bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EMPIRICALLY GROUNDED CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS: COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY PROGRESSES THROUGH A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH TO CLINICAL SCIENCE
Authors: Salkovskis Paul M.
Published: July 2008

The current emphasis on Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) is both welcome as a bid to improve the empirical foundations of clinical practice and a cause for concern because it has the potential to distort the scientific approach that has underpinned the development of cognitive-behavioural approaches. It is suggested here that EBM needs to be seen in context; that is, as an approach that almost exclusively focuses on just one of the dimensions that have been and are crucial to the further development of Cognitive-Behavioural Treatments (CBT). EBM is particularly well suited to the development of Biological approaches to treatment, where treatments (and treatment development) are largely atheoretical. However, different considerations apply to CBT, where validated theory and linked research studies are key factors. It is suggested that relationship to evidence in CBT is best conceptualized in terms of Empirically Grounded Clinical Interventions. The parameters of such an approach are considered in relation to the Scientist Practitioner model that is prevalent in the field.
BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT FOR CHILD DISTRESS DURING REPEATED NEEDLE STICKS
Authors: Slifer Keith J. , Eischen Stephanie E. , Tucker Cindy L. , Dahlquist Lynnda M. , Busby Suzanne , Sulc Wendy , Hilley Lisa
Published: July 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate a multi-component behavioral intervention for child distress during repeated needle sticks. An AB single-subject experimental design with replication of procedures across five subjects was used to assess intervention effects on distress and procedure duration for five children (age 3–7 years). Playing preferred activities, signaled button pressing, and following directions were positively reinforced first during simulated then actual needle procedures. The results indicate that distress decreased substantially for three children, slightly for a fourth and was unchanged for one. Heart rate (HR) data obtained from one child provided preliminary evidence of counterconditioning. For three children with follow-up data, benefits were maintained after intervention transfer to caregivers. In conclusion, distraction and counter-conditioning appear to be compatible conceptualizations for designing interventions to reduce the distress of experienced children who undergo repeated invasive procedures. The independent and synergistic effects of behavioral interventions based on these two theories should be examined in future studies.
CHANGES IN SYMPTOMS OF OCD AND APPRAISAL OF RESPONSIBILITY DURING COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT: A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Williams Tim I. , Salkovskis Paul M. , Forrester Elizabeth A. , Allsopp Mark A.
Published: July 2008

A consecutive series of six adolescents referred for obsessive compulsive disorder were treated using a cognitive behavioural approach that included procedures intended to: (1) reach a shared understanding of the psychological nature of the problem; (ii) normalize intrusive thoughts; (iii) help the patient to reappraise notions of responsibility; and (iv) help the patient re-evaluate the basis of their fears. The effects of treatment were measured using standardized questionnaires designed to elicit beliefs about responsibility, and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and obsessive compulsive disorder. During the course of treatment, appraisals of responsibility changed at the same time as changes in symptom levels. The results suggest a more cognitive approach to treatment can be helpful for this age group, and that cognitive change is associated with clinical improvement.
EFFECTS OF COMBINED COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT WITH PARENT MANAGEMENT TRAINING IN ADHD
Authors: Froelich Jan , Doepfner Manfred , Lehmkuhl Gerd
Published: July 2008

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT) with a focus on academic skills and conduct problems and to increase parents' educational skills in managing aggressive and oppositional behaviour in a subsequent parent training (PMT). For this purpose 18 children with a diagnosis of ADHD combined type participated in the study. In an A-B study design the effects of a 12-week treatment phase (6 weeks CBT; 6 weeks PMT) were compared with a preceding 4-week baseline. Core symptoms of ADHD, conduct problems and individual problem behaviour were assessed by weekly administration of parent and teacher questionnaires. The results indicate a significant and generalized reduction of ADHD core symptoms, conduct problems and homework problems during CBT at home and at school. PMT resulted in a further amelioration of the cited symptoms. We conclude that CBT may be a promising component in the treatment of ADHD provided that aspects of generalization are considered during the treatment. PMT may be a useful adjunct in most cases as it is effective in situations where the ADHD child still has problems of self-guidance.
Architectural and authentic
Authors: THE EDITORS
Published: July 2008

‘Linking practice with research’ is both our cover slogan and our objective. arq
covers the broad spectrum of architectural endeavour – which comes together
in design and buildings – and publishes contributions from both academics and
practitioners. Take this issue.

First, it covers and considers architectural research in many forms and ways.
There's Rem Koolhaas' research on shopping; a pioneering application of a passive
environmental system; a competition-winning scheme for new housing; an account
of a completely unknown project by Le Corbusier; and an introduction to an
alternative to air-conditioning in hot, dry climates. There's also a timely look back
towards the beginnings of university-based architectural research in the 1960s; the
first English translation of Freyssinet's remarkable essay on the sublime; and a
review of Zaha Hadid's recent work and its theoretical base.

Second, each of this broad spread of topics is design and practice-related. Most of
the authors have academic affiliations but seven are also architects in practice and
one is a practising engineer. Just two are architectural historians. Two of the articles
– those on the design of the Jersey Archive and on passive downdraught evaporative
cooling are interdisciplinary and based on considerations of sustainability. Our
letters pages reveal a bias towards practice – but, although all our correspondents
are practising architects or engineers, most have strong connections with academia.

But this issue takes things a step further: it is the very first arq to carry an article
directly based on an architect's drawings and design report – rather than on a piece
especially written for publication. ‘From table to basin: St Mary's Island’ (pp.
229–247) is a lightly edited version of a competition-winning entry for a large
‘brownfield’ site in South-East England. For many years, there have been very few
competitions of this kind. The Editors felt that Buschow Henley's scheme deserved
more coverage than it had enjoyed in the professional press. Our referees agreed
and made just one recommendation – that the architects should write a short
introduction outlining their theoretical position.

In our second issue, in the middle of a lively debate then being conducted in our
pages (arq 1/1 and 2), Philip Tabor wrote a leader entitled ‘Design is research: is it?’
He asked whether ‘a design submission, entirely drawn and unaccompanied by text,
would be awarded a research degree in architecture? Or, closer to home, would arq’s
editor and referees, accept it for publication?’ The answer he concluded, was
‘Probably not.’ Six years on, ‘From table to basin’ represents a shift in editorial policy
and a demonstration of the way in which designers can reflect upon their work as
research in a way that journalists cannot.
The shaping of architectural research Transatlantic transactions
Authors: Hawkes Dean
Published: July 2008

The growth of formalized research has
been one of the most important
developments in architectural
education in the last half-century. It
is now axiomatic that most, if not all,
faculty members in schools of
architecture will undertake some
measure of research. In this the
academic architect stands alongside,
and is indistinguishable from,
colleagues in the other disciplines. But
in the middle decades of the last
century the case for the development
of a research culture in architecture
was not so clear cut. Two of the central
figures in the debate about the
establishment of research were Serge
Chermayeff in the United States and
Leslie Martin in the United Kingdom.
DEAN HAWKES compares and
contrasts their pioneering work.
An integrated design: the Jersey Archive
Authors: Prichard David , Twinn Chris
Published: July 2008

The new Jersey Archive is superbly designed and beautifully crafted.
It is also one of the largest repositories in the world to use a passive
environmental control system. Here, one of the architects, David
Prichard, describes the design and its development and the services
engineer, Chris Twinn, concludes with an account of the physics
behind the building design.
From table to basin: St Mary's Island
Authors: Henley Buschow
Published: July 2008

The urgent need for new housing in south-east England is likely to be
met by development on what are often ‘brownfield’ sites. Buschow
Henley's scheme was the winning entry for an ideas competition to
stimulate new ideas leading to the exemplary development of such a
site. With the exception of the opening statement and the
competition background, this is a much shortened version of the
original submission.
On the sublime
Authors: Freyssinet Eugène
Published: July 2008

Engineer-designed structures often attract the admiration of
architects. The work of Freyssinet and Maillart and, more recently,
Rice and Calatrava has been admired in this way. Few of these
engineers have written about their work – but Freyssinet did, with
great eloquence. Here, Andrew Saint introduces his translation of a
particularly revealing essay by the great French engineer.
The pyramid and the wall: an unknown project of Le Corbusier in Venezuela
Authors: Lapunzina Alejandro
Published: July 2008

In 1951, Le Corbusier designed a funerary chapel in Caracas to honour
the memory of Colonel Carlos Delgado-Chalbaud, the recently
assassinated president of the Venezuelan military junta. This
enigmatic project – unknown until now – provides an interesting
insight into Le Corbusier's use of architectural references and their
layers of symbolic meaning. Most documents have mysteriously
disappeared, but the few remaining have allowed the project to be
reconstructed rather accurately.
Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice
Authors: Ford Brian
Published: July 2008

Air conditioning is now recognized as a significant factor in global
warming and climate change. In the search for alternatives, passive
downdraught evaporative cooling (PDEC) is proving to be both
technically and economically viable in different parts of the world.
Brian Ford describes the principles and current practice of this
innovative approach to cooling in the hot dry regions of the world.
Figuring ground: notes on recent work by the Office of Zaha Hadid
Authors: Sharif Mohamed
Published: July 2008

On studying the latest monograph
dedicated to recent work by the
Office of Zaha Hadid (OZH) – El
Croquis No.103: ‘Zaha Hadid
1996–2001’ – one enjoys two distinct
sensations: awe and pleasure. Truly
remarkable in both number and
quality, this collection of
sophisticated, poised and delicate
projects – some recently realized,
others imminent – demonstrates
syntheses more sizable and more
programmatically challenging
than those of the previous 15-year
period. Indeed, in conversation
with Architectural Association
Chairman Mohsen Mostafavi,
Hadid offers that ‘a new degree of
complexity has been entered’.

As Mostafavi notes, the
conceptual theme evident in recent
work is that of geology. The
genealogy of this theme can be read
in early seminal works like the
Hong Kong Peak Project of 1983,
where planarity and spatial
compression combined with
sculptural tactics, like the carving
of existing landscape, to produce
public spaces within a newly
animated topography. But Hadid
comments that more recent
projects have tended to another
strain of the geological thematic:
the volumetric.
Global practice implications Reactions to Duany
The West is running out of talent …
Authors: Saxon Richard
Published: July 2008

Paolo Tombesi sets out a very
interesting thesis that Asia will
become the ‘back office’ of Western
design practice in, ‘A true south for
design? The new international
division of labour in architecture’
(arq 5/2, pp.171–180). There are
many instances of this happening
already, though mainly in
engineering and in US style
architectural practice where
documentation consists of the
application of rules-based methods
and the work used to be done by
‘tracers’. Practices with computer-based
standard detailing can have
schematic drawings worked up
overnight and corrections similarly
serviced. UK architectural practice
is largely done without back offices
or standard solutions and drafting
help must be closely supervised.
Price competition from the South
may well become a factor for
change.
Global practice implications Reactions to Duany
… but wait for the paradigm shift
Authors: Nickolls Malcolm
Published: July 2008

Paolo Tombesi's paper (arq 5/2) managed to be both entertaining and thought provoking.
Global practice implications Reactions to Duany
Self-regarding education
Authors: Oliver Giles
Published: July 2008

Andres Duany's critical sketch of
architectural fashions rampant in
US schools (arq 5/2, pp.105–106)
carries a well-aimed barb, thrown
from the right of stage. Duany's
amusing categories call out for a
post-modern Osbert Lancaster to
illustrate them (as Lancaster did in
Pillar to Post), except that the job is
done monthly in the journals
without comment. Anyone who has
endured the Jencksian
categorymania will enjoy this report from
the zoo. The last comparable
inventory was made by Aldo Van
Eyck with his Rats, Posts and Pests
speech.
Global practice implications Reactions to Duany
Embedded energy and thermal mass
Authors: Fordham Max
Published: July 2008

The environmental analysis in Rob
Marsh, Michael Lauring, and Ebbe
Holleris Petersen's paper ‘Passive
solar energy and thermal mass: the
implications of environmental
analysis’ (arq 5/1, pp.79–89) is an
important example of how
important analysis is in identifying
the design issues.
Lexical access in spoken word production by bilinguals: evidence from the semantic competitor priming paradigm
Authors: Lee Ming-Wei , Williams John N.
Published: July 2008

The competitive nature of the lexical selection process during spoken word production is well established in monolinguals. In this paper we explore the implication of this process for spoken word production in bilinguals. A cross-language semantic competitor priming effect was demonstrated, which shows that cross-language lexical competition is a feature of the word production system of the unbalanced English–French bilinguals who participated in the experiment. Experimental evidence was also found which suggests that a selected language bias effected through inhibition of the unwanted language plays an important role in resolving the cross-language lexical competition during bilingual word production in a selected language. The data further suggest that the dominance of the unwanted language relative to the selected language determines the presence/absence or “strength” of inhibition through which the selected language bias is effected. These findings are also interpreted in terms of a recent language-specific lexical selection account of bilingual lexical access.
Identifying German–English cognates, false cognates, and non-cognates: methodological issues and descriptive norms
Authors: Friel Brian M. , Kennison Shelia M.
Published: July 2008

We investigated 563 German–English nouns for the purposes of identifying cognates, false cognates and non-cognates. Two techniques for identifying cognates were used and compared: (i) De Groot and Nas's (1991) similarity-rating technique and (ii) a translation-elicitation task similar to that of Kroll and Stewart (1994). The results obtained with English-speaking participants produced 112 cognates, 94 false cognates, and 357 non cognates and indicated that the two techniques yielded similar findings. Rated similarity of German–English translation pairs and translation accuracy were positively correlated. We also investigated whether the presence of German-specific characters and the availability of German pronunciation information influenced similarity ratings and translation accuracy. Ratings for translation pairs in which the German word contained a language-specific character were lower and the word was translated less accurately. Participants provided with pronunciation information rated German–English translation pairs as being more similar and translated German words correctly more often than participants who did not receive pronunciation information. We also report the relationships among word frequency, rated imageability and the performance measures. The resulting database of information is intended to be a resource for researchers interested in cognitive processing in German–English bilinguals.
Modeling bilingual word recognition: Past, present and future
Authors: Dijkstra Ton , van Heuven Walter J. B.
Published: July 2008

The detailed comments of our colleagues on our keynote article suggest that they all value the integration of various sorts of empirical data into one formalized model of bilingual word recognition. Taking this position, our peers propose further specifications or adaptations of the proposed BIA+ model with respect to its representations, processes or control structure; and they indicate what, in their view, should be the next step in model development or empirical testing. We are grateful for their contributions, which we will carefully think through in the coming time and use as a basis for future implementations.
Global MHD simulation of flux transfer events at the high‐latitude magnetopause observed by the Cluster spacecraft and the SuperDARN radar system
Authors: Daum P. , Wild J. A. , Penz T. , Woodfield E. E. , Rème H. , Fazakerley A. N. , Daly P. W. , Lester M.
Published: July 2008

A global magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation is used to study the large‐scale structure and formation location of flux transfer events (FTEs) in synergy with in situ spacecraft and ground‐based observations. During the main period of interest on the 14 February 2001 from 0930 to 1100 UT the Cluster spacecraft were approaching the Northern Hemisphere high‐latitude magnetopause in the postnoon sector on an outbound trajectory. Throughout this period the magnetic field, electron, and ion sensors on board Cluster observed characteristic signatures of FTEs. A few minutes delayed to these observations the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) system indicated flow disturbances in the conjugate ionospheres. These “two‐point” observations on the ground and in space were closely correlated and were caused by ongoing unsteady reconnection in the vicinity of the spacecraft. The three‐dimensional structures and dynamics of the observed FTEs and the associated reconnection sites are studied by using the Block‐Adaptive‐Tree‐Solarwind‐Roe‐Upwind‐Scheme (BATS‐R‐US) MHD code in combination with a simple open flux tube motion model (Cooling). Using these two models the spatial and temporal evolution of the FTEs is estimated. The models fill the gaps left by measurements and allow a “point‐to‐point” mapping between the instruments in order to investigate the global structure of the phenomenon. The modeled results presented are in good correlation with previous theoretical and observational studies addressing individual features of FTEs.
Phase structure of Pc3 waves observed by Cluster and ground stations near the cusp
Authors: Liu Y. H. , Fraser B. J. , Ables S. T. , Dunlop M. W. , Zhang B. C. , Liu R. Y. , Zong Q. G.
Published: July 2008

Ground observations of Pc3 ULF waves at high latitude show enhanced pulsation activity near the cusp. To investigate this, typical Pc3 pulsation events from 0920 to 1010 UT on 1 April 2004 have been selected that are simultaneously observed by the Cluster satellites and Zhongshan, Davis, and Mawson magnetometers, Antarctica. When Cluster was located on closed field lines equatorward of the exterior northern cusp, Zhongshan and Davis were near the ionospheric footprint of the southern cusp. Assuming linear phase variation between the four Cluster spacecraft, the Pc3 waves with a frequency of ∼25 mHz have a wavelength of ∼5200 ± 2400 km and wave vector directed almost perpendicular to the geomagnetic field (94.6° ± 10.4°) pointing toward the Earth. The Pc3 waves are transverse waves over the interval and different from the broadband perturbations and compressional waves generally observed in the cusp and the magnetosheath, respectively. The wave Poynting flux indicates energy is transported predominantly along the magnetic field line toward the ionosphere. These results indicate that Pc3 waves near the cusp are shear Alfvénic waves guided by closed field lines in the low‐latitude boundary of the cusp and reflected from the ionosphere. We suggest that the waves may result from incoming compressional fast waves from the upstream solar wind that couple to shear Alfvén waves guided by the magnetic field at high latitudes and excite field line resonance in various harmonics at middle and low latitudes.
Coordinated Cluster and Double Star observations of the dayside magnetosheath and magnetopause at different latitudes near noon
Authors: Pitout F. , Dunlop M. W. , Blagau A. , Bogdanova Y. , Escoubet C. P. , Carr C. , Dandouras I. , Fazakerley A.
Published: July 2008

We present results of a favorable conjunction where the equatorial spacecraft (TC‐1) of the Double Star mission exits the dayside magnetopause near the equator, while Cluster is inbound, near the southern cusp. This configuration makes it possible to compare observations of the magnetopause, around the same magnetic local time but at different latitudes. In this paper, we report on the general properties of the magnetosheath plasma at the two latitudes: unlike predictions from gasdynamic modeling, the density is found lower near the nose of the magnetopause than further downstream. Then, we present three interesting events. First, an FTE is observed at TC‐1 and not at Cluster; we discuss the implications this has on the evolution of FTEs and on the size of the reconnection site. Then, a structure observed at both spacecraft is interpreted as a bulge progressing along the magnetopause. It is not clear whether this bulge is actually the remnant of an FTE or a running pulse that makes Cluster sense the reconnection layer. In any case, a rotational discontinuity is observed within it. At last, a northward turning of the magnetosheath magnetic field is observed at TC‐1 and a reverse FTE is subsequently seen at Cluster, suggesting that magnetic reconnection is very fast to set up following a change in the IMF orientation.
A statistical study of the observed and modeled global thermosphere response to magnetic activity at middle and low latitudes
Authors: Lathuillère Chantal , Menvielle Michel , Marchaudon Aurélie , Bruinsma Sean
Published: July 2008

From one year (2004) of thermosphere total density data inferred from CHAMP/STAR accelerometer measurements, we calculate the global thermosphere response to auroral magnetic activity forcing at middle and low latitudes using a method based on a singular value decomposition of the satellite data. This method allows separating the large‐scale spatial variations in the density, mostly related to altitude/latitude variations and captured by the first singular component, from the time variations, down to timescales on the order of the orbital period, which are captured by the associated projection coefficient. This projection coefficient is used to define a disturbance coefficient that characterizes the global thermospheric density response to auroral forcing. For quiet to moderate magnetic activity levels (Kp < 6), we show that the disturbance coefficient is better correlated with the magnetic am indices than with the magnetic ap indices. The latter index is used in all empirical thermosphere models to quantify the auroral forcing. It is found that the NRLMSISE‐00 model correctly estimates the main features of the thermosphere density response to geomagnetic activity, i.e., the morphology of Universal Time variations and the larger relative increase during nighttime than during daytime. However, it statistically underestimates the amplitude of the thermosphere density response by about 50%. This underestimation reaches 200% for specific disturbed periods. It is also found that the difference between daytime and nighttime responses to auroral forcing can statistically be explained by local differences in magnetic activity as described by the longitude sector magnetic indices.
Conditions for the growth of a long‐lived shallow crustal magma chamber below Mount Pelee volcano (Martinique, Lesser Antilles Arc)
Authors: Annen Catherine , Pichavant Michel , Bachmann Olivier , Burgisser Alain
Published: July 2008

The compositional homogeneity of silicic andesites emitted during the 13,500‐year‐long last eruptive cycle of Mount Pelee suggests that the physical state of the magma chamber was largely unmodified during this period. Experimental phase equilibria on Mount Pelee recent products indicate that pre‐eruptive magma temperatures and pressures were in the range of 875–900°C and 2 ± 0.5 kbar, respectively. The estimated average eruption rate was 7.5 × 10−4 km3/a with an average volume of about 0.3 km3 per eruption. An analytical model for a spherical magma chamber indicates that a magma flux of 4–5 × 10−4 km3/a can maintain a magma chamber of 0.3 km3 above 875°C below Mount Pelee. However, observations of plutons suggest that magma chambers may grow by addition of sheet‐like intrusions. With numerical simulation we show that a minimum sheet accretion rate of a few centimeters per year is required to grow a persistently active magma chamber independently of the intruded volumetric flux. This minimum injection rate is higher if the heat transfer is enhanced by convection processes. The limited ability of an arc crust to extend and accommodate dikes suggests that magma injections are sills or, if they are dikes, that most of the volume injected in the magma chamber is eventually erupted. In a conductively cooling igneous body formed by sills injected at a rate of a few centimeters per year, most of the injected magma completely solidifies and only a small part of the body (about 10–20%) is above 875°C and able to feed eruptions.
Deep‐tow magnetic anomaly study of the Pacific Jurassic Quiet Zone and implications for the geomagnetic polarity reversal timescale and geomagnetic field behavior
Authors: Tominaga Masako , Sager William W. , Tivey Maurice A. , Lee Sang‐Mook
Published: July 2008

The Jurassic Quiet Zone (JQZ) is a region of low‐amplitude magnetic anomalies whose distinctive character may be related to geomagnetic field behavior. We collected deep‐tow magnetic profiles in Pigafetta Basin (western Pacific) where previous deep‐tow data partially covered the JQZ sequence. Our goals were to extend the survey through the JQZ, examine anomaly correlations, and refine a preliminary geomagnetic polarity timescale (GPTS) model. We collected a series of closely spaced profiles over anomaly M34 and Ocean Drilling Program Hole 801C to examine anomaly correlation in detail, one profile in between previous profiles, and two long profiles extending the survey deeper into the JQZ. Anomaly features can be readily correlated except in a region of low‐amplitude, short‐wavelength anomalies in the middle of the survey area (“low‐amplitude zone” or LAZ). The small multiprofile surveys demonstrate anomaly linearity, implying that surrounding anomalies are also linear and likely result from crustal recording of geomagnetic field changes. We constructed a GPTS model assuming that most anomalies result from polarity reversals. The polarity timescale is similar to the polarity sequences from previous studies, but its global significance is uncertain because of problems correlating anomalies in the LAZ and the ambiguous nature of the small JQZ anomalies. Overall anomaly amplitude decreases with age into the LAZ and then increases again, implying low geomagnetic field strength, perhaps related to a rapidly reversing field. Other factors that may contribute to the LAZ are interference of anomalies over narrow, crustal polarity zones and poorly understood local tectonic complexities.
Experimental modeling of gravity underflow in a sinuous submerged channel
Authors: Islam M. Ashraful , Imran Jasim
Published: July 2008

This paper describes the results of an experimental study involving density driven gravity underflow in a submarine sinuous channel. A single bend channel with sine generated planform was constructed inside a laboratory basin. Saline density flow was released at a constant rate at the upstream end of the channel which was submerged under fresh water. Instantaneous velocity data recorded within the body of the developed current were used to derive the vertical structures of the streamwise and cross‐stream velocity. The vertical distributions of the streamwise and lateral velocity were found to vary modestly between cross sections and also within an individual cross section. The distance of the maximum velocity position from the bed was found to vary between 0.4 and 0.6 times the local current thickness. In the vicinity of the bend apex the curvature effect led to the development of two helical flow cells with one forming on top of the other. The sense of rotation of the bottom cell was similar to that observed in curved open channel flow, while the upper circulation cell had an opposite sense of rotation. Turbulent kinetic energy profiles were derived from the instantaneous velocity data. The observed turbulent kinetic energy profiles confirm some previous observations that the location of the maximum velocity in a density underflow also corresponds to significant reduction in turbulent kinetic energy.
FVCOM validation experiments: Comparisons with ROMS for three idealized barotropic test problems
Authors: Huang Haosheng , Chen Changsheng , Cowles Geoffrey W. , Winant Clinton D. , Beardsley Robert C. , Hedstrom Kate S. , Haidvogel Dale B.
Published: July 2008

The unstructured‐grid Finite‐Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) is evaluated using three idealized benchmark test problems: the Rossby equatorial soliton, the hydraulic jump, and the three‐dimensional barotropic wind‐driven basin. These test cases examine the properties of numerical dispersion and damping, the performance of the nonlinear advection scheme for supercritical flow conditions, and the accuracy of the implicit vertical viscosity scheme in barotropic settings, respectively. It is demonstrated that FVCOM provides overall a second‐order spatial accuracy for the vertically averaged equations (i.e., external mode), and with increasing grid resolution the model‐computed solutions show a fast convergence toward the analytic solutions regardless of the particular triangulation method. Examples are provided to illustrate the ability of FVCOM to facilitate local grid refinement and speed up computation. Comparisons are also made between FVCOM and the structured‐grid Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) for these test cases. For the linear problem in a simple rectangular domain, i.e., the wind‐driven basin case, the performance of the two models is quite similar. For the nonlinear case, such as the Rossby equatorial soliton, the second‐order advection scheme used in FVCOM is almost as accurate as the fourth‐order advection scheme implemented in ROMS if the horizontal resolution is relatively high. FVCOM has taken advantage of the new development in computational fluid dynamics in resolving flow problems containing discontinuities. One salient feature illustrated by the three‐dimensional barotropic wind‐driven basin case is that FVCOM and ROMS simulations show different responses to the refinement of grid size in the horizontal and in the vertical.
Historic 2005 toxic bloom of Alexandrium fundyense in the west Gulf of Maine: 1. In situ observations of coastal hydrography and circulation
Authors: He Ruoying , McGillicuddy Dennis J.
Published: July 2008

An extensive Alexandrium fundyense bloom occurred along the coast of the Gulf of Maine in late spring and early summer 2005. To understand the physical aspects of bloom's initiation and development, in situ observations from both a coast‐wide ship survey and the coastal observing network were used to characterize coastal circulation and hydrography during that time period. Comparisons between these in situ observations and their respective long‐term means revealed anomalous ocean conditions during May 2005: waters were warmer and fresher coast‐wide owing to more surface heating and river runoff; coastal currents were at least 2 times stronger than their climatological means. Surface winds were also anomalous in the form of both episodic bursts of northeast winds and a downwelling‐favorable mean condition. These factors may have favored more vigorous along‐shore transport and nearshore aggregation of toxic A. fundyense cells (a red tide) in 2005.
Historic 2005 toxic bloom of Alexandrium fundyense in the western Gulf of Maine: 2. Coupled biophysical numerical modeling
Authors: He Ruoying , McGillicuddy Dennis J. , Keafer Bruce A. , Anderson Donald M.
Published: July 2008

A coupled physical/biological modeling system was used to hindcast a massive Alexandrium fundyense bloom that occurred in the western Gulf of Maine in 2005 and to investigate the relative importance of factors governing the bloom's initiation and development. The coupled system consists of a state‐of‐the‐art, free‐surface primitive equation Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) tailored for the Gulf of Maine (GOM) using a multinested configuration, and a population dynamics model for A. fundyense. The system was forced by realistic momentum and buoyancy fluxes, tides, river runoff, observed A. fundyense benthic cyst abundance, and climatological nutrient fields. Extensive comparisons were made between simulated (both physical and biological) fields and in situ observations, revealing that the hindcast model is capable of reproducing the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the 2005 bloom. Sensitivity experiments were then performed to distinguish the roles of three major factors hypothesized to contribute to the bloom: (1) the high abundance of cysts in western GOM sediments; (2) strong ‘northeaster' storms with prevailing downwelling‐favorable winds; and (3) a large amount of fresh water input due to abundant rainfall and heavy snowmelt. Model results suggest the following. (1) The high abundance of cysts in western GOM was the primary factor of the 2005 bloom. (2) Wind‐forcing was an important regulator, as episodic bursts of northeast winds caused onshore advection of offshore populations. These downwelling favorable winds accelerated the alongshore flow, resulting in transport of high cell concentrations into Massachusetts Bay. A large regional bloom would still have happened, however, even with normal or typical winds for that period. (3) Anomalously high river runoff in 2005 resulted in stronger buoyant plumes/currents, which facilitated the transport of cell population to the western GOM. While affecting nearshore cell abundance in Massachusetts Bay, the buoyant plumes were confined near to the coast, and had limited impact on the gulf‐wide bloom distribution.
Satellite altimetry data reveal jet‐like dynamics of the Humboldt Current
Authors: Fuenzalida Rosalino , Schneider Wolfgang , Garcés‐Vargas José , Bravo Luis
Published: July 2008

Satellite‐derived mean sea level anomalies were blended with mean dynamic topography to obtain seasonal climatologies of the eastern South Pacific Ocean's surface circulation with an emphasis on the Humboldt Current. The Humboldt Current is confined to a narrow northward flowing jet‐like stream of about 350 km associated with maximum geostrophic velocities of more than 15 cm s−1 from 35° to 23°S. The current streams closer to the coast in the south (within 500 km), but is found 500 km offshore in its northern section. A bifurcation takes place at 23°S, with a more coastal branch heading toward the coast of southern Peru (15°S) and an oceanic branch continuing in a north‐northwesterly direction. The Humboldt Current intensifies by 3 cm s−1 in austral summer as compared to winter. In contrast, the Humboldt Current's coastal branch is stronger in austral winter by the same order of magnitude. We attribute these distinct seasonal flow fields to the meridional movement of the South Pacific Anticyclone, which includes a seasonal relocation of a strong wind stress curl nucleus from offshore central‐southern (austral summer) to central‐northern Chile (austral winter), thus driving the Humboldt Current by means of seasonal Sverdrup dynamics. The geostrophic flow field in the eastern South Pacific communicates colder and fresher Sub‐Antarctic Surface Water toward the tropics along the eastern rim of the subtropical gyre.
Comparison of ultraviolet spectroradiometers in Antarctica
Authors: Bernhard Germar , McKenzie Richard L. , Kotkamp Michael , Wood Stephen , Booth Charles R. , Ehramjian James C. , Johnston Paul , Nichol Sylvia E.
Published: July 2008

Solar ultraviolet irradiance has been monitored in Antarctica for almost two decades by a network of spectroradiometers established by the National Science Foundation. Data have been used for investigating increases in ultraviolet radiation in response to ozone depletion, validation of satellite observations, and the establishment of ultraviolet radiation climatologies and trends. To assess the quality of data collected, measurements of the monitoring spectroradiometer installed at Arrival Heights (78°S, 167°E) were compared with an independently calibrated, state‐of‐the art instrument, which was installed next to the monitoring system for a three‐month campaign. Measurements of the two instruments differed by 5–7% on average. The discrepancy is quantitatively explained by the different irradiance scales used by the two systems, a bias in determining the reference plane of fore‐optics, drifts of calibration standards, some temperature‐dependence in the transmission of the entrance optics, and nonlinearity of one of the systems. The wavelength accuracy of data from both instruments was also tested with two commonly used correlation methods. Wavelength shifts determined with the two methods agreed to within 0.003–0.006 nm. Results of the campaign suggest that data collected by the monitoring instrument are of adequate quality for submission to the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change.
Infiltration on alluvial fans in arid environments: Influence of fan morphology
Authors: Blainey Joan B. , Pelletier Jon D.
Published: July 2008

Mountain‐front recharge through highly permeable alluvial fans can be an important source of groundwater recharge in arid climates. To better understand the geomorphic factors (e.g., fan slope, fan area, active channel proportion of fan area, sediment permeability, and entrenchment of the active channel) that control flow and infiltration on alluvial fans, we developed a coupled numerical model of steady surface water flow and Green‐Ampt‐type infiltration. The model was applied to synthetic alluvial fans using random walkers to create connected distributary networks. The purpose of this approach is to predict where and how recharge occurs on fans as a function of fan morphology. Using the numerical model, we examined how the fan shape and the sequence of fan surfaces influenced where infiltration occurred on the fan. We also investigated how fan morphology influenced the partitioning of infiltration between the fan and the valley floor. Finally, we examined how infiltration influenced the spatial distribution of flooding. The greatest amount of infiltration occurred on low gradient fans where water spread laterally with shallower ponded water depths, although the large inundation area often included less permeable sediments outside of the active channel. The ratio of the incision depth to the input flow depth was an important predictor of the amount of infiltration. The greatest amount of infiltration occurred on fans with incision depths slightly smaller than the input flow depth. These results have implications for groundwater resource assessment and for development of monitoring networks on fans in arid environments.
Impact of local recharge on arsenic concentrations in shallow aquifers inferred from the electromagnetic conductivity of soils in Araihazar, Bangladesh
Authors: Aziz Z. , van Geen A. , Stute M. , Versteeg R. , Horneman A. , Zheng Y. , Goodbred S. , Steckler M. , Weinman B. , Gavrieli I. , Hoque M. A. , Shamsudduha M. , Ahmed K. M.
Published: July 2008

The high‐degree of spatial variability of dissolved As levels in shallow aquifers of the Bengal Basin has been well documented but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We compare here As concentrations measured in groundwater pumped from 4700 wells <22 m (75 ft) deep across a 25 km2 area of Bangladesh with variations in the nature of surface soils inferred from 18,500 measurements of frequency domain electromagnetic induction. A set of 14 hand auger cores recovered from the same area indicate that a combination of grain size and the conductivity of soil water dominate the electromagnetic signal. The relationship between pairs of individual EM conductivity and dissolved As measurements within a distance of 50 m is significant but highly scattered (r2 = 0.12; n = 614). Concentrations of As tend to be lower in shallow aquifers underlying sandy soils and higher below finer‐grained and high conductivity soils. Variations in EM conductivity account for nearly half the variance of the rate of increase of As concentration with depth, however, when the data are averaged over a distance of 50 m (r2 = 0.50; n = 145). The association is interpreted as an indication that groundwater recharge through permeable sandy soils prevents As concentrations from rising in shallow reducing groundwater.
Terrigenous events and climate history of the Sophia Basin, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Winkelmann Daniel , Schäfer Christoph , Stein Rüdiger , Mackensen Andreas
Published: July 2008

Periods of enhanced terrigenous input to the ocean's basins of the North Atlantic have been reported for the last glacial period. We present a set of new sediment cores recovered from the Sophia Basin north of Svalbard which exhibit widespread ice‐rafted debris layers reflecting enhanced terrigenous input throughout the last ∼200 ka B.P. Their consistent stratigraphic position, sedimentological character, high sedimentation rate, and geochemical characteristic point to synchronously deposited layers which we name terrigenous input events (TIEs). Owing to their higher densities, they generate excellent reflectors for sediment‐penetrating acoustic devices and prominent acoustic layers in the imagery of sedimentary structures. Therefore TIEs can be used for regional acoustic stratigraphy. Each of the events can be linked to major glacial activity on Svalbard. However, the Early Weichselian glaciation is not recorded as a TIE and, in agreement with other work, might not have occurred on Svalbard as a major glacial advance to the shelf break. Nonsynchronous timing of western and northern sources on Svalbard points against sea level–induced iceberg discharge events.
Variable morphologic expression of volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes at six hydrothermal vent fields in the Lau back‐arc basin
Authors: Ferrini Vicki Lynn , Tivey Margaret K. , Carbotte Suzanne M. , Martinez Fernando , Roman Chris
Published: July 2008

Ultrahigh‐resolution bathymetric maps (25 cm grid) are used to quantify the physical dimensions of and spatial relationships between tectonic, volcanic, and hydrothermal features at six hydrothermal vent fields in the Lau back‐arc basin. Supplemented with near‐bottom photos, and nested within regional DSL‐120A side‐scan sonar data, these maps provide insight into the nature of hydrothermal systems along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR). Along‐axis transitions evident in localized volcanic morphology and tectonic characteristics include a change from broad low‐relief volcanic domes (hundreds of meters wide, <10 m tall) that are dominated by pillow and lobate lava morphologies and are cut by faults and fissures to higher aspect ratio volcanic domes (tens of meters wide, tens of meters tall) dominated by aa‐type lava morphologies, with finger‐like flows, and few tectonic structures. These along‐axis differences in localized seafloor morphology suggest differences in hydrothermal circulation pathways within the shallow crust and correlate with regional transitions in a variety of ridge properties, including the large‐scale morphology of the ridge axis (shallow axial valley to axial high), seafloor lava compositions, and seismic properties of the upper crust. Differences in morphologic characteristics of individual flows and lava types were also quantified, providing an important first step toward the remote characterization of complex terrains associated with hydrothermal vent fields.
An oceanic origin for the increase of atmospheric radiocarbon during the Younger Dryas
Authors: Singarayer Joy S. , Richards David A. , Ridgwell Andy , Valdes Paul J. , Austin William E. N. , Beck J. Warren
Published: July 2008

Variations in carbon‐14 to carbon‐12 ratio in the atmosphere (Δ14Catm) provide a powerful diagnostic for elucidating the timing and nature of geophysical and anthropological change. The (Atlantic) marine archive suggests a rapid Δ14Catm increase of 50‰ at the onset of the Younger Dryas (YD) cold reversal (12.9–11.7 kyr BP), which has not yet been satisfactorily explained in terms of magnitude or causal mechanism, as either a change in ocean ventilation or production rate. Using Earth‐system model simulations and comparison of marine‐based radiocarbon records from different ocean basins, we demonstrate that the YD Δ14Catm increase is smaller than suggested by the marine archive. This is due to changes in reservoir age, predominantly caused by reduced ocean ventilation.
Study on impact of the South Asian summer monsoon on the down‐valley wind on the northern slope of Mt. Everest
Authors: Zhou Libo , Zou Han , Ma Shupo , Li Peng
Published: July 2008

Based on the observational data from the HEST2006 campaign in the Rongbuk Valley on the northern slope of Mt. Everest, in June, 2006, the variation of surface wind in the Rongbuk Valley and possible impact of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) on the surface wind are analyzed. During the observation campaign, SASM experienced a break stage and an active stage in middle and late June, 2006, respectively. The surface wind variation measured in the Rongbuk Valley is closely related to the SASM evolution, with a strong down‐valley wind coinciding with the break stage of SASM and a weak down‐valley wind with the active stage. It is suggested that the impact of SASM on the surface wind on the northern slope of Mt. Everest can be attributed to change of radiation conditions.