bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A velvet worm (Onychophora: Peripatidae) feeding on a free ranging spider in Sierra Llorona, Panama
Authors: González Macario , Sosa-Bartuano Ángel , Monge-Nájera Julián
Published: September 2018

Onychophoran worms seldom attack spiders because spiders are agile and dangerous prey. Here we report an onychophoran feeding on a spider (possibly a Ctenidae) in Sierra Llorona, Colón, Panamá (9,35863°-79,70287°; altitude 491 m).
Bio-optimización del compost con cultivos de microorganismos de montaña (MM) y lodos digeridos de biodigestor (LDBIO)
Authors: Camacho Céspedes Fabricio , Uribe Lorío Lidieth , Newcomer Quint , Masters Karen , Kinyua Maureen
Published: September 2018

El compost es un abono orgánico que puede aportar nutrientes, materia orgánica, humedad y microorganismos benéficos al agroecosistema. La calidad del compost depende en gran medida de las características de los materiales que se empleen en el proceso de elaboración, por lo que uno de los retos existentes en la tecnología del compostaje es la optimización de la calidad del material terminado. Los MM son inóculos microbianos con altas poblaciones principalmente de hongos, bacterias y actinomicetos que se encuentran naturalmente en el suelo, mientras que los LDBIO son los sólidos precipitados resultantes del proceso de digestión anaeróbica. El empleo de MM y LDBIO como agentes optimizadores de la calidad del compost no ha sido estudiado. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar, en forma no experimental, económica, y a un nivel de resolución macro utilizando pruebas de laboratorio robustas, si el MM y LDBIO poseen características favorables como agentes efectivos para la optimización del compost, e identificar la combinación de estos materiales que permita producir compost de mayor calidad. De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos, se logra evidenciar a ese nivel de resolución, que efectivamente los MM y LDBIO presentan características apropiadas como agentes optimizadores del compost. El compost que presenta las mejores características de calidad en cuanto a la concentración de macronutrientes, contenido de materia orgánica, carbono, retención de humedad y concentración de biomasa microbiana, es el que contiene MM y LDBIO en forma integrada. La incorporación de estos compuestos no afecta otros parámetros de calidad de este abono, incluyendo el pH, la CE y la relación C/N. Tampoco afecta la capacidad de maduración, la estabilidad y la inocuidad del compost final, por lo que se concluye que es factible continuar invirtiendo en la investigación de estos compuestos como agentes optimizadores del compost. Se recomienda realizar ensayos de respuesta de crecimiento con el abono optimizado para identificar el potencial de aporte al desarrollo de los cultivos.
Depredación del escorpión Centruroides bicolor por la serpiente alacranera Stenorrhina degenhardtii (Squamata: Dipsadidae)
Authors: Solórzano Alejandro
Published: September 2018

Presento una secuencia fotográfica de cómo la serpiente Stenorrhina degenhardtii captura y come al escorpión Centruroides bicolor.
Producción y reproducción de vacas Holstein, Jersey y sus cruces en cinco localidades de Costa Rica
Authors: Gonzáles Blanco Jose Pablo , WingChing-Jones Rodolgo
Published: September 2018

En Costa Rica el 26% del ganado vacuno está destinado a la producción de leche especializada, predominando la raza Jersey, seguida de Holstein, Guersey y Pardo Suizo. Evaluamos 1 586 registros de animales en Heredia, Cartago, Coronado, San Carlos y Zarcero. Los sistemas se caracterizan por el uso del pastoreo rotacional en estrella africana (Cynodon nlemfuensis) o kikuyo (Kikuyuocloa clandestina), complemenando con subproductos agroindustriales, ensilajes; y alimento balanceado con un mínimo de 16% de proteína cruda y de 3 000kcal ED/kg. Utilizamos los registros actualizados para hacer una base de datos incluyendo días abiertos (DA), intervalo entre partos (IEP), días en lactancia y producción de leche diaria de Holstein, Jersey, y sus cruces en diferentes proporciones. Los parámetros reproductivos, IEP y días abiertos, fueron mayores en Holstein que en Jersey y F1 HxJ en 30,44 y 35,80; 20,29 y 25,86 días respectivamente. Diariamente, la Jersey produce 1,77 y 1,3kg menos leche que Holstein y F1 HxJ. No hubo diferencia en Holstein y F1 HxJ. El cruce de Holstein y Jersey es promisorio.
Estructura de hato y manejo nutricional, sanitario, reproductivo y ambiental del caballo iberoamericano en Costa Rica
Authors: Solano Mora Grethel , WingChing-Jones Rodolfo
Published: September 2018

Conocer el manejo nutricional, sanitario, reproductivo y de las instalaciones de los animales de interés zootécnico es la base para mejorar los sistemas. En octubre de 2016 y abril de 2017 llevamos a cabo el diagnóstico de 16 granjas hípicas iberoamericanas ubicadas en las provincias de Alajuela, Cartago, San José y Heredia de Costa Rica. Encontramos una relación hembra: macho de 1,7; y siete cruces, el más frecuente fue entre una hembra costarricense de paso y un macho de la raza pura española. Hubo nueve tamaños para el picadero (seis para las cuadras, diez para los bañaderos y diez forrajes). Un balance positivo de proteína y energía en las dietas podría aumentar la condición corporal. Se implementan la monta natural, inseminación artificial, transferencia de embriones y la detección y sincronización de celos. La desparasitación y la vacunación, y el manejo preventivo de la cama, son registrados por los trabajadores del campo (el 62% están capacitados en el cuidado y manejo del caballo). Estos criadores de caballos han desarrollado conocimientos válidos a través de la autoformación, pero hay margen de mejora en el diagnóstico de enfermedades parasitarias, recomendaciones veterinarias y prácticas de alimentación.
Opinión de los vecinos sobre el uso de una finca adquirida por una universidad pública para fines socio-ambientales: el caso de Los Llanos, Costa Rica
Authors: Bonilla Villalobos Verónica
Published: September 2018

La participación social es un elemento significativo en la restauración de los ecosistemas; la sostenibilidad y la aceptación dependen del trabajo participativo de las comunidades circundantes. El objetivo principal de este estudio es conocer la opinión de los vecinos sobre el uso de una hacienda de 9ha adquirida por la Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) con fines socioambientales (Los Llanos, Alajuela, Costa Rica). Inspeccioné 41 de las 82 casas que colindan con la granja. El 70% de la población ha vivido allí durante más de 15 años, solo el 4,3% terminó la educación universitaria; el desempleo es del 12% en los hombres y del 14% en las mujeres; alrededor del 9% no tiene acceso al agua potable. Informaron que el 54% usa la fincagranja para actividades recreativas y comunales. Por lo tanto, con una motivación adecuada, un tercio adicional de la población podría incorporarse a las actividades socioambientales desarrolladas por la UNED, incluida la restauración; y generar oportunidades de trabajo, capacitación, entretenimiento y reflexión.
The effect of the enhanced field emission on the characteristics of the superconducting radio frequency cavities
Authors: Radmilovic-Radjenovic Marija , Belicev Petar , Radjenovic Branislav
Published: September 2018

Electron field emission limiting the accelerating gradient in superconducting cavities remains the dominant setback in cavity production. The need to understand and control the field emission has become increasingly important because of the prospect of using high-gradient structures in linear colliders. Since building an accelerator structure is a complicated and costly process, elimination of unnecessary steps has priority. In this paper an analysis of the influence of the enhanced field emission in superconducting radio frequency cavity together with modal field calculations by using COMSOL finite elements package has been presented. The obtained results reveal that the electric field required for the field emission is generated in the cavity irises. The imperfection of the cavity surface leading to very high fields is modelled by a simple cone. The estimated value of the enhancement factor for the cone tip of around 4 is in a good agreement with the data found in the literature. In addition, from the slopes and the intercepts of the Fowler-Nordheim plots, a dependence of the enhancement factor and the effective area on the work function has been estimated.
Modeling dynamic cooperative advertising in a decentralized channel
Authors: Ezimadu Peter , Nwozo Chukwuma
Published: September 2018

This work deals with cooperative advertising in a manufacturer-retailer supply channel using differential game theory. It considers the manufacturer as the Stackelberg leader and the retailer as the follower. It incorporates the manufacturer?s advertising effort into Sethi?s sales-advertising dynamics, and considers its effect on the retail advertising effort, the awareness share, the players? payoffs, and the channel payoff. These are achieved by considering two channel structures: a situation where retail advertising is subsidized, and a situation where it is not. In both situations, it obtains the Stackelberg equilibrium, which characterizes the effects of the manufacturer?s advertising effort, including the relationships between the manufacturer?s advertising effort and the retailer?s advertising effort. The work shows that the direct involvement of the manufacturer in advertising is worthwhile.
Distinct Neuronal Projections From the Hypothalamic Ventromedial Nucleus Mediate Glycemic and Behavioral Effects
Authors: Faber Chelsea L. , Matsen Miles E. , Velasco Kevin R. , Damian Vincent , Phan Bao Anh , Adam Daniel , Therattil Anthony , Schwartz Michael W. , Morton Gregory J.
Published: September 2018

The hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is implicated both in autonomic control of blood glucose and in behaviors including fear and aggression, but whether these divergent effects involve the same or distinct neuronal subsets and their projections is unknown. To address this question, we used an optogenetic approach to selectively activate the subset of VMN neurons that express neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (VMNNOS1 neurons) implicated in glucose counterregulation. We found that photoactivation of these neurons elicits 1) robust hyperglycemia achieved by activation of counterregulatory responses usually reserved for the physiological response to hypoglycemia and 2) defensive immobility behavior. Moreover, we show that the glucagon, but not corticosterone, response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia is blunted by photoinhibition of the same neurons. To investigate the neurocircuitry by which VMNNOS1 neurons mediate these effects, and to determine whether these diverse effects are dissociable from one another, we activated downstream VMNNOS1 projections in either the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (aBNST) or the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Whereas glycemic responses are fully recapitulated by activation of VMNNOS1 projections to the aBNST, freezing immobility occurred only upon activation of VMNNOS1 terminals in the PAG. These findings support previous evidence of a VMN→aBNST neurocircuit involved in glucose counterregulation and demonstrate that activation of VMNNOS1 neuronal projections supplying the PAG robustly elicits defensive behaviors.
Insulin Resistance and Vulnerability to Cardiac Ischemia
Authors: Jelenik Tomas , Flögel Ulrich , Álvarez-Hernández Elisa , Scheiber Daniel , Zweck Elric , Ding Zhaoping , Rothe Maik , Mastrototaro Lucia , Kohlhaas Vivien , Kotzka Jörg , Knebel Birgit , Müller-Wieland Dirk , Moellendorf Sarah , Gödecke Axel , Kelm Malte , Westenfeld Ralf , Roden Michael , Szendroedi Julia
Published: September 2018

Hepatic and myocardial ectopic lipid deposition has been associated with insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular risk. Lipid overload promotes increased hepatic oxidative capacity, oxidative stress, and impaired mitochondrial efficiency, driving the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We hypothesized that higher lipid availability promotes ischemia-induced cardiac dysfunction and decreases myocardial mitochondrial efficiency. Mice with adipose tissue–specific overexpression of sterol element–binding protein 1c as model of lipid overload with combined NAFLD-IR and controls underwent reperfused acute myocardial infarcts (AMIs). Whereas indexes of left ventricle (LV) contraction were similar in both groups at baseline, NAFLD-IR showed severe myocardial dysfunction post-AMI, with prominent LV reshaping and increased end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes. Hearts of NAFLD-IR displayed hypertrophy, steatosis, and IR due to 18:1/18:1-diacylglycerol–mediated protein kinase Cε (PKCε) activation. Myocardial fatty acid–linked respiration and oxidative stress were increased, whereas mitochondrial efficiency was decreased. In humans, decreased myocardial mitochondrial efficiency of ventricle biopsies related to IR and troponin levels, a marker of impaired myocardial integrity. Taken together, increased lipid availability and IR favor susceptibility to ischemia-induced cardiac dysfunction. The diacylglycerol-PKCε pathway and reduced mitochondrial efficiency both caused by myocardial lipotoxicity may contribute to the impaired LV compensation of the noninfarcted region of the myocardium.
EX-MARE - FORECASTING SYSTEM OF NATURAL HAZARDS IN THE AZOV SEA REGION
Authors: Berdnikov Sergey V. , Dashkevich Liudmila V. , Kulygin Valerii V. , Sheverdyaev Igor V. , Tretyakova I. A. , Yaitskaya Natalia A.
Published: September 2018

The paper presents approach used for the development of the forecasting system of extreme hydro-meteorological events in the region of the Sea of Azov. Due to numerous dangerous extreme events that occurred in the beginning of XXI century the issue of creation such system has become very relevant and important. The forecasting system, named EX-MARE, was started developing in 2014 as a complex of mathematical models. For each type of hydro-meteorological events, the modeling component was designed. The EX-MARE system is based on a scenario approach implied the consideration a variety of possible futures taking into account the existing uncertainty. Accurate extreme events estimation requires automated monitoring systems and longterm database application. In the paper, the detail description of the system components and the data sources is examined. Three case studies about the sea surges, flash flood and ice conditions researches demonstrate the application of the EX-MARE system and the benefits of its using. Further development of the EX-MARE system assumes adding data on exposure and vulnerability to perform the risk assessment, as well as focusing on multi-hazards exploring methodology.
REVITALIZING DEPRESSED AREAS OF THE RUSSIAN NORTH (THE CASE OF VELIKY USTYUG)
Authors: Aleksandrova Anna Yu. , Aigina Ekaterina V.
Published: September 2018

The study discusses the experience of «Veliky Ustyug – Ded Moroz Homeland» - one of the most successful Russian projects of regional tourism development in scarcely populated and depressed areas of the Russian North.

Founded in 1147, Veliky Ustyug is among the oldest towns of the Russian North with a ‘historic city’ and ‘open-air museum’ status. However, in the 1980-1990s it was a typical small town with depressive socio-economic structure based on forestry, small enterprises, folk crafts and distinctive social challenges such as migration, high unemployment, et al. The project «Veliky Ustyug – Ded Moroz Homeland» comparable to Santa Claus Village in Rovaniemi, Finland has increased greatly the tourist flow to the town and improved considerably its socio-economic situation.

The research is based on extensive field studies, theoretical observations and includes statistics analysis as well as the results of in-depth interviews with experts and regional stakeholders taken in 2011-2016, review of official legislation. Study reveals that the  main idea of the project is to revitalize the depressed community with a wide range of social, educational, economic, infrastructural, cultural, leisure and tourism activities to promote its future sustainable development. The project life cycle is discussed within the birth, growth and maturity periods; each of them is provided with quantitative characterization. Key problems of the project and their possible solutions are identified. The main constraints to the project connected with poor transport accessibility of the destination and high seasonality of tourism demand are considered.
Las trabajadoras sociales en la década de 1930. Asistir a los pobres y servir al Estado
Authors: Lorenzo Río María Dolores
Published: September 2018

Estudiar la incorporación de nuevas profesiones en la burocracia asistencial constituye una de las mejores formas para explicar el proceso de la modernización de los servicios públicos del Estado. En este artículo examinamos cómo las trabajadoras sociales se integraron en la Beneficencia Pública del Distrito Federal. Planteamos que, a lo largo de la década de los años treinta, estas empleadas de la Beneficencia cumplieron con diversas tareas y extenuantes jornadas a cambio de salarios escuetos, que les fueron concediendo un lugar como empleadas públicas. Asimismo, en este proceso, la escolarización, el reconocimiento que les brindó el gobierno y la feminización de sus actividades fueron institucionalizando la profesión del trabajo social. En el texto, se muestra que la transformación del Estado no surge por la enunciación de una reforma administrativa, secular y progresista en favor de los derechos sociales, sino que es necesario el empeño laborioso de las personas que lo llevan a la práctica, al ras del suelo, y en relación con diversos actores de la sociedad
Testimonio de Juan Carlos Garavaglia (1944-2017): sus contribuciones a la historia económica y social del México colonial
Authors: Marichal Carlos
Published: September 2018

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Kennsla og stuðningur í íslenskum háskólum - Reynsla innflytjenda
Authors: Benediktsson Artëm Ingmar , Wozniczka Anna Katarzyna , Jónsdóttir Kriselle Lou Suson , Ragnarsdóttir Hanna
Published: September 2018

Í kjölfar aukinna fólksf lutninga síðustu áratugi hefur innf lytjendum fjölgað í háskólum á Íslandi. Þessi grein er byggð á niðurstöðum rannsóknarverkefnisins Væntingar og tækifæri innf lytjenda a? I?slandi til ha?sko?lamenntunar og áskoranir henni tengdar (2016-2018) sem styrkt er af Ranni?s. Meginmarkmið rannsóknarverkefnisins er að öðlast skilning á upplifunum, reynslu, áskorunum og stuðningi við innf lytjendur í háskólanámi hérlendis. Í þessari grein eru kynntar helstu niðurstöður úr eigindlegri rannsókn með innf lytjendum sem eru núverandi og fyrrverandi háskólanemar á Íslandi. Gagna var af lað í rýnihópaviðtölum og einstaklingsviðtölum við alls 41 nemanda í þrem háskólum á Íslandi. Markmið rannsóknarinnar sem greinin fjallar um er að öðlast skilning á reynslu og upplifun innf lytjenda af kennsluaðferðum, áskorunum og stuðningi í þremur stærstu háskólunum á Íslandi, Háskóla Íslands, Háskólanum í Reykjavík og Háskólanum á Akureyri. Niðurstöðurnar benda til þess að f lestir þátttakendur upplifi að kennsluaðferðir í háskólunum séu nútímalegar. Þeir nefna hagnýtar kennsluaðferðir, svo sem umræðutíma og hópavinnu, og að byggt sé á þekkingu þeirra og reynslu. Skoðanir á þessum kennsluaðferðum eru þó mismunandi. Sumir þátttakendur telja hópavinnu vera góða, en aðrir upplifa hana sem tímasóun. Sumir sækjast eftir akademísku námi, á meðan aðrir vilja frekar læra eitthvað hagnýtt, sem þeir geti notað í framtíðarvinnu. Þá telja þátttakendur að jafnræði ríki milli nemenda og kennara í háskólunum, en það hafa þeir ekki alltaf upplifað í heimalöndum sínum. Niðurstöðurnar sýna einnig að nemendurnir eru langf lestir jákvæðir gagnvart kennslu og stuðningi í íslenskum háskólum en þeir glíma við ýmiss konar áskoranir. Fram kemur að þeir leita eftir mismunandi stuðningi, bæði formlegum og óformlegum, svo sem betra aðgengi að formlegum upplýsingum fyrir innf lytjendur á innra neti og á vefsíðum háskólanna. Óformlegur stuðningur, svo sem frá íslenskum samnemendum, t.d. við nemendur sem hafa lítið tengslanet hér á landi, virðist heldur ekki mikill. Þátttakendur glíma einnig við ýmiss konar vandamál, einkum tungumálaerfiðleika, en einnig samskiptavandamál og skort á upplýsingum. Þátttakendur frá löndum utan EES/ES glíma við erfiðleika tengda dvalarleyfi sem geta haft mikil áhrif á nám og líðan. Þessi rannsókn getur nýst háskólum við að bregðast við aukinni fjölbreytni meðal háskólanema.
Kyngervi kennara í augum foreldra: Mótsagnakenndar kröfur
Authors: Jónsdóttir Maríanna , Jóhannesson Ingólfur Ásgeir
Published: September 2018

Í greininni er fjallað um viðhorf foreldra til kyngervis grunnskólakennara. Rannsóknin fólst í viðtölum við tíu foreldra, fjóra karla og sex konur, sem áttu bæði dreng og stúlku í grunnskóla, og var að minnsta kosti eitt barnanna á yngsta stigi og ann að á miðstigi grunnskólans þegar viðtölin voru tekin. Viðmælendur voru spurðir um afstöðu sína til kyns og kyngervis kennara, karlmennsku, kvenleika, virðingar, aga og umhyggju – allt í því augnamiði að fá vitneskju um hvort og á hvaða hátt þessi viðhorf væru kynjuð. Viðtölin voru greind í tveimur meginþrepum. Á fyrra þrepi voru greind nokkur þemu, svo sem karlmennska og kvenleiki; kennarar sem fyrirmyndir og virðing, agi og umhyggja. Við ítarlegri skoðun var bersýnilegt að viðhorf foreldranna voru lituð af einstaklingshyggju og eðlishyggju. Jafnframt komu í ljós ekki einungis ólíkar skoðanir meðal viðmælenda heldur mótsagnir í viðhorfum. Áhersla viðmælenda á einstaklingsmun er mjög líklega til marks um frekar almennan, ef ekki lítinn, skilning á þýðingu kynjajafnréttismála fyrir skólastarfið. Höfundar vilja árétta það að ef sérstakur vilji er fyrir hendi til að fjölga körlum í grunnskólakennslu, umfram það að mennta þarf fjölda bæði karla og kvenna til starfsins, verður að forðast að gera það á forsendum sem byggjast á staðalmyndum og hefðbundnum kynhlut verkum. Í kennaramenntuninni þarf að undirbúa kennaranema af öllum kynjum undir allar hliðar starfsins. Þar á meðal að þeir geti sem nýbrautskráðir kennarar vænst þess að stundum verði gerðar til þeirra ólíkar kröfur eftir kyni af aðilum innan og utan skólans.
Efficacy of an alveolar recruitment maneuver for improving gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics in anesthetized horses ventilated with oxygen or a helium-oxygen mixture
Authors: Hopster Klaus , Duffee Lauren R. , Hopster-Iversen Charlotte C. S. , Driessen Bernd
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy of an alveolar recruitment maneuver (ARM) with positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEPs) in anesthetized horses ventilated with oxygen or heliox (70% helium and 30% oxygen).

ANIMALS 6 healthy adult horses.

PROCEDURES In a randomized crossover study, horses were anesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency. Volume-controlled ventilation was performed with heliox or oxygen (fraction of inspired oxygen [Fio2] > 90%). Sixty minutes after mechanical ventilation commenced, an ARM with PEEP (0 to 30 cm H2O in steps of 5 cm H2O every 5 minutes, followed by incremental steps back to 0 cm H2O) was performed. Peak inspiratory pressure, dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), and Pao2 were measured during each PEEP. Indices of pulmonary oxygen exchange and alveolar dead space were calculated. Variables were compared with baseline values (PEEP, 0 cm H2O) and between ventilation gases by use of repeated-measures ANOVAs.

RESULTS For both ventilation gases, ARM significantly increased pulmonary oxygen exchange indices and Cdyn. Mean ± SD Cdyn (506 ± 35 mL/cm H2O) and Pao2-to-Fio2 ratio (439 ± 36) were significantly higher and alveolar-arterial difference in Pao2 (38 ± 11 mm Hg) was significantly lower for heliox, compared with values for oxygen (357 ± 50 mL/cm H2O, 380 ± 92, and 266 ± 88 mm Hg, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE An ARM in isoflurane-anesthetized horses ventilated with heliox significantly improved pulmonary oxygen exchange and respiratory mechanics by decreasing resistive properties of the respiratory system and reducing turbulent gas flow in small airways.
Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid in healthy dogs and assessment of its antifibrinolytic properties in canine blood
Authors: Osekavage Katie E. , Brainard Benjamin M. , Lane Selena L. , Almoslem Mohammed , Arnold Robert D. , Koenig Amie
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE To assess pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid (TXA) in dogs and assess antifibrinolytic properties of TXA in canine blood by use of a thromboelastography-based in vitro model of hyperfibrinolysis.

ANIMALS 6 healthy adult dogs.

PROCEDURES Dogs received each of 4 TXA treatments (10 mg/kg, IV; 20 mg/kg, IV; approx 15 mg/kg, PO; and approx 20 mg/kg, PO) in a randomized crossover-design study. Blood samples were collected at baseline (time 0; immediately prior to drug administration) and predetermined time points afterward for pharmacokinetic analysis and pharmacodynamic (thromboelastography) analysis by use of an in vitro hyperfibrinolysis model.

RESULTS Maximum amplitude (MA [representing maximum clot strength]) significantly increased from baseline at all time points for all treatments. The MA was lower at 360 minutes for the 10-mg/kg IV treatment than for other treatments. Percentage of clot lysis 30 minutes after MA was detected was significantly decreased from baseline at all time points for all treatments; at 360 minutes, this value was higher for the 10-mg/kg IV treatment than for other treatments and higher for the 20-mg/kg IV treatment than for the 20-mg/kg PO treatment. Maximum plasma TXA concentrations were dose dependent. At 20 mg/kg, IV, plasma TXA concentrations briefly exceeded concentrations suggested for complete inhibition of fibrinolysis. Oral drug administration resulted in a later peak antifibrinolytic effect than did IV administration.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of TXA improved clot strength and decreased fibrinolysis in blood samples from healthy dogs in an in vitro hyperfibrinolysis model. Further research is needed to determine clinical effects of TXA in dogs with hyperfibrinolysis.
Effects of calcitriol on phagocytic function, toll-like receptor 4 expression, and cytokine production of canine leukocytes
Authors: Jaffey Jared A. , Amorim Juliana , DeClue Amy E.
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE To determine the in vitro effects of calcitriol on indicators of immune system function in blood samples collected from healthy dogs.

SAMPLE Blood samples from 8 healthy adult dogs.

PROCEDURES Blood samples were incubated with calcitriol (10−7M) or control substance for 24 hours. Afterward, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-, and N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine hydrate (MDP)-stimulated leukocyte production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-10 (IL10) were measured with a canine-specific multiplex assay. Phagocytosis of opsonized Escherichia coli and leukocyte expression of constitutive toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were evaluated via flow cytometry. Blood samples from 3 dogs were used to create a concentration-response curve to evaluate whether the observed cytokine modulation was concentration dependent.

RESULTS Incubation of canine blood samples with calcitriol resulted in significant decreases in LPS-, LTA-, and MDP-stimulated leukocyte production of TNF but not IL10. Blunting of TNF production was concentration dependent. Leukocyte calcitriol exposure had no significant effect on phagocytosis and TLR4 expression.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data indicated that calcitriol induced an anti-inflammatory shift in canine leukocytes exposed to LPS, LTA, and MDP in vitro, without altering phagocytosis or TLR4 expression. Thus, calcitriol could represent a novel candidate immunomodulatory treatment for dogs.
Effects of calcitriol on apoptosis, toll-like receptor 4 expression, and cytokine production of endotoxin-primed canine leukocytes
Authors: Jaffey Jared A. , Amorim Juliana , DeClue Amy E.
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE To determine the in vitro effect of calcitriol on indicators of immune system function in endotoxin-primed blood samples from healthy dogs.

SAMPLE Blood samples from 6 healthy adult dogs.

PROCEDURES Leukocytes were primed by incubation of blood samples with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; endotoxin) or PBS solution (unprimed control group) for 1 hour. Following priming, blood samples were incubated with calcitriol (2 × 10−7M) or ethanol (control substance) for 24 hours. After sample incubation, LPS-stimulated leukocyte production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-10 (IL10) was measured with a canine-specific multiplex assay, and apoptosis and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression were evaluated via flow cytometry.

RESULTS LPS stimulation of unprimed leukocytes but not endotoxin-primed leukocytes resulted in a significant increase in TNF and IL10 production, confirming the presence of endotoxin tolerance in dogs in vitro. Endotoxin priming significantly increased neutrophil viability with no effect on lymphocyte viability or TLR4 expression by neutrophils and monocytes. Calcitriol exposure significantly decreased LPS-stimulated production of TNF by unprimed and endotoxin-primed leukocytes. Conversely, calcitriol exposure had no effect on IL10 production by unprimed leukocytes but did significantly increase IL10 production by endotoxin-primed leukocytes. Calcitriol had no significant effect on the degree of neutrophil or lymphocyte apoptosis, nor was neutrophil and monocyte TLR4 expression affected in unprimed or endotoxin-primed leukocytes.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data indicated that calcitriol induced an anti-inflammatory shift in unprimed and endotoxin-primed canine leukocytes in vitro, without compromising neutrophil and monocyte TLR4 expression or altering the viability of neutrophils and lymphocytes in canine blood samples.
Corneal thickness, endothelial cell density, and morphological and morphometric features of corneal endothelial cells in goats
Authors: Coyo Natalia , Leiva Marta , Costa Daniel , Rios José , Peña Teresa
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE To determine corneal thickness (CT), endothelial cell density (ECD), and morphological and morphometric features of caprine eyes and to assess effects of aging on these variables.

SAMPLE 27 healthy eyes of 19 Murciano-Granadina goats.

PROCEDURES Goats were classified into 2 age groups (kids, 14 months old [14 eyes]; and adults, 7 to 10 years old [13 eyes]). The ECD and CT were calculated in the central cornea and 4 peripheral quadrants. Mean cell area (MCA), pleomorphism (percentage of hexagonal cells), and polymegathism were evaluated in the central cornea.

RESULTS Median values for kids were determined for ECD (3,831 cells/mm2; inter-quartile [25th to 75th percentile] range [IQR], 3,669 to 4,011 cells/mm2), CT (608 μm; IQR, 573 to 655 μm), MCA (255 μm2; IQR, 243 to 272 μm2), pleomorphism (80.53%; IQR, 78.83% to 83.30%), and polymegathism (19; IQR, 18 to 22). Median values for adults were determined for ECD (2,101 cells/mm2; IQR, 1,966 to 2,251 cells/mm2), CT (706 μm; IQR, 670 to 730 μm), MCA (466 μm2; IQR, 425 to 507 μm2), pleomorphism (67.80%; IQR, 65.50% to 70.00%), and polymegathism (21; IQR, 15 to 26). Values differed significantly between the 2 groups for all variables, except polymegathism. For both groups, the dorsal and temporal quadrants were the thickest and thinnest, respectively. Ventral ECD was the lowest for both groups.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE ECD decreased with age, whereas MCA, pleomorphism, and CT increased. Moreover, differences among regions of the cornea indicated that the central cornea should not be considered as representative of the entire cornea.
Effects of enzyme and cryoprotectant concentrations on yield of equine adipose-derived multipotent stromal cells
Authors: Duan Wei , Lopez Mandi J.
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of various concentrations of collagenase and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on yield of equine adipose-derived multipotent stromal cells (ASCs) before and after cryopreservation.

SAMPLE Supragluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue from 7 Thoroughbreds.

PROCEDURES Tissues were incubated with digests containing 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.025% type I collagenase. Part of each resulting stromal vascular fraction was cryopreserved in 80% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10% DMSO, and 10% Dulbecco modified Eagle medium F-12 and in 95% FBS and 5% DMSO. Half of each fresh and cryopreserved heterogeneous cell population was not immunophenotyped (unsorted) or was immunophenotyped for CD44+, CD105+, and major histocompatability complex class II (MHCII; CD44+-CD105+-MHCII+ cells and CD44+-CD105+-MHCII− cells). Cell proliferation (cell viability assay), plasticity (CFU frequency), and lineage-specific target gene and oncogene expression (reverse transcriptase PCR assays) were determined in passage 1 cells before and after culture in induction media.

RESULTS Digestion with 0.1% collagenase yielded the highest number of nucleated cells. Cell surface marker expression and proliferation rate were not affected by collagenase concentration. Cryopreservation reduced cell expansion rate and CD44+-CD105+-MHCII− CFUs; it also reduced osteogenic plasticity of unsorted cells. However, effects appeared to be unrelated to DMSO concentrations. There were also variable effects on primordial gene expression among cell isolates.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results supported the use of 0.1% collagenase in an adipose tissue digest and 5% DMSO in cryopreservation medium for isolation and cryopreservation, respectively, of equine ASCs. These results may be used as guidelines for standardization of isolation and cryopreservation procedures for equine ASCs.
Helminths infecting Dryadosaura nordestina (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from Atlantic Forest, northeastern Brazil
Authors: Teixeira A. A. M. , Silva R. J. , Brito S. V. , Teles D. A. , Araujo-Filho J. A. , Franzini L. D. , Santana D. O. , Almeida W. O. , Mesquita D. O.
Published: September 2018

We analyzed the patterns of infection by helminths in populations of the Gymnophthalmidae lizard Dryadosaura nordestina from three Atlantic Forest fragments in Northeast Brazil. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection by location showed the following results: ARIE Mata de Goiamunduba (60.8 % and 10.4 ± 8), RPPN Engenho Gargaú (83.3 % and 20.8 ± 19.7) and Benjamim Maranhão Botanical Garden (70.4 % and 7.78 ± 5.8). We provide the first records of helminth infection for the lizard D. nordestina, in which three species of nematodes, Aplectana sp., Cosmocerca sp. and Physaloptera lutzi and one trematode Haplometroides odhneri were recovered. Trematodes of the genus Haplometroides were previously known as parasites only in snake and amphisbaenian hosts in South America. Now, our study provides the first record of a species belonging to this genus parasitizing lizards. In conclusion, our study shows that D. nordestina have a depleted helminth fauna (three species at maximum), similar to other studies with lizards of this family in Brazil and that its parasite abundance is related to host snout-vent length, but not to the sex.
Statistical and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the M’Daourouch-Drea Plain’s groundwater, North-East of Algeria
Authors: Brahmia Ali , Brinis Nafaa , Nouar Tahar
Published: September 2018

This work was conducted on 23 samples distributed between springs, wells and boreholes tapping the shallow and deep aquifer in the M’Daourouch-Drea area located in extreme northeast of Algeria. Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−and NO3− were analysed. The interpretation of the geological-geophysical data allowed us to highlight two aquifers. The first consists of conglomerates, sandstones, gravels, sands, marls, limestones, lacustrine and alluvial deposits varying in thickness from a few tens to a few hundred meters, representing Neogene-Quaternary filling of the studied basin. The second is more important localized in the cracked and karstified limestones of upper Cretaceous age; these limestones are outcropped on the flanks of the syncline and the borders of the basin. The first aquifer sometimes rests directly on the second which allows hydraulic communication between them. The hydogeochemical and statistical study, with the combination of numerous tools, indicates that the chemistry of groundwater in the M’Daourouch-Drea Plain is controlled both by the dissolution of the minerals of the evaporite formations and those of the carbonate formations.
Perspectives on offshore wind farms development in chosen countries of European Union
Authors: Dawid Leszek
Published: September 2018

At the end of 2016 there were 84 wind farms under construction in 11 European countries. Investments in this sector are enormous. The average cost of a wind farm construction amounts to approx. 4 mln EUR per 1 MW of installed power. Offshore wind energy production also plays a significant role in the process of ensuring energy security in Europe, and in reduction of greenhouse gases. The objective of this paper is to present prospects of offshore wind energy farms development in the leading member states of the European Union as regards this problem. In this paper offshore wind farms in Germany and Denmark have been studied. In the paper the power of wind farms, the support systems as well as criteria related to location of wind farm offshore have been analysed. German and Danish sectors of offshore wind energy are strongly supported by respective governments. Both countries aim at yearly increase of wind energy share in total energy production. The research has been conducted based on the analysis of acts, regulations, the subject’s literature and information from websites.
Contribution to flood risk management by the IRIP method at the level of Gareat El Taref catchment, Constantine’s highlands, North-East of Algeria
Authors: Naouel Dali , Zouini Derradji , Breil Pascal
Published: September 2018

The term flooding is often associated with a stream overflow or a marine flood, runoff-floods is rarely considered, and today suffers from a lack of knowledge and control of the phenomenon. This paper, presents a geographic information system iRIP@ – Flooding by Intense Pluvial Runoff (French acronym), which is a new tool to mapping flooding by runoff as a tool for decision-making by mapping runoff flooding in Gareat El Taref catchment (Northeast Algeria), with identifying the area of production, transfer and accumulation of flood.

Us results, we have cards represent the potential of a territory to generate the various hydraulic dynamics of runoff: the runoff production card, the runoff transfer, the runoff accumulation card, the runoff-flooding card.

A visual simulation on the flood risk card indicates that the areas with an important runoff flood risk are the communes of Khenchela Oum El Bouaghi Ain El Beida and F’kirina. Moreover, the roads that join Khenchela with Ain El Beida and with Oum El Bouaghi.

Khenchela city is exposed to a great risk of flooding by runoff, the solution proposed by the authorities and that summarizes by the construction of a canal is not sufficient, because on the one hand the north of the city remains exposed to this risk. On the other hand, a large area of runoff production is located between the canal and the city.

It is probably operating to encourage farmers to introduce certain agricultural practices that are part of a sustainable management of flood risk by runoff.
Hydrological drought index based on reservoir capacity – Case study of Batujai dam in Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Yasa I Wayan , Bisri Mohammad , Sholichin Moch , Andawayanti Ussy
Published: September 2018

Hydrological drought index analysis has been widely developed and applied for the development of water resources. The island of Lombok, which is largely a dry land, requires a significant hydrological drought index to be sourced from measurable data analysis. This research focused aims to obtain hydrological drought index in Lombok Island using the capacity change of reservoir. The analysis includes reservoir data especially in the event of El-Nino. The main parameters analysed in this work are data homogeneity, decrease line of reservoir volume, increase in the line of reservoir volume, reservoir volume deficit, and hydrological drought index (RDI). The basic equation uses the water balance in the reservoir, which is the inflow–outflow and change of reservoir. The results of the analysis show that in the event of El-Nino, the drought hydrological index indicates different levels depending upon the water level of the reservoir. The criteria for the drought level are as follows: weak RDI = from −0.46 to −0.01 at an reservoir elevation of 90.88 to 92.33 m a.s.l, moderate RDI: from −0.59 to −0.46 at water level of reservoir from 90.27 to 90.88 m a.s.l, sever RDI: from −0.80 to −0.59 at water level of reservoir from 88.83 to 90.27 m a.s.l. and very severe RDI: from −0.89 to −0.80 at water level of water reservoir 87.78–88.83 m a.s.l. The duration of drought was 9 months, i.e., from February to November.
Lembaga perkreditan desa sebagai penopang keajegan budaya ekonomi masyarakat Bali
Authors: Sadiartha Anak Agung Ngurah Gede
Published: September 2018

Village Credit Union “Lembaga Perkreditan Desa” (LPD) continues to develop into an autonomous and tough intermediary institution. This paper discusses LPD as a model of superior traditional financial institutions, and its role in supporting the economic culture of the people of Bali. This paper is the result of qualitative research with data obtained from observation, documentation study and interview with 10 informants: LPD credit recipients, practitioners and observers of LPD. The data were descriptively, qualitatively, and interpretatively analyzed using economic management theory and the theory of social practice (Bourdieu). The results show: Firstly, LPD develops into a formidable traditional financial institution because: (a) LPD was autonomous, not subject to central policy, but refer to local regulations and awig-awig; (b) Implementation of modern global banking management, ie management functions, 5C principles, and innovation of LPD products and implementastion of cultural values ??of local organizations including Hindu philosophy on prosperity Tri Hita Karana, Catur Asrama and human relations manyamebraya. Secondly, the existence of LPD was able to improve socio-economic welfare and sustain the cultural traditions of indigenous villagers in Bali.
Kepeloporan kewirausahaan memandu pendakian daya tarik wisata Gunung Agung, Karangasem, Bali
Authors: Mudana I Gede , Sutama I Ketut , Widhari Cokorda Istri Sri
Published: September 2018

Erupted in 1963, Mount Agung in Selat District, Karangasem Regency, the highest mountain in Bali, was started to be mounted by trekking/climbing tourists in 1980s. Since 1990’s especially 2000s, some initiatives to serve the trekking/climbing the volcanic mountain have emerged in the surrounding villages’ people. The present study is done using a technic of qualitative data analysis. The result of study shows that Mount Agung is regarded interesting to climb not only because she has exotic beauty and challenges regarding the degree of difficulty (and the degree of danger the trekkers/climbers may face) to climb but also get some certain mythologies from her status as a sacred mountain believed by Balinese people, especially the Hindu followers. The entrepreneurship practices of the local society in Selat Village then come up not only to serve the trekking/climbing as usual but also to conserve the mountain environment and of course to keep the trekkers’/climbers’ safety since the mountain has some taboos and restrictions in relation with the trekking/climbing itself.
Denpasar heritage track: Revitalisasi paket wisata ‘Denpasar city tour’
Authors: Darma Putra I Nyoman , Paturusi Syamsul Alam , . Widiastuti
Published: September 2018

Bali’s capital city of Denpasar has a number of heritage sites, including several buildings, museums and monuments. These sites have yet to be developed optimally as tourist attractions, as evidenced by their small number of annual visitors. This study explores the potential in reutilizing those cultural heritage sites for the development of heritage tourism, and to support the city government’s tour programme. Two interrelated issues discussed here include how the government of Denpasar preserves its cultural heritage, and how it promotes these sites as heritage tourism. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and a literature review employing heritage tourism theory and framing theory. The study presents two packages of heritage tourism tours with a duration of approximately three hours each: the Denpasar Heritage Track (DHT), which starts and finishes at the Bali Hotel, taking in the Puputan Badung Monument, Bali Museum, Jero Kuta Palace, and Maospait Temple; and the Sanur Heritage Track (SHT), which begins and concludes at the Grand Bali Beach Hotel, visiting the Belanjong Heritage, Intaran Market, Bajra Sandhi Monument, and Museum Le Mayeur. The DHTs are expected to increase the number of tourist attractions in Denpasar, contributing to more tourist visits to Bali, especially in its capital city.
Balinese language ecology: Study about language diversity in tourism area at Ubud village
Authors: Beratha Ni Luh Sutjiati , Sukarini Ni Wayan , Rajeg I Made
Published: September 2018

Ubud Village in Gianyar Regency is one of the tourism areas in Bali where Balinese people are bilingual because they have mastered more than one languages. In the environment of Balinese language, there also live other languages including national language (Indonesian) and foreign languages (such as English, Japanese, and Mandarin). Balinese people nowadays, especially in tourism area, have difficulties in using Balinese language so they use mixed languages, namely Balinese language with Indonesian language, with English language, or Mandarin. This phenomenon might indicate that Balinese language appears to be marginalized. This article aims at investigating languages that are used in Balinese language environment in Ubud. Qualitative method is applied with sociocultural approach, and theories related to the use of language are applied. The study shows that the marginalization of Balinese language appears to exist because there are various ethnic groups of immigrants who live in this village. The village of Ubud has already been occupied by expatriates who deliberately come to Bali and settle in Ubud. This effects the choice and use of a language.
From Agama Hindu Bali to Agama Hindu: Two styles of argumentation
Authors: Picard Michel
Published: September 2018

This paper attempts to compare two different styles of argumentation, composed by Balinese at pivotal turning points of their religious identity. The first one, set in the 1920s, when Balinese intellectuals were starting to assess the foundations of their “Balineseness” (Kebalian), contrasts the argumentation of Bali Adnjana (1924-1930) with that of Surya Kanta (1925-1957), by focusing on the use of dialogue as rhetorical device by Tjakra Tanaja, the editor of Bali Adnjana. The second moment takes place in the 1960s, after the Balinese leaders had succeeded in having their religion officially recognized by the Indonesian Ministry of Religions, under the condition that it would no longer be exclusively theirs. It expounds the Upade?a Tentang Ajaran-Ajaran Agama Hindu, the Hindu catechism composed by the Parisada Hindu Dharma in 1967, once the dogmatic contents of the Agama Hindu – the Panca Çraddha – had been fully delineated in 1964. While the Upade?a is also presented in the form of a dialogue between the guru ??i Dharmak?rti and his ?i?ya Sang Suya?a, its argumentation differs strikingly from the one used in Bali Adnjana.