bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dakryolithen und iatrogene Fremdkörper als klassische Auslöser entzündlicher Pseudotumoren der ableitenden Tränenwege
Authors: Heichel J. , Neumann C. , Bethmann D. , Siebolts U. , Hammer T. , Struck H.-G.
Published: May 2017

Hintergrund Tumoren im Bereich der ableitenden Tränenwege (TNW) sind selten. Inflammatorische Pseudotumoren stellen keine Neoplasien im eigentlichen Sinne dar. Aufgrund einer chronischen Entzündung kann es zur Ausbildung von angiomatösen Granulationsgeweben kommen.

Patienten Die 1. Kasuistik handelt von einem 53-jährigen Patienten, der nach abgelaufener akuter Dakryozystitis eine persistierende Raumforderung im Bereich der mediokaudalen Orbita aufwies. Mittels diagnostischer Dakryoendoskopie wurde ein großer Dakryolith detektiert. In der anschließend durchgeführten transkutanen Dakryozystorhinostomie (DZR) konnte dieser sowie polypöses Gewebe der Tränensackschleimhaut entfernt werden. Die 2. Kasuistik beschreibt eine 29-jährige Patientin, die 7 Jahre zuvor eine transkanalikuläre TNW-Chirurgie mit Intubation von Silikonstützmaterial erhalten hatte. Anamnestisch bestanden chronisch-rezidivierende mukopurulente Sekretionen sowie eine ausgeprägte Druckschmerzhaftigkeit des Tränensacks. Eine diagnostische Dakryoendoskopie erbrachte den Nachweis von intrasakkal verbliebenem Silikonmaterial. Über eine DZR wurde der Fremdkörper entfernt. Es zeigte sich ferner eine die gesamten ableitenden Tränenwege ausfüllende, polypöse Raumforderung.

Ergebnisse Bei beiden Patienten erfolgte eine komplikationslose DZR. Im Rahmen der OP gelang es, den Ductus nasolacrimalis zu rekonstruieren. Die TNW wurden durch den Einsatz von monokanalikulonasalen Intubationen (Kasuistik 1 und 2) sowie einer zusätzlichen Intubation in die Osteotomie (Kasuistik 2) vorübergehend geschient. Histologisch stellte sich bei beiden Patienten ein reaktiver Granulationsgewebspolyp dar. Im postoperativen Verlauf von 9 (Patient 1) bzw. 12 (Patient 2) Monaten waren beide Patienten vollkommen beschwerdefrei, die TNW-Stützmaterialien konnten komplikationslos und vollständig entfernt werden.

Schlussfolgerungen Dakryolithen und intrasakkal verbliebene iatrogene Fremdkörper verursachen eine chronische Dakryozystitis. Im Rahmen der Entzündungsreaktion kann es zu einer reaktiven Gewebsneubildung kommen. Es handelt sich hierbei um hypertrophe granulierende Entzündungen. Endogene (Dakryolithen) und exogene (iatrogene Fremdkörper) Noxen sind mögliche zugrunde liegende Auslöser. Die histologische Diagnostik zum Ausschluss anderer entzündlicher Ursachen sowie von Neoplasien ist essenziell.
Angst, Depressionen und posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen bei Flüchtlingen – eine Bestandsaufnahme
Authors: Lindert Jutta , von Ehrenstein Ondine , Wehrwein Annette , Brähler Elmar , Schäfer Ingo
Published: May 2017

Angst, Depressionen und Posttraumatische Belastungssymptome und Störungen gehören zu den häufigsten psychischen Belastungen bei Flüchtlingen.

Wir führten einen systematischen Review durch. Zunächst wurden Schlüsselwörter für die systematische Suche in PUBMED festgelegt. Dann führten wir eine systematische Suche anhand der festgelegten Suchbegriffe in PUBMED durch. Eingeschlossen wurden: Originalartikel seit 2009 zu Flüchtlingen, die 1) nicht in psychiatrischen Einrichtungen lebten, 2) höchstens 5 Jahre im Zufluchtsland lebten, 3) auf Zufallsstichproben basierten und 4) über quantitative Daten zu Angst, Depression und PTBS berichteten sowie 5)>100 Studienteilnehmende hatten. Zusätzlich suchten wir manuell nach Studien in den Referenzlisten.

Wir identifizierten an Hand der Suchstrategie insgesamt n=1 877 Studien. Von diesen erfüllten 15 Studien die Einschlusskriterien. 52% der Flüchtlinge kamen aus Afrika (Somalia, Kongo, Ruanda, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo), 33% aus Asien (Syrien, Bhutan, Vietnam, Kambodscha, Irak) und 16% der Flüchtlinge kamen aus mehr als einem Kontinent. In diesen Studien wurden insgesamt n=6 769 Flüchtlinge hinsichtlich ihrer psychischen Gesundheit untersucht. Die Anzahl der Teilnehmer variierte von n=117 bis n=1 422 (Median: n=366). Die Prävalenzrate variierte bei posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung von 5–71% (Mittelwert: 32%), bei Depression von 11–54% (Mittelwert 35%). Flüchtlinge aus Ländern mit massiven Menschenrechtsverletzungen zeigten mehr psychopathologische Symptome als die aus Ländern ohne massive Menschenrechtsverletzungen.

Die Heterogenität der Prävalenzraten ist zum einen auf methodische Unterschiede zurückzuführen, zum anderen auf Unterschiede in den Flüchtlingspopulationen.

Der Bedarf an psychosozialer und medizinischer Versorgung von Flüchtlingen aus Ländern mit hohen Menschenrechtsverletzungen sollte dringend mithilfe repräsentativer Studien überprüft werden und Versorgungsangebote entsprechend des Bedarfs und der Bedürfnisse entwickelt werden um eine Lebensperspektive im Zufluchtsland Deutschland aufzubauen.
Erhöhter Intraokulardruck induziert primär zelluläre Reaktionen in den retinalen Kapillaren
Authors: Brockhaus Katrin , Melkonyan Harutyun , Prokosch Verena , Thanos Solon
Published: May 2017

Hintergründe In der Frühdiagnostik des klinischen Glaukoms sind peripapilläre Blutungen fast pathognomonisch für eine Schädigung von Kapillaren. Auch in der Perfusionsdiagnostik herrscht überwiegend die Meinung, dass Perfusionsstörungen und Gefäßveränderungen vorliegen, die im Circulus vitiosus der IOD-Erhöhung (IOD: Intraokulardruck) eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Damit sind wahrscheinlich die biomechanischen Besonderheiten der Papille sowie die zellulären Reaktionen von Astrozyten, Müller-Zellen, Endothelzellen, Mikroglialzellen und Perizyten assoziiert.

Material und Methoden Wir stellen In-vivo- und Ex-vivo-Modelle für IOD-Erhöhungen vor, um die Auflösung unserer Betrachtungsweise bis hin zur zellulären und gar molekularen Reaktion zu erhöhen und Mechanismen der Kapillarzellveränderungen als Folge von IOD-Erhöhung zu verifizieren.

Ergebnisse Als Tiermodell diente die kauterisationsbedingte Erhöhung des IOD im Rattenauge. Es wurden 2–3 Episkleralvenen kauterisiert, um den Abflusswiderstand zu erhöhen. Nach Analyse der Netzhäute einige Wochen danach fanden wir eine anormale Expression des ansonsten neuronalspezifischen Moleküls Beta-III-Tubulin in den Kapillarendothelzellen und in den Gefäß- und Kapillarperizyten. Kombinierte immunhistochemische Anfärbungen mit verschiedenen Markern für unterschiedliche Zelltypen bestätigten die Befunde. Die Isolierung von kapillären Endothelzellen und Perizyten aus Rattengehirnen (BMECs) und Retinae (RMECs) und deren In-vitro-Kultivierung unter erhöhten Druckbedingungen in einer eigens konstruierten Druckkammer bestätigten den In-vivo-Befund.

Schlussfolgerung Die unerwartete kapilläre Reaktion auf die Erhöhung des IOD in vivo bzw. des Kultivierungsdrucks in vitro kann gegenwärtig als eine frühe Reaktion der Zellen mit Expression anormaler Proteine gedeutet werden. Dieser Befund mag bisherige klinische Beobachtungen erklären, die als peripapilläre Blutungen oder Mikroinfarkte imponieren und wahrscheinlich mit der Optikopathie einhergehen.
Confinement improvement in the high poloidal beta regime on DIII-D and application to steady-state H-mode on EAST
Authors: Ding S. , Garofalo A. M. , Qian J. , Cui L. , McClenaghan J. T. , Pan C. , Chen J. , Zhai X. , McKee G. , Ren Q. , Gong X. , Holcomb C. T. , Guo W. , Lao L. , Ferron J. , Hyatt A. , Staebler G. , Solomon W. , Du H. , Zang Q. , Huang J. , Wan B.
Published: May 2017

Systematic experimental and modeling investigations on DIII-D show attractive transport properties of fully non-inductive high βp plasmas. Experiments on DIII-D show that the large-radius internal transport barrier (ITB), a key feature providing excellent confinement in the high βp regime, is maintained when the scenario is extended from q95 ∼ 12 to 7 and from rapid to near-zero toroidal rotation. The robustness of confinement versus rotation was predicted by gyrofluid modeling showing dominant neoclassical ion energy transport even without the E × B shear effect. The physics mechanism of turbulence suppression, we found, is the Shafranov shift, which is essential and sets a βp threshold for large-radius ITB formation in the high βp scenario on DIII-D. This is confirmed by two different parameter-scan experiments, one for a βN scan and the other for a q95 scan. They both give the same βp threshold at 1.9 in the experiment. The experimental trend of increasing thermal transport with decreasing βp is consistent with transport modeling. The progress toward the high βp scenario on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is reported. The very first step of extending the high βp scenario on DIII-D to long pulse on EAST is to establish a long pulse H-mode with ITB on EAST. This paper shows the first 61 s fully non-inductive H-mode with stationary ITB feature and actively cooled ITER-like tungsten divertor in the very recent EAST experiment. The successful use of lower hybrid wave as a key tool to optimize the current profile in the EAST experiment is also introduced. Results show that as the electron density is increased, the fully non-inductive current profile broadens on EAST. The improved understanding and modeling capability are also used to develop advanced scenarios for the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor. Overall, these results provide encouragement that the high βp regime can be extended to a lower safety factor and very low rotation, providing a potential path to high performance steady state operation in future devices.
Circular dichroism in photoelectron images from aligned nitric oxide molecules
Authors: Sen Ananya , Pratt S. T. , Reid K. L.
Published: May 2017

We have used velocity map photoelectron imaging to study circular dichroism of the photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) of nitric oxide following two-color resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization via selected rotational levels of the A 2Σ+, v′=0 state. By using a circularly polarized pump beam and a counter-propagating, circularly polarized probe beam, cylindrical symmetry is preserved in the ionization process, and the images can be reconstructed using standard algorithms. The velocity map imaging set up enables individual ion rotational states to be resolved with excellent collection efficiency, rendering the measurements considerably simpler to perform than previous measurements conducted with a conventional photoelectron spectrometer. The results demonstrate that circular dichroism is observed even when cylindrical symmetry is maintained, and serve as a reminder that dichroism is a general feature of the multiphoton ionization of atoms and molecules. The observed PADs are in good agreement with calculations based on parameters extracted from previous experimental results obtained by using a time-of-flight electron spectrometer.
Optical damage assessment and recovery investigation of hydrogen-ion and deuterium-ion plasma-irradiated bulk ZnO single crystals
Authors: Empizo Melvin John F. , Yamanoi Kohei , Mori Kazuyuki , Iwano Keisuke , Iwasa Yuki , Minami Yuki , Arita Ren , Fukuda Kazuhito , Takano Keisuke , Shimizu Toshihiko , Nakajima Makoto , Yoshimura Masashi , Sarukura Nobuhiko , Norimatsu Takayoshi , Hangyo Masanori , Azechi Hiroshi , Fukuda Tsuguo , Singidas Bess G. , Sarmago Roland V. , Oya Makoto , Ueda Yoshio
Published: May 2017

In realizing zinc oxide (ZnO) scintillator applications, we assess the optical damage and investigate the recovery of hydrogen-ion (H-ion) and deuterium-ion (D-ion) plasma-irradiated bulk ZnO single crystals. Hydrothermal-grown bulk crystals are irradiated with H-ion and D-ion beams with 1 keV energy and ∼1020 m−2 s−1 flux. After irradiation, the single crystals exhibit decreased visible transparencies, redshifted ultraviolet (UV) emission peaks, shortened UV emission lifetimes, and suppressed visible emission bands. These changes in the optical transmittances and photoluminescence emissions are attributed to the generation of defects during irradiation and to the interaction of hydrogen with other defects and/or impurities. Although modified by ion irradiation, the optical properties of the ZnO crystals, except for the UV emission lifetimes, recover hours after without any sample treatment and only at room temperature. Compared with the H-ion-irradiated sample, the D-ion-irradiated crystal has a slower recovery which may be related to the ions' masses, energy losses, and absolute diffusivities. Our results nevertheless show that bulk ZnO single crystals exhibit resistance to and recovery from H-ion and D-ion irradiation and can therefore be used as scintillator materials for radiation detectors inside future fusion reactors.
Exchange interaction effects on low frequency surface waves in a quantum plasma slab
Authors: Shahmansouri M. , Farokhi B. , Aboltaman R.
Published: May 2017

The propagation characteristics of low-frequency (in comparison with the electron cyclotron frequency) surface (LFS) plasma waves propagating at the interface of a quantum plasma slab are studied in the presence of a uniform external magnetic field. A quantum hydrodynamic model is used, and the effects of the Fermi pressure, the quantum force (as a gradient of the Bohm potential), as well as the Coulomb exchange interaction force, associated with the spin polarization of electrons, are considered to derive the dispersion relation for LFS waves. It is found that the dispersion properties of such LFS waves are significantly modified by this new quantum effect. It is also shown that when the spin polarization effect is increased, the contribution of the Coulomb exchange potential becomes higher than those of the Fermi-pressure and the particle dispersion (Bohm potential). Furthermore, the frequency of the surface wave is seen to be down-shifted by the influence of the Coulomb exchange interaction force.
Magnetic order and noncollinear spin transport of domain walls based on zigzag graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Zhang Y. , Yan X. H. , Guo Y. D. , Xiao Y.
Published: May 2017

Considering exotic spintronic properties, we propose by first-principles calculations that the domain walls (DWs) can form in zigzag graphene nanoribbon (ZGNR). The calculations based on the density functional theory and the non-equilibrium Green's function show that both abrupt and spiral DWs can exist in ZGNR depending on the initial magnetization conditions which can be implemented by the external magnetic field in experiments. Moreover, as the width of DW is small, a spiral DW is preferred. More importantly, the transmission at the Fermi level remains almost unchanged even when the relative angle (θ) between magnetization direction of two leads is up to 135°. Such a characteristic indicates that the slight change in the direction of magnetization of ZGNR-based spintronic devices will not alter the conductance. On the other hand, as the width of DW is large, the magnetization distribution of DW is of spiral nature at small θ, but it will change from the spiral-like to abrupt-like when θ increases.
Analysis of loss mechanisms in Ag2ZnSnSe4 Schottky barrier photovoltaics
Authors: Gershon Talia , Gunawan Oki , Gokmen Tayfun , Brew Kevin W. , Singh Saurabh , Hopstaken Marinus , Poindexter Jeremy R. , Barnard Edward S. , Buonassisi Tonio , Haight Richard
Published: May 2017

Recently, a new type of photovoltaic device based on an n-type Ag2ZnSnSe4 (AZTSe) absorber was demonstrated with an efficiency of over 5%. This work examines in detail several critical loss mechanisms in FTO/AZTSe/MoO3/ITO Schottky barrier devices. It is shown that the Schottky barrier height in the present devices under illumination is only ∼0.82 eV. With a barrier height of this magnitude, the device has an upper-bound of only 6.4% to the efficiency. Second, the AZTSe thin films used in the present devices exhibit exceptionally short minority carrier lifetimes (≤225 ps), as probed using two-photon spectroscopy. Third, hysteresis is observed in the J–V response of these devices. Pulsed electrical measurements reveal that reverse-bias voltage pulses create residual shunts in the device proportional to the pulse amplitude and duration. Reversible Ag-doping of the MoO3 buffer is proposed as an explanation of the observed shunting upon reverse bias. Therefore, improving the contact materials and the minority carrier lifetime is identified to be critically important for improving AZTSe-based photovoltaics. Finally, AZTSe is found to be photo-conductive with a Hall carrier density that increases by two orders of magnitude upon illumination. The origin of this effect is still unknown.
Growth and ferroelectric properties of La and Al codoped BiFeO3 epitaxial films
Authors: Izumi Hirokazu , Yoshimura Takeshi , Fujimura Norifumi
Published: May 2017

Preparation of La and Al codoped BiFeO3 ((Bi1-xLax)(Fe1-xAlx)O3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4): BFO-LA) thin films on Nb doped SrTiO3 (001) substrates was attempted by using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. All obtained BFO-LA films grew epitaxially with a cube-on-cube relationship with the substrate. Upon La and Al codoping, the crystal system of the films changed from the rhombohedral-like monoclinic (MA) phase to the tetragonal phase, and the unit cell volume decreased monotonically. Although the ferroelectricity of the films was degraded by more than 20% La and Al codoping, 10% La and Al codoped BiFeO3 showed a larger remanent polarization than non-doped BiFeO3. The piezoelectric d constant (d33(AFM)) of the 10% La and Al codoped films was slightly reduced, in contrast to the drastic reduction observed for La doped BiFeO3.
The research of effective flexoelectric coefficient along 1123 direction in polyvinylidene fluoride
Authors: Liu Kaiyuan , Zhang Shuwen , Xu Minglong , Wu Tonghui , Shen Shengping
Published: May 2017

All dielectric materials exhibit flexoelectricity defined as a strain gradient-induced electric polarization. The flexoelectric coefficient measures electric polarization induced by strain gradient in dielectric materials. In this work, an approach to measure the 1123 component of the flexoelectric coefficient of polymeric materials is presented. Theoretical analysis and finite element analysis are performed on an un-polarized polyvinylidene fluoride rectangular beam. When deformation occurs in the specimen, a normal strain gradient is generated. The consistency of the elastic deformation determined through calculations and experimental measurements under applied loads was good. The experimental system was set up as follows: a circular sine wave load with bias value was applied to the specimen and the strain gradient-induced electric charge curve was measured. The flexoelectric coefficient μ1123 was obtained and was consistent with our theoretical calculations of the electric polarization induced by the strain gradients. This study provides experimental support for further theoretical investigations of flexoelectricity in polymers and may expand the range of applications of flexoelectric effects.
Particle concentrating and sorting under a rotating electric field by direct optical-liquid heating in a microfluidics chip
Authors: Chen Yu-Liang , Jiang Hong-Ren
Published: May 2017

We demonstrate a functional rotating electrothermal technique for rapidly concentrating and sorting a large number of particles on a microchip by the combination of particle dielectrophoresis (DEP) and inward rotating electrothermal (RET) flows. Different kinds of particles can be attracted (positive DEP) to or repelled (negative DEP) from electrode edges, and then the n-DEP responsive particles are further concentrated in the heated region by RET flows. The RET flows arise from the spatial inhomogeneous electric properties of fluid caused by direct infrared laser (1470 nm) heating of solution in a rotating electric field. The direction of the RET flows is radially inward to the heated region with a co-field (the same as the rotating electric field) rotation. Moreover, the velocity of the RET flows is proportional to the laser power and the square of the electric field strength. The RET flows are significant over a frequency range from 200 kHz to 5 MHz. The RET flows are generated by the simultaneous application of the infrared laser and the rotating electric field. Therefore, the location of particle concentrating can be controlled within the rotating electric field depending on the position of the laser spot. This multi-field technique can be operated in salt solutions and at higher frequency without external flow pressure, and thus it can avoid electrokinetic phenomena at low frequency to improve the manipulation accuracy for lab-on-chip applications.
Controllable wave propagation of hybrid dispersive media with LC high-pass and band-pass networks
Authors: Flores Parra Edgar A. , Bergamini Andrea , Van Damme Bart , Ermanni Paolo
Published: May 2017

This paper reports on the wave transmission characteristics of two configurations of a hybrid one dimensional (1D) medium. The hybrid characteristic is the result of the coupling between a 1D mechanical waveguide in the form of an elastic beam and an electrical network. The first configuration investigated is based on an LC high-pass network, while the second configuration is based on an LC band-pass network. For both networks, the capacitors are represented by a periodic array of piezoelectric elements that are bonded to the beam coupling, the mechanical and electrical domains, and thus the two waveguides. The coupling is characterized by a coincidence in frequency/wavenumber corresponding to the intersection of the dispersion curves. At this coincidence frequency, the hybrid medium features attenuation of wave motion as a result of the energy transfer to the electrical network. This energy exchange is depicted in the dispersion curves by eigenvalue crossing, a particular case of eigenvalue veering. This paper presents the numerical investigation of the wave propagation in the considered media along with experimental evidence of the wave transmission characteristics. The ability to conveniently tune the dispersion properties of the electrical network by varying the inductance is exploited to adapt the periodicity of the domain, i.e., monoatomic and diatomic unit cell configurations.
Reconfigurable microfluidic device with discretized sidewall
Authors: Oono Masahiro , Yamaguchi Keisuke , Rasyid Amirul , Takano Atsushi , Tanaka Masato , Futai Nobuyuki
Published: May 2017

Various microfluidic features, such as traps, have been used to manipulate flows, cells, and other particles within microfluidic systems. However, these features often become undesirable in subsequent steps requiring different fluidic configurations. To meet the changing needs of various microfluidic configurations, we developed a reconfigurable microfluidic channel with movable sidewalls using mechanically discretized sidewalls of laterally aligned rectangular pins. The user can deform the channel sidewall at any time after fabrication by sliding the pins. We confirmed that the flow resistance of the straight microchannel could be reversibly adjusted in the range of 101–105 Pa s/μl by manually displacing one of the pins comprising the microchannel sidewall. The reconfigurable microchannel also made it possible to manipulate flows and cells by creating a segmented patterned culture of COS-7 cells and a coculture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human lung fibroblasts (hLFs) inside the microchannel. The reconfigurable microfluidic device successfully maintained a culture of COS-7 cells in a log phase throughout the entire period of 216 h. Furthermore, we performed a migration assay of cocultured HUVEC and hLF spheroids within one microchannel and observed their migration toward each other.
Assessing the risk of hydrate plug formation: a new probability and management tool
Authors: Aman Zachary , Norris Bruce , Johns Michael , May Eric F.
Published: May 2017

As production moves towards harsher operating conditions, the conventional strategy of complete hydrate avoidance may not be economically viable. In the past two decades, the development of new technologies, such as low-dosage hydrate inhibitors and active pipeline heating, have enabled new management strategies where limited quantities of hydrate may be allowed to form without endangering the flowline. While this strategy may result in cost savings for long-distance tiebacks, its success hinges on accurate predictive capabilities for hydrate formation and transportability.
In this extended abstract, the authors present a new freeware Hydrate Flow Assurance Simulation Tool (HyFAST), where the risk of hydrate plug formation can be directly predicted in subsea flowlines for use in flow assurance concept selection and process engineering. This tool is based on deterministic hydrate plug formation stages—including phase dispersion, hydrate growth rate and particle agglomeration—developed in the international engineering community in the past 20 years.
HyFAST expands this conventional paradigm by introducing a new probabilistic engine to account for dynamic hydrate nucleation. This expanded capability enables flow-assurance engineers to directly quantify the risk of plug formation as a function of:

flowline length;
insulation thickness;
produced water concentration;
the amount of thermodynamic inhibitor injected; and,
the amount of low-dosage hydrate inhibitor injected.

An open discussion of all models and assumptions underlying the tool is presented, and the use of this tool to quantify hydrate plug formation risk is demonstrated.
Predicting nuisance fly outbreaks on cattle feedlots in subtropical Australia
Authors: Godwin R. M. , Mayer D. G. , Brown G. W. , Leemon D. M. , James P. J.
Published: May 2017

Flies are important arthropod pests in intensive animal facilities such as cattle feedlots, with the potential to cause production loss, transmit disease and cause nuisance to surrounding communities. In the present study, seasonal population dynamics of three important nuisance flies, namely house flies (Musca domestica L.), bush flies (M. vetustissima Walker) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), were monitored on cattle feedlots in south-eastern Queensland, Australia, over 7 years. Musca domestica was by far the dominant species, comprising 67% of the total flies trapped. Models were developed to assess the relationship between weather parameters and fly abundance and to determine whether population trends could be predicted to improve the timing of control measures. For all three species, there were two main effects, namely time-of-year (mainly reflected by minimum temperatures and solar radiation) and rainfall. The abundance of all three species increased with increasing temperature and rainfall, reaching a peak in summer, before decreasing again. Rainfall events resulted in significantly elevated numbers of M. domestica for up to 5 weeks, and for 1 week for M. vetustissima. Peak fly numbers were predicted by the model to occur in spring and summer, following 85–90-mm weekly rainfall. The population dynamics of S. calcitrans were least influenced by rainfall and it was concluded that weather variables were of limited use for forecasting stable fly numbers in this environment and production system. The models provide a useful tool for optimising the timing of fly-control measures, such as insecticide or biopesticide applications, adding to the efficiency of integrated control programs.
Nutrient utilisation in grower pigs fed a protein concentrate blended with sweet potato roots either boiled or ensiled with or without vines
Authors: Dom M. T. , Ayalew W. K. , Glatz P. C. , Kirkwood R. N. , Hughes P. E.
Published: May 2017

Blending sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)) with a protein concentrate for pig feed is a common strategy used by small-scale livestock farmers across Africa, Asia and the Pacific. However, high dietary fibre in sweet potato (SP) forage may reduce nutrient utilisation and energy metabolism and reduce the growth rate of young pigs. A 32-day metabolic trial with grower pigs using a 4 × 4 Latin square design tested the hypothesis that there would be no difference in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, energy and nitrogen (N) balance in 25 kg grower pigs (Large White × Landrace × Duroc) fed diets based on a blend of 43–40% protein supplement with 57–60% of DM as SP roots either boiled (BR43) or ensiled alone (ER43) or ensiled with vines (ERV40). Blended SP diets provided ~14–15% crude protein (CP), 16.1–16.3 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg DM and 0.54–0.58 g lysine/MJ DE. The control diet (STD) contained 16.5% CP, 14.8 MJ DE/kg DM, 0.58 g lysine/MJ DE. The major findings were as follows: (1) DM intake was higher (P < 0.05) for BR43 than ER43, ERV40 and STD diets, which were similar; (2) DM ATTD and energy utilisation were higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed SP diets; (3) carbohydrate (N-free extracts) ATTD was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed BR43 and ER43 diets, while CP ATTD of both these diets was similar to that of STD and higher than that of ERV40; (4) ATTD of fats (ether extracts), CP, carbohydrates (N-free extracts) and total phosphorus was lower (P < 0.05) on ERV40, but fibre ATTD was higher; (5) N intake and N retained were similar (P > 0.05) for pigs fed BR43, ER43 and STD diets but lower for ERV40 (P < 0.05). Boiled or ensiled SP roots provided high nutrient and energy utilisation in growing pigs, but the inclusion of SP vines lowered ATTD, energy utilisation and N retained from the mixed diet (ERV40). It is concluded that boiled or ensiled SP root are equally valuable as blended feed for grower pigs. However, at 30%DM, ensiled SP vine in blended feed led to reduced grower-pig performance.
Conserving reptiles within a multiple-use landscape: determining habitat affiliations of reptile communities in the northern jarrah forest of south-western Australia
Authors: Triska Maggie D. , Craig Michael D. , Stokes Vicki L. , Pech Roger P. , Hobbs Richard J.
Published: May 2017

Disturbed landscapes can provide habitat for a variety of species; however, for fauna, a strong understanding of their habitat affiliations is critical both to detect species and to develop management prescriptions to maintain their populations. We assessed habitat affiliations of common, uncommon and rare reptile species in a multiple-use landscape, the northern jarrah forest of south-western Australia. To identify predictors of reptile occurrence, we related reptile presence/absence, or relative abundance, to habitat, climatic and seasonal variables. Because the reptiles studied have cryptic behaviours and low numbers of detections, we used a combination of analyses including non-metric multi-dimensional scaling, occupancy and regression models. We identified specific habitat affiliations for the most common species and potential linkages with vegetation structure for most uncommon species. There were insufficient detections to determine habitat affiliations accurately for most rare species. Often species were detected too infrequently to determine specific habitat variables that influence occupancy and detection, and altering survey time and scale may increase detections so that habitat affiliations can be determined. However, in highly speciose landscapes, like our study area, we may not be able to wait until we have enough detections to define the habitat affiliations of all reptiles before we make management decisions. Therefore management activities that maintain habitat heterogeneity and complexity is likely to be the best strategy to conserve the most reptile species.
Nuevas perspectivas para el estudio de la variación lingüística regional en el habla de Mérida (Badajoz)
Authors: Fernández de Molina Ortés Elena
Published: May 2017

En los estudios morfosintácticos realizados hasta la actualidad sobre el habla en Extremadura se han descrito las características lingüísticas de la región a partir del análisis de los datos procedentes de áreas rurales obtenidos, principalmente, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX a partir de los métodos y objetivos de la dialectología tradicional. Aunque estos estudios son esenciales para conocer la evolución lingüística del extremeño, únicamente reflejan una variedad lingüística caracterizada por rasgos vulgares que no representan, hoy, la verdadera variación regional. Por esta razón, y para intentar comprobar cómo es el habla de Extremadura en la actualidad, en esta investigación presentaremos un estudio sobre los rasgos morfológicos y sintácticos de un área urbana extremeña, Mérida (Badajoz), en el que compararemos los resultados tradicionales con los obtenidos en la localidad en la actualidad. Además, y para comprobar cuál es el uso de las variantes analizadas, utilizaremos una perspectiva sociolingüística que nos permita corroborar qué características son propias del extremeño y cuáles, en cambio, están restringidas a grupos sociales concretos.
A study of gender in a bilingual law dictionary (English/Spanish)
Authors: Jordà Mathiasen Eivor
Published: May 2017

Dictionaries are means of transmission of words and senses as a reflection of the prejudices and beliefs of their time. This paper takes a look into the ten editions of the Diccionario de términos jurídicos (Inglés-español/Spanish-English) by Enrique Alcaraz Varó and Brian Hughes to see how gender is treated. The analysis takes place both on the macrostructural and the microstructural level, and it illustrates the sexism present in the traditional lexicographical practice in Spanish dictionaries. Among others we have confirmed the presence of certain approaches such as: the concealment of women (by use of the generic masculine or an androcentric treatment of professions), or the presentation of stereotyped portraits of men and women and their relationship (by the selection of semantic fields referred exclusively to women or non-neutral examples of use in terms of gender).
The corrosion behaviours of plasma-sprayed Fe-based amorphous coatings
Authors: Jiang Chaoping , Liu Wangqiang , Wang Gui , Chen Yongnan , Xing Yazhe , Zhang Chunhua , Dargusch Matthew
Published: May 2017

Fe-based amorphous coatings are increasingly recognised as promising candidates for the protection of coal-fired boilers against corrosion. The present study prepared Fe-based amorphous coatings on a T91 substrate by plasma spraying technology. The corrosion behaviour of the coating in hot Na2SO4 + K2SO4 salts at 700°C was investigated, and measurements of the mean mass gain were performed after each cycle to establish the hot corrosion kinetics of the coatings using the thermogravimetric technique. The coated specimens, especially specimens with 380-μm-thick coatings, exhibited lower mean gain rates at all operating cycles as compared to the uncoated T91 samples. The highest hot corrosion resistance was a result of the amorphous composite microstructure and high Cr and Ni elemental contents, which contributed to the formation of the protective oxides of chromium and nickel such as Cr2O3, NiO and NiCr2O4.
Isometric embeddings of snowflakes into finite-dimensional Banach spaces
Authors: Le Donne Enrico , Rajala Tapio , Walsberg Erik
Published: May 2017

We consider a general notion of snowflake of a metric space by composing the distance with a nontrivial concave function. We prove that a snowflake of a metric space

X
X

isometrically embeds into some finite-dimensional normed space if and only if

X
X

is finite. In the case of power functions we give a uniform bound on the cardinality of

X
X

depending only on the power exponent and the dimension of the vector space.
Commutativity of normal compact operators via projective spectrum
Authors: Mao Tong , Qiao Yikun , Wang Penghui
Published: May 2017

In this note we obtain commutativity criteria for normal compact operators using the projective spectrum. We thus improve a corresponding result obtained by Chagouel, Stessin and Zhu in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 368 (2016), 1559–1582.
𝐿²-solvability of the Dirichlet, Neumann and regularity problems for parabolic equations with time-independent Hölder-continuous coefficients
Authors: Castro Alejandro J. , Rodríguez-López Salvador , Staubach Wolfgang
Published: May 2017

We establish the

L
2

L^2

-solvability of Dirichlet, Neumann and regularity problems for divergence-form heat (or diffusion) equations with time-independent Hölder-continuous diffusion coefficients on bounded Lipschitz domains in

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

. This is achieved through the demonstration of invertibility of the relevant layer potentials, which is in turn based on Fredholm theory and a systematic transference scheme which yields suitable parabolic Rellich-type estimates.
On Engel groups, nilpotent groups, rings, braces and the Yang-Baxter equation
Authors: Smoktunowicz Agata
Published: May 2017

It is shown that over an arbitrary field there exists a nil algebra

R
R

whose adjoint group

R

o

R^{o}

is not an Engel group. This answers a question by Amberg and Sysak from 1997. The case of an uncountable field also answers a recent question by Zelmanov.

In 2007, Rump introduced braces and radical chains

A

n
+
1

=
A
⋅

A

n

A^{n+1}=A\cdot A^{n}

and

A

(
n
+
1
)

=

A

(
n
)

⋅
A

A^{(n+1)}=A^{(n)}\cdot A

of a brace

A
A

. We show that the adjoint group

A

o

A^{o}

of a finite right brace is a nilpotent group if and only if

A

(
n
)

=
0

A^{(n)}=0

for some

n
n

. We also show that the adjoint group

A

o

A^{o}

of a finite left brace

A
A

is a nilpotent group if and only if

A

n

=
0

A^{n}=0

for some

n
n

. Moreover, if

A
A

is a finite brace whose adjoint group

A

o

A^{o}

is nilpotent, then

A
A

is the direct sum of braces whose cardinalities are powers of prime numbers. Notice that

A

o

A^{o}

is sometimes called the multiplicative group of a brace

A
A

. We also introduce a chain of ideals

A

[
n
]

A^{[n]}

of a left brace

A
A

and then use it to investigate braces which satisfy

A

n

=
0

A^{n}=0

and

A

(
m
)

=
0

A^{(m)}=0

for some

m
,
n

m, n

.

We also describe connections between our results and braided groups and the non-degenerate involutive set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation. It is worth noticing that by a result of Gateva-Ivanova braces are in one-to-one correspondence with braided groups with involutive braiding operators.
The Arabidopsis Cys2/His2 zinc finger transcription factor ZAT18 is a positive regulator of plant tolerance to drought stress
Authors: Yin Mingzhu , Wang Yanping , Zhang Lihua , Li Jinzhu , Quan Wenli , Yang Li , Wang Qingfeng , Chan Zhulong
Published: May 2017

Environmental stress poses a global threat to plant growth and reproduction, especially drought stress. Zinc finger proteins comprise a family of transcription factors that play essential roles in response to various abiotic stresses. Here, we found that ZAT18 (At3g53600), a nuclear C2H2 zinc finger protein, was transcriptionally induced by dehydration stress. Overexpression (OE) of ZAT18 in Arabidopsis improved drought tolerance while mutation of ZAT18 resulted in decreased plant tolerance to drought stress. ZAT18 was preferentially expressed in stems, siliques, and vegetative rosette leaves. Subcellular location results revealed that ZAT18 protein was predominantly localized in the nucleus. ZAT18 OE plants exhibited less leaf water loss, lower content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), higher leaf water content, and higher antioxidant enzyme activities after drought treatment when compared with the wild type (WT). RNA sequencing analysis showed that 423 and 561 genes were transcriptionally modulated by the ZAT18 transgene before and after drought treatment, respectively. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that hormone metabolism, stress, and signaling were over-represented in ZAT18 OE lines. Several stress-responsive genes including COR47, ERD7, LEA6, and RAS1, and hormone signaling transduction-related genes including JAZ7 and PYL5 were identified as putative target genes of ZAT18. Taken together, ZAT18 functions as a positive regulator and plays a crucial role in the plant response to drought stress.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Removal of Cervical Foraminal Schwannoma via Interlaminar Approach: A Case Report
Authors: Ying Guang-Yu , Yao Ying , Shen Fang , Wu Zong-Yang , Chen Chien-Min , Zhu Yong-Jian
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

Cervical foraminal schwannomas commonly originate from spinal nerves that pass through the intervertebral foramen of the cervical vertebrae. Because of the proximity of this type of tumor to the vertebral artery and spinal nerves, surgical management remains a major challenge. Conventional open spine surgery usually requires the removal of the articular process and is supplemented by a simultaneous posterolateral spine fusion surgery. To decrease the associated risks of surgical complications by further reducing invasiveness, percutaneous spinal endoscopy may be used for resection of foraminal spinal neoplasm.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A 52-yr-old female who presented with neck pains with duration of 1 yr was admitted to our hospital. Physical examination revealed moderate rigidity in the neck and grade 5 muscle strength in both upper and lower limbs. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans demonstrated a left-sided lesion at the C3-C4 intervertebral foraminal area. Under C-arm fluoroscopy navigation and neuromonitoring, the endoscope was properly positioned on the same side of the tumor, and a small part of the left C3 inferior and C4 superior lamina were first removed by an endoscopic drill to enlarge the interlaminar space. Next, through an endoscopic working canal, the left intervertebral ligamentum flavum was removed to fully expose the tumor. The tumor mass was finally resected in a piecemeal approach. Postoperative MRI confirmed complete tumor resection.

CONCLUSION

This is the first case report of a total removal of a cervical foraminal schwannoma with a percutaneous spinal endoscopic procedure.
Recruiting Faculty Leaders at U.S. Medical Schools: A Process Without Improvement?
Authors: Marsh James D. , Chod Ronald
Published: May 2017

Recruiting faculty leaders to work in colleges of medicine is a ubiquitous, time-consuming, costly activity. Little quantitative information is available about contemporary leadership recruiting processes and outcomes. In this article, the authors examine current recruiting methods and outcomes in colleges of medicine and compare academic search approaches with the approaches often employed in intellectual-capital-rich industries.

In 2015, the authors surveyed chairs of internal medicine at U.S. medical schools regarding their recruiting practices and outcomes—specifically their selection methods, the duration of searches, the recruitment of women and minorities underrepresented in medicine (URM), and their satisfaction with search outcomes.

The authors found that department chairs were extensively engaged in numerous searches for leaders. The recruitment process most commonly required 7 to 12 months from initiation to signed contract. Interestingly, longer searches (19+ months) were much more frequently associated with a recruitment outcome that chairs viewed as unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory. Most leadership searches produced very few women and URM finalists. The biggest perceived hurdles to successful recruitment were the need to relocate the candidate and family and the shortage of good candidates.

The process of recruiting leaders in academic medicine has changed little in more than 25 years. Process improvement is important and should entail carefully structured search processes, including both an overhaul of search committees and further emphasis on leadership development within the college of medicine. The authors propose specific steps to enhance recruitment of members of URM groups and women to leadership positions in academic medicine.
Radial Neck Dilatory Remodeling After Radial Head Arthroplasty With an Uncemented, Press Fit, Fully Chemically Etched Stem Design
Authors: Sullivan Matthew P. , Firoozabadi Reza , Kennedy Stephen A. , Agel Julie , Magnusson Eric , Schiffman Brett , Folchert Matthew , Beingessner Daphne
Published: May 2017

Objectives:

To compare the radiographic outcomes of 2 widely used side loading, press fit, RHA implants used to reconstruct complex elbow trauma.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Level-1 Academic trauma center.

Participants:

Patients undergoing RHA.

Intervention:

Cohort 1 received Synthes Radial Head Prosthesis. Cohort 2 received Biomet ExploR Radial Head Replacement.

Main Outcome Measurements:

Radial neck dilatory remodeling.

Results:

Eighty-two subjects were included in final analysis, 63 from the Biomet Cohort, and 19 from Synthes cohort. Demographic and injury characteristics were similar among cohorts. Radial neck dilatory remodeling as well as periprosthetic radiographic lucency were seen significantly more frequently and to a significantly greater degree in the Synthes cohort. The average percentage of dilatory remodeling of the Synthes cohort was 34.9% and that of the Biomet cohort was 2.7%. There were no differences in rates of revision surgery.

Conclusions:

Our study demonstrates significant radiographic differences between 2 frequently used RHA implants. Radial neck dilatory remodeling is a common, rapidly progressive, and dramatic finding frequently seen with the Synthes Radial Head Prosthesis.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Incidence of Delayed Diagnosis of Orthopaedic Injury in Pediatric Trauma Patients
Authors: Podolnick Jeremy D. , Donovan Daniel S. , Atanda Alfred W.
Published: May 2017

Objective:

Determine the incidence of the delayed diagnosis of orthopaedic injuries in pediatric trauma patients.

Design:

Cross-sectional retrospective analysis.

Setting:

Level I pediatric trauma center.

Patients/Participants:

All patients with an orthopaedic consultation after a trauma activation with a diagnosis of fracture, dislocation, traumatic arthrotomy, neurovascular injury, amputation, and tendon or ligament injury requiring intervention. A total of 1009 trauma codes and alerts occurred during the study period, of which 196 patients were diagnosed with an orthopaedic injury.

Intervention:

Charts were reviewed to obtain demographic information, time of presentation, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) on presentation, injury severity score (ISS), mechanism of injury, intubation status, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, primary and secondary survey diagnoses, discharge diagnoses, time of additional diagnoses, and reason for delayed diagnosis.

Main Outcome Measures:

Incidence of delayed diagnosis of injury (DDI).

Results:

There were 196 patients with a confirmed orthopaedic injury, of which, 18 were classified as a delayed diagnosis (9.18%). The mean time to detection of injury was 77.46 hours and the mean patient age was 132.22 months. One of the 18 patients required surgical intervention while the rest were treated conservatively. The mean GCS score of patients with a DDI were significantly lower than patients without a missed injury, 12 versus 14.19 (P = 0.0009). The median ISS, 21 versus 9 (P = 0.0021), and median hospital length of stay, 4 days versus 3 days (P = 0.0369) were significantly higher for patients with a missed injury compared with those without a missed injury. The intensive care unit length of stay approached significance with a median of 2 days for patients with a missed injury versus 1 day for patients without a missed injury (P = 0.057).

Conclusions:

In our study, factors that were associated with a DDI included lower GCS, higher ISS, and greater hospital length of stay. There was only 1 missed injury that required surgical intervention, and the remainder were treated conservatively. The initial evaluation of the trauma patient is able to detect life-threatening injuries, but the tertiary survey remains an important part of patient care to detect missed injuries.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.