bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERCEPÇÃO E CONFORTO DOS USUÁRIOS DO PARQUE TRIANON EM SÃO PAULO/SP
Authors: Dobbert Léa Yamaguchi , Prata-Shimomura Alessandra Rodrigues , Zanlorenzi Helena Cristina Padovani , Franco Maria De Assunção Ribeiro
Published: September 2017

O excesso de impermeabilização do solo e a crescente verticalização, unidos ao adensamento dos grandes centros metropolitanos, têm prejudicado as condições térmicas do espaço urbano. A presença de vegetação em parque urbanos pode atenuar esses efeitos na medida em que proporciona maior conforto aos seus usuários. O presente estudo analisou a percepção e conforto dos usuários do parque Tenente Siqueira Campos (Trianon) na cidade de São Paulo. A quantidade de cobertura arbórea na área de estudo, assim como em seu entorno, foi calculada pelo método de classificação supervisionada. Para a avaliação das condições térmicas foram aferidas as seguintes variáveis climáticas: temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, temperatura de globo e a velocidade do vento, a fim de verificar as condições do microclima local. Questionários, contendo questões relacionadas ao conforto  e à sensação térmica foram aplicados aos usuários para detectar o grau de satisfação em relação ao parque. Constatou-se, pelo relato dos entrevistados, que estes demonstraram satisfação e bem estar no local analisado. As variáveis climáticas aferidas mostraram condições de microclima agradável com temperatura (máx. 29°C e mín. 22,80°C) e umidade relativa (máx. 69% e mín. 49%) contribuindo assim para o conforto de seus usuários. Evidenciou-se a interferência da presença de vegetação na sensação de bem estar da população entrevistada comprovando a influência positiva  das árvores inseridas no meio urbano.
As cinzas e a poética do fantástico obsessivo: considerações sobre o conto “O homem do boné cinzento”, de Murilo Rubião
Authors: Santos Rita de Cássia Silva Dionísio
Published: September 2017

Considerado precursor da narrativa fantástica no Brasil, o escritor Murilo Rubião (1916-1991), de Minas Gerais, declara que todos os seus contos estão intimamente ligados às histórias lidas e ouvidas na infância, as quais, recriadas e contadas pela babá, apresentavam aspectos do estranho. Este artigo apresenta uma análise da narrativa “O homem do boné cinzento”, em seus aspectos estéticos e semânticos, na perspectiva do que consideramos como uma poética do fantástico obsessivo: a constante e excessiva preocupação de um personagem em observar, sem o devido consentimento, um vizinho em sua doentia privacidade, e a forma como essa prática contamina o observador, a ponto de transformar-lhe, radicalmente, a natureza.
Da Inquisição Espanhola à metrópole (pós)moderna: o fantástico da opressão em Edgar Allan Poe e Murilo Rubião
Authors: Pierazzo Jaqueline
Published: September 2017

O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise comparada entre os contos “O poço e o pêndulo”, de Edgar Allan Poe, e “O bloqueio”, de Murilo Rubião, por meio da consideração do uso de elementos característicos da literatura fantástica. Assim, pretende-se analisar, pelo menos inicialmente, como esses elementos colaboram para a representação de situações de opressão decorrentes dos horrores reais e psicológicos causados, respectivamente, pela Inquisição Espanhola e pela busca exacerbada do progresso.
Mares interiores: entre cartas e memórias
Authors: Nunes Aparecida Maria
Published: September 2017

Entrevista com Cleber Araújo Cabral.
Fantástico e imaginário: dossiê Murilo Rubião e seus arredores
Authors: Cunha Maria Zilda da , Iannace Ricardo , Guimarães Lourdes
Published: September 2017

Editorial da Revista Literartes sexta edição.
Business Conflict and Risk Regulation: Understanding the Influence of the Pesticide Industry
Authors: Jansen Kees
Published: September 2017

Despite the criticism, frequent in the literature, of business influence on the formulation of pesticide risk regulation, there has been remarkably little systematic study of this practice. This article discusses Costa Rica pesticide producers’ business influence on global and national efforts to improve risk regulation. Generic pesticide producers, selling off-patent chemicals, contest the views of traditional, research-based pesticide companies, which demand stricter application of global regulatory guidelines. These business sectors use different forms of power (as identified in neo-Gramscian theory) for bending regulation to their advantage. The argument developed here builds on neo-pluralist business conflict theory for explaining shifts in environmental governance. It challenges a recently made argument that business conflict increases the state’s ability to issue more restrictive environmental regulation. Instead, to truly understand the outcomes of business conflict–environmental governance interactions and the implementation of global environmental standards, researchers should analyze the structural heterogeneity within states.
The Power of Social Networks: How the UNFCCC Secretariat Creates Momentum for Climate Education
Authors: Kolleck Nina , Well Mareike , Sperzel Severin , Jörgens Helge
Published: September 2017

Despite the relevance of education-specific negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the influential role of the secretariat therein, research in this area is still scarce. We contribute to closing this research gap by exploring how the UNFCCC secretariat becomes involved in and has latent influence on the education-specific debates surrounding global climate conferences and the related information exchange on Twitter. Our analysis extends previous findings by combining theories and methods in novel ways. Specifically, we apply social-network theory and derive data from participant observations and Twitter, which enables us to analyze the role and influence of the UNFCCC treaty secretariat within education-specific negotiations. We find that the secretariat increases its influence by strategically establishing links to actors beyond the negotiating parties and show that it occupies a central and influential position within the education-specific communication networks in UNFCCC negotiations.
Knowledge in Motion: An Early European Astrolabe and Its Possible Medieval Itinerary
Authors: Schmidl Petra G.
Published: September 2017

This article discusses the place and date of origin, the earlier whereabouts, and subsequent travels of an unsigned and undated early European astrolabe (International Instrument Checklist iic #0191) now preserved in Oxford, in the Museum of the History of Science. After taking into consideration earlier descriptions, it investigates the evidence given by the astrolabe concerning its localisation and dating, and suggests a possible itinerary of this instrument. In the Appendix a full description of the astrolabe is provided.
Race to End Poverty? The Roles of Ethnicity and International Economic Law in the Eradication of Extreme Poverty by 2030
Authors: Moon Gillian
Published: September 2017

Target 1.1 of the un Sustainable Development Goals commits the international community to eradicating “extreme poverty” by 2030. This article asserts that raising the standards of living of one billion extremely poor people will require navigating two perilous seas. The first is racial discrimination. With emerging evidence that ethnic minorities dominate the extremely poor, international action must involve “calling out” racial discrimination where it is inhibiting efforts to reduce extreme poverty. The second is international economic law. States with extremely poor ethnic minorities are obliged, under international human rights law, to introduce temporary “special measures” (affirmative action) to raise those minorities to a position of equality. However, special measures which are directly targeted at reducing racially-delineated extreme poverty may not comply with international economic law disciplines. The article investigates the compliance problems which such measures might encounter and concludes by suggesting steps for a smoother passage towards achieving Target 1.1.
The Europeanization of Love. The Marriage of Convenience in European Migration Law
Authors: de Hart Betty
Published: September 2017

The tension between the right to family reunification as laid down in European Directives and Member States’ concern to protect their sovereignty in regulating migration has resulted in growing attention to and concern about fraudulent family relationships (especially marriages of convenience). This contribution addresses the question of what forms of control are permissible from a European law perspective and whether national practices are in conformity with European law and fundamental rights. Looking at these national practices several problems are identified: definitions of ‘marriages of convenience’ extending beyond what European law allows; systematic checks of certain nationalities/ethnic groups, mixed couples and/or gender may amount to discrimination and the burden of proof seems to be shifting to couples. Comparing control practices for marriages of convenience with those of homosexual asylum seekers, it is argued that human dignity is at stake.
Neotypification of the name Thalictrum umbricola (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: YUAN QIONG , YANG QIN-ER
Published: September 2017

Thalictrum Linnaeus (1753: 545) is one of the largest genera in the Ranunculaceae, consisting of 150–200 species distributed in Africa, America, Asia and Europe (Wang & Wang 1979, Tamura 1995, Fu & Zhu 2001). In China, approximately 100 species are recognized for the genus (Fu & Zhu 2001, Wang 2013, 2014, 2016a, 2017a, b, Li et al. 2015, Yuan & Yang 2017).
Terraria haydenii (Thelypodieae, Brassicaceae), a new mustard genus and species from the West Desert region of North America’s Great Basin
Authors: HILDEBRAND TERRI J. , AL-SHEHBAZ IHSAN A.
Published: September 2017

The North American Great Basin is a region known for its unique geology and harsh climate. Several plant species are endemic to the Basin, including three that were under consideration for endangered species listing by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. During a 2012 inventory for these species, an undescribed Brassicaceae monospecific genus, Terraria, was discovered. Our study presents results from morphological and evolutionary investigations, as well as preliminary ecological observations, of the novelty. Sequence data from rbcL firmly placed the discovery in the tribe Thelypodieae The relationships and distinguishing characters of Terraria haydenii are presented.
Barleria lebomboensis (Acanthaceae), an endangered new species from the Lebombo Mountains of Swaziland
Authors: DARBYSHIRE IAIN , MCCLELAND WARREN , FRONEMAN WILLEM
Published: September 2017

A new species, Barleria lebomboensis, restricted to the Lebombo Mountains of Swaziland, is described and illustrated. Its affinities to species in Barleria sect. Somalia, particularly B. meyeriana and B. dolomiticola, are discussed. Based upon current knowledge of its distribution, ecology and associated threats, Barleria lebomboensis is assessed as Endangered under criterion B of the IUCN Red List categories and criteria.
Library Search Prefilters for Vehicle Manufacturers to Assist in the Forensic Examination of Automotive Paints
Authors: Lavine Barry K. , White Collin G. , Ding Tao
Published: September 2017

Pattern recognition techniques have been applied to the infrared (IR) spectral libraries of the Paint Data Query (PDQ) database to differentiate between nonidentical but similar IR spectra of automotive paints. To tackle the problem of library searching, search prefilters were developed to identify the vehicle make from IR spectra of the clear coat, surfacer–primer, and e-coat layers. To develop these search prefilters with the appropriate degree of accuracy, IR spectra from the PDQ database were preprocessed using the discrete wavelet transform to enhance subtle but significant features in the IR spectral data. Wavelet coefficients characteristic of vehicle make were identified using a genetic algorithm for pattern recognition and feature selection. Search prefilters to identify automotive manufacturer through IR spectra obtained from a paint chip recovered at a crime scene were developed using 1596 original manufacturer’s paint systems spanning six makes (General Motors, Chrysler, Ford, Honda, Nissan, and Toyota) within a limited production year range (2000–2006). Search prefilters for vehicle manufacturer that were developed as part of this study were successfully validated using IR spectra obtained directly from the PDQ database. Information obtained from these search prefilters can serve to quantify the discrimination power of original automotive paint encountered in casework and further efforts to succinctly communicate trace evidential significance to the courts.
State Education and Culture
Authors: Selleck R. J. W.
Published: September 2017

The state schools established in each Australian colony in the nineteenth century were often justified on the grounds that they offered an education which would enrich and enlighten cultural life. A study of the curriculum and methods they used and the manner in which they were organized and their teachers trained and paid suggests that the state schools, far from offering an introduction to culture (in the sense of ‘high’ culture), actually provided an alternative to it. In the early twentieth century, efforts were made to reform the elementary school so that it would provide at least a limited access to culture. These efforts, bitterly criticized at the time on the ground that they distracted attention from basic subjects such as the three Rs, continued to be resisted throughout the twentieth century. At the same time as the elementary school was being changed, the state endeavoured to broaden educational opportunity and access to the high culture by establishing secondary schools. Political, economic, and administrative considerations led the state to establish a structure of schooling which, at the secondary level, provided an alternative to the cultural activities being developed in the elementary/primary school. This paper warns against a ‘back to basics’ movement which would take the culturally impoverished nineteenth-century elementary school as a model, and suggests that, despite structural limitations, the establishment of state secondary schools has led to some widening of cultural opportunities.
Some Effects of the Teacher Development Program in Victoria
Authors: Ingvarson Lawrence
Published: September 2017

The study traces changes in teachers’ views of in-service education during the first three years of the Development Program initiated by the Schools Commission in 1974. It also examines the impact of in-service in relation to other factors influencing change and professional development. The findings are discussed in relation to the recent National Inquiry into Teacher Education, the Auchmuty Report, which recommends an increase in the amount of in-service education available to teachers, particularly that which tertiary institutions might provide through a formal, credentialized system of medium-term courses. It is argued that the evidence of the survey points to the importance of strengthening, instead, informal systems of in-service education provision which enable teachers to help and learn from each other.
Schooling and Social Reproduction
Authors: Taylor Sandra
Published: September 2017

The need for theory in the sociology of education which deals with both structure and identity is discussed. It is argued that such theory is particularly relevant to an analysis of how schooling acts as an agent of social reproduction.

Using Berger and Luckmann's social construction of reality theory (1966) as a basis, a number of theoretical perspectives which are relevant to the development of a theory of schooling and social reproduction are discussed. Two levels of analysis are considered: firstly the development of identity in the school context, and secondly the role of the education system in the reproduction of the social structure. Drawing on these ideas, the paper attempts to begin to move towards a theory of schooling and social reproduction which deals with both levels of analysis. It is suggested that the school processes which centre on school organization are significant mediators between identity and structure.

It seems to be important that future empirical and theoretical work in sociology of education should focus on this mediating level. Only when we fully understand how schools replicate the social structure can we develop a viable pedagogy for change.
School Description as a Means towards the Articulation of School Philosophies
Authors: Hogben Donald
Published: September 2017

The value of full and careful school description is argued for in this paper. School descriptions are seen not only as valuable as such, but it is suggested that the process of developing such descriptions can be utilized as a means towards the development and articulation of school policies or philosophies. From detailed and extensive information collected, useful summaries can be prepared for use both within and outside the schools. From discussions concerning information relevancies and priorities, and from the decisions flowing from these discussions, meaningful school policies or philosophies can be produced. (Although the schools clearly prefer the rather grand word ‘philosophy’ (which in fact is used almost synonymously with ‘policy’), I would argue that the term ‘educational theory’ much more accurately describes what they ought to be striving for. For the purposes of this paper, I shall employ the words ‘philosophy’ and ‘policy’ throughout, and in a way that I hope will prove generally acceptable and intelligible.)
The Cost of Merit in University Research1
Authors: Macdonald Stuart , Mandeville Tom , Lamberton Don
Published: September 2017

This paper is based on a research report published at the University of Queensland in November 1980, which emanated from research commissioned by the University's Research Committee and carried out by the authors. The study was concerned with the problem of distributing resources available for research and concluded that there was not an efficient use of such resources in the University of Queensland. Part of the study considered attempts to increase efficiency by funding those research projects which seemed to possess most merit. Such policy is becoming more common in Australian universities and this is understandable during a period of financial stringency. However, the policy seems to ignore the substantial costs associated with applying for merit grants, and to assume that any scheme funding the most deserving research automatically improves the efficiency of research funding. That is not necessarily so. Most research funding in Australian universities is provided in the form of staff salaries. When staff time is occupied by the merit application and assessment process, it is not available for research. Consequently there is a cost to research, a cost that is not widely appreciated and one which may well exceed the benefits of ill-considered merit schemes.
Secondary School Students’ Attitudes towards Bilingual Learning in Schools
Authors: Lewis Ramon , Rado Marta , Foster Lois
Published: September 2017

Bilingual education is a topic of increasing interest in the Australian educational context. It is also a subject surrounded by both controversy and confusion. The investigation upon which this discussion is based probed perceptions of bilingual education by its potential clientele. Our contention is that the degree to which students are receptive to the concept of bilingual learning has been neglected so far, although it is crucial to the implementation of any form of bilingual education. A 10 per cent sample of Year 7, 9, and 11 students was drawn from a representative sample of 38 Melbourne metropolitan post-primary schools and surveyed using Attitude to Bilingual Education scales. The following hypotheses were supported by the findings: ‘Bilinguals have positive attitudes’, ‘Bilinguals have more positive attitudes than do monolinguals’, and ‘Bilinguals perceive their peers’ attitudes as negative’. The hypothesis, The attitudes of different bilingual groups differ’, received some support but requires further investigation. Those hypotheses which did not receive support were ‘Bilinguals perceive their parents’ attitudes as very positive’, ‘Bilinguals perceive their teachers’ attitudes as negative’, ‘Bilinguals see merit in bilingual education only for themselves to the exclusion of their monolingual peers’, and ‘Monolinguals see merit in bilingual education only for bilinguals to the exclusion of themselves’.
The Ascription of Attributes to Pupils by Experienced Teachers and Student Teachers: The Influence of Voice in this Process
Authors: Eltis K. J.
Published: September 2017

This study was designed to gain substantial information about how teachers form initial impressions of pupils. The particular aim was to examine the relative influence of speech style, physical appearance, and written work on judgments about pupils on a wide range of classroom personality and cognitive variables. Teaching experience emerged as a key rater variable. The results indicated that, for raters in general, pupil voice was a strong discriminator on variables pertaining more narrowly to the child as a learner in the classroom, and was a significant influence on judgments about intelligence and likely success as a pupil.
A School Communication-deficit Hypothesis of Educational Disadvantage
Authors: Young R. E.
Published: September 2017

The tendency of much of the research on educational disadvantage has been to see schooling as a constant rather than a variable. Working-class disadvantage is theorized as attributable, in part, to schools valuing performances in such a way as to turn cultural or linguistic differences between children into deficits for working-class children. In this view the school is assumed to be ‘middle-class’ and thus to be well adapted to the middle-class child. However, much of the research which underpins this view can be reconstrued from a different perspective. Whatever schools do, it is for the most part mediated through verbal communication. A re-examination of communication research shows that it is possible to theorize in terms of a school communication failure rather than a working-class cultural/linguistic difference-cum-deficit. This failure is evident when school talk is examined from the standpoint of its metacognitive quality. The school communication pattern is ill adapted to both working-class and middle-class clients but middle-class children survive it better.
The Feminization of Teaching in New South Wales: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Williamson Noeline
Published: September 2017

The claim has been made that a high proportion of female teachers in the state schools could disadvantage some children. This paper takes a historical perspective to suggest that such a claim has little basis in fact. Although this article concentrates on one particular paper which presents this claim, there is also awareness that comment about the large number of female teachers compared with males in the teaching service and implications for the future is now widespread. The assumptions underlying such comment clearly need close appraisal.
Developing the Teaching Profession: Autonomy, Professional Code, Knowledge Base
Authors: Berg Gunnar
Published: September 2017

Discussion is currently being carried on among some students of professionalism as to whether or not teachers can be regarded as professionals. In this paper it is suggested that teaching does not presuppose professionalism in the sense that the work of a doctor or lawyer does. The teacher does, however, have certain opportunities to act professionally. A necessary, though not sufficient, condition for this to happen is that the traditional knowledge base of the teacher (subject knowledge) be extended to include a knowledge base covering curriculum analysis, the school as an organization, and local development work. To sum up, teachers’ professionalism is characterized as independent acts based on an attitude of reflection on the aims society wants its schools to achieve.
Teachers’ Use of the Social Education Materials Project (SEMP)
Authors: Marsh Colin J.
Published: September 2017

The Social Education Materials Project (SEMP) was launched into the Australian education arena in 1975 and was heralded as yet another major project to overcome current curricular deficiencies — in this case ‘to develop an understanding of contemporary society and the forces shaping the lives of people in that society’ (Jones, 1977, p. 91). The project was the first one to be fully administered by the newly created Curriculum Development Centre (CDC). Eight teams, with at least one allocated to each State, worked on specific topics during 1975-76. Their brief was to develop a wide range of materials for a variety of school contexts and for various social education subjects (including the social sciences).
Learning and Earning — Education and Employment as Activities for Youth
Authors: Karmel Peter
Published: September 2017

Any discussion of future policies for the education and employment of young people must take account of the changes that have taken place in the economy since the great expansion of education in the 1960s. The 1960s and early seventies provide a benchmark against which to measure more recent trends. This paper examines that benchmark, and then discusses the changes that have taken place in the 1970s and which must be taken into account as background factors in the formulation of future policies.
Predicting Reading Achievement from Kindergarten to Third Grade — Implications for Screening
Authors: Butler Susan R. , Marsh Herbert W. , Sheppard Marlene J. , Sheppard John L.
Published: September 2017

The purpose of the study was to determine how well a broad, comprehensive battery of tests, administered in kindergarten, predicts reading achievement in subsequent grades. Multiple correlations of six predictor factors, child's sex and parent's language, correlated with reading, were 0.58 (Grade 1), 0.65 (Grade 2) and 0.70 (Grade 3). A path analysis indicated that the direct impact of the predictor variables was limited primarily to reading in first grade. Use of a preliminary screening device in conjunction with the comprehensive test battery was shown to reduce substantially the amount of necessary testing without sacrificing the detection ability.
Disparate Teacher Attention Favouring the More Able: Some Data from Papua New Guinean Community and Provincial High Schools
Authors: Moore Dennis W.
Published: September 2017

Several authors have indicated that the pygmalion effect (Rosenthal and Jacobson, 1968) may best be accounted for in terms of differential teacher attention to pupils whom they perceive as more and less able. Researchers have reported such disparate interaction patterns in primary and secondary classrooms in a number of countries. This paper reports separate non-participant observational studies of six community school classes and five provincial high school classes, showing that the teachers directed a disproportionately large number of questions (the principal teacher-pupil interaction initiator) to those pupils judged most able. In the high school study, teacher praise and disapproval were observed to be similarly unevenly distributed to the more able pupils’ advantage. These results are discussed as possible exemplars of the self-fulfilling prophecy in our schools.
Education and Training for Work and Living
Authors: Karmel Peter
Published: September 2017

The weak position of teenagers in the labour market, the shift to service industries employing white rather than blue collar workers, the need for highly qualified workers, and the fight to improve the position of the disadvantaged make an increase in participation in post-compulsory secondary and tertiary education desirable. Increased participation in the senior years of high school should aim to give students opportunities to participate in the mainstream of economic and social activity. Revamped curricula should be seen as vehicles for achieving competency in communication — reading, writing, speaking, calculating, computing. They should involve intellectual effort and the acquisition of communication skills. The present apprenticeship system should be allowed to run down and be replaced by a comprehensive training scheme. In such a scheme, young people should be trainees and not employees. All employers should provide a proportion of places within their workforce for trainees. If more educational and training services are to be offered, it is important that all such services be offered in cost-effective ways. The continual pressure for resources to reduce class size and contact hours will place in jeopardy plans for widening educational opportunities. Top priorities should be for more resources to raise educational participation in post-compulsory schooling and tertiary education and to establish a rational training system, and for such reallocation of existing resources as is necessary to raise the minimum competencies to be achieved during compulsory schooling; until these have been achieved, demands for richer provisions per teacher or per pupil should be postponed.
Transition to Higher Education
Authors: Carpenter P. G. , Western J. S.
Published: September 2017

Within a context of declining participation of Year 12 students in higher education, the processes whereby young people make the transition from high school to university or college of advanced education was examined. A social psychological model of academic attainment which linked social origins to school experiences, perceptions of others’ support, academic self-assessment, and aspirations and school results in Year 12 guided the analysis. Access to higher education was conditioned by class, sex, and geographical location, the effects of which were mediated by type of school attended, perceived encouragement from parents, teachers, and peers, views of own ability, career aspirations and orientations, and ultimately academic achievement. The process was different for boys and girls. While a father in a high-prestige job was a good predictor for boys, among girls those with fathers in low-prestige jobs were more likely to be tertiary entrants. Additionally, high academic self-assessment was a good predictor among female students, while school results in Year 12 formed a more important predictor among males.
Standardization by Bivariate Adjustment of Internal Assessments: Sex Bias and Other Statistical Matters
Authors: Daley D. J.
Published: September 2017

The paper canvasses several matters related to the title. In particular, use of scores from the Australian Scholastic Aptitude Test (ASAT) to provide moderating parameters for raw scores derived from teacher assessments of Year 12 students’ achievements is shown to be inconsistent with respect to gender differences of overall achievements when the groups whose scores are moderated have different sex-ratios, as occurs with single-sex male or female or mixed-sex colleges. ASAT scores are examined statistically with respect to gender differences, a rationale for removing the gender bias from the aggregate achievement assessments is described, and the inadequacy of relying solely on aptitude tests to produce comparisons of achievements is noted.
Quality and Equality in Education
Authors: Karmel Peter
Published: September 2017

During the past 25 years there has been a fivefold expansion in educational activity in Australia. There has also been a change in the atmosphere: the supportive environment of the earlier years has been replaced by hostility. In the education debate, this has been manifested in a switch from an inputs to an outcomes orientation and an emphasis on accountability.

An assessment of quality involves the selection of the relevant elements of the educational system, the assessment of their quality, and the weighting to be attached to them. The selection of the relevant elements depends on the avowed purposes of education and these include social objectives as well as objectives for the individual.

One of the social purposes of education relates to equality. The concept of educational equality can be interpreted at three levels: equality of educational provision, equality of educational opportunity, and equality of group educational outcomes. These have a bearing on social mobility and, to a lesser degree, on the distribution of occupations, income, and power.

Quality and equality in education have many dimensions, and discussions of them are necessarily value-laden. Public debate abounds with simplistic conclusions. There are no simple summary measures of trends in quality and equality in education. Detailed analyses, with all the appropriate reservations and warnings, are required.
Procedural Pain: Systematic Review of Parent Experiences and Information Needs
Authors: Gates Allison , Shave Kassi , Featherstone Robin , Buckreus Kelli , Ali Samina , Scott Shannon D. , Hartling Lisa
Published: September 2017

Parents wish to reduce their child’s pain during medical procedures but may not know how to do so. We systematically reviewed the literature on parents’ experiences and information needs related to managing their child’s pain for common medical procedures. Of 2678 records retrieved through database searching, 5 were included. Three additional records were identified by scanning reference lists. Five studies were qualitative, and 3 were quantitative. Most took place in North America or Europe (n = 7) and described neonatal intensive care unit experiences (n = 5). Procedures included needle-related medical procedures (eg, venipuncture, phlebotomy, intravenous insertion), sutures, and wound repair and treatment, among others. Generally, parents desired being present during procedures, wanted to remain stoic for their child, and thought that information would be empowering and relieve stress but felt unsupported in taking an active role. Supporting and educating parents may empower them to lessen pain for their children while undergoing medical procedures.
Early Familial Experiences With Microtia: Psychosocial Implications for Pediatric Providers
Authors: Johns Alexis L. , Im Daniel D. , Lewin Sheryl L.
Published: September 2017

This study focuses on early experiences of families with a child with microtia to better inform their ongoing care by pediatric providers. Parents and children (n = 62; mean age of 6.9 ± 3.9 years) with isolated microtia participated in semistructured interviews in Spanish (66.1%) or English (33.9%). Qualitative analysis of responses used open coding to identify themes. Parents reported stressful informing experiences of the diagnosis with multiple negative emotions. Parents and children generally reported not understanding microtia etiology, while some families identified medical, religious, and folk explanations. Parental coping included learning about surgeries, normalization, perspective taking, and support from family, providers, religion, and others with microtia. Family communication centered on surgery and reassurance. Pediatricians of children with microtia need to understand families’ formative psychosocial experiences to better promote positive family adjustment through clarifying misinformation, educating families about available treatment options, modeling acceptance, psychosocial screening, and providing resources.
Interleukin-lα Enhances Type I Collagen-induced Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 in Odontogenic Keratocyst Fibroblasts
Authors: Kubota Y. , Oka S. , Nakagawa S. , Shirasuna K.
Published: September 2017

Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is strongly expressed in odontogenic keratocysts. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-1α on the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the fibroblasts isolated from odontogenic keratocysts. Odontogenic keratocyst fibroblasts secreted a latent form of MMP-2 (proMMP-2) spontaneously. Type I collagen induced the activation of the proMMP-2, and recombinant human IL-1α (rhIL-1α) further enhanced the type I collagen-induced activation of proMMP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. The rhIL-1α-induced activation of proMMP-2 was inhibited by anti-human IL-1α antibody. A reverse-transcription/polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR) and Western immunoblotting demonstrated that the expression of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) mRNA and protein was increased in the fibroblasts when the cells were cultured on type I collagen, and the expression was further enhanced by rhIL-1α. Thus, IL-1α may up-regulate proMMP-2 activation by increasing the expression of MT1-MMP in the fibroblasts isolated from odontogenic keratocysts synergistically with type I collagen.
Saliva Promotes Candida albicans Adherence to Human Epithelial Cells
Authors: Holmes A.R. , Bandara B.M.K. , Cannon R.D.
Published: September 2017

Adhesion of Candida cells to oral surfaces is an initial event in pathogenesis. Since specific immobilized salivary components mediate the binding of Candida albicans to hydroxyapatite, we hypothesized that saliva may also promote adherence to oral epithelia via a similar mechanism. In an in vitro model, C. albicans ATCC 10261 yeast cells adhered in a saturable manner to monolayers of three cultured human epithelial cell lines (A549, HEp-2, and HET-1A). The addition of whole saliva to the assay promoted the binding of C. albicans to all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, but preincubation of the epithelial cells with pooled whole saliva had no effect on subsequent adherence. Pre-incubation of the yeast cells with pooled whole saliva, however, significantly enhanced (by up to 120%, P < 0.05) binding to epithelial cell monolayers, and pooled saliva that had been pre-incubated with C. albicans yeast cells was defective in promoting yeast adherence. There was a negative correlation (r = 0.68, P < 0.005) between specific IgA titers against whole cells of C. albicans and adherence-promoting activities for individual saliva samples. The adhesion-inhibitory effect of specific anti- C. albicans IgA was reversed by depletion of IgA from saliva by affinity chromatography. Factors in whole saliva, therefore, bound to the yeast cells, counter the C. albicans-specific salivary IgA inhibitory effect on adhesion and promote the adherence of C. albicans yeast cells to cultured epithelial cells.
Neck Motor Unit Activities Induced by Inputs from Periodontal Mechanoreceptors in Rats
Authors: Zeredo J.L. , Toda K. , Soma K.
Published: September 2017

Clinical evidence suggests that head movements may be coupled with oro-facial functions, which are predominantly controlled by somatosensory inputs from the oro-facial area. However, the effects of specific modalities of sensory inputs on the neck muscles’ motor activity are still unclear. In the present study, natural pressure stimulation was applied to the rat's upper first molars, while motor unit electromyographic activity was recorded from the dorsal neck splenius muscle. During the hold phase of pressure stimulation, clear tonic discharges were elicited in the splenius muscles on both sides. Mean threshold values were 622.3 mN (± 19.6 SEM, n = 39) and 496.8 mN (± 26.4 SEM, n = 43) for ipsi- and contralateral sides, respectively (p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). Analysis of our data suggests that periodontal inputs may play an important role in controlling the motor activity of neck muscles, in addition to its well-known coordination of the masticatory function.
The Extent to which Resin can Infiltrate Dentin by Acetone-based Adhesives
Authors: Hashimoto M. , Ohno H. , Kaga M. , Sano H. , Endo K. , Oguchi H.
Published: September 2017

The combined methodologies of fractography and laser-Raman spectroscopic analysis were used for evaluation of the resin-dentin bonds made with wet and dry bonding. Resin-dentin-bonded beams were produced by means of 2 acetone-based adhesives (One-Step and Prime & Bond NT). The microtensile bond test was conducted, and the fractured surfaces of all specimens were examined by SEM and an image analyzer. The amount of resin infiltration within the hybrid layer was quantified by means of a laser-Raman spectroscope. In Raman analysis, the amount of resin impregnation within the hybrid layer of the dry bonding was found to be significantly lower (approximately 50%) than that in the wet one. Under fractographic analysis, a correlation was found between the bond strength and the failure mode. Based on those findings, it was suggested that the integrity between the bonding resin and the top of the hybrid layer played a major role in bond strength.
What goes up, must come down? The asymmetric effects of economic growth and international threat on military spending
Authors: Cappella Zielinski Rosella , Fordham Benjamin O , Schilde Kaija E
Published: September 2017

Do considerations that cause military spending increases symmetrically cause spending cuts? Models of military spending that estimate a single effect for major independent variables implicitly assume that this is the case. In reality, the mechanisms that cause military spending increases do not always imply symmetrical cuts, and vice versa. This article examines two considerations widely held to influence military spending: economic growth and international threats. In both cases, there are reasons to suspect asymmetric effects on military spending. While recessions always create pressure for cuts in military spending, which frequently constitutes a substantial share of national budgets, economic growth does not necessarily imply a symmetric need for spending increases. Similarly, while national security policymakers, including the military, are likely to call for spending increases when international threats worsen, they have self-interested reasons to minimize the budgetary implications of declining threats. A cross-national analysis of military spending since World War II shows that economic decline has a larger impact on military spending than economic growth. In regards to international threat, the findings are more complex. There is no evidence that international threat is related to changes in military spending in the short run, and little evidence of a long-run relationship. The threat variables appear to account for cross-sectional variation in military spending but not variation within each state over time. These results suggest military budgets require more time to recover from economic decline than benefit from economic growth as recessions can thus produce long deviations from the equilibrium relationship between the size of the economy and the military budget. This finding in military spending suggests consequences for our understanding of balance of power and power transitions.
The Idea of Austerity in British Politics, 2003–2013
Authors: Anstead Nick
Published: September 2017

Employing a dataset of 1843 think tank publications containing 37 million words, computer-assisted text analysis was used to examine the idea of austerity in British politics between 2003 and 2013. Theoretically, the article builds on the ideational turn in political research. However, in contrast to much ideational work which argues that ideas are important at times of crisis because they can address uncertainty, this article argues that moments of crisis can lead to the reformulation of ideas. Empirically, this article demonstrates the transformation of the idea of austerity. Prior to the 2008 financial crisis, austerity was largely understood either in historical terms or as a practice applied in other countries. In the aftermath of the crisis, both the political right and left attempted to co-opt the idea of austerity for their own ends, combining it with various other ideational strands on which they have historically drawn.
A qualitative study of healthcare provider perspectives on measuring functional outcomes in geriatric rehabilitation
Authors: Glenny Christine , Kuspinar Ayse , Naglie Gary , Stolee Paul
Published: September 2017

Objectives:

To explore, from the perspective of healthcare providers, the barriers to and facilitators of using standardized outcome measures of physical function in geriatric rehabilitation settings.

Methods:

In-depth semi-structured interviews with medical doctors, nurses, physiotherapists and occupational therapists were conducted from three geriatric rehabilitation hospitals in Ontario. Qualitative content analysis through an inductive approach was used to identify barriers to and facilitators of outcome measurement in geriatric rehabilitation settings.

Results:

A total of 20 healthcare providers from different disciplines were interviewed. Barriers are standardized outcome measures that (1) cannot be used in isolation to inform clinical decision-making for older patients, (2) are difficult to complete and interpret in older complex patients, (3) may not be useful for all members of the clinical team and (4) are used for reasons unrelated to patient care. Facilitators are to (1) divide the standardized outcome measure into components that are useful for each team member’s practice, (2) encourage standardized outcome measures as tools for improving daily communication and (3) provide adequate education and support for their daily use.

Conclusion:

This study revealed important barriers to using standardized outcome measures in geriatric rehabilitation from the perspective of healthcare providers. However, it also identified multiple factors that may help facilitate their use.
Transthoracic Coronary Flow Data at Rest Predict High-Risk Stress Tests
Authors: Zagatina Angela , Zhuravskaya Nadezhda , Vareldzhyan Yuliya , Kamenskikh Maxim , Shmatov Dmitry , Benacka Jozef , Kucera Martin , Kruzliak Peter
Published: September 2017

Background

Several recent studies have reported the opportunity to diagnose significant narrowing of the coronary arteries without stress testing using local flow acceleration.

Purpose

To define how often patients with increased coronary flow velocities at rest (≥ 0.70 m/s) have a positive exercise echocardiography test.

Material and Methods

A total of 150 patients scheduled for exercise echocardiography were studied using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in order to assess coronary artery flow velocity before exercise. Pulsed wave Doppler registered blood flow velocity placed on the color signal. The maximal diastolic velocity of coronary flow was measured.

Results

Of participants, 16% had a velocity of more than 0.70 m/s in the left main/proximal left anterior/proximal left circumflex arteries (LM/pLAD). A significant correlation was observed between the value of the maximal velocity in LM/pLAD and the ejection fraction at the peak of exercise ( r ≈ –0.39, P < 0.0001); between the value of the maximal velocity in LM/pLAD and index of wall motion abnormalities (IWMA) at the peak of exercise ( r ≈ 0.44, P < 0.0001); and between the value of the maximal velocity in LM/pLAD and dIWMA ( r ≈ 0.41, P < 0.0001). Afterwards, severe ischemia in stress echocardiography tests was observed in this group. The average IWMA of these tests was found to be 2.3. Sixty-two angiograms were available for comparison with Doppler data.

Conclusion

There is a significant correlation between the value of the maximal velocity in LM/pLAD/pLCx at rest and the severity of wall motion abnormalities during exercise tests.