bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Putting Some People First
Authors: Shelton Jon
Published: September 2023

This chapter follows how Bill Clinton, first as governor of Arkansas, then as chairperson of the Democratic Leadership Council, and finally as president, rode the crest of the education myth to the greatest political fortune. It elaborates on Clinton's first term, which brought a major free trade deal, signifying once and for all to nonprofessional-class workers that the Democratic Party would have little for them aside from promises of training for better jobs. Reelected with a strong economy behind him, the chapter then chronicles how Clinton used his second term to continue to push for connecting public education to human capital, noting that national teacher union leaders supported this “reinvention” of American public education too. Taken together, by the end of the 1990s, the chapter stresses that intellectuals like Robert Reich, political figures like Clinton, the Democratic Leadership Council, and top union leaders—indeed, the nation's political center—had shifted decisively toward a new set of assumptions that structured mainstream politics for the next two decades: public investment in education and retraining workers to meet the needs of increasingly empowered employers would bring opportunity for prosperity and security, but only when workers could appropriately commodify themselves.
Left Behind
Authors: Shelton Jon
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the high-water mark of the education myth: the bipartisan No Child Left Behind Act in 2001 showed that there was little dissent in any mainstream political quarter, and Richard Florida's Rise of the Creative Class, published the same year, pointed to the growing cultural dominance of the professional class as well as the resentment from those left out of it. The chapter first argues that, by the early 2000s, the economy was driven not just by knowledge labor but by the growing number of Americans who were engaged in valuable “creative” work, in Florida's words, the “decisive source of competitive advantage.” It notes that what distinguished the creative class in the early twenty-first century was that they were increasingly unmoored from the more hierarchical employment relationships that existed when the professional class emerged in the 1970s and 1980s. The chapter emphasizes that many jobs in the service sector, which were becoming less sustainable over time and paid insufficient wages, grew out of necessity, as the growing creative class paid these workers to do the “chores” they needed done in restaurants, homecare, janitorial, and lawn services. The chapter makes clear that President George W. Bush did more than any other Republican to elevate the education myth with his work on bipartisan education reform—No Child Left Behind—that assumed education was essential to any shot at a decent livelihood.
Exchange Ideologies, Patriarchy, and Economic Liberalization in Syria
Authors: Anderson Paul
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains the exchange ideologies among Aleppo's merchants amidst the first decade of Bashar al-Asad's rule in Syria. It clarifies that the exchange ideology primarily revolves around the correlation of commerce and language ideologies. The social effects of exchange ideologies range between drawing boundaries of inclusion and exclusion, and buttressing or challenging social hierarchies. The chapter details how patriarchal structures allowed merchants to become legible and locatable to others while also organizing access to political support. The chapter also covers the economic liberalization in Syria under the Bashar al-Asad's regime that shifted notions of merchants and commerce in relation to society and polity.
Merchant Patriarchy and the State
Authors: Anderson Paul
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers the role of the state in the reproduction of patriarchy among elite merchant families in Aleppo during the first decade of Bashar al-Asad's rule. It then discusses how the Baathist regime's mechanisms of state–merchant interaction supported the exchange ideologies of economic patriarchy. A patriarchal kin contract defined social membership of the market largely through the membership of patrilineal families. The chapter highlights the importance of the state's role in reproducing the hegemony of patriarchal families such as the House of Umar. The state reinforced patriarchal authority in Aleppo's markets by maintaining petitioning connections with male elders from influential families and leaving the space for regulation and credit to actors within the market.
Economic Patriarchy and Contested Modernities
Authors: Anderson Paul
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the correlation between economic patriarchy, speculative modes of apprehending the future, and wider debates about modernity in Syria. Numerous accounts of contested modernities in the Middle East focused on domains of self-consciously cultural production and consumption. The chapter considers whether Aleppo's entrepreneurs and merchants engaged as cultural actors in their own right. The liberalization under Bashar al-Asad involved unpredictable cultural contestations of the nature and relationship between patriarchy and modernity. Meanwhile, the regime played contradictory roles in the contestations of modernity as it championed technocratic entrepreneurial modernity while also seeking to co-opt Aleppo's traditional merchant elites by sponsoring the city's Arab Islamic heritage.
Civic Patronage
Authors: Anderson Paul
Published: September 2023

This chapter tackles the notion of civic patronage in Aleppo. It explains that the regime positioned leading merchants as a kind of urban notability. As part of the economic liberalization permitted by the Bashar al-Asad regime, political elites invited leading merchants to act as civic sponsors of urban associations and infrastructure. The chapter explains the civic frameworks of urban identity must be understood in line with the attempts to manage and control Islamic iterations of civil society and urban space. In support of civic sporting and cultural associations, euergetism created an alternative mode of urban attachment and status to those offered by explicitly religious associations and forms of giving.
The Promise and Delivery of Tourism in a Colonial Space
Authors: Cleveland Todd
Published: September 2023

This chapter offers an overview of Portugal's imperial exploits in Africa with a focus on the history of colonial Mozambique. It assesses the territory from a number of perspectives: as a place in which institutionalized racism rendered daily life for Africans exceedingly challenging; as a consistent financial concern—and often a burden—for the metropole, thereby heightening the allure of touristic revenues; and as a key partner in the “unholy alliance” forged between Lisbon and the white-minority regimes in Pretoria and Salisbury (Harare). The chapter also investigates Portuguese state's development of Mozambique's transportation infrastructure and its promotion of the colony's tourism industry, initially for economic purposes but, increasingly, for political and propagandistic ends, all of which were intended to legitimize and reinforce the empire. The chapter explores the shifting political economy in the colony; the various daily dynamics between Africans, settlers, and tourists; and the persistent economic appeal of tourism for the regime. It also elaborates on the centrality of tourism in relations with the regimes in Pretoria and Salisbury, as well as the ways that Portugal effectively used touristic flows to engage in regional diplomacy more broadly.
Urban Nightlife
Authors: Cleveland Todd
Published: September 2023

This chapter draws the reader into the realm of unrestrained revelry and, at times, debauchery that characterized touristic nightlife in Lourenço Marques. Nightlife revolved around Rua Araújo, known locally as “Sin Street.” As the chapter chronicles, the hours after the sun set held particular appeal for white male tourists from South Africa, which featured a culture that was both staid and socially and sexually suppressive. After crossing the Mozambican border, these visitors immediately enjoyed the colony's racial permeability, newly gaining access to what would have been “forbidden fruit” back home. The chapter stresses that African residents engaged with these tourists in an array of remunerated capacities—as musical performers and waitstaff, but also, much less agreeably, as prostitutes in the nightclubs, bars, casinos, and even on the streets of the colony's largest cities. Although these livelihoods were often precarious, the chapter emphasizes that many Africans labored gainfully in these vibrant nocturnal spaces.
Holding Their Breath
Authors: Dorsey M. Girard
Published: September 2023

This book uncovers just how close Britain, the United States, and Canada came to crossing the red line that restrained chemical weapon use during World War II. Unlike in World War I, belligerents did not release poison gas regularly during the Second World War. Yet, the looming threat of chemical warfare significantly affected the actions and attitudes of these three nations as they prepared their populations for war, mediated their diplomatic and military alliances, and attempted to defend their national identities and sovereignty. The story of chemical weapons and World War II begins in the interwar period as politicians and citizens alike advocated to ban, to resist, and eventually to prepare for gas use in the next war. The book reveals that although poison gas was rarely released on the battlefield in World War II, experts as well as lay people dedicated significant time and energy to the weapon's potential use; they did not view chemical warfare as obsolete or taboo. Poison gas was an influential weapon in World War II, even if not deployed in a traditional way, and arms control, for various reasons, worked. Thus, what did not happen is just as important as what did. The book provides insight into these potentialities by untangling World War II diplomacy and chemical weapons use in a new way.
Epilogue
Authors: Dorsey M. Girard
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the legacies of silent chemical warfare. It highlights how gas is still alive and remains as an active weapon that shapes attitudes and actions within and between countries, referencing how the existence of gas and gas masks can still instill fear. Chemical weapons policy and practice were not simply military issues since gas changed mental, emotional, and physical actions globally and locally. The chapter explains the establishment of the Chemical Weapons Convention, which aims to prevent the usage, development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, or transfer of chemical weapons. It also mentions that World War II proved that gas can be contained even under strained circumstances.
Delegating Domination
Authors: Greenwald Diana B.
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the concept of indirect rule, which was defined alternatively as a generic mode of decentralized state authority or as an explicitly violent form of despotism. It looks into the coercive institutions in the West Bank within existing theoretical frameworks of the origins, nature, and consequences of indirect rule. The Palestinian Authority (PA) functions as an agent of or subcontractor to its foreign donors like Israel, or a combination of both. The chapter notes how indirect rule may shape the future of political and economic development. The indirect rule in the West Bank resulted in a multiplicity of principals, uncertainty of the PA's coherence as a unitary agent, and a highly modern infrastructure of geographic segregation and discrimination.
The Thorough Insinuation of the One State Reality into Palestinian Political Life
Authors: Brown Nathan J. , Elbanna Iman
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers how the one state reality has become insinuated into daily and political Palestinian life. Palestinian nationalism revolves around realizing a Palestinian nationalist vision in the form of a state instead of just about Israel. Over the past century, Palestinians have built a variety of national institutions designed to speak for them as a national entity in an effort to prepare for some form of statehood or claim Palestine as a state. The chapter also explains that Palestinians in Jerusalem constituting a separate category became a testimony to the centrality of Israel. It explains that one state is the lived reality of Palestinians even if it was not a political program for settling conflict.
American Jewry and the One State Reality
Authors: Barnett Michael , Friedman Lara
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the conflict between Jewish Americans' attachment to Israel and their commitment to liberalism and democracy. It presents four vignettes that illuminate ways that Jewish Americans and organizations have responded to what has become a one state reality. Jewish Americans saw American values of liberalism, pluralism, and democracy as central to their American identity and consistent with their identity as Jews. Thus, those values and self-identity became key to their strategy of security through acceptance. The chapter highlights how the clash of values and interests affected the changing nature of Jewish Americans' views of their relationship with Israel.
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Resolution and Public Opinion
Authors: Rahman Omar H. , Scheindlin Dahlia
Published: September 2023

This chapter elaborates on the historical trajectory of public opinion of Israelis and Palestinians in support of the partition of Israel–Palestine into two states. It notes how the two state solution emerged as the primary approach for resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict after the Oslo process. However, the conflict reached a new level of intractability in 2021. Public opinion reflects the voice of the people most directly affected by the outcome and the range of movement for elite decision making. The chapter also looks into alternative constitutional arrangements for resolving the conflict, including equal and unequal single statehood, referencing how a hard two state partition continues to erode in reality and public imagination.
The Europeans and the Israeli-Palestinian Conundrum
Authors: Asseburg Muriel
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the dilemmas of Europe's approach to Israel/Palestine. It details European policy objectives and instruments relating to Israel/Palestine, which highlights the gap between European rhetoric and policies. While Europeans played a key role in shaping international language on the conflict, Europeans also remained in the back seat when shaping dynamics on the ground. Europeans, thus, stuck to the mantra of a negotiated two state solution. The chapter also explains that Europeans were divided between allegiance to international law and a commitment to Israel as a safe haven for Jews, so they resigned to a supportive role instead of a formative role.
Negotiating Positions: The Politics of Virtue and Virtù
Authors: Honig Bonnie
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the politics of virtue and virtù. It identifies virtue theories of politics as theories that displace conflict, identify politics with administration, and treat juridical settlement as the task of politics and political theory. According to virtue theorists of politics, the world and self are not resistant to but enabled by their favored conceptions of order and subjectivity. Meanwhile, virtù theories of politics refer to theories that see politics as a disruptive practice that resists the consolidations and closures of administrative and juridical settlement for the sake of the perpetuity of political contest. The chapter looks into the perspectives of Immanuel Kant, John Rawls, Michael Sandel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Hannah Arendt.
As Through a Glass Darkly
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the author's innocence and culture in which he was immersed, which made everything to him seem one-dimensional. It describes what lay behind the conspiracies of silence or adult injunctions to be good that mean “be quiet” and “don't upset anyone.” It also confirms whether these conspiracies are unique to the provincial world in which the author was raised or a legacy of the Protestant Reformation with its distrust of feeling and physicality. The chapter cites Mr. Mole's Tunnel by Douglas Collins, a simple tale about how to be rooted in a perpetual place but yet be able to tap into the resources of the wider world. The chapter mentions the author's sixth form essay inspired by Darryl Forde's environmental determinism, in which he argued that the difference between “civilized” and “primitive” peoples lay in the kinds of intellectual and practical adaptations they had made to very different environments.
It’s Other People Who Are My Old Age
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses how the author was fascinated by what drew people to their various trades, noting the secret links between their invisible and visible lives. It mentions how the author initially would not appreciate the subtle and unfathomable interplay between external influence and inner disposition that gradually gives shape to a particular biography. It also considers Professor Ralph O'Reilly Piddington, who taught the first-year social anthropology class that the author was in, wherein he saw the professor's Malinowskian preoccupation with needs and functions that referred to remote societies. The chapter highlights how Piddington extols the ideal of mutuality between ethnographer and informant but refuses to bring himself to give up his privileged status as an objective man of science. It addresses the question of whether Piddington ever considered freedom from oppression to be a human need, given his commitment to Malinowski's theory of needs.
To and Fro Within the World and Up and Down Upon It
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses how the author began to see his vacillation between trying to change the world and understanding that it had brought grief to others and himself while on board a ship between Sydney and Genoa. The chapter mentions the author's reading of Vincent Van Gogh's letters to his brother, Theo, which helped the author see that his identification with Aboriginal people was born of a desire to bear witness to their lives. It also recounts the author's attempt at painting that was influenced by his mother's letters. The chapter touches on President John F. Kennedy's assassination, which caused the author's landlady to be beside herself with grief as Kennedy for her had been the hope of the free world. The chapter questions what the point of anthropology is if it doesn't have something to say about the common humanity rather than simply focusing on ethnic or cultural differences.
In Sierra Leone
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter talks about how the author ended up in the company of misfits as he was linguistically inept, socially disoriented, anomalous in appearance, and preoccupied by questions the point of which no one could grasp. It details the stories of misfits that shed light both on the forces that shape a human life and the ways those forces are suffered, resisted, and reimagined. It also mentions Mamina Yegbe Marah, who inadvertently offered the author insights into the magical uses of literacy. The chapter considers Mamina Yegbe and his persecutors as the interplay in their imaginations of several forms of external power. It describes the interplay of the different forms of power in people's everyday lives and imaginations.
Firawa and the Ethnography of Events
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter reviews the stories the author encountered when he went to Firawa, which have recurring scenarios and leitmotifs and have a marginalized or maligned individual. The chapter talks about how the djinn resembled the figure of the daemon in European thought, wherein distributors and redistributors of human destinies. It also looks at the ramifications of the contrast between village (sue) and bush (fira) in Kuranko discourse, such as the bush that was construed as a wild but fecund force field surrounding the settled space of the village. The chapter analyzes Kuranko stories involving journeys between town and bush. It mentions the moral customs (namui or bimba kan), laws (seriye or ton), and chiefly power (mansaye) associated with the town that were periodically placed in abeyance.
From Anxiety to Method
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter details the author's time in the Department of Anthropology in the Research School of Pacific Studies at the Australian National University. It mentions George Devereux's From Anxiety to Method in the Behavioral Science, which sought a universal perspective and did justice to the idiosyncratic and cultural contexts in which the universal makes its appearance. It also talks about Gregory Bateson, who successfully showed how one might integrate anthropological and psychological approaches to the human condition. The chapter explores the relationship between Western and non-Western worldviews, and the question as to whether Western philosophy and science were, by definition, more insightful than any others. It addresses the question of reflexivity and the reciprocal interplay of the intrapsychic and the intersubjective or the twofold movement that takes one out into the world of others and returns one to oneself.
I Am Another
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks at the author's form of writing that integrated social science with literature, and juxtaposed images with ideas. It discusses that his writing of Barawa proved to be more than an experiment in ethnographic writing and was an attempt to come to terms with the shadows that the colonial era still cast over anthropology. It also mentions Alexander Gordon Laing, the Scottish explorer who narrowly missed discovering the source of the Niger that lies in the heart of Kuranko country. The chapter recounts the memorable Kuranko story related by a young man called Sulimani Koroma in the dry season of 1972, which depicts the ethical dilemma of seeking one's fortune at the expense of others or using it for the common good. It draws a lesson from the Kuranko story, which emphasizes that lives are never one's own and that one is beholden to others for they're very existence.
Wilderness
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses that the delayed impact of grief soon found the author identifying with Mary Kingsley, whose pioneering explorations of West Africa had been precipitated by personal loss. It highlights that the author's travel to Firawa made him hope that the familiar roads would bring him to a place where his late wife, Pauline, was still alive. It also points out how the idea of the familiar roads were as illusory as the way the great inselberg of Sinakonke appeared to recede over the horizon when walked toward it. The chapter explores how creative writing had commanded an equally imperative place in the author's life. It mentions that anthropologists recoiled from any intermingling of science and art or science and philosophy, which the author considers faithful to the positivist precepts of British empiricism view.
Uppsala
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter talks about how the author received a morale-boosting invitation from Anita Jacobsen Widding to participate in a symposium titled African Folk Models and Their Application at Uppsala University, Sweden. It mentions Oscar Eckdahl, who sees the relationship of microcosm and macrocosm as a relationship between the secure space of hearth and the harsh, open space of the world. It also explores social contrasts that suggest existential contrasts between what can and cannot be endured, known, or grasped. The chapter highlights Sigmund Freud, who writes compellingly of the struggle between closure and openness, observing that all organisms need to both absorb elements of the world beyond their boundaries and protect porous boundaries from invasive and life-threatening forces. It points out how filtering, monitoring, and controlling traffic across body boundaries are crucial to the life of any organism.
Cape York
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the author's fieldwork among the Kuku-Yalanji of Cape York Peninsular, where he noted that the history of the lifeworld had been as traumatic as any in Aboriginal Australia. It traces successive generations of Kuku-Yalanji that had been drawn into a wider polity only to find themselves disparaged and disadvantaged within it. It also mentions the ambivalent attitude to social existence that is echoed in the Bambara view that being with others is not an ideal but is a necessity to which men must adapt and adjust themselves. The chapter reviews the government policy of forcibly removing half-caste children from their Aboriginal mothers, making them wards of the state and preparing them for menial work in white households. It describes Peter Fisher, whose life in his rainforest clearing came as close as any life of absolute acceptance and peace that passes all understanding.
An Etiology of Storms
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the author's experience from environments that is as empowering and life-giving as it is minatory and oppressive. It highlights that the author's fieldwork among the Kuku-Yalanji deepened his understanding of ritualization and magical thinking in everyday life. It also discusses how the author's work resonated with his early essays on Kuranko divination and tricksters. The chapter reinforces the view that people are in serious error if they ascribe existential coping strategies to premodern peoples and continue to promulgate the illusion that modernity is essentially and consistently rational. It considers exploring the artful ways to get around insuperable obstacles in life, which is one of the most urgent tasks of anthropology.
After Indiana
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter recounts the author leaving Indiana and his college professorship, gambling a part-time temporary job at Sydney University. It talks about the author's low interest in the formal analysis of relationships among “terms” than the dynamics of intersubjective life and his refusal to accept that the forms of intersubjective life could be analyzed with or distilled into abstract logico-mathematical forms. It also mentions Maurice Merleau-Ponty's so-called logos endiathetos, which means a “wild” logos of carnality, emotion, and sensation that the mind does not consciously constitute but informs the way one thinks and imagines. The chapter details the author's fieldwork among refugees in New Zealand and his rediscovery of the writings of Hannah Arendt, who came to the United States in 1941 as a displaced person. It explores how storytelling can transform experience, stir emotions, and effect real changes without an explicit rationale and without conforming to official narratives.
Prologue
Authors: Siegel Martin J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter recounts the author's experience at the funeral of Irving Robert Kaufman. In 1951, Kaufman wrangled to get the trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, charged with stealing the “secret” of the atomic bomb and handing it to the monstrous Joseph Stalin. The chapter examines how the dead Irving Kaufman poses a riddle about judicial schizophrenia: How did the man responsible for two of the most infamous executions in American history become one of the most illustrious liberal jurists of his time? The question is what two historians called the “enigma” of the Rosenbergs' judge—a figure typically but wrongly caricatured as nothing more than a minor, bloodthirsty supporting cast member in the morality play of McCarthyism. This chapter ignores much of Kaufman's jurisprudence, though he wrote important decisions in antitrust, copyright, civil procedure, and other fields. It aims to illuminate and explain the curious path from Sing Sing in 1953 to progressive champion in 1992, a period when political and judicial liberalism also experienced great evolution, and when judges increasingly came to be seen as willing political actors.
The Trial of the Century
Authors: Siegel Martin J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the most controversial episodes in American law that deeply divided Americans and inflamed Cold War passions all over the world: the Rosenberg case. The chapter first investigates if Kaufman gave the Rosenbergs a fair trial. It looks at how he seems to have prejudged the case and believed in the Rosenbergs' guilt from the outset. Yet, as the chapter argues, the trial was fair in the larger sense that Kaufman didn't fundamentally change the Rosenbergs' defense or the outcome of the case. It emphasizes that most of Kaufman's management of the trial was legally proper. Although critics soon claimed the government had targeted the Rosenbergs because they were communists, the chapter notes that Kaufman's handling of that issue obeyed the operative legal rules. The chapter then delves into Kaufman's framing of the law to the jury. Along with deciding whether to admit or exclude particular evidence, formulating the legal instructions to the jury is the trial judge's most important task. It then elaborates on Kaufman's apparent prejudgment of the Rosenbergs' guilt which led him into two serious errors.
Worse Than Murder
Authors: Siegel Martin J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter stresses that the sentencing of the Rosenbergs was the act that would come to define Irving Robert Kaufman. It reviews how the law he had to apply, the 1917 Espionage Act, posed an unusually stark choice. It didn't allow for life in prison. Instead, the maximum term was thirty years, and the Rosenbergs would be eligible for parole in only ten. Or Kaufman could order them to die. The chapter begins by narrating how Kaufman began canvassing others as he hadn't fully decided what to do when the trial ended. First, there were the government's views to consider, as in any criminal case. Kaufman also sounded out other judges and the views of ordinary Americans. In the end, though, gathering other people's thoughts couldn't resolve Kaufman's quandary. He had no choice but to search within. The chapter concludes by elaborating on Kaufman's death sentence of the Rosenbergs. It also explores his antipathy to communism which can be traced to his formative years at Fordham.
Apalachin and the Little Rock of the North
Authors: Siegel Martin J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter emphasizes that Cold War espionage wasn't the only midcentury preoccupation to land in Kaufman's courtroom in the 1950s. The chapter focuses on two other rising national concerns—the fast but subterranean spread of organized crime, and school desegregation—that came before him in historically significant cases. The chapter begins by recounting the first case which started by chance on a gray November afternoon in 1957 in the tiny upstate town of Apalachin, New York. It follows how the Justice Department established a “Special Group on Organized Crime” with eighteen handpicked lawyers. As the chapter narrates, the Apalachin reversals shocked all but those who had carefully followed the case and understood its ambitiousness. The chapter yhen analyzes how the Second Circuit's reversal, and its veiled criticism of Kaufman's work did little to dim his star. Assisted by new laws that made crossing state lines for gambling and extortion federal offenses, the chapter also discusses how prosecutions and convictions rose all over the country, especially in New York. The offensive continued over decades until, in the 1980s, Kaufman would rejoin the battle.
The Forgotten Man
Authors: Siegel Martin J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks at how the growing estrangement between Irving Robert Kaufman and J. Edgar Hoover mirrored Kaufman's slow evolution away from law enforcement now that he was on the court of appeals. Fittingly, one of the first examples involved his and Hoover's old obsession: communism. Over the next few years, Kaufman authored several other opinions against the government in criminal cases. Sometimes federal agents were too aggressive in searching or questioning suspects. Sometimes trial judges made mistakes, such as failing to give a required instruction to jurors that would have helped the defendant. In most of these cases, the chapter underlines that decisions were unanimous. Kaufman was generally in the middle of the road in criminal cases. Then and now, the vast majority of convictions are affirmed, even by judges with liberal leanings, and Kaufman was no exception. In general, he tried to look past form to the substance of whether a defendant got a fair trial. The chapter peeks at how some criminal appeals Kaufman heard sounded strange echoes from his past. It then discusses a case that dove deeper into Kaufman's history, all the way back to his Brooklyn adolescence.
Hippieland
Authors: Siegel Martin J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter reviews how Irving Robert Kaufman repeatedly confronted cases arising out of the divisive war. It argues that the most famous of these concerned a man whose views about war predated the morass in Southeast Asia, though the significance of his case was magnified by it. The chapter then underlines that Kaufman faced more draft-related cases as the war progressed, and he routinely sided against the government he had once favored heavily in national security matters. It narrates how he approved late-blooming claims of pacifism asserted just before induction, though the military and some other judges tended to see these declarations as just a convenient way to dodge service. As a result, the Supreme Court later reversed him and upheld regulations making it harder for men who didn't announce their objections after first being ordered to report. The chapter stresses that Kaufman was similarly willing to expand habeas corpus beyond convicted criminals to a naval reservist who sought release from the “custody” of military service. It investigates how Kaufman's solicitude went beyond servicemen to protesters. As the war escalated, it careened into America's schools. The chapter then considers the source of Kaufman's hostility to the government in Vietnam-era cases.
Annus Horribilis
Authors: Siegel Martin J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter follows how Irving Robert Kaufman ascended to the second-highest court in America, which he now led as chief judge. By 1977, almost a quarter century had passed since the deaths of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg made Kaufman a historical figure. The chapter highlights that he become one of the country's preeminent jurists, known far beyond New York thanks to major cases and enthusiastic press coverage he'd helped engineer himself. He doggedly earned a reputation as a champion of civil liberties, case by groundbreaking case, impressing even ardent liberals once disgusted with the infamous death sentences. Despite all this, the chapter states that the hard-won success of a lifetime, a single year would mark an unraveling of death and defeat, throwing Kaufman back on his heels and shaming him before the public just when he was at life's apex. The chapter also discusses Kaufman's despondency at failing to secure a spot on the Supreme Court, and narrates how he made light of it when receiving an honorary degree from NYU in 1973, just after supposedly declining the Watergate job.
Epilogue
Authors: Siegel Martin J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter recalls the time when the author first saw his new boss at Kennedy Airport. It describes how he wanted a clerkship on an appellate court and a year in the city, and his only other offer there was from a trial judge known to seek out impossibly technical patent lawsuits. The chapter narrates that the author suffered little of the classic Kaufman treatment. As it turned out, he hardly needed toughening up. Kaufman yelled a little, but mostly he was absent. The chapter recounts Kaufman's illness and absence, leading to his death on February 1, 1992, due to pancreatic cancer. The chapter discusses the intersection of law and psychology, questioning whether outsiders could ever truly understand the judicial mind. Trying to decode judicial behavior may be futile and entirely speculative, but, as the chapter argues, Kaufman himself called his jurisprudence “an amalgam of external legal constraints and an internalized desire to respond to the world in which we live.” Using this dichotomy, the chapter emphasizes that we can at least identify the external and internal forces behind Kaufman's transformation from Rosenberg executioner to one of the most significant progressive judges of his day.
Eat
Authors: Krasny Marianne E.
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on eating. It highlights that eating is a complex behavior, and it's influenced by taste and tradition, what's available and what's habitual, and even a desire to feel close to a loved one who has died. The chapter adds that eating is also shaped by whether we have access to healthy foods and what we have learned to cook. This complexity means eating habits are stubborn and resistant to change. But, as the chapter underlines, people do occasionally manage to change complex behaviors and can even spread new behaviors to family and friends. Because what we eat impacts our climate so significantly, the chapter examines our food choices and how, through network climate action, we can spread our behaviors to our own friends and family and possibly even beyond. It also glances at how exactly friends and relatives influence each other's eating habits.
Glean
Authors: Krasny Marianne E.
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains how curtailing food wastes encompasses a suite of practices—running the gamut from composting in your backyard to diving into a dumpster to recover food that's still edible, with the crucial common denominator being that less food is tossed out. It examines how might these and other food-waste practices go beyond the lone individual who decides to buy only the food they can eat or the individual radical anticapitalist who liberates food from their neighborhood grocery store dumpster. The chapter investigates how those individuals can add up to a movement, a sum greater than its parts. The chapter also considers the connections people make (or fail to make) between their food waste and other practices, such as cooking and shopping. As the chapter emphasizes, the answer lies in whether people consider not only sustainable food-waste practices but also factor in sustainability and social justice when choosing what to eat and where to purchase food.
Give
Authors: Krasny Marianne E.
Published: September 2023

This chapter assesses how citizen groups try to fill the gap when governments fail to take action on meat consumption, food waste, or women's education. It examines how citizens will find a way to make some sort of progress if tax rates are insufficient to thwart oversized wealth accumulation or to pay for climate solutions. Although grassroots protest and other forms of activism are not a substitute for legislation, the chapter highlights that they can be effective tools for pressuring governments to take action. For these reasons, contributing to nonprofit organizations that fight against inequities and work to conserve public goods is important. The chapter emphasizes that it is also a means to support climate solutions, such as health and education, that don't lend themselves to direct or lifestyle action. It highlights the importance of philanthropy and how it enables us to support organizations fighting for climate justice as well as those focused on specific climate solutions. The chapter then presents some examples of the many climate solutions where donations to health and conservation organizations rather than household practices play a role.
Afterword
Authors: Krasny Marianne E.
Published: September 2023

This chapter surveys the meaning of individual action in the face of massive climate disruption and fossil fuel industry intransigence. It argues that individual climate-friendly food, transport, and energy behaviors would have more impact if we intentionally persuaded our friends and family to adopt them alongside us. The chapter explores how one might get involved in the political activism that is so desperately needed to bring about systemic change and emphasizes the importance of volunteering for a climate organization. It tells how one could support climate legislation simply by sending the letters or making the calls suggested in the organization's weekly newsletters. They could also join in meetings the group organized with congressional staffers. Knowing that thousands of other climate volunteers were taking similar actions offered a ray of hope that we were in this together, and that together, we might make a difference.
Introduction
Authors: Hughes Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the concept of an environmental leader's tool kit. It explores tools, techniques, approaches, and practical how-to skills for taking on place-based conservation and natural-resource challenges and problems. Environmental tools can take many different forms, and some can only be useful in only one place or another. Moreover, scientists achieve more when they accept the reality that science alone is never enough to move the environmental dial. The chapter highlights how people are the greatest resource for how-to-knowledge. It also looks into the underlying realities concerning the tools as a means to an end, the effectiveness of humility, and people complicating every environmental equation.
You Are Your Most Valuable Resource
Authors: Hughes Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses how to view oneself as the most valuable resource in an effort to avoid burnout. It offers strategies to protect oneself from frustration, discouragement, stress, and burnout. One person can make a difference if they have commitment, focus, and practical know-how to keep out of trouble. The chapter suggests judging performances should be on the same criteria as oneself and other people. However, reducing tasks and situations will make a person less miserable. The chapter then explains that volunteers, who are the backbone of many environmental campaigns, can help relieve stress and keep sanity from all the work.
Monuments for Posterity
Authors: Kalashnikov Antony
Published: September 2023

This book challenges the common assumption that Stalinist monuments were constructed with an immediate, propagandistic function, arguing instead that they were designed to memorialize the present for an imagined posterity. In this respect, even while pursuing its monument-building program with a singular ruthlessness and on an unprecedented scale, the Stalinist regime was broadly in step with transnational monument-building trends of the era and their undergirding cultural dynamics. The book examines the origin and implementation of the Stalinist monument-building program from the perspective of its goal to “immortalize the memory” of the era. It analyzes how this objective affected the design and composition of Stalinist monuments, what cultural factors prompted the sudden and powerful yearning to be remembered, and most importantly, what the culture of self-commemoration revealed about changing outlooks on the future—both in the Soviet Union and beyond its borders. The book shifts the perspective from monuments' political-ideological content to the desire to be remembered and prompts a much-needed reconsideration of the supposed uniqueness of both Stalinist aesthetics and the temporal culture that they expressed. Many Stalinist monuments still stand prominently in postsocialist cityscapes and remain the subject of continual heated political controversy. The book makes manifest monuments' intentional attempts to seduce us—the “posterity” for whom they were built.
The (Un)contested Politics of Stalinist Monument Building
Authors: Kalashnikov Antony
Published: September 2023

This chapter demonstrates that from the perspective of the Stalinist regime, individual and collective immortalization represented a symbolic reward with which to incentivize labor, loyalty, and military valor. It also explores the Stalinist regime's attempt to involve the masses in the self-commemorative project, framing the construction of monuments as a heroic, pan-national project. The chapter also talks about how the public remained genuinely enthusiastic about the prospect of indirect, collective immortalization through the Stalinist monuments. It analyzes the shared cultural value of being remembered that structured both the instrumentalization and the negotiation of the monument-building program, which is a dynamic exemplified in the relationship between the regime and Soviet art professionals. The chapter points out the shared value of being remembered that acted as a cultural foundation to which the Stalinist regime's monument-building program responded.
The Age of Alphabets
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers stories explaining the origins of writing, which vary as widely as the cultures that produce them. It mentions that the Egyptians believed that Thoth, god of wisdom, created the first hieroglyphs and the ancient Greeks that credited Hermes with inventing the Greek alphabet. It also recounts how the advent of writing came about in tandem with the growth of population centers and the corresponding increase in social, economic, and political intercourse. The chapter explains how writing was considered a practical innovation that took advantage of two prior technologies: drawing and counting. The chapter suggests that the transition from oral to literate cultures boils down to oral traditions being additive rather than subordinative, aggregative rather than analytic, and empathetic and participatory rather than objectively distanced.
Regional Organizing for Culture Change
Authors: Knoerr Alan P. , Castillo Celestina , Sánchez George J. , Zimmermann Rissi
Published: September 2023

This chapter mentions Imagining America (IA), which is a national consortium of scholars, artists, designers, humanists, and organizers whose stated mission involves imagining, studying, and enacting a more just and liberatory America. Imagining America was founded in 1999 to promote the values of reciprocity and mutual benefit in the growing higher-education field of community engagement. The chapter discusses benefits that institutions gain from membership in IA and the Southern California Cluster. The chapter examines the organizing practices that the cluster uses, focusing particularly on one-on-ones, narrative, collective leadership, group meetings, agitation, actions, and reflection. It looks at other benefits that individuals gain after becoming involved in the collective leadership of the cluster.
Reimagining Civic Engagement and Academia
Authors: Perez Joanna B. , Taylor Sarah R.
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes an interdisciplinary and interinstitutional consortium that seeks to bring together artists, organizers, and academics to promote civic engagement, with an emphasis on arts, humanities, and design. It discusses the structure and deliverables of the Imagining America Faculty Learning Community (IA FLC), while emphasizing how the lessons learned by teacher-scholars were carried into other aspects of their work. It also shares stories from the personal narrative of teacher-scholars that speak to their own higher education journeys and the funds of knowledge they draw from. The chapter reflects on how participating in the IA FLC prepared teacher-scholars from the COVID-19 pandemic and antiracist movement. It proposes a reimagined academia by integrating cross-campus collaborations among faculty and recognizing the value of civically engaged scholarship.