Investigation on the role of elevated gamma radiation in ion production during precipitation
Authors: Chen Xuemeng , Barbosa Susana , Paatero Jussi , Kulmala Markku , Junninen Heikki 
Published: March 2021

&lt;p&gt;Air ions are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. These charge carriers can be found in various forms as charged molecules, nanoclusters as well as aerosol particles. The population of air ions normally concentrates in the cluster size range (0.8 &amp;#8211; 1.7 nm in mobility equivalent diameters) in the absence of particle formation processes. A concentration burst in the intermediate size range (1.7 &amp;#8211; 7 nm) can be typically observed during atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) and in precipitation episodes &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. Contrary to the intermediate ions formed during NPF that favour growth to larger sizes, intermediate ion bursts resulting from precipitation tend to shrink &lt;sup&gt;2,3&lt;/sup&gt;. The production of intermediate ions during precipitation has been attributed to the Lenard effect and they are usually referred to as the balloelectric ions &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;During precipitation the rain-out and wash-out of radon progeny increase the gamma dose at ground level &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;. Being a type of ionising radiation, gamma creates positive and negative charges in the air. These charges are either lost in recombination or transformed into air ions. It is therefore interesting to understand whether the precipitation-associated elevation in gamma radiation plays any role in forming or neutralising the balloelectric ions. At SMEAR II station in Hyyti&amp;#228;l&amp;#228;, Finland &lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;, we have conducted measurements of air ions, gamma radiation, precipitation together with other meteorological parameters. A similar establishment of the measurement set stands also at SMEAR Estonia station in Jarvselj&amp;#228;, Estonia &lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;. The data collected at Hyyti&amp;#228;l&amp;#228; from 2017.7 to 2018.8 show that the intermediate ion concentration correlates with rainfall only when the precipitation intensity is greater than 1 mm/h. For milder rainfall with the precipitation intensity being 0.1-1 mm/h, the intermediate ion concentration increases with an increase in the gamma counts. The work is under progress and we intend to extend the analysis to Jarvselj&amp;#228; data for a comprehensive understanding of the observations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acknowledgements: This work received financial supports from European Regional Development Fund (project MOBTT42) under the Mobilitas Pluss programme and from Estonian Research Council project PRG714.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. Tammet, H., Komsaare, K. &amp; H&amp;#245;rrak, U. Intermediate ions in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Research &lt;strong&gt;135-136&lt;/strong&gt;, 263-273, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.009 (2014).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2. H&amp;#245;rrak, U. et al. Formation of Charged Nanometer Aerosol Particles Associated with Rainfall: Atmospheric Measurements and Lab Experiment. Report Series in Aerosol Science &lt;strong&gt;80&lt;/strong&gt;, 180-185 (2006).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;3. Tammet, H., H&amp;#245;rrak, U. &amp; Kulmala, M. Negatively charged nanoparticles produced by splashing of water. Atmos. Chem. Phys. &lt;strong&gt;9&lt;/strong&gt;, 357&amp;#8211;367 (2009).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;4. Paatero, J. &amp; Hatakka, J. Wet deposition efficiency of short-lived radon-222 progeny in central Finland. Boreal Env. Res. &lt;strong&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;, 285-293 (1999).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;5. Hari, P. &amp; Kulmala, M. Station for measuring ecosystem-atmosphere relations (SMEAR II). Boreal Environ. Res. &lt;strong&gt;10&lt;/strong&gt;, 315-322 (2005).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;6. Noe, S. M. et al. SMEAR Estonia: Perspectives of a large-scale forest ecosystem &amp;#8211; atmosphere research infrastructure. Forestry Studies &lt;strong&gt;63&lt;/strong&gt;, doi:10.1515/fsmu-2015-0009 (2015).&lt;/p&gt;