bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making Uncertainties Explicit
Authors: Frank David M.
Published: June 2017

According to Richard Jeffrey’s value-free ideal, scientists should avoid making value judgments about inductive risks by offering explicit representations of scientific uncertainty to decision-makers, who can use these to make decisions according to their own values. Some philosophers have responded by arguing that higher-order inductive risks arise in the process of producing representations of uncertainty. This chapter explores this line of argument and its limits, arguing that the Jeffreyan value-free ideal is achievable in contexts where methodological decisions introduce minimal higher-order uncertainty and where communications of uncertainty are unlikely to be manipulated or misunderstood by scientists or decision-makers. This chapter illustrates the limits of the Jeffreyan ideal with reference to climate science and argues that the context of climate science is not conducive to the Jeffreyan ideal, so the argument that climate modeling is value-laden due to higher-order inductive risks withstands recent criticisms.
Exploring Inductive Risk
Authors: Elliott Kevin C. , Richards Ted
Published: June 2017

This concluding chapter provides a roadmap for future studies of inductive risk by drawing attention to three particularly important sets of questions that emerge from Exploring Inductive Risk: (1) the nature of inductive risk, the argument from inductive risk (AIR), and the distinction between the direct and indirect roles for values; (2) the extent to which the AIR can be evaded by defenders of the value-free ideal; and (3) the strategies that the scientific community can employ to handle inductive risk in a responsible fashion. This chapter not only highlights these questions as they emerge in this volume but also shows how they connect with the previous literature on inductive risk.
Hobbes’s Embodied God
Authors: Gorham Geoffrey
Published: June 2017

17th-century natural philosophy placed God directly at the foundations of both the Cartesian and the Newtonian programs in physics. But Hobbes’s somewhat neglected “corporeal deity”—derived from the ancient Stoics—offered at least as compelling a conception of God’s immanent relation to the world as Descartes or Newton. While undeniably heterodox, Hobbes’s embodied God possessed the traditional divine attributes, including infinity, omnipotence, omniscience, and simplicity. Furthermore, the corporeal God solved an important problem at the foundation of Hobbesian physics: accounting for the origin of motion and diversity. Given the rise of deism and materialism in France and England at the turn of the eighteenth century, one might have expected a welcome reception for Hobbes’s corporeal deity (which was certainly well known). But in fact even radical authors like Toland—an avowed pantheist—rejected the corporeal god doctrine.
Introduction
Authors: Weinreb Alice
Published: June 2017

This chapter uses changes in international perceptions of the German body over the course of the twentieth century—from starving victims of the First World War to the “fattest people in Europe” by the end of the century—as a way of thinking about the key themes of this book. It describes the book’s methodology, which builds on Foucault’s theory of governmentality to describe the ways in which modern states rely on the food system to control populations’ bodies. It thus shows how food opens up the category of biopolitics. At the same time, food represents crucial strategies of resistance and self-expression for individuals and communities, thus pushing at the limits of state power. This chapter also discusses the ways in which hunger is an important political category for industrialized economies.
International Intrigue and the Origins of September 1962
Authors: Orkaby Asher
Published: June 2017

The 1962 revolution in Yemen has often been attributed to the machinations of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. The events of September 1962 were in a manifestation of two decades of growing Yemeni nationalism fostered by an educated cadre of expatriates known as the Famous Forty. Prior to the outbreak of war in 1962, Yemen had been drawn into the growing Cold War conflict. The Soviet Union paid for the construction of the new Hodeidah port while courting an alliance with the “red prince” Muhammad al-Badr, in the hopes that Yemen would become a logistical base for their regional operations. Fearing Soviet penetration on the Arabian Peninsula, the United Statesundertook a series of unsuccessful oil explorations to maintain a nominal presence in a country that could scarcely be identified by American policy makers.
Landscapes of the Song of Songs
Authors: James Elaine T.
Published: June 2017

Landscapes of the Song of Songs is a unique, interdisciplinary approach to the ancient poetry of the Song of Songs. It develops a theoretical concept of landscape to explore the Song’s intrinsic interest in the natural world, engaging with work from the fields of geography, landscape architecture, and literature. It emphasizes the made quality of both landscapes and poetry, which are art forms defined by human intervention and vision. In this way it critiques the tendency of scholars to reify a perceived dichotomy in the Song between “nature” and “culture.” Each chapter explores a different imaginational landscape of the Song, using insights from landscape theory to inform close readings of the Song’s poems. The landscape concept emphasizes the material landscape, which is the primary focus of the study of agriculture in the Song. The landscape concept also maintains an insistence on human intervention, which informs the studies of both the garden and the city. Finally, a landscape concept implies an awareness of the viewer, which helps to re-appreciate the descriptive poems as a process of perceiving the lover and the land. With a twofold emphasis on landscape and lyric, this book shows how the Song persistently envisions a world in which human lovers are embedded in the natural world, enfolded in complex relationships of fragility and care. In addition, Landscapes offers new, close readings of selected poems of the Song.
Ask What You Can Do For Your (New) Country
Authors: Marinova Nadejda K
Published: June 2017

This book focuses on a previously unexamined phenomenon: how host governments utilize diasporas to advance their foreign policy agendas in mutually beneficial ways. The book advances a four-factor theoretical model to analyze the phenomenon for when this occurs, and it delves into the multiple avenues across which it takes place, in a variety of regimes, and across political, security, and commercial matters, proposing a classification with examples worldwide. It shows how, with the endorsement of the host government, select diaspora groups become spokespersons for a heterogeneous diaspora at large, advancing their interests and those of the host state. The contribution is grounded in research on diaspora and migration, ethnic lobbies, and transnationalism. The eight cases of testing the model include the Lebanese-American diaspora on policy toward Syria and Lebanon under George W. Bush, including UN Security Council Resolution 1559 and the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act; the Iraqi National Congress and the US administration in “selling” the 2003 Iraq war to the US and international public; the two ends of the political spectrum of Cuban-American organizations on Cuba policy under Presidents Carter and Reagan; the Iranian government’s use of Shi’i clerics from the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (1982–2003) vis-à-vis Iraq and with Iraqi refugees and prisoners of war. In commercial matters, it includes the multidiaspora International Diaspora Engagement Alliance (IdEA) of the US State Department (2011–) directed at homeland development; and the Brazilian state and Syro-Lebanese members of the Arab-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce since the 1970s, as an intermediary with the Arab League.
The Literature
Authors: Marinova Nadejda K
Published: June 2017

Chapter 2 situates the research in the literatures on diaspora, ethnic lobbies, and transnationalism. It elaborates on how the theoretical contribution of the book counters the traditional model of ethnic lobby influence, which is premised on the mobilization and resources of a diasporic lobby for successful participation in electoral politics. The literature on diaspora offers a number of lessons on the emergence of diasporas as significant actors in international politics. The transnationalism literature contains insights on the characteristics of migrants, which inform the book’s theoretical model. A section of the chapter discusses the heterogeneity of diasporas, and contextualizes it with reference to the Lebanese, Iraqi, and Cuban diasporas. The heterogeneity discussion sheds light on the particularistic goals pursued by diaspora actors and on the role of select organizations that emerge as representatives of the diaspora when utilized by host country governments.
A Historical Overview of Lebanese-American Political Organizations (1990s and 2000s)
Authors: Marinova Nadejda K
Published: June 2017

The chapter, based on primary sources, including interviews with activists and diaspora leaders, as well as documents from diaspora organizations, analyzes the previously unexamined history of Lebanese-American organizations in the 1990s and 2000s. It proposes specifics on Lebanese-American political identification, as distinct from Arab-American identity and organizational activity, and it discusses a number of the 15 organizations that supported and opposed the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003. The chapter also traces the activity of several organizations of US-based supporters of General Michel Aoun, other institutions such as the World Lebanese Cultural Union, and Lebanese-American organizations’ transnational links to Lebanon.
Cuban-Americans
Authors: Marinova Nadejda K
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on two organizations on opposite ends of the Cuban-American spectrum. The Carter administration utilized the Cuban American Committee to provide favorable public relations for normalization of diplomatic relations with Cuba. Washington’s opening ended after the 1980 Mariel boatlift, as Castro proved an unreliable partner. The Cuban American National Foundation was created under the Reagan presidency, and was utilized as a co-executor of policy, promoting with Congress and the US public, in multiple ways, the administration’s stance on Cuba. The chapter discusses the minority Cuban American Committee, and the right-wing Cuban American National Foundation. In addition to illustrating the multiple ways in which host governments use diasporas, the analysis underlines a major feature of host-state utilization of diaspora organizations: their emergence as a leading voice of the community with the endorsement of the host state, one avenue through which diasporas emerge as significant in international relations.
Romaine-la-Prophétesse
Authors: Rey Terry
Published: June 2017

Although arguably no insurgent leader in the early stage of the Haitian Revolution had a greater concrete impact than Romaine-la-Prophétesse, scholars have thus far focused more attention on maroon leaders in the North Province of Saint-Domingue, like Makaya, Boukman, and Jean-François. Entitled “Romaine-la-Prophétesse,” and based on extensive research of primary source material, this chapter provides a detailed biography of Romaine Rivière, a black immigrant from the Spanish side of the island of Hispaniola, who was transformed from a respected coffee farmer into a religiously inspired, gender-bending warlord in the colony’s West Province. The chapter’s principal categories of analysis are religion, race, gender/sexuality, marronage, and royalism, providing what is not only the most extensive biographical portrait of Romaine but of any insurgent leader during the first stage of the Haitian Revolution. The time period covered is 1750 to 1791, or Romaine’s life up until the Trou Coffy insurgency.
Trou Coffy and the Léogâne Insurgent Theater
Authors: Rey Terry
Published: June 2017

“Trou Coffy and the Léogâne Insurgent Theater” springs from the previous biographical chapters profiling this book’s two chief subjects and returns to the 1791 insurgencies in the West Province of Saint-Domingue, with the geographic focus shifting to the city of Léogâne and the plantations on its surrounding plain. After first considering earlier slave and free colored uprisings in the West Province and revisiting their turbulent sociopolitical context, this chapter details the activities of Romaine’s followers at Trou Coffy in the Léogâne insurgent theater. Their raids on local whites and the resultant destruction of their property left their surviving enemies in a desperate state, threatened with famine or violent elimination. They saw no choice but to enter into negotiations with Romaine-la’Prophétesse, which, in part due to Abbé Ouvière, led to the cessation of control over the city to the mysterious, prophetic warlord. The time period covered is September 1791 to January 1792.
Williams, History, and the “Impurity of Philosophy”
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

In addition to his contributions to the history of philosophy, Bernard Williams’s later work is concerned with more explicit reflection on the role of history in the constitution of the discipline of philosophy, the fact that, unlike the case of the natural sciences, the great figures of philosophy are part of the contemporary discussion in philosophy. In addition these reflections became increasingly concerned with what is distinctive about history as a form of knowledge, a form of knowledge which does not attract the attention of analytic philosophers. Historical knowledge is at once empirical and evidence-based but also, insofar as it concerns human affairs and institutions, obliged to make sense of and reconstruct the perspective of the practices and participants themselves. Part of the importance of historical understanding for Williams lies in its position as a model for humanistic knowledge that is non-reductionist while also being non-ideal, empirical, and “impure.”
Anscombe on the Expression of Intention
Authors: Moran Richard , Stone Martin J.
Published: June 2017

This paper asks an interpretive question about the place of “expression of intention” in Anscombe’s opening presentation of three familiar employments of a concept of intention, commonly taken as distinguishing between (1) having or forming the intention to do something, (2) doing something intentionally, and (3) doing something with a certain intention. An initial project in philosophy of action is, then, determining which of these employments is primary and can be used to explain the others. Anscombe’s own first division, however, is not the having of an intention but the expression of intention, as when someone says, “I’m going for a walk.” The paper argues that attention to the role of expression is not a mere peculiarity of Anscombe’s, and that specifically verbal expression provides a way to see how radically different in orientation Anscombe’s conception of intentional action is from the “standard story” of action since Donald Davidson.
Conclusion
Authors: Tomlinson Matt , Millie Julian
Published: June 2017

The book concludes by arguing that religious and political discourse is often characterized by the naturalization of monologue. In such discourse, monologism is treated as natural and dialogism becomes the project that requires the most effort—the emergent, fragile attempt that can never fully succeed. It offers examples from sources as diverse as John Wesley’s advice for preaching, Kim Jong-il’s lethal efforts to make all North Koreans speak in a single voice, a wistful Papua New Guinea man’s claim that in the old days people did not speak so much, and an Australian archbishop’s puzzling declaration that dialogue does not require a willingness to compromise.
Conclusion
Authors: Bickford Tyler
Published: June 2017

The conclusion advocates for understanding music in terms of interpersonal relationships as much or more than as repertoires of texts with their own cultural meanings. Music should be considered in terms of Bourdieu’s concept of “social capital” in addition to “cultural capital” as it is normally conceived. Children’s in-school media use does not involve the intrusion of foreign consumer culture into education, but rather historically and culturally grounded traditions of peer-cultural solidarity provide a context into which entertainment media practices fit naturally. A seeming opposition between education and consumer culture is in fact a constitutive dialectic, which helps explain the politicization of children’s peer cultural practices in school. Consumer culture represents the extension of dynamics from school into the wider public sphere. The invasion of these practices into schools is only a natural return to original fields of conflict between children and adults.
The Historical Lineage of the Citizen Marketer
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: June 2017

This chapter investigates the historical context of citizen marketing, tracing a lineage that extends to the beginnings of political iconography. However, as symbols of monarchic and despotic allegiance give way to the promotional spectacle of modern Western democratic elections, symbolic artifacts of political sentiment such as banners and sashes begin to offer new entry points for citizen participation. Whereas part of the story of citizen marketing emerges from the tradition of formalized political assemblies and protest demonstrations, another key influence is the more vernacular tradition of political expression associated with cultural forms such as popular dress. This culturally situated engagement with politics takes a revolutionary turn in the countercultural movements of the 1960s, as expressive style, including slogan buttons and T-shirts, enables the public articulation of new political viewpoints and identities. More recently, digital platforms have greatly multiplied the ways in which citizens can share political messages with others, and have magnified the tensions and controversies that have long surrounded these practices.
Confessional Pluralism and the Civil Society Effect
Authors: Walton Jeremy F.
Published: June 2017

Chapter 2 focuses directly on civil Islam and its valorization of interreligious tolerance and pluralism. It begins by describing how two NGOs, one Alevi and one Sunni, champion a shared image of interreligious tolerance. Next, it traces the convergences and divergences among three Alevi organizations in relation to the discourse of confessional pluralism. Although each of these Alevi institutions comprehends Alevism differently and lobbies the state in distinct ways, they share a conception of civil society and religion in general as primordial, nonpolitical domains. The second section of the chapter examines the ideals of interreligious dialogue and confessional pluralism espoused by Hizmet institutions. In particular, it focuses on the recuperation of the Ottoman ideals of the millet system and the pious foundation (vakıf), which ground practices of confessional pluralism in the historicity of neo-Ottomanism.
The Defender’s View
Authors: Buchanan Ben
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines defensive cyber operations in a fashion similar to kill chain analysis. It presents an outline of how baseline network defense is done, and what technologies and techniques contribute to that mission. This includes memory forensics, penetration testing, and incident response. It shows as well how those efforts are likely to be insufficient, and how advanced states have an incentive to go further and intrude into other states’ networks for defensive reasons—operations that are sometimes called counter-computer network exploitation. It is these intrusions, which are genuinely defensive, that can be misperceived and interpreted as offensive intrusions—leading to a cycle of escalation.
Limitations, Objections, and the Future of the Cybersecurity Dilemma
Authors: Buchanan Ben
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers three counterarguments to the cybersecurity dilemma logic. It shows that even if the cybersecurity threat does not pose an existential risk, it is vitally important and can animate the security dilemma. It shows that regardless of one’s views on attributing cyber attacks—many believe that attribution is difficult or impossible—the cybersecurity dilemma is likely to be a problem. It lastly shows that even though cyber weapons are different from kinetic ones, convergence is likely and the cybersecurity dilemma is still significant, and will likely grow in significance.
Careerism and Moral Hazard in Early Marketization
Authors: Lin Yi-min
Published: June 2017

Chapter 4 explores the ramifications of the evolving demographic conditions and fiscal reforms for the careers of local political leaders. The focal issue is the moral hazard embodied in these leaders’ opportunistic use of public enterprises for career advancement and revenue control and manipulation during the 1980s and early 1990s. Their dominant strategy was to promote sales growth without a close link to profitability among the public enterprises under their purview. This strategy helped grow output, revenue, and employment, thereby contributing to the political and economic interests of local officials. Yet it also undermined the financial and organizational health of public enterprises and pushed them down the road to destruction.
“You Cannot Fool the Electronic Eye”
Authors: Coffman Elesha
Published: June 2017

Billy Graham navigated the intersection of media and evangelism adeptly as he advanced his two great goals: the evangelization of the world, and the establishment of evangelicalism as a religious tradition. This chapter chronicles Graham’s media ventures, such as his Hour of Decision radio broadcasts, and illustrates how he used and was used by mainstream journalists, usually to mutual benefit. It argues that Graham was able to maintain a balance between savvy and slick because he was sincere in ways suited to the media-saturated culture of postwar America. His personal probity, remarked upon by journalists, helped. But Graham also found medium-specific ways to communicate authenticity, ranging from the chatty tone of his “My Answer” newspaper columns to the mixture of zoom and wide-angle shots in televised crusades. To achieve his goals in the second half of the twentieth century, Graham had to use media. To use media for good, he also had to use it well.
Mercury's Wings
Authors: J. A. Talbert Richard , S. Naiden Fred
Published: June 2017

Mercury’s Wings: Exploring Modes of Communication in the Ancient World is the first volume of essays on ancient communications. The authors, who include Classicists, art historians, Assyriologists, and Egyptologists, take the broad view of communications as a vehicle, not just for the transmission of information, but also for the conduct of religion, commerce, and culture. Encompassed within this scope are varied purposes of communication such as propaganda and celebration, as well as profit and administration. Each chapter deals with either a communications network, a means or type of communication, or the special features of religious communication or communication in and among large empires. The spatial, temporal, and cultural boundaries of this volume take in the Near East as well as Greece and Rome, and cover a period of some 2,000 years, beginning in the second millennium BCE and ending with the spread of Christianity during the last centuries of the Roman Empire in the West. In all, about one quarter of the chapters deal with the Near East, one quarter with Greece, one quarter with Greece and Rome together, and one quarter with the Roman Empire and its Persian and Indian rivals.
The Inspired Voice
Authors: Kindt Julia
Published: June 2017

This chapter deals with oracles, a paradigmatic type of religious communication that cannot be said to accomplish any of the typical aims that otherwise may be taken for granted—such as transmitting information, influencing recipients or observers, or fostering relationships. As Kindt shows, some Greek oracular shrines encouraged misinterpretation by adopting an enigmatic style of expression that mixed ambiguity with vagueness, opacity, and a countervailing impression of divine infallibility; she focuses on this “enigmatic voice” at Delphi, the most famous ancient oracle. She seeks to explain why this voice characterizes some oracles but not others; how it complicates the interpretation of oracular messages; and how oracles confirm, but adjust, the Greeks’ notion of a barely bridgeable gap between human and divine participants in their polytheistic religion.
Christianity
Authors: Kulikowski Michael
Published: June 2017

This chapter begins by observing that Christianity would have been unable to develop in the unprecedented way it did, had not the Roman Empire already opened up a vast domain to networks of communication. Kulikowski goes on to discuss two unforeseen consequences of Christianity’s success in eventually securing the adherence of emperors from Constantine onwards. First, Constantine’s decision to declare the rulings of the Council of Nicaea in 325 universally binding on all Christians, along with his successors’ concern to enforce orthodoxy, caused Christianity’s regional groupings and communication networks to gain the strength to survive the fall of the Empire in the West. Second, despite their intervention in church affairs, emperors could not serve as arbiters of matters of belief (all-important to Christians), so that laymen in search of guidance turned to alternative, and often competing, sources of authority.
Neural processes of culturally familiar information
Authors: Han Shihui
Published: June 2017

Chapter 2 introduces the concept of cultural learning and its function in the transmission of cultural knowledge over generations, and the construction of new cultural beliefs/values and behavioral scripts. It examines brain activity that is engaged in differential processing of culturally familiar and unfamiliar information by reviewing functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related potential studies of neural activity involved in the processing of gesture, music, brand, and religious knowledge. Long-term cultural experiences give rise to specific neural mechanisms in the human brain that deal with culturally familiar information in multiple neural circuits underlying the inference of mental states and reward, for example. The unique neural mechanisms underlying culturally familiar stimuli provide a default mode of neural processing of culturally familiar information received in daily life.
Introduction
Authors: Kadelbach Stefan , Kleinlein Thomas , Roth-Isigkeit David
Published: June 2017

This introduction explains the goals and the framework of the present volume. The volume considers the history of international legal thought to be a project that highlights the intimate relationship of philosophy and law in understanding the present models of global order. The interplay of system and order serves as a leitmotiv throughout the book and helps to link historical models to today’s discourse. It also explains the particular relevance of the period from Machiavelli to Hegel for this framework. The introduction then expounds the plan of the book: In the first part, individual chapters cover thinkers from Machiavelli to Hegel. The second part of the book is devoted to horizontal themes that open the opportunity to test old authorities against present-day approaches. Their analyses deepen the understanding of international legal thinking by pointing to often neglected elements, scrutinizing the knowledge–creation of the subject as we know it.
Systematicity to Excess
Authors: Vischer Benedict
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that pervading tensions constitute a crucial dimension of Kant’s international legal system. Kant did not intend to provide the conclusive plan for legislation that many readers seek. By contrast, following the fundamental insights of his philosophy, his sketch of the cosmopolitan system shows that the emancipatory project of law is an infinite endeavour we can never conclude. In its ultimate openness, the idea of the system points to the ongoing excess of any determined system. An integral element of Kant’s philosophical system, the system of law reflects the human condition of conscious finitude; it is shaped by our situation as worldly beings who act within a historical horizon. The full actualization of law lies not in a fixed state, but in a continuous process of self-transcendence.
Power and Law as Ordering Devices in the System of International Relations
Authors: Hellmann Gunther
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that the placements which key concepts such as power, law, system, and order are usually accorded in the theoretical vocabularies and discourses of international law and International Relations have specific functions in describing what the central disciplinary problematiques of international law and International Relations presumably are. The designation of disciplinary boundaries, the construction of disciplinary histories and the representation of disciplinary discourses are as much an expression of intellectual contention as are disciplinary debates about proper understandings of key concepts. These disciplining exercises are also potentially fruitful in the sense of reexamining what we do in our respective fields and how these scholarly practices can be justified—or how they might be changed.
Some Brief Conclusions
Authors: Dupuy Pierre-Marie
Published: June 2017

This chapter concludes the book, relating the observations in the history of international legal thought to the current crisis of the international legal system. It highlights the persistence of optimism as a moral duty and calls for continuous efforts to reconcile realism and utopia.
The Phases of European Integration
Authors: Stirn Bernard
Published: June 2017

The chapter shows how, from the early beginnings of the efforts of the European idea’s founding fathers up until the present day, the European project has developed along three axes. The first follows the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) to the European Union (EU); the second follows the development of the Council of Europe and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR); the third follows the other European institutions, such as, for example, those concerned with military co-operation and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and the Schengen area. The chapter shows how within a geographic space that has been enlarged considerably, the countries of Europe have attained a level of economic and political solidarity that undoubtedly surpasses the hopes of the founding fathers of the European project.
The Independence and Interdependence of Judges
Authors: Stirn Bernard
Published: June 2017

Chapter 5 analyses the independence and impartiality of Europe’s judge; but it does so under the heading ‘independence within interdependence’. By doing so, it brings out the various ways in which the judges of Europe refer to each other and endeavour to learn from each other’s jurisprudence. The chapter sets out this dual quality of independence and interdependence by, first, analysing the development of constitutional adjudication in Europe; then, second, the evolution of reinforcement of judicial control with the executive; thirdly, it looks at the right to an effective remedy before an independent and impartial tribunal—in relation to all these developments the chapter sets out and analyses the co-operation and dialogue which is taking place between the courts of Europe.
Conclusion
Authors: Stirn Bernard
Published: June 2017

Chapter 7 concludes the analysis of the book. It shows how by means of three circles—the law of the European Union, the law of the European Convention on Human Rights, and domestic law—a European public law is emerging. The conclusion analyses the challenges of the model of European public law and what is needed for it to strengthen. It makes the point that the European ambition goes beyond Europe and that Europe is not isolated from the world. European law is renewing the way in which international and domestic law co-exist, and the way in which the State and the law co-exist. By becoming stronger European law is opening up vistas which exceed the European continent.
Imagining Unimaginable Climate Futures in International Climate Change Law
Authors: Peel Jacqueline
Published: June 2017

Gradually, alternative conceptions of the future emerged, which centered on questions of adaptation and loss and damages. International climate law followed suit, which resulted in the development of different sets of rules and principles. The focus shifted towards the broader causes of climate change and considerations of equity. Yet, these shifts could not do away with dystopian imageries of the future, including fears that climate change presents existential threats to human life as we know it. This has led to the consideration of more radical technologies such as climate engineering, technologies that give rise to new imageries of the future, and calls for their legal regulation.
Unworking Choreography
Authors: Pouillaude Frédéric
Published: June 2017

There is no archive or museum of human movement where choreographies can be collected and conserved in pristine form. The central consequence of this is the incapacity of philosophy and aesthetics to think of dance as a positive and empirical art. In the eyes of philosophers, dance refers to a space other than art, considered both more frivolous and more fundamental than the artwork without ever quite attaining the status of a work. This book develops this idea and postulates a désoeuvrement (unworking) as evidenced by a conspicuous absence of references to actual choreographic works within philosophical accounts of dance; the late development and partial dominance of the notion of the work in dance in contrast to other art forms such as painting, music, and theatre; the difficulties in identifying dance works (and developing a philosophical theory of dance identity) given a lack of scores and an apparent resistance within the art form to the possibility of notation; and the questioning of “ends” of dance in contemporary practice and the relativization of the very idea that dance artistic or choreographic processes aim at work production.
Desires, Dispositions and the Explanation of Action
Authors: Alvarez Maria
Published: June 2017

We often explain human actions by reference to the desires of the person whose actions we are explaining: “Jane is studying law because she wants to become a judge.” But how do desires explain actions? A widely accepted view is that desires are dispositional states that are manifested in behavior. Accordingly, desires explain actions as ordinary physical dispositions, such as fragility or conductivity, explain their manifestations, namely causally. This paper argues that desires, unlike ordinary physical dispositions, are “manifestation-dependent dispositions”: dispositions whose attribution depends on their having been manifested. This feature of desires, I suggest, favours a “context-placing” approach to understanding how desires explain actions.
Introspection and the Nature of Desire
Authors: Ashwell Lauren
Published: June 2017

It is common to hold that introspective knowledge of one’s mental states is highly epistemically privileged. Often this is thought to be explained by introspective knowledge’s directness; we somehow know our mental states “immediately,” without inference from distinct states. This chapter argues that if one holds this view concerning privilege and directness about introspective knowledge of desire, then desires cannot be normative or evaluative judgments, nor can they entirely consist in appearances of value. Since motivation is one of the things we pay attention to in introspecting our desires, this implies that motivation is not an entirely separate state from the desire.
Critical Skills for the 21st Century Workforce
Authors: Whorton Ryan , Casillas Alex , Oswald Frederick L. , Shaw Amy
Published: June 2017

This chapter is based on the proposition that three major forces, taken together, have fundamentally changed the nature of work in the 21st century. These three forces are technology, the rise of the service economy, and globalization, and they drive organizations to seek employees who possess what are called 21st century skills. After reviewing the essential features of what generally defines a skill, this chapter focuses on discussing nine 21st century skills centered around these three driving forces: leadership, customer service, teamwork, safety, creativity, critical thinking, metacognition and self-regulation, cross-cultural knowledge and competence, and ethics and integrity. The chapter concludes with implications for education and training of the 21st century workforce.
Combining Cognitive and Noncognitive Measures
Authors: Schmitt Neal
Published: June 2017

The use of noncognitive measures enhances the prediction of various individual outcomes. Although structured measures of noncognitive constructs are routinely used in employee selection, they are rarely used to predict college student success. Situational judgment, biodata measures, and other methods of measurement address constructs that add to the prediction of grade point average and are major correlates of other student outcomes. Employers and college administrators indicate that outcomes other than task performance and grades are important. Because noncognitive attributes are the best predictors of these alternative outcomes, it seems they should be included in the set of criteria used by college admissions personnel. Several issues should be addressed if noncognitive measures are used more frequently, including the possibility of their use in other ways than for selection only, the minimizing of the influence of faking, and the reaction of various constituencies to their use in college admissions decisions.
Islamic Conceptions of Dignity
Authors: Shah Mustafa
Published: June 2017

An interesting selection of discussions germane to the concept of dignity is to be found in the medieval Islamic literary sources. Within the traditions of learning associated with law, theology, and the literature of classical ethicists, writers frequently broached topics in which notions of honor, equality, rank, station, self-esteem, respect, integrity, inalienable worth, and gravitas featured prominently in their treatments and syntheses. The percipient gauging of such topics in the literary sources confirms not only the elaborateness and depth of the attendant discussions, but also the significance attached to conceptions of dignity within expressions of classical Islamic thought. With a view to exploring the historical background of the various deliberations and developments therein, this chapter reviews the broader contexts in which they were defined, situating their relevance within the vector of current Western academic discourses on dignity.
On Bourgeois Dignity
Authors: Henderson Christine Dunn
Published: June 2017

Somewhere near the beginning of the eighteenth century a new concept of “dignity” was emerging alongside the rise of a new socioeconomic class, the bourgeoisie. This chapter explores the development of this distinctive new concept of dignity, investigating first the key elements of the so-called bourgeois virtues that provided content to this new ethos of dignity. Next, it probes the economic, political, and social conditions that facilitated the emergence and diffusion of bourgeois dignity during the eighteenth century. Finally, it discusses how this new understanding of dignity was diffused throughout society by one of the most influential literary endeavors of the period, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele’s The Spectator (1711–1714).
Lessons from the Andean Tribunal of Justice
Authors: Alter Karen J. , Helfer Laurence R.
Published: June 2017

This chapter highlights five broad lessons from a series of research and findings on the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) that contribute to the comparative study of international courts. The first is in adapting transplanted international legal institutions to local contexts. The chapter then provides that not all international courts seek to expand their influence and authority. The third lesson concerns expanding the interlocutors and compliance partners of international courts. Next, the chapter shows how the ATJ created judicial strategies for building the international rule of law in fraught environments. Finally, the fifth lesson covers defending regional intellectual property (IP) laws that protect local values and interests.
The Judicialization of Andean Politics
Authors: Alter Karen J. , Helfer Laurence R.
Published: June 2017

This chapter follows the twists and turns of four politically and legally fraught disputes. These disputes were contentious in that they were linked to wider political fights among national leaders and Community officials, were carefully monitored by influential foreign actors, and had the potential to establish precedents with far reaching consequences for Andean integration. As a group, the four cases show governments, interest groups, and litigants mixing adjudicatory and policy-making strategies to affect policy outcomes. The chapter reveals that the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) protects itself by being faithful to laws on the books while policing good governance practices. However, the four disputes also reveal the ease with which member states respond to ATJ rulings by changing Andean secondary legislation.
The Authority of the Andean Tribunal of Justice in a Time of Regional Political Crisis
Authors: Alter Karen J. , Helfer Laurence R.
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers the geopolitical factors now threatening the Andean Community and explains how the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) has responded to this crisis. It also explains why the ATJ's intellectual property (IP) island continues to thrive even as threats to the larger integration project loom larger. It then returns to the Ecuador noncompliance dispute, introduced in Chapter 6, and considers how developments in the Andean integration process may affect the influence and power of the ATJ going forward. Divisions in the Andean Community, together with the pull of competing regional projects such as Mercosur and UNASUR — a merger of the Andean Community and Mercosur — have impeded the longstanding goal of creating an Andean common market and led to significantly reduced government support for the Andean integration project as a whole. This chapter thus attempts to understand what happened to the ATJ's authority during this crisis.
Visual Illusion in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Fujita Kazuo , Nakamura Noriyuki , Watanabe Sota
Published: June 2017

Visual illusions in nonhuman animals are not only an intriguing topic in themselves but also an important question to understand regarding how humans’ perceptual systems have developed through evolution, why they work as they do, and what mechanisms such illusory processes are based on. Furthermore, the effects of early experience on illusory perception can be understood by controlling raising environments of nonhumans. This chapter presents a brief review of the literature then looks at more recent systematic analyses mainly focused on pigeons. Although pigeons are susceptible to various illusions, they perceive some of the illusory figures distorted in the direction opposite to humans. Perceptual systems in pigeons are likely to be adaptive to the way they live in their environment. The chapter presents a view of human perceptual functions situated in the animal kingdom.
Visual Illusions?
Authors: Koenderink Jan
Published: June 2017

The very definition of “illusion” is elusive. Various distinct ontologies are considered. The concept is tightly bound to the understanding of reality, awareness, “God’s eye,” objectivity, subjectivity, emphatic relations, and several others. Here the distinctions between “illusion,” “ambiguity, “delusion,” and “deception,” are clarified. The very notion of illusion is closely tied to conceptual approaches to mind. Especially the dichotomy between a top-down “controlled hallucination” and a bottom-up “inverse physics” approach accounts for much confusion in the literature. It is suggested that a thoroughly biological approach might be preferable. In such an approach, experimental psychobiology would be a special sub-branch—devoted to the genus homo—of ethology. Does this help to impose a formal structure, such as a partial order, on the zoo of illusions as we know them? Unfortunately, not really. At this moment in history, we are still far from such a reasoned inventory.
The Spinning Ellipse Speed Illusion
Authors: Caplovitz Gideon Paul , Hsieh Po-Jang , Kohler Peter J. , Porter Katharine B.
Published: June 2017

The Spinning Ellipse Speed Illusion is an illusion of perceived speed in which a low-aspect ratio “fat” ellipse will appear to rotate more slowly than a higher-aspect ratio “skinny” ellipse that is rotating at the same speed. This illusory percept can be observed when the ellipses are defined by luminance, color, relative motion, and dotted contours and across a wide range of rotational speeds and eccentricities. The illusion is not limited to rotating ellipses and can be observed with different-shaped contours as well. The Spinning Ellipse Speed Illusion illustrates that the perceived speed of a rotating object depends in part on the form and form features of the object. Objects without characteristic form features such as regions of high or discontinuous contour curvature will appear to rotate more slowly than objects that have these features.
Geometric-Optical Illusions Under Isoluminance?
Authors: Hamburger Kai , Hansen Thorsten , Gegenfurtner Karl R.
Published: June 2017

This chapter briefly introduces nine classical geometric-optical illusions. These include the Delboeuf illusion, the Ebbinghaus illusion, the Judd illusion, the Müller-Lyer illusion, the Ponzo illusion, the vertical illusion, the Hering illusion, the Poggendorff illusion, and the Zoellner illusion. It then demonstrates that they persist under different luminance conditions and under isoluminance. The empirical findings show that our conscious percept is similarly affected by luminance conditions and isoluminance, suggesting that joint contour processing (chromatic and luminance) may extend well beyond early visual areas. The chapter further discusses these concepts in terms of the magnocellular system, the parvocellular system, and the koniocellular system.
The Bathtub Illusion
Authors: Maniatis Lydia M.
Published: June 2017

As we move around a picture, the light pattern projecting from it to our eye changes. The resulting percept also changes, but the nature of these changes varies from picture to picture. The contents of the picture may appear to remain parallel to the picture plane as it slants away from us, or they may undergo changes in their apparent shape and/or their orientation relative to the picture plane. The changes are a function of the geometry of the retinal projection competing with parallax cues to flatness. Here, a bathtub in a photo undergoes a radical shape change—from long and skinny to short and stubby—as we change our viewpoint.
Dynamic Illusory Size Contrast
Authors: Mruczek Ryan E. B. , Christopher D. Blair , Strother Lars , Caplovitz Gideon P.
Published: June 2017

Static size contrast and assimilation illusions, such as the Ebbinghaus and Delboeuf illusions, show that the size of nearby objects in a scene can influence the perceived size of a central target. This chapter describes a dynamic variant of these classic size illusions, called the Dynamic Illusory Size-Contrast (DISC) effect. In the DISC effect, a surrounding stimulus that continuously changes size causes an illusory size change in a central target. The effect is dramatically enhanced in the presence of additional stimulus dynamics arising from eye movements or target motion. The chapter proposes that this surprisingly powerful effect of motion on perceived size depends on the degree of uncertainty inherent in the size of the retinal image of a moving object.