bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical activation of spike fosters SARS-CoV-2 viral infection
Authors: Hu Wei , Zhang Yong , Fei Panyu , Zhang Tongtong , Yao Danmei , Gao Yufei , Liu Jia , Chen Hui , Lu Qiao , Mudianto Tenny , Zhang Xinrui , Xiao Chuxuan , Ye Yang , Sun Qiming , Zhang Jing , Xie Qi , Wang Pei-Hui , Wang Jun , Li Zhenhai , Lou Jizhong , Chen Wei
Published: August 2021

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2) has caused a global COVID-19 pandemic. The spike protein of SARS2 (SARS2-S) recognizes host receptors, including ACE2, to initiate viral entry in a complex biomechanical environment. Here, we reveal that tensile force, generated by bending of the host cell membrane, strengthens spike recognition of ACE2 and accelerates the detachment of spike’s S1 subunit from the S2 subunit to rapidly prime the viral fusion machinery. Mechanistically, such mechano-activation is fulfilled by force-induced opening and rotation of spike’s receptor-binding domain to prolong the bond lifetime of spike/ACE2 binding, up to 4 times longer than that of SARS-S binding with ACE2 under 10 pN force application, and subsequently by force-accelerated S1/S2 detachment which is up to ~103 times faster than that in the no-force condition. Interestingly, the SARS2-S D614G mutant, a more infectious variant, shows 3-time stronger force-dependent ACE2 binding and 35-time faster force-induced S1/S2 detachment. We also reveal that an anti-S1/S2 non-RBD-blocking antibody that was derived from convalescent COVID-19 patients with potent neutralizing capability can reduce S1/S2 detachment by 3 × 106 times under force. Our study sheds light on the mechano-chemistry of spike activation and on developing a non-RBD-blocking but S1/S2-locking therapeutic strategy to prevent SARS2 invasion.
Comparing porous tantalum fusion implants and iliac crest bone grafts for spondylodesis of thoracolumbar burst fractures: Prospectice Cohort study
Authors: Jordan Martin C. , Jansen Hendrik , Meffert Rainer H. , Heintel Timo M.
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study was to compare two different techniques of performing one-level spondylodesis for thoracolumbar burst fractures using either an autologous iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) or a porous tantalum fusion implant (PTFI). In a prospective nonrandomized study, 44 patients (20 women, 24 men; average age 43.1 ± 13.2 years) suffering from severe thoracolumbar burst fractures were treated with combined anterior–posterior stabilization. An ICBG was used in 21 cases, and a PTFI was used in the other 23 cases. A two-year clinical and radiographic follow-up was carried out. There were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, localization/classification of the fracture, or visual analog scale (VAS) before injury between the two groups. All 44 patients were followed up for an average period of 533 days (range 173–1567). The sagittal spinal profile was restored by an average of 11.1° (ICBG) vs. 14.3° (PTFI) (monosegmental Cobb angle). Loss of correction until the last follow-up tended to be higher in the patients treated with ICBG than in those treated with PTFI (mean: 2.8° vs. 1.6°). Furthermore, significantly better restoration of the sagittal profile was obtained with the PTFI than with the iliac bone graft at the long-term follow-up (mean: ICBG 7.8°, PTFI 12.3°; p < 0.005). Short-segment posterior instrumentation combined with anterior one-level spondylodesis using either an ICBG or a PTFI resulted in sufficient correction of posttraumatic segmental kyphosis. PTFI might be a good alternative for autologous bone grafting and prevent donor site morbidities.
Oblique light incidence method to study topological defects in nematic layers with conical boundary conditions
Authors: Krakhalev Mikhail N.
Published: August 2021

A polarization microscopy method to investigate the orientational structures and boojums formed in the chiral and achiral nematic layers under conical (tilted) boundary conditions has been developed. Oblique light incidence on nematic layer is used, due to which the phase difference between the ordinary and extraordinary waves depends on the director’s azimuthal angle. The phase difference gets maximal when the director azimuthal angle of achiral nematic$$\varphi (x,y) = 0$$φ(x,y)=0and an azimuthal angle at the center of the chiral nematic layer$$\varphi _0(x,y) = 0$$φ0(x,y)=0independently of the total twist angle$$\varphi _{TOTAL}$$φTOTAL. It has been found that the$$m=+1$$m=+1boojums with the phase$$\xi = \pm 90^\circ$$ξ=±90∘and$$\xi = (-90^\circ + \varphi _{TOTAL}/2)$$ξ=(-90∘+φTOTAL/2)are formed in achiral and chiral nematics, respectively, at the director tilt angle$$\theta _{d/2} \cong 40^\circ$$θd/2≅40∘at the interface. In addition, the defectless structure of chiral nematic with the periodically variable azimuthal director angle on the substrates has been studied.
Author Correction: Optical investigations and photoactive solar energy applications of new synthesized Schiff base liquid crystal derivatives
Authors: Alamro Fowzia S. , Gomha Sobhi M. , Shaban Mohamed , Altowyan Abeer S. , Abolibda Tariq Z. , Ahmed Hoda A.
Published: August 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Publisher Correction: Mineralogical and chemical properties inversed from 21-lunar-day VNIS observations taken during the Chang’E-4 mission
Authors: Zeng Qinghong , Chen Shengbo , Zhang Yuanzhi , Mu Yongling , Dai Rui , Yang Congyu , Li Anzhen , Lu Peng
Published: August 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
A high sensitivity electrochemical sensor based on a dual-template molecularly imprinted polymer for simultaneous determination of clenbuterol hydrochloride and ractopamine
Authors: Li Xiang , Li Yangguang , Yu Pai , Tong Yanbin , Ye Bang-Ce
Published: August 2021

A molecularly imprinted polymer grown on a nitrogen-doped Fe-MOF modified glassy carbon electrode for the detection of clenbuterol hydrochloride and ractopamine in humans.
Thermodynamically driven metal diffusion strategy for controlled synthesis of high-entropy alloy electrocatalysts
Authors: Li Huilin , Zhu Han , Sun Shuhui , Hao Jiace , Zhu Zhenfeng , Xu Fangping , Lu Shuanglong , Duan Fang , Du Mingliang
Published: August 2021

We report a thermally driven metal diffusion strategy for the controlled synthesis of high-entropy alloy nanocrystals using electrospun nanofibers as nanoreactors.
An octacoordinated Nb atom in the NbAl8H8+ cluster
Authors: Ferrari Piero , Pham Hung Tan , Vanbuel Jan , Nguyen Minh Tho , Fielicke André , Janssens Ewald
Published: August 2021

Combined mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and computational modelling work revealed a unique high-symmetric structure of NbAl8H8+.
MoS2quantum dots for electrocatalytic N2reduction
Authors: Luo Yaojing , Shen Peng , Li Xingchuan , Guo Yali , Chu Ke
Published: August 2021

MoS2quantum dots show a high NRR activity, attributed to the significant N2activation on MoS2quantum dotsviaside-on patterns that could lead to an energetically-favored enzymatic pathway with an ultra-low overpotential.
Exploring the validity of the Stokes–Einstein relation in supercooled water using nanomolecular probes
Authors: Berkowicz Sharon , Perakis Fivos
Published: August 2021

We investigate the diffusive dynamics of nanomolecular probes in supercooled water and find that, contrary to pure water, the Stokes–Einstein relation is preserved for probes independent of size, from 100 nm to ≈1 nm polyhydroxylated fullerenes.
Solvent-controlled O2 diffusion enables air-tolerant solar hydrogen generation
Authors: Allan Michael G. , McKee Morgan J. , Marken Frank , Kuehnel Moritz F.
Published: August 2021

Oxygen-tolerant photocatalytic H2 evolution with O2-intolerant photocatalysts is achieved by designing solvents with low O2 diffusivity.
Pd-Catalysed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of aryl chlorides at low catalyst loadings in water for the synthesis of industrially important fungicides
Authors: Orecchia Patrizio , Petkova Desislava Slavcheva , Goetz Roland , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Schaub Thomas
Published: August 2021

The Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of electron-poor aryl chlorides in the synthesis of crop protection-relevant active ingredients in water is disclosed.
High precision zircon SIMS Zr isotope analysis
Authors: He Sheng , Li Yang , Wu Li-Guang , Guo Dong-Fa , Li Zi-Ying , Li Xian-Hua
Published: August 2021

Zircon SIMS Zr isotope analytical method permits accurate Zr isotope measurements with high precision (∼0.04–0.07‰, 2SD), high efficiency (∼4 minutes per analysis) and high spatial resolution (∼13 × 14 × 0.3 μm3).
Engaging Faculty in Shifting Toward Holistic Review: Changing Graduate Admissions Procedures at a Land-Grant, Hispanic-Serving Institution
Authors: Wong Aileen A. , Marrone Nicole L. , Fabiano-Smith Leah , Beeson Pélagie M. , Franco Marla A. , Subbian Vignesh , Lozano Guadalupe I.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The aim of this tutorial is to share lessons learned from a speech, language, and hearing sciences department at a land-grant, Hispanic-serving institution (HSI) after revising the graduate admissions review process and subsequent discussions related to equity in assessment. This tutorial describes the department as a case example and includes guiding questions that may be helpful for other organizations.

Method

An adaptive case study approach was used and centered on supporting students at Hispanic-serving institutions. The approach was characterized by structured collaborative reflection throughout the process and engagement of relevant stakeholders at multiple levels. The adaptive method allowed for interim synthesis of stakeholder discussions to inform subsequent phases of the reflection process.

Results

This tutorial shares critical motivations, barriers, facilitators, and phases that were identified in moving toward holistic evaluation for graduate admissions. Targeted areas for continued improvement related to diversity, equity, and inclusion are described.

Conclusions

This tutorial outlines lessons learned from changing graduate admissions practices toward holistic review. Self-reflection prompts are provided for institutions and organizations considering changes to their review process. In order to best support diverse communities, increased workforce diversity is needed in the speech, language, and hearing sciences professions, and holistic review practices are recommended as one way to support increased diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Faculty of Color, Bulletproof Souls, and Their Experiences in Communication Sciences and Disorders
Authors: Horton RaMonda , Muñoz Maria L. , Johnson Valerie E.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore demographic characteristics, job satisfaction, workload, challenges and rewards of working in academia, and recruitment/retention advice and recommendations for faculty of color (FOC) in communication sciences and disorders (CSD).

Method

A 43-item anonymous survey, composed of 38 closed-ended and five open-ended questions, was used to collect information from CSD FOC. Thematic analysis was used to capture trends in participant responses.

Results

The responses of FOC in communication disorders to closed-ended questions indicated that they were satisfied with their jobs. Overall, FOC reported spending a significant amount of their time on teaching and student-related activities. They also identified several common rewards and challenges of working in academia and offered key suggestions, advice, and recommendations to students, administrators, and the field. FOC responses to open-ended questions revealed noteworthy concerns related to racialized practices.

Conclusion

Research, policy, and practice focused on the needs of FOC must explicitly examine and address racism in CSD if the field is to develop adequate strategies and mechanisms to support the recruitment and retention of FOC.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16435365
Transplantation of an alpine Carex-fen – a mitigation measure related to the construction of a reservoir in the Austrian Alps
Authors: Schletterer Martin , Kurz Brigitte , Schönegger Alexandra , Egger Gregory , Feistmantl Klaus
Published: August 2021

Translocations are applied in the context of infrastructure projects to preserve certain vegetation types. Within the EIA of a large hydropower project in the Austrian Alps, manifold mitigation measures were defined. Among those, the transplantation of about 1.4 ha Carex-fen at an altitude of about 2000 m was defined. One year before the start of the construction works in 2021, basic infrastructure (roads) was established and different ecological measures were undertaken, e.g. translocation of amphibians to newly constructed habitats as well as the transplantation of the Carex-fen. The turf was cut from the initial area with an adjusted excavator shovel, delivered to a wheel loader which brought each single turf immediately to the target area, where another excavator mounted the turf in a pre-arranged area. At the donor site more than ½ of the area was based on wet gley, while especially areas in the vicinity of the river were based on fluvial gravel. With the 30 to 70 cm thick turfs also animals, e.g. Odonata, were transferred. Before the translocation a monitoring of the donor sites was carried out. The monitoring concept foresees a detailed monitoring of the newly established sites for 10 years. Herein we provide insights in the applied technology and summarize first results of the monitoring. Overall, our project is unique regarding the vegetation type, the technology, the size and the intensity of monitoring.
Impact of damaging and recovery on the temperature dependence of the work function of oxide electrodes in fluorescent lamps
Authors: Langer Reinhard , Paul Irina , Tidecks Reinhard
Published: August 2021

In the present work the work function of electrons for oxide cathodes in operating fluorescent lamps is measured before and after damaging the cathodes by cold starting of the lamp. A strong increase of the absolute value and a decrease of the temperature dependence of the work function is observed. The values recover partly after operating the lamp for a certain time. The results are interpreted as the consequence of a thin metallic layer generated during cold starting at the surface of the oxide and its effect on the depletion of electrons of donor-like colour centres (appearing in the oxide due to oxygen vacancies) under the ultraviolet radiation present in an operating fluorescent lamp, and on the magnitude and temperature dependence of the work function in the plated regions, invoking the patch effect to generate an averaged value of the work function, which is then assumed to be observed experimentally. Moreover, barium surface states are considered, yielding reasonable values for the not plated regions, when calculating the work function, as well for the assumption of a depletion of also these states by ultraviolet radiation, as also when only regarding a thermal excitation of the surface states applying the Fowler equation. Finally, a model of a diffusion governed dynamical equilibrium yielding a T3∕2 dependence for the donor concentration is proposed.
Key drivers influencing the colonization of periphytic ciliates and their functional role in hydrologically dynamic floodplain lake ecosystem
Authors: Vlaičević Barbara , Matoničkin Kepčija Renata , Gulin Vesna , Čakalić Ivana Turković , Kepec Mirjana , Čerba Dubravka
Published: August 2021

We investigated the colonization process and community dynamics of periphytic ciliates in a floodplain lake. To elucidate the functional role of ciliates, we investigated variations in their functional traits during colonization. Our research revealed that ciliate colonization process differs significantly between spring and summer, mainly due to differences in water temperature and hydrological regime. The most pronounced influence of temperature-initiated differences was observed during the initial phase of colonization, during which faster colonization with different pioneer species, and more diverse and abundant ciliate community characterized the summer initial phase. Hydrological changes significantly affected periphytic communities during the intermediate and late phases, resulting in different patterns of the colonization process. Mitigation of suspended food particles during flooding periods led to a decrease in ciliate abundance and the dominance of mobile benthivore ciliates (raptorial and filter feeders), whilst during more stable periods of low water, sessile planktivores (filter feeders) that consume suspended particles, dominated. They are considered to be main representatives of periphytic ciliates in floodplain lakes, playing a significant role in the pelagic-benthic coupling. The results of the present study offer new insights into the ecology and functional role of periphytic ciliates in a floodplain ecosystems of temperate regions.
Nontensorial generalised hermite spectral methods for PDEs with fractional Laplacian and Schrödinger operators
Authors: Sheng Changtao , Ma Suna , Li Huiyuan , Wang Li-Lian , Jia Lueling
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we introduce two families of nontensorial generalised Hermite polynomials/functions (GHPs/GHFs) in arbitrary dimensions, and develop efficient and accurate spectral methods for solving PDEs with integral fractional Laplacian (IFL) and/or Schrödinger operators in ℝd. As a generalisation of the G. Szegö’s family in 1D (1939), the first family of multivariate GHPs (resp. GHFs) are orthogonal with respect to the weight function |x|2μe-|x|2(resp. |x|2μ) in ℝd. We further construct the adjoint generalised Hermite functions (A-GHFs), which have an interwoven connection with the corresponding GHFs through the Fourier transform, and are orthogonal with respect to the inner product [u,v]Hs(ℝd)= ((-Δ)s/2u, (-Δ)s/2v)ℝdassociated with the IFL of orders> 0. As an immediate consequence, the spectral-Galerkin method using A-GHFs as basis functions leads to a diagonal stiffness matrix for the IFL (which is known to be notoriously difficult and expensive to discretise). The new basis also finds remarkably efficient in solving PDEs with the fractional Schrödinger operator: (-Δ)s+ |x|2μwiths∈ (0,1] andμ> −1/2 in ℝdWe construct the second family of multivariate nontensorial Müntz-type GHFs, which are orthogonal with respect to an inner product associated with the underlying Schrödinger operator, and are tailored to the singularity of the solution at the origin. We demonstrate that the Müntz-type GHF spectral method leads to sparse matrices and spectrally accurate solution to some Schrödinger eigenvalue problems.
Überblicksbeitrag zu Fragen zu der ärztlichen Aufklärung
Authors: Makoski Kyrill
Published: August 2021

Im Folgenden sollen verschiedene Gerichtsurteile und Literaturbeiträge dargestellt werden, die sich insbesondere mit den Fragen der ärztlichen Aufklärung befassen. Durch diese Beispiele soll der Leser einen besseren Überblick über die maßgeblichen Regelungen erhalten.
E-Health – Aktuelle Entwicklungen einzelner Anwendungen der Telematikinfrastruktur
Authors: Schüttler Christian
Published: August 2021

Das Patientendaten-Schutz-Gesetz sorgt dafür, dass das Versichertenstammdatenmanagement mit datenschutzrechtlich erforderlichen Regelungen flankiert wird. Es bleibt allerdings abzuwarten, ob die Datenschutz-Grundverordnung in allen Fällen ausreichend beachtet wird. Für Vertragsärzte ergeben sich außerdem Neuerungen im Bereich der Elektronischen Patientenakte (ePA). Sie werden in Zukunft zum aktiven Zusammenarbeiten mit den Patienten bei der Befüllung der ePA verpflichtet und sind für die Übermittlung der Daten in die ePA verantwortlich.
Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von „Künstlicher Intelligenz“ und „Big Data“ in der ophthalmologischen Diagnostik
Authors: Treder Maximilian , Eter Nicole
Published: August 2021

„Künstliche Intelligenz“ und „Big Data“ haben in den letzten Jahren immer mehr Einzug in die Medizin erhalten. Auch die Augenheilkunde ist hiervon betroffen. Dieser Artikel soll den Lesern dieser Zeitschrift einen Überblick über interessante ophthalmologische Anwendungsmöglichkeiten aufzeigen.
Krisenkonzepte überwinden starre Diagnosekonzepte
Authors: Weinmann Stefan
Published: August 2021

Der Begriff „Krise“ wird in der Psychiatrie nicht einheitlich verwendet. Eine ausschließliche Verwendung von Krisenkonzepten und -theorien bei Menschen ohne psychiatrische Diagnosen oder nur leichten psychischen Störungen wirkt allerdings stigmatisierend und steht dem Recovery-Gedanken entgegen. Angesichts der fraglichen Validität psychiatrischer Diagnosekonstrukte wird in diesem Artikel geprüft, ob eine psychiatrische Akutbehandlung auch schwerer psychischer Erkrankungen mit einem Krisenkonzept möglich ist, und welche Auswirkungen dies auf die Behandlungspraxis hätte. Das Beispiel der Verwendung von Krisenkonzepten beim Home-Treatment zeigt ihre grundsätzliche Anwendbarkeit in der Behandlung akuter Krankheitsepisoden.
A Catalyst-Free Synthesis of Fused Perfluoroalkylated 2,3-Dihydroisoxazoles via Oxa-Michael-Aldol Annulation
Authors: Zhou Wei , Yao Lan , Zhang Hui , Tang Xiaojun , Cao Weiguo , Liu Yongxiurong , Shen Lichun , Chen Jie , Deng Hongmei , Shao Min
Published: August 2021

A novel synthesis of fused perfluoroalkylated 2,3-dihydroisoxazoles is achieved via oxa-Michael-aldol annulation between perfluoroalk-2-ynoates and N-hydroxyimides. This method provides a convenient route for the synthesis of pyrrolidin-2-one-fused perfluoroalkylated 2,3-dihydroisoxazoles in yields of up to 97%. Diverse and pharmaceutically attractive polycyclic scaffolds can be obtained rapidly and efficiently under these mild, catalyst-free conditions.
Assessment of Parental Quality of Life in Febrile Seizures Using Pediatric Quality of Live Inventory Parental Report
Authors: Octavius Gilbert Sterling , Virliani Cindy , Juliansen Andry
Published: August 2021

Febrile seizure (FS) is the most common convulsive disorder in children with FS prevalence in Indonesia reaching 2 to 4% in 2008. Although this entity has a good prognosis, it often brings panic, fear, and anxiety to the parents. This seemingly benign condition might lead to changes in family structures resulting in adverse effects on the family's daily lives and affect their overall quality of life (QoL). This study evaluates the QoL of parents whose children have FS. A cross-sectional study done in 47 parents whose children had a FS between ages 1 and 4 years from January 2020 to May 2020 and who were evaluated at the Siloam General Hospital, Lippo Village. Parents were asked to fill in Pediatric Quality of Life Questionnaire parent proxy. Data normality was analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk's test and the significant impact of parents' QoL using the chi-square and independent t-tests. From a total of 47 parents, 30 (63.8%) parents had children with simple FS and 17 (36.2%) parents had children with complex FS. Parents whose children were in the age group of 1 year to 1 year 11 months had the best mean score of 79.64 (12.17) compared with other age groups. In the subset of 3 to 4 years old, the daily activities domain was significantly affected (p-value = 0.3). Parents with a lower educational level had a higher mean score of 76.53 (14.42) than parents who had a higher educational level, with a total mean of 79.88 (11.85), particularly with the highest mean score of 100 in the communication domain. The occurrence of FSs in children affected their parents' QoL in almost all domains in the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory questionnaire.
First-principles study of the Kohn anomaly in TaTe4
Authors: Liu Fei-Hu , Fu Wei , Deng Ying-Hua , Yuan Zi-Bo , Wu Li-Na
Published: August 2021

The tetrachalcogenide TaTe4 is known as an excellent example of a charge-density wave (CDW) system that has a commensurately modulated structure at room temperature. Using density function perturbation theory, we find that the unmodulated phase of TaTe4 has a giant Kohn anomaly at room temperature, which manifests itself as softened phonon modes at the CDW vector (1/2a*,1/2b*,1/3c*). Interestingly, after the application of 8 GPa hydrostatic pressure, this CDW instability can be effectively suppressed and disappears at room temperature. By studying the topology of the Fermi surface and the phonon linewidth, we show that the Kohn anomaly in TaTe4 is driven by a large electron–phonon coupling coefficient at the CDW vector and not by Fermi surface nesting.
Anomalous Hall effect in ferrimagnetic metal RMn6Sn6 (R = Tb, Dy, Ho) with clean Mn kagome lattice
Authors: Gao Lingling , Shen Shiwei , Wang Qi , Shi Wujun , Zhao Yi , Li Changhua , Cao Weizheng , Pei Cuiying , Ge Jun-Yi , Li Gang , Li Jun , Chen Yulin , Yan Shichao , Qi Yanpeng
Published: August 2021

Kagome lattice, made of corner-sharing triangles, provides an excellent platform for hosting exotic topological quantum states. Here, we systematically studied the magnetic and transport properties of RMn6Sn6 (R = Tb, Dy, Ho) with clean Mn kagome lattice. All the compounds have a collinear ferrimagnetic structure with different easy axis at low temperature. The low-temperature magnetoresistance (MR) is positive and has no tendency to saturate below 7 T, while the MR gradually declines and becomes negative with the increasing temperature. A large intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity about 250, 40, and 95 Ω−1 cm−1 is observed for TbMn6Sn6, DyMn6Sn6, and HoMn6Sn6, respectively. Our results imply that RMn6Sn6 system is an excellent platform to discover other intimately related topological or quantum phenomena and also tune the electronic and magnetic properties in future studies.
Enhanced H2 evolution through water splitting using TiO2/ultrathin g-C3N4: A type II heterojunction photocatalyst fabricated by in situ thermal exfoliation
Authors: Khatun Nasima , Dey Sutapa , Appadurai Tamilselvan , Chandiran Aravind Kumar , Roy Somnath C.
Published: August 2021

Designing a photocatalyst material with reduced recombination of photogenerated charges is one of the most important aspects of hydrogen generation through solar water splitting. Here, we report hydrogen generation using the TiO2/ultrathin g-C3N4 (U-g-CN) heterostructure fabricated using a unique in situ thermal exfoliation process. Multilayer g-CN is converted into U-g-CN having a high surface (∼190 m2/g) area by calcination at ∼550 °C through oxygen-induced exfoliation, which also forms a robust heterostructure with TiO2. In addition, the presence of g-CN also inhibits further growth of TiO2 nanoparticles, thereby retaining a high specific surface area. The presence of U-g-CN causes a redshift (∼0.13 eV) in the absorption edge of heterostructure compared to that of bare TiO2, which extends the light absorption capability. Addition of 40 wt. % of multilayer g-CN to TiO2 shows an enhanced H2 evolution rate, which is ∼15 times and ∼4 times higher compared to that of bare TiO2 and U-g-CN, respectively. Photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL (TRPL) studies indicate a reduced recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers with an increase in the average lifetime from 10.53 (TiO2) to 13.32 ns (TiO2/U-g-CN40). The interfacial charge transport characteristics studied through impedance spectroscopy reveal a reduced charge transfer resistance at the semiconductor–electrolyte interface, which facilitates faster charge separation due to the heterostructure formation. The band edge positions are estimated through flatband potential from the Mott–Schottky measurements and optical absorption data, indicating a type-II heterojunction. More light absorption and enhanced separation of photogenerated charges at the heterojunction interface lead to better photocatalytic H2 generation.
Ordered slow and fast dynamics of unsynchronized coupled phase oscillators
Authors: Kumarasamy Suresh , Dudkowski Dawid , Prasad Awadhesh , Kapitaniak Tomasz
Published: August 2021

Slow and fast dynamics of unsynchronized coupled nonlinear oscillators is hard to extract. In this paper, we use the concept of perpetual points to explain the short duration ordering in the unsynchronized motions of the phase oscillators. We show that the coupled unsynchronized system has ordered slow and fast dynamics when it passes through the perpetual point. Our simulations of single, two, three, and 50 coupled Kuramoto oscillators show the generic nature of perpetual points in the identification of slow and fast oscillations. We also exhibit that short-time synchronization of complex networks can be understood with the help of perpetual motion of the network.
Reduced nonradiative recombination rates in c-plane Al0.83In0.17N films grown on a nearly lattice-matched GaN substrate by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Li L. Y. , Shima K. , Yamanaka M. , Kojima K. , Egawa T. , Uedono A. , Ishibashi S. , Takeuchi T. , Miyoshi M. , Chichibu S. F.
Published: August 2021

A record-long room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) lifetime (τPLRT) of approximately 70 ps was obtained for the sub-bandgap 3.7 eV emission band of a 300-nm-thick c-plane Al0.83In0.17N epilayer for the use in cladding layers of an edge laser structure, which were grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on a low threading dislocation density nearly lattice-matched GaN substrate. The recorded τPLRT value was twice as long as previously reported ones, indicating half concentration of nonradiative recombination centers. Room-temperature spatially resolved cathodoluminescence intensity images for the 3.7 eV band revealed nearly zero carrier diffusion length, which is consistent with the fact that τPLRT of 70 ps is 1/35 of the near-band-edge emission of the GaN substrate (2.4 ns). As the PL decay curves for the 3.7 eV band were sufficiently fitted by the stretched exponential function, the emission likely originates from extended states such as impurities, point defects, and their complexes, as well as localized states of uneven potential profile.
High valence states of Pd supported on ferroelectric BaTiO3 driven by electric polarization
Authors: Yoshida Tasuku , Kano Jun , Mizumaki Masaichiro , Tamenori Yusuke , Nitta Kiyofumi , Kato Kazuo , Hinokuma Satoshi , Oshime Norihiro , Hirose Satoshi , Mikami Hitoshi , Ikeda Naoshi , Fujii Tatsuo , Nishina Yuta , Okubo Tomoko
Published: August 2021

At a metal–ferroelectric junction, it has been considered that the electric polarization of the ferroelectric material can affect the electronic structure of the neighboring metal. Here, we demonstrate that the valence state of Pd can be shifted to the unstable high value of 4+ by the electric field of electric polarization in ferroelectric BaTiO3. Study of the absorption fine structure of both hard and soft x rays revealed the existence of Pd4+ states on the surface of Pd oxide nanoparticles. The positions of Pd and oxygen atoms are shifted in opposite directions by the electric field due to the electric polarization of ferroelectric BaTiO3. The atomic displacement of Pd and O forms a zigzag structure, in which the coordination number of Pd atoms is changed from four to six, producing a quadrivalent state. This report presents experimental evidence that ferroelectric polarization can control the electronic states of neighboring metal atoms, and we suggest that using the ferroelectric support effect may produce a new type of catalyst.
Indexicality, semanticity and contact along the now < this time pathway
Authors: Leddy-Cecere Thomas
Published: August 2021

This study presents data from modern Arabic innovations now < this time to investigate the cross-linguistic developmental pathway temporal deictic < [demonstrative [time noun]]. Products of this path (e.g., German heute, Spanish ahora) feature consistently in contrastive approaches to grammaticalization and lexicalization and have been advanced as exclusive examples of both phenomena, without clear resolution. In this investigation, I establish the derivation of now forms in dialectal Arabic from ten distinct [demonstrative [time noun]] source constructions and identify patterns of fusion and coalescence relevant to both grammaticalization and lexicalization analyses. I then demonstrate a correlated progression of indexicalization and desemanticization in these items’ semanto-pragmatic structure that firmly positions them as examples of grammaticalizing, rather than lexicalizing, change, and proceed to develop this account via examination of the cross-dialectal diffusion of now < this time as an abstract, schematized structure. This approach provides additional support for a grammaticalization account of temporal deictic < [demonstrative [time noun]] developments cross-linguistically and elaborates a novel evidentiary stream with implications for the integration of contact linguistics and grammaticalization/lexicalization studies more broadly.
A methodology for Qur’anic lexical translation
Authors: Salama Amir H. Y.
Published: August 2021

The present study propounds a methodology for the translation of Qur’anic lexis in a way that synergizes semantic
preference, discourse prosody, and para/intertextuality. Towards the validation of this methodology, the Qur’anic lexical item
آيـة (āyah) is investigated at two levels: (a) the
intertextual level of the semantic preferences emerging in the various co-texts of āyah inside the Qurʼan and (b)
the paratextual level of the overall discourse prosody underlying these semantic preferences in the exegetical contexts of
āyah. The research finds firstly that there are four semantic preferences associated with
āyah, viz. cosmological phenomena, miraculous tokens, conclusive evidence, and divine
revelations/communications. Second, the discourse prosody underlying the Qurʼanic usages of āyah is divine
visibility, which motivates the word’s generic English translation as “sign.” Third, in rendering the lexical item آيـة (āyah) into English, the well-known Qur’an translators in the Qurʼanic
Arabic Corpus have opted either for “sign,” to maintain the positive discourse prosody associated with the Qur’anic usages of the
item, or “token,” “portent,” “miracle(s),” or “verse/revelations/communications,” with a view to observing the semantic
preferences associated with them.
Analysis of sedentariness in women from a gender and equity perspective
Authors: Pinto‐Carbó M. , Vanaclocha‐Espi M. , Ibañez J. , Hernández‐García M. , Salas D. , Molina‐Barceló A.
Published: August 2021

This cross‐sectional study aimed to analyse the social and gender‐related factors influencing sedentariness in women, including occupation and family size (FS). We included women aged 45–70 years participating in the Breast Cancer Screening Programme of the Valencia Region (BCSP‐VR) between November 2018 and October 2019 (n = 121,988). The response variable was sedentariness measured by sitting time in hours/day (h/day) (<3 h/day and ≥3 h/day). The explanatory variables were age, educational level, country of origin, living alone, childcare responsibilities, FS, disability, body mass index (BMI) and smoking status. Logistic regression models were adjusted for the whole sample and were stratified by occupation and FS. The variables that increased the odds of sedentariness were age ≥65 years (OR = 1.28; CI = 1.20–1.36), high educational level (OR = 1.39; CI = 1.31–1.47), non‐manual occupation (OR = 2.38; CI = 2.27–2.48), living alone (OR = 1.11; CI = 1.05–1.17), disability (OR = 1.37; CI = 1.20–1.56) and BMI ≥ 30 (OR = 1.33; CI = 1.28–1.38). The variables decreasing the odds were large (OR = 0.90; CI = 0.87–0.96) and medium FS (OR = 0.93; CI = 0.90–0.97). Older age, high educational level and high BMI conferred a higher odd of sedentary lifestyle, independently of occupation and FS with statistical differences. Protective factors were childcare responsibilities in non‐working women (OR = 0.86; CI = 0.74–0.99), large FS in women with manual occupations (OR = 0.88; CI = 0.80–0.97) and medium FS in housewives (OR = 0.91; CI = 0.86–0.97). This study identified social and gender‐related inequalities in the factors influencing sedentariness, which were related to the type of occupation and FS.

Highlights

There are social and gender inequalities in the factors influencing sedentariness

Non‐manual occupation increases the risk of sedentary lifestyle

Belonging to a medium or large family decreases the risk of sedentary behaviour

Childcare responsibilities are related to lower sitting time throughout the day
Gating pore currents occur in CaV1.1 domain III mutants associated with HypoPP
Authors: Wu Fenfen , Quinonez Marbella , Cannon Stephen C.
Published: August 2021

Mutations in the voltage sensor domain (VSD) of CaV1.1, the α1S subunit of the L-type calcium channel in skeletal muscle, are an established cause of hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP). Of the 10 reported mutations, 9 are missense substitutions of outer arginine residues (R1 or R2) in the S4 transmembrane segments of the homologous domain II, III (DIII), or IV. The prevailing view is that R/X mutations create an anomalous ion conduction pathway in the VSD, and this so-called gating pore current is the basis for paradoxical depolarization of the resting potential and weakness in low potassium for HypoPP fibers. Gating pore currents have been observed for four of the five CaV1.1 HypoPP mutant channels studied to date, the one exception being the charge-conserving R897K in R1 of DIII. We tested whether gating pore currents are detectable for the other three HypoPP CaV1.1 mutations in DIII. For the less conserved R1 mutation, R897S, gating pore currents with exceptionally large amplitude were observed, correlating with the severe clinical phenotype of these patients. At the R2 residue, gating pore currents were detected for R900G but not R900S. These findings show that gating pore currents may occur with missense mutations at R1 or R2 in S4 of DIII and that the magnitude of this anomalous inward current is mutation specific.
Different but similar?: Comparing the IBA Rules on the taking of evidence with the Prague Rules
Authors: Rangachari Rekha , Duggal Kabir
Published: August 2021

Until recently, the most common source concerning the taking of evidence in international arbitrations has been the International Bar Association (IBA) Rules on Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration. The IBA Rules have been updated periodically including most recently in 2020 demonstrating its flexibility and wide acceptance. However, rising concerns about costs and delays due to the adversarial nature of the IBA Rules has led to increasing scrutiny and criticism. A consequence of these criticisms was the formation of the Working Group that led to the creation of the Rules on the Efficient Conduct of Proceedings in International Arbitration (the ‘Prague Rules’). This article seeks to discuss the differences between the IBA Rules and the Prague Rules with a focus on the evidentiary process. Both set of rules begin with differing starting assumptions. However, we argue that the IBA Rules and the Prague Rules, while emerging from, and representing the ideals of two different legal systems, have a lot in common. The difference may not ultimately be as wide as one might initially envision.
A-1 Neuropsychiatric Symptoms over Time in Autopsy-Confirmed Alzheimer’s Disease, Lewy Body Disease, and Mixed Pathology
Authors: Schaffert Jeff , Goette Will , Carlew Anne , Parker Allison , Patel Saranya , Lacritz Laura , Rossetti Heidi , Cullum Munro
Published: August 2021

Objective

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common in neurodegenerative disease, but longitudinal studies using large autopsy-confirmed samples are lacking. Our primary aim was to investigate progression of NPS over time in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease (ad), Lewy body disease (LBD), and mixed (ad+LBD) cohorts.

Methods

Data on individuals (age > =50) with autopsy-confirmed ad (N = 1568), ad+LBD (N = 349), and LBD (N = 142) was obtained from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (Mean visits = 2.61). Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) and 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores were used to measure NPS. Multilevel zero-inflated binomial regression models were used to assess if NPI-Q and GDS scores differed among ad, ad+LBD, and LBD groups over time. Covariates included: years from baseline to final visit, cognitive status at baseline (i.e., normal, MCI, or dementia), demographic characteristics, MMSE, Functional Activities Questionnaire, and psychotropic treatment of psychiatric conditions.

Results

Higher NPI-Q and GDS scores were observed at baseline in the LBD group compared to ad (p’s < 0.001). NPI-Q scores increased over time in the LBD group compared to ad+LBD and ad groups (90% CI). GDS scores differed among all groups at baseline (95% CI), with more rapid increase in the LBD group vs. ad and ad+LBD groups.

Conclusions

Overall, the course of NPS differs among disease pathologies. Those with pure LBD appear to have more severe NPS over time compared to those with ad and ad+LBD. Depressive symptoms increased more in LBD and ad+LBD compared to ad over time. Future research examining clinical outcomes related to NPS burden (care needs, caregiver burden, and life expectancy) is needed.
A-2 Clustering and Switching Indices as Discriminators between Alzheimer’s Dementia, Vascular Dementia, and Mild Cognitive Impairment on a Semantic Fluency Task
Authors: Wisinger Amanda M , Phillips Matthew S , Carter Dustin A , Jennette Kyle J , Fink Joseph W
Published: August 2021

Objective

Studies that have used semantic fluency tasks to guide differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (ad) and vascular dementia (VaD) typically only examine the total number of words produced, which has yielded conflicting results. The present study examined whether other indices of semantic fluency (i.e., clustering and switching), which are thought to better isolate the components of semantic memory and executive functioning abilities, would discriminate among ad, VaD, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Method

A retrospective sample of 156 patients (mean age = 78.64; 76.3% female, 23.7% male; 26.9% White, 71.2% Black, 1.9% Other) who completed a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation as part of a workup related to memory concerns and were diagnosed with ad, VaD, or MCI was utilized. Separate univariate analyses of variance were used to examine group differences on three indices of semantic fluency (animals): total words, mean cluster size, and number of switches.

Results

There was a significant main effect of group for total words [F(2,153) = 7.09, p = 0.001], mean cluster size [F(2, 153) = 3.44, p = 0.035] and number of switches [F(2,153) = 3.36, p = 0.037]. Bonferroni post-hoc tests revealed that the ad and VaD groups produced significantly fewer total words than the MCI group, the ad group produced significantly smaller clusters than the VaD group, and the VaD group produced significantly fewer switches than the MCI group.

Conclusion

Observed group differences suggest that clustering and switching may aid in discriminating between dementia etiologies. Future studies may benefit from examining the association between these fluency indices and performance on executive functioning and semantic knowledge tasks to better understand these findings.
A-5 Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met and Neuropsychological Functioning Following Early Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Treble-Barna Amery , Kurowski Brad , Martin Lisa , Pilipenko Valentina , Taylor Gerry , Wade Shari , Yeates Keith
Published: August 2021

Objective

The present study examined the differential effect of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism on neuropsychological functioning in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) relative to children with orthopedic injury (OI).

Method

Participants were drawn from a prospective, longitudinal study of children who sustained a TBI (n = 69) or OI (n = 72) between 3 and 7 years of age. Children completed a battery of neuropsychological measures targeting attention, memory, and executive functions at four time points spanning the immediate post-acute period to 18 months post-injury. Children also completed a comparable age-appropriate battery of measures approximately 7 years post-injury. Parents rated children’s executive functioning at all time points.

Results

Longitudinal mixed models revealed a significant allele status x injury group interaction for verbal fluency (p = 0.007) and a non-significant trend for parent-rated dysexecutive behaviors (p = 0.069), and cross-sectional models at 7 years post-injury revealed a non-significant trend for the allele status x injury group interaction for fluid reasoning skills (p = 0.074). Post hoc analyses suggested a consistent pattern of poorer neuropsychological functioning in Met carriers relative to Val/Val homozygotes in the TBI group; in contrast, the opposite trend was observed in the OI group.

Conclusions

The results suggest a differential effect of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on verbal fluency, dysexecutive behaviors, and fluid reasoning skills in children with early TBI relative to OI, and that the Met allele—associated with reduced activity-dependent secretion of BDNF—confers risk for poorer neuropsychological functioning in children with TBI.
A-89 Age at First Psychiatric Hospitalization Predicts Deviation from Expected Cognitive Ability in Psychosis Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Khalid Elmma , Kaseda Erin T , Dykins Madison M , Gotra Milena Y , Hill Scot K
Published: August 2021

Objective

The present study investigated whether clinical variables related to illness onset (age at symptom onset, diagnosis, first psychiatric hospitalization) predict deviation from expected cognitive ability. Additionally, we examined the potential moderating effect of psychosis groups (“biotypes”).

Method

Cognitive ability was predicted based on demographic variables and estimated premorbid intelligence modeled in controls. The degree to which current cognitive ability (based on Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) deviated from predicted ability was computed in 362 schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar with psychosis patients recruited from the community (Mage = 39.11; 52.2% male; 41.7% White, 41.4% Black, 16.9% Other). Linear regression assessed the relationship between illness onset and deviation scores and moderation analysis was performed using moderated multiple regression.

Results

Only age at first psychiatric hospitalization predicted deviation scores (F(1,328) = 3.93, p < 0.05), such that younger individuals had a greater deviation from expected cognitive ability. The full moderated regression model significantly predicted deviation scores (F(5,330) = 14.05, p < 0.001), and there was a significant effect of age at first psychiatric hospitalization and deviation scores only for biotype 3 (t = 7.37, p < 0.001).

Discussion

Findings suggest that severity of illness at a younger age (requiring hospitalization), rather than earlier symptom onset, may be a risk factor for greater disruption of cognitive development. The association between group membership in biotype 3 (characterized by less cognitive impairment) and lower deviation scores may reflect reduced variability in deviation scores and less disruption of cognitive abilities than other biotypes. When assessing psychosis spectrum patients, clinicians should consider how factors related to illness onset and severity may impact developmental cognitive trajectories.