bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the performance of coupled snow–soil models in SURFEXv8 to simulate the permafrost thermal regime at a high Arctic site
Authors: Barrere Mathieu , Domine Florent , Decharme Bertrand , Morin Samuel , Vionnet Vincent , Lafaysse Matthieu
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Climate change projections still suffer from a limited representation of the permafrost–carbon feedback. Predicting the response of permafrost temperature to climate change requires accurate simulations of Arctic snow and soil properties. This study assesses the capacity of the coupled land surface and snow models ISBA-Crocus and ISBA-ES to simulate snow and soil properties at Bylot Island, a high Arctic site. Field measurements complemented with ERA-Interim reanalyses were used to drive the models and to evaluate simulation outputs. Snow height, density, temperature, thermal conductivity and thermal insulance are examined to determine the critical variables involved in the soil and snow thermal regime. Simulated soil properties are compared to measurements of thermal conductivity, temperature and water content. The simulated snow density profiles are unrealistic, which is most likely caused by the lack of representation in snow models of the upward water vapor fluxes generated by the strong temperature gradients within the snowpack. The resulting vertical profiles of thermal conductivity are inverted compared to observations, with high simulated values at the bottom of the snowpack. Still, ISBA-Crocus manages to successfully simulate the soil temperature in winter. Results are satisfactory in summer, but the temperature of the top soil could be better reproduced by adequately representing surface organic layers, i.e., mosses and litter, and in particular their water retention capacity. Transition periods (soil freezing and thawing) are the least well reproduced because the high basal snow thermal conductivity induces an excessively rapid heat transfer between the soil and the snow in simulations. Hence, global climate models should carefully consider Arctic snow thermal properties, and especially the thermal conductivity of the basal snow layer, to perform accurate predictions of the permafrost evolution under climate change.
The Extrapolar SWIFT model (version 1.0): Fast stratospheric ozone chemistry for global climate models
Authors: Kreyling Daniel , Wohltmann Ingo , Lehmann Ralph , Rex Markus
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The Extrapolar SWIFT model is a fast ozone chemistry scheme for interactive calculation of the extrapolar stratospheric ozone layer in coupled general circulation models (GCMs). In contrast to the widely used prescribed ozone, the SWIFT ozone layer interacts with the model dynamics and can respond to atmospheric variability or climatological trends. The Extrapolar SWIFT model employs a repro-modelling approach, where algebraic functions are used to approximate the numerical output of a full stratospheric chemistry and transport model (ATLAS). The full model solves a coupled chemical differential equations system with 55 initial and boundary conditions (mixing ratio of various chemical species and atmospheric parameters). Hence the rate of change of ozone over 24 h is a function of 55 variables. Using covariances between these variables, we can find linear combinations in order to reduce the parameter space to the following nine basic variables: latitude, pressure altitude, temperature, local ozone column, mixing ratio of ozone and of the ozone depleting families (Cly, Bry, NOy and HOy). We will show that these 9 variables are sufficient to characterize the rate of change of ozone. An automated procedure fits a polynomial function of fourth degree to the rate of change of ozone obtained from several simulations with the ATLAS model. One polynomial function is determined per month which yields the rate of change of ozone over 24 h. A key aspect for the robustness of the Extrapolar SWIFT model is to include a wide range of stratospheric variability in the numerical output of the ATLAS model, also covering atmospheric states that will occur in a future climate (e.g. temperature and meridional circulation changes or reduction of stratospheric chlorine loading). For validation purposes, the Extrapolar SWIFT model has been integrated into the ATLAS model replacing the full stratospheric chemistry scheme. Simulations with SWIFT in ATLAS have proven that the systematic error is small and does not accumulate during the course of a simulation. In the context of a 10 year simulation, the ozone layer, simulated by SWIFT, shows a stable annual cycle, with inter-annual variations comparable to the ATLAS model. The application of Extrapolar SWIFT requires the evaluation of polynomial functions with 30–100 terms. Nowadays, computers can calculate such polynomial functions at thousands of model grid points in seconds. SWIFT provides the desired numerical efficiency and computes the ozone layer 104 times faster than the chemistry scheme in the ATLAS CTM.
Response to Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf cavity warming in a coupled ocean–ice sheet model – Part 1: The ocean perspective
Authors: Timmermann Ralph , Goeller Sebastian
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The Regional Antarctic ice and Global Ocean (RAnGO) model has been developed to study the interaction between the world ocean and the Antarctic ice sheet. The coupled model is based on a global implementation of the Finite Element Sea-ice Ocean Model (FESOM) with a mesh refinement in the Southern Ocean, particularly in its marginal seas and in the sub-ice-shelf cavities. The cryosphere is represented by a regional setup of the ice flow model RIMBAY comprising the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf and the grounded ice in its catchment area up to the ice divides. At the base of the RIMBAY ice shelf, melt rates from FESOM's ice-shelf component are supplied. RIMBAY returns ice thickness and the position of the grounding line. The ocean model uses a pre-computed mesh to allow for an easy adjustment of the model domain to a varying cavity geometry. RAnGO simulations with a 20th-century climate forcing yield realistic basal melt rates and a quasi-stable grounding line position close to the presently observed state. In a centennial-scale warm-water-inflow scenario, the model suggests a substantial thinning of the ice shelf and a local retreat of the grounding line. The potentially negative feedback from ice-shelf thinning through a rising in situ freezing temperature is more than outweighed by the increasing water column thickness in the deepest parts of the cavity. Compared to a control simulation with fixed ice-shelf geometry, the coupled model thus yields a slightly stronger increase in ice-shelf basal melt rates.
Effects of Steel Tapes on Internal Pressure in Mass Impregnated HVDC Cables
Authors: Støa-Aanensen Bendik , Ildstad Erling , Runde Magne
Published: September 2017

Thin steel tapes providing radial mechanical support is a vital component in mass impregnated non-draining (MIND) HVDC cables. When the insulation volume increases with temperature during operation, the tapes work against the expansion and make sure that the cable is not permanently deformed by repeated heat cycles. It is belived that the application of steel tapes also compresses the insulation, increasing the internal pressure building up when the cable is loaded. The oil impregnant has a much higher thermal expansion coefficient than the paper, which can cause both radial flow of oil when heating and cavity formation - and thereby the risk of dielectric breakdown - when cooling. Steel tapes are important in this regard, as they may enhance there effects by reducing the insulation volume. Through measurements of internal pressure and thermal expansion as function of temperature, this work confirms that there is a significant difference in pressure behaviour in cables with the steel tapes in place and when they are removed. Measured pressures ange from some 0.3 bar belom atmospheric at 20 °C, to approximately 8 bar at 46 °C. The experimental results are compared to available literature, and a new mathematical model that calculates the pressure at the insulation/sheat interface.
Influence of Electrode Material on Space Charge Development in XLPE Plates at HVDC
Authors: Olsson Carl-Olof , Lundmark Maria
Published: September 2017

The PEA method has been used to study the evolutionof electrode interface charge and space charge in 2 mmthick XLPE samples at ±40 kV and room temperature.The voltage polarity is switched and the transition to asteady-state at each polarity is followed. The samplesare intended to be symmetric except for the electricalboundary conditions, however the measured spacecharge distribution is more or less unsymmetrical for allcases studied. Gold leaf, aluminium foil and graphitepaint have been used as electrode materials, and theobtained results are different for the three electrodematerials. Measurements with gold electrodes on threesamples having different storage conditions prior to themeasurements also provided significant differencesbetween the samples.
Ablation-assisted current interruption in medium voltage switchgear – Development and prospect
Authors: Taxt Henning
Published: September 2017

SF6-gas is widely used in medium and high voltageswitchgear today because of its excellent insulation andcurrent interruption capabilities. However, due to itshigh global warming potential, there is a politicalpressure to replace it wherever possible, resulting in aneed for new solutions in the design of compact lowcostswitchgear. An evident response is to review andfurther develop the technologies that were promisingbefore the entry of SF6. One of these was the applicationof gas-emitting insulation materials, in a process ofablation.This paper reviews the range of commercial breakerdesigns that have taken advantage of ablation in theinterruption process from the 1930s until today. Themain designs and developments are outlined and someimportant parameters are explained, such as the steadystate ablation-dominated arc, arc quenching anddielectric recovery in the presence of ablation material.The ratings of the mentioned products, as well as morerecent experiments, indicate that there is a design limitfor simple ablation-assisted breakers at around 20 kV,but the reasons for the apparent limit are not thoroughlystudied or explained.Reviving the knowledge of ablation breakers, andcombining this with new knowledge and new toolscould prove valuable to the development of SF6-freeMV switchgear.
Measurement of PD in Operating Motors Fed by Voltage Source PWM Drives
Authors: Sedding Howard G. , Culbert Ian , Campbell Shannon R.
Published: September 2017

On-line partial discharge (PD)measurement is now widely applied to motors rated 6 kV and above that are fed from the 50/60 Hz power system. However, many motors are being powered from invertors which facilitate variable speed motors to improve process efficiencies. One of the most common drives now being used is of the voltage source, pulse width modulation (VS-PWM) type. Such drives generate high voltage spikes in the kV range with risetimes in the submicrosecond range. These high voltage spikes are a form of severe electrical interference which render the detection of PD (with magnitudes 1000 x smaller) difficult, due to the overlapping frequency content in PD and the spikes. Thus PD detection on VS-PWM has been a challenge, in spite of the serious insulation aging that such drives may cause. This paper will outline the challenges in measuring the stator winding PD in motors fed by VS-PWM drives and describe a measurement system that is often effective. Results from measurements obtained using this system will be presented.
Simulation Precision and the Human Factor
Authors: Klüss Joni , Bichik Andrii , Arshad Ammar , Strandberg Jan , Kazmi Syed , Laiho Mika , Stark Toumas , Panchal Jay , Ahmad Bilal , Väkeväinen Kenneth
Published: September 2017

Computer simulations are a powerful tool to support the design and development of electrical components and equipment. However, simulations are configured by a user, thus inevitably incorporating the human factor and potentially leading to divergence in results. To assess this degree of variance and thus the role of the user, 10 participants were asked to simulate the same medium voltage porcelain pin insulator using FEM software. Boundary conditions and materials were fixed. However, participants were able to define the geometry and details of the pin insulator by any means at their disposal. The varying skills of the participants resulted in geometries ranging from highly detailed complex models to rougher approximations. A CAD model provided by the pin insulator manufacturer is used as a reference. To quantify the extent of divergence, electric field intensity values in selected critical areas of the geometry are compared. This study presents the influence of the human factor and investigates the requirements for reliable simulation, i.e., how detailed does a model have to be to produce reliable information. The findings of this study can be used to save time and focus efforts on pertinent aspects in simulations.
Temperature and Field Dependence of Field Grading Tubes for Medium Voltage XLPE Cable Joints
Authors: Mauseth Frank , Enoksen Henrik , Hvidsten Sverre
Published: September 2017

In Norway it has been observed that many medium voltage (12 and 24 kV) cable sections with heat shrink joints have suffered from overheating often causing failure during service. The overheating is due to a bad metallic connection between the aluminium conductors in the joint. This is especially observed for XLPE cables installed in the 80’s, which constitutes a significant part of the installed cables in the network.This paper is part of a work to elucidate the mechanisms causing a low insulation resistance of MV cable joints. As a bad metallic connection can result in local high temperatures during normal operation, the properties of a heat shrink stress control tubes commonly used in such joints has been characterized at temperatures around the melting peak of the material that is just above the maximum service temperature of 90 °C for XLPE cables. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of these temperatures on the electrical properties of the field grading material. Here, the electrical properties have been characterized by time domain dielectric response measurements at different temperatures and axial electrical fields. The results show that the conductivity of the stress control tube is temperature dependent. Also, a polarity change in the depolarization current at higher electrical field strengths was observed.
Prevalence of Loneliness and Associated Factors among Older Adults in South Africa
Authors: Phaswana-Mafuya Nancy , Peltzer Karl
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE: Loneliness can be detrimental to health. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of loneliness as well as its risk factors in older adults in South Africa.MATERIALS & METHODS: This cross-sectional population based study investigated factors associated with loneliness in a nationally representative sample (n=3624) of older South Africans who took part in the “Study of Global Ageing and Adults Health (SAGE)” wave 1 in 2008. The outcome variable was self-reported prevalence of loneliness and the exposure variables were socio-demographic characteristics and health variables.RESULTS: The overall prevalence of self-reported loneliness was 9.9%. Prevalence of loneliness was 10.2% for females and 9.5% for males, lowest among those married (7.5%), and highest among the 70+ years olds (12.5%). Individuals with highest level of education had the lowest prevalence of loneliness (5.9%). Indians or Asians were significantly more likely to experience loneliness than other population groups (Adjusted Odds Ratio=AOR: 3.20; 95% Confidence Interval=CI: 1.31, 7.80). Married or cohabiting individuals were significantly less likely to experience loneliness than unmarried or non-cohabiting ones, respectively (AOR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.81). In multivariable logistic regression, individuals with good subjective health were less likely to experience loneliness than those with poor health (AOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.73). Similarly, individuals with good cognitive functioning were significantly less likely to experience loneliness than those with poor cognitive functioning (AOR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.97).CONCLUSION: The study found that the prevalence of loneliness among older adults in South Africa is significant. Preventative interventions that address the identified factors, including poor health status and low cognitive functioning, associated with loneliness need to be developed.
Why Has Brazil Stopped Growing? Reverberation about the Brazilian Crisis
Authors: Klafke Renata , Lages Alexandre Roberto
Published: September 2017

This short paper briefs about the influence of the Brazilian exports to China in the economy and also points out, according to some experts in the subject, some ways to get out of the economic recession. The data were collected from secondary sources. The results show not only a dependence on Brazilian exports to China, mainly commodities, but also a general dependence on Brazilian commodities export worldwide. The research identifies that political stability and fiscal adjustment are the first steps to start getting out of the present crisis.
Is Excess Bank Liquidity within the West African Economic and Monetary Union Explained by Regulations?
Authors: Mbengue Mohamed Lamine , Konté Mamadou Abdoulaye
Published: September 2017

For about fifteen years, the banking system of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) has been characterized by excess liquidity. In this paper, we analyze the explaining factors of excess liquidity by considering regulations as key variables and a dynamic Panel Model is used on aggregate banking data covering the period from 1990 to 2013 for the methodology. Results show the following explaining factors: government’s deposits, credit granted to public companies and to central administration, the entry into force of the single agreement act, the act on financial relationships with foreign countries, and on the suppression of usurious transactions and interest rates, the obligation to publish the whole effective rate and the redefinition of new minima caps in terms of share capital.
Lange termijn waardecreatie van de beursvennootschap en de daaraan verbonden onderneming, het bestendige succes van de (dochter)onderneming en het begrip ‘vennootschappelijk belang’: harmonie of disharmonie?
Authors: Mendel M.M. , Oostwouder W.J.
Published: September 2017

Lange termijn waardecreatie van de beursvennootschap en de daaraan verbonden onderneming, het bestendige succes van de (dochter)onderneming en het begrip ‘vennootschappelijk belang’: harmonie of disharmonie?

In de Cancun-beschikkingen uit 2014 heeft de Hoge Raad het begrip ‘het bestendige succes’ van de onderneming geïntroduceerd. De auteurs beantwoorden de vraag hoe dit begrip zich verhoudt tot (1) de rechtsregel uit de ABN AMRO- en ASMI-beschikkingen dat het bestuur van een nv of bv het eigen belang van de vennootschap en de daaraan verbonden onderneming voorop behoort te stellen, en (2) (bij een concernvennootschap) het concernbelang. Vervolgens geven zij aan hoe ‘het bestendige succes’ van de onderneming zich verhoudt tot de ‘lange termijn waardecreatie van de vennootschap en de met haar verbonden onderneming’ uit de Nederlandse Corporate Governance Code 2016.
In vitro cloning potential and phytochemical evaluations of aneuploid individuals produced from reciprocal crosses between diploid and triploid in Echinacea purpurea L.
Authors: Li Qingling , Jiang Weizhen , Ren Yi , Chen Rong , Li Xinglian , Yang Yuesheng , Wu Hong
Published: September 2017

Aneuploidy often presents large variations in morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and genetics owing to karyotypic imbalance. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of aneuploid breeding in Echinacea purpurea L, an important medicinal plant. Reciprocal crosses between diploid and triploid plants were performed to generate aneuploid plants. Cross with triploid as female parent resulted in increased production of aneuploid individuals (19 of 23; 82.61%), while using diploid as female parent yielded much higher percentage of diploid progenies (130 of 133; 97.74%). Each aneuploid had particular karyotypic characteristics compared to the parents. The proportions of median, submedian, and subterminal centromere location chromosomes in gross chromosomes among aneuploids and two parents showed large variations. Although aneuploids had relatively lower adventitious bud regeneration rates than their parents, almost half of them looked morphologically normal, with high survival rates when transplanted to ex vitro conditions. Among the bioactive compounds assessed, cichoric acid and chlorogenic acid contents were extremely encouraging. Most aneuploids had higher cichoric acid and chlorogenic acid contents than their parents. For example, A2 had the highest cichoric acid content of 21.98 mg/g dry weight, more than twice the values of diploid and triploid. Meanwhile, A21 had the highest chlorogenic acid content of 1.84 mg/g, approximately five times more than the parental values. Eleven superior aneuploid lines were successfully screened as breeding candidates. The present findings indicated E. purpurea is highly tolerant of karyotypic imbalance and aneuploid plants could serve as prospective breeding resources in E. purpurea.
Current management of idiopathic facial palsy (Bell’s palsy)
Authors: Paprocki Arkadiusz , Bartoszewicz Robert , Niemczyk Kazimierz
Published: September 2017

Idiopathic facial nerve palsy, known also as Bell’s palsy, is a common condition encountered in everyday
otolaryngological practice, and although the prognosis is fair, in case of incomplete recovery remains a marked physical
disability for the patient. Despite of the development of diagnostic techniques, in most cases it is still impossible
to point the etiologic factor, and therapy has to remain on empirical treatment.
Material and method: In this article the review of literature on pathogenesis and therapy of idiopathic facial nerve palsy,
published in years 2006–2016 was performed, presenting the articles with direct implications for everyday clinical practice.
Results: According to presented articles, the importance of usage of combined treatment with steroids and antivirals,
extended diagnostics for the presence of metabolic disorders(IGT) and surgical treatment with early facial nerve
decompression in cases with severe degeneration of the fibers or recurrent paralysis were emphasized
Rok Kopernika 1953 i 1973 jako przejawy polityki komemoracji w Polsce Ludowej
Authors: Chmielak Tomasz , Popławski Błażej
Published: September 2017

The aim of the article is to discuss the significance of historical anniversaries in the
period of People’s Poland by comparing the celebrations of the Year of Copernicus in 1953
and 1973. First, the focus is placed on the institutional analysis of the celebrations and
the characteristics of their main participants. Then, the discursive mechanisms of attributing
significance to the figure of Nicolaus Copernicus are presented, with a particular emphasis
on the value of progressiveness, revolution, anticlericalism. Finally, the author makes an
attempt to evaluate the effects of commemoration policy in the Polish society.
Konfliktowe rocznice – wymiar międzynarodowy polskiej polityki pamięci na przykładzie wybranych uchwał rocznicowych Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
Authors: Secler Bartłomiej
Published: September 2017

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the international dimension of the Polish
politics of memory executed by commemorative and anniversary resolutions of the Sejm of
the Republic of Poland. The adopted resolutions are often sources of conflicts and disputes,
which translate into interstate divisions. They also have a negative impact on the relations
with other states. The examples of such disputes were discussions on resolutions relating to
the seventieth anniversary of the Soviet aggression against Poland (2009) and the seventy
third anniversary of the Volhynia massacre (2016). In this essay I make an attempt, among
other things, to reconstruct and evaluate them.
Kina warszawskie: wrzesień–grudzień 1939 roku
Authors: Szymański Karol
Published: September 2017

Karol Szymański depicts the history of the Warsaw cinemas and analyzes the cinema
repertoire in the particular time from September to December 1939 (that is from the outbreak
of World War II, through the defense and the siege of Warsaw, until the first months of the
German occupation) taking into account a wider context of living conditions in the capital
as well as a changing front and political situation. The author draws attention, among other
things, to the rapid decrease in the cinema audience in the first week of September. As
a consequence cinemas ceased to work, which made them unable to fulfill their informational
or propaganda role and provide the inhabitants of the fighting city with the escapist or
uplifting entertainment. During the siege of Warsaw some cinemas changed their functions
and became a shelter for several thousand fire victims and refugees, while others were
irretrievably destroyed in bombings and fires. In turn, after the capitulation and takeover of
the city by the Germans, some of the most representative cinemas which survived (they were
entirely expropriated by the administration of the General Government) began to gradually
resume their activity from the beginning of November. By the end of 1939 there were
already eight reactivated cinemas in Warsaw, including one (Helgoland, former Palladium)
intended only for the Germans. These cinemas showed only German films – they were
entertaining productions which were well-executed, devoid of explicit propaganda or
ideological elements, with the greatest stars of the Third Reich cinema. However, December
1939 brought also the first action of the Polish resistance against German cinemas and cinema
audience in Warsaw, which in the years to come developed and became an important element
of the civilian fight against the occupant.
THE MEANING OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT
OF THE ENTERPRISES
Authors: Szybowski Daniel
Published: September 2017

The article shows the importance of identity and culture in shaping the company's
image. The image of the company is most often the basis for a continuous distinction on
the market, building relationships with demanding consumers and creating trust. The
identity of the business creates the elements that identify the company, distinguishing it
in this way from the others available on the market. The image of the company is very
important for the success of the actions undertaken, independent of their character. The
company should aim to create a unique identity, which is not only a company name or a
logo, but also has a high character and quality.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE GOVERNMENT
SOCIAL GUARANTEES AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PEOPLE’S
INCOME
Authors: Kotsan L. M.
Published: September 2017

The investigation demonstrates that nominal incomes grew Ukraine, but real income,
that had been taken into account growth inflation, were unstable and significantly
decreased in recent years. The basic social guarantees of the state are the minimum
wage, minimum pension and subsistence minimum. By 2009, the minimum wage in
Ukraine was set below the subsistence mini-mum. In subsequent years it size slightly
prevailed (by 3.5%), while the minimum pension continues to be lower than the subsistence
minimum. The sharp increase in the minimum wage in 2017 is unfounded and can
lead to several negative consequences
Predicting Functional Outcomes in Patients with Femoral Neck Fractures Treated by Hemiarthroplasty
Authors: Radziszewski Marek , Kozłowski Piotr
Published: September 2017

Background. A femoral neck fracture leads to serious health-related, social and economic consequences and, according to the con­temporary doctrine of medical management, should be treated surgically. Data provided by the Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System indicate that there were 1534 patients with femoral neck fractures treated by arthroplasty with a Moore’s endoprosthesis and 4744 with a bipolar endoprosthesis in Poland in 2014. Since the risk of femoral neck fracture increases exponentially with the patient’s age, and population aging is undoubtedly a real demographic trend, we believe that there is a need to develop criteria for taking treatment decisions to ensure the best possible outcomes. The aim of this paper is to identify factors influencing the functional outcomes of hemiarthroplasty measured with the Harris Hip Score (HHS) in patients with femoral neck fractures.
Material and methods. The first part of study data consisted of clinical data derived from the medical treatment records of 161 patients with femoral neck fractures who were treated by hemiarthroplasty in the Orthopaedic Department of the Regional Hospital in Sieradz in 2009-2011. The age, sex, overall health status of the patients qualified for surgical treatment, time between injury and surgery, type of endoprosthesis, and length of stay at the department were determined. The second part was data from an outcome assessment using the Harris Hip Score (HHS) at two-year follow-up visits of 90 patients of the original group.
Results. The mean outcome of all the patients was defined as satisfactory (HHS score of 73.37 points). Examination of one-factor correlations between the outcome and the patient’s sex and the type of endoprosthesis revealed significantly superior outcomes in men and patients who received the bipolar endoprosthesis. A multiple factor statistical analysis, which additionally included the variables of patient age and baseline overall health status, demonstrated that only overall health status (ASA score) had a statistically significant effect on the functional outcome of arthroplasty among all factors examined.
Conclusions. 1. Evaluation of the quality of life of patients who underwent surgery after femoral neck fractures utilising the Harris Hip Score (HHS) in one-fac­tor correlations (age, sex, type of endoprosthesis, general condition) revealed significantly superior results for men who received the bipolar endo­prosthesis. There was also a moderately strong and negative correlation with the patients’ age. 2. The functional outcomes in patients with low energy femoral neck fractures treated with two types of partial hip endoprosthesis at the Ortho­paedic Department of the Regional Hospital in Sieradz, assessed by multiple factor analysis, showed a significant correlation only with the patient’s baseline overall health status.
Long-term effects of laryngeal augmentation with calcium hydroxyapatite under local anaesthesia
Authors: Sielska-Badurek Ewelina , Sobol Maria , Jędra Katarzyna , Rzepakowska Anna , Osuch-Wójcikiewicz Ewa , Niemczyk Kazimierz
Published: September 2017

Wstęp: Cel badania stanowi ocena efektów długoterminowych augmentacji krtani w znieczuleniu miejscowym przy pomocy hydroksyapatytu wapnia.
Materiał i metody: W badaniu wzięło udział 17 pacjentów, którzy z powodu niewydolności szpary głośni (z powodu jednostronnego porażenia krtani oraz niewydolności mięśni wewnętrznych krtani) zostali zakwalifikowani do przeprowadzenia augmentacji krtani (10 kobiet i 17 mężczyzn), w wieku: 57,6±17,7 lat, mediana 61 lat, z zakresem: 32-83 lata. U wszystkich pacjentów wykonano augmentację krtani w znieczuleniu miejscowym, przez jamę ustną, podając bocznie od fałdu głosowego/ fałdów głosowych hydroksyapatyt wapnia (preparat Radiesse). W celu oceny efektów długoterminowych augmentacji krtani – przeprowadzano ocenę jakości głosu pacjenta przed augmentacją, a następnie 3 i 12 miesięcy po augmentacji krtani, przy pomocy oceny videolaryngostroboskopowej krtani, oceny odsłuchowej, analizy akustycznej, oceny aerodynamicznej oraz samooceny głosu dokonanej przez pacjenta przy pomocy kwestionariusza VRQoL.
Wyniki: Uzyskano istotną statystycznie poprawę w ocenie odsłuchowej głosu dla parametrów G i A, po 3 miesiącach, dobre wyniki utrzymywały się w czasie 12-miesięcznej obserwacji. W ocenie akustycznej MDVP_Jitt, MDVP_Shim i MDVP_NHR poprawiły się odpowiednio do wartości: 2,5; 5 oraz 0,1 (3 miesiące po augmentacji) i 1,9; 3,6 oraz 0,1 (12 miesiące po augmentacji). MPTa wydłużył się do 12,2 i 11,9 s., odpowiednio po 3 i 12 miesiącach od augmentacji. Natężenie głosu poprawiło się z 67 do 68 oraz 71 dB(A), odpowiednio po 3 i 12 miesiącach.
Wyniki: VRQoL poprawiły się do wartości 19,5 i 20, odpowiednio 3 i 12 miesięcy po augmentacji. Dyskusja Augmentacja krtani w znieczuleniu miejscowym przy pomocy hydroksyapatytu wapnia daje długotrwałe, dobre efekty leczenia.
Effects of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells on the Survival of Rabbit Ear Composite Grafts
Authors: Kim Chae Min , Oh Joo Hyun , Jeon Yeo Reum , Kang Eun Hye , Lew Dae Hyun
Published: September 2017

Background Composite grafts are frequently used for facial reconstruction. However, the unpredictability of the results and difficulties with large defects are disadvantages. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) express several cytokines, and increase the survival of random flaps and fat grafts owing to their angiogenic potential.

Methods This study investigated composite graft survival after ADSC injection. Circular chondrocutaneous composite tissues, 2 cm in diameter, from 15 New Zealand white rabbits were used. Thirty ears were randomly divided into 3 groups. In the experimental groups (1 and 2), ADSCs were subcutaneously injected 7 days and immediately before the operation, respectively. Similarly, phosphate-buffered saline was injected in the control group just before surgery in the same manner as in group 2. In all groups, chondrocutaneous composite tissue was elevated, rotated 90 degrees, and repaired in its original position. Skin flow was assessed using laser Doppler 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days after surgery. At 1 and 12 days after surgery, the viable area was assessed using digital photography; the rabbits were euthanized, and immunohistochemical staining for CD31 was performed to assess neovascularization.

Results The survival of composite grafts increased significantly with the injection of ADSCs (P<0.05). ADSC injection significantly improved neovascularization based on anti-CD31 immunohistochemical analysis and vascular endothelial growth factor expression (P<0.05) in both group 1 and group 2 compared to the control group. No statistically significant differences in graft survival, anti-CD31 neovascularization, or microcirculation were found between groups 1 and 2.

Conclusions Treatment with ADSCs improved the composite graft survival, as confirmed by the survival area and histological evaluation. The differences according to the injection timing were not significant.
Prognostic Factors of Orbital Fractures with Muscle Incarceration
Authors: Lee Seung Chan , Park Seung-Ha , Han Seung-Kyu , Yoon Eul-Sik , Dhong Eun-Sang , Jung Sung-Ho , You Hi-Jin , Kim Deok-Woo
Published: September 2017

Background Among the various signs and symptoms of orbital fractures, certain clinical findings warrant immediate surgical exploration, including gaze restriction, computed tomographic (CT) evidence of entrapment, and prolonged oculocardiac reflex. Despite proper surgical reconstruction, prolonged complications such as diplopia and gaze restriction can occur. This article evaluated the prognostic factors associated with prolonged complications of orbital fractures with muscle incarceration.

Methods The medical records of 37 patients (37 orbits) with an orbital fracture with muscle incarceration from January 2001 to January 2015 were reviewed. The presence of Incarcerated muscle was confirmed via CT, as well as by intraoperative findings. Various factors potentially contributing to complications lasting for over 1 year after the injury were categorized and analyzed, including age, cause of injury, injury-to-operation time, operative time, fracture type, nausea, vomiting and other concomitant symptoms and injuries.

Results All patients who presented with extraocular muscle limitations, positive CT findings, and/or a positive forced duction test underwent surgery. Of the 37 patients, 9 (24%) exhibited lasting complications, such as diplopia and gaze restriction. The mean follow-up period was 18.4 months (range, 1–108 months), while that of patients who experienced prolonged complications was 30.1 months (range, 13–36 months). Two factors were significantly associated with prolonged complications: injury-to-operation time and nausea/vomiting. Loss of vision, worsening of motility, and implant complication did not occur.

Conclusions Patients who present with gaze limitations, with or without other signs of a blow-out fracture, require a thorough evaluation and emergent surgery. A better prognosis is expected with a shorter injury-to-operation time and lack of nausea and vomiting at the initial presentation.
The Rolling Earlobe Flap for Dilated Ear Holes Following Ear Gauging: A Novel Approach to Aesthetically Preserving Earlobe Soft Tissue Volume
Authors: Pek Wan-Sze , Goh Lin Hon Terence , Pek Chong Han
Published: September 2017

Patients are increasingly seeking repair of their earlobes following ear gauging. Research has shown that current repair techniques either excessively reduce the lobular volume or leave an obvious scar along the free edge of the earlobe. In our case series, we describe the use of a novel technique for repairing earlobes following ear gauging using a rolling earlobe flap that preserves the lobular volume and avoids leaving a scar on the free edge of the lobule. The procedure was performed on 3 patients (6 earlobes) who had defects from ear gauging that ranged from 3.0 to 6.5 cm. There were no postoperative complications of infection, wound dehiscence, flap necrosis, hypertrophic scars, or keloids, and all patients were highly satisfied with the postoperative results. This versatile technique allows for an aesthetically pleasing reconstruction of the lobule with the advantages of: the absence of a surgical scar on the free edge of the lobule, preserving the lobule volume, and presenting a highly customizable technique that allows lobules to be created with various shapes and volumes.
Managing Complications in Abdominoplasty: A Literature Review
Authors: Vidal Pedro , Berner Juan Enrique , Will Patrick A.
Published: September 2017

Background Abdominoplasty, with or without liposuction, is among the most frequently performed aesthetic procedures. Its main objective is to improve the body contour by means of excising redundant skin and fat tissue. Although abdominoplasty is considered a safe procedure with high satisfaction rates, intraoperative and postoperative complications can become a challenge for the surgical team. The aim of this article is to offer a synopsis of the most common complications arising after abdominoplasty, along with evidence-based guidelines about how to prevent and treat them.

Methods A systematic MEDLINE search strategy was designed using appropriate Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, and references were scanned for further relevant articles.

Results According to the published case series, local complications are considerably more common than complications with systemic repercussions. Approximately 10% to 20% of patients suffer a local complication following abdominoplasty, while fewer than 1% suffer a systemic complication. Prevention and management strategies are critically discussed for complications including seroma, haematoma, infection, skin necrosis, suture extrusions, hypertrophic scars, neurological symptoms, umbilical anomalies, deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism, respiratory distress, and death.

Conclusions The complications of abdominoplasty vary in severity and in the impact they have on the aesthetic outcomes. Recommendations for prevention and management are based on various levels of evidence, with a risk of observer bias. However, most complications can be treated appropriately following the current standards, with satisfactory results.
Light Stable Isotopic Compositions of Enriched Mantle Sources: Resolving the Dehydration Paradox
Authors: Dixon J. E. , Bindeman I. N. , Kingsley R. H. , Simons K. K. , Le Roux P. J. , Hajewski T. R. , Swart P. , Langmuir C. H. , Ryan J. G. , Walowski K. J. , Wada I. , Wallace P. J.
Published: September 2017

Volatile and stable isotope data provide tests of mantle processes that give rise to mantle heterogeneity. New data on enriched mid‐oceanic ridge basalts (MORB) show a diversity of enriched components. Pacific PREMA‐type basalts (H2O/Ce = 215 ± 30, δDSMOW = −45 ± 5 ‰) are similar to those in the northern Atlantic (H2O/Ce = 220 ± 30; δDSMOW = −30 to −40 ‰). Basalts with EM‐type signatures have regionally variable volatile compositions. Northern Atlantic EM‐type basalts are wetter (H2O/Ce = 330 ± 30) and have isotopically heavier hydrogen (δDSMOW = −57 ± 5 ‰) than northern Atlantic MORB. Southern Atlantic EM‐type basalts are damp (H2O/Ce = 120 ± 10) with intermediate δDSMOW (−68 ± 2 ‰), similar to δDSMOW for Pacific MORB. Northern Pacific EM‐type basalts are dry (H2O/Ce = 110 ± 20) and isotopically light (δDSMOW = −94 ± 3 ‰). A multistage metasomatic and melting model accounts for the origin of the enriched components by extending the subduction factory concept down through the mantle transition zone, with slab temperature a key variable. Volatiles and their stable isotopes are decoupled from lithophile elements, reflecting primary dehydration of the slab followed by secondary rehydration, infiltration, and re‐equilibration by fluids derived from dehydrating subcrustal hydrous phases (e.g., antigorite) in cooler, deeper parts of the slab. Enriched mantle sources form by addition of <1% carbonated eclogite ± sediment‐derived C‐O‐H‐Cl fluids to depleted mantle at 180–280 km (EM) or within the transition zone (PREMA).
Strong SH‐to‐Love Wave Scattering off the Southern California Continental Borderland
Authors: Yu Chunquan , Zhan Zhongwen , Hauksson Egill , Cochran Elizabeth S.
Published: September 2017

Seismic scattering is commonly observed and results from wave propagation in heterogeneous medium. Yet deterministic characterization of scatterers associated with lateral heterogeneities remains challenging. In this study, we analyze broadband waveforms recorded by the Southern California Seismic Network and observe strongly scattered Love waves following the arrival of teleseismic SH wave. These scattered Love waves travel approximately in the same (azimuthal) direction as the incident SH wave at a dominant period of ~10 s but at an apparent velocity of ~3.6 km/s as compared to the ~11 km/s for the SH wave. Back projection suggests that this strong scattering is associated with pronounced bathymetric relief in the Southern California Continental Borderland, in particular the Patton Escarpment. Finite‐difference simulations using a simplified 2‐D bathymetric and crustal model are able to predict the arrival times and amplitudes of major scatterers. The modeling suggests a relatively low shear wave velocity in the Continental Borderland.
Global Ocean Vertical Velocity From a Dynamically Consistent Ocean State Estimate
Authors: Liang Xinfeng , Spall Michael , Wunsch Carl
Published: September 2017

Estimates of the global ocean vertical velocities (Eulerian, eddy‐induced, and residual) from a dynamically consistent and data‐constrained ocean state estimate are presented and analyzed. Conventional patterns of vertical velocity, Ekman pumping, appear in the upper ocean, with topographic dominance at depth. Intense and vertically coherent upwelling and downwelling occur in the Southern Ocean, which are likely due to the interaction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and large‐scale topographic features and are generally canceled out in the conventional zonally averaged results. These “elevators” at high latitudes connect the upper to the deep and abyssal oceans and working together with isopycnal mixing are likely a mechanism, in addition to the formation of deep and abyssal waters, for fast responses of the deep and abyssal oceans to the changing climate. Also, Eulerian and parameterized eddy‐induced components are of opposite signs in numerous regions around the global ocean, particularly in the ocean interior away from surface and bottom. Nevertheless, residual vertical velocity is primarily determined by the Eulerian component, and related to winds and large‐scale topographic features. The current estimates of vertical velocities can serve as a useful reference for investigating the vertical exchange of ocean properties and tracers, and its complex spatial structure ultimately permits regional tests of basic oceanographic concepts such as Sverdrup balance and coastal upwelling/downwelling.
Improving Estimation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Using Radium and Radon Tracers: Application in Jiaozhou Bay, China
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Hailong , Xiao Kai , Wang Xuejing , Lu Xiaoting , Zhang Meng , An An , Qu Wenjing , Wan Li , Zheng Chunmiao , Wang Xusheng , Jiang Xiaowei
Published: September 2017

Radium and radon mass balance models have been widely used to quantify submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in the coastal areas. However, the losses of radium or radon in seawater caused by recirculated saline groundwater discharge (RSGD) are ignored in most of the previous studies for tracer‐based models and this can lead to an underestimation of SGD. Here we present an improved method which considers the losses of tracers caused by RSGD to enhance accuracy in estimating SGD and SGD‐associated material loadings. Theoretical analysis indicates that neglecting the losses of tracers induced by RSGD would underestimate the SGD by a percentage approximately equaling the tracer activity ratio of nearshore seawater to groundwater. The data analysis of previous typical case studies shows that the existing old models underestimated the SGD by 1.9–93%, with an average of 32.2%. The method is applied in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), North China, which is experiencing significant environmental pollution. The SGD flux into JZB estimated by the improved method is ∼1.44 and 1.34 times of that estimated by the old method for 226Ra mass balance model and 228Ra mass balance model, respectively. Both SGD and RSGD fluxes are significantly higher than the discharge rate of Dagu River (the largest one running into JZB). The fluxes of nutrients and metals through SGD are comparable to or even higher than those from local rivers, which indicates that SGD is an important source of chemicals into JZB and has important impact on marine ecological system.