bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology, surface roughness, electron inelastic and quasielastic scattering in elastic peak electron spectroscopy of polymers
Authors: Lesiak B. , Kosiński A. , Nowakowski R. , Kövér L. , Tóth J. , Varga D. , Cserny I. , Sulyok A. , Gergely G.
Published: September 2007

In elastic peak electron spectroscopy (EPES), the nearest vicinity of elastic peak in the low kinetic energy region reflects electron inelastic and quasielastic processes. Incident electrons produce surface excitations, inducing surface plasmons, with the corresponding loss peaks separated by 1–20 eV energy from the elastic peak.

In this work, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and helium pycnometry are applied for determining surface atomic composition and bulk density, whereas atomic force microscopy (AFM) is applied for determining surface morphology and roughness. The component due to electron recoil on hydrogen atoms can be observed in EPES spectra for selected primary electron energies. Simulations of EPES predict a larger contribution of the hydrogen component than observed experimentally, where hydrogen deficiency is observed. Elastic peak intensity is influenced more strongly by surface morphology (roughness and porosity) than by surface excitations and quasielastic scattering of electrons by hydrogen atoms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age‐specific prevalence and years of healthy life in a system with three health states
Authors: Diehr Paula , Yanez David , Derleth Ann , Newman Anne B.
Published: September 2007

Consider a 3‐state system with one absorbing state, such as Healthy, Sick, and Dead. Over time, the prevalence of the Healthy state will approach an ‘equilibrium’ value that is independent of the initial conditions. We derived this equilibrium prevalence (Prev:Equil) as a function of the local transition probabilities. We then used Prev:Equil to estimate the expected number of years spent in the healthy state over time. This estimate is similar to the one calculated by multi‐state life table methods, and has the advantage of having an associated standard error. In longitudinal data for older adults, the standard error was accurate when a valid survival table was known from other sources, or when the available data set was sufficient to estimate survival accurately. Performance was better with fewer waves of data. If validated in other situations, these estimates of prevalence and years of healthy life (YHL) and their standard errors may be useful when the goal is to compare YHL for different populations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibration of generalized double well oscillators
Authors: Litak G. , Borowiec M. , Syta A.
Published: September 2007

We have applied the Melnikov criterion to examine a global homoclinic bifurcation and a transition to chaos in the case of the double well dynamical system with a nonlinear fractional damping term and external excitation. The usual double well Duffing potential having one negative square term and one positive quartic term has been generalized to a double well potential with a negative square term and a positive one with an arbitrary real exponent q > 2. We have also used a fractional damping term with an arbitrary power p applied to velocity which enables one to cover a wide range of realistic damping factors: from dry friction p → 0 to turbulent resistance phenomena p = 2. Using perturbation methods we have found a critical forcing amplitude μc above which the system may behave chaotically. Our results show that the vibrating system is less stable in transition to chaos for smaller p satisfying an exponential scaling low. The critical amplitude μc is an exponential function of p. The analytical results have been illustrated by numerical simulations using standard nonlinear tools such as Poincare maps and the maximal Lyapunov exponent. As usual for chosen system parameters we have identified a chaotic motion above the critical Melnikov amplitude μc.
Unified Poincaré and Hardy inequalities with sharp constants for convex domains
Authors: Avkhadiev F.G. , Wirths K.‐J.
Published: September 2007

Let Ω be an n‐dimensional convex domain, and let ν ∈ [0, 1/2]. For all f ∈ H01(Ω) we prove the inequality

where δ = dist (x, ∂ Ω), δ0 = sup δ. The factor λν2 is sharp for all dimensions, λν being the first positive root of the Lamb type equation Jν(λν)+ 2λν Jν′(λν) = 0 for Bessel's functions. In particular, the case ν= 0 with λ0= 0,940 ... presents a new sharp form of the Hardy type inequality due to Brezis and Marcus, while in the case ν = 1/2 with λ1/2 = π/2 we obtain a unified proof of an isoperimetric inequality due to Poincaré for n = 1, Hersch for n = 2 and Payne and Stakgold for n ≥ 3. A generalization, when the latter integral is replaced by the integral ∫Ω|f|2 / δ2‐mdx, m > 0, is proved, too. As a special case, we obtain the sharp inequality

where jν is the first positive zero of Jν.
Neurodegeneration and chronic renal failure in methylmalonic aciduria—A pathophysiological approach
Authors: Morath M. A. , Okun J. G. , Müller I. B. , Sauer S. W. , Hörster F. , Hoffmann G. F. , Kölker S.
Published: September 2007

In the last decades the survival of patients with methylmalonic aciduria has been improved. However, the overall outcome of affected patients remains disappointing. The disease course is often complicated by acute life‐threatening metabolic crises, which can result in multiple organ failure or even death, resembling primary defects of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Biochemical abnormalities during metabolic derangement, such as metabolic acidosis, ketonaemia/ketonuria, lactic acidosis, hypoglycaemia and hyperammonaemia, suggest mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, long‐term complications such as chronic renal failure and neurological disease are frequently found. Neuropathophysiological studies have focused on various effects caused by accumulation of putatively toxic organic acids, the so‐called ‘toxic metabolite’ hypothesis. In previous studies, methylmalonate (MMA) has been considered as the major neurotoxin in methylmalonic aciduria, whereas more recent studies have highlighted a synergistic inhibition of mitochondrial energy metabolism (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, tricarboxylic acid cycle, respiratory chain, mitochondrial salvage pathway of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP)) induced by propionyl‐CoA, 2‐methylcitrate and MMA as the key pathomechanism of inherited disorders of propionate metabolism. Intracerebral accumulation of toxic metabolites (‘trapping’ hypothesis’) is considered a biochemical risk factor for neurodegeneration. Secondary effects of mitochondrial dysfunction, such as oxidative stress and impaired mtDNA homeostasis, contribute to pathogenesis of these disorders. The underlying pathomechanisms of chronic renal insufficiency in methylmalonic acidurias are not yet understood. We hypothesize that renal and cerebral pathomechanisms share some similarities, such as an involvement of dicarboxylic acid transport. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview on recent pathomechanistic concepts for methylmalonic acidurias.
Gender Ratio of Dupuytren's Disease in the Modern U.S. Population
Authors: Anthony Shawn G. , Lozano-Calderon Santiago A. , Simmons Barry P. , Jupiter Jesse B.
Published: September 2007

Epidemiological studies conducted largely in northern Europe and Australia have shown that Dupuytren's disease is less common in women, with reported overall male-to-female ratios ranging from 3:1 to 9.5:1. Epidemiological data from other countries cannot be extrapolated to the modern U.S. population due to genetic and environmental differences between populations. The aim of this study was to determine the gender ratio in Dupuytren's disease in the Boston, MA area. We conducted a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with Dupuytren's disease at two large academic hospitals in Boston, MA between the years January 1995 and July 2006. To minimize variability introduced by clinical diagnosis, we also used internal billing records to identify a subset of patients who received fasciectomies for Dupuytren's disease during this period. A total of 1,815 patients (1,150 men, 665 women) were identified at our institutions with a clinical diagnosis of Dupuytren's disease, giving an overall male-to-female ratio of 1.7:1. Of these, 234 patients (176 men, 58 women) received fasciectomies performed by the two senior authors, resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 3.0:1. The male-to-female ratio for patients younger than 54 years of age was 4.0:1, and the ratio approached 1:1 with increasing age. The male-to-female ratio observed in our patient population was lower than those previously reported in the literature, particularly for patients younger than 54 years of age. This study indicates that large-scale epidemiological studies are needed to accurately report Dupuytren's disease in the modern U.S. population.
VEGF receptor Flk‐1 plays an important role in c‐kit expression in adipose tissue derived stem cells
Authors: Bai Xiaowen , Sadat Sanga , Gehmert Sebastian , Alt Eckhard , Song Yao-Hua
Published: September 2007

It is known that c‐kit+ cells are increased in heart after infarction. The exact origins of the cardiac c‐kit+ cells remain to be determined. We asked whether adipose tissue could be a potential source of c‐kit+ cells. Our data show that the number of c‐kit+ cells increased in adipose tissue derived stem cells when cultured with conditioned medium from neonatal cardiomyocytes grown under serum deprivation and hypoxia condition. We also found that VEGF receptor Flk‐1 is involved in c‐kit up regulation via ERK‐mediated pathway.
Percutaneous Nephrostomy for Removal of Large Impacted Upper Ureteral Stones
Authors: Juan Yung‐Shun , Li Ching‐Chia , Shen Jung‐Tsung , Huang Chun‐Hsiung , Chuang Shu‐Mien , Wang Chii‐Jye , Wu Wen‐Jeng
Published: September 2007

The treatment for patients with large impacted proximal ureteral stone remains controversial. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopic lithotripsy are the most popular treatment options due to their minimal invasive nature. However, percutaneous nephroscopic ureterolithotripsy is still important. Between June 2004 and March 2006, a total of 24 patients underwent percutaneous antegrade nephrostomy for the removal of large impacted proximal ureteral stones of size > 15 mm. Combined ultrasonic and pneumatic lithotripters were used for the stone fragmentation. Twenty‐three (95.8%) of the 24 patients were stone‐free after one session of surgery. The mean operation time was 125.4 ± 49.5 minutes (range, 45–170 minutes) and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.7 ± 2.0 days (range, 4–12 days). Among the 24 patients, six experienced transient postoperative fever that could be controlled with appropriate antibiotics and supportive treatment, and two had blood loss requiring blood transfusion. We suggest that percutaneous nephroscopic ureterolithotripsy is a safe and efficient treatment option for the removal of large impacted proximal ureteral stones.
The Philosophy of Social Science
Authors: Hollis Martin
Published: September 2007

This textbook by Martin Hollis offers an exceptionally clear and concise introduction to the philosophy of social science. It examines questions which give rise to fundamental philosophical issues. Are social structures better conceived of as systems of laws and forces, or as webs of meanings and practices? Is social action better viewed as rational behaviour, or as self-expression? By exploring such questions, the reader is led to reflect upon the nature of scientific method in social science. Is the aim to explain the social world after a manner worked out for the natural world, or to understand the social world from within?
Social Capital and Diversity Generalized Trust, Social Cohesion and Regimes of Diversity
Authors: Hooghe Marc
Published: September 2007

Abstract.In recent years an impressive amount of evidence has been collected documenting a negative relationship between levels of ethnic diversity and social capital indicators, in particular generalized trust. In this article we raise a number of theoretical arguments that should be addressed before these findings can be generalized. First, it has to be remembered that most of these studies focus on generalized trust as a social capital indicator, while trust probably is most vulnerable for the effects of weakening homogeneity. Second, it is argued that in order to arrive at a better understanding of the relation between diversity and social capital, at least three intermediary variables need to be taken into account: 1) the question whether diversity entails segregation of networks at the individual level; 2) the increase in diversity rather than the absolute level; 3) the regimes societies use to govern diversity, and especially the variation with regard to the openness of these regimes. We close by exploring the suggestion that in more diverse societies, recognition of group differences and identities, and group relations based on equality-based concepts of reciprocity should be considered as potentially more meaningful strategies.

Résumé.Dans les dernières années, une quantité impressionnante de preuves ont été rassemblées, qui documentent une relation négative entre le niveau de diversité ethnique et les indicateurs de capital social, en particulier la confiance généralisée. Dans cet article, nous soulevons un certain nombre d'arguments théoriques qu'il faut examiner avant de pouvoir généraliser ces résultats. D'abord il faut noter que la plupart de ces études se sont concentrées sur la confiance généralisée comme indicateur de capital social alors que la confiance est probablement particulièrement vulnérable aux effets d'une érosion de l'homogénéité. Deuxièmement, nous avançons que, pour mieux comprendre la relation entre diversité et capital social, trois variables intermédiaires au moins doivent être prises en considération : 1) l'existence d'une ségrégation des réseaux au niveau individuel du fait de la diversité; 2) l'augmentation de la diversité plutôt que son niveau absolu; 3) les régimes que les sociétés utilisent pour gouverner la diversité et surtout le degré d'ouverture de ces régimes. Pour finir, nous explorons la suggestion que, dans des sociétés plus diverses, la reconnaissance des différences et identités des groupes, et des relations inter-groupes basées sur des concepts d'égalité et de réciprocité devraient être considérées comme des stratégies potentiellement plus significatives.
Le Comité permanent de la condition féminine de la Chambre des communes du Canada : un outil au service de la représentation politique des femmes?
Authors: Tremblay Manon , Mullen Stephanie
Published: September 2007

Les discours sur la présence des femmes dans les assemblées législatives puisent essentiellement à deux rationalités : celle de la justice et celle de l'utilité. L'argument de la justice repose sur le principe de l'égalité des femmes et des hommes; conséquemment, celles-là ont le même droit que ceux-ci à prendre part aux décisions publiques. L'argument de l'utilité fait plutôt valoir que des assemblées parlementaires comportant un meilleur équilibre femmes-hommes permettent d'améliorer la démocratie représentative. Selon Mateo Diaz (2005 : 116–118), le discours utilitariste se manifeste sous plusieurs formes, dont l'une veut que les femmes et les hommes ayant des expériences de vie différentes, la mal-représentation des femmes au parlement implique que leurs valeurs, leurs besoins, leurs demandes et leurs intérêts ne sont pas pris en compte par la gouverne. Cet argument a inspiré une très riche littérature préoccupée de savoir si les femmes changent la politique. Tremblay (1999 : 226–227), par exemple, voit trois dimensions de la gouverne démocratique que les femmes peuvent changer et mettre à contribution afin de représenter substantiellement les femmes : le style parlementaire (soit les façons d'être, de dire et de faire de la politique), l'ordre du jour politique (soit les thématiques abordées par la gouverne politique), enfin les politiques publiques (soit le contenu des législations et les perspectives dont elles sont porteuses).
La Continuité et le Changement dans les Stratégies de Développement Économique en Iran Aprés 1989
Authors: Shirdel Mohammad-Ali
Published: September 2007

Résumé.Cette recherche a pour objectif d'expliquer le changement et la continuité dans les stratégies de développement économique après la révolution islamique en Iran. Le modèle explicatif est le suivant : la configuration et l'interaction particulière de quatre facteurs expliquent le choix et le changement dans les stratégies de développement économique en Iran : l'État, la société civile, le système mondial et les idées. À partir de 1989, la Deuxième République annonce des changements importants dans l'État islamique et dans ses relations avec la société civile islamique, d'un côté, et avec le système international, de l'autre. Ces changements en ont entraîné d'autres dans les stratégies de développement et ont eu pour résultat l'application d'une nouvelle stratégie de développement. Cette nouvelle stratégie a deux volets importants : les programmes de stabilisation économique et les programmes d'ajustement structurel.

Abstract.This research aims to explain change and continuity in the strategies of economic development after the Islamic revolution in Iran. The explanatory model is as follows: the particular configuration and interaction of four factors explain the choices and changes in the strategies of economic development in Iran: the state, civil society, the world system and ideas. Starting in 1989, the Second Republic announced important changes in the Islamic State and its relations with civil society on one side, and with the international system on the other. These changes involved other changes in the strategies of development and the application of a new strategy of development. This new strategy has two important facets: programs of economic stabilization and programs of structural adjustment.
Pierre Bourdieu : la méthodologie,
l'épistémologie,
l'interdisciplinarité.
Authors: Laberge Yves
Published: September 2007

Pierre Bourdieu, Esquisse pour une auto-analyse. Paris,
Raisons d'agir (Collection “ Cours et travaux ”), 2004,
144 p.

Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-Claude Chamboredon, Jean-Claude Passeron (dir.),
Le métier de sociologue. Préalables
épistémologiques. 5e édition. Berlin et New
York, Mouton de Gruyter, 2005 [1968], xix + 357 p.

Edwige Corcia, Bertrand Geay, Annick Coupé, Violaine Roussel,
Sylvia Faure, Philippe Adrien, Markos Zafiropoulos, Martine Fournier,
Sylvain Bourmeau, Philippe Corcuff, Bernard Vernier, Daniel Buren,
Gérard Mauger, Vincent de Gaulejac. Pierre Bourdieu: les champs
de la critique. Paris, Bibliothèque Centre-Pompidou,
Collection “ BPI en actes ”, 2004, 284 p.

Carles, Pierre (réalisateur), avec Pierre Bourdieu, La
sociologie est un sport de combat [en anglais : Sociology Is
a Martial Art]. Paris et Brooklyn : VF Films, et Pierre Carles
(C-P Productions). Distributeur pour l'Amérique du Nord :
First Run/Icarus Films, 2001. Vidéocassette VHS, NTSC, 146
minutes.

Yvette Delsaut et Marie-Christine Rivière, Bibliographie
des travaux de Pierre Bourdieu, Pantin (France), Le temps des
cerises, 2002.
Democratic Norms Remain Stronger than Ethnic Ties: Defending “Foreign Interventions and Secessionist Movements”
Authors: Bélanger Louis , Duchesne Érick , Paquin Jonathan
Published: September 2007

Abstract.This article is a response to Stephen Saideman's criticism of our research findings on third state intervention in secessionist crises, which was published in this journal in 2005. Here we defend our methodology and the validity of our results. We also explain why, in our view, Saideman's criticisms and the alternative research design that he offers are seriously questionable. More specifically, our reply focuses on his problematic case selection and on his measurement of ethnic ties, which is methodologically inconsistent and biased.

Résumé.Cet article constitue une réponse à la critique de Stephen Saideman concernant nos résultats de recherche, paru dans cette revue en 2005, sur les interventions des États tiers dans les crises sécessionnistes. Nous défendons ici notre méthode et la validité de nos résultats. Nous expliquons aussi pourquoi, selon nous, il est possible de remettre en question les critiques et le devis de recherche de Saideman. Plus précisément, notre réponse se concentre sur sa sélection de cas douteuse et sa mesure des liens ethniques, puisque nous jugeons celle-ci méthodologiquement incorrecte et biaisée.
Recognizing Aboriginal Title: The Mabo Case and Indigenous
Resistance to English-Settler Colonialism
Authors: Dick Caroline
Published: September 2007

Recognizing Aboriginal Title: The Mabo Case and Indigenous
Resistance to English-Settler Colonialism, Peter H. Russell, Toronto,
Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press, 2005, pp. xii, 470.

Peter Russell's insightful book on Aboriginal land rights in
Australia weaves together two tales, that of Indigenous crusader Eddie
Koiki Mabo and the slow and arduous struggle of Torres Strait Islanders
and mainland Aborigines to have their native land rights recognized by
Australian governments in the hope of forging a new, post-colonial
relationship. Along the way, Russell places these stories in the context
of the push and pull of international events and movements that affected
Australia's domestic politics and assesses the political progress of
Indigenous peoples in Canada, the United States and New Zealand.
Canada's Governors General: Biography and Constitutional
Evolution 1847–1878
Authors: Smith David E.
Published: September 2007

Canada's Governors General: Biography and Constitutional
Evolution 1847–1878, Barbara J. Messamore, Toronto: University
of Toronto Press, 2006, pp. viii, 308.

There is no comprehensive history of the office of governor general, a
scholarly lapse that this book goes only part way in repairing.
Canada's Governors General covers the period 1847 to 1878,
that is, from Lord Elgin's signing of the controversial Rebellion
Losses Bill, because his advisers who controlled the colonial legislative
assembly advised him to do so, to the receipt of new Letters Patent and
Instructions thirty years later from London. The intent of these last was
to provide greater certainty about the function and role of the governor
general following Lord Dufferin's excitable interventions in the wake
of the Pacific Scandal to maintain British Columbia's adhesion to
Confederation.
Institutionnaliser l'évaluation des politiques
publiques. Étude comparée des dispositifs en Belgique, en
France, en Suisse et aux Pays-Bas
Authors: Jolicoeur Mathieu Masse
Published: September 2007

Institutionnaliser l'évaluation des politiques
publiques. Étude comparée des dispositifs en Belgique, en
France, en Suisse et aux Pays-Bas, Jacob, Steve, Bruxelles, Presses
interuniversitaires européennes, coll. Cité
européenne, no 35, 2005, 271 pages.

L'évaluation des politiques publiques est monnaie courante
dans la plupart des démocraties occidentales. Les études
présentant des expériences nationales
d'évaluation ne manquent pas; par contre, les analyses
comparées demeurent peu nombreuses. Le livre de Steve Jacob pose le
problème de l'institutionnalisation de
l'évaluation dans quatre pays européens (France,
Belgique, Suisse et Pays-Bas). En étudiant attentivement
l'évolution de l'évaluation dans ces quatre pays,
on découvre qu'elle emprunte des chemins variés
reflétant les spécificités nationales. L'auteur
pose l'hypothèse dans son livre que ce développement de
l'évaluation est tributaire du milieu (type d'État
et caractéristiques des acteurs importants) dans lequel il se
réalise.
Le rêve et la forêt. Histoires de chamanes nabesna
Authors: Doran, Anne
Published: September 2007

Le rêve et la forêt. Histoires de chamanes
nabesna, Guédon, Anne-Marie, PUL, 2005, 616 pages.

Ce livre est le fruit d'enquêtes faites par l'auteure
depuis 1968 auprès des Nabesna, un peuple autochtone de langue
déné situé à la frontière entre le
Yukon et l'Alaska, au centre d'un territoire habité par
les Athapaskans (Dénés) septentrionaux dont ils se
rapprochent par la culture et la langue. Sa connaissance profonde de la
culture des Nabesna prend constamment appui sur les cultures des peuples
autochtones environnants pour s'en démarquer ou s'y
comparer, ce qui fait que son objet est beaucoup plus large que la seule
culture nabesna et rejoint tout le monde athapascan.
Digital State at the Leading Edge
Authors: Roberge Ian
Published: September 2007

Digital State at the Leading Edge, Sandford Borins, Kenneth
Kernaghan, David Brown, Nick Bontis, Perri 6 and Fred Thompson, Toronto,
Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press, 2007, pp. 446.

There is a small but dedicated community of scholars who work in the
field of Canadian public administration. These researchers have produced
research of outstanding interest and quality. Digital State at the
Leading Edge is no exception to this rule; it is an excellent example
of evidence-based research.
De la démocratie au Québec 1940–1970. Anthologie
des débats autour de l'idée de démocratie de la
Seconde Guerre mondiale à la Crise d'octobre
Authors: Rocher François
Published: September 2007

De la démocratie au Québec 1940–1970.
Anthologie des débats autour de l'idée de
démocratie de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à la Crise
d'octobre, Lévesque, Michel (avec la collaboration de
Lucie Blanchet), Montréal : Lux Éditeur, 2005, xxxvi, 338
pages.

La réflexion théorique et les débats
idéologiques entourant la notion de démocratie ne sont pas
près de s'épuiser. Il s'agit d'un
thème important, sinon central, dans nos sociétés
libérales, qui ne perd jamais de son actualité. La
littérature contemporaine en philosophie politique, ainsi que les
études comparées des politiques canadienne et
québécoise, abordent régulièrement le
thème de la démocratie, des conditions de sa
réalisation et des mécanismes institutionnels qui lui
donnent corps. L'ouvrage de Michel Lévesque nous rappelle que
les enjeux idéologiques qui y sont associés ont aussi fait
l'objet de réflexions et de débats au Québec
entre 1940 et 1970. La lecture de ces textes illustre bien le fait que la
démocratie se présente toujours comme un idéal
à réaliser, mais surtout que les évaluations que
l'on peut en faire sont en grande partie déterminées
par le contexte historique. Michel Lévesque note “ une
tendance manifeste chez plusieurs auteurs à présenter leur
présupposés comme des vérités établies
en s'appuyant sur une interprétation empirique de
l'histoire en lieu et place d'analyses approfondies et
étoffées ” (p. xxxv). Le passage du temps nous permet
de réaliser la pertinence de cette remarque à la
lumière des préoccupations qui dominaient au milieu du
20e siècle au Québec et au Canada. Toutefois, il
pourrait tout aussi bien s'agir d'un rappel
méthodologique à l'endroit des jugements qui sont
posés aujourd'hui sur l'état de la
démocratie canadienne et québécoise.
Political Thought in Canada: An Intellectual History
Authors: Dhamoon Rita
Published: September 2007

Political Thought in Canada: An Intellectual History,
Katherine Fierlbeck, Peterborough ON: Broadview Press, 2006, pp. 178.

Katherine Fierlbeck's project to provide “a brief exegesis
of some of the more important political and philosophical debates in
Canada's history” (6) is a difficult one, as she herself notes,
because the criteria for determining which thinkers and ideas to include
are contested. Fierlbeck selects a rich range of well known and
under-theorized thinkers and, more importantly, she historicizes the links
between political ideas and events so as to contextualize the development
of political thought. Although she recognizes that there is no single
school of Canadian thought, the unifying theme of the book is that of
national identity.
Political Parties and Political Systems: The Concept of Linkage
Revisited
Authors: MacDermid Robert
Published: September 2007

Political Parties and Political Systems: The Concept of Linkage
Revisited, Andrea Römmele, David M. Farrell, Piero Ignazi, eds.,
Westport CN: Praeger/Greenwood, 2005, pp. x, 181.

This is a book of nine short essays that develop and extend the ideas
of linkage theory. The nature of the relationship between citizens and the
state, through political parties and other organizations, has been a focus
of study in a range of democratic regimes at least since de Tocqueville.
Kay Lawson has dedicated a career to the study and classification of
linkage relationships and to developing theories about how citizens and
subjects are linked to the state. Lawson's best-known works included
The Comparative Study of Political Parties (1976), Political
Parties and Linkage: A Comparative Perspective (1980), When
Parties Fail: Emerging Alternative Organizations (co-edited with
Peter H. Merkl, 1988), and How Political Parties Work: Perspectives
from Within (1994).. This volume does not claim to be a
festschrift but it celebrates, applies and extends her work.
Discourses of Denial: Mediations of Race, Gender, and Violence
Authors: Abu-Laban Yasmeen
Published: September 2007

Discourses of Denial: Mediations of Race, Gender, and
Violence, Yasmin Jiwani, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006, pp. viii,
255.

At first glance many political scientists may not see Discourse of
Denial as an intervention that speaks to their discipline. After all,
Jiwani's examination of racism, sexism and violence in Canada is
explicitly directed to those who traverse multiple and interdisciplinary
boundaries, racialized young women and immigrant women, front-line
feminist anti-violence, anti-racist and anti-poverty activists, as well as
policy makers. However, political scientists can gain much from this
persuasively argued, methodologically diverse, innovative and
well-researched book. Jiwani addresses how certain institutions—in
particular, the dominant media—serve to “mediate”
violence. Mediations involve discursive strategies that give recognition
to certain expressions of violence and completely erase others, especially
racism. Since political scientists frequently rely on the media in their
research and teaching, and serve as media commentators as part of their
community service, there is much here that is thought-provoking.
Tariff Incidence in America's Gilded Age
Authors: Irwin Douglas A.
Published: September 2007

In the late nineteenth century, the United States imposed high tariffs to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition. This article examines the magnitude of protection given to import-competing producers and the costs imposed on export-oriented producers by focusing on changes in the domestic prices of traded goods relative to nontraded goods. The results suggest that the 30 percent average import tariff gave about a 17 percent implicit subsidy to import-competing producers and effectively taxed exporters at about 10 percent. Tariffs redistributed large amounts of income (about 8 percent of GDP), but the effect on consumers was roughly neutral.
The Highest Price Ever: The Great NYSE Seat Sale of 1928–1929 and Capacity Constraints
Authors: Davis Lance E. , Neal Larry , White Eugene
Published: September 2007

During the 1920s the New York Stock Exchange's position as the dominant American exchange was eroding. Costs to customers, measured as bid-ask spreads, spiked when surging inflows of orders collided with the constraint created by a fixed number of brokers. The NYSE's management proposed and the membership approved a 25 percent increase in the number of seats by issuing a quarter-seat dividend to all members. An event study reveals that the aggregate value of the NYSE rose in anticipation of improved competitiveness. These expectations were justified as bid-ask spreads became less sensitive to peak volume days.
Not on My Farm! Resistance to Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication in the United States
Authors: Olmstead Alan L. , Rhode Paul W.
Published: September 2007

The active opposition to technical change has frequently impeded economic growth. This article examines the widespread resistance to government-led campaigns to use new tuberculin testing technologies to eradicate bovine tuberculosis in the United States. We explore three issues: the political economy of opposition; the role of earlier scientific controversies in the discourse; and the techniques used by the opponents. Over time, the protests shifted from challenging the scientific merits of the testing technology to more nuts-and-bolts distributional and administrative issues.
Ein himmlischer Stehplatz: Die Haltung Jesu in der Stephanusvision (Apg 7.55–56) und ihre Bedeutung
Authors: CHIBICI-REVNEANU NICOLE
Published: September 2007

Dass der Menschensohn in der Vision des Stephanus (Apg 7.55–56) zur Rechten Gottes steht, scheint für frühe Rezipienten und Tradenten nicht im Widerspruch zu dem aus Ps 110.1 gewonnenen Christologoumenon der ‘sessio ad dexteram’ gestanden zu haben: Der textkritische Befund ist völlig unauffällig. Die ‘statio ad dexteram’ in Apg 7.55–56 konnte wohl als bewusste Verfremdung der ‘sessio’ aufgefasst werden, mit deren Hilfe das Motiv der Throngemeinschaft um ein märtyrerchristologisches Moment erweitert werden sollte. Der, den Stephanus sieht, ist durch sein Stehen gekennzeichnet als der Menschensohn, der ihm ins Martyrium vorausgegangen ist und von Gott zu sich erhöht worden ist.
The Identification of Paul's Spectacle of Death Metaphor in 1 Corinthians 4.9
Authors: NGUYEN V. HENRY T.
Published: September 2007

Scholars have proposed various explanations for Paul's metaphor of a spectacle (θεατρον) in 1 Cor 4.9 – a Roman triumphal procession, a gladiatorial show, and more recently, a mime performance. Although scholars have presented substantial arguments in favour of their identifications, the details in the text do not totally resonate with any of the proposals. Rather, this article will advance a refined identification of Paul's metaphor that better agrees with the particulars of 4.9 and its context: the Roman spectacle of executing condemned criminals (noxii) within the arena, which was a significant social event in Roman society.
Apostate Turned Prophet: Paul's Prophetic Self-Understanding and Prophetic Hermeneutic with Special Reference to Galatians 3.10–12
Authors: GRINDHEIM SIGURD
Published: September 2007

This article argues that Paul's prophetic self-understanding is a fruitful starting point for understanding the elements of continuity and discontinuity between his Pharisaic past and the theology found in his letters. It is argued that Paul understood the majority of his fellow Jews, including himself as Pharisee, as apostates from the God of Israel. Paul's Damascus experience represents his coming to God. This perspective helps explain the problem passage in Gal 3.10–12. Paul reads Deut 27.26 and Lev 18.5 in light of the prophetic tradition, where these passages were seen as the warrant for God's judgment on Israel because of her apostasy.
A DNA sequence-based study of theSchistosoma indicum(Trematoda: Digenea) group: population phylogeny, taxonomy and historical biogeography
Authors: ATTWOOD S. W. , FATIH F. A. , MONDAL M. M. H. , ALIM M. A. , FADJAR S. , RAJAPAKSE R. P. V. J. , ROLLINSON D.
Published: September 2007

Partial (DNA) sequences were collected for 2 mitochondrial loci (SrrnaandLrrna, therrnS andrrnL rRNA genes respectively) forSchistosoma indicumgroup species from 4 Southeast Asian countries. The samples included 7 populations, 4 of which were previously unstudied. In 11 cases the combination of locus and population was new. The aim of the study was to provide a phylogeny based on new independent data and multiple populations (earlier studies had mostly used a common set of field samples or laboratory lines) and to examine interrelationships and phylogeography within this species group. Paraphyly of theS. indicumgroup was confirmed, as was the basal position ofSchistosoma incognitumin theSchistosomaphylogeny. Southeast AsianSchistosoma spindaleandS. incognitumpopulations were shown to fall into their respective con-specific cohesive groupings. Estimated divergence times for these taxa were shown to be related to Pleistocene changes in sea level and the radiation of definitive host groups. A revised phylogeographical model is proposed in the light of these findings.
Different methods, different results: temporal trends in the study of nested subset patterns in parasite communities
Authors: TIMI J. T. , POULIN R.
Published: September 2007

The search for nested subset patterns has become a powerful tool for understanding the processes shaping parasite communities. Here, we re-examine the results of past studies on nestedness in parasite communities, to assess how sensitive they are to the analytical method used. Using the metricNand the null model RANDOM1, the first method available to study nested patterns, early studies concluded that nestedness was infrequent in parasite communities. In contrast later studies, using instead the metricTand the nestedness temperature calculator (NTC), found that nested subset patterns were very common in parasite communities. Recently, a new algorithm, the binary matrix nestedness temperature calculator (BINMATNEST), has been proposed to quantify nestedness. Using data on 31 helminth communities of fish hosts, we show that applying the NTC yields consistently more significant nested patterns than whenNand RANDOM1 are used on the same data. The use of BINMATNEST produced results that depend on the choice of the null model. To provide a benchmark, a straightforward comparison between the observed frequencies of co-occurrences of species with those expected from their prevalence under random assembly was also made for each community. This test indicates that random structure occurs in practically all communities, even those where one of the nestedness analyses found a significant pattern. We demonstrate that the probability of finding a nested pattern in a parasite community depends entirely on the metric and null model chosen for analysis.
Mass balance and dynamics of a valley glacier measured by high-resolution LiDAR
Authors: Rees W. G. , Arnold N. S.
Published: September 2007

The changing surface geometry of the glacier Midre Lovénbreen on Svalbard was investigated using LiDAR data acquired on 9 August 2003 and again on 5 July 2005. The data were processed to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of unprecedentedly high spatial resolution (2 m) and accuracy (better than 0.15 m). Comparison of the two DEMs allowed the mass balance of the glacier to be determined as more negative than −0.62 m yr−1 water equivalent, about twice as negative as the value estimated from in situ measurements. Comparison of the DEMs also showed that the area of the glacier decreased by around 0.3%, and the position of its margin retreated by around 14 m, from 2003 to 2005. It was also possible to track the motion of fine-scale features in the surface geometry such as meltwater channels, and hence to determine the glacier's surface velocity, in some areas. Typical average speeds were around 1–2 cm per day.
Derivation and assessment of vegetation maps for reindeer pasture analysis in Arctic European Russia
Authors: Rees W.G. , Danks F.S.
Published: September 2007

Throughout northern Eurasia, the presence of reindeer is a complicating factor in the consideration of interactions between vegetation and climate. The ability to interpret future changes in these interactions will depend on access to maps of sufficient detail to represent aspects of vegetation distribution relevant to reindeer grazing, amongst which we particularly identify lichens and shrubs. Such maps, if they are to have circumpolar coverage, can only feasibly be produced on a routine basis using satellite imagery having wide swaths but comparatively coarse resolution. This paper presents qualitative and quantitative comparisons between three such maps, and two more detailed vegetation maps compiled from fieldwork and from recent field-trained satellite image analysis, all for a study area in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is shown that, despite its high degree of generalisation, the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map provides the best representation of the vegetation in the study area amongst the three circumpolar land-cover maps that were examined, but that none of the three is entirely satisfactory. While the adequate representation of shrubs and lichens currently continues to depend on the analysis of field data or high-resolution satellite imagery which is unsuitable for circumpolar mapping, it is suggested that the prospects for satellite-based circumpolar vegetation mapping capable of including these components is promising.
Visualising cryospheric images in a virtual environment: present challenges and future implications
Authors: Ballagh Lisa M. , Parsons Mark A. , Swick Ross
Published: September 2007

The United States National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) initiated an outreach project to enhance the visibility of and interest in cryospheric images. Methods were utilised to convert cryospheric data into a projection and image format compatible with Google Earth™. The word ‘image’ should be emphasised since raster data in a native polar projection and format cannot be overlaid on the Earth without prior data conversions. The project focused on reaching out to a diverse audience by integrating images from key components of the cryosphere into a single compressed Keyhole Markup Language (KMZ) file. As a result, users can visualise glacier photographs, permafrost type and extent, sea ice concentration and extent, and snow extent superimposed on the Earth. Those interested in browsing the NSIDC collection of over 3,000 glacier photographs have the option of zooming into Alaska for a majority of the images and accessing both the photograph and the associated metadata. For a current perspective of global snow and ice coverage, one could look at satellite imagery derived from passive microwave Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data. Another option is to select the permafrost layer and observe the various types and extent of permafrost. This paper explores the project by describing the data, methodologies and results and concludes with future implications on how to improve the processing and functionality of polar data in Google Earth.
Improving the prediction of wildfire potential in boreal Alaska with satellite imaging radar
Authors: Bourgeau-Chavez Laura L. , Garwood Gordon , Riordan Kevin , Cella Brad , Alden Sharon , Kwart Mary , Murphy Karen
Published: September 2007

Alaska currently relies on the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System for the assessment of the potential for wildfire and although it provides invaluable information it is designed as a single system that does not account for the varied fuel types and drying conditions (day length, permafrost, decomposition rate, and soil type) that occur across the North American boreal forest. The FWI System is completely weather-based using noontime measurements of precipitation, relative humidity, temperature and wind speed. The most common problem observed with the FWI system is in the initialisation and need for calibration of one of the moisture codes that make up the FWI system, the Drought Code (DC), which is representative of the deeper organic soil layers and has a 53 day lag period. SAR data represent an innovative tool to improve the current weather-based fire danger system of interior Alaska by initialising the spring values of DC, calibrating the codes throughout the season and providing additional point-source data. Using radar backscatter values from several recently burned boreal forests, an algorithm was developed that related backscatter to DC. The authors then demonstrated the application and validation of this algorithm at independent test sites with good correlation toin situsoil moisture and rainfall variations.
Freeze Frame: historic polar images
Authors: Lewis-Jones Huw
Published: September 2007

Since the development of photography in the mid-nineteenth century, exploration has created iconic images of the polar regions. A new two-year research project, entitled Freeze Frame, using the world-class collections at the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, will bring this remarkable visual culture forward for new audiences.
The influence of specific chronic somatic conditions on the care for co-morbid depression in general practice
Authors: Nuyen J. , Spreeuwenberg P. M. , Van Dijk L. , den Bos G. A. M. Van , Groenewegen P. P. , Schellevis F. G.
Published: September 2007

Background

Limited information exists on the relationship between specific chronic somatic conditions and care for co-morbid depression in primary care settings. Therefore, the present prospective, general practice-based study examined this relationship.

Method

Longitudinal data on morbidity, prescribing and referrals concerning 991 patients newly diagnosed with depression by their general practitioner (GP) were analysed. The influence of a broad range of 13 specific chronic somatic conditions on the initiation of any depression care, as well as the prescription of continuous antidepressant therapy for 180 days, was examined. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to control for history of depression, psychiatric co-morbidity, sociodemographics and interpractice variation.

Results

Multilevel analysis showed that patients with pre-existing ischaemic heart disease (72.1%) or cardiac arrhythmia (59.3%) were significantly less likely to have any depression care being initiated by their GP than patients without chronic somatic morbidity (88.0%). No other specific condition had a significant influence on GP initiation of any care for depression. Among the patients being prescribed antidepressant treatment by their GP, none of the conditions was significantly associated with being prescribed continuous treatment for 180 days.

Conclusions

Our study indicates that patients with ischaemic heart disease or cardiac arrhythmia have a lower likelihood of GP initiation of any care for depression after being newly diagnosed with depression by their GP. This finding points to the importance of developing interventions aimed at supporting GPs in the adequate management of co-morbid depression in heart disease patients to reduce the negative effects of this co-morbidity.
Parental punitive discipline, negative life events and gene–environment interplay in the development of externalizing behavior
Authors: Button T. M. M. , Lau J. Y. F. , Maughan B. , Eley T. C.
Published: September 2007

Background

To investigate the extent to which three putative ‘environmental’ risk factors, maternal punitive discipline (MPD), paternal punitive discipline (PPD) and negative life events (NLEs), share genetic influences with, and moderate the heritability of, externalizing behavior.

Method

The sample consisted of 2647 participants, aged 12–19 years, from the G1219 and G1219Twins longitudinal studies. Externalizing behavior was measured using the Youth Self-Report, MPD, PPD and exposure to NLEs were assessed using the Negative Sanctions Scale and the Life Event Scale for Adolescents respectively.

Result

Genetic influences overlapped for externalizing behavior and each ‘environmental’ risk, indicating gene–environment correlation. When controlling for the gene–environment correlation, genetic variance decreased, and both shared and non-shared environmental influences increased, as a function of MPD. Genetic variance increased as a function of PPD, and for NLEs the only interaction effect was on the level of non-shared environment influence unique to externalizing behavior.

Conclusion

The magnitude of the influence of genetic risk on externalizing behavior is contextually dependent, even after controlling for gene–environment correlation.