bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The hatching mechanism of 130‐million‐year‐old insects: an association of neonates, egg shells and egg bursters in Lebanese amber
Authors: Pérez‐de la Fuente Ricardo , Engel Michael S. , Azar Dany , Peñalver Enrique
Published: December 2018

Hatching is a pivotal moment in the life of most animals. Diverse chemical, behavioural and mechanical methods have evolved in metazoans to break the egg membranes. Among them, many arthropod and vertebrate embryos hatch using ephemeral, frequently convergent structures known as egg bursters. However, the evolutionary processes by which hatching mechanisms and related embryonic structures became established in deep time are poorly understood due to a nearly complete absence from the fossil record. Herein we describe an exceptionalc. 130‐million‐year‐old association in Lebanese amber composed of multiple neonate green lacewing larvae,Tragichrysa ovoruptoragen. et sp. nov. (Neuroptera, Chrysopoidea), and conspecific egg remains. Egg bursters with a serrated blade bearing a short process are attached to three longitudinally split egg shells. Embryos of extant green lacewing relatives (Chrysopidae) utilize this egg burster morphotype to open a vertical slit on the egg, after which the burster is moulted and left joined to the empty egg shell. Additionally, the new larval species has extremely elongate dorsal tubercles, an adaptation to carry exogenous debris for protection and camouflage also known from other Cretaceous chrysopoids but absent in modern relatives. The present discovery demonstrates that the hatching mechanism of modern green lacewings was established in the chrysopoid lineage by the Early Cretaceous and proves through direct fossil evidence how some morphological traits related to hatching and linked behaviours, at least in insect embryos, have been subject to a high degree of evolutionary conservatism.
Povidone‐iodine lowers the incidence of catheter‐associated bloodstream infection
Authors: Sugiyama Minako , Iguchi Akihiro , Terashita Yukayo , Ohshima Junjiro , Cho Yuko
Published: December 2018

Background

Central venous (CV) catheters are required for chemotherapy but they may become a source of life‐threatening infections of the bloodstream. The most effective way to disinfect the port of a CV catheter has not been established.

Methods

We report the data obtained between April 2008 and March 2010 using 83% ethanol (period I) and between April 2010 and March 2014 using 10% povidone‐iodine (period II) to sterilize the access port. The participants received chemotherapy or autologous/allogeneic stem cell transplantation at the present institution.

Results

No significant difference was observed in patient characteristics between the two periods, such as disease, median age, or the period of neutropenia. The incidence of positive blood culture during periods I and II was 18.5% (31/168) and 11.4% (40/350; P = 0.041), respectively. The incidence of catheter‐associated bloodstream infection on blood culture during periods I and II was 11.9% (20/168) and 6.3% (22/350; P = 0.043), respectively. Bacillus cereus infection was not detected during period II.

Conclusion

The incidence of infection caused by CV catheters was significantly reduced using povidone‐iodine; therefore, we recommend this procedure as part of the routine in chemotherapy.
Ecohydrological gradients and their restoration on the periphery of extracted peatlands
Authors: Lefebvre‐Ruel Stéphanie , Jutras Sylvain , Campbell Daniel , Rochefort Line
Published: December 2018

The moss layer transfer technique is effective at restoring extracted peatland surfaces. However, remnant peatlands persist on the periphery of extracted surfaces. These remnant peatlands drop steeply to extracted surfaces, producing artificial ecotones that are more challenging to restore. We asked to what degree natural ecotones at undisturbed reference fens can act as models for the restoration of artificial ecotones around an extracted peatland, and whether management actions can ameliorate conditions in artificial ecotones. We compared changes in elevation, water table, peat, and multiple vegetation characteristics between natural ecotones and unmanaged artificial ecotones. We then clear‐cut peripheral strips, completely filled perimeter canals, and smoothed peripheral slopes around sections of the extracted surfaces to assess whether hydrological conditions improved. Without management, artificial ecotones are not good models of natural ecotones. The elevation gradient is steep, and water tables drop steeply within 8 m of blocked perimeter canals, with possible effects at 25 m. The consequent vegetation had denser tree saplings, faster tree growth, almost no moss cover, and low moss species richness. After these management actions, water tables increased to within approximately 5 cm of those along natural ecotones. Future study is required to assess the extent of vegetation recovery, but these results hold promise for a more holistic rehabilitation of ecotones on the periphery of extracted peatland surfaces. We present recommendations to optimize the management actions on the periphery of extracted peatlands.
Trajectories of cardio‐metabolic health in successful aging
Authors: Dela Flemming , Finkenzeller Thomas , Ingersen Arthur , Pötzelsberger Birgit , Müller Erich
Published: December 2018

Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and muscle mass decrease with age. The loss of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength is accelerated with physical inactivity and has well‐documented consequences for morbidity and all‐cause mortality. Participation in exercise training programs will improve one or more of the cardio‐metabolic risk factors, but the long‐term effects of such programs are questionable. Here, we re‐examined 25 old (72 ± 4 years.) men and women who considered him/herself as “success‐full agers” and were participants in a 3‐month alpine skiing training program 6 years earlier. The program focused on healthy aging and included health questionnaires, measurement of lipids and glycemic parameters in blood and a VO2max test. Thirteen and 12 subjects were in the intervention (IG) and the control group (CG), respectively. In response to the training program, subjects improved their cardio‐metabolic risk factors. However, after 6 years all positive effects had disappeared. Approximately 80% of the subjects had total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol above and HDL cholesterol below the recommended values, but these subjects remained the most metabolically deteriorated, including an increase in fasting glucose concentrations. We conclude that people seem to follow their individual trajectory in terms of cardio‐metabolic risk factors, and participation in a relatively short lasting exercise training program with emphasis on healthy aging does not change that. Long‐lasting change in lifestyle probably requires a continued attentional focus, goal setting, and feedback.
Differential alternative polyadenylation contributes to the developmental divergence between two rice subspecies, japonica and indica
Authors: Zhou Qian , Fu Haihui , Yang Dewei , Ye Congting , Zhu Sheng , Lin Juncheng , Ye Wenbin , Ji Guoli , Ye Xinfu , Wu Xiaohui , Li Qingshun Quinn
Published: December 2018

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a widespread post‐transcriptional mechanism that regulates gene expression through mRNA metabolism, playing a pivotal role in modulating phenotypic traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, little is known about the APA‐mediated regulation underlying the distinct characteristics between two major rice subspecies, indica and japonica. Using a poly(A)‐tag sequencing approach, polyadenylation (poly(A)) site profiles were investigated and compared pairwise from germination to the mature stage between indica and japonica, and extensive differentiation in APA profiles was detected genome‐wide. Genes with subspecies‐specific poly(A) sites were found to contribute to subspecies characteristics, particularly in disease resistance of indica and cold‐stress tolerance of japonica. In most tissues, differential usage of APA sites exhibited an apparent impact on the gene expression profiles between subspecies, and genes with those APA sites were significantly enriched in quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to yield traits, such as spikelet number and 1000‐seed weight. In leaves of the booting stage, APA site‐switching genes displayed global shortening of 3′ untranslated regions with increased expression in indica compared with japonica, and they were overrepresented in the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathways. This phenomenon may lead to a higher chlorophyll content and photosynthesis in indica than in japonica, being associated with their differential growth rates and yield potentials. We further constructed an online resource for querying and visualizing the poly(A) atlas in these two rice subspecies. Our results suggest that APA may be largely involved in developmental differentiations between two rice subspecies, especially in leaf characteristics and the stress response, broadening our knowledge of the post‐transcriptional genetic basis underlying the divergence of rice traits.
Metabolic control of cytosolic‐facing pools of diacylglycerol in budding yeast
Authors: Ganesan Suriakarthiga , Sosa Ponce Maria L. , Tavassoli Marjan , Shabits Brittney N. , Mahadeo Mark , Prenner Elmar J. , Terebiznik Mauricio R. , Zaremberg Vanina
Published: December 2018

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a key signaling lipid and intermediate in lipid metabolism. Our knowledge of DAG distribution and dynamics in cell membranes is limited. Using live‐cell fluorescence microscopy we investigated the localization of yeast cytosolic‐facing pools of DAG in response to conditions where lipid homeostasis and DAG levels were known to be altered. Two main pools were monitored over time using DAG sensors. One pool was associated with vacuolar membranes and the other localized to sites of polarized growth. Dynamic changes in DAG distribution were observed during resumption of growth from stationary phase, when DAG is used to support phospholipid synthesis for membrane proliferation. Vacuolar membranes experienced constant morphological changes displaying DAG enriched microdomains coexisting with liquid‐disordered areas demarcated by Vph1. Formation of these domains was dependent on triacylglycerol (TAG) lipolysis. DAG domains and puncta were closely connected to lipid droplets. Lack of conversion of DAG to phosphatidate in growth conditions dependent on TAG mobilization, led to the accumulation of DAG in a vacuolar‐associated compartment, impacting the polarized distribution of DAG at budding sites. DAG polarization was also regulated by phosphatidylserine synthesis/traffic and sphingolipid synthesis in the Golgi.
Making Mount Kilimanjaro German: Nation building and heroic masculinity in the colonial geographies of Hans Meyer
Authors: Michel Boris
Published: December 2018

In 1885, as Germany claimed dominion over what was to become German East Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro became the highest German mountain; in 1889, the German geographer Hans Meyer was the first European to reach its summit. The “conquest” of Kilimanjaro was more than just one man's heroic adventure; it was an event that brought together Geography, the building of the German nation and European imperialism. This paper seeks to explore Hans Meyer's production of geographical knowledge about Kilimanjaro and the way in which the geographical gaze of one man gave rise to an object at which others could gaze and about which they could read. Building on scholarship on exploration, field work in Colonial Geography, and the production of the geographical self, the paper follows Meyer to the field in colonial German East Africa, and back to academia, publishing houses and public talks in Germany. In so doing, the paper encounters not only the production of knowledge about Physical Geography, the messiness of fieldwork and a wide range of technologies of observation and recording, but also the production of the white, male and German geographer as a trustworthy witness.
A novel patient‐specific drill guide template for stabilization of thoracolumbar vertebrae of dogs: cadaveric study and clinical cases
Authors: Fujioka Toru , Nakata Kohei , Nishida Hidetaka , Sugawara Taku , Konno Naoyuki , Maeda Sadatoshi , Kamishina Hiroaki
Published: December 2018

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy and safety of a novel patient‐specific drill guide template for stabilizing the thoracolumbar vertebrae of dogs.

Study design

Cadaveric experimental study and prospective case series.

Sample population

Cadaveric canine thoracolumbar vertebral specimens (n = 3) and clinical cases of thoracolumbar spinal instability (n = 4).

Methods

Computed tomography data of the thoracolumbar spines were obtained before surgery, and images were imported into imaging software. Optimum screw trajectories were selected for each vertebra, and drill guide templates were designed and fabricated with a 3‐dimensional printing system. Drill guide templates were applied to cadaveric spine and clinical cases. Computed tomography imaging was performed after surgery, and planned and postoperative trajectories were compared to estimate the accuracy and safety of the drill guide templates.

Results

Twenty‐two drill holes were made in cadaveric spinal specimens. All drill holes were completely located in the bone. The overall mean screw deviation was 0.88 ± 0.36 mm. In clinical cases, 29 screws were placed in thoracolumbar vertebrae. Most (89.6%) of these screws were placed without evidence of vertebral canal invasion. One (3.5%) screw perforated the bone structure. The overall mean screw deviation was 1.16 ± 0.56 mm.

Conclusion

Drill guide templates were useful for accurate intraoperative screw navigation in thoracolumbar fixation in small dogs.

Clinical significance

The use of drill guide templates can be considered as an aid to safety and accuracy of screw placement in canine thoracolumbar instabilities.
In vitro security of 3 surgical knots placed by novice veterinary students
Authors: Shaver Stephanie L. , Yamada Nalani , Hofmeister Erik H.
Published: December 2018

Objective

To determine the most secure knot when tied by veterinary students in a ligation model.

Study design

Prospective study.

Sample population

Sixteen first‐year veterinary students.

Methods

Veterinary students were taught 3 knots: surgeon's, Miller's, and strangle. After having demonstrated competence, students tied each knot twice in a vascular ligation model at physiologic pressure. The system was tested for completeness of occlusion and volume of fluid lost over 10 seconds. Time, reattempts, repositioning, correctness, and difficulty score were documented. Students were surveyed before and after training regarding their experience.

Results

Students correctly tied 75% of all knots and achieved complete occlusion of the model with 56% of knots. No difference was identified among knot types in correctness, difficulty, complete occlusion, or time to construct the knot. The first surgeon's knot placed by students had more fluid loss than the Miller's knot, but this was not true of the second knot.

Conclusion

Incomplete occlusion was common among all knot types, but students generally achieved similar knot security when placing surgeon's, Miller's, and strangle knots on a model. More surgeon's knots failed catastrophically during the first attempt, evidenced by a greater volume of fluid loss.

Clinical significance

This study does not provide evidence to recommend any of the 3 tested knots as superior to the others to improve the security of ligatures during surgeries performed by students. The prevalence of incomplete occlusion among student knots illustrates the requirement for education regarding knot security and vigilant monitoring of students performing live animal surgeries.
A study of Cr(VI) and NH4+adsorption using greensand (glauconite) as a low‐cost adsorbent from aqueous solutions
Authors: Naghipour Dariush , Taghavi Kamran , Ashournia Mehdi , Jaafari Jalil , Arjmand Movarrekh Ramin
Published: December 2018

This paper investigates the removal of Cr(VI) and NH4+ from aqueous solutions using greensand (glauconite). The effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial Cr(VI) and NH4+ concentrations, and pH were investigated in batch experiments. The results show that these parameters influenced Cr(VI) and NH4+ removal using glauconite considerably. Pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were applied to explain the kinetic data, and the pseudo‐second‐order model achieved good agreement. The equilibrium isotherm data are coordinated with the Freundlich, Langmuir models, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich; the Freundlich model proved most best suitable. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) and NH4+ were 12.21 mg/g (54% at pH 3) and 19.24 mg/g (77.08% at pH 7). All in all, the results showed that the adsorption process on glauconite could be used as an effective method for removing Cr(VI) and NH4+ from aqueous solutions.
Nursing Students’ Willingness to Care for Older Adults
Authors: Jang Insun , Kim Younglee , Kim Yeon
Published: December 2018

The older adult population has increased and is projected to grow. This population usually has chronic disorders that need continuous care. However, it has been reported nurses and nursing students have negative attitude towards older adults. This descriptive study aimed at investigating factors influencing nursing students’ willingness to care for older adults. This study was conducted among 270 nursing students at the university in the United States from February 1 to February 28, 2017. Study participants answered the survey about quality and frequency of contact with older adults, anxiety about aging, empathy, attitude, and willingness to care for older adults. Tools in the study included; quality and frequency of contact with older adults; anxiety of aging scale; interpersonal reactivity index; attitude towards older adults; and willingness to care for older adults. The result showed factors influencing nursing students’ willingness to care for older adults; the year (e.g. first, second, and third year) of nursing program, anxiety of aging, and empathy towards older adults. Therefore, this study recommends the nursing program be revised to improve nursing students’ willingness to care for older adults by increasing empathy and quality of contact with older adults and decreasing anxiety about aging throughout the program.
A tribute to the use of minimalistic spatially-implicit models of savanna vegetation dynamics to address broad spatial scales in spite of scarce data
Authors: Yatat Valaire Djeumen , Tchuinté Alexis , Dumont Yves , Couteron Pierre
Published: December 2018

The savanna biome encompasses a variety of vegetation physiognomies that traduce complex dynamical responses of plants to the rainfall gradients leading from tropical forests to hot deserts. Such responses are shaped by interactions between woody and grassy plants that can be either direct, disturbance-mediated or both. There has been increasing evidence that several vegetation physiognomies, sometimes highly contrasted, may durably coexist under similar rainfall conditions suggesting multi-stability or at least not abrupt transitions. These fascinating questions have triggered burgeoning modelling efforts which have, however, not yet delivered an integrated picture liable to furnish sensible predictions of potential vegetation at broad scales. In this paper, we will recall the key ecological processes and resulting vegetation dynamics that models should take into account. We will also present the main modelling options present in the literature and advocate the use of minimalistic models, capturing only the essentialВ processes while retaining sufficient mathematical tractability and restricting themselves to a minimal set of parameters assessable from the overall literature.
Thermal Performance of Microelectronic Substrates With Submillimeter Integrated Vapor Chamber
Authors: Cho Sangbeom , Joshi Yogendra
Published: December 2018

We develop a vapor chamber integrated with a microelectronic packaging substrate and characterize its heat transfer performance. A prototype of vapor chamber integrated printed circuit board (PCB) is fabricated through successful completion of the following tasks: patterning copper micropillar wick structures on PCB, mechanical design and fabrication of condenser, device sealing, and device vacuuming and charging with working fluid. Two prototype vapor chambers with distinct micropillar array designs are fabricated, and their thermal performance tested under various heat inputs supplied from a 2 mm × 2 mm heat source. Thermal performance of the device improves with heat inputs, with the maximum performance of ∼20% over copper plated PCB with the same thickness. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics/heat transfer (CFD/HT) numerical model of the vapor chamber, coupled with the conduction model of the packaging substrate is developed, and the results are compared with test data.
Reconfigurability Analysis of a Class of Parallel Kinematics Machines
Authors: Carbonari Luca , Costa Daniele , Palmieri Giacomo , Palpacelli Matteo-Claudio
Published: December 2018

A novel parallel kinematics machine (PKM) stemming from the 3-SRU (spherical-revolute-universal) under-actuated joints topology is presented in this paper. The concept here proposed takes advantage of a reconfigurable universal joint obtained by locking, one at a time, different rotations of a spherical pair. Such local reconfiguration causes a slight, yet crucial, modification of the robot legs mobility which is enough to provide the end-effector with different kinds of motion. In particular, the kinematic chain is converted to two different 3-URU architectures (universal-spherical-universal) able to provide the moving platform with essentially different mobilities. The paper is dedicated at formally demonstrating the motion capabilities offered by such parallel architectures. To this aim, the first part of the paper describes the mechanical structures and formalizes the kinematic problem through appropriate sets of polynomial equations. Then, an analysis of the equations is proposed to uniquely identify the mobilities of the moving platform. At last, a concept design is proposed for the reconfigurable spherical platform.
Prediction of Heat Transfer During Saturated Boiling in Helical Coils
Authors: Shah Mirza M.
Published: December 2018

Heat exchangers with boiling in coils are widely used in the industry. Various researchers have recommended different correlations for heat transfer but there has been no comprehensive comparison of data and correlations to identify the most reliable ones. This was done in the present study. Eight correlations for straight tubes and six for coils were compared with data from 12 studies. The data included four fluids, tube diameters 2.8–14.5 mm, coil to tube diameter ratios 12–107, reduced pressure 0.0046–0.7857, flow rates 80–1200 kg m−2 s−1, and boiling number 0.16–13.6 × 104. None of the correlations for coils were found satisfactory. Four general correlations for straight tubes gave good agreement with the 484 data points, mean absolute deviation (MAD) being 19.8–22.6%.
Global feedforward active noise control in vibro-acoustic cavities without increasing structural vibrations
Authors: Puri Amrita , Modak S. V. , Gupta K.
Published: December 2018

Interior noise in vibro-acoustic cavities may be generated due to acoustic and structural disturbances. Earlier studies have shown that for global control, the maximum reduction in acoustic potential energy can be realised by using an optimum combination of acoustic and structural actuators. However, it is observed that this reduction in interior noise may also be accompanied with an increase in kinetic energy of the cavity structure. This paper presents the development of a feedforward technique for active noise control in vibro-acoustic cavities ensuring that the noise reduction does not lead to an increase in kinetic energy. The problem is formulated as a constrained minimisation problem to minimise the acoustic potential energy subject to a constraint that the kinetic energy does not increase. Through a numerical study, it is shown that the optimum solution of the above problem indeed is favourable in terms of reduction in acoustic potential energy in the cavity and kinetic energy of the structure. The paper further proposes a method for solution of this constrained minimisation problem using a penalty function method and solution of sequential unconstrained problems. The proposed method is validated through a numerical study on a car-like cavity for single- and multi-tonal noise.
Recovery of Force–Time Characteristics After Australian Rules Football Matches: Examining the Utility of the Isometric Midthigh Pull
Authors: Norris Dean , Joyce David , Siegler Jason , Clock James , Lovell Ric
Published: December 2018

Purpose: This study assessed the utility of force–time characteristics from the isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) as a measure of neuromuscular function after elite-level Australian rules football matches. It was hypothesized that rate characteristics of force development would demonstrate a different response magnitude and recovery time course than peak force measurements. Methods: Force–time characteristics of the IMTP (peak force, 0- to 50-ms rate of force development [RFD], 100- to 200-ms RFD) were collected at 48 (G+2), 72 (G+3), and 96 h (G+4) after 3 competitive Australian rules football matches. Results: Meaningful reductions (>75% of the smallest worthwhile change) were observed at G+2, G+3, and G+4 for RFD 0–50 milliseconds (−25.8%, −17.5%, and −16.9%) and at G+2 and G+3 for RFD 100–200 milliseconds (−15.7% and −11.7%). No meaningful reductions were observed for peak force at any time point (G+2 −4.0%, G+3 −3.9%, G+4 −2.7%). Higher week-to-week variation was observed for RFD 0–50 milliseconds (G+2 17.1%, G+3 27.2%, G+4 19.3%) vs both RFD 100–200 milliseconds (G+2 11.3%, G+3 11.5%, G+4 7.2%) and peak force (G+2 4.8%, G+3 4.4%, G+4 8.4%). Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential use of rate characteristics from the IMTP as measures of neuromuscular function in elite sport settings, and in particular RFD 100–200 milliseconds due to its higher reliability. Interestingly, peak force collected from the IMTP was not meaningfully suppressed at any time point after elite Australian rules football match play. This suggests that rate characteristics from IMTP may provide more sensitive and valuable insight regarding neuromuscular function recovery kinetics than peak measures.
The Physiological Strain Index Modified for Trained Heat-Acclimatized Individuals in Outdoor Heat
Authors: Byrne Christopher , Lee Jason K.W.
Published: December 2018

Purpose:To determine if the Physiological Strain Index (PSI), in original or modified form, can evaluate heat strain on a 0–10 scale, in trained and heat-acclimatized men undertaking a competitive half-marathon run in outdoor heat.Methods:Core (intestinal) temperature (TC) and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously in 24 men (mean [SD] age = 26 [3] y, VO2peak = 59 [5] mL·kg·min−1). A total of 4 versions of the PSI were computed: original PSI with upper constraints of TC 39.5°C and HR 180 beats·min−1(PSI39.5/180) and 3 modified versions of PSI with each having an age-predicted maximal HR constraint and graded TC constraints of 40.0°C (PSI40.0/PHRmax), 40.5°C (PSI40.5/PHRmax), and 41.0°C (PSI41.0/PHRmax).Results:In a warm (26.1–27.3°C) and humid (79–82%) environment, all runners finished the race asymptomatic in 107 (10) (91–137) min. Peak TC and HR were 39.7°C (0.5°C) (38.5–40.7°C) and 186 (6) (175–196) beats·min−1, respectively. In total, 63% exceeded TC 39.5°C, 71% exceeded HR 180 beats·min−1, and 50% exceeded both of the original PSI upper TC and HR constraints. The computed heat strain was significantly greater with PSI39.5/180than all other methods (P < .003). PSI >10 was observed in 63% of runners with PSI39.5/180, 25% for PSI40.0/PHRmax, 8% for PSI40.5/PHRmax, and 0% for PSI41.0/PHRmax.Conclusions:The PSI was able to quantify heat strain on a 0–10 scale in trained and heat-acclimatized men undertaking a half-marathon race in outdoor heat, but only when the upper TC and HR constraints were modified to 41.0°C and age-predicted maximal HR, respectively.
The Reliability and Validity of the PowerTap P1 Power Pedals Before and After 100 Hours of Use
Authors: Wright James , Walker Thomas , Burnet Scott , Jobson Simon A.
Published: December 2018

Purpose: To (1) evaluate agreement between the PowerTap P1 (P1) pedals and the Lode Excalibur Sport cycle ergometer, (2) investigate the reliability of the P1 pedals between repeated testing sessions, and (3) compare the reliability and validity of the P1 pedals before (P10) and after (P1100) ∼100 h of use. Methods: Ten participants completed four 5-min submaximal cycling bouts (100, 150, 200, and 250 W), a 2-min time trial, and two 10-s all-out sprints on 2 occasions. This protocol was repeated after 15 mo and ∼100 h of use. Results: Significant differences were seen between the P10 pedals and the Lode Excalibur Sport at 100 W (P = .006), 150 W (P = .006), 200 W (P = .001), and 250 W (P = .006) and during the all-out sprints (P = .020). After ∼100 h of use, the P1100 pedals did not significantly differ from the Lode Excalibur Sport at 100 W (P = .799), 150 W (P = .183), 200 W (P = .289), and 250 W (P = .183), during the 2-min time trial (P = .583), or during the all-out sprints (P = .412). The coefficients of variation for the P10 and P1100 ranged from 0.6% to 1.3% and 0.5% to 2.0%, respectively, during the submaximal cycling bouts. Conclusion: The P1 pedals provide valid data after ∼100 h of laboratory use. Furthermore, the pedals provide reliable data during submaximal cycling, even after prolonged use.
Sleep and Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol During a Short Preseason Camp: A Study in Professional Rugby Union
Authors: Serpell Benjamin G. , Horgan Barry G. , Colomer Carmen M.E. , Field Byron , Halson Shona L. , Cook Christian J.
Published: December 2018

Purpose: To examine changes in, and relationships between, sleep quality and quantity, salivary testosterone, salivary cortisol, testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (T:C), and self-reported muscle soreness during a residential-based training camp in elite rugby players. Methods: Nineteen male rugby players age 26.4 (3.9) years, height 186.0 (9.4) cm, and weight 104.1 (13.4) kg (mean [SD]) participated in this study. Wrist actigraphy devices were worn for 8 nights around a 4-d training camp (2 nights prior, during, and 2 nights after). Sleep-onset latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and waking time were measured. Participants provided saliva samples during camp on waking and again 45 min later, which were then assayed for testosterone and cortisol levels. They also rated their general muscle soreness daily. Results: Little variation was observed for sleep quality and quantity or testosterone. However, significant differences were observed between and within days for cortisol, T:C, and muscle soreness (P < .001). Few relationships were observed for sleep and hormones; the strongest, an inverse relationship for sleep efficiency and T:C (r = −.372, P < .01). Conclusions: There may be no clear and useful relationship between sleep and hormone concentration in a short-term training camp context, and measures of sleep and testosterone and cortisol should be interpreted with caution because of individual variation. Alterations in hormone concentration, particularly cortisol, may be affected by other factors including anticipation of the day ahead. This study adds to our knowledge that changes in hormone concentration are individual and context specific.
The Effects of Inhaled Terbutaline on 3-km Running Time-Trial Performance
Authors: Molphy John , Dickinson John W. , Chester Neil J. , Loosemore Mike , Whyte Gregory
Published: December 2018

Terbutaline is a prohibited drug except for athletes with a therapeutic use exemption certificate; terbutaline’s effects on endurance performance are relatively unknown. Purpose: To investigate the effects of 2 therapeutic (2 and 4 mg) inhaled doses of terbutaline on 3-km running time-trial performance. Methods: A total of 8 men (age 24.3 [2.4] y; weight 77.6 [8] kg; and height 179.5 [4.3] cm) and 8 women (age 22.4 [3] y; weight 58.6 [6] kg; and height 163 [9.2] cm) free from respiratory disease and illness provided written informed consent. Participants completed 3-km running time trials on a nonmotorized treadmill on 3 separate occasions following placebo and 2- and 4-mg inhaled terbutaline in a single-blind, repeated-measures design. Urine samples (15 min postexercise) were analyzed for terbutaline concentration. Data were analyzed using 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, and significance was set at P < .05 for all analyses. Results: No differences were observed for completion times (1103 [201] s, 1106 [195] s, 1098 [165] s; P = .913) for the placebo or 2- and 4-mg inhaled trials, respectively. Lactate values were higher (P = .02) after 4 mg terbutaline (10.7 [2.3] mmol·L−1) vs placebo (8.9 [1.8] mmol·L−1). Values of forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV1) were greater after inhalation of 2 mg (5.08 [0.2]; P = .01) and 4 mg terbutaline (5.07 [0.2]; P = .02) compared with placebo (4.83 [0.5] L) postinhalation. Urinary terbutaline concentrations were mean 306 (288) ng·mL−1 and 435 (410) ng·mL−1 (P = .2) and peak 956 ng·mL−1 and 1244 ng·mL−1 after 2 and 4 mg inhaled terbutaline, respectively. No differences were observed between the male and female participants. Conclusions: Therapeutic dosing of terbutaline does not lead to an improvement in 3-km running performance despite significantly increased FEV1. The findings suggest that athletes using inhaled terbutaline at high therapeutic doses to treat asthma will not gain an ergogenic advantage during 3-km running performance.
Comparison of RPE (Rating of Perceived Exertion) Scales for Session RPE
Authors: Arney Blaine E. , Glover Reese , Fusco Andrea , Cortis Cristina , de Koning Jos J. , van Erp Teun , Jaime Salvador , Mikat Richard P. , Porcari John P. , Foster Carl
Published: December 2018

Purpose: The session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) is a well-accepted method of monitoring training load in athletes in many different sports. It is based on the category-ratio (0–10) RPE scale (BORG-CR10) developed by Borg. There is no evidence how substitution of the Borg 6–20 RPE scale (BORG-RPE) might influence the sRPE in athletes. Methods: Systematically training, recreational-level athletes from a number of sport disciplines performed 6 randomly ordered, 30-min interval-training sessions, at intensities based on peak power output (PPO) and designed to be easy (50% PPO), moderate (75% PPO), or hard (85% PPO). Ratings of sRPE were obtained 30 min postexercise using either the BORG-CR10 or BORG-RPE and compared for matched exercise conditions. Results: The average percentage of heart-rate reserve was well correlated with sRPE from both BORG-CR10 (r = .76) and BORG-RPE (r = .69). The sRPE ratings from BORG-CR10 and BORG-RPE were very strongly correlated (r = .90) at matched times. Conclusions: Although producing different absolute numbers, sRPE derived from either the BORG-CR10 or BORG-RPE provides essentially interchangeable estimates of perceived exercise training intensity.
Chapter 5: Recruitment in PETE: Survey Results and Discussion
Authors: Ayers Suzan F. , Woods Amelia Mays
Published: December 2018

Background/Purpose: This aspect of this study examined physical education teacher education (PETE) program coordinators’ perspectives on their role in student recruitment, including common recruitment strategies and their effectiveness, perceived barriers to engaging in program recruitment, and commonly used marketing strategies. Method: Data were collected from 175 PETE program coordinators through the online survey described fully in Chapter 4 of this monograph. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and one-way analyses of variance. Results: Strategies perceived as effective in recruiting high school students were moderately associated with those most often implemented (r = .46–.50). Some limited differences by Carnegie level were found related to reported barriers to participation in recruitment activities. Discussion/Conclusion: This study reveals general consistency between PETE coordinators’ perceptions of the most effective and frequently used recruitment strategies to attract students into PETE initial licensure programs. Strategies, barriers, and suggested future directions align with much of the PETE recruitment literature.
Chapter 8: Retention in PETE: Interview Results and Discussion
Authors: Kern Ben D. , Ayers Suzan F. , Killian Chad M. , Woods Amelia Mays
Published: December 2018

Background/Purpose: Student retention in physical education teacher education (PETE) programs is critical to promoting high-quality physical education in schools. This aspect of the current study was to investigate PETE program coordinators’ perceptions of their role in the process of retaining students within their programs.Method: Thirty-six PETE program coordinators (12 males and 24 females) completed in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using a standard interpretative approach grounded in inductive analysis and constant comparison.Results: The PETE coordinators in this study perceived retention to be: (a) aligned with core job expectations, (b) grounded in relationships, (c) impacted by external and policy factors, and (d) limited by time and resources.Discussion/Conclusion: Retention in PETE is supported when faculty members utilize constructivist learning pedagogies and develop a sense of belonging among PETE students. Retention issues may be addressed through involvement with state policymakers and professional organizations.
Ancient nuclear genomes enable repatriation of Indigenous human remains
Authors: Wright Joanne L. , Wasef Sally , Heupink Tim H. , Westaway Michael C. , Rasmussen Simon , Pardoe Colin , Fourmile Gudju Gudju , Young Michael , Johnson Trish , Slade Joan , Kennedy Roy , Winch Patsy , Pappin Mary , Wales Tapij , Bates William “Badger” , Hamilton Sharnie , Whyman Neville , van Holst Pellekaan Sheila , McAllister Peter J. , Taçon Paul S.C. , Curnoe Darren , Li Ruiqiang , Millar Craig , Subramanian Sankar , Willerslev Eske , Malaspinas Anna-Sapfo , Sikora Martin , Lambert David M.
Published: December 2018

Ancient DNA facilitates the return of remains to Indigenous tribal groups, resolving a long-standing concern.
Ocean deoxygenation and zooplankton: Very small oxygen differences matter
Authors: Wishner K. F. , Seibel B. A. , Roman C. , Deutsch C. , Outram D. , Shaw C. T. , Birk M. A. , Mislan K. A. S. , Adams T. J. , Moore D. , Riley S.
Published: December 2018

Novel midwater ocean sampling shows that physiology dictates zooplankton distributions in submesoscale low oxygen features.
Intraoperative detection of blood vessels with an imaging needle during neurosurgery in humans
Authors: Ramakonar Hari , Quirk Bryden C. , Kirk Rodney W. , Li Jiawen , Jacques Angela , Lind Christopher R. P. , McLaughlin Robert A.
Published: December 2018

A “smart” brain biopsy needle containing a tiny imaging probe is able to warn neurosurgeons about nearby blood vessels.
Daptomycin Resistance and Tolerance Due to Loss of Function in Staphylococcus aureus
dsp1
and
asp23
Authors: Barros Elaine M. , Martin Melissa J. , Selleck Elizabeth M. , Lebreton François , Sampaio Jorge Luiz M. , Gilmore Michael S.
Published: December 2018

Lipopeptide daptomycin is a last-line cell-membrane-targeting antibiotic to treat multidrug-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
. Alarmingly, daptomycin-resistant
S. aureus
isolates have emerged.
Effects of Microplate Type and Broth Additives on Microdilution MIC Susceptibility Assays
Authors: Kavanagh Angela , Ramu Soumya , Gong Yujing , Cooper Matthew A. , Blaskovich Mark A. T.
Published: December 2018

The determination of antibiotic potency against bacterial strains by assessment of their minimum inhibitory concentration normally uses a standardized broth microdilution assay procedure developed more than 50 years ago. However, certain antibiotics require modified assay conditions in order to observe optimal activity.
Functional and Physical Interaction between the Arf Activator GBF1 and Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protein
Authors: Lebsir Nadjet , Goueslain Lucie , Farhat Rayan , Callens Nathalie , Dubuisson Jean , Jackson Catherine L. , Rouillé Yves
Published: December 2018

Single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses rely to a significant extent on host factors to achieve the replication of their genome. GBF1 is such a cellular protein that is required for the replication of several RNA viruses, but its mechanism of action during viral infections is not yet defined. In this study, we investigated potential interactions that GBF1 might engage in with proteins of HCV, a GBF1-dependent virus. We found that GBF1 interacts with NS3, a nonstructural protein involved in HCV genome replication, and our results suggest that this interaction is important for GBF1 function during HCV replication. Interestingly, GBF1 interaction with HCV appears different from its interaction with enteroviruses, another group of GBF1-dependent RNA viruses, in keeping with the fact that HCV and enteroviruses use different functions of GBF1.
Tumour lysis syndrome following eribulin for metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Pabon Cindy , Esnakula Ashwini K , Daily Karen
Published: December 2018

A middle-aged woman with a history of leiomyosarcoma of the uterus treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy suffered a bulky metastatic recurrence 1 year later. She elected treatment with palliative eribulin, presenting with acute renal failure and electrolyte abnormalities consistent with tumour lysis syndrome on cycle 1 day 8. Despite aggressive supportive care and treatment including intravenous hydration, bicarbonate and rasburicase, she continued to decline, ultimately foregoing haemodialysis in favour of palliative care and passed away in the hospital.
Closed loop small bowel obstruction due to paracaecal internal herniation: a lesson in rarity
Authors: Menezes Richard , Kamble Ranjeet , Joshi Anagha , Chaudhari Kalpesh
Published: December 2018

A 40-year-old man presented to the emergency department of our tertiary hospital with acute abdominal pain since 1 day, which responded to conservative measures initially. On further investigation and abdominal CT, he was diagnosed with closed loop small bowel obstruction with an encapsulated lesion with small bowel loops within, in the right iliac fossa, which was initially missed. On exploration, the patient had a sac in the right iliac fossa (paracaecal incarcerated internal hernia) with distended bowel loops within, the sac was excised after reduction of the contents. Postoperative recovery was uneventful.
Electronic prescribing: introducing a stat optional dose to improve time to antibiotic on the acute medical unit
Authors: Jones Thomas Robert Edward , Nurse Kim
Published: December 2018

Darlington Memorial Hospital is a district general hospital in the North East of England. The acute medical unit (AMU) takes referrals from the emergency department and also direct from general practitioners (GPs) in the region. Research shows that early recognition and management of sepsis is key to improving outcomes and significantly decreases mortality. Having observed several cases of delayed sepsis management in patients referred from their GP, we aimed to improve time to antibiotic therapy in patients identified as having sepsis as per the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2016 NG51 sepsis guidelines. We analysed the time from admission to antibiotic administrations for patients referred to AMU via their GP with suspected sepsis. We found there was a significant delay between antibiotic prescribing and administration. Baseline data showed that only 36% of patients received a stat dose of antibiotic on admission. Results showed that those patients with a stat dose prescribed had a median time of 36 min from prescription to antibiotic compared with 98 min for those without. We introduced a stat antibiotic option with all antibiotic prescriptions on the electronic prescribing system, encouraging prescribers to administer a stat dose. Through focusing on antibiotic prescribing systems and practices over two PDSA cycles, we were able to improve the time from prescription to administration of antibiotics for patients with sepsis. We reduced the delay in antibiotic administration in patients with sepsis from 49 to 34 min, an improvement of 31% (15/49). The percentage of patients receiving a stat dose of antibiotics increased from 36% to 63%. While we acknowledge that there remains room for improvement with regards to antibiotic prescribing and sepsis management, we have made sustainable interventions with important improvements. E-prescribing systems must be evaluated and modified accordingly on a regular basis to ensure that they positively contribute to quality patient care and clinical practice.
Specialist palliative care, psychology, interstitial lung disease (ILD) multidisciplinary team meeting: a novel model to address palliative care needs
Authors: Barratt Shaney L , Morales Michelle , Speirs Toby , Al Jboor Khaled , Lamb Heather , Mulholland Sarah , Edwards Adrienne , Gunary Rachel , Meek Patricia , Jordan Nikki , Sharp Charles , Kendall Clare , Adamali Huzaifa I
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Patients with progressive idiopathic fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD), such as those with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), can have an aggressive disease course, with a median survival of only 3–5 years from diagnosis. The palliative care needs of these patients are often unmet. There are calls for new models of care, whereby the patient’s usual respiratory clinician remains central to the integration of palliative care principles and practices into their patient’s management, but the optimal model of service delivery has yet to be determined.

Methods

We developed a novel, collaborative, multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting between our palliative care, psychology and ILD teams with the principal aim of integrating specialist care to ensure the needs of persons with ILD, and their caregivers were identified and met by referral to the appropriate service. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of this novel MDT meeting on the assessment of a patient’s palliative care needs.

Results

Significant increases in advance care planning discussions were observed, in conjunction with increased referrals to community courses and teams, following introduction of this novel MDT.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that our collaborative MDT is an effective platform to address patients’ unmet palliative care needs. Further work is required to explore the effect of our model on achieving the preferred place of death and reductions in unplanned hospital admissions.