bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the testis and spermatozoon in mice and rats (Subfamily Murinae) in the absence of sperm competition
Authors: Peirce E. J. , McLennan H. J. , Tuke J. , Leigh C. M. , Breed W. G.
Published: May 2018

This study explores the potential effects of interspecific differences in breeding systems on testis organisation and sperm morphology of native murid rodents. It poses the question – what are the effects of depressed levels of intermale sperm competition, as indicated by small relative testes mass, on the morphology of testes and spermatozoa in murine rodents? Species from three separate murine tribes, those of the Hydromyini, Rattini and Arvicanthini, were investigated with low relative testes mass being used as a proxy for low, or non‐existent, levels of intermale sperm competition. The findings show that in only one of the tribes with low relative testes mass, that of the Hydromyini, was there a reduced testicular area occupied by seminiferous tubules, but in two of the tribes significantly smaller seminiferous tubule diameters were present. In all three tribes, most species with low relative testes mass had a highly derived sperm morphology that, unlike in species with large relative testes mass, had spermatozoa where the head lacked an apical hook, was highly variable in form, often had a very large acrosome overlying the apical region of the nucleus which suggests divergent processes of sperm–egg interaction at the time of fertilisation, and a significantly shorter tail. It is therefore hypothesised that, unlike in species with a large relative testes mass where high levels of intermale sperm competition maintain a streamlined sperm head with an apical hook to aid in zona penetration, in most species of murine rodents with low relative testes mass there is greater reliance on enzymatic digestion of the extracellular matrix around the egg, and especially that of the zona pellucida, to facilitate sperm penetration at the time of fertilisation.
Friendly foxes: the relationship between steroid hormones and social behaviour in a monogamous African canid
Authors: de Bruin P. R. , Ganswindt A. , Laver P. , le Roux A.
Published: May 2018

Aside from some studies on cooperatively breeding species, we know little about the underlying endocrine mechanisms of social behaviour in the order Carnivora. We investigated the correlations between steroid hormones and social behaviour in a socially monogamous canid, the bat‐eared fox (Otocyon megalotis). We collected faecal and observational data over 15 and 22 months, respectively, from 14 wild bat‐eared foxes in the Kalahari Desert, South Africa. These data were used to describe the relationship between faecal hormone metabolite concentrations and social behaviour. Faecal androgen metabolite (fAM) concentration differed by sex and mating season and was positively associated with faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels. Male foxes had substantially higher fAM concentrations (median: 9.99 μg g−1 org. content, IQR = 7.39–11.62 μg g−1 org. content) than females (median: 1.93 μg g−1 org. content, IQR = 1.68–2.56 μg g−1 org. content). Higher fAM concentrations were associated with more social tolerance in female but not male foxes. Concentrations of fAM were positively associated with rate of inter‐group encounters in female foxes. Furthermore, fAM concentrations were also positively associated with the overall rate of negative social interactions for females. Finally, fAM concentrations were positively associated with scent‐marking behaviour in male, but not female foxes. There was no association between fGCM concentrations and any of the observed social behaviours in male foxes. Female foxes had a negative relationship between fGCM concentration and marking behaviour as well as social tolerance. There was no difference in fGCM concentration between female (median: 0.19 μg g−1 org. content, IQR = 0.16–0.23 μg g−1 org. content) and male (median: 0.22 μg g−1 org. content, IQR = 0.19–0.31 μg g−1 org. content) foxes. Our study is the first to describe the endocrine correlates of aggressive and affiliative behaviour in the monogamous bat‐eared fox. Androgens play an important role in mating behaviour in monomorphic, monogamous species where females might drive sexual selection.
Middle‐Up Relations in Basic Education in Mexico City: A Challenging Opportunity
Authors: Harakeh Liza I.
Published: May 2018

From 1992 to 2013, the education authorities in Mexico implemented four reforms to transform basic education and enable students to face the challenges of the 21st century. The rhetoric underscored the role of middle managers as agents of change, yet little research was conducted regarding their involvement and participation in the development of the reform implementation strategies. This article summarizes empirical research with top operational and middle managers, carried out through interviews. One finding is that, despite the discourse in favor of transformation and democratization of the basic education system, the approach continued to be paternalistic and top‐down, prescribing changes that were theoretically perfect but in practice difficult to implement due to the heavy bureaucracy. Another finding is that the huge potential of middle managers, coupled with their accumulated knowledge and insight acquired working as teachers and principals, has not been tapped into fully. Still another finding is the sustained energy and motivation of managers, whose commitment is a crucial factor in the reforms. The elements for successful middle‐up relations are present; what is required is a strong political will for a real paradigm change toward joint crafting of implementation strategies to achieve together the goals and objectives of the reforms.
Self‐Governance in Latin America: To What Extent Can Citizens Make Policy via Direct Democracy?
Authors: Cortés Juve J.
Published: May 2018

In the past two decades, many Latin American countries incorporated direct‐democracy mechanisms (e.g. initiatives and referendums) into their constitutions. By expanding the room for citizens' political participation, direct democracy was meant to reduce the gap between citizens and government and create a more‐inclusive form of governing, but was it really the case? This article asks, to what extent can citizens use direct democracy to shape public policy in Latin America? It argues that constitutions in Latin America provide an ambiguous basis for the use of referendums and initiatives, which allows governments to shape and limit their use during the agenda‐setting stage. By specifying the limitations on the types of mechanisms used, the issues that cannot be decided via direct democracy, and the barriers to placing mechanisms on the ballot, governments can control the direct democracy process to a greater extent than has heretofore been acknowledged.
Interactivity of language
Authors: Spevack Samuel C. , Falandays J. Benjamin , Batzloff Brandon , Spivey Michael J.
Published: May 2018

In previous decades, the language sciences made important advances by dividing language into its different information formats, such as phonetics, semantics, and syntax. Such division generally implied that language processing is divorced from context. In more recent decades, however, important advances in the language sciences have been made in understanding how linguistic information interacts with context. These contextual influences stem from a broad range of sources. They include linguistic and non‐linguistic processes within and between individuals. This brief review touches on experimental results from both behavioral and neural measures, and from both individuals processing prepared linguistic stimuli and dyads sharing unscripted conversation. Overall, the findings generally support a view of language processing that must somehow allow for the different information formats of language to retain their unique labels but also accommodate the fact that they frequently interact and overlap with other, even non‐linguistic, formats of information.
Consistent patterns of high alpha and low beta diversity in tropical parasitic and free‐living protists
Authors: Lentendu Guillaume , Mahé Frédéric , Bass David , Rueckert Sonja , Stoeck Thorsten , Dunthorn Micah
Published: May 2018

Tropical animals and plants are known to have high alpha diversity within forests, but low beta diversity between forests. By contrast, it is unknown whether microbes inhabiting the same ecosystems exhibit similar biogeographic patterns. To evaluate the biogeographies of tropical protists, we used metabarcoding data of species sampled in the soils of three lowland Neotropical rainforests. Taxa–area and distance–decay relationships for three of the dominant protist taxa and their subtaxa were estimated at both theOTUand phylogenetic levels, with presence–absence and abundance‐based measures. These estimates were compared to null models. High local alpha and low regional beta diversity patterns were consistently found for both the parasitic Apicomplexa and the largely free‐living Cercozoa and Ciliophora. Similar to animals and plants, the protists showed spatial structures between forests at theOTUand phylogenetic levels, and only at the phylogenetic level within forests. These results suggest that the biogeographies of macro‐ and micro‐organismal eukaryotes in lowland Neotropical rainforests are partially structured by the same general processes. However, and unlike the animals and plants, the protistOTUs did not exhibit spatial structures within forests, which hinders our ability to estimate the local and regional diversity of protists in tropical forests.
“Service‐learning makes it real”
Authors: SCHALGE SUSAN , PAJUNEN MATTHEW , BROTHERTON JACLYN
Published: May 2018

At Minnesota State University, Mankato, the Anthropology Department pursued service‐learning as a means of educating and engaging diverse publics. An assessment of the service‐learning program began after it became clear that standard course evaluations provided an inadequate assessment of service‐learning's efficacy. We employed a mixed‐ method, multiperspective approach, combining interview data gathered from students, faculty, community partners, and program coordinators to complement existing archival and survey data. Through these interviews and participant observation, we explore the pedagogy of service‐learning, its effectiveness, and the relationship among anthropological theory and practice. Our research identified three forms of value regarding student and community partner motivation. Additionally, we consider the role of culture in what constitutes value. One emergent theme, “realness,” was vital for enhancing student outcomes through providing embodied examples of concepts and practical experience in field methods. Service‐learning enhances comprehension through practical application, demonstrating the relevance of anthropology while improving students’ learning outcomes.
The transcription factor FcWRKY40 of Fortunella crassifolia functions positively in salt tolerance through modulation of ion homeostasis and proline biosynthesis by directly regulating SOS2 and P5CS1 homologs
Authors: Dai Wenshan , Wang Min , Gong Xiaoqing , Liu Ji‐Hong
Published: May 2018

Although some WRKYs have been characterized, regulatory roles of most WRKYs remain poorly understood.

Herein, we elucidated function of FcWRKY40 from Fortunella crassifolia in salt tolerance via overexpression and virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) and unraveled its target genes.

Overexpression of FcWRKY40 enhanced salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco and lemon, while silencing of FcWRKY40 increased salt susceptibility. Homolog genes of Salt Overly Sensitive 2 (SOS2) and Δ‐1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthetase 1 (P5CS1) were dramatically up‐regulated in transgenic lemon but down‐regulated in VIGS line. Consistently, transgenic lemon displayed lower Na+ and higher proline concentrations, whereas the silenced line accumulated more Na+ but less proline. Treatment of transgenic lemon with 24‐epi‐brassinolide compromised salt tolerance, while supply of exogenous proline partially restored salt tolerance of the VIGS line. FcWRKY40 specifically binds to and activates promoters of FcSOS2 and FcP5CS1. FcWRKY40 was up‐regulated by ABA and salt, and confirmed as a target of ABA‐responsive element binding factor 2 (FcABF2). Moreover, salt treatment up‐regulated FcABF2 and FcP5CS1, and elevated proline concentrations.

Taken together, our findings demonstrate that FcWRKY40 participates in the ABA signaling pathway and as a positive regulator functions in salt tolerance by regulating genes involved in ion homeostasis and proline biosynthesis.
Precision medicine for multiple sclerosis promotes preventative medicine
Authors: Hansen Madison R. , Okuda Darin T.
Published: May 2018

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, lifelong disease, currently without a cure that is responsible for significant neurological injury in young adults. Precision medicine for MS aims to provide a more exacting and refined approach toward management by providing recommendations based on disease subtype, clinical status, existing radiological data, para‐clinical data, and other biological markers. To achieve better outcomes, the three stages of care—diagnosis, treatment, and management—should be optimized. However, as the temporal profile of disease behavior is highly variable in MS, and unlike outcomes from other chronic conditions (i.e., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, etc.), should precision medicine for MS be one that focuses more on disease prevention and lifestyle modifications beyond recommendations for the use of disease‐modifying therapies? As scientific advancements continue within the field of neuroimmunology, and until reliable biomarkers that predict disease outcomes are available, success may be better achieved by focusing on modifiable factors to reduce future disability.
Pollinator‐mediated mechanisms for increased reproductive success in early flowering plants
Authors: Ison Jennifer L. , Prescott Leah J. , Nordstrom Scott W. , Waananen Amy , Wagenius Stuart
Published: May 2018

Mating activities change within a season in many animal and plant populations. In plants, selection towards early flowering is commonly observed. Pollinator‐mediated selection is hypothesized to be a pervasive evolutionary force acting directionally on flowering time. However, pollinator‐mediated mechanisms have rarely been tested in realistic field conditions, especially in perennial plants visited by a diversity of generalist insect pollinators. We examined pollinator visitation in eight Echinacea angustifolia populations in western Minnesota, USA, to gauge the potential for pollinator‐mediated selection. Echinacea is a common prairie perennial that persists in isolated remnant populations. Echinacea is self‐incompatible and is pollinated by a diversity of generalist solitary bees. A previous study found that early flowering Echinacea plants have higher seed set and their reproduction is less pollen‐limited than late flowering plants. Twelve times throughout a flowering season, we quantified pollinator visitation rates and pollinator community composition. In three sites, we also estimated the quality of pollinator visits by examining the composition of pollinators’ pollen loads brought to Echinacea plants. We found that three aspects of pollination dramatically decreased over the course of the flowering season. 1) Pollinators visited early flowering plants more frequently than late flowering plants. 2) The pollinator community was also less diverse late in the flowering season and became dominated by a single species of small bee, Augochlorella aurata. 3) Pollinators visiting Echinacea late in the season carried proportionally less conspecific pollen compared to pollinators visiting Echinacea early in the flowering season. Understanding within‐season dynamics of pollination helps predict the prevalence of inbreeding, phenological assortative mating, and reproductive failure, especially in fragmented plant populations.
The Jewish literary tradition in Heidegger's Heimat
Authors: Donovan Josephine
Published: May 2018

The most important German regionalist writers—Berthold Auerbach (1812–1882) and Alexandre Weill (1811–1892)—were Jewish. Both wrote in and about the Alemannic or Black Forest region of Germany, where Martin Heidegger's Heimat is located. Moreover, both anticipated Heidegger's view of the local Volk as a resisting alternative to the homogenizing effects of technology and bureaucracy (what Heidegger called Machenschaft). Yet Heidegger fails to mention either writer's work in his essays on Heimat, dwelling, and dialect. This article examines Heidegger's relevant writings, as well as pertinent works by Auerbach, Weill, and Johann Peter Hebel (1760–1826), to propose that Heidegger's anti‐Semitism warped his conception of regionalist literature, enabling his exclusion of the most prominent writers in his Heimat.
Choosing Wisely in pediatric anesthesia: An interpretation from the German Scientific Working Group of Paediatric Anaesthesia (WAKKA)
Authors: Becke Karin , Eich Christoph , Höhne Claudia , Jöhr Martin , Machotta Andreas , Schreiber Markus , Sümpelmann Robert
Published: May 2018

Inspired by the Choosing Wisely initiative, a group of pediatric anesthesiologists representing the German Working Group on Paediatric Anaesthesia (WAKKA) coined and agreed upon 10 concise positive (“dos”) or negative (“don'ts”) evidence‐based recommendations. (i) In infants and children with robust indications for surgical, interventional, or diagnostic procedures, anesthesia or sedation should not be avoided or delayed due to the potential neurotoxicity associated with the exposure to anesthetics. (ii) In children without relevant preexisting illnesses (ie, ASA status I/II) who are scheduled for elective minor or medium‐risk surgical procedures, no routine blood tests should be performed. (iii) Parental presence during the induction of anesthesia should be an option for children whenever possible. (iv) Perioperative fasting should be safe and child‐friendly with shorter real fasting times and more liberal postoperative drinking and enteral feeding. (v) Perioperative fluid therapy should be safe and effective with physiologically composed balanced electrolyte solutions to maintain a normal extracellular fluid volume; addition of 1%‐2.5% glucose to avoid lipolysis, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia, and colloids as needed to maintain a normal blood volume. (vi) To achieve safe and successful airway management, the locally accepted airway algorithm and continued teaching and training of basic and alternative techniques of ventilation and endotracheal intubation are required. (vii) Ultrasound and imaging systems (eg, transillumination) should be available for achieving central venous access and challenging peripheral venous and arterial access. (viii) Perioperative disturbances of the patient's homeostasis, such as hypotension, hypocapnia, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and severe anemia, should not be ignored and should be prevented or treated immediately. (ix) Pediatric patients with an elevated perioperative risk, eg, preterm and term neonates, infants, and critically ill children, should be treated at institutions where all caregivers have sufficient expertise and continuous clinical exposure to such patients. (x) A strategy for preventing postoperative vomiting, emergence delirium, and acute pain should be a part of every anesthetic procedure.
An actin‐depolymerizing factor from the halophyte smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (SaADF2), is superior to its rice homolog (OsADF2) in conferring drought and salt tolerance when constitutively overexpressed in rice
Authors: Sengupta Sonali , Mangu Venkata , Sanchez Luis , Bedre Renesh , Joshi Rohit , Rajasekaran Kanniah , Baisakh Niranjan
Published: May 2018

Actin‐depolymerizing factors (ADFs) maintain the cellular actin network dynamics by regulating severing and disassembly of actin filaments in response to environmental cues. An ADF isolated from a monocot halophyte, Spartina alterniflora (SaADF2), imparted significantly higher level of drought and salinity tolerance when expressed in rice than its rice homologue OsADF2. SaADF2 differs from OsADF2 by a few amino acid residues, including a substitution in the regulatory phosphorylation site serine‐6, which accounted for its weak interaction with OsCDPK6 (calcium‐dependent protein kinase), thus resulting in an increased efficacy of SaADF2 and enhanced cellular actin dynamics. SaADF2 overexpression preserved the actin filament organization better in rice protoplasts under desiccation stress. The predicted tertiary structure of SaADF2 showed a longer F‐loop than OsADF2 that could have contributed to higher actin‐binding affinity and rapid F‐actin depolymerization in vitro by SaADF2. Rice transgenics constitutively overexpressing SaADF2 (SaADF2‐OE) showed better growth, relative water content, and photosynthetic and agronomic yield under drought conditions than wild‐type (WT) and OsADF2 overexpressers (OsADF2‐OE). SaADF2‐OE preserved intact grana structure after prolonged drought stress, whereas WT and OsADF2‐OE presented highly damaged and disorganized grana stacking. The possible role of ADF2 in transactivation was hypothesized from the comparative transcriptome analyses, which showed significant differential expression of stress‐related genes including interacting partners of ADF2 in overexpressers. Identification of a complex, differential interactome decorating or regulating stress‐modulated cytoskeleton driven by ADF isoforms will lead us to key pathways that could be potential target for genome engineering to improve abiotic stress tolerance in agricultural crops.
Midazolam as a first‐line treatment for neonatal seizures: Retrospective study
Authors: Dao Kim , Giannoni Eric , Diezi Manuel , Roulet‐Perez Eliane , Lebon Sebastien
Published: May 2018

Midazolam is commonly used to treat refractory seizures in newborns and as a first‐line anti‐epileptic drug in children. Its use as first‐line treatment of neonatal seizures has not been investigated so far. We retrospectively studied the tolerability of midazolam in 72 newborn infants who received i.v. or i.n. midazolam as first‐line treatment for seizures. No major side‐effect exclusively due to midazolam was reported. The i.n. route was used for 20 patients (27.8%). Effectiveness could not be formally evaluated due to the absence of systematic electroencephalogram recording while midazolam was administered. In conclusion, midazolam was well‐tolerated as a first‐line abortive emergency treatment of neonatal seizure. The i.n. route offers a useful alternative to i.v. phenobarbital or phenytoin in emergency settings.
Japanese clinical practice guidelines for allied disorders of Hirschsprung's disease, 2017
Authors: Muto Mitsuru , Matsufuji Hiroshi , Taguchi Tomoaki , Tomomasa Takeshi , Nio Masaki , Tamai Hiroshi , Tamura Masanori , Sago Haruhiko , Toki Akira , Nosaka Shunsuke , Kuroda Tatsuo , Yoshida Masahiro , Nakajima Atsushi , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Sou Hideki , Masumoto Kouji , Watanabe Yoshio , Kanamori Yutaka , Hamada Yoshinori , Yamataka Atsuyuki , Shimojima Naoki , Kubota Akio , Ushijima Kosuke , Haruma Ken , Fukudo Shin , Araki Yuko , Kudo Takahiro , Obata Satoshi , Sumita Wataru , Watanabe Toshihiko , Fukahori Suguru , Fujii Yoshimitsu , Yamada Yoshiyuki , Jimbo Keisuke , Kawai Fujimi , Fukuoka Tomoya , Onuma Shinsuke , Morizane Toshio , Ieiri Satoshi , Esumi Genshiro , Jimbo Takahiro , Yamasaki Tomoko
Published: May 2018

Background

Despite the presence of ganglion cells in the rectum, some patients have symptoms similar to those of Hirschsprung's disease. A consensus has yet to be established regarding the terminology for these diseases. We defined this group of diseases as “allied disorders of Hirschsprung's disease” and compiled these guidelines to facilitate accurate clinician diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment strategies for each disease.

Methods

These guidelines were developed using the methodologies in the Medical Information Network Distribution System (MINDS). Of seven allied disorders, isolated hypoganglionosis; megacystis‐microcolon‐intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome; and chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction were selected as targets of clinical questions (CQ). In a comprehensive search of the Japanese‐ and English‐language articles in PubMed and Ichu‐Shi Web, 836 pieces of evidence related to the CQ were extracted from 288 articles; these pieces of evidence were summarized in an evidence table.

Results

We herein outline the newly established Japanese clinical practice guidelines for allied disorders of Hirschsprung's disease. Given that the target diseases are rare and intractable, most evidence was drawn from case reports and case series. In the CQ, the diagnosis, medication, nutritional support, surgical therapy, and prognosis for each disease are given. We emphasize the importance of full‐thickness intestinal biopsy specimens for the histopathological evaluation of enteric ganglia. Considering the practicality of the guidelines, the recommendations for each CQ were created with protracted discussions among specialists.

Conclusions

Clinical practice recommendations for allied disorders of Hirschprung's disease are given for each CQ, along with an assessment of the current evidence. We hope that the information will be helpful in daily practice and future studies.
Comparison of basiliximab vs antithymocyte globulin for induction in pediatric heart transplant recipients: An analysis of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation database
Authors: Butts Ryan J. , Dipchand Anne I. , Sutcliffe David , Bano Maria , Dimas Vivian , Morrow Robert , Das Bibhuti , Kirk Richard
Published: May 2018

This study aims to compare 2 common induction strategies, basiliximab and ATG. Analysis of the ISHLT transplant registry was performed. The database was queried for pediatric heart transplants from January 1, 2000, to June 30, 2015, who had received induction with basiliximab or ATG. Primary end‐point was graft survival. Secondary end‐points included 1‐year survival and 1‐year conditional survival. There were 3158 heart transplants who received induction with basiliximab or ATG. The ATG cohort was younger, more likely to have congenital heart disease or be a retransplant, have a higher PRA, longer ischemic time, and been transplanted earlier in the study period (all P<.01). There was no difference in graft loss in the basiliximab cohort compared to the ATG cohort (HR 1.18 P=.06). On conditional 1‐year survival analysis, basiliximab induction was associated with graft loss (HR=1.35 95% CI 1.1‐1.7, P<.01), and in the propensity‐matched cohort, the basiliximab cohort was more likely to experience rejection prior to discharge (P=.04). Infection prior to discharge was more common in the antithymocyte cohort. Induction with ATG is associated with improved late graft survival compared to basiliximab.
A case for community health programs for sickle cell anemia in low‐ to middle‐income countries: An integrative review
Authors: Ibemere Stephanie
Published: May 2018

Objective

The purpose of this review is to determine the factors associated with the outcomes of community health programs with particular focus on low‐ to middle‐income countries. In addition, this review aims to suggest how these factors can affect the creation of a Sickle Cell Anemia health program in sub‐Saharan Africa.

Design and Sample

A literature review spanning the last decade (March 2007 to February 2017) was conducted using the Whittemore and Knafl integrative review framework.

Results

Community ownership, networking, and resource allocation were identified as themes that affect community health program outcomes. Attempts to use a guiding principle or process to implement community health programs were also apparent in the literature.

Conclusion

More rigorous scientific investigation is needed to ensure that these community health programs are effective and have measurable outcomes. Nursing is well positioned, considering the metaparadigm concepts that guide practice, to forge this research. Nursing scientists could fill the gap in knowledge related to community health program outcomes in low‐ to middle‐income countries while achieving global objectives focused on decreasing noncommunicable disease burden.
From Prikaz to Procedures: Becoming an International Organization in Post‐Soviet Kazakhstan
Authors: Woodard Lauren
Published: May 2018

This article explores the collision of two bureaucratic systems at a local nongovernmental organization in Kazakhstan. In response to budget cuts by Western donors, NGO employees decided to make it an “international” organization. At first glance, being international echoes neoliberal notions of the worker and workplace that clash with the current prikaz (decree) system, a Soviet legacy and Kazakhstani bureaucratic order. Through close ethnographic analysis, I ask not only what neoliberalism means in this context but also what its appeal is to local actors. Although these two systems seem at odds with each other, they are more fluid than they first appear. I argue that being international is a process of neoliberalization in which the staff draw on their experiences with, and the language of, their international donors to adapt to an unstable funding climate, while navigating the demands of Kazakhstani bureaucracy.
“Don't Get Arrested!” Trust, Miscommunication, and Repression at the 2008 Anti‐G8 Mobilization in Japan
Authors: Maeckelbergh Marianne
Published: May 2018

Transnational coordination and communication have become increasingly important themes in scholarship on social movements. The alterglobalization movement is one of the most globally networked movements in recent history. As part of its repertoire, every year thousands of people travel from around the world to protest the G8, the gathering of the world's eight most powerful leaders. When the G8 came to Japan in 2008, local activists decided to organize a mobilization similar to those previously held in Western Europe and North America. The shift from Europe to Japan, however, proved more difficult than anticipated. I explore three factors that together hindered the mobilization: trust, miscommunication, and state repression. Through an analysis of action planning meetings, I explore how interpersonal trust combined with dynamics of individual and collective risk to shape relations of inclusion, exclusion, and hierarchy. I describe the interplay among trust, miscommunication, and repression to show how interpersonal trust undermined the movement's own goal of prefiguring more horizontal political structures and, paradoxically, expanded the impact of state repression by creating an individuation of responsibility that implicated movement actors themselves in narrowing the forms of protest available.
European Funds and the Hermeneutics of the Capitalist Crisis: Insights from within the Greek State
Authors: Gkintidis Dimitrios
Published: May 2018

In this article, I seek to explore the political and epistemological implications of European Union developmental funds in settings of policymaking in Greece. Building on fieldwork with specialized technocrats in Athens and with political personnel in Evros, I initially posit that the discourse on European funds has functioned as a recurrent argument for the justification of a coherent liberal idealist paradigm starting in the 1980s. Notwithstanding the ideological usage of European funds, I suggest that its increasing relevance in the practices and worldview of these social agents also pertains to a broader relocation of political and analytical focus onto the ethical conduct and qualitative features of dominated classes. Most evidently, the recent manifestation of the capitalist crisis in Greece reactualized the precept of moral and cultural introspection as well as its interrelation with the discourse of past benefaction. Ιn this sense, the recent crisis also made evident the pertinence of Michel Foucault's “hermeneutics of the self” to understand the delineation of class hegemony in capitalism. I argue that the discourse of European funds has been conducive to the consolidation of the “hermeneutics of the self” as an overarching political imperative in Greek society over the last decades.
Caradura: Migration, Informal Labor, and the Problem of Enacting Trust in a Spanish Enclave in Morocco
Authors: Campbell Brian
Published: May 2018

Some social scientists have argued that state legal institutions are not effective at protecting immigrants. Proper evaluation of ethnographic data, they argue, shows that migrants integrate themselves by forming strong, personal relationships of trust and friendship minimally grounded in discourses of ethnicity or kinship. They also transcend legal and cultural categories and assign roles other than those of the state. This article tests this model against the experience of migrants, refugees, and transfronterizos/as (cross‐border laborers) engaged in informal ties of confianza (trust) in Ceuta, a small Spanish enclave in Morocco. Workers claim that while ties of confianza can transform into kinship, they are also ridden with suspicion and vulnerable to exploitation. Therefore, migrants claim they must show a caradura (literally, a hard face) and be ready to stand up to their employers to protect their interests. Ceutan employers, by contrast, use confianza to manage the risks of dealing with hostile foreigners, to regulate state interference, and to integrate the migrant on their terms. Building on anthropological theories of informal and domestic work, this articles suggests that Ceutan confianza is better explained as an ambiguous, ethnically informed discourse both migrants and employers use to navigate Ceuta's unregulated shadow economy.
Two Sides of the Same Coin? Congruence and Responsiveness as Representative Democracy's Currencies
Authors: Beyer Daniela , Hänni Miriam
Published: May 2018

The public opinion–policy linkage has received scholarly attention for a long time. After all, this linkage is not only a key characteristic of democracy, but one of the most important aspects and quality criteria of a functioning representative democracy. Despite more than 50 years of political science research, there is still a lot of controversy about how the linkage between public opinion and policy actually works. Two related but distinct strands have formed in the literature—one focusing on responsiveness, the other on congruence. While both schools of thought are ultimately interested in the link between public opinion and representatives’ position or behavior they pursue two different strategies leading to confusion over the concepts and measurement in question. We provide a mutually exclusive conceptualization of congruence and responsiveness and structure the review of the extensive literature accordingly. In addition to providing greater theoretical coherence, our conceptualization fosters further development in the field by deliberately combining the two concepts with the research strands on public policy and representation. We conclude with a call for a more integrated research agenda and introduce a novel concept of “congruent responsiveness.”
Constitutional international environmental law for the Anthropocene?
Authors: Kotzé Louis J. , Muzangaza Wendy
Published: May 2018

International environmental law (IEL) seems unable to comprehensively and effectively respond to the Anthropocene's deepening socio‐ecological crisis. While there are several reasons for this state of affairs, one in particular relates to the argument that IEL lacks higher‐order global constitutional‐type norms that could constrain State sovereignty and the free will of States in their relations with the environment. As a contribution to the debate on the effectiveness of IEL in the Anthropocene, we seek here for such higher‐order constitutional norms in the areas of customary international law and jus cogens. We conduct the ensuing analysis through the lens of the ‘normative hierarchy’ and ‘global constitutionalism’ theories of international law and critically reflect on the extent to which these norms could play a meaningful role to mediate the human–environment interface in the Anthropocene.
Museum specimens provide phylogenomic data to resolve relationships of sack‐bearer moths (Lepidoptera,Mimallonoidea,Mimallonidae)
Authors: St Laurent Ryan A. , Hamilton Chris A. , Kawahara Akito Y.
Published: May 2018

Mimallonidae, the sack‐bearer moths, are a family of predominantly Neotropical moths containing nearly 300 described species. Mimallonidae feed on over 40 host plant families and are found in a variety of environments, but phylogenetic relationships of species within the family have never been investigated. We sequenced 515 loci using anchored hybrid enrichment target capture on ethanol‐preserved and dried museum specimens, with dates of collection ranging from 1985 to 2017. We sampled 47 species, representing 32 of the 36 described mimallonid genera. By incorporating 19 dry museum specimens, and recovering an average of over 400 loci for each, we illustrate the utility of natural history collections in anchored hybrid enrichment‐based phylogenomics. Maximum likelihood and multi‐species coalescent analyses provide robust support for the recognition of six higher‐level groups within Mimallonidae, which we designate as subfamilies: Zaphantinae St Laurent & Kawaharasubfam.n., Aurorianinae St Laurent & Kawaharasubfam.n., Mimalloninae Burmeister, Lacosominae Dyar, Druenticinae St Laurent & Kawaharasubfam.n.and Cicinninae Schausstat.n.Our phylogenetic results also robustly support eight new tribes: Lacosominae: Trogopterini St Laurent & Kawaharatribe n., Lacosomini Dyarstat.n., Alheitini St Laurent & Kawaharatribe n.; Druenticinae: Luramini St Laurent & Kawaharatribe n., Druenticini St Laurent & Kawaharatribe n.; Cicinninae: Bedosiini St Laurent & Kawaharatribe n., Psychocampini St Laurent & Kawaharatribe n., Cicinnini Schausstat.n.Three new genera are also described based on our phylogenetic results:HerbinallaSt Laurent & Kawahara,gen.n.,UlalumaSt Laurent & Kawahara,gen.n.,BedosialloSt Laurent & Kawahara,gen.n.NanitetaFranclemont,syn.n.is a synonym ofLacosomaGrote. Six genera are paraphyletic, and in total 19 new combinations are proposed:Macessoga laxacomb.n.,Lacosoma elassacomb.n.,Thaelia anysiacomb.n.,Thaelia subrubiginosacomb.n.,Herbinalla caudinacomb.n.,Druentica brosicacomb.n.,Ulaluma valvacomb.n.,Cicinnus eminenscomb.n.,Roelmana pluridiscatacomb.n.,Roelmana laguerreicomb.n.,Psychocampa joannacomb.n.,Psychocampa unalcacomb.n.,Psychocampahamatacomb.n.,Psychocampa maronacomb.n.,Bedosiallo eugeniacomb.n.,Bedosiallo forbesicomb.n.,Bedosiallo moenguscomb.n.,Bedosiallo styxcomb.n.andBedosiallo sylviacomb.n.This study is the first to implement the LEP1 probe set on a comprehensive taxonomic dataset that includes many museum specimens, and our results demonstrate that museum specimens can be used in anchored hybrid enrichment studies. Importantly, these data produce a robust phylogeny that will serve as a foundation for future studies on mimallonid evolution, such as host plant relationships and biogeography.

This published work has been registered in ZooBank:http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:60890688‐2E77‐4B98‐B247‐B7A5F7E4DFD9.
The Benefits of Apprentice Teaching with Undergraduates in German Language Classes
Authors: Twark Jill E. , Franch Daniel J. , Vaughan Paige
Published: May 2018

Although abundant research studies explore team teaching and co‐teaching, research is lacking on apprentice teaching with undergraduates, especially in U.S. world language classes. This article presents a practical apprentice teaching model for teaching beginning German with undergraduate students. The model was successful because the professor and her apprentices engaged in “cogenerative dialogue” (Roth & Tobin, ) and produced a true collaboration. The experience yielded a set of pedagogical strategies and best practices reported here. Because world language teacher candidates need extensive mentoring to acquire the ability to manage classes along with achieving advanced low culture and language proficiency (Pearson, Fonseca‐Greber, & Foell, ), universities must find innovative ways to educate these future teachers. One way to mentor them holistically is to collaborate with them as apprentices. In taking collective responsibility for learning and agency in the classroom, those who teach together are empowered to grow together and learning barriers are reduced (Roth & Tobin, ). Students in co‐taught classes report a heightened motivation to learn the course content (Cordner, Klein, & Baiocchi, ; York‐Barr, Ghere, & Sommerness, ). Apprentice teaching therefore produces benefits for the faculty mentor, the student teachers, and their language learners.
Prevalence and clinical characteristics of CMV coinfection among HIV infected individuals in Guinea‐Bissau: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Grønborg Helene L. , Jespersen Sanne , Egedal Johanne H. , Correia Faustino G. , Medina Candida , Krarup Henrik , Hønge Bo L. , Wejse Christian ,   the Bissau HIV Cohort Study Group
Published: May 2018

Objectives

To describe the prevalence of CMV in a cohort of HIV infected individuals in Guinea‐Bissau, West Africa and to evaluate differences in patients’ clinical characteristics associated with their CMV status.

Methods

Newly diagnosed HIV infected adults were invited to participate in this cross‐sectional study, from May until December 2015. Enrolled patients were interviewed and underwent a full physical examination focusing on CMV disease manifestations. Blood samples were analysed for CMV serology, QuantiFERON‐CMV response and CMV DNA. Mortality follow‐up were registered for one year after inclusion.

Results

In total, 180 patients were enrolled. Anti‐CMV IgG positivity was found in 100% (138/138) and 2.8% (4/138) were anti‐CMV IgM positive. A positive QuantiFERON‐CMV response was found in 85.7% (60/70) of the patients and 60.6% (83/137) had CMV viraemia. QuantiFERON‐CMV response and detectable CMV DNA were associated with lower CD4 cell count, older age and upper gastrointestinal complaints. During one year of follow‐up, the IRR for death among CMV DNA positive patients was 1.5 (P = 0.5).

Conclusions

CMV coinfection was detected among all enrolled patients and CMV viraemia was highly prevalent. Only age and upper gastrointestinal complaints were associated with the patients’ CMV status.
Naturally acquired IgG antibodies to thrombospondin‐related anonymous protein of Plasmodium vivax (PvTRAP) in Thailand predominantly elicit immunological cross‐reactivity
Authors: Kosuwin Rattiporn , Feng Meng , Makiuchi Takashi , Putaporntip Chaturong , Tachibana Hiroshi , Jongwutiwes Somchai
Published: May 2018

Background

Thrombospondin‐related anonymous protein (TRAP) is a prime candidate for a malaria vaccine. Antibodies to Plasmodium vivax TRAP (PvTRAP) occur upon natural infection while specific antigenic domains remain to be addressed.

Methods

The PvTRAP sequences were determined from 73 P. vivax isolates from Tak and Ubon Ratchathani provinces collected in 2013. The recombinant proteins representing four variants each for domain II (A domain) and domain IV (thrombospondin repeat region) of PvTRAP circulating in these areas were used as antigens in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay against 246 serum samples from P. vivax‐infected patients in both provinces collected during 2013 and 2014.

Results

The prevalence of total IgG antibodies to at least one variant antigen of domain II and domain IV was 63.8% and 71.5%, respectively. Differential IgG antibody responses to these variant antigens of each domain were observed. Total IgG antibody responses to the variant antigens of each domain upon pairwise comparisons were highly correlated, suggesting immunological cross‐reactivity in the majority of serum samples. A smaller proportion of serum samples contained non‐cross‐reactive antibodies to variants of each domain; particularly domain II in which amino acid differences significantly influenced antibody recognition. Previous malaria exposure positively affected antibody responses to domain IV. Positive seroconversion and rising antibody titres occurred within a few weeks after resolution of infections.

Conclusions

Both domains II and IV are targets of naturally acquired IgG antibodies. Despite sequence variation in these domains, most antibody responses were cross‐reactive. A cross‐sectional evaluation of antibodies to PvTRAP during acute infection could underestimate the seroprevalence.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Smith Robert
Published: May 2018

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 6 Brenda L. Shook, National University, USACagla Atmaca, Pamukkale University, TurkeyChris Prince Udochukwu Njoku, University of Nigeria, NigeriaErica D. Shifflet-Chila, Michigan State University, USAErkut Tutkun, Uludağ University, TurkeyFahrettin Sanal, Necmettin Erbakan University, TurkeyIntakhab Khan, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi ArabiaJohn Bosco Azigwe, Bolgatanga Polytechnic, GhanaKun-Hsi Liao, Taiwan Shoufu University, TaiwanMeral Seker, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, TurkeyMin Gui, Wuhan University, ChinaOzgur Demirtas, Inonu University, TurkeyOzkan Kırmızı-Karabuk University, TurkeyRichard H. Martin, Mercer University, USASandro Sehic, Oneida BOCES, USAŞerife Vatansever, Uludağ University, TurkeyStamatis Papadakis, University of Crete, GreeceYeliz Doğru, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Turkey        Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://jets.redfame.com
An Integrated, Multifactorial Approach to Periodization for Optimal Performance in Individual and Team Sports
Authors: Mujika Iñigo , Halson Shona , Burke Louise M. , Balagué Gloria , Farrow Damian
Published: May 2018

Sports periodization has traditionally focused on the exercise aspect of athletic preparation, while neglecting the integration of other elements that can impact an athlete’s readiness for peak competition performances. Integrated periodization allows the coordinated inclusion of multiple training components best suited for a given training phase into an athlete’s program. The aim of this article is to review the available evidence underpinning integrated periodization, focusing on exercise training, recovery, nutrition, psychological skills, and skill acquisition as key factors by which athletic preparation can be periodized. The periodization of heat and altitude adaptation, body composition, and physical therapy is also considered. Despite recent criticism, various methods of exercise training periodization can contribute to performance enhancement in a variety of elite individual and team sports, such as soccer. In the latter, both physical and strategic periodization are useful tools for managing the heavy travel schedule, fatigue, and injuries that occur throughout a competitive season. Recovery interventions should be periodized (ie, withheld or emphasized) to influence acute and chronic training adaptation and performance. Nutrient intake and timing in relation to exercise and as part of the periodization of an athlete’s training and competition calendar can also promote physiological adaptations and performance capacity. Psychological skills are a central component of athletic performance, and their periodization should cater to each athlete’s individual needs and the needs of the team. Skill acquisition can also be integrated into an athlete’s periodized training program to make a significant contribution to competition performance.