bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History-based Explanatory Framework for Procreative Behaviour of Aboriginal People of Canada
Authors: Romaniuk Anatole
Published: July 2017

The transition from traditional high to modern low fertility is in the forefront of empirical and theoretical investigations in contemporary aboriginal demography. The challenging question therein remains why its fertility has started to decline a century or so after the rest of Canada, and why it continues to trail the latter by a considerable lag. The objective of this paper is to present a history-based explanatory framework of the childbearing behaviour of Canadian aboriginal peoples, as it has evolved over time from the very first contact with Europeans to our day. Turning to existing theories for possible elucidation of these idiosyncrasies, we find that while accounting for certain aspects, they leave others unexplained. History provides a more satisfying explanation when we cast an eye not on the “abstract” population, “ideal-type” or what we today like to call “model”, but on real population, or family thereof, in its spatio-temporal context. The “between-two-cultures” paradigm presented here, based on ethnocentricity and dependency, could be seen as a an explanatory paradigm of competing forces on the Canadian aboriginals: on the one hand, those pushing toward modern norms of childbearing; and on the other, traditional values and structures, as shattered as they are, with their pro-natalist ideologies resisting normative changes.
Refugees into Immigrants: Assessing the Adjustment of Southeast Asian Refugees in the U. S., 1975-1990
Authors: Newbold K. Bruce
Published: July 2017

Embodying a differential set of skills, refugees experience varying obstacles and reception upon entry into their host country. Starting in 1975, the U.S. received large numbers of refugees from Southeast Asia. Although these arrivals are no longer labeled as ‘refugees’, their initial immigration status raises interesting questions, including whether or not they match the attainment of those who arrived in the U.S. at the same time. Using the 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Files (PUMS), this paper traces the adaptation of post-1975 Southeast Asians within the U.S. through the lens of segmented assimilation. Refugee flows are disaggregated into Sino-Vietnamese, Ethnic-Vietnamese, Hmong, Cambodians, and Laotian identities and contrasted to Chinese immigrants.
Disentangling the Quebec fertility paradox: The recent evolution of fertility within marriage and consensual union in Quebec and Ontario
Authors: Laplante Benoît , Fostik Ana Laura
Published: July 2017

This article analyzes the relation between conjugal status and fertility in Quebec. We use data from three censuses to estimate a series of fertility measures within marriage and within cohabitation. We use a comparative approach and look at the relationship between conjugal status and fertility within groups defined by language, place of birth, and place of residence. Results show that childbearing within cohabitation is typical of French-speaking Quebeckers, and that in this group, fertility is now mainly concentrated among cohabiting couples. Given that fertility is now currently slightly higher in Quebec than in Ontario, cohabitation cannot be deemed the cause of low fertility.
Immigrant entry earnings over the past quarter-century: The roles of changing characteristics and returns to skills
Authors: Hou Feng
Published: July 2017

This study examines whether factors associated with the rise in the Canadian-born – recent immigrant earnings gap played different roles in the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s. The results show that for recent immigrant men, shifts in population characteristics had the most important effect in the 1980s, when the earnings gap expanded the most, but this compositional effect diminished in the 1990s and early 2000s. The effect of changes in returns to Canadian experience and education was small for men in all three periods. During the early 2000s, the IT bust, combined with a heavy concentration of immigrants in IT-related occupations, was the primary explanation of the increase in their earnings gap.
The Connection between Low Income, Weak Labour Force Attachment and Poor Health
Authors: Fortin Myriam
Published: July 2017

Using 1994-2004 data from the National Population Health Survey, this paper
sheds light on the health situation of working-age Canadians and tests the
connection between low income, weak labour force attachment and poor health using logistic regressions. Results indicate that persistently poor or weakly employed Canadians are in much poorer health than other Canadians, and that being persistently poor increases the probability of experiencing deterioration in health as much as being in poor health increases the probability of becoming poor, but that being persistently unemployed has an even stronger impact on health status.
Women's Employment Transitions and Changes in Psychological Distress
Authors: Wilk Piotr
Published: July 2017

The effect of employment on women’s psychological wellbeing has become an important issue in sociology of mental health. Although work-for-pay is thought to have an overall positive impact on women’s psychological wellbeing, not all women equally experience this positive effect. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of transitions in employment status on changes in psychological distress among women in two types of family setting: lone parent families and married couple families (including common-law unions). Using a framework which combines a longitudinal design with a structural equation modeling multigroup analysis, the current study indicates clearly that employment transitions and employment stability have no uniform effect on the mental health of all mothers. Specifically, transition into employment offers a significant reduction in feelings of distress only among married mothers. Single mothers, in contrast, are found to experience a significant increase in the level of distress when they move out of employment. The results of this study point to some advantages of
longitudinal research designs over cross-sectional designs.
Does immigrant residential crowding reflect hidden homelessness?
Authors: Haan Michael
Published: July 2017

Compared to the Canadian-born, immigrants are under-represented among Canada’s homeless population, when their decline in economic wellbeing is considered alongside their relative absence in homeless shelters. One way to explain this oddity, proposed in both academic and popular literature, is that immigrant communities employ unique avoidance strategies, such as within-group co-residence, to help keep co-ethnics off the streets and out of homeless shelters. In this paper I use the 2001 census of Canada to investigate
the extent to which heightened levels of residential crowding might reflect “hidden homelessness.” I find mixed evidence to support this link, and, if anything, find some evidence to suggest that the link between residential crowding and hidden homelessness, if one exists, is strongest for the Canadian-born.
Immigrants’ Transition to Homeownership, 1991 to 2006
Authors: Edmonston Barry , Lee Sharon M.
Published: July 2017

Using a lifecourse perspective and a double-cohort model, we analyze 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006 census data to ask if immigrants are less likely to be homeowners than the Canadian-born, and whether recent immigrants are less likely to own homes than earlier immigrant cohorts. While descriptive findings suggest that immigrants, particularly recent arrivals, have lower homeownership rates than the Canadian-born, multivariate results qualify this impression. The double-cohort model with additional variables shows that immigrants’ transition to homeownership does not differ from those of the Canadian-born. Recent arrivals do begin at lower levels of homeownership, but they rapidly transition to homeownership.
Analysis of Life Histories: A State Space Approach
Authors: Rajulton Fernando
Published: July 2017

The computer package LIFEHIST written by the author is meant for analyzing
life histories through a state space approach. Basic ideas on which the various
programs have been built are described in this paper in a nonmathematical
language. Users can use various programs for multistate analyses based on
Markov and semi-Markov frameworks and sequences of transitions implied in
life histories. The package is under constant revision, and programs for using a
few specific models the author thinks will be useful for analyzing longitudinal
data will be incorporated in the near future.
Income inequality, status seeking, and savings rates in Canada
Authors: Darku Alexander Bilson
Published: July 2017

This paper uses Canadian provincial-level data and a variant of James uesenberry’s relative income hypothesis proposed by Frank et al. (2010) to examine the relationship between income inequality and savings rates. The theory predicts that increased expenditure of top income earners leads those just below them in the income scale to spend more as well, then the next group also spends more, and so on. This phenomenon is due to people’s status seeking behaviour. Hence, increased income inequality will trigger increases in consumption by individuals in all income groups, which in turn leads to declining personal savings rates. The empirical analysis based on this theory led to some interesting findings. First, at the national level, increased income inequality has a significant negative effect on personal savings rates. At the provincial level, the relationship also emerges in eight of ten provinces. Second, both the national and provincial results imply that growth in per capita income that worsens income inequality impacts negatively on personal savings rates. I interpret the results as evidence that social factors such as status-seeking generate consumption interdependence and are significant determinants of consumption and savings decisions of Canadians.
Canada's Immigration Trends and Patterns
Authors: Edmonston Barry
Published: July 2017

Canada was settled by immigrants, including Aboriginal peoples who arrived thousands of years ago, French and British settlers who first began arriving in the 1600s, and people from many other nations who have migrated in the past four centuries.  Now, almost 150 years since the Confederation of Canada in 1867, immigrants number 6.8 million and comprise 20 percent of the total population in 2011.  Canada’s population has completed the demographic transition from high mortality and fertility to relatively low vital rates, but accompanied by continued, fluctuating international migration.  Canada’s population reflects this fertility and mortality history, as well as the effects of international migration. Immigration has increased in significance in recent decades as one of the key factors influencing population change.   This paper examines Canada’s trends and patterns in international migration.
The moderating effect of sociodemographic factors on the predictive power of self-rated health for mortality in Canada
Authors: Falconer James , Quesnel-Vallée Amélie
Published: July 2017

Self-rated health is a reliable predictor for mortality, but its predictive power varies depending on social characteristics. This study tests the moderating effect of age, sex, education, and income on the power of self-rated health to predict mortality in Canada using data from the National Population Health Survey. Predictive power trajectories are modelled using time-series generalized estimating equation logistic regression. Findings show that self-rated health is a predictor for mortality up to 14 years prior to death in Canada, and is weakly moderated by income and education, and age/sex interactions. Self-rated health remains reliable across population sub-groups in Canada.La santé auto-évaluée est un prédicteur fiable de la mortalité, mais son pouvoir prédictif varie en fonction des caractéristiques sociales. Cette étude examine l'effet modérateur de l'âge, du sexe, de l'éducation, et du revenu sur le pouvoir de la santé auto-évaluée pour prédire la mortalité au Canada utilisant des données de l'Enquête nationale sur la santé de la population. Les trajectoires de puissance prédictive sont modélisées avec une régression logistique de l'équation d'estimation généralisée. Les résultats montrent que la santé auto-évaluée est un prédicteur de la mortalité jusqu'à 14 ans avant le décès au Canada, et est faiblement modérée par le revenu, l'éducation, et les interactions entre l'âge et le sexe. La santé auto-évaluée demeure valide parmi les sous-groupes de la population du Canada.
Intentional replacement of dead children in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Ghana and Kenya
Authors: Gyimah Stephen Obeng , Fernando Rajulton
Published: July 2017

This paper examines whether childhood deaths elicit an explicit, conscious and intentional fertility response using the 1998 Demographic and Health Survey
data for Ghana and Kenya . Using multivariate hazard models, childhood
mortality experience was found to have long term fertility implications beyond the short term physiological effects. In both countries, women who have experienced childhood mortality were found to have significantly higher number of additional children than those without. The death of the first child in particular was found to be associated with the risk of a higher order birth
consistent with recent findings in Cameroon. The policy implications of the
findings are discussed.
Home leaving trajectories in Canada: exploring cultural and gendered dimensions
Authors: Gee Ellen M. , Mitchell Barbara A. , Wister Andrew V.
Published: July 2017

In this exploratory study, we profile variations in home leaving, home returning, and home staying behaviour among four ethnocultural groups in Canada - British, Chinese, Indian, and South European. Data collected in a 1999-2000 survey of 1,907 young adults (ages 19-35) residing in the Vancouver area are used. Our principal foci are ethnocultural and gendered aspects of home leaving trajectories, specifically: ages at home leaving and returning, and reasons for home leaving, home returning and home staying. Special attention is paid to returners/boomerangers, given an increasing overall trend in home returning in Canada. We find that: (a) both ethnocultural origin and gender are important determinants of home leaving trajectory, (b) there is a distinct (but far from tidy) difference between European-origin and Asian-origin groups in home leaving trajectory, (c) British-Canadians leave home at the youngest ages and Indo-Canadians at the oldest ages, (d) the main reason for home leaving is
independence for British-Canadians; schooling for Chinese-Canadians, and
marriage for Indo-Canadians, (e) among all four groups, home returners leave
home initially at younger ages and, with the exception of Indo-Canadian young men, who typically leave home for school, and (f) gender differences in home
leaving trajectory are larger among the Chinese and Indo-Canadians than among persons of European origins. Overall, we conclude that the theorized trend of the individualized family life course holds for only some ethnocultural groups in Canada. We conclude with suggestions for future research directions on the topic of ethnicity and the home leaving life course transitions.
Type and timing of first union formation in Québec and the rest of Canada: Continuity and change across the 1930–79 birth cohorts
Authors: Wright Laura
Published: July 2017

Trends in age at marriage have been well documented, but less is known about age at first union among recent cohorts of Canadians. Using the 2011 GSS, I document changes in the type and timing of first union formation among Canadians born over five decades, and examine how regional differences in partnering behaviours have changed over time. The trend away from entering marriage directly has continued among Canadians born in the 1970s, but Québec-Canada differences have narrowed. The trend towards later marriage has continued, but age at first union has not changed across the five cohorts under study.Les tendances en ce qui a trait à l’âge au mariage ont été bien documentées, mais moins est connu quant à l’âge à la première union chez les dernières cohortes de Canadiens. À partir de données provenant de l’ESG de 2011, je documente les changements au niveau du type et du moment de la formation de premières unions auprès de Canadiens nés au cours de cinq décennies et j’examine en quelle mesure les différences régionales quant aux comportements liés au partenariat ont changé au fil du temps. La tendance à délaisser l’entrée directe au mariage a continué chez les Canadiens nés dans les années 1970, mais l’écart Québec-Canada a diminué. La tendance vers le mariage plus tardif a continué, mais l’âge à la première union n’a pas changé à travers les cinq cohortes à l’étude.
Effect of marital status on duration of treatment for mental illness
Authors: Wu Zheng , Schimmele Christoph M. , Penning Margaret J. , Zheng Chi , Noh Samuel
Published: July 2017

There is a well-established link between marital status and mental health, but previous research has produced mixed results about the reasons for this relationship. Some studies propose that marriage provides protection from stressors and increases personal coping abilities (the causation perspective), whereas other studies argue that marriage markets “weed out” individuals predisposed to illness (the selection perspective). This article addresses the causation-versus-selection debate by examining the effect of marital status on duration of treatment for mental illness. The empirical analysis uses longitudinal data and GEE models to estimate group-level differences in duration of treatment. The results suggest that marriage does not appear to confer a health advantage in terms of duration of treatment. However, the study demonstrates that the never-married experience longer treatment time than the married, divorced, and widowed.
The Effect of Education on Early Parenthood among Young Canadian Adults
Authors: Hango Darcy , Le Bourdais Céline
Published: July 2017

We use the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) to examine the link between
education and early parenthood in Canada. Estimates from proportional hazard models reveal that the exit from fulltime schooling increases the risk of
becoming a young parent. However, this risk is tempered by the level of
education achieved. Other measures related to education indicate that skipping classes increases the risk of early parenthood for men and women, whereas having peers committed to education reduces the risk for both. Yet higher educational aspirations and more extra curricular activities reduce the risk of parenthood, but for women only.
Labour market outcomes of the children of immigrants in Ontario
Authors: Abada Teresa , Lin Sylvia
Published: July 2017

Using the 2006 Census, this study examines the labour market outcomes of children of immigrants aged 25 to 34 who are living in Ontario. We find that most groups achieve higher levels of university completion rates than the third generation. Second-generation males, including those from Jamaica, Latin America, East Asia, the Philippines, India, South/Southeast Asia, West Asia and Arab/North African region, the United States, and Eastern Europe have lower earnings than the third generation. Dutch and Portuguese with lower educational attainments are not necessarily disadvantaged in terms of earnings and employment. In terms of income, most second-generationwomen are not significantly different from their third-generation counterparts.
Deadly occupations: Assessing tuberculosis and accidental mortality among male workers in Sydney and Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, 1909–1917
Authors: Ludlow Natalie C. , Burke Stacie D.A.
Published: July 2017

This study examines associations between occupation and cause of death among 802 working-age males (15 to 64 years of age) who diedin two single-industry communities (Glace Bay and Sydney) in Nova Scotia between 1909 and 1917. Employment in mining and steelmanufacturing is assessed for cause-specific mortality among men who died in Canada’s early industrial era, with a particular focus ondeaths due to tuberculosis (n=140, or 18% of deaths) and accidents (n=225, or 28% of deaths). Factoring in the effects of occupation,age at death, birthplace, community, and marital status, logistic regression results indicate that, among the men who died, occupation is a significant predictor for accidental deaths (relative to all other causes of death) but not for tuberculosis-related deaths. Interpretation of these results is grounded in a broader perspective on the nature of living and working conditions in these two single-industry communities.
A Microsimulation Model to Study the Interaction between Fertility and Union Formation and Dissolution: An Application to Canada and Quebec
Authors: Bélanger Alain , Morency Jean-Dominique , Spielauer Martin
Published: July 2017

Union formation and dissolution are among the main determinants
explaining variations in fertility. Compared to the rest of Canada, Quebec’s marital histories are more complex and its prevalence of common-law unions much higher. The objective of this article is to examine the role of marital behaviours on fertility by comparing different indicators of fertility and conjugal life that were obtained through microsimulation. Parameters of the microsimulation model were estimated from hazard regressions performed on the marital and fertility histories collected in two retrospective longitudinal surveys: the Canadian General Social Survey (GSS) 2001 and 2006. Results show
that the more complex marital histories of Quebecers can explain more than one-quarter of their fertility differences with the rest of the country.
The Healthy migrant effect on depression: variation over time?
Authors: Wu Zheng , Schimmele Christoph M.
Published: July 2017

Growing international evidence supports the epidemiological paradox that
immigrants have better overall health than non-immigrants, including lower
levels of depression. But whether length of residence in the host population
modifies this effect on depression is not well understood. We examine a large,
heterogeneous sample of Canadians to investigate three possible trajectories of depression within the immigrant population. We present hypotheses testing if the depression rate among immigrants improves, deteriorates, or undergoes nonlinear change over time. Our results confirm the so-called “healthy migrant effect” and show that visible minority immigrants are especially healthy. However, soon after arrival in Canada, depression among immigrants increases for several decades. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.
The Influence of Characteristics of Men’s Job on the Timing of the First Birth in Canada
Authors: Bingoly-Liworo Germain
Published: July 2017

The objective of the study was to illustrate the impact of characteristics of the
job of at least six months held by men born from 1930 to 1965 on the timing of
the first birth. The hypothesis is that characteristics of the job occupied at the
beginning career lead to a differential transition to parenthood, characterized
by a greater likelihood of having a first child for men whose job shows stability, compared with those whose first job is unstable and precarious. The data used are derived from the Statistics Canada 2001 General Social Survey, to which applied methods are used in event history analysis. The results validate the hypothesis, in indicating that full-time wage earners and self-employed workers have a greater likelihood of having a first child than part-time wage-earners. Results also show that the effect of characteristics of the job is limited in the first five years spent on the job. In addition, the job seems to accelerate the transition to parenthood for men married before being hired. All of the results suggest the need for family support to help young couples become established and for governments to adopt measures to encourage young people’s work integration.
Introduction to the Special Issue Low Fertility in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Ram Bali
Published: July 2017

Introduction to the Special Issue Low Fertility in Comparative Perspective
Using cohort change ratios to estimate life expectancy in populations with negligible migration: A new approach
Authors: Swanson David A. , Tedrow Lucky
Published: July 2017

Census survival methods are the oldest and most widely applicable methods of estimating adult mortality, and for populations with negligible migration they can provide excellent results. The reason for this ubiquity is threefold: (1) their data requirements are minimal in that only two successive age distributions are needed; (2) the two successive age distributions are usually easily obtained from census counts; and (3) the method is straightforward in that it requires neither a great deal of judgment nor “data-fitting” techniques to implement. This ubiquity is in contrast to other methods, which require more data, as well as judgment and, often, data fitting. In this short note, the new approach we demonstrate is that life expectancy at birth can be computed by using census survival rates in combination with an identity whereby the radix of a life table is equal to 1 (l0 = 1.00). We point out that our suggested method is less involved than the existing approach. We compare estimates using our approach against other estimates, and find it works reasonably well. As well as some nuances and cautions, we discuss the benefits of using this approach to estimate life expectancy, including the ability to develop estimates of average remaining life at any age. We believe that the technique is worthy of consideration for use in estimating life expectancy in populations that experience negligible migration.
Towards a Reconsideration of Female Migration Patterns in Burkina Faso
Authors: Le Jeune Gael , Piché Victor , Poirier Jean
Published: July 2017

This study focuses on changes in female migration patterns during the last fifty
years in Burkina Faso. We examine migration paths and reasons for moving
between ages 12 and 25 for women of rural origin using event history data
drawn from the Migration Dynamics, Urban Integration and Environment in
Burkina Faso National Survey conducted in 2000. The results show that female
migration patterns are changing in a subtle and complex way. Women are
emigrating more out of rural areas and experiencing increased multiple move
trajectories. Motives are also less-family driven and more related to education
and labour market considerations.
Currently married women with an unmet need for contraception in Eritrea: Profile and determinants
Authors: Woldemicael Gebremariam , Beaujot Roderic
Published: July 2017

Eritrea’s contraceptive prevalence rate is one of the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa and its fertility has only started to decline. Using data from the 2002 Eritrea Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), this study examines the determinants of unmet need for family planning that is the discrepancy between fertility goals and actual contraceptive use. More than one-quarter of currently married women are estimated to have an unmet need, and this has remained unchanged since 1995. The most important reason for unmet need is lack of knowledge of methods or of a source of supply. Currently married women with higher parity, and low autonomy, low or medium household economic status, and who know no method of contraception or source of supply are identified as the most likely to have an unmet need. Addressing the unmet need for family planning entails not merely greater knowledge of or access to contraceptive services, but also the enhancement of the status of women.
Longitudinal Research in Social Science: Some Theoretical Challenges
Authors: Burch Thomas K.
Published: July 2017

Every advance carries with it potential problems, and longitudinal analysis is no exception. This paper focuses on the problems related to the massive amounts of data generated by longitudinal surveys. It is argued that a proliferation of data may be to the good but it will not necessarily lead to better scientific knowledge. Most demographers think the logical positivist way that theory arises out of empirical generalisations, but massive empirical investigations have only led to disappointing theoretical outcomes in demography. This paper discusses one way out of this impasse - to adopt a different view of theory, a model-based view of science. Theoretical models based on empirical generalisation should become the main representational device in science.
Intra-Generational Ethnic Flows: Ethnic Mobility in the Canadian Census
Authors: Goldmann Gustave
Published: July 2017

This article extends the study of ethnic mobility by examining intra-generational flows in ethnicity in Canadian census data. It expands on previous work on this topic that focused specifically on Aboriginal Peoples. This paper establishes, through an analysis of census data from 1991 to 2001, that population flows exist among selected ethnic groups in Canada that can only be explained by ethnic mobility (or transfer). It also raises concerns about deriving trends over time in analysing population groups defined by ethno-cultural characteristics.
Early life transitions of Canadian youth: effects of family transformation and community characteristics
Authors: Ravanera Zenaida R. , Rajulton Fernando , Burch Thomas K.
Published: July 2017

This paper looks at the impact of family transformation and community
characteristics on the timing and sequences of early life transitions of Canadians born in 1971-75. Using event history techniques of analysis, the effects on school completion, start of regular work, and home-leaving are examined using a data set that merged the 1995 General Social Survey of the Family with data derived from the enumeration areas of the 1996 Census. The results show that family disruption impacts negatively on the transition to adulthood. And, mother=s work status and community-level characteristics indicative of availability of material resources and opportunities have significant effect on the timing of transition to adulthood mainly through longer period of education.
Fertility in the Age of Demographic Maturity: An Essay
Authors: Romaniuk Anatole
Published: July 2017

As humanity is moving into a new age of its demographic evolution, I call
it demographic maturity, the emerging demographic configurations –
generational sub-replacement fertility, advanced aging and potential
population implosion – call for new ways of thinking about population
and new policy approaches. While we live longer and healthier, we also
reproduce less and less. We are stuck in a culture of low fertility. The
strong motivations for foregoing motherhood are financial: a two-salary
wage is better than one even for the higher middle class. No less important is the woman’s financial independence in a societal environment where marriage as an institution is under considerable stress. Motherhood is to be rewarded adequately for its highly important social role and it has to be sufficient to reassure potential mothers of their financial concerns. What is required is a more balanced resource allocation between production and reproduction. The old welfare type hand-outs like child bonuses do not work. Societies, particularly the rich, ought to realize that to raise fertility, even to generational replacement level, not only is a much greater financial effort called for but some of the tenants of the liberal economy need to be put into question to make room for social concerns such a renewal of generations, if they want to survive as national entities. This essay advocates a stationary population as the best response to challenges such as ecological health, national identity and cohesion, and possibly world peace.
Effects of Foreign Education on Immigrant Earnings
Authors: Fong Eric , Cao Xingshan
Published: July 2017

This study explores the effects of foreign education on earnings. Previously, most research used indirect estimated information about foreign education, and documented the lower earnings of immigrants who had foreign education in comparison to those who had domestic education. Using direct information obtained from respondents of a recent survey, this research goes beyond the existing studies by suggesting three factors in earning discounts: (1) whether the highest level of education was received overseas, (2) the country where foreign education was received, and (3) name recognition of the foreign university. In addition, our study points out that social networks can reduce the foreign education discount, especially in nonprofessional occupations.
A New Proposal for Measuring Marital Fertility in Historical Populations
Authors: Sánchez-Barricarte Jesús J.
Published: July 2017

In this paper, a critical analysis is made of some of the indices used in numerous historical studies on the decline of fertility. More concretely, it is demonstrated how the Total Marital Fertility Rate (TMFR) and the Ig and I’g indices of marital fertility designed by Coale (1986) not only are not good indicators of a population’s level of marital fertility, but also in some cases (for example, when there is an important delay in female mean age at marriage) can even indicate an increase in marital fertility when in reality it is decreasing. Likewise, a new index for measuring marital fertility (known as the Navarre Index) is presented which takes into account women’s average age at marriage as well as their mortality rate during their reproductive period.
Family planning and women’s educational advancement in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Erfani Amir
Published: July 2017

This study examines the impact of contraceptive use on women’s educational advancement as an indicator of female empowerment, using retrospective data from the 2009 Tehran Fertility Survey. The results show that 15 per cent of married women continued their education after marriage. Also, women using modern contraceptives before a first birth were more likely to experience a 1–2-year increase in education level after marriage, controlling for other factors. Recent cohorts were more likely to continue their education after marriage, especially those who used modern vs. traditional contraceptives. The findings clearly indicate that family planning use after marriage enables women to advance their education by freeing them from reproductive activities.
Regional variations of 1932–34 famine losses in Ukraine
Authors: Wolowyna Oleh , Plokhy Serhii , Levchuk Nataliia , Rudnytskyi Omelian , Shevchuk Pavlo , Kovbasiuk Alla
Published: July 2017

AbstractYearly estimates of urban and rural direct losses (excess deaths) from the 1932–34 famine are presented for the oblasts of Soviet Ukraine. Contrary to expectations, the highest losses are not found in the grain-producing southern oblasts, but in the north-central Kyiv and Kharkiv oblasts. Several hypotheses are proposed and tested to explain this finding. No single hypothesis provides a comprehensive explanation. Losses in some oblasts are due to specific factors, while losses in other oblasts seem to be explained by a combination of economic and political factors. Quantitative analyses are presented of resistance and Soviet repressions in 1932, and effects of the food assistance program and historical-political factors on direct losses in 1933 are analyzed.Des estimations annuelles de pertes (décès excédentaires) directement attribuables à la famine de 1932-34 sont présentées pour les zones urbaines et rurales d’Ukraine sovietique. Contrairement aux attentes, les pertes les plus importantes n’étaient pas dans la région méridionale productrice de grain, mais plutôt dans la région du nord-centre, soit Kiev et Kharkiv. Plusieurs hypothèses sont proposées et mises à l’épreuve pour vérifier cette conclusion. Cependant, aucune hypothèse, à elle seule, ne fournit une explication complète. Dans certaines régions, les pertes sont causées par des facteurs précis, alors que dans d’autres, les pertes sont expliquées par une combinaison de facteurs économiques et politiques. Des analyses quantitatives sont présentées sur la résistance et les répressions sovietiques en 1932. L’effet du programme d’assistance alimentaire et les facteurs politico-historiques attribuables directement aux pertes en 1933 est également analysé.
Reflection on population forecasting: from predictions to prospective analysis
Authors: Romaniuc Anatole
Published: July 2017

The notion of predictability, central to the conventional meaning given to
projection, is de-emphasized, and that of analytical credibility stressed. The
usefulness of a projection is to be judged by the extent to which it contributes to decisions shaping the future. The author explores the epistemological base for this reconceptualization of the projection as an instrument of “creating” rather than “discovering” the future. To this end, he turns to the contemporary
developments in the philosophy of science.
A Causal Approach to Interrelated Family Events: A Cross-National Comparison fo Cohabitation, Non-marital Conception, and Marriage
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Mills Melinda
Published: July 2017

One of the most important advances brought about by life course and event
history studies is the use of parallel or interdependent processes as explaining
factors in transition rate models. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a
causal approach to the study of interrelated family events. Various types of
interdependent processes are described first, followed by two event history
perspectives: the ‘system’ and ‘causal’ approach. The authors assert that the
causal approach is more appropriate from an analytical point of view as it
provides a straightforward solution to simultaneity, cause-effect lags, and
temporal shapes of effects. Based on comparative cross-national applications in West and East Germany, Canada, Latvia, and the Netherlands, we demonstrate the usefulness of the causal approach by analyzing two highly interdependent family processes: entry into marriage (for individuals who are in a consensual union) as the dependent process and first pregnancy/childbirth as the explaining one. Both statistical and theoretical explanations are explored emphasizing the need for conceptual reasoning.
Unitary Social Science for Causal Understanding: Experiences and Prospects of Life Course Research
Authors: Diewald Martin
Published: July 2017

Longitudinal data are superior to cross-sectional data for explaining social processes. Yet, the existing division of labour in social science is a serious handicap for causal understanding of human behaviour. This is demonstrated in this article with the quite unrelated coexistence of sociological research on life histories and psychological research on individual development. Two examples are discussed: the intergenerational reproduction of social inequalities and the openness versus closedness of labour markets. Though there is an increasing awareness of problems of selectivity and unobserved
heterogeneity in conventional social research, statistical modelling of these problems cannot replace the need for transdiciplinary data collection and research.
Non-residential fatherhood in Canada
Authors: Strohschein Lisa
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to shed light on non-residential fatherhood in Canada. Data come from the 2012 LISA. Analysis was restricted to fathers who had children under the age of 19 (N=3,592). Approximately 17.4% were non-residential fathers. Logistic regression models indicated that being outside a marital union, low educational attainment and low income were associated with increased odds of being a non-residential father. Teen parenthood was not a statistically significant predictor. I discuss the implications of these findings as well as the need for measures that better capture variability in the living arrangements of fathers and their children.Le but de cette étude est d’éclairer le phénomène de paternité non résidentielle au Canada. Les données proviennent du sondage LISA 2012. L'analyse est limitée aux pères ayant des enfants de moins de 19 ans (N = 3 592). Environ 17,4% sont des pères non-résidentiels. Les modèles de régression logistique indiquent qu'étant hors d'une union maritale, d'avoir un faible niveau de scolarité, et de faible revenu est associé à une probabilité élevée d'être un père non-résidentiel. Être un parent adolescent n’est pas un prédicteur statistiquement significatif. Je discute des implications de ces résultats ainsi que de la nécessité de mesures qui permettent de mieux saisir la variabilité des modes de vie des pères et de leurs enfants.
Immigrant Language Proficiency, Earnings, and Language Policies
Authors: Boyd Monica , Cao Xingshan
Published: July 2017

This paper addresses two questions: 1) what are the impacts of language proficiency on the earnings of Canadian adult immigrants; 2) what are the current policy responses. Using a five-level scale of English/French language use, our analysis of Public Use Microdata File for the 2001 census confirms the positive association between proficiency in Canada’s charter language(s) and immigrant earnings. Compared to permanent residents who are highly proficient in English and/or French, those with lower levels of proficiency have lower weekly earnings. Quantile regressions reveal that the relative advantage of English/French language proficiency is higher for those in the top quarter of the earnings distribution; conversely, greater penalties exist for immigrants with low levels of language proficiency at the upper end of the earnings distribution. The likely impacts of federal policies on increasing English/French language proficiency of immigrant workers are discussed, focusing on two federal government initiatives for language training and two recent immigration policy changes.
Evaluation of projections of populations for the aboriginal identity groups in Canada, 1996-2001
Authors: Verma Ravi B. P.
Published: July 2017

The population projections for the Aboriginal identity groups (North American
Indians, Métis and Inuit) by age and sex from 1996 to 2001 were developed at
the Canada level, using the cohort-component method. The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze the error of closure between the projected 2001 and adjusted 2001 population counts due to net census undercounts. It is observed that the error of closure for the 2001 projected Aboriginal population based on the 1996 adjusted census population seems to be lower by 7% over the 2001 Census adjusted Aboriginal population. In contrast, the projected populations for North American Indians and Inuit are lower by -0.20% and -2.73%. However, for the Métis the error of closure is extremely high, at -24.84%. Reasons for the higher error of closure for the Métis such as the effects of intra-generational ethnic mobility will be discussed in the paper.
Intergenerational Ethnic Mobility among Canadian Aboriginal Populations in 2001
Authors: Robitaille Norbert , Guimond Éric , Boucher Alexandre
Published: July 2017

This article deals with the contribution of intergenerational ethnic mobility to
the demographic reproduction of the Aboriginal groups in Canada: the North
American Indians, the Métis and the Inuit. To this effect, it attempts to see if
children in husband/wife census families keep the identity of their parents. As
expected, children from endogamous couples generally keep their parents’
identity. However, for most children from exogamous couples formed by an
Aboriginal person and a non-Aboriginal person, the Aboriginal identity prevails over the non-Aboriginal identity. If Aboriginal identities were “not attractive” identities when declaring the ethnic affiliation of children in situations of exogamous unions, then the size of the Aboriginal population in Canada would be significantly smaller.
Social Status Polarization in the Timing and Trajectories to Motherhood
Authors: Ravanera Zenaida R. , Rajulton Fernando
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the polarization by social status of Canadian women’s timing and trajectories to motherhood. The study applies event history analysis on data gathered through the 2001 General Social Survey on Family History and focuses on women born from 1922 to 1980. Women with high social status are more likely to delay their entry into motherhood and to follow normatively preferred trajectories that include graduation from post-secondary education. In contrast, women with low social status are more likely to follow shorter routes, often bypassing graduation from post-secondary education, regular work, or marriage, and consequently become mothers at younger age.
Charting the growth of Canada's Aboriginal populations: problems, options and implications
Authors: Guimond Eric , Kerr Don , Beaujot Roderic
Published: July 2017

Toward the end of the 20th century, the number of persons reporting Aboriginal ancestry in the Canadian Census increased in a rather dramatic manner. For example, in the 2001 Canadian Census, over 1.3 million Canadians reported an Aboriginal origin, which is an increase of about 20 percent over the previous census in 1996. Given that much confusion and inadequate information characterises public discussions of the demographics of Canada’s Aboriginal population, this paper will review the most fundamental data sources and definitions that have been used in documenting the characteristics of this population, as well as outline some of the most important obstacles to be faced in enacting meaningful quantitative research in this context.
The relation between education and labour force participation of Aboriginal peoples: A simulation analysis using the Demosim population projection model
Authors: Spielauer Martin
Published: July 2017

The relation between education and labour force participation of Aboriginal peoples: A simulation analysis using the Demosim population projection model
Theoretical and Technical Orientations Toward Longitudinal Research in the Social Sciences
Authors: Willekens Frans
Published: July 2017

This paper views life as a developmental process, embedded in a multilevel
context. It addresses a number of theoretical, modelling and measurement issues at a relatively abstract level, integrating insights from different disciplines that study developmental processes. At the theoretical level, the usefulness of the life course as an organising principle is discussed. At the analytical level, the main building blocks of the life course are identified, with the life event being the unit of analysis. Each life event has three core aspects: the time at occurrence, the likelihood of occurrence (risk of experiencing the event), and the reason for occurrence. Notions of time, risk, exposure, uncertainty, and interaction are discussed. These basic concepts neatly connect life course theory and life history models.
Population growth, energy use, and environmental impact: Comparing the Canadian and Swedish records on CO2 emissions
Authors: Kerr Don
Published: July 2017

There are many similarities between Canada and Sweden, as both are relatively affluent northern nations with diverse modern economies. Both have witnessed demographic growth and climbing affluence, with predominantly export-oriented economies. Yet in terms of their respective records on greenhouse gas emissions, there is a stark contrast between the two. Sweden is often considered a world leader in reducing emissions, whereas Canada has been widely criticized for its failure to meet international commitments. The current paper attempts to delineate some of the factors responsible for the observed differences between the two countries. It examines trends in environmental impact (CO2 levels) by applying a modified and updated version of Ehrlich’s IPAT equation. The crux of the matter in comparing the two countries is Canada’s substantial population growth and heavy demand for energy (29th among 30 countries in the OECD on our measure of energy intensity) whereas Sweden has managed to move away from fossil fuels in driving its economic activity.