bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of perinatal complications in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnant women
Authors:   Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Beketova Makpal , Iskakov Serik ,   Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is associated with a higher incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes, including preterm birth, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), and stillborn foetuses. Despite the successes achieved in the problem of Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnant women (ICPW), a significant number of unfavorable outcomes for the mother and the fetus are associated with insufficiently developed possibilities for predicting them. Unsatisfactory results of pregnancy, childbirth and perinatal indicators, which cause a number of medical and social problems, can be reduced with the availability of effective methods for predicting and, if it, successful prevention and treatment of ICPW. Purpose of the study. To study the relationship between clinical and laboratory parameters in pregnant women with ICP W with obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of 600 birth histories and exchange cards of pregnant women in the period from 2015 to 2019 with ICPW was carried out, of which 301 pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis in the main group, and 299 pregnant women without intrahepatic cholestasis in the control group. Results and discussion. The most frequent complications of pregnancy and childbirth in ICPW were preterm labor, threatening fetal healthcare, preeclampsia, and postpartum hemorrhage. In patients with ICPW, an increase in the level of hepatic transaminases was significantly associated with a high perinatal risk. Respiratory disorders prevailed in the structure of diseases in newborns. An increase in the incidence of unfavorable neonatal outcomes (fetal distress, low Apgar score, low gestational age) is associated with severe hyperenzymemia in severe forms of ICPW. Conclusions. An increase in the level of hepatic transaminases is significantly associated with a high perinatal risk. The isolated use of ultrasound doppler in ICPW does not allow to reliably assess the risk of unfavorable perinatal outcomes. Analysis of the results of ultrasound doppler, with an increase in the level of transaminases, is insufficient to assess the degree of risk of antenatal death or a threatening condition of the fetus. Keywords: Intrahepatic cholestasis, pregnancy, perinatal outcomes.
Crohn's disease in Kazakhstan: epidemiological aspects of incidence
Authors:   Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Sakhanov Sauirbay ,   Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Turebaev Dulat ,   Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kulmirzaeva Dariyana ,   Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan; National Center of Neurosurgery, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Urazova Saltanat ,   Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Amanshayeva Akmaral ,   Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Bilyalova Zarina ,   Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kozhakhmetov Saken ,   Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan; Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Igissinov Nurbek ,   Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan; Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan; Eurasian Institute for Cancer Research, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic; International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Republic of Kyrgyzstan
Published: June 2021

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract with an increasing incidence worldwide and widespread in industrialized countries, while the incidence is also increasing in Asia and the Middle East. Purpose of the study. To study the epidemiological aspects of the incidence of CD in Kazakhstan. Material and methods. The study for 2013-2018, analyzed the registration and reporting forms of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan on new cases of CD (ICD: K50) using descriptive and analytical methods of biomedical statistics. Results. During the study period, 4,671 new cases of CD were registered in Kazakhstan, of which 341 (7.9%) in children under 15 years old, 84 (2.0%) in adolescents (15-17 years old) and adults (18 years old and older) – 4,226 cases (90.9%). The incidence of CD in Kazakhstan was 4.5 per 100,000 of the total population, while in children – 1.210/0000 (95% CI=1.09-1.32), in adolescents – 2.120/0000 (95% CI=1.47-2.77) and the adult population – 5.860/0000 (95% CI=3.20-8.53). The trends in the CD incidence as a whole in the entire population had a pronounced tendency to decrease (Тde=−30.3%), a slight increase was observed only in the child population (Тin=+1.1%), and in other studied groups they decreased: in adolescents – Тde=−11.9% and in the adult population – Тde=−33.8%. Conclusion. The study has revealed some aspects of incidence in different age groups and the established trends require further study of this pathology. Keywords: Crohn's disease, incidence, trends, Kazakhstan.
Running LED Menggunakan Speed Variabel
Authors: Kapailu Aprizal Nugraha
Published: June 2021

Fungsi utama dari Running Text LED untuk menarik perhatian orang untuk melihatnya. Karena warna dan tulisannya yang menarik membuat orang selalu ingin melihat tulisan itu. Dan merupakan media promo usaha yang sangat efektif dan efisien di era sekarang ini.
tugas :HTN kewenangan MK
Authors: Lindah Siti Nur
Published: June 2021

Kedudukan Mahkamah Konstitusi merupakan salah satu lembaga negara pelaku kekuasaan kehakiman yang merdeka untuk menyelenggarakan peradilan guna menegakkan hukum dan keadilan Kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi mempunyai 4 (empat) kewenangan dan 1 (satu) kewajiban sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.Mahkamah Konstitusi berwenang mengadili pada tingkat pertama dan terakhir yang putusannya bersifat final untuk: 1.Menguji undang-undang terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar; 2.Memutus pembubaran partai politik, 3. Mengeluarkan putusan perselisihan mengenai hasil pemilu (pemilihan umum) 4.Memutus perselisihan tentang hasil pemilihan umum. Fungsi dan peran utama MK adalah adalah menjaga konstitusi guna tegaknya prinsip konstitusionalitas hukum.Demikian halnya yang melandasi negara-negara yang mengakomodir pembentukan MK[1] dalam sistem ketatanegaraannya.Jika suatu undang-undang atau salah satu bagian daripadanya dinyatakan terbukti tidak selaras dengan konstitusi, maka produk hukum itu akan dibatalkan MK.Karena itu, fungsi-fungsi penyelesaian atas hasil pemilihan umum dan pembubaran partai politik dikaitkan dengan kewenangan MK Fungsi dan peran MK di Indonesia telah dilembagakan dalam Pasal 24C ayat (1) UUD 1945 yang menentukan bahwa MK mempunyai empat kewenangan konstitusional (conctitutionally entrusted powers) dan satu kewajiban konstitusional (constitusional obligation).Ketentuan itu dipertegas dalam Pasal 10 ayat (1) huruf a sampai dengan d Undang-Undang Nomor 24 tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi.Memutus perselisihan tentang hasil pemilu.
Highly similar and competing visual scenes lead to diminished object but not spatial detail in memory drawings
Authors: Hall Elizabeth , Bainbridge Wilma A. , Baker Chris Ian
Published: June 2021

Drawings of scenes made from memory can be highly detailed and spatially accurate, with little information not found in the observed stimuli. While prior work has focused on studying memory for distinct scenes, less is known about the specific detail recalled when episodes are highly similar and competing. Here, participants (N=30) were asked to study and recall eight complex scene images using a drawing task. Importantly, four of these images were exemplars of different scene categories, while the other four images were from the same scene category. The resulting 213 drawings were judged by 1,764 online scorers for a comprehensive set of measures, including scene and object diagnosticity, spatial information, and fixation and pen movement behavior. We observed that competition in memory resulted in diminished object detail, with drawings and objects that were less diagnostic of their original image. However, repeated exemplars of a category did not result in differences in spatial memory accuracy, and there were no differences in fixations during study or pen movements during recall. These results reveal that while drawings for distinct categories of scenes can be highly detailed and accurate, drawings for scenes from repeated categories, creating competition in memory, show reduced object detail.
ManyBirds: A multi-site collaborative Open Science approach to avian cognition and behaviour research
Authors: Lambert Megan , Farrar Benjamin George , Garcia-Pelegrin Elias , Reber Stephan A. , Miller Rachael
Published: June 2021

Comparative cognitive and behaviour research aims to investigate cognitive evolution by comparing performance in different species to understand how these abilities have evolved. Ideally, this requires large and diverse samples, however, these can be difficult to obtain by single labs or institutions, leading to potential reproducibility and generalisation issues with small, less representative samples. To help mitigate these issues, we are establishing a multi-site collaborative Open Science approach called ManyBirds, with the aim of providing new insight into the evolution of avian cognition and behaviour through large-scale comparative studies, following the lead of exemplary ManyPrimates, ManyBabies and ManyDogs projects. Here, we outline a) why we should study birds, including the origin of modern birds, avian brains, convergent evolution of cognition, and the replicability crisis; b) the current state of the avian cognition field, including a ‘snapshot’ review; c) the ManyBirds project, with plans, infrastructure, limitations, implications and future directions. In sharing this process, we hope that this may be useful for other researchers in devising similar projects in other taxa, like non-avian reptiles or mammals, and to encourage further collaborations with ManyBirds and related ManyX projects. Ultimately, we hope to promote collaboration between ManyX projects to allow for wider investigation of the evolution of cognition across all animals, including potentially humans.
Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) Expanded: Implications for Theories of Consciousness and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Safron Adam
Published: June 2021

Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) is a synthetic theory of consciousness that uses the Free Energy Principle and Active Inference (FEP-AI) framework to combine insights from Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT). Here, I first review philosophical principles and neural systems contributing to IWMT’s integrative perspective. I then go on to describe predictive processing models of brains and their connections to machine learning architectures, with particular emphasis on autoencoders (perceptual and active inference), turbo-codes (establishment of shared latent spaces for multi-modal integration and inferential synergy), and graph neural networks (spatial and somatic modeling and control). Particular emphasis is placed on the hippocampal/entorhinal system, which may provide a source of high-level reasoning via predictive contrasting and generalized navigation, so affording multiple kinds of conscious access. Future directions for IIT and GNWT are considered by exploring ways in which modules and workspaces may be evaluated as both complexes of integrated information and arenas for iterated Bayesian model selection. Based on these considerations, I suggest novel ways in which integrated information might be estimated using concepts from probabilistic graphical models, flow networks, and game theory. Mechanistic and computational principles are also considered with respect to the ongoing debate between IIT and GNWT regarding the physical substrates of different kinds of conscious and unconscious phenomena. I further explore how these ideas might relate to the “Bayesian blur problem”, or how it is that a seemingly discrete experience can be generated from probabilistic modeling, with some consideration of analogies from quantum mechanics as potentially revealing different varieties of inferential dynamics. Finally, I go on to describe parallels between FEP-AI and theories of universal intelligence, including with respect to implications for the future of artificially intelligent systems. Particular emphasis is given to the pioneering work of Schmidhuber and colleagues, who have been designing world modeling architectures for over three decades. These discussions include recurrent computation and its relationships with feedforward processing, including potential means of addressing critiques of causal structure theories based on network unfolding, and the seeming absurdity of conscious expander graphs (without cybernetic symbol grounding). While not quite solving the Hard problem, this article expands on IWMT as a unifying model of consciousness and the potential future evolution of minds.
PENGARUH KEPERILAKUAN ORGANISASI TERHADAP KEGUNAAN SISTEM AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN DAERAH
Authors: Yogi Aprilia M A
Published: June 2021

penelitian ini adalah atas peraturan perundang - undangan yang telah dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah menunjukkan reformasi pengelolaan keuangan negara.Paket peraturan perundang-undangan tersebut diantaranya adalah: Undang-undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2003 tentang Keuangan Negara, Undang – undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2004 tentang Perbendaharaan Negara, Undang - undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemeriksaan Pengelolaan Dan Tanggung Jawab Keuangan Negara. Undang - undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintah Daerah. Undang - undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2004 tentang Perimbangan Keuangan Pusat dan Daerah, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 24 Tahun 2005 tentang Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 58 Tahun 2005 tentang Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah, Permendagri Nomor 13 Tahun 2006 tentang Pedoman Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah. Terbitnya Peraturan Mentri Dalam Negeri Nomor 59 Tahun 2007 tentang perubahan atas Peraturan Mentri Dalam Negeri Nomor 13 Tahun 2006 tentang Pedoman Pedoman Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah, berbagai peraturan serta perundang-undangan tersebut diatas diharapkan dapat dijadikan landasan yang kokoh bagi pengelola keuangan Negara dalam rangka menjadikan good governance dan clean government.
Estudio de la vacunación contra el COVID-19 a nivel de América
Authors: Díaz Pinzón Jorge Enrique
Published: June 2021

Introducción: una de las expectativas que tenemos actualmente es colocar vacunas seguras y efectivas para suministrar a la población. Con estas vacunas se intenta conseguir la inmunidad colectiva que permita quebrar la cadena de transmisión. Hay que tener estrategias de vacunación frente al COVID-19 teniendo en cuenta la disponibilidad progresiva de dosis, es necesario realizar un ejercicio de priorización atendiendo a principios éticos y criterios de riesgo. Objetivo: comparar si hay diferencias en los promedios de vacunación por cada 100 personas para COVID-19 entre los diferentes países de América. Materiales y métodos: se utilizó la base de datos de la vacunación con la información acumulada al 7 de mayo 2021. Se realizó a partir del análisis estadístico de los datos aplicando el análisis de varianza, se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS v.25. Resultados: a partir del análisis estadístico de los datos aplicando el análisis de varianza el p-valor de la prueba para la variable de vacunación es de 0,000, en este caso es menor a α =0.05, de esta manera se rechaza Ho, es decir la prueba de análisis de varianza nos indica que hay diferencias significativas entre la vacunación contra COVID-19 para los diferentes países de América. Conclusiones: el panorama ante la vacunación contra el COVID-19 a nivel de América es bastante preocupante, pues hay varios países con un bajísimo nivel de vacunación, esto se puede deber a que no sea una prioridad para todos los países, especialmente para los que tienen una baja densidad de población y no se estén presentando un gran número de contagios y muertes.
Genetic Characterization of Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC cultivars from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Šutković Jasmin , Glamočlija Petar , Karić Lutvija , Yildirim Ahmet
Published: June 2021

Fifteen Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC accessions were collected and evaluated for their genetic diversity and molecular characteristics using 10 previously developed and used codominant SSR markers. The SSR loci used revealed a total of 51 alleles. The domestic kale varieties were collected locally and the hybrids kales were found in markets. The averages of total heterozygosity (H) and polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.6774 and 0.6201, respectively. The average number of alleles was 4.2 per locus, where 8 of 10 markers showed high polymorphic information content (PIC), being more than 0.5. The genetic relationships among the populations revealed by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA), showed a clear clustering into three distinct groups. As expected, all local varieties were separated within two separated clusters, whereas only two domestic varieties shared one cluster with the group of hybrids, indicating similar genetic background shared by domestic and hybrid varieties. These results indicate and confirm the regional and physiological differences between the kale varieties and confirm the SSR marker efficiency for genetic characterization assays
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AMBIGUITY OF CIPHERTEXT RECOVERY DEPENDING ON ITS LENGTH
Authors:   Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Solovyov Nikita Romanovich , Agafonov Nikita Sergeevich ,   Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Sorokina Irina Konstantinovna ,   Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Published: June 2021

This article provides a statistical analysis of the ambiguity that occurs when restoring a previously encrypted text, using a simple replacement cipher, depending on its length, and studies this issue at different text lengths.
RISK MINIMIZATION MODEL FOR INFORMATION SECURITY SYSTEMS WITH COST CONSTRAINTS
Authors:   Orenburg State University, Yarkova Olga Nikolaevna , Yarkova Anastasiya Sergeevna ,   Orenburg State University
Published: June 2021

The paper presents a model of nonlinear programming that allows us to determine the optimal distribution of costs for improving the protective properties of a multi-level information security system that minimizes the risk of unauthorized access to data for a system described by the Markov model. A study of the protective properties depending on the allocated investments of the system was carried out.
CRITERIA FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Authors:   MIREA – Russian technological University, Danilina Elena Ivanovna
Published: June 2021

This article discusses the concept and role of criteria for the effectiveness of the personnel management system. The analysis of methods for studying the current state of the organization's personnel management system is also presented. The necessity of creating a model of criteria for the effectiveness of the personnel management system for a specific organization is justified.
ENVELHECIMENTO E CORPOREIDADE
Authors: Carla Cavanhi Allana , Ingrassia Pereira Thiago
Published: June 2021

O objetivo do artigo é discutir o processo de envelhecimento por meio da orientação freireana de “corpo consciente”, destacando o corpo como uma construção social. Por meio de recortes de pesquisa teórica desenvolvida junto à investigação de mestrado interdisciplinar em ciências humanas, o pressuposto assumido é que a cidadania é um compromisso político que deve envolver todas as faixas etárias, sobretudo em cenário de mudança demográfica com um maior envelhecimento médio da população. O exercício da cidadania é entendido como a conscientização política permeada de noções contratualistas com vistas ao Estado democrático de direitos. Dentro da concepção de educação por toda a vida, sempre é possível aprender e se envolver em processos de crescimento pessoal e comunitário. Nesse sentido, o debate sinaliza para a importância das políticas públicas voltadas ao grupo idoso, compreendendo o envelhecimento de forma interdisciplinar nas dimensões biológicas, psicológicas e sociais. Portanto, o debate teórico realizado permite novas sínteses conceituais para pesquisas sobre envelhecimento nas mais diferentes áreas científicas.
Psychosocial support for children
Authors: Clarke Alison , Hutchinson Sherry , Weiss Ellen
Published: June 2021

Masiye Camp in Matopos National Park, and Kids’ Clubs in downtown Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, are examples of a growing number of programs in Africa and elsewhere that focus on the psychological and social needs of AIDS-affected children. Given the traumatic effects of grief, loss, and other hardships faced by these children, there is increasing recognition of the importance of programs to help them strengthen their social and emotional support systems. This Horizons Report describes findings from operations research in Zimbabwe and Rwanda that examines the psychosocial well-being of orphans and vulnerable children and ways to increase their ability to adapt and cope in the face of adversity. In these studies, a person’s psychosocial well-being refers to his/her emotional and mental state and his/her network of human relationships and connections. A total of 1,258 youth were interviewed. All were deemed vulnerable by their communities because they had been affected by HIV/AIDS and/or other factors such as severe poverty.
Chipatala cha pa Foni, Malawi's 'Health Center by Phone,' improving information giv ving information given about pr en about pregnancy-r egnancy-related sympt elated symptoms
Authors:   Breakthrough RESEARCH,   VillageReach
Published: June 2021

The Health Center by Phone, or "Chipatala cha pa Foni" (CCPF), was developed by Malawi’s Ministry of Health and VillageReach as a community-based hotline in the Balaka district of Malawi. CCPF was identified as an existing national health strategy with potential for providing Malawi’s women and their families important postpartum hemorrhage information. Because CCPF archives de-identified audio recordings of all calls, 28 telephone transcripts were qualitatively examined to assess whether women experiencing pregnancy-related complications such as postpartum bleeding call CCPF, and how hotline workers respond to them.
India: Enhancing girls' life skills requires long-term commitment
Authors:   Frontiers in Reproductive Health
Published: June 2021

While adolescents in India face a rapidly changing economic environment, the choices available to unmarried girls are very different from those available to boys. Girls are much less likely than boys to remain unmarried into their twenties, complete middle school, or generate income. Due to social norms, they have limited control over their life choices, and are less likely than boys to be allowed mobility within or beyond their immediate community. In 2001, the Population Council teamed with CARE India to test a pilot intervention to enhance skills and expand life choices for adolescent girls living in the slums of Allahabad. The 10-month intervention tested the effect of the skills intervention on the girls’ reproductive health knowledge, social contacts and mobility, self-esteem, and perception of gender roles. The impacts were assessed using survey responses from girls who were interviewed in both baseline and endline surveys. As noted in this brief, girls and their parents found the life skills training acceptable, but the intervention had little overall impact.
Prakiraan Kebutuhan Energi Listrik Kota Parapat Tahun 2018 Sampai Dengan 2022 Sebagai Kawasan Strategis Nasional Danau Toba
Authors: Pakpahan Victor Maruli , Pinem Sanjaya
Published: June 2021

Sejak Pemerintah memberlakukan Danau Toba sebagai Kawasan Strategis Nasional (KSN), pen-ingkatan kebutuhan listrik yang berasal dari rumah tangga, komersil, publik dan industri harus diselaraskan dengan ketersediaan listrik yang mencukupi. Kekurangan dari ketersediaan listrik akan men-jadi kendala ataupun merugikan masyarakat sekitar Danau Toba baikpun dari Pemerintahan itu sendiri. Prakiraan Kebutuhan Listrik Kabupaten Simalungun yang efisien untuk tahun 2018 - 2022 merupakan tujuan dari penelitian ini. Berdasarkan data PT. PLN (Persero) wilayah Sumatera Utara, area Kota Parapat Kabupaten Simalungun, total konsumsi energi listrik tahun 2017 telah mencapai 22.311.374 kWh. Kabu-paten Simalungun memiliki banyak potensi dari berbagai sektor, terutama pariwisatanya, terutama ada kawasan Danau Toba. Dari data diatas menuntut para pengembang usaha dan pemerintah untuk menjaga kontinuitas pasokan energi listrik. Permasalahan tentang listrik akan timbul bila terjadi ketidakseimbangan antara energi listrik yang dihasilkan dengan yang diminta oleh pelanggan. Dengan menggunakan metode ekonometrik yang memperhitungkan pengaruh Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB), kapasitas mam-pu, rasio elektrifikasi, dapat diketahui jumlah konsumsi energi listrik pada tahun yang akan datang. Ber-dasarkan hasil perhitungan peramalan beban listrik pada tahun 2022, jumlah konsumsi energi listrik telah mencapai 46.149.759,6069 KWh yang meningkat sekitar 106, 84 % dari tahun 2017 yang berasal dariem-pat jenis pelanggan, yaitu rumah tangga, komersil, publik dan industri.
Perbandingan Rencana Anggaran Biaya (RAB) Rumah Konvensional dan Rumah RISHA di Kota Banjarmasin
Authors: Rahayu Puji , Rafik Aunur , Cahyani Rinova Firman
Published: June 2021

Masih banyak sebagian orang yang belum memenuhi kebutuhan kepemilikan rumah karena faktor ekonomi bagi masyarakat yang berpenghasilan rendah dan juga faktor dari bencana alam sehingga diperlukan rancangan bangunan yang memenuhi standar dengan kualitas baik dan harga terjangkau seperti rumah dengan teknologi RISHA. Dari permasalahan tersebut maka pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan penelitian mengenai perbandingan rencana anggaran biaya (RAB)Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat (RISHA) dengan rumah konvensional tipe 36 pada salah satu perumahan di wilayah Banjarmasin Timur. Metode deskriptif dan komparatif digunakan dalam penyelesaian penelitian ini. Kedua metode ini digunakan untuk menggambarkan semua data yang kemudian dianalisa dan dibandingkan berdasarkan kenyataan secara langsung. Hasil rencana anggaran biaya (RAB)untuk rumah konvensional sebesar Rp122.355.689 (Seratus Dua Puluh Dua Juta Tiga Ratus Lima Puluh Lima Ribu Enam Ratus Delapan Puluh Sembilan Rupiah) dan hasil rencana anggaran biaya (RAB)rumah RISHA sebesar Rp. Rp119.640.109,00 (Seratus Sembilan Belas Juta Enam Ratus Empat Puluh Ribu Seratus Sembilan Rupiah) dengan selisih rencana anggaran biaya (RAB) antara kedua rumah tersebut sebesar Rp2.715.580,00 (Dua Juta Tujuh Ratus Lima Belas Ribu Lima Ratus Delapan Puluh Rupiah) dengan perbandingan sebesar 2,22%.

Abstract

There are still many people who have not met the needs of home ownership due to economic factors for low income people and also factors from natural disasters so that building designs that meet standards of good quality and affordable prices such as houses with RISHA technology are needed.  From these problems, this research will conduct a research on the comparison of the budget plan of Simple Healthy Instant Homes (RISHA) with conventional houses of type 36 in one housing complex in East Banjarmasin. Descriptive and comparative methods are used in the completion of this research. Both of these methods are used to describe all data which is then analyzed and compared based on reality directly. The results of the planned budget for a conventional house of Rp122,355,689,00 (One Hundred Twenty Two Million Three Hundred  Fifty Five Thousand Six Hundred Eighty Nine Rupiah) and the results of RISHA's housing cost budget plan of Rp119.640.109,00 (One Hundred Nineteen Million Six Hundred Forty Thousand Hundred Nine Rupiah) with the difference in the planned budget between the two houses amounting to Rp2.715.580,00 (Two Million Seven Hundred Fifteen Thousand Five Hundred Eighty Rupiah) at a ratio of 2.22%.
PERMODELAN MODIFIKASI ALAT PEMADATAN DI LABORATORIUM SESUAI DENGAN SNI SNI 1743:2008
Authors: Norhadi Ahmad , Surat Surat , Fauzi Muhammad , Ramadhani Ahmad Akbar , Rachman Dede
Published: June 2021

Pesatnya perkembangan prasarana di kota Banjarmasin terutama dalam sarana transportasi, akibat jumlah kendaraan yang semakin meningkat kian harinya. Hal tersebut menyebabkan kebutuhan masyarakat yang juga bertambah, seperti kebutuhan jalan yang baru dan sesuai Spesifiikasi Umum Bina Marga. Oleh sebab itu, pembangunan jalan baru atau perbaikan jalan yang lama harus segera terealisasikan oleh pemerintah. Dalam rangka membangun suatu konstruksi seperti salah satunya pembangunan jalan baru perlu perencanaan dan penelitian yang matang sebab pembangunan jalan sangat berkaitan dengan kondisi fisik dan mekanis lapis pondasi, dimana jalan mempunyai beberapa lapis pondasi ditinjau berdasarkan gradasi agregatnya.

Dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan lapis pondasi di lapangan diperlukan pemadatan yang maksimum agar mengantisipasi terjadinya penurunan akibat adanya pembebanan lalu lintas. Dalam praktek pemadatan di lapangan pada umumnya menggunakan mesin penggilas tanpa ada persyaratan material harus lolos saringan 19,00 mm (3/4″) sedangkan pada pekerjaan pemadatan Lapis Pondasi Agregat Kelas B di laboratorium menggunakan metode pemadatan berat dan untuk bahan campuran material harus yang lolos saringan 19,00 mm (3/4″).

Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat diketahui nilai kepadatan maksimum dan kadar air optimum serta nilai CBR desain sesuai dengan SNI 1743:2008 yaitu Nilai Kepadatan Kering Maksimum (maks) 2,243 gr/cm3, Kadar Air Optimum 4,7%, dan Nilai CBR desain 78%. Nilai kepadatan maksimum dan kadar air optimum serta nilai CBR desain sesuai dengan permodelan alat pemadatan 2 lapisan dan 3 lapisan, hasil pengujian permodelan modifikasi alat pemadatan 2 lapisan didapatkan Nilai Kepadatan Kering Maksimum (maks) 2,183 gr/cm3, Kadar Air Optimum 4,9 %, dan Nilai CBR desain 16%, hasil pengujian permodelan modifikasi alat pemadatan 3 lapisan mendapatkan rata-rata Nilai Kepadatan Kering Maksimum (maks) 2,194 gr/cm3, Kadar Air Optimum 4,6 %, dan Nilai CBR desain 22%. Kesesuaian parameter hasil sifat mekanis antara standar SNI 1743:2008 dengan permodelan modifikasi alat pemadatan di laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa permodelan modifikasi alat pemadatan dan CBR Laboratorium tidak sesuai dengan SNI 1743:2008 karena tidak mencapai minimum desain CBR Laboratorium dalam Spesifikasi Umum 2010 Rev 3 Bina Marga Divisi 5 pada Lapis Pondasi Agregat Kelas B.
EVALUASI PEMODELAN BANJIR 2-D KOTA MANADO
Authors: Fajar Reza Adhi , Rinaldi Aris , Dasniari Pohan  , Idham Riyando Moe
Published: June 2021

Permasalahan banjir Kota Manado merupakan permasalahan utama yang wajib ditangani secara komprehensif. Perubahan tata guna lahan, intensitas curah hujan yang sering dan lama, kapasitas tampung sungai yang mengecil, sedimentasi dan sampah, dan perubahan iklim menjadi penyebab terjadinya banjir di Kota Manado. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan model dua dimensi dengan simulasi efek perubahan tata guna lahan dan efek hujan kala ulang serta observasi banjir guna mencari solusi terhadap permasalahan banjir yang sering terjadi di Kota Manado. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah terjadi perubahan tata guna lahan dan peningkatan luas area terdampak banjir yang menggenangi Kota Manado, di lain hal kapasitas sungai yang kecil, sehingga pemerintah Kota Manado perlu memperbaiki daerah sempadan sungai yang dipadati dan dihuni oleh masyarakat guna meningkatkan kapasitas aliran air di sungai saat musim hujan dengan intensitas lama dan besar
ANALISA PENGEMBANGAN LAHAN PERTANIAN BERDASARKAN NERACA AIR PADA POLDER LIANG MENGGUNAKAN DEBIT ALIRAN PERMUKAAN DENGAN METODE NRECA
Authors: Udin Muhammad Fahr , Fakhrurrazi
Published: June 2021

Polder Liang yang berletakak ada di sebelah barat kota Martapura di desa tambak baru Kabupaten Banjar, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Luas polder lebih dari 900 Ha dikelilingi jalan sebagai tanggul polder liang berada di tiga kecamatan yaitu Kecamatan Matapura, Karang Intan, Astambul. Polder liang memiliki beberapa pintu air yaitu 6 pintu air utama  dan 29 pintu air kecil. Sistem pintu air yang ada di sekitaran polder masih bersifat manual. Perhitungan ini menggunakan metode Nreca untuk perhitungan debit andalan dan debit nreca dan metode panmen dan standar KP-01 untuk perhi tungan kebutuhan air pada BAB IV dan menghitung pengembangan lahan pertanian berdasarkan neraca air.Hasil Perhitungan kebutuhan air yang ada di desa tambak baru kecamatan martapura kabupaten banjar kebutuhan air tertinggi pada bulan juni II berjumlah dengan rata-rata 0,442 m3/detik ketersedian air dihitung dengan debit andalan 80%  didapat rata-rata ketersedian air 31,095 dengan awal pola tanam digunakan juni II perhitungan neraca air yang ada di petak sawah  pada bulan juni II 5,384 m3/detik.perhitungan perkembangan lahan yang awalny tercatat 638 Ha bisa di kembangkan menjadi 845 Ha.
Regime disaccoppiato, Trattato di Lisbona e obiettivi della Pac verso il 2020
Authors: Costato Luigi
Published: June 2021

Le regole del libero mercato e della concorrenza non riescono, in agricoltura, a produrre effetti positivi tali da compensarne gli svantaggi. D'altra parte è lo stesso art. 39 del Tfue, che riprende senza modifiche le disposizioni sull'agricoltura del vecchio Trattato CE, a stabilire che le regole della concorrenza possano non essere applicate al settore di produzione e commercio dei prodotti agricoli e a porre come obiettivi la sicurezza degli approvvigionamenti, adeguati redditi per gli agricoltori e prezzi ragionevoli ai consumatori. Eppure, nell'intraprendere la strada per l'ennesima riforma della Pac sembra che la Commissione intenda restare ben salda sulle posizioni che, a partire dalla riforma del 2003 e dall'introduzione del

, hanno provocato il lungo periodo di difficoltà di reddito e di mercato al mondo agricolo. Sebbene, infatti, la Commissione si dimostri capace di individuare le reali sfide che l'agricoltura europea è chiamata ad affrontare, tuttavia non indica proposte coerenti con i predetti scopi, così come non vengono forniti significativi elementi di novità quando si affrontano argomenti specifici quali, ad esempio, i pagamenti diretti o le misure di mercato. Ciò che, però, risulta ancor meno confortante è il fatto che, tra le tre diverse attuazioni della riforma proposte, sembri prevalere quella volta a favorire un abbandono graduale delle misure di sostegno del reddito e della maggior parte delle misure di mercato quando, invece, sarebbe auspicabile tornare ad incentivare la produzione alimentare, garantendo

, anche attraverso le scorte, la sicurezza degli approvvigionamenti.
I diritti della terra
Authors: Adornato Francesco
Published: June 2021

Sotto il profilo giuridico, l'accesso alla proprietà della terra si pone oggi in termini molto diversi dal passato: esso è presupposto per godere dei valori ambientali che la terra esprime, è condizione di un più generale godimento della natura e del paesaggio, ma è anche espressione della consapevolezza e della responsabilità che noi abbiamo verso la terra e verso le generazioni future. La terra reclama diritti attraverso usi sostenibili, atteggiamenti responsabili, valori ideali, comportamenti solidali. È necessario pertanto un nuovo patto sociale tra l'uomo e la terra, che regoli anche i diritti di quest'ultima. È questo il compito dei giuristi, soprattutto di quelli di diritto agrario: è necessario, costruire più adeguate strumentazioni per modificare l'ordinamento in funzione di un nuovo orizzonte strategico dell'agricoltura e per assicurare la sopravvivenza dell'umanità.
Travel Levels Before and After COVID-19 Control Measures in Cambridge, UK
Authors: Patterson Richard , Ogilvie David , Panter Jenna
Published: June 2021

We used routinely collected traffic data to compare travel before (September 2019 and February 2020) and after (September 2020) restrictions on movement due to Covid-19 in Cambridge, UK. Segmented quasi-Poisson time-series analyses estimated the degree to which travel behaviour had returned to pre-lockdown levels by September 2020, controlling for seasonal trends using hours of sunlight, temperature, and precipitation. In most cases walking and cycling remained below pre-lockdown levels at follow-up. Motor vehicle use was similar to pre-lockdown conditions in many locations, except where roads were closed to motor vehicles to support social distancing and on roads approaching the railway station.
Seminario de prospectiva, sostenibilidad y transdisciplina.
Authors:   Universidad Nacional de Villa Maria, Cordoba, Argentina, Beatriz Abaca Maria
Published: June 2021

The Seminar "Prospective, sustainability and transdiscipline" of the ECOCUCEA was an excellent "Kairos" of reflections and dialogue of knowledge from which I make a simple reflection articulating such knowledge with the fields of Philosophy and Pedagogy ", in relation to questioning about the major problems that come into play in this context of "socio-environmental collapse": The loss of biodiversity and time as a "run out of time" necessary for a post-pandemic ecologized re-existence.
Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, Clemencia y la ecocrítica.
Authors:   Universidad de Guadalajara (MÉXICO), Bueno Ibarra Mariana Guadalupe
Published: June 2021

Ignacio Manuel Altamirano’s narrative has been one of the testimonies more remarkable of Mexican literature of the XIX century. Its study suggests many ways of approach to one of the more important historic and cultural time living in Mexico. The actual work analyses from the perspective of the ecocritic theory the fundamental importance of space and nature in literature. Clemencia is a novel that inscribes in the romanticism, nature develop in an open space with notables descriptions about mountains, plants, and gardens. The Ecocritics based its study in a natural perspective and about how it comes an active part in the narration; it gives a testimony of a concrete époque and reveals the relation between human / no-human. It is in Clemencia where this characteristic works in a space, where the natural world has and gives transcendental importance, a poetic scenery, nature, conforms for the nineteenth landscape in Guadalajara city.
La condena de la avaricia en Purgatorio a partir del tratado Monarquía
Authors:   Universidad Anáhuac México Sur (MÉXICO), Leyva Gama Ricardo Manuel
Published: June 2021

Greed is the most condemned sin by Dante Alighieri in his Comedy. To understand this condemnation, in this paper, it is opted for a dualist lecture of Purgatory, i.e., one that allows us to consider both what reason understands human virtue and vice and what one must accept by the Christian faith. To achieve this, some of Dante's theological and political ideas are recovered from his treatise Monarchia.
MITIGATING SLOW HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKS
Authors: Akanji Oluwatobi Shadrach , Abisoye Opeyemi Aderiike , Iliyasu Mohammed Awwal
Published: June 2021

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks has been one of the persistent forms of attacks on information technology infrastructure connected to public networks due to the ease of access to DDoS attack tools. Researchers have been able to develop several techniques to curb volumetric DDoS which overwhelms the target with a large number of request packets. However, compared to slow DDoS, limited number of research has been executed on mitigating slow DDoS. Attackers have resorted to slow DDoS because it mimics the behaviour of a slow legitimate client thereby causing service unavailability. This paper provides the scholarly community with an approach to boosting service availability in web servers under slow Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) DDoS attacks through attack detection using Genetic Algorithm and Support Vector Machine which facilitates attack mitigation in a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) environment simulated in GNS3. Genetic algorithm was used to select the Netflow features which indicates the presence of an attack and also determine the appropriate regularization parameter, C, and gamma parameter for the Support Vector Machine classifier. Results obtained showed that the classifier had detection accuracy, Area Under Receiver Operating Curve (AUC), true positive rate, false positive rate and a false negative rate of 99.89%, 99.89%, 99.95%, 0.18%, and 0.05% respectively. Also, the algorithm for subsequent implementation of the selective adaptive bubble burst mitigation mechanism was presented. This study contributes to the ongoing research in detecting and mitigating slow HTTP DDoS attacks with emphasis on the use of machine learning classification and meta-heuristic algorithms.
ROBOTLARIN YÜKSELİŞİ: IAN MCEWAN'IN “BENİM GİBİ MAKİNELER” ROMANINDA ETİK SORUNLARIN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: GÜROVA Ercan
Published: June 2021

Günümüzde robotlar hizmet sektöründen, askeri ve güvenlik alanlarına, araştırma ve
eğitimden sağlık sektörü ve eğlenceye, kişisel bakım hizmetlerinden arkadaşlık ve
cinsellik konularına kadar yaşamın hemen her alanında artan ve çeşitlenen bir biçimde
yer almaktadır. Robot endüstrisinin sağladığı bu yaygınlık ve çeşitlilik kaçınılmaz bir
şekilde insan-robot etkileşimini ve bu etkileşimin yol açtığı etik sorunları ve açmazları
gündeme getirmektedir. Çağdaş İngiliz yazar Ian McEwan'ın Benim Gibi Makineler (2019)
romanı da alternatif bir 80'ler Londra'sında yapay zekâ araştırmalarının ve robotik
ürünlerin çığır açtığı bir dönemde geçmektedir. Bilinç, özgür irade ve amaçlılık gibi
özelliklere sahip olan ilk insansı Âdem ve Havva'ların insanlarla etkileşiminde ortaya
çıkan etik sorunlar romanın merkezinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma, adı geçen insansı
robotu James H. Moor'un “ahlaki faillik” (2011) taksonomisi açısından ele almakta,
ardından üç felsefi yaklaşım kullanarak (teleolojik etik teori olarak utilitaryanizm,
deontolojik teori olarak Kant'ın kategorik zorunluluk kavramı ve ilk bakışta görev
yaklaşımı) insan-robot etkileşiminin doğurduğu etik sorunları incelemektedir. Bunun yanı
sıra, etik sorunlar bağlamında Asimov'un robot kanunları ve Immanuel Kant'ın (1724-
1804) “kopernik dünyanın dönüşü”nün insan-robot ilişkisindeki yeri ele alınmaktadır.
Ayrıca, romandaki insan-robot etkileşimi insan merkezli bir özneyi önceleyen bakış
açısına meydan okumakta ve insan lehine olan güç dengesini de tartışmaya açmaktadır.
ALASDAIR GRAY'İN “THE FALL OF KELVIN WALKER” ADLI ROMANINDA MEKÂN TEMSİLLERİ
Authors: KÖTÜZ ÇİFTCİOĞLU Simla
Published: June 2021

İskoç Edebiyatı'nın en önemli yazarlarından biri olarak kabul edilen Alasdair Gray,
eserlerinde İskoç tarihi, kültürü, kimliği ve edebi geleneğinin sorunlarını politik bir bakış
açısıyla ele alır. Gray'in yazınında politik duruşunu yansıtan en dikkat çekici unsurlardan
biri, eserlerinde genellikle İskoç mekânların, özellikle Glasgow'un, kullanılmasıdır. Ancak
The Fall of Kelvin Walker (1985) isimli romanında Gray, kurgu mekânı olarak Londra'yı
tercih eder. İskoç başkahramanın Londra algısı ve kimlik arayışının bir parçası olarak
kendine Londra'da bir ev kurma süreci anlatının önemli bir parçasını oluşturur. Alasdair
Gray'in İngiliz-İskoç ilişkilerine yönelik takındığı politik tutumu, bu romanda kentsel ve
kişisel mekân temsilleri aracılığıyla yansıttığı düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma
The Fall of Kelvin Walker'daki kentsel mekân olarak Londra'nın kullanımını ve kişisel
mekân olarak ev olgusunun temsilini Henri Lefebvre'nin mekânsal üçlü önermesi ışığında
incelemeyi amaçlar. Çalışmada, kentsel mekân olarak Londra ve kişisel mekân olarak ev,
mekânsal üçlü önermesinin unsurları olan mekân temsilleri, temsil mekânları ve
mekânsal pratikler kapsamında incelenecektir.
ATATÜRK DÖNEMİNDE KÖYLÜYÜ SAĞLIK KONUSUNDA BİLGİLENDİRME ÇALIŞMALARI VE DR. REŞİT GALİP'İN BU KONUDAKİ FAALİYETLERİ
Authors: ÖZCAN Halil
Published: June 2021

20. yüzyılın başında, Türk toplumun ana omurgasını oluşturan, Türk köylüsünün
çözülmesi gereken öncelikli iki temel sorunundan birisi eğitim, diğeri de sağlıktı. Köylünün
sorunlarına çözüm önerileri aslında, II. Meşrutiyet'in ilânı ile tartışılmaya başlanmıştı. Bu
öneriler incelendiğinde, köylünün eğitiminin öncelikli bir sorun olarak ele alındığı ve çözüm
olarak köye öğretmen gönderilmesi üzerinde durulduğu görülür. Köyün ve köylünün
sağlık konusunda bilinçlendirilmesi ve bulaşıcı hastalıklardan korunması sorunlarını da
köye gönderilen eğitimcilerin çözmesi kabul ediliyordu. Bu durum, şüphesiz başta doktor
olmak üzere sağlık personelinin ve sağlık kurumlarının yetersiz olması ve eğitimcinin köye
ve köylüye sağlık personelinden daha kolay ulaşabilecek olmasının bir sonucuydu.
Millet Egemenliğine dayalı Büyük Millet Meclisinin (BMM) açılmasıyla yeni bir dönem
başlamıştı ve ülke işgal altındaydı. Buna rağmen sağlık sorunlarının BMM'nin kurduğu ilk
hükûmette sağlık ve sosyal yardım olarak bakanlık düzeyine çıkarılması önemliydi.
Çünkü Osmanlı Devletinde sağlık sorunları, İçişleri Bakanlığı bünyesinde yönetiliyordu ve
dünyada sadece birkaç ülke sağlık sorunlarını bakanlık düzeyine çıkarmıştı. Millî
Mücadelenin zor şartlarında bile halkın ve köylünün sağlık sorunlarıyla sosyal devlet
anlayışı kapsamında ilgilenen Atatürk, Cumhuriyetin ilânını beklemeden köylünün sağlık
sorunlarını daha hızlı çözebilmek için bir yandan öğretmenlerden ve eğitimcilerden
yararlanmayı diğer taraftan da nitelikli sağlık personeli yetiştirmeyi, aşı üretmeyi ve
sağlık, sosyal yardım kurumları oluşturmayı gerekli gördü. Cumhuriyetin ilânıyla sağlık
konusundaki çalışmalara hız verilerek sağlıklı bireylerin sağlıklı milleti oluşturması ilkesi
kabul edildi. Atatürk'ün meclis açış konuşmalarında sağlık politikalarını belirlemekle
kalmadığı, belirlenen programların yıllık takibini yaptığı gibi gelecek yılın hedeni
açıkladığı görülür.
Sağlık personelinin ve kurumlarının köylere ulaşması zaman ve sermayeye bağlıydı.
Ancak bulaşıcı hastalıkların artarak devam etmesi nedeniyle köye ve köylüye bir an evvel
ulaşabilmek için köy öğretmenleriyle eğitmenlerinden ve Türk Ocağı ile Halkevlerinden
yararlanılmak gerekiyordu. Cumhuriyetin köye ve köylüye sağlık konusunda ulaşması
gayretlerinin en çarpıcı örneklerinden birisini, köylü dostu hekim olarak da bilinen Millî
Eğitim Bakanı Dr. Reşit Galip'in bakanlığı döneminde ikinci baskısını 10.000 adet yapan
Köy Muallimlerile Sağlık Konuşmaları kitabı oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yeni
kurulan Cumhuriyetin köylüye yönelik sağlık politikasıyla, köylü dostu Dr. Reşit Galip ile
köy öğretmen ve eğitmenleriyle Millet Mektepleri ve Halkevlerinin köye ve köylüye yönelik
sağlık bilincini oluşturma çabaları ele alınacaktır.
TANG DÖNEMİNDE HÜKÜMDARLIK ORDUSU: SUWEI BİRLİĞİ VE ESİR BEYZADELER
Authors: KAPUSUZOĞLU Gökçen
Published: June 2021

Çin'in Tang Hanedanı döneminde, Türk kültür çevresinden halkların Tang askerî yapısı
içinde görev alması durumu ile sıklıkla karşılaşılmaktadır. Adları çoğunlukla zaferlerle
anılan konargöçer geleneğinden gelen bu askerlerin ordu içindeki konumu ve etkisi de
yüksek olmuştur. Tang Hanedanı ile eş zamanlı kurulan Hükümdarlık Ordusu
bünyesinde farklı adlarda birliklere yer verilmiştir. Suwei Birliği de bu birliklerden biridir.
Suwei Birliği'ne katılacak askerlerin bir kısmı, Tang Hanedanı'nın halk politikalarından
rehin politikası sonucunda, yabancı halkların yöneticilerinin oğullarını veya kardeşlerini
Tang başkentine rehin göndermesiyle ortaya çıkan esir beyzadeler arasından seçilmiştir.
Politika kapsamında saraya gelen esir beyzadeler, çoğunlukla hükümdarlık meclisinde
veya sarayın savunmasında görev yapmışlar ve başkentte konaklamışlardır. Rehin
politikasının amacı, karşılıklı ilişkilerde barışın korunması, karşı taraftan gelecek
saldırıların önlenmesi ve merkezî hanedana olan bağlılığın teminat altına alınmasıdır.
Çalışmada, Tang döneminin halk politikalarından olan rehin sistemi ve bunun sonucunda
ortaya çıkan esir beyzadeler ile bunlardan bazılarının yerleştirildiği Suwei Birliği
incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Orhun Yazıtları'nda geçen “kul” ve “küng” sözcükleri ile esir
beyzadeleri tanımlamak için kullanılan Çince “Zhizi (質子)” sözcüklerinin aynı durumu
ifade etmek için kullanılması ihtimali üzerinde durulmuştur.