bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using generalized additive models for prediction of chlorophyll a in Lake Okeechobee, Florida
Authors: Lamon E. Conrad , Reckhow Kenneth H. , Havens Karl E.
Published: June 2006

Long‐term eutrophication data collected by the South Florida Water Management District at eight stations in the pelagic region of Lake Okeechobee since 1980 were combined with those from littoral region stations collected since 1986. These data were supplemented by those collected by the University of Florida in conjunction with the Lake Okeechobee Ecosystem Study. Generalized additive models (GAM) were fit to the chlorophyll a response for each of five previously documented‘ecological zones’, each using the same predictor variables for comparison between zones. Significant nonlinear increasing relationships between log10 TP and log10 chlorophyll a were found for littoral and near littoral regions of the lake, which change to decreasing at certain (high) levels of log10 TP. This change to a decreasing function suggests light limitation associated with high TP levels due to particle resuspension. The error distribution of the GAM compare favourably to those of linear models. The relationship of the chlorophyll a response to the predictors used in the GAM appear similar for littoral and near littoral regions, as they do for north pelagic and central pelagic ecological zones, with intermediate shapes of these functions found in the transition zone between these two groups.
Limnological regionalization of Mexico
Authors: Alcocer Javier , Escobar Elva
Published: June 2006

Mexico, with its unique northwest‐southeast horn‐like shape, attains its largest continental area toward the northwest. It spans more than 15° of latitude and longitude. Two‐thirds of its territory lie 800 m or more above sea‐level. The relief, dominated by mountains, is rugged. Climate is varied and includes arid, steppe‐like, temperate and tropical lands, with a general trend of increasing aridity north of the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt. Such a heterogeneous physiographic‐climatic scenario leads to a wide diversity of epicontinental aquatic resources, with a general trend of increasing water availability south of the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt. Nonetheless, Mexico scarcely holds 0.1% of the worlds’inland aquatic resources. In order to characterize, plan, and manage aquatic resources of so extensive an area, it is important to undertake a limnological regionalization. Considering the hydraulic, climatic, geographical and geological attributes of Mexico, a lake inventory and regionalization is provided to improve knowledge of the extent of Mexican limnological resources.
Causes and effects of the water‐level rise in the Caspian Sea
Authors: Shayegan Jalal , Badakhshan Amir
Published: June 2006

The level of water in the Caspian Sea has risen by 2 m in the last fifteen years and is continuing to rise. Fluctuation in the level of this lake has been observed in the past, but its present rate of rising is without precedent. The probable causes of such a high rate of increase in the level are explored and listed. The adverse economic impact on agricultural, civil, recreational and commercial activities on the shore of Iran are considered and ways to combat the problem are discussed.
Lessons from practical application of an ecosystem approach in management of the Laurentian Great Lakes
Authors: Hartig John H. , Thomas Richard L. , Iwachewski Edward
Published: June 2006

The Canada–United States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement calls for the use of a systematic and comprehensive ecosystem approach (i.e. accounting for interrelationships among water, air, land, and all living things, including humans, and involving all user groups in comprehensive management) in water resource planning, research, and management. This Agreement further calls for the public to be consulted in all management actions. Remedial action plans (RAP) are being developed and implemented to restore uses in degraded areas of the Great Lakes and lakewide management plans (LaMP) are being developed and implemented to restore uses in open lake waters. These planning processes represent practical application of ecosystem approach theory. Lessons from practical experiences with Great Lakes RAP and LaMP include: an ecosystem approach can result in eliminating overlap and increasing efficiency; there can be positive effects from opening up decision‐making processes through meaningful public participation; priority should be placed on reaching agreement on problems and priorities; identification of key actions and delineation of sequencing, timeframe, and responsibilities is essential to ensure accountability; there is a need for a step‐wise approach to use restoration and demonstration of incremental progress; emphasis should be placed on planning cooperatively and sharing responsibilities for programme delivery; governments should provide resources to factilitate multi‐stakeholder decision‐making processes; spatial and temporal scale issues must be addressed; management actions should be treated as experiments; coupling of research and management has proven time and again to be cost‐ and ecosystem‐effective; and emphasis should be placed on measuring and celebrating progress for continuous improvement.
Shoreline marshes of Okanagan Lake: Are they habitats of high productivity, diversity, scarcity and vulnerability?
Authors: Northcote Thomas , Northcote Heather
Published: June 2006

Abundance and diversity (number of taxa) of planktonic and epibenthic invertebrates were examined between October and December 1994 in a small shoreline marsh of southwestern Okanagan Lake, British Columbia, and compared to adjacent shoreline that was (i) slightly modified by human activity, and (ii) heavily modified by riprap placement. Planktonic and epibenthic invertebrate abundance and diversity was several‐fold higher in the shoreline marsh habitat, intermediate in the slightly modified shoreline habitat, and lowest in the riprap shoreline. A mid‐1930 survey of Okanagan Lake reported that only 9% of its shoreline had rooted aquatic vegetation, so historically the lakeshore marshes were scarce. Currently, only small vestiges of such habitat remain in a 42 km stretch of its southwestern shoreline where 80% of this length has been altered by various development activities: 41% by lakeshore housing and cottages, 27% by lakeshore road riprap, and 12% by parks, swimming beaches and other recreational developments.
Lake environments along the coast of Tamilnadu, India, delineated by IRS‐IA satellite data
Authors: Radhakrishnan N. , Elango L.
Published: June 2006

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS‐IA) LISS I and LISS II data were studied to delineate major lake environments along the east coast of Tamilnadu, India. IRS‐IA satellite data were useful in delineating the spatial extent of lacustrine water‐bodies, their probable origin and regional setting, and their influence on the local environment. A few water‐bodies (i.e. Pulicat, Kalveli and lakes along the Vedaranniyam coast) were selected for particular study. They are the result of marine transgression during the late Cretaceous, and form an integral part of neotectonic and land‐building activities of the area. This study explains the relationship between lakes and coastline configuration, and is significant in understanding the lake environment and its subsequent role in coastal zone management
The growth, nitrogen fixation and nutrient removal capacity of Azolla in polluted water
Authors: Shiomi Nobuyuki , Kitoh Shunji
Published: June 2006

The growth and nitrogen fixation of Azolla filiculoides cultured in polluted pond water and two types of secondary effluent were investigated. The gradual decreases in the growth and acetylene reduction activity (ARA) of the plants in pond water were due mainly to a phosphorus deficiency. In the secondary effluent, ammonium was an important factor limiting growth and ARA. Azolla plants were screened for tolerance to ammonium ion on the basis of their growth on the medium with or without ammonium. Azolla nilotica was the most sensitive species of all, followed by A. rubra. Azolla pinnata van pinnata was the most tolerant one. Nutrient removal capacities by 10 Azolla strains in batch culture were examined. The highest capacities and the growth were found in May for all Azolla strains. In August and December, Azolla strains showed poor growth and low nutrient removal capacities.
Optical investigations of Estonian and Finnish lakes
Authors: Arst H. , Mäekivi S. , Kutser T. , Reinart A. , Blanco‐Sequeiros A. , Virta J. , Nõges P.
Published: June 2006

Sixteen lakes in Estonia and five lakes in Finland were investigated during 1992–95, using mainly optical methods. A total of 14 expeditions were undertaken, but the number was different for each lake. Vertical profiles of solar irradiance (spectral and integral), temperature and dissolved oxygen in the water column were measured, and Secchi disk depths were determined. Chlorophyll a and suspended matter concentrations were determined in the laboratory from water samples. Spectrophotometrical processing of the water samples (unfiltered and filtered water) was carried out to describe the beam attenuation coefficient spectra and to determine the spectral influence of yellow substance in the water. Passive optical remote sensing measurements were made from on board a boat. The data obtained show a rather high variability in water characteristics, although the lakes investigated are situated in the same climatic region. Several lakes receive human impact, and this has led to a decrease in water transparency and an increase in eutrophication. Despite rather low values for attenuation depth in lakes, water quality can be estimated using optical remote sensing data.
The use of field enclosure experiments to study the effect of pesticides on lake phytoplankton
Authors: Abdel‐Hamid Mohammad I. , Källqvist Torsten , Hessen Dag O. , Berge Dag
Published: June 2006

An outdoor enclosure experiment was carried out to study the effect of some selected pesticides on phytoplankton of Lake Omdalsvann, Norway. The experiment lasted 2 weeks during 1990 July/August). The pesticides tested were chlorosulfuron (herbicide), propiconazole (fungicide), dimethoate (insecticide) and glyphosate (herbicide). The pesticides were tested at three concentration levels (1 μg L−1, 10μg L−1 and 100μg L−1) of their active ingredients. Samples for phytoplankton analysis were collected twice each week. The species richness differed greatly among the experimental bags. All treatments resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in species number compared with the results of the control. At the same time, great differences did exist in algal biomass in response to different pesticides tested. The pattern of biomass deviation from control (positive or negative) and magnitude (significant or non‐significant, at P= 0.05) were mainly dependent on toxicant type, concentration and the exposure time. Shannon‐Wiener diversity indices ranged between 2.69 and 2.76. The index values decreased significantly at all pesticide treatments with lowest values usually recorded 2 days after adding the pesticides. The biomass of some natural algal taxa varied quite independently not only to the different pesticides but also to their concentrations; a finding which supports the concept of species‐dependent variation in algal sensitivity to chemicals. In situ toxicity testing seems to be a reliable protocol to generate more realistic data necessary for environmental protection.
Protection and management of anthroposaline lakes in Romania
Authors: Bulgǎreanu Valentin A. C.
Published: June 2006

Anthroposaline lakes in Romania are used mostly for therapeutic purposes because of their high salinity and the sapropelic muds these contain. These are managed and protected within their‘perimeters of protection’. The special use of these lakes requires the maintenance of standards (biological, chemical, limnogenetical, limnogeological, morphometrical) which may be different from global recommendations for freshwater and saline (but non‐therapeutic) lakes.
Growth factors controlling periphyton production in a temperate reservoir in Patagonia used for fish farming
Authors: Baffico Gustavo D. , Pedrozo Fernando L.
Published: June 2006

In the early stages of pollution it is not always possible to detect contamination by chemical parameters as some components of the biota react more rapidly to inputs of pollutants. The purpose of this work is to determine the importance of nutrient inputs as a control of growth of the periphyton community and to evaluate the feasibility of using changes in the periphyton community to monitor the effects of contamination from fish farms. Wastes derived from fish farming in the Alicura Reservoir changed the nutrient concentrations of the sediment just below the fish cages and decreased the nitrogen: phosphorus (N:P) ratio to below 1. This situation stimulated the development of cyanophytes and increased the total algal biomass as a consequence of higher nutrient availability. In laboratory bioassays, diatoms dominated the periphyton community at high N:P (>4) and Si:P (> 1000) ratios, while cyanophytes were dominants at low N:P and Si:P (< 10) ratios. These results suggested that not only the N:P ratio controls periphyton composition, because in the reservoir (where N:P ratio was always low) the periphyton was dominated by diatoms as a result of the presence of extremely high Si:P ratios (3000‐5000). These results suggest that periphyton is a powerful tool for detecting the first signs of contamination.
The current problems of Lake Baikal ecosystem conservation
Authors: Kozhova Olga M. , Silow Eugene A.
Published: June 2006

The greatest world reservoir of fresh water, the unique Lake Baikal, is at risk from anthropogenic influence. Three stages of economic activity in the lake region can be distinguished: (i) poor economic uses, (ii) increase of economic uses after the construction of the hydropower station dam on the outflow of the lake, and (iii) intensive increase of economic activity, characterized by the intensive use of mineral fertilizers, transportation, log rafting, growth of population around Baikal, mass development of tourism, the construction of the Baikal‐Amur railroad and pulp combines. Chemical and biological pollution of the lake, fishing and hunting, the state of coasts and protected areas are discussed. The regions most affected are listed. The greater long‐term influence is an increase in the mineralization of tributary waters due to forest cutting and land cultivation. Though the influence does not cause a decline in water quality, the properties of the Baikalian water in local sites of pollution can significantly differ from their initial state. The quality of water, however, is within the limits of requirements for fresh drinking water.
Implications of compensatory and additive mortality to the management of selected sportfish populations
Authors: Allen M. S. , Miranda L. E. , Brock R. E.
Published: June 2006

The compensatory mortality hypothesis postulates that a population's total mortality remains unchanged at low to intermediate exploitation rates because natural mortality decreases to compensate for reduced density, whereas the additive mortality hypothesis postulates that any increase in exploitation mortality results in an increase in total mortality. Fishing and natural mortality rates have generally been assumed to be additive rather than compensatory. We reviewed mortality estimates for some prominent sportfish populations to identify evidence for compensatory or additive mortality. For largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, total annual mortality increased with annual exploitation suggesting additive mortality. For crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus and P. annularis, annual exploitation did not seem to affect annual mortality at low to moderate annual exploitation, but annual mortality increased with annual exploitation as it increased beyond 40%, conforming to the compensatory mortality hypothesis. Northern pike Esox lucius mortality estimates revealed no relation between annual mortality and annual exploitation, and highly variable annual mortality for a given annual exploitation. Evidence from the literature suggests that mortality of northern pike may be compensatory for fish smaller than 40 cm total length, but additive for larger fish. Because compensatory natural mortality reduces the managers’ability to control annual mortality, we suggest that further consideration of the compensatory mortality hypothesis be given to species that have shown variable mortality responses to reductions in annual exploitation.
Planktonic interactions with an austral bias: Implications for biomanipulation
Authors: Burns Carolyn W.
Published: June 2006

The conceptual model of trophic structure in a typical north temperate lake that underlies attempts at biological manipulation to improve water quality is reviewed in relation to the trophic structure and community composition of planktonic food webs in New Zealand and Australian lakes. New Zealand's relatively simple food webs are characterized by an absence of obligate piscivores and few vertebrate and invertebrate planktivores; manipulation of fish stock to improve water quality has not been attempted. The largest crustacean zooplankton in Australasia, and potentially the most effective grazers of phytoplankton, are Daphnia carinata and calanoid copepods (Boeckella spp.). Their potential capacities to remove algae and colonial cyanobacteria (Microcystis, filamentous forms) from waterways are discussed in relation to colony size and concentration, toxicity, selectivity, and digestibility. The potential of D. carinata to suppress rates of increase in phytoplankton biomass may be lowered by its sensitivity to crowding and starvation, and its susceptibility to predation by fish. Decisions to use biomanipulation as a management tool to improve water quality should be based on the results of a whole lake study and take into consideration relevant obligations to preserve the biodiversity of native species, and curb the spread and dominance of exotic species. Programmes that are based on reductions in biomass of planktivorous fish should be complemented by control of nutrient loads (integrated management).
Volga‐Kama cascade reservoirs and their optimal use
Authors: Avakyan A. B.
Published: June 2006

Reservoirs of the Volga‐Kama cascade, one of the largest cascades in the world, are described, with special attention to environmental problems. Measures for the improvement of the ecological situation in the river basin are analysed. A concept of water area regionalization, planning and engineering organization of water‐bodies, previously advanced as the basic principle of rational development of natural water resources, is presented.
Exergy content in the pelagic food chain of Lago Maggiore
Authors: Bernardi Riccardo de , Jørgensen Sven E.
Published: June 2006

An application of exergetic concepts to the analysis of the pelagic trophic food chain in Lago Maggiore over the period 1978‐1992 is presented and discussed with a view to determining the value of this approach. The preliminary results obtained suggest that the approach could be useful in verifying ecological models and in providing a better description of the mechanisms involved in the functioning of the food chain. The exergy model can, among other things, enable the efficiency of the food chain in utilizing available resources to be estimated. It can also be used to predict the most important factors which affect ecosystem function.
An improved parameter estimation procedure in lake modelling
Authors: Jørgensen S. E.
Published: June 2006

This paper proposes an alternative parameter estimation procedure. Usually the parameters that yield the highest sensitivity are calibrated by trial and error or by an automatic calibration procedure. If the number of parameters to be calibrated is more than 3‐5, this procedure is very time consuming. The presented procedure is based on the assumption that the biological components in an ecosystem model attempt to develop such properties that they become best possible survivors, i.e. develop as much biomass as possible. It has previously been proposed that the survival of the entire ecosystem can be measured by use of the thermodynamic function exergy, which measures the distance from thermodynamic equilibrium and accounts for the biomass and its information content. If these assumptions are correct, it should be possible to determine the combination of parameters which gives the highest exergy. The paper presents the use of this idea in combination with a normal calibration. The parameters, which are less known from the literature and still yield a relatively high sensitivity, are determined by use of the above‐mentioned exergy principle. The parameters that are known within relatively narrow ranges from the literature are calibrated by the normal procedure. The method has been used on a concrete lake modelling study and given good results. This combination method seems therefore to offer clear advantages, particularly for models with a relatively high number of sensitive parameters (> 5), which otherwise would require a very cumbersome calibration.
Hyperparasitoids of the gum leaf skeletoniser, Uraba lugens Walker (Lepidoptera: Nolidae), with implications for the selection of a biological control agent for Uraba lugens in New Zealand
Authors: Berry Jocelyn A , Mansfield Sarah
Published: June 2006

Abstract  The hyperparasitoids reared from three species of primary parasitoids of the gum leaf skeletoniser, Uraba lugens Walker (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) collected in South Australia and Tasmania are recorded and discussed. Seven hyperparasitoids were reared. Diatora sp. and ?Paraphylax sp. (Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae); Tetrastichus sp. (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae); Megadicylus dubius (Girault) (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) and Elasmus sp. (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) were reared from Cotesia urabae Austin and Allen (Braconidae: Microgastrinae). Megadicylus dubius, Elasmus sp. and Anastatus sp. (Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) were reared from Dolichogenidea eucalypti Austin and Allen (Braconidae: Microgastrinae). Pediobius bruchicida (Rondani) (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) was reared from Euplectrus sp. (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae). This appears to be the first record of the cryptine ichneumonid genus Diatora Förster from Australia. Of the seven hyperparasitoid species reared, only one (P. bruchicida) is known to be present in New Zealand. Implications for the selection of a biological control agent for U. lugens in New Zealand are discussed. Some prior misidentifications of associated hyperparasitoids are noted.
Generalised regressions provide good estimates of insect and spider biomass in the monsoonal tropics of Australia
Authors: Brady Christopher J , Noske Richard A
Published: June 2006

Abstract  The estimation of arthropod biomass is often important in studies of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function, including analyses of the relative importance of different arthropod taxa in the diet of insectivorous animals. In order to estimate arthropod biomass in eucalypt woodlands and rehabilitated mine‐land in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia, insect morpho‐species (n = 693) and spider morpho‐species (n = 100) were collected, sorted, then weighed and measured. Body length–weight regressions were determined for spiders, nine insect orders and all insects combined. There was a significant relationship between body length and weight for all taxonomic groups, with the power model being a better predictor than linear or exponential models for all groups except Diptera (which was best predicted by the linear model). Whilst Schoener (1980) found that the length–weight regression slopes of neotropical insects (all orders combined, as well as several individual orders) differed from those of their temperate North American counterparts, our comparisons between monsoon‐tropical and temperate Australian arthropods suggested differences among Dipterans and spiders only. We conclude that generalised regressions provide adequate estimates of arthropod biomass across Australia, providing that the body proportions of the dominant taxa do not vary substantively.
Light trapping of biting midges Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with green light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Bishop Alan L , Bellis Glenn A , McKenzie Harry J , Spohr Lorraine J , Worrall Ross J , Harris Anne M , Melville Lorna
Published: June 2006

Abstract  A study of responses by Culicoides spp. to light traps with light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) confirmed that the livestock virus vector, Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer, was preferentially attracted to green light. Four species shown previously to respond to blue light exhibited significantly higher responses to ultraviolet (UV) light. Field trials comparing green LEDs with incandescent lights in New South Wales, Northern Territory and East Timor confirmed the superiority of green LEDs for catching C. brevitarsis. The green LED traps also had a significant advantage over incandescent traps for a wide range of Culicoides species. These included: species whose ultimate preference was for UV, most species that are proven or potential vectors of viruses affecting Australian livestock and native animals and the main species affecting humans in northern Australia. Use of green LEDs has been adopted for trapping C. brevitarsis, especially in its marginal and low‐density areas, and for detecting incursions of new Culicoides spp. into Australia. Use could be possible for species in other insect Orders.
Effect of soil burial depth and wetting on mortality of diapausing larvae and patterns of post‐diapause adult emergence of sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Franzmann Bernard A , Lloyd Richard J , Zalucki Myron P
Published: June 2006

Abstract  In south‐eastern Queensland, Australia, sorghum planted in early spring usually escapes sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola, attack. Experiments were conducted to better understand the role of winter diapause in the population dynamics of this pest. Emergence patterns of adult midge from diapausing larvae on the soil surface and at various depths were investigated during spring to autumn of 1987/88–1989/90. From 1987/88 to 1989/90, 89%, 65% and 98% of adult emergence, respectively, occurred during November and December. Adult emergence from larvae diapausing on the soil surface was severely reduced due to high mortality attributed to surface soil temperatures in excess of 40°C, with much of this mortality occurring between mid‐September and mid‐October. Emergence of adults from the soil surface was considerably delayed in the 1988/89 season compared with larvae buried at 5 or 10 cm which had similar emergence patterns for all three seasons. In 1989/90, when a 1‐cm‐deep treatment was included, there was a 392% increase in adult emergence from this treatment compared with deeper treatments. Some diapausing larvae on the surface did not emerge at the end of summer in only 1 year (1989/90), when 28.0% of the larvae on the surface remained in diapause, whereas only 0.8% of the buried larvae remained in diapause. We conclude that the pattern of emergence explains why spring plantings of sorghum in south‐eastern Queensland usually escape sorghum midge attack.
Hormone replacement therapy is associated with increased C‐reactive protein in women with Type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Heart Study
Authors: Bowden D. W. , Lohman K. , Hsu F‐C. , Langefeld C. D. , Carr J. J. , Lenchik L. , Wagenknecht L. E. , Freedman B. I. , Herrington D. M.
Published: June 2006

Aims  Increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers, especially C‐reactive protein (CRP), are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and sudden cardiac death. Medical interventions that increase CRP levels, such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in post‐menopausal women, are under increasing scrutiny. The effect of HRT on CRP levels in women with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is not well documented, and conflicting conclusions have been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of HRT on women with diabetes in a large cross‐sectional study.

Methods  Three hundred and twenty‐seven post‐menopausal women with T2DM from the Diabetes Heart Study participated. Current use of HRT was determined and serum CRP levels were measured using a high‐sensitivity ELISA kit. Generalized estimating equation methods were used to assess the relationship of multiple clinical and lifestyle (e.g. smoking) measures on CRP levels including differences between women taking HRT (HRT+) and not taking HRT (HRT–).

Results Overall serum CRP levels were strongly associated with body mass index (P < 0.0001) and age (P < 0.0001). Of the women, 243 were not using HRT and 84 were using HRT. HRT+ and HRT– women did not differ significantly in measures of clinical traits, with the exception of higher mean low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in HRT– women (P = 0.004). In all models tested, HRT+ women had significantly higher circulating CRP levels, with P‐values ranging from 0.0045 to 0.010.

Conclusions  In this study of serum CRP concentration as a function of HRT in women with Type 2 diabetes, there was consistent evidence for increased circulating CRP levels in women receiving oestrogen‐containing HRT. Whether HRT‐induced increases in CRP can account for the adverse cardiovascular effects of HRT remains to be established; however, based on these data, there is little reason to believe that diabetic women would be spared from such an effect.
On the licensing of causatives of directed motion: Waltzing Matilda all over*
Authors: Folli Raffaella , Harley Heidi
Published: June 2006

Abstract. This paper focuses on one famous example of an alternation that has been supposed to depend on telicity, the causative manner‐of‐motion alternation in EnglishJohn ran the dog *(to the park). One standard approach has taken telicity to be central to the possibility of causative formation. We argue here that although telicitycanbe a property of these constructions, it is notnecessaryfor the formation of a motion causative in English. Rather, what licenses the alternation is the availability of a specific syntactic structure, containing a small clause, interacting with non‐telicity‐related semantic restrictions imposed by verb meanings.
Stylistic Inversion in Romanian*
Authors: Hill Virginia
Published: June 2006

Abstract.  This paper investigates the Romanian subject pronoun inversion construction (SPIC), which resembles French subject clitic inversion. It is shown that Romanian inverts subject pronouns, not subject clitics, in speaker oriented direct speech. Tests on the distribution and the interpretation of subjects show that the verb‐pronoun inversion and adjacency follow from syntactic versus morpho‐phonologic constraints. The analysis relates the syntax of the pronoun to the exclusive speaker oriented environment, and treats this construction as a manifestation of the pragmatic input in syntactic computation.
On the relation between noun prefixes and grammaticalisation in Nguni relative clauses*
Authors: Zeller Jochen
Published: June 2006

Abstract.  This paper discusses morphological and syntactic aspects of relative clauses in two related Southern Bantu language groups. In Sotho‐Tswana, object relative clauses are formed by means of clause‐initial relative complementisers which agree with the head noun. In contrast, object relatives in the Nguni languages are formed by means of relative concords which are attached to the relative clause predicate and express agreement with the subject. I suggest that the Nguni relative concords are the result of a grammaticalisation process in which early Nguni relative complementisers first turned into clitics and then into relative concords. On the basis of a detailed analysis of this process I further argue that the syntactic difference between Sotho‐Tswana and Nguni relative clauses is correlated with a morphological difference between nouns in these languages.
Returns to University Education: Evidence from a Dutch Institutional Reform
Authors: WEBBINK DINAND
Published: June 2006

In 1982 the duration of university education in the Netherlands was reduced from five to four years. This institutional reform is here used to estimate the causal effect of one year of university education on wages. I find that the fifth year of university education increased wages by 7%–9%. This differential is found by comparing wages of cohorts of graduates enrolling five years before and five years after the reform in a difference‐in‐differences approach.
Constitutionalism and credibility in reforming economies1
Authors: Desai Raj M. , Olofsgård Anders
Published: June 2006

There has been relatively little investigation of the effect of constitutional transformations on the economic transition in post‐communist countries. We develop a simple signalling model in which constitutionalism – a commitment to limit political power and provide judicial defence of basic rights – reinforces the credibility of pro‐market candidates’ electoral promises and boosts public support for economic reforms. These findings are tested using opinion poll data on public support for reform in Central and Eastern Europe, and in the former Soviet Union, in the 1990s. In a two‐stage procedure we show that public support for market reforms is higher in countries where incumbents have taken deliberate steps to increase political accountability and judicial independence. Public support also spurs actual economic reform.
Varieties of Regulatory Capitalism: Getting the Most Out of the Comparative Method
Authors: LEVI‐FAUR DAVID
Published: June 2006

The rationale behind this special issue’s stepwise analysis of cross‐sectoral and cross‐national variations and similarities of regulatory reforms is explained. The processes of case selection and inference are clarified and justified. At the same time, the article offers a strategy for an increase in the number of cases without compromising the strength of case‐oriented analysis. William Whewell’s notion of consilience is employed to (a) justify the inclusion of sectoral as well as national cases; (b) justify different degrees of in‐depth analysis according to the inferential role of the case in the research design; and (c) suggest a distinction in the inferential process between comparisons that enhance internal and external validity. The article concludes with a systematic examination of cross‐sectoral and cross‐national variations in a table that provides a “panoramic snapshot” and “holistic picture” of the combination of variations and commonalities of the cases analyzed.
Globalization, the European Union, and Domestic Governance in Telecoms and Electricity
Authors: HUMPHREYS PETER , PADGETT STEPHEN
Published: June 2006

The European utilities sectors exemplify the transformation of regulatory capitalism, with far reaching changes occurring at both European Union and domestic levels. Liberalization is the dominant trend, accompanied by the emergence of regulatory regimes designed to promote competition in the imperfect markets characteristic of the utilities sectors. These general trends, however, conceal cross‐sectoral and cross‐national variations in the pace and extent of liberalization and in the composition of the emergent regulatory regimes. This article uses a stepwise comparative method to analyze regulatory change in the electricity and telecoms sectors in Germany and France. It explains the pattern of similarity and variation in terms of the interplay between globalization pressures, the policy transfer effects of EU institutions, and the domestic institutional environment.
Europeans outside the EU: Telecommunications and Electricity Reform in Norway and Switzerland
Authors: BARTLE IAN
Published: June 2006

Norway and Switzerland are two western Europe states that are not members of the European Union (EU), and they are among a number of small and economically open states in which reform of economic sectors is seen to be incremental and reactive. This article poses two questions about the reform of telecommunications and electricity in the two countries. First, what impact has nonmembership of the EU had on the reforms? Second, have their small and open economies and policymaking systems—conceptualized as “social corporatism” in Norway and “liberal corporatism” in Switzerland—had a decisive impact? Some influence from the EU is evident, particularly in telecommunications, but parallels with EU states indicate that nonmembership of the EU, though influential, is not decisive. Although national characteristics matter, social and liberal forms of corporatism are shown to have limited utility. The “actor‐centered institutionalism” approach, which allows a more nuanced analysis of actors and national institutions, is better at explaining the reforms.
Withering in the Heat? In Search of the Regulatory State in the Commonwealth Caribbean
Authors: LODGE MARTIN , STIRTON LINDSAY
Published: June 2006

This article explores the “regulatory state hypothesis” in the context of electricity and telecommunications regulation in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. This article questions whether institutional features associated with the regulatory state are triggered by a preference for efficiency and added complexity within the policy domain. This article progresses in three steps. After setting out the regulatory state hypothesis as derived from the work by Giandomenico Majone and its empirical consequences, the article explores the four cases in brief. Although the empirical evidence broadly supports the regulatory state hypothesis across domains, states and over time, some puzzles in terms of reform trajectories and extent of regulatory reform do emerge. The final section explores these puzzles through an actor‐centered institutional perspective. It is suggested that the “regulatory state hypothesis” may be useful for predicting institutional arrangements, but has difficulty in accounting for the extent of regulatory reform and timing.
Burden of illness of bacterial cellulitis and erysipelas of the leg in the Netherlands
Authors: Goettsch WG , Bouwes Bavinck JN , Herings RMC
Published: June 2006

Background  Information on the prevalence of bacterial cellulitis (BC) and erysipelas (ER) of the leg (BCERL) is sparse and dependent on the definitions used. There is no information available on the number of hospitalized and non‐hospitalized patients with BCERL, and related treatment costs.

Objective  The purpose of this study was to assess the burden of illness for BCERL in the Netherlands in 2001.

Methods  Data were obtained from different linked databases. Hospital information was obtained from the National Morbidity Registration (known in the Netherlands as the LMR), which includes all Dutch citizens, using ICD‐9‐CM codes. The number of patients not admitted to hospital was estimated using a subsample with data from general practitioners (GPs) (N = 50 000). These data were extrapolated using age/gender and disease‐specific standardization. The subsample was used to assess the location of the infection. Reimbursement costs were available for all resources.

Results  In 2001, approximately 28 000 patients presented with either BC or ER of the leg. Of these patients, 2200 were admitted to the hospital and 4–6% had two or more episodes of ER/BC in 2001. The average costs per hospitalization for BCERL were 5346 euros, accumulating to more than 14 million euros in 2001. Although only 7% of all patients were hospitalized, 83% of the total treatment costs could be attributed to hospitalization.

Conclusions  BCERL are common and serious infections in the Netherlands. Hospitalization occurs in only one in 14 patients but contributes more than 80% of the total costs, which accumulate to 17 million euros a year.
Expression of sex‐determining genes in human sebaceous glands and their possible role in the pathogenesis of acne
Authors: Chen W , Yang CC , Liao CY , Hung CL , Tsai SJ , Chen KF , Sheu HM , Zouboulis CC
Published: June 2006

Background  The human skin, especially the sebaceous gland, is a steroidogenic organ similar to the gonads and adrenal cortex, possessing all the enzymes required for steroid sex‐hormone synthesis and metabolism. Factors regulating cutaneous steroidogenesis associated with disease status remain largely unknown.

Objective  We hypothesized that transcription factors involved in sex formation and regulation of steroidogenesis in the classical steroidogenic organs are also expressed in the sebaceous glands. Their possible role in the pathogenesis of acne were investigated.

Methods  We used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), in situ hybridization and Western blotting to analyse the expression of SF‐1, WT‐1, SRY, SOX‐9 and DAX‐1 mRNAs and their proteins in cultured human sebocytes and the facial skin of acne patients.

Results  The in situ hybridization study showed SOX‐9 mRNA mainly localized in basal keratinocytes, the basal layer of the sebaceous glands and eccrine glands. Immortalized human sebaceous gland cells (SZ95) expressed mRNA for SOX‐9, WT‐1 and DAX‐1 but not for SF‐1 or SRY. The expression of DAX‐1 protein was slightly inhibited by 10−6 m oestradiol (E2) at 6 h but enhanced by 10−6 m dihydrotestosterone (DHT) at 48 h. The facial expression of SOX‐9 seemed to be higher in the acne‐prone male patients, while DAX‐1 was stronger in subjects without acne, although both were statistically insignificant.

Conclusion  Our findings confirm the expression of some sex‐determining genes in human sebaceous glands. Further studies on a larger patient population including the normal controls are needed to elucidate the functional significance of these transcription factors in the pathogenesis of acne.
Favorable versus Unfavorable Recommendations: The Impact on Analyst Access to Management‐Provided Information
Authors: CHEN SHUPING , MATSUMOTO DAWN A.
Published: June 2006

This study examines recent regulatory and practitioner concerns that managers provide more (less) information to analysts with more (less) favorable stock recommendations. We examine the relative forecast accuracy of analysts before and after a recommendation issuance under the assumption that increases (decreases) in management‐provided information will increase (decrease) analysts' relative forecast accuracy. We find that analysts issuing more favorable recommendations experience a greater increase in their relative forecast accuracy compared with analysts with less favorable recommendations. Additional tests on the change in frequency with which analysts issue forecasts independent of or in conjunction with other analysts after their recommendation change yield corroborating results. In addition, we find that the greater increase in relative accuracy for analysts with more favorable recommendations exists prior to the passage of Regulation FD but not after. The combined results are consistent with analysts receiving relatively more management‐provided information following the issuance of more favorable recommendations.
Conservatism and Cross‐Sectional Variation in the Post–Earnings Announcement Drift
Authors: NARAYANAMOORTHY GANAPATHI
Published: June 2006

Accounting conservatism allows me to identify a previously undocumented source of predictable cross‐sectional variation in Standardized Unexpected Earnings' autocorrelations viz. the sign of the most recent earnings realization and present evidence that the market ignores this variation (“loss effect”). It is possible to earn returns higher than from the Bernard and Thomas (1990) strategy by incorporating this feature. Additionally, the paper shows that the “loss effect” is different from the “cross quarter” effect shown by Rangan and Sloan (1998) and it is possible to combine the two effects to earn returns higher than either strategy alone. Thus, the paper corroborates the Bernard and Thomas finding that stock prices fail to reflect the extent to which quarterly earnings series differ from a seasonal random walk and extends it by showing that the market systematically underestimates time‐series properties resulting from accounting conservatism.
Wash‐out of the non‐heart‐beating donor liver: a matter of flush solution and temperature?
Authors: Bessems Maud , Doorschodt Benedict M. , Albers Peter S. , Meijer Alfred J. , Van Gulik Thomas M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract: Background and Aims: Ischemically damaged donor livers are prone to graft non‐function. This can in part be explained by a suboptimal wash‐out during procurement. An enriched machine perfusion (MP) preservation solution for livers, named Polysol, was developed. The aim of this study was to investigate the type of flush solution, temperature and anticoagulant content on the wash‐out of the non‐heart‐beating donor (NHBD) rat liver.

Methods: Rat livers were flushed after 30 min warm ischemia. After excision, livers were reperfused at 37°C, with analysis of damage and function, concerning (1) solutions (University of Wisconsin (UW), histidine‐tryptophan‐ketoglutarate (HTK) and Polysol); (2) temperature (4°C, 18°C and 37°C); (3) addition of heparin and (4) wash‐out followed by 24 h MP.

Results: (1) Reperfusion results were inferior in the UW group; (2) less damage and improved function were seen after wash‐out using Polysol at 37°C; (3) No effects were seen of the addition of heparin to Polysol; (4) MP after wash‐out using HTK resulted in more liver damage and decreased liver function as compared with wash‐out using Polysol.

Conclusions: Polysol is applicable as a flush solution for the NHBD liver, resulting in equal to better wash‐out as compared with UW and HTK. The best temperature for this NHBD wash‐out is 37°C.
Prognostic factors for patients with cirrhosis and kidney dysfunction in the era of MELD: results of a prospective study
Authors: Schepke Michael , Appenrodt Beate , Heller Jörg , Zielinski Julia , Sauerbruch Tilman
Published: June 2006

Abstract: Background/Aim: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is associated with a poor prognosis. The incidence and prognostic impact of kidney dysfunction due to other causes in cirrhotic patients are less well known. The current study prospectively evaluated the incidence and the prognostic relevance of different etiologies of kidney failure in cirrhotic patients.

Methods: Eighty‐eight consecutive patients with cirrhosis and serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dl were enrolled. The etiologies of kidney dysfunction were analyzed, and prognostic factors including Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score were evaluated in a multivariate Cox model.

Results: HRS was present in 35 (40%) patients (15 HRS 1, 20 HRS 2), followed by renal parenchymal disease (23%), drug‐induced kidney dysfunction (19%) and prerenal failure due to bleeding or infections (15%). HRS patients had a significantly higher MELD score and shorter survival. In addition to the MELD score, only HRS 1 was independently predictive for survival. HRS 2 patients had a similar outcome as patients with non‐HRS kidney dysfunction.

Conclusions: In patients with cirrhosis and renal failure, hepatorenal syndrome is associated with a worse prognosis than kidney dysfunction due to other conditions but only HRS type 1 has independent prognostic relevance in addition to the MELD score in these patients.