bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti‐proliferative activity of Ensete superbum Roxb. Cheesman extract and its active principles on human colorectal cancer cell lines
Authors: Mathew Nimisha Sarah , Kurrey Nawneet Kumar , Bettadaiah Bheemanakere Kempaiah , Negi Pradeep Singh
Published: October 2021

Ensete superbum Roxb. Cheesman (wild banana) is a plant traditionally used for the treatment of fever and diarrhea. On a preliminary screening, the ripe peel aqueous extract (PA) exhibited higher cytotoxicity (cell viability of 49% against HCT‐15 at 75 µg/ml; and 46% against Caco2 at 50 µg/ml), superior anti‐inflammatory (IC50 of 0.49 µg/ml), and greater anti‐mutagenic activity at 500 µg/plate compared to the aqueous extracts of seed (SA), flower (FA) and bract (BA). Therefore, we further evaluated the anti‐proliferative activity of PA and its fractions. The ability to inhibit the growth of cell lines (HCT‐15 and Caco2) was used for the bio‐guided fractionation and isolation of active compounds in PA using chromatographic techniques. Multiple extractions of the PA yielded the peel dioxane fraction (PD), and column fractionation of PD yielded eight compounds, of which three (Compound D—PDD, Compound E—PDE, and Compound G—PDG) possessed higher cytotoxic activity. At 10 µg/ml, the cell viability of HCT‐15 was 50.1%, 46.5%, and 61.9%, respectively; Caco2 was 98.2%, 62.9%, and 64.7%, respectively, for PDD, PDE, and PDG. These compounds also showed apoptotic effect as evidenced by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential, dual staining (acridine orange/ethidium bromide), DNA fragmentation, and the ROS status in colorectal cell lines. The UPLC‐HRMS/MS, FTIR, and NMR data revealed the active compounds as quercetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside, 3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, and 4′,5,7‐trihydroxyflavone. These findings indicate the anti‐proliferative potential of PA, and warrant further investigation of its active principles in the amelioration of colorectal cancer in in vivo models.

Practical Application

The potential of an underutilized crop as a source of therapeutic agents for colon cancer was established, as the study showed a high cytotoxic activity of wild bananas against HCT‐15 and Caco2 cell lines. Bioactivity guided fractionation of peel fraction identified the active compounds present in wild banana, and their anticancer activity was attributed to the induction of cell death. The study indicated that wild banana has the potential to inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells.
Cavernous sinus thrombosis followed by brain ischaemia in a type‐1 diabetic patient: a persistent endodontic infection report
Authors: Pereira Rodrigo S. , Guerra Raphael C. , Hochuli‐Vieira Eduardo , Alves Flávio R. F.
Published: October 2021

Central nervous system infections and cavernous sinus thrombosis are associated with high mortality rates and may be a consequence of oral infection propagation. A 24‐year‐old woman has attended a private dental office with a pain complaint in the upper right central incisor and had the endodontic treatment completed. However, the patient returned to the dental office reporting pain in the same tooth and the presence of swelling. Then, the root canal was retreated. After one week, the patient presented to a Basic Health Unit with a history of vomiting and convulsion crisis followed by loss of consciousness. A computed tomography exam showed cavernous sinus thrombosis and brain ischaemic areas. The present report describes a rare case of cavernous sinus thrombosis followed by brain ischaemia in a type‐1 diabetic patient, associated with persistent endodontic infection, with subsequent patient’s death.
“Why do dogs pant?”: Characteristics of parental explanations about science predict children's knowledge
Authors: Mills Candice M. , Danovitch Judith. H. , Mugambi Victoria N. , Sands Kaitlin R. , Pattisapu Fox Candice
Published: October 2021

Using a new method for examining parental explanations in a laboratory setting, the prompted explanation task, this study examines how characteristics of parental explanations about biology relate to children's knowledge. Parents (N = 148; Mage = 38; 84% female, 16% male; 67% having completed college) of children ages 7–10 (Mage = 8.92; 47% female, 53% male; 58% White, 9.5% Black, 9.5% Asian) provided answers to eight how and why questions about biology. Parents used a number of different approaches to address the questions, including providing more mechanistic responses to how questions and more teleological responses to why questions. The characteristics of parental explanations—most notably, how frequently parents provided correct responses—predicted children's performance on measures of verbal intelligence and biological knowledge. Additional exploratory analyses and implications for children's learning are discussed.
Influence of renewable energy sources on the scheduling on thermal power stations and its optimization forCO2reduction
Authors: Mathi Ramalingam , Jayalalitha Subbaiahan
Published: October 2021

The thermal power of the total power demand accounts for the total of 60% in India, with the penetration of the nonconventional energy sources the grid management becomes a tedious job in maintaining the grid stability, and adding to the woes the environmental norms become stricter as it is a tough job to maintain to lesser CO2emissions in the atmosphere. Hence this article aims with the integration of the grid management with the renewable energy sources and reduction of CO2and also strives for the grid stability with the smart grid. And the thermal scheduling optimization is done with the novel bat algorithm.
1008. STIGMATODACTYLUS DALAGANGPALAWANICUM: Orchidaceae
Authors: S. Robinson Alastair
Published: October 2021

Stigmatodactylus dalagangpalawanicum A.S. Rob. is a miniature orchid endemic to the highest reaches of the ultramafic Mount Victoria massif in central Palawan, the Philippines. Its habitat and ecology are described and additional background to this relatively poorly documented genus provided.
Long‐term ecosystem nitrogen limitation from foliar δ15N data and a land surface model
Authors: Caldararu Silvia , Thum Tea , Yu Lin , Kern Melanie , Nair Richard , Zaehle Sönke
Published: October 2021

The effect of nutrient availability on plant growth and the terrestrial carbon sink under climate change and elevated CO2 remains one of the main uncertainties of the terrestrial carbon cycle. This is partially due to the difficulty of assessing nutrient limitation at large scales over long periods of time. Consistent declines in leaf nitrogen (N) content and leaf δ15N have been used to suggest that nitrogen limitation has increased in recent decades, most likely due to the concurrent increase in atmospheric CO2. However, such data sets are often not straightforward to interpret due to the complex factors that contribute to the spatial and temporal variation in leaf N and isotope concentration. We use the land surface model (LSM) QUINCY, which has the unique capacity to represent N isotopic processes, in conjunction with two large data sets of foliar N and N isotope content. We run the model with different scenarios to test whether foliar δ15N isotopic data can be used to infer large‐scale N limitation and if the observed trends are caused by increasing atmospheric CO2, changes in climate or changes in sources and magnitude of anthropogenic N deposition. We show that while the model can capture the observed change in leaf N content and predict widespread increases in N limitation, it does not capture the pronounced, but very spatially heterogeneous, decrease in foliar δ15N observed in the data across the globe. The addition of an observation‐based temporal trend in isotopic composition of N deposition leads to a more pronounced decrease in simulated leaf δ15N. Our results show that leaf δ15N observations cannot, on their own, be used to assess global‐scale N limitation and that using such a data set in conjunction with an LSM can reveal the drivers behind the observed patterns.
Revisiting ‘America's Penal Experiments’ 100 Years Later
Authors: RUBIN ASHLEY T.
Published: October 2021

In 1921, American prison administrator and reformer, Spencer Miller, was invited to describe America's recent penal developments to the Howard League for Penal Reform. This article reviews the context of Progressive Era American prisons to better understand Miller's remarks and their lessons for prison administrators and reformers today. It briefly describes the history of American prisons into the Progressive Era as well as some developments that were most relevant to Miller, viz., the reforms at Sing Sing under famed penal reformer and warden, Thomas Mott Osborne. Next, the article reviews Miller's statement to the Howard League for Penal Reform, including his inaccurate description of prison history, which can be read as a means of emphasising the extraordinary progress made by Osborne and, implicitly, by Miller at Sing Sing and as an example to the nation. Finally, it discusses Miller's abolitionism in the context of similar discussions taking place today.
Corrupting and Saving: Moral Contamination, Prison Education and Prison History
Authors: JOHNSTON HELEN
Published: October 2021

This article examines the ways in which prison has been seen as both a ‘school of crime’ and a school of reform; a place for potential further corruption, or through education in prison, a route away from criminality. It explores the methods used, since the early 19th Century, to protect those confined from the corrupting prison environment. In examining prison education in the 1920s, it argues that, despite significant changes in the wider penal system, changes in education and schooling within prison walls, continued to be slow, protracted in developing, and ineffectual in the challenge of reforming prisoners.
The modification of the thrombin generation assay for the clinical assessment of hypercoagulability in patients receiving heparin therapy
Authors: Benoit Remi , Nougier Christophe , Desmurs‐Clavel Helene , Simon Marie , Dargaud Yesim
Published: October 2021

Background

Heparin diminishes thrombin generation (TG) because it decreases the survival time of thrombin in plasma. Under heparin therapy, the TG curve therefore does not reflect the true hemostatic status of the patient.

Aim

We investigated how far the in vitro addition of a heparin antagonist can restore the underlying TG capacity.

Materials & Methods

Five different heparin antagonists were tested: polybrene, protamine sulfate, heparinase type 1, heparinase HEP‐TEM, and (Z‐GGR)2‐rhodamine (P2Rho).

Results and Conclusion

Polybrene, P2Rho, and heparinase HEP‐TEM effectively neutralized heparin at prophylactic and therapeutical doses of both low molecular weight and unfractionated heparin. The advantages and limits of each molecule and the most favorable combinations of TG‐trigger and antagonist are discussed.
Virtual reality interventions and the outcome measures of adult patients in acute care settings undergoing surgical procedures: An integrative review
Authors: Wang Shuli , Lim Siew Hoon , Aloweni Fazila Binte Abu Bakar
Published: October 2021

Aims

To evaluate the different types of virtual reality (VR) therapy received by adult patients undergoing surgical procedures in acute care settings and the outcome measures, as well as to highlight the acceptability and feasibility of VR approaches among patients and healthcare workers.

Design

Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method guided the analysis.

Data sources

Searches were conducted in ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Wiley Online Library, Medline, PsycINFO and PubMed and Google Scholar from 2000 to June 2021.

Review methods

A systematic search on articles published in English was carried out with electronic databases and hand search references. Keywords searched included primary qualitative and quantitative studies that utilized VR therapy in surgical care settings.

Results

Eighteen articles were reviewed, which reported the use of two main strategies: guided and interactive imagery therapy. The findings identified: (i) patient‐clinical outcome measures including the use of analgesics, vital signs, functional capacity and length of hospital stay; and (ii) patient‐reported experience measures including pain, anxiety and satisfaction level. Comfort, age, knowledge and attitude were key factors influencing the acceptability of VR among the patients, whereas cost‐effectiveness and infection control were two main factors affecting the feasibility of use among the health care workers.

Conclusion

VR therapy demonstrated potential improvements in both the patient‐clinical outcomes and patient‐reported experiences of those undergoing surgical procedures. However, the findings were inconsistent, which required further research to explore and establish the effectiveness of using VR in the context of acute care settings.

Impact

VR distraction has been increasingly used as a non‐pharmacological method in managing pain, easing anxiety and optimizing other associated outcomes in patients undergoing surgical procedures. It is essential to examine the effectiveness of VR therapy on the adult patients’ outcomes in acute care settings with surgical procedures, as well as its acceptability and feasibility of use.
Transgenic approaches to opening up new fields of vasopressin and oxytocin research
Authors: Ueta Yoichi
Published: October 2021

Transgenic approaches have been applied to generate transgenic rats that express exogenous genes in arginine vasopressin (AVP)‐ and oxytocin (OXT)‐producing magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) of the hypothalamic‐neurohypophyseal system (HNS). First, the fusion gene that expresses AVP‐enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and OXT‐monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1) was used to visualize AVP‐ and OXT‐producing MNCs and their axon terminals in the HNS under fluorescence microscopy. Second, the fusion gene that expresses c‐fos‐eGFP and c‐fos‐mRFP1 was used to identify activated neurons physiologically in the central nervous system, including MNCs, circumventricular organs and spinal cord. In addition, AVP‐eGFP x c‐fos‐mRFP1 and OXT‐mRFP1 × c‐fos‐eGFP double transgenic rats were generated to identify activated AVP‐ and OXT‐producing MNCs using appropriate physiological stimuli. Third, the fusion gene that expresses AVP‐chanelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)‐eGFP and AVP‐hM3Dq‐mCherry was used to activate AVP‐ and OXT‐producing MNCs by optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches. In each step, these transgenic approaches in rats have provided new insights on the physiological roles of AVP and OXT not only in the HNS, but also in the whole body. In this review, we summarize the transgenic rats that we generated, as well as related physiological findings.
Articulating a framework for unarticulated constituents
Authors: Perini‐Santos Ernesto
Published: October 2021

The truth‐conditions of many utterances have components that do not correspond to any uttered morpheme. This happens because linguistic acts are always a supplement to whatever else is available to agents engaged in a conversation. Unarticulated constituents result from the informational trade‐off between what is available in the situation of utterance and what needs to be linguistically articulated. Unarticulated constituents are constituents of propositions, that is, of classifying tools that are neutral with respect to the way in which what is given in a situation interacts with the words uttered.
Exploring optimal stomatal control under alternative hypotheses for the regulation of plant sources and sinks
Authors: Dewar Roderick , Hölttä Teemu , Salmon Yann
Published: October 2021

Experimental evidence that nonstomatal limitations to photosynthesis (NSLs) correlate with leaf sugar and/or leaf water status suggests the possibility that stomata adjust to maximise photosynthesis through a trade‐off between leaf CO2 supply and NSLs, potentially involving source–sink interactions. However, the mechanisms regulating NSLs and sink strength, as well as their implications for stomatal control, remain uncertain.

We used an analytically solvable model to explore optimal stomatal control under alternative hypotheses for source and sink regulation. We assumed that either leaf sugar concentration or leaf water potential regulates NSLs, and that either phloem turgor pressure or phloem sugar concentration regulates sink phloem unloading.

All hypotheses led to realistic stomatal responses to light, CO2 and air humidity, including conservative behaviour for the intercellular‐to‐atmospheric CO2 concentration ratio. Sugar‐regulated and water‐regulated NSLs are distinguished by the presence/absence of a stomatal closure response to changing sink strength. Turgor‐regulated and sugar‐regulated phloem unloading are distinguished by the presence/absence of stomatal closure under drought and avoidance/occurrence of negative phloem turgor. Results from girdling and drought experiments on Pinus sylvestris, Betula pendula, Populus tremula and Picea abies saplings are consistent with optimal stomatal control under sugar‐regulated NSLs and turgor‐regulated unloading.

Our analytical results provide a simple representation of stomatal responses to above‐ground and below‐ground environmental factors and sink activity.
Management of Locked Posterior Shoulder Dislocation with Reverse Hill–Sachs Lesions via Anatomical Reconstructions
Authors: Mi Meng , Zhang Jin‐ming , Jiang Xie‐yuan , Huang Qiang
Published: October 2021

Objective

To evaluate the outcomes of locked posterior shoulder dislocation with reverse Hill–Sachs lesions in patients treated with anatomical reconstructions.

Methods

Patients who were treated at our institution between January 2016 and June 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The demographics of the patients including gender, age, occupation, and dominant arm were recorded. Eleven cases from 10 patients qualified in this study. Nine males and one female were included. The mean age of the patients was 44.8 years (range, 33–54 years). Mechanism of injury, duration between injuries and definitive diagnosis, misdiagnosis, size of humeral head impaction, treatment maneuver, and details of operation performed were reviewed. Plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scan were taken to determine the size of defects preoperatively and fracture healing during follow‐up. During surgery, the deltopectoral approach was employed. Anatomical reconstruction procedure including reduction, disimpaction, bone grafting, and fixation were sequentially performed. Either cancellous autograft from iliac crest or allograft were used and the fractures were anatomically reduced and stabilized by screws or plates. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Constant–Murley score were recorded to determine the functional outcomes preoperatively, at 3 months and 6 months postoperatively, and at the last follow‐up. The range of motion in forward flexion was recorded at 6 months follow‐up postoperatively.

Results

Causes of injuries included epileptic seizure in four cases, fall in three cases, and road traffic accident in three cases. Misdiagnoses occurred in five out of 10 patients. The mean time between injury and definitive treatment among those misdiagnosed was 112 days. The mean size of the impacted reverse Hill–Sachs lesions was 33.95% (range, 19.1%–42.6%). All patients received surgical management with anatomical reconstruction approach, including open reduction, disimpaction, bone grafting, and internal fixation. The mean amount of bleeding during operation was 450 mL. The mean follow‐up period was 22.6 months. Fracture healing was observed by 8 weeks in all cases postoperatively and evidence of bone grafting could not be further detected on CT scan at 6 month during follow‐up. VAS was significantly lower at the last follow‐up (0.68 ± 0.21) in comparison to preoperative scores (4.96 ± 0.97) (P < 0.05). Constant–Murley was improved significantly at the last follow‐up (91.7 ± 8.3) in comparison to that preoperatively (40.6 ± 10.3) (P < 0.05). The mean range of motion in forward flexion was 38.25° ± 9.36° preoperatively and significantly improved to 162.48° ± 12.68° at 6‐month follow‐up (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The anatomical reconstruction procedure by open reduction and bone augmentation for the treatment of locked posterior shoulder dislocation with reverse Hill–Sachs lesion was promising in both fracture healing and functional outcomes.
The ulnar artery: A site suitable for arterial cannulation in pediatric patients
Authors: Roux Jennifer , Kohn Michael A , Sinskey Jina , Nguyen Hung , Boor Marjorie , Rouine‐Rapp Kathryn
Published: October 2021

Background

Historically, the ulnar artery has rarely been considered for arterial cannulation as it is less easily palpated than the radial artery. With the current routine use of ultrasound in pediatric patients, the ulnar is as accessible as the radial and could be viewed as an equivalent site for cannulation.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to compare ulnar and radial artery suitability for arterial cannulation in pediatric patients using 2‐dimensional ultrasound.

Methods

We examined the ulnar and radial arteries of pediatric patients aged birth to 6 years who were scheduled to undergo general anesthesia. Following anesthesia induction, the investigators positioned the patient's wrist to 30–45 degrees of extension and obtained images of the ulnar and radial arteries in the transverse and longitudinal planes. Assessments of the arteries’ anterior‐posterior diameter, cross‐sectional area and depth were made by visual inspection at the time of image acquisition and by electronic caliper measurement of recorded images.

Results

In 108 patients, mean anterior‐posterior diameter of the ulnar artery was larger than the radial artery in the transverse view, longitudinal view, and cross‐sectional area in 63.6%, 59.4%, and 60.4% of patients (p = .002, .004, and .006, respectively). Mean ulnar artery size was, on average, larger than the radial artery by 7.7%, 8.1%, and 12.9% in the transverse AP diameter, longitudinal AP diameter, and cross‐sectional area (95% CI 3.1–12.4%; 3.2–13.0%; 4.4–21.5%). The investigator's visual evaluation of vessel size at the bedside showed substantial agreement with the measured cross‐sectional area (linear‐weighted kappa of 0.73). In a subset of 13 patients age <24 months, the mean depth of the ulnar artery was 2.13 mm compared to 1.65 mm for the radial artery (difference −0.48 mm 95% CI 1.08–0.12).

Conclusions

The ulnar artery was larger than the radial artery in 60% of pediatric patients thus may offer an arterial cannulation site advantage due to its larger size. The use of 2‐dimensional ultrasound examination allows accurate assessment of upper extremity distal arteries in order to optimize site selection for arterial cannulation in pediatric patients.
COVID‐19 infection in pediatric solid organ transplant patients
Authors: Bansal Neha , Ovchinsky Nadia , Foca Marc , Lamour Jacqueline M. , Kogan‐Liberman Debora , Hsu Daphne T. , Beddows Kimberly , Abraham Lincy , Coburn Maura , Cunningham Ryan , Nguyen Trang , Hayde Nicole
Published: October 2021

Background

Adult SOT recipients with COVID‐19 have higher mortality rates when compared to general population. There is paucity of data on outcomes in pediatric SOT recipients.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study investigating the prevalence of COVID‐19 infection and outcomes in pediatric SOT (heart, liver, and kidney) recipients. We extracted demographic and clinical characteristics and COVID‐19 testing (PCR or [Ab] test) results from medical records. Clinical characteristics were compared between patients who were positive for COVID‐19 (PCR or Ab) and those who did not, using Mann‐Whitney, Student's t test, or chi‐square test. p value <.05 was statistically significant.

Results

A total of 108 SOT recipients with a median age of 13.1 (8.4, 17.8) years and median 4.2 (2.7, 7.9) years from transplant were checked for COVID‐19 via a PCR or Ab test. A positive PCR was confirmed in 10 patients (9.3%), while 12 patients (11.1%) were positive for COVID‐19 Ab. The patients who tested positive in our cohort were 9/50 (18%) heart, 6/68 (8.8%) kidney, and 7/50 (14%) liver transplant recipients. There were no differences in the clinical characteristics between patients with and without COVID‐19 infection. All patients were either asymptomatic (50%) or had self‐limiting symptoms. No changes were made to the immunosuppressive regimen. Only one patient was hospitalized and none had an oxygen requirement.

Conclusions

In our cohort of pediatric SOT recipients, COVID‐19 infection was asymptomatic or mild. This data may aid clinicians in counseling patients and families in this increased‐risk population.
Photo‐elicitation: Reflections on a method to study food insecurity among low‐income, post‐9/11 veterans
Authors: Kamdar Nipa , Hernandez Daphne
Published: October 2021

Photo‐elicitation is a research method in which participants use visual images (e.g., photographs) to convey their experiences. It is a useful method for public health nurses to research complex topics among vulnerable populations. This article focuses on the granular details of one research team's implementation of photo‐elicitation to study food insecurity among low‐income veterans raising children. They detail three sessions with participants during which they: (1) described the process of photo‐elicitation; (2) completed photo‐guided interviews; and (3) sought participant input through member checking. The article also includes reflections on their experiences as researchers implementing the photo‐elicitation process. Among their insights was an appreciation for the range of emotions participants experienced as they shared their narratives. These emotions and the associated photos contributed to the rich data generated from the interviews. The researchers used the images and participant captions generated through photo‐elicitation to raise awareness of and build empathy for the challenges and situations veterans who are food insecure experience. In this way, photo‐elicitation may be used as an advocacy tool to capture the attention of policymakers and other key stakeholders.
Identification and characterization of Pyrenophora species causing leaf spot on oat (Avena sativa) in western China
Authors: Chen Hao , Xue Longhai , White James F. , Kamran Malik , Li Chunjie
Published: October 2021

Drechslera leaf spot (DLS) is a serious leaf disease of oats chiefly caused by Pyrenophora chaetomioides in the main oat‐producing areas of the world. However, other species of Pyrenophora that may cause DLS have not been investigated in China. From 2018 to 2020, a total of 256 strains of Pyrenophora were isolated from nine oat‐producing areas in three provinces in western China. Using a combination of morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 28S ribosomal RNA gene (LSU), RNA polymerase second largest subunit region (RPB2), and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase region (GAPDH), 66% of the isolates were identified as P. chaetomioides and 34% of isolates belonged to P. avenicola. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that P. avenicola also infected oat and caused DLS, but it was less virulent than P. chaetomioides. From our survey, DLS caused by P. avenicola generally occurred in warm areas at lower altitude and the annual average temperature was above 0°C (Huan and Zhenyuan county in Gansu, Huize county in Yunnan), compared to high‐altitude areas (Tianzhu county, Shandan county, Haiyan county). The combination of optimal and maximal temperature indicated that P. avenicola had greater tolerance to high temperature, which was also an important factor for its distribution on oats. Precise identification and understanding of virulence, distribution, and occurrence of these pathogens has significance for control of oat DLS in the future.
High authigenic Co enrichment in the non‐euxinic buff‐grey and black shale of the Chandarpur Group, Chhattisgarh Supergroup: Implication for the late Mesoproterozoic shallow marine redox condition
Authors: Ansari Arif Husain , Singh Veeru Kant , Sharma Mukund , Kumar Kamlesh
Published: October 2021

Persistently low enrichment of conventional redox‐proxy trace metals, i.e., V, Cr, Mo and U in Mesoproterozoic black shale records, has generally been interpreted as an oxygen‐depleted surface environment. However, new evidence in this study contradicts this concept. We performed an integrated trace metals, major oxides and total organic carbon investigation on the late Mesoproterozoic black/buff‐grey shale of the Chandarpur Group. The results revealed no significant enrichment of V, Cr, Mo and U, however, intermittent high enrichment of non‐detrital Co, Fe and Mn. As the studied section is non‐euxinic, sulphidic Co scavenging seems to be an unlikely mechanism for the Co enrichment. A significantly positive correlation between Co and Mn, and CoEFcovariation with Fe/Al, strongly suggests the co‐precipitation of Co and Fe/Mn in a well‐oxygenated environment. This intermittent oxygenation of the sediment‐water interface would have promoted the re‐dissolution loss of V, Cr, Mo and U from the sediments deposited under preceding anoxic conditions.
Knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices regarding ischemic heart disease among HIV‐positive individuals in northern Tanzania
Authors: Prattipati Sainikitha , Mlangi Jerome J. , Tarimo Tumsifu G. , Kweka Godfrey L. , Thielman Nathan M. , Bettger Janet P. , Mmbaga Blandina T. , Sakita Francis M. , Hertz Julian T.
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To describe knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding ischemic heart disease (IHD) among adults with HIV in Tanzania.

Methods

Adults presenting for routine HIV care at a clinic in northern Tanzania were consecutively enrolled and were administered a standardised KAP survey. For each participant, an IHD knowledge score was calculated by tallying correct answers to the IHD knowledge questions, with maximum score 10. Individual 5‐year risk of cardiovascular event was calculated using the Harvard NHANES model. Associations between participant characteristics and IHD knowledge scores were assessed via Welch's t‐test.

Results

Among the 500 participants, the mean (SD) age was 45.3 (11.4) years and 139 (27.8%) were males. Most participants recognised high blood pressure (n = 313, 62.6%) as a risk factor for IHD, but fewer identified diabetes as a risk factor (n = 241, 48.2%), or knew that aspirin reduces the risk of a secondary cardiovascular event (n = 73, 14.6%). Higher IHD knowledge score was associated with post‐primary education (mean 6.27 vs. 5.35, p = 0.001) and with >10% 5‐year risk of cardiovascular event (mean 5.97 vs. 5.41, p = 0.045). Most participants believed there were things they could do to reduce their chances of having a heart attack (n = 361, 72.2%). While participants indicated that they adhered to their prescribed medications (n = 488, 97.6%), only 106 (21.2%) attended regular health check‐ups.

Conclusion

Efforts are needed to improve gaps in IHD knowledge, and increase uptake of cardiovascular preventative practices among Tanzanian adults with HIV.
Four-quadrant Characterization of Hydrodynamic Phenomena in a Low Specific Speed Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Bolaños Hernan Dario , Botero Francisco
Published: October 2021

Objective: Identify and characterize subsynchronous hydrodynamics phenomena in a low specific speed centrifugal pump based on its four-quadrant characteristic curve. Materials: A 1.5 HP ITT Goulds pump instrumented with pressure transductors, an accelerometer, a torque sensor and a tachometer. Flow rate measurement was done with an ultrasonic transit time clamp-on flow meter. Methods: Time and frequency domain analysis with phase analysis were used to identify spectral components linked to hydrodynamic phenomena such as rotating stall and surge. Results and discussion: This work approaches an alternative method to calculate the phase angle using pressure signals without filtering. Related with hydrodynamic phenomena, the evidence collected suggests the presence of rotating stall in some operation points of the four-quadrant characteristic curve. Furthermore, in the third quadrant, rotating stall coexist with surge. Conclusions: The instrumentation and methods regarded in this work allow to collect evidence to identify in-phase and out of phase subsynchronous hydrodynamic phenomena. The classic cross-correlation-based method was improved to ease the diagnosis of subsynchronous phenomena by visual inspection. A new quantitative approach was introduced to detect subsynchronous phenomena, based on the Fourier analysis; it was validated with a case study for which the classical method was not suitable.
La ontología de los problemas de Diferencia y repetición
Authors: Díez Montoya Simón
Published: October 2021

Este artículo tiene como objetivo explicitar la ontología de los problemas que se propone en el magnum opus de Deleuze, Diferencia y repetición (1968). Por “ontología de los problemas” me refiero a la conceptualización de los problemas como primordialmente ontológicos, antes que epistemológicos. Este ser-problemático es el objeto de las Ideas, que son el núcleo duro de la ontología deleuziana expuesta en la actualización de lo virtual y sus cuatro aspectos (diferenciación [différentiation], individuación, dramatización, diferenciación [différenciation]). Por esta razón, una comprensión más profunda de la ontología de los problemas funciona como el preludio más adecuado para un abordaje cuidadoso de toda la ontología deleuziana. Además, el artículo resalta las fuentes filosóficas y científicas de las cuales bebe Deleuze para construir su ontología de los problemas. Especialmente notable es el uso de algunos metafísicos del cálculo diferencial (Bordas-Demoulin, Maïmon, Hoëne-Wronski) y algunos matemáticos prominentes (Carnot, Abel, Galois, Riemann, Lautman) del siglo XIX y temprano siglo XX.
Foucault-Blanchot: la solidaridad de los anónimos
Authors: Villada Castro Carolina
Published: October 2021

Este artículo analiza la figura del intelectual en Michel Foucault y Maurice Blanchot a partir de tres perspectivas: 1) la afirmación del anonimato del lenguaje; 2) la mirada crítica del poder y 3) la tarea ética del pensamiento y la escritura. Esto con el fin de caracterizar el intelectual como una voz anónima entre voces anónimas que interpelan el poder, un vigía en solidaridad con los anónimos y, finalmente, la responsabilidad de su escritura con los otros.
Franco Volpi. Una interpretación de Nicolás Gómez Dávila
Authors: Abad Alfredo
Published: October 2021

La recepción europea de Gómez Dávila comenzó a desplegarse de manera más amplia a partir de la lectura y difusión realizada por Franco Volpi. Este artículo alude a la manera como dicha lectura concretó las interpretaciones del colombiano, principalmente a la luz de una filosofía práctica y una perspectiva crítica. De dichas posturas, el italiano destaca la vocación vital y el carácter provocador del pensamiento de Gómez Dávila.
Geometría diferencial y teoría de las Ideas: la presencia riemanniana en Diferencia y repetición de Deleuze
Authors: Santaya Gonzalo
Published: October 2021

Este artículo aporta a la teoría deleuziana de la Idea mediante un comentario a su definición técnica: “una multiplicidad definida y continua de n-dimensiones”, presentada por Deleuze en el capítulo IV de Diferencia y repetición (1968). Esta definición entrelaza implícitamente la propia metafísica deleuziana de la Idea como problema virtual con una serie de nociones de la geometría diferencial desarrollada por el matemático alemán Georg B. Riemann. Con el fin de iluminar esta influencia, en un primer momento reconstruiremos los elementos fundamentales de las nociones riemannianas retomadas por Deleuze para, en un segundo momento, mostrar cómo estos elementos están supuestos por la noción deleuziana de Idea.
Los límites bona fide de los objetos materiales: un estudio metafísico sobre composición y vaguedad
Authors: Nuñez Erices Gonzalo Germán
Published: October 2021

Este artículo aborda un estudio metafísico sobre límites en la discusión sobre composición material. Según la tesis nihilista, dos o más objetos nunca componen otro objeto. Los objetos materiales ordinarios y sus límites (superficies) serían entidades fiat, mientras que los objetos simples (sin partes) y sus límites precisos son los únicos componentes bona fide del mundo. Sin embargo, si hay razones para postular la existencia de un límite bona fide que separa una colección de objetos de sus alrededores espaciales, entonces tenemos razones para postular también la existencia de un objeto compuesto bona fide. Si existe un límite, dada su dependencia ontológica, debe existir un objeto al cual pertenece. La emergencia de un límite de un objeto material tridimensional instancia propiedades irreductibles a las propiedades de alguna de sus partes. No obstante, una vez que los límites son introducidos en el mundo, la presencia de vaguedad ontológica en términos modales resulta inevitable.
A New Method for Calculating the Inflection Point Temperature of Heavy-Oil Rheology Transforming From Non-Newton Fluid into the Newton Fluid
Authors: Liu Dong , Liu Yonghui , Lai Nanjun , Ji Youjun , Hu Tinghui
Published: October 2021

The inflection point temperature of rheology (IPTR) of heavy oil transforming from a non-Newtonian fluid into a Newtonian fluid is a key parameter in the steam huff- and-puff process. It is particularly relevant in terms of optimizing injection parameters, calculating the heating radius, and determining well spaces. However, the current approach exhibits obvious shortcomings, such as the randomness of the selected tangent line and inadaptability for extra-heavy oil with high viscosity. For extra-heavy oil, the absolute error between the predicted and experimental values obtained using the tangent method has been reported to be between 15.6 °C and 16.9 °C with a relative error of between 17.4% and 18.8%. Therefore, this paper presents a novel method for calculating IPTR using viscosity–temperature data. The approach is based on the Arrhenius equation and quantitatively evaluates the IPTR according to the inflection point of the apparent activation energy. The IPTR values of four heavy-oil samples obtained from the Bohai Oilfield in China were quantitatively predicted according to viscosity–temperature data using the proposed method. The method's accuracy was verified by a series of rheological investigations on samples obtained from two heavy-oil wells. A regression of the rheological equations was performed in which 200 and 625 data points were tested, respectively, via regression to different temperatures, and the IPTR values of the different samples were obtained. The values of 75 °C and 100 °C obtained from a significant volume of experimental test data agreed well with the predicted values of 79 °C and 100 °C calculated by the proposed method. Additionally, the new method was used to predict IPTR according to the published viscosity–temperature data of ten heavy-oil samples from the Shengli Oilfield. Again, a good correspondence was found, and mean absolute and relative errors of 3 °C and 4.6%, respectively, were reported. Therefore, the proposed model was confirmed to improve the prediction accuracy of the existing method and provided a new method for calculating the IPTR of heavy oil.
Detection of Transients in Vibration Signals Using Reverse Dispersion Entropy
Authors: Alsalaet Jaafar
Published: October 2021

In this work, the reverse dispersion entropy (RDE) is used to process the squared envelope (SE) signal in order to detect nonstationarites. Based on the idea of spectral kurtosis (SK) and kurtogram, the squared envelope signal is first extracted by applying the short time Fourier transform to vibration signal. Then, as an alternative to negative Shannon entropy, the RDE is used to process the squared envelope to detect the range of frequencies at which the transients occur. The RDEgram color-coded map is used to represent the RDE values as a function of frequency and frequency resolution from which the ideal filter parameters can be inferred. Once the best frequency and frequency bandwidth pair are found, an optimum finite impulse response filter can be designed to filter the original vibration signal. The proposed method is tested against simulated and actual vibration signals and proved to be superior to existing methods.
Effect of voice support level and spectrum on conversational speech
Authors: Rapp Mary , Cabrera Densil , Yadav Manuj
Published: October 2021

One's own voice (autophony) is transmitted to the ears as direct airborne sound, bone conduction, and indirect airborne sound from reflections characterized by overall gain and spectro-temporal features. This study investigates how the spectral profile and gain of simulated indirect airborne sound, quantified as voice support (STV), affect the speaking voice of talkers. Pairs of participants performed a conversation elicitation task in anechoic conditions. The indirect airborne sound was provided in real-time via open headphones that maintain the direct airborne transmission path. Experimental conditions included high-pass, low-pass, and all-pass versions of STV, each presented at three overall gains, and a Baseline condition with no electroacoustic contribution to STV. The results show an overall speech level reduction of 0.22 dB for every additional dB of speech-weighted STV, i.e., a –0.22 dB/dB slope. There was some effect of STV spectrum on speech: slope for the high-pass condition was steeper (statistically significant) and significantly different from the all-pass slope; spectral balance (2–4 kHz vs 0–2 kHz) of speech showed an interaction effect between gender and experimental conditions. This paper's findings may inform acoustic treatments in environments where overall sound reduction is of interest for favorable ergonomics and occupational health for voice professionals.
Normal mode energy estimation based on reconstructing the incoherent beamformed outputs from a horizontal array
Authors: Zhai Duo , Li Fenghua , Zhang Bo , Zhu Feilong , Yang Xishan , Luo Wenyu
Published: October 2021

The acoustic pressure field in many underwater environments is well described by a superposition of normal modes. The normal modes can be used for source localization and environmental inversion. However, the wavenumber resolution of traditional normal mode filtering methods for a small-aperture horizontal array is usually not sufficient to identify individual modes in a shallow water waveguide. This paper proposes an original method of normal mode energy estimation to remove the energy leakage between modes. The modal energy is defined as the square of the modal amplitude. This method is to reconstruct the incoherent beamformed outputs in wavenumber domain for a horizontally moving source. The adaptive beamforming is used to suppress interference and improve output signal-to-noise ratio. The uncertainty of modal phase velocity has also been considered in this method. The proposed method can provide more accurate estimates of modal energy for a small-aperture horizontal array than the traditional mode filtering methods, such as the matched filter, the least squares mode filter, the regularized-least squares mode filter, and the maximum a posteriori mode filter, in simulations and experiments.
Leukemic progenitor cells enable immunosuppression and post-chemotherapy relapse via IL-36–inflammatory monocyte axis
Authors: Guo He-Zhou , Guo Zi-Hua , Yu Shan-He , Niu Li-Ting , Qiang Wan-Ting , Huang Meng-Meng , Tian Yuan-Yuan , Chen Juan , Yang Hui , Weng Xiang-Qin , Zhang Yi , Zhang Wu , Hu Shao-Yan , Shi Jun , Zhu Jiang
Published: October 2021

A stimulated proinflammatory feature of leukemic progenitors facilitates their survival and immune evasion after chemotherapy.
Repression of
Osmr
and
Fgfr1
by
miR-1/133a
prevents cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and cell cycle entry in the adult heart
Authors: Valussi Melissa , Besser Johannes , Wystub-Lis Katharina , Zukunft Sven , Richter Manfred , Kubin Thomas , Boettger Thomas , Braun Thomas
Published: October 2021

The muscle-specific
miR-1
and
miR-133a
RNAs lock cardiomyocytes in a differentiated state by suppressing OSMR/FGFR signaling.
Metabolic responsiveness to training depends on insulin sensitivity and protein content of exosomes in insulin-resistant males
Authors: Apostolopoulou Maria , Mastrototaro Lucia , Hartwig Sonja , Pesta Dominik , Straßburger Klaus , de Filippo Elisabetta , Jelenik Tomas , Karusheva Yanislava , Gancheva Sofiya , Markgraf Daniel , Herder Christian , Nair K. Sreekumaran , Reichert Andreas S. , Lehr Stefan , Müssig Karsten , Al-Hasani Hadi , Szendroedi Julia , Roden Michael
Published: October 2021

SEV may serve as new biomarkers for predicting the individual response of insulin sensitivity to exercising.
N
-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization
Authors: Xie Shuaishuai , Tan Yahong , Song Wenxia , Zhang Weican , Qi Qingsheng , Lu Xuemei
Published: October 2021

The bacterial
N
-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of
Proteobacteria
and
Campylobacterota
, and the role of
N
-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood.
C. hutchinsonii
has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. In this study, we found that
C. hutchinsonii
, a member of the phylum
Bacteroidetes
, has an
N
-glycosylation system.
Profiling of RNA Viruses in Biting Midges (
Ceratopogonidae
) and Related Diptera from Kenya Using Metagenomics and Metabarcoding Analysis
Authors: Langat Solomon K. , Eyase Fredrick , Bulimo Wallace , Lutomiah Joel , Oyola Samuel O. , Imbuga Mabel , Sang Rosemary
Published: October 2021

The majority of the viruses that currently cause diseases in humans and animals are RNA viruses, and more specifically arthropod-transmitted viruses. They cause diseases such as dengue, West Nile infection, bluetongue disease, Schmallenberg disease, and yellow fever, among others.
Discrimination between schools and submerged trees in reservoirs: a preliminary approach using narrowband and broadband acoustics
Authors: Blanluet Arthur , Gastauer Sven , Cattanéo Franck , Goulon Chloé , Grimardias David , Guillard Jean
Published: October 2021

With a growing demand for hydroelectric energy, the number of reservoirs is dramatically increasing worldwide. These new water bodies also present an opportunity for the development of fishing activities. However, these reservoirs are commonly impounded on uncut forests, resulting in many immersed trees. These trees hinder fish assessments by disrupting both gill-netting and acoustic sampling. Immersed trees can easily be confused with fish schools on echograms. To overcome this issue, we developed a method to discriminate fish schools from immersed trees. A random forest algorithm was used to classify echo-traces at 120 and 200 kHz, recorded by an EK80 (SIMRAD) in narrowband (continuous wave) and in broadband mode (frequency modulated). We obtained a good discrimination rate between trees and schools, especially in broadband (90% ratio of good classification). We demonstrate that it is possible to discriminate fish schools from immersed trees and thus facilitate the use of fisheries acoustics in reservoirs.