bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Branding: posicionamiento de marca en el mercado ecuatoriano
Authors: SOLORZANO Juan C. , PARRALES Maria L.
Published: July 2021

El objetivo de este articulo es describir el procedimiento básico para lograr el posicionamiento de marca que busca toda organización. En el mercado ecuatoriano las empresas utilizan tácticas que tienen como fin crear valor, mediante lo intangible, inseparable y variable y así persuadir al cliente para que opte por una determinada organización, posicionándola mediante sus mejores características y atributos en la satisfacción de sus necesidades, haciendo del branding el elemento central del éxito, la sustentabilidad y su reconocimiento.
Occupational Therapy for Functional Impairments Resulting From COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report
Authors: Mannion Nicole , Sullivan Nicole
Published: July 2021

This case report examines the role of occupational therapy in the recovery of a client who became critically ill with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. In it, we describe evaluation and treatment methods, functional impairments, and special considerations when working with a client with severe coronavirus disease 2019 infection. The client was a 43-yr-old Hispanic man treated in a long-term acute-care hospital. Client-centered treatment sessions focused on activities of daily living (ADLs), self-feeding, medication management, and leisure and were implemented in 30- to 45-min sessions 3 times per week for 5 wk. The Activity Measure for Post Acute Care Daily Activities Short Form was used to measure basic mobility, daily activities, and applied cognition in the acute setting. A manual dynamometer was used to measure grip strength, and the Nine-Hole Peg Test was used to measure digit dexterity. Both were used in the context of occupational engagement. Data were collected at evaluation, every 2 wk, and at discharge. The client achieved his goals and demonstrated marked improvement in independence with basic ADLs, leisure activities, bilateral grip strength, and manual dexterity.
A ESTUTURAÇÃO DA REDE URBANA DO NORDESTE PARAESE A PARTIR DAS INTERAÇÕES ESPACIAIS DAS REDES DE VAREJO
Authors: Santos Karina Pimentel
Published: July 2021

As interações espaciais não se resumem apenas aos fluxos de pessoas, informação, capital e etc., seu processo é caraterizado pela intensa relação entre áreas que estruturam e fortalecem uma rede urbana. Com isto, o presente trabalho vem buscando compreender o destaque das redes de varejo locais dentro da dinâmica de interações espaciais que fortalecem e estruturam a rede urbana do Nordeste Paraense. A pesquisa foi realizada nas cidades de Castanhal, Capanema e Bragança, centros de destaque na região que polarizam outras localidades ao entorno segundo os estudos da REGIC - Regiões de Influência das Cidades (IBGE, 2008), e ao analisar a atuação de algumas redes varejistas que atuam na região (e mantêm sede nessas cidades) foi identificado o papel fundamental das mesmas no processo de estruturação da rede urbana do Nordeste Paraense, já que elas atuam de forma estratégica e hierárquica, estabelecendo fortes interações entre os espaços a partir dos seus fluxos de mercadorias e informações. A presença das redes nos centros urbanos, principalmente de Castanhal, Capanema e Bragança, reforçam a centralidade e ajudam a estruturar o comércio, que atende sua população local e suas áreas de influência. Desta maneira, a atuação e articulação desses agentes econômicos, das redes varejistas, compõem a estrutura da rede urbana do Nordeste Paraense, a partir das suas interações e fluxos que conectam cidade.

Palavras-Chaves: Rede urbana, Interações espaciais, Redes varejistas.
Pendampingan LSLC Menuju Caring Community Untuk Guru Bahasa Inggris Dalam Meningkatkan Hots Peserta Didik Di SMAN 2 Peusangan
Authors: Misnar Zuraini
Published: July 2021

Pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk melatih guru bahasa Inggris dalam meningkatkan kemampuan high order thinking peserta didik pada skill writing melalui learning community menuju caring community. Pengabdian ini menggunakan rancangan berbasis lesson study yang dilaksanakan di SMAN 2 Peusangan. Subjek pengabdian terdiri dari 1 orang guru bahasa inggris dan peserta didik kelas II IPA 3 yang berjumlah 28 orang. Pelaksanaan pengabdian yaitu tahap pertama melalui workshop kepada guru bahasa inggris untuk sosialisasi pemahaman cara pelaksanaan pembelajaran berbasis lesson study yang dilakukan melalui tiga tahapan, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan refleksi. Data yang digunakan dalam pengabdian ini adalah nilai tes peserta didik, observasi, field note dan dokumentasi, data dianalisis secara kualitatif yaitu persentase. Hasil pengabdian dan pelatihan menunjukkan bahwa HOTS (higher order thinking skill)peserta didik meningkat sebesar 90% yang diiringi dengan perubahan peningkatan sikap peserta didik menjadi lebih bertanggung jawab dan menghargai dengan cara saling asah asih dan asuh sebagai wujud caring community. Sedangkan untuk guru telah menunjukkan hasil profesionalisme melalui penerapan lesson study dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris.
REUSO DE ÁGUAS RESIDUÁRIAS NA AGRICULTURA VANTAGENS E DESVANTAGENS
Authors: Campos Aline Maria , Mendanha Vinicius Luis Pedrosa , Caetano Izabela De Avila , Resende Paulo Patrício De , Tostes Débora Milagres
Published: July 2021

Introdução: Destaca a demanda crescente do uso de água em sistemas de produção ampliando a busca pelo reuso planejado de águas residuárias tratadas com finalidade de efetivar procedimentos agrícolas. Objetivos: realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, analisar as influências do uso na irrigação, levantar aspectos positivos e negativos do uso da técnica. Material e Métodos: O trabalho foi realizado na forma de revisão bibliográfica, com o levantamento de artigos científicos em bases de dados como SCIELO e de revistas de periódicos, usando as palavras chaves reúso de águas residuárias, efluentes de esgoto, agricultura, sustentabilidade, desenvolvimento sustentável. Resultados: O uso de águas residuárias na irrigação reduziu o custo de adubação de culturas, de energia elétrica e aumentou a produtividade. Em cultivo de rabanetes não foi indicado, induzia o crescimento de leguminosas com padrões inadequados para o consumo. Na produção hidropônica de alfaces não influenciou no desenvolvimento, teve mais efetividade que adubo químico. Indicou sintomas de deficiência nutricional e redução na produção de massa fresca. O cultivo hidropônico foi melhor em águas de abastecimento o efluente recebeu soluções nutritivas e fertilizantes minerais para atender a demanda nutricional das plantas. Na irrigação do feijão Caupi, serviu como aporte nutricional, promoveu alterações no solo. Em culturas de milho fertirrigadas, acelerou o crescimento, aumento de massa seca, gerou economia do uso de água. Como desvantagens do uso destacou-se os riscos à saúde ocupacional, o consumo de produtos contaminados por patógenos e a questão da presença de íons como sódio, boro, em esgotos causando toxidez de algumas culturas, salinização do solo, mostrando necessidade de um manejo adequado, controle do volume de irrigação, e melhoria da purificação do efluente para preservar o solo. Conclusão: o reuso de águas residuais na agricultura produz impactos positivos e negativos. É fonte alternativa visa economia de recursos de adubação, irrigação, fazendo-se viável seu uso planejado em cada cultura. A técnica influência de forma direta na sustentabilidade ambiental econômica e social, provendo a adoção de desenvolvimento sustentável na produção agrícola.
TEMPERATURA E UMIDADE DO SOLO NO CULTIVO DE TOMATE RASTEIRO PRODUZIDO EM DIFERENTES COBERTURAS DE SOLO
Authors: Daniel Diego Fernando , Dalbianco Alessandro Bandeira
Published: July 2021

Introdução: A temperatura e a umidade do solo podem afetar diretamente na capacidade produtiva e na qualidade de frutos de tomate, onde se faz necessário apresentar técnicas de cultivo para que estes fatores sejam favoráveis as plantas. Objetivos: Avaliar a interferência de coberturas do solo na umidade e temperatura do solo no cultivo do tomateiro rasteiro e a influência na produtividade da cultura. Material e métodos: Foi utilizada a cultivar de tomate rasteiro de mesa (Thaíse Híbrido F1), com 5 tratamentos (diferentes coberturas do solo): Sem cobertura do solo; Mulching (filme de polietileno dupla face); Sorgo (cv. JB 1330); Capim Sudão (cv. ANsf 306) e Milheto (cv. ANm 17), cultivados em Tangará da Serra - MT. As plantas de cobertura e o mulching foram dispostos sobre os canteiros. As mudas de tomateiro foram transplantadas quando atingiram 26 dias, com espaçamento de 0,50 e 1,20 m, totalizando 13.333 plantas ha-1. A adubação foi realizada via fertirrigação (sistema de gotejamento), de acordo com a recomendação para a cultura. A temperatura do solo foi monitorada nas profundidades de 5, 10, 20, e 30 cm e no dossel da cultura (10 cm), e a umidade do solo entre 0-30 cm, utilizando-se de sensores termopares do tipo “K” e sondas de reflectometria no domínio do tempo (TDR), conectados a um Datalogger (CR1000, Campbell Scientific Inc.). Resultados: A partir dos 60 DAT, ocorre uma redução na amplitude térmica diária do solo, devido ao sombreamento do dossel em razão do maior índice de área foliar (IAF) das plantas. Para todas as profundidades, a cobertura do solo com mulching plástico proporcionou maior temperatura do solo nos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento, com média de 26,18 °C. Quanto à variação da umidade do solo, o tratamento sem cobertura de solo apresentou os menores valores durante todo o ciclo. Conclusão: A cobertura do solo com mulching apresentou maior temperatura do solo, porém a menor amplitude térmica. As coberturas com mulching e palhada de milheto apresentaram os maiores valores de umidade do solo. A maior produtividade total e comercial foi na cobertura do solo com mulching, com 110,71 e 75,93 t ha-1, respectivamente.
REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA DOS BENEFÍCIOS DE PRÁTICAS CONSERVACIONISTAS APLICADAS EM CULTIVOS DE CEBOLA, FEIJÃO-CAUPI E TOMATE
Authors: Amorim Victoria Pereira
Published: July 2021

Introdução: Práticas de conservação do solo em cultivos agrícolas tem papel fundamental para a manutenção dos serviços ecossistêmicos. Esses serviços são prestados pelo próprio meio ambiente, promovendo absorção de CO2 pela fotossíntese das florestas, controle do clima, polinização de plantas, controle de doenças e pragas, entre outras regulações ambientais. Portanto, práticas de conservação dos solos devem ser incentivadas dentro do mundo do agronegócio, a fim de estabelecer um balanço equilibrado entre a demanda necessária de produção de alimentos e os serviços ecossistêmicos, já que os ecossistemas naturais, apesar de sempre manterem a restauração dos serviços ecossistêmicos, não conseguem sustentar a produção de alimentos, e áreas cultivadas sem conservação do solo podem manter a produtividade alta a curto prazo, mas sem a manutenção de outros serviços ecossistêmicos, trará como consequência diversos tipos de degradação do solo que, a longo prazo, resultarão em prejuízos maiores que a produtividade. Objetivos: Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica de práticas conservacionistas utilizadas no Brasil em cultivos de cebola, feijão-caupi e tomate, expondo os diversos benefícios que essas práticas podem trazer tanto para o agricultor, quanto para o ecossistema local. Material e métodos: Para tal fim, foram feitas pesquisas bibliográficas da importância social e econômica dos três cultivos estudados dentro do contexto brasileiro, assim como as respectivas características edafoclimáticas ideais, tal como temperatura e tipos de solo, sensibilidade à diferentes índices de precipitação, temperatura ar, vento e fotoperíodo. Resultados: Foram encontrados, na literatura nacional, resultados sobre a aplicação de diversas práticas conservacionistas, como plantio direto, cobertura vegetal do solo e rotação de culturas, em que contata-se que os três cultivos estudados, quando cultivados sob conservação do solo, possuem potenciais agroambientais, já que é possível utilizar uma mesma área de plantio de forma mais intensiva e num maior período durante o ano, além de serem prevenidos problemas como erosão, compactação do solo e perda de produtividade. Conclusão: Dessa forma, concluiu-se que práticas conservacionistas devem ser amplamente incentivadas, sendo prioridade dentro de tomadas de decisões, já que envolvem pautas prioritárias, como segurança alimentar e degradação ambiental.
A AGRICULTURA E OS IMPACTOS NA INSEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR
Authors: Staback Marcelo , Shimada Belmiro Saburo , Simon Marcos Vinícius , Cunha Letícia Do Socorro
Published: July 2021

Introdução: O crescimento populacional causou grandes impactos sobre a agricultura, e principalmente para a demanda de alimentos, tornando o setor agrícola muito importante para a alimentação da população, devido ao cenário de insegurança alimentar e de crescimento populacional. Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma breve revisão de literatura sobre a insegurança alimentar e o cenário populacional em relação a produção de alimentos, caracterizando cada um deles e a relação que possuem, discutindo formas que possibilitem um aumento na produtividade das culturas. Material e métodos: O presente estudo foi realizado com base na revisão de literatura e pesquisas relevantes sobre a insegurança alimentar e o crescimento populacional em relação a produção de alimentos, demonstrando a importância da agricultura para suprir a demanda de alimentos da população. Resultados: O crescimento populacional continua em crescimento, atrelado a isso, a demanda de alimentos vem aumentando, estima-se que em 2050 a população será de 9,8 bilhões de pessoas, sendo 29% a mais do número atual, e para alimentar a população, a agricultura terá que aumentar sua produção em 70%. Além disso, a insegurança alimentar é um fator a se considerar, pois devido a esse cenário populacional, um a cada nove pessoas no mundo (cerca de 805 milhões de pessoas) não tem condições para ter uma comida suficiente e ter uma vida saudável, demonstrando a insegurança alimentar que vem sendo um dos problemas da sociedade. Para ajudar a conter essa insegurança alimentar, e tentar suprir a demanda de alimentos, a agricultura com a tecnologia e a evolução científica, adotou muitos métodos e práticas que favoreceram o aumento da produtividade das culturas, como a tecnologia de aplicação, plantio direto, rotação de culturas, manejo integrado de pragas, doenças e plantas daninhas, entre outros, que auxiliaram e vem ajudando no desenvolvimento da agricultura, tornando-a produtiva e mais sustentável. Conclusão: O crescimento populacional e a demanda de alimentos é preocupante, para isso, a agricultura tem se desenvolvido, porém é necessário utilizar de forma efetiva esses meios, para que assim, a cultura possa produzir e diminuir a insegurança alimentar.
Penerapan Model AHP Pada Pemilihan Aplikasi Streaming Drama Korea
Authors: Agustini Fajar , Nisa Khoirun
Published: July 2021

Technology is developing very fast and is increasingly global, various kinds of the latest technological discoveries and various kinds of applications offered by each company will continue to compete, one of which is the Korean drama streaming application program. However, it is not just one Korean drama streaming application, but many other streaming applications that have sprung up and can make users hesitate to choose a streaming application to watch quality Korean dramas. Selection of useful criteria for selecting Korean drama streaming applications using the Analytical Hierarchy Process approach and processing using Expert Choice software allows streaming application users to know how to choose a streaming application to watch Korean dramas as desired. The population of this study were several Bekasi city people with approximately 30 questionnaires. From the research results, it was found that VIU was a strategic alternative for selecting Korean drama streaming applications using the Analytical Hierarchy Process which received top priority with a weight of 0.499 or comparable to 49.9% of another alternative.

 

Keywords: Streaming application, Korean Drama, Analytical Hierarchy Process
Thermal radiation of extended particles with subwavelength transverse dimensions
Authors: Sviridov Anatoly , Saginov Leonid
Published: July 2021

The paper proposes a new method for calculating the integral and spectral radiation coeffi-cients of extended subwavelength particles (ESPs), which include micro and nanocylinders and parallelepipeds. Comparison of the results of calculations by the proposed method with the calculated and experimental data found in the literature is carried out. It is shown that with decrease in only the transverse dimensions of the ESP (from values much larger than λmax to values much smaller than max) from the radiation spectrum, which was originally de-scribed by Planck's law and contained modes with both polarization directed along the axis and with polarization directed perpendicular to the axis , modes with wavelengths exceeding λcutoff (λcutoff is the cutoff wavelength) and having polarization perpendicular to the longi-tudinal axis of the ESP will be gradually eliminated, while modes with wavelengths polarized along the ESP axis will always be present in the radiation spectrum of the ESP. When the transverse dimensions of the ESP become much less than λmax, then all modes with polariza-tion perpendicular to the axis will disappear from the emission spectrum of this ESP, and on-ly modes with longitudinal polarization will remain. This is a fundamental difference from the SPs considered earlier in [16, 17], where methods for calculating SPs as disks, spheres, cubes were proposed. All the proposed calculation methods use the formalism of the decom-position of radiation fluxes into spectral-spatial modes.
Direct measurement of potentials in a reactive ion-plasma etching system
Authors: Abramov Alexander
Published: July 2021

Devices for direct measurement of the plasma potential and floating potential in a gas dis-charge in a reactive ion-plasma etching system are presented. The action of the devices devel-oped for this purpose is based on the creation of a local magnetic field that allows purposeful-ly changing the conditions of ambipolar diffusion of charged particles. This makes it possible to contact the probe with the body of a positive plasma column without the appearance of a floating potential on it. The results of measuring the plasma potential by the proposed and al-ternative methods are compared
Fine structure of spatial diode photoresponse profiles measured while scanning a narrow strip-shaped illumination spot with FPA diode
Authors: Stuchinsky Victor , Vishnyakov Alekcey
Published: July 2021

The three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation of charge-carrier diffusion in a mercury-cadmium-tellurium based focal plane array (FPA) was used to calculate the spatial diode photoresponse profiles measured while scanning a narrow strip-shaped illumination spot with a selected FPA diode in the limit of largest and lowest diode photocurrents. The simulation was performed for a standard 2D n-on-p FPA with square photodiodes. Fine features in measured spot-scan profiles due to the presence of FPA structure were identified, and the de-pendence of these features on the boundary conditions for diffusing charge carriers at the n-type diode regions was demonstrated. An explanation to the shape of the profiles, fully con-sistent with the computational procedure of the problem, is given.
Features of processes in a microwave discharge in water vapor
Authors: Lebedev Yurii , Tatarinov Alekcey , Epstein Irina , Titov Alexander
Published: July 2021

A zero-dimensional steady-state simulation of microwave discharge in water vapor at atmos-pheric and reduced pressures and a constant gas temperature has been carried out. A model of a continuous stirring reactor is used. A joint solution of the balance equations for neutral and charged plasma components, the Boltzmann equation for plasma electrons, and the equation for the stationary distribution of the microwave field in a volume filled with plasma is carried out. The dependences of various parameters of thedischarge (the magnitude of the microwave field, the concentrations of all components) on the input specific power WVare obtained. It is shown that at reduced pressure the magnitude of the microwave field in the plasma is signifi-cantly lower, and the electron concentration is higher than at atmospheric pressure at the same applied specific power. At atmospheric pressure the water plasma is electronegative, and quasi-neutrality is maintained by the negative OH-ion in the range of the considered WV values. Transition from electronegative to electropositive plasma occurs at pressure of 30 Torr and ap-plied specific power of 60–70 kW/cm3
A food qualification at Technikon Natal : influential factors : an attitudinal survey of standard nine pupils' perception of the status of studying at Technikon Natal for a diploma in the food field
Authors:   , James Irene Hildegarde
Published: July 2021

To date, the hospitality industry, and in particular the food service industry, has a notoriously high turnover of staff, as well as a general shortage of qualified personnel. This factor, as well as the announcement in 1989 by the South African Government to privatise certain of its catering services over a period of three years caused the authorities to express concern over the lack of trained food staff for the future. Believing that technikons have the infrastructure to qualify culinarians, but that distorted images, prejudices and misconceptions surround technikon education as well as a cUlinary career, this study was undertaken to identify the factors that influence school leavers' choices of study institutions and attitudes towards studying for a food career at Technikon Natal. A theoretical substructure lays the foundation for the study. The literature review in chapter two outlines the historical development of technikons, as well as culinary careers in South Africa, placing special emphasis on the status and image of technikons and food careers. The methodology in chapter three explains the structuring and administration of the questionnaire used to capture data from six randomly selected high schools in the greater Durban area. The processed data results are discussed in chapter four. Table are presented at the conclusion of each group of major issues. These issues include pupils' anticipated study plans, choices of careers and study institutions, and the influence that individuals and other sources may have had on the formation of their attitudes and resultant choices of careers and study institutions. The pupils' attitudes towards studying for a career in the food service industry is thereafter reported on in detail. The results indicated that parents have the greatest influence on career and institution choice although it was found that they provide relatively little information on educational institutions. On the other hand, school teacher-counsellors are found to provide the most information on educational institutions but have far less influence regarding the choice of the educational institution than parents do. Technikon Natal and careers in food are generally positively perceived, but ignorance concerning the academic nature of the Technikon as well as the food diplomas is still evident and needs to be addressed. The study revealed information that could be used to combat ignorance and misconceptions thereby increasing the quantity of applications and subsequent quality of students for both Technikon Natal and the food service industry.
A study of toxic metals in kerb-side soils
Authors:   , Msukwini Johannes Themba
Published: July 2021

In urban environments motor vehicles are by far the largest source oflead. In areas subjected to heavy and slow moving vehicular traffic, the amount of lead exhausted may be quite high. Since exhaust fumes settle on kerb-sides, soil samples from these areas may not only give a good measure of the accumulation of lead but also eliminate the need to risk expensive sampling equipment in collecting air samples. In order to determine the levels of lead and other toxic metals such as chromium, cadmium, nickel, copper and aluminium, soil samples were collected from kerb-sides and road islands around the City of Durban and along the national road N3 in the vicinity of Shongweni. City, peri-urban and rural roads were selected for sampling. In a preliminary study, kerb-side dust from one of the streets with very heavy vehicular traffic was collected. It is also a street where many vendors have food stalls. The horizontal distribution of metals as a function of distance from the kerb was determined by analyzing samples which were collected at various distances from the edge of a road. The determination of vertical distribution of metals in the soil was also performed. Samples for this work were collected by digging 0 to 2 cm, 10 to 15 cm and 20 to 25 cm deep at various points along the National Highway (N3). 111 Some sub-samples were leached at pHs found in soils using a Hazardous Waste Filtration System while other sub-samples from the same gross sample were aciddigested in a Microwave Digester. The analyses were done using ICP-ABS, AAS and GF-AAS. As expected the values for lead were the highest for urban sites and lowest for rural ones and values from leaching experiments were lower than those for digested samples from the same site. Taken over all sites, the values for lead ranged from 0.02 to 298 ppm for leached samples and from 25 to 1900 ppm for digested samples.
HOẠT TÍNH GÂY ĐỘC TẾ BÀO IN VITRO CỦA CÁC CẶN CHIẾT LOÀI TỬ CHÂU LÁ TO (CALLICARPA MACROPHYLLA VAHL.) Ở THÁI NGUYÊN
Authors: Vũ Thị Thu Lê , Phạm Thị Hồng Minh , Nguyễn Thương Tuấn , Đào Việt Hùng , Hoàng Thị Bích , Đỗ Tiến Lâm
Published: July 2021

Cây Tử châu lá to (Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl) được sử dụng rộng rãi trong y học cổ truyền để chữa các bệnh như xuất huyết tiêu hóa, ho ra máu, nôn ra máu, chảy máu cam, đòn ngã sưng đau, thấp khớp, đau nhức xương… Cặn chiết tổng của thân, lá và quả của cây Tử châu lá to thể hiện hoạt tính gây độc in vitro trên ba dòng tế bào ung thư ở người (phổi: Lu-1, gan: Hep-G2 và vú: MCF-7) bằng phương pháp SRB với giá trị CS (%) trong khoảng từ 30,23 ± 1,5 đến 90,22 ± 0,15%. Trong đó, cặn chiết methanol tổng của lá cây Tử châu lá to (Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl) thể hiện hoạt tính gây độc tế bào tốt với giá trị CS (%) trong khoảng từ 30,23 ± 1,5 đến 47,84 ± 2,1%. Phân đoạn n-hexane (L.CM.H) của lá Tử châu lá to biểu hiện hoạt tính gây độc tế bào tốt hơn so với các phân đoạn ethyl acetate (L.CM.E) và methanol (L.CM.M) với giá trị CS (%) từ 12,49 ± 1,4 đến 20,18 ± 0,8%.
Contribution of pandemic covid-19 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in China
Authors: BADA Hajar , LAHKIM Mohamed , BELMOUDEN Ahmed , El Kadmiri Nadia
Published: July 2021

In order to respond to climate change, the Chinese government has committed to reduce the intensity of its national GHG emissions by 2020. In contrast to expectations, this year has seen an unexpected tragedy in the form of the corona virus epidemic. This virus, which belongs to the SARS-COV-2 family, has created a global turmoil and led to a record number of infections and deaths. In this situation, China took refuge as the first country to announce the appearance of the virus, resorted to quarantine in the absence of a vaccine against the virus, declared a state of emergency and then led to the shutdown of the Chinese economy.

With the increase in the number of infections and deaths several study had analyzing the connection between economic growth and covid-19 or public health and covid-19, while this paper focuses on the impact of COVID-19 on air quality, specifically the concentration of GHGs in the air resulting from industrial activities by comparing GHGs emissions in 2020 and previous years on the one hand, on the other hand, by analyzing the difference between the annual number of deaths caused by pollution and those caused by the virus. This mini review highlights the effect of long-term exposure to pollutants and the high risk of infection by the virus, China is taken as a case study, which evaluates the impact of COVID-19 on the environment.
L’évaluation de la demande de l’Europe en ressources minérales par les MFA : le cas du cobalt
Authors: DANINO-PERRAUD Raphaël , LEGLEUHER Maïté , GUYONNET Dominique
Published: July 2021

Dans un contexte de tension croissante sur les matières premières minérales, il apparaît nécessaire de mieux comprendre leur métabolisme et leurs caractéristiques. Ce chapitre présente une analyse de flux du cobalt en Europe entre 2008 et 2018, qui permet de mieux comprendre les risques et opportunités pouvant survenir sur ce métal.
Le rôle du label Fairtrade dans la diffusion d’une production durable et d’une consommation responsable en Afrique de l’Ouest : cas de la Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: COULIBALY-BALLET Mantiaba
Published: July 2021

Ce chapitre propose d’étudier la mise en application des standards du commerce équitable (CE) par les organisations de producteurs en Côte d’Ivoire. Plus précisément, il s’intéresse au label Fairtrade et ses contributions à une production durable et à une consommation responsable. L’étude menée met en évidence les difficultés et les retombés liées à l’application des principes du CE et propose des pistes pour renforcer la durabilité en Afrique.
Reduced light absorption of black carbon (BC) and its influence on BC-boundary-layer interactions during “APEC Blue”
Authors: Gao Meng , Yang Yang , Liao Hong , Zhu Bin , Zhang Yuxuan , Liu Zirui , Lu Xiao , Wang Chen , Zhou Qiming , Wang Yuesi , Zhang Qiang , Carmichael Gregory R. , Hu Jianlin
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Light absorption and radiative forcing of black carbon
(BC) is influenced by both BC itself and its interactions with other aerosol
chemical compositions. Although the changes in BC concentrations in response
to emission reduction measures have been well documented, the influence of
emission reductions on the light absorption properties of BC and its
influence on BC-boundary-layer interactions has been less explored. In this
study, we used the online coupled WRF-Chem model to examine how emission
control measures during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit affect the mixing state and light absorption of BC,
and the associated implications for BC-PBL interactions. We found that both
the mass concentration of BC and the BC coating materials declined during
the APEC week, which reduced the light absorption and light absorption
enhancement (Eab) of BC. The reduced absorption aerosol
optical depth (AAOD) during APEC was caused by both the decline in the mass
concentration of BC itself (52.0 %), and the lensing effect of BC
(48.0 %). The reduction in coating materials (39.4 %) contributed the most to the
influence of the lensing effect, and the reduced light absorption capability
(Eab) contributed 3.2 % to the total reduction in AAOD.
Reduced light absorption of BC due to emission control during APEC enhanced
planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) by 8.2 m.
PM2.5 and O3 were found to have different responses to the changes in the light absorption of
BC. Reduced light absorption of BC due to emission reductions decreased near-surface PM2.5 concentrations but near-surface O3
concentrations were enhanced in the North China Plain. These results suggest that current
measures to control SO2, NOx, etc. would be effective in reducing
the absorption enhancement of BC and in inhibiting the feedback of BC on
the boundary layer. However, enhanced ground O3 might be a side effect of
current emission control strategies. How to control emissions to offset this
side effect of current emission control measures on O3 should be an
area of further focus.
Atmospheric gaseous hydrochloric and hydrobromic acid in urban Beijing, China: detection, source identification and potential atmospheric impacts
Authors: Fan Xiaolong , Cai Jing , Yan Chao , Zhao Jian , Guo Yishuo , Li Chang , Dällenbach Kaspar R. , Zheng Feixue , Lin Zhuohui , Chu Biwu , Wang Yonghong , Dada Lubna , Zha Qiaozhi , Du Wei , Kontkanen Jenni , Kurtén Theo , Iyer Siddhart , Kujansuu Joni T. , Petäjä Tuukka , Worsnop Douglas R. , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Liu Yongchun , Bianchi Federico , Tham Yee Jun , Yao Lei , Kulmala Markku
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Gaseous hydrochloric (HCl) and hydrobromic acid (HBr) are vital halogen
species that play essential roles in tropospheric physicochemical processes.
Yet, the majority of the current studies on these halogen species were
conducted in marine or coastal areas. Detection and source identification of
HCl and HBr in inland urban areas remain scarce, thus limiting the full
understanding of halogen chemistry and potential atmospheric impacts in the
environments with limited influence from the marine sources. Here, both
gaseous HCl and HBr were concurrently measured in urban Beijing, China,
during winter and early spring of 2019. We observed significant HCl and HBr
concentrations ranging from a minimum value at 1 × 108 molecules cm−3 (4 ppt) and 4 × 107 molecules cm−3 (1 ppt) up
to 6 × 109 molecules cm−3 (222 ppt) and 1 × 109 molecules cm−3 (37 ppt), respectively. The HCl and HBr
concentrations are enhanced along with the increase of atmospheric
temperature, UVB and levels of gaseous HNO3. Based on the air mass
analysis and high correlations of HCl and HBr with the burning indicators
(HCN and HCNO), gaseous HCl and HBr are found to be related to
anthropogenic burning aerosols. The gas–particle partitioning may also play
a dominant role in the elevated daytime HCl and HBr. During the daytime, the
reactions of HCl and HBr with OH radicals lead to significant production of
atomic Cl and Br, up to 2 × 104 molecules cm−3 s−1 and 8 × 104 molecules cm−3 s−1,
respectively. The production rate of atomic Br (via HBr + OH) is 2–3 times
higher than that of atomic Cl (via HCl + OH), highlighting the potential
importance of bromine chemistry in the urban area. On polluted days, the
production rates of atomic Cl and Br are faster than those on clean days.
Furthermore, our observations of elevated HCl and HBr may suggest an
important recycling pathway of halogen species in inland megacities and may
provide a plausible explanation for the widespread halogen chemistry,
which could affect the atmospheric oxidation in China.
Characterization of dark current signal measurements of the ACCDs used on board the Aeolus satellite
Authors: Weiler Fabian , Kanitz Thomas , Wernham Denny , Rennie Michael , Huber Dorit , Schillinger Marc , Saint-Pe Olivier , Bell Ray , Parrinello Tommaso , Reitebuch Oliver
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Even just shortly after the successful launch of the
European Space Agency satellite Aeolus in August 2018, it turned out that
dark current signal anomalies of single pixels (so-called “hot pixels”) on
the accumulation charge-coupled devices (ACCDs) of the Aeolus detectors
detrimentally impact the quality of the aerosol and wind products,
potentially leading to wind errors of up to several meters per second. This paper provides
a detailed characterization of the hot pixels that occurred during the
first 1.5 years in orbit. The hot pixels are classified according
to their characteristics to discuss their impact on wind measurements.
Furthermore, mitigation approaches for the wind retrieval are presented and
potential root causes for hot pixel occurrence are discussed. The
analysis of the dark current signal anomalies reveals a large variety of
anomalies ranging from pixels with random telegraph signal (RTS)-like
characteristics to pixels with sporadic shifts in the median dark current
signal. Moreover, the results indicate that the number of hot pixels
almost linearly increased during the observing period between 2 September 2018
and 20 May 2020 with 6 % of the ACCD pixels affected in total at the end
of the period leading to 9.5 % at the end of the mission lifetime. This work
introduces dedicated instrument calibration modes and ground processors,
which allowed for a correction shortly after a hot pixel occurrence. The
achieved performance with this approach avoids risky adjustments to the
in-flight hardware operation. It is demonstrated that the success of the
correction scheme varies depending on the characteristics of each hot pixel
itself. With the herein presented categorization, it is shown that
multi-level RTS pixels with high fluctuation are the biggest challenge for
the hot pixel correction scheme. Despite a detailed analysis in this
framework, no conclusion could be drawn about the root cause of the hot
pixel issue.
Mitigation of bias sources for atmospheric temperature and humidity in the mobile Weather & Aerosol Raman Lidar (WALI)
Authors: Totems Julien , Chazette Patrick , Baron Alexandre
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Lidars using vibrational and rotational Raman scattering to continuously monitor both the water vapor and temperature profiles in the low and middle troposphere offer enticing perspectives for applications in weather prediction and studies of aerosol/cloud/water vapor interactions by deriving simultaneously relative humidity and atmospheric optical properties. Several heavy systems exist in European laboratories but only recently have they been downsized and ruggedized for deployment in the field. In this paper, we describe in detail the technical choices made during the design and calibration of the new Raman channels for the mobile Weather and Aerosol Lidar (WALI), going over the important sources of bias and uncertainty on the water vapor & temperature profiles stemming from the different optical elements of the instrument. For the first time, the impacts of interference filters and non-common-path differences between Raman channels, and their mitigation, are particularly investigated, using horizontal shots in a homogenous atmosphere. For temperature, the magnitude of the highlighted biases can be much larger than the targeted absolute accuracy of 1 °C defined by the WMO. Measurement errors are quantified using simulations and a number of radiosoundings launched close to the laboratory.
How precipitation intermittency sets an optimal sampling distance for temperature reconstructions from Antarctic ice cores
Authors: Münch Thomas , Werner Martin , Laepple Thomas
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Many palaeoclimate proxies share one challenging property: they
are not only driven by the climatic variable of interest, e.g. temperature, but
they are also influenced by secondary effects which cause, among other things, increased variability, frequently termed noise. Noise in individual proxy records can be reduced by averaging the records, but the effectiveness of this
approach depends on the correlation of the noise between the records and
therefore on the spatial scales of the noise-generating processes. Here, we
review and apply this concept in the context of Antarctic ice-core isotope
records to determine which core locations are best suited to reconstruct
local- to regional-scale temperatures. Using data from a past-millennium climate model simulation equipped with stable isotope diagnostics we intriguingly find that even for a local temperature reconstruction the optimal sampling strategy is to combine a local ice core with a more distant core ∼ 500–1000 km
away. A similarly large distance between cores is also optimal for
reconstructions that average more than two isotope records. We show that these findings result from the interplay of the two spatial scales of the correlation structures associated with the temperature field and with the noise generated by precipitation intermittency. Our study helps to maximize the usability of existing Antarctic ice cores and to optimally plan future drilling campaigns. It also broadens our knowledge of the processes that shape the isotopic record and their typical correlation scales. Finally, many palaeoclimate reconstruction
efforts face the similar challenge of spatially correlated noise, and our
presented method could directly assist further studies in also determining
optimal sampling strategies for these problems.
Introducing GloRiSe – a global database on river sediment composition
Authors: Müller Gerrit , Middelburg Jack J. , Sluijs Appy
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Rivers transport dissolved and solid loads from
terrestrial realms to the oceans and between inland reservoirs, representing
major mass fluxes on Earth's surface. The composition of river water and
sediment provides clues to a plethora of Earth and environmental processes,
including weathering, erosion, nutrient and carbon cycling, environmental
pollution, reservoir exchange, and tectonic cycles. While there are
documented, publicly available databases for riverine dissolved and
suspended nutrients, there is no openly accessible, georeferenced database
for riverine suspended sediment composition. Here, we present a globally
representative set of 2828 suspended and bed sediment compositional
measurements from 1683 locations around the globe. This database, named
Global River Sediments (GloRiSe) version 1.1, includes major, minor and trace
elements, along with mineralogical data, and provides time series for some
sites. Each observation is complemented by metadata describing geographic
location, sampling date and time, sample treatment, and measurement details,
which allows for grouping and selection of observations, as well as for
interoperability with external data sources, and improves interpretability.
Information on references, unit conversion and references makes the database
comprehensible. Notably, the close to globe-spanning extent of this
compilation allows the derivation of data-driven, spatially resolved global-scale
conclusions about the role of rivers and processes related to them within
the Earth system. GloRiSe version 1.1 can be downloaded from Zenodo
(https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4485795, Müller et al.,
2021) and GitHub (https://github.com/GerritMuller/GloRiSe, last access: 26 May 2021),
where updates with adapted version numbers will become available, along
with a technical documentation and an example calculation in the form of
MATLAB scripts, which calculate the sediment-flux-weighted major element
composition of the annual riverine suspended sediment export to the ocean
and related uncertainties.
SLOCLIM: a high-resolution daily gridded precipitation and temperature dataset for Slovenia
Authors: Škrk Nina , Serrano-Notivoli Roberto , Čufar Katarina , Merela Maks , Črepinšek Zalika , Kajfež Bogataj Lučka , de Luis Martín
Published: July 2021

Abstract. We present a new publicly available daily gridded dataset
of maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation data covering the whole
territory of Slovenia from 1950 to 2018. It represents the great variability
of climate at the crossroads between the Mediterranean, Alpine and
continental climatic regimes with altitudes between 0–2864 m a.s.l. We
completely reconstructed (quality control and gap filling) the data for the
three variables from 174 observatories (climatological, precipitation and
automatic stations) with the original records all over the country. A
comprehensive quality control process based on the spatial coherence of the
data was applied to the original dataset, and the missing values were
estimated for each day and location independently. Using the filled data
series, a grid of 1×1 km spatial resolution with 20 998 points was created
by estimating daily temperatures (minimum and maximum) and precipitation,
as well as their corresponding uncertainties at each grid point. In order to show
the potential applications, four daily temperature indices and two on
precipitation were calculated to describe the spatial distribution of (1) the absolute maximum and minimum temperature, (2) the number of frost days,
(3) the number of summer days, (4) the intensity of precipitation and (5) the
maximum number of consecutive dry days. The use of all the available
information, the complete quality control and the high spatial resolution of the grid allowed for an accurate estimate of precipitation and temperature that represents a precise spatial and temporal distribution of daily
temperatures and precipitation in Slovenia. The SLOCLIM dataset is publicly
available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4108543 and
http://www.sloclim.eu (last access: 10 June 2021) and can be cited as Škrk et al. (2020).
Data reduction for inverse modeling: an adaptive approach v1.0
Authors: Liu Xiaoling , Weinbren August L. , Chang He , Tadić Jovan M. , Mountain Marikate E. , Trudeau Michael E. , Andrews Arlyn E. , Chen Zichong , Miller Scot M.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The number of greenhouse gas (GHG) observing satellites has greatly expanded in recent years, and these new datasets provide an unprecedented
constraint on global GHG sources and sinks. However, a continuing challenge for inverse models that are used to estimate these sources and sinks is
the sheer number of satellite observations, sometimes in the millions per day. These massive datasets often make it prohibitive to implement inverse
modeling calculations and/or assimilate the observations using many types of atmospheric models. Although these satellite datasets are very large,
the information content of any single observation is often modest and non-exclusive due to redundancy with neighboring observations and due to
measurement noise. In this study, we develop an adaptive approach to reduce the size of satellite datasets using geostatistics. A guiding principle
is to reduce the data more in regions with little variability in the observations and less in regions with high variability. We subsequently tune
and evaluate the approach using synthetic and real data case studies for North America from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2)
satellite. The proposed approach to data reduction yields more accurate CO2 flux estimates than the commonly used method of binning and
averaging the satellite data. We further develop a metric for choosing a level of data reduction; we can reduce the satellite dataset to an average
of one observation per ∼ 80–140 km for the specific case studies here without substantially compromising the flux estimate, but we
find that reducing the data further quickly degrades the accuracy of the estimated fluxes. Overall, the approach developed here could be applied to
a range of inverse problems that use very large trace gas datasets.
SCOPE 2.0: a model to simulate vegetated land surface fluxes and satellite signals
Authors: Yang Peiqi , Prikaziuk Egor , Verhoef Wout , van der Tol Christiaan
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The Soil Canopy Observation of Photosynthesis and Energy fluxes (SCOPE) model aims at linking satellite observations in the visible, infrared, and thermal domains with land surface processes in a physically based manner, and quantifying the microclimate in vegetation canopies. It simulates radiative transfer in the soil, leaves, and vegetation canopies, as well as photosynthesis and non-radiative heat dissipation through convection and mechanical turbulence. Since the first publication 12 years ago, SCOPE has been applied in remote sensing studies of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), energy balance fluxes, gross primary production (GPP), and directional thermal signals. Here, we present a thoroughly revised version, SCOPE 2.0, which features a number of new elements: (1) it enables the definition of layers consisting of leaves with different properties, thus enabling the simulation of vegetation with an understorey or with a vertical gradient in leaf chlorophyll concentration; (2) it enables the simulation of soil reflectance; (3) it includes the simulation of leaf and canopy reflectance changes induced by the xanthophyll cycle; and (4) the computation speed has been reduced by 90 % compared to earlier versions due to a fundamental optimization of the model. These new features improve the capability of the model to represent complex canopies and to explore the response of remote sensing signals to vegetation physiology. The improvements in computational efficiency make it possible to use SCOPE 2.0 routinely for the simulation of satellite data and land surface fluxes. It also strengthens the operability for the numerical retrieval of land surface products from satellite or airborne data.