bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solving the educational problems at school
Authors: Wilczek Paulina
Published: August 2018

Nowadays, more and more parents, teachers, and educators are struggling with educational problems posed by children’s behavior. The places of their occurrence are both the school and family environment. In recent years, these problems have seemed to grow in strength, and occured in an increasing number of children, which mades it necessary to use various methods and means of pedagogy to solve these diffi culties. The aim of this article is to present ways of dealing with educational problems at school using several
selected students. T he author focuses on describing the functioning of chi ldren in the school environment and presents specifi c ways of solving educational problems with reference to each of the described pupils. The method of individual cases, observation, interview, and document analysis were used to collect the research material. Pupils were observed during classes, on breaks, and while they were in the school common room. Interviews were conducted with teachers of the classes, which were attended by the pupils,
other teachers, school educators, and school daycare teachers. While collecting the research material, the author also analysed the information contained in the class journals and opinions from psychological and pedagogical counseling centers. The cases of four students aged from 6 to 11 were analyzed. These students were selected for research to ensure the greatest diversity of case studies.
Some conclusions were drawn considering the types of educational diffi culties that occured, functioning of the children as students, and actions to minimize educational problems.
Recommendations were made for the families of the pupils surveyed, aimed at effective coping with educational problems and improvement in the functioning of children.
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURAL FARMS WITH SELECTED
TYPES OF PRODUCTION IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Authors: Czyżewski Bazyli , Kłodowska Małgorzata , Matuszczak Anna , Matuszewska Adrianna , Śmidoda Dariusz
Published: August 2018

The aim of the paper was to identify different levels of social sustainability in farms of various
production types (8 types) in EU countries. The study is based on the Sustainable Value (SV) method,
which is value-oriented, measured as the sustainability of agriculture at the microeconomic level (e.g.
agricultural farm). To be able to compare farms among themselves, an RTC was calculated. The FADN
database for the years 2004-2015 was used in the article, analyzing four types of farms (field-crop, horticulture,
milk and granivores). It was indicated that what was most important for social sustainability was
the relation between the employed labour input, especially own, family labour input, and the achieved
effects in the form of total output value, but first of all, income from the family farm (farm net income).
THE APPROACH OF PRODUCERS ORGANISATIONS TO THEIR SMALLEST MEMBERS – AN EVIDENCE FROM HUNGARIAN FRUIT
AND VEGETABLE SECTOR
Authors: Kiss Konrád , Horváth Zoltán
Published: August 2018

In today’s food-retail industry, it is very hard for small-sized agricultural producers to become
suppliers of large chain stores, as these require products in large volumes and with consistent quality.
Participating in producer organisations (PO-s) and selling collectively is an alternate solution for them.
Producer organisations receive support from the EU. On the other hand, very small producers are even
unable to successfully join PO-s. The present Hungarian case-study examines the attitudes of PO-s to
the membership of small producers. We were looking for the answer that how it is worth for small-sized
producers to sell through PO-s. Without the organisations, mostly the conventional sales channels
(i.e. markets, small shops) or short supply chains remain for them as sale opportunities. According to
the most general and comprehensive opinion of our survey, rather the reliability and keeping of the rules
are important for the PO-s, and not the plant size. Specific costs of PO-s are higher in the case of small
producers, but discrimination was fundamentally atypical.
DIGITAL FARMING – DIGITAL MANAGEMENT
Authors: Lorencowicz Edmund
Published: August 2018

Digitalization of farm machines and production processes in agriculture is progressing very
dynamically. Therefore, farm processes management must use the available data, which allow making
decisions in an optimal way, using current as well as historical data. The paper presents the latest trends
related to the digitization of processes in agriculture. The process of digitization of agriculture is very
dynamic and in the near future resource management will be more effective, which will limit the impact
of farming on the environment, supporting sustainable agriculture.
ANALYSIS OF FARMERS' PREFERENCES IN THE FIELD OF ADVISORY
SERVICES IN AGRICULTURAL FARMS OF THE MIŃSK DISTRICT
Authors: Niewęgłowski Marek , Gugała Marek , Sikorska Anna
Published: August 2018

The article covers the issue of preferences in the thematic area of consultancy in individual
farms, provided by employees of agricultural advisory centers and private companies. Based on the results
of a survey conducted in the eastern part of the Mazowieckie voivodeship in Mińsk county, it was found
that more than half of the respondents used state and private advisory services, namely 52.5% of the
farmers. Over 78% of the respondents were interested in financial support from the Rural Development
Program for 2014-2020 (RDP), which improves the profitability of farms. Almost 15% of respondents
are also interested in new technologies and technical equipment of farms. The current situation of Polish
agriculture still requires support both through state and private counseling.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS IN CAP 2020+
Authors: Wieliczko Barbara
Published: August 2018

Financial instruments (FIs) have been an element of EU policies for almost 2 decades. They are in use also in CAP. Yet, they have not gained much popularity due to both their novelty in CAP and the complexity of their implementation. However, given the diminishing allocation of funds for CAP they are sure to become an important part of CAP support as they offer an important advantage to policy makers due to the leverage effect which enables the funds to be used more than once and thus to offer support to a larger group of beneficiaries. The paper is based on literature review and the analysis of EU documents related to FIs. Its aim is to assess the proposal of the EC relating to the use of FIs in the CAP 2020+ taking into account the lessons learnt during the implementation of FIs in rural development programmes (RDPs) in the previous and current programming periods. Results show that wider use of FIs in CAP 2020+ as compared to the current period is inevitable. Yet, there are serious problems that have to be tackled to make the FIs’ implementation a success. This included careful planning and educating potential beneficiaries.
Aplicação de técnicas tradicionais e de séries temporais no controle estatístico da qualidade
Authors: Camargo Maria Emilia , Friedrich Helio Ricardo
Published: August 2018

In this paper the Statistical Quality Control of the production line of three machines of MAXION company, from Canoas, RS, by the basic procedure of Shewhart, as well as the alternative techniques; technique of Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) and Model of Exponential Smoothing are presented. On synthesis, notice that the procedure of Shewhart can be used at the detection of great changes at the mean of process and the method of cumulative sum is more efficient to detect little changes at the mean of process.
O espaço urbano: a abordagem da Escola de Chicago e da Escola Marxista
Authors: Marafon Glaucio José
Published: August 2018

The urban space and its approach have arisen interpretations that gather themselves into theoretical-methodologial sources, into paradigms which guide the investigations about urban space. This essay comments on general considerations concerning proposals that guide the urban space approach of Chicago and Marxist Currents.
Panorámica de la actualidad política y constitucional alemana (julio 2008 – diciembre 2009)
Authors: Martín Vida María Ángeles
Published: August 2018

El trabajo presenta una panorámica, sin ánimo de exhaustividad, de los acontecimientos y debates más importantes que han marcado la actualidad política y constitucional en Alemania desde julio de 2008 a diciembre de 2009. En este período se destacan, por un lado, las numerosas elecciones que han tenido lugar en Alemania: la del Presidente Federal en mayo de 2009; las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo en junio; la elección del Bundestag en septiembre, que ha dado lugar a un Gobierno de coalición entre los partidos democristianos (CDU/CSU) y liberal (FDP); y elecciones en varios Länder, cuyos resultados son decisivos para la articulación de las mayorías en el seno del Bundesrat. Por otra parte, en junio de 2009 se aprobó la segunda parte de la reforma del federalismo, que establece severos límites a la capacidad de la Federación para asumir nuevas deudas a partir de 2016 y lo prohíbe a los Länder a partir de 2020. También se hace referencia en este trabajo a diversas sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional Federal alemán que se han dictado en estos dieciocho meses, incluida la emblemática sentencia sobre el Tratado de Lisboa, de 30 de junio de 2009.
La especial trascendencia constitucional como concepto juridico indeterminado.De la reforma de 2007 de la LOTC a la STC155/2009, de 25 de junio
Authors: Ortega Gutiérrez David
Published: August 2018

En el presente artículo se estudia la reforma de la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional (LOTC) del año 2007 en lo que afecta a los requisitos para admitir la demanda de amparo constitucional y, concretamente, la expresión «especial trascendencia constitucional» que recogen los artículos 49 y 50 de la LOTC, y la interpretación que de la misma hace la STC 155/2009 como concepto jurídico indeterminado.
Algunas cuestiones sobre el derechoa la tutela judicial efectiva de los extranjeros a la luz de la jurisprudenciaconstitucional y de la ley orgánica 2/2009
Authors: González García Jesús María
Published: August 2018

El trabajo, desde el reconocimiento de la titularidad por parte de los extranjeros del derecho a la tutelea judicial del Art. 24.1 de la Constitución de 1978, estudia la evolución de la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional, con análisis de algunos de los casos más relevantes y su reflejo en la legislación española. Se aborda, de este modo, el tratamiento de la cautio judicatum solvi, el embargo preventivo, la asistencia jurídica gratuita o las limitaciones a los no españoles para ejercer la acción penal. También se analizan algunos aspectos sobre el papel de la jurisdicción como instrumento de control de los poderes públicos a la hora de adoptar medidas restrictivas de derechos fundamentales en materia de extranjería, y su reflejo en la reciente reforma de la Ley de Extranjería del año 2000, en virtud de la Ley Orgánica 2/2009.
La reforma del procedimiento ordinario de nombramiento del presidente del Gobierno
Authors: Torres Muro Ignacio
Published: August 2018

El trabajo revisa el debate sobre una posible reforma del procedimiento ordinario de nombramiento del presidente del gobierno en España, con la intención de hacerlo más simple y más rápido. Se examinan las principales soluciones al problema en el derecho constitucional comparado, como una manera de fijar las alternativas reales, solo para llegar a la conclusión de que el coste de la reforma del sistema actualmente vigente es demasiado alto, porque significaría un cambio radical en el papel del jefe del Estado (el Rey) y en sus relaciones con el Parlamento y los ministros.The essay makes a review of the debate about a possible reform of the ordinary procedure to choose the primer minister in Spain, in order to make it simpler and quicker. The main solutions to the problem in comparative constitutional law are examined, as a way of fixing the real alternatives, only to conclude that the cost of the reform of the system, that is nowadays working, is to high, because it will mean a radical change in the role of the Head of State (the King), and in his relations with Parliament and the ministers.
RESEÑA de: Blanco Valdés, Roberto. Los rostros del federalismo. Madrid : Alianza Editorial , 2012.
Authors: Solozabal Echavarría Juan José
Published: August 2018

Recesión del libro titulado «Los rostros del federalismo»A review of the book titled «Los rostros del federalismo»
RESEÑA de: García Roca, Javier ; Santolaya, Pablo (eds.). Europe of rights : a compendiumon the european convention of human rights. Leiden- Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , 2012.
Authors: Gordillo Pérez Luis I.
Published: August 2018

La presente nota realiza una valoración crítica de la monografía coordinada por los profesores Roca y Santolaya titulada Europe of Rights: A Compendium on the European Convention of Human Rights.This article reviews the book edited by Professors Roca and Santolaya entitled Europe of Rights: A Compendium on the European Convention of Human.
Kristen mission og kvinders øgede mulighedsrum
Authors: Henningsen Anne Folke
Published: August 2018

The article has a double objective: to emphasize the diversity of the roles and career opportunities that foreign missionary activities could provide for female missionaries, and to show how converts spawned by these missionary endeavours used their new religious affiliation and faith to actively change their worldly positions and possibilities. The analyses are based on published and unpublished material from the tiny Scandinavian mission society ‘Den Frie Østafrikanske Mission’, that worked in Natal and Zululand in present day South Africa from 1889-1899.
At være er at være set - et visuelt perspektiv på sociale positioner
Authors: Elg Camilla
Published: August 2018

To be is to be seen - a visuel perspective at social positionsThis article claims that a strengthening of the emphasis on visual embodiment in the analysis of social positions is much needed. It works with the application of an analytic framework inspired by theories of ‘the mimetic faculty' and phenomenological theories of embodiment. This creates a focus on experiences of being seen; experiences of one's ‘seenness'. With an empirical illustrative case, the article shows how this framework makes it possible to address feelings and sensations that are formative of the experience of one's own individual position.
Dette nummers samlede anmeldelser
Authors: Pedersen Bodil , Andreassen Rikke , Billing Yvonne Due
Published: August 2018

I dette nummer er følgnde bøger blevet anmeldt:

Vanita Sundaram: Violence victimisation as a gender-specific process. Ph.d.-afhandling fra National Institute of Public Health, 2007.

Dorthe Marie Søndergaard (red.): Feministiske tænkere.

En tekstsamling. Hans Reitzel, 2007.

Charlotte Holgersen, Pia Höök, Sophie Linghag og Anna Wahl: Det ordner sig – teorier om organisation og køn. Samfundslitteratur, 2004.
En queer introduktion till texten Gränslösa hundar: Om queerteori, performativitet och subversiva repetitioner i skönlitterära, kritiska och vetenskapliga texter
Authors: Hallgren Hanna
Published: August 2018

This article is a queer introduction to the genre transboundary text Gränslösa hundar written by the poet Jenny Tunedal and Hanna Hallgren in 2007. The article quotes and discuss central parts of Gränslösa hundar, and makes overall reflections on queer theory, performativity and subversive repetitions in fictional, critical and scientific texts. The article uses writing as a method of inquiry and devotes itself to philosophical traditions, which do not make harsh distinctions between conceptual and somatic knowledge. It also believes in a poetic truth. The academic fields that this article inscribes itself into are transversally joined – it cuts across queer studies, gender studies, reflexive academic writing, creative writing and artistic research.
Queer Theories, Critiques and Beyond
Authors: Stormhøj Christel
Published: August 2018

The article examines queer as critique by performing a series of parallel readings of leading queer thinkers, including Judith Butler, Eve Sedgwick, and Michael Warner. Introducing two philosophical traditions and strategies of social critique, immanent and intervening critique, along with their criteria of what is right and good, I discuss how these scholars engage in these strategies and wrestle with their in-built problems within the orbit of the research foci and ambitions of queer studies. Queer critique aims at challenging dominant knowledges, social hierarchies and norms related to sex, sexuality, and gender by exposing the limits they impose on us, including the sufferings associated with them. The article closes with considering queer political visions and their normative underpinnings.
Kvindepolitiske strategier og demokratiske udfordringer
Authors: Christensen Ann-Dorte
Published: August 2018

Der er gennem de sidste tre årtier sket store forandringer i de kvindepolitiske identiteter og strategier. Både i bevægelsespolitikken og i de politiske institutioner. Hvilke udfordringer rejser det i forhold til at forstå det moderne demokrati i et kønsperspektiv?
Diversity Claims- Making in a Transnational Space of Mobilization: The Intersections of Gender and Ethnicity
Authors: Agustín Lise Rolandsen
Published: August 2018

Diversity Claims-Making in a Transnational Space of Mobilization: The Intersections of Gender and Ethnicity Various organisations mobilise at the transnational, European level around gender and ethnicity issues, setting forward demands both by and on behalf of ethnic minority and migrant women. The organisations deal with diversity in terms of gender and ethnicity in different ways, but they all influence and are influenced by the EU framework. The intersectional nature of their diversity demands makes it necessary to combine particularistic claims regarding identity and European belonging with universal claims to human rights, citizenship and inclusion. The claimsmaking of the organisations is characterised by this complexity due to the transnational, multilevel nature of the demands, on one hand, and their intersectional features, on the other.
Dette nummers samlede anmeldelser
Authors: Knudsen Gry Høngsmark , Buch Lotte , Vallgårda Signild , Richard Anne Birgitte
Published: August 2018

I dette nummer er følgnde bøger blevet anmeldt:Mühleisen, Wencke og Åse Røthing (red.): Norske seksualiteter. Cappelen Akademisk Forlag, 2009.Gabriella Nilsson: Könsmakt eller häxjakt? Lunds Universitet. Avdelingen för etnologi med folklivsarkivet. Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper, 2009.Christina Jansson: Maktfyllda möten i medicinska rum. Debatt, kunskap och praktik i svensk förlossningsvård 1960-1985. Sekel Bokförlag, 2008.Lise Busk Jensen: Romantikkens forfatterinder. Gyldendal, 2009.
Når hjemme er mere end et sted - Møder med Danmark blandt somaliere i diaspora
Authors: Kleist Nauja
Published: August 2018

Hjem og tilhørsforhold får en særlig betydning i diaspora. En somalisk kvindes og mands italesættelser af livet i Danmark viser, hvordan møderne med velfærdssamfundet er med til at skabe forskellige fortællinger om "somalisk kultur", hvor køn står i centrum.
Rummet mellem kønnene
Authors: Rösing Lilian Munk
Published: August 2018

What is the space between the sexes? Patriarchal theories has (directly and indirectly) defined this space as Phallus, the Other, Nothing, The Child, or even Woman herself. I try to examine these definitions critically while giving my own answer: The space between the sexes is the space that constitutes gender as a kind of phenomenological gender, beyond the dichotomy of "sex" and "gender". That is, gender is the outline between man and woman that defines man and woman respectively; gender (as an existential categoy) is something that happens in the meeting between man and woman, if we are able to see the other as different as well as similar. The essay is very much inspired by the sexual ethics of Luce Irigaray.
Fel kropp-berättelsen: vad er fel med den?
Authors: Engdahl Ulrica
Published: August 2018

The wrong-body-narrative - what's wrong with it?The common story of being ";trapped in the wrong body"; has become pivotal of trans experiences and indicative of what it means to be transsexual, often found in autobiographical accounts as well as in medical contexts of gender reassignment practice. Queer theorists as well as trans theorists and activists have critiqued the wrong-body-narrative for its complicity with essentialist, reifying, dominant and oppressive gender binary norms. In this article I argue for a phenomenological approach to the wrong-body-narrative. This is done through a series of conceptual suggestions that works to reframe the phenomenon to encompass such critical perspectives while they simultaneously make room for a wider spectrum of epistemological, ethical and ontological dimensions of the very experiences that inhabit the wrong body narrative.
Hvor queer var Baudrillard?
Authors: Leer Jonatan
Published: August 2018

En komparativ analyse af kønskritik og alternative kønsstrategier i Jean Baudrillards De la séduction (1979) og Judith Butlers Gender Trouble (1990).
Køn, nation, sikkerhed og massevoldtægterne i Bosnien
Authors: Hansen Lene
Published: August 2018

Voldtægter var et væsentligt led i krigsførelsen i Bosnien, ikke mindst fordi de rettede sig mod både den nationale og den kønslige identitet. I kølvandet fulgte en fortolkningsmæssig og politisk debat om Vestens sikkerhedspolitiske ansvar.
Tillgång till offentligheten: synlikhet och rörlikhet - Muslimska kvinnors religiösa aktivism i Istanbul
Authors: Raudvere Catharina
Published: August 2018

The article discusses muslim women and religious practices in Istanbul, Turkey. By using theories of globalization and the post-modern society, the author analyzes the possibilities in the politization of Islam for the active Muslim women as a way to become part of the social development.
"Min mormor er ikke vild med fodbold"
Authors: Thing Lone Friis
Published: August 2018

Køn hverken overskrides eller determineres i sport. Køn er allestedsnærværende i sportens rum, men tillægges mangfoldige betydninger både fysisk, psykisk, socialt og kulturelt. Dette diskuteres ved en analyse af kønnede betydningslag i danske elitesportskvinders levede erfaringer.
Kønsblind eller nøgtern? - mest det sidste!, om kvindeorganisationers betydning for den danske velfædsstats opbygning
Authors: Kolstrup Søren
Published: August 2018

Bidraget er ikke tilgængeligt elektronisk.
Nina och Tina - föreställinger och erfarenheter bland två unga flickor i Stockholms multietniska värld
Authors: Ålund Aleksandra
Published: August 2018

Based on her book titled "Multikultiungdom" (Multi Cultural Youth) the author examines processes of integration, ethnic and gender identity formation among young paople of immigrant background in Sweden. Those processes, the author maintains, tend often to be reduced to stereotypical images of cultural differences. Immigrant youth may share similar social conditions characterised by cultural marginalisation and social exclusion. However, their individual careers are based on personal experiences. Using the example of two young girls, two cousins with similar social background, the paper discusses differences in their individual careers. The analysis points to the importance on class, ethnicity and gender, but also to the meaning of personal social networks, family relations and family history.
Rubber Hand Illusion does not arise from comparisons with internal body models: a new multisensory integration account of the sense of ownership
Authors: Litwin Piotr
Published: August 2018

Human body sense is surprisingly flexible – precisely administered multisensory stimulation may result in the illusion that an external object is part of one’s body. There seems to be a general consensus that there are certain top-down constraints on which objects may be incorporated: in particular, to-be-embodied objects should be structurally similar to a visual representation stored in an internal body model for a shift in one’s body image to occur. However, empirical evidence contradicts the body model hypothesis: the sense of ownership may be spread over objects strikingly distinct in morphology and structure (e.g., robotic arms or empty space) and direct empirical support for the theory is currently lacking. As an alternative, based on the example of the rubber hand illusion (RHI), I propose a multisensory integration account of how the sense of ownership is induced. In this account, the perception of one’s own body is a regular type of multisensory perception and multisensory integration processes are not only necessary but also sufficient for embodiment. In this paper, I propose how RHI can be modeled with the use of Maximum Likelihood Estimation and natural correlation rules. I also discuss how Bayesian Coupling Priors and idiosyncrasies in sensory processing render prior distributions interindividually variable, accounting for large interindividual differences in susceptibility to RHI. Taken together, the proposed model accounts for exceptional malleability of human body perception, fortifies existing bottom-up multisensory integration theories with top-down models of relatedness of sensory cues, and generates testable and disambiguating predictions.
Contrasting gene flow at different spatial scales revealed by genotyping-by-sequencing inIsocladus armatus, a massively colour polymorphic New Zealand marine isopod
Authors: Wells Sarah J. , Dale James
Published: August 2018

Understanding how genetic diversity is maintained within populations is central to evolutionary biology. Research on colour polymorphism (CP), which typically has a genetic basis, can shed light on this issue. However, because gene flow can homogenise genetic variation, understanding population connectivity is critical in examining the maintenance of polymorphisms. In this study we assess the utility of genotyping-by-sequencing to resolve gene flow, and provide a preliminary investigation into the genetic basis of CP inIsocladus armatus, an endemic New Zealand marine isopod. Analysis of the genetic variation in 4,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within and among populations and colour morphs revealed large differences in gene flow across two spatial scales. Marine isopods, which lack a pelagic larval phase, are typically assumed to exhibit greater population structuring than marine invertebrates possessing a biphasic life cycle. However, we found high gene flow rates and no genetic subdivision between two North Island populations situated 8 km apart. This suggests thatI. armatusis capable of substantial dispersal along coastlines. In contrast, we identified a strong genetic disjunction between North and South Island populations. This result is similar to those reported in other New Zealand marine species, and is congruent with the presence of a geophysical barrier to dispersal down the east coast of New Zealand. We also found some support for a genetic basis to colouration evidenced by positive FSToutlier tests, with two SNPs in particular showing strong association to the expression of a striped morph. Our study provides one of the first population genomic studies of a marine organism in New Zealand, and suggests that genotyping-by-sequencing can be a good alternative to more traditional investigations based on traditional markers such as microsatellites. Our study provides a foundation for further development of a highly tractable system for research on the evolutionary maintenance of CP.
What affects power to estimate speciation rate shifts?
Authors: Kodandaramaiah Ullasa , Murali Gopal
Published: August 2018

The development of methods to estimate rates of speciation and extinction from time-calibrated phylogenies has revolutionized evolutionary biology by allowing researchers to correlate diversification rate shifts with causal factors. A growing number of researchers are interested in testing whether the evolution of a trait or a trait variant has influenced speciation rate, and three modelling methods—BiSSE, MEDUSA and BAMM—have been widely used in such studies. We simulated phylogenies with a single speciation rate shift each, and evaluated the power of the three methods to detect these shifts. We varied the degree of increase in speciation rate (speciation rate asymmetry), the number of tips, the tip-ratio bias (ratio of number of tips with each character state) and the relative age in relation to overall tree age when the rate shift occurred. All methods had good power to detect rate shifts when the rate asymmetry was strong and the sizes of the two lineages with the distinct speciation rates were large. Even when lineage size was small, power was good when rate asymmetry was high. In our simulated scenarios, small lineage sizes appear to affect BAMM most strongly. Tip-ratio influenced the accuracy of speciation rate estimation but did not have a strong effect on power to detect rate shifts. Based on our results, we provide suggestions to users of these methods.
Fine-scale differentiation between Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus group signatures in metagenome shotgun data
Authors: Petit III Robert A. , Hogan James M. , Ezewudo Matthew N. , Joseph Sandeep J. , Read Timothy D.
Published: August 2018

Background

It is possible to detect bacterial species in shotgun metagenome datasets through the presence of only a few sequence reads. However, false positive results can arise, as was the case in the initial findings of a recent New York City subway metagenome project. False positives are especially likely when two closely related are present in the same sample. Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax, is a high-consequence pathogen that shares >99% average nucleotide identity with Bacillus cereus group (BCerG) genomes. Our goal was to create an analysis tool that used k-mers to detect B. anthracis, incorporating information about the coverage of BCerG in the metagenome sample.

Methods

Using public complete genome sequence datasets, we identified a set of 31-mer signatures that differentiated B. anthracis from other members of the B. cereus group (BCerG), and another set which differentiated BCerG genomes (including B. anthracis) from other Bacillus strains. We also created a set of 31-mers for detecting the lethal factor gene, the key genetic diagnostic of the presence of anthrax-causing bacteria. We created synthetic sequence datasets based on existing genomes to test the accuracy of a k-mer based detection model.

Results

We found 239,503 B. anthracis-specific 31-mers (the Ba31 set), 10,183 BCerG 31-mers (the BCerG31 set), and 2,617 lethal factor k-mers (the lef31 set). We showed that false positive B. anthracis k-mers—which arise from random sequencing errors—are observable at high genome coverages of B. cereus. We also showed that there is a “gray zone” below 0.184× coverage of the B. anthracis genome sequence, in which we cannot expect with high probability to identify lethal factor k-mers. We created a linear regression model to differentiate the presence of B. anthracis-like chromosomes from sequencing errors given the BCerG background coverage. We showed that while shotgun datasets from the New York City subway metagenome project had no matches to lef31 k-mers and hence were negative for B. anthracis, some samples showed evidence of strains very closely related to the pathogen.

Discussion

This work shows how extensive libraries of complete genomes can be used to create organism-specific signatures to help interpret metagenomes. We contrast “specialist” approaches to metagenome analysis such as this work to “generalist” software that seeks to classify all organisms present in the sample and note the more general utility of a k-mer filter approach when taxonomic boundaries lack clarity or high levels of precision are required.
НЕЙТРОННЫЕ РЕФЛЕКТОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПЛЕНОК ZNO, "Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования"
Authors: Жакетов В.Д. , Читану Е. , Никитенко Ю.В.
Published: August 2018

Методом нейтронной рефлектометрии исследованы текстурированные и допированные алюминием пленки ZnO. Пленки представляют собой квазипериодические структуры с периодом несколько нанометров. Пленки неоднородны в поверхностном слое толщиной 10-20 нм.
РАЗВИТИЕ НЕПРЕРЫВНО-АТОМИСТИЧЕСКОГО МЕТОДА ДЛЯ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ПРОЦЕССОВ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ ИОНОВ С МЕТАЛЛАМИ, "Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования"
Authors: Батгэрэл Б. , Пузынин И.В. , Пузынина Т.П. , Христов И. Г. , Христова Р. Д. , Тухлиев З.К. , Шарипов З.А.
Published: August 2018

В работе представлено развитие непрерывно-атомистического подхода для моделирования процессов взаимодействия тяжелых ионов высоких энергий с металлами. Непрерывно-атомистическая модель описывается двумя разными классами уравнений, а именно, уравнениями теплопроводности с источником в модели термического пика и уравнениями движения материальных точек, облучаемых пучком, в модели метода молекулярной динамики. Для моделирования в рамках непрерывно-атомистической модели разработан программный комплекс. Получены результаты моделирования процессов облучения металлических мишеней тяжелыми ионами высоких энергий в зависимости от параметров функции источника и коэффициента электрон-фононного взаимодействия.
Коллекция Е.Г. Спальвина в собрании ИВР РАН, "Письменные памятники Востока"
Authors: Маранджян К.Г.
Published: August 2018

В статье рассказывается о коллекции профессора Е.Г. Спальвина (1872-1933), которая после его смерти была выслана в Ленинград в 1935 г. Издания из коллекции хранятся в библиотеке, рукописном отделе и архиве ИВР РАН. Изучение коллекции свидетельствует о том, что в ИВР РАН хранится только часть личного собрания ученого, судьба другой до сих пор неизвестна.
Anal canal adenocarcinoma with a late brain metastatic lesion – a case report
Authors: Imam Ashraf , Gold Daniel , Pines Guy , Pelta Arie , Mavor Eli , Idelevich Efraim , Khalayleh Harbi
Published: August 2018

Herein we present a rare case of anal canal adenocarcinoma manifesting as non-healing perianal abscess that subsequently underwent radiochemotherapy followed by abdominoperineal resection for residual disease. The patient recovered, and a year later presented with a single brain metastasis. The lesion was successfully resected, and the patient is now disease free.
Impact of Neck Position on the Probability of Common Carotid Artery Puncture During Ultrasound‐Guided Stellate Ganglion Block
Authors: Park Dong Yoon , Kang Seok , Kang Hyo Jung , Choi Jun Kyu , Do Kim Jae , Yoon Joon Shik
Published: August 2018

Background

The carotid artery must be avoided during stellate ganglion block. However, information on optimal neck position during the ultrasound‐guided approach is limited.

Objective

To investigate the relation between the target area of the procedure and the carotid artery in different neck positions.

Design

Observational study.

Setting

Tertiary university.

Participants

A total of 30 sides of the neck from 18 healthy participants were included.

Methods

An ultrasound transducer was placed at the level of the anterior tubercle of C6 with a short‐axis view for measuring the distance from the tip of the C6 anterior tubercle to the margin of the carotid artery. The participants were first examined through ultrasonography in 3 different rotational neck positions (neutral, semicontralateral rotation, and full‐contralateral rotation), in the supine position. After changing to the lateral decubitus position, the measurement was performed again in the same 3 neck positions.

Main Outcome Measures

The C6 anterior tubercle to carotid distance was measured with ultrasound.

Results

The C6 anterior tubercle to carotid distance was the longest with full‐contralateral neck rotation (P < .05). The distance was longer in the semicontralateral neck rotation compared with the neutral neck position (P < .05). Supine or decubitus positions did not affect the distance.

Conclusions

We suggest that the full‐contralateral neck rotation posture in either the supine or decubitus position is most beneficial for avoiding damage to the carotid artery during the ultrasound‐guided stellate ganglion block.

Level of Evidence

Not applicable.
Pediatric Online Disaster Preparedness Training for Medical and Non-Medical Personnel: A Multi-Level Modeling Analysis
Authors: Pham Phung K. , Behar Solomon M. , Berg Bridget M. , Upperman Jeffrey S. , Nager Alan L.
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Terrorism and natural catastrophes have made disaster preparedness a critical issue. Despite the documented vulnerabilities of children during and following disasters, gaps remain in health care systems regarding pediatric disaster preparedness. This research study examined changes in knowledge acquisition of pediatric disaster preparedness among medical and non-medical personnel at a children’s hospital who completed an online training course of five modules: planning, triage, age-specific care, disaster management, and hospital emergency code response.

Methods

A multi-disciplinary team within the Pediatric Disaster Resource and Training Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (Los Angeles, California USA) developed an online training course. Available archival course data from July 2009 to August 2012 were analyzed through linear growth curve multi-level modeling, with module total score as the outcome (0 to 100 points), attempt as the Level 1 variable (any module could be repeated), role in the hospital (medical or non-medical) as the Level 2 variable, and attempt by role as the cross-level effect.

Results

A total of 44,115 module attempts by 5,773 course participants (3,686 medical personnel and 2,087 non-medical personnel) were analyzed. The average module total score upon first attempt across all participants ranged from 60.28 to 80.11 points, and participants significantly varied in how they initially scored. On average in the planning, triage, and age-specific care modules: total scores significantly increased per attempt across all participants (average rate of change ranged from 0.59 to 1.84 points) and medical personnel had higher total scores initially and through additional attempts (average difference ranged from 13.25 to 16.24 points). Cross-level effects were significant in the disaster management and hospital emergency code response modules: on average, total scores were initially lower among non-medical personnel compared to medical personnel, but non-medical personnel increased their total scores per attempt by 3.77 points in the disaster management module and 6.40 points in the hospital emergency code response module, while medical personnel did not improve their total scores through additional attempts.

Conclusion:

Medical and non-medical hospital personnel alike can acquire knowledge of pediatric disaster preparedness. Key content can be reinforced or improved through successive training in an online course.

PhamPK, BeharSM, BergBM, UppermanJS, NagerAL. Pediatric online disaster preparedness training for medical and non-medical personnel: a multi-level modeling analysisPrehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(4):349–354.
The Forgotten Responders: The Ongoing Impact of 9/11 on the Ground Zero Recovery Workers
Authors: Smith Erin C. , Burkle Frederick M.
Published: August 2018

In the years following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks (9/11; New York USA), emergency first responders began experiencing a range of physical health and psychosocial impacts. Publications documenting these tended to focus on firefighters, while emerging reports are starting to focus on other first responders, including paramedics, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and police. The objective of this research was to explore the long-term impact on another important group of 9/11 responders, the non-emergency recovery workers who responded to the World Trade Center (WTC) site of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. In the 16 years following 9/11, Ground Zero recovery workers have been plagued by a range of long-term physical impacts, including musculoskeletal injuries, repetitive motion injuries, gait deterioration, and respiratory disorders. Psychosocial issues include posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, insomnia, support system fatigue, and addictive and risk-taking behaviors. These findings go some way to filling the current gap in the understanding on the long-term impact of 9/11 and to provide an important testimony of the “forgotten responders” – the Ground Zero recovery workers.

SmithECBurkleFMJr.The forgotten responders: the ongoing impact of 9/11 on the Ground Zero recovery workers.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(4):436–440
Moral Rationalism and Demandingness in Kant
Authors: van Ackeren Marcel , Sticker Martin
Published: August 2018

We discuss Kant’s conception of moral rationalism from the viewpoint of recent debates, which have distinguished different forms of moral rationalism. We argue that Kant’s version, ‘silencing’, is different and stronger than currently held versions of moral rationalism and that it also differs from versions of silencing that contemporary thinkers advocate. We then discuss Kant’s version of silencing in the context of the moral demandingness debate and argue that silencing can make a perfect duty very demanding. However, it is important that whilst in cases of conflict between duty and personal happiness the normative standing of the latter is silenced, silencing does not require that agents do all they can in the case of imperfect duties. We finally indicate the kind of latitude imperfect duties allow for, according to Kant’s strong form of moral rationalism.
Moral Rationalism and Demandingness in Kant: A Response to van Ackeren and Sticker
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: August 2018

Because my time and competence are limited, I shall avoid exegetical discussion of Kant and restrict myself to discussion of some of the apparent implications of the views attributed to Kant by van Ackeren and Sticker (AS) in their insightful and suggestive article.
Logicism and Formal Necessity: Reflections on Kant’s Modal Metaphysics
Authors: Van Cleve James
Published: August 2018

Logicism is Stang’s name for the Leibnizian doctrine that all necessary truths are derivable from identities and definitions. Stang shows that the early Kant opposed this doctrine because he thought the proposition God exists was a counterexample to it; I raise some non-theological counterexamples as well. Formal necessity is the necessity that attaches to a proposition when its truth is grounded in our categories and forms of intuition. Stang treats it as one of several sui generis kinds of necessity in Kant, all of them falling short of logical or metaphysical necessity. I raise several questions for Stang’s account, including the following: Can our having the forms we do really explain the necessity of geometry? Is our possession of those forms self-grounding in an objectionable way? How can our forms ground general truths without grounding particular instances of them?
Legitimacy in Autocracies: Oxymoron or Essential Feature?
Authors: Gerschewski Johannes
Published: August 2018

Legitimacy is a key concept in political science. It has deep normative roots in democratic theory and refers usually to righteous, just, fair, and therefore acceptable rule. However, non-democracies also try to create a following among their citizens. They also engage in justifying their rule through politicization, be it of religion, ethnicity, or ideologies ranging from left-wing communism to right-wing nationalism. Against this backdrop, I pose the question: does it make sense to use the concept of legitimacy for both types of regimes, democracies and autocracies alike? Or, do we overstretch the concept when transplanting it to the non-democratic realm? And, empirically, how can we assess to what degree a non-democracy is viewed as legitimate by its citizens? I aim therefore at defining what legitimacy and legitimation is in autocratic settings; drawing a semantic map of rival concepts like support, trust, and loyalty; and tackling concrete challenges in measuring this elusive concept.
A Discussion of Claire L. Adida, David D. Laitin, and Marie-Anne Valfort’s Why Muslim Integration Fails in Christian-Heritage Societies
Authors: Sinno Abdulkader
Published: August 2018

The title of the book needs no explanation: Why Muslim Integration Fails in Christian-Heritage Societies. It marks an issue of widespread and obvious current relevance, especially in Europe and in the United States in the age of Donald Trump. It registers a claim that is surely controversial and that also perhaps blends empirical and normative judgments. The book is thus a perfect candidate for a Perspectives symposium because it opens itself to so many different perspectives.
A Discussion of Claire L. Adida, David D. Laitin, and Marie-Anne Valfort’s Why Muslim Integration Fails in Christian-Heritage Societies
Authors: Jamal Amaney
Published: August 2018

The title of the book needs no explanation: Why Muslim Integration Fails in Christian-Heritage Societies. It marks an issue of widespread and obvious current relevance, especially in Europe and in the United States in the age of Donald Trump. It registers a claim that is surely controversial and that also perhaps blends empirical and normative judgments. The book is thus a perfect candidate for a Perspectives symposium because it opens itself to so many different perspectives.
Flexible polyimide-based hybrid opto-electric neural interface with 16 channels of micro-LEDs and electrodes
Authors: Ji Bowen , Guo Zhejun , Wang Minghao , Yang Bin , Wang Xiaolin , Li Wen , Liu Jingquan
Published: August 2018

In this paper, a polyimide-based flexible device that integrates 16 micro-LEDs and 16 IrOx-modified microelectrodes for synchronous photostimulation and neural signal recording is presented. The 4 × 4 micro-LEDs (dimensions of 220 × 270 × 50 μm3, 700 μm pitch) are fixed in the SU-8 fence structure on a polyimide substrate and connected to the leads via a wire-bonding method. The recording electrodes share a similar fabrication process on the polyimide with 16 microelectrode sites (200 μm in diameter and 700 μm in pitch) modified by iridium oxide (IrOx). These two subparts can be aligned with alignment holes and glued back-to-back by epoxy, which ensures that the light from the LEDs passes through the corresponding holes that are evenly distributed around the recording sites. The long-term electrical and optical stabilities of the device are verified using a soaking test for 3 months, and the thermal property is specifically studied with different duty cycles, voltages, and frequencies. Additionally, the electrochemical results prove the reliability of the IrOx-modified microelectrodes after repeated pressing or friction. To evaluate the tradeoff between flexibility and strength, two microelectrode arrays with thicknesses of 5 and 10 μm are evaluated through simulation and experiment. The proposed device can be a useful mapping optogenetics tool for neuroscience studies in small (rats and mice) and large animal subjects and ultimately in nonhuman primates.
Building optimism at the environmental science-policy-practice interface through the study of bright spots
Authors: Cvitanovic Christopher , Hobday Alistair J.
Published: August 2018

Effectively translating scientific knowledge into policy and practice is essential for helping humanity navigate contemporary environmental challenges. The likelihood of achieving this can be increased through the study of bright spots—instances where science has successfully influenced policy and practice—and the sense of optimism that this can inspire.