bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative spectral micro-CT of a CA4+ loaded osteochondral sample with a tabletop system
Authors: Fantoni Simone , Brun Francesco , Cardarelli Paolo , Baruffaldi Fabio , Cristofori Virginia , Taibi Angelo , Trapella Claudio , Brombal Luca
Published: August 2024

Micro-computed tomography ($$\upmu$$
μ
CT) is the gold standard for nondestructive 3D imaging of biomedical samples in the centimeter scale, but it has limited effectiveness in revealing intricate soft tissue details due to the limited attenuation contrast. Radiopaque contrast agents that accumulate in the structures of interest are employed to enhance their visibility. However, the increased attenuation provided by the contrast agents does not guarantee discrimination among tissues. This issue can be solved by spectral $$\upmu$$
μ
CT (S$$\upmu$$
μ
CT) systems employing small-pixel chromatic photon-counting detectors. These detectors, combined with material decomposition algorithms, allow the generation of high-resolution material-specific 3D maps. This work aims to demonstrate the potential of photon-counting X-ray S$$\upmu$$
μ
CT on osteochondral samples loaded with a cationic iodinated contrast agent (CA4+) at a spatial resolution below 50 $$\upmu$$
μ
m, and to compare the results against a conventional $$\upmu$$
μ
CT system. An osteochondral sample extracted from a bovine stifle joint was loaded with CA4+ and imaged with a novel multimodal X-ray imaging system, featuring a 62 $$\upmu$$
μ
m pixel CdTe spectral detector (Pixirad1-PixieIII). After material decomposition, quantitative 3D density maps of iodine and hydroxyapatite were reconstructed. The same sample was also scanned with a commercial $$\upmu$$
μ
CT scanner with matched spectrum and exposure time. SCT$$\upmu$$
μ
images at a (measured) spatial resolution comparable with the commercial scanner ($$\sim$$
∼
45 $$\upmu$$
μ
m) were obtained. Spectral images allowed for a fully automatic segmentation of cartilage and subchondral bone. The unambiguous discrimination between iodine and hydroxyapatite revealed a more realistic representation of proteoglycan distribution compared to conventional imaging.
Application Design and Analysis of Network Data Mining in Microsystemic Software
Authors: Xu Jinyuan
Published: August 2024

The application of network data mining technology further enhances the functionality and intelligence level of microsystems software. This paper first introduces the basic principles and key technologies of network data mining, including steps such as data collection, preprocessing, pattern recognition and result interpretation. Subsequently, a detailed analysis was conducted on the application scenarios of network data mining in microarchitecture software design, such as user behavior analysis, personalized recommendations, and anomaly detection. By mining user behavior data in the network, microsystems software can more accurately understand user needs and provide higher quality services. In addition, this paper also explores the optimization strategies of network data mining in the design of microarchitecture software. For example, by improving data mining algorithms, the accuracy and efficiency of data processing can be improved; utilizing cloud computing and other technologies achieves rapid processing and analysis of large-scale data; and combining machine learning technology achieves self-learning and adaptive functions of microarchitecture software. In the case analysis section, this paper demonstrates the application effect of network data mining in microsystems software through specific cases. These cases not only validate the effectiveness of network data mining in microarchitecture software design, but also provide useful references for other similar applications.
Synchronization of Kuramoto oscillators via fixed-time aperiodically intermittent control
Authors: Rao Pengchun , Mi Yun
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we focus on the issue of fixed-time synchronization for Kuramoto-oscillator networks. To reduce control costs, two effective aperiodically intermittent control protocols for both identical and nonidentical oscillators are proposed, which closely align with practical applications. By employing fixed-time stability theory, two criteria to ensure fixed-time synchronization are derived. Finally, theoretical results are validated through numerical examples.
Competition and Pricing Scheme in Fashion Supply Chain: The Fast-Fashion and the Luxury Brands
Authors: Wang Ningning , Li Jing , Ding Yi , Zhang Mengying
Published: August 2024

Competition is widely emerging in the fashion supply chain which incentivizes brands to strategically implement different pricing schemes. We study the competition between a fast-fashion brand and a luxury brand that sell substitutable products. Through the whole selling season, the fast-fashion brand commonly adjusts its retail price. Specifically, it may either determine the promotion price responsively in the clearance period (dynamic pricing) or pre-determine and pre-announce it in the regular period (pre-announcement pricing). The luxury brand prefers an unchanged retail price to maintain its brand image. We study how to optimally make pricing decisions in different pricing schemes and how consumers’ strategic behavior, consumers’ hedonic superiority and brands’ pricing schemes affect the optimal decisions. We find that consumers’ strategic behavior is detrimental to both brands even in a competitive pricing model. Besides, consumers’ hedonic superiority will benefit the luxury brand but enhance the fast-fashion brand’s profit only when the cost differentiation is small. Also, we find that a pre-announcement pricing scheme will be unambiguously beneficial to both brands and the whole supply chain. Furthermore, a pre-announcement pricing scheme can alleviate price competition, mitigate monopolization and consumers’ strategic behavior. Finally, we conduct two extensions and find that the qualitatively remain unchanged.
A Subsynchronous Oscillation Assessment Method in Power Systems with DFIGs Based on Improved Transformer Network and Interference Level Adaptation
Authors: Liu Ge , Liu Jun , Liu Andong
Published: August 2024

With the increasing popularity of renewable energy, many power electronics are connected to the grid. This integration can induce subsynchronous oscillations (SSO) due to interactions between power electronic converters or between converters and the AC grid. SSO poses a severe threat to the safe and stable operation of power systems, necessitating the development of a real-time online SSO assessment method. Focusing on the SSO caused by integrating doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) into the power grid via series compensation transmission lines, this study proposes an SSO assessment method based on improved transformer networks and adaptive selection classifiers. First, the IMF-IE information is extracted to describe SSO characteristics, and a scenario classification model based on P-DDQN is established. The introduction of the prioritized experience replay (PER) mechanism accelerates the learning process and enhances performance. Next, the interference level is calculated based on data energy information for scenarios that include SSO. Subsequently, an SSO parameter estimator is developed for PMU data corresponding to different interference levels. This estimator integrates multi-head attention (MHA) with an improved sparse autoencoder to balance accuracy and speed in the assessment. Finally, a simulation model is constructed to validate the proposed method. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can quickly and accurately estimate multiple oscillation modes’ frequencies and damping ratios in complex field scenarios.
Application of N37A Nonlinear Constitutive Relation in the Subgrade Filling of Ballastless Track
Authors: Xie Peng , Wang Yuhua , Meng Lingyi
Published: August 2024

As railway engineering moves toward a more severe environment, the service safety of track structure infrastructure needs more detailed control, and correct cognitive mechanical behavior of infrastructure has always been the difficulty and bottleneck of refined analysis of railway engineering. In this thesis, taking the stress–sensitive nonlinear constitutive of subgrade as a breakthrough, this thesis puts forward that the constitutive relationship that is self-consistent with material behavior is embedded in the finite element calculation model of subgrade, which provides a feasible method for fine analysis of railway engineering. In the study, the bottom layer of the subgrade bed for the Ballastless track is taken as the research object. The stress-related nonlinear constitutive relationship N37A is inserted into the subgrade material through a user-defined subroutine. Then, the material’s rebound modulus evolution parameters returned from the triaxial test are used to analyze the nonlinear base mechanical behavior of the embedded material. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) The N37A nonlinear model can capture the stress sensitivity of the material, and describe the mechanical behavior of the bottom layer of subgrade bed factually. (2) The deadweight has led to the nonlinear significant increase of the resilient modulus, and the train load causes the different development of the stress–strain response at different locations. (3) The resilient modulus of the bottom layer of the subgrade bed is small at the top surface but large at the bottom surface, which is monotonically increasing. With the loading of the train, the resilient modulus curve with different depths rotates approximately clockwise at the center about 0.75[Formula: see text]m away from the top surface of the bottom layer of the subgrade bed. (4) The value of resilient modulus at the top surface of the bottom layer of the subgrade bed is as the center line of the subgrade [Formula: see text] under the rail [Formula: see text] the edge of the base, and the bottom surface is just opposite. The relative difference in resilient modulus between them is less than 3[Formula: see text]MPa.
Improved Stochastic Linearization Methods for Structures with Nonlinear Eddy Current Dampers Considering Non-Gaussian Distributions
Authors: Li Yafeng , Tan Ping , Tai Yuji , Zheng Wenzhi , Li Shouying
Published: August 2024

Eddy current dampers (ECDs), which employ magnetic induction to produce eddy current damping for energy dissipation, demonstrate superior sensitivity and durability in comparison to traditional viscous dampers. However, the inherent, velocity-dependent nonlinearity of ECDs poses significant challenges in research and engineering implementations. The present study addresses this challenge by exploring the stochastic linearization of ECDs, innovatively incorporating the non-Gaussian distribution of velocity responses. Central to our analysis, we proposed four closed-form expressions for the equivalent damping ratios of ECDs, derived from both Gaussian and non-Gaussian distributions. This achievement is facilitated by the utilization of the statistical linearization technique (SLT), which integrates both force-based and energy-based equivalent criteria. To validate the accuracy of these expressions, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) was employed. Our results demonstrate that, regardless of soil conditions and velocity distributions, the force-based criteria, in most cases, outperform the energy-based criteria in assessing the stochastic linearization of ECDs. Notably, in scenarios where ECD nonlinearity is prominent, the probability density of the exact velocity response of ECDs in firm soil exhibits a significantly steeper profile near zero, resembling an exponential-like distribution more closely than the Gaussian distribution. Conversely, in soft soil conditions, the actual velocity distribution lies intermediate between Gaussian and exponential-like distributions. Additionally, a series of parameter studies were conducted, further revealing that the force-based Gaussian SLT method offers the highest accuracy in soft soil and firm soil with critical velocities exceeding 0.05[Formula: see text]m/s. In contrast, the force-based non-Gaussian SLT method proves to be the more precise approach in firm soil with critical velocities below 0.05[Formula: see text]m/s.
Analysis of Porosity-Dependent Wave Propagation in FG-CNTRC Beams Utilizing an Integral Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory
Authors: Al-Houri Saeed , Al-Osta Mohammed A. , Bourada Fouad , Gawah Qais , Tounsi Abdelouahed , Al-Dulaijan Salah U.
Published: August 2024

This paper seeks to study and investigate the wave dispersion behavior in porous functionally graded (FG) carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) beams. The beams comprise four patterns of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) distributed in the polymer matrix. The mixture rule is used to estimate the CNTR beams’ material properties. Innovative to this study are three porosity models describing the porosity distributions within the matrix and a three-unknown integral higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) modeling analytically the CNTRC beams with a novel shape function expressing the distributions of shear stresses and strains. The equations of motion for CNTRC beams are derived based on Hamilton’s principle. The stiffness and mass matrices are formulated by a generalized solution of harmonic wave propagation to express the wave dispersion relations. Numerical comparisons with previously published works verify the applicability of this mathematical model. The paper studies the effects of CNTs patterns through the polymer matrix, porosity models, and volume fractions of the porosity and CNTs. Based on the analytical results, augmenting the porosity and CNTs volume fractions leads to faster phase and group velocities. Furthermore, the impact of CNTs volume fractions, porosity models, and porosity volume fractions becomes more pronounced as the wavenumber increases.
Optimal Tuning of Inerter–Spring–Damper Vehicle Suspension for Mitigation of Bridge Response
Authors: Zhang Buyun , Xu Yang , Tan Chin An
Published: August 2024

The coupled, dynamic loads from vehicles travelling on a bridge can cause excessive vibration of the bridge and limit its service life. The coupled vehicle–bridge interaction (VBI) is strongly determined by the properties of the vehicle suspension, the vehicle speed, and the bridge flexibility. A bridge-friendly vehicle is designed to minimize the contact force between the tires and the bridge, enhancing the vehicle’s performance and protecting the bridge from damage by optimizing the vehicle suspension system. In this paper, we investigate the concept of bridge-friendly vehicle by optimally tuning the parameters of the vehicle suspension to mitigate the bridge vibration. The vehicle is modeled with an inerter–spring–damper (ISD) suspension. A time-frozen technique is applied to obtain the time-varying displacement transmissibility functions of the coupled system, and effects of the suspension inerter on the time–frequency characteristics of the transmissibility are discussed. The fixed-point principle is applied to derive the optimal values of the ISD, which are shown to depend only on a priori known structural parameters of the bridge and vehicle parameters. Numerical simulations of the coupled system responses are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the tuned ISD in mitigating the vibration of the vehicle and the bridge. Effects of considering the inerter in the suspension model in this tuning problem for bridge-friendliness are also discussed.
On the pre-commutative envelopes of commutative algebras
Authors: Alhussein H. , Kolesnikov P. S.
Published: August 2024

We prove that every nilpotent commutative algebra over a field of characteristic zero can be embedded into a pre-commutative (Zinbiel) algebra with respect to the anti-commutator operation. For finite-dimensional algebras, the nilpotency condition is necessary for a commutative algebra to have a pre-commutative envelope.
Analytical solutions of (3+1)-dimensional modified KdV–Zakharov–Kuznetsov dynamical model in a homogeneous magnetized electron–positron–ion plasma and its applications
Authors: Shehzad Khurrem , Wang Jun , Arshad Muhammad , Althobaiti Ali , Seadawy Aly R.
Published: August 2024

This study examines the dynamical equation of the modified Korteweg–de Vries–Zakharov–Kuznetsov (mKdV-ZK), which is used to describe wave propagation in a dispersive and nonlinear medium. This equation is an extension of the well-known KdV-ZK equation, which has been extensively studied in the literature. In this study, we examine the solitary wave solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional mKdV-ZK equation using two analytical techniques: the generalized [Formula: see text]-expansion approach and the two-variable [Formula: see text]-expansion techniques. As a result, novel soliton solutions in a variety of forms, including Kink- and anti-Kink-type breather waves, dark and bright solitons, Kink soliton and multi-peak solitons, etc. are attained. The solitary wave solutions (which represent the electrostatic field potential), quantum statistical pressures, electric fields and magnetic fields are accomplished with the use of software. These solutions have numerous applications in various areas of physics and other sciences. These results also have applications in electromagnetic wave propagation, nonlinear optics, and plasma physics. Graphical representations of these results have also been presented. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the two-variable expansion strategy, which will also be useful in solving many other nonlinear models that arise in mathematical physics and several other applied sciences fields. This work contributes to the advancement of novel wave manipulation and control methods, the construction of improved photonic devices for sensing and communications, and plasma confinement in fusion devices, among other uses.
Fractional dynamics of a two-strain dengue model with co-infections and saturated incidences
Authors: Abboubakar Hamadjam , Guidzavaï Albert Kouchéré , Gouroudja Sylvain Ardo Banbeto , Richard Yankoulo , Jan Rashid
Published: August 2024

In this work, we formulate a two-strain model of dengue infection, incorporating the possibility of co-infection through integer and Caputo-type fractional derivatives. We present the foundational theory and results related to fractional operators for the analysis of the proposed dengue model. We establish the positivity and boundedness of the solution to validate the model. It is demonstrated that the solution to the proposed model exists and is unique. The basic reproduction number, denoted by [Formula: see text], is determined, and the local asymptotic stability of the dengue-free equilibrium point is established when [Formula: see text]. We also prove the existence of an endemic equilibrium and establish the global stability of solutions to the fractional model in the Ulam–Hyers sense. Additionally, we construct a numerical scheme and prove its stability under certain conditions. Several numerical simulations are performed to validate our analytical results, and we examine the impact of various input factors on the solution pathways of the system through these simulations.
Effect of Pr6O11 addition on the electrical properties of Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Cheng Jihai , Zhu Xuhang , Zhang Wenyi , Hou Yifeng
Published: August 2024

Sm[Formula: see text]Ce[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text](SDC) solid electrolyte powder for solid oxide fuel cells was prepared by sol-gel method, and Pr6O[Formula: see text] was added to improve the electrochemical performance. The effect of Pr6O[Formula: see text] addition on the electrical properties was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed that the structure of SDC and Pr6O[Formula: see text] does not change, the two materials still maintain their original structure in Pr6O[Formula: see text]-Sm[Formula: see text]Ce[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] composite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the Pr6O[Formula: see text]-Sm[Formula: see text]Ce[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] composite exhibits superior sintering activity and can form a dense ceramic structure after sintering at 1250°C. The electrochemical performance of the electrolyte was tested in air using AC impedance technique in the temperature range of 500–650°C. The results showed that the conductivity of Sm[Formula: see text]Ce[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] can significantly increase by adding the right amount of Pr6O[Formula: see text], and the highest conductivity of 0.053 S/cm can be seen in the 15% Pr-SDC sample at 650°C. In conclusion, the Pr6O[Formula: see text]/Sm[Formula: see text]Ce[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] composite electrolyte shows a promising prospect as an electrolyte material for medium or low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells due to its excellent electrical properties.
Detection of Moving Objects in Earth Observation Satellite Images: Verification
Authors: Keto Eric , Watters Wesley Andrés
Published: August 2024

In multi-spectral images made by Earth observation satellites that use push-broom scanning, such as those operated by Planet Labs Corp., moving objects can be identified by the appearance of the object at different locations in each spectral band. The apparent velocity can be measured if the relative acquisition time between images in different spectral bands is known to millisecond accuracy. The images in the Planet Labs archive are mosaics of individual exposures acquired at different times. Thus, there is not a unique acquisition time for each spectral band. In an earlier paper, we proposed a method to determine the relative acquisition times from the information in the images themselves. High-altitude balloons provide excellent targets to test our proposed method because of their high apparent velocity due to the orbital velocity of the satellite and geometric parallax in images aligned to the level of the ground. We use images of the Chinese balloon that crossed the US in February 2024 as well as images of an identical balloon over Colombia to test our method. Our proposed method appears to be successful and allows the measurement of the apparent velocity of moving objects from the information available in the archive.
Optimal Dispersion Conditions and Heat Dissipation Characteristics According to Changes in Particle Size, Dispersant, and Binder of Graphene Flakes
Authors: Ryou Min , Kim Tae-hoon , Jin Changhyun
Published: August 2024

To determine the optimal dispersion conditions of graphene flakes for ink, its heat dissipation properties were investigated by changing the particle size, dispersant, and binder types. In the case of particle size, the smaller the size of the graphene flakes, the better the dispersion, and regardless of the amount of dispersant and the type of binder, the greatest dispersion effect was exhibited by the mixed dispersant. Under these conditions, internal cohesion did not occur as in Newtonian flow over time, and for this reason, heat was released quickly, with a rapid cooling rate. It is clear that this process of determining the optimal dispersion conditions considering multiple factors will provide a good reference for determining dispersion conditions for various variables in the future.
Voices of Elementary Computer Science Teachers: Computer Science Integration Rationales and Practices
Authors: Liao Yin-Chan , Kim Jiyoung , Ottenbreit-Leftwich Anne T. , Karlin Michael , Guo Meize
Published: August 2024

Objectives
. Computer Science (CS) education has become increasingly prevalent in elementary schools because of multiple rationales, such as the importance of computational literacy and the growing demand for CS-related workforce preparation. As elementary CS standards continue to be adopted by many states, more examples and voices from the field may help educators understand what effective computational thinking (CT)/CS integration looks like in practice.
Method
. We employed a descriptive qualitative approach to study eight award-winning K-8 CS teachers and aimed to answer three research questions: (1) What were elementary CS teachers’ rationales for CT/CS integration? (2) How do elementary CS teachers integrate CT/CS into their classroom practices? (3) What are the needs of CS teachers for meaningful CT/CS integration in elementary schools? Data were collected through interviews, a questionnaire, and artifacts and analyzed using thematic analysis.
Findings
. Our findings of elementary CS teachers’ rationales for CT/CS integration encompassed its essential nature as a literacy skill, its potential to promote equity in education, and its alignment with standards across various disciplines. To support CT/CS integration at the elementary level, CS teachers described important aspects with examples from their instructional practices: (a) Real-world applications; (b) hands-on activities; (c) strategies to scaffold and guide student learning; (d) collaboration with classroom teachers; and (e) support from professional development (PD).
Conclusion
. The study results shared CS teachers’ voices from practice and shed light on the urgent need for more support and PD opportunities for both homeroom teachers and CS teachers in elementary schools, as well as the crucial need for multiple levels of support within K-12 school systems. Continuous efforts in creating systematic and sustainable PD plans and supporting collaborative professional communities for teachers within the instructional context are a must to help prepare our elementary students with the essential CS knowledge and skills they need to thrive in this technology-rich society.
Beyond Intrinsic Motivation: The Role of Autonomous Motivation in User Experience
Authors: Bennett Daniel , Mekler Elisa D.
Published: August 2024

Motivation and autonomy are fundamental concepts in Human–Computer Interaction (HCI), yet in User Experience (UX) research they have remained surprisingly peripheral. We draw on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to analyse autonomous and non-autonomous patterns of motivation in 497 interaction experiences. Using latent profile analysis, we identify five distinct patterns of motivation in technology use—‘motivational profiles’—associated with significant differences in need satisfaction, affect, and perceived usability. Users’ descriptions of these experiences also reveal qualitative differences between profiles: from intentional, purposive engagement, to compulsive use which users themselves consider unhealthy. Our results complicate exclusively positive notions of intrinsic motivation and clarify how extrinsic motivation can contribute to positive UX. Based on these findings, we identify open questions for UX and SDT: addressing ‘hedonic amotivation’—negative experiences in activities which are intrinsically motivated but not otherwise valued—and ‘design for internalisation’—scaffolding healthy and sustainable patterns of engagement over time.
Eco-Friendly Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Selective Determination of Lesinurad in Its Pharmaceutical Formulation and in the Presence of Its Degradation Products
Authors: Elbaz Heba M. , Mahmoud Amr M. , Rezk Mamdouh R. , El-Awady Mohamed I. , Marzouk Hoda M.
Published: August 2024

The objective of the present study was to create solid contact ion selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) for the purpose of selectively determining lesinurad (LES) in both its pure form and pharmaceutical dosage form where potential degradation products and impurities may be present. To achieve that goal, an electrochemical sensor with graphene nanomaterial as an ion-to-electron transducer was constructed using the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a substrate. A number of plasticizers were tested to find the best plasticizer for creating the potentiometric sensors, where 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE) revealed the optimum response and nearly Nernstian slope. Sensor was characterized and the linear range was 5.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−3 M, and the calculated LOD was found to be 4.9 × 10−7 M. The developed sensor’s performance was evaluated as per the IUPAC requirements. Lesinurad was successfully determined in its pharmaceutical tablets using the proposed sensor. Additionally, statistical comparison of the developed method with the reported HPLC results has been carried out using student’s t-test and F-value, where no significant difference was found. Using the AGREE tool, the suggested method’s greenness was assessed and contrasted with the published HPLC one.
Characteristics of Volumizing, Scaffold, Lifting Cogged Thread, and Monofilament Threads
Authors: Hong Gi-Woong , Kim Soo-Bin , Park Soo Yeon , Wan Jovian , Yi Kyu-Ho
Published: August 2024

Facial threading, a popular nonsurgical cosmetic procedure, involves inserting threads into the skin to lift, tighten, and rejuvenate facial tissues. Threads made of materials like polydioxanone or poly‐L‐lactic acid cater to different treatment needs but have sparked controversy regarding their effectiveness. Originally inspired by theories in acupuncture, this technique aimed to induce tissue contraction and firmness. Modern advancements expanded its focus beyond skin layers, targeting deeper connective tissues to enhance firmness and stimulate fibroblast activation and proliferation. Recent trends emphasize combined therapies, including fillers, botulinum toxins, and energy‐based devices, to create overall facial harmony rather than merely lifting or tightening specific areas. Mono threads have evolved from basic designs to volume threads, offering skin tightening, acting as fillers, and modifying facial shapes. They stimulate collagen regeneration, tissue metabolism, and fat tissue liquefaction, reducing volume and enhancing skin quality. The primary effects of these threads are supportive, akin to reinforcing concrete blocks, while barbed threads offer lifting effects by anchoring tissues upwards, inhibiting muscle movements that cause wrinkles. Histologically, threads induce tissue reactions, leading to fibrosis, but debates persist about the lasting lifting effects after complete thread absorption. Ongoing innovations focus on thread designs to optimize cosmetic outcomes, requiring evaluation for desired aesthetic goals. Despite widespread use, ongoing research aims to clarify mechanisms and improve thread designs for better cosmetic results.
Cooperative Lane‐Changing Control for CAVs at Freeway On‐Ramps considering Vehicle Dynamics
Authors: Wang Zhengwu , Xiang Jian , Wang Jie , Gao Zhibo , Chen Tao , Li Hao , Mao Rui
Published: August 2024

This study proposes a cooperative lane‐changing control framework for multiple vehicles in freeway ramp merging areas, aiming to achieve safe and efficient merging. Specifically, multiple connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) form triplets to participate in cooperative lane‐changing. The framework consists of two stages: Longitudinal Headway Adjustment (LHA) and Lane‐Changing Execution (LCE). In the LHA stage, a centralized longitudinal controller is developed based on the vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics model to optimize the longitudinal velocity of the cooperative vehicles and create suitable gaps for merging vehicles. In the LCE stage, an optimal lane‐changing reference trajectory is generated using a quintic polynomial and a lateral controller is designed based on the vehicle’s lateral dynamics model. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is utilized for trajectory tracking. The simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink, GPOPS, and CarSim demonstrate that the proposed control strategy can be applied to different vehicle speed control scenarios. Taking a specific velocity combination as an example, the cumulative control errors in the longitudinal and lateral directions for PV (Preceding Vehicle), SV (Subject Vehicle), and FV (Following Vehicle) are 1.4014 m, 0.5631 m, and −0.7601 m, respectively, satisfying the safety distance requirements. Compared to the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control, the proposed strategy improves control efficiency by 145.03%, 69.64%, 43.18%, and 67.61% in terms of comprehensive spacing errors, synthesized acceleration, front wheel angle, and speed fluctuation, respectively. These research findings highlight the superior performance of the proposed control strategy in terms of traffic efficiency, comfort, safety, and vehicle stability.
Supporting Black African Students to Engage More in Physical Activity: A Qualitative Study of Lived Experiences in the Midlands, UK
Authors: Kyei Samuel Baffour , Howie Frances
Published: August 2024

Aim. To explore how Black African international students adjust to their new university environment and gain insight into how they feel supported to engage in physical activity (PA). Background. People from ethnic minority backgrounds have poor physical activity levels compared with white populations in the UK. The Black population is known to have the lowest PA levels among the ethnic minority groups in the UK. This trend is suggested to be the case among university students, but no research has examined this. Ethnic minority students, including international students, encounter adaptation difficulties such as cultural barriers and social isolation which affect their university experiences and health behaviours such as physical activity. Methodology. This was a qualitative method, with in‐depth semistructured interviews conducted with five African students (two males and three females) aged between 21 and 40 years from a university in the West Midlands. The transcribed interviews were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. Results/Findings. Culture and lifestyle of physical activity; knowledge, experience, and self‐motivation; the effect of various social groups, activities, and services at the university; and weather variations and physical settings were the identified themes. The key finding of the study is that respondents engaged in PA to a greater extent at the British university than they did in their home countries. This was due to a combination of factors, including low‐cost gym memberships and events and a general lack of racial or gender‐based discrimination. Conclusions/Recommendations. Participants expressed satisfaction with the cultural and social support systems at their university, such as sports clubs and societies, and mental health support services that encouraged them to learn about and engage more in physical activity. Although some barriers, such as weather variations, were mentioned, various indoor options coupled with cheaper gymnasiums motivated students to remain or become active. Understanding the experiences of minority student groups in physical activity could help in reviewing current provisions and extending them to a wider population.
Biochemical Characterization of Ethiopian Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.)
Authors: Gebremedin Basazinew Degu , Asfaw Bizuayehu Tesfaye , Mengesha Wendawek Abebe , Abebe Kebebew Assefa
Published: August 2024

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed oil has been used for its medicinal and aromatic values. Some studies revealed the presence of variability among N. sativa genotypes in seed oil content and yield. In Ethiopia, very few studies were conducted to investigate the variability of N. sativa genotypes by using biochemical traits. Thus, this study was conducted at Debre Zeit and Kulumsa Agricultural Research Centers’ experimental sites under field conditions during the 2021 cropping season to investigate the variability of Ethiopian N. sativa genotypes based on biochemical traits. Sixty‐four genotypes were used and arranged in an 8 × 8 simple lattice design with two replications. Essential oils (EOs) and fixed oils were extracted by the respective methods of hydro distillation and solvent extraction. The univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses of the collected data were performed. Combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among genotypes in fixed oil yield per hectare (FOY), EO content (EOC), and EO yield per hectare (EOY). EOY had a significant positive correlation with FOY and EOC. It is expected to improve all biochemical traits by 17.39%–94.62% over the improved varieties by selection of the top 5% landraces. Therefore, genotypes 90504, 219970, and 013_ATH were the top 5% best performed landraces by FOY and EOY over the improved varieties. So, through selection, it would also be possible to improve the studied biochemical traits of the genotypes. The principal component (PC) analysis (PCA) of four biochemical traits showed 85.86% of the total variance captured by the first two PCs. EOY and FOY were the main contributor traits to the variation in the first PC, whereas FOC and EOC were the main contributor traits to the variation in the second PC. The genotypes were grouped into three different clusters based on four biochemical traits with significant intercluster distance. This showed that there was sufficient diversity among the genotypes which can be exploited for the future N. sativa improvement program in Ethiopia.
Effect of Stacking Sequence on Mechanical and Water Absorption Characteristics of Jute/Banana/Basalt Fabric Aluminium Fibre Laminates With Diamond Microexpanded Mesh
Authors: Govindarajan Padmanabhan Rengaiyah , Shanmugavel Rajesh , Subramanian Karthikeyan , Palanisamy Sivasubramanian , Santulli Carlo , Fragassa Cristiano
Published: August 2024

This research focuses on hybrid woven fibre metal laminates (HWFMLs), specifically on the innovative hybridization of natural woven fibres (NWFs) with aluminium diamond microexpandable mesh (Al‐DMEM) in thin laminates. More specifically, it investigates the effect on the mechanical and water absorption properties of incorporating basalt (B), jute (J), banana (Bn) fibres, and Al‐DMEM as reinforcing materials in a traditional epoxy resin. Several stacking sequences were compared and discussed. The basalt‐banana‐aluminium‐banana‐basalt (BBnABnB) (five layers) laminate exhibited remarkable compressive strength (25.7 MPa), interlaminar shear strength (25.2 MPa), Izod impact strength (2.98 J), tensile strength (42.8 MPa), and tensile modulus (3.1 GPa). Other laminates, despite their limited tensile strain, still offered advantages in other loading modes. In particular, basalt‐jute‐aluminium‐jute‐basalt (BJAJB) (five layers) laminate showed notable performance with a compressive strength of 16.70 MPa and interlaminar shear strength of 20.85 MPa. In comparison, the basalt‐aluminium‐basalt (BAB) (three layers) demonstrated compressive strength equal to 6.87 MPa and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) equal to 9.07 MPa.
Optimizing Waste for Energy: Exploring Municipal Solid Waste Variations on Torrefaction and Biochar Production
Authors: Mpungu Ibrahim Luqman , Maube Obadiah , Nziu Patrick , Mwasiagi Josphat Igadwa , Dulo Benson , Bongomin Ocident
Published: August 2024

Energy primarily comes from fossil fuels, which leads to environmental deterioration through increased carbon dioxide load and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Renewable energy is a cheap alternative, and biomass, like municipal solid wastes (MSWs), can be suitably used for energy production. This paper reviews the impact of variations in MSW composition on its physical, chemical, and lignocellulosic properties. It further illustrates how these properties affect torrefaction products. It was observed that MSW can refer to either a combination of different waste types or independent wastes; hence, there is no standard composition of MSW. The variations in composition are responsible for fluctuating physical, chemical, and lignocellulosic properties. These properties, along with torrefaction process parameters, simultaneously affect the torrefied product, whereas lignocellulosic properties influence the biochar yield, and physical and chemical properties impact calorific value and ash content. Torrefying MSW containing low moisture content yields biochar with a high calorific value. Methods to improve the lignocellulosic properties of MSW have not been studied. Research is needed to assess the possibility of improving biochar yields in MSW by enhancing lignin percentages, possibly through blending MSW. A guide on the best blend combinations and ratios is required. Also, it is crucial to study optimal torrefaction process parameters.
Outbreak Investigation, Isolation, and Molecular Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Cattle from North West Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Chala Workisa , Adamu Kasaye , Mohammed Hawa , Deresse Getaw , Tesfaye Shimelis , Gelaye Esayas
Published: August 2024

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically significant viral disease because of its high morbidity and high production loss. Vaccination of cattle using LSD vaccines is a more effective disease preventive and control strategy in endemic countries such as Ethiopia. Despite high vaccination coverage, there is an increasing number of field reports of the disease outbreaks. Thus, an observational study was designed to investigate disease, characterize the disease‐causing agent, and isolate the virus from a local isolate for future vaccine development. Wera Jarso and Amuru districts in North West Oromia were chosen based on outbreak occurrence. For this study skin, 13 pooled biopsy samples were collected from affected cattle. In this outbreak investigation, the morbidity rate was 6.50%, the mortality rate was 0.50%, and the case fatality rate was 7.77%. The virus was isolated from all skin samples on both lamb testis and lamb kidney primary cells and confirmed to be LSDV using conventional and real‐time PCR genotyping. Therefore, after each suspected LSD outbreak, a molecular test should be carried out to confirm the cause of the disease, targeting the previously suggested RPO30 or GPCR genes. Further studies targeting more regions and outbreaks, including full genome sequencing to check for genetic differences between the field viruses and vaccine strains, are recommended.
Pursuing Paradigm Shift in Construction Safety Management: A Theoretical Introduction to the Safety Action Evaluation
Authors: Al-Bayati Ahmed Jalil , Kowalkowski Keith J. , Schröter Daniela
Published: August 2024

Construction safety measurement metrics indirectly assess safety performance. Safety performance issues may be overlooked without a direct assessment technique, leading to occupational incidents and near misses being the only way to identify safety shortcomings. Managing occupational safety in this manner is unwise. This study proposed a new approach to integrate construction safety management into the responsibilities of frontline supervisors. Thus, the effectiveness of safety management efforts can be directly evaluated by monitoring the safety‐related actions of frontline supervisors. A robust research methodology was employed to develop a first‐of‐its‐kind safety performance evaluation system. By employing literature and the Delphi method, the research team identified 19 safety actions that could be undertaken by frontline supervisors to improve overall safety performance. Furthermore, two national surveys were used to assign a significant level to each action based on its impact and importance. Additionally, a rubric was created to objectively evaluate the implementation of the 19 identified actions. As a result, an evaluation system was developed to empower frontline supervisors to contribute to site safety. In addition, the presented framework would help improve overall construction safety management by swiftly addressing safety performance issues and safety effort deficiencies. The study provides a roadmap to directly assess safety performance by focusing on the safety‐related actions of frontline supervisors. It significantly contributes to the body of knowledge by illustrating the possibility of integrating safety into the daily routines of project stakeholders and promoting collaboration among them. This represents a departure from traditional safety management techniques that primarily rely on safety personnel.
Integrated Gene Expression Data‐Driven Identification of Molecular Signatures, Prognostic Biomarkers, and Drug Targets for Glioblastoma
Authors: Alom Md. Wasim , Jibon Md. Delowar Kobir , Faruqe Md. Omar , Rahman Md. Siddikur , Akter Farzana , Ali Aslam , Rahman Md Motiur
Published: August 2024

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly prevalent and deadly brain tumor with high mortality rates, especially among adults. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms driving its progression remain poorly understood. Computational analysis offers a powerful approach to explore potential prognostic biomarkers, drug targets, and therapeutic agents for GBM. In this study, we utilized three gene expression datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with GBM progression. Our goal was to uncover key molecular players implicated in GBM pathogenesis and potential avenues for targeted therapy. Analysis of the gene expression datasets revealed a total of 78 common DEGs that are potentially involved in GBM progression. Through further investigation, we identified nine hub DEGs that are highly interconnected in protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks, indicating their central role in GBM biology. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses provided insights into the biological processes and immunological pathways influenced by these DEGs. Among the nine identified DEGs, survival analysis demonstrated that increased expression of GMFG correlated with decreased patient survival rates in GBM, suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and preventive target for GBM. Furthermore, molecular docking and ADMET analysis identified two compounds from the NIH clinical collection that showed promising interactions with the GMFG protein. Besides, a 100 nanosecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulation evaluated the conformational changes and the binding strength. Our study highlights the potential of GMFG as both a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for GBM. The identification of GMFG and its associated pathways provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms driving GBM progression. Moreover, the identification of candidate compounds with potential interactions with GMFG offers exciting possibilities for targeted therapy development. However, further laboratory experiments are required to validate the role of GMFG in GBM pathogenesis and to assess the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents targeting this molecule.
Transcriptomic Heterogeneity of EGFR-Mutant Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Evolution Toward Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Oh Songji , Koh Jaemoon , Kim Tae Min , Kim Soyeon , Youk Jeonghwan , Kim Miso , Keam Bhumsuk , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Ku Ja-Lok , Kim Dong-Wan , Chung Doo Hyun , Heo Dae Seog
Published: August 2024

Purpose:

Histologic transformation from EGFR-mutant non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a key mechanism of resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). However, transcriptomic changes between NSCLC and transformed SCLC (t-SCLC) remain unexplored.

Experimental Design:

We conducted whole-transcriptome analysis of 59 regions of interest through the spatial profiling of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from 10 patients (lung adenocarcinoma, 22; combined SCLC/NSCLC, 7; and t-SCLC, 30 regions of interests). Transcriptomic profiles and differentially expressed genes were compared between pre- and post-transformed tumors.

Results:

Following EGFR-TKI treatment, 93.7% (15/16) of t-SCLC components evolved into neuroendocrine-high subtypes (SCLC-A or SCLC-N). The transition to t-SCLC occurred regardless of EGFR-TKI treatment and EGFR mutational status, with a notable decrease in EGFR expression (P < 0.001) at both mRNA and protein levels. Pathway analysis revealed that gene overexpression was related to epigenetic alterations in t-SCLC. Interestingly, histone deacetylase inhibitors restored EGFR expression in SNU-2962A cells and their organoid model. The synergistic effects of third-generation EGFR-TKI osimertinib and the histone deacetylase inhibitor fimepinostat were validated in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Conclusions:

Our study demonstrated that most t-SCLC cases showed neuronal subtypes with low EGFR expression. Differentially expressed gene analysis and t-SCLC preclinical models identified an epigenetic modifier as a promising treatment strategy for t-SCLC.