bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Appearance and Persistence of Pinolene Antitranspirant Sprayed on ‘Valencia’ Orange Leaves1
Authors: Albrigo L. Gene
Published: September 2022

A polyterpene antitranspirant spray applied to mature ‘Valencia’ orange trees in March. 1971 showed little weathering over the next 6 months. Scanning electron photomicrographs of lower surfaces of leaves sampled 1 month after a 3% Pinolene spray revealed the material was deposited as droplets on the young expanding leaves but formed a more continuous film on mature leaves. Many of the stomatal openings were covered on mature leaves. Leaves from 1 and 3% Pinolene treatments had 68% and 187% more epicuticular coating, respectively, than control leaves when compared 2 months after application. At 6 months, there was 40% and 134% more surface coating on leaves of the treated trees than on the control leaves.
Thinning Short-Cycle Florida Peaches with N-1-Naphthylphthalamic Acid1
Authors: Aitken J. B. , Buchanan D. W. , Sauls J. W.
Published: September 2022

‘Maygold’ and ‘Q310-7’ peaches were thinned adequately with 300 to 400 ppm N-l-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) applied at full bloom; ‘Armgold’ was not satisfactorily thinned. ‘Early Amber’ was thinned when NPA was applied 5 days after full bloom. Optimum time of chemical thinning was affected by the length of the bloom period.
Screening Red Raspberry Cultivars and Selections for Immunity to Amphorophora agathonica Hottes1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A.
Published: September 2022

Nineteen red raspberry cultivars were screened for immunity to Amphorophora agathonica, the aphid vector of red raspberry mosaic virus; ‘Reveille’ and ‘Pyne’s Royal’ were immune. The immunity of ‘Reville’ was derived from the ‘Lloyd George’ cultivar. ‘Pyne’s Royal’ appears to be a distinct source of immunity. Immunity of various selections appeared to be derived from one or more cultivars: ‘Lloyd George’, ‘Burnetholm’ and possibly ‘Pyne‘s Royal’ as well as the tetraploid ‘La France’. It is suggested that all cultivars developed in North America be screened for their reaction to A. agathonica prior to release.
Effects of Seed Number, Size, and Development on Fruit Size of Cultivated Blueberries1
Authors: Moore J. N. , Reynolds B. D. , Brown G. R.
Published: September 2022

Pooled data from several cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and rabbiteye blueberry (V. ashei Reade) showed a highly significant correlation between fruit size and developed seed content although there were exceptions of individual cultivars means. Fruit size and seed no. decreased with progressively later harvests in all cultivars. Seed size differed among the various cultivars but was not related to fruit size. The % of total seeds that developed varied among cultivars and was correlated with fruit size.
Floral Development in Normal and Frost-Injured Cranberries1
Authors: Hall L. V. , Newbery R. J.
Published: September 2022

Development of flower primordia in a native selection was similar to that reported for the cultivated cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) in Wisconsin and Massachusetts. Plants injured by frost had fewer later developing primordia than the normal. The flower primordia in Stevens’ developed earlier and were more vigorous than those in the native selection.
The Effect of Deblossoming on Fruit Size, Yield, and Earliness in Tomato1
Authors: Veliath J. A. , Ferguson A. C.
Published: September 2022

Deblossoming of ‘Summit’, a determinate cultivar of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) after the 4, 5 and 6 cluster stages significantly increased mean fruit wt and yield. Removal of late formed flowers tended to delay maturation of fruits.
Chemical Induction of Perfect Flowers on a Gynoecious Line of Muskmelon, Cucumis melo L.1
Authors: Byers R. E. , Baker L. R. , Dilley D. R. , Sell H. M.
Published: September 2022

Perfect flowers were induced on a gynoecious line of muskmelon with foliar applications of 5-methyl-7-chloro-4-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-2, 1, 3-benzothiadiazole (MCEB) at the 4th leaf stage. Following hand-pollination, fruit was set, and seed developed. This method permits maintenance of gynoecious lines for the production of Fj hybrid muskmelon seed.
Rapid Multiplication of Chrysanthemum Plants by Stem-Tip Proliferation1
Authors: Ben-Jaacov Jaacov , Langhans R. W.
Published: September 2022

A procedure for rapid multiplication of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat by tissue culture techniques is described. Excised stem-tips are placed on semi-solid Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with growth regulators to form callus and then rotated in the liquid form of the same medium to increase proliferation. The callus pieces are transferred to the same semi-solid medium but kept stationary to induce shoot elongation. The shoots when 2 cm long are transferred to Hoagland’s solution and in a few weeks plantlets are of sufficient size to be planted in soil in the greenhouse. We estimate that 1 chrysanthemum tip could produce 100,000 plantlets in less than 1 year.
Improved Geranium Branching with Growth Regulator Sprays
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Carlson W. H.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), 6-benzylamino purine (BA), and 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyran-yl)-9H-purine (PBA) significantly increased me branching of pinched ‘Dark Red Irene’ geranium (Pelargonium hortorum Bailey). Spraying pinched plants with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) frequently increased the branch no. over pinched but untreated plants. Maximum stimulation of branching of pinched plants occurred from growth regulator sprays at the time of pinching. Ethephon and BA sprays significantly delayed flowering.
Paradigms for Horticultural Inquiry
Authors: Mahlstede J. P.
Published: September 2022

These are days of questioning, of legitimizing, of considering alternatives, of adjustment. The signs of inquiry and concern about priorities are everywhere as our colleagues talk about a Rip Van Winkle Society and as environmentalists parade as experts on everything from horticultural crops to sociology.
Land Planning Favorable to Agriculture1
Authors: Hehn Erhardt R.
Published: September 2022

Irrespective of the political system our economics is based on production efficiency and/or profit. In most areas of economic activity we have rationalized our service to two masters by constraining Mammon with laws designed to protect the safety, health, and welfare of people.
The Best Kept Secret1
Authors: Wadleigh Cecil H. , Dyal R. S.
Published: September 2022

Horticulturists are concerned with maintaining the quality of the environment.3 They are also concerned with the things that are happening on the horticultural scene: the things that they themselves are causing to happen, and the things that happen which seem to be beyond their own control.
Agricultural Plastics in California1
Authors: Hall Bernarr J. , Besemer Seward T.
Published: September 2022

Plastics in agriculture and horticulture, which had its origins nearly 4 decades ago, have grown to over a 300 million lb. industry in the United States. The inexpensive plastics excited not only researchers but farmers seeking a cheaper method of producing and preserving food and fiber. E. M. Emmert (1), of the University of Kentucky, the father of plastics in the U. S., developed many principles of plastic technology with his research on greenhouses, mulches and row covers. Early row cover experiments on cantaloupe production by C. A. Shadbolt and O. D. McCoy (11, 12), and by B. J. Hall (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) on cucumbers, tomatoes, and peppers, established the practical and commercial uses of the row covers for these crops. More sophisticated row covers, where heat, was used to grow early crops in the more northern latitudes, were reported in 1964 and 1965 by Merle H. Jensen and Raymond Sheldrake (9, 10).
Gibberellic Acid, Seed Number and Rate of Maturation as Related to Uneven-Ripening ‘Concord’ Grapes1
Authors: Skirvin R. M. , Hull J. W.
Published: September 2022

Uneven-ripening ‘Concord’ grapes were treated with 250 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) about 2 weeks prior to harvest. “Green” berries responded with increased rate of ripening over untreated “green” berries as measured by soluble solids and anthocyanin content. GA3-treated berries also developed a callus-like layer between the pedicel and the skin which delayed drop also resulting in more evenly ripened clusters. In uneven-ripening clusters, “green” in contrast to “colored” berries had significantly fewer seeds and many of these seeds had aborted.
Winter Injury on Young Developing Apple Shoots1
Authors: Simons Roy K.
Published: September 2022

A 34°C drop in temperature from Nov. 1-8 affected plant parts of apple trees in direct proportion to vigor. More damage was evident on the shoots originating from the graft-union area than those from scaffold branches originating from the apical portions of the tree.
The Effects of Light Intensity and Growth Regulators on Gloxinia1
Authors: Davis Sydnor T. , Kent Kimmins R. , Larson Roy A.
Published: September 2022

Low light intensity caused an increase in size and a delay in flowering of gloxinias (Sinningia speciosa Benth and Hooke cv. Dwarf Delight and Royal Frosted Red). The growth regulators succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazine (SADH) and (αcyclopropyl-α-(4 methoxyphenyl)-5-prymidinemethanol (ancymidol) decreased plant size and delayed flowering. ‘Dwarf Delight’ showed damage in response to ancymidol at 250 mg/liter and higher but ‘Royal Frosted Red’ showed no damage. SADH caused a noticeable increase in anthocyanin content of the inflorescence and chlorophyll content of the leaves.
Florida Citrus — Big Business and Mickey Mouse
Authors: Wardowski W. F.
Published: September 2022

Citrus groves cover nearly a million acres of the Florida ladscape, and the citrus industry accounts for about a third of the State' agtricultural income. Agricuture and tourism have in recent years contributed about equally to income produced in Florida.
The Challenge of Communications1
Authors: Larsen R. Paul
Published: September 2022

If we expect to receive support for our various endeavors we must convince those from whom that support must come that it is merited. This convincing can come only through understandable communications to the various segments of our support base which I divide into 5 categories: Ourselves - that is, our professional colleagues; Our administrators - university, federal or corporate; Government officials - elected and appointed, state and federal, also administrators within the political system (heads of budget bureaus and program administrators); Our constituents - the limited public segment who supposedly directly benefit from our endeavors, such as fruit growers, vegetable producers, florists, canners, etc; and The general public - those not directly connected with our profession but who benefit from it, including all consumers.
Juvenility and Flowering in Woody Plants: A Review1
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of most woody plants pass through a juvenile stage during which the seedling cannot be induced to flower (147). The delay in flowering caused by a long juvenile phase may last for years and it is a major problem in breeding most tree crops. Although the juvenile phase cannot be eliminated, it can be shortened considerably by breeding, by controlling the environment in which the seedlings are grown, and by various cultural practices. This review considers the various factors which have been reported to affect the length of the juvenile phase.
Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties List 27
Authors: Brooks Reid M. , Olmo H. P.
Published: September 2022

Nured Rome (SeeandO Red Rome 262).–Origin and description appeared in List 5. The name has been changed from SeeandO Red Rome 262 to Nured Rome.
Influence of Wax-coated and Polyethylene-coated Paper Mulch on Growth and Flowering of Tomato1
Authors: Vandenberg J. , Tiessen H.
Published: September 2022

Growth of direct seeded ‘Fireball’ tomato plants was accelerated by both wax and polyethylene coating on paper mulches. Mulching increased no. of clusters, flowers, fruit per plant, and earliness. Polyethylene coating hastened growth and development more than wax coating.
Control of Chlorophyll and Solanine Formation in Potato Tubers by Oil and Diluted Oil Treatments1
Authors: Wu M. T. , Salunkhe D. K.
Published: September 2022

A treatment of potato tubers (Solarium tuberosum L.) at 22°C with corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil, vegetable oil, or mineral oil significantly and effectively inhibited chlorophyll and solanine formation. A concn of 1/8 corn oil and 7/8 acetone was the minimum effective diluted oil treatment.
Effect of Ethephon on Seedstalk Growth and Seed Yield of Onion1
Authors: Levy D. , Ventura J. , Kedar N.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) retarded the height of onion (Allium cepa L.) and when applied to nonbolting plants partially prevented seedstalk emergence and reduced seed yield of early developing inflorescences. Two field applications of 480 ppm ethephon, starting when 75% of the plants had visible seedstalks, reduced seedstalk height. This treatment had no adverse effect on seed yield or germination and may have promise as a means of preventing lodging of seedstalks and of increasing the efficiency of mechanical seed harvest.
Chemically Induced Parthenocarpy in Cucumber by a New Inhibitor of Auxin Transport1
Authors: Quebedeaux Bruno , Beyer E. M.
Published: September 2022

Parthenocarpy was induced in unfertilized pistillate flowers of cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., by the foliar application at early flowering of 10 to 1000 ppm of 3,3a-dihydro-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-8H-pyrazolo[5,1-a]isoindol-8-one (DPX 1840) a new inhibitor of auxin transport. Treatment of a monoecious cultivar with ethylene or (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) increased the pistillate to staminate flower ratio and subsequent application of DPX 1840 increased the no. of fruit which developed parthenocarpically. Ethylene gas was just as effective as ethephon in altering sex expression. The threshold level of ethylene for this response was between 0.06 and 0.16 μl of ethylene per liter of air.
Effects of Presoaking Seed of Pisum sativum L. in GA3, IAA, and Kinetin Solutions on Seedling Growth1
Authors: Choe Hyung T.
Published: September 2022

‘Early Alaska‘ pea seeds were soaked for 48 hr at 24 ± 1°C in solutions of gibberellic acid (GA3), indoleacetic acid (LAA), or kinetin at concn ranging from 0.01 to 100 mg/liter. The rate of imbibition under aeration and growth characteristics varied with hormones and concn. Increases in seed germination rate and growth, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis of seedlings were observed with GA3 (at 0.1 mg/liter), IAA (at 0.1 mg/liter), and with kinetin (at 0.01 and 0.1 mg/liter) over controls.
Influence of Brassins on the Growth of Woody Plants1
Authors: Worley J. F. , Krizek D. T.
Published: September 2022

A single application of brassins isolated from rape (Brassica napus L.) pollen and placed on a 1 – 3.5 mm internode of young paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.), and tea crabapple (Malm hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.) seedlings greatly accelerated elongation of the treated internodes.
Calcium Crystals in Apple Stem, Petiole and Fruit Tissue1
Authors: Stebbins R. L. , Dewey D. H. , Shull V. E.
Published: September 2022

Single crystals and clusters of crystals or druses found by polarized light microscopy in tissues of Pyrus malus L. cv. Jonathan were found to contain Ca using the electron microprobe. Crystals insoluble in 20% acetic acid occurred in cells adjacent to the vascular tissues near the pedicel in mature fruit and in dormant flower buds, stems, petioles, shoot apex, roots and callus tissue. Because of deposition of calcium as crystals, calcium supplies to cortical cells of apple fruit may be limited and may result in an increased incidence of internal breakdown due to low Ca levels in those cells.
The Effect of Interstock on the Mineral Nutrition of Young Trees of Four Apple Cultivars1,2
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Meehan C. N.
Published: September 2022

One-year whips of 4 apple cultivars of known virus status on ‘M 9’ rootstock were grafted, rearranging the tops to give 16 combinations of scion and interstock, from which growth, leaf mineral status, and an uptake index were determined. Numerous components of scion and interstock effects and interactions were identified; there were no general effects of self-grafting or cross-grafting. Mineral uptake, mineral concn, and growth were influenced by specific combinations of scion and interstock.
Winter Hardiness of Several Blueberry Species and Cultivars in Minnesota1
Authors: Quamme H. A. , Stushnoff C. , Weiser C. J.
Published: September 2022

The highbush blueberry cultivars, ߢRancocasߣ and ߢEarliblueߣ, failed to acclimate in time to avoid low temp injury to stems exposed above the snow level during the 1st year seasonal change in hardiness was studied. In the 2nd year, however, they hardened to temp as low as -40°C and survived the winter. Acclimation occurred earlier in a native selection of Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton and in ߢRancocasߣ. Selections of V. angustifolium and natural hybrids of V. angustifolium and V. cormybosum L. were found to be hardier than any of the highbush cultivars. A selection of V. constablaei Gray and V. membranaceum Douglas, respectively, were also hardier than the highbush types. A low temp exotherm was found to be present in blueberry stems, but it was associated only with xylem injury which was not as critical for survival as the bark tissues. The bark was injured at temp higher than the xylem and was not associated with any exotherm.
The Effects of Aqueous Sprays of NH4F on ‘Early Improved Elberta‘ Peaches1,2
Authors: Facteau T. J. , Wang S. Y.
Published: September 2022

Aqueous sprays of NH4F applied to ‘Early Improved Elberta’ peach trees significantly increased the % of abnormal fruits. Tissue firmness was increased on the dorsal side but decreased on the suture side. Suture tissues contained more F than dorsal tissues and both had higher F levels as the F spray concn increased. The climacteric of treated fruits was initiated before the untreated fruits at every sampling date where a climacteric occurred. Both malic and citric acids were decreased in the suture tissues of F treated fruits.
Amounts of Nutrients Removed by ‘Valencia’ Orange Fruit in a California Grove1
Authors: Labanauskas C. K. , Handy M. F.
Published: September 2022

Major nutrients removed by ‘Valencia’ orange fruit were N, K, Ca, P, and Mg. Amounts of N, Ca, and B were higher; Zn and Mn were lower than those reported for Florida oranges. Relatively small amounts of applied nutrients were found to be removed by the fruit. P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe tended to be immobilized in the soil (either by direct application or decay of leaves and other plant parts), availability depending on soil pH. Leaching of N, largely as NO3, should always be minimized.
Influence of Temperature on Pollen Tube Growth and Initial Fruit Development in ‘d’Anjou’ Pear1
Authors: Mellenthin W. M. , Wang C. Y. , Wang S. Y.
Published: September 2022

Pollen tube growth in styles of ‘d’Anjou’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) is largely dependent on prevailing temp. At 21°C the process was completed within 24 hr, while at 15.5° and 10° growth was completed by 72 and 120 hr respectively. The initial fruit development 14 days following pollination was greatly influenced by day temp (ranging from 13° to 23.4°) during an thesis.
The Relation of Apple Scion and Rootstock to Longitudinal Trunk Bark Cracking1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E
Published: September 2022

A high incidence of longitudinal trunk bark cracking was observed in an apple planting with 4 scion cultivars and 9 rootstocks between Nov., 1969 and Feb., 1972. The injury, occurring mostly in late Nov., was related to scion and rootstock. Almost no cracking occurred on ‘Wellspur’ and ‘Red King’ trunks. More cracking occurred on ‘Golden Delicious’ than ‘Goldspur’ on 3 rootstocks. With these 3 rootstocks, 96% cracking occurred with ‘Golden Delicious’/‘M 7’ and ‘MM 106’ and 52% with trees on ‘M 26’. With ‘Goldspur’ on 9 different rootstocks, the highest incidence of cracking was with trees on ‘M 7’ (85%) and ‘MM 106’ (82%) while 30% cracking occurred with trees on domestic seedling, and 4% with trees on ‘M 25’ No cracking was observed with ‘Goldspur’/‘M 26’. The greatest no. of cracks occurred on the S sector of the trunks with moderate amounts on the SE and E sectors with fewer cracks on all other sectors. The cracking appears to be low temp induced and the effect of rootstocks appears to be an effect on fall maturity of the scion.
Chemical Control of Growth and Flowering in Hibiscus1
Authors: Shanks James B.
Published: September 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was ineffective but (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) and α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) retarded growth of several cultivars of the Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.) inducing shorter internodes and more and earlier flowering during summer months. (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) also reduced the length of terminal snoots, but reduced flowering and stimulated the growth of lower axillary shoots of unpruned plants.
Artificial Oases
Authors: Hodge Carle O.
Published: September 2022

The novelty of greenhouses in the desert was certain to kindle popular imagination. Predictably, then, the news media have focused considerable attention on those built in Tucson and Mexico by the University of Arizona. Time magazine, among others, reported in 1967 on the experiments there in the integrated production of electricity, desalted water and vegetables. Someone in the prosperous but soil-poor Arabian principality of Abu Dhabi brought that article to the notice of his ruler, Shaikh Zayed. This chain of events resulted in the completion in Abu Dhabi in 1972 of the first large-scale power-water-food facility (see page 13).
Root Temperature and Nutrient Levels of Chrysanthemum Shoots1
Authors: Rosenthal R. N. , Woodbridge C. G. , Pfeiffer C. L.
Published: September 2022

Shoots of 2-week old rooted cuttings of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram cv. Bright Golden Anne were kept at 18-23°C while roots were maintained at 18-23°, 16°, 10°, and 4° for 2 weeks. Roots at 16° or lower reduced N while 10° or lower reduced P. K, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu decreased with decreasing root temperature while Ca increased and Mg levels varied.
A New Anthocyanin from Cornus mas L.1
Authors: Du C. T. , Francis F. J.
Published: September 2022

Five anthocyanin 3-biosides are commonly known (4). Recently, a new one, cyanidin-3-arabinoglucoside, was added to the list (7). This short communication reports the isolation and identification of a 7th 3-bioside, pelargonidin-3-rhamnogalactoside, from the fruits of dogwood, also known as cornelian cherries (6).
Aerial Crowns in Asparagus officinalis L.1
Authors: Yang Hsu-Jen , Clore W. J.
Published: September 2022

Asparagus is generally propagated by seed and occasionally by crown division. Crowns are usually formed underground at the base of stem (1, 2, 3, 4). To our knowledge, the formation of crowns at above-ground nodes and plant development therefrom has never been reported. Occurrence of such crowns opens the way to a rapid means of vegetative propagation. Here we describe the morphology of aerial crown formation and subsequent development of these crowns into apparently normal plants.
A Haploid of an Octoploid Strawberry Cultivar1
Authors: Barrientos Facundo , Bringhurst R. S.
Published: September 2022

A haploid (2n = 28) derived from Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Tioga (2n = 56) was obtained after pollination with Potentilla anserina L. The sublethality of the true hybrids is an excellent screen for exposing the polyhaploids that might be difficult to detect in normal octoploid populations.
Growth of Apricot Shoot, Fruit, and Trunk as Affected by Maleic Hydrazide1
Authors: Uriu K. , Crane Julian C , Henderso D. W.
Published: September 2022

Maleic hydrazide (MH) was readily translocated in the apricot tree, as indicated by inhibition of shoot growth and seed abortion in the fruits. However, cambial activity was undisturbed, and trunk growth proceeded normally.
Temperature and Moisture Effects on Hardening of Apple Roots1
Authors: Wildung D. K. , Weiser C. J. , Pellett H. M.
Published: September 2022

Roots of ‘Mailing (M) 26’ and ‘Malus robusta (MR) 5’ were less hardy than stems in winter; hardened more slowly in fall; and dehardened later in spring. In 1967 roots were hardier than in 1968, despite slightly higher soil temperatures. This difference in hardiness was associated with much less rainfall in 1967 leading to a lower level of root hydration. While overall soil temperature-hardiness relationships were unclear, short-term changes in root hardiness were correlated with soil temperature during the preceding week. Hardening in apple roots appeared to be influenced by soil temperature and level of root hydration.
Chemical and Physical Basis Of Texture In Horticultural Products1
Authors: Hoff Johan E.
Published: September 2022

Food quality is generally expressed through its three components: color or appearance, flavor, and texture. Each of these are elusive quantities difficult to define. Texture has often been characterized by the use of descriptive terms such as hardness, mealiness, and grittiness (Table 1), depending on the product being considered and the particular textural component being characterized. These terms have the ability of evoking relative responses in the mind, but cannot provide quantitative information in terms of measurable physical properties. The terms elasticity, plasticity, and viscosity can often provide such information, but unfortunately, do not lend themselves easily to applications in such complex, often heterogeneous, systems as foods. The various devices for measurement of textural parameters represent a compromise between the descriptive, qualitative properties and the absolute descriptions that rest on universal units of force, time, and distance. Under strictly defined conditions, these instruments are capable of providing measurements that can serve as valuable guides in evaluating effects of treatments if they are properly based statistically. On the other hand, since microscopic sample sizes are required, little information is obtained concerning the finer details of structure or the relative importance of individual chemical entities.
The Influence Of Multiple Quality Requirements On The Plant Breeder
Authors: Stevens M. Allen
Published: September 2022

Traditionally, plant breeders have been concerned with haracteristics such as yield and disease resistance which can be evaluated subjectively or by straightforward objective methods where differences are qualitative and maximum manifestation of the trait is desired. Quality has not been a principal objective in most plant breeding programs; frequently, it has been an afterthought. Once the other desired characteristics have been achieved, there is an attempt to select for adequate quality. The attention that quality characters have received varies greatly among the numerous quality traits. Color, for example, has received considerable attention because of its importance to appearance and consequently salability. In contrast, nutritional value and flavor have been mainly neglected by plant breeders.
Preharvest Benomyl Application to Increase Survival and Quality of Cold-stored Strawberry Nursery Plants1
Authors: Maas John L. , Scott D. H.
Published: September 2022

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananarsa Duch.) plants treated with methyl 1-(butylcar bam oyl) 2-benzimidazolecarbamate (benomyl) before removal from the field were in better condition after 7 months of storage, survived better in the field after planting, and produced higher yields than those not treated with fungicide. Fungicide application dates ranged over 6 weeks in the fall. The time of application made no significant difference in the condition of the plants during storage, however, fruit yield data in some cultivars indicated that late treatment was more beneficial than early treatment for maintaining overall plant quality. Treated plants stored at 1°C for 7 months were of very good quality, while those at 3° were mediocre to poor. Poor quality and high mortality characterized all nontreated plants regardless of storage temperature.
The Fate of 1,2-14C-(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid (Ethephon) in Peach1
Authors: Abdel-Gawad Hesham A. , Martin George C.
Published: September 2022

Forty days after treatment with 14 C-ethephon 23.6% of the applied radioactivity was recovered from the total fruit. The level was reduced to 19.0% after 95 days as a result of lower radioactivity in the extracted fruit; the surface level remained constant. Radioactive metabolites noted by 40 days after treatment were still prominent by 95 days.
Growth and Development of Leucothoe and Rhododendron under Different Nitrogen and pH Regimes1
Authors: Dirr Michael A. , Barker Allen V. , Maynard Donald N.
Published: September 2022

The total number and length of new shoots of Leucothoe catesbaei Gray were significantly greater, and the plants were of better quality with NO3 nutrition than with NH4 or urea nutrition. Especially with the NH4-N sources, growth was as good as or significantly greater at pH 6 to 7 than at 4 to 5. The total number and length of new shoots of Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. cv. Roseum Elegans were not significantly affected by the N source or pH, although plant appearance was significantly better with NO3 nutrition than with NH4 or urea nutrition. The nitrification inhibitor, a substituted pyridine, had no significant effect on the growth and development of either leucothoe or rhododendron.
Watermelon Root Development Affected by Direct Seeding and Transplanting1
Authors: Elmstrom G. W.
Published: September 2022

A dominant tap root was apparent in nearly all direct-seeded watermelon plants, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf., but was lacking in those that had been transplanted. Transplants were characterized by a shallow, extensive root system and superior yield in contrast to direct-seeded plants.
Apple Research: Present Efforts, Future Needs1
Authors: Faust Miklos , Shear C. B.
Published: September 2022

Most of the important changes in the apple industry during the last century have resulted from State and Federal research. Methods have been developed for improvement of nutrition, protection from diseases and insects, extension of storage life, and long-distance shipment.
Interpretation of One Dimensional Chromatograms: Inhibitor or Promoter?1
Authors: Hopping Murray E. , Bukovac Martin J.
Published: September 2022

Limitations in interpretation of data from 1 dimensional chromatograms is illustrated using growth substances extracted from developing seeds of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency).
Chilling Injury of Stored Limes and Grapefruit as Affected by Differentially Permeable Packaging Films1
Authors: Wardowski W. F. , Grierson W. , Edwards G. J.
Published: September 2022

Chilling injury (CI) drastically limits the storage and marketing of limes and grapefruit. Previous studies showed that CI of grapefruit can be largely controlled for ca. 3 weeks by high (up to 10%) CO2 and very high (>95%) relative humidity. Atmospheres established within 7 packaging films differentially permeable to CO2 and O2 were tested for control of CI. Polyvinylchloride and cast vinyl films were tested in detail. Grapefruit CI could be prevented for 1 month at 4.5°C (40°F) by sealing within these films. Even though the films were broken upon removal of the fruit, subsequent shelf life was considerably extended. The fungicide thiabendazole (TBZ) significantly reduced the visible lesions of CI, thus confirming a recent Israeli report.
Assessing Ion Leakage from Apple Fruit Tissue1
Authors: Bir R. E. , Bramlage W. J.
Published: September 2022

A simple technique for determining ion leakage from hardy woody tissues was applied to apple (Malus pumila Mill.) fruit tissue. Parameters for this application are presented. Leakage was unaffected by concentrations of 0.4 to 0.7 M sucrose in the incubating medium or by incubating time of 12 to 36 hours at 23°C but varied between samples taken from different areas of the same fruit. Preparatory procedure to obtain the smallest sample without excessive injury was determined. The technique reproducibly identified increases in ion leakage of 5% or more over the controls.
Response of Mechanically-topped Apple Trees to SADH Applied to the Top1
Authors: Hatch Anthony H.
Published: September 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied to mechanically topped ‘Delicious’, ‘Rome Beauty’, and ‘Stayman Winesap’ apple trees when top shoot growth was 10-15 cm long. SADH at 2000 ppm applied to the entire tree at 3700 liters/ha or applied across the top at 900-1400 liters/ha controlled fruit drop and upper shoot growth, reduced fruit size, and increased firmness. The control in shoot growth by SADH was not sufficient to be considered commercially acceptable.
Chlorogenic Acid Levels, Ethylene Production and Respiration of ‘d’Anjou' Pears Affected with Cork Spot1
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Mellenthin W. M.
Published: September 2022

High chlorogenic acid level was associated with ‘d’Anjou' pear tissues affected with cork spot; tissues adjacent to the cork spot had next highest level. In fruit without cork spot symptoms, tissues on the sunlight exposed side had more chlorogenic acid than shaded tissue. Affected fruit had higher and accelerated rates of ethylene production and respiration than normal fruit.
Critical Daylength for Inflorescence Formation of Several Cultivars of Salvia splendens Sello1
Authors: Weiler T. C. , Lai C. H.
Published: September 2022

In daylength-responsive salvia cultivars long photoperiods delayed flowering and increased height. The critical daylength was 15 - 16 hours, and above this, the response was proportional to daylength.
Recent Advances in Opening Bud-Cut Chrysanthemum Flowers1
Authors: Marousky Francis J.
Published: September 2022

A review of our work on water relations summarized findings that showed the complexity of cut-flower deterioration (19). In tests with the preservative combination 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate plus sucrose (8 HQC + S), and its individual components some of the factors responsible for deterioration were separated and explained. Most of that review concerned bud-cut roses but, in general, was applicable to chrysanthemums and other cut flowers. Reports of our work on bud-cut chrysanthemums, started in 1967 (19), supply additional background material (13, 15, 16, 20). Information has also been contributed in other studies (4,10)2.
Seasonal Patterns of Fusarium Root Rot Development in Resistant vs. Susceptible Cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Frazier W. A.
Published: September 2022

By periodic sampling, seasonal patterns of the development of Fusarium root rot were studied in resistant and susceptible bean cultivars. Infection severity increased rapidly from the first sampling date, dropped off after the second or third, and again increased until the end of the season. In most cases, cultivar differences were apparent at any time after the second sampling, but resistant and susceptible cultivars could best be differentiated during the middle of the season. Sample variation was high, showing the potential for error in making single plant selections or in using small samples to compare cultivars.
‘Chickasaw’ Pecan1
Authors: Madden George D.
Published: September 2022

‘Chickasaw’ (Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch) is highly precocious, prolific-bearing and early ripening. It is widely adapted and has performed satisfactorily from California to Georgia and north to Kansas.
Interaction of Irrigation, Evaporative Cooling, and Ethephon on Fruit Quality of ‘Delicious’ Apple 1
Authors: Unrath C. R.
Published: September 2022

Under the relatively dry and hot conditions which prevailed in 1972, both evaporative cooling and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) improved fruit color and accelerated fruit maturity. The ethephon-evaporative cooling interaction on color and maturity was far superior to either one alone. Combined cooling-ethephon treatment resulted in 77% crop removal the first week of the season vs. only 5% in the control plot. Evaporative cooling also eliminated the leaf phytotoxicity of 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (fenoprop), which was observed under heat stress conditions. In a drier production area, ethephon advanced maturity but did not increase red color. In an adjoining orchard ethephon applied after a 5 cm (2 inch) soil irrigation resulted in an additional 31% of the fruit surface showing red color within 10 days after application.
Response of Muskmelon Botanical Varieties to Pickleworm Infestation1
Authors: Corley W. L.
Published: September 2022

No immunity to pickleworm damage was found among 40 plant introductions of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L). However, a Dudaim type, PI 273438, and two agrestis types, PI 137843 and PI 140471, showed significantly lower susceptibility in preliminary tests with 8 muskmelon botanical varieties.
Differences Among Poinsettias in Tolerance to Sulfur Dioxide1
Authors: Heggestad Howard E. , Tuthill Kenneth L. , Stewart Robert N.
Published: September 2022

Eight cultivars of poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch., were exposed to sulfur dioxide under controlled-environment conditions. A new cultivar, ‘Ruff & Reddy’, showed the most overall tolerance while ‘Rudolph’ and ‘Mikkel Blaze’ were least tolerant. The bracts of ‘Annette Hegg’ were injured most by sulfur dioxide, whereas the bracts of ‘Ruff & Reddy’ and ‘Eckespoint C-1’ were not visibly injured at the dosage levels tested. The wide range in tolerance to SO2 among the 8 different genotypes indicates a potential for breeding and selection of tolerant cultivars.
High Intensity Supplementary Lighting During Rooting of Herbaceous Cuttings1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Beck G. R. , Anderson G. A.
Published: September 2022

Continuous high intensity supplementary lighting from October to March with a combination of Lucalox and Multivapor lamps at 116W/m2 reduced the number of days to root vegetative cuttings of chrysanthemum, geranium and poinsettia and increased root number, length, and fresh weight over non-lighted cuttings. Lighting benefits were lost at 174W/m2 when foliar chlorosis developed and delayed rooting and reduced root growth. Leaf temperature of misted cuttings receiving 116W/m2 and 174W/m2 of supplementary light on sunny December days were 2.7° and 5.1°C, respectively, higher than non-lighted leaves.
Introducing The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center
Authors: _ _
Published: September 2022

The cover photo showing Filipino, Indian, Malaysian and Chinese scientists examining their experimental plots at the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (A VRDC), demonstrates the international character of the Center. The building in the left background houses the administrative offices, an auditorium and classrooms for trainees.
The Strawberry Industry in Italy1
Authors: Branzanti E. C.
Published: September 2022

The strawberry industry in Italy in 1960, although fairly extensive (6, 539 ha), produced a low crop (Table 1). In view of the primitive cultural techniques that existed at that time, increased expansion seemed unlikely. However, a rapid change began in 1961. The growth that occurred in the following years was caused by two factors: 1) Increasing demand in both Italian and European markets; and 2) improvement of cultivars and cultural techniques.
New Systems of Apple Tree Culture1
Authors: Carlson Robert F.
Published: September 2022

The American fruit industry in the last. 25 years has gone through a evolutionary period exemplified by the changes in equipment, cultivars, rootstocks, culture, and handling and marketing. In addition, land values have increased steadily during this same period. The slow change has been interesting and stimulating. The next 25 years will bring more changes and refinements of orchard practices. This report summarizes some changes in planting systems and describes trends in tree densities related to present and future orchard culture. Various systems, new to this country, have been used in Europe for many years and some have been adapted to North America.
Further Evidence on Age of Ancient Viable Lotus Seeds from Pulantien Deposit, Manchuria1
Authors: Wester Horace V.
Published: September 2022

In 1951, two seeds of East Indian lotus (Nelumbium spectiosum Willd.) were germinated from an ancient lakebed deposit at Pulantien in southeast Manchuria. Libby, by the 14Carbon test, determined that a sample of similar seeds was 1040 ± 210 years old. This determination was accepted by botanists, until Godwin and Willis in 1964 redetermined their age from Libby's tested material, as only 100 ± 60 years old. Further evidence presented in this paper supports Libby's determination when interpreted as an average age of the seeds. This evidence, mainly historical, indicates the seeds accumulated in the above lakebed from about 371-1484. In 1951, this would establish the seeds as having an approximate age range of 467-1580 years, or an average age of 1024 years. This closely agrees with Libby's determination of 1040 ± 210 years.
Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties List 281
Authors: Brooks Reid M. , Olmo H. P.
Published: September 2022

Robson.-Orig. in Durham, California, by S. J. Toy, Agscience Serv., Chico, Calif. Introd. in 1972. Plant pat. 3,085, Mar. 28, 1972. Chance sdlg., disc, in 1964. Nut: size medium; hull thin; shell soft, well-sealed, shaped like Nonpareil but thicker with pronounced neck at point of attachment to pedicel; kernel slightly darker than Nonpareil but not as dark as Mission, av. 25 per oz., flavor sweet, 55-60% of nut. Tree: resembles Nonpareil; very productive; flower blooms 1-2 days earlier and 1-2 days later than Nonpareil; cross-pollinates with Nonpareil, NePlus Ultra, Peerless, Mission and Drake.
Effects of NAA and Sevin on the Structure of Apple Pedicels1
Authors: Schneider G. W.
Published: September 2022

Pre-June drop sprays of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied to apple trees increased the radial pedicel-xylem ratio, the % tracheary cells that were lignified, and the number of mature treacheary cells on the 7th day following treatment No significant response for these characters were obtained with sprays of 1-naphthyl methyl carbamate (Sevin). Both NAA- and Sevin-treated pedicels had a higher percentage of sclereids that contained nuclei. Neither material affected pedicel diameter, width of phloem or xylem, size of newest lignified tracheary cells, number of immature secondary tracheary cells, or the radial xylem-phloem and pedicel-phloem ratios.
Systems for Scoring Quality of Harvested Lettuce1
Authors: Kader Adel A. , Lipton Werner J. , Morris Leonard L.
Published: September 2022

Numerical rating scales and their descriptive equivalents for firmness, visual quality, decay, butt discoloration, wilting, and other defects of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) are described. Also presented are scoring systems for brown stain, russet spotting, and rusty-brown discoloration of crisphead lettuce that consider severity of lesions, proportion of leaf affected and number of leaves affected in a head.
A Three-Step Method for Weed Control in Onion Seed Fields1
Authors: Torell P. J. , Franklin D. F.
Published: September 2022

A 3-step method for weed control in onion seed fields is described which involves early spring tillage to kill winter-annual weeds; mid-spring tillage plus a preemergence herbicide to kill spring-annual weeds and a directed herbicide spray at layby time to kill the summer-annual weeds. The method gave nearly complete season-long weed control on experimental plots as well as commercial onion seed fields.
‘Waltztime’ Geranium1
Authors: Buck Griffith J.
Published: September 2022

The garden or zonal geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) has long enjoyed popularity as a garden and greenhouse plant because of its brilliantly colored flowers and tolerance to various degrees of culture. Despite their popularity, most cultivars of P. × hortorum are not well adapted to areas with high summer night temperatures and high relative humidities. The two putative parental species, P. inquinans (L.) L'Her. ex Ait. and P. zonale (L.) L'Her. ex Ait., are native to the subdesert areas of South Africa, which, in common with similar areas around the world, have low humidity and a high day, low night temperature cycle. Further, the early development of the garden geranium occurred in Europe and the northeastern United States where tolerance to high night temperatures was not required.
New Vegetable Varieties List XIX1
Authors: _ _ , Lower R. L.
Published: September 2022

Eighteen prior lists of new vegetable varieties introduced since 1936 were published in Vols. 63, 65, 67, 69, 70, 75, 77, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90 and 92 of Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, and Vols. 4(1), 5(3) and 6(2) of HortScience. A compilation of list I through XV entitled Descriptive List of Vegetable Varieties was published jointly by the American Seed Trade Association, Inc. and the American Society for Horticultural Science in September 1972 and can be obtained from either organization.

The following abbreviations are used: exp. desig.–experimental designation; orig.–originated at or by; intr.–introduced by; par.–parentage or parents; char.–outstanding characteristics; res.–resistant to; tol.–tolerant to; sim .–similar to or resembles; sel.–selection or selected; adapt.–adapted to or adaptation.
Wick-action Method for Germination of Seeds1
Authors: Knudson L. L. , Tibbitts T. W.
Published: September 2022

The method of seed germination utilizing saturated filter paper in a petri dish requires frequent care to avoid dessication, as water is absorbed by the seeds and also lost by evaporation around the edges of the dish. The following technique provides a continuous, uniform moisture supply for seed germination.
Boron Toxicity of Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Gogue G. Jay , Sanderson Kenneth C.
Published: September 2022

Boron ranging from 13 to 800 ppm was applied (100 ml per 15 cm pot) to the media of the Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cvs. Improved Albatross and CF No. 2 Good News. Seasonal variation was observed in injury time and foliar toxic levels. Boron toxicity symptoms were observed at foliar levels of 136 ppm in ‘Improved Albatross’ and 350 ppm in ‘CF No. 2 Good News’ 4 days after B application in an April to May experiment, while 7 to 28 days were required to produce symptoms at foliar levels of 158 ppm in ‘Improved Albatross’ and 144 ppm in ‘CF No. 2 Good News’ in a December to March experiment. Stem length and flower diameter decreased with increases in B concentration applied. Foliar B levels exceeding 100 ppm reduced growth.
Sensitivity of Roadside Trees and Shrubs to Aerial Drift of Deicing Salt1
Authors: Lumis G. P. , Hofstra G. , Hall R.
Published: September 2022

Specific injury symptoms were observed on 75 deciduous and coniferous species growing adjacent (8 to 40 m) to roadways and exposed to aerial drift of deicing salt Susceptible deciduous species (e.g. Cornus stolonifera Michx., Fagus gradifolia Ehrh.) exhibited twig dieback, evidence of previous dieback and inhibition of flowering while damage to conifers (e.g. Pinus strobus L., Thuja occidentalis L.) was evident as needle browning, premature needle abscission and twig dieback. Plants with resinous buds, submerged buds and needle cuticular wax seemed resistant to damage. A distinction between runoff of salty water and aerial salt spray is important when assessing plant damage.
Screening Chemicals for Controlling Growth and Flowering of Forsythia intermedia Zabel1
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C.
Published: September 2022

Of several materials tested on foisythia, α-cycloprophyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl> 5-pyrimidin erne than ol (ancymidol) proved to be the safest and most effective height control treatment.