bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inflammation, suppuration, putrefaction, fermentation: Joseph Lister's microbiology
Authors: Richardson Ruth
Published: May 2013

This paper focuses on Lister's inaugural lecture at King's College, London, in October 1877. As the new Professor of Clinical Surgery, Lister had much to report, including impressively high survival rates from complex operations previously regarded as foolhardy. Instead, he chose to address the processes of fermentation in wine, blood and milk. His reasons are not obvious to a modern audience, just as they probably were not to those who heard him in the Great Hall at King's. Having brought microbiological apparatus from his laboratory to the lecture theatre and presented proof of bacterial variety and specificity, Lister publicly demonstrated the creation of the first pure bacterial culture in the history of microbiology. It was an ingenious and well-thought-out strategy designed to generate a frame of mind among his new colleagues and future students, receptive to the causative role of bacteria in septic diseases. His timing was impeccable.
Phylogenetic prediction of the maximumper capitarate of population growth
Authors: Fagan William F. , Pearson Yanthe E. , Larsen Elise A. , Lynch Heather J. , Turner Jessica B. , Staver Hilary , Noble Andrew E. , Bewick Sharon , Goldberg Emma E.
Published: May 2013

The maximumper capitarate of population growth,r, is a central measure of population biology. However, researchers can only directly calculaterwhen adequate time series, life tables and similar datasets are available. We instead viewras an evolvable, synthetic life-history trait and use comparative phylogenetic approaches to predictrfor poorly known species. Combining molecular phylogenies, life-history trait data and stochastic macroevolutionary models, we predictedrfor mammals of the Caniformia and Cervidae. Cross-validation analyses demonstrated that, even with sparse life-history data, comparative methods estimatedrwell and outperformed models based on body mass. Values ofrpredicted via comparative methods were in strong rank agreement with observed values and reduced mean prediction errors by approximately 68 per cent compared with two null models. We demonstrate the utility of our method by estimatingrfor 102 extant species in these mammal groups with unknown life-history traits.
Avian magnetic compass can be tuned to anomalously low magnetic intensities
Authors: Winklhofer Michael , Dylda Evelyn , Thalau Peter , Wiltschko Wolfgang , Wiltschko Roswitha
Published: May 2013

The avian magnetic compass works in a fairly narrow functional window around the intensity of the local geomagnetic field, but adjusts to intensities outside this range when birds experience these new intensities for a certain time. In the past, the geomagnetic field has often been much weaker than at present. To find out whether birds can obtain directional information from a weak magnetic field, we studied spontaneous orientation preferences of migratory robins in a 4 µT field (i.e. a field of less than 10 per cent of the local intensity of 47 µT). Birds can adjust to this low intensity: they turned out to be disoriented under 4 µT after a pre-exposure time of 8 h to 4 µT, but were able to orient in this field after a total exposure time of 17 h. This demonstrates a considerable plasticity of the avian magnetic compass. Orientation in the 4 µT field was not affected by local anaesthesia of the upper beak, but was disrupted by a radiofrequency magnetic field of 1.315 MHz, 480 nT, suggesting that a radical-pair mechanism still provides the directional information in the low magnetic field. This is in agreement with the idea that the avian magnetic compass may have developed already in the Mesozoic in the common ancestor of modern birds.
The Cotton Transcription Factor TCP14 Functions in Auxin-Mediated Epidermal Cell Differentiation and Elongation
Authors: Wang Miao-Ying , Zhao Pi-Ming , Cheng Huan-Qing , Han Li-Bo , Wu Xiao-Min , Gao Peng , Wang Hai-Yun , Yang Chun-Lin , Zhong Nai-Qin , Zuo Jian-Ru , Xia Gui-Xian
Published: May 2013

Plant-specific TEOSINTE-BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) transcription factors play crucial roles in development, but their functional mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized the cellular functions of the class I TCP transcription factor GhTCP14 from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). GhTCP14 is expressed predominantly in fiber cells, especially at the initiation and elongation stages of development, and its expression increased in response to exogenous auxin. Induced heterologous overexpression of GhTCP14 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) enhanced initiation and elongation of trichomes and root hairs. In addition, root gravitropism was severely affected, similar to mutant of the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) gene. Examination of auxin distribution in GhTCP14-expressing Arabidopsis by observation of auxin-responsive reporters revealed substantial alterations in auxin distribution in sepal trichomes and root cortical regions. Consistent with these changes, expression of the auxin uptake carrier AUXIN1 (AUX1) was up-regulated and PIN2 expression was down-regulated in the GhTCP14-expressing plants. The association of GhTCP14 with auxin responses was also evidenced by the enhanced expression of auxin response gene IAA3, a gene in the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (Aux/IAA) family. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that GhTCP14 bound the promoters of PIN2, IAA3, and AUX1, and transactivation assays indicated that GhTCP14 had transcription activation activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GhTCP14 is a dual-function transcription factor able to positively or negatively regulate expression of auxin response and transporter genes, thus potentially acting as a crucial regulator in auxin-mediated differentiation and elongation of cotton fiber cells.
Knowledge management model of community business: Thai OTOP Champions
Authors: Tuamsuk Kulthida , Phabu Thongchai , Vongprasert Chollabhat
Published: May 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose the knowledge management (KM) model of the Thai “One Tambon One Product” (OTOP) community business by investigating the KM practices of the selected five‐star OTOP businesses of Thailand and identifying the KM factors that affect the success of their businesses.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative research method was used. The research units were three groups of Thai OTOP Champions with a score of five stars who have become successful in community income building, with national renown and ethnic representations. The research had three phases. Phase 1 was the study of KM practices of top OTOP businesses and factors affecting their successes of these businesses. Data were collected by in‐depth interviews, focus groups, and participatory observations. The informants were the OTOP businesses' administrators, operating staff, and members. Phase 2 involved data analysis and synthesis using content analysis. Phase 3 consisted of the development of a KM model for top OTOP businesses based on the results of Phase 1 and KM theories. The model was confirmed via a seminar technique and expert knowledge.

Findings

The findings lead to proposal of a KM model for top successful Thai OTOP businesses, with the following components: KM processes propelling the process of OTOP business management, and KM success factors including leadership, organizational cultures, man, and knowledge/intellect.

Originality/value

This research has developed a KM model for community business, which is based on the practices of successful national businesses. Therefore it can be applied for the management of any OTOP business in Thailand.
Why and when do people hide knowledge?
Authors: Peng He
Published: May 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine why and when employees hide knowledge. Individuals may tend to hide knowledge when they have strong psychological ownership feelings over knowledge. Therefore, this research builds and tests a theoretical model linking knowledge‐based psychological ownership with knowledge hiding via territoriality.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from knowledge workers in China via a three‐wave web‐based survey. The final sample was 190 cases. Hierarchical regression models and a bootstrapping approach were used to test the hypotheses.

Findings

The results show that knowledge‐based psychological ownership positively affects knowledge hiding. Territoriality fully mediates the link between knowledge‐based psychological ownership and knowledge hiding. Moreover, organization‐based psychological ownership moderates the positive link between territoriality and knowledge hiding. Specifically, territoriality will mediate the indirect effect of knowledge‐based psychological ownership on knowledge hiding when organization‐based psychological ownership is low, but not when it is high.

Research limitations/implications

The research reflects that to reduce knowledge hiding, organizations should focus on practices that can decrease employees' self‐perception of possession of knowledge and territoriality and that can strengthen employees' psychological ownership for organizations.

Originality/value

Although many actions have been adopted to foster knowledge management in companies, knowledge hiding is still prevalent in work settings. This paper highlights the predictive power of knowledge‐based psychological ownership on knowledge hiding, and the mediating role of territoriality in the link between knowledge‐based psychological ownership and knowledge hiding.
Laterally Actuated Platinum-Coated Polysilicon NEM Relays
Authors: Parsa Roozbeh , Lee W , Shavezipur Mohammad , Provine J , Maboudian Roya , Mitra Subhasish , Wong H , Howe Roger
Published: May 2013

Laterally actuated polycrystalline silicon nanoelectromechanical (NEM) relays with enhanced electrical properties are presented. Due to surface oxidation of polysilicon in room ambient conditions, the relays have a high contact resistance (> 1 GΩ) that requires high drain bias (3-5 V) to break through. The addition of a platinum sidewall coating reduces the on-resistance and the required drain bias to as low as 3 kΩ and 0.1 V, respectively. The platinum coating's stability is demonstrated by two tests: first, a contact-and-hold test where the relay passes current (~1μA) for up to 155 min and, second, a hot cycling test where the relay survives for over 108cycles . The NEMS relays are simulated using finite-element analysis, and the models are verified against experimental tests. Furthermore, the relays are configured and tested as a 2 : 1 multiplexer to show their potential as a digital logic component.
Proprotein Convertases Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9, an enzyme turned escort protein: Hepatic and extra hepatic functions (第9型前蛋白转换酶—枯草溶菌素/蛋白酶K，一种酶转变的护送蛋白：在肝脏与肝外的功能)
Authors: Mbikay Majambu , Mayne Janice , Chrétien Michel
Published: May 2013

Proprotein Convertases Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) is a serine endoproteinase. Biosynthesized as a zymogen, it cleaves itself once, and then turns into an escort protein for transmembrane proteins, leading them into lysosomes for degradation. It is primarily produced and secreted by the liver. It attaches to the low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) at the surface of hepatocytes and, after co‐endocytosis, directs it into lysosomes where it is degraded. By downregulating LDLR, PCSK9 reduces hepatic clearance of LDL‐cholesterol. Inborn or induced increase of this function causes hypercholesterolemia; its decrease causes hypocholesterolemia. This has been experimentally demonstrated ex vivo and in vivo, and corroborated by epidemiological studies associating PCSK9 genetic variations with plasma cholesterol levels. PCSK9 is now a proven target for inactivation in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and associated atherosclerosis. However, it is still uncertain whether its severe or complete inactivation, combined with other predispositions, will be without undesirable side‐effects. Some experimental data suggest that PCSK9 could contribute positively to the physiology of non‐hepatic cells such as pancreatic islets β cells, adipocytes and macrophages, protecting them from excessive lipid uptake, in an endocrine, autocrine, or paracrine manner. Genetic variations that attenuate PCSK9 anti‐LDLR activity are common in human populations. Their evolutionary significance still needs to be evaluated on the background of environmental pressures, such as infectious diseases, cold weather and famine, which have threatened survival and reproduction in the course of human prehistory and history.
The Influence of Major Life Events on Economic Attitudes in a World of Gene‐Environment Interplay
Authors: Hatemi Peter K.
Published: May 2013

The role of “genes” on political attitudes has gained attention across disciplines. However, person‐specific experiences have yet to be incorporated into models that consider genetic influences. Relying on a gene‐environment interplay approach, this study explicates how life events, such as losing one's job or suffering a financial loss, influence economic policy attitudes. The results indicate genetic and environmental variance on support for unions, immigration, capitalism, socialism, and property tax is moderated by financial risks. Changes in the magnitude of genetic influences, however, are temporary. After two years, the phenotypic effects of the life events remain on most attitudes, but changes in the sources of individual differences do not. Univariate twin models that estimate the independent contributions of genes and environment on the variation of attitudes appear to provide robust baseline indicators of the sources of individual differences. These estimates, however, are not event or day specific. In this way, genetic influences add stability, while environment cues change, and this process is continually updated.
Central nervous system multiple myeloma – potential roles for intrathecal therapy and measurement of cerebrospinal fluid light chains
Authors: Lee Denise , Kalff Anna , Low Michael , Gangatharan Shane , Ho Prahlad , Bajel Ashish , Ritchie David , Grigg Andrew , Spencer Andrew
Published: May 2013

Central nervous system (CNS) multiple myeloma (MM) is exceedingly rare and portends a dismal prognosis. While immunomodulators have contributed to the improvement in survival in MM, they appear to have limited activity against CNS MM and, paradoxically, may contribute to the evolution of resistant MM clones capable of surviving within the CNS. We undertook a retrospective analysis to characterize the features of CNS MM and outcome in 17 patients from four institutions identified between 2000 and 2011. The median age was 58 years. Patients had received a median of three prior therapies and all had been exposed to at least one of the so‐called novel anti‐MM agents before the diagnosis of CNS MM. The median time to CNS disease from initial diagnosis was 36 months. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) light chain measurements produced discrepant results to serum light chain measurements in some patients. Treatments included systemic pharmacotherapy, intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy (RT). The median overall survival (OS) from diagnosis of CNS MM was only 4 months. OS was significantly better in patients who received IT chemotherapy (20 months vs. 2 months, respectively; P < 0·02). We conclude that the systematic evaluation of IT therapy and diagnostic utility of CSF light chain measurements in CNS MM are warranted.
MED1101: A new dialdehydic compound regulating P2×7 receptor cell surface expression in U937 cells
Authors: Muzzachi Stefania , Blasi Antonella , Ciani Elena , Favia Maria , Cardone Rosa A. , Marzulli Domenico , Reshkin Stephan J. , Merizzi Giulia , Casavola Valeria , Soleti Antonio , Guerra Lorenzo
Published: May 2013

Background information

P2×7R is a member of the ionotropic family of purinergic receptors activated by millimolar concentrations of extracellular ATP such as induced by inflammatory stimuli. The receptor is widely expressed in cells of haematopoietic origin such as monocytes, macrophages and microglia. There is growing interest in anta‐gonist compounds of the P2×7R since it has been demonstrated to be a viable therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. Here, we tested the possible P2×7 antagonist effect of MED1101, a newly synthesised dialdehydic compound on U937 monocyte cells.

Results

Human U937 cells express the full‐length P2×7A receptor isoform. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent inducer of inflammation, significantly increased the expression of the receptor in the plasma membrane. Importantly, MED1101 induced internalisation of the P2×7R already after 30 min incubation in both physiological conditions and in presence of the inflammatory stimulus (LPS) and this effect was observable for up to 12 h after its removal. Moreover, MED1101 induced an impairment of monocyte migration/transmigration through direct P2×7R antagonism and subsequent inhibition of the intracellular signal transduction processes of Ca2+ influx and MAPK phosphorylation.

Conclusions

Our results clearly demonstrate that in U937 monocyte cells MED1101 acts as a P2×7R antagonist through the induction of receptor internalisation and subsequent inhibition of down‐stream signal transduction pathways that regulate monocyte migration/transmigration, thus playing a potential therapeutic role in inflammatory diseases.
PPP1R42, a PP1 binding protein, regulates centrosome dynamics in ARPE‐19 cells
Authors: DeVaul Nicole , Wang Rong , Sperry Ann O.
Published: May 2013

Background

The centrosome is the primary site for microtubule nucleation in cells and orchestrates reorganisation of the microtubule cytoskeleton during the cell cycle. The activities of the centrosome must be closely aligned with progression of the cell cycle; misregulation of centrosome separation and duplication is a hallmark of cancer. In a subset of cells, including the developing spermatid, the centrosome becomes specialised to form the basal body thereby supporting growth of the axoneme in morphogenesis of cilia and flagella, structures critical for signalling and motility. Mammalian spermatogenesis is an excellent model system to investigate the transformations in cellular architecture that accompany these changes including formation of the flagellum. We have previously identified a leucine‐rich repeat protein (PPP1R42) that contains a protein phosphatase‐1 binding site and translocates from the apical nucleus to the centrosome at the base of the flagellum during spermiogenesis. In this manuscript, we examine localisation and function of PPP1R42 in a ciliated epithelial cell model as a first step in understanding the role of this protein in centrosome function and flagellar formation.

Results

We demonstrate that PPP1R42 localises to the basal body in ARPE‐19 retinal epithelial cells. Co‐localisation and co‐immunoprecipitation experiments further show that PPP1R42 interacts with γ‐tubulin. Inhibition of PPP1R42 with small interfering RNAs causes accumulation of centrosomes indicating premature centrosome separation. Importantly, the activity of two signalling molecules that regulate centrosome separation, PP1 phosphatase and NEK2 kinase, changes when PPP1R42 is inhibited: PP1 activity is reduced with a corresponding increase in NEK2 activity.

Conclusions

We have identified a role for the PP1‐binding protein, PPP1R42, in centrosome separation in ciliated ARPE‐19 cells. Our finding that inhibition of PPP1R42 expression increases the number of centrosomes per cell is consistent with our model that PPP1R42 is a positive regulator of PP1. PPP1R42 depletion reduces the activity of PP1 leading to activation of NEK2, the kinase responsible for phosphorylation of centrosomal linker proteins promoting centrosome separation. This work identifies a new molecule localised to the centrosome and basal body with a role in the complex signalling network responsible for controlling centrosome activities.
Telomelysin shows potent antitumor activity through apoptotic and non‐apoptotic cell death in soft tissue sarcoma cells
Authors: Li Gui‐Dong , Kawashima Hiroyuki , Ogose Akira , Ariizumi Takashi , Hotta Tetsuo , Kuwano Ryozo , Urata Yasuo , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi , Endo Naoto
Published: May 2013

This study investigated the pathway underlying the antitumor activity of telomelysin, a telomerase‐dependent, replication‐selective oncolytic adenovirus, in soft tissue sarcoma cells. Treatment with telomelysin alone resulted in simultaneous induction of apoptosis and autophagy, whereas cotreatment with telomelysin and 3‐methyladenine significantly reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis and the cellular ATP level compared to treatment with telomelysin alone, indicating that telomelysin‐mediated autophagy is a death‐protective but not death‐promoting process. Cotreatment with Z‐Val‐Ala‐Asp‐CH2F significantly increased cellular ATP depletion compared to telomelysin‐alone treatment while inhibiting telomelysin‐induced apoptosis and having no significant effect on cell viability, indicating that it promotes transition from apoptotic to necrotic cell death.
Children's narratives of sexual abuse
Authors: Jackson Sharon , Newall Elinor , Backett‐Milburn Kathryn
Published: May 2013

Children rarely disclose sexual abuse. Hence, studies of children's abuse experiences are relatively rare. This paper reports on a qualitative analysis of 2986 cases of self‐disclosure of sexual abuse from children, aged 5–18 years, who contacted ChildLine Scotland, a free, confidential telephone counselling service. Children discussed their feelings regarding the abuse, the impact of abuse on their health and well‐being, sources of support, disclosure, coping strategies, the context in which abuse occurs and the various ways in which they were groomed or their compliance in abuse was gained. Children's narratives contained detailed contextual information on their experiences of sexual abuse, perpetrators of sexual abuse and the circumstances in which sexual abuse occurs. The way in which children communicated about sexual abuse was found to differ quite considerably, and the terminology they employed was often markedly different from adult constructs. Nonetheless, children of all ages were able to describe their experiences and their feelings around the abuse in considerable detail. This study provides a rare insight into children's accounts of sexual abuse. The findings illustrate the profound impact that sexual abuse has on the lives of children and their understandings of the circumstances in which abuse occurs.
Acquired reactive perforating dermatosis
Authors: Wagner Gunnar , Sachse Michael Max
Published: May 2013

Acquired reactive perforating dermatosis is characterized by umbilicated erythematous papules and plaques with firmly adherent crusts. Histopathological examination shows a typical cup‐shaped ulceration in the epidermis containing cellular debris and collagen. There is transepidermal elimination of degenerated material with basophilic collagen bundles. The etiology and pathogenesis of acquired reactive perforating dermatosis are unclear. Metabolic disorders and malignancies are associated with this dermatosis. Associated pruritus is regarded as a key pathogenic factor. Constant scratching may cause a repetitive trauma to the skin. This pathogenesis may involve a genetic predisposition. The trauma may lead to degeneration of the collagen bundles. Treatment of acquired reactive perforating dermatosis follows a multimodal approach. Apart from the treating any underlying disease, treatment of pruritus is a major goal. Systemic steroids and retinoids, as well as UVB phototherapy are well‐established treatment options. Some patients may also benefit from oral allopurinol.
Distribution and movement of European grayling in a subarctic lake revealed by acoustic telemetry
Authors: Bass Arthur L. , Haugen Thrond O. , Vøllestad L. Asbjørn
Published: May 2013

Knowledge of the horizontal and vertical distribution and habitat use of fish in lakes provides insights into the ecology, evolution and conservation of a species. Using high‐resolution, high‐frequency sampling, we provide an account of the distribution and movements of adult European grayling, Thymallus thymallus, in a recently colonised subarctic lake. We evaluated summer home range size, daily and seasonal patterns in vertical movement and vertical distribution of individuals relative to the summer thermocline. There was an allometric relationship between body size and home range area. Individuals showed diverse patterns of daily movement and some clear circadian cycles, likely mediated by light. All individuals that were monitored during the winter under ice were within 2 m of the surface. Most fish associated with the thermocline during the period for which we were able to estimate its centre point. We propose that the patterns we observed are primarily driven by foraging opportunity and that foraging tactics differ between individuals and seasons.
Benzodiazepine overtreatment in status epilepticus is related to higher need of intubation and longer hospitalization
Authors: Spatola Marianna , Alvarez Vincent , Rossetti Andrea O.
Published: May 2013

Benzodiazepine (BDZ), a widely recognized first‐line status epilepticus (SE) treatment, may lead to respiratory depression. This cohort study investigates the effect of BDZ doses in SE patients in terms of morbidity and mortality. It considers incident SE episodes from a prospective registry (2009–2012), comparing patients receiving standard BDZ dose to those receiving exceeding doses (>30% above recommended dose), in terms of likelihood to receive intubation, morbidity, and mortality. Duration of hospitalization was assessed for subjects needing intubation for airways protection (not for refractory SE treatment) versus matched subjects not admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). We identified 29 subjects receiving “excessive” and 173 “standard” BDZ dose; 45% of the overtreated patients were intubated for airways protection, but only 8% in the standard‐dose group (p < 0.001). However, both groups presented similar clinical outcomes: 50% returned to baseline, 40% acquired a new handicap, and 10% died. Orotracheal intubation due to airways protection was associated with significantly longer hospitalization (mean 2 weeks vs. 1 week, p = 0.008). In conclusion, although administration of excessive BDZ doses in SE treatment does not seem to influence outcome, it is related to higher respiratory depression risk and longer hospitalization, potentially exposing patients to additional complications and costs.
A central role for inducible heat‐shock protein 70 in autoimmune vitiligo
Authors: Mosenson Jeffrey A. , Eby Jonathan M. , Hernandez Claudia , Le Poole I. Caroline
Published: May 2013

Inducible heat‐shock protein 70 (HSP70i) is a protein regulated by stress that protects cells from undergoing apoptosis. Such proteins are marvellously well conserved throughout evolution, which has placed them in the spotlight for helping to understand the intriguing relationship between infection and immunity. In the presence of stress proteins, dendritic cells (DCs) will sense this alarm signal and respond by recruiting immune cells of different plumage to fit the occasion. In times of stress, melanocytes will secrete antigen‐bound HSP70i to act as an alarm signal in activating DCs that comes equipped with an address of origin to drive the autoimmune response in vitiligo. Here we pose that if the autoimmune response is funnelled through HSP70i, then blocking the stress protein from activating DCs can lend new treatment opportunities for vitiligo.
Comparison of urea clearance in low‐efficiency low‐flux vs. high‐efficiency high‐flux dialyzer membrane with reduced blood and dialysate flow: An in vitro analysis
Authors: Munshi Raj , Ahmad Suhail
Published: May 2013

Rapid removal of small molecules during hemodialysis places an acutely ill patient with kidney failure at an increased risk of hemodynamic instability and for dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. The use of high‐flux, high‐efficiency (HEF) dialyzers may increase this risk despite reductions in blood and dialysate flow. We performed in vitro experiments to compare urea clearance at low dialysate flow and various blood flows using a low‐efficiency low‐flux (LEF) and a HEF membrane. Compared to LEF, there was a significant increase in the clearance of urea at all blood flows with the HEF (all P values < 0.005). HEF dialyzer (F180NR) had higher urea clearance at a blood flow of 150 mL/min than LEF dialyzer (F5) at blood flow of 300 mL/min (144.1 ± 0.99 vs. 130.1 ± 0.001 mL/min for F180 vs. F5, respectively, P < 0.002). Our data suggest that use of HEF dialyzer are not as safe as LEF in high‐risk acute dialysis patients since these are associated with more rapid removal of urea despite reduction in blood and dialysate flow as compared to LEF.
Expression of CX3CL1 and its receptor, CX3CR1, in the development of periapical lesions
Authors: Wang L. , Sun Z. , Liu L. , Peng B.
Published: May 2013

Aim

To investigate the expression of CX3CL1 and its receptor, CX3CR1, in the development of periapical lesions induced in rats and explore the possible role of these substances in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions.

Methodology

Periapical lesions in mandibular first molar teeth were established in 30 rats following pulp exposure to the oral environment. The animals were killed 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days after lesion induction. The development of periapical lesions was investigated by histological and enzyme histochemical examination. The distributions of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in the periapical tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. Osteoclasts and CX3CL1‐positive cells were counted in each specimen. The data were then analysed by one‐way anova using the SPSS 13.0 statistical package.

Results

The lesions expanded from days 0 to 14 and stabilized thereafter. Where expansion of the periapical lesion was most evident, numerous CX3CL1‐positive cells were observed around the apical foramen and adjacent periapical areas. From days 21 to 42, subjacent connective tissues presented intense CX3CL1 immunostaining in inflammatory cells with different morphologies, such as round, oval and fibroblastic. The number of CX3CL1‐positive cells increased from days 7 to 28, but decreased on day 42 post‐operation. Double immunofluorescence staining showed CX3CL1‐ and CX3CR1‐positive cells around periapical lesions surrounding the apical foramen. Most CX3CL1‐positive cells were mononuclear in nature, which suggests the presence of macrophages, infiltrating neutrophils and lymphocytes, and overlapped with CX3CR1‐positive cells.

Conclusions

CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 are related to the development of periapical lesions. The chemokine and its receptor may be involved in the progression of tissue destruction, including bone resorption, during periapical inflammation.
Diagnosis and management for urosepsis
Authors: Wagenlehner Florian ME , Lichtenstern Christoph , Rolfes Caroline , Mayer Konstantin , Uhle Florian , Weidner Wolfgang , Weigand Markus A
Published: May 2013

Urosepsis is defined as sepsis caused by a urogenital tract infection. Urosepsis in adults comprises approximately 25% of all sepsis cases, and is in most cases due to complicated urinary tract infections. The urinary tract is the infection site of severe sepsis or septic shock in approximately 10–30% of cases. Severe sepsis and septic shock is a critical situation, with a reported mortality rate nowadays still ranging from 30% to 40%. Urosepsis is mainly a result of obstructed uropathy of the upper urinary tract, with ureterolithiasis being the most common cause. The complex pathogenesis of sepsis is initiated when pathogen or damage‐associated molecular patterns recognized by pattern recognition receptors of the host innate immune system generate pro‐inflammatory cytokines. A transition from the innate to the adaptive immune system follows until a TH2 anti‐inflammatory response takes over, leading to immunosuppression. Treatment of urosepsis comprises four major aspects: (i) early diagnosis; (ii) early goal‐directed therapy including optimal pharmacodynamic exposure to antimicrobials both in the plasma and in the urinary tract; (iii) identification and control of the complicating factor in the urinary tract; and (iv) specific sepsis therapy. Early adequate tissue oxygenation, adequate initial antibiotic therapy, and rapid identification and control of the septic focus in the urinary tract are critical steps in the successful management of a patient with urosepsis, which includes early imaging, and an optimal interdisciplinary approach encompassing emergency unit, urological and intensive‐care medicine specialists.
Towards an ecological account of media choice: a case study on pluralistic reasoning while choosing email
Authors: Jung Yusun , Lyytinen Kalle
Published: May 2013

The discourse around media choice has generated a diverse array of media choice factors originating from both the media‐based and social interaction‐based approaches. The multitude of these factors hints at the adaptive nature of media choice. Alas, how a user engages with such factors and adaptively carries out media choice has remained understudied. We undertake a field study to explore the role of a plurality of choice factors and their interactions in shaping media choice processes and outcomes. In particular, we focus on how a user identifies relationships among plural choice factors while he or she works on his or her particular choice resulting in a similar outcome – email – given a large number of alternatives. Drawing upon a theory of affordances, we propose a systemic way of narrating the dynamics of media choice as a multi‐dimensional process where a user explores her or his surroundings – a niche – as to establish media affordances that will then help her or him achieve a communication goal. We identify five relational patterns of interactions among specific choice factors: reciprocity, emergence, complementarity, re‐exploration and actualisation. These patterns are shown to be emergent and highly interdependent. We conclude by reviewing future research avenues to formulate richer ‘ecological’ accounts of media choice.
Timing of Orphanhood, Early Sexual Debut, and Early Marriage in Four Sub‐Saharan African Countries
Authors: Chae Sophia
Published: May 2013

According to a growing body of literature, some orphans are at heightened risk of early sexual debut and early marriage. This study examines a rarely explored aspect of orphanhood: the timing and type of parental death and their relationship to these outcomes. The study also explores whether education mediates orphans' risk of early sexual initiation and early marriage. The data are drawn from the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents, which includes interviews with 12–19‐year‐old adolescents in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda. Results from discrete‐time event history analysis indicate that female double orphans, regardless of timing of orphanhood, have greater odds of early sexual debut than do nonorphans. Education explains little of their increased risk. In contrast, male orphans of any type reveal no increased vulnerability to early sexual debut. Uganda is the only country where female orphans, specifically double orphans and those who are paternal orphans before age 10, have greater odds of early marriage, with education accounting for a small portion of the risk.
Individual‐ and School‐Level Correlates of HIV Testing among Secondary School Students in Kenya
Authors: Tenkorang Eric Y. , Maticka‐Tyndale Eleanor
Published: May 2013

The policy framework guiding Kenya's response to the AIDS epidemic identifies voluntary counseling and testing as crucial to risk reduction and HIV‐preventive activities. Yet in Kenya, as in most sub‐Saharan countries, voluntary testing rates are low, especially among young people. Using hierarchical linear models, we identify both individual‐ and teacher/school‐level factors that affect voluntary HIV testing among secondary school students in Kenya. Results indicate that adolescents are more likely to test for HIV serostatus when they are knowledgeable about testing, have been involved in HIV/AIDS activities in primary school, have been provided with HIV information in secondary school, perceive themselves as at high risk of contracting HIV or know of someone infected with or who has died from HIV/AIDS, and have ever engaged in sexual intercourse. Barriers include fear of going to testing centers and being perceived as HIV‐positive. Teacher/school‐level characteristics are relevant for explaining rates of HIV testing, especially among girls. To encourage testing, policymakers should attend to teacher/school‐level factors as well as individual characteristics of students.
VASCULAR ACCESS GRAFT AND NATIVE ARTERIAL BRANCH FISTULOUS FORMATION
Authors: Hayeri Mohammad Reza , Simmons Salmi , Gok Beril
Published: May 2013

This is the first reported case of an unusual complication of upper extremity swelling of the arm in a patient with an arterio‐venous (AV) graft for haemodialysis. A graftogram demonstrated an aberrant fistula formation between the native arterial branch and the AV graft (aberrant arterio‐graft fistula). Inadvertent back wall laceration of the AV graft during haemodialysis cannulation was postulated to be the aetiology. Aberrant arterio‐graft fistula formation may be hard to diagnose because of the presence of thrill or bruit at the level of the anastomoses and rarity of the complication. Progression of extremity swelling with or without central venous occlusion should raise the suspicion and sought further investigation. Proper cannulation techniques prior to haemodialysis may prevent such complications.
Adoptive transfusion of tolerance dendritic cells prolongs the survival of skin allografts in mice: a systematic review
Authors: Zhou Yanni , Shan Juan , Li Youping , Guo Yingjia , Sun Guixiang , Yang Tong , Xia Mengjuan , Feng Li
Published: May 2013

Objective

We aim to systematically review adoptive transfusion of tolerogenic dendritic cells (Tol‐DCs) induced by different ways to affect skin allograft survival in mice.

Methods

We searched PubMed and EMbase for relevant studies and evaluated the quality of included ones. Taking skin allograft survival time as endpoint outcome, we displayed outcomes of each group using one forest map and dissected possible mechanisms underlying survival prolongation.

Results

We included 21 studies, which reported four methods of inducing Tol‐DCs with different extents of average allograft survival prolongation: skin allograft survival time was prolonged (the drug intervention group, 63.08 ± 42.92 days, 4.6 folds to control; the cytokine induction group: 26.17 ± 16.20 days, 1.8 folds; the gene modification group: 14.65 ± 17.89 days, 1.5 folds; other derivation group 9.63 ± 24.38 days, 0.5 fold). Possible mechanisms underlying survival prolongation included induction of donor‐specific T cell hyporesponsiveness, reduction of cytotoxicity against allografts, Th0 skewing to Th2, and generation or expansion of Treg. Infusion of Tol‐DCs in combination with immunosuppressive agents or costimulatory blockade contributed to longer prolongation. Compared to MiHA mismatch, MHCI/II mismatch was a much more important factor to cause skin allograft rejection.

Conclusion

For MHC or MiHA mismatched, allogeneic skin transplants inbred recipients, adoptive transfusion of Tol‐DCs induced by 4 methods prolong skin allograft survival to different extents. Drug intervened Tol‐DCs works best. Immunosuppressive agents and/or co‐stimulatory blockade contribute to better outcomes. Yet more rigorous studies with larger sample size are needed and more attention to mechanisms should be paid.
Molecular Cloning and Function Analysis of Two SQUAMOSA‐Like MADS‐Box Genes From Gossypium hirsutum L.
Authors: Zhang Wenxiang , Fan Shuli , Pang Chaoyou , Wei Hengling , Ma Jianhui , Song Meizhen , Yu Shuxun
Published: May 2013

The MADS‐box genes encode a large family of transcription factors having diverse roles in plant development. The SQUAMOSA (SQUA)/APETALA1 (AP1)/FRUITFULL (FUL) subfamily genes are essential regulators of floral transition and floral organ identity. Here we cloned two MADS‐box genes, GhMADS22 and GhMADS23, belonging to the SQUA/AP1/FUL subgroup from Gossypium hirsutum L. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment showed that GhMADS22 and GhMADS23 belonged to the euFUL and euAP1 subclades, respectively. The two genes both had eight exons and seven introns from the start codon to the stop codon according to the alignment between the obtained cDNA sequence and the Gossypium raimondii L. genome sequence. Expression profile analysis showed that GhMADS22 and GhMADS23 were highly expressed in developing shoot apices, bracts, and sepals. Gibberellic acid promoted GhMADS22 and GhMADS23 expression in the shoot apex. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing 35S::GhMADS22 had abnormal flowers and bolted earlier than wild type under long‐day conditions (16 h light/8 h dark). Moreover, GhMADS22 overexpression delayed floral organ senescence and abscission and it could also respond to abscisic acid. In summary, GhMADS22 may have functions in promoting flowering, improving resistance and delaying senescence for cotton and thus it may be a candidate target for promoting early‐maturation in cotton breeding.
X‐ray microdiffraction, TEM characterization and texture analysis of human dentin and enamel
Authors: XUE J. , ZAVGORODNIY A.V. , KENNEDY B.J. , SWAIN M.V. , LI W.
Published: May 2013

Human tooth is a complex bioceramic composite, which consists of enamel, dentin and the interface, the dentin–enamel junction (DEJ). The crystal properties and ultrastructure of the inorganic phase through the thickness of healthy human molar teeth were investigated using X‐ray microdiffraction (μXRD), electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The XRD data were analysed using the Le Bail profile fitting approach. The size and the texture of the crystallites forming enamel and dentin in the crown part of teeth were measured using both techniques and then compared. Results showed that the thickness of dentin crystallites was found to decrease towards the DEJ, whereas the thickness of the enamel crystallites increased from the DEJ towards the outer layers. It was demonstrated that enamel exhibited an increase of texture in 002 lattice planes from the DEJ towards the outer layers. Texture was also detected in 102 lattice planes. The texture effect in 002 planes at the scale of less than 1 μm was also demonstrated in dentin. The variation of lattice parameters as a function of the position within the thickness of dentin and enamel was also observed. The values of the nonuniform microstrain in the dentin and enamel crystallites were from 1.40 × 10−6% to 4.44 × 10−5%. The good correlation between XRD and TEM indicated that μXRD is a useful technique to study crystallography and microstructure of heterogeneous enamel and dentin. The observed gradient characteristics of texture and crystallite size in enamel and dentin maybe an evolutionary outcome to resist wear and fracture, thereby contributing to the excellent mechanical properties of teeth.
Guanosine controls inflammatory pathways to afford neuroprotection of hippocampal slices under oxygen and glucose deprivation conditions
Authors: Dal‐Cim Tharine , Ludka Fabiana K. , Martins Wagner C. , Reginato Charlise , Parada Esther , Egea Javier , López Manuela G. , Tasca Carla I.
Published: May 2013

Guanosine (GUO) is an endogenous modulator of glutamatergic excitotoxicity and has been shown to promote neuroprotection in in vivo and in vitro models of neurotoxicity. This study was designed to understand the neuroprotective mechanism of GUO against oxidative damage promoted by oxygen/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD). GUO (100 μM) reduced reactive oxygen species production and prevented mitochondrial membrane depolarization induced by OGD. GUO also exhibited anti‐inflammatory actions as inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B activation and reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase induction induced by OGD. These GUO neuroprotective effects were mediated by adenosine A1 receptor, phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase and MAPK/ERK. Furthermore, GUO recovered the impairment of glutamate uptake caused by OGD, an effect that occurred via a Pertussis toxin‐sensitive G‐protein‐coupled signaling, blockade of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR), but not via A1 receptor. The modulation of glutamate uptake by GUO also involved MAPK/ERK activation. In conclusion, GUO, by modulating adenosine receptor function and activating MAPK/ERK, affords neuroprotection of hippocampal slices subjected to OGD by a mechanism that implicates the following: (i) prevention of mitochondrial membrane depolarization, (ii) reduction of oxidative stress, (iii) regulation of inflammation by inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and (iv) promoting glutamate uptake.
The need for Experience Focused Counselling (EFC) with voice hearers in training and practice: a review of the literature
Authors: Schnackenberg J. K. , Martin C. R.
Published: May 2013

Accessible summary

Mental health professionals are supposed to work within a recovery‐orientated culture of mental health service provision.

Despite a drive towards training mental health professionals in recovery‐orientated ways of working, there remains a distinct lack of complementary approaches to the biological paradigm when working with experiences such as voice hearing.

The Hearing Voices Movement has been a great influence within the Recovery Movement in the past 26 years. However, their self‐reported benefits appear to have been largely confined to the user movement.

The evidence from this review indicates the constraints of knowledge within biological research to schizophrenia and hearing voices. It also highlights a lack of quantifiable research to the individualized approach of the Hearing Voices Movement, also known as Experience Focused Counselling or Making Sense of Voices.

A pathologizing paradigm to making sense of experiences such as hearing voices and schizophrenia remains dominant within mental health service provision. However, a real biological basis to the aetiology of hearing voices, and similar phenomena remains elusive. Antipsychotic medication, as the mainstay of the biological model, has not only been shown to have serious side effects, but is widely acknowledged as being of clinical benefit only to a limited number of people. In contrast, the Recovery Movement, and in particular the Hearing Voices Movement, have suggested that a normal life is possible despite having the experience of hearing voices. At its heart is the notion that it is possible to make sense of voices within the person's life context and to learn to live with them. Interestingly, it would seem that this approach remains largely confined to the user movement. This may in part be the result of the lack of widely accepted quantifiable and qualitative research in this area supporting such a stance. This review focuses on the current evidence base for the individual approach of the Hearing Voices Movement, which is known as Experience Focused Counselling or Making Sense of Voices. Future directions for research are indicated.