bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
African-American and Hispanic Perceptions of HIV Vaccine Clinical Research: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Toledo Lauren , McLellan-Lemal Eleanor , Arreola Sonya , Campbell Chadwick , Sutton Madeline
Published: January 2014

Purpose.

To examine perceptions of phase-I human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trial participation among African-Americans and Hispanics in San Francisco, California.

Design.

Qualitative, semistructured interviews.

Setting.

San Francisco Department of Health.

Participants.

Thirty-six African-American and Hispanic men and women, 18 to 50 years of age, residing in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Method.

Purposive sampling using advertisements, community-based organization rosters, and snowball referrals. Thematic analysis of transcripts identified salient themes and patterns.

Results.

Participants viewed participation in HIV research as important; however, they held that HIV was not a health priority given limited awareness about HIV research or beliefs that only infected or high-risk persons were eligible for participation. Altruism and personal gain, trustworthy trial staff, convenient schedules and facilities, and involvement of trusted community groups in recruitment were perceived to motivate participants. Concerns about the social consequences of participating in HIV research and product-related side effects were seen as discouraging participation. Limitations include the possibility that participants in interview research have more favorable views of biomedical research than those who refuse to participate.

Conclusion.

Historically, African-Americans and Hispanics in the United States have had limited participation in HIV trials. Understanding their perceptions of HIV biomedical research, identifying facilitators and barriers to participation, addressing misinformation about HIV, distorted risk perceptions, HIV stigma, and providing accessible opportunities to participate are imperative to ensure health equity and generalizability of findings.
Nonresident African-American Fathers' Influence on Sons' Exercise Intentions in the Fathers and Sons Program
Authors: Ellis Katrina R. , Caldwell Cleopatra Howard , Assari Shervin , De Loney E. Hill
Published: January 2014

Purpose.

To test the effects of a family-centered intervention for enhancing intentions to exercise among African-American boys with nonresident fathers.

Design.

Quasi-experimental, intervention study.

Setting.

Two Midwestern cities.

Subjects.

A total of 287 nonresident African-American fathers and their 8- to 12-year-old sons (n = 158 intervention dyads; n = 129 comparison dyads).

Intervention.

The Fathers and Sons Program is a 15-session family-based intervention focused on promoting the health of African-American boys by enhancing the parenting attitudes and behaviors of their nonresident fathers and positively influencing parent-child interactions.

Measures.

Demographic information and intervention outcomes were assessed at baseline and follow-up via self-report.

Analysis.

Descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and structural equation modeling.

Results.

The intervention was successful in improving the exercise intentions of boys (B = .246; p = .005; B = .210; p = .012). The effect was not direct; increasing contact between fathers and sons (B = .154; p = .001), enhancing the quality of their relationship (B = .366; p < .001), and improving fathers' own intentions to exercise (B = .265; p = .001) were mediating factors.

Conclusion.

Interventions aimed at improving exercise intentions among African-American boys with nonresident fathers should focus on relational factors.
Extraction of Three Premolars and One Implant to Reduce Bimaxillary Protrusion in an Adult Patient
Authors: Pithon Matheus Melo , Taffarel Ivan Pedro , Tessarollo Fábio Rafael , Canestraro Decio
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this article was to illustrate the orthodontic treatment in a case of implant removal. When an implant is used as anchorage the treatment alternative does not require patient compliance, but sometimes it becomes a problem in case of removal indication of a good implant made to provide a more functional and attractive alternative than removable prostheses to achieve orthodontic treatment strategy. The results seem to suggest that the extraction of the implant provide a valid treatment procedure for orthodontic purposes in case of osseointegrated implant. Successful treatment results were achieved in the reduction of the bimaxillary protrusion of Angle Class II division 1 subdivision malocclusion with a good gingival and dental result in an adult patient.

How to cite this article

Taffarel IP, Tessarollo FR, Canestraro D, Tanaka OM, Pithon MM. Extraction of Three Premolars and One Implant to Reduce Bimaxillary Protrusion in an Adult Patient. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):122-126.
Low-latitude scintillation occurrences around the equatorial anomaly crest over Indonesia
Authors: Abadi P. , Saito S. , Srigutomo W.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We investigated low-latitude ionospheric scintillation in Indonesia using two GPS receivers installed at Bandung (107.6° E, 6.9° S; magnetic latitude 17.5° S) and Pontianak (109.3° E, 0.02° S; magnetic latitude 8.9° S). This study aimed to characterise climatological and directional ionospheric scintillation occurrences, which are useful not only for the physics of ionospheric irregularities but also for practical use in GNSS (global navigation satellite system)-based navigation. We used the deployed instrument's amplitude scintillation (S4 index) data from 2009, 2010, and 2011; the yearly SSN (sunspot-smoothed numbers) were 3.1, 16.5, and 55.9, respectively. In summary, (1) scintillation occurrences in the post-sunset period (18:00–01:00 LT) during equinox months (plasma bubble season) at the two sites can be ascribed to the plasma bubble; (2) using directional analyses of the two sites, we found that the distribution of scintillation occurrences is generally concentrated between the two sites, indicating the average location of the EIA (equatorial ionisation anomaly) crest; (3) scintillation occurrence enhancements for the two sites in field-aligned directions are herein reported for the first time by ground-based observation in a low-latitude region; (4) distribution of scintillation occurrences at Pontianak are concentrated in the southern sky, especially in the southwest direction, which is very likely associated with the plasma bubble tilted westward with increasing latitude; and (5) scintillation occurrence in the post-midnight period in the non-plasma-bubble season is the most intriguing variable occurring between the two sites (i.e. post-midnight scintillations are observed more at Bandung than Pontianak). Most of the post-midnight scintillations observed at Bandung are concentrated in the northern sky, with low elevation angles. This might be due to the amplitude of irregularities in certain directions, which may be effectively enhanced by background density enhancement by the EIA and because satellite–receiver paths are longer in the EIA crest region and in a field-aligned direction.
The effect of land-use change on the net exchange rates of greenhouse gases: a meta-analytical approach
Authors: Kim D.-G. , Kirschbaum M. U. F.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. One of the environmental impacts of land-use change (LUC) is a change in the net exchange of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Here we summarize findings based on a new global database containing data sets of changes in soil organic carbon stocks and soil CH4 and N2O fluxes. We combine that with estimates of biomass carbon stock changes and enteric CH4 emissions following LUC. Data were expressed in common units by converting net CH4 and N2O fluxes to CO2 equivalents (CO2 eq) using established global warming potentials, and carbon-stock changes were converted to annual net fluxes by averaging stock changes over 100 yr. Conversion from natural forest to cropland resulted in the greatest increase in net GHG fluxes, while conversion of cropland to secondary forest resulted in the greatest reduction in net GHG emissions. Specifically, LUC from natural forest to crop and grasslands led to net fluxes of 6.2 ± 1.6 (Mean ± 95% confidence intervals) and 4.8 ± 1.6 t CO2 eq ha−1 yr−1 to the atmosphere, respectively. Conversely, conversion from crop and grasslands to secondary forest reduced net emissions by 6.1 ± 4.1 and 3.9 ± 1.2 t CO2 eq ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Land-use change impacts were generally dominated by changes in biomass carbon. A retrospective analysis indicated that LUC from natural forests to agricultural lands contributed a cumulative 1326 ± 449 Gt CO2 eq between 1765 and 2005, which is equivalent to average emissions of 5.5 ± 1.6 Gt CO2 eq yr−1. This study demonstrates how specific LUCs can positively or negatively affect net GHG fluxes to the atmosphere.
Controls on pH in surface waters of northwestern European shelf seas
Authors: Rérolle V. M. C. , Ribas-Ribas M. , Kitidis V. , Brown I. , Bakker D. C. E. , Lee G. A. , Shi T. , Mowlem M. C. , Achterberg E. P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We present here a high resolution surface water pH dataset obtained in the Northwest European shelf seas in summer 2011. This is the first time that pH has been measured at such a high spatial resolution (10 measurements h–1) in this region. The aim of our paper is to investigate the carbonate chemistry dynamics of the surface water using pH and ancillary data. The main processes controlling the pH distribution along the ship's transect, and their relative importance, were determined using a statistical approach. The study highlights the impact of biological activity, temperature and riverine inputs on the carbonate chemistry dynamics of the shelf seas surface water. For this summer cruise, the biological activity formed the main control of the pH distribution along the cruise transect. Variations in chlorophyll and nutrients explained 29% of the pH variance along the full transect and as much as 68% in the northern part of the transect. In contrast, the temperature distribution explained ca. 50% of the pH variation in the Skagerrak region. Riverine inputs were evidenced by high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels in the Strait of Moyle (northern Irish Sea) and the southern North Sea with consequent remineralisation processes and a reduction in pH. The DOC distribution described 15% of the pH variance along the full transect. This study highlights the high spatial variability of the surface water pH in shelf seawaters where a range of processes simultaneously impacts the carbonate chemistry.
Pollen-based temperature and precipitation inferences for the montane forest of Mt. Kilimanjaro during the last Glacial and the Holocene
Authors: Schüler L. , Hemp A. , Behling H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The relationship between modern pollen-rain taxa and measured climate variables was explored along the elevational gradient of the southern slope of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Pollen assemblages in 28 pollen traps positioned on 14 montane forest vegetation plots were identified and their relationship with climate variables was examined using multivariate statistical methods. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that the mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation and minimum temperature each account for significant fractions of the variation in pollen taxa. A training set of 107 modern pollen taxa was used to derive temperature and precipitation transfer functions based on pollen subsets using weighted-averaging-partial-least-squares (WA-PLS) techniques. The transfer functions were then applied to a fossil pollen record from the montane forest of Mt. Kilimanjaro and the climate parameter estimates for the Late Glacial and the Holocene on Mt. Kilimanjaro were inferred. Our results present the first quantitatively reconstructed temperature and precipitation estimates for Mt Kilimanjaro and give highly interesting insights into the past 45 000 yr of climate dynamics in tropical East Africa. The climate reconstructions are consistent with the interpretation of pollen data in terms of vegetation and climate history of afro-montane forest in East Africa. Minimum temperatures above the frostline as well as increased precipitation turn out to be crucial for the development and expansion of montane forest during the Holocene. In contrast, consistently low minimum temperatures as well as about 25% drier climate conditions prevailed during the pre LGM, which kept the montane vegetation composition in a stable state. In prospective studies, the quantitative climate reconstruction will be improved by additional modern pollen rain data, especially from lower elevations with submontane dry forests and colline savanna vegetation in order to extend the reference climate gradient.
Evaluating the SSEBop approach for evapotranspiration mapping with landsat data using lysimetric observations in the semi-arid Texas High Plains
Authors: Senay G. B. , Gowda P. H. , Bohms S. , Howell T. A. , Friedrichs M. , Marek T. H. , Verdin J. P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) approach was applied on 14 Landsat 5 thermal infrared images for mapping daily actual evapotranspiration (ETa) fluxes during the spring and summer seasons (March–October) in 2006 and 2007. Data from four large lysimeters, managed by the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory were used for evaluating the SSEBop estimated ETa. Lysimeter fields are arranged in a 2 × 2 block pattern with two fields each managed under irrigated and dryland cropping systems. The modeled and observed daily ETa values were grouped as "irrigated" and "dryland" at four different aggregation periods (1-day, 2-day, 3 day and "seasonal") for evaluation. There was a strong linear relationship between observed and modeled ETa with R2 values ranging from 0.87 to 0.97. The root mean square error (RMSE), as percent of their respective mean values, were reduced progressively with 28, 24, 16 and 12% at 1-day, 2-day, 3-day, and seasonal aggregation periods, respectively. With a further correction of the underestimation bias (−11%), the seasonal RMSE reduced from 12 to 6%. The random error contribution to the total error was reduced from 86 to 20% while the bias' contribution increased from 14 to 80% when aggregated from daily to seasonal scale, respectively. This study shows the reliable performance of the SSEBop approach on the Landsat data stream with a transferable approach for use with the recently launched LDCM (Landsat Data Continuity Mission) Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS) data. Thus, SSEBop can produce quick, reliable and useful ET estimations at various time scales with higher seasonal accuracy for use in regional water management decisions.
Relativistic surfatron process for Landau resonant electrons in radiation belts
Authors: Osmane A. , Hamza A. M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Recent theoretical studies of the nonlinear wave-particle interactions for relativistic particles have shown that Landau resonant orbits could be efficiently accelerated along the mean background magnetic field for propagation angles θ in close proximity to a critical propagation θc associated with a Hopf–Hopf bifurcation condition. In this report, we extend previous studies to reach greater modeling capacities for the study of electrons in radiation belts by including longitudinal wave effects and inhomogeneous magnetic fields. We find that even though both effects can limit the surfatron acceleration of electrons in radiation belts, gains in energy of the order of 100 keV, taking place on one tenth of a millisecond, are sufficiently strong for the mechanism to be relevant to radiation belt dynamics.
Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais no distrito de Catuné, no município de Tombos - MG
Authors: Santos Jorge Luís da Silva , Ribeiro Ivan Abreu , Thomé Marcos Paulo Machado , Pádua Marcos Venícius da Silva
Published: January 2014

A utilização de plantas medicinais é orientada por conhecimentos acumulados mediante a relação direta com o meio ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o conhecimento local da população do distrito de Catuné, município de Tombos (MG) em relação às plantas utilizadas na medicina tradicional e identificar se tal conhecimento é repassado para as novas gerações. Foram realizadas 40 entrevistas com moradores locais, dos quais 11 (38%) apresentaram idade superior a 60 anos e vinte e nove entrevistados (72%) afirmaram utilizar recursos vegetais como fitoterápicos. O conhecimento local do uso de plantas medicinais não é utilizado por gerações mais jovens.
Uma análise comparativa entre as metodologias de desenvolvimento de software: Rational Unified Process e Extreme Programming
Authors: Borth Marcelo Rafael , Shishido Henrique Yoshikazu
Published: January 2014

Mediante a grande exigência do mercado por inovação, produtividade, qualidade e desempenho dos sistemas computacionais, criaram-se as metodologias de desenvolvimento de software. A partir do uso de uma metodologia de software é possível reduzir o custo, o risco e o tempo do desenvolvimento de um projeto e, ainda, aumentar a qualidade do produto final. Este artigo realiza uma comparação entre duas metodologias de desenvolvimento: o Rational Unified Process e o Extreme Programming. A comparação realizada mostra as principais semelhanças e contrastes entre as abordagens, destacando e comentando suas características predominantes.
Mid-term Results of Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP) for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) by a Single Surgeon
Authors: Choi Seong
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesHere the author report the mid-term clinical outcomes analysis with efficacy and safety of HoLEP. MethodsFrom May 2010 to September 2012, 270 consecutive patients treated with HoLEP were enrolled in this study. All patients was evaluated by digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), serum PSA preoperatively. International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), peak urinary flow rate (Qmax), and postvoid residual urine (PVR) were documented preoperatively and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 months postoperatively. The perioperative data and complications were analyzed. All procedures of HoLEP was done by a single surgeon. ResultsThe mean patient age at the surgery was 67.5 years (45-82), and the mean PSA was 3.7 ng/mL (0.4-19.4). Mean operation time was 73.6 minutes (30-150). Mean prostate volume was 64.3 mL (20-150) and mean resected tisssue weight was 9.3 g (2-63). Mean catheter indwelling time was 2.7 day (1-6), and mean hospital stay was 3.2 day (1-7). The blood loss was minimal, so transfusion was not needed. The baseline data were IPSS; 23.0 (7-35), QoL score; 5.4 (4-6), Qmax (mL/s); 12.5 (1.2-16.5), PVR (mL); 59 (20-250). Postoperatively, IPSS and QoL scores and PVR decreased, and Qmax increased significantly. Intraoperative complication was minor capsular perforation (n = 5). Postoperative complications were acute urinary retention (n = 9), transient incontinence (n = 17), urinary tract infection (n=4), urethral stricture (n=4) and bladder neck contracture (n = 12). ConclusionsHoLEP showed statistical improvement of clinical parameters after 1 month operation and these results sustained for 24 months regardless of prostatic size.
A Comparison of the Recovery Characteristics between Propofol-remifentil and Sevoflurane-remifentail Anesthesia for Total Thyroidectomy
Authors: Kang Dong Hee , Lee Jeong Gil , Jung Hyeong Ju , Kim Ju Deok , Yu Soo Bong , Ryu Si Jeong , Kim Gyeong Han , Kim Doo Sik
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesThis study was investigated the recovery characteristics of propofol-remifentanil and sevoflurane-remifentanil anesthesia for total thyroidectomy MethodsEighty patients in ASA physical status 1 and 2 scheduled for total thyroidectomy were allocated randomly to either group P (n = 40) or group S (n = 40). Anesthesia was maintained with remifentanil effect site concentration (Ce) 1-3 ng/mL and propofol Ce 2-4 μ g/mL in the group P, and was maintained with remifentanil Ce 1-3 ng/mL and sevoflurane 1.5-2% in the group S. Blood pressure, heart rate, and bispectral (BIS) index were measured during perioperative period. The times from discontinuance of anesthetic agent to eye opening, to extubation, and to stating name were measured. Postoperative complications were evaluated. ObjectivesThis study was investigated the recovery characteristics of propofol-remifentanil and sevoflurane-remifentanil anesthesia for total thyroidectomy MethodsEighty patients in ASA physical status 1 and 2 scheduled for total thyroidectomy were allocated randomly to either group P (n = 40) or group S (n = 40). Anesthesia was maintained with remifentanil effect site concentration (Ce) 1-3 ng/mL and propofol Ce 2-4 μ g/mL in the group P, and was maintained with remifentanil Ce 1-3 ng/mL and sevoflurane 1.5-2% in the group S. Blood pressure, heart rate, and bispectral (BIS) index were measured during perioperative period. The times from discontinuance of anesthetic agent to eye opening, to extubation, and to stating name were measured. Postoperative complications were evaluated. ResultsThere were no significant differences between group P and S on the blood pressure, heart rate, and recovery time. BIS index of group P showed lower than that of group S during operation (P < 0.05). The incidences of side effects were similar in the two groups, though the incidence of nausea was higher in the group S (P < 0.05). ConclusionsPropofol-remifentanil anesthesia was more advantageous than sevoflurane-remifentanil anesthesia for thyroidectomy in view of side effect incidences.
Epidemiology and Causation
Authors: Kim Jungwon
Published: January 2014

In medicine and public health areas, it is essential for researchers and clinicians to investigate causal relationships dealing with the terms of cause, causation and causality. In treating a patient, the treatment will be given based on the assumption that that treatment will cause an improvement or cure of the patient. For diagnosis, we need a causation concept to associate diseases with etiologic factors such as genetic, environmental, occupational and other components. The prevention and intervention of a disease involve the selecting process of probable causal factors too.

The causal problem is one of main issues in philosophy since ancient Greek. Aristotle theorized material, formal, efficient, and formal causes. Francis Bacon and Descartes mainly used induction and deduction, respectively. Hume denied the capacity of inductive methodologies to find truth. Among philosophers of science, the debates whether we can find objective truth or not will be continued. This causation can be two subsets, ontological and epistemological (or methodological). Traditional philosophical approaches mainly focus on ontological problems, such as what is causation?; are there causal laws? In general, scientific or epidemiological approaches are dealing with the epistemological dimension, i.e, causation criteria; test for a causal hypothesis.

For clinicians and researchers in medical and public health, it would be a good chance to review and re-think the notions of cause, causation and causality. Also there will be helpful understanding of more detail informations about the methodology such as causal inference, Hill’s criteria and Rothman’s causal pie model.
The Emergence of a "Loft" District in Montreal
Authors: Zacharias John
Published: January 2014

A unique set of circumstances seems to have contributed to a pattern of densely-built, partywall buildings in certain areas of central Montreal. A complex of voids and passageways are integrated with these "loft" structures. The special circumstances include the property patterns of French colonial rule, the use of rights-of-passage accompanying title to the land and finally the need for flexible and economical commercial space from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century. Three successive waves of change in building fabric and building type have not altered the first built- and open-space relationships. Rather, the voids within the block became increasingly entrenched, raising the value of space locked within the built-up perimeter. The contiguous fabric of buildings and voids, the varied scale and geometries of its individual elements, thwarts major restructuring today.
Access and Privacy for Ontario Municipalities: Will it Help or Hinder Research?
Authors: Hopkins Mark
Published: January 2014

"Public records are public property, owned by the people in the same sense that the citizens own their courthouse or town hall, sidewalks and streets, funds in the treasury. They are held in trust for the citizens by custodians — usually the heads of agencies in which the records have been accumulated... As public property, public records may no more be altered, defaced, mutilated or removed from custody than public funds may be embezzled or misappropriated. Indeed, because records document the conduct of the public's business — including the protection of rights, privileges and property of individual citizens — they constitute a species of public property of a higher value than buildings, equipment and even money, all of which usually can be replaced by the simple resort to additional taxes. It is the unique value and irreplaceable nature of records that has given them a sanctity uncharacteristic of other kinds of property and that accounts for the emergence of com mon-law principles and statutory enactments governing their protection."
Publications of Note
Authors: Taylor John
Published: January 2014

Publications of Note John Taylor Outaouais. The journal of L'Institut d'histoire et de recherche sur l'Outaouais (IHRO). Edition 1987: "Le Hull disparu." Pp. 89. Mus. $10.00 (paper). This is the second number of Outaouais, one that focuses, as its subtitle indicates, on the fact that Ottawa is a vanishing city being replaced by a government town. The eight articles detail places, people, businesses, and activities typical of the older city: industrial, mercantile, and paternal. This issue ends with a walking guide to the older city.
Editorial
Authors: Weaver John C.
Published: January 2014

The foundation work of those who built the Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire urbaine and the robust state of research on Canada's urban past permit experimentation, some of which is immediately visible in this issue. The special requirements of authors who write about communities has been recognized for many years by the UHR/RHU. Now, as the current issue demonstrates, from cover to cover, there will be more opportunities and greater flexibility for the presentation of material important to the special requirements of urban history: maps, prints, photographs, tables, graphs, and charts. The UHR/RHU offers editorial and design features based on a familiarity with the needs of geographers, planners, architectural historians, sociologists, political scientists, and urban historians.
Twin City Ethnopolitics
Authors: Rasporich Anthony W.
Published: January 2014

Urban politics and ethnicity have been intimately linked in the history of the twin cities, Port Arthur and Fort William, later amalgamated into Thunder Bay in 1970. The historic relatinship between political and urban development and ethnicity may be seen in three distinct phases: (1) the era of ethnic exclusion and factionalism in the period 1900-30, when ethnic groups settled into "foreign" enclaves, or "quarters," and largely stood apart from mainstream political parties, particularly those groups like the Ukrainians and Finns who were active on the radical left; (2) the two decades of radical protest and emergent ethnopolitcal activism from 1930-50, which saw the flowering of city "boss" rule in Port Arthur under Mayor C. W. Cox (1934-49), and federal Liberal dominance by C. D. Howe and Rev. Dan Mclvor; (3) the postwar era (1950-70) of ethnic assimilation and broad ethnic participation at all levels of civic politics, and among all parties at the provincial and federal levels.

Résumé La politique urbaine et l'ethnie on été intimement liées à l'histoire des villes jumelles de Port Arthur et de Fort William qui, plus tard, ont formé Thunder Bay en 1970. Le rapport historique entre l'expansion politique et urbaine et l'etnhie a pu être observé sur trois phases distinctes: 1) l'ère de l'exclusion ethnique et du factionnalisme pendant la period de 1900 à 1930, lorsque les groupes ethniques se sont établis dans des enclaves "étrangères" ou des "quartiers" et se sont grandement séparés des partis politiques populaires, surtout les groupes comme les Ukrainiens et les Finlandais qui prenaient une part active à la gauche radicale; 2) les duex décennies de protestation radicale et d'activisme ethnopolitique émergent de 1930 à 1950, qui ont observé la naissance de la règle municipale de "patron" à Port Arthur sous la direction du maire C. W. Cox (1934-49) et la dominance fédérale libérale de C. D. Howe et du Rév. Dan Mclvor; 3) l'ère d'après-guerre (1950-70) de l'assimilation ethnique et de la vaste participation ethnique à tous le échelons de la politique municipale et à tous les partis aux échelons provinciaux et fédéral.
Some Economic Constraints on Land Transportation in Upper Canada/Canada West
Authors: Burghardt Andrew F.
Published: January 2014

The examination of the patterns of transportation before the advent of the railway is of more than antiquarian interest. Most of our urban places were founded before the railway made the movement of freight and people overland, swift and relatively inexpensive. If we are to understand our urban centres adequately, we must go back to their origins; and in Southern Ontario that sets us into the decades when the movement of people and goods was inhibited by constraints imposed by horses, mules, and oxen, by boats of many kinds, and by walking.
Symbols in the Streets
Authors: Goheen Peter G.
Published: January 2014

"Yesterday a whole community - the population of a vast city - turned out into the highways to bury their dead...Montreal has never before seen such a spectacle...the crowds who attended the remains of the late Mr. McGee... were Composed of all that Montreal possesses of a mixed population of several races; of many creeds; of the most varied ranks and characters. Hardly any of our citizens were missing, either from the ranks of the wonderful cortege,... or from the sidewalks of the principal streets, through which the procession passed."
Introduction
Authors: Holdsworth Deryck W.
Published: January 2014

The mode of transportation that has dominated research on the historical development of urban places is the streetcar — a 19th century innovation. By the 1970s the automobile passing by the researcher's window was prompting perhpas the most passionate series of debates concerning the extent to which the city and its neighbourhoods should and could accommodate the car, a debate which helped shape the questions that the historical researchers are now posing. In turn, the focus on city-shaping influences of earlier modes of transportation, their related infrastructure, the tension between private and public ownership of streetcar systems, and the way that streetcar suburbs developed bring the contemporary issues into clearer perspective.
Competition's Moment
Authors: Davis Donald F.
Published: January 2014

Using a social constructivist approach to the history of technology, this article examines the jitney-bus phenomenon in urban Canada between 1914 and 1929. These hailed-ride common carriers briefly flourished during the First World War, but were soon suppressed by municipal regulators. Their suppression, though intended to protect public transit from "destructive" competition, in fact weakened it by depriving it of a flexible, speedy alternative to the private automobile. The article explains both the importance of jitneys in a modern context and the reasons for — and the social groups behind — their quick demise in most Canadian cities during the First World War.
L’histoire urbaine en France
Authors: Guillaume Pierre
Published: January 2014

According to the author, urban studies in France have suffered from the fragmentation of the disciplines and the low status of local government. The paper offers an assessment of recent and current research in urban history, showing the distribution of the major studies under four main approaches: the city-building process, demography, social history and day-to-day life in the city.
Looking Inside The Skyscraper: Size and Occupancy of Toronto Office Buildings, 1890-1950
Authors: Gad Gunter , Holdsworth Deryck W.
Published: January 2014

Les gratte-ciel sont devenus un élément distinctifdu paysage urbain des centre villes et sont perçus comme symboles de progrès et de transformations économique. Les recherches sur leurs conditions d'implantation doivent cependant aller plus loin qu'une simple description de leur hauteur et de leur facade. S'appuyant sur des exemples de Toronto, en Ontario, les auteurs ont recours à des mesures plus utiles — la superficie de plandier, la location, les niveaux d'emploi — qui ont été calculées pour plusieurs générations d'édifices à bureaux. Les discutent les avantages et les limites des atlas de compagnies d'assurance — incendie, des rôles d'évaluation, des annuaires, et des arelieves d'entreprises. Les exemples étudiés montrent l'interaction des forces qui façonnent le paysage des édifices à bureaux.
International Urban Bibliography: Recent Publications in Urban History
Authors: Bloomfield Elizabeth
Published: January 2014

As part of its agreement in late 1985 with Urbanism Past and Present, the Urban History Review now publishes a bibliography of publications in international urban history in each June issue. The bibliography of Canadian urban history will continue to appear in each October issue of the Urban History Review.
Industry in Ontario Urban Centres, 1870
Authors: Bloomfield Elizabeth
Published: January 2014

During 1985-6, the first stage of a project to facilitate access to the industrial data of the 1871 manuscript census has been sheltered by the Department of Geography, University of Guelph. The work has been assisted by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
An Editorial
Authors: Artibise Alan F. J.
Published: January 2014

The publication of this issue of the Urban History Review marks an important stage in the evolution of the journal. In January 1986, the Urban History Review (UHR) concluded an agreement with the editors of Urbanism Past and Present whereby that publication will be combined with the Urban History Review. This current issue of the UHR does not reflect the changes that this new agreement will entail, but future issues will. Among these changes are the addition of an international urban bibliography (in addition to our well established Canadian urban bibliography); expanded "notes and comments" sections; and a more international editorial board. While the prime goal of the Urban History Review will not change, the assumption by this journal of some of the excellent features of Urbanism Past and Present does present an exciting and interesting challenge.
Housing in Canadian Cities: An Agenda and Review of Sources
Authors: Harris Richard
Published: January 2014

Les historiens n'ont pas reconnu l'importance du logement dans le Canada moderne. Nous ne disposons d'aucun concept global susceptible d'alimenter les connaissances sur le sujet. Au niveau de la dynamique consommation-production, quatre facteurs principaux devraient être considérés: la ségrégation domiciliaire, le mode d'occupation, le coût et les conditions de logement. Ces facteurs deviennent particulièrement significatifs si on les considère comme une part essentielle de l'expérience des groupes sociaux, plus spécifiquement définis en termes de classe, d'ethnie et de sexe. Pour décrire les variations sociales de la consommation du logement, les sources généralement les plus utiles demeurent les recensements, les annuaires et les rôles d'évaluation. Les recensements de 1871, 1941 et surtout de 1931 constituent des sources riches, mais négligées, de renseignements sur le logement, les annuaires, pour leur part, se révèlent plus fiables qu'on ne le croit généralement. Ces sources pourront servir à mettre en évidence les changements survenus dans les modes de consommation du logement au cours de la première moitié du XXe siècle, période particulièrement négligée par les chercheurs.
La Cité sur mesure : Spécialisation sociale de l’espace et autonomie municipale dans la banlieue montréalaise, 1875-1920
Authors: Collin Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2014

Based on the hypothesis that the municipality, being a social product of urban area specialization, constitutes an autonomous power centre capable of generating distinct municipal projects, this article presents the results of a comparative analysis of municipal regulations for four Montreal suburbs during the period 1875-1920. It emphasizes two types of local politics associated with issues characteristic of two types of municipalities: the industrial suburbs of Maisonneuve and St. Henri, and the bourgeois communities of Outremont and Westmount. This municipal autonomy is expressed in five predominant areas of legislation: (1) urban planning; (2) police power and public morality; (3) protection of the quality of life; (4) control of nonresidential activities; and, (5) the political process.
"Regional" Urban History: Small Towns and their Hinterlands, 1820 — 1985
Authors: Dahms Fred
Published: January 2014

Bloomfield, Elizabeth; Gerald Bloomfield and Peter McCaskell. Urban Growth and Local Services: The Development of Ontario Municipalities to 1981. Guelph: Department of Geography, University of Guelph Occasional Papers in Geography, No. 3, 1983. Pp. 179. 38 tables, appendix. $12.00.
Difficultés de transition au collégial : des politiques éducatives aux parcours des jeunes
Authors: Picard France , Kamanzi Pierre Canisius , Labrosse Julie
Published: January 2014

L’entrée aux études collégiales n’est pas synonyme d’intégration et de réussite pour tous. Le présent article porte sur une population étudiante fragilisée, inscrite dans un dispositif de transition au cégep (la session d’accueil et d’intégration – SAI), pour qui la persévérance aux études est incertaine. Deux cohortes étudiantes (2009, n = 977 et 2010, n = 966) ont été suivies du secondaire jusqu’à dix-huit mois après leur entrée au cégep. L’enquête a permis de cerner la morphologie de parcours étudiants débutant par la SAI, en soulignant les difficultés particulières, mais aussi leur atténuation au fil du temps pour une certaine partie de cette population étudiante.
Le travail de rue : accompagner les jeunes au fil de leurs aléas existentiels et quotidiens
Authors: Fontaine Annie
Published: January 2014

Après avoir posé un regard sur le besoin d’accompagnement social des jeunes plus ou moins en rupture sociale, l’article décrit comment les pratiques d’action communautaire en travail de rue permettent d’explorer « in situ » leur vie sociale et intime, puis de mettre en oeuvre un accompagnement modulé à leurs préoccupations et aspirations suivant les aléas de leur vie quotidienne ainsi que de leurs enjeux existentiels et sociaux. Cette réflexion souligne aussi les paradoxes de cette logique de l’accompagnement qui participe d’une tendance à l’individualisation de l’intervention et à l’instrumentalisation de la relation de proximité.
Taxa de sobrevivência dos implantes dentários em pacientes com história de doença periodontal
Authors: Correia Francisco , Almeida Ricardo Faria e , Felino António
Published: January 2014

Objetivo: O objetivo principal desta revisão bibliográfica foi determinar quais as taxas de sobrevivência dos implantes dentários em pacientes com história de doença periodontal. Materiais e Métodos: A pesquisa foi realizada na base de dados Pubmed e Cochrane Library, utilizando-se um total de 17 artigos, datados dos anos 1998 a 2011 com as palavras chaves: Dental Implants”[MeSH] AND “Periodontal Diseases” [MeSH] AND “Survival Rate” [MeSH]; “periodontal disease AND oral implants survival”; “implant survival AND periodontal patients”; “short implants AND periodontal patients”; “narrow implants AND periodontal patient”. Conclusão: A colocação de implantes dentários em pacientes periodontais parece ser uma opção viável esegura. O tratamento da doença periodontal deverá ser anterior à colocação do implante e um controle posterior desse implante deverá ser mantido. Mais estudos são necessários, com avaliações de pelo menos 10 anos, parase definir as reais taxas de sobrevivências e de sucesso dos implantes em pacientes com história de doença periodontal.Descritores: Implantes dentários. Doenças periodontais. Resultado de tratamento.
Análise comparativa entre dois índices de higiene bucal
Authors: Pacheco Karina Tonini dos Santos , Silva Zelaine Marques da , Junior Manoelito Ferreira Silva , Esposti Carolina Dutra Degli , Carvalho Raquel Baroni de
Published: January 2014

Objetivo: Comparar dois índices de higiene bucal utilizados em pacientes atendidos na clínica da disciplina de Saúde Bucal Coletiva I (SBC I) do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo: Índice de Higiene Oral-IHO (modificado pela disciplina) e Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado-IHO-S. Materiais e Métodos: A pesquisa, caracterizada como um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa, foi realizada por meio da análise de prontuários preenchidos dos pacientes atendidos na clínicade SBC I. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística com nível de significância em 5% e hipótese nula (H0: IHO-S = Greene & Vermillion Modificado). Resultados: Não houve uma diferença estatisticamentesignificante entre os índices (p=0,39). Conclusão: Os índices de higiene bucal utilizados na disciplina de SBC I não apresentaram diferença estatística.Descritores: Índice de higiene oral. Placa dentária. Estudo comparativo.
Lightning attachment processes of an “anomalous” triggered lightning discharge
Authors: Wang D. , Gamerota W. R. , Uman M. A. , Takagi N. , Hill J. D. , Pilkey J. , Ngin T. , Jordan D. M. , Mallick S. , Rakov V. A.
Published: January 2014

Using a high‐speed optical imaging system specifically designed for observing the lightning attachment process, we have documented the process for stepped, dart, and dart‐stepped leaders in an anomalous rocket‐triggered lightning flash that terminated on a 10 m grounded utility pole. The initiation of the first return stroke was found to occur at a height of 23 ± 3 m above the top of the utility pole and was associated with three “slow front” dE/dt pulses. A time of 1.5 µs later, a fast rise in luminosity at 18 ± 2 m was associated with a “fast transition” dE/dt pulse. The first return stroke propagated bidirectionally from its initiation height, as did subsequent return strokes from their initiation heights of 8 ± 1 m to 16 ± 2 m above the top of the utility pole. The initial upward speed of the first return stroke was 1.4 × 108 m/s, while its initial downward speed was 2.2 × 107 m/s. The channel bottom luminosity of the first return stroke rose more slowly to a two or more times larger amplitude than that of the subsequent stroke luminosities. In contrast, the National Lightning Detection Network‐derived first‐return‐stroke peak current is smaller than that of the second and the third strokes, and our electric field records at 45 km show similar behavior for the initial field peaks of the first and subsequent strokes.
Developments in Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis during 2013 and Plans for 2014
Authors: Richmond Joe P.
Published: January 2014

Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis (ASC) has enjoyed further success in 2013. A reorganization of the Editorial Office has made the editorial workflow more efficient and personal. Eleven new members on the ASC Academic Advisory Board are introduced. Growth in the Impact Factor is discussed. The numbers of submissions, printed pages and articles have increased continuously. Communications constitute half of the articles published, followed by full papers, updates, reviews, and commentaries. The proportion of manuscripts published from China and the rest of Eastern Asia has continued to increase. The number of full‐text downloads is very high and further increasing each year; China and the USA are at the front in terms of downloads of ASC articles.
A new model for collection of clinical outcomes data in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Meier Josh C. , Remenschneider Aaron K. , D'Amico Laura , Holbrook Eric H. , Gray Stacey T. , Metson Ralph
Published: January 2014

Background

The need for objective assessment of patient outcomes is becoming an essential component of clinical practice for both private and academic otolaryngologists. The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of an online model for collection of clinical outcomes data in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Methods

Patients completed the Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22), Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS), and EuroQol 5‐dimension assessment (EQ‐5D), before and after sinus surgery. One year after initial patient enrollment, an online tool was developed to facilitate collection of postoperative data. Response rates preimplementation and postimplementation of online data collection were compared.

Results

A total of 520 sinus surgery patients provided outcomes data from the practices of 7 private practice (n = 308) and 4 academic otolaryngologists (n = 212). With implementation of the online collection instrument, the response rate at 3 months increased from 67% to 78.8% (p = 0.004). The overall follow‐up rate at 3 months was higher in patients recruited from private as compared to academic practices (77.9% vs 69.8%, respectively, p = 0.04).

Conclusion

Quality of life data can be effectively collected from CRS patients in both the private and academic practice setting. The addition of an online data collection tool can significantly increase response rates, and allow a comprehensive capture of meaningful clinical outcomes. Such a model is not difficult to implement and has increasing relevance as payers begin to request outcome data from providers.
Nasal polyp chitinolytic activity associated with smoking or allergy
Authors: Heo Kyung Wook , Kim Tae Yong , Park Seong Kook , Park Ga Bin , Hur Dae Young , Bae Woo Yong
Published: January 2014

Background

Cells of the innate immune system that are implicated in allergy and immunity bind to chitin during tissue infiltration in a process negatively regulated by vertebrate chitinases. Both acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and chitotriosidase (ChT) exert chitinolytic activity. The levels of activities of these enzymes in nasal polyps (NPs) of subjects who smoke or who suffer from allergies are unknown. In the present work, we measured the activities of AMCase and ChT in NPs of smokers and allergic subjects.

Methods

We report a prospective cohort study in a tertiary care facility. AMCase and ChT activities of NPs were measured in buffers of several pH values using the fluorogenic substrate 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐β‐d‐N,N′,N″‐triacetyl‐chitotriose.

Results

The activities of AMCase and ChT in NPs did not differ significantly among smokers, nonsmokers, and ex‐smokers. AMCase and ChT activities were significantly higher in NPs of allergic subjects than in NPs of those who did not suffer from allergy.

Conclusion

Increased levels of chitinolytic activities in NPs were associated with the allergic rhinitis. We suggest that control of such rhinitis may help to prevent the development and growth of NPs.