bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of the tiger‐nut milk co‐product on fibre‐enriched bread processing and storage: crumb structure‐moisture‐texture relationships
Authors: Verdú Samuel , Alava Cecibel , Barat José M. , Carrascosa Conrado , Grau Raúl
Published: December 2022

The effect of including tiger‐nut milk co‐product on the bread‐making process was studied. The impact of three wheat flour substitution co‐product levels (5%, 10% and 20%) was tested by comparing to a control (pure wheat) as regards fermentation kinetics and baking phase, as well as their implications on the physicochemical features of breads (crumb internal structure, moisture and texture distribution) just after processing and during storage. The dough fermentation kinetics showed significant differences: reducing maximum height at 60 min and maximum growth rate with an increasing co‐product concentration. However, water retention in baking was the same for them all despite their differences in volume. These facts significantly affected the crumb internal structure, which was successfully characterised by an image analysis technique. Crumb moisture‐structure‐texture relationships were analysed in two different zones of cross‐section bread slices. The results showed how an increasing co‐product level enhanced the homogenization of moisture distribution and hardness across crumb zones, and also reduced the structure differences between them. Moisture and hardness presented high correlation levels with changes in the structure of crumb zones during storage, which allowed the significant effect of co‐product on the crumb moisture‐structure‐texture relationships to be knownin both the bread‐making process and storage time.
Trends in disparities in COVID hospitalizations among community‐dwelling residents of two counties in Connecticut, before and after vaccine introduction, March 2020–September 2021
Authors: McWilliams Caroline , Bothwell Laura , Yousey‐Hindes Kimberly , Hadler James L.
Published: December 2022

Background

Prior to the introduction of vaccines, COVID‐19 hospitalizations of non‐institutionalized persons in Connecticut disproportionately affected communities of color and individuals of low socioeconomic status (SES). Whether the magnitude of these disparities changed 7–9 months after vaccine rollout during the Delta wave is not well documented.

Methods

All initially hospitalized patients with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 during July–September 2021 were obtained from the Connecticut COVID‐19‐Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network database, including patients' geocoded residential addresses. Census tract measures of poverty and crowding were determined by linking geocoded residential addresses to the 2014–2018 American Community Survey. Age‐adjusted incidence and relative rates of COVID‐19 hospitalization were calculated and compared with those from July to December 2020. Vaccination levels by age and race/ethnicity at the beginning and end of the study period were obtained from Connecticut's COVID vaccine registry, and age‐adjusted average values were determined.

Results

There were 708 COVID‐19 hospitalizations among community residents of the two counties, July–September 2021. Age‐adjusted incidence was the highest among non‐Hispanic Blacks and Hispanic/Latinx compared with non‐Hispanic Whites (RR 4.10 [95% CI 3.41–4.94] and 3.47 [95% CI 2.89–4.16]). Although RR decreased significantly among Hispanic/Latinx and among the lowest SES groups, it increased among non‐Hispanic Blacks (from RR 3.2 [95% CI 2.83–3.32] to RR 4.10). Average age‐adjusted vaccination rates among those ≥12 years were the lowest among non‐Hispanic Blacks compared with Hispanic/Latinx and non‐Hispanic Whites (50.6% vs. 64.7% and 66.6%).

Conclusions

Although racial/ethnic and SES disparities in COVID‐19 hospitalization have mostly decreased over time, disparities among non‐Hispanic Blacks increased, possibly due to differences in vaccination rates.
Ligation‐based assay for variant typing without sequencing: Application to SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern
Authors: Nelson Dalton J. , Shilts Meghan H. , Pakala Suman B. , Das Suman R. , Schmitz Jonathan E. , Haselton Frederick R.
Published: December 2022

Background

COVID‐19 prevalence has remained high throughout the pandemic with intermittent surges, due largely to the emergence of genetic variants, demonstrating the need for more accessible sequencing technologies for strain typing.

Methods

A ligation‐based typing assay was developed to detect known variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) by identifying the presence of characteristic single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). General principles for extending the strategy to new variants and alternate diseases with SNPs of interest are described. Of note, this strategy leverages commercially available reagents for assay preparation, as well as standard real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrumentation for assay performance.

Results

The assay demonstrated a combined sensitivity and specificity of 96.6% and 99.5%, respectively, for the classification of 88 clinical samples of the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants relative to the gold standard of viral genome sequencing. It achieved an average limit of detection of 7.4 × 104 genome copies/mL in contrived nasopharyngeal samples. The ligation‐based strategy performed robustly in the presence of additional polymorphisms in the targeted regions of interest as shown by the sequence alignment of clinical samples.

Conclusions

The assay demonstrates the potential for robust variant typing with performance comparable with next‐generation sequencing without the need for the time delays and resources required for sequencing. The reduced resource dependency and generalizability could expand access to variant classification information for pandemic surveillance.
Recruitment, mortality and growth in semi‐arid conifer‐eucalypt forest: Small trees insure against fire and drought
Authors: Neumann Mathias , Eastaugh Chris S. , Adams Mark A.
Published: December 2022

Aim

Well‐managed semi‐arid forests help offset global change by storing significant amounts of carbon above‐ and belowground and maintaining hydrological cycles. Larger trees have been the focus of many studies due to their carbon storage and habitat quality, yet recruitment and small trees are important components of ecosystem resilience and recovery. Here, we study the impacts of disturbances (including harvesting) on recruitment, mortality and growth for a mixed conifer‐broadleaf semi‐arid forest type using long‐term data.

Location

Pilliga Forest in New South Wales, inland eastern Australia.

Taxon

Callitris‐Eucalyptus forests.

Methods

We used data from permanent sample plots (PSPs) spanning 55 years, calculated stand structure, gains and losses and determined reasons for tree death (harvesting, fire, wind, drought and other effects). We extracted climate and fire data for the PSP locations using spatial analysis.

Results

Stocking of studied forests remained stable (modest increase in basal area and stem density), despite harvesting and wildfires over 6 decades. Compared to stands in the 1940s and prior to European settlement, current forests are composed of more trees per unit area, and these trees have smaller diameters. Recruitment and sustained presence of small trees have buffered impacts of recurring drought, fire and harvesting. Fires are a common feature of the studied ecosystems and fire impacts have increased in the past 20 years, especially in unmanaged stands, where fires have reduced tree carbon by >50%.

Main conclusions

Recruitment and growth of small trees are critical to offset carbon losses due to fire, drought and harvesting. All size classes have important ecological values in semi‐arid forests and must be included in long‐term monitoring programmes. Long‐term data offer unique insights into combined effects of climate change, management and disturbances, especially for fire‐prone ecosystems, where small trees are often susceptible to fire.
Efficacy of intrinsic antitachycardia pacing for ventricular tachycardia refractory to conventional burst pacing: A case series
Authors: Kamakura Tsukasa , Ueda Nobuhiko , Wada Mitsuru , Ishibashi Kohei , Kusano Kengo
Published: December 2022

Intrinsic antitachycardia pacing (iATP) is a novel automated ventricular ATP algorithm that designs ATP sequences based on the analysis of prior failed ATP. Real‐world data on the efficacy and safety of iATP are lacking. Among 124 ventricular tachycardia (VT) episodes in 130 consecutive patients (mean age at implantation: 63.8 ± 14.9 years; sex, 95 male and 35 female) for whom implantable cardioverter defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator equipped with iATP algorithm was implanted, we investigated the efficacy and safety of iATP for VT refractory to conventional burst pacing. Eight patients had a total of 17 episodes of iATP therapy after failed conventional burst pacing within 11.2 ± 6.6 months of follow‐up. Eleven VT episodes (64.7%) in seven patients (87.5%) were successfully terminated by iATP, and only one patient (12.5%) experienced VT acceleration. iATP might be useful for VTs refractory to conventional burst pacing with a low risk of VT acceleration.
Annual Research Review: Emotion processing in offspring of mothers with depression diagnoses – a systematic review of neural and physiological research
Authors: Burkhouse Katie L. , Kujawa Autumn
Published: December 2022

Background

Theories of the intergenerational transmission of depression emphasize alterations in emotion processing among offspring of depressed mothers as a key risk mechanism, raising questions about biological processes contributing to these alterations. The objective of this systematic annual research review was to examine and integrate studies of the associations between maternal depression diagnoses and offspring's emotion processing from birth through adolescence across biological measures including autonomic psychophysiology, electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), event‐related potentials (ERP), and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 standards. A systematic search was conducted in PsycInfo and PubMed in 2022 for studies that included, 1) mothers with and without DSM‐defined depressive disorders assessed via a clinical or diagnostic interview, and 2) measures of offspring emotion processing assessed at the psychophysiological or neural level between birth and 18 years of age.

Results

Findings from 64 studies indicated that young offspring of mothers with depression histories exhibit heightened corticolimbic activation to negative emotional stimuli, reduced left frontal brain activation, and reduced ERP and mesocorticolimbic responses to reward cues compared to offspring of never‐depressed mothers. Further, activation of resting‐state networks involved in affective processing differentiate offspring of depressed relative to nondepressed mothers. Some of these alterations were only apparent among youth of depressed mothers exposed to negative environmental contexts or exhibiting current emotional problems. Further, some of these patterns were observable in infancy, reflecting very early emerging vulnerabilities.

Conclusions

This systematic review provides evidence that maternal depression is associated with alterations in emotion processing across several biological units of analysis in offspring. We present a preliminary conceptual model of the role of deficient emotion processing in pathways from maternal depression to offspring psychopathology and discuss future research avenues addressing limitations of the existing research and clinical implications.
Prognosis for older people at presentation to emergency department based on frailty and aggregated vital signs
Authors: Kabell Nissen Søren , Rueegg Marco , Carpenter Christopher R. , Kaeppeli Tobias , Busch Jeanette‐Marie , Fournaise Anders , Dreher‐Hummel Thomas , Bingisser Roland , Brabrand Mikkel , Nickel Christian H.
Published: December 2022

Background

Risk stratification for older people based on aggregated vital signs lack the accuracy to predict mortality at presentation to the Emergency Department (ED). We aimed to develop and internally validate the Frailty adjusted Prognosis in ED tool (FaP‐ED) for 30‐day mortality combining frailty and aggregated vital signs.

Methods

Single‐center prospective cohort of undifferentiated ED patients aged 65 or older, consecutively sampled upon ED presentation from a tertiary Emergency Center.

Vital signs were aggregated using the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) as a measure of illness or injury severity and frailty was assessed with the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). The FaP‐ED was constructed by combining NEWS and CFS in multivariable logistic regression. The primary outcome was 30‐day mortality. Measures of discrimination and calibration were assessed to evaluate predictive performance and internally validated using bootstrapping.

Results

2250 patients were included, 67 (1.8%) were omitted from analyses due to missing CFS, loss to follow‐up, or terminal illness. Thirty‐day mortality rate was 5.4% (N = 122, 95% CI = 4.5%–6.4%). Median NEWS was 1 (Inter‐Quartile Range (IQR): 0–3) and median CFS was 4 (IQR: 3–5). The Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) for FaP‐ED was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.83–0.90). This was significantly higher than NEWS (0.81, 95% CI = 0.77–0.85, DeLong: Z = 3.5, p < 0.001) or CFS alone (0.82, 95% CI = 0.78–0.86, DeLong: Z = 4.4, p < 0.001). Bootstrapped estimates of FaP‐ED AUROC, calibration slope, and intercept were 0.86, 0.95, and −0.09, respectively, suggesting internal validity. A decision‐threshold of CFS 5 and NEWS 3 was proposed based on qualitative comparison of positive Likelihood Ratio at all relevant FaP‐ED cutoffs.

Conclusion

Combining aggregated vital signs and frailty accurately predicted 30‐day mortality at ED presentation and illustrated an important clinical interaction between frailty and illness severity. Pending external validation, the Fap‐ED operationalizes the concept of such “geriatric urgency” for the ED setting.
Understandings and future challenges in soybean functional genomics and molecular breeding
Authors: Du Haiping , Fang Chao , Li Yaru , Kong Fanjiang , Liu Baohui
Published: December 2022

Soybean (Glycine max) is a major source of plant protein and oil. Soybean breeding has benefited from advances in functional genomics. In particular, the release of soybean reference genomes has advanced our understanding of soybean adaptation to soil nutrient deficiencies, the molecular mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and the roles of flowering time in regional adaptation, plant architecture, and seed yield and quality. Nevertheless, many challenges remain for soybean functional genomics and molecular breeding, mainly related to improving grain yield through high‐density planting, maize–soybean intercropping, taking advantage of wild resources, utilization of heterosis, genomic prediction and selection breeding, and precise breeding through genome editing. This review summarizes the current progress in soybean functional genomics and directs future challenges for molecular breeding of soybean.
Assembly rules vary seasonally in stable phytoplankton associations of the Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Zingone Adriana , Tortora Cristina , D′Alelio Domenico , Margiotta Francesca , Sarno Diana
Published: December 2022

Coastal phytoplankton present remarkable variability because of complex patterns and relationships of hydrological parameters at the land–sea interface. We analysed a time series of 917 phytoplankton samples collected in the period 1984–2010 at the coastal station LTER‐MC (Gulf of Naples, Mediterranean Sea) with the aims of determining: (i) whether recurrent species associations are recognizable in this variable coastal environment; (ii) what are their composition and seasonal patterns; (iii) what are the environmental variables driving their distributions, and (iv) to what extent those associations are functionally homogeneous. Using a cluster analysis of a dataset of the 87 more frequent and abundant species in the samples, we identified seven main groups of species. Five of them were recurrent over the years in the same seasons, while two other groups showed a bimodal occurrence or no clear seasonality, respectively. Differences in the occurrence of those assemblages were primarily associated with the season (i.e., temperature), and the coastal nature of the site (mainly salinity). Except for the winter cluster, which included mostly coccolithophores and silicoflagellates, diatoms were present in all associations, along with species belonging to diverse phylogenetic groups. The diversity of morphological features defining ecological traits varied across the different associations, with a maximum divergence in the spring association and a minimum in winter. We conclude that the stability of the associations is related to the marked phenological recurrence of their individual species and their overlap in specific periods of the year, while convergent or divergent trait compositions in the different associations indicate a variable strength of the environmental filtering across the seasonal succession.
Photosynthesis – beyond the leaf
Authors: Lawson Tracy , Milliken Alexandra L.
Published: December 2022

Although leaves are considered the main site for photosynthesis, other green nonfoliar tissues can carry out considerable amounts of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. With photosynthesis, a potential target for improving crop productivity, physiology and contribution of nonfoliar tissues to overall plant carbon acquisition is gaining increasing attention. This review will provide an overview of nonfoliar photosynthesis, the role of stomata in these tissues and methodologies for quantification and the contribution to overall carbon gain.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy and preterm birth in Massachusetts from March 2020 through March 2021
Authors: Darling Anne Marie , Shephard Hanna , Nestoridi Eirini , Manning Susan E. , Yazdy Mahsa M.
Published: December 2022

Background

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy has been linked to preterm birth, but this association is not well understood.

Objectives

To examine the association between SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and spontaneous and provider‐initiated preterm birth (PTB), and how timing of infection, and race/ethnicity as a marker of structural inequality, may modify this association.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study among pregnant people who delivered singleton, liveborn infants (22–44 weeks gestation) from 1 March 2020 to 31 March 2021 (n = 68,288). We used Cox proportional hazards models to compare the hazard of PTB between pregnant people with and without laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy. We evaluated this association according to the trimester of infection, timing from infection to birth, and timing of PTB. We also examined the joint associations of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and race/ethnicity with PTB using the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI).

Results

Positive SARS‐CoV‐2 tests were identified for 2195 pregnant people (3.2%). The prevalence of PTB was 7.2% (3.8% spontaneous, 3.6% provider‐initiated). SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of PTB overall (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34, 1.74), and provider‐initiated PTB (HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.50, 2.12) but not spontaneous PTB (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.89, 1.36). Second trimester infections were associated with an increased risk of provider‐initiated PTB, and third trimester infections were associated with an increased risk of both PTB subtypes. A joint inverse association between White non‐Hispanic race/ethnicity and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and spontaneous PTB (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34, 0.94; RERI −0.6, 95% CI −1.0, −0.2) was also observed.

Conclusions

SARS‐CoV‐2 infections were primarily associated with an increased risk for provider‐initiated PTB in this study. These findings highlight the importance of promoting infection‐prevention strategies among pregnant people.
Interpregnancy interval and preterm delivery: An empirical comparison of between‐persons and within‐sibship designs
Authors: Klebanoff Mark A. , Hade Erinn M.
Published: December 2022

Background

Short interpregnancy interval has been associated with increased risk of preterm delivery; recent studies employing within‐sibship designs suggest that this risk may be exaggerated. There are unresolved issues regarding properties of this design.

Objectives

To compare directly the results, for short intervals, of between‐person and within‐sibship analyses when applied to the same target population.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data are from the National Survey of Family Growth, a statistically representative survey of women and men in the USA, 2006–2015. Participants provided a complete pregnancy history including outcome, duration and ending date, enabling calculation of interval. Conventional analysis employed log‐linear regression, controlling survey design, early life events, demographic variables, pregnancy intendedness, breastfeeding of the previous birth and obstetric history. Within‐sibship analyses, utilising conditional log‐linear regression, controlled the same variables, except those remaining static within each participant.

Results

Among participants with at least three live‐ or stillbirths, the percentage of pregnancies in each interval, and the percent of deliveries that were preterm following that interval were 9.2%, 14.6% for <6, and 14.7%, 15.4% for 6–11, versus 12.2%, 14.7% for 18–23 months. Among participants with at least three live‐ or stillborn infants, those in the within‐sibship analysis had a higher risk profile than comparably parous, ineligible participants. In a between‐participant analysis, among those included in within‐sibship models, the adjusted risk ratios (vs 18–23 months) for preterm delivery for intervals <6 and 6–11 months were 0.74 (95% CI 0.63, 0.88) and 0.85 (95% CI 0.74, 0.98). The corresponding risk ratios were 0.56 (95% CI 0.14, 2.30) and 0.49 (95% CI 0.13, 1.80) for those ineligible for the within‐sibship models.

Conclusions

When comparable analyses were employed, the association between interval and preterm delivery was similar between participants included in the within‐sibship analysis and those ineligible for the within‐sibship analysis, but differed from those in the full cohort, perhaps due to different target populations.
Volatile organic compounds as mediators of plant communication and adaptation to climate change
Authors: Abbas Farhat , O'Neill Rothenberg Dylan , Zhou Yiwei , Ke Yanguo , Wang Hui‐Cong
Published: December 2022

Plant volatile organic compounds are the most abundant and structurally diverse plant secondary metabolites. They play a key role in plant lifespan via direct and indirect plant defenses, attracting pollinators, and mediating various interactions between plants and their environment. The ecological diversity and context‐dependence of plant–plant communication driven by volatiles are crucial elements that influence plant performance in different habitats. Plant volatiles are also valued for their multiple applications in food, flavor, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. In the current review, we summarize recent advances that have elucidated the functions of plant volatile organic compounds as mediators of plant interaction at community and individual levels, highlighting the complexities of plant receiver feedback to various signals and cues. This review emphasizes volatile terpenoids, the most abundant class of plant volatile organic compounds, highlighting their role in plant adaptability to global climate change and stress‐response pathways that are integral to plant growth and survival. Finally, we identify research gaps and suggest future research directions.
Evaluation of clinical and subclinical endometritis impacts on the reproductive performance and milk production of dairy cows in Brazilian herds
Authors: Paiano Renan Braga , Bonilla Jeannine , Pugliesi Guilherme , Moreno Andrea Micke , Baruselli Pietro Sampaio
Published: December 2022

Clinical endometritis (CE) and subclinical endometritis (SE) are two of the main uterine diseases in dairy cows during the puerperium period that can directly affect milk production and fertility in dairy herds. The first objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the CE and SE on the subsequent reproductive performance and milk production of dairy cows in Brazilian herds, and the second objective was to evaluate the reproductive performance and milk production of dairy cows according to the positive or negative isolation of bacteria in the uterine environment. A total of 279 lactating Holstein dairy cows (28–33 days in milk) from six commercial farms were studied. These were classified into three groups: healthy cows (without CE and SE, n = 161), cows with CE (vaginal discharge score = 3 and ≥18% PMNL, n = 83) and cows with SE (absence of signs of CE and >18% PMNL, n = 35). According to the presence of bacteria isolated from the uterine environment, the animals were classified as healthy cows (n = 161), CE cows with positive (n = 68) and negative (n = 15) bacterial isolation; and SE cows with positive (n = 21) and negative (n = 14) bacterial isolation. Cows with CE (20.5%) and SE (31.4%) had a lower (p < .05) conception rate at first AI than healthy cows (47.8%). Furthermore, both cows with CE (3.1) and SE (2.8) needed more service to become pregnant than healthy cows (1.7) and more days to be pregnant (50.3 days in CE and 43.1 days in SE than healthy group; p < .001). Cows with CE (23.8 kg) and SE (23.7 kg) produced less milk than healthy cows on the day of sampling (28.2 kg); however, milk production during 305 DIM of cows with CE and SE was not impaired when compared to healthy cows. The logistic regression showed that parity, body condition score, 305 days milk production, last calving (eutocia or dystocia), twin birth and stillbirth were not associated with the incidence of CE and SE. In addition, we highlight that cows with CE and SE, but with negative bacteria isolation, did not have reproductive performance and milk production impaired during the postpartum period. These results support that the use of antibiotics would not be beneficial in these cows, contributing to the strategic and rational use of antibiotic therapy on dairy farms.
The role of perceived risk on dishonest decision making during a pandemic
Authors: Dawson Ian G. J. , Hanoch Yaniv M.
Published: December 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic presented serious risks to the health and financial wellbeing of millions of people across the world. While many individuals adapted to these challenges through a variety of prosocial and protective behaviors (e.g., social distancing, working from home), many others also engaged in dishonest behaviors (e.g., lying to obtain vaccines or furlough payments). Hence, the COVID‐19 pandemic provided a unique context in which to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between risk and dishonesty. Across three preregistered studies, we assessed whether objective risk and perceived risk influenced the decision to behave dishonestly in order to gain access to vaccines and furlough payments during a pandemic. We also assessed the extent to which such dishonesty was deterred by the probability of the dishonesty being detected. We found that heightened health risk perceptions were positively related with lying to obtain a vaccine (Studies 1 and 2), but found no evidence of the same relationship between financial risk perceptions and lying to access furlough payments (Study 2). We also found that the probability of dishonesty being detected had a negative relationship with dishonest behavior (Study 3). In addition, across the three studies, we found that (i) dishonesty was consistently evident in approximately one‐third of all of our samples, and (ii) greater dishonesty was associated with older age. We discuss how our findings could be utilized by policy makers to better deter and detect dishonest behaviors during future similar crises.
Civic Engagement and Latina Immigrant Mothers' Remote Learning Involvement DuringCOVID‐191
Authors: Delgado Vanessa
Published: December 2022

Immigrant incorporation scholars have established that racialized immigrant parents encounter several barriers in their children's schooling: namely, language and cultural differences, discrimination, unfamiliarity with the U.S. schooling system, and unhelpful school agents. However, less is known about the mechanisms that lessen these challenges. Drawing on insights from immigrant incorporation and civic engagement literature, this study examines how advocacy organizations can mediate the barriers racialized immigrant parents face in their children's schooling. A case study of 20 Latina immigrant mothers is used to demonstrate how civically engaged parents drew on their participation with a local advocacy organization—Parent's Choice—to overcome the barriers that emerged during the transition to remote learning due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Findings suggest that immigrant mothers leveraged their connection to Parent's Choice to learn how to use technology, get district‐related updates, secure devices necessary for at‐home learning, create complaints or demands for services at their children's school, fill out paperwork, and access community‐based referrals. Parent's Choice provided support and empowered Latina immigrant parents by minimizing the overwhelming barriers they faced during online learning. These findings complicate our understanding of immigrant civic engagement patterns and provide implications of how civic engagement can facilitate the incorporation of marginalized parents in educational institutions.
Seeing beyond the spikes: reconstructing the complete spatiotemporal membrane potential distribution from paired intra‐ and extracellular recordings
Authors: Meszéna Domokos , Barlay Anna , Boldog Péter , Furuglyás Kristóf , Cserpán Dorottya , Wittner Lucia , Ulbert István , Somogyvári Zoltán
Published: December 2022

Although electrophysiologists have been recording intracellular neural activity routinely ever since the ground‐breaking work of Hodgkin and Huxley, and extracellular multichannel electrodes have also been used frequently and extensively, a practical experimental method to track changes in membrane potential along a complete single neuron is still lacking. Instead of obtaining multiple intracellular measurements on the same neuron, we propose an alternative method by combining single‐channel somatic patch‐clamp and multichannel extracellular potential recordings. In this work, we show that it is possible to reconstruct the complete spatiotemporal distribution of the membrane potential of a single neuron with the spatial resolution of an extracellular probe during action potential generation. Moreover, the reconstruction of the membrane potential allows us to distinguish between the two major but previously hidden components of the current source density (CSD) distribution: the resistive and the capacitive currents. This distinction provides a clue to the clear interpretation of the CSD analysis, because the resistive component corresponds to transmembrane ionic currents (all the synaptic, voltage‐sensitive and passive currents), whereas capacitive currents are considered to be the main contributors of counter‐currents. We validate our model‐based reconstruction approach on simulations and demonstrate its application to experimental data obtained in vitro via paired extracellular and intracellular recordings from a single pyramidal cell of the rat hippocampus. In perspective, the estimation of the spatial distribution of resistive membrane currents makes it possible to distiguish between active and passive sinks and sources of the CSD map and the localization of the synaptic input currents, which make the neuron fire.

image

Key points

A new computational method is introduced to calculate the unbiased current source density distribution on a single neuron with known morphology.

The relationship between extracellular and intracellular electric potential is determined via mathematical formalism, and a new reconstruction method is applied to reveal the full spatiotemporal distribution of the membrane potential and the resistive and capacitive current components.

The new reconstruction method was validated on simulations.

Simultaneous and colocalized whole‐cell patch‐clamp and multichannel silicon probe recordings were performed from the same pyramidal neuron in the rat hippocampal CA1 region, in vitro.

The method was applied in experimental measurements and returned precise and distinctive characteristics of various intracellular phenomena, such as action potential generation, signal back‐propagation and the initial dendritic depolarization preceding the somatic action potential.
La cobertura de incapacidad total y permanente a la luz de la normativa costarricense – una propuesta de estandarización
Authors: Breedy Arguedas Said , Moreno Arroyo Andrea
Published: December 2022

La cobertura de incapacidad total y permanente comprende dentro de la configuración del siniestro varios elementos que en su conjunto obligan a la entidad aseguradora a la indemnización.  Tomando como base la legislación costarricense, se analiza la configuración del siniestro para los seguros de accidentes e incapacidad, su delimitación de cobertura, periodo de ocurrencia, la limitación de las preexistencias y factores como la disputabilidad, todas expresamente reguladas en la Ley Reguladora del Contrato de Seguro (Ley 8956) para luego constatar que existen algunas diferencias en los condicionados generales respecto a lo que consideramos la ideal aproximación respecto a la interpretación de las normas.  Se aborda también la teoría de la causalidad adecuada a efectos de confirmar que los elementos evento (accidente o enfermedad) que causa lesión con algún grado de incapacidad y la declaratoria de incapacidad total y permanente deben realizarse en una ventana de tiempo determinada para que se configure el siniestro.
Empatía, redes sociales e indicadores de salud mental durante las crisis sociales en Colombia
Authors: León Rodríguez Diego Armando , Tobar Herrera María Paula , Fernández de Castro María Olga Hodeg , Aguilar Mejía Oscar Mauricio
Published: December 2022

Múltiples estudios sugieren que las crisis sociales exacerban los problemas de salud mental en la población. Sin embargo, el funcionamiento empático y la disponibilidad de información en redes sociales puede mediar su impacto. Colombia atravesó recientemente dos crisis sociales: la pandemia por COVID-19 y la huelga nacional del 2021. Se analizó la relación entre empatía, uso de redes sociales y salud mental durante estas crisis. 314 participantes respondieron en línea los cuestionarios Índice de Reactividad Interpersonal, Tiempo de uso de redes sociales, Escala de Estrés Traumático Secundario, Escala para el Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada GAD-7 y el Índice de Bienestar WHO-5. Los resultados indicaron mayor uso de redes durante las crisis; mayor reporte de ansiedad y de estrés traumático entre más tiempo de uso de redes; peores indicadores generales de bienestar y de salud mental entre mayor uso de redes; relación negativa entre salud mental y medidas de empatía y peores indicadores de salud mental en personas con un menor nivel educativo que más usaron redes y con índices altos de malestar personal y fantasía empática. En conclusión, las habilidades empáticas influyeron sobre la relación entre el uso de redes sociales y salud mental durante las dos crisis sociales.
On the First-Order Optimization Methods in Deep Image Prior
Authors: Cascarano Pasquale , Franchini Giorgia , Porta Federica , Sebastiani Andrea
Published: December 2022

Deep learning methods have state-of-the-art performances in many image restoration tasks. Their effectiveness is mostly related to the size of the dataset used for the training. Deep image prior (DIP) is an energy-function framework which eliminates the dependency on the training set, by considering the structure of a neural network as an handcrafted prior offering high impedance to noise and low impedance to signal. In this paper, we analyze and compare the use of different optimization schemes inside the DIP framework for the denoising task.
Comparison of ideal mask-based speech enhancement algorithms for speech mixed with white noise at low mixture signal-to-noise ratios
Authors: Graetzer Simone , Hopkins Carl
Published: December 2022

The literature shows that the intelligibility of noisy speech can be improved by applying an ideal binary or soft gain mask in the time-frequency domain for signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) between –10 and +10 dB. In this study, two mask-based algorithms are compared when applied to speech mixed with white Gaussian noise (WGN) at lower SNRs, that is, SNRs from −29 to –5 dB. These comprise an Ideal Binary Mask (IBM) with a Local Criterion (LC) set to 0 dB and an Ideal Ratio Mask (IRM). The performance of three intrusive Short-Time Objective Intelligibility (STOI) variants—STOI, STOI+, and Extended Short-Time Objective Intelligibility (ESTOI)—is compared with that of other monaural intelligibility metrics that can be used before and after mask-based processing. The results show that IRMs can be used to obtain near maximal speech intelligibility (>90% for sentence material) even at very low mixture SNRs, while IBMs with LC = 0 provide limited intelligibility gains for SNR < −14 dB. It is also shown that, unlike STOI, STOI+ and ESTOI are suitable metrics for speech mixed with WGN at low SNRs and processed by IBMs with LC = 0 even when speech is high-pass filtered to flatten the spectral tilt before masking.
Rewiring the logic board of IFN signaling
Authors: MacMicking John D.
Published: December 2022

Interferons (IFNs) activate cell-autonomous immunity to combat infection and control inflammation. In this issue of
Science Signaling
, Boccuni
et al.
reveal how macrophages incorporate stress signals through the p38 MAPK pathway to enhance IFN-induced responses against intracellular pathogens.
Distinct Molecular Features of NleG Type 3 Secreted Effectors Allow for Different Roles during Citrobacter rodentium Infection in Mice
Authors: Popov Georgy , Fiebig-Comyn Aline , Syriste Lukas , Little Dustin J. , Skarina Tatiana , Stogios Peter J. , Birstonas Sarah , Coombes Brian K. , Savchenko Alexei
Published: December 2022

The NleGs are the largest family of type 3 secreted effectors in attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens, such as enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC), enteropathogenic
E. coli
, and
Citrobacter rodentium
. NleG effectors contain a conserved C-terminal U-box domain acting as a ubiquitin protein ligase and target host proteins via a variable N-terminal portion.
Bolaamphiphile Analogues of 12-bis-THA Cl
2
Are Potent Antimicrobial Therapeutics with Distinct Mechanisms of Action against Bacterial, Mycobacterial, and Fungal Pathogens
Authors: Di Blasio Simona , Clarke Maria , Hind Charlotte K. , Asai Masanori , Laurence Louis , Benvenuti Angelica , Hassan Mahnoor , Semenya Dorothy , Man DeDe Kwun-Wai , Horrocks Victoria , Manzo Giorgia , Van Der Lith Sarah , Lam Carolyn , Gentile Eugenio , Annette Callum , Bosse Janine , Li Yanwen , Panaretou Barry , Langford Paul R. , Robertson Brian D. , Lam Jenny K. W. , Sutton J. Mark , McArthur Michael , Mason A. James
Published: December 2022

While we face an acute threat from antibiotic resistant bacteria and a lack of new classes of antibiotic, there are many effective antimicrobials which have limited application due to concerns regarding their toxicity and which could be more useful if such risks are reduced or eliminated. We modified a bolalipid antiseptic used in throat lozenges to see if it could be made more effective against some of the highest-priority bacteria and less toxic.
Metabolic Network Models of the
Gardnerella
Pangenome Identify Key Interactions with the Vaginal Environment
Authors: Dillard Lillian R. , Glass Emma M. , Lewis Amanda L. , Thomas-White Krystal , Papin Jason A.
Published: December 2022

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection among reproductive-age women. Despite its prevalence and associated chronic and acute women’s health impacts, the diverse bacteria involved in BV infection remain poorly characterized.
Gardnerella
is the genus of bacteria most commonly and most abundantly represented during BV.
Riddles of Lost City: Chemotrophic Prokaryotes Drives Carbon, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Cycling at an Extinct Cold Seep, South China Sea
Authors: Chen Yu , Lyu Yuanjiao , Zhang Jian , Li Qiqi , Lyu Lina , Zhou Yingli , Kong Jie , Zeng Xinyang , Zhang Si , Li Jie
Published: December 2022

This research paper uncovered the potential mechanisms for microbiota mediated geochemical cycling in extinct cold seep, advancing our understanding in deep sea microbiology ecology.
Insect-Specific Chimeric Viruses Potentiated Antiviral Responses and Inhibited Pathogenic Alphavirus Growth in Mosquito Cells
Authors: Tan Lu , Zhang Yiwen , Kim Dal Young , Li Runsheng
Published: December 2022

Mosquito-borne alphaviruses can cause emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, posing a considerable threat to human and animal health worldwide. However, no specific antivirals or commercial vaccines are currently available.
Three Amino Acid Substitutions in the Spike Protein Enable the Coronavirus Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus To Infect Vero Cells
Authors: Chen Bingqing , Dong Shijuan , Yu Li , Si Fusheng , Li Chunhua , Xie Chunfang , Yu Ruisong , Li Zhen
Published: December 2022

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a lethal pathogen for newborn piglets, and an efficient vaccine is needed urgently. However, propagating wild-type PEDV in cultured cells for vaccine development is still challenging due to the lack of knowledge about the mechanism of the cell adaptation of PEDV.
Predicting Antigenic Distance from Genetic Data for PRRSV-Type 1: Applications of Machine Learning
Authors: Makau Dennis N. , Prieto Cinta , Martínez-Lobo Francisco J. , Paploski I. A. D. , VanderWaal Kimberly
Published: December 2022

Understanding cross-protection between cocirculating PRRSV1 strains is crucial to reducing losses associated with PRRS outbreaks on farms. While experimental studies to determine cross-protection are instrumental, thesein vivostudies are not always practical or timely for the many cocirculating and emerging PRRSV strains. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to rapidly estimate potential immunologic cross-reaction between different PRRSV1 strainsin silicousing sequence data routinely collected by production systems. These models can provide fast turn-around information crucial for improving PRRS management decisions such as selecting vaccines/live virus inoculation to be used on farms and assessing the risk of outbreaks by emerging strains on farms previously exposed to certain PRRSV strains and vaccine development among others.
Supplemental Material: A fossil oceanic lithosphere preserved inside a continent
Authors: Wu Shucheng , Yang Yingjie , al. et
Published: December 2022

Detailed description of the seismic imaging methods and resolution analyses. 
First Synthesis of 2-Amino-5-hydroxy-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles from 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol
Authors: Dotsenko V. V. , Varzieva E. A. , Buriy D. S. , Aksenov N. A. , Aksenova I. V.
Published: December 2022

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) sodium salt reacts with aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile in aqueous ethanol to form 2-amino-4-aryl-5-hydroxy-6-(2-pyridylazo)-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles.
Diabetes-related shame among people with type 2 diabetes: an internet-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Inagaki Satoshi , Matsuda Tomokazu , Muramae Naokazu , Abe Kozue , Kato Kenji
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Emerging evidence suggests that diabetes stigma and negative emotions associated with it may impair the quality of life of people with diabetes. Among these psychological distresses, shame is considered the most distressing of all human emotional experiences and may be a condition to which diabetes clinicians should pay attention. This epidemiological study focused on diabetes-related shame and aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetes-related shame, its factors, and its association with psychological indicators.

Research design and methods

A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among people with type 2 diabetes preregistered with a research firm. The questionnaire included experience of diabetes-related shame and demographic data such as age, clinical characteristic measures such as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and psychological indicators, including the WHO Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) and Problem Areas In Diabetes-5 (PAID-5). Differences in each indicator between people with diabetes who experienced shame and those who did not were analyzed with the unpaired t-test. As supplemental analysis, binomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the prevalence of diabetes-related shame.

Results

Of the 510 participants, 32.9% experienced diabetes-related shame and 17.5% concealed their disease from colleagues or friends. Those who had experienced diabetes-related shame showed significantly lower WHO-5 and higher PAID-5 scores (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was found in HbA1c (p=0.36). Binomial logistic regression revealed that women, young adults, those without a college degree, those with low self-efficacy, and those with a strong sense of financial burden or external pressure were at higher risk of experiencing diabetes-related shame.

Conclusions

Among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetes-related shame was associated with diabetes-specific emotional distress and low psychological well-being. Further research and care development are needed to address diabetes-related shame and improve the quality of life of people with diabetes.
Efficacy of periodontal soft tissue augmentation prior to orthodontic treatment on preventing gingival recession: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Chen Jing , Lv Jiashu , Zhang Fan , Zhang Wei , Wang Yuhui , Xu Yichen , Pan Yichen , Li Qiang
Published: December 2022

Introduction

In adult patients with thin phenotype, gingival recession is obvious in the mandibular incisors after a large amount of lingual tooth movement. A systematic review indicated that soft tissue augmentation before orthodontic treatment might yield satisfactory results with respect to the progression of gingival recession. However, the studies included had a low-to-moderate level of evidence. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of soft tissue augmentation prior to orthodontic treatment on the prevention of gingival recession.

Method and analysis

This is a single-centre, single-blind, randomised controlled, double-armed parallel group comparison trial. This study was initiated in December 2021 and end in December 2025 (anticipated). Patients with mild crowding in the lower arch and a thin gingival type was enrolled and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either group A (having soft tissue augmentation prior to orthodontic treatment) or group B (having orthodontic treatment only). The planned number of enrolled patients was 48 (24 patients × 2 groups). The primary endpoint was the mean change in recession of the gingival margin. Secondary endpoints included the probing depth, gingival phenotype, frequency of complete root coverage, gingival thickness, width of the keratinised gingiva, clinical attachment level, gingival recession class, full-mouth plaque score, alveolar bone thickness in the faciolingual dimension of the lower anterior teeth and lower incisor inclination.

Ethics and dissemination

The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Shanghai Stomatological Hospital (certificate number (2021)016). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the Clinical Trials Act and other current legal regulations in China. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. The results of this study will be reported in journal publications.

Trial registration number

ChiCTR2100050892.