bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combating Corruption in the Eurasian Economic Union Member States: International Legal and Domestic Regulation
Authors: Морозов Андрей , Morozov Andrey
Published: July 2016

This scientific article explores the issues of combating corruption in the member States of the Eurasian Economic Union on the basis of international legal and domestic regulation. The author conducts the analysis of the international legal framework of the Eurasian Economic Union, the specifics of law of the Eurasian Economic Union and peculiarities of enactments, adopted under its auspices. Special attention is paid to the development of the Eurasian anti-corruption strategy as a special international legal anti-corruption act, which could be adopted within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union. The author examines the experience of the European Union, which is of interest for the development of anti-corruption cooperation in the Eurasian Economic Union. The author analyzes anti-corruption legislation of member States of the Eurasian Economic Union. The author also analyzes the international anti-corruption instruments in force at the universal and regional level, as well as the experience of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the sphere of anti-corruption cooperation and outlines proposals for its development and improvement.
JUDICIAL LAWMAKING MECHANISM: DEFINITION AND PECULIARITIES
Authors: Петрова Екатерина , Petrova Ekaterina
Published: July 2016

The article presents the author’s approach to the definition and structure of lawmaking mechanism in general and of judicial lawmaking mechanism in particular. The author underlines the necessity of differentiation between such processes as lawmaking, law creation and rulemaking. The author interprets lawmaking process as the final stage of the law creation, in which rules of law are formulated in appropriate legal forms. The author explains the possibility of understanding the lawmaking mechanism in statics and in dynamics. Static aspect of lawmaking mechanism includes a set of elements for the law creation — institutional, instrumental, conceptual and formal elements. Dynamic aspect reflects the sequence of stages of legislative activity: formulation of the rules and giving them appropriate legal form in the sources of law. The author concludes that the judicial lawmaking mechanism can be defined as a system of interconnected elements (static aspect) and successive stages (dynamic aspect), providing the formulation and objectification of generally binding rules in the form of precedent in judicial activity. The author illustrates her approach on the example of the peculiarities of the judicial lawmaking mechanism in the United States legal system.
CONSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN XXI CENTURY
Authors: Чигринов Сергей , Chigrinov Sergey
Published: July 2016

The constitutionalism in XXI century will be determined by the following factors: 1) the information society building and forming of e-government; 2) the development of crowd economy based on direct communication between the manufacturer and its ultimate customers; 3) the growing trend of regional political and economic integration of states. These factors will affect not only the essence of certain human rights and freedoms, but also will modify the mechanisms of their legal protection. The regional integration will become irreversible, if a viable mechanism is created as part thereof with a view to balance the supranational and national interests. The concept of constitutional identity is the center piece of such mechanism. Constitutional identity determined in terms of political and legal nature of the State should take into account special aspects of the mechanism of constitutional legal regulation and may be defined in the context of constitutional sense of justice and constitutional culture. The author draws the conclusion about the necessity to speed up the formation of the Eurasian identity, especially as there are objective prerequisites arising from the common grounds of the post-soviet peoples in respect to their traditions, culture, lifestyles and mentality. The development of the Eurasian Identity Declaration will contribute to the said process.
ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES FOR CORRUPTION OFFENCES
Authors: Голованова Наталья , Golovanova Natalya , Селезнев Владимир , Seleznev Vladimir
Published: July 2016

The rules of the Administrative Offences Code of the Russian Federation (Administrative Offences Code) on responsibility for unlawful remuneration on behalf of a legal entity envisage the possibility of additional administrative-legal coercion over a legal entity, in addition to the criminal legal pressure on a functionary. But administrative proceedings, envisaged by article 19.28 of the Administrative Offences Code in respect to legal entities should not be connected with criminal proceedings against functionaries. The legal entity, implementing anti-corruption policy, can take necessary actions, aimed at detection and suppression of corruptive manifestations. The Court should assess the specified circumstances as mitigating the administrative responsibility of a legal entity. Nevertheless, legislation does not contain Special instructions for law enforcement in this part. Thus, the absence in the Administrative Offences Code of the rule allowing exemption from responsibility for a legal entity, which willingly reports a corruption act and facilitates its disclosure and investigation, does not encourage active participation of legal entities’ management bodies in brining guilty functionaries to criminal responsibility. The article provides an analysis and synthesis of the Russian and foreign law, as well as case studies, proposals for amending the Administrative Offences Code in regard to the possible release of a legal entity from administrative responsibility.
OBLIGATIONS, ARISING OUT OF DEALINGS PRIOR TO THE CONCLUSION OF A CONTRACT WITH FOREIGN PARTNERS: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE OF CONFLICTS-OF-LAW REGULATION
Authors: Муратова Ольга , Muratova Olga
Published: July 2016

The article covers the analysis of conflict-of-law regulation of obligations, arising out of dealings prior to contract conclusion in European law. Such regulation is described in article 12 of the Regulation (EC) No. 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II). The author considers conflict-of-law regulation of precontractual relations from the perspective of the following aspects: possibility of applying the agreement about the law applicable to precontractual relations; applying the contractual connecting factor for determining the law applicable to precontractual relations; exploration of other connecting factors applicable to the precontractual relations in case of impossibility to determine the applicable law on the basis of the contractual connecting factor. The author draws the conclusion that the opportunity given to the negotiating parties to choose the applicable law is in line with the tendency of private international law development towards the extension of the parties’ autonomy. In the absence of such choice, Rome II Regulation contains a special conflict-oflaw regulation, which accommodates parties’ interests.
СRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: GENESIS AND MODERN GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Глотова Светлана , Glotova Svetlana
Published: July 2016

The origin of the concept “Crimes against Humanity” (СaH) — one of most serious crimes of international concern — can be found in 1915 Allied Joint Declaration and Martens Clause. CaH were first defined in Art. 6(c) of the Nuremberg IMT Statute. CaH are included in the jurisdiction of International criminal tribunal for former Yugoslavia, Rwanda Tribunal, Special Court for Sierra Leone, Extraordinary Chambers in the courts of Cambodia, Special Panels for serious crimes in East Timor. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Art. 7) contains a broad definition of this crime that reflects the international customary law. Evolution of the CaH concept includes both the expansion of specific acts, forming this category, and its essential elements: attacks against civilian population; link with armed conflicts; large scale and regularity of attacks; and, probably, inclusion into the illegitimate policy conducted by states and other actors. In the absence of a uniform definition of CaH in the statutes of courts and the convention, the work of International Law Commission makes a considerable contribution to the modern development and understanding of the concept. The adoption by ILC of the CaH definition, based on the ICC Statute will confirm the generally recognized definition of the CaH concept; and a wide range of states’ obligations on suppression, prevention and cooperation proves, inter alia, the erga omnes nature of the CaH prohibition.
COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF SALARY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
Authors: Абузярова Найра , Abuzyarova Nayra
Published: July 2016

Market relations have led to substantial changes in wages, the mechanism of legal regulation of remuneration has changed significantly, and there are many difficulties and problems, unresolved issues. In this regard, according to the author’s intention, the article determines the legal regulation of wages in comparative-legal aspect, analyzes the concept, nature and the general state of wages in Russia and other CIS countries, taking into account the principles of work organization, consistently analyzes the shortcomings of remuneration of labour in Russia, because wages are still undergoing through some turmoil (unjustified super-differentiation in wages, low level of wages of most workers and the minimum wage). The aim of this work is the study of the legislative regulation of wages, development of recommendations on improvement of certain provisions on payment for labour in the Russian Federation. Taking into account the fact that in the wage regulation in the labor code and the labor codes of other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) there are many achievements and successful solutions to many pressing issues of remuneration, and also the fact that that the application of the comparative method allows identification of existing problems and contradictions, the article studies the most important areas of restructuring of the legal organization of wages in the Russian Federation and other CIS countries, as one of the key regulators of the market economy.
PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL ANTICORRUPTION AGREEMENTS INTO THE LEGISLATIONS OF THE STATES, ESTABLISHED ON THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION
Authors: Ястребов Владислав , YAstryebov Vladislav , Молчанова Марина , Molchanova Marina
Published: July 2016

This article analyzes and reveals the problems of implementation of international anticorruption agreements into the legislations of the states, established on the territory of the former Soviet Union. In particular, this article also analyzes and reveals the influence of the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption and other international legal documents concerning the formation of the anticorruption legislations of Russia and the member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In this article, the author analyzes in detail the problem connected with the ratification of article 20 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption on recognizing illegal enrichment as a criminal offense. The author analyzes in detail and reveals the possibility of introducing criminal responsibility for companies into the criminal legislation of Russia and other member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Also the author inspects and analyzes in detail the importance of this problem in solving the tasks of combating corruption.
ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE OPINIONS ADOPTED AT THE 106th PLENARY SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION)
Authors: Шведкова Ольга , Shvedkova Olga , Курбанов Рашад , Kurbanov Rashad , Белялова Асия , Belyalova Asiya
Published: July 2016

The article presents a brief information about the 106th plenary session of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission of the Council of Europe), which adopted a number of opinions on the legislation of countries — members of the Venice Commission. Special attention of experts was focused on the discussion and adoption of final opinion on the draft constitutional law of France “On the protection of the Nation”, opinion on the constitutional issues relating to the Law on the constitutional court of Poland of June 25, 2015, and to discuss and adopt interim opinion on amendments to the Law on the constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
Statistical Optimization in High Dimensions
Authors: Xu Huan , Caramanis Constantine , Mannor Shie
Published: July 2016

We consider optimization problems whose parameters are known only approximately, based on noisy samples. In large-scale applications, the number of samples one can collect is typically of the same order of (or even less than) the dimensionality of the problem. This so-called high-dimensional statistical regime has been the object of intense recent research in machine learning and statistics, primarily due to phenomena inherent to this regime, such as the fact that the noise one sees here often dwarfs the magnitude of the signal itself. While relevant in numerous important operations research and engineering optimization applications, this setup falls far outside the traditional scope of robust and stochastic optimization. We propose three algorithms to address this setting, combining ideas from statistics, machine learning, and robust optimization. Our algorithms are motivated by three natural optimization objectives: minimizing the number of grossly violated constraints; maximizing the number of exactly satisfied constraints; and, finally, developing algorithms whose running time scales with the intrinsic dimension of a problem, as opposed to its observed dimension—a mismatch that, as we discuss in detail, can be dire in settings where constraints are meant to describe preferences of behaviors. The key ingredients of our algorithms are dimensionality reduction techniques from machine learning, robust optimization, and concentration of measure tools from statistics.
Exact Analysis of Divergent Inventory Systems with Time-Based Shipment Consolidation and Compound Poisson Demand
Authors: Stenius Olof , Karaarslan Ayşe Gönül , Marklund Johan , de Kok A. G.
Published: July 2016

Sustainable and efficient management of a distribution system requires coordination between transportation planning and inventory control decisions. In this context, we consider a one warehouse multi-retailer inventory system with a time-based shipment consolidation policy at the warehouse. This means that there are fixed costs associated with each shipment, and retailer orders are consolidated and shipped periodically to groups of retailers sharing the same delivery routes. Customer demand is compound Poisson distributed and unsatisfied demand at each stock point is backordered and allocated on a first-come first-served basis. The system is centralized and inventory levels are reviewed continuously. The warehouse has access to real-time inventory information from the retailers, and uses a (R, nQ) policy to replenish from an outside supplier/manufacturer. We derive the exact probability distributions for the inventory levels at the retailers, and use these to obtain exact expressions for the system’s expected shipment, holding and backorder costs, its average inventory levels, and fill rates. Based on the analytical properties of the objective function, we construct an optimization procedure by deriving bounds on the optimal reorder levels and shipment intervals both for single-item and multi-item systems.
The effects of tax structure on economic growth: evidence from Pakistan economies
Authors: Khan Mahfooz , Ul amin Saif , Khan Sammandar
Published: July 2016

The study has been conducted to find out the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth in Pakistan. Taxes are selected as a proxy for fiscal policy and GDP as an economic growth. In this study the time series analysis was used. The study used difference tests and models. These tests were unit root test which at different levels was used for stationary and non-stationary another model was co-integration the co-integration further used two tests one was trace test and second one was maximum Eigen value these tests used for long run relationships between taxes and GDP. In this study Granger causality test lag 2 and lag 4 also for checking the effects of taxes on Pakistan GDP. The objectives of the study are to find out the relationship between taxes and GDP and also to testify the random walk between taxes and GDP. The data were taken from 1981 to 2012. Taxes dealt as an independent and GDP as a dependent variable of the study. Data were collected from Federal Bureau of Statistics and from Pakistan economic survey. Time series analysis is used to testify the hypotheses. The results of Unit Root test shows that GDP and taxes has a unit root and it is non- stationary. GDP has no unit root and stationary in nature at 1st difference level. The results of co-integration shows that both taxes and GDP no co-integration at 5 % level of significance. The study concludes that there is no Co-integration between taxes and GDP. The study recommended that fiscal policy should make according to the situation of the country and the tax rate should be change with a smooth rate.
Ex vivo modulation of muscarinically induced contractions by PGE2 and an EP1 receptor antagonist in the guinea pig urinary bladder
Authors: Hohnen Ramona , Rahnama’i Mohammad Sajjad , Gink Matthijs van , Meriaux Celine , Koeveringe Gommert A. van
Published: July 2016

Objective: Mechanical and physical stimuli can evoke release of several substances by the urothelium, for example, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide, acetylcholine and adenosine triphosphate. It has been shown,  that PGE2 and acetylcholine seem to act in a positive feedback on molecular level. This feedback was located in the urothelial/suburothelial layer.  Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the role of PGE2 and one of its receptors, EP1, on muscarinic induced contractions.
Methods: the urethra and bladder of 24 male guinea pigs were dissected after sacrifice of the animal. The bladder was catheterised transurethrally and placed into a preheated organ bath filled with Krebs buffer. The bladders were repeatedly stimulated with the muscarinic agonist arecaidine alone or in combination with a) acetylsalicylic acid, b) PGE2 or c) the EP1 antagonist ONO-8713. All drugs were applied at the serosal side of the bladder. Intravesical pressure was measured and amplitude and frequency of the arecaidine induced response were analysed.
Results: Adding PGE2 before muscarinic stimulations induced an amplifying effect on muscarinically induced contractions and inhibition of the PGE2 producing enzymes prior to an arecaidine stimulation decreased the amplitude during the initial phase of the response. Inhibition of  EP1 resulted in a decreased frequency during the second phase of the arecaidine response.
Conclusions: In summary, this study provides evidence that the cholinergic and prostanoid systems in the urinary bladder act in a positive feedback loop and that the EP1 receptor plays a subtle role in this process.
Uma análise de investimentos considerando fatores intangíveis
Authors: Jansen Leila Keiko Canegusuco , Shimizu Tamio , Jansen José Ulisses
Published: July 2016

As análises para investimentos nas organizações ganham em amplitude quando se utilizam ferramentas de suporte à tomada de decisão, algumas de fácil utilização inclusive sem o uso de softwares específicos, que permitem aos decisores acrescentarem fatores intangíveis aostradicionais critérios econômicos na avaliação de melhores alternativas. Este artigo apresenta um estudo de caso em uma empresa de médio porte, aqui denominada Alfa, do setor eletro-eletrônico, para escolha de nova fonte de energia térmica. Na escolha do investimento também foram acrescentados critérios qualitativos: impacto ambiental e facilidade de operação. A avaliação das alternativas foi feita por dois métodos, o da Teoria da Utilidade e o Analytic Hierarchy Process –AHP, que permitem o tratamento de múltiplos critérios e a inserção de variáveis qualitativas. Apenas para as duas melhores alternativas a análise foi complementada com uma comparação financeira dos custos operacionais futuros. Conclui-se que as metodologias de tomada de decisão possibilitam considerar de modo consistente importantes elementos intangíveis na decisão de investimentos industriais.
Reimagining the Hackensack Meadowlands, 1968-1972
Authors: Hendry Cheryl
Published: July 2016

The 2016 NJ History and Historic Preservation Conference, "Building a Place for History," occurred June 8 - 9, 2016 at Seton Hall University in South Orange. You can see more about the conference, co- hosted by the NJ Historic Trust, the NJ Historical Commission, the NJ Historic Preservation Office, and the Friends of NJ Heritage, at http://www.njpreservationconference.org/. Organizers invited students and new professionals, dubbed "the future leaders of our history and preservation professions," to submit poster presentations for display at the event. The Council for the Humanities sponsored the poster session, which was judged on site at the conference by Dr. Richard Veit of Monmouth University, Mark Dilonno of the Star Ledger, and Cristen Piatnotchka of the NJ Historical Commission. We are pleased to share winner Cheryl Hendry's poster with you here.
L2 English derivational knowledge: Which affixes are learners more likely to recognise?
Authors: Leontjev Dmitri
Published: July 2016

Knowledge of derivational morphology is considered an important aspect of vocabulary knowledge both in L1 (mother tongue) and L2 (second or foreign language) English language learning. However, it is still not clear whether different derivational affixes vary in their (learning) difficulty. The present study examines whether Bauer and Nation’s (1993) teaching order of L2 English affixes can account for the difficulty learners have with recognising the affixes. The participants in the study were L1 Estonian and Russian learners of English at upper-secondary schools in Estonia (n = 62). Their performance was measured on a word segmentation task. There were significant differences in the number of affixes the learners were able to successfully recognise at different levels, as classified by Bauer and Nation (1993). By and large, with the exception of no significant difference between Level 5 and Level 6 affixes, the higher the affix level was, the less likely the learners were to recognise the affixes at this level. I argue that these results can support the order proposed by Bauer and Nation. The implications of the finding for teaching and further research are also discussed.
Increasing fluency in L2 writing with singing
Authors: Alisaari Jenni , Heikkola Leena Maria
Published: July 2016

Fluency is an essential part of a language learner’s skills. Despite various studies on fluency, little is known about the effects of different pedagogical methods on the development of written fluency. In this paper, we examine how different pedagogical methods affect the development of second language learners’ written fluency. Participants in this study were 51 language learners enrolled in two intensive Finnish courses. The pedagogical methods investigated in the study were singing, listening to songs, and reciting lyrics of songs. Written stories based on cartoon strips were used as a pretest and a posttest. The fluency of written stories was analyzed based on the number of words used in the texts. Differences between the groups taught by different pedagogical methods were analyzed. The results seem to indicate that fluency increased the most in the singing groups compared to the other groups. There was also a statistically significant difference between the singing group and the group reciting lyrics, as well as between the group listening to songs and the group reciting lyrics.
EFL teacher motivation in-situ: Co-adaptive processes, openness and relational motivation over interacting timescales
Authors: Sampson Richard J.
Published: July 2016

This paper presents an exploratory case study of the classroom motivational dynamics of an English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher at a Japanese technology college. The article examines how motivation evolved in-context over various timescales through interactions with affect and identity. An introspective research journal generated rich, qualitative data concerning fluctuations in teacher motivation over one academic year. The analysis also drew on student journal data to provide a different perspective on teacher reflections. The study applied a thematic analysis, with “theoretical comparison” (Corbin & Strauss, 2008) to understand teacher motivation from a “person-in-context relational view” (Ushioda, 2009). The article utilises the properties of complex systems to render insight to the evolution of teacher motivation as open to influences “external” to the classroom, yet fundamentally tied to adaptive experiences with a particular class group. A variety of diagrammatic tools are also employed to illuminate the relational development of teacher motivation, affect and identity constantly occurring over interacting timescales.
Smart Data Analytics zur Identifikation dynamischer Engpässe in Flexiblen Fertigungssystemen
Authors: Klenner Ferdinand , Lenze David , Schwarzer Samuel , Deuse Jochen , Friedrich Tilman
Published: July 2016

Flexible Fertigungssysteme (FFS) bilden die konzeptionelle Grundlage einer hoch flexiblen und produktiven
Großserienproduktion. Die inhärente Komplexität dieser Systeme erschwert die Lokalisierung von Engpässen
und damit den produktiven Systembetrieb. Dieser Artikel beschreibt eine Methode, welche mithilfe eines Smart-Data-Modells
dynamische Engpässe in FFS identifiziert. Die damit verbundene Beherrschung der Komplexität bildet die Grundlage
für einen produktiven Betrieb.
Automation strategies for large-scale 3D image analysis
Authors: Stegmaier Johannes , Schott Benjamin , Hübner Eduard , Traub Manuel , Shahid Maryam , Takamiya Masanari , Kobitski Andrei , Hartmann Volker , Stotzka Rainer , van Wezel Jos , Streit Achim , Nienhaus G. Ulrich , Strähle Uwe , Reischl Markus , Mikut Ralf
Published: July 2016

New imaging techniques enable visualizing and analyzing a multitude of unknown phenomena in many areas of science at high
spatio-temporal resolution. The rapidly growing amount of image data, however, can hardly be analyzed manually and, thus,
future research has to focus on automated image analysis methods that allow one to reliably extract the desired
information from large-scale multidimensional image data. Starting with infrastructural challenges, we present new
software tools, validation benchmarks and processing strategies that help coping with large-scale image data. The
presented methods are illustrated on typical problems observed in developmental biology that can be answered, e.g., by
using time-resolved 3D microscopy images.
Characterization of ABS specimens produced via the 3D printing technology for drone structural components
Authors: Ferro Carlo Giovanni , Brischetto Salvatore , Torre Roberto , Maggiore Paolo
Published: July 2016

The Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) technology
is widely used in rapid prototyping. 3D printers for
home desktop applications are usually employed to make
non-structural objects. When the mechanical stresses are
not excessive, this technology can also be successfully employed
to produce structural objects, not only in prototyping
stage but also in the realization of series pieces.
The innovative idea of the present work is the application
of this technology, implemented in a desktop 3D printer,
to the realization of components for aeronautical use, especially
for unmanned aerial systems. For this purpose,
the paper is devoted to the statistical study of the performance
of a desktop 3D printer to understand how the process
performs and which are the boundary limits of acceptance.
Mechanical and geometrical properties of ABS
(Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) specimens, such as tensile
strength and stiffness, have been evaluated. ASTM638
type specimens have been used. A capability analysis has
been applied for both mechanical and dimensional performances.
Statistically stable limits have been determined
using experimentally collected data.
On the distinction and interrelation between first- and second-order judgments in cultivation research
Authors: Schnauber Anna , Meltzer Christine E.
Published: July 2016

In cultivation research, differentiation is made between first- and second-order cultivation questions. However, their definition and relation remain unclear. This paper proposes a differentiation that focuses on the type of judgment underlying the respective cultivation questions. The former are frequency and probability judgments, while the latter are evaluative and address attitudes or values. Current theory in the field of cultivation research argues that these types of judgments are tied to on-line (second-order) and memory-based (first-order) processing. Based on psychological literature and a study on the cultivation of crime-related perceptions representative for the German population, we demonstrate that second-order judgments can also be built memory-based. Furthermore, we argue that the interrelation of first- and second-order judgments depends on whether judgments are built on-line or memory-based (especially in the case of second-order judgments). This may account for divergent empirical evidence in the field.
Changes in the Racial Structure of Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. et de Toni Population in the South of the Russian Federation
Authors: Iwebor Maria , Antonova Tatiana Sergeevna , Saukova Svetlana
Published: July 2016

The population of oomycete Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. et de Toni (sunflower downy mildew pathogen) has been monitored in Krasnodar and Rostov regions and the Republic of Adygea for more than 15 years. Prior to the beginning of the 2000s there were races 100, 300, 310 and 330 in the regions. In the period from 2004 to 2007 races 100, 300, 310 and 700 were recorded sporadically. The race 330 was the most common; in a number of agrocoenoses it was 100 % of samples. In some fields races 710 and 730 prevailed. In 2008–2011 only races 330, 710 and 730 were found; the race 330 have been still prevailed and was also found on Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Since 2012, in the majority of fields races 710 and 730 prevailed, and the race 330 wasn’t allocated in many of them; for the first time in Russia pathotype 334, that able to overcome Pl6, was found in Krasnodar region. In the period of 2013–2015 increased distribution of the race 334 in the Krasnodar region and the Republic of Adygea was observed. At the same time, in 2014 in one field in the Rostov region only races 310 and 330 (prevailed) were identified. The virulence of the pathogen population is closely connected with the cultivated assortment of sunflower. Further spread and accumulation of P. halstedii race 334 and the emergence of new pathogen pathotypes in the said regions are predicted.
Hot Deformation Behavior and Constitutive Modeling of Alloy 800H Considering Effectsof Strain
Authors: Luo Rui , Zheng Qi , Tang Zhending , Yao Yongquan , Xu Guifang , Li Dongsheng , Cheng Xiaonong
Published: July 2016

High-temperature single-pass compression experiments were conducted on alloy 800H using a Gleeble 3500 thermal-mechanical simulation testing machine, and hot deformation behaviors at temperatures of 1,000–1,150 °C and strain rates of 0.01–1 s–1 were investigated. The results revealed that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior occurred more easily under deformation conditions with relatively low strain rates and high deformation temperatures. By taking the influence of strain on the hot deformation behavior into consideration, a strain-dependent hyperbolic sine constitutive model was constructed. Based on this revised constitutive model, flow stress during deformation was predicted. The linear relation between the predicted value and the experimental result was as high as 0.99648, and the absolute average relative error was 2.019 %. Thus, it was demonstrated that the strain-dependent analysis provided a constitutive model that was able to precisely predict flow stress under experimental conditions.
The Kirkendall Effect and Multi-component Diffusion Simulations
Authors: Wierzba Bartek
Published: July 2016

In this paper, some aspects of the determination of the concentration profile during diffusion in NiAl–Ti and CMSX4 systems are shown by means of numerical simulations. The results are compared with experiments. The bivelocity method is used to show the evolution of the three-component multiphase system. The simulations present that the local entropy production allows for determination of the profiles in complicated systems.
The effect of exercise intensity on cognitive performance during short duration treadmill running
Authors: Smith Mike , Tallis Jason , Miller Amanda , Clarke Neil D. , Guimarães-Ferreira Lucas , Duncan Michael J.
Published: July 2016

This study examined the effect of short duration, moderate and high-intensity exercise on a Go/NoGo task. Fifteen, habitually active (9 females and 6 males aged 28 ± 5 years) agreed to participate in the study and cognitive performance was measured in three sessions lasting 10 min each, performed at three different exercise intensities: rest, moderate and high. Results indicated significant exercise intensity main effects for reaction time (RT) (p = 0.01), the omission error rate (p = 0.027) and the decision error rate (p = 0.011), with significantly longer RTs during high intensity exercise compared to moderate intensity exercise (p = 0.039) and rest (p = 0.023). Mean ± SE of RT (ms) was 395.8 ± 9.1, 396.3 ± 9.1 and 433.5 ± 16.1 for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. This pattern was replicated for the error rate with a significantly higher omission error and decision error rate during high intensity exercise compared to moderate intensity exercise (p = 0.003) and rest (p = 0.001). Mean ± SE of omission errors (%) was 0.88 ± 0.23, 0.8 ± 0.23 and 1.8 ± 0.46% for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. Likewise, mean ± SE of decision errors (%) was 0.73 ± 0.24, 0.73 ± 0.21 and 1.8 ± 0.31 for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. The present study’s results suggest that 10 min workout at high intensity impairs RT performances in habitually active adults compared to rest or moderate intensity exercise.
The influence of the gait-related arm swing on elevation gain measured by sport watches
Authors: Ammann Rahel , Taube Wolfgang , Neuhaus Matthias , Wyss Thomas
Published: July 2016

The elevation gain is an important contributor to the total workload in endurance sports. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the arm swing on elevation gain in three sport watches (Garmin® Forerunner 910XT, Polar® RS800CX and Suunto® Ambit2) on a flat 400 m outdoor track. Altogether, a total of 120 repetitions of 1,200 m were performed at self-selected speeds corresponding to strolling, walking, jogging and running. During the assessment two devices of each sport watch, one secured on the hip and one on the wrist, were worn by the participants. A small but significant (effect size = .39; p < .001) influence of the arm swing on elevation was revealed in all sport watches. Elevation indication errors recorded on the wrist were significantly larger than the ones recorded on the hip (4.0-7.4 vs. 1.2-5.7 m per 1,200 m; p < .05). Furthermore, when wearing the devices on the wrist, errors in elevation indication increased when gait speed increased. Users should be aware that wearing the devices on the hip can significantly decrease measurement errors. This might be especially relevant for activities with high dynamics, such as jogging and running.
The effect of the MTHFR C677T mutation on athletic performance and the homocysteine level of soccer players and sedentary individuals
Authors: Dinç Nurten , Yücel Selda Bereket , Taneli Fatma , Sayın Metin Vehbi
Published: July 2016

This study investigated athletic performance and homocysteine (Hcy) levels in relation to the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T mutation and explored the relationship between this mutation and other cardiac risk factors in soccer players and sedentary individuals. The study groups consisted of randomly selected soccer players (n=48) from the Turkish Super and Major League and sedentary male students (n=48) aged 18-27. Anthropometric variables, aerobic and anaerobic thresholds were measured, furthermore, biochemical assays were performed. The level of HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, Hcy, folate, vitamin B12, hemogram and MTHFR C677T was investigated. The results showed that there was a statistical difference between the two groups in terms of body mass, body fat, the BMI, the aerobic threshold heart rate (ATHR), aerobic threshold velocity (ATVL) and anaerobic threshold velocity (ANTVL). The soccer players were found to have lower levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and higher levels of folate than the sedentary participants. The analysis of the alleles of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism showed that the participants that carried TT genotypes had a lower level of vitamin B12 and folate, and a higher level of Hcy than the participants carrying CC and CT genotypes. In conclusion, the baseline homocysteine and cardiovascular fitness levels of healthy young males with the TT genotypes of the MTHFR C677T genotype were found to strongly correlate with their levels of Hcy.
Changes of standard physiological-perceptual markers and circulating MicroRNAs in response to tennis match-play: A case report of two elite players
Authors: Hoppe Matthias Wilhelm , Baumgart Christian , Hilberg Thomas , Freiwald Jürgen , Wehmeier Udo Frank
Published: July 2016

This study aimed to describe the acute changes of both standard physiological-perceptual markers and circulating microRNAs in response to tennis match-play in a detailed case report. Two elite male baseliners with comparable tennis experience were tested for anthropometric and fitness related variables and played 2 h of match-play on a red-clay court. The changes of standard physiological-perceptual markers including the heart rate, lactate concertation, creatine kinase activity, urea concentration and rating of perceived exertion as well as circulating microRNA-133a, -486 and -126 expression rates were examined at 10 different time-points (i.e., pre, during and up to 24 h post match-play). Player 2 had lower fitness related variables, but a higher heart rate, lactate concentration, creatine kinase activity and rating of perceived exertion during play than player 1. Player 2 showed an increase in all microRNAs (≤3.83-fold), most evident post match-play, whereas player 1 demonstrated a decrease (≤0.41-fold). The time-course in the changes of all standard physiological-perceptual markers was similar in both players, whereas this of the microRNAs was different. It was concluded that the relative changes of the circulating microRNA-133a, -486 and 126 expression rates of both players differed in response to tennis match-play with respect to the experienced physiological-perceptual stress and the underlying fitness level. Therefore, circulating microRNAs can serve as additional biomarkers for tennis exercise physiology and may be assessed together with standard markers to conclude whether key cellular regulatory processes were induced in response to match-play.
Effect of the pitch size and presence of goalkeepers on the work load of players during small-sided soccer games
Authors: Hulka Karel , Weisser Radim , Belka Jan
Published: July 2016

Small-sided games (SSGs) are spontaneous forms of specific training where exercise intensity can be manipulated by modifying external factors. To ensure suitable usage of small-sided games in practice, we have to know which variables can influence internal responses and external loads. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of presence of a goalkeeper and the pitch size on internal responses and the external load during five-a-side soccer games. Twenty nine junior soccer players (age: 18.11 ± 1.31 years; body mass index: 21.04 ± 2.58 kg·m-2; peak heart rate: 199.53 ± 7.51 beats·min–1) participated in the study. The heart rate, distance covered and the rate of perceived exertion were monitored. We found significantly higher average heart rates of players in 5v5 SSGs without goalkeepers than with them on a small pitch. Analysis showed significant differences in the time spent in 65-85% of the peak heart rate zone and ˂65% of the peak heart rate zone on the small pitch. Furthermore, we found significantly higher distance covered by players during five-a-side games with goalkeepers than without them played on the small pitch. Our results indicate that the pitch size is a very important variable that influences the work load of players. The inclusion of the goalkeeper decreases the work load of the player on a small pitch (28 × 20 m; 560 m2), but not on a medium or large pitch.
Comparison between two types of anaerobic speed endurance training in competitive soccer players
Authors: Mohr Magni , Krustrup Peter
Published: July 2016

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of additional in-season speed endurance production versus speed endurance maintenance training regimes on performance in competitive male soccer players. In a randomised controlled trial 18 male sub-elite players were exposed to additional speed endurance production (SEP) or speed endurance maintenance (SEM) training (two additional sessions/wk for 4 weeks) during the competitive season. Players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 test (YYIR2) and a repeated sprint test (RST) pre- and post-intervention. Yo-Yo IR2 performance increased (p<0.001) by 50 ± 8% and 26 ± 5% in SEP and SEM, respectively, with greater (p=0.03) improvement in SEP. RST performance improved by 2.1 ± 0.3% and 1.3 ± 0.4% in SEP and SEM, respectively, while the RST fatigue index decreased (4.4 ± 0.8 to 3.4 ± 0.5%; p<0.04) in SEP only. Peak and average speed during training were higher (p<0.001) in SEP than in SEM (24.5 ± 0.3 vs 19.2 ± 0.3 and 15.5 ± 0.1 km·h-1 vs 9.4 ± 0.1 km·h-1). Additional in-season anaerobic speed endurance production and maintenance training improves high-intensity exercise performance in competitive soccer players with superior effects of speed endurance production training.
Modeling and Optimization of Lipase-Catalyzed Partial Hydrolysis for Diacylglycerol Production in Packed Bed Reactor
Authors: Phuah Eng-Tong , Lee Yee-Ying , Tang Teck-Kim , Lai Oi-Ming , Choong Thomas Shean-Yaw , Tan Chin-Ping , Ng Wee-Nak , Lo Seong-Koon
Published: July 2016

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the process variables namely packed bed height (cm) and flow rates (ml/min) on diacylglycerol (DAG) production via partial hydrolysis of palm oil using immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase in packed bed reactor (PBR). Quadratic models were successfully developed for both DAG(y) and unhydrolyzed triacylglycerol ((un)TAG) with determination coefficient (R
2) of 0.9931 and 0.9986, respectively coupled with insignificant lack of fit (p > 0.05). Optimal conditions for DAG synthesis were evaluated to be 10 cm packed bed height and 3.8 ml/min flow rate. Immobilized enzyme can be reused up to 10 times without significant changes in enzymatic activity. The partial hydrolysis under studied was found to be mass transfer-controlled.
Voting Rules in Bankruptcy Law
Authors: Stef Nicolae
Published: July 2016

We empirically evaluate creditors’ voting conditions and the bankruptcy voting rules of 90 countries. The severity of a voting rule is determined by the threshold values of the majority-voting rules by which creditors impose their interests. The higher the threshold values, the higher is the severity degree of the rule. We find that the bankruptcy laws of countries with German and French legal origin tend to have the least severe voting rules. The Nordic countries have moderate rules. The laws of the common law countries have the most severe rules. These results hold for secured and unsecured claimants. The court’s legal right of overcoming the voting result is granted more often by bankruptcy laws of French and German legal origin. The severity of the voting rules can influence the recovery of creditors’ debt. We show that a coalition of creditors that has a common interest can use the severity of the voting rule to influence the approval of a reorganization plan that provides a higher recovery rate of the creditors’ debt.
Edusemiotics of meaningful learning experience: Revisiting Kant’s pedagogical paradox and Greimas’ semiotic square
Authors: Kukkola Jani , Pikkarainen Eetu
Published: July 2016

In this article we examine the educational process and learning from the edusemiotic point of view in terms of meaningful experience and meaningful action. A conception of meaningful experience is central in many branches of educational thinking, from pragmatism to existentialism. We analyze this conception from two traditional and somewhat remote perspectives, utilizing some themes of Kant’s educational philosophy on the one hand and Greimas’ semiotics on the other. Kant’s views of human formative powers – Bildung – will be described as a basic philosophy of learning experience. Kant’s theory is then critiqued from the perspective of existentialist educational philosophy. Concepts of meaningful learning and experience are further clarified utilizing Greimas’ semiotic tools and, specifically, his semiotic square. Finally, the question of meaningful learning experience is related to Kant’s pedagogical paradox and the educator’s role in the pedagogical process.
Some norm inequalities for special Gram
matrices
Authors: Türkmen Ramazan , Kan Osman , Gökbas Hasan
Published: July 2016

In this paper we firstly give majorization relations between the vectors Fn = {f0, f1, . . . , fn−1},Ln =
{l0, l1, . . . , ln−1} and Pn = {p0, p1, . . . , pn−1} which constructed with fibonacci, lucas and pell numbers.
Then we give upper and lower bounds for determinants, Euclidean norms and Spectral norms of Gram matrices
GF=〈Fn,Fni〉, GL=〈Ln,Lni〉, GP=〈Pn,Pni〉, GFL=〈Fn,Lni〉, GFP=〈Fn,Pni〉.
Professor Haruo Yanai and multivariate analysis
Authors: Takane Yoshio
Published: July 2016

The late Professor Yanai has contributed to many fields ranging from aptitude diagnostics, epidemiology,
and nursing to psychometrics and statistics. This paper reviews some of his accomplishments in multivariate
analysis through his collaborative work with the present author, along with some untold episodes
for the inception of key ideas underlying the work. The various topics covered include constrained principal
component analysis, extensions of Khatri’s lemma, theWedderburn-Guttman theorem, ridge operators, generalized
constrained canonical correlation analysis, and causal inference. A common thread running through
all of them is projectors and singular value decomposition, which are the main subject matters of a recent
monograph by Yanai, Takeuchi, and Takane [60].