bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Measurement of Liposome Extravasation and Content Release in Tumors
Authors: Wu Ning Z. , Braun Rod D. , Gaber Mohamed H. , Lin Gerald M. , Ong Edgardo T. , Shan Siqing , Papahadjopoulos Demetrios , Dewhirst Mark W.
Published: April 2008

Objective: The success of liposome‐based drug delivery systems for tumor targeting relies on maximum extravasation of liposomes into tumor intersritium, as well as optimal release of contents from the liposomes once within the tumor. Liposome extravasation and content release are two separate processes that can be individually or jointly manipulated, so a method is needed to monitor these two processes independendy and simultaneously. In this report, we describe a method to measure liposome extravasation and content release in tumor tissues growing in a rat skinfold window chamber preparation.

Methods: Mixtures of liposomes containing either doxorubicin or calcein, both of which are fluorescent, and liposomes surface‐labeled with rhodamine were injected intravenously. Fluorescent light intensities in a tumor region in two fluorescent channels were measured using an image‐processing system. Light intensities of plasma from blood samples were also measured using this system. These measurements were used to calculate the amounts of liposomes and released contents in both plasma and tumor intersritium. The calculations were based on the fact that the liposome surface labels and contents emit fluorescent light at different wavelengths and, when encapsulated, the contents' fluorescence is self‐quenched. The model included equations to account for fluorescent light “cross‐contamination” by the two fluorochromes as well as equations relating the measured fluorescent light intensities to the amounts of liposomes and released contents. This method was applied to three situations in which liposome extravasation and content release were manipulated in different, predictable ways.

Results and Conclusion: Our results indicate that this method can perform simultaneous, independent, and quantitative measurements of liposome extravasation and content release. This method can potentially be used to study drug delivery of other carrier systems in vivo.
Ein Plädoyer für die Eichenförderung (Essay) | A plea for oak forest promotion (essay)
Authors: Mühlethaler Urs
Published: April 2008

With regard to future climate change and the Swiss biodiversity objectives for forests, Switzerland needs to promote both oak forest maintenance and creation. Therefore, the author proposes the doubling of the current proportion of oaks in Swiss forests from 2 to 4% in thirty years as national goal. To this end, three specific goals have been defined, namely: (1) Individual protection of old oak trees, (2) Achieving a higher proportion of oaks in existing mixed stands by positive selection and (3) Increasing oak forest areas through artificial stand establishment. In cantons with a high oak growth potential, forest owners should be encouraged to invest in these three specific goals by means of subsidies.
Meteorologischer und phänologischer Jahresrückblick 2007 | Meteorological and phenological annual review for 2007
Authors: Defila Claudio
Published: April 2008

The year 2007 was stamped with the warmest winter (2006/07) and spring ever recorded since the beginning of measurements in 1864. The vegetation did strongly react to that situation. In the phenological year 2007, 21.3% of the dates of phenological observations were registered as new records, i.e. they were never recorded so early before at that location. This extremely early development of the vegetation could be observed above all in spring and even stronger in summer. The absolute record has been observed when the black elder flowered with 64.5% record-breaking dates. The phenological autumn was not so extreme. However, a strong tendency toward early leaf colouring and leaf fall could be registered. The phenological year 2007 is unique in the history of phenological observations made by Meteo Swiss, which started in 1951.
A poisonous plant of the genus Datura (Solanaceae) in an eighteenth-century Danish garden in West Africa
Authors: Hopkins Daniel
Published: April 2008

There was disagreement among colonialists about whether the Africans around the Danish West African forts made use of native poisons in the early nineteenth century, but it appears that the Danes themselves may have introduced a poisonous ornamental plant of the genus Datura in one of their own gardens on the Guinea Coast.
A history of some fruit models in wax and other materials: scientific teaching aids and courtly table decorations
Authors: Lechtreck Hans-JüRgen
Published: April 2008

Two early nineteenth century texts treating the production and use of wax models of fruit reveal the history of these objects in the context of courtly decoration. Both sources emphasise the models' decorative qualities and their suitability for display, properties which were not simply by-products of the realism that the use of wax allowed. Thus, such models were not regarded merely as visual aids for educational purposes. The artists who created them sought to entice collectors of art and natural history objects, as well as teachers and scientists.

Wax models of fruits are known to have been collected and displayed as early as the seventeenth century, although only one such collection is extant. Before the early nineteenth century models of fruits made from wax or other materials (glass, marble, faience) were considered worthy of display because contemporaries attached great importance to mastery of the cultivation and grafting of fruit trees. This skill could only be demonstrated by actually showing the fruits themselves. Therefore, wax models made before the early nineteenth century may also be regarded as attempts to preserve natural products beyond the point of decay.
Cetaceans, sex and sea serpents: an analysis of the Egede accounts of a “most dreadful monster” seen off the coast of Greenland in 1734
Authors: Paxton C. G. M. , Knatterud E. , Hedley S. L.
Published: April 2008

A re-evaluation of the “most dreadful monster” originally described by the “Apostle of Greenland” Hans Egede in 1741 suggests that the missionary's son Poul probably saw an unfamiliar cetacean. The species seen was likely to have been a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), a North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) or one of the last remaining Atlantic grey whales (Eschrichtius robustus) either without flukes or possibly a male in a state of arousal.
Three unrecorded publications by Philip Henry Gosse, with notes on primary text on wrappers of journals and books, and a proposal for the bibliographical description of wrappers
Authors: Williams R. B.
Published: April 2008

The ephemeral paper wrappers on parts issues of scientific journals and books are often valuable for establishing publication dates and other bibliographical details. It seems to be less well known that wrappers sometimes also carry primary text that was not reprinted within the pages proper of the publication when it was reissued as a complete volume. Examples of such parts issue wrappers from the journal, The zoologist, and the book, A manual of British butterflies and moths (by H.T. Stainton) are given herein. This recognition led to the discovery of three unrecorded publications (short letters) by P. H. Gosse on the wrappers of two issues of The zoologist for 1860. They were not reprinted in the definitive volume for the year, nor were they listed in the index. Hence, they are untraceable in runs of The zoologist without wrappers bound in. To facilitate the accurate bibliographical description of material printed on wrappers of parts issues of journals and books, a scheme is proposed for the notional pagination of wrappers to distinguish them, when necessary, from the text proper.
Early twentieth-century mammal collecting in Africa: The Smithsonian-Roosevelt East African Expedition of 1909–1910
Authors: Sterling Keir B.
Published: April 2008

This paper deals with the scientific contributions made by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) and the three mammalogists attached to the Smithsonian-Roosevelt East African Expedition of 1909–1910. These individuals included Lieutenant-Colonel (retired) Edgar Alexander Mearns (1856–1916), an old friend of Roosevelt's and a retired Army surgeon-naturalist; Edmund Heller (1875–1947), long-time field naturalist with previous experience in Africa, and J. Alden Loring (1871–1947), a veteran field collector in the United States. They joined Roosevelt and his son Kermit (1889–1943), in the senior Roosevelt's efforts to collect large game mammal specimens for the United States National Museum, Washington, DC. The group also observed and collected more than 160 species of carnivores, ungulates, rodents, insectivores, and bats. Departing New York shortly after Roosevelt's tenure as President of the United States ended in March 1909, the party debarked at Mombasa in April, and spent most of the next year in Kenya and Uganda. They also visited Sudan before the expedition ended at Khartoum in March 1910. Other subjects discussed include the expedition's objectives and fi nancing, the information gathered by expedition members and the publications which resulted.
Discovery at sea; a heady mix of scientists, ships and sailors
Authors: Rice A. L.
Published: April 2008

The success or failure of science at sea depends on many factors, including the suitability of the vessel as a research platform and the support of the scientist's shipmates. This paper touches on a few of the classic examples of unsuitable ships provided for scientists and explorers, such as Wyville Thomson and Carpenter in the Lightning in 1868 and the relatively minor shortcomings of Scott's Discovery. But it concentrates on some of the personality clashes on research or exploration voyages ranging from Edmund Halley's experience of an insubordinate mate in the Paramore in 1698, to Nicolas Baudin's appalling relations with almost all of his companions in the Géographe and Naturaliste in 1800–1803. Since human nature does not change it is suggested that seagoing scientists should pay at least as much attention to the personalities of their prospective shipmates as to the characteristics of the ships in which they expect to sail.
Terra Antarctica: a history of cognition and landscape
Authors: Fox William L.
Published: April 2008

The evolution of our perception of the Antarctic from an unknown space to a comprehensible place can be traced through the evolution of its portrayal in visual art. Early expedition artists relied upon the topographically-based aesthetic traditions of northern European landscape painting as the polar region was first charted, and the continent's outlines were traced in coastal profiles during the late eighteenth through mid-nineteenth centuries. This pragmatic approach with its close ties to cartographic needs was later superseded by increasingly symbolic depictions of the environment. The artists accompanying Scott, Shackleton and Mawson, for example, often portrayed the Antarctic as an historic stage for heroic action. With the International Geophysical Year in 1957–1958, modernist aesthetics reached the continent. Visiting artists sponsored by national programs began to abstract the environment in photography and painting. By the turn of the century, sculptors and installation artists had helped bring the Antarctic more fully into the international cultural arena as a subject for contemporary art. This aesthetic shift is both a symptom of, and part of the process for, the transformation of a terra incognita into a terra Antarctica.
Drawings for an exacting author: illustrations from Giovanni Antonio Scopoli's Deliciae florae et faunae insubricae
Authors: Siviero Monica , Violani Carlo
Published: April 2008

Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1723–1788) was one of the most versatile naturalists in eighteenth-century Italy. In 1785, Scopoli conceived the ambitious publication, Deliciae florae et faunae insubricae. Appearing in instalments, this included descriptions and illustrations of plants, animals and minerals found in northern Italy. Unfortunately, Scopoli's sudden death halted publication of the Deliciae after its third instalment. Recently, a corpus of 98 paintings, in the gouache style, were discovered in the Biblioteca Universitaria of Pavia. These gouaches appear to be the basis for plates planned in future instalments of the Deliciae. Marginal notes in Scopoli's handwriting are included. Because Scopoli's plant and animal specimens have been destroyed or dispersed, these drawings are crucial for reconstructing his scientific opus. Combined with other documents, Scopoli's marginal notes also reveal his exacting standards. He criticized the way his artists had poorly rendered the scientific details of the paintings.
Sahagún's “Florentine Codex”, a little known Aztecan natural history of the Valley of Mexico
Authors: Reeves Henry M.
Published: April 2008

Franciscan missionary Fray Bernardino de Sahagún arrived in New Spain (Mexico) in 1529 to proselytize Aztecs surviving the Conquest, begun by Hernán Cortés in 1519. About 1558 he commenced his huge opus “Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España” completed in Latin–Nahuatl manuscript in 1569. The best surviving version, the “Florentine Codex”, 1579, in Spanish–Nahuatl, is the basis for the editions published since 1829. The first English translation was issued in 13 volumes between 1950 and 1982, and the first facsimile was published in 1979. Book 11, “Earthly things”, is a comprehensive natural history of the Valley of Mexico based on pre-Cortésian Aztec knowledge. Sahagún's work, largely unknown among English-speaking biologists, is an untapped treasury of information about Aztecan natural history. It also establishes the Aztecs as the preeminent pioneering naturalists of North America, and Sahagún and his colleagues as their documentarians.
A checklist of sources of the botanical illustrations in the Leo Grindon Herbarium, The Manchester Museum
Authors: King Daniel Q.
Published: April 2008

The Grindon Herbarium is unusual in having a very high proportion of botanical illustrations and articles integrated into its systematic arrangement of the specimens. Hitherto unpublished extracts from Grindon's own history and description of his herbarium reveal his intentions in regard to the herbarium's combined specimen and documentary content. An appendix based on new work in the herbarium, listing virtually all significant source publications, example illustrations and their locations, provides a guide to this aspect of the Grindon Herbarium, and gives some indication of the scope of botanical illustration and literature available to such botanists at the time.
In search of a naturalist - natural history in Warrington from 1870 to 1910 and the records and collections of Linnaeus Greening (1855–1927)
Authors: Baker R. A.
Published: April 2008

Warrington has an important educational and scientific history which includes the Warrington Academy, the first rate-supported library in England and one of the first municipal museums. Natural history in Warrington in the late nineteenth century revolved around the town's museum and the field club. One man dominated the scene, Linnaeus Greening. A local industrialist, he spent the whole of his life in the town and was associated with the museum and the Warrington Field Club, giving lectures to members for over 40 years. Nationally he was known for his work on and collections of spiders and other arachnid groups but also collected and studied amphibians and reptiles.
The waxworks by Angelo Maestri (1806–1889) preserved in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Pavia, Italy
Authors: Rovati Clementina , Barbagli Fausto , Violani Carlo
Published: April 2008

A description is given of the waxworks made by the Italian physician Angelo Maestri (1806–1889), preparator, taxidermist and model-maker at the Museum of Natural History of Pavia University where the majority of his wax models are held today. Maestri's main works deal with the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the silkworm, the morphology of mushrooms and the poison fangs of snakes. He also made models of the life cycle of the nematode Trichinella spiralis and of the blood circulation in some vertebrates. Several preparations in wax by Maestri are held in other scientific institutions in Italy.
A cross-disciplinary comparison of boosting in research articles
Authors: Peacock Matthew
Published: April 2008

Boosting, using terms such as obviously and of course, is a communicative strategy for expressing firm commitment to statements. This article describes an interdisciplinary comparison of the extent, form, and function of boosters in research articles (RAs) across six academic disciplines: Business, Language and Linguistics, Public and Social Administration, Law, Physics, and Environmental Science. The investigation involved quantitative and qualitative analysis of a 1,250,000 words corpus gathered from 216 articles published in leading journals (six journals from each discipline and six articles from each journal).

It was found that the boosters in the corpus played a significant role in the efforts of authors to persuade readers of the validity of their claims. The highest proportion of boosters was found in Language and Linguistics and the lowest in Environmental Science. Considerable interdisciplinary variation was also found in the form of boosters: for example, a different type and narrower range of boosters was found in the two sciences than in the other four disciplines.

The results have implications for our understanding of the RA and of scientific expression, and also for teaching ESP to students who are writing dissertations and research papers. We suggest that competence in research writing includes a developed knowledge of boosting.
The Maori lexical presence in New Zealand English: Constructing a corpus for diachronic change
Authors: Macalister John
Published: April 2008

This paper reports on the construction of a corpus designed to measure changes in the presence of Maori words in New Zealand English over the 150-year period from 1850 to 2000. It begins with a brief introduction to the variety, describes issues identified prior to the commencement of the corpus's construction, and discusses ways in which those issues were addressed.
Language in the news: investigating representations of ‘Englishness’ usingWordSmith Tools
Authors: Ensslin Astrid , Johnson Sally
Published: April 2008

It is not uncommon to hear linguists lamenting the misrepresentation of language whenever linguistic subjects are taken up by the media. Ironically, though, we have relatively little systematic understanding of the ways in which language is actually dealt with in, and by, those media. This paper describes a project that aimed to explore the ways in which themes relating to language and linguistics are represented in a corpus of articles gathered from two British newspapers, The Times and The Guardian. The software programme WordSmith Tools (Scott, 2004) was used to identify those ‘key’ keywords that were most likely to occur in conjunction with the node terms language, languages, linguistic and linguistics. The applied methodology, which combines a quantitative analysis of keyword lists, concordances and collocations with a qualitative, discourse-analytical approach, reveals a number of ways in which issues related to the English language are debated in this particular sector of the print media. As could be expected, statistically-derived linguistic data suggest that English is predominantly represented in terms of a monolithic standard. Deeper insight was given by a close collocational analysis, which demonstrated that representations of the English language further subdivide into six partially conflicting categories relating to abuse and victimisation (inferiority presupposition), and, to a considerably larger extent, to commodification, empowerment and fetishisation (superiority presupposition). The findings are explored in the context of recent debates within sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology on the representation of language, on the one hand, and the construction of language ideologies, on the other.
Clusters, key clusters and local textual functions in Dickens
Authors: Mahlberg Michaela
Published: April 2008

The paper argues that corpus linguistics can make useful contributions to the descriptive inventory of literary stylistics. The concept of local textual functions is employed as a descriptive tool for the stylistic analysis of a corpus of texts by Charles Dickens. It is suggested that clusters, i.e. repeated sequences of words, can be interpreted as pointers to local textual functions. The focus is on five-word clusters and five functional groups are identified: Labels, Speech clusters, As If clusters, Body Part clusters and Time and Place clusters. The analysis draws on the identification of key clusters comparing the Dickens corpus with a corpus of nineteenth-century fiction, it identifies links to literary criticism and it gives specific attention to the group of Body Part clusters to illustrate the functional variation of clusters.
The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
Authors: Ebeling Jarle
Published: April 2008

With invaluable help from and in close co-operation with colleagues from around the world, the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature project at the University of Oxford has compiled, lemmatised and made publicly available a large body of Sumerian literature. Building a corpus of literary compositions originally written on clay tablets in the cuneiform script, and dating back nearly four thousand years, poses special challenges, not least with regard to mark-up and automatic processing of data. Some of these challenges are discussed in this paper together with issues relating to the fact that Sumerian is a language isolate and lacks resources we take for granted when working with other languages, modern or extinct, such as a standardised sign list and a comprehensive dictionary.
A diachronic approach to meaning: English loanwords in Russian opposition discourse
Authors: Koteyko Nelya
Published: April 2008

The paper discusses how principles of corpus compilation and management can be employed to study recent changes in the use of lexical items by particular discourse communities. Applying a dialogical understanding of communication to the diachronic study of written texts, it proposes an innovative framework for a qualitative corpus-based analysis of discourse. The framework is then applied to study the use of English loanwords in texts written by members of the Russian pro-Communist community. The diachronic analysis of the uses of the loanwords through their paraphrases demonstrates how corpora compiled according to a set of pre-determined criteria (such as content-driven connections between texts and chronological arrangement) can offer the means to investigate the emergence of meanings within a discourse community.
Where Have all the Neolithic Houses Gone? Turf – an Invisible Component
Authors: LOVEDAY ROY
Published: April 2008

Summary

The use of a currently invisible form of walling is suggested by the Neolithic structures at Claish, Balbridie and Balfarg. It is possible that this was turf. Historical, as well as archaeological, evidence is examined to clarify structural patterns associated with such material and its perceived advantages over wood. Its ready availability through the practice of shifting agriculture is postulated.
Deleuze Goes to Xanadu
Authors: Musselwhite David
Published: April 2008

Foucault's adjuration, which is to be found in the essay in which he notoriously announced that the century (the last) will be ‘Deleuzian’, would seem to have fallen on deaf ears to the extent that the notion of the phantasm and the place it occupies in Deleuze's thinking has received astonishingly little attention. One scours the indices of the enormous body of work dedicated to the exposition of Deleuze's thought in vain to find any mention of the phantasm or of the text that lies behind his use of the concept, namely Laplanche and Pontalis's 1964 paper, ‘Fantasme originaire, fantasmes des origines, origine du fantasme’. By way, in part, of remedying this situation I propose to examine what a ‘Deleuzian’ or a ‘phantasmatic’ reading might make of Coleridge's Kubla Khan.
The Qur'an as a Source of Law: A Reassessment of Ahmad Ibn Hanbal's Use of the Qur'an as a Legal Source
Authors: al-Matroudi Abdul-Hakim
Published: April 2008

According to the traditional perspective, Islamic legislation is based on several sources, the most important of which is the Qur'an. However, a number of researchers in this field doubt the legislative importance of the Qur'an as a source. In this light, the current study therefore attempts to critically assess Ahmad ibn Hanbal's view of the value of the Qur'an as a source of law, through undertaking a comprehensive survey of one of his kutub al-masāil, and investigating his use of Qur'anic ayas in the Kitāb al-zuhd.
Wealth as an Immortality Symbol in the Qur'an: A Reconsideration of the māl/amwāl
Authors: Turner Colin
Published: April 2008

Historically, academic research on the Qur'anic approach to wealth and ownership has been carried out largely from two disciplinary perspectives: jurisprudence and economics. Similarly, outwith the Islamic tradition, much has been written on the anthropology of wealth accumulation and the history of man's obsession with money and private ownership. On the symbology of wealth in the Qur'an, however, little if anything has been written. In one singularly enigmatic verse, Q. 104:3, the Qur'an interprets the lure of material possessions as nothing less than a symptom of man's desire to live forever. Using as our theoretical basis the principle of ‘immortality striving’ developed by cultural anthropologist Ernest Becker, and taking this verse as our conceptual starting point, this paper aims to explore the notion of wealth as an immortality symbol, with particular reference to the ‘rejection narratives’ in the Qur'an which detail the negative encounters between the prophets and their addressee communities.
The Moral and the Physical Order: A Reappraisal of James Frederick Ferrier
Authors: Mayo Bernard
Published: April 2008

Bernard Mayo, who died in 2000, was Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of St Andrews from 1967–1983. He chose his 19th century predecessor J F Ferrier as the subject of his inaugural lecture delivered on 26th November 1969. Copies of the lecture were printed and distributed, but it was never published. Mayo's choice of subject for his inaugural shows remarkable and at the time highly unusual insight into the value Ferrier's philosophical writings, and rising current interest in Ferrier warrants its publication now, in a lightly edited version that has eliminated references to the specific occasion on which it was delivered. Mayo explores Ferrier's version of the contrast between the human and the natural as a means of illuminating the 20th century debate between realists and relativists in moral philosophy.
Freud and Jung: The Internationalization of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Blum Harold P.
Published: April 2008

Freud and Jung's relationship was characterized by initial, reciprocal idealization. Freud regarded Jung as an ideal non-Jewish representative of psychoanalysis to the wider world. For Jung, Freud was mentor, model, and quasi-therapist. After psychoanalysis was ‘internationally recognized,’ following their trip to America, Freud proposed to make Jung permanent president of the newly founded International Psychoanalytical Association. Jung was to be the virtual sovereign of psychoanalysis. Their relationship gradually deteriorated and ended in reciprocal denigration. Freud's conflicts with Jung and with Jung's divergent theories were reflected in his symptomatic fainting and his scientific writings, e.g., ‘On Narcissism’ and the ‘Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning’. This was associated with continuing self-analysis, and the analysis of ambivalence and reciprocal unconscious death wishes.
Freud Overwhelmed
Authors: Mahony Patrick J.
Published: April 2008

We should balance the all-too frequent picture of Freud as the conquistador by the picture of him as one of the overwhelmed. Various factors, ranging from the religious and geographical to the professional, contributed to Freud's pessimistic view of the world. On either side of the positive and negative picture, Freud demonstrates his courage.
Jung's Psychology in the Light of his ‘Personal Myth’
Authors: Pietikainen Petteri
Published: April 2008

The central argument of this paper is that Jung conceived his archetypal psychology as a locus of therapeutic deep-self narratives that in principle afford each and every one a chance to look for a satisfying personal myth that consoles us and gives meaning and depth to our lives as it imposes an archetypal pattern upon our historical existence which might otherwise seem intolerably defective and meaningless. In his memoirs he created a universal, ‘archetypal model’ of his own life, which he narrated as if it were a mythical story of a hero confronting the powerful forces of the Collective Unconscious in his search for the Holy Grail of psychic and spiritual renewal. Jung's depth-psychological mythification of man signified an escape from the pathogenicity of historical time to the timeless glamour of personal myth.
Profession - Psychoanalyst: A Historical View
Authors: Falzeder Ernst
Published: April 2008

This paper focuses on the coming into being of psychoanalysis as a psychotherapeutic method and as a profession, covering the period from the 1890s until the foundation of the first training institute. This period is roughly divided into six phases: (1) Freud's first two pupils. (2) Freud's demonstration of his method on other colleagues that show that treatment and instruction were virtually indistinguishable. (3) The foundation of a private study and discussion group, without much impact on larger circles. (4) The Burgholzli clinic in Zurich became the main recruiting center for the nascent psychoanalytic movement. (5) In the early 1910s, a handful of psychoanalysts sought to have a first-hand experience of the method. (6) In 1920, the Berlin Institute was founded, introducing the tripartite training system that prevails to this day.
Some More Additional ‘Day Residues': The First Review of Studien Uber Hysterie, Ilona Weiss and the Dream of Irma's Injection
Authors: Geller Jay
Published: April 2008

This article unearths and explores the implications of what appears to be the first review of Freud and Breuer's Studien uber Hysterie. This feuilleton by W appeared in the Wiener medizinischer Presse on 14 July 1895 -just over a week before Freud's ‘Dream of Irma's Injection’. Connecting these events is a third item: a note entitled ‘Eine Quelle des Antisemitismus’ apparently written by Freud during the 1890s. The note refers to an ‘Irma’ who was raised in Hungary. Freud's only known patient who fits this criterion is Ilona Weiss, Elisabeth von R. in Studien. This article pursues the floating signifiers ‘Irma’ and ‘Weiss’ through a series of correlations and reconstructions of identities. First, combining the near coincidence of dream and review with her identification as Elisabeth von R. suggests that Ilona Weiss is part of the Sammelperson that is ‘Irma’. In addition, textual evidence leads to the conclusion that the essay's author is Heinrich Weiss, a Jewish neurologist and a respondent to Freud's ‘Uber Hysterie’ later that year. This reiteration of ‘Weiss’ reinforces Freud's associations of Weiss with the thoughts that emerged in the Irma dream. Finally, a number of details in that dream can now be read as drawing upon the case of Ilona Weiss.
‘Artificial Dentures’ Being Discordant Narratives of the Dreams of Irma's Injection
Authors: Kuhn Philip
Published: April 2008

Freud told Fliess, in June 1900, that he recorded and analysed the dream of Irma's injection on 24 July 1895 and thus the Secret of Dreams was unveiled. The author finds no evidence to substantiate Freud's account for discovering the wish-fulfilment (Wunscherfullung) theory of dreams. New readings of Freud's contemporaneous texts offer radically different narratives from that single teleological Eureka plot subsequently popularized by Jones. New datings for the production of The Interpretation of Dreams invite a re-evaluation of those texts which still constitute the specimen dream of psychoanalysis.
Freud and Jewish Dreaming
Authors: Frosh Stephen
Published: April 2008

This paper describes some links between Freud's creative activity in The Interpretation of Dreams and his identification with the biblical figures of Joseph and Moses. In particular, it draws on traditional Jewish thought on the relationship between prophecy and dreaming, and on the characters of Joseph and of Moses. It is argued that The Interpretation of Dreams shows Freud exploring aspects of his gendered and cultural identity and finding a place for himself as a provocative and iconoclastic ‘dreamer’ in the Jewish tradition.
Between Memory and Desire: From History to Psychoanalysis and Back
Authors: Rolnik Eran J.
Published: April 2008

At the turn of the nineteenth century, when the Freudian paradigm took its first steps towards becoming a modern amalgam of science and hermeneutics, history was considered the most established and instrumental discipline in man's quest to endow his thinking and action with meaning. The kinship between the disciplines, which could be traced back to the persona of Freud, took many shapes in the course of the twentieth century. Examined in perspective one could maintain that modern historiography and psychoanalysis have travelled the same distance in moving away from philosophical idealism, have shared some of the illusions of militant positivism and are accustomed to evoke the same criticism due to their claim to half-scientific, half-artistic epistemology. We start by considering the intellectual legacies and theoretical foundations that shaped the two disciplines' perspective of each other. We then proceed to juxtapose several historical moments in the evolution of psychoanalysis and history. Turning our attention to several key concepts and tropes, which form part of the contemporary objectivity-subjectivity discourse, we try to sketch an outline for a psychoanalytically-informed theory of history.
Notes on a Controversy: The Question Of lay Analysis
Authors: Bos Jaap
Published: April 2008

The question of lay analysis was one of the most important problems of pre-war psychoanalysis. The controversy began in the late 1910s and ended some 20 years later, in the late 1930s, without being resolved. The 1927 discussion on lay analysis marked the height of the controversy. This discussion also proved to be an important turning point, particularly when two rival attempts were made to settle the dispute.

Making a contribution to the history of psychoanalysis, this paper provides a detailed analysis of this controversy in terms of Bourdieu's work on symbolic capital. The author examines why the problem of lay analysis was never resolved, and links an explanation of this question to the inherent discursive dynamics of the debate. Psychoanalytic institutionalization, it is argued, goes hand in hand with an accumulation of symbolic capital, setting in motion processes of formalization of psychoanalytic discourse and of social distancing between speaker and listener.
Erik Erikson on Identity, Generativity, and Pseudospeciation: A Biographer's Perspective
Authors: Friedman Lawrence J.
Published: April 2008

From 1950 through the 1970s, Erik H. Erikson was acknowledged as a major influence in American intellectual life as a thinker who shifted psychoanalysis towards social concerns. Three main interrelated topical areas concerned Erikson in his personal life and within a broader cultural perspective: the nature of personal identity, generativity in the life-cycle, and ‘pseudospeciation’ (an irrational propensity in homogeneous groups to deny the fact that humankind is obviously one species). The author observes that from the mid-1970s Erikson's reputation as a major public intellectual suffered a decline. Recently, however, there has been a revival of interest in his ideas for the explanation of incidents of adolescent violence. A biographical section ‘A critical comment on sources’ concludes the paper.
Jenö Varga, The Hungarian Soviet Republic and the Development of Psychoanalysis in the Soviet Union
Authors: Tögel Christfried
Published: April 2008

The paper explores – on the basis of archival sources, memoirs and interviews – the strange career of the economist Jenö Varga (1879–1964), an early Hungarian sympathizer of psychoanalysis. Varga became a member of the Hungarian Psychoanalytic Association in 1918 and, in 1919, was appointed People's Commissar for Finances during the Hungarian Councils' Republic, the first Communist regime in the country. After the failure of the Commune, he emigrated to Soviet Russia. In the 1920s, he worked at the Soviet commercial mission in Berlin, and maintained contact with Freud until the late 1920s. Later, he became one of the leading economists of the Soviet Union, an expert on the political economy of capitalism. Though he never publicly opposed Stalinism, an ambivalent attitude toward the totalitarian regime can be reconstructed from his memoirs as well as from interviews with family members and friends.
Bad Dreams and Secret Artists: Translating Freud into Literature
Authors: Patterson Ian
Published: April 2008

This article addresses the increasingly popular approach to Freud and his work which sees him primarily as a literary writer rather than a psychologist, and takes this as the context for an examination of Joyce Crick's recent translation of The Interpretation of Dreams. It claims that translation lies at the heart of psychoanalysis, and that the many interlocking and overlapping implications of the word need to be granted a greater degree of complexity. Those who argue that Freud is really a creative writer are themselves doing a work of translation, and one which fails to pay sufficiently careful attention to the role of translation in writing itself (including the notion of repression itself as a failure to translate). Lesley Chamberlain's The Secret Artist: A Close Reading of Sigmund Freud is taken as an example of the way Freud gets translated into a novelist or an artist, and her claims for his ‘bizarre poems' are criticized. The rest of the article looks closely at Crick's new translation and its claim to be restoring Freud the stylist, an ordinary language Freud, to the English reader. The experience of reading Crick's translation is compared with that of reading Strachey's, rather to the latter's advantage.
A Tale of Two Icons: ‘The Jews All Over the World Boast of My Name, Pairing me with Einstein’ (Freud, 1926)
Authors: Forrester John
Published: April 2008

The paper explores the relationship between Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein, including the parallels in the trajectories of their scientific careers, starting with the annus mirabilis of 1905. Noting how they shared much in common, the paper underlines that it was as ‘great Jewish thinkers’ that they were most often twinned, and proceeds to compare and contrast the development of their self-consciousness of being Jewish. It then traces their relationship in one meeting and in correspondence, both private and public, from 1926 to their deaths, emphasizing Freud's envy of Einstein and Einstein's ambivalent admiration of Freud. The paper ends with a consideration of the significance of the figure of Moses in both of their final years.
‘The Most Obscure Problem of All’: Autonomy and its Vicissitudes in the Interpretation of Dreams
Authors: ffytche Matt
Published: April 2008

The unconscious is implicated in Romantic and liberal discourses of autonomous individuality, and these insinuate themselves in complex ways into Freud's descriptions of the psyche. Focusing on The Interpretation of Dreams, the paper examines the fortunes of notions such as autonomy and selfhood, beginning with a consideration of Freud's languages of determinism, and moving on to the theory of the wish. In particular it examines ambiguities in the accounts of sexual and egotistical wishes, and in the portrayal of egotism itself. It is suggested that behind such ambiguities lies a deeper ambivalence in Freud's understanding of the I and its autonomy, which is in turn related to indeterminacies in the liberal concept of self. These ambiguities are further explored via the unstable political metaphors Freud attaches to the father–son relationship. The paper argues that such instabilities in the idea of selfhood radically unsettle the terms of the psychoanalytic account.
Saving Psychoanalysts: Ernest Jones and the Isakowers
Authors: Kirsner Douglas
Published: April 2008

This article examines the role played by Ernest Jones in saving psychoanalysts from Germany and Austria during the 1930s, and, in particular, in the case of Drs Otto and Salomea Isakower from Vienna. Archives from the Library of Congress and the British Psychoanalytical Society are used to document how Jones navigated the considerable difficulties presented in both Europe and London as well as by colleagues and was able to help the Isakowers emigrate to Liverpool where they worked and began the ‘North of England’ training group with others and emigrated to the USA in 1940. As President of the International Psychoanalytical Association and of the British Psychoanalytical Society, Jones had responsibilities with psychoanalyst refugees, which he performed with care, commitment and political competence. Although Jones did not succeed in saving psychoanalysis in Europe, he played a crucial role in saving psychoanalysts. He helped to spread the world-wide standing and influence of psychoanalysis.
Being Analysed by Freud in 1921: The Diary of a Patient
Authors: Koellreuter Anna
Published: April 2008

Dieser Artikel stellt ein einzigartiges Dokument vor, ein bisher unveröffentlichtes Tagebuch über eine Patientenanalyse mit Freud im Jahre 1921. Es werden Schlüsse auf Freuds Arbeitsweise, besonders in bezug auf seinen Umgang mit Übertragung, gezogen.

This article presents a unique document, a hitherto unpublished diary of a patient analysis with Freud in 1921. Conclusions on how Freud worked with patients at that period, particularly insofar as transference is concerned, are drawn.
Freud's Patient Calendars: 17 Analysts in Analysis With Freud (1910–1920)
Authors: May Ulrike
Published: April 2008

Auf der Basis einer neuen Quelle, Freuds Patientenkalender aus den Jahren zwischen 1910 und 1920, wird der Verlauf von siebzehn Analysen untersucht. Alle Analysanden (5 Frauen, 12 Männer) waren oder wurden Mitglieder einer psychoanalytischen Vereinigung. Ihre Analysen sind gekennzeichnet durch eine relativ kurze Dauer (alle unter einem Jahr) und einer sehr hohe Frequenz (im allgemeinen sechs Stunden pro Woche). Die Gesamtstundenzahl pro Analyse liegt zwischen 9 ca. 250 Stunden. Im Blick auf die Parameter von Dauer und Frequenz wird ein historischer Wandel großen Ausmaßes konstatiert. Andere Besonderheiten wie der damals übliche reale Kontakt zwischen Freud und seinen Analysanden werden diskutiert. Der Anhang enthält Behandlungsprofile der siebzehn Analysen mit Angabe der Dauer, der Gesamtstundenzahl, der vorwiegenden Frequenz sowie der Stundenzahl und Frequenz für jeden einzelnen Behandlungsmonat.

The author examines the course of 17 analyses, as conducted by Freud, on the basis of a new source, Freud's patient notebooks. All analysands (five women, 12 men) were or were to become members of a psychoanalytic society. Their treatments were marked by a relatively short duration (all of them less than a year) and a very high number of hours per week (generally 6). The total number of hours ranged between 9 and about 250. Compared to the present conditions, both the duration and the number of hours per week show a great historical change that has taken place. The author discusses this change as well as some other characteristics, e.g. the customary extra-analytical contact between Freud and his analysands. In an appendix, treatment profiles of all 17 analyses are given, summarizing their duration, the total number of hours, number of hours per week and number of hours in each month of treatment.
d-Mannose for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Among Women
Authors: Hayward Gail , Mort Sam , Hay Alastair D. , Moore Michael , Thomas Nicholas P. B. , Cook Johanna , Robinson Jared , Williams Nicola , Maeder Nicola , Edeson Rebecca , Franssen Marloes , Grabey Jenna , Glogowska Margaret , Yang Yaling , Allen Julie , Butler Christopher C.
Published: April 2024

Importance

Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common debilitating condition in women, with limited prophylactic options. d-Mannose has shown promise in trials based in secondary care, but effectiveness in placebo-controlled studies and community settings has not been established.

Objective

To determine whether d-mannose taken for 6 months reduces the proportion of women with recurrent UTI experiencing a medically attended UTI.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This 2-group, double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial took place across 99 primary care centers in the UK. Participants were recruited between March 28, 2019, and January 31, 2020, with 6 months of follow-up. Participants were female, 18 years or older, living in the community, and had evidence in their primary care record of consultations for at least 2 UTIs in the preceding 6 months or 3 UTIs in 12 months. Invitation to participate was made by their primary care center. A total of 7591 participants were approached, 830 responded, and 232 were ineligible or did not proceed to randomization. Statistical analysis was reported in December 2022.

Intervention

Two grams daily of d-mannose powder or matched volume of placebo powder.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome measure was the proportion of women experiencing at least 1 further episode of clinically suspected UTI for which they contacted ambulatory care within 6 months of study entry. Secondary outcomes included symptom duration, antibiotic use, time to next medically attended UTI, number of suspected UTIs, and UTI-related hospital admissions.

Results

Of 598 women eligible (mean [range] age, 58 [18-93] years), 303 were randomized to d-mannose (50.7%) and 295 to placebo (49.3%). Primary outcome data were available for 583 participants (97.5%). The proportion contacting ambulatory care with a clinically suspected UTI was 150 of 294 (51.0%) in the d-mannose group and 161 of 289 (55.7%) in the placebo group (risk difference, −5%; 95% CI, −13% to 3%; P = .26). Estimates were similar in per protocol analyses, imputation analyses, and preplanned subgroups. There were no statistically significant differences in any secondary outcome measures.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this randomized clinical trial, daily d-mannose did not reduce the proportion of women with recurrent UTI in primary care who experienced a subsequent clinically suspected UTI. d-Mannose should not be recommended for prophylaxis in this patient group.

Trial Registration

isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN13283516