bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unraveling Property‐Performance Relationships by Surface Tailoring of Oxidation Catalysts via ALD
Authors: Knemeyer Kristian , Epping Jan Dirk , Rüther Frederik , Schulz Christian , Frank Benjamin , Müller Philipp , d'Alnoncourt Raoul Naumann , Driess Matthias , Rosowski Frank
Published: August 2021

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of POx on V2O5 powder was applied as a tool to tailor active and selective sites of a bulk catalyst. ALD leads to homogeneous P deposition on the V2O5 surface with linear increase of P content with each ALD cycle. The catalyst performance was evaluated and correlated to structural motifs identified by detailed characterization methods. The catalytic conversion of butane to maleic anhydride (MAN) was chosen as proof‐of‐concept reaction. The selectivity towards MAN increases with ALD cycle number from 1–3 ALD cycles and remains constant at higher ALD cycles. Restructuring of the catalyst surface is induced by steam during reaction conditions at elevated temperatures. Excessive P is migrating away from the catalyst surface to form various VOPO4 polymorphs revealing partially but homogeneously covered V2O5 by P. The formed VOPO4 species barely contribute to the yield to MAN. Solid‐state 31P‐NMR was used to identify fingerprints relevant for selectivity and activity. This work shows that synthesizing model catalysts by atomic layer deposition combined with detailed analytics can reveal property‐performance relationships.
Platinum Indolylphosphine Fluorido and Polyfluorido Complexes: An Interplay between Cyclometallation, Fluoride Migration, and Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Sander Stefan , Müller Robert , Ahrens Mike , Kaupp Martin , Braun Thomas
Published: August 2021

The reaction of [PtCl2(COD)] (COD=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) with diisopropyl‐2‐(3‐methyl)indolylphosphine (iPr2P(C9H8N)) led to the formation of the platinum(ii) chlorido complexes, cis‐[PtCl2{iPr2P(C9H8N)}2] (1) and trans‐[PtCl2{iPr2P(C9H8N)}2] (2). The cis‐complex 1 reacted with NEt3 yielding the complex cis‐[PtCl{κ2‐(P,N)‐iPr2P(C9H7N)}{iPr2P(C9H8N)}] (3) bearing a cyclometalated κ2‐(P,N)‐phosphine ligand, while the isomer 2 with a trans‐configuration did not show any reactivity towards NEt3. Treatment of 1 or 3 with (CH3)4NF (TMAF) resulted in the formation of the twofold cyclometalated complex cis‐[Pt{κ2‐(P,N)‐iPr2P(C9H7N)}2] (4). The molecular structures of the complexes 1–4 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The fluorido complex cis‐[PtF{κ2‐(P,N)‐iPr2P(C9H7N)}{iPr2P(C9H8N)}] ⋅ (HF)4 (5 ⋅ (HF)4) was formed when complex 4 was treated with different hydrogen fluoride sources. The Pt(ii) fluorido complex 5 ⋅ (HF)4 exhibits intramolecular hydrogen bonding in its outer coordination sphere between the fluorido ligand and the NH group of the 3‐methylindolyl moiety. In contrast to its chlorido analogue 3, complex 5 ⋅ (HF)4 reacted with CO or the ynamide 1‐(2‐phenylethynyl)‐2‐pyrrolidinone to yield the complexes trans‐[Pt(CO){κ2‐(P,C)‐iPr2P(C9H7NCO)}{iPr2P(C9H8N)}][F(HF)4] (7) and a complex, which we suggest to be cis‐[Pt{C=C(Ph)OCN(C3H6)}{κ2‐(P,N)‐iPr2P(C9H7N)}{iPr2P(C9H8N)}][F(HF)4] (9), respectively. The structure of 9 was assigned on the basis of DFT calculations as well as NMR and IR data. Hydrogen bonding of HF and NH to fluoride was proven to be crucial for the existence of 7 and 9.
Technical and basic terms in chemistry school books
Authors: Voß Tobias , Wagner Walter
Published: August 2021

„Fachbegriff“ und „Grundbegriff“ sind spärlich definiert, spielen aber im Lern‐ und Prüfgeschehen eine bedeutende Rolle. Schulbüchern kommt diesbezüglich eine Vorbildfunktion zu. In einer Schulbuchreihe für Jgst. 8–10 wurden zunächst quantitativ Fachbegriffe gezählt und in Kategorien eingeteilt. Dies ergab nach Bereinigung von Mehrfachnennungen über 7700 Fachbegriffe. Danach wurde auf Grund einer Two‐Step‐Clusteranalyse nach Häufigkeit der Nennung und Vernetzung sowie nach Experten‐Rating ein Minimum von 108 Grundbegriffen formuliert, ohne die der Chemieunterricht nicht auskommt. Durch Vergleich dreier Schulbücher und den Einbezug von 9 Experten‐Rankings konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Ausweisen von Grundbegriffen in hohem Maß ein subjektiver Prozess ist. Deswegen wären normative Bemühungen aller Instanzen des Chemieunterrichts sehr sinnvoll.
AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Foils as Thin Anodes for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Maddegalla Ananya , Mukherjee Ayan , Blázquez J. Alberto , Azaceta Eneko , Leonet Olatz , Mainar Aroa R. , Kovalevsky Aleksey , Sharon Daniel , Martin Jean‐Frédéric , Sotta Dane , Ein‐Eli Yair , Aurbach Doron , Noked Malachi
Published: August 2021

In recent decades, rechargeable Mg batteries (RMBs) technologies have attracted much attention because the use of thin Mg foil anodes may enable development of high‐energy‐density batteries. One of the most critical challenges for RMBs is finding suitable electrolyte solutions that enable efficient and reversible Mg cells operation. Most RMB studies concentrate on the development of novel electrolyte systems, while only few studies have focused on the practical feasibility of using pure metallic Mg as the anode material. Pure Mg metal anodes have been demonstrated to be useful in studying the fundamentals of nonaqueous Mg electrochemistry. However, pure Mg metal may not be suitable for mass production of ultrathin foils (<100 microns) due to its limited ductility. The metals industry overcomes this problem by using ductile Mg alloys. Herein, the feasibility of processing ultrathin Mg anodes in electrochemical cells was demonstrated by using AZ31 Mg alloys (3 % Al; 1 % Zn). Thin‐film Mg AZ31 anodes presented reversible Mg dissolution and deposition behavior in complex ethereal Mg electrolytes solutions that was comparable to that of pure Mg foils. Moreover, it was demonstrated that secondary Mg battery prototypes comprising ultrathin AZ31 Mg alloy anodes (≈25 μm thick) and MgxMo6S8 Chevrel‐phase cathodes exhibited cycling performance equal to that of similar cells containing thicker pure Mg foil anodes. The possibility of using ultrathin processable Mg metal anodes is an important step in the realization of rechargeable Mg batteries.
Regional amyloid accumulation predicts memory decline in initially cognitively unimpaired individuals
Authors: Collij Lyduine E. , Mastenbroek Sophie E. , Salvadó Gemma , Wink Alle Meije , Visser Pieter Jelle , Barkhof Frederik , van Berckel Bart. N.M. , Lopes Alves Isadora
Published: August 2021

Introduction

The value of quantitative longitudinal and regional amyloid beta (Aβ) measurements in predicting cognitive decline in initially cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals remains to be determined.

Methods

We selected 133 CU individuals with two or more [11C]Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]PiB) scans and neuropsychological data from Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS‐3). Baseline and annualized distribution volume ratios were computed for a global composite and four regional clusters. The predictive value of Aβ measurements (baseline, slope, and interaction) on longitudinal cognitive performance was examined.

Results

Global performance could only be predicted by Aβ burden in an early cluster (precuneus, lateral orbitofrontal, and insula) and the precuneus region of interest (ROI) by itself significantly improved the model. Precuneal Aβ burden was also predictive of immediate and delayed episodic memory performance. In Aβ subjects at baseline (N = 93), lateral orbitofrontal Aβ burden predicted working and semantic memory performance.

Discussion

Quantifying longitudinal and regional changes in Aβ can improve the prediction of cognitive functioning in initially CU individuals.
Leech removal is not the primary driver of basking behavior in a freshwater turtle
Authors: McKnight Donald T. , Wirth Wytamma , Schwarzkopf Lin , Nordberg Eric J.
Published: August 2021

Leaving the water to bask (usually in the sun) is a common behavior for many freshwater turtles, with some species also engaging in “nocturnal basking.” Ectoparasite removal is an obvious hypothesis to explain nocturnal basking and has also been proposed as a key driver of diurnal basking. However, the efficacy of basking, day or night, to remove leeches has not been experimentally tested. Therefore, we examined the number of leeches that were removed from Krefft's river turtles (Emydura macquarii krefftii) after experimentally making turtles bask at a range of times of day, durations, and temperatures. Turtles had high initial leech loads, with a mean of 32.1 leeches per turtle. Diurnal basking under a heat lamp for 3 hr at ~28°C significantly reduced numbers of leeches relative to controls. In diurnal trials, 90.9% of turtles lost leeches (mean loss of 7.1 leeches per turtle), whereas basking for 30 min under the same conditions was not effective (no turtles lost leeches, and all turtles were still visibly wet). Similarly, “nocturnal basking” at ~23°C for 3 hr was not effective at removing leeches. Only 18% of turtles lost leeches (one turtle lost one leech and another lost four leeches). Diurnal basking outdoors under direct sunlight for 20 min (mean temp = 34.5°C) resulted in a small reduction in leeches, with 50% of turtles losing leeches and an average loss of 0.7 leeches per turtle. These results indicate basking can remove leeches if temperatures are high or basking durations are long. However, it was only effective at unusually long basking durations in this system. Our data showed even the 20‐min period was longer than 70.1% of natural diurnal basking events, many of which took place at cooler temperatures. Therefore, leech removal does not appear to be the purpose of the majority of basking events.
Kriging metamodeling for seismic response distribution estimation
Authors: Kyprioti Aikaterini P. , Taflanidis Alexandros A.
Published: August 2021

This paper revisits the implementation of surrogate modeling (metamodeling) techniques within seismic risk assessment, for applications that the seismic hazard is described through stochastic ground motion models. Emphasis is placed on how to efficiently address the aleatoric uncertainty in the ground motions, stemming in this case from the stochastic sequence utilized within the excitation model. Previous work has accommodated this uncertainty by approximating the statistics of the engineering demand parameters (EDPs), something that required a large number of replication simulations (for different stochastic sequences) for each training point that was used to inform the metamodel calibration. Using kriging (Gaussian Process regression) as surrogate model, an alternative formulation is discussed here, aiming to minimize the replications for each training point. This is achieved by approximating directly the EDP distribution. It is shown that accommodating heteroscedastic behavior with respect to the aleatoric uncertainty is absolutely critical for achieving an accurate approximation, and two different approaches are presented for establishing this objective. The first approach adopts a stochastic kriging formulation, utilizing a small number of replications for judicially selected inputs, leveraging a secondary surrogate model over the latter inputs to address the heteroscedastic behavior. The second approach uses no replications, establishing a heteroscedastic nugget formulation to accommodate the EDP distribution estimation. A functional relationship is introduced between the nugget and the excitation intensity features to approximate the heteroscedastic behavior. This relationship is explicitly optimized during the metamodel calibration.
Trace fossils from the Permian Lopingian Talung Formation at the northern Penglaitan section of Laibin area, South China: Ichnology, palaeoenvironment, and palaeoecology
Authors: Ding Yi , Duan Yuliang , Wu Yiqun , Cao Changqun
Published: August 2021

The end‐Permian mass extinction was the largest biotic crisis in the Phanerozoic. Previous studies of this catastrophe have mainly concentrated on geochemistry or body fossil records. The Changhsingian Talung Formation strata exposed in the Penglaitan section, the Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Guadalupian−Lopingian boundary in Laibin, South China, yield abundant trace fossils that have not been systematically described yet. Herein, we report abundant ichnotaxa from the Talung Formation, including 12 ichnospecies in 10 ichnogenera:Didymaulichnusisp.,Helicorhaphe tortilis,Nereitesisp.,Palaeophycusisp.,Planolites beverleyensis,Planolites montanus,Protovirgularia dichotoma,Protovirgularia longespicata,Rusophycusisp.,Skolithos linearis,Thalassinoidesisp., andTreptichnusisp. They can be assigned to two ichnoassemblages: theNereites−Planolites(beds 18–45) andProtovirgularia−Skolithos(beds 46–59) ichnoassemblages. Ichnological and sedimentological features indicate that the former ichnoassemblage was probably developed in a deep‐marine turbidite setting, while the latter ichnoassemblage represents an ichnofossil record from a shallow marine environment, that is, subtidal to supratidal zones. In addition, the continuous ichnological records spanning from the Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian, together with facies features show a distinct regression, and they also indicate that diverse trace makers, such as arthropods, bivalves, and worms may have inhabited the Lopingian ocean, with no sign of the long‐term environmental deterioration in the studied area.
Chemical weathering and CO2 consumption in the glaciated Karuxung River catchment, Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Fan , Xiao Xiong , Wang Lijie , Zeng Chen , Yu Zhengliang , Wang Guanxing , Shi Xiaonan
Published: August 2021

Climate factors play critical roles in controlling chemical weathering, while chemically weathered surface material can regulate climate change. To estimate global chemical weathering fluxes and CO2 balance, it is important to identify the characteristics and driving factors of chemical weathering and CO2 consumption on the Tibetan Plateau, especially in glaciated catchments. The analysis of the hydro‐geochemical data indicated that silicate weathering in this area was inhibited by low temperatures, while carbonate weathering was promoted by the abundant clastic rocks with fresh surfaces produced by glacial action. Carbonate weathering dominated the riverine solute generation (with a contribution of 58%, 51%, and 43% at the QiangYong Glacier (QYG), the WengGuo Hydrological Station (WGHS), and the lake estuary (LE), respectively). The oxidation of pyrite contributed to 35%, 42%, and 30% of the riverine solutes, while silicate weathering contributed to 5%, 6%, and 26% of the riverine solutes at the QYG, WGHS, and LE, respectively. The alluvial deposit of easily weathering fine silicate minerals, the higher air temperature, plant density, and soil thickness at the downstream LE in comparison to upstream and midstream may lead to longer contact time between pore water and mineral materials, thus enhancing the silicate weathering. Because of the involvement of sulfuric acid produced by the oxidation of pyrite, carbonate weathering in the upstream and midstream did not consume atmospheric CO2, resulting in the high rate of carbonate weathering (73.9 and 75.6 t km−2 yr−1, respectively, in maximum) and potential net release of CO2 (with an upper constraint of 35.6 and 35.2 t km−2 yr−1, respectively) at the QYG and WGHS. The above results indicate the potential of the glaciated area of the Tibetan Plateau with pyrite deposits being a substantial natural carbon source, which deserves further investigation.
Longer looking to agent with false belief at 7 but not 6 months of age
Authors: Hirshkowitz Amy , Rutherford M.D.
Published: August 2021

Theory of mind refers to the ability to reason about others' beliefs and to understand others' behaviour in terms of those beliefs. A large body of previous research has examined theory of mind reasoning in young children using false belief tasks, but tasks to examine this capacity during infancy have only been developed more recently. This research used stimuli developed by Kovács, et al., Science, 2010, 330, 1830–1834, to measure looking time to an agent with a false belief in infants aged 6 and 7 months. Using an eye‐tracking procedure, we found looking behaviour consistent with 7‐month‐olds distinguishing an agent who has a false belief from one who has a true belief, consistent with the results reported by Kovács et al. We did not find evidence of this looking preference among 6‐month‐olds.
How Language Matters: Using Ethnographic Writing to Portray and Reflect on Languaging Actions
Authors: Beach Richard , Caraballo Limarys
Published: August 2021

This study examined 12th‐grade students’ portrayals of their use of different types of languaging actions through ethnographic writing about their participation in sports teams or peer groups and explicit prompted reflections about their languaging actions portrayed in their writing. Analysis of different types of languaging actions indicated that students were most likely to portray and reflect on actions related to building supportive relations with others. They also identified actions involving enacting roles/identities, using “insider language,” expression of beliefs/values and emotions/feelings, coping with conflicts, use of humor/joking, assuming leadership roles, and interacting with adults/coaches. These results suggest the value of students using writing to portray and reflect on the use of languaging actions to enact relations with others, reflection that serves to foster growth in their languaging over time. There is also a need for further research on students’ use of writing to portray different types of supportive relations through languaging.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Bone Health and Outcomes in the United States
Authors: Noel Sabrina E , Santos Michelly P , Wright Nicole C
Published: August 2021

Osteoporosis is a bone disease classified by deterioration of bone microarchitecture and decreased bone strength, thereby increasing subsequent risk of fracture. In the United States, approximately 54 million adults aged 50 years and older have osteoporosis or are at risk due to low bone mass. Osteoporosis has long been viewed as a chronic health condition affecting primarily non-Hispanic white (NHW) women; however, emerging evidence indicates racial and ethnic disparities in bone outcomes and osteoporosis management. The primary objective of this review is to describe disparities in bone mineral density (BMD), prevalence of osteoporosis and fracture, as well as in screening and treatment of osteoporosis among non-Hispanic black (NHB), Hispanic, and Asian adults compared with NHW adults living on the US mainland. The following areas were reviewed: BMD, osteoporosis prevalence, fracture prevalence and incidence, postfracture outcomes, DXA screening, and osteoporosis treatments. Although there are limited studies on bone and fracture outcomes within Asian and Hispanic populations, findings suggest that there are differences in bone outcomes across NHW, NHB, Asian, and Hispanic populations. Further, NHB, Asian, and Hispanic populations may experience suboptimal osteoporosis management and postfracture care, although additional population-based studies are needed. There is also evidence that variation in BMD and osteoporosis exists within major racial and ethnic groups, highlighting the need for research in individual groups by origin or background. Although there is a clear need to prioritize future quantitative and qualitative research in these populations, initial strategies for addressing bone health disparities are discussed. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Arbutin exerts anticancer activity against rat C6 glioma cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the inflammatory markers and P13/Akt/mTOR cascade
Authors: Yang Zhangkai , Shi Hangyu , Chinnathambi Arunachalam , Salmen Saleh H. , Alharbi Sulaiman A. , Veeraraghavan Vishnu Priya , Surapaneni Krishna Mohan , Arulselvan Palanisamy
Published: August 2021

Gliomas are a type of brain cancer that occurs in the supporting glial cells of the brain. It is highly malignant and accounts for 80% of brain tumors with high mortality and morbidity. Phytomedicines are potent alternatives for allopathic drugs which cause side effects. They have been used from ancient times by traditional Chinese, Ayurveda, and Siddha medicine. Arubtin is a glycoside phytochemical extracted from plants and belongs to the family of Ericaceae. Arbutin possesses various pharmacological properties such as anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and so on. Hence in the present study, we analyzed the anticancer potency of arbutin against rat C6 glioma cells. Rat C6 glioma cells were procured from American Type Culture Collection and the cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute‐1640 medium. To assess the cytotoxicity effect of the arbutin against C6 glioma cells, an 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)−2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test was performed with different doses from 10 to 60 µM. Arbutin effectively induced apoptosis in the cells and the IC50 dose was obtained at 30 µM. For further studies, we selected the 30 µM IC50 dose and a higher dose of 40 µM. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated were analyzed with DCFDA/H2DCFDA stain and the destruction of mitochondrial membrane permeability which is the initiator of apoptosis was analyzed with a cationic stain Rhodamine 123. Dual staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide was performed to assess the viable and dead cells. Cell adhesion properties of glioma cells were analyzed with Matrigel assay. The apoptotic, inflammatory, and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling molecules were analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis to confirm the anticancer effect of arbutin. Arbutin generated excessive ROS and disrupted the mitochondrial membrane, which induced apoptosis in cells, it also inhibited the cell adhesion property of C6 glioma cells. qPCR analysis clearly indicates arbutin increases the apoptotic genes and decreased the inflammatory and PI3K/mTOR signaling molecules. Overall, our results authentically confirm that arbutin can be a potent alternative for treating glioma.
Maximum w‐cyclic holey group divisible packings with block size three and applications to optical orthogonal codes
Authors: Fang Zenghui , Zhou Junling , Wang Lidong
Published: August 2021

In this paper we investigate combinatorial constructions for ‐cyclic holey group divisible packings with block size three (3‐HGDPs). For any positive integers with , the exact number of base blocks of a maximum ‐cyclic 3‐HGDP of type is determined. This result is used to determine the exact number of codewords in a maximum three‐dimensional optical orthogonal code with at most one optical pulse per spatial plane and per wavelength plane.
Extended near Skolem sequences Part I
Authors: Baker Cathy A. , Linek Vaclav , Shalaby Nabil
Published: August 2021

A ‐extended ‐near Skolem sequence of order , denoted by , is a sequence , where and for each integer there are two indices such that and . For a to exist it is necessary that when and when , and it is also necessary that . Any triple satisfying these conditions is called admissible. In this article, which is part I of three articles, we construct sequences for all admissible with and also for all admissible with and .
Kings in multipartite hypertournaments
Authors: Ai Jiangdong , Gerke Stefanie , Gutin Gregory
Published: August 2021

In his paper “Kings in Bipartite Hypertournaments,” Petrovic stated two conjectures on 4‐kings in multipartite hypertournaments. We prove one of these conjectures and give counterexamples for the other.
Investigation of direct and indirect association of ultra‐processed food intake and periodontitis
Authors: Bidinotto Augusto Bacelo , Martinez‐Steele Eurídice , Thomson William Murray , Hugo Fernando Neves , Hilgert Juliana Balbinot
Published: August 2021

Background

Ultra‐processed foods are associated with both sugar intake and non‐communicable diseases. We aimed to assess whether the intake of ultra‐processed food is associated with periodontal disease and whether this association, if present, is dependent on non‐communicable diseases.

Methods

This analysis used data from cycles 2009 to 2010, 2011 to 2012, and 2013 to 2014 of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), including participants aged 30 years or older. Dietary recalls were categorized according to the NOVA classification, and total contribution of ultra‐processed foods to daily energy intake (%E) was calculated. Cases of periodontitis were defined as moderate or severe according to the CDC working group criteria for use in population surveillance of periodontitis. Adjustment variables to estimate total and direct associations were defined with directed acyclic graphs. Odds ratios were estimated with logistic regression for moderate/severe periodontitis and severe periodontitis, and ordinal logistic regression for the trichotomized outcome. Analyses were performed using NHANES fasting subsample weights.

Results

Sample participants numbered 4809 (52.2% female), with a mean age of 52.1 years (SE, 0.3). The prevalence of periodontal disease was 27.8% for moderate and 6.5% for severe cases. Mean %E from ultra‐processed foods was 54.4 (SE, 0.5). No significant crude, direct, or total association between ultra‐processed %E and periodontal disease was found.

Conclusion

Intake of ultra‐processed foods is not associated with periodontal disease in US non‐institutionalized adults over 30 years old, whether directly or by mediation.
Highly variable sediment deposition in Lake Imandra, NW Russia, since the Late Pleistocene
Authors: Lenz Matthias , Lebas Elodie , Lenz Marlene M. , Fedorov Grigory , Gromig Raphael , Kolka Vasili , Krastel Sebastian , Leicher Niklas , Melles Martin , Wagner Bernd
Published: August 2021

To understand the dynamics of sediment deposition and the potential influences of complex current systems in large lakes, Lake Imandra (Kola Peninsula) has been investigated. Seismic and echo‐sounder data of the central part of Bolshaya Imandra reveal the sediment architecture in unprecedented detail. In addition, the sediment core data indicate highly variable depositional processes since the Late Pleistocene. The complex morphology of the lacustrine basin favoured accumulation of sediment in depressions, where they were preserved from erosion. Three main stratigraphic units (SU I–III) were identified above the acoustic basement. The oldest SU III is best preserved along a tectonic trench and interpreted as glacial deposits partly eroded by the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2. The overlying SU II deposits are regarded as a till related to MIS 2 glaciation. The youngest SU I represents glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine and lacustrine sediment deposited after ice retreat. As the north–south‐trending main axis of Bolshaya Imandra runs parallel to the predominant wind direction, the basin is subject to strong wind‐induced surficial currents and compensatory subsurface currents. These currents occur in water depth of 0–15 and deeper than 30 m, respectively, and their velocity prevents sediment accumulation.
LncRNA CASC2 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma progression through forming feedback loop with miR‐21/p53 axis
Authors: Wu Zhi‐Hui , Zhou Juan , Hu Guo‐Hong , Liu Jie , Li Wen‐Can , Lai Xi‐Hua , Liu Min
Published: August 2021

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common type of lung cancer. Currently, the survival rate of LUAD patients remains low due to heterogeneity and high invasiveness. The long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) cancer susceptibility candidate 2 (CASC2) is reported to be related to LUAD development. Hence, we investigate the roles and regulatory mechanism of CASC2 in LUAD. The expression levels of CASC2, microRNA (miR)‐21, and p53 were quantified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and the protein levels of Bax, Bcl‐2, p53, and p21 were examined using western blotting. A dual‐luciferase reporter experiment was conducted to prove the molecular interactions between CASC2 and miR‐21 or p53. CCK‐8 and flow cytometry assays were conducted to assess cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. CASC2 was expressed at a low level in LUAD patients and LUAD cell lines. CASC2 overexpression markedly suppressed cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. Mechanistically, CASC2 overexpression dramatically inhibited miR‐21 expression and increased p53 expression by directly targeting miR‐21. Moreover, rescue experiments suggested that either miR‐21 overexpression or p53 silencing obviously weakened the biological effects of CASC2 overexpression. In addition, p53 was proven to be an upstream transcription factor of CASC2 and can activate CASC2 transcription. These results provide evidence that the lncRNA CASC2/miR‐21/p53 form a positive feedback loop to mediate cell proliferation and apoptosis in LUAD, which may provide a new insight into the pathological mechanisms of LUAD.
Comparison of the effect of ticagrelor combined with tirofiban versus clopidogrel combined with tirofiban on inflammation response and prognosis of patients with unstable angina pectoris in long term follow‐up
Authors: Deng Li , Jia Hai‐Zhen , Li Mao‐Chun , Zhu Wei
Published: August 2021

To investigate the effect of ticagrelor combined with tirofiban versus clopidogrel combined with tirofiban on inflammation response and prognosis of patients with unstable angina pectoris (UA). The present prospective study included a total of 291 patients who were diagnosed as unstable UA from January 2018 to December 2019. All UA patients were divided into two groups: ticagrelor combined with tirofiban group (n = 159) and clopidogrel combined with tirofiban group (n = 132). Serum levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 were measured using commercially available enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits. Kaplan–Meier (K‐M) curve was performed for analysis of cumulative incidences of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Both ticagrelor combined with tirofiban and clopidogrel combined with tirofiban significantly decreased the serum levels of inflammatory factors in UA patients. Compared to clopidogrel combined with the tirofiban group, ticagrelor combined with the tirofiban group had a lower platelet aggregation rate and improved cardiac function of UA patients. Besides, ticagrelor combined with tirofiban group had a better prognosis and the K‐M curve showed that UA patients treated by ticagrelor and tirofiban had lower incidences of MACEs in one‐year follow‐up. The treatment of ticagrelor combined with tirofiban significantly attenuated inflammation response and improved the prognosis of UA patients.
Exosomal microRNA‐15a from ACHN cells aggravates clear cell renal cell carcinoma via the BTG2/PI3K/AKT axis
Authors: Li Dao‐Yuan , Lin Fei‐Fei , Li Guo‐Ping , Zeng Fan‐Chang
Published: August 2021

Accumulating studies have indicated that exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) can mediate clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) at the early stage, but the mechanisms remain to be specified. Here, we investigated the mechanism of exosomal miR‐15a in ccRCC. After successful isolation of exosomes from RCC cells, we found that miR‐15a was upregulated in ccRCC cells. Moreover, upregulation of miR‐15a by pre‐miR‐15a promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of ccRCC cells. A luciferase assay revealed that B‐cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) was a target gene of miR‐15a and negatively correlated with miR‐15a expression. BTG2 was poorly expressed in ccRCC, which reduced the proliferation of ccRCC cells. In addition, overexpression of BTG2 could reverse the promotive effects of miR‐15a on ccRCC. Furthermore, BTG2 reduced PI3K/AKT pathway activity. Our results collectively indicated that exosomal miR‐15a from RCC cells accelerated cell viability by downregulating BTG2 and promoting the activity of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. We demonstrated a novel mechanism by which exosomal miR‐15a exerted pro‐proliferatory effects on ccRCC, highlighting the potential of exosomal miR‐15a as a target for ccRCC prognosis.
Above and Beyond: Periorbital Suspension for Endoscopic Access to Difficult Frontal Sinus Pathology
Authors: Tilak Ashwini , Purvis Joshua , Peña‐Garcia Alejandro , Moore Lindsay , Cho Do‐Yeon , Grayson Jessica W. , Woodworth Bradford A.
Published: August 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

The periorbital suspension (PS) is an advanced adjunctive technique performed during endoscopic approaches to frontal sinus pathology that would be too far lateral or superior to address using traditional endoscopic transnasal approaches. The objectives of this study are to characterize the utility of this technique for frontal sinus pathology, determine anatomic limitations, and assess clinical outcomes following surgical treatment.

Study Design

Prospective case series.

Methods

Patient data including demographics, etiology, technique, complications, and clinical follow‐up were collected. Preoperative computed tomography scans were reviewed for maximum lateral and superior extent of pathology, supraorbital recess height, anterio‐posterior (AP) diameter of the frontal sinus, interorbital distance, and orbital—first olfactory neuron distance.

Results

The PS approach was used in 30 surgeries (29 patients) for cerebrospinal fluid leaks (n = 5), benign tumors (n = 17), malignant tumors (n = 5), allergic fungal sinusitis (n = 2), and mucocele (n = 1) between 2018 and 2020. Approaches included 15 Draf IIB and 15 Draf III frontal sinusotomies. All pathology was surgically accessible using the PS approach and there were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Postoperative follow‐up was 11.7 ± 7.6 months. Mean recorded measurements (in mm) were as follows: maximum lateral extent −15.0 ± 7.7, superior extent 21.2 ± 7.7 in surgical plane and 20.9 ± 9.8 in the vertical plane, supraorbital recess height −2.6 ± 1.9, AP frontal sinus diameter −13.2 ± 4.7, interorbital distance −29.8 ± 5.4, and orbital‐olfactory neuron distance −14.8 ± 2.9.

Conclusions

The PS technique can be safely and successfully utilized to provide endoscopic endonasal access to lateral and superior frontal sinus pathology.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 132:538–544, 2022
Freshwater inflow and responses from estuaries across a climatic gradient: An assessment of northwestern Gulf of Mexico estuaries based on stable isotopes
Authors: Marshall Danielle A. , La Peyre Megan K. , Palmer Terence A. , Guillou Gaël , Sterba‐Boatwright Blair D. , Beseres Pollack Jennifer , Lebreton Benoit
Published: August 2021

Estuaries exist across a large climatic gradient in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, capturing a range of hydrologic conditions and estuarine functioning. We examined freshwater inflow, salinity, and stable isotope compositions (δ13C, δ15N) of oysters, suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM), and surface sediment organic matter (SSOM) from five estuaries across the hydrologic gradient. All five estuaries experienced large decreases in freshwater inflow over the last 40 yr, with three estuaries being subject to freshwater inflow reductions of more than 85%. Generally, these freshwater inflow decreases were associated with estuarine salinity increases. Across the spatial gradient, average salinity generally increased from northeast to southwest estuaries. SPOM in the northeastern, lower salinity estuaries generally contained more continental organic matter and was of higher quality (i.e., lower C/chlorophyll a ratio), as compared to southwestern, higher salinity estuaries. Similarly, both SSOM and oyster δ13C values were positively correlated with salinity, further highlighting that food webs in lower salinity estuaries are more greatly influenced by continental organic matter than those in higher salinity estuaries. A decrease in the connectivity between continental and coastal habitats may have broad consequences for flows of organic matter, and estuarine function and health. Conducting studies across large‐scale hydrologic gradients can provide a useful approach to informing and predicting shifts in estuarine functioning.
Theory, Observation, and Ultrafast Response of the Hybrid Anapole Regime in Light Scattering
Authors: Canós Valero Adrià , Gurvitz Egor A. , Benimetskiy Fedor A. , Pidgayko Dmitry A. , Samusev Anton , Evlyukhin Andrey B. , Bobrovs Vjaceslavs , Redka Dmitrii , Tribelsky Michael I. , Rahmani Mohsen , Kamali Khosro Zangeneh , Pavlov Alexander A. , Miroshnichenko Andrey E. , Shalin Alexander S.
Published: August 2021

Modern nanophotonics has witnessed the rise of “electric anapoles” (EDAs), destructive interferences of electric and toroidal electric dipoles, actively exploited to resonantly decrease radiation from nanoresonators. However, the inherent duality in Maxwell equations suggests the intriguing possibility of “magnetic anapoles,” involving a nonradiating composition of a magnetic dipole and a magnetic toroidal dipole. Here, a hybrid anapole (HA) of mixed electric and magnetic character is predicted and observed experimentally via dark field spectroscopy, with all the dominant multipoles being suppressed by the toroidal terms in a nanocylinder. Breaking the spherical symmetry allows to overlap up to four anapoles stemming from different multipoles with just two tuning parameters. This effect is due to a symmetry‐allowed connection between the resonator multipolar response and its eigenstates. The authors delve into the physics of such current configurations in the stationary and transient regimes and explore new ultrafast phenomena arising at sub‐picosecond timescales, associated with the HA dynamics. The theoretical results allow the design of non‐Huygens metasurfaces featuring a dual functionality: perfect transparency in the stationary regime and controllable ultrashort pulse beatings in the transient. Besides offering significant advantages with respect to EDAs, HAs can play an essential role in developing the emerging field of ultrafast resonant phenomena.
Facile Repair of Anti‐Corrosion Polymeric Composite Coatings Based on Light Triggered Self‐Healing
Authors: Ma Yue , Yang Yuman , Cao Daruo , Fang Jun , Zhu Cheng , Yang Meng , Fang Liang , Lu Chunhua , Xu Zhongzi
Published: August 2021

Photothermally induced self‐healing coatings are widely reported, while their application scenarios are rarely taken with concern. In addition, there is a need to achieve the balance between good properties and self‐healing behaviors for closing the gap between academic research and engineering applications. Here, self‐healing composite coatings are designed based on silane‐modified epoxy chains with reversible crosslinking points and multifunctional fillers of cerium oxide nanoparticles grown on graphene nanosheets, and their applications are demonstrated for restricted regions. Diglycidyl ether‐terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) is co‐polymerized with diglycidylether of bisphenol A with the weight ratio of 1/99–10/90 to achieve surface‐tension driven crack closure, while dangling furan groups contribute to reversible crosslinking points via Diels–Alder reaction. Cerium oxide nanoparticles and graphene nanosheets enhance anti‐corrosion properties, and graphene nanosheets also act as photothermal fillers. The results show that pencil hardness, polarized resistance, and coating resistance are highly improved via the introduction of multifunctional fillers at 1 and 2 phr. Good thermally and photothermally induced self‐healing is demonstrated. This work provides a new application thought for light triggered self‐healing coatings that can be used for restricted regions including inner walls of pipelines and reactors.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Exerts “Rejuvenation” Effects on Corticostriatal Synapses after Partial Dopamine Depletion
Authors: Natale Giuseppina , Pignataro Annabella , Marino Gioia , Campanelli Federica , Calabrese Valeria , Cardinale Antonella , Pelucchi Silvia , Marcello Elena , Gardoni Fabrizio , Viscomi Maria Teresa , Picconi Barbara , Ammassari‐Teule Martine , Calabresi Paolo , Ghiglieri Veronica
Published: August 2021

Background

In experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD), different degrees of degeneration to the nigrostriatal pathway produce distinct profiles of synaptic alterations that depend on progressive changes in N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDAR)‐mediated functions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) induces modifications in glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems, suggesting that it may have an impact on glutamatergic synapses modulated by dopamine neurotransmission. However, no studies have so far explored the mechanisms of rTMS effects at early stages of PD.

Objectives

We tested the hypothesis that in vivo application of rTMS with intermittent theta‐burst stimulation (iTBS) pattern alleviates corticostriatal dysfunctions by modulating NMDAR‐dependent plasticity in a rat model of early parkinsonism.

Methods

Dorsolateral striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) activity was studied through ex vivo whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings in corticostriatal slices obtained from 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats, subjected to a single session (acute) of iTBS and tested for forelimb akinesia with the stepping test. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to analyze morphological correlates of plasticity in SPNs.

Results

Acute iTBS ameliorated limb akinesia and rescued corticostriatal long‐term potentiation (LTP) in SPNs of partially lesioned rats. This effect was abolished by applying a selective inhibitor of GluN2B‐subunit‐containing NMDAR, suggesting that iTBS treatment could be associated with an enhanced activation of specific NMDAR subunits, which are major regulators of structural plasticity during synapse development. Morphological analyses of SPNs revealed that iTBS treatment reverted dendritic spine loss inducing a prevalence of thin‐elongated spines in the biocytin‐filled SPNs.

Conclusions

Taken together, our data identify that an acute iTBS treatment produces a series of plastic changes underlying striatal compensatory adaptation in the parkinsonian basal ganglia circuit. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Scale‐ and Slice‐aware Net (S2aNet) for 3D segmentation of organs and musculoskeletal structures in pelvic MRI
Authors: Yan Chaoyang , Lu Jing‐Jing , Chen Kang , Wang Lei , Lu Haoda , Yu Li , Sun Mengyan , Xu Jun
Published: August 2021

Purpose

MRI of organs and musculoskeletal structures in the female pelvis presents a unique display of pelvic anatomy. Automated segmentation of pelvic structures plays an important role in personalized diagnosis and treatment on pelvic structures disease. Pelvic organ systems are very complicated, and it is a challenging task for 3D segmentation of massive pelvic structures on MRI.

Methods

A new Scale‐ and Slice‐aware Net (aNet) is presented for 3D dense segmentation of 54 organs and musculoskeletal structures in female pelvic MR images. A Scale‐aware module is designed to capture the spatial and semantic information of different‐scale structures. A Slice‐aware module is introduced to model similar spatial relationships of consecutive slices in 3D data. Moreover, aNet leverages a weight‐adaptive loss optimization strategy to reinforce the supervision with more discriminative capability on hard samples and categories.

Results

Experiments have been performed on a pelvic MRI cohort of 27 MR images from 27 patient cases. Across the cohort and 54 categories of organs and musculoskeletal structures manually delineated, aNet was shown to outperform the UNet framework and other state‐of‐the‐art fully convolutional networks in terms of sensitivity, Dice similarity coefficient and relative volume difference.

Conclusion

The experimental results on the pelvic 3D MR dataset show that the proposed aNet achieves excellent segmentation results compared to other state‐of‐the‐art models. To our knowledge, aNet is the first model to achieve 3D dense segmentation for 54 musculoskeletal structures on pelvic MRI, which will be leveraged to the clinical application under the support of more cases in the future.
Clinically feasible diffusion MRI in muscle: Time dependence and initial findings in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: McDowell Amy R. , Feiweier Thorsten , Muntoni Francesco , Hall Matt G. , Clark Chris A.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

To characterize the diffusion time‐dependence in muscle in healthy adult volunteers, boys with Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (DMD), and age‐matched controls in a clinically feasible acquisition time for pediatric applications.

Methods

Diffusion data were acquired using a pulsed gradient stimulated echo diffusion preparation at 5 different diffusion times (70, 130, 190, 250, and 330 ms), at 4 different b‐values (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 s/mm2) and 6 directions (orthogonal x, y, and z and diagonal xy, xz, and yz) and processed to obtain standard diffusion indices (mean diffusivity [MD] and fractional anisotropy [FA]) at each diffusion time.

Results

Time‐dependent diffusion was seen in muscle in healthy adult volunteers, boys with DMD, and age‐matched controls. Boys with DMD showed reduced MD and increased FA values in comparison to age matched controls across a range of diffusion times. A diffusion time of Δ = 190 ms had the largest effect size.

Conclusions

These results could be used to optimize diffusion imaging in this disease further and imply that these diffusion indices may become an important biomarker in monitoring progression in DMD in the future.
Combined replenishment and warehousing with contract commitments and flexibilities
Authors: Fan Jie , Ou Jinwen , Wang Guoqing
Published: August 2021

This paper studies a combined replenishment and warehouse size planning problem. A firm (3PW user) decides the replenishment quantities over a finite planning horizon to satisfy the time‐varying demands of a product. The firm has no warehouse and contracts with a third‐party warehousing (3PW) provider for storage space over the planning horizon. In the warehousing contract, the planning horizon is partitioned into a number of sessions, and each session also consists of multiple periods. The firm decides a stationary base storage size (BSS) of each session and has an opportunity to adjust the BSS at the beginning of each session. The firm also has the option to rent additional storage size beyond the BSS by paying higher rental cost in each individual period. We explore structural properties and develop a strongly polynomial‐time algorithm by applying geometric techniques to solve the firm's replenishment and warehouse sizing problem. We also conduct numerical experiments and provide important insights into the 3PW user's decisions and the 3PW contract design.
Quantitative myocardial first‐pass perfusion imaging of CO2‐induced vasodilation in rats
Authors: Kwiatkowski Grzegorz , Kozerke Sebastian
Published: August 2021

Inducible hypercapnia is an alternative for increasing the coronary blood flow necessary to facilitate the quantification of myocardial blood flow during hyperemia. The current study aimed to quantify the pharmacokinetic effect of a CO2 gas challenge on myocardial perfusion in rats using high‐resolution, first‐pass perfusion CMR and compared it with pharmacologically induced hyperemia using regadenoson. A dual‐contrast, saturation‐recovery, gradient‐echo sequence with a Cartesian readout was used on a small‐animal 9.4‐T scanner; additional cine images during hyperemia/rest were recorded with an ultrashort echo time sequence. The mean myocardial blood flow value at rest was 6.1 ± 1.4 versus 13.9 ± 3.7 and 14.3 ± 4 mL/g/min during vasodilation with hypercapnia and regadenoson, respectively. Accordingly, the myocardial flow reserve value was 2.6 ± 1.1 for the gas challenge and 2.5 ± 1.4 for regadenoson. During hyperemia with both protocols, a significantly increased cardiac output was found. It was concluded that hypercapnia leads to significantly increased coronary flow and yields similar myocardial flow reserves in healthy rats as compared with pharmacological stimulation. Accordingly, inducible hypercapnia can be selected as an alternative stressor in CMR studies of myocardial blood flow in small animals.