bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal influences on brood sex ratios: an experimental study in tree swallows
Authors: Whittingham Linda A , Dunn Peter O , Nooker Jacqueline K
Published: July 2005

When the reproductive value of sons and daughters differ, parents are expected to adjust the sex ratio of their offspring to produce more of the sex that provides greater fitness returns. The body condition of females or environmental factors, such as food abundance and mate quality, may influence these expected fitness returns. In a previous study of tree swallows (
Tachycineta bicolor
), we found that females produced more sons in their broods when they were in better body condition (mass corrected for size). We tested this relationship by experimentally clipping some flight feathers to reduce female body condition. As predicted, we found that females with clipped feathers had a lower proportion of sons in their broods and poorer body condition. However, female body condition alone was not a significant predictor of brood sex ratio in our experiment. We suggest that brood sex ratio is causally related to some other factor that covaries with body condition, most likely the foraging ability of females. The hypothesis that brood sex ratios are influenced by individual differences in female foraging ability is supported by a high repeatability of brood sex ratio for individual females. Thus, maternal effects may have a strong influence on the sex ratios of offspring.
Language and imagery: effects of language modality
Authors: Vigliocco Gabriella , Vinson David P , Woolfe Tyron , Dye Matthew W.G , Woll Bencie
Published: July 2005

Across spoken languages, properties of wordforms (e.g. the sounds in the word
hammer
) do not generally evoke mental images associated to meanings. However, across signed languages, many signforms readily evoke mental images (e.g. the sign HAMMER resembles the motion involved in hammering). Here we assess the relationship between language and imagery, comparing the performance of English speakers and British sign language (BSL) signers in meaning similarity judgement tasks. In experiment 1, we found that BSL signers used these imagistic properties in making meaning similarity judgements, in contrast with English speakers. In experiment 2, we found that English speakers behaved more like BSL signers when asked to develop mental images for the words before performing the same task. These findings show that language differences can bias users to attend more to those aspects of the world encoded in their language than to those that are not; and that language modality (spoken versus signed) can affect the degree to which imagery is involved in language.
Building the TeraGrid
Authors: Beckman Peter H
Published: July 2005

On 1 October 2004, the most ambitious high-performance Grid project in the United States—the TeraGrid—became fully operational. Resources at nine sites—the San Diego Supercomputer Center, the California Institute of Technology, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, the University of Chicago/Argonne National Laboratory, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Texas Advanced Computing Center, Purdue University, Indiana University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory—were joined via an ultra-fast optical network, unified policies and security procedures and a sophisticated distributed computing software environment. Funded by the National Science Foundation, the TeraGrid enables scientists and engineers to combine distributed, multiple data sources with computation at any of the sites or link massively parallel computer simulations to extreme-resolution visualizations at remote sites. A single shared utility lets multiple resources be easily leveraged and provides improved access to advanced computational capabilities. One of the demonstrations of this new model for using distributed resources, Teragyroid, linked the infrastructure of the TeraGrid with computing resources in the United Kingdom via a transatlantic data fibre link. Once connected, the software framework of the RealityGrid project was used to successfully explore lattice-Boltzmann simulations involving lattices of over one billion sites.
Building messaging substrates for Web and Grid applications
Authors: Fox Geoffrey , Pallickara Shrideep , Pierce Marlon , Gadgil Harshawardhan
Published: July 2005

Grid application frameworks have increasingly aligned themselves with the developments in Web services. Web services are currently the most popular infrastructure based on service-oriented architecture (SOA) paradigm. There are three core areas within the SOA framework: (i) a set of capabilities that are remotely accessible, (ii) communications using messages and (iii) metadata pertaining to the aforementioned capabilities. In this paper, we focus on issues related to the messaging substrate hosting these services; we base these discussions on the
NaradaBrokering
system. We outline strategies to leverage capabilities available within the substrate without the need to make any changes to the service implementations themselves. We also identify the set of services needed to build Grids of Grids. Finally, we discuss another technology, HPS
earch
, which facilitates the administration of the substrate and the deployment of applications via a scripting interface. These issues have direct relevance to scientific Grid applications, which need to go beyond remote procedure calls in client-server interactions to support integrated distributed applications that couple databases, high performance computing codes and visualization codes.
WEDS: a Web services-based environment for distributed simulation
Authors: Coveney Peter V , Vicary Jamie , Chin Jonathan , Harvey Matt
Published: July 2005

Web services have the potential to radically enhance the ability of researchers to make use of distributed computing resources, but jargon and a plethora of standards make their use almost impossible for the scientist without prior experience of the necessary technologies. A powerful and simple WSRF-based middleware scheme is presented, designed to let scientists remotely deploy single or multiple instances of a pre-existing code across multiple resources, and giving steering, visualization and workflow functionality with only simple modifications to program code.

It is hoped that the development and implementation of such a toolkit will be relevant not only to the problem of deploying workstation-class codes in real time, but also the move towards more tractable alternatives to the Globus toolkit for deployment of processes in a high-performance computing environment.
RealityGrid: an integrated approach to middleware through ICENI
Authors: Cohen Jeremy , Stephen McGough A , Darlington John , Furmento Nathalie , Kong Gary , Mayer Anthony
Published: July 2005

The advancement of modelling and simulation within complex scientific applications is currently constrained by the rate at which knowledge can be extracted from the data produced. As Grid computing evolves, new means of increasing the efficiency of data analysis are being explored. RealityGrid aims to enable more efficient use of scientific computing resources within the condensed matter, materials and biological science communities. The Imperial College e-Science Networked Infrastructure (ICENI) Grid middleware provides an end-to-end pipeline that simplifies the stages of computation, simulation and collaboration. The intention of this work is to allow all scientists to have access to these features without the need for heroic efforts that have been associated with this sort of work in the past. Scientists can utilise advanced scheduling mechanisms to ensure efficient planning of computations, visualize and interactively steer simulations and securely collaborate with colleagues via the Access Grid through a single integrated middleware application.
Steering UNICORE applications with VISIT
Authors: Eickermann Thomas , Frings Wolfgang , Gibbon Paul , Kirtchakova Lidia , Mallmann Daniel , Visser Anke
Published: July 2005

The UNICORE (UNiform Interface to COmputing REsources) software provides a Grid infrastructure together with a computing portal for engineers and scientists to access supercomputer centres from anywhere on the Internet. While UNICORE is primarily designed for the submission and control of batch jobs, it is also feasible to establish an on-line connection between an application and the UNICORE user-client. This opens up the possibility of performing on-line visualization and computational steering of applications under UNICORE control while maintaining the security provided by this system. This contribution describes the design of a steering extension to UNICORE based on the steering toolkit VISIT (VISualization Interface Toolkit). VISIT is a lightweight library that supports bidirectional data exchange between visualizations and parallel applications. As an example application, a parallel simulation of a laser-plasma interaction that can be steered by an AVS/Express application is presented.
Feedback inhibition of Akt signaling limits the growth of tumors lacking Tsc2
Authors: Manning Brendan D. , Logsdon M. Nicole , Lipovsky Alex I. , Abbott Derek , Kwiatkowski David J. , Cantley Lewis C.
Published: July 2005

The PTEN and TSC2 tumor suppressors inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and are defective in distinct hamartoma syndromes. Using mouse genetics, we find that Pten and Tsc2 act synergistically to suppress the severity of a subset of tumors specific to loss of each of these genes. Interestingly, we find that the slow-growing tumors specific to Tsc2+/- mice exhibit defects in signaling downstream of Akt. However, Pten haploinsufficiency restores Akt signaling in these tumors and dramatically enhances their severity. This study demonstrates that attenuation of the PI3K-Akt pathway in tumors lacking TSC2 contributes to their benign nature.
Antagonistic regulation of Yan nuclear export by Mae and Crm1 may increase the stringency of the Ras response
Authors: Song Haiyun , Nie Minghua , Qiao Feng , Bowie James U. , Courey Albert J.
Published: July 2005

Phosphorylation of Yan, a major target of Ras signaling, leads to Crm1-dependent Yan nuclear export, a response that is regulated by Yan polymerization. Yan SAM (sterile α motif) domain mutations preventing polymerization result in Ras-independent, but Crm1-dependent Yan nuclear export, suggesting that polymerization prevents Yan export. Mae, which depolymerizes Yan, competes with Crm1 for binding to Yan. Phosphorylation of Yan favors Crm1 in this competition and counteracts inhibition of nuclear export by Mae. These findings suggest that, prior to Ras activation, the Mae/Yan interaction blocks premature nuclear export of Yan monomers. After activation, transcriptional up-regulation of Mae apparently leads to complete depolymerization and export of Yan.
Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of contextual memory: Differential involvement of dorsal CA3 and CA1 hippocampal subregions
Authors: Daumas Stéphanie , Halley Hélène , Francés Bernard , Lassalle Jean-Michel
Published: July 2005

Studies on human and animals shed light on the unique hippocampus
contributions to relational memory. However, the particular role of each
hippocampal subregion in memory processing is still not clear. Hippocampal
computational models and theories have emphasized a unique function in memory
for each hippocampal subregion, with the CA3 area acting as an autoassociative
memory network and the CA1 area as a critical output structure. In order to
understand the respective roles of the CA3- and CA1-hippocampal areas in the
formation of contextual memory, we studied the effects of the reversible
inactivation by lidocaine of the CA3 or CA1 areas of the dorsal hippocampus on
acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of a contextual fear conditioning.
Whereas infusions of lidocaine never impaired elementary tone conditioning,
their effects on contextual conditioning provided interesting clues about the
role of these two hippocampal regions. They demonstrated first that the CA3
area is necessary for the rapid elaboration of a unified representation of the
context. Secondly, they suggested that the CA1 area is rather involved in the
consolidation process of contextual memory. Third, they showed that CA1 or CA3
inactivation during retention test has no effect on contextual fear retrieval
when a recognition memory procedure is used. In conclusion, our findings point
as evidence that CA1 and CA3 subregions of the dorsal hippocampus play
important and different roles in the acquisition and consolidation of
contextual fear memory, whereas they are not required for context
recognition.
Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory:

Figure 1.
Authors: Loftus Elizabeth F.
Published: July 2005

The misinformation effect refers to the impairment in memory for the past
that arises after exposure to misleading information. The phenomenon has been
investigated for at least 30 years, as investigators have addressed a number
of issues. These include the conditions under which people are especially
susceptible to the negative impact of misinformation, and conversely when are
they resistant. Warnings about the potential for misinformation sometimes work
to inhibit its damaging effects, but only under limited circumstances. The
misinformation effect has been observed in a variety of human and nonhuman
species. And some groups of individuals are more susceptible than others. At a
more theoretical level, investigators have explored the fate of the original
memory traces after exposure to misinformation appears to have made them
inaccessible. This review of the field ends with a brief discussion of the
newer work involving misinformation that has explored the processes by which
people come to believe falsely that they experienced rich complex events that
never, in fact, occurred.
Why change fails: knowledge counts
Authors: Washington Marvin , Hacker Marla
Published: July 2005

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the relationship between managers' understanding of a specific organizational change process and their attitudes towards implementing the change.

Design/methodology/approach

After a review of the current literature on the link between organizational change, knowledge of the change, and attitudes towards implementing the change, limited research was found that examined the relationship between knowledge of change and resistance to change. Then original empirical research was conducted by administering a survey to 296 managers from the Botswana Government.

Findings

The results of the regression models suggest that managers who understand the change effort are more likely to be less resistant to change. Specifically, the more a manager understood the change, the more likely they were to be excited about the change, the less likely that they would think the change effort would fail, and the less likely they were to state that they wished their organization had never implemented the change.

Research limitations/implications

The major limitation of our research is that the data are self‐reported. The managers themselves rated their knowledge of the change and their resistance or lack of resistance to the change. However, because the question is one where social desirability bias (a major concern of self‐reported data) would lead to no variance (all managers should have said that they understood the change) and the self‐report bias is minimal. The research implications are that a link between knowledge of the organizational change has been found, and resistance to change, adding to the literature on why individuals resist change.

Practical implications

The practical implications is that senior managers need to focus more on developing checks to ensure that managers understand the change program and the implications of the change program as a way of ensuring that they, and their subordinates, understand the change program.

Originality/value

The value of the study is that it is one of the first studies to empirically show a link between knowledge of change and resistance to change. The originality of the study is the dataset (managers from the public sector in Botswana) and the application (managers attempting to implement total quality techniques in a large‐scale bureaucracy).
Self‐assessment in a multi‐organisational network
Authors: Saunders Max , Mann Robin
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The New Zealand Benchmarking Club (NZBC), a multi‐organisational network, aimed to improve the performance of member organisations through best practice benchmarking. The purpose of this paper is to critique the NZBC self‐assessment process, report the scores for self‐assessments from 2000‐2002, and present an analysis of the 2001 self‐assessment data.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire measured the improvement rate of NZBC organisations through annual self‐assessments against the Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence (CPE). Training was provided for facilitators in each organisation, who supported teams of four to six persons who completed the self‐assessment. Correlation coefficients of pairs of CPE categories and items were used to identify strong relationships between them.

Findings

Self‐assessment data from 2001 identified 57 strong relationships between different CPE categories and items. The strongest correlation identified (0.94) among CPE items was found between “customer focused results” and “financial and market results”. Acting on the self‐assessment results, management initiatives were implemented and scores in 2002 showed significant improvements over 2001.

Research limitations/implications

Future research involves case studies and longitudinal studies of annual data to identify possible causes of the strong relationships found.

Practical implications

Results indicate the benefit organisations obtain from sharing best practices, resources, and self‐assessment experiences. The practices required for effective administration of self‐assessment in a network are given.

Originality/value

An example of self‐assessment in a multi‐organisational network, and how it was managed. Of interest to organisations that are in an existing network, or wish to create a similar network. No studies of self‐assessment in a network were found in the literature.
Improving the pharmaceutical supply chain
Authors: Breen Liz , Crawford Helen
Published: July 2005

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the role of e‐commerce in hospital pharmacy in the procurement of pharmaceuticals and determine how this has improved the internal pharmaceutical supply chain. Whilst e‐commerce is in its infancy in this area it is still considered to be an important facet of supply chain management. E‐trading within NHS pharmacies is conducted via electronic data interchange (EDI) offering proven benefits and ensuring the efficient and effective transmission of data between remote parties.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected via a case‐study in an NHS trust pharmacy supported and by questionnaires distributed to NHS and community pharmacies in the north‐west of England.

Findings

The findings support the view that there are benefits to be gained from introducing EDI into a purchasing department as the next logical step towards a total e‐commerce solution (internet‐based) and instigating quality improvements. It also proposes that the implementation and use of e‐commerce in hospital pharmacies can be aligned with progress made in small‐ to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), and questions why, if such benefits can be realised, the use of e‐commerce systems are not more widespread.

Research limitations/implications

The implications of this research is that it offers a “snap‐shot” of progress made‐to‐date of e‐commerce in NHS Pharmacy, which can provide guidance for mangers and healthcare professionals managing their e‐commerce/quality improvement agenda. The research conducted was restricted to a specific regional area of the NHS and could be applied to a larger national sample group. Future research within this field should also consider the cost of not introducing e‐commerce in pursuing quality improvement.

Originality/value

This discussion offers an insight into how a pharmacy approached EDI, and this is further supported by recent research conducted into examining the pharmacy systems in operation in the north‐west of England and accompanying EDI systems and an analysis of EDI uptake and use in a sample of pharmacies in the same region, the latter being supported by anecdotal evidence of pros and cons to using EDI and potential barriers to its introduction.
How responsible are “responsible” drinking campaigns for preventing alcohol abuse?
Authors: Wolburg Joyce M.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to question the misplaced efforts to curb alcohol abuse through “responsible” drinking messages from the alcohol industry, asking how responsible this strategy really is.

Design/methodology/approach

This article cites published research that calls into question the effectiveness of “responsible” messages, particularly those that situate the problem of alcohol abuse within drunk driving and underage drinking without addressing heavy consumption. Examples of “responsible” messages are drawn from websites of three major beer companies.

Findings

Problems with “responsible” drinking are identified, including the fact that such messages place the problem within the user rather than the product. “Responsible” messages also give permission to drink heavily as long as underage and driving is not involved. “Responsible” drinking messages enable drinkers to shift responsibility to others, which gives carte blanche to binge drinking.

Practical implications

There is little doubt that “responsible” messages are effective public relations tools that enhance the image of beer companies, but serious doubts exist regarding their ability to prevent alcohol abuse.

Originality/value

Questioning the effectiveness of these messages puts pressure upon the industry to develop strategies that do a better job of addressing the realities of alcohol abuse.
Outsourcing in higher education: an empirical examination
Authors: Gupta Atul , Kanthi Herath S. , Mikouiza Nathalie C.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To measure the degree of implementation and satisfaction level with the outsourcing initiatives from higher education institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

Uses a survey questionnaire to measure the levels of satisfaction with the institutions’ services and the questionnaire was based on six factors that are deemed significant in making a privatization decision. It was tested for validity and was then e‐mailed to a total of 138 presidents and/or vice‐presidents of all private and public schools in the states of Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia in the USA.

Findings

It was observed that the vast majority of institutions in all three states surveyed hold on to the concept of outsourcing according to their position in the system. The research shows that the possible motivations for outsourcing are cost savings and budgetary constraints, improvement of quality of services and staffing, lack of capability, safety concerns or liability of service, command from governing bodies, and pressure from peer institutions.

Research limitations/implications

This is not an exhaustive survey of all private and public schools in the USA and it surveyed only the opinions of presidents and/or vice‐presidents of the selected schools. A case study may provide in‐depth analysis of outsourcing in institutions of higher education.

Practical implications

Focusing solely on surveys alone to determine the level of satisfaction of outsourcing in institutions of higher education can lead to false information.

Originality/value

Provides valuable empirical evidence in designing and implementation of outsourcing in institutions of higher education.
Career progression of Irish tourism and hospitality management graduates
Authors: O'Leary Sinéad , Deegan Jim
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to present longitudinal data regarding the career progression of Irish tourism and hospitality management graduates.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey instrument was designed to incorporate questions relating to current and previous employments, recent training/education and personal details. The original study was sent to graduates by their respective colleges and there were 444 respondents to the survey. The follow‐up questionnaire in the current study was sent to all those who had responded to the initial survey and who had provided addresses (374).

Findings

There is a significant drop‐out rate from employment in the tourism/hospitality industry in Ireland, which is particularly obvious amongst women. Those employed in the industry identified poor remuneration and unsuitable working hours as the major issues in need of redress. There is constant reference to work conditions within the tourism/hospitality industry throughout this study and, in particular, their apparent incompatibility with family life.

Research limitations/implications

Owing to the small sample size, results presented here are largely indicative. Nonetheless, some general trends are discernible.

Practical implications

The issues raised in this study have implications for those involved in the provision of tourism/hospitality programmes as well as tourism employers, particularly in an Irish context, where there is an ongoing shortage of skilled workers in the sector.

Originality/value

Tracking studies usually only attempt to monitor graduates' entry into the workforce and do not follow their career paths over time. The objective of this study, however, was to provide longitudinal data and unique insights regarding the career progression of Irish tourism and hospitality management graduates.
The undeclared sector, self‐employment and public policy
Authors: Williams Colin C.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Viewing undeclared work as low‐paid, exploitative, organised employment conducted under sweatshop conditions, public policy has widely treated this illegitimate sphere as a hindrance to development and actively pursued its deterrence using stringent regulations and punitive measures to change the cost‐benefit ratio for those considering participation in such endeavour. In this paper, however, the intention is to evaluate critically this portrait of the nature of undeclared work and resultant public policy approach.

Design/methodology/approach

To evaluate this representation of undeclared work and consequent public policy approach, empirical evidence is reported from 861 face‐to‐face interviews in English localities.

Findings

The finding is that the majority of undeclared work is undertaken on a self‐employed basis by people who have identified an opportunity to provide a good or service and are taking a calculated risk in order to fulfil others needs.

Research limitations/implications

Future research will need to further investigate this relationship between self‐employment and the undeclared sector.

Practical implications

Identifying that the undeclared sphere is predominantly composed of self‐employed endeavour, a call is made for greater emphasis in public policy on developing initiatives to legitimise this illegitimate self‐employment, rather than simply deterring such work.

Originality/value

By re‐reading the nature of undeclared work as primarily composed of self‐employed activity, it highlights the need for public policy to stop treating undeclared work purely as something to be deterred and for more emphasis to be put on developing enabling initiatives to help such workers formalise their business ventures.
Are People Inequality‐Averse, or Just Risk‐Averse?
Authors: Carlsson Fredrik , Daruvala Dinky , Johansson‐Stenman Olof
Published: July 2005

Individuals' preferences for risk and inequality are measured through choices between imagined societies and lotteries. The median relative risk aversion, which is often seen to reflect social inequality aversion, is between 2 and 3. Most people are also found to be individually inequality‐averse, reflecting a willingness to pay for living in a more equal society. Left‐wing voters and women are both more risk and inequality‐averse than others. The model allows for non‐monotonic SWFs, implying that welfare may decrease with an individual's income at high‐income levels, which is illustrated in simulations based on the empirical results.
Smooth Transition Models and Arbitrage Consistency
Authors: Peel David A. , Venetis Ioannis A.
Published: July 2005

Slow adjustment of real exchange rate towards equilibrium in linear models has long puzzled researchers, stimulating the adoption of nonlinear models. The exponential smooth transition model has been particularly successful, providing faster adjustment speeds. This paper discusses some of its theoretical limitations, for example that expectations are adaptive. We propose a new nonlinear model conceptually superior to the ESTAR model since it is consistent with rational expectations. One of its advantages is that it can be solved and estimated by nonlinear least squares. Using monthly post‐1973 real exchange rate data, we show that the model implies even faster speeds of adjustment.
Financial Wealth, Consumption Smoothing and Income Shocks Arising from Job Loss
Authors: Bloemen Hans G. , Stancanelli Elena G. F.
Published: July 2005

One of the reasons for setting up an unemployment insurance scheme is to allow job losers to smooth consumption. We test for the impact of unemployment benefits on changes in household food expenditure of individuals who have recently experienced a job loss. We also study the relationship between unemployment benefits and the financial wealth of the unemployed. From our empirical analysis we conclude that, for households without financial wealth at the time of job loss, unemployment benefits help to smooth food consumption. For households running debt before job loss, there is evidence that lower replacement rates lead to a postponement of debt repayment.
Optimal Anti‐Poverty Programmes: Horizontal Equity and the Paradox of Targeting
Authors: Ebert Udo
Published: July 2005

The paper examines the problem of optimal targeting when households differ in needs. Additively decomposable poverty measures based on the households' deprivation are employed. Needs are modelled carefully: household size and needs are reflected by equivalence scales and weights. The paradox of targeting corresponds to a situation in which the benefits given to a household type could decrease if the type's needs measured by the respective scale value are increased. I find that poverty programmes are horizontally equitable if and only if the weight attached to each household type equals the respective equivalence scale value. The paradox cannot then occur, either.
Understanding New Zealand's Changing Income Distribution, 1983–1998: A Semi‐parametric Analysis
Authors: Hyslop Dean R. , Maré David C.
Published: July 2005

This paper analyses income distribution changes in New Zealand between 1983 and 1998. We use a semi‐parametric kernel density approach and a range of inequality summary measures to assess the distributional effects of changes in five sets of factors: household structure, National Superannuation (old age pension), socio‐demographic attributes, employment outcomes, and ‘economic returns’ to such attributes and employment outcomes. Changes in household structure and attributes are the main factors contributing to the rise in inequality. Employment changes and changing returns had a more modest impact. The results are qualitatively robust to a variety of equivalization, income, and weighting measures.
THE PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION OF SOME PHACOPID TRILOBITES
Authors: Ramsköld Lars , Werdelin Lars
Published: July 2005

Abstract A data matrix of 32 characters, with a total of 132 character states and 48 terminal taxa of phacopid trilobites, was analysed using parsimony. The 108 most parsimonious trees have a length of 301 steps and a consistency index of 0.29. Two major clades were found, one including species referred to Acernaspis and one with species referred to Ananaspis, Paciphacops, Viaphacops, and Phacops. Most homoplasy occurs between the major clades of the trees, rather than within them. The major clades were also analysed separately, resulting in trees with significantly higher consistency indices. We redefine the following supraspecific taxa to make them monophyletic: Acernaspis, Ananaspis, and Paciphacops. In addition, Kainops, new genus, is described for a clade consisting of six taxa previously assigned to Ananaspis and Paciphacops. The evolutionary pattern resulting from our cladogram is compared with the approaches of Campbell and Eldredge, and it is argued that some of the assumptions made by these authors regarding the phylogeny of the group are not valid. The biogeography of the group was also analysed. It is found that phacopids from the Ludlow and older strata are distributed globally, with an emphasis, perhaps due to a large number of suitable localities, on Northern Europe. However, the lineage of phacopines leading up to Phacops is, with some slight exceptions, basically confined to the United States, being entirely absent in Northern Europe. The main phacopine lineage does not re‐establish itself geographically until the middle Devonian. Finally, we analysed the evidence for polymorphism in phacopid trilobites, and reject this hypothesis on the basis of stratigraphy and the present cladogram.
PHYLOGENETIC, HOST AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF THE PILOPHORINI (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: PHYLINAE)
Authors: Schuh Randall T.
Published: July 2005

Abstract A cladistic analysis is performed for 114 species of Pilophorini, using 73 characters with 190 states. Illustrations or figure references to the literature are provided for most characters. The resultant Nelson (strict) consensus cladogram is used as a justification for the recognition of the following genera: Alepidiella Poppius, Aloea Linnavuori, Druthmarus Distant, Hypseloecus Reuter, Neoambonea Schuh, Parambonea Schuh, Parasthenaridea Miller, Pherolepis Kulik (paraphyletic), Pilophorus Hahn, and Sthenaridea Reuter (paraphylectic). Pilophorus indonesicus is proposed as a replacement name for Bilirania sumatrana Schuh (=Pilophorus), a secondary homonym of Pilophorus sumatranus Poppius. A list of currently recognized genera and species with summary distributions and host plant associations, and a key to genera are included.

Host associations are plotted on the cladogram to reveal the pattern of host shifts. At the generic level and above, a pattern of colonization, rather than co‐evolution, is strongly indicated; at the species level, genera of Pilophorini often show restricted plant‐group associations, but no clear pattern of coevolution emerges. Major distributional patterns in the Philophorini are mapped, discussed and compared with historical biogeographic schemes for some other groups. The Pilophorini appear to be of tropical Gondwanan origin with subsequent spread into, and differentiation in, the temperate Northern Hemisphere.
HOMOPLASY AND THE CHOICE AMONG CLADOGRAMS
Authors: Goloboff Pablo A.
Published: July 2005

Abstract Cladistic data are more decisive when the possible trees differ more in tree length. When all the possible dichotomous trees have the same length, no one tree is better supported than the others, and the data are completely undecisive. From a rule for recursively generating undecisive matrices for different numbers of taxa, formulas to calculate consistency, rescaled consistency and retention indices in undecisive matrices are derived. The least decisive matrices are not the matrices with the lowest possible consistency, rescaled consistency or retention indices (on the most parsimonious trees); those statistics do not directly vary with decisiveness. Decisiveness can be measured with a newly proposed statistic, DD=S̄−S)/(S̄−S) (where S= length of the most parsimonious cladogram, S̄= mean length of all the possible cladograms for the data set and M= observed variation). For any data set, S̄ can be calculated exactly with simple formulas; it depends on the types of characters present, and not on their congruence. Despite some recent assertions to the contrary, the consistency index is an appropriate measure of homoplasy (= deviation from hierarchy). The retention index seems more appropriate for comparing the fit of different trees for the same data set.
POLYMORPHIC TAXA, MISSING VALUES AND CLADISTIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Nixon Kevin C. , Davis Jerrold I
Published: July 2005

Abstract Missing values have been used in cladistic analyses when data are unavailable, inapplicable or sometimes when character states are variable within terminal taxa. The practice of scoring taxa as having “missing values” for polymorphic characters introduces errors into the calculation of cladogram lengths and consistency indices because some character change is hidden within terminals. Because these hidden character steps are not counted, the set of most parsimonious cladograms may differ from those that would be found if polymorphic taxa had been broken into monomorphic subunits. In some cases, the trees found when polymorphisms are scored as missing values may not include any of the most parsimonious trees found when the data are scored properly. Additionally, in some cases, polymorphic taxa may be found to be polyphyletic when broken into monomorphic subunits; this is undetected when polymorphisms are treated as missing. Because of these problems, terminal units in cladistic analysis should be based on unique, fixed combinations of characters. Polymorphic taxa should be subdivided into subunits that are monomorphic for each character used in the analysis. Disregarding errors in topology, the additional hidden steps in a cladogram in which polymorphisms are scored as missing can be calculated by a simple formula, based on the observation that if it is assumed that polymorphic terminals include all combinations of character states, 2p− 1 additional steps are required for each taxon in which p polymorphic binary characters are scored as missing values. Thus, when several polymorphisms are scored as missing in the same taxon, very large errors can be introduced into the calculation of tree length.
CLADISTICS OF THE MAGNOLIIDAE
Authors: Loconte Henry , Stevenson Dennis W.
Published: July 2005

Abstract A cladistic resolution is presented for the origin of the angiosperms based on a parsimony analysis of 49 taxa of Magnoliidae. Hamamelidae and Alismatidae, with gymnospermous outgroup comparisons for the polarization of 104 characters. The Magnoliidae is recognized as a paraphyletic assemblage of nine orders: Calycanthales, Magnoliales, Laurales, Illiciales, Lactoridales. Ranunculales, Aristolochiales, Piperales and Nymphaeales. The Calycanthaceae and Idiospermaceae are segregated as the new order Calycanthales, which is hypothesized to be the archetype for angiosperms. Excluding Winteraceae and Lactoridaceae, the Magnoliales is monophyletic. The Austrobaileyaceae is a first branch of Magnoliales, rather than lauralean. Excluding Amborellaceae and Calycanthales, the Laurales is monophyletic. The Chloranthaceae is a first branch of Laurales, rather than piperalean. The Amborellaceae and Winteraceae are early branches of Illiciales. The Lactoridaceae is isolated as the Lactoridales. Including Papaveraceae, the Ranunculales is monophyletic, with Lardizabalaceae as a first branch. The Ranunculales is more closely related to the Hamamelidae, forming the clade Tricolpates. The Aristolochiales, Piperales and Nymphaeales are successively more closely related to the Alismatidae, forming the clade Paleoherbs. The Nelumbonaceae are nymphaealean Paleoherbs, rather than Tricolpates. The Lactoridaceae is not a Paleoherb. These results support many aspects of the strobilar‐flower hypothesis for the origin of the angiosperms, as well as the plesiomorphic character states of woody shrubs with simple, pinnatelyveined leaves.
A COMPUTER ASSISTED ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE HIGHER CATEGORIES OF TURTLES
Authors: Gaffney Eugene S. , Meylan Peter A. , Wyss Andre R.
Published: July 2005

Abstract— A character matrix of 39 characters for 14 supregeneric categories of living and extinct turtles was examined using PAUP 2.41 and 3.0L. The Branch and Bound algorithm found a single most parsimonious cladogram of 55 steps, consistency index of 0.709, retention index of 0.848 and a rescaled consistency index of 0.601. The cladogram is identical to that proposed by Gaffney and Meylan (1988). The Pleurodira and Cryptodira are each shown to be monophyletic and are supported by synapomorphies involving complex structures of the basicranium and adductor musculature. These synapomorphies are judged to be relatively well‐tested homologies. A paraphyletic Cryptodira occurs in 18% of 38 equally parsimonious trees 57 steps in length, but these trees are based on characters, such as absence of pterygoid teeth, that are susceptible to homoplasy in amniotes. We re‐iterate the notion that it is better to choose fewer, well‐analysed characters than large numbers of poorly analysed characters.
CONCEPTS AND TESTS OF HOMOLOGY IN THE CLADISTIC PARADIGM
Authors: de Pinna Mário C. C.
Published: July 2005

Abstract—Logical equivalence between the notions of homology and synapomorphy is reviewed and supported. So‐called transformational homology embodies two distinct logical components, one related to comparisons among different organisms and the other restricted to comparisons within the same organism. The former is essentially hierarchical in nature, thus being in fact a less obvious form of taxic homology. The latter is logically equivalent to so‐called serial homology in a broad sense (including homonomy, mass homology or iterative homology). Of three tests of homology proposed to date (similarity, conjunction and congruence) only congruence serves as a test in the strict sense. Similarity stands at a basic level in homology propositions, being the source of the homology conjecture in the first place. Conjunction is unquestionably an indicator of non‐homology, but it is not specific about the pairwise comparison where non‐homology is present, and depends on a specific scheme of relationship in order to refute a hypothesis of homology. The congruence test has been previously seen as an application of compatibility analysis. However, congruence is more appropriately seen as an expression of strict parsimony analysis. A general theoretical solution is proposed to determine evolution of characters with ambiguous distributions, based on the notion of maximization of homology propositions. According to that notion, ambiguous character‐state distributions should be resolved by an optimization that maximizes reversals relative to parallelisms. Notions of homology in morphology and molecular biology are essentially the same. The present tendency to adopt different terminologies for the two sources of data should be avoided, in order not to obscure the fundamental uniformity of the concept of homology in comparative biology.

“A similar hierarchy is found both in ‘structures’ and in ‘functions’. In the last resort, structure (i.e. order of parts) and function (order of processes) may be the very same thing […].”

L. von Bertalanlfy

“[…] it is the fact that certain criteria enable us to match parts of things consistently which suggests that mechanisms of certain kinds must have been involved in their origin.”

N. Jardine and C. Jardine
THE SPECIES OF THE BIRDS‐OF‐PARADISE (PARADISAEIDAE): APPLYING THE PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES CONCEPT TO A COMPLEX PATTERN OF DIVERSIFICATION
Authors: Cracraft Joel
Published: July 2005

Abstract The phylogenetic species concept is applied for the first time to a major radiation of birds, the birds‐of‐paradise (Paradisaeidae) of Australasia. Using the biological species concept, previous workers have postulated approximately 40–42 species in the family. Of these, approximately 13 are monotypic and 27 are polytypic with about 100 subspecies. Phylogenetic species are irreducible (basal) clusters of organisms (terminal taxa) that are diagnosably distinct from other such clusters. Within the context of this concept, approximately 90 species of paradisaeids are postulated to have diversified within Australasia. The phylogenetic species concept more accurately describes evolutionary diversity within the family and provides a better theoretical and empirical framework for analysing speciation, historical biogeography and patterns of morphological, behavioral and ecological diversification within this group than does the biological species concept.
PARSIMONY, HOMOLOGY AND THE ANALYSIS OF MULTISTATE CHARACTERS
Authors: Lipscomb Diana L.
Published: July 2005

Abstract— The order of states in a transformation series describes an internested set of synapomorphies. States adjacent to each other in the transformation series thus share a degree of homology not found in the other states. Whether the level of homology is relatively apomorphic is determined by rooting the order with outgroup comparison. The analysis of state order is a homology problem and is solved with a two‐step process using similarity and congruence with other characters as criteria. Other methods that have been proposed (e.g. transformation series analysis, non‐additive analysis, morphocline analysis, ontogenetic analysis) fail to apply both similarity and congruence, and thus cannot be used independently for determining character state order.
CLADISTIC AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE “BLUE ASH’ EUCALYPTS
Authors: Ladiges Pauline Y. , Prober Suzanne M. , Nelson Gareth
Published: July 2005

Abstract— A cladistic analysis of the “blue ash” eucalypts (Eucalyptus, Myrtaceae) is presented. Five equally parsimonious trees were found, and a strict consensus tree constructed. A revised informal classification, recognizing five series (Planchonianinae, Sphaerocarpinae, Piperitinae, Fraxininae and Haemastominae, informal subgenus Monocalyptus) is based on the consensus cladogram. A biogeographic analysis applies a new implementation of Assumptions 0 and 1, coding data in the form of three‐area statements and using parsimony analysis. These results are used to evaluate hand resolution of Assumption 2. In comparison, Brooks parsimony analysis did not produce area cladograms that best fit the data. Series and subseries were analysed separately for area relationships, which showed a repeated pattern across the blue ash clade; combining all the data in one analysis was seen as equivalent to confounding paralogy and orthology in molecular studies. A resolved area cladogram is presented for southeastern Australia.
PHYLOGENY OF THE SUBFAMILIES OF THE FAMILY BRACONIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONOIDEA): A REASSESSMENT
Authors: Wharton R.A. , Shaw S.R. , Sharkey M.J. , Wahl D.B. , Woolley J.B. , Whitfield J.B. , Marsh P.M. , Johnson W.
Published: July 2005

Abstract—The recently published phylogeny of Braconidae by Quicke and van Achterberg is reassessed. Character‐state definitions and character polarities are evaluated, and more rigorous methods are suggested. Our results indicate that there are many more parsimonious solutions to their data set, the consensus of which differs substantially from their results. Based on our reassessment, little can be said about the relationships among braconid subfamilies. Consensus trees show the cyclostomes as a largely unresolved basal grade. The two other major lineages which have been proposed, the helconoids and microgastroids, are somewhat better resolved, but not consistently so. Relationships among the helconoids vary considerably depending on the parameters used for parsimony analysis.