bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the structural and thermal properties of the IC engine piston head with concave and convex shapes
Authors: Athithan A. Krishna Kumar , Sivalingam K. , Reddy P. Niranjan , Kumar Mamidi Kiran , Hassan Muntather M.
Published: September 2024

The design of motor parts is complex, and the material used affects effectiveness. Basic plan calculations must be performed for a selected type of diesel motor component or carburetor. Thanks to historical test data, this standard method of obtaining fundamental layered values from precise equations and material constants was developed. With powerful presenting programs like CATIA and SOLIDWORKS, a three- layered model may be created and work can be produced. Furthermore, by using programs like ANSYS, a limited component model can be created and research can be finished. Points where significant concerns are observed due to the cylinder’s design can be considered from the results with the use of this analysis. Engineers typically place an emphasis on improving configuration values early on by looking into novel materials for a variety of conventional compounds used in the production of cylinders. Additionally, focusing on several ways that disappointment might be caused in the cylinder head, skirt, and rings will help plan more effectively with disappointment prevention and provide a definitive estimate of the motor part’s life. This paper introduces an analysis of two types of cylinder heads while accounting for their advantages.
Empirical Determination of the Carbon Impacts of Urban Forest Management in Hong Kong: Removal of Acacia confusa and Leucaena leucocephala
Authors: Lee Louis Shing Him , Chan Riki Yin Wai , Leung Gigi Yin Chi , Cheung Anthea Yi Man , Chen Sissi Si , Pan Livia Min , Zhang Allen Hao
Published: September 2024

Urban trees contribute to decarbonisation. However, the removal of trees may release the stored carbon within them. In Hong Kong, Acacia confusa and Leucaena leucocephala are being removed, but with unknown carbon impacts. This industry-academia-government collaborative research aimed to: (1) report the amount of carbon stored inside Acacia confusa and Leucaena leucocephala harvested from slopes; (2) estimate the carbon storage of a tree using dendrometric measurements; and (3) explain the variation in carbon content percentage of urban trees with respect to tree species, part of the tree, and position within the part. 10 Acacia confusa and 10 Leucaena leucocephala were harvested during March–September, 2023. Each tree was weighed for carbon storage estimation. Results showed that Acacia confusa had higher mean wood volume, biomass and carbon storage than Leucaena leucocephala. The mean carbon content of the analysed samples (45.53−52.58%) were mostly significantly different from 50%. But the difference may become insignificant depending on how volatile carbon loss was controlled. Diameter at breast height (mm) was a significant predictor of carbon storage (kg) for both Acacia. confusa (β = 0.9574) and Leucaena leucocephala (β = 0.3909). Significant interaction between tree species and tree part on carbon content percentage was confirmed. This research demonstrated the impacts of past arboricultural decisions on present decarbonisation plans.
Green Hydrogen Penetration in Steel Industry Operations: A Year-long Modeling Case Study
Authors: Mostafa Mohamed , Ashabi Arman , Hryshcenko Andriy , O’Callaghan Irene , Bruton Ken , Sullivan Dominic T. J. O’
Published: September 2024

The steel industry contributes to almost seven percent of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and about one-third of the worldwide industrial carbon dioxide emissions. Extremely high-temperature industrial processes are challenging when it comes to decarbonization as reaching the needed temperature is dependent on a limited number of fuels. Several critical issues need attention, including the scaling-up process, the quality of iron ore and scrap, the accessibility of green electricity and hydrogen, and the establishing of markets for green steel. Coke and natural gas replacement and shifting towards green hydrogen as a reducing agent and as a temperature controller is a promising solution, as the cost of hydrogen production is expected to decrease drastically since the overall efficiency of generation is continuously improving. This work investigates a real case study in Europe for an industrial site that targets a 35% hydrogen penetration to replace natural gas in the electric arc furnace (EAF) auxiliary burners of a melt shop through a water electrolysis process supplied by a Photovoltaic (PV) plant. The model is integrated into an optimization equation to determine optimal system component sizes and operating schedules. The target is to minimize the average cost of hydrogen and reduce the carbon footprint. The results showed an economic challenge for the model as an 18.33 MW PV plant and a 12.38 MW electrolyzer were needed to drive the transition, and the resulting cost of hydrogen is 6.7 €/kgH2, which is more than four times the average price of natural gas. Nevertheless, incentive policymakers may play a crucial role in green steel manufacturing. The system reduces the CO₂ emissions by up to 6902 tons per year.
Monitoring and Analysis of Environmental Contaminants Surrounding a Historic Church
Authors: Pinarbasi Isik Buse , Kilic Gokhan
Published: September 2024

In order to evaluate possible dangers to the building and its occupants, this research provides a thorough inquiry into the monitoring and analysis of environmental toxins surrounding a historic church. This case study centres on a well-known historical place where pollution threatens both local human health and conservation efforts. The study takes a multipronged strategy in identifying the origins, distribution channels, and effects of environmental pollutants by integrating laboratory data, field measurements, and historical records. Particulate matter sampling, soil analysis, and air quality evaluations are all included in field monitoring, which offers current information on pollutant concentrations and geographic distribution. In order to place the results in a larger historical and socioeconomic perspective and clarify how pollution sources and regulatory responses have changed over time, historical documents and archival research are also used. The study’s findings indicate that there may be hazards to the historic church’s structural integrity, the preservation of its cultural heritage, and public health in the area. These risks related to increased levels of certain pollutants. To sum up, this study sheds light on the intricate relationship between environmental pollutants and historic preservation, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary approaches to effectively assess risk and develop mitigation techniques for heritage conservation initiatives.
Proposal for the Implementation of Electric Motorcycle Taxis for Sustainable Urban Transportation in Districts of Peru
Authors: Dennis Raul Garay Aquino , Samuel Gandy Galvez Millan , Isaac Briston Yauri Sarco , Jhosmel Willy Pardo Chancasanampa
Published: September 2024

The objective of this research was to evaluate the proposal for the implementation of electric motorcycle taxis for sustainable urban transportation in districts of Peru. It is based on the five fundamental aspects of the efficient energy transition: affordability, competitiveness, efficiency, environmental sustainability, and safety. This because the chosen vehicle must be sustainable, clean, and economical for Peruvian transportation. The results showed that the electric motorcycle taxi, based on the selection criteria of the best transportation form used for doing daily activities, is the most affordable, competitive, efficient, clean, and safe for districts in Peru. Also, using electricity in motorcycle taxis will allow the drivers to have 86% economic savings compared to LPG motorcycle taxis. According to the evaluation done in this investigation, the price will be around 2.5 $ per 100 km trip; but if it is charged in places that have differentiated rates (2 Energies: BT5A rate or MT Rate), the price will be below the 1 $ per 100 km trip.
Integrating ethnoscience: Enhancing culture, technology, and sustainable economic development through design and education
Authors: Widowati Asri , Wakid Muhkamad
Published: September 2024

This article explores the pivotal role of integrating ethnoscience from the Sen-dangsari village, comprising traditional childhood games, traditional herbal reme-dies (‘jamu’), and indigenous plant knowledge, within the framework of learning that engages with culture, technology, and sustainable economic development. Ethnoscience refers to traditional knowledge held by ethnic or local communities, passed down through generations. In an era marked by globalization and modern-ization, the preservation and integration of ethnoscience into educational curricula have become increasingly essential. This article delves into how instructional design can facilitate the fusion of ethnoscience with contemporary technological concepts and sustainable economic development. Through this approach, local culture is empowered and integrated into technolog-ical advancements and economic progress, which can, in turn, promote sustainability and social equity. The incorporation of ethnoscience into education can also inspire locally relevant innovations, enhance community participation in devel-opment processes, and enrich the diversity of global knowledge. In this context, the article analyzes strategies for addressing challenges in integrating ethnosci-ence, such as appropriate introduction, teacher training, and the development of inclusive curricula. By embracing cultural heritage through an inclusive instructional design ap-proach, this article contends that the integration of ethnoscience can serve as a catalyst for connecting cultural, technological, and sustainable economic development aspects. Overall, the article underscores the need for interdisciplinary col-laboration and a deep understanding of local contexts in developing education that contributes to a sustainable future.
Improving the quality of music education through applications based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Authors: Rizal Hendra , Milyartini Rita
Published: September 2024

Improving the quality of music education through the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology is a promising opportunity to encourage students’ interest in learning music. This article explores the integration of AI-based applications to enhance practical, personalized, and interactive music learning experiences. The research methodology used in this study is a literature review of relevant sources. The results demonstrate the capacity of AI to help teachers improve music teaching by examining student performance data. As for students, they can start self-study by using strategies tailored to their individual needs that aim to deepen their understanding of musical knowledge and ideas such as pitch, speed, rhythm, and harmony.
Enhancing students’ interpersonal communication skills through visual art photography appreciation
Authors: Ronald Regina Octavia , Masunah Juju
Published: September 2024

This article aims to elucidate the research findings on the implementation of the visual art photography appreciation method to enhance students’ interpersonal communication skills. The study employed an experimental approach, conducting pre-tests and post-tests on a purposively selected sample of 35 students from a total population of 250 seventh-grade students at State Junior High School 14 in Bandung. The researchers were actively involved as instructors during three learning sessions. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The research findings indicate that the significant use of visual art photography appre-ciation can improve students’ interpersonal communication skills. This is evi-denced by higher post-test scores compared to pre-test scores and the students’ presentation skills during the visual art photography appreciation sessions con-ducted in front of the class. This activity has implications for students’ attitudes toward the subject of Arts and Culture, specifically in the context of photography.
Interference of digital teaching materials on the ability to draw illustrations of Generation Z
Authors: Suryadi  , Masunah Juju , Karyono Tri , Soeteja Zakarias S.
Published: September 2024

This article describes the results of a comprehensive study regarding the interference of the development of digital teaching materials on the ability to draw illustrations of the Z generation who are very closely connected to gadgets. Current advances in information technology have a broad influence on the development of the abilities and skills of the younger generation in creating art. Technological innovations in learning media that are spread through virtual world networks have a big impact on the skills that students are interested in. The method used is an explanatory mixed method with library research, questionnaires and field studies by observing trends in ability to draw illustrations from teaching materials which are a source of learning for Generation Z. The research results show that Generation Z’s ability to draw illustrations is greatly influenced by teaching materials available from social media which are very close to their lives. Still images (stop moments) and drawing tutorials are the most influential choices in improving understanding and drawing skills. In the process of creating illustration images, Generation Z feels very spoiled with very varied choices from various sources of teaching materials which are generally easy to follow. The results of this study are useful both empirically, theoretically and practically in drawing illustrations by utilizing learning resources from digital teaching materials available in cyberspace with media devices that can be selected according to interests and using digital technology drawing media.
Two-dimensional ferroelectric semiconductor floating-gate transistor with light-tunable field effect for memory and photo-synapse
Authors: Jiang Yurong , Wang Rui , Peng Yuting , Li Hongzhi , Li Xueping , Shao Yiduo , Yan Xiaobing , Kou Liangzhi , Xia Congxin
Published: September 2024

Ferroelectric field effect transistors (Fe-FETs) offer promising candidates for neuromorphic computing. However, it is still challenging to achieve a light-tunable field effect, which limits the function of photo-synapse. In this work, a ferroelectric semiconductor floating-gate transistor (FSF-FET) is proposed based on MoS2/h-BN/α-In2Se3 van der Waals heterojunctions (vdWHs), in which the two-dimensional ferroelectric semiconducting α-In2Se3 and dielectric h-BN serve as the trapped layer of charges and prevent layer, respectively. The excellent memory performances are exhibited, including a high programming/erasing ratio of over 107, a large memory window ratio of 74.69%, and good non-volatility. Moreover, the FSF-FETs also possess the light-tunable synapse behaviors, including the high paired-pulse facilitation of 236% and an obvious transition from short-term plasticity to long-term plasticity. The high recognition rate of 93.9% is achieved with dual-mode modulation of light and electrical pulses. The ferroelectric semiconductor floating-gate design opens up a strategy to realize the light-tunable field effect of Fe-FETs for photo-synapse.
Experimental measurements of gamma-photon production and estimation of electron/positron production on the PETAL laser facility
Authors: Brun F. , Ribotte L. , Boutoux G. , Davoine X. , Masson-Laborde P. E. , Sentoku Y. , Iwata N. , Blanchot N. , Batani D. , Lantuéjoul I. , Lecherbourg L. , Rosse B. , Rousseaux C. , Vauzour B. , Raffestin D. , D’Humières E. , Ribeyre X.
Published: September 2024

This article reports the first measurements of high-energy photons produced with the high-intensity PETawatt Aquitaine Laser (PETAL) laser. The experiments were performed during the commissioning of the laser. The laser had an energy of about 400 J, an intensity of 8 × 1018 W·cm−2, and a pulse duration of 660 fs (FWHM). It was shot at a 2 mm-thick solid tungsten target. The high-energy photons were produced mainly from the bremsstrahlung process for relativistic electrons accelerated inside a plasma generated on the front side of the target. This paper reports measurements of electrons, protons and photons. Hot electrons up to ≈35 MeV with a few-MeV temperature were recorded by a spectrometer, called SESAME (Spectre ÉlectronS Angulaire Moyenne Énergie). K- and L-shells were clearly detected by a photon spectrometer called SPECTIX (Spectromètre Petal à Cristal en TransmIssion pour le rayonnnement X). High-energy photons were diagnosed by CRACC-X (Cassette de RAdiographie Centre Chambre-rayonnement X), a bremsstrahlung cannon. Bremsstrahlung cannon analysis is strongly dependent on the hypothesis adopted for the spectral shape. Different shapes can exhibit similar reproductions of the experimental data. To eliminate dependence on the shape hypothesis and to facilitate analysis of the data, simulations of the interaction were performed. To model the mechanisms involved, a simulation chain including hydrodynamic, particle-in-cell, and Monte Carlo simulations was used. The simulations model the preplasma generated at the front of the target by the PETAL laser prepulse, the acceleration of electrons inside the plasma, the generation of MeV-range photons from these electrons, and the response of the detector impacted by the energetic photon beam. All this work enabled reproduction of the experimental data. The high-energy photons produced have a large emission angle and an exponential distribution shape. In addition to the analysis of the photon spectra, positron production was also investigated. Indeed, if high-energy photons are generated inside the solid target, some positron/electron pairs may be produced by the Bethe–Heitler process. Therefore, the positron production achievable within the PETAL laser facility was quantified. To conclude the study, the possibility of creating electron/positron pairs through the linear Breit–Wheeler process with PETAL was investigated.
Three-wave coupling observed between a shear Alfvén wave and a kink-unstable magnetic flux rope
Authors: Vincena S. , Tripathi S. K. P. , Gekelman W. , Pribyl P.
Published: September 2024

Results from a laboratory experiment are presented in which, for the first time, a shear Alfvén wave is launched using an antenna in a current-carrying plasma column that is tailored to be either stable or unstable to the kink oscillation. As the plasma is driven kink unstable, the frequency power spectrum of the Alfvén wave evolves from a single peak to a peak with multiple sidebands separated by integer multiples of the kink frequency. The main sidebands (one on either side of the launched wave peak in the power spectrum) are analyzed using azimuthal wavenumber matching, perpendicular and parallel wavenumber decomposition, and bispectral time series analysis. The dispersion relation and three-wave matching conditions are satisfied, given each sideband is a propagating Alfvén wave that results from the interaction of the pump Alfvén wave and the co-propagating component of a half-wavelength, standing kink mode. The interaction is shown to generate smaller perpendicular wavelength Alfvén waves that drive energy transport to scales that will approach the dissipation scale of k⊥ρs=1, with k⊥ being the perpendicular wavenumber and ρs being the ion gyroradius at the electron temperature.
α-Ta films on c-plane sapphire with enhanced microstructure
Authors: Majer Lena N. , Smink Sander , Braun Wolfgang , Fenk Bernhard , Harbola Varun , Stuhlhofer Benjamin , Wang Hongguang , van Aken Peter A. , Mannhart Jochen , Hensling Felix V. E.
Published: September 2024

Superconducting films of α-Ta are promising candidates for the fabrication of advanced superconducting qubits. However, α-Ta films suffer from many growth-induced structural inadequacies that negatively affect their performance. We have therefore explored a new synthesis method for α-Ta films, which allows for the growth of these films with an unprecedented quality. Using this method, high quality α-Ta films are deposited at a comparably high substrate temperature of 1150 °C. They are single-phase α-Ta and have a single out-of-plane (110) orientation. They consist of grains ≥2 μm that have one of three possible in-plane orientations. As shown by scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss studies, the substrate–film interfaces are sharp with no observable intermixing. The obtained insights into the epitaxial growth of body-centered-cubic films on quasi-hexagonal substrates lay the basis for harnessing the high structural coherence of such films in various applications.
Enhanced all-optical vector atomic magnetometer enabled by artificial neural network
Authors: Qin Jianan , Xu Jinxin , Jiang Zhiyuan , Qu Jifeng
Published: September 2024

This paper reports an all-optical vector magnetometer enhanced by a machine learning model. Using a dual probing beam setup, spin projections in both probe directions are simultaneously detected. Vector information is directly obtained from the measured phases of spin projection signals. To enhance the measurement accuracy and mitigate the dead zone effect, we introduce an artificial neural network (ANN) to link the phase signals to the field direction. With the addition of amplitude information to the ANN input, the average angle error is reduced to less than 0.3° within a hemisphere. Furthermore, this configuration demonstrates a field angle sensitivity of better than 30 μ rad/Hz1/2.
Measurement of Thomson-scattering spectra with continuous angular resolution (invited)
Authors: Katz J. , Boni R. , Milder A. L. , Nelson D. , Daub K. , Froula D. H.
Published: September 2024

A novel Thomson-scattering diagnostic with continuous angular resolution over a span of 120° was developed for the characterization of plasmas produced at the Omega Laser Facility. Spectrally resolving light scattered from electron plasma wave features as a function of emission angle provides a means to efficiently probe a large range of plasma frequencies and k vectors. Together, these spectra contain critical constraints on the plasma-physics models used to interpret the data and enable experimental measurements of the electron-velocity distribution function over several orders of magnitude without assumptions about its mathematical form. Major components of the instrument include (1) a reflective collection objective that gathers light over a range of 120° × 12°; (2) a spatial-filter image relay for measurement localization; (3) cylindrical optics for producing a line image of the collection aperture; (4) a transmission grating spectrometer; and (5) a time-gated, image-intensified camera. Thomson-scattered light collected from an ∼50 − μm3 volume of plasma is recorded with 0.8-nm spectral and 1° angular resolution. Initial experiments examined the properties of the electron-velocity distribution in gas-jet-produced plasmas in the presence of heating via inverse bremsstrahlung absorption.
Multifield coupling axial flow turbine performance prediction model and multi-objective optimization design method
Authors: Xu Kewen , Jiang Xinxin , Yue Guoqiang
Published: September 2024

The simulation of thermal–fluid–solid coupling in turbines is critically important for design optimization. Historically, most research on thermal–fluid–solid coupling has been conducted in three-dimensional, often with computational speeds that do not meet practical expectations. This study proposes a one-dimensional performance prediction and multi-objective optimization design methodology for turbines, integrating aerothermodynamics and structural strength, to facilitate rapid multidisciplinary coupling design optimization at a low-dimensional level. Initially, a multidisciplinary coupled turbine performance prediction model is established, incorporating the combined effects of turbine aerothermodynamics and structural mechanics. This model links the thermodynamics of the blade passage with the stress and strain of the blade. The predictive accuracy of this model is validated against experimental data from a four-stage axial flow turbine, showing a maximum error of 1.56% for the total temperature ratio and 1.69% for the total expansion ratio. Subsequently, using blade parameters, degree of reaction, load coefficient, and flow coefficient as optimization variables and targeting the turbine's overall isentropic efficiency and power as optimization objectives, a rapid Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution are employed to optimize the last stage of the four-stage axial flow turbine. The optimized turbine demonstrates an increase in overall isentropic efficiency by 1.333% and an increase in overall power by 3.329%, while satisfying structural strength requirements. The novelty of this study lies in its rapid optimization design and performance prediction method for the coupled aerothermodynamics and structural mechanics at a one-dimensional level.
Depth profiles of electron and hole traps generated by reactive ion etching near the surface of 4H-SiC
Authors: Kozakai Shota , Fujii Haruki , Kaneko Mitsuaki , Kimoto Tsunenobu
Published: September 2024

Deep levels in the whole bandgap of 4H-SiC generated by reactive ion etching (RIE) are investigated with both n- and p-type SiC Schottky barrier diodes by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Depth profiles of the observed deep levels were analyzed using the DLTS peak intensities at various bias voltages and numerical calculations. The major electron traps detected after RIE and subsequent annealing at 1300 °C include the Z1/2 (EC−0.66 eV), ON1 (EC−0.88 eV), ON2 (EC−0.95 eV), and EH6/7 (EC−1.50 eV) centers, and the major hole traps include the UK1 (EV+0.51 eV), UK2 (EV+0.72 eV), HK0 (EV+0.77 eV), HK2 (EV+0.79 eV), and HK3 (EV+1.31 eV) centers, where EC and EV denote the conduction and valence band edges, respectively. Most of the traps were localized near the surface (<0.5 μm) with a maximum density of about 1×1015 cm−3, but several traps such as the ON1 and HK0 centers penetrate deep into the bulk region (>2 μm). By annealing at 1400 °C, most of the hole traps were eliminated, but several electron traps remained. From these results, the origins of these defects are discussed.
A 700 kV pulse generator with a rise time on the order of several nanoseconds
Authors: Li Junna , Wang Yongliang , Zhou Xiaoyu , Shi Haoliang , Wu Fangzheng , Huang Qixiang , Li Qisheng , Zhang Yiting
Published: September 2024

Pulse generators with high voltage and several nanoseconds of rise time are typically used to carry out the equivalent assessment of the protection performance of typical power equipment in the high-altitude electromagnetic pulse environment. In this paper, a pulse generator with high voltage and fast rise time has been designed, and the diagnostic system with high temporal resolution has been integrated to measure the output pulse voltage of the generator. The experimental results showed that the output pulse voltage of the generator on the output load can reach 645 kV when the charged voltage of Marx generator capacitors is 40 kV. The rise time of the generator is 8.2–9.9 ns when the charged voltage of Marx generator capacitors is in the range of 20–40 kV.
Quantitative assessment of chlorine gas inhalation injury based on endoscopic OCT and spectral encoded interferometric microscope imaging with deep learning
Authors: Zhu Zhikai , Yang Hyunmo , Lei Hongqiu , Miao Yusi , Philipopoulos George , Doosty Melody , Mukai David , Song Yuchen , Lee Jangwoen , Mahon Sari , Brenner Matthew , Veress Livia , White Carl , Jung Woonggyu , Chen Zhongping
Published: September 2024

Chlorine exposure can cause severe airway injuries. While the acute effects of chlorine inhalation are well-documented, the structural changes resulting from the post-acute, high-level chlorine exposure remain less understood. Airway sloughing is one of the standards for doctors to evaluate the lung function. Here, we report the application of a high-resolution swept-source optical coherence tomography system to investigate the progression of injury based on airway sloughing evaluation in a chlorine inhalation rabbit model. This system employs a 1.2 mm diameter flexible fiberoptic endoscopic probe via an endotracheal tube to capture in vivo large airway anatomical changes before and as early as 30 min after acute chlorine exposure. We conducted an animal study using New Zealand white rabbits exposed to acute chlorine gas (800 ppm, 6 min) during ventilation and monitored them using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for 6 h. To measure the volume of airway sloughing induced by chlorine gas, we utilized deep learning for the segmentation task on OCT images. The results showed that the volume of chlorine induced epithelial sloughing on rabbit tracheal walls initially increased, peaked around 30 min, and then decreased. Furthermore, we utilized a spectral encoded interferometric microscopy system to study ex vivo airway cilia beating dynamics based on Doppler shift, aiding in elucidating how chlorine gas affects cilia beating function. Cilia movability and beating frequency were decreased because of the epithelium damage. This quantitative approach has the potential to enhance the diagnosis and monitoring of injuries from toxic gas inhalation and to evaluate the efficacy of antidote treatments for these injuries.
Equilibrium deformation of a transversely electrified, poorly conducting liquid column
Authors: Li Fang , Yin Xieyuan , Yin Xiezhen
Published: September 2024

The large equilibrium deformation of a liquid column in a uniform transverse electric field is explored in the limit of small Reynolds number and in the framework of the Taylor–Melcher leaky dielectric theory. The deformation of the liquid column, measured by the aspect ratio, is solved approximately via the two-point method and the least squares method. The deformation is determined by four dimensionless numbers, i.e., the electric capillary number Ca, the electrical conductivity ratio kr, the dielectric constant ratio εr, and the viscosity ratio μr. The deformation types (prolate or oblate), the fluid circulation patterns (from the equator to the poles or from the poles to the equator), as well as the distribution of interfacial charge in different regions in the kr-εr plane are elucidated, which turn out to be analogous to the case of small deformation. The electrical conductivity ratio kr and the dielectric constant ratio εr are found to affect prolate deformation and oblate deformation in different ways. Viscosity tends to resist the flow. On the other hand, viscosity is not always against deformation; it may help the liquid column to deform when the liquid column has an electrical relaxation time smaller than the surrounding medium or the deformation is oblate-type.
Low Reynolds number flows of active liquids in permeable, long, and thin capillaries
Authors: Das Siddhartha
Published: September 2024

In this Letter, we develop an analytical theory to study the transport of active liquids, which contain active and self-propelling particles (with vortex defects), inside a long and thin permeable capillary tube. This transport is triggered by a pressure gradient induced by an imposed gradient in the activity (or the particle concentration). Our results show a clear distinction in the radial and axial velocity profiles between the pressure-driven transport of active (with either extensile or contractile activity) and non-active liquids inside such permeable capillaries. We also identify the stream function characterizing the active liquid velocity field inside such permeable tubes.
Margination behavior of a circulating cell in a tortuous microvessel
Authors: Kazempour Ali , Balogh Peter
Published: September 2024

In the mammalian microcirculation, circulating cells (CCs) such as white blood cells or cancer cells can be forced to flow alongside the vessel wall through hydrodynamic interactions with red blood cells (RBCs). This phenomenon, known as margination, plays an important role in physiology as it precedes the extravasation of a CC from the bloodstream into surrounding tissue. Current knowledge of the fluid mechanics influencing margination is primarily based on idealized straight tube flow. Microvessels in vivo, however, are often observed to be tortuous, and the influence of this morphology on CC margination is largely unknown. In the current work, we utilize high-fidelity three-dimensional (3D) cell-resolved simulations to study the margination behavior of a CC flowing with RBCs through a tortuous microvessel over a range of conditions typical of the microcirculation. We observe cross-stream lateral CC movement in response to local curvature, which generally augments the ability of the CC to reach the near-wall region. Once the CC marginates, the presence of RBCs in the central region tends to lock the CC in the near-wall cell-free layer. The overall impact of tortuosity on the degree of margination, however, is mixed. At low hematocrit, tortuosity provides a fluid dynamics-derived mechanism to grant CCs access to near-wall locations under conditions where this behavior generally does not occur in a straight tube. At higher hematocrit where a CC can easily marginate in a straight tube, the varying local curvature causes intermittent motion away from the wall thus slightly reducing the degree of margination.
Blackout burning in dry conditions increases long-term fire severity risk
Authors: Partridge (née Virkki) Diana , Kington David , Williams Paul , Burns Darren
Published: September 2024

We use case studies to explore the impact of changed fire regimes on vegetation structure and fuel risk in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Multiple studies report high intensity wildfires promote excessive shrub and sapling densities, which increase elevated fuel hazard. We argue asset protection burns in dry conditions can cause similar vegetation thickening to an intense wildfire, which increases fire severity risk due to increased elevated fuel loads. We demonstrate regular low intensity burning with adequate soil moisture can achieve fuel reduction objectives. This provides a longer-term solution that promotes risk reduction to communities, whilst leading to better ecological outcomes and reduced cost of implementation over the long-term.
High-level succinic acid production by overexpressing a magnesium transporter in
Mannheimia succiniciproducens
Authors: Kim Ji Yeon , Lee Jong An , Ahn Jung Ho , Lee Sang Yup
Published: September 2024

Succinic acid (SA), a dicarboxylic acid of industrial importance, can be efficiently produced by metabolically engineered
Mannheimia succiniciproducens
. Although the importance of magnesium (Mg
2+
) ion on SA production has been evident from our previous studies, the role of Mg
2+
ion remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the impact of Mg
2+
ion on SA production and developed a hyper-SA producing strain of
M. succiniciproducens
by reconstructing the Mg
2+
ion transport system. To achieve this, optimal alkaline neutralizer comprising Mg
2+
ion was developed and the physiological effect of Mg
2+
ion was analyzed. Subsequently, the Mg
2+
ion transport system was reconstructed by introducing an efficient Mg
2+
ion transporter from
Salmonella enterica
. A high-inoculum fed-batch fermentation of the final engineered strain produced 152.23 ± 0.99 g/L of SA, with a maximum productivity of 39.64 ± 0.69 g/L/h. These findings highlight the importance of Mg
2+
ions and transportation system optimization in succinic acid production by
M. succiniciproducens
.
A machine learning-based investigation of syntactic complexity measures in second language acquisition of Chinese
Authors: Shi Zhongqi , Yuan Qiaosi
Published: September 2024

L2 syntactic complexity research has shown that employing multidimensional measures to assess writing proficiency levels may yield more accurate results compared to one-dimensional measures. However, the optimal number and combination of measures have not been thoroughly explored. This study addresses these gaps by employing a novel machine learning-based approach to quantitatively investigate the effectiveness of multidimensional measures and determine the optimal combination of measures. Through the analysis of a dataset comprising 36 L2 Chinese learners, we found that multidimensional syntactic complexity measures outperformed one-dimensional measures in accurately differentiating learners. Specifically, a combination of three measures (Mean Length of Sentence, Mean Length of T-unit, and Mean Length of Clause) achieved the highest accuracy in classifying the learners. The implications of this research include the development of computer-assisted placement tests and proficiency evaluations, as well as providing practical guidance for language teachers in designing complexity-based instruction.
Aux origines du Cercle linguistique de New York
Authors: Testenoire Pierre-Yves
Published: September 2024

Le Cercle linguistique de New York est créé en 1943 dans le contexte de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cet article porte sur les débuts de cette société savante avant la parution du premier numéro de sa revue,Word. On reconstitue à partir de sources inédites les premières années du Cercle sous ses divers aspects : ses liens avec l’École libre des hautes études, ses règles de fonctionnement, ses activités scientifiques, la liste de ses membres… On étudie également les relations entre linguistes américains et Européens exilés au sein du Cercle. Les premières années du Cercle linguistique de New York sont un observatoire non seulement de la diffusion du structuralisme européen aux Etats-Unis, mais aussi de la connexion entre la linguistique européenne et américaine qui joue un rôle crucial pour la linguistique d’après-guerre.
Exploring charge transfer and schottky barrier modulation at monolayer Ge2Sb2Te5-metal interfaces
Authors: Wan Xiaoying , Zhang Chengqi , Li Jiahui , Zhang Zhaofu , Wang Qingbo , Wang Hai , Liu Jun , Zhong Hongxia
Published: September 2024

Monolayer Ge2Sb2Te5 exhibits great potential in non-volatile memory technology due to its excellent electronic properties and phase-change characteristics, while the fundamental nature of Ge2Sb2Te5-metal contacts has not been well understood yet. Here, we provide a comprehensive ab initio study of the electronic properties between monolayer Ge2Sb2Te5 and Pt, Pd, Au, Cu, Cr, Ag, and W contacts based on first-principles calculations. We find that the strong interaction interfaces formed between monolayer Ge2Sb2Te5 and Pt, Pd, Cr, and W contacts show chemical bonding and strong charge transfer. In contrast, no apparent chemical bonding and weak charge transfer are observed in the weak interaction interfaces formed with Au, Cu, and Ag. Additionally, our study reveals the presence of a pronounced Fermi level pinning effect between monolayer Ge2Sb2Te5 and metals, with pinning factors of

S
n

=
0.325

and

S
p

=
0.350

. By increasing the interlayer distance, an effective transition from n-type Ohmic contact to n-type Schottky contact is facilitated because the band edge of Ge2Sb2Te5 is shifted upwards. Our study not only provides a theoretical basis for selecting suitable metal electrodes in Ge2Sb2Te5-based devices but also holds significant implications for understanding Schottky barrier height modulation between semiconductors and metals.
Optimizing tool wear prediction in intelligent manufacturing: a multi-sensor approach enhanced by RealNVP
Authors: Lei Huanyi , Li Bo , Liu Hengchang , Xia Keyao , Zhao Wenhe
Published: September 2024

As intelligent manufacturing advances, tool condition monitoring (TCM) becomes crucial for maintaining the accuracy and efficiency of cutting tools. Traditional methods, such as physics-based and data-driven models, often fail to keep pace with the rapidly evolving manufacturing environments, resulting in efficiency losses and potential equipment damage. In response, this study introduces a novel tool wear monitoring model called deep convolutional neural network-multichannel bidirectional long short-term memory enhanced by RealNVP (DCNN-McBiLSTM-ENVP). This integrated model combines the robust feature extraction of CNNs with the sequential analysis capabilities of BiLSTMs and includes RealNVP data augmentation to enhance real-time applicability in smart manufacturing settings. The effectiveness of the DCNN-McBiLSTM-ENVP model is proven by its excellent performance on the PHM2010 challenge dataset across multiple key indicators.
An INS/UWB fusion localization scheme for wireless sensor network
Authors: Wang Yan , Lu You , Gong Yuxin
Published: September 2024

As the demand for indoor services relying on location information grows, achieving precise indoor positioning is becoming an urgent issue to address. The ultra-wide band (UWB) accuracy can reach centimeter level, but is susceptible to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) effects. The inertial navigation system (INS) is not affected by the environment, but the error will diverge over time. Therefore, this paper focuses on the UWB/INS combined positioning system, which can combine the advantages of both. We propose a loosely-coupled INS/UWB indoor localization scheme based on factor graph optimization (FGO). Firstly, an agglomerative hierarchical clustering based NLOS mitigation method is applied to preprocess the UWB raw measurement data. The position estimates under UWB are then obtained using an improved extended Kalman filter to mitigate NLOS errors and provide more accurate location data for combined navigation. Then, we build the IMU preintegration factor and the zero-bias factor. Finally, FGO is used to fuse the information to get the final location. Designed experiments demonstrate the superiority of the algorithm. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the comparison algorithms.
ROS-triggered and macrophage-targeted micelles modulate mitochondria function and polarization in obesity
Authors: Cao Xi , Gao Tingting , Lv Fengwen , Wang Yongchun , Li Bo , Wang Xiaohua
Published: September 2024

Inflammation involving adipose macrophages is an important inducer of obesity. Regulating macrophages polarization and improving the inflammatory microenvironment of adipose tissue is a new strategy for the treatment of obesity. An amphiphilic chondroitin sulfate phenylborate derivative (CS-PBE) was obtained by modifying the main chain of chondroitin sulfate with the hydrophobic small molecule phenylborate. Using CS-PBE self-assembly, macrophage targeting, reactive oxygen species (ROS) release and celastrol (CLT) encapsulation were achieved. The cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, internalization pathways and transmembrane transport efficiency of CS-PBE micelles were studied in Caco-2 and RAW264.7 cells. Hemolysis and organotoxicity tests were performed to assess the safety of the platform, while its therapeutic efficacy was investigated in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Multifunctional micelles with macrophage targeting and ROS clearance capabilities were developed to improve the efficacy of CLT in treating obesity. In vitro studies indicated that CS-PBE micelles had better ability to target M1 macrophages, better protective effects on mitochondrial function, better ability to reduce the number of LPS-stimulated M1 macrophages, better ability to reduce the number of M2 macrophages, and better ability to scavenge ROS in inflammatory macrophages. In vivo studies have shown that CS-PBE micelles improve inflammation and significantly reduce toxicity of CLT in the treatment of obesity. In summary, CS-PBE micelles could significantly improve the ability to target inflammatory macrophages and scavenge ROS in adipose tissue to alleviate inflammation, suggesting that CS-PBE micelles are a highly promising approach for the treatment of obesity.
Chemical vapor deposition growth of high-quality 2D ultrathin hexagonal CoSb crystals
Authors: Zhang Jiaying , Wang Yang , Li Tian , Peng Xinying , Wang He , Ma Donglin
Published: September 2024

CoSb has emerged as an important two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystal for its potential application in energy conversion and superconductivity. Controllable growth in terms of thickness and structural phase is necessary to elucidate its intrinsic properties at the 2D limit. Here we demonstrate the chemical vapour deposition of ultrathin hexagonal CoSb crystals on the mica substrate. The thickness could be controlled by growth time and the structural phase could be tuned by the precursor’s supply ratio. Electrical transport measurements show that the chemical vapor deposition-grown ultrathin hexagonal CoSb is a good metal with non-Fermi liquid behavior. No apparent superconductivity has been observed down to 2.8 K.
Supersymmetry dictated topology in periodic gauge fields and realization in strained and twisted 2D materials
Authors: Zhai Dawei , Lin Zuzhang , Yao Wang
Published: September 2024

Supersymmetry (SUSY) of a Hamiltonian dictates double degeneracy between a pair of superpartners (SPs) transformed by supercharge, except at zero energy where modes remain unpaired in many cases. Here we explore a SUSY of complete isospectrum between SPs—with paired zero modes—realized by 2D electrons in zero-flux periodic gauge fields, which can describe twisted or periodically strained 2D materials. We find their low-energy sector containing zero (or threshold) modes must be topologically non-trivial, by proving that Chern numbers of the two SPs have a finite difference dictated by the number of zero modes and energy dispersion in their vicinity. In 30° twisted bilayer (double bilayer) transition metal dichalcogenides subject to periodic strain, we find one SP is topologically trivial in its lowest miniband, while the twin SP of identical dispersion has a Chern number of 1 (2), in stark contrast to time-reversal partners that have to be simultaneously trivial or nontrivial. For systems whose physical Hamiltonian corresponds to the square root of a SUSY Hamiltonian, such as twisted or strained bilayer graphene, we reveal that topological properties of the two SUSY SPs are transferred respectively to the conduction and valence bands, including the contrasted topology in the low-energy sector and identical topology in the high-energy sector. This offers a unified perspective for understanding topological properties in many flat-band systems described by such square-root models. Both types of SUSY systems provide unique opportunities for exploring correlated and topological phases of matter.
Computer simulations of the phase-space characteristics of electrons in a pyroelectric accelerator
Authors: Shapovalov P.G. , Oleinik A.N. , Karataev P.V.
Published: September 2024

In this paper, we focus on simulating a pyroelectric accelerator using COMSOL Multiphysics. We utilize the static surface charge distribution obtained from an experiment conducted on a LiTaO3 single crystal surface. We analyze the characteristics of the electron flow generated by the accelerator and determine the emittance and Twiss parameters. Our findings reveal that the normalized RMS emittance remains relatively constant in the space behind the target.