bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Converging on child mental health – toward shared global action for child development
Authors: Belkin G. , Wissow L. , Lund C. , Aber L. , Bhutta Z. , Black M. , Kieling C. , McGregor S. , Rahman A. , Servili C. , Walker S. , Yoshikawa H.
Published: October 2017

We are a group of researchers and clinicians with collective experience in child survival, nutrition, cognitive and social development, and treatment of common mental conditions. We join together to welcome an expanded definition of child development to guide global approaches to child health and overall social development. We call for resolve to integrate maternal and child mental health with child health, nutrition, and development services and policies, and see this as fundamental to the health and sustainable development of societies. We suggest specific steps toward achieving this objective, with associated global organizational and resource commitments. In particular, we call for a Global Planning Summit to establish a much needed Global Alliance for Child Development and Mental Health in all Policies.
FRONTIER SECURITY IN NORTH EAST AFRICA: CONFLICT AND COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE MARGINS c. 1930–60
Authors: WHITTAKER HANNAH
Published: October 2017

This article explores colonial development policy on the margins of British East Africa. It argues that much like current development practice in the region, increased colonial interventionism in the years after 1940 was motivated by security interests as well as environmental and economic considerations. Rural interventions were used as a mechanism to ‘rein in’ what were perceived to be subversive populations, as well as contain potential security threats. The article therefore throws new light on the nature of colonial rural development, as well as the connections between past and present development practice.
“The Idea of Rights”: Tocqueville on The Social Question
Authors: Englert Gianna
Published: October 2017

Tocqueville's writings on pauperism have gained renewed attention in the last decade. Scholars study hisMemoir on Pauperism(1835) to contextualize his thought in the nineteenth century, to question the extent of his liberalism, or to locate his policy solutions on a spectrum from private charity to state welfare. Yet Tocqueville's response to pauperism must be interpreted in light of “the social question,” or the problem of how to alleviate not only the material ills of poverty, but also the phenomenon of social exclusion that accompanied it. His discussion of the social question, I argue, illuminates his particular theory of rights and their possibilities. His thoughts on the poor laws culminate in a novel theory of the educative potential of property rights. This theory of rights prompts us to revisit his position on extending political rights and on the role of political participation in overcoming class division.
America's Machiavellian: Gouverneur Morris at the Constitutional Convention
Authors: Coby John Patrick
Published: October 2017

While generally a steady ally of James Madison and the nationalists, Gouverneur Morris, delegate from Pennsylvania, worked from a different conception of republican politics. Morris's republicanism was more old than new, relying on the divided sovereignty of a mixed regime to protect the rights of citizens and minorities. This conception, it is argued here, bears the stamp of Machiavelli, especially regarding the relationship of the classes and the role of the executive. Like Machiavelli—but unlike Madison—Morris wanted to underscore society's class divisions, organizing the representatives of rich and poor into two distinct, and hostile, chambers of the legislature. And like Machiavelli, whose “civil prince” was the champion of the people, Morris's executive was to be the “guardian of the people” and the “guardian of liberty.”
Storms May Have Produced Most Mediterranean “Tsunami” Deposits
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: October 2017

A new analysis reveals that nearly all of the region’s sedimentary evidence ascribed to tsunamis, which dates back 4,500 years, corresponds to periods of heightened storminess.
CD10−/ALDH− cells are the sole cisplatin-resistant component of a novel ovarian cancer stem cell hierarchy
Authors: Ffrench Brendan , Gasch Claudia , Hokamp Karsten , Spillane Cathy , Blackshields Gordon , Mahgoub Thamir Mahmoud , Bates Mark , Kehoe Louise , Mooney Aoibhinn , Doyle Ronan , Doyle Brendan , O'Donnell Dearbhaile , Gleeson Noreen , Hennessy Bryan T , Stordal Britta , O'Riain Ciaran , Lambkin Helen , O'Toole Sharon , O'Leary John J , Gallagher Michael F
Published: October 2017

It is long established that tumour-initiating cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess chemoresistant properties. However, little is known of the mechanisms involved, particularly with respect to the organisation of CSCs as stem-progenitor-differentiated cell hierarchies. Here we aimed to elucidate the relationship between CSC hierarchies and chemoresistance in an ovarian cancer model. Using a single cell-based approach to CSC discovery and validation, we report a novel, four-component CSC hierarchy based around the markers cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). In a change to our understanding of CSC biology, resistance to chemotherapy drug cisplatin was found to be the sole property of CD10−/ALDH− CSCs, while all four CSC types were sensitive to chemotherapy drug paclitaxel. Cisplatin treatment quickly altered the hierarchy, resulting in a three-component hierarchy dominated by the cisplatin-resistant CD10−/ALDH− CSC. This organisation was found to be hard-wired in a long-term cisplatin-adapted model, where again CD10−/ALDH− CSCs were the sole cisplatin-resistant component, and all CSC types remained paclitaxel-sensitive. Molecular analysis indicated that cisplatin resistance is associated with inherent- and adaptive-specific drug efflux and DNA-damage repair mechanisms. Clinically, low CD10 expression was consistent with a specific set of ovarian cancer patient samples. Collectively, these data advance our understanding of the relationship between CSC hierarchies and chemoresistance, which was shown to be CSC- and drug-type specific, and facilitated by specific and synergistic inherent and adaptive mechanisms. Furthermore, our data indicate that primary stage targeting of CD10−/ALDH− CSCs in specific ovarian cancer patients in future may facilitate targeting of recurrent disease, before it ever develops.
Dual negative roles of C/EBPα in the expansion and pro-tumor functions of MDSCs
Authors: Mackert John R. , Qu Peng , Min Yongfen , Johnson Peter F. , Yang Li , Lin P. Charles
Published: October 2017

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are greatly expanded in cancer patients and tumor-bearing mice. They infiltrate into tumors and modulate the tumor microenvironment. In an effort to identify molecular mediators responsible for expansion and the tumor-promoting function of MDSCs, we discovered CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) expression was significantly reduced in MDSCs from tumor-bearing mice compared to non-tumor-bearing hosts. Tumor-conditioned medium down-regulated C/EBPα expression, suggesting tumor secreted factors inhibiting the gene expression. Consistent with the function of C/EBPα in regulating the balance between proliferation and growth arrest in hematopoietic progenitors, myeloid lineage specific deletion of C/EBPα resulted in significantly enhanced MDSC proliferation and expansion, as well as an increase of myeloid progenitors and a decrease of mature cells. In addition, deletion of C/EBPα in MDSCs enhanced the pro-angiogenic, immune suppressive and pro-tumorigenic behavior of these cells by upregulating the production of iNOS and arginase, as well as MMP-9 and VEGF. Accordingly, tumors growing in C/EBPα conditional null mice displayed greater MDSC infiltration, increased vascularization and accelerated tumor growth. Taken together, this study reveals dual negative roles of C/EBPα in the expansion as well as pro-angiogenic and immune suppressive functions in MDSCs.
Towards lead-free perovskite photovoltaics and optoelectronics by ab-initio simulations
Authors: Roknuzzaman Md , Ostrikov Kostya , Wang Hongxia , Du Aijun , Tesfamichael Tuquabo
Published: October 2017

Lead (Pb) free non-toxic perovskite solar cells have become more important in the commercialization of the photovoltaic devices. In this study the structural, electronic, optical and mechanical properties of Pb-free inorganic metal halide cubic perovskites CsBX3 (B = Sn, Ge; X = I, Br, Cl) for perovskite solar cells are simulated using first-principles Density Functional Theory (DFT). These compounds are semiconductors with direct band gap energy and mechanically stable. Results suggest that the materials have high absorption coefficient, low reflectivity and high optical conductivity with potential application in solar cells and other optoelectronic energy devices. On the basis of the optical properties, one can expect that the Germanium (Ge) would be a better replacement of Pb as Ge containing compounds have higher optical absorption and optical conductivity than that of Pb containing compounds. A combinational analysis of the electronic, optical and mechanical properties of the compounds suggests that CsGeI3 based perovskite is the best Pb-free inorganic metal halide semiconductor for the solar cell application. However, the compound with solid solution of CsGe(I0.7Br0.3)3 is found to be mechanically more ductile than CsGeI3. This study will also guide to obtain Pb-free organic perovskites for optoelectronic devices.
Synergistic acceleration of experimental tooth movement by supplementary high-frequency vibration applied with a static force in rats
Authors: Takano-Yamamoto Teruko , Sasaki Kiyo , Fatemeh Goudarzi , Fukunaga Tomohiro , Seiryu Masahiro , Daimaruya Takayoshi , Takeshita Nobuo , Kamioka Hiroshi , Adachi Taiji , Ida Hiroto , Mayama Atsushi
Published: October 2017

Several recent prospective clinical trials have investigated the effect of supplementary vibration applied with fixed appliances in an attempt to accelerate tooth movement and shorten the duration of orthodontic treatment. Among them, some studies reported an increase in the rate of tooth movement, but others did not. This technique is still controversial, and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we developed a new vibration device for a tooth movement model in rats, and investigated the efficacy and safety of the device when used with fixed appliances. The most effective level of supplementary vibration to accelerate tooth movement stimulated by a continuous static force was 3 gf at 70 Hz for 3 minutes once a week. Furthermore, at this optimum-magnitude, high-frequency vibration could synergistically enhance osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function via NF-κB activation, leading to alveolar bone resorption and finally, accelerated tooth movement, but only when a static force was continuously applied to the teeth. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism by which optimum-magnitude high-frequency vibration accelerates tooth movement, and may lead to novel approaches for the safe and effective treatment of malocclusion.
The electrophysiological connectome is maintained in healthy elders: a power envelope correlation MEG study
Authors: Coquelet N. , Mary A. , Peigneux P. , Goldman S. , Wens V. , De Tiège X.
Published: October 2017

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies report age-related changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), suggesting altered or reorganized connectivity patterns with age. However, age-related changes in neurovascular coupling might also partially account for altered connectivity patterns. Here, we used resting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG) and a connectome approach in carefully selected healthy young adults and elders. The MEG connectome was estimated as rsFC matrices involving forty nodes from six major  resting-state networks. Source-level rsFC maps were computed in relevant frequency bands using leakage-corrected envelope correlations. Group differences were statistically assessed using non-parametric permutation tests. Our results failed to evidence significant age-related differences after correction for multiple comparisons in the α and the β bands both for static and dynamic rsFC, suggesting that the electrophysiological connectome is maintained in healthy ageing. Further studies should compare the evolution of the human brain connectome as estimated using fMRI and MEG in same healthy young and elder adults, as well as in ageing conditions associated with cognitive decline. At present, our results are in agreement with the brain maintenance theory for successful aging as they suggest that preserved intrinsic functional brain integration contributes to preserved cognitive functioning in healthy elders.
Melanopsin, a Canonical Light Receptor, Mediates Thermal Activation of Clock Genes
Authors: Moraes Maria Nathália , de Assis Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro , Magalhães-Marques Keila Karoline , Poletini Maristela Oliveira , de Lima Leonardo Henrique Ribeiro Graciani , Castrucci Ana Maria de Lauro
Published: October 2017

Melanopsin (OPN4) is a photo-pigment found in a small subset of intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs) of the mammalian retina. These cells play a role in synchronizing the central circadian pacemaker to the astronomical day by conveying information about ambient light to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, the site of the master clock. We evaluated the effect of a heat stimulus (39.5 °C) on clock gene (Per1 and Bmal1) expression in cultured murine Melan-a melanocytes synchronized by medium changes, and in B16-F10 melanoma cells, in the presence of the selective OPN4 antagonist AA92593, or after OPN4 knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA). In addition, we evaluated the effects of heat shock on the localization of melanopsin by immunocytochemistry. In both cell lines melanopsin was found in a region capping the nucleus and heat shock did not affect its location. The heat-induced increase of Per1 expression was inhibited when melanopsin was pharmacologically blocked by AA92593 as well as when its protein expression was suppressed by siRNA in both Melan-a and B16-F10 cells. These data strongly suggest that melanopsin is required for thermo-reception, acting as a thermo-opsin that ultimately feeds the local circadian clock in mouse melanocytes and melanoma cells.
High-risk follicular lymphomas harbour more somatic mutations including those in the AID-motif
Authors: Tsukamoto Taku , Nakano Masakazu , Sato Ryuichi , Adachi Hiroko , Kiyota Miki , Kawata Eri , Uoshima Nobuhiko , Yasukawa Satoru , Chinen Yoshiaki , Mizutani Shinsuke , Shimura Yuji , Kobayashi Tsutomu , Horiike Shigeo , Yanagisawa Akio , Taniwaki Masafumi , Tashiro Kei , Kuroda Junya
Published: October 2017

We investigated clinical and genetic characteristics of high-risk follicular lymphoma (FL), that lacked evidence of large cell transformation at diagnosis, in the rituximab era. First, we retrospectively analysed the clinical features of 100 patients with non-transformed FL that were consecutively treated with rituximab-containing therapies in a discovery cohort. The presence of either peripheral blood and/or bone involvement was associated with short progression-free survival. This was confirmed in a validation cohort of 66 FL patients. Then, whole exome sequencing was performed on randomly selected 5 high- and 9 standard-risk FL tumours. The most common mutational signature was a CG > TG substitution-enriched signature associated with spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine at CpG, but mutations in WA and WRC(Y) motifs (so-called activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) motifs) were also enriched throughout the whole exome. We found clustered mutations in target sequences of AID in the IG and BCL2 loci. Importantly, high-risk FLs harboured more somatic mutations (mean 190 vs. 138, P = 0.04), including mutations in WA (33 vs. 22, P = 0.038), WRC (34 vs. 22, P = 0.016) and WRCY motifs (17 vs. 11, P = 0.004). These results suggest that genomic instability that allows for emergence of distinct mutations through AID activity underlies development of the high-risk FL phenotype.
Revealing the day-to-day regularity of urban congestion patterns with 3D speed maps
Authors: Lopez Clélia , Leclercq Ludovic , Krishnakumari Panchamy , Chiabaut Nicolas , van Lint Hans
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we investigate the day-to-day regularity of urban congestion patterns. We first partition link speed data every 10 min into 3D clusters that propose a parsimonious sketch of the congestion pulse. We then gather days with similar patterns and use consensus clustering methods to produce a unique global pattern that fits multiple days, uncovering the day-to-day regularity. We show that the network of Amsterdam over 35 days can be synthesized into only 4 consensual 3D speed maps with 9 clusters. This paves the way for a cutting-edge systematic method for travel time predictions in cities. By matching the current observation to historical consensual 3D speed maps, we design an efficient real-time method that successfully predicts 84% trips travel times with an error margin below 25%. The new concept of consensual 3D speed maps allows us to extract the essence out of large amounts of link speed observations and as a result reveals a global and previously mostly hidden picture of traffic dynamics at the whole city scale, which may be more regular and predictable than expected.
Gelatinizing oil in water and its removal via bacteria inhabiting the gels
Authors: Radwan Samir S. A. , Al-Mailem Dina M. , Kansour Mayada K.
Published: October 2017

When crude oil samples were shaken (200 rpm) in seawater samples from the Arabian Gulf at 30 °C, usually oil-gels were produced spontaneously leaving the water quite clear. The gelators could probably be based on cholesteryl derivatives. Microscopic examination of the established gels revealed nanofibrellar structures similar to those described by earlier workers for artificially synthesized gelators. Communities of bacteria including prosthetic and stalked members as well as oil-degrading bacteria were recorded in such gels. Chemical analysis revealed that 88.5% of the oil entrapped by gelation was biodegraded after 40 days at 30 °C. Individual bacterial species isolated from the oil-gels biodegraded in batch cultures between 17.8 and 33.3% of the oil added at time zero in 12 days at 30 °C. Gelation is a promising approach, not only for clean, physical removal of oil spilled in aquatic habitats, as so far suggested, but also in its effective microbiological biodegradation, as the current study revealed.
Inhibition of lobuloalveolar development by FOXC1 overexpression in the mouse mammary gland
Authors: Gao Bowen , Qu Ying , Han Bingchen , Nagaoka Yoshiko , Katsumata Makoto , Deng Nan , Bose Shikha , Jin Liting , Giuliano Armando E. , Cui Xiaojiang
Published: October 2017

The forkhead box transcription factor FOXC1 plays a critical role in embryogenesis and the development of many organs. Its mutations and high expression are associated with many human diseases including breast cancer. Although FOXC1 knockout mouse studies showed that it is not required for mammary gland development during puberty, it is not clear whether its overexpression alters normal mammary development in vivo. To address this question, we generated transgenic mice with mammary-specific FOXC1 overexpression. We report that transgenic FOXC1 overexpression suppresses lobuloalveologenesis and lactation in mice. This phenotype is associated with higher percentages of estrogen receptor-, progesterone receptor-, or ki67-positive mammary epithelial cells in the transgenic mice at the lactation stage. We also show that expression of the Elf5 transcription factor, a master regulator of mammary alveologenesis and luminal cell differentiation, is markedly reduced in mammary epithelial cells of transgenic mice. Likewise, levels of activated Stat5, another inducer of alveolar expansion and a known mediator of the Elf5 effect, are also lowered in those cells. In contrast, the cytokeratin 8-positive mammary cell population with progenitor properties is elevated in the transgenic mice at the lactation stage, suggesting inhibition of mammary cell differentiation. These results may implicate FOXC1 as a new important regulator of mammary gland development.
Persistent homology index as a robust quantitative measure of immunohistochemical scoring
Authors: Takiyama Akihiro , Teramoto Takashi , Suzuki Hiroaki , Yamashiro Katsushige , Tanaka Shinya
Published: October 2017

Immunohistochemical data (IHC) plays an important role in clinical practice, and is typically gathered in a semi-quantitative fashion that relies on some degree of visual scoring. However, visual scoring by a pathologist is inherently subjective and manifests both intra-observer and inter-observer variability. In this study, we introduce a novel computer-aided quantification methodology for immunohistochemical scoring that uses the algebraic concept of persistent homology. Using 8 bit grayscale image data derived from 90 specimens of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast, stained for the replicative marker Ki-67, we computed homology classes. These were then compared to nuclear grades and the Ki-67 labeling indices obtained by visual scoring. Three metrics for IHC staining were newly defined: Persistent Homology Index (PHI), center coordinates of positive and negative groups, and the sum of squares within groups (WSS). This study demonstrates that PHI, a novel index for immunohistochemical labeling using persistent homology, can produce highly similar data to that generated by a pathologist using visual evaluation. The potential benefits associated with our novel technology include both improved quantification and reproducibility. Since our method reflects cellularity and nuclear atypia, it carries a greater quantity of biologic data compared to conventional evaluation using Ki-67.
Vacancy-induced brittle to ductile transition of W-M co-doped Al3Ti (M=Si, Ge, Sn and Pb)
Authors: Zhu Mingke , Wu Ping , Li Qiulin , Xu Ben
Published: October 2017

We investigated the effect of vacancy formation on brittle (D022) to ductile (L12-like) transition in Al3Ti using DFT calculations. The well-known pseudogap on the density of states of Al3Ti migrates towards its Fermi level from far above, via a W − M co-doping strategy, where M is Si, Ge, Sn or Pb respectively. In particular, by a W − M co-doping the underline electronic structure of the pseudogap approaches an octahedral (L12: t2g, eg) from the tetragonal (D022: eg, b2g, a1g, b1g) crystal field. Our calculations demonstrated that (1) a W-doping is responsible for the close up of the energy gap between a1g and b1g so that they tend to merge into an eg symmetry, and (2) all M-doping lead to a narrower gap between eg and b2g (moving towards a t2g symmetry). Thus, a brittle to ductile transition in Al3Ti is possible by adopting this W − M co-doping strategy. We further recommend the use of W-Pb co-doped Al3Ti to replace the less anodic Al electrode in Al-battery, due to its improved ductility and high Al diffusivity. Finally this study opens a new field in physics to tailor mechanical properties by manipulating electron energy level(s) towards higher symmetry via vacancy optimization.
Mycobacterium smegmatis PafBC is involved in regulation of DNA damage response
Authors: Fudrini Olivencia Begonia , Müller Andreas U. , Roschitzki Bernd , Burger Sibylle , Weber-Ban Eilika , Imkamp Frank
Published: October 2017

Two genes, pafB and pafC, are organized in an operon with the Pup-ligase gene pafA, which is part of the Pup-proteasome system (PPS) present in mycobacteria and other actinobacteria. The PPS is crucial for Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance towards reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI). However, pafB and pafC apparently play only a minor role in RNI resistance. To characterize their function, we generated a pafBC deletion in Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm). Proteome analysis of the mutant strain revealed decreased cellular levels of various proteins involved in DNA damage repair, including recombinase A (RecA). In agreement with this finding, Msm ΔpafBC displayed increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. In mycobacteria two pathways regulate DNA repair genes: the LexA/RecA-dependent SOS response and a predominant pathway that controls gene expression via a LexA/RecA-independent promoter, termed P1. PafB and PafC feature winged helix-turn-helix DNA binding motifs and we demonstrate that together they form a stable heterodimer in vitro, implying a function as a heterodimeric transcriptional regulator. Indeed, P1-driven transcription of recA was decreased in Msm ΔpafBC under standard conditions and induction of recA expression upon DNA damage was strongly impaired. Taken together, our data indicate an important regulatory function of PafBC in the mycobacterial DNA damage response.
Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease is associated with inherent changes in bioenergetics profiles
Authors: Sonntag Kai-C. , Ryu Woo-In , Amirault Kristopher M. , Healy Ryan A. , Siegel Arthur J. , McPhie Donna L. , Forester Brent , Cohen Bruce M.
Published: October 2017

Body-wide changes in bioenergetics, i.e., energy metabolism, occur in normal aging and disturbed bioenergetics may be an important contributing mechanism underlying late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). We investigated the bioenergetic profiles of fibroblasts from LOAD patients and healthy controls, as a function of age and disease. LOAD cells exhibited an impaired mitochondrial metabolic potential and an abnormal redox potential, associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and altered citric acid cycle activity, but not with disease-specific changes in mitochondrial mass, production of reactive oxygen species, transmembrane instability, or DNA deletions. LOAD fibroblasts demonstrated a shift in energy production to glycolysis, despite an inability to increase glucose uptake in response to IGF-1. The increase of glycolysis and the abnormal mitochondrial metabolic potential in LOAD appeared to be inherent, as they were disease- and not age-specific. Our findings support the hypothesis that impairment in multiple interacting components of bioenergetic metabolism may be a key mechanism contributing to the risk and pathophysiology of LOAD.
Strain induced polarization chaos in a solitary VCSEL
Authors: Raddo T. R. , Panajotov K. , Borges B.-H. V. , Virte M.
Published: October 2017

Physical curiosity at the beginning, optical chaos is now attracting increasing interest in various technological areas such as detection and ranging or secure communications, to name but a few. However, the complexity of optical chaos generators still significantly hinders their development. In this context, the generation of chaotic polarization fluctuations in a single laser diode has proven to be a significant step forward, despite being observed solely for quantum-dot vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). Here, we demonstrate experimentally that a similar polarization dynamics can be consistently obtained in quantum-well VCSELs. Indeed, by introducing anisotropic strain in the laser cavity, we successfully triggered the desired chaotic dynamics. The simplicity of the proposed approach, based on low-cost and easily available components including off-the-shelf VCSELs, paves the way to the wide spread use of solitary VCSELs for chaos-based applications.
Tropical protected areas reduced deforestation carbon emissions by one third from 2000–2012
Authors: Bebber Daniel P. , Butt Nathalie
Published: October 2017

Tropical deforestation is responsible for around one tenth of total anthropogenic carbon emissions, and tropical protected areas (PAs) that reduce deforestation can therefore play an important role in mitigating climate change and protecting biodiversity and ecosystem services. While the effectiveness of PAs in reducing deforestation has been estimated, the impact on global carbon emissions remains unquantified. Here we show that tropical PAs overall reduced deforestation carbon emissions by 4.88 Pg, or around 29%, between 2000 and 2012, when compared to expected rates of deforestation controlling for spatial variation in deforestation pressure. The largest contribution was from the tropical Americas (368.8 TgC y−1), followed by Asia (25.0 TgC y−1) and Africa (12.7 TgC y−1). Variation in PA effectiveness is largely driven by local factors affecting individual PAs, rather than designations assigned by governments.
Myocardial changes in incident haemodialysis patients over 6-months: an observational cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Rutherford Elaine , Mangion Kenneth , McComb Christie , Bell Elizabeth , Cockburn Samantha , Talle Mohammed , Roditi Giles , Welsh Paul , Woodward Rosemary , Radjenovic Aleksandra , Struthers Allan D. , Jardine Alan G. , Berry Colin , Patel Rajan K. , Mark Patrick B.
Published: October 2017

Patients commencing on haemodialysis (HD) have an increased risk of cardiovascular events in the first year after starting HD compared to those patients established on HD longer. Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and abnormal myocardial strain predict mortality. There may be changes in the myocardium of incident HD patients over a 6-month period of HD which may explain changes in cardiovascular risk. We used CMR to consider changes in LV mass, myocardial strain and T1 mapping. We examined changes in pre-dialysis highly sensitive troponin T. 33 patients undergoing HD for <12 months were recruited. Participants underwent CMR at baseline and after 6-months of standard care. 6-months of HD was associated with reduction in LV mass index (Baseline: 78.8 g/m2 follow up: 69.9 g/m2, p = <0.001). LV global longitudinal strain also improved (Baseline: −17.9%, follow up: −21.6%, p = <0.001). Change in T1 time was not significant (Baseline septal T1 1277.4 ms, follow up 1271.5 p = 0.504). Highly sensitive troponin T was lower at follow up (Baseline 38.8 pg/L, follow up 30.8 pg/L p = 0.02). In incident HD patients, 6-months of HD was associated with improvements in LV mass, strain and troponin. These findings may reflect improvement in known cardiac tissue abnormalities found in patients over the first year of HD.
Mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk, haplotype and copy number variation distinct in muscle fiber type, mitochondrial respiratory and metabolic enzyme activities
Authors: Liu Xuan , Trakooljul Nares , Hadlich Frieder , Murani Eduard , Wimmers Klaus , Ponsuksili Siriluck
Published: October 2017

Genes expressed in mitochondria work in concert with those expressed in the nucleus to mediate oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a process that is relevant for muscle metabolism and meat quality. Mitochondrial genome activity can be efficiently studied and compared in Duroc and Pietrain pigs, which harbor different mitochondrial haplotypes and distinct muscle fiber types, mitochondrial respiratory activities, and fat content. Pietrain pigs homozygous-positive for malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (PiPP) carried only haplotype 8 and showed the lowest absolute mtDNA copy number accompanied by a decrease transcript abundance of mitochondrial-encoded subunits ND1, ND6, and ATP6 and nuclear-encoded subunits NDUFA11 and NDUFB8. In contrast, we found that haplotype 4 of Duroc pigs had significantly higher mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers and an increase transcript abundance of mitochondrial-encoded subunits ND1, ND6, and ATP6. These results suggest that the variation in mitochondrial and nuclear genetic background among these animals has an effect on mitochondrial content and OXPHOS system subunit expression. We observed the co-expression pattern of mitochondrial and nuclear encoded OXPHOS subunits suggesting that the mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk functionally involves in muscle metabolism. The findings provide valuable information for understanding muscle biology processes and energy metabolism, and may direct use for breeding strategies to improve meat quality and animal health.
Poly (ionic liquid)-Based Breath Figure Films: A New Kind of Honeycomb Porous Films with Great Extendable Capability
Authors: Wu Baozhen , Zhang Wanlin , Gao Ning , Zhou Meimei , Liang Yun , Wang Ying , Li Fengting , Li Guangtao
Published: October 2017

In this work, we reported a new method for the convenient fabrication of various functional porous films, which cannot be directly generated using breath figures (BFs). A series of polystyrene-b-poly (ionic liquid) (PS-b-PIL) block copolymers were employed for BFs process for the first time. It was found that PS-b-PIL could form well-defined BFs porous structure. Remarkably, the described PS-b-PIL copolymers are prone to form hierarchical structure, and the formed pore structure is strongly dependent on the used experimental parameters. Importantly, we found that the anion exchange could provide as an effective means, by which the porous films could be further and facilely converted into other functional films. As a demonstration, in our case, porous films with different surface (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) property, porous polydopamine films decorated with Au nanoparticles or glutathione and porous SiO2 films were prepared by using different counteranions as well as further conversion. Due to the unlimited combination of cation and anion in ionic liquid moiety, all the results indicate that the BFs films generated by using PS-PIL could serve as a platform to access various functional porous films by a simple counteranion exchange, showing a great extendable capability.
Synthesis of tunable porosity of fluorine-enriched porous organic polymer materials with excellent CO2, CH4 and iodine adsorption
Authors: Li Guoyan , Yao Chan , Wang Jiku , Xu Yanhong
Published: October 2017

We herein report the construction of four the novel fluorine-enriched conjugated microporous polymers (FCMP-600@1-4), which have permanent porous structures and plenty of fluorine atoms in the skeletons as effective sorption sites. Among them, FCMP-600@4 shows considerable adsorption capacity of CO2 of 5.35 mmol g−1 at 273 K, and 4.18 mmol g−1 at 298 K, which is higher than the reported values for most porous polymers. In addition, FCMP-600@1-4 display high selectivity of CO2/N2 and high CH4 uptakes.
Rapid determination of farinograph parameters of wheat flour using data fusion and a forward interval variable selection algorithm
Authors: Chen Jia , Ye Fayin , Zhao Guohua
Published: October 2017

A forward interval variable selection algorithm combined with data fusion was developed to determine farinograph parameters of wheat flour.
Exonuclease-assisted target recycling amplification for label-free chemiluminescence assay and molecular logic operations
Authors: Yan Yongcun , Yue Shuzhen , Zhao Tingting , Luo Baoyu , Bi Sai
Published: October 2017

A versatile exonuclease-assisted target recycling amplification strategy is demonstrated to achieve label-free chemiluminescence detection of DNA and construction of a series of two-input molecular logic gates.
Enhanced adsorption of small gas molecules in metal (Cu2+, Pd2+, Pt2+) complexes induced by ligand fluorination
Authors: Hori Akiko , Gonda Ryu , Rzeznicka Izabela I.
Published: October 2017

Fully fluorinated coordination complexes show two types of guest recognition events: 1 : 1 selective recognition of CO2 and metal ion-selective adsorption of N2, O2, H2, NO, and CH4.
Advancing porphyrin's biomedical utility via supramolecular chemistry
Authors: Rajora M. A. , Lou J. W. H. , Zheng G.
Published: October 2017

Enhancing existing porphyrin functionality and introducing new capabilities via supramolecular chemistry.
Cation-exchanged zeolites for the selective oxidation of methane to methanol
Authors: Kulkarni Ambarish R. , Zhao Zhi-Jian , Siahrostami Samira , Nørskov Jens K. , Studt Felix
Published: October 2017

Development of an ideal methane activation catalyst presents a trade-off between stability and reactivity of the active site that can be achieved by tuning the transition metal cation, active site motif and the zeolite topology.
Ligand directed structural diversity and magnetism in copper(ii)–azido assemblies with isomeric aminopyridines: synthesis, structure, magnetism and theoretical studies
Authors: Pandey Priyanka , Kharediya Bhagwan , Elrez Bahjat , Sutter J-P. , Bhargavi G. , Rajasekharan M. V. , Sunkari Sailaja S.
Published: October 2017

Ligand geometry and molar ratios play an influential role in directing the supramolecular assemblage and associated magnetic properties as described for the Cu(ii) complexes involving isomeric aminopyridines and azide.
Enhanced compatibility between a copper nanowire-based transparent electrode and a hybrid perovskite absorber by poly(ethylenimine)
Authors: Hwang Hyewon , Ahn Jihoon , Lee Eunsong , Kim Kyungmi , Kwon Hyeok-Chan , Moon Jooho
Published: October 2017

Poly(ethylenimine) dramatically improved compatibility between a copper nanowire electrode and a perovskite, enabling the fabrication of electrode-based perovskite solar cells with silver- and indium-free copper nanowires.
Laser-structured Janus wire mesh for efficient oil–water separation
Authors: Liu Yu-Qing , Han Dong-Dong , Jiao Zhi-Zhen , Liu Yan , Jiang Hao-Bo , Wu Xuan-Hang , Ding Hong , Zhang Yong-Lai , Sun Hong-Bo
Published: October 2017

We fabricate a Janus wire mesh by laser structuring and subsequent fluorosilane/graphene oxide modification for efficient oil/water separation.
The enantioselective addition of 1-fluoro-1-nitro(phenylsulfonyl)methane to isatin-derived ketimines
Authors: Urban M. , Franc M. , Hofmanová M. , Císařová I. , Veselý J.
Published: October 2017

Enantioselective fluoroalkylation of isatin-derived ketimines can be effectively catalyzed with cinchona alkaloids affording fluoro-containing compounds bearing adjacent quaternary stereogenic centers.
Non-integer induced spontaneous polarization of highly efficient perovskite-based NBTO SCN photocatalysts
Authors: Hu Yidong , Chen Gang , Li Chunmei , Han Zhonghui , Hao Sue , Hong Weizhao , Xing Weinan
Published: October 2017

Non-integer perovskite-based NBTO SCNs possess giant spontaneous polarization along the c-axis, and exhibit excellent photocatalytic activities.
Stomata-like metal peptide coordination polymer
Authors: Ma Ning , Lin Cong , Wu Nian , Liu Qi , Ma Jia-Le , Meng Wei , Wang Xiao-Shuang , Zhang Lu , Xu Xiaohui , Zhao Yifang , Zhuang Lin , Fan Jun , Sun Junliang , Zhuo Ren-Xi , Zhang Xian-Zheng
Published: October 2017

The ‘stomata-like breathing’ metal peptide coordination polymer reported here can selectively bind H2O through serial structural changes reminiscent of domino effects.
One-step synthesis of an antibacterial and pro-healing wound dressing that can treat wound infections
Authors: Zhu Yingnan , Zhang Jiamin , Song Jiayin , Yang Jing , Xu Tong , Pan Chao , Zhang Lei
Published: October 2017

A PCB–AgNP hydrogel was fabricated using a one-step method and demonstrated to efficiently treat wound infections.
GPI-anchored proteins are confined in subdiffraction clusters at the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells
Authors: Paladino Simona , Lebreton Stéphanie , Lelek Mickaël , Riccio Patrizia , De Nicola Sergio , Zimmer Christophe , Zurzolo Chiara
Published: October 2017

Spatio-temporal compartmentalization of membrane proteins is critical for the regulation of diverse vital functions in eukaryotic cells. It was previously shown that, at the apical surface of polarized MDCK cells, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are organized in small cholesterol-independent clusters of single GPI-AP species (homoclusters), which are required for the formation of larger cholesterol-dependent clusters formed by multiple GPI-AP species (heteroclusters). This clustered organization is crucial for the biological activities of GPI-APs; hence, understanding the spatio-temporal properties of their membrane organization is of fundamental importance. Here, by using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy coupled to pair correlation analysis (pc-STORM), we were able to visualize and measure the size of these clusters. Specifically, we show that they are non-randomly distributed and have an average size of 67 nm. We also demonstrated that polarized MDCK and non-polarized CHO cells have similar cluster distribution and size, but different sensitivity to cholesterol depletion. Finally, we derived a model that allowed a quantitative characterization of the cluster organization of GPI-APs at the apical surface of polarized MDCK cells for the first time. Experimental FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer)/FLIM (fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy) data were correlated to the theoretical predictions of the model.
Enhancement of lung gene delivery after aerosol: a new strategy using non-viral complexes with antibacterial properties
Authors: Mottais Angélique , Le Gall Tony , Sibiril Yann , Ravel Julian , Laurent Véronique , d’Arbonneau Frédérique , Montier Tristan
Published: October 2017

The pathophysiology of obstructive pulmonary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), leads to the development of chronic infections in the respiratory tract. Thus, the symptomatic management of the disease requires, in particular, repetitive antibiotherapy. Besides these antibacterial treatments, certain pathologies, such as CF or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), require the intake of many drugs. This simultaneous absorption may lead to undesirable drug interactions. For example, Orkambi® (lumacaftor/Ivacaftor, Vertex), a pharmacological drug employed to treat F508del patients, cannot be used with antibiotics such as rifampicin or rifabutin (rifamycin family) which are necessary to treat Mycobacteriaceae. As far as gene therapy is concerned, bacteria and/or biofilm in the airways present an additional barrier for gene transfer. Thus, aerosol administration of nanoparticles have to overcome many obstacles before allowing cellular penetration of therapeutic compounds. This review focusses on the development of aerosol formulations adapted to the respiratory tract and its multiple barriers. Then, formulations that are currently used in clinical applications are summarized depending on the active molecule delivered. Finally, we focus on new therapeutic approaches to reduce possible drug interactions by transferring the antibacterial activity to the nanocarrier while ensuring the transfection efficiency.
Do Older Listeners With Hearing Loss Benefit From Dynamic Pitch for Speech Recognition in Noise?
Authors: Shen Jing , Souza Pamela E.
Published: October 2017

Purpose

Dynamic pitch, the variation in the fundamental frequency of speech, aids older listeners' speech perception in noise. It is unclear, however, whether some older listeners with hearing loss benefit from strengthened dynamic pitch cues for recognizing speech in certain noise scenarios and how this relative benefit may be associated with individual factors. We first examined older individuals' relative benefit between natural and strong dynamic pitches for better speech recognition in noise. Further, we reported the individual factors of the 2 groups of listeners who benefit differently from natural and strong dynamic pitches.

Method

Speech reception thresholds of 13 older listeners with mild–moderate hearing loss were measured using target speech with 3 levels of dynamic pitch strength. Individuals' ability to benefit from dynamic pitch was defined as the speech reception threshold difference between speeches with and without dynamic pitch cues.

Results

The relative benefit of natural versus strong dynamic pitch varied across individuals. However, this relative benefit remained consistent for the same individuals across those background noises with temporal modulation. Those listeners who benefited more from strong dynamic pitch reported better subjective speech perception abilities.

Conclusion

Strong dynamic pitch may be more beneficial than natural dynamic pitch for some older listeners to recognize speech better in noise, particularly when the noise has temporal modulation.
Consonant Age-of-Acquisition Effects in Nonword Repetition Are Not Articulatory in Nature
Authors: Moore Michelle W. , Fiez Julie A. , Tompkins Connie A.
Published: October 2017

Purpose

Most research examining long-term-memory effects on nonword repetition (NWR) has focused on lexical-level variables. Phoneme-level variables have received little attention, although there are reasons to expect significant sublexical effects in NWR. To further understand the underlying processes of NWR, this study examined effects of sublexical long-term phonological knowledge by testing whether performance differs when the stimuli comprise consonants acquired later versus earlier in speech development.

Method

Thirty (Experiment 1) and 20 (Experiment 2) college students completed tasks that investigated whether an experimental phoneme-level variable (consonant age of acquisition) similarly affects NWR and lexical-access tasks designed to vary in articulatory, auditory-perceptual, and phonological short-term-memory demands. The lexical-access tasks were performed in silence or with concurrent articulation to explore whether consonant age-of-acquisition effects arise before or after articulatory planning.

Results

NWR accuracy decreased on items comprising later- versus earlier-acquired phonemes. Similar consonant age-of-acquisition effects were observed in accuracy measures of nonword reading and lexical decision performed in silence or with concurrent articulation.

Conclusion

Results indicate that NWR performance is sensitive to phoneme-level phonological knowledge in long-term memory. NWR, accordingly, should not be regarded as a diagnostic tool for pure impairment of phonological short-term memory.

Supplemental Materials

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5435137
The Evidence Behind the Practice: A Review of WPATH Suggested Guidelines in Transgender Voice and Communication
Authors: Davies Shelagh
Published: October 2017

Voice and communication change for gender-divergent people is a rapidly growing specialty within the practice of speech-language pathology. In 2015, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) published an article to support clinicians, researchers and educators in this emerging field. This “Companion Document” expands on WPATH's Standards of Care in Transgender Voice and Communication. What follows here is a brief summary of the document's content.
Un outil de calcul de la dose efficace engagée
Authors: Landry B.
Published: October 2017

Cet article présente un outil de calcul de la dose efficace engagée. Les fonctionnalités sont présentées en suivant les différentes étapes du calcul, effectué selon les recommandations de bonne pratique et le guide européen IDEAS. L'approche proposée par ces textes est de réaliser une évaluation de plus en plus précise à mesure que le niveau de dose s'élève. Différents exemples, fictifs ou issus de cas réels de contamination, illustrent la démarche.
Synthesis of Chiral Thiourea-Thioxanthone Hybrids
Authors: Mayr Florian , Mohr Lisa-Marie , Rodriguez Elsa , Bach Thorsten
Published: October 2017

Four different 1-aminocyclohexanes bearing a tethered thioxanthone group in the 2-position were prepared. The synthesis commenced with the respective N-protected β-amino acids, the carboxyl group of which was employed for the introduction of the thioxanthone moiety. After construction of the thioxanthone and protecting group removal, the conversion of the amino group into the respective thiourea was accomplished by treatment with N-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate and yielded the title compounds in which the thioxanthone resides in different spatial positions relative to the thiourea motif. Overall yields varied between 20–35%.