bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHANGE in Cigarette, other tobacco product, and cannabis use among individuals who used or did not use CANNABIS during a smoking cessation trial
Authors: Lambart Leah M , Cox Lisa Sanderson , Mayo Matthew S , Brown Alexandra R , Leavens Eleanor L S , Ahluwalia Jasjit S , Nollen Nicole L
Published: February 2025

Introduction

As many as 40% of adults who smoke (AWS) use cannabis, yet little is known about how cigarette-cannabis (CIG-CAN) use impacts change in cigarette and other tobacco product (OTP) use during a quit attempt.

Methods

Secondary data analysis of a smoking cessation randomized clinical trial (RCT) that enrolled 392 Black adults who wanted to quit cigarettes and were provided 18 weeks of standard or adapted pharmacotherapy. Participants self-reported cigarettes, cannabis, and OTP at W0,2,6,12,18, and 26. Longitudinal modeling of group, time, and group by time effects compared change in cigarettes, cannabis, and OTP between those who did and did not use cannabis.

Results

Nearly half (47.2%,185/392) were CIG-CAN users. Cannabis types were joints (78.4%) and blunts (51.9%). Significant reduction in CPD over time (p=0.02) did not differ by group (p=0.18). OTP had significant group, group by time interaction and time effect (p<0.001), however, OTP use is small and had minimal effect on consumption. CIG-CAN increased cannabis use through week 26 (p<0.001). When CPD decreased, there was a compensatory effect on OTP (<.0001), but not cannabis (p=0.37).

Conclusion

Prevalence of cannabis use was high among Black adults attempting to quit cigarette smoking in an RCT. OTP use was minimal, but CIG-CAN maintained higher OTP and increased consumption of cannabis while having similar reductions in CPD. Findings require replication in a prospectively designed study but suggest a pattern of compensation, primarily with cannabis, among CIG-CAN that may limit potential health benefit of cigarette reduction and could compromise future attempts at cessation.

Implications

This study’s findings suggest a large percentage of cannabis use (47%) and within those users an increase of other tobacco products. At the same time, participants reduced cigarettes per day in both those who did and did not use cannabis. These findings reinforce the need for targeted treatment of all combustible products. Clinical practice guidelines and empirically informed interventions to address CIG-CAN co-use are absent in the field and urgently needed. In addition, better assessment of CIG-CAN in clinical studies is needed to aid in understanding the health impact of co-use.
Large-scale analysis of fact-checked stories on Twitter reveals graded effects of ambiguity and falsehood on information reappearance
Authors: Kauk Julian , Kreysa Helene , Schweinberger Stefan R
Published: February 2025

Misinformation disrupts our information ecosystem, adversely affecting individuals and straining social cohesion and democracy. Understanding what causes online (mis)information to (re)appear is crucial for fortifying our information ecosystem. We analyzed a large-scale Twitter (now “X”) dataset of about 2 million tweets across 123 fact-checked stories. Previous research suggested a falsehood effect (false information reappears more frequently) and an ambiguity effect (ambiguous information reappears more frequently). However, robust indicators for their existence remain elusive. Using polynomial statistical modeling, we compared a falsehood model, an ambiguity model, and a dual effect model. The data supported the dual effect model (13.76 times as likely as a null model), indicating both ambiguity and falsehood promote information reappearance. However, evidence for ambiguity was stronger: the ambiguity model was 6.6 times as likely as the falsehood model. Various control checks affirmed the ambiguity effect, while the falsehood effect was less stable. Nonetheless, the best-fitting model explained <7% of the variance, indicating that (i) the dynamics of online (mis)information are complex and (ii) falsehood effects may play a smaller role than previous research has suggested. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the dynamics of online (mis)information, though our focus on fact-checked stories may limit the generalizability to the full spectrum of information shared online. Even so, our results can inform policymakers, journalists, social media platforms, and the public in building a more resilient information environment, while also opening new avenues for research, including source credibility, cross-platform applicability, and psychological factors.
Emerging roles of RNA N4-acetylcytidine modification in reproductive health
Authors: Wubulikasimu Zibaguli , Zhao Hongyu , Mao Fengbiao , Zhao Xiaolu
Published: February 2025

N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C), an emerging post-transcriptional RNA modification, plays a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation. Ac4C is detected not only in tRNA, rRNA and mRNA, but also in miRNA, lncRNA, viral RNA, and even DNA. Functionally, ac4C stabilizes mRNA, enhances protein translation fidelity, and impacts various biological processes and diseases such as cancer, inflammation, immune regulation, neural diseases, osteogenic differentiation, cardiovascular diseases, viral infections, and replication. Current research primarily focuses on ac4C’s roles in cancer progression and immunity, with emerging findings in gynecological diseases and reproduction. However, a comprehensive understanding of ac4C's implications in reproductive health is lacking. This review provides a historical perspective on ac4C's discovery and detection methods, elucidates its functions in reproductive development and gynecological disorders, and offers insights for further research in reproductive health. This review aims to pave the way for innovative therapeutic approaches and precise diagnostic tools tailored to this field.
The Moderating Role of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia on the Relationship between Autistic Traits and Psychosis Expression in the General Population
Authors: Karacam Dogan (Melike Karaçam Doğan) Melike , Prachason Thanavadee , Lin Bochao , Pries Lotta-Katrin , Arias-Magnasco Angelo , Bortoletto Riccardo , Menne-Lothmann Claudia , Decoster Jeroen , van Winkel Ruud , Collip Dina , Delespaul Philippe , De Hert Marc , Derom Catherine , Thiery Evert , Jacobs Nele , van Os Jim , Rutten Bart , Brondino Natascia , Colizzi Marco , Luykx Jurjen , Fusar-Poli Laura , Guloksuz Sinan
Published: February 2025

Background

Psychosis-related environmental risks in autism, along with genetic overlaps between autism and psychosis, have been well-established. However, their moderating roles in the relationship between autistic traits (ATs) and psychotic experiences (PEs) remain underexplored.

Methods

First-wave data from 792 twins and siblings (mean age: 17.47±3.6, 60.23% female) in the TwinssCan Project were analyzed. PEs and ATs were assessed using the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences and the Autism-Spectrum Quotient, respectively. Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and psychosis-associated environmental factors (i.e., childhood trauma(CT), bullying, negative life events, obstetric complications, cannabis use, winter birth, and hearing impairment) were tested for their independent effects on PEs and their interaction effects with ATs in moderating the relationship between ATs and PEs using separate multilevel linear regression models with Bonferroni’s correction.

Results

ATs, all CT subtypes, bullying, and negative life events were positively associated with PEs (all P<0.004). Moderation analyses revealed that the association between ATs and PEs was amplified by emotional abuse (B:0.08, 95% CI:0.05-0.11, P<0.001), physical abuse (B:0.11, P=0.001), sexual abuse (B:0.09, 95% CI:0.03-0.15, P=0.002), and physical neglect (B:0.06, 95% CI:0.03-0.10, P=0.001), emotional neglect (B:0.04, 95% CI:0.01-0.07, P=0.007), and negative life events (B:0.007, 95% CI:0.0005-0.014, P=0.04), although the latter two risks did not survive Bonferroni’s correction. No significant main or interacting effects of genetic and other risk factors were found.

Conclusions

People with high ATs were more likely to have PEs when exposed to CT. Trauma screening and early interventions might be warranted in this at-risk population.
Fine root respiration in Quercus rubra (L.) aligns with the economics trade-offs in bi-dimensional root trait space
Authors: Shedd E L , Cavaleri M A , Külheim C , Burton A J
Published: February 2025

Plant economic theory argues that growth strategies maximize either the rate or longevity of return per resource investment in a unidimensional trade-off. Belowground trade-offs may not mimic those aboveground due to soil resource heterogeneity, different physical constraints imposed by the shape of roots compared to leaves, and fungal symbioses, and often multiple dimensions of variation are found. Root respiration represents a substantial carbon flux out of forest ecosystems, but its placement in these trade-offs is unclear, and its incorporation into carbon cycle models is limited by available data. Most research on root traits has focused on interspecific variability, but here, we investigated whether trade-offs among one species’ populations align with those between species by sampling Quercus rubra populations along a Midwest, USA latitudinal gradient. Across populations, we assessed whether fine root traits follow uni- or multidimensional trade-offs, and how these axes relate to root respiration. Respiration rates, morphological traits, and root nitrogen were measured on excised fine roots at 14 sites, spanning a wide variety of environmental conditions, and then analyzed for trade-off axes. We uncovered substantial root trait variation among Q. rubra populations that aligned with two distinct trade-offs, one between branching intensity and average diameter, and a second with root tissue density on one end and specific root length, root nitrogen concentration, and root specific respiration on the other. Reliance on ectomycorrhizal fungi, which colonize root tips, may be a possible explanation for the first axis, with higher branching intensity representing more collaboration. Along the latter axis, root specific respiration increased with root nitrogen concentration and decreased with root tissue density. These results support a similar bi-dimensional trait space between Q. rubra populations to that between species, with an economics trade-off that might be a useful predictor of the fine root respiration carbon flux.
Challenges in assessing the impact of infection and disease control interventions over the past decade based on the Expanded Special Project for the Elimination of Neglected Topical Diseases (ESPEN) database
Authors: Ng Chi Wai , Maddren Rosie , Anderson Roy M
Published: February 2025

Over the past 2 decades there has been good progress in the control of many of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) treatable by preventative chemotherapy (PC). Continued major drug donations from pharmaceutical companies, support from philanthropic organizations and heightened international recognition of the health impacts of these diseases have each played an important role in lowering the global health burden due to NTDs. However, considerable improvement in data collection is required to accurately assess this progress as we move towards the ‘end game’ of eliminating these infections as a source of morbidity and mortality. The data quality, type and format collected by the Expanded Special Project for the Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases database from the African Ministries of Health are discussed and suggestions made for improvements in collection and presentation.
Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 deficiency prevents chronic stress‐induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in mice
Authors: Jiang Zhe , Zhao Longguo , Xin Minglong , Wan Ying , Xu Shengnan , Yue Xueling , Jin Xianglan , Cui Rihua , Li Yanglong , Kim Weon , Wu Hongxian , Cheng Xian Wu
Published: February 2025

Exposure to chronic psychosocial stress is a risk factor for metabolic cardiovascular disorders. Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) plays essential roles in human pathobiology, and we recently showed that DPP‐4 levels are increased by chronic stress in murine models. We here investigated the role of DPP‐4 in stress‐related cardiac injury and dysfunction in mice, focusing on oxidative stress and cardiac apoptosis. Male mice were randomly assigned to non‐stress and two‐week immobilized‐stress groups for biological and morphological studies. On day 14 post‐stress, stress had increased blood pressure, heart weight, cardiac myocyte size, and interstitial fibrosis, impaired cardiac diastolic function, and increased plasma levels of DPP‐4 and glucose. The stressed mice also had increased levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, inteleukin‐6, gp91phox, matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2), MMP‐9, tissue inhibitor of MMP‐1/−2, caspase‐8, and Bax genes and/or proteins and lowered levels of Bcl‐2, p‐Akt, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) proteins. DPP‐4 inhibition by either a genetic or pharmacological approach ameliorated the stress‐induced targeted molecular and morphological changes. In vitro, DPP‐4 inhibition also mitigated the alterations in the targeted caspase‐8, Bcl‐2, eNOS, and p‐Akt proteins in H9c2 cardiomyocytes in response to H2O2. DPP‐4 inhibition appeared to improve the stress‐induced cardiac injury and dysfunction in mice, possibly via the improvement of oxidative stress and apoptosis, suggesting that DPP‐4 could become a novel therapeutic target for chronic psychological stress‐related metabolic cardiovascular disorders.
Individuals Dispensed Buprenorphine in the United States Before and After Federal Policy Changes Aimed at Increasing Access
Authors: Guy Gery P. , Jones Christopher M. , Rikard Michaela , Strahan Andrea E. , Zhang Kun , Olsen Yngvild
Published: February 2025

Objectives:

Buprenorphine can decrease opioid use disorder and mortality risk but remains underutilized. This study evaluates changes in monthly buprenorphine dispensing associated with federal policy changes in the United States from 2018 to 2023.

Methods:

This study used interrupted time series analysis comparing the monthly rate of patients dispensed buprenorphine after the implementation of telehealth flexibilities in March 2020, relaxation of training requirements in April 2021, and removal of waiver requirements in December 2022. Buprenorphine formulated for opioid use disorder was included from the IQVIA Total Patient Tracker.

Results:

Before March 2020, the monthly rate of individuals dispensed buprenorphine was increasing. The rate of increase slowed after each policy change: −0.69 (95% CI=−1.00 to −0.39) after telehealth flexibilities were initiated, −0.60 (95% CI=−0.92 to −0.27) after relaxing training requirements, and −0.49 (95% CI=−0.73 to −0.24) after waiver elimination. After the elimination of the waiver, declines were observed across several specialty groups, including pain medicine, emergency medicine, and primary care, while the rate increased among addiction medicine specialists.

Conclusions:

After each policy change, the rate of individuals dispensed buprenorphine increased at a slower rate than before each policy change. These findings suggest that the removal of the waiver, while important, may not be sufficient on its own to meaningfully expand buprenorphine prescribing. Individual and systems-level strategies may be needed to fully optimize the impact of these policy changes focusing on reducing patient, clinician, and institutional stigma, addressing clinician barriers, implementing systems-level improvements, and strengthening payment policies that incentivize prescribing.
Impact of Child Opportunity Index 2.0 and Insurance Type on Timely Access to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Among Children and Adolescents in a Socially Disadvantaged Community
Authors: Samuel Zachariah , Duvvi Anisha , Mehraban ﻿Alvandi Leila , Gjonbalaj Edina , Schulz Jacob F. , Drummond Mauricio , Fornari Eric D.
Published: February 2025

Background:

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of socioeconomic status (SES), assessed by child opportunity index (COI) and insurance type, on access to orthopaedic care after pediatric ACL rupture. The secondary aim was to determine whether delays to care were associated with additional procedures at the time of ACL reconstruction (ACLR).

Methods:

This IRB-approved retrospective study reviewed 238 patients aged 10 to 21 who underwent primary ACLR between 2013 and 2021 at a tertiary care center. Demographic and clinical data were obtained via chart review. The time intervals analyzed included the date of injury to the initial orthopaedic visit, the date of the initial visit to the MRI examination, and the date of the MRI examination to surgery. Patients were grouped by time intervals of ≤30 days versus >30 days. COI scores (total and 3 domains: education, SES, and health) were determined by ZIP code and assigned quintile-ranking scores (very low/low and moderate/high/very high). χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to compare patients with prompt versus delayed orthopaedic care.

Results:

A total of 238 patients (mean age 16.51±1.73, 66.0% male, 63.1% public insurance, and 87.4% with very low or low total COI scores) were included in this study. There were no significant differences in insurance type or demographics between those with prompt or delayed care. No significant differences were found in total COI, education COI, socioeconomic COI, or health COI between patients with care within or after 30 days. Patients with delayed initial orthopaedic visits had a significantly higher prevalence of meniscus tears requiring repair (56.7% vs. 38.9%, P=0.004) or meniscectomy (24.7% vs. 22.9%, P=0.004).

Conclusions:

Lower SES, as measured by COI and public insurance, did not impact time to orthopaedic care after pediatric ACL injury. Within a predominantly minority population with low COI, the effect of COI on access to care may be less pronounced than in white-majority settings. Community-based interventions may help recognize telltale signs of ACL injury, ensuring an orthopaedic visit within a month of injury and decreasing the incidence of meniscus tears.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—retrospective cohort study.
A Double-blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Outcomes in Standard De Quervain Surgery Versus Surgery With Intraoperative Corticosteroid Injection Adjunct
Authors: Jaroenporn Woraphon , Sritiengtrong Nuttapong , Vechasilp Jaruwat , Nitiwarangkul Lertkong , Pituckanotai Kwanchai , Harnboonseth Wisaroot
Published: February 2025

Background:

De Quervain tenosynovitis is a condition affecting the first dorsal compartment of the wrist. While corticosteroid injections offer fast but short-term pain relief, surgery remains the gold standard, yielding excellent long-term clinical outcomes. However, postoperative pain, identified in multiple studies, has been implicated in prolonged recovery.

Methods:

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of standard open surgery versus surgery with adjunct intraoperative local corticosteroid injection in De Quervain tenosynovitis through a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial conducted from 2019 to 2022. The trial included 108 patients, with 54 in the standard open surgery group and 54 in the adjunct intraoperative local corticosteroid injection group. The evaluation comprised preoperative and postoperative assessments using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and quick disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (QuickDASH) scores.

Results:

The mean postoperative VAS score in the adjunct intraoperative local corticosteroid injection group significantly improved from the first day to the 14th day postoperation (P < 0.05). The mean QuickDASH score demonstrated significant improvement at 7th and 14th days of follow-up (P < 0.05). However, after the 28th day of follow-up, no significant differences in mean VAS and QuickDASH scores were observed. Notably, 2 patients in the adjunct local corticosteroid group experienced postoperative skin hypopigmentation.

Conclusions:

Surgical release stands as the gold standard treatment for De Quervain disease, ensuring complete symptom relief. The adjunct treatment with local corticosteroid injection showed promise in providing earlier symptom relief and expediting recovery, particularly in the initial 2 weeks postsurgery.

Levels of Evidence:

Level IV—therapeutic study.
Associations of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep with risk of incident Parkinson’s disease: A prospective cohort study of 401,697 participants
Authors: Jiao Haishan , Huang Shuyi , Cheng Wei , Feng Jianfeng , Yu Jintai
Published: February 2025

Background:

Physical activity, sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep duration are associated with brain health. Effects of those on developing Parkinson’s disease (PD) are poorly investigated. This study aimed to examine the independent and joint associations of physical activity, SB, sleep with PD risk.

Methods:

We analyzed data on 401,697 participants from the UK Biobank cohort, which was enrolled in 2006–2010. Physical activities were measured based on a questionnaire. Sleep and SB time were defined through self-reported total number of hours. Models fitted with restricted cubic spline were conducted to test for linear and non-linear shapes of each association. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of three modifiable behaviors.

Results:

Our analytic sample included 401,697 participants with 3030 identified cases of PD (mean age, 63 years; 62.9% male). PD risk was 18% lower in the high total physical activity group (95% CI, 0.75–0.90), 22% lower in the high leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) group (95% CI, 0.71–0.86) compared with the low level and 14% higher in the high sleep duration group (95% CI, 1.05–1.24) compared to moderate group. Total SB time was irrelevant with PD risk, while high TV viewing showed a 12% increase of PD risk compared to the low group (95% CI, 1.02–1.22). Low computer use (0 h/day) was associated with a 14% higher risk compared to 1 h/day use (95% CI, 1.04–1.26). Those associations were independent. A combination of 7 h/day sleep, moderate-to-high computer use, and moderate-to-vigorous intensity of LTPA showed lowest PD risk (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57–0.85).

Conclusions:

Physical activity, SB, and sleep were associated with PD risks separately. Our findings emphasize the possibility for changing these three daily activities concurrently to lower the risk of PD. These findings may promote an active lifestyle for PD prevention.
Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy: an evolving and controversial landscape
Authors: Aberle Laurel , Nguyen Caroline T.
Published: February 2025

Purpose of review

This review aims to elucidate the developments in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in pregnancy effects, management, and treatment. While mostly focusing on recent research, landmark studies are briefly reviewed to highlight major developments since their publication.

Recent findings

Research has continued to show an increased risk of adverse outcomes in pregnant women with SCH, with recent research showing an increased risk of both impaired glucose tolerance and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Research has continued to show unclear effects of SCH on neonatal outcomes, specifically in offsprings’ intellectual development and ability. The benefit of treatment of SCH continues to be unclear; however, data suggest that treatment for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 2.5–4 mU/l regardless of thyroid peroxidase antibodies status and TSH 4–10 mU/l in later pregnancy has not shown maternal or neonatal benefit.

With varying guidelines and inconsistent research outcomes, it is not surprising that SCH practices differ widely. Further research, with uniform definitions and criteria of SCH, is needed to elucidate the optimal management and treatment of this common pregnancy condition. Additionally, further research specifically aimed at optimizing TSH in preconception and early pregnancy is needed.
Normative BREAST-Q Scores in Sub-Saharan African Women: Interpreting the Impact of Mastectomy and Reconstruction
Authors: Baglien Brigit D. , Ganesh Kumar Nishant , Kennedy Sarah H. , Bekele Mahteme , Hoyte-Williams Paa Ekow , Ezeome Emmanuel E.R. , Momoh Adeyiza O.
Published: February 2025

Background:

Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality among women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As such, optimizing outcomes for treatment and reconstruction is a global health priority. Currently, normative data for interpreting BREAST-Q results are limited to high-income countries. This study seeks to evaluate baseline breast-related quality of life in SSA women without breast cancer and compare it with previously published normative values.

Methods:

Women in Ghana, Nigeria, and Ethiopia 18 years of age and older with no history of breast cancer or breast surgery were recruited to complete the BREAST-Q preoperative mastectomy module. Multivariable regression was performed to identify correlations between sociodemographic variables and BREAST-Q scores. Comparisons were made between normative data previously published in high-income countries and within individual SSA populations.

Results:

Normative BREAST-Q scores were obtained from a total of 453 women (169 Ghanaian, 210 Nigerian, and 74 Ethiopian) with a mean age of 26 ± 7 years and body mass index of 26 ± 6 kg/m2. Scores were as follows: satisfaction with breasts, 64 ± 26; psychosocial well-being, 63 ± 23; sexual well-being, 57 ± 26; and physical well-being, 68 ± 16. Compared with scores published in the United States, SSA women scored higher in breast satisfaction and lower in psychosocial and physical well-being. Significant differences in scores were also found among countries in SSA.

Conclusions:

This study establishes normative values for the BREAST-Q mastectomy module in a group of women in SSA without breast cancer and found significant variability globally and among countries within the same region.
Silencing FAF2 mitigates alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis by modulating lipolysis and PCSK9 pathway
Authors: Huda Nazmul , Kusumanchi Praveen , Jiang Yanchao , Gao Hui , Thoudam Themis , Zeng Ge , Skill Nicholas J. , Sun Zhaoli , Liangpunsakul Suthat , Ma Jing , Yang Zhihong
Published: February 2025

Background:

Chronic alcohol consumption leads to lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, cellular damage, and inflammation in the liver, collectively referred to as alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). FAF2/UBXD8/ETEA (Fas-associated factor 2) is a ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein that plays a crucial role in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. A recent genome-wide association study indicated an association between FAF2 and ALD; however, the exact contribution of FAF2 to ALD pathogenesis remains unclear.

Methods:

FAF2 was knocked down using AAV-delivered shRNA in C57/BL6 mice. Mice were subjected to a chronic-plus-single binge ethanol feeding (NIAAA) model. Nine hours after gavage, liver, blood, and other organs of interest were collected for gene expression and biochemical analyses.

Results:

We first observed a significant elevation in hepatic FAF2 protein expression in individuals with ALD and in mice subjected to an ethanol-binge model. Interestingly, knocking down FAF2 in the liver using adeno-associated virus serotype 8–delivered short hairpin RNA conferred a protective effect against alcohol-induced liver steatosis in ethanol-binged mice. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in multiple lipid metabolism regulation pathways. Further analysis of transcription factors regulating these differentially expressed genes suggested potential regulation by SREBP1. Several SREBP1 target genes, including Fasn, Scd1, Lpin1, and Pcsk9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9), were dysregulated in the livers of ethanol-fed FAF2 knockdown mice. Additionally, Pcsk9 could be regulated through the FOXO3-SIRT6 pathway in the livers of ethanol-fed FAF2 knockdown mice, leading to increased liver low-density lipoprotein receptor expression and reduced plasma LDL cholesterol levels. Furthermore, FAF2 knockdown in mouse liver enhanced adipose triglyceride lipase lipolytic activity by upregulating the adipose triglyceride lipase activator, comparative gene identification-58, and downregulating the adipose triglyceridelipase transport inhibitor, Elmod2, contributing to the alleviation of liver steatosis.

Conclusions:

Our study uncovers a novel mechanism involving FAF2 in the pathogenesis of ALD.
Recent advancements in optic disc pit maculopathy management
Authors: Yokoi Tadashi , Ni Roselind L. , Sivalingam Meera D. , Yonekawa Yoshihiro
Published: February 2025

Purpose of review

Optic disc pit maculopathy (ODPM) is a rare yet serious condition that can lead to visual impairment. While pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) remains the gold standard for ODPM that requires treatment, there is ongoing debate regarding adjunctive surgical techniques. This review explores the latest surgical advancements and innovations in the management of ODPM from the past few years.

Recent findings

Vitrectomy remains an effective procedure for ODPM management, achieving high success rates. Adjunctive techniques, including internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, gas tamponade, and juxtapapillary laser photocoagulation, have demonstrated efficacy, though their roles remain debated. Novel approaches using ILM plugging, amniotic membrane grafts, and autologous platelet concentrate offer promise, especially in refractory cases. High-level evidence remains scarce, and most recent publications are relatively small case series. Therefore, it remains unclear whether the additional techniques confer additional benefit beyond vitrectomy alone, although the novel approaches can be effective options for refractory cases. Larger comparative studies are required to provide better evidence.

Vitrectomy with or without additional maneuvers is an effective treatment for ODPM. Emerging adjunctive surgical techniques provide new possibilities, but further research is required to assess for comparative efficacy and optimize outcomes.
Evidence of Poor Utility of Current Sepsis Screening Tools in an At-Risk Population of Children With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Roland Damian , Stohr Wolfgang , Gibb Diana , Sturgeon Kate , Bielicki Julia Anna , Lyttle Mark D.
Published: February 2025

Background:

Children (6–24 kg) with lower respiratory tract infections were prospectively recruited in emergency departments to high or low doses of oral amoxicillin. We identified children who met the criteria for medium and high risks of sepsis, as per the UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Of those able to be discharged with oral antibiotics; 54% (318/591) had high-risk sepsis criteria. NICE sepsis guidance is poorly specific, with implications for antimicrobial resistance and iatrogenic patient harm.

Methods:

Children (6–24 kg) with lower respiratory tract infections were prospectively recruited in emergency departments to high or low doses of oral amoxicillin.

Results:

Of those able to be discharged with oral antibiotics, 54% (318/591) had high-risk sepsis criteria as per the UK’s NICE.

Conclusions:

NICE sepsis guidance is poorly specific, with implications for antimicrobial resistance and iatrogenic patient harm.
Evaluation of Ceftazidime-avibactam and Ceftolozane-tazobactam Prescriptions in a Tertiary Hospital for Children in France: An Observational Study, 2017–2022
Authors: Labé Pauline , Husain Maya , Parize Perrine , Grimaud Marion , Roy Charlotte , Ratiney Robert , Cohen Jérémie F. , Lecuyer Hervé , Toubiana Julie
Published: February 2025

Background:

Infections caused by drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are emerging in pediatric hospitals. New ß-lactam/ ß-lactamase inhibitor combinations exhibit activity against these pathogens; however, there is limited data regarding their use in pediatric populations.

Objectives:

The study aimed to describe the characteristics of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ/AVI) and ceftolozane-tazobactam (C/T) prescriptions in children and assess their appropriateness.

Methods:

We retrospectively analyzed all CAZ/AVI or C/T prescriptions in children hospitalized in a French tertiary hospital between 2017 and 2022. All clinical, biological, and pharmacological data were collected prospectively as part of the antibiotic monitoring program set up by our antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) team.

Results:

In total, 50 CAZ/AVI and 25 C/T prescriptions were recorded, which concerned 21 and 20 patients, respectively. All patients had an underlying chronic condition. Most prescriptions originated from Pediatric Intensive Care Units and the Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and were mainly initiated for respiratory tract infections (n = 41/50, 82% of the CAZ/AVI prescriptions and n = 14/25, 56% of the C/T prescriptions). P. aeruginosa was the primary pathogen in documented infections for both CAZ/AVI and C/T prescriptions (n = 26/48, 54% and n = 16/19, 84%, respectively). Almost all prescriptions of CAZ/AVI and C/T were considered appropriate (n = 47/50, 94% for CAZ/AVI and n = 23/25, 92% for C/T, respectively) by the AMS team. Both CAZ/AVI and C/T treatments were well tolerated and resulted in clinical success in 33 (66%) and 19 (76%) cases, respectively.

Conclusion:

Our study suggests that CAZ/AVI and C/T are reasonable treatment options for children infected with Gram-negative pathogens resistant to carbapenems.
Dysmenorrhea and the clinical encounter: testing a conceptual model of physician–patient interactions among emerging adults
Authors: Brilz Alexandra R. , Gagnon Michelle M.
Published: February 2025

Dysmenorrhea affects as much as 85% of female youth in Canada and the United States and can negatively impact academic performance, overall health, and mental well-being. The physician–patient relationship can play an important role in supporting patients with pain conditions, such as dysmenorrhea. Through effective communication, trust, and validation, physician–patient interactions can empower pain patients, potentially improving pain outcomes. To date, no studies have quantitatively examined the impact of physician–patient interactions on youth's experiences of dysmenorrhea. Therefore, our aim was to explore the relationships among perceived physician communication, pain invalidation, trust in the physician, treatment adherence, menstrual sensitivity, and dysmenorrhea symptom severity among emerging adults (EA) and test a conceptual model of potential interactions using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The online survey was administered to Canadian and American EA aged 18 to 21 (M
age = 19.4, SD = 1.1) years with dysmenorrhea. Two models were tested using PLS-SEM: model A only included participants who had received a treatment plan from their physician (n = 279) and model B included the full data set (N = 362). In both models, the perception of more effective physician communication and reduced pain invalidation were related to lower dysmenorrhea symptom severity through menstrual sensitivity. In model A, better physician communication and lower pain invalidation were also associated with higher reported treatment adherence by trust in the physician; however, neither treatment adherence nor trust in the physician were associated with dysmenorrhea symptom severity. Future research should include additional elements within the clinical encounter and further refine the model.
Cortical reorganization in neuropathic pain due to peripheral nerve degeneration: altered cortical surface morphometry and hierarchical topography
Authors: Lin Chien-Ho (Janice) , Hsueh Hsueh-Wen , Chiang Ming-Chang , Hsieh Sung-Tsang , Chao Chi-Chao
Published: February 2025

Degeneration of peripheral nerves causes neuropathic pain. Previous studies have documented structural and functional brain alterations in peripheral neuropathy, which may be attributed to maladaptive plasticity following chronic neuropathic pain. Nevertheless, the effects of peripheral neuropathic pain on the macroscale organization of the cerebral cortex have not been explored. This study investigated altered surface morphology and topographic hierarchy of the cerebral cortex in patients with neuropathic pain due to peripheral neuropathy. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 52 patients with peripheral neuropathic pain and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Cortical morphometric features including thickness and gyrification index were obtained using surface-based morphometry. A topographic gradient encoding interregional similarity in cortical thickness was extracted using a machine-learning technique named diffusion map embedding. Compared with controls, patients with neuropathic pain exhibited cortical thinning in the frontal and sensorimotor cortices, with the severity increasing with greater neuropathic pain. The patients also showed decreased gyrification in the insula, with a greater reduction in gyrification linked to more severe skin nerve degeneration. Moreover, the patients exhibited altered topographic organization of the cerebral cortex, where the direction of the topographic gradient deviated from the occipital-to-frontal axis observed in the controls in this study and reported in the literature. Our findings provided a novel perspective for macroscale cortical structural reorganization after neuropathic pain, showing thinning and gyral flattening in pain-related areas and deviation from the normal topographic axis of the cerebral cortex.
Randomized Trial of Group Postpartum Care Model Improves Knowledge and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Adams Yenupini Joyce , Agbenyo John Stephen , Lau Elizabeth , Young Jessica , Haas David
Published: February 2025

Background

In sub-Saharan Africa, the risk of obstetric complications remains high throughout the postpartum period.

Objective

We developed and tested a novel, integrated model of group postpartum care titled Focused-Postpartum Care (Focused-PPC) to improve outcomes. In this paper, we report clinical outcomes of participants in the intervention arm and differences in knowledge of post-birth warning signs among those in the intervention and control arms.

Methods

Focused-PPC encompassed recommended clinical assessments, targeted education, and peer support up to 1 year after birth. Focused-PPC was implemented as a parallel randomized controlled trial involving 192 postpartum women across four health centers in Tamale, Ghana, from February 2022 to August 2023. Eligible participants 18 years or older with a live birth were randomly assigned to either the Focused-PPC intervention arm or the control arm at a 1:1 allocation and were not blinded to their allocation. At each health center, 48 participants were allocated to either an intervention or control arm. Focused-PPC groups in the intervention arm consisted of eight participants per group. Participants in the intervention arm received the Focused-PPC integrated group model of care. Participants in the control arm received the standard of postnatal care already administered at each health center.

Results

Baseline analysis included 96 participants from the control arm and 91 participants from the intervention arm. We found that vital signs and clinical outcomes were relatively stable; however, incidences of hypertension substantially decreased among participants in the intervention arm. By 3 months post-birth, most participants in the intervention arm were able to identify all post-birth warning signs and retain this knowledge compared to the control arm. Those in the intervention arm were also knowledgeable of more warning signs at each time point compared to the control arm.

Discussion

An integrated, evidence-based approach to postpartum care, such as Focused-PPC, has potential to increase knowledge and improve clinical outcomes among mothers in Ghana.
Opioid-free Laparoscopic Appendectomy: Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Mitchell Kelsey , Hoffman Hilary , Liston David E. , Hamilton Jeffrey , Low Daniel K.
Published: February 2025

Introduction:

This quality improvement project has tracked postoperative measures for more than 5 years as we implement an opioid-free laparoscopic appendectomy protocol.

Methods:

We used statistical process control charts to analyze real-world data captured from the medical record. Outcome measures included postanesthesia care unit (PACU) length of stay (LOS), 24-hour maximum pain scores, PACU intravenous opioid medication administration, hospital LOS, and postoperative day 1 morphine milliequivalent requirement. We monitored this family of measures in all appendectomy patients as our team adopted the opioid-free protocol; in addition, we rationally subgrouped patients into the opioid-receiving group versus the opioid-free group.

Results:

A total of 2,483 pediatric laparoscopic appendectomies were performed between January 1, 2017, and June 30, 2023. Starting in 2017, we encouraged anesthesia providers to follow an opioid-free protocol for laparoscopic appendectomy. By October 2019, a ~50% adoption rate of intraoperative opioid-free anesthetic management had occurred. In total, 1,486 patients received opioids and 997 patients did not (opioid-free). No special cause variation was observed for the measured outcomes, including maximum 24-hour pain scores or PACU rescue opioid administration. We did notice reduced hospital LOS in addition to a reduced postoperative day 1 morphine milliequivalent requirement in the opioid-free group.

Conclusions:

This quality improvement project implemented an opioid-free laparoscopic appendectomy protocol for pediatric patients without adversely affecting pain scores, rate of PACU rescue opioids, or hospital LOS.
Comparative Outcome Study of Gynecomastia Surgery and Gender-Affirming Mastectomy With 100% Nipple Preservation
Authors: Swanson Eric
Published: February 2025

Background

Gynecomastia and gender-affirming top surgery share similarities in objectives. Traditionally, a subcutaneous mastectomy using a semicircular incision has been recommended for most gynecomastia patients. In recent years, mastectomies and nipple grafting have become the most popular treatment for gender-affirming top surgery. Nipple grafting is very debilitating to this unique body part, which also provides erogenous sensation. This study was undertaken to compare methods, complications, and outcomes using an approach that preserves nipples in 100% of patients.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted, comparing all gynecomastia patients and gender-affirming top surgery patients treated by the author over the period 2016–2024. Most (92%) gynecomastia patients were treated with liposuction in combination with a semicircular incision and subcutaneous mastectomy. Twelve top surgery patients (71%) were also treated with this method. Two gynecomastia patients and 5 top surgery patients with pendulous breasts underwent vertical mammaplasties incorporating a medial pedicle. A telephone survey was also administered.

Results

Fifty-three patients were evaluated, including 36 gynecomastia patients and 17 top surgery patients. The complication rate was 21%. Three patients (6%) developed hematomas. Five patients (9%) underwent revisions. No patient experienced complications of the nipple/areola complex. All surveyed patients reported that nipple preservation was important. Two patients (11%) reported reduced nipple sensation after surgery. No patient reported scar dissatisfaction. Fifteen patients (83%) were comfortable exposing their chest after surgery, compared with 1 patient (6%) before surgery.

Discussion

Today, a major disparity exists in treatment recommendations, with almost all gynecomastia patients being offered nipple-preserving methods and the majority of top surgery patients undergoing mastectomies with nipple grafting, or even without grafting. In view of the importance of nipple sensation, and the success of an alternative approach, surgical priorities should be realigned to preserve nipple/areola complexes.

Conclusions

Nipple preservation is offered to all patients. Subcutaneous mastectomies are often sufficient, and limit scarring. Vertical mammaplasties with a medial pedicle are effective in patients with pendulous breasts. Liposuction is offered as a second-stage procedure, although many patients are satisfied with some residual breast fullness. The need for secondary surgery of the nipple/areola complex and scar revisions is minimized.
The cultural transmission of Ongagawa style pottery in the prehistoric Japan: quantitative analysis on three-dimensional data of archaeological pottery in the early Yayoi period
Authors: Noshita Koji , Nakagawa Tomomi , Kaneda Akihiro , Tamura Kohei , Nakao Hisashi
Published: February 2025

The present study analysed archaeological pottery in the early Yayoi period of the prehistoric Japanese archipelago, i.e. Ongagawa style pottery, which has been traditionally regarded as an indicator of the spread of rice farming in the archipelago. To this end, we quantified the two- and three-dimensional data of outlines and surfaces of the pottery, based on elliptic Fourier and spherical harmonics analyses, respectively. The results show morphological variation is spatially and temporally structured, consistent with an archaeological view that the pottery style spread via two routes (the Japan Sea route and Setouchi route) with the potential of more complex interactions between the transmission routes. The present study exemplifies a useful quantitative method to theorize cultural evolutionary trajectories of archaeological remains.
Transmission of yeast and bacterial symbionts between sexual partners in
Drosophila suzukii
and
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Guilhot Robin , Xuéreb Anne , Fellous Simon
Published: February 2025

Sexually transmitted symbionts can substantially affect the performance and evolution of their hosts. From a pest control perspective, the sexually transmitted microorganisms of insects can be considered powerful biological control agents or probiotics. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is currently being developed as a new tool to control
Drosophila suzukii
, a major crop pest. With considerable numbers of mass-reared insects released to mate with wild individuals, understanding how microbiota transfers between adult insects is necessary not only to improve the effectiveness of the technique but also to prevent the potential spread of non-native and harmful microorganisms in wild arthropod populations and their environment. We investigated the sexual transmission of yeast and bacterial symbionts in
Drosophila suzukii
and in the universal model
Drosophila melanogaster
. In an ecologically realistic set-up, we combined behavioural and microbiological measurements using flies associated with four microorganisms. We detected microbial transmission more frequently in mated flies, which was mostly influenced by the identity and density of microbial strains in the donor and recipient hosts. Our results suggest the importance of using hosts associated with several microorganisms in microbiota transmission studies, open new perspectives for crop protection and point to an overlooked non-target effect of the SIT.