bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold stimulation of the oral cavity redistributes blood towards the brain in healthy volunteers
Authors: Hensel Ole
Published: February 2024

Background

The aim of this study was to analyze cold stimulation‐induced changes in cerebral and cardiac hemodynamics.

Methods

Upon ingestion of an ice cube, the changes in resistance index, mean flow velocity and flow index of the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were assessed using transcranial Doppler sonography. Extracranial duplex sonography was used to measure the mean flow velocity and resistance index of the right internal carotid artery (ICA). The change in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and end‐tidal carbon dioxide pressure were analyzed additionally. These changes were compared to sham stimulation.

Results

Compared with sham stimulation, cooling of the oral cavity resulted in significant changes in cerebral and cardiac hemodynamics. The cold stimulation decreased the resistance index in the MCA (−4.5% ± 5.4%, p < 0.0001) and right ICA (−6.3% ± 15.6%, p = 0.001). This was accompanied by an increase in mean flow velocity (4.1% ± 8.0%, p < 0.0001) and flow index (10.1% ± 43.6%, p = 0.008) in the MCA. The cardiac effects caused an increase in mean arterial pressure (1.8% ± 11.2%, p = 0.017) and RMSSD (55% ± 112%, p = 0.048), while simultaneously decreasing the heart rate (−4.3% ± 9.6%, p = 0.0001).

Conclusion

Cooling of the oral cavity resulted in substantial changes in cerebral and cardiac hemodynamics resulting in a blood flow diversion to the brain.
Water‐level fluctuations and nutrient enrichment interact to alter ecosystem structure in distinct ways at different water depths
Authors: Gorman Courtney E. , McClean Deirdre , Donohue Ian
Published: February 2024

Aquatic ecosystems are often impacted by several human‐derived pressures simultaneously. A key challenge for ecologists is to develop mechanistic understanding of the cumulative effects of multiple stressors on freshwater biodiversity.

We established an outdoor mesocosm experiment to examine the individual and combined effects of two key stressors on lake ecosystems globally—nutrient enrichment and amplified water‐level fluctuations—on benthic algal and macroinvertebrate assemblages along a gradient in littoral water depth.

We found that nutrient enrichment and water‐level fluctuations not only altered the structure of littoral communities when acting individually, but also interacted to dynamically alter biomass and community structure in different ways at different depths. As expected, enrichment increased benthic algal biomass significantly in very shallow waters. Yet, when enrichment co‐occurred with water‐level fluctuations, this pattern was reversed, with algal biomass increasing significantly in deeper waters, but not in the shallows that were exposed to fluctuating water levels. This pattern occurred across all algal groups that we examined except for green algae. Green algae biomass increased with nutrient enrichment, was greatest in the shallows, and remained unaffected by fluctuating water levels.

Water‐level fluctuations modified the functional feeding group structure of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, reducing relative densities of collector‐gatherers and increasing those of predators. However, these changes occurred only in the shallow‐most regions exposed directly to fluctuating water levels.

Our results reveal how two globally important stressors of standing water systems can interact in different ways in different ecological contexts and show how stressors can combine to have unanticipated impacts that vary in space. Our findings underscore the potentially highly multifaceted and complex nature of stressor combinations that present a major and growing challenge to ecosystem management, particularly in light of accelerating global environmental change.
Addressing spatial dependence when estimating technical efficiency: A spatialized data envelopment analysis of regional productive performance in the European Union
Authors: Ramajo Julián , Márquez Miguel A. , Hewings Geoffrey J. D.
Published: February 2024

Applying a spatialized data envelopment analysis, this paper estimates and analyzes the efficiency of European Union NUTS‐2 regions during the period 2000–2014. The space‐dependent efficiency scores estimated with the proposed model show a bimodal distribution that is not detected by the aspatial approach. The results confirm the crucial role of location of production units, offering important new insights on both the causes of regional disparities in labor productivity and the observed polarization of the European distribution of per capita income. The findings further suggest significant differences for the two subgroups (spatial clusters) of regional economies found in the correlation analysis between the efficiency scores and the components of the EU Regional Competitiveness Index. Consequently, policies suitable for one group of regions may not be suitable or appropriate for the other.
Validation of Japanese indication criteria for deceased donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis of US national registry data
Authors: Bekki Yuki , Itoh Shinji , Toshima Takeo , Shimokawa Mototsugu , Yoshizumi Tomoharu
Published: February 2024

Aim

The Japanese indication criteria for liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been updated based on living donor LT data to include either the Milan criteria (MC) or the 5‐5‐500 rule, which requires a nodule size of ≤5 cm, ≤5 nodules, and an alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) level ≤500 ng/mL. We aimed to validate the 5‐5‐500 rule and the MC for deceased donor LT (DDLT).

Methods

Using national registry data from the United States from 2010 to 2014, we separated DDLT patients into four groups based on the MC and the 5‐5‐500 rule. The AFP values were stratified into categories: ≤100, 101–300, 301–500, and >500 ng/mL.

Results

The 5‐year survival rate was significantly lower for patients in the groups within MC/beyond 5‐5‐500 (56.3%) or beyond MC/5‐5‐500 (60.7%) than for patients in the groups within MC/5‐5‐500 (76.2%) and beyond MC/within 5‐5‐500 (72.3%) (p < 0.01). Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence at 5 years was highest for the within MC/beyond 5‐5‐500 (25.4%) group, followed by the beyond MC/within 5‐5‐500 (13.1%), beyond MC/5‐5‐500 (9.6%), and within MC/5‐5‐500 (7.4%) groups. The stratified 5‐year survival rates after DDLT were 76.5%, 72.4%, 58.4%, and 55.6% in the AFP ≤100, 101–300, 301–500, and >500 categories, respectively (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The 5‐5‐500 rule guides the appropriate selection of patients with HCC for DDLT. Patients with AFP levels from 300 to 500 ng/mL had inferior outcomes even when they met the 5‐5‐500 rule, so further investigation is needed to guide their treatment.
Antimicrobial characteristics of the Li2O–ZrO2–Si2O bioactive glass and glass‐ceramic for bone regeneration and wound healing
Authors: Possolli Natália Morelli , Modolon Henrique Borba , de Souza Hilária Mendes , Pich Claus Tröger , Klegues Montedo Oscar Rubem , Angioletto Elidio , Arcaro Sabrina
Published: February 2024

Infections cause significant complications in surgical cases involving fractures and implants. Biomaterials, particularly bioactive glass, are known for their biocompatibility and tissue regeneration potential. The integration of bactericidal properties with bioactive glasses could prove pivotal in preventing infections during bone and wound regeneration. The LZS (Li2O–ZrO2–Si2O) glass system, recognized for its potential for bone regeneration via scaffolds, is a candidate for further exploration of its antimicrobial capabilities. This study evaluated the antimicrobial properties of LZS bioactive glass and glass‐ceramic against various pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enteritidis) using the spread‐plate method. The LZS glass exhibited antibacterial effects against all the tested microorganisms, with minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) varying between 50 and 150 mg/mL. The bactericidal effects of the biomaterials were attributed to ion release from the glass matrix, which increased the pH of the solution and effectively eliminated microorganisms. In addition, this study found no evidence of DNA damage, and the LZS systems exhibited no cytotoxic or genotoxic effects at the tested concentrations. The results showed that the investigated antibacterial glass and glass‐ceramic have potential applications in bone regeneration or wound healing, especially in scenarios where bacterial proliferation is a concern.
A strain density function to analyze particle size effects during high velocity impacts of yttria
Authors: Moyers Aidan H. , Becker Michael F. , Kovar Desiderio
Published: February 2024

The impact behavior of a single yttria (Y2O3) nanoparticle onto a Y2O3 substrate is studied as a function of particle velocity (300–1200 m/s) and diameter (12–50 nm) using molecular dynamics simulations. To analyze the results, a strain density function is developed to provide both quantitative and qualitative information about the deformation mechanisms that contribute to the final state of the system. This function provides both clear evidence of shear localization and insight into the conditions for which localization occurs during the impact of Y2O3 particles as they approach experimentally relevant sizes. Further analysis shows that localization and fragmentation only occur for Y2O3 impacts with diameters of at least 50 nm, while particles with diameters of 25 nm and smaller deform primarily by amorphization and viscous flow. Implications for the deposition of films of Y2O3 and other rare‐earth oxides via the micro cold spray process are discussed.
Nursing practice in modern healthcare environments: A systematic review of attributes, characteristics, and demonstrations
Authors: Smith Christopher M. , Horne Carolyn E. , Wei Holly
Published: February 2024

Aim

To identify Attributes, Characteristics and Demonstrations of nursing practice from both nurses' and people perspectives in today's healthcare environments. A secondary aim was to identify relevant differences between female and male nurses in the context of ACDs.

Design

This systematic review was informed by the Joanna Briggs Institute Convergent Integrated Approach to Mixed Study Systematic Reviews.

Methods

The search included articles ranging from the years 2000 to 2023 across 10 electronic databases and multiple grey literature outlets. McMaster critical review forms and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool were used to appraise article quality. The Convergent Integrated Approach to Mixed Study Systematic Reviews was used to guide data synthesis.

Results

Twenty articles were included in this review, 13 qualitative, five quantitative and two mixed‐methods studies. Three themes emerged, including knowledge, practice skills and interpersonal relationships. Differences in Attributes, Characteristics and Demonstrations of professional practice between women and men in nursing were also explored.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that evolving healthcare environments challenge nurses to remain focused on patient‐centred and compassionate care. The review also supports nurses caring in a manner that empowers people, increases well‐being, and reduces suffering.

Impact

Identified characteristics and attributes of nursing practice, including emphasis on continuous learning, interpersonal relationships and compassion, have a profound impact on nursing. Nurses should remain adaptable, compassionate and patient‐focused in an ever‐evolving healthcare environment. These foundational care principles are necessary for improving patient outcomes, enhancing trust between people and healthcare providers, and increasing inclusivity and diversity in the nursing workforce.

Wider Global Community

Nurses worldwide should strive to embody these attributes to provide high‐quality, patient‐centred care in an inclusive environment in today's demanding healthcare environment.

Gender‐specific differences in the perception and expression of professional Attributes, Characteristics and Demonstrations can inform inclusion and diversity efforts in the workplace.

Reporting Method

This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis guidelines.

Patient or Public Contribution

No Patient or Public Contribution.
Tectonically driven climate change and the spread of temperate biomes: Insights from dragon pseudoscorpions (Pseudotyrannochthoniidae), a globally distributed arachnid lineage
Authors: Harms Danilo , Harvey Mark S. , Roberts J. Dale , Loria Stephanie F.
Published: February 2024

Aim

Understanding the historical biogeography of the Earth's oldest terrestrial lineages provides insights into lineage diversification in relation to plate tectonics, climate change and biome shifts at maximum timescales. We investigate the biogeography of an ancient arachnid family, dragon pseudoscorpions, which are found today in mesic (mostly temperate) forests on all continents except Antarctica and Europe, have potential origins on Pangea and comprise species with extremely limited dispersal capacities. We evaluate the respective role of continental vicariance (abiotic) and biome shifts (biotic) deep in time and unravel the evolutionary history of this ancient group.

Location

Global.

Taxon

Pseudotyrannochthoniidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones).

Methods

Five loci were sequenced for 75 Pseudotyrannochthoniidae samples collected across the globe. A matrix was compiled comprising 106 terminals and ~8800 bp, and phylogenetic analyses were performed to uncover relationships. Divergence time and ancestral range estimation analyses were used to reconstruct historical biogeography.

Results

Pseudotyrannochthoniidae was monophyletic with high support but relationships among genera did not reflect current taxonomy and instead showed geographical structuring. Pseudotyrannochthoniidae originated in East Asia during the Middle Triassic and began diversifying in the Early Cretaceous.

Main Conclusions

Diversity and distributional patterns of dragon pseudoscorpions can be explained by the interplay of continental vicariance through Pangaean breakup, and biome shifts via the spread of temperate habitats in the Cretaceous and their ongoing distributional fluctuations. Pseudotyrannochthoniidae diversification began in the Early Cretaceous as they dispersed with temperate forests across the Northern Hemisphere. Cretaceous vicariance, followed by widespread Holarctic extinction in the Late Tertiary–Quaternary, created their disjunct distribution at northern latitudes. Northern and Southern Hemisphere lineages diverged as Gondwana and Laurasia rifted, and Gondwanan breakup resulted in Afrotropical/Indomalayan and Austral clades. Austral lineages spread with temperate forests, however, cooling caused their disappearance from Antarctica and led to disjunct distributions at low latitudes.
Investigating the reliability of aggregate measurements of learning process data: From theory to practice
Authors: Zhang Yingbin , Ye Yafei , Paquette Luc , Wang Yibo , Hu Xiaoyong
Published: February 2024

Background

Learning analytics (LA) research often aggregates learning process data to extract measurements indicating constructs of interest. However, the warranty that such aggregation will produce reliable measurements has not been explicitly examined. The reliability evidence of aggregate measurements has rarely been reported, leaving an implicit assumption that such measurements are free of errors.

Objectives

This study addresses these gaps by investigating the psychometric pros and cons of aggregate measurements.

Methods

This study proposes a framework for aggregating process data, which includes the conditions where aggregation is appropriate, and a guideline for selecting the proper reliability evidence and the computing procedure. We support and demonstrate the framework by analysing undergraduates' academic procrastination and programming proficiency in an introductory computer science course.

Results and Conclusion

Aggregation over a period is acceptable and may improve measurement reliability only if the construct of interest is stable during the period. Otherwise, aggregation may mask meaningful changes in behaviours and should be avoided. While selecting the type of reliability evidence, a critical question is whether process data can be regarded as repeated measurements. Another question is whether the lengths of processes are unequal and individual events are unreliable. If the answer to the second question is no, segmenting each process into a fixed number of bins assists in computing the reliability coefficient.

Major Takeaways

The proposed framework can be a general guideline for aggregating process data in LA research. Researchers should check and report the reliability evidence for aggregate measurements before the ensuing interpretation.
Review of literature and clinical practice experience for the therapeutic management of Morgellons disease
Authors: Kemperman P. M. J. H. , Vulink N. C. C. , Smit C. , Hovius J. W. , de Rie M. A.
Published: February 2024

Morgellons disease (MD) is a rare and contentious health condition characterized by dermatological symptoms including slow‐healing skin lesions ‘attributed’ to fibres emerging from or under the skin. Patients also report sensations of crawling, biting and infestation with inanimate objects. This review examines the aetiology, patient characteristics, epidemiology, historical context, correlation with Lyme disease, role of internet, impact on quality of life and treatment approaches for MD. Despite ongoing debate, MD is not officially recognized in medical classifications, with differing views on its aetiology. Some link MD to Lyme disease, while others view it as a variant of delusional infestation. The literature suggests both psychiatric and environmental factors may contribute. The manuscript explores the association with substance abuse, psychiatric comorbidities, infectious agents and the role of internet communities in shaping perceptions. MD's impact on quality of life is significant, yet often overlooked. Treatment approaches are varied due to limited evidence, with low‐dose antipsychotics being considered effective, but patient beliefs may influence adherence. A patient‐centred, multidisciplinary approach is emphasized, considering both the physical and psychological dimensions of MD. Addressing the controversies surrounding MD while focusing on patient well‐being remains a critical challenge for healthcare professionals.
Water temperature at the time of the catch‐and‐release event is a better predictor of survival in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) than acute water temperature changes before and after
Authors: Van Leeuwen Travis E. , Keefe Donald , Young Mark , Adams Blair
Published: February 2024

Despite studies on the effect of catch‐and‐release on the survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) being widespread in the literature, studies to date have failed to evaluate the potential role of thermal history. Herein, we show that despite cooler conditions post‐release, 4/18 (22%) salmon died when caught‐and‐released at water temperatures ≥20°C, whereas 1/13 (8%) salmon caught‐and‐released at water temperatures ≤20°C, but who encountered mean water temperatures ≥20°C post‐release, died. We conclude water temperature at time of the catch‐and‐release event remains the most suitable predictor of post‐release survival.
Retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in the pajama cardinalfish Sphaeramia nematoptera (Bleeker, 1856)
Authors: Pushchin Igor , Aleskerov Naig
Published: February 2024

We studied the topography of retinal ganglion cells (GCs) and estimated spatial resolving power (SRP) in the pajama cardinalfish Sphaeramia nematoptera (Bleeker, 1856), a relatively small brightly colored fish inhabiting coral reefs and lagoons in the Western Pacific. S. nematoptera is an active night predator feeding on near‐bottom animal plankton and benthos. DAPI staining was used to label nuclei of GCs and non‐GCs in the inner plexiform and ganglion cell layers. Non‐GCs were distinguished from GCs in Nissl‐stained retinal wholemounts based on cell size, shape, and staining intensity. The proportion of displaced amacrine cells (DACs) varied from 15.46 ± 1.12 (visual streak [VS]) to 17.99 ± 1.06% (dorsal periphery) (mean ± S.E.M., N = 5); the respective proportions of glial cells were 6.61 ± 0.84 and 5.89 ± 0.76%. Thus, 76%–78% of cells in the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer were GCs. The minimum spatial coverage of GCs (3600–4600 cells/mm2) was detected in the dorsal and ventral periphery. It gradually increased toward the central retina to form a moderate VS. The maximum GC density (11,400–12,400 cells/mm2) was registered in the central portion of the VS. No pronounced concentric retinal specializations were found. The total number of GCs ranged within 595.2–635.9 × 103. The anatomical spatial resolving power was minimum in the ventral periphery (4.91–5.53 cpd) and maximum in the central portion of the VS (8.47–9.07 cpd). The respective minimum separable angles were 0.18–0.20° and 0.11–0.12°. The relatively high spatial resolving power and presence of the VS in the pajama cardinalfish are in line with its highly visual behavior.
Dying with dementia in nursing homes: A population‐based study of decedents and their families
Authors: Stephens Caroline E. , Utz Rebecca , Tay Djin , Iacob Eli , Hollingshaus Michael , Goodwin Rebecca , Farrell Timothy W. , Bouldin Erin , Edelman Linda , Reinke Lynn F. , Smith Ken , Ellington Lee , Ornstein Katherine
Published: February 2024

Background

Families play a critical role in end‐of‐life (EOL) care for nursing home (NH) residents with dementia. Despite the important role of family, little is known about the availability and characteristics of families of persons with dementia who die in NHs.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of 18,339 individuals 65 years and older with dementia who died in a Utah NH between 1998 and 2016, linked to their first‐degree family (FDF) members (n = 52,566; spouses = 11.3%; children = 58.3%; siblings = 30.3%). Descriptive statistics, chi‐square tests, and t‐tests were used to describe the study cohort and their FDF members and to compare sociodemographic and death characteristics of NH decedents with (n = 14,398; 78.5%) and without FDF (n = 3941; 21.5%).

Results

Compared with NH decedents with FDF, NH decedents with dementia without FDF members were more likely to be older (mean age 86.5 vs 85.5), female (70.5% vs 59.3%), non‐White/Hispanic (9.9% vs 3.2%), divorced/separated/widowed (84.4% vs 61.1%), less educated (<12th grade; 42.2% vs 33.7%), have Medicare and Medicaid (20.8% vs 12.5%), and die in a rural/frontier NH (25.0% vs 23.4%). NH decedents who did not have FDF were also more likely to die from cancer (4.2% vs 3.9%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; 3.9% vs 2.5%), and dementia (40.5% vs 38.4%) and were less likely to have 2+ inpatient hospitalizations at EOL (13.9% vs 16.2%), compared with NH decedents with FDF.

Conclusions

Findings highlight differences in social determinants of health (e.g., sex, race, marital status, education, insurance, rurality) between NH decedents with dementia who do and do not have FDF—factors that may influence equity in EOL care. Understanding the role of family availability and familial characteristics on EOL care outcomes for NH residents with dementia is an important next step to informing NH dementia care interventions and health policies.
Team‐based learning in Indonesian midwifery education: Implementation research
Authors: Ulfa Yunefit , Horiuchi Shigeko , Shishido Eri , Igarashi Yukari
Published: February 2024

Aim

This study aims to implement team‐based learning (TBL) and assess the impact on faculty members and students within midwifery education in Indonesia.

Methods

Proctor's Framework for Implementation Research serves as the guiding approach in investigating the role of implementation strategies in implementing TBL within the context of midwifery education. The RE‐AIM (Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) framework was utilized to assess the outcome.

Results

In this study, the implementation of TBL has demonstrated significant reach, with broad participation among both faculty and students in two schools. The efficacy of TBL is evident through enhanced student knowledge, engagement and active learning. Adoption of TBL was observed in both schools, with faculty and students expressing interest and active participation. High levels of implementation fidelity were maintained, even though with challenges related to preparation and implementation. These findings suggest that TBL can be successfully integrated into midwifery education, with positive implications. Regarding maintenance, faculty members have expressed their intention to continue using TBL in various topics for future lectures.

Conclusions

The implementation of TBL in Indonesian midwifery education has shown substantial reach and efficacy. Faculty and students are highly interested in adopting TBL for future use. Despite some implementation challenges, the study suggests that TBL can be effectively incorporated with minor adjustments, emphasizing its feasibility and potential impact. This research contributes to understanding TBL's applicability in various educational settings, especially in low‐resource institutions.
The Effect of Job Loss on Bank Account Ownership
Authors: GOODSTEIN RYAN M. , KUTZBACH MARK J.
Published: February 2024

We estimate the effect of job loss on households’ bank account ownership using novel data: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)‐sponsored biennial supplements to the Current Population Survey (CPS), linked to respondents’ work history in surrounding months constructed from the Basic Monthly CPS. Leveraging differences in the timing of unemployment spells across households, we show that job loss leads to a large decrease in the likelihood of having an account among the lower‐income, renter households we study. Job loss also leads to increased use of other products and services that might substitute for a bank account, including prepaid cards, check cashing, and money orders.
Synaptic adhesion molecule protocadherin‐γC5 mediates β‐amyloid‐induced neuronal hyperactivity and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Su Min , Xuan Erying , Sun Xiangyi , Pan Gaojie , Li Dandan , Zheng Honghua , Zhang Yun‐wu , Li Yanfang
Published: February 2024

Neuronal hyperactivity induced by β‐amyloid (Aβ) is an early pathological feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to cognitive decline in AD progression. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we revealed that Aβ increased the expression level of synaptic adhesion molecule protocadherin‐γC5 (Pcdh‐γC5) in a Ca2+‐dependent manner, associated with aberrant elevation of synapses in both Aβ‐treated neurons in vitro and the cortex of APP/PS1 mice in vivo. By using Pcdhgc5 gene knockout mice, we demonstrated the critical function of Pcdh‐γC5 in regulating neuronal synapse formation, synaptic transmission, and cognition. To further investigate the role of Pcdh‐γC5 in AD pathogenesis, the aberrantly enhanced expression of Pcdh‐γC5 in the brain of APP/PS1 mice was knocked down by shRNA. Downregulation of Pcdh‐γC5 efficiently rescued neuronal hyperactivity and impaired cognition in APP/PS1 mice. Our findings revealed the pathophysiological role of Pcdh‐γC5 in mediating Aβ‐induced neuronal hyperactivity and cognitive deficits in AD and identified a novel mechanism underlying AD pathogenesis.

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Deploy the proboscis!: Functional morphology and kinematics of a novel form of extreme jaw protrusion in the hingemouth, Phractolaemus ansorgii (Gonorynchiformes)
Authors: Evans Allyson J. , Naylor Emily R. , Lujan Nathan K. , Kawano Sandy M. , Hernandez L. Patricia
Published: February 2024

Premaxillary protrusion and the performance advantages it confers are implicated in the success of diverse lineages of teleost fishes, such as Cypriniformes and Acanthomorpha. Although premaxillary protrusion has evolved independently at least five times within bony fishes, much of the functional work investigating this kinesis relates to mechanisms found only in these two clades. Few studies have characterized feeding mechanisms in less‐diverse premaxilla‐protruding lineages and fewer yet have investigated the distinctive anatomy underlying jaw kinesis in these lineages. Here, we integrated dissection, clearing and staining, histology, micro‐CT, and high‐speed videography to investigate an isolated and independent origin of jaw protrusion in the hingemouth, Phractolaemus ansorgii, which employs a complex arrangement of bones, musculature, and connective tissues to feed on benthic detritus via a deployable proboscis. Our goals were to provide an integrative account of the underlying architecture of P. ansorgii's feeding apparatus and to assess the functional consequences of this drastic deviation from the more typical teleost condition. Phractolaemus ansorgii's cranial anatomy is distinct from all other fishes in that its adducted lower jaw is caudally oriented, and it possesses a mouth at the terminal end of an elongated, tube‐like proboscis that is unique in its lack of skeletal support from the oral jaws. Instead, its mouth is supported primarily by hyaline‐cell cartilage and other rigid connective tissues, and features highly flexible lips that are covered in rows of keratinous unculi. Concomitant changes to the adductor musculature likely allow for the flexibility to protrude the mouth dorsally and ventrally as observed during different feeding behaviors, while the intrinsic compliance of the lips allows for more effective scraping of irregular surfaces. From our feeding videos, we find that P. ansorgii is capable of modulating the distance of protrusion, with maximum anterior protrusion exceeding 30% of head length. This represents a previously undescribed example of extreme jaw protrusion on par with many acanthomorph species. Protrusion is much slower in P. ansorgii—reaching an average speed of 2.74 cm/s—compared to acanthomorphs feeding on elusive prey or even benthivorous cypriniforms. However, this reorganization of cranial anatomy may reflect a greater need for dexterity to forage more precisely in multiple directions and on a wide variety of surface textures. Although this highly modified mechanism may have limited versatility over evolutionary timescales, it has persisted in solitude within Gonorynchiformes, representing a novel functional solution for benthic feeding in tropical West African rivers.
Retrospective clinical evaluation of Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser safety and efficacy in tattoo removal: A new perspective on the Kirby–Desai scale
Authors: Egozi Ella , Toledano Ohad
Published: February 2024

Background

With nearly 50% of the population in the United States, Italy, and Sweden tattooed with at least one tattoo, the demand for its removal has risen by 32% since 2011. Traditional removal methods, such as Q‐switched (QS) laser‐based tattoo removal, can be lengthy, requiring up to 20 sessions.

Aim

This study presents a retrospective clinical evaluation of seven short‐pulsed QS, dual‐wavelength Nd:YAG laser, as an efficient alternative, that can potentially reduce the number of sessions needed as calculated by a founded scale.

Methods

The QS modality delivers high‐intensity pulses in four wavelengths, ideal for removing multicolored tattoos, of which two were used. We studied 11 patients who underwent 3–8 treatments (average 5.09) every 2–3 months. Each tattoo was assessed using the Kirby–Desai scale, considering the following factors: location, Fitzpatrick skin type, ink amount, layering, scarring, tissue changes, and tattoo color. Follow‐ups were conducted after 6 months and at 4–5 years following last session.

Results

The long‐term follow‐up presented a significantly higher tattoo removal efficiency than the short‐term follow‐up (p < 0.001), indicating a sustained process of ink breakdown and elimination. Notably, the actual number of treatments were significantly lower than that predicted by the Kirby–Desai scale (average 5.09 vs. 9.9, p < 0.001). No severe adverse events were reported.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the QS Nd:YAG laser offers a safe and effective alternative for tattoo removal, requiring fewer treatments than initially expected.
Patient safety in surgical settings: A study on the challenges and improvement strategies in adverse event reporting from a nursing perspective
Authors: Gómez‐Moreno Cristina , Vélez‐Vélez Esperanza , Garrigues Ramón Marta , Rojas Alfaro Marta , García‐Carpintero Blas Eva
Published: February 2024

Aims

To explore adverse event reporting in the surgical department through the nurses' experiences and perspectives.

Design

An exploratory, descriptive qualitative study was conducted with a theoretical‐methodological orientation of phenomenology.

Methods

In‐depth interviews were conducted with 15 nurses, followed by an inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Themes include motives for reporting incidents, consequences, feelings and motivational factors. Key facilitators of adverse event reporting were effective communication, knowledge sharing, a non‐punitive culture and superior feedback.

Conclusion

The study underscores the importance of supportive organisational culture for reporting, communication and feedback mechanisms, and highlights education and training in enhancing patient safety.

Implications

It suggests the need for strategies that foster incident reporting, enhance patient safety and cultivate a supportive organisational culture.

Impact

This study provides critical insights into adverse event reporting in surgical departments from nurses' lived experience, leading to two primary impacts: It offers specific solutions to improve adverse event reporting, which is crucial for surgical departments to develop more effective and tailored reporting strategies. The research underscores the importance of an open, supportive culture in healthcare, which is vital for transparent communication and effective reporting, ultimately advancing patient safety.

Reporting Method

The study followed the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research and the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines.

Patients or Public Contribution

No patients or public contribution.
Adultification in the context of childhood exposure to domestic violence
Authors: Haselschwerdt Megan L. , Tunkle Caroline
Published: February 2024

Objective

Drawing upon family systems theory, Burton's childhood adultification model, and Johnson's typology of domestic violence (DV), the objective of this qualitative study was to understand the adultification experiences of young adults who were exposed to DV while growing up.

Background

Exposure to DV negatively impacts familial dynamics, disrupting healthy boundaries between caregivers and children. Often associated with families experiencing poverty, adultification is a type of boundary infringement that places children in adult‐like roles to execute essential family tasks with potentially dangerous and developmentally harmful effects. A growing body of literature documents how youth are agentic in navigating their family dynamics and how abusive partners use children as abuse tools. However, adultification in a DV context remains understudied.

Method

Using a qualitative study design, the research team interviewed 23 college‐attending young adults with father‐mother‐perpetrated DV exposure histories who resided in the Southeastern United States. The qualitative data were analyzed using theoretical thematic analysis.

Findings

We identified five distinct yet interrelated ways in which young adults with DV exposure histories experienced adultification: intervening to protect mothers from violence, serving as mothers' emotional support system, shielding siblings from violence and conflict, caring for siblings' daily needs, and managing parents' health and well‐being. The young adults categorized as exposed to coercive controlling violence described more extensive adultification.

Conclusion

Centering adultification in the context of family violence provides a lens through which researchers, practitioners, and other professionals can understand how DV impacts family dynamics, including adultified children.
Unusual sources of fossil micrometeorites deduced from relict chromite in the small size fraction in ~467 Ma old limestone
Authors: Heck Philipp R. , Schmitz Birger , Ritter Xenia , Rout Surya S. , Kita Noriko T. , Defouilloy Céline , Keating Katarina , Eisenstein Kevin , Terfelt Fredrik
Published: February 2024

Extraterrestrial chrome spinel and chromite extracted from the sedimentary rock record are relicts from coarse micrometeorites and rarely meteorites. They are studied to reconstruct the paleoflux of meteorites to the Earth and the collisional history of the asteroid belt. Minor element concentrations of Ti and V, and oxygen isotopic compositions of these relict minerals were used to classify the meteorite type they stem from, and thus to determine the relative meteorite group abundances through time. While coarse sediment‐dispersed extraterrestrial chrome‐spinel (SEC) grains from ordinary chondrites dominate through the studied time windows in the Phanerozoic, there are exceptions: We have shown that ~467 Ma ago, 1 Ma before the breakup of the L chondrite parent body (LCPB), more than half of the largest (>63 μm diameter) grains were achondritic and originated from differentiated asteroids in contrast to ordinary chondrites which dominated the meteorite flux throughout most of the past 500 Ma. Here, we present a new data set of oxygen isotopic compositions and elemental compositions of 136 grains of a smaller size fraction (32–63 μm) in ~467 Ma old pre‐LCPB limestone from the Lynna River section in western Russia, that was previously studied by elemental analysis. Our study constitutes the most comprehensive oxygen isotopic data set of sediment‐dispersed extraterrestrial chrome spinel to date. We also introduce a Raman spectroscopy‐based method to identify SEC grains and distinguish them from terrestrial chrome spinel with ~97% reliability. We calibrated the Raman method with the established approach using titanium and vanadium concentrations and oxygen isotopic compositions. We find that ordinary chondrites are approximately three times more abundant in the 32–63 μm fraction than achondrites. While abundances of achondrites compared to ordinary chondrites are lower in the 32–63 μm size fraction than in the >63 μm one, achondrites are approximately three times more abundant in the 32–62 μm fraction than they are in the present flux. We find that the sources of SEC grains vary for different grain sizes, mainly as a result of parent body thermal metamorphism. We conclude that the meteorite flux composition ~467 Ma ago ~1 Ma before the breakup of the LCPB was fundamentally different from today and from other time windows studied in the Phanerozoic, but that in contrast to the large size fraction ordinary chondrites dominated the flux in the small size fraction. The high abundance of ordinary chondrites in the studied samples is consistent with the findings based on coarse extraterrestrial chrome‐spinel from other time windows.
The mechanistic basis of the membrane‐permeabilizing activities of the virulence‐associated protein A (VapA) from Rhodococcus equi
Authors: Nehls Christian , Schröder Marcel , Haubenthal Thomas , Haas Albert , Gutsmann Thomas
Published: February 2024

Pathogenic Rhodococcus equi release the virulence‐associated protein A (VapA) within macrophage phagosomes. VapA permeabilizes phagosome and lysosome membranes and reduces acidification of both compartments. Using biophysical techniques, we found that VapA interacts with model membranes in four steps: (i) binding, change of mechanical properties, (ii) formation of specific membrane domains, (iii) permeabilization within the domains, and (iv) pH‐specific transformation of domains. Biosensor data revealed that VapA binds to membranes in one step at pH 6.5 and in two steps at pH 4.5 and decreases membrane fluidity. The integration of VapA into lipid monolayers was only significant at lateral pressures <20 mN m−1 indicating preferential incorporation into membrane regions with reduced integrity. Atomic force microscopy of lipid mono‐ and bilayers showed that VapA increased the surface heterogeneity of liquid disordered domains. Furthermore, VapA led to the formation of a new microstructured domain type and, at pH 4.5, to the formation of 5 nm high domains. VapA binding, its integration and lipid domain formation depended on lipid composition, pH, protein concentration and lateral membrane pressure. VapA‐mediated permeabilization is clearly distinct from that caused by classical microbial pore formers and is a key contribution to the multiplication of Rhodococcus equi in phagosomes.
The metabolite vanillic acid regulates Acinetobacter baumannii surface attachment
Authors: Brychcy Merlin , Nguyen Brian , Tierney Guillermo Antunez , Casula Pranav , Kokodynski Alexis , Godoy Veronica G.
Published: February 2024

The nosocomial bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii is protected from antibiotic treatment by acquiring antibiotic resistances and by forming biofilms. Cell attachment, one of the first steps in biofilm formation, is normally induced by environmental metabolites. We hypothesized that vanillic acid (VA), the oxidized form of vanillin and a widely available metabolite, may play a role in A. baumannii cell attachment. We first discovered that A. baumannii actively breaks down VA through the evolutionarily conserved vanABKP genes. These genes are under the control of the repressor VanR, which we show binds directly to VanR binding sites within the vanABKP genes bidirectional promoter. VA in turn counteracts VanR inhibition. We identified a VanR binding site and searched for it throughout the genome, especially in pili encoding promoter genes. We found a VanR binding site in the pilus encoding csu operon promoter and showed that VanR binds specifically to it. As expected, a strain lacking VanR overproduces Csu pili and makes robust biofilms. Our study uncovers the role that VA plays in facilitating the attachment of A. baumannii cells to surfaces, a crucial step in biofilm formation. These findings provide valuable insights into a previously obscure catabolic pathway with significant clinical implications.
Translation of the nine item avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder screen (NIAS) questionnaire in French (NIAS‐Fr)
Authors: Van Ouytsel Pauline , Mikhael‐Moussa Hiba , Mion François , Roman Sabine , Gourcerol Guillaume , Marion‐Letellier Rachel , Piessevaux Hubert , Louis Hubert , Melchior Chloé
Published: February 2024

Background

The Nine Item Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) Screen (NIAS) questionnaire is originally available in English. Given the significant overlap of ARFID‐like symptoms in gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, ARFID screening becomes crucial in these patient populations. Consequently, the translation of the NIAS questionnaire into French is necessary for its utilization in French‐speaking countries.

Methods

Clinical experts in neuro‐gastroenterology and dietetics from four medical centres in two French‐speaking countries (France and Belgium) took part in a well‐structured questionnaire translation procedure. This process involved six steps before final approval: translation from English to French, backward translation, comparison between the original and retranslated versions, testing the translated version on patients, making corrections based on patient feedback, and testing the corrected version on an additional sample of patients.

Key Results

The NIAS questionnaire in French (NIAS‐Fr) was tested on 18 outpatients across the involved centres. For the majority of native French‐speaking patients, the translated questionnaire was well understood and clear. After incorporating two relevant modifications suggested by the patients, the translated questionnaire was approved through testing on an additional sample of patients.

Conclusions and Inferences

The involvement of two French‐speaking countries was crucial for the harmonization and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire. As a result, the NIAS‐Fr is now available for use in 54 French‐speaking countries, serving approximately 321 million French speakers across five continents for screening ARFID, for both clinical and research purposes.
Auxin co‐receptor IAA17/AXR3 controls cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana root solely by modulation of nuclear auxin pathway
Authors: Kubalová Monika , Müller Karel , Dobrev Petre Ivanov , Rizza Annalisa , Jones Alexander M. , Fendrych Matyáš
Published: February 2024

The nuclear TIR1/AFB‐Aux/IAA auxin pathway plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development. Specifically, the IAA17/AXR3 protein participates in Arabidopsis thaliana root development, response to auxin and gravitropism. However, the mechanism by which AXR3 regulates cell elongation is not fully understood.

We combined genetical and cell biological tools with transcriptomics and determination of auxin levels and employed live cell imaging and image analysis to address how the auxin response pathways influence the dynamics of root growth.

We revealed that manipulations of the TIR1/AFB‐Aux/IAA pathway rapidly modulate root cell elongation. While inducible overexpression of the AXR3‐1 transcriptional inhibitor accelerated growth, overexpression of the dominant activator form of ARF5/MONOPTEROS inhibited growth. In parallel, AXR3‐1 expression caused loss of auxin sensitivity, leading to transcriptional reprogramming, phytohormone signaling imbalance and increased levels of auxin. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AXR3‐1 specifically perturbs nuclear auxin signaling, while the rapid auxin response remains functional.

Our results shed light on the interplay between the nuclear and cytoplasmic auxin pathways in roots, revealing their partial independence but also the dominant role of the nuclear auxin pathway during the gravitropic response of Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
Scots pine – panmixia and the elusive signal of genetic adaptation
Authors: Bruxaux Jade , Zhao Wei , Hall David , Curtu Alexandru Lucian , Androsiuk Piotr , Drouzas Andreas D. , Gailing Oliver , Konrad Heino , Sullivan Alexis R. , Semerikov Vladimir , Wang Xiao‐Ru
Published: February 2024

Scots pine is the foundation species of diverse forested ecosystems across Eurasia and displays remarkable ecological breadth, occurring in environments ranging from temperate rainforests to arid tundra margins. Such expansive distributions can be favored by various demographic and adaptive processes and the interactions between them.

To understand the impact of neutral and selective forces on genetic structure in Scots pine, we conducted range‐wide population genetic analyses on 2321 trees from 202 populations using genotyping‐by‐sequencing, reconstructed the recent demography of the species and examined signals of genetic adaptation.

We found a high and uniform genetic diversity across the entire range (global FST 0.048), no increased genetic load in expanding populations and minor impact of the last glacial maximum on historical population sizes. Genetic‐environmental associations identified only a handful of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms significantly linked to environmental gradients.

The results suggest that extensive gene flow is predominantly responsible for the observed genetic patterns in Scots pine. The apparent missing signal of genetic adaptation is likely attributed to the intricate genetic architecture controlling adaptation to multi‐dimensional environments. The panmixia metapopulation of Scots pine offers a good study system for further exploration into how genetic adaptation and plasticity evolve under gene flow and changing environment.