bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSESSING POLICY DIVERGENCE: HOW TO INVESTIGATE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A LAW AND A CORRESPONDING REGULATION
Authors: CARTER DAVID P. , WEIBLE CHRISTOPHER M. , SIDDIKI SABA N. , BRETT JOHN , CHONAIEW SARA MILLER
Published: September 2014

Policy designs are selected to achieve specific policy outcomes. The policy process, however, contains multiple junctures when a policy's design may diverge from its original intents. Despite this fact, few theoretically valid and methodologically reliable approaches exist to assess policy divergence as it occurs during the policy process. This article presents a method for assessing policy divergence during implementation with a comparative analysis of a legislative law and corresponding regulation. The case analysed is US organic food policy in the 1990 Organic Foods Production Act and 2002 National Organic Program regulation. The article draws theoretical leverage from Mazmanian and Sabatier's implementation framework and methodological leverage from the institutional analysis and development framework. The analysis indicates that the designs of both policies are fairly robust with relatively minor divergence. The conclusion discusses the gains and challenges in developing a comparative approach to studying policy designs and assessing policy divergence.
Dynamic Crushing of Unidirectionally Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite
Authors: Zhang H. , Cho K. , Yen C. F. , Ravi‐Chandar K.
Published: September 2014

The strain rate‐dependent response of Al2O3/Al composite is examined using a split‐Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. High‐speed photography is used to establish that the strain develops inhomogeneously in the specimen due to the onset and propagation of a kink band. The power balance equation is exploited in order to determine the dissipation at the kink band. The mechanism of kink band is shown to be essentially unaltered, with only the amount of fibre fracture being influenced by the dynamic loading process.
Weed seed rain interception by grass cover depends on seed traits
Authors: Doisy D , Colbach N , Roger‐Estrade J , Médiène S
Published: September 2014

Weed management requires a better understanding of the dynamics of the weed seedbank, which is a primary source of weeds in a field. Seeds reaching the ground after seed rain replenish the seedbank and therefore contribute to future weed infestations. Our investigation is based on the hypothesis that a permanent vegetation cover, such as a grassland, can prevent weed seeds from reaching the ground. Therefore, we developed an innovative experimental device to simulate in controlled conditions the seed rain of 12 weed species (Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Conyza canadensis, Myosotis arvensis, Papaver rhoeas, Poa annua, Polygonum aviculare, Ranunculus sp., Rumex obtusifolius, Sonchus asper, Stellaria media, Taraxacum officinale and Veronica persicaria). We quantified the interception of weed seeds by a grass cover. Grass cover height, seed size and seed appendage (e.g. pappus, wing or awn) increased seed interception, in contrast to seed weight and shape index. From these results, we established a linear model to predict weed seed interception by a grass cover as a function of their seed trait values. The relationship between the predicted interception and weed community dynamics observed in grasslands was negative for some species, indicating that other processes may be involved depending on weed species. The weed seed interception model will be incorporated into an existing model of weed population dynamics to simulate the impact of grassland insertion into arable crop rotations.
Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Counters Fatigue Related Strength Reduction
Authors: Jensen Matt , Stellingwerff Trent , Klimstra Marc
Published: September 2014

The purpose was to determine the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and neuromuscular output in a fatigued state. It was hypothesized that CHO mouth rinse would potentiate torque output in a fatigued state. In a double-blind, cross-over design, 12 competitive male athletes (9 rowers, 1 cyclist, 1 runner and 1 volleyball player) initially performed 3 × 5 s MVC isometric knee extensions followed by a 50% MVC contraction until volitional exhaustion, with quadriceps muscle activity measured via electromyography (EMG). Immediately after, either an 8% CHO maltodextrin (WASH), or noncaloric artificial sweetener (PLA) was mouth rinsed for 10sec, before 3 × 5 s final MVCs. Fatigue caused a significant decline in post fatigue MVC trial 1 for 3 s average torque (p = .03) and peak torque (p = .02) for PLA. This fatigue related decline in torque was not noticed for WASH, with a 2.5% and 3.5% less attenuation in peak and average torque, respectively in post fatigue MVC1 compared with PLA. The effect size for MVC trial 1 between WASH/PLA was seen to be small positive (ES = 0.22; 55% likelihood of positive). Overall for EMG RMS, there were no significant differences between PLA and WASH among all muscles. EMG median frequency showed comparable results between conditions with significant reductions due to fatigue. Taken together, this evidence suggests that the attenuation of torque post fatigue was less for CHO mouth rinse than a placebo. Even though the gains were marginal, these discoveries may play an important role in sport performance, as small performance effects can have significant outcomes in real-world competitions.
Lower Extremity Kinematics of a Single-Leg Squat with an Orthotic in Male and Female Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Joseph Michael F. , Holsing Kristin L. , Tiberio David
Published: September 2014

Kinematic differences have been linked to the gender discrepancies seen in knee injuries. A medially posted orthotic decreases frontal and transverse plane motions in the lower extremity during ambulation, squatting and landing. This study investigated the effect of a medial post on amount and timing of lower extremity motions during a single-leg squat in male and female athletes. We hypothesized there would be differences in these kinematic variables dependent upon sex and post conditions. Twenty male and female athletes performed single-leg squats with and without a five degree full-length medial post. Maximum joint angles were analyzed using a two-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance to determine if the differences created by post condition were statistically significant, whether there were gender differences, or interactions. Differences in maximum motion values and the time at which they occurred were found between men and women at the hip, knee and ankle. The post decreased all frontal plane measures in both sexes and resulted in earlier attainment of maximum ankle eversion and delayed maximum knee valgus. A medially posted orthotic may be beneficial not only in limiting motion, but in affecting the time in which stressful motions occur.
Does Talocrural Joint-Thrust Manipulation Improve Outcomes After Inversion Ankle Sprain?
Authors: Krueger Brett , Becker Laura , Leemkuil Greta , Durall Christopher
Published: September 2014

Clinical Scenario:

Ankle sprains account for roughly 10% of sport-related injuries in the active population. The majority of these injuries occur from excessive ankle inversion, leading to lateral ligamentous injury. In addition to pain and swelling, limitations in ankle range of motion (ROM) and self-reported function are common findings. These limitations are thought to be due in part to loss of mobility in the talocrural joint. Accordingly, some investigators have reported using high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust-manipulation techniques directed at the talocrural joint to address deficits in dorsiflexion (Df) ROM and function. This review was conducted to ascertain the impact of talocrural joint-thrust manipulation (TJM) on DF ROM, selfreported function, and pain in patients with a history of ankle sprain.

Focused Clinical Question:

In patients with a history of inversion ankle sprain, does TJM improve outcomes in DF ROM, self-reported function, and/or pain?
Airway obstruction secondary to large thyroid adenolipoma
Authors: Fitzpatrick Nicholas , Malik Paras , Hinton-Bayre Anton , Lewis Richard
Published: September 2014

Adenolipoma of the thyroid gland is a rare benign neoplasm composed of normal thyroid and mature adipose tissue. Ordinarily, only a small amount of fat exists in a normal thyroid gland. CT and MRI may differentiate between benign and malignant lesions, and fine-needle aspirate often assists diagnosis. Surgical excision for adenolipoma is considered curative. We report the case of a 67-year-old man presenting with a large neck lump and evidence of airway obstruction. Imaging revealed a 97×70 mm left thyroid mass with retropharyngeal extension and laryngotracheal compression. Hemithyroidectomy was performed with subsequent histology confirming a large thyroid adenolipoma. The patient's symptoms resolved and he remains asymptomatic with no sign of recurrence 2 years postsurgery.
Unicystic ameloblastoma arising from a residual cyst
Authors: Mahajan Amit D , Manjunatha Bhari Sharanesha , Khurana Neha M , Shah Navin
Published: September 2014

Intraoral swellings involving alveolar ridges in edentulous patients are clinically diagnosed as residual cysts, traumatic bone cysts, Stafne's jaw bone cavity, ameloblastoma and metastatic tumours of the jaw. This case report describes a residual cyst in a 68-year-old edentulous male patient which was enucleated and histopathologically confirmed as a unicystic ameloblastoma.
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: a rare but important differential diagnosis for lymphadenopathy
Authors: Srikantharajah Mukunthan , Mahendra Prem , Vydianath Bindu , Lowe Gillian C
Published: September 2014

A 23-year-old man presented with a 6-week history of fevers, cervical lymphadenopathy and fatigue. A CT of the neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis showed left cervical lymphadenopathy, enlarged lymph nodes in the axilla and groin and hepatomegaly. A left cervical excisional lymph node biopsy was undertaken and the histopathological findings were consistent with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. He was treated with high-dose prednisolone for 1 week, which was then tapered. Generalised arthralgia and daily episodes of malaise were experienced for a subsequent 2 months following the cessation of corticosteroids. The condition lasted 4 months from the onset of symptoms. This case report highlights the importance of including Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease as a differential diagnosis for lymphadenopathy. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease has commonly been mistaken for tuberculosis and lymphoma, and unnecessary exposure to agents used to treat these conditions can be avoided by prompt histological diagnosis.
Black hole solutions in a cosmological spacetime background
Authors: Arık Metin , Şenikoğlu Yorgo
Published: September 2014

We propose and analyze a new metric that has two conformal factors a(t) and b(t) that combine the expansion of the universe and its effects on the spatial and temporal part of the Schwarzschild metric in isotropic coordinates. We present the solutions, their descriptions and we comment on their shortcomings. In the spatially flat case of an expanding universe, we derive from the proposed metric the special solutions of the field equations for the dust approximation and the McVittie metric. We show that the presence of a black hole does not modify the a(t)αt2/3 law for dust and H = const. for dark energy.
Searching for dark matter at hadron colliders
Authors: Askew Andrew , Chauhan Sushil , Penning Björn , Shepherd William , Tripathi Mani
Published: September 2014

Theoretical and experimental techniques employed in dedicated searches for dark matter at hadron colliders are reviewed. Bounds from the 7 TeV and 8 TeV proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) on dark matter interactions have been collected and the results interpreted. We review the current status of the Effective Field Theory picture of dark matter interactions with the Standard Model. Currently, LHC experiments have stronger bounds on operators leading to spin-dependent scattering than direct detection experiments, while direct detection probes are more constraining for spin-independent scattering for WIMP masses above a few GeV.
Finding the boson-number distributions in superconducting thin-film rings
Authors: Agafonov A. I.
Published: September 2014

A theory of the infrared (IR)-field-induced single-photon generation by the narrow thin-film superconducting rings made of the isotropic s-wave pairing type-II superconductors is presented. It is shown that statistical measurements of the energies of photons emitted by the same current-carrying ring prepared initially in the same quantum state, allow to find the number distribution of Cooper pairs in the superconductor.
Separation and Recognition of Electroencephalogram Patterns Using Temporal Independent Component Analysis
Authors: Liu Ye , Li Mingfen , Wu Yi , Jia Jie , Zhang Liqing
Published: September 2014

A common problem in Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis is how to separate EEG patterns from noisy recordings. Independent component analysis (ICA), which is an effective method to recover independent sources from sensor outputs without assuming any a priori knowledge, has been widely used in such biological signals analysis. However, when dealing with EEG signals, the mixing model usually does not satisfy the standard ICA assumptions due to the time-variable structures of source signals. In this case, EEG patterns should be precisely separated and recognized in a short time window. Another issue is that we usually over-separate the signals by ICA due to the over learning problem when the length of data is not sufficient. In order to tackle these problems mentioned above, we try to exploit both high order statistics and temporal structures of source signals under condition of short time windows. We utilize a temporal-independent component analysis (tICA) method to formulate the blind separation problem into a new framework of analyzing the mutual independence of the residual signals. Furthermore, in order to find better features for classification, both temporal and spatial features of EEG recordings are extracted by integrating tICA together with some other algorithm like Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) for feature extraction. Computer simulations are given to evaluate the efficiency and performance of tICA based on EEG data recorded not from the normal people but from some special populations suffering from neurophysiological diseases like stroke. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that EEG characteristics of stroke patients are explored and reported using ICA algorithm. Superior separation performance and high classification rate evidence that the tICA method is promising for EEG analysis.
Synthesis, spectroscopy, and photophysics of porphyrins attached to gold nanoparticlesviaone or two linkers
Authors: Ostapko Jakub , Buczyńska Joanna , Pszona Maria , Kowalska Patrycja , Waluk Jacek
Published: September 2014

Four new meso-tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives were prepared, singly and doubly substituted with thiocarbamate and thioacetate groups. These compounds were subsequently attached to gold nanoparticles suspended in chloroform. Very different kinetics of the attachment were revealed; the process was much faster for the thiocarbamate derivatives. Spectral, photophysical, and scanning electron microscopy studies revealed large differences in the morphology of the gold–porphyrin systems. The porphyrins with one linker attach to single nanoparticles, whereas the dual linker derivatives induce formation of aggregates, characterized by readily detectable Raman signals. A "hot-spot" type structure is proposed for the latter, with the porphyrin bridging two gold nanoparticles.
The theorem of the carrying simplex for competitive system defined on the n-rectangle and its application to a three-dimensional system
Authors: Jiang Jifa , Niu Lei
Published: September 2014

First, we show that the theorem by Hirsch which guarantees the existence of carrying simplex for competitive system on any n-rectangle: {x ∈ Rn : 0 ≤ xi ≤ ki, i = 1, …, n} still holds. Next, based on the theorem a competitive system with the linear structure saturation defined on the n-rectangle is investigated, which admits a unique (n - 1)-dimensional carrying simplex as a global attractor. Further, we focus on the whole dynamical behavior of the three-dimensional case, which has a unique locally asymptotically stable positive equilibrium. Hopf bifurcations do not occur. We prove that any limit set is either this positive equilibrium or a limit cycle. If limit cycles exist, the number of them is finite. We also give a criterion for the positive equilibrium to be globally asymptotically stable.
RF heating of magnetic nanoparticles improves the thawing of cryopreserved biomaterials
Authors: Etheridge Michael L. , Xu Yi , Rott Leoni , Choi Jeunghwan , Glasmacher Birgit , Bischof John C.
Published: September 2014

While vitrified cryopreservation holds great promise, practical application has been limited to smaller systems (cells and thin tissues) due to diffusive heat and mass transfer limitations, which are typically manifested as devitrification and cracking failures during thaw. Here then we describe a new approach for rapidly and uniformly heating cryopreserved biospecimens with radiofrequency (RF) excited magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs). Importantly, heating rates can be increased several fold over conventional boundary heating techniques and are independent of sample size. Initial differential scanning calorimetry studies indicate that the addition of the mNPs has minimal impact on the freeze-thaw behavior of the cryoprotectant systems themselves. Then proof-of-principle experiments in aqueous and cryoprotectant solutions demonstrate the ability to heat at rates high enough to mitigate or eliminate devitrification (hundreds of °C/min) and scaled heat transfer modeling is used to illustrate the potential of this innovative approach. Finally, X-ray micro-computed-tomography (micro-CT) is investigated as a planning and quality control tool, where the density-based measurements are able to quantify changes in cryoprotectant concentration, mNP concentration, and the frozen state (i.e. crystallized versus vitrified).
A Comparative Study of Palatal Rugae Patterns among Igbo and Ikwerre Ethnic Groups of Nigeria: A University of Port Harcourt Study
Authors: Ibeachu P. C. , Didia B. C. , Arigbede A. O.
Published: September 2014

Background. Palatal rugae pattern of an individual is species specific and is said to be as unique as finger print. Aims and Objectives. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the rugae pattern of Igbo and Ikwerre populations in Nigeria for human identification purposes. Materials and Methods. The present study was conducted from random sampling of University of Port Harcourt students. A total number of 140 subjects (70 Igbos and 70 Ikwerres) of age bracket of 18–30 were used. Results. The different shapes of rugae were obviously observed with varying degrees of predominance among the two tribes. The most predominant patterns are wavy and curvy followed by straight. The Igbos were predominantly wavy while the Ikwerres were predominantly of curve and straight patterns. The Igbo males and females had more wavy pattern with percentage values of 51.6% and 59.9% which is significantly higher in proportion (P<0.05) as compared to the Ikwerre males and females with percentage values of 35.6% and 40.6%. On the other hand, Ikwerre males and females proved to be curve dominant with percentage values of 45.2% and 34.4% and this showed significant difference in proportion (P<0.05) as compared to the Igbo males and females with percentage curve values of 27.9% and 26.1%. Conclusion. The result obtained from this study is clear evidence of ethnic differences in relation to sex; hence the incidence of predominance is population dependent.
Concern and Risk Perception: Effects on Osteoprotective Behaviour
Authors: Barcenilla-Wong A. L. , Chen J. S. , March L. M.
Published: September 2014

This study aimed to determine the effect that level of concern for osteoporosis, as well as self-perceived risk of osteoporosis and fracture, has on supplementation use, seeking medical advice, bone mineral density (BMD) testing, and antiosteoporosis medication (AOM) use. Study subjects were 1,095 female Australian participants of the Global Longitudinal study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW) untreated for osteoporosis at baseline. Study outcomes from self-administered questionnaires included calcium and vitamin D supplementation, self-reported seeking of medical advice regarding osteoporosis, BMD testing, and AOM use in the last 12 months at the late assessment. Logistic regression was used in the analysis. Concern significantly increased the likelihood of seeking medical advice and, however, had no significant impact on screening or treatment. Heightened self-perceived risks of osteoporosis and fracture both significantly increased the likelihood of seeking medical advice and BMD testing while elevated self-perceived risk of fracture increased AOM use. Supplementation use was not significantly associated with concern levels and risk perception. Concern and risk perceptions to osteoporosis and fracture were significantly associated with certain bone-protective behaviours. However, the disconnect between perceived osteoporosis risk and AOM use illustrates the need to emphasize the connection between osteoporosis and fracture in future education programs.
Purification and Characterization of Haloalkaline, Organic Solvent Stable Xylanase from Newly Isolated Halophilic Bacterium-OKH
Authors: Sanghvi Gaurav , Jivrajani Mehul , Patel Nirav , Jivrajani Heta , Bhaskara Govinal Badiger , Patel Shivani
Published: September 2014

A novel, alkali-tolerant halophilic bacterium-OKH with an ability to produce extracellular halophilic, alkali-tolerant, organic solvent stable, and moderately thermostable xylanase was isolated from salt salterns of Mithapur region, Gujarat, India. Identification of the bacterium was done based upon biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequence. Maximum xylanase production was achieved at pH 9.0 and 37°C temperature in the medium containing 15% NaCl and 1% (w/v) corn cobs. Sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw also induce xylanase production when used as carbon source. The enzyme was active over a range of 0–25% sodium chloride examined in culture broth. The optimum xylanase activity was observed at 5% sodium chloride. Xylanase was purified with 25.81%-fold purification and 17.1% yield. Kinetic properties such asKmandVmax were 4.2 mg/mL and 0.31 μmol/min/mL, respectively. The enzyme was stable at pH 6.0 and 50°C with 60% activity after 8 hours of incubation. Enzyme activity was enhanced by Ca2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+but strongly inhibited by heavy metals such as Hg2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, and Zn2+. Xylanase was found to be stable in organic solvents like glutaraldehyde and isopropanol. The purified enzyme hydrolysed lignocellulosic substrates. Xylanase, purified from the halophilic bacterium-OKH, has potential biotechnological applications.
Self-Determination Theory and First-Episode Psychosis: A Replication
Authors: Breitborde Nicholas J. K. , Woolverton Cindy , Frost R. Brock , Kiewel Nicole A.
Published: September 2014

Self-determination theory (SDT) posits that human well-being depends on the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Although many scholars have suggested that SDT may be relevant to psychotic disorders, only one empirical study of SDT in individuals with psychosis has been completed to date by Breitborde and colleagues (2012). This study revealed that individuals with first-episode psychosis reported lower satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs as compared to individuals without psychosis. Moreover, greater satisfaction of basic psychological needs was modestly associated with lower general symptoms (e.g., anxiety and depression), greater social functioning, and better quality of life. Thus, the goal of this project was to replicate Breitborde et al.’s (2012) investigation of basic psychological need satisfaction among individuals with first-episode psychosis. Our results supported the conclusion that individuals with first-episode psychosis report lower autonomy, competence, and relatedness than individuals without psychosis. Moreover, our results comport with the finding that greater need satisfaction was associated with less severe symptomatology and better social functioning and quality of life. In total, the findings lend further credence to the hypothesis that SDT may help to inform the development of improved clinical services for individuals with psychotic disorders.
The Effects of Soy Bean Flour Enriched Bread Intake on Anthropometric Indices and Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetic Women: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Salari Moghaddam Asma , Entezari Mohammad Hassan , Iraj Bijan , Askari Gholamreza , Sharifi Zahabi Elham , Maracy Mohammad Reza
Published: September 2014

Previous studies showed that soy bean has the potential to improve many aspects of diabetes state and provide metabolic benefits that aid in weight management. We aimed to determine the effects of soy bean flour enriched bread on anthropometric indices and blood pressure among type 2 diabetic patients. This randomized, crossover, clinical trial was performed in 30 type 2 diabetic women. There were two trial periods for 6 weeks and a wash-out period for 4 weeks. In the soy bread diet period, 120 g of soy bean flour enriched bread was consumed each day instead of the same amount of their usual bread or other cereal products. After a 4-week wash-out period, participants were crossed over for another 6 weeks. Mean (±SD) age of study participants was 45.7 ± 3.8 years. The results of our study showed no significant effects of soy bean flour enriched bread on anthropometric indices and blood pressure among diabetic patients. Despite the slight reduction in BMI, waist circumference, and percent of body fat, there were no significant differences in changes of these values between two groups. No significant changes in waist to hip ratio and blood pressure were seen.
Morphological Features andIn VitroCytopathic Effect ofAcanthamoeba griffiniTrophozoites Isolated from a Clinical Case
Authors: González-Robles Arturo , Salazar-Villatoro Lizbeth , Omaña-Molina Maritza , Reyes-Batlle Maria , Martín-Navarro Carmen M. , Lorenzo-Morales Jacob
Published: September 2014

Light and transmission electron microscopy observations are reported on the structure andin vitrocytopathic effect ofAcanthamoeba griffinitrophozoites isolated from a clinical case. Live trophozoites were moderately active with a remarkable pleomorphism which changed from ovoid to quite elongated shapes. When moving, amoebae formed cytoplasmic projections such as wide lamellae and acanthopodia of diverse size and thickness which contain a significant amount of actin. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm showed the main organelles found in other free-living amoebae. Coincubation of trophozoites with MDCK cell monolayers resulted in a local damage to target cells after 24 h of interaction, suggesting that the cytopathic effect is contact-dependent. By transmission electron microscopy, amoebae appeared to engulf small portions of the MDCK cells; however, the cells that were not in contact with trophozoites had an unaltered morphology. When epithelial monolayers were incubated with conditioned medium for 24 h, small areas of cell injury were also observed. The phylogenetical analysis as well as the sequencing of the acquired amplified product for the DF3 region of the amoebae isolate confirmed that it belongs to genotype T3, which includes other pathogenic amoebae; besides the activity of two drugs currently used againstAcanthamoebawas tested onA. griffini.
Compound-Specific Toxicities Detected in CFU-GM, Rat Kidney NRK Cells, Rat Bladder RBLAK Cells, and Rat Liver Slices following Batracylin or N-Acetyl Batracylin Exposure
Authors: Cutuli Facundo M. , Behrsing Holger P.
Published: September 2014

The investigational anticancer agent batracylin (BAT; 8-aminoisoindolo [1,2-b]quinazolin-10(12H)-one; NSC320846) causesγ-H2AX foci development in exposed tumor cells and has demonstrated activity against solid tumors and adriamycin-resistant leukemia. Reports indicate BAT has wide interspecies variation of adverse effects, including myelosuppression, kidney, bladder, and liver damage, including biliary hyperplasia. The effects of BAT and its metabolite N-acetyl batracylin (NAB) were evaluated in the CFU-GM bone marrow toxicity assay, rat kidney (NRK) cells, bladder epithelial (RBLAK) cells, and rat precision cut liver slices (PCLS). Exposure effects were evaluated biochemically and histologically. Human, dog, and rat exhibited similar CFU-GM IC90 values for BAT (21–29 μM). The ATP assay andγ-H2AX staining showed time- and concentration-dependent toxicity in RBLAK (more severe than NRK at <72 hr) NRK and cells (IC50<20 μM after 96 hr BAT exposure). BAT (5 μM and 25 μM) caused biochemical and histology changes to PCLS by day 3 and 25 μM produced centrilobular hepatotoxicity. NAB (≤5 μM) produced no toxicity in CFU-GM, NRK, or RBLAK cells. However, both BAT and NAB caused biliary epithelial cell proliferation in PCLS. Our studies demonstrated species similarities in sensitivity to BAT-induced myelosuppression, and implicate the metabolite NAB in biliary hyperplasia.
Determination of Measurement Points in Urban Environments for Assessment of Maximum Exposure to EMF Associated with a Base Station
Authors: Linhares Agostinho , Soares Antonio José Martins , Terada Marco Antonio Brasil
Published: September 2014

A base station (BS) antenna operates in accordance with the established exposure limits if the values of electromagnetic fields (EMF) measured in points of maximum exposure are below these limits. In the case of BS in open areas, the maximum exposure to EMF probably occurs in the antenna’s boresight direction, from a few tens to a few hundred meters away. This is not a typical scenery for urban environments. However, in the line of sight (LOS) situation, the region of maximum exposure can still be analytically estimated with good results. This paper presents a methodology for the choice of measurement points in urban areas in order to assess compliance with the limits for exposure to EMF.
Oxidative Damage and Antioxidative Therapy in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Grygiel-Górniak Bogna , Puszczewicz Mariusz
Published: September 2014

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disorder of unknown etiology. This disease is characterized by a large variety of clinical patterns, which include the fibrosis of skin and visceral organs causing a variety of clinical manifestations. Genetic and environmental factors participate in the etiology of this disease; however, recently many studies underline the oxidative background influencing the course and complications of this disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesized in SSc can mediate extra- and intracellular oxidative processes affecting endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The estimation of prooxidative markers in the pathogenesis of SSc can enable the identification of useful markers for disease activity and, thus, may help in planning appropriate therapy focusing on the fibrotic or vascular pattern. Recently, many attempts have been made to find antioxidative molecules (nutritional and pharmacological) reducing the prooxidant state in a variety of cells—mainly in endothelium and proliferating fibroblasts. This paper presents both the background of oxidative stress processes in systemic sclerosis mediated by different mechanisms and the evidence suggesting which of the dietary and pharmacological antioxidants can be used as therapeutic targets for this disease.
Modelling the Formation of Liver Zones within the Scope of Fractional Order Derivative
Authors: Atangana Abdon , Oukouomi Noutchie Suares Clovis
Published: September 2014

We develop and extend earlier results related to mathematical modelling of the liver formation zone by the adoption of noninteger order derivative. The hidden uncertainties in the model are captured and controlled thanks to the Caputo derivative. The stationary states are investigated and the time-dependent solution is approximated using two recent iteration methods. In particular, we discuss the convergence of these methods by constructing a suitable Hilbert space.
Clinical Evaluation of the Regenerative Potential of EMD and NanoHA in Periodontal Infrabony Defects: A 2-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Pilloni Andrea , Saccucci Matteo , Di Carlo Gabriele , Zeza Blerina , Ambrosca Marco , Paolantonio Michele , Sammartino Gilberto , Mongardini Claudio , Polimeni Antonella
Published: September 2014

Introduction.The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the clinical efficacy of four different surgical techniques in promoting periodontal regeneration in patients with infrabony defects: open flap debridement, application of enamel matrix derivatives (EMD), nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHA) application, and combined nanoHA and EMD application. Probing attachment level (PAL), pocket depth (PD), and position of gingival margin at completion of therapy (REC) were measured.Materials and Methods.Data were collected from 64 healthy patients (34 women and 30 men, mean age 37,7 years). Clinical indices were measured by a calibrated examiner at baseline and at 12, 18, and 24 months. The values obtained for each treatment were compared using nonparametric tests.Results.All treatments resulted in a tendency toward PD reduction over time, with improvements in REC and PAL. The differences in PD, REC, and PAL values at baseline compared with values after 12, 18, and 24 months were statistically significant for all treatments. Statistically significant differences in PAL and PD were detected between nanoHA and nanoHA + EMD at 12, 18, and 24 months.Conclusion.In this study, EMD and nanoHA used together in patients with infrabony periodontal lesions had better clinical efficacy than nanoHA alone, EMD alone, or open flap debridement.
Growth Analysis of Composite Entire Functions Related to Slowly Changing Functions Oriented Relative Order and Relative Type
Authors: Datta Sanjib Kumar , Biswas Tanmay , Bhattacharyya Sarmila
Published: September 2014

Some results on comparative growth properties of maximum terms and maximum moduli of composite entire functions on the basis of relative L*-order and relative L*-type are proved in this paper.
Root Distribution and Nitrogen Fixation Activity of Tropical Forage Legume American Jointvetch (Aeschynomene americanaL.) cv. Glenn under Waterlogging Conditions
Authors: Tobisa Manabu , Shimojo Masataka , Masuda Yasuhisa
Published: September 2014

We investigated the root distribution and nitrogen fixation activity of American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americanaL.) cv. Glenn, under waterlogging treatment. The plants were grown in pots under three different treatments: no waterlogging (control), 30 days of waterlogging (experiment 1), and 40 days of waterlogging (experiment 2). The plants were subjected to the treatments on day 14 after germination. Root dry matter (DM) weight distribution of waterlogged plants was shallower than controls after day 20 of waterlogging. Throughout the study period, the total root DM weight in waterlogged plants was similar to that in the controls. Enhanced rooting (adventitious roots) and nodule formation at the stem base were observed in waterlogged plants after day 20 of waterlogging. The average DM weight of individual nodules on the region of the stem between the soil surface and water surface of waterlogged plants was similar to that of individual taproot nodules in the controls. Waterlogged plants had slightly greater plant DM weight than the controls after 40 days of treatment. The total nitrogenase activity (TNA) of nodules and nodule DM weight were higher in waterlogged plants than in the controls. Waterlogged American jointvetch had roots with nodules both around the soil surface and in the area between the soil surface and water surface after 20 days of waterlogging, and they maintained high nitrogenase activity and net assimilation rate that resulted in an increased growth rate.
In Vitro Studies on the Antioxidant Property and Inhibition of α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme by Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Bean
Authors: Oboh Ganiyu , Ademosun Ayokunle O. , Ademiluyi Adedayo O. , Omojokun Olasunkanmi S. , Nwanna Esther E. , Longe Kuburat O.
Published: September 2014

Background. This study sought to investigate the antidiabetic and antihypertensive mechanisms of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) bean through inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, angiotensin-1 converting enzyme, and oxidative stress. Methodology. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the water extractable phytochemicals from the powdered cocoa bean were determined and the effects of the extract on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and angiotensin-1 converting enzyme activities were investigated in vitro. Furthermore, the radicals [1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2..-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl (OH), and nitric oxide (NO)] scavenging ability and ferric reducing antioxidant property of the extract were assessed. Results. The results revealed that the extract inhibited α-amylase (1.81 ± 0.22 mg/mL), α-glucosidase (1.84 ± 0.17 mg/mL), and angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (0.674 ± 0.06 mg/mL [lungs], 1.006 ± 0.08 mg/mL [heart]) activities in a dose-dependent manner and also showed dose-dependent radicals [DPPH (16.94 ± 1.34 mg/mL), NO (6.98 ± 0.886 mg/mL), OH (3.72 ± 0.26 mg/mL), and ABTS (15.7 ± 1.06 mmol/TEAC·g] scavenging ability. Conclusion. The inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and angiotensin-1 converting enzyme activities by the cocoa bean extract could be part of the possible mechanism by which the extract could manage and/or prevent type-2 diabetes and hypertension.
Timing of Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Yield: Comparison of Alternative Methods with the Classic Method for CD34+Cell Determination
Authors: Fatorova I. , Blaha M. , Lanska M. , Vokurkova D. , Rezacova V. , Zak P.
Published: September 2014

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), still represent a certain mystery in biology, have a unique property of dividing into equal cells and repopulating the hematopoietic tissue. This potential enables their use in transplantation treatments. The quality of the HSC grafts for transplantation is evaluated by flow cytometric determination of the CD34+cells, which enables optimal timing of the first apheresis and the acquisition of maximal yield of the peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs). To identify a more efficient method for evaluating CD34+cells, we compared the following alternative methods with the reference method: hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) enumeration (using the Sysmex XE-2100 analyser), detection of CD133+cells, and quantification of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the PBSCs. 266 aphereses (84 patients) were evaluated. In the preapheretic blood, the new methods produced data that were in agreement with the reference method. The ROC curves have shown that for the first-day apheresis target, the optimal predictive cut-off value was 0.032 cells/mL for the HPC method (sensitivity 73.4%, specificity 69.3%). HPC method exhibited a definite practical superiority as compared to other methods tested. HPC enumeration could serve as a supplementary method for the optimal timing of the first apheresis; it is simple, rapid, and cheap.
Diffuse Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Developed in a Patient with Hepatitis C Cirrhosis
Authors: Baron Pedro W. , Amankonah Thomas , Cubas Robert F. , Kore Arputharaj H. , Elihu Arvand , de Vera Michael E. , Perez Mia C. N.
Published: September 2014

Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE) is an infrequent vascular tumor of endothelial origin that primarily occurs in women in the mid-fifth decade of life without underlying chronic liver disease or cirrhosis. Liver transplant should be the first-line of therapy in patients with large or diffuse unresectable tumors even in the presence of metastatic disease due to the favorable long-term outcome. We report the case of a 48-year-old female who complained of abdominal pain and weight loss. She has a history of cirrhosis secondary to chronic hepatitis C (HCV) and was treated with interferon and ribavirin with sustained virological response. Her work-up revealed multiple confluent infiltrating bilobar liver masses diagnosed as HEHE. She underwent a successful liver transplant without evidence of recurrent HCV infection. She developed cervical spine (C4-C6) HEHE metastases 4 years after transplant. She underwent surgical resection and local radiotherapy after resection with good clinical response. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of HEHE that developed in a patient with HCV cirrhosis successfully treated with antiviral therapy before transplant and liver transplant with good allograft function without evidence of recurrent liver tumor or HCV infection but developed metastases to the cervical spine 4 years after transplant.
Using Poly-L-Histidine Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode to Trace Hydroquinone in the Sewage Water
Authors: Wang Bin , Huang Jun Steed
Published: September 2014

A sensitive voltammetric method for trace measurements of hydroquinone in the sewage water is described. The poly-L-histidine is prepared to modify the glassy carbon electrode in order to improve the electrochemical catalysis of interesting substances such as hydroquinone. The influence of the base solution, pH value, and scanning speed on the tracing of hydroquinone is discussed, and the experimental procedures and conditions are optimized. The laboratory results show that it is possible to construct a linear calibration curve between the peak current of hydroquinone on modified electrode and its concentration at the level of 0.00001 mol/L. The potential limitation of the method is suggested by a linear peaking shift model as well. The method was successfully applied to the determination of hydroquinone in the actual sample of industrial waste water.
Penile Gangrene with Abscess Formation after Modified Al-Ghorab Shunt for Idiopathic Ischemic Priapism
Authors: Ford-Glanton Beneranda S. , Patel Parth , Siddiqui Sameer
Published: September 2014

Penile gangrene is a rare but unfortunate complication of surgical intervention and priapism shunts. The literature regarding penile gangrene following surgical correction of priapism is sparse, the majority of which dates back to thirty to forty years. Here, we present the case of a 60-year-old man who presented with priapism that required operative management with a modified Al-Ghorab shunt and eventually suffered from complete necrosis of the penis with abscess formation in both corpora cavernosa.
Doctoral Dissertation Supervision: Identification and Evaluation of Models
Authors: Agu Ngozi , Odimegwu Christy O.
Published: September 2014

Doctoral research supervision is one of the major avenues for sustaining students’ satisfaction with the programme, preparing students to be independent researchers and effectively initiating students into the academic community. This work reports doctoral students’ evaluation of their various supervision models, their satisfaction with these supervision models, and development of research-related skills. The study used a descriptive research design and was guided by three research questions and two hypotheses. A sample of 310 Ph.D. candidates drawn from a federal university in Eastern part of Nigeria was used for this study. The data generated through the questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics andt-tests. Results show that face-to-face interactive model was not only the most frequently used, but also the most widely adopted in doctoral thesis supervision while ICT-based models were rarely used. Students supervised under face-to-face interactive model reported being more satisfied with dissertation supervision than those operating under face-to-face noninteractive model. However, students supervised under these two models did not differ significantly in their perceived development in research-related skills.
Endoscopic Retroperitoneal Adrenalectomy for Adrenal Metastases
Authors: Simutis Gintaras , Lengvenis Givi , Beiša Virgilijus , Strupas Kęstutis
Published: September 2014

Objectives. To evaluate whether retroperitoneal approach for adrenalectomy is a safe and effective treatment for adrenal metastases (AM).Methods. From June 2004 to January 2014, nine consecutive patients with AM were treated with endoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomy (ERA). A retrospective study was conducted, and clinical data, tumor characteristics, and oncologic outcomes were acquired and analyzed.Results. Renal cancer was the primary site of malignancy in 44.4% of cases. The mean operative time was 132 ± 10.4 min. There were 5 synchronous and 4 metachronous AM. One patient required conversion to transperitoneal laparoscopic procedure. No mortality or perioperative complications were observed. The median overall survival was 11 months (range: 2–42 months). Survival rates of 50% and 25% were identified at 1 and 3 years, respectively. At the end of the study, 4 patients were alive with a mean observed follow-up of 20 months. No patients presented with local tumor relapse or port-site metastases.Conclusions. This study shows that ERA is a safe and effective procedure for resection of AM and advances the surgical treatment of adrenal disease. The use of the retroperitoneal approach for adrenal tumors less than 6 cm can provide very favorable surgical outcomes.
Gene Expression Profiling of Biological Pathway Alterations by Radiation Exposure
Authors: Lee Kuei-Fang , Weng Julia Tzu-Ya , Hsu Paul Wei-Che , Chi Yu-Hsiang , Chen Ching-Kai , Liu Ingrid Y. , Chen Yi-Cheng , Wu Lawrence Shih-Hsin
Published: September 2014

Though damage caused by radiation has been the focus of rigorous research, the mechanisms through which radiation exerts harmful effects on cells are complex and not well-understood. In particular, the influence of low dose radiation exposure on the regulation of genes and pathways remains unclear. In an attempt to investigate the molecular alterations induced by varying doses of radiation, a genome-wide expression analysis was conducted. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from five participants and each sample was subjected to 0.5 Gy, 1 Gy, 2.5 Gy, and 5 Gy of cobalt 60 radiation, followed by array-based expression profiling. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that the immune system and cancer development pathways appeared to be the major affected targets by radiation exposure. Therefore, 1 Gy radioactive exposure seemed to be a critical threshold dosage. In fact, after 1 Gy radiation exposure, expression levels of several genes including FADD, TNFRSF10B, TNFRSF8, TNFRSF10A, TNFSF10, TNFSF8, CASP1, and CASP4 that are associated with carcinogenesis and metabolic disorders showed significant alterations. Our results suggest that exposure to low-dose radiation may elicit changes in metabolic and immune pathways, potentially increasing the risk of immune dysfunctions and metabolic disorders.