bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CLOSED-FORM CONDITIONS OF BIFURCATION POINTS FOR GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: YU P.
Published: July 2005

This note presents closed-form formulas for determining the critical points of general n-dimensional differential equations. The formulas do not require commutating the eigenvalues of the Jacobian of a system. Based on the Hurwitz criterion, explicit necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained. Particular attention is focused on Hopf and double Hopf bifurcations. A model of induction machine is presented to show the application of the results.
A SYMMETRIC PIECEWISE-LINEAR CHAOTIC SYSTEM WITH A SINGLE EQUILIBRIUM POINT
Authors: LÓPEZ RAFAEL GONZÁLEZ , RODRÍGUEZ MANUEL PRIAN , GRANERO MIGUEL A. FERNÁNDEZ , OJEDA JUAN L. ROJAS , BRUZÓN EDUARDO ROMERO
Published: July 2005

In this paper, we propose a new autonomous electronic oscillator designed with some modifications of the well-known Wien bridge oscillator. In the mathematical model planned for such a circuit, the nonlinearity in the operational amplifier saturation is considered and reference is made to the only equilibrium point at the origin of phase-space. We show how the relation between the bifurcation parameters starts stable oscillations, providing an example for chaotic behavior and bifurcations diagrams. Finally, we conclude with a brief summary of the oscillators operation using a parameters plane.
ROBUST DEPENDENCIES AND STRUCTURES IN STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: NAGARAJAN RADHAKRISHNAN , AUBIN JANE E. , PETERSON CHARLOTTE A.
Published: July 2005

Cell differentiation is a complex process governed by the timely activation of genes resulting in a specific phenotype or observable physical change. Recent reports have indicated heterogeneity in gene expression even amongst identical colonies (clones). While some genes are always expressed, others are expressed with a finite probability. In this report, a mathematical framework is provided to understand the mechanism of osteoblast (bone forming cell) differentiation. A systematic approach using a combination of entropy, pair-wise dependency and Bayesian approach is used to gain insight into the dependencies and underlying network structure. Pairwise dependencies are estimated using linear correlation and mutual information. An algorithm is proposed to identify statistically significant mutual information estimates. The robustness of the dependencies and the network structure to decreasing number of colonies (colony size) and perturbation is investigated. Perturbation is achieved by generating bootstrap samples. The methods discussed are generic in nature and can be extended to similar experimental paradigms.
GLOBAL BIFURCATIONS OF CLOSED INVARIANT CURVES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL MAPS: A COMPUTER ASSISTED STUDY
Authors: AGLIARI ANNA , BISCHI GIAN-ITALO , DIECI ROBERTO , GARDINI LAURA
Published: July 2005

In this paper we describe some sequences of global bifurcations involving attracting and repelling closed invariant curves of two-dimensional maps that have a fixed point which may lose stability both via a supercritical Neimark bifurcation and a supercritical pitchfork or flip bifurcation. These bifurcations, characterized by the creation of heteroclinic and homoclinic connections or homoclinic tangles, are first described through qualitative phase diagrams and then by several numerical examples. Similar bifurcation phenomena can also be observed when the parameters in a two-dimensional parameter plane cross through many overlapping Arnold's tongues.
FRACTAL PARAMETERS FOR THE STUDY OF HÉNON-LIKE ATTRACTORS
Authors: HANSEN R. , LOSADA M. PIACQUADIO
Published: July 2005

For invertible, area-contracting planar maps, much work has been done on the study of the crucial role played by certain unstable periodic orbits, distinguished by being "accessible", in understanding some global bifurcations such as metamorphoses of basin boundaries and crisis of attractors. In this paper we concentrate on a one-parameter family of Hénon maps whose attractors present a type of discontinuous change characterized by a sudden replacement of the accessible orbits as the parameter is varied. The change is quantified by a jump in the corresponding accessible rotation number. The rotation rate describes a devil's staircase as a function of the parameter. We estimate the Hausdorff dimensions of the Hénon attractors — via the Mendès France fractal dimension — for the same interval of parameter values. Our purpose is to show the strong connection between these two functions: the variation of the dimension stays minimal for the parameters under the same plateau in the staircase, while it is markedly greater when the parameter moves from one plateau to another.
STABILITY AND BIFURCATIONS OF PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS FOR DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
Authors: LEONOV G. , SELEDZHI S.
Published: July 2005

For continuous and discrete floating phase-locked loops, conditions of local and global stability are obtained. For discrete systems, period-doubling bifurcations are described. The results obtained are applied to the solution of the problem of eliminating the clock skew in digital signal processors.
TOOLS FOR NETWORK DYNAMICS
Authors: MENDES R. VILELA
Published: July 2005

Networks have been studied mainly by statistical methods which emphasize their topological structure. Here, one collects some mathematical tools and results which might be useful to study both the dynamics of agents living on the network and the networks themselves as evolving dynamical systems. They include decomposition of differential dynamics, ergodic techniques, estimates of invariant measures, construction of non deterministic automata, logical approaches, etc. A few network examples are discussed as an application of the dynamical tools.
HOMOCLINIC CONNECTIONS NEAR A BELYAKOV POINT IN CHUA'S EQUATION
Authors: ALGABA A. , MERINO M. , RODRÍGUEZ-LUIS A. J.
Published: July 2005

In this work, the distribution and organization of different homoclinic orbits (double- and triple-pulse) in a ℤ2-symmetric three-dimensional system are studied in the vicinity of a Belyakov point, that is, a point where the involved equilibrium in the homoclinic connection changes from saddle-node to saddle-focus. The analytical results are successfully applied in the study of such degeneration in Chua's equation.
PERIOD-DOUBLING SCENARIO WITHOUT FLIP BIFURCATIONS IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL MAP
Authors: AVRUTIN V. , SCHANZ M.
Published: July 2005

In this work a one-dimensional piecewise-smooth dynamical system, representing a Poincaré return map for dynamical systems of the Lorenz type, is investigated. The system shows a bifurcation scenario similar to the classical period-doubling one, but which is influenced by so-called border collision phenomena and denoted as border collision period-doubling bifurcation scenario. This scenario is formed by a sequence of pairs of bifurcations, whereby each pair consists of a border collision bifurcation and a pitchfork bifurcation. The mechanism leading to this scenario and its characteristic properties, like symmetry-breaking and symmetry-recovering as well as emergence of coexisting attractors, are investigated.
SEMI-BALANCED PARTITIONS OF TWO SETS OF POINTS AND EMBEDDINGS OF ROOTED FORESTS
Authors: KANEKO ATSUSHI , KANO MIKIO
Published: July 2005

Let m be a positive integer and let R1, R2 and B be three disjoint sets of points in the plane such that no three points of R1 ∪ R2 ∪ B lie on the same line and |B| = (m-1)|R1|+m|R2|. Put g = |R1∪R2|. Then there exists a subdivision X1∪X2∪⋯∪Xg of the plane into g disjoint convex polygons such that (i) |Xi ∩ (R1 ∪ R2)| = 1 for all 1 ≤ i ≤ g; and (ii) |Xi∩B| = m-1 if |Xi∩R1| = 1, and |Xi∩B| = m if |Xi∩R2| = 1. This partition is called a semi-balanced partition, and our proof gives an O(n4) time algorithm for finding the above semi-balanced partition, where n = |R1| + |R2| + |B|.

We next apply the above result to the following theorem: Let T1,…,Tg be g disjoint rooted trees such that |Ti| ∈ {m,m+1} and vi is the root of Ti for all 1 ≤ i ≤ g. Let P be a set of |T1|+⋯+|Tg| points in the plane in general position that contains g specified points p1,…,pg. Then the rooted forest T1 ∪ ⋯ ∪ Tg can be straight-line embedded onto P so that each vi corresponds to pi for every 1 ≤ i ≤ g.
LAW, RACE, AND EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Lucas Samuel R. , Paret Marcel
Published: July 2005

▪ Abstract  After describing many of the features that structure educational opportunity, and how race interacts with these structures, we briefly relate a set of important orienting perspectives on the law-race relation. We divide issues of education into three categories: (a) inherently racialized aspects of law and education; (b) aspects of education that intersect race and the law; and (c) emerging issues in race, education, and the law. Treating desegregation, affirmative action, special education, gifted and talented education, tracking, high-stakes accountability, school finance, bilingual education, and legacy admissions, we identify key cases and controversies while critically evaluating relevant social science research. We close with a discussion of the law-race relation as revealed through its operation in the field of education.
Acute inhibition of lipolysis does not affect postprandial suppression of endogenous glucose production
Authors: Carey Peter E. , Gerrard Jean , Cline Gary W. , Dalla Man Chiara , English Philip T. , Firbank Michael J. , Cobelli Claudio , Taylor Roy
Published: July 2005

To test the hypothesis that intrahepatic availability of fatty acid could modify the rate of suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP), acipimox or placebo was administered before and during a test meal. We used a modified isotopic methodology to measure EGP in 11 healthy subjects, and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurement of hepatic triglyceride stores was also undertaken. Acipimox suppressed plasma free fatty acids markedly before the meal (0.05 ± 0.01 mmol/l at −10 min, P = 0) and throughout the postprandial period (0.03 ± 0.01 mmol/l at 150 min). Mean peak plasma glucose was significantly lower after the meal on acipimox days (8.9 ± 0.4 vs. 10.1 ± 0.5 mmol/l, P < 0.01), as was mean peak serum insulin (653.1 ± 99.9 vs. 909 ± 118 pmol/l, P < 0.01). Fasting EGP was similar (11.15 ± 0.58 μmol·kg−1·min−1 placebo vs. 11.17 ± 0.89 mg·kg−1·min−1 acipimox). The rate of suppression of EGP after the meal was almost identical on the 2 test days (4.36 ± 1.52 vs. 3.69 ± 1.21 μmol·kg−1·min−1 at 40 min). There was a significant negative correlation between the acipimox-induced decrease in peak plasma glucose and liver triglyceride content ( r = −0.827, P = 0.002), suggesting that, when levels of liver fat were low, inhibition of lipolysis was able to affect glucose homeostasis. Acute pharmacological sequestration of fatty acids in triglyceride stores improves postprandial glucose homeostasis without effect on the immediate postprandial suppression of EGP.
Valvular Heart Disease
Authors: Bekeredjian Raffi , Grayburn Paul A.
Published: July 2005

Aortic regurgitation (AR) is characterized by diastolic reflux of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle (LV). Acute AR typically causes severe pulmonary edema and hypotension and is a surgical emergency. Chronic severe AR causes combined LV volume and pressure overload. It is accompanied by systolic hypertension and wide pulse pressure, which account for peripheral physical findings, such as bounding pulses. The afterload excess caused by systolic hypertension leads to progressive LV dilation and systolic dysfunction. The most important diagnostic test for AR is echocardiography. It provides the ability to determine the cause of AR and to assess the severity of AR and its effect on LV size, function, and hemodynamics. Many patients with chronic severe AR may remain clinically compensated for years with normal LV function and no symptoms. These patients do not require surgery but can be followed carefully for the onset of symptoms or LV dilation/dysfunction. Surgery should be considered before the LV ejection fraction falls below 55% or the LV end-diastolic dimension reaches 55 mm. Symptomatic patients should undergo surgery unless there are excessive comorbidities or other contraindications. The primary role of medical therapy with vasodilators is to delay the need for surgery in asymptomatic patients with normal LV function or to treat patients in whom surgery is not an option. The goal of vasodilator therapy is to achieve a significant decrease in systolic arterial pressure. Future therapies may focus on molecular mechanisms to prevent adverse LV remodeling and fibrosis.
Statin Treatment After Onset of Sepsis in a Murine Model Improves Survival
Authors: Merx Marc W. , Liehn Elisa A. , Graf Jürgen , van de Sandt Annette , Schaltenbrand Maren , Schrader Jürgen , Hanrath Peter , Weber Christian
Published: July 2005

Background—

HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors have been shown to exhibit pronounced immunomodulatory effects independent of lipid lowering. We have recently demonstrated that pretreatment with simvastatin profoundly improves survival in a cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) model of sepsis. Here, we studied whether treatment with simvastatin after onset of sepsis-induced hemodynamic alterations is beneficial and whether prolonged survival can also be achieved with other statins.

Methods and Results—

Mice were rendered septic by CLP. At 6 hours after sepsis induction, when profound hemodynamic alterations were manifest, treatment with atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, or placebo was initiated. Except for fluvastatin (27±2.3 hours), survival time was extended from 23±1.2 hours for placebo-treated mice to 37±3.6 hours for simvastatin-treated, to 40±4.2 hours for atorvastatin-treated, and to 39±3.9 hours for pravastatin-treated mice. This profound improvement is based on the preservation of cardiac function and hemodynamic status in statin-treated animals, both of which are severely impaired in untreated CLP mice. As underlying mechanisms, improved susceptibility to endothelial nitric oxide synthase stimulation and reduced endothelial adhesion of leukocytes could be demonstrated after statin treatment.

Conclusions—

Well established in the treatment of lipid disorders and coronary artery disease, statins harbor the additional and novel potential of effective sepsis treatment. This benefit extends to several but not all statins tested.
α-Myosin Heavy Chain
Authors: Carniel Elisa , Taylor Matthew R.G. , Sinagra Gianfranco , Di Lenarda Andrea , Ku Lisa , Fain Pamela R. , Boucek Mark M. , Cavanaugh Jean , Miocic Snjezana , Slavov Dobromir , Graw Sharon L. , Feiger Jennie , Zhu Xiao Zhong , Dao Dmi , Ferguson Debra A. , Bristow Michael R. , Mestroni Luisa
Published: July 2005

Background—

Mutations in the β-myosin heavy-chain (βMyHC) gene cause hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated (DCM) forms of cardiomyopathy. In failing human hearts, downregulation of αMyHC mRNA or protein has been correlated with systolic dysfunction. We hypothesized that mutations in αMyHC could also lead to pleiotropic cardiac phenotypes, including HCM and DCM.

Methods and Results—

A cohort of 434 subjects, 374 (134 affected, 214 unaffected, 26 unknown) belonging to 69 DCM families and 60 (29 affected, 30 unaffected, 1 unknown) in 21 HCM families, was screened for αMyHC gene (
MYH6
) mutations. Three heterozygous
MYH6
missense mutations were identified in DCM probands (P830L, A1004S, and E1457K; 4.3% of probands). A Q1065H mutation was detected in 1 of 21 HCM probands and was absent in 2 unaffected offspring. All
MYH6
mutations were distributed in highly conserved residues, were predicted to change the structure or chemical bonds of αMyHC, and were absent in at least 300 control chromosomes from an ethnically similar population. The DCM carrier phenotype was characterized by late onset, whereas the HCM phenotype was characterized by progression toward dilation, left ventricular dysfunction, and refractory heart failure.

Conclusions—

This study suggests that mutations in
MYH6
may cause a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from DCM to HCM.
Assessment of Differential Item Functioning in Testlet-Based Items Using the Rasch Testlet Model
Authors: Wang Wen-Chung , Wilson Mark
Published: July 2005

This study presents a procedure for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) for dichotomous and polytomous items in testlet-based tests, whereby DIF is taken into account by adding DIF parameters into the Rasch testlet model. Simulations were conducted to assess recovery of the DIF and other parameters. Two independent variables, test type and anchor item method, were manipulated. The proportion of DIF items in the tests was set at approximately 40%. All parameters could be accurately recovered whenever the model was the generating model or only one DIF-free item was set as the anchor and all other items were treated as presumed DIF items. The bootstrap method is recommended to approximate the standard errors of the estimators for the DIF parameters so that the Wald statistic can be computed to test the null hypothesis of no DIF. Alternatively, the likelihood ratio test can be used to test the same hypothesis by comparing a full model with the DIF parameter and a reduced model without it.
Gender Differences in Physical Self-Concept: A Multidimensional Differential Item Functioning Analysis
Authors: Fletcher Richard , Hattie John
Published: July 2005

Typically, group differences are analyzed at the subdomain or test level using composite scores. This can mask the effect of individual items across groups. For example, two items from the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) are worded in terms of internal (“I am good looking”) and external (“Nobody thinks I’m good looking”) frames of reference. Any difference between the group means using a composite score including these two items is interpreted globally, thus obscuring individual item meaning. A better approach to detecting group differences is to work at the item level using differential item functioning (DIF) methods. One such method is multidimensional DIF, which identifies any secondary unintended latent dimensions at the item level that may lead to between-group score differences. The results suggest that 28 of the PSDQ’s 70 items (40%) are biased in favor of either men (17%) or women (23%) and that a primary source of DIF relates to item composition (negative wording) and internal or external frames of reference.
Measurement Equivalence of the Job Descriptive Index Across Chinese and American Workers: Results from Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Item Response Theory
Authors: Wang Mo , Russell Steven S.
Published: July 2005

Despite increased awareness of practical issues in multinational data collection, few studies have addressed the issue of measurement equivalence across Western and Eastern cultures, especially using measures of job attitudes. Therefore, the measurement equivalence of the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) was examined across 2,638 Chinese workers and 1,664 American workers. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory were used to ensure a comprehensive test of measurement equivalence at the facet level. A cross-sample validation procedure was also used with the CFA approach to increase the generalizability of the findings. The measurement equivalence of the JDI was established using both approaches. For human resource management practitioners, this study provides psychometric justification for direct comparisons of job satisfaction scores across Chinese and American employees of multinational companies.
A Multivariate Generalizability Analysis of the Multistate Bar Examination
Authors: Yin Ping
Published: July 2005

The main purpose of this study is to examine the content structure of the Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) using the “table of specifications” model from the perspective of multivariate generalizability theory. Specifically, using MBE data collected over different years (six administrations: three from the February test and three from July test), multivariate generalizability analyses were conducted for (a) each of the six data sets, (b) average scores for the February administrations only, (c) average scores for the July administrations only, and (d) average scores for both the February and July administrations for all six data sets. Various statistics (variance and covariance components, standard errors of estimated variance and covariance components, disattenuated correlation coefficients, standard errors of measurement, and generalizability and dependability coefficients) are examined for both raw and scale scores.
Factor Structure of AMAS-C Scores Across Gender among Students in Collegiate Settings
Authors: Lowe Patricia A. , Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: July 2005

The factor structure of scores on the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale-College Version (AMAS-C), a new self-report measure of chronic, manifest anxiety, is examined across gender for a sample of 943 college students (608 women and 335 men). Values for the coefficient of congruence and salient variable similarity index are calculated between each of five matched factors (Physiological Anxiety, Social Concerns/Stress, Test Anxiety, Worry/Oversensitivity, and Lie) and the Total Anxiety factor. Values obtained suggest that the factors are similar across gender and provide support for the existence of the AMAS-C scales for college women and men. Examination of the mean levels of performance across gender indicates that college women report more anxiety than college men on all the anxiety scales, except one, the Social Concerns/Stress subscale, and the Lie scale. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Reliability Generalization of the Psychopathy Checklist Applied in Youthful Samples
Authors: Campbell Justin S. , Pulos Steven , Hogan Mike , Murry Francie
Published: July 2005

This study examines the average reliability of Hare Psychopathy Checklists (PCLs) adapted for use in samples of youthful offenders (aged 12 to 21 years). Two forms of reli ability are examined: 18 α estimates of internal consistency and 18 intraclass correlation (two or more raters) estimates of interrater reliability. The results, an average internal consistency reliability estimate of .85 and an average interrater reliability estimate of .91, are both acceptable. The only study characteristic that accounts for a sizable amount of variance in both forms of reliability is the standard deviation of the PCL total score reported for a study. Total score variation and reliability estimate magnitudes are positively related.
Domestic Violence Arrest Decision Making
Authors: Hall Donna L.
Published: July 2005

This study examines how the availability of suspects at the scenes of domestic violence incidents influences arrest decisions and the case characteristics predictive of those decisions. It also tests the relative efficacy of rational systems and social structural decision-making models in explaining arrest decisions. Data were collected from domestic incident reports in three cities in upstate New York. The research indicates that case characteristics related to offense seriousness were more explanative of arrest decisions when the suspect was present at the scene. The absence of the suspect significantly reduced the probability of an arrest and attenuated the relationship between traditional measures of offense seriousness and the arrest decision.
Exploring Predictors of Institutional Misbehavior among Male Korean Inmates
Authors: Lee Soo Jung , Edens John F.
Published: July 2005

In the correctional systems of Korea, inmate placement has been primarily based on demographic variables such as gender, age (juvenile vs. adult), and the types of crime committed, with consideration of previous criminal record. Driven in part by advancements in risk assessment and classification in North America, this study explores alternative risk variables that may predict inmate misconduct during imprisonment. Delusional thoughts, assessed via a self-report psychological inventory, and correctional officer evaluations of risk potential were statistically useful indicators of inmate misbehavior. Also, when static risk factors such as criminal history and rule infractions during detention were considered with these two dynamic factors, the effectiveness of a prediction model of inmate misbehavior was significantly improved.
Using Witness Confidence can Impair the Ability to Detect Deception
Authors: Tetterton Veronica S. , Warren Amye R.
Published: July 2005

Prior research has shown that jurors rely on confidence in discriminating between accurate and inaccurate testimonies despite the weak relationship between the two. The purpose of this study is to learn if truth seekers also use confidence in judging truthfulness. In two studies, participants were either not given instructions regarding witness confidence or were told not to use witness confidence, and then they were asked to rate the believability of the videotaped testimony of four witnesses who varied in confidence and truthfulness. Regardless of the instructions, participants did rely on confidence and rated highly confident testimonies as more believable. They also rated false testimonies as significantly more believable than true statements.
Performance Overconfidence: Metacognitive Effects or Misplaced Student Expectations?
Authors: Clayson Dennis E.
Published: July 2005

Prior research has shown that students consistently overestimate their performance on academic exams, with the error being inversely related to their grades. The effect has been explained as a matter of competency. If true, then students who do not know what they do not know are put in a double bind. They do not have the cognitive ability to recognize their own level of skills and consequently are unaware of any need to change or develop those skills. Another explanation of the effect suggests that students are generally aware of their performance but consistently overestimate their abilities in a systematic fashion. This study examines these two hypotheses and finds no evidence that the overestimation was due to lack of cognitive competence. It appears to be a systematic effect, perhaps determined by a students’ past experience and expectations.
An Examination of the Relative Effectiveness of Training in Nonverbal Communication: Personal Selling Implications
Authors: Peterson Robin T.
Published: July 2005

This article examines the potential effectiveness of training in nonverbal communication for sales representatives. The literature on this subject was reviewed, and a study using students as sales representatives was conducted to evaluate the potential of training in body language. The research results provide support for the proposition that such training can be of value in academic and practical applications.
An Update of Marketing Student Perceptions of Learning Activities: Structure, Preferences, and Effectiveness
Authors: Karns Gary L.
Published: July 2005

Many changes have occurred in the context of marketing education during the past decade, including the increased use of new technology-based and experiential pedagogies. To update the understanding of how students in advanced marketing courses perceive marketing pedagogies in this new context, a replication and extension of Karns’s study of student perceptions of learning activities was performed with survey responses from 227 students at eight universities. Multidimensional scaling analysis suggests that the underlying structure of these perceptions can be described by the labels: enjoyable, challenging, and real world. Internships, class discussion, and case analyses were seen by students as the learning activities that most contribute to their learning. Course Web sites and online discussion were seen as relatively less effective in contributing to student learning. Overall, it appears that marketing educators should continue efforts to imbue all learning activities with an applied, real-world orientation.
New Course Development in Multicultural Marketing
Authors: Burton Dawn
Published: July 2005

The multicultural market has witnessed tremendous growth in many societies, yet multicultural marketing is marginalized in the marketing curriculum. The focus of this article is to stimulate more discussion of multicultural issues within marketing by proposing suggestions for a multicultural marketing course and identifying appropriate teaching resources. Issues for discussion include defining the multicultural terrain, ethnic groups and boundaries, models of acculturation and assimilation, multicultural marketing research, and incorporating multicultural issues into the marketing mix. It will become increasingly unethical and socially irresponsible for marketing educators to exclude ethnic minority discourse when significant numbers of our students will be drawn from these groups and practitioners wish it to be included. Although teaching specialist multicultural marketing courses may be the prerogative of the few, all marketing academics can use multicultural examples in their mainstream teaching.
Five Principles for Workable Client-Based Projects: Lessons from the Trenches
Authors: Lopez Tará Burnthorne , Lee Renée Gravois
Published: July 2005

Despite the wide-ranging benefits of using client-based projects (CBPs) in the classroom, such projects can be overwhelming for instructors, and many shy away from the considerable workload and time commitment often required by CBPs. This article is designed to help marketing educators overcome such apprehensions and provide them with concrete tools to simplify CBPs and make them easier to manage. The authors discuss five principles they have developed for creating and implementing workable client projects. Their principles come directly “from the trenches” of their own experiences in planning and managing client-based projects across multiple courses. They address, for example, ways to customize CBPs to fit within specific course and professor time constraints, tips to manage the client relationship and students’ expectations, and strategies to streamline the feedback process. They offer workbench-level insights and practices drawn from their own experiences that instructors can put into practice immediately.
What Are We Measuring When We Evaluate Journals?
Authors: Polonsky Michael Jay , Whitelaw Paul
Published: July 2005

This article undertakes two studies to examine issues related to journal rankings. Study 1 examines the consistency between journal rankings reported in past studies. It finds that while there is consistency when comparing these studies, this consistency does not always occur outside the top-ranked journals. Study 2 explores whether individuals believe that the weighting of four underlying evaluative criteria—that is, prestige, contribution to theory, contribution to practice, and contribution to teaching—vary, based on (1) whose criteria are used (individual or individuals’ perception of their institutions weighting), (2) the geographic region in which the individuals teach (North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific), and (3) whether or not an individual works at an institution offering a Ph.D./D.B.A. The results suggest that some differences in criteria weighting exist. Implications are discussed, with it being suggested that it may not be possible to develop a universally applicable set of journal rankings.
A Parametric Optimization Approach to Walking Pattern Synthesis
Authors: Bessonnet G. , Seguin P. , Sardain P.
Published: July 2005

Walking pattern synthesis is carried out using a spline-based parametric optimization technique. Generalized coordinates are approximated by spline functions of class C3fitted at knots uniformly distributed along the motion time. This high-order differentiability eliminates jerky variations of actuating torques. Through connecting conditions, spline polynomial coefficients are determined as a linear function of the joint coordinates at knots. These values are then dealt with as optimization parameters. An optimal control problem is formulated on the basis of a performance criterion to be minimized, representing an integral quadratic amount of driving torques. Using the above spline approximations, this primary problem is recast into a constrained non-linear optimization problem of mathematical programming, which is solved using a computing code implementing an SQP algorithm. As numerical simulations, complete gait cycles are generated for a seven-link planar biped. The only kinematic data to be accounted for are the walking speeds. Optimization of both phases of gait is carried out globally; it includes the optimization of transition configurations of the biped between successive phases of the gait cycle.
Force Sensors in Hexapod Locomotion
Authors: Kaliyamoorthy Sathya , Quinn Roger D. , Zill Sasha N.
Published: July 2005

Biological systems can provide useful insights into principles of design and control of locomotion that can be applied to legged robots. In this paper we review our work on cockroaches using finite element analysis to model how loads are sensed and regulated in walking and climbing. A number of biological studies have shown that sensors that detect forces in the legs of insects are of particular importance in controlling walking and adapting locomotion to non-horizontal terrains. Our analysis strongly suggests that (i) the system can detect specific force vectors (body load versus propulsion) via sensors located in the leg in positions close to the body and (ii) the system uses this information in positive load feedback to regulate walking movements. These principles and design elements provide examples that can be applied in legged locomotion in walking machines.
Foot Placement Selection Using Non-geometric Visual Properties
Authors: Lewis M. Anthony , Lee Hyo-Kyung , Patla Aftab
Published: July 2005

Geometric information alone is not sufficient to guide foot placement in arobotic device. A travel path may be firm or soft, slippery or sticky, and will thus affect locomotion. In humans, associations are made between various travel surfaces and gait modification. If a preferred foot position is unavailable, an alternate is selected. This selection is biased, and not random. Here we present a model of alternate foot placement. We demonstrate some novel properties of the model, thus showing its predictive value. We give results in a small bipedal walking mechanism. The power of our approach is that it captures key features of human performance and can be easily implemented in most walking machines.
Fundamental Principles and Issues of High-speed Piezoactuated Three-legged Motion for Miniature Robots Designed for Nanometer-scale Operations
Authors: Martel Sylvain
Published: July 2005

One of the important aspects in the development of high-throughput platforms based on a fleet of scientific instruments in the form of miniature wireless robots designed for fast operations at the nanometer-scale, is the conception of an embedded locomotion system capable of fast displacements between two successive locations while being accurate enough to position the robot within the range of the embedded instrument, typically within a few tenths of nanometers. This paper describes not only the fundamental principles of the locomotion method and mechanisms but the main constraints, challenges, and environmental conditions that must be taken into account in the implementation of such a system. Preliminary experimental results show the validity of this approach.
A Mobile Climbing Robot for High Precision Manufacture and Inspection of Aerostructures
Authors: White T. S. , Alexander R. , Callow G. , Cooke A. , Harris S. , Sargent J.
Published: July 2005

In this paper we describe the design, development, and experimental trials of a climbing robot for manufacturing and inspection applications within the aerospace industry. We describe the mechanical platform, which utilizes vacuum for attachment to vertical and overhanging surfaces, and a traction system that enables rapid movement of the robot over planar and curved surfaces of any orientation. The main applications considered during the research were the manufacturing processes for large external surface structures such as wings and the post-manufacturing and in-service inspection of such structures. The design of suitable tool packages for manufacturing and non-destructive testing is considered in the paper. The first tool package to be implemented and tested was a five-axis high precision drill, which is described. The control system is described within this paper along with the software architecture. The software architecture for the robot was generalized, allowing different robot configurations to be described and implemented rapidly through structured configuration files. Particular attention is paid to the robot’s localization and navigation system, which provides tool point precision to aircraft manufacturing tolerances. The localization system uses data from several different types of sensors and combines these with information provided by a surface model to derive six-degrees-of-freedom position and orientation using an extended Kalman filter to fuse the state information from the different sources. Tool point position is calculated through direct kinematic transformations. Improvements to this work are described, which utilize one of the initial releases of Lieca’s new six-degrees-of-freedom precision measurement instruments, the Lieca LTD-800. We also summarize the experimental trials and the initial performance in terms of tool point precision and climbing performance. The concept of application of the robot and details of the technologies included in the robot that are outlined in this paper are the subject of separate pending patent applications filed by BAE SYSTEMS plc.
The Influence of Structural and Process Factors on Partnership Satisfaction in Interfirm Cooperation
Authors: Lui Steven S. , Ngo Hang-Yue
Published: July 2005

In this study, the authors investigate the relationship of structure and process with partnership satisfaction in interfirm cooperation. In particular, they focus on the less-researched aspect of process. Structure refers to the ex-ante transaction cost-based and partner characteristics of the partnership, whereas process refers to the action pattern that unfolds during the cooperation. Two structural factors, asset specificity and partner reputation, are first examined. Informed by an action approach, they further identify three important aspects of the cooperation process, namely, action acquiescence, action simplicity, and action reciprocity. Their relationships with partnership satisfaction are tested on a sample of 230 architect-contractor partnerships in Hong Kong. The results revealed that action acquiescence and action simplicity explained significant variance in partnership satisfaction above and beyond those explained by the two structural factors.
An Exploratory Study on the Effects of Learning Organization Characteristics on Internet Usage
Authors: Vongchavalitkul Busaya , Singh Parbudyal , Neal Judi A. , Morris Michael
Published: July 2005

The Internet is becoming a very important new technology in all organizations, including universities. Many in academia are adopting this innovative technology to aid in their teaching, research, and consulting. In this study, using the learning organization theoretical framework, the effects of learning organization characteristics, other organizational factors, and individual variables on the use of the Internet by a random sample of 245 business school faculty members in the United States were examined and analyzed. Some support for learning organization characteristics, as well as support for individual and other organizational factors, was found.
Perceptions of Discrimination and Justice
Authors: Foley Sharon , Hang-Yue Ngo , Wong Angela
Published: July 2005

This article examines the relationship among perceived gender discrimination, organizational justice, and work-related attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and intentions to leave) for a sample of Protestant clergy in Hong Kong. The moderating role of gender on the relationship is also explored. The results of regression analysis showed that (a) justice and discrimination perceptions were significantly related to job attitudes; (b) compared to men, women who perceived more gender discrimination had a lower level of organizational commitment; (c) compared to women, men who perceived more distributive justice had a higher level of job satisfaction; and (d) perceptions of justice influenced intentions to leave through their impact on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Rethinking Economic Systems: A Study of Agricultural Societies
Authors: Pryor Frederic L.
Published: July 2005

A cluster analysis of data from societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample reveals that agricultural societies usually have one of four quite different economic systems. Although many anthropologists and historians consider agricultural economic systems to be the outcome of environmental, social, social-structural, and political variables, a statistical analysis indicates that very few such variables are correlated with the derived economic systems. The systems are thus revealed to stand as independent entities and are worthy of more intensive study.
Importance and Descriptiveness of Self-Aspects: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Carpenter Sandra , Karakitapoglu-Aygün Zahide
Published: July 2005

This study investigated self-concept similarities and differences among Turkish and American (Mexican American and White) university students. The descriptiveness of self-attributes was measured in three domains (independent self, relational self, and other-focused or traditional self). In addition, the importance of personal, social, and collective selves was identified for each culture group. In terms of importance of self, the cultural groups showed more similarities than differences, emphasizing personal identity the most, followed by social and collective identity orientations. The results also suggested similarities across the cultural groups in descriptiveness of self-aspects, whereby relational attributes were rated as more self-descriptive than independent and other-focused or traditional aspects. Despite these similarities, our results suggested that importance and descriptiveness ratings do not show the same pattern. The results are discussed in terms of self-schemas and the association between aspects of the self that are important and descriptive of the self.
Case Studies in Cultural Control: John M. Roberts’s Four Southwestern Men
Authors: Chick Garry , González Liliana
Published: July 2005

During the summers of 1949, 1950, and 1951, John M. Roberts collected data on the levels of knowledge that a Zuni, a Navaho, a Mormon, and a Spanish American had of their own cultures. Specifically, Roberts asked the informants about their knowledge of the topics listed in the 1945 edition of the Outline of Cultural Materials and Gifford’s list of culture elements. He then developed a scale of cultural control of information that ranged from 1 (ignorance )to 5 (personal control ). We used Roberts’s scores for each of the four men for 18 areas of utilitarian cultural knowledge and 18 areas of expressive cultural knowledge to examine patterns in the informants’ knowledge of the two realms. Results indicate that the four men seemed to have better control of utilitarian than expressive topics.
The Case for Complementarities
Authors: Raybeck Douglas
Published: July 2005

My presentation discusses the current circumstances and intellectual mission of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research. Our society examines both those qualities of humanity that are shared across cultures and those behavioral and cultural elements that are peculiar to certain traditions. I try to make a strong case that our multidisciplinary nature makes us particularly well suited to such research and to an inclusive strategy that embraces different levels of analysis rather than eschewing them. This is the import of what we do. This is the utility of what we do. In the first section entitled “Of Visigoths and Monasteries,” I also address the current challenges to scientific efforts to study humanity stemming from postmodernists.
The Radio in Peru
Authors: Alfaro Rosa María
Published: July 2005

The radio in Peru is a cultural space of recuperation and modernization of popular music that generates interchanges and hybridization among local and sectorial ethnic programs. Thanks to radio, today we have emerging cultural industries. The radio was also a pioneer in forging new massive cultures, which later became specific segmentations. Contradictorily, it did not let the spontaneous and popular word flow, nor did it facilitate the development of a culture of conversation. Formal newscasting delivered dialogue from rough monologues, which glorified the announcer. It was a vertical symbology, later esthetically softened by commercial displays, without the appeal of shared discourse. So it never promoted the gestation of the “we,” who knows how to reflect and listen, recognizing the “other.” Radio thus did not generate symbolic and democratic commitments with democracy, nor did it respect civil rights. It did not make possible the formation of identities and agreements of a public culture.
Radio Regulations in Latin America
Authors: Leree Beatriz Solís
Published: July 2005

The development of the radio industry in Latin America, its growth, and its consolidation as a commercial model have generated great business in the region. I propose an analysis of the Mexican case to review some of the problems to which the radio model in the region is subject and that have, in many cases, their roots in the rules that guide the operation of the mass media. This analysis also will provide the key to understanding the challenges that must be met by countries that are making fundamental changes, that through the law can appoint lines of action, that become communication policies, and that can develop more democratic ways of social participation in radio. Understanding the principles that shape the radio-communication model of a country is a determining factor for discovering the characteristics of this medium. Indeed, analyzing radio regulations tells us about the society that makes those regulations.
The Simultaneous and the Diverse in the Social World
Authors: Vargas Héctor Gómez
Published: July 2005

The relationship with radio is unique for each individual, but those relationships have social and relational dimensions. In addition, the development of radio implies a series of continuities and discontinuities in the ways of production, distribution, and consumption of symbolic forms and goods. Radio biographies, including family histories and life histories, were used to create a vision of the ways in which three different generations began to relate to radio. The biographies examine radio’s social uses, the musical tastes of each generation, and the generations’ ways of interrelating. The study was carried out in the city of León, Guanajuato, Mexico, with the aim of studying the city’s cultural change.