bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isomerization of 4‐Amino‐6,7‐diphenylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan‐2‐ones.
Authors: Seebacher Werner , Saf Robert , Brun Reto , Kaiser Marcel , Weis Robert
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Immobilization of Copper in Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Materials: A Highly Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for the Ullmann Diaryl Etherification.
Authors: Miao Tao , Wang Lei
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reductive Activation of Arenes. Part 21. Reaction of Products of Two‐Electron Reduction of Arenecarbonitriles by Alkali Metals in Liquid Ammonia with Bromo‐ and Dibromoalkanes.
Authors: Vaganova T. A. , Panteleeva E. V. , Yuferov P. S. , Rebitva Yu. V. , Shteingarts V. D.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted Pyrroles: Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Internal Alkynes and 2‐Amino‐3‐iodoacrylate Derivatives.
Authors: Crawley Matthew L. , Goljer Igor , Jenkins Douglas J. , Mehlmann John F. , Nogle Lisa , Dooley Rebecca , Mahaney Paige E.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave Assisted One Pot Synthesis of New Bis‐Imidazolyl Indoles.
Authors: Agarwal Anu , Porwal Sharad , Chauhan Prem M. S.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of α‐Alkoxycarbonylnitrones with Vinyl Ethers and Allyl Alcohols in the Presence of Eu(fod)3: Selective Activation of (Z)‐Isomers of the Nitrones.
Authors: Tamura Osamu , et al. et al.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterogeneous Copper‐in‐Charcoal‐Catalyzed Click Chemistry.
Authors: Lipshutz Bruce H. , Taft Benjamin R.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
SmI2‐Induced Reductive Cyclization of (E)‐ and (Z)‐β‐Alkoxyvinyl Sulfones with Aldehyde.
Authors: Kimura Tomohiro , Nakata Tadashi
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of Spirocyclic Pyrido[1,2‐a]indole Derivatives from 3‐(2‐Bromoethyl)indole.
Authors: Jiao Jingliang , Zhang Yang , Flowers Robert A. II
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Access to Quinazolines from Simple Anilines.
Authors: Chilin Adriana , Marzaro Giovanni , Zanatta Samuele , Barbieri Vera , Pastorini Giovanni , Manzini Paolo , Guiotto Adriano
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2,3′‐Dihydroxycanthaxanthin (I), a New Carotenoid with a 2‐Hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐β‐end Group from the Hermit Crab, Paralithodes brevipes.
Authors: Maoka Takashi , Akimoto Naoshige
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Constituents of the Leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae) and Their Cytotoxic Activity.
Authors: Fukuda Mamoru , Ohkoshi Emika , Makino Mitsuko , Fujimoto Yasuo
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Limonoid from the Fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth.
Authors: Teng Jie , Yang Xiu‐Wei
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure Determination of Inonotsuoxides A (Ia) and B (Ib) and in vivo Antitumor Promoting Activity of Inotodiol (II) from the Sclerotia of Inonotus obliquus.
Authors: Nakata Tomoko , Yamada Takeshi , Taji Sayaka , Ohishi Hirofumi , Wada Shun‐ichi , Tokuka Harukuni , Sakuma Kazuo , Tanaka Reiko
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Granulatoside A, a Starfish Steroid Glycoside, Enhances PC12 Cell Neuritogenesis Induced by Nerve Growth Factor Through an Activation of MAP Kinase.
Authors: Qi Jianhua , Han Chunguang , Sasayama Yumi , Nakahara Hiroko , Shibata Takahiro , Uchida Koji , Ojika Makoto
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Enzymatic Synthesis of L‐Halotryptophans.
Authors: Goss Rebecca J. M. , Newill Philip L. A.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Callipeltins J—M: Antifungal Peptides from the Marine Sponge Latrunculia sp.
Authors: D'Auria Maria Valeria , Sepe Valentina , D'Orsi Rosa , Bellotta Filomena , Debitus Cecile , Zampella Angela
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Iodine‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Diamination of Glycals with Chloramine‐T: A New Approach to 2‐Amino‐β‐glycosylamines for Applications in N‐Glycopeptide Synthesis.
Authors: Kumar Vipin , Ramesh Namakkal G.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Yaequinolones, New Insecticidal Antibiotics Produced by Penicillium sp. FKI‐2140. Part 1. Taxonomy, Fermentation, Isolation and Biological Activity.
Authors: Uchida Ryuji , Imasato Rie , Yamaguchi Yuichi , Masuma Rokuro , Shiomi Kazuro , Tomoda Hiroshi , Omura Satoshi
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bayesian Interpretation of a Distance Function for Navigating High‐Dimensional Descriptor Spaces.
Authors: Vogt Martin , Godden Jeffrey W. , Bajorath Juergen
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Scaffold Tree — Visualization of the Scaffold Universe by Hierarchical Scaffold Classification.
Authors: Schuffenhauer Ansgar , Ertl Peter , Roggo Silvio , Wetzel Stefan , Koch Marcus A. , Waldmann Herbert
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Classification of Highly Unbalanced CYP450 Data of Drugs Using Cost Sensitive Machine Learning Techniques.
Authors: Eitrich T. , Kless A. , Druska C. , Meyer W. , Grotendorst J.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry of Metal Thio‐ and Selenocarboxylates: Precursors for Metal Sulfide/Selenide Materials, Thin Films, and Nanocrystals
Authors: Vittal Jagadese J. , Ng Meng Tack
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gold Catalysts for Pure Hydrogen Production in the Water—Gas Shift Reaction: Activity, Structure and Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Burch Robbie
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transition Metal Mediated P‐C/X Exchange at Bound Phosphine Ligands (X: Aryl, Alkyl, NR2, OR and F): Scope and Mechanisms
Authors: Macgregor Stuart A.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Olefin Block Copolymers Through Chain‐Shuttling Polymerization
Authors: Zintl Manuela , Rieger Bernhard
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Advances Towards the Development of ATP‐Competitive Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of the Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Receptor (IGF‐IR)
Authors: Hubbard Robert D. , Wilsbacher Julie L.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oligosaccharide Synthesis and Library Assembly by One‐Pot Sequential Glycosylation Strategy
Authors: Wang Yuhang , Zhang Li‐He , Ye Xin‐Shan
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diazine Nucleoside Analogues
Authors: Agrofoglio Luigi A.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intermediacy of Silylene and Germylene in Direct Synthesis of Organosilanes and Organogermanes
Authors: Okamoto Masaki
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase Transitions and Azeotropic Properties of the Acetic Acid—n‐Propanol—Water—n‐Propyl Acetate System
Authors: Toikka Alexander , Toikka Maria
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dynamic Processes Leading to Covalent Bond Formation for SN1 Reactions
Authors: Peters Kevin S.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Finite difference computation of the dynamic motion of cylindrical shells including the effect of rotatory inertia and transverse shear
Authors: Emery A. F. , Cupps F. J.
Published: March 2007

The accuracy of finite difference computations for the dynamic motion of cylindrical shells, including transverse shear and rotatory inertia, has been assessed by comparison with Fourier series solutions. The finite difference models were based upon either the differential equations or upon control volume concepts, with the results of the latter being less sensitive to mesh size and in better agreement with the Fourier series results. A frequency analysis of all of the finite difference algorithms and the Fourier series demonstrated that for shells with clamped ends the finite difference spectra had a very considerable gap which closed slowly as the mesh size decreased, with the spectra being most complete for the best algorithm. A new algorithm was based upon these spectra and is shown to yield good results while permitting increases in the computational speed by the factor of mesh size/shell thickness.
Thickening Processes of Lamellar Crystal Monolayers of a Low‐Molecular‐Weight PEO Fraction on a Solid Surface
Authors: Zhai Xuemei , Zhang Gouliang , Ma Zhenpeng , Tang Xiongfeng , Wang Wei
Published: March 2007

Using hot‐stage atomic force microscopy, the thickening processes of monolayer crystals of PEO ($\overline M _{\rm n} $ = 5 000 g · mol−1 and $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n} $ = 1.008) from one‐folded (FC1) to extended‐chain (EC) lamellae are experimentally monitored at three temperatures: 50, 52, and 58 °C. At 50 °C some small areas in large FC1 crystals spontaneously thicken into EC crystals. At 52 °C the spontaneously thickened area further expands so as to inductively thicken the entire FC1 lamella into EC lamella. At 58 °C EC crystals first force the adjacent FC1 crystals to melt and then absorb the melted molecules to grow laterally into large EC lamellae till all FC1 lamellae vanish. The three thickening steps express the main thickening process of lamellar crystals from a metastable state to another metastable (or equilibrium) state. The possible mechanisms are discussed in the text.

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An investigation of novolac resins by gel permeation chromatography
Authors: Montague P. G. , Peaker F. W. , Bosworth P. , Lemon P.
Published: March 2007

In the preparation of novolac resins, three possible dimers with slightly different molecular dimensions may be produced in the polymerisation reaction. Gel permeation studies were carried out on four novolac resins prepared using different acid catalysts, and the results indicated that the nature of the catalyst influences the type and quantity of dimer produced. The weight and number average molecular weights were also calculated from the chromatograms obtained.
Folding of tandem‐linked domains
Authors: Raman E. Prabhu , Barsegov Valeri , Klimov Dmitri K.
Published: March 2007

One of the factors, which influences protein folding in vivo, is a linkage of protein domains into multidomain tandems. However, relatively little is known about the impact of domain connectivity on protein folding mechanisms. In this article, we use coarse grained models of proteins to explore folding of tandem‐linked domains (TLD). We found TLD folding to follow two scenarios. In the first, the tandem connectivity produces relatively minor impact on folding and the mechanisms of folding of tandem‐linked and single domains remain similar. The second scenario involves qualitative changes in folding mechanism because of tandem linkage. As a result, protein domains, which fold via two‐state mechanism as single isolated domains, may form new stable intermediates when inserted into tandems. The new intermediates are created by topological constraints imposed by the linkers between domains. In both cases tandem linkage slows down folding. We propose that the impact of tandem connectivity can be minimized, if the terminal secondary structure elements (SSEs) are flexible. In particular, two factors appear to facilitate TLD folding: (1) the interactions between terminal SSE are poorly ordered in the folding transition state, whereas nonterminal SSE are better structured, (2) the interactions between terminal SSE are weak in the native state. We apply these findings to wild‐type proteins by examining experimental Φ‐value data and by performing all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations. We show that immunoglobulin‐like domains appear to utilize the factors, which minimize the impact of tandem connectivity on their folding. Several single domain proteins, which are likely to misfold in tandems, are also identified. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insights into unbinding mechanisms upon two mutations investigated by molecular dynamics study of GSK3β–axin complex: Role of packing hydrophobic residues
Authors: Zhang Na , Jiang Yongjun , Zou Jianwei , Zhuang Shulin , Jin Haixiao , Yu Qingsen
Published: March 2007

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK 3β) is a key component of several cellular processes including Wnt and insulin signalling pathways. The interaction of GSK3β with scaffolding peptide axin is thought to be responsible for the effective phosphorylation of β‐catenin, the core effector of Wnt signaling, which has been linked with the occurrence of colon cancer and melanoma. It has been demonstrated that the binding of axin to GSK3β is abolished by the single‐point mutation of Val267 to Gly (V267G) in GSK3β or Leu392 to Pro (L392P) in axin. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on wild type (WT), V267G mutant and L392P one to elucidate the two unbinding mechanisms that occur through different pathways. Besides, rough energy and residue‐based energy decomposition were calculated by MM_GBSA (molecular mechanical Generalized_Born surface area) approach to illuminate the instability of the two mutants. The MD simulations of the two mutants and WT reveal that the structure of GSK3β remains unchanged, while axin moves away from the interfacial hydrophobic pockets in both two mutants. Axin exhibits positional shift in V267G mutant, whereas, losing the hydrogen bonds that are indispensable for stabilizing the helix structure of wild type axin, the helix of axin is distorted in L392P mutant. To conclude, both two mutants destroy the hydrophobic interaction that is essential to the stability of GSK3β‐axin complex. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of fungal damage on seed composition and quality of soybeans
Authors: Wilson R. F. , Novitzky W. P. , Fenner G. P.
Published: March 2007

Fungal damage caused by pathogens such asFusarium, Cercospora, andPhomopsis can have a devastating impact on physical quality and farm price of soybeans. In some price‐discount schedules, soybeans may be rejected with as low as 5% fungal damage. Although the severity of this problem varies throughout the United States, millions of bushels of fungus‐damaged soybeans may be destroyed annually due to a lack of markets. The effect of fungal damage on seed composition was evaluated to assess potential utility of highly damaged soybeans. Graded samples of the cv. Centennial soybean were dried to 10% moisture and blended on a proportional weight basis to derive a series of treatments from 0 to 80% fungal damage. A positive correlation was found between fungal damage and both protein and oil concentrations. This condition was attributed to loss of residual seed mass. As a result, the protein concentration of defatted meal increased from ca. 54 to 66% over the range of 0 to 80% fungal damage. Mycotoxin contamination appeared to be insignificant in these high‐protein meals. Fixed colors in bleached, alkali refined oils were intensified by heat treatment prior to extraction. No significant differences, however, were noted in total polar lipid content, phospholipid, or tocopherol composition among treatments of up to 20% fungal damage. Oils from treatments of more than 40% fungal damage were more severely oxidized and could not be degummed effectively. These data suggest that fungus‐damaged soybeans may be blended with high‐quality soybeans to alleviate the chemical symptoms associated with unacceptable product quality. Thus, through various blend ratios, processors may consider using fungus‐damaged soybeans to gain economic advantage, especially when high‐quality soybeans have lower protein concentration.
Water‐in‐oil microemulsion as mobile phase in thin‐layer chromatographic retention studies of anions
Authors: Mohammad Ali , Tiwari Sharad , Chahar Jay Pal Singh , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: March 2007

A water‐in‐oil (W/O) microemulsion, consisting of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)/1‐pentanol/water/heptane, has been used as mobile phase for the separation of inorganic anions from their binary mixtures, for example, IO4−‐NO2−, IO4−‐BrO3−, IO4−‐I−, MnO4−‐BrO3−, MnO4−‐NO2−, and MnO4−‐Br−. The weight ratio, SDS/n‐pentanol was kept constant at 1/2.46 for all compositions. The retention efficiency of anions on layers of silica gel G, alumina, microcrystalline cellulose, kieselguhr G, and mixtures of kieselguhr and cellulose in 4:1 and 3:2 ratios has been examined with the W/O microemulsion system as a mobile phase. Thin layers of kieselguhr were most useful for differential migration of anions. Quantitative separation of IO4− from accompanying ions, limits of identification, and dilution of few anions are reported. The effects of amines, phenols, and heavy metals on the separation efficacy of IO4− also have been investigated.
Natural antioxidants produced in oxidized lipid/amino acid browning reactions
Authors: Alaiz Manuel , Zamora Rosario , Hidalgo Francisco J.
Published: March 2007

1‐Substituted pyrroles (1 and2) and1‐substituted 2‐(1′‐hydroxypropyl)pyrroles (3–5) were produced in reactions between a lipid peroxidation product, 4,5(E)‐epoxy‐2(E)‐heptenal, and the amino acid lysine. The antioxidative activity of compounds1–5 was studied. Oxidative stability was evaluated in refined soybean oil containing compounds1–5, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),n‐propyl gallate orl‐lysine, at concentrations of 50–200 ppm. Oils were either oxidized at 60°C and oxidation products determined by the thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances assay, or they were oxidized at 110°C by the Rancimat method. Although both methods gave similar results, greater differences were observed at 60°C than at 110°C. Addition of compounds1–5,l‐lysine, BHT, and propyl gallate significantly (P<0.01) protected the oil against oxidation. The effectiveness order found was:l‐lysine << compounds3–4 < compounds1–2 < compound5 ≈ BHT << propyl gallate.
Etiological heterogeneity in the development of antisocial behavior: the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development and the Young Adult Follow-Up
Authors: SILBERG JUDY L. , RUTTER MICHAEL , TRACY KELLY , MAES HERMINE H. , EAVES LINDON
Published: March 2007

Background

Longitudinal, genetically informed, prospective data collected on a large population of male twins (n=1037) were used to examine developmental differences in the etiology of antisocial behavior.

Method

Analyses were carried out on both mother- and child-reported symptoms of conduct disorder (CD) in 10- to 17-year-old twins from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD) and self-reported antisocial behavior by the twins as young adults from the Young Adult Follow-Up (YAFU) study.

Results

The following trends were identified: (1) a single genetic factor influencing antisocial behavior beginning at age 10 through young adulthood (‘life-course persistent’); (2) a shared-environmental effect beginning in adolescence (‘adolescent-onset’); (3) a transient genetic effect at puberty; and (4) a genetic influence specific to adult antisocial behavior.

Conclusions

Overall, these etiological findings are consistent with predictions from Moffitt's developmental theory of antisocial behavior. The genetic effect at puberty at ages 12–15 is also consistent with a genetically mediated influence on the timing of puberty affecting the expression of genetic differences in antisocial outcomes.
Anasthesia for fetal surgery
Authors: SPIELMAN F. J. , SEEDS J. W. , CORKE B. C.
Published: March 2007

Anasthesia for fetal surgery is described as used for thirteen procedures in seven patients. Analgesia was accomplished by local infiltration of lignocaine 1% by the surgeons and small incremental doses of intravenous medication by the anasthetist as needed to make the mother comfortable and reduce fetal movement. There were no maternal or fetal complications. Ethical issues of this therapy are described.
Forum Aminophylline reversal of diazepam sedation
Authors: Arvidsson S. , Niemand D. , Martinell S. , Ekström‐Jodal B.
Published: March 2007

A double‐blind randomised study was performed to investigate whether aminophylline reversed the sedative effect of diazepam. Thirty‐two patients undergoing genito‐urinary surgery with spinal or topical anasthesia were given diazepam to maintain a state of deep sedation. Postoperatively patients received either aminophylline (60–120 mg) or physiological saline intravenously. The aminophylline group showed a rapid reversal of sedation. which persisted throughout the observation period of 2 hours. No such effect was seen in the patients who received saline and the difference was still obvious after 2 hours. It is concluded that aminophylline is a potent antagonist to the sedative effect of diazepam.
Pupillometer* for use during anasthesia
Authors: ASBURY A. J. , LEAR G. A. , WORTLEY D.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the design for a pupillometer based on a fixed focal length microscope; it is suitable for use during anasthesia. The pupillometer has been tested and found to give reliable results. A certain amount of practice is necessary to make measurements quickly. The pupillometer was designed to allow the study of pupil diameter in relation to ‘depth of anasthesia’.
The validity of informed consent in a clinical study
Authors: GOODMAN N. W. , COOPER G. M. , MALINS A. F. , PRYS‐ROBERTS C.
Published: March 2007

Patients, aged 36 to 78 years, who had participated in two studies that included the ventilatory effects of postoperative analgesia, returned a questionnaire canvassing their views of the procedure for obtaining consent and the conduct of the study. Fourteen of 18 patients from one study, and all 18 from the second, returned their questionnaires. Thirty of the 32 patients were satisfied with the pre‐operative explanation. Eleven patients felt obliged to take part, not because of coercion, but from a sense of duty to others. The breathing tests caused discomfort to eight patients but only one of them found this more than expected from the pre‐operative explanation. Only two patients, both in the second study, said that they would not volunteer again for a similar study. There was no suggestion that the age of the patient or the fact that they were undergoing major surgery had any influence on their attitudes or comprehension. It may be prudent to use this type of questionnaire to evaluate the response of patients to some research projects.
Training for day‐case dental anaesthesia. Oxygen saturation during general anaesthesia administered by dental undergraduates
Authors: Walsh* J.F.
Published: March 2007

Sixty‐seven patients undergoing general anaesthesia for exodontia as outpatients were studied in order to measure the levels of oxygen saturation. Both the anaesthesia and extractions were performed by fourth year dental undergraduates working under direct supervision. Falls in oxygen saturation in excess of 5% were found in three groups of patients receiving 20%, 25%, and 30% oxygen in the inspired mixture.
Induction of T‐cell activation or anergy determined by the combination of intensity and duration of T‐cell receptor stimulation, and sequential induction in an individual cell
Authors: Yamamoto Tomohiro , Hattori Makoto , Yoshida Tadashi
Published: March 2007

It has been shown that anergic T cells have important roles in peripheral tolerance, although the precise mechanism for inducing anergy is still unclear. We analysed the kinetics of anergy induction at an individual cell level by flow cytometry. We first successfully obtained T helper type 1 (Th1) cells that had been made uniform with the level of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) production induced by antigen stimulation. We then used these Th1 cells to evaluate the degree of anergy for each Th1 cell treated with an anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody according to the level of IFN‐γ secretion. Our results demonstrate that anergic stimulation could induce both activation and anergy, depending on the duration and intensity of stimulation at the level of an individual cell. Each Th1 cell was first activated and then gradually became anergic depending on the duration of stimulation. The duration of the stimulus required for inducing anergy became shorter as the intensity of stimulation became stronger. We also show that the calcineurin signal controlled the induction of activation or anergy depending on the activity. This study contributes to better understanding of the precise mechanism for inducing T‐cell anergy.
Polymorphisms in genes regulating androgen activity among prostate cancer low‐risk Inuit men and high‐risk Scandinavians
Authors: Giwercman Charlotte , Giwercman Aleksander , Pedersen Henning Sloth , Toft Gunnar , Lundin Kristina , Bonde Jens‐Peter , Giwercman Yvonne Lundberg
Published: March 2007

In Greenland, with a male population of approximately 30 000 individuals, the incidence of prostate cancer is extremely low with only three cases described during the period 1988–1997. Polymorphisms related to high androgen metabolism and/or response in the 5α‐reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) and the androgen receptor (AR) genes, respectively, have been linked to prostate cancer. Our objective was to analyse whether the distribution of these polymorphisms differed between the prostate cancer low‐risk population from Greenland and the relatively high‐risk Swedish male population. The SRD5A2 polymorphisms A49T, V89L and R227Q, and the CAG and GGN repeats in the AR gene were genotyped in leucocyte DNA from 196 Greenlanders and 305 Swedish military conscripts. All subjects had the wild‐type R/R genotype of the R227Q marker. The high‐activity variants A49T A/T and V89L V/V occurred less frequently (2% vs. 5%, p = 0.048 and 33% vs. 46%, p = 0.0027) in Greenland compared with Sweden, whereas the low‐activity L/L genotype was more frequent in Greenland (24% vs. 13%, p = 0.0024). Greenlanders also had longer AR CAG repeats than the Swedish population (median 24 vs 22, p < 0.0005). Greenlanders also had a higher frequency of the GGN = 23 allele (85% vs. 54%, p < 0.0001). Our results suggest that Greenlanders are genetically predisposed to a lower activity in testosterone to 5α‐dihydrotestosterone turnover and to lower AR activity, which, at least partly, could explain their low incidence of prostate cancer.
Enhanced Immunogenicity of Modified Hepatitis B Virus Core Particle Fused with Multiepitopes of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Zhang Y.‐L. , Guo Y.‐J. , Wang K.‐Y. , Lu K. , Li K. , Zhu Y. , Sun S.‐H.
Published: March 2007

Abstract Hepatitis B virus core (HBc) particles, self‐assemble into capsid particles and are extremely immunogenic, hold promise as an immune‐enhancing vaccine carrier for heterologous antigens. However, formation of virus‐like particles (VLP) can be restricted by size and structure of heterlogous antigens. In the study, we investigated formation of VLP by modified HBc fused with specified foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) multiepitopes and evaluated their immune effects. Firstly, three HBc display vectors (pHBc1, pHBc2 and pHBc3) were constructed by deletions of different lengths within the HBc c/e1 region: 75–78 amino acid (aa), 75–80 aa and 75–82 aa respectively. Secondly, we inserted different compositions of FMDV multiepitopes, BT [VP1(141–160)–VP4(21–40)] and BTB [VP1(141–160)–VP4(21–40)–VP1(141–160)], into modified regions. As a result, only plasmid pHBc3‐BTB of six recombinant vectors was expressed as soluble protein, which resulted in the formation of complete VLP confirmed by electron microscopy. Recombinant VLP could be taken up by cells and presented in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the modified VLP displayed a significantly stronger immunogenicity than other five recombinant proteins and GST‐BTB with a higher titer of peptide‐specific and virus‐specific antibody, elevated IFN‐γ and interleukin‐4 production, especially enhanced lymphocyte proliferation. The results encourage further work towards the development of FMDV vaccines using hepatitis B virus core particles fused with FMDV epitopes.
The effects of metformin and glibenclamide on glucose metabolism, counter‐regulatory hormones and cardiovascular responses in women with Type 2 diabetes during exercise of moderate intensity
Authors: Cunha M. R. , Da Silva M. E. R. , Machado H. A. , Fukui R. T. , Correa M. R. S. , Santos R. F. , Wajchenberg B. L. , Rondon M. U. P. B. , Negrão C. E. , Ursich M. J. M.
Published: March 2007

Aims  To compare the effects of metformin and glibenclamide on cardiovascular, metabolic and hormonal parameters during exercise of moderate intensity performed in the postprandial state, in women with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods  Ten patients treated with metformin, 10 with glibenclamide and 10 control subjects (C) exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 50% of oxygen uptake (VO2) peak for 45 min. Cardiovascular, blood metabolic and hormonal parameters were determined at times −60 min (fasting), 0, +15, +30, +45 min (exercise) and at +60, +90 min (recovery). Thirty minutes prior to exercise, participants consumed a standard breakfast. Patients with diabetes took metformin or glibenclamide before the meal.

Results  Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and plasma glucose were higher in both diabetic groups, for the whole experiment. Blood glucose did not change during exercise in the three groups and increased at recovery only in the control group. Plasma glucagon concentrations at the end of exercise and recovery, and plasma lactate concentrations at recovery were higher in the metformin group. Insulin, noradrenaline, growth hormone, cortisol and free fatty acid responses were similar in all three groups.

Conclusions  Our results suggest that the usual dose of glibenclamide and metformin can be taken safely before postprandial exercise of moderate intensity without affecting cardiovascular, metabolic and hormonal responses. However, after exercise, glibenclamide and metformin prevent the normal rise in blood glucose and metformin delays the fall in plasma lactate concentrations.
Opposition in the British Political System
Authors: Johnson Nevil
Published: March 2007

BY 1997 THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY HAD BEEN IN POWER FOR EIGHTEEN years, the longest period of uninterrupted rule by a single party this century. To many it looked as if the alternation of two parties in government had stopped. And if that really had been the case, it would have meant that the British conception of opposition as the institutionalization within the workings of everyday politics of a standing alternative to the government of the day had broken down or been abandoned. But this is not what happened. The official opposition, the Labour Party, had re-established itself as a viable alternative government and was then able to gain not just an effective, but an overwhelming majority in Parliament in the general election of 1 May 1997. This outcome testified to more than the triumph of one party over another, marking the revival of the victor and the exhaustion of the loser: it also reasserted a crucial element in the constitutional practices of modern Britain.
Opposition in South Africa
Authors: Spence J. E.
Published: March 2007

A STRIKING FEATURE OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE ‘NEW’ SOUTH Africa following the first democratic election in April 1994 was the widespread expectation that both the mechanism of transition and the electoral outcome in coalition government (the Government of National Unity: GNU) might serve as a model to other African regimes similarly placed. This may well be true with respect, for example, to the relevance of power-sharing arrangements of the kind that were built into South Africa's interim constitution in 1993, but as I shall explain, South Africa's experience of constitutional change and its outcome is best understood as sui generis. I am inclined to be sceptical about this assumption on the grounds that ‘models’ imported from elsewhere have not served Africa well; that the establishment of Westminster-style democratic structures in newly independent states in the 1950s and 1960s based on winner-take-all electoral systems failed to take into account historical and cultural differences — in particular the absence of anything resembling a Western-style tradition of democratic participation. Whether it could have served as a model, given the constraints of the time — loss of imperial will, insistent claims of indigenous nationalist elites etc. — is another matter. As Michael Oakeshott remarks: ‘[democracy] has been homegrown in Western society and to seek to transfer its beliefs and habits to an exotic soil will always be difficult.’
Democratization, Nationalism and Regional Security in the Southern Caucasus
Authors: MacFarlane S. Neil
Published: March 2007

FOR SOME YEARS NOW, WESTERN ACADEMICS AND POLICY-MAKERS HAVE embraced the cause of democratic reform in Central and Eastern Europe. To take but one well-known example, President Clinton in the 1994 State of the Union Address cited the absence of war among democracies as a reason for promotion of democracy around the world. Assistance to former Warsaw Pact and newly independent states has been made conditional to varying degrees on the acceptance of democratic change. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, the United States Agency for International Development and associated non-governmental organizations have unleashed armies of promoters of democracy throughout the region to: observe elections; monitor human rights; draft new constitutions and laws defending civil and political rights; train judges and police personnel; and organize and assist political parties, media and non-governmental pressure groups. In short, they have sought to transplant the fabric of civil society and democratic institutions. These armies have landed on terrain often quite foreign to them and have often displayed little sensitivity to the social, economic and political context in which they are operating. This may have contributed to results other than those intended.
The General Elections in India
Authors: Kaviraj Sudipta
Published: March 2007

AT THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE FIFTY YEARS AGO MAHATAMA Gandhi suggested that the Indian National Congress, which he successfully led to independence, should be disbanded. As its function was to produce a coalition which could achieve independence from British rule, its historical role was over. This was an entirely logical, yet an entirely unpractical suggestion. Politicians active inside the Congress wished, not unnaturally, to turn their sacrifices into potential investments in an independent state. Independence was accompanied by partition of the country which degenerated into riots and massacre of civilians. There was no other political organization except the Congress to establish effective government. In any case, Congress was too successful a political organization to be dissolved purely by the power of argument. The Congress, therefore, turned from an independence movement into a governing party, a difficult transformation under all circumstances, and flourished. The historical significance of the recent general elections in India, the eleventh after independence, seems to be the actual realization of Gandhi's suggestion. India must now find a political structure which can function without the overwhelming presence of the Congress, a party universally reviled but, ironically, treated as indispensable.
World without Borders? Reflections on the Future of the Nation‐State
Authors: Dittgen Herbert
Published: March 2007

THE PARTICULARISTIC CHARACTER OF THE POLITICAL WORLD, THE separation of political communities into poleis, territorial-states or nation-states, has always provoked the universalist criticism of borders as artificial and incompatible with universal humanity. Such demarcations were even suspected of being one of mankind's greatest evils. Edmund Burke, for example, wrote in his A Vindication of Natural Society – a response to Rousseau's Discourse on the Origin and Foundation of Inequality – that ‘this artificial division of mankind, into separate societies, is a perpetual source in itself of hatred and dissention among them’.
Morphometry of Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Serotonergic Neurons in Alcoholism
Authors: Underwood Mark D. , Mann J. John , Arango Victoria
Published: March 2007

Background: Reduced serotonergic function is hypothesized in alcohol abuse and dependence. Serotonergic innervation of the cortex arises predominantly from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). We sought to determine the number and morphometric characteristics of DRN serotonergic neurons postmortem in alcoholic individuals (n=9; age: 16–66years; 8M:1F) compared with psychiatrically normal, nonalcoholic controls (n=6; age: 17–74 years; 4M:2F).

Methods: Brainstems were collected at autopsy, fixed and cryoprotected. Alcohol dependence or abuse was determined by psychological autopsy (DSM‐IV), the presence of liver fatty changes or cirrhosis and/or high blood alcohol level. Tissue was sectioned at 50 μm (−25°C). A series of 1:10 sections was immunoreacted with antiserum to tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate‐limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin. The total number of TPH‐immunoreactive (IR) DRN neurons was determined by stereology. Neuron morphometry indices were determined using a video‐based imaging system attached to a microscope. We identified TPH‐IR neurons every 1,000 μm in each brainstem and measured neuron area, total cross sectional neuron area, and the total area and density of immunolabeled processes.

Results: Dorsal raphe nucleus neuron number (controls: 80,386±10,238; alcoholic individuals: 85,884±12,478) was not different between groups but TPH‐IR was greater in alcoholic individuals throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the DRN. The volume of the DRN was 66±9 mm3 in controls and 55±5 mm3 in alcoholic individuals (p>0.05). The average size of DRN neurons did not differ between groups (353±12 μm2 for controls vs 360±15 μm2 for alcoholic subjects). However, the area occupied by neuron processes (area of processes/DRN area) was 2.2‐fold greater in alcoholic individuals compared with controls (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The increased area occupied by neuron processes in alcoholic individuals may represent sprouting and, together with greater TPH‐IR, be a compensatory response to impaired serotonergic transmission or cumulative effects of alcohol on the serotonin system.
Effects of PMX‐DHP Treatment for Patients With Directly Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Tsushima Kenji , Kubo Keishi , Yoshikawa Sumiko , Koizumi Tomonobu , Yasuo Masanori , Furuya Shino , Hora Kazuhiko
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Endotoxin‐removal direct hemoperfusion column containing polymyxin B immobilized fibers (PMX‐DHP) is an effective procedure for the treatment of sepsis‐induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We investigated retrospectively the effects and appropriate timing of PMX‐DHP induction for directly induced ARDS in 38 patients. PMX‐DHP was carried out twice for two hours. Blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and PaO2/FIO2 (PF) ratio, leukocytes, platelets, endotoxin, inflammatory cytokines and clusters of differentiated peripheral neutrophils and monocytes were measured before and after PMX‐DHP. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores and lung injury scores (LIS) were determined at the time of starting PMX‐DHP. The underlying causes of ARDS were pneumonia in 29 patients and aspiration pneumonia in 9 patients. The patients were divided into Survivors (n = 21) and Nonsurvivors (n = 17). Mortality was 45% at 30 days after PMX‐DHP. The APACHE II and SOFA scores and the LIS were not significantly different between the two groups. The time from the onset of ARDS to the start of PMX‐DHP was significantly delayed between the two groups. PMX‐DHP significantly improved the PF ratio, HR and systolic blood pressure in the Survivors compared to the Nonsurvivors. The function of active monocytes in the peripheral blood was significantly suppressed after PMX‐DHP. This early induction of PMX‐DHP is indicated for directly induced ARDS. In the Nonsurvivors, this delay could have led to undesirable responses to oxygenation and circulation after PMX‐DHP.
Development and Application of Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Measurements of Biogenic Carbonates by Ion Microprobe
Authors: Rollion‐Bard Claire , Mangin Denis , Champenois Michel
Published: March 2007

The analytical capabilities of the ims 1270 ion microprobe (SIMS) in determining O and C isotope compositions in biogenic carbonate samples have been tested. Results indicated that, with a spot size of ≊ 30 μm, the average reproducibility at the 1s level was 0.3‰ for oxygen isotopes and 0.6‰ for carbon isotopes. Nevertheless, this reproducibility can reach 0.2‰ for oxygen isotope determinations during some sessions. These reproducibilities allowed us to perform analyses on biogenic carbonate samples for environmental studies. In this paper, examples of oxygen and carbon isotope measurements are presented for a modern coral and the Holocene scleractinian coral, Porites lutea.
A Boundary Element Method for Evaluation of the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Packed Beds
Authors: Zhou Jianhua , Yu Aibing , Zhang Yuwen
Published: March 2007

The problem of evaluating the effective thermal conductivity of random packed beds is of great interest to a wide-range of engineers and scientists. This study presents a boundary element model (BEM) for the prediction of the effective thermal conductivity of a two-dimensional packed bed. The model accounts for four heat transfer mechanisms: (1) conduction through the solid; (2) conduction through the contact area between particles; (3) radiation between solid surfaces; and (4) conduction through the fluid phase. The radiation heat exchange between solid surfaces is simulated by the net-radiation method. Two regular packing configurations, square array and hexagonal array, are chosen as illustrative examples. The comparison between the results obtained by the present model and the existing predictions are made and the agreement is very good. The proposed BEM model provides a new tool for evaluating the effective thermal conductivity of the packed beds.