bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is There a Time for Everything? Attitudes Related to Women's Sequencing of Career and Family
Authors: Sullivan Sherry E.
Published: December 2011

Within the next 10 years, approximately half of all women will be working outside the home. As more women enter the work force and the number of dual career couples increases, counselors will need to help women explore how work and family issues influence career choices. Little research, however, has examined attitudes related to the sequencing of career and family events. In this current research, results from a survey of 203 individuals were analyzed. It was found that gender, attitudes regarding women's timing of career and children, and women's ability to balance work and family demands were significantly related. Surprisingly, although there was no significant relationship between gender and attitudes toward the timing of marriage and career establishment, there was a relationship between these attitudes and race.
Counseling for Normative and Nonnormative Influences on Career Development
Authors: Vondracek Fred W. , Schulenberg John
Published: December 2011

Most theories of career development have conceptualized normative events, periods, and stages to explain how the careers of men and women unfold. This article conceptualizes career counseling as human development intervention to allow a more differentiated and comprehensive view of normative and nonnormative factors that affect career development.
The Application of Group Interviews to the Planning and Evaluation of Career Development Programs
Authors: Bloch Deborah P.
Published: December 2011

Structured, focused group interviews (focus groups) provide the opportunity to assess the knowledge and experiences of a variety of people with a common interest in a relatively short period of time. Through carefully structured questions and materials as well as planned interactions, a focused situation is created to yield the desired information. This article presents the methodology and results of the focus group interviews conducted as part of an evaluation of the Career Information System of Iowa. The advantages and disadvantages of focus groups and additional applications to career development program planning and evaluation are discussed.
The Early History of the Career Decision Scale
Authors: Winer Jane L.
Published: December 2011

The early history of the Career Decision Scale (CDS) is reviewed. A team of researchers devised categories of indecision as the basis of a set of cassette audiotapes and an accompanying workbook for self‐counseling. Although the self‐counseling materials have not been developed, the audiotape scripts evolved into the set of scale items that became the CDS. Three issues raised in the literature are addressed: (a) the lack of information about the instrument's early development, (b) psychometric problems posed by the items, and (c) the use of the CDS as a scale versus a type indicator.
Whereto Career Development and Counseling?
Authors: Conger D. Stuart
Published: December 2011

This article is a call for a greater focusing of theory building and counseling process invention for the career development programs of schools and social institutions.
The Pyramid Model: A Useful Tool in Career Counseling With University Students
Authors: Elwood Judith A.
Published: December 2011

Often university students are faced with career decisions and seek help from the university counseling center. The pyramid model is a useful tool to assist the counselor and the student in the decision‐making process. The metaphor enables the student to understand the tasks that lie ahead in the career counseling process. It is holistic. A case study is included to illustrate the three‐dimensional model of career counseling of university students.
Career Salience Among Nigerian Dual‐Career Women
Authors: Okocha Aneneosa , Perrone Philip
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the factors that relate to the career salience of Nigerian dual‐career women. Findings showed that neither family size nor level of education related to the women's career salience. The husbands' level of education did relate to the women's career salience. Positive self‐image and higher family income were identified as the advantages, while nonegalitarianism was emphasized as the major drawback of the dual‐career relationship.
Ethnic Group and Social Class Differences in College Students' Career Development
Authors: Luzzo Darrell Anthony
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to examine ethnic group and social class differences in 401 college students' career development. Assessments of career development included career decision‐making attitudes, vocational congruence, and career decision‐making skills. Statistical analyses did not reveal any social class differences in career development. Ethnic group differences, however, were observed, including significant differences in career decision‐making attitudes and vocational congruence. Findings suggest that current theories of career development are lacking in their application to today's ethnically diverse college population. Future directions for cross‐cultural career development research and implications for career counselors are discussed.
Applying Current Theory and Research in Career Exploration to Practice
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: December 2011

This article provides a selected review of two lines of recent research on career exploration, with a specific focus on applications for counseling practice. The first line of research deals with identifying the antecedents of exploratory activity focusing on the role of internal factors in motivating self‐ and environmental exploration. The second line of research addresses the application of information processing biases to career exploration. The article describes relevant counseling interventions that are derived from recent theory and research and concludes with a summary of six goals to consider in designing career exploration interventions for individual and group counseling.
The Career Counseling Process With Racial‐Ethnic Minorities: The Case of Asian Americans
Authors: Leong Frederick T. L.
Published: December 2011

Using Derald Sue's framework for examining the counseling process with racial‐ethnic minority clients, the author develops a new model to examine the career counseling process with Asian Americans in terms of culturally appropriate and inappropriate process and outcomes. Recommendations for culturally appropriate career counseling interventions are also offered from this integrated framework.
Integrating a Multicultural Perspective Into Training for Career Counseling: Programmatic and Individual Interventions
Authors: Swanson Jane L.
Published: December 2011

Preparing students to provide competent career counseling to multicuturally diverse clients requires a systematic and integrated effort by training programs. This article discusses the essential components in a comprehensive, programmatic commitment to multiculturalism, and offers suggestions for enhancing multicultural sensitivity and competence in individual trainees. The definition of multicultural diversity used in this article includes issues in addition to race and ethnicity (e.g., gender, sexual orientation, age, socioeconomic status, and physical disability) and recognizes the diversity of counseling trainees.
The Gendered Context of Life: Implications for Women's and Men's Career‐Life Plans
Authors: Cook Ellen Piel
Published: December 2011

Some recent perspectives on gender differences in life and career planning are discussed, focusing on the gendered context of women's and men's lives. Men and women tend to develop different orientations regarding occupational achievement and interpersonal relationships. These orientations interact with broader sociocultural norms for the sexes' behavior to produce different life‐style opportunities and demands. Work environments also embody broadly accepted assumptions and expectations for men and women, affecting the choices and expectations they face in the work place.
Career Education in Japan: Its Current Status and Condition
Authors: Senzaki Takeshi
Published: December 2011

The Japanese vocational, or career, guidance movement dates back to 1915 and derives largely from advances and developments in the United States system of vocational guidance. Extracurricular or social welfare activities in the U.S. initially spawned vocational guidance efforts and programming in Japan. Subsequently, the Japanese Ministry of Education included vocational guidance in its primary curriculum as early as 1920. At that time, graduates of Japanese educational programs received placement guidance services. By the decade spanning 1930 to 1940, however, policies resulting from the war between Japan and China, as well as from World War II interrupted vocational guidance programming established in educational settings. In 1947, on the heels of the recently ended war, the Japanese Constitution, the Fundamental Law of Education, and the School Education Law were established to regularize the 6‐3‐3‐4 school system. Specifically, the Japanese Constitution prescribed “freedom of vocational choice,” the Fundamental Law of Education advanced the “idea of personal accomplishment,” and the School of Education Law (Article 36, 42) decreed that a primary purpose of the secondary school concerned cultivating students' abilities to make career decisions. In support of this decree, the Ministry of Education published a Course of Study in 1949, which directly addressed vocational guidance in the schools. Moreover, by 1953 vocational guidance educators appeared in secondary schools and in 1958 the term career guidance replaced vocational guidance consequent to the School of Education Law.
Understanding Careers Work
Authors: Law Bill
Published: December 2011

Careers education and guidance work in Britain over the past 80 years is set out as a narrative. At each stage there are questions about why preferred actions are preferred. The author provides explanations in terms of both developing theoretical and policy rationales for action.
Gender Differences in Career Paths in Banking
Authors: Morgan Sandra , Schor Susan M. , Martin Linda R.
Published: December 2011

Analysis of career paths of middle managers in savings banks revealed significant gender differences. This study of matched pairs found that men advanced faster and reached middle management through fewer promotions and positions than did their female counterparts. Men also had significantly more work experience outside of banking. In their banking careers, men held more jobs in lending, whereas women occupied more customer service positions.
Four Methods to Determine RIASEC Codes for College Majors and a Comparison of Hit Rates
Authors: Harrington Thomas F. , Feller Rich , O'Shea Arthur J.
Published: December 2011

This study compared RIASEC college major codes derived from surveying students enrolled in 28 majors, the judgments of subject matter and counseling experts, and workers employed in jobs related to the majors. Of the four methodologies used to obtain college codes, the highest degree of agreement was the 96% between student Career Decision‐Making (CDM) codes having reasonably close matches or better with codes in the Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes. The article discusses that students must be aware that some common major names are not very communicative or descriptive of the predominant code types studying the subject.
Personal Aspects of Career Counseling: Three Examples
Authors: Lucas Margaretha S.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author describes three fictitious university counseling center clients who are struggling with career issues related to their personal development. Suggestions are given regarding ways to conceptualize their situation as well as methods of individualized career guidance.
Psychological Distress and Counseling Duration of Career and Noncareer Clients
Authors: Gold Joshua M. , Scanlon Catherine R.
Published: December 2011

This study compared the presenting psychological symptom status and the counseling duration of career and noncareer clients. Although no significant differences in the psychological status of the two groups were noticed, career clients did attend significantly fewer counseling sessions than did clients with noncareer concerns. Implications of these findings for college counseling centers are offered.
Improving Prediction of Career Adjustment With Measures of Career Development
Authors: Seifert Karl H.
Published: December 2011

In the first part of the article, the major findings and the problems of criterion‐related validity research in the field of career development assessment are analyzed. Regarding predictive validity, it is shown that it is more difficult to prove mediumterm and long‐term effects of career maturity on career adjustment than short‐term effects, and that this is connected with shortcomings in research and theory. In the second part of the article, empirical evidence is provided for the assumption that self‐concept orientation in choice of present major and realization of preferences might function as mediating factors between career development in school and career adjustment.
A Super Contribution to Vocational Theory: Work Values
Authors: Zytowski Donald G.
Published: December 2011

This article traces the influence of Donald E. Super in introducing the concept of work values into career development and vocational theory. It reviews the conceptualization, taxonomy, and assessment of work values. Research bearing on Super's “onion model,” representing his views on the relationship of work values to other variables in the affective domain, is also presented. Finally, an overview is given of the research evidence regarding any functional role that work values actually play in the career development of individuals.
Careers in a Cultural Context
Authors: Fouad Nadya A. , Arbona Consuelo
Published: December 2011

This article gives an overview of research on Super's theory across cultures within the United States as well as internationally. Research indicates that the theory has some cross‐cultural validity, yet there seem to be measurement concerns. The article also discusses two areas for future investigation: development of ethnic identity as a vocational task and research on developmental contextualism (Vondracek, Lerner, & Shulenberg, 1986).
The Independence of Aptitudes, Interests, and Career Beliefs
Authors: Naylor Frank D. , Krumboltz John D.
Published: December 2011

The importance of client beliefs in career counseling depends on their ability to add unique information about the client over and above that contributed by aptitudes and interests. The Career Beliefs Inventory was administered to 200 Australian students in grade 10 together with measures of Holland's RIASEC interest themes and scholastic aptitudes. The correlations between scales from the three domains showed clearly that beliefs made a contribution distinct from that provided by aptitudes and interests. Even though the results may reflect possible sampling or method variance, career beliefs in this sample added unique information to that traditionally used in career counseling.
Career Research From an Action Perspective: The Self‐Confrontation Procedure
Authors: Young Richard A. , Valach Ladislav , Dillabough Jo‐Anne , Dover Carolyn , Matthes Glenn
Published: December 2011

A videotape playback procedure (self‐confrontation) following a career‐related conversation is proposed as a means of studying career development from an action perspective. This perspective is premised on an understanding of career development as intentional, goal‐directed, and occurring in a social context. In this article, a career conversation between a parent and an adolescent is used to illustrate the procedure. During the individual playback, the participants are asked for their thoughts and feelings (cognitions) while the conversation took place, and their interpretation of it. The categories used in the analysis are described. This procedure provides contextually‐sensitive and empirically‐grounded data useful for researchers and practitioners.
What Is a Career Problem?
Authors: Cochran Larry
Published: December 2011

The aim of this article was to examine the nature of career problems, drawing out common features that pervade any particular instance. On the basis of this commonality, a common standard for career counseling theory, research, and practice was proposed. The significance of identifying a common standard is that the field is so diverse in theory and practice that there appears to be little basis for unifying perspective. Without a common standard or measure, there is no coherent way to judge theoretical or practical progress.
Importance of the National Career Development Guidelines to School Counselors
Authors: Freeman Brenda
Published: December 2011

This study surveyed the opinions of a national random sample of school counselors toward the importance of the elementary, junior high/middle, and high school competencies in the National Career Development Guidelines. The results of the study indicated that school counselors consider the career development competencies in the guidelines to be important to very important across the three levels.
Developmental Career Counseling with Teenage Parents
Authors: Kiselica Mark S. , Murphy Dawn Kessler
Published: December 2011

Although teenage parenthood is recognized by many counselors as a developmental identity crisis, it rarely has been viewed as a developmental career crisis. This article suggests developmental career assessment and counseling procedures for use with teenage parents.
Congruence and Coherence as Predictors of Congruent Employment Outcomes
Authors: Thompson Janice M. , Flynn Robert J. , Griffith Shirley A.
Published: December 2011

Four diagnostic signs derived from Holland's (1985a) theory of vocational personalities and occupational environments were evaluated for their ability to predict personality‐environment congruence in a sample of 87 employed persons with special needs. Participants, 40% of whom were female, had an average age of 35.6 years. The diagnostic signs were employment congruence, aspirational congruence, employment coherence, and aspirational coherence, all measured during an initial assessment. The outcome was personality‐environment congruence in a job held 15 months after the initial assessment. Employment congruence was found to be the best predictor of future personality‐environment congruence. Employment coherence was also predictive of future personality‐environment congruence, and aspirational congruence was correlated with the latter. The clinical and research implications of the findings were discussed.
Characteristics of Female Students Who Aspire to Science and Engineering or Homemaking Occupations
Authors: Mau Wei‐Cheng , Domnick Margaret , Ellsworth Randolph A.
Published: December 2011

This study identified predictors that discriminated between nontraditional and traditional career aspirations in a sample composed of 930 eighth‐grade female students (52 Asian Americans, 123 Hispanics, 61 African Americans, 669 Whites, and 15 Native Americans). Results indicated that the students who aspired to careers in science or engineering scored significantly higher on educational aspirations; perceived parental expectations; student‐reported grade point averages (GPAs); and mathematics, reading, and science test scores than did girls who aspired to homemaking occupations. They also scored higher on measures of self‐esteem, internal locus of control, socioeconomic status, and had fewer siblings. Educational aspirations, parental expectations, self‐reported GPA, and science proficiency were the best discriminators between the groups. Results also indicated that differences in the distributions of career aspirations across racial‐ethnic groups were significant.
Congruence and Psychological Adjustment for Practicing Male Ministers
Authors: Celeste Bobbie L. , Walsh W. Bruce , Raote Rani G.
Published: December 2011

This study explored the self‐reported psychological adjustment for congruent, incongruent, and moderately congruent employed male ministers. Psychological adjustment was operationally defined by the scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The concept of congruence was defined using the Strong Interest Inventory Minister Scale. The multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of group membership on the MMPI scales. The univariate analysis showed significant findings on eight MMPI scales. In general, the results indicate that the three minister groups varied in psychological adjustment as assessed by the MMPI scales. Congruent ministers tend to be psychologically healthier than are the incongruent minister group.
A Cognitive Stress Reduction Program for Recently Unemployed Managers
Authors: Saam Robert H. , Wodtke Kenneth H. , Hains Anthony A.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the effectiveness of a structured cognitive stress reduction program for unemployed managers involved in an outplacement program. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. One group of managers received structured weekly counseling using a cognitively based stress reduction program. They were compared with a control group that received unstructured advice about managing stress as part of a typical outplacement program. The managers who received the cognitive intervention, as compared with managers in the control group, found reemployment significantly sooner and showed reductions in levels of state anxiety and anger that were statistically significant.
Career Interventions for Gay and Lesbian Clients: A Synopsis of Practice Knowledge and Research Needs
Authors: Pope Mark
Published: December 2011

This article provides a comprehensive review of the professional literature on career counseling interventions with gay and lesbian clients. It summarizes the practice knowledge gleaned from that literature and makes recommendations on what research needs to be conducted to establish the area of gay and lesbian career development in the published research literature.
Effects of Structuring on Students' Perceptions of Career Counseling
Authors: Miller Mark J. , Mahaffey Stan H. , Wells Don , Tobacyk Jerome
Published: December 2011

This study examines the effects of the use of structuring on participants' impressions of a counselor during an initial career counseling session. A total of 232 undergraduate students viewed a videotape of an initial career counseling session. Both groups observed the identical tape with the exception that one group was additionally shown a brief structuring segment. The 2 groups were compared across the variables of attractiveness, expertness, and trustworthiness as measured by the Counselor Rating Form. The participants were also asked to rate their willingness to see a counselor about a career issue before and after viewing the videotape. Significant differences were found across the dependent measures. Implications of the findings for counselors are discussed.
Work Illustrated: Attending to Visual Images in Career Information Materials
Authors: Hartung Paul J.
Published: December 2011

Career counselors use occupational information to help clients make informed vocational decisions. They would therefore be likely to benefit from understanding how visual images contained in such materials depict the world of work. A review of the literature on career information, however, reveals a significant lack of study of the visual content of career information materials. By taking account of visual images contained in career information resources, counselors can help clients to more effectively explore imagined versus known attributes of potential career‐related environments. Several avenues for future research are explored.
Career Development Profiles and Interventions for Underrepresented College Students
Authors: Jackson Gregory C. , Healy Charles C.
Published: December 2011

The study interpreted scores from career development and role salience measures for 4 groups of underrepresented, at‐risk college students to suggest potentially useful career interventions for each group. Each group's scores required a distinctive interpretation, and the 4 interpretations suggested some common and some distinctive interventions. Because the recommendations obtained from the career measures coincided with recommended interventions for underrepresented, at‐risk students in the literature, the results support further study of the utility of career maturity measures with such populations.
Annual Review: Practice and Research in Career Development and Counseling—1995
Authors: Stoltz‐Loike Marian
Published: December 2011

The author reviews and summarizes more than 200 articles related to career development issues that were published in 1995. The goals were to identify articles relevant to clinicians and to provide a comprehensive and coherent overview of the career development literature. The articles were reviewed and organized within seven areas: counselor‐client relations, business and industry, university career centers, career development theories, gender differences, work and family issues, and cross‐cultural issues. Implications for future research directions and for assisting clients with their career development challenges are discussed.
Psychological Well‐Being Throughout the Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood
Authors: Borgen William A. , Amundson Norman E. , Tench Elizabeth
Published: December 2011

A cohort of 172 high school leavers were followed over a 2‐year period to determine factors that affect well‐being throughout transition. High school leavers are those individuals who are graduating from high school and are progressing to further schooling, to work, or are unemployed. Employment and school continuation were unrelated to self‐esteem and depression. Factors that influenced the transition process included money and activity problems, internality, stability, and controllability both of attributions about general transition difficulties at specific time periods and of external attributions about unemployment. The need for new approaches to career theory and practice is discussed.
Social Cognitive Approach to Career Development: An Overview
Authors: Lent Robert W. , Brown Steven D.
Published: December 2011

This article provides an overview of a social cognitive framework for understanding career interest, choice, and performance processes. Derived primarily from Bandura's (1986) general social cognitive theory, the framework features several variables (self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, personal goals) through which people help to guide their own career development. It also includes a discussion of how these variables interrelate with other aspects of persons (e.g., gender) and their environments (e.g., supports, barriers) within the process of career development. The framework is intended as a base both for unifying existing career theories and for conceptualizing developmental and remedial career interventions.
A Context‐Rich Perspective of Career Exploration Across the Life Roles
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: December 2011

Building on the recent contributions of Donald Super (e.g., 1980), this article presents a broadened lens with which to view theory, research, and practice in career exploration. Super's contributions on career adaptability and the life‐career rainbow (e.g., Super, 1990; Super & Knasel, 1981) were applied to current areas of ambiguity in the career exploration literature, yielding potentially useful ideas about the antecedents and consequences of career exploration. Based on an integrative analysis guided by Super's recent contributions and related conceptual innovations, a context‐rich perspective is proposed to broaden the attentional focus of discourse about career exploration. The article discusses the theoretical implications of the context‐rich view and provides suggestions for counseling practice.
Workshop to Orient Students to Career Planning Services
Authors: Taylor Sandra C.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a 1‐hour workshop designed to orient students to a career resource center and assist them with career decision making.
Unemployment and Identity in Adolescence: A Social Comparison Perspective
Authors: Meeus Wim , Deković Maja , Iedema Jurjen
Published: December 2011

This study (a) assesses whether employed young people, unemployed school‐leavers, and unemployed young people who have working experience differ in their psychological well‐being, that is stress, depression, and general feelings of happiness; (b) examines the effects of these three work conditions on development and structure of identity; and (c) investigates the effects of identity structure on psychological well‐being. The favorability hypothesis of social comparison theory seems fit to explain the relation between identity structure and psychological well‐being.
Ten‐Year Stability of Holland Codes Within One Family
Authors: Helwig Andrew A. , Myrin Mimi D.
Published: December 2011

This article reports a qualitative study of the incidence of Holland codes in three generations of one family over a 10‐year time span. The stability of codes was very high whether or not the codes were consistent. Compatibility indexes between family members and significant others were wide‐ranging. The gradual changes in Holland codes over three generations seem to reflect the movement of this family from a rural, farm background to suburban settings.
Annual Review: Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development—1997
Authors: SWANSON JANE L. , PARCOVER JASON A.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews literature published in 1997 related to career counseling and career development. The authors' review revealed that researchers and practitioners continue to productively contribute to a dynamic understanding of career‐related issues. The literature was organized into 4 sections: career development throughout the life span, cultural and contextual factors, issues related to assessment, and theoretical advances.
Job and Employee Support Groups: Past and Prologue
Authors: KAHNWEILER WILLIAM M. , RIORDAN RICHARD J.
Published: December 2011

This article explores the nature and scope of support groups that focus on job and career issues. A review and analysis of such groups in single organizations, on the Internet, and in other venues is presented, as well as related writings drawn from both the support group and career development literature. Implications for career development practice and research are then offered. Although the purposes, structure, formats, and outcomes of these groups vary, when viewed collectively, they represent potentially helpful adjunctive support for clients who are receiving assistance from professional career counselors and developers.
An Anti‐Introspectivist View of Career Decision Making
Authors: Krieshok Thomas S.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews 50 years of empirical literature on career decision making, summarizing 10 things the field knows “for sure.” An anti‐introspectivist view of career decision making is then presented, developed by applying findings from cognitive and experimental social psychology to career decision making. This view holds that most processing performed by the human mind for decision making and behavior initiation is not performed at a conscious level and that reflection on those processes may be futile, and detrimental to good decisions. Although the anti‐introspectivist perspective challenges many strongly held assumptions, it provides a plausible explanation of some of the difficulties encountered by decision makers and those who counsel them.
Context of Career Decisions: Women Reared in a Rural Community
Authors: Vermeulen Mary E. , Minor Carole W.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the influences on the career decisions of women who grew up in a rural community. Forty women were interviewed who graduated in the upper 10% of their high school classes in the 1950s, ‘60s, ‘70s, and ‘80s. The results are described in three components: gender role beliefs, factors, and contexts. Gender role beliefs were the most pervasive influences found. Other factors were (a) information, (b) meeting others' expectations, (c) barriers, (d) sense of empowerment, (e) conditions of work, and (f) personal values. The participants were also affected by their social and historical contexts and their development stages.
Exploration to Foster Career Development
Authors: Niles Spencer G. , Anderson Walter P. , Goodnough Gary
Published: December 2011

Responses to the Adult Career Concerns Inventory (ACCI: Super, Thompson, Lindeman, Myers, & Jordaan, 1988) were organized through cluster analysis to identify different ways in which adults use exploratory behavior to cope with career development tasks. Significant differences in life‐role salience among the types of adult career explorers identified were also investigated. Findings indicated a variety of ways in which adults use exploratory behavior. However, no significant differences were found in life‐role salience among the types of career explorers. The discussion explains how career counselors can interpret their clients' ACCI profiles to select appropriate career interventions.
Facilitating the Learning of Career Development Theories
Authors: Beale Andrew V.
Published: December 2011

This article presents two activities that may be used in career counseling classes to make learning about career development theories more interesting and enjoyable.
The Practice of Career Counseling by Specialists and Counselors in General Practice
Authors: Sampson James P. , Vacc Nicholas A. , Loesch Larry C.
Published: December 2011

This study sought to identify which career counseling work behaviors are unique to the specialty of career counseling and which career counseling work behaviors are an element of general counseling practice. Career counseling work behaviors related to assessment and counseling were judged to be fundamental to the general practice of counseling. Career counseling work behaviors related to program management, information, and consultation were judged to be fundamental to the specialty practice of career counseling. Implications for counselor certification and counseling program accreditation are discussed.
Responding to a Community Need: Oakland University's Adult Career Counseling Center
Authors: Goodman Jane , Savage Nancy
Published: December 2011

Rapid changes in the world of work coupled with changes in individuals' needs necessitate career counseling assistance. The Oakland University Adult Career Counseling Center uses the services of counseling students to offer career advising to community adults at no charge. The center and its approach are described, along with brief examples of typical clients.
Job Search Techniques as Employment Channels: Differential Effects on the Initial Employment Success of College Graduates
Authors: Sagen H. Bradley , Dallam Jerald W. , Laverty John R.
Published: December 2011

A conceptual framework suggests that employers will favor applicants from specific employment channels (job search techniques) depending on the qualifications sought. Logistic regression was used to analyze the responses of 1012 baccalaureate graduates to a survey 1 month after graduation. The results support the proposition that alternative search techniques have differential effects depending on the qualifications offered. All search techniques except 1 revealed interaction effects, favoring or limiting graduates with specific characteristics such as appropriate specialization and higher ability. Direct contact with employers and early initiation of search contributed directly to initial baccalaureate‐level employment.
Telling a Good Story: Using Narratives in Vocational Rehabilitation With Veterans
Authors: Krieshok Thomas S. , Hastings Sarah , Ebberwein Chris , Wettersten Kara , Owen Anne
Published: December 2011

Because of the high chronicity of work‐related problems in a Veterans Administration Medical Center population, many of the traditional methods of career assessment, counseling, and placement have proven ineffectual. In this article the authors detail the development of an intervention based on narrative or storytelling principles. They describe efforts to introduce this model to patients as well as to relate patients' stories to vocational outcomes. The usefulness of stories as an organizing principle for counselors and clients is discussed, and suggestions are offered for further uses of storytelling interventions.
Double Jeopardy: Work Ethic Differences in Youth at Risk of School Failure
Authors: Hill Roger B. , Rojewski Jay W.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine if work ethic differed for a sample of 152 selected 9th‐grade students categorized by risk of school failure and by gender. Work ethic attributes were measured using the Occupational Work Ethic Inventory (Petty, 1993). Results of a two‐way multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant work ethic differences in main effects of at‐risk classification and gender for dependent variables of interpersonal skills, initiative, and being dependable. Interaction effects were not significant. Underlying constructs indicated that adolescents with greater degrees of risk were less dependable and that girls in the study were more dependable than boys.
A Social Cognitive View of School‐to‐Work Transition
Authors: Lent Robert W. , Hackett Gail , Brown Steven D.
Published: December 2011

This article considers social cognitive career theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) as a vantage point from which to view the school‐to‐work transition process. Rather than emphasizing the period just before high school graduation, SCCT focuses on 6 developmentally linked themes that unfold throughout the school years. An emphasis on these themes (formation of self‐efficacy and outcome beliefs, interest development, interest‐goal linkages, translation of goals into actions, performance skills, negotiation of transition supports and barriers) suggests targets for developmental and remedial interventions that promote students' career development across the school years and after work entry.
The School‐to‐Work Transition From a Learning Theory Perspective
Authors: Krumboltz John D. , Worthington Roger L.
Published: December 2011

Learning is essential not only for students to develop the basic employability skills required for the school‐to‐work transition, but also for the development of work habits, beliefs, interests, and values. Career development counselors can apply a learning perspective to (a) use assessment instruments for stimulating new learning, not merely for matching existing characteristics to current environments, (b) achieve emotional and performance outcomes as well as cognitive outcomes, and (c) measure success by the extent to which clients continue to be engaged in learning activities leading to the creation of satisfying lives for themselves, not merely by measures of decisiveness and congruence.
The Undecided Student: Effects of Combining Levels of Treatment Parameters on Career Certainty, Career Indecision, and Client Satisfaction
Authors: Jurgens Jill C.
Published: December 2011

The author investigated the impact of a 4‐phase combined intervention on outcomes of career certainty, career indecision, and client satisfaction in undecided college students and compared it to a 2‐phase intervention. Both interventions were effective in increasing career certainty in the sample population; however, the 4‐phase treatment was significantly more effective in increasing career certainty. Both treatments were effective in decreasing career indecision, although no significant difference was found between these 2 groups. There was no significant difference in ratings of satisfaction between the 2 groups. The findings suggest that even the most basic and cost‐effective intervention may benefit the undecided student.
Young Women's Work Values and Role Salience in Grade 11: Are There Changes Three Years Later?
Authors: Madill H. M. , Montgomerie T. C. , Stewin L. L. , Fitzsimmons G.W. , Tovell D. R. , Armour M‐A. , Ciccocioppo A‐L.
Published: December 2011

Eleventh graders participated in a longitudinal study of career decision making in which they completed a series of career‐related inventories and follow‐up interviews. There was little change in work‐related values between the 2 administrations of the Values Scale (G.W. Fitzsimmons, D. Macnab, & C. Casserly, 1985); however, greater variation occurred on the Salience Inventory (G. W. Fitzsimmons et al., 1985), particularly Role Value Implementation. Role salience seems less stable than values, perhaps reflecting the transition from high school to postsecondary education or the world of work. Implications for D. E. Super's (1981, 1990, 1994, 1995) theory of career development and applications to career counseling are outlined.
Effective Techniques: The Career‐in‐Culture Interview: A Semi‐Structured Protocol for the Cross‐Cultural Intake Interview
Authors: Ponterotto Joseph G. , Rivera Lourdes , Sueyoshi Lina Adachi
Published: December 2011

The authors introduce the Career‐in‐Culture Interview (CiCI), a flexible, semistructured interview protocol designed for the career counseling intake session. The contents of the CiCI are based on recent theoretical advances in multicultural counseling and on the social cognitive model of career development. The authors describe a pilot evaluation of the interview and present guidelines for using the CiCI in practice.
Collaboration, Partnership, Policy, and Practice in Career Development
Authors: Herr Edwin L.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the importance of collaboration among professional organizations, governmental entities, and counselors in behalf of career development. Examples of possible international and national collaborative initiatives and policy emphases are described.
Career Development and Public Policy
Authors: Watts A. G.
Published: December 2011

The rationale for policy interest in career development services and the way in which this rationale is being strengthened by the current transformations in work and career are discussed. The potential roles of public policy in relation to career development services are explored, along with ways in which such services can influence the policy‐making process. A range of policy issues related to making career development services available to all throughout life are identified. Stronger structures and processes are needed to bring together career development practitioners with policy makers and other stakeholder interests in order to address tasks of common concern.
The North American Career Development Partnership: Experiment in International Collaboration
Authors: Carlson Burton L. , Goguen Robert A. , Jarvis Phillip S. , Lester Juliette N.
Published: December 2011

This article describes how career development programs became the focus of an international partnership between the United States and Canada. Beginning in 1976 in the United States, the National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee (NOICC) and its State Occupational Information Coordinating Committees (SOICCs) developed training and materials that promote the use of occupational and labor market information. Similarly, in the early 1970s, Canada began to explore the feasibility of creating a computer‐based career information delivery system. What follows is the story of an unusual and significant international collaboration. It concludes with identification of lessons learned.
Developing Partnerships to Meet Clients' Needs in Changing Government Organizations: A Consultative Process
Authors: Borgen William A.
Published: December 2011

The article outlines the development of partnerships across 3 employment‐related government ministries, in a context of organizational restructuring and downsizing. The article describes a consultation process conducted with workers from 2 provincial ministries and 1 federal government ministry regarding effective collaboration to assess unemployed clients' employability needs. In individual and focus group meetings, the workers developed a process that involved the cooperation and involvement of those from all 3 ministries in offering and monitoring the effectiveness of a needs assessment program.
On School‐to‐Work Transition, Career Development Theories, and Cultural Validity
Authors: Lent Robert W. , Worthington Roger L.
Published: December 2011

The authors respond to Duane Brown's (2000) claims about the deficiencies of person‐environment, social learning, developmental, and social cognitive theories as templates for studying and promoting the work transition of racial/ethnic minority students. They (a) suggest that the degree to which theories are generalizable across cultures and subcultures is an empirical question, not a matter to be decided by fiat; (b) counsel against the assumption that cultures exert uniform effects on the career behavior of their members; (c) consider certain mischaracterizations of the career theories; and (d) entertain the possibility that work transition may be studied from the perspective of both generic and culture‐specific career theories.
Computer‐Based Career Planning Systems: Dreams and Realities
Authors: Harris‐Bowlsbey JoAnn , Sampson James P.
Published: December 2011

The authors look back more than 30 years to those who introduced the use of the computer as an important new tool to assist students in the area of career development. To what extent have dreams been realized and concerns allayed? Rapid advances in technology, not included in the authors' vision, have transformed the world into a different place. How have these advances affected the use of computers in counseling? The article concludes with a list of current concerns, along with recommendations for further action and research.
Career Rehabilitation: Integration of Vocational Rehabilitation and Career Development in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Shahnasarian Michael
Published: December 2011

The concept of career rehabilitation, a paradigm that proposes integrating perspectives from vocational rehabilitation and career development, is introduced. Counselors are encouraged to assess how vocational handicaps secondary to a disabling problem can affect a client over his or her “worklife” and to adopt a life‐span approach to career decision making of people with disabilities. Four common vocational handicaps are discussed: diminished access to work opportunities, need for workplace accommodations, employer bias in hiring and advancement, and diminished “worklife” expectancy. Counselors testifying in legal forums are encouraged to pursue scholarship on the career development of people with disabilities.
Welfare‐to‐Work Services: A Person‐Centered Perspective
Authors: Lent Ellen B.
Published: December 2011

Services designed to assist job seekers to leave public assistance and gain employment are well established throughout the U.S. Many of these programs are created and delivered by professionals of higher socioeconomic class backgrounds, but many program participants are of lower social class status. This situation can create “cross‐class” difficulties in the design and delivery of effective job‐search services. The author argues that using a person‐centered perspective, with the deliberate inclusion of genuineness and empathy in all phases of programming, may neutralize cross‐class variables and increase the effectiveness of interventions. Examples from programs emphasizing person‐centered concepts are offered.
The Legacy of Parsons: Career Counselors and Vocational Psychologists as Agents of Social Change
Authors: O'Brien Karen M.
Published: December 2011

The commitment to social change demonstrated by the founder of vocational psychology, Frank Parsons, continues in several areas of vocational psychology today, including individual career counseling, guidance work in the schools, career interventions with special populations, and vocational research. This article highlights ways in which career counselors and vocational psychologists have focused and can continue to focus their practice and research to improve the condition of society and to provide interventions that enhance the ability of all individuals to love and to work in a meaningful way.