bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of 32 Bermudagrass Clones to Reduced Light Intensity
Authors: Gaussoin R. E. , Baltensperger A. A. , Coffey B. N.
Published: September 2022

The response of bermudagrass clones (Cynodon spp.) to reduced light intensity was determined in a greenhouse experiment. Thirty-two phenotypically diverse bermudagrass clones from broad geographic origins were subjected to two light treatments. The high-light treatment consisted of sunlight supplemented with fluorescent and incandescent light banks (160 µmol·s–1·m–2). The low-light treatment was a 90% reduction of the high-light treatment (16 µmol·s–1·m–2). Visual color, leaf length, stem internode length, stem elongation, chlorophyll concentration, and dry weight were measured. Bermudagrass clones responded to reduced light by exhibiting shorter leaves, shorter stem internodes, reduced green color, lower chlorophyll concentration and decreased dry weights. ‘Boise’, ‘No Mow’, ‘R9-P1’, ‘NM2-13’, and ‘NM3’ have been identified as being moderately insensitive to reduced light intensity, and data suggest enough variability exists to select for shade tolerance in bermudagrass.
Quality and Decay of Irradiated Mangos
Authors: Spalding Donald H. , von Windeguth Donald L.
Published: September 2022

Mangos (Mangifera indica L. cvs. Tommy Atkins and Keitt) irradiated with γ-rays from 60Co at dosages of 150 to 1500 Gy, then held for 3 days at 13°C followed by ripening at 24°, developed less ripe peel color than unirradiated mangos. Ripening of ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangos was delayed for 2 to 3 days by 150 and 250 Gy, unaffected by 500 and 750 Gy, and accelerated by 1500 Gy. The pH of juice from ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangos decreased and titratable acidity increased as irradiation dosage increased; soluble solids content was not affected by irradiation. Scald-like peel injury increased with dosage, especially at 500 Gy or higher. Internal breakdown was localized and slight, but its incidence in ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangos was increased at 250 Gy or higher. Hollow pockets in the flesh and flesh darkening were significantly increased by irradiation at 1500 Gy, but not 750 Gy. Severity of anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., was reduced in ‘Keitt’ mangos at 500 Gy and higher. The severity of stem-end rot, caused by Diplodia natalensis P. Evans or Phomopsis citri Fawc., was reduced in ‘Tommy Atkins’ mongos at 1500 Gy, but not 750 Gy. The overall percentage of decayed fruit was reduced by irradiation at 750 Gy or higher. The results suggest that if irradiation is used for insect control on mangos, dosages of 250 Gy and above should be avoided to minimize injury.
Effect of Fruit Removal on Net Gas Exchange of Avocado Leaves
Authors: Schaffer Bruce , Ramos L. , Lara S.P.
Published: September 2022

In the article “ Effect of Fruit Removal on Net Gas Exchange of Avocado Leaves”, by Bruce Schaffer, L. Ramos, and S.P. Lara (HortScience 22:925-927, October 1987), ref. 2 was incorrect. The correct citation is: Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33:317-345.
Photosynthetic Characteristics of Strawberry Plants Treated with Paclobutrazol or Flurprimidol
Authors: Archbold Douglas D. , Houtz Robert L.
Published: September 2022

Paclobutrazol and flurprimidol were foliar-applied to drip at 250 mg·liter–1 to ribbon-row grown ‘Honeoye’ strawberry plants 1 month after planting. Compared to untreated plants, paclobutrazol treatment increased leaf chlorophyll per unit area, but had no effect on leaf total protein or dry weight per unit area of leaf disks sampled 3 and 12 months after treatment. Flurprimidol had no effect on these leaf characteristics. Net photosynthetic rates were reduced 3 months after application of both inhibitors, but were slightly increased in paclobutrazol-treated plants only in the fruit harvest period 12 months after application. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activities were significantly reduced in inhibitor-treated leaves 3 months after application, whereas 12 months later, rubisco activity averaged 34% less than that from control leaves, but was not statistically significant at the 5% level. Leaf conductance was significantly increased by paclobutrazol treatment when measured 12 months after application. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorphenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); α-(1-methylethyl)α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol).
Use of Farming Systems Research Extension (FSR/E) Methods to Identify Horticultural Research Priorities in The Gambia, West Africa
Authors: Gaye G. O. , Jack Isatou , Caldwell John S.
Published: September 2022

The Gambia is a small country on the West African coast, located along the Gambia River and surrounded on three sides by Senegal. The climate is a bimodal rainfall (800-1400 mm precipitation yearly) type with distinct dry (October-May) and wet (June-September) seasons. Mean monthly air temperatures range from a minimum of 14.5°C to a maximum of 41° (15).
Effects of Paclobutrazol on Height and Performance of Aluminum Plant in a Simulated Interior Environment
Authors: Cox Douglas A. , Whittington Flora F.
Published: September 2022

Maintaining size and shape of tropical foliage plants used in interior landscapes can be difficult. Both low and high interior light levels can cause undesirable increases in stem length or plant volume, necessitating pruning or replacement with another plant. Although only a few reports (1-5) are available, paclobutrazol has been shown to be effective in reducing the height of many tropical foliage plant species. In addition, paclobutrazol is reported to reduce leaf abcission of plants placed indoors (1, 3, 5) and intensify green leaf color (1, 4). Soil drench applications, because of the persistence of paclobutrazol in soil (6), can maintain plant size for a long time (4).
Paulownia tomentosa ‘Somaclonal Snowstorm’
Authors: Marcotrigiano Michael , Jagannathan Lakshmi
Published: September 2022

Some authorities place the genus Paulownia in the family Bignoniaceae, while others place it in the Scrophulariaceae, a closely related family (4). Paulownia tomentosa Steud., the empress or princess tree, originates in China. According to Hu (2), there appears to be no published record of an accurate introduction date into the United States, although it probably was introduced shortly after 1844. The species received an award of merit from the Royal Horticultural Society of London in 1934 (1). Because of its tolerance of poor soils and its rapid growth rate, it has become popular for strip mine reclamation (10). In addition, the wood of Paulownia is considered valuable, especially in Japan (9).
CMS(ESG) 508 and CMS(ESG) 512 Cytoplasmic Male-sterile Cabbage Germplasm (with Radish Cytoplasm)
Authors: McCollum Gilbert D.
Published: September 2022

Intergeneric crosses between radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and several horticultural forms of Brassica oleracea L. were made at Beltsville in 1967 and 1969 following a suggestion by A. E. Kehr that alloplasmic male sterility in cole crops could be originated from wide hybridization and genome transfer in much the same way that male sterility was known to arise in other plant groups, such as Nicotiana. Synthesis of raphanobrassica amphidiploids and difficulties in eliminating radish chromosomes and female sterility in the early backcrosses with B. oleracea (broccoli and cabbage) have been described (3), and the recovery of male-sterile and female-fertile broccoli-like plants in a BC6 family has been reported (4). Because subsequent backcrosses with broccoli and several other forms of B. oleracea (cabbage, cauliflower, kale, brussels sprouts) produced some plants with partially restored pollen fertility, it was necessary to locate maintainer genotypes for the cytoplasmic male sterility. Several maintainer lines were selected during the course of another six backcrosses with cabbage inbreds and cultivars. In Feb. 1987, two of these, TM-LFD 508 and CD 512, and corresponding male-sterile lines CMS(ESG) 508 and CMS(ESG) 512, were released by ARS to plant breeders.
‘Nava’ Grape
Authors: Spiegel-Roy P. , Asaph R. , Baron I.
Published: September 2022

In a breeding program for table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) initiated in 1968 at Bet Dagan, Israel, one objective has been to breed large-berried, better-flavored grape cultivars for replacement of ‘Ribier’ (syn. Alphonse Lavallee). A selection with large black berries has been made and named ‘Nava’ (Fig. 1.). The fruit is well-adapted for the fresh market.
Assimilate Partitioning in Relation to Crop Productivity
Authors: Patrick John W.
Published: September 2022

Assimilate partitioning may contribute to improvements in crop productivity by: a) Increasing total biomass production. Watson (99) drew attention to the subsequently well-qualified observation that assimilate partitioning patterns that favor rapid generation of leaf surface contribute significantly to both genetic- and environmentally induced differences in crop growth rates (87). b) Favoring assimilate transfer to the harvestable portion of the crop. Retrospective physiological analyses have demonstrated that shifts in assimilate partitioning pattern largely account for the evolutionary increase in yield of a range of crop species (for reviews, see ref. 37). Clearly, upper limits exist to the degree to which assimilates may be partitioned to the harvestable portion without jeopardizing the capacity of the plant to support the yield component both structurally and nutritionally. Nevertheless, in these cases, further potential exists for improvement through optimization of yield quality, which, in part, depends on the chemical nature of the assimilate partitioned to the harvested organ.
Considerations for Effective Exchange of Clonally Propagated Plant Germplasm
Authors: Parliman Bruce J. , Daubeny Hugh A.
Published: September 2022

Effective germplasm exchange can be equated with acquisition of desired or appropriate germplasm, its subsequent survival and distribution, and then its exploitation at one or more levels, including breeding programs. Few problems occur when clonally propagated plant materials are moved locally. However, exchange problems continually reoccur when the same type of plant germplasm is shipped over long distances, such as between countries. The purposes of this paper are to: a) identify key components of the international plant germplasm exchange process that are time-consuming and present the most serious threats to the plant germ plasm itself; and b) propose procedures that will minimize or eliminate these problem areas and reduce the length of time required for successful exchange of germplasm to take place. Exchange components for clonally and sexually propagated foreign and domestic plant germplasm, including most temperate fruit crops, are exploration, collection, identification, data recording and manipulation, labeling, shipping, propagation, regulation resulting from quarantine policy development and interpretation, quarantine pathogen testing and therapy, repository/genebank maintenance and preservation, breeding, testing/evaluation, and distribution.
Temperate Fruit Genetic Resources and the IBPGR
Authors: van Sloten Dick H. , Holle M.
Published: September 2022

The genetic diversity of crops, represented by traditional local cultivars and wild relatives, has been disappearing rapidly during recent decades. Plant explorers have been active for centuries; however, concerted international activities were initiated only in the early 1960s by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Technical conferences organized by FAO in 1961, 1967, and 1973 created general awareness for the need to conserve crop genetic resources. Both the 1973 Technical Conference and the United Nations Environment Conference at Stockholm in 1972, led to recommendations for a global program. Subsequently, the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) was established by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and started its work in 1974. The FAO agreed to provide headquarters for the IBPGR.
Fruit Germplasm Preservation and Management: Synopsis of the Symposium
Authors: Moore James N.
Published: September 2022

This symposium has successfully illuminated the history, present status, and future directions of fruit genetic resources and their management. The blue ribbon panel of speakers, each with different expertise and interest, has interwoven separate perspectives into a common fabric of purpose: The collection, preservation, and use of the world’s fruit genetic resources.
Genetic Changes in a Collection over Time
Authors: Roos Eric E.
Published: September 2022

Much emphasis has been placed on the need to preserve plant genetic resources (13, 17, 18, 28, 31, 50). As a reuslt, the number of accessions added to gene banks around the world has risen dramatically over the past 10 to 12 years. The International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), during its first decade of work (1974–84), arranged for the collection of ≈ 121,000 samples of germplasm from more than 90 countries around the world (19). At the USDA National Seed Storage Laboratory, accessions in storage have increased from 91,000 in 1976 to more than 204,000 in 1986. These accessions represent ≈370 genera and 1960 species. The large influx of samples during recent years has placed greater responsibility on germplasm curators to ensure that samples are properly handled, including periodic germination testing and regrowing of samples when needed.
Genetic Considerations for Germplasm Preservation of Clonal Materials
Authors: Towill Leigh E.
Published: September 2022

The present diversity of plants used for the needs of society is immense and could expand greatly with the development of new crops and more extensive use of plants producing useful pharmacological compounds. We are relatively familiar with problems associated with germplasm preservation of major food crops, but such information is lacking for many minor crops. Aspects of genetics, physiology, and phenology must be considered to develop a useful and efficient means of germplasm preservation (29).
On The Emergence of B Cultivars n Squash
Authors: Shifriss Oved
Published: September 2022

The names squash and pumpkin are used interchangeably for fruit vegetables that belong to several cultivated species of Cucurbita. The species C. pepo consists of different groups of edible cultivars and a small group of inedible ornamentals known as yellowflowered gourds. In 1939, while leafing through L.H. Bailey's The Garden of Gourds (1937), I was fascinated by the illustrations of some bicolor gourd fruits. It occurred to me that the biocolor fruit pattern (Fig. 1) might be useful experimentally for studies of polarity in bioloy. However, the opportunity to initiate such studies did not come until about 10 years later.
‘Ayles’, ‘Guara’, and ‘Moncayo’ Almonds
Authors: Felipe A. , Socias i Company R.
Published: September 2022

• In the article ‘“Aylés’, ‘Guara’, and ‘Moncayo’ Almonds”, by A. Felipe and R. Socias i Company (HortScience 22(5):961–962, October 1987), the percentage bar did not appear on FIg. 1. The correct figure appears on the right.
Horticultural Training in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: von Hentig W. -U.
Published: September 2022

When tracing the roots of horticultural training in Germany, one must go back to the Middle Ages with the founding in 1276 of the first gardener’s guild on German-speaking territory in Basel (now Switzerland), where the institutionalized training of the rising generation of gardeners began. During the Middle Ages, guilds formed in all trades. Free craftsmen organized themselves into guilds to carry out their joint profession and to determine and regulate economic conditions. Guilds also determined and conducted training of apprentices for the first time. A gardener apprenticeship usually began at age 15 and lasted for 3 years, after which the trainee was deemed a “trained gardener”.
U.S. Floricultural Education
Authors: Widmer R. E.
Published: September 2022

A survey of floricultural education was conducted for presentation at an International Horticultural Congress Workshop in Aug. 1986. Based on discussion at the workshop, data collected were double-checked with contact persons at each college or university, and the revised data are presented herein (Table 1).
Introduction
Authors: Tibbitts T. W.
Published: September 2022

It is a pleasure to be introducing this symposium to provide an appreciation of the real interest that NASA has in using plant systems for life support in space. The symposium is directed toward providing details on what is planned, and what is actually underway, in this effort. It is a program that has been titled CELSS, Controlled Ecological Life Support System, and involves a tremendous breadth of horticultural areas—areas that can require the expertise of nearly everyone in horticulture, as suggested in Fig. 1. The project must start with plant propagation, probably tissue culture propagation, and involve all aspects of environmental optimization of growth, breeding of adapted cultivars, nutrient, possibly nutrient film, feeding techniques (NFT) and automated nutrient recycling, contaminant control in the atmosphere, pathogen control in the nutrient solution, precise growth modeling for regulation of the system, maximization of harvest index to reduce inedible portions, efficient food processing, balanced diets, and complete recycling of all wastes. The expertise of all types of horticulturists is needeed if this project of NASA is to be successful.
CELSS for Advanced Manned Mission
Authors: Olson R. L. , Oleson M. W. , Slavin T. J.
Published: September 2022

An overview of the major concepts of Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) includes an identification of environmental factors, such as gravity levels, light levels, and growth volume, that influence the type of CELSS system that can be developed. Various plant growth systems are described together with their possible space applications. Life support functions performed by plants include food production, atmosphere regeneration, and water purification. Selected relationships between biological and physical–chemical life support techniques are considered as a part of these functions.
Plant Productivity in Controlled Environments
Authors: Salisbury Frank B. , Bugbee Bruce
Published: September 2022

To assess the cost and area/volume requirements of a farm in a space station or Lunar or Martian base, a few laboratories in the United States, the Soviet Union, France, and Japan are studying optimum controlled environments for the production of selected crops. Temperature, light, photoperiod, CO2, humidity, the root–zone environment, and cultivars are the primary factors being manipulated to increase yields and harvest index. Our best wheat yields on a time basis (24 g·m–2·day–1 of edible biomass) are five times good field yields and twice the world record. Similar yields have been obtained in other laboratories with potatoes and lettuce; soybeans are also promising. These figures suggest that ≈30 m2 under continuous production could support an astronaut with sufficient protein and about 2800 kcal-day-1. Scientists under Iosif Gitelzon in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, have lived in a closed system for up to 5 months, producing 80% of their own food. Thirty square meters for crops were allotted to each of the two men taking part in the experiment.
Influence of Paclobutrazol on in Vitro Growth of Sweet Cherry Shoots
Authors: Snir Iona
Published: September 2022

Shoot tips from in vitro-established shoot tip cultures of Prunus avium L. cv. Hedelfingen and cv. Starkrimson were cultured on sweet cherry propagation medium to which several concentrations of paclobutrazol (PP333) were added and gibberellic acid (GA3) omitted, in order to reduce the elongation of the shoots. A reduction in both shoot length and bud number was achieved even with the lowest concentration of paclobutrazol (0.2 mg·liter–1). Shoot tips from the inhibited cultures when replanted on regular propagation medium overcame the inhibition at the first transfer. In order to use this system for cold preservation experiments, the cultures were examined under dark and low temperature conditions (0.5° ± 0.5°C). There was a significant difference between the PP333 system and the control after certain periods of cold preservation. The survival ratio of the PP333-inhibited culture was higher than the control after removing from the cold preservation conditions and recultured. Chemical name used: β-[(4- chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol.
Host Plant Affects Response of Colorado Potato Beetle to a Pyrethroid Insecticide
Authors: Carter CD. , Ghidiu G. M.
Published: September 2022

The abundance of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) larvae and their response to the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate were compared among three crop hosts, eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), potato (S. tuberosum L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Generally, fewer larvae were observed on tomato and eggplant than on potato. Percent reduction of CPB larval populations by fenvalerate was often greater on eggplant and potato than on tomato. Percent defoliation was greater on eggplant and potato than on tomato. Eggplant and potato yields increased as larval populations were reduced by fenvalerate, but tomato yield was unaffected by fenvalerate treatment. Chemical name used: cyano (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl-4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl) benzeneacetate (fenvalerate); butyl-carbityl 6-propylpiperonyl (piperonyl butoxide).
Asparagus Crown Response to Dikegulac
Authors: Mahotiere Sauveur , Johnson Clarence , Cullers Philamenia
Published: September 2022

Dipping asparagus crowns (Asparagus officinalis L.) in 300 ppm dikegulac (Atrinal) solution significantly reduced the time of emergence and the height of asparagus shoots without affecting their fresh and dry weights. The number of shoots at complete emergence was not affected by the dikegulac treatment, but thereafter a significant increase occurred. Of the concentrations tested (0, 200, 300, and 400 ppm), 300 ppm was the most effective. After the top was cut off, the dikegulac treatment did not affect the time of emergence of the second shoots, but it did continue to increase their number. Chemical name used: 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac).
Influence of Container Type and Cell Size on Cabbage Transplant Development and Field Performance
Authors: Marsh Dyremple B. , Paul K. B.
Published: September 2022

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the influence of container type and cell size on cabbage [Brassica oleracea (L.) Capitata Group] transplant growth and subsequent yield. Cabbage seedlings were grown in the greenhouse in two types of containers, Sutton polystyrene and Speedling styrofoam “Todd Trays”. Four sizes of each tray were tested, ranging from 8.0 to 80.5 cm3 for polystyrene and 7.5 to 80 cm3 for styrofoam. In general, stem diameter, plant height, and leaf area of seedlings increased with increase in container size, but container type had no influence. In the field, head width and length were similar for all treatments. Plants grown from the large cell sizes had higher head weight than those from small cell sizes.
Influence of Strain of ‘Delicious’ Apple on Root Development of 1-year-old Trees
Authors: Barritt Bruce H.
Published: September 2022

First-year root development on the M.7A rootstock shank was evaluated with four nonspur and seven spur-type strains of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica borkh.) The rootstock shank was the portion of the rootstock that was above the soil line in the nursery and was buried at the time of planting in the orchard. First-year total shoot length and trunk diameter increase of the scion were generally greater for nonspur than for spur-type strains. Dry weight of new roots per centimeter of rootstock shank length was correlated with shoot length and with trunk diameter increase (r = 0.53 *** and r = 0.68 ***, respectively). Although the more vigorous nonspur strains generally had more rooting on the rootstock shank than spur-type strains, there appear to be other factors, including the nursery environment, that influence shank rooting.
Influence of Light and Heated Medium on Rooting and Shoot Growth of Two Foliage Plant Species
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung
Published: September 2022

Ficus benjamina and Codiaeum variegatum ‘Gold Dust’ stem tip cuttings were rooted in a mist bed at 290 or 90 µmols·m–2 Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) with or without 28° ± 1°C medium heating and then potted. Number of roots in C. variegatum was unaffected by either PPF or medium heating; however, both factors enhanced root elongation. Forty days after potting, cuttings rooted under 290 µmol·s–1·m–2 had more lateral shoots than those rooted under 90 µmol·s-1·m–2 PPF. Although cuttings rooted in heated medium under the lower PPF had roots more than twice as long as those on cuttings rooted in unheated medium under the high PPF, it had little effect on subsequent shoot growth. F. benjamina rooting was improved in heated medium and was not affected by PPF. Unheated cuttings rooted better under high than low PPF. Shoot growth 10 weeks after transplanting was unaffected by the initial differences in root grade.
Influence of Photoperiod, Supplemental Light, and Growth Regulators on Growth and Flowering of Pentas lanceolata
Authors: Armitage Allan M.
Published: September 2022

The influence of photoperiod, supplemental lighting, and pinching method on the growth and flowering time of Pentas lanceolata Benth. cultivated as a pot crop was determined. Pentas is a quantitative long-day plant (LDP). Plants given long days (LD) flowered 7 to 10 days earlier than those that received short days (SD). Light was supplemented during daylight hours only to distinguish from photoperiodic effect and 6 weeks of HID (640 ± 30 µmol·s–1·m–2) supplemental light also accelerated flowering. Height was retarded with chlormequat, but daminozide and ancymidol were ineffective. No growth regulator affected flowering time. Pinching delayed flowering time but increased the number of blooms per plant. Pinching to three nodes was more beneficial and resulted in faster flowering than pinching to one node. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium (chlormequat); butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide); α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).
Growth and Quality of Hinodegiri Azalea as Influenced by Isobutylidene Diurea, Urea, and Nitrapyrin
Authors: Nash M. A. , Wagner D. F. , Mazur A. R.
Published: September 2022

Extensive losses in N applied to container-grown woody ornamental plants prompted this investigation to determine a) leaching of N from urea (U) and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU); b) influence of nitrapyrin (NI), a nitrification inhibitor, on N leaching losses from U; and c) to evaluate influences of these materials on growth, quality, and N uptake by Rhododendron obtusum Lindl. cv. Hinodegiri. In root medium composed of 60 pine bark : 30 sand : 10 soil (by volume), 48.8% of applied N from U was leached after 87 days, whereas leachate losses of N from IBDU and U + NI were 42.3% and 37.2%, respectively. All plants attained marketable quality by the end of the study. Azaleas fertilized with IBDU were of significantly higher quality on days 70 and 77 than those treated with U + NI and higher quality on days 77, 84, and 87 than those treated with U. No differences were found in shoot dry weight or N content in shoot tissues.
Influence of Paclobutrazol on the Growth and Flowering of Camellia × Williamsii
Authors: Wilkinson R. I. , Richards D.
Published: September 2022

Plant height and lateral shoot growth of Camellia × Williamsii ‘Waterlily’ and ‘Debbie’ were controlled effectively by foliar sprays or media drenches of paclobutrazol. A single foliar application of 500 mg·liter–1 paclobutrazol reduced height of both cultivars by ≈30%, and plants were considered commercially acceptable. The response did not carry over into subsequent years. Some rates of paclobutrazol increased the total number of open flowers, but there was a varied effect on flower abscission. Paclobutrazol treatment could prove a useful technique for the commercial production of camellias for temporary use as indoor flowering pot plants before subsequent planting in the landscape. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol, ICI-PP333).
Capacity of Citrus Flowers to Supercool
Authors: Yelenosky G.
Published: September 2022

‘Hamlin’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] flowers readily supercooled on young trees tested in a controlled-temperature room. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) determinations with thermocouples inserted into different flower parts indicated ice nucleation occurred from –3.8° to –6.1°C when flowers were attached to trees and from -8.1° to — 11.9°C when flowers were detached. Similar supercooling levels also were noted in ovaries and young leaves. Ice-nucleation-active (INA) bacteria apparently were not involved based on total bacteria counts and flower wash extracts sprayed on flowers. Supercooling of citrus flowers was comparable to flowers of deciduous fruit trees in temperate climate zones. Data indicate a degree of freeze avoidance not previously recognized in citrus reproduction organs.
Seedling Emergence Forces of Vegetable Crops
Authors: Taylor A. G. , Broeck C. W. Ten
Published: September 2022

Individual seedling emergence forces were determined for nine vegetable crops with an universal testing instrument (Model TTCM Instron). The seed energy content also was calculated with an oxygen bomb calorimeter. Seed weights of the different crops were correlated with seedling forces and the seed energy content. The time required to achieve the maximum force varied among crops and the pressure exerted varied from 26 mN for table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) to 3400 mN for snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Equipment was developed to measure the combined seedling emergence forces of 50 seedlings. Snap bean seeds were sized into three groups: 200, 275, and 350 mg per seed. Total force, percent seedling emergence, force per seedling, pressure exerted, and energy content increased in a linear trend as seed size increased. An inverse relation existed between the capacity of seeds to use reserve materials and seed size. Small-sized seeds were more efficient in using reserve materials than large ones.
Path Analysis of Chrysanthemum Growth and Development
Authors: Karlsson M. G. , Pritts M. P. , Heins R. D.
Published: September 2022

Plants of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) were grown under one of 25 irradiance and temperature combinations from start of short days to flower. Four phases of development were defined as 1) the start of short days to the appearance of 4-mm terminal flower buds (phase I), 2) appearance of 4-mm terminal flower buds to removal of lateral flower buds when the terminal flower bud was 7 to 8 mm (phase II), 3) removal of lateral flower buds to flower buds showing first color (phase III), and 4) flower buds showing color to flowering (phase IV). Path analysis was used to study the influence of development time and relative dry weight gain during each of these four phases on development time and relative dry weight gain of subsequent phases. Relative dry matter accumulation during phases I, II, III, and IV significantly influenced cumulative relative dry weight gain, with phase I having the greatest influence. Increasing relative dry weight gain during phase I had a significant negative effect on relative dry weight gain in phase II. Time within each phase significantly affected total time to flower. Under the constant environmental conditions of this experiment, time in one phase did not influence the length of time in later phases.
Electrolyte Leakage and Seed Quality in a Shrunken-2 Maize Selected for Improved Field Emergence
Authors: Tracy W. F. , Juvik John A.
Published: September 2022

Acceptance of shrunken-2 (sh2) sweet corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids is limited by poor seed quality and seedling emergence, especially in cold soils. The conductivity of the electrolytes leached from imbibing seeds, a rapid measurement of seed quality, is highly correlated with field emergence among sweet corn hybrids. Our objective was to determine if conductivity is related to field emergence in a sh2 population that had undergone selection for improved field emergence for 10 cycles. The response of conductivity to indirect selection was linear, and the linear trend accounted for a large portion of the variation in conductivity (r2 = 0.70). Conductivity ranged from 82.0 dS·m–1 in cycle 0 to 35.3 dS·m–1 in cycle 8, with cycle 10 not differing from cycle 8. High conductivity indicates greater electrolyte leakage. At P ≤ 0.01, conductivity was negatively correlated with all seed performance ratings; field emergence (r = –0.82), plant height (r = –0.81), uniformity (r = –0.92), and relative emergence (r = –0.85).
Commercial Use of Long-term Storage of Lemon with Intermittent Warming
Authors: Cohen Eliahou
Published: September 2022

Long-term storage of lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm] at 13°C for 3 months and longer resulted in a high incidence of rot. The remaining sound fruit became dry, overripe in color, and therefore unmarketable. Storage at < 10°C caused chilling injury, including internal membranosis, peel pitting, and changes in juice composition (4). Intermittent warming for 7 days at 13° following 21 days at 2° eliminated chilling injury development in ‘Eureka’ and ‘Villa franca’ lemon, limons could be kept in storage for 6 months or longer and retain their marketing quality without chilling injury (5). Herein are presented the results of 2 years of commercial use of long-term storage of lemons at suboptimal temperature with intermittent warming.
An Inexpensive, Pocket-size Meter for Measuring Growing Media pH
Authors: Hershey David R.
Published: September 2022

The pH of a plant growing medium is a major determinant of nutrient availability and plant growth (1), so monitoring the pH of growing media is an important management practice. The pH of growing media can be measured colorimetrically with test papers or indicator solutions (2, 4) or potentiometrically with a glass electrode pH meter (1, 2, 6). Colorblind people, estimated to be 10% of the male population, cannot use colorimetric methods (3).
Effect of Postharvest Heating on Electrolyte Leakage and Fresh Weight Loss from Stored Muskmelon Fruit
Authors: Lester Gene , Dunlap James , Lingle Sarah
Published: September 2022

Exposure of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. Group reticulatus) fruit to high temperatures at harvest causes sunbuming, decreases firmness, lessens overall quality (2), and may accelerate fresh weight loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of high prestorage temperatures on muskmelon fresh weight loss and on relative storage life measured as electrolyte leakage of shrink-film wrapped and nonwrapped fruit.
A Laboratory Exercise to Demonstrate Adventitious Shoot Formation Using Stem Internodes of Parrot-feather
Authors: Kane Michael E. , McConnell Dennis B. , Sheehan Thomas J. , Dehgan Bijan
Published: September 2022

Plant tissue culture instructors face a dilemma when selecting laboratory exercises for large classes. Class size and equipment limitations may require that the exercises be performed without a laminar flow hood. The problem is further complicated when one attempts to choose an exercise to demonstrate adventitious shoot formation. There are few plant species from which suitable tissue explants can be obtained to demonstrate rapid adventitious shoot formation. Problems associated with surface sterilization, extended culture duration, or sporadic shoot regeneration limit the usefulness of most explants for classroom demonstrations.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Berry and Seed Development in ‘Orlando Seedless’ Grape
Authors: Halbrooks M. C. , Mortensen J. A.
Published: September 2022

Increased berry size in response to GA3 applications occurs in most seedless grape cultivars. GA3 applications made between bloom and fruit set are generally most effective; however, the specific developmental stage at which optimum response occurs is different for each cultivar (4). Inhibition of seed development has been associated with prebloom applications of GA3 on a few cultivars of normally seeded Vitis vinifera L., but the response can be variable (2). Thus, extensive research on use of GA3 may be required for each new cultivar.
‘Blanc Du Bois’ Grape
Authors: Mortensen J. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Blanc Du Bois’ grape was released by the Univ. of Florida as a hybrid bunch grape for use in making premium white wine. It is early ripening, resistant to Pierce's disease (PD), and grows and fruits well on its own roots (Fig. 1). The name is in honor of Emile DuBois, an accomplished grape grower and winemaker in the Tallahassee, Fla. area, who emigrated from France in 1882. DuBois spearheaded viticultural and enological efforts in Florida for 20 years.
‘Conoy’ Viburnum
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

Viburnum × burkwoodii Burk. & Skip. ‘Conoy’ is a backcross allied to such significant hybrid viburnums as V. × burkwoodii Burk. & Skip. (2), V. ×burkwoodii Burk. & Skip. ‘Park Farm Hybrid’ (Burk.) (1), V. × burkwoodii Burk. & Skip. ‘Mohawk’ (Egolf) (3), V. × carlcephalum Burk, (12), V. × carlcephalum Burk. ‘Cayuga’ (Egolf) (3), and V. × ‘Chesapeake’ (Egolf) (7). These viburnums of Asiatic origin are cultivated extensively for their dense growth habit, deciduous to semi-evergreen leaves, and pink to white fragrant flowers. ‘Conoy’ is distinct from these cultivars with compact growth habit, fine-textured evergreen foliage, and persistent, abundant, glossy, red fruit. ‘Conoy’ is the 18th Viburnum cultivar introduction from the U.S. National Arboretum shrub breeding project (4–10).
‘NuMex Sunlite’ Onion
Authors: Corgan J. N.
Published: September 2022

‘NuMex Sunlite’ is a bolting-resistant, pink root, [Pyrenochaeta terrestris, (Hansen) Gorenz, Walker and Larson] resistant, yellow grano-type onion (Allium cepa L.) developed for early fall planting. The release of ‘NuMex BR1’ as a bolting-resistant, yellow grano-type in 1981 had a significant impact on the New Mexico onion industry. Bolting resistance permits early planting and increases yield potential, and the greater plant development in cool season, resulting from early planting, helps control pink root losses, which are most severe in warm weather. More than one-half the New Mexico short-day crop in 1986 was ‘NuMex BR1’ ‘NuMex Sunlite’ resembles ‘NuMex BR1’ in bolting resistance, plant characteristics, and yield potential. ‘NuMex Sunlite’ has a higher level of pink root resistance than ‘NuMex BR1’ (Table 1), and is suggested for early fall planting on fields severely infested with P. terrestris.
The Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Celebrates Its 100th Birthday
Authors: Dennis Frank G. , Kelly John F. , Laurie Wink
Published: September 2022

A sketch of Eustace Hall is on the cover of this issue of HortScience. Eustace Hall was designed by Liberty Hyde Bailey and was the first building in the United States devoted exclusively to the study and teaching of horticulture. It was completed in 1888—the year of the founding of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. It was named Eustace Hall in memory of Harry J. Eustace, Department Head from 1908–1919. In addition to offices and classrooms, the twostory brick structure contained a photographic darkroom and rooms for grafting and storage of nursery stock. Now the home of the University College, it is the second oldest building on campus.
Accuracy Of Analytical Data
Authors: Jones J. Benton
Published: September 2022

At the 1987 International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, conferees expressed concern regarding the accuracy of analytical data in the published scientific literature. Journals dealing with human health and environmental issues are now rejecting papers in which authors fail to use either accepted reference methods of analysis and/or do not include assay results for a recognized standard as a means of verification of accuracy for their reported analytical results.
Lilac Registration 1986–87
Authors: Vrugtman Freek
Published: September 2022

All correspondence concerned with additional information, plant, or propagation material of newly registered cultivars should be directed to the various originators, describers, or introducers specified in the descriptions below, not to the Royal Botanical Gardens. Previous registration lists of Syringa appeared in AABGA Bui. 13(4):105–110, 14(3):95, 15(3):71–72, 16(4): 131–132, 17(3):67–69, and 18(3):87.
Role of Rootstocks and Spur-type Scions for Controlling Vegetative Growth of Apple and Peach Trees
Authors: Ferree David C.
Published: September 2022

The problem of controlling tree growth, although existing throughout the history of fruit growing, has become more acute as economic conditions and population spread force growers to become more efficient and produce more fruit on each hectare of orchard land. In 1984, a workshop (9) was organized to address this issue and the High Density Plantings Working Group has organized three successful symposia (29, 30, 31) that have reported many studies on methods to increase efficiency.
Combination of Cultural and Chemical Practices: A Systems Approach to Regulating Tree Growth
Authors: Quinlan J. D.
Published: September 2022

With the trend towards more intensive planting systems, particularly in Europe, but increasingly in other fruit growing regions, regulation of tree growth has become of paramount importance. Regardless of the planting system employed, the key to successful management of all orchard crops is the ability of the orchardist to obtain good yields of high quality fruit consistently. Not only is this important for the profitability of the orchard, but also the presence of a crop is a major factor regulating the growth of the tree (1, 2, 8, 10).
Discussion
Authors: Erez A.
Published: September 2022

This workshop reviewed the problem of excessive vegetative growth in trees and its control by using dwarfing rootstocks, cultural methods, and growth retardants. Rootstocks are only partially satisfactory for apples, even though there is a wide choice of size control, and it is used along with less vigorous spur-type cultivars. All other species require some other means to control growth, since the number of dwarfing rootstocks is limited.
Extension and Technological Transfer: The Need for an Alternative
Authors: Oakley Peter
Published: September 2022

The focus of this paper is the Third World and the changes in thinking on the concept and practice of extension that have emerged over the past decade. Given the fact that the majority of the population of Third World countries in the three continents Asia, Africa, and the Americas continue to depend on some form of agricultural production for a livelihood, extension continues to play a dominant role in agricultural development. Indeed, it could be argued that agricultural extension is the fundamental instrument of agricultural development in most Third World countries and that any failing to achieve this development should be laid at the door of extension services. Most Third World countries have some form of agricultural extension service, and these services are the constant attention of academics and professionals who seek to improve their delivery; yet, improvement in this delivery seems despairingly to elude us. Few will deny the commitment to agricultural extension, the potential in terms of the production of technology that is continually generated, or the professional expertise that guides and directs the delivery, but unquestionably all of this seems to have little impact on the miserable livelihoods of the vast majority. The World Bank more euphemistically concludes that the economic achievements of the past decade or so do not seem to have led to a better standard of living for the vast majority of poor people in the Third World. (23)
Technology Diffusion in Farming Systems Research and Extension
Authors: Hildebrand Peter E.
Published: September 2022

Agricultural technology development and dissemination methodologies through on-farm research have advanced to the point that they can be blended into a highly efficient process that serves most farming systems in a community simultaneously. These methodologies can improve the social distribution of the benefits from public investment in agricultural research and extension and, at the same time, improve the efficiency of these activities.
The Private Consultant: Benefit or Burden?
Authors: Post George R.
Published: September 2022

Private consulting developed as an agricultural profession about 20 years ago to provide knowledge and advice on a regular basis to individual growers. New technologies and cultural practices often are adopted more rapidly and completely by growers who rely on frequent consultations rather than county-wide extension educational programs alone. Experience and the results of a survey conducted for this symposium suggest, however, that increased communication between consultants and extension educators will enhance the exchange and adoption of information and knowledge.
Potato Production from True Seed in Tropical Climates
Authors: Malagamba Patricio
Published: September 2022

Research on true potato seed (TPS) at the International Potato Center (CIP) started in 1977. Based on the advantages offered by growing potatoes from TPS in many potential potato-producing areas within the tropical region, research efforts have concentrated on developing genetic materials and techniques adapted to environmental conditions and cultural methods in those areas. The research has extended rapidly to a great number of cooperating institutions throughout the world and, at present, is being carried out in more than 40 countries within the tropics.
Needed Engineering Aids and Mechanization for True Potato Seed Seedling, Seedling Tuber Harvest, and Seedling Tuber Planting
Authors: Phatak Sharad C. , Ghate Suhas R. , Jaworski Casimir A. , Gitaitis Ronald D.
Published: September 2022

Although extensive research is currently being conducted related to true potato seed (TPS) in the areas of breeding, production, and cultural practices (1, 3, 4, 5), there is little information generated on the engineering aspects of potato production from TPS. Potato production from TPS varies greatly from current methods in which potatoes are grown from tubers. Potatoes can be produced from TPS in three different ways: 1) seeding TPS in rows to produce potatoes similar to other crops produced by direct seeding; 2) planting TPS to raise transplants for planting in another field; and 3) using TPS for the production of seedling tubers to be used like “seed” tubers. Mechanization needs for each of these TPS uses are different. It might be necessary to modify the existing equipment or develop new equipment to meet specific needs of using TPS. Equipment needs for potato production from TPS in developing countries also will need special consideration. Engineering research conducted at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, related to potato production from TPS has been reported in detail by Ghate et al. (2). Since that publication, we have concentrated our research efforts in the direction of the equipment needs for TPS use in developing countries.