bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Popular Literature of Northern India
Authors: Griekson George A.
Published: January 2010

The languages of India Proper belong to two great families— in the North, the Indo-Aryan; and in the South, the Dravidian. The map here displayed shows the localities in which the former are spoken. These Indo-Aryan tongues again lull into two main groups, viz., those of the Midland—indicated on the map by red — and a number of Outer Languages, indicated by blue. These two groups differ from each other in an important characteristic, which has affected their respective literatures to no inconsiderable extent. In the Midland the languages are all analytical. Their grammars are very simple, they are cumbered by few grammatical forms, and they indicate the various relations of time and space by the aid of auxiliary words, just as we do in English. The Outer Languages, on the contrary, are synthetic. Their idioms depend chiefly on grammatical form, and, as in Latin or German, each has a more or less complicated system of declension and conjugation.
Nabataean Inscriptions from Egypt
Authors: Littmann Enno , Meredith David
Published: January 2010

The sources of information from which the present collection of Nabataean inscriptions has been compiled are as follows:—

Site 1. About two miles north of Bīr Abu Darag, beside which is the site of a Roman enclosure:—

Wilkinson MSS. (by courtesy of the Griffith Institute, Oxford, on behalf of the owner, Mrs. Godfrey Mosley, Calke Abbey, Derby); Envel. L, a few pages of roughly pencilled field notes relating to his second 1826 journey, the written-up Journal of which is missing: Nos. 22a, 22b, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34. Pp. 11–14; Pls. I–IV.
A Draft Code of Personal Law for 'Irāq
Authors: Anderson J. N. D.
Published: January 2010

In 1947 a draft Code of Personal Law was approved by the Committee for Judicial Affairs of the 'Irāqī Chamber of Deputies. In spite, however, of the recommendation of this Committee that it should be enacted by Parliament and promulgated as law, the Code was then shelved—chiefly, no doubt, because of a change of Government and the election of a new Parliament, but partly also on account of the opposition of the more conservative elements in the country, both Sunnī and Ja'farī. With regard to the latter, I was given a copy of a letter addressed in 1948 by the President of the Ja'farī Division of the Court of Cassation to the then Minister of Justice calling attention to certain major objections to the draft Code and adding, ominously, that ‘the Ja'farī Court of Cassation cannot in future apply these provisions, so long as they do not conform to the correct precepts of the arī'a’; while the points most likely to have aroused the opposition of Ḥanafī purists are not hard to guess. There can be no doubt, however, that the real reasons for opposition to the Code are more fundamental than any of these detailed criticisms. The basic objection of the Sunnī conservatives almost certainly lies in their apprehension that once so many of the provisions of the arī'a have been codified the unification of the courts in 'Iraq will be yet further advanced, since any competent civil judge will be able to administer this Code, and even to dispense, in most cases, with expert opinion: so both the prestige and income of the ‘ulamā’, who alone have been trained to refer to the ancient texts, will inevitably decrease. And the still more vehement opposition of the Ja'farīs can be traced to the fact that they regard the Code as a direct infringement upon the prerogatives of those mujtahids whom their school still recognizes, and to whose decision the courts—and, still more, the public —regularly refer not only points of dispute in general but several of the matters covered by this Code in particular. But the Code has recently again been debated in Parliament, and once more referred to a Judicial Committee for further study and reflection: so this may be an appropriate opportunity to examine its scope and contents.
Studies in Islamic Metal Work—II
Authors: Rice D. S.
Published: January 2010

The earliest dated signature of a Mawṣilī artist is incised on a small inlaid brass box belonging to the Benaki Museum, Athens (Case 65, No. 17). This is an oblong miniature piece which measures only 6·3 cm. in length and 3·6 cm. in width. It is 2·3 cm. high and provided with an overlapping, bevelled lid (1·1 cm. high) which is fixed by means of two tiny hinges at the back and with a hasp in front. Its shape strongly resembles that of a snuff box and has no known parallel in Islamic metal work. Despite its exiguous dimensions it is decorated with intricate arabesques and inscriptions. The skilfully workeddecorwas for the most part filled with fine silver inlay, much of which has survived.
The Phonology of the Nasalized Verbal Forms in Sundanese
Authors: Robins R. H.
Published: January 2010

It is now established practice in descriptive linguistics to treat the subject-matter at separate, and definably separate, levels of analysis. Indeed the traditional categories of Phonology and Grammar represent such an employment of two different levels. Present-day linguists in Great Britain and America recognize the setting up and denning of the various levels of analysis as a basic procedure in handling the utterances of the speakers whose language is being studied.
South Arabian Etymological Marginalia
Authors: Ullendorff Edward
Published: January 2010

A. F. L. Beeston (in Muséon, lxiii, pp. 53 et seqq.) has convincingly shown that the contexts in which South Arabian mgl occurs require a translation as ‘watch-tower’ and not as ‘cistern, reservoir’ as had hitherto been the usual rendering. He is content to retain the present etymological connexion with Arabic mağal ‘swamp, pool’ and adduces in support of this view Hebrew agam ‘with precisely the same range of meaning’ as both ‘stagnum’ and ‘propugnaculum’.
A Note on the Gã Law of Succession
Authors: Allott A. N.
Published: January 2010

So said the learned Chief Justice in the year 1912, when he held, after ‘consulting the authorities’, that ‘inheritance is not from father to son’ in Accra custom!

For many years learned judges in the Gold Coast courts have expressed a similar opinion, each taking comfort as to the correctness of his decision from the words of his predecessors. This colossal pyramid of error rests on several facts:—

1. The earliest customary law with which British judges in the Gold Coast became familiar was that of the Fantes, especially around Cape Coast.

2. In Fante custom inheritance is matrilineal.

3. Practically the sole written authority as to customary law consulted by the judges has been Sarbah's work, which, despite its title of Fanti Customary Laws, has frequently been invoked to decide cases concerning Gã and Ewe custom.

4. The evidence submitted in each particular case tending to disprove the proposition that Gã succession is matrilineal has been rejected as a result of the prejudice (derived from facts 1, 2, and 3) that ‘the ordinary rule of native customary law [sic] as to descent of property through the female line prima facie applies’ —Aryeh v. Dawuda: (1944) 10 W.A.C.A. 188; and sole reliance has been placed on the ‘expert’ witnesses who have solemnly sworn that Gã inheritance is matrilineal.
Dated Chinese Manuscripts in the Stein Collection
Authors: Giles Lionel
Published: January 2010

During the whole of the tenth century from about 910 onwards, Tunhuang under the name of Kuei-i Chün was governed by members of the Ts‘ao family, who were more or less independent of the fugitive dynasties that rose and fell at Lo-yang and Pien-liang. The connection with China was practically limited to the bestowal of the title of chieh-tu-shih on the man in power if he cared to apply for it. The system seems to have worked well enough: with the Tibetan menace removed, the people enjoyed a fair measure of peace and prosperity, though the standard of living and culture in general never rose again to what it had been under the T‘angs before An Lu-shan's rebellion. The deterioration of arts and crafts dating from that disastrous upheaval is plainly observable in the manuscript rolls of this period: the highly finished paper of the seventh and eighth centuries with its beautifully glazed and stained surface has entirely disappeared, and what we find in its place is with rare exceptions thick, coarse, and drab-coloured. The handwriting, too, though sometimes vigorous, lacks the elegance and grace of former times.
Rāma
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

Present difficulties have induced me to publish in the form of an article the text of the Khotanese Rāma poem. It is of interest to both Indian and Iranian scholars, not least perhaps to our confrères with whom we are not at present in contact. It is hoped to publish a commentary and translation in a subsequent paper.

A description, with short summary, of the contents of the poem was given in a lecture to the American Oriental Society in Baltimore, April, 1939, and will be shortly published in the Journal of that Society. Reference for the present may be made to that account.

The text is contained in three MS. rolls numbered 2801, 2781, 2783, written on Chinese paper, in cursive Khotanese script, and now preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale. I first read them in December, 1937, and subsequently obtained photostatic copies. I wish once again to thank Professor Paul Pelliot for his permission to use them.
A Zervanite Apocalypse I
Authors: Zaehner R. C.
Published: January 2010

Of all our Iranian sources for that form of Zoroastrianism which recognized Zurvān as the prime principle of the cosmos, the Selections of Zātspram are undoubtedly the most important. We have seen (BSOS., IX, p. 573) that in his first chapter Zātspram assigns to Zurvān a decisive rôle in the creative process not found elsewhere; for it was he who handed to Ahriman that “black and ashen garment”, “that weapon, like unto fire … that containeth the very essence of Āz”. In so doing he was making no idle gesture; he was presenting Ahriman with one who was to be at once his most powerful ally and his eventual destroyer. The results of this action are related in the thirty-fourth chapter, an edition of which is offered here. Though our text is at some points exasperatingly corrupt, our chapter does seem to throw additional light on the mysterious figure of Jēh, the Primal Whore, and to support the theory advanced by Professor Benveniste that woman belonged, in the Zervanite system, to the evil creation. We hope in the near future to be able to offer an interpretation of this fascinating chapter: in this article we have confined ourselves to the text and, in the next number of this Bulletin, we will add a first translation which we hope will be of use to such students of religion as are unfamiliar with Pahlavi.
The Languages of Calcutta, 1760–1840
Authors: Clark T. W.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this essay is to trace in outline the history of the languages used in Calcutta and its environs during a period extending roughly from 1760 to 1840. The languages were Arabic, Bengali, English, Hindustani, Persian, Portuguese, and Sanskrit. Account has been taken of the status of the languages at different times, the people who used them, the extent to which they were used, and the purposes they served. To do this it has been necessary to take a wide view of the history of the period, and make references which properly fall within the field of political, social, religious, and economic history: such as the policies of the East India Company, both in London and Calcutta, the plans and actions of the Christian missionaries, the attitudes and preferences of the main religious communities, the development of education, and the changing opportunities in the economic life of the people.
A Phonological Analysis of the Szechuanese Monosyllable
Authors: Scott N. C.
Published: January 2010

A RECONSIDERATION of the material used for my article ‘The monosyllable in Szechuanese’1 in the light of the technique of prosodic analysis being developed in the Department of Phonetics of the School of Oriental and African Studies 2 has led me to believe that it is susceptible of a more rigorous and satisfying treatment, in which some of the apparently eccentric features take a normal place.
Two Parallel Anecdotes in Greek and Chinese
Authors: Giles Lionel
Published: January 2010

“ THE OPEN COURT ” of March, 1912 (pp. 155 seq.), contains an account by Dr. B. Laufer of an ancient bronze mirror, half of which was found some thirty years ago in Siberia. On the back was a figure of Confucius, with the inscription—
Chinese Records of the Arabs in Central Asia
Authors: Gibb H. A. R.
Published: January 2010

The Arab Empire of the Umayyad Period is still one of the problems of history. Muslim historians, in spite of their theological prejudice against the reigning house, display a not unnatural undercurrent of pride in its triumphs of conquest. European historians of the period fall into two classes: those who regard the Empire as an organized system of government, carrying on and blending the Roman and Persian traditions, and those who see in it an organized system of exploitation, copying the older administrations only so far as they ministered to the rapacity of the conquerors.
Almeida's “History of Ethiopia”: Recovery of the Preliminary Matter
Authors: Denison Ross E.
Published: January 2010

Since the appearance of the last number of this Bulletin I have had the good fortune to find the outer cover of the King's College manuscript of Almeida's History of Ethiopia, which had hitherto been missing. The discovery is important, for attached to this cover there was not only the original title page, but also the “Preliminary Matter” referred to by Marsden in his Catalogue, occupying in all eleven folios. The contents are as follows:—
Some Parthian abecedarian hymns
Authors: Boyce Mary
Published: January 2010

A conventionexisted among Manichæan copyists whereby most Parthian poetry was written as prose, the verses being separated only by some device of punctuation. The method saved a considerable amount of paper. Yet there are texts set out as poetry, in separate lines with a space between verses. The two great hymn-cycles,HuwīdagmānandAngad Rōšnan, are invariably presented in this way. These exist in the fragments of thirty-odd MSS. of very varied character; it is evident, therefore, that in their case the manner of presentation did not depend on individual taste or means, but was regarded as proper to the texts themselves.
The Millenary of Ibn Sīnā
Authors: Gibb H. A. R.
Published: January 2010

During the current year 1952, corresponding to the Hijra years 1371–2, two gatherings have been planned to celebrate, a little belatedly, the millenary of the birth of Ibn Sīnā in Ṣafar 370 (August, 980). The first, under the general patronage of the Arab League and the direction of a special Committee in Iraq, was held in Baghdad from 20th to 28th March. The second, under the direction of a Persian Committee, is provisionally scheduled to be held in Teheran and Hamadan later in the year. The two celebrations, far from being mutually exclusive, are intended to be complementary. Strong Persian and Turkish delegations attended the Baghdad meeting, in addition to delegations from Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Libya, and representatives of Unesco and Western orientalism; and similar delegations are expected to attend the meeting in Persia.
Persia viewed through its Proverbs and Apologues
Authors: Levy Reuben
Published: January 2010

Parodies of oriental speech and writing often consist merely of truisms, half-truths, and platitudes strung together in a fashion which appears to western ideas to reflect, with only a little conscious distortion, the working of the eastern mind. The grain of truth among the chaff is the fact that there undoubtedly exists a large body of proverbial wisdom that has for centuries been current amongst the peoples inhabiting the lands stretching between the Indus and the Atlantic, if not also amongst those living further to the east. Specimens of this gnomic currency occur as early as in ancient Egyptian, as well, of course, as in Biblical literature, while a distinct family group is to be found in the writings of Muslim peoples.
Rāma II
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

According to the promise in BSOS., X, 365, I give translation of and brief commentary on the Khotanese Rāma text. Considerable progress has been made since the lecture published in the Journ. Amer. Or. Soc., 59, 460 ff., and also since the printing of the text. Superseded views expressed in the lecture are ignored here. Certain introductory matter can be added.

1. References to the Rama story in Khotanese.

(a) E 6, 4–5.

rāmä daśagrīvi sīysau nāte laṃggä kīnthai bāste

ttye käḍäna jīvätu rruste rāmāyanä ttandī arthi

valmīki räṣayī haṃbaste haṃtsa drūgyau hāḍe

cvī lovi mānya pyūṣḍe samu haṃdara-ysaṃthva karma

“From Rāma Daśagrīva took Sīta, he carried her to Lankā, city. For that he lost his life. Such is the content of the Rāmāyaṇa. Vālmīki the sage composed it, but with lies. For the person who listens to him with honour, surely there is karma leading to other births.”

(b) E 6, 90.

rāmä päte karjunä karṇä ṣṣai ttä ysaṃthīgya samudru

“Rama's father Karjuna and Karṇa these too are in the ocean of birth.”
The Iranian Festivals Adopted by the Christians
Authors: Taqizadeh S. H.
Published: January 2010

The Zoroastrian calendar which was in official use in the Sasanian times in Iran is conveniently called “Young Avestan”. This system of time-reckoning, which was adopted by the Persian government in the Achæmenian period and most probably about 441 B.C., was introduced later in Cappadocia and Armenia. The date of its introduction in Armenia is not known. According to Moses of Khorene, the famous Armenian historian (ii, 59), the order (or succession) of the weeks, months, and years which was unknown to the Armenians was regulated by Ardashes II, king of Armenia. Gutschmid (Kleine Schriften, iii, p. 209 n.) is inclined to identify this king with the historic king Tiridates, the founder of the Armenian branch of the Arsacid dynasty and a contemporary of Nero. But the names of the 10th and 12th Arm. months point to an earlier date for the said introduction. The former is called “Mareri”, which name according to Marquart's conjecture (Untersuchungen zur Geschichle von Ēran, p. 205) is derived from Maidhyāirya, the well-known Avestan season festival or gāhanbār, which was originally in the 10th Persian month and remained there till the time of the first of the 120 yearly intercalations, which must have taken place (if carried out regularly) about 321 B.C. The name of the 12th Armenian month is ”Hrotic'“, which is believed to be the Armenian form of Frōtīgān-Frōdīgān, the Persian feast better known as Fravardīgān, the words being derived from the O.Pers. fravarti, Avestan fravashi.
The Secret Committee of the East India Company, II
Authors: Philips C. H.
Published: January 2010

In the seventies and early eighties of the eighteenth century the Secret Committee had shown, as we have seen, an increasing tendency to become subservient to the Ministry, and in consequence the Directors had begun to keep a careful watch on the Committee's activities. Although, in April, 1783, to please Fox they nominated the “Chairs”, Sir Henry Fletcher and Nathaniel Smith, to be the Secret Committee, with authority to conduct the Company's naval and military affairs and to consult with the Ministry, they at the same time cautiously enjoined that such powers should be valid for only one month. These powers were grudgingly renewed monthly until November, when Fox, with the approval of Fletcher, who was one of his best friends and firmest political supporters, produced his India Bills, which sought to destroy the Company's existing home government. That Fletcher had seen and yet silently acquiesced in these revolutíonary Bills was deemed by the majority of the Directors to be a betrayal of his trust as chairman, and they promptly sacked him. So great was the blow to their confidence in the “Chairs” that subsequent to the overthrow of the Coalition in late December they forbade the new Chairmen privately to interview the Ministers unless accompanied by Laurence Sulivan, the senior Director and trusted representative of the Indian interest, the strongest party in the Court.
Burmese Music
Authors: Zaw Khin
Published: January 2010

Burmese music is a virgin field for research. Nobody can bewail this virginity more than myself. To help me there does not seem to exist a single western work on Burmese music though there are such classics as Fox Strangways' on Indian and J. H. Levis' on Chinese music. Many writers on Burma have passed remarks, kind or humorous, on Burmese music. But few have attempted a technical study of it. Nothing Burmese escaped the notice of Sir James George Scott, of course. But I know of only two who left some technical remarks on Burmese music: Paul Edmonds, the author of Peacocks and Pagodas; and P. A. Mariano, in an appendix on Burmese music to that most lovingly produced book Burma by Max and Bertha Ferrars.
Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī on Finance
Authors: Minovi M. , Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

The text of this tract is based on two MSS., which I call 0 (old) and M (modern). The first, written in a “Tarassul” hand of the ninth (fifteenth) century, is defective at both ends and lacks one folio between fols. 1 and 2; the second, in a modern hand, was copied from a copy made by Muḥammad Ḥusain-i Garakānī (Shams al-‘Ulamā), who claims to have transcribed it, with corrections, “from a MS. of mixed contents written in a tal‘q hand in the ninth century A.H.” This reference probabliy belongs to 0, for, after I had acquired M, I bought the origina11 fragment of five leaves among the books which had belonged to tide late Shams al-‘Ulamā. The page before fol. 1 and the one after fol. 5 of the fragment must have remained in the original collection, but what happened to the missing folio I cannot say. Instead of the titles and divisions written in the original in red ink, a more adequate system of paragraphs has been introduced into the text.
The Jungle Tribes of the Malay Peninsula
Authors: Schebesta Pater P. , Blagden C. O.
Published: January 2010

The jungle tribes (or, as the Malays style them, Orang Utan) of the Malay Peninsula are not altogether an unknown quantity from the point of view of anthropology and linguistics. A number of scholars and travellers have devoted themselves to the study of them, the most important being Hrolf Vaughan Stevens, R. Martin, W. W. Skeat, the leader of the Cambridge expedition, Annandale, and Robinson.
Stress-Accent in Indo-Aryan
Authors: Jain Banarsi Das
Published: January 2010

In the phonological development of a language the shortening and loss of vowels are usually ascribed to the absence of stress-accent on the syllables containing those vowels. When in their study of Prakrit Phonology Drs. Pischel and Jacobi found numerous instances of the loss and shortening of vowels, they explained them in the light of stress-accent. The one supposed that the musical accent of Vedic also acted like stress, while the other assumed that after the pitch-accent had died out, a stress-accent developed in Sanskrit and Prakrit which was placed on the penultimate or ante-penultimate syllable as in Latin. Now about the nature, history, and even the very existence of stress-accent in PI or its subsequent stages nothing certain is known. The Prātiśākhyas and Śiksās are silent on this point. The reason of their silence may be that perhaps the stress-accent originally fell on the same syllable as the pitch-accent and was not strong enough to draw attention. The following remarks of Dr. P. Giles and Professor D. Jones lend great support to the probability of this surmise:—
The Development of English t, d, in North Indian Languages
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame
Published: January 2010

It is often said that Portuguese dental t, d, remain dental in India and that English alveolar t, d, become cerebral. It would follow that words like kaptān and botal and haspatāl, usually stated to be from English, must be Portuguese. The question cannot be disposed of so simply; there seem to have been cross influences at work, and sometimes there are different forms of the same word. See S. R. Dalgado's works passim for valuable suggestions.
Orient Pearls at Random Strung
Authors: Arberry A. J.
Published: January 2010

It is scarcely an exaggeration to say, that of the various important contributions made by Sir William Jones to the initiation and development of Persian studies in Europe, none was more felicitous, or more far-reaching in its consequences, than his early labours with the lyrics of Ḥāfiẓ; and of these labours, none bore sweeter fruit than his making of the immortal “Shīrāzī Turk” into A Persian Song.
The Sogdian Texts of Paris
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

It would be a happier occasion to be able to announce the completion of the publication of all the Sogdian manuscripts that Sir Aurel Stein and M. Paul Pelliot secured from the “Caves of the Thousand Buddhas” at Tun-huang, were not this consummation overshadowed by the death of P. Pelliot, who has now followed Sir Aurel Stein after so brief an interval. The Sogdian MSS., which he entrusted to the care of the Bibliothèque Nationale, were believed lost for a number of years, but rediscovered by M. Filliozat in 1936. We cannot but admire the speed with which M. Benveniste has made them available to the public. As early as the spring of 1940 photographic reproductions of superb quality were published by Ejnar Munksgaard in Copenhagen; a few copies of this facsimile edition reached this country before communications were interrupted. A few weeks later M. Benveniste's monumental edition, comprising the transliteration, an excellent translation, a commentary of greatest learning which abounds in veritable pearls of linguistic notes, and a very full glossary which will make the publication of a Sogdian dictionary nearly superfluous, appeared in Paris, too late, however, for us to obtain the book; we had to curb our impatience until at long last, in September, 1945, we received this immensely valuable volume, through the kindness of the author and the good offices of the British Council.
Sir William Jones and The Club
Authors: Powell L. F.
Published: January 2010

The Club was an exclusive society; admission to it was eagerly sought, but not very easily obtained; election was by ballot and one black ball excluded; many eminent men, among them Gibbon, Lord Camden, Beilby Porteus, Bishop of Chester, Conversation Sharp, George Canning, and Samuel Rogers were temporarily or permanently refused admission, even Edmond Malone, who became its treasurer and “great Corner Stone”, had to make two or three attempts to get into it. To this society William Jones, aged 26, in the spring of 1773, was elected.
Recherches sur l'étymologie des deux dialectes tokhariens
Authors: Van Windekens A. J.
Published: January 2010

LA découverte du tokharien en Asie Centrale à la fin du siècle précédent était une grande surprise pour les indo-européenistes. Dès lors, on pouvait s'attendre à une élaboration grammaticale rapide des textes trouvés, élaboration, qui aurait indiqué en même temps la position de cette langue dans la famille i.-e.

Cependant, il n'en est rien: seulement en 1931, E. Sieg, W. Siegling, et W. Schulze publièrent leur Tocharische Grammatik, où se trouvent étudiés les fragments du dialecte A. Du dialecte B, il n'y a pas même une grammaire descriptive: tout ce que nous en possédons, c'est le recueil de quelques textes, publié par S. Lévi en 1933. D'autres manuscrits de cette branche tokh., qui se trouvent à Paris, Berlin, Tokio, restent inédits jusqu' à présent.
Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥaydar Dughlāt on the Harāt School of Painters
Authors: Arnold T. W.
Published: January 2010

Muslim historians have put on record such scanty and insufficient materials for the biographies of painters that any fresh information deserves attention, especially if it is provided by a contemporary of the painters in question. The following extracts from the Ta'rīkh-i- Rashīdī have hitherto escaped notice; the Persian text of this interesting work has not yet been printed, and these passages were not included in the abbreviated translation which Sir E. Denison Ross published in 1895. But he recently drew my attention to them, and kindly placed at my disposal two MSS. of the text in his private possession, and, further, revised and amended my translation; to his erudition are due whatever merits it may possess.
Notes on the Temple of Heaven at Moukden
Authors: Edwards E. D.
Published: January 2010

By A.D. 1616 Nurhachu had become the acknowledged leader of the Tartar tribes which he had overcome one by one. In this year, at the request of the chiefs, he assumed the title of Emperor, with T'ien Ming as reign-title. T'ai Tsu to give him his dynastic name, captured Moukden in 1621 and transferred his capital thither in 1625. He died in 1626.

T'ai Tsu's son, whose Ch'ing dynastic title is T'ai Tsung , succeeded in 1627 and took the reign-title T'ien Ts'ung which he retained until 1635. He continued his father's conquests and his influence increased. In that year the time seemed to have come for the assumption of a new dignity so he took to himself a dynasty, naming it Ta Ch'ing .
Lahndā and Lahndī
Authors: Grierson George A.
Published: January 2010

In the Linguistic Survey of India the language spoken in the Western Panjāb is called Lahndā. Previously it had, in India, not been recognized as any independent form of speech, the many local dialects there spoken—Mūltānī, Sirāikī, Hindkī, Jaṭkī, and so on—being looked upon merely as so many dialects of Panjābī. Panjābīs themselves had no general name for this group as a separate entity. When they wished to express that idea they employed a periphrasis, such as Lahndē-dī bōlī, or “ the dialect of the West ”.

European scholars, however, had by that time long recognized the fact that a general name for the whole group was needed, and more than forty years ago one of the first describers of the language, Mr. Tisdall, named it “ the Lahindā ”, i.e. Lahndā, “ dialect.” I am not especially enamoured, myself, of this name, but as it had not been challenged for some thirty years, as it was not inconsistent with English idiom, and as no better name had been suggested, I employed it in the Survey.
Etymology of the Japanese word fude.
Authors: Yoshitake S.
Published: January 2010

In the last fifteen hundred years the Japanese have borrowed thousands of Chinese words and idioms, which have eventually brought the Japanese language into a state of utter confusion. Such borrowing, it would seem, had its beginning some centuries before its remarkable development in the fifth century A.D., which may be called the period of demarcation dividing the Chinese loan-words into two classes, the early loans and the later, each having certain phonetic characteristics.

The early loan-words, which, unlike the vast majority of their later confreres, seem to have been thoroughly naturalized already in the seventh century A.D., attracted the attention of the English sinologist, E. H. Parker, in the 'eighties, but the investigation has since then been discarded almost entirely because of the insufficiency of knowledge possessed of the ancient phonetic values of the Chinese characters.

However, thanks to the untiring labour of Karlgren, Maspero, Simon, and other sinologists, we are now in a more favourable position for an inquiry into the early relationship between the two languages, and the problem has since been taken up afresh by Karlgren himself, who, in his most interesting little book Philology and Ancient China, suggests twenty-two Japanese words as probable early loans from Chinese.1 Of these I need only quote a few that have direct bearing upon the present subject.
Earthquakes in Persia.
Authors: Wilson Arnold T.
Published: January 2010

Persia is as a whole less liable than Europe, but more than most Asiatic countries, to catastrophic earthquakes, but the references thereto in printed literature are few and peculiarly difficult to discover as few, if any, indexes to books on Persia so much as mention the word.

Watson (p. 190) remarks that earthquakes are “ very frequent in most parts of Persia ”. Allemagne (i. 3) classes them, with plagues and famines, as Acts of God to which the country is specially liable.

Khurasan.—Hamdallah Mustawfi refers to a cypress at the village of Kishmar near Turshiz (100 miles south of Nishapur): “ such was its power that earthquakes which frequently devastated all the surrounding districts never did any harm in Kishmar.’ This was in A.H. 247 (A.D. 861).

Nassiri Khusrau (A.D. 1340) states that Nishapur was completely destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Abaqa Khan (A.D. 1267). Wajid ud Din Zangi Fariwandi rebuilt it in A.H. 669 (A.D. 1270). A similar catastrophe overwhelmed the town in A.H. 808 (A.D. 1405), when most of the inhabitants were buried in the ruins.
Linguistic Survey
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame
Published: January 2010

Sir George Grierson's statement in the last Bulletin, p. 961, that Colonel Lorimer and I were protagonists in a long discussion on d and t sounds in Sinā is misleading. Colonel Lorimer and I have never written against each other on this or any other subject. During the last fifteen years I have owed to him two periods of quite exceptional mental enjoyment and pleasure. The first was connected with his Pashto Syntax, and the second with our work on Sinā. In 1917 I finished a book on Sinā. In 1924 he wrote an ad interim personal report of his investigations, following it up by an article in which the sounds were more carefully differentiated. I wrote two articles.

Sir George has missed the chief point of the objection to the name Brokpā. It is not merely that we do not use for a language the caste name of some who speak it, as Brāhmanī for Avadhī or Khattrī for Panjāī. The graver objection is that Drāsī and Dāh Hanu which differ widely are given the same name, while the almost identical Drāasī and Guresī are called by separate names, as if Avadhī and Southern Panjābi were named alike and Northern Panjābī otherwise. The correct thing is to give the same name to Drāsī and Guresī as Sir George does in the last volume.
Umar Khayyam And A Relative Of The Nizam Al-Mulk
Authors: Bowen Harold
Published: January 2010

The early account of ‘Umar Khayyām published in Vol. V, Part III of the Bulletin contains a reference to his visiting a certain vizier, namely the Shihāb al-Islām “ ‘Abd al-Razzăq, son of the great jurisconsult Abu’l-Qāsim ‘Abdallāh ibn ‘Alī”. In the text as printed these names are followed by the words (trans., ibn Akh Naẓẓzām). But we should undoubtedly read instead either or “ nephew of the Niẓām [al-Mulk] ”, since from other sources we know exactly who this vizier was.

Notices of him are given by al-Bundārī (ed. Houtsma), 267, Ibn al-Athīr (Cairo ed.), x, 226, and Khwānd-amīr (published by Schefer, Siasset-Nameh, Supplément, 47), and a reference is made to him in the rāhat al-ṣūdur (Gibb Trust ed.), 167. He appears to have been called in full Abū’l-Maḥāsin ‘Abd al-Razzāq, the Shihāb al-Islām, though al-Bundārī gives his name as ‘Abd al-Dawwām and Khwānd-amīr as ‘Abd al-Rāziq, and the rāḥat al-ṣudūr gives his laqab as Shihāb al-Dīn.
The Differentiation Of Gender In The Semitic Numerals: A Postscript
Authors: Leveen J.
Published: January 2010

Since writing my note on the above subject, which was published in Vol. V, Part III, of the Bulletin, I have learned that an exactly similar explanation of the peculiarity of the Semitic numerals was put forward by Dr. David Künstlinger, first in the Vienna Oriental Journal, x, pp. 212–16, and subsequently in a pamphlet entitled Zur Theorie der Zahlwörter in den semitischen Sprachen, Berlin, 1897. I hasten to give Dr. Künstlinger all due credit for priority in formulating his theory of the syntax of Semitic numerals. I may add that before putting what I considered a new explanation before the public I had discussed my theory with a number of Semitic scholars. They, like myself, were not acquainted with Dr. Künstlinger's articles on the subject. It is to be regretted that the Hebrew grammars I have consulted did not even mention Dr. Künstlinger. I hope that this omission will be rectified in future grammars of Hebrew and other Semitic languages. I notice that Dr. Künstlinger, like myself, was indebted to ethnology for his explanation.
Svaraprastāra in North Indian classical music
Authors: Jairazbhoy N. A.
Published: January 2010

In the Saṅgītaratnākara, a thirteenth-century musical text by Śārṅgadeva, listed under svaraprastāra (lit. extension of notes) is a complete enumeration of all the possible combinations of the 7 notes of the Indian musical scale. This enumeration begins with the single note (ārcika) and is followed by all the possible combinations of two notes (gāthika), three notes (sāmika), four notes (svarāntara), five notes (auḍuva), six notes (ṣāḍava), and seven notes (pūrṇa). Each of these series of kūṭatānas (series of notes in which the continuity of the sequence is broken) develop in the same logical order based on the precedence of the ascending line over the descending line. In Śārṅgadeva's arrangement the first of the 7 note series is the straight ascending line, sa ri ga ma pa dha ni, which, for easy comprehension will be rendered as l 2 3 4 5 6 7 in this paper; and the last of the 7 note series is the straight descending line, ni dha pa ma ga ri sa, rendered 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 here. The changes in the order of the notes take place from the beginning of the series, at first involving only the first two notes, then the first three notes, then the first four notes, and so on. In fact, the progression for the 7 note series includes the progressions for all the smaller series within it. Thus the 7th note of the 7 note series remains constant until the progressions of one, two, three, four, five, and six notes have been exhausted. Only then is the 7th note replaced by the 6th. The chart on p. 308 is an abbreviation showing the nature of the progression. The 2 and 3 note series involving the first 2 and 3 notes respectively are complete. Beginning from the 4 note series, the chart is abbreviated as follows. The 4 note series is divided into four groups determined by the terminal note, each involves change in the first 3 notes, and each of these groups corresponds to the previous 3 note series, which is in fact the first group of the 4 note series. Of the remaining groups only the first and last sequences are given with an indication as to the number of sequences comprising that group. Similar abbreviations are used in the longer series that follow. Commas have been placed to indicate that the preceding numbers now replace the original ascending sequence (mūlakrama) and that the progressions which follow in that group involve change in only these preceding numbers. For example, if one wishes to determine the complete series from 1 2 4,3 5 6 7 to the end of its particular group 4 2 1 3 5 6 7 the comma after 4 indicates that only the first three numbers change.
The ‘Death Of Moses’ in the Literature of the Falashas
Authors: Ullendorff Edward
Published: January 2010

Fora long time now the Falashas have, with questionable justification, been dubbed the ‘Jews of Abyssinia’. A good deal of legendary information about the Falashas appears already in such medieval writings asSefer Eldadand in an account given by Benjamin of Tudela who gathered some news on the Falashas while on his way from the Yemen to Egypt. The great seventeenth-century scholar Job Ludolf included some notes and questions in his monumental work on Ethiopian history—based, to a large extent, on information supplied by Abba Gregory who thought that the Falashasdialecto Talmudica corrupta inter se utuntur(no doubt a reference to their Agaw vernacular which Gregory did not understand). Thus misled, Ludolf is understandably curious to knowquando vel qua occasione Judaei isti primum in Aethiopiam venerint? Karraeorumne vel aliorum Judaeorum sectae sint addicti?James Bruce of Kinnaird provides a fairly detailed, though not necessarily accurate, picture of Falasha life which became the stimulus of subsequent interest in this peculiar form of ‘Judaism’.
On the Problem of a method for treating the compound and conjunct verbs in Hindi
Authors: Hacker Paul
Published: January 2010

It seems impossible at present to publish an investigation into a problem of the grammar of a language without becoming involved in the disputes which are being conducted between adherents of different methodological schools. In his review of my monograph Zur Funktion einiger Hilfsverben im modernen Hindi (Mainz, Akademie, 1958) in BSOAS, XXIII, 3, I960, 602–3, Mr. Burton-Page has made statements which indicate clearly enough that there is a difference of opinion between him and me on matters of principle. Moreover, he points to his article ‘Compound and conjunct verbs in Hindi’ (BSOAS, XIX, 3, 1957, 469–78), which seems to be typical of a kind of structuralist approach. This article, in connexion with the judgments and programmatic and methodological statements of the review, implies a particular challenge for discussion. I am grateful to Mr. Burton-Pago for this challenge.
The word “But” in Iranian
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

An important passage which has often been treated, but not so far satisfactorily, is found on page 186 of the Iranian text of the Bundahišn, lines 11–12,

that is, but dēv ān kē-š pat Hindūkān paristēnd api-š vaχš pat ān butīhā mēhmān  čēegōn bōδˇāsaf paristēt: “the demon But is that which they worship in India and in his images a spirit is resident which is worshipped as Bōδāsaf.”
Asoka et la Magadhi
Authors: Bloch Jules
Published: January 2010

Dans toutes les inscriptions d’Asoka recueillies sur la côte orientale et dans le bassin du Gange, l’ēquivalence: As.e ═ skr. –aḥ est constante et doit s’interprēter phonētiquement. C’est le cas pour les nominatifs singuliers thēmatiques masculins comme devānaảpiye, et accessoirement pour l’ancien neutre dāne; dans les thēmes en -non a nom. pl. Iājāne, gēn. sg. piyadasine Iājine; dans les thèmes en –r-, nom. pi. natāle; dans les pronoms, ne, ve; il faut ajouter –te adverbial exprimant l’origine dans mukhate, Takhasilāte, mamate (cf. Woolner, I, p. xxvi; le verbe kaleti n’a bien entendu rien à faire ici).
Les grands rois du monde
Authors: Ferrand Gabriel
Published: January 2010

M.Paul pelliot a récemment publié dans le T'oung-pao (t. XXII, mai 1923, pp. 9–125), un articlé intitule: “La théorie des quatre fils du Ciel,’ où ont été réunis les informations de source chinoise et quelques textes arabes sur ce sujet. La présente note n'est qu'une addition a, son article.

1) Le plus ancien texte chinois qui fasse allusion aux grands rois du monde est le K'ang che wai kouo tchouan, “ Relation des pays etrangers par M. K'ang.” Ce K'ang, plus exactement K'ang T'ai, fut envoyé, avec Tchou Ying, en ambassade par la cour de Chine, dans l'Océan Indien, vers 245–50 de notre ère. “ D'après la Relation des pays étrangers, dit un extrait de ce texte, aujourd'hui perdu, on dit dans les pays étrangers que sous le ciel il y a trois abondances: l'abondance des hommes en Chine, l'abondance des joyaux au Ta-ts'in (Orient méditerranéen), l'abondance des chevaux chez les Yue-tche.”1
Hindu Salutations
Authors: Washburn Hopkins E.
Published: January 2010

According to the description in the Land of the Lamas, the Tibetan salutation consists in sticking out the tongue, pulling the right ear, and rubbing the left hip, while making a slight bow at the same time. Nothing quite so picturesque is to be found in India, a but the etiquette of salutation is nevertheless not without interest. Moreover, the subject is treated gravely by the native law-makers and deserves more attention than it has hitherto received. The matter too is not unsuitable for a volume dedicated to the salutation of one who is lokaprap016B;jita, and to whom, in common with many, I extend herewith the greeting:

bala1E43; tavā'yuś ca cirāya vardhatām.

But because of the limitation of space I shall confine myself to epic data and give but an outline of approved ceremonial.
À propos du Cittaviśuddhiprakaraṇa d’Āryadeva
Authors: de La Vallée Poussin Louis
Published: January 2010

Haraprasād Shāstrī a publié dans le Journal de la Société Asiatique du Bengale, vol. LXVII, part i, n° 2, p. 175–84 (1898) un petit traité attribué à Āryadeva. Quelques lacunes. Le titre Cittaviśuddhi est indiqué dans le dernier vers: indication confirmée par le Subhāṣitasaṃgraha (éd. C. Bendall, Muséon, 1904) qui cite un long fragment: cittaviśuddhiprakaraṇe āryadevapādair uktam. C. Bendall n’a pas manqué de découvrir dans le Tandjour (Rgyud, 33, Cordier, p. 136) le Cittāvaraṇaviśodhana, d’Āryadeva, trad, par Jñānākara et Thsul-khrims-rgyal-ba, et de constater l’identité des deux ouvrages. Enfin, dans la première partie de ses Études sur āryadeva et son Catuḥśataka, 1923, P. L. Vaidya a diligemment résumé les doctrines du Cittaviśuddhi ou Cittāvaraṇaviśodhana.

C’est du Tantrisme très évolué et très complet. Théorie de l’ekakṣaṇābhisaṃbodhi, acquisition instantanée de la Bodhi; identification du sperme et du sang avec les cinq Bouddhas: pañcabuddhātmakaṃ śukraṃ śoṇitaṃ cāpi tādṛśam; identification de l’œil avec Vairocana, du corps avec Heruka, et le reste. Un curieux morceau de polémique contre les bains dans le Gange: si l’eau purifiait, les poissons seraient des saints.
Un nouveau document sur le bouddhisme de basse èpoque dans l'Inde.
Authors: Lèvi Sylvain
Published: January 2010

LORS de mon court passage au Nèpal dans l'ètè de 1928, le Gènèral Kaisar Shum Shere, un des fils du maharaja Chandra Shum Shere, m'avait invitè à examiner la belle collection de manuscrits qu'il a formèc avec autant de goût que de zèle. C'est là que j'ai eu l'occasion de trouver les fragments que je publie ici. Le successeur de Chandra Shum Shere, le maharaja Bhim Shum Shere, qui porte aux recherches scientifiques le même interet que son frère aînè, a bien voulu m'envoyer la copie de ces feuillets. L'original, autant qu'il me souvient, est tracè sur des feuilles de palmier de petit format, en belle ècriture du moyen âge nèpalais; la langue en est gènèralement assez correcte.

L'ensemble se rapporte au culte tantrique de Vajrayoginī, une divinitè encore populaire au Nèpal; le village de Sanku, à l'amorce de la route qui mène au Tibet—route qui reste fermèe aux Europèens depuis près de deux siècles—possede un temple fameux consacrè à cette dèesse. L'ouvrage dont nous avons ici un fragment donnait l'historique, naturellement lègendaire, de ce culte, la transmission de maîtres à, disciples, et le rituel. C'est un spècimen curieux des documents qui ont dû servir de base au lama Tāranātha pour ses prècieuses compilations en tibètain. II ne sera pas inutile, en vue des recherches ultèrieures, de dresser ici les tables de succession spirituelle fournies par ce texte. (Voir au verso, page 418.)
Griechische militärische Wörter Im Indischen.
Authors: Liebich B.
Published: January 2010

IN der Streitberg-Festgabe 1924 veröffentlichte ich einen kurzen Artikel mit der Überschrift:, Lateinisch campus als Lehnwort im Indischen? “Es handelte sich um das indische Wort kampana „Heer”, das in Kalhana's Chronik von Kaśmir häufig (über zwanzigmal) vorkommt. Die einheimischen Grammatiker und Lexikographen kennen oder nennen das Wort nicht, wiederum mit Ausnahme des Kaśmirers Ksemendra, der in seinem Wörterbuch Lokaprakāśa den kampanādhipati, den Anführer des Feldheeres, in der Liste der höchsten Staatsbeamten aufführt.

Wer die Sorgfalt kennt, mit der alle irgendwie bemerkenswerten Wörter der indischen Sprache von den einheimischen Wörterbüchern registriert werden, darunter vielfach solche, die in der sonstigen Literatur nicht einmal belegt sind, wird das Fehlen dieses Wortes z.B. unter den elf Synonymen von „Heer”, die der Amarakśa im Ksatriya-Kapitel (2, 8) aufzāhlt, ebenso in der Vaijayantī und den zahlreichen sonstigen Wörterbüchern merkwürdig genug finden, und es ist in der Tat eigentlich nur so zu verstehen, dass es sich hier um ein Wort handelt, das nur beschrānkte Verbreitung, eben im Nordwesten, besass, im übrigen Indien dagegen unbekannt geblieben ist.