bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convergence by means of globalized remediation
Authors: Fetveit Arild
Published: December 2007

Prophecies of media convergence have been a key component of recent discussions of digitalization. It has been claimed that the manipulability of digital data facilitates convergence and allows an erosion of differences between media. This article questions these assumptions by showing
how there are also considerable obstacles against such manipulability, as well as against the erasure of differences between media. By examining empirical developments, as well as arguments put forward by theorists like Friedrich Kittler, Jay Bolter, Lev Manovich and Rosalind Krauss, it is
maintained that what we are seeing is more a proliferations of media than a convergence leading to their unification. In part, this is due to our affection for a multiplicity of media. However, one way in which media do become similar is by increasingly being remediated on a digital platform.
Thereby they become subject to a globalization effect by having their functionalities augmented by basic traits of the computer.
The website as unit of analysis? Bolter and Manovich revisited
Authors: Brgger Niels
Published: December 2007

Taking as a point of departure that the website constitutes an important analytical unit for the analysis of Internet activities, this article discusses to what extent the work of Bolter and Manovich can contribute to the clarification of what characterizes the website as a phenomenon
in its own right. Focus is on the second edition of Bolter's Writing Space and on Lev Manovich's The Language of New Media, both from 2001. After a short outline of some of the overriding similarities and differences between these texts, it is demonstrated how the understanding
of the website oscillates between two poles: fragmentation/modulization vs. some kind of coherence. Finally, on the basis of a conceptual framework centred on the textual and paratextual being of the website, it is argued that the oscillation between fragmentation/modulization and coherence
in the vast majority of cases will prove to be to the advantage of coherence.
Gameplay as design: uses of computer players' immaterial labour
Authors: Arvidsson Adam , Sandvik Kjetil
Published: December 2007

The primary mode of reception in computer games is play. This implies that the agency performed by computer players does not limit itself to the process of reading, but is constituted by a creative enactment of the structures of interactive actions and events inherent in the game. As
such, gameplay may be regarded as a kind of (unpaid) immaterial labour, implying players' socialization, creativity, and a general intellect, that is, the ability to appropriate and rework the computer game as a work of culture. This article investigates the immaterial labour of computer players
and discusses how this is being put to work by the game industry at different levels as a means of producing fascinating game experiences and by means of including player agency as a productive force in gamedesign processes thus connecting it to the economy of computer-game production.
Assessment of biodeterioration for the screening of new wood preservatives: Calculation of stiffness loss in rapid decay testing
Authors: Przewloka Simon R. , Crawford Douglas M. , Rammer Douglas R. , Buckner Donald L. , Woodward Bessie M. , Li Gan , Nicholas Darrel D.
Published: December 2007

Demand for the development of environmentally benign wood preservatives has increased significantly. To reduce the evaluation time of prospective candidates, reliable accelerated decay methodologies are necessary for laboratory screening of potential preservatives. Ongoing research at Mississippi State University has focused upon utilizing custom built equipment to measure stiffness losses in wood wafers after 4 weeks of fungal exposure as opposed to mass losses in blocks after 12 weeks. Stiffness loss as a measure to quantify the extent of biodeterioration may allow detection of incipient decay. The resistance of untreated and treated southern yellow pine and radiata pine (Pinus radiata) sapwood wafers to biodeterioration by brown rot (Neolentinus lepideus, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta) and white rot (Trametes versicolor and Irpex lacteus) fungi was investigated by measuring stiffness. From the data collected percentage stiffness losses were calculated based upon modulus of elasticity. It is a potentially accurate alternative to the “secant modulus” at a deformation equal to 5% of the specimen height calculation generally performed.
FT-NIR spectroscopy in predicting the decay resistance related characteristics of solid Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood
Authors: Leinonen Asta , Harju Anni M. , Venäläinen Martti , Saranpää Pekka , Laakso Tapio
Published: December 2007

FT-NIR spectroscopy equipped with a fiber optic probe was used to predict the mass loss caused by a brown-rot fungus (Coniophora puteana) in Scots pine heartwood. Because decay tests are impractical for generating reference data for the calibration of prediction models, the possibilities of using the concentration of heartwood extractives as a reference variable instead of mass loss was studied. The material investigated covered a wide range of natural variation in durability and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra were recorded from the cross section of 41 pines. The partial least square (PLS) regression models were found to be satisfactory for prediction of the mass loss and the concentration of extractives (total phenolics, resin acids, pinosylvin and pinosylvin monomethyl ether). It was concluded that FT-NIR spectroscopy has the potential to become a tool for the decay resistance grading of Scots pine heartwood timber, especially if the prediction models will be based on heartwood extractives.
Automating Routine Imaging Tasks
Authors: Long Andrew Stawowczyk
Published: December 2007

In recent years, digital imaging in many institutions mutated from being a highly sophisticated art into something resembling a production line. With customers expecting more and more material available online it was necessary to start digitizing large number of items in the shortest possible time. To achieve this without compromising standards, we have to automate certain routine tasks as much as possible.
‘The Empire That Was Russia: The Produkin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated’
Authors: Smith Steve
Published: December 2007

‘The Empire That Was Russia: The Produkin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated’ features color photographic images of pre-revolutionary Russia made by Sergei Mikhailovich Produkin-Gorskii (1863–1944). The exhibit presents over 50 images in four categories: architecture, ethnic diversity, transportation, and people at work. Additional images are found in the introduction describing Produkin-Gorskii's life and work and in the fascinating section on the creation of the digital images. There is also a chronology listing key dates for Produkin-Gorskii within the context of relevant political and cultural events in Russian and world history.
BOOK REVIEW ESSAY Braverman Revisited
Authors: Leggett William H.
Published: December 2007

The Critical Study of Work: Labor, Technology, and Global Production. Baldoz, Rick, Charles Koeber, and Philip Kraft, eds. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Collins Samuel Gerald
Published: December 2007

Korean Workers: the Culture and Politics of Class Formation. Hagen Koo. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Lee Yew‐Jin
Published: December 2007

Fishers at Work, Workers at Sea:. Puerto Rican Journey through Labor and Refuge. David Griffith and Manuel Valdés Pizzini. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Passmore Ben
Published: December 2007

Post‐Secondary Education on the Edge: Self‐Improvement and Community Development in. Cape Breton Coal Town. Jane McEldowny Jensen. New York: Peter Lang, 2002.
VISUAL REVIEWS
Authors: Bossen Laurel
Published: December 2007

The Amahs of Hong Kong. Anastasia Edwards, director. DAERRE Productions with TVE International, producers. 12 min. Color. Oley, PA: Bullfrog Films, 1995.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Gamst Frederick C.
Published: December 2007

The Triangle Fire. Leon Stein. With. new introduction by William Greider. Ithaca: ILR and Cornell University Press, 2001 [1962].
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Fadzillah Ida
Published: December 2007

G‐Strings and Sympathy: Strip Club Regulars and Male Desire. Katherine Frank. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Letkemann Paul G.
Published: December 2007

The Commercialization of Intimate Life: Notes from Home and Work. Arlie Russell Hochschild. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
“We're Our Own Boss”: Gendered Class‐Consciousness and White Privilege among Hooper's Island Crab Pickers
Authors: Feltault Kelly
Published: December 2007

This article analyzes the gendered class‐consciousness of white crab pickers of the Chesapeake Bay through their claim that they are their own boss. Although crab pickers work in a factory for a wage, have a boss, and punch a time clock, this article argues that gender, whiteness, kinship, and localized myths of hard work and independence tied to the coastal landscape formed a unique local and regional history linked to class and racial ideologies that actually allowed white crab pickers to contest packinghouse owners' authority over their schedules, speed, and other political aspects of work. The article analyzes ethnographic fieldwork, discourses in federal documents, and a strike by crab pickers to argue that white women's claim of self employment was an historically contingent process where class and class‐consciousness operated as relationships defined by women as they lived their own lives. The article concludes that scholars must separate class‐consciousness from class action and understand the political power of dominant classes to control the latter, especially in relation to gendered labor markets. Women crab pickers' claim of self‐employment points to a consciousness of oneself within a specific power relationship and subordinated position.
Business First: Work Relations in Cape Breton's “Progressive” Third Sector
Authors: DeRoche Constance P.
Published: December 2007

Cape Breton Island, the northeastern portion of Canada's province of Nova Scotia, has a long history of both economic malaise and experimentation with innovative forms of economic organization. Disillusioned with both private enterprise and state economic intervention, local activists have, over the last three decades, worked to develop community‐oriented, “third‐sector” ventures. Building on the grassroots tradition of the region's “Antigonish Movement,” and inspired by the Basque worker co‐operatives of Mondragón, these reformers have established enterprises that purport to be progressive. This article examines that reformist claim as it pertains to a group of not‐for‐profit companies called New Dawn Enterprises, as well as the community‐investment firm it spawned, BCA. The analysis suggests that while these firms, in some ways, have “socialized” capital, they have done nothing to restructure labor‐management relations. Experimentation with workplace democracy has been sacrificed for conventional measures of business success. That is, though it is not privately appropriated in these firms, financial profit is the top priority.
Work, Experiential Learning, Lived Practice and Knowing‐in‐Action
Authors: Beck Sam
Published: December 2007

The work that is represented here demonstrates the importance of what we do in learning to work in professional settings of various sorts. Learning‐in‐context through experience and action is so essential that it is normalized and taken for granted, accepted as part of “the real world,” not needing explanation or intervention. The articles in this issue describe and explain learning‐in‐action. Each of the articles in this special issue demonstrates that no matter the style of teaching/learning and context, we must increasingly become aware of the unintended outcomes of the processes involved. The articles emphasize the simultaneity of work, learning, and teaching. The authors discuss how work experience is represented and the nature of reflection, the ways through which work confidence and competency are constructed in situated activities, and how work practice is transmitted by mentors and reproduced by novices through a process of transition.
Working Through Tradition: Experiential Learning and Formal Training as Markers of Class and Caste in North Indian Block Printing
Authors: DeNicola Alicia Ory
Published: December 2007

Located about 40 kilometers west of Jaipur, India, Bagru is home to a nationally renowned cluster of about 100 artisan families who use wooden blocks and rely heavily on regionally manufactured natural dyes to hand print upscale boutique textiles for the world market. As printers have successfully entered into export markets, they have sold their products as “traditional,” marking their commodities as distinct from mass‐produced, screen‐printed textiles made with chemical dyes in urban factories. At the same time, designers have played an important role in introducing these traditional products to a global market, marking their role as “innovative.” In this article I argue that the articulation and practice of tradition and innovation within different works, then, serve to mediate and maintain class distinctions in an arena where a rising middle class is still self‐consciously creating itself. This article explores the distinctive formal and experiential learning associated with tradition and innovation alongside the discourses that accompany them. What is implicitly at stake in this narrative is the construction and maintenance of a class distinction: one that borrows from local caste understandings of patronage and responsibility at the same time that it manages to negotiate local and global systems—both exploiting and being exploited by the consistently reconstructed boundaries of the market.
Appreciating the “Work” in Artwork: Handmade Ceramics from San Vicente de Nicoya, Costa Rica
Authors: Johnson‐Ortiz Aaron
Published: December 2007

Artisans in San Vicente de Nicoya, Costa Rica, sustain a pottery industry partially inherited from ancient traditions but greatly developed over the past three decades, hand‐in‐hand with a rise in tourism. Contemporary ceramics change aesthetically as individual artisans instill their own sense of beauty in their work and discern the preferences of buyers. However, few tourists and collectors assess the labor that goes into each stage of manufacture. Community members are trying to create an environment in which ceramics sell for a price that at least covers the material investments and hours of labor, while instilling a greater appreciation of the art form, its history, and the artisans themselves. In this photo essay, I propose photography as one of the many ways that an ecomuseum can educate visitors and help promote a “fair trade” environment.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Weil Jim
Published: December 2007

Miniature Crafts and Their Makers: Palm Weaving in. Mexican Town. Katrin S. Flechsig. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004.
White Collars with Chinese Characteristics: Global Capitalism and the Formation of a Social Identity
Authors: Duthie Laurie
Published: December 2007

China's economic reform and the increasing presence of foreign direct investment has resulted in the creation of a new occupational segment of white collar business professionals employed by foreign‐invested multinational corporations. This article explores the emergence of this occupational segment in historical context and then further addresses the social prestige and meaning assigned to white‐collar professionals in contemporary China. Through the lens of different aspects of identity—namely gender, citizenship, race, and ethnicity—the author explores the formation of this social identity on local, national, and global scales. Ultimately, the author argues that the process of identity formation in the case of white‐collar workers in China involves the intertwining of multiple and contrasting ideologies.
BOOK REVIEW: REVIEW ESSAY California Farmiń: Promise and Reality
Authors: Kalocsai Csilla
Published: December 2007

Privatizing Poland: Baby Food, Big Business, and the Remaking of Labor. Elizabeth C. Dunn. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2004.
Through the Crack of the Time Bind: From Market Management to Family Management
Authors: Hochschild Arlie Russell
Published: December 2007

How workers handle the time bind (their temporal strategies) affects how open they are to market understandings of life at home. Some workers passively submit to the time bind (the “endurer”) while others actively resist it (the “resisters”). Still others actively accept the time bind (the “deferrer,” the “busy bee,” and the “delegator”) and so welcome any tips on office efficiency that might apply to the home. “Family 360,” a family consulting service, illustrates how a professional service can operationalize at home metaphors, idioms and concepts drawn from the market world. Constant busyness is, I suggest, the current “opiate of the masses,” which can block from view the cultural fissures through which market instrumentality and emotional detachment sometimes seep into life at home.
The Promises and the Challenges of Social Movement Unionism
Authors: Cowles Spencer L.
Published: December 2007

The Voice of Southern Labor: Radio, Music, and Textile Strikes, 1929–1934. Vincent J. Roscigno and William F. Danaher. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.

Reorganizing the Rust Belt: An Inside Study of the American Labor Movement. Steven Henry Lopez. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004.

Rebuilding Labor: Organizing and Organizers in the New Union Movement. Ruth Milkman and Kim Voss editors. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004.
Book Reviews
Authors: Gabriel Jackie
Published: December 2007

Immigrants, Unions, and the New U.S. Labor Market. Immanuel Ness. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2005.
Book Reviews
Authors: Beck Margaret E.
Published: December 2007

Recreating Hopewell. Douglas K. Charles and Jane E. Buikstra, eds. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2004.
Book Reviews
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz
Published: December 2007

Occupational Ghettos: The Worldwide Segregation of Women and Men. Maria Charles and David B. Grusky. Stanford University Press: Stanford, California, 2004.
Verdi, the Virgin, and the Censor: The Politics of the Cult of Mary in I Lombardi alla prima crociata and Giovanna d'Arco
Authors: Izzo Francesco
Published: December 2007

Christian elements and themes developed rapidly in mid-nineteenth-century Italian culture. This essay concentrates on Giuseppe Verdi's I Lombardi alla prima crociata (1843) and Giovanna d'Arco (1845)—the first nineteenth-century Italian operas to include explicit references to the Virgin Mary. Whereas Giselda's prayer to the Virgin in I Lombardi was allowed by the censors with only one minimal emendation, evidence in the autograph score of Giovanna d'Arco reveals that numerous relevant Marian elements in this opera were modified or suppressed. The different attitude of the Milanese censors toward the two operas, both premiered at La Scala, may at first seem contradictory. Examined in the context of contemporary cultural ramifications of the cult of Mary, however, these works and their censorship acquire new meanings, shedding light on the intersections between religion and politics in the phase of the Risorgimento leading to the revolutions of 1848–49. On the one hand, Giselda's character and her prayer embody the feminine mildness, faith, and passivity characteristic of the Catholic-liberal movement, hardly posing a threat to the political and religious status quo. On the other, the Marian elements in Giovanna d'Arco suggest an appropriation of this religious icon for the purposes of an overtly revolutionary agenda, and thus prompted the intervention of the censors. What may at first seem a straightforward instance of religious censorship bears profound political implications, suggests that the censors operated according to contextual or semantic (rather than merely textual or lexical) criteria, and invites a more nuanced perception of the political meanings of Verdi's works prior to 1848.
The Problem of Ives's Revisions, 1973–1987
Authors: Massey Drew
Published: December 2007

Although scholars already understand that the issue of revisions in the music of Charles Ives is fraught paleographically, the intellectual history of attitudes towards Ives's revisions has remained underexplored. This essay examines the major voices in the debate about Ives's revisions between the activation of the Charles Ives Society in 1973 and the publication of Maynard Solomon's 1987 article “Charles Ives: Some Questions of Veracity.” Unpublished letters by John Kirkpatrick and Elliott Carter, which shed crucial light on the issue, are discussed and are reproduced here in their entirety. This debate influenced the way the Ives Society approached their complete critical edition. The Society, which sought to represent “the composer that Ives was at the time of composition,” disregarded later versions of Ives's music in approximately one fifth of the editions issued during Kirkpatrick's tenure as Executive Editor. Taken as a whole, what emerges is a discussion that was much more active than existing scholarship has acknowledged. By approaching Ives's revisions from a historiographic standpoint, future Ives scholarship, which includes editorial projects, has the opportunity to assess more fully its own assumptions about the composer as he has come to be known.
Effects of Water Temperature on Interspecific Competition between Juvenile Bull Trout and Brook Trout in an Artificial Stream
Authors: Rodtka Mike C. , Volpe John P.
Published: December 2007

The distribution and abundance of bull trout Salvelinus confluentus is influenced by a number of factors, including the presence of nonnative brook trout S. fontinalis, and populations are in decline across the native range. Where sympatric, bull trout are more likely to persist in higher‐elevation, cooler streams. To test the hypothesis that competition between juveniles of these species is independent of water temperature, behavioral observations were made of each species in artificial streams. Two temperature (8°C and 15°C) and three density (4.1, 8.2, and 4.1 fish of each species/m2) treatments were used. The results support the contention that bull trout are competitively disadvantaged in warmer water. In warm water, bull trout significantly increased intraspecific agonism. Temperature and density did not influence intraspecific brook trout behavior; however, brook trout tended to increase interspecific agonism in warm water. In mixed‐species treatments, brook trout agonism was positively associated with foraging rate at both temperatures, but the trend was weak for bull trout in the warmwater treatment and was reversed in the coldwater treatment. Although fish growth was variable and primarily negative, within temperature treatments the per capita bull trout weight loss consistently increased they were competing with brook trout and was greatest overall at 15°C. Intraspecific competition had the largest effect on brook trout growth in warm water; intraspecific and interspecific effects on brook trout growth were comparable at 8°C. If these condition‐specific behavioral responses occur in natural streams, juvenile bull trout may be disadvantaged when competing with brook trout in warmer waters.
Use of Techniques from Foraging Theory to Quantify the Cost of Predation for Benthic Fishes
Authors: Polivka Karl M.
Published: December 2007

Field assays of survival and foraging behavior were used to estimate the energetic cost of predation risk in terms of reduced prey consumption for two freshwater benthic cottid fishes that (1) opportunistically exploit high resource availability, particularly during their early life history, and (2) compete for resources at the patch scale in estuaries. Both species' spatial occurrence tended to reflect avoidance of a larger marine predatory cottid, the Pacific staghorn sculpin Leptocottus armatus, but the predator overlapped more with prickly sculpin Cottus asper than with coastrange sculpin C. aleuticus. Survival of coastrange sculpin was reduced more than threefold in experimental assays that exposed juveniles to predation risk, which was statistically consistent with the principle of mortality‐to‐growth ratio (μ/g) minimization. A subsequent experiment measured foraging on depletable food patches during exposure to the threat of predation risk (from an enclosed predator that was prevented from causing lethal effects); juvenile and adult coastrange sculpin reduced their foraging effort 20‐30% relative to a predator‐free situation. Examining the foraging cost of predation for both coastrange sculpin and prickly sculpin yielded ambiguous results regarding the partitioning of resources and predator avoidance. Adults of each species differed in their responses to predation risk, but the juvenile comparison was complicated by variable resource densities (marine invertebrates) for each species.
Reproductive Ecology of Slimy Sculpin in Small New Brunswick Streams
Authors: Keeler Rachel A. , Cunjak Richard A.
Published: December 2007

The male slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus guards a nest rock and provides parental care for the offspring of one or more females, which deposit all their eggs into the male's nest. The purpose of our research was to determine the timing of nest acquisition, spawning, and hatching and to describe biological (number of eggs) and physical characteristics of the nest. In total, we monitored 77 nests during the 2004 spawning period (April‐June). Females' egg masses contained an average of 106 eggs. Males guarded an average of 239 eggs; most guarded two or three females' egg masses. Most males (60%) began guarding nests in early May, about a week before egg deposition, and left the nest by the end of June. Males tended to use cobble in shallow water as nests. These findings suggest that slimy sculpin may be sensitive to changes in natural flow conditions during their reproductive period.
Movement Patterns of Japanese Fluvial SculpinCottus polluxin a Headwater Stream
Authors: Natsumeda Takaharu
Published: December 2007

Movements of the Japanese fluvial sculpinCottus polluxwere studied over a 2‐year period using a mark‐recapture technique in two reaches (100 and 300 m) of a small, temperate stream system, the Fujii River, Japan. Of 321 recaptures, 62 fish (19.3%) moved across at least one riffle (i.e., were “mobile”). Fish moved distances of up to 192 m (median = 4 m). Distance moved (m) by all fish correlated positively with the recapture interval (d) in both years, illustrating the importance of the temporal dimension for movements. Mean daily distance moved (m/d) in the high‐flow year was greater than that in the low‐flow year. The high‐flow year, which had a higher frequency of peak flow events, had a higher frequency of mobile fish than did the low‐flow year, suggesting that interannual variation in movements is related to streamflow. Fish size and growth did not differ between mobile fish and residents in the high‐flow year; however, mobile fish were larger and grew more slowly than residents in the low‐flow year. Patterns of movement from multiple recaptures showed evidence for round‐trip movements at channel unit and reach scales, but no fish completed round‐trip movements by crossing a small weir (<0.5 m in height). These results emphasize the importance of maintaining fish passage and pool‐riffle sequences throughout the stream course to prevent isolation of subpopulations by weirs, culverts, and road crossings. Physical barriers to Japanese fluvial sculpin movements could be mitigated by placing a ramp of cobbles downstream of the barriers.
Anthropogenic Impacts on American Eel Demographics in Hudson River Tributaries, New York
Authors: Machut Leonard S. , Limburg Karin E. , Schmidt Robert E. , Dittman Dawn
Published: December 2007

Populations of American eel Anguilla rostrata along the eastern coast of North America have declined drastically for largely unknown reasons. We examined the population dynamics of American eels in six tributaries of the Hudson River, New York, to quantify their distribution and the impacts of anthropogenic stressors. With up to 155 American eels per 100 m2, tributary densities are greater than those within the main stem of the Hudson River and are among the highest reported anywhere. The predominance of small American eels (<200 mm) and wide range of ages (from young‐of‐year glass eels to 24‐year‐old yellow eels) suggest that tributaries are an important nursery area for immature American eels. However, upstream of natural and artificial barriers, American eel densities were reduced by at least a factor of 10 and condition, as measured by mass, was significantly lower. Significantly lower American eel condition was also found with increasing riparian urbanization. Density‐dependent growth limitations below barriers are suggested by increased growth rates above the first tributary barrier. We suggest that (1) tributaries are important habitat for the conservation of American eels and (2) mitigation of anthropogenic stressors is vital for complete utilization of available habitat and conservation of the species.
Relationships between a Fish Index of Biotic Integrity and Mean Length and Density of Brook Trout and Brown Trout in Wisconsin Streams
Authors: Griffin Joanna D. Tober , Fayram Andrew H.
Published: December 2007

Native brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and introduced brown trout Salmo trutta support important recreational fisheries in Wisconsin, and coldwater index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores are often used to determine the quality of stream environments for these trout. To successfully manage biotic communities and fish populations, it is important to understand the relationships among metrics of interest. We quantified the relationships among the catch per linear meter (CPE) of brook trout and brown trout, their mean total lengths, and the coldwater fish IBI scores in second‐order and third‐order streams in Wisconsin. Brook trout CPE increased as coldwater IBI score increased, but there was no significant relationship between brown trout CPE and IBI score. The mean length of brown trout decreased as coldwater IBI score increased; the mean length of brook trout and IBI score were not significantly related. The mean lengths of both brook and brown trout decreased with increasing CPE. Balancing the management of trout density, length, and biotic integrity may be difficult in wadeable streams in Wisconsin. Our findings suggest that the increased abundance of brook trout is compatible with high IBI scores but that the increased abundance of brown trout and greater mean lengths are not.
Freshwater Sculpins: Phylogenetics to Ecology
Authors: Adams Susan B. , Schmetterling David A.
Published: December 2007

Freshwater sculpins (Cottidae) are a diverse and ecologically important component of cool‐ and coldwater ecosystems throughout the northern hemisphere. More than 60 sculpin species occur in a variety of habitats, and sculpin distributions range from highly localized to widespread. Despite the frequently high biomass of sculpins and their numerous ecosystem functions, the traditional fisheries management emphasis on sport fishes has led to a general neglect of small‐bodied, nongame fishes, such as sculpins, in both research and management. Ironically, in many coldwater ecosystems, salmonids are used as umbrella species to conserve and protect all aquatic vertebrates; however, many management and conservation goals may be better met by focusing on sculpins. This module arose from a symposium entitled “Ecology and Phylogeny of Freshwater and Diadromous Sculpin,” which was held at the 2005 annual meeting of the American Fisheries Society in Anchorage, Alaska, and which brought together researchers studying sculpins from diverse perspectives. The objectives of this special module are to (1) publish a wealth of recent research on sculpins in one place to highlight the various scales at which sculpin research can be informative and useful, (2) stimulate interest in sculpins as targets of research and conservation, and (3) illustrate some conservation needs and management uses of sculpins that are unique from those of salmonids and other sport fishes. The papers in this module cover a range of topics, including phylogenetics of a species complex, tests of behavioral theories, and characteristics of sculpin movements, foraging, and reproduction. Together, these papers illustrate the importance of sculpins to a variety of fish communities and their usefulness in addressing theoretical questions and management objectives.
What Causes Variability in Pink Salmon Family Size?
Authors: Geiger Harold J. , Wang Ivan , Malecha Pat , Hebert Kyle , Smoker William W. , Gharrett Anthony J.
Published: December 2007

To study family‐specific variation in the survival of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, we partitioned family size into four life history divisions: (1) maternal fecundity, (2) deposition of fertilized eggs and egg loss from the redd, (3) freshwater survival (and male potency), and (4) marine survival. We directly measured the variability in fecundity and then measured the family‐specific variability of freshwater survival in several Alaskan hatchery populations. Next, we measured freshwater survival in spatially clustered groups of wild pink salmon (not identified to a specific dam or sire) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Drawing on estimates of the family‐specific variation of marine survival in pink salmon from previous studies, we concluded that family‐specific egg deposition processes and family‐specific variability in the marine environment were the primary sources of the overall variability in pink salmon family size, at least in the populations studied. We hypothesize that the freshwater environment generally induces lower variability in family size than does the marine environment. If this is so, it appears that pink salmon populations are more finely adapted to the freshwater environment, presumably because this environment is more constant. Finally, we speculate that the marine environment is too unpredictable to permit the same level of adaptation of many traits closely linked to marine survival.
Fluid inclusion microthermometry and rare earth element distribution in the celestites of the Jebel Doghra ore deposit (Dome Zone, northern Tunisia): towards a new genetic model
Authors: Souissi Fouad , Sassi Radhia , Dandurand Jean-Louis , Bouhlel Salah , Ben Hamda Sami
Published: December 2007

The celestite ore of Jebel Doghra occurs as stratabound deposits within the cap-rock of a diapiric structure of Triassic salt-rocks. The celestite deposits result mainly from the late diagenetic to epigenetic replacement of the carbonated host-rocks giving rise to a dolomite-celestite “banded ore”. Celestite is locally observed within fractures. This study proposes a new genetic model based on fluid inclusion (FI) microthermometry and REE geochemistry. FI show that celestite, occurring either as stratabound bodies or lodes, was deposited from a highly saline (20.7 ± 1.3 wt%NaCl equivalents) and warm (174 ± 3oC) basinal fluid, which contains hydrocarbon droplets and CO2. The geochemistry of the REE shows that the deposition of celestite is due to the mixing between a deep-sourced fluid which has acquired high Sr concentrations by leaching feldspar-rich series in depth and a sulfate-rich solution associated with the Triassic evaporites.
Trilobite palaeobiodiversity during the Devonian in the Ardennes Massif
Authors: Crônier Catherine , van Viersen Allart
Published: December 2007

Trilobite occurrences and biodiversity from Devonian sections of the Ardennes Massif are presented. Fluctuations in diversity reflect environmental changes and event-stratigraphic turnovers throughout the Devonian. Peak diversity is attained during the Eifelian (Middle Devonian) when the carbonate system is developed. Six trilobite associations have been delineated based on cluster analysis. Distribution of these associations is correlated with the deposition environments and age of the strata.
Permian and Triassic radiolarians from northern Tibet: correlation between radiolarian and conodont biozones
Authors: Feng Qinglai , Yang Zijiang , Crasquin Sylvie , Zhao Laishi , Li Xianyang
Published: December 2007

Thirty-five radiolarian species, belonging to two assemblages, one from the Changhsingian and the second one from the early Anisian, were recovered from siliceous rocks occurring in Xijirulan orogenic belt, northern Tibet. A new radiolarian species of them, Cryptostephanidium tibetensis, is described. The lower Anisian Eptingium nakasekoi assemblage co-occurs with conodonts belonging to Chiosella timorensis Zone. This fact allows correlation between radiolarian and conodont biozones. The lower Anisian radiolarian assemblage has a high diversity and supports that radiolarian radiation after the end-Permian mass extinction begins in the earliest Anisian. The research on the lithostratigraphic sequence and sedimentology shows that the old land of the Xijirulan orogenic belt, formed by the collision between the Qiangtang and Koh Xil terranes at the latest Early Permian, has disappeared in the early Changhsingian. During the Changhsingian and Triassic, the Xijirulan orogenic belt has become a deep marine basin and was combined with the Bayan Har Basin. This large deep sea basin extended until the end of the Triassic, locally possibly until the Jurassic.
A sinraptorid theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Phu Kradung Formation of northeastern Thailand
Authors: Buffetaut Eric , Suteethorn Varavudh
Published: December 2007

A theropod tibia from the Phu Kradung Formation of Mukdahan Province, northeastern Thailand, is described and referred to the family Sinraptoridae, previously known only from the Jurassic of China (Xinjiang and Sichuan). This find confirms the affinities of the vertebrate assemblage from the Phu Kradung Formation with Late Jurassic faunas from China. The Late Jurassic age suggested by fossil vertebrates for the Phu Kradung Formation is not in good agreement with an attribution to the Early Cretaceous based on palynomorphs.
Oceanosuchus boecensis n. gen, n. sp., a marine pholidosaurid (Crocodylia, Mesosuchia) from the Lower Cenomanian of Normandy (western France)
Authors: Hua Stéphane , Buffetaut Eric , Legall Christophe , Rogron Patrick
Published: December 2007

A partial crocodilian skeleton, including a well-preserved skull and mandible, from the marine Lower Cenomanian of Normandy (northwestern France) is described as a new genus and species of the family Pholidosauridae (Mesosuchia), Oceanosuchus boecensis. Diagnosis for genus and species: Mesorostrine pholidosaurid (rostral index 66% as compared with 74% for Terminonaris robusta and 75% for Sarcosuchus imperator, hitherto the least longirostrine species in that family), relatively short mandibular symphysis (11 post-symphysial alveoli), no external mandibular fenestra, prearticular present, paired tuberosities at the base of the cervical vertebral centra.
The ENPP1 K121Q Polymorphism Is Associated With Type 2 Diabetes in European Populations
Authors: McAteer Jarred B. , Prudente Sabrina , Bacci Simonetta , Lyon Helen N. , Hirschhorn Joel N. , Trischitta Vincenzo , Florez Jose C. ,   for the ENPP1 Consortium
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVE—Functional studies suggest that the nonsynonymous K121Q polymorphism in the ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) may confer susceptibility to insulin resistance; genetic evidence on its effect on type 2 diabetes, however, has been conflicting. We therefore conducted a new meta-analysis that includes novel unpublished data from the ENPP1 Consortium and recent negative findings from large association studies to address the contribution of K121Q to type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—After a systematic review of the literature, we evaluated the effect of ENPP1 K121Q on diabetes risk under three genetic models using a random-effects approach. Our primary analysis consisted of 30 studies comprising 15,801 case and 26,241 control subjects. Due to considerable heterogeneity and large differences in allele frequencies across populations, we limited our meta-analysis to those of self-reported European descent and, when available, included BMI as a covariate.

RESULTS—We found a modest increase in risk of type 2 diabetes for QQ homozygotes in white populations (combined odds ratio [OR] 1.38 [95% CI 1.10–1.74], P = 0.005). There was no evidence of publication bias, but we noted significant residual heterogeneity among studies (P = 0.02). On meta-regression, 16% of the effect was accounted for by the mean BMI of control subjects. This association was stronger in studies in which control subjects were leaner but disappeared after adjustment for mean control BMI (combined OR 0.93 [95% CI 0.75–1.15], P = 0.50).

CONCLUSIONS—The ENPP1 Q121 variant increases risk of type 2 diabetes under a recessive model of inheritance in whites, an effect that appears to be modulated by BMI.
Effects on vegetation composition of a modified forest harvesting and propagation method compared with clear‐cutting, scarification and planting
Authors: Bergstedt Johan , Hagner Mats , Milberg Per
Published: December 2007

Question: How does the vegetation of boreal forests respond to harvesting and scarification?

Location: 650 m a.s.l., central Sweden (61°38’ N).

Methods: The response of boreal forest vegetation to cutting and scarification was studied in a field trial, which consisted of three treatments plus conventional harvesting as a control in a complete block design with four replicates. The cutting was done 14 years prior to vegetation inventory and scarification and planting were conducted the first or second years after cutting.

Results: The species most abundant at higher cutting intensities were crustose lichens, Cladonia spp., Cladina arbuscula, Polytrichum spp. and pioneer mosses, the grass Deschampsia flexuosa, and the tree Betula pubescens, A few species had substantially lower abundance in treatments with higher cutting intensity, notably Hylocomium splendens and Vaccinium myrtillus. Scarification had a strong effect that was different from the one created by cutting. In scarification treatments, Polytrichum spp. were the only species with high abundance; most species had low abundance, i.e. Barbilophozia lycopodioides, Vaccinium vitis‐idaea, Pleurozium schreberi, Carex globularis, Empetrum nigrum, Cladina arbuscula, Sphagnum spp.

Conclusions: Our results elaborate on the details of the well‐known effect of cutting on ground‐layer flora, and also give support for the profound and long‐lasting effect that soil scarification has on forest vegetation.
Fire and the relative roles of weather, climate and landscape characteristics in the Great Lakes‐St. Lawrence forest of Canada
Authors: Drever C. Ronnie , Drever Mark C. , Messier Christian , Bergeron Yves , Flannigan Mike
Published: December 2007

Question:In deciduous‐dominated forest landscapes, what are the relative roles of fire weather, climate, human and biophysical landscape characteristics for explaining variation in large fire occurrence and area burned?

Location:The Great Lakes‐St. Lawrence forest of Canada. Methods: We characterized the recent (1959–1999) regime of large (≥ 200 ha) fires in 26 deciduous‐dominated landscapes and analysed these data in an information‐theoretic framework to compare six hypotheses that related fire occurrence and area burned to fire weather severity, climate normals, population and road densities, and enduring landscape characteristics such as surficial deposits and large lakes.

Results:392 large fires burned 833 698 ha during the study period, annually burning on average 0.07%± 0.42% of forested area in each landscape. Fire activity was strongly seasonal, with most fires and area burned occurring in May and June. A combination of antecedent‐winter precipitation, fire season precipitation deficit/surplus and percent of landscape covered by well‐drained surficial deposits best explained fire occurrence and area burned. Fire occurrence varied only as a function of fire weather and climate variables, whereas area burned was also explained by percent cover of aspen and pine stands, human population density and two enduring characteristics: percent cover of large water bodies and glaciofluvial deposits.

Conclusion:Understanding the relative role of these variables may help design adaptation strategies for forecasted increases in fire weather severity by allowing (1) prioritization of landscapes according to enduring characteristics and (2) management of their composition so that substantially increased fire activity would be necessary to transform landscape structure and composition.
Thicket clumps: A characteristic feature of the Kagera savanna landscape, East Africa
Authors: Bloesch U.
Published: December 2007

Question: What are the genesis and development of thicket clumps within a savanna landscape at geomorphically different locations and what are the driving forces?

Location: The Kagera Region, in the border area of Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania.

Methods: The vegetation of 32 dry evergreen thicket clumps and their surrounding savannas have been analysed at different geomorphic locations. At each vegetation plot Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Fe2+/3+, H+, P, C, N, bulk density and particle size were determined for each soil horizon. The impact of soil and termite mounds on thicket clump dynamics on seasonally waterlogged plains, gentle slopes and stony hillsides were assessed.

Results: Thicket clumps and their surrounding savannas have a distinct structure and floristic composition. They also have distinct soil properties although parent materials are the same. On seasonally waterlogged plains, new thicket clumps can develop on Macrotermitinae mounds; on stony hillsides, Trinervitermes and Macrotermes show a uniform distribution pattern and may initiate the genesis of thicket clumps.

Conclusions: Geomorphology broadly determines the significance and interactions of the main factors affecting site‐specific vegetation dynamics. On seasonally waterlogged plains, thicket clumps are restricted to termite mounds. Since intra‐species competition dictates a minimal distance between neighbouring Macrotermitinae colonies, thicket clumps do not coalescence. By contrast, on stony hillsides, the vegetation mosaic is highly dynamic and determined by the interplay of several factors. The growth of thicket clumps is mainly a function of the fire regime and the browsing intensity. At the present time, frequent cool, early dry season fires and the near absence of large browsers have favoured the advance and coalescence of thicket clumps and forest patches on stony hillsides.