bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Far‐red light (720 or 740 nm) improves growth and changes the chemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Kula Monika , Rys Magdalena , Skoczowski Andrzej
Published: July 2014

Far‐red (FR) light is crucial for the efficiency of photosynthesis and photomorphogenetic activity. This study investigated whether FR light at different wavelengths affects the Chlorella vulgaris biomass growth rate and chemical composition. For this purpose, FR was added to the blue–red (R) light at the wavelength of 720 nm (BRFR720L [blue + R + FR 720 nm light]) or 740 nm (BRFR740L [blue + R + FR 740 nm light]). BRFR740L allowed both higher growth rate and increased amount of total biomass compared to BRFR720L (blue + R + FR 720 nm light). The chemical composition of C. vulgaris biomass, analyzed by FT‐Raman spectroscopy on lyophilized cells, significantly correlated with the applied FR component. The differences in lipid, carotenoid, and chlorophyll contents were particularly evident and all were higher in BRFR740L. Fluorescence emissions spectra of C. vulgaris cells were measured in the range 420–800 nm in the cuvette equipped with a magnetic stirrer preventing sedimentation of the cells during measurement. In the blue–green range (420–650 nm) fluorescence emission spectra indicated that changes in the chemical composition of phenolic compounds in the algae depended on the wavelength of FR used in LED matrices. This work showed that the use of FR of a wavelength 740 nm in the bioreactor's light source significantly improves biomass production of C. vulgaris cultures.
Hydrogen–hydrogen interaction in planar biphenyl: A theoretical study based on the interacting quantum atoms andHirshfeld atomic energy partitioning methods
Authors: Eskandari Kiamars , Van Alsenoy Christian
Published: July 2014

The nature of H‐H interaction betweenortho‐hydrogen atoms in planar biphenyl is investigated by two different atomic energy partitioning methods, namely fractional occupation iterative Hirshfeld (FOHI) and interacting quantum atoms (IQA), and compared with the traditional virial‐based approach of quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). In agreement with Bader's hypothesis of HH bonding, partitioning the atomic energy into intra‐atomic and interatomic terms reveals that there is a net attractive interaction between theortho‐hydrogens in the planar biphenyl. This falsifies the classical view of steric repulsion between the hydrogens. In addition, in contrast to the traditional QTAIM energy analysis, both FOHI and IQA show that the total atomic energy of theortho‐hydrogens remains almost constant when they participate in the H‐H interaction. Although, the interatomic part of atomic energy of the hydrogens plays a stabilizing role during the formation of the HH bond, it is almost compensated by the destabilizing effects of the intra‐atomic parts and consequently, the total energy of the hydrogens remains constant. The trends in the changes of intra‐atomic and interatomic energy terms ofortho‐hydrogens during HH bond formation are very similar to those observed for the H2molecule. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Learning from Nature: Binary Cooperative Complementary Nanomaterials
Authors: Su Bin , Guo Wei , Jiang Lei
Published: July 2014

In this Review, nature‐inspired binary cooperative complementary nanomaterials (BCCNMs), consisting of two components with entirely opposite physiochemical properties at the nanoscale, are presented as a novel concept for the building of promising materials. Once the distance between the two nanoscopic components is comparable to the characteristic length of some physical interactions, the cooperation between these complementary building blocks becomes dominant and endows the macroscopic materials with novel and superior properties. The first implementation of the BCCNMs is the design of bio‐inspired smart materials with superwettability and their reversible switching between different wetting states in response to various kinds of external stimuli. Coincidentally, recent studies on other types of functional nanomaterials contribute more examples to support the idea of BCCNMs, which suggests a potential yet comprehensive range of future applications in both materials science and engineering.
Novel Cell Lines Isolated From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Exhibiting De Novo Methylation of the E-Cadherin Promoter
Authors: Hawkins Kate , Keramari Maria , Soncin Francesca , Segal Joe M. , Mohamet Lisa , Miazga Natalie , Ritson Sarah , Bobola Nicoletta , Merry Catherine L. R. , Ward Christopher M.
Published: July 2014

Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and epiblast stem cells represent the naïve and primed pluripotent states, respectively. These cells self-renew via distinct signaling pathways and can transition between the two states in the presence of appropriate growth factors. Manipulation of signaling pathways has therefore allowed the isolation of novel pluripotent cell types such as Fibroblast growth factor, Activin and BIO-derived stem cells and IESCs. However, the effect of cell seeding density on pluripotency remains unexplored. In this study, we have examined whether mESCs can epigenetically regulate E-cadherin to enter a primed-like state in response to low cell seeding density. We show that low density seeding in the absence of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) induces decreased apoptosis and maintenance of pluripotency via Activin/Nodal, concomitant with loss of E-cadherin, Signal transducer and activator of transcription phosphorylation, and chimera-forming ability. These cells, E-cadherin negative proliferating stem cells (ENPSCs) can be reverted to a naïve phenotype by addition of LIF or forced E-cadherin expression. However, prolonged culture of ENPSCs without LIF leads to methylation of the E-cadherin promoter (ENPSCM), which cannot be reversed by LIF supplementation, and increased histone H3K27 and decreased H3K4 trimethylation. Transcript analysis of ENPSCM revealed a primed-like phenotype and their differentiation leads to enrichment of neuroectoderm cells. The generation of ENPSCs is similar to tumorigenesis as ENPSCs exhibit transcript alterations associated with neoplasia, hyperplasia, carcinoma, and metastasis. We therefore describe a novel cell model to elucidate the role of E-cadherin in pluripotency and to investigate epigenetic regulation of this gene during mESC differentiation and tumor metastasis. Stem Cells  2014;32:2869–2879
Effects of dynamic vulcanization on tensile, morphological, and swelling properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/(Kenaf core powder) composites
Authors: Abdul Majid Rohani Binti , Mat Taib Razaina
Published: July 2014

The effects of dynamic vulcanization on properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/(kenaf core powder) composite were studied. Tensile properties indicated that the strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus of the composites exhibited an increase for samples with dynamic vulcanization. Morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy showed the interaction between ENR and PVC. There was no bonding between kenaf core powder and the PVC/ENR matrix owing to the different polarity of both components. Filler agglomerates increased, which leads to an increase of filler‐filler interaction and poor dispersion. Furthermore, swelling index indicated that the composite with dynamic vulcanization shows lower absorption of tolune compared with composites without dynamic vulcanization. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:206–212, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of filler loading and coconut oil coupling agent on properties of low‐density polyethylene and palm kernel shell eco‐composites
Authors: Husseinsyah Salmah , Seong Chun Koay , Hadi Akmal , Ahmad Romisuhani
Published: July 2014

Palm kernel shell (PKS), a waste from the oil palm industry, has been utilized as filler in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) eco‐composites in the present work. The effect of PKS content and coconut oil coupling agent (COCA) on tensile properties, water absorption, and morphological and thermal properties of LDPE/PKS eco‐composites was investigated. The results show the increase of PKS content decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break, but increased the tensile modulus, crystallinity, and water absorption of eco‐composites. The presence of COCA as coupling agent improved the filler‐matrix adhesion yield to increase the tensile strength, tensile modulus, crystallinity, and reduced water absorption of eco‐composites. The better interfacial adhesion between PKS and LDPE with the addition of COCA was also evidenced by scanning electron microscopy studies. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:200–205, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Satellite remote sensing data can be used to model marine microbial metabolite turnover
Authors: Larsen Peter E , Scott Nicole , Post Anton F , Field Dawn , Knight Rob , Hamada Yuki , Gilbert Jack A
Published: July 2014

Sampling ecosystems, even at a local scale, at the temporal and spatial resolution necessary to capture natural variability in microbial communities are prohibitively expensive. We extrapolated marine surface microbial community structure and metabolic potential from 72 16S rRNA amplicon and 8 metagenomic observations using remotely sensed environmental parameters to create a system-scale model of marine microbial metabolism for 5904 grid cells (49 km2) in the Western English Chanel, across 3 years of weekly averages. Thirteen environmental variables predicted the relative abundance of 24 bacterial Orders and 1715 unique enzyme-encoding genes that encode turnover of 2893 metabolites. The genes’ predicted relative abundance was highly correlated (Pearson Correlation 0.72, P-value <10−6) with their observed relative abundance in sequenced metagenomes. Predictions of the relative turnover (synthesis or consumption) of CO2 were significantly correlated with observed surface CO2 fugacity. The spatial and temporal variation in the predicted relative abundances of genes coding for cyanase, carbon monoxide and malate dehydrogenase were investigated along with the predicted inter-annual variation in relative consumption or production of ∼3000 metabolites forming six significant temporal clusters. These spatiotemporal distributions could possibly be explained by the co-occurrence of anaerobic and aerobic metabolisms associated with localized plankton blooms or sediment resuspension, which facilitate the presence of anaerobic micro-niches. This predictive model provides a general framework for focusing future sampling and experimental design to relate biogeochemical turnover to microbial ecology.
Ultrafast Ramsey interferometry to implement cold atomic qubit gates
Authors: Lim Jongseok , Lee Han-gyeol , Lee Sangkyung , Park Chang-Yong , Ahn Jaewook
Published: July 2014

Quantum computing is based on unitary operations in a two-level quantum system, a qubit, as the fundamental building block and the ability to perform qubit operations in an amount of time that is considerably shorter than the coherence time is an essential requirement for quantum computation. Here, we present an experimental demonstration of arbitrary single-qubit SU(2) quantum gate operations achieved at a terahertz clock speed. Implemented by coherent control methods of tailored ultrafast laser interaction with cold rubidium atomic qubits, Bloch vector manipulation about all three rotational axes was successfully demonstrated. The dynamic evolution of the qubits was successfully measured by devised femtosecond Ramsey interferometry. We anticipate this demonstration to be a starting point to process quantum algorithm in a simplified manner by a programmed sequence of femtosecond laser pulses.
Novel Multiarm Polyethylene glycol-Dihydroartemisinin Conjugates Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Dai Lin , Wang Luying , Deng Lihong , Liu Jing , Lei Jiandu , Li Dan , He Jing
Published: July 2014

The clinical application of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has been hampered due to its poor water-solubility. To overcome this hurdle, we devised a novel polymer-drug conjugate, multiarm polyethylene glycol-dihydroartemisinin (PEG-DHA), made by linking DHA with multiarm polyethylene glycol. Herein, we investigated PEG-DHA on chemical structure, hydrolysis, solubility, hemolysis, cell cytotoxicity in vitro and efficacy in vivo. The PEG-DHA conjugates have showed moderate drug loadings (2.82 ~ 8.14 wt%), significantly good water-solubilities (82- ~ 163-fold of DHA), excellent in vitro anticancer activities (at concentrations ≥8 μg/ml, showed only 15–20% cell viability) with potency similar to that of native DHA and long blood circulation half-time (5.75- ~ 16.75-fold of DHA). Subsequent tumor xenograft assays demonstrated a superior therapeutic effect of PEG-DHA on inhibition of tumor growth compared with native DHA. The novel PEG-DHA conjugates can not only improve the solubility and efficacy of DHA but also show the potential of scale-up production and clinical application.
Cerebrospinal fluid markers including trefoil factor 3 are associated with neurodegeneration in amyloid-positive individuals
Authors: Paterson R W , Bartlett J W , Blennow K , Fox N C ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Shaw L M , Trojanowski J Q , Zetterberg H , Schott J M
Published: July 2014

We aimed to identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers associated with neurodegeneration in individuals with and without CSF evidence of Alzheimer pathology. We investigated 287 Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) subjects (age=74.9±6.9; 22/48/30% with Alzheimer’s disease/mild cognitive impairment/controls) with CSF multiplex analyte data and serial volumetric MRI. We calculated brain and hippocampal atrophy rates, ventricular expansion and Mini Mental State Examination decline. We used false discovery rate corrected regression analyses to assess associations between CSF variables and atrophy rates in individuals with and without amyloid pathology, adjusting in stages for tau, baseline volume, p-tau, age, sex, ApoE4 status and diagnosis. Analytes showing statistically significant independent relationships were entered into reverse stepwise analyses. Adjusting for tau, baseline volume, p-tau, age, sex and ApoE4, 4/83 analytes were significantly independently associated with brain atrophy rate, 1/83 with ventricular expansion and 2/83 with hippocampal atrophy. The strongest CSF predictor for the three atrophy measures was low trefoil factor 3 (TFF3). High cystatin C (CysC) was associated with higher whole brain atrophy and hippocampal atrophy rates. Lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and chromogranin A (CrA) were associated with higher whole brain atrophy. In exploratory reverse stepwise analyses, lower TFF3 was associated with higher rates of whole brain, hippocampal atrophy and ventricular expansion. Lower levels of CrA were associated with higher whole brain atrophy rate. The relationship between low TFF3 and increased hippocampal atrophy rate remained after adjustment for diagnosis. We identified a series of CSF markers that are independently associated with rate of neurodegeneration in amyloid-positive individuals. TFF3, a substrate for NOTCH processing may be an important biomarker of neurodegeneration across the Alzheimer spectrum.
The effect of impurities on the steam reforming of ethanol over ruthenium/alumina
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Jackson S. David
Published: July 2014

Steam reforming of bioethanol is a promising route for H2production.
trans-Platinum(ii) complex of 3-aminoflavone – synthesis, X-ray crystal structure and biological activities in vitro
Authors: Fabijańska Małgorzata , Studzian Kazimierz , Szmigiero Leszek , Rybarczyk-Pirek Agnieszka J. , Pfitzner Arno , Cebula-Obrzut Barbara , Smolewski Piotr , Zyner Elżbieta , Ochocki Justyn
Published: July 2014

This paper describes the synthesis of trans-Pt(3-af)2Cl2 for use as a potential anticancer compound, and the evaluation of its structure by spectral analyses and X-ray crystallography.
1,1-Olefin-bridged bis-(2-indenyl) metallocenes of titanium and zirconium
Authors: Morton Jason G. M. , Al-Shammari Haif , Sun Yunshan , Zhu Jiangtao , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: July 2014

Tetrasubstituted alkenes bearing geminal 2-indenyl substituents were synthesized and metallated to form a new class of ansa titanium and zirconium metallocene complexes containing a single sp2-hybridized carbon bridge.
Measurement of minority-carrier diffusion lengths using wedge-shaped semiconductor photoelectrodes
Authors: Pala Ragip A. , Leenheer Andrew J. , Lichterman Michael , Atwater Harry A. , Lewis Nathan S.
Published: July 2014

Measurement of the photocurrent as a function of the thickness of a light absorber has been shown herein both theoretically and experimentally to provide a method for determination of the minority-carrier diffusion length of a sample.
Flexible organic tandem solar modules with 6% efficiency: combining roll-to-roll compatible processing with high geometric fill factors
Authors: Spyropoulos G. D. , Kubis P. , Li N. , Baran D. , Lucera L. , Salvador M. , Ameri T. , Voigt M. M. , Krebs F. C. , Brabec C. J.
Published: July 2014

Flexible organic tandem solar modules with high geometric fill factors were constructed by utilizing a fully roll-to-roll compatible processing.
Effects of nanopillar array diameter and spacing on cancer cell capture and cell behaviors
Authors: Wang Shunqiang , Wan Yuan , Liu Yaling
Published: July 2014

We highlighted the observation of a linear relationship between the cell capture yield and effective contact area of nanopillar substrates. Meanwhile, cell cytomorphology was demonstrated to be dependent on the substrate nanotopography and cell adhesion status.
High-efficiency synergistic conversion of CO2 to methanol using Fe2O3 nanotubes modified with double-layer Cu2O spheres
Authors: Li Peiqiang , Jing Hua , Xu Jinfeng , Wu Chenxiao , Peng Hui , Lu Jing , Lu Fusui
Published: July 2014

Cuprous oxide/hematite nanotubes (Cu2O/Fe2O3NTs) were prepared by a potentiostatic electrodeposited method, in which different structured Cu2O materials were modified onto Fe2O3 NTs surface.
The effect of different chalcogenophenes in isoindigo-based conjugated copolymers on photovoltaic properties
Authors: Jung Eui Hyuk , Bae Seunghwan , Yoo Tae Woong , Jo Won Ho
Published: July 2014

Three low bandgap conjugated copolymers based on isoindigo and three different chalcogenophenes (thiophene, selenophene and tellurophene) were synthesized to investigate the effect of different chalcogenophenes on their photovoltaic properties.
Functionalized mesoporous carbon nanoparticles for targeted chemo-photothermal therapy of cancer cells under near-infrared irradiation
Authors: Xu Guiju , Liu Shengju , Niu Huan , Lv Wenping , Wu Ren'an
Published: July 2014

Chemo-photothermal therapy with the combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy using mesoporous carbon nanoparticles has emerged as a promising anticancer treatment for its synergistic effects.
Synthesis of benzil derivatives via oxidation of alkynes catalyzed by Pd–Fe3O4 heterodimer nanocrystals
Authors: Byun Sangmoon , Chung Jooyoung , Lim Taehyun , Kwon Jungmin , Kim B. Moon
Published: July 2014

An efficient, iterative, catalytic, Wacker-type oxidation of alkynes to 1,2-diketones using a Pd–Fe3O4 heterodimer nanocrystalline catalyst has been developed.
A new intermediate in spontaneous styrene polymerisation inhibited by 2-nitrophenol
Authors: Thatcher Robert J. , Newby Thomas E. , Price Peter , Loyns Colin , Chechik Victor
Published: July 2014

Spontaneous polymerisation of styrene inhibited by 2-nitrophenol leads to the formation of the unexpected benzoxazine.
Nanofibrous silicon/carbon composite sheet derived from cellulose substance as free-standing lithium-ion battery anodes
Authors: Wang Mengya , Jia Dongling , Li Jiao , Huang Jianguo
Published: July 2014

A bio-inspired nanofibrous Si/C composite sheet was fabricated and employed as self-supporting anode for Li-ion battery showing good electrochemical performances.
Prediction and validation of diffusion coefficients in a model drug delivery system using microsecond atomistic molecular dynamics simulation and vapour sorption analysis
Authors: Forrey Christopher , Saylor David M. , Silverstein Joshua S. , Douglas Jack F. , Davis Eric M. , Elabd Yossef A.
Published: July 2014

Diffusion of small to medium sized molecules in polymeric medical device materials underlies a broad range of public health concerns related to unintended leaching from or uptake into implantable medical devices.
Quick Screen for Voice and Supplementary Documents for Identifying Pediatric Voice Disorders
Authors: Lee Linda , Stemple Joseph C. , Glaze Leslie , Kelchner Lisa N.
Published: July 2014

Three documents are provided to help the speech-language pathologist (SLP) identify children with voice disorders and educate family members. The first is a quickly administered screening test that covers multiple aspects of voice, respiration, and resonance. It was tested on 3,000 children in kindergarten and first and fifth grades, and on 47 preschoolers. The second document is a checklist of functional indicators of voice disorders that could be given to parents, teachers, or other caregivers to increase their attention to potential causes of voice problems and to provide the SLP with information pertinent to identification. The final document is a brochure with basic information about voice disorders and the need for medical examination. It may be used to help the SLP educate parents, particularly about the need for laryngeal examination for children who have been identified as having a voice problem.
Speech Pathology Services in the Secondary Schools
Authors: Neal W. R.
Published: July 2014

A description of current practices and trends in secondary school speech pathology programs was derived from answers to a questionnaire sent to 250 school speech clinicians in the United States. Sixty-four of the 85 questionnaires returned were used in the tabulation of results. Aspects of remedial programs covered include case-finding methods, scheduling patterns, distribution of case load, frequency and duration of therapy sessions, and size of groups. Clinicians were asked to compare therapy techniques and materials used at the secondary level with those used at the elementary level. Factors affecting the success of the speech pathology program at both elementary and secondary levels were evaluated in terms of their relative importance. Similarities and differences between programs at the two school levels are discussed along with some comparisons with similar data compiled in a 1959 national survey of public school speech and hearing services.
A Comparative Study of Articulation Acquisition as Based on a Study of 240 Normals, Aged Three to Six
Authors: Arlt Phyllis B. , Goodban Marjorie Tylke
Published: July 2014

Results of an exploratory study on articulation showed that children were acquiring proficiency in articulatory skills at an earlier age than would be expected from previously established norms. These results indicate a need for new normative data consistent with the performance of children seen at the present time. The articulatory skills of 240 children, ranging in age from three to six years, were evaluated by the screening test of articulation developed as a subtest of a newly developed instrument, the Illinois Children’s Language Assessment Test. The measure was designed to test more than one sound per word with the child repeating the word after the examiner. The norms obtained from this investigation were compared with previously established norms of articulation. Results indicate that 43% of the sounds tested were produced correctly from six months to four and one-half years earlier than would be expected from previously established norms.
Attitudes of Classroom Teachers, Learning Disabilities Specialists, and School Principals toward Speech and Language Programs in Public Elementary Schools
Authors: Phelps Richard A. , Koenigsknecht Roy A.
Published: July 2014

The Scale of Educators' Attitudes toward Speech Pathology (SEASP) was applied successfully to investigate various educational specialists' attitudes toward speech and language programs in public elementary schools. It was found that the overall disposition of classroom teachers, learning disabilities specialists, and school principals toward such programs was moderately favorable. Although the overall attitudes of the specialty groups were in a positive direction, an analysis of the individual items indicated classroom teachers, learning disabilities specialists, and school principals perceived that the size of the speech clinician’s case load is too large to provide satisfactory remedial help to each child and that the amount of time allotted each case usually is not satisfactory for effecting the desired behavioral change. It also was found that the classroom teachers of Grades 4–6 evidenced the least enthusiasm for and support of elementary school speech and language services.
Problem Solving Supervised Experience in the Schools
Authors: Monnin Lorraine M. , Peters Kathleen M.
Published: July 2014

A directed-teaching program at California State University, Los Angeles, is described. This supervised experience in the public schools uses a systematic approach of reassessment and reevaluation combined with a well-balanced, academically sound background of courses and clinical work.

Whatever else we may be, I view us, in our professional field as basically problem solvers. There is, or should be, an orderly process about problem solving, beginning first with the ability to define what the problem is (Douglass, 1969, p. 13).
An Orofacial Examination Checklist
Authors: Mason Robert M. , Simon Charlann
Published: July 2014

A regular and short form of an orofacial examination checklist is presented and supplemented by explanatory comments and bibliographic citations. The checklists are intended for use by speech-language pathologists to structure an orofacial examination or as a means of organizing examination findings for a clinical report.
Signed English: A Language Teaching Technique with Totally Nonverbal, Severely Mentally Retarded Adolescents
Authors: Linville Sue Ellen
Published: July 2014

A language teaching technique utilizing Signed English with four totally nonverbal, severely mentally retarded adolescents is described. The subjects' progress is reported and a supplementary parent program is described. Results of this technique were threefold: (1) the subjects developed 200-word signed vocabularies in a 10-month period and were using the vocabulary spontaneously as well as generating original sentences, (2) increases in auditory comprehension of single words and simple commands were demonstrated, and (3) stimulation of oral production as a result of this technique was realized in two of the four subjects.
Precision Therapy—An Interpretation
Authors: Waters Betty J. , Bill Marilyn D. , Lowell Elizabeth L.
Published: July 2014

This paper describes an eclectic approach to case management that combines principles of programming, behavior modification, and traditional methods as applied to the school setting. The approach offers an alternative to commercial programs by allowing the clinician to individualize procedures while maintaining precise control of remedial events.
Recording Articulation Training Sessions
Authors: Ruscello Dennis M.
Published: July 2014

This article describes a method for recording responses elicited in articulatory training sessions. The advantages and limitations of the intrasession method are discussed.
A Preliminary Hierarchical Model for Phonological Remediation
Authors: Hodson Barbara Williams
Published: July 2014

This article describes a preliminary model of phonological intervention for use with children described as essentially unintelligible. The model facilitates a progression of articulatory skill development adaptable to individual needs. Early indications suggest that it has merit as a framework for the remedial management of children with severe functional articulatory disorders.
The Ability of Listeners to Report Oral Responses of Black and White Children
Authors: Gerken Kathryn Clark , Deichmann John W.
Published: July 2014

A group of 20 black and 20 white college students viewed videotapes of eight first-grade boys and recorded in writing the boys' responses to 10 vocabulary items from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). The eight boys represented four dialect groups: black standard, black nonstandard, white standard, and white nonstandard. Analysis of the data revealed significant interactions between race and dialect of child relative to (1) a listener’s ability to report in writing a child’s verbatim responses without producing a change in the WISC scoring of the responses, and (2) a listener’s ability to restate in writing a child’s responses without producing a change in the scoring of the responses. Further, both dialect and race of child were found to be significantly related to (3) the total number of errors the listener makes in writing the child’s responses. The race of the listener as a main effect was not found to be significantly related to (1), (2), or (3). However, significant interaction did occur between race of listener and race of child, as well as among race of listener, race of child, and dialect of child relative to (3), the total number of errors the listener makes in writing the child’s responses.
A Sense of Grammaticality: An Ingredient for Language Remediation
Authors: Shulman Martin D. , Liles Betty Z.
Published: July 2014

The authors consider the need for training children with language disorders to judge the correctness or incorrectness of sentences which reflect error patterns. Such grammaticality judgments are viewed as an integral part of language remediation.
Local Programs for Gifted and Talented Hearing Impaired Students
Authors: Sarnecky Ellen , Michaud Ted
Published: July 2014

Handicapping conditions which affect communication, such as a hearing loss, make the identification, diagnosis, and provision of services to gifted and talented handicapped students difficult. A hearing loss has no effect on intellectual ability but it is difficult to determine the presence of creativity in hearing impaired children. A survey of programs in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan area was conducted and several areas of need were found. Returns showed that programs and support services necessary to meet the unique needs of gifted and talented hearing impaired students were limited.
A Tape Striation Counting Method for Determining Fundamental Frequency
Authors: Mueller Peter B. , Adams Marla , Baehr-Rouse Jean , Boos Debbie
Published: July 2014

Mean fundamental frequencies of male and female subjects obtained with FLORIDA I and a tape striation counting procedure were compared. The fundamental frequencies obtained with these two methods were similar and it appears that the tape striation counting procedure is a viable, simple, and inexpensive alternative to more costly and complicated procedures and instrumentation.
Language Intervention for Grade One Children
Authors: Boyd Rachel M.
Published: July 2014

Small groups of children, identified as having poor listening and attention skills, or as reluctant contributors to oral expression in first grade classes, were stimulated to listen and discuss stories using "listening books" as resource materials. Two experimental studies showed considerable growth in these children's quality and quantity of oral expression and in recall of facts in a story. However, little improvement was observed in the number of syntactic errors, which suggested the need for a structured program to eliminate specific grammatical problems. The contribution of "listening books" as resource materials for first grade children "at risk" in language development is discussed.
The Relationship between Language Ages of Preschool Children Derived from a Parent Informant Scale and Language Ages Derived from Tests Administered Directly to the Preschool Child
Authors: Roman Virginia Parko
Published: July 2014

This study compared mothers' descriptions of their preschool children's language skills with the language skills their children demonstrate in a direct testing situation to determine if information from mothers is consistent with the information gained from testing the child. The children and their mothers were interviewed individually. The Verbal Language Development Scale, an informant scale, was administered to each mother. The Utah Test of Language Development, an individual standardized test, was administered to each child. A correlational design was used to compare the language age of the preschool child obtained from the informant scale with the test administered to the child. The results of the study indicated that the mother's description of her preschool child's language skills was in agreement with results obtained in testing the child. Thirty-five preschool children, ages two to five years, referred to the Fairfax County Public Schools Diagnostic Center, Fairfax County, Virginia, were included in the study.
The Application of Reinforcement in Language Intervention
Authors: Meline Timothy J.
Published: July 2014

This paper examines reinforcers in clinical and natural environments and presents a case for ecologically valid reinforcers. In addition, numerous intervention techniques are suggested and reviewed.
Systematic Modification of Parental Input to Train Language Symbols
Authors: Culatta Barbara , Horn Donna
Published: July 2014

This study attempted to maximize environmental language learning for four hearing-impaired children. The children's mothers were systematically trained to present specific language symbols to their children at home. An increase in meaningful use of these words was observed during therapy sessions. In addition, as the mothers began to generalize the language exposure strategies, an increase was observed in the children's use of words not specifically identified by the clinician as targets.
A Clinical Study of Twenty-seven Children Exhibiting Functional Hearing Loss
Authors: McCanna Donald L. , DeLapa Giacinto
Published: July 2014

This report reviews 27 cases of children exhibiting functional hearing loss. The study reveals that most students were in the upper elementary grades and were predominantly females. These subjects were functioning below their ability level in school and were usually in conflict with school, home, or peers.

Tests used were selected on the basis of their helping to provide early identification. The subjects' oral and behavioral responses are presented, as well as ways of resolving the hearing problem. Some helpful counseling techniques are also presented.
Using an Otoscope with Preschoolers in Acoustic Immittance Screening Programs
Authors: Musket Carolyn H. , Dworaczyk Rosanne Duca
Published: July 2014

Visual examination of preschoolers' ears with an otoscope before acoustic immittance screening is recommended. A description is given for disguising the otoscope as a hand puppet so it will be acceptable to the children and expedite screening.
Types of Utterances to Avoid When Speaking to Language-Delayed Children
Authors: Blue C. Milton
Published: July 2014

Five common types of language utterances that cause confusion for language-delayed children are reviewed in this paper. They are sarcasm, idiomatic expressions, ambiguous statements, indirect requests, and words with multiple meanings.
Communicatively Disordered Children in Head Start
Authors: Madison Charles L. , Hays Lynette D.
Published: July 2014

Many communicatively disordered preschool children are served in Head Start. The Head Start performance standards are conspicuously void of specific information regarding management of service to these children. In the present article, a management system is developed that is designed to aid the communication disorders specialist in diagnosis, case load selection, and service delivery in Head Start programs. Three priority levels are established that are consistent with the Head Start definition of a communication disorder and with Head Start program philosophy.
A Discussion of Communicative Strategies and Patterns by Nonspeaking Persons
Authors: Shane Howard C. , Cohen Carol G.
Published: July 2014

Interaction patterns and strategies of communication used by nonspeaking persons are described, pertaining to eight methods of communication frequently utilized by nonspeakers. Although these communication forms are generally recognized and used by the public at large, they have greater value for handicapped communicators. Professional and societal implications of greater exposure to nonspeaking persons in general and augmentative systems in particular are also described.
A Classroom Sign Communication Program for the Severely Handicapped
Authors: Goodman Linda , Kroc Robin
Published: July 2014

This article describes a strategy used to teach sign communication to severely handicapped students in the classroom. It recommends that the speech-language pathologist adopt a consultant role in service delivery.
A Format for Selecting Vocabulary for the Nonspeaking Child
Authors: Carlson Faith
Published: July 2014

A format was developed to help the parents, teachers, and others become sensitive to the specific vocabulary needs of the nonspeaking child. Out of this awareness came an ability to identify the existing words in the child's vocabulary pool. This pool became the source of words for later representation in the child's nonspeech lexicon and also served as a source for the adult to model communication in the child's symbol system. The opportunity for nonspeech language interaction and creative vocabulary selection was provided which more closely paralleled that which occurs in the normal development of speech as language symbols.
Management of Speech and Language Impairment in a Case of Prader-Willi Syndrome
Authors: Edmonston Nellie K.
Published: July 2014

This case report describes the speech and language characteristics of a young girl with Prader-Willi syndrome and the therapy procedures used over a 10-month period. The lack of cooperation and motivation present in this case was effectively managed with contingent reinforcement procedures, which capitalized on the food preoccupation of Prader-Willi children without upsetting the requirement for a controlled caloric intake.
High-Frequency Loss of Hearing in Secondary School Students
Authors: Woodford Charles , O'Farrell Mary Lynn
Published: July 2014

Data were collected on sound levels in public school shops, the policies regarding hearing protection and sound level monitoring in shops in a four-state area, and hearing levels of students with varying histories of noise exposure. Results of this study warrant three conclusions: (a) Sound levels in most school shops are sufficient to constitute a hazard to hearing. (b) A very small percentage of the shop programs surveyed furnish hearing protection or monitor sound levels. (c) Students involved in shop activities and/or use firearms are more apt to have high-frequency loss of hearing than those not participating in these activities. These findings are discussed in terms of implications for the involved students and the role of audiology as a profession in the public schools.
Psychological Assessment of Speech- and Language-Disordered Children
Authors: Waller Marcie , Sollod Robert , Sander Eric , Kunicki Elizabeth
Published: July 2014

Recent evidence indicates a high prevalence of psychological problems among children with articulation and language disorders. These findings are reviewed and implications drawn as to the role of the speech-language pathologist in behavior problem identification, referral, and therapy. For the screening of relevant behavior traits, a battery of psychological tests, including both parent-teacher questionnaires and child performance measures, is suggested and discussed.
Speech-Language Pathologists and Primary Prevention
Authors: Flynn Pauline T.
Published: July 2014

Speech-language pathologists have significant roles to perform both as initiators and as consultants for programs whose major impact is the prevention of communication disorders. The preventive approach—a positive approach—allows more lives to be lived fully without disability. Prevention thereby also increases the availability of clinical effort in behalf of those children with communication needs. Several aspects of potentially positive action along with specific suggestions for in-school prevention activity are discussed. The concern and creativeness of each speech-language pathologist affords limitless extension of these ideas.
Language Functions Elicited by Meaningful Activities
Authors: Staab Claire F.
Published: July 2014

If children are to be considered competent language users within the school setting, they must meet the demands of the classroom situation in terms of language function. Five language functions normally required in school settings were delineated as follows: relating socially to others while stating personal needs; directing the actions of the self and others; giving information; reasoning, judging, and predicting; and imagining and projecting into nonclassroom situations. Meaningful activities were designed to elicit each of the five language functions, and a research project was undertaken to determine whether or not a particular activity could elicit a significant concentration of a specific language function. Results indicated that the specifically designed activity clearly tended to elicit the desired language function. The article describes the language functions as well as the activities, and presents suggestions for implementing the activities in both the clinic and classroom setting.
Functional-Pragmatic Evaluation of Communication Skills in School-Aged Children
Authors: Simon Charlann S.
Published: July 2014

Five receptive and five expressive considerations are presented which serve as guidelines for the selection of informal evaluation tasks. The resulting procedure provides descriptive data on a student's auditory processing skills and his/her ability to use language for various purposes.
Children's Attitudes toward Peers Wearing Hearing Aids
Authors: Dengerink Joan E. , Porter Jane Boyd
Published: July 2014

hundred fifth- and sixth-grade students were asked to rate slides of male children of the same age wearing various hearing aids, glasses, or no aid. Rating was accomplished using a semantic differential scale. The children gave poorer ratings to peers wearing hearing aids. Results suggest that normal-hearing children may need to be "educated" prior to hearing-impaired children entering their classroom.
Effect of Teacher Training Sessions on Listener Perception of Voice Disorders
Authors: DeGregorio Nicholas J. , Polow Nancy Gross
Published: July 2014

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of teacher training sessions on listener perception of voice disorders. Three ASHA certified speech-language pathologists provided the criteria mean. Thirty randomly selected teachers from a Bergen County school system, randomly placed into two groups, served as subjects. The experimental group received three training sessions on consecutive weeks. Three weeks after the end of training, both groups were given a posttest. Listener perception scores were significantly higher for the experimental group. The implications of these results for in-service workshops, teacher/speech-language pathologist interaction and future research are discussed.
Common Misconceptions About Oral Pharyngeal Structure and Function
Authors: Pannbacker Mary
Published: July 2014

Many of the concepts about oral pharyngeal structure and function which were acceptable in the past are now totally unacceptable. Although advances have been made, some clinicians continue to use information based on erroneous concepts in making management decisions.

There are many reasons for considering these issues. Among them are: (a) the need for more reliable decisions about adequacy of the speech mechanism, and (b) the need for more adequate training.
The Need for Speech-Language Pathologists in California Public School Districts
Authors: Diaz Suzanne
Published: July 2014

Forty school districts or 69% of California's counties, responded to a mail questionnaire concerning the need for speech-language pathology personnel in California. About half of the school districts sampled did not need additional speech-language pathology personnel based on their estimate of the number of personnel required. However, when districts were asked to account for failure to provide needed services, only 35% of the districts felt that their needs were met. Forty-seven percent of the school districts sampled had emergency credentialed personnel on their speech-language pathology staffs. Lack of funds and lack of available qualified personnel were cited by administrators as primary reasons for unmet needs for speech-language pathologists. Data concerning the need for bilingual speech-language pathology personnel, turnover, methods of seeking personnel and problems in the delivery of speech/language services are presented.
Language Abilities of Articulatory-Disordered School Children With Multiple or Residual Errors
Authors: Gross Georgia Himmelwright , St. Louis Kenneth O. , Ruscello Dennis M. , Hull Forrest M.
Published: July 2014

The primary question addressed by this study was whether or not there are two distinct articulatory subgroups (Residual Error and Multiple Error groups) that perform differently from each other and a control group with respect to language measures across a wide age range. A total of 144 subjects were selected from articulation test data on nearly 13,000 children for whom tape-recorded language samples were available. Twelve children in each of four grades (1, 3, 5, and 7) were chosen for each of three groups: Control (no articulation errors), Residual Error (mean of nearly five articulation errors, primarily on /r/, /1/, and /s/), and Multiple Error (mean of more than 15 errors). The articulation errors of the two articulatory defective groups were distributed differently with respect to type and position of errors. Mean language structural scores for completeness and complexity were substantially lower for the Multiple Error group than the Residual Error and Control groups. Scores for length of utterances were not significantly different. The Residual Error and Control groups were similar in mean scores for these language structure measures. The total number of language errors reduced progressively from Multiple Error to Residual Error to Control groups. Language structural and error scores improved from grades 1 through 7 but not in a consistently progressive developmenttal pattern.
Metalinguistic Awareness in Normal and Language-Disordered Children
Authors: Kamhi Alan G. , Koenig Linda A.
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to better understand the relationship between delayed linguistic performance and metalinguistic abilities. A metalinguistic task involving the identification and revision of syntactic, semantic, and phonologic errors was administered to 10 normal and 10 language-disordered children of comparable mental age and receptive language abilities. The two groups performed similarly in identifying and correcting semantic and phonologic errors. However, the language-disordered children performed significantly poorer than the normal children in identifying and correcting syntactic errors. These findings suggest that not only do language-disordered children take longer to understand and produce certain language forms, but they also take longer to access this knowledge once it is acquired.