bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online Medya Okuryazarlığının Yetişkinler İçin Önemi “Online Haber Sitelerindeki Bannerlara Yönelik Bir İnceleme”
Authors: SEZER Nilüfer , YILMAZ SERT Nuray
Published: November 2020

Küreselleşme ve iletişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler, geleneksel anlamdaki okuryazarlık kavramının yeni uygulamaları da kapsayacak şekilde genişlemesine yol açmıştır. Doğrudan internete gönderme yapan ve sadece internet yoluyla karşı karşıya kaldığımız bilgi ya da mesajların çözümlenmesini kapsayan online medya okuryazarlığı konusu da yeni okuryazarlık uygulamalarından biri olarak giderek daha büyük önem kazanmaktadır. Medya okuryazarlığı araştırmalarının birçoğunun medyanın çocuklar üzerindeki olumsuz etkileriyle ilgili olduğu ve bu konuda çocukları ve ailelerini bilinçlendirmeyi amaçladığı görülmektedir. Bu durumun temel nedeni, çocukların etkiye en açık grubu oluşturmalarıdır. Fakat özellikle internetin sadece çocuklar üzerinde değil yetişkinler üzerinde de bir çok olumsuz etkilerinin olması yetişkinler için online medya okuryazarlığıyla ilgili çalışmaların gerekliliğini ve önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu makale yetişkinler için online medya okuryazarlığı konusunun önemini haber siteleri üzerinden incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın varsayımına göre, online haber sitelerinde yer alan çeşitli ürün, hizmet vs. reklamına ve satışına yönelik bannerlar; kullanıcıları asıl amaçlarından uzaklaştırarak tamamen tüketime yönlendiren farklı ortamlara taşımaktadır. Bu varsayıma yönelik olarak online haber sitelerinin ana sayfalarında yer alan bannerlar incelenmiş ve sonuçları online medya okuryazarlığı bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Online Medya, Medya Okuryazarlığı, İnternet Bannerları
The Aims and Structures of Ecological Research Programs
Authors: Bausman William ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2020

Neutral Theory is controversial in ecology. Ecologists and philosophers have diagnosed the source of the controversy as: its false assumption that individuals in different species within the same trophic level are ecologically equivalent, its conflict with Competition Theory and the adaptation of species, its role as a null hypothesis, and as a Lakatosian research programme. In this paper, I show why we should instead understand the conflict at the level of research programs which involve more than theory. The Neutralist and Competitionist research programs borrow and construct theories, models, and experiments for various aims and given their home ecological systems. I present a holistic and pragmatic view of the controversy that foregrounds the interrelation between many kinds of practices and decisions in ecological research.
The House and the Household
Authors: Cooper Gregory J. , Hurd Lawrence E. ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2020

The concept of population is central to ecology, yet it has received little attention from philosophers of ecology. Furthermore, the work that has been done often recycles ideas that have been developed for evolutionary biology. We argue that ecological populations and evolutionary populations, though intimately related, are distinct, and that the distinction matters to practicing ecologists. We offer a definition of ecological population in terms of demographic independence, where changes in abundance are a function of birth and death processes alone. However, demographic independence (DI) is insufficient on its own so we supplement it with the idea of shared habitat. An ecological population is a group of organisms of the same species in a habitat that manifests DI. Given the importance of metapopulation dynamics to modern ecology, an account of ecological population must apply to this domain as well. Thus, we extend our definition of ecological population to the metapopulation. To facilitate the extension, we introduce the metahabitat—a collection of spatially segregated habitat patches shared by a single DI population. This enables us to (1) diagnose some unhelpful trends in the metapopulation literature and (2) emphasize the importance of habitat dynamics in pursuit of the goals of theoretical ecology and conservation biology.
The Many Roads to Generality in Ecology
Authors: Fox Jeremy W. ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2020

The variety of nature presents a challenge for ecologists. Individual organisms differ from one another in ways both obvious and subtle, even if they’re members of the same species living in the same location. Different populations, species, communities, ecosystems, biomes, habitats, food webs, etc. also differ from another. What, if anything, can be said in general about ecological systems and how they work? If there are generalities in ecology, do they take the form of exceptionless “laws of nature” analogous to the laws of physics? Or do they take some other form? Should ecologists even try to identify ecological generalities? If so, how? The variety of nature is matched by the variety of ecologists’ answers to those questions. I will suggest that all of their answers are right—sometimes. Here I propose a taxonomy of the many different “roads to generality” in ecology: the various different kinds of “generality” that ecologists seek. I argue that each road to generality is valuable in its own way, but that different roads are useful in different contexts and for different purposes. Different roads to generality thus can be complementary to one another, and it would be a mistake for the field of ecology as a whole to focus exclusively on any one of them.
Functions in Ecosystem Ecology
Authors: Odenbaugh Jay ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2020

In this essay, I argue that the selected effects approach to ecosystem functions is inadequate and defend the adequacy of the systemic capacity account. I additionally argue that rival persistence enhancing and organizational approaches face serious problems when applied to ecosystem ecology. Lastly, I explore how the systemic capacity approach applies to recent experimental work on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
The importance of permanent learning in sport
Authors: Gajić Ivanka
Published: November 2020

The development of self-educational competence of employees is of key importance in the modern way of doing business. Therefore, it is very important that employees are trained for self-education, so that it does not take place spontaneously and at the free discretion of the individual. Therefore, the paper pays special attention to the analysis of educational needs as a starting point for employee training. The paper also talks about the professional development of employees, its importance for career development, but also the organization as a whole. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of self-education of employees in sports, and to give a review of the reviewed literature in this field.
Application and development of financial management and control exemplified by the Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research
Authors: Kabok Jožef , Radišić Slobodan , Lendák-Kabók Karolina
Published: November 2020

The system of financial management and control implies a set of controls, which do not only refer to the area of funding, but also to all operational and strategic units, aimed at achieving the defined goals of public sector entities. Successful implementation of the system of financial management and control will enable the compliance of operations of the public funds beneficiaries with positive legal regulations. For the purpose of effective and efficient achievement of objectives of work and activities, the paper analyses the application and development of the system of financial management and control in the Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research. The purpose of this study is to consider the efficiency and effectiveness of the established system of financial management and control, indicating the possibility for improvement of the said system. The study results show that efficient and relevant application of financial management and control is needed in this Provincial administration authority, for the purpose of improving the achievement of objectives of its work and activities, as well as control of legal and specific purpose expenditure of public funds, intended for higher education and scientific research in AP Vojvodina.
The quality of performance of educational institutions and the professional development of school staff: From institution standards to staff needs
Authors: Orlović-Lovren Violeta , Pejatović Aleksandra , Čairović Neda
Published: November 2020

This paper looks at the extent to which the range of accredited programs of professional development for educators corresponds to educators' needs for professional development. The theoretical starting point for the study presented in the paper is the positioning of the professional development of educators within the complex construct and context of professional development, viewed as a lifelong process, also relying on the concept of educational needs arising from the discrepancies between the existing state and the desired (according to the standards) state. Data on the educational needs of potential users of accredited programs were obtained by analyzing the results of external evaluations of school performance, where lower levels of standard realization (levels one and two) were seen as indicators of discrepancies between the actual situation in a school and the desired level of school performance i.e. the level prescribed by standards. The identified discrepancies were treated as a space in which educational needs arise, the meeting of which might lead to an improvement in the performance of the schools that formed part of the sample. A qualitative study was carried out, with the aim of examining to what extent the accredited professional development programs on offer correspond to the educational needs of teaching staff. The programs offered were analyzed using the method of sequential analysis, with the following sequences selected: program name, program topic, general and specific program aims, and program target groups. The results of the analysis suggest that professional development programs only partially correspond to the needs identified through the analysis of external evaluation, both at the topic level and in terms of the needs of specific target groups. The paper concludes with a recommendation of possible directions for improving the system of teacher professional development in Serbia.
Application of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) in ethnomedicine of the Pirot County
Authors: Marković Marija , Pljevljakušić Dejan , Nikolić Biljana , Rakonjac Ljubinko
Published: November 2020

Rosa canina, commonly known as the dog rose, is a deciduous shrub from family Rosaceae. The fruit of dog rose has a long tradition of culinary and medicinal use worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze the ethnopharmacological application of rose in Pirot County (Southeastern Serbia). The study was conducted in the form of surveys among the population in four municipalities: Pirot, Babušnica, Bela Palanka, and Dimitrovgrad. It was noticed that rose is one of the ten best known medicinal plants in Pirot County. The fruit, named rosehip, is usually used in the folk medicine of the County in the form of herbal tea instead of coffee. Fresh rosehip contains a large amount of vitamin C and is thus usually consumed by the people of the Pirot County to prevent and treat colds, influenza, vitamin C deficiencies, and for disease prevention.
Presentation of Pirot Fortress with modern technologies and establishment of exhibitions in the Upper Town
Authors: Vasić-Petrović Elena
Published: November 2020

After less than two decades of work on the projects connected with Pirot fortress and its entire revitalization, it is certain that this year the last planned project will enter its implementation phase. It is a project which included the presentation of the fortress and its immediate surroundings with modern technologies and through several construction phases and very distant time periods but also the part which relates to establishment of exhibitions in the Upper Town. The project involved two teams of experts selected so that each segment of the work is done in the best possible way and that the data which will be made available to the public are credible and affirmative. Also, special attention was paid to evaluation and presentation of the local cultural and historical values and their placement in the broader context of the time. The interpretation of relevant facts and data was made very carefully with a special emphasis on different levels of knowledge and interest of the future audience. Given that this whole process had a lot of positive but inevitably some negative results, this work in addition to summarizing the whole process, aims to provide inspiration and mention participants, but also be a signpost for some other large and ambitious projects and those who participate in them at all positions and in any phase of planning and decision-making.
Criminology characteristics of crimes against the person
Authors: Subotin Maja , Matijašević-Obradović Jelena
Published: November 2020

Crimes against life and limb are crimes that constitute a violation of the physical and mental integrity of a person, and are classified as crimes of violence. These criminal acts have been subjected to penalty ever since the first written regulations or codes appeared with the aim to preserve and protect life and body as the most important human and social values. Having in mind the consequences of committing crimes against life and limb, it is clear that the primary task of every state is to work towards their suppression. The precondition for the realization of this task is reflected in the exploration of their criminological characteristics in order to create effective prevention measures through the understanding of the causes of this phenomenon and a comprehensive approach.
Titus Groan's journey: From Gormenghast to the City
Authors: Jakovljević Mladen
Published: November 2020

The protagonist's passage from the world of Gormenghast in Mervyn Peake's Titus Groan and Gormenghast, the first two volumes of the story, to the futuristic world of the City in the third volume, Titus Alone, is often seen as a break between the two worlds. This unexpected passage from one world to another also brings an unexpected switch to science fiction. Both these changes, the passage to another, radically different world and a shift to science fiction, are not so abrupt or radical as they may seem on the surface. Placing the Gothic and science fiction features into the spotlight, while not denying the existence and importance of others, can show how the reality in the trilogy is shaped, how its two worlds are connected into a whole, and how they give one another shape in the overall picture of Gormenghast. Together, they can add to the illumination of the anomaly of Mervyn Peake's story of Gormenghast.
Importance of Mathematics in General Education
Authors: Brkslich E. R.
Published: November 2020

Mathematics, like any other subject, is important to the extent to which it supports and contributes to the purposes of general education. For children are sent to school in order that they become useful members of the community and contribute to the welfare of society. The mathematics referred to in this paper designates that subject matter and training which is important to the entire school population, as distinguished from the special mathematics needed for professional and technical education. It is the mathematics which aids in the preparation of pupils for efficient participation in the activities in which they engage later as adults, and for the assumption of their share of social responsibility.
Mathematical Recreations
Authors: Bakst Aaron
Published: November 2020

Multiplication may be made Comparatively easy if we follow the procedure llustrated by the Arab mathematician Beha el-dinal' Amili, Mohamed ibn Hosein (1547- 1622). All that one needs to know is compressed into the multiplication facts limited to the first nine integers and into the proficiency in column addition of the first nine integers.
Topics of Interest to Mathematics Teachers: Mathematics and Engineering
Authors: Schaaf William L.
Published: November 2020

About a year ago, writing in this magazine on the preparation of mathematics teachers, Professor Snader proposed an admirable nine-point program. One of his theses was “that the correlation of mathematics with related fields such as physical science, engineering, aviation, economies, manual arts, statistics, etc., requires teachers to he prepared through survey courses, directed professional reading and independent study.” With this thesis, as with all his others, this Department is in thorough accord. If teachers are to become familiar with fields related to mathematics, fields in which they usually have had no special training, they must do it on their own or in conjunction with their professional training. In either case, a guide to the literature should prove helpful.
Raleigh Schorling 1887-1950
Authors: Bkeslich E. R.
Published: November 2020

By naming the February issue of The Mathematics Teacher the “Schorling Number” the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics is paying tribute to a man who devoted 40 years of his life to the cause of mathematics and was an outstanding leader in the field of education.
The Reports of the Post-War Planning Commission
Authors: Smith Rolland R.
Published: November 2020

A man who was intimately associated with Raleigh Schorling for the last thirty years wrote me just last week, “Schor-ling's cooperation on committee work was solicited because of his professional competence and willingness to work, to work hard.” The purpose of this article is to record briefly Schorling's part on two important committees, the committee that went to Washington during the war to prepare the report called Pre-Induction Courses in Mathematics and the Postwar Commission that published three outstanding reports.
Contributions of the Activity Movement to the Teaching of Arithmetic
Authors: Knowles Lois
Published: November 2020

Has the activity movement which had its beginning some fifty years ago and which has been discussed, tried out, and evaluated under many different conditions made any impression on the practices of teaching arithmetic in our public schools? If progress has been made in techniques, materials, and the selection of content in arithmetic, is it due in any way to the philosophy underlying the activity movement? Finally, what are some of these changes?
Devices for a Mathematics Laboratory
Authors: Berger Emil J.
Published: November 2020

This section is being published ns an avenue through which teachers of mathematics can share favorite learning aids. Readers are invited to send in descriptions and drawings of devices which they have found particularly helpful in their teaching experience. Send all communications concerning Devices for a Mathematics Laboratory to Emil J. Berger, Monroe High School, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Notes On the History of Mathematics
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: November 2020

The recent discussion* of the rules for determining the sign of the product of two signed numbers suggested a study of the ways in which this question has been treated in algebras in the past. A problem of this type does not merit an exhaustive investigation. The question is how have various authors gone about the task of making this rule reasonable to the reader. The volumes chosen for the study were simply those that happened to be at hand: several of them were very influential; others were perhaps a bit obscure.
Mathematically Trained Personnel Needed in the Government Service
Authors: Lloyd Daniel B.
Published: November 2020

In the present era of national mobilization and rearmament the problem of personnel selection for civilian federal employment becomes increasingly important. It is proposed to discuss herein the latest trends in employment policies and practices in government service with emphasis on implications for teachers and counselors in mathematics. The main source of the data was the United States Civil Service Commission which holds examinations in hundreds of cities throughout the country, covering jobs in all grades and classifications. Information desired concerning a particular kind of job, or examination therefore, should be requested from them in Washington, D.C., or from one of their other 13 regional offices.
A Cooperative Plan to Share Objective-Type Test Items
Authors: Syer Henry W.
Published: November 2020

Teachers have long been advised to build and use objective-type test items in their classroom tests in addition to the use of standardized tests which have been constructed and sold by outside authorities. Our own classroom tests reflect the particular topics which we, as teachers, and our students have found interesting and important for our particular class during a particular year. Purchased tests can never fully replace the class tests made and used by the teacher who has carried the class along through the day-by-day development of the subject. However, all who have tried know the time and energy which is required to formulate worthwhile test items in mathematics. Sometimes items which seemed good do not work out in practice at all. If we all had time the ideal procedure would be to use, analyze, revise, use, analyze and discard items in a growing file which would thus be constantly refined and improved. Few teachers have time to follow through such a procedure individually. The purpose of this report is to indicate a procedure which might facilitate the exchange of items concocted by individual teachers of secondary mathematics through the country so that these items could be used by others. The suggested plan is to establish a regular department in The Mathematics Teacher which will collect, classify and publish items supplied by teachers who have written and used them. There is no thought of standardizing the topics or procedure in the teaching of mathematics; the items will be displayed for use, but no teacher is urged to use them if they do not meet the objectives of a particular class. As time goes by this pool of items may contain many which test the same concepts, skills or other objectives. This is all to the good for the bigger the selection, the more interesting the shopping tour.
Applications
Authors: Myers Sheldon S.
Published: November 2020

With the last issue of the year, the summer vacation stretches ahead. We hope you will find time in the summer months to send us fresh ideas and examples for this department.
Devices for a Mathematics Laboratory
Authors: Berger Emil J.
Published: November 2020

This section is being published as an avenue through which teachers of mathematics can share favorite learning aids. Readers are invited to send in descriptions and drawings of devices which they have found particularly helpful in their teaching experience. Send all communications concerning Devices for a Mathematics Laboratory to Emil J. Berger, Monroe High School, St. Paul, Minnesota.
What is Going On in Your School?
Authors: Mayor John R. , Brown John A.
Published: November 2020

A Table summary of the first 15 replies to the questions on Mathematics Enrollments, published in this Department in the November, 1950 number of The Mathematics Teacher was given in the April, 1951 number. In that number the questions were repeated with the hope that additional replies might be had. A similar summary of 14 additional replies received by June 15 is given at the end of this report.
The Jewel and Its Setting
Authors: Henderson Kenneth B.
Published: November 2020

It is both educationally sound, and intellectually refreshing to back off periodically and look at the process of education. We human beings are continually exercising one of our human frailties by losing perspective. Education and the teaching of mathematics, of course, continue whether we lose perspective and direction or not. Parents pay taxes, teachers teach and draw salaries, administrators administer, and students learn a lot of things. But all are convinced that education is “a rum go” if all those interested in it miss the forest for trees.
Applications
Authors: Myers Sheldon S.
Published: November 2020

You will recall that last month's department presented some military applications and references. An additional reference on military mathematics appropriate to the secondary school has been brought to our attention entitled Military Applications of Mathematics by Paul P. Hanson, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1944, 447 pages.
Our Public Relations
Authors: Marie Sister Noel
Published: November 2020

In the future, this period of our history may well be labeled the Era of Public Relations. Dale Carnegie's How To Win Friends and Influence People was a tremendous success with individuals and since it was written its psychology has been developed to include groups, businesses, even educational bodies.
Devices for A Mathematics Laboratory
Authors: Berger Emil J.
Published: November 2020

Anyone who has a learning aid which he would like to share with fellow teachers is invited to send this department a description and drawing for publication. Or if that seems too timeconsuming, simply pack up the device and mail it. We will be glad to originate the necessary drawings and write an appropriate description. All devices submitted will be returned as soon as possible. Send all communications to Emil J. Berger, Monroe High School, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Research in Mathematics Education
Authors: Kinsella John J.
Published: November 2020

Despite the fact that there are several general publications1 designed to help students find educational information and data, communications reaching this department seem to indicate a need for dealing with the specific problem of locating, with a minimum of time and energy, studies in mathematics education. What follows is merely a distillation of one individual's experience; other suggestions from readers will not only be welcomed but will be reported in future issues.
The Number π
Authors: Baravalle H. von
Published: November 2020

Two outstanding constants of mathematics have been dealt with in previous articles in The Mathematics Teacher, the number e, the base of the natural logarithms1 and the number G, the ratio of the Golden Section.2 To complete this series, the present article takes up the third and best known constant, the number π.
Mathematical Recreations
Authors: Bakst Aaron
Published: November 2020

This department projected a series of illustrative recreations which might be employed in a mathematics classroom in connection with the subject matter regularly taught throughout the school year. On several occasions this department indicated that a mathematical recreation need not be represented by a drastic departure from the specific topics which are taught. On the contrary, it is the opinion of this department that a mathematical recreation should be incidental to the instructional processes. Furthermore, a mathematical recreation may be confined to a short pastime, or it may encompass an entire topic. True, this may mean a departure from the textbook material, and such a departure may be? frowned upon by the tradition-bound teacher. Nevertheless, a departure from textual material may often be a very wholesome practice.
References for Mathematics Teachers: Logarithms and Exponentials
Authors: Schaaf William L.
Published: November 2020

Cajori once pointed out that the miraculous powers of modern calculation arc due to three inventions: the Hindu notation, decimal fractions, and logarithms. In the light of recent developments in the fields of electronic computing machines, cybernetics and mathematical communication, Cajori's dictum may need to be reconsidered. Nevertheless, the invention of logarithms is unique in several respects. It is one of those rare historical instances of an invention which was in no way adumbrated by the previous contributions of other workers. Moreover, the concept of a logarithm was arrived at without the aid of exponents, indeed, even before exponential notation had come into general use.
Devices for A Mathematics Laboratory
Authors: Berger Emil J.
Published: November 2020

This section is being published as an avenue through which teachers of mathematics can share favorite learning aids. Headers are requested to send in descriptions and drawings of devices which they have found particularly helpful in their teaching experience. Send all communications concerning Devices for a Mathematics Laboratory to Emil J. Berger, Monroe High School, St. Paul, Minnesota.
References for Mathematics Teachers: The Teaching of Trigonometry
Authors: Schaaf William L.
Published: November 2020

From the earliest times until the beginning of the eighteeenth century, trigonometry was regarded chiefly as the handmaiden to astronomy. Its development as a science may be said to have begun with Hipparchus about 150 b.c., but as a science it did not flourish with the Greeks. Not until some three centuries after Hipparchus did the Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy contribute to its advance by writing the famous Almagest. His influence upon trigonometry was destined to be felt for the next 1300 years, down to the time of Galileo. Throughout this entire period the solution of spherical triangles held the attention of mathematicians and astronomers. Much of the progress made from time to time was due chiefly to the Arabs and the Hindus.
What Price Factoring?
Authors: Reeve William David
Published: November 2020

One of the hardest things to understand is why teachers and authors of textbooks in this modern age continue to overemphasize the importance of factoring in the senior high school. Of course, the student needs to know how to factor in order to put formulas in better shape for computation, but why should we continue to overemphasize its importance by giving a lot of unnecessary examples in formal factoring.
Mathematical Recreations
Authors: Bakst Aaron
Published: November 2020

Calendar problems have fascinated many a mathematician. Every now and then a formula for the determination of the days of the week or of the Easter date is published. Such formulas are valid for a certain number of years. The reason for such limitations is associated with the fact that the length of the year, that is, the length of the period of the year is not the same. The earth completes one cycle on its orbit around the sun in approximately 365.24220 days.
The Decimal Point and Slide Rule Answers
Authors: Eagle E. L.
Published: November 2020

The placing of the decimal point in the slide rule answer is frequently done through a process of estimating the approximate answer and making placement accordingly.1 For some people, the method Is sometimes time-consuming as well as productive of incorrect conclusions. Shuster2 found that slide rule learners experience considerable difficulty in using this method—indeed, 33.4% of the errors made by the students in his study came from this source. Shuster recommended the “standard number” system3 as being a more desirable method of meeting the problem of the straying decimal point. A method, arising out of the logarithmic nature of the slide rule, is presented here. This method is explained only in connection with its application to the C- and D-scales. It may, however, be extended to include all scales on the Log Log Duplex Trig slide rule.4
Rate of progress in learning arithmetic
Authors: Swenson Esther J.
Published: November 2020

The author develops a thesis, not too often adequately recognized by junior high school, high school, and college teachers, that the better the instruction the greater the individual differences.
Sebastian and the “wolf”
Authors: Ridout Theodore C.
Published: November 2020

Here is a story of how a musician battled a “wolf,” and how a schoolteacher fought the same fight in the classroom.
Historically Speaking,— Tangible arithmetic III: the proportional dividers
Authors: Pinette Lucille
Published: November 2020

The proportional divider is a simple mathematical instrument which has been in constant use since its invention about 400 years ago. It is an interesting fact, also, that its design has remained relatively unchanged during the entire time. Figure 1 shows a proportional divider as it appeared in a book dated 1727,1 and Figure 2 shows the divider as it appears in a modern catalog of drawing instruments.2
Tips For Beginners: Elementary concepts of irrational numbers
Authors: Graham Malcolm
Published: November 2020

Integers, fractions, and decimal fractions are used so extensively in measuring such things as distances, volumes, forces, populations, weights, and wealth that they fall within the realistic experience of nearly everyone. Since all physical measurements are approximate and since any degree of precision can be indicated by the rational numbers, these are the numbers which are used in graduating scales, in indicating bank balances, and in expressing velocities and accelerations. Through their usage the rational numbers have real meaning for most individuals.
Emotion and thought
Authors: Davis Robert B.
Published: November 2020

That emotions can both facilitate learning and block learning is an accepted psychological fact. The author considers those factors which he feels develop an optimal learning situation in the classroon.
The new role of mathematics in education
Authors: Brock Paul
Published: November 2020

The author points out industries' desperate need for personnel trained in mathematics, and he argues that the scarcity of trained personnel is due, in part, to reduced mathematical requirements in the high schools.
On explanation
Authors: Henderson Kenneth B.
Published: November 2020

A note on “scientific explanation” with suggestions as to how it can be taught to high school students.
The calculation of logarithms in the high school
Authors: Shuster Carl N.
Published: November 2020

An intuitive approach to logarithms which high school teachers may find helpful.
What is Going on in Your School?: An experiment in teaching
Authors: Buzzetti Beatrice
Published: November 2020

In the Bremerton school system only those eighth-grade students who receive an arithmetic grade of B or above and those recommended by their mathematics teachers are permitted to study algebra in the ninth grade. Since our senior high-school guidance department urges all students who hope to attend institutions of higher learning to elect beginning algebra sometime during their high-school career, Bremerton gets an older group but a slower group of first-year algebra students.
Mathematical Miscellanea: A readiness program for finding volumes by integration
Authors: Willerding Margaret F.
Published: November 2020

Woody defines educational readiness as the preparation which an instructor consciously makes in getting the student ready to learn the things to be taught.1 The subject of quadric surfaces in analytic geometry offers a marvelous opportunity for the presentation of a readiness program for the finding of volumes by integration in calculus.
The solution of linear equations and inequalities
Authors: Klimczak W. J.
Published: November 2020

An interesting interpretation of the problem of finding an algebraic solution to two consistent linear equations in two unknowns, and the application of the method • to linear inequalities.
Historically Speaking,— Mathematics on stamps
Authors: Larsen H. D.
Published: November 2020

An interesting classroom project overlooked by most mathematics teachers is the collecting of postage stamps that have reference to mathematics. Such stamps provide excellent material for bulletin boards as well as topics for interesting club programs.
Mathematics in focus
Authors: Wren F. Lynwood
Published: November 2020

Mathematics is “in focus” today. This being the case, it is well to stand back from our day-to-day tasks in the classroom and give serious thought to some fundamental issues.
Current membership campaign of The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
Authors: Rogers Mary C.
Published: November 2020

The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics has gained tremendously in influence and effectiveness over the years. This growth is due, in large part, to the strength of the leaders who have directed its activities and programs of service.
The role of elementary mathematics in general college mathematics
Authors: Rosenberg Herman
Published: November 2020

The problem: What is the role, if any, of elementary mathematical concepts in a college curriculum?
Mathematics curriculum in perspective
Authors: Macduffee C. C.
Published: November 2020

Will the present proposals for reform of the mathematics curriculum be acceptable to engineering colleges? Is there a danger that these proposals are unrealistic?
The University of Maryland Mathematics Project
Authors: Keedy M. L.
Published: November 2020

A brief summary of the “Maryland Project” activities and objectives. This is one of the significant groups working in the field of the mathematics curriculum.
Mathematics in the Junior High School: Developing ability to solve problems
Authors: Kinney Lucien B. , Kinney Lucien B. , Dawson Dan T.
Published: November 2020

There is an apparent paradox in the very existence of a systematic process for attacking and solving a problem. Each problem is unique, or it would not be a problem. By definition it must contain some obstacle that cannot be overcome by any automatic or previously-learned response. If it yields to a stereotyped and routine attack, it is not a problem.
Secondary school mathematics in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Bodenman Paul S.
Published: November 2020

A description of the mathematics program required of all secondary school students in Germany.
Historically Speaking,— A history-of-mathematics chart
Authors: Shelton Julia B. , Fish Dorothy
Published: November 2020

It is just as absurd to study mathematics without studying its exciting history as it would be to study music without mentioning Beethoven, or Bach, or Copland. If literature were studied without noting author or time or place, it might soon rival mathematics for low place in the popularity poll.
Points and Viewpoints: Arithmetic and teacher preparation
Authors: Mueller Francis J.
Published: November 2020

A column of unofficial comment
The mathematics market
Authors: Martin Edwin P.
Published: November 2020

An ecologist and teacher tells of the need for mathematical training for biologists.
The Ball State experimental program
Authors: Brumfiel Charles , Eicholz Robert , Shanks Merrill
Published: November 2020

Seventh- and eighth-grade mathematics—not social applications, classical algebra taught with precision and meaning, and Euclid made precise and rigorous according to the standard of modern mathematics.
What is a function?
Authors: Wollan G. N.
Published: November 2020

The function concept, a concept with many connections to other concepts, needs careful study by teacher and student.
An experimental program in mathematics
Authors: Pruitt Coy C.
Published: November 2020

A description of what one school system is doing with the more able students, with some evaluation by follow-up.
Linear programming problems for first-year algebra
Authors: Lichtenberg Donovan , Zweng Marilyn
Published: November 2020

The description of a unit on linear programming taught at Wisconsin High School, Madison, Wisconsin, 1958-59.
Numbers, numerals, and last digits
Authors: Koca Harlan J.
Published: November 2020

Since ‘1/4’, ‘.25’, ‘.250’, and ‘.249’ ⋯ are all names for the same number, is it correct to speak of “the last digit of a number”?
Historically Speaking,—: Monsieur Fermat
Authors: Stephen Sister Marie
Published: November 2020

Very often one finds a little town producing a great genius. The village of Beaumont de Lomagne on the Garonne and Tame Rivers in the province of Gascogny in southern France became on an August morning the birthplace of just such an incipient genius.
Careers in mathematics
Authors: _ _
Published: November 2020

Employment opportunities for the person trained in mathematics exist in teaching, in industry, and in government.
Curve fitting
Authors: Landon Melvin V.
Published: November 2020

Given the graph and data, find the equation that would have this graph.
Tips for Beginners: Infinite, finite, infinity
Authors: Esposito John N.
Published: November 2020

If a teacher in high school leads his students to be inquisitive and critical he will sooner or later have to face the questions, “What do you mean by infinite? What is infinity?” I encourage my students to ask questions and to try to come to some conclusions of their own. I find that these students are not afraid to rush in where angels fear to tread. They like to try to think in the abstract. They are eager to learn; therefore at such times I try to build to partial answers which will be satisfactory and consistent with future work.
Guidelines in mathematics education
Authors: Fawcett Harold P.
Published: November 2020

Inspired teaching at all levels, from the kindergarten through the graduate school, is a necessary condition for reform in mathematics education.
A new role for high school geometry
Authors: Christian Robert R.
Published: November 2020

Through the study of geometry, students ran meet some elementary examples of important abstract ideas.
What mathematics for the terminal student?
Authors: Wilson Jack D.
Published: November 2020

A question that still needs an answer even though one has been sought for years.
On learning mathematics
Authors: Bruner Jerome S.
Published: November 2020

What places do discovery, intuition, and translation have in the learning of mathematics? Are our present activity and efforts to improve mathematics teaching the beginning of an educational renaissance?
Stellated rhombic dodecahedron puzzle
Authors: Wenninger Magnus
Published: November 2020

A project for the mathematics class or the mathematics club
Experimental Programs: A report of an experiment at Camelback High School
Authors: Anderson Frank H. , Bedford Fred , Clark Van , Schipper Joan
Published: November 2020

Over a period of several years the selection and teaching of accelerated beginning algebra to ninth-grade students has become a standard procedure at Camelback High School. In this course, three semesters of regular algebra are covered using the text by Peterson: Intermediate Algebra For College Students.
Experimental Programs: An independent classroom experiment using teaching machine programmed materials
Authors: Henderson George L.
Published: November 2020

One of teaching's most frustrating experiences is the dilemma confronting most mathematics teachers about midyear, when suddenly they realize that the individual differences between students are so great it will be impossible for every student to master the entire course by the end of the term.
What every teacher should know about the uses of mathematics
Authors: Bell Clifford
Published: November 2020

Some information about mathematicians employed in business, industry, and education
A second note on curve fitting
Authors: Santner Joseph F.
Published: November 2020

Generalizing a technique discussed in an earlier article
Experimental Programs: Computer programming for high school sophomores
Authors: Whitacre Lillian
Published: November 2020

Twenty-one selected high school sophomores successfully learned some of the technical aspects of computer programming in Chula Vista, California during the summer of 1962 in an experimental course entitled “Computer Programming for High School Sophomores.” The students learned to break down problems into a technical list of detailed instructions that were applicable to the UNIVAC 80. The summer course involved two hours of daily instruction for six weeks at Chula Vista High School, and was supplemented by laboratory work on the UNIVAC 80 at Rohr Corporation.
The Council's drive to improve school mathematics
Authors: Allen Frank B.
Published: November 2020

A report of professional activities of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
A generalization of triangular numbers
Authors: Miller Janice , Stein F. Max
Published: November 2020

The story of a baseball player who couldn't keep his mind on his work
Tips For Beginners: A complete set of elementary rules for testing for divisibility
Authors: Williams Wendell M.
Published: November 2020

A number of articles in both The Arithmetic Teacher and The Mathematics Teacher have developed and applied different rules for special cases of divisibility. However, the entire divisibility spectrum can be viewed from one simple set of rules which the average ninth grade pupil can understand and apply.
Techniques of solving rational equations
Authors: Kocher Frank T. , Heimer Ralph T.
Published: November 2020

Johnny Teenage is a fairly good student in Miss Oldschool's algebra class. Here is a problem he recently did for homework.
Comparative study of SMSG and traditional mathematics text material
Authors: Williams Emmet D. , Shuff Robert V.
Published: November 2020

In what way do students who have studied experimenta text materials in mathematics differ from students who have studied traditional materials? Do commercial tests show these differences?
Challenging the talented mathematics student
Authors: Newman Claire M.
Published: November 2020

Helping students by letting them alone
Polar and rectangular coordinate grids on ditto-masters
Authors: Collister Larew M.
Published: November 2020

If your school has a print shop, or if your community has a printer who is willing to do the school an occasional favor, here is something you can do that will make it easier to produce with precision, directly on a spirit-process master copy, test items relating to graphs.
Fractions and line segments
Authors: Mehl William G.
Published: November 2020

Opportunities for new discoveries and a wealth of practice with fractions
Experimental Programs: Teaching fundamental concepts of mathematics at the college level by closed-circuit television
Authors: Alexander F. D.
Published: November 2020

During the last decade, the advent of educational television has stirred the imagination of many educators while creating a flurry of criticism on the part of others. Opinions concerning the use of this new medium for educational purposes range from enthusiastic acceptance to total rejection.
Iteration solution methods
Authors: Nygaard P. H.
Published: November 2020

Iteration for its own sake but also as a device for relating important mathematical topics
Finding rational roots by modular methods
Authors: Lloyd Daniel B.
Published: November 2020

A theory is presented wherein factoring is facilitated by use of congruent polynomials, modulo p.
The Greatest Integer Function
Authors: Shurlow Harold J.
Published: November 2020

This teacher's opinion is that anything that gets students fired up enough to want to investigate new ideas in mathematics is worthwhile.
The Importance of Mathematics in the Space Age
Authors: Wilson Raymond H.
Published: November 2020

The distance and immensity of outer space, as well as the enormity of wasted expense and danger of a “miss,” clearly place unusually high desirability on mathematical technique as the best approach to many problems in this area.
Discovery of Basic Inversion Theory by Construction
Authors: Spencer Richard V.
Published: November 2020

Using an experimental approach with geometric constructions, a student can meet some of the interesting properties of inversion.
Introduction to non-Euclidean Geometry
Authors: Maiers Wesley W.
Published: November 2020

A teacher of high school geometry describes a successful unit that convinces pupils that what we prove depends on what we assume.
An Experiment with Low Achievers in Arithmetic
Authors: Easterday Kenneth E.
Published: November 2020

Perhaps a better program can be devised for low achievers in grades seven and eight.
The Link Method in Trigonometry
Authors: Hailpern Raoul
Published: November 2020

This is a procedure which high school pupils enjoy. Why not try it in your classes?
Historically Speaking,—: On the origin of “>” and “<”
Authors: Smith Charles L.
Published: November 2020

Born at Oxford, England, in 1560, Thomas Harriot (also spelled Hariot) earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from St. Mary Hall, Oxford, in 1579. Shortly after Harriot's graduation, Sir Walter Raleigh hired him as a tutor in the mathematical aspects of navigation.