bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1982
Authors: Coviello Richard L.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experiment was set up in a 3-year-old stand of alfalfa to evaluate pesticide activity against Egyptian alfalfa weevil (EAW) larvae and blue alfalfa aphids. Ten by 40 ft plots replicated 4 times were treated using a backpack sprayer. The spray, volume was 20 gal per acre. The treatments were applied Mar 15 under a partly cloudy sky and ambient temperature of 55 F. Rain (0.59 in) fell on the plots approximately 12 h after application. Evaluations were made by taking 10-sweep samples 8 days and 18 days after application.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Montana, 1982
Authors: Morrill Wendell L.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated in a 3-year-old stand of alfalfa near Bozeman. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Plot size was 16 x 20 ft. Insecticides were applied with a backpack CO2sprayer delivering 20 gal water/acre at 30 psi. Insects were sampled by taking five 180° sweeps with a 15 in dia sweep-net. Treatments were applied on Jul 8 to prebloom alfalfa. Insects were sampled on Jul 12.
Alfalfa Insect Control with Synthetic Pyrethroids, Minnesota, 1982
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Cuperus Gerrit W. , Mary Weniger A.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted on 2nd and 3rd cuttings of 3rd-year alfalfa at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Dakota Co., MN. Plots were 22 x 50 ft (0.025 acre) and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray treatments were applied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer in 27 gal/acre at 100 psi pressure to 2nd cutting on Jun 25 and to 3rd cutting on Aug 5. On 2nd cutting, insects were sampled prespray, Jun 23, and postspray, Jun 28, by taking 25 pendulum sweeps/plot. On 3rd cutting, insects were sampled postspray by vacuum machine taking 15 ‘putdowns’, equivalent to 5.2 ft2 Aug 6, 12, 20, and 20., and by taking 25 pendulum sweeps/plot Aug 6. Ammo at 0.08 lb/acre and Pay-Off at 0.04 lb ai/acre and gave control of pea aphid apterae and potato leafhopper comparable to that provided by 0.5 lb ai/acre of Furadan. There was no evidence that use of the pyrethroids favored beneficial taxa, although only data for parasitic Hymenoptera are shown here. No phytotoxicity was noted.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1982
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticide treatments were applied to mature semi-dwarf York trees on May 13, Jun 3, Jun 13, Jun 28, Jul 14, Aug 10 and Aug 31. Cymbush treatments were not started until Jun 13. Treatments were applied with a handgun operating at 400 psi. Single tree treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff. Mites were sampled by randomly selecting 10 leaves around each tree and counting motile mites with a hand lens.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1982
Authors: Levine Illinois Eli
Published: March 2022

Soil insecticides to control corn rootworm larvae were evaluated at 2 locations in IL. Corn was planted in 30-in rows on May 1 at Bloomington and May 14 at the Agronomy South Farm of the University of Illinois. Varieties planted were Funks G-4522 at Bloomington and Pioneer 3780 at the Agronomy South Farm. Each insecticide was applied in a 7-in band over the row 0-5 days after planting with Noble metering units attached to a bicycle-wheeled applicator equipped with drag chains. Each treatment consisted of a 1 x 50-ft row. Experiments were arranged in randomized complete block designs with 4 replications/treatment. Previously, Counter had been applied at a rate of 1.0 lb ai/acre on the Agronomy South Farm field in both 1980 and 1981. No soil insecticides had been used at the Bloomington location in either 1980 or 1981. Both fields had very high corn rootworm beetle counts during the preceding summer. Root systems were evaluated for rootworm damage in mid-Jul by digging and washing 20 plants from each treatment (5 roots per row x 4 reps) and examining the roots for rootworm feeding damage. The state Iowa 1-6 damage rating scale (1 = little or no damage and 6 = 3 or more nodes of roots destroyed) was used to measure damage.
Field Corn, Japanese Beetle Control, 1982
Authors: Pless CD. , Shamiyeh N.B.
Published: March 2022

Three Imidan 50WP and 1 Sevin XLR foliar treatments were evaluated for control of Japanese beetles and reduction of silk dipping damage at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Field corn ‘Pioneer 3147’ was planted on Apr 19. Plots were 30 ft x 4 rows (40 in spacing) with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys. Corn plants averaged 60/30 row ft. Sprays were applied on Jul 3 using 2.5 gal compressed air sprayers at 30 gal/acre pressurized by portable CO2tanks. Ear rating ranged from 0 (no kernels present on ear) to 10 (ears completely filled). Beetle counts were based on the average number of live beetles on corn silks/60 plants. Yields were determined on Sep 29 when corn contained 19.05% moisture.
Field Corn, Seedcorn Maggot Larvae Control, 1981
Authors: Wisniewski M.N. , Karr L.L. , Tollefson J.J.
Published: March 2022

A seedcorn maggot soil insecticide test plot was established in the Johnston Farm, 1 mile south of Ames, IA. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Thirty ft seed furrows, spaced 40 in apart, were opened with modified cultivator sweeps. A meat and bone meal bait was placed in the furrow (1.5 qt/30 ft) and watered daily from Apr 28 to May 4. Corn was hand planted (6-in spacing) and insecticides were applied May 5. Granules were applied in the furrow or as a 7 in band with laboratory-calibrated Noble metering units mounted on a bicycle applicator. Liquids were banded with a self-contained small plot sprayer. All materials were manually incorporated by raking. Seedcorn maggot feeding was evaluated May 27-28, when plant emergence was complete. Two, 1-meter trenches 10-cm deep were dug in each treatment and the soil was examined for larvae, pupae, and damaged seeds. All seedcorn maggot larvae and pupae in each sample were recorded, percent damaged seeds was calculated, and a 1/1000 acre stand count was taken in each row.
Residual Control of Boll Weevil, 1982
Authors: Conley Jim
Published: March 2022

On Aug 31 a caged boll weevil study was initiated at the Plant Science Research Center of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station to determine the residual efficacy of several insecticides in controlling the boll weevil. Plots were 4 rows wide x 75 ft long. Two buffer rows separated plots. Insecticide applications were made with a tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.5 gpa at 30 psi through 2 TX-4 nozzles per row. Adult boll weevils were obtained from the Gast Rearing Facility at MSI). Nylon cloth bags, ca 12 in x 12 in, were used to cage the weevils on the plant. The weevils were placed into the bag which was then inverted over the terminal of a treated plant and the open end of the bag secured on the stalk. Two replications were made within each treatment. The residual activity was evaluated by caging weevils onto the plants on 5 consecutive days (0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h post treatment), and evaluating mortality after the weevils had been caged for 48 h.
Performance of Selected Insecticides for Control of Heliothis Species and Boll Weevils in Cotton, 1982
Authors: Burris Gene , Rogers R.L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 8 row plots and were replicated 4 times. Plots were 6b ft long x 25 ft alleys and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Temik TSX was applied ‘in furrow’ to control nematodes and thrips. Insecticide treatments were applied using a high clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed air plot spraying system with two X-3 hollow cone spray tips per row delivering 2.4 gpa of total solution. Applications were made on Jul 9, 15, 22, 28, Aug 18 and 23. Fifty squares/plot/replicate were examined from the center rows within 48 h after treatment. Cotton was machine harvested from the center 4 rows and weights were converted to lb seed cotton.
Insecticide Control of Plant Bugs and Effect on Beneficial SPP., 1982
Authors: Gallaher Martin , Kowalski Ed
Published: March 2022

An insecticide test was conducted in a farmer cooperator’s field near Conran, MO, to evaluate 4 insecticides for the control of plant bugs and their effect on non-target beneficial insects. Eight-row plots, 200 ft long were replicated 4 times according to a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied Jul 21 at the rate of 5 gpa at 30 psi directed over the row through 1 nozzle/row with an air-pressurized system mounted on an 8-row Hahn 300 Hi-boy high clearance sprayer. Pretreatment counts were taken over the entire plot Jul 21 by shaking ten 3-row-ft samples over a drop sheet. Post-treatment counts were made by sampling 3-row-ft at 4 sites in each plot. Pretreatment counts of the mean number of insects and beneficials per plot were as follows: total plant bugs (15.6) and total beneficials (32.8).
Control of Thrips with Granular Insecticides and Seed Treatment, 1982
Authors: Graham L.C. , Gaylor M.J. , Edelson J.V. , Walker L.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides to control thrips on cotton was conducted on sandy loam soil at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, AL. Four replicates of 8 treatments were applied in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 rows x 75 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. Granular materials were applied in-furrow immediately prior to planting on 3 May using electric Gandy insecticide applicators. Seed treatments were applied prior to planting. Number of thrips per 3 ft of row and plant heights were used to evaluate effectiveness of treatments. Thrips abundance was determined by beating all plants in a 3-ft section of 1 center row in each plot over a standard drop cloth. Mean plant heights were determined by measuring 10 randomly selected plants in each plot on 3 Jun and 30 Jun.
Chemical Control of Thrips on Cotton, 1982
Authors: Lentz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

‘Stoneville 825’ variety cotton was planted May 6 at the West Tenn. Exp. Stn., Jackson, TN. Soil type was Grenada silt loam. Two-row plots 35 ft long were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. All seed planted was commercially treated with Vitavax and Captan. The seed treatment was prepared in the laboratory by adding the insecticide to the double-treated seed. The hopper box treatment was made in the field by adding Orthene 75S to the double-treated seed. Ten pounds of Terraclor Super-X per acre was applied in the covering soil except in the Temik-TSX and Temik-Vitavax treatments. Foliar sprays were applied Jun 1 at 4.4 gal of spray per acre (3 mph, 40 psi) with a hand held CO2 pressurized B I G spray system. Pre- and post treatment thrips counts were made by pulling 2 seedling plants from each row ana placing these 4 plants in a pt jar. The jars were returned to the laboratory where the plants were beaten over a large funnel. Thrips were collected under the funnel in 70% alcohol. Post-treatment counts were made Jun 8. Stand counts, vigor and phytotoxicity ratings and plant height measurements were made Jun 3-10. The 2-row plots were machine harvested Oct 8, 11 and Nov 3.
Insecticide Treatments for Tarnished Plant Bug and Cotton Flea Hopper Control, 1982
Authors: Micinski Stephen
Published: March 2022

Two insecticide evaluation studies were conducted at the Red River Valley Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA, to examine the efficacy of various insecticides in controlling tarnished plant bugs and cotton flea hoppers on cotton. The effect of the various insecticides on beneficials was also examined. The first test was conducted on ‘DPL 61’ variety cotton planted May 5 on a combination Norwood loam and Norwood very fine sandy loam soil. The second test was conducted on ‘DPL 55’ variety cotton planted May 12 on a Latanier silty clay loam soil. Plots in both tests were 8 rows x 30.5 m (1.02 m centers) arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of water with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2/row). Insecticides were applied Jun 14 in the first test and Jun 24 in the second test. Yields were taken Oct 10 only in the first test. Single 50-sweep samples/plot were taken in the first test to determine both pretreatment and post-treatment insect levels. In the second test, the pretreatment count was based on a single -50-sweep sample/plot while the 2 post-treatment counts were based on single 100-sweep samples/plot.
Fescue, Grasshopper Control, Missouri, 1982
Authors: Brandenburg R.L. , Kirfman G.W.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted near Alton, MO on ca 13-in fescue. Insecticide sprays were applied on Aug 10 to 60 x 60 ft plots with 4 replications. Grasshoppers were late instar nymphs and adult meadow grasshoppers (80%) and redlegged grasshoppers (20%). Sprays were applied at 20 gpa and 40 psi using 8002 flat fan nozzles on a 20-ft spray boom. Evaluations were obtained at 48 h post treatment by taking 10 (180 degree) sweeps with a 15-in sweep net. The temperature at treatment was 83°F. The data were transformed by X + 0.5. Means in the table are of actual counts
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Lesser C0Nstalk Borer Larvae in Sorghum, 1982
Authors: Gardner Wayne A.
Published: March 2022

Three tests evaluated the effectiveness of various rates and formulations of chlorpyrifos in preventing damage to seedling sorghum by lesser cornstalk borer larvae. All tests were planted by conventional tillage methods in a Cecil loamy clay soil. Tests 1 and 2 were planted behind wheat on Jun 16 and 23, respectively. Test 3 was planted on Sep 7 following sweet corn. Insecticides were applied immediately after planting. Sprays were directed over the rows with a CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 370 1/ha at 2.0-2.2 kg/cm2. Granules were applied over the rows in a 16-18 cm band with a 2-wheeled hand-pulled applicator. A simulated chain drag was used to incorporate materials into the soil. Plots were 6.1 m x 5 rows (91-cm row spacing) and were separated by 2 untreated rows and 1-m alleys. Treatments were replicated 4X in a RCB design in all 3 tests. Control was assessed by examining 50-60 randomly selected plants/plot for lesser cornstalk borer damage 3 wk after treatment. These data were converted to percentage values and transformed (arcsin) before analysis.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Sorghum Midge, 1982
Authors: Gardner Wayne A.
Published: March 2022

‘Funk’s G522DR’ was planted on Jun 23 in a Cecil loamy clay soil type in Pike Co, GA. Plots were 6.1 m x 2 rows (91 cm row spacing) and were separated by 2 untreated rows and 1-m alleys. Insecticides were applied with a CO, backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 g/acre at 28-31 psi. The 1st application was made on Aug 16 when the crop was at 10-15% bloom and ca 2.7 midge adults/head were observed. A 2nd application followed 3 days later. Effectiveness of midge control was evaluated on Sep 27 by visually rating (09) damage on 20 randomly selected heads in each plot. Residual effects of these sprays on Lepidopteran populations attacking grain heads were determined by counting larvae obtained by shaking 10 randomly selected heads/plot into a bucket. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design.
Bean Leaf Beetle and Stink Bug control in Soybean, 1982
Authors: Deighan John , McPherson Robert M. , Ferguson Holly J.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were evaluated to determine their effects on bean leaf beetle, brown stink bug, green stink bug, and spiders. Insecticides were applied Sep 24 on ‘Bay’ soybeans on the E.F. Chandler Farm in Westmoreland Co near Montross, VA. Plots consisted of 6 rows, 25 ft long, with a 3-ft row spacing. A randomized block design with 3 replications was used. The insecticides were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 29 gal/acre total spray volume. Treatments were evaluated at 1, 4, and 7 days after treatment by comparing the number of total stink bugs, bean leaf beetles, and spiders captured in a 38-cm diameter sweep net using 30 sweeps per sample.
Efficacy of Cymbush for Stinkbug Control on Soybean, Small-Plot Field Trial, Marmande Farm, Theriot, Louisiana, 1981
Authors: Hensley S.D. , Finger C.K.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experimental design was used with treatments replicated 6 times. Individual plots were 12 rows spaced 3 ft apart x 36 ft (0.03 acre). Treatments consisted of an untreated control and Cymbush (Cypermethrin) applied at 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 lb ai/acre, respectively. A single foliar spray application of each Cymbush concentrate with applied broadcast at 30 lb psi Oct 8 with a knapsack sprayer that delivered 17 gal of finished formulation/acre. Counts of stinkbugs present were obtained 24 and 120 h later by sampling 12 row-ft in each plot. A 3 ft2 drop cloth was placed on the soil surface between 2 soybean rows; the adjacent plants were shaken and all stinkbugs falling on the cloth were counted. This procedure was repeated twice in individual plots. Counts were obtained for the numbers of southern green stinkbugs present/plot. However, counts were combined for the brown and dusky stinkbug complex (Euschistus spp.). This test was conducted in a field of soybean that had reached the advanced stage of foliage senescence and the hard dough (R8) stage of bean maturity.
Soybean Looper Control on Soybean, 1982
Authors: Luttrell R.G. , Bell Mike , Conley Jim , Wofford J.T.
Published: March 2022

Two small plot studies were conducted in 1982 to evaluate the efficacy of several insecticides for control of soybean looper. Treatments in the first study, Test 1, were made on Aug 27 against an increasing population of soybean looper (predominantly early stage larvae) in Washington Co, MS. Test 2 was initiated on Sep 9 against a declining population of soybean looper (predominantly late instar larvae) in soybean plots on the Plant Science Research Farm at Mississippi State University. Both studies were planted in early Jun. Plots were 2 rows (0.9 m/row) x 30.4 m, arranged in randomized complete blocks with 4 replicates. Two rows were used as a buffer zone between plots. Treatments in Test 1 were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 70.5 1/ha at 2.1 kg/cm2 of pressure. The sprayer was equipped with 2 TX-4 nozzleS/row. Treatments in Test 2 were applied with a tractor mounted sprayer powered by compressed air. Applications were made either as high volume (60.7 1/ha) sprays using hollow cone nozzles and water as a carrier, or low volume (13.0 1/ha) sprays using Micromax spinning disc nozzles and refined soybean oil as a carrier. Pre- and post treatment counts were made in both studies by making 10 sweeps with a 38-cm diameter sweep net. Mean pretreatment infestation levels were 25 larvae/10 sweeps in Test 1 and 17 larvae/10 sweeps in Test 2.
Potato Leafhopper Control by Counter in Soybean, 1982
Authors: Ostlie K.R. , Higley L.G. , Buntin G.D. , Pedigo L.P.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of Counter 15G against the potato leafhopper (PLH) was evaluated near Ames, IA. Counter was applied by 3 methods (in-furrow, deep-furrow, and side-dress) to susceptible glabrous and resistant pubescent isolines of var Clark soybeans. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots measured 40 ft x 4 rows (30 in centers). Plots were planted on Jun 4. Plants emerged on Jun 11 and side-dress treatments were applied 22-days postemergence. Adults were sampled with a D-Vac vacuum insect sampler (1 ft2 cone) with 8 subsamples/plot at 18, 32, 49, and 68-days postemergence, which corresponded with the 1-trifoliate, 4-trifol iate, beginning bloom, and full pod stages, respectively. PLH nymphs were sampled on the last 3 sample dates by taking two 2 row-ft shake-samples/plot. PHL abundance was converted to numbers/m2 of leaf area.
Control of Small, Medium and Large Corn Earworms and Soybean Loopers on Soybeans in Alabama, 1982
Authors: Rohlfs W.M. , Walker L. , Mack T.P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted on soybeans planted in sandy loam soil at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn Univ., Tallassee, AL. Fourteen treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each of the .012-acre plots was 4 rows wide (40-in row spacing) and 38 ft long. Treatments were applied on Aug 16 with a CO2-pressurized sprayer equipped with 3 D-2 nozzles per row operating at 25 psi and delivering 18 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3 ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides. Larvae were identified and assigned a classification of small, medium or large. They were then counted and recorded. Two samples from each plot were taken prespray (Aug 16) and 24 h and 72 h post spray (Aug 17 and 19). Only 2 of 4 blocks were sampled at the 24 h count due to rain. Lannate treated plots were not sampled at all on this date.
Corn Earworm Control on Soybean, 1982
Authors: Sullivan M.J. , Chapin J.W. , Turnipseed S.G.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were evaluated to determine efficacy on corn earworm in soybean. Materials were applied as foliar sprays Jul 28 with a handpump B*G knapsack sprayer at 50 psi delivering 7.75 gal/acre. Plots consisted of 8 rows, 30 ft long with the middle 6 sprayed. A randomized complete block experimental design with 4 reps was utilized. Treatments were evaluated 5 days following application by taking two 1-m shake cloth samples from each plot.
Field Evaluation of Foliar Insecticides in Kentucky, 1980
Authors: Jones G.A. , Knipper E. T.
Published: March 2022

Burley tobacco was transplanted in silt loam soil on Jun 12 at Northfarm, Lexington. Spacing was 18 in between plants and 42 in between rows. Prior to the foliar application, 25-ft-long single-row plots with an untreated guard row on each side were established in randomized block design replicated 3 times. Twenty insecticides were applied Jul 30 with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 25 gal/acre at 40 psi, through 2 hollow-cone nozzles. Counts were taken on 5 plants in the center of each plot row for the tobacco flea beetle and the apterous green peach aphid 2 days after application.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1982
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Townsend Howard
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on mature apple trees using paired-tree plots replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. The appropriate acaracide was applied to a single tree within each paired-tree plot on Apr 21. On Jul 23 a second application was made, this time to the previously unsprayed tree within each plot. Carzol was applied only on the second application date (Jul 23). All applications were made using an airblast sprayer. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 10 leaves from each tree, brushing the mites and eggs onto glass plates, and counting eggs and motile mites.
Northern Fowl Mite Control with PVC Bands Impregnated with 10% Permethrin, 1982
Authors: Lemke L.A. , Nolan M.P. , Kissam J.B.
Published: March 2022

Polyvinylchloride bands impregnated with 10% permethrin were evaluated for control of northern fowl mites on roosters in a breeding flock located in Batesburg, SC. Mite populations were visually estimated, by parting the feathers in the vent area and on the thighs immediately preceding treatment, 4 wk, 8 wk and 12 wk post treatment. Population levels were indexed by the following codes: 1 = 0-10 mites/bird, 2 = 11-100 mites/bird, 3 = 101-500 mites/bird, 4 = 501-1000 mites/bird, 5 = 1001-10,000 mites/bird and 6 = 10,000+ mites/bird. Potential roosters were isolated from the flock of 800 roosters and 8000 hens and their mite populations estimated. If mite populations did not look sufficiently high, they were returned to the flock. Otherwise, they were banded with an identifying numbered leg band and either 1, 2 or no PVC bands. After selection of birds, banding of roosters with 1 or 2 treatment bands or for use as a control was done randomly. PVC bands were placed above the first joint (hock) of the leg. In all, 116 roosters were leg banded to be used as a control or treatment replicate. Treatments were made on Jun 10.
Acaricide and IGR Screening for Control of Lone Star Tick, 1982
Authors: Hunt L.M.
Published: March 2022

Engorged females, Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus), the lone star tick, that have detached naturally from cattle no more than 24 h earlier are used in the dipping tests. The ticks are washed, blotted dry, sorted into groups of 8 and each group placed in individual dipping cages. The cages are lowered into 50 ml of test material, while it is being stirred slowly with a small magnetic bar, and the cages are agitated continually for 30 sec. The ticks are then removed from the cages and placed on blotters for air drying. Each tick is weighed, placed into preweighed shell vials, incubated at 26.5 ± 1°C and + 80% RH and held for oviposition. After oviposition, the spent females are removed and individual egg masses are weighed and replaced in the incubator until percentage hatch can be estimated approximately 1 mo later. The same number of ticks serve as controls for each treatment group and receive the same exposure, but without the active ingredient. The candidate acaricides or IGR’s are usually tested as technical materials formulated as emulsifiable concentrates containing 25% active ingredient, 65% xylene, and 107, Triton X-100. If solubility is a problem, some compounds are formulated as 10 or 20% AI or diluted 1:1 v/v in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone before adding the Triton X-100 and xylene. All formulations are mixed with water immediately before treatment. Candidate compounds are routinely tested at 0.1, 0.01, 0.001% AI. Effectiveness is determined by comparing the estimated reproduction (ER) of each treated group with that of its control group.
Cattle, Lone Star Tick Animal Screen, 1982
Authors: Hunt L.M.
Published: March 2022

Hereford yearling cattle that are artificially tick infested are treated with new insecticides found to be effective acaricides in-the acaricide screening tests. Hair from the cattle is removed from the back midline down the side so that an area about 0.1m on each side of the yearling is close clipped. Two stockinet sleeves (30 cm diameter) are glued to these areas with contact cement applied on 3 cm of the edges of the sleeves. Twenty hr after the sleeves are attached, 250 adult male and 250 adult female lone star ticks are placed in each sleeve. Five days later another sleeve 20 cm diameter) is placed on 1 hip and 20 h later 200 nymphal lone star ticks are placed in the sleeve. The following day (all ticks have now attached) sleeves are cut off leaving only the glued areas, and the cattle are whole-body sprayed. Eight liters/animal of the test compound, usually formulated as emulsifiable concentration (EC), is applied at 50 psi, with the spray nozzle approximately 38-40 cm from the sprayed surface. Tick infested animals used for controls receive the same treatments, but without the active ingredient. After spraying, the animals are tethered in the sun until dry and the sleeves replaced by gluing them on the previously glued areas. Individual engorged+female and/or detached dead tick are collected twice daily. The engorged females are weighed and held for oviposition at 26.5 ± 1°C and + 80% RH. Individual egg masses are weighed and percentage hatch estimated. Effectiveness of the treatment on adFlts is determined by comparing the estimated larvae (EL) of treated ticks with that of the control ticks.
Cypermethrin and Permethrin Ear Stips for Control of Lice on Beef Cattle, 1982
Authors: Lloyd J.E. , Kumar R. , Jones C.J. , Watson O.W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental cattle were heifer calves of mixed breeds, and originated in eastern WY. Experimental groups of 9 animals each were housed in separate pens at Torrington, WY. Insecticidal ear strips were suspended from standard, identification tags by means of plastic straps. Each strap was placed through a hole near the bottom of the ear tag and through a hole in the end of the ear strip. Cypermethrin 7% or permethrin 10% strips were placed on both ears of the experimental animals. All strips were installed on Nov 25, ‘8’, following pretreatment lice counts. Total numbers of lice were recorded in inspection areas which were one 15-cm hair part on the poll and three 15-cm hair parts on the head, brisket, neck, backline and rumptail head. Viability of lice was determined post treatment by microscopic examination of specimens.
Ectiban Permethrin and Fenvalerate Ear Tag Devises for Face Fly and Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1981
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron , Strohbehn Daryl
Published: March 2022

Ectiban permethrin 0.9 g AI adhesive tape (1 tape/cow) and fenvalerate 5% AI ear tag (2 tags/cow) were evaluated for control of horn flies and face flies on mixed breed beef cattle herds in Story Co, IA. The 2 cow-calf herds were separately pastured. A third herd of 22 cows served as an untreated control. Ectiban permethrin tapes were applied on Jun 4 and again on Jul 31. Each wk between 9:00 am and 1:00 pm, flies were counted on 15 randomly selected cattle. Horn flies were counted on 1 side of the animal and face flies on the entire face.
Cattle, Face and Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle with Ectrin Ear Tags, 1980
Authors: Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Ectrin ear tags were attached to 2 herds of beef cattle at VPIASU, Blacksburg, VA. Each group consisted of 30 cows with calves. The cows in herd #1 were tagged in 1 ear on Jun 30 and those in herd #2 were tagged in 1 ear on Jul 28. A third untreated herd consisting of 28 mixed breed cows served as control. The herds were located at least 2 miles apart from each other. At weekly intervals 10 head were selected at random from each herd between 2-5 pm. Face flies were counted on the entire face and horn flies on both sides of each animal.
Evaluation of Wipes and Sprays Against Face Fly and Horn Fly on Horses, 1982
Authors: Hoilis J.H. , Knapp F.W.
Published: March 2022

Two ready-to-use 1% Permethrins (ICI, Ectiban Pour-on and Philips Roxanne, Rub-on), one 1.5% Permethrin, formulation (Burroughs Wellcome, Atroban) and a 1% water emulsion made from a 10% fenvalarate formulation (Diamond Shamrock Corp., DS 533459) were wiped on horses or sprayed onto the tails and manes of horses at 4 oz/horse. Varying numbers of horses were used for each treatment. Untreated horses and horses treated with a commercial standard Farnam’s Wi p V were used for comparison. Fly counts were made at a predetermined schedule of times until effective fly control has ended. Percent reductions were based on the zero hour counts, which were averaged from 3 pretreatment counts.
Relative Susceptibilities of Five Mosquito Species to Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Israelensis, 1982
Authors: Hinkle N.C. , Mullen G.R.
Published: March 2022

Susceptibilities of 5 species of mosquito larvae to Bacillus thurinqiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) were compared in the laboratory at termperatures from 5-30 C. Three commercial formulations of B.t.i. were tested: BACTIMOSlO.125 and 0.25 kg/ha), TEKNAR (0.5 and 1.0 pt/acre) and VECTOBAC (0.5 and 1.0 lb/acre). All tests were conducted in temperature chambers maintained at 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Polyvinyl test aquaria (diam = 15 cm, ht = 18 cm) were filled to a depth of 15 cm with aged tap water. Aquaria were placed in the test chambers at least 12 h prior to initiation of each test to assure equilibration of the water temperature. Twenty III-IV-instar larvae of a given species were placed in each aquarium and starved for 12 h prior to treatment. All tests were conducted in continuous light and applications were made between 8 and 10 am. Applications were made by pipetting the B.t.i. formulations onto the water surface and mortality counts were made 24 h post treatment. Each test was replicated 3 times and compared with an untreated check.
Effects of Amdro Fire Ant Insecticide Mound Treatments on Southern California Ants, 1982
Authors: Wagner Robert E.
Published: March 2022

Acceptability of Amdro fire ant insecticide to 12 species of ants was determined in Sep at 3 elevations by mound applications. All Myrmicine species accepted bait to a greater or lesser degree and rate of colony kill was inversely related to speed of bait acceptance. Foragers from nests of P. californicus located at 3 different elevations did not accept bait as readily at the highest elevation as at the lower 2. Acceptance of bait appeared to be mitigated by the degree of satiation of the colonies. At 300 M elevation seeds of annuals and perennials were very scarce and bait was entirely removed into the nests within 1 h of application. At 900 M, P. californicus nested in an open sandy area adjacent to a stream course in a woodland canyon where L. occidentale was nesting in Torested sites. Seed availability at this elevation was poor at the time of treatment. At 1500 ‘R seed supplies were abundant and some bait particles remained on P. californicus nest discs after 1 wk. Nests of V. pergandei were located at ca 300 M elevation in uncultivated sandy areas and foragers avidly collected bait. Nests of S. maniosa treated were located at the same elevation, but in or adjacent to urban lawns and bait acceptance was considerably slower. Nests of F. pruinosum and T. sessile were also encounted in this habitat and foragers of these species shunned the bait entirely. Nests of P. rugosus were encountered at ca 600 M elevation in uncultivated foothill grassland and were large perennial colonies known to be 3 or more years of age at the time of treatment. The remaining 2 Myrmicine species V. andrei and V. chamberlini were found at 1500 M elevation in grassland areas also densely inhabited by P. californicus, C. bicolor, and C. insana. V. andrei was slow to accept bait but none remained on the nest mound after 2 wk. The rare species, V. chamberlini, readily accepted bait and even foraged bait which had been applied to P. californicus nests several meters away.
Control of Red Harvester Ant with Drenches, Granules, and Aerosols, 1982
Authors: Price Richard , King Ed , Pinkston Ken , Foltz Julie
Published: March 2022

Control of red harvester ants was evaluated in 2 separate tests. Test 1 was conducted along a roadside outside of Perkins, OK. Test ? was conducted at the OSU Agricultural Research Station near Perkins, OK. Treatments in both tests were randomized and replicated 10 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity and marked prior to the start of the tests. Treatments for Test 1 and 2 were made on Jun 9 and Jul 22, respectively. Mounds were checked for activity 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 wk after treatments. If 2 ants were observed per mound, the colony was recorded as active. On the 8th wk, all mounds were checked for activity by digging to a depth of 6 in beneath the mound. Treatments were applied over each nest opening which covered an area 4 ft in diameter. Drenches consisted of applying 1 gal from a garden sprinkler can and granules were evenly distributed over the surface of the mounds. In Test 2, Cessco aerosol treatments were made by dividing each mound into quadrants and making 1 injection per quadrant plus 1 center injection in the middle of the nests at an application rate of 4 or 8 sec per injection. Rainfall in the area of all tests was: Jun, 4.37 in; Jul, 1.98 in; and Aug, 1.38 in for a total of 7.73 in.
Apple, Insecticide Tests, 1982
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Darrell Eldridge M.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to Red Delicious trees with high SJS population densities in Tyro, VA. Two applications ca 1 week apart were directed against crawlers of first SJS generation. Spray dates were May 26 and Jun 2; the first application occurred within 24 hr of first crawler emergence. Each treatment was represented by 4 single-tree replicates in a completely randomized design. Unsprayed buffer trees were left between sprayed trees. Applications were made with a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer with handgun attachment. Scale populations were assessed by counting scale-infested fruit in a sample of 50 fruit/tree. Sampling was carried out on Jul 6 and Aug 31, after most crawlers of each generation had settled. Aphids were evaluated by counting aphid-infested shoots over a 3 min period on Jun 7.
Acaricide Screening for Control of Psoroptic Mites, 1982
Authors: Wright F.C.
Published: March 2022

Ear Canker mites, Psoroptes cuniculi (Delafond), taken fjjom the ears of domestic rabbits were used for these tests. About 20-25 mites (adults or nymphs) were put in ‘tea bags’ (6.3 cm2) made from heat-sealable rice paper. The acaricides were tested as technical materials usually formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (EC) containing 25% active ingredient, 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100, or as a company supplied emulsifiable concentrate. Because of solubility problems, some acaricides were formulated as EC’s in various mixtures of xylene, Triton X-100, l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, and ethanol. Three bags containing mites were dipped in each concentration of the acaricides for 30 sec and then allowed to dry at room temperature and ambient humidity. Mites that served as controls were dipped in dilute solvent and emulsifier at concentrations equivalent to those used in the acaricide emulsions. The bags were opened at 24 h post treatment, and the mites were observed with the aid of a dissecting microscope and scored as dead or alive. Mites scored as dead were immobile or had only feeble leg movement. Mites scored as alive were able to travel normally. The highest concentration of acaricide tested was 0.1%. If 100% kill was obtained at 0.1%, more dilute concentrations (0.01%, 0.001%, 0.0001%...) were tested until mortality was less than 100%.
Citrus Rust Mite Control (CRM), 1982
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in both tests. Treatment trees were often directly adjacent in test 1 due to limited number of trees with sufficient fruit. In test 2, an unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 200 psi on May 25-26 and at 250 psi on Jun 21-22 using a John Bean PC0200 sprayer (test 1) and at 250 psi on Jun 29 in test 2; ca 3 gal/tree was applied at each application in both tests. Water pH was 7.6 (test 1) and 7.0 (test 2). Triton B surfactant was added to the Gulf orchard spray at the rate of 1 oz/gal in test 2 only. The remaining oil formulations already contained surfactant. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tcee at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Citrus Rust Mite Control (CRM), 1982
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 400 psi (ca 15 gal/tree) using a truck-mounted sprayer on May 3 and Jul 2. Water pH of each tank mix was determined immediately prior to spraying using a Fisher digital 107 pH meter. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of the Grape Phylloxera, 1982
Authors: Williams Roger N. , Fickle Oan , Werner James
Published: March 2022

Seven treatments were evaluated for control of the grape phylloxera at Wooster, OH. Plots consisted of 2 adjacent grape vines, having 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within the row. Granular formulations (Temik and Furadan) were applied only once on Jun 3. Granules were incorporated into the soil 1.5 ft away from each side of the row. Granules were distributed uniformly in the bottom of a 2-inch furrow and covered with soil within 5 minutes. Soil moisture was good at time of application and granules were not watered-in. The rest of the treatments were applied on Jun 24 and Jul 12 as foliar sprays using a hand-operated CO, sprayer operated at 50 psi and equipped with a TeeJet 3D disc and No. 13 core. Sprays were applied to vines at the rate of 60 gal/acre. In sampling, 10 shoots were chosen at random from each plot, half from each side of the row. The number of galls was recorded from the 10 apical leaves on each of these shoots. Also shown are 1982 results of a survey made on May 25 of galls in previous year's phylloxera plots. (Initial results were reported I & A Tests 7:40; Report #49).
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1982
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature 'Stuart' pecan trees at the Louisiana State University Pecan Research and Extension Station, Shreveport, Louisiana. A randomized block design was used consisting of 3 blocks with 2 trees per treatment per block. Applications were made on Aug 6 with an FMC 957 speed sprayer delivering approximately 30 gal of material per tree. Sampling was conducted on Aug 9 and consisted of counting the aphids on 10 randomly selected compound leaves per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Black Aphid and Yellow Aphid Control on Pecans in Far West Texas, 1982
Authors: Stone J. D. , Fries J. N.
Published: March 2022

A pecan orchard located in the El Paso Lower Valley with trees evenly spaced 9.15 m apart was chosen for this test. Thirty trees of mixed variety were assigned 6 treatments (5 trees/treatment) in a completely randomized design. Foliar application was made on Sep 8 with a gasoline-powered backpack mist-sprayer (Vandermolen KWH 66). Each treated tree received a total of 3.78 1 solution making the rate of application 452.33 1/ha. Aphid counts (10 compound leaves/tree) were taken on 6 dates.
Evaluation of SN72129 for Control of Three Stored Product Insects, 1981
Authors: Faustini D. L. , Klein J. A. , Burkholder W. E.
Published: March 2022

SN72129, a water soluble powder containing 50% AI, was applied to rolled oats and soft spring wheat by mixing an appropriate amount of insecticide with water (1.0 ml) which was sprayed evenly over the commodity with an air brush sprayer, and to whole wheat flour by mixing as the dry powder. Three replicates of each dosage were mixed thoroughly in 1-liter jars. Fifty young adults were placed in each jar: sawtoothed grain beetle (SGB) on oats, red flour beetle (RFB) on wheat flour, and rice weevil (RW) on wheat. The culture jars were maintained under controlled conditions: 27+2 C, 60_10%RH, 16:8 L:D photoperiod. The adults were removed after 7-10 days exposure to the treated commodity and mortality was assessed. The jars were incubated an additional 40 days to determine the effect on the number of progeny per female, assuming even sex distribution of initiating adults. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance.
Driedfruit Beetle, Bioassay to Determine the Efficacy of Selected Insecticides, 1981
Authors: Miller Karl V. , Williams Roger N.
Published: March 2022

Bioassays were conducted by dipping figs (Ficus carica 'Calimyrna') which had been reconstituted with water in insecticide suspensions. Dipped figs were allowed to air dry for 30 min and then a single fig was placed in a 0.5 pt canning jar. Twenty laboratory-reared driedfruit beetles (mixed age and sex) were added to each jar. The opening of the jar was covered with organdy cloth held in place with the canning ring. The control consisted of figs dipped in distilled water. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Containers were held at ca. 23 C and 50-70% RH under a 16-h photoperiod. Mortality was assessed 24 and 48 h after treatment.
Evaluation of Several Insecticides as Grain Protectants, 1980
Authors: Strong R. G.
Published: March 2022

Technical insecticide in acetone was used in all spray preparations. Freshly made stock solutions were diluted as necessary to contain the amounts of insecticide needed in 5 ml of spray for the desired deposits of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg/kg when applied to 500-g samples of a California hard red wintei; wheat containing approximately 10% moisture. Protectant spray was applied with a Binks "Wren" Air-Brush operated at 20 lb/in as it flowed from a laboratory filling hopper into a grain pan. After spraying, treated wheat was blended 5 min in a Twin Shell Blender, put into polyethylene bags, and left open overnight at room temperature. Then each 500-g lot of wheat was divided into 10 50-g subsamples, which were placed in 4-oz jars. Duplicate subsamples infested with 50 adults of each species of test insects reared on appropriate media in cultures maintained at 26.7 C and 50-60% RH represented 1 treatment replicate; treatments were replicated 3 times in all tests, and unsprayed wheat served as control standards for comparison. Infested wheat samples were held at 26.7 C and 50-60% RH until mortalities were recorded 5 days after initial infestation with sawtoothed grain beetles and 7 days after exposure of treated wheat to other species.
Direct-Contact Toxicity of 20 Candidate Insecticides, 1980
Authors: Vardell Henry H. , McDonald L. L. , Gillenwater H. B.
Published: March 2022

The insects used in this test were confused flour beetle adults 7-14 days old and black carpet beetle larvae 3 to 5 mo old. These insects were reared and tested in rooms maintained at 27 ±1 C and 60_5X RH. All candidate compounds were technical formulations and prepared as acetone solutions at concentrations calculated to result in dosages of 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 micrograms per insect when 0.5 ul was applied topically. The insects were anesthetized with C0„ in a Buchner funnel for not more than 5 min. Immobilized insects were held individually with a suction tube while the insecticide was applied with an automatic microapplicator to the dorsal surface of the thorax. Forty insects of each species were treated at each dosage and equal numbers were treated with acetone as controls. Insects treated at the same dosages with malathion were used as the standard for comparison. After treatment the insects were placed into clean containers, without food, and observed post-treatment for knockdown (KD) or dead plus moribund (D+M) after 24 and 120 h for the confused flour beetles and after 24 and 336 h for the black carpet beetle larvae. Insects not able to move about freely were classed as knocked-down. Those that responded only feebly or not at all when lightly probed were classed as dead plus moribund. All percentages given in the table have been corrected for any mortality observed in the acetone treated controls.