bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reductive Deamination by Benzyne for Deoxy Sugar Synthesis Through a Domino Reaction
Authors: Hwu Jih Ru , Chandrasekhar D. Balaji , Hwang Kuo Chu , Lin Chun‐Cheng , Horng Jia‐Cherng , Shieh Fa‐Kuen
Published: May 2017

Benzyne was developed as a reducing agent in the key step of converting amino sugars and ketoses into deoxy sugars, which occur widely in natural products. Many deoxy sugars exhibit antibiotic and anticancer activities, and furthermore, they play essential biological roles. By treatment with CS2 and then Ac2O, amino sugars and ketoses were converted into the corresponding 1,3‐thiazolidine‐2‐thiones. In the key step, these intermediates were treated with 2‐trimethylsilylphenyl triflate (2.0 equiv.) and CsF (3.0 equiv.) in MeCN at 25 °C to produce acyclic enol acetates in 60–63 % yields. Saponification of the enol acetates with NaOMe/MeOH followed by intramolecular cyclization afforded the target 2‐deoxy sugars. The key step of the reductive deamination involved a domino 1,2‐elimination/[3+2]‐cycloaddition/retro [3+2]‐ring‐opening sequence. The generality of this new method was proven by the use of various substrates, including pentoses, hexoses, monosaccharides, disaccharides, aldoses, and ketoses.
Sequential Uncaging with Green Light can be Achieved by Fine‐Tuning the Structure of a Dicyanocoumarin Chromophore
Authors: Gandioso Albert , Palau Marta , Nin‐Hill Alba , Melnyk Ivanna , Rovira Carme , Nonell Santi , Velasco Dolores , García‐Amorós Jaume , Marchán Vicente
Published: May 2017

We report the synthesis and photochemical properties of a series of dicyanocoumarinylmethyl (DEAdcCM)‐ and dicyanocoumarinylethyl (DEAdcCE)‐based photocages of carboxylic acids and amines with absorption maximum around 500 nm. Photolysis studies with green light have demonstrated that the structure of the coumarin chromophore as well as the nature of the leaving group and the type of bond to be photocleaved (ester or carbamate) have a strong influence on the rate and efficiency of the uncaging process. These experimental observations were also supported by DFT calculations. Such differences in deprotection kinetics have been exploited to sequentially photolyze two dicyanocoumarin‐caged model compounds (e.g., benzoic acid and ethylamine), and open the way to increasing the number of functional levels that can be addressed with light in a single system, particularly when combining dicyanocoumarin caging groups with other photocleavable protecting groups, which remain intact under green light irradiation.
Successful use of nitrous oxide during lumbar punctures: A call for nitrous oxide in pediatric oncology clinics
Authors: Livingston Mylynda , Lawell Miranda , McAllister Nancy
Published: May 2017

Numerous reports describe the successful use of nitrous oxide for analgesia in children undergoing painful procedures. Although shown to be safe, effective, and economical, nitrous oxide use is not yet common in pediatric oncology clinics and few reports detail its effectiveness for children undergoing repeated lumbar punctures. We developed a nitrous oxide clinic, and undertook a review of pediatric oncology lumbar puncture records for those patients receiving nitrous oxide in 2011. No major complications were noted. Minor complications were noted in 2% of the procedures. We offer guidelines for establishing such a clinic.
Outcomes of a pediatric surgical oncology fellowship in a pediatric cancer institution
Authors: Fernandez‐Pineda I. , Sanders D. , Rao B.N. , Shochat S.J. , Davidoff A.M.
Published: May 2017

Surgery plays an important role as part of the treatment plan in most children with malignant solid tumors in regards to initial biopsy, upfront resection, and delayed resection. Surgeons also play a critical role in the treatment of surgical complications that may arise during medical treatment. The pediatric surgical oncologist should be familiar with the current treatment guidelines, histology implications, chemotherapy and radiation side effects, tumor staging, and overall care of the child with cancer. Specific training in pediatric surgical oncology is not widespread internationally and it represents a potential undervalued intervention for improving global pediatric cancer care.
Depressive symptoms are found to be potential adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy in older prostate cancer patients: A 15‐month prospective, observational study
Authors: Zhang Zhiqiang , Yang Linlin , Xie Dongdong , Shi Haoqiang , Li Guangyuan , Yu Dexin
Published: May 2017

Objectives

To evaluate the association between androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and depression and to identify the risk factors for depressive symptoms among prostate cancer (PCa) patients who received ADT.

Methods

We conducted a prospective, longitudinal, controlled study and assessed 3 groups of older patients: the ADT group (men who were presented with maximum androgen block); the radical prostatectomy (RP) group (PCa control group: men who underwent RP without ADT); and the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) group (men who had BPH). All patients completed the demographic questionnaire at baseline and the Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale (SDS) at pretreatment baseline, 1 month, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months and 15 months.

Results

A total of 146 patients completed the study during the 15‐month follow‐up. The Self‐Rating Depression Scale scores of the 3 groups showed significant differences at 1 month (P < .001), 6 months (P = .009), 9 months (P < .001), 12 months (P < .001), and 15 months (P < .001). At 9 months, 12% of the men in the ADT group, 4.3% in the RP group, and 2% in the BPH group showed depressive symptoms, and there were no significant differences (P = .095). However, there were significant differences among the 3 groups relative to the incidence of depressive symptoms at 12 and 15 months (P < .001, P = .007, respectively). The analysis of the ADT subgroup indicated that alcohol consumption (odds ratio = 6.868; P = .046; 95% CI, 1.038‐45.443) and smoking (odds ratio = 13.661; P = 0.013; 95% CI, 1.722‐108.386) increased the risk for developing depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Androgen deprivation therapy use does significantly increase the depressive scores and enhance the incidence of depression among PCa patients who received ADT. Smoking and alcohol consumption are associated with depressive symptoms among PCa patients receiving ADT.
The ribosome destabilizes native and non‐native structures in a nascent multidomain protein
Authors: Liu Kaixian , Rehfus Joseph E. , Mattson Elliot , Kaiser Christian M.
Published: May 2017

Correct folding is a prerequisite for the biological activity of most proteins. Folding has largely been studied using in vitro refolding assays with isolated small, robustly folding proteins. A substantial fraction of all cellular proteomes is composed of multidomain proteins that are often not amenable to this approach, and their folding remains poorly understood. These large proteins likely begin to fold during their synthesis by the ribosome, a large molecular machine that translates the genetic code. The ribosome affects how folding proceeds, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely obscure. We have utilized optical tweezers to study the folding of elongation factor G, a multidomain protein composed of five domains. We find that interactions among unfolded domains interfere with productive folding in the full‐length protein. The N‐terminal G‐domain constitutes an independently folding unit that, upon in vitro refolding, adopts two similar states that correspond to the natively folded and a non‐native, possibly misfolded structure. The ribosome destabilizes both of these states, suggesting a mechanism by which terminal misfolding into highly stable, non‐native structures is avoided. The ribosome may thus directly contribute to efficient folding by modulating the folding of nascent multidomain proteins.
International academic mobility across space and time: The case of Indian academics
Authors: Czaika Mathias , Toma Sorana
Published: May 2017

Internationalisation has become a central feature of academic careers as academics are increasingly expected to be mobile. Yet, we still know relatively little about the actual patterns and drivers of academic mobility across space and time. Using unique data from a recent survey of around 4,600 Indian academics across the globe, this article examines the dynamics of international academic mobility among one of the largest global academic diasporas. Overall, we find a strong “path dependence” for academic career and mobility trajectories, demonstrating the considerable importance of prior career steps in shaping future mobility choices. Working abroad as an academic, particularly in an Anglo‐Saxon destination, becomes very unlikely without some early international study experience. However, contextual and individual‐level factors may moderate this path dependence. Younger generations of Indian researchers, men, high‐performing students, and those with (Indian) degrees that are more valued internationally, have higher chances of breaking the path. In addition, socioeconomic background seems to be an important driver for early career and mobility steps but becomes much less relevant for later academic employment.
High‐temperature mass spectrometric study of the vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties in the Gd2O3‐Y2O3‐HfO2 system
Authors: Kablov Eugene N. , Stolyarova Valentina L. , Lopatin Sergey I. , Vorozhtcov Viktor A. , Karachevtsev Fedor N. , Folomeikin Yuriy I.
Published: May 2017

Rationale

The refractory properties of the Gd2O3‐Y2O3‐HfO2 system are considered promising for the production of many high‐temperature materials, e.g., thermal barrier coatings and casting molds for gas turbine engine blades. At high temperatures, components of the Gd2O3‐Y2O3‐HfO2 system may vaporize selectively and this may significantly change the physicochemical properties of the materials. Therefore, information on vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties of the Gd2O3‐Y2O3‐HfO2 system is of great importance.

Methods

The vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties of the Gd2O3‐Y2O3‐HfO2 system were studied using high‐temperature Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry with a MS‐1301 mass spectrometer. Vaporization was carried out using a tungsten twin effusion cell containing the samples under study and pure Gd2O3 as a reference substance. Electron ionization at an energy of 25 eV was employed in the present study.

Results

It was shown that at a temperature of 2500 K the vapor over the samples in the Gd2O3‐Y2O3‐HfO2 system consisted of the GdO, YO and O vapor species. The Gd2O3 and Y2O3 activities in the samples in the Gd2O3‐Y2O3‐HfO2 system as well as their vaporization rates were derived from the partial pressures of the vapor species. Using these data the HfO2 activities, the Gibbs energy of mixing and the excess Gibbs energy in this system were calculated at 2500 K.

Conclusions

The thermodynamic properties of the Gd2O3‐Y2O3‐HfO2 system, i.e., the component activities in the samples and the excess Gibbs energy, obtained in the present study at 2500 K, exhibited negative deviations from ideal behavior. The concentration dependence of excess Gibbs energy of the Gd2O3‐Y2O3‐HfO2 system was approximated with an empirical equation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐evaluation of the hydrogen stable isotopic composition of keratin calibration standards for wildlife and forensic science applications
Authors: Soto David X. , Koehler Geoff , Wassenaar Leonard I. , Hobson Keith A.
Published: May 2017

Rationale

Determination of non‐exchangeable hydrogen isotopic compositions (δ2H values) of bulk complex organic materials is difficult due to uncontrolled H isotope exchange between the organic material and ambient water vapor. A number of calibration keratinous materials with carefully measured hydrogen isotopic compositions of the non‐exchangeable fraction were proposed to enable stable isotope laboratories to normalize their 2H measurements. However, it was recently reported that high‐temperature carbon‐reactor methods for measuring the hydrogen isotopic composition of nitrogenous organic materials is biased by the production of HCN in the reactor. As a result, the reported values of these calibration materials needed to be re‐evaluated.

Methods

We evaluated the non‐exchangeable δ2HVSMOW values of keratins EC1 (CBS) and EC2 (KHS), USGS hair standards, and a range of other nitrogenous widely used organic laboratory calibration materials (collagen and chitin) using pre‐treatment with a preparation device designed to eliminate residual moisture and quantify exchangeable H.

Results

The revised non‐exchangeable δ2HVSMOW values of EC‐1 (CBS) and EC‐2 (KHS) keratin standard materials were –157.0 ± 0.9 and –35.3 ± 1.1 ‰, respectively. The revised values of USGS42 and USGS43 were –72.2 ± 0.9 and –44.2 ± 1.0 ‰, respectively, in excellent agreement with previous results.

Conclusions

For routine H isotope analyses, with proper sample pre‐treatment, we show that the Comparative Equilibration approach can provide accurate and reproducible non‐exchangeable δ2H values among laboratories regardless of the reactor type used. © 2017 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Reproduced with the permission of the Environment and Climate Change Canada.
Distributed adaptive high‐gain extended Kalman filtering for nonlinear systems
Authors: Rashedi M. , Liu J. , Huang B.
Published: May 2017

In this work, we propose a distributed adaptive high‐gain extended Kalman filtering approach for nonlinear systems. Specifically, we consider a class of nonlinear systems that are composed of several subsystems interacting with each other via their states. In the proposed approach, an adaptive high‐gain extended Kalman filter is designed for each subsystem. The distributed Kalman filters communicate with each other to exchange estimated subsystem state information. First, assuming continuous communication among the distributed filters within deterministic form of subsystems, an implementation strategy that specifies how the distributed filters should communicate is designed and the detailed design of the subsystem filter is described. Second, we consider the case of stochastic subsystems for which the designed subsystem filters communicate to exchange information at discrete‐time instants. A state predictor in each subsystem filter is used to provide predictions of states of other subsystems. The stability properties of the proposed distributed estimation schemes with both continuous and discrete communications are analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed schemes are illustrated via the application to a chemical process example. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends and Future Directions in Sustainable Development
Authors: Wichaisri Sooksiri , Sopadang Apichat
Published: May 2017

This study aims to explore research and to identify research clusters on sustainable development by using bibliometric analysis. The sustainable development field is examined using the selected research articles. A co‐citation unit is used to analyze the relationship between cited documents, and then science mapping is used to identify clusters in this relationship. The results show that there are four main distinct clusters, of which the most important concerns sustainable supply chains and logistics management. This cluster is then classified into five bunches of knowledge sources. These bunches illustrate the need for a trend in sustainability issues that includes a social dimension to balance economic and environmental dimensions for long‐term development. There are logistics management and lean concepts that can be applied to sustainable development to move toward business sustainability. The future direction of sustainable business concerns economic values, environmental policy and stakeholder engagement for business opportunities. The contribution of this article is to identify trends in sustainable development by means of bibliometric analysis, to develop research in the future. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Bayesian bivariate meta‐analysis of diagnostic test studies with interpretable priors
Authors: Guo Jingyi , Riebler Andrea , Rue Håvard
Published: May 2017

In a bivariate meta‐analysis, the number of diagnostic studies involved is often very low so that frequentist methods may result in problems. Using Bayesian inference is particularly attractive as informative priors that add a small amount of information can stabilise the analysis without overwhelming the data. However, Bayesian analysis is often computationally demanding and the selection of the prior for the covariance matrix of the bivariate structure is crucial with little data. The integrated nested Laplace approximations method provides an efficient solution to the computational issues by avoiding any sampling, but the important question of priors remain. We explore the penalised complexity (PC) prior framework for specifying informative priors for the variance parameters and the correlation parameter. PC priors facilitate model interpretation and hyperparameter specification as expert knowledge can be incorporated intuitively. We conduct a simulation study to compare the properties and behaviour of differently defined PC priors to currently used priors in the field. The simulation study shows that the PC prior seems beneficial for the variance parameters. The use of PC priors for the correlation parameter results in more precise estimates when specified in a sensible neighbourhood around the truth. To investigate the usage of PC priors in practice, we reanalyse a meta‐analysis using the telomerase marker for the diagnosis of bladder cancer and compare the results with those obtained by other commonly used modelling approaches. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic Properties of Acetaminophen Adsorbed on 2D Clusters: A First Principles Density Functional Study
Authors: Saikia Ujjal , Saikia Nabanita , Waters Kevin , Pandey Ravindra , Sahariah Munima Bora
Published: May 2017

The interaction of acetaminophen (N‐acetyl‐para‐aminophenol), a prominent analgesic and antipyretic, with 2D clusters was investigated using density functional theory with inclusion of van der Waals dispersion correction. The implicit solvation model with three different solvents; water, ethanol and carbon tetrachloride were utilized to observe the trends in binding energy as a function of solvent polarity. The calculated results demonstrate that interactions are not solely dependent on solvent polarity, but inherent properties of the 2D clusters drive the nature of the interaction; i. e. physisorbed states were favored for graphene, boron nitride (BN), and phosphorene, whereas a chemisorbed state is preferred for silicene. Analysis of the frontier orbitals and density of states (DOS) show that the acetaminophen functionalization induces mid‐gap energy states in BN. Chemisorbed acetaminophen on silicene induces a 2p core level shift in silicon. The calculated results provide atomistic insights on the nature of interactions of acetaminophen with the new class of 2D materials beyond graphene for potential sensing applications.
Bicarbonate Elution of Uranium from Amidoxime‐Based Polymer Adsorbents for Sequestering Uranium from Seawater
Authors: Pan Horng‐Bin , Wai Chien M. , Kuo Li‐Jung , Gill Gary , Tian Guoxin , Rao Linfeng , Das Sadananda , Mayes Richard T. , Janke Christopher J.
Published: May 2017

Uranium adsorbed on amidoxime‐based polyethylene fibers in simulated seawater can be quantitatively eluted using 3 M KHCO3 at 40 °C. Thermodynamic calculations are in agreement with the experimental observation that at high bicarbonate concentrations (3 M) uranyl ions bound to amidoxime molecules are converted to uranyl tris‐carbonato complex in the aqueous solution. The elution process is basically the reverse reaction of the uranium adsorption process which occurs at a very low bicarbonate concentration (∼10−3 M) in seawater. In real seawater experiments, the bicarbonate elution is followed by a NaOH treatment to remove natural organic matter adsorbed on the polymer adsorbent. Using the sequential bicarbonate and NaOH elution, the adsorbent is reusable after rinsing with deionized water and the recycled adsorbent shows no loss of uranium loading capacity based on real seawater experiments.
A Fluorescent Probe for Pyrophosphate Based on Tetraphenylethylene Derivative with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Characteristics
Authors: Li Peng Fei , Liu Yan Yan , Zhang Wen Juan , Zhao Na
Published: May 2017

In this work, a fluorescent probe (TPE‐DPA) with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics was prepared for detecting pyrophosphate (PPi) by attaching a dipicolylamine (DPA) unit into tetraphenylethylene (TPE) group. TPE‐DPA exhibits intense green emission in aqueous media because of the formation of the nanoaggregates. In the presence of Cu2+, the emission of TPE‐DPA can be effectively quenched due to the formation of complex TPE‐DPA/Cu2+. However, upon addition of PPi, the fluorescence can be selectively recovered because of the higher affinity between Cu2+ and PPi, and thus release of TPE‐DPA. The detection limit for PPi by using TPE‐DPA/Cu2+ is as low as 56 nM. Importantly, this strategy can be utilized for real‐time monitoring the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and for imaging of PPi in living cells.
Curcumin Related 1,4‐Diazepines: Regioselective Synthesis, Structure Analysis, Tautomerism, NMR Spectroscopy, X‐ray Crystallography, Density Functional Theory and GIAO Calculations
Authors: Nieto Carla I. , Andrade Ana , Sanz Dionisia , Claramunt Rosa M. , Torralba M. Carmen , Torres M. Rosario , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José
Published: May 2017

The reaction of 1,2‐ethylenediamine with seven fluorinated β‐diketones affords two different 1,4‐diazepine series depending on the experimental conditions. Their structures as well as tautomerism have been established by 1H, 13C, 15N and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance in solution supported by density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level. The two compounds obtained from (E)‐5‐(2‐fluoro‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐phenylpent‐4‐ene‐1,3‐dione were analyzed by X‐ray crystallography and studied by solid‐state NMR.
Two‐Dimensional Arrays of Au Halfshells with Different Sizes for Plasmon‐Induced Charge Separation
Authors: Wu Ling , Tsunenari Natsumi , Nishi Hiroyasu , Sugawa Kosuke , Otsuki Joe , Tatsuma Tetsu
Published: May 2017

Plasmon‐induced charge separation (PICS) at plasmonic metal‐semiconductor interfaces has been used for photovoltaics, photocatalysis, and many other photofunctional materials and devices. In most of those cases, dispersed and disordered metal nanoparticle ensembles have been used. We prepared two‐dimensionally ordered and interconnected Au halfshell arrays on SiO2@TiO2 core‐shell nanosphere colloidal crystals and exploited them for PICS. The present system exhibits broad light absorption over the visible to near‐infrared (NIR) range, leading to wide photoelectrochemical responses. Here we report that this system is characterized not only by localized and propagating surface plasmons but also by light propagation through the colloidal crystals, which enhances plasmonic light harvesting. Effects of the SiO2 core size were examined, and the middle‐sized cores were found to be optimum for efficient PICS processes because of strong electric field at the photoelectrode.
Peak factor estimation of non‐Gaussian wind pressure on high‐rise buildings
Authors: Ma Xingliang , Xu Fuyou
Published: May 2017

A vast quantity of measurements of wind‐induced non‐Gaussian effects on buildings call for the burgeoning development of more advanced extrema estimation approaches for non‐Gaussian processes. In this study, a well‐directed method for estimating the peak factor and modeling the extrema distribution for non‐Gaussian processes is proposed. This method is characterized by using two fitted probability distributions of the parent non‐Gaussian process to separately fulfill the estimations of the extrema on long‐tail and short‐tail sides. In this method, the Johnson transformation is adopted to be the probabilistic model for fitting the parent distribution of the non‐Gaussian process due to its superior fitting goodness and universality. For each dataset, two Johnson transformations will be established by two parameter estimation methods to individually estimate the extrema on two sides. Then a Gumbel assumption is applied for conveniently determining the non‐Gaussian peak factor. This method is validated through long‐duration wind pressure records measured on the model surfaces of a high‐rise building in wind tunnel test. The results show that the proposed method is more accurate and robust than many existing ones in estimating peak factors for non‐Gaussian wind pressures.
Entry‐Level Forward Surgical Team Training in 5th Grade Students of Second Military Medical University of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army
Authors: Le Shiguan , Xi Wang , Li Wei , Xiao Jian , Wang Zhinong
Published: May 2017

Background

Forward surgical team (FST) is a highly mobile team for surgical missions in battlefield. FST training has been well held in many western countries. However, such training in Chinese army is far from satisfaction.

Methods and Results

Relying on Second Military Medical University and its affiliated hospitals, we are launching an entry‐level training program for 5th grade students, in order to improve their understandings on basic concepts of FST, as well as their abilities to complete surgical missions on battlefield.

Conclusions

In this article, we are going to introduce our training facilities as well as our training methods in our training program.
Persistent Hiccups After an Epidural Steroid Injection Successfully Treated With Baclofen: A Case Report
Authors: Colorado Berdale , Decker Gregory
Published: May 2017

Persistent hiccups are an established adverse reaction to epidural steroid injections. Although oral baclofen has been used to treat hiccups in various clinical settings, none of the previously reported studies that used baclofen were related to hiccups occurring after spinal injections/procedures. We report a case of a man who developed persistent hiccups after a transforaminal epidural steroid injection that was treated successfully with oral baclofen.

Level of Evidence

V
Elementos de la didáctica en la cirugía en pregrado: un estudio cualitativo
Authors: Silva O. Verónica , Ortega B. Javiera , McColl C. Peter , Searle S. Mariana , Escobar S. Verónica
Published: May 2017

Introducción: Los desafíos del presente siglo en educación médica son currículum flexible, integradores de complejidad creciente, centrados en el estudiante y su aprendizaje. En la ense˜nanza de la cirugía el estudiante debe adquirir las competencias necesarias para el diagnóstico, resolución y o derivación de la patología quirúrgica.

Objetivo: Describir los elementos didácticos de la ense˜nanza de la cirugía en la carrera de Medicina de una Universidad privada.

Método: Estudio cualitativo, basado en la Teoría Fundamentada de Strauss y Corbín. Participaron 6 docentes de la carrera de Medicina, fueron seleccionados según muestreo teórico. Los docentes fueron contactados personalmente, previo proceso de consentimiento informado. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas dise˜nadas por los investigadores. El plan de análisis fue realizado a partir del método de comparación constante hasta el nivel de codificación abierta, utilizando el Atlas-ti 7.5.2.

Resultados: Se obtuvo un total de 851 códigos en vivo, lo que contribuyó a comprender las temáticas generales que se obtuvieron a partir de las entrevistas semiestructuradas. De esta manera, emerge en el nivel de codificación abierta, tres categorías: progresión del aprendizaje, asociado al desarrollo del razonamiento clínico lineal y recursivo; metodologías de  enseñanza de la disciplina quirúrgica como la simulación y metodologías de evaluación utilizadas.

Discusión: Se ha podido caracterizar los diferentes aspectos de la didáctica de la cirugía. El presente estudio da luces de una aproximación inicial a la didáctica de la cirugía en pregrado en una Universidad privada en Chile. De esta forma, esta investigación servirá de base para futuras líneas de trabajos tanto en el ámbito cualitativo como cuantitativo en el proceso de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la cirugía en el pregrado, específicamente en áreas como el raciocinio clínico y la simulación.
THE MORRO BAY FAUNA: EVIDENCE FOR A MEDIEVAL DROUGHTS REFUGIUM ON THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA COAST
Authors: Jones Terry L. , Jones Deborah A. , Hadick Kacey , Gobalet Kenneth W. , Porcasi Judith F. , Hildebrandt William R.
Published: May 2017

A robust collection of mammal, bird, fish, and shellfish remains from an 8,000-year residential sequence at Morro Bay, a small, isolated estuary on the central California coast, shows a strong focus on marine species during the Middle-Late Transition cultural phase (950–700 cal B.P.), which largely coincides with the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA). Previous studies have provided modest evidence for increased fishing and rabbit hunting during the MCA in adjacent regions, but the Morro Bay findings suggest a distinctive marine-focused subsistence refugium during the period of drought. Specifically, the sequence shows striking all-time peaks in marine and estuarine birds, fish NISP/m3, and fish/deer + rabbits during the MCA. Heavy exploitation of fish, aquatic birds, rabbits, and shellfish suggests that the bow and arrow, which seems to have arrived in the area at this time, had little impact on local subsistence strategies.
Cathedrals of Consumption? Provincial Department Stores in England, c.1880–1930
Authors: STOBART JON
Published: May 2017

The department store is often seen as a revolutionary force: transforming retail practices, shopping experiences, and the high street. It is variously lauded for its role in the democratization of luxury, the introduction of price ticketing and unfettered browsing, and the creation of a fantasy world of goods. As is so often the case, reality is more complex than the image, especially when we move away from the bright lights of the metropolis and start exploring the high streets of provincial towns. Based on a thorough trawl of trade directories, I explore the regional distribution of stores in their 1930s heyday and examine how this distribution developed over time, pushing the discussion back to consider the varied origins of provincial department stores. I then turn to the spatial organization, selling practices, and shopping experience of small samples of stores, questioning the extent to which they formed a monolithic retail type.
Reduction of Environmental Contamination With Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria by Copper-Alloy Coating of Surfaces in a Highly Endemic Setting
Authors: Souli Maria , Antoniadou Anastasia , Katsarolis Ioannis , Mavrou Irini , Paramythiotou Elisabeth , Papadomichelakis Evangelos , Drogari-Apiranthitou Maria , Panagea Theofano , Giamarellou Helen , Petrikkos George , Armaganidis Apostolos
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of copper-coating in reducing environmental colonization in an intensive-care unit (ICU) with multidrug-resistant-organism (MDRO) endemicity

DESIGN

Interventional, comparative crossover trial

SETTING

The general ICU of Attikon University hospital in Athens, Greece

PATIENTS

Those admitted to ICU compartments A and B during the study period

METHODS

Before any intervention (phase 1), the optimum sampling method using 2 nylon swabs was validated. In phase 2, 6 copper-coated beds (ie, with coated upper, lower, and side rails) and accessories (ie, coated side table, intravenous [i.v.] pole stands, side-cart handles, and manual antiseptic dispenser cover) were introduced as follows: During phase 2a (September 2011 to February 2012), coated items were placed next to noncoated ones (controls) in both compartments A and B; during phase 2b (May 2012 to January 2013), all copper-coated items were placed in compartment A, and all noncoated ones (controls) in compartment B. Patients were randomly assigned to available beds. Environmental samples were cultured quantitatively for clinically important bacteria. Clinical and demographic data were collected from medical records.

RESULTS

Copper coating significantly reduced the percentage of colonized surfaces (55.6% vs 72.5%; P<.0001), the percentage of surfaces colonized by MDR gram-negative bacteria (13.8% vs 22.7%; P=.003) or by enterococci (4% vs 17%; P=.014), the total bioburden (2,858 vs 7,631 cfu/100 cm2; P=.008), and the bioburden of gram-negative isolates, specifically (261 vs 1,266 cfu/100 cm2; P=.049). This effect was more pronounced when the ratio of coated surfaces around the patient was increased (phase 2b).

CONCLUSIONS

Copper-coated items in an ICU setting with endemic high antimicrobial resistance reduced environmental colonization by MDROs.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:765–771
Asymptotic stability and transient growth in pulsatile Poiseuille flow through a compliant channel
Authors: Tsigklifis Konstantinos , Lucey Anthony D.
Published: May 2017

The time-asymptotic linear stability of pulsatile flow in a channel with compliant walls is studied together with the evaluation of modal transient growth within the pulsation period of the basic flow as well as non-modal transient growth. Both one (vertical-displacement) and two (vertical and axial) degrees-of-freedom compliant-wall models are implemented. Two approaches are developed to study the dynamics of the coupled fluid–structure system, the first being a Floquet analysis in which disturbances are decomposed into a product of exponential growth and a sum of harmonics, while the second is a time-stepping technique for the evolution of the fundamental solution (monodromy) matrix. A parametric study of stability in the non-dimensional parameter space, principally defined by Reynolds number ($Re$), Womersley number ($Wo$) and amplitude of the applied pressure modulation ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$), is then conducted for compliant walls of fixed geometric and material properties. The flow through a rigid channel is shown to be destabilized by pulsation for low $Wo$, stabilized due to Stokes-layer effects at intermediate $Wo$, while the critical $Re$ approaches the steady Poiseuille-flow result at high $Wo$, and that these effects are made more pronounced by increasing $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$. Wall flexibility is shown to be stabilizing throughout the $Wo$ range but, for the relatively stiff wall used, is more effective at high $Wo$. Axial displacements are shown to have negligible effect on the results based upon only vertical deformation of the compliant wall. The effect of structural damping in the compliant-wall dynamics is destabilizing, thereby suggesting that the dominant inflectional (Rayleigh) instability is of the Class A (negative-energy) type. It is shown that very high levels of modal transient growth can occur at low $Wo$, and this mechanism could therefore be more important than asymptotic amplification in causing transition to turbulent flow for two-dimensional disturbances. Wall flexibility is shown to ameliorate mildly this phenomenon. As $Wo$ is increased, modal transient growth becomes progressively less important and the non-modal mechanism can cause similar levels of transient growth. We also show that oblique waves having non-zero transverse wavenumbers are stable to higher values of critical $Re$ than their two-dimensional counterparts. Finally, we identify an additional instability branch at high $Re$ that corresponds to wall-based travelling-wave flutter. We show that this is stabilized by the inclusion of structural damping, thereby confirming that it is of the Class B (positive-energy) instability type.
Simulations of natural transition in viscoelastic channel flow
Authors: Lee Sang Jin , Zaki Tamer A.
Published: May 2017

Orderly, or natural, transition to turbulence in dilute polymeric channel flow is studied using direct numerical simulations of a FENE-P fluid. Three Weissenberg numbers are simulated and contrasted to a reference Newtonian configuration. The computations start from infinitesimally small Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves and track the development of the instability from the early linear stages through nonlinear amplification, secondary instability and full breakdown to turbulence. At the lowest elasticity, the primary TS wave is more unstable than the Newtonian counterpart, and its secondary instability involves the generation of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$-structures which are narrower in the span. These subsequently lead to the formation of hairpin packets and ultimately breakdown to turbulence. Despite the destabilizing influence of weak elasticity, and the resulting early transition to turbulence, the final state is a drag-reduced turbulent flow. At the intermediate elasticity, the growth rate of the primary TS wave matches the Newtonian value. However, unlike the Newtonian instability mode which reaches a saturated equilibrium condition, the instability in the polymeric flow reaches a periodic state where its energy undergoes cyclical amplification and decay. The spanwise size of the secondary instability in this case is commensurate with the Newtonian $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$-structures, and the extent of drag reduction in the final turbulent state is enhanced relative to the lower elasticity condition. At the highest elasticity, the exponential growth rate of the TS wave is weaker than the Newtonian flow and, as a result, the early linear stage is prolonged. In addition, the magnitude of the saturated TS wave is appreciably lower than the other conditions. The secondary instability is also much wider in the span, with weaker ejection and without hairpin packets. Instead, streamwise-elongated streaks are formed and break down to turbulence via secondary instability. The final state is a high-drag-reduction flow, which approaches the Virk asymptote.
International Refugee Law: Where it Comes From, and Where It's Going…
Authors: Goodwin-Gill Guy S.
Published: May 2017

Despite nearly 100 years of international organization and practice, international refugee law is confronted today with the critical challenges of globalization, securitization and an increasingly mobile world. Large-scale movements have exposed serious cracks in the European project; the EU's stated policy goal seems simply to keep refugees away. Elsewhere, numerous refugee situations are “protracted,” while persistent underdevelopment continues to drive the movement of people between States, in a context in which States appear unable to manage “irregular” migration. If a generous asylum policy is in practice, contingent on well-controlled external borders, can the basic rules of protection survive? Or are asylum and the principle of non-return to persecution (non-refoulement) at risk in a new international legal order? These are the issues addressed below.
Open Access in French Libraries
Authors: Fraysse Michel
Published: May 2017

This short overview will focus on three points: open access of primary sources, access to journal articles highlighting the experience of the repository of Toulouse 1 Capitole university, and perspectives for the future with a proposed French bill “for a Digital Republic.” These three parts will be illustrated with three websites.
LEGAL THEOLOGY
Authors: Hill Mark
Published: May 2017

Ecclesiology is the study of the church which explores the origins, nature, and purposes of the church universal. Its method includes developing categories to indicate the attributes of the church, as e.g. one, holy, catholic, and apostolic; the people of God; and the fellowship of the spirit. One aim of ecclesiology is to teach and help us understand what may be authentic, required, permissible, or appropriate church structures, such as in ministry, government, discipleship, evangelism, worship, and teaching. Legal theology might be considered to be a branch of ecclesiology. Many scholars refer to church law as applied ecclesiology, and in so doing they speak of a “theology of church law” and a “theology in church law.” The former is a doctrinal and perhaps more speculative exercise; the latter is more descriptive and scientific.
Time, perspective and semantic representation
Authors: JASZCZOLT K. M.
Published: May 2017

abstract

I discuss the perspectival nature of temporality in discourse and argue that the human concept of time can no more be dissociated from the perspectival thought than the concept of the self can. The corollary of this observation is that perspectival temporality can no more be excluded from the semantic representation than the notion of the self can: neither can be reduced to the bare referent for the purpose of semantic representation if the latter is to retain cognitive plausibility. I present such a semanticquaconceptual approach to temporal reference developed within my theory of Default Semantics. I build upon my theory of time as epistemic modality according to which, on the level of conceptualquasemantic building blocks, temporality reduces to degrees of detachment from the certainty of thehereand thenow. I also address the questions of temporal asymmetry between the past and the future, and the relation between metaphysical time (timeM), psychological time (timeE, where ‘E’ marks the domain of epistemological enquiry), and time in natural language (timeL), concluding that the perspective-infused timeEand timeLare compatible with timeMof mathematical models of spacetime: all are definable through possibility and perspectivity.
Circuits regulating pleasure and happiness: evolution and role in mental disorders
Authors: Loonen Anton J.M. , Ivanova Svetlana A.
Published: May 2017

Taking the evolutionary development of the forebrain as a starting point, the authors developed a biological framework for the subcortical regulation of human emotional behaviour which may offer an explanation for the pathogenesis of the principle symptoms of mental disorders. Appetitive-searching (reward-seeking) and distress-avoiding (misery-fleeing) behaviour are essential for all free-moving animals to stay alive and to have offspring. Even the oldest ocean-dwelling animal creatures, living about 560 million years ago and human ancestors, must therefore have been capable of generating these behaviours. Our earliest vertebrate ancestors, with a brain comparable with the modern lamprey, had a sophisticated extrapyramidal system generating and controlling all motions as well as a circuit including the habenula for the evaluation of the benefits of their actions. Almost the complete endbrain of the first land animals with a brain comparable with that of amphibians became assimilated into the human amygdaloid and hippocampal complex, whereas only a small part of the dorsal pallium and striatum developed into the ventral extrapyramidal circuits and the later insular cortex. The entire neocortex covering the hemispheres is of recent evolutionary origin, appearing first in early mammals. During the entire evolution of vertebrates, the habenular system was well conserved and maintained its function in regulating the intensity of reward-seeking (pleasure-related) and misery-fleeing (happiness-related) behaviour. The authors propose that the same is true in humans. Symptomatology of human mental disorders can be considered to result from maladaptation within a similar amygdalo/hippocampal–habenular–mesencephalic–ventral striatal system.
Teaching with Film and Photography in Introductory Middle East Courses
Authors: Yaqub Nadia
Published: May 2017

Some years ago, a colleague from another institution told me how much she was looking forward to screening Nasser 56 in her introductory Middle East history course. Students had just finished reading about the Nasser era, and the screening of Muhamad Fadel's stylish biopic starring the charismatic film star Ahmed Zaki would serve as an enjoyable way to round out the unit. I was surprised, not at my colleague's use of the film in her class, but at her timing. Released in 1996, Nasser 56 is very much the product of the Mubarak era. It offers rich opportunities to discuss the particular challenges Egypt faced in the 1990s and how this nostalgic look back at a triumphant moment in Gamal Abdel Nasser's (Jamal ʿAbd al-Nasir's) presidency was marshalled to animate an economically and politically fraught period. Its celebration of ʿAbd al-Nasir as an effective and caring patriarch to the nation could be interpreted as an endorsement of Egypt's authoritarian political system. However, the film is less useful as an explication of ʿAbd al-Nasir as a political figure, or of 1950s Egypt.
The phonetic specification of contour tones: evidence from the Mandarin rising tone
Authors: Flemming Edward , Cho Hyesun
Published: May 2017

This paper investigates the phonetic specification of contour tones through a case study of the Mandarin rising tone. The patterns of variation in the realisation of the rising tone as a function of speech rate indicate that its specifications include targets pertaining to both the pitch movement and its end points: the slope of the F0 rise, the magnitude of the rise, and the alignment of the onset and offset of the rise. This analysis implies that the rising tone is overspecified, in that any one of the target properties can be derived from the other three (e.g. slope is predictable from the magnitude and timing of the rise). As a result, the targets conflict, and cannot all be realised. The conflict between tone targets is resolved by a compromise between them, a pattern that is analysed quantitatively by formulating the targets as weighted, violable constraints.
The phonologisation of redundancy: length and quality in Welsh vowels
Authors: Iosad Pavel
Published: May 2017

‘Phonologisation’ is a process whereby a phonetic phenomenon enters the phonological grammar and becomes conceptualised as the result of categorical manipulation of phonological symbols. I analyse the phonologisation of a predictable phonological pattern in Welsh, with particular attention to identifying criteria for whether phonologisation has occurred. I argue for a model where phonologisation experiences bottom-up and top-down biases. From the bottom up, there is pressure to phonologise phenomena with a categorical distribution; from the top down, there exist formal constraints on featural specification. I focus on the requirement for featural specifications to obey the Contrastivist Hypothesis, which denies that redundant features can be involved in phonological computation, in the context of a framework with emergent features. I suggest that the Contrastivist Hypothesis provides a useful boundary condition for emergent-feature theories, whilst independent phonologisation criteria provide contrastivist approaches with a more solid conceptual underpinning.
Moro vowel harmony: implications for transparency and representations
Authors: Ritchart Amanda , Rose Sharon
Published: May 2017

This paper describes and analyses the vowel-harmony system of the Kordofanian language Moro. Moro has a cross-height dominant-recessive raising harmony system in which high vowels and a central mid vowel trigger harmony, while peripheral mid vowels and a central low vowel are harmony targets. Schwas can co-occur with any of the vowels, appearing inert to harmony. Yet when schwas occur alone in a morpheme, some trigger harmony and some do not. We suggest that an original ATR-harmony system shifted to a height system via merger and centralisation, producing two distinct central vowels, rather than a single schwa. One vowel patterns with the higher vowels in triggering harmony, and the other patterns with the lower vowels. We also propose that a particle-based representation offers the best characterisation of the groupings of target and trigger vowels in the language.