bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infections Following Interventional Spine Procedures: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lutz Gregory
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND: Interventional spine procedures, such as discography, epidural steroid injections (ESIs), facet joint procedures, and intradiscal therapies, are commonly used to treat pain and improve function in patients with spine conditions. Although infections are known to occur following these procedures, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on this topic in recent years.

OBJECTIVES: To assess and characterize infections following interventional spine procedures.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review.

METHODS: Studies that were published from January 2010 to January 2020 and provided information on infections or infection rates following discography, ESIs, facet joint procedures, and intradiscal therapies were included. PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Infection data were extracted from included studies, and infection rates were calculated for each procedure type. Case reports and infection-only articles were not included in infection rate calculations.

RESULTS: Seventy-two studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. The overall incidence of infection across all studies was 0.12% (231/200,588). The majority of studies (n = 51) were linked to ESIs. Infections related to ESIs were more common than those related to discography or facet joint procedures (0.13% [219/174,431] vs. 0% [0/269] or 0.04% [9/25,697], respectively). Intradiscal therapies had the highest calculated rate of infections (1.05%; 2/191). Quality assessments of the included studies ranged widely.

LIMITATIONS: There was an abundance of case reports in comparison to other study designs; to minimize skewing of the analysis, case reports and infection-only articles were not included in the infection rate. Studies that reported combined infection data for multiple procedures could not be included. Many cohort studies and case series were of lower quality because of their retrospective nature. Additionally, the true incidence of infections related to these procedures is unknown because the majority of these infections often go unreported, and information on regions of the spine and procedure details are often lacking.

CONCLUSIONS: Based on our systematic review, the risk of infections following interventional spine procedures appears to be low overall. More studies focusing on infectious complications with larger sample sizes are needed, particularly for intradiscal therapies, in which the microbiome may be an underlying cause of disc infection. To achieve a true incidence of the risk of infections with these procedures, large prospective registries that collect complication rates are necessary.

KEY WORDS: Infectious complications, infection incidence, interventional spine procedure, epidural steroid injection, discography, facet joint procedure, intradiscal therapies, biologics
Blast furnace slag in road construction and maintenance
Authors:   KTI Institute for Transport Sciences Non-Profit Ltd., Budapest, Hungary, Gáspár László , Bencze Zsolt ,   Ferrobeton Private Limited Liability Company, Dunaújváros, Hungary
Published: March 2021

Introduction. There is a global trend to increase the sustainability of road construction and maintenance technologies. The growing use of various industrial by-products as economical and eco-friendly construction and maintenance techniques can be observed in many countries.Problem Statement. The utilization of various forms of blast furnace slag in the road sector can be cost effective, however, several special technological measures have to be taken.PurposePresenting best practices for the use of blast furnace slag in road construction and maintenance techniques based on Hungarian and other decade-long experiences.Materials and Methods. The main types investigated are air-cooled blast furnace slag, expanded or foamed slag, pelletized slag, and granulated blast furnace slag. The utilization areas in road sector: asphalt layers, surface treatments, rut repair, hydraulically bound pavement layers, unbound base layers, frost protection layer, subgrade, cement production.Results. Presenting best practices for the use of blast furnace slag in road construction and maintenance can be beneficial for the experts of countries with limited experience in the field. Keywords: blast furnace slag, industrial by-products, road construction, road maintenance, environmental protection
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Commelino nudiflora as Sensitizer
Authors: Boyo Adenike
Published: March 2021

Natural dyes extracted from the leaves and flowers of Commelino nudiflora was utilized as sensitizer in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by using a solvent system of distilled water, methanol and M HNO3 in the ratio 10: 9: 1. Also, the crude extract was purified to obtain anthocyanins from the leaves and flowers. Optical characterizations of the dyes were conducted by using UV-vis absorption and electrical characterization was determined using a solar simulator. Optical absorption for the crude extracts indicates an absorption in the visible range (400 nm) with the leaves extract showing better absorbance. Optical absorption for the purified extracts indicates the leaves extract has better absorbance though they show similar pattern. The crude flower extract has the highest efficiency of 0.00389 %. The characteristics of the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has been simulated using MATLAB based on TiO2 by modifying the internal parameters. The simulated results show that the crude and purified extracts for the leaves showed a better power conversion efficiency in comparison to the flower extracts.
DELINEATION OF AQUIFEROUS ZONES USING GEOPHYSICAL METHODS AND CONTAMINANT FLOW DIRECTION -A case study of dumpsite at Cassidy, Okokomaiko, LASU-Badagry Expressway, Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Adegbola Rafiu , Abidoye Olanike , Adaranijo Ibrahim
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Cassidy area, of Okokomaiko, Ojo, Lagos State, is a rapidly developing area with attendant growing population arising from the presence of University, financial institutions and popularly known Alaba market. Unfortunately, water supply by the water corporation is not readily available. The inhabitants only rely on the surface water and groundwater extracted from hand dug wells and boreholes. Aims: The study is to map the aquiferous zone and establish the groundwater flow direction, with a view to averting subsurface contamination emanated from dumpsite within the area. Materials and Methods: Twenty five (25) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger electrode array, four (4) Electrical Resistivity imaging using Wenner Electrode Array were acquired at four different traverses. Manual groundwater flow direction was also conducted. Results: The identified unconfined aquifer was sand/sandy clay which is overlain by peat/clay soil that is loose and may allow downward migration of the contaminant plumes to deep groundwater. However, the confined aquifer observed to occur approximately at depth 18 m. The electrical resistivity distribution observed decreases upward, south and north. This implies increase in conductivity in such directions and as such indicating the contaminant could be more concentrated near-surface, north and south. Conclusion: The implication of the results obtained with respect to vulnerability to groundwater pollution is that the southern section of the aquifer is more susceptible to receive transported contaminants from the northern part of the study area. The study suggests the potential borehole should be sited in the north-eastern direction with the aid of geophysical survey.
Robust Region Tracking Control for a Robot Manipulator
Authors: Li xiangyun , LU QI , Chen Zhaoyang , Yang Qinlin , Li Kang
Published: March 2021

n
this work, the uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE)-based robust region
reaching controller for a robot manipulator is developed to achieve the moving
target region trajectory tracking and complaint human robot interaction inside
the target region. The regional feedback error is derived from the potential
function to drive the robot manipulator end effector converging into the target
region. Under the back-stepping control framework, the UDE is fused into the
region tracking control law to estimate and compensate the model uncertainty
and external disturbance. Both simulation and experimental studies are carried
out with a universal robots (UR) 10 manipulator to demonstrate the
effectiveness of the proposed method for moving target trajectory tracking,
model uncertainty and external disturbance rejection, and compliant human robot
interaction within the target region.
Stefan Bauer, The Invention of Papal History, Oxford University Press 2020
Authors: Schöch Stefan
Published: March 2021

Review of Stefan Bauer, The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio Between Renaissance and Catholic Reform, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2020
‘Good Things […] from Bristol and Ireland’
Authors: Berti Ilaria
Published: March 2021

According to the historical sources, the members of the Creoles elite were ambiguous in their dietary choices: if they mainly had British food when they shared their meals with British colonists, in their private sphere, the dishes served were mainly and with strong traces of slaves cuisine. We hypothesise that their incongruous behaviour was connected with a white planters’ supposed feeling of inferiority for which British ingredients, along with British people, were believed of superior quality and more appropriate to be eaten when they believed British observed them. However, because food tastes and distastes were and are connected with familiar habits, the local élite chose to have their local dishes in their private daily lives. This attitude was connected with the construction of the identities in the colonial space in which food played a significant role, too.
(Re)Searching the Morlachs and the Uskoks: The Challenges of Writing about Marginal People from the Border Region of Dalmatia (Sixteenth Century)
Authors: Caciur Dana
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to present various types of documents referring directly or indirectly to the Morlachs and the Uskoks, in order to answer to questions such as which main activities these people developed, and how they influenced daily life in Dalmatia. A significant characteristic and paradox of both the Morlachs and Uskoks is that their names are conventions and denominations found mostly in external sources. Frequently mentioned in sixteenth-century Venetian documents, despite the little additional information provided, the archival material investigated nevertheless offers the opportunity to understand these very active, mobile and adaptable populations, especially with regard to their role as cross-cultural and transimperial subjects.
Persepsi Petani Terhadap Program Kemitraan Tanam Bawang Putih dengan PT. Fajar Mulia Transindo di Kecamatan Tawangmangu Kabupaten Karanganyar
Authors: Imaduddin Xena  , Suminah Suminah , Wibowo Agung
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk;  (1) mendeskripsikan program kemitraan tanam bawang putih, (2) mendeskripsikan persepsi petani terhadap program kemitraan tanam bawang putih, dan (3) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi persepsi petani terhadap program kemitraan tanam bawang putih. Metode dasar penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan teknik survei. Lokasi penelitian di Desa Nglebak dan Desa Sepanjang, Kecamatan Tawangmangu, Kabupaten Karanganyar, dengan pertimbangan Gapoktan di Desa Nglebak dan Desa Sepanjang merupakan salah satu Gapoktan yang mengikuti program kemitraan tanam bawang putih dengan PT. Fajar Mulia Transindo. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive random sampling yang terdiri dari 60 responden. Analisis data menggunakan uji regresi linear berganda dengan program SPSS Statistics 25.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) program kemitraan tanam bawang putih yang dilakukan oleh Gapoktan di Desa Sepanjang dan Desa Nglebak di Kecamatan Tawangmangu dengan pihak swasta yakni PT. Fajar Mulia Transindo telah berlangsung sejak tahun 2017. Program ini berlandaskan asas kemitraan dengan tujuan saling menguntungkan antara kedua belah pihak. (2) persepsi petani terhadap program kemitraan tanam bawang putih dengan PT. Fajar Mulia Transindo di Kecamatan Tawangmangu termasuk dalam kategori tidak baik, hal ini dikarenakan hasil yang kurang memuaskan yang didapatkan oleh petani pada program kemitraan tanam bawang putih yang pernah dilaksanakan antara lain yaitu keterlamatan pasokan benih, rendahnya kualitas benih yang diberikan sehingga mempengaruhi hasil panen bawang putih petani. (3) secara parsial maupun secara bersama – sama variabel bebas (konsep diri, kebutuhan, pengalaman, harapan, novelty/ sesuatu yang berbeda, intensity/ intensitas, dan proximity/ kedekatan dengan obyek) tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap variabel terikat (persepsi petani terhadap program kemitraan tanam bawang putih).
Pemetaan Statistika Pengalokasian Dana Insentif Daerah Berdasarkan Karateristik Daerah
Authors: Maria Mau Sari  , Uka Wikarya
Published: March 2021

Kebijakan Dana Insentif Daerah (DID) di Indonesia dimulai sejak tahun 2011 dengan tujuan memberikan penghargaan kepada pemerintah daerah atas kinerjanya. Mengingat perkembangan DID menjadi hal yang diprioritaskan oleh pemerintah pusat maka perlu adanya evalusi dalam pengalokasiannya. Penelitian ini akan melihat bagaimana evaluasi kebijakan tersebut dilihat dari kesesuaian alokasi pemberian DID serta mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang dominan dalam pemberian DID kepada pemerintah daerah. Metode yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik untuk melihat apakah daerah tersebut memenuhi kriteria atau tidak, apabila daerah tersebut memenuhi kriteria maka berhak untuk menerima DID. Selanjutnya, hasil nilai probalilitas observasi akan sandingkan dengan status penerima DID dari data Kemenkeu periode waktu 2012 – 2020. Didapatkan hasil bahwa terjadi ketidaksesuaian dalam pengalokasian DID, dimana daerah yang memenuhi kriteria penilaian harusnya berhak menerima DID, tetapi kenyataannya tidak menerima DID dan sebaliknya.
A REVIEW: SITOTOKSISITAS SENYAWA BROMELAIN PADA NANAS (Ananas comosus L.) TERHADAP SEL KANKER MCF-7
Authors: Diyenda Ainun Nida
Published: March 2021

Tingkat kematian penderita kanker payudara menjadi salah satu yang tertinggi diantara kanker lainnya. Obat yang sering digunakan untuk terapi penyembuhan memiliki berbagai efek samping dan tergolong mahal. Belakangan ini, pencarian senyawa alami dan rendah toksik menjadi prioritas utama para peneliti. Senyawa bromelain diketahui memiliki fungsi sebagai anti kanker yang kandungannya melimpah pada tumbuhan nanas (Ananas comosus L.). Pada artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sitotoksisitas senyawa bromelain pada nanas dan mengetahui nilai IC50 yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker MCF-7. Metode penyusunan yang digunakan adalah matrik sintesis, yaitu dengan membuat tabel untuk mengelompokkan dan mengklasifikasi argumen-argumen yang berbeda dari beberapa artikel agar mendapat kesimpulan dari keseluruhan artikel secara umum. Tumbuhan nanas terindikasi memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker MCF-7. Aktivitas anti kanker dapat diketahui melalui nilai IC50. Untuk bromelain komersial dan rekombinan membutuhkan IC50 pada konsentrasi 5-6 μg/mL sedangkan IC50 bromelain membutuhkan konsentrasi diatas 60 μg/mL. Proses penghambatan pertumbuhan sel kanker payudara oleh bromelain melalui peningkatan p53 dan Bax, serta penurunan ekspresi Cox-2 dan Bcl-2.
Kajian Kemandirian Keuangan Badan Layanan Umum Daerah Bidang Kesehatan pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Afrida Ariyani
Published: March 2021

Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah Bagaimana pengaruh pandemi covid-19 terhadap kemandirian keuangan pada suatu BLUD di bidang kesehatan merupakan tujuan dari penelitian ini.Penelitian dilakukan di dua RSUD di Kabupaten Brebes yaitu RSUD Bumiayu dan RSUD Brebes. Metode penelitian menggunakan data sekunder  berupa laporan keuangan,data kunjungan pasien,dan laporan hasil survey indeks kepuasan masyarakat (IKM).Penelitian menggunakan Pendekatan kuantitatif non eksperimen dengan Metode deskriptif komparatif untuk membandingkan kondisi kemandirian keuangan rumah sakit sebagai BLUD selama sebelum dan sesudah pandemi covid-19 melanda Indonesia. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah secara umum pandemi covid 19 berpengaruh positif terhadap kemandirian keuangan badan layanan umum daerah bidang kesehatan.Walaupun tingkat kunjungan pasien menurun selama pandemi, akan tetapi tingkat kepuasan masyarakat terhadap pelayanan rumah sakit meningkat. Hal ini disebabkan karena kualitas pelayanan rumah sakit justru semakin meningkat di masa pandemi.
Faktor Dominan Yang Berpengaruh pada Peningkatan Biaya Pemeliharaan Jalan di Kota Cirebon
Authors: Edi Mulyana
Published: March 2021

Akhir-akhir ini banyak ditemui kerusakan dini perkerasan jalan di Kota Cirebon baik berupa retak kecil (crack), pelepasan butiran (raveling) maupun pengelupasan lapisan perkerasan yang mengakibatkan terus meningkatnya biaya pemeliharaan jalan dalam setiap tahunnya yang disebabkan oleh banyaknya faktor yang mempengaruhi sejak perencaanaan, pelaksanaan hingga pemeliharaan proyek-proyek jalan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari faktor-faktor dominan apa yang berpengaruh pada peningkatan biaya pemeliharaan jalan di Kota Cirebon, sehingga hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat memberikan masukan positif kepada instansi terkait. Penelitian menggunakan metode survey, melalui penyebaran kuesioner kepada responden yang terdiri dari kontraktor, konsultan, pemberi tugas dan pakar dibidangnya yang kemudian data kuesionernya diolah dengan analisa statistik SPSS 19 untuk menghasilkan  tingkat hubungan antara variabel bebas (X) berupa faktor resiko yang berpengaruh pada peningkatan biaya pemeliharaan dan variabel (Y) berupa biaya pemeliharaan. Dari hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa ada 6 (enam) faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi peningkatan biaya pemeliharaan yaitu penawaran harga terlalu rendah (77.69), lemahnya pengendalian proyek (74.35), kesalahan estimasi biaya (70.39), material yang dikirim tidak sesuai permintaan (68.35), sub kontraktor tidak bekerja optimal (67.57) dan terjadinya bencana alam (62.88) terhadap biaya pemeliharaan.
Perancangan Sequence Penambangan Batubara di Pit Tutupan Selatan Area Mitsubishi, PT Pamapersada Nusantara Jobsite PT Adaro Indonesia, Kalimantan Selatan
Authors: Peter Mandew  , Juanda Putra Heru , Habrianto Ryan , Hardianto Zico
Published: March 2021

PT Pamapersada Nusantara adalah salah satu perusahaan kontraktor yang bergerak di sektor pertambangan batubara. Salah satu area operasi produksi berada di Pit Tutupan Selatan Jobsite PT Adaro Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk membuat suatu perancangan tambang yang meliputi geometri jenjang, jalan angkut, serta penentuan tahapan penambangan (sequence) berdasarkan penjadwalan produksi bulan April – Juni 2019. Penelitian ini hanya terfokus pada Area Mitsubishi di Pit Tutupan Selatan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pengamatan langsung ke lokasi penelitian, melakukan pengumpulan data serta melakukan pengolahan data sehingga didapat hasil perancangan tambang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, rancangan sequence bulan April memiliki kapasitas overburden 880.324 BCM dan batubara 183.949 ton dengan SR 6,47; rancangan sequence bulan Mei memiliki kapasitas overburden 962.032 BCM dan batubara 175.393 ton dengan SR 7,41; rancangan sequence bulan Juni memiliki kapasitas overburden 641.562 BCM dan batubara 134.899 ton dengan SR 6,43.
Embedding Technology in Teaching Translation
Authors: AL-Tamimi Dr. Ibtihal Mahdi AL-Tamimi
Published: March 2021

Are teachers reaching or engaging their students? With the development of different kinds of translation theories, translation studies have greatly developed; however teaching translation has not been discussed thoroughly. In fact, the development  information technology has had a wide range of effect on education, but traditional translation teaching is far from suitable for the current translation teaching.    This paper will answer the above questions .It deals with a new approach of teaching translation, i.e. embedding technology in teaching translation. It focuses more on teaching translation effectively and highlighting the role of technology in facilitating processes of both teaching and learning.    Mainly the aim of teaching translation is to improve student's language competence. However, three levels of the aim of teaching translation are explained and some disadvantages of traditional translation teaching (TTT) are discussed. Furthermore, a comparison is made between TTT and teaching translation with technology (TTWT). It is found that embedding technology in teaching translation is an important technique that should be incorporated in the classroom .
EFL Iraqi College Students' Perception of Effective Supplementary Materials Adaptation
Authors: Adnan Muhammed . Ph.D Inst. Ghazwan
Published: March 2021

This study is an attempt to assess the perception of an effective supplementary material adaptation ,the present study therefore aims at assessing EFL students' perception of an effective supplementary materials adaptation in English, also ,  finding out the differences among the domains of an effective supplementary  materials adaptation,

         The random sample of the study  consist of 100 students from the four academic stages of the Department of English at the college of Education for Human Sciences / University of Diyala for the academic year (2011-2012). A questionnaire is constructed to measure the awareness of the EFL college students' perceptions of an effective supplementary materials adaptation  . The questionnaire covers eight scales that contains (52)items which are measured using a five –points Likert - type scale anchored by 1= Never to  5=Always. The questionnaire is exposed to a jury of experts for the purpose of ascertaining its face validity. Two methods have  been used to calculate the questionnaire reliability coefficient.      In the light of the results obtained, a number of recommendations are put forward which are concerned with textbooks designers, teachers, and learners.
Contemporary View in Arabic Grammar for Dr. Kareem Hussien Nasih Al-khalidy-Arabic Sentence as a Sample
Authors: Zangana Dr. Shaimaa Rasheed Mohammed
Published: March 2021

This research aims to study the views of P. Dr. Karm Hussein Nassih AL- Khalidi in Arabic grammar about Arabic sentences from aspects cannot be found in books and grammatical sources, or that who did  search in these aspects did not cover them, or covered but no results. The importance of this research is what we find in our teacher glances Dr. Karim al-Khalidi of new ideas in some aspects and issues related to the Arabic sentences will contribute to the facilitation of Arabic grammar, and correct a number of ideas and opinions, which was the main reason as to make it difficult for learners and professionals at the same time.
The word (Rahman) in Maryam
Authors: Alarenaaouti Assist. prof. Dr. Zuhair Mohammed Ali
Published: March 2021

(Rahman) Name of the names of Allah singled out by God without the other, this has the name Sharif repeated in Surah Maryam alone sixteen times, a repeat is remarkable. The research has tried to stand on the exact meaning of a single, assets and the views that have been made in, and then follow the word honest in Sura blessed and tried to stand on the mystery of Cioaha where, and appropriate between them and the previous Sura her and subsequent to it, and the secrets used in every state they are received, and the suitability of the context in which they were received .
Future trends -Arab relations - European A Study in Political Geography
Authors: Abdul Baqi Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Abdul Majid
Published: March 2021

The indicators of Europe returning increasing rapidly as an active part at the current time, where the French differentiation pattern towards the American situation towards Palestinian issue, also the Germany-French-Belgian differentiation pattern towards the American situation during the Military aggression on Iraq in 2003, all of that Allows multiple and diverse indicators for this role Which had declined after the end of World War II and the end of the European occupation of the Arab homeland, Europe has suffered great losses militarily, economically, lose of population and socially  during the World War II, and this loss  had impacted its ability to continue its old strategic role of colonizing in confronting other international poles that had become the first power over Europe account and started to impose its influence on the former colonies of Europe in the Arab region, where America has struggled to impose its full control over the Arab homeland As an alternative for the old European colonialism , where the independence of the situation of the European had declined significantly towards the Arabian issues, so, it turns to the dialogue with  the Arabian governments, Which  had actually embodied as (The Arabian-European dialogue), considering that a new stage has begun to rearrange the international influence in the region, Also, Europe has regained its colonial power that was lost after the World War II particularly  with the decline of the Arab unity factors because of the weakness of governments and systems, and the collapse of the Soviet Union, The level of this orientation has expanded with the launch of '' Middle East" project , according to (American-Zionist) belief that Excludes the European interests, and this pushed the researcher to analyze the constant and the variable in that study towards the Arabian issues as a framework to answer the queries about the future nature of the Arabian-European relations.
Effectiveness of SWOM Model of Education and Roberts Cluster Model of Education in the development of divergent thinking and skills beyond knowledge
Authors: Abdul Amir Dr. Nagham Hadi
Published: March 2021

The current research is aimed to know the effectiveness of education is typical Som SWOM Model of Educational and educational cluster Roberts Roberts Cluster Model of Education in the development of divergent thinking skills beyond knowledge.The study population was selected from first-grade students in secondary Euphrates of the General Directorate for Educational Baghdad Karkh / 1, the first experimental group taught according to (model educational Som) and The second experimental group taught according to (Roberts cluster model of education).Verified equal groups by group of variables and the two samples appeared equal in these variables.The search tool has the researcher adopted a measure of divergent thinking (Ola Rafi Hamid 2011)  and also has adopted a measure (Abu Riash, 2007) to measure skills beyond knowledge, the results showed the Superiority of the first experimental group taught in accordance with the (educational model Som) in both posttest in the development of divergent thinking and in the posttest in variable skills beyond the knowledge upon the second experimental group (Roberts cluster model of education) and according to the results it has beevn reached to conclusions.
Difficulties Faced by British and Iraqi Undergraduate Students of English When Pronouncing Arabic True Geminates and English Fake Geminates
Authors: Ahmed Prof .Dr .Muslih Shwaysh , Sameer Assist. Lecturer Imad Hayif
Published: March 2021

This paper investigates  gemination which is a phonetic phenomenon in English and Arabic .It is concerned with true geminates and fake geminates phonetically ,true geminates which are found  in Arabic are long segments which contrast  with short ones , thus Arabic speakers  have a phonemic length  contrast since  they treat long and short versions of the same sound as distinct categories . In contrast, fake geminates which are found in Arabic, but in English are called so because they are phonetically long but their length does not serve as a phonetic contrast .The research aims at revealing  the difference in the achievement of the Arab  and British undergraduate students of English when pronouncing Arabic true geminates and English fake geminates .It also aims to point out the effect of the intrinsic difference that concerns gemination in both languages . The third aim of this paper is to find out the type of English fake geminate which has more difference in the achievement of the subjects involved in this research .On the light of these aims three hypotheses were set .To carry out this research ,ten Iraqi (Arab ) undergraduate students of English from University of Anbar (4th year students ) were chosen besides ten British undergraduate students of English(4th year students ) from Essex University .The subjects involved in the study  have to participate in two tests .In the first ,they have to pronounce  twenty Arabic words (single and geminate),whereas in the second test ,they have to pronounce  thirty words about the types of English fake geminates ,ten words were selected for each type .The study  arrives at certain findings and conclusions .
Ikhwan Al-Safa beauty philosophy and theory of art
Authors: Kydair Dr.  Muwafaq Oleiwi
Published: March 2021

Since the need for aesthetic, general and inclusive and deeply linked to contemporary human life, due to the importance of what these letters contained of ideas and knowledge in the field of beauty and art .We decided to study these ideas under Ikhwan Al Safa  philosophy of art and beauty  title. Our goal in this illustrating the Arabic and Islamic library that with useful and unique, because th subject is so far has not been studied independently, hoping we success in that . in order to explain a circle of the beauty concepts  and its development at Arabs and Muslims, and that required   research brief, followed by two themes:

First: Ikhwan Al-SAFA philosophy of beauty and art .

II: Ikhwan Al-Safa ' theory of art  and includes principles and application.

The tabulation above that research aims to expose  the standards in the philosophical thought of the Ikhwan Al-SAFA
Find "pay damage the suspects and their applications jurisprudential base" title
Authors: Hashemi Dr. Nassif Mohsen Asaessa
Published: March 2021

In the name of Allah the Merciful This paper deals with " pay damage the suspects and their applications jurisprudential base"

    To the effect " is that if the damage endured in the work of the business must pay the accession the believer " .  And mind riding the damage to pay the suspects, if it does not transfer and improvement Altaqbih mental clarity confined to his rule by the owners. Advantaged and al-Qaida are suspicions wisdom before the examination should be in charge of the examination even despair, and then end up assets to the operation, according to the rule base is the truth should be the examination.The research methodology is based on dividing the four demands. The first requirement : eating Qaeda on the one hand the definition of language and terminology. The second requirement : aware and evidence-Qaeda. Third requirement : Rod and base Fbh punishment without a statement on the payment of the damage the suspects base.  Fourth requirement: doctrinal applications on the base. Find and we ended with a summary of the most important results, in addition to index margins.
Abu Bakr Almadhirai (258-345A.H) / (871-957A.D) his personality and his age
Authors: Shebib Assist. Prof. Dr.Bashar Abd Al Jabbar
Published: March 2021

Through this overview available we have about Abu Bakr Almadhirai we have to say about one of the important figures who served as minister and a writer and supervisor of the works of Egypt and Syria and Mtula to abscess Egypt, he went to Egypt with the God of Ahmed bin Ali Almadhirai and his brother Abu Tayeb year 272 AH / 886 AD and from here began Almadhiraiaon a reputation in Egypt and has the qualities and virtues of the money has not owned one before, but he had been confiscated his money the state of the abscess and now has enemies, but he was able to compete with them and removes their danger, and when the state Tulunid fell and the state Ikhshidid Abu Bakr continued Almadhirai minister Akhchid and his son Anujur bin Akhsheed, and died in Egypt in the month of Shawwal 345 AH / 957 AD
Political relations in Islam
Authors: Al- Numan Dr. Laith Salah
Published: March 2021

Political relations in Islam title careful reflects the need renewable for your kind understanding the values preached by Islam in international relations and the start of the study of logical postulate agreed upon the mind and transport and is, that this message Conclusion any: (message of Islam) came humanity for the good, and it simplified the speech of love and peace in the ground on the basis of the interests of the people, and that the origin of balance in international relations, respect and mutual interests, not strife and wars, no doubt, that does not negate the right of the nation in the face of international threats and challenges.
The impact of the religious authority in Iraq's political events (1914-1918) Study in light of the British documents
Authors: Khuytr M. D. Mohammad Hashim
Published: March 2021

This research aims to the impact of the religious authority follow in the political events in Iraq during the First World War, and culminated in the position of the harbingers established a greater role in the years following the war, both those represented by the fact that a number of uprisings against occupying such as Najaf uprising British authority Najaf in 1918 or the fact that Iraq's major liberal revolution on the thirtieth of June 1920.  Within this context revealed British documents is published on the seriousness of the role that the contribution of the religious authority and its men who have issued calls for jihad, and declared fatwas, which called for the lifting of arms against the British occupiers, who had wanted to tie Iraq to India, and turn it into a British colony to take advantage of its wealth and harness his people to serve the effort British military during and after the war. These British documents include documents of the Ministry of British India (India Office Records) British and documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Office) which were copies of which exist in the National Library in Baghdad in the years of the eighties of the twentieth century before being National Library of sabotage and arson, which affected the scientific institutions Cultural and after the 1991 and 2003 events.
John Caldwell Calhoun and his political role in United States of America (1782-1850).
Authors: Khames ( Ph.D) Haydar Shaker
Published: March 2021

This research deals with the political role of one of the pioneers of American policy in the nineteenth century,  John Caldwell Calhoun, and his ideas and philosophy in addressing the central issues in the domestic and foreign policy of the United States of America by virtue of the important sites that filled namely: Member of the Legislative Council of the State of South Carolina between 1807-1811 , a member of the House of Representatives between 1811-1817, Secretary of the Treasury between 1817 - 1825, Vice President between 1825-1832, a member of the Senate between 1833-1850, Foreign Minister between 1844-1845.
British Captain Jffers killed in Nasiriyah and end military in Iraq after the failure of the movement of Rashid Ali in 1941
Authors: Hussain Dr. Aliaa . M .
Published: March 2021

It had a history of Iraq under British occupation with great interest by historians and authors Iraqis and foreigners broadly. And it puts a lot of literature that discussed various aspects of life in Iraq.Our study and received a personal British officer, Captain (Jffers) which shows us suddenly as sources pointed out after the failure of the movement of Rashid Ali al-Kilani I join with the British forces that came from India and landed in Basra and occupied then headed north to the city of Nasiriyah also Vaanltha. The forces that accompanied Jffers in Ur, near the city of Nasiriyah was stationed.We have adopted in this research heavily on the accounts of people who witnessed the incident or heard it from the people of the city of Nasiriyah, where we met the lawyer for Mr. Shaker Gharbaoui, one of the families known in Nasiriyah where provided us with valuable information was given another dimension is the military dimension.As we met with Mr. Hussein's lawyer Jamil, who was seconded to investigate the case of the murder when he was governor Jffers achieve in Diwaniya, where provided us with drafts of his papers own investigation conducted and maintained by more than seventy-year-old record.
The Poverty In Iraq Between The Reality And The Poor Planning
Authors: AL-Kozaay Dr. Magda Jassim
Published: March 2021

Iraq, like many of developing and the Arab countries, is suffering imbalance in the geographical distribution of the population the dominance of agglomeration in one place, that is, in the capital and its environs, the emergence of phenomena concentration in the major cities and urban sagging and the growth of slum on the outskirts of cities and their surroundings. This reflects in the deterioration of the environment and the low level of services and management of development which, in other words, the imbalance in the distribution of the fruits of development among the population geographically which revealed statistical indicators about deprivation in Iraq. The statistics also indicate the presence of large variations between the governorates in fertility rates and infant mortality rates that clearly reflect the variation in the level of health services and the economic infrastructure as well as the lack of consistency with the needs of the population. These data indicate the need for population policy attention to the Iraqi government in the future to know the trends of urbanization and rapid urbanization and their potential impact and addressed them through the development plans and programs
The most important social problems faced by families in caring for children with autism and ways of treatment and rehabilitation
Authors: Ahmad Assist profr Dr. Abeer Najim Abdullah
Published: March 2021

"The most important social problems of the family in the care of Autistic children and ways of treatment and rehabilitation (Rami in a field study center for the care of autistic children and slow learners)"(Social problems, Autistic children, rehabilitation)The current research aims to identify the most important social and psychological problems experienced by families in the care of children Autistic and what are the most prominent solutions and treatments to the families of the children, especially the parents in the care of these children, and what are the most important roads in the rehabilitation and treatment provided by Rahman Institute which (Rami previously) in care autistic child and that contribute to overcome the difficulties faced by them.The most important findings of the research:1-74% of families with autistic children suffer from difficulties in social relations.2-92% of the sample in which the brothers suffer frompsychological and social burden the existence of an autistic brother.3-80% of the children's families in which the parents of Autistic problems and disorders family suffers.4-70% of households Autistic children suffer injury as a result of social epilepsy or mental disability problems.5-80% of households have resorted to international organizations to take care of the child within and outside the country.6-78% of the families of autistic children confirms the ability of the Institute on the rehabilitation of the child in its ability to rely on himself.

7-74% of the sample confirms the auspices of medically Institute of autistic children.

The most important recommendations on the family:1. Child can be treated early bands to help him develop social and language skills.2. The child was given an opportunity in the completion of his duties, which help him to give confidence in himself and the evolution of his senses and make it stable.The most important recommendations for the state:

Provide special food and medical basket autistic child.

Providing material support.

Training professional cadres in the perpetuation of how to communicate with the families of autistic children.
The effect of Homogeneity Learning and Heterogeneity Familiarization of the Acquisition of Literary Concepts on students at the College of Educationlbn - Rushd
Authors: Abdul Kareem Ahmed Assistprof Dr. Mahabad
Published: March 2021

This research aims at identifyingthe effect of Homogeneity Learning and Heterogeneity   Familiarization  of the Acquisition of  Literary Concepts on students at the College of Education lbn – Rushd.The Sample of the Study consists of( 90) Students . it  is distributed as follows : (30) Students in the First experimental group which is taught according to(Homogeneity Learning Strategy، (30) Students in the second experimental group which is taught according to (Heterogeneity Familiarization)Strategy، and (30) Students in the control group which is taught according to the traditional way of teaching .The three groups are matched in terms of the following variables : the studentsage (in months), their intelligence، their Parents academic level of education، their achievement The researcher has constructed an achievement test which includes (20) items . The items of the test are multiple choice items . the validity of this test has been ascertained and also reliability is obtained by using Pearson Correlltion Formula which yields (0.82) Coefficient Afteranalyzing the results statisticallyit has revealed a statistically significant differences in favor to the experimental groups, the First and the second, in achievement and retention tests
The Submission Emotional Among The Students Of The Preparatory
Authors: Nasir Saluma Assist Lecturer. Salah Adnan
Published: March 2021

Back to sentiments to antiquity , but the person who the submission emotional cant adjust the positive and negative emotions also fails to choose a profession and also provokes simply especially in preparatory.                                                        .                                                                                                                                                   Based on the above objectives of the research are as follows :                                     

Measure the submission emotional among the students of the preparatory .

The identify on differences in the submission emotional among the students of the preparatory according to sex (male – female ) .

The identify on differences in the submission emotional among the students of the preparatory according to the variable specialization ( scientific – humanitarian ) .

      Included community search students the preparatory in azizia wasit province from fourth , fifth and sixth scientific and literary classes , and sample search of (400) students were selected stratified randomly , and with respect to a device search has been building submission emotional scale , verify virtual honesty and reliability calculation and paragraph three moths , be finalized the scale of (35) paragraph , and then the scale is applied to a sample of applied research , and the results were as follows :                                                         

found that students the preparatory suffering from submission emotional .

2. appeared that female from students the preparatory more submission emotional from mal  3. There were no statistically significant differences in submission emotional between specialization scientific and humanitarian for students the preparatory .                                                                    Based on the results, the researcher recommended offer television programs on the experts to uncover the extent of saturation submission emotional , and suggested a comparative study in submission emotional between students the preparatory and high students
Analisis personal del dictador en la novela la fiesta del Chivo
Authors: Kamal Assist. Prof. Hadel Adil
Published: March 2021

La Fiesta del Chivo is a story novel that portrays the Trujillo dictatorship in the Dominican Republic . Dictatorships have unfortunately been a constant feature in our continent This phenomenon also called Latin American caudillo has permeated the history of blood and violation of human rights . Usually of a dictatorship it is usually the result of a process of profound social upheaval and typically occurs through a military move against the power structures previously established movement that takes the form of coup. Terror and fascination of all Dominicans Trujillo and the facade of legality which is constructed to maintain an image of "democracy" against other states are observed in the novel , which is closely related to the question of the " crisis of sovereignty."
Middle Voice in English and Arabic
Authors: Shakir (MA) Inst.Widad Sabir
Published: March 2021

This paper is about middle voice in English and Arabic. Middle voice does not exist in all languages of the world, but there are languages that express middle voice; a voice that can be described as active and as passive at the same time as it has the characteristics of both of them. The paper compares middle voice in English and Arabic focusing on the verbs that are used in this voice in both languages to show areas of similarity and difference in the kind of the verb used to express this voice in the two languages under study.
The Essentials of Classroom Management
Authors: Jinam Lect.Eman Jabur
Published: March 2021

The management of class is a difficult task and how to establish a good relation between the teacher and his students is more difficult. Hence, it is the purpose of this paper to facilitate such difficulties through presenting some strategies which are believed as being essential tools that  should be familiar to all teachers.

     Many graduate students and post doctorates want to learn how to teach, but they may not have the opportunity to do so while enrolled in graduate school or while working in their post doctorates  position. So, it is the aim of this paper to provide support for all graduate students and post doctorates who are interested in learning the concept 0f teaching, engaging  students, and  creating learning environments.
Text and impact of standards in a poem my nation of Omar Abu Risha
Authors: Najjar Assist. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Mohammed Ismail
Published: March 2021

This research is marked aims (Text and impact of standards in a poem my nation of Omar Abu Risha) thread, to study the associated text scripts standards in a poem (my nation), which includes a standard Cohesion Besnver grammar bonding which is achieved by means of assignment, and substitution, deletions, and affection, bonding lexical detective Boselta redundancy and convergence, and the standard of Coherence which is achieved by means of relations (relationship of aggregate and detail, and general and particular, and contrast, cause and effect), and other means about the subject of the speech, and Alngarb, and time, and includes a search as well as standards related to product text and receiving in a poem (my nation), and include standard Intentionality and Acceptability, and standards associated with the conditions of text production and received, as fall beneath Informativity standards, and the context of the situation, and Intertextuality, relying on the descriptive and statistical applied in the development of such standards and their impact on theinterdependence of parts of the text to each other.   The research found that the poem (my nation) Tnmaz conjunction and cohesion, consistency between parts, and the efficiency of text where high; the availability of all scripts standards and Taaorha in conjunction with each other text modules.