bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentially Exploited Labor: A Marxian Theory of Discrimination
Authors: Roemer J.E. , Roemer John
Published: March 2007

This paper develops the Marxian theory of value and exploitation for an economy where workers are exploited at different rates due to discrimi nation which is independent of their productivity. The purpose of the paper is to begin an analysis of the formal structure underlying Marxian concepts of dis crimination and labor market segmentation. First, the classical Marxian theory of exploitation is shown to hold for the model. Then, the concept of the wages- profit surface is developed, and the shape of this surface is characterized. Know ledge of this surface allows some discussion of the reasons for the emergence and persistence of discrimination in capitalist economies — reasons which are much more akin to the Marxian divide-and-conquer notions than the various neoclas sical notions. Finally, a result is presented philosophically akin to the Cambridge results on the rate of profit: it is shown that in economies with discrimination the profit rate cannot be simply interpreted as a measure of economic efficiency. Furthermore, it does not just measure the inter-class distribution of income, since it also depends on how different groups of workers are allocated among firms.
Marxism and Regional Policy: An Introduction
Authors: Goldsmith William W.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a brief argument for the use of radical analysis to understand problems of national regional policy. The argument is made at three levels, beginning with a distinction between technical, liberal and radical definitions and approaches to the problem of regional planning, continuing with an application of the radical approach to very broad issues of regional policy in two particular cases — the development of Peru and the lagging region problem in Western Europe — and finishing with a more detailed view of a particular project in Mexico.
Manuel Castells' The Urban Question A Review Essay
Authors: Feldman Marshall M. A. , Feldman Marshall M. A.
Published: March 2007

The Urban Question, by Manuel Castells, is an important contri bution to the growing Marxist critique of urban studies. The book's central criti cism is that the histoncal relativity of the term "urban" makes the urban field one without a rigorously defined object. As such, urban studies becomes an ideology which masks social relations with environmental determinism. Castells puts for ward the hypothesis that the term "urban" refers to the ideological apprehension of the collective reproduction of labor power in capitalist societies. He under takes several empirical and theoretical studies that are not very useful because they rely on an eclectic, formalistic empiricism. The hypothesis that the "urban" is an ideology reflecting reproduction requires a rigorous formulation of the specificity of "reproduction," "ideology," and the "urban" in relation to the mode of production. The so-called "ideological instance" actually refers to particular relations produced in the capitalist mode of production. I suggest that the "urban" simultaneously refers to the processes of socialization of production, realization of surplus value, and collective reproduction of labor power.
The Independent Mode of Production
Authors: Kelly Kevin D.
Published: March 2007

The concept "independent mode of production" is examined to determine its theoretical, empirical, and political usefulness in Marxian analysis. The independent production unit is traced from its origin in the village commun ity to its fullest development in the early American social formation. It is argued that production in the independent mode of production is mostly the production of use-values and that the term "simple commodity production" can be used as an abstraction to examine the part of production which is for exchange. Polit ically, it is seen as important to make the distinction between the independent mode of production and the capitalist mode of production, especially in the United States.
Capital Accumulation and the Rise of the New Middle Class
Authors: Burris Val
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to present an historical analysis of the ex pansion of the new middle class in the United States since the beginning of the 20th century. In opposition to conventional accounts which interpret the growth of professional and managerial occupations primarily as a consequence of technological changes associated with the process of industrialization, I argue that changes in the class structure must be viewed as a structurally determined consequence of the inherent contradictions of capitalist society, of the process of class conflict itself, and the adaptive mechanisms which have emerged in response to these. The expansion of the new middle class is analyzed in relation to the his torical development of the capital accumulation process and each of its three principal contradictions: (1) the tendency toward a decline in the rate of profit, (2) the intensification of class antagonism, and (3) problems in the realization of surplus-value. The application of this model to the present period suggests that we are entering into a period of diminishing growth and may even be approach ing the upper limits to the size of the new middle class. The paper concludes with a discussion of the possible political consequences of this relative stabilization of class boundaries.
E.S. Varga and the Theory of State Monopoly Capitalism
Authors: Gannage Charlene , Gannage Charlene
Published: March 2007

This paper traces the development of the theory of state monopoly capitalism as presented by the Soviet political economist, E.S. Varga. Early theories of state capitalism that found expression within the Third International, especially in the work of Lenin and Bukharin, provide the context for under standing Varga's views of the capitalist state during the 1930s. A discussion of Varga's positions demonstrates the correspondence of his work with that of crit ics of Soviet orthodoxy, notably Trotsky and Poulantzas. Following the Moscow debate of 1947 Varga fell out of official favor and he was not rehabilitated until 1953. His analysis of the capitalist state continued to evolve resulting in the theory of state monopoly capitalism. This paper takes account of these transfor mations and considers critical observations made by contemporary Marxist writ ers.
Women and the Making of the American Working Class
Authors: Baron Ava
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the relationship between the development of the working class and changes in the sex-structuring of occupations through a case study of newspaper compositors in the United States from 1850 to 1880. The purposes of this study are to provide data and analysis to aid in the development of a theory of workingclass formation which includes female as well as male workers, and to contribute to the debate about the roots of women's exploitative condition in the labor market. Changes in the sex-structuring of occupations are shaped by the uneven development of capitalism and the strategies developed by capital and labor to define the terms of the class relation. It is mediated by the conjuncture of two sets of contradictions-those located in the process of capital accumulation, and those located in working-class culture. The coexistence of various printing branches and other industries which had been differentially affected by capitalism resulted in divisions among workers who faced different material conditions and who pursued different class strategies. Newspaper publishers' strategies were to reorganize job processes, and to recruit female workers from other printing branches and from textile and clothing industries. Male newspaper compositors' strategies were to establish cooperative relations with female printers and to fight for "equal pay for equal work" for all printers, including women. Printers' strategies were undermined, in part, by internal contradictions within their culture. This study concludes that class fractioning along gender lines requires an understanding of the interrelationship of patriarchy and class as historical processes.
Marxism and Chinese Population Policies
Authors: Wiltgen Richard , Herschede Fred
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the compatibility of Marxism with policies of planned childbirth and the relationship between Chinese population programs and economic modernization. The paper argues that family planning is not only consistent with Marxism but is fundamental to its whole notion of socioeconomic transformation. The posture adopted by the Chinese on the population question during the 1970s and early 1980s appears largely consistent with the conceptual framework initially set forth by Marx and Engels and stands as a significant application of it. China's efforts regulating births in order to improve the welfare of its population have a much different orientation than the actions normally suggested by quasi-Malthusians. China has succeded in realizing the historical significance of the population question, that is, the coordination of material production and procreation subject to a Marxian-socialist transformation.
Money and Banking in Yugoslavia: A Socialist Dilemma
Authors: Gedeon Shirley J.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines both the macroeconomic and microeconomic implications for self-management of a current proposal for restructuring the Yugoslav monetary and banking system. Specifically, it examines the monetary theory of Ivo Perisin, former head of the Yugoslav National Bank, and Asim Stranjak, economist and banker.

At the heart of the proposal is an assertion that the fractional reserve system of banking is incompatible with the goals of self-management and that a banking system which is based on Marxian monetary theory should be instituted in its place. This paper demonstrates that the proposal is not rooted in Marxian value theory but rather reflects the tenets of the real bills doctrine. The major finding of this paper is that under current institutional arrangements and with current pricing and investment policies pursued in Yugoslavia today, this theory of finance is inappropriate.
The Rate of Profit in Canadian Manufacturing, 1950-1981
Authors: Webber M. J. , Rigby D. L.
Published: March 2007

This paper interprets and measures changes in the rate of profit in Canadian manufacturing over the period 1950-1981. The interpretation stresses endogenous forces that lead to a rising real wage and a rising technical composition of capital, two trends amply confirmed by the evidence. These forces act to reduce the rate of profit. The counteracting forces which are measured include the falling value of consumption commodities (so that, in net the value of labor power does not rise), the falling value of means of production (not sufficient, however, to prevent the value composition of capital from rising) and the increasing rate of turnover of capital. The net effect of these forces is a consistent decline in the rate of profit which translates after 1974 into rising unemployment, falling capacity utilization rates and stagnating output.
A Reexamination of the Marxian Circuit of Capital: A New Look at Inflation
Authors: Loranger Jean-Guy
Published: March 2007

The aim of the paper is to develop a new approach to inflation based on Manes circuit of capital and the structural price equation which is hown to be simultaneously determined with the circuit equation. The feedback effect of any disequilibrium in the circuit has some important consequences for the price equation. The reduced form of the model shows in particular bow the ecchange rate and the interest rate can influence the general price level in addition to other determinants of the price equation, namely a productivityvariable and an input pricevariable. This constitutes a major improvement over other approaches to inflation in which the exchange rate fluctuation is neglected, the hypothesis of a closed economy being assumed, and the definition of money is reduced to a umieraire.
Rules and Compliance in the New York Subways
Authors: Swerdlow Marian
Published: March 2007

The article explores the system of management control and worker compliance in a unionized industrial workplace. In a four-year participant observer study, the researcher found workplace rules to be an ambiguous framework within which supervisors negotiated or enforced compliance. The findings supported criticisms that Braverman underestimated the impact of worker resistance upon strategies of workplace control and the problems of direct control. Coercion still played an important indirect role in management control, suggesting limits to Burawoy's generalization that U.S. workers no longer feel the "whip of the market." Workers' compliance was pragmatic, based upon existing power relations. Possibilities for change are discussed.
Symbolic Sexuality and Economic Work in Dominica, West Indies: The Naturalization of Sex and Women's Work in Development
Authors: Maurer Bill
Published: March 2007

In this essay, I draw from a specific ethnographic example to elucidate the connections among gender, sexuality and work, and to argue for a method of analysis encompassing both the symbolic and the economic. Such an analysis requires the problematization of the distinction between sex as "natural" and gender as "cultural" in much feminist thought, and of the public/domestic dichotomy as it has been used to explain women's oppression. Symbolic meanings embodied in sexuality cannot be reduced to the gendered economics of production and reproduction, yet neither can production and reproduction be explained away or ignored completely by a symbolic approach. In the Commonwealth of Dominica in the West Indies, men's work and sexuality are linguistically marked and conceptualized as highly differentiated. Women's sexuality and work, on the other hand, are unmarked and undervalued. Parallel meanings are attached to work and to sexuality, and these parallel meanings inform an economic and symbolic system in which women's power over their own bodies and economies is undermined.
Escaping the Fate of Sisyphus: Bargaining, Divorce, and Employment in the Patriarchal Family
Authors: Heath Julia A. , Ciscel David H.
Published: March 2007

A radical bargaining approach, the Sisyphus Syndrome paradigm, is offered as an alternative to the neoclassical treatment of women's labor force participation and divorce incidence. In this paradigm, women who do not participate in the wage system remain in marriages because of the dearth of viable alternatives. The results from a simultaneous equation model, using data from first and second marriages, support the Sisyphus Syndrome paradigm, and offer a more realistic alternative to the traditional treatments of family behavior.
Social Relations, Commodity-Fetishism and Marx's Critique of Political Economy
Authors: De Angelis Massimo
Published: March 2007

Starting from Marx's theory of value and commodity-fetishism, I address the question of how fetishised categories of bourgeois economics are organically linked with the reality of the capitalist class relation of work and of class struggle. The paper is thus structured. I first point out that Marx's critique sees the limitation of classical political economy in the confusion between "substance" and "form" (the case of Smith) or in the inadequate treatment of "substance" and therefore the lack of a theory of "form" (Ricardo). I then discuss Marx's notion of substance of value and relate it to his theory of commodity-fetishism. In this discussion my central reference point is the category of abstract labor as a social relation. Consequently, I discuss the category of commodity-fetishism as cognitive apprehension of this social relation from a particular class perspective, that of capital. I go on to critically evaluate Rubin's interpretation of Marx's theory of fetishism in light of my interpretation of commodity-fetishism and its relation to the category of value. I then illustrate my argument by using the theory of commodity-fetishism to shed light on the social meaning of some economic categories. Finally, I move beyond Marx and suggest a general theoretical understanding of the evolution of economic theory in relation to these struggles and in the organic connection with the capitalist relation of work.
The Social Unconscious: A Post-Foulkesian Perspective
Authors: Dalal Farhad
Published: March 2007

The paper begins with a critique of orthodox renditions of the social unconscious which (a) retain divisions between a personal sphere and a social sphere, and (b) which are said to be in conflict with each other The ways in which these are instituted in various psychoanalytic and group-analytic theorizations are briefly delineated. Next, the two versions of the social unconscious (an orthodox and a radical) that are found in Foulkes are described. Elias's notion of process reduction is then used to deconstruct the philosophical basis of the orthodox version of the social unconscious. The thoughts of Radical Foulkes are extended by drawing on Elias and Matte-Blanco, bringing the notion of power into the theoretical schema. This is followed by an examinantion of the impact of the notion of power on Foulkes's conception of the communicational field. Finally, the article describes the consequences of the impact of power on the construction of the psyches of individuals as well as interpersonal relations.
Out of Chaos: Creative and Destructive Relationships
Authors: Bloomfield Irene
Published: March 2007

This paper looks at ways in which insights from psychoanalysis and especially from large groups might be applied to our institutions and society in general. It explores some of the factors which determine whether group interactions will be creative or destructive.
The Importance of Different Reference Groups in the Therapy of Borderline Patients
Authors: Rauchfleisch Udo
Published: March 2007

Psychoanalytically orientated psychotherapists often take insufficient notice of the social context of their patients, especially when these are borderline patients at a lower level of functioning (Kernberg, 1975). With these patients we must pay more attention to the individual's different reference groups and try to use them therapeutically. This paper discusses the reasons for this and the therapeutic strategies that can be employed.
Thanatos: Does it Exist?
Authors: Maratos Jason
Published: March 2007

This paper aims to explore the origin of one of the pillars of psychoanalytic thinking — that of the death instinct. My claim is that the concept of `thanatos' is an expression of Sigmund Freud's basic beliefs which were formed through his traumatic early and later life experiences. I also aim to illustrate that the logical foundation of the concept of thanatos is suspect and that for this reason it should be discarded. Drawing upon the contributions of Aristotle and David Hume we can arrive at a more realistic view of how an individual's perception of `self and other' develops. Group therapy can provide the new experience on which new beliefs will be formed and from which a new understanding of `self and other' can emerge. As this new edifice of beliefs and understandings will be based on the therapeutic and not the traumatic life experience, it will be closer to reality and represent a more accurate image of `self and other'.
The Group and the Group Analyst's Pregnancies
Authors: Rogers Cynthia
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the experience of working as a pregnant group analyst through two pregnancies. It deals with the practical aspects of conducting a group while pregnant, such as letting the patients know, employing a locum and passing the group on to a new conductor. It suggests that the group's response to the pregnancy parallels what happens in a family and details some of the primitive material to do with sexuality, envy and loss stirred up by the pregnancy.

The paper also looks at the technical difficulties for the group analyst. The task of the group analyst is to hold the projections so that the patients can deal, through free-floating discussion, with the intrusion of the group analyst's real baby into the group. However, the group analyst loses some of her protection when the boundaries between fantasy and reality become blurred. It becomes both more essential and more difficult to monitor the transference and counter-transference at a time when the group analyst is moving into previously uncharted waters and is full of feelings of her own.
Kernberg's Object-Relations Theory and the Group Psychotherapy of Psychosis
Authors: Milders Charles F.A.
Published: March 2007

The application of object-relations theory to the psychotherapy of severe personality disorders owes much to the writings of Otto Kernberg. According to Kernberg, object-relations theory facilitates analysis of the psychotherapeutic process and the clarification of personality pathology. It is a concept that integrates theories of psychic process in the individual, group process and the organization of the clinical setting, and has found general support among Dutch (group) psychotherapists treating patients with borderline and psychotic disorders. However, the scope of object-relations theory is seldom addressed. When object-relations theory is separated from clinical psychiatry it can be overvalued as a universal explanatory model.
Group Therapy within the NHS II. `Presence' Precedes `Performance'
Authors: Sepping Paul
Published: March 2007

The concept of the analytic attitude has helped to describe how psychotherapists approach the clinical situation. But with the acceleration of administrative change in modern health care delivery, clinicians are under increasing pressure to represent their patients' needs to their organization's career (that is, non-clinical) managers. This article suggests how therapists can fruitfully involve themselves in influencing the direction of organizational change to avoid (1) unnecessary compromise of their patients' interests and (2) the market-led trend to depersonalize the unique encounter we call therapy.
Conductor Interventions: To `Do' or to `Be'?
Authors: Dalal Farhad
Published: March 2007

This paper is an exploration of what constitutes the `Group-analytic' approach. It examines the repertoire of possible interventions their content, timing and motivation. The discussion is framed in a larger debate that explores some of the differences and similarities between humanistic and analytic philosophy and methodology. The thoughts and questions raised in this paper have arisen in the clinical setting. The references made to the practice of particular group analysts have been communicated by themselves in informal and private discussions.
From External Marginality to Internal Marginality in Groups
Authors: Michel Luc
Published: March 2007

Marginality takes a particular place in any group, be it social, cultural or therapeutic. This article discusses a hypothesis considering marginality in a group as an area of particular interest for the process of change. Marginality considered as a border space between the group inside and outside, offers an important potential, both creative and destructive.
Jerusalem, Religious Awakenings and Schizophrenia
Authors: Schneider Stanley
Published: March 2007

The article explores how delusional processes are activated psychologically and how clinicians need to look beyond the seemingly non-reality aspect and instead listen to the delusion in the context of the patient's life experience. The social and spiritual context of Jerusalem, where some people decompensate and reconstitute themselves, is focused upon, as well as the delusional world of the schizophrenic.
Time-Limited, Goal-Oriented Therapy: Diary of a Stop-Smoking Group
Authors: MacDonald Patricia
Published: March 2007

Nicotine is an extremely addictive substance and although many smokers try to stop permanently, few succeed, even with support. Most stop smoking programmes for individuals or groups involve the use of nicotine replacement (gum or patches), but a time-limited group where members focus on the primary task can achieve high levels of smoking cessation without the use of nicotine replacement. This article follows the progress of ten heavily dependent smokers, most of whom had some form of smoking-related disease, over a five-week stop smoking programme at an NHS hospital. A year later five group members are not smoking.
The history of human society as moulded by emotion: past, present and future
Authors: Toda Masanao
Published: March 2007

The basic operational modes of emotions were determined when they evolved as animal software for coping with problematic situations presented by the wild environment. This wilderness rationality of emotions became somewhat warped when humans developed a large, organized environment of communities. Human emotions differed from those of animals in one critical respect: humans tended to apply new solutions to new problems and thus they touched off an evolution-like process for artefacts, the accelerating nature of which eventually produced the contemporary human society where innovations occur with inordinate speed. Contemporary society is fraught with dangers despite its material abundance and the nearly equal social status of its denizens. A cellular societal structure is suggested as a possible solution to this problem.
Urban space and the power of language: the stigmatization of the faubourg in 19th-century France
Authors: Merriman John
Published: March 2007

With the growth of French cities in the 19th century, a discourse of stigmatization developed in response to the economic and social evolution of the urban periphery. The faubourgs, which had already for some time made urban elites uneasy, were stigmatized as the locus of people (and activities) unwanted in the center city. They were expelled to the periphery (with the Haussmannization of Paris providing the classic case). At the same time, the social fear of the people of the faubourgs became increasingly linked with political fear, indeed well before the end of the century, when the faubourgs (not all of them, of course, as Versailles and some others were quite different) were evolving into “the suburbs”, those of Paris, above all, but in many provincial towns and cities as well, and especially when certain faubourgs and suburbs began to mount a challenge to the politics of the center city. Here we are joining the effort to establish the historical origins of a true discourse and vocabulary of the stigmatization of the urban periphery of French cities, so marked today, and place them in the middle decades of the 19th century.
The Indo-Mediterranean
Authors: Bellamy Elizabeth Jane , Shetty Sandhya
Published: March 2007

We return to Derrida's 1974 Glas. It has probably never occurred to readers of Glas that it could have relevance for any kind of critique of empire - let alone a critique of empire via the Mediterranean. But Braudel's investigation of the difficult question of the `historical Mediterranean' is precisely the lens through which Glas's nascent critique of imperialism comes into focus. In this strange work, a `thinking' of passages emerges - disruptive passages moving from west to east, ceaselessly criss-crossing the vectors of the western empire's seemingly `continuous' move westward. As a rigorous critique of origins and borders, Derridean deconstruction can provide a useful perspective on ongoing efforts to pinpoint the borders of a `historical Mediterranean' and on the ways in which medieval mercantile histories of the Mediterranean themselves serve as a critique of empire.
Reading Zygmunt Bauman: Looking for Clues
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: March 2007

Zygmunt Bauman's sociology has had a paradoxical reception, widespread, yet elusive. Partly this is due to its diversity, partly due to Bauman's style, which is often provocative rather than soothing. Whatever the case, Bauman's work is among the most important sources for critical sociology today. This exploratory essay, a flag for a book in progress called Modernity as Ambivalence - Zygmunt Bauman's Sociology indicates some key co-ordinates: modernity and the postmodern, sociology and socialism, Marxism and after, via a scanner of some of the major works, especially Legislators and Interpreters, through Modernity and Ambivalence. Bauman's work is evocative not only because of its critical or historical sensibilities, but also because of its existential and anthropological clues.
Time and Duration: The Unexcluded Middle, or Reflections on Braudel and Prigogine
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel
Published: March 2007

One reason for the problematic status of the social sciences is that their claim to legitimacy has been undermined by two opposite models of inquiry: the nomothetic idea of science, with its emphasis on universal laws, and the idiographic conception of history as a record of particular events. It can be argued that both of them excluded the temporal dimension of socio-historical reality; more precisely, they were ill-equipped to analyze the unstable structures which emerge and undergo transformations over varying periods of time. This previously excluded middle has been rediscovered by pioneering scientists on both sides of the divide; the paper compares Prigogine's critique of Newtonian natural science with Braudel's reorientation of history. The former line of argument privileges time, the latter duration, but they lead to similar conclusions.
Modernization and Juridification in Latin America: A Reassessment of the Latin American Developmental Path
Authors: Peruzzotti Enrique
Published: March 2007

What is the distinctive trait of the Latin American pattern of modernization? In contrast to western societies, where the debate on modernization has been dominated by the Weberian thematic of bureaucratiz-ation, the most salient feature of the Latin American developmental path is the chronic frailty of legal-constitutional arrangements. In Latin America, the process of modernization and social differentiation has not been followed by the legal stabilization of social complexity but is characterized by a low degree of juridification and institutional precariousness. Drawing on insights from both Luhmann's and Habermas' theories, the article provides a critical theoretical framework for the study of the peculiarities of the Latin American modernizing path.
Civilizing Islam, Islamist Civilizing? Turkey's Islamist Movement and the Problem of Ethnic Difference
Authors: Houston Christopher
Published: March 2007

The Islamist critique of the post-1923 regime in Turkey centres around the deconstruction of the Republic's civilizing mission. Here the modernization of the rump of the Ottoman Empire undertaken in the name of the universality of western civilization (with the consequent attributing of backwardness to Islam) is problematized: Islamist discourse converges with other postmodern critiques in proclaiming the exhaustion of modernity as a project of emancipation. Islamist politics celebrate the return of the Muslim actor and identity. And yet the making of an Islamist movement is threatened by the mobilization of other political identities similarly suppressed by the Turkish state's modernizing project. This includes in particular Kurdish subjectivity, long a target of assimilation in the name of the universality of the greater Turkish nation. This paper examines the fragmenting of the Islamist movement in Turkey, as well as Islamist attempts to head off Kurdish nationalism. The Islamist suppression of difference within its own ranks in the name of an Islamic universalism betrays it too as a descendant of Enlightenment discourses and a modernizing movement in its own right.
Marriage and Money
Authors: GORMAN ELIZABETH H.
Published: March 2007

Research has shown that marital status affects wages and work behaviors that influence wages, but little attention has been paid to the impact of marital status on attitudes toward pay and finances. This study develops theoretical propositions concerning the effect of marital status on pay valence and financial satisfaction and tests them with data from the General Social Survey. Consistent with these propositions, married men and women view pay as more important and feel less satisfaction with their financial circumstances than do their never-married counterparts. Divorced individuals reveal pay valence levels between those of single and married individuals but are even less financially satisfied than married individuals. An unexpected finding is that the effects of marital status on pay valence and financial satisfaction do not differ by gender. The effects of marital status on both attitudes are attributable in part to the association between marital status and parenthood.
Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Networks
Authors: McGUIRE GAIL M.
Published: March 2007

This study sheds light on the informal mechanisms that contribute to inequality by examining the relationship between gender, race/ethnicity, and networks. Drawing on network theory and status construction theory, the author examines the routes through which employees' sex and race/ethnicity affect the status of their network members. The analyses indicate that women and people of color had network members with lower status than men and Whites because they occupied positions that limited their access to and ability to attract powerful employees. The author concludes that structural rather than personal exclusion explains race/ethnic and sex differences in the status of network members.
Particularism in Control Over Monetary Resources at Work
Authors: SMITH RYAN ALAN
Published: March 2007

Prominent explanations from the sociological and management literatures are used to formulate expectations regarding group differences in the acquisition of control over monetary resources at work between White, Black, and Latino men. Data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality show a large net racial gap between Black and White men in the odds of controlling monetary resources but no net authority gap between White and Latino men. Workplace diversity, in the form of racial and ethnic heterogeneity between coworkers and supervisors, does not impede the authority chances of White men, but having a female supervisor does. Moreover, consistent with the particularistic manipulation hypothesis, there is evidence that the processes leading to control over monetary resources differ significantly between White and minority men, but the relative strength of support for this hypothesis varies in a manner that represents a clear racioethnic hierarchy in authority opportunities. The implications of these findings for individuals and organizations are discussed.
Replacement Processes in Work Organizations
Authors: Ball Donald W.
Published: March 2007

The concept of organizational replacement and the utility of data from professional football is examined. It is hypothesized and found that organizational positions systematically vary in their replacement rates. This variation is directly associated with positional visibility (the ease and availability of precise evaluation techniques for the assessment of positional task performance). Visibility is also found to relate to salaries and the racial composition of positional occupants.
Explaining the Effects of Capital Sector for Income Determination
Authors: D'AMICO RONALD
Published: March 2007

This article endeavors to explicate some of the mechanisms whereby the dual sector distinction is relevant for earnings determination. We estimate both direct and indirect sectoral effects, disaggregate the dependent variable into hourly wage and annual hours worked components and explore the interplay between sector and occupational distributions. The final section attempts to evaluate dualism in a somewhat broader sense. In particular, we explore the extent to which capital sectors exhaust the relevance of industrial structure for earnings. We find that substantial interindustry variation in wages exists net of sector.
Job Attitudes among Different Occupational Status Groups
Authors: RONEN SIMCHA , SADAN SIMCHA
Published: March 2007

An economic model is applied to employee attitudinal variables as a means of comparing the contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic job facets to overall job statisfaction for two occupational status groups. Surveyed were 577 skilled workers and 181 managers of an electronic manufacturing organization. The two occupational groups were significantly different with respect to the intrinsic-extrinsic composition of overall job satisfaction. Implications for management policy and organizational reward systems are discussed.
Workers' Participation
Authors: TAUSKY CURT , CHELTE ANTHONY F.
Published: March 2007

American workers' involvement on the shop floor has benefited from managers' worries about product quality. This concern arose in response to market shares eroded by imports, especially Japanese imports. The small group activities (production teams, quality circles) used in Japan to raise product quality are transportable; they are now well known to U.S. managers and widely considered for adoption. Implementation, nevertheless, is less common. One obstacle to utilizing participation is that listening to production workers' suggestions conflicts with traditional management-worker relations. Also, participation programs are costly; to implement one properly—to elicit hourly workers' cooperation and prevent the program from fading—requires training, job security, and sharing the gains. These investments, however, can yield marked improvement of quality, productivity, and market share. Participation is gaining ground, though more haltingly than pictured in literature.
Competence, Control, and Work Redesign
Authors: LITTEK WOLFGANG , HEISIG ULRICH
Published: March 2007

A tendency toward deskilling and deeper fragmentation of white-collar work emerged in the Federal Republic of Germany during the 1960s and early 1970s, fueling Marxist claims that skilled office and administrative workers faced increasing proletarianization. The authors' research on commercial and technical employees in large industrial enterprises suggests that deskilling tendencies were, in fact, a short-lived, exceptional phenomenon. Since the late 1970s, West German employers have increasingly adopted a skill-based modernization policy that shapes work in terms of high trust relations and responsible autonomy. This outcome is more than an employers' creation, however, for skilled administrative employees have used their occupational qualifications as a means of influencing the process of work redesign. In general, our findings point to nationally specific systems of vocational education as a factor that shapes emerging patterns of work redesign and work culture.
Expected Managerial Careers within Growing and Declining R&D Establishments
Authors: SHENHAV YEHOUDA
Published: March 2007

Numerous studies using individual-level variables have sought to explain the tendency of scientists and engineers to aspire to managerial careers within R&D establishments. The present study, which concentrates on expected mobility to management, examines the interplay between structural and individual determinants of the phenomenon. Logit analyses indicate that the individual-level effects were remarkably consistent with the findings presented in the literature, lending construct validity to the dependent variable used in this study. Structural-level variables, most of which have not been examined previously in R&D establishments, greatly enhanced our understanding of expected managerial mobility. Different effects were found for growing and for declining organizations.
Contested Control: Systems of Control and their Implications for Ambiguity in Elementary and Secondary Schools
Authors: BACHARACH SAMUEL B. , BAMBERGER PETER
Published: March 2007

Drawing on a perspective originally developed by Braverman and Edwards, and using a sample of 42 elementary and 45 secondary schools, we examine the consequences of (as well as the interrelationships among) three traditional administrative control mechanisms (direct control through supervision, and indirect control through routinization and participation) on ambiguity across organizational forms. The results appear to support the idea that administrative control in organizations is not a unidimensional construct, and that, regardless of organizational form (e.g., elementary vs. secondary schools), multiple control mechanisms are likely to have both direct and indirect effects on the average level of teacher ambiguity in schools. However, the findings also suggest that multiple administrative control mechanisms may coexist, having reinforcing, offsetting, and mediating effects on one another with regard to ambiguity. Moreover, the findings indicate that the specific effects of these control mechanisms on ambiguity are likely to be contingent on organizational form.
Gender Differences in the Determinants of Work-Related Overnight Travel among Employed Americans
Authors: PRESSER HARRIET B. , HERMSEN JOAN M.
Published: March 2007

This research documents the prevalence and extent of work-related overnight travel among employed men and women in the United States, revealing substantial differences by gender. Multivariate analyses show gender differences in the determinants of travel behavior with regard to job characteristics, gender ideology, and background characteristics. Interestingly, family characteristics are not important determinants for either women or men. Gender remains a significant variable when controlling for the effects of all of these variables. The analyses are based on data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households.
The Gender Gap in Company Job Training
Authors: KNOKE DAVID , ISHIO YOSHITO
Published: March 2007

Previous analyses of employee participation in company-provided job training programs, using cross-sectional data on cumulative incidence levels, found either that men receive more training than women or no significant gender differences. The authors conducted event-history analyses of the hazard rate of entry into initial firm training programs by a national cohort of young workers. Rather than closing the gender gap, the women's training disadvantage widened after controlling for theoretically important human capital, occupational, industrial, organizational, and family-stage variables. Further examination of women's and men's distributions on these independent variables and estimates of separate event-history equations suggest that gender segregation by occupation and industry, workweek length, and family role obligations afford men better training opportunities than women. The authors conclude with suggestions for future research and speculations about the policy implications for closing the persistent gender gap in company-provided job training.
Women's Work, Men's Work, and the Sense of Control
Authors: ROSS CATHERINE E. , WRIGHT MARYLYN P.
Published: March 2007

This article examines gender differences in four dimensions of work alienation—routine, nonautonomous, estranged, and isolated work—and the ways in which work alienation shapes subjective alienation, measured as the sense of powerlessness versus control. It is expected that women's work is more objectively alienating than men's, that these work characteristics shape people's sense of personal control, and that work characteristics explain the effect of employment status, especially homemaker status and part-time employment, on perceived control. These propositions are examined in a 1995 U.S. national telephone probability sample with 2,592 respondents. Nonroutine work, including task variety and problem solving; autonomous work, including decision-making autonomy and freedom from supervision; fulfilling work; and nonisolated work all significantly positively affect the sense of personal control. Women's disproportionate representation in homemaking and part-time work explains women's low personal control. Compared to full-time employees, part-time workers have a lower sense of control because their work is more routine, less enjoyable, and less autonomous. Compared to full-time employees, homemakers have a lower sense of control because their work is more routine, less enjoyable, and more isolated. However, homemakers report more autonomy than paid workers, and female paid workers report less isolated work than their male counterparts.
Computer Estimation of the Eutectic Point for Ni3Ta - Ni3Al
Authors: Basu Rahul
Published: March 2007

The system Ni3Ta-Ni 3Al, a superalloy, has been of interest recently for use as a high temperature material. Uses are suggested as a reinforced eutectoid composite. The phase diagram of this alloy is unknown but is believed to be similar to that of the Ni3Al-Ni3Nb. A computer method is applied utilizing a suitable program to evaluate the temperatures and compositions around the experimental Te of 1633 K. The results of such a simulation show that the equilibrium composition of NiAl undergoes a substantial variation about this temperature, however the edge solutions differ from the theoretical stoichiometry possibly due to depletion of one or more components at the matrix-ppt ( γ', δ") interface which could result in misalignment of the phase boundaries. Addition of quaternary elements may improve this and also the corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures.
Stacking Characteristics of Composite Cardboard Boxes
Authors: Keller R.B. , Hiemstra B.A.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a simplified model and method for finding the deflection char acteristics of stacked cardboard boxes, provided the load-deflection characteristic of the box is known. A computer program, based on this model, allows the stability of stacked boxes to be investigated and to indicate the limits to the height of the stack and box parameters required to prevent stack toppling.
Quasi-Rectangular Holes with Minimum Stress Concentration in Orthotropic Plates
Authors: Rajaiah K. , Naik N.K.
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with stresses around quasi-rectangular holes with minimum stress concentration in large orthotropic plates. The method given by Lekhnitskii is used. Numerical results are presented in terms of quasi-rectangular hole shapes with minimum stress concentration and stress distribution around these holes. Unidirec tional carbon/epoxy orthotropic composite materials are considered for a range of hole shapes under uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions.
A Model of Couple Stress Effect Upon the Transverse Stiffness of a Fiber-Reinforced Material
Authors: Lakhanpal Surinder K. , Hackett Robert M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the possible effect of couple stresses on the transverse elastic moduli of anisotropic composite material systems. Couple stress theory considers that within an elastic body, the surface of each element of material is subjected not only to normal and tangential stress components but also to a moment component designated as a couple stress, thus introducing another elastic constant of the material.

The necessary theory of elasticity needed for this purpose is developed and extended from the available classical theory found in the literature. The model considered is a uniaxially loaded infinitely long rectangular cell of composite material with a circular fiber located at the center. The stress and displacement fields thus developed in the composite cell are for the plane strain case.

A numerical solution for the transverse elastic stiffness of the composite material as a function of the elastic constants, including the moduli of curvature, of the fiber and the matrix is developed. The results thus obtained are compared with those of classical theory.