bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the rotated arc mixer
Authors: Singh Mrityunjay K. , Anderson Patrick D. , Speetjens Michel F. M. , Meijer Han E. H.
Published: September 2008

Using the mapping method an efficient methodology is developed for mixing analysis in the rotated arc mixer (RAM). The large parameter space of the RAM leads to numerous situations to be analyzed to achieve best mixing, and hence, it is indeed a challenging task to fully optimize the RAM. Two flow models are used to study mixing: one based on the full three‐dimensional (3‐D) flow field, and a second one based on a simplified 2.5‐D model, where an analytical solution is used for transverse velocity components in combination with a Poiseuille profile for the axial velocity component. Detailed 3‐D velocity field analyses reveal locally significant deviations from the Poiseuille profile e.g., presence of back‐flow, but only minimal differences in mixing performance is found using both flow models (3‐ and 2.5‐D) in the RAM designs that are candidates for accomplishing chaotic mixing. Despite the computational advantage of the 2.5‐D approach over the 3‐D approach, it is still cumbersome to analyze mixing for large number of designs using techniques based on particle tracking, e.g., Poincaré sections, dye traces, stretching distributions. Therefore, in this respect the mapping method provides an engineering tool able to tackle this optimization problem in an efficient way. On the basis of mixing evaluations, both in qualitative and quantitative sense, for the whole range of parameter space, the optimum set of design and kinematical parameters in the RAM is obtained to accomplish the best mixing. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
An adaptive direct quadrature method of moment for population balance equations
Authors: Su Junwei , Gu Zhaolin , Li Yun , Feng Shiyu , Xu X. Yun
Published: September 2008

Quadrature method of moments (QMOM) and direct quadrature method of moments (DQMOM) for population balance equations (PBE) have been shown to be accurate and computationally efficient for isotropic systems or when used with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. However, numerical difficulties can arise for cases where there is a large variation of moments or where two abscissas have similar values. Previous study has demonstrated that introducing an appropriate adjustable factor to the QMOM, the numerical difficulty can be alleviated in some cases with an additional benefit of improving numerical accuracy or significantly reducing computational time. However, no reliable method is available to determine the optimal adjustable factor that allows the highest possible accuracy to be obtained while maintaining computational efficiency. In this work, an adjustable factor is introduced to the DQMOM and a novel procedure is proposed that enables the optimal adjustable factor to be found for a given problem. A number of test cases including pure aggregation, pure breakage, pure growth, aggregation and breakage, aggregation and growth have been carried out. Our results show that the proposed method is capable of either improving numerical accuracy or reducing the computational time for a variety of problems. The novelty of this method is that the optimal adjustable factor is determined based on the actual particle size distribution at a given time, thereby reducing error accumulation. It also allows other factor‐searching procedures to be incorporated in a straightforward manner without influencing the adaptive DQMOM (ADQMOM)itself. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Simultaneous design, scheduling, and optimal control of a methyl‐methacrylate continuous polymerization reactor
Authors: Terrazas‐Moreno Sebastian , Flores‐Tlacuahuac Antonio , Grossmann Ignacio E.
Published: September 2008

This work presents a mixed‐integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) formulation for the simultaneous process design, cyclic scheduling, and optimal control of a methyl methacrylate (MMA) continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR). This article makes two specific contributions. The first consists of incorporating process dynamics into grade transitions to determine changeover times and profiles, as opposed to using fixed changeover times as in previous works dealing with design, scheduling, and dynamic optimization. A second contribution is that the steady states that describe each polymer grade are left as functions of decision variables, which has not been done in the integration of design, scheduling, and dynamic optimization. Also, this work incorporates uncertainty in product demands. The corresponding mathematical formulation includes the differential equations that describe the dynamic behavior of the system, resulting in a MIDO problem. The differential equations were discretized using the simultaneous approach, based on ortogonal collocation on finite elements, rendering a mixed integer non‐linear programming (MINLP) problem, where a profit function is to be maximized. The objective function includes product sales, some capital and operational costs, inventory costs, and transition costs. The optimal solution to this problem involves design decisions: flow rates, feeding temperatures and concentrations, equipment sizing, variables values at steady state; scheduling decisions: grade productions sequence, cycle duration, production quantities, inventory levels; and optimal control results: transition profiles, durations, and transition costs. The problem was formulated and solved in two ways: as a deterministic model and as a two‐stage stochastic programming problem with hourly product demands as uncertain parameters described by discrete distributions. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Genome‐wide association study of response to methylphenidate in 187 children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Mick Eric , Neale Benjamin , Middleton Frank A. , McGough James J. , Faraone Stephen V.
Published: September 2008

We conducted a genome‐wide association study of symptom response in an open‐label study of a methylphenidate transdermal system (MTS). All DNA extraction and genotyping was conducted at SUNY Upstate Medical University using the Affymetrix Genome‐Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. All quality control and association analyses were conducted using the software package PLINK. After data cleaning and quality control, there were 187 subjects (72% (N = 135) male) with mean age 9.2 ± 2.0 years and 319,722 SNPs available for analysis. The most statistically significant association (rs9627183 and rs11134178; P = 3 × 10−6) fell short of the threshold for a genome‐wide significant association. The most intriguing association among suggestive findings (rs3792452; P = 2.6 × 10−5) was with the metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 gene (GRM7) as it is expressed in brain structures also previously associated with ADHD. Among the 102 available SNPs covering previously studied candidate genes, two SNPs within the norepinephrine transporter gene (NET, SLC6A2) were significant at P ≤ 1 × 10−2. These results should be considered preliminary until replicated in larger adequately powered, controlled samples but do suggest that noradrenergic and possibly glutaminergic genes may be involved with response to methylphenidate. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome‐wide association scan of quantitative traits for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identifies novel associations and confirms candidate gene associations
Authors: Lasky‐Su Jessica , Neale Benjamin M. , Franke Barbara , Anney Richard J.L. , Zhou Kaixin , Maller Julian B. , Vasquez Alejandro Arias , Chen Wai , Asherson Philip , Buitelaar Jan , Banaschewski Tobias , Ebstein Richard , Gill Michael , Miranda Ana , Mulas Fernando , Oades Robert D. , Roeyers Herbert , Rothenberger Aribert , Sergeant Joseph , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund , Steinhausen Hans Christoph , Taylor Eric , Daly Mark , Laird Nan , Lange Christoph , Faraone Stephen V.
Published: September 2008

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex condition with environmental and genetic etiologies. Up to this point, research has identified genetic associations with candidate genes from known biological pathways. In order to identify novel ADHD susceptibility genes, 600,000 SNPs were genotyped in 958 ADHD proband‐parent trios. After applying data cleaning procedures we examined 429,981 autosomal SNPs in 909 family trios. We generated six quantitative phenotypes from 18 ADHD symptoms to be used in genome‐wide association analyses. With the PBAT screening algorithm, we identified 2 SNPs, rs6565113 and rs552655 that met the criteria for significance within a specified phenotype. These SNPs are located in intronic regions of genes CDH13 and GFOD1, respectively. CDH13 has been implicated previously in substance use disorders. We also evaluated the association of SNPs from a list of 37 ADHD candidate genes that was specified a priori. These findings, along with association P‐values with a magnitude less than 10−5, are discussed in this manuscript. Seventeen of these candidate genes had association P‐values lower then 0.01: SLC6A1, SLC9A9, HES1, ADRB2, HTR1E, DDC, ADRA1A, DBH, DRD2, BDNF, TPH2, HTR2A, SLC6A2, PER1, CHRNA4, SNAP25, and COMT. Among the candidate genes, SLC9A9 had the strongest overall associations with 58 association test P‐values lower than 0.01 and multiple association P‐values at a magnitude of 10−5 in this gene. In sum, these findings identify novel genetic associations at viable ADHD candidate genes and provide confirmatory evidence for associations at previous candidate genes. Replication of these results is necessary in order to confirm the proposed genetic variants for ADHD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SNPs in dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and norepinephrine transporter gene (NET) are associated with continuous performance task (CPT) phenotypes in ADHD children and their families
Authors: Kollins S.H. , Anastopoulos A.D. , Lachiewicz A.M. , FitzGerald D. , Morrissey‐Kane E. , Garrett M.E. , Keatts S.L. , Ashley‐Koch A.E.
Published: September 2008

Haplotype‐tagging SNP analyses were conducted to identify molecular genetic substrates of quantitative phenotypes derived from performance on a Continuous Performance Task (CPT). Three hundred sixty‐four individuals were sampled from 152 families ascertained on the basis of at least one child having ADHD. Probands, their affected and unaffected siblings, and parents were administered a CPT. Four different components of performance were analyzed and tested for association with SNPs from 10 candidate genes involved in monoaminergic function. After correcting for multiple comparisons and controlling for multiple individuals from the same family, significant associations were identified between commission errors and SNPs in the DRD2 gene (rs2075654, rs1079596), and between reaction time variability and a SNP in the NET gene (rs3785155). These findings suggest that commission errors and reaction time variability are excellent candidates as ADHD endophenotypes based on previously published criteria. Results also shed light on the molecular genetic basis of specific processes that may underlie the disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical modification of polypropylene fibers grafted vinyl imidazole/acrylonitrile copolymer prepared by gamma radiation and its possible use for the removal of some heavy metal ions
Authors: Mostafa Tahia B.
Published: September 2008

The chemical modification of polypropylene (PP) fibers by graft copolymerization with vinylimidazole (VIm) and acrylonitrile (AN) was carried out using γ‐radiation. Preparation conditions, such as irradiation dose, comonomer concentration and composition and type of solvent, affecting the degree of grafting were investigated. The suitable diluent for obtaining reasonable graft VIm/AN copolymer yield was acetone. The higher grafted yield was achieved by increasing the amount of vinylimidazole in comonomer feed solution as well as irradiation dose. The derivatives of PP‐g‐P(VIm/AN) grafted fibers of different functional groups were obtained by treating the grafted fibers with various organic reagents containing reactive amino groups, such as sulpha‐drug compounds, aliphatic‐ and aromatic amines. Characterization of the obtained graft copolymers and their chemical treatments with different amines was also investigated. It was observed that the nitrile group in PP‐g‐P(VIm/AN) polymer undergoes simple addition reaction via nucleophilic interaction mechanism to produce the corresponding PP‐graft‐P(vinylimidazole/acrylomidine) derivatives. The ability of the grafted fibers and their treated forms to absorb some metal ions as Cd, Hg, and Pb from their individual and mixture solutions was evaluated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009.
Synthesis and thermal studies of block copolymers from NR and MDI‐based polyurethanes
Authors: Sukumar Prema , Jayashree V. , Gopinathan Nair M. R. , Radhakrishnan Nair M. N.
Published: September 2008

Five series of block copolymers based on natural rubber and polyurethane were prepared from hydroxyl terminated liquid natural rubber (HTNR) and polyurethane (PU) formed by the reaction of diphenyl methane—4,4′—diisocyanate (MDI) with a chain extender diol, viz., ethylene glycol (EG)/propylene glycol (PG)/1,4‐butane diol (1,4‐BDO)/1,3‐butane diol (1,3‐BDO)/bisphenol A (BPA), by solution polymerization. Structural characterization of the block copolymers was done by infrared (IR) analysis. Thermal studies and kinetic analysis on thermal degradation of the block copolymers were undertaken with the view of characterizing them. Energy of activation and entropy change for the degradation were determined and a probable mechanism for the solid state degradation was suggested which corresponds to a three dimensional diffusion mechanism. DSC analysis has been used for the study of microphase separation in the block copolymers. Thermal transition of the hard segment significantly varies with the extender diol which highlights the effect of extender diol structure on the chain stiffening mechanism. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Blends of PVC and epoxidized liquid natural rubber: Studies on impact modification
Authors: Radhakrishnan Nair M. N. , Biju P. K. , Thomas George V. , Gopinathan Nair M. R.
Published: September 2008

Liquid natural rubber of different molecular masses L‐LNR, and H‐LNR were subjected to varying degree of epoxidation (L‐ELNR‐10, L‐ELNR‐20, L‐ELNR‐30, L‐ELNR‐40, L‐ELNR‐50, H‐LNR‐20, and H‐LNR‐50) and the products were incorporated into PVC at various compositions by the solution blending method. These blend systems were subjected to tensile testing, tensile impact measurements, and SEM studies. It was observed that blends with L‐ELNR‐20 showed highest impact strength modification, followed by L‐ELNR‐10 and L‐ELNR‐30. High impact properties showed by these blends are attributed to the optimum level of compatibility existing between the blend components. Tensile impact fracture studies revealed that the failure pattern for this blend system is intermediate between the brittle fracture of rigid PVC and ductile fracture of PVC/L‐ELNR‐50 samples. Blends up to 30 mol % of epoxidation showed partially compatible heterogeneous nature exhibiting domain morphology. Blends of liquid rubber with higher degree of epoxidation showed deterioration in tensile strength, modulus, yield strength, and tensile impact strength due to plasticization of PVC caused by the higher polar interaction between PVC chains and the oxirane rings. Effect of ELNR molecular weight was studied and it is found that the impact modification is higher for the L‐ELNR blends compared to the H‐ELNR blends. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Transport abilities of new synthesised membrane materials incorporating tetrapyrazolic tripods
Authors: Malek Fouad , Radi Smaail
Published: September 2008

The synthesis of new membrane materials was carried out by photopolymerisation of formulation that contain the active tetrapyrazolic tripods monomers spread on a polyacrylonitrile support. The obtained membrane films were applied for their facilitated transport and extraction power towards Cd(II), Pb(II), and Hg(II). We have determined both the diffusion flux F of different cations and the selectivity S of the prepared membranes towards each cations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Polymer model of cancer cell adhesion to glycosaminoglycan substrates using the radius of gyration
Authors: Peramo Antonio , Meads Mark B. , Dalton William S. , Matthews W. Garrett
Published: September 2008

The hypothesis that the adhesion of whole cancer cells to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) substrates is a function of polysaccharide radius of gyration is presented. We use a worm‐like chain (WLC) polymer model describing the global structure of the GAGs that will take into account the charge distribution and contour length of the polysaccharide implicitly in its radius of gyration to relate these parameters to cell adhesion. Specifically, we present measurements of the in vitro adhesion of cancer cells to isolated and individualized GAG substrates. We find that adhesion of the cells has a linear response with the radius of gyration and is essentially controlled by the charge per dimer. This dominating mechanism is not eliminated when the cells are subjected to resuspension in media with heparin. We then propose how these physical properties could be used to predict the preferred molecular structures of compounds for use as antimetastatic or antiinflammatory agents by comparing our results with known effective molecules. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Confocal microscopy study of polymer microcapsules for enzyme immobilisation in paper substrates
Authors: Kouisni L. , Rochefort D.
Published: September 2008

The goal of this research is to develop the technology platform required for the production of bioactive paper based on enzymes as bioactive agents. The immobilization platform described here is based on microencapsulation, which consists in the entrapment of biomolecules in the core of hollow spheres made by a semipermeable membrane. The capsules containing the enzymes can be either deposited on paper or mixed with paper pulp to prepare a bioactive paper. The activity of encapsulated laccase was compared with that of free enzyme using its reaction with the o‐phenylenediamine (OPD) substrate. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) is used to study the location of protein in microcapsules and provides explanations for differences in activity of encapsulated laccase. The location of protein in microcapsules was determined using BSA modified with the fluorescent tag sulforhodamine. Polyethyleneimine microcapsules were modified with fluorescein isothiocyanate allowing the simultaneous identification of capsule walls and of encapsulated proteins. From CLSM analysis, proteins were found to favor the wall of the capsules because of strong ionic attraction with the charged polymer. BSA was found to some extent in the core of the capsules and encapsulation of higher loadings increased the proportion of core proteins. We will also present our results on the incorporation of microcapsules in a paper substrate. CLSM was used in this section to determine the distribution and density of tagged microcapsules in the paper substrate. The response of immobilized laccase to a common substrate will also be described. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation of polyacrylamide hydrogels at various charge densities by postmodification
Authors: Turan Eylem , Demirci Serkan , Caykara Tuncer
Published: September 2008

In this study, first polyacrylamide hydrogels were synthesized by free‐radical crosslinking polymerization of acrylamide monomer with N,N′‐methylenebis(acrylamide) as a crosslinker in an aqueous solution at 22°C. Then, a series of hydrogels at various charge densities were prepared by partial hydrolysis of polyacrylamide precursors in a 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution at 60°C. The hydrolysis time was varied between 20 and 180 min. The chemical structures and internal morphologies of the hydrogels before and after alkaline hydrolysis were characterized with attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy measurements. The swelling ratio of the hydrolyzed hydrogels was measured in buffer solutions at various pHs. From differential curves of dQv/dpH versus pH (where Qv is the equilibrium swelling ratio of the hydrogels), the volume phase transition pH of the hydrogels was found to be 4.33 ± 0.05, regardless of the charge density of the hydrogels. In water at 22°C, the hydrogels with greater charge density showed a more rapid swelling rate because of their higher porosity and hydrophilicity. Moreover, in buffer solutions with the pH changing from 9.0 to 2.0 at 22°C, the hydrogels with greater charge density also exhibited a more rapid deswelling rate than the hydrogels with less charge density. In conclusion, the postmodification method is a good way of preparing pH‐sensitive hydrogels with fast responsiveness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and properties of monomer casting polyamide 6/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends
Authors: Wu Tongfei , Xie Tingxiu , Yang Guisheng
Published: September 2008

We successfully synthesized monomer casting polyamide 6 (MCPA6)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends in two steps: (1) radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in ϵ‐caprolactam and (2) anionic ring‐opening polymerization of this ϵ‐caprolactam solution. The influence of PMMA on the crystallization behavior of MCPA6 was studied with differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction, which showed that PMMA could act as a heterogeneous nucleation agent and favored the formation of the γ‐crystalline form. The rheological properties were also studied and indicated that PMMA reduced the interaction between MCPA6 chains by lowering the density of hydrogen bonding. This study used a novel and convenient method to prepare microporous MCPA6/PMMA particles that involved removing the continuous phase. Their surface area and thermal stability were characterized by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Poly(2‐acrylamido glycolic acid‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid): Synthesis, characterization, and retention properties for environmentally impacting metal ions
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Maureira Antonio , Guzmán Catherine , Mondaca M. Angélica
Published: September 2008

Poly(2‐acrylamido glycolic acid‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid) [P(AGA‐co‐APSA)] was synthesized by radical polymerization in an aqueous solution. The water‐soluble polymer, containing secondary amide, hydroxyl, carboxylic, and sulfonic acid groups, was investigated, in view of their metal‐ion‐binding properties, as a polychelatogen with the liquid‐phase polymer‐based retention technique under different experimental conditions. The investigated metal ions were Ag+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+, and these were studied at pHs 3, 5, and 7. P(AGA‐co‐APSA) showed efficient retention of all metal ions at the pHs studied, with a minimum of 60% for Co(II) at pH 3 and a maximum close to 100% at pH 7 for all metal ions. The maximum retention capacity (n metal ion/n polymer) ranged from 0.22 for Cd2+ to 0.34 for Ag+. The antibacterial activity of Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ polymer–metal complexes was studied, and P(AGA‐co‐APSA)–Cd2+ presented selective antibacterial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2 μg/mL. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Electrochemical preparation of pyronin Y thin films on gold substrates
Authors: Alanyalıoğlu Murat , Arık Mustafa
Published: September 2008

Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and AFM techniques have been employed to investigate pyronin Y thin films formed on Au(111) substrates by electrochemical oxidation of pyronin Y monomer. The medium used in the electropolymerization was an anhydrous acetonitrile solution containing 0.1M TBAClO4 as supporting electrolyte. Anodic electropolymerization potential (1450 mV) of pyronin Y has been obtained from cyclic voltammetry data. Solid‐state electropolymerization of pyronin Y was performed by the potential‐controlled electrolysis technique. Chronoamperometry studies indicate that the adsorption of pyronin Y takes place in an instantaneous three‐dimensional nucleation and growth mechanism which is accompanied by random adsorption. UV‐vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of the electrolysis solution as a function of electrodeposition time show the adsorption of insoluble pyronin Y films on Au electrode surface. FTIR‐specular reflectance of a polymer coated Au electrode reveals that there is a possible CC coupling in the formation of polymeric pyronin Y structure. A well ordered polymeric chain structure of pyronin Y on Au(111) has been observed from AFM data. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Union production of low chlorinated polyethylene and chlorinated paraffin via a carbon tetrachloride solvent free process
Authors: Tan Kui‐Long , Lu Ying‐Zhou , Sun Ai‐Jun , Li Chun‐Xi , Wang Zi‐Hao
Published: September 2008

A novel process for producing low chlorinated polyethylene (LCPE) with chlorinity of 28–33% by weight is presented, in which a reactive solvent, paraffin, is used as a green solvent to replace the commonly used inert solvent, carbon tetrachloride (CTC), an ozone depleting substance (ODS) being phased out under the Montreal Protocol. This process utilizes the principle that paraffin can dissolve high density polyethylene (HDPE) at about 135°C and the resulting solution can be chlorinated by chlorine forming two useful products simultaneously, viz chlorinated paraffin (CP) and LCPE, which are mutual soluble even at lower temperature e.g.70°C. The present process is superior to the conventional CTC solvent method because it can reduce the solvent emission dramatically, enhance the volume efficiency of reactor and achieve a union production of LCPE and CP under atmospheric pressure. The structure and properties of LCPE produced by two different methods are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results indicate that polyethylene chain can be homogeneously chlorinated in paraffin as in CTC solvent via a radical mechanism, and the chlorinity of CP and LCPE is virtually same under optimal conditions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A proteomics study on human breast cancer cell lines by fluorogenic derivatization–liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Imai Kazuhiro , Ichibangase Tomoko , Saitoh Ryoichi , Hoshikawa Yutaka
Published: September 2008

Although several molecular markers for human breast cancer exist, their versatility is limited. Here we demonstrate, through a differential proteome analysis utilizing the fluorogenic derivatization–liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (FD‐LC‐MS/MS) method between seven cancer cells and one normal cell, that the presence of cooperatively expressed annexin‐2 and galectin‐1 without tropomyosin‐1 in a tissue could be used to diagnose metastatic breast cancer. Interestingly, in a metastatic cancer cell, the expression of the former two together with highly expressed cofilin‐1 activates the Rho signal pathway to aggressively form disorganized actin filaments. Despite the excess expression of annexin‐2 and galectin‐1 in the normal cell, the highly expressed tropomyosin‐1 counteracted the activity of cofilin‐1 and stabilized the filaments, resulting in the restoration of the disorganization. This phenomenon suggests that enhancement of tropomyosin‐1 should be used as therapy for metastatic breast cancer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cobalt–Lanthanide Coordination Polymers Constructed with Metalloligands: A Ferromagnetic Coupled Quasi‐1D Dy3+ Chain Showing Slow Relaxation
Authors: Huang You‐Gui , Wang Xiu‐Teng , Jiang Fei‐Long , Gao Song , Wu Ming‐Yan , Gao Qiang , Wei Wei , Hong Mao‐Chun
Published: September 2008

Four types of cobalt–lanthanide heterometallic compounds based on metalloligand Co(2,5‐pydc)33− (2,5‐H2pydc=pyridine‐2,5‐dicarboxylate acid), [Ln2Co2(2,5‐pydc)6(H2O)4]n ⋅2n H2O (1) (Ln=Tb, Dy for 1 a, 1 b respectively), [Tb2Co2(2,5‐pydc)6(H2O)4]n⋅3n H2O (2), [Tb2Co2(2,5‐pydc)6(H2O)9]n⋅4n H2O (3), and [LaCo(2,5‐pydc)3(H2O)2]n⋅2n H2O (4) have been synthesized. Compound 1 has a layer structure with well‐isolated carboxylate‐bridged Ln3+ chains, compound 2 is a three‐dimensional (3D) porous network with Tb3+ chains that are also well isolated and carboxylate bridged, 3 is a layer structure based on dinuclear units, and 4 is a 3D network with boron nitride (BN) topology. DC magnetic studies reveal ferromagnetic coupling in all the carboxylate‐bridged Ln3+ chains in 1 a, 1 b, and 2. Compared to the silence of the out‐of‐phase ac susceptibility of 2, above 1.9 K the magnetic relaxation behavior of both 1 a and 1 b is slow like that of a single‐chain magnet.
Synthesis, Microwave‐Assisted Polymerization, and Polymer Properties of Fluorinated 2‐Phenyl‐2‐oxazolines: A Systematic Study
Authors: Lobert Matthias , Thijs Hanneke M. L. , Erdmenger Tina , Eckardt Rebecca , Ulbricht Christoph , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: September 2008

We present a detailed systematic study of the synthesis and ability of fluorinated 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazolines to undergo polymerization. The synthesis of these compounds is based on a two‐step procedure that gives the desired 2‐oxazolines in moderate‐to‐good yields. All the compounds were fully characterized by IR and NMR (1H, 13C, and 19F) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The 2‐oxazolines were subsequently used as monomers for living cationic ring‐opening polymerization (CROP) with microwave irradiation as the heat source (T=140 °C), nitromethane as the solvent, and methyl tosylate as the initiator. The linear first‐order kinetic plots of the polymerizations accompanied by a linear increase of the molecular weight with conversion and low polydispersity index (PDI) values (generally below 1.30) indicate a living polymerization mechanism. The resulting polymerization rates reflect a strong sensitivity to the quantity of fluorine substituents in general and the presence or absence of ortho‐fluoro substituents of the phenyl ring in particular. All the polymers were isolated and characterized by size‐exclusion chromatography and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Finally, a detailed investigation of selected polymer properties was performed by using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and contact‐angle measurements, thus resulting in structure–property relationships. Whereas the thermal properties of the polymers are mostly influenced by the presence of ortho‐fluoro substituents, the surface properties are mainly determined by the presence of para‐ and/or meta‐fluoro substituents.
The Synthesis of Azadirachtin: A Potent Insect Antifeedant
Authors: Ley Steven V. , Abad‐Somovilla Antonio , Anderson James C. , Ayats Carles , Bänteli Rolf , Beckmann Edith , Boyer Alistair , Brasca Maria G. , Brice Abigail , Broughton Howard B. , Burke Brenda J. , Cleator Ed , Craig Donald , Denholm Alastair A. , Denton Ross M. , Durand‐Reville Thomas , Gobbi Luca B. , Göbel Michael , Gray Brian Lawrence , Grossmann Robert B. , Gutteridge Claire E. , Hahn Norbert , Harding Sarah L. , Jennens David C. , Jennens Lynn , Lovell Peter J. , Lovell Helen J. , de la Puente Mary L. , Kolb Hartmuth C. , Koot Win‐Jan , Maslen Sarah L. , McCusker Catherine F. , Mattes Amos , Pape Andrew R. , Pinto Andrea , Santafianos Dinos , Scott James S. , Smith Stephen C. , Somers Andrew Q. , Spilling Christopher D. , Stelzer Frank , Toogood Peter L. , Turner Richard M. , Veitch Gemma E. , Wood Anthony , Zumbrunn Cornelia
Published: September 2008

We describe in full the first synthesis of the potent insect antifeedant azadirachtin through a highly convergent approach. An O‐alkylation reaction is used to unite decalin ketone and propargylic mesylate fragments, after which a Claisen rearrangement constructs the central C8C14 bond in a stereoselective fashion. The allene which results from this sequence then enables a second critical carboncarbon bond forming event whereby the [3.2.1] bicyclic system, present in the natural product, is generated via a 5‐exo‐radical cyclisation process. Finally, using knowledge gained through our early studies into the reactivity of the natural product, a series of carefully designed steps completes the synthesis of this challenging molecule.
Solvent‐Mediated Generation of Cobalt‐Cluster‐Stabilised Propargyl Cations and Radicals: Allyl Migration versus Peroxide Formation
Authors: Kaldis John H. , Brook Michael A. , McGlinchey Michael J.
Published: September 2008

The protonation of [Co2(CO)6{9‐[(allyldimethylsilyl)ethynyl]‐9H‐fluoren‐9‐ol}] (4), with HBF4 in CH2Cl2 led to migration of the allyl group from silicon to the cobalt‐stabilised cationic site to furnish [Co2(CO)6{9‐allyl‐9‐[(dimethylfluorosilyl)ethynyl]‐9H‐fluorene}] (17). However, under the same conditions, [Co2(CO)6{9‐[(benzyldimethylsilyl)ethynyl]‐9H‐fluoren‐9‐ol}] (5) underwent desilylation and rearrangement of the resulting terminal alkyne–dicobalt complex to give [Co3(CO)9(9H‐fluorenylmethylcarbynyl)] (24); moreover, dimerisation of the (benzyldimethylsilyl)ethynyl‐9H‐fluorenyl moiety led to the propargyl–allene 26. In contrast, protonation of 5 in THF yielded [{Co2(CO)6{[(benzyldimethylsilyl)ethynyl‐9H‐fluorenyl])}2peroxide] (27) through a radical coupling process. Analogously, protonation of [Co2(CO)6{9‐[(vinyldimethylsilyl)ethynyl]‐9H‐fluoren‐9‐ol}] (6) yields the corresponding peroxide 28. X‐ray crystallographic data are reported for, among others, complexes 17, 24, 26, 27 and 28.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Thermal Expansion Studies of α‐VO(PO3)2.
Authors: Achary S. N. , Patwe S. J. , Tyagi A. K.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ln(Zr1/3Ti2/3)TaO6 (Ln: Ce, Pr, Nd and Eu): A Novel Group of Microwave Ceramics.
Authors: Solomon Sam , Kumar H. Padma , Jacob Lovely , Thomas J. K. , Varma Manoj Raama
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Zr(B1‐xNx) by Mechanical Alloying.
Authors: Lu C. J. , Li Z. Q.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: [1,2‐P2S8]2‐ — A New Member of the Thiophosphate Family: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Vibrational Spectrum of [NH4(2.2.2‐cryptand)]2 [1,2‐P2S8] and [NH4(18‐crown‐6)]2 [1,2‐P2S8]×H2O.
Authors: Gjikaj Mimoza , Wu Peng
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ba4Cr2US9: The First Chalcogenide Analogue of the Perovskite‐Related (A3A′BO6)m (A3B3O9)n Family.
Authors: Yao Jiyong , Ibers James A.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Pyranoside Phosphite—Oxazolines: A New Class of Ligand for Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes.
Authors: Dieguez Montserrat , Mazuela Javier , Pamies Oscar , Verendel J. Johan , Andersson Pher G.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Aldol Cyclizations Using Diethylzinc as the Stoichiometric Reductant: Scope and Mechanistic Insight.
Authors: Joensuu Pekka M. , Murray Gordon J. , Fordyce Euan A. F. , Luebbers Thomas , Lam Hon Wai
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Zn(II)‐Catalyzed Desymmetrization of meso‐Epoxides by Aromatic Amines in Water.
Authors: Bonollo Simona , Fringuelli Francesco , Pizzo Ferdinando , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Diethylzinc Addition to Aldehydes Catalyzed by Novel L‐Arabinose Derived Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Bauer T. , Bielecka M.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Scandium(III) Fluoride as a Novel Catalyst for Hydroxymethylation of Dimethylsilyl Enolates in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Kokubo Masaya , Kobayashi Shu
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Cascade Palladium‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling/Electrocyclization Approach to the Construction of Fused Bi‐ and Tricyclic Rings.
Authors: Kan S. B. Jennifer , Anderson Edward A.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Michael Adducts — Sources for Biologically Potent Heterocycles.
Authors: Padmaja Adivireddy , Reddy Gali Sudhakar , Mohan Annaji Venkata Nagendra , Padmavathi Venkatapuram
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alumina‐Supported Molybdenum(VI) Oxide: An Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Regioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides with Thiols, Acetic Anhydride, and Alcohols under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Singhal Sweety , Jain Suman L. , Sain Bir
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Dianionic Oxy‐Cope Rearrangement of 1,2‐Dinaphthyl‐1,2‐diols of Acyclic Diketones.
Authors: Hussaini Syed Sulaiman , Huq C. A. M. A.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 5‐Aryl‐3‐arylmethylene Substituted 3H‐Furan‐2‐ones and 3H‐Pyrrol‐2‐ones with Acetoacetic Ester.
Authors: Anis'kova Tatyana V. , Yegorova Alevtina Yu. , Chadina Valeriya V.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Halogenation of Ketones with N‐Halosuccinimides under Solvent‐Free Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Pravst Igor , Zupan Marko , Stavber Stojan
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Tandem Base‐Catalyzed, Triphenylphosphine‐Mediated Disulfide Reduction—Michael Addition.
Authors: Bartolozzi Alessandra , Foudoulakis Hope M. , Cole Bridget M.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydrative Amination of Alcohols in Water Using a Water‐Soluble Calix[4]resorcinarene Sulfonic Acid.
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Shimizu Shoichi
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclometalated cis‐Chelated Bidentate N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Palladium Complexes: Synthetic, Structural, and Catalytic Studies.
Authors: Liu Zhen , Zhang Tao , Shi Min
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium Complexes in Olefination Reactions.
Authors: Lebel Helene , Ladjel Chehla
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroindation of Allenes and Its Application to Radical Cyclization.
Authors: Hayashi Naoki , Hirokawa Ikuya , Shibata Ikuya , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Selective Synthesis of Propargylic Amines and 1,6‐Diynes: One‐Pot Three‐Component Coupling Reactions of Alkynylsilanes, Aldehydes and Amines by a Cooperative Catalytic System Comprised of CuCl and Cu(OTf)2.
Authors: Sakai Norio , Uchida Naoki , Konakahara Takeo
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction Between Functionalized Primary and Secondary Alkyl Halides and Aliphatic Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Cahiez Gerard , Chaboche Christophe , Duplais Christophe , Giulliani Arianna , Moyeux Alban
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Direct Mannich Reaction Catalyzed by Chiral Broensted Acid via Activation of Enecarbamate as an Aliphatic Imine Alternative.
Authors: Terada Masahiro , Tanaka Hiroyasu , Sorimachi Keiichi
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Diol Synthesis via Controlled, Radical‐Mediated C—H Functionalization.
Authors: Chen Ke , Richter Jeremy M. , Baran Phil S.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Short and Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted Cyclopropanes from α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds with Dichloromethyl p‐Tolyl Sulfoxide.
Authors: Miyagawa Toshifumi , Tatenuma Toshinori , Tadokoro Makoto , Satoh Tsuyoshi
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.