bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Polyacrylamide/Polypyrrole Hydrogel for Electrically Controlled Release of Salicylic Acid
Authors: Prissanaroon-Ouajai Walaiporn , Koedsombat Natthika , Subbua Nuttapol
Published: October 2019

Polyacrylamide/polypyrrole (PAM/PPy) hydrogel was developed for the application in controlled drug delivery. PAM/PPy hydrogel was synthesized via free-radical polymerization of acrylamide using ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator in the dispersion of PPy nanoparticle. N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and N,N,N’,N’-tetra-methylenediamine (TEMED) were utilized as cross-linker and accelerator, respectively. Salicylic acid (SA) was selected as a model drug in this work. The effect of PPy contents on SA-loading and releasing performances was investigated. The more PPy content was incorporated, the greater SA-loading and releasing were found. This is attributed to the increasing pore size of the PAM hydrogel when PPy nanoparticles were incorporated. Drug releasing performance from the SA-loaded PAM/PPy hydrogel were controllable under the applied potential of 1.0 volt. The research exhibits the potential of using conductive polymer hydrogel to control the drug release rate at an optimal desired level.
Theoretical Study of the Electronic Structure and Properties of Alternating Donor-Acceptor Couples of Carbazole-Based Compounds for Advanced Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLED)
Authors: Makjan Suppamat , Promkatkaew Malinee , Hannongbua Supa , Boonsri Pornthip
Published: October 2019

Generally, it is difficult to generate a high-performance pure blue emission organic light-emitting diode (OLED). That is because the intrinsically wide band-gap makes it hard to inject charges into the emitting layer in such devices. To solve the problem, carbazole derivatives have been widely used because they have more thermal stability, a good hole transporting property, more electron rich (p-type) material, and higher photoconductivity. In the present work, novel copolymers containing donor-acceptor-acceptor-donor (D-A-A-D) blue compounds used for OLEDs were investigated. The theory of the geometrical and electronic properties of N-ethylcarbazole (ECz) as donor molecule (D) coupled to a series of 6 acceptor molecules (A) for advanced OLEDs were investigated. The acceptors were thiazole (TZ), thiadiazole (TD), thienopyrazine (TPZ), thienothiadiazole (TTD), benzothiadiazole (BTD), and thiadiazolothienopyrazine (TDTP). The ground state structure of the copolymers were studied using Density Functional Theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. Molecular orbital analysis study indicated 3 investigated copolymers (ECz-diTZ-ECz, ECz-diTD-ECz, ECz-diBTD-ECz) have efficient bipolar charge transport properties for both electron and hole injection to the TiO2 conduction band (4.8 eV). In addition, the excited states electronic properties were calculated using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) at the same level. Among these investigated copolymer ECz-diTZ-ECz and ECz-diTD-ECz showed the maximum absorption wavelengths (λabs) with blue emitting at 429 and 431 nm, respectively. The results suggested that selected D-A-A-D copolymers can improve the electron- and hole- transporting abilities of the devices. Therefore, the designed copolymers would be a promising material for future development of light-emitting diodes, electrochromic windows, photovoltaic cells, and photorefractive materials.
ORDINE DELLA NATURA E FIGURE DELLA VERITÃ€
Authors: Sini Carlo
Published: October 2019

The human knowledge and the order of nature: the problem of their relationship is the core of paper. The solution concerns the co-operation between the instrumental and technological knowledge and the sociale work of language.
CONCLUSIONI
Authors: Veca Salvatore
Published: October 2019

Non disponibile.
Rumen impaction in cattle associated with ingestion of the pupal cocoons of Gonometa spp. in Botswana
Authors: Babayani Nlingisisi D. , Nyange John F.
Published: October 2019

Mortality in cattle associated with ingestion of cocoons (matlhoa in Setswana) of both Gonometa postica and Gonometa rufobrunnea is rare and has only previously been reported in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Namibia. A case history of gradual weight loss, bloat, dyschezia with dry faeces and laboured gait, resulting in sudden death after drinking water and associated with ingestion of pupal cocoons of Gonometa spp., was reported by keepers at Mmaditau crush in Botswana in 2013. The crush was a shared holding in a communal area with 15 registered animal keepers. The objective of this study was to profile the history, clinical signs, post-mortem findings, morbidity and mortality from the outbreak using the descriptive study method. Altogether, 81 cattle out of a total of 507 died of impaction from August to December 2013. On autopsy, a loosely connected mass of ingesta, intertwined in ropy silky strands, was observed. It was concluded that there is no readily accessible and available form of treatment at crush level, leaving only evasive husbandry practices as the feasible option. To aid evasive husbandry management practices, temporal and spatial monitoring of population dynamics of Gonometa spp. is recommended, particularly during a drought spell when animals are prone to develop pica, as the basis for an early warning system to farmers.
Note technique : performance d’une station d’épuration dans l’élimination de la pollution carbonée d’effluents de brasserie
Authors: Rakoto Nelly , Randriantsoa Herimalala , Sarazin Gérard
Published: October 2019

This study is focused on wastewater treatment using activated sludge in a brewery. It aims in controlling the efficiency of the step and enhancing its performance by oxygenation of effluents in buffer basin. Experiments were performed 23 weeks. From the 17th week, three oxyjets were installed in the buffer pond. pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were considered to raw wastewater “EE” and treated effluents “ES” analysis. The removal rates of DBO5 and COD were estimated. Brewery effluents, which are generally basic, contain biodegradable organic pollutants (DBO/DCO>0.3). Their oxygenation in the buffer pool promotes biological activities and increases the purification efficiency.

Ce travail porte sur le suivi d’une station d’épuration à boues activées d’une brasserie industrielle. Il a pour but de contrôler son efficacité et de l’améliorer par oxygénation des effluents dans le bassin tampon. Les expériences ont été réalisées durant 23 semaines. A partir de la 17e semaine, trois oxyjets ont été installés dans le bassin tampon. Les eaux usées brutes « EE » et traitées « ES » à la sortie de la zone de traitement biologique ont fait l’objet de mesures de pH, Demande Biochimique en Oxygène (DBO) et Demande Chimique en Oxygène (DCO). Les taux d’abattement de la DBO5 et de DCO ont été estimés. Les effluents de la brasserie, généralement basique, renferment des polluants organiques biodégradables (DBO/DCO>0,3). Les résultats de l’étude montrent que leur oxygénation dans le bassin tampon favorise les activités biologiques et augmente le rendement épuratoire.
Réduction des risques professionnels liés à la pré-collecte des déchets municipaux dans les pays en développement : proposition d’approches adaptées à partir du cas de Lomé, Togo
Authors: Tchegueni Sanonka , Douti Idrissa , Bleck Daniela , Koledzi Komi Edem , Bromblet Hélène
Published: October 2019

Several risks exist in waste management. These risks are caused by the nature of waste, treatment processes and work organization. This study, carried out in three pre-collection companies in Lomé showed that workers are exposed to several risks, the three main ones being physical injuries, musculoskeletal disorders and exposure to organic dust and micro-organisms. These risks are due to the permanent contact of workers with the waste and to this work entirely manual. They are accentuated by the ignorance of the workers in terms of risks associated with their activities and the insufficient resources of the pre-collection companies to provide the workers with adequate equipment. The risk reduction measures taken by these structures essentially consist of the provision of personal protective equipment and agents. This equipment is often inadequate and poorly used. Only 6% of staff report regular wear. Risk reduction is effective when they are attacked at source, through integration, into a coherent set of technology and work organization and actors are trained and sensitized.

Plusieurs risques existent dans la gestion des déchets. Ces risques ont pour origine la nature des déchets, les procédés de traitement et l’organisation de travail. Cette étude, réalisée dans trois structures de pré-collecte à Lomé, a montré que les ouvriers sont exposés à plusieurs risques, dont les trois principaux sont les blessures physiques, les troubles musculo-squelettiques et l’exposition aux poussières organiques et aux micro-organismes. Ces risques sont dus aux contacts permanents des éboueurs avec les déchets et au travail entièrement manuel. Ils sont accentués par l’ignorance des éboueurs en matière de risques liés à leurs activités et l’insuffisance de moyens des structures de pré-collectes à mettre à la disposition des éboueurs un matériel de travail adéquat. Les mesures de réduction des risques prises par ces structures se résument essentiellement à la mise à disposition des agents, des équipements de protection individuelle. Ces équipements sont souvent insuffisants et mal utilisés. Seuls 6 % des agents affirment en porter régulièrement. Une réduction des risques est efficace lorsqu’ils sont attaqués à la source, à travers l’intégration, dans un ensemble cohérent de la technique et de l’organisation du travail et que les acteurs sont formés et sensibilisés.
Considerations for Suspension Modification
Authors:   Motor Vehicle Council
Published: October 2019

The scope of this document is limited specifically to the following types of passenger vehicles: automobiles, light trucks, and sport/utility vehicles. This document addresses modifications as they apply to legal use of the vehicle, and examines suspension modification as it applies to stock (as manufactured) ride height, and changed (raised or lowered) ride height. Note that modifications of ride height are considered, exclusive of wheel and/or tire modifications, which can also have potentially serious side effects, and are outside the scope of this document.
Statushouder in dienst? Afwegingen van werkgevers
Authors: van der Meer Joëlle , den Dulk Laura
Published: October 2019

Statushouders vormen een kwetsbare groep op de arbeidsmarkt. De bereidheid van werkgevers is cruciaal voor de arbeidsmarktparticipatie van statushouders. Dit onderzoek gaat na waarom sommige werkgevers een statushouder in dienst nemen en anderen niet. De combinatie van interviews en
een vignettenstudie laat zien dat naast kenmerken van statushouders ook organisatiekenmerken en de institutionele context een rol spelen. Wanneer de statushouder de taal spreekt en een relevante opleiding heeft gevolgd in het herkomstland, zijn werkgevers in dit onderzoek eerder geneigd de
statushouder in dienst te nemen. Motivatie en gezondheid vormen hierbij noodzakelijke voorwaarden. Daarnaast zijn organisatiekenmerken van belang: kleine organisaties, organisaties met moeilijk vervulbare vacatures en organisaties met aandacht voor diversiteit lijken eerder geneigd een statushouder
in dienst te nemen. De bevindingen laten tevens zien dat capaciteit op de werkvloer om de statushouder te begeleiden van belang is alsmede intern draagvlak voor deze beslissing. Tot slot speelt de institutionele context een rol. Wanneer werkgevers andere werkgevers kennen met een statushouder
in dienst, lijken zij eerder geneigd om zelf een statushouder in dienst te nemen. Sociaal beleid vanuit de gemeente heeft een stimulerende werking bij het aannemen van een statushouder.
On the annual variability of Antarctic aerosol size distributions at Halley research station
Authors: Lachlan-Cope Thomas , Beddows David , Brough Neil , Jones Anna E. , Harrison Roy M. , Lupi Angelo , Yoon Young Jun , Virkkula Aki , Dall'Osto Manuel
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The Southern Ocean and Antarctic region currently best represent one of the few places left on our planet with conditions similar to the preindustrial age. Currently, climate models have low ability to simulate conditions forming the aerosol baseline; a major uncertainty comes from the lack of understanding of aerosol size distributions and their dynamics. Contrasting studies stress that primary sea-salt aerosol can contribute significantly to the aerosol population, challenging the concept of climate biogenic regulation by new particle formation (NPF) from dimethyl sulphide marine emissions. We present a statistical cluster analysis of the physical characteristics of particle size distributions (PSD) collected at Halley (Antarctica) for the year 2015 (89 % data coverage). By applying the Hartigan-Wong k-Means method we find 8 clusters describing the entire aerosol population. Three clusters show pristine average low particle number concentrations (
Spatial gradients in the characteristics of soil-carbon fractions are associated with abiotic features but not microbial communities
Authors: Sengupta Aditi , Indivero Julia , Gunn Cailene , Tfaily Malak M. , Chu Rosalie K. , Toyoda Jason , Bailey Vanessa L. , Ward Nicholas D. , Stegen James C.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Coastal terrestrial–aquatic interfaces (TAIs) are dynamic zones of
biogeochemical cycling influenced by salinity gradients. However, there is
significant heterogeneity in salinity influences on TAI soil biogeochemical
function. This heterogeneity is perhaps related to unrecognized mechanisms
associated with carbon (C) chemistry and microbial communities. To
investigate this potential, we evaluated hypotheses associated with
salinity-associated shifts in organic C thermodynamics; biochemical
transformations; and nitrogen-, phosphorus-, and sulfur-containing
heteroatom organic compounds in a first-order coastal watershed on the
Olympic Peninsula of Washington, USA. In contrast to our hypotheses,
thermodynamic favorability of water-soluble organic compounds in shallow
soils decreased with increasing salinity (43–867 µS cm−1), as
did the number of inferred biochemical transformations and total heteroatom
content. These patterns indicate lower microbial activity at higher salinity
that is potentially constrained by accumulation of less-favorable organic C.
Furthermore, organic compounds appeared to be primarily marine- or algae-derived
in forested floodplain soils with more lipid-like and protein-like
compounds, relative to upland soils that had more lignin-, tannin-, and
carbohydrate-like compounds. Based on a recent simulation-based study, we
further hypothesized a relationship between C chemistry and the ecological
assembly processes governing microbial community composition. Null modeling
revealed that differences in microbial community composition – assayed using
16S rRNA gene sequencing – were primarily the result of limited exchange of
organisms among communities (i.e., dispersal limitation). This results in
unstructured demographic events that cause community composition to diverge
stochastically, as opposed to divergence in community composition being due
to deterministic selection-based processes associated with differences in
environmental conditions. The strong influence of stochastic processes was
further reflected in there being no statistical relationship between
community assembly processes (e.g., the relative influence of stochastic
assembly processes) and C chemistry (e.g., heteroatom content). This
suggests that microbial community composition does not have a mechanistic or
causal linkage to C chemistry. The salinity-associated gradient in C
chemistry was, therefore, likely influenced by a combination of
spatially structured inputs and salinity-associated metabolic responses of
microbial communities that were independent of community composition. We
propose that impacts of salinity on coastal soil biogeochemistry need to be
understood in the context of C chemistry, hydrologic or depositional dynamics,
and microbial physiology, while microbial composition may have less
influence.
Fast domain-aware neural network emulation of a planetary boundary layer parameterization in a numerical weather forecast model
Authors: Wang Jiali , Balaprakash Prasanna , Kotamarthi Rao
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Parameterizations for physical processes in weather and climate
models are computationally expensive. We use model output from the Weather
Research Forecast (WRF) climate model to train deep neural networks (DNNs)
and evaluate whether trained DNNs can provide an accurate alternative to the
physics-based parameterizations. Specifically, we develop an emulator using
DNNs for a planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization in the WRF model.
PBL parameterizations are used in atmospheric models to represent the
diurnal variation in the formation and collapse of the atmospheric boundary
layer – the lowest part of the atmosphere. The dynamics and turbulence, as
well as velocity, temperature, and humidity profiles within the boundary
layer are all critical for determining many of the physical processes in the
atmosphere. PBL parameterizations are used to represent these processes that
are usually unresolved in a typical climate model that operates at
horizontal spatial scales in the tens of kilometers. We demonstrate that a
domain-aware DNN, which takes account of underlying domain structure (e.g.,
nonlocal mixing), can successfully simulate the vertical profiles within the
boundary layer of velocities, temperature, and water vapor over the entire
diurnal cycle. Results also show that a single trained DNN from one location
can produce predictions of wind speed, temperature, and water vapor profiles
over nearby locations with similar terrain conditions with correlations
higher than 0.9 when compared with the WRF simulations used as the training
dataset.
Incorporation of inline warm rain diagnostics into the COSP2 satellite simulator for process-oriented model evaluation
Authors: Michibata Takuro , Suzuki Kentaroh , Ogura Tomoo , Jing Xianwen
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observational Simulator Package (COSP) is used to diagnose model performance and physical processes via an apple-to-apple comparison to satellite measurements. Although the COSP provides useful information about clouds and their climatic impact, outputs that have a subcolumn dimension require large amounts of data. This can cause a bottleneck when conducting sets of sensitivity experiments or multiple model intercomparisons. Here, we incorporate two diagnostics for warm rain microphysical processes into the latest version of the simulator (COSP2). The first one is the occurrence frequency of warm rain regimes (i.e., non-precipitating, drizzling, and precipitating) classified according to CloudSat radar reflectivity, putting the warm rain process diagnostics into the context of the geographical distributions of precipitation. The second diagnostic is the probability density function of radar reflectivity profiles normalized by the in-cloud optical depth, the so-called contoured frequency by optical depth diagram (CFODD), which illustrates how the warm rain processes occur in the vertical dimension using statistics constructed from CloudSat and MODIS simulators. The new diagnostics are designed to produce statistics online along with subcolumn information during the COSP execution, eliminating the need to output subcolumn variables. Users can also readily conduct regional analysis tailored to their particular research interest (e.g., land–ocean differences) using an auxiliary post-process package after the COSP calculation. The inline diagnostics are applied to the MIROC6 general circulation model (GCM) to demonstrate how known biases common among multiple GCMs relative to satellite observations are revealed. The inline multi-sensor diagnostics are intended to serve as a tool that facilitates process-oriented model evaluations in a manner that reduces the burden on modelers for their diagnostics effort.
Application of local attractor dimension to reduced space strongly coupled data assimilation for chaotic multiscale systems
Authors: Quinn Courtney , O'Kane Terence J. , Kitsios Vassili
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The basis and challenge of strongly coupled data assimilation (CDA) is the accurate representation of cross-domain covariances between various coupled subsystems with disparate spatio-temporal scales, where often one or more subsystems are unobserved. In this study, we explore strong CDA using ensemble Kalman filtering methods applied to a conceptual multiscale chaotic model consisting of three coupled Lorenz attractors. We introduce the use of the local attractor dimension (i.e. the Kaplan-Yorke dimension, dimKY) to determine the rank of the background covariance matrix which we construct using a variable number of weighted covariant Lyapunov vectors (CLVs). Specifically, we consider the ability to track the nonlinear trajectory of each of the subsystems with different variants of sparse observations, relying only on the cross-domain covariance to determine an accurate analysis for tracking the trajectory of the unobserved subdomain. We find that spanning the global unstable and neutral subspaces is not sufficient at times where the nonlinear dynamics and intermittent linear error growth along a stable direction combine. At such times a subset of the local stable subspace is also needed to be represented in the ensemble. In this regard the local dimKY provides an accurate estimate of the required rank. Additionally, we show that spanning the full space does not improve performance significantly relative to spanning only the subspace determined by the local dimension. Where weak coupling between subsystems leads to covariance collapse in one or more of the unobserved subsystems, we apply a novel modified Kalman gain where the background covariances are scaled by their Frobenius norm. This modified gain increases the magnitude of the innovations and the effective dimension of the unobserved domains relative to the strength of the coupling and time-scale separation. We conclude with a discussion on the implications for higher dimensional systems.
Topological analysis in Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty propagation
Authors: Pakyuz-Charrier Evren , Jessell Mark , Giraud Jérémie , Lindsay Mark , Ogarko Vitaliy
Published: October 2019

Abstract. This paper proposes and demonstrates improvements for the
Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty propagation (MCUP) method. MCUP is a
type of Bayesian Monte Carlo method aimed at input data uncertainty
propagation in implicit 3-D geological modeling. In the Monte Carlo process,
a series of statistically plausible models is built from the input dataset
of which uncertainty is to be propagated to a final probabilistic geological
model or uncertainty index model. Significant differences in terms of topology are observed in the plausible
model suite that is generated as an intermediary step in MCUP. These
differences are interpreted as analogous to population heterogeneity. The
source of this heterogeneity is traced to be the non-linear relationship
between plausible datasets' variability and plausible model's variability.
Non-linearity is shown to mainly arise from the effect of the geometrical
rule set on model building which transforms lithological continuous
interfaces into discontinuous piecewise ones. Plausible model heterogeneity
induces topological heterogeneity and challenges the underlying assumption
of homogeneity which global uncertainty estimates rely on. To address this
issue, a method for topological analysis applied to the plausible model
suite in MCUP is introduced. Boolean topological signatures recording
lithological unit adjacency are used as n-dimensional points to be
considered individually or clustered using the density-based spatial
clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm. The proposed
method is tested on two challenging synthetic examples with varying levels
of confidence in the structural input data. Results indicate that topological signatures constitute a powerful
discriminant to address plausible model heterogeneity. Basic topological
signatures appear to be a reliable indicator of the structural behavior of
the plausible models and provide useful geological insights. Moreover,
ignoring heterogeneity was found to be detrimental to the accuracy and
relevance of the probabilistic geological models and uncertainty index
models.
Highlights.
Monte Carlo uncertainty propagation (MCUP) methods often produce
topologically distinct plausible models. Plausible models can be differentiated using topological signatures. Topologically similar probabilistic geological models may be obtained
through topological signature clustering.
Brief communication: A fast vortex-based smearing correction for
the actuator line
Authors: Meyer Forsting Alexander R. , Pirrung Georg R. , Ramos-García Néstor
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The actuator line is a lifting line representation of aerodynamic surfaces in computational fluid dynamics applications, but with non-singular forces which reduces the self-induced velocities at the line. The vortex-based correction by Meyer Forsting et al. (2019) et al. recovers this missing induction and thus the intended lifting line behaviour of the actuator line. However, its computational cost exceeds that of existing tip corrections and quickly grows with blade discretization. Here we present different methods for reducing its computational cost to the level of existing corrections without jeopardising the stability or accuracy of the original method. The cost is reduced by at least 98 % whereas the power is maximally affected by 0.8 % with respect to the original formulation.
Variations of three single nucleotide polymorphisms in ABCG2 modify Jra expression
Authors: Ogiyama Yoshiko , Ito Shoichi , Irino Michiyo , Hishinuma Tomoko , Asano Tomomi , Ooyama Masanori , Shimizu Hiroshi , Nakagawa Kunitoshi , Minegishi Masayoshi , Osabe Takahiro , Ogasawara Kenichi , Wada Ikuo , Ohto Hitoshi
Published: October 2019

Aim: The present study reports a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of ATP-binding cassette, membrane G2 (ABCG2) gene may influence the expression of Jra antigen on red blood cells (RBCs).

Methods: Genomic DNAs from 474 random donors were examined for SNPs, c.-262C/T, c.376C/T, and c.421C/A by polymerase chain reaction. The amount of Jra antigen of RBCs was assayed by flow cytometry using human monoclonal anti-Jra (HIRO-133). We classified them in three groups: Group I (wild type) with no variance of three loci (c.-262C, c.376C, and c.421C), Group II with SNP of c.376T and/or c.421A but with c.-262C, and Group III with SNP loci c.-262T.

Results: Compared to Group I (n = 185), Group II (n = 263) showed decreased Jra expression on RBCs by 20–75%, whereas SNP c.-262T (Group III) increased Jra expression with more than 50%. The predicted open structure of 5′ untranslated region formed by c.-262T may recruit the initiation complex for translation or increase the rate of ribosomal scanning, thereby enhancing the frequency of protein synthesis.

Conclusion: Among a healthy Japanese population, the SNPs c.376C>T and/or c.421C>A downregulated expression of Jra, whereas SNP c.-262C>T augmented Jra expression.
A Scoping Review on Nutrition Challenges Among People Living With HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Dzinamarira Tafadzwa , Pierre Gashema , Chitungo Itai , Habtu Michael , Okova Rosemary
Published: October 2019

The connection between under-nutrition and HIV is bidirectional. It affects the quality of life, as well as the survival of affected people. While this is the case, there are various nutritional challenges, which are faced by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH), and which hamper the fight against the scourge. This study therefore sought to map literature on the nutritional challenges among PLWH in sub-Saharan Africa and guide future research in nutritional management to improve health outcomes for PLWH. A systematic search was done from the following sources: PubMed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EBSCOhost (CINAHL and Academic Search Complete), Web of Science, and Google Scholar. In addition, information was obtained both from unpublished studies, which included book chapters, reference lists, theses and conference papers. Eleven (11) studies met the inclusion criteria, and were used for data extraction. The studies were based in different countries, which form part of the Sub Saharan Africa. One of the studies was carried out in Senegal, two studies were carried out in various West African countries, one study was carried out in Burkina Faso; one study was carried out in Ethiopia and one of the studies was carried out in different countries forming part of the Sub Saharan Africa. Two of the studies were carried out in Zambia, one in Zimbabwe, one in Cameroon, and one in Ghana. Most of the studies established the main nutrition challenge facing PLWH to be food insecurity. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that some of the main nutrition challenges include food insecurity, lack of nutritional support among PLWH, late detection of HIV, huge cost of treating severe acute malnutrition, and lack of feeding supplementations.
Counsellors in Hong Kong Primary Schools: On Becoming Visible Counselling Professionals
Authors: Fung Suk Chun
Published: October 2019

This article examines the implications of a new school counselling policy, namely, ‘one school social worker for each school’, for the professional identity of school counsellors and guidance and counselling services in Hong Kong primary schools. This paper reviews primary school counselling development since the 1970s with a focus on workforce planning. As a result, it identifies two themes: (1) counselling workforce planning has gradually shifted from purely government-led to more school-based planning, and (2) school counsellors with master’s-level counselling training qualifications are not adequately recognized in primary school settings. Making school counsellors visible to school principals, the Education Bureau and the public before the full implementation of the new policy in 2021/2022 is critical. The strategic positions of counsellor educators and counselling associations that are central to the advancement of the professional identity of school counsellors are discussed.
Control in International Law
Authors: Rikhof Joseph , Cocan Silviana
Published: October 2019

Control in International Law

The concept of control has permeated various disciplines of public international law, most notable international criminal law, international humanitarian law, international human rights law and the law of statehood as well as the law of responsibility for states and international organizations. Often this notion of control has been used to extend the regular parameters in these disciplines to capture more extraordinary situations and apply the same rules originally developed within areas of law, such as the application of the laws of war to occupation, the rules of human rights treaties to extraterritorial situations or state responsibility to non-state actors. This article will examine this notion of control in all its facets in international law while also addressing some of its controversies and disagreements in the jurisprudence of international institutions, which have utilized this concept. The article will then provide an overview of its uses in international law as well as its overlap from one discipline to another with a view of providing some overarching observations and conclusions.
Tegen academische reservaten. Pleidooi voor een ‘leesbare’ rechtsfilosofie
Authors: Graaf Niels
Published: October 2019

Tegen academische reservaten. Pleidooi voor een ‘leesbare’ rechtsfilosofie

De wijsbegeerte van het recht, ooit koningin der rechtswetenschap, is onderdeel geworden van de juridische ‘perspectiefvakken’. Daarmee is het risico ontstaan dat uiteindelijk het ‘perspectiefvak’ dat het beste aansluit bij de wetenschap van het positieve recht (institutioneel) zegeviert. Academische l’art pour l’art in de zin dat een subdiscipline als de wijsbegeerte van het recht zich in een afgeschermde traditie opsluit, moet daarom worden voorkomen. Tegelijkertijd is het zaak dat perspectiefvakken niet alleen hun argumentatie verrijken en schrijven voor een groter lezerspubliek, maar zich ook duidelijker naar de buitenwereld presenteren als niet inwisselbaar, maar complementair.
Het 100-jarige bestaan van de Vereeniging voor Wijsbegeerte des Rechts
Authors: Jansen Corjo
Published: October 2019

Het 100-jarige bestaan van de Vereeniging voor Wijsbegeerte des Rechts

De Vereeniging voor Wijsbegeerte des Rechts (VWR) is opgericht op 28 december 1918. Zij had tot doel de studie van de rechtsfilosofie en het maatschappelijk leven. Deze studie moest tevens relevant zijn voor de rechtspraktijk. Vanaf haar oprichting kende de VWR een sterke internationale oriëntatie, aanvankelijk gericht op Duitsland, later vooral op het Verenigd Koninkrijk en de VS. In de jaren zeventig en tachtig van de vorige eeuw beleefde de VWR wat betreft belangstelling en ledenaantal haar hoogtepunt. In 2016 besloot zij – na een gestage neergang – de band met de Nederlandstalige (praktijk)jurist weer aan te halen.
NMR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Studying Asphaltene Composition
Authors: Parlov Vuković Jelena , Novak Predrag , Jednačak Tomislav
Published: October 2019

Asphaltenes are the most polar oil components with molecular weights between 500 and 1000 Da, which primarily consist of carbons and hydrogens, some heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen and traces of nickel, vanadium and iron. Owing to their extreme complexity, it is almost impossible to completely identify all the compounds present in asphaltene samples. Various analytical techniques and approaches were used to characterize asphaltenes but their structure and composition are still a matter of thorough investigations. NMR spectroscopy can reveal useful information on asphaltene molecular architecture and aggregation process. In that respect, one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques have widely been employed. Although NMR spectra of these complex mixtures are difficult to interpret, they still can provide valuable data, especially in combination with statistical methods. Some distinctive examples of using NMR spectroscopy to study asphaltenes are given in this review.
Impact of changes in transaction costs on enterprises transformations
Authors: Szymański Władysław
Published: October 2019

The IT revolution, the Internet has overturned the barrier of time and space, and thus enabled communication
in real time with the whole world. At the same time, the globalization process by opening the
markets has shown great differences in costs, taxes, exchange rates, or salaries. The relations between
the price of orders on the market, and hence transaction costs, and the costs of anthropological activities
in the enterprise, which are increasingly higher, has changed. The aim of the article is to analyze
the changes that have occurred in the global economy (including the development of corporations) and
their impact on the operating costs of Polish enterprises. The author proposes to create “smart companies”
as a public innovation. State support would favour the emergence of such enterprises and would
be a strong catalyst for the entire economy.
Co przedsiębiorstwa mogą zrobić na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju?
Authors: Sobiecki Roman
Published: October 2019

Kolegium Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie SGH w Warszawie podjęło badania dotyczące zrównoważonego rozwoju. Tematem wiodącym, realizowanym jest: „Przedsiębiorstwo wobec wymogów zrównoważonego rozwoju”. Kierownikiem tematu jest prof. Roman Sobiecki. Realizacja badań przewidziana jest na lata 2019-2021. Zasadniczym celem prowadzonych badań jest identyfikacji
problemów i warunków, które muszą zostać spełnione, aby współczesne osiągnięcia cywilizacyjne, w tym technologie
cyfrowe służyły całej ludzkości.
Institutional changes in labour relations in Poland
Authors: Skrzek-Lubasińska Magdalena
Published: October 2019

Contemporary labour market is subject to profound changes, such as the increase in the importance of short-term relations between employee and employer, transformation in the very nature of the employer, automation of many jobs. Changes in global work require permanent monitoring whether the institutional model of labor relations is adequate to the changing reality. An element of this model are legally sanctioned groups that can consult and negotiate the existing formal framework for cooperation. The aim of the article is to present the direction of institutional changes in the model of labor relations in Poland. Analysis focused on formal definitions of the major players operating in this market. The conducted studies (desk research) were based on ILO formal documents. The article presents proposed changes in the classification of labor market participants. The article highlights the increase in the importance of self-employment, and the increasingly less representative nature of organizations recognized so far as the main actors of labour market – trade unions and employers’ organizations. It has been proved that the definitions and classifications of major players used on the traditional labor market are not sufficient to monitor the current trends of this market.
Teaching to Prevent Unjust War
Authors: Bergman Roger ,   Center for Peace and Justice Education at Villanova University
Published: October 2019

This essay describes an undergraduate course, “Christian Ethics of War and Peace,” taught for more than two decades at a Catholic university. I first situate the course within the debate between just war philosophers Michael Walzer and Jeff McMahan on the moral equivalency of soldiers and the right of conscientious objection to unjust war. The development of SCO (selective conscientious objection) in the Catholic tradition is traced from Augustine to John Paul II. The Sic et Non of Abelard is invoked as a precedent for the course pedagogy, in which students are asked to develop and articulate their own personal conscience in light of the long-standing tension between arguments for pacifism and for just war. Borrowing from contemporary cognitive psychology, this task is described as one of “reflective judgment” regarding an “ill-structured problem.” The major writing assignment is described and one student’s testimony on its challenge is offered.
Peacebuilding Interventions
Authors: Figueiredo Ane Cristina , Dean Calum , Byrne Sean ,   Center for Peace and Justice Education at Villanova University
Published: October 2019

This article examines the perceptions and experiences of 120 participants interviewed in Northern Ireland and the Border Counties in 2010 regarding community peacebuilding, and the future of community-based projects. The respondents shared their thoughts on the projects and program initiatives funded by the European Union Peace and Reconciliation or Peace III Fund and the International Fund for Ireland. They discussed the impacts of external aid on the community peacebuilding process as well as the long-term sustainability of projects. This study explores the narratives of community leaders and program development officers from Derry and the Border Counties. The findings emphasize that while the participants noted that the external aid contributed to promoting community peacebuilding, there is a lot more to be addressed in terms of cross-community interaction. Additionally, there is an uncertainty regarding the sustainability of many project initiatives once the funds end. As a result of such insecurity, there is a concern regarding the stability of peace in the region.
A VULNERABILIDADE DO PACIENTE E A RESPONSABILIDADE CIVIL ADVINDA DE DANOS MORAIS E EXISTENCIAIS OCASIONADOS NA RELAÇÃO TRIANGULAR ENTRE PACIENTES, MÉDICOS E HOSPITAIS
Authors: Otero Cleber Sanfelici , Arduini Tamara Simão
Published: October 2019

No presente trabalho, há análise jurídica acerca da relação triangular que se estabelece entre paciente, médico e hospital. Neste cenário, o paciente é naturalmente vulnerável, seja perante o hospital, pois confia nos serviços de saúde que serão prestados, muitas vezes pagos com consideráveis valores, seja perante os profissionais médicos, ao confiar a sua vida e integridade física por acreditar em suas aptidões técnicas. Na relação podem surgir danos aos direitos dos pacientes, inclusive de caráter existencial. A maioria da população está insatisfeita com os serviços de saúde, sejam eles públicos ou privados, justamente por conta do descaso na prestação dos serviços. Devido a isso, demonstra-se a imprescindibilidade da responsabilização civil para a reparação dos danos extrapatrimoniais decorrentes dessa relação. Com revisão bibliográfica, é utilizado o método de abordagem dedutivo e o método de procedimento comparativo para análise do problema a partir da Constituição e da legislação até a especificidade de situações ao serem comparadas as formas de atuação médica conjuntamente com os hospitais.
RADICALIZANDO A DEMOCRACIA, REDEFININDO A ESFERA PÚBLICA, REDESENHANDO INSTITUIÇÕES: UM ENSAIO PARA MAIOR PARTICIPAÇÃO POPULAR NA POLÍTICA
Authors: Kozicki Katya , Faller Maria Helena Fonseca
Published: October 2019

As democracias contemporâneas vivenciam um processo de esgotamento das certezas e dos paradigmas que as sustentaram durante décadas. É necessário repensar seus fundamentos e reformular suas instituições centrais. Nas sociedades complexas e plurais atuais, a questão da necessidade de maior partilha do poder político impõe-se fortemente, uma vez que a definição da política deve ser discutida por quem será afetado por ela. A partir dessa perspectiva, este trabalho articula a matriz teórica da democracia radical com as teorias de desenhos institucionais democráticos e esferas públicas plurais para verificar se proporcionariam maior participação popular na definição da política. Conclui-se que a radicalização democrática comporta e favorece a noção de esfera(s) pública(s) plurais, com instituições desenhadas democraticamente, de forma a potencializar o acesso ao poder político pelo povo, ampliando e qualificando a participação popular na construção das democracias.
POLÍTICA PÚBLICA, DESENVOLVIMENTISMO NEOEXTRATIVISTA E A COSMOVISÃO INDÍGENA: O POLÊMICO PROJETO DA RODOVIA CORTANDO O TIPNIS NA BOLÍVIA
Authors: Pilau Sobrinho Liton Lanes , Calgaro Cleide , Silva Thiago Dos Santos da
Published: October 2019

O presente artigo analisa o projeto da rodovia proposto por Evo Morales, como forma de desenvolvimento, verificando os riscos e problemas socioambientais causados aos indígenas e ao meio ambiente. Para tal é utilizado o método analítico dedutivo tendo como base estudos bibliográficos. Desta forma, entende-se que o Governo de Evo Morales pregava a renúncia do modelo de desenvolvimento eurocêntrico, mas com a criação da rodovia cortando o TIPNIS está implementando políticas públicas de cunho colonial e neoextrativista.
DESPROTEGER LO PROTEGIDO, ESTRATAGEMAS PARA SUSTRAER Y/O PERMITIR EL DECRECIMIENTO DE LAS ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS, ESTUDIO DE CASO EN EL AMAZONAS BRASILERO
Authors: Correa Valero Diana Magally
Published: October 2019

Em geral, sabemos que a Amazônia está sendo queimada e que milhares de espécies morrem durante o processo, sabemos que isso acontece em toda a América Latina e sabemos que os governos fazem pouco para impedir esse desmatamento. O que ignoramos é que existem políticas do governo que corroboram esse desmatamento com discursos "incendiários"; Para discutir essa situação, faremos uma análise desse discurso no atual governo de Jair Bolsonaro; quem, através da mídia oficial como o NY Times, BBC, O Globo, entre outros, reconheceu a autonomia brasileira em suas decisões sobre o "pulmão do mundo": a Amazônia. A discussão do parágrafo anterior, entre soberania nacional versus patrimônio comum da humanidade, não é nova, encontra-se nas convenções internacionais de diversidade biológica, mudança climática, proteção florestal e combate à desertificação, assinada no Rio de Janeiro em 1992. Nesta investigação, verificaremos como, a mistura de emendas constitucionais aprovadas no Congresso do Brasil nos últimos três anos, especificamente nos governos de Temer e Bolsonaro, misturada com um discurso político presidencial realizado na época, permitiu: mineiros, agricultores , agricultores e empresários privados, queimaram a Amazônia, esperando para ver o que acontece ... Para realizar uma análise do discurso, partimos de uma perspectiva histórica, verificando as políticas governamentais contra a Amazônia nos últimos períodos presidenciais (Lula, Dilma, Temer, Bolsonaro) para concluir que, embora de acordo com os dados científicos existentes nas ONGs. s internacional, houve progresso na conservação da floresta amazônica; No entanto, hoje a Amazônia está pegando fogo. Quais são as decisões políticas legais, e até as emendas constitucionais que foram feitas nos últimos anos, para permitir o uso econômico da Amazônia brasileira? Como o discurso do governo Bolsonaro se relaciona com o desmatamento da Amazônia? Qual a contribuição dos cientistas hoje, no campo político de defesa da Amazônia brasileira? São as respostas que encontraremos a seguir.
The Scope of Ethnographic Research Outside Lithuania: The Family and Its Customs
Authors: Paukštytė-Šaknienė Rasa
Published: October 2019

The object of this article is the analysis of the studies carried out by Lithuanian ethnologists and local ethnographers during Soviet times that were based on the ethnographic material collected outside the borders of the former Lithuanian SSR. This aspect has not yet been explored in the historiography of Lithuanian ethnology. The article aims to present the research into the family and its customs carried out beyond the borders of the former Lithuanian SSR, and to reveal its motivation and intensity. The choice of the subject has been influenced by its relationship with ethnicity and the importance of the family conveyed by the researchers. To achieve the goal, the following objectives were formulated: to review specific research features applied in the former Soviet Lithuania; to disclose the ethnographic fieldwork carried out in Belarus, Poland, and Russia at the time, and to show how the ethnographic material collected in Lithuanian ethnic locations was used for studying the family and the habits of its life. An overview of the history of ethnology in Soviet Lithuania has shown that ethnographic research outside Soviet Lithuania, although not very abundant, had been carried out throughout the entire Soviet period despite some confrontations with the authorities. The abundance of ethnographic fieldwork was primarily observed in the 1950s. The most intensive studies into the family and family customs were carried out in the Lithuanian villages located in the territory of Belarus, the former Byelorussian SSR. They were characterised by more archaic traditions that had already been extinct in the eastern regions of Lithuania. The studies into family customs were carried out in these areas not only by the scholars who were supposed to examine family customs according to institutional plans (for example, Angelė Vyšniauskaitė), but also by those whose research interests were not directly related to the research into family customs (Vacys Milius, Juozas Kudirka). In these cases, the analysis of family life was carried out by examining the ethnic culture of one area or another. Also, studies into Lithuanian culture were enriched by the works of local ethnographers. The publication of ethnographic sources played a similar role. One of such examples is a collection of sources of Lithuania Minor of the 17th–19th centuries, compiled by Vacys Milius in 1970. This article shows that ethnographic studies outside Lithuania were conducted not only for scientific interests or for collecting comparative ethnographic material: they were strongly motivated by patriotic feelings and the desire to uncover the condition of Lithuanian ethnic territories, to record and memorialise the Lithuanian communities living there, and to preserve historical memory, and to uphold the Lithuanian ethnic identity both inside and outside Lithuania.