bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economies of Scale and Scope Among the World’s Largest Banks
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

Do economies of scale and scope exist in financial services? This question lies at the heart of strategic and regulatory discussions about optimal firm size in the banking sector. From a public policy perspective, geographic restrictions and barriers between banking, securities, and insurance have prevailed in the United States, but are either less onerous or entirely absent in most of the other OECD countries. If economies of scale and scope are indeed important determinants of competitive performance, then the traditional U.S. interstate branching and functional limits may have had a significant adverse impact on U.S. banks’ attempts to compete against their foreign-based rivals.
Classification of Writing Systems
Authors: Lyovin Anatole V
Published: November 2023

Writing is only a secondary aspect of language, that is, it is only a means of symbolizing spoken languages, often a very imperfect means at that. How ever, since we are more frequently confronted with unfamiliar and exotic looking foreign scripts than actual foreign languages as they are spoken, and since we shall encounter several exotic scripts in the language sketches, it will not do to omit discussing the various scripts of the world. Here the emphasis will be on the typology of the writing systems that are currently in use rather than on the historical development of writing and the ancient scripts.
Pidgin and Creole Languages
Authors: Lyovin Anatole V
Published: November 2023

Pidgin and creole languages used to be referred to as “mixed languages,” but in recent years this term has been abandoned in favor of “contact languages.” The reason for this is perhaps that the term “mixed” suggests hodgepodge, chaos, and lack of norms, whereas not all pidgins and none of the creoles are in fact chaotic mixtures, nor are they in most major respects any different from the established languages that most of us are familiar with. Also, if by “mixed” we mean “influenced by other languages,” the term is really empty of meaning since all languages have at some time been influenced by some language or other.
Conclusion
Authors: Henry Alison
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters we have examined a number of the ways in which Belfast English differs syntactically from standard English. We saw that there are a number of underlying differences between the dialects, and even within Belfast English, and the differences did not appear to reduce to the effects of one or two parameter-setting differences whose effects spread throughout the grammar.

However, all of the differences observed were of the same type as differences found between languages; they related for example to the strength or weakness of functional elements, or the status of elements as clitics or independent items.

Thus, it seems that, if the Belfast English case is representative, dialects differ from one another, as one might expect, in the same way that languages do: the difference between “language” and “dialect” is after all more a political than a linguistic construct. It was not the case that, to account for the fine-grained differences found between dialects, we had to resort to language-particular rules, or any kind of “micro parameters” which differ from the kinds of parameter which account for more substantial differences between languages.
The Argument for Judicial Review
Authors: Perry Michael
Published: November 2023

I address two fundamental questions in this book: the question of the approach to constitutional interpretation the Supreme Court should follow, and the question of the nature of the role the Court should playhow large or active, or how small or passive-in bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving constitutional conflicts. Neither question would arise but for the practice of judicial review, which involves, centrally, the Court interpreting the Constitution in the course of resolving constitutional conflicts. In this chapter, I inquire into the legitimacy of judicial review. I do so not because the legitimacy of the practice is at issue in the United States today; judicial review seems to enjoy virtually consensual support in contemporary American society.I I do so because it is useful to explain why a practice that yields persistent controversy about constitutional interpretation and proper judicial role not merely enjoys our support but merits it. Moreover, as I explain in chapter 3, the argument for judicial review-the particular argument I make in this chapter-bears strongly on the argument I make in chapter 3 for the approach to constitutional interpretation that should inform the practice of judicial review. As I said in chapter 1, the question of the legitimacy of the practice of judicial review and the question of the approach to constitutional interpretation that should inform the practice are inextricably linked. As this and the next chapter illustrate, one’s response to the first question is an essential determinant of one’s response to the second.
The Argument for the Originalist Approach to Judicial Review
Authors: Perry Michael
Published: November 2023

The practice ofjudicial review involves, centrally, the Court interpreting the Constitution in the course of resolving constitutional conflicts. What approach to the interpretation of the constitutional text, among the approaches that have been recommended to it, should the Supreme Court follow? What approach to constitutional interpretation should inform the practice of judicial review?
Proposals ior Unity by Means Short oi War
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

In 1958, two pan-Arab unions were established: the United Arab Republic (UAR), composed of Egypt and Syria under the leadership of Nasir, president of Egypt, and the Arab Federal Union (AFU), composed of Iraq and Jordan, under the Hashimi family, the ruling dynasty in Iraq and Jordan. Because the UAR was an ally of the Soviet Union, the Hashimi family, a great friend of the West, received Western support in its endeavors to cooperate with other Arab countries friendly to the West (such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) in order to stand as a bulwark against the overwhelming appeal which Nasir’s drive to achieve a grand pan-Arab union extending from the Atlantic to the Indian oceans had garnered. Approached to join the AFU, Saudi Arabia re¬ plied that it would support the Hashimi rulers in their cooperation with the West, but it did not want to abandon its traditional policy of non interference in inter-Arab relationships.
Drives and Events Leading to the Invasion oi Kuwait
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

Three underlying factors may be said to have prompted the Iraqi leadership to invade Kuwait in August 1990.First, the eight-year war with Iran, which Iraq hoped would be followed by a period of peace and reconstruction, produced instead conditions of insecurity and suspicion among all members of the Gulf family. Since no prospect of a peace treaty establishing normal relations with Iran was in sight (only a U.N. cease-fire), Iraq began to suspect that Iran might, at any moment, resume the war in order to impose its own terms in a peace treaty. For this reason, when Iraq began to reduce its standing army, it decided at the same time to reinforce its rearmament program not only for defence against Iran, but also for security in the Gulf region.
The Role oi the United Nations
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

The role of the United Nations in the Gulf crisis is unique. Its resolutions and the celerity with which they were adopted hadnever been witnessed before. For no sooner had Iraq started to invade Kuwait on August 2, 1990, than the Security Council met on the same day and adopted its first mandatory resolution against Iraq demanding withdrawal from Kuwait “immediately and unconditionally” on the basis of an appeal by the ruler of Kuwait, Shaykh Jabir, and his prime minister, Shaykh Sa’d, who had fled the country to Saudi Arabia. In the meantime, President Bush, on the strength of the request of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States, instructed the State Department to bring the crisis before the Security Council.
The Coalition War
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

The failure of the Geneva meeting to persuade Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait before January 15, 1991 meant that Iraq must bedriven out of Kuwait by resort to force. In other words, there would be “war” between the Coalition powers and Iraq. As such a “war” is prohibited under the U.N. Charter, save in “self-defence.” Under Article 51 of the U.N. Charter, the “war” that the Coalition had launched was not carried out by a “declaration of war” against Iraq, as defined under International Law, but as a “police action,” ordered by the higher authority of the United Nations which represent the will of the community of nations. As a “police action,” the Coalition War implicitly meant that Iraq was liable to punishment for its aggression against another state. Indeed, the manner the Coalition War was prosecuted seemed not only to drive Iraq’s forces out of Kuwait, as it was announced, but also to punish a nation by the destruction of its industrial and infrastructure centers contrary to the norms governing war as defined under International Law.
Arab Responsibilities
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

The Gulf crisis, leading to the Coalition War, passed through various stages of development. It began as a territorial disputeover the frontiers between Iraq and Kuwait. But when differences on oil prices and overproduction adversely affected Iraq’s income from oil, the crisis no longer remained confined to two countries; it first became a problem for Arabs to resolve on the regional plane and later for Western powers on the international plane. A discussion on Arab responsibilities will be dealt with in this chapter, and on Western responsibilities in the pages to follow.
Conclusion: Was the War Inevitable?
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

“For every problem there is a solution,” Shaykh Jabir, Amir of Kuwait, is reported to have told Saddam Husayn.1 This saying,often quoted to break a deadlock in negotiations, was made by Shaykh Jabir, when he and King Fahd of Saudi Arabia were on their way to the airport escorted by Saddam Husayn, following the Arab Summit meetings in Baghdad (May 28-30, 1990). In a closed meeting of the summit-to which we have referred earlier-Saddam had bitterly complained about an “economic warfare” which his Arab brothers had waged against Iraq by overproduction of oil resulting in lowering oil prices and reducing Iraq’s income from oil. As Kuwait was the leading Arab brother that pursued such a policy, Shaykh Jabir made his statement as a hint that Kuwait was ready to come to an understanding with Iraq to resolve the problems that had arisen between the two countries.
To ’Determine the Future Course of Litigation’
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

Making the Record on Segregated Universities In 1945 Heman Marion (’Bill’) Sweatt was a mail carrier in Houston. For several years he had been concerned about the postmaster’s policy of barring African-Americans from being clerks, which meant that they could never become super-visors. Active in the postal workers’ union, Sweatt worked with a local lawyer to develop a complaint against the postmaster. Sweatt’s experience with discrimina-tion and his sense that lawyers could help remedy it led him to decide to go to law school. He had graduated from college in 1934, after which he worked as a porter and then for a year as a teacher in Cleburne, Texas. In Houston, Sweatt became active in the NAACP, writing columns for the local African-American newspaper and, in 1944, delivering the principal speech at a rally celebrating National Negro Youth Week.I Sweatt decided to apply to law school just as the NAACF was trying to locate plaintiffs to challenge segregated education in universities. As World War II wound to a close, the NAACP’s lawyers began to think about their next steps in the attack on Jim Crow. After quickly deciding to focus on education and transpor-tation, they worried about the implications of different strategies. In 1946 Robert Carter pressed Marshall and Hastie, the more experienced lawyers, to ’make an all out attack on segregation,’ saying that they had ’run up against something of a blank wall.’ According to Carter, Marshall believed that transportation cases should come first, because there ’the question of social equality is least likely to be introduced to confuse the court’s thinking.’ Carter and Hastie disagreed with that assessment. Carter thought that the gross inequities of separate but equal could be ’best illustrated in a clear and understandable fashion’ in school cases. Hastie argued that ’any court will have the school problem in mind when it passes on transportation,’ so the NAACP ’might as well look forward to the ultimate attack upon the school situation where inequalities are more glaring and the injury to the community is more apparent.’ Hastie disagreed with Carter, though, about mak-ing ’the big legal push against segregation,’ because he was convinced that the Supreme Court would uphold it. He recommended pursuing the ’painfully slow’ litigation against segregation in higher education and urged ’local attacks on un-
’Replete with Road Markings’
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

The Supreme Court Deals with Segregated Universities Waiting for the Court to decide whether to hear Sweatt, Marshall again got the lawyers together to ’take stock of the present situation and plan for future legal strategy.’ Hastie opened the meeting in June 1949 with a discussion of ’the changes in the law’ during the prior fifteen years. Then Ming discussed Plessy, to help ’get the theories straightened out’ before applying them to actual cases. One issue that had irritated the NAACP’s lawyers arose again. Some interest-group representatives, who filed amicus briefs, insisted that it was inconsistent to attack segregation itself and yet focus the cases on actual inequalities. The LDF staff thought that there was no such inconsistency, because, as Annette Peyser, the sociologist on the staff, put it, segregation was the disease and inequalities were the symptoms. Peyser thought, however, that the staff had reacted too defensively to outside criticism, and that the long-range interests of the NAACP would be better served by ’getting beyond interorganizational jealousies. ’1 In November, the Court announced that it would hear Sweatt and scheduled argument for April 4, 1950. On November 14, Robert Carter divided up the research. His plan was comprehensive. Carter himself would develop the argu-ment that the Constitution barred states from ’mak[ing) race or color the basis for legislative or governmental classification,’ because ’racial criteria are unreason-able’ and ’have no relation to the subject matter.’ He also would argue that Plessy was wrongly decided because discrimination was inevitable under the separate but equal doctrine, and because it was used ’to maintain Negroes in an inferior color caste status.’ He proposed historical research on the proposition, strikingly phrased, that ’the Fourteenth Amendment was not intended to prohibit segrega-tion in the field of education.’ Jack Greenberg was to examine whether the courts should presume that classifications based on race were unconstitutional, just as they treated laws affecting free speech rights. Peyser would compile ’whatever sociological and psychological findings or conclusions can be drawn’ about the way separate but equal actually worked in education. Marshall would develop the
’Civil Rights . . Civil Wrongs’ Massive Resistance to Brown, 1955-1961
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

Even carefully administered pupil placement laws did not satisfy some opponents of Brown. For them, such laws accepted the principle that sometime, somewhere, some African-American child could attend school with white children. Many Southerners could not accept the principle that segregation was wrong, nor the reality of token desegregation. They sponsored another set of devices to overcome Brown, the program of ’massive resistance.
’A Mortal Blow from Which They Shall Never Recover’ The Attack on the NAACP, 1955-1961
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

On June 1, 1956, Alabama’s attorney general John Patterson appeared before state judge Walter Jones in Montgomery. Saying that the NAACP violated state law by ’doing business’ in the state without registering, Patterson asked for an order stopping the NAACP’s activities. The business, Patterson said, included support-ing Autherine Lucy’s attempt to enter the University of Alabama and financing the Montgomery bus boycott, which was then more than six months old. Without giving the NAACP a chance to reply, Judge Jones, an ardent segregationist who said in a subsequent election campaign, ’I intend to deal the NAACP . . . a mortal blow from which they shall never recover,’ immediately issued an order-called a temporary restraining order-barring the NAACP from soliciting mem-berships or contributions or collecting dues. The NAACP was willing to register; a year later in North Carolina it paid a $500 fine for failing to register and then filed registration papers. Judge Jones, though, said that the NAACP could not even try to register. He and attorney general Patterson wanted something else-NAACP membership lists.1 On July 2, the NAACP asked Judge Jones to dissolve his order; he scheduled a hearing for July 17. But on July 5, the state asked the judge to direct the NAACP to produce its records, including membership lists. Four days later, Judge Jones told the NAACP to turn over its membership lists, correspondence files, and financial records. He delayed the already scheduled hearing for a week and then, when the NAACP indicated its willingness to turn over everything but the membership lists and correspondence, held it in contempt of court, fined it $10,000--later increased to $100,000--and refused to dissolve the injunction. This was the opening phase of litigation that kept the NAACP from operating in Alabama from 1956 to 1964. And, notably, Alabama shut down the NAACP despite repeated legal defeats.2 Attorneys general in Arkansas and Louisiana, as well as Alabama, claimed that the NAACP was operating a business and tried to force it to register as a business corporation and to pay taxes. They used registration and tax collection suits to try to extract lists of NAACP members. More directly, states relied on statutes aimed
Public and Private Cooperation in International Informatics
Authors: Cowhey Peter F
Published: November 2023

The melding of communications and information technologies forms the core of the world’ s electronics and advanced services sectors. Producers and service providers utilizing these merged technologies are commonly collectively called the informatics industries. Informatics faces the market traditions of its precursor components, and these traditions are incompatibly different. Thus, domestic communications markets have been routinely closed to foreign competitionparticularly in services, but also even in goods. At the same time, significant, although far from complete, openness in information (computing) has been allowed. This means more firms have been able to trade internationally and invest freely in other countries (and their own) in computing than has been the case in communications.
China
Authors: Xiong-Jian Liang , You-Nong Zhu
Published: November 2023

Confucius noted, “The propagation of morals is a faster means of ruling than to have the post to send commands.” Still, as befits a cradle of civilization, communication systems developed very early in China. During the Shang Dynasty (sixteenth to eleventh century B.c.) there were codes of drum beats to give alarms. In the Zhou (eleventh century to 771 B.c.) beacon fires and smoke signaling were used. As the state grew in size and complexity, organized communication systems developed to fulfill the requirements of the ruling class, as was the case in other ancient empires such as Persia and Rome.
Australia
Authors: Barr Trevor
Published: November 2023

In a vast but sparsely populated country, Australia’ s telecommunications system has been driven by the goal of overcoming distance and breaking down isolation. Australia is a continent of 7.7 million km2 with a population of just over 17 million (mid-1991). However, the population is highly urbanized, with 43 percent in urban Sydney and Melbourne. The prime development focus for telecommunications has long been to provide a nationwide grid, as well as international communication gateways. In many ways the system is remarkably sophisticated by international standards. The benchmark policy principle-to provide universal service at affordable prices-has resulted in Australia having one of the highest telephone densities in the world, with tariffs reasonably priced by any international comparison and a network well connected to the rest of the world. Australia has also developed and maintained advanced, viable local equipment production.
Taiwan
Authors: Fan-Tung Tseng , Chi-Kuo Mao
Published: November 2023

Telephone service in Taiwan has always been good by world standards-extremely good by developing economic standards when that was the category applicable to the island. Taiwan’ s remarkable post-World War II growth was achieved by many small businesses and industrious people. The government helped this by making a widespread telephone network a priority, although such facilitation was not a goal in itself. Despite being authoritarian, the government did not feel compelled to preclude a public network or usurp resources to build one primarily for its own control purposes-although it did have access to the military’ s system.
Taiwan: Changes in the Environment for Development
Authors: Shih Chintay , Lin Yeo
Published: November 2023

Deregulation has been pursued by Taiwan’ s government since 1980, but it has been singularly elusive. Although the worldwide trend toward liberalization of telecommunications has been a strong influence favoring reform, only limited progress has been made. Until 1987 the directorate general of telecommunications (DGT) provided both services and equipment on a monopolistic basis. Customers may now purchase many (but not all) types of equipment from multiple vendors, but for an economy as dynamic as Taiwan’ s, value added network (VAN) services are conspicuous by their rarity. Liberalization of administrative matters, privatization of DGT, and adjustment of service rates have been seriously discussed, but a sufficiently broad consensus as to what to do has meant proposals have languished in limbo.
Japan: Technology and Domestic Deregulation
Authors: Nagai Susumu
Published: November 2023

A shift in emphasis from quantity to quality, liberalization of private leased circuits, institutional reform, and, of course, rapid technological innovation characterize Japanese telecommunications since the late 1970s. The most salient point associated with the Public Telecommunication Law in effect from 1953 to 1984 is that there were two monopolistic service providers one domestic and one international. Government units-including Japan National Railways, the Ministry of Construction, and the Self Defense Forces-were permitted to build private networks. The law, however, prohibited all third parties from providing message switching services to the public, outlawed shared use of leased lines, and prevented interconnection of privately operated facilities to the public network.
The Important Links in Pacific Basin Telecommunications
Authors: Conn Douglas A
Published: November 2023

Although there are immense geographical distances between the countries of the Pacific Basin, economic and political forces have effectively reduced them. As the chapters of this book have repeatedly pointed out, these linkages have relied heavily on international telecommunications. The past decades were a time of enormous vitality for the communications sector in the Pacific Basin, mirroring and supporting the rapid expansion of the economies in that region, with international telephone traffic growth rates of as much as 25 percent in some countries. In comparison, annual growth in the United States was about 18 percent and 15 percent in the European Community. The Pacific Basin is the fastest growing region for telecommunications investment and traffic growth.
The Veto Clause as a Constitutional Limit on Omnibus Appropriations
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

Our assessment of the history and mechanics of the power of the purse in national security provides the backdrop for consideration of one possible constitutional limit on that power: the presidential veto.1 First, we will see that a combination of curtailed impoundment authority and deficit reduction mechanisms have reduced the opportunities of presidents to defeat spending that they disfavor, at the same time that the use of omnibus spending bills and continuing resolutions has increased. We then describe Congress’s tendency to bundle varied proposals for legislation in omnibus appropriation bills which seemingly threaten the president’s veto power as a limit on the appropriation process. Arguments based on the text and structure of Article I assert that omnibus bills that bundle proposals for legislation are not the discrete “bills” contemplated by the Constitution and that the practice of bundling thwarts important purposes of the president’s veto.
A Feminist Explores Africa ‘: May French-Sheldon ‘s Subversion of Patriarchal Protection
Authors: Newman Louise Michele
Published: November 2023

On the everwhere departure for Africa in 1891, May French-Sheldon was, by all accounts, a strikingly beautiful forty-four-year-old American woman, happily married to a prosperous London banker, who enjoyed entertaining prominent businessmen in her own drawing room. Nothing in the public record gives any indication that she was dissatisfied with this role. No personal illness, singular ennui, family crisis, or other necessity prompted her to leave her comfortable home to venture on a three-month safari into a remote region of East Africa. Unlike other Victorian British women who embarked on their own travels through what was known as the dark continent, the flamboyant French-Sheldon never tried to make her voyage palatable to Europeans or Americans by cloaking her actions in socially acceptable forms. She was leaving a husband behind for no compelling reason other than that she desired to prove to the world (and perhaps to herself as well) her ability to pull off such a dangerous trip without any white men to “protect” her. Resourceful, energetic, strong-• willed, and outspoken, with definite tastes and opinions, May French-Sheldon was asserting her independence from and picking up the gauntlet laid down by the suffocating protectionism of Western patriarchy.
Eliminating Sex Distinctions from Civilization: The Feminist Theories of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Mary Roberts Smith Coolidge
Authors: Newman Louise Michele
Published: November 2023

All that makes for civilisation, for progress, for the growth of humanity up and on toward the race ideal-takes place outside the home. This is what has been denied to the lady of the housemerely all human life! . . Race characteristics belong in equal measure to either sex, [my emphasis] and the misfortune of the house-bound woman is that she is denied time, place, and opportunity to develop those characteristics.
Reputation
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

The second principal distinctive capability is reputation. Reputation is the most important commercial mechanism for conveying information to consumers. But reputation is not equally important in all markets because customers find out about product characteristics and product quality in many ways. Sometimes they learn from searching. Other attributes become apparent as soon as a product is used. The importance of reputation can be seen in those markets—from car rental to accounting— to which product quality is important but can be identified only through long-term experience. In these markets, reputations are difficult and costly to create but, once established, can yield substantial added value.
Consensus and Dissent in U.S. Legal Opinions Narrative Structure and Social Voices
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

One of the ways in which disputes are settled in this country is through the decisions of appellate courts. These decisions, which often take the form of written texts composed of a majority opinion and one or more dissents or concurrences, represent one of our legal system’s answers to situations of conflict. This paper examines the U.S. Supreme Court’s infamous decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, contrasting it with Brown v. Board of Education,the case that overruledPlessy.
Understanding Who You Are
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam
Published: November 2023

One way to develop a new way of thinking about managing employees in a multicultural world is by questioning existing management approaches and seeing what has been useful and what has been left out. We have questioned existing approaches in an attempt to dis cover the beginning of the thread that would weave a new outlook on multicultural management in the global enterprise. In particular, we have made two assumptions: first, a person-oriented approach is fundamental to a comprehensive integration of cultural influences in the workplace; and, second, there exists a need to create a bridge between the general work environment and an individual employee’s needs and values.

We begin our discussion by assuming that a person-oriented approach is a necessary, if not sufficient, way to talk about global management. An approach that takes into consideration a person’s own values and needs is an essential starting point for understanding how abstract influences such as culture and society might influence an employee’s actions. A person-oriented approach enables us to understand how people’s experiences in their companies and social lives are processed and used as a basis for work activity. In this regard, an individual’s culture is viewed as a shared way of acting that various members of the society use in day-to-day life. As such, culture serves as a way of judging the meaning of various managerial techniques and the value of their effects on workplace activity.
Quality and the Committed Worker
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam
Published: November 2023

Total quality management (TQM) has become a focus of interest for managers around the world in almost the full range of industrial sectors, from manufacturing to service, health care, education, and government. While the success of TQM in Japan has been widely documented, a McKinsey study in Europe and the United states found that two thirds of quality improvement programs have failed to show the expected results. The focus of this chapter will be to answer the following questions: why do quality improvement (QI) programs succeed in some cultures and fail in others, and how can managers across the world cope with the need to improve quality? If we apply our approach of cultural self-knowledge approach to answer these questions, we find that quality improvement pro grams sometimes fail because not enough attention is given to their meaning by the employees who implement them and not enough care is given to select implementation strategies appropriate to the given culture. In this chapter, we will define the role of self-knowledge for understanding the typical reaction people have to quality improvement programs. We also propose the 3-D model of QI, which consists of the implementation of QI on three levels (the individual, the group, and the organization) and adjusts the emphasis given to each level in line with cultural characteristics. Finally, we examine the potential success of QI throughout the world and suggest appropriate strategies for implementation of quality improvement programs in various cultures.
Blacks and Jews: A Personal Reflection
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: November 2023

His is the standard story: once there was a strong political alliance between Blacks and Jews; then came Black power, the 1967 Mideast war, community school boards, affirmative action, the Nation of Islam, and so on; and now there is only trouble and mutual recrimination.
Residual Verb Second and Verb First in Basque
Authors: Urbina Jon Ortiz De
Published: November 2023

This article examines some word order constraints found in Basque sentences with interrogative and focal operators, which must be left adjacent to the verb. Traditional accounts of Basque (Altube 1929) usually claim this to be main (often, the only) restriction on word-order in this language.1 Here, I will follow Brody’s (1990) approach and will try to show that these restrictions are instances of residual verb-second phenomena prompted by a well-formedness condition like Rizzi’s (1991) Wh-Criterion, under the hypotheses (a) that Infl can license affective features like [+wh] and [+Focus], and (b) that the Wh-Criterion can be extended to focal operators and holds at S-structure in Basque. After briefly introducing the basic word-ordc r patterns in section 1, I address the problem of achieving the wh-word/inflection adjacency in a head-last language like Basque (sections 2 and 3). Section 4 extends the analysis to focalization, under the assumption that foci move to Spec of CP. I also examine other cases of apparent verb-initial structures (yes/no questions and emphatic declaratives) in sections 5 and 6, where I claim that these fall under the same analysis. Finally, embedded patterns are discussed in section 7.
Employee Benefits in Europe and the United States
Authors: Mitchell Daniel J B
Published: November 2023

Countries face choices in establishing national systems of employee social insurance and employee benefits. They may rely heavily on private employers to provide for such needs as retirement income and health insurance. They may rely almost entirely on government to meet these needs. Or they may utilize a mix of both approaches. The choice that countries make about these matters ideally should reflect labor-market pressures and the employment relationship. Industrialized countries generally have made basic decisions about social insurance and benefits a long time ago. They are, in a sense, stuck with approaches designed in the past which may or may not accord with modem labor-market conditions. But sometimes events occur which allow reexamination of social insurance and benefit approaches. In particular, the countries which form the European Community (EC) are now wrestling with social issues including the role of social insurance and private employee benefit plans.
The Impact of Foreign Investment on U.S. Industrial Relations: The Case of California’s Japanese-Owned Plants
Authors: Milkman Ruth
Published: November 2023

The workers of the world are less united today than a century ago, when labor was international and capital national in orientation. Labor movements around the world now operate primarily on a national (or, in some cases, local) basis, even though capital has become increasingly internationalized. In recent years, as transportation and communication costs have dropped and barriers to international trade and investment have collapsed in nation after nation, capital’s increased mobility has dramatically weakened organized labor in virtually every country. The United States, which did so much to foster economic globalization, has become increasingly dependent on the reinvigorated economies of Western Europe and Japan. With relatively few barriers to foreign trade and even fewer to investment (the legacy of its former economic hegemony), the United States has been flooded with imports and with both direct and indirect foreign investment in the last two decades.’ Once the world’s largest creditor, it is now justly famous for its enormous trade and budget deficits; and total foreign direct investment inside the United States now exceeds U.S. direct investment abroad.
Matrices, Indices, and Morphosyntactic Features
Authors: Franks Steven
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops a system of case representation and assignment originally proposed in Franks (1985, 1986). Section 2.1 presents the basic framework and the mechanisms involved. Section 2.2 examines the issue of what kinds of morphosyntactic case features are appropriate for describing Russian, with special reference to the set of features put forward in Jakobson (1936, 1958). Most of the work on case theory within the Government and Binding (GB) paradigm focuses on the factors motivating and regulating abstract case assignment, with the concomitant assumption that this will be instantiated morphologically whenever possible. In this study, however, I argue that morphological case is not fundamentally distinct from abstract case, but rather reflects its language-particular realization. The problem of relating abstract case to morphological case should therefore be attacked from the opposite direction. Case theory must first and foremost be able to account for morphological case properties such as are found in Slavic. It needs to be based upon explicit and detailed morphological analysis of nominals, connecting that analysis to abstract and general properties of case assignment. In this section, just such a theory is proposed.
Voice Alternations
Authors: Franks Steven
Published: November 2023

This chapter investigates voice-altering morphemes in the various Slavic languages and their interaction with null subjects in finite clauses.1 After a brief consideration of the general nature of passive and middle voice, the bulk of the chapter treats the properties and distribution of various Slavic constructions involving “passive” participial and reflexive morphology. The canonical passive pattern is for there to be a nominative subject bearing the identical semantic role that the accusative object would have in the active counterpart. We shall see, however, that various Slavic languages and dialects also permit the object to remain in the accusative, while still adding the same passive morphology and prohibiting the agent from appearing in subject position. A typical example is given in Ukrainian (1). languages. I shall argue that it is potentially available in all the Slavic languages, since as we saw in chapter 7 they all allow null expletive subjects. However, various factors having to do with specific properties of the “passive” (i.e. reflexive or participial) morphemes in the individual languages conspire either to admit or preclude its instantiation. An initial proposal is that the cases a morpheme can “absorb’’ should be parameterized, following the Case-Absorption Parameter originally proposed in Franks (1982). It is then argued that this parameter must be generalized so as not to refer to specific cases. This approach is augmented by the idea that
VP Ellipsis in English Infinitives
Authors: Lobeck Anne
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I demonstrate that a wide set of contrasts involving ellipsis in English infinitives, including but not limited to those in (1-2), are explained by proposing that empty VPs in infinitives are licensed and identified under somewhat different conditions than those which hold of tensed VPs.
“The Right Man and the Right Place”
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

President John F. Kennedy wanted to demonstrate his commitment to the interests of African-Americans without incurring enormous political costs. Appointing African-Americans to prominent positions was a more promising strategy than proposing substantive civil rights laws and regulations. Early in the Kennedy administration it became clear that Marshall was an obvious candidate for an important judgeship. Referring to Marshall’s role in Brown v. Board of Education and his stature in the civil rights movement, prominent African-American corporate lawyer and civil rights adviser William T.
In Search of the Exotic: Orthodoxy and Its Ethnographers
Authors: Joselit Jenna Weissman
Published: November 2023

Within the past decade, what some have called the “durability” of Orthodoxy and others its “renaissance” has spawned a sizable interpretative literature, much of it ethnographic in approach. Susan Starr Sered_’s Women as Ritual Experts, Lynn Davidman’s Tradition in a Rootless World and Samuel Heilman’s Defenders of the Faith take pride of place among recently published studies of the Orthodox Jewish experience. Drawing heavily on participant-observation, personal encounters and interviews, these three ethnographers attempt “to give readers a view of a world that would otherwise remain opaque and altogether invisible.” (Heilman, p. xiv). Well crafted and insightful, their work highlights the nuances and often contradictory cadences of religious experience in the modem era.
The User-Driven Evolution of the Japanese Software Industry: The Case of Customized Software for Mainframes
Authors: Baba Yasunori , Takai, Shinji , Mizuta Yuji
Published: November 2023

The Japanese software industry has many facets, which differ sharply in structure and performance. Although some observers have argued that the software houses of the major computer vendors are more productive than their American counterparts (Cusumano 1991), most Japanese software houses are growing relatively slowly and appear to be somewhat less innovative than those in the United States. Faced with an increasing number of bankruptcies, in 1993 Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) declared that the software industry had been seriously affected by Japan’s recession, thus entitling it to special subsidies and other preferential treatment. The Japanese software industry is a paradox, at once highly productive and yet unsuccessful.
Conclusion
Authors: Mowery David C
Published: November 2023

The computer software industry is a large and rapidly growing industry throughout the industrial world. It produces an enabling technology that affects manufacturing firms’ commercialization of new products in a growing array of industries. The availability of software with greater flexibility and ease of use also influences the pace of adoption of information technologies and thereby affects the realization of the productivity gains associated with this technology. Indeed, the very pervasiveness of its products makes it difficult to discuss “the computer software industry” as a discrete entity. As many of the chapters in this volume explain, because software is produced by users, manufacturers of hardware, specialized providers of computer services, government agencies, and independent vendors, it is difficult to define the industry’s boundaries. Like biotechnology, software is applied in a rapidly expanding number of industrial sectors and settings. Unlike biotechnology, software is created by a heterogeneous array of institutions, a point to which I will return.
A New Normative Synthesis
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: November 2023

The earlier chapters of this book have set forth a theory of business values de rived from two dynamic developmental processes-nature and culture. It has been argued that those values, when pursued by and in business, are responsible for the typical behavior and practices found there. Many of these values are life-supporting, life-expanding, and societally vital, while others constrain or diminish life. The normative significance of business values arises from these positive and negative outcomes. Collectively, the values that comprise the four central value clusters-economizing, power aggrandizing, ecologizing, and technologizing-provide a basis on which the operations and performance of business can be judged as right and proper or as wrong and misguided. The standards of normative judgment encompass both natural and sociocultural factors, and neither type of standard can be usefully ignored or discounted. Both are needed if a clear picture is to be had of business’s ethical standing in today’s society.
Lionizing Loving
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

The word “colorblind” does not appear in the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Loving v. Virginia. Its absence was no accident. According to Benno Schmidt, the law clerk who revised several drafts of the opinion to fit Chief Justice Earl Warren’s specifications, Warren deliberately “shied away” from issuing an across-the-board ban on race classifications. He “didn’t want to say that racial classification in the law can never be constitutional,” Schmidt remembered; he wanted to show that Virginia’s miscegenation law was an “invidious discrimination” rather than to rule “in broad terms that any discrimination is bad.” So where Schmidt had written that Virginia’s race classifications were “arbitrary,” Warren substituted the word “unsupportable” and instructed Schmidt to be sure to link Virginia’s race classifications directly to the state’s goal of ensuring “white supremacy.” As Schmidt explained, he “wanted the opinion to make it clear that this Virginia statute was designed to stigmatize blacks.”
How Domesticity’s Gender Wars Take on Elements of Class and Race Conflict
Authors: Williams Joan
Published: November 2023

This is in response to “A.CT. in Houston,” the stay-at-home mom who complained because her husband wanted her to get an outside job. My question for her is this: Who does she think does the cooking, tutoring, sewing, laundry and housekeeping in a home where both parents work? Does she think the Keebler elves come in and cook meals, wash clothes and help with homework? No matter how many hours a day a woman works outside the home, all these chores still need to be done. For working women, they are done late at night, early in the morning or on a lunch hour.
Handling the Problem: The “Softer” Approaches
Authors: Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the various ways in which our society has responded to street gangs and their responses to these efforts. All the foregoing chapter materials-what has occurred in the street gang world, what has been learned about gangs-have been inextricably tied to our society’s responses to gangs. These have run the gamut from denial to prevention to treatment to suppression. From the pre­ war days of Frederic Thrasher’s time to the present, one might see the societal response as progressing from stage to stage as we accumulate experience in gang intervention. I am inclined toward a different perspective, however. I think we are now entering the last stage of a single cycle, starting in community-level programming and circling around to that same perspective after some fifty or more years of ineffective activity. We have learned much about what not to do, though even this message has not been well communicated, but we have learned little about·what we should be doing. Thus this chapter unfortunately has more negatives than positives.
Introduction
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2023

There are many devices in natural language that, directly or indirectly, make reference to the part structure of an entity. This book investigates a broad range of such linguistic phenomena involving part-whole relations. Its goal is to provide a unified account of part-whole phenomena on the basis of a notion of part structure that is novel in several respects.

The novelty of this notion consists in the way it contrasts with the notion of part structure that has been most prominent in more recent discussions in philosophy and in linguistics, namely that of extensional mereology.1 The part relation of extensional mereology is transitive, closed under sum formation, and extensional (that is, entities are identical just in case they have the same parts). Moreover, it is generally (in extensional mereology and elsewhere) assumed that entities have exactly one part structure.