bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deriving inflectional irregularity
Authors: Bonami Olivier , Boyé Gilles
Published: December 2021

Conventional wisdom holds that productive morphology is regular
morphology. Drawing evidence from French, we argue that the description of many
lexeme formation processes is simplified if we hold that a productive rule may
give rise to inflectionally irregular lexemes. We argue that the notion of a
stem space allows for a straightforward description of this phenomenon:
each lexeme comes equipped with a vector of possibly distinct stems, which
serve as bases for inflectional form construction. The stem space is structured
by default relations which encode the regular pattern of inflection; (partial)
irregularities occur when a lexeme specifies a stem space violating the default
relations. Derived irregularity is then the effect of a productive lexeme
formation rule which specifies an irregular stem space for its output.
Control, raising and case: From the perspective of passives
Authors: Fokkens Antske , Kordoni Valia
Published: December 2021

Since Pollard and Sag (1994) it has been assumed that raising involves full
structure sharing, whereas a control verb merely shares the content of one of
the lower verb's arguments. This has been considered a property of the
phenomena, despite the fact that Pollard and Sag (1994) present this syntactic
difference as a hypothesis confirmed for Icelandic only. In this paper we
discuss the difference between raising and control from the perspective of
Dutch and German passives. It has already been shown by Van Noord and Kordoni
(2005) that the secondary object passives in these languages are raising
structures, in which the case of the raised argument changes. In this paper we
provide additional evidence for the raising analysis, and we propose a new
analysis, which allows for a uniform account of Dutch and German passives as
raising structures. Przepiorkowski and Rosen (2004) show that control may
exhibit case transmission; the data presented in this paper shows that raising
may not. Therefore, we claim that the distinction between raising and control
is found in theta-role assignment. Syntactically they tend to behave
differently, but they may also behave in the exact same way.
Pseudocoordination in Danish
Authors: Bjerre Anne , Bjerre Tavs
Published: December 2021

In this paper we propose an analysis of Danish pseudocoordination constructions. The analysis is
based on a hybrid phrase hierarchy where phrase types are assumed to be subtypes of types that cut
across the traditional division of phrasal types, allowing the phrase type of pseudocoordinations to
be a subtype of both coordinate phrases and headed phrases, and consequently inherit properties from
both types. The analysis is linearization-based. We further develop a set of constraints on the
phrasal types in the hierarchy.

The hybrid phrase hierarchy and the set of constraints on the various types in the hierarchy explain
why, on the one hand, pseudocoordinations contain conjunctions and the conjuncts must have the same
form and tense, and on the other, have a fixed order, allow extraction out of the second conjunct,
do not allow overt subjects in the second conjunct and allow transitive verbs to appear in
there-constructions.
English prepositional passive constructions
Authors: Tseng Jesse
Published: December 2021

An empirical overview of the properties of English prepositional
passives is presented, followed by a discussion of formal approaches
to the analysis of the various types of prepositional passives in
HPSG. While a lexical treatment is available, the significant number
of technical and conceptual difficulties encountered point to an
alternative approach relying on constructional constraints. The
constructional approach is argued to be the best option for
prepositional passives involving adjunct PPs, and this analysis can be
extended to create a hierarchy of constructions accommodating all
types of prepositional passives in English, and the ordinary NP
passive.
Complex topic-comment structures in HPSG
Authors: Webelhuth Gert
Published: December 2021

Based on Krifka (1992) and de Kuthy (2000), this paper develops an
architecture for complex topic-comment structures in HPSG and applies it to
predicate fronting in English with the goal of capturing the insights of Ward
(1988) on this construction. We argue that predicate fronting is a distributed
constructional form consisting of an auxiliary occurring in a predicate preposing
phrase. The use of predicate preposing is a function of a combination of
simultaneous constraints on its theme structure, its background-focus distribution,
and its presuppositional structure. It is shown that these constraints
can be made explicit within the HPSG architecture developed here.
Memory management for unification-based processing of typed feature structures
Authors: Steinicke Karen , Penn Gerald
Published: December 2021

We consider two alternatives for memory management in
typed-feature-structure-based parsers by identifying structural
properties of grammar signatures that may be of some predictive
value in determining the consequences of those alternatives. We
define these properties, summarize the results of a number of
experiments on artificially constructed signatures with respect to
the relative rank of their asymptotic cost at parse-time, and
experimentally consider how they impact memory management.
Complex case phenomena in the Grammar Matrix
Authors: Drellishak Scott
Published: December 2021

This paper describes a number of verbal argument marking patterns found in the world's languages and
provides HPSG analyses for them. In addition to commonly-occurring variations of morphosyntactic
alignment (e.g. nominative-accusative, ergative-absolutive), this paper also presents analyses of
more complex phenomena, including ergativity splits, Austronesian-style focus-case systems, and
direct-inverse systems and their interaction with case.
Apparent non-constituent coordination in Japanese
Authors: Ito Chizuru , Chaves Rui P.
Published: December 2021

Coordination in Japanese poses various puzzles which defy the standard notion of syntactic
category. On the one hand, one can conjoin structures which one usually would not expect to form any
constituent, and on the other hand, there are various conjunction particles that are sensitive to
the kind of conjuncts that they combine with. In this paper we argue against abandoning the usual
notion of constituency, and redefining the entire grammar of Japanese. We provide a novel
construction-based account of the data in which the phenomena result from the interaction of the
coordination construction, ellipsis, and allomorphy of the conjunction particle.
Accounting for underlying forms in HPSG phonology
Authors: Skwarski Filip
Published: December 2021

The paper aims to present approach to HPSG phonology which would account for underlying forms of
phonemes. It shows some of the issues arising in monostratal analyses of phonology, and proposes a
solution based on a notion of underlying representations. The approach presented, partly inspired by
Optimality Theory, resolves cases of neutralisation and opacity by formulating constraints which
either restrict the surface representation or relate it to the underlying form.
Inflectional periphrasis in Persian
Authors: Bonami Olivier , Samvelian Pollet
Published: December 2021

Modern Persian conjugation makes use of five periphrastic constructions. We contrast the properties
of these five constructions and argue that they call for different analyses. We propose contrasting
analyses relying on the combination of an HPSG approach to feature geometry and syntactic
combination, and an approach to paradigm organization and morphological exponence based on Paradigm
Function Morphology. This combination of analytic tools allows us to treat the whole array of
periphrastic constructions as lexical in origin—no phrasal construction or multi-word lexical
entry of any kind is required.
Inflectional defaults and principal parts: An empirical investigation
Authors: Brown Dunstan , Evans Roger
Published: December 2021

We describe an empirical method to explore and contrast the roles of default and principal part
information in the differentiation of inflectional classes. We use an unsupervised machine learning
method to classify Russian nouns into inflectional classes, first with full paradigm information,
and then with particular types of information removed. When we remove default information, shared
across classes, we expect there to be little effect on the classification. In contrast when we
remove principal part information we expect there to be a more detrimental effect on classification
performance. Our data set consists of paradigm listings of the 80 most frequent Russian nouns,
generated from a formal theory which allows us to distinguish default and principal part
information. Our results show that removal of forms classified as principal parts has a more
detrimental effect on the classification than removal of default information. However, we also find
that there are differences within the defaults and principal parts, and we suggest that these may in
part be attributable to stress patterns.
German multiple fronting and expected topic-hood
Authors: Bildhauer Felix , Cook Philippa
Published: December 2021

This papers addresses information-structural restrictions on the occurrence of what is known as
"multiple fronting" in German. Multiple fronting involves the realization of (what appears to be)
more than one constituent in the first position of main clause declaratives, a clause type that
otherwise respects the verb-second constraint of German. Relying on a large body of naturally
occurring instances of multiple fronting with the surrounding discourse context, we show that in
certain contexts, multiple fronting is fully grammatical in German, in contrast to what has
sometimes been claimed previously. Examination of this data reveals two different patterns, which we
analyze in terms of two distinct constructions, each instantiating a specific pairing of form,
meaning and contextual appropriateness.
Topic and focus in local subject extractions in Danish
Authors: Bjerre Anne
Published: December 2021

The present paper proposes an analysis of the asymmetrical distribution of der, 'there', in embedded
interrogative and relative clauses, respectively, in standard Danish. The analysis sets itself apart
from previous analyses in integrating information structural constraints. We will show that the
discourse function of the extracted subject in the clauses in question determines whether der
insertion takes place in standard Danish. The analysis will further be shown to support the position
that der in interrogative and relative clauses is an expletive subject filler, and that from an
information structural point of view, the der in existential, presentational, passives and relative
clauses is indeed the same der.
Morphology in the ˋˋwrong'' place: The curious case of Coast Tsimshian connectives
Authors: Ball Douglas
Published: December 2021

This paper examines the apparently odd location of case-marking
formatives found in the Pacific Northwest language, Coast Tsimshian.
It first argues that the case-marking formatives are actually affixes
on the preceding words, not prosodically-dependent words. Given this
morphological analysis, a syntactic analysis is proposed that utilizes
the 'informationally-rich' syntactic structure of HPSG. In
particular, the analysis proposed uses EDGE features and chained
identities between adjacent phrasal sisters to license the clause.
This enables a simple analysis of the clausal syntax of Coast
Tsimshian while still accounting for the wide array of facts
surrounding the connectives.
Using information structure to improve transfer-based MT
Authors: Song Sanghoun , Bender Emily M.
Published: December 2021

This paper hypothesizes that transfer-based machine translation systems can be improved by encoding
information structure in both the source and target grammars, and preserving information structure
in the transfer stage. We explore how information structure can be represented within the HPSG/MRS
formalism (Pollard and Sag, 1994; Copestake et al., 2005) and how it can help refine multilingual
MT. Building upon that framework, we provide a sample translation between English and Japanese and
check the feasibility of the proposals in small-scale translation systems built with the
HPSG/MRS-based LOGON MT infrastructure (Oepen et al., 2007). Our experiment shows the information
structure-based MT system that we propose in this paper reduces the number of translations 75.71%
for Japanese and 80.23% for Korean. The dramatic reductions in the number of translations is
expected to make a contribution to our HPSG/MRS-based MT in terms of latency as well as accuracy.
Null conjuncts and bound pronouns in Arabic
Authors: Hahn Michael
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a descriptive overview and a formal analysis of the
syntax of pronominal arguments, pronominal conjuncts and bound pronouns
in Arabic. I argue that Arabic allows first conjuncts to be null and that this
is an instance of a more general pattern of zero anaphora that may affect
pronominal arguments or their first conjuncts. First Conjunct Agreement
and constraints on the distribution of zero anaphora are accounted for by a
new feature sharing mechanism which allows a uniform treatment without
appeal to the internal structure of argument NPs. I then argue that Arabic
bound pronouns should be analyzed as affixes and present an analysis of
their relation to argument structure and coordination. Finally, it is shown how
constraints on case marking in Arabic coordination can be formalized. The
analysis is part of an Arabic grammar fragment implemented in the TRALE
system.
Reanalysis of semantically required dependents as complements in the Chinese ba-construction
Authors: Lipenkova Janna
Published: December 2021

The paper aims at a formulation of semantic constraints on the produc-
tivity of the Chinese ba-construction and their representation at the
syntax-semantics interface. It builds on the observation that requirements
on the surface form of the construction may be altered by the choice of
the verb. I propose that the semantics of the ba-construction can be
treated in terms of a scalar constraint: a ba-sentence must come with a
scale and a difference value that holds of the described event. The
satisfaction of this constraint largely relies on the lexical semantics of
the sentence. Not all verbs are inherently associated with scalar
relations; those that are not must combine with an additional dependent
which satisfies the scale requirement. Due to the obligatory presence of
the additional dependent for some verbs, it is reanalyzed as a complement
of ba: being optional on their level of combination with the verb, it
becomes obligatory once the verb is used in the ba-construction.
Eliding the derivation: A minimalist formalization of ellipsis
Authors: Kobele Gregory M.
Published: December 2021

In this paper I use the formal framework of minimalist grammars to implement a version of the
traditional approach to ellipsis as ‘deletion under syntactic (derivational) identity’, which, in
conjunction with canonical analyses of voice phenomena, immediately allows for voice mismatches in
verb phrase ellipsis, but not in sluicing. This approach to ellipsis is naturally implemented in a
parser by means of threading a state encoding a set of possible antecedent derivation contexts
through the derivation tree. Similarities between ellipsis and pronominal resolution are easily
stated in these terms. In the context of this implementation, two approaches to ellipsis in the
transformational community are naturally seen as equivalent descriptions at different levels: the
LF-copying approach to ellipsis resolution is best seen as a description of the parser, whereas the
phonological deletion approach a description of the underlying relation between form and meaning.
Backshift and tense decomposition
Authors: Costa Francisco , Branco António
Published: December 2021

Backshift is a phenomenon affecting verb tense that is visible as a mismatch
between some specific embedded contexts and other environments. For instance,
the indirect speech equivalent of a sentence like 'Kim likes reading', with
a present tense verb, may show the same verb in a past tense form, as in 'Sandy said Kim liked
reading'. We present a general analysis of backshift, pooling data from English and Romance
languages. Our analysis acknowledges that tense morphology is ambiguous between different temporal
meanings, explicitly models the role of the speech time and the event times involved and takes the
aspectual constraints of tenses into consideration.
Where is non-active morphology?
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis
Published: December 2021

This paper shows how certain differences in the nature of Voice systems across languages are responsible
for the behavior of passives, dispositional middles and also regulate the distribution of deponency.
Morphotactics in an information-based model of realisational morphology
Authors: Bonami Olivier , Crysmann Berthold
Published: December 2021

In most recent work, Crysmann and Bonami (2012) suggest to reconcile the insights of
inferential-realisational morphology (Anderson, 1992; Stump, 2001; Brown and Hippisley, 2012) with
the full typology of variable morphotactics: situations where the expression of analogous feature
sets can appear in various positions in the string. The authors proposed to account for these facts
by importing, into HPSG, a variant of Paradigm Function Morphology (Stump, 2001) where realisation
rules are doubly indexed for linear position and paradigmatic opposition. In this paper we first
introduce more empirical challenges for theories of morphotactics that neither PFM nor the reformist
approach of Crysmann and Bonami (2012) can accommodate. We then argue for a reappraisal of methods
for morph introduction, and propose a new approach that replaces stipulation of classes of
paradigmatic opposition with a general distinction between expression and conditioning (Carstairs,
1987; Noyer, 1992) which greatly expands the scope of Pāṇini’s Principle.
Word order variation in Khoekhoe
Authors: Hahn Michael
Published: December 2021

Khoekhoe, a Central Khoisan language, has been claimed to have a clause-second position and
topological fields similar to German and Dutch. The position in front of the clause-second position
can be occupied by either the matrix verb or a dependent. We argue that monomoraic words are exempt
from the general head-final order of Khoekhoe and suggest that this can give rise to discontinuous
constituents, where second-position clitics intervene within the VP. We show that this idea provides
a simple account of Khoekhoe word order variation and formalize it within a linearization-based HPSG
analysis that has a wider scope than the previous Minimalist analyses of Khoekhoe and that is
compatible with evidence from tonology.
Usage preferences: The case of the English verbal anaphor do so
Authors: Miller Philip
Published: December 2021

In this paper I introduce the notion of Usage Preferences (UPs), which are statistically significant
preferences in usage which can concern any aspect of linguistics. I suggest that multiple violations
of UPs can have additive effects, causing grammatical sentences to be judged as unacceptable. A new
judgment on sentences is proposed, the downarrow (↓) to mark sentences that are taken to be
grammatical but unacceptable due to UP violations. I illustrate the idea of UPs on the basis of a
discussion of the English verbal anaphor do so, involving both a corpus analysis and two
acceptability experiments. This leads to a discussion of the relationship between grammaticality and
acceptability and to remarks on the methodological importance of taking UPs into account both in
linguistic theorizing and in the construction of acceptability experiments.
Passive in Danish, English, and German
Authors: Müller Stefan , Ørsnes Bjarne
Published: December 2021

We show how the variation in the passive in Danish, English, and German can be accounted for. The dimensions in which the three languages differ are

the existence of a morphological passive in Danish
a subject requirement in Danish and English resulting in expletive insertion in impersonal
constructions in Danish and absence of impersonal passives in English
the possibility to promote the secondary object to subject in Danish

The differences are accounted for by differences in the structural/lexical case distinction and by
mapping processes that insert expletives in Danish. The passive in general is accounted for by
a lexical rule that is uniform across languages and hence captures the generalization regarding passive.
On the analysis of English exhaustive conditionals
Authors: Arnold Doug , Borsley Robert D.
Published: December 2021

So-called ˋˋExhaustive Conditionals'' (ECs, also known as ˋˋUnconditionals'') have been an important focus of recent research. We develop an HPSG analysis of governed ECs (e.g. ˋno matter how intelligent the students are ...'), sketch an approach to ungoverned ECs (e.g. ˋhowever intelligent the students are...'), and evaluate three possible analyses of reduced ECs (e.g. ˋno matter how intelligent the students ...', ˋhowever intelligent the students...').
Deconstructing SYNtax
Authors: Koenig Jean-Pierre , Michelson Karin
Published: December 2021

There are at least two distinct ways of conceiving of syntax: the set of rules that enable speakers and listeners to combine the meaning of expressions (compositional syntax), or the set of formal constraints on the combinations of expressions (formal syntax). The question that occupies us in this paper is whether all languages include a significant formal syntax component or whether there are languages in which most syntactic rules are exclusively compositional. Our claims are (1) that Oneida (Northern Iroquoian) has almost no formal syntax component and is very close to a language that includes only a compositional syntax component and (2) that the little formal syntax Oneida has does not require making reference to syntactic features.
Ellipsis of SAY, THINK, and DO in Japanese subordinate clauses: A constructional analysis
Authors: Oshima David Y.
Published: December 2021

This paper addresses some Japanese constructions where the predicate heading a subordinate clause – specifically, a suspensive form of IU 'say', OMOU 'think' or SURU 'do' – appears to be elided. I will discuss that these elliptic constructions are subject to certain syntactic and interpretative constraints which do not apply to their non-elliptic counterparts, and develop an SBCG-analysis that aims to model these constraints without postulating a covert element in the place of the missing verb.
Development of maximally reusable grammars: Parallel development of Hebrew and Arabic grammars
Authors: Arad Greshler Tali , Herzig Sheinfux Livnat , Melnik Nurit , Wintner Shuly
Published: December 2021

We show how linguistic grammars of two different yet related languages can be developed and implemented in parallel, with language-independent fragments serving as shared resources, and language-specific ones defined separately for each language. The two grammars in the focus of this paper are of Modern Hebrew and Modern Standard Arabic, and the basic infrastructure, or core, of the grammars is based on "standard" HPSG. We identify four types of relations that exist between the grammars of two languages and demonstrate how the different types of relations can be implemented in parallel grammars with maximally shared resources. The examples pertain to the grammars of Modern Hebrew and Modern Standard Arabic, yet similar issues and considerations are applicable to other pairs of languages that have some degree of similarity.
Building Zhong, a Chinese HPSG shared-grammar
Authors: Fan Zhenzhen , Song Sanghoun , Bond Francis
Published: December 2021

This paper describes some of our attempts in extending Zhong, a Chinese HPSG shared-grammar. New analyses for two Chinese specific phenomena, reduplication and the SUO-DE structure, are introduced. The analysis of reduplication uses lexical rules to capture both the syntactic and semantic properties (amplification in adjectives and diminishing in verbs). Words showing non-productive reduplication are entered in the lexicon, and the semantic relations will be captured in an external resource (the Chinese Open Wordnet). The SUO-DE structure constrains the meanings of relative clauses to a gapped-object interpretation.
Unique lexical entries in a subconstructional grammar
Authors: Haugereid Petter
Published: December 2021

Function words like prepositions, adverbs, particles, and complementizers may be assigned more than one category due to the different functions they can have. In this paper I present an approach that assumes unique lexical entries for words that are assigned more than one category. I will focus on prepositions and how they may function as heads of modifying PPs, selected prepositions, or as particles.
Hebrew verbal multi-word expressions
Authors: Herzig Sheinfux Livnat , Arad Greshler Tali , Melnik Nurit , Wintner Shuly
Published: December 2021

Multi-word expressions (MWEs) are challenging for grammatical theories and grammar development since they blur the traditional distinction between the lexicon and the grammar, and vary in the degree of idiosyncrasy with respect to their semantic, syntactic, and morphological behavior. Nevertheless, the need to incorporate MWEs into grammars is unquestionable, especially in light of estimates claiming that MWEs account for approximately half of the entries in the lexicon. In this study we focus on verbal MWEs in Modern Hebrew: we consider different types of this class of MWEs, and propose an analysis in the framework of HPSG. Moreover, we incorporate this analysis into HeGram, a deep linguistic processing grammar of Modern Hebrew.
ˋˋAgreement mismatch'' between sort/kind/type and the determiner
Authors: Maekawa Takafumi
Published: December 2021

A singular countable noun
in English normally needs a determiner and they should agree in number. However, there is a type of noun phrase, such as ‘these sort of skills’, which
does not conform to this generalisation. As a singular countable common noun, the noun ‘sort’ requires a determiner, but there is an agreement mismat
ch here: ‘sort’ is singular but the determiner is plural. Rather, the determiner agrees with the NP after the preposition ‘of’. There are several po
ssible analyses that might be proposed, but the best analysis is the one in which ‘sort’ and the preposition ‘of’ are ‘functors’, non-heads selecting heads.
An underspecification approach to Hausa resumption
Authors: Crysmann Berthold
Published: December 2021

Within recent work on the treatment of resumption
in HPSG, there is growing consensus that resumptive unbounded
dependency constructions (=UDCs) should be modelled on a par with
gap-type UDCs (Alotaibi and Borsley, 2013; Borsley, 2010; Crysmann,
2012b; Taghvaipour, 2005), using a single feature for both types of
dependencies, rather than separate features, as proposed by Vaillette
(2001a,b). Yet, authors disagree as to where exactly in the grammar
the resumptive function of pronominals should be established: while
Crysmann (2012b, 2015) advances an ambiguity approach that has
pronominal synsem objects being ambiguous between a resumptive and an
ordinary pronoun use, Borsley (2010); Alotaibi and Borsley (2013), by
contrast, treat all pronominals, resumptive or not, as ordinary
pronouns and effect their resumptive use by means of tailoring the
amalgamation principle to potentially include pronominal
indices. While their decision provides a straightforward account of
McCloskey’s generalisation that resumptives always look like the
ordinary pronouns of the language, it fails to capture the difference
in semantics between ordinary pronominal and resumptive uses. In this
paper, I shall reexamine the evidence from Hausa and propose to
synthesise the approaches put forth by Alotaibi and Borsley (2013) and
Crysmann (2012b), and propose that the potential for pronominal and
resumptive function (including their difference w.r.t. semantics and
non-local features) is captured by means of underspecification, yet
the decision as to canonical vs. non-canonical use is made at the
level of the governing head (Borsley, 2010; Alotaibi and Borsley,
2013). I shall argue that this division of labour is sufficient to
derive the correct gap-like semantics for resumptives, maintains
standard deterministic amalgamation, and, finally, provides an answer
to McCloskey’s generalisation.
Theoretical linguistics and grammar engineering as mutually constraining disciplines
Authors: King Tracy Holloway
Published: December 2021

This paper desribes four areas in which grammar engineers and
theoretical linguists can interact. These include: using grammar
engineering to confirm linguistic hypotheses; linguistic issues
highlighted by grammar engineering; implementation capabilities
guiding theoretical analyses; and insights into architecture
issues. It is my hope that we will see more work in these areas in the
future and more collaboration among grammar engineers and theoretical
linguists. This is an area in which HPSG and LFG as a distinct
advantage, given the strong communities and resources available.
Externally and internally headed relative clauses in Marori
Authors: Arka I Wayan
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses relative clauses (RCs) in Marori,
showing that this language unusually has almost all of relative clause
types, from headed/headless, externally/internally headed,
single-/double-headed, to pre-/post-head, to attached/detached
RCs. Special attention is given to internally headed relative clauses
(IHRC). It is argued that Marori IHRCs are of the restrictive or
non-maximalising type, which accounts for certain intriguing
properties, such as their indefiniteness constraints and the
possibility for RC stacking.
Verbal present participles in Norwegian: Controlled complements or parts of complex predicates
Authors: Lødrup Helge
Published: December 2021

Norwegian has a limited option for verbal
present participles. These participles only exist with a small number
of verbs, and they are selected by a handful of predicates. The
analysis of sentences with these participles raises some
challenges. Taking the analysis of Thurén (2008) as my point of
departure, I argue that verbal present participles have two possible
analyses, as controlled complements, or as parts of complex
predicates. The presentational focus construction gives important
evidence for this analysis.
Syntactic, semantic and information structures of floating quantifiers
Authors: Otoguro Ryo , Snijders Liselotte
Published: December 2021

Quantifiers canonically
attach to nouns or noun phrases as modifiers to specify the amount or
number of the entity expressed by the noun. However, it has been
observed that quantifiers can be positioned outside of the noun
phrase. These so-called floating quantifiers (FQs) exhibit intriguing
syntactic and semantic characteristics. On the one hand, they appear
to have a closerelationship with a noun; semantically they quantify a
noun in the same way as non-floating quantifiers, and quite often they
exhibit agreement with the noun. On the other hand, their phrase
structure distribution is very similar to that of VP-adverbs. In this
paper, we argue that the distribution of FQs is constrained not purely
by syntax, but also by information structure. We show that FQs play a
focus role whereas modified nouns are reference-oriented topic
expressions. Building upon Dalrymple and Nikolaeva’s (2011) recent
proposal, we formulate the interaction between syntactic, semantic and
information structure features of FQs within LFG’s projection
architecture.
Categorematic unreducible polyadic quantifiers in Lexical Resource Semantics
Authors: Richter Frank
Published: December 2021

Early work on quantification in natural languages showed that
sentences like ˋEvery ape picked different berries', on the reading
that the sets of berries picked by any two apes are not the same, can
be logically represented with a single polyadic quantifier for the
two nominal phrases. However, since that quantifier cannot be
decomposed into two quantifiers for the two nominal phrases, a
compositional semantic analysis of this reading is not possible
under standard assumptions about syntax and semantics. This paper
shows how a constraint-based semantics with Lexical Resource
Semantics can define a systematic syntax-semantics interface which
captures the reading in question with a polyadic quantifier.
Definite meaning and definite marking
Authors: Sailer Manfred , Am-David Assif
Published: December 2021

We look at definite marking
in Esperanto, Papiamentu, and Yiddish considering three semantically
definite contexts: the referential use of proper names and unique
nouns, as well as anaphoric definites. We argue for a
three-dimensional analysis of definiteness: an individual denotation,
an existence presupposition, and a uniqueness conventional
implicature. We present an HPSG encoding of this system and model the
central aspects of the definite marking systems of our three object
languages.
Medial left-node raising in Japanese
Authors: Yatabe Shûichi
Published: December 2021

In this paper, it is demonstrated that
there is a phenomenon that can be viewed as a mirror image of medial
right-node raising and thus might be designated as medial left-node
raising, and it is argued that the properties of this phenomenon are
consistent with the predictions of the HPSG-based theory of
non-constituent coordination first proposed in Yatabe (2001) and
modified in later works such as Yatabe (2015).
Yucatecan control and lexical categories in SBCG
Authors: Dąbkowski Maksymilian
Published: December 2021

This paper explores the conundrum posed by two different control constructions in Yucatec Maya, a Mayan language spoken by around 800,000 speakers in the Yucatán Peninsula and northern Belize. Basic syntactic structure of the language is introduced, and a general SBCG treatment of control in YM is presented, alongside with an example of motion verbs as control matrices. The unruly case of intransitive subjunctive control, where the controllee appears with an unexpected status (incompletive) and without set-A morphology, is discussed and a proposal to treat it as nominalization is evaluated. The nominalization proposal is rejected based on the following grounds: (1) nominalization tends to attract definitive morphology, which is absent from intransitive subjunctive control constructions, (2) nominalization does not truly explain the lack of set-A morphology if one desires to provide a unified account of set-A morphemes, (3) verbs bereft of otherwise expected set-A morphemes have an independent motivation in the form of agent focus constructions.

The grammar signature is not part of the proceedings but can be downloaded here: grammar signature.
Deriving reversal in Old French nominal inflection
Authors: Crysmann Berthold , Kihm Alain
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we study Old French declension, a system which exhibits
the theoretically challenging phenomenon of morphological reversal (Baerman,
2007). Furthermore, the declension system of Old French only recognises a
single exponent -s, which marks different case/number combinations in different
paradigms, contrasting with the unmarked form. We show that reversal is only
one of several syncretism patterns found in the language and propose that Old
French declension is best understood in terms of two systematic syncretisms: a
natural split between singular and plural for feminines, and a Paninian split for
masculines that systematically marks the objective plural. Reversal, and other
seemingly morphomic splits arise as a result of idiosyncrasy in the
NOM.SG cell, comprising inflection class-specific s-marking, as well as stem alternation and
overabundance. We provide a formal analysis in terms of Information-based
Morphology (Crysmann & Bonami, 2016) that effortlessly captures the systematic splits,
as well as the variation in the nominative singular. We suggest
that the high degree of idiosyncrasy in this cell paired with the reduced frequency of overt
nominative NPs when compared to objective NPs may serve
to explain why the system was actually quite short-lived.
Valence-changing morphology via lexical rule composition
Authors: Curtis Christian M.
Published: December 2021

I describe an analysis of valence-changing verbal morphology implemented as a library extending the LinGO Grammar Matrix customization system. This analysis is based on decomposition of these operations into rule components, which in turn are expressed as lexical rule supertypes that implement specific, isolatable constraints. I also show how common variations of these constraints can be abstracted and parameterized by their axes of variation. I then demonstrate how these constraints can be recomposed in various combinations to provide broad coverage of the typological variation of valence change found in the world’s languages. I evaluate the coverage of this library on five held-out world languages that exhibit
these phenomena, achieving 79% coverage and 2% overgeneration.
Challenges in Kazakh auxiliary selection
Authors: Gyorfi David
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes an account for the four auxiliaries in Kazakh that express the imperfective
aspect. The main factors – the auxiliary, the main verb, their inflections and the aspectual
specifications reveal a complicated system, which can be captured with an appropriate monotonic, multiple inheritance type hierarchy using online-type construction with the implementation of Pāṇinian competition. This analysis sheds light to a very different auxiliary system that we find in Indo-European languages.
What does being a noun or a verb mean?
Authors: Koenig Jean-Pierre , Michelson Karin
Published: December 2021

The indigenous languages of North America have played a critical role in discussions of the universality of part-of-speech distinctions. In this paper, we show that Oneida does not include a grammatical distinction between nouns and verbs. Rather, Oneida inflecting lexical items are subject to two cross-cutting semantic classifications, one that concerns the sort of entities they describe, the other the sort of semantic relation they include in their content. Labels such as ‘noun' and ‘verb' can still be used for cross-linguistic comparison, as the semantic partition of lexical items corresponds to canonical nouns and verbs according to morphologists and some typologists. But the meta-grammatical status of these labels is quite distinct from the status of corresponding labels in Indo-European languages like English.
A Smurf-based approach to placeholder expressions
Authors: Sailer Manfred , Dörner Annika
Published: December 2021

The Smurf comics series is, among others, famous for the so-called "smurf language", in which words or parts of words can be replaced by "smurf". We will argue that this "smurfing" has the properties of placeholding. Based on data from German translations of Smurf comics, we will provide a formalization of smurfing in German which can be generalized to a theory of placeholder expressions.
Case alternation in lexicalized grammar
Authors: Stevens-Guille Symon , Vaikšnoraitė Elena
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we propose to extend the Przepiórkowski's 2000 analysis of Long Distance Genitive of Negation to the same phenomenon in Lithuanian. We discuss the features that have their origin in Categorial Grammar. We then develop a novel analysis of the case alternation in Categorial Grammar incorporating features of the HPSG analysis. The two accounts show a surprising convergence in basic assumptions and predictions.
The grammatical representation of expletive negation
Authors: Jin Yanwei , Koenig Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2021

Expletive negation refers to constructions where a negator in the complement of certain lexical items does not change the polarity of the complement proposition. Jin & Koenig (2021) show that expletive negation occurs rather widely in languages of the world and in very similar environments. They propose a language production model of why such apparently illogical uses of negation arise in language after language. But their study does not address the grammatical status and representation of expletive negation. In this paper, we argue that expletive negation is part of the lexical knowledge speakers have of their language and that the negator in expletive negation constructions contributes a negation to a non-at-issue content associated with expletive negation triggers. We provide a Lexical Resource Semantics analysis of how triggers combine in a non-standard manner with the standard semantic content of their complements: the negation (and in some cases an additional modal operator) of the content of their complement is part of the trigger’s non-at-issue content while the scope of the negation is an argument of the trigger’s MAIN content. Finally, we suggest that the expletive use of the French negator ne includes a lexical constraint that requires it to modify a verb that reverse selects for an expletive negation trigger.
Yangın Alanında Uydu Görüntüleri ile Yer Yüzey Sıcaklık Değişimi Gözlemi ve Mekânsal Alan Tespiti
Authors: CİHAN Alperen , CERİT Kübra , ERENER Arzu
Published: December 2021

Ormanların kaybını önlemek amacıyla yangınlarla mücadele son derece önemli bir problemdir. Gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte zaman içerisinde uydu görüntüleri yangınlarla mücadelede için temel gereçlerden biri haline gelmiştir. Çeşitli indeksler kullanılarak, görüntü işleme analizleri ve yüzey sıcaklık analizleri ile uydu görüntüleri üzerinden yanan alanın tespitini yapmak mümkündür. Yersel ölçümlerle yapılan yöntemlerin aksine oldukça hızlı ve nispeten daha az maliyetlidir. Bu çalışmada Landsat-8 uydu görüntüleri kullanılarak 1 Temmuz 2017’de İzmir ili Menderes ilçesinde gerçekleşen ve yaklaşık 67 saat süren Deliömerli orman yangını analiz edilmiştir. Yangın öncesi ve yangın anı için elde edilen görüntülerden yer yüzey sıcaklık haritaları oluşturularak, farklı arazi kullanımları için yüzey sıcaklık farklılıkları incelenmiştir. Buna göre yangın anında yanan alanın yüzey sıcaklığının diğer arazi kullanım alanlarına göre arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Yangın alanı tespitinde ise üç farklı yöntem kullanılıp yangın alanı mekânsal büyüklüğü karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Normalize Edilmiş Bitki Örtüsü İndeksi (NDVI) ile 1.235 hektar alanın, Normalize Edilmiş Yanma Şiddeti (NBR) indeksleri ile 1.221 hektar alanın ve sınıflandırma çalışması sonrası ise 1.296 hektar alanın yandığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçların Orman Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından açıklanan hasar tespit sonuçları ile tutarlı olduğu gözlenmiştir. CORINE arazi kullanım haritası ve yanan alanlar örtüştürülerek yangın sonucunda arazi kullanım sınıflarının yangından ne kadar etkilendiği incelenmiştir. Yapılan örtüşme analizi sonucunda yanan alanın %75,7’sinin iğne yapraklı ormanlar, %19,3’ünün bitki alanları, %4,2’sinin karışık ormanlar ve %0,7’sinin tarım alanları olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Authigenic anatase nanoparticles as a proxy for sedimentary environment and porewater pH
Authors: Hong Hanlie , Ji Kaipeng , Liu Chen , Algeo Thomas J. , Yin Ke , Zhao Lulu , Hochella Michael F. , Fang Qian , Wang Chaowen
Published: December 2021

Titanium (Ti) has long been considered to be immobile during weathering and diagenetic processes, and it is widely used for the normalization of elemental concentrations in weathering profiles. However, our study demonstrates that authigenic titania is commonly formed in fine-grained siliciclastics of a wide variety of facies through weathering of Ti-bearing silicates, authigenic euhedral anatase is present ubiquitously as nanoparticles, and its morphology varies in a predictable manner over a range of depositional environments. The crystal habit of authigenic anatase nanoparticles is controlled primarily by porewater pH during the early diagenetic alteration of Ti-bearing silicates. Authigenic anatase nanoparticles exhibit a distinct tetragonal tabular morphology in deep-marine facies, a tetragonal bipyramidal shape in shallow-marine facies, an irregular morphology with sponge-like aggregates in terrestrial-marine transitional to paludal facies, and euhedral short tetragonal prisms in lacustrine facies. Also, authigenic anatase is observed to form in organic-free glacial deposits, attesting its formation as an inorganic precipitate and demonstrating diagenetic remobilization of titanium in the absence of organic matter. Our findings suggest that authigenic anatase could be a sensitive proxy for the sedimentary environment and sedimentary porewater chemistry, and it will likely prove useful in depositional facies analysis.
Echographic features of brain structures in children born with very low and extremely low body weight, in comparison with the clinical picture
Authors: Mironova A. K. , Osmanov I. M. , Vatolin K. V. , Milovanova O. A. , Samigulina M. G. , Komissarova O. A.
Published: December 2021

Immature brain structures of very premature infants determine the features of the echographic picture at birth, as well as in the neoand postneonatal period. The article presents an analysis of the results of ultrasound studies of the brain (from birth to 18 months of corrected age) in comparison with the clinical and laboratory data of 489 very premature infants born with very low and extremely low body weight. The comparison of neurosonographic data and the results of clinical examination indicate that the echographic picture of the brain structures of very premature infants may differ from that of the mature infants and it does not require medical correction in the absence of neurological manifestations. The most characteristic echographic features in the first years of life are moderate dilatation of the intrathecal spaces, lateral ventricles and cisterns of the brain. Intraventricular hemorrhages in deeply premature infants occur with a high frequency, while degree III intraventricular hemorrhages, as well as periventricular and diffuse leukomalacia, are prognostically unfavorable factors leading to the development of severe neurological defects.
Clinical manifestations and differential diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in young children
Authors: Botkinа A. S. , Dubrovskaya M. I. , Moiseev A. B. , Vartapetova E. E.
Published: December 2021

Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common dermatological diseases in infants and young children. The disease is characterized by a chronic recurrent course with itching, erythema, lichenification and desquamation. Typical cases are diagnosed on the clinically available diagnostic criteria. However, similar clinical manifestations are found in a number of other diseases that can simulate, accompany or complicate the course of atopic dermatitis. They include inflammatory skin conditions, infections, parasitic diseases, genodermatoses, immunodeficiencies and malignancies, as well as nutritional disorders, graft-versus-host disease, and drug disease. Knowledge of the spectrum of these diseases and their distinctive features is crucial for the correct and timely diagnosis of atopic dermatitis, the selection of the optimal treatment.