bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observation of Nine Types of Spinach Pollen Morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Meng Meng , Liu Zhiyuan , Xu Zhaosheng , Zhang Helong , She Hongbing , Qian Wei
Published: December 2024

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a dioecious, wind-pollinated, and important green leafy vegetable that is widely cultivated worldwide. The characteristics of spinach pollen remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the pollen microscopic morphology of nine spinach genotypes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Because pollen grains of spinach are isodiametric and spheroidal, the following data for the pollen properties were observed: the maximum diameter of the pollen (27.66–33.05 um), pore diameter max (1.26–2.57 um), the number of visible pores (30–44), the density of pore elements/100 μm2 (4.33–11.00), and the density of spinule elements/10 μm2 (4.00–5.33). These are useful characteristics in distinguishing the species. Furthermore, by applying the cluster analysis method, based on key components, nine varieties are categorized into two main classes. These results provide a useful reference for the classification and identification of different spinach varieties.
Optimal Harvest Maturity Changes Depending on the Season Throughout the Year in Papaya Grown in Mediterranean Climate-Improved Greenhouses
Authors: Salinas Irene , Carmona Alicia , Hueso Juan José , Pinillos Virginia
Published: December 2024

Papaya is a tropical fruit that is highly appreciated worldwide for its organoleptic properties and its nutritional and medicinal value. The optimal fruit quality for market requirements is determined by genotype, environmental conditions, and crop management, as well as fruit handling at harvest and adequate postharvest conservation. The aim of this work was to determine the optimal maturity stage, based on skin color, at which to harvest papayas grown in Mediterranean greenhouses with active climate control in south-east Spain, depending on the harvest season. We confirm that it is possible to produce high-quality papayas in our conditions, but the optimal harvest maturity stage in each season, along with the postharvest storage capacity, vary throughout the year, even with active climate control. Thus, 10% yellow skin color (S0) is the optimal for harvesting in autumn, mainly due to its better conservation capacity and firmness, having a high TSS content (>11 °Brix). In summer and spring, the lower TSS content discourages harvesting at S0, with S1 (30–40% yellow skin color) or S2 (50–60% yellow skin color) being the optimal stages for harvest to ensure the minimum TSS content required for papaya commercialization (10 °Brix). In any case, papayas produced under our conditions are generally well rated by consumers.
Antimicrobial Activity of Nano-GeO2/CTAB Complex Against Fungi and Bacteria Isolated from Paper
Authors: Geng Xu , Wei Yan , Li Yuanxin , Zhao Siqi , Li Zhengqiang , Li Heng , Li Chen
Published: December 2024

Microbial attack, particularly fungal degradation of cellulose, is a leading cause of paper damage. To address fungal spores and the rising concern of microbial drug resistance, a nano-Germanium dioxide (GeO2)/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) complex (nano-GeO2/CTAB complex) with potent antibacterial properties was synthesized. Its inhibitory effects were evaluated against bacteria, including Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, as well as fungi isolated from paper (Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium citrinum). The nano-GeO2/CTAB complex exhibited significant (p < 0.05) inhibitory effects against S. aureus and E. coli. Moreover, a 60 min treatment with 1 mg/mL of the complex significantly inhibited the growth of all tested fungi and reduced their biomass after five days of culture, while 4 mg/mL completely deactivated spores. Filter paper pre-treated with the nano-GeO2/CTAB complex showed complete resistance to microbial attack, exhibiting no fungal growth and a clear inhibition zone devoid of bacterial growth. In contrast, untreated controls displayed fungal coverage exceeding 95% within five days. These findings highlight the nano-GeO2/CTAB complex as a promising antimicrobial agent for protecting paper materials from microbial degradation.
Genetic Variants Affecting FADS2 Enzyme Dynamics and Gene Expression in Cogenetic Oysters with Different PUFA Levels Provide New Tools to Improve Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Li Qingyuan , Wang Chaogang , Li Ao , Qi Haigang , Wang Wei , Wang Xinxing , Zhang Guofan , Li Li
Published: December 2024

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are crucial for human health and cannot be produced internally. Bivalves, such as oysters, serve as valuable sources of high-quality PUFAs. The enzyme fatty acid desaturase (FADS) plays a key role in the metabolism of LC-PUFAs. In this study, we conducted a thorough genome-wide analysis of the genes belong to the FADS family in Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea angulata, with the objective of elucidating the function of the FADS2 and investigating the genetic variations that affect PUFA biosynthesis. We identified six FADS genes distributed across four chromosomes, categorized into three subfamilies. The coding region of FADS2 revealed five non-synonymous mutations that were shown to influence protein structure and stability through molecular dynamics simulations. The promoter region of FADS2 contains ten SNPs and three indels significantly correlated with PUFA content. These genetic variations may explain the differences in PUFA levels observed between the two oyster species and could have potential applications in enhancing PUFA content. This study improves the molecular understanding of PUFA metabolism in oysters and presents a potential strategy for selecting oysters with high PUFA levels.
Platinum–Iron Nanoparticles for Oxygen-Enhanced Sonodynamic Tumor Cell Suppression
Authors: Dong Qianya , Jiang Zhenqi
Published: December 2024

A type of nanoparticle has been developed to simultaneously alleviate tumor hypoxia and enhance the effectiveness of sonodynamic therapy aimed at improving cancer treatment outcomes. Small-sized iron–platinum nanoparticles were prepared using a thermal reduction method, and their particle size and crystal structure were characterized. The ability of these nanoparticles to decompose hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen and generate singlet oxygen under ultrasound irradiation was further tested. The effect of iron–platinum nanoparticles on inhibition of the proliferation of MCF-7 tumor cells under hypoxic conditions was also evaluated. The prepared iron–platinum nanoparticles effectively decomposed hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen, reversing the hypoxic environment of tumors. Additionally, they generated singlet oxygen under ultrasound irradiation, which killed tumor cells and inhibited their proliferation. This study successfully developed small-sized iron–platinum nanoparticles that can alleviate tumor hypoxia by decomposing excess hydrogen peroxide in tumor cells to produce oxygen. Under ultrasound irradiation, these nanoparticles generate singlet oxygen, inhibiting tumor growth. The nanoparticles demonstrated good safety and are potentially valuable in enhancing oxygen-enhanced sonodynamic cancer therapy.
Development of a Low-Cost Automated Injection Molding Device for Sustainable Plastic Recycling and Circular Economy Applications
Authors: Sinchai Ananta , Boonyang Kunthorn , Simmala Thanakorn
Published: December 2024

In response to the critical demand for innovative solutions to tackle plastic pollution, this research presents a low-cost, fully automated plastic injection molding system designed to convert waste into sustainable products. Constructed entirely from repurposed materials, the apparatus focuses on processing high-density polyethylene (HDPE) efficiently without hydraulic components, thereby enhancing eco-friendliness and accessibility. Performance evaluations identified an optimal molding temperature of 200 °C, yielding consistent products with a minimal weight deviation of 4.17%. The key operational parameters included a motor speed of 525 RPM, a gear ratio of 1:30, and an inverter frequency of 105 Hz. Further tests showed that processing temperatures of 210 °C and 220 °C, with injection times of 15 to 35 s, yielded optimal surface finish and complete filling. The surface finish, assessed through image intensity variation, had a low coefficient of variation (≤5%), while computer vision evaluation confirmed the full filling of all specimens in this range. A laser-based overflow detection system has minimized material waste, proving effective in small-scale, community recycling. This study underscores the potential of low-cost automated systems to advance the practices of circular economies and enhance localized plastic waste management. Future research will focus on automation, temperature precision, material adaptability, and emissions management.
Alternative Energy Sources Usable in Automotive Transport
Authors: Zukal Jiří , Szabó Zoltán , Klíma Miloš , Fiala Pavel
Published: December 2024

The research focuses on the methodology of preparing a concept and application scenarios for alternative sources of energy in transportation. The ideas and interpretations are not strictly limited to automobile transport but also reach into other areas of using and processing energy. The conceptual approach to the choice of sources, with the aim of securing the efficient use of energy conversion, is illustrated on the model embodiment embedded in a passenger car; the relevant presentation is centered on an experiment focusing on the linear arrangement of a driven electromagnetic generator. This involves generating and collecting energy for not only the accumulation of electrical energy using relatively independent systems, but also for direct use within driving needs. In the modeled example, the supplied energy is assumed to be in a range of constant power from p = 10 W to 50 kW (200 kW). The given example of the design of the choice of energy conversion sources and the use of generators in a passenger car shows the possibilities, limitations, and variants for demonstrating the requirements relating to a simple driving mode. The application of a linear or cylindrical internal combustion engine is considered for a specific set mode of the car. Variants of suitable uses of the accumulated energy in compressed air are proposed. The use of light and thermal forms of energy is considered for additional forms. As an experimental example, the use of generators derived from vibration harvesters is shown. The proposed energy generation arrangement can be controlled and optimized for specific transport tasks. The generation and accumulation of energy can be employed in the form of electrical energy, as kinetic energy for direct use in driving, or to accumulate in compressed air for later use. Solar energy can be used directly or can be accumulated. The combustion unit can serve as a source of kinetic energy or also to store energy for further use. The concept of alternative sources is based on known methods of use in other industries. The model combination of resources and its simple analysis in the concept of resource selection is demonstrated on an example of an application in passenger cars.
Drug-Induced Myocardial Infarction: A Review of Pharmacological Triggers and Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Authors: Boarescu Ioana , Boarescu Paul-Mihai
Published: December 2024

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a significant cardiovascular event caused by the decrease in or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium. It can arise from a variety of etiological factors, including pharmacological triggers. This review aims to explore the diverse drugs and substances that might lead to drug-induced myocardial infarction, focusing on their mechanisms of action and the pathophysiological processes involved. Various established and emerging pharmacological agents that could elevate the risk of myocardial infarction, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal therapies, anticoagulants, and antipsychotic medications, are discussed. The role of drug-induced endothelial dysfunction, coronary artery spasm, and thrombosis are presented in order to highlight the underlying mechanisms. This review emphasizes the need for increased awareness among healthcare professionals to mitigate the risks associated with different pharmacological therapies to improve patient outcomes.
Future of Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis—A Narrative Review
Authors: Pillay Leshni , Selvarajah Janakan , Andrew Bridgette , Christensen Britt , Macrae Finlay , Segal Jonathan P.
Published: December 2024

While corticosteroids have led to significant reduction in ASUC mortality over the last few decades, they are associated with significant side effects and up to 30% of patients have steroid refractory ASUC, which means we require safer and better therapies for patients with ASUC. Several salvage therapies have been proposed in guidelines; however, we lack high quality head-to-head randomised controlled trials to assess effectiveness and safety of these agents. Furthermore, the role of newer novel agents in ASUC management is unclear. We aim to present an up to date review and envisage future treatment of ASUC without steroids based on current trials and data. In summary, we conclude that ASUC treatment still heavily relies on corticosteroids despite the side effect profile. While infliximab and cyclosporine have extensive data, there are no prospective studies comparing them with corticosteroids as initial therapy. Novel therapies open up the possibility of oral options but require prospective data before any conclusion can be made.
Refractive Astigmatism Consistency Pre- and Post-Cycloplegia in Pediatric Population
Authors: Peñaranda Agustin , Torrado Oscar , Márquez Ana , Baptista António M. , Serra Pedro M.
Published: December 2024

Background: Cycloplegic refraction is crucial in pediatric eye assessments. While spherical refraction changes due to cycloplegia are well-documented, astigmatic alterations remain unclear. This study assessed the agreement between spherical and astigmatic refraction pre- and post-cycloplegia. Methods: We enrolled 96 patients (mean age: 12.5 ± 2.4 years), including 35 myopes, 30 emmetropes, and 31 hyperopes. Pre- and post-cycloplegia autorefraction and keratometry (Myopia Master) were conducted using 1% cyclopentolate. Ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) was calculated as the difference between refractive and keratometric astigmatism. Astigmatism was analyzed using Fourier analysis (J0 and J45). Results: Cycloplegia resulted in a more positive spherical equivalent (SE) (+0.80 D), with myopes showing the smallest (+0.38 D) and hyperopes showing the highest variation (+1.47 D) in SE. With-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism predominated in the refractive and keratometric measurements, while ORA was against-the-rule (ATR). Cycloplegia shifted the refractive J0 (+0.06 D) towards more WTR and decreased ORA J0 (+0.05 D). No effect was observed in the J45 component. About 25% of patients exhibited astigmatism changes above 0.25 D, with refractive J0 variation being positively correlated with accommodation relaxation (0.044 D per D of relaxation). Conclusion: Cycloplegia induces clinically significant changes in the spherical component, but minimal variations in astigmatic components, predominantly in hyperopic eyes, likely reflecting alterations in crystalline lens anatomy.
Optimization of Cocoa Pods Maturity Classification Using Stacking and Voting with Ensemble Learning Methods in RGB and LAB Spaces
Authors: Ayikpa Kacoutchy Jean , Ballo Abou Bakary , Mamadou Diarra , Gouton Pierre
Published: December 2024

Determining the maturity of cocoa pods early is not just about guaranteeing harvest quality and optimizing yield. It is also about efficient resource management. Rapid identification of the stage of maturity helps avoid losses linked to a premature or late harvest, improving productivity. Early determination of cocoa pod maturity ensures both the quality and quantity of the harvest, as immature or overripe pods cannot produce premium cocoa beans. Our innovative research harnesses artificial intelligence and computer vision technologies to revolutionize the cocoa industry, offering precise and advanced tools for accurately assessing cocoa pod maturity. Providing an objective and rapid assessment enables farmers to make informed decisions about the optimal time to harvest, helping to maximize the yield of their plantations. Furthermore, by automating this process, these technologies reduce the margins for human error and improve the management of agricultural resources. With this in mind, our study proposes to exploit a computer vision method based on the GLCM (gray level co-occurrence matrix) algorithm to extract the characteristics of images in the RGB (red, green, blue) and LAB (luminance, axis between red and green, axis between yellow and blue) color spaces. This approach allows for in-depth image analysis, which is essential for capturing the nuances of cocoa pod maturity. Next, we apply classification algorithms to identify the best performers. These algorithms are then combined via stacking and voting techniques, allowing our model to be optimized by taking advantage of the strengths of each method, thus guaranteeing more robust and precise results. The results demonstrated that the combination of algorithms produced superior performance, especially in the LAB color space, where voting scored 98.49% and stacking 98.71%. In comparison, in the RGB color space, voting scored 96.59% and stacking 97.06%. These results surpass those generally reported in the literature, showing the increased effectiveness of combined approaches in improving the accuracy of classification models. This highlights the importance of exploring ensemble techniques to maximize performance in complex contexts such as cocoa pod maturity classification.
Monitoring of Directed Energy Deposition Laser Beam of Nickel-Based Superalloy via High-Speed Mid-Wave Infrared Coaxial Camera
Authors: Mazzarisi Marco , Angelastro Andrea , Campanelli Sabina Luisa , Errico Vito , Posa Paolo , Fusco Andrea , Colucci Teresa , Edwards Alexander John , Corigliano Simona
Published: December 2024

Directed Energy Deposition Laser Beam (DED-LB) is a promising additive manufacturing technique that uses a laser source and a powder stream to build or repair metal components. Repair applications offer significant economic and environmental benefits but are more challenging to develop, especially for components that are difficult to process due to their intricate geometries and materials. Process conditions can change precipitously, and it is essential to implement monitoring systems that ensure high process stability and, consequently, superior end-product quality. In the present work, a mid-wave infrared coaxial camera was used to monitor the melt pool geometry. To simulate the challenging repair process conditions of the DED-LB process, experimental tests were carried out on substrates with different thicknesses. The stability of the deposition process on nickel-based superalloys was analyzed by means of MATLAB algorithms. Thus, the effect of open-loop and closed-loop monitoring with back control on laser power on the process conditions was assessed and quantified. Metallographic analysis of the produced samples was carried out to validate the analyses performed by the monitoring system. The occurrence of production defects (lack of fusion and porosity) related to parameters not directly controllable by monitoring systems, such as penetration depth and dilution, was determined.
The Spillover Effects of Market Sentiments on Global Stock Market Volatility: A Multi-Country GJR-GARCH-MIDAS Approach
Authors: Bai Sarula , Jung Jaewon , Li Shun
Published: December 2024

In behavioral economics, it has widely been documented that there might be a close relationship between overall market sentiment and economic performance, such as GDP per capita. In this paper, we investigate the effects of market sentiment on stock market volatility, which has widely been recognized as an important factor for economic sustainability. In particular, we aim to identify the existence of spillover effects of market sentiments on global stock market volatility. As a first attempt, we chose ten countries from major economic regions over the world (including America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania), and analyzed their interdependence and interconnectedness using a GJR-GARCH-MIDAS model. The results highlight that an individual country’s stock market volatility is significantly influenced not only by its own market sentiment (proxied by the consumer confidence index) but also by the overall market sentiments of other countries across the world. The results also highlight significant country-by-country heterogeneity in the time lags of the global spillover effects, which indicates substantial heterogeneity in the behavioral dynamics of individual countries.
Dynamics in Land Cover and Landscape Patterns of Myanmar: A Three-Decade Perspective (1990–2020)
Authors: Li Ruonan , Li Cansong , Hou Dongyang , Xing Huaqiao , Zhu A-Xing
Published: December 2024

A comprehensive scientific assessment of the dynamic changes in land cover and landscape patterns in Myanmar, considering both human activities and natural factors such as climate change, is essential for a thorough understanding of the transformations in the country’s ecological environment. This assessment also provides data-driven insights into the complex interactions between humans, climate, and the environment. This study aims to examine the dynamic changes in land cover in Myanmar over a thirty-year period from a comprehensive perspective. This paper, based on the MLC30 land cover dataset for Myanmar from 1990 to 2020, employs land use dynamic degree and land use transition matrix to analyze the extent and process of land cover changes in Myanmar. Furthermore, using landscape pattern indicators, the paper explores the changes in the spatial structural characteristics of land cover in Myanmar at both the patch scale and the landscape scale. The results indicate the following: (a) Areas with significant land cover changes are primarily located in the eastern, southeastern, and southwestern regions bordering China, Laos, and Thailand, as well as the coastal areas, with the change intensity from 2000 to 2020 being notably higher than before 2000. (b) Myanmar’s cultivated land, artificial surfaces, and water bodies show an expanding trend, with cultivated land expansion mainly at the expense of forests, while the increase in artificial surfaces and water bodies is through the conversion of the existing cultivated land. (c) Myanmar’s landscape patterns remained stable from 1990 to 2000. However, after 2000, the land cover has shown a clear trend towards fragmentation and spatial distribution dispersion, especially for the dominant forest and cultivated land types. Despite Myanmar’s rapid economic development, the trend toward the fragmentation and irregularization of cultivated land patches indicates a lack of attention to cultivated land use and planning. The reduction and fragmentation of forest areas have led to a decline in ecological connectivity, posing risks of ecological environment deterioration. Consequently, Myanmar must prioritize scientific land use planning and the rational allocation of land resources to foster the sustainable development of agriculture and the protection of natural ecosystems.
Spatial (Mis)Matches Between Biodiversity and Habitat Quality Under Multi-Scenarios: A Case Study in Shandong Province, Eastern China
Authors: Sun Xiaoyin , Shan Ruifeng , Luan Qingxin , Zhang Yuee , Chen Zhicong
Published: December 2024

Despite declines in biodiversity and habitat quality (HQ) at a global scale, our understanding of the HQ and matches between HQ and biodiversity under management scenarios is incomplete. To address this deficiency, the study examined trends in HQ and (mis)matches between biodiversity and HQ over four decades in Shandong province, China, identified the key drivers, and assessed the effectiveness of ecological policies, including Ecological Redlines (ERLs) and the Grain for Green (GG) program. During the 40-year period, HQ and matching degrees (indicated by related coefficients) between biodiversity and HQ decreased obviously. Correlation analysis showed that related coefficients between HQ and four biodiversity indices (vertebrate, vascular plant, and vegetation formation type richness, and comprehensive biodiversity index) were all significant (p < 0.01), and coefficients were highest for the biodiversity composite index. An analysis of relative importance by the random forest algorithm indicated significant variation in driving factors for spatial distribution of HQ, biodiversity, and matches between them. The key determinants of biodiversity distribution were biophysical factors, such as NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), DEM (digital elevation model), and temperature. However, the main drivers of HQ distribution were social factors, such as the accessibility of anthropogenic activities, urbanization, and population density. Ecological policy scenarios, ERLs and GG, are clearly effective and could improve HQ and the matching degree between HQ and biodiversity significantly. Furthermore, the improvement in HQ under ERLs was less than that under GG, while the increase in the matching degree was opposite. The results of this study can be integrated by ecological managers and planners for biodiversity conservation.
Exploring the Link Between Landscape Perception and Community Participation: Evidence from Gateway Communities in Giant Panda National Park, China
Authors: Li Nian , Gu Dongmei , Li Yifei , Huang Xinyu , Chen Qibing , Li Xi , Lv Bingyang
Published: December 2024

A community landscape is intricately tied to the daily lives and livelihoods of its residents, and it significantly influences human behavior. Community co-management serves as a pivotal approach to fostering the harmonious coexistence between national parks and community dwellers, and it requires the extensive participation of community residents. Accordingly, this study aims to clarify the mechanism by which community landscape perception (LP) affects community participation (CP), with the ultimate goal of promoting widespread engagement. After conducting a survey of 564 residents from three entrance communities in the Sichuan region of the Giant Panda National Park, the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results suggest the following: (1) Cultural landscape and living landscape have a direct impact on CP. The natural landscape can stimulate CP through fostering place attachment (PA) or a sense of responsibility (SR), while the production landscape only influences CP through PA. (2) The cultural landscape plays a crucial role in shaping a sense of belonging and responsibility within a community, while the production landscape is not effective in cultivating an SR. (3) PA can awaken residents’ SR and affect CP, playing a chain mediating role between community LP and CP.
Relationship Between the Carbonation Depth and Microstructure of Concrete Under Freeze–Thaw Conditions
Authors: Zhang Shuhua , Tan Guangrong , Qi Zhiqiang , Tian Bin , Cao Jijun , Chen Bofu
Published: December 2024

Concrete structures in cold regions are affected by freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) and carbonation, which lead to the premature failure of concrete structures. The carbonation depth, relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM), compressive strength, porosity, and pore size distribution of concrete under FTC conditions were tested through an accelerated carbonation experiment to study the carbonation performance evolution. The freeze–thaw effect mechanism on concrete carbonation was further analyzed via the obtained relationship between carbonation depth and pore structure. The results showed that the FTC, as a powerful source of concrete damage, accelerates the carbonation reaction. Carbonization products fill some microcracks caused by the freeze–thaw process, improve the compressive strength and dynamic elastic modulus, and alleviate the damage to concrete caused by the FTC. After carbonization under freeze–thaw damage conditions, the content of macropores with d > 1000 nm decreases, while the content of transition pores with d ≤ 10 nm increases, which is the direct reason for the decrease in porosity and the improvement in strength. Therefore, the carbonation durability of concrete under freeze–thaw conditions can be improved by controlling the content of macropores with d > 1000 nm and increasing the content of transition pores with a pore size of 10 nm ≤ d < 100 nm. In addition, the relationship between carbonation depth and pore structure under freeze–thaw conditions was established, and the research results can provide a reference for the study of the carbonation performance of concrete under freeze–thaw conditions.
Effect of Heat Supplied to the Joint in the MAG Welding Process of Ferritic–Austenitic Stainless Steel 1.4462 on the Size of the Cross-Sectional Area of the Joints
Authors: Pałubicki Stanisław , Plichta Jarosław , Nadolny Krzysztof
Published: December 2024

In this study, the relationships between the values of the parameters included in heat input (welding current, arc voltage and welding speed) and their effects on the size of the cross-sectional areas of welds in joints made of ferritic–austenitic stainless steel using the GMAW method were determined. An attempt was also made to determine to what extent it will be possible to predict the properties of fabricated welded joints using the functional relationship describing the effect of the value of heat input on the size of the cross-sectional area of welds. The analysis of the developed mathematical models shows their suitability for explaining (and predicting) the sizes of the cross-sectional areas of welded joints depending on the values of the input parameters of the welding process. Determining the regression function and making a three-dimensional plot of it (response surface) can provide a starting point for optimizing the parameters of the welding process. The results have practical relevance, supporting weld quality control and process design in industrial conditions, especially in applications requiring high strength and corrosion resistance, in industries such as construction and offshore.
Research on a Novel Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Motor with Adjustable Torque Ripple Using an Auxiliary Rotor
Authors: Liu Chen , Xu Dewei , Wu Wenwu , Yang Bo
Published: December 2024

In the field of material manufacturing, torsional vibration has some benefits for cutting or forming processing. In principle, torsional vibration can be caused by the torque ripples of a motor. Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) motors are doubly salient and generate torque ripples, making them an option for manufacturing. However, the amplitude of the torque ripples is related to the motor structure, and frequency has a linear relationship with running speed. The torque ripples cannot be controlled separately from the motor running speed at conventional current excitations. Thus, a novel FSPM machine with an auxiliary rotor (AR-FSPM) is proposed to adjust the torque ripples. The main rotor (m-rotor) outputs the power, and the auxiliary rotor (a-rotor) adjusts the ripple frequency. When the speed difference between two rotors is six times the m-rotor speed, the torque ripple waveforms overlap. In this case, by controlling the phase difference between the two rotors, the amplitudes of the torque ripples can be adjusted. In this study, the principle of this novel machine is introduced, and the relationship between the torque ripple performance and the geometric parameters of the auxiliary rotor is studied. Then, the torque ripple amplitude adjustment method for this machine is discussed. Finally, the prototype of this novel machine is presented to verify its feasibility.
Dynamics and Stabilization of Chaotic Monetary System Using Radial Basis Function Neural Network Control
Authors: Johansyah Muhamad Deni , Sambas Aceng , Hannachi Fareh , Hamidzadeh Seyed Mohamad , Rusyn Volodymyr , Hidayanti Monika , Foster Bob , Rusyaman Endang
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we investigated a three-dimensional chaotic system that models key aspects of a monetary system, including interest rates, investment demand, and price levels. The proposed system is described by a set of autonomous quadratic ordinary differential equations. We analyze the dynamic behavior of this system through equilibrium points and their stability, Lyapunov exponents (LEs), and bifurcation diagrams. The system demonstrates a variety of behaviors, including chaotic, periodic, and equilibrium states depending on parameter values. Additionally, we explore the multistability of the system and present a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) controller design to stabilize the chaotic behavior. The effectiveness of the controller is validated through numerical simulations, highlighting its potential applications in economic and financial modeling.
Method for Preprocessing Video Data for Training Deep-Learning Models for Identifying Behavioral Events in Bio-Objects
Authors: Barulina Marina , Andreev Alexander , Kovalenko Ilya , Barmin Ilya , Titov Eduard , Kirillov Danil
Published: December 2024

Monitoring moving bio-objects is currently of great interest for both fundamental and practical research. The advent of deep-learning algorithms has made it possible to automate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the behavior of bio-objects recorded in video format. When processing such data, it is necessary to consider additional factors, such as background noise in the frame, the speed of the bio-object, and the need to reflect information about the previous (past) and subsequent (future) pose of the bio-object in one video frame. The preprocessed dataset must be suitable for verification by experts. This article proposes a method for preprocessing data to identify the behavior of a bio-object, a clear example of which is experiments on laboratory animals with the collection of video data. The method is based on combining information about a behavioral event presented in a sequence of frames with the addition of a native image and subsequent boundary detection using the Sobel filter. The resulting representation of a behavioral event is easily perceived by both human experts and neural networks of various architectures. The article presents the results of training several neural networks on the obtained dataset and proposes an effective neural network architecture (F1-score = 0.95) for identifying discrete events of biological objects’ behavior.
Optimal Control of a Harmonic Oscillator with Parametric Excitation
Authors: Kamzolkin Dmitrii , Ilyutko Victor , Ternovski Vladimir
Published: December 2024

This paper addresses the time-optimal control problem for a harmonic oscillator characterized by a time-dependent frequency. The primary objective is to determine the minimal time required to transition the system from an initial state, defined by a given position and velocity, to a specified final state, while ensuring that the frequency remains within prescribed bounds. The key challenge lies in identifying the optimal switching times between two available frequencies to meet all boundary conditions efficiently. By examining various boundary scenarios, constructing the reachable set of all admissible trajectories, and employing both analytical techniques and control theory, we develop a robust solution strategy. This work holds particular relevance for practical applications demanding rapid state transitions, such as mechanical vibration control and signal processing, where achieving time-optimal performance is critical. Furthermore, the methods presented are adaptable to a wide range of systems facing similar constraints, providing a versatile and effective framework for time-optimal control.
The Beneficial Roles of Seaweed in Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Kim Ah-Reum , Kim Myeong-Jin , Seo Jaeseong , Moon Kyoung Mi , Lee Bonggi
Published: December 2024

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by severe pruritus and recurrent flare-ups, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life. Current treatments, such as corticosteroids and immunomodulators, often provide symptomatic relief but can lead to adverse effects with prolonged use. Seaweed, a sustainable and nutrient-dense resource, has emerged as a promising alternative due to its rich bioactive compounds—polysaccharides, phlorotannins, polyphenols, and chlorophyll—that offer anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. This review explores the therapeutic potential of brown, red, and green algae in alleviating AD symptoms, highlighting the effects of specific species, including Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Chlorella vulgaris, and Sargassum horneri. These seaweeds modulate immune responses, reduce epidermal thickness, and restore skin barrier function, presenting a novel, safe, and effective approach to AD management. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm their efficacy and establish dosing strategies, paving the way for seaweed-derived therapies as natural alternatives in AD treatment.
The Effect of Muscle Cramps During Hemodialysis on Quality of Life and Habitual Physical Activity
Authors: Kot Gabriela , Wróbel Agata , Kuna Kasper , Makówka Agnieszka , Nowicki Michał
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association between QoL, self-assessed physical activity, and the presence and severity of muscle spasms in chronic hemodialysis patients. Patients undergoing regular in-center hemodialysis (HD) have much lower quality of life (QoL) than healthy individuals. However, there is limited knowledge about the impact of specific common complications of hemodialysis, particularly muscle spasms on the overall well-being of patients. Materials and Methods: In this prospective, single-center study, 67 chronic HD patients were surveyed regarding the prevalence of muscle spasms using a validated 9-multiple-choice-question survey, alongside the Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and The Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36). Based on the muscle spasms survey answers, patients were divided into two subgroups: with (n = 39) and without muscle spasms (n = 28). Results: The findings revealed that patients with muscle spasms had a higher body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.005), a shorter dialysis vintage (p = 0.063), and significantly longer sitting times (p = 0.017). Multivariate analysis identified BMI (p = 0.034), sitting time (p = 0.009), physical functioning scores (p = 0.032), and dialysis vintage (p = 0.040) as significant predictors of muscle spasms. Conclusions: This study concluded that muscle spasms are associated with lower QoL among HD patients. The contributing factors to this dependance are BMI, dialysis vintage, physical functioning, and sitting time.
Bone Health in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Bahrain
Authors: Hassan Adla B. , Almarabheh Amer , Almekhyal Abdulaziz , AlAwadhi Danya Abdulhameed , Jahrami Haitham
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: Compared to the general population, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have additional disease-specific risk factors for osteoporosis that include chronic exposure to systemic inflammation. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis and its associated risk factors, such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), uric acid (UA), and vitamin D status, but also the coexistence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) and breast cancer (Ca breast) in patients with RA in Bahrain. Material and Methods: Data from DEXA scans were collected retrospectively from the patient’s electronic health records. All patients who had BMD data and at least one single comorbidity, including RA, were included in the current study. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS, version 28. Results: A total of 4396 patients were included in the current study. The comorbidities among this cohort were as follows: 3434 patients had endocrinological diseases, among them 63.6% had DMT2; 1870 patients had rheumatological diseases, among them 15.1% had rheumatoid arthritis; and 941 patients had malignancies, among them 75.6% had breast cancer. Our results indicated that patients with RA had a high prevalence of low BMD (72.30%, p < 0.001) and low vitamin D levels (63.10%, p < 0.001) but high serum UA (20.85%). Comparing RA with non-RA patients, our results showed a statistically significant association between RA and each of BMD and UA (p = 0.017 and p = 0.004, respectively), but also between RA and each of age (p = 0.001) and Ca breast (p < 0.001). However, no association was found between RA and BMI, DMT2, or vitamin D status. Conclusions: RA patients had a high prevalence of low BMD (72.3%) and low vitamin D (63.10%) but high serum UA (20.85%). The risk of osteoporosis, hypovitaminosis, and gout must be kept in mind during the evaluation of any case with RA.
RETRACTED: Zulfiqar et al. Obesity and Frailty Syndrome in the Elderly: Prospective Study in Primary Care. Medicines 2022, 9, 38
Authors: Zulfiqar Abrar-Ahmad , Habchi Perla , Dembele Ibrahima Amadou
Published: December 2024

The journal retracts the article titled “Obesity and Frailty Syndrome in the Elderly: Prospective Study in Primary Care” [...]
Chronic Kidney Disease and Infection Risk: A Lower Incidence of Peritonsillar Abscesses in Specific CKD Subgroups in a 16-Year Korean Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Kwon Mi Jung , Kang Ho Suk , Kim Joo-Hee , Kim Ji Hee , Bang Woo Jin , Yoo Dae Myoung , Lee Na-Eun , Han Kyeong Min , Kim Nan Young , Choi Hyo Geun , Kim Min-Jeong , Kim Eun Soo
Published: December 2024

Peritonsillar abscesses and deep neck infection are potentially serious infections among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), posing risks for severe complications and drawing significant public health concern. This nationwide, population-based longitudinal study (2002–2019) assessed the extended relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the likelihood of peritonsillar abscess and deep neck infection in a Korean cohort. Using a 1:4 propensity score overlap-weighted matching, we included 16,879 individuals with CKD and 67,516 comparable controls, accounting for demographic variables and comorbidities to ensure balanced group comparisons. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for deep neck infection and peritonsillar abscesses in relation to CKD history were calculated with a propensity score overlap-weighted Cox proportional hazards model. Our results revealed no significant increase in the overall incidence of deep neck infections or peritonsillar abscesses in CKD patients compared to controls. Interestingly, CKD patients demonstrated a 50% reduced likelihood of developing peritonsillar abscesses (HR 0.50; 95% CI = 0.30–0.83; p = 0.007), particularly among subgroups aged 70 years or older, females, non-smokers, rural residents, overweight individuals, and those with lower comorbidity burdens (e.g., absence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or hyperglycemia). In summary, the results suggest that lifestyle modifications and the effective management of comorbidities could reduce the risk of peritonsillar abscess in certain CKD subgroups. Our findings may help to alleviate public health concerns regarding peritonsillar abscesses and deep neck infections as CKD-related comorbidities.
Pasteurella multocida Serotype D Infection Induces Activation of the IL-17 Signaling Pathway in Goat Lymphocytes
Authors: Fu Yujing , Meng Yong , Qian Hejie , Chen Taoyu , Chen Xiangying , Chen Qiaoling , Gao Hongyan , Man Churiga , Du Li , Chen Si , Wang Fengyang
Published: December 2024

(1) Background: Pasteurellosis is a global zoonotic bacterial disease, which has caused significant economic impacts in animal husbandry. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of the immune response between goat peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and goat-derived Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida). (2) Methods: To investigate the immune response of host PBLs during infection with P. multocida type D, we established an in vitro cell model utilizing isolated primary goat PBLs. Utilizing this in vitro infection model, we employed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the cytokine profile variation in goat PBLs following infection. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods were employed to analyze the gene expression profile. (3) Results: The ELISA test results indicated that the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IFN-γ, CXCL10, and IL-17A, were significantly elevated within 12 h after infection with P. multocida. In contrast, the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were found to be reduced. RNA sequencing and functional enrichment analysis identified 2114 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were primarily associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, viral protein-cytokine interactions, and the IL-17 signaling pathway. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and qPCR highlighted CD86, CCL5, CD8A, CXCL8, CTLA4, TNF, CD274, IL-10, IL-6, CXCL10, IFNG, and IL-17A that were crucial for the response of PBLs to P. multocida infection. (4) Conclusions: This study systematically revealed the characteristics of PBLs in goats following infection with goat-derived P. multocida type D through the analysis of cytokines and gene expression, providing important theoretical insights for a deeper understanding of the defense mechanisms in goats against P. multocida.
UV-C Exposure Enhanced the Cd2+ Adsorption Capability of the Radiation-Resistant Strain Sphingomonas sp. M1-B02
Authors: Li Yunshi , Niu Haoyuan , Li Shuang , Yue Ming , Zhang Gaosen
Published: December 2024

Microbial adsorption is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly remediation method for heavy metal pollution. The adsorption mechanism of cadmium (Cd) by bacteria inhabiting extreme environments is largely unexplored. This study describes the biosorption of Cd2+ by Sphingomonas sp. M1-B02, which was isolated from the moraine on the north slope of Mount Everest and has a good potential for biosorption. The difference in Cd2+ adsorption of the strain after UV irradiation stimulation indicated that the adsorption reached 68.90% in 24 h, but the adsorption after UV irradiation increased to 80.56%. The genome of strain M1-B02 contained antioxidant genes such as mutL, recA, recO, and heavy metal repair genes such as RS14805, apaG, chrA. Hydroxyl, nitro, and etceteras bonds on the bacterial surface were involved in Cd2+ adsorption through complexation reactions. The metabolites of the strains were significantly different after 24 h of Cd2+ stress, with pyocyanin, L-proline, hypoxanthine, etc., being downregulated and presumably involved in Cd2+ biosorption and upregulated after UV-C irradiation, which may explain the increase in Cd2+ adsorption capacity of the strain after UV-C irradiation, while the strain improved the metabolism of the antioxidant metabolite carnosine, indirectly increasing the adsorption capacity of the strains for Cd2+.