bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A painter in the Bering Sea: Henry Wood Elliott and the northern fur seal
Authors: Peck Robert McCracken
Published: November 2013

Henry Wood Elliott (1846–1930), a U.S. Treasury official assigned to monitor the harvest of northern fur seals on the Pribilof Islands in the 1870s, became a self-taught expert on, and defender of, the species. His careful documentation of the seals’ breeding behaviour, and of their commercial harvest, complemented by hundreds of detailed and evocative watercolours, provides a unique record of this once abundant species and the lucrative industry that revolved around it. Elliott's outspoken lobbying on behalf of the seals’ protection is often credited with saving the species from extinction. His paintings of the seals, the seal harvest, and life on the Pribilof Islands in the second half of the nineteenth century constitute an unmatched historical record of this remote region.

Elliott was able to witness two full breeding seasons (and harvesting) of the fur seals during his initial stay on the Pribilofs from April 1872 to October 1873. He returned to the islands to conduct a follow-up census of the seals, on behalf of the U.S. Government, in the summer of 1874. He traveled there unofficially and at his own expense in 1876. His fourth trip to the Pribilofs was in the spring of 1890 (again on behalf of the U.S. Department of the Treasury), in response to news of a dramatic decline of the seal populations. In April, 1891, because of his public revelation of mismanagement of the fur seal harvest, Elliott was fired by the Treasury. He continued his tireless lobbying on behalf of the fur seals as a private citizen for the rest of his life. He visited the Pribilofs for the last time on behalf of the House Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Commerce and Labor in the summer of 1913. Born in Cleveland Ohio on November 13, 1846, Elliott died in Seattle Washington on May 25, 1930.
Metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of prevalences and moderating variables
Authors: Vancampfort D. , Correll C. U. , Wampers M. , Sienaert P. , Mitchell A. J. , De Herdt A. , Probst M. , Scheewe T. W. , De Hert M.
Published: November 2013

Background

Individuals with depression have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important risk factor for CVD. We aimed to clarify the prevalence and correlates of MetS in persons with robustly defined major depressive disorder (MDD).

Method

We searched Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE and CINAHL up until June 2013 for studies reporting MetS prevalences in individuals with MDD. Medical subject headings ‘metabolic’ OR ‘diabetes’ or ‘cardiovascular’ or ‘blood pressure’ or ‘glucose’ or ‘lipid’ AND ‘depression’ OR ‘depressive’ were used in the title, abstract or index term fields. Manual searches were conducted using reference lists from identified articles.

Results

The initial electronic database search resulted in 91 valid hits. From candidate publications following exclusions, our search generated 18 studies with interview-defined depression (n = 5531, 38.9% male, mean age = 45.5 years). The overall proportion with MetS was 30.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 26.3–35.1] using any standardized MetS criteria. Compared with age- and gender-matched control groups, individuals with MDD had a higher MetS prevalence [odds ratio (OR) 1.54, 95% CI 1.21–1.97, p = 0.001]. They also had a higher risk for hyperglycemia (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.03–1.73, p = 0.03) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04–1.30, p = 0.008). Antipsychotic use (p < 0.05) significantly explained higher MetS prevalence estimates in MDD. Differences in MetS prevalences were not moderated by age, gender, geographical area, smoking, antidepressant use, presence of psychiatric co-morbidity, and median year of data collection.

Conclusions

The present findings strongly indicate that persons with MDD are a high-risk group for MetS and related cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. MetS risk may be highest in those prescribed antipsychotics.
The analogy between dreams and the ancient art of memory is tempting but superficial
Authors: Axmacher Nikolai , Fell Juergen
Published: November 2013

Although the analogy between dreams and ancient mnemotechniques is tempting because they share several phenomenological characteristics, this analogy is superficial at a closer look. Unlike mneomotechnically encoded material, rapid eye movement (REM) dreams are inherently difficult to remember, do not usually allow conscious subsequent retrieval of all interconnected elements, and have been found to support subsequent episodic memory in only rare cases.
Dreams are made of memories, but maybe not for memory
Authors: Blagrove Mark , Ruby Perrine , Eichenlaub Jean-Baptiste
Published: November 2013

Llewellyn's claim that rapid eye movement (REM) dream imagery may be related to the processes involved in memory consolidation during sleep is plausible. However, whereas there is voluntary and deliberate intention behind the construction of images in the ancient art of memory (AAOM) method, there is a lack of intentionality in producing dream images. The memory for dreams is also fragile, and dependent on encoding once awake.
Code-switching in the conversations of the Chinese trading community in Africa: the case of Botswana
Authors: Akhidenor Anthonia Eboseremen
Published: November 2013

As China continues to increase diplomatic and trade relations with about 53 African countries, the position of China becoming the largest trading partner of Africa cannot be over-emphasized, as numerous academic studies and journalistic reports have documented (e.g. Bodomo & Ma, 2010; Laribee, 2008; Mohan & Tan-Mullins, 2008; Mung-Kuang, 2008;Beijing Xinhua, 2005). By the end of 2008, about 1,600 Chinese companies had invested in African countries with a direct investment stock of US$7.8 billion (Wen Jiabao, November 7, 2009, the Opening Ceremony of the China-Africa Business Conference).
A critical reading of gender construction in Malaysian children's literature
Authors: Nair Ramesh , Rosli Talif
Published: November 2013

Children's literature is an important resource for knowledge construction among young children. As they read the stories or have the stories read to them, children are presented with multiple ideologies and belief systems and this includes notions of masculinity and femininity (Taylor, 2003: 301). These ideologies are absorbed by young children and go on to influence their attitudes and behaviour as they participate in society. Perhaps for this reason, the reading of gender in children's literature has been an area that has drawn the interest of numerous researchers over the decades (Bender and Lach, 1990; Collins, Ingoldsby & Dellman, 1984; Crabb & Bielawski, 1994; Dellmann-Jenkins, Florjancic & Swadener, 1993; Desai, 2001; Dutro, 2002; Gooden & Gooden, 2001; Kortenhaus & Demarest, 1993; Oskamp, Kaufman & Wolterbeck, 1996; Poarch & Monk-Turner, 2001; Turner-Bowker, 1996; Weitzman et al., 1972). These studies have generally pointed to evidence of sexism, that is, the denigration of females realised in tandem with the exaltation of males (Ivy & Backlund, 1994: 72).
Say, be like, quote (unquote), and the air-quotes: interactive quotatives and their multimodal implications
Authors: Lampert Martina
Published: November 2013

This paper, a spin-off from a larger-scale research project, advances a novel perspective on recent introducers to quotations in interactive communicative settings, with the (current reporting) speaker and addressee(s) co-present:be like,quote,quote unquote, and the air-quotes are all ‘newcomers’ to the quotative system in English; they are constrained in usage to face-to-face contexts, and they foreground through animating the quote, resorting to the various modalities available in such situations: verbal, vocal, and gestural.
Language history questionnaire (LHQ 2.0): A new dynamic web-based research tool
Authors: LI PING , ZHANG FAN , TSAI ERLFANG , PULS BRENDAN
Published: November 2013

The language history questionnaire (LHQ) is an important tool for assessing the linguistic background of bilinguals or second language learners and for generating self-reported proficiency in multiple languages. Previously we developed a generic LHQ based on the most commonly asked questions in published studies (Li, Sepanski & Zhao, 2006). Here we report a new web-based interface (LHQ 2.0) that has more flexibility in functionality, more accuracy in data recording, and more privacy for users and data. LHQ 2.0 achieves flexibility, accuracy, and privacy by using dynamic web-design features for enhanced data collection. It allows investigators to dynamically construct individualized LHQs on the fly and allows participants to complete the LHQ online in multiple languages. Investigators can download and delete the LHQ results and update their user and experiment information on the web. Privacy issues are handled through the online assignment of a unique ID number for each study and password-protected access to data.
Structure of the RecQ C-terminal Domain of Human Bloom Syndrome Protein
Authors: Kim Sun-Yong , Hakoshima Toshio , Kitano Ken
Published: November 2013

Bloom syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by genomic instability and cancer predisposition. The disease is caused by mutations of the Bloom syndrome protein (BLM). Here we report the crystal structure of a RecQ C-terminal (RQC) domain from human BLM. The structure reveals three novel features of BLM RQC which distinguish it from the previous structures of the Werner syndrome protein (WRN) and RECQ1. First, BLM RQC lacks an aromatic residue at the tip of the β-wing, a key element of the RecQ-family helicases used for DNA-strand separation. Second, a BLM-specific insertion between the N-terminal helices exhibits a looping-out structure that extends at right angles to the β-wing. Deletion mutagenesis of this insertion interfered with binding to Holliday junction. Third, the C-terminal region of BLM RQC adopts an extended structure running along the domain surface, which may facilitate the spatial positioning of an HRDC domain in the full-length protein.
Water-stable metal–organic frameworks with intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity as a colorimetric biosensing platform
Authors: Zhang Jian-Wei , Zhang Hao-Tian , Du Zi-Yi , Wang Xueqing , Yu Shu-Hong , Jiang Hai-Long
Published: November 2013

With Fe(iii)-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as peroxidase mimics, a colorimetric assay to detect H2O2and ascorbic acid has been established.
Controlled growth of mesoporous ZnCo2O4 nanosheet arrays on Ni foam as high-rate electrodes for supercapacitors
Authors: Bao Fuxi , Wang Xiaofeng , Zhao Xudong , Wang Ying , Ji Ying , Zhang Hongdan , Liu Xiaoyang
Published: November 2013

Mesoporous ZnCo2O4 nanosheet arrays/nickel foam integrated electrode with high specific capacitance and excellent cycling stability even at high current densities.
Microscopic distribution of extended defects and blockage of threading dislocations by stacking faults in semipolar (11¯01) GaN revealed from spatially resolved luminescence
Authors: Okur S. , Metzner S. , Izyumskaya N. , Zhang F. , Avrutin V. , Karbaum C. , Bertram F. , Christen J. , Morkoç H. , Özgür Ü.
Published: November 2013

Spatial distribution of extended defects in semipolar (11¯01)-oriented GaN layers grown on patterned (001) Si substrates with striped grooves of varying width was investigated by optical means only using near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and cathodoluminescence (CL). A high density of basal and prismatic stacking faults was observed in the c− wings, and the threading dislocations in c+ wings, which appear as dark patterns in the NSOM and CL images, were found to bend toward the surface during the initial stages of growth. In the case when growing c+ front of GaN made contact with the SiO2 masking layer during growth, stacking faults were found to form also in the c+ wings. These additional stacking faults effectively blocked propagation of dislocations along the c+ direction, resulting in high quality stripes virtually free of defects. As revealed by optical means only without the need for any structural investigation, such control over the threading dislocation density using select growth geometries is potentially advantageous for improving semipolar (11¯01)GaN.
Operating characteristics of a new ion source for KSTAR neutral beam injection system
Authors: Kim Tae-Seong , Jeong Seung Ho , Chang Doo-Hee , Lee Kwang Won , In Sang-Ryul
Published: November 2013

A new positive ion source for the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research neutral beam injection (KSTAR NBI-1) system was designed, fabricated, and assembled in 2011. The characteristics of the arc discharge and beam extraction were investigated using hydrogen and helium gas to find the optimum operating parameters of the arc power, filament voltage, gas pressure, extracting voltage, accelerating voltage, and decelerating voltage at the neutral beam test stand at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute in 2012. Based on the optimum operating condition, the new ion source was then conditioned, and performance tests were primarily finished. The accelerator system with enlarged apertures can extract a maximum 65 A ion beam with a beam energy of 100 keV. The arc efficiency and optimum beam perveance, at which the beam divergence is at a minimum, are estimated to be 1.0 A/kW and 2.5 uP, respectively. The beam extraction tests show that the design goal of delivering a 2 MW deuterium neutral beam into the KSTAR Tokamak plasma is achievable.
A diagrammatic approach to the categorical coherent state
Authors: Chen Wei , Lin Bing-Sheng
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we study the categorification of the coherent states, which is equivalent to the categorification of corresponding displacement operators. Based on the categorification of Heisenberg algebras, we construct some complexes in a homotopy category which can be considered as the categorical analogues of the displacement operators. Using the diagrammatic calculus, we find that the properties of the categorical displacement operators coincide with those in normal quantum mechanics.
A new bidirectional generalization of (2+1)-dimensional matrix k-constrained Kadomtsev-Petviashvili hierarchy
Authors: Chvartatskyi O. I. , Sydorenko Yu. M.
Published: November 2013

We introduce a new bidirectional generalization of (2+1)-dimensional k-constrained Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) hierarchy ((2+1)-BDk-cKPH). This new hierarchy generalizes (2+1)-dimensional k-cKP hierarchy, (tA, τB) and (γA, σB) matrix hierarchies. (2+1)-BDk-cKPH contains a new matrix (1+1)-k-constrained KP hierarchy. Some members of (2+1)-BDk-cKPH are also listed. In particular, it contains matrix generalizations of Davey-Stewartson (DS) systems, (2+1)-dimensional modified Korteweg-de Vries equation and the Nizhnik equation. (2+1)-BDk-cKPH also includes new matrix (2+1)-dimensional generalizations of the Yajima-Oikawa and Melnikov systems. Binary Darboux Transformation Dressing Method is also proposed for construction of exact solutions for equations from (2+1)-BDk-cKPH. As an example the exact form of multi-soliton solutions for vector generalization of the DS system is given.
A second-order multi-reference perturbation method for molecular vibrations
Authors: Mizukami Wataru , Tew David P.
Published: November 2013

We present a general multi-reference framework for treating strong correlation in vibrational structure theory, which we denote the vibrational active space self-consistent field (VASSCF) approach. Active configurations can be selected according to excitation level or the degrees of freedom involved, or both. We introduce a novel state-specific second-order multi-configurational perturbation correction that accounts for the remaining weak correlation between the vibrational modes. The resulting VASPT2 method is capable of accurately and efficiently treating strong correlation in the form of large anharmonic couplings, at the same time as correctly resolving resonances between states. These methods have been implemented in our new dynamics package DYNAMOL, which can currently treat up to four-body Hamiltonian coupling terms. We present a pilot application of the VASPT2 method to the trans isomer of formic acid. We have constructed a new analytic potential that reproduces frozen core CCSD(T)(F12*)/cc-pVDZ-F12 energies to within 0.25% RMSD over the energy range 0–15 000 cm−1. The computed VASPT2 fundamental transition energies are accurate to within 9 cm−1 RMSD from experimental values, which is close to the accuracy one can expect from a CCSD(T) potential energy surface.
Potential energy landscapes for the 2D XY model: Minima, transition states, and pathways
Authors: Mehta Dhagash , Hughes Ciaran , Schröck Mario , Wales David J.
Published: November 2013

We describe a numerical study of the potential energy landscape for the two-dimensional XY model (with no disorder), considering up to 100 spins and central processing unit and graphics processing unit implementations of local optimization, focusing on minima and saddles of index one (transition states). We examine both periodic and anti-periodic boundary conditions, and show that the number of stationary points located increases exponentially with increasing lattice size. The corresponding disconnectivity graphs exhibit funneled landscapes; the global minima are readily located because they exhibit relatively large basins of attraction compared to the higher energy minima as the lattice size increases.
On the theory of double quantum NMR in polymer systems: The second cumulant approximation for many spin I = 1/2 systems
Authors: Fatkullin N. , Mattea C. , Stapf S.
Published: November 2013

General analytical expressions for Double Quantum Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (DQ NMR) kinetic curves of many-spin I = 1/2 systems are derived with an accuracy of the second cumulant approximation. The expressions obtained exactly describe the initial part of the kinetic curves and provide a reasonable approximation up to times of about the effective spin-relaxation time. For the case when the system contains two isolated spins, this result exactly reproduces known expressions. In the case of polymer melts, the intermolecular magnetic dipole-dipole interactions significantly influence the time dependence of the DQ NMR kinetic curves.
Irregular activity arises as a natural consequence of synaptic inhibition
Authors: Terman D. , Rubin J. E. , Diekman C. O.
Published: November 2013

Irregular neuronal activity is observed in a variety of brain regions and states. This work illustrates a novel mechanism by which irregular activity naturally emerges in two-cell neuronal networks featuring coupling by synaptic inhibition. We introduce a one-dimensional map that captures the irregular activity occurring in our simulations of conductance-based differential equations and mathematically analyze the instability of fixed points corresponding to synchronous and antiphase spiking for this map. We find that the irregular solutions that arise exhibit expansion, contraction, and folding in phase space, as expected in chaotic dynamics. Our analysis shows that these features are produced from the interplay of synaptic inhibition with sodium, potassium, and leak currents in a conductance-based framework and provides precise conditions on parameters that ensure that irregular activity will occur. In particular, the temporal details of spiking dynamics must be present for a model to exhibit this irregularity mechanism and must be considered analytically to capture these effects.
Triaxial testing system for pressure core analysis using image processing technique
Authors: Yoneda J. , Masui A. , Tenma N. , Nagao J.
Published: November 2013

In this study, a newly developed innovative triaxial testing system to investigate strength, deformation behavior, and/or permeability of gas hydrate bearing-sediments in deep sea is described. Transport of the pressure core from the storage chamber to the interior of the sealing sleeve of a triaxial cell without depressurization was achieved. An image processing technique was used to capture the motion and local deformation of a specimen in a transparent acrylic triaxial pressure cell and digital photographs were obtained at each strain level during the compression test. The material strength was successfully measured and the failure mode was evaluated under high confining and pore water pressures.
Heteroepitaxy of group IV-VI nitrides by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Klug Jeffrey A. , Becker Nicholas G. , Groll Nickolas R. , Cao Chaoyue , Weimer Matthew S. , Pellin Michael J. , Zasadzinski John F. , Proslier Thomas
Published: November 2013

Heteroepitaxial growth of selected group IV-VI nitrides on various orientations of sapphire (α-Al2O3) is demonstrated using atomic layer deposition. High quality, epitaxial films are produced at significantly lower temperatures than required by conventional deposition methods. Characterization of electrical and superconducting properties of epitaxial films reveals a reduced room temperature resistivity and increased residual resistance ratio for films deposited on sapphire compared to polycrystalline samples deposited concurrently on fused quartz substrates.
Controllable atomistic graphene oxide model and its application in hydrogen sulfide removal
Authors: Huang Liangliang , Seredych Mykola , Bandosz Teresa J. , van Duin Adri C. T. , Lu Xiaohua , Gubbins Keith E.
Published: November 2013

The determination of an atomistic graphene oxide (GO) model has been challenging due to the structural dependence on different synthesis methods. In this work we combine temperature-programmed molecular dynamics simulation techniques and the ReaxFF reactive force field to generate realistic atomistic GO structures. By grafting a mixture of epoxy and hydroxyl groups to the basal graphene surface and fine-tuning their initial concentrations, we produce in a controllable manner the GO structures with different functional groups and defects. The models agree with structural experimental data and with other ab initio quantum calculations. Using the generated atomistic models, we perform reactive adsorption calculations for H2S and H2O/H2S mixtures on GO materials and compare the results with experiment. We find that H2S molecules dissociate on the carbonyl functional groups, and H2O, CO2, and CO molecules are released as reaction products from the GO surface. The calculation reveals that for the H2O/H2S mixtures, H2O molecules are preferentially adsorbed to the carbonyl sites and block the potential active sites for H2S decomposition. The calculation agrees well with the experiments. The methodology and the procedure applied in this work open a new door to the theoretical studies of GO and can be extended to the research on other amorphous materials.
Adsorption configurations and scanning voltage determined STM images of small hydrogen clusters on bilayer graphene
Authors: Cao Teng Fei , Huang Liang Feng , Zheng Xiao Hong , Zhou Wang Huai , Zeng Zhi
Published: November 2013

By density functional theory calculations, the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of various hydrogen clusters adsorbed on bilayer-graphene are systematically simulated. The hydrogen configurations of the STM images observed in the experiments have been thoroughly figured out. In particular, two kinds of hydrogen dimers (ortho-dimer, para-dimer) and two kinds of tetramers (tetramer-A, -B) are determined to be the hydrogen configurations corresponding to the ellipsoidal-like STM images with different structures and sizes. One particular hexamer (hexamer-B) is the hydrogen configuration generating the star-like STM images. For each hydrogen cluster, the simulated STM images show unique voltage-dependent features, which provides a feasible way to determine hydrogen adsorption states on graphene or graphite surface in the experiments by varying-voltage measurements. Stability analysis proves that the above determined hydrogen configurations are quite stable on graphene, hence they are likely to be detected in the STM experiments. Consequently, through systematic analysis of the STM images and the stability of hydrogen clusters on bilayer graphene, many experimental observations have been consistently explained.
Application of the Ta liner technique to produce Ca beams at INFN-Legnaro National Laboratories (INFN-LNL)
Authors: Galatà A. , Sattin M. , Manzolaro M. , Martini D. , Facco A. , Tinschert K. , Spaedtke P. , Lang R. , Kulevoy T.
Published: November 2013

The ECR ion sources are able to produce a wide variety of highly charged metallic ion beams thanks to the development of different techniques (ovens, sputtering, direct insertion, metal ions from volatile compounds (MIVOC)). In the case of the ovens, the sticking of the hot vapors on the surface of the plasma chamber leads to high material consumption rates. For elements like Ca, a tantalum liner inserted inside the chamber can be used to limit this phenomenon. The modeling of temperature distribution inside the chamber with and without the liner was carried out with COMSOL-multiphysics code. Results of simulation and the comparison with experiments performed at INFN-Legnaro National Laboratories with Ca beams are discussed.
Ionic density distributions near the charged colloids: Spherical electric double layers
Authors: Kim Eun-Young , Kim Soon-Chul
Published: November 2013

We have studied the structure of the spherical electric double layers on charged colloids by a density functional perturbation theory, which is based both on the modified fundamental-measure theory for the hard spheres and on the one-particle direct correlation functional (DCF) for the electronic residual contribution. The contribution of one-particle DCF has been approximated as the functional integration of the second-order correlation function of the ionic fluids in a bulk phase. The calculated result is in very good agreement with the computer simulations for the ionic density distributions and the zeta potentials over a wide range of macroion sizes and electrolyte concentrations, and compares with the results of Yu et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 120, 7223 (2004)] and modified Poisson-Boltzmann approximation [L. B. Bhuiyan and C. W. Outhwaite, Condens. Matter Phys. 8, 287 (2005)]. The present theory is able to provide interesting insights about the charge inversion phenomena occurring at the interface.
Trap states in AlGaN channel high-electron-mobility transistors
Authors: Zhao ShengLei , Zhang Kai , Ha Wei , Chen YongHe , Zhang Peng , Zhang JinCheng , Ma XiaoHua , Hao Yue
Published: November 2013

Frequency dependent capacitance and conductance measurements were performed to analyze the trap states in the AlGaN channel high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). The trap state density in the AlGaN channel HEMTs decreases from 1.26 × 1013 cm−2eV−1 at the energy of 0.33 eV to 4.35 × 1011 cm−2eV−1 at 0.40 eV. Compared with GaN channel HEMTs, the trap states in the AlGaN channel HEMTs have deeper energy levels. The trap with deeper energy levels in the AlGaN channel HEMTs is another reason for the reduction of the reverse gate leakage current besides the higher Schottky barrier height.
Widely tuneable scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy using pulsed quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Yoxall Edward , Navarro-Cía Miguel , Rahmani Mohsen , Maier Stefan A. , Phillips Chris C.
Published: November 2013

We demonstrate the use of a pulsed quantum cascade laser, wavelength tuneable between 6 and 10 μm, with a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM). A simple method for calculating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the s-SNOM measurement is presented. For pulsed lasers, the SNR is shown to be highly dependent on the degree of synchronization between the laser pulse and the sampling circuitry; in measurements on a gold sample, the SNR is 26 with good synchronization and less than 1 without. Simulations and experimental s-SNOM images, with a resolution of 100 nm, corresponding to λ/80, and an acquisition time of less than 90 s, are presented as proof of concept. They show the change in the field profile of plasmon-resonant broadband antennas when they are excited with wavelengths of 7.9 and 9.5 μm.
Planar-type MgB2 SQUIDs utilizing a multilayer process
Authors: Cunnane Daniel , Galan Elias , Chen Ke , Xi X. X.
Published: November 2013

We report planar-type MgB2 DC SQUIDs fabricated using a multilayer process. The SQUIDs employed sandwich-type MgB2/MgO/MgB2 Josephson junctions and a MgB2 wiring layer. The SQUIDs showed large voltage modulation above 500 μV at 15 K and operated in a broad temperature range from 15 to 37 K with a transfer function as high as 2.3 mV/Φ0. The minimum SQUID noise was measured at 26 K in a cryocooler, yielding a white noise around 10 μΦ0/Hz1/2 and 1/f corner frequency near 10 Hz. The result demonstrates great promise of MgB2 SQUIDs for practical applications.
Critical thickness and strain relaxation in molecular beam epitaxy-grown SrTiO3 films
Authors: Wang Tianqi , Ganguly Koustav , Marshall Patrick , Xu Peng , Jalan Bharat
Published: November 2013

We report on the study of the critical thickness and the strain relaxation in epitaxial SrTiO3 film grown on (La0.3Sr0.7)(Al0.65Ta0.35)O3 (001) (LSAT) substrate using the hybrid molecular beam epitaxy approach. No change in the film's lattice parameter (both the in-plane and the out-of-plane) was observed up to a film thickness of 180 nm, which is in sharp contrast to the theoretical critical thickness of ∼12 nm calculated using the equilibrium theory of strain relaxation. For film thicknesses greater than 180 nm, the out-of-plane lattice parameter was found to decrease hyperbolically in an excellent agreement with the relaxation via forming misfit dislocations. Possible mechanisms are discussed by which the elastic strain energy can be accommodated prior to forming misfit dislocations leading to such anomalously large critical thickness.
Localized transformation optics devices
Authors: Xiang Jiang Wei , Ge Shuo , Luo Chenyang , Jun Cui Tie
Published: November 2013

We propose a strategy to design localized transformation optics devices, and take the localized invisibility cloaks as examples to illustrate their special properties. Different from the global cloaks that make the enclosed objects completely invisible, the localized cloaks will conceal the scattering signals of certain parts of the enclosed objects and keep the signals of remaining parts being unchanged. We design, fabricate, and measure a localized dc invisibility cloak in the steady currents by using the localized transformation electrostatics. Simulation and experimental results show that the potential distribution outside the localized dc invisibility cloak is exactly the same as that of a part of the cloaked object.
Negative differential resistance and effect of defects and deformations in MoS2 armchair nanoribbon metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor
Authors: Sengupta Amretashis , Mahapatra Santanu
Published: November 2013

In this work, we present a study on the negative differential resistance (NDR) behavior and the impact of various deformations (like ripple, twist, wrap) and defects like vacancies and edge roughness on the electronic properties of short-channel MoS2 armchair nanoribbon MOSFETs. The effect of deformation (3°–7° twist or wrap and 0.3–0.7 Å ripple amplitude) and defects on a 10 nm MoS2 ANR FET is evaluated by the density functional tight binding theory and the non-equilibrium Green`s function approach. We study the channel density of states, transmission spectra, and the ID–VD characteristics of such devices under the varying conditions, with focus on the NDR behavior. Our results show significant change in the NDR peak to valley ratio and the NDR window with such minor intrinsic deformations, especially with the ripple.
Communication: Electronic and transport properties of molecular junctions under a finite bias: A dual mean field approach
Authors: Liu Shuanglong , Feng Yuan Ping , Zhang Chun
Published: November 2013

We show that when a molecular junction is under an external bias, its properties cannot be uniquely determined by the total electron density in the same manner as the density functional theory for ground state properties. In order to correctly incorporate bias-induced nonequilibrium effects, we present a dual mean field (DMF) approach. The key idea is that the total electron density together with the density of current-carrying electrons are sufficient to determine the properties of the system. Two mean fields, one for current-carrying electrons and the other one for equilibrium electrons can then be derived. Calculations for a graphene nanoribbon junction show that compared with the commonly used ab initio transport theory, the DMF approach could significantly reduce the electric current at low biases due to the non-equilibrium corrections to the mean field potential in the scattering region.
High pressure generation by hot electrons driven ablation
Authors: Piriz A. R. , Piriz S. A. , Tahir N. A.
Published: November 2013

A previous model [Piriz et al. Phys. Plasmas 19, 122705 (2012)] for the ablation driven by the hot electrons generated in collisionless laser-plasma interactions in the framework of shock ignition is revisited. The impact of recent results indicating that for a laser wavelength λ = 0.35 μm the hot electron temperature θH would be independent of the laser intensity I, on the resulting ablation pressure is considered. In comparison with the case when the scaling law θH∼(Iλ2)1/3 is assumed, the generation of the high pressures needed for driving the ignitor shock may be more demanding. Intensities above 1017 W/cm2 would be required for θH=25−30 keV.
High pressure melting curves of silver, gold and copper
Authors: Hieu Ho Khac , Ha Nguyen Ngoc
Published: November 2013

In this work, based on the Lindemann's formula of melting and the pressure-dependent Grüneisen parameter, we have investigated the pressure effect on melting temperature of silver, gold and copper metals. The analytical expression of melting temperature as a function of volume compression has been derived. Our results are compared with available experimental data as well as with previous theoretical studies and the good and reasonable agreements are found. We also proposed the potential of this approach on predicting melting of copper at very high pressure.
19. Decreasing incidence of adenocarcinoma of the anal canal
Authors: Lai Lily L. , Nelson Rebecca
Published: November 2013

Background: Although the dramatic increase in the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) has been reported in recent publications, changes in the incidence and demographic patterns of adenocarcinoma of the anal canal (AAC) are unknown. Methods: The 1973–2009 SEER public use dataset was analysed to determine incidence trends for and demographic factors characterising AAC. Joinpoint analysis identified time points when the incidence rates changed. Results: Joinpoint analyses identified 1989 as the single inflection point among 1791 AAC cases at which the slope of incidence rates significantly decreased. Annual per cent change (APC) decreased from 3.5% to –1.4% overall. Analysis of demographic factors did not identify specific variables that accounted for the decrease in incidence over time. Conclusions: The incidence of AAC has declined since 1989. No demographic or clinical factor was identified that may account for change in incidence. We postulate that increasing sophistication in diagnostic studies differentiating low rectal cancers from AAC may contribute to the decrease in incidence.
Gnotobiotic mouse model of phage–bacterial host dynamics in the human gut
Authors: Reyes Alejandro , Wu Meng , McNulty Nathan P. , Rohwer Forest L. , Gordon Jeffrey I.
Published: November 2013

Significance

A consortium of sequenced human gut bacteria was introduced into germ-free mice followed by a “staged” phage attack with virus-like particles purified from the fecal microbiota of five healthy adult humans. Unique phages were identified attacking microbiota members in nonsimultaneous fashion. Some host bacterial species acquired resistance to phage attack through ecological or epigenetic mechanisms. Changes in community structure observed after attack were transient. Spontaneous induction of prophages present in seven bacterial taxa was modest, occurring independently of the phage attack. Together, these results reveal a largely temperate phage–bacterial host dynamic and illustrate how gnotobiotic mouse models can help characterize ecological relationships in the gut by taking into account its most abundant but least understood component, viruses.
A divergent calponin homology (NN–CH) domain defines a novel family: implications for evolution of ciliary IFT complex B proteins
Authors: Schou Kenneth B. , Andersen Jens S. , Pedersen Lotte B.
Published: November 2013

Motivation: Microtubules are dynamic polymers of tubulin dimers that undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. A mounting number of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate the dynamic behavior of microtubules and hence the assembly and disassembly of disparate microtubule structures within the cell. Despite recent advances in identification and functional characterization of MAPs, a substantial number of microtubule accessory factors have not been functionally annotated. Here, using profile-to-profile comparisons and structure modeling, we show that the yeast outer kinetochore components NDC80 and NUF2 share evolutionary ancestry with a novel protein family in mammals comprising, besides NDC80/HEC1 and NUF2, three Intraflagellar Transport (IFT) complex B subunits (IFT81, IFT57, CLUAP1) as well as six proteins with poorly defined function (FAM98A-C, CCDC22, CCDC93 and C14orf166). We show that these proteins consist of a divergent N-terminal calponin homology (CH)-like domain adjoined to an array of C-terminal heptad repeats predicted to form a coiled-coil arrangement. We have named the divergent CH-like domain NN–CH after the founding members NDC80 and NUF2.

Contact: kbschou@bio.ku.dk or lbpedersen@bio.ku.dk

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
First Report of Anthracnose of Alocasia macrorrhiza Caused by Colletotrichum karstii in Guangdong, China
Authors: He Y. , Shu C. , Chen J. , Zhou E.
Published: November 2013

Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott. (Araceae), native to South America, is a common, herbaceous perennial ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas (1). A severe leaf spot disease was observed on this plant in several places on the campus of authors' university in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, in April 2013. Initial symptoms were water-soaked, dark green leaf spots. These small spots gradually expanded to 6- to 11-mm circular lesions. They were grayish-white in color with a yellow halo and many small, black, concentric dots were observed on them. Microscopic examination revealed that these small dots were acervuli, which were 100 to 300 μm in diameter, developing beneath the epidermis and becoming erumpent with age. By using routine tissue-isolation method and single-spore purification technique, four single-conidial isolates were obtained from each of four diseased leaves. These isolates formed a grayish-white colony with numerous pink spore masses on PDA at 28°C. Their mycelial radial growth rate was about 4.5 mm per day. Conidia were single-celled, hyaline, and cylindrical with an obtuse apex and protruding base; they were 12.7 to 14.2 × 4.8 to 5.9 μm in size. Conidial appressoria were irregular in shape, sepia to dark brown, solitary, and 6.9 to 8.5 × 4.6 to 5.9 μm. These morphological characteristics were consistent with the description of Colletotrichum karstii (2). The sequences of beta-tubulin gene (TUB2) and partial actin gene (ACT) of a representative isolate CAM1 were obtained by PCR amplification with primers BT2a/BT2b and ACT512F/ACT783R, respectively. These sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers of KF444947 and KF460435. BLAST searches showed a 99% homology with the TUB2 and ACT sequences of C. karstii (JX625209, KC843559). Therefore, the fungus isolated from A. macrorrhiza was identified as C. karstii by morphological and molecular characteristics. Pathogenicity tests were performed on 30-day-old plants of A. macrorrhiza grown in plastic pots (0.8 L) by spraying 15 ml conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia ml–1) of this fungus onto each plant. The control plants were sprayed only with sterile distilled water. These plants then were placed in an intelligent artificial climate incubator with 12-h photoperiod and 100% relative humidity at 24 ± 1°C. Three replicates, each with five plants, were included in a test, and the test was repeated twice. Seven days after inoculation, the inoculated plants showed necrotic lesions on leaves similar to those observed on the campus, but no symptoms were observed on any non-inoculated controls. The same fungus C. karstii was re-isolated from the infected leaves. Although C. karstii is a well-known anthracnose pathogen on some plants belonging to family Orchidaceae (2), this is the first report of the same pathogen causing anthracnose on A. macrorrhiza in Guangdong, China.

References: (1) S. Li et al. PLoS ONE 8(6):e66016, 2013. (2) Y. Yang et al. Cryptogr. Mycol. 32:229, 2011.
The differential response to Fgf signalling in cells internalized at different times influences lineage segregation in preimplantation mouse embryos
Authors: Morris Samantha A. , Graham Sarah J. L. , Jedrusik Agnieszka , Zernicka-Goetz Magdalena
Published: November 2013

Lineage specification in the preimplantation mouse embryo is a regulative process. Thus, it has been difficult to ascertain whether segregation of the inner-cell-mass (ICM) into precursors of the pluripotent epiblast (EPI) and the differentiating primitive endoderm (PE) is random or influenced by developmental history. Here, our results lead to a unifying model for cell fate specification in which the time of internalization and the relative contribution of ICM cells generated by two waves of asymmetric divisions influence cell fate. We show that cells generated in the second wave express higher levels of Fgfr2 than those generated in the first, leading to ICM cells with varying Fgfr2 expression. To test whether such heterogeneity is enough to bias cell fate, we upregulate Fgfr2 and show it directs cells towards PE. Our results suggest that the strength of this bias is influenced by the number of cells generated in the first wave and, mostly likely, by the level of Fgf signalling in the ICM. Differences in the developmental potential of eight-cell- and 16-cell-stage outside blastomeres placed in the inside of chimaeric embryos further support this conclusion. These results unite previous findings demonstrating the importance of developmental history and Fgf signalling in determining cell fate.
Generational Dimensions of Neoliberal and Post‐Fordist Restructuring: The Changing Characteristics of Young Adults and Growing Income Inequality in Montreal and Vancouver
Authors: Moos Markus
Published: November 2013

There is growing concern over income inequality and its generational dimensions. Post‐Fordist and neoliberal restructuring have reshaped urban labour markets, resulting in growing inequalities that disproportionately afflict younger workers. This article empirically analyses the transition as experienced in Montreal and Vancouver, two Canadian cities that have undergone restructuring in different ways. The study of young adults' changing incomes reveals growing intra‐ and inter‐cohort inequality, and an increasing intergenerational income gap in both cities. Income inequality is greater in Vancouver, with its more pronounced post‐Fordist labour force composition and neoliberalized governance context. Known factors such as occupation and gender affect the earnings structure, but educational attainment has increased the most in terms of its effect on incomes. Inequalities among young adults are expected to magnify in the future due to unevenness in educational attainment. Urban research ought to pay close attention to the role of education in structuring inequalities, and the ways the impact of restructuring is unevenly distributed across generations.
Reinterpreting the Meaning of the ‘Singapore Model’: State Capitalism and Urban Planning
Authors: Shatkin Gavin
Published: November 2013

For city planners and policymakers in many parts of the world, Singapore has come to embody a model of efficient and growth‐oriented urban development. Yet there has been very little research that goes beyond descriptive assessments of urban design and urban policy and understands the political economy that has produced the current system of planning in Singapore. This article explores the role of land acquisition and land management in Singapore's urban development. It argues that Singapore is best understood as a model of urban planning under state capitalism. Drawing largely on academic studies, reports of Singapore government agencies and government‐linked corporations, and interviews the article analyzes the mechanisms through which the Singaporean state has used direct involvement in the commercial real‐estate market as a powerful tool to gain access to revenue, achieve urban redevelopment objectives and exert powerful influence over the Singaporean society and economy. Through the commercial exploitation of state landholdings and through stakes in state‐owned and private enterprises, the Singaporean state has harnessed urban development to an agenda of political hegemony, nation building and economic development within a framework of globalization.
Overview of: “The Effects of Local Immigration Enforcement on Crime and Disorder: A Case Study of Prince William County, Virginia”
Authors: Koper Christopher S. , Guterbock Thomas M. , Woods Daniel J. , Taylor Bruce , Carter Timothy J.
Published: November 2013

Research Summary

This study evaluates a local immigration enforcement policy implemented in Prince William County, Virginia, in 2008. In addition to joining the federal 287(g) program, the County adopted a policy that initially required officers to check the immigration status of people they detained, but the policy was later amended to require immigration checks only for arrestees. Using a pre–post, quasi‐experimental design, we examined the policy's impacts on crime reports and calls for service in Prince William County and compared the County's crime trends with those of nearby localities. We also analyzed postpolicy trends in arrests of illegal immigrants, survey reports of crime victimization and reporting among County residents, and survey reports of police views on crime and disorder in the County. Although the policy did not affect most forms of crime in Prince William County (including robberies, property crimes, drug offenses, disorderly behaviors, and drunk driving violations), aggravated assaults declined 27% after the announcement of the original policy in July 2007. However, this initial version of the policy also seemed to harm police relations with the immigrant community, among other problems.

Policy Implications

As part of the wider debate on illegal immigration in the United States, local police are becoming more heavily involved in immigration enforcement in part as a result of a growing number of state laws and local ordinances directing police to engage in these efforts. The impacts of local immigration enforcement efforts have received very little study to date. Consistent with research on immigration and crime generally, this study suggests that public concern regarding crime by illegal immigrants is perhaps overstated and that expanded local immigration enforcement efforts will have limited impacts on crime. More aggressive immigration enforcement policies may reduce some types of crime, but they also may harm police relations with immigrant communities and impose other costs on local police. Further policy experimentation and research may help local communities to develop balanced approaches that focus on criminal violators and target specific crime problems in immigrant communities without the potentially negative consequences of more widespread crackdowns on illegal immigration.