bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La nouvelle réforme de la PAC (Agenda 2000) : baisse modérée des revenus et accroissement des aides directes pour les producteurs français de viande bovine
Authors: COLSON F. , CHATELLIER V.
Published: July 2020

Les chefs des Etats et des gouvernements ont adopté, lors du conseil européen qui se tenait à Berlin le 25 mars 1999, les bases d’une future réforme de la politique agricole commune (Agenda 2000). Cet article présente les résultats d’une simulation des conséquences de cet accord pour les exploitations agricoles françaises réparties selon cinq types de production, puis, de façon plus précise, pour les seules exploitations bovins-viande. Ces simulations, qui sont réalisées à structure constante et à horizon 2004 (hors réforme de l’OCM lait) sur la base des informations du RICA, conduisent à une baisse mécanique de revenu plus forte pour les exploitations céréalières (-18%) que pour les exploitations bovins-viande (-7%) et laitières (-3%). La prise en considération d’une hypothèse de gains de productivité technique (hausse des rendements et réduction du montant des consommations intermédiaires) permet cependant de modérer ces variations simulées de revenus. Cette réforme renforce une nouvelle fois le rôle des paiements directs dans la formation du revenu des agriculteurs, notamment celui des producteurs de viande bovine, et pose avec plus d’acuité la question de leur légitimité.
Une démarche intégrée pour prévoir la valeur des aliments pour les ruminants : PrévAlim pour INRAtion
Authors: BAUMONT R. , CHAMPCIAUX P. , AGABRIEL J. , ANDRIEU J. , AUFRÈRE J. , MICHALET-DOREAU B. , DEMARQUILLY C.
Published: July 2020

Cet article présente les principes retenus pour élaborer le module de prévision de la valeur d’un aliment à partir des résultats de son analyse. Le module PrévAlim, proposé avec la nouvelle version d’INRAtion, permet de calculer à la fois la valeur nutritive (UF, PDI) et pour les fourrages la valeur d’encombrement (UE) à partir de la nature de l’aliment et de la mesure de certaines de ces caractéristiques. Pour la valeur nutritive, une démarche séquentielle a été adoptée, centrée sur l’estimation de la dMO et de la dégradabilité de l’azote (DT) ; le calcul des valeurs UF et PDI utilise ensuite la séquence des équations des systèmes INRA 1988. L’estimation de la dMO se fait soit préférentiellement à partir de la méthode de digestibilité enzymatique pepsine-cellulase (dCs ou dCo), soit à partir de la composition chimique ou de l’âge de la plante. L’estimation de la DT et de la valeur PDI des concentrés est basée sur la méthode enzymatique avec une protéase (DE1). La valeur d’encombrement des fourrages est calculée à partir de l’ingestibilité estimée directement à partir de la composition chimique ou de la dMO ; les équations par grandes classes d’aliments ont été déterminées sur la base des Tables INRA 1988. Ce module rassemble, coordonne et met à jour des outils déjà disponibles (Tables de prévision de 1981 et équations publiées depuis) et des outils créés spécialement (estimation des UE). Les valeurs calculées (UF, PDI et UE) sont cohérentes entre elles ainsi qu’avec celles des Tables. L’approche hiérarchisée adoptée permet de calculer les valeurs même avec des informations manquantes et de retenir la méthode d’évaluation la plus pertinente en cas d’informations redondantes.
Effet d’une castration tardive sur la production de bœufs Holstein et Montbéliards
Authors: PARRASSIN P.R. , THÉNARD V. , DUMONT R. , GROSSE M. , TROMMENSCHLAGER J.M. , ROUX M.
Published: July 2020

La production du bœuf dans les exploitations laitières de l’Est de la France passe par une valorisation des prairies et une simplification des conduites d’élevage. Traditionnellement les animaux sont castrés avant l’âge d’un an. Il est parfois préconisé de repousser cet âge à la castration pour bénéficier de la supériorité de croissance du mâle entier. Trois essais réalisés sur 83 animaux (41 castrés avant la première mise à l’herbe à 7 mois, 42 castrés avant la deuxième mise à l’herbe à 16 mois) ont permis de mettre en évidence les effets de l’âge à la castration sur la croissance et les caractéristiques de la carcasse et de la viande. Les bœufs ont été abattus en moyenne à l’âge de 27 mois, à 700 kg de poids vif après une finition à l’auge. L’âge à la castration ne modifie pas les performances globales de croissance. La supériorité du mâle entier jusqu’à l’âge de 16 mois n’est pas apparue dans ces essais. La finition à l’auge avec une ration à base d’ensilage d’herbe et de foin (durée de 65 à 95 jours selon les lots) a permis un gain de poids de 1000 à 1500 g/j. L’âge à la castration a eu peu d’effet sur le poids de carcasse (en moyenne 380 kg), sa composition tissulaire et sa conformation. Toutefois les carcasses des Holstein castrés à 16 mois sont plutôt mieux classées que celles de leurs homologues castrés à 7 mois. La castration à 16 mois a modifié certaines caractéristiques physico-chimiques musculaires. Ainsi les teneurs en collagène total et en fer héminique sont plus élevées que pour une castration précoce. Ces essais ont également permis de confirmer les meilleures aptitudes à la production de viande de la race Montbéliarde.
Avant-propos
Authors: CHILLIARD Y.
Published: July 2020

La synthèse des lipides est une composante importante de l’efficacité et de la qualité des productions animales :

- des produits de qualité (viande, lait, oeufs, foie gras, ...) doivent être adaptés aux demandes - parfois contradictoires - des transformateurs et des consommateurs, tant pour leur teneur en lipides que pour la composition de ceux-ci (classes de lipides - cholestérol notamment - et leur composition en acides gras - saturés, polyinsaturés, trans...) qui peuvent modifier leurs caractéristiques technologiques, organoleptiques et diététiques ;

- une production efficace suppose d’assurer une production minimale de lipides, en raison de leurs effets positifs sur la qualité, tout en évitant une production excessive qui peut nuire à la qualité et se traduire par un gaspillage énergétique du fait du dépôt ou de la sécrétion de lipides animaux peu valorisables ;

- l’adaptation des animaux à des périodes de sous-nutrition physiologique (fin de gestation, début de lactation ...) ou économique (économie d’aliments coûteux) suppose que les réserves lipidiques corporelles mobilisées soient ensuite reconstituées efficacement.

Compte tenu de ces enjeux importants pour les différentes filières de production et de la diversité des problématiques de recherche rencontrés pour les différentes espèces domestiques élevées en France, un programme a été mis en place à l’INRA, de 1994 à 1998, à l’initiative de F. Grosclaude et de la Direction Scientifique des Productions Animales.

Outre les avancées significatives des méthodes d’étude (notamment utilisation des outils moléculaires), et des connaissances mécanistiques et pratiques qui émergent de cet ensemble de travaux, il faut souligner la dynamique induite par ce programme, avec un développement important de collaborations entre équipes travaillant dans des sites géographiques différents et sur des espèces, des situations physiologiques et des types de produits très variés.

Ces travaux ont fait l’objet d’un symposium satellite "Lipogenèse chez les animaux domestiques" dans le cadre des 3èmes journées franco-britanniques de Nutrition (AFN-NS-SNDLF) qui ont eu lieu à Nancy du 30 septembre au 2 octobre 1998.

Le présent ouvrage regroupe sept articles d’équipes de l’INRA, qui replacent leurs résultats récents dans le cadre des connaissances disponibles sur la lipogenèse chez huit espèces domestiques (poissons, oiseaux, mammifères monogastriques et ruminants) et onze types de production (viande, oeufs, foie gras, races spécialisées ...). En outre, un texte prospectif de synthèse préparé par R.G. Vernon et al (Hannah Research Institute, Ecosse) compare les animaux domestiques, les rongeurs et l’Homme, et présente les récentes évolutions des recherches sur les mécanismes régulant les voies lipogéniques de différents tissus (muscle, foie, tissu adipeux et glande mammaire).
Modifications métaboliques chez le poulet de chair en climat chaud : conséquences nutritionnelles
Authors: TESSERAUD S. , TEMIM S.
Published: July 2020

Chez le poulet de chair, l’exposition chronique à la chaleur réduit significativement le métabolisme basal, mais accroît l’extrachaleur rapportée à l’énergie métabolisable ingérée. La proportion d’énergie retenue sous forme de lipides est plus élevée et celle retenue sous forme de protéines moindre à 32°C comparés à 22°C. Ceci pourrait provenir de modifications de l’utilisation du glucose, en relation avec une altération de la sécrétion d’insuline et de la sensibilité des tissus à cette hormone.
La chaleur accroît l’engraissement, particulièrement au niveau sous-cutané. La proportion d’acides gras saturés dans les tissus adipeux est alors plus élevée. Le fort engraissement au chaud ne paraît pas s’expliquer par une lipogenèse hépatique accrue. Les flux de sécrétion de lipoprotéines de type VLDL ou de triglycérides totaux, qui représentent les capacités d’exportation des lipides du foie vers les autres tissus, ne sont pas non plus augmentés. Enfin, la captation périphérique des triglycérides circulants par la lipoprotéine lipase dans les tissus adipeux apparaît même réduite. En revanche, l’utilisation des acides gras déposés serait plus faible.
La réduction du dépôt protéique au chaud provient essentiellement d’une baisse de la synthèse des protéines musculaires. Il est possible que la chaleur modifie les besoins en acides aminés, certains d’entre eux deviendraient alors limitants pour la synthèse protéique. La protéosynthèse pourrait aussi être limitée par un apport énergétique insuffisant au muscle ou en raison de modifications du contexte hormonal.En ambiance chaude, si une supplémentation lipidique n’a que peu d’effet, augmenter le taux protéique de l’aliment améliore les performances et la rétention protéique des animaux. Cet effet, bien que bénéfique, reste pourtant relativement modéré.
Importance du parasitisme par des strongles gastro-intestinaux chez les chèvres laitières dans le Sud-Est de la France
Authors: HOSTE H. , LE FRILEUX Y. , POMMARET A. , GRUNER L. , VAN QUACKEBEKE E. , KOCH C.
Published: July 2020

L’étude avait pour objectif de compléter les données sur l’épidémiologie des strongyloses gastrointestinales dans l’espèce caprine et de préciser l’influence relative de divers facteurs sur ce parasitisme et ses conséquences sur la production laitière. Plusieurs paramètres parasitologiques et physiopathologiques ont été mesurés dans un troupeau de 120 chèvres laitières au pâturage pendant deux ans. Les pics de parasitisme ont été observés en début d’automne et les genres dominants identifiés étaient "Teladorsagia" et Trichostrongylus. La conduite du troupeau selon un système de pâturage tournant ou continu n’a eu que peu d’influence sur les infestations par les nématodes. En revanche plusieurs facteurs de réceptivité de l’hôte ont été identifiés. Au cours des deux années, une excrétion d’œufs de parasites plus forte, entraînant une contamination accrue du pâturage, a été relevée dans deux groupes d’animaux au sein du troupeau : d’une part, chez les chèvres en première saison de pâturage et notamment les primipares ; d’autre part, chez les chèvres présentant le meilleur niveau de production de lait. Chez ces dernières, des répercussions physiopathologiques plus marquées du parasitisme ont aussi été notées, en particulier lors des pics d’excrétion d’œufs de strongles. Les implications de cette identification d’individus à risque parasitaire élevé dans le troupeau sur la possibilité d’application ciblée des traitements anthelminthiques sont discutées.
Effet de la saison, de l’éclairement artificiel et de la mélatonine sur le rythme annuel de reproduction de la jument
Authors: GUILLAUME D.
Published: July 2020

Cet article fait partie du dossierActualités en reproduction équine.
De la collecte des ovocytes à la production d’embryons
Authors: BÉZARD J.
Published: July 2020

Cet article fait partie du dossierActualités en reproduction équine
Ink Detection Using K-Mean Clustering in Hyperspectral Document
Authors: Raza Reshail , Saeed Saifullah , Sharif Rizwan
Published: July 2020

In document forensic, Ink mismatch relays very important information about forgeries in this way we can find out the authenticity of documents. Finding out and distinguishing these unique inks from the multispectral document is very challenging task. In this paper we proposed the method to identify the inks using clustering. We used K-Mean clustering instead of widely known Fuzzy C-Means Clustering (FCM) and successfully identity the number of inks. For the purpose of optimizing and improving our results we used two optimization techniques such as Elbow and silhouette optimization techniques.
O El self curricular como dispositivo para pensar la persistencia en la educación de adultos
Authors: Dos Santos Costa Graça , Mallows David , Machado de Carvalho Juliana
Published: July 2020

Este artigo apresenta os resultados do projeto intitulado “Self curricular na educação de adultos: reflexões sobre a persistência no processo formativo”. O projeto teve como objetivo reconstruir, por meio de narração oral e escrita, as histórias da vida escolar dos alunos na educação de adultos, destacando as razões do abandono e / ou persistência em seus processos de formação. A metodologia utilizada foi de natureza qualitativa, através de um estudo autobiográfico, baseado em Willian Pinar, estudioso do currículo que, desde a década de 1970, introduziu o tema da autobiografia para falar sobre as experiências vividas em torno do currículo. Após analisar a autobiografia escolar por meio do self curricular, os resultados revelam que o mesmo é um dispositivo facilitador para aumentar a conscientização sobre as os presentes, o passado e as expectativas de futuras acerca das experiencias vividas em torno do currículo. Esse dispositivo possibilitou criar pontes entre o subjetivo e o social, favorecendo um entendimento compartilhado sobre as diferentes trajetórias escolares vividas pelos estudantes adultos. Foi uma estratégia para captar o curriculum narrativo, sendo reveladora das diferentes barreiras enfrentadas pelos estudantes para persistirem nos seus processos formativos.
Clinical Management of Arthrofibrosis
Authors: Ibrahim Ishaq O. , Nazarian Ara , Rodriguez Edward K.
Published: July 2020

» Arthrofibrosis is a pathologic condition that is characterized by excessive periarticular scar-tissue formation. Arthrofibrosis may occur secondary to injury, surgical trauma, hemarthrosis, or infection, or it may occur idiopathically.

» The pathogenesis of arthrofibrosis is incompletely understood but involves the dysregulation of normal reparative pathways, with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) as a principal mediator.

» Current treatment options for arthrofibrosis primarily involve physiotherapy, operative manipulation, and surgical debridement, all with imperfect results.

» Currently, there are no pharmacologic treatment options for arthrofibrosis. This has prompted increased investigational interest in the development of antifibrotic intra-articular therapies.
Escarabajos estercoleros asociados a sistemas de ganadería sostenible en diferentes regiones de Colombia
Authors: Mendivil Nieto Julian Alexander , Giraldo Echeverri Carolina , Quevedo Vega Cindy Julieth , Medina Claudia Alejandra , Chara Julian
Published: July 2020

Investigamos la fauna de escarabajos estercoleros asociados a los sistemas de ganadería sostenible en diferentes regiones biogeográficas de Colombia, con el propósito de determinar la fauna local de estercoleros asociada al paisaje ganadero. Se incluye un conjunto de datos con los registros de escarabajos estercoleros de la subfamilia Scarabaeinae, procedentes de 18 fincas ganaderas ubicadas en ocho departamentos de Colombia: Atlántico (1), Boyacá (2), Caldas (2), Caquetá (1), Cesar (3), Meta (2), Tolima (3) y Valle del Cauca (4). El conjunto de datos está conformado por 1618 registros, 11 255 ejemplares pertenecientes a 19 géneros, 42 especies y 32 morfoespecies.
Pelestarian Koleksi Plasma Nutfah Karet IRRDB 1981 melalui Duplikasi Genotipe di Kebun Entres
Authors: Darojat Muhamad Rizqi , Pasaribu Syarifah Aini , Sayurandi Sayurandi
Published: July 2020

Ribuan aksesi plasma nutfah karet IRRDB 1981 (PN’81) merupakan material genetik tanaman karet yang diperoleh dari habitat aslinya di hutan hujan tropis Brasil yang dikoleksi oleh International Rubber Research and Development Board pada tahun 1981. Material genetik yang ditanam di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Sungei Putih ini dimanfaatkan dalam program perakitan klon unggul tanaman karet. Pelestarian PN’81 dalam bentuk kebun koleksi ex situ sudah tidak lagi relevan karena cara ini membutuhkan areal yang luas (58,5 ha), biaya pemeliharaan besar, dan rentan terhadap gangguan faktor alam maupun manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melestarikan koleksi PN’81 dalam bentuk kebun entres sehingga koleksi tersebut tidak rusak dan hilang. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan seluruh anggota populasi sebagai sampel. Pengamatan dilakukan secara langsung terhadap jumlah tegakan yang tersisa, jumlah mata entres, keberhasilan okulasi, dan pertumbuhan mata okulasi. Hasil reinventarisasi menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penurunan jumlah aksesi yang sangat tinggi, yaitu sebesar 8.322 aksesi selama periode 1990–2018. Penurunan disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, di antaranya adalah usia tanaman, gangguan hewan dan manusia, serangan penyakit, kebakaran, dan serangan angin. Sebagian besar aksesi PN’81 menghasilkan sedikit cabang autotrof muda dan persentase keberhasilan okulasi rendah. Hasil pengamatan pertumbuhan tunas okulasi bulan kesembilan menunjukkan nilai koefisien keragaman yang cukup besar dan sebanyak 33% tanaman mengalami gangguan pertumbuhan di lapangan (kebun entres). Upaya pelestarian plasma nutfah PN’ 81 dalam bentuk kebun entres hanya dapat menyelamatkan 12,5% aksesi dari total koleksi plasma nutfah PN’81.
Keragaman Kacang Gude Putih (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) di Kabupaten Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah
Authors: Yuniastuti Endang , Sukaya Sukaya , Fauziyah Rhizia Syifa , Delfianti Marshelina Noor Indah
Published: July 2020

Kacang gude (Cajanus cajan) termasuk dalam tanaman kacang-kacangan yang memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk ketahanan pangan karena kaya akan protein, karbohidrat, dan memiliki toleransi tinggi terhadap stres lingkungan. Informasi tentang kacang gude di Indonesia masih minim sehingga perlu dilakukan eksplorasi dan karakterisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari keragaman karakter kacang Gude Putih (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) di Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Sidokarto, Doho, dan Gambiran, Kecamatan Girimarto, Kabupaten Wonogiri, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Variabel yang diamati meliputi morfologi batang, daun, bunga, polong, dan biji. Data morfologis dianalisis menggunakan uji chi kuadrat dan program NTSYS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik morfologi kacang Gude Putih di tiga lokasi di Wonogiri memiliki variasi genetik. Karakter tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, dan ketebalan batang di ketiga lokasi memiliki hasil yang beragam sedangkan karakter lainnya memiliki hasil yang seragam. Hasil analisis hubungan antara lokasi dan karakter kacang Gude Putih bersifat signifikan pada beberapa karakter termasuk tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, dan ketebalan batang. Koefisien kesamaan tanaman kacang Gude Putih di tiga lokasi di Wonogiri berkisar antara 83–87% hingga 100%. Nilai koefisien keragaman pada kisaran 13–17%, menunjukkan bahwa keragaman kacang Gude Putih di tiga lokasi tersebut memiliki keanekaragaman yang sempit.
Pengaruh Edible Coating Pati Singkong Terhadap Kualitas dan Umur Simpan Buah Pisang Tongka Langit
Authors: Picauly Priscillia , Tetelepta Gilian
Published: July 2020

Buah pisang Tongka Langit adalah salah satu jenis buah lokal di Maluku yang memiliki potensi yang baik untuk kesehatan namun umur simpannya pendek. Umur simpan buah dapat diperpanjang dengan menggunakan edible coating. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi pati ubi kayu yang terbaik dalam pelapisan buah pisang Tongka Langit, dan mengamati perubahan fisik dan kimia selama penyimpanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan konsentrasi pati ubi kayu (1%, 3%, dan 5%) dan ulangan sebanyak tiga kali. Data dianalisis dengan analisis ragam dan diuji lanjut dengan uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ). Parameter yang diamati yaitu kekerasan, susut bobot, total padatan terlarut dan vitamin A. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi pati ubi kayu berpengaruh terhadap kekerasan, susut bobot, total padatan terlarut dan vitamin A. Pada penelitian ini, konsentrasi pati 3% yang terbaik karena mampu menghambat penurunan nilai kekerasan, kenaikan nilai susut bobot dan total padatan terlarut, serta mempertahankan nilai vitamin A sehingga dapat digunakan untuk memperpanjang umur simpan pisang Tongka Langit.

 

The Effect of Cassava Starch Edibel Coating on Quality and Shelf Life of Tongka Langit Banana

Tongka Langit banana is one of the local fruit in Maluku which has a good potential for human health, however has short shelf life. Use of edible coating to extend the shelf life of fruit. The aim of this research was to find out the best coating for Tongka Langit banana used different concentration of cassava starch, and observed physical and chemical changes on banana Tongka Langit characteristics during storage. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the cassava starch concentration (1%, 3%, 5%) as treatment and repeated three times. Data analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tested signification by Tukey.  The parameter observed during the storage were hardness, weight loss, total soluble solids, and vitamin A. The result showed that the concentration of cassava starch significantly affect on hardness, weight loss, total soluble solid, and vitamin A of Tongka Langit banana. The best in this research is cassava starch concentration 3% be able to inhibit decrease of hardness, increase of weight loss and total soluble solid, and integrity vitamin A value so it can be used to extend the shelf life of Tongka Langit banana.
Aplikasi Ekstrak Kesumba (Bixa Orellanna. L) Sebagai Sumber Pewarna dan Antioksidan Alami
Authors: Handayani Isti , Sujiman NFN
Published: July 2020

Kesumba (Bixa orellana L.) telah digunakan sebagai pewarna alami di banyak industri, tetapi penggunaan dalam makanan tradisional Indonesia belum banyak digunakan. Penelitian ini mengkaji aplikasi ekstrak kesumba sebagai sumber pewarna dan antioksidan alami pada getuk singkong. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode sokletasi menggunakan tiga jenis pelarut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh jenis pelarut dan konsentrasi ekstrak kesumba terhadap warna, total karotenoid, total fenol dan FFA getuk singkong. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode eksperimental menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK). Pelarut yang digunakan untuk ekstraksi adalah heksana (non polar), kloroform (semi-polar) dan etanol (polar) pada konsentrasi ekstrak 1%; 2%; dan 3%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi ekstrak heksana 3% yang diukur menggunakan kamus warna Munsell dan secara sensorik menghasilkan warna oranye dengan nilai Hue: 7.5 YR (Yellow Red = merah kekuningan); Value: 7, dan kroma: 10, serta menghasilkan tingkat kesukaan paling tinggi. Peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak yang ditambahkan menghasilkan peningkatan kroma (intensitas warna). Kadar karotenoid tertinggi (0,33 mg / g), dihasilkan pada penambahan ekstrak heksana 2% dan kadar fenol total tertinggi (38,95 mg / 100 g) dihasilkan ekstrak heksana 3%. Asam lemak bebas terendah (0,15%) dihasilkan pada penambahan ekstrak heksana 1% walaupun tidak ada bedanya dengan penambahan ekstrak kloroform 1%.

 

Application of Kesumba Extract (Bixa orellanna. L)as Anaural Colorant and Antioxidant in Cassava Getuk

Kesumba (Bixa orellana L.) has been used as natural colourant in many industries. However its usage for Indonesian tranditional foods is still limeted. This study examined aplication of kesumba extract as natural colourant as well as antioxidants sources on getuk cassava. The extraction was performed throught soxhletation method using three types of solvents. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of solvent types and concentrations of the extract to colour, total carotenoid, total phenol and FFA of getuk cassava. This research was designed using a randomized block design (RBD). Solvents used for extraction were hexane (non polar), chloroform (semi-polar) and ethanol (polar) and the concentration of the extracts 1%; 2%; and 3%.  The results showed that 3% of hexane, measured using the Munsell Color resulted in an orange colour (hue: 7,5 YR; value: 7, chroma:10), as well as sensory test, which obtained the most preference by the panelists. Increasing the extract concentration yielded in enhance of chroma (colour intensity). The 2% of hexane extract produced the highest levels of carotenoids (0.33 mg/g), while the highest levels of total phenols (38.95 mg/100 g) was treated from 3% of hexane extract. The lowest of free fatty acids (0.15%) was obtained at 1% of hexane extract although no differentces to 1% of chloroform extract.
An Analysis of Quality Management in Vaccine Manufacturers of China Based on the New Vaccine Administration Law
Authors: Ji Min Xue , Li Xiang Qun , Liu Cui
Published: July 2020

With the application of new technologies in development and production, the quality of vaccines in China had been constantly improved, and vaccines manufactured in China were being supplied to international markets while meeting the domestic immunization program need. Meanwhile, the quality management performance of vaccine manufacturers in China was continually improving. The implementation of the Vaccine Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China had imposed legal systematic requirements on full lifecycle management of vaccines in development, production and supervision, which was of important milestone significance for guiding the development of China’s vaccine industry. Based on the understanding of this law, this article had discussed quality management of vaccines from four aspects including biosafety, application of new technologies for vaccine development and production, process changes and deviation management with practical work taken into account, intended to arouse readers’attention and discussions on this law and relevant issues and provide reference to vaccine manufacturers in production, development and product quality improvement.
Current Research: Archaeological Investigations at the Shackleford Creek Site (41SM494), Smith County, Texas
Authors: Perttula  , Nelson
Published: July 2020

An archaeological survey in 2018 of the proposed Shackleford Creek Residential Development, a federally permitted project, in the upper Angelina River basin in East Texas by Tejas Archaeology identified the ancestral Caddo Shackleford Creek site (41SM494). Because the site was only investigated with a few shovel tests during the archaeological survey, although sufficient to identify the site extent and general characteristics of deposit depth and artifact content, but appeared to contain intact archaeological deposits of ancestral Caddo age, Nelson and Perttula recommended that the site warranted further evaluation by a plan of test excavations to determine its research potential and eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Tejas Archaeology completed the test excavations in February 2019.
Current Research: A Pilot Study in the Use of pXRF Analysis of Caddo Ceramics
Authors: Middlebrook  , Hanratty
Published: July 2020

Wilson "Dub" Crook III's paper presented to the East Texas Archeological Conference concerning the use of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) in sourcing turquoise artifacts sparked an interest in utilizing pXRF to resolve an old Caddo ceramic research question. While XRF has been used in archaeology for more than 60 years, and there have been applications in ceramic studies, a recent review of the 9th Edition of The Archaeology, Bioarchaeology, Ethnohistory, and History of the Caddo Indian Peoples of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas, a comprehensive bibliography, did not yield a single reference to a pXRF study in Caddo ceramics. This article will summarize: (1) the research question arising from work at the Morse Mound Site (41SY27), (2) an overview of how pXRF works, and (3) the data analysis from this pilot study.
Effect of stress coping ability and working hours on burnout among residents
Authors: Kijima Saori , Tomihara Kazuya , Tagawa Masami
Published: July 2020

Background: Burnout among residents leads to interruptions in training and even to exit from programs. Despite the implementation of working hour restrictions in the U.S. in 2013, the high rate of burnout remains a serious problem. Therefore, we analyzed Japanese residents’ burnout, training conditions, and associated factors, especially stress coping ability, which could become an evidence base for creating guidelines of programs and working environments.Methods: In total, 37 teaching hospitals were randomly selected, and all residents in the third and fifteenth months of a residency program at these hospitals were targeted for this research. We analyzed the residents’ burnout rates, associated factors, and interactions using response data from a self-administered questionnaire consisting of the Japanese versions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale, as well as items asking about their training environments, gender, and age.Results: Overall, 48 (49.5%) of 97 residents in 18 teaching hospitals (62 and 35 in the third and fifteenth months, respectively), whose average working hours were 63.3 hours per week, were judged as having burnout, among whom, 33 (53.2%) and 15 (42.9%) had burnout in the third and fifteenth months, respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that working hours and 10 items on the SOC scale (SOC10) were significant factors of burnout. Two-way analysis of variance revealed that working hours was a significant variable for the MBI-emotional exhaustion score and SOC10 in the third and fifteenth months, respectively. Regarding the MBI-cynicism and professional efficacy scores, the SOC10 was a significant variable in both the third and fifteenth months. In addition, the high SOC group (SOC10>45) showed higher personal efficacy under longer working hours.Conclusion: About half of the Japanese residents were judged as having burnout as early as the third month of training under regulations of working 40 hours per week. Individual stress coping ability and working hours were found to be significant factors for burnout. Residents with high stress coping ability exhibited more personal efficacy with more working experiences, which suggests that the SOC scale could be a valuable tool to help foster a suitable training environment.
Evidence of pathogenic zoonotic tick-borne Rickettsia and Borrelia spp. in some communal farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: ADELABU OLUSESAN , Iweriebor Benson Chuks , Okoh Anthony Ifeanyi , Obi Larry Chikwelu
Published: July 2020

The abundance of tick populations in South Africa represents a probable risk for both animal and human health. Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp. are well-known significant agents of emerging human tick-borne infectious diseases throughout the world. Nevertheless, the epidemiology of their infections has been underreported in South Africa, therefore, the aim of this study was to profile for zoonotic Rickettsia and Borrelia species from ticks infesting domesticated animals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Morphological and molecular identification techniques were conducted on 1,200 tick samples collected from domestic animals before screening for the target bacterial pathogens. The molecular identification of the tick samples was based on the amplification of the 12S rRNA mitochondrial DNA while those of Rickettsia and Borrelia species were carried out by amplifying fragments of gltA, ompA and ompB genes for Rickettsia and flaB gene for Borrelia spp. Thereafter, the positive ticks, Borrelia and Rickettsia ompB amplicons were sequenced and further analysed. Eight species of ticks belonging to three genera; Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, and Haemaphysalis were identified. A total of 320 (27%) samples were confirmed positive for Rickettsia out of which 74 (23%) were positive for both ompA and ompB genes. Phylogenetic analysis of ompB revealed a high homology to rickettsial reference strains from GenBank, while there was no positive result for Borrelia. The generated sequences showed 99.1 to 100% homology with R. africae-KX227790 (100 %), R. parkeri - KY113111 (99.8 %), R. peacock (99.3 %) and R. slovaca - KJ675445, JX683122 (99.1 %) representative sequences in GenBank. The findings from this study revealed that ticks collected from domesticated animals were parasitized by Rickettsia species with possible zoonotic potential, which is detrimental to human health if bitten by infected ticks.
Autism-associated variants of neuroligin 4X impair synaptogenic activity by various molecular mechanisms
Authors: Yumoto Takafumi , Kimura Misaki , Nagatomo Ryota , Sato Tsukika , Utsunomiya Shun , Aoki Natsue , Kitaura Motoji , Takahashi Koji , Takemoto Hiroshi , Watanabe Hirotaka , Okano Hideyuki , Yoshida Fumiaki , Nao Yosuke , Tomita Taisuke
Published: July 2020

Background: Several genetic alterations, including point mutations and copy number variations in NLGN genes have been associated with psychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). NLGN genes encode neuroligin (NL) proteins, which are adhesion molecules that are important for proper synaptic formation and maturation. Previously, we and others found that the expression level of murine NL1 is regulated by proteolytic processing in a synaptic activity-dependent manner. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the effects of missense variants associated with ASD and XLMR on the metabolism and function of NL4X, a protein which is encoded by the NLGN4X gene and is expressed only in humans, using cultured cells, primary neurons from rodents and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Results: NL4X was found to undergo proteolytic processing in human neuronal cells. Almost all NL4X variants caused a substantial decrease in the levels of mature NL4X and its synaptogenic activity in a heterologous culture system. Intriguingly, the L593F variant of NL4X accelerated the proteolysis of mature NL4X proteins located on the cell surface. In contrast, other variants decreased the cell-surface trafficking of NL4X. Notably, protease inhibitors as well as chemical chaperones rescued the expression of mature NL4X. Limitations: Our study did not reveal whether these dysfunctional phenotypes occurred in individuals carrying NLGN4X variant. Moreover, though these pathological mechanisms could be exploited as potential drug targets for ASD, it remains unclear whether these compounds would have beneficial effects on in ASD model animals and patients. Conclusions: These data suggest that reduced amounts of the functional NL4X protein on the cell surface is a common mechanism by which point mutants of the NL4X protein cause psychiatric disorders, although different molecular mechanisms are thought to be involved. Furthermore, these results highlight that the precision medicine approach based on genetic and cell biological analyses is important for the development of therapeutics for psychiatric disorders.
Elevation of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C-reactive Protein Levels Reflects Renal Interstitial Inflammation in Drug-Induced Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Authors: Zheng Xi-zi , Gu Yang-hui , Su Tao , Zhou Xu-jie , Huang Jun-wen , Sun Ping-ping , Jia Yan , Xu Da-min , Wang Su-xia , Liu Gang , Yang Li
Published: July 2020

Background: A renal biopsy is needed to define active inflammatory infiltration and guide therapeutic management in drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (D-ATIN). However, factors such as various contraindications, refusal of informed consent and limited technical support may stop the biopsy process. It is thus of great importance to explore approaches that could deduce probable pathologic changes. Methods: A total of 81 biopsy-proven D-ATIN patients were enrolled from a prospective cohort of ATIN patients at Peking University First Hospital. The systemic inflammation score (SIS) was developed based on the CRP and ESR levels at biopsy, and patients were divided into high-SIS, median-SIS, and low-SIS groups. The demographic data, clinicopathologic features, and renal outcomes were compared. Results: The SIS was positively correlated with inflammatory cell infiltration and was inversely correlated with interstitial fibrosis. The number of interstitial inflammatory cells increased significantly with increasing SISs. The proportions of neutrophils and plasma cells were the highest in the high-SIS group compared with the other two groups.Prednisone (30–40 mg/day) was prescribed in all patients. The high-SIS group tended to have more favorable renal restoration than the other two groups. By 12 months postbiopsy, a decreased eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) was observed in 66.7% of medium-SIS patients, 32.4% of high-SIS patients, and 30.4% of low-SIS patients. Conclusion: The SIS was positively correlated with active tubulointerstitial inflammation and therefore could help to aid therapeutic decisions in D-ATIN. Keywords: C reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interstitial inflammation, drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis.
The impact of parents' health behaviours on their preferences regarding vaccinations in Bialystok, Poland
Authors: Kraśnicka Jolanta , Krajewska-Kułak Elżbieta , Klimaszewska Krystyna , Cybulski Mateusz , Guzowski Andrzej , Lewko Jolanta , Łukaszuk Cecylia , Kowalczuk Krystyna , Doroszkiewicz Halina , Baranowska Anna , Krajewska-Ferishah Katarzyna , Rolka Hanna , Kulak Wojciech
Published: July 2020

Background. Currently, as the number of vaccinated children in Poland and throughout Europe is decreasing. Many factors impact on the rate vaccination and parents’ health behaviours may affect the frequency of vaccinations. The aim of the study was to assess the association of parents’ health behaviors with children’s vaccinations.Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July 2015 to June 2016 to assess to assess the association of parents’ health behaviors with children’s vaccinations in Białystok city, Poland. We used the the Inventory of Health Behaviours and an original questionnaire including demographic data and questions about vaccination. Three hundred parents were recruited from the Pro Medica Family Medica Center in Bialystok, Poland.Results: Only 3.7% of respondents did not vaccinate their children. The level of health behaviours was average in 42.3% of the respondents, low in 33%, and high in 24.7%. Significant differences in health behaviours, mainly the level of normal eating habits (p = 0.038) and positive mental attitude (p=0.022), were found in relation to views on the toxicity of vaccines. Participants who reported that vaccines can cause autism engaged in a higher level of prophylactic behaviours. Respondents who vaccinated their children with combined vaccines had a significantly higher level of health practices. Conclusions: Parents preferred health behaviours did not effect on children vaccination. Parents who believed in the toxicity of vaccines were more concerned about proper nutrition, had a positive mental attitude, and engaged in a higher level of preventive behaviours and health practices. Parents who did not vaccinate their children had lower levels of normal eating habits. Parents who vaccinated their children with combined vaccines had a higher level of health behaviours, especially in terms of health practices.
Unraveling the Molecular Heterogeneity in type 2 Diabetes: A Potential Subtype Discovery Study Followed by Metabolic Modeling
Authors: Khoshnejat Maryam , Kavousi Kaveh , Banaei-Moghaddam Ali Mohammad , Moosavi-Movahedi Ali Akbar
Published: July 2020

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex multifactorial disease with a high prevalence in the world. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion are the two major abnormalities in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Skeletal muscle is responsible for over 75% of the glucose uptake, thus plays a critical role in T2DM. Here, we attempted to provide a better understanding of abnormalities in this tissue. Methods: We have explored the muscle gene expression pattern in healthy and newly diagnosed T2DM individuals using supervised and unsupervised classification along with examining the potential of sub-typing based on the gene expression pattern in patients.Results: A machine-learning technique applied to identify a pattern of gene expression that could potentially discriminate between normoglycemic and diabetic groups. A gene set comprises 26 genes identified, which was able to discriminate healthy from diabetic individuals with 94% accuracy after 10-fold stratified cross-validation. In addition, three distinct clusters with different dysregulated genes and metabolic pathways identified in diabetic patients. Conclusion :This study implies that it seems the disease has triggered through different cellular/molecular mechanisms and it has the potential to be sub-typing. Possibly, subtyping of T2DM patients in combination with their real clinical profiles will provide a better understanding of abnormalities in each group and lead to the recommendation of the appropriate precision therapy for each subtype in the future.
A new anatomic zone division within the human cervical spinal canal
Authors: Kong Chao , Liu Li , Liu Yadong , Yuan Xin , Gao Yan , Guan Yun , Chen Xueming
Published: July 2020

Background: Anatomic details are important for identifying the origin and anatomic basis of symptoms in patients with cervical spondylosis. However, very little quantitative data has been reported. In an effort to provide an anatomic basis for the examination of cervical spondylosis mechanisms, we characterized the morphologic features of cervical spinal nerve rootlets and defined different zones of the human cervical spinal canal.Methods: In 10 cadaveric cervical cords from C2 to T1, we defined three zones bilaterally from the midline (zones I-III) and two zones from cranial to caudal (zones P and IP) on the coronal plane within the cervical spinal canal. We measured each anatomic zone, including 1) horizontal widths of zones I, II and III; 2) the length of the cervical spinal segment at the ventral rootlets (LV); 3) the pedicle height (zone P) and interpedicle height (zone IP); and 4) the distance between the superior margin of the pedicle and the exit of the uppermost ventral nerve rootlet (PN). Results: The horizontal widths of zone I tended to decrease gradually from C4 to C8 (p=0.98). The width of zone II at C4 was significantly less than that at other levels (p=0.008). The width of zone III increased from C4 to C8 and was significantly greater at C7 and C8 than at C4, C5, and C6 (p=0.032). Pedical and interpedical heights were not significantly different at different levels (p=0.365 and 0.240, respectively). LV values at C4 and C8 were smaller than those at C5, C6, and C7 (p=0.001). At C4, the uppermost ventral rootlet was at approximately the same height as the C3 pedicle, whereas at C8, the uppermost ventral rootlet was at the same level as the inferior part of the C6 pedicle. Ventral intradural intersegmental connections were found in three of 20 (15%) intersegments (two specimens).Conclusions: These anatomic zones may be useful for diagnosing cervical spondylosis and guiding anterior decompression surgery.
Hypertonic glucose inhibits growth and attenuates virulence factors of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Chen Tao , Xu Ye , Xu Wenya , Liao Wenli , Xu Chunquan , Zhang Xiucai , Cao Jianming , Zhou Tieli
Published: July 2020

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common Gram-negative pathogen responsible for chronic wound infections, such as diabetic foot infections, and further exacerbates the treatment options and cost of such conditions. Hypertonic glucose, a commonly used prolotherapy solution, can accelerate the proliferation of granulation tissue and improve microcirculation in wounds. However, the action of hypertonic glucose on bacterial pathogens that infect wounds is unclear. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of hypertonic glucose on multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains isolated from diabetic foot infections. Hypertonic glucose represents a novel approach to control chronic wound infections caused by P. aeruginosa. Results: Four multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa clinical strains isolated from diabetic foot ulcers from a tertiary hospital in China and the reference P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain were studied. Hypertonic glucose significantly inhibited the growth, biofilm formation, and swimming motility of P. aeruginosa clinical strains and PAO1. Furthermore, hypertonic glucose significantly reduced the production of pyocyanin and elastase virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. The expression of major quorum sensing genes (lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR) in P. aeruginosa were all downregulated in response to hypertonic glucose treatment. In a Galleria mellonella larvae infection model, the administration of hypertonic glucose was shown to increase the survival rates of larvae infected by P. aeruginosa strains (3/5).Conclusions: Hypertonic glucose inhibited the growth, biofilm formation, and swimming motility of P. aeruginosa, as well as reduced the production of virulence factors and quorum sensing gene expression. Further studies that investigate hypertonic glucose therapy should be considered in treating chronic wound infections.
Transtheoretical model-based nutritional interventions in adolescents: a systematic review
Authors: Langamer Jennifer Nakabayashi , Melo Giselle Rha-isa , Toral Natacha
Published: July 2020

Background: Literature has shown a tendency of inadequate dietary intake among youth, consequently, nutritional interventions are required. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) classifies individuals based on their readiness to change. This model is widely used for health education interventions with proven efficacy. Purpose: This review aimed to weigh the strength of evidence about the TTM usage in nutritional interventions for adolescents. Methods: The Adolec, Google Scholar, LILACS, PsycINFO, PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science databases were searched. Only full original articles written in English, Spanish or Portuguese on randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs that applied the TTM in the design of nutritional interventions targeting adolescents were included, with no restrictions on publication date. Results: The initial search yielded 3779 results. The final sample of 14 articles included adolescents that were mostly recruited from schools, with interventions ranging from one month to three years. The TTM was used alone or combined with other behavior-change theories and most of the interventions involved digital technology. The nutritional topics covered included fruit and vegetable consumption, low-fat diet, and cooking skills. Four studies presented improvement in fruit and vegetable consumption and also four progressed through stages of change. Participants from two interventions reduced fat intake. In other two interventions, participants presented weight loss. At the end of one intervention, all the participants were in action and maintenance stages. Conclusion: The TTM seems to be a successful strategy for nutritional intervention aiming at improving dietary intake in adolescents. Its application in different contexts shows that the TTM is flexible and possible to be implemented in many settings. The use of the model in the development of the intervention is shown to be restricted to the stage of change’ construct and focused on promoting a tailored intervention. Further studies comparing the TTM with other behavior-change theories should be conducted to better understand its effectiveness.