bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ODORANT1 targets multiple metabolic networks in petunia flowers
Authors: Boersma Maaike R. , Patrick Ryan M. , Jillings Sonia L. , Shaipulah Nur Fariza M. , Sun Pulu , Haring Michel A. , Dudareva Natalia , Li Ying , Schuurink Robert C.
Published: December 2021

Scent bouquets produced by the flowers of Petunia spp. (petunia) are composed of a complex mixture of floral volatile benzenoid and phenylpropanoid compounds (FVBPs), which are specialized metabolites derived from phenylalanine (Phe) through an interconnected network of enzymes. The biosynthesis and emission of high levels of these volatiles requires coordinated transcriptional activation of both primary and specialized metabolic networks. The petunia R2R3‐MYB transcription factor ODORANT 1 (ODO1) was identified as a master regulator of FVBP production and emission; however, our knowledge of the direct regulatory targets of ODO1 has remained limited. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP‐seq) in petunia flowers, we identify genome‐wide ODO1‐bound genes that are enriched not only in genes involved in the biosynthesis of the Phe precursor, as previously reported, but also genes associated with the specialized metabolic pathways involved in generating phenylpropanoid intermediates for FVBPs. ODO1‐bound genes are also involved in methionine and S‐adenosylmethionine metabolism, which could modulate methyl group supplies for certain FVBPs. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and RNA‐seq analysis in an ODO1 RNAi knockdown line revealed that ODO1‐bound targets are expressed at lower levels when ODO1 is suppressed. A cis‐regulatory motif, CACCAACCCC, was identified as a potential binding site for ODO1 in the promoters of genes that are both bound and activated by ODO1, which was validated by in planta promoter reporter assays with wild‐type and mutated promoters. Overall, our work presents a mechanistic model for ODO1 controlling an extensive gene regulatory network that contributes to FVBP production to give rise to floral scent.
Inter‐tissue and inter‐organ signaling in drought stress response and phenotyping of drought tolerance
Authors: Kuromori Takashi , Fujita Miki , Takahashi Fuminori , Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki Kazuko , Shinozaki Kazuo
Published: December 2021

Plant response to drought stress includes systems for intracellular regulation of gene expression and signaling, as well as inter‐tissue and inter‐organ signaling, which helps entire plants acquire stress resistance. Plants sense water‐deficit conditions both via the stomata of leaves and roots, and transfer water‐deficit signals from roots to shoots via inter‐organ signaling. Abscisic acid is an important phytohormone involved in the drought stress response and adaptation, and is synthesized mainly in vascular tissues and guard cells of leaves. In leaves, stress‐induced abscisic acid is distributed to various tissues by transporters, which activates stomatal closure and expression of stress‐related genes to acquire drought stress resistance. Moreover, the stepwise stress response at the whole‐plant level is important for proper understanding of the physiological response to drought conditions. Drought stress is sensed by multiple types of sensors as molecular patterns of abiotic stress signals, which are transmitted via separate parallel signaling networks to induce downstream responses, including stomatal closure and synthesis of stress‐related proteins and metabolites. Peptide molecules play important roles in the inter‐organ signaling of dehydration from roots to shoots, as well as signaling of osmotic changes and reactive oxygen species/Ca2+. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in research on complex plant drought stress responses, focusing on inter‐tissue signaling in leaves and inter‐organ signaling from roots to shoots. We have discussed the mechanisms via which drought stress adaptations and resistance are acquired at the whole‐plant level, and have proposed the importance of quantitative phenotyping for measuring plant growth under drought conditions.
Hydroxycinnamic acid‐modified xylan side chains and their cross‐linking products in rice cell walls are reduced in the Xylosyl arabinosyl substitution of xylan 1 mutant
Authors: Feijao Carolina , Morreel Kris , Anders Nadine , Tryfona Theodora , Busse‐Wicher Marta , Kotake Toshihisa , Boerjan Wout , Dupree Paul
Published: December 2021

The intricate architecture of cell walls and the complex cross‐linking of their components hinders some industrial and agricultural applications of plant biomass. Xylan is a key structural element of grass cell walls, closely interacting with other cell wall components such as cellulose and lignin. The main branching points of grass xylan, 3‐linked l‐arabinosyl substitutions, can be modified by ferulic acid (a hydroxycinnamic acid), which cross‐links xylan to other xylan chains and lignin. XAX1 (Xylosyl arabinosyl substitution of xylan 1), a rice (Oryza sativa) member of the glycosyltransferase family GT61, has been described to add xylosyl residues to arabinosyl substitutions modified by ferulic acid. In this study, we characterize hydroxycinnamic acid‐decorated arabinosyl substitutions present on rice xylan and their cross‐linking, in order to decipher the role of XAX1 in xylan synthesis. Our results show a general reduction of hydroxycinnamic acid‐modified 3‐linked arabinosyl substitutions in xax1 mutant rice regardless of their modification with a xylosyl residue. Moreover, structures resembling the direct cross‐link between xylan and lignin (ferulated arabinosyl substitutions bound to lignin monomers and dimers), together with diferulates known to cross‐link xylan, are strongly reduced in xax1. Interestingly, apart from feruloyl and p‐coumaroyl modifications on arabinose, putative caffeoyl and oxalyl modifications were characterized, which were also reduced in xax1. Our results suggest an alternative function of XAX1 in the transfer of hydroxycinnamic acid‐modified arabinosyl substitutions to xylan, rather than xylosyl transfer to arabinosyl substitutions. Ultimately, XAX1 plays a fundamental role in cross‐linking, providing a potential target for the improvement of use of grass biomass.
Prolyl‐4‐hydroxylases 2 and 3 control erythropoietin production in renin‐expressing cells of mouse kidneys
Authors: Broeker Katharina A. E. , Fuchs Michaela A. A. , Schrankl Julia , Lehrmann Claudia , Schley Gunnar , Todorov Vladimir T. , Hugo Christian , Wagner Charlotte , Kurtz Armin
Published: December 2021

Activation of the hypoxia‐signalling pathway induced by deletion of the ubiquitin‐ligase von Hippel–Lindau protein causes an endocrine shift of renin‐producing cells to erythropoietin (EPO)‐expressing cells. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been investigated. Since oxygen‐regulated stability of hypoxia‐inducible transcription factors relevant for EPO expression is dependent on the activity of prolyl‐4‐hydroxylases (PHD) 2 and 3, this study aimed to determine the relevance of different PHD isoforms for the EPO expression in renin‐producing cells in vivo. For this purpose, mice with inducible renin cell‐specific deletions of different PHD isoforms were analysed. Our study shows that there are two subgroups of renal renin‐expressing cells, juxtaglomerular renin+ cells and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐β+ interstitial renin+ cells. These interstitial renin+ cells belong to the cell pool of native EPO‐producing cells and are able to express EPO and renin in parallel. In contrast, co‐deletion of PHD2 and PHD3, but not PHD2 deletion alone, induces EPO expression in juxtaglomerular and hyperplastic renin+ cells and downregulates renin expression. A strong basal PHD3 expression in juxtaglomerular renin+ cells seems to prevent the hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor‐2‐dependent phenotype shift into EPO cells. In summary, PHDs seem important for the stabilization of the juxtaglomerular renin cell phenotype. Moreover, these findings reveal tubulointerstitial cells as a novel site of renal renin expression and suggest a high endocrine plasticity of these cells. Our data concerning the distinct expression patterns and functions of PHD2 and PHD3 provide new insights into the regulation of renin‐producing cells and highlight the need for selective PHD inhibitors.

Key points

Renal renin‐expressing cells can be clearly distinguished into two subgroups, the typical juxtaglomerular renin‐producing cells and interstitial renin+ cells.

Interstitial renin+ cells belong to the cell pool of native erythropoietin (EPO)‐producing cells, show a fast EPO response to acute hypoxia‐inducible factor‐2 (HIF‐2) stabilization and are able to express EPO and renin in parallel.

Only co‐deletion of the prolyl‐4‐hydroxylases (PHD) 2 and 3, but not PHD2 deletion alone, induces EPO expression in juxtaglomerular renin+ cells.

Chronic HIF‐2 stabilization in juxtaglomerular renin‐expressing cells leads to their phenotypic shift into EPO‐producing cells.

A strong basal PHD3 expression in juxtaglomerular renin+ cells seems to prevent a HIF‐2‐dependent phenotype shift into EPO cells suggesting PHD3 fulfils a stabilizer function for the juxtaglomerular renin cell phenotype.
Ordovician and Mississippian stratigraphy in southwestern Missouri, USA
Authors: Rovey Charles W. , Bassett Damon J. , McKay Matthew P.
Published: December 2021

A succession of Ordovician and Mississippian carbonates, separated unconformably, is exposed across the southern flank of the Ozark Dome in southwest Missouri. Deposits of both periods exemplify typical facies of the Midwestern United States: carbonate tidal-flat assemblages for the Early Ordovician and carbonate shelf environments for the Early–Middle Mississippian. The basic stratigraphic sequence of these deposits has been known for over a century, but interesting features remain to be addressed. Thin discontinuous sandstones are present within the Early Ordovician Cotter Dolomite, but the informal Swan Creek sandstone member seems anomalous. This sandstone can exceed 5 m in thickness and is fairly continuous across southwest Missouri. Most Ordovician sandstones in Missouri mark major transgressions above regional unconformities, but not the Swan Creek, and there is no obvious source of the sand. Therefore, we hypothesize that the Swan Creek represents reworked eolian dunes blown across the broad peritidal environment. Clastic sandstone dikes, apparently sourced from the Swan Creek, cut across beds of Cotter Dolomite near faults. We propose that these dikes are evidence of local faulting and seismicity during the Early Ordovician.

Early and Middle Mississippian limestones comprise a sequence of shelf deposits, although mud mounds and other facies changes near the Missouri-Arkansas line mark the edge of the Mississippian shelf and the transition to a ramp setting. Early Mississippian carbonate deposition was interrupted by a short and localized influx of siliciclastic sediment comprising the Northview Formation. The Northview has additional characteristics consistent with a river-dominated deltaic deposit, which we suggest as its origin. If correct, this hypothesis implies that the history of tectonic features in the Midwest is more complicated than yet known. Finally, facies changes within and between the local Mississippian formations may record an early crustal response to the impending Ouachita orogeny farther to the south.
Electrical Properties of Li+-Substituted Solid Solutions Based on Gd2Zr2O7
Authors: Anokhina I. A. , Animitsa I. E. , Voronin V. I. , Vykhodets V. B. , Kurennykh T. E. , Buzina A. F. , Kazakova V. N. , Nokhrin S. S. , Zaikov Yu. P.
Published: December 2021

Solid solution $${\text{G}}{{{\text{d}}}_{{2 - x}}}{\text{L}}{{{\text{i}}}_{x}}{\text{Z}}{{{\text{r}}}_{2}}{{{\text{O}}}_{{7 - x}}}$$ with a pyrochlore structure is synthesized for the first time. The cationic composition is confirmed via chemical analysis and nuclear reactions. It is found that the stoichiometry with respect to lithium is retained up to 1100°C. The lattice parameter diminishes in the homogeneity range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.30, while the free volume of migration grows. Introducing lithium into the Gd sublattice raises oxygen–ion conductivity, due to the emergence of oxygen vacancies and enhancement of their mobility. Maximum conductivity is reached for composition with х = 0.10 (~1 × 10−3 Ω−1 cm−1, 650°C). An assumption is made about the formation of associates of the type $${{\{ {\text{Li}}_{{{\text{Gd}}}}^{{''}} \cdot {\text{V}}_{{\text{o}}}^{{ \bullet \bullet }}\} }^{ \times }}$$ at high contents of the dopant (x = 0.30), accompanied by an increase in the activation energy of conductivity.
Thermodynamic Modeling of Multicomponent Rare Earth Nitrates Aqueous Systems
Authors: Dzuban A. V. , Galstyan A. A. , Kovalenko N. A. , Uspenskaya I. A.
Published: December 2021

Solubility constants of rare earth (RE) nitrates crystalline hydrates are determined in a wide temperature range (−30 to 120°C), salts solubilities and phase diagrams of water–RE nitrate systems are calculated. For multicomponent (n > 5) solutions of RE nitrates the assessment of solution properties as well as phase diagrams are shown to be feasible within experimental uncertainty. In case of mixtures of RE nitrates with similar hydrodynamic radii of ions, the parameters of RE1–RE2 interparticle interaction can be ignored without losing accuracy of thermodynamic modeling.
Improved $${(g-2)_\mu }$$ measurements and wino/higgsino dark matter
Authors: Chakraborti Manimala , Heinemeyer Sven , Saha Ipsita
Published: December 2021

The electroweak (EW) sector of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) can account for a variety of experimental data. In particular it can explain the persistent $$3-4\,\sigma $$

3
-
4

σ

discrepancy between the experimental result for the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, $$(g-2)_\mu $$

(
g
-
2
)

μ

, and its Standard Model (SM) prediction. The lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), which we take as the lightest neutralino, $${\tilde{\chi }}_{1}^0$$

χ
~

1

0

, can furthermore account for the observed Dark Matter (DM) content of the universe via coannihilation with the next-to-LSP (NLSP), while being in agreement with negative results from Direct Detection (DD) experiments. Concerning the unsuccessful searches for EW particles at the LHC, owing to relatively small production cross-sections a comparably light EW sector of the MSSM is in full agreement with the experimental data. The DM relic density can fully be explained by a mixed bino/wino LSP. Here we take the relic density as an upper bound, which opens up the possibility of wino and higgsino DM. We first analyze which mass ranges of neutralinos, charginos and scalar leptons are in agreement with all experimental data, including relevant LHC searches. We find roughly an upper limit of $$\sim 600 \,\, \mathrm {GeV}$$

∼
600

GeV

for the LSP and NLSP masses. In a second step we assume that the new result of the Run 1 of the “MUON G-2” collaboration at Fermilab yields a precision comparable to the existing experimental result with the same central value. We analyze the potential impact of the combination of the Run 1 data with the existing $$(g-2)_\mu $$

(
g
-
2
)

μ

data on the allowed MSSM parameter space. We find that in this case the upper limits on the LSP and NLSP masses are substantially reduced by roughly $$100 \,\, \mathrm {GeV}$$

100

GeV

. We interpret these upper bounds in view of future HL-LHC EW searches as well as future high-energy $$e^+e^-$$

e
+

e
-

 colliders, such as the ILC or CLIC.
Two approaches to quantum gravity and M-(atrix) theory at large number of dimensions
Authors: Ydri Badis
Published: December 2021

A Gaussian approximation to the bosonic part of M-(atrix) theory with mass deformation is considered at large values of the dimension [Formula: see text]. From the perspective of the gauge/gravity duality this action reproduces with great accuracy the stringy Hagedorn phase transition from a confinement (black string) phase to a deconfinement (black hole) phase whereas from the perspective of the matrix/geometry approach this action only captures a remnant of the geometric Yang–Mills-to-fuzzy-sphere phase where the fuzzy sphere solution is only manifested as a three-cut configuration termed the “baby fuzzy sphere” configuration. The Yang–Mills phase retains most of its characteristics with two exceptions: (i) the uniform distribution inside a solid ball suffers a crossover at very small values of the gauge coupling constant to a Wigner’s semicircle law, and (ii) the uniform distribution at small values of the temperatures is nonexistent.
Lodestone: An Efficient Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Protocol in Consortium Blockchains
Authors: Shan Chen , Fan Lei
Published: December 2021

We present Lodestone, a chain-based Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) state machine replication (SMR) protocol under partial synchrony. Lodestone enables replicas to achieve consensus with two phases of voting and enjoys (1) optimistic responsiveness and (2) linear communication complexity on average. Similar to the state-of-the-art chain-based BFT protocols, Lodestone can be optimized with a pipelining idea elegantly. We implement pipelined Lodestone and deploy experiments to evaluate its performance. The evaluation results demonstrate that Lodestone has a lower latency than HotStuff under various workloads.
The Beneficial Effects of Probiotics via Autophagy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nemati Marzieh , Omrani Gholamhossein Ranjbar , Ebrahimi Bahareh , Montazeri-Najafabady Nima
Published: December 2021

Probiotics are living microorganisms increasingly used to treat or modulate different diseases or disorders because of their benefits and also low adverse reaction, and their positive and protective effects on various cells and tissues have been reported. The mechanisms by which probiotics exert their beneficial effects in different cells and tissues were investigated, and autophagy is one of the main mechanisms to induce their positive effects. Autophagy is a conserved process that occurs in all eukaryotic cells and plays an essential role in homeostasis and cell survival by degrading damaged and dysfunctional intracellular organelles. On the other hand, the role of autophagy is diverse in different tissues and situations, and cell death derived from autophagy has been observed in some cells. This search was done in PubMed, WOS, and Scopus using the keywords probiotic, microbiota, and autophagy. The search strategy was focused on the in vitro and animal model studies, and the included filters were English language publications and full‐text articles (by June 2020). Studies that investigated other underlying mechanisms except autophagy were excluded. Among more than 105 papers, 24 studies were considered eligible for more evaluation. The obtained results indicated that most studies were performed on intestinal cell lines or tissue compared with other types of cell lines and tissue. This review article discusses our current understanding of the probiotic effects through autophagy in different cell lines and tissues that would be a useful guide to daily and clinical usage of these living microorganisms, but despite promising results of this systematic review, further studies need to assess this issue. This systematic review has demonstrated that autophagy is an effective mechanism in inducing beneficial effects of probiotics in different tissues.
Economic Management Data Envelopes Based on the Clustering of Incomplete Data
Authors: Dong Shuo , Tsai Sang-Bing
Published: December 2021

In this paper, the economic management data envelope is analyzed by an algorithm for clustering incomplete data, a local search method based on reference vectors is designed in the algorithm to improve the accuracy of the algorithm, and a final solution selection method based on integrated clustering is proposed to obtain the final clustering results from the last generation of the solution set. The proposed algorithm and various aspects of it are tested in comparison using benchmark datasets and other comparison algorithms. A time-series domain partitioning method based on fuzzy mean clustering and information granulation is proposed, and a time series prediction method is proposed based on the domain partitioning results. Firstly, the fuzzy mean clustering method is applied to initially divide the theoretical domain of the time series, and then, the optimization algorithm of the theoretical domain division based on information granulation is proposed. It combines the clustering algorithm and the information granulation method to divide the theoretical domain and improves the accuracy and interpretability of sample data division. This article builds an overview of data warehouse, data integration, and rule engine. It introduces the business data integration of the economic management information system data warehouse and the data warehouse model design, taking tax as an example. The fuzzy prediction method of time series is given for the results of the theoretical domain division after the granulation of time-series information, which transforms the precise time-series data into a time series composed of semantic values conforming to human cognitive forms. It describes the dynamic evolution process of time series by constructing the fuzzy logical relations to these semantic values to obtain their fuzzy change rules and make predictions, which improves the comprehensibility of prediction results. Finally, the prediction experiments are conducted on the weighted stock price index dataset, and the experimental results show that applying the proposed time-series information granulation method for time series prediction can improve the accuracy of the prediction results.
Mean-Based Breakpoint Selection on Circular Histogram
Authors: Fan Jiulun , Yang Jipeng
Published: December 2021

Circular histogram represents the statistical distribution of circular data; the H component histogram of HSI color model is a typical example of the circular histogram. When using H component to segment color image, a feasible way is to transform the circular histogram into a linear histogram, and then, the mature gray image thresholding methods are used on the linear histogram to select the threshold value. Thus, the reasonable selection of the breakpoint on circular histogram to linearize the circular histogram is the key. In this paper, based on the angles mean on circular histogram and the line mean on linear histogram, a simple breakpoint selection criterion is proposed, and the suitable range of this method is analyzed. Compared with the existing breakpoint selection criteria based on Lorenz curve and cumulative distribution entropy, the proposed method has the advantages of simple expression and less calculation and does not depend on the direction of rotation.
[Retracted] Evaluation of Liquid Biopsy in Patients with HER2‐Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Huai Jianguo , Cao Ming , Jiang Yan , Yang Xiaomiao , Zhu Yanyan , Si Youyi , Xu Man , Shen Chenxiang , Han Tao , Lian Xiaochun
Published: December 2021

Breast cancer is one of the common malignant tumors, and liquid biopsy has become a hot spot for clinical testing. To clarify the detection effect of liquid biopsy in breast cancer, we collected peripheral blood of HER2‐positive (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐positive) patients. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were isolated and analyzed. HER2 expression on CTCs was detected. The results showed that in the 198 HER2‐positive samples, the CTC detection rate was 79.8% (158/198), and the mean number of CTCs was 21, ranging from 1 to 63/7.5 mL peripheral blood. Only 41.1% (65/158) of patients had histology and CTC HER2 status consistent with the remaining 58.9% (93/158) of patients, although their histological HER2 was positive, and CTC HER2 was negative. Our study confirmed the value of CTC HER2 real‐time status testing in HER2‐positive breast cancer patients. The inconsistency in HER2 status between CTCs and histology may be related to the time interval between CTCs and histological HER2 detection, suggesting that real‐time HER2 detection is necessary for histological HER2‐positive patients.
Persian in the Villages, or, the Language of Jamiat Rai’s Account Books
Authors: Sheikh Samira
Published: December 2021

District (pargana)-level land revenue administration in late-Mughal south Gujarat was run mostly by Hindu and Jain family firms which operated within a multilingual environment featuring Gujarati and Marathi as well as Persian. Similar arrangements continued under early East India Company control but, by the 1820s, the British had done away with land-revenue family firms and their contextual multilingualism, replacing them with directly-employed village accountants writing only in Gujarati. This article argues that pargana-level officials’ multilingualism and relative autonomy were not an 18th-century aberration but a key feature of Mughal administration, dislodged with difficulty by the British.
Disputed Transactions: Documents, Language, and Authority in Eighteenth-Century Marwar
Authors: Thelen Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2021

Even though all state documents in Marwar in the second half of the eighteenth century were issued in Rajasthani, Persian-language documents continued to have an active legal life and were debated, discussed and judged through Rajasthani-language petitions and orders. A close reading of one such dispute highlights tensions over the authority of community versus documents, how new forms of state record-keeping affected the legal use of documents, and how the Rajput king’s practice of customary law led both to the interpolation of shariʿa principles into that law when applied to Muslims and to the restriction of the qazi’s jurisdiction.
Flexible Forms of Contracts: Transactions through Fictitious Settlements (ṣulḥ/muṣālaḥa) in Iran
Authors: Werner Christoph U.
Published: December 2021

In the second half of the nineteenth century, practitioners of law in Iran were looking for more flexibility in contractual forms, especially those used to conclude routine transactions of properties and services. They increasingly made use of a type of contract named muṣālaḥa-nāma, derived from the legal concept of ṣulḥ and defined primarily as a means to arrange the amicable settlement of disputes. The present contribution attempts to categorise the kind of transactions for which this universal contractual type could be employed and raises the question what advantages such a “new” contractual form might have entailed.
Ennius-Zitat (F 142 TrRF) oder -Imitation?
Authors: Feddern Stefan
Published: December 2021

As the late antique Terence commentator Aelius Donatus notes, by using the term parodia, which is misleading from a modern point of view, Terence imitates Ennius in a passage in the Eunuchus (Eu. 590). Researchers have used this comment as well as Donatus’ use of the adverb tragice as an opportunity to extract a fragment from an unknown tragedy by Ennius (F 142 TrRF). This fragment remains somewhat of a mystery, because there is uncertainty about where the corresponding quotation begins and where it ends. According to the analysis presented here, we are not dealing with a parody in our sense, and at most partially with an Ennius fragment, since parodia denotes the modified quotation in ancient usage. In a new solution, a fragment from Ennius’ Annales (fr. 555f. Skutsch) is proposed as the pretext for the parodia.
How Brasidas Was Honoured at Skione (Thucydides 4.121.1)
Authors: Panegyres Konstantine
Published: December 2021

The crux at Thucydides 4.121.1 has recently come under renewed scrutiny from scholars, but decisive conclusions were not reached. This article argues that commentators have not yet taken into account all relevant considerations, and that as a result the passage still remains incompletely understood. The verb προσήρχοντο is derived from προσέρχομαι, not προσάρχομαι. The unusual imperfect form προσήρχοντο (instead of expected Attic προσῇσαν) can perhaps be regarded as an instance of poetic verbal inflection (compare Pi. O. 9.93 διήρχετο), a type of diction suitable in the context of Thucydides’ heroic-poetic depiction of Brasidas. Modern scholars’ focus on the textual criticism of this one word has in general caused them to neglect matters of verbal interpretation. As a consequence, some important aspects of Thucydides’ language and the cultural context of the scene remain underappreciated.
Aristotle’s Uses of ἕνεκα
Authors: Oki Takashi
Published: December 2021

I argue that Aristotle’s arguments in passages regarding chance in the Physics and in passages about ignorance in action in the Nicomachean and Eudemian Ethics presuppose two different uses of ‘for the sake (ἕνεκα) of something’, which are able to explain respectively the wish or thought of agents and the type or nature of what they actually do. In my view, however, this does not commit Aristotle, in the ‘ignorance’ passages from the two Ethics, to holding that the type or nature of what the agents actually do is for the sake of killing or wounding.
Could Women Own Agricultural Land? Rethinking the Relationship of Islamic Law and Contextual Reality (Wāqiʿ)
Authors: al-Marakeby Muhammad
Published: December 2021

Various studies have discussed the Ḥanafī opinion about the ownership of agricultural land. In this study, instead, I analyze the Mālikīs’ and Shāfiʿīs’ views. Their madhāhib suggested that arable land was in the public ownership of the state. However, I show how the systemized deprivation of women from inheriting agricultural land in the Ottoman period motivated late Mālikīs and Shāfiʿīs to divert from the standard doctrine of their madhāhib. Late scholars suggested that Egyptian land should be owned by the cultivators, and, therefore, be inheritable by both men and women. This turn of late Mālikīs and Shāfiʿīs, which stands as an antithesis to the Ḥanafīs’ development, stimulates us to think of a different mechanism of ijtihād. In this mechanism, Islamic law reform is defined by questioning and challenging the contextual reality (wāqiʿ) instead of being adjusted to it, even if this reality is not prohibited.
Protecting the Identity of Juveniles in Criminal Proceedings in Viet Nam and Victoria
Authors: Duy Le Huynh Tan , McMahon Marilyn
Published: December 2021

This article compares protections relating to the non-disclosure of the identity of juveniles involved in the criminal justice systems of Viet Nam and Victoria (Australia). Both jurisdictions are committed to the principle of having an open court for the trials of juveniles. Nevertheless, being mindful of recommendations made by human rights bodies such as the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child – which promotes a closed court for these cases – both jurisdictions also recognise the importance of protecting the identity of juveniles on trial for criminal offences. They seek to balance their competing commitments to open court hearings and the protection of privacy through severely restricting the publication of information that could identify juvenile defendants. However, a review of the law and practices in both jurisdictions identifies different impacts and a number of problems. While restrictions on the publication of identifying information works effectively in Victoria, relevant laws are regularly breached without prosecution in Viet Nam. Significantly, existing protections in both Viet Nam and Victoria are almost exclusively focused on the trial phase and very few effective protections exist at earlier points, such as arrest and interrogation. This was highlighted by a focused investigation of pre-trial detention (bail), which revealed that while the practical operation of bail processes in Victoria is relatively stronger than in Viet Nam, statutory reform is required in both jurisdictions to strengthen legal protections against disclosure. In summary, the analysis demonstrates that it is possible to effectively protect the identity of juvenile defendants at the trial phase in an open court system provided that laws prohibiting the publication of identifying information are enacted, observed and enforced. In Viet Nam, significant changes in attitudes and practices are required to achieve this. Moreover, reform is required in both jurisdictions if the identity of juveniles involved in criminal justice proceedings is to be protected at the pre-trial phase.
Procedural Rights Supporting Expeditious Trials for Juveniles
Authors: Teeuwen Aekje
Published: December 2021

Delays pending trials can negatively impact juveniles. Encouragingly, the right of juvenile defendants to be tried within a reasonable time has been enshrined in international and regional human rights instruments. To support and strengthen the realisation of this specific right, several additional procedural entitlements, to which existing scholarship has paid limited attention, are of importance. This article focuses on how the rights to an effective remedy and legal representation can support the fulfilment of expeditious trials for juveniles. Furthermore, it analyses to what extent these two identified rights have been incorporated into significant international human rights standards and, specifically, in the Cambodian, Philippine and Vietnamese legislative frameworks. It identifies lessons Cambodia can draw from the latter two countries.
Climate Change and the Challenges for Developing Countries in the Implementation of the Human Right to a Healthy Environment: Case of Vietnam
Authors: Yen Nguyen Thi Hong , Dung Nguyen Phuong
Published: December 2021

Climate change is becoming the largest crisis that humans have ever faced and a major challenge to the socio-economic and prosperous development of almost every country in the world, especially developing countries. According to the Report of the 2019 Long-Term Climate Risk Index of Germanwatch, Vietnam is rated as one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to the impacts of climate change due to factors such as its geographic location, economic development model and population density. The negative impacts of climate change have become barriers for Vietnam in implementing socio-economic development policies, sustainable development goals and human rights, including the right to a healthy environment. This article will focus on clarifying the legal basis as well as the direct challenges of climate change in ensuring the right to a healthy environment in Vietnam and will recommend appropriate solutions to improve the law and capacity to enforce this right in Vietnam.
Elena, Palamede e l’enigma della colpa: percezione, emozione, volontà
Authors: Ioli Roberta
Published: December 2021

Gorgias’ two speeches Encomium of Helen and Defense of Palamedes face, from different points of view, the problem of free will, deliberation and responsibility. While Palamedes is introduced as hero of the kratos, Helen can be considered as a victim of persuasion and erotic passion. My aim is to analyze Gorgias’ emphasis on sight and hearing as perceptions related to the origin of our actions: powerful perceptions can give rise to violent emotions and force people to change their nature, becoming different from what they previously were. By focusing on the Hippocratic medicine and ancient doctrines about the physiology of perception, we can shed new light on the arguments used by Gorgias in order to defend Helen overwhelmed by the seduction of logos and eros. What the Sophist is mainly interested in is the connection between perception, emotion, and our consequent disposition to act.
Diagnosis and Inconsistency in the Axiochus
Authors: Joosse Albert
Published: December 2021

The Socrates of the dialogue Axiochus seems to advance incompatible arguments in his attempt to cure Axiochus of his fear of death. Is this incompatibility a foreseen and accepted consequence of the author’s therapeutic strategy? This paper argues that it is rather an intended and functional inconsistency: it serves to stimulate critical thinking in order to anchor philosophical conviction more deeply in the reader’s soul. The paper musters support for this reading by drawing attention to the different levels of inconsistency in the dialogue; the multiple ways in which the text thematizes inconsistency; the importance of exercising judgement in the text; and the motivating concern of superficial persuasion.
Differences of the stem vascular system across populations of two tropical species under contrasting water conditions
Authors: Blagitz Marcela , Nogueira Anselmo , Marcati Carmen Regina
Published: December 2021

Structural differences in the secondary vascular tissues among habitats can contribute to understanding species performances, especially regarding water and photosynthate transport. The pattern of association between the secondary xylem tissue and water availability from the environment has been widely studied, unlike the secondary phloem, which has been barely explored. Here, we evaluated the structural variation of the secondary xylem and phloem in stems of four populations of two tropical tree species under contrasting water conditions. We also investigated the mirrored structure between both tissues. At dry sites, Moquiniastrum polymorphum had higher vessel density, thicker xylem fibers cell walls, and taller rays in both tissues commonly associated with safe transport, in agreement with our expectations. In contrast, the populations of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium had most features in disagreement with the water availability of each site. The perforation and sieve plates, the ray composition, and the axial parenchyma were similar in the two tree species’ xylem and phloem tissues. However, the quantitative descriptors of cell sizes were not correlated between the xylem and phloem. In general, there is a different pattern of morphological variation across sites in the two tropical tree species, highlighting that any generalization regarding the vascular system structure across environments should be avoided. Xylem and phloem revealed a mirrored structure in a few qualitative features, not followed by the dimensions of different cell types. Future research needs to explore the causes of the unexpected structural variation in the vascular system across populations in tropical tree species.
Zabel Yesayan, “Chronicle – The Role of the Armenian Woman during the War”
Authors: Belli Meriam
Published: December 2021

The following is a translation of a lecture delivered in French by Zabel Yesayan at the Engineers Hall on 17 January 1920. The talk was originally published, seemingly without much editing, in the French Revue des Études Arméniennes 2 (1922): 121–138. The lyricism of this nationalist panegyric and ode to the Armenian woman exposes the author’s raw emotions, as she describes the exodus of Armenians from their homeland during World War I, their struggle, their resilience, and the crimes committed against them. Zabel Yesayan’s speech is altogether révolté – in the sense of moral and political indignation – and righteous. It also reveals with poignant and at times excruciating details, the gendered violence that conventional political narratives often silence about women, especially during genocide.

The page numbers referenced below in brackets correspond to the page numbers in the Revue des Études Arméniennes publication. I have maintained as much as possible the orality of this speech, delivered in florid, melodramatic, nineteenth-century oratory style. I have, however, added punctuation when the lack thereof led to confusion or unintelligibility.
Development of a Monsoon Depression and Its Interaction with the Large-Scale Background: A Case Study
Authors: Mishra S. K.
Published: December 2021

Structure and time evolution of the large-scale background and an embedded synoptic-scale monsoon depression and their interactions are studied. The depression formation is preceded by a cyclonic circulation around 400 hPa. The Fourier-based scale separation technique is used to isolate large (wavenumbers 0–8) and synoptic-scale (wavenumbers 12–60). The wavelength and depression center is determined objectively. The synoptic-scale depression has an average longitudinal wavelength of around 1900 km and a north–south size of 1100 km; it is most intense with a vorticity of 20.5 × 10
−5
s
−1
at 900 hPa. The strongest cold core of −3.0°C below 850 hPa and the above warm core of around 2.0°C are evident. The depression is tilted southwestward in the midtroposphere with no significant vertical tilt in the lower troposphere. The mean maximum intensity and upward motion over the life cycle of depression are in close agreement with the composite values. A strong cyclonic shear zone is developed in the midtroposphere preceding the depression. The necessary condition for barotropic (baroclinic) instability is satisfied in the midtroposphere (boundary layer). Strong northward transport of momentum by the depression against the southward shear is found. The strong growth of the MD in the lower troposphere is due to downward transfer of excess energy gained in the midtroposphere from the barotropic energy conversion and east–west direct thermal circulation as the vertical energy flux. The baroclinic interaction contributes to the maintenance of the cold core in the lower troposphere. The diabatic heating rate is computed and its role in the genesis and growth of MD is investigated.
Why the Super-Rich Will Not Be Saving the World: Philanthropy and “Privatization Creep” in Global Development
Authors: Brooks Sally , Kumar Arun
Published: December 2021

Under multistakeholderism, private philanthropic foundations have played an increasingly influential role in global development. As part of which, foundations have promoted what we call “privatization creep” (i.e., mainstreaming market-centric solutions to development). Sidelining redistributive approaches altogether, “privatization creep” favours profit-making over everything else, doing little to “save the world.”
Rapid Dual-Task Decrements After a Brief Period of Manual Tracking in Simulated Weightlessness by Water Submersion
Authors: Dalecki Marc , Steinberg Fabian , Beurskens Rainer
Published: December 2021

Objective

Investigating dual-task (DT) performance during simulated weightlessness by water submersion, using a manual tracking and a choice reaction task. In contrast to previous work, we focus on performance changes over time.

Background

Previous research showed motor tracking and choice reaction impairments under DT and single-task (ST) conditions in shallow water submersion. Recent research analyzed performance as average across task time, neglecting potential time-related changes or fluctuations of task-performance.

Method

An unstable tracking and a choice reaction task was performed for one minute under ST and DT conditions in 5 m water submersion and on dry land in 43 participants. Tracking and choice reaction time performance for both tasks were analyzed in blocks of 10 seconds.

Results

Tracking performance deteriorated underwater compared to dry land conditions during the second half while performing one minute in DT conditions. Choice reaction time increased underwater as well, but independent of task time and type.

Conclusion

Tracking error increased over time when performing unstable tracking and choice reaction together. Potentially, physiological and psychological alterations under shallow submersion further strain the human system during DT operations, exceeding available recourse capacities such that DT performance deteriorated over time.

Application

Humans operating in simulated weightlessness underwater should be aware of substantial performance declines that can occur within a short amount of time during DT situations that include continuous tracking.
Conceptualizing a Radical Visible Pedagogy
Authors: Barrett Brian , McPhail Graham
Published: December 2021

This paper contributes to the theorization of radical visible pedagogy by building upon Basil Bernstein’s initial conceptualization and previous efforts to develop it. Alongside Bernstein’s “classification” and “framing” we suggest that incorporating the concepts of “semantic gravity” and “semantic density” from Legitimation Code Theory (LCT)—concepts that were not available to those engaged in earlier efforts to theorize radical visible pedagogy—adds an important dimension to this theorization. Outlining the principles of radical visible pedagogy has the potential to inform equitable classroom practice in a manner that eschews the tendency toward dichotomous conceptions of pedagogy as either “traditional” or “progressive.”
Practical Curriculum Approach
Authors: Crutchley Dwayne J. L.
Published: December 2021

For decades, the achievement gap between low-income Black males and other groups is sufficiently documented and persists. This study calls for a new practical curriculum approach that provides the necessary conditions for how low-income Black males learn, stay engaged, and assist in building the capacity for positive self-efficacy. The significance of this curriculum approach would be improving academic achievement among the group, closing the gap, and facilitate long-term socioeconomic sustainability for the group that is most likely vulnerable to systemic barriers and prejudices. Through a qualitative approach and a historical design, the findings developed a curriculum approach grounded in Social Learning Theory, Human Capital Theory, and Career development Theory. The theoretical framework embodies and incorporates the practical approach found in ( Yusuf & Nabeshima, 2012 ) and ( Lee & Fredriksen, 2008 ) and could improve academic achievement among the group.
Special Education Services and School-Related Quality of Life in Children With Learning Disorders and Their Families: A One-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Waber Deborah P. , Boiselle Ellen C. , Forbes Peter W. , Sideridis Georgios D.
Published: December 2021

Learning disorders can have adverse impacts on children and families extending beyond the academic skills deficits. The goal of the present study was to assess the impact of the school’s response, following an independent evaluation, for child and family school-related quality of life (QOL). We hypothesized that a positive school response would be associated with improved QOL. Parents completed the LDQOL/15, a brief measure of school-related QOL, at the time that their child received an independent evaluation and again a year later ( N = 155). At follow-up, parents reported the tenor of the school’s response to the evaluation and whether special education services had changed. QOL problems were very high in this referred population, with 66% of respondents rating a level of problems in the clinical range at baseline. Predicted interactions between time of assessment (baseline/follow-up) and the school’s response to the evaluation were confirmed for all outcome variables; a positive school response was associated with improved QOL. Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of school-related QOL problems remained high a year after the evaluation. These findings indicate that special education interventions can mitigate learning disabilities’ impacts, but even with these services, many children with learning disorders and their families continue to be significantly affected.
Integrating Augmentative and Alternative Communication Into a Stay-Play-Talk Program in Preschool
Authors: Aal Ismail Hazim , More Cori , Baker Joshua , Huff Stephanie
Published: December 2021

Stay-Play-Talk (SPT) is a peer-mediated intervention used to increase social interactions between preschoolers with developmental disabilities and typically developing (TD) peers. This intervention has been found to be successful in increasing play and reciprocal conversation amongst children with and without disabilities. The following describes how to implement a Stay-Play-Talk intervention with children who use Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices in a preschool setting.