bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomy and relationships of Pachyrhachis problematicus, a primitive snake with hindlimbs
Authors: Lee Michael.S. Y. , Caldwell Michael.W.
Published: July 2002

The anatomy ofPachyrhachis problematicus, an elongate, limb–reduced squamate from the Upper Cretaceous of Israel, is described and evaluated in detail. Previously considered a snake–like ‘lizard’ of uncertain affinities, it is here shown to be the most primitive snake, and the sister–group to all other snakes.Pachyrhachisexhibits numerous derived characters uniting it with modern snakes (scolecophidians and alethinophidians): e.g. mobile premaxilla–maxilla articulation, braincase enclosed by frontals and parietals, sagittal parietal crest, absence of tympanic recess, single postdentary bone, over 140 presacral vertebrae, and complete loss of shoulder girdle and forelimb. However, it is more primitive than all modern snakes in retaining some strikingly primitive (lizard–like) features: presence of a jugal, squamosal, normal sacral attachment, and well–developed hindlimb composed of femur, tibia, fibula, and tarsals.Pachyrhachisprovides additional support for the hypothesis that snakes are most closely related to Cretaceous marine lizards (mosasauroids). Almost all of the derived characters proposed to unite snakes and mosasauroids are highly developed inPachyrhachis: the mobile mandibular symphysis, intramandibular joint, long and recurved pterygoid teeth, quadrate suspended by the supratemporal, loosely united pelvic elements (ilium, ischium, and pubis), and separate astragalus and calcaneum.
Dosimetric characteristics of a new high‐intensity source for remote afterloading
Authors: Meigooni A. S. , Kleiman M. T. , Johnson J. L. , Mazloomdoost D. , Ibbott G. S.
Published: July 2002

A new high‐intensity source has recently become commercially available for remote afterloading brachytherapy treatment. The dosimetric characteristics (dose rate constant, radial dose function, and anisotropy function) of this source were experimentally determined through the application of AAPM Task Group 43 recommendations. Complete dosimetric data are presented in this manuscript.
Lessons learned: A case study of an integrated way of teaching introductory physics to at-risk students at Rutgers University
Authors: Etkina E. , Gibbons K. , Holton B. L. , Horton G. K.
Published: July 2002

In order to provide a physics instructional environment in which at-risk students (particularly women and minorities) can successfully learn and enjoy introductory physics, we have introduced Extended General Physics as an option for science, science teaching, and pre-health professions majors at Rutgers University. We have taught the course for the last five years. In this new course, we have used many elements that have been proven to be successful in physics instruction. We have added a new component, the minilab, stressing qualitative experiments performed by the students. By integrating all the elements, and structuring the time the students invest in the course, we have created a successful program for students-at-risk, indeed for all students. Our aim was not only to foster successful mastery of the traditional physics syllabus by the students, but to create a sense of community through the cooperation of students with each other and their instructors. We present a template for implementation of our program elsewhere.
From fragmented knowledge to a knowledge structure: Linking the domains of mechanics and electromagnetism
Authors: Bagno Esther , Eylon Bat-Sheva , Ganiel Uri
Published: July 2002

The traditional teaching of physics in separate domains leads to a fragmented knowledge structure that has an adverse effect on the comprehension and recall of the central ideas. We describe a new program: MAOF (“overview” in Hebrew), which relates large parts of mechanics and electromagnetism to each other via the key concepts of field and potential, and at the same time treats students’ conceptual difficulties. The MAOF program can accompany any conventional course in mechanics and electromagnetism as part of the review process. The instructional model integrates problem solving, conceptual understanding, and the construction of a knowledge structure. It consists of five stages: solve, reflect, conceptualize, apply, and link. In order to construct the relationships within a domain, students solve simple and familiar problems, reflect on their solution methods, identify the underlying principles, and represent them in visual form, forming concept maps. Additional activities deal with conceptual difficulties and application of the information represented in the concept map. The maps are constructed at different levels of detail and are applied in further problem solving. Students who studied with MAOF significantly improved their understanding of central ideas associated with fields and potentials. They improved their understanding of the relationship between general concepts and their examples, and could better solve familiar and unfamiliar problems using these concepts.
Estimation of an open-loop compact adaptive passive noise control system with microstructures
Authors: Yoda Mitsuhiro , Konishi Satoshi
Published: July 2002

An adaptive passive noise control system with high-aspect-ratio apertures in a thin perforated plate is presented. An implemented absorber forms an array of Helmholtz resonators which consists of micro-order diameter apertures in a perforated plate and a tunable cavity gap. The simple open-loop control algorithm was employed as a control strategy in order to reduce extra hardware and realize the compact system. The developed adaptive passive noise control system employed high-aspect-ratio apertures in an absorber and adapted for a lower-frequency range without increasing the cavity gap. In the experiment, the compact system could absorb less than 1000 Hz frequency noise with a thin cavity gap, 23 mm. This paper reports the possibilities of a compact adaptive passive noise control system with taking into account of advantages of microstructures based on microelectromechanical systems technology.
Theoretical and experimental study of the influence of the particle size distribution on acoustic wave properties of strongly inhomogeneous media
Authors: Vander Meulen François , Feuillard Guy , Bou Matar Olivier , Levassort Franck , Lethiecq Marc
Published: July 2002

The ultrasonic method is particularly suitable to characterize diffusive media, as acoustic properties (velocity and attenuation) are related to the properties and concentrations of the homogeneous phase and scatterers. Thus, ultrasonic characterization can be useful in the study of sedimentation or flocculation processes, in concentration measurements, and granulometry evaluation. Many models have been developed for media where particles are very small compared to the incident wavelength. When the diameter of the particles is close to the wavelength, multiple-scattering theories have to be used to describe the propagation of waves. In this paper, the case where the ratio of wavelength to scatterer size is around unity is studied. First, the particle size distribution is taken into account in two types of multiple-scattering theories based on the effective field approximation or on the quasicrystalline approximation and theoretical results are produced. The T-matrix formalism has been used to calculate the amplitude of the wave scattered by a single sphere. The calculation of the complex wave number in the effective medium has been implemented, using in particular the Percus–Yevick equation as a spatial pair-correlation function between scatterers, and a normal particle-size distribution. The influence of these parameters is discussed. Finally, attenuation and phase velocity measurements are performed in moving suspensions of acrylic spheres in ethylene glycol, at various concentrations and for different particle-size distributions. A good agreement between the theoretical results and the measurements is found for both velocity and attenuation. These results show that the size distribution is a critical parameter to understand velocity and attenuation behavior as function of frequency and volume fraction.
Generalization of a model of hysteresis for dynamical systems
Authors: Piquette Jean C. , McLaughlin Elizabeth A. , Ren Wei , Mukherjee Binu K.
Published: July 2002

A previously described model of hysteresis [J. C. Piquette and S. E. Forsythe, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 3317–3327 (1999); 106, 3328–3334 (1999)] is generalized to apply to a dynamical system. The original model produces theoretical hysteresis loops that agree well with laboratory measurements acquired under quasi-static conditions. The loops are produced using three-dimensional rotation matrices. An iterative procedure, which allows the model to be applied to a dynamical system, is introduced here. It is shown that, unlike the quasi-static case, self-crossing of the loops is a realistic possibility when inertia and viscous friction are taken into account.
The complete extension of the Biot–Tolstoy solution to the density contrast wedge with sample calculations
Authors: Davis Anthony M. J. , Scharstein Robert W.
Published: July 2002

The Biot–Tolstoy exact time-domain solution for the three-dimensional impulse response of an impenetrable wedge is extended to accommodate the isovelocity or density-contrast wedge. Fourier transformation of the time and axial variables, along with a Kantorovich–Lebedev transform applied to the cylindrical radial coordinate, leads to a solution in terms of residue series. When the wedge angle is a rational fraction of π, the residue series can be reduced to a finite sum which is evaluated for some special cases. The total pressure field consists of geometrical acoustics contributions, as predicted by Snell’s laws, plus a modified version of the Biot–Tolstoy diffraction field.
Acoustic distortion products from the ear of a grasshopper
Authors: Kössl M. , Boyan G. S.
Published: July 2002

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions were recorded from the tympanum of the grasshopper, Locusta migratoria. The hearing organ of this insect is in direct contact with the tympanum and does not contain sensory hair cells. 2f1−f2 distortions were measured for stimulus frequencies between 2–70 kHz. For frequencies between 3–9 kHz, the level of 2f1–f2 was 30–50 dB below the stimulus level. 2f1−f2 threshold curves calculated from distortion growth functions at different f2 frequencies are most sensitive between 3–9 kHz. These thresholds match the auditory sensitivity of low frequency receptor neurons in the ear [Römer, J. Comp. Physiol. 109, 101–122 (1976)]. In contrast to vertebrates, the dependence of the 2f1−f2 level on the frequency ratio f2/f1 did not show distinct maxima for most f2 frequencies. The distortion levels were largest for small ratios close to 1. The behavior of 2f1−f2 was significantly different for stimulus frequencies below and above 10 kHz. Below 10 kHz, the thresholds were more sensitive, the slope of distortion growth curves was shallower by a factor of at least 2, and the distortion levels reversibly decreased during CO2-induced hypoxia. Nonlinear mechanical processing may therefore be a general feature of sensitive hearing organs, even if these involve very different morphologies. Our results suggest that the the ciliated dendrites of the receptor cells of the insect may play a role in distortion generation.
Auscultation of heart and lung sounds in high-noise environments using adaptive filters
Authors: Fleeter Jennifer S. , Wodicka George R.
Published: July 2002

The clinical utility of a stethoscope in an aircraft is limited by high ambient noise. An adaptive noise-reduction stethoscope was implemented and some of its capabilities evaluated. Noise-corrupted heart and lung sounds, and a noise estimate, were collected using a two-microphone coupler in a simulated aircraft environment with 80–100 dB(SPL) ambient noise. Two adaptive filtering algorithms were compared: least mean square (LMS) and normalized LMS (NLMS). For frequencies between 20 and 800 Hz, the NLMS approach yielded roughly a 25% improvement in the extracted signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while also providing a reduced adaptation time. Coupler chamber geometry was then examined by comparing two designs, one with a cylindrical microphone chamber and the other conical. There was no observable difference between the extracted signals due to this geometry change. Noise source independence was also investigated through comparison of algorithmic performance for C-130 aircraft and helicopter noise. Helicopter noise yielded an 18% lower SNR than C-130 noise due primarily to its relatively larger low-frequency spectral content. Thus a stethoscope using adaptive filters holds promise to extract heart and lung sounds from high ambient noise environments, with the NLMS providing some performance enhancements under certain conditions.
Evolution equations for arbitrary moments of the orientation distribution of rigid-rod molecules
Authors: Hill Davide A.
Published: July 2002

The kinetic theory for rigid-rod molecules has been successful in describing a variety of experimental observations, from extremely dilute concentrations to the liquid crystalline limit. The theory is formulated in terms of an orientation distribution function, whose tensorial moments can be related to measurable properties. We introduce here a general relation from which evolution equations for moments of arbitrary order can easily be derived. The relation incorporates the effects of flow, magnetic and electric fields (permanent and induced dipoles), as well as “nematic” interactions necessary to describe liquid crystalline transitions. Relevant features of the equation(s) with regard to possible closure strategies are briefly discussed.
Structural and mutational analyses of decarboxylated osteocalcin provide insight into its adiponectin‐inducing activity
Authors: Mizuguchi Mineyuki , Yokoyama Takeshi , Otani Takahito , Kuribara Shiori , Nabeshima Yuko , Obita Takayuki , Hirata Masato , Kawano Keiichi
Published: March 2023

An acidic environment in bone is essential for bone metabolism and the production of decarboxylated osteocalcin, which functions as a regulatory hormone of glucose metabolism. Here, we describe the high‐resolution X‐ray crystal structure of decarboxylated osteocalcin under acidic conditions. Decarboxylated osteocalcin at pH 2.0 retains the α‐helix structure of native osteocalcin with three γ‐carboxyglutamic acid residues at neutral pH. This implies that decarboxylated osteocalcin is stable under an acidic environment in bone. In addition, site‐directed mutagenesis revealed that Glu17 and Glu21 are important for the adiponectin‐inducing activity of decarboxylated osteocalcin. These findings suggest that the receptor of decarboxylated osteocalcin responds to the negative charge in helix 1 of osteocalcin.
NUAK1 governs centrosome replication in pancreatic cancer via MYPT1/PP1β and GSK3β‐dependent regulation of PLK4
Authors: Whyte Declan , Skalka George , Walsh Peter , Wilczynska Ania , Paul Nikki R. , Mitchell Claire , Nixon Colin , Clarke William , Bushell Martin , Morton Jennifer P. , Murphy Daniel J. , Muthalagu Nathiya
Published: March 2023

The AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)‐related kinase NUAK1 (NUAK family SNF1‐like kinase 1) has emerged as a potential vulnerability in MYC‐dependent cancer but the biological roles of NUAK1 in different settings are poorly characterised, and the spectrum of cancer types that exhibit a requirement for NUAK1 is unknown. Unlike canonical oncogenes, NUAK1 is rarely mutated in cancer and appears to function as an obligate facilitator rather than a cancer driver per se. Although numerous groups have developed small‐molecule NUAK inhibitors, the circumstances that would trigger their use and the unwanted toxicities that may arise as a consequence of on‐target activity are thus undetermined. Reasoning that MYC is a key effector of RAS pathway signalling and the GTPase KRAS is almost uniformly mutated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we investigated whether this cancer type exhibits a functional requirement for NUAK1. Here, we show that high NUAK1 expression is associated with reduced overall survival in PDAC and that inhibition or depletion of NUAK1 suppresses growth of PDAC cells in culture. We identify a previously unknown role for NUAK1 in regulating accurate centrosome duplication and show that loss of NUAK1 triggers genomic instability. The latter activity is conserved in primary fibroblasts, raising the possibility of undesirable genotoxic effects of NUAK1 inhibition.
Application of subpixel edge detection in quality control of double‐column metal parts
Authors: Xie Chuanzheng , Chen Xinfeng
Published: March 2023

At present, most of the parts of mechanical equipment are made of metal, so the accurate detection and extraction of important characteristic parameters of metal parts is the key to determine the quality of mechanical equipment. In order to accurately extract and measure the feature size of metal parts, this research first carried out image preprocessing. Threshold segmentation is performed, and the target traits are extracted from the image to obtain the ROI. Finally, the preprocessed image is extracted from the image by the sub‐pixel edge extraction technology to extract the feature size of the circle to be measured. The difference between the measured value of the characteristic dimension of the spring bearing seat and the gasket and the real value measured by the research method is within the range of 5 and 4 μm, respectively, and both of them meet the requirements of the characteristic dimension accuracy. When the feature size of the two is repeatedly measured, the variation range of the detection results of the spring bearing seat and the gasket is within 9 and 7 μm respectively, and the detection value is much smaller than the feature size tolerance. The detection accuracy of the method can reach 95.394%. The score was 96.029 and the AUC value was 0.93, both higher than other methods. The results show that the use of sub‐pixels on metal parts The edge extraction method is extremely accurate. The research method can effectively improve the detection accuracy of the feature size of metal parts, which is of great significance to the development of the entire metal parts processing industry.
Zincophobic Electrolyte Achieves Highly Reversible Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Nengze , Chen Xin , Wan Houzhao , Zhang Bao , Guan Kailin , Yao Jia , Ji Jie , Li Jingying , Gan Yi , Lv Lin , Tao Li , Ma Guokun , Wang Hanbin , Zhang Jun , Wang Hao
Published: March 2023

Zinc metal batteries show tremendous applications in wide‐scale storages still impeded by aqueous electrolytes corrosion and interfacial water splitting reaction. Herein, a zincophobic electrolyte containing succinonitrile (SN) additive is proposed, the SN electrolyte shows a lower affinity for zinc but a stronger affinity for solid‐state interphase (SEI). In the SN electrolyte, zinc hydroxide sulfate (ZHS) is more inclined to accumulate horizontally, forming a dense SEI protective layer on the surface of the Zn anode, effectively slowing down the corrosion of Zn and dendrite growth. The zincophobic SN electrolyte enables excellent performance: zinc plating/stripping Coulombic efficiency of 99.71% for an average of 400 cycles; stable cycles in a symmetric cell for 4000 h (0.9% zinc utilization) and 325 h (86.1% zinc utilization). The soft pack battery using limited zinc delivers maximum energy density of 57.0 Wh kg−1 (based on mass loading of cathode materials and anode materials). Such a simple additive strategy provides a theoretical reference for zinc chemistry in a mild electrolyte environment in practical applications.
Fundamental Understanding and Facing Challenges in Structural Design of Porous Si‐Based Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Cheng Zhongling , Jiang Hao , Zhang Xinlin , Cheng Fangyi , Wu Minghong , Zhang Haijiao
Published: March 2023

As one of the most electrochemical energy storage devices, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) remain the workhorse of the energy market due to their unparalleled advantages. Remarkably, Si‐based materials play a pivotal role in LIBs anodes owing to ultrahigh theoretical capacity of Si and rich natural resources. However, bulk silicon materials are difficult to meet the current commercial demand because of their low conductivity, sluggish reaction kinetics, and huge volume expansion. The construction of porous structures has been acknowledged as an effective way to solve the above issues. Herein, the delicate design of porous Si‐based anode materials including synthetic strategies, the engineering of surface morphology and micro/nano‐structure, and the regulation of different compositions, as well as their applications in LIBs is systematically summarized. Particularly, the fine engineering of different pore parameters for Si‐based materials is on focus. Importantly, the relationship between thick electrodes and tortuosity/porosity, and the structural effect between pores and battery performance are also discussed in depth. Finally, the applications of porous Si‐based anodes in full‐cells and their commercial achievements are briefly described. This review is expected to provide a basic understanding and deep insight into developing porous Si‐based anodes for high‐energy lithium storage.
A Metal‐Polyphenol‐Based Oxygen Economizer and Fenton Reaction Amplifier for Self‐Enhanced Synergistic Photothermal/Chemodynamic/Chemotherapy
Authors: Shi Hui , Wang Ru , Cao Hu‐Chen , Guo Hai‐Yan , Pan Pei , Xiong Cheng‐Feng , Zhang Lin‐Jun , Yang Qiang , Wei Shuang , Liu Tao
Published: March 2023

To overcome the limitations of doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy, nanomedicines that integrate additional photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) strategies are highlighted as promising alternatives for the treatment of malignant tumors. However, time‐consuming preparation processes, biosafety concerns, and the bottlenecks of individual therapeutic modalities often limit the practical applications of this strategy. To address these issues, this work designs an oxygen economizer that additionally serves as a Fenton reaction amplifier through the simple assembly of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), pluronic F‐127 (PF127), iron (III) ions, and doxorubicin (DOX) for the enhancement of synergistic PTT/CDT/chemotherapy. The resulting nanoformulation, EFPD, can target mitochondria and inhibit cell respiration to reduce O2 consumption, thus boosting DOX‐mediated H2O2 generation for enhanced CDT and simultaneously improving hypoxia‐limited DOX chemotherapy efficacy. Moreover, the coordination between EGCG and Fe3+ provides EFPD with excellent photothermal conversion efficiencies (η = 34.7%) for PTT and photothermal‐accelerated drug release. Experimental results indicate that EFPD‐mediated synergistic enhancement of PTT/CDT/chemotherapy can achieve excellent therapeutic outcomes, including enhanced ablation of solid tumors, reduced metastasis and cardiotoxicity, and extended life spans.
Specific Spleen‐Accumulated NIR‐II Fluorescent Probe for Imaging‐Guided Splenic Operation
Authors: Yang Yiqing , Liu Diankai , He Zixu , Zhang Xiaofan , Liu Huihui , Li Xiaohua , Ma Huimin , Shi Wen
Published: March 2023

Spleen is a large immune organ in the body. Splenic operations such as splenectomy and intrasplenic injection are of paramount importance for immunological research and splenic diseases. Fluorescence imaging can vastly simplify these operations, but a specific spleen‐targeting probe is still unavailable. Herein, the first specific spleen‐accumulated fluorescent probe, VIX‐S is reported, which fluoresces at 1064 nm and is highly stable. Systematic studies reveal the superior targeting and imaging performance of VIX‐S for the spleen in both nude and haired mice. In vivo imaging indicates that the probe can image the morphology of spleen with a signal‐background ratio of at least two‐fold higher than that of the liver. Moreover, the application of VIX‐S in imaging‐guided splenic operation, including splenic injury and intrasplenic injection, is demonstrated, which may provide a practice tool for spleen research in the animal model.
Electrical Manipulation of Orbital Current Via Oxygen Migration in Ni81Fe19/CuOx/TaN Heterostructure
Authors: An Taiyu , Cui Bin , Zhang Mingfang , Liu Fufu , Cheng Shaobo , Zhang Kuikui , Ren Xue , Liu Liang , Cheng Bin , Jiang Changjun , Hu Jifan
Published: March 2023

The orbital Hall effect and the interfacial Rashba effect provide new approaches to generate orbital current and spin‐orbit torque (SOT) efficiently without the use of heavy metals. However, achieving efficient dynamic control of orbital current and SOT in light metal oxides has proven challenging. In this study, it is demonstrated that a sizable magnetoresistance effect related to orbital current and SOT can be observed in Ni81Fe19/CuOx/TaN heterostructures with various CuOx oxidization concentrations. The ionic liquid gating induces the migration of oxygen ions, which modulates the oxygen concentration at the Ni81Fe19/CuOx interface, leading to reversible manipulation of the magnetoresistance effect and SOT. The existence of a thick TaN capping layer allows for sophisticated internal oxygen ion reconstruction in the CuOx layer, rather than conventional external ion exchange. These results provide a method for the reversible and dynamic manipulation of the orbital current and SOT generation efficiency, thereby advancing the development of spin‐orbitronic devices through ionic engineering.
Mechanistic Insight into the Synergy between Platinum Single Atom and Cluster Dual Active Sites Boosting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Jiankang , Pan Yukun , Feng Dan , Cui Lin , Zhao Shichao , Hu Jinlong , Wang Sen , Qin Yong
Published: March 2023

In the energy transition context, the design and synthesis of high‐performance Pt‐based photocatalysts with low Pt content and ultrahigh atom‐utilization efficiency for hydrogen production are essential. Herein, a facile approach for decorating atomically dispersed Pt cocatalysts having single‐atom (SA) and atomic cluster (C) dual active sites on CdS nanorods (PtSA+C/CdS) via atomic layer deposition is reported. The size of the cocatalyst and the spatial intimacy of the cocatalyst active sites are precisely engineered at the atomic scale. The PtSA+C/CdS photocatalysts show the optimized photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity, achieving a reaction rate of 80.4 mmol h−1 g−1, which is 1.6‐ and 7.3‐fold higher than those of the PtSA/CdS and PtNP/CdS photocatalysts, respectively. Thorough characterization and theoretical calculations reveal that the enhanced photocatalytic activity is due to a remarkable synergy between SAs and atomic clusters as dual active sites, which are responsible for water adsorption–dissociation and hydrogen desorption, respectively. A similar synergetic effect is found in a representative Pt/TiO2 system, indicating the generality of the strategy. This study demonstrates the significance of the synergy between active sites for enhancing the reaction efficiency, opening a new avenue for the rational design of atomically dispersed photocatalysts with high efficiency.
Highly Sensitive Ultraviolet Photodetector Based on an AlGaN/GaN HEMT with Graphene‐On‐p‐GaN Mesa Structure
Authors: Pandit Bhishma , Jang Hyeon‐Sik , Jeong Yunjo , An Sangmin , Chandramohan S. , Min Kyung Kyu , Won Sang Min , Choi Chel‐Jong , Cho Jaehee , Hong Seongin , Heo Keun
Published: March 2023

The advantageous role of 2D electron gas presence at the AlGaN/GaN interface attracts huge interest in the field of GaN‐based ultraviolet photodetector technology. However, the presence of high dark current deteriorates the photodetector performance by diminishing several figures of merit. In this work, enhanced figures of merit are demonstrated by employing interdigitated p‐GaN finger structure on the top of the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure. The commonly present high dark current in p‐GaN/AlGaN/GaN planar photodetector is largely reduced (from ≈µA to few pA) by etching the p‐GaN, excluding the electrode region. Furthermore, by using a graphene transparent electrode along with the p‐GaN interdigitated fingers on AlGaN/GaN heterostructure, ultraviolet photodetectors with superior sensitivity (3.55 × 106) and ultrahigh detectivity (1.91 × 1014 cm Hz1/2 W−1) are realized at 360 nm. A comparison of graphene/p‐GaN and Ni/Au/p‐GaN interdigitated fingers and planar p‐GaN (with interdigitated graphene contacts) all on AlGaN/GaN heterostructure allows to understand the dominant roles of electrode transparency and the heterojunction structure. The simple and high electron mobility transistor‐compatible fabrication process of UV detectors provides a unique application in the field of UV sensing technology.
Efficient Ligand Passivation Enables Ultrastable CsPbX3 Perovskite Nanocrystals in Fully Alcohol Environments
Authors: Gualdrón‐Reyes Andrés F. , Fernández‐Climent Roser , Masi Sofia , Mesa Camilo A. , Echeverría‐Arrondo Carlos , Aiello Federica , Balzano Federica , Uccello‐Barretta Gloria , Rodríguez‐Pereira Jhonatan , Giménez Sixto , Mora‐Seró Iván
Published: March 2023

Halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have demonstrated their wide potential to fabricate efficient optoelectronic devices and to prepare promising photocatalysts for solar‐driven photo(electro)chemical reactions. However, their use in most of the practical applications is limited due to the instability of PNCs in polar environments. Here, the preparation of non‐encapsulated CsPbX3 nanocrystals dispersed in fully alcohol environments, with outstanding stability through surface defect passivation strategy is reported. By using didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) during material post‐treatment, highly luminescent CsPbBr3 PNCs with remarkable stability in methanol/butanol medium up to 7 months with near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield are achieved. This approach is extrapolated to stabilize iodine‐based CsPbBr3‐xIx and CsPbI3 PNCs, showing an improvement of their photoluminescence features and stability in these high polar alcohols up to 6 h. DDAB mediates the defect suppression through ligand exchange and avoids the full permeation of alcohol to be in contact with the PNCs. In this context, DDAB induces ionization of alcohol molecules to strengthen the surface passivation. The findings open the door to the development of long‐term stable CsPbX3 PNCs with high optical performance to be used in polar environments.
A study of disparities in access to genetic care pre‐ and post‐pandemic
Authors: Macalino Ashlee Joan , Porter Randall S. , Smith Lindsay , Wang Hongyue , Levin Alex V.
Published: March 2023

We aimed to explore the delivery of pediatric genetic care before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic and assess if disparities in care existed or emerged. We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical record for patients 18 years old or younger seen in the Division of Pediatric Genetics between September 2019–March 2020 and April–October 2020. Outcomes included time between referral and new visit, recommendation and completion of genetic testing and/or follow‐up visit within 6 months, and telemedicine versus in‐person format. Outcomes were compared pre‐ and post‐COVID‐19 emergence across ethnicity, race, age, health insurance, socioeconomic status (SES), and use of medical interpretation services. Three hundred thirteen total records were reviewed with comparable demographics between cohorts. Cohort 2 had shorter times between referral and new visit, greater telemedicine utilization, and a greater proportion of testing completed. Younger patients tended to have shorter times between referral and initial visit. In Cohort 1, those with Medicaid insurance or no coverage had longer referral‐initial visit times. In Cohort 2, there were differences in testing recommendation based on age. For all outcomes, no disparities were observed across ethnicity, race, SES, or use of medical interpretation services. This study characterizes the impact of the pandemic on pediatric genetics care delivery at our center and may have wider implications.
Atrial Fibrillation Detected before or after Stroke: Role of Anticoagulation
Authors: Lyrer Flurina , Zietz Annaelle , Seiffge David J. , Koga Masatoshi , Volbers Bastian , Wilson Duncan , Bonetti Bruno , Schaedelin Sabine , Gensicke Henrik , Yoshimura Sohei , Macha Kosmas , Ambler Gareth , Thilemann Sebastian , Dittrich Tolga , Inoue Manabu , Miwa Kaori , Wang Ruihao , Siedler Gabriela , Biburger Luise , Brown Martin M. , Jäger Rolf H. , Muir Keith , Traenka Christopher , Tanaka Kanta , Shiozawa Masayuki , Bonati Leo H. , Peters Nils , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Lyrer Philippe A. , Cappellari Manuel , Toyoda Kazunori , Kallmünzer Bernd , Schwab Stefan , Werring David J. , Engelter Stefan T. , De Marchis Gian Marco , Polymeris Alexandros A. ,   for the NOACISP‐LONGTERM, Erlangen Registry, CROMIS‐2, SAMURAI‐NVAF and Verona Registry collaborators
Published: March 2023

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) known before ischemic stroke (KAF) has been postulated to be an independent category with a recurrence risk higher than that of AF detected after stroke (AFDAS). However, it is unknown whether this risk difference is confounded by pre‐existing anticoagulation, which is most common in KAF and also indicates a high ischemic stroke recurrence risk.

Methods

Individual patient data analysis from 5 prospective cohorts of anticoagulated patients following AF‐associated ischemic stroke. We compared the primary (ischemic stroke recurrence) and secondary outcome (all‐cause death) among patients with AFDAS versus KAF and among anticoagulation‐naïve versus previously anticoagulated patients using multivariable Cox, Fine‐Gray models, and goodness‐of‐fit statistics to investigate the relative independent prognostic importance of AF‐category and pre‐existing anticoagulation.

Results

Of 4,357 patients, 1,889 (43%) had AFDAS and 2,468 (57%) had KAF, while 3,105 (71%) were anticoagulation‐naïve before stroke and 1,252 (29%) were previously anticoagulated. During 6,071 patient‐years of follow‐up, we observed 244 recurrent strokes and 661 deaths. Only pre‐existing anticoagulation (but not KAF) was independently associated with a higher hazard for stroke recurrence in both Cox and Fine‐Gray models. Models incorporating pre‐existing anticoagulation showed better fit than those with AF category; adding AF‐category did not result in better model fit. Neither pre‐existing anticoagulation nor KAF were independently associated with death.

Conclusion

Our findings challenge the notion that KAF and AFDAS are clinically relevant and distinct prognostic entities. Instead of attributing an independently high stroke recurrence risk to KAF, future research should focus on the causes of stroke despite anticoagulation to develop improved preventive treatments. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:43–54
Riverine distribution and abundance of Japanese eel in Shikoku, south‐western Japan: Varying importance of regional and local factors
Authors: Yamamoto Kanta , Uemura Yohsuke , Mimachi Sota , Inoue Mikio , Hata Hiroki
Published: March 2023

Regional and local habitat factors affecting the distribution and abundance of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) were systematically analysed in 123 reaches of 21 stream systems in south‐western Japan, with particular attention paid to human habitat modification, such as artificial barriers and concrete revetment.

The density of Japanese eel decreased upstream, and they were absent from the upper reaches of each stream system. The upper limits of their distribution were explained by the distance from the sea and the channel gradient, rather than barriers. However, the number of barriers had the highest explanatory capacity for the upstream decline in abundance of small eels (<40 cm in total length).

Analyses of the relative importance of regional and local habitat factors showed that the number of barriers (regional factor) was more important than local habitat factors in determining small eel abundance, whereas regional and local habitat factors (e.g. concrete revetment or cover habitat) were similarly important for large eel abundance.

These results suggest that: (i) barriers are not a major factor limiting the distribution (presence/absence) of the Japanese eel in the streams studied; (ii) barriers can substantially decrease the abundance of young eels; and (iii) as eels grow older and larger, local habitat factors, such as bank conditions and cover, become more important in determining their abundance.

The results for the relative importance of regional and local habitat factors suggest that in habitat restoration for the Japanese eel, priority should be given to mitigating barrier effects. The improvement of longitudinal connectivity to facilitate colonization by young eels is primarily needed for a more efficient use of the existing carrying capacity of streams. The improvement of local habitat conditions to increase the carrying capacity should be conducted in stream reaches free from barrier effects.
Denkmalgerechte Instandsetzung des Sonnensegels im Westfalenpark Dortmund
Authors: Helbig Thorsten , Gauss Florian
Published: March 2023

Das Sonnensegel im Dortmunder Westfalenpark wurde 1969 als Demonstrationsobjekt für fortschrittlichen Holzbau von den Architekten Behnisch und Partner und einem Ingenieurteam von Julius Natterer (Konzept) und Ingenieurbüro Scholz aus München (Planung) geplant. Nach mehr als vier Jahrzehnten Standzeit beeinträchtigten die Schädigungen am ursprünglich als temporären Pavillon konzipierten denkmalgeschützten Objekt die Standsicherheit, sodass nur durch zusätzliche Verstärkungen noch eine Nutzung möglich war, bis es schließlich als einsturzgefährdet eingestuft und gesperrt wurde. Die denkmalgerechte Sanierung des Sonnensegels basiert auf der Nutzung von Systemreserven des Tragwerks und konnte so die Substanz weitgehend erhalten und für eine weitere dauerhafte Nutzung ertüchtigen.
METTL3 relieved the injury of SH‐SY5Y cells treated with lipopolysaccharide and exposed to sevoflurane through regulating the m6A levels of Sox2
Authors: Wang Yilong , Yang Zeyong
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication of the central nervous system in elderly patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) in the POCD progression.

Methods

The SH‐SY5Y cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and exposed to sevoflurane to establish a POCD cell model. The cell viability and proliferation were assessed with MTT and EdU assays. Besides, the cell apoptosis was determined with TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. Additionally, the inflammatory factors were measured with ELISA. N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) RNA Methylation Quantification Kit was used to detect the m6A levels. The relative expressions of methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) and Sex‐determining region Y‐box‐2 (Sox2) was measured with RT‐qPCR and western blot assays. RNA methylation immunoprecipitation‐real‐time quantitative PCR was performed to detect the RNA that was m6A modified.

Results

After LPS treatment and sevoflurane exposure, the cell viability and proliferation were decreased and the cell apoptosis was elevated. The m6A and the METTL3 expression levels in the POCD cell model were declined. METTL3 overexpression promoted the cell growth and inhibited the cell apoptosis in the POCD cell model. Besides, the Sox2 levels were reduced in the POCD cell model. METTL3 silencing declined the m6A and mRNA levels of Sox2, while overexpression of METTL3 elevated it. The relationship between METTL3 and Sox2 was confirmed with double luciferase assay. Finally, Sox2 silencing neutralized the role of METTTL3 overexpression in the POCD cell model.

Conclusion

METTL3 relieved the injury of the SH‐SY5Y cells induced by LPS treatment and sevoflurane exposure through regulating the m6A and mRNA levels of Sox2.
COVID‐19 impact, financial and ESG performance: Evidence from G20 countries
Authors: Al Amosh Hamzeh , Khatib Saleh F. A.
Published: March 2023

During the pandemic, all countries of the world were affected by a health pandemic was the largest in the twenty‐first century, which affected the performance of companies and put them in a difficult situation with the escalation of uncertainty. Our study evaluates the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on firms' financial performance and the moderating role of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance in this relationship. Based on a large international panel dataset that includes nine countries from G20 extracted from the Thomson Reuters EIKON database for the period from 2016 to 2021, a set of statistical analyses was applied, including descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, fixed effect regression, and robust regression using GMM model. The findings indicate that the pandemic negatively affected financial performance significantly, while the performance of ESG limits this effect. Thus, companies engaged in ESG activities are the least affected during the pandemic. Fulfilling stakeholders' demands enhances companies' performance during crises and corporate directors' resort to maintaining the performance of ESG as one of the effective strategies during the crisis to reduce the impact of COVID‐19 on financial performance. This study shows that compliance with ESG issues can mitigate negative financial impacts during crises and that while implementing ESG practices is costly, it satisfies stakeholders and generates financial gains for companies. Theoretically, we directed the theoretical lens to research through crisis and stakeholder theories to explain events.
Removal of chromatin by salt‐tolerant endonucleases for production of recombinant measles virus
Authors: Mayer Viktoria , Frank Anna‐Carina , Preinsperger Shirin , Csar Patrick , Steppert Petra , Jungbauer Alois , Pereira Aguilar Patricia
Published: March 2023

Host cell DNA is a critical impurity in downstream processing of enveloped viruses. Especially, DNA in the form of chromatin is often neglected. Endonuclease treatment is an almost mandatory step in manufacturing of viral vaccines. In order to find the optimal performer, four different endonucleases, two of them salt tolerant, were evaluated in downstream processing of recombinant measles virus. Endonuclease treatment was performed under optimal temperature conditions after clarification and before the purification by flow‐through chromatography with a core shell chromatography medium: Capto™ Core 700. Virus infectivity was measured by TCID50. DNA and histone presence in process and purified samples was determined using PicoGreen™ assay and Western blot analysis using an anti‐histone antibody, respectively. All tested endonucleases allowed the reduction of DNA content improving product purity. The salt‐tolerant endonucleases SAN and M‐SAN were more efficient in the removal of chromatin compared with the non‐salt‐tolerant endonucleases Benzonase® and DENARASE®. Removal of chromatin using M‐SAN was also possible without the addition of extra salt to the cell culture supernatant. The combination of the endonuclease treatment, using salt‐tolerant endonucleases with flow‐through chromatography, using core–shell particles, resulted in high purity and purification efficiency. This strategy has all features for a platform downstream process of recombinant measles virus and beyond.
Adsorption of Dyes from Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Agarwala Rishabh , Mulky Lavanya
Published: March 2023

Because of their ubiquitous industrial usage, dyes are significant water pollutants. Adsorption is an effective method for eliminating colors from tainted water. In the twenty‐first century, industrialization is growing at a dizzying rate. During this stage, more noble colors and dyes are used. These hues contribute to a wide range of contaminants, including water, soil, and air pollution. The objective of this report is just to discuss the chemical and bio‐based adsorbents used to remove various types of industrial dyes. Several adsorption isotherm assumptions and mathematical formulations were investigated. The effect of a variety of factors on adsorption phenomena is addressed.
KRAS mutations and endometriosis burden of disease
Authors: Orr Natasha L , Albert Arianne , Liu Yang Doris , Lum Amy , Hong JooYoon , Ionescu Catalina L , Senz Janine , Nazeran Tayyebeh M , Lee Anna F , Noga Heather , Lawrenson Kate , Allaire Catherine , Williams Christina , Bedaiwy Mohamed A , Anglesio Michael S , Yong Paul J
Published: March 2023

The clinical phenotype of somatic mutations in endometriosis is unknown. The objective was to determine whether somatic KRAS mutations were associated with greater disease burden in endometriosis (i.e. more severe subtypes and higher stage). This prospective longitudinal cohort study included 122 subjects undergoing endometriosis surgery at a tertiary referral center between 2013 and 2017, with 5–9 years of follow‐up. Somatic activating KRAS codon 12 mutations were detected in endometriosis lesions using droplet digital PCR. KRAS mutation status for each subject was coded as present (KRAS mutation in at least one endometriosis sample in a subject) or absent. Standardized clinical phenotyping for each subject was carried out via linkage to a prospective registry. Primary outcome was anatomic disease burden, based on distribution of subtypes (deep infiltrating endometriosis, ovarian endometrioma, and superficial peritoneal endometriosis) and surgical staging (Stages I–IV). Secondary outcomes were markers of surgical difficulty, demographics, pain scores, and risk of re‐operation. KRAS mutation presence was higher in subjects with deep infiltrating endometriosis or endometrioma lesions only (57.9%; 11/19) and subjects with mixed subtypes (60.6%; 40/66), compared with those with superficial endometriosis only (35.1%; 13/37) (p = 0.04). KRAS mutation was present in 27.6% (8/29) of Stage I cases, in comparison to 65.0% (13/20) of Stage II, 63.0% (17/27) of Stage III, and 58.1% (25/43) of Stage IV cases (p = 0.02). KRAS mutation was also associated with greater surgical difficulty (ureterolysis) (relative risk [RR] = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02–2.11) and non‐Caucasian ethnicity (RR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.47–0.89). Pain severities did not differ based on KRAS mutation status, at either baseline or follow‐up. Re‐operation rates were low overall, occurring in 17.2% with KRAS mutation compared with 10.3% without (RR = 1.66, 95% CI: 0.66–4.21). In conclusion, KRAS mutations were associated with greater anatomic severity of endometriosis, resulting in increased surgical difficulty. Somatic cancer‐driver mutations may inform a future molecular classification of endometriosis.
Thyroid FNA cytology: The Eastern versus Western perspectives
Authors: Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Auger Manon , Jung Chan Kwon , Callegari Fabiano Mesquita
Published: March 2023

This commentary describes differences in the practice of thyroid fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) between the West and the East. Clinical management strategies are different in the East and the West, as are the statistics related to thyroid FNAC. When thyroid cytology reports from other institutions and countries are evaluated, it is important to be aware of these background differences before clinical management strategizing.