bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multimedia Cutting Database of PCBN Tools
Authors: Liu Xian Li , Zhao X.H. , Liu Yi Zhi , Wang Yi Wen , Jiang S.H.
Published: March 2009

In order to realize general management of PCBN tool multimedia information, this paper
set up multimedia cutting database of PCBN tool on the platform of Visual Basic, mainly applied
database interface technology of Visual Basic and database management system of Microsoft SQL
Server 2000. Aimed at the characteristic of large video data, handling relative path was brought
forward as a method. Practice proved that handling relative path could realize all functions the
database needed, and increase system running speed, general management of PCBN tool
information under different machining conditions was realized.
Study on Network Process System of Engine
Authors: Dong Li Hua , Huang Jian , Xing X.H. , Wang L.G.
Published: March 2009

Network manufacturing, with the development of network economy, is advanced
manufacturing mode. It’s applied widely. The engine manufacturing process of advanced motor
company is studied and analyzed in this paper. The network system of engine manufacturing
process is designed, which is based on the platform of .NET and SQL Server database. The
network manufacturing of engine is realized. It reduces production cost and improves company’s
core competitiveness. Carrying out the system’s parted purview management, it’s safe and
credible.
A Structured Approach for Iron & Steel Manufacture Processing Equipment Innovation
Authors: Liu Yong Mou , Zhang Qing Quan , Yao Jin
Published: March 2009

This article focuses on a case study, described in the following description, concerning a
novel design for a hardening shop for universal mill heavy rail. The case offers a comparison
between traditional un-structured creativity methods and the systematic process offered by CAI
software. And it also described a structured approach for manufacture process equipment
innovation.
Modeling of High Speed End Mills Based on Simulation of Dynamic Cutting Forces and Safety Prediction
Authors: Jiang Bin , Zheng Min Li , Ma H.Z. , Huang Yu Juan
Published: March 2009

This study investigated the model and simulation of dynamic cutting forces for high
speed end mills, performed frequency spectrum analysis of dynamic cutting forces, and propounded
the model and failure criterion of high speed end mills with indexable inserts. According to results
of modal analysis and stress field analysis, the safety prediction and experiment of high speed end
mills for machining aluminum alloy were done. Results indicate that more teeth of cutter and
greater cutting contact angle make the energy more dispersible, higher cutting speed and greater
rake of cutter can depress dynamic cutting forces. The rigidity failure rotational speed is higher the
strength failure rotational speed, the connection strength between cutter body and screw bolt affects
directly the safety of cutter. The model of high speed end mills based on spectrum simulation for
dynamic cutting forces, and the safety prediction based on finite element analysis should be applied
to the development of high speed end mills as an effective means.
Study on Machining Error Propagation for Multistage Processes
Authors: Liu D.Y. , Jiang Ping Yu , Guo L.
Published: March 2009

Digital action mechanism of machining error propagation has been a hot research topic in recent years. A complicated machining system usually contains multiple stages. Basing on analyzing digital behaviors of machining process flow, a methodology of machining error monitoring and control is put forward, which is based on dynamic programming. Under this framework, state of machining feature is described with vector matrices, and then differential transition matrices are used to represent the influences of error sources on machining feature quality of workpiece. Basing on this, a general error propagation equation is derived. At last, an example of a three-stage machining processes is presented to illustrate the proposed methodology.
Experimental Research on Polishing Spot of Bonnet Polishing
Authors: Song J.F. , Yao Ying Xue , Xie D.G. , Gao Bo
Published: March 2009

A new optical manufacturing technology called bonnet polishing has been developed
over last decade. During bonnet polishing, the puffed bonnet is flexible and self-reacting against the
surface configuration of optical parts. So the same polishing tool can be used in machining the
optical parts with different curvature. The mechanism of the bonnet polishing is described in this
paper firstly. Since the optical workpiece has been polished in the “polishing spot”, the bonnet
polishing experiments have been accomplished on the trial-manufacturing machine to study the
effect of technological parameters on the size and shape of “polishing spot” and the material
removal rate of optical workpiece. At last, the material removal rules of the bonnet polishing have
been given in the paper.
Explicit Analysis on Temperature Field of 3D Laser Forming of Square Metal Sheet to Spherical Dome
Authors: Yang Li Jun , Wang Yang
Published: March 2009

Laser forming is a technique of using the energy from a laser beam to modify and adjust the curvature of sheet metals or hard materials. 2-dimention (2D) laser forming can reasonably accurately control bend angles with various materials. To advance this process further for realistic forming applications in a manufacturing industry, it is necessary to consider larger scale controlled 3-dimention (3D) laser forming. On the base of mechanism of 2D laser forming, the deformation mainly depends on the temperature gradient between upper and bottom surface of sheet metal. The work presented in this paper shows that the temperature field of using the spider scanning path to transform the thin square sheet to spherical dome by 3D laser forming. The explicit thermal analysis on 3D laser forming is shown in the article. This paper discusses the interaction between moving laser beam and sheet, the varied temperature field on the sheet during laser scanning. In order to give the verification on the results of simulation, the correlative experiment has progressed and the results of experiments are in accord with the simulation.
Petri Net Models for Assembly Sequences Planning
Authors: Fu Y.L. , Li R. , Feng H.B. , Ma Y.L.
Published: March 2009

Assembly sequences can be represented by a Petri net(PN) which characterizes dynamic
system changes and provides a tool for obtaining optimal assembly sequences. In this study some
assembly operation constraints are considered in order to obtain more practical sequences which are
conformed to real situations. In order to enhancing the efficiency of the assembly sequence
planning, knowledge-based Petri net, combining an usual Petri net with expert’s knowledge and
experiences, is proposed to construct the assembly model. With the complexity of the product, the
product’s assembly model size will be too large to analysis. So the basic subnets are used to reduce
the large PN. And the reduced version can be used for the analysis of the original PN. To verify the
validity and efficiency of the approach, a variety of assemblies including some complicated
products from industry are tested, and the corresponding results are also presented.
Conceptual Design and Simulating Research Based on Virtual Prototype Technology for Parallel Machine Tool (PMT)
Authors: Guo Xu Wei , Wang Z.X. , Wang L.Q.
Published: March 2009

A design process of PMT virtual conceptual design is put forward, and a design platform
of PKM virtual prototype is developed based on ADAMS; By analyzing topological structure and
classifying the functional module of the existing PMTs, a modular component base are built. The
management of component base and virtual assembly of PMT are realized. A method to analyze
kinematic properties of parallel mechanism is introduced by taking screw theory as guidance and
taking virtual prototype technology as verifying tool. With the method, DOFs of parallel mechanism
are vividly depicted and rationalities of actuation scheme are judged.
Clustering and Rough Set-Based Knowledge Discovery for Product Family Planning
Authors: Zhou C.J. , Lin Z.H.
Published: March 2009

Product family planning has received much attention from both academia and industries. It aims at incorporating customers’ needs into design elements of product family. The main challenger for product family planning originates from difficulties in mapping customer needs to product family specifications. This paper intends to develop a method to improve the mapping process by reusing knowledge from purchased products according to the satisfied customer needs. A knowledge discovery model for product family planning is proposed, where clustering is adopted to partition the purchased products so that commonality of product family could be effectively addressed and rough set is employed to extract the more concise decision rules. A case study of air condition is reported to illustrate the feasibility of proposed approach and associated algorithms.
Cutting Parameters Optimization for Constant Cutting Force in Milling
Authors: Zhao Hang , Li Jian Guang , Yao Ying Xue , Liu Chang Qing
Published: March 2009

Due to cutting parameters playing an important role in machining economics and machining qualities, much attention has been paid to select optimum cutting parameters. In this paper, cutting parameters optimization for constant cutting force was discussed based-on virtual machining comprehensively. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used to seek for the optimal spindle speed and feed rate. The framework of virtual machining based cutting parameters optimization was established. Then two controlled experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of cutting parameters optimization both with physical cutting and computer simulation. The results of experiments show that machining process with constant cutting force can be achieved via cutting parameters optimization based on virtual machining.
The Controller of Vision Detecting Instrument for Steel Ball Surface Quality Based on DSP
Authors: Wang P. , Liu Yi Zhi , Liu D.L. , Wu Chun Ya , Liu Xian Li
Published: March 2009

The detecting instrument for surface quality of steel ball bases on embedded control
system and image detection technique, and is applied to detect surface defect region of steel ball in
bearing. Its control system requires excellent real-time character and control accuracy. This paper
puts forward a new design for controller of detecting instrument. We adopted TMS320LF2407A
which produced by company TI as main processor, and integrated CPLD to develop an embedded
controller. We used the Ziegler–Nichols tuning methods to get PID control and designed hardware
circuit. We realized the function of correlative logic elements through programming, and
constructed an embedded multitask operating system based on the transplant of μC/OS-II on
TMS320LF2407A. It solved problems about intricate structure and bad real-time character existed
in traditional control module. The result of simulation and experiment indicates that this control
system satisfied excellently the requirement of high speed and real-time image detection.
An Integrated Approach for the Realization of the Real-Time Control in Electro-Hydraulic Servo System
Authors: Zhao Y. , Cong D.C. , Han Jun Wei
Published: March 2009

In industrial practice, for the designers and researchers of the electro-hydraulic servo
system, it is desirable to boost the reliability of controllers, to shorten the design cycle of control
algorithms, to simplify the modification of control algorithms during experiments and to shorten
training period for operators. In this paper, we present a new, complete and integrated method based
on the rapid control prototyping for the real-time digital control applied in electro-hydraulic servo
system. The approach uses a collection of tools that include both software (LabVIEW and Matlab)
and hardware (a host industrial computer and a target developed digital signal processor controller).
An application example of the methodology, synchronous loading test system based on artificial
neural networks, completes the discussion about the performance of the designed system.
Research of the Static Balance for Spherical Rotor
Authors: Zhang H.B. , Zhou L. , Yao Ying Xue
Published: March 2009

For spherical rotor of gyroscope and some other high speed rotor, static balance is
important. The paper introduces a static balance method for spherical rotor: the position of the
spherical rotor is fixed by the use of the special clamp apparatus, and then determines the unbalance
mass using the electronic balance. This method has no strict requirement to the clamp’s symmetry
and dimension and locating precision of the locating hole. The balance precision only depends on
the precision of the electronic balance and shape error of the clamp’s locating surface, which makes
the balance method has high precision and preferable operability.
Development of a Self-Feedback Adjustment Piezoelectric Ceramic Power Supply
Authors: Zhou L. , Liu Qiang , Yao Ying Xue
Published: March 2009

A piezoelectric ceramic power supply with self-feedback adjustment was developed
according to piezoelectric ceramic driver’s characteristic. It uses multi dc voltages connected in
series as the high voltage supply circuit, and has many advantages, such as small ripple, high
precision, high driving capability, quick response and so on.
The Research on the Designs of Optimal Contract when Carrying on Technical Transactions
Authors: Sheng Y.X. , Yang W.G.
Published: March 2009

This article utilizes the game theory of the complete information condition and incomplete information condition equilibrium as well as the operation research optimization knowledge, carries on the analysis to the technical transaction of optimal contracts design question, under each kind of situation, in view of the different situation, design each kind of different optimal contracts, thus to do business, both sides both can accept them.
The Parallel-Chain in the Machining-Process-Dimension-Chain and Application
Authors: Li Kai Ling , Wang Zhen Ya , Li Jian Feng , Geng Jing
Published: March 2009

This article studies the two-ring-dimension-chain and the parallel connection dimension
chain (simply named parallel-chain) in the machining-process-dimension-chain (MDC) and
introduces their existence, and decisive position in calculating the tolerance and deviation of all
kinds of process dimensions in machining process and concludes a basic idea to find a solution to
them, and distribution of their tolerance and deviation. The calculating and analysis method
contributes to provide a general solution to solve the dimensions in machining process. A computer
aided calculating (CAC) method for the MDC in CAPP applying the MDC theory is introduced,
and makes the defining and analyzing of the machining process dimension more easily, fast and
practically.
Non-Contact Measuring Modeling and Simulation of CNC Machine Tools under High Feed Rate Condition
Authors: Wang X.S. , Yang Jian Guo
Published: March 2009

This article sets forth a new precision measurement method of CNC machine tools. The
method incorporates the laser interferometer and the measurement principle of the double ball bar
(DBB), and can measure the machine tool precision under the high feed rate condition. The
generalized measurement model of three-axis has been built. Data analysis software is developed to
simulate the run condition of machine tools. The repeatable experiment results proves that the
method is feasible and its precision is higher than DBB`s.
Inequi-Diameter Milling of Gear Indexing Cam and Computer Aided NC Programming
Authors: Guo Pei Quan , Huang Chuan Zhen , Wang W. , Fan N.
Published: March 2009

According to the analysis of engagement between indexing roller and cam contour as
gear indexing cam mechanism operating and milling process as contour being machined, three
kinds of surfaces, cam’s contour, the surface swept by roller’s axis during engagement and the
surface swept by cutter’s axis in milling process, are equidistant surfaces. Based on isometric
theory, the approaches to determine tool path and to calculate NC program coordinates for
inequi-diameter milling have been developed. The architecture of computer aided programming
software for inequi-diameter milling was illustrated. Practical example of inequi-diameter milling
NC codes was presented. In inequi-milling process, NC program can be updated to adapt the change
of cutter diameter in time. So, cutter’s life can be prolonged, the cost of cutter can be cut down.
Compaction Structure Designing of New Vane-Hydraulic Motor and Calculating the Angle of Pressure
Authors: Cao Jian , Dong Y.L. , Xu H.G. , Zhang Q.H.
Published: March 2009

This paper analyzes the compaction structure of New Vane-Hydraulic Motor, design and
calculates the parameter of spring which is used at the bottom of the vane; it also calculates the
actual pressure angle which is operated between the vane and the stator in order to find a method to
diminish the size of pressure angle.
Tolerance Optimal Design System Development and Application Based on UG Quick Stack Module
Authors: Cao Shu Kun , Li Zhao Qian , Gao Qing , Xu Jing
Published: March 2009

Computer-aided design tolerances (CADT) technology got far behind the CAD, CAPP,
CAM etc, although there are many commercial tolerance software, but the tolerance optimal design
still can’t be completed, which seriously affects the CAX technology's integral roles. Based on the
tolerance computation function of the UG Quick Stack module, this paper accomplishes the product
assembly relation modeling, tolerance distribution, locked circle calculation and so on, achieves the
optimal design tolerance of whole product.
State Recognition Technology and Application on Milling Tool Wear
Authors: Xu Chuang Wen , Chen Hua Ling , Liu Z.
Published: March 2009

A new method of state recognition of milling tool wear was presented based on time
series analysis and fuzzy cluster analysis. After calculating, verifying liberation signal of tool state,
and analyzing cutoff property, trailing property, periodicity of the sample autocorrelation function
and partial autocorrelation function as well as estimating parameter of model. It can be decided that
dynamic data serial is suit AR(p) (autoregression) model. Taking p equal to 12 as a feature vector
extraction, based on the fuzzy cluster analysis the similarity relation between the feature vector of
the tool working state and the sample feature vector was obtained. Working state of tool wear was
determined according to the similarity relation of feature vector. This method was used to recognize
initial wear state, normal wear state and acute wear state of milling tool. The result indicates that
this method of tool wear recognition based on time series analysis and fuzzy cluster is effective.
An Intelligent Optimization Controller for a Non-Linear System: Application to an Injection Molding Machine
Authors: Liang J.M.
Published: March 2009

The injection molding process has been well-known non-linear complex dynamics and
the approach extensively applied manual control and rely on experienced engineers. An intelligent
optimization controller has been designed with two series neural networks and the multi-losses
function has been proven can automatically adjust the machine setting overcome the complex
dynamics to upgrade part’s quality and reduce experienced engineers. The proposed method has
shown promising future for expediting the on-line process parameter tuning work to other
complicate non-linear system in the future.
Survey on the Design and Planning of Cable Harness Assemblies in Electromechanical Products
Authors: Yan Jing , Zuo Dun Wen , Jiao Guang Ming , Li J.P.
Published: March 2009

Cable harnesses are essential assembly components that provide the electrical
interconnectivity between different modules within a electromechanical product. The design and
planning of cable harness assembly is a very complicated, time-consuming and key problem.
Currently the design and manufacture of cable harness assembly have remained a labor intensive
process. In this paper firstly the published academic in the design and planning of cable harness is
reviewed. Then on the basis of analysis, its development orientations are proposed including CAD
technologies, artificial intelligence, virtual reality and three-dimensional visual assembly.
Position Control System Design and Low Speed Analysis of the Three-Axis Simulator
Authors: Cao Jian , Dong Y.L. , Xu H.G. , Cui G.Z.
Published: March 2009

The main objective of this article is the design of the equipment with three-axis simulator
which is driven by the Brushless DC torque motor. In the paper, We also analyze the aspects that
affect the character of the low speed performance of the simulator. Given the character of the torque
interruption, we apply the compound control strategy to compensate the interruption in the position
servo system. It was found that the simulation results proved that the application of the compound
control for counteracting the interruption could improve the capability to counter the interruption
outside the system, and it also enhance the characteristics of the low speed to become well from the
study of the simulation of the system.
Finite Element Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of High-Speed Motorized Spindle
Authors: Lu Y. , Yao Ying Xue , Xie W.Z.
Published: March 2009

High speed machining is a promising technology for significantly increasing productivity and reducing production costs. Development of high-speed spindle technology is strategically critical to the implementation of high speed machining. Compared to conventional spindles, and motorized spindles are equipped with built-in motors for better power transmission and balance to achieve high-speed operation. However, the built-in motor introduces additional mass to the spindle shaft, besides, since its very high working speed, some high-speed rotational effects, including centrifugal forces and gyroscopic moments on the spindle shaft can not be neglected in the analysis as is done in conventional spindle, thus complicating its mechanical-dynamic behaviors. In this paper, the FEM model of motorized spindle is set up to research on its dynamic characteristics in theory with an eye to high-speed rotational effects, including centrifugal forces and gyroscopic moments on the motorized spindle shaft. The motorized spindle’s natural frequencies and corresponding vibration shapes are got through the modal analysis, and the effect of the axial preload on the natural frequency is programmed to be seen clearly.
The Investigations of Tool Wear and Wear Mechanism with Water Vapor as Coolants and Lubricants in Green Cutting
Authors: Liu Jun Yan , Han Rong Di , Wang Yang
Published: March 2009

In machining, coolants and lubricants improve machinability, increase productivity by reducing the tool wear and extend the tool life. However, the use of cutting fluid in metal working may seriously degrade the quality of environment. Green cutting is becoming increasingly more popular due to concern regarding the safety of the environment and operator health. The experimental investigations were carried out with cemented carbide tool in turning ANSI 304 stainless steel and applications of water vapor, CO2, O2 as coolants and lubricants. The application of water vapor as coolants and lubricants allowed extending tool life. The catalysis chemical reaction have been generated between water molecules (H2O), oxygen atoms (O) of water vapor and fresh metal surface of tool-chip contact region, and multi-dimension metal oxidations which has been formed in tool-chip contact zone weakened mutual action between tool bulk material and chip.
Grey Theory Approach to Sequential Turbocharged Diesel Engine
Authors: Zhang Peng Qi , Du Jian Wei , Wang Yin Yan
Published: March 2009

In order to ensure diesel engine operating reliably, need to forecast the performance parameters of diesel engine. Grey system theory, a method to research poor information and uncertain system, was approached to sequential turbocharged diesel engine. Grey forecast model of boost pressure of sequential turbocharged diesel engine was established. The precision of the forecast model was inspected by grey relation analysis, it is proved that the model has a good precision and is suitable to forecasting boost pressure. The relatively error of the forecast result is 2.5%. And it establishes the base for forecasting control and failure prediction of diesel engine sequential turbocharging system.
Research on Transformation Engineering BOM into Manufacturing BOM Based on BOP
Authors: Xu H.C. , Xu X.F. , He T.
Published: March 2009

In the production management as well as in the information technology that supports it,
automatically transforming engineering BOM(EBOM) into manufacturing BOM(MBOM) is the
key problem of integrating product design system with production planning system. A method of
quickly, accurately and automatically transforming EBOM into MBOM based on the bill of
process(BOP) is developed. The strict formal definitions of EBOM, MBOM, BOP and the
transformation rules of product structures, lead-times and process routines are presented. Based on
those, an algorithm of automatically transforming EBOM into MBOM is proposed. Finally, a case
from practice of this transformation method in an electric machinery manufacturing enterprise
indicates its effectiveness and feasibility.
An Error Analysis into the Use of Regular Targets and Target Detection in Image Analysis for Impact Engineering
Authors: Jumpasut Arin , Petrinic Nik , Elliott Ben C.F. , Siviour Clive R. , Arthington Matthew R.
Published: March 2009

This study concentrates on the use of corners targets for photogrammetry in impact
engineering. An example of high speed experimentation is presented and the associated difficulties
are discussed. The relevant corner detection methods that have been implemented and developed are
investigated and their accuracy assessed. This study focuses solely upon the effect of blurring on the
accuracy of the detection methods; it is part of a much wider investigation into the use and accuracy
of different targets and target detection methods for photogrammetry in impact engineering. A set of
tests has been performed and the errors between the true position of the corner and the detected
position are compared.
Strain Sensing with Nanoscale Carbon Fiber – Epoxy Composites
Authors: Kempel Florian , Schlarb Alois K.
Published: March 2009

To study the electrical behavior of nanoscale carbon fibers (NCF)/epoxy nanocomposites
under mechanical load, NCF/epoxy materials were produced using different mechanical dispersion
methods like pearl mill and three roll mill. Various preliminary mechanical tests with simultaneous
resistance measurements have been conducted. The influence of the filler content, the dispersion
quality and the filler geometry on the electrical properties of NCF/epoxy composites was
investigated as a function of the mechanical loading. The strain sensitivity strongly depended on the
filler content and the filler geometry. In cyclic loading tests at low strains the resistance showed a
reversible and linear behaviour. At higher strains irreversible resistance changes were observed. In
addition, the specific surface resistance corresponded even during unloading with the highest strain
level applied so far. This indicates the potential of NCFs/epoxy nanocomposites to monitor the
loading history of a sample.
Real-Time Monitoring of Dynamic Stress Concentration by Mechanoluminescent Sensing Film
Authors: Li C. , Xu Chao Nan , Imai Yusuke , Wang Wen Xue , Zhang Lin , Yamada Hiroshi
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we demonstrate that a dynamic stress concentration around Lüders band can
be directly displayed using mechanoluminescence (ML) sensing film of SrAl2O4:Eu (SAO) coated on
the surface of metal. Uniaxial tensile test of an aluminum alloy (2.5% Mg) plate coated with the SAO
sensing film was performed and the ML images were recorded using a high-speed camera. Captured
ML images confirmed the formation and propagation of Lüders band clearly in real time.
A Modified Algorithm for Reducing Calculation Errors in Large Strain Measurement with Strain Gauges
Authors: Chen Gang , Deng Y. , Sun Liang , Xu T.
Published: March 2009

There is no simple linear relationship between strain and potential in strain measurement
with strain gauges, especially for large strain measurements. In this paper, a modified algorithm was
proposed to improve the accuracy of strain obtained from measured voltage. The strain was
calculated from a nonlinear relationship between voltage and strain rather than a linear simplification.
Moreover, the corrections for different sensitivity factors of strain gauges and lead wire resistance
were considered. The proposed method was suitable for both large and small strain measurements
using a quarter bridge, and validated by experimental tests. It is also very easy to be implemented as a
software form and used in scientific tests and engineering applications.
Gas Turbine Blade Stress Analysis and Mode Shape Determination Using Thermoelastic Methods
Authors: Backman David , Greene R.J.
Published: March 2009

The efficacy of thermoelastic stress analysis for use in the study of moderately curved gas
turbine blades is considered over a frequency range of 68 Hz to 3.4 kHz. A selection of blades, both
industrial examples and simplified planar laboratory specimens, are excited at their natural vibration
frequencies using both electromagnetic shakers and piezoelectric stack actuators, in order to develop
a cyclic displacement of the blade surface and hence a cyclic variation in surface stress condition.
Results are shown using both snapshot array and rolling array infrared detector systems, and the data
then used to generate maps of normalized principal surface stress sum, and hence the mode shapes
of vibration, including the first four excitation modes.
Identification of Materials Mechanical Properties from Full-Field Measurements: Latest Advances in the Virtual Fields Method
Authors: Pierron Fabrice
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a short overview of the state of the art and future challenges of the
use of full-field measurements and inverse procedures to identify the constitutive mechanical
parameters of a wide range of materials. It concentrates on the so-called Virtual Fields Method
(VFM) which is a tool fully dedicated to the processing of full-field measurements. Some of the
future challenges are briefly covered here, namely the design of test configurations and the
application to damage assessment, high strain rate testing and biomaterials. Some examples are
given and the main scientific issues briefly discussed.
The Application of Digital Image Correlation for Measuring Residual Stress by Incremental Hole Drilling
Authors: Lord Jerry D. , Penn David , Whitehead P.
Published: March 2009

The measurement of residual stress using the incremental hole drilling is well established, but the
main limitations with the conventional strain gauge approach are the requirements for surface
preparation, the need for accurate alignment and drilling, the restricted range of hole geometries
commensurate with the specific gauge designs, and the limited range of strain data averaged over
the footprint of the strain gauge grid. Recent attempts to extend the method have seen the
application of full field optical techniques such as electronic speckle pattern interferometry and
holographic interferometry for measuring the strain fields around the hole, but these methods are
sensitive to vibration and this limits their practical use to controlled laboratory environments.
There are significant potential benefits therefore of using a more robust technique based on Digital
Image Correlation (DIC), and work is presented in this study on the development of the method for
measuring surface displacements and strain fields generated during incremental hole drilling. Some
of the practical issues associated with the technique development, including the optimization of
applied patterns, the development of the optical system and integration with current hole drilling
equipment are discussed, and although measurements are only presented for a single load case - the
equi-biaxial stress state introduced during shot peening - the novel aspect of this work is the
integration of DIC measurements with incremental drilling and an application of the Integral
Method analysis to measure the variation of residual stress with depth. Validation data comparing
results from conventional strain gauge data and FE models is also presented.
Local Effects during Indentation of Fully Supported Sandwich Panels with Micro Lattice Cores
Authors: Mines Robert A.W. , McKown S. , Tsopanos S. , Shen E. , Cantwell Wesley J. , Brooks W. , Sutcliffe C.J.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the penetration behavior of fully supported sandwich panels with
micro-lattice and foam cores, and composite skins. This behaviour is of importance during foreign
object impact and perforation of sandwich structures. Experimental results are given for quasi-static
penetration of micro-lattice and foam blocks, and it is shown that these two cellular materials are
comparable. Experimental results are also given for drop weight penetration of fully supported
skinned panels, and it is shown that skin failure and core penetration are also similar for the two
core materials. It is concluded that there is scope for improving the performance of micro-lattice
structure and so making such material superior to that of aluminium foam.
Determination of the Matrix of Rigidity of a Composite Material by the Combination of Speckle Interferometry and Ultrasonic Measurements
Authors: Toubal Lofti , Karama Moussa , Lorrain B.
Published: March 2009

The characterisation of composite plates used in structural work in the field of aeronautics is approached by associating ultrasound and speckle interferometry measurements. The reduced thickness of the specimens does not allow for gauge instrumentation to measure out-of plane deformation. A system was therefore used which makes it possible to obtain the cartography of the deformations in and out of-plane. This paper describes an application of electronic speckle interferometry in the measurement of through thickness deformation in composites.
Identification of the Through-Thickness Orthotropic Stiffness of Composite Tubes from Full-Field Measurements
Authors: Moulart Raphaël , Avril Stephane , Pierron Fabrice
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with the simultaneous identification of the four through-thickness orthotropic rigidities of a thick composite tube. A diametral compression test has been carried out on a glass/epoxy ring cut from the tube. The full strain field has been measured over one face of the sample with the grid method. The measured fields have been processed with the Virtual Fields Method to identify the rigidities of the material. At the beginning, discrepancies and significant variations occurred in the identified moduli due to inhomogeneous distribution of the strains through the thickness. A method based on a simultaneous measurement on both sides of the ring has been adopted. Very satisfactory results have been obtained using this methodology.
Developments in RGB Photoelasticity
Authors: Ajovalasit A. , Petrucci G.
Published: March 2009

In this paper the combined use of both RGB and phase stepping photoelasticity is proposed. The method is characterised by the following features: maximum measurable order greater than that of the RGB method, ability to determine the total fringe order without necessity of unwrapping.
Simultaneous Measurement of Out-of-Plane and In-Plane Displacements by Phase-Shifting Digital Holographic Interferometry
Authors: Okazawa S. , Fujigaki Motoharu , Morimoto Yoshiharu , Matui Toru
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we apply phase-shifting digital holographic interferometry to simultaneous measurement for out-of-plane and in-plane displacements by employing two beam illuminations for an object. Phase-shifted holograms before and after displacements of the object using each of two beams are recorded by a CCD camera, separately. The complex amplitude at each pixel of the CCD plane is analyzed from the holograms taken with phase-shifting. The complex amplitude of he object is reconstructed from the complex amplitude distribution on the CCD plane using the Fresnel diffraction integral. Each directional phase difference distribution is obtained by calculating the phases before and after deformation for each directional beam. The phase distribution for out-of-plane displacements is obtained by calculating the sum of the two phase difference distributions. The phase distribution for in-plane displacements is obtained by calculating the difference of the two phase difference distributions. The phase values provide accurate displacement distribution information. Actually, when the object deforms in both out-of-plane and in-plane directions, it is possible to analyze the displacement distribution in each direction. The theory and an experiment are shown.
Complete Two-Dimensional Principal Stress Separation by the Photoelastic Oblique Incidence Method
Authors: Pacey Mark N. , Tomlinson Rachel A
Published: March 2009

The oblique incidence method of photoelastic principal stress separation is reconsidered and presented in a form that allows the existence of negative fringe orders to be identified. The normal incidence isoclinic angle, two oblique incidence isoclinic angles and two oblique incidence isochromatic fringe orders are required for the new method. However, by allowing negative fringe orders to be identified, significant uncertainty relating to the separated principal stresses is removed and confidence in the calculated results may be improved
Predicting the Crack Growth Behavior in a Filled Elastomer
Authors: Liu C.T. , Yen M. , Ching H.K.
Published: March 2009

In this study, single-edge cracked uniaxial specimens with an initial crack length of 0.1 in. or 0.3 in. and wedge-shaped sheet specimens with an initial crack length of 0.3 in were tested at a constant displacement rate of 50 in/min under 1000 psi confining pressure. The specimens were made of a highly filled polymeric material, containing 86% by weight of hard particles embedded in a rubbery matrix, which was made of polybutadiene-acrylic acid-acrylonitrile rubber. The uniaxial crack growth data were used to develop a crack growth model, relating crack growth rate da/dt and Mode I stress intensity factor KI. The developed crack growth model was used to predict the crack growth behavior in the wedge-shaped specimen. The results of the analysis indicated that the predicted crack growth rate compared well with the experiment
Behaviour of Multi-Layered Corrugated Paperboard Cushioning Systems under Impact Loads
Authors: Sek Michael A. , Rouillard Vincent
Published: March 2009

This paper presents some of the latest results of a research project aimed at using composite corrugated paperboard structures for protection of products against mechanical shocks and vibration during transportation and handling. Specifically, the behaviour of multi-layered corrugated paperboard (MCPB) under shock loading is investigated. Conventionally, packaging cushion design requires the determination of the maximum expected shock levels or equivalent drop which are usually determined from statistical analysis of original field measurements. With this approach, it is generally acknowledged that the cushioning element is engineered to provide adequate protection for statistically likely events but not for extreme events with low statistical likelihood. It is reluctantly accepted that, should it occur, the latter will result in damage to the product. MCPB can be formed with a broad range of compressive characteristics and with various proportions of elastic and plastic behaviour. The objective of this experimental investigation was to determine the optimum elastic/plastic proportion to extend the protective range to include large
shock levels. The experimental results obtained include the effects of compression history on the stress-strain properties of MCPB as well as the behaviour of the material in both virgin and pre-compressed form under impulsive loads. The mechanism of deformation of the corrugations (flutes) was studied using high-speed video equipment. The complex acceleration signals produced during deformation of the composite corrugated paperboard cushions under shock loading were analysed by means of the shock response spectrum. Experiments have shown that inserting a sacrificial crumple element of virgin corrugated paperboard at the optimum contact area ratio dramatically lowers the overall level of the resulting shock response spectrum. This has the effect of increasing the allowable drop height for a limited number of extreme events. The main conclusion of the research is that MCPB in both virgin and pre-compressed forms can be combined to provide significantly enhanced protection to products against mechanical hazards during distribution.
Traceability of Optical Techniques for Strain Measurement
Authors: Hack Erwin , Burguete Richard L. , Patterson E.A.
Published: March 2009

Strain is a dimensionless quantity derived from displacement. To measure strain, devices such as resistive strain gauges and extensometers but also imaging methods are applied in engineering and experimental mechanics. The lack of standards and reference materials related to optical methods of strain measurement is tackled by the SPOTS project. It is intended to make full use of the modularity of different methods in order to develop a unified approach to standardisation. In this contribution we focus on the problem of traceability of optical strain measurement values and underline the role of strain measurement standards. We clarify the terminology and outline routes for traceability in analogy to widespread procedures for single value strain measurements.
On the Calibration of Optical Full-Field Strain Measurement Systems
Authors: Whelan Maurice P. , Hack Erwin , Siebert Thorsten , Burguete Richard L. , Patterson E.A. , Saleem Q.
Published: March 2009

There are no standard reference materials suitable for the calibration of full-field optical strain measurement systems. This is hindering the uptake of the technology by industrial end-users since optical metrology instrumentation and procedures cannot be easily integrated into quality assurance systems. The EU-funded SPOTS project is developing a physical reference material (PRM) and measurement protocol that should provide the basis of a calibration standard for establishing the traceability of strain values obtained with optical devices. This paper describes a PRM based on a parametric design of monolithic four-point bend test that can reliably generate a known strain field over a range of specimen sizes. Measurements acquired from strain gauges and LVDTs compared well with data obtained from ESPI, digital image correlation, photoelasticity and thermoelasticity studies, demonstrating excellent repeatability and inter-laboratory reproducibility.
Finite Element Aided Design Evolution of Composite Leaf Spring
Authors: Hou J. , Jeronimidis George
Published: March 2009

This paper shows the process of the virtual production development of the mechanical connection between the top leaf of a dual composite leaf spring system to a shackle using finite element methods. The commercial FEA package MSC/MARC has been used for the analysis. In the original design the joint was based on a closed eye-end. Full scale testing results showed that this configuration achieved the vertical proof load of 150 kN and 1 million cycles of fatigue load. However, a problem with delamination occurred at the interface between the fibres going around the eye and the main leaf body. To overcome this problem, a second design was tried using transverse bandages of woven glass fibre reinforced tape to wrap the section that is prone to delaminate. In this case, the maximum interlaminar shear stress was reduced by a certain amount but it was still higher than the material’s shear strength. Based on the fact that, even with delamination, the top leaf spring still sustained the maximum static and fatigue loads required, the third design was proposed with an open eye-end, eliminating altogether the interface where the maximum shear stress occurs. The maximum shear stress predicted by FEA is reduced significantly and a safety factor of around 2 has been obtained. Thus, a successful and safe design has been achieved.
Thermoelastic Stress Analysis of Nitinol Self-Expanding Stents
Authors: Eaton-Evans James , Dulieu-Barton Janice M. , Little Edward G. , Brown Ian A.
Published: March 2009

Self-expanding stents are small medical devices used to treat vascular disease and are typically fabricated from a super-elastic, shape memory alloy known as Nitinol and have a fine mesh structure. This paper describes preliminary work on the application of Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA) to Nitinol stents. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on thin tubes of Nitinol to characterise the material mechanical properties. TSA calibration exercises were conducted, which showed that Nitinol exhibits a non-uniform thermoelastic response through its elastic region that corresponded to the superelastic behaviour. Initial TSA demonstrated that a viable thermoelastic signal could be obtained from the stents. In high resolution tests the effect of motion and noise were considerable but it was still possible to obtain a readable thermoelastic signal.
Tensile Testing of MEMS Materials at High Temperatures
Authors: Sharpe William N.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents three kinds of high-temperature test methods for three different materials along with the results. Resistively heated polysilicon film 3.5 micron thick shows ductile behavior at 500°C. Resistively heated nickel 200 microns thick shows decreasing strength at 400°C. Furnace heated silicon carbide 200 microns thick maintains its strength at 1000°C. Strain is measured by laser-based interferometry in the first two cases to obtain complete stress-strain curves, while force-displacement is measured in the third case.
Material Identification Using a Bi-Axial Test Machine
Authors: Flores Paulo , Moureaux Pierre , Habraken Anne Marie
Published: March 2009

This paper shows the identification of material parameters for a DC06 IF steel sheet of 0.8 mm by mechanical tests. The experimental equipment used consists of a tensile test machine, a bi-axial test machine able to perform plane-strain and simple shear tests separately or simultaneously and an optical strain gauge. Tensile, plane-strain and simple shear tests were performed at 0°, 45° and 90° from the sheet rolling direction in order to identify Hill 1948 and Hosford 1979 yield criteria. Two identification methods are used: one based on strain measurements (anistropy coefficients) and the other one based on stress measurements (plastic contours). The results confirm that mechanical tests applying other stress-states than tensile are required to obtain accurate material parameters identification.
Investigating Non-Linear Behaviour within a Vehicle Suspension System using Time and Frequency Domain Techniques
Authors: Hickey D. , Haroon M. , Adams Douglas E. , Worden Keith
Published: March 2009

In real mechanical situations it is a certainty there will be non-linear behaviour
present at a range of frequencies and amplitudes. It is not, however, always possible to have a
priori knowledge of the input to a system. A method has been developed by Adams to allow
the experimental engineer to overcome such problems. The technique is addressed in this paper
and applied to both simulated and experimental data. The method makes use of time domain
characterisation via work and characteristic diagrams and also the frequency domain approach
toward non-linear identification from feedback of the outputs, (NIFO). This paper attempts to
use these time and frequency domain techniques to locate, characterise and quantify non-linear
behaviour using both simulated and experimental data.
The approach to this work is to obtain simulated data from a quarter car model and real
data taken from an experimental rig. The data will be taken at a variety of frequencies and
amplitudes and the above time and frequency domain techniques will be applied.