bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design Methodology of a Dual-Halbach Array Linear Actuator with Thermal-Electromagnetic Coupling
Authors: Eckert Paulo , Flores Filho Aly , Perondi Eduardo , Ferri Jeferson , Goltz Evandro
Published: March 2016

This paper proposes a design methodology for linear actuators, considering thermal and electromagnetic coupling with geometrical and temperature constraints, that maximizes force density and minimizes force ripple. The method allows defining an actuator for given specifications in a step-by-step way so that requirements are met and the temperature within the device is maintained under or equal to its maximum allowed for continuous operation. According to the proposed method, the electromagnetic and thermal models are built with quasi-static parametric finite element models. The methodology was successfully applied to the design of a linear cylindrical actuator with a dual quasi-Halbach array of permanent magnets and a moving-coil. The actuator can produce an axial force of 120 N and a stroke of 80 mm. The paper also presents a comparative analysis between results obtained considering only an electromagnetic model and the thermal-electromagnetic coupled model. This comparison shows that the final designs for both cases differ significantly, especially regarding its active volume and its electrical and magnetic loading. Although in this paper the methodology was employed to design a specific actuator, its structure can be used to design a wide range of linear devices if the parametric models are adjusted for each particular actuator.
Three-Dimensional ISAR Imaging Method for High-Speed Targets in Short-Range Using Impulse Radar Based on SIMO Array
Authors: Zhou Xinpeng , Wei Guohua , Wu Siliang , Wang Dawei
Published: March 2016

This paper proposes a three-dimensional inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging method for high-speed targets in short-range using an impulse radar. According to the requirements for high-speed target measurement in short-range, this paper establishes the single-input multiple-output (SIMO) antenna array, and further proposes a missile motion parameter estimation method based on impulse radar. By analyzing the motion geometry relationship of the warhead scattering center after translational compensation, this paper derives the receiving antenna position and the time delay after translational compensation, and thus overcomes the shortcomings of conventional translational compensation methods. By analyzing the motion characteristics of the missile, this paper estimates the missile’s rotation angle and the rotation matrix by establishing a new coordinate system. Simulation results validate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Change Detection of Phragmites Australis Distribution in the Detroit Wildlife Refuge Based on an Iterative Intersection Analysis Algorithm
Authors: Liu Haixin , Meng Xiaoliang , Jiang Tao , Liu Xinxia , Zhang Anbing
Published: March 2016

Satellite data have been widely used in the detection of vegetation area changes, however, the lack of historical training samples seriously limits detection accuracy. In this research, an iterative intersection analysis algorithm (IIAA) is proposed to solve this problem, and employed to improve the change detection accuracy of Phragmites area in the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge between 2001 and 2010. Training samples for 2001, 2005, and 2010 were constructed based on NAIP, DOQQ high-resolution imagery and ground-truth data; for 2002–2004 and 2006–2009, because of the shortage of training samples, the IIAA was employed to supply additional training samples. This method included three steps: first, the NDVI image for each year (2002–2004, 2006–2009) was calculated with Landsat TM images; secondly, rough patches of the land-cover were acquired by density slicing using suitable thresholds; thirdly, a GIS overlay analysis method was used to acquire the Phragmites information in common throughout the ten years and to obtain training patches. In the combination with training samples of other land cover types, supervised classifications were employed to detect the changes of Phragmites area. In the experiment, we analyzed the variation of Phragmites area from 2001 to 2010, and the result showed that its distribution areas increased from 5156 acres to 6817 acres during this period, which illustrated that the invasion of Phragmites remains a serious problem for the protection of biodiversity.
Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in a Mexican-American Cohort: Variability in Early and Late Pregnancy
Authors: Holland Nina , Huen Karen , Tran Vy , Street Kelly , Nguyen Brian , Bradman Asa , Eskenazi Brenda
Published: March 2016

People are exposed to phthalates through their wide use as plasticizers and in personal care products. Many phthalates are endocrine disruptors and have been associated with adverse health outcomes. However, knowledge gaps exist in understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with the effects of exposure in early and late pregnancy. In this study, we examined the relationship of eleven urinary phthalate metabolites with isoprostane, an established marker of oxidative stress, among pregnant Mexican-American women from an agricultural cohort. Isoprostane levels were on average 20% higher at 26 weeks than at 13 weeks of pregnancy. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations suggested relatively consistent phthalate exposures over pregnancy. The relationship between phthalate metabolite concentrations and isoprostane levels was significant for the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and the sum of high molecular weight metabolites with the exception of monobenzyl phthalate, which was not associated with oxidative stress at either time point. In contrast, low molecular weight metabolite concentrations were not associated with isoprostane at 13 weeks, but this relationship became stronger later in pregnancy (p-value = 0.009 for the sum of low molecular weight metabolites). Our findings suggest that prenatal exposure to phthalates may influence oxidative stress, which is consistent with their relationship with obesity and other adverse health outcomes.
Characterization of Viral Communities of Biting Midges and Identification of Novel Thogotovirus Species and Rhabdovirus Genus
Authors: Temmam Sarah , Monteil-Bouchard Sonia , Robert Catherine , Baudoin Jean-Pierre , Sambou Masse , Aubadie-Ladrix Maxence , Labas Noémie , Raoult Didier , Mediannikov Oleg , Desnues Christelle
Published: March 2016

More than two thirds of emerging viruses are of zoonotic origin, and among them RNA viruses represent the majority. Ceratopogonidae (genus Culicoides) are well-known vectors of several viruses responsible for epizooties (bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease, etc.). They are also vectors of the only known virus infecting humans: the Oropouche virus. Female midges usually feed on a variety of hosts, leading to possible transmission of emerging viruses from animals to humans. In this context, we report here the analysis of RNA viral communities of Senegalese biting midges using next-generation sequencing techniques as a preliminary step toward the identification of potential viral biohazards. Sequencing of the RNA virome of three pools of Culicoides revealed the presence of a significant diversity of viruses infecting plants, insects and mammals. Several novel viruses were detected, including a novel Thogotovirus species, related but genetically distant from previously described tick-borne thogotoviruses. Novel rhabdoviruses were also detected, possibly constituting a novel Rhabdoviridae genus, and putatively restricted to insects. Sequences related to the major viruses transmitted by Culicoides, i.e., African horse sickness, bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses were also detected. This study highlights the interest in monitoring the emergence and circulation of zoonoses and epizooties using their arthropod vectors.
Characterization of Intra-Type Variants of Oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses by Next-Generation Deep Sequencing of the E6/E7 Region
Authors: Lavezzo Enrico , Masi Giulia , Toppo Stefano , Franchin Elisa , Gazzola Valentina , Sinigaglia Alessandro , Masiero Serena , Trevisan Marta , Pagni Silvana , Palù Giorgio , Barzon Luisa
Published: March 2016

Different human papillomavirus (HPV) types are characterized by differences in tissue tropism and ability to promote cell proliferation and transformation. In addition, clinical and experimental studies have shown that some genetic variants/lineages of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types are characterized by increased oncogenic activity and probability to induce cancer. In this study, we designed and validated a new method based on multiplex PCR-deep sequencing of the E6/E7 region of HR-HPV types to characterize HPV intra-type variants in clinical specimens. Validation experiments demonstrated that this method allowed reliable identification of the different lineages of oncogenic HPV types. Advantages of this method over other published methods were represented by its ability to detect variants of all HR-HPV types in a single reaction, to detect variants of HR-HPV types in clinical specimens with multiple infections, and, being based on sequencing of the full E6/E7 region, to detect amino acid changes in these oncogenes potentially associated with increased transforming activity.
Spatio-Temporal Variability in Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Headwater Streams in South Korea
Authors: Bae Mi-Jung , Chun Jung , Chon Tae-Soo , Park Young-Seuk
Published: March 2016

Comprehensive research on the structural and functional variability of benthic macroinvertebrate communities within headwater streams is limited, despite the fact that the majority of streams within a watershed are headwater streams that form the primary link between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, we investigated the structure and function of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in four headwater streams at two different spatial scales (i.e., sampling sites (i.e., reaches) >samples (i.e., riffles)) over three seasons (i.e., spring, summer and autumn) of the year. Community indices, functional feeding guilds and habit trait guilds varied significantly depending on the seasons rather than on sites in two-way ANOVA based on spatial (i.e., sampling sites) and seasonal effects in each headwater stream. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analyses showed the differences between communities according to the considered spatial and temporal scales. At the individual stream scale, the differences between samples followed seasonal variation more than spatial differences. Site differences became more important when performing an ordination within a single season (i.e., spring, summer, and autumn). Continued research and monitoring employing both multidisciplinary and multidimensional approaches are required to maintain macroinvertebrate diversity within headwater streams.
The Mass Balance of Glacier No. 1 at the Headwaters of the Urumqi River in Relation to Northern Hemisphere Teleconnection Patterns
Authors: Yuan Feifei , Hao Zhenchun , Berndtsson Ronny , Jiang Peng , Yasuda Hiroshi
Published: March 2016

Most small glaciers in the world have significantly decreased their volume during the last century, which has caused water shortage problems. Glacier No. 1, at the headwaters of the Urumqi River, Tianshan, China, has been monitored since 1959 and similarly has experienced significant mass and volume losses over the last few decades. Thus, we examined the trend and potential abrupt changes of the mass balance of Glacier No. 1. Principal component analysis and singular value decomposition were used to find significant relations between the mass balance of Glacier No. 1 and Northern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns using climate indices. It was found that the mass balance of Glacier No. 1 had a significantly decreasing trend corresponding to −14.5 mm/year from 1959 to 2010. A change point was detected in 1997 with 99% confidence level. Two time periods with different mass balances were identified as 1959–1996 and 1997–2010. The mass balance for the first period was −136.4 mm/year and up to −663.9 mm/year for the second period. The mass balance of Glacier No. 1 is positively related to the Scandinavian Pattern (SCA), and negatively related to the East Atlantic Pattern (EA). These relationships are useful in better understanding the interaction between glacier mass balance and climate variability.
Display of GPI‐anchored anti‐EGFR nanobodies on extracellular vesicles promotes tumour cell targeting
Authors: Kooijmans Sander A. A. , Aleza Clara Gómez , Roffler Steve R. , van Solinge Wouter W. , Vader Pieter , Schiffelers Raymond M.
Published: March 2016

Background

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attractive candidate drug delivery systems due to their ability to functionally transport biological cargo to recipient cells. However, the apparent lack of target cell specificity of exogenously administered EVs limits their therapeutic applicability. In this study, we propose a novel method to equip EVs with targeting properties, in order to improve their interaction with tumour cells.

Methods

EV producing cells were transfected with vectors encoding for anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nanobodies, which served as targeting ligands for tumour cells, fused to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor signal peptides derived from decay‐accelerating factor (DAF). EVs were isolated using ultrafiltration/size‐exclusion liquid chromatography and characterized using western blotting, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, and electron microscopy. EV–tumour cell interactions were analyzed under static conditions using flow cytometry and under flow conditions using a live‐cell fluorescence microscopy‐coupled perfusion system.

Results

V analysis showed that GPI‐linked nanobodies were successfully displayed on EV surfaces and were highly enriched in EVs compared with parent cells. Display of GPI‐linked nanobodies on EVs did not alter general EV characteristics (i.e. morphology, size distribution and protein marker expression), but greatly improved EV binding to tumour cells dependent on EGFR density under static conditions. Moreover, nanobody‐displaying EVs showed a significantly improved cell association to EGFR‐expressing tumour cells under flow conditions.

Conclusions

We show that nanobodies can be anchored on the surface of EVs via GPI, which alters their cell targeting behaviour. Furthermore, this study highlights GPI‐anchoring as a new tool in the EV toolbox, which may be applied for EV display of a variety of proteins, such as antibodies, reporter proteins and signaling molecules.
L'engagement public et les choix politiques des avocats, de l'Ancien Régime à la Révolution. Les exemples de Douai et Rennes
Authors: Leuwers Hervé
Published: March 2016

Hervé Leuwers, Engagement en politieke keuze bij de advokaten, van het Ancien Régime tot de revolutie. Het voorbeeld van Douai en Rennes.

De advokaten die lid zijn van de parlementen van Douai en Rennes in 1789 tonen levenslang veel belangstelling voor openbare funkties. In Douai oefenen 56 % van de in 1789 ingeschrevenen op een of ander moment een funktie uit in de politiek of de administratie. In Rennes zijn er dat 38 % op een totaal van 47.

De revolutie brengt voor velen een breuk mee in hun politiek engagement en een verlies van hun lokale invloed, eveneens de doorbraak in de nationale vergadering en een grondige vernieuwing van het politiek personeel. Maar hun aanwezigheid in publieke funkties komt niet in het gedrang.

Men kan dit dubbel fenomeen verklaren door hun politieke cultuur, hun belangstelling voor de publieke zaak, de evolutie van hun politiek denken, en evenzeer de roi van woordvoerder en cultured tussenpersoon die de Fransen van toen hen toedachten.
Contribution à une histoire des chemins du pouvoir sous la IIIe République : les conseillers généraux du Nord, du début du siècle à la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Authors: Florin Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2016

L'analyse de 250 biographies de conseillers généraux élus dans le Nord entre le début du siècle et 1940 met en évidence la variété des itinéraires qui conduisent à l'assemblée départementale, sous la Troisième République, selon les tendances politiques.

En effet, le personnel politique étudié a certains traits en commun, quelle que soit son étiquette partisane : nos conseillers sont élus, pour la plupart, dans leur canton natal, et entrent au Conseil général à l'âge mûr, après avoir exercé un mandat municipal, source d'une assise politique locale qui explique une élection assurée dès la première candidature.

En revanche, l'approche statistique aboutit à démontrer le rôle discriminant de certains attributs : l'héritage familial, le patrimoine culturel, la situation socio-professionnelle, les engagements pris en dehors du champ politique, différencient nettement élus de droite et de gauche.

Reste que, globalement, la sous-représentation des catégories sociales les plus modestes (en dépit de l'accroissement du poids de la Gauche au Conseil général), souligne les limites de la démocratisation du recrutement du personnel politique sous la Troisième République.
La fonction municipale sous la Troisième République. L'exemple du département du Nord.
Authors: Vandenbussche Robert
Published: March 2016

La législation de 1884 établit un compromis entre des exigences contradictoires, celles de la décentralisation souhaitée par bien des notables et promise par les républicains et celles d'un contrôle maintenu du pouvoir central. En effet, la loi laisse plus d'importance au contrôle de l'autorité politique et administrative que ne pensaient l'envisager ses promoteurs.

Pourtant la mise en œuvre de la loi a favorisé la construction d'une véritable fonction municipale et la confirmation d'une entité communale et municipale véritable dès avant la Première Guerre mondiale. Car l'élection du maire au suffrage universel, en apportant l'onction populaire et en la renouvelant, contribue à rééquilibrer les rapports entre l'Etat central et les pouvoirs locaux.

Par ailleurs, les débats et les évolutions politiques de la fin du XIXe et du début du XXe permettent aux maires — et tout particulièrement aux maires urbains — de construire, à l'intérieur du cadre juridique, un domaine de compétences élargi. L'école, l'ébauche d'une véritable politique sociale publique, l'indispensable politique urbanistique, renforcent très sensiblement la consistance de la fonction municipale.

Enfin, la conjoncture politique — et particulièrement l'occupation de la Première Guerre mondiale — développe les tendances à la «municipalisation» tout en favorisant la construction éphémère d'un nouveau réseau de pouvoir qui repose sur les hiérarchies urbaines.
An ecological approach to measuring the evolutionary consequences of gene flow from crops to wild or weedy relatives
Authors: Campbell Lesley G. , Lee David , Shukla Kruti , Waite Thomas A. , Bartsch Detlef
Published: March 2016

Premise of the study:

Agricultural practices routinely create opportunities for crops to hybridize with wild relatives, leading to crop gene introgression into wild genomes. Conservationists typically worry this introgression could lead to genetic homogenization of wild populations, over and above the central concern of transgene escape. Alternatively, viewing introgression as analogous to species invasion, we suggest that increased genetic diversity may likewise be an undesirable outcome.

Methods:

Here, we compare the sensitivity of conventional population genetic metrics with species diversity indices as indicators of the impact of gene flow on genetic diversity. We illustrate this novel approach using multilocus genotype data (12 allozyme loci) from 10 wild (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima) and eight putative crop–wild hybrid beet populations (B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris × B. vulgaris subsp. maritima) scattered throughout Europe.

Results:

Conventional population genetic metrics mostly failed to detect shifts in genetic composition of putative hybrid populations. By contrast, species diversity indices unambiguously revealed increased genetic diversity in putative hybrid populations.

Discussion:

We encourage other workers to explore the utility of our more sensitive approach for risk assessment prior to the release of transgenic crops, with a view toward widespread adoption of our method in studies aimed at detecting allelic invasion.
SHOCK BREAKOUT AND EARLY LIGHT CURVES OF TYPE II-P SUPERNOVAE OBSERVED WITH KEPLER
Authors: Garnavich P. M. , Tucker B. E. , Rest A. , Shaya E. J. , Olling R. P. , Kasen D , Villar A.
Published: March 2016

We discovered two transient events in the Kepler field with light curves that strongly suggest they are type II-P supernovae (SNe II-P). Using the fast cadence of the Kepler observations we precisely estimate the rise time to maximum for KSN2011a and KSN2011d as 10.5 ± 0.4 and 13.3 ± 0.4 rest-frame days, respectively. Based on fits to idealized analytic models, we find the progenitor radius of KSN2011a (280 ± 20 R
⊙) to be significantly smaller than that for KSN2011d (490 ± 20 R
⊙), but both have similar explosion energies of 2.0 ± 0.3 × 1051 erg. The rising light curve of KSN2011d is an excellent match to that predicted by simple models of exploding red supergiants (RSG). However, the early rise of KSN2011a is faster than the models predict, possibly due to the supernova shock wave moving into pre-existing wind or mass-loss from the RSG. A mass-loss rate of 10−4
M
⊙ yr−1 from the RSG can explain the fast rise without impacting the optical flux at maximum light or the shape of the post-maximum light curve. No shock breakout emission is seen in KSN2011a, but this is likely due to the circumstellar interaction suspected in the fast rising light curve. The early light curve of KSN2011d does show excess emission consistent with model predictions of a shock breakout. This is the first optical detection of a shock breakout from a SNe II-P.
SIMULATION OF ENERGETIC PARTICLE TRANSPORT AND ACCELERATION AT SHOCK WAVES IN A FOCUSED TRANSPORT MODEL: IMPLICATIONS FOR MIXED SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS
Authors: Kartavykh Y. Y. , Dröge W. , Gedalin M.
Published: March 2016

We use numerical solutions of the focused transport equation obtained by an implicit stochastic differential equation scheme to study the evolution of the pitch-angle dependent distribution function of protons in the vicinity of shock waves. For a planar stationary parallel shock, the effects of anisotropic distribution functions, pitch-angle dependent spatial diffusion, and first-order Fermi acceleration at the shock are examined, including the timescales on which the energy spectrum approaches the predictions of diffusive shock acceleration theory. We then consider the case that a flare-accelerated population of ions is released close to the Sun simultaneously with a traveling interplanetary shock for which we assume a simplified geometry. We investigate the consequences of adiabatic focusing in the diverging magnetic field on the particle transport at the shock, and of the competing effects of acceleration at the shock and adiabatic energy losses in the expanding solar wind. We analyze the resulting intensities, anisotropies, and energy spectra as a function of time and find that our simulations can naturally reproduce the morphologies of so-called mixed particle events in which sometimes the prompt and sometimes the shock component is more prominent, by assuming parameter values which are typically observed for scattering mean free paths of ions in the inner heliosphere and energy spectra of the flare particles which are injected simultaneously with the release of the shock.
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES WITH HIGH ACCRETION RATES IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. VI. VELOCITY-RESOLVED REVERBERATION MAPPING OF THE Hβ LINE
Authors: Du Pu , Lu Kai-Xing , Hu Chen , Qiu Jie , Li Yan-Rong , Huang Ying-Ke , Wang Fang , Bai Jin-Ming , Bian Wei-Hao , Yuan Ye-Fei , Ho Luis C. , Wang Jian-Min ,   (SEAMBH Collaboration)
Published: March 2016

In the sixth of a series of papers reporting on a large reverberation mapping (RM) campaign of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with high accretion rates, we present velocity-resolved time lags of Hβ emission lines for nine objects observed in the campaign during 2012–2013. In order to correct the line broadening caused by seeing and instruments before analyzing the velocity-resolved RM, we adopt the Richardson–Lucy deconvolution to reconstruct their Hβ profiles. The validity and effectiveness of the deconvolution are checked using Monte Carlo simulation. Five among the nine objects show clear dependence of the time delay on velocity. Mrk 335 and Mrk 486 show signatures of gas inflow whereas the clouds in the broad-line regions (BLRs) of Mrk 142 and MCG +06-26-012 tend to be radial outflowing. Mrk 1044 is consistent with having virialized motions. The lags of the remaining four are not velocity-resolvable. The velocity-resolved RM of super-Eddington accreting massive black holes (SEAMBHs) shows that they have diverse kinematics in their BLRs. Comparing with the AGNs with sub-Eddington accretion rates, we do not find significant differences in the BLR kinematics of SEAMBHs.
STELLAR ACTIVITY AND EXCLUSION OF THE OUTER PLANET IN THE HD 99492 SYSTEM
Authors: Kane Stephen R. , Thirumalachari Badrinath , Henry Gregory W. , Hinkel Natalie R. , Jensen Eric L. N. , Boyajian Tabetha S. , Fischer Debra A. , Howard Andrew W. , Isaacson Howard T. , Wright Jason T.
Published: March 2016

A historical problem for indirect exoplanet detection has been contending with the intrinsic variability of the host star. If the variability is periodic, it can easily mimic various exoplanet signatures, such as radial velocity (RV) variations that originate with the stellar surface rather than the presence of a planet. Here we present an update for the HD 99492 planetary system, using new RV and photometric measurements from the Transit Ephemeris Refinement and Monitoring Survey. Our extended time series and subsequent analyses of the Ca ii H&K emission lines show that the host star has an activity cycle of ∼13 years. The activity cycle correlates with the purported orbital period of the outer planet, the signature of which is thus likely due to the host star activity. We further include a revised Keplerian orbital solution for the remaining planet, along with a new transit ephemeris. Our transit-search observations were inconclusive.
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SUB-JOVIAN DESERT IN THE ORBITAL-PERIOD–PLANETARY-MASS PLANE
Authors: Matsakos Titos , Königl Arieh
Published: March 2016

Transit and radial velocity observations indicate a dearth of sub-Jupiter-mass planets on short-period orbits, outlined roughly by two oppositely sloped lines in the period–mass plane. We interpret this feature in terms of high-eccentricity migration of planets that arrive in the vicinity of the Roche limit, where their orbits are tidally circularized, long after the dispersal of their natal disk. We demonstrate that the two distinct segments of the boundary are a direct consequence of the different slopes of the empirical mass–radius relation for small and large planets, and show that this relation also fixes the mass coordinate of the intersection point. The period coordinate of this point, as well as the detailed shape of the lower boundary, can be reproduced with a plausible choice of a key parameter in the underlying migration model. The detailed shape of the upper boundary, on the other hand, is determined by the post-circularization tidal exchange of angular momentum with the star and can be reproduced with a stellar tidal quality factor

.
La circulation internationale des savoirs en sciences sociales
Authors: Keim Wiebke
Published: March 2016

L’article propose un cadre pour l’étude des aspects théoriques et épistémologiques de la circulation internationale des connaissances en sciences sociales sous la forme particulière de textes de sciences sociales. Il problématise une série de paramètres intrinsèques qui influencent l’acceptation ou le rejet d’un texte circulant au-delà de ses contextes historique, politique, économique et culturel de production. Évidemment, les constellations géopolitique, économique et idéologique, les structures institutionnelles, les systèmes éducatifs, les marchés du livre, les audiences différenciées et stratifiées, les opportunités de financement et les réseaux, domaines classiques de l’histoire et de la sociologie des sciences et des STS, affectent la production et la circulation des connaissances. Ces analyses suggèrent toutefois que les perspectives proposées ne sont pas acceptées ou rejetées à cause de leur contenu mais à cause de leur instrumentalisation politique ou des supports matériels qui facilitent leur imposition ou leur domination. L’intention de cet article est, au contraire, de proposer les grandes lignes d’un programme qui prendrait sérieusement en compte les paramètres intrinsèques aux textes, c’est-à-dire la connaissance elle-même et son efficacité et les manières spécifiques dont la circulation des textes en sciences sociales est affectée.
Les médecins aux bords de leurs savoirs
Authors: Bujon Thomas , Dourlens Christine
Published: March 2016

Lorsque les médecins interviennent aux marges de leur juridiction et qu’ils sont confrontés à des enjeux ne relevant pas strictement du registre du pathologique, ils sont appelés à traiter des situations que leur savoir médical ne suffit pas toujours à définir. La collégialité des procédures de décision apparaît alors comme le moyen de mutualiser leurs incertitudes et de pallier le déficit d’appuis scientifiques ou de fondements moraux auxquels s’adosse habituellement leur activité. En s’appuyant sur une étude menée au sein d’une commission hospitalière pluridisciplinaire réunie autour de la prise en charge médicale des parcours de réassignation hormono-chirurgicale, l’article examine la manière dont, confrontés aux limites de leurs savoirs, les médecins réunis autour des demandes de changement de sexe, opèrent des déplacements, modifient les cadres d’action préalablement construits, invoquent des normes morales et politiques pour prendre et étayer des décisions dont la portée dépasse souvent les cas individuels concernés.
Renewed Justification for the Promotion of Carp Aquaculture in Seasonal Minor Irrigation tanks in Sri Lanka
Authors: Creech S. , Dasanayake L. , Wijesinghe J.
Published: March 2016

New data reaffirms the ability of carp to effectively utilize the naturally high productivity of seasonal minor irrigation tanks in Sri Lanka. Stocked fish attained average weights ranging from 0.98 kg to 2.3 kg. Productivity ranged from 8 to 675 kg ha-1 using stocking densities of less than 1000 fingerlings ha-1. Fish were sold in the village locally and nationally negating concerns about consumer preference for carps and their marketability. Aquaculture management committees (AMC) were formed, four of which successfully negotiated their social right to manage and harvest fish. It is recommended that an AMC obtains an aquaculture management license to consolidate this negotiated agreement. Economic analyses indicate that carp aquaculture in seasonal tanks with a water spread area (WSA) less than 3 ha is not economically viable. Arguments are advanced to suggest that carp aquaculture in seasonal tanks with a WSA less than 4 is unlikely to be socially sustainable. No evidence is found to suggest that the same constraints do not apply equally or more so to the culture of tilapia in seasonal tanks. It is argued that the recent a priori claims made for the culture of tilapia require substantiation in contrast to the promotion of carp aquaculture in seasonal tanks.
Perspectives and Economic Potential of Aquaculture of Tilapia: Experience in North-eastern Brazil Useful to Other Regions of the World
Authors: Igarashi M. A. , De Oliveira M.A. , Gurgel J.J.S
Published: March 2016

Brazil is an important producer and exporter of pork, beef and chicken, and fish is gaining way in to this field due to its gradual increase in production as a result of aquaculture. In 1996, tilapia was the mostly cultivated species representing approximately 32% of the total production of cultured fish. Hence, aquaculture, especially the culture of tilapia is showing considerable growth contributing significantly to socio-economic development and food production in Brazil as in many other regions of the world. Nevertheless, most of the consumers as well as the producers are continued to be misinformed of the positive aspects of aquaculture of tilapia, such as socio-economic development, generation of employment opportunities and foreign exchange earnings. Around 70 % of the country has a tropical climate, which favours the rapid growth of tilapia. Further, Brazil possesses a large number of inland water bodies, which represents approximately 12 % of inland waters of the world. As such large amount of aquatic habitats of fresh water is available for aquaculture. Tilapia is a major source of animal protein for to about 44 million people living in this region. The objective of this study is to evaluate the contribution of tilapia for the culture and capture fisheries in the north-eastern region of Brazil, especially in relation to socio-economic aspects. With adequate investment and management, aquaculture of tilapia can be successfully carried out in an environmentally friendly manner for the socio-economic stability in this region. The experience in the north-eastern region of Brazil will be very useful to develop tilapia culture in other regions of the world to combat protein malnutrition of the people and to generate foreign exchange through exportation of the product.
Bioaccumulation Potential of Three Toxic Heavy Metals in Shrimp, Penaeus monodon from Different Fractions of the Culture Environment
Authors: Senadheera S.P.S.D. , Pathiratne K.A.S.
Published: March 2016

Concentrations of three toxic heavy metals viz, lead, cadmium and chromium in the muscle tissue of shrimp harvested from selected shrimp farms in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka were determined along with the metal levels in the source water, sediments of the water sources, the farm sediments and formulated shrimp feed used by the farms by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry using standard analytical procedures. Bio-transfer factors of the three metals in the muscle tissue of the shrimp were enumerated in relation to source water, sediments of the water sources, farm sediments and to formulated shrimp feed. Levels of lead, chromium and cadmium in the muscle tissue of the shrimp (Mean±SEM) were (in µg g-1 dry weight) 0.360±0.044, 0.610±0.044 and 0.199±0.012 (n=360) respectively. Bio-transfer factors of the three metals in shrimp in relation to water were greater than 1 indicating bioaccumulation of all the metals occurs through the water phase. Of the three metals studied, bio-transfer factors of cadmium from the sediments ranged from 9 to 21 indicating high potential of bioaccumulation via the sediments. However, bio-transfer factors of chromium and lead in shrimp tissue from the sediments were lower than 1. Metal wise comparisons indicated bio-transfer factors of cadmium in shrimp in relation to sediments were significantly higher than that of the other two metals. Bio-transfer factors of the three metals in shrimp from the formulated feed ranged from 0.1 to 0.9.
Some Growth Characteristics of Tetrahymena sp., a Parasite of Guppy, Poecilia reticulata and the Effect of a Mixture of Two Commonly used Protozoacides on its Population Density
Authors: Hettiarachchi D.C. , Hettiarachchi M.
Published: March 2016

Various species and strains of Tetrahymena have a potential for being more virulent especially when the water is high in organic matter and fish are immunologically depressed causing "Tetrahymenosis". An outbreak of Tetrahymenosis was experienced by Sri Lankan guppy farmers in the recent past for which different treatments were employed indiscriminately. Present study investigated some growth characteristics of this fish parasite, which could be useful in import risk analysis and in screening female brooders of guppy. Tetrahymena sp. tested multiply rapidly in the presence of freshly killed guppy (as the substrate) and chloramphenicol 50 µg ml-1 with a generation time of 2.6 hours at 28°C. Combined effect of methylene blue (2 mg l-1) and Zinc free malachite green (0.03 mg l-1) completely inhibited in situ multiplication of Tetrahymena.
Effect of root-extracts of Ficus benghalensis (Banyan) in pain in animal models
Authors: Panday Dipesh Raj , Rauniar Gajendra Prasad
Published: March 2016

Introduction: According to the WHO, 70–80% population in developing countries still relies on nonconventional medicine mainly of herbal origin. Even in developed countries, use of herbal medicine is growing each year. Pain is an unpleasant feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. Traditionally, different plant parts of Ficus benghalensis are claimed to have several analgesic properties. Few scientific evidences support these uses. Interestingly, still others contradict these uses. It was shocking to find very scarce scientific studies trying to solve the mystery. Materials and Methods: It was a quantitative experimental study in Swiss albino mice of either sex. Sample size was calculated using free sample size calculating software G*Power version 3.1.9.2. Hot-plate test and tail-flick test were central antinociceptive paradigms. Writhing test was peripheral model for pain. Test drugs were aqueous root extracts of F. benghalensis at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg mouse weight prepared by Soxhlet method. Suitable negative and positive controls were used. The experimental results were represented as mean ±standard deviation statistical level of significance was set at P < 0.05. For calculation, parametric test - one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or nonparametric test - Mann–Whitney U-test was appropriately used. Results: Hot-plate reaction time at 100 mg/kg (13.64 ±1.30 s) and 200 mg/kg (10.32 ±2.23 s) were nonsignificant (P = 0.425 and P = 0.498, respectively) compared to negative control (11.87 ±1.92 s). One-way ANOVA revealed nonsignificant (P = 0.178) between-group comparison in mean tail-flick reaction time. Test drug at 200 mg/kg produced statistically significant more writhing (36.00 ±14.85 in 10 min) than negative control, normal saline (11.83 ±12.43 in 10 min) or the positive control, Indomethacin (3.50 ±5.21 in 10 min), P value being 0.031 and 0.003, respectively. Conclusion: Aqueous root extracts of F. benghalensis at 200 mg/kg produces statistically significant writhing.
Multiple intracranial hemorrhages in pregnancy: A common autoimmune etiology
Authors: Pahadiya Hans Raj , Lakhotia Manoj , Gandhi Ronak , Choudhary Akanksha , Madan Shiva
Published: March 2016

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder, primarily affect female in fertile age. Pregnancy in SLE female is a high-risk situation which can adversely affect maternal-fetal dyad. SLE can flare during pregnancy or in postpartum period. We describe a case of a young pregnant female who presented because of right hemiparesis due multiple hemorrhages in the brain. The first presentation of the SLE with multiple intracranial hemorrhages in pregnancy, preceding the other characteristic clinical symptoms is rare. Here, we high lighten the major neurological issues and maternal-fetal dyad issues in SLE pregnancy and treatment strategies for management of SLE in pregnancy.
A giant frontal cavernous malformation with review of literature
Authors: Sharma Arvind , Mittal Radhey Shyam
Published: March 2016

Cavernous malformations (CMs) are vascular anomalies with dilated spaces called caverns. These spaces are lined by endothelial cells and collage and devoid of smooth muscle or intervening neural tissue, and filled with blood at various stages of stasis, thrombosis, organization, and calcification. Most CMs are relatively small in size but when they are large enough they can produce sing of mass effect and may simulate neoplastic, vascular, inflammatory pathology. Giant CM (size >6 cm) are very rare lesions and very few cases are reported in world literature. We are reporting such a rare case of a 16 year male. Our case is also unique in the sense that it is the largest reported CM in Indian population.
A CD2AP Mutation Associated with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in Young Adulthood
Authors: Tsvetkov Dmitry , Hohmann Michael , Anistan Yoland Marie , Mannaa Marwan , Harteneck Christian , Rudolph Birgit , Gollasch Maik
Published: March 2016

Mutations in CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) have been identified in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS); however, reports of CD2AP mutations remain scarce. We performed Sanger sequencing in a patient with steroid-resistant FSGS and identified a heterozygous CD2AP mutation (p.T374A, c.1120 A > G). Our patient displayed mild cognitive decline, a phenotypic characteristic not previously associated with CD2AP-associated FSGS. His proteinuria was remarkably reduced by treatment with cyclosporine A. Our findings expand the genetic spectrum of CD2AP-associated disorders and broaden the associated phenotype with the co-occurrence of cognitive decline. Our case shows that cyclosporin A is a treatment option for CD2AP-associated nephropathy.
Связность и солнечность в задачах наилучшего и почти наилучшего приближения
Authors: Alimov Alexey Rostislavovich , Tsar'kov Igor' Germanovich
Published: March 2016

В обзоре рассматриваются структурные характеристики "солнц" в линейных нормированных пространствах. Особый упор делается на свойства связности и монотонной линейной связности солнц. Рассматриваются как прямые теоремы геометрической теории приближений, в которых из структурных характеристик множеств выводят их аппроксимативные свойства, так и обратные теоремы, в которых из аппроксимативных свойств множеств получают их структурные характеристики. Геометрические методы теории приближений используются для нахождения решений уравнения эйконала.
Библиография: 231 название.
Polar stratospheric cloud evolution and chlorine activation measured by CALIPSO and MLS, and modeled by ATLAS
Authors: Nakajima Hideaki , Wohltmann Ingo , Wegner Tobias , Takeda Masanori , Pitts Michael C. , Poole Lamont R. , Lehmann Ralph , Santee Michelle L. , Rex Markus
Published: March 2016

Abstract. We examined observations of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) by CALIPSO, and of HCl and ClO by MLS along air mass trajectories, to investigate the dependence of the inferred PSC composition on the temperature history of the air parcels and the dependence of the level of chlorine activation on PSC composition. Several case studies based on individual trajectories from the Arctic winter 2009/2010 were conducted, with the trajectories chosen such that the first processing of the air mass by PSCs in this winter occurred on the trajectory. Transitions of PSC composition classes were observed to be highly dependent on the temperature history. In cases of a gradual temperature decrease, nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) and super-cooled ternary solution (STS) mixture clouds were observed. In cases of rapid temperature decrease, STS clouds were first observed, followed by NAT/STS mixture clouds. When temperatures dropped below the frost point, ice clouds formed and then transformed into NAT/STS mixture clouds when temperature increased above the frost point. The threshold temperature for rapid chlorine activation on PSCs is approximately 4 K below the NAT existence temperature, TNAT. Furthermore, simulations of the ATLAS chemistry and transport box model along the trajectories were used to corroborate the measurements and show good agreement with the observations. Rapid chlorine activation was observed when an air mass encountered PSCs. Usually, chlorine activation was limited by the amount of available ClONO2. Where ClONO2 was not the limiting factor, a large dependence on temperature was evident.
How does sea ice influence δ18O of Arctic precipitation?
Authors: Faber Anne-Katrine , Vinther Bo Møllesøe , Sjolte Jesper , Pedersen Rasmus Anker
Published: March 2016

Abstract. This study investigates how variations in Arctic sea ice cover influence δ18O of presentday Arctic precipitation. This is done using the model isoCAM3, an isotope-equipped version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 3. Four sensitivity experiments and one control simulation are performed with prescribed SSTs and sea ice. Each of 5 the four experiments simulates the atmospheric and isotopic response to Arctic oceanic conditions for selected years after the beginning of the satellite era in 1979. Results show that δ18O of precipitation is sensitive to local changes of sea ice concentration. Reduced sea ice extent yields more enriched isotope values while increased sea ice extent yields more depleted isotope values. The configuration of the sea ice cover is essential for the spatial distribution 10 of the simulated changes in δ18O. The experiments of this study show no changes of δ18O for central Greenland. However, this does not exclude that simulations based on other sea ice configurations might yield changes in Greenland δ18O.
Spectral analysis of atmospheric composition: application to surface ozone model-measurement comparisons
Authors: Bowdalo Dene R. , Evans Mathew J. , Sofen Eric D.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Models of atmospheric composition play an essential role in our scientific understanding of atmospheric processes and in providing policy strategies to deal with societally relevant problems such as climate change, air quality and ecosystem degradation. The fidelity of these models needs to be assessed against observations to ensure that errors in model formulations are found and that model limitations are understood. A range of approaches are necessary for these comparisons. Here, we apply a spectral analysis methodology for this comparison. We use the Lomb-Scargle Periodogram, a method similar to a Fourier transform, but better suited to dealing with the gapped datasets typical of observational data. We apply this methodology to long-term hourly ozone observations and the equivalent model (GEOS-Chem) output. We show that the spectrally transformed observational data shows a distinct power spectrum with regimes indicative of meteorological processes (weather, macroweather) and specific peaks observed at the daily and annual timescales together with corresponding harmonic peaks at half, third etc. of these frequencies. Model output shows corresponding features. A comparison between the amplitude and phase of these peaks introduces a new comparison methodology between model and measurements.We focus on the amplitude and phase of diurnal and seasonal cycles and present observational/model comparisons and discuss model performance. We find large biases notably for the seasonal cycle in the mid-latitude northern hemisphere where the amplitudes are generally overestimated by up to 16 ppb, and phases are too late on the order of 1–5 months. This spectral methodology can be applied to a range of model-measurement applications and is highly suitable for Multimodel Intercomparison Projects (MIPs).