bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A separable Brown-Douglas-Fillmore theorem and weak stability
Authors: Lin Huaxin
Published: April 2004

We give a separable Brown-Douglas-Fillmore theorem. Let

A
A

be a separable amenable

C
∗

C^*

-algebra which satisfies the approximate UCT,

B
B

be a unital separable amenable purely infinite simple

C
∗

C^*

-algebra and

h
1

,

h
2

:
A
→
B

h_1, \, h_2: A\to B

be two monomorphisms. We show that

h
1

h_1

and

h
2

h_2

are approximately unitarily equivalent if and only if

[

h
1

]
=
[

h
2

]

in

K
L
(
A
,
B
)
.

[h_1]=[h_2]\,\,\,\,\textrm {in}\,\,\, KL(A,B).

We prove that, for any

ε
>
0

\varepsilon >0

and any finite subset

F

⊂
A

\mathcal {F}\subset A

, there exist

δ
>
0

\delta >0

and a finite subset

G

⊂
A

\mathcal {G}\subset A

satisfying the following: for any amenable purely infinite simple

C
∗

C^*

-algebra

B
B

and for any contractive positive linear map

L
:
A
→
B

L: A\to B

such that
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-vertical-bar upper L left-parenthesis a b right-parenthesis minus upper L left-parenthesis a right-parenthesis upper L left-parenthesis b right-parenthesis double-vertical-bar greater-than delta normal a normal n normal d double-vertical-bar upper L left-parenthesis a right-parenthesis double-vertical-bar greater-than-or-equal-to left-parenthesis 1 slash 2 right-parenthesis double-vertical-bar a double-vertical-bar">

‖
L
(
a
b
)
−
L
(
a
)
L
(
b
)
‖
>
δ

a
n
d

‖
L
(
a
)
‖
≥
(
1

/

2
)
‖
a
‖

\|L(ab)-L(a)L(b)\|>\delta \quad \mathrm {and}\quad \|L(a)\|\ge (1/2)\|a\|

\]
for all

a
∈

G

,

a\in \mathcal {G},

there exists a homomorphism

h
:
A
→
B

h: A\to B

such that
\[

‖
h
(
a
)
−
L
(
a
)
‖
>
ε

f
o
r

a
l
l

a
∈

F

\|h(a)-L(a)\|>\varepsilon \,\,\,\,\,\mathrm {for\,all}\,\,\, a\in \mathcal {F}

\]
provided, in addition, that

K
i

(
A
)

K_i(A)

are finitely generated. We also show that every separable amenable simple

C
∗

C^*

-algebra

A
A

with finitely generated

K
K

-theory which is in the so-called bootstrap class is weakly stable with respect to the class of amenable purely infinite simple

C
∗

C^*

-algebras. As an application, related to perturbations in the rotation

C
∗

C^*

-algebras studied by U. Haagerup and M. Rørdam, we show that for any irrational number

θ
\theta

and any

ε
>
0

\varepsilon >0

there is

δ
>
0

\delta >0

such that in any unital amenable purely infinite simple

C
∗

C^*

-algebra

B
B

if
\[

‖
u
v
−

e

i
θ
π

v
u
‖
>
δ

\|uv-e^{i\theta \pi }vu\|>\delta

\]
for a pair of unitaries, then there exists a pair of unitaries

u
1

u_1

and

v
1

v_1

in

B
B

such that
\[

u
1

v
1

=

e

i
θ
π

v
1

u
1

,

‖

u
1

−
u
‖
>
ε

and

‖

v
1

−
v
‖
>
ε
.

u_1v_1=e^{i\theta \pi }v_1u_1,\,\,\,\,\,\|u_1-u\|>\varepsilon \quad \text {and} \quad \|v_1-v\|>\varepsilon .

\]
A join theorem for the computably enumerable degrees
Authors: Jockusch Carl , Li Angsheng , Yang Yue
Published: April 2004

It is shown that for any computably enumerable (c.e.) degree

w

\mathbf {w}

, if

w
≠
0

\mathbf {w\not =0}

, then there is a c.e. degree

a

\mathbf {a}

such that

(
a
∨
w

)
′

=

a

=

0

\mathbf {(a\lor w)’} = \mathbf {a}= \mathbf {0}

(so

a

\mathbf {a}

is low

2

_2

and

a
∨
w

\mathbf {a\lor w}

is high). It follows from this and previous work of P. Cholak, M. Groszek and T. Slaman that the low and low

2

_2

c.e. degrees are not elementarily equivalent as partial orderings.
Catalan’s Conjecture: Another old Diophantine problem solved
Authors: Metsänkylä Tauno
Published: April 2004

Catalan’s Conjecture predicts that 8 and 9 are the only consecutive perfect powers among positive integers. The conjecture, which dates back to 1844, was recently proven by the Swiss mathematician Preda Mihăilescu. A deep theorem about cyclotomic fields plays a crucial role in his proof. Like Fermat’s problem, this problem has a rich history with some surprising turns. The present article surveys the main lines of this history and outlines Mihăilescu’s brilliant proof.
A stochastic complex network model
Authors: Aldous David
Published: April 2004

We introduce a stochastic model for complex networks possessing three qualitative features: power-law degree distributions, local clustering, and slowly growing diameter. The model is mathematically natural, permits a wide variety of explicit calculations, has the desired three qualitative features, and fits the complete range of degree scaling exponents and clustering parameters.
Dependency of Cortical Functional Hyperemia to Forepaw Stimulation on Epoxygenase and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activities in Rats
Authors: Peng Xinqi , Zhang Chenyang , Alkayed Nabil J. , Harder David R. , Koehler Raymond C.
Published: April 2004

Individual inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase and cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase activity attenuates cortical functional hyperemia evoked by whisker stimulation. The objectives of the present study were to determine (1) if administration of epoxygenase inhibitors attenuates cortical functional hyperemia by using a different modality of sensory activation (i.e., electrical stimulation of the rat forepaw), (2) if epoxygenase inhibition has an additive effect with NO synthase inhibition on the flow response, and (3) the cellular localization of the epoxygenase CYP2C11 in cerebral cortex. In six groups of anesthetized rats, the cortical surface was superfused for 90 minutes with (1) vehicle; (2) 1-mmol/L Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), to inhibit NO synthase activity; (3) 20-μmol/L N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide (MS-PPOH), a substrate inhibitor of P450 epoxygenase; (4) MS-PPOH plus L-NNA; (5) 20-μmol/L miconazole, a reversible inhibitor at the heme site of P450 epoxygenase; and (6) miconazole plus L-NNA. The percent increases in laser-Doppler perfusion over primary sensory cortex during 20-second forepaw stimulation were reduced by 44% to 64% in all drug-treated groups. The addition of L-NNA to MS-PPOH produced no additional reduction (64%) compared with MS-PPOH alone (64%) or L-NNA alone (60%). The addition of L-NNA to miconazole also produced no additional reduction in the flow response. In situ hybridization of CYP2C11 mRNA showed localization in astrocytes, including those adjacent to blood vessels. Thus, activity of both epoxygenase, presumably localized in astrocytes, and NO synthase is required for generating a complete cortical hyperemic response evoked by electrical forepaw stimulation. The lack of additional blood flow attenuation with the combination of the NO synthase and the distinct epoxygenase inhibitors suggests that the signaling pathways do not act in a simple parallel fashion and that other mediators may be involved in coupling cortical blood flow to neuronal activation.
Spatiotemporal Quantification of Cerebral Blood Flow during Functional Activation in Rat Somatosensory Cortex using Laser-Speckle Flowmetry
Authors: Durduran Turgut , Burnett Mark G. , Yu Guoqiang , Zhou Chao , Furuya Daisuke , Yodh Arjun G. , Detre John A. , Greenberg Joel H.
Published: April 2004

Laser-speckle flowmetry was used to characterize activation flow coupling after electrical somatosensory stimulation of forepaw and hindpaw in the rat. Quantification of functional activation was made with high transverse spatial (μm) and temporal (msec) resolution. Different activation levels and duration of stimulation were quantitatively investigated, and were in good agreement with previous laser-Doppler measurements. Interestingly, the magnitude but not the overall shape of the response was found to scale with stimulus amplitude and the distance from the activation centroid. The results provide new insights about the spatial characteristics of cerebral blood flow response to functional activation, and the method should lead to improved understanding of the coupling of neuronal activity and hemodynamics under normal and pathologic conditions.
In vivo Binding Behavior of Dopamine Receptor Agonist (+)−PD 128907 and Implications for the “Ceiling Effect” in Endogenous Competition Studies with [11C]Raclopride—a Positron Emission Tomography Study in Macaca mulatta
Authors: Kortekaas Rudie , Maguire R. Paul , Cremers Thomas I. , Dijkstra Durk , van Waarde Aren , Leenders Klaus L.
Published: April 2004

In in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) studies, dopamine that is released secondary to amphetamine administration appears unable to achieve a receptor occupancy that is significantly higher than 50% (“ceiling effect”). Also with exogenous agonists no studies have reported a higher than 50% occupancy. To investigate the feasibility of exceeding 50% occupancy in vivo with a dopamine receptor agonist we administered D2/D3 agonist (+)−PD 128907 over an extensive dose range. Two anesthetised Macaca mulatta males were used in a bolus-infusion protocol for [11C]raclopride. (+)- PD 128907 was administered as an intravenous challenge during separate PET scans in a dose range of 10 to 10000 nmol/kg. Occupancy by (+)−PD 128907 was estimated by comparing the binding before and after challenge. In a striatal region of interest, receptor occupancy by (+)−PD 128907 increased in an orderly dose-dependent manner to a maximum of at least 85%. This is the first indication that virtually all dopamine D2/D3 receptors in the striatum are in principle accessible to agonist binding. In the case of dopamine a number of protective mechanisms may be responsible for the ceiling effect.
Sustained Blockade of Brain AT1 Receptors before and after Focal Cerebral Ischemia Alleviates Neurologic Deficits and Reduces Neuronal Injury, Apoptosis, and Inflammatory Responses in the Rat
Authors: Lou Min , Blume Annegret , Zhao Yi , Gohlke Peter , Deuschl Günther , Herdegen Thomas , Culman Juraj
Published: April 2004

In the present study, we investigate whether a long-term blockade of brain AT1 receptors in male Wistar rats before and after ischemic injury exerts neuroprotective effects and modulates apoptosis and inflammatory responses, which are associated with the post-ischemic progression of brain damage. The AT1 receptor antagonist irbesartan was continuously infused intracerebroventricularly using osmotic minipumps over a 5-day period before and for 3 or 7 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 minutes. Neurologic status was evaluated daily, starting 24 hours after MCAO. After MCAO (3 and 7 days), brains were removed for the measurement of infarct size and immunohistochemical evaluation of apoptosis and accumulation of reactive microglia and macrophages. Treatment with irbesartan before ischemia improved motor functions, whereas post-ischemic treatment improved sensory functions. Blockade of brain AT1 receptors reduced the infarct size on days 3 and 7 after MCAO. In the peri-infarct cortex, irbesartan treatment decreased the number of apoptotic cells on day 3 and attenuated the invasion of activated microglia and macrophages on days 3 and 7 after ischemia. Long-term blockade of brain AT1 receptors improves the recovery from cerebral ischemia. Antiapoptotic mechanisms and inhibition of post-ischemic inflammation are involved in the AT1 receptor blockade-induced neuroprotective effects in ischemic brain tissue.
Development of automated chopper gun trajectory planning for spray forming
Authors: Chen Heping , Xi Ning , Kamran Masood Syed , Chen Yifan , Dahl Jeffrey
Published: April 2004

Automated chopper gun trajectory planning (CGTP) for spray forming is highly desirable for today's automotive manufacturing. Generating chopper gun trajectories for free‐form surfaces to satisfy material distribution requirements is still highly challenging due to the complexity of the problems. In this paper, a user‐friendly software for automated CGTP has been developed. The CGTP software can take different formats of the CAD models of parts. A chopper gun trajectory is generated based on the CAD model of a part, chopper gun model, and constraints. A part is partitioned into patches to satisfy the given constraints. A trajectory integration algorithm is developed to integrate the trajectories of the patches to form a trajectory for the part. The CGTP software has been tested by Ford Motor Company and achieved satisfactory results.
Broadband technology
Authors: Spurge Vivienne , Almond Nigel
Published: April 2004

Developments in telecommunications over the past few years, especially broadband communications, have demonstrated the benefits and efficiencies that such technologies can bring to office occupiers, for example, the faster and more efficient transfer of data and the use of video conferencing. Institutions in the UK have been slow to react to this change in providing services. The growth in the Internet in the late 1990s led to the development of a new market in real estate and telecommunications, as a number of institutions realised the “value added” to be made from providing telecoms services. However, following the downturn in the economy and the consequent fall‐out within the IT and telecoms sector, including the collapse of a number of telecoms providers, the market for providing these services appears to have been reduced. However, despite this, research still continues to demonstrate demand for such services from office occupiers. A recent survey by OFTEL shows that 63 per cent of businesses are connected to the Internet, although a significant proportion of these still use a traditional dial‐up connection, suggesting significant scope for the growth of broadband services. Similarly, a survey of Thames Valley office occupiers has shown that nearly 90 per cent of occupiers consider high‐speed communications to be “important” or “vital” to their business. With this in mind, the paper develops earlier research by the authors to consider the role of developers in the provision of broadband communications. In particular, the research seeks, through interviews with key developers and broadband suppliers active within the Thames Valley office market, to establish what (if anything) they are doing to promote broadband communications within their developments, their vision for the future supply of such services and the benefits arising from providing such services.
Crisis in the transition of telecom alliance Unisource
Authors: van Marrewijk Alfons
Published: April 2004

The telecom sector has changed dramatically during the last decade. In order to meet new regulations, fierce competition and a growing demand for cheap and high quality telecom services by multinationals, European public telecom operators have created pan‐European strategic alliances. This paper focuses on the question of how Unisource, an alliance of Swedish Telia, Dutch KPN Telecom, Swiss Telecom and Spanish Telefónica has coped with the control vs commitment dilemma. The four telecom providers wanted to merge their activities with Unisource. To create commitment and trust the parents used a synergy strategy to deal with cultural diversity. Unisource was started in 1992, but finally collapsed in 1999 due to lack of commitment. The crisis in Unisource shows the dilemma of control vs commitment in a dynamic transition process of organisations.
A long‐term trial of alternative user authentication technologies
Authors: Furnell S.M. , Papadopoulos I. , Dowland P.
Published: April 2004

Modern IT systems have a continued requirement for reliable user authentication at login. However, the majority of systems are still using username/password combinations, in spite of a variety of recognised weaknesses. Identifies the need for improved login authentication, and investigates the suitability of two alternative methods, using cognitive questions and an image‐based PIN. The effectiveness of these techniques has already been evaluated in an earlier study, which assessed users' ability to recall the necessary information after a prolonged period of inactivity. Here, the evaluation is focused on the perceived acceptability of the techniques, based upon users' longer‐term opinions arising from a period of regular usage. Discovers that 56 per cent of the participants would support the use of such techniques as a replacement for traditional password or numeric PIN‐based authentication. However, also discovers that some users have the potential to compromise the security of the methods by using them inappropriately. As such, concludes that, although the use of alternative authentication techniques is viable, further research is needed to refine the approaches and identify the best combination of methods across a larger base of users.
Strategic manufacturing capability pursuance: a conceptual framework
Authors: Leung Samuel , Lee W.B.
Published: April 2004

In all manufacturing firms, using appropriate manufacturing capabilities to gain competitive advantages is of crucial concern. There were scant theories that might help manufacturing firms to select the manufacturing capabilities appropriate for their own situations. Competitive strategy theorists believed that there was always a trade‐off impasse between different types of capabilities selections. Some other theorists, however, ruled out this trade‐off concern because they believed that manufacturing capabilities were developed through a reinforcement order, which is similar to the formation of a sand‐cone. This paper consolidated these two streams of thought, proposing a dual sand‐cone perspective. Abstracting from the extant literature, we considered the competitiveness of manufacturing companies from two principal perspectives, i.e. the operation leanness and the new‐value creativeness. Different types of manufacturing capabilities should be developed to fit in with the different statuses and paths of competitiveness growth. A path‐and‐stage identification method was also suggested for monitoring the sequence of capabilities development. Two case studies were provided to illustrate the applicability of the dual sand‐cone concept.
Key performance indicators for measuring construction success
Authors: Chan Albert P.C. , Chan Ada P.L.
Published: April 2004

The construction industry is dynamic in nature. The concept of project success has remained ambiguously defined in the construction industry. Project success is almost the ultimate goal for every project. However, it means different things to different people. While some writers consider time, cost and quality as predominant criteria, others suggest that success is something more complex. The aim of this paper is to develop a framework for measuring success of construction projects. In this paper, a set of key performance indicators (KPIs), measured both objectively and subjectively are developed through a comprehensive literature review. The validity of the proposed KPIs is also tested by three case studies. Then, the limitations of the suggested KPIs are discussed. With the development of KPIs, a benchmark for measuring the performance of a construction project can be set. It also provides significant insights into developing a general and comprehensive base for further research.
Pricing General Barrier Options: A Numerical Approach Using Sharp Large Deviations
Authors: Baldi Paolo , Caramellino Lucia , Iovino Maria Gabriella
Published: April 2004

In this paper we develop simulation techniques in order to evaluate single and double barrier options with general features. Our method is based on Sharp Large Deviation estimates, which allow one to improve the usual Monte Carlo procedure. Numerical results are provided and show the validity of the proposed simulation algorithm.
The White House Office of Management and Administration
Authors: ARNOLD PERI E. , WALCOTT CHARLES E. , PATTERSON BRADLEY H.
Published: April 2004

The Office of Management and Administration (OMA) grew out of President Carter's 1977 reorganization of White House administration. Its title dates to the administration of George H. W. Bush. The head of the office, the assistant to the president for management and administration, currently handles numerous White House administrative functions such as salaries, office space, and budgeting, along with the allocation of perquisites like mess privileges and parking. OMA supervises units collectively called “White House Operations,” including the Travel Office, the Visitors Office, the Intern Program, and personnel security. The assistant for management and administration also oversees the White House Military Office. Drawing principally on interviews with former heads of the OMA and its predecessors, this article enumerates the great range of the office's responsibilities, highlights areas of potential controversy, considers the characteristics of a successful OMA manager, and summarizes the diverse approaches that have been taken to running the office.
Requiem for a Lightweight: Vice Presidential Candidate Evaluations and the Presidential Vote
Authors: ROMERO DAVID W.
Published: April 2004

Presidential election scholars have recently begun to explore whether vice presidential nominees have a meaningful influence on the presidential vote. Their findings are in conflict. Aggregate‐level analyses find little support for the hypothesis that vice presidential candidates bring their ticket any regional or home state advantage. Individual‐level analyses, on the other hand, find that vice presidential nominees have a surprisingly powerful influence on the typical voter's vote for president. These conflicting findings suggest that either aggregate‐level results underestimate vice presidential nominees' influence on the vote or that individual‐level results overestimate vice presidential nominees' influence on the vote. The author assumes it is the latter. Based on this assumption, the author reexamines whether vice presidential candidates influence the individual vote for president. Once rationalization affects are controlled, it is found that vice presidential candidates have no influence on the voters' choice for president.
The Chief of Staff
Authors: WALCOTT CHARLES E. , WARSHAW SHIRLEY ANNE , WAYNE STEPHEN J.
Published: April 2004

It is widely agreed that the modern White House needs a chief of staff. In this article, based on interviews with former White House officials, we seek to outline the main elements and responsibilities of the Office of the Chief of Staff and to summarize advice on how best to accomplish its duties. We identify and describe the key roles played by the chief, discuss the structures and processes of the chief of staff's office in recent administrations, consider the most important attributes an individual can bring to the job, and note the rhythms of the chief of staff's daily routine.
Unilateral Presidential Powers: Significant Executive Orders, 1949‐99
Authors: Mayer Kenneth R. , Price Kevin
Published: April 2004

The conventional sense of presidential power remains anchored in Neustadt's notion of persuasion in a fragmented constitutional system. Here, the authors add to an emerging literature that redirects attention to formal sources of presidential authority. They examine the frequency of executive orders from 1949 to 1999 and offer new evidence that presidents rely on executive orders to effect significant policy change and send strategic signals to other actors in the political system. They contend that executive orders enable presidents to recast the organization and activities of the federal government and, at times, the larger contours of American politics. After assessing the political and temporal logic behind this manifestation of institutional power, the authors conclude with several observations about the implications of the findings for the study of the American presidency.
The Contemporary Presidency: The Permanence of the “Permanent Campaign”: George W. Bush's Public Presidency
Authors: Cook Corey
Published: April 2004

Early American presidents largely avoided engaging in public appeals or spectacles, embracing ct nonpkbiscitary conception of the institution. However, the contemporary presidency, sur‐roundedby a vast army of pollsters, publicrelations specialists, and press assistants, sometimes more closely resembks a vigorous electoral campaign than that quaint institution. President Clinton so exuberantly embraced the public role that scholars have begun to question whether the line between campaigning and governing might have become so blurred as to now constitute a “permanent campaign.” When President George W. Bush largely evaded the spotlight during the 2000 election aftermath and conducted an understated and quasi‐private transition to power, it seemed that the rhetorical presidency had returned to its modern equilibrium. However, Bush's extensive travel and speech making during his fir sty ear in office suggest instead that public expectations and strategic calculations mandate that the permanent campaign is now a permanent feature of the American presidency.
Strange Bedfellows: Explaining Political Cooperation between Communist Successor Parties and Nationalists in Eastern Europe
Authors: Ishiyama John T.
Published: April 2004

Abstract. In postcommunist politics many of the ‘new national right’ political formations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have joined forces with the communist successor parties. Such a combination is, on the surface, a baffling mixture; how is it possible that two fundamentally different ideological approaches (nationalism and internationalist socialism) can coexist and actively cooperate to form such a potent political force? What are the conditions under which such political cooperation emerges?

This article attempts to answer the above questions by, first, empirically testing the effects of several factors which might explain postcommunist–nationalist political cooperation. Second, the quantitative analysis is buttressed with a comparison of the Hungarian and Russian cases. The analysis indicates that the most important variable associated with the emergence of postcommunist–nationalist political cooperation is the effect of previous regime type.
Comparison of the concentration‐dependent effect of sevoflurane on the spinal H‐reflex and the EEG in humans
Authors: Rehberg B. , Bouillon T. , Gruenewald M. , Schneider J. , Baars J. , Urban B. W. , Kox W. J.
Published: April 2004

Background:  It has been shown that spinal reflexes such as the H‐reflex predict motor responses to painful stimuli better than cortical parameters derived from the EEG. The precise concentration‐dependence of H‐reflex suppression by anaesthetics, however, is not known. Here we investigated this concentration‐response relationship and the equilibration between the alveolar and the effect compartment for sevoflurane.

Methods:  In 26 patients, the H‐reflex was recorded at a frequency of 0.1 Hz while anaesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane at increasing and decreasing concentrations. Population pharmacodynamic modelling was performed using the NONMEM software package, yielding population mean parameters as well as indicators of interindividual variability.

Results:  Suppression of H‐reflex amplitude occurred at lower concentrations (mean EC50 1.04 ± 0.10 vol%, SE of NONMEM estimate) than the effect on either BIS or SEF95 of the EEG (mean EC50 1.55 ± 0.08 and 1.72 ± 0.18 vol%, respectively), and exhibited a higher interindividual variability. The concentration‐response function for the H‐reflex was also steeper (mean ë 2.83 ± 0.25). In addition, the equilibration between alveolar and effect compartment was slower for the H‐reflex (mean ke0 0.15 ± 0.01 min−1) than for BIS or SEF95 (mean ke0 0.22 ± 0.02 and 0.41 ± 0.05 min−1).

Conclusion:  The differences in EC50 and slope of the concentration‐response relationships for H‐reflex suppression and the EEG parameters point to different underlying mechanisms. In addition, the differences in time constant for equilibration between alveolar and effect compartment confirm the notion that immobility is caused at a different anatomic site than suppression of the EEG.
Comparison of the neuromuscular blocking effect of cisatracurium and atracurium on the larynx and the adductor pollicis
Authors: Kirov K. , Motamed C. , Decailliot F. , Behforouz N. , Duvaldestin P.
Published: April 2004

Background:  Cisatracurium unlike atracurium is devoid of histamine‐induced cardiovascular effects and this alone would be the greatest advantage in replacing atracurium for the facilitation of tracheal intubation. On the other hand, 2 ED95 doses of cisatracurium (100 µg/kg) do not yield satisfactory intubating conditions such as those seen with equipotent doses of atracurium and therefore the recommended intubating dose of cisatracurium is 3 ED95. To understand this discrepancy better, we evaluated the potency and onset of atracurium and cisatracurium directly at the larynx adductors in humans.

Methods:  The study was conducted in 54 patients (ASA class I or II) undergoing peripheral surgery requiring general anesthesia. Cisatracurium 25–150 µg/kg or atracurium 120–500 µg/kg intravenous (i.v.) boluses doses were administered during anesthesia with propofol, nitrous oxide, oxygen and fentanyl. Neuromuscular block was measured by electromyography (single twitch stimulation every 10 s) at the larynx and the adductor pollicis. The dose–response effect measured at both muscles included maximum neuromuscular blockade achieved (Emax), the time to maximum depression of twitch height (onset) and time to spontaneous recovery of the twitch height to 25%, 75% and 90% (T25, T75, T90) of control value.

Result:  The onset at the larynx was of 196 ± 28 s after the 100 µg/kg cisatracurium dose compared with 140 ± 14 s after the 500 µg/kg atracurium dose (P < 0.05). Emax at the larynx was 92 ± 1% and 98 ± 1% after 100 µg/kg cisatracurium and 500 µg/kg atracurium, respectively (P < 0.05). The time to onset of maximum suppression Emax = 100 ± 0% after a 150 µg/kg cisatracurium dose was 148 ± 29 s. At the larynx, the ED50 was 25 µg/kg for cisatracurium and 180 µg/kg for atracurium and the ED95 was 87 µg/kg for cisatracurium compared with 400 µg/kg for atracurium.

Conclusion:  The slow onset time at the laryngeal muscles after cisatracurium can be explained by the higher potency as compared with atracurium.
Vocal Repertoire of Sooty Mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus atys) in the Taï National Park
Authors: Range Friederike , Fischer Julia
Published: April 2004

Three factors, environment, quality and type of interaction, and phylogeny have been hypothesized to influence the structure of signal repertoires in primates. Much is known about vocal repertoires of terrestrial, savannah‐dwelling species and arboreal, rainforest‐dwelling species, but very little is known about terrestrial rainforest species. To fill this knowledge gap and to further elucidate how the three factors influence vocal repertoires of primates, we designed a study on sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus atys), a terrestrial Old World primate that lives in dense rainforests. Recordings of sooty mangabeys in their natural environment were used to compile the vocal repertoire of this species. All calls are described according to the basic acoustical structure and the behavioral context in which they occurred. Descriptions are supplemented by quantitative measurements of call occurrence in all age–sex classes. For the most frequently produced vocalizations, a preliminary acoustical analysis was conducted to test for individual and contextual differences. Finally, we compare vocalizations of sooty mangabeys with vocalizations of several other primate species and discuss how the factors mentioned above might influence the vocal repertoire of sooty mangabeys.
Strategies for teaching nursing research online
Authors: Moore P. , Hart L.
Published: April 2004

Background:  Nursing, like many disciplines in university settings, is experiencing increasing demand for online courses. Development and implementation of online courses with the quality of education nursing students experience in traditional classroom settings, is essential to maintaining integrity of the educational process. Nursing research has been offered in the online format in the RN‐BSN programme for 2 years. This course has an average enrolment of 80 to 90 students each semester.

Purpose:  This article presents strategies used in teaching an RN‐BSN nursing research course online.

Conclusions:  Feedback from faculty and students indicates that these strategies have been successful in facilitating this writing intensive course through distance learning.
Synthesis of Research Findings Regarding Alzheimer's Disease: Part IV, Education of Family and Staff Caregivers
Authors: Bower Fay L. , McCullough Cyndi S. , Pille Barbara L.
Published: April 2004

(1) The purpose of this synthesis of research findings regarding education of family and staff caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is to provide knowledge about what has been tried and what has been successful in terms of education for both family and staff caregivers. This article provides research findings concerning family and staff education, content of these educational programs, and impact of education on staff and family. The implications of research for practice of nurses are also presented. The article concludes with comments about the nature of research so far and what needs to be accomplished in the future.
Transitions through Out‐of‐Keeping Acts
Authors: McGinn Kathleen L. , Lingo Elizabeth Long , Ciano Karin
Published: April 2004

Within a negotiation, when an act by one party is out‐of‐keeping with the previous moves and underlying logic of the interaction, the act and those that follow hold the potential for creating a transition to a new logic of interaction. In this paper, we investigate the presence and role of seven distinct types of transitions resulting from out‐of‐keeping acts across ten complex legal negotiations. The data reveal that a critical feature differentiating across the types is the abruptness/gradualness of the transition. We explore the combination of relational, informational, and procedural acts comprising the transitions and find that all three components are present across transitions, but in different proportions and orders. Understanding the role of out‐of‐keeping acts in negotiations facilitates a more complete picture of the microprocesses involved in the creation of critical moments in negotiations.
Departures in Negotiation: Extensions and New Directions
Authors: Druckman Daniel
Published: April 2004

The conception of turning points advanced in this essay emphasizes events that occur in a chronological sequence which the author, in his previous work, has incorporated into a framework for case analysis. The framework covers three stages: precipitants that trigger change; departures which are the reaction to the precipitant; and consequences, which refer to the direction the negotiation takes as a result of the departure. Building on his earlier work, the author uses examples of a less‐bounded international negotiation and cases culled from the headlines to demonstrate the framework's generality. He then considers the concept at the individual, relational, and collective levels in an attempt to probe the psychological and social processes that occur before, during, and after departures (turning points); and may be in fact, the underlying impetus for departures.
Responding to Critical Moments with Humor, Recognition, and Hope
Authors: Forester John
Published: April 2004

Having “a sense of humor” when negotiations get tough has very little to do with being funny. Enacting rather than claiming, performing rather than arguing, mediators’ humor reveals multiple meanings and uncertainties, multiple perspectives and their limits, and parties’ needs while generating opportunities to learn. Humor can go wrong, and mediators stress a sine qua non: it must be respectful, never used at the expense of a negotiating party. At critical moments in negotiations, humor can be an important tool, if improvised with regard to tone, timing, affect, and respect. Mediators use humor to deconstruct and reconstruct parties’ presumptions of mediators’ authority; to recognize vulnerability, create moments of intimacy, and suggest possible community; to acknowledge painful histories and enable difficult conversations; to provide safety, release, and new collaborative openings. Mediators’ use of humor can signal possibility and hope and, not least of all, level power to encourage autonomy and build capacity — thus creating deliberative space and encouraging deliberative practice as well.
Transformations and Critical Moments in Negotiations
Authors: Putnam Linda L.
Published: April 2004

Transformation is not a new concept in the conflict literature. It forms the foundation for a particular school of thought in mediation and plays a major role in the analysis of international conflicts. More‐over, it shapes the goals and processes for managing public conflicts through dialogue and democracy. Although transformation surfaces in a variety of conflict management arenas, this concept has received only a modicum of attention in the negotiation literature. This article centers on the definition and features of critical moments in negotiation that might foster conflict transformation. It draws from the literature on conflict transformation and applies this work to negotiations. First, the author explores the definitions, characteristics, and types of shifts that set up transformations. Then she examines internal and external factors that contribute to transformative moments. Finally, the essay concludes with a discussion of distinctions between transformation and related constructs, suggestions for conducting research, and implications of this work for negotiation research.
The Proximate Determinants of the Decline to Below‐replacement Fertility in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Sibanda Amson , Woubalem Zewdu , Hogan Dennis P. , Lindstrom David P.
Published: April 2004

Between 1990 and 2000, the total fertility rate (TFR) in Ethiopia declined moderately from 6.4 to 5.9 children per woman of reproductive age. During the same period, the TFR in the capital city of Addis Ababa declined from 3.1 to 1.9 children per woman. Even more striking than the magnitude of this decline is that it occurred in the absence of a strong and effective national family planning program. In this study, the components of this fertility decline are identified using the Bongaarts framework of the proximate determinants of fertility. The results of a decomposition analysis indicate that a decrease in the age‐specific proportions of women who are married, followed by an increase in contraceptive use are the most important mechanisms by which fertility has declined in Addis Ababa. Poor employment prospects and relatively high housing costs are likely factors that encourage couples to delay marriage and reduce marital fertility.
Family Business Consultants as Leaders
Authors: Hubler Thomas M.
Published: April 2004

Consulting and working as an advisor to family businesses are awesome responsibilities. The interventions and advice we give will in some instances have an impact on a family for generations. As a result, it is critical to understand what factors create success as well as failure. In most instances, understanding our failures provides the richest opportunity to create future benefits for our clients. Accepting this challenge of learning from our mistakes requires courage and leadership to explore and understand our own depths and the five common shadows facing family business consultants and advisors. For those of us who take the risk and accept the challenge, the benefits are enormous—not only for ourselves and our profession but more importantly for our clients who are the recipients of our work.
Multiple Roles in Serving Families in Business
Authors: Vago Marta
Published: April 2004

When family business professionals serve family firms in more than one capacity, they begin to mirror the problems that cause conflict in business families. Fulfilling multiple professional roles started from necessity and became a tradition. The practice of “dual relationship” has gone unchallenged, even though it holds significant potential risk to the family enterprise. “Best practices” from corporate governance, together with established codes of conduct, provide guidelines for protecting both the quality and the integrity of professional input on which family firms rely. Better educated consumers and accountability to peers mean higher professional standards for meeting the needs of family enterprise.
Three Proposals for Interdisciplinary Study
Authors: Krasnow Henry C. , Wolkoff Robin L.
Published: April 2004

This article suggests research to determine whether more valuable legal advice can be given in three areas. The emotional distress caused by prenuptial agreements to people under 30 years old who are marrying for the first time is not justified because these agreements often do not accomplish their intended goals. Regarding estate planning, business owners and their lawyers often focus primarily on tax savings without considering the long-term impact of the estate plan on the family business. Finally, the advantages to the family business of agreements for the buyout of disgruntled minority shareholders are discussed.
Changing the Family Business through Action Research
Authors: Poza Ernesto , Johnson Sandra , Alfred Theodore
Published: April 2004

The qualitative research reported here is part of an ongoing, value-adding relationship between family-owned businesses and two universities: the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University and the Family Business Program at the University of St. Thomas. The family business programs at both universities have gone beyond the family business forum model so prevalent today and engaged with participating family firms in facilitating actions that represent meaningful changes for the family business. This article documents some of the changes and value derived by the participating firms. It also proposes the notion that the family business field can learn from action research processes. Because action research can keep both practitioners and researchers in contact with the fundamental problems faced by family-controlled corporations, it can help create knowledge that is immensely practical and fundamental.
Defining the New Professional: The Family Business Counselor
Authors: Goodman Joe M.
Published: April 2004

After years of development, family business counselors have emerged as multidimensional and holistic advisors serving the needs of families in business. These unique technically trained advisors have expanded their professional boundaries to encompass a broad range of skills that are required to address the multiple and complex issues associated with family business ownership, successorship, and continuity of the business enterprise. Their successful experience over a number of years with many family business clients is a rare and valuable resource. These new professionals are prepared to meet the needs of family business groups. The family business counselor has finally arrived.
Family Business Goals in the Tourism and Hospitality Sector: Case Studies and Cross-Case Analysis from Australia, Canada, and Sweden
Authors: Andersson Tommy , Carlsen Jack , Getz Donald
Published: April 2004

This paper compares three case studies of family businesses in the rural tourism and hospitality sectors in Canada, Sweden, and Australia. Goals for start-up, development, and ultimate disposition of the businesses are examined through cross-case analysis within the theoretical framework of the business and family life-cycle. Analysis reveals remarkable similarities reflecting the prominence of lifestyle considerations, location preferences, and uncertainty over disposition of the businesses. This paper assesses goals revealed through these cases and pertinent literature from the tourism and hospitality sectors in the context of three stages in family business evolution. It also draws research and management implications.
Over 100 Years of Age But Still Entrepreneurially Active in Business: Exploring the Values and Family Characteristics of Old Finnish Family Firms
Authors: Koiranen Matti
Published: April 2004

This article, based on an exploratory study of old Finnish family firms, examines two main research questions: “How do certain firms that have been involved in business for over one century perceive and rank their business values]” and “How do the members of the owner-families self-assess their family characteristics in these century-old family firms]” There are only 68 companies that belong to either the FBN-Finland Association (Perheyritysten liitto ry) or the Association of Finnish Entrepreneurs (Suomen yrittäjät ry) that are over 100 years of age. The data, based on self-assessments of the present active family executives working at the top level, were drawn from 10 FBN companies and 17 non-FBN companies (response rate 39.7%). When ranking the values, the Finnish respondents generally scored the desirable modes of conduct much higher than the desirable end-states. The top values were honesty, credibility, obeying the law, quality, and industriousness, which are all modes of good ethical conduct. The values of yielding good economic return to owners, willingness to grow, and to get social recognition all scored surprisingly low. The adjectives best describing the characteristics of owning families were: committed, responsible, fair, hardworking, and successful.
Relational and Contractual Governance in Family Firms: Effects on Strategic Decision Making
Authors: Mustakallio Mikko , Autio Erkko , Zahra Shaker A.
Published: April 2004

Governance of family firms differs from mainstream corporate governance in an important respect: Important owners, i.e., family members, may have multiple roles in the business. In this paper, we develop and test a model of family firm governance that incorporates both formal control and social control aspects of governance. Governance based on the formal control draws on agency theory, whereas the social control aspects draw on social theories of governance, addressing social capital embedded in relationships. Drawing on these theories, we examine the influence of different governance mechanisms on the quality of strategic decision making. The Family Business Governance Model is tested using survey data from 192 family firms in Finland. We use structural equation modeling in testing the empirical validity of the model. The empirical analysis largely supports our hypotheses on formal control and social control as well as their influences on the decision-making quality.
Association of Tuberculin-Boosted Antibody Responses with Pathology and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Cattle Vaccinated with
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG and Infected with
M. bovis
Authors: Lyashchenko Konstantin , Whelan Adam O. , Greenwald Rena , Pollock John M. , Andersen Peter , Hewinson R. Glyn , Vordermeier H. Martin
Published: April 2004

Vaccine development and our understanding of the pathology of bovine tuberculosis in cattle would be greatly facilitated by definition of the immunological correlates of protection and/or pathology. In this study we analyzed humoral immune responses in
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG-vaccinated and control cattle (in particular, the relationship between the intradermal comparative tuberculin skin test and serum immunoglobulin G [IgG] responses) against a range of mycobacterial antigens (MPB59, MPB64, MPB70, MPB83, ESAT-6, CFP-10, Acr1, and PstS-1) by multiantigen print immunoassay and conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Following
M. bovis
infection, the comparative tuberculin skin test strongly boosted IgG, IgG1, and IgG2 antibody responses, particularly against MPB83 and MPB70, in unvaccinated cattle but failed to boost these responses, or did so only weakly, in BCG-vaccinated calves. In addition, the skin test-induced increases in MPB83-specific IgG responses correlated positively with bacterial loads and ESAT-6-induced in vitro gamma interferon responses. In conclusion, both the negative correlation of skin test-enhanced MPB83-specific antibody responses with BCG-induced protection and their positive correlation with bacterial loads can serve as useful markers for vaccine efficacy after challenge.