bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unique episodic groundwater recharge event in a South American sedimentary aquifer and its long‐term impact on baseflow
Authors: Dambros Melati Maurício , Mainardi Fan Fernando , Barbosa Athayde Gustavo , Roehe Reginato Pedro Antônio , Collischonn Walter , de Vasconcelos Muller Athayde Camila
Published: September 2021

The anomalous entrance of water into groundwater systems can affect storage throughout long periods and normally relies on infrequent and irregular pulses of groundwater recharge defined by the term episodic recharge. Recently there was a groundwater recharge of large magnitude with unknown circumstances in the Caiuá aquifer. This unique event was explored in detail here and allowed to better understand the occurrence of such events in humid subtropical climates in South America. For this study, groundwater monitoring daily data from the Integrated Groundwater Monitoring Network was used combined with a specific yield obtained from geophysical wireline logging to obtain groundwater recharge rates. To improve the investigation, we also used a baseflow separation method to obtain the groundwater contribution into local rivers. The groundwater storage variations were also assessed by remote sensing with the GRACE data. Results showed the importance of high soil moisture storage on the occurrence of large episodic recharge events. We estimated that the groundwater recharger volumes derived from 1 year that included the unique episodic recharge observed (total of 866 mm for April 2015–March 2016) were comparable with the sum of 7 years of groundwater recharge (total of 867 mm). Atypical rainfall in winter periods were responsible for the increase in soil moisture that explained that unique event. GRACE‐based GWS showed concordance detecting the occurrence of the unique episodic recharge. However, the variation in terms of volumes obtained by GRACE does not represent the behaviour observed in the aquifer by the WTF method. The results also indicated that changes in aquifer storage caused by episodic recharge events directly affect low flows in rivers over long periods. The main knowledge gap addressed here relates to exploring a unique episodic recharge event quite rare to observe with its long‐term impacts on hydroclimatic variability over a humid subtropical portion of the Caiuá aquifer.
Platelet infiltration predicts survival in postsurgical colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Miao Yiming , Xu Zifeng , Feng Wenqing , Zheng Minhua , Xu Zhuoqing , Gao Han , Li Wenchang , Zhang Yuchen , Zong Yaping , Lu Aiguo , Zhao Jingkun
Published: September 2021

Platelets promote tumor growth and metastasis in several tumor types. Recent research has found platelets can extravasate and infiltrate into the tumor stroma and interact with the tumor microenvironment. The prognostic role of platelet infiltration in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. A pan‐cancer survival analysis was performed to find the potential prognostic value of platelet infiltration in patients with cancer. A survival analysis and a nomogram prognostic model were established to further confirm the results with data from our center. The correlations between patient outcomes and tumor‐infiltrating platelets (TIPs) were identified by immunohistochemical staining for CD42b. The prognostic accuracy and discriminative ability of the nomogram were determined by the concordance index (C‐index) and a calibration curve. The pan‐cancer survival analysis showed platelet infiltration can lead to a poor prognosis in patients with several types of cancers, including CRC. Platelet infiltration was associated with overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) in both primary and validation cohorts. The C‐index values of the nomogram for predicting OS and DFS were 0.774 and 0.769, respectively, which were higher than that of the TNM staging system alone. Our study found platelet infiltration has a potential prognostic value regarding postsurgical survival in CRC patients. The proposed nomogram resulted in a more accurate prognostic prediction for postsurgical CRC patients.
Impact of era of diagnosis on cause‐specific late mortality among 77 423 five‐year European survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: The PanCareSurFup consortium
Authors: Byrne Julianne , Schmidtmann Irene , Rashid Humayra , Hagberg Oskar , Bagnasco Francesca , Bardi Edit , De Vathaire Florent , Essiaf Samira , Winther Jeanette Falck , Frey Eva , Gudmundsdottir Thorgerdur , Haupt Riccardo , Hawkins Michael M. , Jakab Zsuzsanna , Jankovic Momcilo , Kaatsch Peter , Kremer Leontien C. M. , Kuehni Claudia E. , Harila‐Saari Arja , Levitt Gill , Reulen Raoul , Ronckers Cécile M. , Maule Milena , Skinner Roderick , Steliarova‐Foucher Eva , Terenziani Monica , Zaletel Lorna Zadravec , Hjorth Lars , Garwicz Stanislaw , Grabow Desiree
Published: September 2021

Late mortality of European 5‐year survivors of childhood or adolescent cancer has dropped over the last 60 years, but excess mortality persists. There is little information concerning secular trends in cause‐specific mortality among older European survivors. PanCareSurFup pooled data from 12 cancer registries and clinics in 11 European countries from 77 423 five‐year survivors of cancer diagnosed before age 21 between 1940 and 2008 followed for an average age of 21 years and a total of 1.27 million person‐years to determine their risk of death using cumulative mortality, standardized mortality ratios (SMR), absolute excess risks (AER), and multivariable proportional hazards regression analyses. At the end of follow‐up 9166 survivors (11.8%) had died compared to 927 expected (SMR 9.89, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 9.69‐10.09), AER 6.47 per 1000 person‐years, (95% CI 6.32‐6.62). At 60 to 68 years of attained age all‐cause mortality was still higher than expected (SMR = 2.41, 95% CI 1.90‐3.02). Overall cumulative mortality at 25 years from diagnosis dropped from 18.4% (95% CI 16.5‐20.4) to 7.3% (95% CI 6.7‐8.0) over the observation period. Compared to the diagnosis period 1960 to 1969, the mortality hazard ratio declined for first neoplasms (P for trend <.0001) and for infections (P < .0001); declines in relative mortality from second neoplasms and cardiovascular causes were less pronounced (P = .1105 and P = .0829, respectively). PanCareSurFup is the largest study with the longest follow‐up of late mortality among European childhood and adolescent cancer 5‐year survivors, and documents significant mortality declines among European survivors into modern eras. However, continuing excess mortality highlights survivors' long‐term care needs.
Hydrochorous seed transport in a small river in Northern Germany as trait‐dependent filter of plant dispersal and recruitment
Authors: Rasran Leonid , Vogt Kati , Jensen Kai
Published: September 2021

We studied seed transport in the Upper Eider River (Northern Germany). Our main questions were: Diaspores of what species are transported in the river and which of them remain viable after the drift? Could functional species traits be used as predictors for the survival of plant propagules in course of water transport? The water body of the Upper Eider River was sampled for plant diaspores at two bridges with each four traps changed weekly during the whole year. Samples were separated into two equal groups. Each two samples per bridge and week were dried and seeds were counted manually. The other two samples were spread on sterilised soil for germination. Species composition and community weighted trait means were compared for dried samples (total transport) and seedlings (germinated after drift). About half of the species and 1/10 of the seeds were able to survive hydrochorous transport. Species traits (community weighted means) were not reliable predictors for survival of species during the hydrochorous transport, but the majority of traits reflect the differences between the transport pools of seeds and seedlings. Small seed size, ruderal life strategy, and high light preference correlate positively with germinability after the drift, while large‐seeded species adapted to endozoochory tend to lose viability during hydrochory. Dispersal of terrestrial plants with running water in the studied small river system is a highly stochastic event. We did not find evidence that specific adaptations to hydrochory significantly contribute to its success. Nevertheless, a few functional traits can increase the probability for the species to pass through the ecological filter “hydrochory.” Among those traits are (i) small seed size (less vulnerability for mechanical stress), (ii) generalist dispersal mode, less dependent on other particular vectors, and (iii) ruderal life strategy.
Undue Police Violence Toward African Americans: An Analysis of Professional Counselors' Training and Perceptions
Authors: Green Darius A. , Evans Amanda M.
Published: September 2021

There has been increasing attention on excessive force by law enforcement because of the disproportionate impact on African Americans compared with other races. Undue police violence (UPV) is described as the use of force by the police resulting in physical, psychological, or emotional harm. This cross‐sectional study used descriptive and correlational analyses to explore the beliefs, knowledge, and skills of counselors associated with UPV. A sample of 112 individuals completed the Awareness of Undue Police Violence Survey, Attitudes Towards Police Legitimacy Scale (Reynolds et al., 2018), and Perceived Racism Scale (McNeilly, Anderson, Armstead, et al., 1996). Results showed that although 68% of counselors have worked with clients with UPV experiences, most have not engaged in advocacy efforts. Results also showed that beliefs held about UPV have a negative relationship with beliefs about officer legitimacy and a positive relationship with perceived racism. Recommendations for researchers and counselors are provided.
A Longitudinal Model of Career Search Efficacy in Engineering Students
Authors: Cabell Autumn L. , Gnilka Philip
Published: September 2021

There are consistently vacancies in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce, and these vacancies are worsened by leaks in postsecondary STEM pipelines. Implementing STEM career planning courses is one intervention by universities to improve the academic and career outcomes of students in STEM. This study (N = 286) analyzed longitudinal data in a STEM career planning course. We examined how a STEM career planning course influenced engineering students’ career‐related self‐efficacy and evaluated the impact of perceived stress and career counseling. Results indicated that the STEM career planning course had a positive influence on students’ career search efficacy. Increases in perceived stress had a negative influence on students’ career search efficacy, whereas positive ratings of career counseling had a positive influence on students’ career search efficacy. Implications for counseling and research are discussed.
Increased serum exosomal long non‐coding RNA SNHG15 expression predicts poor prognosis in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Han Pengfei , Zhao Jia , Gao Lun
Published: September 2021

Background

Circulating long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as promising biomarkers for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to detect serum exosomal lncRNA SNHG15 expression in NSCLC and evaluate its potential clinical value.

Methods

A total of 238 serum samples were collected from 118 patients with NSCLC, 40 patients with benign pulmonary lesions and 80 healthy volunteers. The expression levels of serum exosomal lncRNA SNHG15 were measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Then, the relationship between serum exosomal lncRNA SNHG15 expression and clinical parameters was analyzed.

Results

The serum exosomal lncRNA SNHG15 expression was markedly higher in NSCLC patients compared to patients with benign pulmonary lesions and normal controls. As expected, serum exosomal lncRNA SNHG15 was greatly decreased after surgery. High serum exosomal lncRNA SNHG15 expression was closely associated with poor differentiation (p=0.035), positive lymph node metastasis (p=0.009) and advanced TNM stage (p<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that serum exosomal lncRNA SNHG15 well differentiated all stage NSCLC, stage I/II NSCLC patients or stage III/IV NSCLC patients from controls, and the combination of serum exosomal lncRNA SNHG15 and CEA showed an elevated AUC for distinguishing NSCLC from healthy individuals. In univariate and multivariate analyses, serum exosomal lncRNA SNHG15 was confirmed as an independent prognostic predictor for overall survival.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our findings suggest that serum exosomal lncRNA SNHG15 might be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of NSCLC.
Unequal childhoods in China: Parental education and children's time use
Authors: Mu Zheng , Hu Shu
Published: September 2021

Drawing on Lareau's binary conceptualization of parenting as concerted cultivation and accomplishment of natural growth, we examine how parental background determines the degree to which the two parenting practices are realized in China. To do so, we examine how parental education shapes children's weekly time use patterns on planned activities (academic and nonacademic) and unplanned activities. Using multi‐level mixed‐effects linear models based on the 2014 China Education Panel Survey, we find that parental education is positively associated with concerted cultivation, with children spending more hours on both planned academic and nonacademic activities, and negatively associated with accomplishment of natural growth, with children spending more hours on unplanned activities. The link between parental education and children's time use patterns is partly explained by parents' educational expectations for their children, parental supervision, parental support, and economic investments on education.
Do conspiracy theory and mistrust undermine people's intention to receive the COVID‐19 vaccine in Austria?
Authors: Knobel Phil , Zhao Xiang , White Katherine M.
Published: September 2021

Conspiracy theories flourish during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic especially regarding vaccinations. As the vaccination reluctancy in Austria is high, it is important to understand the antecedents of vaccination intention at the preapproval stage of the vaccination process. An online survey was conducted in August 2020 in Austria with 217 primarily younger, female, educated participants. A two‐step cluster analysis resulted in a sceptics cluster with a clear antivaccination tendency along with a right‐wing political position, lower trust in general vaccines and lower education levels and the reference cluster. A considerable percentage of participants reported their reluctancy to have a COVID‐19 vaccine. Although vaccination intention can be explained by attitude and subjective norm, this decision‐making process is undermined by underlying factors such as conspiracy ideation and political position. Policy makers and health interventionists should take political background into consideration in efforts to increase vaccine compliance.
An identity and reputation approach to understanding the Dark Triad in the workplace
Authors: McLarty Benjamin D. , Whitman Daniel S. , Kluemper Donald H. , Tao Siyi
Published: September 2021

Previous research examining the Dark Triad (DT) of personality (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy) in the workplace has theorized and assessed the DT almost exclusively from a “self” view perspective (e.g., self‐ratings). In this paper, we extend what is known about dark personality by drawing from socioanalytic theory to make the case that the identity (i.e., “self” view) and reputation (i.e., “other” view) elements of the DT are distinct and complimentary concepts that must be examined in concert. Specifically, we hypothesize and demonstrate that understanding the interaction of identity‐based DT and reputation‐based DT enhances our ability to predict supervisor‐rated organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Utilizing response surface techniques to test our hypotheses, we demonstrate that significant differences exist between different combinations of identity‐ and reputation‐based assessments of the DT and their relationship with OCB. More specifically, we find that supervisor‐rated citizenship decreases at an accelerating rate when both self‐views and coworker‐views of the DT are considered. As such, accounting for DT identity and reputation simultaneously provides a more comprehensive understanding of how the DT relates to OCB. Therefore, we show that reputation‐based aspects of the DT, in concert with identity‐based DT, enhance our knowledge about how dark personality impacts OCB.
Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil encapsulated in new microemulsion formulations for enhanced antimicrobial activity
Authors: Karadağ Ayşe Esra , Üstündağ Okur Neslihan , Demirci Betül , Demirci Fatih
Published: September 2021

In this present study, Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil and its new microemulsions (MEs) were evaluated both for the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity. The essential oil composition was verified initially both by GC‐FID and GC/MS, where camphor (19.5%), 1,8‐cineol (12%), and verbenone (11.1%) were characterized as the main constituents. A titration method was used and utilized to formulate the MEs. The preparation was formulated using isopropyl myristate as an oil phase, where sorbitan monolaurate and macrogol‐glycerol ricinoleate were used as surfactants. In the same system, ethanol was utilized as co‐surfactant and distilled water as aqueous phase. A total of 0.1% (w/w) of R. officinalis essential oil was dissolved within the formulation, and evaluated for characteristic parameters such as viscosity, pH, electrical conductivity, refractive index, polydispersity index (PDI), droplet size, and zeta potential, respectively. The pH value was 6.2, where the average microemulsion droplet size was 4.58 ± 0.137 nm; the PDI value was found as 0.219 ± 0.016. The viscosity of the microemulsion was determined as 6.93 ± 0.015 cP. The conductivity of MEs was found as 10 μS/cm; finally, the zeta potential was determined as 0.391 ± 0.012 mV. The antimicrobial potential of the preparations was compared using the in vitro broth microdilution, and poisoned PDA assay. A significant increase in the anti‐Candidal activity of the micro‐emulsified essential oil (15.6 μg/ml) was observed, however, the antibacterial susceptibility was rather low at the tested concentrations. In addition, the novel microemulsion preparation significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the plant pathogens used in the study, suggesting its selective antifungal potential.
A flexible transparent organic light‐emitting display with high‐transmittance cathode and high‐contrast electrochromic shutter
Authors: Tsai Yu‐Hsiang , Ou‐Yang Mang
Published: September 2021

In this work, we studied a flexible transparent organic light‐emitting display (TOLED) with a stacking magnesium (Mg) and silver (Ag) alloys (Mg:Ag)/1,4,5,8,9,11‐hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile (HATCN)/indium zinc oxide (IZO) transparent cathode and combined it with a high‐contrast flexible electrochromic shutter (ECS). The transmittance of the segment‐type flexible TOLED based on an 84.5% transparent polyimide substrate was 64.2%. The sheet resistance of the TOLED cathode used in this study was 22.94 Ω/sq, which was close to the value needed in OLED cathode applications. The flexible ECS was composed of two color‐changing layers, namely, a hybrid electrochromic layer and a color‐changing gel electrolyte layer, and the contrast ratio of the flexible ECS was 24.5. The ECS blocked background light and increased the contrast ratio of the flexible TOLED panel. The flexible OLED and flexible ECS were bonded with an optical clear adhesive (OCA) film, and the transmittance of the entire structure was 52.3%. After 2,000 folding repetitions of the integral sample with a folding radius of 3 cm, the ECS maintained its coloration characteristics, and TOLED retained a brightness level of 200 nits.
Preoperative Survival Prediction in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Using an Ultrasound‐Based Radiographic‐Radiomics Signature
Authors: Li Ming‐De , Lu Xiao‐Zhou , Liu Jun‐Feng , Chen Bin , Xu Ming , Xie Xiao‐Yan , Lu Ming‐De , Kuang Ming , Wang Wei , Shen Shun‐Li , Chen Li‐Da
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To construct a preoperative model for survival prediction in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients using ultrasound (US) based radiographic‐radiomics signatures.

Methods

Between April 2010 and September 2015, 170 patients with ICC who underwent curative resection were retrospectively recruited. Overall survival (OS)‐related radiographic signatures and radiomics signatures based on preoperative US were built and assessed through a time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. A nomogram was developed based on the selected predictors from the radiographic‐radiomics signatures and clinical and laboratory results of the training cohort (n = 127), validated in an independent testing cohort (n = 43) by the concordance index (C‐index), and compared with the Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) cancer staging system as well as the radiographic and radiomics nomograms.

Results

The median areas under the curve of the radiomics signature and radiographic signature were higher than that of the TNM staging system in the testing cohort, although the values were not significantly different (0.76–0.82 versus 0.62, P = .485 and .264). The preoperative nomogram with CA 19‐9, sex, ascites, radiomics signature, and radiographic signature had C‐indexes of 0.72 and 0.75 in the training and testing cohorts, respectively, and it had significantly higher predictive performance than the 8th TNM staging system in the testing cohort (C‐index: 0.75 versus 0.67, P = .004) and a higher C‐index than the radiomics nomograms (0.75 versus 0.68, P = .044).

Conclusions

The preoperative nomogram integrated with the radiographic‐radiomics signature demonstrated good predictive performance for OS in ICC and was superior to the 8th TNM staging system.
Comparison of O‐RADS, GI‐RADS, and ADNEX for Diagnosis of Adnexal Masses: An External Validation Study Conducted by Junior Sonologists
Authors: Lai Hong‐wei , Lyu Guo‐rong , Kang Zhuo , Li Li‐ya , Zhang Ying , Huang Yi‐jun
Published: September 2021

Objective

To externally validate the Ovarian‐adnexal Reporting and Data System (O‐RADS) and evaluate its performance in differentiating benign from malignant adnexal masses (AMs) compared with the Gynecologic Imaging Reporting and Data System (GI‐RADS) and Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa (ADNEX).

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on 734 cases from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University. All patients underwent transvaginal or transabdominal ultrasound examination. Pathological diagnoses were obtained for all the included AMs. O‐RADS, GI‐RADS, and ADNEX were used to evaluate AMs by two sonologists, and the diagnostic efficacy of the three systems was analyzed and compared using pathology as the gold standard. We used the kappa index to evaluate the inter‐reviewer agreement (IRA).

Results

A total of 734 AMs, including 564 benign masses, 69 borderline masses, and 101 malignant masses were included in this study. O‐RADS (0.88) and GI‐RADS (0.90) had lower sensitivity than ADNEX (0.95) (P < .05), and the PPV of O‐RADS (0.98) was higher than that of ADNEX (0.96) (P < .05). These three systems showed good IRA.

Conclusion

O‐RADS, GI‐RADS, and ADNEX showed little difference in diagnostic performance among resident sonologists. These three systems have their own characteristics and can be selected according to the type of center, access to patients' clinical data, or personal comfort.
Big Cats in the Big City: Spatial Ecology of Mountain Lions in Greater Los Angeles
Authors: RILEY SETH P. D. , SIKICH JEFF A. , BENSON JOHN F.
Published: September 2021

Large carnivores can represent the ultimate challenge for conservation in developed landscapes because of their large area requirements and potential for conflict with humans. Some large carnivores such as mountain lions (Puma concolor) can use a wide range of biomes and vegetation types, and in southern California, USA, they persist in metropolitan Los Angeles, a megacity of 18 million people. Understanding how large carnivores use highly altered landscapes is important for their conservation and management. We estimated home range size, landscape use, and landscape selection for mountain lions in the Santa Monica Mountains and surrounding areas for 29 subadult and adult animals from 2002 to 2016, using 128,133 locations from global positioning system (GPS)‐collars. Home range size was similar to that reported by other researchers; home ranges averaged 372 km2 for adult males and 134 km2 for adult females, except for 2 adult males in isolated habitat fragments that maintained 2 of the smallest adult male home ranges ever recorded (24 km2 and 54 km2). Mountain lions very rarely entered developed areas, consistently avoided altered open areas such as golf courses, cemeteries, or other landscaped spaces, and showed a positive relationship between home range size and amount of development, all indicating that developed areas have reduced value for mountain lions. Mountain lions from all sex and age classes selected areas closer to development than expected by chance, which could be related to the presence of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) or other prey in or adjacent to urbanization. For 2 adult males that occupied home ranges within the most urban portions of our study area, their response to urban development differed strongly across diurnal periods, ranging from avoidance during the day to selection at night. Shrub vegetation types, especially chaparral, were important in terms of habitat use and resource selection, highlighting their importance for conservation of the species in southern California. North America's largest felid can thrive in shrublands and persist even in one of the world's largest cities, although they only very rarely venture into developed areas within that city. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
HPV vaccination, information sources, and acculturation among Chinese college students aged 18–26 in the United States
Authors: Tung Wei‐Chen , Lin Yuting , Chao Hannah W. , Chen Yinghan
Published: September 2021

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination behaviors among Chinese college students (CCS) in the United States are affected by social determinants of health. Using a self‐report questionnaire and a snowball sampling technique, this cross‐sectional study investigated (a) HPV vaccination practices; (b) primary social networking platforms and preferred means of receiving HPV information; and (c) the influence of acculturation on HPV vaccination, HPV information sources, and social networking use among 213 CCS aged 18–26 in the United States. About half (50.7%) had received one to three doses of an HPV vaccine, and 91.7% had received their first dose. The most popular social networking platforms were WeChat (69.5%), Instagram (58.7%), text messaging (55.4%), and Facebook (47.4%). Preferred means of receiving future HPV information included the internet, online social networking, and health professionals. Participants with high Asian identification (AI) were less likely to receive the HPV vaccine than those with high Western identification. Participants with high AI were more likely to use WeChat for their social networking but less likely to use US‐based social media platforms. Acculturation, preferred social networking platforms, and sources and communication of HPV (i.e., health professionals, family members, schoolteachers, friends) influenced participants' HPV vaccination. To promote equity of access to health messages and increase HPV vaccination, future efforts should pay attention to CCS with high AI and incorporate their cultural beliefs and practices. Given that nonprofessionals (e.g., family, friends) were influential factors in HPV vaccination, it is critical to tailor interventions for CCS to the recipients and their social circles.
A pose‐independent method for accurate and precise body composition from 3D optical scans
Authors: Wong Michael C. , Ng Bennett K. , Tian Isaac , Sobhiyeh Sima , Pagano Ian , Dechenaud Marcelline , Kennedy Samantha F. , Liu Yong E. , Kelly Nisa N. , Chow Dominic , Garber Andrea K. , Maskarinec Gertraud , Pujades Sergi , Black Michael J. , Curless Brian , Heymsfield Steven B. , Shepherd John A.
Published: September 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate whether digitally re‐posing three‐dimensional optical (3DO) whole‐body scans to a standardized pose would improve body composition accuracy and precision regardless of the initial pose.

Methods

Healthy adults (n = 540), stratified by sex, BMI, and age, completed whole‐body 3DO and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans in the Shape Up! Adults study. The 3DO mesh vertices were represented with standardized templates and a low‐dimensional space by principal component analysis (stratified by sex). The total sample was split into a training (80%) and test (20%) set for both males and females. Stepwise linear regression was used to build prediction models for body composition and anthropometry outputs using 3DO principal components (PCs).

Results

The analysis included 472 participants after exclusions. After re‐posing, three PCs described 95% of the shape variance in the male and female training sets. 3DO body composition accuracy compared with DXA was as follows: fat mass R2 = 0.91 male, 0.94 female; fat‐free mass R2 = 0.95 male, 0.92 female; visceral fat mass R2 = 0.77 male, 0.79 female.

Conclusions

Re‐posed 3DO body shape PCs produced more accurate and precise body composition models that may be used in clinical or nonclinical settings when DXA is unavailable or when frequent ionizing radiation exposure is unwanted.
Fat mass and fat‐free mass track from infancy to childhood: New insights in body composition programming in early life
Authors: van Beijsterveldt Inge A. L. P. , de Fluiter Kirsten S. , Breij Laura M. , van der Steen Manouk , Hokken‐Koelega Anita C. S.
Published: September 2021

Objective

Early life is a critical window for adiposity programming. This study investigated whether fat mass percentage (FM%), fat mass index (FMI), abdominal fat, and fat‐free mass (FFM) in early life track into childhood and whether there are sex differences and differences between infant feeding types.

Methods

Detailed body composition was longitudinally measured by air‐displacement plethysmography, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry, and abdominal ultrasound in 224 healthy, term‐born children. Measurements were divided into tertiles. Odds ratios (OR) of remaining in the highest tertile of FM%, FMI, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat, and FFM index (FFMI) were calculated from early life to age 4 years.

Results

High FM% and FMI tracked from age 3 and 6 months to age 4 years (OR = 4.34 [p = 0.002] and OR = 6.54 [p < 0.001]). High subcutaneous abdominal fat tracked from age 6 months to age 4 years (OR = 2.30 [p = 0.012]). High FFMI tracked from age 1, 3, and 6 months to age 4 years (OR = 4.16 [p = 0.005], 3.71 [p = 0.004], and 3.36 [p = 0.019]). In non‐exclusively breastfed infants, high FM% tracked from early life to age 4 years, whereas this was not the case for exclusively breastfed infants. There was no tracking in visceral fat or sex differences.

Conclusions

Infants with high FM%, FMI, subcutaneous abdominal fat, and FFMI in early life are likely to remain in the highest tertile at age 4 years. Exclusive breastfeeding for 3 months is potentially protective against having high FM% at age 4 years.
Explaining cancer information avoidance comparing people with and without cancer experience in the family
Authors: Link Elena , Baumann Eva
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Cancer information avoidance (CIA) serves as a barrier to preventive efforts. To learn how to combat this barrier, we aim to examine predictors of CIA in populations with and without cancer experience in the family, which are addressed differently in cancer prevention, according to specific informational barriers.

Methods

A subsample of people with and without cancer in the family (n = 2,757) of an online survey with a sample stratified for the German population by age, gender, education, and region was conducted via an online access panel. The survey instrument was adapted from the Health Information National Trends Survey. Separate stepwise regression analyses were conducted.

Results

Only a comparatively small proportion of the variance in CIA was explained by the predictors, ranging from R2 = .148 for people without cancer experience to R2 = .180 for participants with cancer experience in their family. Across the groups, the findings showed that people who were fatalistic about the risk of cancer, less health literate, who perceived less social pressure to be informed, and were less trusting in information sources more often avoided cancer information.

Conclusions

Our findings identify relevant target groups to be addressed and barriers to be removed for cancer communication efforts. Adequate information provision can be supported by programs for fostering health literacy and social network diffusion strategies.
Prospector: A mobile application for portable, high‐throughput near‐infrared spectroscopy phenotyping
Authors: Rife Trevor W. , Courtney Chaney , Hershberger Jenna , Gore Michael Allen , Neilsen Mitchell , Poland Jesse
Published: September 2021

Quality traits are some of the most important and time‐consuming phenotypes to evaluate in plant breeding programs. These traits are often evaluated late in the breeding pipeline due to their cost, resulting in the potential advancement of many lines that are not suitable for release. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non‐destructive approach that can rapidly increase the speed at which quality traits are evaluated. However, most spectrometers are non‐portable or prohibitively expensive. Recent advancements have led to the development of consumer‐targeted, inexpensive spectrometers with demonstrated potential for breeding applications. Unfortunately, the mobile applications for these spectrometers are not designed to rapidly collect organized samples at the scale necessary for breeding programs. To that end, we developed Prospector, a mobile application that connects with LinkSquare portable near‐infrared (NIR) spectrometers and allows breeders to efficiently capture NIR data. In this report, we outline the core functionality of the app and how it can easily be integrated into breeding workflows as well as opportunities for further development. Prospector and other high‐throughput phenotyping tools and technologies are required for plant breeders to develop the next generation of improved varieties necessary to feed a growing global population.
Cord‐blood respiratory syncytial virus antibodies and respiratory health in first 5 years of life
Authors: Takashima Mari D. , Grimwood Keith , Sly Peter D. , Lambert Stephen B. , Chappell Keith J. , Watterson Daniel , Young Paul , Kusel Merci , Holt Barbara , Holt Patrick , Ware Robert S.
Published: September 2021

Objective

To determine the potential longer‐term effects of maternal antenatal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination, we examined the association between cord‐blood RSV‐neutralizing antibodies (RSV‐NA) and RSV infections in the first 2 years of life, RSV‐NA at 3 years, and respiratory health to age 5 years.

Methods

Two community‐based Australian birth cohorts were combined. For children with at least one atopic parent, paired serum RSV‐NA levels were compared in cord blood and at age 3 years. Weekly nasal swabs were collected in one cohort and during acute respiratory infections (ARI) in the other. Wheeze history up to age 5 years and physician‐diagnosed asthma at 5 years was collected by parent report.

Results

In 264 children, each log10 increase of cord‐blood RSV‐NA level was associated with 37% decreased risk (adjusted incidence‐rate‐ratio [aIRR] 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40–1.01) of RSV‐ARI and 49% decreased risk (aIRR 0.51; 95% CI: 0.25–1.02) of RSV acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) at 12–24 months of age. However, higher cord‐blood RSV‐NA was associated with increased risk of all‐cause ALRI (aIRR 1.29; 95% CI: 0.99–1.69), wheeze‐associated ALRI (aIRR 1.75; 95% CI: 1.08–2.82), and severe ALRI (aIRR 2.76; 95% CI: 1.63–4.70) at age 6–<12 months. Cord‐blood RSV‐NA was not associated with RSV‐ARI in the first 6‐months, RSV‐NA levels at 3 years, or wheeze or asthma at 5 years.

Conclusions

Higher levels of cord‐blood RSV‐NA did not protect against RSV infections during the first 6‐months‐of‐life, time‐to‐first RSV‐ARI, or wheeze or asthma in the first 5 years of life. Additional strategies to control RSV‐related illness in childhood are needed.
Impact of natural products on discovery of, and innovation in, crop protection compounds
Authors: Sparks Thomas C , Bryant Robert J
Published: September 2021

Natural products (NPs) have long been an important source of, and inspiration for, developing novel compounds to control weeds, pathogens and insect pests. In this review, we use a dataset of 800 historic, current and emerging crop protection compounds to explore the influence of NPs on the introduction of new crop protection compounds (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides) as a function of time. NPs, their semisynthetic derivatives (NPDs) and compounds inspired by NPs (NP mimics, NPMs) account for 17% of all crop protection compounds. NPs, NPDs, and NPMs have been a fairly constant source of new agrochemicals over the past 70 years. NP synthetic equivalents (NPSEs) is a fourth group of NP‐related crop protection compounds composed of synthetic compounds which by chance also happen to have an NP model (but are not involved in the discovery). If NPSE compounds are also included, then 50% of all crop protection compounds hypothetically could have had a NP origin. Similar trends also hold true for the impact of NPs on the discovery of new modes of action (MoA) or innovation in crop protection compounds as measured by the number of first‐in‐class compounds. NPs have had the largest impact on the numbers and global sales (2018 USD) of insecticides compared to fungicides and herbicides. The present analysis highlights NPs as a long‐standing and continuing source of new chemistry, new MoAs and innovation in crop protection compound discovery. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Introduction
Authors: Sause Markus G. R. , Jasiūnienė Elena , Pullin Rhys
Published: September 2021

The aerospace industry is aiming for a cleaner means of transport. One way to achieve this is by making transportation lighter, thus directly improving fuel efficiency and reducing environmental impact. A further aim, of the industry, is to reduce maintenance time to lessen operating costs, which can result in a reduction of air transport costs, benefitting both passenger and freight services. Current developments to support these aims include using advanced materials, with the current generation of aerospace structures being 50% composite materials. These materials offer a weight reduction whilst maintaining adequate stiffness; however, their damage mechanics are very complex and less deterministic than those of metals. This results in an overall reduced benefit. Structures are manufactured thicker using additional material to accommodate unknown or unpredictable failure modes, which cannot be easily detected during maintenance. A way to overcome these issues is the adoption of a structural health monitoring (SHM) inspection system.
Conclusions
Authors: Jasiūnienė Elena , Sause Markus G. R. , Samaitis Vykintas , Aggelis Dimitrios G. , Limongelli Maria Pina , Vanlanduit Steve
Published: September 2021

The state of the art of structural health monitoring damage detection systems reviewed in this book shows that it is a promising area of technologies. SHM damage detection systems in civil aviation are still mostly limited to lab applications because there are still issues, which need to be solved for such systems to be integrated in an aircraft structure. Therefore, further research is needed to solve the current drawbacks/limitations of the existing SHM approaches such that this technology can be used in aircrafts.

Despite the current limitations, SHM application for damage detection in aircrafts would make the flying safer and the structure lifetime longer and reduce the maintenance time and costs considering that the maintenance could be performed not at the predetermined intervals, but upon the need based on the condition that would be determined by the SHM systems used. We conclude some of the important differences and the common challenges to the methods reviewed in this book and provide an outlook on the next steps to a successful implementation.
Aerospace Requirements
Authors: Sharif Khodaei Zahra , Grigg Stephen
Published: September 2021

This chapter covers the overview of requirements arising in the aerospace industry for operating a structural health monitoring (SHM) system. The requirements are based on existing standards and guidelines and include both requirements on the physical components of the system (such as sensors, data acquisition systems and connectors) and their functional requirements (such as reliability, confidence measure and probability of detection). Emphasis has been given to on-board and ground-based components because they have different functionality requirements. An important factor in the reliability of the system is the effect of the environment and operational loads on the reliability of the diagnosis and, consequently, prognosis. The recommended guidelines for testing the reliability of the system under varying operational conditions are presented. This chapter is then finalized by reporting on methodologies for optimal sensor number and placement, based on different sensor technologies and different optimization algorithms.
Ultrasonic Methods
Authors: Samaitis Vykintas , Jasiūnienė Elena , Packo Pawel , Smagulova Damira
Published: September 2021

Ultrasonic inspection is a well recognized technique for non-destructive testing of aircraft components. It provides both local highly sensitive inspection in the vicinity of the sensor and long-range structural assessment by means of guided waves. In general, the properties of ultrasonic waves like velocity, attenuation and propagation characteristics such as reflection, transmission and scattering depend on composition and structural integrity of the material. Hence, ultrasonic inspection is commonly used as a primary tool for active inspection of aircraft components such as engine covers, wing skins and fuselages with the aim to detect, localise and describe delaminations, voids, fibre breakage and ply waviness. This chapter mainly focuses on long range guided wave structural health monitoring, as aircraft components require rapid evaluation of large components preferably in real time without the necessity for grouding of an aircraft. In few upcoming chapters advantages and shortcommings of bulk wave and guided wave ultrasonic inspection is presented, fundamentals of guided wave propagation and damage detection are reviewed, the reliability of guided wave SHM is discussed and some recent examples of guided wave applications to SHM of aerospace components are given.
Data Reduction Strategies
Authors: Bhowmik Basuraj , Quqa Said , Sause Markus G. R. , Pakrashi Vikram , Droubi Mohamad Ghazi
Published: September 2021

Based on the variety of methods available for gathering data for the aircraft health status, the challenge is to reduce the overall amount of data in a trackable and safe manner to ensure that the remaining data are characteristic of the current aircraft status. This chapter will cover available data reduction strategies for this task and discuss the data intensity of the SHM methods of Chaps.10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_5to10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_8and established approaches to deal with the acquired data. This includes aspects of algorithms and legal issues arising in this context.
Theoretische und empirische Grundlagen
Authors: Kenner Steve
Published: September 2021

Partizipation, Handeln, Beteiligung oder Teilhabe, Engagement und Aktion – diese Auswahl zeigt die Vielfalt an Begrifflichkeiten, die das Feld der Partizipationsforschung prägt. Noch unberücksichtigt sind dabei die antithetischen Paare wie „verfasst / nicht verfasst“, „legal / illegal“ oder „sozial / politisch“. Allein die Begriffsvielfalt und die Dialektik sozialen und politischen Handelns offenbart die Herausforderung dieses Forschungsgegenstandes.
Forschungsdesign zur empirischen Untersuchung
Authors: Kenner Steve
Published: September 2021

Bevor die Ergebnisse der qualitativen Feldforschung vorgestellt werden, gilt es zunächst, das Forschungsfeld und das Forschungsdesign zu beschreiben, um damit die gebotene Transparenz im Forschungsprozess zu erreichen. In diesem Kapitel werden neben den Gütekriterien auch das Sample und das methodische Vorgehen beschrieben.
Politische Aktion als Bildungserfahrung. Analyse
Authors: Kenner Steve
Published: September 2021

Für die im Folgenden zusammengefasste exemplarische Darstellung der vielfältigen Vorstellungen, Sinnbildungen und Erfahrungen der selbstbestimmt politisch aktiven Jugendlichen werden exemplarisch ihre Deutungsmuster zu den Begriffen Politik und Demokratie skizzenhaft dargestellt und anschließend ihre Erfahrungen in der politischen Aktionen systematisch analysiert.
Ausblick – Emanzipatorische und partizipative politische Bildung
Authors: Kenner Steve
Published: September 2021

Aktuelle Untersuchungen zum politischen Interesse und zur Bereitschaft für politisches Engagement von Kindern und Jugendlichen zeigen, dass längst nicht mehr die Rede sein kann von einer politikverdrossenen Generation. Das politische Interesse steigt. Und besonders bemerkenswert ist, dass das politische Interesse von jungen Menschen heute vor allem auch gesellschaftspolitische Schlüsselprobleme in den Blick nimmt. Mit diesem Kapitel werden die Erkenntnisse der vorliegenden Studie zusammengefasst.
State-operator correspondence in celestial conformal field theory
Authors: Crawley Erin , Miller Noah , Narayanan Sruthi A. , Strominger Andrew
Published: September 2021

Abstract

The bulk-to-boundary dictionary for 4D celestial holography is given a new entry defining 2D boundary states living on oriented circles on the celestial sphere. The states are constructed using the 2D CFT state-operator correspondence from operator insertions corresponding to either incoming or outgoing particles which cross the celestial sphere inside the circle. The BPZ construction is applied to give an inner product on such states whose associated bulk adjoints are shown to involve a shadow transform. Scattering amplitudes are then given by BPZ inner products between states living on the same circle but with opposite orientations. 2D boundary states are found to encode the same information as their 4D bulk counterparts, but organized in a radically different manner.