these systems along with a description of their various hardware elements, software architecture and design concepts have been presented here. All the systems house extremely critical functions during different phases of flight, and so are designed for high degrees of reliability and extremely low failure probabilities. The concepts adopted for redundancy management, failure identification and failure handling are also presented.
Digital Forensics
Authors: Sahay Sanjay
Published: January 2021

Digital forensics is the science of recovery and investigation of material found on digital devices. It started in correlation to computer / cybercrimes. In reality, digital forensics use is not limited to criminal investigation in the strict sense of the term, it can proactively encompass the investigative element of every facet of our digital life. The very nature of technology by way of strict and infallible documentation allows for its all pervasiveness. It has the potential to provide an intelligence of the functional type, which generally seems to be missing besides adding a new dimension to criminal investigation.
KOMPETENSI, KOMPENSASI, DAN KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PERSERO DI JAKARTA BARAT
Authors: ULPAH MARIA , NURWANTI NURWANTI
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of several variables such as, Competence, Compensation, and Leadership to Employee Performance. The object of this research is the regular employees of PT.Pos Indonesia (Persero) West Jakarta. The method used was Descriptive and Simple Regression Method were used to test the hypothesis. Respondents involved in this study were 67 employees. This study uses a purposive sampling method. Data collection techniques by using a questionnaire. The results showed that partially, Competence has effect to Employees Performance, Compensation has effect to Employees Performance, and Leadership has effect to Employees Performance.
BRAND PERSONALITY TOWARD ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS VIA BRAND PERSONALITY APPEAL ON GRABBIKE
Authors: LESTARINI DESI , DANIBRATA AULIA
Published: January 2021

The first purpose of this study is to investigate whether each of brand personality dimension variables has a direct influence to brand personality appeal or not. The second purpose is to demonstrate the utility of brand personality appeal as a mediator as if each brand personality dimension variables has an indirect significant impact towards attitude and behavioral intentions through brand personality appeal in the context of online ride hailing service brand. Data used obtained from direct distribution questionnaires to 140 respondents. Statistical analysis was conducted using SMARTPLS 2.0. Research findings can be summarized as follows. First, Responsibility, Activity, and Aggressiveness Brand Personality has a direct influence and statistically significant in order to predict Brand Personality Appeal. Second, Responsibility, Activity, and Aggressiveness Brand Personality actually has a similar indirect influence and statistically significant in order to predict Attitude and Behavioral Intentions via Brand Personality Appeal.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI STRUKTUR MODAL PADA SEKTOR PERKEBUNAN
Authors: YAPI JULIANA , WIBOWO SATRIYO
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this research is to test and analyze empirically the influence of profitability, firm size, liquidity, business risk, sales growth, asset structure and growth asset to capital structure. This research data consists of financial statements of plantation sector companies in Indonesia that listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2008-2016. Sampling technique is used purposive sampling with 8 companies that met the criteria and were analyzed using panel data regression techniques with fixed effect model by using software Eviews 9 to test the hyphotesis. The results of this research shows that profitability, size, liquidity, business risk, and asset structure influence the capital structure, while sales growth and growth asset do not influence the capital structure. Where overall this model is fit.
PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN, JAMINAN ASET, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, RETURN ON EQUITY, CURRENT RATIO, DAN EARNINGS PER SHARE TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN PADA SEKTOR OTOMOTIF
Authors: ELIYANTI ELIYANTI , STELLA STELLA
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Sales Growth, Collateral Asset, Firm size, Return on Equity, Current Ratio and Earnings per Share on the Dividend Policy on automotive sector in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Population of this research are automotive companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2012-2015. The samples of this study are 8 companies using purposive sampling method. This research uses multiple regression method for data analysis. The result of this study shows that Collateral Asset have influence to dividend policy. Sales Growth, Firm Size, Return on Equity, and Earnings per Share do not have influence to capital structure.
KECERDASAN EMOSIONAL, KOMITMEN ORGANISASI, DANORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI BANK PERSERO
Authors: DARMAWAN HENDRA , GULO YUPITER
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this research is to examine the influence and relationship of performance base on three influence such as emotional intelligent, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior of PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. Cluster area Bekasi Juanda-1. The methods which is used in the research is descriptive and causality respondents involved in this study as many as 75 people. The study used saturated sampling. The data collection is done by spreading questionnaire. And the method for the data analysis in this research is regression which are multiple linear regression using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 24. The result of this research is, emotional intelligent and organizational citizenship behavior has an impact to performance but organizational commitment have no impact to performance.
BRİÇ KART OYUNU BİR SPOR DALI MIDIR? AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ HUKUKU AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: CANDAN Tolga
Published: January 2021

Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de çok sevilerek oynanan “briç” kart oyunun spor olma niteliği, ilginç bir biçimde önkarar davası yoluyla Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı’nın (ABAD) önüne getirilmiştir. Söz konusu uyuşmazlık, Avrupa Birliği’nin Katma Değer Vergisi (KDV) Ortak Sistemine dair 2006/112/AT sayılı Konsey Yönergesinin 132. maddesi 1. fıkrası (m) bendinde yer alan vergi muafiyeti istisnasının yorumlanması hakkındadır. Dava konusu olayda, İngiliz Briç Birliği’nin (EBU) düzenlediği turnuvalara katılım ücretleri için talep ettiği vergi muafiyeti başvurusu, Birleşik Krallık Gelir ve Gümrük İdaresi (Gİ) tarafından reddedilmiştir. Bu karar aleyhine açılan idari ve sonrasındaki temyiz sürecindeki yetkili ulusal Yüksek Mahkeme, davacı bekletici sorun yaparak, ilgili yönerge hükmünün yorumlanması talebiyle davayı önkarar yoluyla ABAD’a göndermiştir. ABAD tarafından bakılan bu dava; satranç, briç veya go gibi fiziksel aktiviteden daha çok zihinsel faaliyet ağırlıklı oyunların, spor olarak değerlendirilip değerlendirmeyeceği tartışmalarının, AB hukuku alanına bir yansıması olarak da görülebilir. ABAD, anılan davada, yeteri ölçüde fiziksel aktivite içermediği temel gerekçesine dayanarak, briç kart oyununun, ilgili yönerge hükmü kapsamında spor olarak yorumlanamayacağı şeklinde karar vermiştir. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle genel anlamıyla spor kavramı ele alındıktan sonra, AB’nin spor politikası ve spor alanındaki yetkisinin tarihsel gelişimi ışığında, ABAD’ın C-90/16 sayılı Briç Kart Oyunu Kararı incelenecektir.
İNGİLİZ HUKUKUNA GÖRE BİR OBJEKTİF SORUMLULUK HALİ OLARAK HAYVAN BULUNDURANIN SORUMLULUĞU
Authors: HÜSEYİN İhsan
Published: January 2021

İngiliz hukukuna göre hayvan bulunduranın sorumluluğu, yargı içtihatlarına dayalı olan ortak hukuka (Common Law) ve 1971 tarihli Hayvan Yasasına (Animals Act 1971) tabidir. Yazlı nitelikte olmayan ortak hukuka göre hayvan eylemlerinden dolayı hayvan bulunduranın sorumluluğu, kusura dayalıdır. Burada sorumluluk ihmal, rahatsızlık verme ve saldırı esasına dayalıdır. Aslında bahsedilen hallerde, zarar, doğrudan doğruya hayvanın içgüdüsel bir hareketinden dolayı değil, dışarıdan gelen daha doğrusu hayvan bulunduranın bir olumlu veya olumsuz fiili sonucu meydana gelmektedir. Yukarıda sözü edilen 1971 tarihli yasada ise, hayvan bulunduran için bir kusursuz sorumluluk hali öngörülmüştür. Söz konusu yasada tehlikeli hayvanlar ve tehlikeli olmayan hayvanlar ayrımı yapılmıştır. Gerek tehlikeli olan ve gerekse tehlikeli olmayan hayvanı bulunduran, zarar gören kişiye karşı kusursuz olarak sorumlu tutulmuştur. Ne var ki, tehlikeli olmayan hayvan bulunduranın kusursuz sorumluluğuna gidilmesi için, bazı şartların gerçekleşmesi gerekmektedir.
BİR TEHLİKE SUÇU OLARAK “GÜRÜLTÜYE NEDEN OLMA” (TCK, m. 183) VE TEHLİKE SUÇLARINA İLİŞKİN GENEL TESPİTLER
Authors: MADEN Mehmet
Published: January 2021

Bu makalede, esas olarak, bilimsel çalışmalar ve yargı kararları incelenerek, Türk Ceza Kanunu’nun 183 (1)’üncü maddesinde düzenlenen “gürültüye neden olma” suçu sistematik bir incelemeye tâbi tutulmuş; genel olarak tehlike suçlarının sınıflandırılmasına ve düzenlenme biçimine ilişkin değerlendirmeler yapılmaya ve bu suçun tehlike suçları içindeki yeri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Gürültüye neden olma suçu yalnızca kasten işlenebilen, neticeli bir suçtur. Suç tipinin normatif bir unsuru olarak, 183’üncü maddede yer verilen “ilgili kanunlarla belirlenen yükümlülüklere aykırı”lığı, failin kastının kapsaması gerekir. TCK’da, somut tehlikeyi ifade etmek için kullanılan bazı ibareler uygun değildir ve kullanılan ibareler arasında tam bir uyum da bulunmamaktadır. TCK’nın hazırlanma sürecinde, gürültüye neden olma suçunun, somut tehlike suçu olarak düşünülmüş olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Ancak bu suçun TCK’daki düzenlenme biçimi, “somut tehlike” suçlarından ziyade “tehlikeye elverişli” suçlara uymaktadır.
Suriyanamaskar Enhances Physical Fitness of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: S Akila , P Priyadharsni , M Charu Nivedita
Published: January 2021

In the recent past there is an increasing awareness on care for special needs population in India. Among all the disabilities Autism is gaining lot of attention and is found to be of most mainly due to the behavioral deviations of children. It is very important to identify children with autism as early as possible. This article being a scientific paper is being translated in Tamil to create awareness among the urban and rural families about autism, its identification, screening, diagnosis and intervention programs for children with autism. One among the most important traditional, natural, side effect free intervention is Yoga. Autism Spectrum Disorder refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction. The symptoms are present from early childhood and affect daily functioning. Evidence-based treatment options for Autism are limited. The objective of this investigation was to examine the effect of Yoga on selected physical fitness variables of children with autism. 20 high functional autistic children between 6 - 13 years were into yoga intervention for 6 weeks. Initial and final testing on physical fitness variables such as flexibility, coordination and strength were conducted. After of the training period post test was conducted on the dependent variables for both the groups. Based on the results it was concluded that the implication of Yoga practice might have been the source of its dominance on the improvement of physical fitness variables of children with autism.
The Etymology of the Archived Tamil Female Characters
Authors: D Indirakumari
Published: January 2021

The universal unification of the Lord siva and sakthi was the result of creation of woman. The woman was glorified by the poets like valluvan, kamban, and Ilango and they were felicitated by Bharathi. "Panjali Sabatham" was a revengeful epic of Bharathi and he created Panjali as an eminent equivalent to the prisoned persona Seetha, and virally virtuous Kannagi. The speaking skill of these three characters was exhibited marvellously by the creativity of the poets. The object of this research is to exhibit the exuberant speaking skill of these characters. The argumentative speech of Kannagi to prove the innocence of her husband towards the Pandiya King and Seetha against the pleading Ravana, and Panjali who was ashamed by her relatives were taken for research. The research also brings out the heroic nature of these characters through their speech was the reason for the stability of these three epics.
Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan Inscription of Religious Obedience
Authors: A Kavitharani
Published: January 2021

We come to know that this inscription was given in the 8th reign of the Sonadu Kondaruliya Maravarman Sundara Pandya Devan, with the great participation of his brother, Maravarma Kulasekara Pandian, who was worthy of the title Konerinmai Kondan. According to the Venetian traveler Marco Polo who set foot upon Pandya Nadu during the rule of Maravarma Kulasekara Pandyan, this place was famous for pearl harvesting and was also the vital seaport of the Pandya Nadu. The inscription depicts the succeeding Pandyas having friendly and business relations with the Sonagars to make the trade be carried on wonderfully with no issues. From the inscription, we come to know that Aiyan Malavarayan was the cause of the construction and deity worship related ceremonies that takes place in Sonakarpalli. It is also mentioned that the rulers remembered the royal attributes as dignified and not just ministers and subject to authority, which shows us the respectful traits of the Pandya kings. The people giving importance to the worship done by the Sornars (Muslim traders) as they worshipped their lord is quite well known by the inscription.
M. Vadivelu Mudaliar's text Description about the Sivavakkiyar songs
Authors: M Gomathi
Published: January 2021

This article is about the eloquence of the narrator Vadivel Mudaliar. Demonstrates his erudition and the strategies he has adopted in his speech. Texts are structured according to the purpose of the text and the background of the authors. The eloquence of each narrator varies according to the nature of the texts they handle. Vadivelu Mudaliar has written texts for Sivavakkiyar's songs on various strategies. In it, the text is stated based on semantic interpretation. He follows the principle of summation and adopts the technique of expressing multiple meanings in a word. Quiz-based narration is a method followed by Ilambooranar. He uses it in the songs of Sivavakkiya. The text is set up in the form of asking and answering a question. He has quoted from other texts and explained the verse in the form of a quotation mark. VadiveluMudaliar has written the lyrics for the songs of Sivavakkiyar Title, Explaining the relevance of the title and remove the sariyai, such as following the techniques.
Immune Response After Three Doses of Hepatitis B Vaccine among Children Below Five Years of Age in Mwanza, Tanzania
Authors: Msanga Delfina R. , Rwezaula Raphael , Kilonzo Semvua , Kwiyolecha Elizabeth , Masoza Tulla , Mkumbo Emmanuel , Mirambo Mariam M. , Mshana Stephen E.
Published: January 2021

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections is moderately endemic in many countries in the sub-Saharan Africa including Tanzania. Immunization of children below five years of age has been found to be an effective strategy in controlling infectious diseases. However, the data regarding immune responses following vaccination are very limited in low-income countries. Here, we report the sero-conversion among children below five years of age after three doses of HBV vaccine in Mwanza, Tanzania.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study involving children below five years of age was conducted at Makongoro Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) clinic between May and June 2017. Socio-demographic data were collected, and vaccination status was confirmed from reproductive and child health (RCH) cards. Serum HBV surface antibodies (anti-HBs) were quantified using enzyme immunoassay (Enzygnost Anti-HBs II). Data were analysed by using STATA version 13 software.
High Altitude Science Experiments aboard NASA’s WB-57 Airborne Research Platform
Authors: Llanos Pedro , Andrijauskaite Kristina , Gangadharan Sathya
Published: January 2021

Purpose: Exposure to space radiation may place astronauts at significant health risks. This is an under-investigated area of research and therefore more knowledge is needed to better plan long-term space missions. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of radiation on murine naïve and activated T lymphocytes (T cells) and to test the effectiveness of thermal, radiation and flight tracking technology in biological scientific payloads. We cultured cells in specific cytokines known to increase their viability and exposed them to either flight or had them as ground controls. Flight cells were kept under proper environmental conditions by using an active thermal system, whereas the levels of radiation were measured by NASA’s Timepix radiation sensor during ascent, cruise at 60,000 feet, and descent. In addition, an Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) device was utilized to track the state vector of the aircraft during flight.
Service Improvement Priorities of The Economy-Premium Train in Indonesia
Authors: Agustien Tina
Published: January 2021

Service quality is an important factor that affects the long-term growth and operation of a service-oriented transportation system. The excellent service quality provided by The Indonesian Railway Company (PT KAI) to its passengers is able to help the company to have sustainable growth. This is an empirical study that utilizes an online questionnaire to collect data. The determination of the sample was conducted by using judgment sampling and the target sampling was conducted by incidental sampling method. This study applied Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to identify service attributes that have strong influence and priority for improvement with maximum resources. Research results show that passengers, in general, felt satisfied by the service of the economy-premium train in Indonesia, particularly with the completeness of emergency equipment, security and safety during the trip, and professional train staff. Passengers are not satisfied with the service attributes of TV show content, the price of food and beverage, and the leg space for rest. However, according to the IPA result, it is found that the service priorities that should be improved by PT KAI are the availability of internet access during the trip, cellphone signal strength, noise level in trains, and the affordability of ticket prices.
Analysis of Quality-Value-Purchase in the Leather Products Industry
Authors: Bakhti Krisna Yudha , Purwaningsih Siti Samsiyah , Amalia Sholihati , Tjahjawati Sri Surjani
Published: January 2021

Sustainable growth in leather products purchase can cause the consumers to experience in purchasing leather products with various brands, qualities, price, and value which are gained. This research examines the repurchase of leather products by evaluating brand perception (brand experience and brand affect) and product evaluation (perceived value, perceived quality, and price perception). The data were taken from 297 respondents who have purchased this product from Garut, Indonesia as one of the biggest production centers of leather fashion products in Indonesia. By applying partial least square, it revealed that brand experience and brand affect are influential toward perceived quality. Both perceived quality and price perception are then influential toward perceived value. Repurchase intention is affected by perceived quality and perceived value. This result proves that brand perception is able to underlie product evaluation which then will influence repurchase intention.
Sistem Pembayaran Kontrak kerja pembuatan Pagar Panel Beton (Studi Pada PG Kebon Agung Malang)
Authors: Wahyudi Arif
Published: January 2021

This research was conducted to analyze the work contract payment system in the manufacture of concrete panel fences at PG Kebon Agung Malang so that it can provide information in the form of relevant data, have timeliness, are accurate and useful for the wearer. The qualitative approach used in this research is based on primary data by obtaining data directly from resource persons and using secondary data whose data sources are documents, notes, and other supporting data. The results of this study explain the accounting information system in the form of a system flow chart that explains how the flow of the work contract payment system in making concrete panel fences at Kebon Agung PG starts from CV offering a tender, after being determined the tender winner, the user gives a tender winner letter so that the CV is the winner of the tender. can start his work. After the work is 92.5% completed, CV makes a report of completion of work as evidence that CV has completed part of its project and submits payment by including invoices, receipts, tax invoices, minutes, and SPK to the user to get a blank cash payment request for the first term . Payment of terms for bothparties CV makes a retention report (retention) as the completion of the 7.5% work submitted to the user along with a work agreement letter and a letter of completion of SP work.
'All must be condemned': when condemning historical personalities might undermine anti-racism
Authors: Joyce Eric
Published: January 2021

If we condemn people for racist views expressed in a historical context where racism was normative, we must accept that most of us will one day be condemned for expressing ideas normative today. Since we cannot take action against what we do not yet know, this appears to remove human agency from the moral imperative. Because any normative value can later be condemned, it also makes later judgements about peoples’ lives appear arbitrary. Finally, the condemnation today of racism at a time when it was normative must be framed by the treatment of anti-racism as a moral absolute. But the removal of human agency from individuals and the introduction of arbitrariness to judgement leans towards moral relativism. These internal contradictions risk reducing the worth and coherence of anti-racism. This short discussion paper proposes protecting the notion of anti-racism by separating the condemnation of historical racism from the condemnation of individuals.
DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2 COMO FACTOR DE RIESGO PARA MORTALIDAD POR COVID-19.
Authors: LEVEAU-BARTRA HARRY , AUSEJO-GALARZA JHON RODRIGO , CÓRDOVA-TELLO IVAN MARCO , CÓRDOVA-TELLO JOSÉ LUIS , CHÁVEZ-NAVARRO JUAN R , MEJIA-LENGUA CARMEN ELVIA
Published: January 2021

Introducción: Existen diversos estudios que asocian a la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con una mayor mortalidad por covid – 19, atribuyéndole riesgo alto, por tal razón, se realiza este meta – análisis en 9 estudios desarrollados en su mayoría en China. Objetivo: Determinar la fuerza en que se asocia la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con la mortalidad por Covid-19. Material y métodos: Artículo de revisión desarrollado en 9 estudios que cumplen los criterios de elegibilidad, sobre la base de poder ser reproducible y que tengan los datos correspondientes al estudio, estos trabajos fueron seleccionados de 50 estudios relacionados con el tema de los cueles 41 no presentaron los requisitos para ser elegibles. Los datos de las investigaciones que tuvieron los requisitos de elegibles se tabularon en el programa Excel de donde se exportaron al programa estadístico Epidat 3.1. Se calcularon las estadísticas de heterogeneidad, gráficos de forest plot, sesgos de publicación, funnes plot y el análisis de sensibilidad. Resultados: La investigación muestra una heterogeneidad de 52.58% prueba Q de Cochran 16.872, valor de p= 0.032 Modelo de efectos aleatorios mostró una OR global de 1.933 (IC95%: 1.488 - 2.511. La prueba de Begg con su estadístico Z= 1.772 Valor p= 0.076, La prueba de Egger con su estadístico t= 1.764 Valor p= 0.121. Conclusiones: Los 9 estudios analizados muestran una OR global de 1.933 (IC95% de 1.488 - 2.511) sobre una muestra total de 11,413 pacientes. El tener diabetes mellitus tipo 2 incrementa la probabilidad de mortalidad por covid – 19 en 0.9 veces más que si esta patología no estaría presente en el enfermo con covid – 19.