bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review : Laboratory Studies in the Prediction of Lung Cancer Risk
Authors: Roe Francis J. C.
Published: March 2007

The value of studies involving the exposure of laboratory animals by the inha lation route in research aimed at identifying agents which might pose a risk of respiratory tract cancer in humans is reviewed. Among the problems encoun tered are: anatomical differences between species which affect aerodynamics; the higher efficiency of the rodent nose in removing particles before the air stream reaches the lungs; difficulties in imitating human exposure conditions while at the same time avoiding the absorption of test chemicals through the skin; the fact that prolonged irritation of respiratory tract epithelium by non genotoxic agents - if it causes necrosis followed by regenerative hyperplasia- can lead non-specifically to cancer development; and a tendency of mice of many strains to develop adenomatous tumours of the lung despite no deliber ate exposure to any known carcinogens. The value of laboratory rodents in relation to lung cancer risk from bis(chloromethyl) ether, cadmium, nickel, chromium, tobacco smoke, asbestos and other fibrous dusts, and general industrial air pollution is discussed in the light of the above considerations.
Monitoring Indoor Air Quality in the Czech Republic
Authors: Drahonovská Hana , Gajdoš Petr
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a pilot monitoring project which was started in the 4 largest cities in the Czech Republic in autumn 1994 with the aim of measuring the levels and finding the sources of pollutants in the dwellings of families with pre-school aged children. Questionnaires were distributed to parents of 1,200 children attending kindergartens, following which measurements were made in 120 flats over two time periods: November to March, and May to Septem ber. Air samples were taken in kitchens, children's bedrooms, and outdoors to determine concentrations of nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds ( both total and individual), bacteria and fungi; allergens in house dust samples were also determined. Results from the dwellings of a total of 4,452 persons showed that levels of all the chemical compounds determined were significantly higher indoors than outdoors. No indication was found that these levels related to acute health risk, however some individual findings should be considered as a warning. It was concluded that in about 12% of the households studied where at least one of the measured parameters was higher than recommended values there was a possible risk for the inhabitants of chronic respiratory diseases or related symptoms.
Campaign to Prevent Accidental Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in the Residential Setting
Authors: Sanfaçon Guy , Jacques Louis , Leclerc Jean-Marc , Prévost Claude
Published: March 2007

A recent study conducted by the Québec Environmental Health Committee in collaboration with the Québec Poi son Control Centre has shown that in Québec, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning represents an actual problem which seems to be on the increase. Given the variety of sources and causes of CO poisoning, a collaboration between several partners was needed to organise an effective prevention campaign. This campaign com prised three types of activities: public information, first responders training and regulation. The following'public information' activities were realised: launching of the prevention campaign by way of a press conference and press releases; pamphlet and poster distribution, and dif fusion of specific press releases for risk-involved events. With regard to training, the following activities have tak en place: a document has been produced to assist the personnel answering the phone in local community health centres; training of emergency first responders on a regional basis, and production of a video for the emer gency first responders. Finally, concerning regulation, recommendations have been made to the ministries and organisations responsible for the application of norms and regulations particularly aimed at heating systems and motor vehicles. Various communication and training documents have been produced for these activities. Sev eral of the activities will be continued into 1998-1999.
'Peripheral Capitalism', Beyond 'Dependency' and 'Modernisation'
Authors: Hill Helen
Published: March 2007

It is in the developing societies that problems relating to the co-existence of social formations of different ages, to the transition from one structural system to another, crop up most vividly and in a practical way. They confront us with patterns which are constantly in the process of formation and crystallisation; and in that process, they reveal the importance of the two levels at which, respectively, the powers of various kinds operate (political level, in the wide sense) and values are engendered (cultural level, in the wide sense). The problems at present confronting the development societies shed light on those of the more 'advanced' societies, and vice-versa. In both cases, the society through the dialectic of continuity and discontinuities, takes cognisance of itself as a continuing creation — as existing in the present and projected in the future. (Balandier, 1972.)
Surfies and Clubbies in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Pearson Kent
Published: March 2007

During the years around the turn of this century, a series of battles for the right to swim on Australian beaches was waged by persons wishing to surf. An important outcome of this was the organization of groups of persons interested in surf bathing. The organization of these groups was the basis of the Surf Life Saving Association. The pattern of social organization and the cultural milieu associated with surf life saving dominated surfing activities in Australia and New Zealand for the next forty years. The introduction of the wave riding board into first Australia and then New Zealand in the 1950s set the stage for a surfing revolution. Surf life saving was eclipsed as the dominant surfing pattern and a new sport of surf board riding was established. During the 1960s surf life savers and surf board riders frequently conflicted in their use of the surf. This article provides a background to the development of the two different surfing sports in each country as well as a background to the conflict which occurred. The article to follow in the next issue presents data as part of an examination of stereotyping and conflict among surfies.
Interlocking Directorates Among Australia's Largest 250 Corporations 1959-1979
Authors: Stening Bruce W. , Wan Tai Wai
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on changes which occurred in the characteristics of the boards of directors of Australia's largest 250 corporations between 1959 and 1979. Among other things, it is shown that over this period the average board size increased substantially as did the proportion of interlocking directorates and the mean number of interlocks maintained per firm. Comparisons are provided between the Australian data and previous research conducted in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Psychological Disturbances and Work Fulfilment
Authors: Krupinski Jerzy
Published: March 2007

To determine the influence of work stress on psychological well-being, 1133 respondents who were involved in gainful work were asked how important specific aspects of work were for them and whether these occurred in their real work situation. Factor analysis extracted four factors, which were labelled 'work dependence', 'work independence' 'working conditions' and'freedom from pressure'. A fulfillment index was developed, based on the occurrence and non-occurrence of particular aspects in relation to their importance for the respondent. Both importance and fulfillment in each area were analysed in terms of sex and occupational hierarchy. Whilst the type of work ('dependent' or 'independent') did not affect the psychological well-being of the subjects, the non-fulfillment of desires was significantly associated with high psychological disturbance scores.
On Living Alone, Social Isolation and Psychological Disorder
Authors: Koller Karl , Gosden Sylvia
Published: March 2007

Social network analysis demonstrated the relative social isolation of respondents living alone compared with matched fellows living with others. The respondents had been identified whilst presenting with non- psychotic psychiatric disorder and matched with a normal population sample. Qualitative and quantitative divergences in interpersonal processes showed that the living alone group had limited access to other people and reduced opportunity to activate useful social exchanges. Their networks were in a comparative state of non-connection with regard to adaptively filling positions of intimacy. Socio-economic patterns within the city increased or maintained social distance between living alone respondents and their social environment especially at a time of personal adversity and transition. This picture was contrasted with the intense domestic interactions in the case of patients who resided with others and the normal population controls who reported widespread regular social exchanges with their kin and friends.
The Moral Values of Some Australian Adolescents: A Report and Discussion
Authors: Musgrave P.W.
Published: March 2007

A projective type essay was administered to a sample of (N = 1766) Vic torian adolescents in seven schools from which it was possible to derive data concerning the general moral attitudes of various categories of young persons. This data was compared with a similar usage of the instrument in the early 1960s in England. In brief much the same mental structure seemed to be applied to moral matters and the nature of the attitudes were not greatly changed. Some differences between boys and girls remain. With age adolescents appear to use a more rational approach. Differences between school types were few. Over time the direction of change seems to be towards more emphasis on the inter personal and less on social goals. Finally, there are no signs of the moral anarchy sometimes attributed to youth. As a conclusion these substantive findings are related to some aspects of sociological theory.
The Dormouse Syndrome— Restructuring the Dependency of the Elderly
Authors: Gibson D.M.
Published: March 2007

Much recent attention has focussed on the structured dependency of the elderly in modern society, particularly on their reliance on the public sector for economic support. This article explores the notion of dependency on both informal and formal sources of care, for reasons of physical and mental, as well as economic, disadvantage. This broader concept of dependency forms the basis for re-examination of the social creation of dependency amongst the elderly, drawing on illustrations from Australian health and welfare programs. Current social welfare practices are shown to structure and increase the dependency which those elderly in need of some government assistance are likely to experience. The need for increased flexibility in welfare provision and increased autonomy for the individual is emphasized, and an expanded range of service provision posited as a strategy to reduce both dependency itself, and its negative consequences for social welfare recipients.
Taylorism in the Home: The Medical Profession, the Infant Welfare Movement and the Deskilling of Women
Authors: Deacon Desley
Published: March 2007

Using the infant welfare movement as a case study, this article examines how doctors in early twentieth century Australia used the rhetoric of 'efficiency' to widen their labour market position by legitimating for them selves a supervisory role over mothers analogous to that of the manager in Taylorism. It is suggested that although the movement did not necessarily deskill women as mothers, its coercive and condescending rhetoric created a stereotype of women as specialised in function and incapable of unsupervised work, which helped deskill women by building moral and practical barriers to their participation in public life.

Look, woman, in the West, there wilt thou see

An amber cradle near the sun's decline:

Within it, featured even in death divine,

Is lying a dead infant, slain by thee.

(Lines from Meredith, quoted by Dr H. B. Allen in his Presidential Address to the Australasian Medical Congress, 1908.)
Comparisons of Australian Occupational Prestige Scales1
Authors: Quine Susan
Published: March 2007

Despite the unresolved controversy over the validity of using occupational prestige scales to provide a measure of 'social class', or position in the social structure, researches continue to use such scales for this purpose. The objective of this paper is to assist such researchers in selecting an appropriate scale for their data by outlining the construction and uses made of those scales developed in Australia. It also provides a comparison of the two most recently developed scales, in terms of their methodological and practical advantages and disadvantages, based on the findings of the application of these scales to father's occupation obtained from a random sample of children's birth records. Selection of an appropriate scale is discussed further in relation to the objectives of a study and the type of data available.
Woman Battering as a Social Problem: The Denial of Injury
Authors: Hatty Suzanne
Published: March 2007

Woman battering is conceptualised in various ways within the academic literature. Such theoretical accounts, often axiomatic rather than explicitly argued, have emerged co-extensively with the designation of woman battering as a contemporary social problem. There is, nevertheless, an ideological consistency between these theoretical accounts and the social responses to the 'problem'. This situation implies specific consequences for policy development and service delivery in the area of woman battering: the physical injury incurred by women within abusive relationships is often denied. Instead, the experience is often construed in terms of individual social welfare.
Reading Politics: Social Theory and Social Policy
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: March 2007

Arguments within social theory have only recently been brought to bear on social policy or policy analysis. This paper sketches some of the principles of structuralism and hermeneutics, and argues that these traditions can help us better to read policy. Several recent examples of Government and alternative policy are then analysed in order to illustrate the critical claims advanced. The broad proposal is put that language is far more important than often recognised, and that a greater collaboration between social policy and social theory might do much to advance debate.
Psychological and Sociological Approaches to the Study of Occupational Illness: A Critical Review
Authors: Quinlan Michael
Published: March 2007

This article critically assesses both psychological and sociological research upon occupational illness. It is argued that the former has provided an important intellectual foundation for 'victim blaming' explanations of work-related illness. Further, while recent sociologi cal research has provided a counter to this a number of significant problems remain to be addressed. Most importantly, it is argued that there is a need for this research to make more use of insights obtained from the labour process literature. Indeed, it is within this context that the historical role of industrial psychology as a managerialist response to the problems of worker discipline, productivity and health can be more readily understood.
Performance and Performativity in Education
Authors: Bartos Michael
Published: March 2007

The development of performance indicators for Australian schools and higher education is predicated on the false as sertion that policy makers have hitherto ignored education outcomes. Performance indicators for higher education orig inated in the government's 1985 Guidelines to the Tertiary Education Commission. The Australian experiences with per formance indicators in higher education has been similar to the British and European experience. Performance indicators for schools have their origins in the 1985 Quality of Education Review. National development of performance measures has been remarkably diffident about their prospects.

This equivocation about performance measures has parallels with what some have seen as a deeper crisis in the human sciences. Philosopher Jean-François Lyotard suggests that per vasive in modern society is 'performativity', which is the reduction of all judgement to the criterion of efficiency of in put-output relations. 'Performativity' is elevated to a general principle when other grand narratives of social coherence lose their force, but 'performativity' itself becomes unstable under post-modern conditions.

An approach to meaning which relies less on speech-act theory and more on meaning deriving from different forms-of-life avoids condemning performance indicators to measure the in commensurable. This would better accord with the reality of education systems and other bureaucracies which do not oper ate as totalising systems. In this light, policy makers could be more sanguine about prospects for performance indicators.
Labour Migration and Female Labour: Samoan Women in New Zealand
Authors: Larner Wendy
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the labour market position of Island born and New Zealand born Samoan women under the impact of recession and subsequent economic restructuring. Island born Samoan wo men have become a vital part of the New Zealand labour force in key sectors of the economy where the conditions of employment act as a disincentive to other women. New Zealand born Samoan women, on the other hand, are a more dispensable form of labour.
The Formation and Development of Party Loyalties: Patterns among Australian Immigrants
Authors: McAllister Ian , Makkai Toni
Published: March 2007

The loyalties voters feel towards political parties are central to the stability of democratic systems. Political socialisation theories explain these loyalties through parental inheritance. This paper analyses the consequences for party loyalties when parental in heritance is absent, through an examination of partisanship among Australian immigrants. Three hypotheses to explain immigrant par tisanship — withdrawal, economic self-interest, and re-socialisation are tested using a large national survey conducted among immi grants in 1988. The results support the withdrawal and economic self-interest hypotheses, but reject the re-socialisation hypothesis. The relative periods of time spent in the donor and host societies do not appear to have any influence on partisanship. Lacking the affect ive bond to parties provided by parental political socialisation, immigrants appear able to change their party loyalties relatively easily, as studies of ethnic voting in Australia have shown.
Women in Law: Theory, Research and Practice
Authors: Roach Anleu Sharyn L.
Published: March 2007

The increase in the number of women law students and lawyers is well-documented in Australia, as elsewhere. As a result of this increase some theorists suggest that women bring to the law a 'different voice' which will enable such values as caring, conciliation, empathy and mediation to become more central to legal practice. Others disagree that the maleness of law can be changed by increasing women's entry or by placing more value on so-called female qualities. What is absent, however, is the integration of empirical research and theory; assertions about women and law remain unexamined and unsubstantiated. This paper examines the processes whereby men and women lawyers are recruited to in-house legal departments and describes the type of work performed. The central argument is that women's locations within the legal profession must be investigated in order to assess the ways in which work settings constrain or enable different approaches to legal work.
Public Opinion, Sexual Difference and the Welfare State
Authors: Papadakis Elim
Published: March 2007

There are significant differences between the roles played by women and men in achieving welfare goals. Feminist theorists have analysed the implications of these differences and postulated that gender is a major force in shaping ideas. However, this view has been challenged by some writers, including post-structuralist and deconstructionist feminists, who have drawn attention to the significant differences in outlook, behaviour and circumstances among women. This paper assesses the relevance of these arguments by exploring the connection between sex and ideas about statutory provision of social services and government and private provision of health care and education. The analysis is based on data from a national survey of attitudes to state and private welfare in Australia.
Why families move: a study of residential mobility in Australia
Authors: Hassan Riaz , Xiaowei Zang  , McDonnell-Baum Scott
Published: March 2007

Using data from 1991 Housing and Location Preferences surveys of Sydney and Melbourne this paper examines the main sociological correlates of residential mobility. The research was designed partly to test Rossi's hypo thesis about residential mobility, that people move to adjust their housing to fit changing household needs with progression through the life-cycle. The findings show that in Australia residential mobility of families is significantly related to life-cycle and the changes that accompany it. The findings are also consistent with the other demographic, social and economic patterns that characterise Australian society.
Some Aspects of Sanitary Administration in a Holiday Resort
Authors: Bate W.
Published: March 2007

The problems of sanitary administration associated with the incursions of large numbers of visitors into holiday resorts is briefly discussed. Common deficiencies in catering establishments are reviewed and the need for compulsory registration of premises is stressed. The difficulties facing the health educator in holiday catering trades are discussed and brief suggestions made for overcoming them.

The manufacture and distribution of ice-cream is briefly dealt with and the value of sampling is discussed ; sample results are quoted. Attention is drawn to the need for sterilization of ice-cream servers and the result of a simple test on the use of a quaternary ammonium disinfectant is given. A local code of standard for ice-cream vehicles is quoted.

The provision of sanitary accommodation in places of public entertainment is briefly referred to and a local interpretation of section 89 of the Public Health Act is included.

The sterilization of beer glasses is discussed and details are given of tests on an automatic washer.

Defects in powers of control of boarding houses are enumerated and some remedial suggestions are made, including the introduction of compulsory registration.

The author concludes by stressing the need for additional staff in holiday resorts in order that the increased difficulties of sanitary administration can be overcome.
The Design of a Premature Baby Unit
Authors: Nash P.B.
Published: March 2007

The Obstetric Report of the Birmingham Regional Hospital Board shows a real need for premature cots within the region.

The basic facts contained in this report influenced the selection of a site for the premature baby unit. The site chosen at Hallam Hospital, West Bromwich, is central within an area of I50,000 population and the unit of fourteen cots, which, with the addition of one existing cot, adheres to the recommendation of ten cots per I00,000 population.

The unit is designed to accommodate mothers and premature babies. The working section has demonstration and feed-rooms, staff rooms and the milk-room.

The ward section has six warm cubicles and eight cool cubicles. Sluice and sterilizing facilities are provided.

The building is a single storey block built of II-inch cavity brickwork with a reinforced concrete raft foundation and a concrete flat roof.

The provision of windows, glazing and internal finishes are described.
The Relationship of the Child Welfare Officer and the School Medical Officer To the National Health Service
Authors: Neale A.V.
Published: March 2007

Broad divisions of preventive and curative medicine can arbitrarily exist, but there should be a wide overlap and increasing effort should be made to bring all our medical forces together in a comprehensive attack upon any factors contrary to mental and physical welfare and health in infancy and childhood.

Officers in the maternity and child welfare, and school medical services, will neces sarily need to have a closer and increasing liaison with other forms of preventive and clinical practice. The identity of these officers can be retained (and must be so for some years), but the overall value in the national health service will depend on a wider fusion with consultants, especially obstetricians and pædiatricians, on the one hand, and on the other (especially in health centres) with general practitioners, and particu larly with those comprising the personnel of group general practice.

Most especially in the field of child health, preventive and curative activity can proceed hand-in-hand and in fact must do so to maintain fruitful results. Pædiatricians, infant welfare officers, and school medical officers have wide overlaps in their interests and duties ; to some extent a mutual interchange of work in children's hospitals and in welfare departments already exists in several large centres. Clinical area pædia tricians should organize, with the local preventive medicine authorities, arrangements for a comprehensive child health programme in the area and so act as joint influences in promoting the very best co-operative work, and particularly in its educational preventive aspects.
Bacteriological Standards for Perishable Foods
Authors: Heller C.L.
Published: March 2007

The unrestricted growth of micro-organisms in meat products leads to spoilage and therefore it is necessary to consider whether meat products should be made to conform to microbial. standards. This question raises many problems which can be solved only in the distant future. However, an understanding of the rôle of micro-organisms in the manufacture of meat products suggests that in the immediate future it is possible to effect a considerable improvement in micro-biological quality. In order to achieve this result, education and advisory services will play an important part. It is important that pathogenic bacteria should be excluded from meat products, but it must be appre ciated that this problem concerns only a few of the micro-organisms which may adversely effect meat products. Furthermore, it is difficult to convince many of those concerned in food production that traditional methods should be improved if our arguments are related solely to the prevention of food-poisoning.

The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and are not necessarily those of the Ministry of Food.
Plague and Anti-Plague Measures in Hyderabad State, With Special Reference To the Use of Ddt
Authors: Khatri L.D.
Published: March 2007

A brief history of plague in Hyderabad State during the present pandemic is given. It is shown that the epidemics on the whole are on the wane, and this experience coincides with the experience of other Indian states. This general decline cannot be attributed to any specific anti-plague measures adopted earlier. Earlier measures such as fumigation of rat burrows with Cyanogas were able to control epidemics to a large extent, but were not successful in eradicating infection, particularly from the endemic zones.

Recently DDT has been introduced as an anti-plague measure, relying on the assumption that control of transmitting agent alone may be able to check the epidemics and may ultimately succeed in eradicating the infection from the state.

Insufflation of rat burrows with DDT I0 per cent. powder and disinfection of houses with DDT suspension spray made by mixing water with 50 per cent. DDT wettable powder for the disinfection of huts, walls, roofs and windows, etc., are the main anti-plague measures now adopted. The measures have given very encouraging results ; the record of incidence and mortality from plague in the whole state during the last year has been the lowest recorded for the last fifty years.
(b) Distribution and Utilization
Authors: Livingstone A. McD.
Published: March 2007

The salvage and collection of about 1,000 tons of waste food a day by local authorities, and its subsequent central sterilization and processing into concentrate for stock feed, represents a significant contribution to the national economy and animal health.

With an expanding pig and poultry population there should be a growing demand for the product. But the quantity collected and processed is subject to seasonal fluctuations, demand (e.g., at harvest time) varies, and on a free competitive market, prices will naturally need some adjustment from time to time at short notice.

Such adjustments are a daily commonplace in the business world, but the rigidity of local authority business procedure may raise difficulties in equating supply and demand. Perhaps these might be eased by having some kind of association of processing authorities which could keep in touch with the market and issue a scale of recommended prices for general guidance. It could also do much to advertise the merits of the product and educate stock-keepers generally in its use ; but each processing authority should regard this as one of its primary duties.
Some Avenues to a Better Environment
Authors: Green James
Published: March 2007

The paper gives a brief historical survey of the development of sanitation practice. The re sponsibilities of various sections of the community are discussed, and particular reference is made to the way in which local authorities can initiate improved methods and practice. Reference is made to the increasing importance of planning and education and of the need to ensure initially conditions which will tend to prevent nuisances arising. Examples of educational works are given, and it is suggested that there should be greater facilities for post-appointment training of public health inspectors on educational work. The trend of legislation is discussed and an opinion is ex pressed as to how legislation concerning food administration and smoke abatement can be improved.
Before MR. JUSTICE COLLINS
Authors: Banter Jones v.
Published: March 2007

In a case where the drains of two houses joined and therefore the common drain was technically a sewer, and the local authority wrongly by notice required the drains to enter separately into the sewer, the owner of one house complied, the other did not, and consequently nuisance arose, the Court held that the Local Authority were liable to remove any nuisance.
The management of diabetes at primary level in South Africa: the results of a facility-based assessment
Authors: Beattie Allison , Kalk W. John , Price Max , Rispel Leatitia , Nursing Paed , Broomberg Jonathan , Cabral J.
Published: March 2007

Diabetes is a widespread condition in South Africa and is often managed at primary level health facilities. This study aimed to assess the quality of diabetes management using a rapid assessment approach, focusing on three indicators as proxy measurements of quality: the regularity of blood glucose level (BGL) measurement; the percentage of patients whose BGLs were within 'acceptable' limits (under 10.0 mmol/l) on at least 75% of visits; the rate at which action was taken in response to high BGLs. Five sites were included in the study, including public and private, doctor- and nurse-based facilities. A total of 128 records were examined. Only 33% of all records were found to be well-managed according to the study criteria. None of the individual facilities were found to have more than 40% of patients achieving BGLs within the study limits. Some obstacles to good glycaemic control were costs to patients, transport problems, a lack of health education and shortcomings in clini cal expertise. Policy implications and recommendations are suggested.
A review of the reported attitudes of health and social care professionals towards people with learning disabilities: implications for education and further research
Authors: Fitzsimmons J. , Barr O.
Published: March 2007

The investigation of attitudes towards people with disabilities has been a consistent research focus for the past 20 years. It appears that during the past decade, in particular, a considerable amount of attention has been invested in investigating the attitudes of a range of health and social care professionals towards people with learning disabilities. Indeed this has been the specific focus of several recent studies. This paper reviews recent research findings concerning the attitudes of health and social care professionals to people with learning disabilities. The implications of these findings for the education of practitioners and further research studies are also explored that clearly demonstrate the need for further carefully controlled studies. Such studies would have the potential to isolate those variables that might most effectively bring about a positive influence on attitudes towards people with learning disabilities.
Learning disability nursing: a position paper
Authors: Turnbull J.
Published: March 2007

Learning disability nurses in the UK have received unprecedented attention over the past 5 years in response to anxieties about their role. The problem has been conceptualized as being the inability of nurses to articulate their contribution to meeting the needs of people with learning disabilities and a lack of evidence of their effectiveness. This paper proposes that, although nurses are valued for their contribution individually in services, they are working within devaluing systems which have created conceptual and strategic uncertainty about learning disabilities generally. In order to move forward, nurses need to understand the ways in which these systems exert their influence. It is proposed that if three broad aims for the profession are pursued this will help improve practice whilst simultaneously helping nurses feel more secure about their contribution in the field of learning disabilities.
The Structure and Properties of Polyurethane Textile Coatings
Authors: Koch Hans-Joachim
Published: March 2007

Polyurethane chains consist of alternating flexible and rigid segments. The properties of the resultant coating depend upon the chemical nature and distribution of these segments. The chemistry of various ure thanes is described in relation to the properties and utility of the coatings derived from them.
The Use of Emulsion Polymers in Pressure Sensitive Coatings
Authors: Buttrey D. , Rogers M.J.F.
Published: March 2007

Since the late 1930s when production of pressure sensitive packaging tapes was started in the UK, the market for pressure sensitive products has grown dramatically. Solution rubber based compounds re present the major share of the adhesive usage, but it is felt that these will come under increased pressure as new developments make alternatives more attractive and concern about environmental pollution grows. Alter natives are aqueous dispersions of natural rubber and tackifying resins, acrylic emulsion polymers, hot melt systems, and possibly in the future, curable liquid polymers.
Modulation of Doxorubicin-Induced Genotoxicity by Aegle marmelos in Mouse Bone Marrow: A Micronucleus Study
Authors: Venkatesh Ponemone , Shantala Bellary , Jagetia Ganesh Chandra , Rao K. Koteshwer , Baliga Manjeshwar Shrinath
Published: March 2007

The effect of various concentrations of Aegle marmelos (AME) on the doxorubicin (DOX)-induced genotoxic effects in mice bone marrow was studied. Treatment of mice with different concentrations of DOX resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic (MPCE) as well as normochromatic (MNCE) erythrocytes in mouse bone marrow. The frequencies of MPCE and MNCE increased with scoring time, and the greatest elevation for MPCE was observed at 48 hours post-DOX treatment, whereas a maximum increase in MNCE was observed at 72 hours post-DOX treatment. This increase in MPCE and MNCE was accompanied by a decline in the polychromatic erythrocytes–normochromatic erythrocytes (PCE/NCE) ratio, which showed a DOX-dose-dependent decline. Treatment of mice with 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 mg/kg body weight of AME, orally once daily for 5 consecutive days before DOX treatment, significantly reduced the frequency of DOX-induced micronuclei accompanied by a significant elevation in the PCE/NCE ratio at all scoring times. The greatest protection against DOX-induced genotoxicity was observed at 350 mg/kg AME. The protection against DOX-induced genotoxicity by AME may be due to inhibition of free radicals and increased antioxidant status.
Pilot Crossover Trial of Reiki Versus Rest for Treating Cancer-Related Fatigue
Authors: Tsang Kathy L. , Carlson Linda E. , Olson Karin
Published: March 2007

Fatigue is an extremely common side effect experienced during cancer treatment and recovery. Limited research has investigated strategies stemming from complementary and alternative medicine to reduce cancer-related fatigue. This research examined the effects of Reiki, a type of energy touch therapy, on fatigue, pain, anxiety, and overall quality of life. This study was a counterbalanced crossover trial of 2 conditions: (1) in the Reiki condition, participants received Reiki for 5 consecutive daily sessions, followed by a 1-week washout monitoring period of no treatments, then 2 additional Reiki sessions, and finally 2 weeks of no treatments, and (2) in the rest condition, participants rested for approximately 1 hour each day for 5 consecutive days, followed by a 1-week washout monitoring period of no scheduled resting and an additional week of no treatments. In both conditions, participants completed questionnaires investigating cancer-related fatigue (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Fatigue subscale [FACT-F]) and overall quality of life (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, General Version [FACT-G]) before and after all Reiki or resting sessions. They also completed a visual analog scale (Edmonton Symptom Assessment System [ESAS]) assessing daily tiredness, pain, and anxiety before and after each session of Reiki or rest. Sixteen patients (13 women) participated in the trial: 8 were randomized to each order of conditions (Reiki then rest; rest then Reiki). They were screened for fatigue on the ESAS tiredness item, and those scoring greater than 3 on the 0 to 10 scale were eligible for the study. They were diagnosed with a variety of cancers, most commonly colorectal (62.5%) cancer, and had a median age of 59 years. Fatigue on the FACT-F decreased within the Reiki condition ( P=.05) over the course of all 7 treatments. In addition, participants in the Reiki condition experienced significant improvements in quality of life (FACT-G) compared to those in the resting condition ( P <.05). On daily assessments (ESAS) in the Reiki condition, presession 1 versus postsession 5 scores indicated significant decreases in tiredness ( P <.001), pain ( P <.005), and anxiety ( P<.01), which were not seen in the resting condition. Future research should further investigate the impact of Reiki using more highly controlled designs that include a sham Reiki condition and larger sample sizes.
Challenging Multiculturalism
Authors: Mohan Erica
Published: March 2007

Given the rate at which North American classrooms are becoming increasingly diverse, this case lays the groundwork for urgently needed conversations among all preservice and practicing school administrators. The case prompts students to consider the shortcomings of standard multicultural approaches, particularly as they relate to multiethnic students, and to develop meaningful and constructive alternatives for addressing the educational experiences of minority students. Far from merely depicting a short-lived dilemma faced by the school’s principal, this case presents the evolving and ongoing complexity of enacting school reforms in the face of competing interests and further complicates existing debates surrounding multicultural education.
Teacher Evaluation in the Classroom
Authors: Selmes Cyril
Published: March 2007

Appraisal interviews, says this article, are irrelevant to the task of evaluating teacher performance in the classroom. It describes a technique for drawing teachers into the process of appraisal by agreeing the qualities on which they wish to be judged.
Staff Appraisal in the South Midlands and the South West of England - a Survey of Developments During 1985
Authors: James C.R. , Mackenzie C.A.
Published: March 2007

There is much noise about appraisal - fears, fantasies and constructive ideas - but what is actually happening in schools?. Last year EMA published a survey of one region. This follow-up study shows the pace of developments has slowed.
Restricted Choice in the Management of Change
Authors: North R.F.J.
Published: March 2007

Do heads make 'rational'. decisions? Instances from case studies of comprehensives show that cultural forces restrict possibilities of 'rational' action. The article warns against business theory and concludes we need to know more about how people in schools make choices.
Return to the Hierarchy!
Authors: Packwood Tim
Published: March 2007

Concepts of bureaucracy are frequently associated with restriction, rigidity and authoritarianism. Yet, the government of the educational system assumes a bureaucratic organisation with a hierarchy of authority and accountability. This article argues that bureaucratic concepts provide an opportunity to shape school organisation more flexibly than is commonly appreciated. It suggests how bureaucratic concepts can resolve current problems and help adapt the organisation of schools to future demands. The author is in the Department of Governmnent at Brunel University.
Towards an Understanding of the Personal Costs and Rewards Involved in Teacher Initiated Innovations
Authors: Sparkes Andrew C.
Published: March 2007

Drawing upon a three-year case study of teacher initiated innovation, this article challenges the prevailing view that teacher resistance to innovation is pathological. It focuses on the concerns of a group of teachers in relation to their teaching perspectives and shows that 'losers' are a fundamental reality in the process of innovation. The author is in the School of Education at Exeter University.
Women as Leaders of Schools: The Role of Training
Authors: Jayne Edith
Published: March 2007

How can training help increase the number of women in leadership positions in schools? This article discusses examples from the author's experience in teaching on primary school management courses and investigating leadership in schools. The author is in the School of Primary Education at Thames Polytechnic.
The Lack of Impact of Informafion: Performance Indicators for A Levels
Authors: Williamson John , Fitz-Gibbon C.T.
Published: March 2007

This article is an evaluation of a project to measure A level results. It considers how teachers were anxious about misuse of performance indicators: The authors are from the School of Education, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
The Competent Manager in Secondary Schools
Authors: Hamlin Bob
Published: March 2007

What constitutes managerial W competence in secondary schools? This article summarises the findings of an empirical research study that has identified the criteria of managerial effectiveness at HoD level, and outlines both the 'universally applicable' and 'education-specific' competencies required by the competent manager. Implications regarding the selection, appraisal and training of managerial staff in secondary education are discussed. The author is in the Wolverhampton Business School of Wolverhampton Polytechnic.
Role of BCR/ABL gene-expression levels in determining the phenotype and imatinib sensitivity of transformed human hematopoietic cells
Authors: Modi Hardik , McDonald Tinisha , Chu Su , Yee Jiing-Kuan , Forman Stephen J. , Bhatia Ravi
Published: March 2007

Increased levels of Bcr-Abl expression in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells are associated with disease progression and imatinib (IM) resistance. However, it is not clear if these associations are a direct result of elevated Bcr-Abl expression. We used a human transduction model of CML to directly investigate the role of varying Bcr-Abl expression levels in determining the phenotype and IM sensitivity of hematopoietic cells. CD34+ cells were transduced with vectors coexpressing Bcr-Abl and GFP, and cells expressing low and high levels of GFP and Bcr-Abl (BAlo and BAhi) were selected. BAhi cells demonstrated enhanced activation of downstream proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling and enhanced proliferation and survival compared to BAlo cells. Freshly isolated BAhi CD34+ cells and cell lines demonstrated increased IM-mediated growth inhibition likely reflecting Bcr-Abl dependence for growth and survival. CD34+ cells expressing BCR/ABL kinase-mutant genes demonstrated resistance to IM-mediated inhibition of proliferation and viability, which was not enhanced by increased expression of BCR/ABL kinase-mutant genes. We conclude that Bcr-Abl overexpression results in increased proliferation and antiapoptotic signaling in CD34+ cells, but may not play a direct role in IM resistance in progenitor cells expressing either wild-type or mutant BCR/ABL genes.
The exceptional stem cell system of Macrostomum lignano: Screening for gene expression and studying cell proliferation by hydroxyurea treatment and irradiation
Authors: Pfister Daniela , De Mulder Katrien , Philipp Isabelle , Kuales Georg , Hrouda Martina , Eichberger Paul , Borgonie Gaetan , Hartenstein Volker , Ladurner Peter
Published: March 2007

Background

Flatworms are characterized by an outstanding stem cell system. These stem cells (neoblasts) can give rise to all cell types including germ cells and power the exceptional regenerative capacity of many flatworm species. Macrostomum lignano is an emerging model system to study stem cell biology of flatworms. It is complementary to the well-studied planarians because of its small size, transparency, simple culture maintenance, the basal taxonomic position and its less derived embryogenesis that is more closely related to spiralians. The development of cell-, tissue- and organ specific markers is necessary to further characterize the differentiation potential of flatworm stem cells. Large scale in situ hybridization is a suitable tool to identify possible markers. Distinguished genes identified in a large scale screen in combination with manipulation of neoblasts by hydroxyurea or irradiation will advance our understanding of differentiation and regulation of the flatworm stem cell system.

Results

We have set up a protocol for high throughput large scale whole mount in situ hybridization for the flatworm Macrostomum lignano. In the pilot screen, a number of cell-, tissue- or organ specific expression patterns were identified. We have selected two stem cell- and germ cell related genes – macvasa and macpiwi – and studied effects of hydroxyurea (HU) treatment or irradiation on gene expression. In addition, we have followed cell proliferation using a mitosis marker and bromodeoxyuridine labeling of S-phase cells after various periods of HU exposure or different irradiation levels. HU mediated depletion of cell proliferation and HU induced reduction of gene expression was used to generate a cDNA library by suppressive subtractive hybridization. 147 differentially expressed genes were sequenced and assigned to different categories.

Conclusion

We show that Macrostomum lignano is a suitable organism to perform high throughput large scale whole mount in situ hybridization. Genes identified in such screens – together with BrdU/H3 labeling – can be used to obtain information on flatworm neoblasts.