bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomía Adolescente y Apoyo y Control Parental en Familias Indígenas Mexicanas
Authors: Esteinou Rosario
Published: September 2015

(analítico): Con base en una encuesta, en este artículo presento un análisis descriptivo de las percepciones de adolescentes indígenas de México, sobre su autonomía y los comportamientos de sus padres y madres en términos del apoyo y control que ellos y ellas ejercen. En particular, analizo si la autonomía alcanzada puede ser asociada a un proceso de separación/desconexión o de separación/conexión con los padres y madres. Este proceso está ligado a los rasgos que guardan los comportamientos de apoyo y de control por parte de los padres y madres. El resultado más importante es que el estilo de parentalidad más frecuentemente aplicado por los padres y madres es el autoritario, y este parece estar relacionado con el desarrollo de un tipo de autonomía desconectada.
Violencia e inseguridad contextual percibida y roles en bullying en escolares mexicanos
Authors: Hidalgo-Rasmussen CarLos , Hidalgo-San Martín Alfredo
Published: September 2015

(analítico): Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico realizado con 2201 niños y adolescentes, estudiantes de primaria, secundaria y preparatoria de México con el objetivo de analizar la relación entre sus percepciones de violencia del país y su municipio, inseguridad en su colonia y escuela y su rol en bullying escolar: observador, víctima o acosador. En México existen dos preocupantes fenómenos: la violencia vinculada al narcotráfico y los eventos de bullying escolar y en este trabajo se buscó aportar a explicar sus posibles relaciones. Se usó un cuestionario autoaplicado en línea y análisis estadístico con Ji cuadrado y regresión logística encontrando algunas asociaciones signifcativas entre la violencia, inseguridad percibida y los roles en bullying. Las variables contextuales como la violencia deben considerarse en programas de prevención y atención del bullying
Análisis organizativo de las clases de inclusión escolar en Francia
Authors: Cara-Díaz María , Sola-Martínez Tomás , Aznar-Diaz Inmaculada , Fernández-Martín Francisco
Published: September 2015

(Analítico): El objetivo de esta investigación se centra en la percepción que poseen los profesores sobre las Clases de Inclusión Escolar (CLIS) de Centros Públicos de Educación “Élémentaire” de la Loire (Francia) en relación con distintos aspectos organizativos. Contamos con una muestra de 40 profesores a quienes se les pasó el instrumento, un cuestionario ad hoc. Seguimos un diseño metodológico de carácter no experimental; concretamente, un diseño de encuesta transversal. Los resultados nos han acercado al contexto real de las CLIS obteniendo datos significativos sobre su tipología, el número de alumnos y alumnas escolarizados, el tiempo dedicado por los profesores y las profesoras a la planificación e implementación, y el grado de adecuación de las relaciones interpersonales de los individuos docentes respecto al resto de miembros implicados en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del alumnado de las CLIS.
La globalización de la sociedad del conocimiento y la transformación universitaria
Authors: Rengifo-Millán Maritza
Published: September 2015

(analítico): El mundo vive actualmente transformaciones debido a la globalización y al avance de la sociedad del conocimiento. La enseñanza superior presenta como referente principal la producción del saber, lo cual ha originado reformas en las universidades. Mi objetivo en este artículo es mostrar las características, los principales ejes estratégicos del cambio y sus resultados. Basé el plan metodológico en la descripción y análisis de estudios realizados entre 1997 y 2013, desde una perspectiva comparativa entre países desarrollados y América Latina. Concluyo que las grandes diferencias existentes son, especialmente, el escaso financiamiento para la educación superior, el limitado acceso de la juventud a las universidades, la falta de innovación e internacionalización de los currículos y la investigación, así como la insuficiente cultura de la calidad en Latinoamérica.
Visita domiciliaria familiar: estrategia didáctica para la formación integral del personal médico
Authors: Zuliani-Arango Liliana Adela , Villegas-Peña María Eugenia , Galindo-Cárdenas Leonor Angélica , Kambourova Miglena
Published: September 2015

La dificultad de abordar el proceso Salud-Enfermedad desde lo biopsicosocial, ha promovido otras estrategias para favorecer la formación integral en el futuro profesional de la salud. En esta investigación buscamos como objetivo comprender la importancia de la visita domiciliaria familiar como estrategia didáctica para la formación integral de los estudiantes y las estudiantes -años 2006 a 2011-, de pregrado de Medicina de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. Es un estudio cualitativo histórico hermenéutico fenomenológico, que implica sistematización de caso y revisión documental con análisis ético, efectuado a 36 participantes entre estudiantes y docentes, en entrevistas, grupos focales y observaciones participantes. Resultados y conclusiones: la visita domiciliaria familiar es la estrategia didáctica que facilita la mirada integral en la formación del estudiante o la estudiante y mejora la relación médico-paciente, genera compromiso social y responsabilidad en su quehacer médico-puericultor.
El proceso de investigación de conocimientos infantiles en psicología genética y antropología
Authors: García-Palacios Mariana , Horn Axel , Castorina José Antonio
Published: September 2015

(descriptivo) En este artículo reflexionamos acerca del proceso de investigación de los conocimientos sociales de los niños y niñas, a la luz de los abordajes de la psicología genética crítica y la antropología. El estudio está organizado en cinco partes. Primeramente, analizamos los supuestos epistémicos que orientan las prácticas de investigación sobre los conocimientos. A partir de allí, discutimos la influencia de los marcos epistémicos sobre la elaboración de las unidades de análisis, revisando las propuestas en el campo de la psicología del desarrollo y en la antropología. Luego nos centramos en la problemática de las entrevistas en las aproximaciones etnográficas y psicológicas, para, más adelante, explicitar de qué manera incorporamos las diferentes herramientas metodológicas en nuestras investigaciones empíricas. Por último, presentamos las principales conclusiones a las que hemos arribado.
Políticas para la inserción laboral de jóvenes: estudios en Latinoamérica y Argentina
Authors: Isacovich Paula
Published: September 2015

(analítico): Este trabajo forma parte de una investigación etnográfica finalizada sobre las relaciones entre jóvenes y políticas de formación e inserción laboral en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. En ese marco, en el artículo analizo y sintetizo diversas perspectivas de investigaciones en ciencias sociales que enfocaron la inserción laboral juvenil en América Latina desde la escolarización y las políticas de fomento al empleo joven, o bien desde las experiencias de la gente joven en relación con la formación y el trabajo. Concluyo señalando aspectos vacantes de los estudios y sugiriendo abordajes para ampliar la comprensión del tema
Effect of Selective Heart Rate Slowing in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Pal Nikhil , Sivaswamy Nadiya , Mahmod Masliza , Yavari Arash , Rudd Amelia , Singh Satnam , Dawson Dana K. , Francis Jane M. , Dwight Jeremy S. , Watkins Hugh , Neubauer Stefan , Frenneaux Michael , Ashrafian Houman
Published: September 2015

Background—

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality but is currently refractory to therapy. Despite limited evidence, heart rate reduction has been advocated, on the basis of physiological considerations, as a therapeutic strategy in HFpEF. We tested the hypothesis that heart rate reduction improves exercise capacity in HFpEF.

Methods and Results—

We conducted a randomized, crossover study comparing selective heart rate reduction with the
I
f
blocker ivabradine at 7.5 mg twice daily versus placebo for 2 weeks each in 22 symptomatic patients with HFpEF who had objective evidence of exercise limitation (peak oxygen consumption at maximal exercise [

o
2
peak] <80% predicted for age and sex). The result was compared with 22 similarly treated matched asymptomatic hypertensive volunteers. The primary end point was the change in

o
2
peak. Secondary outcomes included tissue Doppler–derived E/e′ at echocardiography, plasma brain natriuretic peptide, and quality-of-life scores. Ivabradine significantly reduced peak heart rate compared with placebo in the HFpEF (107 versus 129 bpm;
P
<0.0001) and hypertensive (127 versus 145 bpm;
P
=0.003) cohorts. Ivabradine compared with placebo significantly worsened the change in

o
2
peak in the HFpEF cohort (-2.1 versus 0.9 mL·kg
−1
·min
−1
;
P
=0.003) and significantly reduced submaximal exercise capacity, as determined by the oxygen uptake efficiency slope. No significant effects on the secondary end points were discernable.

Conclusion—

Our observations bring into question the value of heart rate reduction with ivabradine for improving symptoms in a HFpEF population characterized by exercise limitation.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02354573.
Li Bai’s “Rhapsody on the Hall of Light”: A Singular Vision of Cosmic Order
Authors: Morrow Williams Nicholas
Published: September 2015

Li Bai’s “Rhapsody on the Hall of Light” offers a grand tour and exuberant depiction of the Mingtang, an edifice central to traditional theories of government and ritual. The poem has often been dismissed as belonging to the poet’s juvenilia, but more likely reflects the ambition and self-confidence of his youthful prime. It has also been viewed with suspicion because of the Mingtang’s associations with the inter­regnum of Empress Wu, but this only increases its interest for the modern reader. Comparison with its primary models, the epideictic fu of the Han dynasty, shows Li Bai’s ability to transform his sources. He inserts his own flourishes within the cosmic order that the Mingtang represents, while recasting the edifice as a symbol of his own creative prowess. The article concludes with the first complete English trans­lation of the “Rhapsody on the Hall of Light.” 

La “Rhapsodie du Palais de lumière” de Li Bai nous fait visiter un édifice jouant un rôle essentiel dans les théories traditionnelles du gouvernement et du rituel, le Mingtang, et en propose une description exubérante. Cette pièce a souvent été rejetée comme œuvre de jeunesse, alors qu’elle reflète plutôt l’ambition et l’assurance d’un jeune poète en pleine possession de ses moyens. La “Rhapsodie” a aussi été considérée avec suspicion en raison de l’association du Mingtang avec l’interrègne de l’impératrice Wu, alors que pour le lecteur moderne cela en accroît plutôt l’intérêt. La comparaison avec ses principaux modèles, les fu épidictiques de l’époque des Han, révèle la capacité de Li Bai à transmuer ses sources. Il intègre sa propre ornementation à l’ordre cosmique représenté par le Mingtang, tout en transformant l’édifice en un symbole de ses propres pouvoirs créatifs. L’article se conclut avec la première traduction intégrale de l’œuvre en anglais.
Failure Stories: Interpretations of Rejected Papers in the Late Imperial Civil Service Examinations
Authors: Chu Shiuon
Published: September 2015

This article investigates the practice of returning marked papers to rejected candidates in late imperial Chinese examinations. The practice—common from the sixteenth century to the abolition of imperial examinations in 1905—established a sense of personal communication between examiners and examinees and was an opportunity for rejected candidates to benefit from the examination system. The failed papers returned to their authors enabled them to make sense of their performance by interpreting, when not misconstruing, examiners’ comments. The examiners sometimes praised the papers and blamed the decision to fail on other examiners. As a result, most rejected candidates tended not to challenge the examiners through official channels or take collective action against the examination system. Thus, in the late imperial examination system, the ways in which rejecting decisions could be negotiated and construed were no less important than the awarding of degrees to an extremely small proportion of participants. 

Cet article s’intéresse à la pratique, particulière à la période impériale tardive, consistant à rendre leurs copies aux candidats ayant échoué aux examens. Courante depuis le xvie siècle et jusqu’à l’abolition des examens mandarinaux en 1905, cette pratique créait l’impression d’une relation personnelle entre les examinateurs et les candidats et était un moyen pour ceux qui avaient échoué de tirer profit du système. Les copies rejetées retournées à leurs auteurs permettaient à ces derniers de donner un sens à leur performance en interprétant, voire en dévoyant, les commentaires des examinateurs. Il arrivait que les examinateurs fassent l’éloge des copies et attribuent à autrui la décision de les rejeter. De ce fait, la plupart des candidats malheureux évitaient de contester les examinateurs par la voie réglementaire ou de manifester collectivement contre le système. Ainsi, dans le système des examens à la fin de la période impériale, la manière dont les décisions négatives pouvaient être négociées ou interprétées n’était pas moins importante que l’attribution de rangs académiques à une toute petite proportion de ceux qui concouraient.
Morocco: An Islamic Globalizing Monarchy within the Elusive Phenomenon of Arab Spring
Authors: Alicino Francesco
Published: September 2015

Far from taking place in a vacuum, in Morocco the 2011 constitutional revision was assessed both from an internal political perspective and within the broader context of what has come to be called the ‘Arab Spring’. In this manner, the 2011 Moroccan Constitution has indeed marked an unprecedented change, declaring the State’s adherence to the protection of human rights, which are strictly related to the Western history of ‘secular constitutionalism’. Yet, in order to better understand the constitutional transition, one has to consider the religious characteristic of Moroccan monarchy which, on the other hand, makes it a prototype of a ‘globalizing monarchy’, especially within the context ofmena(Middle East and Nord African) region.

The Moroccan constitutional transition can in fact be seen as a peculiar tool for taking into account endogenous and exogenous factors respectively. On the one hand, it allows us to investigate how an Islamic specific legal tradition interacts with some principles that represent the pillars of constitutional democracies and that, as such, have been universally recognised; at least in the West. On the other, the exceptionalism of ‘Moroccan spring’ lets us to evaluate how these very principles are contextualized in a peculiar context ofmenaregion; by which, for the same reasons, one can draw more general considerations concerning the relationship between the pressing process of globalization and post-colonial Muslim-majority States.
An Approach to Science in the Qurʾān
Authors: Daneshgar Majid
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this analytical study is to re-examine Ṭanṭāwī Ǧawharī’s (1862-1940) so-called scientific exegesis of the Qurʾān. Some academics have praised him, while others critiqued or even called him a dreamer. However, this study takes into account Ṭanṭāwī’s view concerning science and explores his true motives for invoking science. The main purpose for analyzing his view in the course of this article is to further explore his definition of science. Nonetheless, the essential question is: Was science a tool he employed to help comprehend the Qurʾān or a vehicle by which to convey his personal messages? In this regard, two phases will be considered: (a) Ṭanṭāwī and his exegesis; and (b) Ṭanṭāwī’s definition of science in his exegesis, which will be achieved through an investigation of his viewpoints about different Qurʾānic verses.
The Armenian Diaspora in Italy
Authors: Ferri Enrico
Published: September 2015

Taking inspiration from some analytical paths in a recent book by Agop Manoukian—Presenza Armena in Italia. 1915-2000, Milano, Guerini e Associati, 2014)—the author traces some significant moments of the Armenian diaspora in Italy during the 20th century including its complex relations with socio-political Italy, in context with Middle Eastern and international relations, which during the World Wars also involves the United States. In particular, the author considers the relations of the Italian Armenian diaspora with the kingdom of Italy in the first instance and then with the fascist regime, during the period when racial laws involved the small Armenian community. Then the author focuses on the new realities of Republican Italy and the Socialist Republic of Armenia and the debate that developed during the second half of last century, between those who believed it possible to preserve the Armenian identity and those in the diaspora who supported a political initiative in favour of the re-conquest of Armenia’s historic lands. Particular attention is reserved for the genocide of 1915 and the new entity of the Republic of Armenia.
Die Laubmoosflora der Seychellen
Authors: O´Shea Brian J. , Frahm Jan-Peter , Porembski Stefan
Published: September 2015

A survey of the mosses from the Seychelles is provided, which includes 107 species. The list includes 24 species of mosses collected by S. Porembski in spring 1995 in the Seychelles. Seven species [Acanthorrhynchium loucoubense (Besch.) Fleisch., Brachymenium exile (Dozy & Molk.) Bosch & Lac., Campylopus robillardei Besch., Campylopus nanophyllus C. Müll. in Broth., Fissidens crispulus Brid., Leucoloma sinuosulum C. Müll. ex Besch. and Vesicularia albo-viridis (Ren.) Broth.] are reported for the first time for the Seychelles. Acroporium punctuliferum (Thw. & Mitt.) Fleisch. and Luisierella barbula (Schwaegr.) Steere are new to Africa. The floristic affinities between the moss flora of the Seychelles and the other East African islands are calculated.
A new species of the genus Alienates Barber (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Enicocephalidae: Alienatinae) from Venezuela
Authors: Baňař PETR , Štys Pavel , KOLESNICHENKO YULIYA
Published: September 2015

New species Alienates thomasi sp. nov. Baňař & Štys is described from Venezuela based on a single female. It is the first species recorded from South America, and is illustrated and compared with other Caribbean and Central American Alienates species
The genus Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe 1832 (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Colombia, with description of new cave-dwelling species
Authors: CALA-RIQUELME FRANKLYN , GUTIÉRREZ-ESTRADA MIGUEL A. , DAZA EDUARDO FLÓREZ
Published: September 2015

The genus Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832, the so-called brown or violin spiders, currently includes 107 species distributed in the subtropical-areas and tropics of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and America (World Spider Catalog 2015). Species of this genus may live in both natural habitats (under rocks, trunks, inside tree holes and caves) and inside houses (Gertsch 1967; Bertani et al. 2010). Loxosceles is a group of medical importance in several regions of the world, due to the large number of cases of envenomation registered annually (Swanson & Vetter 2006; Vetter 2008; Vetter et al. 2009). Gertsch (1967, 1983) conducted the most comprehensive revisions for Loxosceles in America, and proposed several species groups. More recently, the genus has been the focus of several studies including taxonomic revisions, phylogenetic analyses and biogeography (Duncan et al. 2010; Bertani et al. 2010; Gonçalves-de-Andrade et al. 2012; Lotz 2012; Sánchez-Ruiz & Brescovit 2013; Planas & Ribera 2014; Binford et al. 2008).
Phylogenetic position of Electrostrymon picoloro, a new high elevation hairstreak from western Colombia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini)
Authors: PRIETO CARLOS DANIEL , ROBBINS ROBERT K.
Published: September 2015

The phylogenetic position of a new high-elevation butterfly species, which we describe as Electrostrymon picoloro Prieto & Robbins, new species, is assessed. The ventral wing pattern and genitalic structures of this species are unique among Electrostrymon. This species is also unique among Electrostrymon in that it occurs, so far as is known, only in habitats above 2800 m elevation. A phylogenetic analysis places this species in Electrostrymon as the sister of a multi-species clade. The ancestors of E. picoloro appear to have colonized its high elevation habitat relatively early in the phylogenetic history of Electrostrymon, but the species then did not recolonize lower elevation habitats nor did it diversify into other extant species.
Badania w zakresie lingwistyki tekstu w lingwistyce chorwackiej i serbskiej
Authors: Cichońska Maria
Published: September 2015

Croatian and Serbian text linguisticsThis work reviews the actual state of research in the area of textual criticism. The monographic works of Croatian and Serbian linguists were investigated in view of the subject and the methodology being used as well as the contribution that they make to the Slavonic and non-Slavonic text linguistics.Included are the work dated from 1984 (the beginning of the text structure research in different styles of language), till the last publication in 2008.They show multidirectional approaches that were taken in studies, varing from the strictly grammatical analysis of the text that were typical to Croatian linguists, up to the more interdisciplinary ones – psycholinguistic and pragmatic present in the analysis of colloquial discurs in works of Serbian linguists.
Kwantyfikacyjne i egzystencjalne wykładniki afirmacji na przykładzie języka serbskiego
Authors: Grygiel Marcin
Published: September 2015

Quantifiers and existentials as markers of affirmation in SerbianIn the paper I argue that quantifiers understood as numerical language expressions and the verb ‘to be’ are used to express and intensify affirmation in Serbian and other Slavic languages. I focus on two types of quantifiers: the universal quantifier, represented in Serbian by the lexeme svi and its derivatives, and the existential quantifier associated with the numeral jedan and the verb ‘to be’. Both types of quantifiers in analyzed contexts acquire secondary functions of affirmation markers. However, the scope of this type of affirmation marking is quite limited as very often the same words may be used in negative contexts. As a consequence, it is impossible to describe this function referring to any strict logical rules, but it is better to regard it as a metaphorical extension. Thus, the use of universal quantifier as a marker or intensifier of affirmation is believed to be best described as being based on the conceptual metaphor AFFIRMATION IS COMPLETENESS and the intensification of affirmation in the case of existential quantifier and the verb ‘to be’ relies on the metaphor AFFIRMATION IS EXISTENCE.
The Effects of Gridding Algorithms on the Statistical Moments and Their Trends of Daily Surface Air Temperature*
Authors: Cavanaugh Nicholas R. , Shen Samuel S. P.
Published: September 2015

This paper explores the effects from averaging weather station data onto a grid on the first four statistical moments of daily minimum and maximum surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies over the entire globe. The Global Historical Climatology Network–Daily (GHCND) and the Met Office Hadley Centre GHCND (HadGHCND) datasets from 1950 to 2010 are examined. The GHCND station data exhibit large spatial patterns for each moment and statistically significant moment trends from 1950 to 2010, indicating that SAT probability density functions are non-Gaussian and have undergone characteristic changes in shape due to decadal variability and/or climate change. Comparisons with station data show that gridded averages always underestimate observed variability, particularly in the extremes, and have altered moment trends that are in some cases opposite in sign over large geographic areas. A statistical closure approach based on the quasi-normal approximation is taken to explore SAT’s higher-order moments and point correlation structure. This study focuses specifically on relating variability calculated from station data to that from gridded data through the moment equations for weighted sums of random variables. The higher-order and nonlinear spatial correlations up to the fourth order demonstrate that higher-order moments at grid scale can be determined approximately by functions of station pair correlations that tend to follow the usual Kolmogorov scaling relation. These results can aid in the development of constraints to reduce uncertainties in climate models and have implications for studies of atmospheric variability, extremes, and climate change using gridded observations.
Evaluation of 22 Precipitation and 23 Soil Moisture Products over a Semiarid Area in Southeastern Arizona*
Authors: Stillman Susan , Zeng Xubin , Bosilovich Michael G.
Published: September 2015

Precipitation and soil moisture are rigorously measured or estimated from a variety of sources. Here, 22 precipitation and 23 soil moisture products are evaluated against long-term daily observed precipitation (Pobs) and July–September daily observationally constrained soil moisture (SM) datasets over a densely monitored 150 km2 watershed in southeastern Arizona, United States. Gauge–radar precipitation products perform best, followed by reanalysis and satellite products, and the median correlations of annual precipitation from these three categories with Pobs are 0.83, 0.68, and 0.46, respectively. Precipitation results from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are the worst, including an overestimate of cold season precipitation and a lack of significant correlation of annual precipitation with Pobs from all (except one) models. Satellite soil moisture products perform best, followed by land data assimilation systems and reanalyses, and the CMIP5 results are the worst. For instance, the median unbiased root-mean-square difference (RMSD) values of July–September soil moisture compared with SM are 0.0070, 0.011, 0.014, and 0.029 m3 m−3 for these four product categories, respectively. All 17 (except 3) precipitation [17 (except 2) soil moisture] products with at least 20 years of data agree with Pobs (SM) without significant trends. The uncertainties associated with the scale mismatch between Pobs and coarser-resolution products are addressed using two 4-km gauge–radar precipitation products, and their impact on the results presented in this study is overall small. These results identify strengths and weaknesses of each product for future improvement; they also emphasize the importance of using multiple gauge–radar and satellite products along with their uncertainties in evaluating reanalyses and models.
Strongly Coupled Data Assimilation Using Leading Averaged Coupled Covariance (LACC). Part II: CGCM Experiments*
Authors: Lu Feiyu , Liu Zhengyu , Zhang Shaoqing , Liu Yun , Jacob Robert
Published: September 2015

This paper uses a fully coupled general circulation model (CGCM) to study the leading averaged coupled covariance (LACC) method in a strongly coupled data assimilation (SCDA) system. The previous study in a simple coupled climate model has shown that, by calculating the coupled covariance using the leading averaged atmospheric states, the LACC method enhances the signal-to-noise ratio and improves the analysis quality of the slow model component compared to both the traditional weakly coupled data assimilation without cross-component adjustments (WCDA) and the regular SCDA using the simultaneous coupled covariance (SimCC).

Here in Part II, the LACC method is tested with a CGCM in a perfect-model framework. By adding the observational adjustments from the low-level atmosphere temperature to the sea surface temperature (SST), the SCDA using LACC significantly reduces the SST error compared to WCDA over the globe; it also improves from the SCDA using SimCC, which performs better than the WCDA only in the deep tropics. The improvement in SST analysis is a result of the enhanced signal-to-noise ratio in the LACC method, especially in the extratropical regions. The improved SST analysis also benefits the subsurface ocean temperature and low-level atmosphere temperature analyses through dynamic and statistical processes.
Tropical Cyclogenesis Detection in the North Pacific Using the Deviation Angle Variance Technique
Authors: Wood Kimberly M. , Rodríguez-Herrera Oscar G. , Ritchie Elizabeth A. , Piñeros Miguel F. , Hernández Ivan Arias , Tyo J. Scott
Published: September 2015

The deviation angle variance technique (DAV-T) for genesis detection is applied in the western and eastern North Pacific basins. The DAV-T quantifies the axisymmetric organization of cloud clusters using infrared brightness temperature. Since axisymmetry is typically correlated with intensity, the technique can be used to identify relatively high levels of organization at early stages of storm life cycles associated with tropical cyclogenesis. In addition, the technique can be used to automatically track cloud clusters that exhibit signs of organization. In the western North Pacific, automated tracking results for the 2009–11 typhoon seasons show that for a false alarm rate of 25.6%, 96.8% of developing tropical cyclones are detected with a median time of 18.5 h before the cluster reaches an intensity of 30 knots (kt; 1 kt = 0.51 m s−1) in the Joint Typhoon Warning Center best track at a DAV threshold of 1750°2. In the eastern North Pacific, for a false alarm rate of 38.0%, the system detects 92.9% of developing tropical cyclones with a median time of 1.25 h before the cluster reaches an intensity of 30 kt in the National Hurricane Center best track during the 2009–11 hurricane seasons at a DAV threshold of 1650°2. A significant decrease in tracked nondeveloping clusters occurs when a second organization threshold is introduced, particularly in the western North Pacific.
Does Health Literacy Level Influence the Effectiveness of a Kiosk-Based Intervention Delivered in the Pediatric Emergency Department?
Authors: Shields Wendy C. , McDonald Eileen M. , McKenzie Lara B. , Gielen Andrea C.
Published: September 2015

Objective. This study assesses parents’ literacy skills and evaluates how literacy levels influenced the effectiveness of a health communication intervention designed to improve safety knowledge in low-income, urban families. Methods. A total of n = 450 parents of children aged 4 to 66 months completed the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) and participated in a randomized trial of an injury prevention intervention delivered via computer kiosk in a pediatric emergency department. A safety knowledge test was administered by telephone 2 to 4 weeks later. Results. More than one-third of parents were assessed by the REALM to have marginal (30%) or inadequate (8%) reading levels; the remaining 62% of parents had adequate reading levels. REALM scores were independently associated with knowledge gains for poison storage and smoke alarms. Conclusions. Participants reading level had an independent and significant effect on safety knowledge outcomes. Literacy level should be considered in all patient education efforts.
Colonial Legacies and State Institutions in China
Authors: Mattingly Daniel C.
Published: September 2015

What is the legacy of Japanese colonial rule in East Asia? In this article, I use a geographic regression discontinuity design to examine of the long-run effects of Japanese rule over northern China. I find that the Japanese colonization of northern China had a positive long-run effect on state institutions—with persistent increases in schooling, health, and bureaucratic density. I also find suggestive evidence that colonization led to increases in wealth, as measured by census data and nighttime luminosity. The positive legacy of Japanese colonization in northern China suggests that intense state building efforts can pay long-run dividends, even in the context of a brutal and extractive regime.
Evaluation of porosity effects on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic unidirectional laminates by X-ray computed tomography and mechanical testing
Authors: Stamopoulos AG , Tserpes KI , Prucha P , Vavrik D
Published: September 2015

The effects of porosity on the matrix-dominated mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites were evaluated using X-ray computed tomography and mechanical testing. Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic plates of four porosity levels were manufactured by implementing different curing cycles. Porosity was detected by X-ray computed tomography tests, conducted on samples taken from the plates, and quantified by analyzing the computed tomography scans using the VGStudio Max software. Four different types of mechanical tests were conducted; namely, transverse tension, V-notched rail shear, three-point bending, and short-beam shear tests. The porosity analysis showed that with increasing the porosity volume fraction, the number of pores decreases, their volume increases while their shape changes from spherical or ellipsoidal to a needle-shape. The results from mechanical tests reveal that the presence of pores reduces all matrix-dominated material properties of the UniDirectional (UD) carbon fiber-reinforced plastic material. The reduction in strength is greater than the reduction in the elastic properties. Moreover, the reduction in the in-plane shear and interlaminar properties is greater than the tensile properties of the UD carbon fiber-reinforced plastic material. Between porosity contents of similar volume fraction, the one with the few large pores proved more severe than the one with the many small pores. The large standard deviation observed for some of the tests is attributed to the non-uniform dispersion of pores.
Disrupting Postsecondary Prose
Authors: Patton Lori D.
Published: September 2015

Ladson-Billings and Tate ushered critical race theory (CRT) into education and challenged racial inequities in schooling contexts. In this article, I consider the role CRT can play in disrupting postsecondary prose, or the ordinary, predictable, and taken for granted ways in which the academy has functioned for centuries as a bastion of racism and White supremacy. I disrupt racelessness in education, but focus primarily on postsecondary contexts related to history, access, curriculum, policy, and research. The purpose of this article is to commemorate and extend Ladson-Billings and Tate’s work toward a CRT of higher education.
Building a multimodal network and determining individual accessibility by public transportation
Authors: Djurhuus Sune , Sten Hansen Henning , Aadahl Mette , Glümer Charlotte
Published: September 2015

The increased availability of transit schedules from web sites or travel planners as well as more disaggregate data has led to a growing interest in creating individual public transportation accessibility measures. However, used extensively, standard GIS software does not have direct capabilities to integrate transit schedules into multimodal networks and measure space–time-based accessibility. This has caused authors to either simplify travel time elements or develop tools to overcome these challenges. In this paper we aim to describe and implement a method that enables integrating time-table data from a travel planner into a multimodal network model using simple SQL (structured query language) programming and standard GIS. The method presented here integrates all parts of travelling by public transportation from individual home addresses to all reachable transit stops within different travel time thresholds. The method is used successfully to create a multimodal travel-time network model of the Capital Region of Denmark comprising bus, train, light rail, metro, and ferry as well as integrating walking or cycling to stops. Here, the individual accessibility is defined as accessibility areas. The accessibility areas are created at morning rush hour for a study population of 29 447 individuals and a few examples of accessibility areas are presented. The results show a big difference in individual public transportation accessibility in the region. In addition, how the transit network is accessed, whether it is at the nearest stop or at all stops within 1 km walking distance or 3 km cycling distance, leads to very different accessibility areas.
Cortical oxygenation suggests increased effort during cognitive inhibition in ecstasy polydrug users
Authors: Roberts CA , Montgomery Catharine
Published: September 2015

Background:

It is understood that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) causes serotonin dysfunction and deficits in executive functioning. When investigating executive function, functional neuroimaging allows the physiological changes underlying these deficits to be investigated. The present study investigated behavioural and brain indices of inhibition in ecstasy-polydrug users.

Methods:

Twenty ecstasy-polydrug users and 20 drug-naïve participants completed an inhibitory control task (Random Letter Generation (RLG)) while prefrontal haemodynamic response was assessed using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).

Results:

There were no group differences on background measures including sleep quality and mood state. There were also no behavioural differences between the two groups. However, ecstasy-polydrug users displayed significant increases in oxygenated haemoglobin (oxy-Hb) from baseline compared to controls at several voxels relating to areas of the inferior right medial prefrontal cortex, as well the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Regression analysis revealed that recency of ecstasy use was a significant predictor of oxy-Hb increase at two voxels over the right hemisphere after controlling for alcohol and cannabis use indices.

Conclusion:

Ecstasy-polydrug users show increased neuronal activation in the prefrontal cortex compared to non-users. This is taken to be compensatory activation/recruitment of additional resources to attain similar performance levels on the task, which may be reversible with prolonged abstinence.
An experimentally validated contour method/eigenstrains hybrid model to incorporate residual stresses in glass structural designs
Authors: Achintha Mithila , Balan Bogdan A
Published: September 2015

Contour method–based finite element models together with knowledge of the surface deformation resulted from the stress relaxation along a newly cut-plane were used to construct the residual stresses in commercially available float glass. The results show that the residual stress depth profile of float glass is parabolic. The constructed residual stress profiles, validated to some extent against results of scattered light polariscope experiments, were then used to establish the misfit strains (i.e. eigenstrains) existed in the original glass specimens. It is shown that despite the modelling uncertainty of the contour method and the limitations associated with the scattered light polariscope measurements, the eigenstrain depth profile in a given float glass specimen can be determined to an acceptable accuracy. The article shows that once the underlying eigenstrain distribution in a given thickness of glass has been determined, the complete residual stress distribution can simply be determined by incorporating the eigenstrain profile as a misfit strain in an appropriate finite element model. It is also shown that the hybrid contour method/eigenstrain model enables modelling the residual stress around stress concentration features such as holes and/or stress evolution during subsequent applied loadings, by simply using the knowledge of eigenstrains.
Incidence of Stingers in Young Rugby Players
Authors: Kawasaki Takayuki , Ota Chihiro , Yoneda Takeshi , Maki Nobukazu , Urayama Shingo , Nagao Masashi , Nagayama Masataka , Kaketa Takefumi , Takazawa Yuji , Kaneko Kazuo
Published: September 2015

Background:

A stinger is a type of neurapraxia of the cervical roots or brachial plexus and represents a reversible peripheral nerve injury. The incidence of and major risk factors for stingers among young rugby players remain uninvestigated.

Purpose:

To investigate the incidence, symptoms, and intrinsic risk factors for stingers in elite rugby union teams of young players.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

A total of 569 male rugby players, including 358 players from 7 high school teams and 211 players from 2 university teams, were investigated using self-administered preseason and postseason questionnaires.

Results:

The prevalence of a history of stingers was 33.9% (95% CI, 30.3-37.9), and 20.9% (119/569) of players experienced at least 1 episode of a stinger during the season (34.2 [95% CI, 26.2-42.1] events per 1000 player-hours of match exposure). The reinjury rate for stingers per season was 37.3% (95% CI, 30.4-44.2). Using the multivariate Poisson regression method, a history of stingers in the previous season and the grade and position of the player were found to be risk factors for stingers during the current season. The mean severity of injury was 2.9 days, with 79.3% (191/241) of the players not losing any time from playing after sustaining a stinger injury and 5.8% (14/241) of the players recovering within more than 14 days. The most frequent symptom was numbness in the unilateral upper extremity, and the most severe symptom was weakness of grasping (mean severity, 6 days). A logistic regression analysis indicated that a history of stingers in the previous season and an injury with more than 3 symptoms, especially motor weakness, were correlated with the severity of injury.

Conclusion:

Young rugby players with a history of stingers have a significantly high rate of repeat injuries. Although nearly 80% of the players experienced only minimal (0-1 day) time loss injuries, neurological deficits sometimes last beyond 1 month. A history of stingers was identified to be the strongest risk factor for injuries and for lasting symptoms. This information may be useful for planning the proper treatment for stingers in young rugby players.
Informing Understanding of Young Students’ Writing Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Vue Ge , Hall Tracey E. , Robinson Kristin , Ganley Patricia , Elizalde Emma , Graham Steve
Published: September 2015

Conducting focus groups with target audiences to assess user needs is a critical step in the process of designing and developing a web-based writing environment. This descriptive study examined focus group data gathered to address two questions: First, do data from focus groups affirm and expand our understanding of writing and writing development among middle school students? And second, do data from focus groups provide information helpful to the use of digital technology for enhancing writing instruction, production, and engagement? Analysis of students’ writing experiences across grade levels revealed that sixth graders placed more emphasis on procedural knowledge such as format, editing, and timelines, whereas seventh and eighth graders placed more emphasis on substantive processes such as plan, draft, and revise. Students’ writing experiences also showed a disconnect between writing behaviors they engaged in on their own (texting, social media, and email) and writings they learned in school. Future research and instructional practice implications are discussed, including providing ongoing supports when writing and use of digital technology to enhance instruction and engagement.
Medulloblastoma
Authors: Millard Nathan E. , De Braganca Kevin C.
Published: September 2015

Medulloblastoma accounts for nearly 10% of all childhood brain tumors. These tumors occur exclusively in the posterior fossa and have the potential for leptomeningeal spread. Treatment includes a combination of surgery, radiation therapy (in patients >3 years old). Patients >3 years old are stratified based on the volume of postoperative residual tumor and the presence or absence of metastases into “standard risk” and “high risk” categories with long-term survival rates of approximately 85% and 70%, respectively. Outcomes are inferior in infants and children younger than 3 years with exception of those patients with the medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity histologic subtype. Treatment for medulloblastoma is associated with significant morbidity, especially in the youngest patients. Recent molecular subclassification of medulloblastoma has potential prognostic and therapeutic implications. Future incorporation of molecular subgroups into treatment protocols will hopefully improve both survival outcomes and posttreatment quality of life.
Uncertainty evaluation of Ruiz parameter for spline coupling wear analysis
Authors: Barbato Giulio , Cuffaro Vincenzo , Curà Francesca , Genta Gianfranco , Mura Andrea
Published: September 2015

Spline couplings are mechanical elements used to transmit power by joining two coaxial rotating shafts. The main damaging phenomenon on these elements is fretting wear, which can occur on teeth surfaces when there is a relative movement. Therefore, specific design criteria to evaluate teeth damage of spline couplings subjected to fretting wear are needed. In this work, the criterion proposed by Ruiz is considered and criticalities of the first Ruiz parameter are analysed by performing an uncertainty evaluation. The specific working misaligned conditions of a dedicated test rig were considered in this analysis. An uncertainty table allows the comparison of main geometrical and mechanical factors, evidencing their relevant effects. It shows the need of a deeper analysis on the coefficient of friction between the contact surfaces of spline couplings working in misaligned conditions.
Measurement and modelling of the fatigue life of rubber mounts for an automotive powertrain at high temperatures
Authors: Duan Xiaocheng , Shangguan Wen-Bin , Li Mingmin , Rakheja Subhash
Published: September 2015

A fatigue experiment is carried out on filled natural rubber specimens with two different Shore hardnesses (45 and 50) and three different temperatures (23 °C, 60 °C and 90 °C) under uniaxial tension loads. The measured fatigue life data obtained under different displacement loads are used to formulate fatigue life prediction models corresponding to different operating temperatures for the two hardnesses using the peak engineering strain as the damage parameter. The influences of the temperature, the stress softening at high temperatures and the hardness on the fatigue life of rubbers are measured and discussed. The proposed models are used to predict the fatigue life of a rubber mount for a powertrain mounting system. The validity of the prediction model is demonstrated by comparisons with the measured fatigue life data of the rubber mount at 90 °C. A method for determining the damage parameters required for predicting the fatigue life is presented on the basis of the finite element model of the rubber mount. The Mooney–Rivlin constitutive constants of the hyperelastic rubber material are identified on the basis of the measured data on the specimens. Comparisons of the measured and the estimated fatigue lives of the rubber mount at 90 °C revealed reasonably good agreement. The ratio of the predicted fatigue life to the measured fatigue life was within a factor of 2 under the range of loading conditions considered.