bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Técnicas fisioterapêuticas para o manejo de tendinopatia patelar
Authors: Martins Filho André Luiz Cacau , Jesus Gabriel Santos de , Silva Otiniel Matos da , Silva Wanderson Fernandes
Published: November 2021

Tendinopatia patelar é uma afecção relacionada com a sobrecarga do aparelho extensor do joelho. Essa lesão acomete o tendão patelar, causando dor à palpação e déficit funcional. O segmento mais acometido é a porção profunda e posterior do tendão patelar, adjacente ao pólo inferior da patela. Também é conhecida pelo nome de jumper's knee ou “joelho do saltador”, por ser comum em atletas que praticam esporte de salto, podendo ser dividida em 4 graus de dor. A fisioterapia promove a melhora no quadro de dor, equilíbrio da musculatura, ganho de amplitude de movimento, possuindo um papel fundamental na recuperação da funcionalidade através de métodos terapêuticos, sendo realizada em conjunto com o uso de analgésicos e dispositivos de apoio. Os métodos de tratamento mais utilizados são a cinesioterapia, eletroterapia, alongamento, a bandagem patelar, além da crioterapia. O objetivo desse trabalho é discutir as técnicas fisioterapêuticas para o manejo de tendinopatia patelar. Metodologia: o artigo é uma revisão narrativa de literatura. Para a realização deste artigo foram realizadas filtragens nas plataformas da Google Scholar, Scielo e PubMed, os artigos selecionados foram todos relacionados ao tema proposto desde da parte etiologia da tendinopatia, passando pelas técnicas utilizadas no tratamento fisioterapêutico. Conclusão: As técnicas que mostraram maiores benefícios na fase aguda foram a cinesioterapia, principalmente pela execução dos exercícios excêntricos assim como as técnicas de alongamento que ajudar na flexibilidade do paciente e melhora da função motora, essa técnica além desses benefícios, também pode atuar na prevenção do desenvolvimento da tendinopatia. Nas fases crônicas da doença, a técnica que mostrou uma melhora no tratamento foi eletroterapia, já que ajuda na cicatrização e aumenta a força tênsil do tendão, para o controle da dor a técnica que mais se sobressaiu foi a crioterapia, uma vez que auxilia no alívio das dores localizadas mesmo ainda não havendo um consenso de sua aplicação adequada.
Interações medicamentosas em fitoterápicos
Authors: Silva Michele Cristina da , Colino Priscilla da Silva , Pontes Neto João Gomes
Published: November 2021

Desde as primeiras civilizações, o homem, de forma empírica, buscava o alívio e a cura para as enfermidades que os acometiam. Descobriram nas plantas atividades medicinais e terapêuticas, passando a utilizar esse recurso para tratar as mais diversas doenças de acordo com o conhecimento adquirido no decorrer dos tempos.  O medicamento fitoterápico é aquele obtido com uso exclusivo de matérias-primas vegetais, ou seja, ativos extraídos de plantas, ou parte específica que contém a atividade terapêutica. O objetivo do presente estudo é expor e confrontar informações sobre interações medicamentosas dentro da fitoterapia, tendo em vista que ainda há, na população, uma certa crença de que medicamentos derivados de plantas não apresentam eventos adversos. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão de literatura, onde os dados obtidos reforçam a importância desse tipo de informação para a sociedade, que cada vez mais busca nos medicamentos naturais alternativas para melhoria da saúde e longevidade.  A pesquisa envolveu artigos entre 2008 e 2021, onde foi observado que há relatos significativos de interações medicamentosas associadas ao uso de fitoterápicos. Os dados levantados são de extrema importância para quebrar tabus relacionados à segurança dos medicamentos de origem natural, contribuindo para seu uso racional.
Perfil sociodemográfico das mulheres que realizaram laqueadura tubária: uma revisão integrativa da literatura
Authors: Almeida Joelma Dias , Viana Janayna Araújo , Soares Wlly Samara Costa Neves , Lopes Sâmia Marques , Sousa Haigle Reckziegel de , Leite Cristina Limeira
Published: November 2021

A laqueadura tubária consiste na oclusão mecânica ou ressecção parcial das trompas de Falópio, ao mesmo tempo em que a junção dos gametas não consiga ocorrer, eliminando as probabilidades da fecundação. Esse método está entre a preferência de casais, quando optam por uma prática contraceptiva, tanto em países desenvolvidos como naqueles em desenvolvimento. O presente estudo baseia-se na seguinte pergunta norteadora: Qual o perfil sociodemográfico das mulheres que realizaram laqueadura? Diante disso, o objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em analisar o perfil sociodemográfico das mulheres que realizaram laqueadura por meio de um estudo de revisão de literatura do tipo Integrativa. Trata-se de uma revisão, por meio de produções científicas da base de dados: Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciências de Saúde – LILACS, Scientific Eletronic Library Online – SCIELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde – BVS, dos últimos 5 anos, ou seja, de 2015 a 2020. Entre as mulheres com 3 ou mais filhos, a laqueadura foi a prática mais frequente, embora tenha sido superada pelo uso de hormonais injetáveis no grupo etário de 20 a 29 anos. Portanto, essa pesquisa abriu novas possibilidades para aprofundar os conhecimentos a respeito da laqueadura tubária e das variáveis ligadas as mulheres que escolhem esse procedimento. Essa realidade evidencia a necessidade de implantação de medidas de educação em saúde bem como de estratégias focadas nesse público, pois arrependimentos e consequências fazem parte desse processo, como foram pontuadas nos estudos selecionados.
A percepção das pacientes submetidas ao tratamento de braquiterapia ginecológica
Authors: Sousa Ianna Mara Borges de , Barbosa Marluce Sampaio Nobre , Sousa Haigle Reckziegel de , Medeiros Felype Hanns Alves de , Tourinho Erika Ferreira , Queiroz Patrícia dos Santos Silva
Published: November 2021

Introdução: A braquiterapia é um tipo de radioterapia em que a fonte radioativa é colocada dentro da área a ser tratada ou junto a ela. A inserção pode ser temporária ou permanente. Uma das características mais importantes da braquiterapia é que a radiação gerada pela fonte afeta apenas áreas muito próximas do local que será tratado, protegendo assim os tecidos sadios. Objetivo: Conhecer o significado da braquiterapia e a percepção dolorosa de mulheres com câncer ginecológico submetidas à essa terapêutica numa Unidade de Referência em uma cidade do interior do Maranhão. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa. Resultados: Durante os procedimentos de preparo para a braquiterapia, no decorrer e depois da retirada do encerramento do procedimento percebeu-se que os achados em relação a percepção de dor permaneceram os mesmos como ardência, cólica queimação e dor constante. Mesmo com seus benefícios significativos, esse tratamento também apresenta efeitos adversos que podem chegar a ser irreversíveis caso não seja manejado de forma adequada, assim torna-se de extrema importância compreender as fragilidades e os medos apresentados pelas pacientes no que concerne à doença e ao tratamento, auxiliando na adaptação a essa nova condição e sanar as dúvidas, objetivando uma assistência mais eficiente e adequada. Conclusões: Por fim, conclui-se que é necessária uma ampliação da investigação do perfil sociodemográfico e clínico por meio de estudo quantitativo, somente assim será possível estabelecer um panorama mais amplo sobre as mulheres atendidas numa Unidade de Referência.
Islamic Studies of Korea in Medieval Scripts: Medieval Muslims’ perception of Korea “as a Muslims’ Paradise” and the Influence of Ancient Civilizations’ Golden Island in the Sea East of the Eastern End of the World
Authors: Jeong Jin Han
Published: November 2021

Silla was one of two places in East Asia frequently described by medieval Muslim writers from the mid ninth-century onwards. The earliest study of Silla in antique documents can be traced back to eighteenth-century Arabists who attached a short note to the word “Sīlā” when editing or translating manuscripts.1 From the nineteenth century, not only in quantitative terms but also qualitatively, Muslim authors’ eagerness to catalogue their knowledge about Silla caught the attention of contemporary scholars in both the East and West. In addition to Europeans, Japanese academics attempted to study the definition of Silla at this time, and owing to the colonization of Korea, Silla came to be considered not only as part of Korean, but also Japanese “history.” From the early twentieth century, pioneering Korean scholars were also challenged by the task of deciphering medieval Muslim knowledge of Silla, often in conjunction with Arabic researchers.
Novel Measurement Approaches Are Needed In The Pre-Hospital Setting To Prevent Accidental Hypothermia.
Authors: Binyon Timothy , MACKIE BENJAMIN
Published: November 2021

Accidental hypothermia can be fatal if not recognised early, and effective management relies on the accurate recording of core body temperature. The focus of this critique - a recent study by Podsiado et al. (2019) – highlighted the need for reliable measurement of core body temperature in the pre-hospital and austere setting. An esophageal temperature probe may prove to be a reliable, and best practice approach for measuring core body temperature in critically unwell, unconscious patients suffering accidental hypothermia.
ВІЙСЬКОВО-ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ТРАКТУВАННЯ ВІЙНИ НА ОСНОВІ ТЕОРІЇ КАРЛА ФОН КЛАУЗЕВІЦА
Authors: Виздрик Віталій Степанович , Мельник Олександра Михайлівна
Published: November 2021

У статті досліджуються військово-теоретичні аспекти трактування війни у праці відомого німецького військового теоретика, історика Карла фон Клаузевіца «Про природу війни». В сучасних трансформаційних процесах його доктрина зали­шається актуальною, потребує наукового переосмислення. Військово-інформа­ційне протиборство в умовах ворожої агресії вимагає нових підходів у дослідженні військових конфліктів та війн в умовах глобалізаційних процесів, однак витоки та суть природи війни залишаються незмінними.

Ключові слова: військово-теоретичні аспекти, війна, стратегія, оборона, військові дії, політика.
ТВОРЕННЯ МОДЕЛЕЙ АСИМЕТРИЧНОГО («ГІБРИДНОГО») ПРОТИБОРСТВА ОСНОВНИМИ УЧАСНИКАМИ ДРУГОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ (1939–1945 РР.)
Authors: Слюсаренко Андрій Віталійович , Вєдєнєєв Дмитро Валерійович
Published: November 2021

У статті на основі аналізу документальних джерел та спеціальної літератури здійснено виявлення, систематизація та аналіз провідних організаційно-функціональних компонентів систем асиметричного протиборства, створених державами – основними учасниками Другої світової війни (СРСР, Німеччиною, Великою Британією, США) як історичних передумов виникнення воєнно-політичного явища «гібридної війни». Асиметричні дії перетворюються у достатньо самостійну та результативну (аж до стратегічного рівня) форму боротьби. На якісно новий рівень піднялося мистецтво не тільки розвідувальної роботи, але й спеціальних операцій із зміни  політичної ситуації, зафронтової розвідувально-диверсійної діяльності. Спеціальні операції почали узгоджуватися зі страте­гічними планами ведення бойових кампаній. Спецслужби набули істотного досвіду творення партизансько-підпільного руху як важливого чинника дестабілізації тилів та виснаження против­ника, створення та управління діяльністю іррегулярних збройних формувань. Набуло розвитку використання із підривною метою етноконфесійного фактора, національно-визвольних та анти­колоніальних рухів. Було створено війська спеціального призна­чення з більшістю сучасних організаційно-тактичних рис та бойових можливостей.
НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ СЛУЖБИ БРИТАНСЬКИХ ТА РАДЯНСЬКИХ ЖІНОК В ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛАХ У РОКИ ДРУГОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ
Authors: Залєток Наталія Валеріївна
Published: November 2021

Аналізуються особливості призову жінок на службу у збройних силах Великої Британії та СРСР в роки Другої світової війни. Авторка доходить висновку, що обидві країни були змушені оголосити призов жіночого населення до збройних сил та на роботу у військовій промисловості. Характер бойових дій у кожній з цих країн наклав відбиток на особливості призову жінок. Загалом в обох країнах мобілізація жінок була наслідком нестачі чоловічих ресурсів, і це було вимушеним кроком для їхніх урядів. Обидва уряди збільшували кількість жінок на службі у війську та допоміжних організаціях поступово, по необхідності, залучаючи їх до різних родів військ. Спільною практикою було заміщення чоловіків жінками на небойових посадах з метою вивільнення перших для фронту. Якщо порівняти переліки посад, на які призивали британок та мешканок СРСР, то можна відшукати чимало аналогічних або подібних.
ОПЕРАЦІЇ РСЧА ТА ВЕРМАХТУ НА ЯССЬКО-КИШИНІВСЬКОМУ НАПРЯМКУ (5.04 – 6.06.1944 р.): ЗАБУТІ СТОРІНКИ ДРУГОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ
Authors: Євсєєв Ігор Григорович , Грицюк Валерій Миколайович , Кидонь Володимир Іванович , Кривизюк Леонід Петрович
Published: November 2021

У статті автори на основі наукових публікацій та архівних матеріалів органів з вивчення та використання досвіду війни досліджують маловідомі операції, які здійснювались протиборчими сторонами на яссько-кишинівському напрямку у квітні-червні 1944 року.

Перша Яссько-Кишинівська операція відноситься до числа військових операцій, що велися на Східному фронті та повністю ігнорувалися радянськими істориками та експертами. Про це писав відомий військовий історик Девід Гланц. Протягом 76 років після завершення Другої світової війни, радянські та російські історики і теоретики старанно витирали з історичних свідоцтв будь-які спогади та згадування про роль 2-го та 3-го Українських фронтів у першій битві за Ясси і Кишинів, коли радянські війська двох фронтів намагалися просунутися на територію Румунії у квітні-травні 1944 року. Як і в багатьох інших військових операціях Червоної Армії, які розглядаються авторами статті, провалених під час проведення операції, вони зробили це навмисно, викресливши цей наступ та відправивши його до довгого листа «забутих битв» німецько-радянської війни.
РОСІЙСЬКО-ГРУЗИНСЬКА (2008 р.) ТА ВІРМЕНО-АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСЬКА (2020 р.) ВІЙНИ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ СУСПІЛЬНО-ПОЛІТИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ
Authors: Виздрик Віталій Степанович , Ткачук Павло Олександрович
Published: November 2021

Аналізуються російсько-грузинська та вірмено-азербайджанська війни у візії української суспільно-політичної думки. Акцентовано увагу на інтерпре­тації перебігу бойових дій українською політичною елітою, представниками політичних партій, провідними мас-медіа країни. Показано ставлення вищого керівництва держави, центральних органів влади до збройних конфліктів у Кавказь­кому регіоні, наголошено на їх підтримці територіальної цілісності Грузії та Азербайджану. Відзначено, що події «п’ятиденної війни» у Грузії національно-патріотична українська громадськість розцінювала крізь призму можливого вторгнення російських військ на територію Української держави, зокрема на Кримський півострів. Зазначено, що прихильники Російської Федерації звинува­чували керівництво Грузії у спробі дестабілізації етнополітичної ситуації у Кавказь­кому регіоні, покладали на нього відповідальність за численні жертви та руйну­вання. Показано, що значний відгомін в українській суспільно-політичній думці отримали події вірмено-азербайджанського збройного протистояння, зважаючи на підтримку Російською Федерацією не визнаних європейськими державами республік Закавказзя, а також її окупацію Кримського півострова.
Editoriale
Authors: Sbaragli Silvia
Published: November 2021

Siamo giunti al decimo numero della rivista Didattica della matematica. Dalla ricerca alle pratiche d’aula: un risultato davvero importante per i membri del comitato redazionale e del comitato scientifico che con impegno, passione e dedizione portano avanti da sei anni questo ambizioso progetto. Il fine è sempre lo stesso: condividere significativi contributi di ricerca ed efficaci esperienze didattiche.È in questo contesto che sono nati proficui contatti e scambi tra ricercatori e docenti, contribuendo così ad avvicinare il mondo della ricerca al mondo scolastico e a tenere unita una comunità interessata ad approfondire il complesso e delicato processo di insegnamento/apprendimento della matematica. Continua a leggere...
Grounds and methods of systematization of legislation of Ukraine in the field of intellectual property
Authors: Koval Iryna
Published: November 2021

Keywords: intellectual property law; systematization of legislation, codification,copyright, industrial property law

The article is sanctified to researchof the modern state of the legislative regulation of intellectual property relations inUkraine and the ways of its improvement in the direction of systematizing the relevantlegislation. Scientific approaches to determining the place of intellectual propertylaw in the legal system of Ukraine are considered. It is shown that now in Ukrainethere is a unique model of legislative regulation of these relations, which includes 3levels: the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Economic Code of Ukraine, special laws regulatingthe protection of rights to inventions, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks,and other objects. Such division of legislative acts is based on different volumeand subject of regulation of legislative acts. As a result of undertaken a study andtaking into account foreign experience two alternative ways of codification of legislationare certain in the field of intellectual property: within the limits of operating theCivil code of Ukraine and Economic code of Ukraine taking into account the differentiationof the subjects of its regulation, or in the direction of individual codifications ofcopyright and industrial property law as institutions intellectual property law. It issubstantiated that the second way has significant advantages over the unified (general)settlement of relations in the field of spiritual and scientific and technical creativitysince it takes into account the essential specifics of these two components of intellectualproperty law, which is due to the difference in the subjects of their regulation.Guidelines for choosing the appropriate direction of codification are proposed.
Theoretical approaches to determining the principles of codification of legislation in the field of intellectual property
Authors: Myronenko Nataliia
Published: November 2021

Keywords: law, intellectual property, codification and systematization of legislation,principles of codification, concepts, types and system of principles of codification

The article revealstheoretical approaches to defining the system of principles of codification, theirplace in the legal system, which characterize the content of law in a concentratedform, its structure, the relationship between sources of law, law and justice, law andgovernment coercion and belief in legal regulation. It is proved that the system-formingcriterion of the principles of law and the principles of legislation are their functionaland purpose. The practical significance of the principles in the process of systematizationof legislation in the field of intellectual property, including its type suchas codification, is revealed. The correlation of principles of law and principles of legislationare investigated. It is established that there is a dialectical connection betweenlaw and law, which is manifested in the fact that: legislation is an external form of expressionof law, a way of expressing its content; most of the law is substantively includedin the legislation; the spheres of law and law do not coincide but intersect; inthat part, in which law and law coincide, the principles of law are the essence of theprinciples of law and vice versa — the principles of law are the principles of law. At the same time, since the legislation is an external form of expression of law and doesnot completely coincide with the law and does not contradict it, its creation and developmentare subject to certain specific rules and technologies. The main methodologicalprinciples that influence the separation of the system of principles, their place inthe theory of codification are determined; substantiates the need to include in the systemof general and special principles of codification and sectoral principles, which arethe theoretical basis and ensure those features are taken into account in the processof codification of individual branches of legislation. It is proved that there is a dialecticalrelationship between the purpose of codification, its tasks and the principles onwhich codification activity is based, the dependence of its result on the degree of consistencyof these elements of codification.
RETRACTED: Optimizing sgRNA to Improve CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Efficiency: Special Focus on Human and Animal Cell
Authors: Shojaei Baghini Sadegh , Gardanova Zhanna R. , Zekiy Angelina Olegovna , Shomali Navid , Tosan Foad , Jarahian Mostafa
Published: November 2021

During recent years, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) technologies have been noticed as a rapidly evolving tool to deliver a possibility for modifying target sequence expression and function. The CRISPR/Cas9 tool is currently being used to treat a myriad of human disorders, ranging from genetic diseases and infections to cancers. Preliminary reports have shown that CRISPR technology could result in valued consequences for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), cystic fibrosis (CF), β-thalassemia, Huntington’s diseases (HD), etc. Nonetheless, high rates of off-target effects may hinder its application in clinics. Thereby, recent studies have focused on the finding of the novel strategies to ameliorate these off-target effects and thereby lead to a high rate of fidelity and accuracy in human, animals, prokaryotes, and also plants. Meanwhile, there is clear evidence indicating that the design of the specific sgRNA with high efficiency is of paramount importance. Correspondingly, elucidation of the principal parameters that contributed to determining the sgRNA efficiencies is a prerequisite. Herein, we will deliver an overview regarding the therapeutic application of CRISPR technology to treat human disorders. More importantly, we will discuss the potent influential parameters (e.g., sgRNA structure and feature) implicated in affecting the sgRNA efficacy in CRISPR/Cas9 technology, with special concentration on human and animal studies.
The Bone Marrow Microenvironment Mechanisms in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Pimenta Débora Bifano , Varela Vanessa Araujo , Datoguia Tarcila Santos , Caraciolo Victória Bulcão , Lopes Gabriel Herculano , Pereira Welbert Oliveira
Published: November 2021

Bone marrow (BM) is a highly complex tissue that provides important regulatory signals to orchestrate hematopoiesis. Resident and transient cells occupy and interact with some well characterized niches to produce molecular and cellular mechanisms that interfere with differentiation, migration, survival, and proliferation in this microenvironment. The acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common and severe hematological neoplasm in adults, arises and develop in the BM. The osteoblastic, vascular, and reticular niches provide surface co-receptors, soluble factors, cytokines, and chemokines that mediate important functions on hematopoietic cells and leukemic blasts. There are some evidences of how AML modify the architecture and function of these three BM niches, but it has been still unclear how essential those modifications are to maintain AML development. Basic studies and clinical trials have been suggesting that disturbing specific cells and molecules into the BM niches might be able to impair leukemia competencies. Either through niche-specific molecule inhibition alone or in combination with more traditional drugs, the bone marrow microenvironment is currently considered the potential target for new strategies to treat AML patients. This review describes the cellular and molecular constitution of the BM niches under healthy and AML conditions, presenting this anatomical compartment by a new perspective: as a prospective target for current and next generation therapies.
Synthesis, Structure Elucidation, Antibacterial Activities, and Synergistic Effects of Novel Juglone and Naphthazarin Derivatives Against Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains
Authors: Duvauchelle Valentin , Majdi Chaimae , Bénimélis David , Dunyach-Remy Catherine , Meffre Patrick , Benfodda Zohra
Published: November 2021

Infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria are a serious threat to human and global public health. Moreover, in recent years, very few antibiotics have been discovered and developed by pharmaceutical companies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover and develop new antibacterial agents to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, two novel series of juglone/naphthazarin derivatives (43 compounds) were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial properties against various clinical and reference Gram-positive MSSA, clinical Gram-positive MRSA, and clinical and reference Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and P. aeruginosa. These strains are of clinical importance because they belong to ESKAPE pathogens. Compounds 3al, 5ag, and 3bg showed promising activity against clinical and reference MSSA (MIC: 1–8 µg/ml) and good efficacy against clinical MRSA (MIC: 2–8 µg/ml) strains. 5am and 3bm demonstrated better activity on both MSSA (MIC: 0.5 µg/ml) and MRSA (MIC: 2 µg/ml) strains. Their MICs were similar to those of cloxacillin against clinical MRSA strains. The synergistic effects of active compounds 3al, 5ag, 5am, 3bg, and 3bm were evaluated with reference antibiotics, and it was found that the antibiotic combination with 3bm efficiently enhanced the antimicrobial activity. Compound 3bm was found to restore the sensitivity of clinical MRSA to cloxacillin and enhanced the antibacterial activity of vancomycin when they were added together. In the presence of 3bm, the MIC values of vancomycin and cloxacillin were lowered up to 1/16th of the original MIC with an FIC index of 0.313. Moreover, compounds 3al, 5ag, 5am, 3bg, and 3bm did not present hemolytic activity on sheep red blood cells. In silico prediction of ADME profile parameter results for 3bm is promising and encouraging for further development.
Band Bending Mechanism in CdO/Arsenene Heterostructure: A Potential Direct Z-scheme Photocatalyst
Authors: Ren Kai , Zheng Ruxin , Yu Jin , Sun Qingyun , Li Jianping
Published: November 2021

For the few years, two-dimensional (2D) materials have aroused general focus. In order to expand the properties and application range of 2D materials, two different layered materials are usually combined into heterostructure through van der Waals (vdW) interaction. In this research, based on first-principles simulation, we propose CdO/Arsenene (CdO/As) vdW heterostructure as a semiconductor possessing a direct bandgap by 2.179 eV. Besides, the CdO/As vdW heterostructure presents type-II band alignment, which can be used as a remarkable photocatalyst. Importantly, the CdO/As heterostructure demonstrates a direct Z-type principle photocatalyst by exploring the band bending mechanism in the heterostructure. Furthermore, we calculated the light absorption characteristics of CdO/As vdW heterostructure by optical absorption spectrum and conversion efficiency of a novel solar-to-hydrogen efficiency (ηSTH) about 11.67%, which is much higher than that of other 2D photocatalysts. Our work can provide a theoretical guidance for the designing of Z-scheme photocatalyst.
A Fate Worse Than Warming? Stratospheric Aerosol Injection and Global Catastrophic Risk
Authors: Tang Aaron , Kemp Luke
Published: November 2021

Injecting particles into atmosphere to reflect sunlight, stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), represents a potential technological solution to the threat of climate change. But could the cure be worse than the disease? Understanding low probability, yet plausible, high-impact cases is critical to prudent climate risk management and SAI deliberation. But analyses of such high impact outcomes are lacking in SAI research. This paper helps resolve this gap by investigating SAI's contributions to global catastrophic risk. We split SAI's contributions to catastrophic risk into four interrelated dimensions:

1. Acting as a direct catastrophic risk through potentially unforeseen ecological blowback.

2. Interacting with other globally catastrophic hazards like nuclear war.

3. Exacerbating systemic risk (risks that cascade and amplify across different systems);

4. Acting as a latent risk (risk that is dormant but can later be triggered).

The potential for major unforeseen environmental consequences seems highly unlikely but is ultimately unknown. SAI plausibly interacts with other catastrophic calamities, most notably by potentially exacerbating the impacts of nuclear war or an extreme space weather event. SAI could contribute to systemic risk by introducing stressors into critical systems such as agriculture. SAI's systemic stressors, and risks of systemic cascades and synchronous failures, are highly understudied. SAI deployment more tightly couples different ecological, economic, and political systems. This creates a precarious condition of latent risk, the largest cause for concern. Thicker SAI masking extreme warming could create a planetary Sword of Damocles. That is, if SAI were removed but underlying greenhouse gas concentrations not reduced, there would be extreme warming in a very short timeframe. Sufficiently large global shocks could force SAI termination and trigger SAI's latent risk, compounding disasters and catastrophic risks. Across all these dimensions, the specific SAI deployment, and associated governance, is critical. A well-coordinated use of a small amount of SAI would incur negligible risks, but this is an optimistic scenario. Conversely, larger use of SAI used in an uncoordinated manner poses many potential dangers. We cannot equivocally determine whether SAI will be worse than warming. For now, a heavy reliance on SAI seems an imprudent policy response.
Inadequacy Revealed and the Transition to Adaptation as Risk Management in New Zealand
Authors: Lawrence Judy , Allan Sylvia , Clarke Larissa
Published: November 2021

Climate change risk is rife with uncertainty. Increased frequency and intensity of flooding and drought and progressive sea-level rise, that compound and cascade and increase risk over time, pose particular difficulties for planning. The risks require institutional and governance frameworks that are tailored to such a dynamic environment. However, most planning frameworks and their practice focus on the societal need for certainty in space and time, to enable investment decisions to be made and activities to be undertaken with some stability. This means risk is framed in a static manner using time-bound planning methods, such as lines on maps and zoning, that lock in people and assets to areas of risk that are exposed to changing risk in time and space. The consequences are being increasingly revealed globally in deltas, inland low-lying areas and at the coast, and will increase unless planning practice becomes more adaptive and anticipates the risks early enough for adjustments to be made. Current decision-making frameworks in New Zealand have been revealed as inadequate for enabling changing and uncertain risks from climate change to be addressed. We discuss how practice under the existing planning framework has exposed people and assets to greater risk, and the challenges in the transition taking place in New Zealand toward an anticipatory adaptive approach. We chart the course of this transition and suggest how current law and practice can support and embed an adaptive direction within the institutional reforms underway for more effective climate risk management.
Association of Carotid Intima Media Thickness With Metabolic Syndrome Among Low-Income Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Yang Qiaoxia , Lin Qiuxing , Guo Dandan , Wang Hanhua , Liu Jie , Zhang Xin , Tu Jun , Ning Xianjia , Yang Qing , Wang Jinghua
Published: November 2021

Background: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) including its components and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) in a low-income Chinese population aged ≥45 years.

Methods: The participants underwent a general health screening and B-mode carotid ultrasonography that measured CIMT. The diagnosis of MetS and its components was based on the modified International Diabetes Federation Criteria for the Asian Population. The univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between MetS and CIMT.

Results: A total of 3,583 participants (mean age, 60 years) was included in the analyses (41.4% male and 58.6% female); more than 50% of the participants were diagnosed with MetS. In the multivariable linear regression analysis, the mean CIMT was 0.009 mm greater in the participants with MetS than in those without MetS (β = 0.009; 95% CI, 0.003–0.014; P < 0.05). Moreover, a high number of MetS components was associated with greater CIMT values; for example, CIMT increased by 0.007 and 0.015 mm for the individuals diagnosed with 3–4 and 5 MetS components, respectively. Among the MetS components, elevated blood pressure (β = 0.022; 95% CI, 0.015–0.029; P < 0.001) and abdominal obesity (β = 0.008; 95% CI, 0.001–0.015; P < 0.001) were positively correlated with CIMT. However, the increased triglyceride levels were negatively associated with CIMT (β = −0.008; 95% CI: −0.015 to −0.002; P = 0.012), especially among the elderly population.

Conclusions: The risk of carotid atherosclerosis increased in the presence of multiple MetS components in a low-income, middle-aged, and elderly population. Accordingly, more detailed management strategies are essential for the early prevention and intervention of atherosclerosis in this low-income population with MetS, in China.
Use of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Risk Index for Elderly Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Fu Bingqi , Wei Xuebiao , Wang Qi , Yang Zhiwen , Chen Jiyan , Yu Danqing
Published: November 2021

Background: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Risk Index (TRI) is a simple risk assessment tool for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, its applicability to elderly patients with STEMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is uncertain.

Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of elderly (≥60 years) patients who underwent PCI for STEMI from January 2010 to April 2016. TRI was calculated on admission using the following formula: heart rate × (age/10)2/systolic blood pressure. Discrimination and calibration of TRI for in-hospital events and 1 year mortality were analyzed.

Results: Totally 1,054 patients were divided into three groups according to the tertiles of the TRI: <27 (n = 348), 27–36 (n = 360) and >36 (n = 346). The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI; 7.8 vs. 8.6 vs. 24.0%, p < 0.001), AHF (3.5 vs. 6.6 vs. 16.2%, p < 0.001), in-hospital death (0.6 vs. 3.3 vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001) and MACEs (5.2 vs. 5.8 vs. 15.9%, p < 0.001) was significantly higher in the third tertile. TRI showed good discrimination for in-hospital death [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.804, p < 0.001; Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.302], which was superior to its prediction for AKI (AUC = 0.678, p < 0.001; Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.121), and in-hospital MACEs (AUC = 0.669, p < 0.001; Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.077). Receiver-operation characteristics curve showed that TRI > 42.0 had a sensitivity of 64.8% and specificity of 82.2% for predicting in-hospital death. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with TRI > 42.0 had higher 1 year mortality (Log-rank = 79.2, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: TRI is suitable for risk stratification in elderly patients with STEMI undergoing PCI, and is thus of continuing value for an aging population.
COVID-19 and Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2, Mutual Effects and Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Xie Lingli , Zhang Ziying , Wang Qian , Chen Yangwen , Lu Dexue , Wu Weihua
Published: November 2021

The potential relationship between diabetes and COVID-19 has been evaluated. However, new knowledge is rapidly emerging. In this study, we systematically reviewed the relationship between viral cell surface receptors (ACE2, AXL, CD147, DC-SIGN, L-SIGN and DPP4) and SARS-CoV-2 infection risk, and emphasized the implications of ACE2 on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis. Besides, we updated on the two-way interactions between diabetes and COVID-19, as well as the treatment options for COVID-19 comorbid patients from the perspective of ACE2. The efficacies of various clinical chemotherapeutic options, including anti-diabetic drugs, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, lipid-lowering drugs, anticoagulants, and glucocorticoids for COVID-19 positive diabetic patients were discussed. Moreover, we reviewed the significance of two different forms of ACE2 (mACE2 and sACE2) and gender on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. This review summarizes COVID-19 pathophysiology and the best strategies for clinical management of diabetes patients with COVID-19.
Epigenetic Measurement of Key Vertebrate Population Biology Parameters
Authors: Heydenrych Matthew J. , Saunders Benjamin J. , Bunce Michael , Jarman Simon N.
Published: November 2021

The age, sex, and sexual maturity of individual animals are key parameters in assessing wild populations and informing conservation management strategies. These parameters represent the reproductive potential of a population and can indicate recovery rates or vulnerabilities. Natural populations of wild animals are difficult to study; logistically, economically, and due to the impacts of invasive biomonitoring. Genetic and epigenetic analyses offer a low impact, low cost, and information-rich alternative. As epigenetic mechanisms are intrinsically linked with both biological aging and reproductive processes, DNA methylation can be used as a suitable biomarker for population biology study. This review assesses published research utilizing DNA methylation analysis in relation to three key population parameters: age, sex, and sexual maturity. We review studies on wild vertebrates that investigate epigenetic age relationships, with successful age estimation assays designed for mammals, birds, and fish. For both determination of sex and identification of sexual maturity, very little has been explored regarding DNA methylation-based assays. Related research, however, confirms the links between DNA methylation and these processes. Future development of age estimation assays for underrepresented and key conservation taxa is suggested, as is the experimental development and design of DNA methylation-based assays for both sex and sexual maturity identification, further expanding the genomics toolkit for population biology studies.
Cortex Thickness Is Key for the Colors of Iridescent Starling Feather Barbules With a Single, Organized Melanosome Layer
Authors: Freyer Pascal , Wilts Bodo D. , Stavenga Doekele G.
Published: November 2021

The iridescent plumage of many birds is structurally colored due to an orderly arrangement of melanosomes in their feather barbules. Here, we investigated the blue- to purple-colored feathers of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and the blue and green feathers of the Cape starling (Lamprotornis nitens). In both cases, the barbules contain essentially a single layer of melanosomes, but in S. vulgaris they are solid and rod-shaped, and in L. nitens they are hollow and rod- as well as platelet-shaped. We analyzed the coloration of the feathers by applying imaging scatterometry, bifurcated-probe- and micro-spectrophotometry. The reflectance spectra of the feathers of the European starling showed multiple peaks and a distinct, single peak for the Cape starling feathers. Assuming that the barbules of the two starling species contain a simple multilayer, consisting locally only of a cortex plus a single layer of melanosomes, we interpret the experimental data by applying effective-medium-multilayer modeling. The optical modeling provides quantitative insight into the function of the keratin cortex thickness, being the principal factor to determine the peak wavelength of the reflectance bands; the melanosome layer only plays a minor role. The air cavity in the hollow melanosomes of the Cape starling creates a strongly enhanced refractive index contrast, thus very effectively causing a high reflectance.
Cataclysmic Disturbances to an Intertidal Ecosystem: Loss of Ecological Infrastructure Slows Recovery of Biogenic Habitats and Diversity
Authors: Schiel David R. , Gerrity Shawn , Orchard Shane , Alestra Tommaso , Dunmore Robyn A. , Falconer Thomas , Thomsen Mads S. , Tait Leigh W.
Published: November 2021

Understanding the resilience and recovery processes of coastal marine ecosystems is of increasing importance in the face of increasing disturbances and stressors. Large-scale, catastrophic events can re-set the structure and functioning of ecosystems, and potentially lead to different stable states. Such an event occurred in south-eastern New Zealand when a Mw 7.8 earthquake lifted the coastline by up to 6 m. This caused widespread mortality of intertidal algal and invertebrate communities over 130 km of coast. This study involved structured and detailed sampling of three intertidal zones at 16 sites nested into four degree of uplift (none, 0.4–1, 1.5–2.5, and 4.5–6 m). Recovery of large brown algal assemblages, the canopy species of which were almost entirely fucoids, were devastated by the uplift, and recovery after 4 years was generally poor except at sites with < 1 m of uplift. The physical infrastructural changes to reefs were severe, with intertidal emersion temperatures frequently above 35°C and up to 50°C, which was lethal to remnant populations and recruiting algae. Erosion of the reefs composed of soft sedimentary rocks was severe. Shifting sand and gravel covered some lower reef areas during storms, and the nearshore light environment was frequently below compensation points for algal production, especially for the largest fucoid Durvillaea antarctica/poha. Low uplift sites recovered much of their pre-earthquake assemblages, but only in the low tidal zone. The mid and high tidal zones of all uplifted sites remained depauperate. Fucoids recruited well in the low zone of low uplift sites but then were affected by a severe heat wave a year after the earthquake that reduced their cover. This was followed by a great increase in fleshy red algae, which then precluded recruitment of large brown algae. The interactions of species’ life histories and the altered physical and ecological infrastructure on which they rely are instructive for attempts to lessen manageable stressors in coastal environments and help future-proof against the effects of compounded impacts.
You Can Bend Me but Can’t Break Me: Vegetation Regeneration After Hurricane María Passed Over an Urban Coastal Wetland in Northeastern Puerto Rico
Authors: Hernández Elix , Cuevas Elvira , Pinto-Pacheco Solimar , Ortíz-Ramírez Gloria
Published: November 2021

Tropical urban coastal wetland regeneration is complex. Wetland plant biodiversity varies due to past and present land use, nutrient inputs, hydrological conditions, and terrestrial/marine connectivity. The intensity of atmospheric disturbances, such as hurricanes, will determine these systems’ level of disturbance and regeneration capacity. On September 20, 2017, category 4 hurricane María passed over Puerto Rico, leaving behind a path of destruction across the entire island, especially in coastal ecosystems, from the combined effects of winds, severe storm surges, and urban runoff. Our question was: to what extent do human-influenced coastal urban wetlands regenerate after such a massive event. This study determines the spatio-temporal regeneration dynamics of plant cover and composition during the first 2 years after hurricane María in a coastal urban wetland, ciénaga Las Cucharillas, located in San Juan Bay. We assessed the distribution of plant functional types using small unmanned aerial vehicles (s-UAV) and monitored climate and environmental data (salinity, phreatic water levels, and precipitation). Wetland vegetation cover had a high recovery rate – 16 months after the hurricane, vegetation cover occupied 87% of the study area. We found a successional pattern of plant regeneration that seemed to be partly explained by the fast-slow continuum. Plants with high specific leaf area (SLA) colonized bare soil spaces first. Plant regeneration also varied according to changes in phreatic water conductivity and waterlogging. Isotopic analyses of plant species signaled high nutrient availability, increasing the system’s regeneration speed. After 2 years, the wetland’s plant cover and composition of functional plant types proved resilient to the initial hurricane effect and subsequent changes in conductivity and freshwater conditions. Further studies will expand how spatio-temporal conditions will affect long-term plant community dynamics.
A Shift in Paradigms: Spatial Genomics Approaches to Reveal Single-Cell Principles of Genome Organization
Authors: Cardozo Gizzi Andres M.
Published: November 2021

The genome tridimensional (3D) organization and its role towards the regulation of key cell processes such as transcription is currently a main question in biology. Interphase chromosomes are spatially segregated into “territories,” epigenetically-defined large domains of chromatin that interact to form “compartments” with common transcriptional status, and insulator-flanked domains called “topologically associating domains” (TADs). Moreover, chromatin organizes around nuclear structures such as lamina, speckles, or the nucleolus to acquire a higher-order genome organization. Due to recent technological advances, the different hierarchies are being solved. Particularly, advances in microscopy technologies are shedding light on the genome structure at multiple levels. Intriguingly, more and more reports point to high variability and stochasticity at the single-cell level. However, the functional consequences of such variability in genome conformation are still unsolved. Here, I will discuss the implication of the cell-to-cell heterogeneity at the different scales in the context of newly developed imaging approaches, particularly multiplexed Fluorescence in situ hybridization methods that enabled “chromatin tracing.” Extensions of these methods are now combining spatial information of dozens to thousands of genomic loci with the localization of nuclear features such as the nucleolus, nuclear speckles, or even histone modifications, creating the fast-moving field of “spatial genomics.” As our view of genome organization shifts the focus from ensemble to single-cell, new insights to fundamental questions begin to emerge.