bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language as a Twofaced Phenomenon: Wittgenstein's Doctrine of Showing in the light of Heraclitus' concept of Logos
Authors: Mualem Shlomy
Published: October 2016

El objetivo de este ensayo es iluminar la “doctrina de mostrar” de Wittgenstein, que se manifiesta en en Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, por vía de la noción de “espacio lógico”. Esta doctrina presenta una dicotomía aguda entre lo que podemos decir o expresar (sagen) y lo que sólo podemos mostrar o manifestar (zeigen). La tensión entre mostrar y decir es destacada en el lema del Tractatus, donde Wittgenstein cita a Kürnberger: “...y lo que sea que un hombre sepa, cualquier cosa que no sean meros ruidos y rugidos que él ha escuchado, puede decirse en tres palabras”. La tensión se encuentra entre el contenido múltiple del conocimiento y el severamente limitado monto de palabras significativas que pueden expresarlo, de manera que estas tres palabras deben manifestar mucho más de lo que ellas expresan; resulta que la singularidad engloba la generalidad. Tal tensión entre lo particular y lo general subyace en la “doctrina de mostrar” de Wittgenstein, tal y como será demostrado aquí por medio del concepto de “espacio lógico”, que es una de las nociones clave del Tractatus. La investigación del Tractatus será precedida por un esbozo de la filosofía del lenguaje de Heráclito en la cual los nombres manifiestan tanto un objeto particular como un principio cósmico, o el Logos.
Robert W. SHARPLES (edited by): Whose Aristotle? Whose Aristotelianism?, Aldershot (GB): Ashgate Publishing Ltd. 2001, 181 pp.
Authors: Zagal Héctor
Published: October 2016

Robert W. SHARPLES (edited by): Whose Aristotle? Whose Aristotelianism?, Aldershot (GB): Ashgate Publishing Ltd. 2001, 181 pp.
The Flight of Thought: Two Types of Thought in Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Authors: Mualem Shlomy
Published: October 2016

Este ensayo sostiene que en el Tractatus de Wittgenstein hay dos tipos de pensamiento: “Gedanke” y “sub specie aeternitatis”. Gedanke, al ser una pintura lógica, corresponde al posible estado de cosas y a los hechos del mundo. Este pertenece al campo interior del límite del lenguaje y a lo que puede ser dicho. Sub specie aeternitatis es un modo de pensamiento que observa sus objetos “desde fuera” y así percibe cada objeto como un todo-limitado o como un mundo. Este pertenece al campo exterior del límite del lenguaje y, por ello, se relaciona con la esfera de los valores trascendentales, denotando lo que sólo puede ser mostrado.
El carácter distintivo del hábito de los primeros principios
Authors: Sellés Juan Fernando
Published: October 2016

En este artículo estudiamos, siguiendo a santo Tomás de Aquino, la distinción entre el hábito de los primeros principios y el conocimiento y la voluntad, y otros hábitos (hábito de ciencia, sinderesis, hábito de sabiduría) y entre el intellectus agens.
El amor de sí mismo según el pensamiento de Tomás De Aquino
Authors: Maqueo Ezequiel Téllez
Published: October 2016

Aunque tradicionalmente es asociada con una virtud por la que los hombres son capaces de querer y procurar el bien ajeno, según Tomás la caridad no implica el olvido absoluto de uno mismo, sino que comprende el amor de sí mismo que, a diferencia de lo que proponen ciertas lecturas del budismo, el totalitarismo, etcétera, es no sólo algo necesario y deleitable, sino que además descansa en una exigencia de plenitud existencial, i.e., en el deseo natural de alcanzar la felicidad, y es la raíz de todo tipo de amor, principalmente es el modelo y medida del amor a las demás personas. Este artículo se enfoca al estudio de sus características filosóficas, antropológicas y éticas.
C. S. Peirce y la abducción de Dios
Authors: Nubiola Jaime
Published: October 2016

Algo sorprendente en el estudio académico sobre Charles S. Peirce a lo largo de los años ha sido la poca atención dada a las dimensiones religiosas del pensamiento de Peirce. El objetivo de este artículo es subrayar que para Peirce la creencia en Dios no sólo es un producto natural de la abducción, del “instinto racional” o de la conjetura educada del científico o del hombre común, sino también que la abducción de Dios es, para Peirce, la “prueba” del pragmatismo. No sólo la creencia en Dios es capaz de cambiar la conducta del creyente, sino también, de acuerdo con Peirce –en “The Neglected Argument” y en otros lugares–, es la realidad de Dios la que da sentido a todo la empresa científica.
Carlos Llano, Etiología de la idea de la nada, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, 2004,348 pp.
Authors: Jiménez Oscar
Published: October 2016

Carlos Llano, Etiología de la idea de la nada, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, 2004,348 pp.
Réplica a: Phantasia em Platão
Authors: Schmidt Ute
Published: October 2016

Réplica a: Phantasia em Platão
Percepción, intencionalidad y lenguaje en el aristotelismo del siglo XIII
Authors: Tellkamp Jörg Alejandro
Published: October 2016

Percepción, intencionalidad y lenguaje en el aristotelismo del siglo XIII
Una noética para la poética de Octavio Paz
Authors: Cataño Rafael Jiménez
Published: October 2016

Octavio Paz subraya con gran claridad los requerimientos que una fundamentación noética de la poesía debe cumplir, pero encuentra antinomias en el intento por individualizar este soporte en la historia del pensamiento filosófico. Este artículo indica cómo ciertas nociones premodernas (especialmente la analogía y el hábito) pudieran corresponder con precisión a su poética.
Esperanza y desesperanza de la razón en Kant
Authors: Grimaldi Nicolás
Published: October 2016

El autor trata de justificarse en el orden de la composición de la Crítica del Juicio. Al analizar el estatuto del arte en Kant, muestra cómo la crítica del juicio estético prepara para el análisis del juicio teleológico sobre la “conspiración” del orden de la naturaleza al orden del espíritu.
La definición: acceso a la substancia sensible en el pensamiento de Aristóteles
Authors: Mier y Terán de G. Rocío
Published: October 2016

Aristóteles fue el primer filósofo en admitir un principio formal de la permanencia en el ser singular material. El autor -refiriéndose al pensamiento de Aristóteles- trata de mostrar la “definición” como el acceso a la substancia sensible.
Aristóteles - Etica
Authors: C. Jorge Morán
Published: October 2016

Santo Tomás de Aquino comienza su estudio distinguiendo los tipos de órdenes que existen y con ello determina que la filosofía moral estudia, por un lado, el orden de los actos voluntarios y, por otro, los actos humanos en cuanto están ordenados entre sí y en cuanto están ordenados a un fin. Se atiende al carácter social del ser humano y el tipo de ayuda que da y recibe en el orden del todo y la parte, de manera tal que Aquino divide la filosofía moral en tres partes: la monástica, que ordena los actos a un fin; la económica, que ordena los actos de la multitud doméstica; y la política, que ordena los actos de la multitud civil.
Handbook of Metaphysics and Ontology. Editado por Hans Burkhardt y Barry Smith; Philosophia Verlag (Analytica); Munich; Philadephia, Vienna. 1991.
Authors: Hurtado Guillermo
Published: October 2016

Handbook of Metaphysics and Ontology. Editado por Hans Burkhardt y Barry Smith; Philosophia Verlag (Analytica); Munich; Philadephia, Vienna. 1991.
Ralph McInerny. Aquinas on Human Action. A Theory of Practice. The Catholic University of America. Washington 1992. 246 pp.
Authors: Rivera José Luis
Published: October 2016

Ralph McInerny. Aquinas on Human Action. A Theory of Practice. The Catholic University of America. Washington 1992. 246 pp.
ZAGAL, HÉCTOR. Retórica, inducción y ciencia en Aristóteles. Publicaciones Cruz O., México, 1993. 412 pp.
Authors: Sepúlveda María
Published: October 2016

ZAGAL, HÉCTOR. Retórica, inducción y ciencia en Aristóteles. Publicaciones Cruz O., México, 1993. 412 pp.
EL MÁS DESGRACIADO
Authors: Guerrero Luis I.
Published: October 2016

El autor comenta la categoría poética en lo estético a partir de la reflexión sobre los personajes femeninos que fueron presa del poder de la seducción: Doña Elvira del DonJuan de Mozart, María Deaumarchais del Clavijode Goethe, y la Cordelia de Juan en El Diario de un Seductor. Estas figuras femeninas, cuya fuerza poética es comparable a las de Antígona, se diferencian por el poder de la seducción, pues en este estadio la patética respuesta femenina no consiste en buscar el olvido y el alivio de la pena, sino en el recuerdo y el dolor de su más valioso tesoro.
Consideraciones en torno a lo ético y lo religioso en Temor y temblor
Authors: Polo Leonardo
Published: October 2016

En este articulo se recoge un breve y elemental análisis del texto kierkegaardiano Temor y Temblor con un particular enfoque hacia las esferas de lo estético, lo ético y lo religioso, preguntándose por una posible interrelación en ellas. Con base en esto, se realizan una serie de anotaciones particulares a los problemas de fondo en la doctrina que ofrece Kierkegaard en esta obra. Dichas observaciones oscilan entre las obras mismas del filósofo danés y lo que la filosofía del lenguaje tendría que decir al respecto. El uso de estas herramientas filosóficas determina para el autor algunos puntos de autoengaño en Kierkegaard y otras inconsistencias en la enunciación del pensamiento religioso desde la perspectiva de Johannes de Silentio frente al mismo Søren Kierkegaard como individuo.
Dialéctica y Libertad
Authors: Aizpún Teresa
Published: October 2016

Espíritu, Libertad y Dialéctica son explicados con frecuencia como si fueran un todo. El movimiento espiritual, a saber, la Libertad, se muestra como proceso dialéctico. Aparentemente, no hay otra solución cuando el Espíritu es concebido como verdad, como la plenitud que le pertenece al Espíritu, pero que no tiene y que debe adquirir. Esto es porque la dialéctica es usualmente entendida como la consecuencia necesaria del axioma: verdad es interioridad, y es por tanto identidad. ¿Y si este axioma fuera falso?
Coincidental Being and Necessity in Aquinas
Authors: Llano Alejandro
Published: October 2016

A primera vista, parecería que la teoría metafísica de Aquino permite un pequeño espacio para la eventualidad; pero la contingencia y la accidentalidad tienen un lugar y alcance importantes en la ontología de santo Tomás, e implica consecuencias influyentes en su teoría de la acción.
Giovanna Borradori: The American Philosopher. Conversations with Quine, Davidson, Putnam, Nozick, Danto, Rorty, Cavell, McIntyre and Kuhn. Transl. by Rosanna Crocitto. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago 1994. 178 pp.
Authors: Rivera José Luis
Published: October 2016

Giovanna Borradori: The American Philosopher. Conversations with Quine, Davidson, Putnam, Nozick, Danto, Rorty, Cavell, McIntyre and Kuhn. Transl. by Rosanna Crocitto. The University of Chicago Press.  Chicago 1994. 178 pp.
Jesús Ballesteros: Ecologismo Personalista. Tecnos. Madrid 1995. 119 pp.
Authors: Castillo Enrique Del
Published: October 2016

Jesús Ballesteros: Ecologismo Personalista. Tecnos. Madrid 1995. 119 pp.
Mauricio Beuchot: El espíritu filosófico medieval, UNAM-Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, México 1994. 219 pp.
Authors: Fernández Héctor Velázquez
Published: October 2016

Mauricio Beuchot: El espíritu filosófico medieval, UNAM-Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, México 1994. 219 pp.
Total Blood Lymphocyte Count Alteration During and after Pregnancy
Authors: Örgül Gökçen , Soyak Burcu , Portakal Oytun , Beksaç Meral , Beksaç M. Sinan
Published: October 2016

Objective: To investigate the impact of gestational changes on blood lymphocyte count in healthy pregnancies. Study Design: This retrospective study is consisted of 108 consecutive normal pregnancies who delivered at our department in December 2015. High-risk pregnancies with poor neonatal outcome and pregnancies with maternal disorders which may affect lymphocyte counts were excluded from the study. “Complete blood count” results of the patients were obtained from the computerized data base system of Hacettepe University Hospital. Blood samples of patients which were withdrawn a) prior to pregnancy (1-6 months before getting pregnant), b) during pregnancy (11-14th gestational weeks) and c) post-partum first day were used in this study.Results: The mean blood lymphocyte count was 2049.07 (±758.69) in patients before their pregnancies. The mean lymphocyte count decreased to 1850.93 and 1625 during pregnancy and after delivery respectively. A statistically significant decrease was found between three periods (before, during, and postpartum 1st day) (p:0.003).Conclusion: We have shown a significant decrease in total lymphocyte levels during pregnancy, consistent with the data presented in the literature. Pregnancy and related hormones have a negative impact on total blood lymphocyte level.
Concept of Mahagad in Ayurveda w.s.r. to Bhagandara (Fistula-In-Ano)
Authors: Nilesh Lahri  , Pol Hemant  , Singh AK  , More Sharda
Published: October 2016

In Samhitas many concepts are explained as Leshokta (incompletely explained) or they have Linartha i.e. concept is not elaborated or proper meaning is difficult to understand. So there is a need to explore such concept to understand the vision of Ayurveda. The term ‘Mahagada’ is used as ‘Visheshana (attribute)’ for few diseases in various Ayurvedic Samhitas. Original Samhitas shows very little information regarding the term ‘Mahagada’. The concept of ‘Mahagada’ is useful to decide prognosis of diseases. Mahagada is a group of diseases having incurability, primarily due to development of complications. The conceptual study shows belief of ancient Ayurvedic Acharyas regarding concept of Mahagada and clinical survey was done to support the concept. On the basis of collected data, efforts were made to throw light on the concept of Mahagada.
Ayurvedic perspective of Cosmetology
Authors: Sumedh Wasnik  , Tanuja Naik  , Anita Ghodke  , Vaibhav Sulakhe
Published: October 2016

Cosmetology deals with various aspect of beauty. Beauty is the quality of being physically attractive, the qualities in a person or a thing that give pleasure to the senses or the mind. It is the quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit. Beauty is the quality present in a thing or person that gives intense pleasure or deep satisfaction to the mind, whether arising from sensory manifestations (as shape, colour, sound, etc.), a meaningful design or pattern, or something else. It pleases the aesthetic senses, especially the sight. Beauty of person gives perceptual experience of pleasure or satisfaction. According to Ayurveda, the concept of beauty includes physical, mental, social and spiritual elements. Ayurveda is the science of health care and healing, works on four levels body, Breath, mind and spirit. When these are in perfect harmony, a person radiates with inner and outer beauty. In fact, the concept of beauty and cosmetics is as old as mankind and civilization. Ama (toxic materials) inside our body make a person ugly and diseased and Sodhana i.e. Panchakarma (purification) is the best therapeutic intervention to eliminate body toxins. Being Ayurveda as a life science and tradition of India, soon India will be the global cosmetic industry’s capital because of advantages of Ayurveda and Ayurvedic medicines.
Aloe Vera – Nature’s Power
Authors: Jyothsna Chowdary Kantam  , Kavita Rai  , Nandan N.
Published: October 2016

Aloe vera is a plant used in various fields like Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Allopathy, Siddha, Unani, cosmetology, dermatology and surprisingly even in dentistry. Aloe vera is richest source of health for humans with various benefits and properties like wound healing, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-septic, anti-helmenthic and anti-oxidant. Aloe vera is used in dentistry as active ingredient in tooth pastes, tooth gels and mouth rinse for plaque control, treatment of various oral lesions, halitosis and gingivitis, as decontaminant in endodontics, in extraction sockets, dental implants and in denture care. This paper gives an overview of aloe vera plant, its ingredients, properties and various therapeutic and dental applications.
Por que a mídia é tão parcial e adversária da minha posição? A hipótese da "hostile media perception"
Authors: Gomes Wilson
Published: October 2016

O trabalho discute o muito disseminado sentimento, que afeta os membros de certos grupos e em certas circunstâncias, de que os meios de comunicação são tendenciosos contra o nosso lado e favorecem o lado adversário, assim como os mecanismos que lhe são subjacentes. Este ensaio tem como foco a sensação, convicção ou opinião, compartilhada por pessoas altamente envolvidas com certos temas ou assuntos, de que os conteúdos e abordagens da mídia são tendenciosos e adversários se e quando incongruentes com o ponto de vista ideológico, político ou religioso do próprio sistema de referências intelectual, moral e afetivo. Para tanto, o artigo resenha os argumentos mais constantes nos quase trinta anos de literatura especializada sobre a “hostile media perception” (HMP), modelo teórico-metodológico importante no campo dos estudos dos efeitos da comunicação, resumindo pontos de vista e apontando direções da pesquisa. 
El movimiento zapatista y sus impactos en la transición democrática y en la conformación de una nueva cultura política democrática en los Indígenas
Authors: Ramírez Zaragoza Miguel Ángel
Published: October 2016

El presente texto aborda algunos aspectos relevantes del movimiento zapatista analizado ensus dos principales vertientes. Por un lado, en su vertiente externa se aborda el impacto que dicho actorcolectivo ha tenido en el proceso de transición democrática del estado mexicano afirmándose que desdesu emergencia pública en 1994 el zapatismo ha sido un factor importante para entender los cambiospolíticos que ha experimentado el régimen con acciones como la Marcha del color de la tierra del 2001 y su capacidad para introducir temas en la agenda política nacional que fueron discutidos por los órganosencargados de tomar las decisiones. Por el otro lado, en su vertiente interna se intenta un análisis delimpacto que las acciones del movimiento han tenido en la participación política de los indígenas basesde apoyo y en las tendencias para la conformación de una cultura política democrática que se materializa en las nuevas estructuras políticas como los Municipios Autónomos Rebeldes Zapatistas y las Juntas de Buen Gobierno. El telón de fondo del artículo es la discusión sobre la democracia que atraviesa las dosvertientes y que tiene como sustento la idea y práctica zapatista del mandar obedeciendo como base de suconcepción de “otra forma de hacer política”.
El aborto en México. Un debate abierto
Authors: Santillán Ramírez Iris Rocío , Tenorio Tagle Fernando
Published: October 2016

El presente trabajo de investigación, aborda el debate en torno a la reciente descriminalizacióndel aborto en la ciudad de México, capital de la República Mexicana, denominado por las leyesvigentes como interrupción legal del embarazo durante las primeras 12 semanas de gestación. Si bien desde la cultura mesoamericana el aborto procurado o consentido fue construido como un delito, los esfuerzos humanistas, especialmente durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, han venido pugnando en todo el mundo, atendiendo a los derechos de las mujeres, a descriminalizar esta práctica social. Pero en realidades como la latinoamericana y especialmente en México, dado el sincretismo cultural con una Europa del sur radicalmente defensora de la moral y práctica del catolicismo renacentista, las reacciones del conservadurismo hoy identificado con la derecha política del país, que además se declara católica,han propiciado modificaciones legislativas en las entidades en donde gobiernan para mantener al abortobajo la amenaza punitiva. Por razones electorales, otras opciones políticas, incluido el PRD partido quegobierna en la ciudad de México, se han vinculado a esa cruzada.
CAKUPAN MENELAN OBAT MASSAL PENCEGAH FILARIASIS
Authors: Alamsyah Agus
Published: October 2016

Filariasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by filarial worms and transmitted by various species of mosquito. One prevention effort through prevention of mass drug administration filariasis. In the implementation of the mass medical treatment in the endemis filariasis , there are still community members who refused to swallow drug deterrent filariasis with a range of conditions and the reason. The aim of study wanted to know the scope and swallow filariasis drug-related foctors in the working area of District Health Clinics Bangko Jaya Unit, Bangko Pusako 2015. Kind of research is a quantitative analysis of cross-sectional observational design conducted in Mei 2015 work region District Health Clinics Bangko Jaya. Sample size of 106 people. Samples were distributed by way of proportional sampling, then taken using a rapid survey method. The results show that not swallow a drug prevens filaria 65,6% and swallow 34,4 %. variables that matter with the deadly drug filariasis, Namely the level of knowledge, gender, Jobs, Side effects of the drug filariasis, Socialization health worker. Puskesmas Bangko Jaya to give information to the entire community with a good strategy and the socialization ofeshek side that is not dangerous, talk with media brochures and banners.
Physicochemically modified peat by thermal and oxidation processes as an active material for purification of wastewaters from certain hazardous pollutants
Authors: Purenovic Jelena , Randjelovic Marjan , Momcilovic Milan , Purenovic Milovan , Stankovic Novica , Andjelkovic Ljiljana
Published: October 2016

The physicochemical modification of peat through thermal and oxidation processes was carried out, in order to obtain new, inexpensive and active material for purification of different types of waters. During the modification, surface chemical compounds of Shilov type were formed. Batch adsorption properties and suitability of physicochemically modified peat (PCMP) for odor removal were tested in aqueous solutions of H2S and colloidal sulphur. Additionally, PCMP was tested in the removal of As(V) which is hazardous ingredient in contaminated waters. Possible mechanisms of pollutants binding include interactions, which lead to formation of adducts and clathrates. All these processes are elucidated in detail. The results showed that the obtained material can be used for the removal of sulphide, colloidal sulphur and As(V) from different types of waters.
Difficulties in diagnosis of tuberculosis without bacteriologic confirmation in a 15-year-old boy from contact with a patient with tuberculosis: A case report
Authors: Kostic Gordana , Medovic Rasa , Markovic Slavica , Raskovic Zorica , Igrutinovic Zoran , Cupurdija Vojislav , Petrovic Marina
Published: October 2016

Introduction. After the contact with a patient suffering from tuberculosis (TB), previously healthy children have 1%?16% possibility to develop the disease. TB diagnosis in children is not easy to confirm so 15%?25% of cases remain undiagnosed. Case report. A 15-yearold- boy was hospitalized with productive cough, pain in the right flank area, fever, and fatigue, loss of appetite and night sweats. One of the boy's uncles was cured of tuberculosis, another uncle had active tuberculosis and both of them were in contact with the boy, but they did not live in the same household. During the physical examination, the child was febrile, with dyspnea, pale, with profuse sweating, debilitate. BCG (Bacillus Calmette ? Gu?rin) scar was present. The auscultatory findings of the lungs showed quiet breathing from the scapula to the right lung base and chest radiography suggested massive right sided pleuropneumonia. The parameters of the inflammation were high and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was not found in the samples of sputum and gastric lavage. Pleural puncture revealed exudative nature in the aspirated fragment. Cytology was nonspecific, the MTB was not found and the planted surfaces on Lowenstein-Jensen remained sterile. Tuberculin skin test (TST) ? Mantoux was positive (+ 10 mm), Interferon Gamma Release Assay (QuantiFERON- TB GOLD In-Tube) was negative. The boy was unsuccessfully treated with broad spectrum antibiotics. By video-assisted thoracoscopy, the pleural tissue clip confirmed the benign chronic granulomatous process, while histochemical staining did not show MTB. The treatment with anti-TB medication led to clinical and radiographic recovery. The boy is now in good general condition, without consequences of the disease. Conclusion. This case report pointed out the importance of risk factors and difficulties in diagnosing TB in children.
The assessment of personality dimensions, tobacco smoking and depression among tretment-seeking male alcoholics
Authors: Mandic-Gajic Gordana , Eror Aleksandar , Pjescic Natasa , Dolic Mirko , Jokovic Danilo , Nikolic Gordana
Published: October 2016

Background/Aim. The co-occurrence of depression and tobacco smoking among treated alcoholics is frequent, but understudied. Some findings suggest that there are some shared etiological factors, but a few clinical researches of personality dimensions among patients with these comorbidities were done. The personality dimensions, the pattern of cigarette use and depression and correlation of personality and depression among inpatient alcoholics were explored. Methods. One hundred primary male inpatient alcoholics were consecutively recruited. The eighty-six of them completed study and were compared with 30 age-matched, healthy male subjects. A semi-structured clinical interview related to sociodemographics, the pattern of cigarette and alcohol use and family history data was applied. According to cut-off on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the alcoholics were divided into depressive and non-depressive subgroups resulting in half of alcoholics in each subgroup. The Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) was completed. Student's t-test for differences and Pearson's test for correlation were used. Results. There were no significant sociodemographic differences between groups. Alcoholics were more frequent smokers (86% vs. 50%). They did not start drinking earlier, but they started smoking earlier, with higher daily cigarettes use than controls. On average, alcoholics had mild depression after detoxification. The personality dimensions did not show differences between groups, except neuroticism. The neuroticism showed significantly higher level among alcoholics vs. controls (12.72 ? 5.19 vs. 5.00 ? 3.36 respectively) and among depressive vs. non-depressive alcoholics (15.07 ? 4.89 vs. 10.37 ? 4.40 respectively). The depression correlated only with neuroticism (r = 0.487, p < 0.001). Conclusions. The majority of detoxified alcoholics were smokers who started smoking earlier, with mild depression and higher neuroticism compared to controls. Our results suggest that the alcoholics with high neuroticism may experience higher depression and may require more intensive integrative treatment.
Cardiac Manifestations of Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy
Authors: Sanon Vani P. , Handelsman Yehuda , Pham Son V. , Chilton Robert
Published: October 2016

IN BRIEF Congenital lipodystrophy is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a near-complete absence of fat cells, hypoleptinemia leading to a voracious appetite, and marked insulin resistance. This article focuses on the known cardiovascular manifestations of patients with congenital lipodystrophy, including cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, and accelerated atherosclerosis arising from a markedly deranged metabolic milieu. Future research that targets leptin deficiency (metreleptin) and apoC3 mRNA (antisense oligonucleotide) could open a window for potential pharmacological treatment of this challenging disorder.
MicroRNAs miR-23a-3p, miR-23b-3p, and miR-149-5p Regulate the Expression of Proapoptotic BH3-Only Proteins DP5 and PUMA in Human Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Grieco Fabio Arturo , Sebastiani Guido , Juan-Mateu Jonas , Villate Olatz , Marroqui Laura , Ladrière Laurence , Tugay Ksenya , Regazzi Romano , Bugliani Marco , Marchetti Piero , Dotta Francesco , Eizirik Décio L.
Published: October 2016

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease leading to β-cell destruction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression and organ formation. They participate in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, but the nature of miRNAs contributing to β-cell death in T1D and their target genes remain to be clarified. We performed an miRNA expression profile on human islet preparations exposed to the cytokines IL-1β plus IFN-γ. Confirmation of miRNA and target gene modification in human β-cells was performed by real-time quantitative PCR. Single-stranded miRNAs inhibitors were used to block selected endogenous miRNAs. Cell death was measured by Hoechst/propidium iodide staining and activation of caspase-3. Fifty-seven miRNAs were detected as modulated by cytokines. Three of them, namely miR-23a-3p, miR-23b-3p, and miR-149-5p, were downregulated by cytokines and selected for further studies. These miRNAs were found to regulate the expression of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins DP5 and PUMA and consequent human β-cell apoptosis. These results identify a novel cross talk between a key family of miRNAs and proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in human pancreatic β-cells, broadening our understanding of cytokine-induced β-cell apoptosis in early T1D.
Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Reduced Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity Measured by 31P-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Participants Without Diabetes From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Authors: Fabbri Elisa , Chia Chee W. , Spencer Richard G. , Fishbein Kenneth W. , Reiter David A. , Cameron Donnie , Zane Ariel C. , Moore Zenobia A. , Gonzalez-Freire Marta , Zoli Marco , Studenski Stephanie A. , Kalyani Rita R. , Egan Josephine M. , Ferrucci Luigi
Published: October 2016

Whether individuals with insulin resistance (IR) but without criteria for diabetes exhibit reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity is unclear; addressing this question could guide research for new therapeutics. We investigated 248 participants without diabetes from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) to determine whether impaired mitochondrial capacity is associated with prediabetes, IR, and duration and severity of hyperglycemia exposure. Mitochondrial capacity was assessed as the postexercise phosphocreatine recovery time constant (τPCr) by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, with higher τPCr values reflecting reduced capacity. Prediabetes was defined using the American Diabetes Association criteria from fasting and 2-h glucose measurements. IR and sensitivity were calculated using HOMA-IR and Matsuda indices. The duration and severity of hyperglycemia exposure were estimated as the number of years from prediabetes onset and the average oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-h glucose measurement over previous BLSA visits. Covariates included age, sex, body composition, physical activity, and other confounders. Higher likelihood of prediabetes, higher HOMA-IR, and lower Matsuda index were associated with longer τPCr. Among 205 participants with previous OGTT data, greater severity and longer duration of hyperglycemia were independently associated with longer τPC. In conclusion, in individuals without diabetes a more impaired mitochondrial capacity is associated with greater IR and a higher likelihood of prediabetes.
Metformin Suppresses Diabetes-Accelerated Atherosclerosis via the Inhibition of Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission
Authors: Wang Qilong , Zhang Miao , Torres Gloria , Wu Shengnan , Ouyang Changhan , Xie Zhonglin , Zou Ming-Hui
Published: October 2016

Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug that exerts cardiovascular protective effects in patients with diabetes. How metformin protects against diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases remains poorly understood. Here, we show that metformin abated the progression of diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis by inhibiting mitochondrial fission in endothelial cells. Metformin treatments markedly reduced mitochondrial fragmentation, mitigated mitochondrial-derived superoxide release, improved endothelial-dependent vasodilation, inhibited vascular inflammation, and suppressed atherosclerotic lesions in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic ApoE−/− mice. In high glucose–exposed endothelial cells, metformin treatment and adenoviral overexpression of constitutively active AMPK downregulated mitochondrial superoxide, lowered levels of dynamin-related protein (Drp1) and its translocation into mitochondria, and prevented mitochondrial fragmentation. In contrast, AMPK-α2 deficiency abolished the effects of metformin on Drp1 expression, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE−/−/AMPK-α2−/− mice, indicating that metformin exerts an antiatherosclerotic action in vivo via the AMPK-mediated blockage of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Consistently, mitochondrial division inhibitor 1, a potent and selective Drp1 inhibitor, reduced mitochondrial fragmentation, attenuated oxidative stress, ameliorated endothelial dysfunction, inhibited inflammation, and suppressed atherosclerosis in diabetic mice. These findings show that metformin attenuated the development of atherosclerosis by reducing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission in an AMPK-dependent manner. Suppression of mitochondrial fission may be a therapeutic approach for treating macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes.
Un médicament « monstrueux » : débats publics et couverture médiatique de la tragédie de la thalidomide au Canada, 1961–1963
Authors: Baillargeon Denyse , Commend Susanne
Published: October 2016

Cet article s'attarde au drame de la thalidomide qui a frappé le Canada en 1962. S'appuyant sur divers documents d'archives, y compris des lettres envoyées au ministre fédéral de la Santé par des citoyens et citoyennes, et sur la couverture de la tragédie par les médias, il cherche principalement à analyser les débats que la naissance des bébés phocomèles ont provoqués afin de mieux cerner la conception que les sociétés canadienne et québécoise se faisaient des personnes handicapées au début des années 1960. Inspirée de la grille de classification développée par la philosophe française Marie-Claire Cagnolo au sujet des « logiques » qui ont présidé au traitement de ces personnes à travers l'histoire, l'étude conclut qu'une « logique séparatiste d'élimination » s'est alors clairement manifestée, en même temps qu'une « logique paternaliste de réparation » se faisait jour, mais sans que n'apparaisse une « logique sociétale d'intégration » qui aurait exigé de considérer le sort de tous les enfants handicapés, et pas seulement des bébés thalidomidiens, comme ce fut le cas.
Tackling Shell Shock in Great War Oxford: Thomas Saxty Good, William McDougall, and James Arthur Hadfield
Authors: Stewart John
Published: October 2016

Shell shock was an important object of diagnostic and therapeutic concern in Oxford during the Great War. The efforts of three Oxford physicians – Thomas Saxty Good, William McDougall, and James Arthur Hadfield – are of particular significance to our story. All worked on the problem at various sites throughout the city. They often collaborated. All were committed to employing innovative techniques such as psychotherapy and hypnosis. Each rose, to differing extents, to prominence in the field of psychological medicine during the succeeding decades. Yet all have been neglected in the current historiography. I argue that a close examination of their practices reveals a curious combination of therapeutic pragmatism and psychoanalytically informed techniques that later helped inform clinical psychology's challenge to psychiatry's dominance over the concept and care of mental disorder.
Reconfiguring the Parkinson's Personality in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Porter Dorothy
Published: October 2016

This article explores the historical construction of a bio-psychological model of a pre-diagnostic Parkinson's Disease Personality. The essay interrogates the historically situated value-laden assumptions about character traits thought to be correlated with neuro-molecular variations measured in the brain. The epistemological security of the bio-psychological model is examined in the light of patients' own interpretations of their cognitive experiences of creativity, and the meaning of their feeling “emergent” as contrasted to the experience of a static human existence.
The Currency of Consciousness: Neurology, Specialization, and the Global Practices of Medicine
Authors: Casper Stephen T.
Published: October 2016

This article explores the formation of a global community of neurologists between 1918 and 1970. Relying chiefly upon documents located in Anglo-American archives, its argument follows a narrative from money to memory, and posits that this global community of neurologists formed not out of a shared science and medicine of the nervous system, but out of shared dispositions in tastes, values, and culture. The localism and heterogeneity of the science and medicine of the nervous system was in fact so pronounced that neurologists – especially when they worked as “global citizens” – were forced to focus upon their superficial commonalities rather than examine local distinctions. This avoidance of a direct effort to define the content of neurology – or at least to confront their differences – exercised a peculiar influence on the specialty. Neurologists and their “official memory” became negotiated, and even imagined constructs. Consequently, these diverse cultures were ultimately subordinated to dominant economic interests.
Hospitals of Rome in the Early Nineteenth Century: The Apostolic Visit of 1825
Authors: Duffin Jacalyn
Published: October 2016

Pope Leo XII marked the 1825 Jubilee by visiting the hospitals of Rome. Italy was recovering from the French invasion that had disrupted social and religious structures. The Visitors investigated conditions, and recommended changes. By 1826, eight large hospitals were ordered to unite, but, three years later, the order was rescinded. Based on the Visit's mostly unexamined records in the Vatican Secret Archives, hospital registers, and minutes of the governing council held in the Archivio di Stato di Roma, this paper reconstructs the network of Rome's hospitals in the early 19th century. It also compares Roman hospitals to its Parisian counterparts, especially with respect to governance and education. Finally, it examines the merger as an early example of a practice that remains vibrant (if controversial) today.
Arthur Kronfeld's Psychological Approach to Neuropsychiatry: Philosophical Pretensions or Epistemological Perspicacity?
Authors: Abu Ghazal Yazan
Published: October 2016

Arthur Kronfeld (1886–1941) was a major representative of the psychological approach to psychiatry during the interwar period. In his major work from 1930, Perspectives on Nervous and Mental Diseases (Perspektiven der Seelenheilkunde), Kronfeld developed a psychological analysis of the structure of intentionality underlying psychotic manifestations. Yet even though some consider Kronfeld to be perhaps the most outstanding theoretician of psychological psychiatry, psychiatrists from the 1930s to the present day have manifested a peculiar reluctance to deal with the concept of intentionality. This article will illustrate Kronfeld's scientific individuality through a survey of some important aspects of his biography, his philosophical background, and his psychiatric work.
Lithium posttreatment confers neuroprotection through glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition in intracerebral hemorrhage rats
Authors: Zheng Jian , Liu Zhen , Li Weishan , Tang Jiaxin , Zhang Dongwei , Tang Xiaobo
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIVE

Inflammation and apoptosis are two key factors contributing to secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lithium posttreatment on behavior, brain atrophy, inflammation, and perihematomal cell death. Furthermore, the authors aimed to determine the role of the pro-apoptotic glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) after experimental ICH.

METHODS

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 108) were subjected to intracerebral infusion of semicoagulated autologous blood. Window of opportunity and dose optimization studies of lithium on ICH-induced injury were performed by measuring neurological deficits. Animals with ICH received vehicle administration or lithium posttreatment (60 mg/kg) for up to 21 days. Hemispheric atrophy was evaluated. Perihematomal cell death was quantified through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL). The number of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive neutrophils and OX42-positive microglia in the perihematomal areas were calculated. Western blotting was used for the quantification of GSK-3β, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65), and cy-clooxygenase-2 (COX-2).

RESULTS

Lithium, at a dose of 60 mg/kg initiated from 2 hours after injury, exhibited the best effects of improving neurological outcomes 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after ICH, reduced the hemispheric atrophy at 42 days after surgery, and reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells, MPO-positive neutrophils, and OX42-positive microglia in the perihematomal areas. Furthermore, lithium posttreatment modulated GSK-3β, increased HSP70, and decreased NF-κB p65 and COX-2 expression in the ipsilateral hemisphere.

CONCLUSIONS

Lithium posttreatment at a dose of 60 mg/kg, initiated beginning 2 hours after injury, improves functional and morphological outcomes, and inhibits inflammation and perihematomal cell death in a rat model of semicoagulated autologous blood ICH through inactivation of GSK-3β.
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor–γ by a 12/15-lipoxygenase product of arachidonic acid: a possible neuroprotective effect in the brain after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Xu Ruobing , Wang Shu , Li Weishan , Liu Zhen , Tang Jiaxin , Tang Xiaobo
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIVE

In this study, the authors investigated the involvement of 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE) in the regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor–γ (PPARγ) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and its effects on hemorrhage-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in an experimental rodent model.

METHODS

To simulate ICH in a rat model, the authors injected autologous whole blood into the right striatum of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The distribution and expression of 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, respectively. Immunofluorescent double labeling was used to study the cellular localization of 12/15-LOX, and 15(S)-HETE was measured with a 15(S)-HETE enzyme immunoassay kit. Neurological deficits in the animals were assessed through behavioral testing, and apoptotic cell death was determined with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated biotinylated dUTP nick-end labeling.

RESULTS

Rats with ICH had increased expression of 12/15-LOX predominantly in neurons and also in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Moreover, ICH elevated production of 15(S)-HETE in the brain area ipsilateral to the blood injection. The PPARγ agonist, exogenous 15(S)-HETE, significantly increased PPARγ protein levels and increased PPARγ-regulated gene (i.e., catalase) expression in the ICH rats. Reduced expression of the gene for the proinflammatory protein nuclear factor κB coincided with decreased neuron damage and improved functional recovery from ICH. A PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, reversed the effects of exogenous 15(S)-HETE on the PPARγ-regulated genes.

CONCLUSIONS

The induction of 15(S)-HETE during simulated ICH suggests generation of endogenous signals of neuroprotection. The effects of exogenous 15(S)-HETE on brain hemorrhage–induced inflammatory responses and oxidative stress might be mediated via PPARγ.
Blunt prenatal trauma resulting in fetal epidural or subdural hematoma: case report and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Joseph Jacob R. , Smith Brandon W. , Garton Hugh J. L.
Published: October 2016

Blunt prenatal trauma is known to have consequences to the developing brain, and can result in subdural hematoma (SDH) or epidural hematoma (EDH). The authors present a case of blunt prenatal trauma resulting in a fetal SDH, intraparenchymal hematoma, and intraventricular hemorrhage, and perform a systematic review of the literature. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Relevant studies (up to April 2016) that reported on cases of fetal SDH or EDH after blunt prenatal trauma were identified from the PubMed database. The primary outcome was fetal mortality, and the secondary outcome was neurological outcome. Fourteen studies were included in the analysis, comprising a total of 14 patients including the present case. The average gestational age at discovery of hemorrhage was 30.1 weeks. Nine mothers were in a motor vehicle collision and 3 were assaulted; the mechanism of injury for 2 mothers was not defined. Twelve patients had SDH, 1 had EDH, and 1 had conflicting reports. Three patients had intrauterine fetal demise, and 3 died in the neonatal period after birth. Three patients had persistent neurological deficit, and 5 were neurologically intact. Fetal SDH or EDH after blunt trauma to the mother trauma is rare and is associated with mortality. However, a significant number of patients can have good neurological outcomes.
Differences in the Use of Foraging Grounds by Greylag Goose Anser Anser and White-fronted Goose Anser Albifrons at a Spring Stopover Site
Authors: Polakowski Michałt , Kasprzykowski Zbigniew
Published: October 2016

Climate conditions may determine the foraging strategy of migratory birds at spring stopovers. For geese, this period is a crucial time for acquiring energy to fuel onward migration and ensure future breeding success. Our study, analysing the influence of weather factors on numbers of geese and foraging sites, was conducted in the Biebrza Basin (northeastern Poland) during the spring migration period in 2007–2013, when a total of 116 counts were carried out. A total of 741,865 White-fronted Geese and 20,871 Greylag Geese were counted. Numbers of geese differed among habitat types; Greylag Geese used arable lands more frequently than White-fronted Geese, which in turn preferred grasslands. Two climate factors affected numbers of the latter: the impact of mean 10-day temperature was positive but that of snowfall was negative. Neither of these factors affected the former. We conclude that changeable climate conditions in the temperate climatic zone may force a more flexible response in terms of habitat use during stopovers from short-distance migrants like Greylag Geese than from longer-distance migrants like White-fronted Geese.