bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gemcitabine in Bone Sarcoma Resistant to Doxorubicin‐BasedChemotherapy
Authors: Merimsky Ofer , Meller Isaac , Kollender Yehuda , Issakov Josephine , Flusser Gideon , Inbar Moshe
Published: April 2007

Subjects and Methods: Seven patients with progressive localized or
metastatic chemo‐resistant osteosarcoma were treated by gemcitabine.The protocol
included gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2/w for 7 consecutive weeks, followed by 1 week rest. If no
progression was observed,maintenance by gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2/w for 3 weeks every 28
days was given until failure was clinically or radiologically evident.

Results. The true objective response rate was 0%. However, disease
stabilization and clinical benefit response were observed in five patients (70%) for 13–96
weeks.

Discussion. Postponing the inevitable death with a relatively non‐toxic
treatment, is, in our opinion, an important issue especially in young patients.Thus it may be
justified and warranted to investigate the activity of gemcitabine in a larger group
of patients with bone sarcomas.
Adjuvant Radiation Therapy of Retroperitoneal Sarcoma: The Role ofIntraoperative Radiotherapy (IORT)
Authors: hu Kenneth S. , Harrison Louis C.
Published: April 2007

Purpose. The purpose is to review the natural history, the
clinicopathological prognostic factors, and the role of adjuvant radiation therapy with
particular attention to the limited but favorable experience with IORT.

Methods. Retroperitoneal sarcomas present a continuing therapeutic
challenge to the oncologist. In contrast to sarcomas of the extremity and superficial trunk in
which complete resection plus radiation therapy results in excellent local control,
sarcomas of the retroperitoneum are difficult to resect and even if completely resected,
demonstrate high rates of local relapse, the primary pattern of failure. Due to the proximity
of normal organs, the delivery of therapeutic doses of adjuvant external beam radiation
therapy is problematic.To deliver adequate doses (>60 Gy) of external beam to most patients
would result in unacceptable toxicity. The therapeutic dilemma is unfortunate and better
strategies are needed. One attractive approach has been to incorporate intraoperative
radiation therapy (IORT) with maximal resection and external beam radiation.

Results and Discussion. A number of institutions have explored this
approach with encouraging preliminary results.
Soft Tissue Tumours of the Retroperitoneum
Authors: Van Roggen J. Frans Graadt , Hogendoorn Pancras C. W.
Published: April 2007

Purpose. This review summarizes the more prevalent soft tissue
tumours arising in the retroperitoneum and highlights some recent fundamental and
diagnostic developments relevant to mesenchymal tumours.

Discussion. The retroperitoneum is an underestimated site for benign
and malignant neoplastic disease, and represents the second most common site of origin
of primary malignant soft tissue tumours (sarcomas) after the deep tissues of the lower
extremity. In contrast to the predominance of benign soft tissue lesions over malignant
sarcomas elsewhere, retroperitoneal mesenchymal lesions are far more likely to be malignant.
The differential diagnosis is primarily with the more common lymphoproliferative and
parenchymatous epithelial lesions arising in this area, and with metastatic disease from known
or unknown primary sites elsewhere.The most prevalent mesenchymal tumours at this site are
of a lipomatous, myogenic or neural nature.Their generally late clinical presentation and poorly
accessible location provides numerous clinical challenges; optimal radiological imaging and
a properly performed biopsy are essential cogs in the management route. Histopathological
diagnosis may be complicated, but has been aided by developments in the fields of
immunohistochemistry and tumour (cyto)genetics. Despite significant advances in oncological
management protocols, the prognosis remains generally less favourable than for similar
tumours at more accessible sites.
The Two‐Stage Ipsilateral Fibular Transfer for Tibial Defect FollowingTumour Excision
Authors: Hatori Masahito , Ayoub Khalid S. , Grimer Robert J. , Carter Simon R. , Tillman Roger M.
Published: April 2007

Method. We performed a two‐stage vascularized ipsilateral fibular
graft transfer for segmental tibial defect following excision of malignant bone tumours.

Results. We report 10 patients who had this procedure with an average
follow‐up of 116 months.The graft was transposed medialy on its vascular pedicle by
two‐stage surgery. Full weight bearing was achieved in six patients at 8–43 months
postoperatively, but every patient had a significant complication.

Discussion. The use of this method in isolation is not recommended
for reconstruction of the tibia following tumour excision.
Epirubicin is not Superior to Doxorubicin in the Treatment of Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcomas. The Experience of the EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group
Authors: Nielsen Ole S. , Dombernowsky Per , Mouridsen Henning , Daugaard Søren , Van Glabbeke Martine , Kirkpatrick Anne , Verweij Jaap
Published: April 2007

Purpose. Doxorubicin (dox) still appears to be one of the most active drugs in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas. However, treatment duration is limited due to cumulative cardiotoxicity. A number of small studies from single institutions have suggested activity of other analogues. In two studies the EORTC STBSG tested whether epirubicin (epi) is an alternative to standard dose dox in the treatment of chemonaive patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. The present report gives the final results of these studies.

Patients/Methods. In the first study 210 patients were randomized to receive either dox or epi both at a dose of 75 mg/m2 given as bolus injection at 3‐week intervals. In the second study 334 patients were randomized to dox 75 mg/m2, epi 150 mg/m2 or epi 50 mg/m2 days 1–3, all given as bolus injection at 3‐week intervals.

Results. In the first study no differences in median survival and duration of response were found. Of 167 evaluable patients the response rate was slightly in favour of dox (23% vs 18%) but at the expense of more toxicity.These data could suggest that increasing the epi dose may lead to a greater antineoplastic effect with acceptable toxicity. In the second study 15% of 314 evaluable patients had an objective tumour response. There were no differences between the three groups with regard to response rate, progression‐free and overall survival, but both dose schedules of epi were more myelotoxic than dox.

Conclusion. Regardless of schedule and dose, epi is not superior to dox in the treatment of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas. In addition, the results illustrate that the data from small studies of single institutions should always be confirmed by large multi‐institutional studies before being taken for granted.
Paclitaxel Induces Apoptosis in AIDS‐Related Kaposi′s Sarcoma Cells
Authors: Cai Jie , Zheng Tong , Masood Rizwan , Smith D. Lynne , Hinton David R. , Kim Caryn Nae , Fang Guofu , Bhalla Kapil , Gill Parkash S.
Published: April 2007

Paclitaxel is a microtubule stabilizing drug that causes dividing cells to arrest and then undergo apoptosis. It also has antiangiogenic
activity because it alters cytoskeletal structure, affecting migration and invasion. Paclitaxel is an effective
treatment for AIDS‐related Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). KS is a tumor in which there is marked proliferation of endothelial cells
in addition to the tumor cells, which themselves share many markers with activated (proliferating) endothelial cells.We
sought to determine the mechanism by which paclitaxel exerts its anti‐KS tumor effects. In vitro, KS cells are very sensitive
to paclitaxel, with half‐maximal growth inhibition observed at 0.8 nM. Inhibition of migration of KS cells was also observed
at nanomolar concentrations of the drug. Paclitaxel induced cell cycle arrest with an accumulation of cells in sub‐G1.This
was accompanied in vitro by various events typical of apoptosis: phosphorylation of two anti‐apoptotic proteins Bcl‐2 and
Bcl‐xL
, release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, cleavage and activation of caspase‐3. In vitro results were borne out by
studies of KS tumor xenografts in nude mice. Paclitaxel (10 mg/kg) inhibited tumor growth by 75% over 21 days.
Histological examination of the tumors revealed a decrease in proliferative index, a decrease in the number of mitotic figures
and an increase in apoptotic cells compared to tumors from untreated mice.
Tumour Transfer to Bone Graft Donor Site: A Case Report and Review ofthe Literature of the Mechanism of Seeding
Authors: Dias Richard G. , Abudu Adesegun , Carter Simon R. , Grimer Robert J. , Tillman Roger M.
Published: April 2007

Purpose. Transmission of malignant tumour cells to a bone graft donor site
is a rare complication of bone grafting.We report a case of seeding of malignant fibrous
histiocytoma from the femur to a pelvic bone graft donor site.

Discussion. We review the literature, discuss the possible mechanism
of tumour transfer and offer advice aimed at avoiding this complication.
How to Remove a Dumbbell Tumour of the Sciatic Notch
Authors: Revell Matthew P. , Grimer Robert J.
Published: April 2007

Purpose.To look at a method for treating soft tissue sarcoma of the
retroperitoneal area.

Patient. We report the case of a 38‐year‐old woman with a
well‐differentiated liposarcoma.

Results. Complete excision was achieved resulting in only minor morbidity and complete local control.
Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Adrenal Gland
Authors: Etten Boudewijn van , van Ijken Marc G. A. , Mooi Wolter J. , Oudkerk Matthijs , van Geel Albertus N.
Published: April 2007

We report a rare case of a primary leiomyosarcoma of the adrenal gland. A 73‐year‐old woman presented with an inferior
vena cava syndrome. MR imaging was suggestive of a large tumour originating from the right adrenal gland. Angiography
revealed a tumour vascularised by the right adrenal artery. At explorative laparotomy a tumour of 27 cm in diameter was
found which was completely fixed to the liver; the tumour was therefore considered unresectable. As a consequence of the
mechanical problems caused by this large tumour, the patient died 3 weeks after the operation. Autopsy revealed no distant
metastases or other primary tumour site.
Intraosseous Schwannoma (Neurilemmoma) of the Cervical Spine
Authors: Schreuder H. W. Bart , Veth René P. H. , Pruszczynski Maciej , Lemmens J. Albert M. , van Laarhoven Erik W.
Published: April 2007

Purpose: To report on an extremely rare tumour located in the cervical spine, its treatment and result.
Review of the literature.

Patient: Case report of a 38‐year‐old woman with an intraosseous schwannoma of the cervical spine.

Results: After local curettage no evidence for local recurrence at long‐term follow‐up.
Stem Cells and the Regeneration of the Aging Cardiovascular System
Authors: Ballard Victoria L.T. , Edelberg Jay M.
Published: April 2007

It is well established that cardiovascular repair mechanisms become progressively impaired with age and that advanced age is itself a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although therapeutic developments have improved the prognosis for those with cardiovascular disease, mortality rates have nevertheless remained virtually unchanged in the last twenty years. Clearly, there is a need for alternative strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In recent years, the idea that the heart is capable of regeneration has raised the possibility that cell-based therapies may provide such an alternative to conventional treatments. Cells that have the potential to generate cardiomyocytes and vascular cells have been identified in both the adult heart and peripheral tissues, and in vivo experiments suggest that these cardiovascular stem cells and cardiovascular progenitor cells, including endothelial progenitor cells, are capable of replacing damaged myocardium and vascular tissues. Despite these findings, the endogenous actions of cardiovascular stem cells and cardiovascular progenitor cells appear to be insufficient to protect against cardiovascular disease in older individuals. Because recent evidence suggests that cardiovascular stem cells and cardiovascular progenitor cells are subject to age-associated changes that impair their function, these changes may contribute to the dysregulation of endogenous cardiovascular repair mechanisms in the aging heart and vasculature. Here we present the evidence for the impact of aging on cardiovascular stem cell/cardiovascular progenitor cell function and its potential importance in the increased severity of cardiovascular pathophysiology observed in the geriatric population.
Rightward Scrambling as Rightward Remnant Movement
Authors: Bhatt Rajesh , Dayal Veneeta
Published: April 2007

Mahajan (1997) and Simpson and Bhattacharya (2003) analyze Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi-Urdu and Bangla as SVO. We argue against this position, drawing on rightward scrambling in Hindi-Urdu to make this point. We propose an account of the phenomenon in terms of rightward remnant-VP movement. This account differs from proposals that posit rightward movement of individual arguments as well as from the antisymmetric proposals mentioned above, which treat rightward scrambling as argument stranding. Our rightward remnant movement analysis better captures two empirical properties of rightward scrambling that remain elusive in the other accounts: the correlation between linear order and scope, and restricted scope for rightward- scrambled wh-expressions.
Amharic Relatives and Possessives: Definiteness, Agreement, and the Linker
Authors: Dikken Marcel den
Published: April 2007

Ouhalla's (2004) valuable discussion of relativized and possessed noun phrases in Amharic leaves a number of questions open. Foremost among these is the placement of the linker element yä-. Starting from an analysis of relative clauses and possessors as predicates of their “heads,” this article develops a syntax of complex noun phrases in Amharic that explains the raison d'être and placement of yä-, and also accommodates facts about definiteness marking and agreement in the Amharic complex noun phrase that have hitherto largely escaped attention or analysis. The analysis emphasizes the role of Predicate Inversion and head movement in syntax, and it confirms and extends the minimalist Agree- and phase-based approach to syntactic relationships.
Tropical Cyclone Destructive Potential by Integrated Kinetic Energy
Authors: Powell Mark D. , Reinhold Timothy A.
Published: April 2007

Tropical cyclone damage potential, as currently defined by the Saffir-Simpson scale and the maximum sustained surface wind speed in the storm, fails to consider the area impact of winds likely to force surge and waves or cause particular levels of damage. Integrated kinetic energy represents a framework that captures the physical process of ocean surface stress forcing waves and surge while also taking into account structural wind loading and the spatial coverage of the wind. Integrated kinetic energy was computed from gridded, objectively analyzed surface wind fields of 23 hurricanes representing large and small storms. A wind destructive potential rating was constructed by weighting wind speed threshold contributions to the integrated kinetic energy, based on observed damage in Hurricanes Andrew, Hugo, and Opal. A combined storm surge and wave destructive potential rating was assigned according to the integrated kinetic energy contributed by winds greater than tropical storm force. The ratings are based on the familiar 1–5 range, with continuous fits to allow for storms as weak as 0.1 or as strong as 5.99.
Comparison of Large Aperture Scintillometer and Eddy Covariance Measurements: Can Thermal Infrared Data Be Used to Capture Footprint-Induced Differences?
Authors: Hoedjes J. C. B. , Chehbouni A. , Ezzahar J. , Escadafal R. , De Bruin H. A. R.
Published: April 2007

Eddy covariance (EC) and large aperture scintillometer (LAS) measurements were collected over an irrigated olive orchard near Marrakech, Morocco. The tall, sparse vegetation in the experimental site was relatively homogeneous, but during irrigation events spatial variability in soil humidity was large. This heterogeneity caused large differences between the source area characteristics of the EC system and the LAS, resulting in a large scatter when comparing sensible heat fluxes obtained from LAS and EC. Radiative surface temperatures were retrieved from thermal infrared satellite images from the Landsat Enhanced Thematical Mapper+ and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellites. Using these images in combination with an analytical footprint model, footprint-weighted radiative surface temperatures for the footprints of the LAS and the EC system were calculated. Comparisons between the difference in measured sensible heat fluxes and the difference in footprint-weighted radiative surface temperature showed that for differences between the footprint-weighted radiative surface temperatures larger than ±0.5 K, correlations with the difference in measured sensible heat flux were good. It was found that radiative surface temperatures, obtained from thermal infrared satellite imagery, can provide a good indication of the spatial variability of soil humidity, and can be used to identify differences between LAS and EC measurements of sensible heat fluxes resulting from this variability.
Wintertime Precipitation Episodes in Central Chile: Associated Meteorological Conditions and Orographic Influences
Authors: Falvey Mark , Garreaud René
Published: April 2007

Central Chile (32°–35°S) is a mountainous and densely populated strip of land between the South American Pacific coast and the main divide of the Andes, 5000 m in height. In this study, wintertime precipitation episodes in central Chile are characterized using precipitation gauge, river discharge, radiosonde, and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave radiometer observations over a 10-yr period (1993–2002). Precipitation episodes that typically occur as cold frontal rainstorms move over the region from west to east, within which the cross-mountain flow is blocked at lower levels. The influence of the Andes on the climatological precipitation pattern extends several hundred kilometers upstream of the coast. Over the mainland, the wintertime precipitation is most strongly related to the height of the mean topography surrounding the rain gauge sites, rather than the actual altitudes of the instruments, although higher-elevation locations are not well sampled by available rainfall observations. Between the coast and foothills of the Andes, the precipitation pattern is relatively uniform despite the complex coastal topography. On the western face of the Andes climatological enhancement factors of between 1 and 3 are inferred.

Regression analysis against radiosonde data at a coastal site reveals that the precipitation is strongly related to the zonal (cross mountain) moisture flux. The strongest relationship is found when the moisture flux is multiplied by the relative humidity. This variable explains 50% of the variance in daily area average precipitation in central Chile and up to 60% of the variance in the daily precipitation recorded at individual stations. The factors contributing to events of heavy precipitation enhancement in the Andes were examined. Events of heavy, but isolated, precipitation in the Andes tend to occur in the warmer, prefrontal sector of approaching storms and are associated with unusually high moisture fluxes near to and above the crest of the mountain range. Strongly frontal episodes, characterized by widespread rainfall throughout central Chile, lead to variable, but on average rather weak, enhancement in the Andes.
Analysis of the Impact of Snow on Daily Weather Variability in Mountainous Regions Using MM5
Authors: Jin Jiming , Miller Norman L.
Published: April 2007

The impacts of snow on daily weather variability, as well as the mechanisms of snowmelt over the Sierra Nevada, California–Nevada, mountainous region, were studied using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) forced by 6-h reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. The analysis of two-way nested 36–12-km MM5 simulations during the 1998 snowmelt season (April–June) shows that the snow water equivalent (SWE) is underestimated when there are conditions with higher temperature and greater precipitation than observations. An observed daily SWE dataset derived from the snow telemetry network was assimilated into the Noah land surface model within MM5. This SWE assimilation reduces the warm bias. The reduction of the warm bias results from suppressed upward sensible heat flux caused by the decreased skin temperature. This skin temperature reduction is the result of the longer assimilated snow duration than in the model run without SWE assimilation. Meanwhile, the cooled surface leads to a more stable atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in the exaggerated precipitation. Additionally, the detailed analysis of the snowmelt indicates that the absence of vegetation fraction in the most sophisticated land surface model (Noah) in the MM5 package results in an overestimation of solar radiation reaching the snow surface, giving rise to heavier snowmelt. An underestimated surface albedo also weakly contributes to the stronger snowmelt. The roles of the vegetation fraction and albedo in snowmelt are further verified by an additional offline simulation from a more realistic land surface model with advanced snow and vegetation schemes forced by the MM5 output. An improvement in SWE description is clearly seen in this offline simulation over the Sierra Nevada region.
Observations of the ABL Structures over a Heterogeneous Land Surface during IHOP_2002
Authors: Kang Song-Lak , Davis Kenneth J. , LeMone Margaret
Published: April 2007

This study analyzes data collected by aircraft and surface flux sites over a 60-km north–south-oriented aircraft track for five fair-weather days during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) to investigate the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structures over a heterogeneous land surface under different background weather conditions. The surface skin temperature distribution over the aircraft track in this case is mostly explained by the soil thermal properties and soil moisture, and corresponds to the observed ABL depths except one day having a weak surface temperature gradient and a weak capping inversion. For the other four days, the blending height of the surface heterogeneity likely exceeds the ABL depth and thus the ABL establishes equilibrium with local surface conditions.

Among the four days, two days having relatively small Obukhov lengths are evaluated to show the background weather conditions under which small-scale surface heterogeneity can influence the entire ABL. In fact, on one of these two days, relatively small-scale features of the surface temperature distribution can be seen in the ABL depth distribution. On the two small Obukhov length days multiresolution spectra and joint probability distributions, which are applied to the data collected from repeated low-level aircraft passes, both imply the existence of surface-heterogeneity-generated mesoscale circulations on scales of 10 km or more. Also on these two small Obukhov length days, the vertical profiles of dimensionless variances of velocity, temperature, and moisture show large deviations from the similarity curves, which also imply the existence of mesoscale circulations.
From Near-Surface to Root-Zone Soil Moisture Using Different Assimilation Techniques
Authors: Sabater Joaquín Muñoz , Jarlan Lionel , Calvet Jean-Christophe , Bouyssel François , De Rosnay Patricia
Published: April 2007

Root-zone soil moisture constitutes an important variable for hydrological and weather forecast models. Microwave radiometers like the L-band instrument on board the European Space Agency’s (ESA) future Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission are being designed to provide estimates of near-surface soil moisture (0–5 cm). This quantity is physically related to root-zone soil moisture through diffusion processes, and both surface and root-zone soil layers are commonly simulated by land surface models (LSMs). Observed time series of surface soil moisture may be used to analyze the root-zone soil moisture using data assimilation systems. In this paper, various assimilation techniques derived from Kalman filters (KFs) and variational methods (VAR) are implemented and tested. The objective is to correct the modeled root-zone soil moisture deficiencies of the newest version of the Interaction between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere scheme (ISBA) LSM, using the observations of the surface soil moisture of the Surface Monitoring of the Soil Reservoir Experiment (SMOSREX) over a 4-yr period (2001–04). This time period includes contrasting climatic conditions. Among the different algorithms, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and a simplified one-dimensional variational data assimilation (1DVAR) show the best performances. The lower computational cost of the 1DVAR is an advantage for operational root-zone soil moisture analysis based on remotely sensed surface soil moisture observations at a global scale.
Rocking the Youth Vote
Authors: Bystrom Dianne G. , Dimitrova Daniela V.
Published: April 2007

To gauge what role the media played in targeting young voters, this study examines the content of the early evening newscasts on Iowa's three major television stations in the month leading up to the 2004 presidential election. Content analysis of 285 campaign news stories shows limited (3.2%) focus on youth, little explicit mention of youth (6%), and rare use of youth as sources in the news (6.3%). However, these findings are much higher than previous content analysis of youth in the 2000 campaign. Results show that television appears not to target young voters and that young voters use Internet and interpersonal channels for political information.
On the Young Voters' Agenda
Authors: Tedesco John C. , McKinney Mitchell S. , Kaid Lynda Lee
Published: April 2007

Issue agendas for young adults spanning primary and general election phases of the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign are reported in this article. Results from pretest and posttest experiments and a postelection survey show that young adults' issues remained stable throughout early and late phases of the campaign. Issues such as the war in Iraq, education, terrorism and homeland security, economy and jobs, and health care were consistently among the young adults' top-ranked issues. Civil liberty issues also garnered a significant place on young adults' agenda. Any concern that young adults are fickle about issues is erased as the issue agendas spanning the 15 months were highly correlated.
Framing the Youth in Campaign 2004
Authors: Williams Andrew Paul
Published: April 2007

This article reports results of a content analysis of 372 print and televised media stories about young voters during the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign. Despite an extensive media database search, findings indicate a surprisingly limited amount of media coverage of the youth vote. Results indicate that in the sample of stories addressing young voters, young voters were the prominent focus of 58% of the sample, a moderate reference in 24%, and a negligible mention in 18% of stories. Framing of young voters and youth-voter mobilization efforts were more positive than negative in tone (39% to 11% and 51% to 9%, respectively) during the campaign. However, media coverage presented a mixed opinion of the young-voter turnout, with 33% of stories framing the turnout positively and 34% framing turnout negatively. Implications of media framing and coverage are discussed and future research ideas are presented.
The Red and Blue of Adolescence
Authors: McDevitt Michael , Kiousis Spiro
Published: April 2007

An emergent culture of youth activism suggests the need to examine a fundamental question about political learning. Does formal education function primarily to engender compliance or does instruction foster differentiation, and perhaps defiance, in political identity construction? We draw on data from a 3-year panel study of high school students. Results support a theoretical model in which schools prompt discussion in families and peer groups. The flow of interpersonal influence in the two spheres share common steps but can be thought of as parallel staircases to divergent orientations, with families promoting compliant voting and peer groups fostering activism.
Racial Identity, Ideology, and the Youth Vote
Authors: McIlwain Charlton D.
Published: April 2007

This essay addresses voter turnout and candidate support among African American and Hispanic youth in the 2004 presidential election by exploring the relationship between candidates' rhetorical messages and those racial identity factors known to influence voting behavior. These factors include a sense of collective identity and political cynicism for Blacks and “wedge-issue” politics and personal Hispanic-voter contact for Latinos. The successes and failures of the presidential candidates and their supporting organizations are explained by examining how the two campaigns' rhetorical strategies were or were not appropriate in addressing these factors.
Visibility
Authors: Brighenti Andrea
Published: April 2007

Can visibility be counted as a general category for the social sciences? The attempt to provide an answer to this question entails both describing actual phenomena of visibility, and defining the characteristics of visibility as a workable, unified category. This article analyses the relational, strategic and processual aspects of visibility as constituting a single field. The importance of this field is rooted in the deep epistemology of seeing present in our society, as well as in its ratio vis-a-vis the other human sensory dimensions and extensions. At the substantive level, the article addresses the question of the ambivalences of visibility and its effects, according to social places and subjects. Recognition and control are understood and explained as two opposing outcomes of visibility. It is argued that empowerment does not rest univocally either with visibility (as it is assumed by the tradition of recognition) or with invisibility (as it is assumed by the arcana imperii tradition).
Cosmopolitanism and the Society of Strangers
Authors: Ossewaarde Marinus
Published: April 2007

In this article the implications of cosmopolitan thought for the cohesion of groups are explored. The central argument is that cosmopolitanism signals a shift from sociality to humanity, which eyes an all-inclusive society of strangers as its end result. Cosmopolitanism is discussed as a manifestation of the mentality of the global elite, as world citizenship, as a politics of human rights, as a religion of humanity and as global mores. In these distinct dimensions, cosmopolitanism appears to pave the way for the society of strangers.
Young Women, Routes through Education and Employment and Discursive Constructions of Love and Intimacy
Authors: Willmot Helen
Published: April 2007

The current diversity within the sphere of intimacy has been explained in terms of `individualization', whereby individuals exercise choice in this area of their lives. This is argued to have resulted from changes affecting young women's lives — specifically, increased educational and occupational opportunities and subsequent reduced domestication. This article thus explores the interplay between young women's educational and subsequent occupational experiences and their intimate relationships with men, drawing on 30 in-depth interviews with young women. It argues that their different routes through education and employment position them in different settings, which facilitate or encourage opposing discourses of love and intimacy — romance and contingency — and subsequent intimate practices. This dynamic is shown to have some flexibility.
Challenges to No Child Left Behind
Authors: Johnson Douglas P.
Published: April 2007

Funding streams among impoverished school districts are influenced by interpretations of the constitution regarding educational legislation. Title I, in the current framework of No Child Left Behind (NCLB), has challenges that will affect urban policymakers' ability to serve the increasing Hispanic population entering the public school system. This constitutional analysis of Title I informs future directions policymakers can follow. Advocacy for Hispanic students in urban areas will depend on future high court decisions regarding questions raised about the ability of NCLB to keep in line with the original intent of Title I funding.
Teacher Multicultural Attitudes
Authors: Cicchelli Terry , Cho Su-Je
Published: April 2007

Schools in New York City are continually pressed to meet the demands of an ever-increasing multicultural population, compounded by the pressures exerted by the No Child Left Behind legislation and the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education. Indicated is a need for multicultural understandings within teacher education programs, emphasizing teacher attitudes. The Teacher Multicultural Attitude Survey, a 20-item inventory, was administered to 61 intern/teaching fellows in a 39-credit initial teacher education program infused with multicultural content and urban field experiences. Using a single-group, pre-post design, significant differences at p < .004 were found for White and culturally diverse intern/teaching fellows. For White intern/teaching fellows only ( n = 41), significant differences were noted at p < .0001. For culturally diverse intern/teaching fellows only ( n = 20), no significant differences were noted. Empirical data informed the differential value of the multicultural content infused within Fordham University's Intern/Teaching Fellows Teacher Education Program.
Man-made disaster and development
Authors: Harding Scott
Published: April 2007

English

The idea of disaster is usually associated with human suffering from natural events. However, human-made disasters caused by deliberate actions represent an equally important dimension of disaster. This paper analyzes Iraq as a human-created disaster, and suggests that social work play a role in responding to policies that produce disaster.

French

On associe habituellement la notion de 'catastrophe' aux souffrances de l'homme dé coulant d'é vé nements naturels. Toutefois, les catastrophes d'origine humaine causé es par des actions intentionnelles repré sentent une dimension tout aussi importante de ce phé nomè ne. Cette é tude envisage le cas de l'Iraq sous l'angle d'une catastrophe causé e par l'homme. Elle suggè re aussi que le travail social y joue un rôle en appuyant des politiques qui causent la catastrophe.

Spanish

La idea de desastre estáusualmente asociada con el sufrimiento humano en eventos naturales. Sin embargo, los desastres causados por humanos a travé s de acciones deliberadas representan una dimensió n igualmente importante del desastre. Este artículo analiza a Iraq, en tanto que desastre creado por humanos, y sugiere que el trabajo social desempeñe un papel en respuesta a las políticas que producen desastres.
Graduates' Reports of Advocating for English Language Learners
Authors: de Oliveira Luciana C. , Athanases Steven Z.
Published: April 2007

Beginning teachers, who graduated from a credential program focused on preparing advocates for equity and with attention to teaching English language learners (ELLs), had reported in surveys being well prepared to teach ELLs and promote equity. Focus groups illuminated teachers' reports of ways they advocated for ELLs. Reported classroom acts included creating and maintaining safe environments for English language use and development, differentiating instruction and designing interventions for ELLs, and responding to sociopolitical issues related to race, language, and class. Reported advocacy beyond the classroom included seeing inequity and addressing it with lunchtime and after-school tutorials and clubs, and with family contacts and home visits. Sometimes, such advocacy also included critiquing institutional practices or policy, and proposing or building alternatives. Three cases illustrate accounts of school challenges in meeting needs of ELLs, and document possibilities for how advocacy for ELLs, even in the first years of teaching, can be pursued.
Strengthening the Case for Community-Based Learning in Teacher Education
Authors: Cooper Jewell E.
Published: April 2007

Knowledge of learners' assets beyond the traditional structure of school can provide preservice teachers with essential gateways to connecting learners with the content to be studied, and with forming beneficial social relationships that can enhance learning. This article describes ways that preservice teachers responded to community-based activities located in the home communities of their learners. Analysis of work samples, interviews, and observations indicated that revelations about the preservice teachers themselves were confronted, stereotypical beliefs about their learners' communities were challenged, and new discoveries about community's strengths were acknowledged. Evidence suggests that community cultural-immersion activities incorporated in teacher-preparation programs can not only help preservice teachers correct misperceptions about, but also build relationships with their learners that can potentially impact student achievement.
Early attention and literacy experiences predict adaptive communication
Authors: Arterberry Martha E. , Bornstein Marc H. , Midgett Corina , Putnick Diane L. , Bornstein Marc H.
Published: April 2007

The present study investigated the contributions of sociodemographic factors, literacy experiences and child attention in predicting 2- to 5-year-olds' adaptive communication. In infancy, children participated in a habituation procedure, and length of their first look at a novel stimulus was used as an index of information processing. When children were 2—5 years of age, information about children's literacy experiences was gathered, and communication was assessed using the Communication Domain of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Path analyses revealed direct effects for first look, reading per week and number of trips to the library for Adaptive Communication and the subdomain of Expressive Communication. Indirect effects of mother's education through first look, reading per week and child educational experiences also emerged. Path analyses revealed direct effects for amount of reading per week and number of trips to the library for the subdomain of Receptive Communication.
Maternal personality and parenting cognitions in cross-cultural perspective
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Hahn Chun-Shin , Haynes O. Maurice , Belsky J. , Azuma Hiroshi , Kwak Keumjoo , Maital Sharone , Painter Kathleen M. , Varron Cheryl , Pascual Liliana , Toda Sueko , Venuti Paola , Vyt Andre , de Galperín Celia Zingman
Published: April 2007

A total of 467 mothers of firstborn 20-month-old children from 7 countries (103 Argentine, 61 Belgian, 39 Israeli, 78 Italian, 57 Japanese, 69 Korean, and 60 US American) completed the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI), measures of parenting cognitions (self-perceptions and knowledge), and a social desirability scale. Our first analysis showed that the Five-Factor structure of personality (Openness, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) could be extracted from the JPI scales when cross-cultural data from mothers in the 7 countries were analyzed; it was also replicable and generalizable in mothers from so-called individualist and collectivist cultures. Our second analysis showed that the five personality factors relate differently to diverse parenting cognitions in those individualist versus collectivist cultures. Maternal personality has significance in studies of normative parenting, child development, and family process across cultural contexts.
Situation-specificity of children's social goals: Changing goals according to changing situations?
Authors: Ojanen Tiina , Aunola Kaisa , Salmivalli Christina
Published: April 2007

Children's agentic and communal goals were examined in hypothetical conflict, group entry, victimization, and positive situations ( N = 310, 11—13 years). Multilevel modeling was used to separate the variation in goals to the between- and within- (i.e., situation-specific) individual levels. About half of the variation in goals was due to individual differences. Boys endorsed more agentic goals than girls. A positive perception of self was associated with more agentic goals, whereas a positive perception of peers was associated with high degrees of communal goals. In addition, agentic goals were associated with rejection, whereas communal goals were related to peer acceptance. Children aimed for closeness with peers most often when no stressful interaction pattern was imposed (positive situation), endorsing fewer affiliation aims when involved in a conflict, and having the least of these aims when victimized by peers. Agentic goals, in turn, were most common in the victimization situation, the next typical in conflict and positive situations, and least likely in the group entry situation. Finally, the way children adjusted their goals in response to the victimization situation varied between children, and was related to sociometric status in older children.
Attachment organization and the early development of internal state language: A longitudinal perspective
Authors: Lemche Erwin , Kreppner Jana M. , Joraschky Peter , Klann-Delius Gisela
Published: April 2007

There are many postulates of a relation between quality of attachment with theory of mind and language functions (e.g., de Rosnay & Hughes, 2006). The current study examined in longitudinal design how different patterns of attachment are associated with usage of internal state language at ages 17, 23, 30 and 36 months. Transcripts of mother—child play situations were coded for eleven categories of internal state language: positive emotion, negative emotion, valence reversal, physiology, ability, volition, obligation, moral, cognition, emotion-modulatory particles and cognitive-contrast particles. Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that securely attached children exhibit more frequent utterances of positive emotion, valence reversal, physiology, ability, cognition, emotion-modulatory, and cognitive-contrast particles at relatively earlier times. Negative emotion terms were more frequently uttered by avoidant-insecure children at 30 months and by disorganized children at 36 months.
Sympathy, distress, and prosocial behavior of preschool children in four cultures
Authors: Trommsdorff Gisela , Friedlmeier Wolfgang , Mayer Boris
Published: April 2007

This study examined emotional responding (sympathy and distress) and prosocial behavior as well as their relations across four cultures in a specific context. Preschool children ( N = 212) from two Western cultures, Germany and Israel, and two South-East Asian cultures, Indonesia and Malaysia, participated in this study. Children's emotional reactions and prosocial behavior were observed when interacting with an adult in a quasi-experimental situation. Results showed that children from the two South-East Asian cultures, as compared to children from the two Western cultures, displayed more self-focused distress and less prosocial behavior. Across cultures, a positive relation between sympathy and prosocial behavior and a negative relation between self-focused distress and prosocial behavior were found. The strengths of these relations were moderated by culture. These results are discussed with regard to their cultural meaning in the specific experimental situation as well as to general culture-specific characteristics.
The Impact of Governmental Policies in Institutional Fields: The Case of Innovation in the Dutch Concrete Industry
Authors: Vermeulen Patrick , Büch Rutger , Greenwood Royston , Vermeulen Patrick , Büch Rutger , Greenwood Royston
Published: April 2007

The creation of markets for new products involves interplay between various field constituents. A major challenge in this process is to establish a sufficient level of legitimacy in order for a market to become accepted in the organization field. Yet, this process of market creation may be suppressed by established institutional arrangements that actively block the diffusion of innovations and constrain change. In this paper, we examine the roles of regulatory structures, professional associations and competitors in market suppression. We pay particular attention to the actions and circumstances preventing change in a mature sector of the economy, despite state policies directed at change. Active resistance from professional associations and corporate actors inhibited creation of a new market. We draw upon institutional theory to provide an account of the different communities of interest involved in an institutional field, exploring how they are developed and negotiated. We argue that the role of the government and the impact of its policies in market construction may be overemphasized and that the complexity of its interaction with organizational fields may be underestimated.
Cultural Theory, Biopolitics, and the Question of Power
Authors: Venn Couze
Published: April 2007

This article displaces the terrain upon which the question of power in modern societies has been framed by reference to the concept of hegemony. It presents a genealogy of power which pays attention to what has been at stake in the shifts in the effectivity of the concept of hegemony for cultural theory from the 1960s, correlating the mutations in the analyses of power to shifts in the analysis of the relations of culture, politics and the economy. Questions of the relation of internality or externality of power with regard to the governed, and issues of counter-conducts and 'counter-hegemonic' struggles will guide the development of this genealogy. The article brings to bear on the issues the point of view of hybrid forms of sovereignty, such as imperial governmentality and implications relating to the emergence of biopolitics in the 19th century. It is argued that the situation today regarding global governance and new forms of rule compels us to re-examine the problem of consent and consensus by turning to the apparatuses for constituting hybrid publics that work through biomedia and new strategies of securitization and insecuritization.
Influence of SiC Filler on Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Glass Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composite Systems
Authors: Suresha B. , Chandramohan G. , Sadananda Rao P.R. , Sampathkumaran P. , Seetharamu S.
Published: April 2007

The performance of filled fiber reinforced polymer composites is generally determined on the basis of the interface attraction of filler, fiber, and polymer. In the present investigation, the effects of SiC particles as fillers in glass—epoxy (G—E) composite systems on the mechanical and tribological properties have been discussed. The composites employed in the present study have been fabricated using hand lay-up technique. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, flexural strength, and hardness have been investigated in accordance with ASTM standards. From the experimental investigation, it was found that the mechanical properties of the G—E composite increased with the inclusion of SiC filler. The dry slide wear test results of SiC-G—E composite show lower slide wear losses irrespective of the load/sliding velocity when compared to G—E composite. Some of these observations are supplemented by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations. Further, wear of the matrix, breakage of reinforcing fibers, matrix debris formation, and interface separation were observed. SEM microphotographs of the tensile fractured samples revealed the typical aspects of the fractured surfaces. The failure modes of the tensile fractured surfaces were evaluated and showed good agreement with the literature.