bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exact solutions for oscillatory shear sweep behaviors of complex fluids from the Oldroyd 8-constant framework
Authors: Saengow Chaimongkol , Giacomin A. Jeffrey
Published: February 2018

In this paper, we provide a new exact framework for analyzing the most commonly measured behaviors in large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow (LAOS), a popular flow for studying the nonlinear physics of complex fluids. Specifically, the strain rate sweep (also called the strain sweep) is used routinely to identify the onset of nonlinearity. By the strain rate sweep, we mean a sequence of LAOS experiments conducted at the same frequency, performed one after another, with increasing shear rate amplitude. In this paper, we give exact expressions for the nonlinear complex viscosity and the corresponding nonlinear complex normal stress coefficients, for the Oldroyd 8-constant framework for oscillatory shear sweeps. We choose the Oldroyd 8-constant framework for its rich diversity of popular special cases (we list 18 of these). We evaluate the Fourier integrals of our previous exact solution to get exact expressions for the real and imaginary parts of the complex viscosity, and for the complex normal stress coefficients, as functions of both test frequency and shear rate amplitude. We explore the role of infinite shear rate viscosity on strain rate sweep responses for the special case of the corotational Jeffreys fluid. We find that raising η∞ raises the real part of the complex viscosity and lowers the imaginary. In our worked examples, we thus first use the corotational Jeffreys fluid, and then, for greater accuracy, we use the Johnson-Segalman fluid, to describe the strain rate sweep response of molten atactic polystyrene. For our comparisons with data, we use the Spriggs relations to generalize the Oldroyd 8-constant framework to multimode. Our generalization yields unequivocally, a longest fluid relaxation time, used to assign Weissenberg and Deborah numbers to each oscillatory shear flow experiment. We then locate each experiment in the Pipkin space.
Mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of organic compounds to carboxylic acids
Authors: Andrushkevich Tamara V. , Chesalov Yuriy A.
Published: February 2018

The results of studies on the mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of organic compounds of different chemical structure to carboxylic acids are analyzed and generalized. The concept developed by Academician G.K.Boreskov, according to which the direction of the reaction is governed by the structure and bond energy of surface intermediates, was confirmed taking the title processes as examples. Quantitative criteria of the bond energies of surface compounds of oxidizable reactants, reaction products and oxygen that determine the selective course of the reaction are presented.

The bibliography includes 195 references.
Dose-dependent effects of probiotic supplementation on bone characteristics and mineralisation in meat-type female turkeys
Authors: Tomaszewska E. , Kwiecień M. , Dobrowolski P. , Klebaniuk R. , Muszyński S. , Olcha M. , Blicharski T. , Grela E. R.
Published: February 2018

To evaluate the influence of the probiotic on bone tissue in female turkeys, bone mineral density and geometrical and mechanical properties of the tibia and femur were determined in a dose-dependent manner (107 colony-forming units (cfu)/g, 108 cfu/g, 109 cfu/g). No effect of the treatments on bone mass and wall thickness of femur was observed, but the administration of the probiotic resulted in the elongation and the reduction of both strengths. The increase in the cross-sectional area of the femur was dose-dependent. Probiotic supplementation at a concentration of 108 cfu/g resulted in a reduction in ultimate strength, but at a concentration of 107 cfu/g, it resulted in the enhancement of the maximum elastic strength of the tibia compared with other groups. The influence of the probiotic administration on tibia geometry was dose-dependent. No effect of the treatments on the relative bone weight and the ratio of mass to length was observed. In general, the influence of the probiotic administration on bone mineral density, bone mineral concentration, bone tissue density, and bone ash, calcium and phosphorus concentrations was dose-dependent. The investigated properties of long bones in female turkeys are affected through probiotic-supplemented diets in a dose-dependent manner. However, on the basis of densitometry, it seems that the administration of the probiotic at a higher concentration of cells is more beneficial for bone development in turkeys.
Embryos of eastern rainbowfish Melanotaenia splendida splendida (Peters, 1866) tolerate fluctuating hypoxia
Authors: Flint N. , Pearson R. G. , Crossland M. R.
Published: February 2018

Hypoxia can have profound sublethal effects on reproduction and embryonic development of some freshwater fish. In the present study, the effects of diel fluctuating hypoxia on embryo viability were investigated for the eastern rainbowfish Melanotaenia splendida splendida, a small-bodied species common in wetlands of tropical Queensland. After daily hypoxic exposure (minimum 5% saturation) from fertilisation until hatch, no effects were found on egg incubation time, egg and larval mortality, and viability and size of hatching larvae. Older life history stages of the species are vulnerable to this level of hypoxia. Embryos of phytolithophilic species are likely exposed to fluctuating dissolved oxygen saturations in their natural habitat, and hypoxia tolerance may be a requirement for fish species that spawn predominantly on submerged plant material.
Mitotic waves in the early embryogenesis of
Drosophila
: Bistability traded for speed
Authors: Vergassola Massimo , Deneke Victoria E. , Di Talia Stefano
Published: February 2018

Significance

Early embryogenesis of most metazoans features rapid and synchronous cell divisions. In
Drosophila
embryos, traveling waves of activity of Cdk1, the master regulator of the cell cycle, are responsible for the synchronization of the cell cycle. Here, we elucidate the spreading of Cdk1 waves by demonstrating a unique physical mechanism for the generation of waves in biological systems. The mechanism hinges on time-dependent effects in a reaction–diffusion system, namely the fact that they can sweep the overall level of the Cdk1 field upward, while preserving its spatial gradients. The resulting waves are faster than those triggered by the invasion of a metastable state by a stable state. Theoretical predictions are confirmed experimentally by direct live imaging of Cdk1 activity.
From lexical bundles to surprisal and language models
Authors: Schneider Gerold , Grigonyte Gintare
Published: February 2018

We exploit the information theoretic measure of surprisal to analyze the formulaicity of lexical sequences. We first show the prevalence of individual lexical bundles, then we argue that abstracting to surprisal as an information-theoretic measure of lexical bundleness, formulaicity and non-creativity is an appropriate measure for the idiom principle, as it expresses reader expectations and text entropy. As strong and gradient formulaic, idiomatic and selectional preferences prevail on all levels, we argue for the abstraction step from individual bundles to measures of bundleness. We use surprisal to analyse differences between genres of native language use, and learner language at different levels: (a) spoken and written genres of native language (L1); (b) spoken and written learner language (L2), across selected written genres; (c) learner language as compared with native language (L1). We thus test Pawley and Syder (1983)’s hypothesis that native speakers know best how to play the tug-of-war between formulaicity (Sinclair’s idiom principle) and expressiveness (Sinclair’s open-choice principle), which can be measured with Levy and Jaeger (2007)’s uniform information density (UID) which is a principle of minimizing comprehension difficulty. Our goal to abstract away from word sequences also leads us to language models as models of processing, first in the form of a part-of-speech tagger, then in the form of a syntactic parser. While our hypotheses are largely confirmed, we also observe that advanced learners bundle most, and that scientific language may show lower surprisal than spoken language.
Fine-tuning lexical bundles
Authors: Grabowski Łukasz
Published: February 2018

This chapter has two major aims. First, it attempts to extend earlier research on recurrent phraseologies used in the pharmaceutical field (Grabowski 2015) by exploring the use, distribution and functions of lexical bundles found in English texts describing drug-drug interactions. Conducted from an applied perspective, the study uses 300 text samples extracted from DrugDDI Corpus originally collected in the Drugbank database (Segura-Bedmar et al. 2010). Apart from presenting new descriptive data, the second aim of the chapter is to reflect on the ways lexical bundles have been typically explored across different text types and genres. The problems discussed in the chapter concern the methods used to deal with structurally incomplete bundles, filter out overlapping bundles, and select, for the purposes of qualitative analyses, a representative sample of bundles other than the most frequent ones. This chapter is therefore meant to help researchers fine tune the methodologies used to explore lexical bundles depending on the specificity of the research material, research questions and scope of the analysis.
Blogging around the world
Authors: Kopaczyk Joanna , Tyrkkö Jukka
Published: February 2018

The borderless nature of blogging raises the question whether the traditional regionally defined varieties of English continue to hold true (see Crystal 2011). In order to investigate the extent to which the language published online without external intervention is similar around the world, this chapter investigates repetitive patterns, or 3-grams, found in blogs in the 583-million-word GloWbE corpus (Davies 2013). The data shows two types of repetitive word sequences: universal, or those that are frequent in all or most of the nineteen geographic locations represented in the corpus, and localised, or those unique to specific regions. We explore multiple ways of approaching the regional distribution of universal and localised 3-grams, such as statistical similarity measures (Jaccard coefficient and hierarchical clustering) and network visualisations. Three correlated research issues are addressed by this study: (1) the ratio of 3-grams in blogs from various World Englishes, which will shed light onto the degree of formulaicity in Web Englishes around the world; (2) the overlaps between various locations in terms of preferred sequences, which may point to local or global standardization hubs on the level of sentence and text construction; (3) finally, the status of model-providing varieties for internet communication, especially American English, in view of the most frequent 3-grams from other locations (cf. Mair 2013).
A Dictionary of Critical Theory
Authors: Buchanan Ian
Published: February 2018

Over 750 entries

The most authoritative and up-to-date dictionary of critical theory available, covering the Frankfurt school, cultural materialism, cultural studies, gender studies, film studies, literary theory, hermeneutics, historical materialism, Internet studies, and sociopolitical critical theory. It explains complex theoretical discourses, such as Marxism, psychoanalysis, structuralism, deconstruction, and postmodernism clearly and provides biographies of figures who have influenced the discipline, such as Deleuze and Foucault.

This new edition has been updated to extend coverage of diaspora, race, and postcolonial theory, and of queer and sexuality studies, ensuring that it remains invaluable for students of literary and cultural studies and anyone studying a humanities subject requiring a knowledge of theory.
Social Participation and Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Gao Qin
Published: February 2018

Chapter 8 investigates the association between Dibao receipt and social participation as well as subjective well-being. The chapter reveals some unintended associations between Dibao receipt and behavioral and subjective outcomes among both urban and rural recipients. Dibao recipients tend to lead a more isolated and detached life and engage in fewer leisure and social activities than their non-recipient peers. The stigma, shame, and despair associated with Dibao receipt and the poor outlook for income and improved social class may lead recipients to be unhappy and have low levels of satisfaction in life. There is also some evidence that receiving Dibao is associated with less time spent on education and work activities, echoing the many challenges faced by Dibao recipients to move from welfare to work.
Two Types of Libertarian Free Will Are Realized in the Human Brain
Authors: Tse Peter U.
Published: February 2018

In Chapter 10, Peter U. Tse describes various developments in neuroscience that reveal how volitional mental events can be causal within a physicalist paradigm and argues that two types of libertarian free will are realized in the human brain. He takes as his foundation a new understanding of the neural code that emphasizes rapid synaptic resetting over the traditional emphasis of neural spiking. Such a neural code is an instance of “criterial causation,” which requires modifying standard interventionist conceptions of causation. This new view of the neural code, Tse argues, also provides a way out of self-causation arguments against the possibility of mental causation. Finally, Tse maintains that only if there is a second-order free will or meta-free will—do brains have the capacity to both have chosen otherwise and to have meta-chosen otherwise.
Hard-Incompatibilist Existentialism
Authors: Pereboom Derk , Caruso Gregg D.
Published: February 2018

Derk Pereboom and Gregg Caruso’s chapter on hard-incompatibilist existentialism explores the practical and existential implications of free will skepticism, focusing on punishment, morality, and meaning in life. They consider two different routes to free will skepticism: the route that denies the causal efficacy of the types of willing required for free will, which receives impetus from pioneering work in neuroscience, and the route that does not deny the causal efficacy of the will but instead claims that, whether deterministic or indeterministic, it does not achieve the level of control to count as free will. They argue that while there are compelling objections to the first route, the second remains intact and that free will skepticism allows for adequate ways of responding to criminal behavior—in particular, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and alternation of relevant social conditions—and that these methods are both morally justified and sufficient for good social policy.
The Musical Language of Rock
Authors: Temperley David
Published: February 2018

A theory of the structure of rock music is presented, addressing aspects such as tonality/key, harmony, rhythm/meter, melody, phrase structure, timbre/instrumentation, form, and emotional expression. The book brings together ideas from the author’s previous articles but also contains substantial new material. Rock is defined broadly (as it often is) to include a wide range of late twentieth-century Anglo-American popular styles, including 1950s rock & roll, Motown, soul, “British invasion” rock, soft rock, heavy metal, disco, new wave, and alternative rock. The study largely employs the informal, intuitive methods of conventional music theory and analysis, but it is also informed by corpus data. An important component of the theory is a representation of pitches—the “line of fifths”—that sheds light on issues such as stylistic distinctions within rock, effects of surprise, and emotion. The theory also entails a model of expression with three dimensions, representing valence, energy, and tension; this proves to be a powerful tool for tracing shifts in expressive effect within songs. The theory features novel approaches to issues such as cadences, melodic-harmonic coordination, the handling of sectional boundaries, and the classification of formal types. The final two chapters present analyses of six songs and a broader consideration of rock in its historical and stylistic context.
Caribbean French-African Creole and African Metaphysics
Authors: Vété-Congolo Hanétha
Published: February 2018

The Euro-enslavement enterprise in America expanded the European geography temporarily, and, more lastingly, its culturo-linguistic and philosophical influence. The deportation of millions of Africans within that enterprise similarly extended the African presence in this part of the world, especially in the Caribbean. Africans deported by the French Empire spoke languages of the West Atlantic Mande, Kwa, or Voltaic groups. They arrived in their new and final location with their languages. However, no African language wholly survived the ordeal of enslavement in the Caribbean. This signals language as perhaps the most important political and philosophical instrument of colonization. I am therefore interested in “Pawòl,” that is, the ethical, human, and humanist responses Africans brought to their situation through language per se and African languages principally. I am also interested in the metaphysical value of “Pawòl.”
Just Responsibility
Authors: Ackerly Brooke A.
Published: February 2018

When disaster strikes, what is the just thing to do? When local or global crisis threatens the human rights of large parts of humanity, what is the just thing to do? Can we respond to injustices in the world in ways that do more than simply address their consequences? Just Responsibility provides a human rights theory of global justice that guides how we, each in political community together, can take responsibility for injustices wherever they are. Using empirical research into the ways that women’s human rights activists have done so under conditions of little political privilege, Just Responsibility offers a theory of global injustice and political responsibility that can guide the actions of those who are relatively privileged in relation to injustice, whether they are citizens, activists, academics, policymakers, or philanthropists. We can take responsibility for the power inequalities of injustice, what, following John Stuart Mill, the author calls “injustice itself,” regardless of our causal responsibility for the injustice and regardless of the extent of our knowledge of the injustice. Using a feminist critical methodology, Just Responsibility offers a grounded normative theory for taking political responsibility. The book integrates these ways of taking political responsibility into a rich theory of political community, accountability, and leadership in which taking responsibility for injustice itself contributes to and transforms the fabric of our political life together.
Marketcraft
Authors: Vogel Steven K.
Published: February 2018

Modern-day markets do not arise spontaneously but are crafted by individuals, by firms, and most of all, by governments. Thus marketcraft represents a core function of government comparable to statecraft. This book begins with the recognition that there are no free markets and that all markets are crafted, and then systematically examines the implications for analysis and policy. Scholars and policymakers are often trapped by a false dichotomy of government versus market that impairs their ability to recognize the multidimensionality of market governance. They tend to view market reform as “deregulation,” for example, when it actually entails the construction of more rules, the adoption of new business practices, and the diffusion of market norms. Chapter 2 reviews the many elements of marketcraft, from corporate law to antitrust enforcement. Chapter 3 demonstrates how the United States, heralded as the “freest” of market economies, is actually the most heavily regulated. Chapter 4 shows how Japan’s effort to liberalize its economy actually required more regulation, not less. And Chapter 5 contends that even those scholars who focus on market institutions sometimes fail to appreciate the full ramifications of their own arguments. And it concludes with policy lessons for both progressives and market liberals. For progressives, the core lesson is that since markets are always governed, then the government can address a wide range of social goals by reforming that governance. For market liberals, the lesson is that if you appreciate the magic of markets, then you should want them to be governed well.
Women in Legislatures
Authors: Schwindt-Bayer Leslie A. , Alles Santiago
Published: February 2018

Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer and Santiago Alles argue that the influx of women into Latin American legislatures has been substantial, but once in office, women have struggled to attain full access to political power. They present a statistical analysis that shows that the main explanations for variation in women’s representation lie with gender quotas and party system fragmentation. They show that women in national legislatures have brought women’s issues to the legislative arena, and they provide a new analysis showing that female legislators are more supportive of liberal gender equality, abortion, and divorce laws. However, they argue that women have not gained access to diverse committee leadership posts or served in top chamber leadership posts to the same extent as men. Finally, they show that the presence of women in legislatures has had important effects on citizen support for female political leaders, political engagement and participation, and supportiveness of representative democracy.
Numerical quadrature
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the numerous applications of numerical quadrature (integration) in classical mechanics, in semiclassical approaches to quantum mechanics, and in statistical mechanics; and then describes several ways of implementing integration in C++, for both proper and improper integrals. Various algorithms are described and analyzed, including simple classical quadrature algorithms as well as those enhanced with speedups and convergence tests. Classical orthogonal polynomials, whose properties are reviewed, are the basis of a sophisticated technique known as Gaussian integration. Practical implementations require the roots of these polynomials, so an algorithm for finding them from three-term recurrence relations is presented. On the computational side, the concept of polymorphism is introduced and exploited (prior to the detailed treatment later in the text). The nondimensionalization of physical problems, which is a common and important means of simplifying a problem, is discussed using Compton scattering and the Schrödinger equation as an example.
How to write a class
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

While there is no such thing as a “typical” C++ class, several common syntactical constructs lend themselves to extremely widespread use and must be mastered by C++ programmers. To motivate the discussion of software design at the level of the C++ class, examples from computer science and optics are introduced. Important syntactical elements such as constructors, destructors, copy constructors, assignment operators, cast operators, and const qualifiers, together with function overloading, operator overloading, and dynamic memory allocation are discussed. These concepts, illustrated with examples from physics, are presented and explained. Further examples from optical and quantum mechanical problems are left to the exercises. This chapter and its exercises gives the reader sufficient information to begin developing his or her own classes and to experiment with class design through trial and error.
Ordinary differential equations
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

This chapter surveys the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that occur in classical and quantum mechanics, and describes both numerical algorithms and appropriate software design for solving them. Systems of ordinary differential equations, together with a few constants of integration, can in most cases be regarded as a means of defining a function (the “solution”). In this chapter, we develop an object-oriented architecture that applies integrators of the Runge-Kutta family to create these functions. Together with an automatic derivative system for generating partial derivatives from functions of one or more variables, the differential equation solver becomes a powerful tool for solving a variety of few-body problems in classical Hamiltonian systems. This chapter presents a blend of numerical algorithms, physics, and computing techniques. The phenomenon of energy drift is discussed and used to motivate symplectic solvers. Techniques such as adaptive step size and possible problems with stability and multiple scales are also discussed.
Data modeling
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

A variety of techniques for extracting information from data are presented, from pedestrian approaches such as the centuries old linear least-squares fit, to elegant binned and unbinned likelihood fits. A treatment of statistical combination of data leads to an introduction to the powerful Kalman filter approach, used to determine optimal estimates of deterministic-stochastic systems. In experimental physics the Kalman filter is used estimate trajectories from data, but it also finds applications in industrial process control, and in the aeronautics and robots industries. These techniques typically rely on either analytic or numerical optimization of an objective function. Orthogonal series density estimation, a Fourier technique, is also discussed.
Many body dynamics
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

Specialized techniques for solving the classical many-body problem are explored in the context of simple gases, more complicated gases, and gravitating systems. The chapter starts with a brief review of some important concepts from statistical mechanics and then introduces the classic Verlet method for obtaining the dynamics of many simple particles. The practical problems of setting the system temperature and measuring observables are discussed. The issues associated with simulating systems of complex objects form the next topic. One approach is to implement constrained dynamics, which can be done elegantly with iterative methods. Gravitational systems are introduced next with stress on techniques that are applicable to systems of different scales and to problems with long range forces. A description of the recursive Barnes-Hut algorithm and particle-mesh methods that speed up force calculations close out the chapter.
Quantum mechanics I–few body systems
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

Several techniques for obtaining the eigenspectrum and scattering properties of one- and two-body quantum systems are presented. More unusual topics, such as solving the Schrödinger equation in momentum space or implementing relativistic kinematics, are also addressed. A novel quantum Monte Carlo technique that leverages the similarity between path integrals and random walks is developed. An exploration of the method for simple problems is followed by a survey of methods to obtain ground state matrix elements. A review of scattering theory follows. The momentum space T-matrix formalism for scattering is introduced and an efficient numerical method for solving the relevant equations is presented. Finally, the method is extended to the coupled channel scattering problem.
Quantum spin systems
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

The quantum mechanical underpinnings of magnetism are explored via the Heisenberg model of antiferromagnetism. The Lanczos algorithm is developed and applied to obtain ground state properties of the anisotropic antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin chain. In particular, the phase diagram for the system magnetization is determined. A quantum Monte Carlo method that is appropriate for discrete systems is also presented. The method leverages the similarity between the Schrödinger equation and the diffusion equation to compute energy levels. The formalism necessary to compute ground state matrix elements is also developed. Finally, the method is tested with an application to the spin chain.
The Interaction of Judicial and Legislative Policymaking
Authors: Schmidt Susanne K.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 4 systematizes the different ways that judicial policymaking can have an impact on European legislation. Identifying the codification of case-law principles in secondary law contributes to research on the EU in two important ways: it shows how EU legislation is embedded in case-law development, and that the impact of case law cannot be reduced to the question of compliance with single rulings. A differentiation is made between several types of judicial ‘shadow’ over the legislative process. Then the Services Directive and the regulation on the mutual recognition of goods are analysed. The principles of case law that were motivated by the specific circumstances of individual cases constrain the design of general rules. Secondary law cannot modify constitutional principles. At best, the legislature can hope to signal its political preferences to the Court.
Mixing It
Authors: Webster Wendy
Published: February 2018

During the Second World War, people arrived in Britain from all over the world as troops, war workers, nurses, refugees, exiles, and prisoners of war—chiefly from Europe, America, and the British Empire. Between 1939 and 1945, the population in Britain became more diverse than it had ever been before. Through diaries, letters, and interviews, Mixing It tells of ordinary lives which in wartime conditions were often extraordinary. Among the stories featured are those of Zbigniew Siemaszko and ‘Johnny’ Pohe. Siemaszko’s epic journey to Britain began on a horse-drawn sleigh, in a village in Kazakhstan to which he had been deported by the Soviet Union, eventually taking him to the Polish army in Scotland via Iran, Iraq, and South Africa. Pohe, from New Zealand, was the first Maori pilot to serve in the RAF. He was captured after he had to ditch his plane, took part in what was subsequently called the ‘Great Escape’, and was one of fifty escapees who were recaptured and murdered by the Gestapo. This is the first book to look at the big picture of large-scale movements to Britain and the rich variety of relations between different groups. When the war ended, awareness of the diversity of Britain’s wartime population was lost and has played little part in public memories of the war. Mixing It recovers this forgotten history. It illuminates the place of the Second World War in the making of multinational, multiethnic Britain and resonates with current debates on immigration.
Whatever Happened to Athens?
Authors: Ma John
Published: February 2018

This chapter considers two phenomena, to cap the volume’s explorations of Athens and its story. The first is to gather the evidence for a broad phenomenon, which is contemporary with various shifts in the political culture of late Classical Athens, but overtakes it geographically and chronologically: a ‘great convergence’ of civic practice, institutions, and discourse around a generalized assumption of (acceptable degrees of) autonomy and moderate democracy. The result is a polis which looks, roughly, like Aristotle’s. This great convergence created the conditions out of which the Roman-era polis had to evolve, under its own conditions; the fitful forgetting of the legacy of the Hellenistic polis is the second topic of this paper, exemplified by Plutarch’s Classicism and Pausanias’ Hellenistic memories. ‘Whatever happened to Athens?’ is a question every Classicist should be aware of, since it determines the whole shape of what she is busy with.
Art and Authority
Authors: Gover K. E.
Published: February 2018

Art and Authority is a philosophical essay on artistic authority and freedom: its sources, nature, and limits. It draws upon real-world cases and controversies in contemporary visual art and connects them to significant theories in the philosophical literature on art and aesthetics. Artworks, it is widely agreed, are the products of intentional human activity. And yet they are different from other kinds of artifacts; for one thing, they are meaningful. It is often presumed that artworks are an extension of their makers’ personality in ways that other kinds of artifacts are not. This is clear from our recognition that an artist continues to own his or her creation even once the art object, in which the artwork inheres, belongs to another. But it is far from clear how or why artists acquire this authority, and whether it originates from a special, intimate bond between artist and artwork. In response to these questions, the book argues for a ‘dual-intention theory’ of artistic authorship, in which it is claimed that authorship entails two orders of intention. The first, ‘generative’ moment, names the intentions that lead to the production of an artwork. The second, ‘evaluative’ moment, names the decision in which the artist decides whether or not to accept the artwork as part of their corpus.
Prey selection and specialization by carnivorous plants
Authors: Darnowski Douglas , Bauer Ulrike , Méndez Marcos , Horner John , Płachno Bartosz J.
Published: February 2018

Understanding prey selectivity by carnivorous plants has increased in the three decades since the publication of The Carnivorous Plants by Juniper et al., but progress has been uneven across the various genera. We now know that there is prey selectivity in Nepenthes and Drosera but there is significant disagreement as to whether selectivity exists in other genera. Much remains to be done for other taxa and to test results from prior studies that rely only on correlative data.
Deep Impurities with Collision Delay
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The linearised nonlocal kinetic equation is solved analytically for impurity scattering. The resulting response function provides the conductivity, plasma oscillation and Fermi momentum. It is found that virial corrections nearly compensate the wave-function renormalizations rendering the conductivity and plasma mode unchanged. Due to the appearance of the correlated density, the Luttinger theorem does not hold and the screening length is influenced. Explicit results are given for a typical semiconductor. Elastic scattering of electrons by impurities is the simplest but still very interesting dissipative mechanism in semiconductors. Its simplicity follows from the absence of the impurity dynamics, so that individual collisions are described by the motion of an electron in a fixed potential.
Relaxation-Time Approximation
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

A conserving relaxation time approximation is presented resulting into a Mermin-type of polarisation functions. The transport properties are calculated for the relaxation time approximation and an arbitrary band structure. The results for metals and gases are discussed and the shortcoming of relaxation time approximation to describe experimental values is outlined. As improvement, the exact solution of the linearised quantum Boltzmann equation is presented leading to momentum-depended relaxation times specific for each observable. Explicit expressions are given for the electric and thermal conductivity as well as the shear viscosity.
Transient Time Period
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The formation of correlations at short- time scales is considered. A universal response function is found which allows describing the formation of collective modes in plasmas created by femto-second lasers as well as the formation of occupations in cold atomic optical lattices. Quantum quench and sudden switching of interactions are possible to describe by such Levinson-type kinetic equations on the transient time regime. On larger time scales it is shown that non-Markovian–Levnson equations double count correlations and the extended quasiparticle picture to distinguish between the reduced density matrix and quasiparticle distribution solve this shortcoming. The problem of initial correlations and how they can be incorporated into the Green’s function technique to result into modified kinetic equations is solved and a systematic expansion is suggested.
Field-Dependent Transport
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

Using a gauge-invariant formulation of Green’s function, the electric-field dependent kinetic equations are derived in Born and RPA (dynamically screened) approximation. The feedback and Debye–Onsager relaxation effects are discussed and explicitly calculated for two- and three-dimensional systems. It is found that only the asymmetrically screened result in accordance with the asymmetric cummulant expansion of chapter 11 can describe the correct relaxation effect. The conductivity with electron-electron interaction is presented and the adiabatic as well as isothermal approximations introduced. All expressions are calculated for an example of a quasi two-dimensional electron gas.
Simulations of Heavy-Ion Reactions with Nonlocal Collisions
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The scenario of heavy-ion reactions around the Fermi energy is explored. The quantum BUU equation is solved numerically with and without nonlocal corrections and the effect of nonlocal corrections on experimental values is calculated. A practical recipe is presented which allows reproducing the correct asymptotes of scattering by acting on the point of closest approach. The better description of dynamical correlations by the nonlocal kinetic equation is demonstrated by an enhancement of the high-energy part of the particle spectra and the enhancement of mid-rapidity charge distributions. The time-resolved solution shows the enhancement of neck formation. It is shown that the dissipated energy increases due to the nonlocal collision scenario which is responsible for the observed effects and not due to the enhancement of collisions. As final result, a method is presented how to incorporate the effective mass and quasiparticle renormalisation with the help of the nonlocal simulation scenario.
Languages, scripts, and Chinese texts in East Asia
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: February 2018

This book is a wide-ranging study of vernacularization in East Asia, and for this purpose East Asia includes not only China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam but also other societies that no longer exist, such as the Tangut and Khitan empires. It takes the reader from the early centuries of the Common Era, when the Chinese script was the only form of writing and Chinese Buddhist, Confucian, and medical texts spread throughout East Asia, through the centuries when vernacular scripts evolved, right up to the end of the nineteenth century when nationalism created new roles for vernacular languages and vernacular scripts. Through an examination of oral approaches to Chinese texts, it shows how highly valued Chinese texts came to be read through the prism of the vernaculars and ultimately to be translated. This long process has some parallels with vernacularization in Europe, but a crucial difference is that literary Chinese was, unlike Latin, not a spoken language. As a consequence, people who spoke different East Asian vernaculars had no means of communicating in speech, but they could communicate silently by means of written conversation in literary Chinese; a further consequence is that within each society Chinese texts assumed vernacular garb: in classes and lectures, Chinese texts were read and declaimed in the vernaculars. What happened in the nineteenth century and why are there still so many different scripts in East Asia? How and why were Chinese texts dethroned and what replaced them? These are some of the questions addressed in this book.
Agrarian Change and Structural Transformation: Drivers and Distributional Outcomes
Authors: Djurfeldt Agnes Andersson , Djurfeldt Göran , Hall Ola , Bustos Maria Archila
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines agrarian changes triggered by the structural transformation of the overall economy, focusing on their drivers and distributional outcomes. By means of multi-level modelling of three processes—intensification of grain yields, diversification of cropping, and non-farm diversification (pluriactivity)—it concludes that intensification has moderately accelerated and is getting more important than its twin process. Similarly, crop diversification has accelerated, while non-farm diversification seems to be more pull- than push-driven. The most important drivers of the two first-mentioned processes are commercial ones: increasing local and domestic demand for grains and for other crops and institutional changes promoting market participation of smallholders. The chapter concludes that these processes are not pro-poor, but neither are they pro-rich; middling smallholder households tend to be more involved. The gender profile of agricultural diversification seems to involve and benefit male-managed farms, whereas non-farm diversification is gender neutral.
Quantum mechanics
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

After a brief review of the operator approach to quantum mechanics, Feynmans path integral, which expresses a transition amplitude as a sum over all paths, is derived. Adding a linear coupling to an external source J and a damping term to the Lagrangian, the ground-state persistence amplitude is obtained. This quantity serves as the generating functional Z[J] for n-point Green functions which are the main target when studying quantum field theory. Then the harmonic oscillator as an example for a one-dimensional quantum field theory is discussed and the reason why a relativistic quantum theory should be based on quantum fields is explained.
Free scalar field
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, the path integral approach is extended from quantum mechanics to the simplest field theory containing a single real scalar field. First the generating functionals of (dis-) connected n-point Green functions are introduced, then the Feynman propagator of the scalar field is derived and causality is discussed. The exchange of a space-like scalar particle between two static sources is examined and it is shown that it leads to an attractive Yukawa potential. The Casimir effect is used to demonstrate that vacuum fluctuations have physical consequences.
Gravity as a gauge theory
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

The vielbein formalism is developed as a tool to determine the coupling of matter to gravity. After determining the relation to the standard formalism, the action and the field equations of gravity are introduced. The linearised Einstein equations which describe the weak-field limit of gravity are derived.
Cosmological models for an homogeneous, isotropic universe
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

The universe is homogeneous and isotropic on sufficiently large scales. The metric which describes such a space-time is derived and it is shown that it is determined by the scale factor a(t) and the parameter k distinguishing between hyperbolic, flat, or spherical 3-spaces. The Friedmann equations, which describe the time evolution of these models, are derived and specific models are discussed.
Baryogenesis
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

This chapter shows that a baryon asymmetry can be generated only if the Sakharov conditions are satisfied. The required departure from thermal equilibrium can be realised either in first-order phase transitions or in out-of-equilibrium decays. Sphaleron transitions as a possible way to transfer a lepton into a baryon asymmetry are covered and the Boltzmann equation governing the baryon asymmetry generated in particle decays is derived. A brief review of baryogenesis during the electroweak phase transition is presented.
Quantum fields in curved spacetime
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

After a review of conformal symmetry, this chapter covers the quantisation of fields in curved space-times. It is shown that field operators defined with respect to different vacua are related by a Bogolyubov transformation and that the mixing of positive and negative frequencies determines the amount of particle production. The Unruh effect is explained and it is shown that in a space-time with an event horizon, a thermal spectrum of particles is created close to the horizon.
King Sigismund of Poland and Martin Luther
Authors: Nowakowska Natalia
Published: February 2018

This first major study of the early Reformation and Polish monarchy for over a century asks why Crown and church in the reign of King Sigismund I (1506–48) did not persecute Lutherans. It offers a new narrative of Luther’s dramatic impact on this monarchy—which saw violent urban Reformations and the creation of Christendom’s first Lutheran principality by 1525—placing these events in their comparative European context. Sigismund’s realm appears to offer a major example of sixteenth-century religious toleration: the King tacitly allowed his Hanseatic ports to enact local Reformations, enjoyed excellent relations with his Lutheran vassal duke in Prussia, allied with pro-Luther princes across Europe, and declined to enforce his own heresy edicts. Polish church courts allowed dozens of suspected Lutherans to walk free. Examining these episodes, this study does not treat toleration purely as the product of political calculation or pragmatism. Instead, it reconstructs the underlying cultural beliefs about religion and church held by the King, bishops, courtiers, literati, and clergy—asking what they understood ‘Lutheranism’ and ‘catholicism’ to be? It argues that the ruling elites of the Polish monarchy did not persecute Lutheranism because they did not perceive it as a dangerous Other—but as a variant form of catholic Christianity within an already variegated late medieval church, where social unity was more important than doctrinal differences. Building on John Bossy, and borrowing from J. G. A. Pocock, it proposes a broader hypothesis on the Reformation as a shift in the languages and concept of orthodoxy.
European High-Skilled Migration Policy
Authors: Cerna Lucie
Published: February 2018

The chapter argues that while Europe needs high-skilled immigrants to fill labour shortages and respond to ageing populations, it continues to struggle recruiting these immigrants due to incre asing political tensions over immigration, which can also affect the highly skilled. These tensions are visible in the varying national policies and Blue Card versions at the EU level. The chapter analyses demographic, economic, and political challenges in Europe and traces high-skilled immigration policy developments over the last decade, both in terms of national policies and the adoption of the EU Blue Card. To demonstrate the variation in Blue Card versions, the chapter presents a newly developed Blue Card Index (BCI) and compares it with an existing index of national high-skilled immigration policies. The indices highlight considerable variation in national policies and Blue Card versions. This has important policy implications, which are discussed in the concluding section.