bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-establishment of the family Coccomyxidae and description of five novel species ofAuerbachiaandCoccomyxa(Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) parasites from Australian fishes
Authors: HEINIGER HOLLY , GUNTER NICOLE L. , ADLARD ROBERT D.
Published: October 2010

Five novel species,Auerbachia scomberoidin. sp.,Auerbachia chaetodonin. sp.,Auerbachia caranxin. sp.,Coccomyxa colurodontidisn. sp. andCoccomyxa gobiodonin. sp. are described from the gall bladders of marine teleosts. These species descriptions provide the first record ofAuerbachiafrom Australian waters. Each species is characterized morphologically, including additional measurements forAuerbachiaspp. and small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences were determined for molecular phylogenetic analyses. All 5 species were each recovered from a single (and different) species of host. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a close genetic relatedness between members ofAuerbachiaandCoccomyxa. Based on these phylogenetic data, on obvious paraphyly displayed by the Myxidiidae and on priority, we propose the re-establishment of the family Coccomyxidae to house all species of the genera,Coccomyxa,AuerbachiaandGlobospora.
Gestures in vocal performance and the experience of the listener: a case study of extra-semantic meaning-making in the singing of Olavi Virta
Authors: AHO MARKO
Published: October 2010

At the level of micro-intonation, singing provides an object for intimate corporeal identification for the listener. In fact, the listener can, by way of vocal identification, achieve a direct corporeal relationship with the vocal performance. Similarly, the researcher can use his/her own purposeful identification and imitation as a means of observation. ‘Once in a century’ is a description often attached to the legendary singer Olavi Virta (1915–1972), who had a significant impact on Finnish popular music during the 1950s and is considered a cultural icon by many Finns. In this article, the vocal performance on the novelty recording ‘Luonasi jos oisin (‘If I were there with you’)/Isn’t it Romantic?’ is studied in order to map out its gestural content. Olavi Virta was in possession of a rich arsenal of vocal gestures. The gestures shared a relationship with the semantic content of the lyrics – not always mimetic but often contrapuntal, polarising, or estranging.
How Hooker found his boogie: a rhythmic analysis of a classic groove
Authors: BENADON FERNANDO , GIOIA TED
Published: October 2010

This article closely analyses the rhythmic components in John Lee Hooker’s boogie. We show how Hooker recasts a signature riff from a ternary to a binary beat subdivision, paving the way for the triple-to-duple shift that characterised mid-century American popular music. Further, we attribute the boogie’s ‘hypnotic’ feel to two psychoacoustic phenomena: stream segregation and temporal order misjudgement. Stream segregation occurs when the musical surface is divided by the listener into two or more auditory entities (streams), usually as a result of timbral and registral contrasts. In Hooker’s case, these contrasts occur between the guitar groove’s downbeats and upbeats, whose extreme proximity also blurs their temporal order. These expressive effects are complemented by global and gradual accelerandos that envelop Hooker’s early performances.
Dana International and the politics of nostalgia
Authors: MAUREY YOSSI
Published: October 2010

This paper focuses on the musical discourse of nostalgia evidenced in the songs of Dana International, an Israeli transsexual singer who took First Prize in the 1998 Eurovision Song Contest. It is organised around several songs featuring various compositional strategies, beginning with remakes of older songs and leading into new ones. Through quotation of music and/or lyrics, and the alteration and departure from the original, Dana premiers, transforms and renews songs in a way unique to her: she forces the audience to rethink what is natural and what is historically constructed, blurs distinctions between the sexes, past and present, the national and international, and draws on nostalgia as a powerful device to unsettle and question received truths. Her songs often mock and parody the masculinist, nationalist myths of mainstream Israeli culture, exposing the ideology of its artefacts. By promoting various types of blending, Dana challenges the notion of fixed borders. Despite the musical surface of popular song, which sounds international and without specific identity, the deep structures of these songs are in fact very much about complex questions of identity.
Bill Drummond’s ‘The 17’ project at
IASPM Glasgow: some feedback on the experience and what happened
Authors: FAIRLEY JAN
Published: October 2010

Those of us who found we were sitting on or next to an empty cinema type numbered
seat with black gaffer tape covering its number gathered at the front of the
room and then, after a ten-minute break, entered into a windowless studio where
two rows of seats were arranged in a semi-circle. In front of the seats were
three high microphones, a keyboard, and a table with an Apple Mac laptop on it
(the iconic corporate apple sign was the only thing that glowed in the dark
while we sang). After an introduction from Drummond, he played a note and its
octaves above and below and we hummed along to get in pitch to a count of ten.
His recording man checked all was entering the Mac hard disc and then Drummond
counted 1,2,3,4 and we began singing the note for five minutes, stopping only as
we wished for breath. The lights were turned off so that we would not feel
embarrassed. One was aware of the people each side and voices coming from behind
and around while simultaneously being aware of one’s own thoughts
– at least I was. I loved the idea of just breathing whenever, as
opposed to singing for a phrase, and after a time decided that as five minutes
was a long time I would use it as a meditation and walk along a beach, North
Berwick beach. By the time we had done the first five-minute note I was only
half-way along the beach.
High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models
Authors: Hariri Niloofar , Thibault Louise
Published: October 2010

Epidemiological studies have shown a positive relationship between dietary fat intake and obesity. Since rats and mice show a similar relationship, they are considered an appropriate model for studying dietary obesity. The present paper describes the history of using high-fat diets to induce obesity in animals, aims to clarify the consequences of changing the amount and type of dietary fats on weight gain, body composition and adipose tissue cellularity, and explores the contribution of genetics and sex, as well as the biochemical basis and the roles of hormones such as leptin, insulin and ghrelin in animal models of dietary obesity. The major factors that contribute to dietary obesity – hyperphagia, energy density and post-ingestive effects of the dietary fat – are discussed. Other factors that affect dietary obesity including feeding rhythmicity, social factors and stress are highlighted. Finally, we comment on the reversibility of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
Quantitative aspects of speed-up and gap phenomena
Authors: AMBOS-SPIES KLAUS , KRÄLING THORSTEN
Published: October 2010

We show that, for any abstract complexity measure in the sense of Blum and for any computable function f (or computable operator F), the class of problems that are f-speedable (or F-speedable) does not have effective measure 0. On the other hand, for sufficiently fast growing f (or F), the class of non-speedable computable problems does not have effective measure 0. These results answer some questions raised by Calude and Zimand. We also give a quantitative analysis of Borodin and Trakhtenbrot's Gap Theorem, which corrects a claim by Calude and Zimand.
Semantical proofs of correctness for programs performing non-deterministic tests on real numbers
Authors: ANBERRÉE THOMAS
Published: October 2010

We consider a functional language that performs non-deterministic tests on real numbers and define a denotational semantics for that language based on Smyth powerdomains. The semantics is only an approximate one because the denotation of a program for a real number may not be precise enough to tell which real number the program computes. However, for many first-order total functions f : n → , there exists a program for f whose denotation is precise enough to show that the program indeed computes the function f. In practice, it is not difficult to find programs like this that possess a faithful denotation. We provide a few examples of such programs and the corresponding proofs of correctness.
Weak bisimulations for the Giry monad
Authors: DOBERKAT ERNST-ERICH
Published: October 2010

We study the existence of bisimulations for Kleisli morphisms associated with the Giry monad of subprobabilities over Polish spaces. We first investigate these morphisms and show that the problem can be reduced to the existence of bisimulations for objects in the base category of stochastic relations using simulation equivalent congruences. This leads us to a criterion for two objects to be bisimilar.
Tilings: simulation and universality
Authors: LAFITTE GREGORY , WEISS MICHAEL
Published: October 2010

Wang tiles are unit-size squares with coloured edges. In this paper, we approach one aspect of the study of tiling computability: the quest for a universal tile set. Using a complex construction, based on Robinson's classical construction and its different modifications, we build a tile set (pronounced ayin) that almost always simulates any tile set. By way of Banach–Mazur games on tilings topological spaces, we prove that the set of -tilings that do not satisfy the universality condition is meagre in the set of -tilings.
A practical parameterised algorithm for the individual haplotyping problem MLF
Authors: XIE MINZHU , WANG JIANXIN , CHEN JIANER
Published: October 2010

Haplotypes are more useful in complex disease gene mapping than single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, haplotypes are difficult to obtain directly using biological experiments, which has prompted research into efficient computational methods for determining haplotypes. The individual haplotyping problem called Minimum Letter Flip (MLF) is a computational problem that, given a set of aligned DNA sequence fragment data of an individual, induces the corresponding haplotypes by flipping minimum SNPs. There has been no practical exact algorithm for solving the problem. Due to technical limits in DNA sequencing experiments, the maximum length of a fragment sequenced directly is about 1kb. In consequence, with a genome-average SNP density of 1.84 SNPs per 1 kb of DNA sequence, the maximum number k1 of SNP sites that a fragment covers is usually small. Moreover, in order to save time and money, the maximum number k2 of fragments that cover an SNP site is usually no more than 19. Building on these fragment data properties, the current paper introduces a new parameterised algorithm with running time O(nk22k2 + mlogm + mk1), where m is the number of fragments and n is the number of SNP sites. In practical biological applications, the algorithm solves the MLF problem efficiently even if m and n are large.
Plasma profiling determinants of matrix homeostasis in paediatric dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Hsia Tain-Yen , Ringewald Jeremy M. , Stroud Robert E. , Roessler Nadia , Kumar Nidhi , Reeves Scott T. , Spinale Francis G.
Published: October 2010

Objective

Dilated cardiomyopathy is an important cause of cardiac failure in both children and adults, but is more progressive in children. In adult dilated cardiomyopathy, left ventricular remodelling is associated with changes in the plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Plasma matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase changes in paediatric dilated cardiomyopathy have not been examined. This study developed a low blood volume, high-sensitivity assay to test the hypothesis that unique and differential plasma matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase profile exist in patients with paediatric dilated cardiomyopathy.

Methods/results

A systemic blood sample (1 millilitre) was obtained from seven children aged 8 plus or minus 7 years with dilated cardiomyopathy and 26 age-matched normal volunteers. Using a high-throughput multiplex suspension immunoassay, plasma levels were quantified for collagenases (matrix metalloproteinase-8), gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9), lysins (matrix metalloproteinase-3 and -7), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, -2, and -4. The matrix metalloproteinase to tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases ratios were also calculated. The plasma matrix metalloproteinase-2, -7, -8, and -9 levels were increased by greater than twofold in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy than normal patients (with p less than 0.05). Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy also had significantly higher tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 and -4 (298% and 230%; with p less than 0.05).

Conclusions

These unique findings show that a specific plasma matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase profile occurs in paediatric dilated cardiomyopathy when compared to the cases of normal children. These distinct differences in the determinants of myocardial matrix structure and function may contribute to the natural history of dilated cardiomyopathy in children and may provide a novel biomarker platform in paediatric dilated cardiomyopathy.
Intramyocardial administration of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in a critically ill child with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Lacis Aris , Erglis Andrejs
Published: October 2010

Almost half of the children with symptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy receive a transplant or die within 2 years; however, cardiac stem cell transplantation has become a promising therapeutic option. The present case demonstrates for the first time, to our knowledge, the intramyocardial administration of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in a critically ill 4-month-old child with severe dilated cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular ejection fraction increased from 20% before stem cell transplantation to 41% at 4 months of follow-up.
Large-diameter graft-stent (Advanta V12) implantation in various locations: early results
Authors: Schranz Dietmar , Jux Christian , Vogel Melanie , Bauer Jürgen , Akintürk Hakan , Valeske Klaus
Published: October 2010

Objectives

Transcatheter stent placement carries the risk of cardiovascular aneurysm or rupture. Covered stent implantation reduces these risks. The recently marketed Advanta V12 large-diameter-covered stent is pre-mounted and requires 9 (8)-11 Fr delivery systems. The aim was to report on the early results of the treatment of various cardiovascular obstructions by the implantation of a new polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent (V12).

Methods

Graft stents on balloons with a diameter (12, 14, 16 millimetres) sufficient to anchor the stent in various obstructions (congenital aortic coarctation, n = 5; obstruction after ascending aorta repair, n = 2; pulmonary arteries, n = 5; inferior caval vein, n = 1; atretic superior caval vein, n = 1; pulmonary vein obstruction, n = 1; and right ventricular outflow tract, n = 1) were implanted using the smallest available delivery system. Secondary dilation with larger-diameter balloons was performed when the residual pressure was gradient, the stent-vessel wall relationship or stent re-coiling due to different reasons needed a re-intervention by pure ballooning or second stent placement.

Results

All 16 patients aged 5–46 years underwent V12 implantation. The variability of the treated lesions and the need for additional interventions were responsible for large ranges in fluoroscopy time between 7.3 to 48.2 minutes (median 17.3). Considering the additional procedures, the V12 stent achieved the desired result in all cases. There were no major complications. At short-term median follow-up of 2 months, all patients are alive and well with no evidence of stent failing.

Conclusion

These initial results show that the covered Advanta V12 large-diameter stent is safe and effective in the immediate treatment of various cardiovascular obstructions. Long-term follow-up is required.
Marco Polo in China — or not
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: October 2010

Marco Polo's book —The Travels, The Description of the World, II Milione, or whatever we prefer to call it — is unquestionably the best known of all contemporary sources on that unprecedented historical phenomenon, the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. That is not to say that it is by any means the best source. As history, it cannot compare, for example, with Rashīd al-Dīn'sJāmi' al-tawārīkh, and as a European travel account (if that is what it is), it is not remotely in the same class as Friar William of Rubruck'sItinerarium. Nevertheless, while Friar William may have been completely forgotten and Chinggis Khan remembered only as someone a political reactionary can, by dint of great effort, get himself (or herself, one should hasten to add) to the right of, there are many who know at least something about Marco Polo: perhaps principally the fact that he went to China — as almost everyone has hitherto supposed that he did.
The Three Great Sultans of al-Dawla al–Ismā‘īliyya al-Naṣriyya who Built the Fourteenth-Century Alhambra: Isma‘īl I, Yūsuf I, Muḥammad V (713–793/1314–1391).
Authors: Fernández-Puertas Antonio
Published: October 2010

Muḥammad I, the founder of the Naṣrid Sultanate in 629/1232, originated the first dynasty,al–dawla al–ghālibiyya al-nasriyya, as it has been called in modern times from hislaqab, al-ghālib bi-llāh(= “the victor through Allāh”). He was succeeded by his son Muḥammad II al-Faqīh and grandsons Muḥammad III al-Makhlū‘ (= “the Dethroned”) and Abū I-Juyūsh Naṣr, with whom the direct masculine line of the al-Aḥmares (= “the Reds”) ended. Naṣr was dethroned by his nephew Ismā‘īl I, the son of their paternal sister Fāṭima and her husband thera‘īsof Málaga, Abū Sa‘īd Faraj, who was also a member of the royal family.

I shall deal here with the sultans of the second dynasty up to the death of Muḥammad V, and will concentrate on its three main figures: Ismā‘īl I, his second son YūsufI and grandson Muḥammad V, and deal only briefly with Muḥammad IV - the firstborn son of Ismā‘īl I – and Muḥammad VI el Bermejo (the Redhead), a relative and brother-in-law of Ismā‘īl II. However, we should first establish the identity and origins of Ismā‘īl I‘s father, to understand why he did not become the first sultan of the new dynasty.
An Historical Review of the Arabic Rendering of Swahili Together with Proposals for the Development of a Swahili Writing System in Arabic Script (Based on the Swahili of Mombasa)
Authors: Omar Yahya Ali , Frankl P. J. L.
Published: October 2010

This article provides an historical review of the Arabic rendering of Swahili, while Appendix A (Parts I and II) contains proposals for the development of Arabic script to yield a phonologically adequate writing system for a variety of Swahili spoken on the East African coast – the variety known as kiMvita (central Swahili), and spoken from just north of T’akaungu to Mombasa, and thence as far south as Gasi. Parallel possibilities for the refinement of romanised script are not considered in any detail.

It should be stressed that kiMvita, the variety of Swahili here described, is not the standardised language. For a number of reasons, the Swahili speech of Zanzibar town, together with the Swahili spoken by Africans from the interior of the continent but resident in Zanzibar, were the varieties of Swahili with which the pioneering standardises of Swahili were familiar.
The Study of Islamic Historiography: a Progress Report
Authors: Robinson Chase F.
Published: October 2010

Writing in theSupplementto the first edition of theEncyclopaedia of Islamin 1938, Gibb began his article on “Ta’rikh” by volunteering that the “[t]he problem of the origins of Arabic historiography is not yet finally solved.” It was an astonishing thing to write. For equipped as he was with al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādi, Ibn al-Nadīm, Ḥajjī Khalifa, Yāqūt'sIrshād, the first volume of al-Ṣafadī, with Wiüstenfeld'sDie Geschichtschreiber der Araber und ihre Werke, as well as with all butSupplementband IIIof Brockelmann, Gibb certainly knewhow little of the early historical tradition had survived. He was very much working in the dark. It may be hard to imagine now, but of al-Balādhurī'sAnsāb al-ashrāfhe was probably then familiar only with Ahlwardt's slim volume, and the final volume of Ibn Sa‘d had not yet appeared. Meanwhile al-Wāqidī'sMaghāzī(which he knew of), Ibn A‘tham'sFutūḥ, ‘Abd al-Malik b. Ḥab7īb'sTa’rikh, ‘Umar b. Shabba'sTa’rikh al-madīna al-munauwara, Ya‘qūb b. Sufyān al-Fasawī'sal-Ma‘rifa wa’l-ta’rikh, Abū Zur’a al-Dimashqī'sTa’rikh, and finally Khalifa b. Khayyāṭ'sTa’rikhandTabaqāt(all of which he did not), remained inaccessible – and this is just to mention some third-century examples.
Does the Nothing Noth?
Authors: Inwood Michael
Published: October 2010

In 1929 Heidegger gave his Freiburg inaugural lecture entitled ‘What is Metaphysics?’ In it he announced: Das Nichts selbst nichtet, ‘The Nothing itself noths (or ‘nihilates’, or ‘nothings’). This soon earned Heidegger fame as a purveyor of metaphysical nonsense. In his 1931 paper, ‘Overcoming of Metaphysics through Logical Analysis of Language’ Rudolf Carnap charged Heidegger with the offences of the whole metaphysical genre. His sentence has the same grammatical form as the sentence ‘The rain rains’ – a sentence which Carnap, or at least his translator, regarded as a ‘meaningful sentence of ordinary language’. But this harmless guise conceals severe logical blemishes. Heidegger treats the indefinite pronoun ‘nothing’ as a noun, as the ‘name or description of an entity’. (When he says ‘The nothing noths’ he surely does not mean ‘There is nothing that noths’ or ‘It is not the case that anything noths’.) He introduces the meaningless word ’to noth‘. He implies, and later affirms, the existence of the nothing, when the ‘existence of this entity would be denied in its very definition’. If all this were not enough, the sentence is meaningless, since it is neither analytic, nor contradictory, nor empirical. It is metaphysics, and metaphysics seriously damages our spiritual health.
Raising revenue in the British empire, 1870–1940: how ‘extractive’ were colonial taxes?
Authors: Frankema Ewout
Published: October 2010

Colonial tax systems have shaped state–economy relationships in the formative stages of many present-day nation-states. This article surveys the variety in colonial tax systems across thirty-four dominions, colonies, and protectorates during the heyday of British imperialism (1870–1940), focusing on a comparison of colonial tax levels. The results are assessed on the basis of different views in the literature regarding the function and impact of colonial fiscal regimes: are there clear differences between ‘settler’ and ‘non-settler’ colonies? I show that there is little evidence for the view that ‘excessive taxation’ has been a crucial characteristic of ‘extractive institutions’ in non-settler colonies because local conditions (geographic or institutional) often prevented the establishment of revenue-maximizing tax machineries. This nuances the ‘extractive institutions’ hypothesis and calls for a decomposition of the term ‘extractive institutions’ as such.
Comparison between C band synthetic aperture radar and 3‐D laser scanner statistics for the Baltic Sea ice
Authors: Similä M. , Mäkynen M. , Heiler I.
Published: October 2010

A statistical analysis was performed for nearly simultaneously acquired C band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and ice freeboard statistics. The data analyzed were collected during a CryoSat calibration‐validation campaign in March 2005 in the Baltic Sea. The 3‐D ice freeboard topography along transects with a total length about 150 km and width of 300 m was constructed from cross‐track scanning airborne laser scanner measurements. The SAR image data set consisted of two nearly coincident Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar alternating polarization precision and image mode precision images at HH polarization with their incidence angle ranges deviating about 20°. The data set represents primarily low‐salinity thin first year ice with high ice concentration and thin snow cover under cold weather conditions. The variance of the mean freeboard increased with increasing mean freeboard with the chosen window size (300 m) up to the mean freeboard of 15 cm. This multiplicative character of sea ice cover forms the basis by which we can expect that the C band backscattering coefficient response, which depends only on the ice surface roughness and the top part of ice medium, can provide information on the sea ice thickness. A nonlinear regression model with three control variables, the backscattering coefficient, the dominant thickness of the level ice which has deformed, and a variable accounting the effect of the SAR incidence angle, was established to predict the variation of the ice freeboard. The applied Bayesian approach also provided means to estimate the uncertainty range for the model fitting and the model predictions. The modeled predictions were mostly in good agreement with the measured values. The predictions for three different test lines accounted for 67%–85% of the measured freeboard variance in 300 m scale. In cold conditions with thin snow cover it was possible to estimate the degree of ice deformation and ice thickness quantitatively from C band SAR images.
Change in macroscopic concentration at the interface between different materials: Continuous or discontinuous
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxian , Qi Xuebin , Qiao Dongmei
Published: October 2010

There have been conjectures that a spatial average could result in a volume‐average concentration which is no longer continuous at sharp interfaces between different materials. However, convincing experimental evidence showing the existence of such a discontinuity is not available because of the difficulty associated with measuring solute concentration in the void space within a porous medium. In this paper we used pore‐scale simulations to explore the change in macroscopic concentration when solute moves from one material into another. Water flow through the void space was assumed to be laminar, and solute transport consisted of molecular diffusion and advection; both were simulated using the lattice Boltzmann equation methods. To accurately represent the fluid‐solid interface, the multiple‐relaxation‐time lattice Boltzmann equation method was used to simulate fluid flow. We first simulated solute transport in a 3D column with one half packed with fine glass beads and the other half with coarse glass beads. The simulated solute concentration and solute flux at pore scale were then spatially averaged to produce volume‐average and flux‐average concentration profiles, respectively, in attempts to understand if solute accumulates at the media interface when moving from one medium into another. The results revealed that, when solute migrated from the coarse medium into the fine medium, it did accumulate at the media interface; we also found mass accumulation at the reservoir‐column interface. Such accumulations made solute take more time to break through the column when flowing from the coarse medium to the fine medium than from the fine medium to the coarse medium. We also simulated solute movement in an idealized 2D column packed with different rectangular solids and with high porosity; the results indicated that, although the dispersive properties of the two media differed considerably, there was no mass accumulation and the macroscopic concentration was found to be continuous at the media interface. These simulated results suggest that a sharp change in material properties with moderate porosity will likely lead to a mass accumulation, but knowing the transport properties of the two materials alone is not sufficient to determine if a mass accumulation could develop. What causes mass accumulations appears to be some microstructures in the vicinity of the interface, which cannot be accounted for by the macroscopic transport parameters of each of the two media.
Evolution of Titan's rocky core constrained by Cassini observations
Authors: Castillo‐Rogez Julie C. , Lunine Jonathan I.
Published: October 2010

We model the thermal evolution of Titan's core and search for solutions that are consistent with the mean moment of inertia yielded by the Cassini‐Huygens Mission. Like previous studies we assume that Titan's core is enriched in hydrated silicates. However, our modeling accounts for the possible dehydration of these minerals. The resulting models are consistent with Titan's moment of inertia if the inner dry silicate core remains smaller than ∼1300 km in radius. This constraint is met if at least 30% of potassium was leached from the silicate during the hydration event, i.e., the core is depleted in one of its major heat source. In this scenario, the core is currently undergoing dehydration.
Radiative fluxes at high latitudes
Authors: Niu Xiaolei , Pinker Rachel T. , Cronin Meghan F.
Published: October 2010

Newly improved satellite products and surface observations provide an opportunity to revisit remote‐sensing capabilities for estimating shortwave (SW) radiative fluxes at high latitudes, location of disagreement among models and observations. Estimates of SW fluxes from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro‐radiometer (MODIS) are evaluated against land observations from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN), from Greenland, and unique buoy measurements. Results show that the MODIS products are in better agreement with observations than those from numerical models. Therefore, the large scale satellite based estimates should be useful for model evaluation and for providing information in formulating energy budgets at high latitudes.
High‐resolution receiver function imaging reveals Colorado Plateau lithospheric architecture and mantle‐supported topography
Authors: Wilson David C. , Aster Richard , Grand Stephen , Ni James , Baldridge W. Scott
Published: October 2010

After maintaining elevations near sea level for over 500 million years, the Colorado Plateau (CP) has a present average elevation of 2 km. We compute new receiver function images from the first dense seismic transect to cross the plateau that reveal a central CP crustal thickness of 42–50 km thinning to 30–35 km at the CP margins. Isostatic calculations show that only approximately 20% of central CP elevations can be explained by thickened crust alone, with the CP edges requiring nearly total mantle compensation. We calculate an uplift budget showing that CP buoyancy arises from a combination of crustal thickening, heating and alteration of the lithospheric root, dynamic support from mantle upwelling, and significant buoyant edge effects produced by small‐scale convecting asthenosphere at its margins.
Arctic sea ice response to atmospheric forcings with varying levels of anthropogenic warming and climate variability
Authors: Zhang Jinlun , Steele Michael , Schweiger Axel
Published: October 2010

Numerical experiments are conducted to project arctic sea ice responses to varying levels of future anthropogenic warming and climate variability over 2010–2050. A summer ice‐free Arctic Ocean is likely by the mid‐2040s if arctic surface air temperature (SAT) increases 4°C by 2050 and climate variability is similar to the past relatively warm two decades. If such a SAT increase is reduced by one‐half or if a future Arctic experiences a range of SAT fluctuation similar to the past five decades, a summer ice‐free Arctic Ocean would be unlikely before 2050. If SAT increases 4°C by 2050, summer ice volume decreases to very low levels (10–37% of the 1978–2009 summer mean) as early as 2025 and remains low in the following years, while summer ice extent continues to fluctuate annually. Summer ice volume may be more sensitive to warming while summer ice extent more sensitive to climate variability. The rate of annual mean ice volume decrease relaxes approaching 2050. This is because, while increasing SAT increases summer ice melt, a thinner ice cover increases winter ice growth. A thinner ice cover also results in a reduced ice export, which helps to further slow ice volume loss. Because of enhanced winter ice growth, arctic winter ice extent remains nearly stable and therefore appears to be a less sensitive climate indicator.
Winter intensification of the moist branch of the circulation in simulations of 21st century climate
Authors: Laliberté F. , Pauluis O.
Published: October 2010

In this paper, changes in isentropic circulations associated with global warming in the A1B model outputs for the 20th and 21st centuries are analyzed. The changes in the circulations on dry and moist isentropes are quantified through the use of three bulk measures of the circulations: mass transport, entropy transport and effective stratification. The circulation on dry isentropes is expected to weaken due to a reduction of the meridional heat transport and to an increase in stratification. In contrast, the moist branch of the circulation, measured in terms of the difference between the circulations on moist and dry isentropes, strengthens during the winter months. This intensification is characterized not only by an increase in the eddy latent heat transport but also by an increase in the mass transport. This indicate a larger poleward mass flow of warm moist subtropical air into the stormtracks leading to enhanced moist ascent within baroclinic eddies.
Spreading Depression and Related Events Are Significant Sources of Neuronal Zn2+ Release and Accumulation
Authors: Carter Russell E , Aiba Isamu , Dietz Robert M , Sheline Christian T , Shuttleworth C William
Published: October 2010

Spreading depression (SD) involves coordinated depolarizations of neurons and glia that propagate through the brain tissue. Repetitive SD-like events are common following human ischemic strokes, and are believed to contribute to the enlargement of infarct volume. Accumulation of Zn2+ is also implicated in ischemic neuronal injury. Synaptic glutamate release contributes to SD propagation, and because Zn2+ is costored with glutamate in some synaptic vesicles, we examined whether Zn2+ is released by SD and may therefore provide a significant source of Zn2+ in the postischemic period. Spreading depression-like events were generated in acutely prepared murine hippocampal slices by deprivation of oxygen and glucose (OGD), and Zn2+ release was detected extracellularly by a Zn2+-selective indicator FluoZin-3. Deprivation of oxygen and glucose-SD produced large FluoZin-3 increases that propagated with the event, and signals were abolished in tissues from ZnT3 knockout animals lacking synaptic Zn2+. Synaptic Zn2+ release was also maintained with repetitive SDs generated by microinjections of KCl under normoxic conditions. Intracellular Zn2+ accumulation in CA1 neurons, assessed using microinjection of FluoZin-3, showed significant increases following SD that was attributed to synaptic Zn2+ release. These results suggest that Zn2+ is released during SDs and could provide a significant source of Zn2+ that contributes to neurodegeneration in the postischemic period.
Studies on riverine flora of Pamba river basin, Kerala
Authors: Paul Joby , K. V. George
Published: October 2010

Riparian forests are ecotonal assemblage of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The composition of riparian forests of Pamba River is an amalgamation of riverine, evergreen, deciduous and wetland flora. The floristic investigation of the riparian forests of Pamba river basin revealed taxonomically 433 species which include 410 angiosperms, 3 gymnosperms and 20 pteridophytes. The dominant families based on the number of species are Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Cyperaceae and Fabaceae. The flora consists of a diverse blend of 99 evergreen, 36 deciduous, 50 wetland, 15 shola-grassland, 46 cultivated and 44 riverine components. The river basin holds 17.5 % endemism and 17 RET species. The riparian tree species identified in the present investigation are Barringtonia racemosa, Calophyllum inophyllum, Crateva magna, Dillenia indica, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus, Garcinia gummi-gutta, Humboldtia vahliana, Largestromea speciosa, Neolamarkia kadamba, Ochrenauclea missionis, Syzigium salicifolium, Talipatri tiliaceaum and Trewia nudiflora. It is assumed that these potential tree species might have a crucial role to maintain the ecological integrity of the riparian zones and floodplain for the restoration of Pamba river.
NamesforLife Semantic Resolution Services for the Life Sciences
Authors: Parker Charles , Taylor Dorothea , Mannor Kara , Wigley Sarah , Osier Nicole , Lyons Catherine , Garrity George
Published: October 2010

A major challenge in bioinformatics, life sciences, and medicine is using correct and informative names. While this sounds simple enough, many different naming conventions exist in the life sciences and medicine that may be either complementary or competitive with other naming conventions. For a variety of reasons, proper names are not always used, leading to an accumulated semantic ambiguity that readers of the literature and end users of databases are left to resolve on their own. This ambiguity is a growing problem and the biocuration community is aware of its consequences.To assist those confronted with ambiguous names (which not only includes researchers but clinicians, manufacturers, patent attorneys, and others who use biological data in their routine work), we developed a generalizable semantic model that represents names, concepts, and exemplars (representations of biological entities) as distinct objects. By identifying each object with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) it becomes possible to place forward-pointing links in the published literature, in databases, and vector graphics that can be used as part of a mechanism for resolving ambiguities, thereby “future proofing” a nomenclature or terminology. A full implementation of the N4L model for the _Bacteria_ and Archaea was released in April, 2010. The system is professionally curated and represents a Tier III resource in Parkhill’s view of bioinformatic services. A variety of tools and web services have been developed for readers, publishers, and others (N4L Guide, N4L Autotagger, N4L Semantic Search, N4L Taxonomic Abstracts) and we are incorporating other taxonomies into the N4L data model, as well as adding additional phenotypic, genotypic, and genomic information to the existing exemplars to add greater value to end users.
Red wine polyphenols prevent endothelial dysfunction induced by endothelin-1 in rat aorta: role of NADPH oxidase
Authors: López-Sepúlveda Rocío , Gómez-Guzmán Manuel , Zarzuelo Maria José , Romero Miguel , Sánchez Manuel , Quintela Ana María , Galindo Pilar , O'Valle Francisco , Tamargo Juan , Pérez-Vizcaíno Francisco , Duarte Juan , Jiménez Rosario
Published: October 2010

RWPs (red wine polyphenols) exert antihypertensive effects and improve endothelial function by reducing the plasma levels of ET-1 (endothelin-1) and the subsequent vascular production of O2•− (superoxide anion). Our present study was designed to evaluate whether RWPs act directly in the vascular wall improving endothelial dysfunction and O2•− production induced by ET-1 and to analyse the compounds responsible for these protective effects. We incubated rat isolated aortic rings in the presence or absence of ET-1 (10 nM) and RWPs (10−4 to 10−2 g/l) or catechin (0.2 μM), epicatechin (10 μM) and resveratrol (0.1 μM). ET-1 reduced the relaxant responses to acetylcholine, increased intracellular O2•− production, NADPH oxidase activity and protein expression of NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox. All these changes were prevented by RWPs. The preventive effects of RWPs were unaffected by co-incubation with either ICI-182780, an ER (oestrogen receptor) antagonist, or GW9662, a PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) antagonist. RWPs inhibited the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2), a key regulator of p47phox expression in response to ET-1. When the isolated polyphenols were tested, at the concentrations found in 10−2 g/l RWPs, only epicatechin prevented endothelial dysfunction and all biochemical changes induced by ET-1 in the vascular wall. Taken together, these results indicate that RWPs prevent ET-1-induced vascular O2•− production by reducing overexpression of p47phox and the subsequent increased NADPH oxidase activity, leading to improvement in endothelial function. The effects of RWPs appear to be independent of ER and PPARγ activation and are related to ERK1/2 inhibition.
The ratio of foliar nitrogen to foliar phosphorus: a determinant of leaf attributes and height in life-forms of subtropical and tropical plant communities
Authors: Specht Ray L. , Specht Alison
Published: October 2010

In the species-rich overstorey of tropical and subtropical closed-forests (rainforests), a series of life-forms (emergent trees, canopy trees, subcanopy trees, mid-stratum trees and shrubs, interlaced with lianes) of increasing basal area, height and foliage attributes (leaf area, leaf specific weight and internode length) develop in equilibrium with aerodynamic fluxes (frictional, thermal, evaporative ± atmospheric salinity) in the atmosphere as it flows turbulently over and through a plant community. In both closed-forest and open-forest communities in eastern Australia, the translocation of high-energy nitrogen and phosphorus compounds into developing leaves – during the driest season of the year – increases as soil water becomes more available in the climatic gradient from the subhumid to the per-humid zone. Foliage attributes (leaf area and leaf specific weight) of vertical shoots are determined by the rate of input of high-energy compounds into developing shoot apices. Increasing nutrient input in the transpiration stream results in a greater number of leaves (with similar leaf specific weights) on vertical foliage shoots. The leaf area index of the tree is thus enhanced and leads to increased biomass, basal area and height at maturity. In each life-form within a closed-forest, the size of the root system is allometrically related to aboveground attributes. The ability of the root system to explore available nitrogen and phosphorus stored in the surface soil thus determines the attributes of developing foliage shoots in each of these life-forms. Both leaf areas and leaf specific weights decrease from maxima in canopy trees to leaves of subcanopy and mid-stratum trees in the milder climate under the dense structure of per-humid rainforests. In contrast, in the open-structured, subhumid rainforests, although leaf areas decrease in the gradient from canopy to mid-stratum trees – all exposed to direct solar radiation – leaf specific weights increase as temperatures in the boundary layer around growth-apices increase. The production of nitrate ions in soil, exposed to solar radiation in gaps, increases the uptake of nitrogen into leaves of pioneer trees. Larger and thinner leaves, with higher foliar N : P ratios and nitrate reductase activity, result in and enable rapid regeneration of the rainforest.
Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis of Cardiospermum grandiflorum and Urvillea chacoensis (Sapindaceae, Paullinieae)
Authors: Solís Stella M. , Galati Beatriz , Ferrucci María S.
Published: October 2010

Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis of two species, Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. and Urvillea chacoensis Hunz. (Sapindaceae, Paullinieae), were studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. Both species are monoecious, with staminate and hermaphrodite, although functionally pistillate, flowers. A comparative pollen-development study of these two floral morphs is reported. For the present study, five stages of pollen ontogeny were identified. The development of the anther wall is of basic type. Its wall consists of epidermis, endothecium, two middle layers and a uninucleate secretory tapetum. The microspore tetrads are tetrahedral. The mature anther in staminate flowers presents the endothecium with well developed fibrillar thickenings, remains of tapetal cells, a single locule formed in the theca by dissolution of the septum before anther dehiscence and two-celled pollen grains when shed. In functionally pistillate flowers, the mature anthers present remnants of the middle layers, tapetal cells without signs of degradation, the theca with two locules and pollen grains uni- or bicellular, some of them with the cytoplasm collapsed. These anthers are not dehiscent. It can be concluded that male sterility is characterised by failure to produce functional pollen grains, an event that would be associated with the persistence of tapetal cells. Ultrastructural analysis clearly shows the difference in tapetal cells between the two flower morphs.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide loss leads to impaired CNS parenchymal T-cell infiltration and resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Abad Catalina , Tan Yossan-Var , Lopez Robert , Nobuta Hiroko , Dong Hongmei , Phan Phu , Feng Ji-Ming , Campagnoni Anthony T. , Waschek James A.
Published: October 2010

The neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been shown to inhibit macrophage proinflammatory actions, promote a positive Th2/Th1 balance, and stimulate regulatory T-cell production. The fact that this peptide is highly efficacious in animal models of inflammatory diseases such as collagen-induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) suggests that the endogenous peptide might normally provide protection against such pathologies. We thus studied the response of VIP-deficient (i.e., VIP KO) mice to myelin oligodendrocyte protein-induced EAE. Surprisingly, VIP KO mice were almost completely resistant to EAE, with delayed onset and mild or absent clinical profile. Despite this, flow cytometric analyses and antigen-rechallenge experiments indicated that myelin oligodendrocyte protein-treated VIP KO mice exhibited robust Th1/Th17 cell inductions and antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine responses. Moreover, adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from immunized VIP KO mice to WT recipients resulted in full-blown EAE, supporting their encephalitogenic potential. In contrast, transfer of encephalitogenic WT cells to VIP KO hosts did not produce EAE, suggesting that loss of VIP specifically affected the effector phase of the disease. Histological analyses indicated that CD4 T cells entered the meningeal and perivascular areas of VIP-deficient mice, but that parenchymal infiltration was strongly impaired. Finally, VIP pretreatment of VIP KO mice before immunization was able to restore their sensitivity to EAE. These results indicate that VIP plays an unanticipated permissive and/or proinflammatory role in the propagation of the inflammatory response in the CNS, a finding with potential therapeutic relevance in autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
Tropical mid-tropospheric CO
2
variability driven by the Madden–Julian oscillation
Authors: Li King-Fai , Tian Baijun , Waliser Duane E. , Yung Yuk L.
Published: October 2010

Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the present-day climate. Most of the community focuses on its long-term (decadal to centennial) behaviors that are relevant to climate change, but there are relatively few discussions of its higher-frequency forms of variability, and none regarding its subseasonal distribution. In this work, we report a large-scale intraseasonal variation in the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder CO
2
data in the global tropical region associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). The peak-to-peak amplitude of the composite MJO modulation is ∼1 ppmv, with a standard error of the composite mean < 0.1 ppmv. The correlation structure between CO
2
and rainfall and vertical velocity indicate positive (negative) anomalies in CO
2
arise due to upward (downward) large-scale vertical motions in the lower troposphere associated with the MJO. These findings can help elucidate how faster processes can organize, transport, and mix CO
2
and provide a robustness test for coupled carbon–climate models.