bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Termékenységi mintaváltás – a családalapí- tás átalakulásának demográfiai nyomvona- lai Magyarországon
Authors: Spéder Zsolt
Published: October 2021

Leíró demográfiai elemzési eszközökkel mutatjuk be, hogy az elmúlt negyedszázadban hazánkban megtapasztalt termékenységcsökkenés a termékenységi gyakorlat átfogó megváltozásának az eredménye. A teljes kép felrajzolásához elengedhetetlen a jól ismert változás, a halasztás bemutatása, ám túllépünk azon, hogy a mintaváltást kizárólag a korai gyermekvállalásról a késői gyermekvállalásra való áttéréssel írjuk le. A gyermekvállalási magatartás heterogenitásnak iskolai végzettség szerinti vizsgálata alapján megállapítjuk, hogy ma a gyermekvállalási gyakorlat sokkal inkább kötődik az iskolai végzettséghez, mint egy negyedszázaddal ezelőtt, és hogy az individualizáltság térnyerése látszólagos, a fő tendencia sokkal inkább a tagolódással vagy a differenciálódással írható le. A születési évjáratokat végigkövetve megállapítjuk a kétgyermekes család dominanciájának elhalványulását, a gyermektelenség és az egygyermekesség terjedését, ami összességében a befejezett termékenység szintjének csökkenésével jár együtt. Végül javaslatot teszünk a termékenységi magatartás új korszakolására.
Techviselkedés a családban a kamaszok szemszögéből
Authors: Mikó Fruzsina , Nagy Beáta
Published: October 2021

A gyorsuló digitalizáció hatására egyre hangsúlyosabb téma a gyerekek képernyők előtt töltött ideje és technológiahasználata. A közelmúlt populáris és tudományos irodalma is gyakran a technológiahasználat negatív következményeire fókuszált, az elmúlt pár évben azonban szemléletváltás történt a technológia kínálta lehetőségek irányába is. A diskurzusban a szülői narratívák és a szakértői ajánlások dominálnak, míg a gyerekek percepciói kevésbé vannak előtérben. Jelen tanulmány éppen ezért a kamaszok szemszögéből vizsgálja a családon belüli technológiahasználat kérdését. A tanulmány azt a kérdést járja körül, hogy a technológiahasználattal kapcsolatos családi viselkedésmintáknak milyen típusai azonosíthatók, és azok milyen szociológiai jellemzőkkel írhatók le. A kérdés megválaszolásához 12–16 éves gyerekekkel 2017 őszén felvett kérdőívek (N=1000), valamint 2019 tavaszán készült interjúk (N=30) elemzésére kerül sor. Az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy lehatárolhatók a techviselkedés különböző típusai a családban, amelyet számos szociodemográfiai háttérváltozó befolyásol.
Source and variability of formaldehyde (HCHO) at northern high latitude: an integrated satellite, ground/aircraft, and model study
Authors: Zhao Tianlang , Mao Jingqiu , Simpson William R. , De Smedt Isabelle , Zhu Lei , Hanisco Thomas F. , Wolfe Glenn M. , St. Clair Jason M. , González Abad Gonzalo , Nowlan Caroline R. , Barletta Barbara , Meinardi Simone , Blake Donald R.
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Here we use satellite observations of HCHO vertical column densities (VCD) from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), ground-based and aircraft measurements, combined with a nested regional chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem at 0.5° × 0.625° resolution), to understand the variability and sources of summertime HCHO better in Alaska. We first evaluate GEOS-Chem with in-situ airborne measurements during Atmospheric Tomography Mission 1 (ATom-1) aircraft campaign and ground-based measurements from Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). We show reasonable agreement between observed and modeled HCHO, isoprene and monoterpenes. In particular, HCHO profiles show spatial homogeneity in Alaska, suggesting a minor contribution of biogenic emissions to HCHO VCD. We further examine the TROPOMI HCHO product in Alaska during boreal summer, which is in good agreement with GEOS-Chem model results. We find that HCHO VCDs are dominated by free-tropospheric background in wildfire-free regions. During the summer of 2018, the model suggests that the background HCHO column, resulting from methane oxidation, contributes to 66–80 % of the HCHO VCD, while wildfires contribute to 14 % and biogenic VOC contributes to 5–9 % respectively. For the summer of 2019, which had intense wildfires, the model suggests that wildfires contribute to 40 to 65 %, and the background column accounts for 30 to 50 % of HCHO VCD in June and July. In particular, the model indicates a major contribution of wildfires from direct emissions of HCHO, instead of secondary production of HCHO from oxidation of larger VOCs. We find that the column contributed by biogenic VOC is often small and below the TROPOMI detection limit. The source and variability of HCHO VCD above Alaska during summer is mainly driven by background methane oxidation and wildfires. This work discusses challenges for quantifying HCHO and its precursors in remote pristine regions.
Microbial activity, methane production, and carbon storage in Early Holocene North Sea peats
Authors: Lippmann Tanya J. R. , in 't Zandt Michiel H. , Van der Putten Nathalie N. L. , Busschers Freek  S. , Hijma Marc  P. , van der Velden Pieter , de Groot Tim , van Aalderen Zicarlo , Meisel Ove H. , Slomp Caroline P. , Niemann Helge , Jetten Mike S. M. , Dolman Han A. J. , Welte Cornelia U.
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Northern latitude peatlands act as important carbon sources and sinks, but
little is known about the greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets of peatlands that
were submerged beneath the North Sea during the last glacial–interglacial
transition. We found that whilst peat formation was diachronous, commencing between
13 680 and 8360 calibrated years before the present, stratigraphic layering
and local vegetation succession were consistent across a large study area.
Large carbon stores were measured. In situ methane (CH4) concentrations
of sediment pore waters were widespread but low at most sites, with the
exception of two locations. Incubation experiments in the laboratory revealed molecular signatures of
methanogenic archaea, with strong increases in rates of activity upon
methylated substrate amendment. Remarkably, methanotrophic activity and the
respective diagnostic molecular signatures could not be detected.
Heterotrophic Bathyarchaeota dominated the archaeal communities, and bacterial
populations were dominated by candidate phylum JS1 bacteria. In the absence of active methanogenic microorganisms, we conclude that these
sediment harbour low concentrations of widespread millennia-old CH4.
The presence of large widespread stores of carbon and in situ methanogenic
microorganisms, in the absence of methanotrophic microorganisms, holds the
potential for microbial CH4 production if catalysed by a change in
environmental conditions.
Biogeomorphic modeling to assess resilience of tidal marsh restoration to sea level rise and sediment supply
Authors: Gourgue Olivier , van Belzen Jim , Schwarz Christian , Vandenbruwaene Wouter , Vanlede Joris , Belliard Jean-Philippe , Fagherazzi Sergio , Bouma Tjeerd J. , van de Koppel Johan , Temmerman Stijn
Published: October 2021

Abstract. There is an increasing demand for creation and restoration of tidal marshes around the world, as they provide highly valued ecosystem services. Yet, tidal marshes are strongly vulnerable to factors such as sea level rise and declining sediment supply. How fast the restored ecosystem develops, how resilient it is to sea level rise, and how this can be steered by restoration design, are key questions that are typically challenging to assess. In this paper, we apply a biogeomorphic model to a planned tidal marsh restoration by dike breaching. Our modeling approach integrates tidal hydrodynamics, sediment transport and vegetation dynamics, accounting for relevant fine-scale flow-vegetation interactions (less than 1 m2) and their impact on vegetation and landform development at the landscape scale (several km2) and on the long term (several decades). Our model performance is positively evaluated against observations of vegetation and geomorphic development in adjacent tidal marshes. Model scenarios demonstrate that the restored tidal marsh can keep pace with realistic rates of sea level rise and that its resilience is more sensitive to the availability of suspended sediments than to the rate of sea level rise. We further demonstrate that restoration design options can steer marsh resilience, as it affects the rates and spatial patterns of biogeomorphic development. By varying the width of two dike breaches, which serve as tidal inlets to the restored marsh, we show that a larger difference in the width of the two inlets leads to more diversity in restored habitats. This study showcases that biogeomorphic modeling can support management choices in restoration design to optimize tidal marsh development towards sustainable restoration goals.
The Lagrangian-based Floating Macroalgal Growth and Drift Model (FMGDM v1.0): application to the Yellow Sea green tide
Authors: Zhou Fucang , Ge Jianzhong , Liu Dongyan , Ding Pingxing , Chen Changsheng , Wei Xiaodao
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Massive floating macroalgal blooms in the ocean result in many ecological consequences. Tracking their drifting pattern and predicting their biomass
are essential for effective marine management. In this study, a physical–ecological model, the Floating Macroalgal Growth and Drift Model (FMGDM),
was developed. Based on the tracking, replication, and extinction of Lagrangian particles, FMGDM is capable of determining the dynamic growth and
drift pattern of floating macroalgae, with the position, velocity, quantity, and represented biomass of particles being updated synchronously
between the tracking and the ecological modules. The particle tracking is driven by ocean flows and sea surface wind, and the ecological process is
controlled by the temperature, irradiation, and nutrients. The flow and turbulence fields were provided by the unstructured grid Finite-Volume
Community Ocean Model (FVCOM), and biological parameters were specified based on a culture experiment of Ulva prolifera, a phytoplankton
species causing the largest worldwide bloom of green tide in the Yellow Sea, China. The FMGDM was applied to simulate the green tide around the
Yellow Sea in 2014 and 2015. The model results, e.g., the distribution, and biomass of the green tide, were validated using the remote-sensing
observation data. Given the prescribed spatial initialization from remote-sensing observations, the model was robust enough to reproduce the spatial and
temporal developments of the green tide bloom and its extinction from early spring to late summer, with an accurate prediction for
7–8 d. With the support of the hydrodynamic model and biological macroalgae data, FMGDM can serve as a model tool to forecast floating
macroalgal blooms in other regions.
Implementation and validation of a new irrigation scheme in the ISBA land surface model
Authors: Druel Arsène , Munier Simon , Mucia Anthony , Albergel Clément , Calvet Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2021

Abstract. With an increase in the number of natural processes represented, global land surface models (LSMs) have become more and more accurate in representing natural terrestrial ecosystems. However, they are still limited, especially in the representation of the impact of agriculture on land surface variables. This is particularly true for agro-hydrological processes related to a strong human control on freshwater. While most LSMs consider natural processes only, the development of human-related processes, e.g. crop phenology and irrigation in LSMs, is key. In this study we present the implementation of a new irrigation scheme in the ISBA (Interaction between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere) LSM. This highly flexible scheme is designed to account for various configurations and can be applied at different spatial scales. For each vegetation type within a model grid cell, three irrigation systems can be used at the same time. A limited number of parameters are used to control (1) the amount of water used for irrigation, (2) irrigation triggering (based on the soil moisture stress) and (3) crop seasonality (emergence, harvesting). After a presentation of the simulations of the new scheme at a plot scale, an evaluation is proposed over Nebraska (USA). This region is chosen for its high irrigation density and because independent observations of irrigation practices can be used to verify the simulated irrigation amounts. The ISBA simulations with and without the irrigation scheme are compared to different satellite-based observations. The comparison shows that the irrigation scheme improves the simulated vegetation variables such as leaf area index and gross primary productivity and other variables largely impacted by irrigation such as evapotranspiration and land surface temperature. In addition to a better representation of land surface processes, the results point to potential applications of this new version of the ISBA model for water resource monitoring and climate change impact studies.
Analogies in Castilian and in the Learning of Spanish as a Foreign Language: a Creative, Levelling and Simplifying Linguistic Phenomenon
Authors: Sánchez Gonzalo Francisco , Noel Camille
Published: October 2021

The term analogy has been used to encompass all types of linguistic changes resulting from the imitation of other paradigmatic models since Antiquity. Currently, analogy is still used as a catchall term. However, new studies are restricting its scope and new terms appear to name linguistic change phenomena by imitation. After a brief summary of the term evolution, we will present the main phenomena of analogical creation regarding Castilian from diatopic and drastratic perspectives. Finally, we will focus on the analogy in L2 learning, mainly the ELE (Spanish as Foreign Language), by commenting according to the precepts of psycholinguistics examples from a corpus created with students of Spanish from different levels and nationalities.
Gamificación y TIC en la formación literaria. Una propuesta didáctica innovadora en Educación Secundaria
Authors: Martí Climent Alicia , García Vidal Pilar
Published: October 2021

La gamificación en la formación literaria puede aportar una serie de ventajas en su aplicación didáctica de manera que repercuta en un aprendizaje significativo en el aula. Los participantes en el juego de la experiencia que presentamos, organizados en grupos, tienen que superar un reto mediante la resolución de una serie de enigmas o pruebas relacionadas antes de que se acabe el tiempo establecido. De esta forma, el alumnado lee, interpreta, dialoga, opina, escribe y crea para poder conseguir el objetivo de resolver la situación planteada. Los recursos digitales y la lectura comprensiva permiten que los enigmas se resuelvan mediante el trabajo colaborativo y se consiga elaborar un producto final original que se puede compartir y difundir fácilmente.
El papel de la influencia interlingüística en el desarrollo de la competencia metafórica: estado de la cuestión y propuesta didáctica
Authors: Torres Soler Julio
Published: October 2021

Investigaciones recientes han demostrado que en el desarrollo de la competencia metafórica en una segunda lengua (L2) entra en juego, entre otros factores, la primera lengua (L1) del aprendiente. Ante esta evidencia, en el presente trabajo nos proponemos actualizar el tratamiento del lenguaje metafórico en el aula de segundas lenguas, incorporando una mayor atención al contraste entre la L1 y la L2. Para ello, en primer lugar, establecemos un estado de la cuestión en el que examinamos el impacto de la influencia interlingüística en el desarrollo de la competencia metafórica en una L2, con especial atención al papel de la L1 en las metodologías didácticas empleadas para la enseñanza de la metáfora. En segundo lugar, a modo de ilustración, nos centramos en el caso de la metáfora conceptual las emociones son sabores. Basándonos en un estudio previo en el que se analiza esta metáfora de forma contrastiva en español y en inglés, presentamos una propuesta didáctica original para estudiantes angloparlantes de español, en la que se aborda el lenguaje metafórico de los sabores.
Yablo’s Paradox, the Liar, and Referential Contradictions from a Graph Theory Point of View
Authors: Bodanza Gustavo
Published: October 2021

F -systems are useful digraphs to model sentences that predicate the falsity of other sentences. Paradoxes like the Liar and the one of Yablo can be analyzed with that tool to find graph-theoretic patterns. In this paper we studied this general model consisting of a set of sentences and the binary relation ‘... affirms the falsity of...’ among them. The possible existence of non-referential sentences was also considered. To model the sets of all the sentences that can jointly be valued as true we introduced the notion of conglomerate, the existence of which guarantees the absence of paradox. Conglomerates also enabled us to characterize referential contradictions, i.e., sentences that can only be false under a classical valuation due to the interactions with other sentences in the model. A Kripke-style fixed-point characterization of groundedness was offered, and complete (meaning that every sentence is deemed either true or false) and consistent (meaning that no sentence is deemed true and false) fixed points were put in correspondence with conglomerates. Furthermore, argumentation frameworks are special cases of F -systems. We showed the relation between local conglomerates and admissible sets of arguments and argued about the usefulness of the concept for the argumentation theory.
Hinges, Deep Disagreement and Fixed Points in the Argumentation Logic
Authors: Lisanyuk Elena
Published: October 2021

In his treatise ‘On Certainty’ (1969) L. Wittgenstein compared the propositions ex- pressing basic principles to the hinges enabling both doubting and justifying knowledge. In 1985 Robert Fogelin proposed the conception of deep disagreement in argumentation analysis and in his description of it he referred to the hinges. We continue Wittgenstein’s hinges metaphor and compare pulling and pushing the door of knowledge to adopting contrary standings about principal issues, which can result in the deep disagreements. We suggest looking at the hinges enabling those door moves as at the fixed points in the extension semantic of the argumen- tation logic. Interpreting the hinges as the fixed points allows viewing rejected arguments as isolated deadlocks of the deep disagreements, or anti-extensions, and opens a possibility for a compromise on the basis of certain extensions.

В трактате «О достоверности» (1969) Л. Витгенштейн сравнил предложения, выражающие ключевые принципы знаний людей, с дверными петлями, без которых невозможно ни обосновывать знание, ни сомневаться в нём. В 1985 году Роберт Фогелин предложил понятие глубокого несогласия для анализа аргументации и, описывая его свойства, сослался на дверные петли Витгенштейна. Если продолжить метафору дверных петель Витгенштейна, то, если дверь познания толкают или тянут, это ведет к глубоким разногласиям по принципиальным вопросам. В русле этого мы предлагаем посмотреть на дверные петли как на неподвижные точки в семантике расширения логики аргументации. Это позволяет рассматривать отклоненные аргументы как изолированные тупики глубоких разногласий и открывает возможность для компромисса на основе определённых расширений.
RETAINING THE BRAINS, POLICIES ADOPTED BY P.R.CHINA TO ATTRACT AND RETAIN RESEARCH TALENT
Authors: Nawab Samina , Shafi Khuram
Published: October 2021

The major dilemma of developing countries is that they are continuously facing the Brain Drain. “Brain drain” is defined as situation where people with high skills, qualification, and competency, level quite their native countries and emigrate. The foundation of the interest for skilled migrants is economic. The resultant factor is that the economically countries with developed economies routinely exchange high level skills, while less developed world is being brought into skill shortage and talent from these regions shift to developed regions often on permanent bases. Due to this phenomenon the number of researchers is much higher in the developed countries as compare to developing countries. This paper is an effort to give overview of brain drain of researchers from developing countries mainly focusing on China, mention the factors for which people leave their countries and go abroad, policies adopted by China to address the issue and some suggestions regarding policies that can be adopted to retain the talent that is being continuously drained from the developing countries in form of migration of researchers from the developing to developed countries.
CAUSALITY AMONG NEW YORK, LONDON, TOKYO AND HONG KONG STOCK MARKETS
Authors: David Nissim Ben
Published: October 2021

Investors tend to look into the possibility of broadening their investment activities across countries in order to diversify portfolio risk. This requires an understanding of regional and global linkages of stock markets. In this study, I examine the co-movements in worlds' largest equity markets. I used the daily data of S&P 500, Nikkey 225, Hang Seng and FTSE100 for the period Jan-Nov 2009 in order to examine causality between the markets. Granger causality results show that eastern markets are affected by both S&P 500 and FTSE100, but do not affect western markets. Estimating the rate of change of each index as a function of its lags and of the lags of indexes that were found to granger-cause it, I find a very low predictability for S&P 500, Hang Seng and FTSE100 ,while the Nikkey 225 is pretty highly predictable.
Nigerian Pension Reform 2004-2010: Great Leap or Inappropriate Policy Design?*
Authors: Dostal Jörg Michael
Published: October 2021

This paper analyses early results of the 2004 Nigerian pension reform. At the beginning of 2010, the new system of privately managed, funded pension accounts covered around four million Nigerians in a country with a workforce of around 50 million people. The study focuses on shortcomings of the new system. Most crucially, the reform has failed to contribute to basic social security in old age for the majority of Nigerians employed in the informal sector. Moreover, the minority of covered workers are also likely to experience problems. The study demonstrates in a model calculation that the funded accounts have so far produced negative real returns for pension savers. It is suggested that shortcomings of the current system are unlikely to be addressed by reform within the existing paradigm and that alternative policies, such as noncontributory universal social pensions, should be considered to expand basic social security in the Nigerian context.
Globalization and the “Temporal Turn”: Recent Trends and Issues in Time Studies
Authors: Robert Hassan
Published: October 2021

Since at least the early 1990s there has occurred what might be termed a “temporal turn” within much of the social sciences and humanities. This was in some ways a reaction to an earlier turn that emanated from the late- 1970s-the “spatial turn,” in which the processes of globalization were analyzed in largely spatial terms by an influential group of social geographers. The new emphasis on the nature of temporality was seen by many of its practitioners as a rebalancing of what had become an out-of-kilter space-time equation within the academe. Notwithstanding the tremendous contribution made by an emergent school of time scholars, the objective of the new focus on time needs to serve as a complement to the indissolubility of space-time as an immensely rich perspective through which to understand the dynamics of the economy, society, and the subjectively lived life.
Towards Reflexive Governance for Sustainable Development
Authors: Huh Taewook
Published: October 2021

This paper proposes a new way of governance for sustainable development that involves reflexive governance in order to tackle the contradiction and tension between the practices of governance and the objectives of sustainable development. This can be accomplished using the theoretical perspectives on governance for sustainable development, ‘sub-politics’ in ‘reflexive modernization,’ for creating the epistemological grounds for new forms of governance for sustainable development, and deliberative and green democracy in relation to applying methodological principles to new forms of governance for sustainable development. This paper highlights necessary change to reflexive governance for sustainable development, pointing out that we should move our focus from ‘rationalist problem-solving’ (first-order) approach to governance to ‘secondorder problems’ that work to disrupt the structure of modernist problem-solving. Reflexive governance for sustainable development can provide more adequate treatment of sustainable development problems and a better quality of sustainable development objectives.
Political Leadership during a Policy Shift: The Effort to Revise the Sejong City Plan
Authors: Lee Dalgon
Published: October 2021

To promote a controversial policy, a leader must find factors that are favorable to change, and neutralize (or minimize) the opposition to it. In advocating the revised Sejong City plan, the government, including the president, the prime minister, and an advisory panel, encountered deep-rooted opposition— initially from a minority within the ruling party, and then from residents of Chung-cheong Province and the opposition parties. The prime minister’s abrupt approach, without prior consultation with ruling party members, and his desperate yet hasty attempt to expand a policy coalition, was not able to reconcile the differences in this case. Incentives for opposing groups were not well established. The ruling party’s defeat in local elections made it even more difficult to move forward with the revised plan. Cognition theory, in particular a simplified version of Howard Gardner’s concept of seven levers for changing minds, provides a useful analytical tool for understanding this case.
The Evolution of Welfare Production Regimes in East Asia: A Comparative Study of Korea, Japan, and Taiwan
Authors: Lee Seung-yoon Sophia
Published: October 2021

This study examines the evolution of a dualistic welfare production regime in Korea and Japan, with Taiwan as a contrasting case. It examines how institutions evolved during the industrialization period in the three countries. Taking the view of historical institutionalism, the Varieties of Capitalism approach (Hall & Soskice, 2001) provided theoretical grounds for analyzing the variation of welfare production regimes in East Asia. The study argues that historical events (in Japan, the end of World War II and the Allied occupation; in Korea, the influx of foreign aid followed by the Korean War and the military government; in Taiwan, the defeat of the Kuomintang and ethnic divisions) created a critical juncture for these countries’ institutional developments. Korea and Japan developed large-company-oriented welfare production regimes, while Taiwan’s regime was more small and medium size enterprises (SMEs)-oriented. The dualistic welfare production regime of large companies and small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) in Korea and Japan is further explained by the functional equivalent welfare system that developed together with each country’s production regime.
The Rural Saemaul Undong Revisited from the Perspective of Good Governance
Authors: Eom Seok-Jin
Published: October 2021

This study analyzes the rural Saemaul Undong of the 1970s in the Republic of Korea from the perspective of good governance. Diverse characteristics of good governance appeared in the Saemaul Undong—in particular, spontaneous participation by village people. This participation was not only a primary factor in the achievements of the Saemaul Undong, but also made it consensusoriented, responsive, and transparent in terms of decision-making and project implementation at the village level. Participation in the villages was promoted and supported by government intervention and strategies, which brought not only efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability, but also increased equity and inclusiveness in the Saemaul Undong. The Saemaul Undong embodied a number of characteristics of good governance.
The Impact of China’s Acid Rain and Sulfur Dioxide Control Zones Policy on Industrial Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: A Panel Analysis
Authors: Wu Yujia
Published: October 2021

In order to control sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions, the Chinese government in 1998 implemented the Acid Rain and Sulfur Dioxide Emission Control Zones policy (known as the Two Control Zone or TCZ policy). In a panel analysis of the impact of the TCZ policy on China’s industrial SO2 emissions, two-way fixed-effects models show that it did not significantly reduce either per capita SO2 emissions or SO2 intensity in China. The study also reveals that instead of the traditional inverted U-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve, the relationship between income growth and sulfur pollution in China favors an N-shaped pattern. The empirical results indicate that the TCZ policy has not had a consistent, longterm impact on sulfur pollution control. This is in accord with previous studies and the actual situation in the two control zones. This paper presents two policy recommendations for improving the mitigation of SO2 pollution in China.
Followership Characteristics among US Federal Government Employees*
Authors: Kim Chulwoo
Published: October 2021

Empowering collective action among leaders and followers in the US public sector has been encouraged to solve public problems in a complex and globalized society. However, without considering who the participants are, how much influence they have, and the various situations in which they find themselves, empowerment is not an adequate solution to existing public challenges. Understanding followership—the process empowered participants use to follow— is a prerequisite to understanding successful empowerment. This study examines followership as it is practiced within the US federal government. Data from the Federal Human Capital Survey data, which had 212,223 respondents and was administered by the Office of Personnel Management in 2008, were used. The results indicate that different followership styles are dominant in different agencies. Followership styles also differ depending on job rank, which also explains possible distinctions between different groups in public organizations.
The Koreanization of the Australian Sex Industry: A Policy and Legislative Challenge
Authors: Norma Caroline
Published: October 2021

South Korea enacted legislation in 2004 that penalizes pimps, traffickers, and sex industry customers while decriminalizing people in prostitution and offering assistance to leave the sex industry. In contrast, Australia legally recognizes most sex industry activities. This article argues that Australia’s laissezfaire approach to the sex industry hampers South Korean government efforts to prevent the crime of sex trafficking. Since 2004, pimps and traffickers have moved their activities from South Korea to countries like Australia and the US that maintain relatively hospitable operating environments for the sex industry. The Australian government should reconsider its approach to prostitution on the basis of its diplomatic obligations to countries like South Korea and the need to uphold the human rights of women in Asia who are being trafficked and murdered as a result of sexual demand emanating from Australia. Australia should coordinate its policy on prostitution with South Korea to strengthen the region’s transnational anti-trafficking response.
Factors Influencing Public Employee Engagement and Its Impact on Organizational Performance*
Authors: Kim Chulwoo
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study was to explore the factors influencing employee engagement and its possible outcomes. Using data from a large-scale survey of employees in 72 US federal government agencies, and several organizational factors in public setting as control variables, the study empirically tested three contextual factors (participative leadership support, organizational fairness, and supportiveness of organizational context) that influence employee engagement in federal agencies. The study also examined the mediating role of employee engagement between the three contextual variables and organizational performance. The results indicate that participative leadership support and supportiveness of organizational context predict employee engagement. In addition, employee engagement mediated the relationship between antecedents and organizational performance.
Government’s Role in Korea’s Economic Development from a Perspective of the Institutions Hypothesis
Authors: Park Sangin
Published: October 2021

This paper divides economic institutions into three categories—coordination institutions, property rights institutions, and contracting institutions— and from this perspective, analyzes the role of government in Korea’s economic development from the 1960s to the 1980s. This analysis suggests that the Korean development experience is not in line with the conclusions of Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001), since property rights institutions did not play a significant role in Korea’s economic development. Instead, the Korean government acted as coordination institutions, which effectively overcame the coordination failure of the market and succeeded in generating effective demand to spur sustainable growth. These results invite further comparative and empirical studies on how Korea came to have a dictator whose goal was consistent with the economic growth of the nation.
The Life Cycle of Newspaper Coverage of a Public Issue: Candlelight Protests against US Beef Imports in South Korea*
Authors: Park Kimuck
Published: October 2021

This paper applies Downs’s concept of the issue attention cycle and Hilgartner and Bosk’s public arenas model to the competition among social problems for public attention. It draws on the recent controversy in Korea about the import of US beef to test the idea that a major issue has several issues and events related to it, and that this can explain why its life cycle is extended. The beef imports controversy involved one issue (concern about mad-cow disease) and four events (coverage of the disease on the PD Pocketbook TV show, police excess, intimidation of newspaper advertisers, and activity of the People’s Council for Countermeasures against Mad-Cow Disease). Drawing on Hilgartner and Bosk’s work, this study develops an issue competition model and uses it to estimate the decrease in media attention to this controversy. It found that the decrease in media attention resulted from competition from other issues.
Explanatory Factors for the Uneven Implementation of Charter School Policy*
Authors: Lee Jeongho (John) , Jeong JinWoo
Published: October 2021

Charter schools are regarded as the fastest growing and most impressive innovative institution in public education in Colorado. However, a charter school policy has been unevenly implemented across Colorado school districts. This study aims to clarify what conditions lead to this uneven implementation. To examine the efforts of Colorado school districts to innovate within the conventional public school system, it analyzes several hypotheses based on the diffusion model and socioeconomic factors with an ordinary least squares regression model. Statistical analysis demonstrates that three predictor variables—diffusion, educational level, and alternative innovation—positively influence the social phenomenon that each Colorado school district shows different efforts in the implementation of charter school policy. Among them, the number of alternative schools is the strongest regressor, and the existence of neighboring school districts with charter schools is the second strongest regressor that exerts powerful effects to account for the wide variance in the implementation of Colorado school districts’ charter school policy.
Residential Development and Hierarchical Governance: Multifamily Housing and Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Park Sang-Chul , Kwak Chang Gyu , Kwon Sung-Wook
Published: October 2021

This study investigates factors that influence multifamily housing zoning from a hierarchical governance perspective. Local zoning is a product of interactive processes among various stakeholders and of local politics. Since local zoning represents community interests in land development and has an exclusionary characteristic, multifamily housing zoning is controversial in some localities. We hypothesize that a hierarchical governance structure influences the supply of local multifamily housing zoning. The result of a hierarchical generalized linear model shows evidence that state smart growth reform and state intervention in local land use are positively associated with the establishment of local multifamily housing zoning. The decisions are also affected by local factors such as the supply of land, density restrictions, cost of new infrastructure, and city budget constraints. This study concludes that state authority and smart growth reform make it possible for local governments to commit to multifamily housing zoning to achieve housing affordability and high-density development.
Determinants of Nursing Home Quality*
Authors: Roh Jongho
Published: October 2021

This study explores the determinants of nursing home quality, providing a theoretical framework that takes into account structural, process, and environmental factors. It asks: Do structural, process, and environmental factors influence nursing home quality? If so, which is the strongest predictor of quality? And does market competition have a positive impact on nursing home quality? Based on relevant literature, this study developed hypotheses and tested them with multiple regression models. The models show that most (but not all) structural, process, and environmental variables have a statistically significant relationship with nursing home quality. The ratio of nursing assistant hours to total nursing hours has the strongest positive influence on quality of care. But market competition does not have a positive effect on nursing home quality; this implies that competition may not a good way to improve the quality of nursing home care.
Female Constituency, Electoral Competition, and Local Maternity Policy in Korea
Authors: Kim Doo-Rae
Published: October 2021

This study explores the dynamic nature of maternity policy formation by focusing on the role of the female constituency and electoral competition in rendering policy makers, regardless of their gender, more receptive to the interests of women. The study utilizes original data on maternity policy benefits collected from local governments in Korea. The results show that a strong female constituency and intense electoral competition can lead local policy makers to establish greater maternity benefits. These findings suggest that the electoral power of women in the citizenry and the political vulnerability of elected officials constitute alternative channels for female influence on the formation of local maternity policy in Korea.
Time Allocation of Working Mothers with Preschool Children: Juggling Time between Work and Care
Authors: Hyun Jae Eun , Lee Jae Bok , Kum Hyunsub
Published: October 2021

Mothers’ labor market participation has increased significantly in Korea. This article explores how working mothers in Korea with children under the age of six allocate their time in order to spend time with children, and what substitutes they rely on when they are unable to provide childcare. Mothers who participate in the labor market have begun to narrow the gap in child-care time between themselves and mothers who are full-time homemakers; they often compensate for insufficient care time during the week by increasing care time on weekends and increasing the quality of time spent with their children. Substitute caregivers include grandparents and, to a much lesser extent, fathers, but the burden of childcare has not been effectively shared within the family, and working mothers continue to face significant time pressure.
Daechuri as Symbolic Battleground: Failure to Integrate Divergent Frames for Conflict Interpretation
Authors: Kwon Hyang-Won
Published: October 2021

This study examined how government negotiators’ and opponents’ different frames for construing others’ motivations prevented a settlement and intensified the Daechuri policy conflict over appropriation of land for a military base. Although communication- and consensus-based processes have been acknowledged as useful methods of conflict resolution, the issue of how participants’ divergent definitions and interpretations of the situation may inhibit effective communication has rarely been empirically examined. Employing frame analysis, this study explored how two parties’ motivations and issue interpretations were persistently mismatched over time without reaching consensus. The results revealed that government negotiators tended to oversimplify opponents’ motivations as being economically driven, while they were in fact more complicated. These results suggest that communicative negotiation will not likely be conducive to effective conflict resolution unless it is based on thorough understanding of the situation.
Faster, Higher, “Softly” Stronger: The Impact of Soft Power on the Choice of Olympic Host Cities*
Authors: Lee Kwang-Hoon , Chappelet Jean-Loup
Published: October 2021

This article statistically estimates the impact of different countries’ soft power on the results of Olympic Games bidding in the post-Cold War era. All bid results for the Olympic Summer and Winter Games between 1990 and 2011 are analyzed by panel regression methods. The empirical results reveal that sporting success, higher transparency, lower CO2 and particle emissions, and faster economic growth are likely to increase the probability of a bidding country winning an Olympic bid. These results have several implications regarding the impact of soft power on choice of Olympic host site. First, if a country has a high number of Olympic gold medalists, this could attract International Olympic Committee (IOC) members and influence their decisions. Second, a country’s ethical reputation is likely to persuade the IOC to choose it as the rightful host country. Third, the environmental record of a country may also be regarded as a desirable value by IOC members, who prefer a ‘Green Games’ ecological legacy.
The Influence of State Ownership on the Economic Performance of Korean Public Companies
Authors: Park Jhungsoo , Hong Yuhwa
Published: October 2021

The property rights and agency cost theory of enterprises suggests that public ownership should perform less efficiently and profitably than private ownership. However, the existing empirical evidence provides weak support for this hypothesis. Numerous studies of Western capital markets and Chinese state enterprises have examined the relationship between ownership structure and performance. Agency theory suggests that when owners do not manage a firm themselves, a conflict of interest arises between the owners (principals) and managers (agents). Researchers have argued that government ownership is inferior to private ownership in competitive markets because it prioritizes social and political goals over value maximization, hiring decisions are often based on political influence rather than ability, and higher transaction costs are involved. This study investigated the influence of two factors, listing on the Korea Exchange and degree of state ownership, on performance using annual data for 51 companies in Korea for 1999-2009. We found that, on average, performance (measured by productivity, profitability, and efficiency) was positively influenced by public listing and negatively influenced by the degree of state ownership.
Education and Income Inequality Reconsidered: A Cross-Country Analysis of Data from 1960-2000
Authors: Kim Eunju
Published: October 2021

Recent comparative inequality studies have addressed not only income but also other dimensions such as education and health inequality. Education has been believed to play a critical role in the nexus of inequality and growth. This study examines whether education distribution has an effect on income inequality. It empirically analyzes the relationship between education inequality and income inequality using quinquennial panel data from 100 countries for 1960-2000. The results show that education inequality and income inequality have a nonlinear, inverted-U-shaped relationship. This relationship appeared more consistently in developing countries. These findings suggest that educational opportunities should be more equally provided for better income distribution, especially in developing countries.
Factors Influencing Human Resource Professionals’ Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Civil Service Reform in Six U.S. State Governments
Authors: Kim Jungin
Published: October 2021

Civil service reform has been carried out to achieve ideological, political, and technical changes in various countries. Most research about civil service reform has attempted to find factors that influence the extent and intensity of reform elements such as at-will employment, pay for performance, and broadbanding. No prior study has systematically examined factors that affect human resource professionals’ perceptions of the effectiveness of civil service reforms. This study focused on that issue, using 2010 Civil Service Reform Assessment survey data from six U.S. state governments to examine the relationships between factors associated with human resources professionals’ managerial competencies and demographic characteristics and their perceptions of the effectiveness of civil service reforms with regard to both goal achievement and process. Among its findings was that human resources professionals’ competency in consultation on civil service reform with officials in other states was likely to be positively associated with their perceptions of the effectiveness of civil service reforms.
Prior Success, Asset or Poison?: Leadership Failure of Korea’s CEO President, Lee Myung-bak
Authors: Choe Chang Soo
Published: October 2021

Lee Myung-Bak’s CEO-style leadership made him an unpopular president. This article explores how his leadership style developed and was reinforced throughout his professional career. It examines his professional experiences, identifies key traits of his leadership, and analyzes how they were projected in his policy initiatives. Lee’s leadership traits, developed in the private sector, made his term as mayor of Seoul successful and helped him win the presidency. But these same successes undermined his presidency. Because they led him to cling to his leadership style without modification, he failed to cope with the different environment surrounding the presidency.
The Effect of Political Institutions on the Use of Citizen Participation Programs
Authors: Oh Youngmin , Park Jongsun
Published: October 2021

Local governments’ use of citizen participation programs is influenced by external environments, especially in the form of political institutions. Local governments decide to expand or limit citizen participation in administrative decision-making processes in response to political uncertainties created by different types of political institutions. Despite the importance of institutional contexts, few studies have examined the effects of these political institutions on the use of citizen participation programs. This study empirically tested whether political institutions affect the adoption of citizen participation programs. The results suggest that the council-manager form of government increases both the adoption of citizen participation mechanisms and the use of citizen participation programs in functional areas, while nonpartisan elections are associated only with the adoption of citizen participation mechanisms. At-large elections show no statistical association with either type of citizen participation. These findings suggest that local political contexts play important roles in the adoption of bureaucratic practices such as citizen participation programs and still support the classical assertion that public administration is closely connected to politics.