bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model Checking of Continuous-Time Markov Chains Against Timed Automata Specifications
Authors: Chen Taolue , Han Tingting , Katoen Joost-Pieter , Mereacre Alexandru
Published: September 2011

We study the verification of a finite continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) C
against a linear real-time specification given as a deterministic timed
automaton (DTA) A with finite or Muller acceptance conditions. The central
question that we address is: what is the probability of the set of paths of C
that are accepted by A, i.e., the likelihood that C satisfies A? It is shown
that under finite acceptance criteria this equals the reachability probability
in a finite piecewise deterministic Markov process (PDP), whereas for Muller
acceptance criteria it coincides with the reachability probability of terminal
strongly connected components in such a PDP. Qualitative verification is shown
to amount to a graph analysis of the PDP. Reachability probabilities in our
PDPs are then characterized as the least solution of a system of Volterra
integral equations of the second type and are shown to be approximated by the
solution of a system of partial differential equations. For single-clock DTA,
this integral equation system can be transformed into a system of linear
equations where the coefficients are solutions of ordinary differential
equations. As the coefficients are in fact transient probabilities in CTMCs,
this result implies that standard algorithms for CTMC analysis suffice to
verify single-clock DTA specifications.
Efficiently Simulating Higher-Order Arithmetic by a First-Order Theory Modulo
Authors: Burel Guillaume
Published: September 2011

In deduction modulo, a theory is not represented by a set of axioms but by a
congruence on propositions modulo which the inference rules of standard
deductive systems---such as for instance natural deduction---are applied.
Therefore, the reasoning that is intrinsic of the theory does not appear in the
length of proofs. In general, the congruence is defined through a rewrite
system over terms and propositions. We define a rigorous framework to study
proof lengths in deduction modulo, where the congruence must be computed in
polynomial time. We show that even very simple rewrite systems lead to
arbitrary proof-length speed-ups in deduction modulo, compared to using axioms.
As higher-order logic can be encoded as a first-order theory in deduction
modulo, we also study how to reinterpret, thanks to deduction modulo, the
speed-ups between higher-order and first-order arithmetics that were stated by
G\"odel. We define a first-order rewrite system with a congruence decidable in
polynomial time such that proofs of higher-order arithmetic can be linearly
translated into first-order arithmetic modulo that system. We also present the
whole higher-order arithmetic as a first-order system without resorting to any
axiom, where proofs have the same length as in the axiomatic presentation.
Generic Modal Cut Elimination Applied to Conditional Logics
Authors: Pattinson Dirk , Schröder Lutz
Published: September 2011

We develop a general criterion for cut elimination in sequent calculi for
propositional modal logics, which rests on absorption of cut, contraction,
weakening and inversion by the purely modal part of the rule system. Our
criterion applies also to a wide variety of logics outside the realm of normal
modal logic. We give extensive example instantiations of our framework to
various conditional logics. For these, we obtain fully internalised calculi
which are substantially simpler than those known in the literature, along with
leaner proofs of cut elimination and complexity. In one case, conditional logic
with modus ponens and conditional excluded middle, cut elimination and
complexity were explicitly stated as open in the literature.
A Focused Sequent Calculus Framework for Proof Search in Pure Type Systems
Authors: Lengrand Stéphane Jean Eric , Dyckhoff Roy , McKinna James
Published: September 2011

Basic proof-search tactics in logic and type theory can be seen as the
root-first applications of rules in an appropriate sequent calculus, preferably
without the redundancies generated by permutation of rules. This paper
addresses the issues of defining such sequent calculi for Pure Type Systems
(PTS, which were originally presented in natural deduction style) and then
organizing their rules for effective proof-search. We introduce the idea of
Pure Type Sequent Calculus with meta-variables (PTSCalpha), by enriching the
syntax of a permutation-free sequent calculus for propositional logic due to
Herbelin, which is strongly related to natural deduction and already well
adapted to proof-search. The operational semantics is adapted from Herbelin's
and is defined by a system of local rewrite rules as in cut-elimination, using
explicit substitutions. We prove confluence for this system. Restricting our
attention to PTSC, a type system for the ground terms of this system, we obtain
the Subject Reduction property and show that each PTSC is logically equivalent
to its corresponding PTS, and the former is strongly normalising iff the latter
is. We show how to make the logical rules of PTSC into a syntax-directed system
PS for proof-search, by incorporating the conversion rules as in
syntax-directed presentations of the PTS rules for type-checking. Finally, we
consider how to use the explicitly scoped meta-variables of PTSCalpha to
represent partial proof-terms, and use them to analyse interactive proof
construction. This sets up a framework PE in which we are able to study
proof-search strategies, type inhabitant enumeration and (higher-order)
unification.
Knowledge-Based Synthesis of Distributed Systems Using Event Structures
Authors: Bickford Mark , Constable Robert , Halpern Joseph , Petride Sabina
Published: September 2011

To produce a program guaranteed to satisfy a given specification one can
synthesize it from a formal constructive proof that a computation satisfying
that specification exists. This process is particularly effective if the
specifications are written in a high-level language that makes it easy for
designers to specify their goals. We consider a high-level specification
language that results from adding knowledge to a fragment of Nuprl specifically
tailored for specifying distributed protocols, called event theory. We then
show how high-level knowledge-based programs can be synthesized from the
knowledge-based specifications using a proof development system such as Nuprl.
Methods of Halpern and Zuck then apply to convert these knowledge-based
protocols to ordinary protocols. These methods can be expressed as heuristic
transformation tactics in Nuprl.
Turing machines on represented sets, a model of computation for Analysis
Authors: Tavana Nazanin , Weihrauch Klaus
Published: September 2011

We introduce a new type of generalized Turing machines (GTMs), which are
intended as a tool for the mathematician who studies computability in Analysis.
In a single tape cell a GTM can store a symbol, a real number, a continuous
real function or a probability measure, for example. The model is based on TTE,
the representation approach for computable analysis. As a main result we prove
that the functions that are computable via given representations are closed
under GTM programming. This generalizes the well known fact that these
functions are closed under composition. The theorem allows to speak about
objects themselves instead of names in algorithms and proofs. By using GTMs for
specifying algorithms, many proofs become more rigorous and also simpler and
more transparent since the GTM model is very simple and allows to apply
well-known techniques from Turing machine theory. We also show how finite or
infinite sequences as names can be replaced by sets (generalized
representations) on which computability is already defined via representations.
This allows further simplification of proofs. All of this is done for
multi-functions, which are essential in Computable Analysis, and
multi-representations, which often allow more elegant formulations. As a
byproduct we show that the computable functions on finite and infinite
sequences of symbols are closed under programming with GTMs. We conclude with
examples of application.
On the Correspondence between Display Postulates and Deep Inference in Nested Sequent Calculi for Tense Logics
Authors: Gore Rajeev , Postniece Linda , Tiu Alwen F
Published: September 2011

We consider two styles of proof calculi for a family of tense logics,
presented in a formalism based on nested sequents. A nested sequent can be seen
as a tree of traditional single-sided sequents. Our first style of calculi is
what we call "shallow calculi", where inference rules are only applied at the
root node in a nested sequent. Our shallow calculi are extensions of Kashima's
calculus for tense logic and share an essential characteristic with display
calculi, namely, the presence of structural rules called "display postulates".
Shallow calculi enjoy a simple cut elimination procedure, but are unsuitable
for proof search due to the presence of display postulates and other structural
rules. The second style of calculi uses deep-inference, whereby inference rules
can be applied at any node in a nested sequent. We show that, for a range of
extensions of tense logic, the two styles of calculi are equivalent, and there
is a natural proof theoretic correspondence between display postulates and deep
inference. The deep inference calculi enjoy the subformula property and have no
display postulates or other structural rules, making them a better framework
for proof search.
A Brief Measure of Core Religious Beliefs for Use in Psychiatric Settings
Authors: Rosmarin David H. , Pirutinsky Steven , Pargament Kenneth I.
Published: September 2011

Results from several national studies in the United States suggests that: (1) religious beliefs and practices are highly prevalent; (2) spirituality and religion are statistically and clinically relevant to mental health and symptoms; and (3) many patients have a preference for spiritually integrated care. However, existing protocols that assess for salient religious themes in psychiatric settings are time-consuming to administer, relevant only to specific populations (e.g., Christians), and have poor psychometric properties. Further, evidence suggests that religious beliefs can take on a positive and negative valence, and both of these dimensions are worthy of assessment. We, therefore, developed a brief (six-item) self-report measure of positive and negative core beliefs about God which is uniquely suited for use with a broad range of religious patients. Across three studies, we evaluated its psychometric properties and ability to predict symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results provide support for the validity and reliability of our measure and further highlight the salience of both positive and negative religious beliefs to psychiatric symptoms. It is hoped that this measure will help to decrease the burden of spiritual assessment in psychiatric and medical settings, and further have research utility for this area of study.
Active Depression is Associated with Regional Adiposity in the Upper Abdomen and the Neck
Authors: Ludescher Burkhard , MacHann Juergen , Eschweiler Gerhard W. , Thamer Claus , Maenz Constantin , Hipp Arno , Claussen Claus D. , Schick Fritz
Published: September 2011

Objective:

In major depression, the incidence of overweight, the risk of type 2 diabetes, as well as cardiovascular disease is increased. Aim was to determine body fat distribution in depressive and healthy females using whole body Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Measurements of total adipose tissue (TAT), visceral (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) at the trunk and the whole body fat distribution along the body axis were performed and compared. Differences in body fat distribution between depressive and healthy females and their location were evaluated.

Methods:

In total, 11 women with a depressive syndrome (major depression, MD) and 45 healthy female volunteers (HC) matched for age and body mass index were compared. Total tissue (TT), TAT, VAT, and SCAT were quantified using T1-weighted whole body MRI. Adipose tissue distribution was compared along the body axis.

Results:

MD patients showed higher adipose tissue volumes than the HC group. Especially in the upper abdomen, at the upper extremities and the neck, MD patients are characterized by a significantly higher adipose tissue mass compared to the HC group.

Conclusions:

The results of this study confirm the hypothesis of a high stress level with a disturbed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leading to a Cushing-like habitus and high visceral fat levels. The increased fat levels at the arms, as well as the whole body fat may be well-founded by a lack of activity in depression. These effects should be evaluated in further longitudinal studies investigating patients with a depressive syndrome and after remission.
Numerical Approximations to Solution of Biochemical Reaction Model
Authors: Yildirim Ahmet , Gökdogan Ahmet , Merdan Mehmet
Published: September 2011

In this paper, approximate analytical solution of biochemical reaction model is used by the multi-step differential transform method (MsDTM) based on classical differential transformation method (DTM). Numerical results are compared to those obtained by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to illustrate the preciseness and effectiveness of the proposed method. Results are given explicit and graphical form.
Removal of Cadmium (II) Ions from Aqueous Phase by Biosorption on Biological Activated Dates' Pedicels (Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Study)
Authors: Yazid Hynda , Sadaoui Zahra , Maachi Rachida
Published: September 2011

The preparation of biological activated dates’ pedicels (ADP) adsorbents and its biosorption behaviour of cadmium (II) was the topic of this study. The raw (RDP) and activated (ADP) dates’ pedicels were characterized by SEM, XRF, FTIR and surface area analysis. SEM analysis revealed a heterogeneous structure for ADP and a cellular aspect different from that of RDP, due to the deposit of the bacterial film which has been constituted during the biological treatment of the material. The XRF results show the presence of potassium, calcium in RPD, and sodium in APD which could favour the retention of heavy metals in aqueous solutions by ions exchange. The FT-IR spectra showed that there are different functional groups in adsorbents, which are able to react with metal ions in aqueous solution. Biological pretreatment was carried out in nitrate enriched solution; allowing to enhance the development of denitrifying micro-organisms already existing on the organic support without the need for biomass inoculation. Biological pretreatment allowed the appearance of a bacterial film at the surface of the date pedicel particles, which improved their biosorption capacity. Indeed, the biosorption yields of cadmium (II) ions obtained at equilibrium (60 min) were 70.4 and 57.4% for ADP and RDP, respectively. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and the model constants were evaluated. The maximum biosorption capacity as calculated using the Langmuir isotherm model was 10.75 mg g-1 which is greater than that of commercial and granular activated carbon. The kinetic data obtained at different initial cadmium concentrations and different temperatures were analyzed using pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The biosorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The biosorption of cadmium ion was endothermic and spontaneous. Elution efficiencies with different concentrations of CaCl2, KCl and NaCl were evaluated. The desorption studies showed the reversibility of biosorption and CaCl2 was the most efficient desorbent for elution and desorption of cadmium from the biosorbant.
Removal of Carbon Monoxide by Oxidation from Excess Hydrogen Gas on Co3O4-NiO/AC Catalyst
Authors: Zhou Guilin , Xie Hongmei , Wan Tingting , Zhang Guizhi , Chen Shengmin , Zheng Xuxi
Published: September 2011

The present work investigates the catalytic properties of the Co-Ni-supported activated carbon (AC) catalyst for the oxidation removal of CO in excess hydrogen gas to obtain High purity hydrogen. X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption of O2 (O2-TPD), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) were used to study the properties of the prepared catalyst. XRD, and TPR results indicate that the highly dispersed NiO and Co3O4 are the main phase in the prepared catalyst. The O2-TPD results show that the Co3O4-NiO/AC catalyst has strong adsorption and activation capacity to O2 molecules. Active oxygen species can be formed on the surface of Co3O4-NiO/AC catalyst, which is the active species to oxidize CO molecules. CO conversion can exceed 99.5% in the temperature range of 443~463 K, and CO oxidation selectivity exceeds 62.2% in less than 463 K.
President Obama's “Pivot” to Jobs: Lessons from Comparative Law and America's Rivals
Authors: Travis Hannibal B.
Published: September 2011

By adopting sensible economic policies over the past several decades, Germany and Japan have reduced their unemployment rates without sacrificing the health or financial well‐being of their populations. Japan's unemployment rate is less than 5%, and Germany's is less than 7.5%, while the U.S. rate is over 9%. Their legal tools for achieving these levels include: (1) consideration of the interests of workers when executives plan mass layoffs, and direct action to create jobs; (2) creation of a healthy and well‐educated workforce; (3) preservation of an industrial base that includes a vibrant manufacturing sector, by shifting many of the costs of supporting workers and their families from employers onto the government; and (4) taxation of goods and services imported from abroad, rather than mainly taxing domestic but not foreign producers' incomes.
Chronic Kidney Disease and Albuminuria in Children with Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: McPherson Yee Marianne , Jabbar Shameem F. , Osunkwo Ifeyinwa , Clement Lisa , Lane Peter A. , Eckman James R. , Guasch Antonio
Published: September 2011

Background and objectives

Sickle cell nephropathy begins in childhood and may progress to renal failure. Albuminuria is a sensitive marker of glomerular damage that may indicate early chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

The aims of this study were to determine the cross-sectional prevalence and clinical correlates of albuminuria and CKD among children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Over a 10-year period (1995 to 2005) 410 pediatric SCD patients ages 2 to 21 years were enrolled: 261 with hemoglobin SS (HbSS) or HbSβ0 thalassemia (HbSβ0) and 149 with HbSC or HbSβ+ thalassemia (HbSβ+). The albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) of spot-urine specimens and serum creatinine were measured; abnormal albuminuria was defined as urinary ACR ≥ 30 mg/g.

Results

The prevalence of abnormal albuminuria was 20.7% (23.0% in HbSS/HbSβ0, 16.8% in HbSC/HbSβ+). Among HbSS/HbSβ0, abnormal albuminuria was associated with increasing age and lower baseline hemoglobin. GFR, estimated in 189 patients using the updated Schwartz formula, correlated negatively with age (r = −0.27, P = 0.0002). CKD defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes study was present in 26.5% (50 of 189) of patients: stage 1 in 27 (14.8%) and stage 2 in 22 (11.6%). In multivariate analysis, age and HbSC/HbSβ+ genotype were associated with CKD.

Conclusions

This is the first study to stage CKD in children with SCD and highlights a high prevalence of albuminuria and glomerular injury early in life. Detecting CKD in childhood could allow for earlier intervention and prevention of renal failure in adulthood.
Sympathetic Nerve Traffic and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Grassi Guido , Seravalle Gino , Ghiadoni Lorenzo , Tripepi Giovanni , Bruno Rosa Maria , Mancia Giuseppe , Zoccali Carmine
Published: September 2011

Background and objectives

Sympathetic overactivity and high levels of the endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are prevalent risk factors in chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

In 48 stage 2 to 4 CKD patients, we investigated the relationship between efferent postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve traffic (microneurography) and circulating ADMA and analyzed the links between these risk factors and estimated GFR (eGFR), proteinuria, and different parameters of left ventricular (LV) geometry.

Results

CKD patients characterized by sympathetic nerve traffic values in the third tertile showed the highest ADMA levels, and this association was paralleled by a continuous, positive relationship between these two risk factors (r = 0.32, P = 0.03) independent of other confounders. Both sympathetic nerve traffic and ADMA were inversely related to eGFR and directly to proteinuria and LV geometry. Remarkably, the variance of eGFR, proteinuria, and LV geometry explained by sympathetic nerve traffic and ADMA largely overlapped because sympathetic nerve traffic but not ADMA was retained as a significant correlate of the eGFR (P < 0.001) and of the relative wall thickness or the left ventricular mass index/LV volume ratio (P = 0.05) in models including both risk factors. ADMA, but not sympathetic nerve traffic, emerged as an independent correlate of proteinuria (P = 0.003) in a model including the same covariates.

Conclusions

Sympathetic activity and ADMA may share a pathway leading to renal disease progression, proteinuria, and LV concentric remodeling in CKD patients.
Dose-finding Study of Peginesatide for Anemia Correction in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Authors: Macdougall Iain C. , Wiecek Andrzej , Tucker Beatriz , Yaqoob Magdi , Mikhail Ashraf , Nowicki Michal , MacPhee Iain , Mysliwiec Michal , Smolenski Olgierd , Sułowicz Władysław , Mayo Martha , Francisco Carol , Polu Krishna R. , Schatz Peter J. , Duliege Anne-Marie
Published: September 2011

Background and objectives

Peginesatide is a synthetic, PEGylated, investigational, peptide-based erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. We report the first assessment of its efficacy and safety in correcting renal anemia in a population of 139 nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Chronic kidney disease patients who were not on dialysis and not receiving treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the 12 weeks before study drug administration were sequentially assigned to one of 10 cohorts; cohorts differed in starting peginesatide dose (different body weight-based or absolute doses), route of administration (intravenous or subcutaneous), and frequency of administration (every 4 or 2 weeks).

Results

Across all cohorts, 96% of patients achieved a hemoglobin response. A dose-response relationship was evident for hemoglobin increase. Comparable subcutaneous and intravenous peginesatide doses produced similar hemoglobin responses. Rapid rates of hemoglobin rise and hemoglobin excursions >13 g/dl tended to occur more frequently with every-2-weeks dosing than they did with every-4-weeks dosing. The range of final median doses in the every-4-weeks dosing groups was 0.019 to 0.043 mg/kg. Across all cohorts, 20% of patients reported serious adverse events (one patient had a possibly drug-related serious event) and 81% reported adverse events (11.5% reported possibly drug-related events); these events were consistent with those routinely observed in this patient population.

Conclusions

This study suggests that peginesatide administered every 4 weeks can increase and maintain hemoglobin in nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Additional long-term data in larger groups of patients are required to further elucidate the efficacy and safety of this peptide-based erythropoiesis-stimulating agent.
Nonthyrotoxic Prevention of Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance by 3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine in Rats
Authors: de Lange Pieter , Cioffi Federica , Senese Rosalba , Moreno Maria , Lombardi Assunta , Silvestri Elena , De Matteis Rita , Lionetti Lillà , Mollica Maria Pina , Goglia Fernando , Lanni Antonia
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

High-fat diets (HFDs) are known to induce insulin resistance. Previously, we showed that 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2), concomitantly administered to rats on a 4-week HFD, prevented gain in body weight and adipose mass. Here we investigated whether and how T2 prevented HFD-induced insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We investigated the biochemical targets of T2 related to lipid and glucose homeostasis over time using various techniques, including genomic and proteomic profiling, immunoblotting, transient transfection, and enzyme activity analysis.

RESULTS

Here we show that, in rats, HFD feeding induced insulin resistance (as expected), whereas T2 administration prevented its onset. T2 did so by rapidly stimulating hepatic fatty acid oxidation, decreasing hepatic triglyceride levels, and improving the serum lipid profile, while at the same time sparing skeletal muscle from fat accumulation. At the mechanistic level, 1) transfection studies show that T2 does not act via thyroid hormone receptor β; 2) AMP-activated protein kinase is not involved in triggering the effects of T2; 3) in HFD rats, T2 rapidly increases hepatic nuclear sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity; 4) in an in vitro assay, T2 directly activates SIRT1; and 5) the SIRT1 targets peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-γ coactivator (PGC-1α) and sterol regulatory element–binding protein (SREBP)-1c are deacetylated with concomitant upregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and downregulation of lipogenic genes, and PPARα/δ-induced genes are upregulated, whereas genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis are downregulated. Proteomic analysis of the hepatic protein profile supported these changes.

CONCLUSIONS

T2, by activating SIRT1, triggers a cascade of events resulting in improvement of the serum lipid profile, prevention of fat accumulation, and, finally, prevention of diet-induced insulin resistance.
A Novel Cellular Defect in Diabetes
Authors: Howard Amber C. , McNeil Anna K. , Xiong Fei , Xiong Wen-Cheng , McNeil Paul L.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Skeletal muscle myopathy is a common diabetes complication. One possible cause of myopathy is myocyte failure to repair contraction-generated plasma membrane injuries. Here, we test the hypothesis that diabetes induces a repair defect in skeletal muscle myocytes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Myocytes in intact muscle from type 1 (INS2Akita+/−) and type 2 (db/db) diabetic mice were injured with a laser and dye uptake imaged confocally to test repair efficiency. Membrane repair defects were also assessed in diabetic mice after downhill running, which induces myocyte plasma membrane disruption injuries in vivo. A cell culture model was used to investigate the role of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the receptor for AGE (RAGE) in development of this repair defect.

RESULTS

Diabetic myocytes displayed significantly more dye influx after laser injury than controls, indicating a repair deficiency. Downhill running also resulted in a higher level of repair failure in diabetic mice. This repair defect was mimicked in cultured cells by prolonged exposure to high glucose. Inhibition of the formation of AGE eliminated this glucose-induced repair defect. However, a repair defect could be induced, in the absence of high glucose, by enhancing AGE binding to RAGE, or simply by increasing cell exposure to AGE.

CONCLUSIONS

Because one consequence of repair failure is rapid cell death (via necrosis), our demonstration that repair fails in diabetes suggests a new mechanism by which myopathy develops in diabetes.
Routine Data Sources Challenge International Diabetes Federation Extrapolations of National Diabetes Prevalence in Switzerland
Authors: Bopp Matthias , Zellweger Ueli , Faeh David
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Information on diabetes prevalence in the general population is scarce and often based on extrapolations. We evaluated whether prevalence could be estimated from routine data sources.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The sources were 1) hospital discharges (2008, n = 828,171), 2) death registry (2007/2008, n = 118,659), and 3) Swiss Health Survey (SHS; 2007, n = 18,665). Persons without diabetes as underlying cause of death (death registry) or principal diagnosis (hospital discharges) were regarded as surrogate for a general population random sample.

RESULTS

In those aged 20–84 years, 4.5% of men and 3% of women were expected to have diabetes. By source, estimations were 4.4 and 2.8% (hospital discharges), 3.8 and 3.1% (death registry), and 4.9 and 3.7% (SHS) for men and women, respectively. Among sources, age–sex patterns were similar.

CONCLUSIONS

In countries with adequate data quality, combination of routine data may provide valid and reliable estimations of diabetes prevalence. Our figures suggest that International Diabetes Federation extrapolations substantially overestimate diabetes prevalence in Switzerland.
Long-Term Metabolic and Immunological Follow-Up of Nonimmunosuppressed Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Treated With Microencapsulated Islet Allografts
Authors: Basta Giuseppe , Montanucci Pia , Luca Giovanni , Boselli Carlo , Noya Giuseppe , Barbaro Barbara , Qi Meirigeng , Kinzer Katie P. , Oberholzer José , Calafiore Riccardo
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To assess long-term metabolic and immunological follow-up of microencapsulated human islet allografts in nonimmunosuppressed patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Four nonimmunosuppressed patients, with long-standing T1DM, received intraperitoneal transplant (TX) of microencapsulated human islets. Anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I–II, GAD65, and islet cell antibodies were measured before and long term after TX.

RESULTS

All patients turned positive for serum C-peptide response, both in basal and after stimulation, throughout 3 years of posttransplant follow-up. Daily mean blood glucose, as well as HbA1c levels, significantly improved after TX, with daily exogenous insulin consumption declining in all cases and being discontinued, just transiently, only in patient 4. Anti-MHC class I–II and GAD65 antibodies all tested negative at 3 years after TX.

CONCLUSIONS

The grafts did not elicit any immune response, even in the cases where more than one preparation was transplanted, as a unique finding, compatible with encapsulation-driven “bioinvisibility” of the grafted islets. This result had never been achieved with the recipient’s general immunosuppression.
Pretransplant Risk Score for New-Onset Diabetes After Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Chakkera Harini A. , Weil E. Jennifer , Swanson Christine M. , Dueck Amylou C. , Heilman Raymond L. , Reddy Kunam S. , Hamawi Khaled , Khamash Hasan , Moss Adyr A. , Mulligan David C. , Katariya Nitin , Knowler William C.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

New-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation (NODAT) has adverse clinical and economic implications. A risk score for NODAT could help identify research subjects for intervention studies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study using pretransplant clinical and laboratory measurements to construct a risk score for NODAT. NODAT was defined by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥6.5%, fasting serum glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or prescribed therapy for diabetes within 1 year posttransplant. Three multivariate logistic regression models were constructed: 1) standard model, with both continuous and discrete variables; 2) dichotomous model, with continuous variables dichotomized at clinically relevant cut points; and 3) summary score defined as the sum of the points accrued using the terms from the dichotomous model.

RESULTS

A total of 316 subjects had seven pretransplant variables with P < 0.10 in univariate logistic regression analyses (age, planned corticosteroid therapy posttransplant, prescription for gout medicine, BMI, fasting glucose and triglycerides, and family history of type 2 diabetes) that were selected for multivariate models. Areas under receiver operating curves for all three models were similar (0.72, 0.71, and 0.70). A simple risk score calculated as the sum of points from the seven variables performed as well as the other two models in identifying risk of NODAT.

CONCLUSIONS

A risk score computed from seven simple pretransplant variables can identify risk of NODAT.
Insulin Sensitizers May Attenuate Lean Mass Loss in Older Men With Diabetes
Authors: Lee Christine G. , Boyko Edward J. , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Miljkovic Iva , Hoffman Andrew R. , Everson-Rose Susan A. , Lewis Cora E. , Cawthon Peggy Mannen , Strotmeyer Elsa S. , Orwoll Eric S. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To examine longitudinal changes in total and appendicular lean body mass in older men with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or diabetes and to determine whether these changes differ by diabetes treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 3,752 ambulatory men aged ≥65 years at baseline participated in a multicenter longitudinal cohort study. Baseline glycemic status was categorized as normoglycemia, IFG, undiagnosed/untreated diabetes, or treated diabetes. Insulin sensitizer medication use (metformin and/or thiazolidinediones) was assessed by prescription medication inventory. The change in total lean and appendicular lean mass was derived from dual X-ray absorptiometry scans taken at baseline and 3.5 ± 0.7 years later.

RESULTS

This male cohort included 1,853 individuals with normoglycemia, 1,403 with IFG, 234 with untreated diabetes, 151 with diabetes treated with insulin sensitizers, and 111 with diabetes treated without insulin sensitizers. Men with untreated diabetes, diabetes treated without insulin sensitizers, or IFG had greater percentage loss in total or appendicular lean mass (P ≤ 0.05 in comparison to normoglycemic men). There remained a significantly greater percentage loss in appendicular lean mass for these groups even after adjustment for medical comorbidities or lifestyle factors. In contrast, the percentage loss in total or appendicular lean mass in men with diabetes treated with insulin sensitizers was significantly less than that in normoglycemic men in minimally and fully adjusted models.

CONCLUSIONS

Skeletal muscle loss was accelerated in men with IFG and diabetes, except when the latter was treated with insulin sensitizers. These findings suggest that insulin sensitizers may attenuate muscle loss.
Reliability of Informant Ratings and Spouse Similarity Based on the Temperament and Character Inventory
Authors: Brändström Sven , Przybeck Thomas R. , Sigvardsson Sören
Published: September 2011

A cohort of 136 Swedish spouse pairs rated themselves and each other with the Temperament and Character Inventory. The data allowed assessment of the reliability of ratings by knowledgeable informants compared to self-rating for this personality test. The reliability of the informant rating was in the expected range, with an average correlation of .58. Agreement was slightly higher for the Temperament dimensions than for the Character dimensions. Additionally, the design allowed evaluation of the similarity between husbands and wives across the seven dimensions measured by the TCI. Correlations between spouses in self-reports were very low for Temperament, with only Harm Avoidance having a statistically significant correlation (.22, p <.05). On the other hand, all three Character dimensions were significantly correlated. These results support the conceptualization of Temperament and Character as separate components of personality. The results are consistent with previous reports on the personality of spouse pairs.
Negative Moderating Effect of General Self-Efficacy on the Relationship between Need for Cognition and Cognitive Effort
Authors: Pillai Kishore Gopalakrishna , Goldsmith Ronald E. , Giebelhausen Michael
Published: September 2011

This study demonstrates the negative moderating effect of general self-efficacy on the relationship between need for cognition, which refers to stable individual differences in people's tendencies to engage in and enjoy cognitive activity, and cognitive effort. This negative moderating effect of general self-efficacy has been termed “plasticity.” Scholars assume the relationship between need for cognition and cognitive effort is true by definition. The study uses data from 144 U.S. college students and employs moderated regression analysis followed by subgroup analysis to demonstrate plasticity. The results set a boundary condition to the generally presumed relationship between need for cognition and cognitive effort, thereby improving the understanding of how these phenomena are related.
Cognitive Styles in an International Perspective: Cross-Validation of the Cognitive Style Indicator (CoSI)
Authors: Cools Eva , de Pauw Ann-Sophie , Vanderheyden Karlien
Published: September 2011

This study examines the cross-cultural validity of the Cognitive Style Indicator (CoSI). Measurement equivalence tests were performed on data collected from a Belgian ( n = 300) and a South African ( n = 246) sample of students and employees. Confirmatory factor analyses within each sample showed the best fit to the data for a three-factor model underlying the CoSI. Measurement invariance tests, using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, indicated that the relationships among the scales showed equivalence across cultures. Although the study is an important first step toward the cross-validation of the CoSI, further research in other international samples is particularly needed to strengthen these results.
A Relative Age Effect in Men's but Not Women's Professional Baseball: 1943–1954
Authors: Abel Ernest L. , Kruger Michael M. , Pandya Kalyani
Published: September 2011

Birthdates of professional female and male baseball players active from 1943 to 1954 (the beginning and final years for professional female leagues) were matched for year of birth and league years and then compared by birth quarters, with a cutoff date beginning August 1. A relative age effect was noted for males, as there was a significantly different distribution of players across birth quarter, but there was no such effect for female professionals. Since players were matched for birth year and league play, the difference was unlikely to be due to seasonality differences in birth. Instead, the absence of a “relative age” effect for female players can be attributed to the absence of organized adolescent baseball for girls prior to the establishment of professional baseball leagues for women.
The Role of Descriptive Norm within the Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Korean Americans' Exercise Behavior
Authors: Lee Hyo
Published: September 2011

There are few studies investigating psychosocial mechanisms in Korean Americans' exercise behavior. The present study tested the usefulness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting Korean American's exercise behavior and whether the descriptive norm (i.e., perceptions of what others do) improved the predictive validity of the theory of planned behavior. Using a retrospective design and self-report measures, web-survey responses from 198 Korean-American adults were analyzed using hierarchical regression analyses. The theory of planned behavior constructs accounted for 31% of exercise behavior and 43% of exercise intention. Intention and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of exercise behavior. Although the descriptive norm did not augment the theory of planned behavior, all original constructs—attitude, injunctive norm (a narrow definition of subjective norm), and perceived behavioral control—statistically significantly predicted leisure-time physical activity intention. Future studies should consider random sampling, prospective design, and objective measures of physical activity.
The Coronary Health Improvement Project (CHIP) for Lowering Weight and Improving Psychosocial Health
Authors: Thieszen Carmen L. , Aldana Steven G. , Mahoney Marita L. , Vermeersch David A. , Merrill Ray M. , Diehl Hans A. , Greenlaw Roger L. , Englert Heike
Published: September 2011

This study extends previous research evaluating the association between the CHIP intervention, change in body weight, and change in psychological health. A randomized controlled health intervention study lasting 4 wk. was used with 348 participants from metropolitan Rockford, Illinois; ages ranged from 24 to 81 yr. Participants were assessed at baseline, 6 wk., and 6 mo. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and three selected psychosocial measures from the SF–36 Health Survey were used. Significantly greater decreases in Body Mass Index (BMI) occurred after 6 wk. and 6 mo. follow-up for the intervention group compared with the control group, with greater decreases for participants in the overweight and obese categories. Significantly greater improvements were observed in BDI scores, role-emotional and social functioning, and mental health throughout follow-up for the intervention group. The greater the decrease in BMI through 6 wk., the better the chance of improved BDI score, role-emotional score, social functioning score, and mental health score, with odds ratios of 1.3 to 1.9. Similar results occurred through 6 mo., except the mental health variable became nonsignificant. These results indicate that the CHIP intervention significantly improved psychological health for at least six months afterwards, in part through its influence on lowering BMI.
Juveniles Tried as Adults: The Age of the Juvenile Matters
Authors: Semple Jaclyn K. , Woody William Douglas
Published: September 2011

Serious juvenile crimes require evaluation of a child as a criminal defendant in adult court. In such cases, it is crucial to understand jurors' attitudes, biases, and ability to follow legal instructions and maintain fairness. 308 undergraduate psychology students served as mock jurors, were randomly separated into four groups, and each group read the same realistic summary of a trial with the defendant's age presented as 13, 15, 17, or 21 years. Participants were asked to render guilty or not guilty verdicts and, if guilty, to suggest sentences. Chi-squared analysis indicated 13- and 15-year-old defendants were convicted less often than 17- and 21-year-old defendants, showing that jurors distinguished between juvenile defendants of different ages, but not minors and adults as defined by law. Additional analysis showed that age did not affect sentencing recommendations. Decision processes jurors use for juveniles tried as adults are discussed.
A Text Analysis of the Poems of Sylvia Plath
Authors: Lester David , McSwain Stephanie
Published: September 2011

Changes in the words used in the poems of Sylvia Plath were examined using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, a computer program for analyzing the content of texts. Major changes in the content of her poems were observed over the course of Plath's career, as well as in the final year of her life. As the time of her suicide came closer, words expressing positive emotions became more frequent, while words concerned with causation and insight became less frequent.
Sorting Food Labels and Describing Properties of Categories: Stability of Results between and within Subjects
Authors: Gaillard Audrey , Urdapilleta Isabel
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this research is to improve understanding of the consistency of the categorization process in cognitive psychology. To investigate the temporal stability of the categorization process between and within subjects, 100 participants ( M = 22.1 yr., SD = 2.1) were required to sort 65 food labels into groups and to explain their grouping. The sorting and property generation of food labels were compared by conducting two sessions (with a 15-day interval) to assess within-subject variability. Two groups of participants were compared to assess between-subjects variability. The results from the sorting task showed excellent stability between and within subjects. Conversely, the property generation task showed high variability. It is concluded that the tasks involved different types of knowledge. The sorting task appeared to generate good agreement and to involve more stable knowledge. The task of producing properties may involve other mechanisms. This paper discusses the results in light of cognitive and pragmatic theories.
Psychosocial Responses Associated with Perceived Risk of Cancer in an African-American Community
Authors: Gerbi Gemechu B. , Habtemariam Tsegaye , Tameru Berhanu , Nganwa David , Robnett Vinaida
Published: September 2011

This epidemiologic health survey study examined the association between health risk perceptions and psychosocial factors in 145 African Americans in East Montgomery, Alabama. The survey gathered information on demographics, population dynamics, health risk perceptions, and coping behaviors. Psychosocial variables measured were worries, concern, stress, and trauma associated with perceived risk of cancer. Results indicated that women were more concerned about the environmental health risks in their community than men. Compared to men, women were highly concerned about the economic effect of perceived environmental health risk. The findings indicate that an individual's health status and educational level were significant predictors of psychosocial responses.
Purkynĕ’s contributions to neuroscience and biology: Part I
Authors: Judaš Miloš , Sedmak Goran
Published: September 2011

Jan Evangelista Purkyně (or Purkinje, as he was spelled in his German publications prior to 1850) was one of giants in the XIXth century science. His contributions are numerous, and his research interests were wide-ranging. This study is divided into two parts. In the Part I, we provide a general overview of Purkyně’s life and work, focusing on his pioneering role in the rise of experimental physiology and microscopical anatomy. In the Part II, we will: (a) focus on his contributions to neuroanatomy, neurohistology and cell theory; (b) provide the first complete English translation of his relevant publications, and (c) provide a critical historical review of the importance of his contributions in comparison to his main contemporary competitors: Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, Gabriel Gustav Valentin, Theodor Schwann, Robert Remak and Adolf Hannover.
A neural-network controlled dynamic evolutionary scheme for global molecular geometry optimization
Authors: Styrcz Anna , Mrozek Janusz , Mazur Grzegorz
Published: September 2011

A neural-network controlled dynamic evolutionary scheme for global molecular geometry optimization

A novel, neural network controlled, dynamic evolutionary algorithm is proposed for the purposes of molecular geometry optimization. The approach is tested for selected model molecules and some molecular systems of importance in biochemistry. The new algorithm is shown to compare favorably with the standard, statically parametrized memetic algorithm.