bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vereinfachte gasvolumetrische Gehaltsbestimmung von Diazodinitrophenol
Authors: Runge‐Eschen F. , Helbig G.
Published: May 2005

Diazodinitrophenol wird durch Reduktion der Diazonium‐Gruppe zu molekularem Stickstoff in einer Sandmeyer‐Reaktion mit CuCl oder durch Umsetzung mit TiCl3 quantitativ bestimmt. Da diese Reaktionen selektiv verlaufen, stören nitrogruppenhaltige Beimengungen nicht. Zur vereinfachten routinemäßigen Durchführung wird ein modifizierter Schulze‐Tiemann‐Apparat verwendet.
Thermal Decomposition of Tetraethylammonium Perchlorate
Authors: Udupa M. R.
Published: May 2005

Thermal decomposition of tetraethylammonium perchlorate has been studied by thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and mass spectrometry. The title compound undergoes crystallographic transformation at 98°C and explodes at 298°C. The heat of phase transformation is calculated to be 2.5 kcal/mol. The mass spectral data suggest that the salt undergoes thermal decomposition into neutral particles which are then vapourized and ionized as well as oxidized.
Thermal Study on Picryl Azide (2‐azido‐1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene) decomposition using simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Reddy G. Om , Murali B. K. Mohan , Chatterjee A. K.
Published: May 2005

Thermal decomposition of picryl azide has been studied under non‐isothermal and isothermal conditions using a simultaneous TG‐DSC technique. Picryl azide melts and then decomposes to give 4,6‐dinitrobenzofurazan oxide which melts again and decomposes to gaseous products. Enthalpies (ΔH) of fusion and decomposition have been calculated. The order of reaction (n) is calculated and found to be one. Arrhenius parameters like specific rate constant (k), activation energy (Eact) and frequency factor (Z) have been calculated under both conditions using different methods. The values calculated from non‐isothermal and isothermal techniques agree fairly well with each other. The observed lower activation energy when compared with phenylazide and 2‐nitrophenyl azide is probably due to an enhanced ortho effect.
Contribution à l'étude de propriétés des molécules d'explosif dans l'état active. II. Volumes molaires des derivés nitrés aromatiques
Authors: Bernard M. L.
Published: May 2005

Les incréments de volumes moléculaires affecté à chaque atome ou groupement d'atomes ont été déterminés sur dix explosifs aromatiques nitrés, tant à l'état cristallin qu'à l'état activé, au sens de la théorie cinétique de la détonation. Comme dans le cas des esters nitriques, on constate que seuls les groupements explosophores sont comprimés, ainsi que le groupe phénol. Les autres atomes ou groupements ont des volumes voisins de ceux déterminés dans les cristaux d'après les règles d'additivité établies récemment dans les solides cristallins.
Some Experiments on Model Composite Solid Propellants
Authors: Ramaprasad P. R. , Raghunandan B. N. , Mukunda H. S.
Published: May 2005

Experiments on two‐dimensional model propellants using cylindrical oxidizer (ammonium perchlorate) pellets in a fuel matrix (CTPB) are described. Measurements show that burning rate of AP in the fuel environment is lower than of pure AP. The oxidizer‐to‐fuel ratio seems to be fuel‐rich when the oxidizer particles are imbedded in contact with the fuel and it becomes oxidizer‐rich for a non‐zero separation between oxidizer particle and the fuel.
Décomposition thermique en phase gazeuse du nitrate d'isopropyle
Authors: Jullien J. , Pechine J.‐M. , Perez F. , Sadek M. A.
Published: May 2005

La décomposition thermique en phase gazeuse homogène du nitrate d'isopropyle a été étudiée dans un tube à choc unique. On a utilisé une méthode comparative avec le peroxyde de di‐t‐butyle comme référence interne. Sur l'intervalle de température de 533 K à 635 K, l'expression de la vitesse pour cette décomposition du nitrate d'isopropyle obéit à la relation:
Identification of Combustion Products from Colored Smokes containing organic dyes
Authors: Chin A. , Borer L.
Published: May 2005

Devices producing different colored smokes have been widely used by military and civilians for signaling, screening, and display. Attention has not yet been placed on the analysis of the combustion products from these devices which may be hazardous. Combustion products from these colored smokes containing organic dyes produced at the normal function temperature (approximately 400°C–600°C) of the compositions have been studied in our laboratory. The five dyes contained in the smoke compositions studied are: benzanthrone, dibenzo(a,h)pyrene‐7,14‐dione, 1,4‐di‐p‐toluidino‐anthraquinone, 1‐methylamino‐anthraquinone, and α‐xylene‐azo‐β‐naphthol. A modified EPA‐Method 5 sampling train containing Amberlite XAD‐2 as the absorbant was used to sample the organic vapors and particulates in the effluent. ánalytical methods used to separate, purify, and identify the products include TLC, HPLC, GC, GC‐MS, and NMR.

Minimum destruction of the organic dyes is desired for a good smoke. Our preliminary investigations indicate that 90%–95% of the organic dye sublimes while the other 5%–10% is lost to combustion. The combustion products observed, to date, have been identified as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) and polynuclear organic materials (POM's) which are the result of thermal decomposition and thermal rearrangement of the parent dyes. At the temperature of functioning, no ring opening of the dyes has been observed.
The Potentiometric Titration of Aluminum in Explosives
Authors: Selig W.
Published: May 2005

Aluminum in explosives is determined after sample dissolution with concentrated nitric acid. The pH of suitable aliquots, containing from 5 mg to 10 mg of aluminum, is adjusted to 3.4 to 3.8 with solid sodium acetate. Solutions are then titrated potentiometrically with 0.5 M sodium fluoride. The emf's are monitored with a fluoride ion‐selective electrode and a single‐junction reference electrode.
Oil/High Explosive Compatibility Study. Selection of safing fluids for damaged explosives assemblies
Authors: Harris B. W.
Published: May 2005

A series of explosive compositions was treated with commercially available oils. Samples were analyzed by differential thermal analysis, accelerating rate calorimetry, and drop‐weight impact test. Results were compared with those of the untreated compositions. Some systems showed definite incompatibilities. These data are beneficial to individuals who must select safing fluids for desensitizing explosives contained in assemblies that are damaged as a result of an accident. This is especially true where broken pieces of high explosives might rub together or against metal surfaces, thus causing increased hazards during handling operations.
Some Observations on the Thermal Stability of double‐base propellants
Authors: Kishore K. , Pai Verneker V. R. , Subhas C. B. V.
Published: May 2005

Heats of decomposition and explosion of double base propellants were measured as a function of aging time. They show opposite trends with aging time: heat of decomposition shows a gradual increase and heat of explosion a systematic decrease. This happens because nitroglycerin oozes out of the system during aging. The loosening of the bond between the liner and the propellant during aging was shown to be due to the contraction of the propellant which occurs on account of nitroglycerin migration from the propellant system.
Use of NMR Spectometry for studying the acetolysis of hexamethylenetetramine. I. The reaction of TAT formation from DAPT
Authors: Ju Chen , Shao‐Fang Wang
Published: May 2005

The reaction of forming TAT from DAPT was followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. This investigation shows that water or ammonium acetate quickens the reaction and they do take part in the reaction. Reaction intermediates were detected and according to the information obtained by NMR, their structures were postulated to be X or X1 in the absence or presence of water respectively.

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The kinetic study further indicated that acetylation of X1 to TAT is first order in X1 and in acetic anhydride. In other words, it is a bimolecular reaction. The rate constant k was found to be 1.46 × 10−4 mol−1 · s−1.
Smoke Generators. III. The ignition of pyrotechnic white smoke compositions containing hexachloroethane, silumin and metal oxides using a heated metal surface
Authors: Hartley F. R. , Murray S. G. , Williams M. R.
Published: May 2005

The addition of metal oxides to silumin‐hexachloroethane pyrotechnic smoke mixtures makes ignition on a hot plate more difficult in the order aluminium oxide < zinc oxide < magnesium oxide. Evidence is presented that suggests that aluminium oxide inhibits ignition by acting as an inert diluent separating the active reactants whereas the effect of magnesium oxide is believed to be chemical in nature. The addition of small amounts of ferric oxide or potassium iodide has little effect on the onset of smoke formation in a silumin‐hexachloroethane‐zinc oxide composition but promotes the transition from smoke to flame reaction. In contrast small amounts of either iodine or trityl chloride inhibit the onset of the smoke reaction. A mechanism is proposed for the ignition of silumin‐hexachloroethane compositions that accounts for these observations.
Aminotetryls: Synthesis, spectral characterization, thermal decomposition and explosive properties
Authors: Hutchinson C. D. , Krishna Mohan V. , Millar R. W.
Published: May 2005

This paper describes the synthesis and spectral investigations of two amino derivatives of N‐methyl‐N‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl)nitramine (tetryl). Also discussed are the results from thermal decomposition studies on the three explosives, viz. tetryl, 3‐aminotetryl (3 AT) and 3,5‐diaminotetryl (3,5 DAT) and preliminary work on the explosive properties of the last two compounds. The aminotetryls have been prepared by the amination of the corresponding chlorotetryls. The yield was 87% for 3 AT, but was only 33% for 3,5 DAT, probably due to steric crowding around the benzene nucleus. The mass spectra show interesting differences in the electron impact fragmentation patterns of the three tetryls with the M+ ion relative intensities following the order 3,5 DAT > 3 AT > tetryl, which could be due to (a) resonance stabilization and (b) hydrogen bonding effects. Evidence for the latter is also found in the infrared spectra of these compounds. Arrhenius kinetic parameters derived from thermal decomposition studies of the three compounds are presented and show that 3,5 DAT is thermally less stable than 3 AT. Explosive sensitiveness tests indicate that the diamino compound is the most sensitive, the trend being 3,5 DAT > 3 AT > tetryl. This is contrary to the generally found desensitizing influence of NH2 groups on the thermal stability and explosive sensitiveness of trinitroaromatic energetic molecules. Mechanisms to account for the observed thermal decomposition behaviour and explosive sensitiveness patterns are discussed.
Investigation of different Propellants during the Ignition and Combustion in a 20‐mm gun chamber
Authors: Klingenberg G.
Published: May 2005

The ignition and combustion behavior of both the 27‐mm and 20‐mm gun propellants Q5560 und A 5021 is identified from a series of detailed experiments conducted on a caliber 20‐mm test fixture gun. A novel invasive technique is applied that permits propellant gas temperature to be evaluated from emission data taken at discrete axial locations within the 20‐mm gun chamber. Supplementary pressure measurements complete the investigation. A correlation of the data obtained at the vent of the pyrotechnic igniter and inside the burning granular propellant bed is presented establishing quantitative relationships between the igniter energy output and the ignition behavior of the propellants.
Thermal Degradation of some Azines
Authors: Nambiar P. R.
Published: May 2005

The thermal characteristics of tetraformaltrisazine and formalazine were studied for the first time using differential thermal analyser, thermogravimetric analyser and mass spectrometer. Kinetic analysis of the degradation of each of these compounds and the effect of enveloping atmosphere on the degradation are reported. Degradation mechanisms have been postulated. Based on values of activation energy and supported by evidences made available by mass spectrometric studies it has been concluded that the second stage of thermal degradation of tetraformaltrisazine and formalazine in inert atmosphere may be ascribed to N‐N bond rupture.

The heats of degradation of tetraformaltrisazine and formalazine were determined by differential scanning calorimeter. The Values obtained are + 360.4 ± 0.5 cal/g and + 105.8 ± 0.7 cal/g respectively.
Conformational Analysis of Nitroglycerin
Authors: Winkler D. A.
Published: May 2005

The conformation of the energetic plasticizer, nitroglycerin, has been studied by classical potential energy calculations. The calculations reveal three low energy conformations, each of which has a different dipole moment. The three conformations found are consistent with the published NMR data if an equilibrium between the three conformers is assumed. The results have implications for the interaction of nitroglycerin with solvents and propellant bases.
A relation between the liner kinetic energy and the distance reached by the shaped charge jet at the moment of particulation
Authors: Hirsh E.
Published: May 2005

It is shown that distance from the virtual origin reached by the shaped charge jet at the moment of particulation is proportional to the square root of the kinetic energy per unit directrix length which is delivered to the liner by the explosive. This relation helps in better understanding some basic shaped charge design problems. It also points at the possible existence of a convenient way for comparing the yield strength in the jet, between different materials.
Oscillating Combustion of Gun Propellants in the Closed Vessel. I. preliminary investigation
Authors: Brook A. J. W. , Mackenzie R. B. , Mackinnon I.
Published: May 2005

The oscillating combustion, which takes place in the closed vessel when certain colloidal gun propellants are fired has been investigated. The amplitude of the oscillation depended on the geometry and flame temperature of the propellant. For propellants having the same composition but different geometry, the amplitude of the oscillation varied inversely with the maximum pressure in the vessel. This was tentatively ascribed to vortex formation during combustion.
Action of a New Material on Storage of Single Base Propellant
Authors: Soliman Adly A.‐W.
Published: May 2005

For safety purpose during the storage of single base propellant it is important to study all factors which will act on its components through this period. This study is more demanded on changing the source of raw material. Thermal decomposition and applying of Berthelot's law helped in determination of storage period of a single base propellant after its preparation from Sudan cotton linters as a new raw material.
Effects of Additives on the Ignition of AP‐Based Propellants at subatmospheric pressures
Authors: Saito T. , Yamaya T. , Iwama A. , Kuwahara T.
Published: May 2005

The ammonium perchlorate (AP)‐oxidized composite propellants, each of which contains separately copper chromite (CC) as a burning rate adjuster and carbon black (CB) as an opacifier, have been ignited at subatmospheric pressures of argon gas by means of a carbon dioxide laser, and the effects of the additives on the ignition behavior have been studied. It has been found that copper chromite shortens the ignition time especially below 100 torr and that at the same time it enhances the ignitability, i.e., self‐sustaining ignition.

Carbon black, being an opacifier decreasing reflectivity and increasing radiative absorption at propellant surface, can not be recognized to be an active catalyst in ignition at subatmospheric pressures.

The data of differential thermal analysis (DTA) for above specimens have indicated that the maximum exothermic peak temperature is shifted toward a lower one with the increase in CC concentration, the exothermic peak structure becoming sharper. However, CB addition to the basic propellant makes exothermic peaks less distinct. The results of DTA support those obtained from the ignition experiments above.
Optimum design parameters of a squash head projectile
Authors: Ramanujam S.
Published: May 2005

This note first establishes a correlation between post impact fuze delay and the spread of explosives of a squash head gun‐fired projectile when hitting a rigid non‐yielding plate. Estimations of optimum strike velocity and fuze delay to maximize spread are derived.
Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials. XV. Evidence that decomposition initiates deflagration: high‐rate thermolysis of FEFO, TEFO, and DITEFO
Authors: Oyumi Y. , Brill T. B.
Published: May 2005

The thermal decomposition of three energetic materials containing the formal group, FEFO, TEFO, and DITEFO have been studied by rapid‐scan infrared spectroscopy. The five gem‐trinitro compounds studied to date all display a transition from decomposition to deflagration according to the gas products evolved during the first second of rapid thermolysis. FEFO is the first compound without a gem‐trinitro group to exhibit this transition in the same experiment. These results provide convincing evidence that decomposition occurs in advance of deflagration and imply that decomposition studies are relevant to understanding the initiation of combustion. Under directly comparable conditions fluorodinitro compounds are confirmed to be more thermally stable than the analogous gem‐trinitro compounds. Also, DTA and IR spectroscopy show that DITEFO has solid‐solid phase transitions between 295 K and its melting point.
Auto‐inflammation de poudres à simple base
Authors: Isler J.
Published: May 2005

Une modélisation des processus conduisant à I'auto‐inflammation de munitions chargées en poudre à base de nitrocellulose est présentée. Cette étude fait suite à nos travaux sur I'auto‐inflammation de la nitrocellulose qui ont déjà fait l'objet d'un article dans ce même journal. La méthode décrite a été appliquée à l'évaluation des risques de prise en feu de munitions âgées.
French Permitted Explosives
Authors: Vuillaume P. M. , Bigourd J. U.
Published: May 2005

Since 1950, LSEV (Explosives Substances Laboratory of Verneuil) belonging to CERCHAR (Centre d'Etudes et Recherches de Charbonnages de France) is in charge of official testing of explosives for use in gassy or dusty coal mines. Working at LSEV, the authors first give a survey of the history and philosophy of permitted explosives in France. Then they describe the actual classification and testing methods of these explosives.
Measurement of Shock Initiation Threshold of HNAB by flyer plate impact
Authors: Hasman E. , Gvishi M. , Carmel Y.
Published: May 2005

The shock initiation threshold of HNAB (Hexanitroazobenzene) explosive has been measured using pressure pulses generated by flyer plate impact. The flyer plates were accelerated by an electrically exploded metallic foil (electric gun) up to velocity of 2.5 mm/m̈s generating impact pressures, P, up to 7.3 GPa lasting between τ = 40 ns to 210 ns, where τ is the duration of the impact.

One dimensional semi‐empirical model was developed to describe the exploding foil process. We found a good agreement between the semi‐empirical model and the experimental data. It was found that as the pressure duration gets longer, the initiation threshold curve swings away from the P2τ= constant. For long (200 ns) pulses, the initiation criterion becomes one of a constant pressure. This constant threshold pressure is 2.9 GPa at 1.6 g/cm3 (grain size is 5 m̈m). The effect of the explosive density and grain size on initiation threshold can be explained by hot spots and porous explosive concept. A critical energy for initiation threshold of 12 J/cm2 was derived from our measurements (with flyer thickness 76 m̈m and grain size 5 m̈m).
Shock Velocity Measurement in Water by Sulfur Probes
Authors: Yadav H. S. , Kamath P. V.
Published: May 2005

Sulfur‐coated pin oscillographic technique (SPOT) has been developed as a new technique for measurement of shock velocity in water. Unlike other techniques, generally employing piezoelectric transducer or high speed photography, the application of this technique is not restricted to the measurement of shock wave pressures over a limited range. To illustrate the application and accuracy of the technique the detonation pressures of a few typical explosives have been measured with this technique and compared with those determined elsewhere by using other techniques. The new technique has yielded measurement of shock velocity in water within an accuracy of 2%.
Recent Advances in Numerical Modeling of Detonations
Authors: Mader Ch. L.
Published: May 2005

Three lectures were presented on recent advances in numerical modeling detonations entitled (1) Jet Initiation and Penetration of Explosives; (2) Explosive Desensitization by Preshocking; (3) Inert Metal‐Loaded Explosives.
Improved Mixing, Granulation and Drying of Highly Energetic Pyromixtures
Authors: Aikman L. M. , Shook T. E. , Lehr R. M. , Robinson E. , McIntyre F.
Published: May 2005

A safer and more efficient method of mixing, granulating and drying (MIGRAD) highly energetic (UN 1.1) pyrotechnic composition will be reported. The process uses a MIGRAD mixer/granulator that was tailored to mix, granulate and dry a pyrotechnic material (20‐40 lb) within a single mixing chamber. Features of the process include remote loading and unloading, reduced solvent, shortened mixing cycle (40 min), infinitely variable speed control of mixing and granulating impellers, built‐in state‐of‐the‐art fire detection/suppression (UV‐50 ms, IR‐10 ms), explosion venting, heated‐chamber, vacuum drying, remote/programmable controls, and remote mixer cleanup using energy of the mixer. The mixing process will be evaluated for preparation of some 24 pyrotechnic compositions for five Arsenals/Ammo Loading Plants. Hazards Classification Safety Data Sheets were prepared for the 24 pyrotechnic compositions and will be reported along with resultant physical properties of the completed compositions.
Détermination potentiométrique entiérement automatisée de l'azote nitrique des nitrocelluloses
Authors: Da Ros J.‐L. , Févre B. , Viganego J.‐P.
Published: May 2005

Afin d'améliorer les délais de réponse et la productivité, une méthode d'analyse autre que la méthode Dewarda était recherchée pour doser I'azote nitrique des nitrocelluloses, avec des succès divers mais sans obtenir la précision demandée. Les auteurs ont étudié I'influence des paramètres régissant le dosage par potentiometrie de l'azote nitrique par le sulfate ferreux, tels que la température, la stabilité des réactifs, les concentrations, I'agitation. Cette étude a permis de concevoir un prototype de dosage entitrèment automatisé, permettant d'obtenir un temps de réponse de l'ordre de 20 minutes et une précision comparable à celle de la méthode Dewarda. Elle s'applique à la nitrocellulose. aux esters nitriques et à la nitroguanidine.
Energetics of Propellants, Fuels and Explosives; a chemical valence approach
Authors: Jain S. R.
Published: May 2005

A simple approach involving the chemical valences of the fuel and the oxidizer elements present in a combustible mixture is described to evaluate the energetics related parameters of propellants, fuels and explosives. It simplifies the stoichiometric balancing of complex combustion equations, and provides an easy method of calculating the elemental stoichiometric coefficient. The method correctly predicts whether a mixture is fuel‐lean, fuel‐rich or stoichiometrically balanced. The calorimetric value of various stoichiometrically balanced combustible systems has been shown to be linearly dependent upon their total oxidizing (or reducing) valences. This relationship has been used successfully to evaluate the calorific value of fossil fuels. For fuel‐rich explosives, a new valence dependent parameter has been derived which is found to be related with properties such as detonation velocity, heat of explosion and impact sensitivity.
Polynitropolyphenylene, a high‐temperature resistant, Non‐crystalline explosive
Authors: Redecker K. H. , Hagel R.
Published: May 2005

Upon looking for energetic, heat‐resistant nitropolymers we selected aromatic compounds containing nitro groups, the synthesis of which is based on the Ullmann reaction. Using dichlorotrinitrobenzene as the basic substance, we prepared polynitropolyphenylene in nitrobenzene by co‐using copper powder. These consist of nitrated benzene chains of different lengths. Depending on production and processing, polymers with a variety of characteristics are prepared. Their characteristics are described herein. They are distinguished by thermal stability, low crystallization and energetic behaviour. Combined with inert binding agents and perhaps softeners, they may be used as high‐temperature resistant explosive binding agents.
Relative rates of Hydrolysis of Nitro‐ and Fluoro‐Substituted Esters
Authors: Cichra D. A. , Adolph H. G.
Published: May 2005

Relative hydrolysis rates were determined for a series of 14 nitrosubstituted esters and some comparison compounds in 75/25 acetonitrile/water at 75.3°C. The nitroalkyl esters were found to undergo unexpectedly rapid hydrolysis relative to other negatively substituted alkyl esters such as fluoroalkyl. To explain this result, participation of the nitro group in the hydrolysis, especially in the case of trinitromethyl compounds, is postulated. Nitro groups in the acid portion of the ester molecule can increase or decrease the reactivtiy towards hydrolysis, depending on the site of substitution.
Rupture Disc Pressure Release for confined ignition of condensed explosives
Authors: Chan S. K. , Deshaies R.
Published: May 2005

The possibility of using rupture discs to quench the incipient combustion of emulsion explosives in a confined chamber was demonstrated experimentally. A mathematical model is presented which predicts the pressure build‐up due to combustion of explosive initiated from a small local source and the subsequent pressure release due to the opening of the rupture disc. The model successfully reproduces almost exactly the pressure records obtained from experiments on typical emulsion explosives and on sodium‐perchlorate sensitized emulsion explosives burning in a simulated emulsion pump equipped with a rupture disc.
2,4,6‐Trinitropyridine and Related Compounds, synthesis and characterization
Authors: Licht H. H. , Ritter H.
Published: May 2005

A detailed study of the formation of trinitropyridine‐1‐oxide from dinitroethanol led to the hitherto unknown 2,4,6‐trinitropyridine. Thus, nitropyridines become accessible which cannot be obtained by direct nitration. The novel substances were characterized by analytical methods and their spectral data (UV, IR, NMR). First results from the research of their physical, thermical and explosive properties are presented.
The influence of melting on the calculation of explosive induction time
Authors: Sheldon J. W.
Published: May 2005

Calculated induction times to explosion for 1.0 cm radius spheres of TNT are reported. It is shown that an error of the order of 50% can be expected if the melting process is neglected.
Polymer‐Bonded Coloured Smoke Compositions
Authors: Lessard P. , Couture G.
Published: May 2005

Polymer‐bonded smoke compositions offers numerous advantages over conventional pressed smoke mixtures such as improved mechanical properties and safety in handling. The Defense Research Establishment Valcartier (DREV) has developed pour‐castable coloured smoke compositions using a well known hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene prepolymer cured with a commercially available diisocyanate. These smoke formulations consist of ingredients typically found in pressed powder mix, but dispersed in a polymeric binder. A granulated dye is utilized to provide the low viscosities required for pour‐casting. The necessary ingredients and processing techniques as well as the properties and inherent advantages of such compositions are described.
Non‐overlapping of time steps of delay detonators
Authors: Herrmann R.
Published: May 2005

The user of delay detonators require a number as great as possible of equidistant time steps. In the case of greater time steps this can lead to the danger of overlapping of burning times between two following time steps. To avoid this, a calculation method is presented for the correction of mean combustion periods that surely eliminates the overlapping of burning times. For very precisely working delay detonators an increase in the number of time steps is possible.
Mass spectral studies on the Explosion of Lead Salt of 2,4‐Dinitroresorcinol
Authors: Yoganarasimhan S. R. , Om Reddy G. , Achar Sudhir
Published: May 2005

Thermal explosion characteristics of lead(II) 2,4‐dinitroresorcinate in comparison with the parent compound 2,4‐dinitroresorcinol has been reinvestigated by mass Spectrometry using fast scan technique. For lead dinitroresorcinate, fragment ions spanned over m/z range 55–244 contrary to the reported range 2–74 by previous researchers. The decomposition pathways are predicted by analysing the fragmentation patterns. Lead, adduct ions and unusual ions were detected. The results are suggestive of the first step of the reaction to be a rupture of the PbO linkage.
Effect of shock‐thermal treatment on mechanical properties of steels
Authors: Batsanov S. S. , Sazonov V. F. , Sekoyan S. S. , Shmakov A. S.
Published: May 2005

The shock‐treatment permit to achieve high mechanical characteristics of steels. The interpretation of this effect is based on the possibility to change the carbon solubility in iron under these conditions. Measurements of the quality factors (internal friction in power−1) confirm this assumption.
Synthesis and initial characterization of Amine Salts of 3‐Nitro‐1,2,4‐Triazol‐5‐one
Authors: Lee Kien‐Yin , Stinecipher Mary M.
Published: May 2005

Seven amine salts of 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one(NTO) have been prepared from inexpensive raw materials. The ammonium, ethylenediamine. hydrazine, and guanidinium homolog salts of NTO were synthesized; their methods of preparation are described. Results from initial characterization and small‐scale sensitivity tests indicate that these compounds are thermally stable and moderately insensitive to impact. The heats of formation of these compounds were determined and their performances as gun‐propellant ingredients were calculated based on these data. 13C‐NMR spectra are also reported.
Aging of Pyrotechnic Composition. The reliability of x‐ray diffraction data for estimation of the quality of signal mix
Authors: Barišin D. , Batinić‐Haberle I. , Jovaniáć P.
Published: May 2005

The physical and chemical characteristics of green signal pyrotechnic mix, before and after destabilization caused by the action of increased humidity at different temperatures, were determined. Data obtained by the means of X‐ray diffraction. IR spectroscopy and adiabatic calorimetry were compared with the results acquired by measuring functional characteristics (the dominant wavelength and the colour hue of the emitted light, the intensity of the emission and the rate of burning). Comparision of all of these results points out to the very close relationship between the X‐ray diffraction data and the function of the signal mix. Chemical changes, leading to the disuse of the examinated mix, were recognized as Mg(OH)2, BaCO3 and Ba(NO2)2 formation with concomittant decrease in Mg and Ba(NO3)2 content. Since no changes were observed in separately aged components, the interaction among components proved to be of essential importance.
Detonation velocities of the Non‐Ideal Explosive Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Van Steen A. C. Der , Kodde H. H. , Miyake A.
Published: May 2005

In order to gain a better understanding of the detonation behaviour of the non‐ideal explosive ammonium nitrate, the detonation velocities of low density prilled ammonium nitrate were measured in steel tubes with different diameters and wall thicknesses. It was found that the tube diameter has a much greater effect on the detonation velocity than the confinement. The highest value observed (3.95 km/s) coincides with the ideal detonation velocity as predicted by the TIGER code in combination with the JCZ3 equation of state.
Synthesis of 6‐Nitro‐Tetrafuroxano[b,d,b',d']Biphenyl
Authors: Boren Chen , Zhiyuan Liao
Published: May 2005

6‐Nitro‐tetrafuroxano[b,d,b',d']biphenyl has been synthesized from 3,5,3′,5′‐tetrahalogenobiphenyl (halogeno = chloro, bromo). For this compound the molecular structure has been determined by elemental analysis, I.R., 'H‐N.M.R., and Mass spectroscopies, some of the properties, including density ((ϱ = 1.80 g/cm3)), are also reported.
Pyrotechnic Flash Compositions
Authors: Krone U. , Treumann H.
Published: May 2005

Flash compositions are used in fireworks as well as in pyrotechnic articles for technical purposes like report signals, battle simulation and practice devices, birdscaring ammunition and anti‐riol‐devices for instance. The special hazards in manufacture and use of these compositions result from the combination of both a high sensitivity and a strong explosive effect. The paper presents the safety characteristic data of some flash compositions (thermal and mechanical sensitivity and sensitivity to dectonation shock). In particular, the explosive strength of flash compositions is compared with soem values found for commercial explosives. Furthermore a comparison between a KClO4/Al‐mixture and TNT is made on the basis of shock wave measurements.
Combustion of Black Powder. Part II: FTIR emission spectroscopic studies
Authors: Hussain Ghulam , Rees Gwilym J.
Published: May 2005

An carlier thermo‐analytical study of black powder using TG, and DSC, has been extended to examine the combustion products of black powder by FTIR emission spectroscopy. The analysis of FTIR spectra shows the presence of CO2 as major product in gaseous form, and K2SO4 as major solid product. This work also shows how FTIR emission spectroscopy can be applied for the investigation of short lived species.
Nitrato Amine Nitrates: Nitrate ester explosives with reduced impact sensitivity
Authors: Hiskey Michael A. , Hatch Melvin J. , Oxley Jimmie C.
Published: May 2005

The preparation and properties of several nitrato amine nitrates are given along with calculated detonation velocities and measured impact sensitivities. Comparison of these compounds with the high performance explosive PETN is also given.
X‐ray radiation decomposition of cyclo‐1,3,5‐trimethylene‐2,4,6‐trinitramine (RDX), at low temperature: Initial reaction steps
Authors: Beard Bruce C.
Published: May 2005

X‐ray radiation damage has been employed as a controllable method for the generating of partial decomposition products in the energetic material RDX. X‐ray photoelectron spectra provided a real time measure of the developing chemistries during the accumulation of radition damage. Rates of NO2 loss were identical at 20 °C and −50 °C However, strong variations in the product chemistry were observed. Nitroso, triazine and for the first time, nitrite ester nitrogen chemistries were observed from the solid RDX. Initial reaction steps are suggested in light of this and previously reported work.
Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials. 47. A trigger linkage study of high‐nitrogen content nitraminotetrazoles and nitramino‐1,2,4‐triazoles
Authors: Gao A. , Rheingold A. L. , Brill T. B.
Published: May 2005

The thermal decomposition of six related nitraminotctrazoles and nitramino‐1, 2, 4‐triazoles at slow (5°C/min, DSC) and fast (⪈ 70°C/s, FTIR/temperature profiling) heating rates is described. The nitramine protion of the molecule appears to initiate the degradation in all cases except 5‐nitraminotetrazole (5‐NATZ) where the tetrazole ring is the trigger linkage. The crystal structures of DNTP and 5‐NATZ are described and help explain the decomposition process. DNTP contains one of the longest N‐NO2 bonds known for a nitramine (1.49 Å). 5‐NATZ was found to be a nitrimine rather than a nitramine.
Safety Design in Explosives Testing Laboratories. Some examples at CERCHAR
Authors: Michot C. , Demissy M. , Gaston D.
Published: May 2005

For more than forty years, CERCHAR

Centre d'Etudes et Recherches de Charbonnages de France.

's activities on explosives and related items have employed a staff of 10 to 20 people including 3 to 5 engineers. This staff, called LSEV

Laboratoire des Substances Explosives de Verncuil

, acts as the official French laboratory for testing and performing a variety of studies. The main research topics concern the safety in manufacturing of explosives, their transport, storage, and use, particularly in gassy and dusty mines. The same holds for hazardous chemicals that are potentially explosive or otherwise unstable. Related to these activities is the safety of the personnel involved in testing, which requires special attention to be paid to adapted procedures and instructions and to special devices or equipment, desiged for the most part by CERCHAR itself. Three examples of such designe are presented. Their objectives and advantages are disscussed.

The first one is an explosion chamber for firing confined explosive charges up to 2 kilograms. This facility has the possrommy of being highly instrumented. Fragments formed in the detonation of deflagration regimes are totally stopped by the walls of the chamber.

The second one is a cell device for daily storage of explosives. This device led to a very important reduction in the quantity of explosives handled by people in the same room. This avoids a possible catastrophic mass explosion when large samples are needed such as for modern, insensitive mining explosives. the design of the cell structure, based on ful scale experiments, limits an unexpected explosions to the contents of a single cell without propagation to the other cells.

The third and last example presented is a movable wood barrier, located in areas where explosives are fired in the open. This barrier ensures a significant reducation in the blast effect. It allows the worker to stay in the immediate vicinty of charge during the final preparation stages i.e the connection of the detonator wires to the firing circuit.
Etude de la cristallisation de différents esters nitriques
Authors: Brun I. , Longevialle Y. , Rat M.
Published: May 2005

Afin de mieux maîtriser les phénomènes de cristallisation des huiles nitrées dans les propergols, une étude systématique a été menée sur les quatre esters nitriques suivants: nitroglycérine, trinitrate de butanetriol, trinitrate de triméthyloléthaue, dinitrate de triéthylène glycol. Les essais réalisés ont permis de déterminer les caractéristiques de fusion de ces quatre composés, précisant ainsi les données de la littérature, parfois incomplètes ou variables selon les auteurs. L'incidence de la température sur la crossance cristalline a été étudiée sur les quatre esters nitriques, alors que la nucléation a été plus particulièrement considérée pour la nitroglycérine et le trinitrate de triméthyloléthane, ces deux huiles nitrées pouvant présenter deux variétés cristallographiques.
Calculation of the Detonation Properties of CHNO explosives
Authors: Sućeska M.
Published: May 2005

On the basis of the steady state model of detonation, using Becker‐Kistiakowsky‐Wilson equation of state for gaseous products of detonation and Cowan‐Fickett equation of state for solid carbon, algorithm and computer program for the calculation of the detonation properties of CHNO type explosives are developed. The program has been tested by the comparison of the calculated data with experimental ones for some high explosives being of different densities and compositions. The calculated data have also been compared with data obtained by program FOR‐TRAN BK W. Both comparisons gave satisfactory agreement.
Deuterium Isotope Effects during RDX Combustion: Mechanistic burn rate‐controlling step determination
Authors: Shackelford Scott A. , Rodgers Stephen L. , Askins Robert E.
Published: May 2005

High pressure (500 psig/3.55 MPa and 1000 psigl6.99 MPa) burn rate comparisons from the combustion of solid RDX (hexahydro‐ 1.3,.5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine) and perdeuterio‐labeled RDX‐dh cylindrical pressed pellets reveals a large kinetic deuterium isotope cffect (KDIE). This experimental KDIE confirms that chemical reaction kinetics are a significant mechanistic factor in controlling the inherent RDX burn rate and further shows the six‐membered RDX hcterocycle's rate‐controlling mechanistic step during com‐ bustion is the same as that previously reported for its larger eight‐membered HMX (octahydro‐l.3,5,7‐tetranitro‐l.3.5,7 tetrazocine) homologuc. As with HMX. This experimental KDTE approach also demonstrates a direct mechanistic relationship between RDX's higher order cornbustion regime and its ambient pressure thermochemical decomposition process.
A holistic approach directed toward Inbore Explosions with Composition B
Authors: Nicolaides Spero , Velicky Rodolf W. , Voigt H. William
Published: May 2005

Inbore explosions are related to the brittle nature of Composition B and the existence of a critical flaw in the casting. Catastrophic brittle failure at the flaw, as a result of the setback loading of launch, produces a localized hot spot capable of initiating burning in the thermally sensitive explosive. The time involved for this hot spot ignition coupled with the rate of reaction of the explosive represents a time period sufficient for the rupture pressure of the projectile to be reached before the projcctilc exits the gun barrel. Small improvements made to each of four Composition B factors: cast quality, mechanical stability, ignitability, and reaction rate, should inhibit the critical progression that culminates in an inbore explosion. The resulting compounded improvement will delay this inbore explosion process sufficiently to allow the projectile to exit the muzzle, and travel down range before its rupturc pressure is exceeded and it explodes.
A new method of Deactivation of Bombs by the Low‐Order Blasting Technique
Authors: Spyra Wolfgang P. W. , Volk Martin
Published: May 2005

Presently Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) personnel continue to find ammunition in former battle areas. Old unexploded bombs are especially dangerous. EOD technicians have quite a number of methods and techniques available to deactivate these bombs and it is only practicability that determines the method or technique to be used. Compared with handling known identifiable ammunition, the unidentified and often heterogeneous recovered ammunition is especially risky for EOD personnel. In particular, war material from the last year of World war II, shows considerable deviations. Safety provisions give priority to remote deactivation methods. A modified low‐order blasting technique which forms part of the remote deactivation methods will be presented in this paper. This presumes that the main charge is discovered by boring, examined and then initiated with a defined blasting charge to such an extent that only the bomb casing is opened. In this case no high‐order (full) detonation of the main charge could be observed.
Am1 MO Study of Benzene Nitro Derivatives
Authors: Matsunaga Takehiro , Nakayama Yoshio , Iida Mitsuaki , Oinuma Senzo , Ishikawa Noboru , Tanaka Katsumi
Published: May 2005

Molecular properties of benzene nitro derivatives were investigated by using semi‐empirical MO calculations. As the results, the molecular structures and the rotational barrier of the nitro group calculated by AM1 showed a good agreement with the experimental values. The heats of formation in gaseous and condensed phases were obtained by considering isodesmic reactions. By this procedure, the heat of formation of hexanitrobenzene in solid phase was calculated to be +22.7 kcal/mol. The detonation parameters were also calculated by using four equations of state. The predicted detonation velocities showed a good agreement with the experimental values.
Effect of electrical/chemical energy input on the Interior Ballistics of an Electrothermal Chemical Gun
Authors: Chen J. L. , Cheung F. B. , Kuo K. K.
Published: May 2005

Recent studies have clearly indicated that an electothermal chemical (ETC) gun provides many advantages over solid and liquid propellant guns. However, the interior ballistic process of an ETC gun has not yet been fully investigated. Specifically, the effects of the energy ratio between the electrical and chemical energy input on gun performance is not well understood. Nor is it known exactly how chemical energy is converted to propulsive energy during the ETC gun event. In view of this, a comprehensive theoretical model taking into full account electrical/chemical energy input, liquid entrainment process, distribution of dispersed droplets, and liquid propellant combustion, is developed to simulate the interior ballistics of an ETC gun. Governing equations are formulated from first principles for five different regions, including the gas phase (i.e., Taylor cavity), working fluid (i.e., liquid propellant), dispersed droplets, projectile, and plasma generation cartridge (PGC). Various energy ratios with two different PFN discharge characteristics are employed to evaluate ETC gun performance. Results indicate that the gun champer pressure, muzzle velocity, and ballistic efficiency depend strongly on the energy ratio. The electrical energy input and chemical energy release processes show unequal influence on the gun performance over different stages of ETC gun event. The predicted time history of the breech presure is compared with the measured breech pressur available in the literature. The results show that shapes of the breech pressure‐time traces and values of the peak pressure predicted by the present model agree reasonably well with the experimental data.
Technical investigation of the explosion on 22 March 1989 at Peterborough, England
Authors: Wharton R. K. , Rapley R. J.
Published: May 2005

The paper presents the results of a detailed technical investigations of the cause of the fire and subsequent explosion at Peterborough on 22 March 1989 involving a vehicle containing a mixed load of explosives and detonators.

Tests were done to examine the sensitivenes and thermal stability of items of the load, and the behaviour of packaged explosives using drop, vibration and fire tests. Communication testing was undertaken with boxes of detonators, and ignition tests with boxes of fuseheads provided information relating to the characteristics of the fireballs generated.

From analysis of the scientific data obtained, we conclude that the initial fire resulted from ignition of fusehead combs which were being transported in unauthorized and unsafe packaging, and we suggest a mechanism for detonatino involving the functioning of strewn detonators on fire‐damaged boxes of explosives.
Burning Behaviour of Gas Generators with High Boron Content
Authors: Eisenreich Norbert , Krause Horst H. , Pfeil Achim , Menke Klaus
Published: May 2005

Gas generators with high boron content of interest for ducted rockets were prepared and characterized. The parameters tested were:

combustion residue

pressure exponent

flow and temperature of the ejected boron particles

mechanical properties.

The results of the experments (optical bomb, high speed camera, two‐color pyrometer, thermal analysis, tensile test) are presented and discussed.
Investigation of the reason for the softening behaviour of solid propellants
Authors: Aksel Nuri , Hübner Christof
Published: May 2005

Composite solid propellants consist of an elastomeric polymer binder in which various types of solid particles (oxidizer, fuel, combustion and stabilizing additives, etc.) are incorported. One of the most common state of the art binders is hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). The mechanical properties and the damage behaviour of the solid propellant have important relevance for its application in a rocket motor. Therefore, in this work the softening of crosslinked filled polybutadienes as an effect of mechnical load, and the subsequent recovery were examined at small strains. The contributing factors to the softening are discussed in terms of macroscopic obervable phenomena and of microscopic and molecualr mechnisms which cause those phenomena. It is shown that most of the softening is recoverable because it is due to stress‐relaxation at the test conditions used.