bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Horizontal Cell Potentials: Dependence on External Sodium Ion Concentration
Authors: Waloga G. , Pak W. L.
Published: October 2006

The membrane potential of the horizontal cell of the axolotl is highly dependent on the extracellular concentration of sodium. Experimental results reported here are consistent with the suggestion that in the dark the receptors release a synaptic transmitter which increases primarily the sodium conductance of the postsynaptic membrane. Externally applied aspartate or glutamate depolarizes the horizontal cell membrane and eliminates the light response of the horizontal cell. However, it appears to increase the conductances of the postsynaptic membrane to several ions rather than just to sodium ions.
Segmentation in Cinema Perception
Authors: Carroll J. M. , Bever T. G.
Published: October 2006

Viewers perceptually segment moving picture sequences into their cinematically defined units: excerpts that follow short film sequences are recognized faster when the excerpt originally came after a structural cinematic break (a cut or change in the action) than when it originally came before the break.
Both Positive Reinforcement and Conditioned Aversion from Amphetamine and from Apomorphine in Rats
Authors: Wise Roy A. , Yokel Robert A. , deWit Harriet
Published: October 2006

Rats learned to press a lever for intravenous injections of amphetamine or apomorphine. They also learned to avoid the taste of saccharin which was associated with experimenter-administered amphetamine or with self-administered apomorphine. Thus these, and presumably other, self-administered drugs serve as compound pharmacological stimuli, having both positively reinforcing and aversive properties.
Introversion/Extroversion, Time Stress, and Caffeine: Effect on Verbal Performance
Authors: Revelle William , Amaral Phyllis , Turriff Susan
Published: October 2006

Time pressure and caffeine differentially affected the performance of introverts on verbal ability tests similar to the Graduate Record Examination. With time pressure and 200 milligrams of caffeine, the performance of introverts fell by 0.63 standard deviation, but extroverts by 0.44 standard deviation.
Hyperphagia and Increased Growth in Rats After Intraventricular Injection of 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine
Authors: Saller Charles F. , Stricker Edward M.
Published: October 2006

Juvenile male rats given intracerebroventricular injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, following treatment with desmethylimipramine, maintained body weight gains of 5 to 6 grams per day into adulthood and grew much larger than control rats. Biochemical analyses of brain tissue obtained 50 to 140 days after the injections revealed 60 to 86 percent depletions of telencephalic 5-hydroxytryptamine, with catecholamine levels unchanged. Hyperphagia did not develop despite comparable losses of 5-hydroxytryptamine when the pretreatment was withheld, perhaps because substantial depletions of norepinephrine occurred as well.
Sibling Species in the Marine Pollution Indicator
Capitella
(Polychaeta)
Authors: Grassle Judith P. , Grassle J. Frederick
Published: October 2006

Electrophoretic patterns for eight enzyme loci clearly distinguish six sibling species in the well-known pollution indicator worm,
Capitella capitata
. Unlike sibling species of
Drosophila
, the
Capitella
species have virtually no alleles in common. Close examination has revealed only slight morphological differences between species, while life histories and reproductive modes are very distinct. The
Capitella
species are ideally suited for genetic and evolutionary studies.
A Functional Connection Between the Pores of Distantly Related Ion Channels as Revealed by Mutant K
+
Channels
Authors: Heginbotham Lise , Abramson Tatiana , MacKinnon Roderick
Published: October 2006

The overall sequence similarity between the voltage-activated K
+
channels and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels from retinal and olfactory neurons suggests that they arose from a common ancestor. On the basis of sequence comparisons, mutations were introduced into the pore of a voltage-activated K
+
channel. These mutations confer the essential features of ion conduction in the cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels; the mutant K
+
channels display little selectivity among monovalent cations and are blocked by divalent cations. The property of K
+
selectivity is related to the presence of two amino acids that are absent from the pore-forming region of the cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. These data demonstrate that very small differences in the primary structure of an ion channel can account for extreme functional diversity, and they suggest a possible connection between the pore-forming regions of K
+
, Ca
2+
, and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels.
Critique of the Linear Theory of Carcinogenesis
Authors: Brues Austin M.
Published: October 2006

1) Present data on human leukemogenesis by radiation fail to indicate a linear relation between dose and effect. Because data are scanty, such a hypothesis cannot be ruled out statistically, but it is less probable than a nonlinear or threshold relation.

2) Other instances in which carcinogenic agents have been examined from the standpoint of dose and dose-rate relations show many clear instances where the relation is nonlinear and none in which linearity is unquestionably demonstrated.

3) Theoretical consideration of the probability that a single critical molecular event, such as a mutation, will give rise to cancer indicate that a malignant change must be an extraordinarily improbable result of such a perturbation. It is also very difficult to reconcile this mechanism with the rather comparable spontaneous and induced-cancer incidences in species with greatly different numbers of cells.

4) Any scheme in which multiple events caused by the carcinogen are required to produce a tumor is incompatible with a linear relation, while, if a disordered state of tissue is an important factor, a true threshold may even occur. There is much evidence, from cancer research of all sorts, indicating that one or both of these conditions is involved in the carcinogenic process.
A Consideration of the Metabolic Rates of Some Shrew Tissues
Authors: Redmond James R. , Layne James N.
Published: October 2006

Metabolic rates of certain tissues of a shrew,
Cryptotis
, were lower than had been expected in view of the high total metabolism characteristic of shrews. Similar trends were shown in the rodent
Reithrodontomys.
The depression of metabolism of some tissues that was observed in these very small mammals may aid them in conserving energy during periods of inactivity.
Inhibition of Enzymatic Synthesis of Pantothenate by 2,3-Dichloroisobutyrate
Authors: Hilton J. L.
Published: October 2006

The investigations reported here have shown that 2,3-dichloroisobuty-rate is uncompetitive with β-alanine and competitive with pantoate for a site on the enzyme of pantothenate synthesis. The enzyme dissociation constant of the inhibitor was comparable to that of the competitive substrate.
Rate of Swelling of Collagen
Authors: Elden Harry R.
Published: October 2006

The osmotic pressure gradient across the collagen solid matrix-solution interface forces the solid to imbibe fluid and thereby increases its volume. Concurrently, the decrease in entropy of the solid matrix produces a force which tends to resist any further increase in volume. The instantaneous velocity at which the swelling takes place is related to the difference between the osmotic and entropic forces. Finally, an explicit relationship is obtained between volume and time.
Studies on 4-Keto-L-Proline
Authors: Mitoma Chozo , Smith Thomas E. , DaCosta Frances M. , Udenfriend Sidney , Patchett Arthur A. , Witkop Bernhard
Published: October 2006

The administration of ketoproline to chick embryos resulted in an increase in the free hydroxyproline. This phenomenon is explained by the inhibitory action of ketoproline on the catabolism of hydroxyproline as well as by the conversion of the former to the latter. Ketoproline was found to be reduced to hydroxyproline by the supernatant fraction of rat-kidney homogenate in the presence of a reduced pyridine nucleotide.
Cotton-Flower Visitation and Pollen Distribution by Honey Bees
Authors: McGregor S. E.
Published: October 2006

A rapid method of estimating the pollinating efficiency of honey bees in cotton is described. A prevailing average of 10 honey bees in each 100 flowers was found to be sufficient to cause practically all the stigmas to become coated with pollen.
Influence of Genetic Strain and Environment on the Protein Content of Pulses
Authors: Esh G. C. , De T. S. , Basu U. P.
Published: October 2006

About 100 pure-bred samples of nine varieties of pulses raised in different state agricultural farms of India in 1957, when analyzed, indicated variations in the protein content of a single variety extending up to 60 percent in some cases, depending upon the strain and the locality where grown.
Possible Biochemical Implications of the Crystal Structure of Biotin
Authors: Traub W.
Published: October 2006

An examination of the molecular architecture of biotin, as determined by x-ray crystallographic analysis, has indicated that biotin may be capable of forming an intramolecular hydrogen bond in solution. A review of various chemical analogs of the vitamin has shown a close correlation between the possibility of forming such a hydrogen bond and biotin-like activity.
A Successor of Tepexpan Man in the Valley of Mexico
Authors: de Terra Helmut
Published: October 2006

A preceramic site at San Vicente Chicoloapan, in the Valley of Mexico, disclosed a human burial associated with stone-lined hearths and artifacts. The prevalence of primitive grinding stones suggests a collecting economy of the "Chalco culture," now for the first time recognized as such, and belonging to a long-headed people that succeeded Tepexpan Man some 8000 to 6000 years ago.
Source and Possible Nature of the Odor Trail of Fire Ants
Authors: Wilson Edward O.
Published: October 2006

Experimental evidence shows that the odor trail of the fire ant
Solenopsis saevissima
(Fr. Smith) is produced as a secretion of the accessory gland of the poison apparatus and released through the extruded sting. Preliminary studies suggest that this substance may be chemically allied to or even identical with the toxic principle of the venom.
Intracellular Impulse Conduction in Muscle Cells
Authors: Peachey Lee D. , Porter Keith R.
Published: October 2006

A hypothesis, suggested previously by morphological studies, for impulse conduction from the sarcolemma to the contractile material via the sarcoplasmic reticulum is discussed. The relation of reticulum morphology and cell size to speed of contraction in smooth and striated muscle agrees with the hypothesis and thus supports it. Additional support comes from evidence concerning an unusual morphological relationship between the sarcolemma and contractile fibrils in striated muscle of amphioxus.
Seasonal Growth Periodicity of Tissue Explants from Woody Perennial Plants in vitro
Authors: Sussex Ian M. , Clutter Mary E.
Published: October 2006

Secondary phloem explants removed to standard aseptic culture in the spring proliferate most extensively. Explants taken successively through the growing season proliferate less. The decreasing growth trend reverses some months before bud break, and the increasing growth in winter is not dependent on the breaking of dormancy in the terminal buds.
Propagation of Poliovirus, Measles, and Vaccinia in Guinea Pig Spleen Cell Strains
Authors: Mascoli C. C. , STANFIELD L. V. , Phelps L. N.
Published: October 2006

A new mammalian cell strain was established from guinea pig spleen tissues and has shown interesting virus sensitivity. Several viruses have been successfully propagated in the cells. For one of these, poliovirus, it represents one of the two successful attempts at propagating the virus in nonprimate or nonhuman cultures.
An Approach to Quantifying Various Types of Spontaneous Activity
Authors: Smith Orville A. , DeVito June L.
Published: October 2006

The output of an activity-measuring device is fed into low- and high-gain cumulative recorder channels which are reset to zero after different time periods. The records, inscribed at various paper speeds, are easily quantified. The tracing patterns can be identified with specific activities of undisturbed animals. The activities are monitored by means of closed-circuit television.
Weathering of Fallout
Authors: Graham Ellis R.
Published: October 2006

Subjected to weathering by electrodialysis, fallout pellets collected after a nuclear explosion from the area near ground zero released trace amounts of their total beta activity. Airborne fallout collected 612 miles from the test site released 51.8 percent of its Sr
90
activity. Aircraft-collected fallout released 40.5 percent of its Sr
90
activity when collected from a tower shot and 86 percent when collected from a balloon shot.
Antagonism of Veratrine by Calcium Ion in Monolayers of Stearic Acid
Authors: Gershfeld Norman L. , Shanes Abraham M.
Published: October 2006

Force-area diagrams for monolayers of stearic acid on Ringer's solution demonstrate a competition between veratrine and calcium for carboxyl groups of the films. The competition occurs at customary concentrations. Local anesthetics act quite differently. The interactions suggest those observed less directly in living cells and therefore indicate that such surface films may serve as models for the study of drug and ion effects.
Nervous Pathways of Cutaneous Pains
Authors: Piéron H.
Published: October 2006

In discussing the reality of a peripheral duality of pain-afferent systems, which she attributes to an artifact, M. H. Jones rejects as valueless data concerning differences in the velocity of conduction of nerve impulses as determined by reaction times. Yet precise data tend to show the reality of these differences in velocity.
Autoradiographic Study of Uptake of Tritiated Glycine, Thymidine, and Uridine by Fruit Fly Ovaries
Authors: King R. C. , Burnett R. G.
Published: October 2006

Synthesis of DNA occurs in the nurse cell nuclei of
Drosophila melanogaster
in an asynchronous manner, whereas synthesis of RNA occurs in all these nuclei simultaneously. Synthesized RNA is concentrated in the plasmosomes; subsequently nuclear RNA enters the cytoplasm of the nurse cell and eventually the oöplasm. Protein synthesis occurs in the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm of all the cells in the egg chamber.
Delayed Hypersensitivity in Mice: Its Detection by Skin Tests and Its Passive Transfer
Authors: Crowle Alfred J.
Published: October 2006

Mice vaccinated intraperitoneally with a water-in-oil emulsion containing ovalbumin and avirulent tubercle bacilli developed strong immediate and delayed hypersensitivities, demonstrable by intracutaneous injection, to the ovalbumin. The two types of hypersensitivity could be differentiated by gross characteristics as well as by passive-transfer experiments with cells and serum from actively sensitized donors.
Carrier State in Human Acatalasemia
Authors: Nishimura Edwin T. , Hamilton Howard B. , Kobara Thomas Y. , Takahara Shigeo , Ogura Yoshio , Doi Katsusaburo
Published: October 2006

The heterozygous carrier state of a rare hereditary disease, acatalasemia, has been defined biochemically. Affected homozygotes have no blood catalase activity, whereas heterozygotes show activities intermediate between this inactivity and the activity of normal controls, without overlap. Pedigrees show a high frequency of consanguineous marriages.
Alpha-Keto Acids in Vitamin-Free Casein Hydrolyzates (Acid)
Authors: MacLeod Patricia , Morgan M. E.
Published: October 2006

α-Ketoglutaric and pyruvic acids were isolated as their 2-4-dinitrophenylhydrazones from five different commercial samples of vitamin-free acid hydrolyzates of casein. In addition, one sample yielded traces of α-ketobutyric acid. The hydrazones were converted by hydrogenation to glutamic acid, alanine, and α-aminobutyric acid and identified by paper chromatography.
Paleolithic Paint
Authors: Judson Sheldon
Published: October 2006

Discovery of hematite and kaolinite in excavations of late paleolithic occupation sites at Les Eyzies (Dordogne), France, raises anew the question of the nature of the paint used by paleolithic people. Hematite as a pigment source is widely documented, but the presence of kaolinite imported into prehistoric sites poses problems. The suggestion is made that white clay might have been used as an "extender pigment" to mix with colors such as that derived from hematite.
Effect of Strontium Replacement for Calcium on Production of Motile Cells in
Protosiphon
Authors: O'Kelley Joseph C. , Herndon Walter R.
Published: October 2006

Protosiphon botryoides
Klebs grows without evident zoosporogenesis in inorganic media in which strontium is substituted for calcium. Growth is 50 to 90 percent of that obtained with calcium; when sodium is substituted for calcium, there is no appreciable growth. Motility was observed at or above CaCl
2
⋅ 2H
2
O levels of 5 mg/lit., with or without strontium.
Production of Large Amounts of Plant Tissue by Submerged Culture
Authors: Tulecke Walter , Nickell Louis G.
Published: October 2006

The growth rate of plant tissue cultures is substantially increased through the use of a large-volume carboy system. Aeration is considered to be the most important factor. With this system, yields of a pound or more of tissue can be obtained within 2 weeks.
Sterile-Male Method of Population Control
Authors: Knipling E. F.
Published: October 2006

The principle of animal population control through the use of sexually sterile males has been demonstrated for insects. Sexually sterile males that retain their sexual vigor and behavior will exert greater influence in regulating animal populations than can be achieved by destroying or removing the same number of individuals from the population. This hypothesis is supported by calculations showing theoretical population trends in assumed insect and animal populations subjected to treatments that destroy or eliminate certain percentages of the individuals as compared with a procedure that retains or replaces the same number of males in the population after sterilization. The maximum regulating effect that can be achieved is in direct proportion to the ratio of sterile to fertile males competing for mates.

The advantages of inducing sexual sterility in a natural population of an insect species by chemical or other treatment over the method of rearing and releasing a dominating population of sterile males are considered. It is suggested that the sterile-male method may have practical application for undesirable populations of certain wild animals as well as for insects.
Experimental Evidence in Support of the Dormant Tumor Cell
Authors: Fisher Bernard , Fisher Edwin R.
Published: October 2006

When rats were injected intraportally with as few as 50 Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells and then examined 5 months later for hepatic tumor growth, none was evident. If, however, 3 months after injection the rats were subjected to repeated laparotomy and liver examination at 7-day intervals, 100 percent had a tumor within a few weeks.
Vitamin-A Content of the Frog Eye during Light and Dark Adaptation
Authors: Hubbard Ruth , Colman Arthur D.
Published: October 2006

Rhodopsin is synthesized from 11-
cis
retinene (vitamin A aldehyde), but releases all-
trans
retinene when bleached by light. In the frog, both isomers of vitamin A are stored in the eye. Total ocular vitamin A, including that bound as retinene in rhodopsin, remains constant during light and dark adaptation. Stores of 11-
cis
vitamin A, however, diminish in the light and are replenished in darkness.
Dissipation of Planetary Atmospheres
Authors: Firsoff V. A.
Published: October 2006

Escape-level density is approximately inversely proportional to gravity and with decreasing mass will tend toward that of interplanetary gas. When this value is reached, dissipation must cease. The minimum possible ground density of lunar air is calculated to be 10
–12
that of the air at normal temperature and pressure. Ionization creates a binding electrostatic charge at the escape level.
Growth Inhibitor in Immature Soybean Seeds and 2,4-D-Sprayed Soybean Seedlings
Authors: Key Joe L. , Galitz Donald S.
Published: October 2006

A naturally occurring inhibitor of seed germination has been isolated by ion-exchange chromatography from soybean seeds and seedlings. The inhibitor was present in large amounts in immature seeds and in seedlings sprayed with 2,4-D. The inhibitor acted as an "uncoupler" when applied to soybean root tips or mitochondria.
Mosses as Possible Sources of Antibiotics
Authors: McCleary James A. , Sypherd Paul S. , Walkington David L.
Published: October 2006

An examination of 12 species of mosses has indicated that three produce substances capable of inhibiting the growth of various bacteria and other fungi. The method of extraction included several solvents. The extracts were not consistent in their antagonistic activity against the various species of microorganisms, nor were those that displayed antibiotic action always effective against the same organisms. Results indicate unstable products as well as physiological variation in the mosses.
Sequential Effects of Punishment
Authors: Azrin Nathan H.
Published: October 2006

Punishment is found to produce a large reduction in reinforced responses when it is initially introduced. Continued exposure to punishment, however, results in substantial recovery within each hour of exposure as well as from day to day. A compensatory increase in responding occurs after the removal of punishment, even after the punishment has ceased to be effective.
Gene Flow and Divergence under Disruptive Selection
Authors: Millicent E. , Thoday J. M.
Published: October 2006

Two halves of a population exposed to selection in opposing directions can diverge despite gene flow of the same amount as is given by random mating. Divergence was as great as it is with complete isolation. Isolation, therefore, is not a prerequisite of divergence under divergent selection pressures.
Disulfide Interchange by Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Cavallini D. , Mondovi B. , Giovanella B. , De Marco C.
Published: October 2006

The irradiation of a solution of two symmetric disulfides produces detectable amounts of the nonsymmetric mixed disulfide. The effect is abolished by the addition of ethylmaleimide. The finding indicates that radiation causes a disulfide opening and recombining process which may be of radiobiological interest.
Stimulation of Frontal Cortex and Delayed Alternation Performance in the Monkey
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence , Mihailović Ljubodrag , Gross Charles G.
Published: October 2006

Unilateral or bilateral stimulation of the region surrounding the sulcus principalis of the cortex of the monkey interferes with delayed alternation performance. It is without effect on auditory discrimination performance. Bilateral stimulation is more disrupting than unilateral stimulation. The impairment is limited in time to the period of stimulation and is fully reversible.
Glacial Retreat in the North Bay Area, Ontario
Authors: Terasmae J. , Hughes Owen L.
Published: October 2006

Geological and palynological studies in Ontario and Quebec, supported by radiocarbon dates, suggest that the opening of the North Bay outlet and the initiation of the Stanley-Chippewa stages in the Huron and Michigan basins took place 10,000 to 11,000 years ago.
Sulfur Dioxide Sensitized Photochemical Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
Authors: Johnston Harold S. , dev Jain Kapil
Published: October 2006

Near-ultraviolet sunlight is absorbed by sulfur dioxide to produce electronically excited molecules, which react with
n
-butane in the presence of wet or dry air to produce an aerosol and eventually a liquid precipitate. The product is a heavily oxidized, sulfur-containing, organic strong acid. The possible role of these reactions in photochemical air pollution is discussed.
Selection of Food by Size in the Chimpanzee, and Comparison with Human Judgments
Authors: Menzel Emil W.
Published: October 2006

Adult chimpanzees, given access to an array of pieces of banana, select the pieces in order of size, larger pieces being taken first. Selection is mediated by perceived sizes, and the responses correspond closely to human visual judgment of size.
Movement of Radiosodium in a Chemically Stratified Lake
Authors: Likens Gene E. , Hasler Arthur D.
Published: October 2006

The rapid horizontal dispersal of sodium-24 at an average rate of about 18 m/day has been observed near the bottom of a small thermally and chemically stratified lake. However, no appreciable vertical movement of the radioactivity was observed during a period of 6 days.
Cytochrome b
558
: the Flavin-Binding Component of the Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase
Authors: Rotrosen Daniel , Yeung Choh L. , Leto Thomas L. , Malech Harry L. , Kwong Cheung H.
Published: October 2006

The phagocyte respiratory burst oxidase is a flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent dehydrogenase and an electron transferase that reduces molecular oxygen to superoxide anion, a precursor of microbicidal oxidants. Several proteins required for assembly of the oxidase have been characterized, but the identity of its flavin-binding component has been unclear. Oxidase activity was reconstituted in vitro with only the purified oxidase proteins p47
phox
, p67
phox
, Rac-related guanine nucleotide (GTP)-binding proteins, and membrane-bound cytochrome b
558
. The reconstituted oxidase required added FAD, and FAD binding was localized to cytochrome b
558
. Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the β subunit of cytochrome b
558
(gp91
phox
) with other flavoproteins revealed similarities to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) (NADPH)-binding domains. Thus flavocytochrome b
558
is the only obligate electron transporting component of the NADPH oxidase.
Lethal Effect of Visible Light on Cavernicolous Ostracods
Authors: Maguire Bassett
Published: October 2006

Light intensities of the order of 1/20th that of normal sunlight are sufficient to kill ostracods from two different caves. Loss of physiological protection against light has probably occurred through the same mechanism which has resulted in the much better known loss of morphological characters in cave animals.
Eating or Drinking Elicited by Direct Adrenergic or Cholinergic Stimulation of Hypothalamus
Authors: Grossman S. P.
Published: October 2006

A double cannula system, allowing repeated stimulation of central structures with crystalline chemicals, was developed. This technique was employed to study the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus of rats. Drug-specific effects on the feeding and drinking mechanisms, respectively, were observed.
Influence of Uterine Site on Occurrence of Spontaneous Cleft Lip in Mice
Authors: Trasler Daphne G.
Published: October 2006

It has been found that within the A/Jax strain, embryos in the uterine site nearest the ovary develop cleft lip (with or without cleft palate) significantly more often than embryos in other positions in the uterus.
Interocular Transfer of Brightness Discrimination in "Split-Brain" Cats
Authors: Meikle Thomas H. , Sechzer Jeri A.
Published: October 2006

"Split-brain" cats with midsagittal section of the optic chiasm and the corpus callosum are able to transfer interocularly a simple brightness discrimination although they are unable to transfer a pattern discrimination. This strongly suggests that the interocular transfer of a simple brightness discrimination is mediated subcallosally.
Village Solidarity among Turkish Peasants Undergoing Urbanization
Authors: Suzuki Peter
Published: October 2006

A group of Anatolian peasants under study are making a smooth adjustment to urban life. This is attributed to a feeling of village solidarity, which is even maintained in the greater Istanbul area. It is questionable whether this phenomenon in underdeveloped countries is detrimental to socioeconomic development, as is generally believed to be the case.
Chromatographic Comparison of Scorpion Venoms
Authors: Johnson Roy M. , Stahnke Herbert L.
Published: October 2006

The venom of seven species of scorpions was subjected to two-dimensional chromatographic analysis. Six major components were defined and tentatively correlated with the physiological activity of the venoms.
Couplet Periodic Breathing Response to High Carbon Dioxide and High and Low Oxygen
Authors: Schopp Robert T.
Published: October 2006

A breathing pattern is described which is characterized by a grouping of two breaths followed by a prolonged apnea and which may involve a mechanism different from at least one type of Cheyne-Stokes breathing. The pattern can be eliminated by breathing 9 percent O
2
or 10 percent CO
2
. However, the pattern frequently persists during breathing of high oxygen.
Continuous Elemental Analysis of Organic Compounds in Gas-Chromatographic Effluents
Authors: Cacace Fulvio , Cipollini Romano , Perez Giorgio
Published: October 2006

The compounds emerging from the gas-chromatographic column are quantitatively converted to a mixture of CO
2
and H
2
. These gases are separated by means of an auxiliary column. The ratio of C and H atoms of each substance is deduced from the areas of carbon dioxide and hydrogen peaks.
Nerve-End Recording in Conducting Volume
Authors: Easton Dexter M.
Published: October 2006

When the end of a freshly cut nerve is drawn into a tube by means of a hydraulic device that serves as a holder and as an electrode, monophasic positive records of action potentials are recorded. A trailing positive phase develops, with time, after the cut. After-potentials can also be recorded by this method.
Estimate of the Human Load of Mutations from Heterogeneous Consanguineous Samples
Authors: Freire-Maia N. , Freire-Maia A.
Published: October 2006

A formula is presented for the calculation of the mean number of lethal and abnormal equivalents per person. It has been applied to Brazilian, French, and Japanese data.
n
-Tridecane and trans-2-Heptenal in Scent Gland of the Rice Stink Bug
Oebalus pugnax
(F.)
Authors: Blum Murray S. , Traynham James G. , Chidester Julius B. , Boggus J. Donald
Published: October 2006

The scent-gland secretion of the rice stink bug
Oebalus pugnax
(F.) is composed of a liquid two-phase system. The saturated hydrocarbon
n
-tridecane accounts for 60 percent of the secretion. In the other phase, the major organoleptic compound is the
trans
form of 2-heptenal.
Calorimetry Group Adopts Revised Resolution on Data Publication
Authors: McCullough John P. , Westrum Edgar F. , Evans William H.
Published: October 2006

In 1953 the eighth Calorimetry Conference adopted a resolution outlining minimum publication standards for the guidance of authors, editors, and referees of calorimetric papers. Because this resolution has helped improve the quality of such papers, the 14th conference (1959) authorized the preparation of a revised resolution on publication that would be more consistent with the expanded scope of the conference and the present state of calorimetric science. The revised and expanded resolution that follows, "Resolution on Publication of Calorimetric and Thermodynamic Data," was adopted by the 15th conference at Gatlinburg, Tenn., 7-10 September 1960.
Light and Electron Microscope Study of Cell Walls of Brown and Red Algae
Authors: Dawes Clinton J. , Scott Flora Murray , Bowler Edwin
Published: October 2006

A survey of the structure of the cell walls of green, brown, and red algae, as seen under light and electron microscopes is in progress. In this report a comparison of the cell wall structure of a brown alga,
Dictyota flabellata
, and a red alga,
Helminthocladia californica
, is presented. In
Dictyota
, typical of the brown algae, the microfibrillar pattern in the apical cells and in the adjacent cells of the thallus tip is reticulate. In mature cells the microfibrils are dominantly parallel in orientation. Pits, fields of closely set pores, are distinctive. The microfibrils in the pit areas are masked by nonfibrillar material.
Helminthocladia
, with a cell wall characteristic of the red algae, differs from
Dictyota
in that the microfibrillar pattern is reticulate throughout the thallus. In the pit areas the microfibrils are not masked by amorphous material.
Natural Lead-210 Content of Man
Authors: Hursh John B.
Published: October 2006

The natural Pb
210
content of ash samples from 18 cadavers has been measured, and an average in vivo content of 0.015 picocurie per gram of wet bone is estimated. The contribution of Pb
210
to the radioactive dose from natural sources is about one-fifth that from internally deposited Ra
226
and its daughters.
Evidence That Retinal Flicker Is Not a Necessary Condition of Imprinting
Authors: Gray Philip Howard
Published: October 2006

Thirty-six chicks were exposed to motionless geometric objects during the third, fourth, and fifth days of life to test the contention that retinal flicker is an irreducible condition of imprinting. The results indicated that the only necessary condition for a positive effect is that the model should be prominently displayed in the animal's visual environment.
Ribonuclease of
Euglena gracilis
Authors: Fellig J. , Wiley Christine E.
Published: October 2006

An enzyme in extracts of
Euglena gracilis
splits both purine and pyrimidine internucleotide bonds of ribonucleic acid. Its
p
H optimum is at 4.5; it is very heat-labile and is rather insensitive to inhibition by metal ions or sulfhydryl group reagents. A partial purification of the enzyme is described.
Temperature and Charge Transfer in a Receptor Membrane
Authors: Ishiko Nobusada , Loewenstein Werner R.
Published: October 2006

The rate of rise and the amplitude of a mechanically elicited generator potential in a receptor membrane (Pacinian corpuscle) increases markedly with temperature. By contrast, the amplitude of the action potential of the Ranvier node adjacent to the receptor membrane remains practically unchanged over a wide range of temperature. The activation energy of the rate-limiting process in excitation of the receptor membrane is high; it indicates the existence of a high potential energy barrier for charge transfer.
An Inherited Male-Producing Factor in
Aedes aegypti
Authors: Craig G. B. , Hickey W. A. , VandeHey R. C.
Published: October 2006

An inherited factor causes a predominance of males in certain strains and in progeny of single pairs of
Aedes aegypti
L. This factor appears to be transmitted only by males and is not due to differential mortality, at least in postgametic stages. Mass release of male-producing males might be used in control operations.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Young Alligator Serum
Authors: Baril Earl F. , Palmer Jerry L. , Bartel Allen H.
Published: October 2006

Serum from 30 young alligators was examined by free boundary, starch block, and cellulose acetate strip electrophoresis. The patterns obtained showed that the alligator serum proteins differ significantly from those of other chordates in that an α-globulin is the major component. The average ratio of α-globulin to albumin in the serum is 3.4. In this respect it resembles serum of human beings with renal disease in which the α-globulin ratio to albumin ratio reaches 3.0.
Relation between the Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry of Bone Mineralization
Authors: McConnell Duncan , Frajola Walter J. , Deamer David W.
Published: October 2006

In vitro experiments with saliva resulted in precipitation of a mineral substance (dahllite or carbonate hydroxyapatite) which is comparable in composition and crystal structure to oral calculus. Similar mineral substances were produced from synthetic solutions containing sodium phosphate and calcium chloride (in addition to a buffer) in the presence of carbonic anhydrase and available carbon dioxide. It is concluded that the carbonate ion is essential to precipitation of bone mineral and that the principal biochemical catalyst in vivo is carbonic anhydrase. Bacteria are not essential to the precipitation, but they probably play a secondary role in connection with the formation of oral calculus, urinary calculus, and so forth.
Fossil and Living Conchostracan Distribution in Kansas-Oklahoma across a 200-Millon-Year Time Gap
Authors: Tasch Paul , Zimmerman James R.
Published: October 2006

Fifty-nine of 493 ponds sampled in the Wellington fossil conchostracan belt contained
Cyzicus mexicanus
(Claus). Persistent habitat preference and faunal association were also found for four orders of insects (Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Neuroptera, and Homoptera). Comparative limnology is detailed. Greater geographic fractionation of Permian conchostracan gene-pools is attributed to a more arid climate indicated by evaporites.
Interaction of Chromatid Breaks Produced by X-rays and Radiomimetic Compounds
Authors: Merz Timothy , Swanson C. P. , Cohn Norman S.
Published: October 2006

The results of combination treatments of the roots of
Vicia faba
with certain radiomimetic compounds (8-ethoxycaffeine, maleic hydrazide, β-propiolactone, potassium cyanide) and x-ray as well as combination treatments of certain radiomimetic compounds with one another were observed to determine whether interaction will occur between chromosomal breaks induced by different agents. Interaction was observed between breaks induced by x-rays and all of the breaks induced by chemicals but not between breaks induced by any two chemicals. The results are discussed in terms of possible breakage bond differences and the effects of temporal and spatial differences in breaks induced by different agents.
Group and Phase Velocities for Rayleigh Waves of Period Greater than 380 Seconds
Authors: Brune James , Ewing Maurice , Kuo John
Published: October 2006

Recent theoretical and experimental investigations of the periods of free spheroidal oscillation of the earth have shown good agreement. These data are used to determine group and phase velocities for Rayleigh waves of period greater than 380 seconds. The velocities so obtained are compared with those determined from analysis of progressive waves. It is concluded that group and phase velocities determined by either of the two methods are in agreement.
Pressure Sensitivity of an Amphipod
Authors: Enright J. T.
Published: October 2006

The responses of an intertidal amphipod indicate an ability to perceive rapid pressure changes of less than 0.01 atm. The interaction of rate of change of pressure and total difference in pressure implies a rapid accommodation as well as a threshold. Evidence suggests that the sensory mechanism may not involve compressibility of a gas.
Spinal Reflexes and Seizure Patterns in the Two-Toed Sloth
Authors: Esplin Don W. , Woodbury Dixon M.
Published: October 2006

In striking contrast to the seizure patterns of other animals, the electroshock seizure of the sloth consists of weak extension followed by tonic flexion and terminal clonus. A similar pattern is seen with direct spinal cord stimulation. Strychnine produces a pure flexor convulsion. In the spinal sloth, painful stimulation of one foot causes extension at some joints of that limb and strong flexion at all joints of the contralateral limb.
Purification of Antibody to Galactosyl-Protein Conjugates
Authors: Bassett E. W. , Beiser S. M. , Tanenbaum S. W.
Published: October 2006

A rapid procedure for purification of rabbit antibody to β-D-galacto-sylphenylazo-bovine serum albumin is described. Antibody was precipitated with a heterologous antigen and was then dissociated from the precipitated complex with hapten. The antigen was partially removed by
p
H adjustment, and antibody was separated from residual antigen and from hapten by partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25. The antibody, obtained in 50 to 55 percent over-all yield, was 96 percent reactive with homologous antigen. It appeared to consist, of 95 percent of a single component, based upon physicochemical measurements.
Compositional Categories of Ancient Glass
Authors: Sayre E. V. , Smith R. W.
Published: October 2006

From chemical analyses of ancient glasses found in Europe, Western Asia, and Africa from roughly the 15th century B.C. until the 12th century A.D., five main compositional categories have become apparent. With the possible exception of lead glasses which are only occasionally encountered in finds from this period, each of the main categories was prevalent over a wide geographic area for a period of at least several centuries. The categories are described in terms of the expected ranges of concentrations of the five elements, magnesium, potassium, manganese, antimony, and lead, which most clearly differentiate the groups.
Indole-like Urinary Stress Reactant in Man
Authors: Mandell Arnold J. , Slater Grant G. , Mersol Irene
Published: October 2006

Paper chromatograms on extracts from serial 6-hr urine samples from humans of both sexes on indole-controlled diets revealed either the appearance of or marked increment in "spot 32" after ACTH gel injections. This corresponds in time and duration with the rise in 17-hydroxycorticoid excretion. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 28 other urinary indoles failed to show this rise predictably.
Crystal Structure of a Complex Between Electron Transfer Partners, Cytochrome c Peroxidase and Cytochrome c
Authors: Pelletier Huguette , Kraut Joseph
Published: October 2006

The crystal structure of a 1:1 complex between yeast cytochrome c peroxidase and yeast iso-1-cytochrome c was determined at 2.3 Å resolution. This structure reveals a possible electron transfer pathway unlike any previously proposed for this extensively studied redox pair. The shortest straight line between the two hemes closely follows the peroxidase backbone chain of residues Ala
194
, Ala
193
, Gly
192
, and finally Trp
191
, the indole ring of which is perpendicular to, and in van der Waals contact with, the peroxidase heme. The crystal structure at 2.8 Å of a complex between yeast cytochrome c peroxidase and horse heart cytochrome c was also determined. Although crystals of the two complexes (one with cytochrome c from yeast and the other with cytochrome c from horse) grew under very different conditions and belong to different space groups, the two complex structures are closely similar, suggesting that cytochrome c interacts with its redox partners in a highly specific manner.
A New Thiamine Derivative, S-Benzoylthiamine O-Monophosphate
Authors: Wada Tadao , Takagi Hiromu , Minakami Haruhiko , Hamanaka Wataru , Okamoto Koichi , Ito Akira , Sahashi Yoshiro
Published: October 2006

S-Benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate has been synthesized, and its physicochemical and biological properties have been investigated. It is a stable crystalline substance, it exerts thiamine activity approximately equivalent to that of thiamine hydrochloride in thiamine-requiring microorganisms, and it is easily absorbed in organisms, particularly by oral administration.
Enzymatic Formation of Psychotomimetic Metabolites from Normally Occurring Compounds
Authors: Axelrod Julius
Published: October 2006

An enzyme has been found that N-methylates serotonin and tryptamine to psychotomimetic metabolites, bufotenine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine. This enzyme is highly localized in the rabbit lung and also N-methylates phenylethylamine derivatives such as tyramine, phenylethylamine, mescaline, and dopamine.
Single Unit Activity of Anterior Hypothalamus during Local Heating
Authors: Nakayama Teruo , Eisenman Joseph S. , Hardy James D.
Published: October 2006

There are heat-sensitive units in the anterior hypothalamus which respond with an increase of discharge frequency to a rise in hypothalamic temperature of less than 1°C. The increase of unit discharge occurred in advance of the onset of polypnea, and the unit has little phasic response or after discharge, and shows little adaptation.
Tonus of Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles during Sleep and Dreaming
Authors: Berger Ralph J.
Published: October 2006

The tonus of extrinsic laryngeal muscles was studied in sleeping humans by means of electromyograms. A striking decrease in the muscle tonus was observed at the onset of each phase of electroencephalographic light sleep, rapid eye movements, and dreaming.
Preliminary Method for Estimating Stability in Plankton
Authors: Patten B. C.
Published: October 2006

The stability of plankton in the York River, Virginia, during the summer of 1960 is computed by a derived empirical stability measure. The communities were indicated to have considerable homeostasis, being over five times more stable than the physical biotope.
Biochemistry of Aging
Authors: Sinex F. Marott
Published: October 2006

It should be apparent that while no one really understands all the fundamental mechanisms underlying the aging process, progress is being made, and theories are being advanced which may be tested in the laboratory.
Cerebral Dysfunction and Intellectual Impairment in Old Age
Authors: Misiak Henryk , Loranger Armand W.
Published: October 2006

There is a marked decline in some intellectual abilities in old age. It is frequently hypothesized that impaired cerebral physiology accounts for some of this deficit. In old age the critical flicker frequency, a measure sensitive to cerebral dysfunction, is correlated with aging intellectual abilities. This is interpreted as evidence supporting the above hypothesis.
Localized Cooling in the Brain
Authors: Mark Vernon H. , Chato John C. , Eastman Forest G. , Aronow Saul , Ervin Frank R.
Published: October 2006

A slender refrigeration probe for the production of reversible discrete lesions within the central nervous system of man and experimental animals is described. Cooling, in the region of the third nerve nucleus in cats, produced pupillary dilatation which was quickly reversed when the temperature around the third nerve nucleus returned to normal.
Competitive Exclusion
Authors: Patten Bernard C.
Published: October 2006

Two species,
A
and
B
, interact when their niches α and β intersect in space and time. The composite element
AB
may be either more, less, or equally effective in regulation. It is suggested that the first condition exists when the overlap between α and β is small; this leads, on a large scale, to complex biocenotic phenomena in which components of a tremendously diversified biota may coexist. The coupling
AB
is likely, on the other hand, to be antagonistic to optimization of regulation by the whole community; in this case, it is postulated, one of the components (the less effective regulator acting alone) is purged. This is competitive exclusion, and it develops when α and β intersect greatly. Between these extremes of cooperation and competition lies an area of niche intersection in which
AB
is not much better or worse than
A
or
B
alone. This case gives rise to passive coexistence of
A
and
B
. These are the extremes; even a cursory consideration of the permutational possibilities for niche intersection gives an immediate concept of the overwhelming variety of possible interspecific interactions and a glimpse of the dangers inherent in overemphasizing a single aspect. It is therefore advocated that the principle of competitive exclusion be regarded as only a small segment of a broad class of interspecific phenomena.
Presence of Toxic Factors in Urine from Schizophrenic Subjects
Authors: Fujita Shigeo , Ging Nelson S.
Published: October 2006

Mice injected intraventricularly with toxic substances extracted from urine exhibited differential behavioral changes of novel character. Extracts from schizophrenics showed significantly more toxicity than those from nonschizophrenics. Further purification by a chromatographic procedure indicated that at least two currently unidentified active components are present.
Thalamic Reticular System and Cortical Arousal
Authors: Schlag J. D. , Chaillet F. , Herzet J.-P.
Published: October 2006

By electrocoagulation of the thalamic posterior commissure, the electroencephalographic arousal by high frequency stimulation of the thalamic unspecific nuclei was prevented, whereas the synchronizing influence on the cerebral cortex remained intact. On this ground, the role of the "thalamic reticular system" in the control of the cerebral rhythms is discussed.