bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zugänglichkeit und Barrierefreiheit der gesundheitlichen Infrastruktur
Authors: Welti Felix
Published: December 2017

Gleichberechtigter Zugang zur gesundheitlichen Versorgung für Menschen mit Behinderungen ist durch das Benachteiligungsverbot im Grundgesetz und das Recht auf Gesundheit nach Art. 25 UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention geboten. Konkretisiert wird dies durch das Behindertengleichstellungsgesetz (BGG) und das Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB). Die Evaluation des BGG hat 2014 deutliche Mängel im Recht und seiner Umsetzung aufgezeigt. Der Gesetzgeber hat seitdem einzelne Schritte unternommen. Weitere Forschung ist erforderlich.
Gesundheit und Inklusion von Menschen mit Beeinträchtigungen – Grundbegriffe und Prinzipien
Authors: Habermann-Horstmeier Lotte
Published: December 2017

Inklusion ist der Leitgedanke der UN–Behindertenrechtskonvention. Bislang gibt es keine allgemein anerkannte Definition von „Behinderung“. Viele verwenden noch die WHO-Definition von 1980, die zwischen Impairment, Disability und Handicap unterscheidet. Die neuere ICF (2001) schaut dagegen primär nicht nach Defiziten, sondern nach Ressourcen und vertritt damit ein Prinzip von Gesundheitsförderung (GF) in Public Health. Auch Partizipation und Empowerment sind gemeinsame Prinzipien von GF und Konvention.
Unterstützte Elternschaft – zur Umsetzung des Artikels 23 der UN-BRK
Authors: Michel Marion , Müller Martina , Conrad Ines , Riedel-Heller Steffi
Published: December 2017

Die vom Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) geförderte Studie liefert aus der Sicht von Jugend- und Sozialämtern, Projekten und Eltern mit Beeinträchtigungen eine Bestandsaufnahme zu Angeboten, Bedarfsgerechtigkeit und Finanzierungskonzepten sowie Aussagen zu Herausforderungen bei der Realisierung des Rechts auf selbstbestimmte Elternschaft. Die Ergebnisse belegen einen hohen Bedarf an Weiterbildung und an einem flächendeckenden Ausbau bedarfsgerechter Angebote zur Unterstützung der Eltern gemäß Artikel 23 der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention (UN-BRK) und Artikel § 78 des Bundesteilhabegesetzes (BTHG).
Understanding the controversial drug targets in epilepsy and pharmacoresistant epilepsy
Authors: Lalitha Sree , Minz Ranjana W. , Medhi Bikash
Published: December 2017

Accumulating experimental data suggests a number of successful drug targets against epilepsy which eventually failed in the clinical setup. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, multi-drug resistance transporter inhibitors, cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, statins, etc. are the most promising and well studied among them. Drugs aiming at these targets produced beneficial response in most of thein vitroandin vivoseizure models. However, in certain situations, they have produced differential rather controversial results. Their effects varied with the seizure model, species, time and route of administration, different drugs from the same class, etc. This review emphasises on such drugs which presented with variability in their beneficial effects against seizures and epilepsy. This review critically summarises the preclinical evidence of these targets in the context of seizures and the probable reasons for their variability and clinical failures.
Exploring Nominalization in the Introduction and Method Sections of Applied Linguistics Research Articles: a Qualitative Approach
Authors: Jalilifar Alireza , Saleh Elham , Don Alexanne
Published: December 2017

One of the most distinctive linguistic characteristics of academic writing is the high frequency of nominalized structures. The present study explores how nominalization was used as an approach to making knowledge claims in applied linguistics research articles. Data comprised the introduction and method sections of 16 empirical papers featuring the IMRD (Introduction, Method, Result, Discussion) format, drawn from the most recent issues of 10 journals, with a total of 40,122 running words, from which 3,150 instances of nominalization were drawn. Analyzing these nominalized structures in the cotext of their local spans revealed 15 patterns, with the preference for some of the patterns varying across the introduction and method sections of these articles. Results showed a higher concentration of nominalization in the introductions. The study also identified the more prevalent nominal expressions in each section. The fact that each of these sections serves different purposes appears to justify the use of a contrasting range of nominal expressions. Based on the findings of this study, some pedagogical implications for academic writing and reading, ESP/EAP courses, and researchers are proposed.
Translator Training Programmes in Hungary and the United States of America
Authors: Vermes Albert
Published: December 2017

This paper examines translator training programmes in Hungary and the USA. Programmes operated by different institutions reveal greater differences of structure and content in the US than in Hungary. Most US programmes offer training in Spanish-English translation/interpreting, with a number of European and Asian languages also available, whereas in Hungary the dominant foreign languages are English and German, with other languages having a relatively marginal role. The number of training programmes, relative to economic needs, seems adequate in Hungary, while in the US there are far fewer than would be needed, in view of employment growth projections
Developing Multiple Identities in the EFL Class: A Study on Romanian Highschool Students
Authors: Cozma Mihaela
Published: December 2017

There is a close relationship between language and identity, and, consequently, any process of foreign language acquisition will exert a certain influence on the learners’ overall sense of identity. In the case of English learning, the situation is even more complex, since this foreign language is commonly perceived as a key to global access. The paper will discuss the role played by the English instruction in the process of developing multiple identities in a multicultural Europe and beyond, taking into account research data based on both the input offered by the English textbooks meant for high school level, and the Romanian students’ perceptions in this respect.
Efficiency in Teaching English As a Foreign Language
Authors: Rozenfeld Július
Published: December 2017

The objective of this paper is to formulate an acceptable definition of teacher quality based on effective use of time during the teaching process. Assessing teacher quality is hampered by the complexity of intersecting criteria in teaching profession. Quality is often defined broadly and in general concepts isolated from the actual classroom processes. Society, politicians, parents, educators proclaim that the quality of teachers matters, but it is difficult to come to a consensus, which markers of teacher quality can be measured reliably and which of these elements do have crucial impact on teaching. The major goal of this paper is to clarify what efficiency means in the teaching-learning process if time is taken as the main criterion; how knowledge can be defined and how teacher efficiency can be used as an objective marker of quality in teaching profession.
Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Limestone Quarrying Operations in Thailand
Authors: Kittipongvises Suthirat
Published: December 2017

Environmental impacts of the mineral extraction have been a public concern. Presently, there is widespread global interest in the area of mining and its sustainability that focused on the need to shift mining industry to a more sustainable framework. The aim of this study was to systematically assess all possible environmental and climate change related impacts of the limestone quarrying operation in Thailand. By considering the life cycle assessment method, the production processes were divided into three phases: raw material extraction, transportation, and comminution. Both IMPACT 2002+ and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol methods were used. Results of IMPACT 2002+ analysis showed that per 1 ton crushed limestone rock production, the total depletion of resource and GHGs emissions were 79.6 MJ and 2.76 kg CO2 eq., respectively. Regarding to the four damage categories, ‘resources’ and ‘climate change’ categories were the two greatest environmental impacts of the limestone rock production. Diesel fuel and electricity consumption in the mining processes were the main causes of those impacts. For climate change, the unit of CO2 eq. was expressed to quantify the total GHGs emissions. Estimated result was about 3.13 kg CO2 eq. per ton limestone rock product. The results obtained by the Greenhouse Gas Protocol were also similar to IMPACT 2002+ method. Electrical energy consumption was considered as the main driver of GHGs, accounting for approximately 46.8 % of total fossil fuel CO2 emissions. A final point should be noted that data uncertainties in environmental assessment over the complete life cycle of limestone quarrying operation have to be carefully considered.
The effective ellipsoid: a method for calculating the permittivity of composites with multilayer ellipsoids
Authors: Yuan Liming , Xu Yonggang , Dai Fei , Zhang Deyuan
Published: December 2017

In order to calculate the effective permittivity of a mixture with multilayer ellipsoids, this paper presents a self-consistent approximation (SCA) on the basis of the Bruggeman’s analytical model. The effective permittivity of a mixture with aligned multilayer ellipsoids is derived directly from the linear system of equations, which are built using the boundary condition of the electric field on the confocal ellipsoidal interface in the ellipsoidal coordinate system. Furthermore, for a mixture with multilayer ellipsoids oriented randomly, an effective ellipsoid is introduced to substitute the original multilayer ellipsoid, and the permittivity of the effective ellipsoid is derived by jointly solving the two linear systems of equations for the situation of the original multilayer ellipsoid and that of the effective ellipsoid, then the effective permittivity of the mixture can be calculated by the existing Maxwell-Garnett formula. After comparisons, it is revealed that there is a good agreement between this SCA method and existing theories.
Drivers of Customer Centricity: Role of Environmental-level, Organization-level and Department-level Variables
Authors: Vlašić Goran , Tutek Emanuel
Published: December 2017

Customer centricity is gaining importance as companies are gaining access to increasing amount and quality of individual-level data on identifiable customers. However, efforts to enhance customer centricity often face challenges as they imply organization-wide effort. This paper explores the role of environment-level factors, organization-level factors (in terms of structure, influence and culture) and department-level factors (in terms of integration, power and capabilities) in driving customer centricity of a firm. Results indicate that, while within-category competition stimulates customer centricity, the cross-category competitive intensity limits it. Moreover, marketing competences exhibit highly significant impact which even diminishes the role of inter-departmental integration. Lastly, results show that firms with high level of marketing capabilities and the right culture (in terms of tolerance for failure and availability of slack resources) are likely to exhibit higher levels of customer centricity.
Old defined minerals with complex, still unresolved structures: the case of stützite, Ag5−x
Te3
Authors: Bindi Luca , Keutsch Frank N.
Published: December 2017

The crystal structure of the mineral stützite, a relatively common silver telluride, was solved using intensity data collected using a crystal from the cotype material from the May Day mine, La Plata District, CO (USA). The study revealed that the structure is hexagonal, space group P6̅, with cell parameters: a=13.454(2), c=8.459(1) Å and V=1326.0(5) Å3. The refinement of an anisotropic model led to an R index of 0.0421 for 1950 independent reflections. In the crystal structure of stützite there are eight independent Te sites and eight Ag sites with Z=7. Only Ag5, Ag6, Ag7 and Ag8 form classic metal-anion polyhedra: Ag8 is in linear coordination, Ag5 and Ag6 are triangularly coordinated, whereas Ag7 is in tetrahedral coordination. The case for Ag1, Ag2, Ag3 and Ag4 is more complicated as there are Ag–Ag contacts beside the typical bonds with the chalcogen. These positions correspond to low coordination (two, three and four) sites, in agreement with the silver preference for such environments. d
10 silver ion distribution has been evidenced by means of a combination of a Gram-Charlier development of the atomic displacement factors and a split model. A discussion on the possible existence of different polytypes in stützite-like compounds and on the use of the non-harmonic approach based upon a Gram-Charlier development of the atomic displacement factors for the determination of disordered structures is also presented.
Theory and practice in Russian and Soviet archaeology: retrospect and prospect
Authors: Kuzmin Yaroslav V.
Published: December 2017

Despite the fact that several books and a plethora of articles have been published in recent decades on the archaeology of the USSR and Russia, Soviet-Russian archaeology is still largely ignored in the West (e.g. Fagan 2003, but see Trigger 2006: 230–32, 326–44). For non-Russian scholars, the first acquaintance with it can be nightmarish; for example, Anthony (2007: 164) describes the periodisation of the Aeneolithic Cucuteni-Tripolye culture of Ukraine and Moldova (parts of the USSR before 1991), and Romania:

There is a Borges-like dreaminess to the Cucuteni pottery sequence: one phase (Cucuteni C) is not a phase at all but rather a type of pottery probably made outside the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture; another phase (Cucuteni A1) was defined before it was found, and never was found.
Aztec political economy: a new conceptual frame
Authors: Feinman Gary M.
Published: December 2017

For those in search of current perspectives on the Aztec with a focus on matters economic, I heartily recommend a deep dive into these three volumes. Each book offers an insightful vantage on what we presently know about this pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican empire, as well as how new discoveries over the last 60–70 years force serious rethinking of both the long-term history of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and key tenets that underpin pre-industrial political economies more broadly. Empires were a relatively rare phenomenon in the pre-industrial world, especially in the ancient Americas, and few have been so skilfully studied through a multi-disciplinary approach that integrates both historical texts and archaeology.
Ushbulak-1: new Initial Upper Palaeolithic evidence from Central Asia
Authors: Shunkov Mikhail , Anoikin Anton , Taimagambetov Zhaken , Pavlenok Konstantin , Kharevich Vladimir , Kozlikin Maxim , Pavlenok Galina
Published: December 2017

In world archaeology, there has always been a problem regarding the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. Late twentieth-century research has attempted to address this issue through the recognition of Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP) lithic industries. These assemblages were first characterised through evidence from the sites of Boker Tachtit and Ksar Akil (the Levant), and they are now identified in many regions of Eurasia, including Central Asia, the Near East, the Altai Mountains, Transbaikalia, Mongolia and northern China. A characteristic IUP assemblage has also been recently found in Kazakhstan (Ushbulak-1) (Shunkov et al. 2016). Large blades and elongated pointed flakes dominate these assemblages, and there is a prevalence of Upper Palaeolithic tool types in tool sets.
A Late Palaeolithic assemblage at Kunjaram, south-east India
Authors: Chatterjee Malavika , Akhilesh Kumar , Pappu Shanti , Ravindranath Sudha , Udayaraj
Published: December 2017

In contrast to the Acheulian and Middle Palaeolithic, the Late Palaeolithic archaeological record of the south-east coast of India is poorly understood (Pappu 2001; Petragliaet al. 2010; Pappuet al. 2011). Considerable uncertainty surrounds the definition of the blade-based microlithic or non-Levallois, flake-based assemblages, largely as a result of the lack of chronometric dates from excavated sites and due to the paucity of lithic studies (Pappu 2001). The Late Palaeolithic is a crucial period in relation to questions about the dispersals of anatomically modern humans across India and Sri Lanka (Petragliaet al. 2010; Mellarset al. 2013; Robertset al. 2015) and regional evolutionary trajectories of blade technologies. Here, we present an overview of the site complex of Kunjaram (KJ) in the Kortallaiyar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, south-east India. This represents one of the 43 Late Palaeolithic sites documented in this region (Pappuet al. 2010). While analysis of the lithics from other sites continues, we focus here on the lithic assemblage from KJ-3 because of its good preservation and potential to yield information on all stages of the reduction sequence, as well as its geographic proximity to the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic site of Attirampakkam, which would enable the construction of regional cultural sequences.
A new Later Upper Palaeolithic open-air site with articulated horse bone in the Colne Valley, Berkshire
Authors: Barclay Alistair , Bello Silvia , Bradley Philippa , Harding Phil , Higbee Lorrain , Manning Andrew , Powell John , Macphail Richard , Roberts Alison , Stewart Mark , Barton Nick
Published: December 2017

The end of the last Ice Age in Britain (c. 11500 BP) created major disruption to the biosphere. Open habitats were succeeded by more wooded landscapes, and changes occurred to the fauna following the abrupt disappearance of typical glacial herd species, such as reindeer and horse (Conneller & Higham 2015). Understanding the impact of these changes on humans and how quickly they were able to adapt may soon become clearer, due to recent discoveries in the Colne Valley on the western edge of Greater London, north of the River Thames. An exceptionally well-preserved open-air site was discovered in 2014 as part of a wider project of archaeological investigation and excavation carried out by Wessex Archaeology (2015), on behalf of CEMEX UK. The site, at Kingsmead Quarry in Horton, is unusual because it has good organic preservation and, in addition to worked flint artefacts, it has yielded groups of articulated horse bone. The extreme rarity of such sites of this period in Britain makes this discovery especially significant and re-emphasises the potential importance of the Colne Valley (Lacaille 1963; Lewis 2011; Morgi et al. 2011).
Permeability Test Device for Soil with Automatic Water Head Control
Authors: Woo Sang Inn , Kim Joonyoung , Chung Choong-Ki
Published: December 2017

This paper proposes a constant water head permeability test device for soil with automatic water head control using sensors, actuators, and a microcontroller. A microcontroller controls a solenoid valve based on signals from a water level sensor to sustain a constant water level. The microcontroller also uses a digital scale, a temperature sensor, and a digital time clock to measure the amount of water, water temperature, and time lapse, respectively, during a permeability test. In the permeability tests for Jumunjin sand and Gwanak weathered soil that were performed in this study, the test device sustained a constant water level, minimizing the wastage of water. The permeability coefficients determined using the developed device were practically identical to the permeability coefficients obtained from the conventional method and had good agreement with the predicted values from previous studies. This study is also expected to well showcase the improvement and automation of the conventional geotechnical experiments using the microcontroller.
Investigation on the Effect of Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures on Shrinkage and Durability of High-Performance Concrete
Authors: Hatami Behzad , Ramezanianpour Amir Mohammad , Saedi Daryan Amir
Published: December 2017

Because of the advances in material science, new materials are launched to market that make it possible to produce concretes with more desirable properties for technical applications. These new concretes that cannot be made using the common materials and mixing ratios are called high-performance concretes. High-performance concretes are usually made with a low water-to-cement (w/c) ratio and high cement contents. High-performance concrete and its properties have gained the attention of engineers in recent years. One of the major shortcomings of cement-based materials such as concrete is their shrinkage. In this study, the effect of shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA) on the shrinkage and durability of concrete is investigated. To examine SRA effects on shrinkage, free and constrained shrinkage tests are carried out while taking into account the impact of changing w/c ratio and cement content. Moreover, to study the durability of high-performance concrete, tests are carried out on durability parameters, including electrical resistance, depth of water penetration under pressure, and the percentage of water absorbed by the concrete. The results show that the use of shrinkage-reducing material decreases free shrinkage of concrete. When applying a lower w/c ratio and higher contents of cementitious materials, the use of this substance has a greater impact. Constrained shrinkage test results also indicate that the use of SRA additive causes a significant increase in the time of shrinkage crack formation during the test. The results of the durability tests indicate significantly improved durability properties of concrete aged 28 days.
The Case for Technical Performance Standards for Radiation Inspection Systems
Authors: Hudson Larry
Published: December 2017

Technical performance standards operate within the homeland security enterprise to save significant time and money while increasing public safety. This is illustrated in this white paper through the lens of the standards infrastructure that is being developed to ensure the imaging performance and radiation safety of security screening systems in the United States that use active radiation probes to detect explosives and other contraband. The products of this effort include standard test objects, test methods, objective scoring algorithms, minimum performance requirements, technical guidance documents, and dosimetry protocols supported by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) measurement science and computational modeling. This project responds to government requirements for 100 % screening of transnational cargo and airline passengers and baggage while also establishing the means to harmonize national standards across disparate agencies and with international norms. This report will show how standards gaps are identified and anticipated and outline the standards development process, especially highlighting issues unique to technical performance standardization. Specific use cases are offered that document the impact of measurement standards when applied across the life cycle of radiation inspection systems in ways that complement and inform threat-based and operational testing and evaluation (T&E). Finally, a list of specific benefits to both public- and private-sector actors is given that, based upon experience to date, demonstrates the manifold and leveraged returns from applying technical performance standards to security screening.
Glutamate Activates AMPA Receptor Conductance in the Developing Schwann Cells of the Mammalian Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Chen Ting-Jiun , Fröhlich Nicole , Kula Bartosz , Barzan Ruxandra , Kukley Maria
Published: December 2017

Schwann cells (SCs) are myelinating cells of the PNS. Although SCs are known to express different channels and receptors on their surface, little is known about the activation and function of these proteins. Ionotropic glutamate receptors are thought to play an essential role during development of SC lineage and during peripheral nerve injury, so we sought to study their functional properties. We established a novel preparation of living peripheral nerve slices with preserved cellular architecture and used a patch-clamp technique to study AMPA-receptor (AMPAR)-mediated currents in SCs for the first time. We found that the majority of SCs in the nerves dissected from embryonic and neonatal mice of both sexes respond to the application of glutamate with inward current mediated by Ca2+-permeable AMPARs. Using stationary fluctuation analysis (SFA), we demonstrate that single-channel conductance of AMPARs in SCs is 8–11 pS, which is comparable to that in neurons. We further show that, when SCs become myelinating, they downregulate functional AMPARs. This study is the first to demonstrate AMPAR-mediated conductance in SCs of vertebrates, to investigate elementary properties of AMPARs in these cells, and to provide detailed electrophysiological and morphological characterization of SCs at different stages of development.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe provide several important conceptual and technical advances in research on the PNS. We pioneer the first description of AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated currents in the PNS glia of vertebrates and provide new insights into the properties of AMPAR channels in peripheral glia; for example, their Ca2+permeability and single-channel conductance. We describe for the first time the electrophysiological and morphological properties of Schwann cells (SCs) at different stages of development and show that functional AMPARs are expressed only in developing, not mature, SCs. Finally, we introduce a preparation of peripheral nerve slices for patch-clamp recordings. This preparation opens new possibilities for studying the physiology of SCs in animal models and in surgical human samples.
Cellular Functions of the Autism Risk Factor PTCHD1 in Mice
Authors: Tora David , Gomez Andrea M. , Michaud Jean-Francois , Yam Patricia T. , Charron Frédéric , Scheiffele Peter
Published: December 2017

The genepatched domain containing 1(PTCHD1) is mutated in patients with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities and has been hypothesized to contribute to Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and synapse formation. We identify a panel of Ptchd1-interacting proteins that include postsynaptic density proteins and the retromer complex, revealing a link to critical regulators of dendritic and postsynaptic trafficking.Ptchd1knock-out (KO) male mice exhibit cognitive alterations, including defects in a novel object recognition task. To test whether Ptchd1 is required for Shh-dependent signaling, we examined two Shh-dependent cell populations that express high levels ofPtchd1mRNA: cerebellar granule cell precursors and dentate granule cells in the hippocampus. We found that proliferation of these neuronal precursors was not altered significantly inPtchd1KO male mice. We used whole-cell electrophysiology and anatomical methods to assess synaptic function in Ptchd1-deficient dentate granule cells. In the absence of Ptchd1, we observed profound disruption in excitatory/inhibitory balance despite normal dendritic spine density on dentate granule cells. These findings support a critical role of the Ptchd1 protein in the dentate gyrus, but indicate that it is not required for structural synapse formation in dentate granule cells or for Shh-dependent neuronal precursor proliferation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mechanisms underlying neuronal and cellular alterations resulting frompatched domain containing 1(Ptchd1) gene mutations are unknown. The results from this study support an association with dendritic trafficking complexes of Ptchd1. Loss-of-function experiments do not support a role in sonic hedgehog-dependent signaling, but reveal a disruption of synaptic transmission in the mouse dentate gyrus. The findings will help to guide ongoing efforts to understand the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders arising from Ptchd1 deficiency.
Hippocampal-Prefrontal Reactivation during Learning Is Stronger in Awake Compared with Sleep States
Authors: Tang Wenbo , Shin Justin D. , Frank Loren M. , Jadhav Shantanu P.
Published: December 2017

Hippocampal sharp-wave ripple (SWR) events occur during both behavior (awake SWRs) and slow-wave sleep (sleep SWRs). Awake and sleep SWRs both contribute to spatial learning and memory, thought to be mediated by the coordinated reactivation of behavioral experiences in hippocampal-cortical circuits seen during SWRs. Current hypotheses suggest that reactivation contributes to memory consolidation processes, but whether awake and sleep reactivation are suited to play similar or different roles remains unclear. Here we addressed that issue by examining the structure of hippocampal (area CA1) and prefrontal (PFC) activity recorded across behavior and sleep stages in male rats learning a spatial alternation task. We found a striking state difference: prefrontal modulation during awake and sleep SWRs was surprisingly distinct, with differing patterns of excitation and inhibition. CA1-PFC synchronization was stronger during awake SWRs, and spatial reactivation, measured using both pairwise and ensemble measures, was more structured for awake SWRs compared with post-task sleep SWRs. Stronger awake reactivation was observed despite the absence of coordination between network oscillations, namely hippocampal SWRs and cortical delta and spindle oscillations, which is prevalent during sleep. Finally, awake CA1-PFC reactivation was enhanced most prominently during initial learning in a novel environment, suggesting a key role in early learning. Our results demonstrate significant differences in awake and sleep reactivation in the hippocampal-prefrontal network. These findings suggest that awake SWRs support accurate memory storage and memory-guided behavior, whereas sleep SWR reactivation is better suited to support integration of memories across experiences during consolidation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) occur both in the awake state during behavior and in the sleep state after behavior. Awake and sleep SWRs are associated with memory reactivation and are important for learning, but their specific memory functions remain unclear. Here, we found profound differences in hippocampal-cortical reactivation during awake and sleep SWRs, with key implications for their roles in memory. Awake reactivation is a higher-fidelity representation of behavioral experiences, and is enhanced during early learning, without requiring coordination of network oscillations that is seen during sleep. Our findings suggest that awake reactivation is ideally suited to support initial memory formation, retrieval and planning, whereas sleep reactivation may play a broader role in integrating memories across experiences during consolidation.
Seasonal dynamics of atmospheric and river inputs of black carbon, and impacts on biogeochemical cycles in Halong Bay, Vietnam
Authors: Mari Xavier , Chu Van Thuoc , Guinot Benjamin , Brune Justine , Lefebvre Jean-Pierre , Raimbault Patrick , Dittmar Thorsten , Niggemann Jutta
Published: December 2017

Emissions of black carbon (BC), a product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels and biomass, are high in the Asia-Pacific region, yet input pathways and rates to the ocean are not well constrained. Atmospheric and riverine inputs of BC in Halong Bay (Vietnam), a hotspot of atmospheric BC, were studied at monthly intervals during one year. Climate in Halong Bay is governed by the monsoon regime, characterized by a northeast winter monsoon (dry season) and southeast summer monsoon (wet season). During the dry season, atmospheric BC concentrations averaged twice those observed during the wet season. In the sea surface microlayer (SML) and underlying water (ULW), concentrations of particulate BC (PBC) averaged 539 and 11 µmol C L–1, respectively. Dissolved BC (DBC) concentrations averaged 2.6 µmol C L–1 in both the SML and ULW. Seasonal variations indicated that PBC concentration in the SML was controlled by atmospheric deposition during the dry season, while riverine inputs controlled both PBC and DBC concentrations in ULW during the wet season. Spatiotemporal variations of PBC and DBC during the wet season suggest that river runoff was efficient in transporting PBC that had accumulated on land during the dry season, and in mobilizing and transporting DBC to the ocean. The annual river flux of PBC was about 3.8 times higher than that of DBC. The monsoon regime controls BC input to Halong Bay by favoring dry deposition of BC originating from the north during the dry season, and wet deposition and river runoff during the wet season. High PBC concentrations seem to enhance the transfer of organic carbon from dissolved to particulate phase by adsorbing dissolved organic carbon and stimulating aggregation. Such processes may impact the availability and biogeochemical cycling of other dissolved substances, including nutrients, for the coastal marine ecosystem.
Meeting the challenge of interacting threats in freshwater ecosystems: A call to scientists and managers
Authors: Craig Laura S. , Olden Julian D. , Arthington Angela H. , Entrekin Sally , Hawkins Charles P. , Kelly John J. , Kennedy Theodore A. , Maitland Bryan M. , Rosi Emma J. , Roy Allison H. , Strayer David L. , Tank Jennifer L. , West Amie O. , Wooten Matthew S.
Published: December 2017

Human activities create threats that have consequences for freshwater ecosystems and, in most watersheds, observed ecological responses are the result of complex interactions among multiple threats and their associated ecological alterations. Here we discuss the value of considering multiple threats in research and management, offer suggestions for filling knowledge gaps, and provide guidance for addressing the urgent management challenges posed by multiple threats in freshwater ecosystems. There is a growing literature assessing responses to multiple alterations, and we build off this background to identify three areas that require greater attention: linking observed alterations to threats, understanding when and where threats overlap, and choosing metrics that best quantify the effects of multiple threats. Advancing science in these areas will help us understand existing ecosystem conditions and predict future risk from multiple threats. Because addressing the complex issues and novel ecosystems that arise from the interaction of multiple threats in freshwater ecosystems represents a significant management challenge, and the risks of management failure include loss of biodiversity, ecological goods, and ecosystem services, we also identify actions that could improve decision-making and management outcomes. These actions include drawing insights from management of individual threats, using threat attributes (e.g., causes and spatio-temporal dynamics) to identify suitable management approaches, testing management strategies that are likely to be successful despite uncertainties about the nature of interactions among threats, avoiding unintended consequences, and maximizing conservation benefits. We also acknowledge the broadly applicable challenges of decision-making within a socio-political and economic framework, and suggest that multidisciplinary teams will be needed to innovate solutions to meet the current and future challenge of interacting threats in freshwater ecosystems.
Arrested Development
Authors: Cortés Juvenal J.
Published: December 2017

On March 2014, Mexico adopted laws outlining the use of direct democracy. Direct democracy promised to give citizens greater control of government by reducing the gap between citizens and government. However, the first four referendums were not proposed by citizens but one each by the four major parties. Using process tracing, I examine the congressional debate of direct democracy and demonstrate that its design and rules leave little room for citizens to use the process but allow large organizations, like parties, ample room to use it. The lesson is that direct democracy should not be studied independently from the political parties that adopt it.

En marzo de 2014, México aprobó leyes que delineaban el uso de la democracia directa. Ésta prometía otorgar a los ciudadanos un mayor control sobre el gobierno reduciendo la distancia entre ciudadanos y gobernantes. Sin embargo, los cuatro primeros referendos no fueron propuestos por ciudadanos, sino por cada uno de los cuatro partidos principales. Mediante el seguimiento de procesos, analizo el debate del Congreso en torno a la democracia directa y demuestro que el diseño y las reglas dejan poco espacio para que los ciudadanos hagan uso del procedimiento, y sin embargo, permiten que organizaciones como los partidos tengan amplio margen para utilizarlo. La lección es que la democracia directa no debe estudiarse independientemente de los partidos políticos que la adoptan.
Cell-Type Transcriptomes of the Multicellular Green AlgaVolvox carteriYield Insights into the Evolutionary Origins of Germ and Somatic Differentiation Programs
Authors: Matt Gavriel Y , Umen James G
Published: December 2017

Germ–soma differentiation is a hallmark of complex multicellular organisms, yet its origins are not well understood. Volvox carteri is a simple multicellular green alga that has recently evolved a simple germ–soma dichotomy with only two cell-types: large germ cells called gonidia and small terminally differentiated somatic cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the gonidial and somatic transcriptomes of V. carteri to uncover fundamental differences between the molecular and metabolic programming of these cell-types. We found extensive transcriptome differentiation between cell-types, with somatic cells expressing a more specialized program overrepresented in younger, lineage-specific genes, and gonidial cells expressing a more generalist program overrepresented in more ancient genes that shared striking overlap with stem cell-specific genes from animals and land plants. Directed analyses of different pathways revealed a strong dichotomy between cell-types with gonidial cells expressing growth-related genes and somatic cells expressing an altruistic metabolic program geared toward the assembly of flagella, which support organismal motility, and the conversion of storage carbon to sugars, which act as donors for production of extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins whose secretion enables massive organismal expansion. V. carteri orthologs of diurnally controlled genes from C. reinhardtii, a single-celled relative, were analyzed for cell-type distribution and found to be strongly partitioned, with expression of dark-phase genes overrepresented in somatic cells and light-phase genes overrepresented in gonidial cells- a result that is consistent with cell-type programs in V. carteri arising by cooption of temporal regulons in a unicellular ancestor. Together, our findings reveal fundamental molecular, metabolic, and evolutionary mechanisms that underlie the origins of germ–soma differentiation in V. carteri and provide a template for understanding the acquisition of germ–soma differentiation in other multicellular lineages.
Whole Genome Sequencing of Hulunbuir Short-Tailed Sheep for Identifying Candidate Genes Related to the Short-Tail Phenotype
Authors: Zhi Dafu , Da Lai , Liu Moning , Cheng Chen , Zhang Yukun , Wang Xin , Li Xiunan , Tian Zhipeng , Yang Yanyan , He Tingyi , Long Xin , Wei Wei , Cao Guifang
Published: December 2017

The Hulunbuir short-tailed sheep (Ovis aries) is a breed native to China, in which the short-tail phenotype is the result of artificial and natural selection favoring a specific set of genetic mutations. Here, we analyzed the genetic differences between short-tail and normal-tail phenotypes at the genomic level. Selection signals were identified in genome-wide sequences. From 16 sheep, we identified 72,101,346 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Selection signals were detected based on the fixation index and heterozygosity. Seven genomic regions under putative selection were identified, and these regions contained nine genes. Among these genes, T was the strongest candidate as T is related to vertebral development. In T, a nonsynonymous mutation at c.G334T resulted in p.G112W substitution. We inferred that the c.G334T mutation in T leads to functional changes in Brachyury—encoded by this gene—resulting in the short-tail phenotype. Our findings provide a valuable insight into the development of the short-tail phenotype in sheep and other short-tailed animals.
A 12.3-kb Duplication Within the VWF Gene in Pigs Affected by Von Willebrand Disease Type 3
Authors: Lehner Stefanie , Ekhlasi-Hundrieser Mahnaz , Detering Carsten , Allerkamp Hanna , Pfarrer Christiane , von Depka Prondzinski Mario
Published: December 2017

Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) type 3 is a serious and sometimes fatal hereditary bleeding disorder. In pigs, the disease has been known for decades, and affected animals are used as models for the human disease. Due to the recessive mode of inheritance of VWD type 3, severe bleeding is typically seen in homozygous individuals. We sequenced the complete porcine VWF (Von Willebrand Factor) complementary DNA (cDNA) and detected a tandem duplication of exons 17 and 18, causing a frameshift and a premature termination codon (p.Val814LeufsTer3) in the affected pig. Subsequent next generation sequencing on genomic DNA proved the existence of a 12.3-kb tandem duplication associated with VWD. This duplication putatively originates from porcine Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs) located within VWF introns 16 and 18 with high identity. The premature termination truncates the VWF open reading frame by a large part, resulting in an almost entire loss of the mature peptide. It is therefore supposed to account for the severe VWD type 3. Our results further indicate the presence of strong, nonsense-mediated decay in VWF messenger RNA (mRNA) containing the duplication, which was supported by the almost complete absence of the complete VWF protein in immunohistochemistry analysis of the VWD-affected pig. In the past, differentiation of wild-type and heterozygous pigs in this VWD colony had to rely on clinical examinations and additional laboratory methods. The present study provides the basis to distinguish both genotypes by performing a rapid and simple genetic analysis.
Working at the Crossroads: A Guide for Border Crossing
Authors: Mckiernan-González John
Published: December 2017

This article discusses the impact of George J. Sánchez’s keynote address “Working at the Crossroads” in making collaborative cross-border projects more academically legitimate in American studies and associated disciplines. The keynote and his ongoing administrative labor model the power of public collaborative work to shift research narratives. “Working at the Crossroads” demonstrated how historians can be involved—as historians—in a variety of social movements, and pointed to the ways these interactions can, and maybe should, shape research trajectories. It provided a key blueprint and key examples for doing historically informed Latina/o studies scholarship with people working outside the university. Judging by the success of Sánchez’s work with Boyle Heights and East LA, projects need to establish multiple entry points, reward participants at all levels, and connect people across generations.I then discuss how I sought to emulate George Sánchez’s proposals in my own work through partnering with labor organizations, developing biographical public art projects with students, and archiving social and cultural histories. His keynote address made a back-and-forth movement between home communities and academic labor seem easy and professionally rewarding as well as politically necessary, especially in public universities.
Risk of Rotavirus Nosocomial Spread After Inpatient Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccination
Authors: Hofstetter Annika M. , Lacombe Kirsten , Klein Eileen J. , Jones Charla , Strelitz Bonnie , Jacobson Elizabeth , Ranade Daksha , Ward M. Leanne , Mijatovic-Rustempasic Slavica , Evans Diana , Wikswo Mary , Bowen Michael D. , Parashar Umesh D. , Payne Daniel C. , Englund Janet A.
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND:

Infants born prematurely or with underlying conditions are at increased risk of severe rotavirus disease and associated complications. Given the theoretical risk of nosocomial transmission of vaccine-type rotavirus, rotavirus vaccination is recommended for infants at or after discharge from neonatal care settings. Because the first dose should be administered by 104 days of age, some infants may be age-ineligible for vaccination if delayed until discharge.

METHODS:

This prospective cohort included infants admitted to an urban academic medical center between birth and 104 days who received care in intensive care settings. Pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RV5) was used, per routine clinical care. Stool specimens were collected weekly (February 2013–April 2014) and analyzed for rotavirus strains using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Demographic and vaccine data were collected. RV5 safety was not assessed.

RESULTS:

Of 385 study infants, 127 were age-eligible for routine vaccinations during hospitalization. At discharge, 32.7% were up-to-date for rotavirus vaccination, compared with 82.7% for other vaccinations. Of rotavirus-unvaccinated infants, 42.6% were discharged at age >104 days and thus vaccination-ineligible. Of 1192 stool specimens collected, rotavirus was detected in 13 (1.1%): 1 wild-type strain from an unvaccinated infant; 12 vaccine-type strains from 9 RV5-vaccinated infants. No vaccine-type rotavirus cases were observed among unvaccinated infants (incidence rate: 0.0 [95% confidence interval: 0.0–1.5] cases per 1000 patient days at risk).

CONCLUSIONS:

These data suggest that delaying rotavirus vaccination until discharge from the hospital could lead to missed vaccination opportunities and may be unnecessary in institutions using RV5 with comparable infection control standards.
Standardizing the Evaluation of Nonaccidental Trauma in a Large Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Riney Lauren C. , Frey Theresa M. , Fain Emily T. , Duma Elena M. , Bennett Berkeley L. , Murtagh Kurowski Eileen
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Variability exists in the evaluation of nonaccidental trauma (NAT) in the pediatric emergency department because of misconceptions and individual bias of clinicians. Further maltreatment, injury, and death can ensue if these children are not evaluated appropriately. The implementation of guidelines for NAT evaluation has been successful in decreasing differences in care as influenced by race and ethnicity of the patient and their family. Our Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timely aim was to increase the percent of patients evaluated in the emergency department for NAT who receive guideline-adherent evaluation from 47% to 80% by December 31, 2016.

METHODS:

The team determined key drivers for the project and tested them by using multiple plan-do-study-act cycles. Interventions included construction of a best practice guideline, provider education, integration of the guideline into workflow, and order set construction to support guideline recommendations. Data were compiled from electronic medical records to identify patients <3 years of age evaluated in the pediatric emergency department for suspected NAT based on chart review. Adherence to guideline recommendations for age-specific evaluation (<6, 6–12, and >12–36 months) was tracked over time on statistical process control charts to evaluate the impact of the interventions.

RESULTS:

A total of 640 encounters had provider concern for NAT and were included in the analysis. Adherence to age-specific guideline recommendations improved from a baseline of 47% to 69%.

CONCLUSIONS:

With our improvement methodology, we successfully increased guideline-adherent evaluation for patients with provider concern for NAT. Education and electronic support at the point of care were key drivers for initial implementation.