bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
German Cockroach Proteases and Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Regulate Chemokine Production and Dendritic Cell Recruitment
Authors: Day Scottie B. , Ledford John R. , Zhou Ping , Lewkowich Ian P. , Page Kristen
Published: August 2011

We recently showed that serine proteases in German cockroach (GC) feces (frass) decreased experimental asthma through the activation of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2. Since dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in the initiation of asthma, we queried the role of GC frass proteases in modulating CCL20 (chemokine C-C motif ligand 20) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production, factors that regulate pulmonary DCs. A single exposure to GC frass resulted in a rapid, but transient, increase in GM-CSF and a steady increase in CCL20 in the airways of mice. Instillation of protease-depleted GC frass or instillation of GC frass in PAR-2-deficient mice significantly decreased chemokine release. A specific PAR-2-activating peptide was also sufficient to induce CCL20 production. To directly assess the role of the GC frass protease in chemokine release, we enriched the protease from GC frass and confirmed that the protease was sufficient to induce both GM-CSF and CCL20 production in vivo. Primary airway epithelial cells produced both GM-CSF and CCL20 in a protease- and PAR-2-dependent manner. Finally, we show a decreased percentage of myeloid DCs in the lung following allergen exposure in PAR-2-deficient mice compared to wild-type mice. However, there was no difference in GC frass uptake. Our data indicate that, through the activation of PAR-2, allergen-derived proteases are sufficient to induce CCL20 and GM-CSF production in the airways. This leads to increased recruitment and/or differentiation of myeloid DC populations in the lungs and likely plays an important role in the initiation of allergic airway responses.
Dynamic Enhancement of the Rat Inner Ear after Ultra-Small-Volume Administration of Gd-DOTA to the Medial Wall of the Middle Ear Cavity
Authors: Zou Jing , Yoshida Tadao , Ramadan Usama A. , Pyykkö Ilmari
Published: August 2011

Objective: To investigate minimally invasive administration of contrast agent to the middle ear and the enhancement efficacy on the inner ear compartments. Materials and Methods: An ultra-small volume of gadolinium-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (Gd-DOTA) was injected onto the medial wall of the rat middle ear with a high-performance polyimide tube. The dynamic Gd-DOTA distribution in the inner ear was visualized in vivo by MRI. Results: After injection of 2.5 µl of 0.5MGd-DOTA, uptake first occurred in the vestibulum, then in the scala vestibuli, and finally in the scala tympani (ST). A significant difference in signal intensities among these compartments was demonstrated with an intensity gradient, indicating that the vestibulum was the highest and the ST was the lowest. After 24 h, Gd-DOTA remained in the inner ear and the vestibule remained higher compared to the cochlea. The signal/noise ratio was significantly improved by a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence. Conclusions: This novel minimally invasive technique can be applied to both animal studies and clinical evaluations of inner ear barrier function and fluid spaces with gadolinium-enhanced MRI. This technique might also be exploited for use as a minimally invasive drug delivery means for inner ear treatment.
Cutaneous Granulomas in Ataxia Telangiectasia and Other Primary Immunodeficiencies: Reflection of Inappropriate Immune Regulation?
Authors: Chiam L.Y.T. , Verhagen M.M.M. , Haraldsson A. , Wulffraat N. , Driessen G.-J. , Netea M.G. , Weemaes C.M.R. , Seyger M.M.B. , van Deuren M.
Published: August 2011

Background: Non-infective cutaneous granulomas with unknown pathogenesis occur in various primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) including ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). Objective: To find a common immunological denominator in these cutaneous granulomas. Methods: The dermatological and immunological features of 4 patients with A-T and cutaneous granulomas were described. The literature on skin granulomas in A-T and in other PIDs is reviewed. Results: All 4 A-T patients had progressive granulomas on their limbs and showed decreased IgG and IgA concentrations with normal IgM levels. They had a marked decrease in B cells and naïve T cells coinciding with the appearance of the cutaneous granulomas. Similar B- and T-cell abnormalities were described in patients with other PIDs with skin granulomas. Conclusions: We hypothesize that the pathogenesis of these skin granulomas is related to immune dysregulation of macrophages due to the absence of naïve T cells with an appropriate T-cell receptor repertoire and the unopposed activity of γδ T cells and/or natural killer cells.
Increased Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Bone Sialoprotein Response to Human Coronal Caries
Authors: Boushell L.W. , Nagaoka H. , Nagaoka H. , Yamauchi M.
Published: August 2011

Background: It has been suggested that host matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) present in dentin may be involved in caries progression, however, its response to caries is not known. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) has been implicated in dentin mineralization and MMP-2 modulation. Objective: To identify and compare the distribution of MMP-2 and BSP in healthy human coronal dentin and those with early caries. Methods: Freshly extracted 3rd molars and premolars with and without early caries were fixed, demineralized and subjected to immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal anti-MMP-2 antibody and monoclonal anti-BSP antibody with an avidin-biotin complex method. Immunoreactivity was visualized with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine substrate and observed under light microscopy. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that MMP-2 and BSP are not detected in the tubule lumens of healthy dentin. However, intense immunoreactivity for MMP-2 and BSP was detected in association with the full length of the caries-affected dentinal tubules. The MMP-2 and BSP at the dentino-enamel junction appeared unaltered. Conclusion: The results indicate that MMP-2 and BSP may be actively secreted by odontoblasts in response to carious insult. MMP-2 and BSP accumulation in the caries-affected dentinal tubules may indicate their potential involvement in the host defense mechanism which results in calcification of regions affected by the carious process.
Examination of nocturnal activity and behaviour in resident white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli)
Authors: Wingfield John C. , Coverdill Alexander J. , Clark Aaron D. , Ramenofsky Marilyn
Published: August 2011

Observations of nocturnal activity in resident species held in captivity are often attributed to migratory restlessness (MR). Previous publications investigating migratory white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) provided a distinct set of traits characteristic of MR, which we used to test the expression of activity and behaviour in the resident subspecies (Z. l. nuttalli). Under a winter photocycle, the 24-h activity profile of Z. l. nuttalli closely resembled that of migrant relatives. Following photostimulation, most birds expressed some activity during the dark phase; however, the diel pattern differed greatly from that of migrants. Unlike Z. l. gambelii, peak activity levels during the light phase remained greater than those expressed during the dark phase. Furthermore, birds did not express a quiescent phase prior to the initiation of the dark phase, nor did photostimulation result in increases in body mass or fat deposits. However, two birds did exhibit migration-specific behaviours (beak-up and beak-up flight) coupled with intense dark phase locomotor activity, which is consistent with MR expression. The suite of contrasts between conspecifics however, may suggest a different context of nocturnal behaviour, perhaps representing an underlying ancestral migratory phenotype that may now be associated with territorial or reproductive activities.
The information content of odour, colour and tactile cues in the mate choice of minnows
Authors: Valkama Hannele , Huuskonen Hannu , Taskinen Jouni , Lai Yi-Te , Kekäläinen Jukka , Leppänen Henna-Riikka
Published: August 2011

Sexual displays often involve many different signal components, which may give information about the same or different mate qualities. We studied the information content of different signals in male minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) and tested whether females are able to discriminate between males when only olfactory cues are present. We found that females preferred the odour of males with a more saturated (i.e., redder) belly, but only when the females had been in physical contact with the males before the experiments. Instead, when unfamiliar males were used, females did not discriminate between male odours and also the overall swimming activity (mate choice intensity) of the females was significantly lower. More ornamented males had lower number of Philometra ovata parasites (indicated by belly saturation) and Neoechinorhynchus rutili parasites (indicated by belly hue) than their less ornamented counterparts. We did not find experimental evidence for female odour preference being linked to belly hue and breeding tubercle number, but in the nature these traits were associated with the condition factor of the males. Taken together, our results suggest that belly colouration and breeding tubercles give honest information on several aspects of male quality. In addition females may learn the association between male colouration and their olfactory signals and utilize this information when visual signals are not present.
The presence and number of male competitor's scent marks and female reproductive state affect the response of male meadow voles to female conspecifics' odours
Authors: Vaughn Ashlee A. , Ferkin Michael H.
Published: August 2011

Male mammals are attracted to the scent marks of sexually receptive female conspecifics. Male voles spend more time investigating the scent marks of female voles in postpartum oestrus (PPE), a heightened state of sexual receptivity that occurs following the delivery of a litter, compared to those of female voles that are not in PPE, but in a moderate state of sexual receptivity. However, both types of females will attract male conspecifics to deposit their scent marks near those deposited by these females. The scent marks deposited by these males may indicate how many males have visited this female, which may affect how attractive she is to other males. In the present study, we exposed male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, to the scent mark of a PPE female and a female that was not in PPE, a reference female (REF female); the scent marks of 0, 1 or 5 males were placed adjacent to the scent marks of these two female scent donors. In doing so, we tested three hypotheses. The first hypothesis is males will spend less time investigating the scent mark of a female that has more scent marks of male conspecifics adjacent to it compared to that of a female that has fewer scent marks of male conspecifics adjacent to it. The second hypothesis is the converse of the first hypothesis. The third hypothesis is males will spend more time investigating the scent mark of a PPE female than that of a REF female, independent of the number of scent marks of other males adjacent to them. Overall, our data suggests that a combination of factors may influence a male's preference for the scent marks of potential mates. Most tests suggest that males will respond preferentially to a female if she has more male suitors than another female, independent of the reproductive state of either female. If however, the number of male suitors is the same for each female, males tend to prefer the scent mark of the female that is in a more heightened state of sexual receptivity.
Singing, allogrooming, and allomarking behaviour during inter- and intra-sexual encounters in the Neotropical short-tailed singing mouse (Scotinomys teguina)
Authors: Phelps S.M. , Tang-Martínez Z. , Fernández-Vargas M.
Published: August 2011

In this study we determine whether brief interactions with unfamiliar conspecifics stimulate audible singing behaviour in the Neotropical short-tailed singing mouse (Scotinomys teguina). Specifically, we examine whether intra- or inter-sexual interactions elicit singing in males in a neutral-arena design. We conducted two experiments. In experiment 1, we recorded singing behaviour of male subjects both before and after a brief exposure to a female mouse. Males significantly increased their singing behaviour after the exposure to the female, as compared to prior to the exposure. In experiment 2, we compared the singing behaviour of male test subjects after a brief exposure with one of three different treatment animals: a male, a non-oestrous female and an oestrous female. We found that males are most likely to sing after an interaction with a female, regardless of her reproductive condition. Male subjects sang significantly less following an interaction with another male. Although spontaneous singing is known to occur in males and females, opposite sex elicited-singing behaviour was found to be sexually dimorphic. An interaction with a male was not effective in eliciting singing in females. In experiment 2, we also recorded incidences of allogrooming and allomarking by males during the interactions with males, non-oestrous females, and oestrous females. Male allogrooming and allomarking behaviours using the mid-ventral sebaceous gland tend to occur more frequently during interactions with females as compared to males, but were significantly different only in the case of allogrooming. Thus, this study clearly suggests sex differences in singing, allogrooming and allomarking, and a likely relationship between these behaviours and courtship in this Neotropical rodent.
Antipredator responses of two anurans towards native and exotic predators
Authors: Nunes Ana , Andrade Pedro , Rebelo Rui , Guerreiro Cátia , Almeida Erika , Alves Susana
Published: August 2011

When faced with the risk of predation, tadpoles of many amphibian species are known to modify their phenotype. In this work we studied the effect of an exotic species, the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), on the phenotype of two species of amphibians with different reproduction habitats: the Iberian painted frog, Discoglossus galganoi, that normally reproduces in temporary water bodies and the common toad, Bufo bufo, that reproduces in permanent water bodies. The responses were compared with the ones shown in the presence of a native predator, dragonfly (Aeshnidae) larvae. Behaviour, growth and morphology of tadpoles were monitored in a factorial experiment with five treatments. Our results showed that only the permanent habitat species altered its behaviour and life-history traits in the presence of P. clarkii; however, this was mediated by chemical cues from consumed conspecifics. Antipredator responses of B. bufo towards the exotic crayfish were similar to the ones towards the native predator, while D. galganoi responded to the dragonfly larvae but not to P. clarkii. This may be the result of infrequent colonization events of temporary habitats by the crayfish. Therefore, the consequences of the introduction of P. clarkii might be more serious for D. galganoi and other species living in temporary habitats. Species breeding in permanent habitats, more prone to having generalized antipredator responses, may be relatively protected against this exotic crayfish although the effectiveness of these responses still needs to be tested.
Multiple paternity in the Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger) population in the Anavilhanas National Park, Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Silveira Ronis Da , Farias Izeni P. , Magnusson William E. , Muniz Fabio L. , Hrbek Tomas , Campos Zilca
Published: August 2011

The formation of dominance hierarchies in which the female mates with a large dominant male is common among crocodilians. However, there is the possibility of polyandry, in which females mate with multiple partners during a single breeding season and generate offspring with multiple paternity. In the present study, eight pairs of heterologous primers developed for Alligator mississippiensis and Caiman latirostris were used to determine whether multiple paternity exists in the Black Caiman, Melanosuchus niger. For such, we analyzed 34 Black Caiman offspring from the Anavilhanas Archipelago in the Negro River (state of Amazonas, Brazil). The specimens came from six groups, each containing five or six hatchlings. Paternity exclusion and genetic identity indices were calculated to test the robustness of the microsatellite loci. Simple allele counts and maximum likelihood estimation of family clusters were used to determine the likelihood of occurrence of multiple paternity. Among the eight loci tested, five were effective at determining paternity, with paternity exclusion values close to 1.0 (QC = 0.92) and genetic identity values close to zero (IC < 0.01). Using the simple allele count, six cases of multiple paternity were detected and confirmed in three hatchling groups by four different microsatellite loci. However, maximum likelihood analysis indicated multiple paternity in all the groups analyzed, with five family clusters identified in one hatchling group alone. Considering that this species is listed according to IUCN as Lower Risk/Conservation Dependent, our results have direct conservation implications. Multiple paternity increases effective population size by maintaining genetic variation, and thus could be an important mechanism to maintain genetic diversity in isolated local populations.
Contemporary gene flow and weak genetic structuring in Rococo toad (Rhinella schneideri) populations in habitats fragmented by agricultural activities
Authors: Silva Artur , Gonçalves Evonnildo C. , Morielle-Versute Eliana , Arruda Maurício P. , Schneider Maria Paula C.
Published: August 2011

The reduced vagility and philopatric behaviour of most amphibians make them especially vulnerable to the effects of habitat fragmentation, in particular the loss of genetic variation. However, almost no data are available on the effects of agricultural practices on populations of Neotropical amphibians. Here, the genetic diversity of Rococo toad (Rhinella schneideri) populations in the highly disturbed landscape of the north-western region of the Brazilian state of São Paulo was analysed using microsatellite markers. Two areas were sampled – one dominated by open pastures (four populations) and the other by sugar cane plantations (two populations) – in an attempt to evaluate the possible influence of the type of anthropogenic matrix on genetic variability and gene flow (dispersion). The populations presented a relatively uniform genetic stock, with low levels of inbreeding (Fis) and high levels of admixture between localities (Fst, Rst, STRUCTURE) indicating no genetic subdivision. The results indicated relatively high levels of recent migration among sites (m) and no isolation by distance. The analyses also found that historical and contemporary rates of migration among populations were broadly similar. Overall, then, neither type of matrix appeared to have an effect on the connectivity of the Rococo toad populations. This suggests that the species has a considerable capacity for dispersal, allowing it to maintain a relatively homogeneous population, even under intense human pressure.
The Distinction of Social and Political Elites
Authors: Daloz Jean-Pascal
Published: August 2011

This article introduces the special issue on “The Distinction of Social and Political Elites.” It aims to provide some analytical reflections about the usefulness and limits of classical models of interpretation when confronted with empirical realities in very different societies. Although the separation between the societal and the political spheres is not always very clear, it is argued that the differentiation between the two corresponding types of elite is often significant from a theoretical point of view. Indeed, the symbolic superiority of political elites is frequently raised in rather specific terms because of the nature of their role as representatives.
Clothing Matters: Asian-African Businessmen in European Suits, 1880-1980
Authors: Oonk Gijsbert
Published: August 2011

Asian businessmen in East Africa supplied goods, services and capital to African, Arabic, Asian as well as European customers. Within this complex cultural environment, they had to choose what to wear on any given occasion. Expressing dignity, wealth, trust and reliability are key variables in making cross-cultural business contacts and when it comes to building an appropriate image. When they arrived in East Africa between 1880 and 1920, Hindus and Muslims alike wore their own traditional attire. When they left Africa - around 1970 - they wore a typical European business suit. European clothes are an indicator of their “progressive” ideas, but must also be seen as a critique of their own culture.
Greek Influence on the Composition of 2 Maccabees
Authors: Simkovich Malka Zeiger
Published: August 2011

This paper is comprised of three parts. First, I compare festival motifs in 1 and 2 Maccabees to demonstrate that unlike 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees is holiday-centered and that it seems to equate holiday observance with religious piety. Because the abridger and audience of 2 Maccabees are familiar with the festival-centered Greek calendar, the observance of Jewish holidays is offered as an alternative to Hellenism. Second, I examine why prayer plays a more significant role in 2 Maccabees than 1 Maccabees. Although the prominence of prayer in 2 Maccabees might suggest a borrowing from biblical precedent, prayer passages in 2 Maccabees are more likely influenced by Greek drama and the genre of mimos. Finally, I attempt to demonstrate that, unlike 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees is temple-centered but not Judea-centered. This stems from the authors’ and audience’s unfamiliarity with the land of Israel but appreciation of temple-centralized worship. I conclude that 2 Maccabees is not necessarily intended as a refutation of the “Hasmonean propagandist’s” 1 Maccabees, but is a retelling of Hasmonean history which emphasizes religious themes familiar to a diasporan audience.
How Library Management Systems can demonstrate value for money from information and library services
Authors: Bailey Penny
Published: August 2011

Statistics and other evidence from library management software can be used to justify continued funding of library staff and resources and defend library and information services from funding cuts or closure. This article looks at how the different modules of integrated library management software and, in particular, enquiry tracking software can be used to increase operational efficiency thus providing the best value from current investment. It considers how the integrated library management system can be used to demonstrate how library and information services (LIS) are aligned with the wider organization’s business objectives and are therefore a necessary function for the organization. The author also looks at the potential of library management systems for enabling the library and information service to contribute to income generation so changing the perception that they are a drain on resources. Of the functionality of library management systems. Enquiry tracking software in particular can help prove the value of library and information services and resources to senior management.
Out of the box
Authors: James Roger
Published: August 2011

This is the first in a series of short articles by Roger James in which he explores the technical challenges and developments that signal changes in the world in which information specialists operate. Here Roger explores the factors contributing to information overload and its effect on our ability to recognize new ideas.
Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles in a Layer of Gelatin Film Using Photographic Materials. VII. Acceleration of Gold Deposition by Using Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Kuge Ken’ichi , Yu Yue , Fuma Kazumi , Ito Ryota , Sakai Tomoko
Published: August 2011

The preparation of gold nanoparticles using silver-salt photographic materials and a method of gold-deposition development are investigated. Although gold rapidly precipitated in the gold-deposition developer when ascorbic acid was added, gold atoms were deposited only on the exposed areas of the photographic plate when the plate was immersed in the solution. While the deposition proceeds slowly via the disproportionation reaction of gold(I) ions in the absence of ascorbic acid, the addition of ascorbic acid accelerates the deposition rate significantly and increases the photosensitivity of the photographic plate. The gold deposition is catalyzed by photolytic silver specks, called latent image specks, on silver halide grains. Absorption spectra and TEM observations suggest a broadening of the particle size distribution, and this indicates that the difference in the catalytic activities of the photolytic silver specks between the two reactions is due to the difference in the critical size of the silver specks for triggering the deposition. Because the catalysts were prepared using light, light-based control of the catalytic properties may be possible.
Referrals to a liaison psychiatry outpatient clinic
Authors: Sharp J , Innes I , Brown T
Published: August 2011

This study aimed to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of consecutive referrals to a liaison psychiatry outpatient clinic, based within a National Health Service (NHS) general hospital. All outpatient referrals to the service between January 2005 and January 2008 were subjected to retrospective completion of a proforma for post hoc data collection. Data relating to characteristics of the referral, patients, diagnosis, and nature and extent of contact were extracted for scrutiny. The majority (60.2%) of referrals to the service came from physicians based within the general hospital. Where conveyed, depression (26.7%) was the most commonly cited reason for referral. Diagnoses of both mood (affective) disorders (32.9%) and neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (54.7%) were common. Cognitive behaviour therapy (56.1%) was the most commonly used intervention followed by pharmacological therapy (25.4%). In conclusion, the study provides a description of the nature of the work encountered in a liaison psychiatry setting and demonstrates the extent of services provided for medical specialties within the general hospital.
The effect of short messaging service text on non-attendance in a general ophthalmology clinic
Authors: Brannan S O , Dewar C , Taggerty L , Clark S
Published: August 2011

To our knowledge there have been no previous studies that have examined the effect of short messaging service (SMS) text messaging reminders to both mobile and landlines on the ‘did not attend’ (DNA) rate in adult hospital clinic attendees. Our aim was to determine the effectiveness of a text messaging reminder in improving attendance in return general ophthalmology clinic patients. Ophthalmology clinic patients requiring a follow-up appointment were invited to enter the study. An information leaflet was provided and patients were contacted two weeks before their scheduled appointment by way of a customized text message to either the mobile phone or landline. The non-attendance rate compared with historic non-attendance rate was recorded. Two hundred and one patients were recruited. The historic DNA rate was 12%. The DNA rate in the SMS text reminder group was reduced to 5.5% (11 patients). The historic ‘Could not attend’ (CNA) rate of 6% had been reduced to 2% (4 patients). Forty-seven percent of patients used mobile phone technology with text messaging capability and 69% responded to the text reminder. In conclusion, routine SMS texting is a cost-effective means of reducing DNAs and should become standard practice. In addition, two-way messaging could allow for further efficiency as advance notification of patient cancellations facilitates re-scheduling of alternative patients.
Patient Data Protection: Electronic Transmission of Radiographs Between Resident Orthopaedic Juniors and Non-resident Seniors
Authors: Dhokia RB , Rashid A , Eleftheriou KI , Ray PS
Published: August 2011

Orthopaedic registrars working in non-trauma centres participate in non-resident on-call rotas. These rely on a dedicated junior resident tier to provide 'first-on' cover. This responsibility is usually shared among core surgical trainees although it is increasingly being taken on by foundation year two and general practice vocational training scheme doctors with no previous experience of orthopaedics or Advanced Trauma Life Support® training.
Introducing the Health Service Ombudsman
Authors: The Heath Service Ombudsman
Published: August 2011

The Health Service Ombudsman is the final stage of the NHS complaints process. If someone is unhappy with the service provided by the NHS or with how the NHS handled a complaint they can come to the Ombudsman. This article tells surgeons what they need to know about the Ombudsman and how her office resolves complaints.
Ectopic thyroid masquerading as submandibular tumour: a case report
Authors: Deshmukh AD , Katna R , Patil A , Chaukar DA , Basu S , D’Cruz AK
Published: August 2011

An ectopic thyroid gland may be present in any location along the path of migration from the foramen caecum to the mediastinum. The most common locations for an ectopic thyroid are the lingual thyroid followed by median cervical cysts. An ectopic thyroid in the submandibular region is extremely rare. We present the case of a 44-year-old patient with ectopic thyroid tissue in submandibular space and a review of the literature related to it.
Defunctioning loop ileostomy: not always a safe option
Authors: Davey Philip T , Burnside Nathan , MacKenzie Niall , Conkey David , Carson James , Skelly Roderick T
Published: August 2011

A 74-year-old woman underwent a low anterior resection and defunctioning loop ileostomy for a T1 N1 M0 rectal adenocarcinoma. Three months following surgery she attended complaining of pain inferior to the loop ileostomy. A clinical examination demonstrated an extensive area of spreading cellulitis on the lower abdominal wall inferior to the loop ileostomy with associated crepitus and skin necrosis. The clinical diagnosis of necrotising fasciitis was confirmed radiologically on emergency computed tomography. The patient underwent an emergency debridement of the anterior abdominal wall.
Angiosarcoma of sigmoid colon with intraperitoneal bleeding: case report and literature review
Authors: Lo Tse-Hua , Tsai Mu-Shiun , Chen Tzu-An
Published: August 2011

Primary angiosarcomas arising from the alimentary tract are rare and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. We report a case of an angiosarcoma of the sigmoid colon with intraperitoneal bleeding but not rectal bleeding. A 21-year-old female patient received a laparotomy and a mass lesion over the sigmoid colon was found with active bleeding. A sigmoid colectomy was performed as a curative resection. Grossly, the sigmoid colon contained a kidney shaped, hemorrhagic tumour from the submucosal layer extension to the antimesenteric side. Intraluminally, the mucosa of the colon was intact. Microscopic examination revealed a high grade angiosarcoma composed of fascicles of spindle cells and solid sheets of epithelioid cells. Immunohistochemical stains revealed a positive result for CD31 and the endothelial nature of the malignancy was confirmed. Smooth muscle antigens, desmins, cytokeratins AE1/AE3 and CD117 were all negative. The patient is still alive without evidence of recurrence or metastasis at a three-year follow-up appointment. Owing to the availability of immunohistochemical studies, some atypical sarcomas would now be correctly classified as angiosarcomas. Since no optimal adjuvant treatment is effective, curative surgical excision is still the best choice of treatment.
An unexpected abdominal tumour in an elderly woman
Authors: Harji DP , Bowley DM , Pallan A , Langman G , Karandikar S , Karandikar S
Published: August 2011

We report the case of a 73-year-old woman who presented with pain and an abdominal mass and was found to have an abdominal tumour of unexpected origin.
Dysphagia and airway compromise as a result of retropharyngeal haematoma following undiagnosed odontoid peg fracture: a case report
Authors: Wronka KS , Sznerch N , Davies J
Published: August 2011

Airway compromise following a cervical spine injury is an unusual cause of respiratory distress. We describe a patient who developed a retropharyngeal haematoma that caused dysphagia, dysarthria and acute airway compromise seven days following a fall, with no other signs of cervical spine injury. The patient was found to have a type 2 fracture through the junction of the odontoid peg and body of C2 with an associated prevertebral haematoma and soft tissue oedema. Later, the patient developed stridor and required an emergency orotracheal intubation and admission to the intensive care unit. As presented in this case report, cervical fracture can result in mechanical airway compromise with an associated retropharyngeal haematoma and prevertebral soft tissue oedema. In elderly patients with a minor history of falls one should always think of possible fractures and appropriate investigations should be carried out. Retropharyngeal haematomas secondary to cervical spine fractures require a prompt multidisciplinary approach and appropriate management of both the airway and cervical spine. Joint care from the orthopaedic, anaesthetic, and ear, nose and throat teams is necessary.
A complication of a dropped appendicolith misdiagnosed as Crohn’s disease
Authors: Sarkar S , Douglas L , Egun AA
Published: August 2011

Appendicoliths are formed by calcium salts and faecal debris layered and lodged within the appendix. They are detected on unenhanced x-rays in less than 10% of patients with appendicitis. When an appendicolith is found extraluminally, it is pathognomonic for perforation of the appendix. Moreover, retained appendicoliths act as a nidus for infection and are likely to be the source of a postoperative intraperitoneal abscess. However, this is very rare with only 30 reported cases of intra-abdominal abscess secondary to an appendicolith in the literature over the past 40 years.

Retained, or dropped, appendicoliths most commonly present as an area of high attenuation less than 1cm in diameter with an associated abscess close to the caecum or Morrison’s pouch on computed tomography (CT). A study published in 2006 showed that although there is initial success with CT-guided drainage of abscesses secondary to faecaliths, all will recur and formal surgical drainage with removal of the appendicolith is required.

This case report highlights not only an unusual complication of a retained appendicolith but also the importance of taking a thorough history and interpreting investigations in the context of the patient’s past medical history so as to produce a differential diagnosis and prevent treatment of incorrect conditions.
The evidence base for Gypsy and Traveller site planning: a story of complexity and tension
Authors: Niner Pat , Brown Philip
Published: August 2011

The linear technical-rational model has been heavily criticised as theoretically, politically and practically inadequate. The example of accommodation needs assessment as evidence for highly contentious decisions on Gypsy and Traveller caravan site provision suggests, however, that the technical-rational model has great value in coping with complexity and tension, although the evidence it provides is likely to be challenged. This paper also argues that the same process can accord to technical-rational, tactical or enlightenment models of the interface between social research and policy-making depending on the viewpoint of different actors; the balance may shift over time.
The illness narratives of health managers: developing an analytical framework
Authors: Exworthy Mark
Published: August 2011

This paper examines the personal experience of illness and healthcare by health managers through their illness narratives. By synthesising a wider literature of illness narratives and health management, an analytical framework is presented, which considers the impact of illness narratives, comprising the logic of illness narratives, the actors involved and strategies, including the contexts in which those illness narratives are used and the impact they have. The framework incorporates conceptual and categorical approaches to the interactions between their narratives and health management. This framework advances understandings of illness narratives in healthcare: why this narrative was given in this way to this audience. However, as such narratives constitute crucial evidence about health services that is unobtainable elsewhere, the need for more research in this field is pressing. As data on such narratives are poorly collated, the paper calls for more research in this field and presents the analytical framework to shape such empirical inquiry.
Regulation of synaptic plasticity by hippocampus synthesized estradiol
Authors: Barron Anna M. , Hojo Yasushi , Mukai Hideo , Higo Shimpei , Ooishi Yuuki , Hatanaka Yusuke , Ogiue-Ikeda Mari , Murakami Gen , Kimoto Tetsuya , Kawato Suguru
Published: August 2011

Estradiol is synthesized from cholesterol in hippocampal neurons of adult rats by cytochrome P450 and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes. These enzymes are expressed in the glutamatergic neurons of the hippocampus. Surprisingly, the concentration of estradiol and androgen in the hippocampus is significantly higher than that in circulation. Locally synthesized estradiol rapidly and potently modulates synaptic plasticity within the hippocampus. E2 rapidly potentiates long-term depression and induces spinogenesis through synaptic estrogen receptors and kinases. The rapid effects of estradiol are followed by slow genomic effects mediated by both estrogen receptors located at the synapse and nucleus, modulating long-term potentiation and promoting the formation of new functional synaptic contacts. Age-related changes in hippocampally derived estradiol synthesis and distribution of estrogen receptors may alter synaptic plasticity, and could potentially contribute to age-related cognitive decline. Understanding factors which regulate hippocampal estradiol synthesis could lead to the identification of alternatives to conventional hormone therapy to protect against age-related cognitive decline.
A remark on the Boros–Moll Sequence
Authors: Allouche Jean-Paul
Published: August 2011

We generalize a result of Prodinger in a recent issue of
“Hermeneutische Logik”. Georg Misch und Josef König
Authors: Soboleva Maja
Published: August 2011

The question in the background of this article is what kind of epistemology can emerge on the basis of the philosophy of life. To answer this question, the theories of Georg Misch (1878–1965) and Josef König (1893–1974) have been analysed. Both authors differentiate between the analytic discourse of theoretical (scientific) approaches to the world and the synthetic discourse of non-theoretical (non-scien¬tific) objectifications of life which create a human semantic environment. For Misch, the former is constituted with “discursive” and the later with “evocative” utterances. For König as developed in his work “Sein und Denken”, “determining” and “modifying” predicates oppose each other as cardinally different cognitive and epistemological entities. The article focuses on König′s analysis of the genesis and logics of “determining” and “modifying” predication following the strategy of his book. In conclusion some controversies between Misch′s and König′s conceptions of a language constitution of the world are represented and discussed.
Jenseits von Macht und Gegenmacht
Authors: Sonderegger Ruth
Published: August 2011

Isabell Lorey: Figuren des Immunen. Elemente einer politischen Theorie. Verlag diaphanes, Zürich 2011, 343 S.
Jagen und Töten
Authors: Sorgo Gabriele
Published: August 2011

Das Jagen wurde in den Kulturtheorien des 20. Jahrhunderts als evolutionär bedeutsamste Errungenschaft der Menschheit dargestellt, Aggression und Sexualität als beim Menschen von Natur aus legierte Gefühls- und Tätigkeitsbereiche beschrieben. Dieser Forschungsbericht stellt diese Legierung in Frage und versucht anhand empirischer Daten andere Perspektiven zu erschließen, die nahe legen, dass die Verknüpfung von Jagd und Lust mit dem Töten von kulturellen Kontexten abhängig ist.
Tiere und Pflanzen: töten und essen. Gedanken zu einer Kultur des Lebens
Authors: Brenner Andreas
Published: August 2011

Die Philosophien von Descartes und Kant standen lange der Entwicklung einer umfassenden Kultur des Lebens im Wege. Die moderne Tier- und Pflanzenethik ist daher noch recht jung. Während die Tierethik mittlerweile etabliert ist und ein neues Verhalten den Tieren gegenüber verlangt, stellt erst die Pflanzenethik eine regelrechte Revolution im Verhältnis des Menschen zu den nichtmenschlichen Lebensformen dar und nötigt zu einem neuen Verständnis des Problems des Tötens.
Die Unhintergehbarkeit der Gewalt
Authors: Wulf Christoph
Published: August 2011

Dieser Artikel differenziert zwischen unterschiedlichen Formen der Gewalt. Es wird herausgearbeitet, dass die Entscheidung darüber, was als Gewalt gilt, von den jeweiligen historischen und kulturellen Bedingungen abhängt. Phänomene des Tötens und der Gewalt können daher nur in ihrem jeweiligen Kontext angemessen begriffen und bewertet werden. Zu ihrem Verständnis und zu ihrer Erklärung bedarf es multidimensionaler Zugänge. Im Anschluss an René Girard wird von der Bedeutung mimetischer Phänomene für die Entstehung von Gewalt ausgegangen. Verbote und Rituale werden als Versuche begriffen, die Entstehung von Gewalthandlungen zu vermeiden. Es wird deutlich, dass viele Gewalthandlungen, die dazu führen, andere Menschen zu töten, spontan entstehen, selbst den Tätern unbegreiflich bleiben und sich häufig einer ausreichenden Erklärung entziehen.
Wovon nicht die Rede sein soll: Töten im Krieg
Authors: Hüppauf Bernd
Published: August 2011

Krieg ist seit dem Beginn der Zivilisation die Zeit des Tötens. Seit Euripides wird er von einem kritischen Diskurs begleitet, der in der Moderne das Thema Töten vermeidet. Wie ist diese Scheu zu erklären? Gebote der Zivilisation und ein Wissen der Gefühle stigmatisieren das Töten. Eine bemerkenswerte Diskurstechnik ist die Verschiebung: Die Rede vom Töten wird bis ins 20. Jahrhundert in die Sprache des Opferns transformiert und das Opfer heroisiert. Das industrielle Schlachtfeld macht dem Heroismus ein Ende, aber das Töten im Krieg setzt sich fort, und die Gegenwart ist durch den Gegensatz von emotionslosem Töten im Cyberwar und der Wiederkehr endemischer Gewalt charakterisiert.
Tötung implizit. Fiktiver Zeuge Kamera
Authors: Schuhmacher-Chilla Doris
Published: August 2011

Töten ist in seiner Dimension eines gewalttätigen Handlungsvollzugs, der die Zeitlichkeit des Lebensprozesses durchschneidet, bildhaft nicht darstellbar, es sei denn filmisch. Dokumentarische Fotografie, seit Roland Barthes dem indexikalischen Paradigma verpflichtet, scheitert angesichts der Kraft des Ikonischen, das fiktionale und sukzessiv performative Wirkungen auf die Betrachter aufweist. Am Beispiel der englischen Gegenwartskünstlerin Claire Strand wird die den Satz von der Kamera als Zeuge unterlaufende fiktive Zeugenschaft der Kamera herausgestellt. Zugleich werden theoretisch sowohl die Rolle der Betrachter wie die sich dem theatralischen Paradigma verpflichtenden Theorien in Hinblick auf das Fotografische neu bewertet.
Darstellungen des Tötens und Getötetwerdens in der deutschen Berichterstattung über den Afghanistan- und Irakkrieg
Authors: Bergmann Anna
Published: August 2011

Die aktuelle Kriegsberichterstattung wird unter dem Aspekt einer Gewalt und Töten legitimierenden Bildpolitik befragt. Die Theatralisierung der Figur des zivilisierten Soldaten als Friedensbringer und der im Zusammenspiel von Politik, Militär und christlicher Religion inszenierten Sinnstiftung des Soldatentodes (z. B. Ehrenmal für gefallene Soldaten, Einführung der Tapferkeitsmedaille und ihre posthume Verleihung, Trauerfeiern für gefallene Soldaten) greift auf ein Symbol- und Wertesystem zurück, das im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts zur Herausbildung des militärischen Männlichkeitsideals führte. Die Inszenierung dieses soldatischen Männlichkeitsbildes und die sich mit ihm im kulturellen Gedächtnis verbindende Legitimation des Tötens werden anhand von Artikeln der deutschen Qualitätspresse (z. B. FAZ, FR, Berliner Tagesspiegel, Der Spiegel) nachgezeichnet.
Kann Theater töten? Überlegungen zu Brecht und Artaud
Authors: Warstat Matthias
Published: August 2011

Der Beitrag behandelt die Bedeutung der Metapher des Tötens für Theaterdiskurse der Avantgarde mit Blick auf Texte von Brecht und Artaud. Das Töten und Sterben auf der Bühne, ein altes Phantasma der europäischen Theatertradition, gewann in modernen Visionen eines neuen Theaters starkes Gewicht als Verweis auf radikale, krisenhafte Wirkungen von Kunst und Theater.
Storms Schimmelreiter. Das Töten als Initiation ins Soziale
Authors: Althans Birgit
Published: August 2011

Theodor Storms Novelle “Der Schimmelreiter”, so die These, konstruiert den Akt des Tötens (eines Tieres) als Initiierung ins Soziale. Der Protagonist Hauke Haien wird – gerade durch die Tatsache, dass er nicht bestraft wird – gezwungen, sich in die symbolische Ordnung seiner Dorfgemeinschaft und ihrer traditionellen Regel- und Vertragssysteme von “Pfand” oder “Gabe” einzufügen, um sein Projekt und sein Begehren, den Entwurf eines neuen Deichmodells, durchsetzen zu können.
Premasticating Food for Weaning African Infants: A Possible Vehicle for Transmission of HIV
Authors: Maritz Elke R. , Kidd Martin , Cotton Mark F.
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

Although premastication of food for weaning infants might have nutritional benefit, it is also associated with transmission of pathogens. We investigated premastication practices in Cape Town, South Africa, in lower socioeconomic status caregivers of infants below 2 years of age.

METHODS:

A previously reported questionnaire was adapted for South African conditions. A convenience sample of infant caregivers was captured at public maternal/pediatric and HIV outpatient clinics and home visits.

RESULTS:

We interviewed 154 caregivers, 92% of whom were the biological mothers (median age: 29). Of these, 70% were black, and 29% were colored. There were 106 (69%) caregivers who practiced premastication. The median age of infants who received premasticated food was 6 (interquartile range: 4–6) months. Forty-six (43%) infants were teething, and 44 (42%) had oral mucosal lesions while receiving premasticated food. Fifty-five (52%) caregivers reported an oral condition, mostly bleeding gums, mouth sores, and thrush, and 41 (39%) caregivers reported blood in the food. Premasticating caregivers had a significantly lower educational level than those caregivers who did not engage in this practice. Premastication practices were cultural (40%), habit (20%), and on mother's advice (75%). Reasons for premastication were to pretaste (68%), encourage eating (61%), estimate food temperature (85%), and homogenize food (60%).

CONCLUSIONS:

Counselors and caregivers should be aware of the adverse effects of premastication. Education should include advice to avoid premastication and to seek health advice for oral conditions in the caregiver and child. More studies are needed to better define the extent and risks of premastication, including its possible role in increasing HIV-1 transmission.
Professional Liability Insurance and Medicolegal Education for Pediatric Residents and Fellows
Authors: Gonzalez Jose Luis ,   Committee on Medical Liability and Risk Management
Published: August 2011

The American Academy of Pediatrics believes that pediatric residents and fellows should be fully informed of the scope and limitations of their professional liability insurance coverage while in training. The academy states that residents and fellows should be educated by their training institutions on matters relating to medical liability and the importance of maintaining adequate and continuous professional liability insurance coverage throughout their careers in medicine.