bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observation and analysis of structural changes in fused silica by continuous irradiation with femtosecond laser light having an energy density below the laser-induced damage threshold
Authors: Nomura Wataru , Kawazoe Tadashi , Yatsui Takashi , Naruse Makoto , Ohtsu Motoichi
Published: August 2014

The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) is widely used as an index for evaluating an optical component’s resistance to laser light. However, a degradation in the performance of an optical component is also caused by continuous irradiation with laser light having an energy density below the LIDT. Therefore, here we focused on the degradation in performance of an optical component caused by continuous irradiation with femtosecond laser light having a low energy density, i.e., laser-induced degradation. We performed an in situ observation and analysis of an increase in scattering light intensity in fused silica substrates. In experiments conducted using a pulsed laser with a wavelength of 800 nm, a pulse width of 160 fs and pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz, we found that the scattered light intensity increased starting from a specific accumulated fluence, namely, that the laser-induced degradation had a threshold. We evaluated the threshold fluence Ft as 6.27 J/cm2 and 9.21 J/cm2 for the fused silica substrates with surface roughnesses of 0.20 nm and 0.13 nm in Ra value, respectively, showing that the threshold decreased as the surface roughness increased. In addition, we found that the reflected light spectrum changed as degradation proceeded. We analyzed the details of the degradation by measuring instantaneous reflectance changes with a pump–probe method; we observed an increase in the generation probability of photogenerated carriers in a degraded silica substrate and a damaged silica substrate and observed a Raman signal originating from a specific molecular structure of silica. From these findings, we concluded that compositional changes in the molecular structure occurred during degradation due to femtosecond laser irradiation having an energy density below the LIDT.
Predicting the density of structural timber members in service. The combine use of wood cores and drill resistance data
Authors: Morales-Condea M. J. , Rodríguez-Liñán C. , Saporiti-Machado J.
Published: August 2014

Drilling devices is used to get information about the cross-section properties and internal defects of structural members. Drill resistance is correlated with density which is often used to predict the mechanical properties of timber elements. However in situ a regression curve cannot be obtained and pre-existent curves provides unreliable predictions. The present paper proposes a procedure for in situ “calibration” of drill resistance data. The “calibration” is based on density values from wood cores taken in the close vicinity of drill holes. Two approaches were tested. One approach based on a regression curve built using wood cores density and drill resistance values obtained from a limited number of members. The other approach uses the information of one wood core to “calibrate” the drill resistance profile taken at the same member. Following this procedure a density prediction is obtained showing a low mean percentage error and a medium coefficient of determination.
Rough Set Based Green Cloud Computing in Emerging Markets
Authors: Shivalkar P.S. , Tripathy B.K.
Published: August 2014

Cloud computing represents a paradigm shift and it can be applied to a wide range of areas, including e-commerce, health, education, communities, etc which are emerging as the important sectors in today's market. Day-by-day more knowledge is added to the Internet and is shared amongst the users over the cloud resulting in increase of energy consumption which needs to be managed. This usage can be brought into account for measuring and hence conserving the energy. The consumption is all together considered for the processing, storage and transport of the knowledge granules over the cloud. Since the data accessed in the cloud is “on-demand,” the prediction techniques like those using rough sets can be used to minimize the transfer of data over the cloud networks. The data over the cloud can be procured with the help of rough set based methods efficiently which can help in conserving the energy. In this chapter, we propose a neighbourhood based rough set approach, which is efficient in handling heterogeneous features for knowledge acquisition using MapReduce from BigData. Also, we discuss how green cloud computing can be helpful in increasing the efficiency of emerging markets. Some future trends researches have also been proposed.
Students' Experiences of Emotional Connection with Pedagogical Agents
Authors: Savin-Baden Maggi , Tombs Gemma , Bhakta Roy , Burden David
Published: August 2014

Online chatbots (also known as pedagogical agents or virtual assistants) are becoming embedded into the fabric of technology, both in educational and commercial settings. Yet understanding of these technologies is inchoate and often untheorised, influenced by individuals' willingness to trust technologies, aesthetic appearance of the chatbot and technical literacy, among other factors. This paper draws upon data from two research studies that evaluated students' experiences of using pedagogical agents in education using responsive evaluation. The findings suggest that emotional connections with pedagogical agents were intrinsic to the user's sense of trust and therefore likely to affect levels of truthfulness and engagement. They also indicate that the topic of the pedagogical agent-student interaction is key to the student's experience. The implications of these studies are that truthfulness, personalisation and emotional engagement are all vital components in using pedagogical agents to enhance online learning.
Algorithms for Approximate Bayesian Computation
Authors: Burr Tom , Skurikhin Alexei
Published: August 2014

Computer models have many applications in business, medicine, engineering, and science. A typical model has known inputs such as a task schedule, unknown inputs such as the average time to complete a task, and outputs such as product production quality and rates. Our focus is stochastic computer models, which output different results each time the model is run with the same inputs. Such models are calibrated by comparing real data to model predictions. A calibrated computer model can provide a cost-effective option to examine “what-if” questions such as “what if we could reduce the average time to complete a specific task.” This chapter describes an attractive option to calibrate a stochastic computer model that relies not on the raw data but on summary statistics derived from the real data.
Environmental Scanning
Authors: Holland Barbara
Published: August 2014

To capsulize the future needs of library users, Management must consistently collect, analyze and diffuse information on trends that are internal and external affecting user behaviors and needs. Environmental Scanning is an organizational practice of screening external demographic, cultural, social, political, technological and legal trends in an effort to foresee and meet the needs of users in the future. This article examines environmental scanning, futures research, peripheral vision, and corporate/strategic foresight as tools for strategic planning, and assisting Managers in making better decisions concerning libraries, businesses and other organizations.
Towards Low-Cost Energy Monitoring
Authors: Kazmi Aqeel H. , O'Grady Michael J. , O' Hare Gregory M.P.
Published: August 2014

A number of energy problems including limited energy resources, increased energy demand, and rising energy prices, have motivated energy conservation in the residential and commercial sectors. Access to real-time energy usage information is perceived as a prerequisite for energy usage reductions. A variety of computational approaches have been proposed to monitor energy usage within buildings. Currently, Non-intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is perceived as the most cost-effective and scalable solution. In this article, a technological profile of this technique is constructed through the provision of key background developments, revision of existing solutions, consideration of outstanding problems, and identification of some pertinent future research directions.
Chronic Condition Management Using Remote Monitoring and Telehomecare
Authors: Stachura Maximillian E. , Bolch Ellen B. , Piette Katherine F. , Ebberwein Joseph F.
Published: August 2014

Individuals afflicted with multiple chronic conditions should be managed in real life settings and real time, while simultaneously reducing use of costly acute care services. New models of care delivery will enable patient participation in life-long care management programs and activities that target “wellness” while minimizing, delaying, or preventing clinical deterioration that requires hospitalization and/or visits to emergency care facilities. Successful care models will likely require new organizational and financial approaches that re-purpose health professional roles, responsibilities, and relationships. Remote monitoring and telehomecare technologies that employ advanced data management and analytic algorithms as well as dashboard displays of clinician- and services-relevant health information will support clinician decision-making at the point and time of care. Optimally, health professional financial incentives will be re-structured to support and sustain outcomes-driven long term chronic care that rewards efficiency and effectiveness. We present a work-in-progress model, RightHealthTM, including pilot project outcomes.
Techniques for Specialized Data Compression
Authors: Swacha Jakub
Published: August 2014

With the emergence of large volumes of data in various domains of research and industry, came the need for their compact representation, motivated by both technological and economic reasons. The available general-purpose compression methods often attain sub-optimal compression ratios. Much better compression ratios can be obtained using specialized data compression techniques as they can make use of those types of redundancy that are not exploited by general-purpose data compression methods. In this article, selected techniques for specialized data compression are reviewed.
Material Flow Management in Industrial Engineering
Authors: Cotet Costel Emil , Popescu Diana
Published: August 2014

The first part of the article presents fundamentals of the Material Flow Theory (MFT) centered on five major topics: material flow and generic associate architecture definitions and classifications; major characteristics of discrete, continuous and hybrid material flow; mathematical and virtual modeling of material flow; material flow simulating algorithms (including a general algorithm for optimizing the associated architecture determining the flow trajectory), as well as major MFT applications in different fields. In the second part, the article focuses on the specific applications of MFT in industrial engineering material flow management (MFM). The accent is put on exploring different possibilities to increase productivity and profit in manufacturing architectures using the MFM approach based on virtual modeling and simulation. The proposed main topics of this section are: definition and characteristics of diffused and concentrated manufacturing architectures, virtual modeling of the manufacturing architecture structural elements, MFM simulation algorithms, diagnosis and optimization for manufacturing architectures in industrial engineering using MFM.
Organizational Characteristics and Their Influence on Information Security in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Papin-Ramcharan Kyle , Fraser Simon
Published: August 2014

This article investigates the effect of organizational characteristics on information security practices in Trinidad and Tobago. As a theoretical lens, this study relies on a hypothesized model derived from Chang and Wang (2010) to test 24 hypotheses relating to information security practices. The data was collected using online surveys and was analyzed using factor analysis and structured equation modeling (SEM). Upon final analysis, 8 of the 24 hypotheses were confirmed.
NLP for Serious Games
Authors: Vrettaros John , Ximeris George , Koleza Eugenia
Published: August 2014

In this chapter we will analyze the potential derived from neuro-linguistic programming for the purpose of designing serious games and adaptive educational systems based on the user. First, the term neuro-linguistic programming will be introduced as well as the endless uses acquired through powerful techniques which have been applied in learning activities with great success inside the class. Next we will explain how we can model the neuro-linguistic programming patterns into learning scenarios of a serious game as well as the ability to work depending on the learning profile of every individual student. Lastly, we provide examples for the use of UML language inside the modeling of the techniques of neuro-linguistic programming, for the design and the implementation of a serious game.
Open Data Policy and Practice
Authors: Buss Terry
Published: August 2014

Governments around the world recently launched policies to make public data more accessible and transparent. Policies are intended to encourage more interaction between government and citizens, foster accountability, and improve efficiency, effectiveness, economy, and perhaps equity. Open data initiatives depend almost entirely on information technology, applications, data and security. Policies while laudable have produced mixed results as governments implement them. Governments have been more or less successful depending on how much support they have among policy makers and the civil service, the extent to which whistle blowers and hackers have exploited the systems, met demands of citizens and stakeholders, made available funding in the right amounts over the long-term, and held people accountable. In spite of advances in open data, its long term impact on government performance and indeed democracy has yet to be determined.
Social Customer Relationship Management
Authors: Almunawar Mohammad Nabil , Anshari Muhammad
Published: August 2014

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) can be used by an organization as a tool and strategy in meeting the expectations of their customers. The term Social CRM is an approach that allows intensive interactions between customers, customers and organizations, and customers' interaction with the systems by utilizing Web 2.0. Social CRM offers new capabilities of social networks that provide powerful new approaches to surpass the traditional CRM. The fundamental changes offered by Social CRM are in terms of empowerment, connection, and value generated. An example of Social CRM in healthcare is extending healthcare services through social networks where many kinds of interaction can be supported. The main goal of this chapter is to introduce a promising future research direction, which may shape the future of integrative customer relationship. In this chapter, we examine customers' expectation concerning the process of empowerment, social networks, and participation to make customers more proficient in dealing with their own issues. This chapter also discusses and demonstrates how Social CRM will help customers have greater control in controlling the process of interaction (empowerment) with organizations and among themselves.
Team Neurodynamics
Authors: Stevens Ron
Published: August 2014

Team neurodynamics is the study of the changing rhythms and organizations of teams from the perspective of neurophysiology. As a discipline, team neurodynamics is located at the intersection of collaborative learning, psychometrics, complexity theory and neurobiology with the resulting principles and applications both drawing from and contributing to these specialties. This chapter describes the tools for studying team neurodynamics and shows the potential of these methods and models for better understanding team formation and function. The models developed are reliable, sensitive and valid indicators of the changing neurodynamics of teams around which standardized quantitative models can begin to be developed. The technology is intended for documenting how rapidly teams are progressing towards proficiency and expertise and for understanding why some teams function better than others.
Concepts of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) and Their Applications to Port Logistics
Authors: Pereira Sérgio Leite , Filho Armando Carlos de Pina
Published: August 2014

The technology of RFID (radio frequency identification) is a important resource of automation and optimization applied to identification methods through radio signals, remotely retrieving and storing data using devices called “tags.” Around the world and in all market segments, the use of this technology grows at an exponential rate. Currently, the main focus from researches is the integration of RFID and other sensor data, not only in the corporate environment, but in the entire value chain of business. Thus, this chapter presents an overview on RFID and demonstrates that its use provides the improvement, development, contribution, quality and speed in processing flows of containers at ports of some cities in the world, representing a powerful technology applied to port logistics.
Key Issues and Research Directions in Green Wireless Networking
Authors: Baltzis Konstantinos B.
Published: August 2014

A significant part of worldwide energy is consumed by the ICT infrastructure with wireless sector to be among the main contributors to this consumption. As a result, the rising energy costs and increasing carbon footprint of operating wireless communication networks have generated a keen interest in the design and development of “green” networks, that is, networks characterized by energy efficiency, reduced CO2 emissions, and low cost deployment. In this article, we discuss current issues and trends in green wireless networking. We explain the motivation behind it, discuss basic principles, review current trends in the field, and highlight upcoming challenges and future research directions. The aforementioned issues have been treated in detail in the scientific literature. However, the present study overviews current and future trends in green wireless networking with focus on providing an insight into the field that will be useful not only for experts but for non-specialists also.
Classification of Network Optimization Software Packages
Authors: Sifaleras Angelo
Published: August 2014

Network optimization models and algorithms constitute a core research area of Mathematical Optimization and Computing. We present a wide range of state-of-the-art network optimization software packages and provide up-to-date definitions of the most important issues in algorithm engineering concerning fundamental network optimization problems. Furthermore, we discuss new concepts, trends, and emerging technologies in this research area. Apart from presenting important recent developments in network optimization and their impact on modern organizations and society, the proposed article is a classification of network optimization software packages with a special focus on solvers and benchmark collections. Finally, discussion is made regarding the societal impact and practical managerial significance of network optimization models and software tools.
Novel Algorithmic Approach to Deciphering Rovash Inscriptions
Authors: Tóth Loránd Lehel , Pardede Raymond , Hosszú Gábor
Published: August 2014

The article presents a method to decipher Rovash inscriptions made by the Szekelys in the 15th-18th centuries. The difficulty of the deciphering work is that a large portion of the Rovash inscriptions contains incomplete words, calligraphic glyphs or grapheme errors. Based on the topological parameters of the undeciphered symbols registered in the database, the presented novel algorithm estimates the meaning of the inscriptions by the matching accuracies of the recognized graphemes and gives a statistical probability for deciphering. The developed algorithm was implemented in software, which also contains a built-in dictionary. Based on the dictionary, the novel method takes into account the context in identifying the meaning of the inscription. The proposed algorithm offers one or more words in a different random values as a result, from which users can select the relevant one. The article also presents experimental results, which demonstrate the efficiency of method.
Tuberculous Osteomyelitis of Sternum Secondary to Primary Tuberculous Mastitis
Authors: Bakhshi Girish D. , Shenoy Sachin S. , Jadhav Kavita V. , Tayade Mukund B. , Rawoot Suhaib S. , Jain Kavitha
Published: August 2014

Sternal tuberculosis secondary to tuberculous mastitis is uncommon. The invasion of the sternum following a primary focus in the breast has not been reported. This may be due to the resistance offered by pectoral fascia and periosteum to the spread of infection into the bone. We present a case of tubercular sternal osteomtyelitis following tubercular mastitis in a 40-year old female. A brief case report and a review of literature are presented.
Haemangiosarcoma of the os penis in a dog: The most common neoplasm of the canine penis
Authors: Burchell Richard K. , Kirberger Robert M. , Janse van Rensberg Drienie D.
Published: August 2014

A castrated 9-year-old intact male boerboel cross-breed dog was presented with a month-longhistory of stranguria. On physical examination, a mass was noted at the caudal extremity of the os penis. Haematology, serum chemistry and urinalysis were all unremarkable. Abdominal and urethral ultrasound demonstrated an enlarged bladder and a dilated urethra, whichwas followed to the caudal extremity of the os penis. A hyperechoic, roughly spherical,vascularised mass was noted at the caudal os penis, which resulted in obstruction of the penileurethra. Radiographs demonstrated a soft tissue mass with osteolysis of the os penis. Cytologysuggested an osteosarcoma. Treatment included amputation of the penis and adjuvantdoxorubicin with carboplatin. Histopathology of the penis confirmed a haemangiosarcoma. The patient survived for 20 months. This is only the second published case report describinga penile haemangiosarcoma, and the first published report demonstrating the treatment and outcome of a case of haemangiosarcoma of the os penis. Based on published and unpublished reports, haemangiosarcoma appears to be the most common neoplasm of the canine penis.
SOLUS, SOLA: Constructing a Christocentric faith model of the �ordo salutis�
Authors: Van Oudtshoorn Andre
Published: August 2014

This article develops a non-linear model of the ordo salutis with Christ at the centre. It shows that each individual event is a manifestation of what Christ has done and a call to faith in him. Faith is shown to comprise of consensus (agreement) and fiducia (trust). Through this model, the creative tension between the objective (indicative) and the subjective (imperative) dimensions of the gospel as well as the tension between God�s eschatological time and our unfulfilled time are maintained in such a way that they both complement and limit each other. This tension, it is argued, is intrinsically linked to the way in which Christ continues to be present within our world as both Lord and Spirit. As Lord, Jesus is proclaimed as the One who has already overcome our broken reality; as the Spirit, Christ continues to be vulnerable to be resisted and rejected by us. As the Spirit of the risen Lord, he is nevertheless able to perform miracles and overcome our broken reality as the gospel is proclaimed. A short analysis of the way in which the Bible refers to some of the events in the ordo salutis confirms the legitimacy of this model.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: It is argued that this model overcomes many objections against the traditional understanding of the ordo salutis. By challenging the underlying presuppositions of both Arminiaism and Calvinism, this article provides a unique alternative which does justice to key insights from both traditions and adds a new voice to the ongoing debate between Arian, Pelagian and semi-pelagian theologians, on the one side, and Reformed theologians, on the other side. It thus makes a significant intradisciplinary contribution to systematic theology. It also aligns the universality of salvation in Christ as the second Adam to the continuing need for a personal faith response to Christ.
Effects of transport stress and rest before slaughter on blood parameters and meat quality of ducks
Authors: Zhu Zhen , Chen Yang , Huang Zhengyang , Zhang Yang , Xu Qi , Tong Yiyu , Zhai Fei , Chang Guobin , Chen Guohong
Published: August 2014

Zhu, Z., Chen, Y., Huang, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, Q., Tong, Y., Zhai, F., Chang, G. and Chen, G. 2014. Effects of transport stress and rest before slaughter on blood parameters and meat quality of ducks. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 595–600. Ducks have been transported to be slaughtered at centralized locations since the 2013 avian influenza A (H7N9) epidemics in China. It is unavoidable that a certain amount of stress will occur during the transportation. We investigated the effects of transport stress and rest before slaughter on blood parameters and meat quality in ducks. Pekin ducks (42 d old) were randomly divided into six groups. Each group had five replicates, with four ducks in each replicate. The experimental design included the variables transport time and rest time before slaughter. Transport distance categories were short-distance (1 h transport; n=20), medium-distance (2 h transport; n=20) and long-distance (3 h transport; n=20) transport. Rest time was categorized as short (0.5 h; n=20) or long (2 h; n=20) periods of rest. Blood samples and meat samples were collected after transport or after the post-transport rest period. Blood indicators (triiodothyronine, thyroxine, insulin, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, and glutathione peroxidase) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Meat quality characteristics (meat component, pH, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl) were also measured. Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, aminotransferase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, creatine kinase, glutathione peroxidase, pH, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl values changed significantly in ducks exposed to the medium-distance transport treatment. Stress indicators improved and meat quality returned to normal by the end of a 2-h pre-slaughter rest. These results indicate that a 2-h transport causes serious stress in ducks. A 2-h rest before slaughter mitigates these adverse effects.
Fiber degradability, chemical composition and conservation characteristics of alfalfa haylage ensiled with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and a ferulic acid esterase-producing inoculant
Authors: Lynch J. P. , Prema D. , Van Hamme J. D. , Church J. S. , Beauchemin K. A.
Published: August 2014

Lynch, J. P., Prema, D., Van Hamme, J. D., Church, J. S. and Beauchemin, K. A. 2014. Fiber degradability, chemical composition and conservation characteristics of alfalfa haylage ensiled with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and a ferulic acid esterase-producing inoculant. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 697–704. This study investigated the effects of two fibrolytic enzyme products, applied at baling alone or in combination with a ferulic acid esterase-producing bacterial additive, on the ensilage dynamics, chemical composition and digestibility of alfalfa haylage. Five replicate wrapped bales were produced with one of five treatments, including an untreated control, and one of two fibrolytic enzyme products (EN1 and EN2) applied either alone or in combination with a ferulic-acid producing bacterial additive (FAEI). No effect of treatment was observed on the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P=0.889) or acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P=0.065) concentrations of haylage after ensilage, but haylage produced using fibrolytic enzyme products underwent greater (P<0.018) increases in temperature following exposure to aerobic conditions. Haylages produced with fibrolytic enzyme products had a greater (P<0.001) in vitro NDF degradability (NDFD) than untreated haylage. The use of fibrolytic enzymes applied to alfalfa haylage at ensiling increased the NDFD, despite minimal effects on the chemical composition of the herbage. However, the greater aerobic deterioration of fibrolytic enzyme-treated bales indicates higher dry matter losses during aerobic exposure. The use of FAEI with fibrolytic enzymes did not further enhance the effects of fibrolytic-enzyme treatments.
The Simple Analytics of Helicopter Money: Why It Works — Always
Authors: Buiter Willem H.
Published: August 2014

The paper offers a rigorous analysis of Milton Friedman’s parable of the ‘helicopter’ drop of money – a temporary fiscal stimulus funded through an increase in the stock of fiat base money that is never completely reversed in present discounted value (PDV) terms. A monetized fiscal stimulus is more expansionary than a debt-financed one because a monetized expansion of the Central Bank balance sheet is profitable: it relaxes the intertemporal budget constraint of the State – it creates fiscal space. It is up to the fiscal authority to make appropriate use of this fiscal space. Four conditions must be satisfied for a helicopter money drop to boost aggregate demand. First, it must not be reversed fully in PDV terms. Second, there must be benefits from holding fiat base money other than its pecuniary rate of return: that is, the interest rate on any additional base money issued is below the rate of return on the Central Bank’s assets. Third, fiat base money is irredeemable – an asset to the holder but not a liability to the issuer. Fourth, the price of money is positive. Given these conditions, there always exists – even in a permanent liquidity trap – a combination of monetary and fiscal policy actions that boosts private and/or public demand demand) – in principle without limit. Deflation, ‘lowflation’ and secular stagnation are therefore policy choices. Other conclusions are: (1) the increase in the monetary base need not be permanent for helicopter money to be effective; (2) Treasury debt cancellation by the Central Bank or the purchase by the Central Bank of perpetuities (with zero, negative or positive coupons) rather than finite maturity debt are fundamentally irrelevant policy actions. At most they have signaling value; (3) dropping perishable helicopter money will make it more effective if households are liquidity-constrained.
Distinguishing molecular characteristics of aerosol water soluble organic matter from the 2011 trans-North Atlantic US GEOTRACES cruise
Authors: Wozniak A. S. , Willoughby A. S. , Gurganus S. C. , Hatcher P. G.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The molecular characteristics of aerosol organic matter (OM) determines to a large extent its impacts on the atmospheric radiative budget and ecosystem function in terrestrial and aquatic environments, yet the OM molecular details of aerosols from different sources are not well established. Aerosol particulate samples with North American-influenced, North African-influenced, and marine (minimal recent continental influence) air mass back trajectories were collected as part of the 2011 trans-North Atlantic US GEOTRACES cruise and analyzed for their water soluble OM (WSOM) molecular characteristics using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis (PCA) separated the samples into five groups defined by distinct molecular formula characteristics. An abundance of nitrogen containing compounds with molecular formulas consistent with amino acid derivatives defined the two samples comprising the primary marine group (henceforth referred to as Primary Marine), which suggest a primary marine biological source to their WSOM in spite of their North American-influenced air mass trajectories. A second group of samples (aged marine, henceforth referred to as Aged Marine) with marine air mass trajectories was characterized by an abundance of low O / C (0.15–0.45) sulfur containing compounds consistent with organosulfate compounds formed via secondary aging reactions in the atmosphere. Several samples having North American-influenced air mass trajectories formed another group again characterized by organosulfate and nitrooxyorganosulfate type compounds with higher O / C ratios (0.5–1.0) than the Aged Marine samples reflecting the combustion influence from the North American continent. All the samples with North African-influenced air mass trajectories were grouped together in the PCA and were characterized by a lack of heteroatom (N, S, P) containing molecular formulas covering a wide O / C range (0.15–0.90) reflecting the desert source of this WSOM. The two marine groups showed molecular formulas that, on average, had higher H / C ratios and lower O / C ratios and modified aromaticity indices than the two continentally influenced groups, which suggests that these properties are characteristic of marine vs. continental aerosol WSOM. The final sample group, the mixed source samples (henceforth referred to as Mixed Source), showed intermediate molecular characteristics, which suggests no dominant continental or marine source. The source-specific OM details described here will aid efforts to link aerosol OM source with molecular characteristics and impacts in the environment.
The Sofia University Atmospheric Data Archive (SUADA)
Authors: Guerova G. , Simeonov T. , Yordanova N.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Atmospheric sounding using the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is a well-established research field in Europe. At present, GNSS data from 1800 stations are available for model validation and assimilation in state-of-the-art models used for operational numerical weather prediction centres in Europe. Advances in GNSS data processing make it possible also to use the GNSS data for climatic trend analysis, an emerging new application. In Bulgaria and southeastern Europe, the use of GNSS for atmospheric sounding is currently under development. As a first step, the Sofia University Atmospheric Data Archive (SUADA) is developed. SUADA is a user-friendly database, and includes GNSS tropospheric products like zenith total delay (ZTD) and derivatives like vertically integrated water vapour (IWV), as well as observations from radiosonde (RS) and surface atmospheric data. Archived in SUADA are (1) GNSS tropospheric products (over 12 000 000 individual observations) and derivatives (over 55 000) from five GNSS processing strategies and 37 stations for the period 1997–2013, with temporal resolutions from 5 min to 6 h, and (2) radiosonde IWV data (over 6000 observations) for station Sofia (1999–2012). Presented are two applications of the SUADA data for the study of long- and short-term variations of IWV over Bulgaria during the 2007 heatwave and intense precipitation events in 2012.
The influence of soils on heterotrophic respiration exerts a strong control on net ecosystem productivity in seasonally dry Amazonian forests
Authors: Melton J. R. , Shrestha R. K. , Arora V. K.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Net ecosystem productivity of carbon (NEP) in seasonally dry forests of the Amazon varies greatly between sites with similar precipitation patterns. Correctly modeling the NEP seasonality with terrestrial ecosystem models has proven difficult. Previous modelling studies have mostly advocated incorporating processes that act to reduce water stress on gross primary productivity (GPP) during the dry season such as including deep soils and roots, plant-mediated hydraulic redistribution of soil moisture, and increased dry season leaf litter generation which reduces leaf age and thus increases photosynthetic capacity. Recent observations, however, indicate that seasonality in heterotrophic respiration also contributes to the observed seasonal cycle of NEP. Here, we use the dynamic vegetation model CLASS-CTEM – without deep soils or roots, hydraulic redistribution of soil moisture or increased dry season litter generation – at two Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment (LBA) sites (Tapajós km 83 and Jarú Reserve). These LBA sites exhibit opposite seasonal NEP cycles despite similar meteorological conditions. Our simulations are able to reproduce the observed NEP seasonality at both sites. Simulated GPP, heterotrophic respiration, latent and sensible heat fluxes, litter fall rate, soil moisture and temperature, and basic vegetation state are also compared with available observation-based estimates which provide confidence that the model overall behaves realistically at the two sites. Our results indicate that appropriately representing the influence of soil texture and depth, through soil moisture, on seasonal patterns of GPP and, especially, heterotrophic respiration is important to correctly simulating NEP seasonality.
Sediment dynamics on a steep, megatidal, mixed sand–gravel–cobble beach
Authors: Hay A. E. , Zedel L. , Stark N.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Results are presented from a pilot study of shore-face sediment dynamics on a steep, poorly sorted, coarse-grained, megatidal beach at the head of the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada. The experiment involved the first field deployment of a prototype wideband, pulse-coherent, bistatic acoustic Doppler profiling system. Measurements of the vertical structure of flow and turbulence above a sloping bed, as well as bed material velocity, demonstrate the capabilities of this instrument vis-à-vis studies of nearshore sediment dynamics at the field scale. The second focus of the paper is the unexpected observation that the surficial sediment median diameter, across the lower two-thirds of the intertidal zone, underwent a pronounced decrease when wave forcing was more energetic, compared to values observed during calmer conditions. The explanation for this result appears to involve the formation – in wave-dominated conditions – of metre-scale wavelength, 20 cm high ripples on the rising tide, which are then planed flat by the swash and/or the shore break on the subsequent ebb.
The linkages among hillslope-vegetation changes, elevation, and the timing of late-Quaternary fluvial-system aggradation in the Mojave Desert revisited
Authors: Pelletier J. D.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Valley-floor-channel and alluvial-fan deposits and terraces in the southwestern US record multiple episodes of late-Quaternary fluvial-system aggradation and incision. Perhaps the most well-constrained of these episodes took place from the latest Pleistocene to the present in the Mojave Desert. One hypothesis for this episode – i.e., the paleovegetation-change hypothesis (PVCH) – posits that a reduction in hillslope vegetation cover associated with the transition from Pleistocene woodlands to Holocene desert scrub generated a pulse of sediment that triggered a primary phase of aggradation downstream, followed by channel incision, terrace abandonment, and initiation of a secondary phase of aggradation further downstream. A second hypothesis – i.e., the extreme-storm hypothesis – attributes episodes of aggradation and incision to changes in the frequency and/or intensity of extreme storms. In the past decade a growing number of studies has advocated the extreme-storm hypothesis and challenged the PVCH on the basis of inconsistencies in both timing and process. Here I show that in eight out of nine sites where the timing of fluvial-system aggradation in the Mojave Desert is reasonably well constrained, measured ages of primary aggradation are consistent with the predictions of the PVCH if the time-transgressive nature of paleovegetation changes with elevation is fully taken into account. I also present an alternative process model for PVCH that is more consistent with available data and produces sediment pulses primarily via an increase in drainage density (i.e., a transformation of hillslopes into low-order channels) rather than solely via an increase in sediment yield from hillslopes. This paper further documents the likely important role of changes in upland vegetation cover and drainage density in driving fluvial-system response during semiarid-to-arid climatic changes.
An explanation of large-scale coal and gas outbursts in underground coal mines: the effect of low-permeability zones on abnormally abundant gas
Authors: An F. H. , Cheng Y. P.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Large-scale coal and gas outbursts pose a risk of fatal disasters in underground mines. Large-scale outbursts (outburst of coal and rock greater than 500 t) in recent years in China indicate that there is abundant gas in areas of outbursts containing large amounts of potential energy. The adequate sealing properties of the roof and floor of a coal seam are required for local abundant gas around the site of an outburst, but an annular low-permeability zone in a coal seam, which prevents the loss by gas migration through the coal seam itself, is also required. The distribution of coal gas with this annular zone of low permeability is described, and it is proposed that the annular zone of low permeability creates conditions for confining the coal gas. The effect of this low-permeability zone on the gas distribution is analyzed after allowing for simplifications in the model. The results show that the permeability and length of the low-permeability zone have a great impact on the gas distribution, and the permeability is required to be several orders of magnitude less than that of normal coal and enough length is also in demand. A steep gradient of gas pressure in the low-permeability zone and the high-pressure gas in the abundant zone of gas can promote coal mass failure and coal wall deformation, thereby accelerating the coal and gas outburst. The high-pressure gas in abundant zone of gas will lead to a large-scale outburst if an outburst occurs.
Dynamic response of Antarctic ice shelves to bedrock uncertainty
Authors: Sun S. , Cornford S. L. , Liu Y. , Moore J. C.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Accurate and extensive bedrock geometry data is essential in ice sheet modelling. The shape of the bedrock on fine scales can influence ice sheet evolution, for example through the formation of pinning points that alter grounding line dynamics. Here we test the sensitivity of the BISICLES adaptive mesh ice sheet model to small-amplitude height fluctuations on different spatial scales in the bedrock topography provided by Bedmap2 in the catchments of Pine Island Glacier, the Amery Ice shelf and a region of East Antarctica including the Aurora Basin, Law Dome and Totten Glacier. We generate an ensemble of bedrock topographies by adding random noise to the Bedmap2 data with amplitude determined by the accompanying estimates of bedrock uncertainty. We find that the small-amplitude fluctuations result in only minor changes in the way these glaciers evolve. However, lower-frequency noise, with a broad spatial scale (over tens of kilometres) is more important than higher-frequency noise even when the features have the same height amplitudes and the total noise power is maintained. This is cause for optimism regarding credible sea level rise estimates with presently achievable density of thickness measurements. Pine Island Glacier and the region around Totten Glacier and Law Dome undergo substantial retreat and appear to be more sensitive to errors in bed topography than the Amery Ice shelf region which remains stable under the present-day observational data uncertainty.
A PERCEPÇÃO DOS PROFISSIONAIS DA EQUIPE DE ENFERMAGEM SOBRE O TRABALHO DOS ENFERMEIROS
Authors: Gindri Lucélia , Medeiros Hilda Maria Freitas , Zamberlan Cláudia , Costenaro Regina Gema Santini
Published: August 2014

A atuação da enfermagem ao longo do tempo evolui em nossa sociedade, assumindo novas funções, conquistando novos espaços e principalmente a liderança. Durante a trajetória acadêmica surgiu a necessidade de entender o significado do trabalho realizado pelo enfermeiro para os profissionais técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem. Assim, esta pesquisa descritiva exploratória objetiva, identificar a percepção dos profissionais da equipe de enfermagem sobre o trabalho do enfermeiro, conhecer as expectativas desses profissionais em relação ao serviço administrativo do enfermeiro. Para coleta de dados, foi utilizado um questionário com cinco questões objetivas e seis subjetivas direcionadas aos profissionais técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem que atuam nas unidades de internação clínica, cirúrgica, CTI adulto e Pronto Socorro de um hospital filantrópico localizado na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta dos dados ocorreu em março de 2005. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade da presença do enfermeiro, assim como a importância da sua atuação assistencial e administrativa, visando sempre o bom relacionamento e o bem estar dos colaboradores da equipe de enfermagem.
FAMÍLIA COM CRIANÇA VÍTIMA DE AGRAVOS POR CAUSAS EXTERNAS
Authors: Muller Fernanda Beatriz , Weigelt Leni Dias
Published: August 2014

Neste trabalho apresentam-se as percepções das famílias com crianças vitimadas por agravos externos, obtidas mediante entrevistas com pais de crianças internadas na pediatria de um hospital referência regional no Vale do Rio Pardo no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com vistas a contribuir para a reflexão sobre a atenção à saúde da criança e família. A metodologia utilizada foi o construcionismo social, que possibilitou a análise qualitativa dos dados. Desta, emergiram as seguintes categorias: a naturalização do risco; os acontecimentos como acidentes; sentimentos aflorados (culpa, responsabilidade, medo); o despreparo para lidar com as conseqüências e cuidar da criança no seio da família.
UMA VISÃO MULTIPROFISSIONAL HUMANIZADA NO TRATAMENTO DA PESSOA COM DEPENDÊNCIA QUÍMICA EM ENFERMARIA PSIQUIÁTRICA DE UM HOSPITAL GERAL NO PARANÁ
Authors: Ferreira Francine Giselle Keiko Yotoko , Luz Jaqueline Andréia , Obrzut-Neto Ladislao , Santos Katia Aparecida
Published: August 2014

Este artigo refere-se ao relato da proposta de tratamento da pessoa com dependência química em Enfermarias de Psiquiatria (EPs) de Hospital Geral, mais especificamente na Santa Casa de Irati - Paraná, que é hospital de referência para outros oito municípios vizinhos. O objetivo deste é divulgar o trabalho que vem sendo desenvolvido no campo das dependências químicas em hospital geral. Elaborou-se um plano terapêutico que possibilita aos profissionais da saúde intervir junto ao dependente químico no momento de crise, na prevenção da recaída e na reabilitação em um curto período de tempo, oferecendo suporte a este e à sua família, por intermédio de um atendimento rápido e eficaz. Para embasar a presente proposta, fez-se uma coleta de dados relativa ao ano de 2002, de pacientes internados por alcoolismo e outras drogas, concomitantemente com uma pesquisa bibliográfica para estabelecer o perfil de pacientes que procuram este tipo de serviço.
O ENFERMEIRO DOCENTE E O ENSINO DO CUIDADO DOMICILIAR NA GRADUAÇÃO
Authors: Martins Soriane Kieski , Mathias Jania Jacson dos Santos , Meier Marineli Joaquim , Lacerda Maria Ribeiro
Published: August 2014

Reflexão a respeito da necessidade de um enfoque diferenciado com relação ao cuidado e seus desdobramentos, especialmente o cuidado domiciliar, buscando despertar o olhar do docente de enfermagem para o ensino na graduação a partir das novas perspectivas surgidas com as mudanças que se apresentam no período de pós-modernidade. O estudo buscou contemplar os desafios emergentes em relação ao novo perfil do profissional de enfermagem e demonstrar a necessidade de uma re-elaboração do ensino, e, além disso, ressaltar a necessidade de um constante aprimoramento do docente enfermeiro como forma de atingir os objetivos aos quais se propõe. Considera, finalmente, a importância de que, dentro dessas perspectivas apontadas, formem-se profissionais de enfermagem conscientes da essencialidade do cuidado de enfermagem e da diferença que podem fazer como enfermeiros.