bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the sampling in optical measurements of machined surface textures
Authors: Lee Dong-Hyeok , Kim Min-Gyu , Cho Nahm-Gyoo
Published: February 2015

This work investigates the areal effect, a smoothing of the surface areal topography in measurements from optical instruments that arises from the use of discrete pixels. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional models for the process of acquiring areal topography data were developed and applied to three-dimensional reference surface textures of various traditional machined surfaces that were measured by an atomic force microscope. Sets of reference surface areal data were stitched by a three-dimensional stitching method prior to their use in simulations. Roughness parameters and cumulative power spectra of areal topography of the specimen surfaces measured by coherence scanning interferometry were calculated and compared to the results from the simulated profiles. The results from the simulated data profiles showed good agreement with profiles measured by a coherence scanning interferometry microscope. Finally, the relationship between the pixel size of the optical instruments and the resulting reliability of the high-frequency components of the acquired surface profiles was investigated with spectral analysis. Selection criteria for the magnification of the objective lens are proposed, which allow determination of the appropriate sensor spatial resolution for measurements based on the surface texture characteristics of the specimen.
Trade-off among mechanical properties and energy consumption in multi-pass friction stir processing of Al7075 alloy employing neural network–based genetic optimization
Authors: Hussain G , Ranjbar M , Hassanzadeh S
Published: February 2015

Friction stir processing is a novel material processing technique. In this study, neural network–based genetic optimization is applied to optimize the process performance in terms of post-friction stir processing mechanical properties of Al7075 alloy and the energy cost. At first, the experimental data regarding the properties (i.e. elongation, tensile strength and hardness) and the consumed electrical energy are obtained by conducting tests varying two process parameters, namely, feed rate and spindle speed. Then, a numerical model making use of empirical data and artificial neural networks is developed, and multiobjective multivariable genetic optimization is applied to find a trade-off among the performance measures of friction stir processing. For this purpose, the properties like elongation, tensile strength and hardness are maximized and the cost of consumed electrical energy is minimized. Finally, the optimization results are verified by conducting experiments. It is concluded that artificial neural network together with genetic algorithm can be successfully employed to optimize the performance of friction stir processing.
The dynamic performance optimization for nonlinear vibration-reduction system of the tracked ambulance
Authors: Yang Meng , Xu Xinxi , Su Weihua , Duan Deguang , Su Chen
Published: February 2015

This paper aims at improving the dynamic performance of nonlinear vibration-reduction system of the tracked ambulance, hence increasing the comfort of the sick and wounded. Three main tools are used to achieve this goal. First, a multi-objective method for parameter identification based on the improved partitioning and dimensional increment precise integration method and NSGA-II is proposed to identify the parameters of the nonlinear vibration-reduction system. Then the global sensitivity of the parameters with respect to the system outputs is studied by using the Sobol method. This is followed by the selection of the optimization variables according to the calculation of parameter sensitivity. Finally, the dynamic performance is optimized by using genetic algorithm. In this paper the parameter identification method proposed and the dynamic performance optimization applied is verified adaptable and effective as the dynamic performance indices are greatly improved.
The choice of thermal analysis to evaluate the monoaxial fatigue strength on materials and mechanical components
Authors: Risitano Antonino , La Rosa Guido , Geraci Alberto , Guglielmino Eugenio
Published: February 2015

A historical review was carried out, in order to point out the phases leading to investigate the fatigue resistance of materials and mechanical components, using quick and direct methodologies. Starting from researches performed in the early 1980s, the progresses in the research conducted by the Catania group and other investigators, significantly contributing to the increasing interest in the thermographic analysis of the fatigue phenomenon and, more specifically, to the experimental evaluation of the energy release under fatigue loading, were described.
Thermal capacity of tread-braked railway wheels. Part 1: Modelling
Authors: Teimourimanesh Shahab , Vernersson Tore , Lundén Roger
Published: February 2015

Tread brakes are still a common frictional braking system used on metro and suburban trains. Here the wheels are safety-related components and there is a need to develop design specifications and guidelines to ensure that the wheels perform properly under the service conditions to which they are exposed. In the present paper, a model is proposed and developed that represents typical conditions in metro and suburban operations, in particular during sequential stop braking. The analysis also considers drag braking, mechanical loading, residual stresses and wheel–axle interference fit. Finite element modelling, with an advanced temperature-dependent material model, together with a fatigue analysis is employed to quantify the wheel’s performance. An application example demonstrates the method for a typical metro wheel. In a companion paper, further applications are presented that demonstrate important aspects of the thermal capacity of tread-braked railway wheels.
Geospatial analysis of condom availability and accessibility in urban Malawi
Authors: Shacham Enbal , Thornton Rebecca , Godlonton Susan , Murphy Ryan , Gilliland Jake
Published: February 2015

Prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan African countries persists at alarming rates. There are currently four promoted methods to prevent HIV infection: adherence to antiretroviral therapy, male circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis and use of condoms. This study aimed to assess the availability and accessibility of one of the prevention efforts, condoms, in Kawale, Lilongwe, Malawi. A total of 220 potential condom-selling establishments were surveyed in 2012. Data were collected with store owners or staff and locations were geocoded to assess store density. Descriptive analyses were conducted. Of those audited, 96 stores sold condoms, 13 of which distributed free condoms. The stores were most often small shops and located in markets or trading centres. Condoms were most often found at the back of the store in an open space. There were approximately 1.2 stores per ¼ mile; 44% of the businesses in the study region carried condoms. This one method of prevention exhibited multiple barriers in this region: few stores sold condoms, high costs, condom locations within stores and limited availability. The limited accessibility is likely to influence social norms surrounding condom use. Future research should incorporate assessing norms and addressing barriers to uptake of HIV prevention efforts.
Axillary lymph node tuberculosis masquerading as inflammatory breast carcinoma in an immune-compromised patient
Authors: Chikkannaiah Panduranga , Vani BR , Benachinmardi Kirtilaxmi , Murthy V Srinivasa
Published: February 2015

While tuberculosis is still the leading opportunistic infection among human immunodeficiency virus–seropositive patients, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is more common than pulmonary tuberculosis, with lymph nodes being a common site. Axillary lymph node pathology such as tuberculosis and lymphoma rarely mimics inflammatory breast carcinoma by producing lymphatic obstruction. We report a case of axillary lymph node tuberculosis in a 40-year-old immune-compromised woman, clinically presenting as inflammatory breast carcinoma.
The costs of managing genital warts in the UK by devolved nation: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
Authors: Coles VAH , Chapman R , Lanitis T , Carroll SM
Published: February 2015

Genital warts, 90% of which are caused by human papillomavirus types 6 and 11, are a significant problem in the UK. The cost of managing genital warts was previously estimated at £52.4 million for 2010. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of genital warts management up to 2012 in the UK and by jurisdiction. Population statistics and the number of reported genital warts cases in genito-urinary medicine clinics were obtained and extrapolated to 2012. Cases of genital warts treated in primary care were estimated from The Health Improvement Network database. The number of visits and therapy required were estimated by genito-urinary medicine experts. Costs were obtained from the appropriate national tariffs. The model estimated there were 220,875 genital warts cases in the UK in 2012, costing £58.44 million (£265/patient). It estimated 157,793 cases in England costing £41.74 million; 7468 cases in Scotland costing £1.90 million; 7095 cases in Wales costing £1.87 million; and 3621 cases in Northern Ireland costing £948,000. The full National Health Service costs for the management of genital warts have never previously been estimated separately for each jurisdiction. Findings reveal a significant economic burden, which is important to quantify when understanding the value of quadrivalent human papilloma virus vaccination.
Complementary medicine use by people living with HIV in Australia – a national survey
Authors: Braun Lesley A , Forrester Catherine A , Rawlins Matthew DM , Levy Russell W , Penm Jonathan , Graham Marissa M , Mackie Kathryn F , Aran Sohileh , Bridle Sylvia , Bailey Michael J , Duncan Alison J
Published: February 2015

Little is known about the use of complementary medicines by people living with HIV in Australia since the advent of more effective combination antiretroviral therapy. We conducted an anonymous survey of 1211 adult patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy from one of eight specialist HIV clinics across Australia, aiming to identify the current patterns of use of ingestible complementary medicines. Data collected included reasons for use, information sources and rates of disclosure of use of complementary medicines to medical practitioners and pharmacists. Ingestible complementary medicine was used by up to 53% of the 1037 patients returning a survey. Complementary medicine was commonly used for general health, to boost immune function and, to a lesser extent, to address co-morbidities. Disclosure of complementary medicines use to doctors was far higher than to pharmacists. Given the potential for interactions, pharmacists should be more aware of patients’ complementary medicines use.
Perceptions of U.S. Social Mobility Are Divided (and Distorted) Along Ideological Lines
Authors: Chambers John R. , Swan Lawton K. , Heesacker Martin
Published: February 2015

The ability to move upward in social class or economic position (i.e., social mobility) is a defining feature of the American Dream, yet recent public-opinion polls indicate that many Americans are losing confidence in the essential fairness of the system and their opportunities for financial advancement. In two studies, we examined Americans’ perceptions of both current levels of mobility in the United States and temporal trends in mobility, and we compared these perceptions with objective indicators to determine perceptual accuracy. Overall, participants underestimated current mobility and erroneously concluded that mobility has declined over the past four decades. These misperceptions were more pronounced among politically liberal participants than among politically moderate or conservative ones. These perception differences were accounted for by liberals’ relative dissatisfaction with the current social system, social hierarchies, and economic inequality. These findings have important implications for theories of political ideology.
Tidal power generation – A review of hydrodynamic modelling
Authors: Adcock Thomas AA , Draper Scott , Nishino Takafumi
Published: February 2015

Extracting power from the tide is a potential avenue for renewable energy production but is also a significant engineering challenge. This challenge has many different aspects but the basic problem is the hydrodynamic problem of converting the movement of the ocean into mechanical power. This paper presents a review of some of the hydrodynamic modelling techniques which can be used to model tidal barrages and tidal turbines. The analysis of these is broken down into different length scales, ranging from a single device, to an array of devices, and up to regional scales. As well as discussing modelling techniques some of the hydrodynamic problems, such as resource assessment and efficiency of power generation, are discussed.
Shaking up human development: A reflection from Aotearoa New Zealand on Erica’s Burman’s contribution
Authors: Claiborne Lise Bird , Peters Sally , Brink Ashlie
Published: February 2015

This paper describes the influence of Erica Burman’s book Deconstructing Developmental Psychology in one university department over two decades. To illustrate, three colleagues describe their separate geographical and theoretical journeys towards critical study of human development. Ongoing influences of Burman’s work in Aotearoa New Zealand are outlined. In particular, Burman’s view—that development is socially constructed within particular cultural, economic and historical circumstances—has become central to our research and university curriculum.
If intelligence is a cause, it is a within-subjects cause
Authors: Weinberger Naftali
Published: February 2015

Borsboom, Mellenbergh, and van Heerden argue that latent variables such as intelligence should be given a between-subjects causal interpretation, but not a within-subjects causal interpretation. That is, while intelligence is a cause of one subject’s doing better than another on an IQ test, there is no non-comparative sense in which intelligence – as standardly measured – is a cause of an individual’s performance. Here I expand upon Pearl’s discussion of Simpson’s paradox to show that there cannot be a cause in a population that is not a cause in at least one of its members and that, consequently, causal variables cannot have an exclusively between-subjects interpretation. The illusion that they can results from not properly distinguishing between causal and non-causal models.
Onshore tsunami sediment transport mechanisms inferred from heavy mineral assemblages
Authors: Costa Pedro JM , Andrade Cesar , Cascalho João , Dawson Alastair G , Freitas Maria C , Paris Raphael , Dawson Sue
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study is to discuss and to extend the characterization of (palaeo)tsunami deposits, and their source materials, based upon the detailed study of their heavy mineral assemblages. Results obtained from three distinct locations (Portugal, Scotland and Indonesia), different coastal contexts and chronologies (the tsunami events studied took place at 1500 cal. yr BP, AD 1755 and 2004) are summarized and discussed in order to contribute to the sedimentological study of onshore (palaeo)tsunami deposits. Results indicate that heavy mineral assemblages primarily reflect local specific conditions. For example, in the Portuguese sites, ca. 90% of the heavy mineral population consists of tourmaline+andalusite+staurolite, whereas in the Scottish samples garnet+amphiboles can be dominant in 90% of the assemblage, where at the Indonesian study site amphiboles+andalusite were the most frequent minerals. The application of Principal Component Analysis for each site reveals that the first two components explain at least 55% of the total variance. In the three studied areas, hydraulic sorting by density was observed and a higher presence of the denser heavy minerals of the assemblages was detected. However, it is important to stress that the sediment source plays a key role in the establishment of the heavy mineral assemblages of the (palaeo)tsunami deposits. In this study, relationships between the likely source sediments and the (palaeo)tsunami deposits were described and whenever possible sediment sources were clearly identified. Furthermore, it was also possible to detect the backwash signal using the analysis of the heavy minerals (e.g. higher frequency of denser minerals or variation in the presence of rounded or euhedral zircon). The work presented here, in contributing to the enhancement of sedimentological criteria presently available to recognize and differentiate extreme marine inundation deposits, also highlights new areas for future research.
Beyond use statistics: Recall, precision, and relevance in the assessment and management of academic libraries
Authors: Walters William H.
Published: February 2015

Although use statistics are often used in the assessment of library collections and services, they are of limited value in evaluating the library’s effectiveness as an information system. This essay highlights three concepts from the information retrieval literature—recall, precision, and relevance—and describes a standard of relevance that accounts for the learning goals of the academic community as well as the performance goals of students. It also demonstrates how the academic mission of the university can be incorporated into the assessment and management of the library as an information retrieval system. The discussion concludes with guidelines for the assessment of recall and precision as well as suggestions for the integration of these concepts into library collection development, cataloging/access, reference, and instruction.
Predictors of kidney disease in a cohort of pediatric patients with lupus
Authors: Sule S D , Moodalbail D G , Burnham J , Fivush B , Furth S L
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an increased prevalence of kidney disease compared to their adult counterparts. Our goal was to identify potential clinical and laboratory predictors of renal disease.

Methods

We performed a cohort study of incident and prevalent patients with SLE aged ≤19 years. Retrospective data from initial presentation until study enrollment was also collected. Laboratory and clinic data were recorded from each clinic visit including disease activity indices, autoantibodies, urinalyses, blood counts, and metabolic profile. Kidney disease was defined as the presence of abnormal renal biopsy or by American College of Rheumatology case definition for lupus nephritis. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between clinical and laboratory data with kidney disease in those who had renal involvement within 30 days of SLE diagnosis. We also performed a time to event analysis to identify antecedents of renal disease.

Results

Forty-seven children and adolescents with SLE were followed in the cohort, 91% female and 68% black. All of the males in the cohort developed renal disease, and all within one month of the diagnosis of SLE. In logistic regression, low serum albumin (odds ratio (OR): 4.8, 95% CI: 1.9–12.5) and positive dsDNA antibodies (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.7–5.9) were associated with kidney disease. In longitudinal analyses, isolated sterile pyuria (hazard ratio (HR): 3, 95% CI: 1.1–6.4) and low serum albumin (HR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.7–6.9) were predictors of future kidney disease. The presence of antibodies against Ro were protective against renal disease (HR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.05–0.5).

Conclusion

We identified variables associated with kidney disease, both at initial diagnosis of SLE and in longitudinal follow-up in a cohort of children with SLE. The recognition of these abnormal laboratory values may help clinicians identify patients at risk for kidney disease before its onset thus preventing long-term complications.
Bluetongue disease and seroprevalence in South American camelids from the northwestern region of the United States
Authors: Allen Andrew J. , Stanton James B. , Evermann James F. , Fry Lindsay M. , Ackerman Melissa G. , Barrington George M.
Published: February 2015

In late summer/early fall of 2013, 2 South American camelids from central Washington were diagnosed with fatal bluetongue viral disease, an event which is rarely reported. A 9-year-old intact male llama ( Lama glama), with a 1-day history of anorexia, recumbency, and dyspnea before death. Abundant foam discharged from the mouth and nostrils, and the lungs were severely edematous on postmortem examination. Histologically, there was abundant intra-alveolar edema with fibrin. Hemorrhage and edema disrupted several other organs. Bluetongue viral RNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and serotype 11 was identified by sequencing a segment of the VP2 outer capsid gene. Approximately 1 month later, at a site 150 miles north of the index case, a 2-year-old female alpaca with similar, acutely progressive clinical signs was reported. A postmortem examination was performed, and histologic lesions from the alpaca were similar to those of the llama, and again serotype 11 was detected by PCR. The occurrence of bluetongue viral infection and disease is described in the context of seasonal Bluetongue virus activity within the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada.
An evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from canine infections
Authors: Silva Marcella Braga , Ferreira Fabienne Antunes , Garcia Luize Neli Nunes , Silva-Carvalho Maria Cícera , Botelho Larissa Alvarenga Batista , Figueiredo Agnes Marie Sá , Vieira-da-Motta Olney
Published: February 2015

It has been proposed, based on taxonomic and molecular studies, that all canine isolates belonging to Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) should be renamed Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. However, isolates of SIG and other coagulase-positive staphylococci share many phenotypic characteristics, which could lead to misidentification. The accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for identifying S. pseudintermedius isolates obtained from canine infections was evaluated, using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based identification as the gold standard. In addition, MALDI-TOF MS was compared with conventional biochemical tests. A central problem was the incorrect identification of S. pseudintermedius isolates as S. intermedius by either MALDI-TOF MS or biochemical identification. From the 49 S. pseudintermedius isolates identified by the molecular method, only 21 could be assigned to this species by the biochemical approach and only 12 by MALDI-TOF MS. The 6 S. aureus isolates were correctly identified by all 3 techniques. However, using biochemical tests, 9 S. pseudintermedius were mistakenly classified as S. aureus, indicating a reduced specificity relative to the MALDI-TOF MS system. Analysis with the MALDI-TOF MS platform allowed rapid and accurate identification of the 49 isolates to the S. intermedius group but the approach was very limited in identifying S. pseudintermedius isolates, as only 12 of 49 isolates were correctly identified, a sensitivity of 0.24 (95% confidence interval: 0.13–0.39).
The Robust Beauty of “Little Ideas”
Authors: Maslach David , Liu Chengwei , Madsen Peter , Desai Vinit
Published: February 2015

This introductory and the following nine articles reflect comments made by panelists during a symposium honoring A Behavioral Theory of the Firm by Richard Cyert and James G. March at the 2013 Academy of Management meeting. Not surprisingly, what emerged from these comments is that the Behavioral Theory of the Firm (BTF) was enormously influential to the creation of many “little ideas” that have a big impact on a number of social sciences. More surprising is the potential for many new “little ideas” that build on the BTF. The panelists detail what these new “little ideas” may be in future research.
Patient Preferences for a Polypill for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Laba Tracey-Lea , Howard Kirsten , Rose John , Peiris David , Redfern Julie , Usherwood Tim , Cass Alan , Patel Anushka , Jan Stephen
Published: February 2015

Background: Polypill-based strategies have improved patient use of preventive cardiovascular disease (CVD) medications in clinical trials. Continued use in real-world settings relies on patients preferring a polypill over current treatment. Objective: Within a clinical trial assessing a CVD polypill-based strategy on patient adherence (Kanyini Guidelines Adherence with the Polypill study [Kanyini GAP]), we used discrete choice experiment (DCE) to assess the influence of polypill-based treatment attributes and patient characteristics on preferences for CVD preventive treatment. Methods: A DCE survey was administered to Kanyini GAP participants, involving choices between 2 hypothetical treatment options and no treatment for CVD prevention. Attributes delineating a polypill from current treatment were assessed: out-of-pocket costs, tablet number, administration, and prescriber visit frequency. The odds ratios (ORs) for preferring treatment, trade-off between treatment-related attributes, and willingness to pay against other attributes were estimated. Results: In all, 332 of 487 (68%) participants completed the survey. Active treatment, compared with no treatment, was chosen by 93%. Treatment preference decreased with increasing out-of-pocket cost (OR = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.03-0.05) and tablet number (OR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.59-0.81). Out-of-pocket cost was the most important attribute. Respondents were willing to pay $3.45 per month for each tablet reduction. Education and household income significantly influenced treatment preference. Conclusions: Assuming equivalent efficacy and safety of treatment options, the treatment-specific attributes that were assessed and influenced patient preference strongly accord with the posited advantages of the cardiovascular polypill. The study provides promising evidence that improvements in treatment adherence observed in CVD polypill trials may translate to the real world and potentially close treatment gaps in CVD prevention.
Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir Tablets for Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Infection
Authors: Klibanov Olga M. , Gale Stormi E. , Santevecchi Barbara
Published: February 2015

Objective: To review the data with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection. Data Sources: Phase I, II, and III trials and review articles were identified through MEDLINE (1996-January 2015) and PubMed (1996-January 2015), conference abstracts, and US national clinical trials registry, using the keywords NS3/4A protease inhibitor, NS5A inhibitor, NS5B polymerase inhibitor, ABT-450, ABT-267, ABT-333, paritaprevir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Preclinical, phase I, II, and III studies describing pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and tolerability were identified. Data Synthesis: Noncirrhotic patients with HCV genotype 1b experienced sustained virological response 12 weeks after completion of therapy (SVR12) rates of 96% to 100% when ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir were administered for 12 weeks, regardless of inclusion of ribavirin. SVR12 rates of 95% to 97% were seen in noncirrhotic patients with HCV genotype 1a infection who received ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with ribavirin for 12 weeks. Patients with Child-Pugh Class A cirrhosis also experienced high SVR12 rates (91.8%) when ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir were administered with ribavirin for 12 weeks. Cirrhotic patients with HCV genotype 1a and a history of prior null response to peginterferon/ribavirin have higher SVR12 rates when ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir and ribavirin are administered for 24 instead of 12 weeks (94.2% vs 88.6%). Adverse events are typically mild, most commonly consisting of fatigue, headache, nausea, and diarrhea. Conclusion: The regimen consisting of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir is highly efficacious in the treatment of HCV genotype 1 infection, with minimal adverse events. It is expected to play an important role in the armamentarium of novel agents that have a high chance of curing HCV infection.
Vorapaxar in Atherosclerotic Disease Management
Authors: Cheng Judy W. M. , Colucci Vincent , Howard Patricia A. , Nappi Jean M. , Spinler Sarah A.
Published: February 2015

Objective: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of vorapaxar, a protease activator receptor-1 (PAR-1) antagonist, in the management of atherosclerotic diseases. Data Sources: Peer-reviewed clinical trials and review articles were identified from MEDLINE and Current Content database (both 1966 to December 31, 2014) using the search terms vorapaxar and protease activator receptor antagonist. Study Selection and Data Extraction: A total of 30 clinical studies were identified (16 clinical trials, including subanalyses, 14 related to pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics and drug interactions). Data Synthesis: Two phase III clinical trials with vorapaxar have been published. In patients with non–ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI), vorapaxar failed to significantly reduce the primary efficacy end point (composite of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke, recurrent ischemia with hospitalization, and urgent coronary revascularization). Conversely, in a study of secondary prevention for patients with cardiovascular disease, the composite end point of cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke was significantly reduced. In both trials, the safety end points of major/minor bleeding were increased compared with placebo. In the secondary prevention trial, an increased incidence of intracranial hemorrhage led to the exclusion of patients with a prior history of stroke. Conclusion: Vorapaxar is approved for use with aspirin and/or clopidogrel in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in stable patients with peripheral arterial disease or a history of MI. However, the addition of vorapaxar to other antiplatelets can significantly increase the risk of bleeding. It is, therefore, essential to balance the need for further reduction of risk of thrombotic event with patient’s individual bleeding risk.
Comparison of Renoprotective Effect of Dabigatran With Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin
Authors: Yazici Suleyman , Karahan Oguz , Oral Mehmet Kerem , Bayramoğlu Zehra , Unal Mehmet , Caynak Baris , Sagbas Ertan
Published: February 2015

Objective:

The susceptibility of tissue to ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major obstacle to tissue regeneration and cellular survival. In this study, we investigated the possible renoprotective effect of dabigatran in an experimental renal I/R model.

Method:

A total of 25 rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups. The control group was used to obtain basal values of oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers. The sham group was used to obtain renal prolidase and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels after renal ischemia (for 45 minutes) and reperfusion (for 1 hour). A standard diet was followed. Oral 15 mg/kg dabigatran etexilate was administrated to group I, intraperitoneal 250 U/kg enoxaparin sodium was administrated to group II, and intraperitoneal 250 U/kg bemiparin sodium was administrated to group III for 1 week before the renal I/R was performed. Renal tissue samples were obtained during the first hour of reperfusion to detect renal prolidase and MDA levels in these groups, after which the rats were euthanized.

Results:

Renal prolidase levels were significantly higher in the sham group compared with the control group (1834.2 ± 982.3 U/g protein vs 238.8 ± 43.6U/g protein; P = .001). Lower prolidase levels were observed in groups II (838.7 ± 123.8 U/g protein) and III (1012.9 ± 302.3 U/g protein), and the lowest prolidase levels occurred in group I (533.8 ± 96.2 U/g protein; P < .05) when compared with the sham group. The MDA levels were significantly lower ( P < .05) in groups I, II, and III (163.9 ± 41.5, 185.4 ± 51.0, and 138.2 ± 22.6 μmol/g protein, respectively) compared with the sham group.

Conclusion:

Dabigatran etexilate, a univalent direct thrombin inhibitor, may protect the renal tissue more effectively when compared to low-molecular-weight heparins.
Sustainable diets: The interaction between food industry, nutrition, health and the environment
Authors: Alsaffar Ayten Aylin
Published: February 2015

Everyday great amounts of food are produced, processed, transported by the food industry and consumed by us and these activities have direct impact on our health and the environment. The current food system has started causing strain on the Earth’s natural resources and that is why sustainable food production systems are needed. This review article discusses the need for sustainable diets by exploring the interactions between the food industry, nutrition, health and the environment, which are strongly interconnected. The most common environmental issues in the food industry are related to food processing loss, food wastage and packaging; energy efficiency; transportation of foods; water consumption and waste management. Among the foods produced and processed, meat and meat products have the greatest environmental impact followed by the dairy products. Our eating patterns impact the environment, but the environment can impact dietary choices as well. The foods and drinks we consume may also affect our health. A healthy and sustainable diet would minimise the consumption of energy-dense and highly processed and packaged foods, include less animal-derived foods and more plant-based foods and encourage people not to exceed the recommended daily energy intake. Sustainable diets contribute to food and nutrition security, have low environmental impacts and promote healthy life for present and future generations. There is an urgent need to develop and promote strategies for sustainable diets; and governments, United Nations agencies, civil society, research organisations and the food industry should work together in achieving this.
Ultrasound assisted extraction of polysaccharides from hazelnut skin
Authors: Yılmaz Tuncay , Tavman Şebnem
Published: February 2015

In this study ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of polysaccharides from hazelnut skin has been studied. Optimum sonication time has been evaluated depending on responses such as amount of carbohydrate and dried sample and thermogravimetric analysis. Chemical and structural properties of extracted material have been determined by Fourier transform spectroscopy attenuated-total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. Pretreated hazelnut skin powders were extracted in distilled water. Mixture was sonicated by ultrasonic processor probe for 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. The results of UAE showed that maximum ethanol insoluble extracts in 60 min and the highest dry matter content could be obtained in 120 min extraction. Although total carbohydrate content of ethanol insoluble dry extract decreased with time, total carbohydrate in ethanol soluble fraction increased. Polysaccharides extracted from hazelnut skin were assumed to be pectic polysaccharide according to the literature survey of FTIR analysis result. Application time of UAE has an important effect on extraction of polysaccharide from hazelnut skin. This affect could be summarized by enhancing extraction yield up to critical level. Decrease of the yield in ethanol insoluble part could be explained by polymer decomposition. Most suitable model was hyperbolic model by having the lowest root mean square error and the highest R2 values.
Save Like the Joneses
Authors: Winterich Karen Page , Nenkov Gergana Y.
Published: February 2015

This research demonstrates how service firms can encourage decisions that enhance consumers’ well-being through informational social influence. Specifically, we propose that social information regarding the beneficial behaviors of others is enhanced under a deliberative mind-set. Given the financial insecurity of consumers, as well as the potential for financial services firms to positively affect consumers’ savings decisions, we test this theorizing in the context of savings. Four studies demonstrate that the open-mindedness associated with the deliberative mind-set increases the effectiveness of providing high savings social information (i.e., information about the high savings rates of others). This effect does not occur for consumers with chronically high susceptibility to interpersonal influence, who are open-minded to social information regardless of mind-set, but is stronger for myopically focused consumers who otherwise may be most likely to discount high savings information. Results suggest that financial services firms may improve consumers’ financial well-being by providing high savings social information and eliciting a deliberative mind-set in financial brochures, educational programs, and interactions with financial advisors. Implications for how service firms can utilize a deliberative mind-set and informational influence to enhance consumer well-being by encouraging beneficial behaviors like saving, exercising, or energy conservation, which conflict with existing desires, are discussed.
Beyond-use date determination of buprenorphine buccal solution using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay
Authors: Kirk Loren Madden , Brown Stacy D
Published: February 2015

Objectives

The objectives of this study included developing and validating a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection for the determination of buprenorphine in a buccal solution for veterinary use, and applying that method to determine the stability of a 3 mg/ml buprenorphine preparation in room temperature and refrigerated storage conditions. This preparation, intended for buccal administration in feline patients, plays an important role in pain management in cats.

Methods

A stability-indicating HPLC method was developed and validated for system suitability, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, specificity, linearity and robustness based on US Pharmacopeia (USP) General Chapter <1225>. The method was then applied to the study of potency changes over 90 days in a buccal buprenorphine solution stored at two temperatures.

Results

All HPLC-UV method data met acceptable criteria for the quantification of buprenorphine in a buccal solution formulation. The buprenorphine concentrations found in each stability sample remained within the 90–110% of label claim throughout the 90 days of study. All stability test bottles of the buprenorphine buccal solution retained their original appearance. For the room temperature bottles, some white particulate matter was noted in the threads of the container bottles starting at day 21. The pH of the preparations during the course of the study was in the range of 3.57–4.06 and 4.01–4.16 for the room temperature and refrigerated samples, respectively.

Conclusions and relevance

Pharmacists have compounded a concentrated 3 mg/ml buccal solution to use easily in the home care or outpatient setting for treatment of feline pain. Prior to this investigation, pharmacists empirically assigned beyond-use dates to this formulation based on standards in USP General Chapter <795> Pharmaceutical Compounding – Nonsterile Preparations. This study of a 3 mg/ml buprenorphine buccal solution indicates stability through 90 days.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of domestic cats: 16 cases from the northeastern USA
Authors: Savidge Christine , Ewing Patty , Andrews Jan , Aucoin David , Lappin Michael R , Moroff Scott
Published: February 2015

Objectives

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an Ixodes species-transmitted rickettsial organism that is occasionally associated with clinical abnormalities in humans, ruminants, horses, dogs and cats. While serological evidence of A phagocytophilum exposure is common in cats in Ixodes species endemic areas, reports of clinical feline anaplasmosis are few. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and laboratory abnormalities and treatment responses in 16 cats with A phagocytophilum DNA amplified from blood.

Methods

Commercial laboratory electronic records were searched to find cats that had A phagocytophilum DNA amplified from their blood. Once cases were identified, the primary care veterinarian was interviewed and the medical records were reviewed.

Results

The cats ranged in age from 4 months to 13 years (mean 4.1 years, median 2 years). All cats lived in Ixodes scapularis endemic areas and had potential for exposure. All cats were lethargic, 15 (94%) had elevated body temperature (>39.4°C) and 14 were anorexic on initial physical examination. Other less common clinical findings included hepatosplenomegaly, ataxia, conjunctivitis and elevation of the nictitating membranes. Blood from 11 cats was evaluated by complete blood cell count; abnormalities included lymphopenia in seven (64%) cats, thrombocytopenia in seven (64%), morulae in neutrophils of three (27%), neutropenia in three (27%) and leukopenia in two (18%). Treatment responses were reported for 14 cats, and the clinical abnormalities in these cats resolved when doxycycline was administered.

Conclusions and relevance

This is the first published report describing A phagocytophilum morulae in neutrophils of naturally infected North American cats with infection confirmed by PCR. A phagocytophilum infection should be considered in cats evaluated for lethargy, anorexia and fever living in Ixodes species endemic areas.
Memory impairment in multiple sclerosis: Relevance of hippocampal activation and hippocampal connectivity
Authors: Hulst Hanneke E , Schoonheim Menno M , Van Geest Quinten , Uitdehaag Bernard MJ , Barkhof Frederik , Geurts Jeroen JG
Published: February 2015

Background:

Memory impairment is frequent in multiple sclerosis (MS), but it is unclear what functional brain changes underlie this cognitive deterioration.

Objective:

To investigate functional hippocampal activation and connectivity, in relation to memory performance in MS.

Methods:

Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired for 57 MS patients and 28 healthy controls (HCs), yielding hippocampal measures of volume, lesions, functional activation during a memory task and functional connectivity at rest. Memory function was based on two subtests of a larger neuropsychological test battery and related to hippocampal neuroimaging measures, using linear regression.

Results:

Hippocampal volume was lower in MS patients, as compared to HCs. In MS, hippocampal activation during the task was increased in cognitively preserved, but decreased in cognitively impaired, patients. Increased hippocampal connectivity was detected in MS patients, as compared to HCs, between the left hippocampus and the right posterior cingulate. Memory impairment in MS was explained (adjusted R2 = 0.27) by male gender, decreased hippocampal activation and increased hippocampal connectivity ( p = 0.001).

Conclusions:

Decreased activation of the hippocampus, increased connectivity and male gender were associated with worse memory performance in MS. These results indicate that increased activation and increased connectivity do not always coincide, and relate differently to cognitive dysfunction in MS.
Conversion from clinically isolated syndrome to multiple sclerosis: A large multicentre study
Authors: Kuhle J , Disanto G , Dobson R , Adiutori R , Bianchi L , Topping J , Bestwick JP , Meier U-C , Marta M , Costa G Dalla , Runia T , Evdoshenko E , Lazareva N , Thouvenot E , Iaffaldano P , Direnzo V , Khademi M , Piehl F , Comabella M , Sombekke M , Killestein J , Hegen H , Rauch S , D’Alfonso S , Alvarez-Cermeño JC , Kleinová P , Horáková D , Roesler R , Lauda F , Llufriu S , Avsar T , Uygunoglu U , Altintas A , Saip S , Menge T , Rajda C , Bergamaschi R , Moll N , Khalil M , Marignier R , Dujmovic I , Larsson H , Malmestrom C , Scarpini E , Fenoglio C , Wergeland S , Laroni A , Annibali V , Romano S , Martínez AD , Carra A , Salvetti M , Uccelli A , Torkildsen Ø , Myhr KM , Galimberti D , Rejdak K , Lycke J , Frederiksen JL , Drulovic J , Confavreux C , Brassat D , Enzinger C , Fuchs S , Bosca I , Pelletier J , Picard C , Colombo E , Franciotta D , Derfuss T , Lindberg RLP , Yaldizli Ö , Vécsei L , Kieseier BC , Hartung HP , Villoslada P , Siva A , Saiz A , Tumani H , Havrdová E , Villar LM , Leone M , Barizzone N , Deisenhammer F , Teunissen C , Montalban X , Tintoré M , Olsson T , Trojano M , Lehmann S , Castelnovo G , Lapin S , Hintzen R , Kappos L , Furlan R , Martinelli V , Comi G , Ramagopalan SV , Giovannoni G
Published: February 2015

Background and objective:

We explored which clinical and biochemical variables predict conversion from clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) in a large international cohort.

Methods:

Thirty-three centres provided serum samples from 1047 CIS cases with at least two years’ follow-up. Age, sex, clinical presentation, T2-hyperintense lesions, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal bands (OCBs), CSF IgG index, CSF cell count, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D), cotinine and IgG titres against Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) and cytomegalovirus were tested for association with risk of CDMS.

Results:

At median follow-up of 4.31 years, 623 CIS cases converted to CDMS. Predictors of conversion in multivariable analyses were OCB (HR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.71–2.77, p < 0.001), number of T2 lesions (two to nine lesions vs 0/1 lesions: HR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.52–2.55, p < 0.001; >9 lesions vs 0/1 lesions: HR = 2.74, 95% CI = 2.04–3.68, p < 0.001) and age at CIS (HR per year inversely increase = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.98–0.99, p < 0.001). Lower 25-OH-D levels were associated with CDMS in univariable analysis, but this was attenuated in the multivariable model. OCB positivity was associated with higher EBNA-1 IgG titres.

Conclusions:

We validated MRI lesion load, OCB and age at CIS as the strongest independent predictors of conversion to CDMS in this multicentre setting. A role for vitamin D is suggested but requires further investigation.
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder presenting with repeated hypersomnia due to involvement of the hypothalamus and hypothalamus-amygdala linkage
Authors: Kume Kodai , Deguchi Kazushi , Ikeda Kazuyo , Takata Tadayuki , Kokudo Yohei , Kamada Masaki , Touge Tetsuo , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Kanbayashi Takashi , Masaki Tsutomu
Published: February 2015

We report the case of a 46-year-old Japanese woman with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder presenting with repeated hypersomnia accompanied by decreased CSF orexin level. First episode associated with hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction showed bilateral hypothalamic lesions that can cause secondary damage to the orexin neurons. The second episode associated with impaired memory showed a left temporal lesion involving the amygdala. The mechanism remains unknown, but the reduced blood flow in the hypothalamus ipsilateral to the amygdala lesion suggested trans-synaptic hypothalamic dysfunction secondary to the impaired amygdala. A temporal lesion involving the amygdala and hypothalamus could be responsible for hypersomnia due to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.