bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network of Soil Fungi and the Microfauna Community under Diverse Anthropic Disturbances under Chrysopogon zizanioides Planting in the Reservoir
Authors: Lin Xiaoyue , Han Xuemei , Yang Jiading , Liu Fengyu , Li Yuying , Chen Zhaojin
Published: January 2024

The reservoir coastal zone is the transitional zone between the terrestrial ecosystem and the aquatic ecosystem. Soil is an essential part of the terrestrial ecosystem and vital for life on Earth. To understand the composition and diversity of the soil eukaryotic microbial community under the background of artificial planting of Chrysopogon zizanioides in various habitats after reservoir construction, including the original habitat (OH), the hydro-fluctuation belt (HB), and the road slope (RS), and to analyze the interaction between the main groups of eukaryotic microorganisms, this study conducted 18S rDNA amplification high-throughput sequencing of the soil eukaryotic microbial community. The study found that the dominant phylum of eukaryotic microorganisms in the three habitats was consistent, but there were significant differences in the community and diversity of eukaryotic microorganisms in the three habitats. The differences in fungal communities between sample sites were greater than those of soil microfauna. Correlation analysis showed that nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter were significantly correlated with eukaryotic microbial diversity, with alkaline-hydrolyzed nitrogen and total phosphorus significantly correlated with fungal communities and pH and water content correlated with soil microfauna. Co-occurrence network analysis found that the interactions between fungi and the correlation between fungi and soil microfauna dominated the eukaryotic microbial community, and the interactions between eukaryotic microbes in different habitats were dominated by positive correlations. After the construction of the reservoir, the newly formed hydro-fluctuation belt reduced the types of interrelationships between fungi and microfauna compared to the original habitat. The road slope provided protection of the supporting project for the reservoir construction, although there was also planted vegetation. Eukaryotic microbes declined significantly due to the damage to and loss of the organic layer, and the decline in microfauna was the most significant, resulting in a simple structure of the soil food web, which affects the function and stability of the soil ecosystem.
The Effects of Exogenous 2,4-Epibrassinolide on the Germination of Cucumber Seeds under NaHCO3 Stress
Authors: Nie Wenjing , Gong Biao , Geng Bing , Wen Dan , Qiao Peng , Guo Hongen , Shi Qinghua
Published: January 2024

This investigation focused on the suppressive impact of varying NaHCO3 concentrations on cucumber seed germination and the ameliorative effects of 2,4-Epibrassinolide (EBR). The findings revealed a negative correlation between NaHCO3 concentration and cucumber seed germination, with increased NaHCO3 concentrations leading to a notable decline in germination. Crucially, the application of exogenous EBR significantly counteracted this inhibition, effectively enhancing germination rates and seed vigor. Exogenous EBR was observed to substantially elevate the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), thereby mitigating oxidative damage triggered under NaHCO3 stress conditions. Additionally, EBR improved enzyme activity under alkaline stress conditions and reduced starch content in the seeds. Pertinently, EBR upregulated genes that were associated with gibberellin (GA) synthesis (GA20ox and GA3ox), and downregulated genes that were linked to abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis (NCED1 and NCED2). This led to an elevation in GA3 concentration and a reduction in ABA concentration within the cucumber seeds. Therefore, this study elucidates that alleviating oxidative stress, promoting starch catabolism, and regulating the GA and ABA balance are key mechanisms through which exogenous EBR mitigates the suppression of cucumber seed germination resulting from alkaline stress.
Decreased Photosynthetic Efficiency in Nicotiana tabacum L. under Transient Heat Stress
Authors: Falcioni Renan , Chicati Marcelo Luiz , de Oliveira Roney Berti , Antunes Werner Camargos , Hasanuzzaman Mirza , Demattê José A. M. , Nanni Marcos Rafael
Published: January 2024

Heat stress is an abiotic factor that affects the photosynthetic parameters of plants. In this study, we examined the photosynthetic mechanisms underlying the rapid response of tobacco plants to heat stress in a controlled environment. To evaluate transient heat stress conditions, changes in photochemical, carboxylative, and fluorescence efficiencies were measured using an infrared gas analyser (IRGA Licor 6800) coupled with chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. Our findings indicated that significant disruptions in the photosynthetic machinery occurred at 45 °C for 6 h following transient heat treatment, as explained by 76.2% in the principal component analysis. The photosynthetic mechanism analysis revealed that the dark respiration rate (Rd and Rd*CO2) increased, indicating a reduced potential for carbon fixation during plant growth and development. When the light compensation point (LCP) increased as the light saturation point (LSP) decreased, this indicated potential damage to the photosystem membrane of the thylakoids. Other photosynthetic parameters, such as AMAX, VCMAX, JMAX, and ΦCO2, also decreased, compromising both photochemical and carboxylative efficiencies in the Calvin–Benson cycle. The energy dissipation mechanism, as indicated by the NPQ, qN, and thermal values, suggested that a photoprotective strategy may have been employed. However, the observed transitory damage was a result of disruption of the electron transport rate (ETR) between the PSII and PSI photosystems, which was initially caused by high temperatures. Our study highlights the impact of rapid temperature changes on plant physiology and the potential acclimatisation mechanisms under rapid heat stress. Future research should focus on exploring the adaptive mechanisms involved in distinguishing mutants to improve crop resilience against environmental stressors.
Electrospun Poly L-Lactic Acid Nanofiber Webs Presenting Enhanced Piezoelectric Properties
Authors: Hong Seung Kwan , Lee Jae-Jin , Kim Kap Jin , Choi Suk-Won
Published: January 2024

There has been extensive research on electrospun ferroelectric nanoparticle-doped poly L-lactic acid (PLA) nanofiber web piezoelectric devices. In this study, BaTiO3 nanoparticles (BTNPs) were incorporated into the PLA to enhance the piezoelectric properties. The composite nanofiber webs were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The piezoelectric behavior was analyzed by measuring the peak-to-peak output voltage (Vp-p) of the samples. The sensors fabricated from the PLA/BTNP nanofiber webs exhibited higher Vp-p values than the conventional electrospun PLA sensors. Furthermore, the corona-poled PLA/BTNP nanofiber web sensors exhibited even higher Vp-p values than the non-corona-poled sensors. Lastly, the effect of stacking nanofiber webs in terms of enhancing the sensor performance was also evaluated.
Effects of Ionic Liquids on the Cylindrical Self-Assemblies Formed by Poly(ethylene oxide)–Poly(propylene oxide)–Poly(ethylene oxide) Block Copolymers in Water
Authors: Tsoutsoura Aikaterini , He Zhiqi , Alexandridis Paschalis
Published: January 2024

Aiming at the fundamental understanding of solvent effects in amphiphilic polymer systems, we considered poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) block copolymers in water mixed with an ionic liquid—ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6), or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4)—and we investigated the hexagonal lyotropic liquid crystal structures by means of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). At 50% polymer, the hexagonal structure (cylinders of self-assembled block copolymer) was maintained across the solvent mixing ratio. The effects of the ionic liquids were reflected in the characteristic length scales of the hexagonal structure and were interpreted in terms of the location of the ionic liquid in the self-assembled block copolymer domains. The protic ionic liquid EAN was evenly distributed within the aqueous domains and showed no affinity for the interface, whereas BMIMPF6 preferred to swell PEO and was located at the interface so as to reduce contact with water. BMIMBF4 was also interfacially active, but to a lesser extent.
Durability of Ultem 9085 in Marine Environments: A Consideration in Fused Filament Fabrication of Structural Components
Authors: Wang Xirong , Travis Carly , Sorna Mark , Arola Dwayne
Published: January 2024

The long-term durability of polymer components produced by additive manufacturing (AM) in marine conditions is poorly understood. Here, fused filament fabrication (FFF) of Ultem 9085 was conducted and accelerated aging was performed. Two printing orientations (−45/45° and 0/90°) and two sample types (ASTM D638 Type 1 and Type 4) were produced and subjected to accelerated aging in either seawater or air. Results from tensile tests showed that the elastic modulus, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength increased after seawater aging, whereas the elongation to failure decreased. Results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative–TGA curves indicated that hydrolysis occurred after seawater exposure to the polycarbonate (PC) component and changes in structure or hydrogen bonds formed in the polyetherimide (PEI) component. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that physical aging occurred after short exposure periods and low temperature. Longer exposures and higher temperatures resulted in increasing plasticization by water and scission of the PC molecules. Results from Raman suggest that hydrolysis of the PC occurred, with a reduction in free volume produced by physical aging or hydrogen bonding with water molecules. These results highlight that Ultem 9085 is susceptible to degradation in marine environments, and there are two primary mechanisms, including physical and chemical aging. Their specific contribution is highly sensitive to the aging temperature and require careful selection in accelerated aging evaluations.
Fe3O4/PMMA with Well-Arranged Structures Synthesized through Magnetic Field-Assisted Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Gao Ming , Cheung Chi-Fai
Published: January 2024

Particle- or fiber-reinforced polymer composites with controlled orientations are attracting interest and applications producing innovative materials, biological constructs, and energy devices. To gain the controlled orientations, filed-assisted synthesis is widely selected for its easy operation and control. In this paper, we designed magnetic field-assisted equipment and synthesized a magnetic polymer composite Fe3O4/PMMA with a well-arranged layers structure by combining the magnetic field with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). During the polymerization of polymer composites, the magnetic nanoparticles were surrounded by monomers. With the growth of polymer chains, the magnetic particles pushed polymer chains to move according to a specific direction and form a well-arranged structure under the magnetic fields. The existence of a well-arranged layered structure of the composites gives potential guidance for controlling the micro-structure by adding an extra field during the polymerization process. The experimental results provided a possible design to influence the macroscale properties through control of the micro-structure of polymer composites.
Influence of Preparation Methods and Nanomaterials on Hydrophobicity and Anti-Icing Performance of Nanoparticle/Epoxy Coatings
Authors: Liu Shinan , Wang Houzhi , Yang Jun
Published: January 2024

Despite their effectiveness in preventing icing, hydrophobic coatings possess drawbacks such as susceptibility to detachment and limited wear resistance, leading to inadequate longevity in melting ice/snow. To enhance the surface stability and durability of superhydrophobic coatings, nanoparticle/epoxy formulations were developed using three types of nanoparticles, two dispersion techniques, three application methods, and two epoxy resin introduction approaches. Testing encompassed water contact angle measurements, assessment of ice adhesion force, and determination of icing rates on asphalt concrete coated with these hydrophobic formulations. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to analyze the molecular structures of the coatings, while scanning electron microscopy facilitated observation of the surface morphology of the hydrophobic coatings. The findings indicated that nano-ZnO, TiO2, and SiO2 particles could be modified into hydrophobic forms using stearic acid. Application of the hydrophobic coating improved the concrete’s hydrophobicity, reduced ice adhesion strength on both concrete and asphalt, and delayed the onset of icing. Furthermore, optimal dosages of stearic acid, nanoparticles, and epoxy resin were identified as crucial parameters within specific ranges to ensure the optimal hydrophobicity and durability of the coatings.
Electrochemical Analysis of Curcumin in Real Samples Using Intelligent Materials
Authors: Jara-Cornejo Eduardo , Peña-Bedón Erick , Torres Moya Mahely , Espinoza-Torres Sergio , Sotomayor Maria D. P. T. , Picasso Gino , Tuesta Juan C. , López Rosario , Khan Sabir
Published: January 2024

Curcumin is a compound of great importance in the food industry due to its biological and pharmacological properties, which include being an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticarcinogenic. This paper proposes the synthesis of an electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and MWCNT by drop casting deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the selective quantification of curcumin in food samples. The synthesized compounds are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (IR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The optimal conditions for further experiments were determined by selecting these parameters. We examined three food products, commercial capsules, turmeric rhizomes, and commercial turmeric powder, employing both electrochemical and HPLC methods for the analysis. The electrochemical method revealed a limit of detection (LOD) value of 0.1365 µmol L−1, compared with the HPLC analysis, which gave a value of 3.55 µmol L−1. Furthermore, the MIP material demonstrated superior selectivity for the analyte compared to potential interferents. The recovery percentage, determined using the HPLC method, fell within the range of 87.5% to 102.6%
Structure Optimization of Some Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes with Increased Conductivity Used in “Beyond Lithium-Ion” Batteries
Authors: Butnicu Dan , Ionescu Daniela , Kovaci Maria
Published: January 2024

Simulation techniques implemented with the HFSS program were used for structure optimization from the point of view of increasing the conductivity of the batteries’ electrolytes. Our analysis was focused on reliable “beyond lithium-ion” batteries, using single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes, in a gel variant. Their conductivity can be increased by tuning and correlating the internal parameters of the structure. Materials in the battery system were modeled at the nanoscale with HFSS: electrodes–electrolyte–moving ions. Some new materials reported in the literature were studied, like poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate-x-styrene sulfonate (PEGDMA-SS) or PU-TFMSI for the electrolyte; p-dopable polytriphenyl amine for cathodes in Na-ion batteries or sulfur cathodes in Mg-ion or Al-ion batteries. The coarse-grained molecular dynamics model combined with the atomistic model were both considered for structural simulation at the molecular level. Issues like interaction forces at the nanoscopic scale, charge carrier mobility, conductivity in the cell, and energy density of the electrodes were implied in the analysis. The results were compared to the reported experimental data, to confirm the method and for error analysis. For the real structures of gel polymer electrolytes, this method can indicate that their conductivity increases up to 15%, and even up to 26% in the resonant cases, via parameter correlation. The tuning and control of material properties becomes a problem of structure optimization, solved with non-invasive simulation methods, in agreement with the experiment.
Visible Light-Driven SnIn4S8 Photocatalyst Decorated on Polyurethane-Impregnated Microfiber Non-Woven Fabric for Pollutant Degradation
Authors: Wang Zhonghui , Gao Qiang , Luo Haihang , Zhao Jianming , Fan Haojun , Chen Yi , Xiang Jun
Published: January 2024

In recent years, polyurethane has drawn great attention because of its many advantages in physical and chemical performance. In this work, firstly, polyurethane was impregnated in a non-woven fabric (NWF). Then, polyurethane-impregnated NWF was coagulated utilizing a wet phase inversion. Finally, after alkali treatment, microfiber non-woven fabrics with a porous polyurethane matrix (PNWF) were fabricated and used as substrates. SnIn4S8 (SIS) prepared by a microwave-assisted method was used as a photocatalyst and a novel SIS/PNWF substrate with multiple uses and highly efficient catalytic degradation ability under visible light was successfully fabricated. The surface morphology, chemical and crystal structures, optical performance, and wettability of SIS/PNWF substrates were observed. Subsequently, the photocatalytic performance of SIS/PNWF substrates was investigated by the decomposition of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation. Compared with SIS/PNWF-2% (2%, the weight ratio of SIS and PNWF, same below), SIS/PNWF-5% as well as SIS/PNWF-15%, SIS/PNWF-10% substrates exhibited superior photocatalytic efficiency of 97% in 2 h. This may be due to the superior photocatalytic performance of SIS and the inherent hierarchical porous structure of PNWF substrates. Additionally, the hydrophobicity of SIS/PNWF substrates can enable them to float on the solution and further be applied on an open-water surface. Furthermore, tensile strength and recycle experiments demonstrated that SIS/PNWF substrates possessed superior mechanical strength and excellent recycle stability. This work provides a facile and efficient pathway to prepare SIS/PNWF substrates for the degradation of organic pollutants with enhanced catalytic efficiency.
Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Reinforcement of Photopolymer Resin for 3D Printing
Authors: Ko Jong Wan
Published: January 2024

Digital light processing (DLP) has the advantages of higher printing speed and product precision than other 3D printing technologies. However, DLP products have low mechanical strength owing to the inherent properties of photocurable materials. Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN), which is an abundant hydrogen bonding motif (-NH2, -NH), has low solubility in most solvents; thus, to use GCN as a reinforcement of the polymer matrix, optimal dispersion processes must be applied. In this study, GCN was proposed as a novel reinforcing material to improve the mechanical properties of photocurable epoxy acrylate (EA) resins for DLP. Herein, two-step (planetary mixing and ultrasonication) processes were applied to disperse GCN within EA, and the dispersion performance was identified by checking the degree of precipitation over time. To test the printability of the dispersed GCN/EA composites subjected to DLP 3D printing, cube specimens of GCN/EA composites were prepared, and the dispersed GCN/EA output had a low dimensional error of 0.3–1.3%, while the undispersed composite output showed larger dimensional errors of 27.7–36.2%. Additionally, in the mechanical test of the DLP-3D-printed sample (dispersed GCN/EA composite), the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the dispersed GCN/EA composite specimen were measured to be 75.56 MPa and 3396 MPa, respectively, which were improved by 22% (tensile strength) and 34% (modulus of elasticity) in relation to those of the neat EA specimen. This study is the first to use GCN as a reinforcement and manufacture a composite product for DLP with excellent performance (22% increased tensile strength) through the optimal dispersion of GCN. Considering the high mechanical performance, DLP products using the GCN/EA composites can be used in industries such as automobiles, shipbuilding, and aviation.
A Wearable Strain Sensor Utilizing Shape Memory Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites Measuring Respiration Movements
Authors: Truong TranThuyNga , Kim Jooyong
Published: January 2024

Flexible wearable sensors are integral in diverse applications, particularly in healthcare and human–computer interaction systems. This paper introduces a resistive stretch sensor crafted from shape memory polymers (SMP) blended with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and coated with silver paste. Initially, the sensor’s characteristics underwent evaluation using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and an LCR meter. These sensors showcased exceptional sensitivity, boasting a gauge factor of up to 20 at 5% strain, making them adept at detecting subtle movements or stimuli. Subsequently, the study conducted a comparison between SMP-CNT conductors with and without the silver coating layer. The durability of the sensors was validated through 1000 cycles of stretching at 4% ∆R/R0. Lastly, the sensors were utilized for monitoring respiration and measuring human breathing. Fourier transform and power spectrum density (PSD) analysis were employed to discern frequency components. Positioned between the chest and abdominal wall for contact-based respiration monitoring, the sensors revealed a dominant frequency of approximately 0.35 Hz. Signal filtering further enhanced their ability to capture respiration signals, establishing them as valuable tools for next-generation personalized healthcare applications.
Jewish Education in Algerian Jewish Communities—Multiple Identities in an Era of Change (1830–1939)
Authors: Charvit Yossef
Published: January 2024

Our discussion of the Algerian Jewish community’s Jewish education during the French period (1830–1939) sheds light on the community’s multiplicity of identities viewed through the prism of the Spanish diaspora and French colonialism and sociology. Algerian Jewry’s multiple identities during the French period originate in the community’s education, both general and Jewish. The Jewish education in Algeria fueled loyalty to one’s Jewish identity and heritage and partially knit together the fissures that materialized in Jewish society ever more forcefully in this era of change. This article proposes a new methodological and historiographical approach based upon the examination of diverse sources—from communal and colonial sources to rabbinic, consular, and scholarly ones—using them to present a complete and multidimensional historical picture. Recognizing the many identities adopted by Algerian Jews during the French period is indispensable to conducting balanced and quality research into Algerian Jewry’s history. The complexity of Algerian Jews’ identity during the French period was the source of its richness and amplitude and a point of contention in the historiographical research of Algerian Jewish history.
Development of a Pneumatically Actuated Quadruped Robot Using Soft–Rigid Hybrid Rotary Joints
Authors: Jiang Zhujin , Wang Yan , Zhang Ketao
Published: January 2024

Inspired by musculoskeletal systems in nature, this paper presents a pneumatically actuated quadruped robot which utilizes two soft–rigid hybrid rotary joints in each of the four two-degrees of freedom (DoF) planar legs. We first introduce the mechanical design of the rotary joint and the integrated quadruped robot with minimized onboard electronic components. Based on the unique design of the rotary joint, a joint-level PID-based controller was adopted to control the angular displacement of the hip and knee joints of the quadruped robot. Typical gait patterns for legged locomotion, including the walking and trotting gaits, were investigated and designed. Proof-of-concept prototypes of the rotary joint and the quadruped robot were built and tested. The experimental results demonstrated that the rotary joint generated a maximum torque of 5.83 Nm and the quadruped robot was capable of locomotion, achieving a trotting gait of 187.5 mm/s with a frequency of 1.25 Hz and a walking gait of 12.8 mm/s with a gait cycle of 7.84 s. This study reveals that, compared to soft-legged robots, the quadruped robot has a simplified analytical model for motion control, size scalability and high movement speeds, thereby exhibiting significant potential for applications in extreme environments.
Water Footprint of Cereals by Remote Sensing in Kairouan Plain (Tunisia)
Authors: Dellaly Vetiya , Chahbi Bellakanji Aicha , Chakroun Hedia , Saadi Sameh , Boulet Gilles , Zribi Mehrez , Lili Chabaane Zohra
Published: January 2024

This article aims to estimate the water footprint (WF) of cereals—specifically, wheat and barley—in the Kairouan plain, located in central Tunisia. To achieve this objective, two components must be determined: actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and crop yield. The study covers three growing seasons from 2010 to 2013. The ETa estimation employed the S-SEBI (simplified surface energy balance index) model, utilizing Landsat 7 and 8 optical and thermal infrared spectral bands. For yield estimation, an empirical model based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was applied. Results indicate the effectiveness of the S-SEBI model in estimating ETa, demonstrating an R2 of 0.82 and an RMSE of 0.45 mm/day. Concurrently, yields mapped over the area range between 6 and 77 qx/ha. Globally, cereals’ average WF varied from 1.08 m3/kg to 1.22 m3/kg over the three study years, with the majority below 1 m3/kg. Notably in dry years, the importance of the blue WF is emphasized compared to years with average rainfall (WFb-2013 = 1.04 m3/kg, WFb-2012 = 0.61 m3/kg, WFb-2011 = 0.41 m3/kg). Moreover, based on an in-depth agronomic analysis combining yields and WF, four classes were defined, ranging from the most water efficient to the least, revealing that over 30% of cultivated areas during the study years (approximately 40% in 2011 and 2012 and 29% in 2013) exhibited low water efficiency, characterized by low yields and high WF. A unique index, the WFI, is proposed to assess the spatial variability of green and blue water. Spatial analysis using the WFI highlighted that in 2012, 40% of cereal plots with low yields but high water consumption were irrigated (81% blue water compared to 6% in 2011).
Towards an Improved High-Throughput Phenotyping Approach: Utilizing MLRA and Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Transferring Hyperspectral Proximal-Based Model to Airborne Images
Authors: Heidarian Dehkordi Ramin , Candiani Gabriele , Nutini Francesco , Carotenuto Federico , Gioli Beniamino , Cesaraccio Carla , Boschetti Mirco
Published: January 2024

At present, it is critical to accurately monitor wheat crops to help decision-making processes in precision agriculture. This research aims to retrieve various wheat crop traits from hyperspectral data using machine learning regression algorithms (MLRAs) and dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques. This experiment was conducted in an agricultural field in Arborea, Oristano-Sardinia, Italy, with different factors such as cultivars, N-treatments, and soil ploughing conditions. Hyperspectral data were acquired on the ground using a full-range Spectral Evolution spectrometer (350–2500 nm). Four DR techniques, including (i) variable influence on projection (VIP), (ii) principal component analysis (PCA), (iii) vegetation indices (VIs), and (iv) spectroscopic feature (SF) calculation, were undertaken to reduce the dimension of the hyperspectral data while maintaining the information content. We used five MLRA models, including (i) partial least squares regression (PLSR), (ii) random forest (RF), (iii) support vector regression (SVR), (iv) Gaussian process regression (GPR), and (v) neural network (NN), to retrieve wheat traits at either leaf and canopy levels. The studied traits were leaf area index (LAI), leaf and canopy water content (LWC and CWC), leaf and canopy chlorophyll content (LCC and CCC), and leaf and canopy nitrogen content (LNC and CNC). MLRA models were able to accurately retrieve wheat traits at the canopy level with PLSR and NN indicating the highest modelling performance. On the contrary, MLRA models indicated less accurate retrievals of the leaf-level traits. DR techniques were found to notably improve the retrieval accuracy of crop traits. Furthermore, the generated models were re-calibrated using soil spectra and then transferred to an airborne dataset collected using a CASI-SASI hyperspectral sensor, allowing the estimation of wheat traits across the entire field. The predicted crop trait maps illustrated consistent patterns while also preserving the real-field characteristics well. Lastly, a statistical paired t-test was undertaken to conduct a proof of concept of wheat phenotyping analysis considering the different agricultural variables across the study site. N-treatment caused significant differences in wheat crop traits in many instances, whereas the observed differences were less pronounced between the cultivars. No particular impact of soil ploughing conditions on wheat crop characteristics was found. Using such combinations of MLRA and DR techniques based on hyperspectral data can help to effectively monitor crop traits throughout the cropping seasons and can also be readily applied to other agricultural settings to help both precision farming applications and the implementation of high-throughput phenotyping solutions.
Evaluating Ecosystem Service Value Changes in Mangrove Forests in Guangxi, China, from 2016 to 2020
Authors: Wang Kedong , Jia Mingming , Zhang Xiaohai , Zhao Chuanpeng , Zhang Rong , Wang Zongming
Published: January 2024

Mangrove forests play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance in coastal regions. Accurately assessing changes in the ecosystem service value (ESV) of these mangrove forests requires more precise distribution data and an appropriate set of evaluation methods. In this study, we accurately mapped the spatial distribution data and patterns of mangrove forests in Guangxi province in 2016 and 2020, using 10 m spatial resolution Sentinel-2 imagery, and conducted a comprehensive evaluation of ESV provided by mangrove forests. The results showed that (1) from 2016 to 2020, mangrove forests in Guangxi demonstrated a positive development trend and were undergoing a process of recovery. The area of mangrove forests in Guangxi increased from 6245.15 ha in 2016 to 6750.01 ha in 2020, with a net increase of 504.81 ha, which was mainly concentrated in Lianzhou Bay, Tieshan Harbour, and Dandou Bay; (2) the ESV of mangrove forests was USD 363.78 million in 2016 and USD 390.74 million in 2020; (3) the value of fishery, soil conservation, wave absorption, and pollution purification comprises the largest proportions of the ESV of mangrove forests. This study provides valuable insights and information to enhance our understanding of the relationship between the spatial pattern of mangrove forests and their ecosystem service value.
A Novel Real-Time Processing Wideband Waveform Generator of Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Chen Dongxu , Wei Tingcun , Li Gaoang , Feng Jie , Zeng Jialong , Yang Xudong , Yu Zhongjun
Published: January 2024

This paper investigates a real-time process generator of wideband signals, which calculates waveforms in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) using the high-level synthesis (HLS) method. To obtain high-resolution and wide-swath images, the generator must produce multiple modes of large time-bandwidth product (TBP) linear frequency modulation (LFM) signals. However, the conventional storage method is unrealistic as it requires huge storage resources to save pre-computed waveforms. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel processing approach that calculates waveforms in real-time based simply on parameters such as the sampling frequency, bandwidth, and time width. Additionally, this paper implements predistortion through the polynomial curve to approximate phase errors of the system. The parallelizing process in the FPGA is necessary to satisfy the high-speed requirement of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC); however, repeatedly multiplexing real-time calculation consumes extensive logic and DSP resources, potentially exceeding FPGA limitations. To address this, this paper proposes a piecewise linear algorithm to conserve resources, which processes the polynomial only once, acquires the difference in two adjacent values through the register and pipeline, and then adds this increment to facilitate parallel computations. The performance of this proposed generator is validated through simulation and implemented in experiments with an X-band airborne SAR system.
Sustainable Development in Old Communities in China—Using Redesigned Nucleic Acid Testing Booths for Community-Specific Needs
Authors: Wu Jun , Luo Wenzhe , Chen Jiaru , Lin Rungtai , Lyu Yanru
Published: January 2024

The sustainable development of urban communities has attracted widespread attention from all sectors. So, the question regarding how to promote sustainable development in communities has become an important issue that warrants consideration and research. Sustainable development thinking can help create more effective strategies, enhance the ability to organize information, and build a preferred future. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the nucleic acid testing booths in China played an important role in providing fast screening to determine community outbreaks and effectively prevent the spread of the virus. However, with the overall relaxation of the zero COVID-19 policy, many nucleic acid testing booths are currently largely idle. The question regarding how to leverage these testing booths scientifically and reasonably by redesigning them for local conditions is a ready-to-research topic. Based on theories such as future design and sustainable development construction of future urban communities, we focused on old urban communities in China and explored how to use idle testing booths by conducting field research and resident interviews. We thus aimed to explore how to redesign idle nucleic acid testing booths and transform them into products or smart mobile convenience service stations by applying the study’s qualitative results. Through a case analysis, we constructed design models for intelligent mobile convenience service stations in old communities that met the needs of the future urban community residents and promoted the sustainable development of the community. We hope that our results will be further verified via the design of intelligent convenience service stations in other cities.
Community-Based Approaches to Debris Flow Hazard Analysis in the Sibillini Mountain Range (Central Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Farabollini Piero , Bendia Fabrizio
Published: January 2024

Herein, we propose new methods for interpreting the debris flow phenomena affecting the Sibillini Mountains (central Apennines, Italy), based on the main characteristics and mechanisms of these hazards and their associated risk, as studied by applying advanced GIS tools to a geodatabase including the morphometric parameters of many surveyed debris flows as well as topographic and climatic information. The study area is characterized by mainly calcareous lithologies belonging to the Umbria–Marche Succession, which are frequently covered by Quaternary continental deposits. Slopes and deep transversal valleys are strongly influenced by Pliocene–Quaternary tectonics. Our main objectives were (a) to provide a comprehensive survey of the local morphologies and dynamics of debris flows and localize, catalog, sample and implement them in a geodatabase, as well as monitor them; (b) to forecast potential future debris flows in the study area based upon their evolutionary processes (e.g., dynamic evolution of debris flows, time of recurrence, removed volume of materials) and, in doing so, evaluate hazards and risks for human activities, as well as possibly apply this prediction method to other areas with similar geological and morpho-climatic characteristics; and (c) to share scientific information with society, with the goal of involving citizens in a new and sustainable method of territorial management.
Electrical Faults Analysis and Detection in Photovoltaic Arrays Based on Machine Learning Classifiers
Authors: Suliman Fouad , Anayi Fatih , Packianather Michael
Published: January 2024

Solar photovoltaic energy generation has garnered substantial interest owing to its inherent advantages, such as zero pollution, flexibility, sustainability, and high reliability. Ensuring the efficient functioning of PV power facilities hinges on precise fault detection. This not only bolsters their reliability and safety but also optimizes profits and avoids costly maintenance. However, the detection and classification of faults on the Direct Current (DC) side of the PV system using common protection devices present significant challenges. This research delves into the exploration and analysis of complex faults within photovoltaic (PV) arrays, particularly those exhibiting similar I-V curves, a significant challenge in PV fault diagnosis not adequately addressed in previous research. This paper explores the design and implementation of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), focusing on their capacity to effectively discern various fault states in small PV arrays. The research broadens its focus to incorporate the use of optimization algorithms, specifically the Bees Algorithm (BA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), with the goal of improving the performance of basic SVM and XGBoost classifiers. The optimization process involves refining the hyperparameters of the Machine Learning models to achieve superior accuracy in fault classification. The findings put forth a persuasive case for the Bees Algorithm’s resilience and efficiency. When employed to optimize SVM and XGBoost classifiers for the detection of complex faults in PV arrays, the Bees Algorithm showcased remarkable accuracy. In contrast, classifiers fine-tuned with the PSO algorithm exhibited comparatively lower performances. The findings underscore the Bees Algorithm’s potential to enhance the accuracy of classifiers in the context of fault detection in photovoltaic systems.
Proportion and Performance Optimization of Biomass Seedling Trays Based on Response Surface Analysis
Authors: Li Hailiang , Wang Hongxuan , Sun Weisheng , Wang Chun , Sun Haitian , Yu Haiming
Published: January 2024

Nursery trays are essential agricultural tools in rice production. Plastic nursery trays pose problems such as resource waste and environmental pollution. Biomass seedling trays are an effective way to achieve sustainable agricultural development. Previous research has been conducted on biomass seedling tray molding equipment and molding process, but the impact of raw material ratio on seedling tray molding quality and seedling growth is still unclear, and the ratio combination still needs further optimization. In this study, we used slurry concentration, pulp content, adhesive content, and the ratio of straw to cow manure as variables. We selected the bowl hole molding rate and the strong seedling index as evaluation indicators, and carried out biomass seedling tray forming experiments and seedling cultivation experiments. The response surface analysis method was used to optimize the raw material ratio of biomass seedling trays from the perspectives of forming effect and seedling quality. The results show that when the slurry concentration is 30%, the pulp content is 20%, the adhesive content is 530 g, and the mass ratio of straw to cow manure is 2:1; the bowl hole molding rate is 91.03%, and the strong seedling index is 0.22, indicating good molding effect and seedling growth. The verification test results indicate that the theoretical analysis results are accurate, and the model fitting is good. These research results provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of biomass seedling trays and technical support for achieving green development in agriculture.
An Assessment of Ecological Sensitivity and Landscape Pattern in Abandoned Mining Land
Authors: Shi Yu , Fan Xiaoxiao , Ding Xiaoying , Sun Meiqi
Published: January 2024

In recent years, the development of abandoned mining land has become a focal point in landscape planning. However, during the development of abandoned mining land, there often exists a phenomenon of prioritizing economic considerations over ecological concerns, leading to a failure to achieve genuinely sustainable development. An ecological sensitivity assessment, guided by the principles of protection and development, provides an evaluation framework that directs planning strategies for abandoned mining land from the perspective of balanced development and conservation. To facilitate the development and construction of abandoned mining land, this paper utilizes GIS technology, on-site surveys, analytic hierarchy processes, etc. Taking the abandoned mining land in Haining, Zhejiang, China, as the research subject and considering its unique site conditions, ecological sensitivity is divided into topographic conditions, surface water systems, and plant landscapes. Ecological sensitivity factors are selected, and an ecological sensitivity assessment system is constructed from the perspectives of ecological conservation and sustainable development. Using ArcGIS 10.2 and Fragstats 4.2 software, landscape pattern analysis is conducted, exploring the relationship between landscape patterns and ecological sensitivity assessment results from the perspectives of landscape fragmentation, diversity, and aggregation. By comparing the results of single-factor sensitivity analysis and comprehensive sensitivity analysis, as well as landscape pattern indices before and after classifying ecologically sensitive areas, the practicality of the evaluation system is verified, facilitating planning studies and providing design recommendations for abandoned mining land. Landscape pattern indices serve as supplementary explanations for ecological sensitivity. Based on the results of ecological sensitivity assessment and landscape pattern indices, the ecological conservation levels in the research area are classified into five categories: the Level I Comprehensive Protection Zone, Level II Moderately Developed Zone, Level III Construction Suitable Zone, Level IV Core Construction Zone, and Level V Core Development Zone. These correspond to ecological protection zones, sightseeing experience zones, historical exhibition zones, core commercial zones, and themed amusement zones, respectively. The I-level sensitive area in the research area has the smallest range, while IV-level and VI-level sensitive areas have larger extents, exhibiting a high degree of overall landscape fragmentation but with diverse and dominant landscape types. Integrating ecological sensitivity assessment results and landscape pattern indices aids in delineating ecological conservation levels and regional functional recreation zones, guiding the rational recreation allocation of resources for abandoned mining land and promoting its development into a scenic area integrating ecology and tourism.
Canadians’ Opinions and Preferences regarding Seafood, and the Factors That Contribute to Their Consumption and Purchasing Habits
Authors: Colombo Stefanie , Manríquez-Hernández Juan A. , Music Janet , Charlebois Sylvain
Published: January 2024

Seafood provides rich sources of nutrients and generates relatively minimal environmental impacts; however, it tends to be underrepresented in discussions around food security. The objective of this study was to determine Canadians’ preferences and opinions regarding seafood consumption. Of the 1000 Canadians that were surveyed, most consume seafood regularly (87%). Apart from preference, nutrition was the primary reason for eating seafood (64%), and not affordability (21%). Younger Canadians, including Millennials (57%) and Gen Z (58%), placed a higher emphasis on preparation and cooking methods when purchasing seafood. Frozen seafood was the most popular selection for home consumption. Most Canadians prefer wild seafood; however, nearly as many had no preference for wild or farmed seafood. Most Canadians indicated that farmed seafood is a sustainable method of harvesting (49%), and many were willing to pay more for certified sustainable seafood. The environment and climate change are important factors when making food choices (54%), and most Canadians prefer to buy seafood that was harvested in Canada (74%). These results provide valuable insight into the attributes that Canadians value in their seafood choices. Sustainable, nutritious seafood with minimal environmental impacts should remain key areas of consideration to grow the seafood sector in Canada.
The Emergence of Irrigated Agriculture in Semi-Arid Zones in the Face of Climate Change and Urbanization in Peri-Urban Areas in Setif, Algeria
Authors: Fertas Lahcene , Alouat Mohamed , Benmahamed Hamid
Published: January 2024

This article aims to investigate the complex relationship between a local population and its natural and urban environment. The study area, which was previously dominated by cereal cultivation, is currently facing profitability challenges due to climate change, water scarcity, rapid urban expansion, and the overexploitation of aquifers, influenced by changes in agricultural practices, which are disrupting the local ecosystem. This study relies on three interconnected indicators, population growth, climate change effects on agriculture, and the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and reveals the impact of these factors on agricultural practices. Google Earth Engine was employed to determine the urbanization and greenness indices using scripts. The significant findings of this study demonstrate the remarkable demographic growth of 49.96% during the study period (2000–2020). Furthermore, this growth has led to a new trend towards intensive farming, with a substantial increase in irrigated lands by 44.19% and a multiplication of protected crop lands by 20 times, rising from 19.88 to 405.89 hectares. Additionally, horticultural production surged by 212.4% during the same period. Moreover, groundwater levels shifted from less than 50 m in the northern regions to less than 150 and 300 m in the southern part of the study area. The water potential in the study zone cannot meet the demands of the new agricultural orientation, which tends to deplete local groundwater, potentially causing recurrent shortages of agricultural products. This study underscores the importance of incorporating agricultural production into future urban planning and development programs to maintain a renewed balance between built environments and agriculture in peri-urban areas.