bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance to Septoria tritici in Hordeum chilense×Triticum spp. Amphiploids
Authors: Rubiales D. , Ballesteros J. , Martín A.
Published: April 2006

The reaction of tritordeum and its Hordeum chilense and Triticum spp. parents to Septoria tritici was studied in field and seedling experiments. All H. chilense lines were highly resistant to all the isolates and did not allow pycnidia development. The ‘durum wheat isolate’ developed pycnidia only on durum wheats. The ‘breed wheat isolate’ was very virulent on bread wheat but also on the wild tetra‐ploid wheats. The other two isolates were compatible with durum and bread wheat. All hexaploid tritordeums were highly resistant both in the field and the seedling experiments. Some octoploid tritordeums allowed pycnidial development, but at much lower levels than their wheat parent. Resistance in tritordeum was not associated with plant stature and only in octoploid tritordeum was association of resistance with late maturity detected.
Introgression of Genetic Information from Triticum monococcum L, into Hexaploid Triticale by Hybridization with a T. monococcum×S. cereale Amphiploid
Authors: Sodkiewicz W.
Published: April 2006

Four hexaploid triticale lines were crossed as females with a T. monococcum×S. cereale amphiploid (AmAmRR), with the aim of introducing the genetic material of diploid wheat. F1‐plants (AmABRR)were back‐crossed with a parental form of 6×‐triticale as male and progenies were subjected to four different types of pollination with the aim of finding the optimal one in respect to gradual stabilization of introgressive hexaploid karyotypes. Beginning with BC1‐plants, a strong tendency to decrease the somatic chromosome number was observed. In subsequent generations this was accompanied by the decrease of seed germination and plant fertility. Both of these characters showed statistically significant dependence on somatic chromosome number variation which was analyzed in BC1/F2 and BC2 populations. Based on spike fertility, an effective selection pressure was applied to restitute the hexaploid chromosome number. In the BC1/F4 generation, the first morphologically uniform secondary hexaploid lines were selected. 11.4% of the lines showed a non‐waxy spike — a morphological marker transmitted from T. monococcum.
Variation in Phaseolus vulgaris in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Gil J. , Ron A. De
Published: April 2006

A collection of 51 accessions of Phaseolus vulgaris L. from N.W. of the Iberian Peninsula was evaluated for phenological, morphological, and agronomic characters for two years to study patterns of variation. Data were subjected to cluster analysis by variables choice, and six groups could be identified. These in turn corresponded to each previously described races ‘Nueva Granada’ and ‘Chile’ of South American origin, and races ‘Durango’ and ‘Mesoamerica’ of Middle American domestication center. Accessions falling in race ‘Nueva Granada’ had two distinct gene pools.
Location‐Specific and Across‐Location Selections for Seed Yield in Populations of Common Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Authors: Singh S. P. , Gutierrez J. A. , Urrea C. A. , Molina A. , Cajiao C.
Published: April 2006

Two populations of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were used to make three independent location‐specific selections at Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán, Colombia. Also, three across‐location selections were made by alternating generations between Palmira and Popayan, between Quilichao and Popayán, and among Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán. The seven highest yielding lines selected from each environment and population along with 14 parents and two checks were evaluated for seed yield, seed weight, maturity, and reaction to an‐thracnose, angular leaf spot, and common bacterial blight. Mean squares due to evaluation and selection environments, selected lines, and their interactions were significant for all traits. Mean yields of selected lines were higher than the mean of parents in both populations. Among location‐specific selections, lines yielded higher at their respective selection site. Moreover, selections made at Popayán were higher yielding than those made at Quilichao or Palmira when tested across locations and years. Use of Popayán, a relatively wetter and cooler site, either alone or in combination with other locations resulted in higher yield, higher seed weight, and higher resistance to anthracnose. On the average, location‐specific selections were lower yielding than the across‐location selections. Among across‐location selections, those selected between Palmira and Popayán were the highest yielding in both populations. Selections at Palmira and across all three locations resulted in greater stability.
Influence of Phytohemagglutinin on the Agronomic Performance of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Confalonieri M. , Bollini R. , Berardo N. , Vitale A. , Allavena A.
Published: April 2006

The abundant lectin phytohemagglutinin (10 % of total seed protein) does not contain sulfur amino acids and, being a potent antimetabolite, it is responsible for the lowering of the nutritional value of bean seeds. The aim of the present work was to improve the dry bean cultivar ‘Taylor's Horticultural’ (Asgrow), by genetically introducing the lectin null (lec/lec) character from two null genotypes: ‘Pinto UI 111’ and ‘Heidi’. Thirty‐seven BC2F3 and fourteen BC6F5 inbred lines were evaluated in agronomical trials. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences among BC2F3 breedings lines for all traits under evaluation. Comparison of the LedLee genotypes versus lec/lec did not show statistically significant differences in the means for the following traits: yield, yield components and percentage of protein in the seed. Fourteen BC6F5 lines, compared together with their recurrent parent ‘Taylor's Horticultural’, showed significant differences among genotypes for 1000 seed weight, protein percentage on dry matter and ash percentage. No significant differences were observed for grain yield. The data indicate that lectin removal did not have a detrimental effect on the traits evaluated.
Localization of the Laevigatum Resistance Gene MlLa against Powdery Mildew in the Barley Genome by the Use of RFLP Markers
Authors: Hilbers S. , Fischbeck G. , Jahoor A.
Published: April 2006

RFLP markers which were previously assigned to chromosome 2 (2H) were found to detect polymorphism between the cv. ‘Pallas’ and a near isogenic line carrying the Laevigatum resistance gene MlLa. Linkage analysis carried out with two sets of DH lines derived from the crosses ‘RisøS’×‘Sultan’ and ‘Alf’×‘Vogelsanger Gold 2’ confirmed three DNA probes closely linked with the MlLa locus.
Comparison of Organelle Polypeptide Profiles among Sections and Species in the Genus Beta: Evidences for Old Hybridization between Table Beets and Corollinae
Authors: Ouazzani Chadia , Bervillé A.
Published: April 2006

Mitochondrial and chloroplastic proteins of the three sectionsVulgares, Corollinae and Procumbentesof the genus Beta were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS. Most of the chloroplastic or mitochondrial polypeptides are common to the three sections, but some are present in one section only. Thus their presence in an individual allows it to be assigned to a section. The variation of chloroplastic and mitochondrial poly‐peptide profiles of closely related species has not been frequently reported. Thus the question arises about the differentiation of these species and subspecies. We found that table beets display polypeptides present either in the Vulgares or in the Corollinae, and consequently they probably result from an old hybridization.
Intraspecific Variation in Mean Endosperm Cell Cycle Time in Vicia faba (L.) and Interspecific Hybridization with Vicia narbonensis (L.)
Authors: Lazaridou T. B. , Roupakias D. G.
Published: April 2006

The rate of early embryo‐sac development was studied in seven faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars grown in a controlled environment. The embryo‐sac stage was determined from the number of endosperm nuclei per embryo‐sac and the number of embryo cells during the first 12 days after pollination. Differences in early embryo‐sac development were observed between the genotypes studied.

In addition, five different V. faba×V. narbonensis crosses and reciprocals were made using genotypes with small differences in mean endosperm cell cycle time and genotypes with large differences. The percentage of success (pod set) in V. faba×V. narbonensis crosses ranged between 9 % and 59 % while in the reciprocals it ranged from 12 % up to 30 %. However, cytological studies showed that the high percentage of success (pod set) observed in the cross A‐107 × A‐202 was not associated with a higher percentage of interspecific hybrid embryos.

The results indicate that genotypes of the two species with smaller differences in mean endosperm cell cycle time result neither in a higher percentage pod set nor in bigger hybrid embryos.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Eleven Isozyme Systems and their Possible Use as Biochemical Markers in Breeding of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)
Authors: Baes P. , Van Cutsem P.
Published: April 2006

Polymorphism and ontogeny of 11 chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) enzymatic systems have been analyzed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, namely: leucine aminopeptidase, phosphoglucomutase, shikimate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, superoxide dismutase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, esterase, phosphorylase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, 6‐phos‐phogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose phosphate isomerase. The use of these systems as biochemical markers is discussed.
High‐Molecular‐Weight Glutenin Subunits of the Most Commonly Grown Wheat Cultivars in the U.S. in 1984*
Authors: Lookhart G. L. , Hagman Kayla , Kasarda D. D.
Published: April 2006

All wheat varieties (106) grown in the U.S. on more than 100,000 acres (38,610 ha) as of the latest (1984) crop variety survey were characterized by sodium dodecylsulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). The high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunit (HMW‐GS) band patterns for each variety were assigned the corresponding Payne numbers and theoretical quality scores based on those assignments. The subunit assignments were compared for the different wheat varieties and the five main wheat classes grown in the U.S. Hard red spring (HRS) and winter (HRW) wheats used mainly for breadmaking showed a remarkably high percentage of bands associated with good breadmaking quality. The allele 5+10, which has the strongest association with good quality, was present in 91 % of the hard red spring wheats and 62 % of the hard red winter wheats. Also, 91 % of all HRS and 53 % of HRW wheat varieties had quality scores of 9 or 10 (10 is the highest possible score). Evidently, by selecting for quality through close cooperation with quality testing laboratories, U.S. breeders have unknowingly selected for high quality glutenin subunits in their released varieties.

HRS and HRW wheat varieties are normally grown in different environments in time and/or space, accounting to a large extent for differences in protein content (∼2 %) and other quality traits in the two crops. The uniformly high theoretical quality scores of the HRS wheats compared to more variable scores for HRW wheats may help to explain the popular perception that spring wheats have intrinsically higher quality than winter wheats. Admixing grain from variable (some poorer, most good) HRW wheat varieties (due to genetics or environment) has probably also led to the perception of overall lower quality for HRW than HRS wheats.

In the soft red winter (SRW) and soft white (SW) wheat classes where the end‐use is typically cookies and cakes, 40 and 90 %, respectively, have the allele 2+12 that correlates with poor bread baking quality. The absence of alleles for good bread baking quality may be predictive of good quality for soft wheat products.
Recurrent Selection for Increased Grain Yield and Resistance to Downy Mildew in Pearl Millet*
Authors: Rattunde H. F. W. , Wrrcombe J. R.
Published: April 2006

Six pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) composites were subjected to three or more cycles of selection in multilocational yield trials and downy mildew disease nurseries in India. The base and selected populations were tested (a) over four years at three locations in India (11° to 29°N), (b) under terminal‐drought and optimal moisture conditions for two years, and (c) under induced downy mildew infections to determine the impacts of selection on grain yield, agronomic traits, and resistance to downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola Sacc. Schroet.). Mean grain yield increases for four composites undergoing three to six cycles of selection ranged between 23 to 94 kg ha‐1 cycle‐1 (0.9 to 4.9 % cycle‐1) which, averaged over composites, amounted to 3.3 % cycle‐1. Yield gains were generally expressed at all test locations and under both terminal‐drought and optimal moisture environments. The gains in grain yield were associated with increases of both biomass and harvest index without extending the growth duration except in the earliest composite. Susceptibility to downy mildew remained below 10 % in all selected populations. Thus, the effectiveness of recurrent selection for increasing yield and yield stability of pearl millet is clearly demonstrated.
Screening Maize for Tolerance to Striga hermonthica
Authors: Efron Y.
Published: April 2006

Striga hermonthica is a widespread parasitic weed in Africa, causing severe damages to the major cereal crops: millet, sorghum and maize. Considering the subsistence nature of farming in Africa, the development of resistant or tolerant varieties is the most promising cost‐effective approach to overcoming the weed problem. A simple, inexpensive and sufficiently uniform infestation technique has been developed by the research department of AgSeeds Ltd., Zaria, Nigeria, which is based on mulching a field with mature Striga plants collected in neighbouring farmers' sorghum fields. With this method, rapid progress was achieved in the development of experimental maize hybrids with high levels of tolerance to S. Hermonthica and good yield potential. Among 34 lines with improved tolerance, two (nos. 74 and 785) showed particularly high levels of tolerance. The hybrid between these two lines had a significantly higher yield (47.6 %) under Striga infestation than the tolerant check 8322‐13 developed by IITA.
Diploidization in Haploid Tissue Cultures of Sorghum
Authors: Elkonin L. A. , Gudova T. N. , Ishin A. G. , Tyrnov U. S.
Published: April 2006

Conditions for the effective experimental regulation of ploidy level in regenerants from callus cultures derived from young, undifferentiated leaves and panicles of haploid sorghum were established. Diploidization depended on the ontogenetic age of the explant and the 2,4‐D concentration in the medium. With a low 2,4‐D concentration (0.5 mg/1) and segments of young panicles (< 35 mm long) the cultures produced only haploid regenerants. Diploid plants were formed from cultures derived from more mature panicles ( 35 mm long) and young leaves (15–65 mm long). Under a high 2,4‐D concentration (2.5 mg/1) diploid plants were regenerated from cultures derived from young panicles (less than 35 mm) except the most young ones (5–15 mm). The majority of the diploid regenerants contained mutations, mainly affecting male fertility and plant height.
Genetics of Six Components of Autofertility in Vicia faba
Authors: Torres A. M. , Moreno M. T. , Cubero J. I.
Published: April 2006

The inheritance of six components of autofertility was studied in faba beans in two consecutive years (1989 and 1990) by analysing parents, Fl and segregating generations of 14 crosses between preselected pure lines. Genetic analysis was performed by a joint scaling test proposed by Cavalli (1952). Additive gene effects were more important than dominance effects in flowers/node, pods/flower and ovules/ovary. In contrast, characters directly related with the seed such as pods/node, seeds/pod and, to a lesser extent, seeds/ovule showed high positive values of dominance. The three latter traits in general exhibited strong heterosis, probably due to genetic interactions. In order to produce selection gain, any breeding programme has to consider that dominance and heterosis vary according to the character involved. The present study reveals different degrees of dominance expression depending on cross specificity as well as on environmental conditions. The advantages of studying segregating generations instead of diallel crosses and the need for a simultaneous study of many crosses are emphasized in this paper.
Involvement of Chromosomes 5A and 5D in Cold‐Induced Abscisic Acid Accumulation in and Frost Tolerance of Wheat Calli
Authors: Galiba G. , Tuberosa R. , Kocsy G. , Sutka J.
Published: April 2006

The relationship between frost tolerance and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation was studied in callus cultures of three wheat cultivars differing in the level of frost‐tolerance, and of the 5A and 5D chromosome substitution lines from the frost‐tolerant variety ‘Cheyenne’ into frost‐sensitive ‘Chinese Spring’. Following cold hardening, the increase in ABA level in the calli of the two frost tolerant cultivars was significantly higher than in those of the frost‐susceptible cultivar. Similarly, in 5A and 5D substitution lines, significantly higher ABA levels were detected than in the recipient ‘Chinese Spring’. One week‐long ABA treatment at 26 °C induced a significantly higher level of frost tolerance than that achieved by cold hardening, irrespective of the frost sensitivity of the examined genotypes.
Grain Yield and Quality of Durum Wheat Landraces in a Dry Mediterranean Region of Northern Syria
Authors: Pecetti L. , Annicchiarrico P.
Published: April 2006

Twenty‐two durum wheat landraces of various origins were evaluated for performance and stability of grain yield, protein content and gluten strength (SDS sedimentation volume) at two sites of Northern Syria situated in the drought‐prone part of the local durum wheat belt. Yield was recorded in three seasons, while protein content and SDS volume were assessed in two seasons only. A high “entry X environment” interaction was observed for all traits, which was significantly attributable to heterogeneity of entry regressions on the environmental mean for grain yield only. Compared to the recently‐bred, widely‐grown variety ‘Sham I’, some landraces showed somewhat similar yield responses, whereas others proved more stable without being significantly lower yielding. Significant variation was found for SDS volume, though only few of the best‐ranking landraces for this trait also possessed an acceptable yield level. The entries did not significantly differ for protein content. The broad sense heritability estimates obtained for grain yield (0.59) and SDS volume (0.89) highlighted the interest in some of the landraces examined for improving grain yield and quality in the region.
The Effects of the Growth Retardant Chlormequat (CCC) on Plant Height and Yield in GA Insensitive Wheats
Authors: Börner A. , Meinel A.
Published: April 2006

Seven GA insensitive wheats differing in their final plant height were grown, over three years, in ran‐domized field plots and analyzed for their response to CCC. Whereas the shorter lines Were virtually unaffected by the chemical, the ‘tall dwarfs’ responded with reduced straw height and higher yields as a consequence of higher number of grains per ear. Therefore, depending on the genetical background, spraying with growth retardants to achieve optimal plant height may be beneficial to grain yield.
Effects of Salinity on Growth, Ionic Relations and Physiological Traits of Wheat, Disomic Addition Lines from Thinopyrum bessarabicum, and Two Amphiploids
Authors: Mahmood A. , Quarrie S. A.
Published: April 2006

The effects of NaCl on the growth, ion relations and physiological characteristics at early stages of growth of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Glennson 81’, ‘Chinese Spring’ lines tetrasomic for chromosomes 5A, 2B and 5B, ‘Chinese Spring’ disomic addition lines for chromosomes 2Eb and 5Eb from Thinopyrum bessarabicum (formerly Agropyron junceum), and amphiploids between ‘Chinese Spring’ and Thinopyrum bessarabicum and ‘Chinese Spring’ and Lophopyrum elongatum (formerly Agropyron elongatum) were examined.

Plants were grown in a controlled environment cabinet, in nutrient solution with or without addition of 200 mol m−3 NaCl. Growth in terms of leaf area, shoot and root weights was reduced by salt treatment. Salinity conditions gradually reduced the osmotic potential, though there was little effect on water potential. Turgor pressure was not much affected by salt. There was variation between genotypes for all the characteristics studied, especially in the extent of Na accumulation by leaves and roots. The amphiploids and 5Eb addition line accumulated the least Na in comparison with other genotypes. Generally roots accumulated lower quantities of Na than leaves. Genotype K contents were not affected by salt treatment. Stomatal conductance also declined whilst the ABA content increased in the salt treated seedlings.

With respect to growth, the amphiploids and 5Eb addition line were most tolerant to salt while ‘Glennson 81’, tetrasomic 2B and tetrasomic 5B lines were most susceptible. The addition of homoeologous group 2 and 5 chromosomes reduced the tolerance to salt relative to ‘Chinese Spring’ euploid.

It is concluded that chromosome 5Eb of Thinopyrum bessarabicum carries gene(s) for tolerance to salt and this tolerance may be due to the ability to exclude Na ions from the leaves and roots.
Relationship between Grain Yield and Remotely‐Sensed Data in Wheat Breeding Experiments
Authors: Ball Shane T. , Konzak Calvin F.
Published: April 2006

Data from aerial infrared photographs have recently been proposed as a complementary analytical tool for evaluating genotype performance in breeders' trials. Our objective was to establish the relationships between spring wheat grain yield and remotely‐sensed data in a variety experiment. Large genotype differences (P ≤ 0.05) in grain yield, red, and near infrared reflectance values occurred. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) regressions between grain yield and remoteley‐sensed data were observed for two dates of flight, but these functions varied between dates of flight. A normalized difference vegetative index, as an estimate of crop productivity, indicated that spring wheats with the highest grain yields may show correspondingly high dry matter production. However, low r2 values for the remotely‐sensed values suggest that much of the variability is not explained by these models. Future research must develop more accurate methods of remotely‐sensed analysis, including standardizing the images, identifying the correct time with respect to stage of crop development for infrared photographs, incorporating crop harvest index data into the models, and adjusting for identified spatial variation.
Pasta‐Making Quality in Triticum durum. New Indices from the Ratio among Protein Components Separated by SDS‐PAGE
Authors: Galterio G. , Grita L. , Brunori A.
Published: April 2006

Densitometric analysis of the gluten subunits as resolved by SDS‐PAGE electrophoresis of 23 samples from seven varieties of durum wheat has provided further evidence for the positive effect on the quality of pasta made from durum wheat of low‐molecular‐weight glutenins (LMWG) and high‐molecular‐weight‐glutenins (HMWG) and the negative influence of the intermediate‐molecular‐weight group (IMWG) (albumins, globulins, some glutenins, and omega gliadins).

Differences in the expression of pasta quality were expected among the varieties investigated. However, high quality was invariably the result of a preferential accumulation of (LMWG) and (HMWG) in respect to IMWG. It appeared that such a biochemical feature could represent a general mechanism on which the pasta‐making quality of durum wheat relies.

The high correlation observed between the ratio (LMWG)/IMWG or (LMWG + HMWG)/IMWG and quality (r = 0.85*** and 0.88***, respectively) suggested that SDS‐PAGE with densitometry of the gluten subunits could provide new quality indices useful in breeding durum wheats with improved pasta‐making quality and for the grading of durum produce for industrial purposes.
Analysis and Use of Interpool‐Crosses (Mediterranean × Central European) in Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.) I. Performance of Mediterranean and Central European Faba Beans in Syria and Germany
Authors: Kitttlitz E. V. , Ibrahim K. I. M. , Ruckenbauer P. , Robertson L. D.
Published: April 2006

The Central European and the Mediterranean Vicia faba gene pools carry different traits favourable for selecting cultivars with a high and stable yield performance. Interpool crosses, therefore, should provide interesting new basic material, although lack of adaptation of each “exotic” parent and linkage of genes may act against the introgression of favourable genes. In a first approach, five German and five Syrian parents (bred by ICARDA) of an interpool‐crossing programme were tested in two years in both regions of origin. The Syrian cultivars proved to be fairly well adapted in the German trials, while the German cultivars were highly unadapted to the Syrian conditions. The advantage of interpool‐crosses for both gene pools is discussed and recommendations on the further breeding strategy for adaptation of interpool‐cross‐progenies are given.
Inheritance of Bolting in Three Sugar Beet Crosses after Different Periods of Vernalization
Authors: Sadeghian S. Y. , Becker H. C. , Johansson E.
Published: April 2006

The induction of bolting after different periods of vernalization was studied in the parental, F1, F2 and backcross generations (F2× P1 and F2× P2) of three crosses between five sugar beet lines. The parental lines represented different levels of bolting resistance. The populations were evaluated in replicated field or greenhouse trials. Generation mean analysis was used to quantify the genetic effects of bolting. The additive (d) parameter was predominant for those levels of cold treatment that stimulated the bolting to occur. The dominance (h) parameter was also shown to be important in most cases. In one cross, the additive × additive (i) type of epistasis was significant. The chances of detecting genetic effects are increased by exposing the plants to vernalization conditions which maximize the difference between two parental lines of each cross. Hence, it would be sensible to exploit both additive and non‐additive genetic effects in any selection programme.
Genetic Resources for Salt Tolerance in the Wild Progenitors of Wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) and Barley (Hordeum spontaneum) in Israel
Authors: Nevo E. , Krugman T. , Beiles A.
Published: April 2006

Salt tolerance was tested in the progenitors of cultivated cereals, wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) from Israel. Plants from five selected populations of H. spontaneum from the Mediterranean Coastal Plain and northern Negev desert, were grown on 250 and 350 mM of NaCl. Likewise, five populations of T. dicoccoides from the eastern Samaria steppes, Mt. Hermon and Mt. Carmel, were grown on 175 and 250 mM of NaCl. Here we report on superior genotypes of H. spontaneum, ripening at 350 mM NaCl (= 60 % sea water), and of T. dicoccoides ripening at 250 mM (— 40 % sea water). We are proceeding now with both genetical and physiological studies aimed at chromosomally‐locating salt tolerant genes and unravelling the mechanism(s) of salt resistance in these wild cereals.
Variation at Glu‐1 Loci in Club Wheats
Authors: Rayfuse L. M. , Jones S. S.
Published: April 2006

Hexaploid club wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) possess unique end‐use quality characteristics and are grouped as a U.S. market subclass of soft white common wheat. Although there have been many reports on associations among high‐molecular‐weight glutenin storage protein (HMW‐Glu) sub‐units with end‐use quality in hard wheats; there has been very limited work done on surveying the club wheats for these subunits. The HMW‐Glu subunits, spike types and grain color were determined for 41 U.S. club wheat cultivars and 79 club accessions obtained from the National Small Grains Collection (NSGC), USDA‐ARS. Accession ‘Harlan JR 35’ (PI 420948), which appears morphologically to be a hexaploid club wheat, was determined to be tetraploid. Egyptian line ‘Maya II‐Tel's’ (PI 422288) was shown to have previously undescribed HMW‐Glu subunits. In the U.S. club wheats the most common HMW‐Glu subunits were: null, 49 % (Glu‐A1); 6, 37 % (Glu‐B1); and 2 + 12, 94 % (Glu‐D1). In the NSGC group the most common HMW‐Glu sub‐units were: 2*, 52 % (Glu‐A1); 7 + 8, 31 % (Glu‐B1); and 2 + 12, 92 % (Glu‐D1). The high frequency of subunits 2 + 12 in the club wheat groups has not been observed previously in numerous surveys of diverse wheat cultivars. The Glu‐B1 subunits 6 (without subunit 8) and 20 which have not been reported in US red wheats, were shown to be common in both club wheat groups. A comparison of diversity indices, including previous studies on HMW‐Glu subunit frequencies on all market classes of wheat, showed that the club groups are as diverse for the Glu‐A1 and Glu‐B1 loci and less diverse for the Glu‐D1 locus.
Chromosomal Assignment of Three Enzyme Coding Loci (Icd1, Nad‐Mdh1 and Aco1) Using Primary Trisomics in Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
Authors: Lange W. , Oleo M. , De Bock Th. S. M. , D'Haeseleer M. , Jacobs M.
Published: April 2006

Chromosomal assignment of three enzyme coding loci was established by evaluation of the segregation distortion in the offspring of crosses between heterozygous primary trisomics of a complete series in beet (Beta vulgaris) and heterozygous diploid pollinators. Depending on the rate of isozyme polymorphism in the original plant material, at least one, but more often two, crossing cycles were needed to obtain the desired segregating populations. In one case, a backcross was used to confirm the segregation distortion, and in two cases, the chromosomal assignment of the isozyme loci was confirmed by studying the dosage shift in the electrophoretic pattern of the critical trisomics. The isocitrate dehydrogenase locus (Icd1) is situated on chromosome II, the NAD‐dependent malate dehydrogenase locus (Nad‐Mdh1) on chromosome III, and the aconitase locus (Aco1) on chromosome IV.
Characterization of Organellar DNA in Alloplasmic Lines of Brassica napus L.
Authors: Halldén C. , Gertsson B. , Säll T. , Lind‐Halldén C.
Published: April 2006

Restriction analyses of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA were used to compare 19 different Brassica napus lines. Since these lines are all involved in a study of alloplasmic effects in male‐fertile B. napus, and the majority were extracted from different parts of a B. napus breeding programme, most cytoplasms are from B. napus, B. campestris or B. oleracea. Three cytoplasms differed from the expected pattern, emphazising the importance of control of the cytoplasms in alloplasmic studies. Chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA data produced analogous results, and these two sources of data are compared with respect to their usefulness in a plant breeding context where most of the samples are closely related.
Assignment of the denso Dwarfing Gene to the Long Arm of Chromosome 3(3H) of Barley by Use of RFLP Markers
Authors: Laurie D. A. , Pratchett N. , Romero C. , Simpson E. , Snape J. W.
Published: April 2006

RFLP analysis of 105 doubled haploid lines from a cross between the barley varieties ‘Magnum’ and ‘Goldmarker’ located the denso dwarfing gene on the long arm of chromosome 3(3H), approximately 8 cM distal to the RFLP locus Xpsrl70. Lines with the denso gene showed a distinctive prostrate juvenile growth habit and tended to have later ear emergence times and lower plant grain weights, ear grain weights and 50 grain weights.
Influence of the Indoleacetic Acid‐Lysine Synthetase Gene (iaaL) of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi on Yield Attributes of Potatoes
Authors: Fladung M.
Published: April 2006

The iaaL gene of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi encodes an indoleacetic acid‐lysine synthetase which conjugates free indoleacetic acid (IAA) with lysine. lAA‐lys is biologically less active than free IAA. The iaaL coding region was expressed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and transgenic potato plants were produced (Spena et al. 1991). 35S iaaL potato plants are characterized by increased internodal length and epinastic bending of older leaves. In three greenhouse experiments with plants grown in pots of different size and in two growth chamber experiments tuber number increased in iaaL transgenic plants compared to untransformed and vector‐transformed controls of the same genotype. The increase in tuber numbers observed under controlled conditions was reflected in tuber yield which increased in the pot grown transgenics.
Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Growth Rate in Lisianthus
Authors: Ecker R. , Barzilay A.
Published: April 2006

A study was made of the inheritance of stem elongation rate during early (SER1) and late (SER2) vegetative growth period, of mean leaf width (MLW) and of days to flowering (DTP) in lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Shinn.). The analysis was based on the data of an F1 diallel cross between different breeding lines. Marked directional heterosis was found for SER1, SER2 and MLW, but not for DTF, in which the dominance effects were incomplete and non‐directional. SER1 and SER2 were positively correlated with MLW, but negatively correlated with DTP. The implications and the potential of heterotic growth rate of F1 hybrid lisianthus are discussed.
Inheritance of Seed Coat Thickness in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and its Evolutionary Implications
Authors: Gil J. , Cubero J. I.
Published: April 2006

The desi and kabuli chickpeas are characterized, among other things, by their seed coats being thicker in the desi than in the kabuli type. The inheritance of seed coat thickness, and its relation to flower colour and seed size, was studied. Seed coat thickness exhibits monogenic inheritance, the thin kabuli seed coat being the recessive character. Linkage was found between seed coat thickness and flower colour, the recombinant fraction being 0.19. No relationship was found between seed coat thickness and seed size. The role of these characters in the evolution of the chickpea is discussed.
Hybridization, Through Culture of Embryos and Immature Seeds, of a Range of Tomato Cultivars with a Tomato Somatic Hybrid [Lycopersicon esculentum (+) L. peruvianum]: Emergence of a Possible New Marker Gene for Tomato Breeding
Authors: Paul R. S. , Latif M. , D'Utra Vaz F. B. , Davey M. R. , Power J. B.
Published: April 2006

Two hexaploid somatic hybrids [Sh; L. esculentum (+) L. Peruvianum] accessions 6 and 18 were back‐crossed with two diploid L. Esculentum cultivars ‘Moneymaker’ (mm) and ‘pusa Ruby’ (pr). Twenty‐two plants of the bc2 generation were produced by backcrossing 7 bcl plants (mm x sh, 6, 18) with five tomato cultivars. Fourteen of the bc2 plants were self‐fertile, five produced anther cones with anthocyanin pigmentation not present in the parents. A bc3 generation was developed by crossing the four cultivars as female parent with three bc2 generation plants. The bc3 progeny derived from one pollen parent plant were produced without the need to culture immature seeds. They segregated with respect to pigmented anther cones and were self‐fertile. The anther cone pigmentation of the pollen parent plant was associated with increased seed set, greater fruit size and an orange‐red fruit colour. These features were transmitted to the fertile bc3 generation. Conversely, bc3 offspring involving the other two parent plants were only recovered by culture of immature seeds. The recovery of diploid plants in BCl and self‐fertility in BC2 resulted in almost total recovery of the tomato cultivar characteristics (fruit size, colour and number of seeds) by BC3.
The Effect of Photoperiod Insensitivity on the Salt Tolerance of Amphiploids between Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Sand Couch Grass (Thinopyrum bessarabicum)
Authors: Martin P. K. , Taeb M. , Koebner R. M. D.
Published: April 2006

The amphiploid between bread wheat cv. ‘Chinese Spring’ and sand couch grass Thinopyrum bessarabicum is tolerant of salinity stress under long daylengths, but is extremely late‐flowering and grows poorly under short daylength conditions. A newly synthesized amphiploid between the inter‐varietal single chromosome substitution line carrying chromosome 2D of the photoinsensitive cultivar ‘Ciano 67’ in a ‘Chinese Spring’ background and the same accession of Th. bessarabicum is photoinsensitive and is more tolerant of salinity stress under short daylengths, both in terms of decreased ionic uptake and in showing less damage to a range of agronomic characters. The genetic basis of this difference is probably due to the presence in this genotype of both Ppdl and to allelic differences between the Thinopyrum gametes involved in the two amphiploids.
A Potential Screening System for Identifying Sorghum Ecotypes with Increased Lysine in the Seeds
Authors: Vernaillen S. , Laureys F. , Jacobs M.
Published: April 2006

Classical “high‐lysine” sorghum lines are characterized by smaller seeds than average, due to a decrease in prolamin synthesis and a subsequent decrease in yield. To exploit the natural variation in lysine content and to identify ecotypes with a seed lysine content higher than average, characterized by plump seeds, a method was developed based on root‐growth inhibition of seeds growing on a medium containing aminoethylcysteine (AEC), a lysine analogue. By using a collection of sorghum mutants and ecotypes a correlation coefficient of 0.926 between root length and lysine content was established. This method, which uses the root length of plants growing on aec to indicate which lines have a potential elevated lysine content, can be applied for the screening of sorghum germplasm. Since this is a non‐destructive method it can also be used at the individual seed level, for example for screening progenies of regenerated plants from in vitro culture to exploit the somaclonal variation.
Meiosis and Pollen Viability in Helianthus tuberosus L. and its Hybrids with Cultivated Sunflower
Authors: Atlagić Jovanka , Dozet B. , ŠKorić D.
Published: April 2006

The hexaploid species of Helianthus tuberosus is a potential source of resistance to several sunflower pathogens. But crossed with cultivated sunflower, it produces F, hybrids which have low values of fertility or even full sterility.

Pollen viability and meiotic features were studied in 17 populations of the species H. tuberosus and in F1 hybrids. Significant differences in pollen viability existed between populations (47.1–98.8%). In the 15 FI hybrids, plant fertility ranged from 0 to 100 per combination, while pollen viability ranged from 12.4 to 57.1.

Meiosis was almost normal in the analyzed species, and irregular in the F, hybrids. The highest percentage of meiocytes was with bivalents (85.9), but univalents (0.3) and multivalents (13.8) occurred as well. In metaphase and anaphase, the percentage of meiocytes with fast and lagging chromosomes was high. In anaphase, chromosome bridges were detected in 9.9 of the meiocytes.
A Rapid Test Procedure for Estimating the Amylose Content of Pea Starch *)
Authors: Haase N. U.
Published: April 2006

Rapid estimation of the amylose content of pea starch is of particular importance in breeding for pea starches high in amylose. An amylose test for starch in fresh potato tubers was adapted for use with high‐amylose pea flour. Wavelengths for photometric detection were slightly changed, and the iodine concentration could be reduced. Defatting of the flour was not necessary. Reproducibility of the analyses was good (s% <3; n = 95).

Variability of amylose content was investigated for different potato, barley and pea varieties. An analysis of the F4‐generation of a crossing experiment with peas underlined the specific suitability of this rapid test method for supporting breeders' activities.
A Comparison of Genetic Segregation in Traditional and Microspore‐Derived Populations of Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss.
Authors: Thiagarajah M. R. , Stringam G. R.
Published: April 2006

An isolated microspore culture procedure was used to produce doubled haploid lines of Brassica juncea from F1 plants of reciprocal crosses between the cultivar‘RLM514’and a canola quality breeding line. The inheritance of two qualitative markers, seed color and leaf hairiness, was compared using traditional and microspore‐derived populations from these crosses. Chi‐square tests indicated that each trait is controlled by different sets of duplicate pairs of genes. Brown seeds or hairy leaves can result from the presence of either of two dominant alleles, whereas yellow seed or glabrous leaves are produced when alleles at both loci are recessive. The segregation of genes controlling seed color and leaf hairs in doubled haploid progeny did not differ significantly from that expected under random assortment, indicating that doubled haploids can be used in this species for genetic studies, and probably cultivar development as well.
Rapid Screening for Aluminum Tolerance in Cereals by Use of the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Test
Authors: Moustakas M. , Ouzounidou G. , Lannoye R.
Published: April 2006

The effects of aluminum on the photosynthetic apparatus were examined in cereals grown in nutrient solutions (pH 4.5) at two Al levels (0 and 148 μM). The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics results confirmed that the soft wheat ‘BHG’ cultivar has the potential for growth on acid soils while triticale cultivars ‘Niovi’ and ‘Dada’ appeared to be relatively tolerant. The percentage decrease in Fv/Fm of the less tolerant cultivars after Al‐treatment indicated a decrease in the efficiency of the primary photochemistry of PS II, while the decrease in the ratio FV/Fosuggested that exposure of the cultivars ‘Dio’ and ‘Appulo E’ to aluminum caused injury to the thylakoid structure. The percentage fluctuations of the ratio Fv/Fmwere shown to correlate very closely with the assessment of injury as evaluated by the relative top fresh weight. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo could be used to monitor injury caused by “Al‐stress”, and thus they may serve as a rapid screening test for Al tolerance.
Inheritance of Cold Hardiness in Triticum aestivum × Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Crosses
Authors: Limin A. E. , Fowler D. B.
Published: April 2006

Synthetic hexaploid wheat, produced by combining tetraploid wheat (AB genome) with Triticum tauschii (D genome), was crossed to modern hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum ABD genome) in an attempt to introduce new cold hardiness genes into the common hexaploid wheat gene pool. The cold hardiness levels of F) hybrids ranged from similar to parental means to equal to the hardy parent, indicating that cold hardiness was controlled by both additive and dominant genes. As expected when dominant gene action is involved, differences between F2 and parental means were smaller than comparable differences in the F., Frequency distributions of F2—derived F3 lines also suggested that dominant genes were involved in the control of cold hardiness in some crosses. Heritability estimates for cold hardiness ranged from 63 to 70 % indicating that selection for cold hardiness should be effective in populations arising from crosses between common and synthetic hexaploid wheat. However, high selection pressure on the progeny of crosses that included the most hardy T. aestivum, T. durum, and T. tauschii accessions as parents did not identify transgressive segregates for improved cold hardiness. These observations indicate that the close wheat relatives, sharing common genomes with T. aestivum, are not promising sources of new genes to increase the maximum cold hardiness potential of common hexaploid wheat.
Genetic Variability for Haploid Production in Crosses Between Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheats with Maize
Authors: Amrani N. , Sarrafi A. , Alibert G.
Published: April 2006

Crosses were made between 14 wheat genotypes (11 tetraploid, 3 hexaploid) and a single Fl hybrid of maize that was used as the male parent. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three replications. Plants were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions (day length 16 h and temperature 25 °C/15 °C, day/night). To enhance embryo survival, 2, 4‐D treatment (10 mg/1) was applied to spikes 24 h after pollination with maize. Embryos were recovered from all tetraploid and hexaploid wheats at a rate of 2.09 to 26.76 per 100 pollinated florets. Haploid and doubled haploid plants were obtained from all hexaploid genotypes (T. aestivum) and from 5 of 11 tetraploid genotypes (T. turgidum var.). The most important point of these experiments was the ability to produce haploid plants from tetraploid wheat for two reasons: firstly, anther culture cannot be applied in tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum var.) due to the inefficiency of embryo formation and the high proportion of albino plants. Secondly, to date, crosses between tetraploid wheat and maize have resulted in embryo formation, but not in haploid plants.
Selection For Flag Leaf Stomatal Frequency In Bread Wheat
Authors: Bkagwat S.G. , Bhatia C. R.
Published: April 2006

Two Cultivars Of Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Showing Significant Differences In Stomatal Frequency On The Adaxial Surface Of The Flag Leaf Blade, Were Hybridized. Transgressive Segregation For Stomatal Frequency Was Observed In The F2 Generation and Selections Were Made For High and Low Stomatal Frequency. In The F9 Generation Two Selections Had Significantly Higher Frequencies Than The Higher Parent. Heritability For Stomatal Frequency Based On Parent‐Progeny Regression Were 42 % (F3—F4) and 81 % (F4—F5). Stomatal Frequency Was Negatively Correlated With The Flag Leaf Blade Area, Mesophyll Cell Size and Grain Size, However, Exceptions Were Observed.
Measurement of the Glucosinolate Content in Rapeseed Using the TRUBLUGLU Meter
Authors: Tholen J.T. , Buzza G. , McGregor D.I. , Truscoir R.J.W.
Published: April 2006

A simple and inexpensive method for the estimation of total glucosinolate (GSL) Content In rapeseed is described. It employs a newly developed portable reflectance instrument, the TRUBLUGLU Meter. The assay is based on the selective hydrolysis of Gsls By Endogenous myrosinase at pH 9, followed by measurement of the released glucose using Clinistix strips. The meter, which is calibrated prior to use with a standard glucose solution, can display a digital readout in units of either mM glucose or μol Gsl/g Seed.
Potential for Selection in the Progeny of an Interspecific Hybrid in Foxtail Millet
Authors: Zangre G. R. , Darmency H.
Published: April 2006

Genetic variation for morphology and grain yield components was studied in the F2 and 14 F3 families of an interspecific cross of Setaria italica (foxtail millet) with S. viridis s. s. (green foxtail). It appeared possible to recover the cultivated type using a simple selection procedure in F2 and F3. Comparison with a cross involving S. viridis var. major (giant green foxtail) is discussed.