bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The US Dobson Station Network Data Record Prior to 2015, Re-evaluation of NDACC and WOUDC archived records with WinDobson processing software
Authors: Evans Robert D. , Petropavlovskikh Irina , McClure-Begley Audra , McConville Glen , Quincy Dorothy , Miyagawa Koji
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The United States government has operated Dobson Ozone Spectrophotometers at various sites, starting during the International Geophysical Year (July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958). A network of stations for longterm monitoring of the total column content (thickness of the ozone layer) of the atmosphere was established in the early 1960s, and eventually grew to sixteen stations, fourteen of which are still operational and submit data to the United States of America’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Seven of these sites are also part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), an organization that maintains its own data archive. Due to recent changes in data processing software the entire data set was reevaluated for possible changes. To evaluate and minimize potential changes caused by the new processing software, the reprocessed data record was compared to the original data record archived in the World Ozone and UV Data Center (WOUDC) in Toronto, Canada. The history of the observations at the individual stations, the instruments used for the NOAA network monitoring at the station, the method for reducing zenith sky observations to total ozone, and calibration procedures were re-evaluated using data quality control tools built into the new software. At the completion of the evaluation, the new data sets are to be published as an update to the WOUDC and NDACC archives, and the entire data set is to be made available to the scientific community. The procedure for reprocessing Dobson data and the results of the re-analysis on the archived record is presented in this paper. A summary of historical changes to fourteen station records is also provided.
Comparative measurements of ambient atmospheric concentrations of ice nucleating particles using multiple immersion freezing methods and a continuous flow diffusion chamber
Authors: DeMott Paul J. , Hill Thomas C. J. , Petters Markus D. , Bertram Allan K. , Tobo Yutaka , Mason Ryan H. , Suski Kaitlyn J. , McCluskey Christina S. , Levin Ezra J. T. , Schill Gregory P. , Boose Yvonne , Rauker Anne Marie , Miller Anna J. , Zaragoza Jake , Rocci Katherine , Rothfuss Nicholas E. , Taylor Hans P. , Hader John D. , Chou Cedric , Huffman J. Alex , Pöschl Ulrich , Prenni Anthony J. , Kreidenweis Sonia M.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. A number of new measurement methods for ice nucleating particles (INPs) have been introduced in recent years, and it is important to address how these methods compare. Laboratory comparisons of instruments sampling major INP types are common, but few comparisons have occurred for ambient aerosol measurements exploring the utility, consistency and complementarity of different methods to cover the large dynamic range of INP concentrations that exists in the atmosphere. In this study, we assess the comparability of four offline immersion freezing measurement methods (Colorado State University Ice Spectrometer, IS; North Carolina State University Cold Stage, CS; National Institute for Polar Research Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test, CRAFT; University of British Columbia Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor – Droplet Freezing Technique, MOUDI-DFT) and an online method (continuous flow diffusion chamber, CFDC) used in a manner deemed to promote/maximize immersion freezing, for the detection of INP in ambient aerosols at different locations and in different sampling scenarios. We also investigated the comparability of different aerosol collection methods used with offline immersion freezing instruments. Excellent agreement between all methods could be obtained for several cases of co-sampling with perfect temporal overlap. Even for sampling periods that were not fully equivalent, the deviations between atmospheric INP number concentrations measured with different methods were mostly less than one order of magnitude. In some cases, however, the deviations were larger and not explicable without sampling and measurement artifacts. Overall, the immersion freezing methods seem to effectively capture INP that activate as single particles in the modestly supercooled temperature regime (> −20 °C), although more comparisons are needed in this temperature regime that is difficult to capture with online methods. Relative to the CFDC method, three immersion freezing methods that disperse particles into a bulk liquid (IS, CS, CRAFT) exhibit a positive bias in measured INP number concentrations at below −20 °C, increasing with decreasing temperature. This bias was present, but much less pronounced for a method that condenses separate water droplets onto limited numbers of particles prior to cooling and freezing (MOUDI-DFT). Potential reasons for the observed differences are discussed, and further investigations are required to elucidate the role of all factors involved.
Reviews and syntheses: Flying the satellite into your model: on the role of observation operators in constraining models of the Earth system and the carbon cycle
Authors: Kaminski Thomas , Mathieu Pierre-Philippe
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The vehicles that fly the satellite into a model of the Earth system are observation operators. They provide the link between the quantities simulated by the model and the quantities observed from space, either directly (spectral radiance) or indirectly estimated through a retrieval scheme (biogeophysical variables). By doing so, observation operators enable modellers to properly compare, evaluate, and constrain their models with the model analogue of the satellite observations. This paper provides the formalism and a few examples of how observation operators can be used in combination with data assimilation techniques to better ingest satellite products in a manner consistent with the dynamics of the Earth system expressed by models. It describes commonalities and potential synergies between assimilation and classical retrievals. This paper explains how the combination of observation operators and their derivatives (linearizations) form powerful research tools. It introduces a technique called automatic differentiation that greatly simplifies both the development and the maintenance of code for the evaluation of derivatives. Throughout this paper, a special focus lies on applications to the carbon cycle.
Tidal variability of nutrients in a coastal coral reef system influenced
by groundwater
Authors: Wang Guizhi , Wang Shuling , Wang Zhangyong , Xu Yi , Zhang Zhouling , Tan Ehui , Dai Minhan
Published: May 2017

Abstract. To investigate variations in nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate in a spring-neap tide in a coral reef system influenced by groundwater discharge, we carried out a time-series observation of these nutrients and 228Ra, a tracer of groundwater discharge, in the Luhuitou fringing reef at Sanya Bay in the South China Sea. The maximum 228Ra, 45.28 dpm 100 L−1, appeared at a low tide and the minimum, 13.98 dpm 100 L−1, showed up during a flood tide in the spring tide. The activity of 228Ra was significantly correlated with water depth and salinity in the spring-neap tide, reflecting the tidal-pumping feature of groundwater discharge. Concentrations of all nutrients exhibited strong diurnal variations under the combined influence of mixing of groundwater and offshore water and biological uptake and release. The amplitude of the diel change reached a maximum for nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate in the spring tide, 0.46 uM, 1.54 uM, 0.12 uM, and 2.68 uM, respectively. Nitrate and phosphate were negatively correlated with water depth during the spring tide, but showed no correlation during the neap tide. Nitrite was positively correlated with water depth in the spring and neap tide. They were also significantly correlated with salinity at the ebb flow of the spring tide. We quantified variations in oxidized nitrogen (NOx) and phosphate contributed by biological processes based on mixing lines of these nutrients. During both the spring and neap tide biologically contributed NOx and phosphate were significantly correlated with regression slopes of 4.60 in the spring tide and 13.37 in the neap tide, similar to the composition of these nutrients in the water column, 5.43 and 14.18, respectively. This similarity indicates that the composition of nutrients in the water column of the reef system was closely related with biological processes during both tidal periods, but the biological influence appeared to be less as inferred from the less significant correlations during the spring tide when groundwater discharge was more prominent.
Reconstructing paleoclimate fields using online data assimilation with a linear inverse model
Authors: Perkins Walter A. , Hakim Gregory J.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. We examine the skill of a new approach to climate field reconstructions (CFRs) using an online paleoclimate data assimilation (PDA) method. Several recent studies have foregone climate model forecasts during assimilation due to the computational expense of running coupled global climate models (CGCMs) and the relatively low skill of these forecasts on longer timescales. Here we greatly diminish the computational cost by employing an empirical forecast model (linear inverse model, LIM), which has been shown to have skill comparable to CGCMs for forecasting annual-to-decadal surface temperature anomalies. We reconstruct annual-average 2 m air temperature over the instrumental period (1850–2000) using proxy records from the PAGES 2k Consortium Phase 1 database; proxy models for estimating proxy observations are calibrated on GISTEMP surface temperature analyses. We compare results for LIMs calibrated using observational (Berkeley Earth), reanalysis (20th Century Reanalysis), and CMIP5 climate model (CCSM4 and MPI) data relative to a control offline reconstruction method. Generally, we find that the usage of LIM forecasts for online PDA increases reconstruction agreement with the instrumental record for both spatial fields and global mean temperature (GMT). Specifically, the coefficient of efficiency (CE) skill metric for detrended GMT increases by an average of 57 % over the offline benchmark. LIM experiments display a common pattern of skill improvement in the spatial fields over Northern Hemisphere land areas and in the high-latitude North Atlantic–Barents Sea corridor. Experiments for non-CGCM-calibrated LIMs reveal region-specific reductions in spatial skill compared to the offline control, likely due to aspects of the LIM calibration process. Overall, the CGCM-calibrated LIMs have the best performance when considering both spatial fields and GMT. A comparison with the persistence forecast experiment suggests that improvements are associated with the linear dynamical constraints of the forecast and not simply persistence of temperature anomalies.
A 14 year dataset of in situ glacier surface velocities for a tidewater and a land-terminating glacier in Livingston Island, Antarctica
Authors: Machío Francisco , Rodríguez-Cielos Ricardo , Navarro Francisco , Lapazaran Javier , Otero Jaime
Published: May 2017

Abstract. We present a 14 year record of in situ glacier surface velocities determined by repeated GNSS measurements at a dense net of 52 stakes distributed across two glaciers, Johnsons (tidewater) and Hurd (land-terminating), located on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The measurements cover the period 2000–2013 and were done at the beginning and end of each austral summer season. A second-degree polynomial approximation is calculated for each stake, which allows estimating the approximate velocities at intermediate times. This dataset can be useful as input data to numerical models of glacier dynamics, or for calibration and validation of remotely sensed velocities such as D-inSAR or SAR offset/coherence tracking velocities, for a region where very scarce in situ glacier surface velocity measurements are available. Link to the data repository: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.846791.
Developing and evaluating a theory for the lateral erosion of bedrock channels for use in landscape evolution models
Authors: Langston Abigail L. , Tucker Gregory E.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Understanding how a bedrock river erodes its banks laterally is a frontier in geomorphology. Theory for the vertical incision of bedrock channels is widely implemented in the current generation of landscape evolution models. However, in general existing models do not seek to implement the lateral migration of bedrock channel walls. This is problematic, as modeling geomorphic processes such as terrace formation and hillslope-channel coupling depends on accurate simulation of valley widening. We have developed and implemented a theory for the lateral migration of bedrock channel walls in a catchment-scale landscape evolution model. Two model formulations are presented, one representing the slow process of widening a bedrock canyon, the other representing undercutting, slumping, and rapid downstream sediment transport that occurs in softer bedrock. Model experiments were run with a range of values for bedrock erodibility and tendency towards transport- or detachment-limited behavior and varying magnitudes of sediment flux and water discharge in order to determine the role each plays in the development of wide bedrock valleys. Results show that this simple, physics-based theory for the lateral erosion of bedrock channels produces bedrock valleys that are many times wider than the grid discretization scale. This theory for the lateral erosion of bedrock channel walls and the numerical implementation of the theory in a catchment-scale landscape evolution model is a significant first step towards understanding the factors that control the rates and spatial extent of wide bedrock valleys.
The seamless and multi-model coupling between atmosphere, land, hydrology, ocean, waves and sea-ice models based on SURFEX surface model using OASIS3-MCT
Authors: Voldoire Aurore , Decharme Bertrand , Pianezze Joris , Lebeaupin Brossier Cindy , Sevault Florence , Seyfried Léo , Garnier Valérie , Bielli Soline , Valcke Sophie , Alias Antoinette , Accensi Mickael , Ardhuin Fabrice , Bouin Marie-Noëlle , Ducrocq Véronique , Faroux Stéphanie , Giordani Hervé , Léger Fabien , Marsaleix Patrick , Raynaud Romain , Redelsperger Jean-Luc , Richard Evelyne , Riette Sébastien
Published: May 2017

Abstract. This study presents the principles of the new coupling interface based on the SURFEX multi-surface model and the OASIS3-MCT coupler. As SURFEX can be plugged into several atmospheric models, it can be used in a wide range of applications, from global and regional coupled climate systems to high-resolution Numerical Weather Prediction systems or very fine scale systems dedicated to process studies. The objective of this development is to build and share a common structure for all these applications for the atmosphere-surface coupling, between atmospheric models and ocean, ice, hydrology, and wave models. The numerical and physical principles of the SURFEX interface between the different component models are described, and the different coupled systems into which the SURFEX OASIS3-MCT-based coupling interface is already applied are presented.
A synthesis of space–time variability in multicomponent flood response
Authors: Mei Yiwen , Shen Xinyi , Anagnostou Emmanouil N.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Catchment flood response consists of multiple components of flow originating from different surface and subsurface layers. This study proposes an extension of Viglione et al. (2010a) analytical framework to represent the dependence of catchment flood response to the different runoff generation processes. The analytical framework is compared to simulations from a distributed hydrologic model. A large number of rainfall–runoff events from three catchments of Tar River basin in North Carolina are used to illustrate the analytical framework. Specifically, the framework is used to estimate three flood event characteristics (cumulative runoff volume, centroid, and spreadness of hydrograph) through three corresponding framework parameters: the rainfall excess and the mean and variance of catchment response time. Results show that, under the smooth topographic setups of the study area, the spatial and/or temporal correlation between rainfall and runoff generation are insignificant to flood response; delay in flood response due to runoff generation and routing are of equal importance; the shape of the flood is mainly controlled by the variability in runoff generation stage but with non-negligible contribution from the runoff routing stage. Sensitivity tests show that the framework's main error source is the systematic underestimation of the flood event's centroid and spreadness, while the random error is relatively low.
Physically based computer graphics for realistic image formation to simulate optical measurement systems
Authors: Retzlaff Max-Gerd , Hanika Johannes , Beyerer Jürgen , Dachsbacher Carsten
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Physically based image synthesis methods, a research direction in computer graphics (CG), are capable of simulating optical measuring systems in their entirety and thus constitute an interesting approach for the development, simulation, optimization, and validation of such systems. In addition, other CG methods, so-called procedural modeling techniques, can be used to quickly generate large sets of virtual samples and scenes thereof that comprise the same variety as physical testing objects and real scenes (e.g., if digitized sample data are not available or difficult to acquire). Appropriate image synthesis (rendering) techniques result in a realistic image formation for the virtual scenes, considering light sources, material, complex lens systems, and sensor properties, and can be used to evaluate and improve complex measuring systems and automated optical inspection (AOI) systems independent of a physical realization. In this paper, we provide an overview of suitable image synthesis methods and their characteristics, we discuss the challenges for the design and specification of a given measuring situation in order to allow for a reliable simulation and validation, and we describe an image generation pipeline suitable for the evaluation and optimization of measuring and AOI systems.
Could promontories have restricted sea-glacier penetration into marine embayments during Snowball Earth events?
Authors: Campbell Adam J. , Massarano Betzalel , Waddington Edwin D. , Warren Stephen G.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. During the Neoproterozoic (∼  1000–550 Ma), Earth experienced several climate excursions of extreme cold, often referred to as the Snowball Earth events. During these periods, thick flowing ice, referred to as sea glaciers, covered the entire planet's oceans. In addition, there is evidence that photosynthetic eukaryotic algae survived during these periods. With thick sea glaciers covering the oceans, it is uncertain where these organisms survived. One hypothesis is that these algae survived in marine embayments hydrologically connected to the global ocean, where the flow of sea glacier could be resisted. In order for an embayment to act as a refugium, the invading sea glacier must not completely penetrate the embayment. Recent studies have shown that straight-sided marine embayments could have prevented full sea-glacier penetration under a narrow range of climate conditions suitable for the Snowball Earth events. Here we test whether promontories, i.e., headlands emerging from a side shoreline, could further restrict sea-glacier flow. We use an ice-flow model, suitable for floating ice, to determine the flow of an invading sea glacier. We show that promontories can expand the range of climate conditions allowing refugia by resisting the flow of invading sea glaciers.
Is there 1.5 million-year old ice near Dome C, Antarctica?
Authors: Parrenin Frédéric , Cavitte Marie G. P. , Blankenship Donald D. , Chappellaz Jérome , Fischer Hubertus , Gagliardini Olivier , Masson-Delmotte Valérie , Passalacqua Olivier , Ritz Catherine , Roberts Jason , Siegert Martin J. , Young Duncan A.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Ice sheets provide exceptional archives of past changes in polar climate, regional environment and global atmospheric composition. The oldest dated deep ice core drilled in Antarctica has been retrieved at EPICA Dome C (EDC), reaching ~ 800,000 years. Obtaining an older paleoclimatic record from Antarctica is one of the greatest challenges of the ice core community. Here, we use internal isochrones, identified from airborne radar coupled to ice-flow modelling to estimate the age of basal ice along transects in the Dome C area. Three glaciological properties are inverted from isochrones: surface accumulation rate; geothermal flux; and the exponent of the Lliboutry velocity profile. We find that old ice (> 1 Myr, 1 million years) likely exists in two regions: one ~ 40 km south-west of Dome C along the ice divide to Vostok, close to a secondary dome that we name "Little Dome C" (LDC); and a second region named "North Patch" (NP) located 10–30 km north-east of Dome C, in a region where the geothermal flux is apparently relatively low. Our work demonstrates the value of combining radar observations with ice flow modelling to accurately represent the true nature of ice flow, and the formation of ice-sheet architecture, in the centre of large ice sheets.
Confounding the Courts: The Circuit Courts' Failure to Articulate an Appropriate Summary Judgment Standard in Mixed-Motive Individual Disparate Treatment Claims
Authors: Runyan Derek
Published: May 2017

The Eleventh Circuit’s decision in Quigg v. Thomas County School District solidified the division among federal circuits over the appropriate summary judgment standard in individual disparate treatment mixed-motive cases based on circumstantial evidence. At the moment, the circuits have adopted, in varying degrees, four distinct approaches. In Part IV, this Note argues that the circuit courts have failed to articulate a summary judgment standard that satisfies Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, reflects the statutory language of 42 U.S.C.A. § 2000(e)-2(m) (2012), and recognizes that the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework “is fatally inconsistent with the mixed-motive theory of discrimination.” For mixed-motive cases, this Note proposes in Part V that an appropriate summary judgment framework can be articulated by merging and modifying the Fourth and Fifth Circuits’ standards with the framework adopted by the Sixth and the Eleventh Circuits. Ultimately, this Note proposes the adoption of the following standard: in a mixed-motive case, a plaintiff may survive a motion for summary judgment by presenting direct or circumstantial evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact as to whether: (1) the defendant took an adverse employment action against the plaintiff; and (2) race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for the defendant’s adverse employment action.
Memorias de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en el manga
Authors: S. Costa Analía
Published: May 2017

El fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial marcó un antes y un después no solo en la historia de Japón, sino también en su literatura. Después de 1945, a consecuencia de la derrota y ocupación por parte de los EEUU, la censura silenció numerosas publicaciones niponas. Surgió entonces una nueva narrativa de posguerra que se construyó sobre la imagen de los japoneses como víctimas de la guerra. La representación de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en el manga muestra en cierto modo cómo la sociedad de posguerra japonesa intentó hacer frente a la guerra y a sus terribles consecuencias, y cómo Japón llegó a ser lo que es hoy. Con este trabajo, pretendo mostrar cómo fue representada la Segunda Guerra Mundial en el manga, haciendo especial hincapié en qué narrativas fueron aceptadas y cuáles fueron rechazadas por la sociedad con el fin de conformar la idea de una Nación japonesa.
1984 y los peligros del totalitarismo
Authors: Martínez Martínez Bárbara
Published: May 2017

El objetivo de este estudio es exponer y analizar las posibles consecuencias que sufriría Europa y, más en concreto Reino Unido, en el caso de que los regímenes totalitarios llegaran al poder. Para ello, el estudio se centrará en la novela distópica 1984, escrita en un periodo rodeado de episodios bélicos (Guerra Fría, posguerra…) que muestra algunas de estas consecuencias, entre las que se encuentran el control absoluto de la sociedad, la pérdida de libertades, la censura, el espionaje y el pánico al gobierno del terror.
Mujeres despojadas: representaciones de la violencia de género durante el Nacionalsocialismo en la obra Pálido criminal de Philip Kerr
Authors: Romero López Alicia
Published: May 2017

La novela Pálido Criminal de Philip Kerr se desarrolla en el Berlín de 1938, cuando el estallido de la II Guerra Mundial es inminente. En este contexto se producen una serie de asesinatos de mujeres arias, de los que se hará cargo el detective Bernie Gunther, obligado a sumarse a las filas de la Kripo (Policía criminal) para intentar detener al asesino en serie antes de que siga matando. Esta obra rescata un tema relegado al olvido y llama la atención sobre el feminicidio, que pasó desapercibido en una contienda tan brutal como lo fue la II Guerra Mundial. La violencia contra la mujer ha sido, y aún hoy en día sigue siendo, un tema controvertido, que en este caso se trabaja a través de la novela negra, dotándola de un alcance social que no solo podemos ligar a nuestro pasado, sino también a nuestro presente.
«El espíritu de banda» versus el ideal humanístico: los años treinta en Francia
Authors: Trujillo Amaya Constanza Eugenia
Published: May 2017

la obra de jules Romains Les hommes de bonne volonté aborda un imaginario que distinguió, en parte, la mentalidad de una juventud francesa defraudada por la clase política y excedida por la masificación social y cultural. «El espíritu de banda» se refiere al de las ligas, grupos de choque de carácter pseudo- militar, tanto de derecha como de izquierda, que salieron a la luz en las postrimerías de los años veinte en Francia. Al lado de estas bandas, la preocupación humanista por lo que debería ser el ideal europeo se afianzó frente al temor del nazismo creciente en Alemania y del fascismo en Italia. Años más tarde, en medio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, este discurso humanístico tendría a uno de sus más grandes referentes en el escritor Albert Camus, a través de Lettres à un ami allemand. los dos textos se refieren a un discurso social omnipresente en la sociedad francesa de los años treinta; y, permiten entender la mentalidad colaboracionista de aquella época.
Crediting Wind and Solar Renewables in Electricity Capacity Markets: The Effects of Alternative Definitions upon Market Efficiency
Authors: Bothwell Cynthia , Hobbs Benjamin F.
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

As the penetration of variable renewable energy in electricity markets grows, there is increasing need for capacity markets to account for the contribution of renewables to system adequacy. An important issue is the inconsistent industry definition of capacity credits for resources whose availability may be limited, such as renewable generation. Inaccurate credits can subsidize or penalize different resources, and consequently distort investment between renewables and non-renew- ables, and also among different types and locations of renewables. Using Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) data, we use a market equilibrium model to quantify the resulting loss of efficiency due to capacity credits alone and in combination with renewable tax subsidies and portfolio standards. Layering inaccurate capacity credits with existing US federal tax subsidies decreases efficiency as much as 6.3% compared to optimal capacity crediting under those subsidies. Compensating producers based on their marginal contributions to system adequacy, considering how renewable penetration affects the timing of net load peaks, can yield an efficient capacity market design.
The Contribution of Cognitive Networks to Depression in Epilepsy
Authors: Rayner Genevieve
Published: May 2017

This review poses the question: Does disruption to cognitive brain networks in epilepsy contribute to the problem of comorbid depression? Initial evidence suggests that the network disease that gives rise to seizures has a predilection for the same cognition-related networks that regulate mood, with comorbidity reflective of more extensive disease. Framing both epilepsy and its psychiatric comorbidities in terms of dysfunction in overlapping (cognitive) networks raises the possibility that depression can be a primary feature of the disease in some cases and facilitates an epilepsy classification system where behavioral features of the disorder are embedded in a neurobiological mechanism.
Movimientos migratorios en el reino de Granada. El caso de La Torrecilla, despoblado del alfoz de Coín (Málaga)
Authors: Marmolejo Cantos Francisco
Published: May 2017

Nos adentramos en el estudio de un despoblado de época andalusí situado en término de Coín, en el que se describen algunas estructuras halladas en sus espacios domésticos y productivos, a la vez que se sugieren algunas hipótesis de estudio sobre las repercusiones demográficas y socioeconómicas del avance cristiano. Desde un enfoque histórico y arqueológico, se percibe un proceso de concentración poblacional durante los siglos XIII y XIV, detonante del crecimiento económico y base del bienestar social en nuestro ámbito de estudio.This object of this article is to study the deserted settlement of Andalusi origin located in the town of Coín’s hinterland. We will identify certain structures found in both domestic and productive spaces, as well as advance some hypotheses concerning the demographic and socio-economic impact of the Christian conquest. Using both an historical and archaeological approach, we will examine the process of demographic concentration during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, triggered by economic growth and social welfare in this geographical area.
Accompagner les enfants dits « difficiles » en milieu scolaire
Authors: Roskam Isabelle
Published: May 2017

L’agitation, l’impulsivité, l’opposition, la provocation, l’agressivité et l’instabilité émotionnelle sont des comportements externalisés typiques des enfants d’âge préscolaire et scolaire. Lorsqu’ils sont fréquents et intenses, les enseignants les jugent « difficiles » car ils sont de nature à entraver les apprentissages de l’enfant ainsi que son intégration sociale auprès du groupe de pairs. L’épidémiologie des troubles externalisés est telle que la plupart des enseignants y sont régulièrement confrontés. Beaucoup d’entre eux se sentent pourtant démunis face à ce type d’enfants. Certains éprouvent un sentiment d’incompétence, d’autres s’engagent au contraire dans une quête ininterrompue de solutions qui les amènent parfois à sortir de leur rôle. Le protocole d’accompagnement proposé dans cette contribution s’inscrit dans le cadre conceptuel de la psychopathologie du développement et a pour but de fournir une série de 12 étapes successives qui amènent l’enseignant à prendre un rôle actif, à s’entourer de « co-éducateurs » du milieu scolaire et du milieu familial, à se centrer sur un nombre limité d’objectifs opérationnels, et à évaluer la portée de son intervention auprès de l’enfant. Le protocole vise encore à instaurer cet accompagnement au niveau de l’établissement scolaire afin d’augmenter la consistance et l’efficacité de la démarche.
Élaboration d’un outil écosystémique et participatif pour l’analyse des besoins des enfants en contexte de négligence : L’outil Place aux parents
Authors: Bérubé Annie , Lafantaisie Vicky , Coutu Sylvain , Dubeau Diane , Caron Josée , Couvillon Line , Giroux Marjolaine
Published: May 2017

La négligence auprès des enfants est un phénomène reconnu et largement documenté. Malgré les nombreuses études sur le sujet, il demeure difficile de bien mesurer quelle réponse la famille et son environnement offrent aux besoins des enfants. Cette difficulté pourrait expliquer pourquoi les études actuelles peinent à documenter des changements au sein des familles en contexte de négligence. L’article s’appuie sur une définition écosystémique de la négligence et présente l’élaboration d’un outil destiné à fournir une analyse des besoins de l’enfant, de la réponse qu’il obtient, ainsi que des caractéristiques de l’environnement familial et social dans lequel il grandit. L’outil préconise en outre une approche participative auprès des familles en permettant aux intervenants, mais également aux figures parentales de se prononcer sur la situation familiale. Les propos de 54 parents et de 8 intervenants ont été analysés de façon qualitative afin de connaître les avantages et les défis reliés à l’utilisation de l’outil proposé.
Introduction of a male-harming mitochondrial haplotype via ‘Trojan Females’ achieves population suppression in fruit flies
Authors: Wolff Jonci Nikolai , Gemmell Neil J , Tompkins Daniel M , Dowling Damian K
Published: May 2017

Pests are a global threat to biodiversity, ecosystem function, and human health. Pest control approaches are thus numerous, but their implementation costly, damaging to non-target species, and ineffective at low population densities. The Trojan Female Technique (TFT) is a prospective self-perpetuating control technique that is species-specific and predicted to be effective at low densities. The goal of the TFT is to harness naturally occurring mutations in the mitochondrial genome that impair male fertility while having no effect on females. Here, we provide proof-of-concept for the TFT, by showing that introduction of a male fertility-impairing mtDNA haplotype into replicated populations of Drosophila melanogaster causes numerical population suppression, with the magnitude of effect positively correlated with its frequency at trial inception. Further development of the TFT could lead to establishing a control strategy that overcomes limitations of conventional approaches, with broad applicability to invertebrate and vertebrate species, to control environmental and economic pests.
Beta band oscillations in motor cortex reflect neural population signals that delay movement onset
Authors: Khanna Preeya , Carmena Jose M
Published: May 2017

Motor cortical beta oscillations have been reported for decades, yet their behavioral correlates remain unresolved. Some studies link beta oscillations to changes in underlying neural activity, but the specific behavioral manifestations of these reported changes remain elusive. To investigate how changes in population neural activity, beta oscillations, and behavior are linked, we recorded multi-scale neural activity from motor cortex while three macaques performed a novel neurofeedback task. Subjects volitionally brought their beta oscillatory power to an instructed state and subsequently executed an arm reach. Reaches preceded by a reduction in beta power exhibited significantly faster movement onset times than reaches preceded by an increase in beta power. Further, population neural activity was found to shift farther from a movement onset state during beta oscillations that were neurofeedback-induced or naturally occurring during reaching tasks. This finding establishes a population neural basis for slowed movement onset following periods of beta oscillatory activity.
Numerical simulations of passing seismic waves at the Larderello‐Travale Geothermal Field, Italy
Authors: Lupi Matteo , Fuchs Florian , Saenger Erik H.
Published: May 2017

Passing seismic waves released by large‐magnitude earthquakes may affect geological systems located thousands of miles far from the epicenter. The M9.0 Tohoku earthquake struck on 11 March 2011 in Japan. We detected local seismic activity at the Larderello‐Travale geothermal field, Italy, coinciding with the maximum amplitudes of the Rayleigh waves generated by the Tohoku earthquake. We suggest that the earthquakes were triggered by passing Rayleigh waves that induced locally a maximum vertical displacement of approximately 7.5 mm (for waves with period of 100 s). The estimated dynamic stress was about 8 kPa for a measured peak ground velocity of 0.8 mm/s. Previous similar observations pointed out local seismicity at the Larderello‐Travale Geothermal Field triggered by the 2012 Mw5.9 Po Plain earthquake. We conducted forward numerical modeling to investigate the effects caused by passing P, S, Love, and Rayleigh waves through the known velocity structure of the geothermal field. Results indicate that maximum displacements focus differently when considering body or surface waves, with displacement values being higher within the first 2 km of depth. The focusing of the displacement below 3 km seems to be strongly controlled by the velocity structure of the Larderello‐Travale geothermal field. We propose that seismic activity triggered by passing seismic waves may be related to a clock‐advancing mechanism for local seismic events that may have occurred in any case. Furthermore, our analysis shows that local anisotropies in the velocity structure of the Larderello‐Travale geothermal field (possibly linked to compartments of elevated pore pressures) strongly control the reactivation of regions of the geothermal field affected by passing seismic waves.
Impact of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Aerosol Optical Depth and AirNow PM2.5 assimilation on Community Multi‐scale Air Quality aerosol predictions over the contiguous United States
Authors: Chai Tianfeng , Kim Hyun‐Cheol , Pan Li , Lee Pius , Tong Daniel
Published: May 2017

In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and AirNow PM2.5 measurements are assimilated into the Community Multi‐scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model using an optimal interpolation (OI) method. Over a 30 day test period in July 2011, three assimilation configurations were used in which MODIS AOD and AirNow PM2.5 measurements were first assimilated separately before being assimilated simultaneously. The background error covariance is estimated using both the National Meteorological Center approach and the Hollingsworth‐Lönnberg method. The AOD observations from Terra are assimilated at 17Z and the Aqua AOD observations are assimilated at 20Z each day. AirNow PM2.5 measurements are assimilated 4 times a day at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, and 18Z. Model performances are measured by the daily averaged and domain‐averaged biases and the root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) obtained by comparing the predictions with the AirNow PM2.5 observations that were not assimilated. Either assimilating the MODIS AOD or assimilating the AirNow PM2.5 alone helps PM2.5 predictions over the entire 30 days. The case that assimilates the observations from both sources has the best performance. While the CMAQ PM2.5 results exhibit exaggerated diurnal variations compared to the AirNow measurements, this is not as severe at rural sites as at urban or suburban sites. It was also found that assimilating the total AOD observations is more beneficial for correcting the PM2.5 underestimations than directly assimilating the AirNow PM2.5 measurements every 6 h. While the simple approach of applying the AOD scaling factors uniformly throughout the vertical columns proved effective, it is liable to produce substantial errors. This is demonstrated by a high‐AOD event.
Ephemeral and intermittent runoff generation processes in a low relief, highly weathered catchment
Authors: Zimmer Margaret A. , McGlynn Brian L.
Published: May 2017

Most field‐based approaches that address runoff generation questions have been conducted in steep landscapes with shallow soils. Runoff generation processes in low relief landscapes with deep soils remain less understood. We addressed this by characterizing dominant runoff generating flow paths by monitoring the timing and magnitude of precipitation, runoff, shallow soil moisture, and shallow and deep groundwater dynamics in a 3.3 ha ephemeral‐to‐intermittent drainage network in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, USA. This Piedmont region is gently sloped with highly weathered soils characterized by shallow impeding layers due to decreases in saturated hydraulic conductivity with depth. Our results indicated two dominant catchment storage states driven by seasonal evapotranspiration. Within these states, distinct flow paths were activated, resulting in divergent hydrograph recessions. Groundwater dynamics during precipitation events with different input characteristics and contrasting storage states showed distinct shallow and deep groundwater flow path behavior could produce similar runoff magnitudes. During an event with low antecedent storage, activation of a shallow, perched, transient water table dominated runoff production. During an event with high antecedent storage, the deeper water table activated shallow flow paths by rising into the shallow transmissive soil horizons. Despite these differing processes, the relationship between active surface drainage length (ASDL) and runoff was consistent. Hysteretic behavior between ASDL and runoff suggested that while seasonal ASDLs can be predicted based on runoff, the mechanisms and source areas producing flow can be highly variable and not easily estimated from runoff alone. These processes and flow paths have significant implications for stream chemistry across seasons and storage states.
Antimicrobial ceragenins inhibit biofilms and affect mammalian cell viability and migration in vitro
Authors: Olekson Melissa A. , You Tao , Savage Paul B. , Leung Kai P.
Published: May 2017

The healing of burn wounds is often hampered by bacterial infection and the formation of biofilms. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are effective in promoting wound healing, but are susceptible to degradation. We have tested the ability of ceragenins (CSAs), mimics of antimicrobial peptides, to mitigate preformed biofilms and stimulate wound healing in vitro. Potent CSAs (MICs < 10 μg·mL−1) were tested against biofilms formed from a mixture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus grown for 22 h and subjected to 20 h treatment. Many CSAs showed more potent anti‐biofilm activity than the endogenous AMP LL‐37, and CSA‐13 and CSA‐90 decreased the amount of biofilm matrix substances detected by SYPRO Ruby stain. Effects on mammalian cells were measured by viability, migration, and tube formation assays in vitro. Although CSAs were toxic to immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaTs) at higher concentrations (>10 μg·mL−1), lower concentrations of CSA‐13 and CSA‐192 stimulated cell migration. CSA‐13, CSA‐90, and CSA‐142 also stimulated tube formation in an in vitro angiogenesis model. An inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) blocked tube formation stimulated by CSA‐13, suggesting that CSA‐13 signals through this receptor. Ceragenins display anti‐biofilm activity and stimulate migration and tube formation in vitro. This work suggests that ceragenins have the potential to be both topical antimicrobials and wound‐healing adjunct therapeutics.
Conducting Polymer Scaffolds for Hosting and Monitoring 3D Cell Culture
Authors: Inal Sahika , Hama Adel , Ferro Magali , Pitsalidis Charalampos , Oziat Julie , Iandolo Donata , Pappa Anna‐Maria , Hadida Mikhael , Huerta Miriam , Marchat David , Mailley Pascal , Owens Róisín M.
Published: May 2017

This work reports the design of a live‐cell monitoring platform based on a macroporous scaffold of a conducting polymer, poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate). The conducting polymer scaffolds support 3D cell cultures due to their biocompatibility and tissue‐like elasticity, which can be manipulated by inclusion of biopolymers such as collagen. Integration of a media perfusion tube inside the scaffold enables homogenous cell spreading and fluid transport throughout the scaffold, ensuring long term cell viability. This also allows for co‐culture of multiple cell types inside the scaffold. The inclusion of cells within the porous architecture affects the impedance of the electrically conducting polymer network and, thus, is utilized as an in situ tool to monitor cell growth. Therefore, while being an integral part of the 3D tissue, the conducting polymer is an active component, enhancing the tissue function, and forming the basis for a bioelectronic device with integrated sensing capability.
Meso‐Functionalization of Silk Fibroin by Upconversion Fluorescence and Near Infrared In Vivo Biosensing
Authors: Song Yang , Lin Zaifu , Kong Lingqing , Xing Yao , Lin Naibo , Zhang Zhisen , Chen Bing‐Hung , Liu Xiang‐Yang
Published: May 2017

In biomedical applications, it is very desirable to monitor the in vivo state of implanted devices, i.e., tracking the location, the state, and the interaction between the implanted devices and cell tissues. To achieve this goal, a generic strategy of soft materials meso‐functionalization is presented. This is to acquire silk fibroin (SF) materials with added functions, i.e., in vivo bioimaging/sensing. The functionalization is by 3D materials assembly of functional components, lanthanide(Ln)‐doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) on the mesoscopic scale to acquire upconversion fluorescent emission. To implement the meso‐functionalization, the surfaces of UCNPs are modified by the hydroxyl groups (OH) from SiO2 or polyethylene glycol coating layers, which can interact with the carbonyl groups (CO) in SF scaffolds. The functionalized silk scaffolds are further implanted subcutaneously into mice, which allows the silk scaffolds to have fluorescent in vivo bioimaging and other biomedical functions. This material functionalization strategy may lead to the rational design of biomaterials in a more generic way.
Improved Performance of All‐Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by Naphthodiperylenetetraimide‐Based Polymer Acceptor
Authors: Guo Yikun , Li Yunke , Awartani Omar , Han Han , Zhao Jingbo , Ade Harald , Yan He , Zhao Dahui
Published: May 2017

A new polymer acceptor, naphthodiperylenetetraimide‐vinylene (NDP‐V), featuring a backbone of altenating naphthodiperylenetetraimide and vinylene units is designed and applied in all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs). With this polymer acceptor, a new record power‐conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 8.59% has been achieved for all‐PSCs. The design principle of NDP‐V is to reduce the conformational disorder in the backbone of a previously developed high‐performance acceptor, PDI‐V, a perylenediimide‐vinylene polymer. The chemical modifications result in favorable changes to the molecular packing behaviors of the acceptor and improved morphology of the donor–acceptor (PTB7‐Th:NDP‐V) blend, which is evidenced by the enhanced hole and electron transport abilities of the active layer. Moreover, the stronger absorption of NDP‐V in the shorter‐wavelength range offers a better complement to the donor. All these factors contribute to a short‐circuit current density (J
sc) of 17.07 mA cm−2. With a fill factor (FF) of 0.67, an average PCE of 8.48% is obtained, representing the highest value thus far reported for all‐PSCs.
Origami Metamaterials for Tunable Thermal Expansion
Authors: Boatti Elisa , Vasios Nikolaos , Bertoldi Katia
Published: May 2017

Materials with engineered thermal expansion, capable of achieving targeted area/volume changes in response to variations in temperature, are important for a number of aerospace, optical, energy, and microelectronic applications. While most of the proposed structures with engineered coefficient of thermal expansion consist of bi‐material 2D or 3D lattices, here it is shown that origami metamaterials also provide a platform for the design of systems with a wide range of thermal expansion coefficients. Experiments and simulations are combined to demonstrate that by tuning the geometrical parameters of the origami structure and the arrangement of plates and creases, an extremely broad range of thermal expansion coefficients can be obtained. Differently from all previously reported systems, the proposed structure is tunable in situ and nonporous.