bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A summary of the investigation report on the Tianjiayi explosion incident (21 March 2019)
Authors: You Zuoling , Yu Jing , Liu Ying , Zhang Yunrui , Zhang Bo
Published: January 2020

A severe explosion occurred on 21 March 2019 at Tianjiayi Chemical Co., Ltd, located in the Xiangshui Eco‐chemical Industrial Park, Jiangsu Province, China, which resulted in 78 deaths, 76 serious injuries, and 640 minor injuries. The explosion caused direct economic losses of RMB 1.98 billion yuan. A summary of the incident investigation report is presented. One direct outcome of the accident was the accumulation of heat in solid waste, which resulted in a temperature increase beyond autoignition temperature, while the indirect root‐causes included deficient safety management, inadequate supervision, lack of safety awareness and other factors. In addition, the administrative and criminal liabilities of responsible personnel and inadequacy of prevention measures is summarized.
Effect of Annealing on the Electrical and Optical Properties of MgZnO Films Deposited by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Kushimoto Maki , Sakai Tadayoshi , Ueoka Yoshihiro , Tomai Shigekazu , Katsumata Satoshi , Deki Manato , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi
Published: January 2020

The properties of phase‐separated MgZnO induced by heat treatment are investigated, because the electrical conductivity of MgZnO deposited by sputtering can be improved by heat treatment. The absorption edge shows a red shift, but the transmittance in the ultraviolet (UV)‐C region increases after heat treatment. This is due to the formation of wurtzite (WZ) MgZnO with a high Zn content and a rock salt (RS) structure with a low Zn content induced by phase separation. This suggests that the current path is formed by the WZ crystals with low resistivity, and the transmittance in the UV region is increased by the RS crystals with high transmittance. It is confirmed that the RS structure is partially mixed with the WZ crystal in the in‐plane direction. In contrast, different distributions of crystals are observed in the stacking direction. A WZ structure is formed after RS‐MgZnO is formed on the substrate interface. It is found that Mg is incorporated into the RS structure by heat treatment, and Mg‐rich MgZnO is formed.
Influence of the Strain Relaxation on the Optical Property of AlGaN Quantum Wells
Authors: Itokazu Yuri , Mogami Yosuke , Kuwaba Shunsuke , Motegi Shogo , Osawa Atsushi , Maeoka Atsushi , Osaki Kazuto , Tanioka Yukitake , Jo Masafumi , Kamata Norihiko , Hirayama Hideki
Published: January 2020

The influence of strain relaxation on the optical properties of AlGaN quantum wells (QWs) is investigated. The relaxation ratio is controlled by changing the thickness of an AlGaN buffer layer. The relaxation ratio increases from 20% to 100% with increasing the AlGaN layer thickness from 0.5 to 6.0 μm. Photoluminescence (PL) intensity reaches maximum at a relaxation ratio of 36%, which implies competing effects in radiative and nonradiative recombinations. From the viewpoint of radiative recombination, strain relaxation increases the polarization field in the QW, which decreases the electron–hole overlap. The observed gradual decrease in PL may come from this effect. In terms of nonradiative recombination, the dislocation density is nearly constant up to 4.5 μm from the AlN/AlGaN interface, and decreases at 6.0 μm. Therefore, it is difficult to explain the observed PL intensity by the dislocation‐related nonradiative pathways. Instead, relieved strain can decrease the point‐defect density. Strain relaxation can reduce the vacancy concentration as a result of increased formation energy with the partial relief of compressive strain. The effect of strain on the band structure change is also discussed, where the relieved compressive strain increases the crystal‐field split‐off component in the valence band maximum, resulting in a decreased PL intensity.
Highly Transparent and Colorless Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Oh Je-Heon , Park Jin-Woo
Published: January 2020

Herein, transparent organic light‐emitting diodes (T‐OLEDs) are presented with excellent light‐emission performance achieved by virtue of optically transparent functional layers. In this T‐OLED, indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films are used not only as a transparent bottom anode but also as a transparent top cathode. Blue polymer poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl) (PFO) is used as a host material for the emission layer (EML) of T‐OLEDs, to achieve an optical light transmittance of 70% in the visible range of the light spectrum. By controlled blending of the commercial emitting material Super Yellow with PFO, the light‐emission efficiency of EML is significantly improved through a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) radiative recombination between electronic charge carriers. The organic functional layers of T‐OLEDs are protected from plasma damage during direct‐current magnetron sputtering deposition of the ITO cathode, using a spin‐coated bilayer electron‐transport coating of zinc oxide nanoparticle layers and cesium carbonate‐doped polyethyleneimine ethoxylated (d‐PEIE). As a result, T‐OLED exhibits a combined luminance of 1600 cd m−2 from the top ITO cathode (700 cd m−2) and bottom glass surfaces (900 cd m−2). The T‐OLED shows a device transmittance of 70% in the visible range and a current efficiency twice as high as that of pure PFO‐type T‐OLED.
Formation control for multiquadrotor aircraft: Connectivity preserving and collision avoidance
Authors: Cong Yongzheng , Du Haibo , Jin Qingchun , Zhu Wenwu , Lin Xiangze
Published: January 2020

In this article, we investigate the formation control problem of multiquadrotor aircraft system subject to connectivity preservation and collision avoidance. First, based on the backstepping design method, a novel formation control algorithm is developed to enable multiquadrotor aircraft to move along the desired trajectory while becoming the predefined formation pattern. Meanwhile, the connectivity of the communication network is maintained and the collision among multiquadrotor is avoided. Second, for each quadrotor's desired attitude obtained by the formation controller, an improved finite‐time attitude tracking law is designed to guarantee that the desired attitude can be tracked by the real attitude in a fast finite time. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
The nutrient legacy left by salmon tissue on riparian soils in Southeast Alaska
Authors: D'Amore David V. , Chaloner Dominic T. , Gerig Brandon S. , Berkowitz Jacob F. , Bridgham Scott D.
Published: January 2020

Salmon‐derived nutrients (SDN) are a distinctive aquatic subsidy to terrestrial ecosystems. Streamwater nutrient increases in response to SDN have been documented but uncertainties about the magnitude and persistence of their effects in riparian areas remain. A key research gap is the response of specific soil types to the nutrient subsidy over time. To address this question, an Entisol and a Spodosol commonly found in riparian zones of Southeast Alaska were delineated adjacent to streams with abundant spawning salmon for experimental nutrient additions. Salmon nutrient additions were applied to track the fate of N and P through time to investigate the patterns of nutrient retention and loss in the Entisol and Spodosol. Salmon additions to Entisols across eight watersheds revealed a large and consistent residual concentration of available NH4+–N but a high variability in NO3−–N after a 30‐d incubation. A comparison of Entisols and Spodosols in two watersheds tracked salmon tissue additions for ∼1 yr, where nutrient concentrations at 240 d decreased relative to 30 d but a flush of available nutrients occurred at 340 d, with higher values in the salmon‐amended soils. The magnitudes of extractable N and P retained in the extractable fraction were similar in the Entisol and Spodosol but dissolved N loss measured via resin beads at the base of the measurement cores indicated higher leaching of NO3−–N from the surface in Entisols. Identification of specific soil types can advance the understanding of nutrient processing, uptake, and loss from SDN additions on riparian landforms.
International Effects of Stock Market Dispersion
Authors: Vu Nam T. , Wu Jiayu
Published: January 2020

We study the extent to which stock market dispersion is related to unemployment and output growth for 16 countries over 20 years. Using panel vector‐auto‐regressions and panel dynamic regressions, we find increases in stock market dispersion across industries to induce future increases in unemployment and future decreases in industrial production (IP) growth. Moreover, the responses of unemployment and IP growth following a positive shock to stock market dispersion are persistent and are robust to various controls, sample periods, and estimation methods. Our article provides cross‐country evidence in support of the hypothesis that shifts in demand across industries negatively affect employment.
A systemic framework to evaluate political clientelism and citizens' subjectivation processes
Authors: Vilchez Virginia Carolina , Paucar‐Caceres Alberto , Werner Katarzyna
Published: January 2020

Political clientelism and low quality of democracy are recurrent problems in Latin American societies. The purpose of this paper is to understand the complex processes of subjectivation introduced and fostered by various practices of political clientelism. To explore this complexity, a systemic framework encompassing three dimensions of analysis—structural, institutional, and subjective—is adopted. To explore the impact that the subjectivation processes have on the formation of citizenship, we applied the framework examining 18 in‐depth interviews with beneficiaries of the Social Inclusion Plan in San Luis, Argentina. Our results suggest that practices and discourses of political clientelism foster citizens' dependence on the state and government. By focusing on the beneficiaries' perceptions, our findings facilitate a better understanding of the real impact of state policies and help to identify ways to empower low‐income people to exercise their rights and to develop a democratic, less dependent, and mature citizenship.
A systemic approach to achieving population‐level impact in injury and violence prevention
Authors: Smith L. Shakiyla , Wilkins Natalie J. , McClure Roderick J.
Published: January 2020

The contemporary public health model for injury and violence prevention is a four‐step process, which has been difficult to fully actualize in real‐world contexts. This difficulty results from challenges in bridging science to practice and developing and applying population‐level approaches. Prevention programmes and policies are embedded within and impacted by a range of system‐level factors, which must be considered and actively managed when addressing complex public health challenges involving multiple sectors and stakeholders. To address these concerns, a systemic approach to population‐level injury and violence prevention is being developed and explored by the Division of Analysis, Research, and Practice Integration in the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This article makes the case for and provides a high‐level overview of this systemic approach, its various components, and how it is being applied in one governmental unit.
Processing of High‐Carbon Steel by Selective Electron Beam Melting
Authors: Wenz Thomas , Kirchner Alexander , Klöden Burghardt , Weißgärber Thomas , Jurisch Marie
Published: January 2020

In addition to the production of lost moulds, additive manufacturing (AM) is increasingly used for the direct manufacture of tools, inserts, or parts thereof. Depending on the material and tool geometry, the combination of additive and conventional technologies (hybrid production) are advantageous. Commercially available AM tool inserts have their limits on the kinds of the materials that can be used. High‐carbon, particle‐reinforced, or crack‐prone materials are indispensable for many areas of tool making but so far can hardly be processed using the common laser‐based AM methods, as rapid solidification in these brittle materials results in high residual stresses, which may lead to crack formation. In contrast, selective electron beam melting (SEBM) is working under elevated temperatures of up to 1100 °C and, thus, minimizes thermal stresses. This study shows how such materials can be processed by SEBM. Results are presented for the first‐time production of high‐carbon iron–chromium alloy. Herein, powder properties and their reusability are focused upon, as well as process parameters and their influence on part quality. Investigations on density, microstructure, and hardness are shown to illustrate the potential of the SEBM process. Final heat treatments reveal that a further increase in hardness is possible in this alloy.
Siliceous fly ash and blast furnace slag based geopolymer concrete under ambient temperature curing condition
Authors: Das Sourav K. , Shrivastava Sandeep
Published: January 2020

Abundance of industrial by‐products along with its disposal issues and exploitation of the natural resource of limestone for cement production creates a huge problem throughout the globe. Geopolymer technology could be a worthy solution to these problems by producing concrete utilizing industrial by‐products and resisting the exploration of the natural source of limestone and limiting the greenhouse gas emission. This article presents the observations achieved by replacing siliceous fly ash with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Different mix proportions were prepared to measure the mechanical strength. GGBFS was added in replacement of fly ash in different percentages from 0% to 30%. Two different types of molarity of NaOH solution was used to observe the effect of molarity with the addition of GGBFS. By‐product binders were mixed with alkaline solution by keeping the ratio of mixing of Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution equals to 1.5. Slump cone test, compressive and flexural test was conducted to examine the workability and mechanical strength, respectively. Microstructural analysis was conducted to understand the surface morphology and minerology. Current study shows that with the inclusion of GGBFS to siliceous fly ash based geopolymer concrete compressive and flexural strength equals to 43.61 and 5.45 MPa, respectively, can be achieved at ambient condition which may be feasible for cast‐in situ applications.
Untangling the taxonomy of the Cladrastis clade (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) by integrating phylogenetics and ecological evidence
Authors: Duan Lei , Harris AJ , Ye Wen , Deng Shuang‐Wen , Song Zhu‐Qiu , Chen Hong‐Feng , Wen Jun
Published: January 2020

The Cladrastis clade is an early‐diverged lineage within the subfamily Papilionoideae of Leguminosae. Several taxonomic uncertainties limit a robust understanding of its taxonomy: (1) Should the genus Platyosprion be resurrected? (2) How should Cladrastis be delimited to maintain the generic monophyly? (3) Is Styphnolobium best classified into two or three sections? We assessed specific/sectional/generic boundaries within this clade by integrating evidence from phylogenetic analyses, morphology, and multivariate ecological methods. With an extensive sampling of the clade, we reconstructed the phylogenies using nrDNA (ITS) and plastid DNA regions (matK, psbA‐trnH, trnL‐F). Based on environmental data for 841 occurrences, clusters of species were sought according to their environmental preferences with the principal component analysis (PCA), and explicit hypotheses on species/sectional boundaries were tested using ecological niche modeling (ENM). A new tribe, Cladrastideae, is established based on the Cladrastis clade with four monophyletic groups: the Cladrastis platycarpa complex, Cladrastis s.str., Pickeringia and Styphnolobium. The C. platycarpa complex constitutes the resurrected genus Platyosprion. The putative species C. chingii, C. parvifolia, C. scandens and C. yungchunii are suggested to be treated as synonyms of Platyosprion platycarpum. Cladrastis is recircumscribed as equal to Cladrastis s.str., with three species from eastern Asia, and one species, C. kentukea, from eastern North America. Styphnolobium is herein classified into three sections: St. sect. Oresbios, St. sect. Styphnolobium and a new section, St. sect. Affine.
Emergent unitarity from the amplituhedron
Authors: Srikant Akshay Yelleshpur
Published: January 2020

Abstract

We present a proof of perturbative unitarity for planar $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM, following from the geometry of the amplituhedron. This proof is valid for amplitudes of arbitrary multiplicity n, loop order L and MHV degree k.
Mitigation of ionospheric scintillation effects on GNSS precise point positioning (PPP) at low latitudes
Authors: Vadakke Veettil Sreeja , Aquino Marcio , Marques Haroldo Antonio , Moraes Alison
Published: January 2020

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) underpin a number of modern life activities, including applications demanding positioning accuracy at the level of centimetres, such as precision agriculture, offshore operations and mining, to name a few. Precise point positioning (PPP) exploits the precision of the GNSS signal carrier phase measurements and may be used to provide the high accuracy positioning needed by these applications. The Earth’s ionosphere is critical in PPP due to its high variability and to disturbances such as scintillation, which can affect the satellite signals propagation and thereby degrade the positioning accuracy, especially at low latitudes, where severe scintillation frequently occurs. This manuscript presents results from a case study carried out at two low latitude stations in Brazil, where a dedicated technique is successfully applied to mitigate the scintillation effects on PPP. The proposed scintillation mitigation technique improves the least square stochastic model used for position computation by assigning satellite and epoch specific weights based on the signal tracking error variances. The study demonstrates that improvements in the 3D positioning error of around 62–75% can be achieved when applying this technique under strong scintillation conditions. The significance of the results lies in the fact that this technique can be incorporated in PPP to achieve the required high accuracy in real time and thus improve the reliability of GNSS positioning in support of high accuracy demanding applications.
WHO guide to good prescribing is 25 years old: quo vadis?
Authors: Tichelaar J. , Richir M. C. , Garner S. , Hogerzeil H. , de Vries Th. P. G. M.
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Twenty-five years ago, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the Guide to Good Prescribing (GGP), followed by the accompanying Teacher’s Guide to Good Prescribing (TGGP). The GGP is based on a normative 6-step model for therapeutic reasoning and prescribing, and provides a six-step guide for students to the process of rational prescribing.

Method

We reviewed the need to update both WHO publications by evaluating their use and impact, including new (theoretical) insights and demands. Based on information from literature, Internet, and other (personal) sources, we draw the following conclusions.

Results

1. An update of the GGP and TGGP, both in terms of content and form, is necessary because of the current need for these tools (irrational medicine use and unavailability of medicines), the lack of similar documents, and the lack of connection with recent developments, such as Internet and modern education; 2. The basic (6-step) model of the GGP is effective in terms of rational prescribing in the undergraduate situation and is still consistent with current theories about (context) learning, clinical decision-making, and clinical practice; 3. The dissemination and introduction of the GGP and TGGP in education has been successful so far, but is still not optimal because of lack of support and cooperation.

Conclusions

On the basis of the evaluation results, a plan for the revision of the GGP and TGGP is presented.
Defining and measuring imaging appropriateness in low back pain studies: a scoping review
Authors: Yates Mark , Oliveira Crystian B. , Galloway James B. , Maher Chris G.
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Patients with low back pain (LBP) rarely have serious underlying pathology but frequently undergo inappropriate imaging. A range of guidelines and red flag features are utilised to characterise appropriate imaging. This scoping review explores how LBP imaging appropriateness is determined and calculated in studies of primary care practice.

Methods

This scoping review builds upon a previous meta-analysis, incorporating articles identified that were published since 2014, with an updated search to capture articles published since the original search. Electronic databases were searched, and citation lists of included papers were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were studies assessing adult LBP imaging appropriateness in a primary care setting. Twenty-three eligible studies were identified.

Results

A range of red flag features were utilised to determine imaging appropriateness. Most studies considered appropriateness in a binary manner, by the presence of any red flag feature. Ten guidelines were referenced, with 7/23 (30%) included studies amending or not referencing any guideline. The method for calculating the proportion of inappropriate imaging varied. Ten per cent of the studies used the total number of patients presenting with LBP as the denominator, suggesting most studies overestimated the rate of inappropriate imaging, and did not capture where imaging is not performed for clinically suspicious LBP.

Conclusion

Greater clarity is needed on how we define and measure imaging appropriateness for LBP, which also accounts for the problem of failing to image when indicated. An internationally agreed methodology for imaging appropriateness studies would ultimately lead to an improvement in the care delivered to patients.

Graphic abstract

These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Three-dimensional position of mandibular third molars and its association with distal caries in mandibular second molars: a cone beam computed tomographic study
Authors: Chen Yanan , Zheng Jianmao , Li Danna , Huang Zhuwei , Huang Zijing , Wang Xue , Zhang Xiaolei , Hu Xiaoli
Published: January 2020

Objective

To analyze the prevalence of distal caries in mandibular second molars (M2Ms) and its correlation with the three-dimensional position of mandibular third molars (M3Ms) by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.

Materials and methods

CBCT scans involving 421 M3Ms were assessed. The presence of distal caries of M2Ms, patient age and gender, impaction depths and mesial angulation of M3Ms, the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) distances and contact point localization, and the horizontal positions of M3Ms were assessed. Risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

The overall prevalence of distal caries in M2Ms was 31.6%. Mesial angulation (16°–75°) of M3Ms, contact point localization at or below the CEJ of M2Ms, and a buccal or lingual position of M3Ms relative to the molar line were identified as risk factors for the prevalence of distal caries in M2Ms (p < 0.05). Distal caries was more severe when the mesial angulation of M3Ms was 16°–75° (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Buccal or lingual position of M3Ms may represent a new risk factor for the distal caries in M2Ms. Mesial angulation (16°–75°) of M3Ms is a predictive parameter for both the presence and severity of distal caries in M2Ms.

Clinical relevance

As the presence of distal caries in M2Ms is significantly associated with the three-dimensional position of M3Ms, watchful monitoring or prophylactic removal of M3Ms should be deliberated when M3Ms are mesially angulated (16°–75°), buccally or lingually positioned, and with the contact point localization at or below the CEJ of M2Ms.
Inflammatory cardiomyopathies: short- and long-term outcomes after heart transplantation—a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bobbio Emanuele , Lingbrant Marie , Nwaru Bright I , Hessman Eva , Lehtonen Jukka , Karason Kristjan , Bollano Entela
Published: January 2020

Heart transplantation (HTx) for patients with “giant cell myocarditis” (GCM) or “cardiac sarcoidosis” (CS) is still controversial. However, no single center has accumulated enough experience to investigate post-HTx outcome. The primary aim of this systematic review is to identify, appraise, and synthesize existing literature investigating whether patients who have undergone HTx because of GCM or CS have worse outcomes as compared with patients transplanted because of other etiologies. A systematic and comprehensive search will be performed using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, for studies published up to December 2019. Observational and interventional population-based studies will be eligible for inclusion. The quality of observational studies will be assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale, while the interventional studies will be assessed using the Cochrane Effective Practice Organization of Care tool. The collected evidence will be narratively synthesized; in addition, we will perform a meta-analysis to pool estimates from studies considered to be homogenous. Reporting of the systematic review and meta-analysis will be in accordance with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. To our knowledge, this will be the first synthesis of outcomes, including survival, acute cellular rejection, and disease recurrence, in patients with either GCM or CS treated with HTx. Reviewing the suitability of HTx in this population and highlighting areas for further research will benefit both patients and healthcare providers. Trial registration: CRD42019140574.
Autism Symptoms, Executive Functioning and Academic Progress in Higher Education Students
Authors: Dijkhuis Renée , de Sonneville Leo , Ziermans Tim , Staal Wouter , Swaab Hanna
Published: January 2020

Many students with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) attending higher education drop out prematurely. The predictive value of self-reported daily executive functioning (EF) and (cognitive) performance-based EF (mental flexibility and working memory) for academic progress was evaluated in 54 young adults with ASD (Mage = 22.5, SD = 2.4, 72% male). Regression analyses showed that autism symptom severity explained 12% of variance in academic progress, which was raised to 36% by adding self-reported daily EF, and to 25% by adding performance-based EF. It is suggested that EF is a candidate marker for academic progress in higher education students with ASD and a candidate target for early intervention.
Experts and evidence in deliberation: scrutinising the role of witnesses and evidence in mini-publics, a case study
Authors: Roberts Jennifer J. , Lightbody Ruth , Low Ragne , Elstub Stephen
Published: January 2020

Experts hold a prominent position in guiding and shaping policy-making; however, the nature of expert input to decision-making is a topic of public debate. A key aspect of deliberative processes such as citizens’ juries is the provision of information to participants, usually from expert witnesses. However, there is currently little guidance on some of the challenges that organisers and advocates of citizens’ juries must consider regarding expert involvement, including the role of the witness, issues around witness identification and selection, the format of evidence provision, the evidence itself, and how these factors affect the experience of the participants and the witnesses. Here, we explore these issues through detailed case study of three citizens’ juries on onshore wind farm development in Scotland, including interviews with the witnesses involved. This is complemented by examining a cohort of mini-publics held on energy and the environment topics, and, where possible, discussion with the program organisers. We identify a series of issues and sensitivities that can compromise the effectiveness and fairness of the evidence-giving in mini-publics, for the participants, the witnesses and the organisers. We recommend approaches and areas for future work to address these challenges. This is the first time that the ways of involving witnesses in such processes have been so comprehensively examined, and is timely given the increasing interest in democratic innovations such as mini-publics and the current discourse concerning experts.
Multiday expected shortfall under generalized t distributions: evidence from global stock market
Authors: Iqbal Robina , Sorwar Ghulam , Baker Rose , Choudhry Taufiq
Published: January 2020

We apply seven alternative t-distributions to estimate the market risk measures Value at Risk (VaR) and its extension Expected Shortfall (ES). Of these seven, the twin t-distribution (TT) of Baker and Jackson (in Twin t distribution, University of Salford Manchester. https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.3237, 2014) and generalized asymmetric distribution (GAT) of Baker (in A new asymmetric generalization of the t-distribution, University of Salford Manchester. https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.05203, 2016) are applied for the first time to estimate market risk. We analytically estimate VaR and ES over 1-day horizon and extend this to multi-day horizon using Monte Carlo simulation. We find that taken together TT and GAT distributions provide the best back-testing results across individual confidence levels and horizons for majority of scenarios. Moreover, we find that with the lengthening of time horizon, TT and GAT models performs well, such that at the 10-day horizon, GAT provides the best back-testing results for all of the five indices and the TT model provides the second best results, irrespective period of study and confidence level.
Automated multi-model deep neural network for sleep stage scoring with unfiltered clinical data
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqing , Xu Mingkai , Li Yanru , Su Minmin , Xu Ziyao , Wang Chunyan , Kang Dan , Li Hongguang , Mu Xin , Ding Xiu , Xu Wen , Wang Xingjun , Han Demin
Published: January 2020

Purpose

To develop an automated framework for sleep stage scoring from PSG via a deep neural network.

Methods

An automated deep neural network was proposed by using a multi-model integration strategy with multiple signal channels as input. All of the data were collected from one single medical center from July 2017 to April 2019. Model performance was evaluated by overall classification accuracy, precision, recall, weighted F1 score, and Cohen’s Kappa.

Results

Two hundred ninety-four sleep studies were included in this study; 122 composed the training dataset, 20 composed the validation dataset, and 152 were used in the testing dataset. The network achieved human-level annotation performance with an average accuracy of 0.8181, weighted F1 score of 0.8150, and Cohen’s Kappa of 0.7276. Top-2 accuracy (the proportion of test samples for which the true label is among the two most probable labels given by the model) was significantly improved compared to the overall classification accuracy, with the average being 0.9602. The number of arousals affected the model’s performance.

Conclusion

This research provides a robust and reliable model with the inter-rater agreement nearing that of human experts. Determining the most appropriate evaluation parameters for sleep staging is a direction for future research.
The Optimal Age of Vaccination Against Dengue with an Age-Dependent Biting Rate with Application to Brazil
Authors: Maier Sandra B. , Massad Eduardo , Amaku Marcos , Burattini Marcelo N. , Greenhalgh David
Published: January 2020

In this paper we introduce a single serotype transmission model, including an age-dependent mosquito biting rate, to find the optimal vaccination age against dengue in Brazil with Dengvaxia. The optimal vaccination age and minimal lifetime expected risk of hospitalisation are found by adapting a method due to Hethcote (Math Biosci 89:29–52). Any number and combination of the four dengue serotypes DENv1–4 is considered. Successful vaccination against a serotype corresponds to a silent infection. The effects of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and permanent cross-immunity after two heterologous infections are studied. ADE is assumed to imply risk-free primary infections, while permanent cross-immunity implies risk-free tertiary and quaternary infections. Data from trials of Dengvaxia indicate vaccine efficacy to be age and serostatus dependent and vaccination of seronegative individuals to induce an increased risk of hospitalisation. Some of the scenarios are therefore reconsidered taking these findings into account. The optimal vaccination age is compared to that achievable under the current age restriction of the vaccine. If vaccination is not considered to induce risk, optimal vaccination ages are very low. The assumption of ADE generally leads to a higher optimal vaccination age in this case. For a single serotype vaccination is not recommended in the case of ADE. Permanent cross-immunity results in a slightly lower optimal vaccination age. If vaccination induces a risk, the optimal vaccination ages are much higher, particularly for permanent cross-immunity. ADE has no effect on the optimal vaccination age when permanent cross-immunity is considered; otherwise, it leads to a slight increase in optimal vaccination age.
‘Attuning-with’, affect, and assemblages of relations in a transdisciplinary environmental education
Authors: Riley Kathryn , White Peta
Published: January 2020

In these Anthropocene times humans are vulnerable through the effects of socio-ecological crises and are responsible for attending to past, present and future socio-ecological injustices and challenges. The purpose of this article is to challenge discursive structures that influence knowledge acquisitionabout/ofthe world through binary logics, acknowledging that we are never apart from the world we are seeking to understand, but that we are entangled through a mutual (re)configuringwiththe world. Through storytelling and entangled poetry from outdoor education and environmental science education contexts, this article explores discursive/material forces (socially meaningful statements/affective intensities) enacted through pedagogies ‘attuning-with’. As pedagogies ‘attuning-with’ take up a relational ontology, in which sense-making is generated from the grounded, lived, embodied and embedded politics of location in relationship with broader ecologies of the world, they illuminate a transdisciplinary environmental education. A transdisciplinary environmental education is important for these Anthropocene times, because it not only promotes a multivocal approach to environmental education, but in acknowledging our inherent and intrinsic responsibility and accountability for the kinds of worlds that we are co-constituting, it provides opportunities to change the story of how we choose to live with/in/for these Anthropocene times.
Happiness economics as technocracy
Authors: SINGH RAMANDEEP , ALEXANDROVA ANNA
Published: January 2020

Happiness economics as advocated by Frijters et al. makes three assumptions: that policy should be based on facts about the net effect of a factor on happiness; that wellbeing policy should be technocratic and centralized; and that the only credible objections come from critics who do not value happiness. We argue that all three should be rejected and that the science and policy of wellbeing should instead be pluralistic, context-sensitive and participatory.
Ergodic properties of the Anzai skew-product for the non-commutative torus
Authors: DEL VECCHIO SIMONE , FIDALEO FRANCESCO , GIORGETTI LUCA , ROSSI STEFANO
Published: January 2020

We provide a systematic study of a non-commutative extension of the classical Anzai skew-product for the cartesian product of two copies of the unit circle to the non-commutative 2-tori. In particular, some relevant ergodic properties are proved for these quantum dynamical systems, extending the corresponding ones enjoyed by the classical Anzai skew-product. As an application, for a uniquely ergodic Anzai skew-product $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}$ on the non-commutative $2$-torus $\mathbb{A}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\in \mathbb{R}$, we investigate the pointwise limit, $\lim _{n\rightarrow +\infty }(1/n)\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{-k}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}^{k}(x)$, for $x\in \mathbb{A}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ a point in the unit circle, and show that there are examples for which the limit does not exist, even in the weak topology.
From the Outside Looking In: One Woman's Acimowin
Authors: Mayer Lorraine
Published: January 2020

I struggle mamere

To bring

Your words

Into nokum's

Cabin

But the words

Are in battle

Competing

for my mind

I am a mixed-blood woman raised in Canada where my two ancestries have competing worldviews, from social, political, and religious ideology to ancient philosophies. These mixed ancestries also come with different social expectations. In the social-political world of Native Studies where I walk daily, my French grandmother, mamere, is argued as coming from a world of privilege because she was white-skinned, and my Cree grandmother, nokum is thought to come from a world of oppression because she was dark-skinned. Yet both my grandmothers experienced abuse and prejudice. How and where the abuses originated may be different, but they did occur. I have a lot to learn from my grandmothers, but it has taken me many years of inner conflict, self-righteousness, and pain to get to this understanding. To acknowledge both grandmothers having been oppressed means I cannot continue to think of the world in simplistic, binary terms of colonizer/colonized. I must legitimize the equality of suffering in both cultures. Indeed, my worldviews had been turned upside down as I began to identify with the feminist movement, nonetheless it is nokum's world that was shattered, demeaned, and distorted, so it is her world I bring to you today with this story. Another day I may talk about my mamere's patriarchal world, but today is for nokum.
Sleep disturbance: a potential target to improve symptoms and quality of life in those living with psychosis
Authors: Boland C. , Gallagher P. , Clarke M.
Published: January 2020

Sleep has been shown to impact on both physical and mental health, and sleep problems present a considerable burden for individuals and society. There appears to be a complex bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbance and psychiatric symptoms, each potentially influencing the other. In particular, sleep disorders have been associated with more severe symptoms and are predictive of relapse in those with psychotic disorders. This article discusses the relationship between psychosis and insomnia, sleep apnoea, nightmares, circadian rhythm abnormalities and the impact of medications on these relationships. We also discuss the clinical implications of the relationship between sleep disturbance and psychotic disorders along with potential targets for intervention.
Endogenous democracy: causal evidence from the potato productivity shock in the old world
Authors: Barceló Joan , Rosas Guillermo
Published: January 2020

Despite a high cross-country correlation between development and democracy, it is difficult to gauge the impact of economic development on the probability that autocracies will transition to democracy because of endogeneity, especially due to reverse causation and omitted variable bias. Hence, whether development causes democracy remains a contested issue. We exploit exogeneity in the regional variation of potato cultivation along with the timing of the introduction of potatoes to the Old World (i.e., a potato productivity shock) to identify a causal effect of urbanization, a proxy for economic development, on democratization. Our results, which hold under sensitivity analyses that question the validity of the exclusion restriction, present new evidence of the existence of a causal effect of economic development on democracy.
Anomalous Radiocarbon Dates from the Early Medieval Cremation Graves from Broechem (Flanders, Belgium): Reservoir or Old Wood Effects?
Authors: Annaert Rica , Boudin Mathieu , Deforce Koen , Ervynck Anton , Haneca Kristof , Lentacker An , Snoeck Christophe
Published: January 2020

As part of the study of the early medieval cemetery at Broechem (Belgium), human bones from 32 cremation graves have been dated through radiocarbon (14C) analysis. It was noted that many of the dates were not in accordance with the chronological ranges provided by the characteristics of the cultural artifacts deposited in the graves. In fact, the human bones were “older” than the artifacts. Subsequently, a number of animal bones (in all cases from domestic pigs) was radiocarbon dated, yielding dates that were more consistent with the information from the cultural artifacts than the human bones. The dates obtained on human and pig bones from the same grave often differed around 100 radiocarbon years. This paper tries to find an explanation for the pattern observed, concentrating on two hypotheses: aquatic reservoir versus old wood effects. The evaluation takes into account additional radiocarbon dates derived from charcoal fragments of the funeral pyre, from both short-lived and long-lived taxa. A conclusive explanation for the anomalous radiocarbon dates could not be reached but clear suggestions can be put forward for future experimental work that will without doubt shed more light upon the interpretational problems raised.
Origins of Early Democracy
Authors: AHMED ALI T. , STASAVAGE DAVID
Published: January 2020

The idea that rulers must seek consent before making policy is key to democracy. We suggest that this practice evolved independently in a large fraction of human societies where executives ruled jointly with councils. We argue that council governance was more likely to emerge when information asymmetries made it harder for rulers to extract revenue, and we illustrate this with a theoretical model. Giving the population a role in governance became one means of overcoming the information problem. We test this hypothesis by examining the correlation between localized variation in agricultural suitability and the presence of council governance in the Standard Cross Cultural Sample. As a further step, we suggest that executives facing substantial information asymmetries could also have an alternative route for resource extraction—develop a bureaucracy to measure variation in productivity. Further empirical results suggest that rule by bureaucracy could substitute for shared rule with a council.
The Political Economy of Bilateral Bailouts
Authors: Schneider Christina J. , Tobin Jennifer L.
Published: January 2020

IMF loans during times of financial crisis often occur in conjunction with bilateral financial rescues. These bilateral bailouts are substantial in size and a central component of international cooperation during financial crises. We analyze the political economy of bilateral bailouts and study the trade-offs that potential creditor governments experience when other countries find themselves in financial distress. Creditor governments want to stabilize crisis countries by providing additional liquidity, particularly if the crisis country is economically or politically important to them, but they are constrained by domestic politics. Politicians aim to balance these countervailing pressures. They provide bailouts when their own economy is exposed to negative spillover effects and when the crisis country is important for geostrategic, military, or political reasons. Domestic economic and political constraints, on the other hand, limit their ability to bail out other countries. We test our hypotheses using an original data set on bilateral bailouts by the G7 countries to countries that experienced financial crises between 1975 and 2010. The findings of our statistical analysis support our theoretical argument and contribute to a deeper understanding of international cooperation's complex structure during financial crises.
Political Authority in International Relations: Revisiting the Medieval Debate
Authors: Costa Lopez Julia
Published: January 2020

In international relations, accounts of medieval political authority are divided between those who see a heteronomous patchwork of overlapping authorities and those who claim that the era of the state started in the twelfth century. How can we overcome this divide? I argue that IR's current difficulties in grasping the nature of medieval political authority stem from shortcomings in how the notion of political authority itself has been conceptualized. Thus, rather than starting from a substantive definition of political authority, I focus on contestation over the categorization and authorization of rule, that is, on how authority is produced in historically specific ways as a result of contemporary contestation over what political authority is, who is authorized, and how rulers stand in relation to one another. This reorientation allows us to appreciate how medieval political authority emerged from the competition between four sets of ordering categories:iurisdictio, potestas, lord/vassal, and magistrate. Each one of these four categories understood authority, rulers, and the relation between rulers in different ways. The problem with existing accounts of medieval authority is that they attempt to findthe singleordering principle of medieval international relations. In doing so, they not only fail to capture the features of the time but also reinforce a particular approach to political authority that is unhelpful for understanding medieval and modern politics alike.
Assessment of oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers and DNA damage inTeladorsagia circumcinctafollowing exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Baghbani Z. , Esmaeilnejad B. , Asri-Rezaei S.
Published: January 2020

Drug resistance to helminth parasites is one of the most serious problems to threaten the livestock industry. The problem also poses a major threat to public health. Therefore, novel and safe agents should urgently be investigated to control parasitic infections. The current study was conducted to evaluate the possible antiparasitic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes,Teladorsagia circumcincta. The worms were incubated with various concentrations of ZnO-NPs: 1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 ppm for 24 hours. Mobility and mortality of the parasites were recorded at four-hour intervals. At the endpoint, several biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, as well as lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, total antioxidant status, nitric oxide contents and DNA damage, were measured in the homogenized samples. ZnO-NPs showed significant anthelminthic effects, depending on time and concentration. Furthermore, the nanoparticle induced severe oxidative/nitrosative stress and DNA damage. ZnO-NPs could be considered as a novel and potent anthelminthic agent.
Interpolation-free particle simulation
Authors: Lin H. , Liu C. P.
Published: January 2020

Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulation is an interpolation-based method on the Newton–Maxwell (N–M) system. Its well-known drawback is its shape/interpolation functions often causing the violation of continuity equations (CEs) at mesh nodes and that of Maxwell equations (MEs) at particles' positions. Whether this drawback can be overcome by choosing/solving suitable shape/interpolation functions is of fundamental importance for the PIC simulation. Until now, these shape/interpolation functions are usually subjectively chosen and, hence, always invoke the drawback. Here, we first investigate whether these shape/interpolation functions can be self-consistently solved by considering under what condition the CEs and the MEs can be satisfied anywhere. Strict mathematical analysis reveals that strict self-consistent shape/interpolation functions are unavailable. Only few approximately self-consistent shape/interpolation functions are luckily found by some authors. This fact drives us to present another universal interpolation-free strict method on the N–M system.