bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Existential plight of adult daughters following their mother's breast cancer diagnosis
Authors: Raveis Victoria H. , Pretter Sheindy
Published: April 2004

Daughters caring for a mother with breast cancer represent a vulnerable population. They are confronted with having to integrate their emotional reactions to their mother's illness while simultaneously processing concerns about their own personal susceptibility. Through their caregiving, daughters obtain intimate knowledge of their mother's breast cancer experience. As part of a study of breast cancer survivorship and the family, in‐depth interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of adult daughters caring for their mother with breast cancer. Analysis of the daughters' narratives documents that their mother's cancer diagnosis subjects them to a period of crisis fraught with severe emotional distress and life and death concerns that parallels the ‘existential plight’ that patients encounter following the cancer diagnosis and inception of treatment. Specifically, the daughters' accounts demonstrate that the diagnosis intensified their bond with their ill mother, while also presenting challenges in their relationship. It precipitated a re‐definition of personal values and altered their perceived future. Their mother's illness prompted recognition of increased family risk and rendered daughters with a heightened sense of personal vulnerability. Clinicians need to appreciate the extent to which daughters can be impacted by their mother's cancer experience. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic behavior of respiratory system during nasal continuous positive airway pressure in spontaneously breathing premature newborn infants
Authors: Magnenant E. , Rakza T. , Riou Y. , Elgellab A. , Matran R. , Lequien P. , Storme L.
Published: April 2004

The end‐expiratory lung‐volume level of premature newborn infants is maintained above passive resting volume during active breathing, through the combination of reduced time constant and high respiratory rate. To determine whether nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) alters this characteristic dynamic breathing pattern, we studied the effects of various NCPAP levels on the dynamic elevation of end‐expiratory lung volume level (ΔEELV) in spontaneously breathing premature newborn infants, using respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP). Eleven premature newborn infants with moderate respiratory failure were included. NCPAP levels were set in a random order to 0, 2, 4, and 6 cm H2O. Tidal volume (Vt), rib‐cage contribution to Vt (%RC), phase angle between abdominal and thoracic motions (θ), respiratory rate (RR), and inspiratory and expiratory times (Ti and Te) were continuously recorded by RIP. The slope of the linear part of the expiratory flow‐volume relation was extrapolated up to zero flow level to evaluate the dynamic elevation of the functional residual capacity (FRC) (ΔEELV). The time‐constant of the respiratory system (τRS) was calculated as the slope of the linear part of the expiratory flow‐volume loop. At NCPAP = 6 cm H2O, ΔEELV reached 0.6 ± 0.2 times the Vt at NCPAP = 0 cm H2O. An increase in NCPAP level resulted in a significant decrease in ΔEELV (P < 0.01). A decrease in ΔEELV during NCPAP was associated with a significant increase in Te from 0.62 ± 0.13 sec at NCPAP = 0 cm H2O to 0.80 ± 0.07 sec at NCPAP = 6 cm H2O (P < 0.05), and a decrease in τRSfrom 0.4 ± 0.1 sec at NCPAP = 0 cm H2O to 0.24 ± 0.04 sec at NCPAP = 6 cm H2O (P < 0.01). These results indicate that the characteristic spontaneous breathing pattern causing a dynamic elevation of FRC is abolished by NCPAP. We speculate that the dynamic volume‐preserving mechanisms resulting from expiratory flow braking are no longer required during NCPAP, as the constant pressure may passively elevate FRC. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:485–491. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleep‐disordered breathing in 3,680 Greek children
Authors: Kaditis Athanasios G. , Finder Jonathan , Alexopoulos Emmanouel I. , Starantzis Konstantinos , Tanou Kalliopi , Gampeta Stella , Agorogiannis Eleftherios , Christodoulou Sofia , Pantazidou Anastasia , Gourgoulianis Konstantinos , Molyvdas Paschalis Adam
Published: April 2004

The goal of the present investigation was to describe the prevalence of and clinical factors associated with sleep‐disordered breathing in children and adolescents. Children and adolescents (3,680 in all, 1–18 years old) attending schools in central Greece were surveyed by questionnaires distributed to parents. We found a similar prevalence of habitual snoring (present every night) among three different age groups (5.3%, 4%, and 3.8% in 1–6‐, 7–12‐, and 13–18‐year‐old subjects,P = NS). Several children with an adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy were snoring every night (6.1%), whereas sleepiness at school was more common in habitual snorers than in nonhabitual snorers (4.6 vs. 2%,P = 0.03). Seventy randomly selected subjects among 307 snorers without adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy underwent polysomnography. The estimated frequency of obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea among children without adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy was 4.3%. Factors associated with snoring were: male gender (odds ratio 1.5 (confidence interval, 1.2–1.9)); chronic rhinitis (2.1 (1.6–2.7)); snoring in father (1.5 (1.2–1.9)), mother (1.5 (1.1–2.0)), or siblings (1.7 (1.2–2.4)); adenoidectomy in mother (1.5 (1.0–2.2)); and passive smoking (1.4 (1.1–1.8)). In conclusion, snoring every night was equally prevalent in younger and older ages, more frequent in males, and present even in some children with a history of adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. Chronic rhinitis, family history of snoring, and exposure to cigarette smoke were associated with an increased frequency of habitual snoring. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:499–509. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urban air pollution and children's asthma: What do parents and health professionals think?
Authors: Stevens Emma , Cullinan Paul , Colvile Roy
Published: April 2004

Our objective was to explore and compare, in the context of other exposures, lay and professional perceptions of the links between urban air pollution and children's asthma. We used a triangulated survey approach, using quantitative questionnaire surveys enriched by qualitative interviews. Derivation of indicators of actual local air quality used modelled air pollution and a geographical information system. Our setting involved families and community health professionals in the London borough of Ealing, and pediatric respiratory specialists across the United Kingdom. Participants included 863 parents of children aged 3–11 years, 151 reporting currently asthmatic children, of whom 20 were extensively interviewed; 98 local general practitioners and 50 practice nurses; and 75 paediatric respiratory consultants and 55 specialist nurses. Main outcome measures involved views about the links between urban air pollution and children's asthma, relative to other triggers. Comparison of assessments of local air quality, with actual pollution levels, was made by parents with and without asthmatic children. Many parents were unsure as to what factors initiate asthma, but the most frequently cited was traffic pollution; it was also considered important in the exacerbation of asthma. Health professionals' assessments were inconsistent: specialists conformed to the dominant literature dismissing strong links between air pollution and asthma, while local clinicians reflected the views of parents in their community. Surrounding parents' views were difficulties defining exposures to urban air pollution, underlying concerns about risks to general health, perceived lack of control, unclear expert opinion, and widely accepted informal “messages” which assumed strong links. Parents with experience of asthma were found to have significantly less accurate (negatively biased) perceptions of local air quality. In conclusion, reactions to uncertainty surrounding associations between asthma and urban air pollution varied: parents' concerns were heightened (and propagated by other influences), specialist clinicians were dismissive, and community clinicians fell between these extremes. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:530–536. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tobacco smoke exposure, wheeze, and atopy
Authors: Murray Clare S. , Woodcock Ashley , Smillie Frazer I. , Cain Greg , Kissen Patricia , Custovic Adnan
Published: April 2004

We investigated the effect of in utero and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on respiratory symptoms and atopy in the first 3 years of life in children at high risk of allergic disease (both parents atopic). Three hundred and sixty‐nine children were followed from birth and reviewed at ages 1 and 3 years (respiratory questionnaire, skin testing). Parental smoking questionnaires were administered, and plasma cotinine in cord and peripheral blood (at age 1 year) was measured (capillary column gas‐liquid chromatography). Wheezing starting in the first year of life was significantly more common in children of smoking mothers (54.2% vs. 39.5%, P = 0.017), but not wheezing starting after age 1 year (10.8% vs. 10.9%, smoking and nonsmoking mothers, P = 0.99). Detectable cord cotinine was not associated with wheeze. More frequent wheeze in infancy was significantly more common in those with detectable 1‐year cotinine (e.g., wheeze without colds, 17.8% vs. 5.6%, P = 0.02; wheeze most days, 6.5% vs. 0%, P = 0.04). ETS exposure was not associated with atopy. In the multivariate regression analysis, maternal smoking during pregnancy and/or in the first year of life remained associated with wheeze in the first year of life (odds ratio, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–3.12; P = 0.01). ETS exposure in “high‐risk” infants increases the risk of wheezing starting in the first year of life, but not after age 1 year. However, ETS exposure has little or no effect on the development of atopy. Measurement of plasma cotinine was no more useful than tobacco exposure assessment by questionnaire in our cohort. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:492–498. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single‐breath exhaled nitric oxide in preschool children facilitated by a servo‐controlled device maintaining constant flow
Authors: Silkoff Philip E. , Bates Christopher A. , Meiser John B. , Bratton Donna L.
Published: April 2004

Fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), an index of airway inflammation, is optimally measured in adults and school‐age children using a single‐breath online (SBOL) exhalation at constant flow. However, preschool‐aged (<6 years old) children have difficulty exhaling at constant flow, and alternative methods are needed. We employed a servo‐controlled variable resistance device (servo device) that controls expiratory flow while allowing the child to vary expiratory pressure. To validate this device, 8 children (aged 6–12 years) performed SBOL exhalations with and without the servo device at expired flow rates between 20–50 ml/sec. We then studied 32 young children aged 24–71 months with the servo device alone at exhalation flows of 30, 40, and 50 ml/sec. Test difficulty (TD) with each method was rated by questioning the older children, or as observed by the physician obtaining the data in the younger children (0 = no difficulty, 1 = mild difficulty, 2 = moderate difficulty, and 3 = unable to perform test). In the older children, SBOL exhalations with and without the servo device demonstrated equivalent flow‐dependence of FENO values. Test difficulty was low (0.125–0.625) at all flow rates, with excellent agreement between the two methods (P < 0.001). Twenty‐eight young children (<6 years old) were able to complete measurements at all three flow rates evaluated. The 4 subjects who were not able to successfully complete all the measurements were between 2–3 years old (mean 2.75 ± SD). Exhaled NO (mean ± SD; ppb) was 8.8 (±6.2), 10.6 (±6.7), and 13.2 (±8.8) ppb at flows of 50 ml/sec, 40 ml/sec, and 30 ml/sec, respectively. Mean values of SD scores were 1.00, 1.14, and 1.43 at flows of 50, 40, and 30 ml/sec, respectively (P = NS). In conclusion, exhaled NO measurement by the SBOL method was facilitated in preschool children by the use of a servo‐controlled variable resistance device. This device may allow these measurements to be applied to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma in the preschool child, where spirometry is generally impossible. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:554–558. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass spectrometric characterization of two novel inflammatory peptides from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista
Authors: de Souza Bibiana Monson , Marques Mauricio Ribeiro , Tomazela Daniela Maria , Eberlin Marcos Nogueira , Mendes Maria Anita , Palma Mario Sergio
Published: April 2004

The social wasp P. paulista is relatively common in southeast Brazil causing many medically important stinging incidents. The seriousness of these incidents is dependent on the amount of venom inoculated by the wasps into the victims, and the characteristic envenomation symptoms are strongly dependent on the types of peptides present in the venom. In order to identify some of these naturally occurring peptides available in very low amounts, an analytical protocol was developed that uses a combination of reversed‐phase and normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of wasp venom for peptide purification, with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight post‐source decay mass spectrometry (MALDI‐Tof‐PSD‐MS) and low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID) in a quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (QTof‐MS/MS) instrument for peptide sequencing at the sub‐picomole level. The distinction between Leu and Ile was achieved both by observing d‐type fragment ions obtained under CID conditions and by comparison of retention times of the natural peptides and their synthetic counterparts (with different combinations of I and/or L at N‐ and C‐terminal positions). To distinguish the isobaric residues K and Q, acetylation of peptides was followed by Q‐Tof‐MS analysis. The primary sequences obtained were INWLKLGKMVIDAL‐NH2 (MW 1611.98 Da) and IDWLKLGKMVMDVL‐NH2 (MW 1658.98 Da). Micro‐scale bioassay protocols characterized both peptides as presenting potent hemolytic action, mast cell degranulation, and chemotaxis of polymorphonucleated leukocyte (PMNL) cells. The primary sequences and the bioassay results suggest that these toxins constitute members of a new sub‐class of mastoparan toxins, directly involved in the occurrence of inflammatory processes after wasp stinging. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery of okadaic acid esters in the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta from New Zealand using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Suzuki T. , Beuzenberg V. , Mackenzie L. , Quilliam M. A.
Published: April 2004

The dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta has been associated with various incidents of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. A sample of Dinophysis acuta collected from New Zealand waters in 2002 was previously found to contain high levels of pectenotoxins, but only a very low level of the diarrhea‐inducing okadaic acid (OA). After hydrolysis under basic conditions, however, the concentration of OA increased substantially, indicating the presence of conjugated forms of OA. Using various liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) techniques, a number of OA esters were detected in the original extract. The principal compound was identified as a C8 diol‐ester of OA (OA‐D8), which had been identified previously in another dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum lima. The retention time, as well as positive and negative ion MS, MS/MS and UV spectra of the D. acuta compound, matched exactly those of OA‐D8 isolated from P. lima. In addition to OA‐D8, several other novel OA esters were detected in the D. acuta but these have not yet been identified. This is the first report identifying the presence of OA esters in Dinophysis species. Copyright © 2004 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coordination chemistry of chromium‐Salen complexes studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Kumar M. Kiran , Prabhakar S. , Kumar M. Ravi , Reddy T. Jagadeshwar , Premsingh S. , Rajagopal S. , Vairamani M.
Published: April 2004

The gas‐phase coordination behavior of the [CrIII(Salen)]PF6 complex at the free axial positions has been studied in the presence of amines as ligands (propylamine and a series of diamines) under electrospray ionization conditions. The [CrIII(Salen)]+ complex formed stable five‐ and six‐coordinated complex ions, [CrIII(Salen)(L)]+ and [CrIII(Salen)(L)2]+, respectively, where L = solvent molecule or amine. When diamines were used as ligands, abundant [CrIII(Salen)(L)]+ ions were observed in which two axial positions of the [CrIII(Salen)]+ species are occupied by the two amino groups of the diamine ligand. The relative abundances of ligated complex ions, fragment ions, and solvent adducts of fragment ions in the ESI mass spectra, were found to depend on the cone voltage used to record the spectrum. The ESI mass spectra of [CrIII(Salen)]+ in the presence of diamines as ligands, and experiments on ligand‐pickup in the collision cell, clearly demonstrated that the [CrIII(Salen)(L)]+ complex ion is stable for 1,2‐diaminoethane and 1,3‐diaminopropane. The stability of [CrIII(Salen)(L)]+ ions gradually decreased from 1,4‐diaminobutane to 1,6‐diaminohexane, and then showed a slight increase for 1,7‐diaminoheptane and 1,8‐diaminooctane. The collision‐induced dissociation spectra of [CrIII(Salen)(L)]+ ions support the above observations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple fabrication of a structured matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization target coating for increased sensitivity in mass spectrometric analysis of membrane proteins
Authors: Redeby Theres , Roeraade Johan , Emmer Åsa
Published: April 2004

A new prestructured target plate for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) was developed specifically for hydrophobic integral membrane proteins. This sample support contains predefined concentrating sample spots with a focusing effect on droplets with a high content of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). This fluorinated organic solvent is advantageous for solubilizing hydrophobic proteins that are not soluble in water or the organic solvents normally used in sample preparation protocols for MALDI‐MS. The prestructured plate was constructed by coating a regular steel plate with a thin layer of a silicone polymer, leaving sample spots of bare steel. Fabrication of the concentrating silicone structure was fast and very straightforward, without expensive or complicated equipment. Removing the layer, and thus regenerating the steel plate, was done by a simple washing procedure. The application and cleaning procedure are not constrained by a particular design of sample support or to any specific brand of mass spectrometer. When using the prestructured MALDI plate with HFIP as the sample solvent for 17 pmol of a cyanogen bromide digest of the highly hydrophobic membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin, an improved focusing effect and an increase of more than five‐fold in average sensitivity were observed, compared with a regular steel target. Experimental results show a two‐fold increase in average sensitivity when the new prestructured target plate was used, compared with a commercially available concentrating support. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate elites and corporate strategy: how demographic preferences and structural position shape the scope of the firm
Authors: Jensen Michael , Zajac Edward J.
Published: April 2004

This study combines elements of the upper echelons and agency perspectives to resolve some of the ambiguity surrounding how corporate elites affect corporate strategy. We propose and test the notion that while differences in individual characteristics of corporate elites may imply different preferences for particular corporate strategies such as diversification and acquisitions, these basic preferences, when situated in different agency contexts (e.g., CEO, outsider director, non‐CEO top management team member), generate very different strategic outcomes. Our detailed empirical findings, based on extensive longitudinal governance and corporate strategy data from large U.S. corporations, also highlight the pitfalls of using aggregate units of analysis (e.g., board of directors or top management team) when studying the influence of corporate elites on corporate strategy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do early birds get the returns? An empirical investigation of early‐mover advantages in acquisitions
Authors: Carow Kenneth , Heron Randall , Saxton Todd
Published: April 2004

We explore whether pioneering advantages exist for early‐mover acquirers in industry acquisition waves by examining both combined (target and acquirer) and acquirer stock returns. Combined abnormal returns are higher for acquisitions that occur at the beginning of acquisition waves. However, for acquirers' returns, only strategic pioneers—those acting in manners consistent with having superior information—capture significant advantages. Specifically, early‐mover acquirers who realize superior stock returns are those that conduct acquisitions in related industries, during industry expansionary phases, and finance their acquisitions as financial theory suggests they should when they possess an informational advantage—with cash. Our findings extend the first‐mover literature to corporate practices and link these practices to acquisition returns. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scalability of a scheduling scheme for energy aware sensor networks
Authors: Dewasurendra Duminda , Mishra Amitabh
Published: April 2004

Scalability of algorithms used in wireless sensor networks is a critical issue due to the extremely high node numbers and relatively high node density. Few recent studies analyze the scalability of algorithms in wireless ad‐hoc networks. Yet there is no significant research done on scalability of algorithms used in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we present a brief survey of recent research on scalability of protocols for wireless ad‐hoc networks followed by a scalability analysis of a typical cross‐layer scheduling scheme used to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. Results show severe degradations of per‐node and per‐flow throughput indicating that such scheduling algorithms used in wireless sensor networks are far less scalable than the algorithms used in their ad‐hoc counterparts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjunctive citalopram is effective on hallucinations and depersonalization symptoms: a case report
Authors: Di Michele Vittorio , Bolino Francesca
Published: April 2004

The treatment of depressive symptoms in patients affected by schizophrenia is often a concern for clinicians [2] due to potential interaction, in terms of safety and efficacy. Citalopram seems to be a safe SSRI as adjunctive treatment to Olanzapine because of the lack of interactions. We report a serendipitous finding showing that the adjunction of Citalopram to Olanzapine, led to disappearence of residual hallucinations and depersonalization symptoms in a few weeks.

Mr A is a 27-year-old male, living in the community, with a 4-year history of schizophrenia,. He was treated with low doses of Olanzapine (10 mg/daily) since 2000 because of an intolerance to dose increments (weight gain and mydriasis).The persistence of sporadic hallucinations (commenting voices) and depersonalization symptoms (when he walked alone he felt his self leaving the body) was well tolerated by the patient. The social functioning was satisfactory: he had a protected job and was involved in a comprehensive rehabilitation programme.
Expression of NUDEL in manchette and its implication in spermatogenesis
Authors: Yamaguchi Noritaka , Takanezawa Yasukazu , Koizumi Hiroyuki , Umezu-Goto Makiko , Aoki Junken , Arai Hiroyuki
Published: April 2004

Nuclear distribution gene E‐like product (NUDEL) is a mammal homologue of fungal NUDE and is involved in neuronal migration during brain development. High levels of NUDEL were expressed in murine testis as well as brain. During spermatogenesis, NUDEL was not detected until postnatal day 12 (P12), rising to significant levels at P27. NUDEL was localized predominantly along microtubules of the manchette in elongated spermatids. In maturing spermatids, NUDEL was observed only in the centrosomes, while mature testicular spermatozoa did not show any NUDEL expression. These results suggest that NUDEL plays an important role in germ cell formation, including nucleoplasmic transport and nucleus shaping by manchette microtubules.
The H+‐dependent reduced folate carrier 1 of humans and the sodium‐dependent methotrexate carrier‐1 of the rat are orthologs
Authors: Kneuer Carsten , Honscha Walther
Published: April 2004

Previously, two different carrier systems for uptake of reduced folates and the antifolate methotrexate (Mtx) were described: the pH‐dependent folate sensitive reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1) from human, hamster and mouse and a sodium‐dependent and folate insensitive Mtx carrier‐1 (MTX‐1) from rat. It was found that all critical residues of the homologous amino acid sequence were identical. RFC1‐ as well as MTX‐1‐mediated uptake of a marker substrate into suitable human and rat cell lines increased with proton concentration, was sodium‐dependent at neutral pH, and inhibited by folate at acidic pH. It is concluded that RFC1 and MTX‐1 are orthologs.
Biotic and heavy metal stress response in plants: evidence for common signals
Authors: Mithöfer Axel , Schulze Birgit , Boland Wilhelm
Published: April 2004

In higher plants, biotic stress (e.g., herbivore or pathogen attack) as well as abiotic stress (in particular heavy metals) often induce the synthesis and accumulation of the same defense‐related secondary metabolites. This well‐known finding still awaits an explanation regarding the common features of both stress types. In this study, a mechanism is proposed that links reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with lipid oxidation processes, ultimately resulting in the formation of similar, highly active signalling compounds. The generation of ROS is a common event in both heavy metal treatment and biotic stress although it can depend on quite different, enzymatic and non‐enzymatic reactions. Regardless, ROS are involved in the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids which initiate the formation of oxylipins, a highly variable class of lipid‐derived compounds in plants. Oxylipins represent new endogenous signals involved in biotic‐ and abiotic‐induced stress responses.
Mode of delivery for breech presentation in grandmultiparous women
Authors: Kumari A.S. , Grundsell H.
Published: April 2004

Objectives: To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes of planned vaginal delivery vs. elective cesarean delivery for breech presentation at term. Methods: Retrospective study of term breech deliveries from January 1997 through December 2000. A group of 128 women for whom vaginal delivery was planned was compared with a group of 122 women who had an elective cesarean delivery with regard to neonatal mortality and morbidity (birth trauma, birth asphyxia, hyperbilirubinemia, and duration of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit) and maternal morbidity (infections, hemorrhage, hysterectomy, deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism). Results: There was no difference in neonatal mortality and morbidity between the two groups (13.0% vs. 9.4%). There were fewer maternal complications in the planned vaginal group than in the elective cesarean group (5.5% vs. 18%; P<0.01). In the planned vaginal delivery group 70% of multiparas and 85% of grandmultiparas were delivered vaginally compared with 50% of nulliparas. Conclusions: In breech presentations at term vaginal delivery can be achieved in 85% of grandmultiparas without significant neonatal morbidity. Elective cesarean section is associated with increased maternal morbidity compared with planned vaginal delivery.
Tectonic setting and regional correlation of Ordovician metavolcanic rocks of the Casco Bay Group, Maine: evidence from trace element and isotope geochemistry
Authors: WEST DAVID P. , COISH RAYMOND A. , TOMASCAK PAUL B.
Published: April 2004

Ordovician metamorphic rocks of the Casco Bay Group are exposed in an approximately 170 km long NE-trending belt (Liberty-Orrington belt) in southern and south-central Maine. Geochemical analysis of rocks within the Spring Point Formation (469±3 Ma) of the Casco Bay Group indicate that it is an assemblage of metamorphosed bimodal volcanic rocks. The mafic rocks (originally basalts) have trace element and Nd isotopic characteristics consistent with derivation from a mantle source enriched by a crustal and/or subduction component. The felsic rocks (originally rhyolites and dacites) were likely generated through partial melting of continental crust in response to intrusion of the mafic magma. Relatively low initial εNd values for both the mafic (−1.3 to +0.6) and felsic (−4.1 to −3.8) rocks suggest interactions with Gander zone continental crust and support a correlation between the Casco Bay Group and the Bathurst Supergroup in the Miramichi belt of New Brunswick. This correlation suggests that elements of the Early to Middle Ordovician Tetagouche-Exploits back-arc basin can be traced well into southern Maine. A possible tectonic model for the evolution of the Casco Bay Group involves the initiation of arc volcanism in Early Ordovician time along the Gander continental margin on the eastern side of the Iapetus Ocean basin. Slab rollback and trenchward migration of arc magmatism initiated crustal thinning and rifting of the volcanic arc around 470 Ma and resulted in the eruption of the Spring Point volcanic rocks in a back-arc tectonic setting.
Laser 40Ar/39Ar ages of single detrital white mica grains related to the exhumation of Neoproterozoic and Late Devonian high pressure rocks in the Southern Urals (Russia)
Authors: WILLNER A. P. , WARTHO J.-A. , KRAMM U. , PUCHKOV V. N.
Published: April 2004

Single grains of detrital white mica from two different synorogenic sediments in the Southern Urals were analysed using the in situ ultraviolet laser ablation Ar–Ar dating technique to discriminate between age signatures associated with a high-pressure signal (phengites) from those related to muscovite only. Two disparately aged sandstone formations of Neoproterozoic (Upper Vendian) and Upper Devonian (Famennian) age were formed by the erosion of high-relief source areas with contemporaneously exhumed high-pressure rocks. A bimodal distribution of ages and chemical compositions can be detected in the two detrital populations. There is no age overlap between the two populations, reflecting completely different source areas containing high-pressure rocks of different ages. Within the Upper Vendian sandstones, detrital white mica from a 571–609 Ma age group is phengitic in composition (Si 3.3–3.41 per formula unit), while an older 645–732 Ma age group is comprised of muscovite composition grains only. The first group is compatible with the time of late exhumation and emplacement of a source area containing high-pressure rocks, the Neoproterozoic Beloretzk terrane. The older age range is compatible with a long history of cooling and the allochthonous nature of this terrane. Detrital white mica from the Famennian sandstones (Zilair Formation) comprises one age group (342–421 Ma) containing phengite (Si 3.21–3.39 per formula unit) and muscovite, and a second group (446–496 Ma) containing muscovite only. While the derivation of the second group cannot be correlated with any as yet known regional data, the first age group indicates the earliest arrival of high-pressure rocks at the surface along the suture zone after Late Devonian arc–continent collision.
Laurentian crustal recycling in the Ordovician Grampian Orogeny: Nd isotopic evidence from western Ireland
Authors: DRAUT AMY E. , CLIFT PETER D. , CHEW DAVID M. , COOPER MATTHEW J. , TAYLOR REX N. , HANNIGAN ROBYN E.
Published: April 2004

Because magmatism associated with subduction is thought to be the principal source for continental crust generation, assessing the relative contribution of pre-existing (subducted and assimilated) continental material to arc magmatism in accreted arcs is important to understanding the origin of continental crust. We present a detailed Nd isotopic stratigraphy for volcanic and volcaniclastic formations from the South Mayo Trough, an accreted oceanic arc exposed in the western Irish Caledonides. These units span an arc–continent collision event, the Grampian (Taconic) Orogeny, in which an intra-oceanic island arc was accreted onto the passive continental margin of Laurentia starting at ∼ 475 Ma (Arenig). The stratigraphy corresponding to pre-, syn- and post-collisional volcanism reveals a progression of εNd(t) from strongly positive values, consistent with melt derivation almost exclusively from oceanic mantle beneath the arc, to strongly negative values, indicating incorporation of continental material into the melt. Using εNd(t) values of meta-sediments that represent the Laurentian passive margin and accretionary prism, we are able to quantify the relative proportions of continent-derived melt at various stages of arc formation and accretion. Mass balance calculations show that mantle-derived magmatism contributes substantially to melt production during all stages of arc–continent collision, never accounting for less than 21% of the total. This implies that a significant addition of new, rather than recycled, continental crust can accompany arc–continent collision and continental arc magmatism.
Geochemistry, petrogenesis and structural setting of the meta-igneous Strathy Complex: a unique basement block within the Scottish Caledonides?
Authors: BURNS I. M. , FOWLER M. B. , STRACHAN R. A. , GREENWOOD P. B.
Published: April 2004

The Strathy Complex of the Scottish Caledonides is a bimodal association of amphibolites and siliceous grey gneisses that structurally underlies adjacent metasediments of the Moine Supergroup. Both rock units record a common polyphase Caledonian tectonometamorphic history. New elemental and radiogenic isotope data indicate that both end-members of the Strathy suite were derived from a depleted mantle source, that they are cogenetic and that they may have been related by crystal fractionation. δ18O values and their correlations with major and trace elements suggest that the protoliths were hydrothermally altered at temperatures below 200 °C. Tectonomagmatic discrimination based on relatively immobile elements and isotope systems, plus comparison with geochemically similar bimodal supracrustal associations elsewhere, strongly support the conclusion that the igneous protoliths of the Strathy Complex formed in an oceanic destructive margin setting. If TDM model ages of c. 1000 Ma approximate protolith crystallization, the Strathy Complex may have formed as juvenile crust in the peri-Rodinian ocean broadly contemporaneous with the Grenville orogenic cycle.
Cladistic analysis of the Middle Jurassic ammonite radiation
Authors: MOYNE S. , NEIGE P.
Published: April 2004

Cladistic analysis of the Middle Jurassic ammonite radiation shows how the Aalenian-age ancestral stock, known variously as the Hammatocerataceae or Hammatoceratinae, gave rise to numerous new groups in Bajocian times. Cladistic analysis shows this ancestral stock is not a single lineage but two: the ‘Erycites group’, which gave rise to the Stephanocerataceae, and the ‘Hammatoceras group’, from which all other Bajocian groups derived.
Seed reserves and light intensity affect the growth and mycorrhiza development of the seedlings of an Australian rain-forest tree
Authors: Gehring Catherine A.
Published: April 2004

Interspecific variation in seed size can affect seedling establishment in the light-limited understorey of rain forests. Large seeds with extensive seed reserves may allow seedlings to (1) persist in the deep shade, thereby increasing the likelihood of exposure to a canopy gap (Leishman & Westoby 1994, Saverimuttu & Westoby 1996); (2) promote growth, thereby allowing seedlings to reach higher light strata or to develop sufficient photosynthetic tissue to meet their energy needs in low light (Foster 1986); and (3) allow compensation for tissue losses to herbivores and pathogens (Armstrong & Westoby 1993, Foster 1986, Harms & Dalling 1997). However, comparisons of shade tolerance among species that vary in seed size have produced conflicting results; short-term seedling survival was strongly positively associated with seed size in several studies (Grime & Jeffrey 1965, Leishman & Westoby 1994), but only weakly in others (Augspurger 1984, Grubb & Metcalfe 1996).
Spatio-temporal variation of apine bee attraction to honeybaits in Bornean forests
Authors: Eltz Thomas
Published: April 2004

The abundance and species richness of highly social bees (Apinae: Meliponini, Apini) were studied at 12 dipterocarp forest sites in Sabah, northern Borneo, using standardized honey-water baiting assays. The 12 sites were grouped in five localities varying in the degree and history of disturbance from selective logging. A baiting assay consisted of spraying diluted honey on vegetation along transects and recording bee arrival on the same day. Repeated assays of the same sites were run in two consecutive years, 1998 and 1999. One-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were calculated on bee abundance and species richness, with locality and year as independent factors. There were significant or marginally significant effects of forest locality on all measures of bee abundance and species richness. However, there were also significant interactions between year and locality on these variables, thwarting conclusions on the effects of logging on bee communities. The diverging results of the two years are likely related to spatio-temporal variation of flowering activity prior to and during the assays, with between-year differences being amplified by pronounced differences in climatic conditions (ENSO). Local or regional differences in flowering phenology complicate the application of resource-based baiting techniques for between-site comparisons of bee diversity.
Spatial variability of the decomposition rate of Schoenoplectus tatora in a polluted area of Lake Titicaca
Authors: Costantini Maria Letizia , Sabetta Letizia , Mancinelli Giorgio , Rossi Loreto
Published: April 2004

Lake Titicaca is the largest freshwater lake in South America and one of the highest and oldest of the world's large lakes, but very little of its ecology is known. We report results from a study on the spatial variation of decomposition rate of Schoenoplectus tatora in Inner Puno Bay affected by direct wastewater discharges. The aims of the research were: (1) to evaluate the effect of benthos exclusion and the influence of other environmental factors on decomposition and (2) to map the decomposition rate in order to describe the spatial heterogeneity in the water body. We carried out the study at 21 sampling points using both fine-meshed and coarse-meshed litterbags to exclude and to allow detritivore action, respectively. Decomposition was on the average faster in the former than in the latter treatment. However, the difference decreased with increasing detritivore abundance, and reversed in the most densely populated waters of the bay. Coupled spatial dependence of the decomposition rate and temperature was observed. Both variables were related with the distance from the wastewater discharges, suggesting that thermal pollution constrains the decomposition rate within the inner bay. Detritivores did not change the general trend imposed by temperature, but their presence increased the spatial heterogeneity of the process.
The creation and projection of ambiophonic and geometrical sonic spaces with reference to Denis Smalley's Base Metals
Authors: LOTIS THEODOROS
Published: April 2004

This article suggests a framework for the articulation of ambiophonic and geometrical spaces in electroacoustic composition and performance. Space-ambiophony explores the global perception of space, which is derived from the archetypal perception of surrounding environments. The term applies to usually large-scale observation but it can also include shifts in the listener's attention from gestalt perception to micro-structural observation. A spatial analysis of Smalley's Base Metals demonstrates the methods by which space-ambiophony is integrated into the composition. In space-geometry, relations and analogies are established between composed sonic events and principles of geometry and stereometry. Three primordial geometrical elements, drawn from Wassily Kandinsky's theoretical work on painting, serve as metaphorical cells for the construction and projection of this type of space: the point, the line and the plane.

The interaction between the acoustic qualities of listening spaces, the configuration of loudspeakers, the composed space (sonic trajectories, background, foreground) and its projection by the interpreter in a concert, are all issues that occupy parts of the article.
Spiral Fiction
Authors: BOKOWIEC MARK ALEXANDER , WILSON-BOKOWIEC JULIE
Published: April 2004

Spiral Fiction is a piece of interactive performance staged by the authors in 2002. The paper provides detailed information about the technology used, the nature of the interactivity employed, the artists use of the Bodycoder System© and the aesthetic and theoretical issues arising out of the work. The paper addresses the problematic nature of the audience gaze, the seductive qualities of new technology, creative balance in the presence of new technologies and the problem of placing interactive performance along side analogue and single art form disciplines. The paper also explores the psychophysical nature of the interactivity associated with the Bodycoder System and will discuss cross-modal perception and sensation. The authors draw on aspects of postmodern theory to further expand their observations.
A simple stress inversion of fault/slip data assuming Andersonian stress state
Authors: Shan Yehua , Lin Ge , Li Zian , Li Jingchang
Published: April 2004

Stress inversion from fault/slip data is an important modern technique for structural geologists. The parameter (or sigma) space may be reduced from five to three dimensions if an Andersonian stress state (having a vertical principal direction) is assumed. In such a case, associated fault/slip data can be displayed after some transformation on a stereonet. Homogeneous fault/slip data tend to lie in a great circle, while heterogeneous data lie in no less than two great circles. Visual appreciation thus becomes fairly easy, in particular, separation of the heterogeneous fault/slip data set into many homogeneous subsets. The unit vectors normal to the great circles are the solutions giving the controlling reduced stress vectors (v). Permitted solutions to a homogeneous set or subset are v and −v. The acceptability of each solution depends upon the fit between calculated and measured fault slip senses. Several examples of applications of this method are used for its validation. These examples also illustrate the potential value of the method in making a rough, simple and visual appreciation of fault/slip data under approximately Andersonian stress. We believe the method will have a broad applicability as Andersonian stress represents the ideal states for the various tectonic regimes.
Relationship between synoptic forcing and polynya formation in the Cosmonaut Sea: 2. Regional climate model simulations
Authors: Bailey David A. , Lynch Amanda H. , Arbetter Todd E.
Published: April 2004

In part I of this series [Arbetter et al., 2004], a relationship was found in the observations between synoptic atmospheric systems and polynya formation in the Cosmonaut Sea region of Antarctica. In this study, we use a regional coupled atmosphere‐sea ice model to investigate the role of atmospheric forcing of the polynyas in this area. The model successfully simulates both latent and sensible heat polynyas which are found in the region. In particular, a deep‐ocean polynya is formed coincident with the passage of an atmospheric synoptic scale system. The divergence in the sea ice is found to be highly correlated with the atmospheric divergence. We conclude that the initial formation of a polynya can be caused by the interaction of the atmospheric synoptic scale and the continental katabatic wind regimes. While we cannot directly evaluate the role of the ocean using the present model simulations, we performed experiments with different levels of prescribed basal heat flux. These experiments highlight a polynya which could be initiated by the winds and maintained by the oceanic heat. This leads to the concept of a wind‐driven sensible heat polynya, not typical of other deep‐ocean polynyas such as the Weddell polynya of the 1970s.
Shelfbreak circulation in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Mean structure and variability
Authors: Pickart Robert S.
Published: April 2004

Historical hydrographic and current meter data are used to investigate the properties and circulation at the shelf edge of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Thirty‐three individual cross‐sections, spanning the time period 1950 to 1987, are combined in a topographical framework to produce mean vertical hydrographic sections, as well as a section of mean absolute geostrophic velocity referenced using the current meter data. This reveals the presence of a narrow (order 20 km) eastward current, referred to as the Beaufort shelfbreak jet. The jet has three distinct seasonal configurations: In late‐spring to late‐summer, cold, winter‐transformed Bering water is advected in a subsurface current; from mid‐summer to early fall a surface intensified current advects predominantly Bering summer water; and from mid‐fall to mid‐spring, under easterly winds, the jet transports upwelled Atlantic water. The volume transport of the jet represents a significant fraction of the inflowing transport through Bering Strait. While the characteristics and flow of the winter‐transformed Bering water vary interannually, this water mass ventilates predominantly the upper halocline.
Seismic evidence for Late Proterozoic orogenic structures below the Phanerozoic sedimentary cover in the Kattegat area, SW Scandinavia
Authors: Lassen Alexander , Thybo Hans
Published: April 2004

Commercial seismic reflection profiles from SW Scandinavia image Sveconorwegian orogenic structures in the late Precambrian basement beneath the thin Phanerozoic cover. We interpret (1) pronounced west to WNW dipping reflections as Sveconorwegian localized ductile shear which overprint; (2) weaker east dipping reflections, interpreted as Gothian or early Sveconorwegian compressional structures. Folded and laminar seismic fabrics may represent F and C type crystalline thrust sheets emplaced during the Gothian and Sveconorwegian events. Some of the dipping reflections are observed to sole into (3) an interval of subhorizontal reflections at 2.5–4.5 s two‐way travel time, which we interpret as a “fossil” ductile to brittle transition that was unroofed during the Gothian Orogeny. (4) NW‐SE striking thrusts cutting the Sveconorwegian structures may indicate a shift in the late Sveconorwegian stress field. They may represent an early stage in the subsequent Phanerozoic basin evolution in the Danish area.