bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internet Users Engage More With Phatic Posts Than With Health Misinformation On Facebook
Authors: Berriche Manon , Altay Sacha
Published: December 2019

Social media like Facebook are harshly criticized for the propagation of health misinformation. Yet, little research has provided in-depth analysis of real-world data to measure the extent to which Internet users engage with it. This article examines 6.5 million interactions generated by 500 posts on an emblematic case of online health misinformation: the Facebook page Santé + Mag, which generates five times more interactions than the combination of the five best-established French media outlets. Based on the literature on cultural evolution, we tested whether the presence of cognitive factors of attraction, that tap into evolved cognitive preferences, such as information related to sexuality, social relations, threat, disgust or negative emotions, could explain the success of Santé + Mag’s posts. Drawing from media studies findings, we hypothesized that their popularity could be driven by Internet users’ desire to interact with their friends and family by sharing phatic posts (i.e. statements with no practical information fulfilling a social function such as “hello” or “sister, I love you”).We found that phatic posts were the strongest predictor of interactions, followed by posts with a positive emotional valence. While 50% of the posts were related to social relations, only 28% consisted of health misinformation. Despite its cognitive appeal, health misinformation was a negative predictor of interactions. Sexual contents negatively predicted interactions and other factors of attraction such as disgust, threat or negative emotions did not predict interactions. These results strengthen the idea that Facebook is first and foremost a social network used by people to foster their social relations, not to spread online misinformation. We encourage researchers working on misinformation to conduct finer-grained analysis of online contents and to adopt interdisciplinary approach to study the phatic dimension of communication, together with positive contents, to better understand the cultural evolution dynamics of social media.
Identification of Preferences in Forced-Choice Conjoint Experiments: Reassessing the Quantity of Interest
Authors: Ganter Flavien
Published: December 2019

Forced-choice conjoint experiments have become a standard component of the experimental toolbox in political science and sociology. Yet the literature has largely overlooked the fact that conjoint experiments can be used for two distinct purposes: to uncover respondents' multidimensional preferences, and to estimate the causal effects of some attributes on a profile's selection probability in a multidimensional choice setting. This paper makes the argument that this distinction is both analytically and practically relevant, because the quantity of interest is contingent on the purpose of the study. The vast majority of social scientists relying on conjoint analyses, including most scholars interested in studying preferences, have adopted the average marginal component effect (AMCE) as their main quantity of interest. The paper shows that the AMCE is neither conceptually nor practically suited to explore respondents' preferences. Not only is it essentially a causal quantity conceptually at odds with the goal of describing patterns of preferences, but it also does generally not identify preferences, mixing them with compositional effects unrelated to preferences. This paper proposes a novel estimand—the average component preference (ACP)—designed to explore patterns of preferences, and it presents a method for estimating it.
ABMLS Pilot Report 2018-2019: Methodology and preliminary findings
Authors: van Niekerk Rosan , de Wit Arjen , Mathoera Naresh , Bekkers Rene
Published: December 2019

This report documents the development of the A Broader Mind Longitudinal Survey at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The survey is designed to track the personal, academic, civic, and professional development of students as they progress through their study program. We survey students at VU Amsterdam at least every year to measure the attitudes, values, skills and behaviors reflecting “A Broader Mind” among students at VU Amsterdam. The survey provides a barometer of student life: how are students doing with respect to civic‐mindedness, student engagement, professional orientation?
Human Origins 2021
Authors: Gavrilets Sergey , Richerson Peter J , de Waal Frans
Published: December 2019

We argue that research on human origins and our subsequent cultural and social evolution is vital not only for foundational scientific discovery but also for understanding, mitigating, and solving the most pressing challenges faced by our society. Advancing research on human origins and social complexity is also very timely given recent advances and emerging opportunities. Fully capitalizing on these requires a concerted transdisciplinary effort of researchers from a diverse set of disciplines. Success in this endeavor could yield tremendous gains for society.
Bacteriological Profile of Burn Patients and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of their Wound Isolates at Nepal Cleft and Burn Center
Authors: Lamichhane Apar , Nakarmi Kiran Kishor , Dahal Peeyush , Basnet Surendra Jung , Pokharel Pashupati Babu , Bhattarai Suraj , Rai Shankar Man
Published: December 2019

Background: Burn infections are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in burn patients. The infectious agent could be both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The aim of this research was to study the bacteriological profile of burn patients and anti-microbial susceptibility pattern of their wound isolates.

 Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kirtipur Hospital, Nepal from January 1st to March 31st 2019. A total of 109 burn patients were included and their wound swabs were collected at the time of admission. All isolates were identified by standardized microbiological procedures. Anti-microbial susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.

Results: Of 109 burn wound samples, 56 (59%) yielded culture growth and the Gram negative isolates were more common than Gram positives (77% vs. 23%). The most common organism isolated was Klebsiella spp. (25%) followed by Acinetobacter spp. (21%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18%). Most burn wound isolates were of resistant strain. Particularly, highly resistant strain of Acinetobacter spp. were isolated, most of which were sensitive to Tigecycline, Polymyxin B and Colistin only.

Conclusion : Gram negative isolates were common in burn wound isolates and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern was different for different organisms. The use of antimicrobials should be judicious to further not escalate the problem of antimicrobial resistance in the healthcare settings.
Applications of 3D Printing in Physical Geography Education and Urban Visualization
Authors: Oswald Claire , Rinner Claus , Robinson Alexis
Published: December 2019

Through decreasing hardware costs and novel areas of application, three-dimensional (3D) printing has become exceedingly popular in recent years. Starting with a project focused on public education about urban hydrology, we explored the use of 3D-printed landscape models in a number of regional applications. We also experimented with the use of 3D-printed city models to engage users through urban visualization. Our goal was to examine the role of GIS in processing geospatial data for 3D printing and to explore novel applications in physical and urban geography education and outreach. Following a brief review of related literature, this article outlines data sources for digital elevation models, boundary datasets, and building footprints with height information and the processes used to transform these into 3D-printable data files. We then describe applications focused on urban watersheds and landforms in the area of Toronto, Canada, and illustrate city models for neighbourhoods of Toronto. We found that the 3D models were favourably received by diverse types of users, from hydrology experts to environmental studies students to the general public. The overwhelmingly positive feedback generated by this project suggests that 3D-printed landscape and city models are a worthwhile strategy for improving physical and urban geography education and outreach.
Deformation characteristics of Cu-30 % Zn alloy subjected to dynamic equal channel angular pressing (DECAP)
Authors: Zhang Mingya , Liu Li , Huang Zhenyi , Li Jinghui
Published: December 2019

In this study, the applicability of dynamic equal channel angular pressing for grain refinement and improvement in the properties of a two-phase Cu-30 %Zn alloy was investigated. Simulation and experiments were performed to study the deformation characteristics. The parameters for the multi-pass extrusion simulation were consistent with those in the experiments. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation. A homogeneous microstructure and grain refinement are readily achieved. The hardness increases rapidly by 170 % compared to the annealed samples, and its distribution is approximately uniform throughout the 2-pass deformation. Microstructural analysis indicates nanotwins of ~5–10 nm width and high-density dislocations.
CVD grown graphene on commercial and electroplated Cu substrates: Raman spectroscopy analysis
Authors: Chandra Balaji , Kumar Ganesh K. , Bhargav P. Balaji , Rayerfrancis Arokiyadoss , Ahmed Nafis
Published: December 2019

Copper has emerged as a suitable substrate material for the synthesis of graphene using chemical vapour deposition (CVD). It is imperative to make the CVD process sustainable. Understanding the growth of graphene on electroplated Cu substrates is an important step towards realising this objective. In this work graphene was grown on commercial and electroplated copper substrates. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyse the synthesised graphene and comment on the suitability of electroplated Cu substrates for graphene synthesis
Health Care Assistance for Trans People
Authors: Sebastian Velho Pablo , Nunes Bossardi Carina , Chesani Fabiola Hermes , De França Gabriel Henrique Bomfim
Published: December 2019

Trangender people (trans people) are those who don’t identify with the gender assigned at birth, regardless the will to align their physical appearance to their gender identity by clinical ou surgical procedures. Historically, they are presented with interaction difficulties with health care professionals, leading to barriers to care and potential risks for health issues. This study results come from an integrative review from the literature aiming to know actions and practices of health care for trans people and the existance of protocols of care for assistance to trans people health demands. The following descriptors were chosen in the virtual health library site (DeCS search): transgender people; transsexualism; protocol; health services; care ambulatory; health services for transgender people and their equivalents in portuguese. The literature search was undertaken in the CAPES, Science Direct, MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO databases. Entry criteria were: 1) studies that described the health assistance for trans people; 2) studies published from January 2009 to May 2009 and; 3) studies published in English, Spanish or Portuguese. The research methodology included using software Mendeley and checklist PRISMA, recommended for systematic reviws and meta-analysis. The initial sample was of 471 articles. After applying entry and exclusion criteria, six articles remained for analysis. The categories that emerged from reading the articles were: surgical and hormonal interventions importance; civil name change and respect of the social name; negative health outcomes; barriers of health care. Nonetheless, the results allowed to identify some difficulties in this field, such as health system infrastructure, different sociocultural contexts, inexpressive number of health care professionals specialized or even prepared for this assistance, and lack of protocols of trans people health care applied in a consistant way. It’s proposed health education, in which work is done multidisciplinarilly, developing protocols for trans people health care that respect the chosen name and guaranty the disponibility of hormonal therapy, working health promotion actions aiming to reduce the negative outcomes.
Mentoring: A Faith Based Relational Leadership Approach in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism in Kenya.
Authors: Mbugua Charles , Mang'eli Sammy , Ragui Mary
Published: December 2019

The article examines the role that mentoring, a critical relational leadership process would have in preventing and countering violent extremism by first examining the contexts of radicalization into violent extremism and past violent extremist attacks. Youths and adolescents in Kenya have been radicalized into violent extremism with resultant acts of terror that have resulted in; mass fatalities, casualties, destruction of facilities, disruption of livelihoods and business, and creation of immense fear within the public. The first major attack that seemed to have opened this cycle of al Qaeda and al Shabaab-led Jihadist attacks was the August, 1998 twin-bombing of the USA embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Since then, we have had the advent of; al Qaeda, its affiliate al Shabaab, and ISIS attacks rising within the African continent with heavy impacts of death trails, casualties, and destruction. This year, Kenya has suffered a number of attacks targeting both soft and hard targets. Among the soft targets was the attack targeting Dusit Hotel in the upmarket 14 Riverside Complex, which left 21 Kenyans and foreigners dead. By extension there have been a number of IED attacks targeting the security services of Kenya many fatalities and casualties. All these attacks have been executed by violent extremists among who are Kenyan youth who have been recruited and radicalized into violent extremism as an ideology that is leveraged on the Islam religion. This ideology of Jihadism is skewed but uses narratives that easily appeal to those targeted for radicalization. Consequently there is an urgent need to have in place relevant mentoring leadership practice to enhance worldviews and perspectives among youth and adolescents which are in tandem with what a sane world subscribes to. It then becomes imperative to have a faith-based mentoring approach that is devoid of extremism and which gives the pool of those targeted a leadership component. This deliver a countering and preventive relational leadership model enhancing resilience of individuals and communities, while countering narratives and propaganda inherent in the recruitment and radicalization to violent extremism. Following literature review and conceptualization of the variables, this article concludes that preventive and countering violent extremism measures are best deployed first amongst the youth, who form the largest and most vulnerable pool of those targeted for radicalization due to; their crave for an identity, promises of a utopian caliphate on earth and life upon death, poverty, joblessness, presence of ungoverned spaces such as the complex cyber space, and dysfunctional social systems including families.
Desain dan Analisis Inverter Satu Fasa Berbasis Arduino Menggunakan Metode SPWM
Authors: Setiawan David , Eteruddin Hamzah , Arlenny Arlenny
Published: December 2019

Inverter adalah rangkaian atau peralatan yang merubah tegangan DC menjadi tegangan AC sehingga beban – beban AC dapat beroperasi dengan sumber tegangan DC. Komponen utama inverter berupa SCR, transistor atau Mosfet yang kesemuanya adalah komponen semikonduktor yang berfungsi sebagai switch atau saklar. Kondisi ON atau OFF dari saklar ditentukan menggunakan teknik modulasi seperti pembangkit pulsa atau  PWM. Dalam simulasi yang dilakukan menggunakan Proteus ISIS, inverter 1 fasa yang tidak diberi pengendali baik pembangkit pulsa atau PWM yang dapat diatur menghasilkan frekuensi yang melebihi frekuensi listrik pada umumnya yaitu 2857,14 Hz sedangkan yang terkendali baik menggunakan pembangkit pulsa yang telah diatur maupun PWM menghasilkan frekuensi yang diinginkan yaitu 50Hz. Pembangkit pulsa atau PWM yang digunakan dalam simulasi adalah arduino Uno, Arduino Uno adalah board mikrokontroler yang mudah digunakan dalam pemogramannya serta banyak digunakan dalam kendali sederhana dan robotika.
Sífilis en el Siglo XXI: Novedades en el enfrentamiento diagnóstico y terapéutico
Authors: Ogueta Canales Isabel , Valle Elizabeth , Contador Javier , Fich Felix
Published: December 2019

La sífilis es una enfermedad de transmisión sexual altamente contagiosa, con importantes complicaciones, pero con tratamiento efectivo en etapas tempranas. Actualmente representa un problema de salud pública. La prevalencia reportada en EEUU desde el año 2008 es de 4,5 casos / 100.000 habitantes, con unauna incidencia 10.6 millones de casos cada año, especialmente en hombres que mantienen relaciones sexuales con hombres (HSH) y pacientes portadores de VIH (PVIH). Los métodos diagnósticos basados en test moleculares aún no han sido validados para el diagnóstico de sífilis, lo que ha permitido establecer tres esquemas serológicos con diferentes rendimientos, según prevalencia poblacional. Desde este punto de vista, el screening reverso pareciera ser útil en población de alto riesgo, y el screening tradicional para la población general.
IOT Based Smart Lamp for Efficient Usage of Electrical Energy
Authors: Herpendi Herpendi , Julianto Veri , Hafizd Khairul Anwar , Sayyidati Rabini
Published: December 2019

The government is proclaiming the electrical energy saving campaign in order to raise the people’s awareness of its importance. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM Ministry) of the Republic of Indonesia stated that a year of energy saving equals to the amount of saving Rp43.000.000.000.000,00 (forty three trillion rupiah) of money, which is also equal to a construction of electric steam power plant with the capacity of 3.500 megawatts (MW). One of the programs that has been encouraged by the government is the 'turn off the light' campaign. Turning off lights is a simple but often neglected thing. Apart from the limited awareness to save the energy for a better future, people are often too busy to do it. In 2015, Taruna built an Arduino Micro-controller based light control system using Android smartphone to provide ease, specifically for physically disabled and elderly. The shortcomings of this system are that the lights cannot be turned on and off automatically (smart) with timer and it can only be controlled at close range (bluetooth). Development of technology with the internet guide can easily help human, and thus, this research aims to improve the system with the time control (timer) and close range control (bluetooth) as well as the long range using SMS and internet. The system is built with the prototype model that incude the communication, fast planning, fast prototype designing and building, system submission and feedback. The result of this system building is that the light can be controlled using bluetooth and also provide a faster response time; less than a second (as well as the timer). The light can also be controlled from a long range using the internet connection, giving a response time between 14 to 17 seconds. When a light control command occurs, the SMS notification is sent to the cell phone of the user. Using this system, the light can be controlled correctly in order to conveniently give the user effectivity and efficiency in electrical energy usage.
A patient-specific finite element analysis of the anterior cruciate ligament under different flexion angles
Authors: Safari Maedeh , Shojaei Shahrokh , Tehrani Pedram , Karimi Alireza
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND: The main responsibility of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is to restore normal knee kinematics and kinetics. Although so far different research has been carried out to measure or quantify the stresses and strains in the ACL experimentally or numerically, there is still a paucity of knowledge in this regard under different flexion angles of the tibiofemoral knee joint. OBJECTIVE: Understanding the stresses and strains within the ACL under various loading and boundary conditions may have a key asset for the development of an optimal surgical treatment of ACL injury that can better restore normal knee function. This study aimed to calculate the stresses and strains within the ACL under different flexion angles using a patient-specific finite element (FE) model of the human tibiofemoral knee joint. METHODS: A patient-specific FE model of the human tibiofemoral knee joint was established using computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging data to calculate the stresses and strains in the ACL under different flexion angles of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 45∘. RESULTS: Although the role of the flexion angle in the induced stresses and strains of the ACL was insignificant, the highest stress and strain were observed at the flexion angle of 0∘. The concentration of the stresses and strains regardless of the flexion angles were also located at the proximal end of the ACL, where the clinical reports indicated that most ACL tearing occurs there at the femoral insertion site. CONCLUSIONS: The results have implications not only for understanding the stresses and strains within the ACL under different flexion angles, but also for providing preliminary data for the biomechanical and medical experts in regard of the injuries which may occur to the ACL at relatively higher flexion angles.
Characteristic Biomarker and Cognitive Profile in Incipient Mixed Dementia
Authors: Eckerström Carl , Eckerström Marie , Göthlin Mattias , Molinder Anna , Jonsson Michael , Kettunen Petronella , Svensson Johan , Rolstad Sindre , Wallin Anders
Published: December 2019

Background:

Research has shown that mixed dementia is more common than previously believed but little is known of its early stages.

Objective:

To examine if incipient mixed dementia can be differentiated from incipient Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SVD) using neuropsychological tests, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers, and magnetic resonance imaging markers.

Methods:

We included 493 patients and controls from the Gothenburg MCI study and used the dementia groups for marker selection (CSF total-tau (T-tau), phospho-tau (P-tau), and amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), 11 neuropsychological tests, and 92 regional brain volumes) and to obtain cut-off values which were then applied to the MCI groups.

Results:

Incipient mixed dementia was best differentiated from incipient AD by the Word fluency F-A-S test and the Trail making test A. CSF T-tau, P-tau, and Aβ42 differentiated incipient mixed dementia from incipient SVD.

Conclusion:

Incipient mixed dementia is characterized by an AD-like biomarker profile and an SVD-like cognitive profile. Incipient mixed dementia can be separated from incipient AD and incipient SVD using CSF markers and cognitive testing.
Pengaruh Penetapan Harga Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Pada Toko Grosir Herbal Di Pondok Aren, Tangerang Selatan
Authors: Putranto Agung Tri , Rusmiati Heni
Published: December 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh penetapan harga terhadap keputusan pembelian pada Toko Grosir Herbal di Pondok Aren-Tangerang Selatan.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptif assosiatif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Jumlah populasi yang ada sebanyak 518 orang, maka peneliti menggunakan rumus slovin untuk menentukan sampel, dengan nilai e=0,1 maka diperoleh jumlah sampel sebanyak 84 orang. Sampel yang diambil berdasarkan teknik sampel acak.Pengumpulan data dengan cara observasi dan penyebaran angket kuesioner. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji validias, uji reliabilitas, uji regresi linier sederhana, analisis koefisien korelasi pearson (r), analisis koefisien determinasi, dan uji signifikansi koefisien (uji t).Hasil analisis didapat bahwa harga dan keputusan pembelian mendapat respon yang baik dari pelanggan dan perhitungan regresi linier sederhana pada variabel Penetapan Harga (X) dan Keputusan Pembelian(Y) diperoleh hasil Y= 24,86 + 0,393X  yang artinya  hubungan positif antara Penetapan Harga terhadap Keputusan Pembelian dengan nilai regresi sebesar 0,393. Nilai koefisien korelasi (r) diperoleh rsebesar 0,503, maka apabila dilihat dari tabel interpretasi koefisien korelasi masuk pada interval 0,40 – 0,599 dengan tingkat hubungan sedang . Kontribusi variabel X Penetapan Harga terhadap Variabel Y Keputusan Pembelian adalah sebesar 25,30%  sedangkan sisanya sebesar 74.70% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang  tidak diteliti. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian hipotesis menggunakan uji statistik t hitung diperoleh : t hitung  >t tabel  yaitu 5,20>1,99 yang  artinya bahwa  Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima, berarti terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara penetapan harga terhadap keputusan pembelian pada  Toko Grosir Herbal di Pondok Aren-Tangerang Selatan.
Detection of the Trajectories of Moving Rectilinearly Air Targets in the Secondary Processing of Radar Information
Authors: Nakhmanson G. S. , Akinshin D. S.
Published: December 2019

Introduction. The primary functions of secondary processing of radar information are to detect and maintain the trajectories of air targets (AT). The AT trajectory detection can be characterised by the probability of detecting trajectory and average autocapture time. When the target moves, its distance from the radar station changes, leading to a change in the signal/noise ratio and the probability of detecting AT.

Aim. To assess the impact of a change in the probability of detection of a straight and evenly moving target at consecutive time intervals of radar observation upon the characteristics of trajectory detection during secondary processing of radar information.

Methods and materials. The research aim was achieved using the methods of mathematical statistics, including verification of statistical hypotheses, assessment of distribution parameters and theory of perturbations by small parameters. The ratio of the distance travelled by the AT during the review period to the target range at the initial moment of its detection was chosen as a perturbation parameter.

Results. Analytical expressions were established for the probability of detecting a straight-moving AT and the probability of detecting the trajectory of its movement at interval multiples during the study period. The study illustrated the probability of detecting AT moving away from radar by means of consistent radar observations with reduced signal/noise ratios and angles between the velocity vector and the AT vector radius relative to the radar. The increase in AT speed which causes the z parameter to change from 0.01 to 0.07 reduces the probability of AT detection from 0.727 to 0.52 and leads to a corresponding change in the probability of detecting the trajectory. If the observation time is reduced by one time interval, the probability of detecting the trajectory is from 0.03 to 0.04…0.07 for signal/noise 40 ratio and from 0.06 to 0.08…0.11 for signal/noise 25 ratio (with the probability of false alarm 10–4 ).

Conclusion. The resulting expressions allow for the calculation of directly moving AT trajectory detection, considering changes in the probability of detecting targets in successive time intervals of radar observations.
Back-Side Electron-Bombarded Silicon pin-Strip
Authors: Ainbund Mikhail R. , Mironov Denis E. , Pashuk Andrey V. , Zubkov Vasily I. , Solomonov Alexander V. , Zabrodskii Vladimir V. , Nikolaev Andrey V.
Published: December 2019

Introduction. In recent decades, in the field of photoelectronics, special attention has been paid to the development of semiconductor matrix photodetectors. These detectors have become an effective alternative to existing television receiving systems. Among such devices, linear position-sensitive sensors are used in cases where the rapid registration of changes to the environment is required (for instance, high-speed locators for flying vehicles).

Aim. To develop a strip of silicon pin-diodes as part of a hybrid IR-detector for effective registration of photoelectrons with time resolution less than 10 ns, as well as to model the key electro-physical characteristics of the strip.

Materials and methods. In the device under development, the registration of photoelectrons is achieved by the presence of a near-surface field using p ++–p junction formed by diffusion of boron into the silicon with resistivity of 3 kΩ · cm. The pulling field is also formed in the space charge region between p ++ - and n ++ -regions. Diffusion of phosphorus was carried out to create the n ++ -region. Numerical calculations of potential distribution, concentration of free charge carriers and currents were carried out using software for 1D- and 2D-modelling (SimWin and TCAD Synopsys).

Results. 2D-calculation of charge carrier concentration and potential distribution was performed. The study determined the minimum bias for the complete depletion of the i-layer, including that for longitudinal grooves of various depths. The strip was tested as part of a hybrid photoelectric device by irradiating light pulses from IR LED. When the voltage on the diodes was reached –270 V, the duration of the signal front on all channels was 5…9 ns.

Conclusion. For use in IR-hybrid detectors, a strip of 12 silicon pin-diodes was developed with a sensitive element of 24 × 0.2 mm in dimension. The study of pulse characteristics showed that the necessary duration of the front signal on all channels was achieved without thinning thus satisfying the requirements for high-speed position-sensitive sensor of the infrared radiation.
إنشاء النوافذ الإسلامية في البنوك التقليدية في فلسطين «الفرص والتحديات »
Authors: Hafiza Suha
Published: December 2019

يهدف هذا البحث إلى اقتراح إنشاء نوافذ للمعاملات الإسلامية في البنوك التقليدية في فلسطين، وذلك لعدم كفاية البنوك الإسلامية من جهة، وللتخلص من المعاملات المصرفية المحرمة من جهة أخرى، وقد تم اتباع المنهج الوصفي للتعرف على مفهوم النوافذ الإسلامية في البنوك التقليدية ومناقشة التحديات التي تواجه إنشاءها والتعرف إلى عوامل نجاحها. وخلص هذا البحث إلى أن إنشاء نوافذ إسلامية في فلسطين قد يسهم في تفكير البنوك التقليدية جدياً بالتحوّل بشكل تدريجي أو كامل إلى بنوك إسلامية مستقبلاً؛ إذ تعد النوافذ خطوة في طريق التحوّل المصرفي. يوصي البحث بضرورة زيادة الوعي والتثقيف المصرفي بين أفراد المجتمع الفلسطيني وترسيخ فكرة المصرفية الإسلامية بشكل أفضل،وسن قوانين تراعي خصوصية التمويل الإسلامي فيها. الكلمات المفتاحية: النوافذ الإسلامية، البنوك التقليدية، فلسطين.
دور الزكاة والوقف في تمويل المؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة في الجزائر
Authors: Bu Mud Eiman
Published: December 2019

يهدف هذا البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على مقدرة كل من الزكاة والوقف على تمويل المؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، حيث سعت الجزائر جاهدة من أجل إيجاد حلول مناسبة لمشكل تمويل هذا النوع من المؤسسات عن طريق تسخير كل الدعم المالي اللازم لإنشاء واستمرارية هذه المؤسسات في الأسواق الجزائريّة، وذلك من خلال توفير العديد من البدائل التمويلية التي تتناسب مع طبيعة هذه المؤسسات، من بينها الصيغ الاسلامية التي عرفت انتشارًا واسعًا في السنوات الأخيرة، وعلى ضوء ذلك جاءت فكرة هذا البحث لدراسة تمويل المؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة على أساس شرعي وفق أساليب استثمار أموال الزكاة والوقف. ولقد تم التوصل إلى مجموعة من النتائج، كان أبرزها أنّ النتائج المحققة من قبل صندوق الزكاة في تمويل المؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة تظل بعيدة عن التوقعات التي كان من المنتظر تحقيقها؛ كما أنّ واقع الدور الحالي لاستثمار الأملاك الوقفيّة في الجزائر لا يزال بعيداً كل البعد عن تحقيق الأهداف المرجوة منه، إلاّ أنّ هناك مشاريع واعدةقد تحدث نقل نوعية في هذا المجال. الكلمات المفتاحيّة: التمويل، المؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، الزكاة، الوقف، الاستثمار.
تقييم تجربة تدريس المالية الإسلامية في فرنسا
Authors: Al-Hajjar Mohieddin
Published: December 2019

إنّ اهتمام غير المسلمين بالتمويل الإسلامي يعدّ ظاهرة جديرة بالاهتمام. بعد الأزمة المالية الأخيرة، نشطت الحركة التعليمية والتكوينية للمالية الإسلامية في فرنسا. ونظراً للتأثير الجيو-استراتيجي لفرنسا وللمكانة الرفيعة لنظامها التعليمي، فإنّ هذه التجربة تكتسي أهميّة بالغة يجعلها جديرة بالاهتمام والتحليل. ولهذا اعتمدنا على المنهج الاستقرائي لعرض التجارب التعليمية في فرنسا بكافة أنواعها مع عرض أهداف الأنشطة العلمية المتعلقة بالتمويل الإسلامي، وذلك حتى يمكن تقديم تحليل احصائي للبرامج التعليمية بكافة أنواعها حيث يمكننا ملاحظة انخفاض نسبة البرامج التعليميّة الرسميّة وكذا الأمر بالنسبة البرامج التعليمية التي تقدّمها المؤسسات الإسلامية وبالنسبة للمراكز البحثيّة المتخصّصة. وتواجه التجربة الفرنسيّة صعوبات عديدة أبرزها ارتفاع الأقساط نسبياً، وغياب سوق العمل في فرنسا واضطرار الخريجين الجدد في للسفر إلى الخارج للبحث عن فرص عمل في هذا المجال. ويمكننا تقديم بعض المقترحات لتنشيط هذه التجربة
أحاديث الإرشاد إلى عدم استحباب بيع الدَّار والعَقَار أحكام وتوجيهات
Authors: Balwafi Ahmed
Published: December 2019

تستعرض هذه المقالة بالدراسة والتحليل والاستنباط توجيهات نبوية تضمنتها أحاديث شريفة تتعلق بكيفية التعامل مع أصول اقتصادية واجتماعية ذات أهمية بالغة في حياة الأفراد والمجتمعات والدول؛ ألا وهي الدَّارُ والعَقار. ومن أهم ما خلصت إليه الدراسة ما يلي: 1. مرويات الأحاديث متنوعة وليست بدرجة واحدة؛ فمنها الضعيف ومنها الحسن ومنها الحسن بمتابعاته وشواهده، ومنها الموقوف، ولكن مجمل ما جاء فيها مقبول يُعمل به. 2. ما ورد في الأحاديث هو للتوجيه والإرشاد، وليس ثمة ما يفيد التحريم أو الكراهة. وقد عمل بذلك بعض الصحابة من باب حصول البركة من تطبيق التوجيهات النبوية، وليس من باب التشريع المُلزم. 3. تَمَّ استخلاص توجيهات من الأحاديث على مستويات التحليل الاقتصادي الثلاثة؛ الكلي، والبيني، والجزئي وقد رُبط ذلك بالضوابط والمقاصد الشرعية المرعية في هذا الباب؛ كعمارة الأرض، وحفظ المال، مع مراعاة ما تُفيد به السياسة الشرعية لتقدير المصلحة والمفسدة من فعل سياسة أو اتخاذ إجراء معين وفي ظل ظرف أو ظروف معينة. الكلمات المفتاحية: بيع الدَّار، بيع العَقار، التحليل الجزئي، التحليل البيني، التحليل الكلي، قطاع الإسكان
دور الاقتصاد الرقمي في تعزيز تنامي التمويل الإسلامي
Authors: Al-Bashir Fadu
Published: December 2019

بدأت معالم الواقع الجديد الذي تعيشه البشرية تتشكل في ظل التقنيات الحديثة؛ وأصبحت الأفكار والمعلومات والمعارف أصولاً قابلةً للتداول؛ من خلال استخدام التقنيات الرقمية التي تستند على السرعة والمرونة. يهدف البحث إلى دراسة متغيرات التحول نحو الاقتصاد الرقمي، كإنترنت الأشياء، والذكاء الاصطناعي، والبيانات الكبيرة، والحوسبة السحابية؛ وبيان مزاياها وسلبياتها، وانعكاسها على الجوانب الاقتصادية، مع التركيز على دور المنصات الرقمية في تعزيز تنامي التمويل الإسلامي، وإحداث نقلة نوعية في أنشطته، باستخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي. ويتناول البحث مفهوم الاقتصاد الرقمي ومزاياه، والانتقادات الموجهة له،
La madurez de los pulgarcitos culturales
Authors: Casado Pérez Francisco José
Published: December 2019

Si bien el patrimonio es un bien de interés social, cultural, económico y político, durante décadas el desarrollo de la conservación y la restauración de estos se ha destacado por ser dirigida en su mayoría por instituciones públicas, académicas e internacionales, dejando un poco limitada la participación social, generado así distintos vaivenes en la manera de abordar el tema; sin embargo, en los últimos años que los recursos públicos están siendo cada vez menos extensos para la cultura, en especial el patrimonio, dejan en una suerte de desamparo a los bienes y las comunidades que los relacionan con su identidad. Quizá es el momento de replantar de qué manera la comunidad puede tomar un mayor protagonismo que de simple espectador. Para tal punto, cabe antes profundizar el panorama ya que es clara la necesidad interdisciplinaria que cada día se hace más y más puntal.
First abundance estimate for white whales Delphinapterus leucas in Svalbard, Norway
Authors: Vacquié-Garcia J , Lydersen C , Marques TA , Andersen M , Kovacs KM
Published: December 2019

The Svalbard Archipelago (Norway) is experiencing rapid declines in the seasonal duration and extent of sea-ice cover, and local tidewater glaciers are melting. These environmental changes represent a threat to ice-associated species in the region, including white whalesDelphinapterus leucas. However, no estimates of stock size or trends are available for this stock. An aerial survey was conducted during the summer of 2018, covering the coastlines of all major islands in Svalbard, as well fjords and open ocean areas. A total count was attempted for the coastlines, while coverage of the fjords and open ocean areas was designed as distance-sampling line transects. In total, 265 white whales were detected in 22 groups along the 4965 km of coastline coverage. No whales were observed on fjord (1481 km) or open ocean transects (535 km). After correcting for surface availability using behavioural data from the same area (in summer) and making adjustments for small areas not flown during the survey, the stock size was estimated to be 549 individuals (95% CI: 436%%CONV_ERR%%723). This estimate is surprisingly low given that this species is one of the most frequently observed cetaceans in the area, but it confirms suspicions based on difficulties in finding animals when operating white whale tagging programmes over the past decade. This first population estimate is important in the context of the rapid environmental change taking place in the Arctic and for providing a baseline for comparison with future estimates.
Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Liar Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.) Sebagai Obat Sariawan dan Bau Mulut
Authors: Malaka Muhammad Hajrul , Wahyuni W , Hasanuddin Didi Dharmadi , Hamid Mustakim
Published: December 2019

Penelitian mengenai aktivitas antijamur dari tumbuhan ketepeng cina (Cassia alata L.) yang diketahui memiliki manfaat pengobatan sebagai antijamur telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan kimia ekstrak etanol daun ketepeng cina serta mengetahui aktivitas antifungi ekstrak etanol daun ketepeng cina terhadap Candida albicans, serta memformulasikan ekstrak etanol daun ketepeng cina dalam sediaan moutwash. Ekstrak ketepeng cina dibuat dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol. Uji stabilitas sediaan mouthwash dilakukan dengan cycling test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi ekstrak ketepeng cina 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm, 1000 ppm tidak meiliki aktivitas antifungi melainkan konsentrasi 5000 ppm yang merupakan larutan induk memiiki aktivtas antifungi dengan zona hambat 7 mm. Aktivitas antifungi tersebut dijadikan acuan untuk memformulasi ediaan. Hasi menunjukkan keseuruhan sediaan moutwash stabil secara fisik.Kata Kunci : Ketepeng cina (Cassia alata L.), Moutwash, Candida abicans
Site Selection For Sanitary Landfill in Kuksi Region in Albania, Using Multi-criteria Analysis Evaluation
Authors: Marko Oltion , Shkodrani Neritan , Struga Meivis
Published: December 2019

Landfill is a common solution for the final disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Albania. Landfill siting is an extremely difficult task to accomplish because the site selection process depends on different factors and regulations. To ensure that an appropriate site is chosen, a systematic process should be developed and followed. Unsuccessful landfill siting is typically the result of strong public opposition. In this study, 11 candidate sites for an appropriate landfill area in Kukës Region are determined by using the integration multi-criteria evaluation (MCE). From the application of the exclusion criteria provided in the study methodology, it was able to find the best three alternatives. The statistical processing for the determination of the best place was accomplished through Multi-criteria Analysis and Environmental Management. The application of this method has led to the identification of the most suitable site for the construction of sanitary landfill in the Kukës Region.
In Vitro Antidiabetic, Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Analysis of Ocimum basilicum Aerial Biomass and in Silico Molecular Docking	Simulations with Alpha-Amylase and Lipase Enzymes
Authors: Noor Zoy I , Ahmed Dildar , Rehman Hafiz Muzzammel , Qamar Muhammad Tariq , Froeyen Matheus , Ahmad Sarfraz , Mirza Muhammad Usman
Published: December 2019

The present study explored phytochemicals, porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) and lipase (PPL) inhibitory activities and antioxidant potential of polar and nonpolar extracts of the leaves and flowers of Ocimum basilicum and the in-silico mode of interaction between these enzymes and the major chemical constituents of the herb. The hexane extract (HE) and hydro-ethanolic extract (EE) obtained sequentially were used to estimate PPA and PPL inhibitory and antioxidant activities, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Chemical constituents of the essential oils and HE were determined by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). For PPA inhibition, IC50 (µg/mL) of the extracts were 0.27–0.37, which were close to 0.24 of acarbose, while for PPL inhibition, IC50 (µg/mL) of the extracts were 278.40–399.65, and that of Orlistat 145.72. The flowers EE was most potent antioxidant followed by leaves EE. The leaves EE had highest TPC and TFC followed of flowers EE. The essential oil of flowers had higher estragole (55%) than linalool (37%), while the essential oil of the leaves had higher linalool (42%) than estragole (38%). The HE of the flowers contained higher estragole (42%) than linalool (23%), while of the HE of the leaves too had higher estragole (65%) than linalool (18%). The in-silico molecular docking study showed linalool and estragole to have considerable PPA and PPL binding potential, which were further investigated through molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. The PPA and PPL inhibitory activities of O. basilicum extracts and their notable antioxidant potential propose the herb as a multi-target complimentary medicine for diabetes, obesity and oxidative stress.
Evolutionary Analyses of Sequence and Structure Space Unravel the Structural Facets of SOD1
Authors: Chowdhury Sourav , Sanyal Dwipanjan , Sen Sagnik , Uversky Vladimir N. , Maulik Ujjwal , Chattopadhyay Krishnananda
Published: December 2019

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the primary enzyme of the cellular antioxidant defense cascade. Misfolding, concomitant oligomerization, and higher order aggregation of human cytosolic SOD are linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although, with two metal ion cofactors SOD1 is extremely robust, the de-metallated apo form is intrinsically disordered. Since the rise of oxygen-based metabolism and antioxidant defense systems are evolutionary coupled, SOD is an interesting protein with a deep evolutionary history. We deployed statistical analysis of sequence space to decode evolutionarily co-varying residues in this protein. These were validated by applying graph theoretical modelling to understand the impact of the presence of metal ion co-factors in dictating the disordered (apo) to hidden disordered (wild-type SOD1) transition. Contact maps were generated for different variants, and the selected significant residues were mapped on separate structure networks. Sequence space analysis coupled with structure networks helped us to map the evolutionarily coupled co-varying patches in the SOD1 and its metal-depleted variants. In addition, using structure network analysis, the residues with a major impact on the internal dynamics of the protein structure were investigated. Our results reveal that the bulk of these evolutionarily co-varying residues are localized in the loop regions and positioned differentially depending upon the metal residence and concomitant steric restrictions of the loops.
A Highly Active Triterpene Derivative Capable of Biofilm Damage to Control Cryptococcus spp.
Authors: Krummenauer Maria E. , Lopes William , Garcia Ane W. A. , Schrank Augusto , Gnoatto Simone C. B. , Kawano Daniel F. , Vainstein Marilene H.
Published: December 2019

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast responsible for more than 180,000 deaths per year. The standard therapeutic approach against cryptococcosis is a combination of amphotericin B with flucytosine. In countries where cryptococcosis is most prevalent, 5-fluorocytosine is rarely available, and amphotericin B requires intravenous administration. C. neoformans biofilm formation is related to increased drug resistance, which is an important outcome for hospitalized patients. Here, we describe new molecules with anti-cryptococcal activity. A collection of 66 semisynthetic derivatives of ursolic acid and betulinic acid was tested against mature biofilms of C. neoformans at 25 µM. Out of these, eight derivatives including terpenes, benzazoles, flavonoids, and quinolines were able to cause damage and eradicate mature biofilms. Four terpene compounds demonstrated significative growth inhibition of C. neoformans. Our study identified a pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from betulinic acid (LAFIS13) as a potential drug for anti-cryptococcal treatment. This compound appears to be highly active with low toxicity at minimal inhibitory concentration and capable of biofilm eradication.
Application of Bionic Technologies on the Fracturing Plug
Authors: Chen Lin , Wei Ran , Wei Songbo , Wang Xinzhong
Published: December 2019

The dissolvable bridge plug is one of the most important tools for multi-stage hydraulic fracturing in the field of oil/gas development. The plug provides zonal isolation to realize staged stimulation and, after fracturing, the plug is fully dissolved in produced liquids. A bionic surface was introduced to improve the performance of the plug. Surface dimples in the micron dimension were prepared on the dissolvable materials of the plug. The experimental results showed that the surface dimples changed the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the dissolvable materials. The dissolution rate has a great relation with the parameters of the dimples and can be controlled by choosing the dimples’ parameters to some degree.
A Climate-Smart Approach to the Implementation of Land Degradation Neutrality within a Water Catchment Area in Kenya
Authors: Gichenje Helene , Godinho Sérgio
Published: December 2019

At the sub-national level, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) proposes the analysis and contextualization of land degradation-neutrality (LDN) at a water catchment scale to provide decision support for the formulation of policies and programmes towards transformative LDN interventions. Building on a number of national LDN studies in Kenya, an approach for the implementation of LDN that is based on the spatial and temporal characterization of key land degradation and climate change variables was defined. For a selected water catchment area, the LDN baseline was computed, the drivers that affect land degradation and regeneration trends within the main land cover types were identified and described, the trends of key climate change variables were described, and appropriate sustainable land management interventions for the main land cover types were identified. A climate-smart landscape approach that delineated the catchment area into zones focused on adaptation, and both adaptation and mitigation objectives was then proposed. The operationalization of a climate-smart landscape will require significant investment to not only provide an understanding of the bio-physical processes and interactions occurring at the catchment level but also to develop the institutional and technical capacities of relevant actors. The landscape approach proposed for the catchment area has the potential to improve livelihoods and the productivity of ecosystems while concurrently facilitating synergies between land degradation, climate change, and other development objectives.