bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auditory‐evoked potentials to changes in sound duration in urethane‐anaesthetized mice
Authors: Lipponen Arto , Kurkela Jari L. O. , Kyläheiko Iiris , Hölttä Sonja , Ruusuvirta Timo , Hämäläinen Jarmo A. , Astikainen Piia
Published: January 2019

Spectrotemporally complex sounds carry important information for acoustic communication. Among the important features of these sounds is the temporal duration. An event‐related potential called mismatch negativity indexes auditory change detection in humans. An analogous response (mismatch response) has been found to duration changes in speech sounds in rats but not yet in mice. We addressed whether mice show this response, and, if elicited, whether this response is functionally analogous to mismatch negativity or whether adaptation‐based models suffice to explain them. Auditory‐evoked potentials were epidurally recorded above the mice auditory cortex. The differential response to the changes in a repeated human speech sound /a/ was elicited 53–259 ms post‐change (oddball condition). The differential response was observable to the largest duration change (from 200 to 110 ms). Any smaller (from 200 to 120–180 ms at 10 ms steps) duration changes did elicit an observable response. The response to the largest duration change did not robustly differ in amplitude from the response to the change‐inducing sound presented without its repetitive background (equiprobable condition). The findings suggest that adaptation may suffice to explain responses to duration changes in spectrotemporally complex sounds in anaesthetized mice. The results pave way for development of a variety of murine models of acoustic communication.
Heritage language education in the United States: A national survey of college‐level Chinese language programs
Authors: Luo Han , Li Yu , Li Ming‐Ying
Published: January 2019

This study reports the results of a national survey of Chinese as a heritage language (CHL) education in U.S. colleges and universities. Conducted during a period of 13 months, the project included an initial survey that elicited general information such as program structure, course offerings, and materials. Of the 619 institutions to which the survey was sent, 246 responses were received, of which 51 institutions were identified as offering CHL courses. A follow‐up survey of heritage‐track instructors at the 51 institutions investigated their views on existing teaching materials, challenges, successful experiences, and needs for professional development. In addition to providing a general picture of college‐level CHL education across the United States, this article also identifies urgent issues that need to be addressed for CHL education and discusses the implications for teaching CHL learners in particular and heritage language learners in general.
Investigating marine bio‐calcification mechanisms in a changing ocean with in vivo and high‐resolution ex vivo Raman spectroscopy
Authors: DeCarlo Thomas M. , Comeau Steeve , Cornwall Christopher E. , Gajdzik Laura , Guagliardo Paul , Sadekov Aleksey , Thillainath Emma C. , Trotter Julie , McCulloch Malcolm T.
Published: January 2019

Ocean acidification poses a serious threat to marine calcifying organisms, yet experimental and field studies have found highly diverse responses among species and environments. Our understanding of the underlying drivers of differential responses to ocean acidification is currently limited by difficulties in directly observing and quantifying the mechanisms of bio‐calcification. Here, we present Raman spectroscopy techniques for characterizing the skeletal mineralogy and calcifying fluid chemistry of marine calcifying organisms such as corals, coralline algae, foraminifera, and fish (carbonate otoliths). First, our in vivo Raman technique is the ideal tool for investigating non‐classical mineralization pathways. This includes calcification by amorphous particle attachment, which has recently been controversially suggested as a mechanism by which corals resist the negative effects of ocean acidification. Second, high‐resolution ex vivo Raman mapping reveals complex banding structures in the mineralogy of marine calcifiers, and provides a tool to quantify calcification responses to environmental variability on various timescales from days to years. We describe the new insights into marine bio‐calcification that our techniques have already uncovered, and we consider the wide range of questions regarding calcifier responses to global change that can now be proposed and addressed with these new Raman spectroscopy tools.
Temporal muscle thickness as a new indicator of nutritional status in older individuals
Authors: Hasegawa Yoko , Yoshida Mikako , Sato Aya , Fujimoto Yumiko , Minematsu Takeo , Sugama Junko , Sanada Hiromi
Published: January 2019

Aim

Temporal muscle wasting is subjectively evaluated during nutritional assessment of protein–energy malnutrition. However, a quantitative evaluation method has not been established. The aim was to verify the validity and reliability of temporal muscle thickness measurement in comparison with established indicators of nutritional status, such as body mass index.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was carried out from September 2016 through June 2017. A total of 73 individuals aged ≥65 years were recruited from two facilities and one community walking group. Temporal muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonography. Nutritional status was assessed with anthropometric measurements and laboratory examinations.

Results

For validity, the temporal muscle thickness showed strong correlations with muscle mass, including calf circumference (r = 0.608, P < 0.001) and arm muscle circumference (r = 0.433, P < 0.001). In contrast, no strong correlations were observed with serum protein levels, such as albumin (r = 0.324, P = 0.005), or fat mass evaluated as triceps skinfold thickness (r = 0.216, P = 0.067). Temporal muscle thickness was significantly related to body mass index after adjusting for possible confounding factors of masticatory status, age and sex (β = 0.335, P = 0.007). As for reliability, the intrarater reliability of the temporal muscle measurement was 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.98–1.00). Bland–Altman plot analysis showed no systematic errors, and the coefficient of variation of temporal muscle thickness measurements was 2.3%.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that measuring a temporal muscle thickness using ultrasonography is a valid and reliable method for evaluating nutritional status. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 135–140.
Low incidence of acute rejection within 6 months of kidney transplantation in HIV‐infected recipients treated with raltegravir: the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) 153 TREVE trial
Authors: Matignon M , Lelièvre J‐D , Lahiani A , Abbassi K , Desvaux D , Diallo A , Peraldi M‐N , Taburet A‐M , Saillard J , Delaugerre C , Costagliola D , Assoumou L , Grimbert P ,   the ANRS 153 TREVE study group
Published: January 2019

Objectives

High rates of clinical acute rejection after kidney transplantation have been reported in people living with HIV (PLHIV), probably as a consequence of drug interactions. We therefore investigated the incidence of acute rejection within 6 months of transplantation in HIV‐infected recipients treated with a protease‐inhibitor‐free raltegravir‐based regimen.

Methods

The Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) 153 TREVE (NCT01453192) study was a prospective multicentre single‐arm trial in adult PLHIV awaiting kidney transplantation, with viral load < 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL, CD4 T‐cell count > 200 cells/μL, and HIV‐1 strains sensitive to raltegravir, aiming to demonstrate 6‐month clinical acute rejection rates < 30%. Time to transplantation was compared with that for uninfected subjects matched for age, sex and registration date.

Results

In total, 61 participants were enrolled in the study, and 26 underwent kidney transplantation. Two participants experienced clinical acute rejection, corresponding to an estimated clinical acute rejection rate of 8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2–24%] at 6 and 12 months post‐transplantation. HIV infection remained under control in all but one participant, who temporarily stopped antiretroviral treatment. Median time to transplantation was longer in PLHIV than in controls (4.3 versus 2.8 years, respectively; P = 0.002) and was not influenced by blood group.

Conclusions

Acute rejection rates were low after kidney transplantation in PLHIV treated with a raltegravir‐based regimen. However, PLHIV have poorer access to transplantation than HIV‐uninfected individuals after registration on the waiting list.
Metamorphic olivine after dehydration embrittlement in Serpentinite: Case study from the Shiraga Serpentinite mass in the Sanbagawa high P/T metamorphic belt, central Shikoku, Japan
Authors: Fukumura Seiya , Okamoto Kazuaki , Terabayashi Masaru
Published: January 2019

Metamorphic olivine veins in serpentinites are considered to be a metamorphism dehydration product. However, the previous descriptions of these veins have been from paleo‐collision belts such as those in the Alps, Norwegian Caledonides, and Spain. Here the unique metamorphic olivine veins in a mass of serpentinite in the high‐pressure/low‐temperature (high P/T) Sanbagawa belt was reported. The Sanbagawa belt is a product of the subduction of oceanic plates during the Cretaceous. Elongated olivine‐talc veins were observed along shear bands in serpentine mylonite. The olivine's chemical composition is nearly pure forsterite; magnetite is distributed along the boundary of the olivine vein. This clearly suggests that the olivine was formed by the antigorite terminal reaction at a pressure less than 1.5 GPa. The reaction was caused by local heating in the mylonite as there is little evidence of the continuous antigorite breakdown reaction in the serpentinite. Metamorphic olivines are possibly formed in the intraslab earthquake zone of a relatively warm subduction zone such as southwest Japan after the antigorite terminal reaction at P less than 1.5 GPa.
An efficient method to determine the Hydrophile‐Lipophile Balance of surfactants using the phase inversion temperature deviation of CiEj/n‐octane/water emulsions
Authors: Nollet M. , Boulghobra H. , Calligaro E. , Rodier J.‐D.
Published: January 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to develop a fast and an efficient method to determine the Hydrophile‐Lipophile Balance (HLB) number of cosmetic and pharmaceutics surfactants.

Methods

This method is based on the deviation of the phase inversion temperature induced by the addition of the test compound, with respect to the phase inversion temperature of a reference system, which includes an ethoxylated surfactant. This method is called PIT‐deviation.

Results

Three calibration curves are set up with three reference ethoxylated surfactants. These calibration curves make it possible to evaluate the interfacial behaviour of certain chemicals. More particularly, these curves make it possible to easily determine the surfactant HLB.

Conclusion

In this study, a fast and accurate method has been developed to determine the hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance (HLB) number of amphiphilic chemicals. This new method can be applied to establish an HLB number of all commercial amphiphilic ingredients. Compounds which have a PIT‐deviation close to zero are also discussed.
Effect of TiB2 addition on grain orientation of porous Si3N4‐TiB2 composites by magnetic field alignment technology
Authors: Yang Zhigang , Zhao Zhijia , Yu Jianbo , Ren Zhongming
Published: January 2019

Textured porous Si3N4‐TiB2 composites were prepared by gel‐casting–assisted magnetic field alignment technology and subsequent pressureless sintering in the N2 atmosphere. The effects of TiB2 content on grain orientation and properties of composites were studied. Results showed that using the magnetic field of 6T, Si3N4 grains exhibited a high a‐ or b‐axis orientation and TiB2 grains exhibited a high c‐axis orientation. In textured green bodies, the increase in TiB2 content from 0 to 20 wt%, the degree of texture of Si3N4 grains showed a slight decrease from 0.78 to 0.71. However, the degree of texture of TiB2 grains was maintained at about 0.98 regardless of TiB2 content. After sintering, except for the Si3N4 and TiB2 phases, new TiN and BN phases also appeared in the samples. Additionally, the sintering process promotes grain orientation of Si3N4 and TiB2. Herein, the degree of texture of TiB2 reached to about 1 regardless of TiB2 content, meaning that the complete grain orientation formed for TiB2. Owing to the reconstruction reaction between TiB2 and N2, new TiN and BN phases did not form the orientation. The increase in TiB2 contents gradually increased the apparent porosity of the textured samples from 27.9% to 39.4%, thereby leading to the decrease in bending strength from 126.8 ± 18.8 MPa to 60.3 ± 11.2 MPa and from 105.3 ± 19.8 MPa to 53.6 ± 13.0 MPa in two directions, respectively.
The Politics ofIDPEducation Provision: Negotiating identity and schooling in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Authors: Shanks Kelsey
Published: January 2019

The expansion of Islamic State control in Iraq led to massive internal displacement. Iraq now has one of the largest internally displaced populations in the world. Many families found relative safety in government‐controlled towns throughout the country; a large proportion sought refuge in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), having fled from its northern territories where Arabs, Kurds, Yezidis, Assyrians and Turkmen each claimed demographic dominance. Consequently, theKRIhas become a sanctuary to almost a million IraqiIDPs of varying ethnic backgrounds and cultures. This article draws on extensive regional fieldwork to explore the relationship between education provision for displaced populations and broader ethno‐sectarian and socio‐political influences. The article will unpack the research question: “In what ways does education forIDPs inKRIexacerbate or mitigate conflict?” and will highlight key areas in which misunderstanding of identity politics has resulted in reduced quality education for displaced populations.
The statistical properties of the networks of emigrants: the Ecuadorian case
Authors: Espinosa Alexandra M. , Horna Luís , Mendieta Muñoz Rodrigo , Pontarollo Nicola
Published: January 2019

This article shows that the threshold model appropriately analysed can explain the emigration process as a consequence of the network features, where the willingness to emigrate depends on the personal and household conditions borne by the emigrant. In such a case, the emigration process can be defined in terms of a Pólya schema, and the emigration rate converges almost surely to a random variable with a beta distribution, which fully characterizes the network (assimilation, integration, separation or marginalization). The model is applied to Ecuador, which has experienced an unprecedented wave of emigration since 1998. We show that, despite the massive exodus, the process does not constitute a diaspora, because Ecuadorians do not interact appropriately with natives.
A study of natal teeth in Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: TO EDWARD W. H.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study was to review cases of natal teeth in babies born between January 1984 and December 1988 at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong. There were 53678 births at the hospital during this period and 48 babies had natal teeth, a prevalence of 1: 1118. The 48 babies had 72 natal teeth, all mandibular central inscisors. The natal teeth in two babies were supernumerary teeth of a predeciduous dentition. Twenty nine natal teeth were extracted because they were hypermobile, three were extracted because they traumatized the ventral surface of the babies's tongue, and 16 were not extracted. The subjects were reviewed one day after the initial examination, and then after 1 week, 1 month and at 6‐month intervals. No appreciable space loss occurred following the extractions. Root development occurred in teeth that were not extracted, but the crowns were hypoplastic in three cases.
Dental caries experience of 5‐year‐old children related to their parents' education levels: a study in an Arab community in Israel
Authors: HOLAN GIDEON , IYAD NASER , CHOSACK AUBREY
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence that parents' education may have on the prevalence of dental caries in young children. The study was conducted on 210 kindergarten childen aged 5 years in an Arab village.

The presence of caries was determined according to the WHO criteria, with an explorer and a dental mirror under natural light. The education of the parents was assessed on a scale of 1–6 according to information obtained from a questionnaire to the parents.

The results of this study showed that children of highly educated parents had relatively low dental caries experience. The influence of the mothers was apparent at a lower educational level than that of the fathers. In this population only 0·6% of the dental treatment needs were met. Of the kindergarten children 99·5% had experienced caries. The caries experience was extremely high: the mean dmfs was 17·7 (± 12·15), and the means dmft 8·04 (±8·37).
Resorption of the crown of an unerupted permanent molar
Authors: TAYLOR N. G. , GRAVELY J. F. , HUMP W. J.
Published: January 2019

This case report describes an unusual phenomenon where resorption occurred in the crown of an unerupted permanent molar. It was an incidental radiological finding. After eruption the tooth was extracted. Histological examination revealed resorption of enamel and dentine, and partial replacement by calcific material. The possible aetiology of the condition is discussed.
Estimating direct genetic and maternal effects affecting rabbit growth and feed efficiency with a factorial design
Authors: Garreau Hervé , Ruesche Julien , Gilbert Hélène , Balmisse Elodie , Benitez Florence , Richard François , David Ingrid , Drouilhet Laurence , Zemb Olivier
Published: January 2019

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the significance of neonatal environment on feed efficiency. For that purpose, rabbits from a line selected for residual feed intake (RFI) during 10 generations (G10 kits) were cross‐fostered with non‐selected control does (i.e., G0 line), and reciprocally. In parallel, sibs were fostered by mothers from their original line. Nine hundred animals were raised in individual (N = 456) or collective (N = 320) cages. Traits analysed in this study were body weight at 32 days and at 63 days, average daily gain (ADG), feed intake between weaning and 63 days (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and RFI. The maternal environment offered by does from the line selected for RFI deteriorated the FCR of the kits, independently of their line of origin, during fattening (+0.08 ± 0.02) compared to FCR of kits nursed by G0 does. The line, the type of housing and the batch were significant effects for all the measured traits: G10 kits were lighter than their G0 counterparts at 32 days (−82.9 ± 9 g, p < 0.0001) and at 63 days (−161 ± 16 g, p < 0.0001). They also had a lower ADG (−2.36 ± 0.36 g/day, p < 0.0001), RFI (−521 ± 24 g/day, p < 0.0001) and a lower FI (−855 ± 31 g, p < 0.0001), resulting in a more desirable feed efficiency (FCR: −0.35 ± 0.02). There was no significant difference in the contrast of G10 and G0 performances between collective and individual/digestive cages (p > 0.22): −2.35 g/day versus 2.94 g/day for ADG, −0.39 versus −0.40 for FCR, −577 g versus −565 g for RFI and −879 g versus −859 g for FI, respectively). Thus, no genotype‐by‐environment (housing) interaction is expected at the commercial level, that is, no re‐ranking of the animals due to collective housing.
Polyploidy in creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) shapes the biogeography of specialist herbivores
Authors: O'Connor Timothy K. , Laport Robert G. , Whiteman Noah K.
Published: January 2019

Aim

Whole‐genome duplication (polyploidy) can influence the biogeography and ecology of plants that differ in ploidy level (cytotype). Here, we address how two consequences of plant polyploidy (parapatry of cytotypes and altered species interactions) shape the biogeography of herbivorous insects.

Location

Warm deserts of North America.

Taxa

Gall midges (Asphondylia auripila group, Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that attack three parapatric cytotypes of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata, Zygophyllaceae).

Methods

We surveyed Asphondylia species diversity at 177 sites across a 2300‐km extent. After noting a correspondence between the distributions of eight Asphondylia species and L. tridentata cytotypes, we fine‐mapped Asphondylia species range limits with transects spanning cytotype contact zones. We then tested whether plant–insect interactions and/or abiotic factors explain this coincidence by (a) comparing attack rates and gall midge communities on alternative cytotypes in a narrow zone of sympatry and (b) using species distribution models (SDMs) to determine if climatically suitable habitat for each midge species extended beyond cytotype contact zones.

Results

The range limits of 6/17 Asphondylia species (including two novel putative species confirmed with COI sequencing) perfectly coincided with the contact zone of diploid and tetraploid L. tridentata. One midge species was restricted to diploid host plants while five were restricted to tetraploid and hexaploid host plants. Where diploid and tetraploid L. tridentata are sympatric, cytotype‐restricted midge species more frequently attacked their typical host and Asphondylia community structure differed markedly between cytotypes. SDMs predicted that distributions of cytotype‐restricted midge species were not constrained by climatic conditions near cytotype contact zones.

Main conclusions

Contact zones between plant cytotypes are dispersal barriers for many Asphondylia species due to plant–insect interactions. The distribution of L. tridentata cytotypes therefore shapes herbivore species ranges and herbivore community structure across North American deserts. Our results demonstrate that polyploidy in plants can affect the biogeography of ecological communities.
High vagility facilitates population persistence and expansion prior to the Last Glacial Maximum in an antarctic top predator: The Snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea)
Authors: Carrea Cecilia , Burridge Christopher P. , Wienecke Barbara , Emmerson Louise M. , White Duanne , Miller Karen J.
Published: January 2019

Aims

Pleistocene glacial cycles have had profound effects on the distribution and genetic diversity of high latitude species, which can vary with species‐specific traits, such as vagility. Demographic responses of antarctic flying seabirds to the same events remain unassessed. We addressed this knowledge gap by studying the genetic population connectivity and demographic history of a flying seabird endemic to Antarctica, the Snow petrel. We hypothesize that their high vagility due to flight may represent an advantage over non‐flying seabirds in enduring past climate variation.

Location

Approximately 3,000 km of coastline in East Antarctica, covering three areas in Mac. Robertson Land, Princess Elizabeth Land and Wilkes Land. An inland location was also sampled at the Prince Charles Mountains, Mac. Robertson Land.

Taxon

Snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea).

Methods

We sampled 93 individuals and sequenced a total of 5,412 base pairs, including two mitochondrial genes, four anonymous nuclear loci and a nuclear intron. We used frequentist and Bayesian approaches to examine population genetic structuring and an Extended Bayesian Skyline Plot method to infer the demographic history of the species in the study area. In addition, evidence of exposed bedrock during glacial periods was summarized in maps of the studied area representing potential refugia for the species.

Results

Differentiation indexes, genetic clustering and haplotype networks suggest long‐term population connectivity for Snow petrels across the study area, with no evidence for reliction into refugia that were genetically isolated. Significantly, population expansions pre‐dated the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), but only where there was evidence of ice‐free areas during this period.

Main conclusions

The high vagility of Snow petrels may have been advantageous for access to foraging areas and supported large populations despite the harsh conditions during the LGM. Our results highlight that species‐specific traits can exert a strong influence on demographic responses to the same environmental events.
Genome‐wide markers untangle the green‐lizard radiation in the Aegean Sea and support a rare biogeographical pattern
Authors: Kornilios Panagiotis , Thanou Evanthia , Lymberakis Petros , Ilgaz Çetin , Kumlutaş Yusuf , Leaché Adam
Published: January 2019

Aim

The Aegean Sea constitutes a major biogeographic barrier between the European and Asian continents and several models of diversification in the Aegean have been documented. Here, we test three of those models for the Aegean green‐lizards (Lacerta trilineata–pamphylicagroup): Vicariance versus Overland Dispersal versus Island Stepping‐stone Dispersal. We investigate these hypotheses and complement our knowledge on the impact of the Aegean Barrier on east Mediterranean taxa.

Location

Aegean Sea, east Mediterranean.

Taxon

Lacertalizards.

Methods

We analysed ddRADloci (double‐digest restriction‐site‐associatedDNA) to estimate species‐trees under coalescent models and maximum likelihood trees using concatenation. We performed hierarchical population structure analyses and inferred ancestral distribution‐areas. We also sequenced the complete cytochromebgene and produced a time‐calibrated mtDNAgene‐tree to conduct a critical comparison with previous studies.

Results

Aegean green‐lizards diverged into four main groups in parallel during the Late Pliocene with distributions to the East and West of the Aegean. The Eastern group includesLacerta pamphylicaand East AegeanL. trilineata, while the Western group contains the Central Cyclades populations and the remaining populations of the Balkan Peninsula. The Aegean green‐lizards’ ancestor occurred in Anatolia, while the West lineage ancestor occurred in the Central Cyclades islands, revealing a dispersal between the two regions. The radiations of all major green‐lizard groups, includingtrilineata+pamphylica, occurred in parallel in the Late Pliocene.

Main Conclusions

In contrast to previously suggested biogeographical hypotheses for the group, based on mtDNA, the Island Stepping‐stone Dispersal scenario is strongly supported. Green lizards offer a rare paradigm of diversification in the Aegean, where populations largely expanded their geographical distribution and crossed the Aegean Barrier using the central Aegean islands as stepping stones.
Dual‐task effects on postural sway during sit‐to‐stand movement in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Pena G. M. , Pavão S. L. , Oliveira M. F. P. , Godoi D. , de Campos A. C. , Rocha N. A. C. F.
Published: January 2019

Background

Cognitive and postural tasks require common cognitive mechanisms, resulting in conflicts when both tasks are simultaneously performed. The presence of neuromotor dysfunctions, such as Down syndrome, may impair coordination processes required to perform dual‐tasks. The objective of this study was to investigate the dual‐task effects on postural sway during sit‐to‐stand movements in typical children and children with Down syndrome in a cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Twenty six typical children (10.2 ± 2.4 years) and 21 with Down syndrome (10.3 ± 2.3 years) performed sit‐to‐stand in the following conditions: (1) simple task; (2) dual‐task bimanual activity (DT‐Bim): sit‐to‐stand while carrying a tray using both hands; (3) dual‐task unimanual dominant activity (DT‐Uni‐Dom): sit‐to‐stand while holding a plastic cup simulating water using the dominant hand; (4) dual‐task unimanual non‐dominant activity (DT‐Uni‐Nondom): sit‐to‐stand movement while holding a plastic cup simulating water. For data analysis, sit‐to‐stand was divided into three phases: preparation (phase 1), rising (phase 2), and stabilisation (phase 3). The following variables were calculated for each phase: anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral amplitude of centre‐of‐pressure displacement, anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral velocity of centre‐of‐pressure sway and area of centre‐of‐pressure sway.

Results

Children with Down syndrome showed greater sway than typical children in all sit‐to‐stand phases. Typical children showed greater anterior‐posterior amplitude in phase 2 of sit‐to‐stand during DT‐Uni Nondom compared with DT‐Uni Dom. Children with Down syndrome during simple task condition showed greater and faster values sway in phases 2 and 3 of sit‐to‐stand movement than in DT‐Bim activity, DT‐Uni Dom activity and DT‐Uni Nondom activity. During the condition of DT‐Bim activity, these children showed lower anterior‐posterior velocity of sway in phase 2 than during DT‐Uni Dom activity.

Conclusions

Children with Down syndrome showed greater postural sway during sit‐to‐stand than typical children. The addition of a concurrent motor task to sit‐to‐stand impacted postural sway in different intensities and in different ways across groups. Dual‐tasks increased body sway in typical children in the DT‐Uni Nondom condition compared with dominant one. In children with Down syndrome, dual‐tasks decreased body sway, apparently resulting in a postural strategy of stiffness.
Animal Transference and Transformation Among Wounaan
Authors: Velásquez Runk Julie , Peña Ismare Chindío , Peña Conquista Toño
Published: January 2019

Mucha de la literatura ontológica sobre ‘amerindios’ pone énfasis en la metamorfosis y la transformación. Este artículo examina la transferencia y transformación de animales entre los indígenas wounaan de Panamá. Mediante observación participativa y análisis de los cuentos examinamos la transferencia de características virtuosas de animales (y otros organismos y cosas) a bebes recién nacidos a través del ombligo (p′oo nʌm, conocido en español como ombligado) y la transformación de seres humanos en animales tal como señalan los cuentos tradicionales. Usamos ejemplos específicos para demostrar cómo y por qué estas dos interacciones animales‐seres humanos destacan la persona humana—una la aumenta y la otra la disminuya. En vez de una fácil mutabilidad entre esferas humanas y animales de la realidad, encontramos que la transferencia y la transformación están entrelazadas con la relacionalidad, la moralidad, y la convivialidad construccional cotidiana con animales y no‐animales entre ello. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el área istmo‐colombiano pueda revelar ontologías diferentes que las detalladas de otras regiones y que la atención a ontologías políticas podría prevenir la esencialización de la alteridad.
Takotsubo syndrome occurring concomitantly with pre‐eclampsia: A case report
Authors: Horie Kenji , Takahashi Hironori , Fujimoto Yoko , Kaneko Daisuke , Yada Yukari , Matsubara Shigeki
Published: January 2019

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) patients show transient ventricular dysfunction without coronary artery stenosis. We report a pregnant woman with TTS occurring concomitantly with severe pre‐eclampsia (PE). A primiparous woman complained of dyspnea at 35 weeks of gestation. She showed severe PE, and cardiac ultrasound identified akinesis of the anterior lower wall. On the same day, emergent cesarean section was performed due to a nonreassuring fetus status, yielding a male infant with an umbilical artery pH of 6.851. Unfortunately, the neonate died of multiple organ failure. Following the delivery, her cardiac function markedly improved, and coronary angiography showed no coronary artery stenosis. Considering the clinical findings, we diagnosed the patient with TTS. Regarding antenatally occurring TTS, only six patients have been reported including the present one. Of the six patients, three had severe PE. Although previous reports on pregnancy‐associated TTS described good maternal outcomes, antenatally occurring TTS complicated by severe PE may become critical for fetuses.
Beliefs About Money in Families: Balancing Unity, Autonomy, and Gender Equality
Authors: Pepin Joanna R.
Published: January 2019

Objective: This study provides the first nationally representative data on U.S. adults' perceptions of income sharing within families.

Background: Modern couples confront tensions between ideals of mutual interests and values of economic autonomy, a departure from fitting themselves into culturally expected family arrangements of the past. This study teases apart the conditions under which people might prioritize one cultural value over another.

Method: The author conducted a nationally representative survey experiment (N = 3,986 individuals). The respondents selected an income allocation arrangement for a fictional couple with varied relationships investments (i.e., marriage, parenthood, length of relationship) and earning disparities.

Results: Although stronger relationship investments were associated with greater support for sharing all income, the most commonly selected income allocation arrangement was a hybrid arrangement of sharing some income and keeping the rest separate. When respondents preferred some amount of financial autonomy, the primary earner was expected to maintain ownership of a greater amount of the total household income. The preferred level of withholding income was slightly larger in magnitude when women were shown as the primary earner when compared with men shown as the primary earner.

Conclusion: The pursuit of economic autonomy, in combination with beliefs about gender, are important dimensions of gender inequality located within families.
The Cost of Consequentialization
Authors: Sauer Hanno
Published: January 2019

Consequentializers suggest that for all non‐consequentialist moral theories, one can come up with a consequentialist counterpart that generates exactly the same deontic output as the original theory. Thus, all moral theories can be “consequentialized.” This paper argues that this procedure, though technically feasible, deprives consequentialism of its potential for normative justification. By allowing purported counterexamples to any given consequentialist moral theory to be accommodated within that theory’s account of value, consequentializers achieve a hollow victory. The resulting deontically equivalent consequentalist counterpart that results from absorbing originally non‐consequentialist moral intuitions can now no longer explain, in a theoretically illuminating way, why certain actions are wrong and others right. The paper explains why traditional consequentialist theories did not embrace the procedure, and sketches how consequentialism can consequentialize without incurring the same cost.
Normativity in the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Kaiser Marie I.
Published: January 2019

This paper analyzes what it means for philosophy of science to be normative. It argues that normativity is a multifaceted phenomenon rather than a general feature that a philosophical theory either has or lacks. It analyzes the normativity of philosophy of science by articulating three ways in which a philosophical theory can be normative. Methodological normativity arises from normative assumptions that philosophers make when they select, interpret, evaluate, and mutually adjust relevant empirical information, on which they base their philosophical theories. Object normativity emerges from the fact that the object of philosophical theorizing can itself be normative, such as when philosophers discuss epistemic norms in science. Metanormativity arises from the kind of claims that a philosophical theory contains, such as normative claims about science as it should be. Distinguishing these three kinds of normativity gives rise to a nuanced and illuminating view of how philosophy of science can be normative.
A pharmacokinetic model for voriconazole in a highly diversified population of children and adolescents with cancer
Authors: Carlesse Fabianne Altruda de Moraes Costa , de Araujo Orlei Ribeiro , Marques Leticia Maria Acioli , Silva Dafne Cardoso Bourguignon da , Senerchia Andreza Almeida , Petrilli Antonio Sergio
Published: January 2019

Background

The wide pharmacokinetic variability of voriconazole leads to uncertainty regarding adequate exposure.

Objectives

To create a pharmacokinetic model that could help to explain the variability.

Methods

Retrospective review of paediatric patients with cancer. Models were built using Pmetrics.

Results

We analysed 158 trough measurements in 55 patients; in 41.8%, the serum levels were between 1 and 6 mg/L on initial measurement. After the measurements, dosage adjustments were made in 42 (76.3%) patients, and the percentage of adequate levels rose to 54.5%. Fourteen deaths (25.4%) were attributed to invasive fungal diseases. The mean serum levels were higher in deceased patients (mean ± SD: 3.1 ± 3.2 mg/L vs 2.5 ± 3.6 mg/L in survivors; P = 0.018), but the median doses per kg were higher in survivors. Drug exposure was also higher in deceased patients (mean ± SD of AUC: 19.2 ± 8.1 vs 9.5 ± 19.1 in survivors; P = 0.005). No correlation was found between serum concentrations <1 mg/L and death attributable to fungal disease. Bioavailability was estimated in 50%. The maximum velocity of clearance was reduced in deceased patients.

Conclusions

Extremely ill patients can be poor metabolizers of voriconazole. Therapeutic monitoring promotes only a limited improvement in drug management.
Wheat mitochondrial respiration shifts from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the GABA shunt under salt stress
Authors: Che‐Othman M. Hafiz , Jacoby Richard P. , Millar A. Harvey , Taylor Nicolas L.
Published: January 2019

Mitochondrial respiration and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity are required during salt stress in plants to provide ATP and reductants for adaptive processes such as ion exclusion, compatible solute synthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. However, there is a poor mechanistic understanding of how salinity affects mitochondrial metabolism, particularly respiratory substrate source.

To determine the mechanism of respiratory changes under salt stress in wheat leaves, we conducted an integrated analysis of metabolite content, respiratory rate and targeted protein abundance measurements. Also, we investigated the direct effect of salt on mitochondrial enzyme activities.

Salt‐treated wheat leaves exhibit higher respiration rate and extensive metabolite changes. The activity of the TCA cycle enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the 2‐oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex were shown to be directly salt‐sensitive. Multiple lines of evidence showed that the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt was activated under salt treatment.

During salt exposure, key metabolic enzymes required for the cyclic operation of the TCA cycle are physiochemically inhibited by salt. This inhibition is overcome by increased GABA shunt activity, which provides an alternative carbon source for mitochondria that bypasses salt‐sensitive enzymes, to facilitate the increased respiration of wheat leaves.
Behavior of leadless AV synchronous pacing during atrial arrhythmias and stability of the atrial signals over time—Results of the MARVEL Evolve subanalysis
Authors: Garweg Christophe , Splett Vincent , Sheldon Todd J. , Chinitz Larry , Ritter Philippe , Steinwender Clemens , Lemme Francesca , Willems Rik
Published: January 2019

Introduction

The MARVEL study demonstrated at a single time point that accelerometer (ACC)‐based atrial sensing improves atrioventricular (AV) synchrony (AVS) in patients with AV block and a Micra pacemaker (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The purpose of the MARVEL Evolve substudy was to assess the performance over time.

Methods

This prospective single‐center study compared AVS and ACC signals at two visits ≥6 months apart. Custom software was temporarily downloaded into the Micra at each visit and AVS was measured during 30 min at rest.

Results

Nine patients from the MARVEL study were enrolled. The mean (±standard deviation) age was 82.3 ± 6.0 years old, 67% were male, and a Micra was implanted for 6.0 ± 6.4 months. High‐degree AV block was present in four patients, whereas five with predominantly intrinsic conduction required intermittent pacing for bradycardia. The mean interval between visits was 7.1 ± 0.6 months. Seven patients had normal sinus node function at both visits and were included in a paired analysis. Both ACC signal amplitude (visit 2‐visit 1 = 1.4 mG; 95% confidence interval [CI] [−25.8 to 28.4 mG]; P = 0.933) and AVS (visit 1: 90.8%, 95% CI [72.4, 97.4] and visit 2: 91.4%, 95% CI [63.8, 98.5]; P = 0.740) remained stable. Three patients had spontaneous atrial tachycardia. During atrial fibrillation, no atrial contraction was detected or tracked. During atrial flutter, intermittent tracking resulted in a ventricular rate of 60 ± 8 beats per minute (bpm); there was no ventricular pacing >100 bpm.

Conclusion

ACC signals amplitude and performance of AVS pacing were stable over time. During atrial arrhythmias, the AV synchronous pacing mode behaved safely.
Discontinuation rates during long‐term, second‐generation antipsychotic long‐acting injection treatment: A systematic review
Authors: Gentile Salvatore
Published: January 2019

Aim

The aim of this review was to analyze the discontinuation rates during long‐term treatment with second‐generation antipsychotic long‐acting injection (SGA‐LAI) in adults with either schizophrenia spectrum or bipolar disorders.

Methods

A systematic search (PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library) of studies published in English (1 January 2001–12 October 2018) identified 1214 abstracts, which were analyzed independently by the author and two colleagues. Studies were retrieved and reviewed if they reported primary data on the discontinuation rate before the study end during treatment lasting ≥36 weeks. Data were extracted from 51 articles meeting the inclusion criteria.

Results

In all head‐to‐head comparisons, and studies on patients with schizophrenia spectrum or bipolar disorders, the discontinuation rate before the study end in patients treated with SGA‐LAI was, at best, similar to that recorded in patients treated with first‐generation antipsychotics in either oral or LAI formulations or with oral SGA. In particular, in most of the SGA‐LAI long‐term studies, the rate of premature dropout was higher than 50%.

Conclusion

Reviewed data suggest that SGA‐LAI show no clear superiority over less expensive drugs (including first‐generation antipsychotic LAI and oral antipsychotic formulations) in reducing the risk of premature antipsychotic discontinuation. Thus, alternative strategies should be considered to improve medication persistence and lower discontinuation rates in patients with severe psychiatric disorders. Planning tailored, individualized, and integrated approaches (including frequent clinical evaluations, and behavioral or other flexible techniques adaptable to different settings and patients) may be an effective intervention for improving patient adherence in long‐term pharmacological treatment regimens.
Can we predict amyloid deposition by objective cognition and regional cerebral blood flow in patients with subjective cognitive decline?
Authors: Funaki Kei , Nakajima Shinichiro , Noda Yoshihiro , Wake Taisei , Ito Daisuke , Yamagata Bun , Yoshizaki Takahito , Kameyama Masashi , Nakahara Tadaki , Murakami Koji , Jinzaki Masahiro , Mimura Masaru , Tabuchi Hajime
Published: January 2019

Background

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may herald the first symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) whereas individuals with beta‐amyloid (Aβ) deposition are regarded as a high‐risk group for AD. Recently, amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) studies have demonstrated clinical and cognitive feature differences between Aβ‐positive and negative SCD, but details of their differences remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the relationships among Aβ deposition, clinical, and cognitive features in patients with SCD.

Methods

Forty‐two patients with SCD (22 women, 74.5 ± 4.7 years) were examined using fluorine‐18 florbetaben PET and were divided into Aβ‐positive (n = 10) and negative (n = 32) groups. We compared cognitive and psychological outcomes, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging data between the two groups. In addition, a linear regression analysis was performed to assess relationships between the severity of SCD and neuropsychological tests, affective scores, and demographic factors.

Results

The rate of score changes from the immediate recall to delayed recall in the logical memory subtest of the Wechsler's Memory Scale Revised were different between the groups (P = 0.04). However, the binary logistic regression analysis showed no significant differences between the two. In addition, the severity of SCD was significantly strong in women (P = 0.002). Furthermore, within the Aβ‐negative group, subjective memory loss correlated with word fluency category score (P = 0.023) and apathy scale (P = 0.037).

Conclusions

No significant differences were observed between Aβ‐positive and ‐negative SCD on any of the neuropsychological measures, clinical measures, or SPECT imaging. Further, the severity of SCD was not predicted by the symptoms of anxiety, depression, or neuropsychological examination.
Barriers and facilitators to shellfish cultivation
Authors: Fox Michaela , Service Matt , Moore Heather , Dean Moira , Campbell Katrina
Published: January 2019

A literature review was conducted to determine the barriers and facilitators to shellfish cultivation using Northern Ireland (NI) as a case study. This review included 23 papers, published in 14 journals, indexed in the Web of Science database. The eligibility criteria included (i) peer‐reviewed articles or websites from key government or agency stakeholders in the aquaculture supply chain; (ii) had a primary focus on shellfish production; and (iii) made reference to the United Kingdom, Ireland or NI. Six key categories were identified as impacting the aquaculture sector: Economic, Environmental, Technical, Welfare, Political and Consumer factors. The most commonly cited codes within these categories included regulations, management decisions, environmental welfare, weather conditions, consumer needs and water quality. Within the scientific literature, the study designs were variable and NI‐specific data were limited. However, the recommendations were relatively consistent. More evidence‐based data collection is needed to better establish the status of the aquaculture industry in this region and to provide more effective management practices and recommendations. The information gained from this review allowed the identification and discussion of the challenges and opportunities for shellfish production worldwide; an insight into production in NI; and preliminary recommendations for improving this industry. As a result, the review offers important foundations and lessons for other aquaculture production units across the world to assess their industry.
Skills, population aging, and the pattern of international trade
Authors: Gu Ke , Stoyanov Andrey
Published: January 2019

Some cognitive functions, such as the ability to update skills and adapt to changes in working conditions, are known to vary with age. With population aging it becomes increasingly difficult for firms to find workers with up‐to‐date skills. As a result, countries with aging populations start losing comparative advantage in industries that rely heavily on those skills. We test this hypothesis and find robust evidence for a significant negative effect of population aging on comparative advantage of a country in industries that are intensive in skill adaptability of labor force, in both the cross‐sectional and the dynamic panel data sets.