bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chiral Ditopic Cyclophosphazane (CycloP) Ligands: Synthesis, Coordination Chemistry, and Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Roth Torsten , Wadepohl Hubert , Wright Dominic S. , Gade Lutz H.
Published: August 2013

A series of dichlorocyclophosphazanes [{ClP(μ‐NR)}2] containing chiral and achiral R groups was obtained from simple commercially available amines and PCl3. Their condensation reactions with axially chiral biaryl diols yielded ansa‐bridged chiral cyclophosphazane (CycloP) ligands. This highly modular methodology allows extensive elaboration of the ligand set, in which the chirality can be introduced at the diol bridge and/or the amido R group. This provides the possibility to observe match and mismatch effects in catalysis. A series of twenty CycloP ligands was synthesized and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, elemental analysis, and in selected cases, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. These studies show that all of the ditopic CycloP ligands are C2 symmetric, rendering their metal coordination sites symmetry equivalent. Two well‐established enantioselective reactions were explored by using late‐transition metal CycloP complexes as catalysts; the gold‐catalyzed hydroamination of γ‐allenyl sulfonamides and the asymmetric nickel‐catalyzed three‐component coupling of a diene and an aldehyde. The steric demands of the CycloP ligands have a subtle influence on the reactivity and selectivity observed in both reactions. Good enantiomeric ratios (e.r.) as high as 89:11 in the gold‐catalyzed reaction and 92:8 in the nickel‐catalyzed bis‐homoallylation reaction were observed.
The human kinesin‐14 HSET tracks the tips of growing microtubules in vitro
Authors: Braun Marcus , Lansky Zdenek , Bajer Seweryn , Fink Gero , Kasprzak Andrzej A. , Diez Stefan
Published: August 2013

Tip‐tracking of kinesin‐14 motor proteins is believed to be crucial for the assembly and maintenance of dynamic microtubule arrays. However, in contrast to other members of the kinesin‐14 family, H. sapiens kinesin‐14 HSET has so far never been observed to be prominently located at microtubule plus ends. Here, using an in vitro microtubule dynamics reconstitution assay we observe tip‐tracking of GFP‐HSET in the presence of H. sapiens EB1 (hsEB1). Tip‐tracking depended on the SxIP‐like motif in HSET as well as on the EB homology domain in hsEB1. D. melanogaster Ncd and S. pombe Klp2 tip‐tracking reconstitution assays accompanied by kinesin‐14 amino acid sequence comparisons suggest that SxIP‐like motif mediated tip‐tracking dependent on EB family proteins is conserved in the kinesin‐14 family of molecular motors. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Moonlighting microtubule‐associated proteins: Regulatory functions by day and pathological functions at night
Authors: Oláh J. , Tőkési N. , Lehotzky A. , Orosz F. , Ovádi J.
Published: August 2013

The sensing, integrating, and coordinating features of the eukaryotic cells are achieved by the complex ultrastructural arrays and multifarious functions of the cytoskeletal network. Cytoskeleton comprises fibrous protein networks of microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments. These filamentous polymer structures are highly dynamic and undergo constant and rapid reorganization during cellular processes. The microtubular system plays a crucial role in the brain, as it is involved in an enormous number of cellular events including cell differentiation and pathological inclusion formation. These multifarious functions of microtubules can be achieved by their decoration with proteins/enzymes that exert specific effects on the dynamics and organization of the cytoskeleton and mediate distinct functions due to their moonlighting features. This mini‐review focuses on two aspects of the microtubule cytoskeleton. On the one hand, we describe the heteroassociation of tubulin/microtubules with metabolic enzymes, which in addition to their catalytic activities stabilize microtubule structures via their cross‐linking functions. On the other hand, we focus on the recently identified moonlighting tubulin polymerization promoting protein, TPPP/p25. TPPP/p25 is a microtubule‐associated protein and it displays distinct physiological or pathological (aberrant) functions; thus it is a prototype of Neomorphic Moonlighting Proteins. The expression of TPPP/p25 is finely controlled in the human brain; this protein is indispensable for the development of projections of oligodendrocytes that are responsible for the ensheathment of axons. The nonphysiological, higher or lower TPPP/p25 level leads to distinct CNS diseases. Mechanisms contributing to the control of microtubule stability and dynamics by metabolic enzymes and TPPP/p25 will be discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Economic Feasibility of the Sugar Beet‐to‐Ethylene Value Chain
Authors: Althoff Jeroen , Biesheuvel Kees , De Kok Ad , Pelt Henk , Ruitenbeek Matthijs , Spork Ger , Tange Jan , Wevers Ronald
Published: August 2013

As part of a long‐term strategy toward renewable feedstock, a feasibility study into options for the production of bioethylene by integrating the sugar beet‐to‐ethanol‐to‐ethylene value chain. Seven business cases were studied and tested for actual economic feasibility of alternative sugar‐to‐ethanol‐to‐ethylene routes in comparison to fossil‐fuel alternatives. An elaborate model was developed to assess the relevant operational and financial aspects of each business case. The calculations indicate that bioethylene from sugar beet is not commercially viable under current market conditions. In light of expected global energy and feedstock prices it is also reasonable to expect that this will not change in the near future. To consider biorenewable sources as starting material, they need to be low in cost (compared to sugar beets) and also require less capital and energy‐intensive methods for the conversion to chemicals. In general, European sugar prices will be too high for many chemical applications. Future efforts for in sugar‐to‐chemicals routes should, therefore, focus on integrated process routes and process intensification and/or on products that contain a significant part of the original carbohydrate backbone.
Is the therapeutic alliance overvalued in the treatment of eating disorders?
Authors: Brown Amy , Mountford Victoria A. , Waller Glenn
Published: August 2013

In this article, we make the case for a systematic program of research into the causal relationship between the therapeutic alliance and outcomes of psychological treatments for the eating disorders. To make that case, we need to begin by considering the validity of existing assumptions about that alliance‐outcome relationship. We will then suggest what research is needed to allow clinicians to structure their work to best effect (e.g., should therapists focus on establishing a strong alliance even if it means not applying more therapy‐specific techniques, or should they stress the application of those techniques even when the working alliance might seem likely to be weakened as a result). Although the authors have a background in cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT), our aim is to suggest a research base that applies to a variety of psychotherapies, allowing for common or different conclusions about the alliance‐outcome relationship, depending on what the proposed research indicates. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:779–782)
“Forms” of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia): intraspecific variation or valid species?
Authors: Stålstedt Jeanette , Bergsten Johannes , Ronquist Fredrik
Published: August 2013

In many groups of organisms, especially in the older literature, it has been common practice to recognize sympatrically occurring phenotypic variants of a species as “forms”. However, what these forms really represent often remains unclear, especially in poorly studied groups. With new algorithms forDNA‐based species delimitation, the status of forms can be explicitly tested with molecular data. In this study, we test a number of what is now recognized as valid species of water mites (Hydrachnidia), but have in the past been treated as forms sympatrically occurring with their nominate species. We also test a form without prior taxonomical status, usingDNAand morphometrics. The barcoding fragment ofCOI, nuclear 28S and quantitative analyses of morphological data were used to test whether these taxa merit species status, as suggested by several taxonomists. Our results confirm valid species. Genetic distances between the form and nominate species (Piona dispersaandPiona variabilis,COI11%), as well as likelihood ratio tests under the general mixed‐Yule coalescent model, supported that these are separately evolving lineages as defined by the unified species concept. In addition, they can be diagnosed with morphological characters. The study also reveals that some taxa genetically represent more than one species. We propose thatP. dispersaare recognized as valid taxa at the species level.Unionicola minor(which may consist of several species),Piona stjordalensis,P. imminutas. lat., andP. rotundoidesare confirmed as species using this model. The results also imply that future studies of other water mite species complexes are likely to reveal many more genetically and morphologically distinct species.
Did the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) shape the evolutionary trajectory of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)?
Authors: Morris C. F. , Fuerst E. P. , Beecher B. S. , Mclean D. J. , James C. P. , Geng H. W.
Published: August 2013

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most successful domesticated plant species in the world. The majority of wheat carries mutations in the Puroindoline genes that result in a hard kernel phenotype. An evolutionary explanation, or selective advantage, for the spread and persistence of these hard kernel mutations has yet to be established. Here, we demonstrate that the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) exerts a pronounced feeding preference for soft over hard kernels. When allele frequencies ranged from 0.5 to 0.009, mouse predation increased the hard allele frequency as much as 10‐fold. Studies involving a single hard kernel mixed with ~1000 soft kernels failed to recover the mutant kernel. Nevertheless, the study clearly demonstrates that the house mouse could have played a role in the evolution of wheat, and therefore the cultural trajectory of humankind.
How many marker loci are necessary? Analysis of dominant marker data sets using two popular population genetic algorithms
Authors: Nelson Michael F. , Anderson Neil O.
Published: August 2013

The number of marker loci required to answer a given research question satisfactorily is especially important for dominant markers since they have a lower information content than co‐dominant marker systems. In this study, we used simulated dominant marker data sets to determine the number of dominant marker loci needed to obtain satisfactory results from two popular population genetic analyses: STRUCTURE and AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance). Factors such as migration, level of population differentiation, and unequal sampling were varied in the data sets to mirror a range of realistic research scenarios. AMOVA performed well under all scenarios with a modest quantity of markers while STRUCTURE required a greater number, especially when populations were closely related. The popular ΔK method of determining the number of genetically distinct groups worked well when sampling was balanced, but underestimated the true number of groups with unbalanced sampling. These results provide a window through which to interpret previous work with dominant markers and we provide a protocol for determining the number of markers needed for future dominant marker studies.
Postcopulatory selection for dissimilar gametes maintains heterozygosity in the endangered North Atlantic right whale
Authors: Frasier T. R. , Gillett R. M. , Hamilton P. K. , Brown M. W. , Kraus S. D. , White B. N.
Published: August 2013

Although small populations are expected to lose genetic diversity through genetic drift and inbreeding, a number of mechanisms exist that could minimize this genetic decline. Examples include mate choice for unrelated mates and fertilization patterns biased toward genetically dissimilar gametes. Both processes have been widely documented, but the long‐term implications have received little attention. Here, we combined over 25 years of field data with high‐resolution genetic data to assess the long‐term impacts of biased fertilization patterns in the endangered North Atlantic right whale. Offspring have higher levels of microsatellite heterozygosity than expected from this gene pool (effect size = 0.326, P < 0.011). This pattern is not due to precopulatory mate choice for genetically dissimilar mates (P < 0.600), but instead results from postcopulatory selection for gametes that are genetically dissimilar (effect size = 0.37, P < 0.003). The long‐term implication is that heterozygosity has slowly increased in calves born throughout the study period, as opposed to the slight decline that was expected. Therefore, this mechanism represents a natural means through which small populations can mitigate the loss of genetic diversity over time.
What to eat now? Shifts in polar bear diet during the ice‐free season in western Hudson Bay
Authors: Gormezano Linda J. , Rockwell Robert F.
Published: August 2013

Under current climate trends, spring ice breakup in Hudson Bay is advancing rapidly, leaving polar bears (Ursus maritimus) less time to hunt seals during the spring when they accumulate the majority of their annual fat reserves. For this reason, foods that polar bears consume during the ice‐free season may become increasingly important in alleviating nutritional stress from lost seal hunting opportunities. Defining how the terrestrial diet might have changed since the onset of rapid climate change is an important step in understanding how polar bears may be reacting to climate change. We characterized the current terrestrial diet of polar bears in western Hudson Bay by evaluating the contents of passively sampled scat and comparing it to a similar study conducted 40 years ago. While the two terrestrial diets broadly overlap, polar bears currently appear to be exploiting increasingly abundant resources such as caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) and newly available resources such as eggs. This opportunistic shift is similar to the diet mixing strategy common among other Arctic predators and bear species. We discuss whether the observed diet shift is solely a response to a nutritional stress or is an expression of plastic foraging behavior.
Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine, Ascorbic Acid and Uric Acid at Lithographically‐Defined 3D Graphene Electrodes
Authors: Xiao Xiaoyin , Miller Philip R. , Narayan Roger J. , Brozik Susan M. , Wheeler David R. , Brener Igal , Wang Joseph , Burckel D. Bruce , Polsky Ronen
Published: August 2013

Three dimensional graphene electrodes are presented as highly sensitive electrochemical transducers for the detection of dopamine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid. The detection limits for each separate analyte is approximately 5 µM. In addition the oxidative peak potentials for each are sufficiently separated such that the simultaneous detection of a mixture can be accomplished without any modification steps leading to three well resolved peaks. Increased steady state mass transport profiles due to enhanced diffusion effects at the open porous three dimensional graphene electrodes are also observed.
Nonlinear responses for chromosome and gene level effects induced by vinyl acetate monomer and its metabolite, acetaldehyde in TK6 cells
Authors: Budinsky Robert , Gollapudi Bhaskar , Albertini Richard J. , Valentine Rudolph , Stavanja Mari , Teeguarden Justin , Fensterheim Robert , Rick David , Lardie Thomas , McFadden Lisa , Green Amanda , Recio Leslie
Published: August 2013

Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) produced rat nasal tumors at concentrations in the hundreds of parts per million. However, VAM is weakly genotoxic in vitro and shows no genotoxicity in vivo. A European Union Risk Assessment concluded that VAM's hydrolysis to acetaldehyde (AA), via carboxylesterase, is a critical key event in VAM's carcinogenic potential. In the following study, we observed increases in micronuclei (MN) and thymidine kinase (Tk) mutants that were dependent on the ability of TK6 cell culture conditions to rapidly hydrolyze VAM to AA. Heat‐inactivated horse serum demonstrated a high capacity to hydrolyze VAM to AA; this activity was highly correlated with a concomitant increase in MN. In contrast, heat‐inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) did not hydrolyze VAM and no increase in MN was observed. AA's ability to induce MN was not impacted by either serum since it directly forms Schiff bases with DNA and proteins. Increased mutant frequency at the Tk locus was similarly mitigated when AA formation was not sufficiently rapid, such as incubating VAM in the presence of FBS for 4 hr. Interestingly, neither VAM nor AA induced mutations at the HPRT locus. Finally, cytotoxicity paralleled genotoxicity demonstrating that a small degree of cytotoxicity occurred prior to increases in MN. These results established 0.25 mM as a consistent concentration where genotoxicity first occurred for both VAM and AA provided VAM is hydrolyzed to AA. This information further informs significant key events related to the mode of action of VAM‐induced nasal mucosal tumors in rats. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:755–768, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extracellular amyloid beta 42 causes necrosis, inhibition of nuclear division, and mitotic disruption under both folate deficient and folate replete conditions as measured by the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus cytome assay
Authors: Lee Sau Lai , Thomas Philip , Fenech Michael
Published: August 2013

Alzheimer's disease is associated with accumulation of extracellular beta amyloid peptide 42 (Aβ42) which may induce DNA damage and reduce cellular regenerative potential. These effects may be exacerbated under conditions of folate deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate whether extracellular Aβ42 induces DNA damage and cell death in human peripheral lymphocytes and whether there is an interactive effect between extracellular Aβ42 and folic acid status. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in medium under conditions of both low and high folate (20 and 200 nM, respectively) and challenged with either Aβ42 or the physiologically normal form Aβ40 (both at 5, 10, 15 µM). Genome stability and cytotoxicity events were investigated using the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus cytome (CBMN‐cyt) assay. Outcome measures scored included the nuclear division index (NDI), necrosis, apoptosis, binucleated cells with micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB), and nuclear buds (NBUD) and abnormally shaped nuclei (circular, (CIR) and horse‐shoe, (HS) that may be indicative of mitotic disruption. Folic acid deficiency significantly reduced NDI (P < 0.001) and increased all the DNA damage biomarkers (MN, NPB, NBUD, HS, CIR), (P < 0.001). In contrast, exposure to Aβ40 had no impact on CBMN cytome biomarkers but Aβ42 significantly reduced NDI (P < 0.01), increased necrosis (P < 0.05) and frequency of cells with circular nuclei (P < 0.01). There was no evidence of an interaction between Aβ42 and folic acid with respect to CBMN cytome biomarkers. Extracellular Aβ42 appears to have cytotoxic and cytostatic effects but its effect on chromosomal instability appears to be small relative to folate deficiency. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:1–14, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simplified seismic sidesway collapse analysis of frame buildings
Authors: Hamidia Mohammadjavad , Filiatrault Andre , Aref Amjad
Published: August 2013

This paper presents the development and assessment of a simplified procedure for estimating the seismic sidesway collapse margin ratio of building structures. The proposed procedure is based on the development of a robust database of seismic peak displacement responses of nonlinear single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems for various seismic intensities and uses nonlinear static (pushover) analysis without the need for nonlinear time history dynamic analysis. The proposed simplified procedure is assessed by comparing its collapse capacity predictions on 72 different building structures with those obtained by nonlinear incremental dynamic analyses. The proposed simplified procedure offers a simple, yet efficient, computational/analytical tool that is capable of predicting collapse capacities with acceptable accuracy for a wide variety of frame building structures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HSP27 is required for invasion and metastasis triggered by hepatocyte growth factor
Authors: Pavan Simona , Musiani Daniele , Torchiaro Erica , Migliardi Giorgia , Gai Marta , Di Cunto Ferdinando , Erriquez Jessica , Olivero Martina , Di Renzo Maria Flavia
Published: August 2013

The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) also known as scatter factor activates cancer cell invasion and metastasis. We show that in ovarian cancer cells HGF induced the phosphorylation of the small heat shock protein of 27 kDa (HSP27) by activating the p38MAPK. HSP27 is increased in many cancers at advanced stage including ovarian cancer and associated with cancer resistance to therapy and poor patients' survival. The phosphorylation of HSP27 regulates both its chaperone activity and its control of cytoskeletal stability. We show that HSP27 was necessary for the remodeling of actin filaments induced by HGF and that motility in vitro depended on the p38MAPK‐MK2 axis. In vivo, HSP27 silencing impaired the ability of the highly metastatic, HGF‐secreting ovarian cancer cells to give rise to spontaneous metastases. This was due to defective motility across the vessel wall and reduced growth. Indeed, HSP27 silencing impaired the ability of circulating ovarian cancer cells to home to the lungs and to form experimental hematogenous metastases and the capability of cancer cells to grow as subcutaneous xenografts. Moreover, HSP27 suppression resulted in the sensitization of xenografts to low doses of the chemotherapeutic paclitaxel, likely because HSP27 protected microtubules from bundling caused by the drug. Altogether, these data show that the HSP27 is required for the proinvasive and prometastatic activity of HGF and suggest that HSP27 might be not only a marker of progression of ovarian cancer, but also a suitable target for therapy.
APPLICATION OF SOIL–WATER–ATMOSPHERE–PLANT MODEL TO ASSESS PERFORMANCE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM UNDER SEMI‐ARID MONSOON CLIMATE
Authors: Verma A. K. , Gupta S. K. , Isaac R. K.
Published: August 2013

The Soil–Water–Atmosphere–Plant (SWAP) model was evaluated for its capability to predict groundwater table behaviour under drained conditions for a semi‐arid monsoon climate in the state of Haryana (India). SWAP simulated and observed values ranging within absolute deviation of 0.17–0.18 m for groundwater table, 0.87–1.07 mm day‐1 for drainage discharge rate and 7.8–39.4 mm for cumulative drain discharge. The calibrated and validated model was used to predict excess water stress utilizing the SEW30 index, which is the sum of daily exceedances (cm) of the groundwater table depth above the depth of 30 cm below the soil surface for different spacing under varying rainfall situations. The maximum annual SEW30 of 5 years having all the combinations of rainfall was 297.0 cm day with drains spaced at 75 m, 92.7 cm day with drains spaced at 50 m and 15.1 cm day for drains spaced at 25 m. These results reveal that there would be no aeration problem with drains spaced at 25 m in all the years and in years with below normal rainfall in all of the test spacing. Long‐term simulations revealed that there is no residual effect of a year's rainfall pattern on the groundwater table during the next year under drained conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Internet Intervention for Adults with Insomnia: Effects on Comorbid Psychological and Fatigue Symptoms
Authors: Thorndike Frances P. , Ritterband Lee M. , Gonder‐Frederick Linda A. , Lord Holly R. , Ingersoll Karen S. , Morin Charles M.
Published: August 2013

Objective

Insomnia is frequently comorbid with other medical and psychological disorders. This secondary data analysis investigated whether an Internet‐delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) intervention could also reduce comorbid psychological and fatigue symptoms.

Method

Data from a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) testing the efficacy of Internet‐delivered CBT‐I relative to a waitlist control was used to examine changes in symptoms of depression, anxiety, mental health quality of life (QOL), and fatigue.

Results

Group by time interactions from repeated measures analyses revealed significant post intervention improvements in Internet participants (n = 22) relative to control participants (n = 22) on all psychological symptoms, mental health QOL, and fatigue. A small post hoc subsample of Internet participants with mild or moderate depression also showed large effect size changes in these constructs (depression, anxiety, mental health QOL, and fatigue).

Conclusion

Internet‐delivered CBT‐I appears to not only improve sleep but also reduce comorbid psychological and fatigue symptoms.
Advancing membrane bioelectrochemical reactor (MBER) with hollow‐fiber membranes installed in the cathode compartment
Authors: Li Jian , Ge Zheng , He Zhen
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND

Synergistic cooperation between membrane technology and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) creates a membrane bioelectrochemical reactor (MBER) that can produce electricity directly from organics while maintaining a high‐quality effluent. This study aims to advance the MBER concept with hollow‐fiber membranes installed in a cathode compartment for alleviating membrane fouling.

RESULTS

The MBER achieved 90% removal of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 69% removal of the total inorganic nitrogen; the turbidity of the membrane permeate was mostly below 2 NTU. The operation of this MBER theoretically consumed 0.09 kWh m‐3, significantly lower than the energy consumption in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The energy production in the MBER was 0.011–0.039 kWh m‐3 from the synthetic solution, or 0.032–0.064 kWh m‐3 from the cheese wastewater. The Coulombic efficiency varied between 10 and 30%, affected by the substrate type and loading rates.

CONCLUSIONS

The MBER with ultrafiltration membranes installed in the cathode greatly improved membrane performance with a constant low trans‐membrane pressure (which drives water through the membrane) during the testing period, when treating either a synthetic solution or real wastewater from a cheese plant. The MBER technology has potential advantages in energy consumption/production compared with MBRs, and may offer better handling of operating conditions than AnMBRs. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Numerical simulations of global‐scale high‐resolution hydrological crustal deformations
Authors: Dill R. , Dobslaw H.
Published: August 2013

High‐resolution load‐induced crustal deformations calculated from numerical models are tested for their ability to predict hydrologically‐induced station height variability, as they are known to be large enough to affect epoch‐wise parameters obtained from the analysis of global geodetic networks. Loading contributions due to terrestrial water storage as given by global hydrological models are calculated on a 0.5° global regular grid with daily temporal resolution. Apart from the dominant seasonal variations, the hydrological loading signal discloses also rapid changes exceeding 1 mm in several regions that can be associated with major precipitation events and river floods. Locally strong loading signals with exceptionally high amplitudes, in many cases even with nonseasonal nature, occur along the major river channels. Only high‐resolution loading calculations considering also the water mass anomalies stored in the model river flow can resolve the correct amplitudes in the surrounded area up to 100 km distance. The comparison of the modeled hydrological surface deformation with GPS station time series shows that high‐resolution hydrological loading estimates based on global‐scale models are able to explain a considerable fraction (up to 54%) of the observed vertical station movements caused by continental water storage variations.
Thermal resistance network model for heat sinks with serpentine channels
Authors: Hao Xiao‐Hong , Li Xue‐Kang , Peng Bei , Zhang Ming , Zhu Yu
Published: August 2013

Serpentine channels in liquid cooling have received considerable attention for their high heat transfer coefficient and potential applications in high heat flux electronics. In this paper, a simple thermal resistance network model is proposed to simulate the thermal performance of heat sinks with serpentine channels. The model comprises a series of thermal resistance units connected by flow networks, which display the temperature and pressure distribution between units. By varying the Reynolds number of the fluid and the aspect ratio of the channel, temperature and pressure results of a 10‐channel serpentine heat sink are obtained and subsequently compared with full three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations. The results demonstrate that the model can predict the heat transfer characteristics of serpentine channels with high accuracy and significantly less computing time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound localization of a tunneled leech beneath a microvascular scalp reconstruction: A case report
Authors: Martin Garry , Linnell Joshua D. , Yang Susan S. , Lin James , Camarata Paul J. , Andrews Brian T.
Published: August 2013

Medicinal leech therapy is a common adjuvant modality used to treat venous congestion following threatened microvascular anastomosis. Migration and tunneling of a leech beneath a surgical reconstruction is a rare event that is seldom mentioned in the literature and worthy of further discussion. We present a rectus abdominus myocutaneous free tissue transfer that was used to cover a large alloplastic cranioplasty following resection of a previously radiated skull base malignant meningioma. The flap became congested postoperatively and required leech therapy after surgical salvage. Three days after flap salvage, the subject was once again brought back to the operating room for surgical exploration when a leech was witnessed to migrate beneath the threatened free flap. Duplex ultrasound was used intra‐operatively to localize the leech 12 cm from its bite and assist with its successful removal. Tunneling of the leech beneath the flap is a rare complication, and localization underneath a myofascial or myocutaneous flap may be difficult. Duplex ultrasound is a simple and reliable method to localize the leech and allow for its removal through a minimal access incision. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:572–574, 2013.
Nitrogen Plasma Modification and Chemical Derivatization of Polyethylene Surfaces – An In Situ Study Using FTIR‐ATR Spectroscopy
Authors: Klages Claus‐Peter , Hinze Alena , Khosravi Zohreh
Published: August 2013

Chemical derivatization reactions of nitrogen plasma‐treated surfaces with aromatic aldehydes, such as the prototypic 4‐trifluoromethyl‐benzaldehyde (TFBA), have for a long time been considered selective for primary amines. Results of an in situ study using FTIR‐ATR spectroscopy challenge the validity of this assumption: Modification of polyethylene surfaces by afterglows of dielectric barrier discharges in nitrogen–hydrogen mixtures with subsequent hydrogen/deuterium exchange or TFBA derivatization suggests that the latter does not follow the commonly assumed reaction scheme.
Insights into the evolution of lanthipeptide biosynthesis
Authors: Yu Yi , Zhang Qi , van der Donk Wilfred A.
Published: August 2013

Lanthipeptides are a group of posttranslationally modified peptide natural products that contain multiple thioether crosslinks. These crosslinks are formed by dehydration of Ser/Thr residues followed by addition of the thiols of Cys residues to the resulting dehydroamino acids. At least four different pathways to these polycyclic natural products have evolved, reflecting the high efficiency and evolvability of a posttranslational modification route to generate conformationally constrained peptides. The wealth of genomic information that has been made available in recent years has started to provide insights into how these remarkable pathways and their posttranslational modification machineries may have evolved. In this review, we discuss a model for the evolution of the lanthipeptide biosynthetic enzymes that has recently been developed based on the currently available data.
CASP prediction center infrastructure and evaluation measures in CASP10 and CASP ROLL
Authors: Kryshtafovych Andriy , Monastyrskyy Bohdan , Fidelis Krzysztof
Published: August 2013

The Protein Structure Prediction Center at the University of California, Davis, supports the CASP experiments by identifying prediction targets, accepting predictions, performing standard evaluations, assisting independent CASP assessors, presenting and archiving results, and facilitating information exchange relating to CASP and structure prediction in general. We provide an overview of the CASP infrastructure implemented at the Center, and summarize standard measures used for evaluating predictions in the latest round of CASP. Several components were introduced or significantly redesigned for CASP10, in particular an improved assessors' common web‐workspace; a Sphere Grinder visualization tool for analyzing local accuracy of predictions; brand new blocks for evaluation contact prediction and contact‐assisted structure prediction; expanded evaluation and visualization tools for tertiary structure, refinement and quality assessment. Technical aspects of conducting the CASP10 and CASP ROLL experiments and relevant statistics are also provided. Proteins 2014; 82(Suppl 2):7–13. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How good is automated protein docking?
Authors: Kozakov Dima , Beglov Dmitri , Bohnuud Tanggis , Mottarella Scott E. , Xia Bing , Hall David R. , Vajda Sandor
Published: August 2013

The protein docking server ClusPro has been participating in critical assessment of prediction of interactions (CAPRI) since its introduction in 2004. This article evaluates the performance of ClusPro 2.0 for targets 46–58 in Rounds 22–27 of CAPRI. The analysis leads to a number of important observations. First, ClusPro reliably yields acceptable or medium accuracy models for targets of moderate difficulty that have also been successfully predicted by other groups, and fails only for targets that have few acceptable models submitted. Second, the quality of automated docking by ClusPro is very close to that of the best human predictor groups, including our own submissions. This is very important, because servers have to submit results within 48 h and the predictions should be reproducible, whereas human predictors have several weeks and can use any type of information. Third, while we refined the ClusPro results for manual submission by running computationally costly Monte Carlo minimization simulations, we observed significant improvement in accuracy only for two of the six complexes correctly predicted by ClusPro. Fourth, new developments, not seen in previous rounds of CAPRI, are that the top ranked model provided by ClusPro was acceptable or better quality for all these six targets, and that the top ranked model was also the highest quality for five of the six, confirming that ranking models based on cluster size can reliably identify the best near‐native conformations. Proteins 2013; 81:2159–2166. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
α1D‐Adrenoceptors are responsible for the high sensitivity and the slow time‐course of noradrenaline‐mediated contraction in conductance arteries
Authors: Flacco Nicla , Parés Jaime , Serna Eva , Segura Vanessa , Vicente Diana , Pérez‐Aso Miguel , Noguera María Antonia , Ivorra María Dolores , McGrath John C. , D'Ocon Pilar
Published: August 2013

The objective of this study was to determine whether the different time‐course characteristics of α1‐adrenoceptor‐mediated contraction in arteries can be related to the subtypes involved. Contractile responses to noradrenaline (NA) were compared with inositol phosphate accumulation and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation after α1‐agonist stimuli in the same vessels in the presence or absence of α1‐antagonists in rat or in α1‐subtype knockout (KO) mice. Aorta, where α1D‐AR is the main functional subtype, had higher sensitivity to NA (in respect of inositol phosphate [IP], pERK1/2, and contractile response) than tail artery, where the α1A‐adrenoceptor subtype is predominant. Furthermore, the contraction in aorta exhibited a slower decay after agonist removal and this was consistent in all strains harboring α1D‐adrenoceptors (from rat, α1B‐KO, and wild‐type [WT] mice) but was not observed in the absence of the α1D‐adrenoceptor signal (α1D‐adrenoceptor blocked rat aorta or aorta from α1D‐KO). IP formation paralleled α1‐adrenoceptor‐mediated contraction (agonist present or postagonist) in aorta and tail artery. High sensitivity to agonist and persistence of response after agonist removal is a property of α1D‐adrenoceptors. Therefore, the preponderance of this subtype in noninnervated conductance arteries such as aorta allows responsiveness to circulating catecholamines and prevents abrupt changes in vessel caliber when the stimulus fluctuates. Conversely, in innervated distributing arteries, high local concentrations of NA are required to activate α1A‐adrenoceptors for a response that is rapid but short lived allowing fine adjustment of the contractile tone by perivascular sympathetic nerves.
Hepatitis E: current status
Authors: Pérez‐Gracia María Teresa , Mateos Lindemann María Luísa , Montalvo Villalba María Caridad
Published: August 2013

Acute hepatitis E is a very common disease in developing countries, to the point that, according to World Health Organization estimates, one third of the world's population has been exposed to HEV. It also causes outbreaks in refugee camps or after natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes. Sporadic cases of acute hepatitis have been observed in practically all European countries and other developed geographical areas, not only in travelers from endemic countries but also in people with no risk factors. But, lately, new aspects of this infection are appearing in industrialized countries such as the possibility of the disease becoming chronic in transplant patients, the immunocompromised in general, and even in patients with previous liver disease who are immunocompetent. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the current knowledge on HEV infection. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifractal analysis of sputtered CaF2 thin films
Authors: Yadav R. P. , Pandey R. K. , Mittal A. K. , Dwivedi S. , Pandey A. C.
Published: August 2013

The surface morphologies of CaF2 thin films prepared by electron beam evaporation technique were measured by atomic force microscopy. The films were bombarded by energetic ion beams of different fluences, which modified the surface morphology predominantly via the process of erosion. The dependence of the surface morphology on ion fluence was explored using multifractal analysis. It was found that the roughness of the film first decreased with ion fluence but increased at higher fluences. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layer Thinning and Etching of Mechanically Exfoliated MoS2 Nanosheets by Thermal Annealing in Air
Authors: Wu Jumiati , Li Hai , Yin Zongyou , Li Hong , Liu Juqing , Cao Xiehong , Zhang Qing , Zhang Hua
Published: August 2013

A simple thermal annealing method for layer thinning and etching of mechanically exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets in air is reported. Using this method, single‐layer (1L) MoS2 nanosheets are achieved after the thinning of MoS2 nanosheets from double‐layer (2L) to quadri‐layer (4L) at 330 °C. The as‐prepared 1L MoS2 nanosheet shows comparable optical and electrical properties with the mechanically exfoliated, pristine one. In addition, for the first time, the MoS2 mesh with high‐density of triangular pits is also fabricated at 330 °C, which might arise from the anisotropic etching of the active MoS2 edge sites. As a result of thermal annealing in air, the thinning of MoS2 nanosheet is possible due to its oxidation to form MoO3. Importantly, the MoO3 fragments on the top of thinned MoS2 layer induces the hole injection, resulting in the p‐type channel in fabricated field‐effect transistors.
A survey of customers of space weather information
Authors: Schrijver C. J. , Rabanal J. P.
Published: August 2013

We present an analysis of the users of space weather information based on 2783 responses to an online survey among subscribers of NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center e‐mail services. The survey requested information focused on the three NOAA space weather scales: geomagnetic storms, solar radiation storms, and radio blackouts. Space weather information is most commonly obtained for reasons of human safety and continuity or reliability of operations. The information is primarily used for situational awareness, as aid to understand anomalies, to avoid impacts on current and near‐future operations by implementing mitigating strategies, and to prepare for potential near‐future impacts that might occur in conjunction with contingencies that include electric power outages or GPS perturbations. Interest in, anticipated impacts from, and responses to the three main categories of space weather are quite uniform across societal sectors. Approximately 40% of the respondents expect serious to very serious impacts from space weather events if no action were taken to mitigate or in the absence of adequate space weather information. The impacts of space weather are deemed to be substantially reduced because of the availability of, and their response to, space weather forecasts and alerts. Current and near‐future space weather conditions are generally highly valued, considered useful, and generally, though not fully, adequate to avoid or mitigate societal impacts. We conclude that even among those receiving space weather information, there is considerable uncertainty about the possible impacts of space weather and thus about how to act on the space weather information that is provided.
How thought is mapped into words
Authors: Malt Barbara C. , Majid Asifa
Published: August 2013

To English speakers, the distinctions betweenblueandgreen,cupandglass, orcutandbreakseem self‐evident. The intuition is that these words label categories that have an existence independent of language, and language merely captures the pre‐existing categories. But cross‐linguistic work shows that the named distinctions are not nearly as self‐evident as they may feel. There is diversity in how languages divide up domains including color, number, plants and animals, drinking vessels and household containers, body parts, spatial relations, locomotion, acts of cutting and breaking, acts of carrying and holding, and more. Still, studies documenting variability across languages also uncover striking commonalities. Such commonalities indicate that there are sources of constraint on the variation. Both the commonalities and divergences carry important lessons for Cognitive Science. They speak to the causal relations among language, thought, and culture; the possibility of cross‐culturally shared aspects of perception and cognition; the methods needed for studying general‐purpose, nonlinguistic concepts; and how languages are learned.WIREs Cogn Sci2013, 4:583–597. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1251

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain

Psychology > Language

Philosophy > Representation
Interaction of cationic antimicrobial peptides with Mycoplasma pulmonis
Authors: Park Ho Jin , Kang Ki Mo , Dybvig Kevin , Lee Bok Luel , Jung Yong Woo , Lee In Hee
Published: August 2013

We investigated the mode of action underlying the anti‐mycoplasma activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) using four known AMPs and Mycoplasma pulmonis as a model mycoplasma. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the integrity of the M. pulmonis membrane was significantly damaged within 30 min of AMPs exposure, which was confirmed by measuring the uptake of propidium iodine into the mycoplasma cells. The anti‐mycoplasma activity of AMPs was found to depend on the binding affinity for phosphatidylcholine, which was incorporated into the mycoplasma membrane from the growth medium and preferentially distributed in the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer.
Pyrrolysyl‐tRNA synthetase variants reveal ancestral aminoacylation function
Authors: Ko Jae-hyeong , Wang Yane-Shih , Nakamura Akiyoshi , Guo Li-Tao , Söll Dieter , Umehara Takuya
Published: August 2013

Pyrrolysyl‐tRNA synthetase (PylRS) is a class IIc aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase that is related to phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase (PheRS). Genetic selection provided PylRS variants with a broad range of specificity for diverse non‐canonical amino acids (ncAAs). One variant is a specific phenylalanine‐incorporating enzyme. Structural models of the PylRSamino acid complex show that the small pocket size and π‐interaction play an important role in specific recognition of Phe and the engineered PylRS active site resembles that of Escherichia coli PheRS.
Modeling the estrogen receptor to growth factor receptor signaling switch in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Chen Chun , Baumann William T. , Clarke Robert , Tyson John J.
Published: August 2013

Breast cancer cells develop resistance to endocrine therapies by shifting between estrogen receptor (ER)‐regulated and growth factor receptor (GFR)‐regulated survival signaling pathways. To study this switch, we propose a mathematical model of crosstalk between these pathways. The model explains why MCF7 sub‐clones transfected with HER2 or EGFR show three GFR‐distribution patterns, and why the bimodal distribution pattern can be reversibly modulated by estrogen. The model illustrates how transient overexpression of ER activates GFR signaling and promotes estrogen‐independent growth. Understanding this survival‐signaling switch can help in the design of future therapies to overcome resistance in breast cancer.
Circle maps and -algebras
Authors: SCHMIDT THOMAS LUNDSGAARD , THOMSEN KLAUS
Published: August 2013

We consider a construction of${C}^{\ast } $-algebras from continuous piecewise monotone maps on the circle which generalizes the crossed product construction for homeomorphisms and more generally the construction of Renault, Deaconu and Anantharaman-Delaroche for local homeomorphisms. Assuming that the map is surjective and not locally injective we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the simplicity of the${C}^{\ast } $-algebra and show that it is then a Kirchberg algebra. We provide tools for the calculation of the$K$-theory groups and turn them into an algorithmic method for Markov maps.
Geometric K-homology with coefficients II: The Analytic Theory and Isomorphism
Authors: Deeley Robin J.
Published: August 2013

We discuss the analytic aspects of the geometric model for K-homology with coefficients in ℤ/kℤ constructed in [12]. In particular, using results of Rosenberg and Schochet, we construct a map from this geometric model to its analytic counterpart. Moreover, we show that this map is an isomorphism in the case of a finite CW-complex. The relationship between this map and the Freed-Melrose index theorem is also discussed. Many of these results are analogous to those of Baum and Douglas in the case of spinc manifolds, geometric K-homology, and Atiyah-Singer index theorem.