bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Military Service and Material Gain on the Ottoman–Hapsburg Frontier
Authors: STEIN MARK
Published: February 2012

Just over a century ago, Frederick Jackson Turner presented his famous Frontier Thesis, which continues to be one of the most debated and controversial theories in historical scholarship and has affected all discussions of frontier history worldwide. This chapter explores one aspect of Turner's work that may be applicable to other frontiers — that of the frontier as a zone of economic opportunity. It discusses how military service on the seventeenth-century Ottoman-Hapsburg frontier presented a number of chances for economic advancement to men who were willing to take the risks of living and working along the border. Moving to the frontier offered economic opportunities not found in the interior. In North America, a large part of the opportunity was the potential to acquire land. It is possible that in some cases there was similar opportunity along the seventeenth-century Ottoman-Hapsburg frontier.
Afterword
Authors: FINKEL CAROLINE
Published: February 2012

This chapter comments on the Ottoman frontier, historical archaeology, Ottoman archaeology, and suggests future developments in these studies. The history of the frontiers of the Ottoman world played out in significantly different ways at each point along their great distance. Geographical and climatic circumstance and human conditions conspired to produce uniqueness. Meanwhile, the fortuitous degree of overlap between archaeological and historical data at Anavarin encourages people to search for a better understanding of the matters dealt with here. Each of the projects documented is this volume is tied to a specific geographic location. This simple fact opens up opportunities for virtual representation of historical and archaeological findings using GIS (Geographical Information Systems) software. GIS provides a means of digitally storing and analysing large amounts of data relating to defined locations.
Introduction
Authors: Hinds Peter
Published: February 2012

This introductory chapter discusses the ‘horrid Popish Plot’, which was an alleged Catholic conspiracy to assassinate King Charles II. This was done to effect an armed foreign invasion and a domestic uprising, as well as to reintroduce the Catholic faith into England. The chapter also includes a brief overview of the following chapters.
‘Tis the Press that has made ‘um Mad’:1 Publishing the Popish Plot and Exclusion Crisis
Authors: Hinds Peter
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the means for circulating political discourse. The discussion centres on the physical design of books, the practice and material spaces of reading, the potential impact of the spoken word, and the circulation of print and manuscript. The interpenetration of these forms of discourse is considered to be important in understanding the Popish Plot and the ensuing political crisis.
‘After-Birth-Inscriptions’:1 Historical Disputes and the Great Fire of London
Authors: Hinds Peter
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the close association of Catholics with fire and the firing of cities. It looks particularly at the resonant memory of the 1666 Great Fire. The chapter considers the Monument that was erected to commemorate this disaster, and also studies the controversial inscriptions that were added to its base by London's Common Council in 1681.
Introduction
Authors: Gleadle Kathryn
Published: February 2012

This book examines how it felt for women of the gentry and middle class to engage in politics in Britain during the early nineteenth century. It focuses on the period between the ending of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the expansion of the formal political nation in 1867, a critical period in British history in which women were ‘borderline citizens’. The book considers the modes of participation and opportunities available to women and the ways in which they were able to articulate their activities and interests. There were multiple avenues for female political interaction, including petitioning, publication, pressure groups, and patronage. Given this, the frequency with which women known for their formidable political skills resorted to highly feminine personas in personal correspondence is striking. As the contours of the British state, and expectations of citizens' roles within it, underwent momentous changes, many aspects of political culture continued to be shaped by older modes of political expression and engagement.
Borderline citizens: women and the political process
Authors: Gleadle Kathryn
Published: February 2012

This chapter considers how, as ratepayers, householders, electors, parliamentary constituents, petitioners, welfare providers, and policy experts, women in Britain were commonly treated as political subjects. Women were ‘borderline citizens’ whose status hovered permanently in the interstices of the political nation: their involvement could be evoked and sanctioned as quickly as it could be dismissed and undermined. This chapter focuses on the structural qualities of the political process and the ways in which they variously facilitated or limited female participation. It was in the parish that women enjoyed the most expansive opportunities, yet parochial authority was increasingly eroded in this period thanks to reforms such as the Poor Law Amendment Act and the Municipal Corporations Act. This chapter also discusses the involvement of women in parliamentary elections, local elections, and petitioning.
Women, the public sphere, and collective identities
Authors: Gleadle Kathryn
Published: February 2012

Despite his acknowledgement of women's contribution to constituency and electoral politics, James Vernon has suggested that by the 1830s women were marginalized from the public sphere and participated as observers rather than as agents in their own right. This chapter examines features of female citizenship through a different lens by focusing on their experience of the public sphere. It considers the public sphere of pressure-group campaigns, parliamentary elections, constituency celebrations, and royal visits. It argues that the gendered patterns of public conduct which typified gatherings of this nature had a significant impact upon women's experiences of politics and their own attitudes towards female citizenship. It also discusses ultra-Protestantism and two contrasting case studies, both drawn from the networks of liberal nonconformity: Lydia Becker and Priscilla McLaren.
Land and dynastic subjectivity: the public spheres of Mary Ann Gilbert 1
Authors: Gleadle Kathryn
Published: February 2012

This chapter considers the public career of Mary Ann Gilbert (1776–1845), a landed proprietor in Eastbourne in East Sussex where she established herself as a leading agricultural expert and poor law reformer. Her activities had a substantial impact on local parochial politics and her work was cited and discussed in parliamentary reports and government commissions. Gilbert personifies the overlapping themes of landownership, local influence, and personal authority. Her ability to construct herself as a female expert through cultural confidence and specialized knowledge, her employment of the varying modes of epistolary exchange, her use of ephemeral print culture, and her relationship with parochial government all emerge as particularly important themes. This chapter examines the salience of dynastic subjectivity as well as Gilbert's public spheres, her marriage, and her role in agricultural reform and the allotment movement during her time.
Conclusions
Authors: Gleadle Kathryn
Published: February 2012

This book has shown how women occupied an enduring but peripheral location within the contemporary political imagination in Britain. Their status within the world of public politics remained problematic throughout this period — even in campaigns apparently deemed suitable for female activism, such as anti-slavery. Family identities, moreover, remained crucial to the positioning of women as political subjects. In the years between the ending of the war with France in 1815 and the second Reform Act in 1867, there were gathering opportunities for female political engagement. However, these shifts occurred in complex ways. although there were many ‘losses’ for women in this period — such as the ending of freewomen's rights, the decline in parochial authority, and the decreasing significance of patronage networks — we have also seen how the seeds of change emerged. Women's political subjectivity was always in the making. Yet women remained borderline citizens whose ability to imagine themselves unambiguously as forthright political actors was continually compromised by the pull of conflicting discursive currents and the instability of their ambivalent political status.
An Insular Tradition of Ecclesiastical Law: Fifth to Eighth Century
Authors: Flechner Roy
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the immediate background of the emergence of the highly influential insular canonical collections and investigates the way they relate to the earliest canonical texts compiled in Ireland and Anglo-Saxon England. It discusses the Irish collection of canons Collectio Canonum Hibernensis and the Canons of Theodore, and explores how the compilers of canonical literature approached an age-old problem inherent to medieval canon law. The chapter also outlines the governing principles which characterised insular canonical thinking and shows that the Collectio Canonum Hibernensis was firmly grounded in an insular canonical tradition.
Rome and the Isles: Ireland, England and the Rhetoric of Orthodoxy
Authors: Bracken Damian
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the Roman influence on the religious orthodoxy in Ireland and England. It explains that the earliest writers presented the adoption of Christianity as a spiritual rebirth which transcended their physical birth. The chapter also suggests that the earliest of Irish literature can be considered a forceful affirmation of the importance of Christian universality and an indictment of those who refused to acknowledge the significance of this principle or who would undermine it.
Anglo-Saxon/Gaelic Interaction in Scotland
Authors: Campbell Ewan
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the interaction between Anglo-Saxons and Gaels in Scotland and considers how a post-colonialist perspective can contribute to a discussion about interaction between peoples from what are now present-day England and Scotland. It suggests that the picture of Anglo-Saxon/Gaelic interaction in Scotland revealed by archaeology is complex. This is because of the evidence concerning the use of Anglo-Saxon goods on high-status sites in western Britain and the presence of a variety of processes in metalwork.
Stylistic Influences in Early Manx Sculpture
Authors: Wilson David M.
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the influences in the early sculpture in the Isle of Man, particularly the crosses that were previously described as Celtic. It suggests that the inscriptions in the Manx sculpture epigraphically and linguistically relate the island to the lands round the Irish Sea, while their typology and style history provide rough chronological yardsticks. The findings reveal that most pre-Viking memorial stones can be found in cemeteries on the sites of keeills.
Of Saxons, a Viking and Normans: Colmán, Gerald and the Monastery of Mayo
Authors: Mhaonaigh Ní Máire
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the historical accounts of Viking raids in Ireland and Britain during the last years of the eighth century or the early years of the ninth. It compares the accounts of Bede and Alcuin of York and the historical relevance of the role of the Mayo monastery, Bishop Colmán, and Gerald of Mayo. The chapter provides background information on the lives of both Colmán and Gerald.
The Social Brain and the Distributed Mind
Authors: Dunbar Robin , Gamble Clive , Gowlett John
Published: February 2012

Human nature is the product of a long history that has brought us, over the course of some 6–8 million years, from our common ancestor with the chimpanzee lineage to modern humans. The aim of this particular volume has been to bring together two powerful approaches that deal, respectively, with explanations of the evolution of human brains and understandings of cognition as a distributed system, in order to illuminate the changes that took place during the later stages of human evolution. It aims to compare inter-disciplinary perspectives on these key issues across a range of disciplines. A particular focus is provided by consideration of the role that material culture plays as a scaffold for distributed cognition, and how almost 3 million years of artefact and tool use and manufacture provide the data for tracing key changes in areas such as language, technology, kinship, music, and social networks.
Herto Brains and Minds: Behaviour of Early Homo sapiens from the Middle Awash
Authors: Beyene Yonas
Published: February 2012

The discovery of three late Middle Pleistocene hominid crania, Homo sapiens idaltu, at Herto in the Middle Awash research area in Ethiopia in 1997 shed considerable light on this little-known period in Africa. These fossils consist of two adults' and a child's crania. All are morphologically intermediate between geologically earlier African fossils and anatomically modern later Pleistocene humans. The three Herto Homo sapiens idaltu crania show cutmarks indicating defleshing using sharp-edged stone tools. The post-mortem modifications and manipulation of the crania, demonstrated best on the child and broken adult crania, suggest that Homo sapiens idaltu performed ritual mortuary practices of which the dimension, context and meaning might only be revealed by further discoveries.
Cliques, Coalitions, Comrades and Colleagues: Sources of Cohesion in Groups
Authors: Arrow Holly
Published: February 2012

Cohesion may be based primarily on interpersonal ties or rely instead on the connection between member and group, while groups may cohere temporarily based on the immediate alignment of interests among members or may be tied together more permanently by socio-emotional bonds. Together, these characteristics define four prototypical group types. Cliques and coalitions are based primarily on dyadic ties. Groups of comrades or colleagues rely instead on the connection of members to the group for cohesion, which reduces the marginal cost of increasing group size. The strong glue of socio-emotional cohesion binds cliques and comrades, while coalitions and groups of colleagues are often based on weaker forms of cohesion. The mix of strong and weak adhesives and the greater scalability offered by the member-group bond provide the building blocks for assembling very large societies without overtaxing the social brain.
Alan William Raitt 1930–2006
Authors: Freeman M. J.
Published: February 2012

Alan William Raitt (1930–2006), a Fellow of the British Academy, went up to Magdalen College at the University of Oxford from King Edward's Grammar School in Morpeth, in 1948. He progressed from being an undergraduate there to graduate student, Fellow by Examination, Fellow, Tutor, and Senior Tutor, as well as serving the college as a distinguished Vice-President from 1983 to 1985. Raitt had by then already been named in 1976 Special Lecturer in French Literature for the university and, three years later, University Reader. In 1992 he received the accolade of an ad hominem Chair. Raitt had a gift for friendship; one of his greatest friends was Pierre Castex. His reputation as an international authority on nineteenth-century French literature is second to none. Unlike some British and American scholars, Raitt is widely read and admired by the French themselves, and his name figures prominently in all bibliographies devoted to Villiers de l'Isle-Adam and Gustave Flaubert. Despite his many commitments, both in Oxford and in the sphere of French studies generally, he remained a consistently prolific scholar.
Joseph Burney Trapp 1925–2005
Authors: McGrath Elizabeth
Published: February 2012

Joseph Burney Trapp (1925–2005), a Fellow of the British Academy, was librarian; editor and teacher; scholar of humanism, letters, and the humanities; and an enlightened but efficient administrator. His career, or rather his life from first encounter, was bound up with the Warburg Institute in London. Trapp was born in New Zealand, at Carterton, near Wellington, on July 16, 1925. His maternal grandfather had founded an agency there for registering and distributing land tenure, which his father, Burney Trapp, had joined. Trapp attended Dannevirke School, a small state boarding school where his elder sister Phyllis taught English. He went on, with a national scholarship, to Victoria University College, Wellington, graduating in 1946 in English and Greek, with subsidiary qualifications in Latin and French. From the late 1950s, Thomas More's work, both in English and Latin, became a preoccupation. It was at this time that Trapp was commissioned to edit the volume on the Apology for the Complete Works of More for Yale University Press.
Wordsworth and the Druids
Authors: CAMPBELL MATTHEW
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about English poet William Wordsworth and the druids delivered by the author at the 2008 Warton Lecture on English Poetry held at the British Academy. It provides an analysis of the beginning of Book III of The Excursion and explains the concepts of the Poet, the Wanderer, and the Solitary. The lecture suggests that Wordsworth's characters inhabit a common land until modernity takes it away from them, and that this dissolves the natural regenerative seasonal cycle in which humans now find it so difficult to live and work.
Introduction: Dawn Chatty and Bill Finlayson
Authors: Chatty Dawn
Published: February 2012

Dispossession and displacement have always afflicted life in the modern history of the Middle East and North Africa. Waves of people have been displaced from their homeland as a result of conflicts and social illnesses. At the end of the nineteenth century, Circassian Muslims and Jewish groups were dispossessed of their homes and lands in Eurasia. This was followed by the displacement of the Armenians and Christian groups in the aftermath of the First World War. They were followed by Palestinians who fled from their homes in the struggle for control over Palestine after the Second World War. In recent times, almost 4 million Iraqis have left their country or have been internally displaced. And in the summer of 2006, Lebanese, Sudanese and Somali refugees fled to neighbouring countries in the hope of finding peace, security and sustainable livelihoods. With the increasing number of refugees, this book presents a discourse on displacement and dispossession. It examines the extent to which forced migration has come to define the feature of life in the Middle East and North Africa. It presents researches on the refugees, particularly on the internally displaced people of Iran and Afghanistan. The eleven chapters in this book deal with the themes of displacement, repatriation, identity in exile and refugee policy. They cover themes such as the future of the Turkish settlers in northern Cyprus; the Hazara migratory networks between Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran and the Western countries; the internal displacement among Kurds in Iraq and Palestinians in the West Bank and East Jerusalem; the Afghan refugee youth as a ‘burnt generation’ on their post-conflict return; Sahrawi identity in refugee camps; and the expression of the ‘self’ in poetry for Iran refugees and oral history for women Iraqi refugees in Jordan.
What Visibility Conceals: Re-embedding Refugee Migration from Iraq
Authors: Chatelard Géraldine
Published: February 2012

Since the Anglo-American invasion and the fall of the Ba’athist regime in 2003, Iraq has been through profound changes. New and heightened levels of human security have led to large numbers of refugees seeking refuge in neighbouring Arab countries such as Syria and Jordan. This has also resulted in internal displacement within the country. This chapter discusses the historical and political context of Iraqi displacement to the northern regions of Iraq and the neighbouring countries of Syria and Jordan. It examines the effect of the international humanitarian aid regime’s designation of ‘unprecedented refugee crisis’ to the forced migrants and to the political actors of the region. The creation of a state-centred approach and the visibility of Iraqi refugees created other invisibilities that concealed and obscured the question of the prevalence of forced migrations and the dynamics of cross-border ties which have spanned for decades. These trends of Iraqi migration have been shaped by successive coercive governments which have fragmented the population along religious, ethnic and ideological orientations and by the nature of the polities from which Iraqis sought security. By analysing the trends and context of Iraqi migration, this chapter sheds light on the true nature of the Iraqi refugee agenda.
Failing One’s Obligations: Defectiveness in Rumantsch Reflexes* of DĒBĒRE
Authors: Anderson Stephen R.
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the Surmiran dialect which is a form of Swiss Rumantsch. Surmiran is a Romance language which is one of the spoken languages in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. The emphasis of this chapter is on a single verb which lacks many of the forms other verbs possess, hence forcing the speakers to use a distinct, but almost synonymous verb as an alternative. Treated within a broader context, the verb dueir in Sumiran which is a Latin reflex of the dēbēre, provides an opportunity to evaluate how gaps should be treated within the context of Optimal Theory. This defectiveness in the Surmiran dueir was a result of the morphologization of the vowel alternations of the Swiss Rumantsch.
The Search for Regularity in Irregularity: Defectiveness and its Implications for our Knowledge of Words
Authors: Mithun Marianne
Published: February 2012

The longstanding issue in morphological theory has been the status of inflected forms in the memory. In general, the irregular forms of words are assumed to be learned, stored, and retrieved for use. While the contention on the storage of irregular forms seemed to be clear and cohesive, the views on the nature of storage of regular words vary. For some, all inflected forms are stored while some contend that storage is not homogenous, wherein the frequently-used forms are stored and retrieved for use while the rarer forms are more likely to be assembled by analogy to stored forms or by rule. This chapter investigates inflectional gaps or defectiveness in languages exhibiting extensive inflection. Such languages are rich sources of inflection by rule. In what follows is an extensive investigation of the defectiveness in two unrelated polysynthetic languages with extensive but regular inflectional paradigms. The first language examined is the Central Alaskan Yup'ik which is an Eskimo-Aleut language of the southwestern Alaska. The second language evaluated is the Mohawk, an Iroquoian language of the northeastern North America. The patterns of defectiveness of both languages provide insight into the patterns of storage of some regular inflected forms and the effect of the frequency of occurrence of some regular forms of words on the storage patterns.
Ineffability through Modularity: Gaps in the French Clitic Cluster*
Authors: Rezac Milan
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the gaps in some of the combinations of the preverbal clitics in French. These gaps present a powerful tool for evaluating the foundational hypothesis governing the architecture of the language, particularly the morphophonology-free syntax (MFS) of the language. In the French clitic cluster, the gaps are divided into two categories: the syntactic groups and non-syntactic groups. The syntactic groups invoke syntactic information. The non-syntactic groups meanwhile are comprised of gaps invisible to syntax and dependent on morphophonological information and mechanisms. Also discussed in the chapter is the Person Case Constraint, a syntactic principle that forms the foundation against which other gaps may be measured. Some anomalous combinations are also discussed in the chapter. These combinations betray the workings of the extra-syntactic system which manipulates the morphological features and which imposes constraints on such combinations.
Erasmus or Calvin? The Politics of Book Purchase in the Early Modern English Parish
Authors: Craig John
Published: February 2012

This chapter notes that the purchase of books alone misrepresents the readership and reception of continental reform in English parishes. For instance, it argues that the demands of the laity for work by Genevan reformers should be viewed alongside the concerns of parish administration as well as other purchases, such as occasional prayers. It is now evident that English Reformation was not simply an act of state as maintained by traditional accounts. New narratives focus attention on how lay reception shaped the nature of reformation, instead of quantifying reform through numbers in favour of or in resistance to the movement. Negotiation was a common practice for lay men and women, whether through the selective support of reform to suit individual interests, through the agitation for more zealous reform, or through the redefinition of orthodoxy in puritan communities.
Milton and the Classics
Authors: Hopkins David
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses John Milton's acquaintance with classical literature, which began early and continued throughout his lifetime. Between 1615 and 1620, Milton entered St. Paul's, which was founded by John Colet, a friend and disciple of Erasmus. St. Paul's was heavily influenced by Erasmus's humanist principles, which centred on a thorough and actively practical engagement with classical literature and civilization. Prior to his education in St. Paul's, Milton was home tutored, which centred on the elements of classical learning. From 1625, Milton continued his studies at Christ's College, Cambridge. During these periods of educational quest, Milton honed his knowledge of classical literature and languages. He mastered Greek and Latin, and acquainted himself with the works of Latin and Greek poets. Even at the onset of his blindness, Milton maintained his acquaintance with the classical literature; he taught his daughter Greek and Latin so she could read to him in those languages. His convictions were centrally grounded in the classics; for instance, his republicanism was grounded in Roman precedent. Milton worked in Latin, and his English poems were steeped in classical forms such as imagery, rhetoric, and allusions. Three of his major works were written in mainstream classical genres: twelve-book epic, pastoral, and Aristotelian tragedy. Milton's poetic language was saturated at the local level of vocabulary, syntax, and metaphorical resonance with Greek and Latin languages.
Activity of the League
Authors: Raccagni Gianluca
Published: February 2012

This chapter describes the activities of the Lombard League, including warfare, diplomacy, resolution of disputes, the nova civitas of Alessandria, and the regulation of movement and trade. Many of the terms of association of the League concerned military issues. Given the conflict with the emperor, the most important one was probably committing the members to mutually helping and protecting each other, both with persons and goods. The policy of the League towards diplomacy is outlined by its set of rules. Mutual support among the members also included diplomatic assistance in the Curia of the pope or of the emperor. The League was also a peace association for its members, as is evident from its description as a Concordia or pax. It restored the cities disbanded by the emperor, in the cases of Milan and Tortona, and contributed to the rise of a new one, Alessandria.
Using Rabbinic Literature as a Source for the History of Late-Roman Palestine: Problems and Issues1
Authors: ALEXANDER PHILIP
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines problems concerning the use of rabbinic literature as a resource for studying the history of late-Roman Palestine. It discusses the rabbinic corpus, the composition and transmission of the texts, the language and the genres of rabbinic literature. It concludes that rabbinic literature requires very heavy processing before its potential as a historical source can be realised and it states that the extent to which scholars engaged with this literature have done the preliminary work remains patchy.
Research into Rabbinic Literature: An Attempt to Define the Status Quaestionis
Authors: SCHÄFER PETER
Published: February 2012

This chapter aims to define to state of investigation of research into rabbinic literature. It describes the most important approaches in research on the basis of which rabbinic literature has been and is being studied. These include the traditional halakhic approach, the exploitative-apologetic approach, and the thematic approach. This chapter concludes that the questioning of the redactional identity of the individual works of rabbinic literature inevitably also disavows the research approach to the work at the level of the final redaction.
Current Views on the Editing of the Rabbinic Texts of late Antiquity: Reflections on a Debate after Twenty Years
Authors: SCHÄFER PETER , MILIKOWSKY CHAIM
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines current views concerning the alleged editing of the rabbinic texts of late antiquity. It highlights the author's 1986 article concerning the editing of rabbinic texts and discusses the possibilities of manuscript variations and variant readings of certain texts in different manuscripts. It suggests that there is no evidence of any significant recensional variation in any of the classic works of midrash, neither those included in the corpus of midrash halakhah nor those included in the corpus of midrash aggadah.
Howard Montagu Colvin 1919–2007
Authors: Crook J. Mordaunt
Published: February 2012

Sir Howard Colvin played a key role in the creation of architectural history as a university discipline. Before he began work in the 1940s, much of what passed for design attribution was based on little more than legend. Colvin's labours put paid to all that. He also had a significant career in public service. Colvin spent fourteen years on the Historic Buildings Council for England (1970–84); thirteen years on the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments of England (1963–76) and twelve years on its Scottish counterpart (1977–89); as well as seven years on the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (1981–8) and ten years on the Royal Fine Art Commission (1962–72).
Francis Robin Houssemayne Du Boulay 1920–2008
Authors: Lawrence C. H.
Published: February 2012

Francis Robin Houssemayne Du Boulay, historian of England and Germany in the later Middle Ages, is remembered with admiration and affection by his colleagues as a fine scholar, and as a witty, charitable, and sometimes mercurial companion. Many professors of history and writers in Britain and the USA can testify to Boulay's inspiring gifts as a teacher. His unique historical vision, which is most powerfully communicated in his books on England in the later middle ages and Piers Plowman, offers his readers a richly documented understanding of the lives and mentalities of medieval people, informed by sympathy and a deep charity. This is a valuable gift from a historian to a society in danger of losing its identity through forgetfulness of its past.
Karen Ida Boalth Spärck Jones 1935–2007
Authors: Pulman S. G.
Published: February 2012

Karen Spärck Jones produced over 200 publications, including nine books, in her long research career. She received many awards and honours, including the Association for Computing Machinery (Special Interest Group in Information Retrieval) Salton Award in 1988; the American Society for Information Science and Technology Award of Merit in 2002; and the joint Association for Computing Machinery and Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Allen Newell Award in 2007. Karen also worked hard to try to improve the position of women in computing and to attract more women to the discipline. She was a founder member of the ‘women@cl’ network based at the Computer Laboratory and was always unstinting with her time when women students and researchers asked her advice.
The History of Romantic Love in Sub-Saharan Africa: between Interest and Emotion
Authors: Vaughan Megan
Published: February 2012

This chapter looks at the history of romantic love in Sub-Saharan Africa. This text comes from a lecture given at the British Academy's 2009 Raleigh Lecture on History. This text attempts to explore some of the methodological and theoretical issues involved in an historical study of love in Africa. It argues that romantic love in Africa is not simply an extension of an imperialist cultural and political project and that emotional regimes cannot be divorced from economic circumstances. It explains that though the configurations of interest and emotion take specific forms in African societies, there is nothing peculiarly African about the evident need of individuals to balance realism and idealism in their emotional lives.
Responsive Macroscopic Materials From Self‐Assembled Cross‐Linked SiO2‐PNIPAAm Core/Shell Structures
Authors: Pester Christian W. , Konradi Artjom , Varnholt Birte , van Rijn Patrick , Böker Alexander
Published: February 2012

A way to obtain macroscopic responsive materials from silicon‐oxide polymer core/shell microstructures is presented. The microparticles are composed of a 60 nm SiO2‐core with a random copolymer corona of the temperature responsive poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm) and the UV‐cross‐linkable 2‐(dimethyl maleinimido)‐N‐ethyl‐acrylamide. The particles shrink upon heating and form a stable gel in both water and tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 3–5 wt% particle content. Cross‐linking the aqueous gel results in shrinkage when the temperature is increased above the lower critical solution temperature and it regains its original size upon cooling. By freeze drying with subsequent UV irradiation, thin stable layers are prepared. Stable fibers are produced by extruding a THF gel into water and subsequent UV irradiation, harnessing the cononsolvency effect of PNIPAAm in water/THF mixtures. The temperature responsiveness translates to the macroscopic materials as both films and fibers show the same collapsing behavior as the microcore/shell particle. The collapse and re‐swelling of the materials is related to the expelling and re‐uptake of water, which is used to incorporate gold nanoparticles into the materials by a simple heating/cooling cycle. This allows for future applications, as various functional particles (antibacterial, fluorescence, catalysis, etc.) can easily be incorporated in these systems.
β‐Globin polymorphisms in amerindian populations from the brazilian amazon
Authors: Guerreiro João Farias , Meyer Diogo , Diniz Isabela Guerreiro , Santos Ândrea Ribeiro Dos , Santos Eduardo José Melo Dos , Clegg John B.
Published: February 2012

Objectives: This investigation was performed to examine genetic variation at the β‐globin locus in a sample of 30 healthy individuals from native populations in South America. The patterns of haplotypic variation were compared with those of previous studies including samples for various worldwide populations in an attempt to make inferences about the occupation of the Americas from a deeper temporal perspective than is typically available with haploid markers.

Methods: A 2.67‐kb segment containing the β‐globin gene and its flanking regions was examined for genetic variation in a sample of 60 chromosomes from native populations in South America. The fragment was PCR‐amplified and directly sequenced. To determine linkage relationships in compound heterozygotes, we used the amplification refractory mutation system. In addition, we assessed genetic variability and differentiation among populations, and we performed tests of selective neutrality. These analyses were performed for Brazilian Amerindian group and other worldwide populations previously studied.

Results: Eleven polymorphic sites were found in the studied fragment, which distinguished eight different haplotypes, three recombinants haplotypes (present as single copies) and five previously described haplotypes, including some of those most highly differentiated. Genetic variation found in the pooled sample is substantial.

Conclusions: Although only five known haplotypes are observed in Amazonia, some of these are highly divergent, resulting in patterns of molecular polymorphism equal to or higher than those from other world regions. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator under dabigatran anticoagulation in experimental stroke
Authors: Pfeilschifter Waltraud , Bohmann Ferdinand , Baumgarten Peter , Mittelbronn Michel , Pfeilschifter Josef , Lindhoff‐Last Edelgard , Steinmetz Helmuth , Foerch Christian
Published: February 2012

Objective:

Anticoagulation with dabigatran etexilate (DE) has a favorable risk‐to‐benefit profile for the prevention of ischemic events in patients with atrial fibrillation compared to warfarin. Whereas warfarin constitutes a strong contraindication for thrombolysis, it is unclear whether patients anticoagulated with DE can be thrombolysed. We compared the risk of thrombolysis‐associated hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after pretreatment with DE or warfarin in a mouse model of ischemic stroke.

Methods:

Thirty‐nine C57BL/6 mice were pretreated orally with 75mg/kg DE, 112.5mg/kg DE, 2mg/kg warfarin, or saline. We performed right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 3 hours, administered recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) directly before reperfusion, and assessed neurological deficit and HT blood volume after 24 hours.

Results:

Warfarin anticoagulation increased HT secondary to rt‐PA treatment as compared to nonanticoagulated controls (6.9 ± 5.5μl vs 0.8 ± 0.6μl, p < 0.05). In contrast, the rate of HT after pretreatment with 75mg/kg DE, which led to plasma levels comparable to the highest plasma levels observed in participants of the RE‐LY trial, did not differ significantly from controls (1.6 ± 0.8; p > 0.05 vs control). However, a high‐dose group receiving 112.5mg/kg DE showed a considerable extent of HT (9.2 ± 5.6μl, p < 0.01).

Interpretation:

Our experimental data suggest that the risk of thrombolysis‐associated HT may not be increased under DE pretreatment with standard doses leading to plasma levels of up to 400ng/ml, a concentration that was not exceeded in the majority of DE trial patients. At higher DE plasma levels, however, the risk of severe HT rises considerably, emphasizing the need for a readily available assay of DE anticoagulant activity. ANN NEUROL 2012
Amphiphilic dextran derivatives nanoparticles for the delivery of mitoxantrone
Authors: Wang Huan , Han Siyuan , Sun Jihong , Fan Tengfei , Tian Cixia , Wu Yan
Published: February 2012

In this work, biodegradable amphiphilic copolymer nanoparticles based on dextran, polylactide (PLA), and 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (DPPE) were prepared. To estimate their feasibility as drug carriers, an antitumor model drug, mitoxantrone (MTO), was successfully incorporated into the polymeric nanoparticles by double‐emulsion (DE) and nanoprecipitation (NP) methods. The MTO‐loaded nanoparticles were confirmed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The MTO‐loaded nanoparticle size, size distribution, and encapsulation efficiency were influenced by the feed weight ratio of the copolymer to MTO. In addition, in vitro release experiments showed that the release behavior was affected by the fabrication method and the pH of the release media. The MTO‐loaded nanoparticles showed faster release by the NP method and at pH 5.4 than by the DE method and in pH 7.4 buffer. The dextran–PLA–DPPE polymeric nanoparticles could be useful as drug carriers for antitumor drug delivery. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Gateway‐compatible transposon vector to genetically modify human embryonic kidney and adipose‐derived stromal cells.
Authors: Petrakis Spyros , Raskó Tamas , Mátés Lajos , Ivics Zoltan , Izsvák Zsuzsanna , Kouzi‐Koliakou Kokkona , Koliakos George
Published: February 2012

The Gateway technology cloning system and transposon technology represent state‐of‐the‐art laboratory techniques. Combination of these molecular tools allows rapid cloning of target genes into expression vectors. Here, we describe a novel Gateway technology‐compatible transposon plasmid that combines the advantages of Gateway recombination cloning with the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon‐mediated transgene integrations. In our system the transposition is catalyzed by the novel hyperactive SB100x transposase, and provides highly efficient and precise transgene integrations into the host genome. A Gateway‐compatible transposon plasmid was generated in which the potential target gene can be fused with a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) tag at the N‐terminal. The vector utilizes the CAGGS promoter to control fusion protein expression. The transposon expression vector encoding the YFP‐interferon‐β protein (IFNB1) fusion protein together with the hyperactive SB100x transposase was used to generate stable cell lines in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and rat adipose‐derived stromal cells (ASC). ASCs and HEK293 cells stably expressed and secreted the human IFNB1 for up to 4 weeks after transfection. The generated Gateway‐compatible transposon plasmid can be utilized for numerous experimental approaches, such as gene therapy or high‐throughput screening methods in primary cells, representing a valuable molecular tool for laboratory applications.
Auge in Auge mit dem Wasserfloh
Authors: Meier Monique , Wulff Claudia
Published: February 2012

Die Experimentier‐Werkstatt Biologie FLOX der Universität Kassel ist ein kompetenzorientiertes Schülerlabor, in dem das eigenständige Experimentieren der Schüler im Zentrum steht. Das dabei bevorzugte Versuchsobjekt ist der Große Wasserfloh (Daphnia magna). Studierende lernen, die Schüler im Zuge des Erkenntnisprozesses beim Experimentieren zu begleiten, wobei der Widerspruch zwischen festgelegten Experimentieranleitungen und unstrukturierten Versuchen durch Arbeitsanweisungen in Form des V‐Diagramms aufgelöst wird. Die Rückmeldungen von Schülern und Lehrern zeigen, dass hier ein Konzept vorliegt, das es wert ist, weiterverfolgt und ‐entwickelt zu werden.
Pollen
Authors: Hesse Michael , Ulrich Silvia
Published: February 2012

Bestimmte variable Merkmale der Pollen‐ und Sporenmorphologie sind diagnostisch (als Bestimmungsmerkmale) verwertbar und damit für die Taxonomie von großer Bedeutung, zumal sie vielfach evolutionäre und phylogenetische Zusammenhänge aufzeigen. Solche Merkmale sind Lage und Form der Aperturen (Keimöffnungen), die Ornamentierung (die Oberflächenskulptur), Variationen im Aufbau des Sporoderms und auch die Dimensionen der Sporen und Pollenkörner.

Die Palynologie (das Studium von Sporen und Pollenkörnern) ist sowohl eine selbstständige Grundlagenwissenschaft als auch eine für viele benachbarte wissenschaftliche Disziplinen wichtige Hilfswissenschaft.
Evolutionärer Stammbaum der Tracheophyten – neue Zusammenhänge
Authors: Hilger Hartmut H. , Cole Theodor C.H.
Published: February 2012

Nachdem das Poster zur Angiospermensystematik positiv aufgenommen wurde, sollen nun auch die übrigen Hauptgruppen der rezenten Landpflanzen in einer entsprechenden Form und kostenloser Download‐Möglichkeit präsentiert werden. Es folgen zunächst “Tracheophyten/Gefäßpflanzen” (ohne Blütenpflanzen) und im nächsten Schritt die “Bryophyten/Moosverwandten”. Die DNA‐Systematik hat auch in den beiden großen übergeordneten Gruppen der Farnverwandten (“Pteridophyta”) und Nacktsamer (Gymnospermen) zu neuen Verwandtschaftserkenntnissen geführt.
Tarnung eines Ameisenparasiten
Authors: von Beeren Christoph , Witte Volker
Published: February 2012

Ameisennester bieten einen Lebensraum für eine Vielzahl von Organismen aus unterschiedlichen Tiergruppen wie beispielsweise Silberfischen, Spinnen, Schnecken, Käfern oder Asseln. Da Ameisen generell jegliche Eindringlinge attackieren, entwickelten ihre ungebetenen Gäste ausgefeilte Strategien, die es ihnen erlauben, die Vorteile des Lebens in Ameisennestern zu nutzen. So konnte gezeigt werden, wie sich der Silberfisch Malayatelura ponerophila mit dem Duft seiner Wirtsameise Leptogenys distinguenda parfümiert, um unerkannt zu bleiben. Durch intensives Reiben an Arbeiterinnen erhält der Silberfisch die chemischen Erkennungsstoffe seiner Wirte.
Zukünftige Struktur der Normen im Mauerwerkbau
Authors: Feine Immo , Koster Matthias , Brameshuber Wolfgang
Published: February 2012

Die bisherige nationale Normengeneration DIN 1053 wird voraussichtlich im Verlauf dieses Jahres im Rahmen der europäischen Harmonisierung durch die DIN EN 1996‐Reihe samt nationalen Anhängen ersetzt. Der Beitrag erläutert die Hintergründe zu den europäischen und nationalen Normen und gibt einen Überblick über die zukünftige Normenlandschaft im Mauerwerkbau.

Future structure for standards for masonry. The currently valid generation of national standards for masonry DIN 1053 will presumably be replaced this year by the European Standard DIN EN 1996 in conjunction with the national annexes. In this article the backgrounds of the European and national standards are illustrated and a survey of the future standards for masonry and masonry products is given.
Synthesis of Uniformly Sized Manganese Oxide Nanocrystals with Various Sizes and Shapes and Characterization of Their T1 Magnetic Resonance Relaxivity
Authors: An Kwangjin , Park Mihyun , Yu Jung Ho , Na Hyon Bin , Lee Nohyun , Park Jongnam , Choi Seung Hong , Song In Chan , Moon Woo Kyung , Hyeon Taeghwan
Published: February 2012

We synthesized manganese oxide (MnO and Mn3O4) nanocrystals with various sizes and shapes by the thermal reaction of a MnII–oleate complex through a “heat‐up process”. When a MnII–oleate complex was thermally decomposed in non‐coordinating hydrocarbon solvents, uniformly sized MnO nanocrystals with cubic and octahedral shapes were produced. We were able to synthesize anisotropic, multibranched MnO nanocrystals by the oriented attachment of MnO truncated‐nanocube building blocks. When the MnII–oleate complex was heated in 1‐hexadecene in the presence of strongly coordinating carboxylic acid surfactants, spherical nanocrystals were generated, and their diameter was controlled in the range 3–13 nm by varying the chain length of the carboxylic acid. When oleyl alcohol was added to the Mn–oleate complex in phenyl ether, tetrahedral MnO nanocrystals were synthesized. The as‐synthesized MnO nanocrystals were oxidized in air to Mn3O4 or MnO/Mn3O4 core–shell structures, which exhibited exchange coupling with shifted magnetic hysteresis loops. The effect of the size and shape of the phospholipid‐capped manganese oxide nanocrystals on their applicability as T1 contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were examined. As the size of the nanocrystals decreased, their relaxivities increased, thereby generating brighter MR images. In particular, spherical 3 nm‐sized Mn3O4 nanocrystals had a high specific relaxivity (r1) of 2.38 mM–1 s–1, clearly demonstrating their potential for use as an efficient T1 MRI contrast agent.