bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization of kidney cancer
Authors: Chi Andrew , Shirodkar Samir P. , Escudero Diogo O. , Ekwenna Obi O. , Yates Travis J. , Ayyathurai Rajinikanth , Garcia‐Roig Michael , Gahan Jeffrey C. , Manoharan Murugesan , Bird Vincent G. , Lokeshwar Vinata B.
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND:

Molecular profiling of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) may improve the distinction between oncocytoma and malignant RCC subtypes and aid in early detection of metastasis. The hyaluronic acid (HA) family includes HA synthases (HAS1, HAS2, HAS3), hyaluronidases (HYAL‐1, HYAL‐2, HYAL‐3, HYAL‐4, PH20, HYAL‐P1), and HA receptors (CD44s, CD44v, RHAMM). HA family members promote tumor growth and metastasis. The authors evaluated the expression of HA family members in kidney specimens.

METHODS:

By using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, mRNA levels of 12 HA family members were measured in tumor specimens obtained from 86 consecutive patients undergoing nephrectomy; 80 of them also provided normal specimens. Mean and median follow‐up were 15.2 ± 8.8 and 13.8 months. RCC specimens included clear cell RCC: 65; papillary: 10; chromophobe: 5; oncocytoma: 6; metastasis positive: 17.

RESULTS:

Median HAS1, CD44s, and RHAMM transcript levels were elevated 3‐ to 25‐fold in clear cell RCC and papillary and chromophobe tumors when compared with normal tissues. HYAL‐4, CD44s, and RHAMM levels were elevated 4‐ to 12‐fold in clear cell RCC and papillary tumors when compared with oncocytomas; only HYAL‐4 levels distinguished between chromophobe and oncocytoma (P = .009). CD44s and RHAMM levels were significantly higher in tumors <4 cm (510 ± 611 and 19.6 ± 20.8, respectively) when compared with oncocytoma (46.4 ± 20 and 3.8 ± 2.5; P ≤ .006). In univariate and multivariate analyses, CD44s (P < .0001), RHAMM (P < .0001), stage, tumor size, and/or renal vein involvement were significantly associated with metastasis. The combined CD44s + RHAMM marker had 82% sensitivity and 86% specificity to predict metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS:

CD44s and RHAMM levels distinguish between oncocytoma and RCC subtypes regardless of tumor size and are potential predictors of RCC metastasis. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
On‐site adequacy evaluations performed by cytotechnologists
Authors: Burlingame Oname O. , Kessé Kessé O. , Silverman Stuart G. , Cibas Edmund S.
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND:

Practice patterns regarding on‐site assessment of the adequacy of image‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs) vary among laboratories, but in many laboratories primary responsibility rests with the cytotechnologists. On‐site evaluation provides feedback on the need for additional passes and facilitates triaging of the specimen for time‐sensitive ancillary studies. Prior studies have suggested that cytotechnologists can assess the initially obtained specimens correctly, but they are few in number and limited by small size. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency with which our cytotechnologists were able to correctly assess specimens as adequate using a large‐scale database that included a wide range of image‐guided FNABs.

METHODS:

The frequency that on‐site adequacy assessments of 5241 image‐guided FNABs were correct was determined by correlating the cytotechnologists' assessments of adequacy with the final cytologic interpretation. An adequacy assessment was considered correct if the FNAB was ultimately reported as satisfactory and unequivocally benign or malignant. An adequate reading on a case that was ultimately reported as unsatisfactory, atypical, or suspicious was deemed “incorrect.” The effect of imaging modality was also analyzed.

RESULTS:

Of 5241 FNABs, 2784 (53%) were interpreted as adequate on site. Of these, 2637 (95%) were correctly considered adequate. Of the common biopsy sites sampled, the adequacy assessments for liver FNABs demonstrated the highest frequency for being correctly considered adequate (97%) and those for kidney FNABs showed the lowest (90%). Imaging modality had no effect on accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS:

Cytotechnologists are almost always correct when assessing initial FNAB samples as adequate. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Immunocytochemical colocalization of p16INK4a and Ki‐67 predicts CIN2/3 and AIS/adenocarcinoma
Authors: Singh Meenakshi , Mockler Daniel , Akalin Ali , Burke Stephanie , Shroyer A. Laurie , Shroyer Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND:

Although previous studies have shown that p16INK4a and Ki‐67 are sensitive and specific markers for high‐grade lesions (≥CIN2) on cervical biopsies, limited information is available regarding the performance of a dual‐staining approach as a diagnostic adjunct in cervical cytology. We evaluated a dual p16INK4a/Ki‐67 immunocytochemistry (ICC) assay to determine its sensitivity and specificity versus that of high‐risk HPV (HR‐HPV) in a US‐based pilot cytology study.

METHODS:

ThinPrep specimens from 122 cervical cytology specimens encompassing 23 negative (NILM), 20 ASC‐US, 22 LSIL, 17 ASCH, 22 HSIL, and 18 AGC cases were processed for multiplexed ICC staining using a CINtec Plus Kit. Dual‐positive assay results were defined based on the detection of 1 or more epithelial cells that were stained for both p16INK4a and Ki‐67 without regard to cellular morphology. HR‐HPV testing was performed by multiplex PCR with capillary electrophoresis genotyping.

RESULTS:

Dual staining for p16INK4a and Ki‐67 was frequently detected in HSIL and AGC but was rarely detected in NILM cases. The HR‐HPV assay showed a sensitivity of 76.2% and a specificity of 55.8% for the detection of clinically significant cervical squamous or endometrial lesions. In contrast, the colocalization of p16INK4a plus Ki‐67 maintained a high sensitivity of 81.8% and improved specificity to 81.8% for biopsy‐confirmed CIN2/3, endocervical adenocarcinoma, or endometrial adenocarcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS:

Dual staining for p16INK4a/Ki‐67 immunocytochemistry dramatically increased specificity and maintained high‐level sensitivity for the diagnosis of CIN2/3 or glandular lesions compared with PCR‐based testing for HR‐HPV. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
A multigrid method for solution of vorticity—velocity form of 3‐D navier—stokes equations
Authors: Huang Y. , Ghia U.
Published: September 2011

A multigrid method has been developed and applied to the simulation of unsteady three‐dimensional incompressible flow, using the Navier—Stokes equations in terms of vorticity and velocity variables. A system of equations for the velocity problem, consisting of the continuity equation and three curl equations, is first formulated as a uniquely determined, non‐singular system. An efficient and robust technique, namely the multigrid distributive Gauss—Seidel scheme, is developed for solution of this system of algebraic equations. The method is applied to study 3‐D flow in a shear‐driven cavity.
A multigrid method for an invariant formulation of the incompressible navier—stokes equations in general Co‐ordinates
Authors: Oosterlee C. W. , Wesseling P.
Published: September 2011

The stationary incompressible Navier—Stokes equations are discretized with a finite volume method in curvilinear co‐ordinates. The arbitrarily shaped domain is mapped onto a rectangular block, resulting in a boundary‐fitted grid. In order to obtain accurate discretizations of the transformed equations, some requirements on geometric quantities should be met. The choice of velocity components is also of importance. Contravariant flux unknowns and pressure p are used as primary unknowns on a staggered grid arrangement.

The system of discretized equations is solved with a non‐linear multigrid algorithm, into which a smoother, called Symmetric Coupled Gauss—Seidel, is implemented. Cell by cell, all unknowns in the grid cell are updated by solving four momentum equations and a continuity equation simultaneously. The solution algorithm shows satisfying average reduction factors for several domains.
Adaptive multigrid for the steady euler equations
Authors: van der Maarel H. T. M.
Published: September 2011

We present a method to solve the steady Euler equations by using an upwind finite‐volume discretization on a locally refined grid and multigrid convergence acceleration. The locally refined grid consists of grids in a locally nested sequence. We describe the discretization with emphasis on grid interfaces and accuracy. We describe the multigrid algorithm and give some computational examples.
Influence of Mg2+ on the Guanine–Cytosine Tautomeric Equilibrium: Simulations of the Induced Intermolecular Proton Transfer
Authors: Cerón‐Carrasco José P. , Jacquemin Denis
Published: September 2011

Metallic ions are essential for stabilizing the nucleic acid structure, and are also involved in the majority of RNA and DNA biological functions. However, at large concentrations metals may play an opposite role by promoting alterations in the genetic code (mutagenicity). To contribute to the understanding of this effect, theoretical tools are used to investigate the influence of the magnesium dication on the guanine–cytosine (GC) base pair structure and stability. To this end, a fully hydrated Mg2+ cation is inserted in two models: an isolated GC base pair, and a more realistic DNA model corresponding to a hydrated double‐stranded trimer. Calculations performed with a hybrid ONIOM approach reveal that the Mg2+ cation coordination to the GC base pair alters drastically the natural tautomeric equilibria in DNA by promoting single proton transfer. Nevertheless, the generated rare tautomer will have a limited impact on the total spontaneous mutation due to the low back‐reaction barrier allowing a quick return to the canonical form. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the major effects of biological environment arise from the hydration and stacking influence, whereas the impact of phosphate groups is minor.
A Method for Conformational Sampling of Loops in Proteins Based on Adiabatic Decoupling and Temperature or Force Scaling
Authors: Kunz Anna‐Pitschna E. , van Gunsteren Wilfred F.
Published: September 2011

A method for conformational Boltzmann sampling of loops in proteins in aqueous solution is presented that is based on adiabatic decoupling molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with temperature or force scaling. To illustrate the enhanced sampling, the loop from residues 33 to 43 in the bovine protein ribonuclease A is adiabatically decoupled from the rest of the protein and the solvent with a mass scaling factor sm=1000 and the sampling is enhanced with a scaling of the temperature using sT=2 or of the force using sV=0.667. Over 5 ns of simulation the secondary structure of the protein remains unaltered while a combined dihedral‐angle conformational cluster analysis shows an increase of conformations outside the first most populated cluster of loop conformations for adiabatic decoupling MD with temperature scaling using sT=2 or force scaling using sV=0.667 compared to the standard MD simulation. The atom‐positional root‐mean‐square fluctuations of the Cα atoms of the loop show an increase in the movement of the loop as well, indicating that adiabatic decoupling MD with upscaling of the temperature or downscaling of the force is a promising method for conformational Boltzmann sampling.
Ultrafast Photochemistry of Dithizonatophenylmercury(II)
Authors: Schwoerer Heinrich , von Eschwege Karel G. , Bosman Gurthwin , Krok Patrizia , Conradie Jeanet
Published: September 2011

The initial photochromic reaction of dithizonatophenylmercury(II) in solution was investigated by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Ultrafast excitation within less than 100 fs caused a radiationless photoreaction with a time constant of 1.5 ps, which is interpreted as CN isomerization through a conical intersection. The orthogonally twisted intermediate state was observed through its excited‐state absorption. Bifurcation along pathways towards the ground states of the orange cis and blue trans configurations occurs below the funnel of the conical intersection. The photochromism of the title compound in a very polar solvent such as methanol is observed for the first time.
Simultaneous Visualization of Surface Topography and Concentration Field by Means of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Using a Single Electrochemical Probe and Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Pähler Maike , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Gratzl Miklós
Published: September 2011

Scanning electrochemical microscopy visualizes concentration profiles. To determine the location of the probe relative to topographical features of the substrate, knowledge of the probe‐to‐sample distance at each probe position is required. The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for obtaining information on the substrate‐to‐probe distance and on the concentration of interest using the electrochemical probe alone is suggested. By tuning the frequencies of interrogation, the probe‐to‐substrate distance can be derived followed by interrogation of processes that carry information on concentration at lower frequencies. These processes may include charge‐transfer relaxation, diffusional relaxation at the electrode, and open‐circuit potential at zero frequency. A potentiometric chloride sensing microprobe is used herein to reconstruct both topography and the concentration field at a microscopic diffusional source of chloride.
Integrating Theories and Concepts: Formulation Driven CBT for a Client with a Diagnosis of Schizo‐Affective Disorder
Authors: Harper Sean F.
Published: September 2011

Therapists working with people who have complex problems associated with psychosis may find it difficult to apply currently available cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) manuals to client's presenting problems. This can lead to activation of negative therapist beliefs about themselves, the client or the therapy and subsequent problems maintaining the therapeutic relationship. This paper describes the integration of a range of models and concepts derived from CBT which were used to assist one such client with complex problems associated with psychosis. As such, it is proposed that taking a flexible, formulation driven approach to therapy can assist therapists to remain client centred and work effectively. The therapy described draws on a number of concepts including those taken from schema focussed therapy, mindfulness and compassionate mind training. Therapist and client summary letters were used as part of the described intervention, but in addition, the client's summary is reproduced in the paper aiming to address the issue of the under reporting in the literature of the client's perspective on therapy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Plan Analysis in Psychotherapeutic Case Formulation of Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Berthoud Laurent , Kramer Ueli , de Roten Yves , Despland Jean‐Nicolas , Caspar Franz
Published: September 2011

A comprehensive understanding of the patient's problems is essential for a constructive therapeutic behaviour, especially in borderline personality disorder (BPD) where difficult interpersonal patterns are persistent. In these circumstances, the use of an integrative case formulation approach such as Plan Analysis, developed by K. Grawe and F. Caspar, can be of help for therapy planning. The focus here is on instrumental relations between behaviours and the hypothetical Plans and motives ‘behind’ those behaviours.

The present qualitative study aimed at setting a prototypical Plan structure for n = 15 patients presenting a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnosis of BPD using Plan Analysis. The first psychotherapeutic session of every outpatient was video‐taped and evaluated according to the Plan Analysis procedure. Inter‐rater reliability was established between two independent raters and was considered sufficient.

The detailed prototypical Plan structure of BPD showed two main tendencies: first, the important presence of support‐seeking among these patients and second, the will to be in control and to protect oneself. This study confirms the existence of several core similarities in the functioning of patients with BPD. These findings are in line with earlier studies and expand the latter with the aim of contributing to the understanding of BPD psychopathology. Clinical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Plan Analysis can especially be of help with patients who have difficult interpersonal patterns, as those presenting with BPD.

Two tendencies were found within BPD patients: (1) support‐seeking and (2) control and self‐protecting Plans.

Further research using Plan Analysis should focus on the identification and detail of emotions within BPD.
Three‐Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Titania with Structural and Photonic Effects for Enhanced Photocatalytic Efficiency
Authors: Wu Min , Li Yu , Deng Zhao , Su Bao‐Lian
Published: September 2011

The three dimensional photonic crystals concept has been employed for photocatalysis. Slow photons observed in photonic crystal structures will enhance the absorption of materials when the photon energy matches the absorbance of the materials, which would improve the photocatalytic efficiency. In this work, three dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) titania was prepared by applying the colloidal templating method with a range of pore diameters. Calcination at different temperatures to remove the templates resulted in different crystalline phases. The structural and photonic properties were characterized and their effects on photocatalytic activity are presented as well. A strong effect of the pore diameter on the photocatalytic activity was observed and correlated with the photon energy involved in the photodegradation process of organics. A very interesting phenomenon was also observed: the sample prepared by using PS spheres of 250 nm had a high photocatalytic efficiency, which mismatched the effect of pore diameter, probably owing to the slow photon effect.
Hydrogen Production by Photoelectrochemically Splitting Solutions of Formic Acid
Authors: Li Lei , Guo Wenliang , Zhu Yusong , Wu Yuping
Published: September 2011

A TiO2/FTO (FTO=fluorine‐doped tin oxide) electrode was prepared by dip‐coating FTO in a suspension of TiO2 prepared from a sol–gel method and was used as a photoanode to split an aqueous solution of formic acid to produce hydrogen. The surface of the TiO2/FTO film was covered with assemblies of TiO2 nanoparticles with a diameter of approximately 20 nm. Under irradiation by using a Xe lamp, splitting of formic acid was performed at different applied current densities. Compared to splitting water or utilizing FTO and Pt foil as the anode, the splitting voltage is much lower and can be as low as −0.27 V. The results show that the splitting voltage is related to the concentration of free formate groups. The evolution rate of hydrogen measured by using gas chromatography is 130 μmol h−1 at a current density of 20 mA cm−2 and the energy‐conversion efficiency can be 1.79 %. Photoelectrolysis of formic acid has the potential to be an efficient way to produce hydrogen with a high energy‐conversion efficiency.
Thermal Oxidation of Parylene X
Authors: Senkevich Jay J.
Published: September 2011

Up until recently the only parylene polymers that existed were linear chain polymers, the most common of which are poly(p‐xylylene) (parylene N) and poly(chloro‐p‐xylylene) (parylene C). Both of these polymers have a strong sensitivity towards oxygen and UV light in the presence of oxygen. They are both reactive towards oxygen and subsequently lose mass via chain scission, however cross‐linked or networked polymers have much different degradation mechanisms since chain scission is not readily available due to the connectivity of the polymer chains. In this study it is observed that poly(ethynyl‐p‐xylylene)‐co‐poly(p‐xylylene) (parylene X) is stable to 300 °C in air for one hour after a 1 h post‐deposition vacuum anneal at 380 °C, whereas parylene N is stable to just 200 °C for 1 h in air under the same conditions, for 1705 Å and 1826 Å thin films, respectively. After 1000 h at 150 °C in air, parylene X loses little if no film thickness (<0.2%), whereas parylene N loses 7%; however, chain scission is initiated in the parylene X thin films at 362 h. Chain scission is also observed with the birefringence data and in the infrared spectroscopy spectra. The data do not suggest parylene X is more stable than parylene N, but rather its degradation mechanism is much different due to its networked structure, which may have implications for its thermo‐mechanical properties. Infrared spectroscopic and ellipsometric data will be presented as a function of time and temperature for both the aforementioned polymers.
Growth of Atomically Smooth Epitaxial Nickel Ferrite Films by Direct Liquid Injection CVD
Authors: Li Ning , Wang Yu‐Hsiang A. , Iliev Milko N. , Klein Tonya M. , Gupta Arunava
Published: September 2011

Magnetoelectric heterostructures are being actively investigated for utilization in next generation microwave devices such as tunable filters and phase shifters. For efficient microwave absorption and magnetoelectric coupling, relatively thick (>1 µm) epitaxial spinel ferrite films with smooth topographies are required for the magnetic/ferroelectric heterostructures. Towards this goal, direct liquid injection (DLI)‐CVD has been utilized for epitaxial growth of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) films on MgAl2O4 (100) and MgO (100) substrates with high deposition rates. Anhydrous Ni(acac)2 and Fe(acac)3 (acac = acetylacetonate) are used as precursor sources dissolved in N,N‐dimethyl formamide for the DLI vaporizer system. The influence of deposition temperature on the film properties has been investigated using optimized process conditions for flow of the injected precursors and oxygen. Epitaxial nickel ferrite films of stoichiometric composition are obtained in the temperature range 500–800 °C on both substrates with growth rates in the range 0.6–1.1 µm h−1. Because of changes in the surface diffusion behavior, the film morphology is found to be dependent on the deposition temperature with atomically smooth films being obtained for deposition in the temperature range 600–700 °C. Magnetic measurements reveal an increase in the saturation magnetization for the films with increasing growth temperature, which correlates well with the trend for improved epitaxial growth as indicated by X‐ray and Raman spectroscopy measurements. Nickel ferrite films deposited on MgAl2O4 (100) at 800 °C exhibit saturation magnetization very close to the bulk value of 300 emu cm−3.
In vivo photoacoustic and photothermal cytometry for monitoring multiple blood rheology parameters
Authors: Galanzha Ekaterina I. , Zharov Vladimir P.
Published: September 2011

Alterations of blood rheology (hemorheology) are important for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention of many diseases, including myocardial infarction, stroke, sickle cell anemia, thromboembolism, trauma, inflammation, and malignancy. However, real‐time in vivo assessment of multiple hemorheological parameters over long periods of time has not been reported. Here, we review the capabilities of label‐free photoacoustic (PA) and photothermal (PT) flow cytometry for dynamic monitoring of hemorhelogical parameters in vivo which we refer to as photoacoustic and photothermal blood rheology. Using phenomenological models, we analyze correlations between both PT and PA signal characteristics in the dynamic modes and following determinants of blood rheology: red blood cell (RBC) aggregation, deformability, shape (e.g., as in sickle cells), intracellular hemoglobin distribution, individual cell velocity, hematocrit, and likely shear rate. We present ex vivo and in vivo experimental verifications involving high‐speed PT imaging of RBCs, identification of sickle cells in a mouse model of human sickle cell disease and in vivo monitoring of complex hemorheological changes (e.g., RBC deformability, hematocrit and RBC aggregation). The multi‐parameter platform that integrates PT, PA, and conventional optical techniques has potential for translation to clinical applications using safe, portable, laser‐based medical devices for point‐of‐care screening of disease progression and therapy efficiency. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Flow cytometry as a tool for analyzing changes in Plasmodium falciparum cell cycle following treatment with indol compounds
Authors: Schuck Desirée Cigaran , Ribeiro Ramira Yuri , Nery Arthur A. , Ulrich Henning , Garcia Célia R. S.
Published: September 2011

Melatonin and its derivatives modulate the Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium chabaudi cell cycle. Flow cytometry was employed together with the nucleic acid dye YOYO‐1 allowing precise discrimination between mono‐ and multinucleated forms of P. falciparum‐infected red blood cell. The use of YOYO‐1 permitted excellent discrimination between uninfected and infected red blood cells as well as between early and late parasite stages. Fluorescence intensities of schizont‐stage parasites were about 10‐fold greater than those of ring‐trophozoite form parasites. Melatonin and related indolic compounds including serotonin, N‐acetyl‐serotonin and tryptamine induced an increase in the percentage of multinucleated forms compared to non‐treated control cultures. YOYO‐1 staining of infected erythrocyte and subsequent flow cytometry analysis provides a powerful tool in malaria research for screening of bioactive compounds. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The ever‐changing brain: Cellular and molecular mechanisms for the effects of stressful experiences
Authors: McEwen Bruce S.
Published: September 2011

The adult brain is capable of considerable structural and functional plasticity and the study of hormone actions in brain has contributed to our understanding of this important phenomenon. In particular, stress and stress‐related hormones such as glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids play a key role in the ability of acute and chronic stress to cause reversible remodeling of neuronal connections in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. To produce this plasticity, these hormones act by both genomic and non‐genomic mechanisms together with ongoing, experience‐driven neural activity mediated by excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor, extracellular molecules such as neural cell adhesion molecule, neuropeptides such as corticotrophin releasing factor, and endocannabinoids. The result is a dynamic brain architecture that can be modified by experience. Under this view, the role of pharmaceutical agents, such as antidepressants, is to facilitate such plasticity that must also be guided by experiences. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 878–890, 2012
The identification of different endothelial cell populations within the mouse proepicardium
Authors: Cossette Stephanie , Misra Ravi
Published: September 2011

The proepicardium is a transient embryonic structure that is a source of precursors of the epicardium, coronary smooth muscle cells, and may be a source of coronary endothelial cells (EC). To better understand proepicardium development a systematic analysis of EC appearance was performed. Multiple marker analysis showed that EC are present in the mouse proepicardium at embryonic day (E) 9.0 through E9.75. Distinct populations of EC were found that were associated with the liver bud, and the sinus venosus, as well as a population that do not appear to be associated with either of these structures. There was a temporal increase in the number of EC and temporal changes in the distribution of EC within the different populations during PE development. These findings indicate that EC exist in the proepicardium before coronary vasculogenesis, and support a model in which there is a heterogeneous origin for EC in the proepicardium. Developmental Dynamics 240:2344–2353, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Septin1 is required for spindle assembly and chromosome congression in mouse oocytes
Authors: Zhu Jinliang , Qi Shu‐Tao , Wang Ya‐Peng , Wang Zhen‐Bo , Ouyang Ying‐Chun , Hou Yi , Schatten Heide , Sun Qing‐Yuan
Published: September 2011

The bipolar spindle is a complex molecular machinery that drives chromosome congression and segregation. During meiosis in the mouse multiple microtubule organizing centers aggregate to form a bipolar intermediate followed by elongation and establishment of the barrel‐shaped acentriolar meiotic spindle. Previous studies have shown that septin1 is localized to spindle poles in mitosis, suggesting its possible involvement in spindle assembly. We, therefore, asked whether perturbation of septin1 will impair the process of spindle assembly and investigated localization and function during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. Septin1 was localized to the spindle at metaphase and at the midbody during cytokinesis. Disruption of septin1 function using siRNA caused a decrease in PBE and extensive spindle defects. Moreover, the process of chromosome congression was impaired. However, septin1 depletion did not cause aneuploidy in oocyte with an extruded polar body. Taken together, our results show that septin1 is a key player in spindle assembly and chromosome congression in mouse meiosis. Developmental Dynamics 240:2281–2289, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
X chromosome inactivation: A silence that needs to be broken
Authors: Basu Reelina , Zhang Li‐Feng
Published: September 2011

Each mammalian female cell transcriptionally inactivates one X chromosome to balance X‐linked gene dosage between males and females. This phenomenon, called X chromosome inactivation, is a perfect epigenetic event, in which two chromosomes with identical DNA sequences are solely distinguished by epigenetic modifications. In this case, epigenetic marks, such as histone modifications, histone variants, DNA methylation, and ncRNAs, are all enriched on one chromosome, the inactive X chromosome (Xi), to establish its chromosome‐wide gene silencing. At face value, it seems that the gene silencing mechanism of Xi is well understood. However, the “silence” of Xi in somatic cells is so tightly maintained that it remains largely intact even after almost all known epigenetic modifications are artificially depleted. To understand how the gene silence of Xi is maintained in soma is a major challenge in current research. We summarize the current knowledge related with this issue and discuss future research directions. genesis 49:821–834, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
The clinician administered staging instrument for anorexia nervosa: Development and psychometric properties
Authors: Maguire Sarah , Touyz Stephen , Surgenor Lois , Crosby Ross D. , Engel Scott G. , Lacey Hubert , Heywood‐Everett Suzanne , Le Grange Daniel
Published: September 2011

Objective:

To develop and evaluate an instrument to assess severity in anorexia nervosa (AN), the Clinician Administered Staging Instrument for Anorexia Nervosa (CASIAN).

Method:

Candidate items for the CASIAN were developed in three phases (domain, content, and item generation) followed by a pilot study. The psychometric properties of the resultant 34‐item questionnaire were investigated in cross‐sectional and longitudinal samples (N = 171) with DSM‐IV AN and subthreshold AN.

Results:

Item and factor analysis procedures resulted in a refined 23‐item CASIAN comprising of six factors (“Motivation,” “Weight,” “Illness Duration,” “Obsessionality,” “Bulimic Behaviors,” and “Acute Issues”). The CASIAN had high internal consistency (.811), test–retest (.957), and interrater reliability (.973). Preliminary support for the convergent, discriminant, concurrent, and predictive validity of the CASIAN was found.

Discussion:

The CASIAN is a psychometrically sound instrument. Further studies are needed to confirm the factor structure and assess its clinical and research utility. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
A systematic review of dropout from treatment in outpatients with anorexia nervosa
Authors: DeJong Hannah , Broadbent Hannah , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:

Dropout from treatment has serious implications for patients, clinicians, and researchers. The aim of this study was to examine rates of dropout from outpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN) and critically examine the various definitions of dropout used.

METHOD:

A systematic review was conducted, including pharmacological and psychological interventions. All articles in PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were considered, and screened against a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria. Relationships between treatment outcome and dropout rate were examined across studies.

RESULTS:

Nineteen relevant studies were identified, with dropout rates ranging from 4.8% (family therapy) to 100% (dietary advice). In most cases, dropout was in the range of 20–40%. Definitions of dropout used varied widely. A significant negative correlation was found between rate of dropout and body mass index (BMI) at 1 year, but this did not remain significant when differences in BMI at baseline were taken into account.

DISCUSSION:

High rates of dropout from treatment for AN have serious implications for recovery, research, and the development of new treatments. A suggested reporting structure is proposed, with the aim of increasing the consistency of dropout reporting and facilitating greater understanding of this phenomenon. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011)
Spatial variability of remotely sensed soil moisture in a temperate‐humid grassland catchment
Authors: Liu Wen , Xu Xianli , Kiely Gerard
Published: September 2011

Knowledge of the spatial distribution of soil moisture is very important for understanding eco‐hydrological processes, but monitoring of soil moisture over extensive areas remains a challenge because of its high spatial variability and temporal dynamics. This study, taking an Irish temperate‐humid catchment as an example, shows that the backscatter coefficient acquired from Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) Wide Swath (WS) image (150 m resolution) is a good estimator of the surface (top 5 cm) soil moisture, leading us to propose an empirical model for soil moisture estimation. Statistical analysis of the remotely sensed soil moisture (produced from 35 ENVISAT/ASAR WS images spanning both wet and dry regimes in 2006) revealed that the spatial variation (standard deviation and coefficient of variance) mainly decreased with increasing mean soil moisture for this wet catchment. Geostatistical analysis showed that the spatial dependence of the soil moisture field was moderate with most of the nugget ratios ranging from 45% (25% percentile) to 55% (75% percentile), and the spatial correlation range was around 554–854 m. The exponential model was able to accurately fit the sample semivariograms and was a reliable estimator of the characteristics of the remotely sensed soil moisture field. This type of analysis can provide meaningful information for soil moisture monitoring at the catchment or regional scale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of the development of acute hepatitis by IL‐23 through IL‐22 and IL‐17 production
Authors: Xu Mingli , Morishima Noriko , Mizoguchi Izuru , Chiba Yukino , Fujita Koji , Kuroda Masahiko , Iwakura Yoichiro , Cua Daniel J. , Yasutomo Koji , Mizuguchi Junichiro , Yoshimoto Takayuki
Published: September 2011

IL‐23 plays a critical role in the expansion of highly proinflammatory Th17 cells secreting IL‐17 and IL‐22. Recently, we demonstrated that Notch signaling drives IL‐22 secretion through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and plays a protective role in Con A‐induced hepatitis. In this study, we investigated the role of IL‐23 in hepatitis using IL‐23p19‐ and IL‐17‐deficient mice. In WT mice, the injection of Con A induced the upregulation of various cytokines, which included IL‐23, IL‐22, IL‐17, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α. In IL‐23p19‐deficient mice, exacerbated hepatitis was observed and serum IL‐22 and IL‐17 levels were greatly reduced, whereas in IL‐17‐deficient mice, ameliorated hepatitis was observed. The injection of exogenous IL‐22 protected p19‐deficient mice from hepatitis, whereas the injection of exogenous IL‐23 significantly increased the serum levels of not only IL‐22 but also IL‐17, and less effectively protected against hepatitis in IL‐17‐dependent and ‐independent manners. Finally, it was revealed that STAT3, STAT4 and Notch contributed to the production of both the cytokines, and that the AHR was important only for IL‐22 production in response to Con A and IL‐23 in liver mononuclear cells. These results suggest that IL‐23 plays a protective role in hepatitis through IL‐22 production and also a pathological role via IL‐17‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms.
New Energetic Complexes of Copper(II) and the Acetone Carbohydrazide Schiff Base as Potential Flame Colorants for Pyrotechnic Mixtures
Authors: Bushuyev Oleksandr S. , Arguelles Forrest A. , Brown Preston , Weeks Brandon L. , Hope‐Weeks Louisa J.
Published: September 2011

The drive to find viable alternatives to common explosives has resulted in increased interest in the development of new transition‐metal organometallic energetic materials. To this end we report on the synthesis and characterization of the new energetic compounds, [CuX2(C7H14N4O)2·H2O] (X = ClO4–; NO3–), in addition to a new pathway to synthesizing copper hydrazinium chloride (CuCl3– N2H5+) in a clean facile way. All three complexes were characterized by low temperature single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, while the two new compounds were also characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Because of the energetic nature of the new compounds, drop hammer and spark ignition tests were performed; Cu(NO3)2(C7H14N4O)2 was insensitive to both and Cu(ClO4)2(C7H14N4O)2 proved to be shock sensitive at high impact forces. It is expected that both of the compounds could be utilized in pyrotechnics as generators of green and blue colors, respectively.
Ruthenium Polypyridyl Sensitisers in Dye Solar Cells Based on Mesoporous TiO2
Authors: Reynal Anna , Palomares Emilio
Published: September 2011

At present, one of the most studied molecular device for the conversion of sunlight into electricity is the dye‐sensitised solar cell (DSSC). To date, ruthenium polypyridyl complexes have shown the highest light‐to‐energy conversion efficiencies because of their photophysical, photochemical and electrochemical properties. In addition, the overall efficiency achieved by DSSCs is strongly dependent on the interfacial charge‐transfer reactions that take place between the different components of the solar cell: the injection of electrons into the conduction band of the semiconductor by the dye, the transport of electrons through the semiconductor towards the working electrode contact, dye regeneration by the redox pair present in the electrolyte and the recombination reaction between the photoinjected electrons in the semiconductor and the oxidised species of the dye and the electrolyte. This microreview comprises: (i) the operational principles of complete functional photovoltaic devices and (ii) several synthetic methods, properties and main applications of most relevant homoleptic and heteroleptic ruthenium complexes reported in the literature.
A Rigid Angular Bidentate Ligand for the Design of a New Class of Coordination Polymers Based on Silver(I) Salts – Influence of the Anion on Coordination Assemblies
Authors: Desmarets Christophe , Azcarate Iban , Gontard Geoffrey , Amouri Hani
Published: September 2011

The synthesis of a new family of coordination polymers [AgL2X]n (1a, X = CF3SO3; 1b, X = BF4; 1c, X = NO3; 1d, X = PF6) using 5‐methoxy‐1,3‐bis(pyridin‐3‐ylethynyl)benzene (L2) as the self‐assembling ligand is described. All compounds have been fully characterized by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. In particular the X‐ray molecular structures of 1a and 1b are reported and confirm the formation of 1D silver(I) chains. Their arrangements are described as a function and the nature of the anion. The supramolecular product 1a exhibits argentophilic Ag···Ag interactions to afford infinite double chains. Additionally, η1–AgI–π interactions lead to the formation of a network of stacked layers of double chains. In contrast, 1b lacks metal–counterion bonding and is constituted of infinite coordination polymers, which are held together by π–π interactions. The pivotal role of the counteranions on the overall packing arrangement of the polymers is presented and discussed.
Isolation, characterization, and antifungal application of a biosurfactant produced by Enterobacter sp. MS16
Authors: Jadhav Mital , Kagalkar Anuradha , Jadhav Sheetal , Govindwar Sanjay
Published: September 2011

Isolate MS16 obtained from diesel contaminated soil, identified as Enterobacter sp. using 16S rRNA gene analysis produced biosurfactant when grown on unconventional substrates like groundnut oil cake, sunflower oil, and molasses. Of these carbon substrates used, sunflower oil cake showed highest biosurfactant production (1.5 g/L) and reduction in surface tension (68%). The biosurfactant produced by MS16 efficiently emulsified various hydrocarbons. The carbohydrates and fatty acids of the biosurfactants were studied using TLC, FTIR, NMR, and GC‐MS. The carbohydrate composition as determined by GC‐MS of their alditol acetate derivatives showed the predominance of glucose, galactose and arabinose, and hydroxyl fatty acids of chain length of C16 and C18 on the basis of FAMEs analysis. Biosurfactant showed antifungal activity and inhibited the fungal spore germination.

Practical applications: Enterobacter sp., MS16 produces a biosurfactant composed of carbohydrates and fatty acids which exhibits excellent surface active properties. Use of industrial wastes for biosurfactant production is economical and facilitates the industrial production of this biosurfactant which has potential antifungal activity.
Precision of a point of care testing device for lipid profiling
Authors: O'Donovan Donal Óg , Byrne Stephen , McGillicuddy Aoife , Sahm Laura
Published: September 2011

Point‐of‐care testing (POCT) devices can be used to both screen for dyslipidaemia and to monitor lipid levels of patients currently being treated for elevated cholesterol. This study aims to examine the precision of a POCT device when used in a primary care setting. Health screens were offered to all staff members of University College Cork, Ireland. Capillary whole blood samples were taken from two digits of each participant to assess the lipid profile using the POCT device. The relationship between both results was investigated using Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficient, paired sample t‐tests and Kappa measures of agreement. In the second part of the study a volunteer provided ten consecutive capillary whole blood samples. These results were used to calculate the co‐efficient of variation of the device. Data were collected from 55 participants, 25(45%) of whom were male. The mean age of the study population was 44.5 ± 10.1 years. There were statistically significant differences recorded between the results for TC, TG and LDL‐C. Coefficients of variation for TG and LDL‐C were calculated at 7.51 and 7.71%, respectively. There is a degree of variability associated with the precision of POCT device; measurement error is a problem associated with cholesterol testing.

Practical applications: Point‐of‐care testing devices are widely used to measure cholesterol levels. They are convenient for patients because only a small amount of blood is required, reducing discomfort. They also have the advantage of providing results quickly, at a location convenient and easily accessible to the patient. It is important that a POCT device being used for the purposes of screening and monitoring is both accurate and precise. This study aimed to examine the precision of a POCT device when used in a primary care setting. The results of this study are consistent with other studies that indicate that measurement error is a problem associated with cholesterol testing. If POCT devices are being used for screening or monitoring purposes then it is necessary to carefully calibrate the device in order to eliminate as much error as possible. Multiple readings should be performed using the same device to identify any potential outlier results.
Electronic Structure Manipulation of (Benzothiazole)zinc Complexes: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Studies of 5‐Substituted Derivatives
Authors: Dey Somnath , Efimov Alexander , Giri Chandan , Rissanen Kari , Lemmetyinen Helge
Published: September 2011

The electronic properties of bis[2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazolato]zinc(II) complexes were tuned by attachment of electron‐withdrawing and ‐donating aryl groups through the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. Optimization studies of the borylation reaction and Suzuki coupling of protected benzothiazoles were performed to maximize the yields of the target compounds. The absorption, emission, and electrochemical properties of the newly synthesized complexes were found to correlate to the electronic nature of the attached aryl group. Whereas the LUMO levels are less dependent on the substituents, the HOMO levels are very sensitive to the nature of the substituent, thus providing an array of organometallic complexes with gradual changes in redox potentials.
Towards the Synthesis of the 4,19‐Diol Derivative of (–)‐Mycothiazole: Synthesis of a Potential Key Intermediate
Authors: Batt Frédéric , Fache Fabienne
Published: September 2011

The synthesis of a potential key intermediate for the synthesis of the 4,19‐diol derivative of (–)‐mycothiazole using convergent strategies is described in this paper. Several approaches have been tested, including cross metathesis and a Julia–Kocienski olefination. Finally, the formation of the 1,1‐dialkyl‐1,2‐ethanediol motif through C4–C5 bond construction was realized by nucleophilic addition of a vinyl iodide derivative to a keto ester after halogen/lithium exchange followed by reduction of the resulting hydroxy ester.
Photochemical Formation and Reactivities of Substituted Oxathiiranes in Low‐Temperature Argon Matrices
Authors: Reisenauer Hans Peter , Mloston Grzegorz , Romanski Jaroslaw , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: September 2011

Thiocarbonyl S‐oxides (sulfines) derived from aliphatic and cycloaliphatic thioketones were irradiated in argon matrices at 10 K, and the resulting oxathiiranes were identified by comparison of computed and experimental IR spectra. Upon photolysis at 10 K, depending on the substitution pattern, the oxathiiranes underwent either H‐shift reactions or regioselective ring enlargements to form the corresponding thioesters. After warming of the matrix material to 38–40 K, the oxathiiranes underwent fast desulfurization to yield the corresponding ketones. Density functional theory (DFT) computations at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(3df,3pd) level suggest that the desulfurizations of oxathiiranes occurred as bimolecular processes with activation enthalpies near 0 kcal mol–1.