bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sporting chancers: Three Canadian corporations’ representations of sport-for-youth-development
Authors: Lynch Meghan , Yerashotis Greg
Published: October 2017

In this article, we conducted a critical discourse analysis of three Canadian corporations that used sport-for-youth-development (SYD) to fulfill part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR). Although the use of SYD has become an increasingly larger component of corporations’ CSR, there is a dearth of scholarship examining advertising texts produced by corporations, particularly by corporations other than Nike. This article directly addresses this lack, contributing to the growing body of critical examinations of corporate presentations of SYD in the Canadian context. We examined four televised commercials to describe the discursive strategies used by the corporations to authorize a particular notion of SYD. Specifically, we examined how the semiotic choices in the commercials signified key discourses related to SYD and how these elements were used to attempt to educate viewers on specific truths about childhood and youth sport. We were also interested in the underlying assumptions of these constructions and the power relationships underpinning them. Analysis of the three corporations’ texts revealed stark contradictions, difficulties, and tensions in their uses of SYD in televised commercials. We found that although the commercials presented some positive constructions of SYD, we argue that they predominantly produce and rely on several dominant discourses about youth sport, including: sport is a place of universal inclusivity, and sport has inherently “magical” qualities capable of providing all young people with contexts for positive youth development. We further argue that these CSR campaigns mirror the values of Canadian nationalism and construct SYD in a limited individualistic, consumerist manner that closely aligns with the ideologies of neoliberalism. These findings are important for researchers, educators, and SYD program developers, and we encourage other researchers to examine SYD in corporations’ CSR campaigns.
Does a ‘musical’ mother tongue influence cry melodies? A comparative study of Swedish and German newborns
Authors: Prochnow Annette , Erlandsson Soly , Hesse Volker , Wermke Kathleen
Published: October 2017

The foetal environment is filled with a variety of noises. Among the manifold sounds of the maternal respiratory, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, the intonation properties of the maternal language are well perceived by the foetus, whose hearing system is already functioning during the last trimester of gestation. These intonation (melodic) features, reflecting native-language prosody, have been found to shape vocal learning. Having had ample opportunity to become familiar with their mother’s language in the womb, newborns have been found to exhibit salient pitch-based elements in their own cry melodies. An interesting issue is whether an intrauterine exposure to a maternal pitch accent language, such as Swedish, in which emphatic syllables are pronounced typically on a higher pitch relative to other syllables will affect newborns’ cry melody (fundamental frequency contour). The present study aimed to answer this question by quantitatively analysing and comparing the melody structure in 52 Swedish compared with 79 German newborns. In accordance with previous approaches, cry melody structure was analysed by calculating a melody complexity index (MCI) expressing the share of cries exhibiting two or more (well-defined) arc-like substructures uttered during the recording sessions. A low MCI reflects a dominance of cries with a ‘simple’, i.e. single-arc melody. A significantly higher MCI was found in the Swedish infant group, which further corroborates the assumption that the well-known foetal sensitivity for musical (melodic) stimuli seems to shape infants’ cry melody.
A house built on sand– waterfront views and primordial seas: Job 38, Matthew 7, coastal erosion, and beachfront development
Authors: Miller Liam
Published: October 2017

This article begins with an examination of the state of coastal erosion at Collaroy and Narrabeen Beaches in NSW, Australia. In light of recent severe storms, which damaged the homes along the beachfront, and the increasing awareness of the coastal erosion caused by such properties there is a need to determine what lies beneath the decision to continue to develop along Australian beachfronts. Taking an ecotheological approach this article proposes that the philosophical and theological concepts of hubris and foolishness characterize these decisions, and the desire to live so close to the coast. In response to this, ecotheological readings of Job 38 and Matthew 7 are proposed to help provide an ecologically conscious and environmentally stable way forward. In Job 38 God speaks out of the whirlwind declaring that it was God who ‘shut the sea in with doors’ telling the waves ‘thus far shall you go and no farther’. By persisting with beachside development in light of our growing ecological awareness humans breach and encroach upon the natural and, perhaps, God-ordained borders between the sea and the land. In Matthew 7 Jesus compares the foolish, who refuse to act when they hear, to someone who ‘built his house on sand’. By refusing to heed and act in light of the growing ecological crisis and coastal erosion, and examples such as the $300 million Collaroy/Narrabeen coastline, beachfront developers are perhaps examples of Jesus’ fool. How might the church contribute to conversations within, and critiques of, a culture which places such a high esteem on proximity to the ocean that it would risk both human homes and non-human ecology?
Pleasant places in the gospel according to John: A classical motif as introit to theological awareness
Authors: King Fergus J.
Published: October 2017

This piece notes that the locus amoenus motif, common in both Graeco-Roman literature and art, may have provided a literary entry point through which non-Judaic readers might have apprehended sections of the gospel according to John. An outline of the trope is followed by an exposition of passages which might be interpreted through this lens. The study reveals that use of the motif would provide an introit, but that many further layers of meaning were present to those who read the text from a Judaic background. This holds good for explorations of place in Samaria, the Temple and Galilee. In one important respect, the gospel shifts the way in which the motif works – by presenting Jesus as the focus and shaper of the desirable place, rather than the place itself simply as a metaphor or symbol of desirable elements.
Tailoring Computer-Based Training for Latino Immigrant Workers: Pilot Test of the NIOSH Mouse Tutorial
Authors: Flynn Michael A. , DeLaney Sheli , Willeford Clair
Published: October 2017

An interactive tutorial on using a mouse for first-time computer users was developed as part of a training CD-ROM tailored for Latino immigrant workers in trenching and excavation. It was designed for Spanish-speaking users with varying levels of formal education. The tutorial was tested in focus groups with workers who had little or no previous experience using a computer. Findings revealed that while users with less than a fourth-grade education and/or low proficiency in Spanish had some difficulties with the tutorial, they still scored above 67 percent on the performance evaluation; participants with at least a fourth-grade education (the majority) completed it with minimal assistance and scored 80%–100% on the performance evaluation. Feedback from participant focus groups following the computer sessions supported these findings. The results of this study suggest that computer-based training may be able to be made accessible for low computer literacy Latino immigrant workers, if it is tailored to their needs.
Social and Psychological Factors Related to Risk of Eating Disorders Among High School Girls
Authors: Alfoukha Marwa M. , Hamdan-Mansour Ayman M. , Banihani Manar Ali
Published: October 2017

Prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) has increased among adolescents in Arabic and Western countries. The purposes are to identify the risk of ED and psychosocial correlates of risk of ED among high school girls in Jordan. The researchers employed a cross-sectional, correlational design using 799 high school girls from governmental and private schools in the central region of Jordan. The results indicate that prevalence of the risk of ED was 12%. The risk of ED had significant and positive correlation with body shape dissatisfaction, self-esteem, psychological distress, and pressure from family, peers, and media ( p < .001). Body shape dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, negative peer pressure, and being young were significant predictors of the risk of EDs. Risk of ED is highly prevalent among high school girls, and school nurses need to adopt a model of care addressing the risk factors while caring for high school girls.
Do Unions Punish Democrats? Free-Trade Votes and Labor PAC Contributions, 1999–2012
Authors: Jansa Joshua M. , Hoyman Michele M.
Published: October 2017

This article examines whether labor unions punish incumbent Democrats who vote for free-trade bills in Congress. We theorize that punishment is a risky strategy for interest groups that prefer one party over the other. Therefore, interest groups must be substantially affected by decline in party support to punish. Consistent with our theory, we find important differences between public- and private-sector unions in their willingness to punish. Although public-sector unions articulate opposition to free trade, they do not follow through with either deterrence (withholding contributions to send a signal) or incapacitation (withholding contributions to replace the wayward candidate with a more supportive one). Private-sector unions, specifically unions that organize trade-vulnerable industrial workers, do attempt to punish Democrats via deterrence. The estimated deterrence effect is a 6 percent reduction in contributions. This study improves on previous studies by modeling punishment across several congressional sessions and multiple trade votes. The results reveal new insights into labor’s approach to declining protectionism among congressional Democrats.
The Development of Gratitude in South Korean Youth
Authors: Leon Ebony D. , Liang Yue , Lee Soeun , Kim Sung-Ae , Kiang Lisa
Published: October 2017

Guided by Kağıtçıbaşı’s work on cultural values, the current study sought to examine the gratitude expressions, wishes, and spending preferences of South Korean children and adolescents. Participants included ( N = 229) 7- to 14-year-olds ( M = 10.79, SD = 2.19; 54% girls; 55.3% middle class) from Kimpo, and Seoul, South Korea. Regression analyses revealed that older Korean youth were less likely to express concrete gratitude than were younger Korean youth. In addition, older Korean youth were less likely to give their money to charity or the poor. With regard to wishes, Korean youth who wished for the well-being of others were more likely to also give their money away to others. This study contributed to the gratitude literature by considering how gratitude, wishes, and spending preferences may manifest themselves in an understudied group, young Koreans.
Methods for Studying the Virtue of Gratitude Cross-Culturally
Authors: Tudge Jonathan R. H. , Freitas Lia B. L. , O’Brien Lia , Mokrova Irina L.
Published: October 2017

Considering gratitude as a virtue, rather than a positive emotion, requires measures different from those more commonly used and which conflate gratitude with appreciation. We here describe those measures, explaining why they are appropriate to the study of gratitude as a virtue. We then discuss how each measure was coded for this special issue, the manner of recruitment of our participants across the seven research sites (Brazil, Guatemala, the United States, Russia, Turkey, China, and South Korea), the overall hypotheses, and the analytic strategies used.
Short-Term Results of a Ruptured Deltoid Ligament Repair During an Acute Ankle Fracture Fixation
Authors: Woo Seung Hun , Bae Su-Young , Chung Hyung-Jin
Published: October 2017

Background:

There is no consensus on the optimal treatment or preferred method of operation for the management of acute deltoid ligament injuries during an ankle fracture fixation. This study aimed to analyze the outcomes of repairing the deltoid ligament during the fixation of an ankle fracture compared to conservative management.

Methods:

We retrospectively evaluated 78 consecutive cases of a ruptured deltoid ligament with an associated ankle fracture between 2001 and 2016. All of the ankle fractures were treated with a plate and screw fixation. Patients in the conservative treatment for ruptured deltoid ligament underwent management from 2001 to 2008 (37 fractures, group 1), while the operative treatment for ruptured deltoid ligament was included from 2009 to 2016 (41 fractures, group 2). The outcome measures included radiographic findings, the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scores, visual analog scale scores, and the Foot Function Index. All patients were followed for an average of 17 months.

Results:

Radiologic findings in both groups were comparable, but the final follow-up of the medial clear space (MCS) was significantly smaller in the group 2 ( P < .01). Clinical outcomes were similar between the two groups ( P > .05). Comparing those who underwent syndesmotic fixation between both groups, group 2 showed a significantly smaller final follow-up MCS, and all clinical outcomes were better in group 2 ( P < .05). Linear regression analysis showed that the final follow-up MCS had a significant influence on clinical outcomes ( P < .05).

Conclusion:

Although the clinical outcomes were not significantly different between the 2 groups, we obtained a more favorable final follow-up MCS in the deltoid repair group. Particularly when accompanied by a syndesmotic injury, the final follow-up MCS and the clinical outcomes were better in the deltoid repair group. In the case of high-grade unstable fractures of the ankle with syndesmotic instability, a direct repair of the deltoid ligament was adequate for restoring medial stability.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective comparative case series.
Continuous Wound Infiltration After Hallux Valgus Surgery
Authors: Braito Matthias , Dammerer Dietmar , Schlager Andreas , Wansch Jürgen , Linhart Caroline , Biedermann Rainer
Published: October 2017

Background:

Hallux valgus surgery is associated with significant early postoperative pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of continuous wound infiltration (CWI) with ropivacaine for pain management after hallux valgus surgery.

Methods:

In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled single-center trial, 50 patients undergoing distal metatarsal osteotomy for idiopathic hallux valgus were allocated to CWI with ropivacaine 2 mg/mL at a rate of 2 mL/h or placebo for 24 hours postoperatively. Average and peak pain levels on the verbal numeric rating scale (NRS; 1-10) during the first 48 hours after surgery were recorded as primary outcome parameters. Secondary outcome parameters included consumption of narcotics, clinical outcome, incidence of postoperative complications, and patient satisfaction.

Results:

No significant difference in mean ( P = .596) and peak ( P = .353) postoperative pain level was found for CWI with either ropivacaine (mean NRS 1.9 ± 0.8; peak NRS 3.5 ± 2.0) or placebo (mean NRS 2.0 ± 0.7; peak NRS 3.9 ± 1.7) during the early postoperative course. Furthermore, no significant difference between both groups was detected regarding narcotic consumption ( P = .354) and all other secondary outcome parameters. Two severe complications (local dysesthesia with CWI, catheter accidentally fixed by a suture) and 5 catheter dislocations were observed.

Conclusion:

CWI with ropivacaine 2 mg/mL at a rate of 2 mL/h for 24 hours after hallux valgus surgery did not reduce postoperative pain level in an inpatient setting.

Level of Evidence:

Level I, prospective randomized trial.
Radiographic Results of Nitinol Compression Staples for Hindfoot and Midfoot Arthrodeses
Authors: Schipper Oliver N. , Ford Samuel E. , Moody Patrick W. , Van Doren Bryce , Ellington J. Kent
Published: October 2017

Background:

The purpose of this study was to determine the radiographic union rate after midfoot and hindfoot arthrodeses using a new generation of nitinol staples, and to compare outcomes between a nitinol staple construct and a nitinol staple and threaded compression screw construct.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients who underwent hindfoot or midfoot arthrodesis using a new generation of nitinol compression staples with or without a partially threaded cannulated screw with minimum 3-month radiographic follow-up. The primary outcome variable was radiographic evidence of arthrodesis on radiographs and, when available, computed tomographic scan in patients who underwent midfoot or hindfoot arthrodesis using nitinol staples. Ninety-six patients and 149 joints were eligible for analysis. Median radiographic follow-up was 5.7 months.

Results:

Radiographic union was seen in 93.8% (60/64) of patients and 95.1% (98/103) of joints using the nitinol staple construct. Radiographic union was seen in 90.6% (29/32) of patients and 95.7% (44/46) of joints using the nitinol combined staple and screw construct. There was no significant difference in radiographic union rate or revision surgery between the 2 groups. Seven patients developed nonunion, 4 in the nitinol staple construct group and 3 in the staple and screw group.

Conclusions:

New-generation nitinol staples were safe and effective for hindfoot and midfoot arthrodeses, with a high radiographic union rate. The use of a partially threaded screw for additional fixation was not found to either significantly increase or decrease radiographic fusion with nitinol staple fixation.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, comparative cohort study.
States With Medically Needy Pathways: Differences in Long-Term and Temporary Medicaid Entry for Low-Income Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Keohane Laura M. , Trivedi Amal , Mor Vincent
Published: October 2017

Medically needy pathways may provide temporary catastrophic coverage for low-income Medicare beneficiaries who do not otherwise qualify for full Medicaid benefits. Between January 2009 and June 2010, states with medically needy pathways had a higher percentage of low-income beneficiaries join Medicaid than states without such programs (7.5% vs. 4.1%, p < .01). However, among new full Medicaid participants, living in a state with a medically needy pathway was associated with a 3.8 percentage point (adjusted 95% confidence interval [1.8, 5.8]) increase in the probability of switching to partial Medicaid and a 4.5 percentage point (adjusted 95% confidence interval [2.9, 6.2]) increase in the probability of exiting Medicaid within 12 months. The predicted risk of leaving Medicaid was greatest when new Medicaid participants used only hospital services, rather than nursing home services, in their first month of Medicaid benefits. Alternative strategies for protecting low-income Medicare beneficiaries’ access to care could provide more stable coverage.
Toward an Entrepreneurship Typology of Bed and Breakfasts
Authors: Yuan Jingxue (Jessica) , Tsai Tsungpo (Bob) , Chang Pouwen
Published: October 2017

A bed and breakfast (B&B) is a “nontraditional” form of accommodation that provides guests with personal service and high-level host–guest interaction, usually in rural settings where the establishment is owner-operated. This exploratory research was undertaken to categorize B&B properties as forms of rural entrepreneurship, using data collected in Taiwan. Through narrative analysis/synthesis of in-depth interviews with 25 B&B participants, an entrepreneurship typology of B&B properties was identified based on the local identities of the owner and founding motive in terms of cultural traits. Four categories (Nostalgic, Diversifying, Assimilative, and Innovative) are derived. The theoretical and practical contributions of the study are also discussed.
Neutrophil-Derived Interleukin 16 in Premetastatic Lungs Promotes Breast Tumor Cell Seeding
Authors: Donati Kim , Sépult Christelle , Rocks Natacha , Blacher Silvia , Gérard Catherine , Noel Agnès , Cataldo Didier
Published: October 2017

The premetastatic niche in distant organs prior to metastatic cell arrival emerged as an important step in the metastatic cascade. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this process are still poorly understood. In particular, whether neutrophil recruitment at a premetastatic stage promotes or inhibits metastatic cell seeding has to be clarified. We aimed at unraveling how neutrophil infiltration in lung parenchyma induced by the distant primary tumor influences the establishment of lung metastasis. Elevated neutrophil counts and IL-16 levels were found in premetastatic lungs in a syngenic mouse model using 4T1 tumor cells. 4T1 cell–derived soluble factors stimulated IL-16 secretion by neutrophils. The functional contribution of IL-16 is supported by metastasis burden reduction in lungs observed on instillation of an IL-16 neutralizing antibody. Moreover, IL-16 promotes in vitro 4T1 cell adhesiveness, invasiveness, and migration. In conclusion, at a premetastatic stage, neutrophil-derived IL-16 favors tumor cell engraftment in lung parenchyma.
Early Infantile Leigh-like SLC19A3 Gene Defects Have a Poor Prognosis: Report and Review
Authors: Alfadhel Majid
Published: October 2017

Solute carrier family 19 (thiamine transporter), member 3 ( SCL19A3) gene defect produces an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder associated with different phenotypes and acronyms. One of the common presentations is early infantile lethal Leigh-like syndrome. We report a case of early infantile Leigh-like SLC19A3 gene defects of patients who died at 4 months of age with no response to a high dose of biotin and thiamine. In addition, we report a novel mutation that was not reported previously. Finally, we review the literature regarding early infantile Leigh-like SLC19A3 gene defects and compare the literature with our patient.
Averaging effect on pitch errors in hydrostatic lead screws considering helical recess layout and nut misalignment
Authors: Zhang Yongtao , Lu Changhou , Liu Yunpeng
Published: October 2017

The hydrostatic nut usually has different helical recess layouts and the nut misalignment (including radial displacement and tilt) may occur during movement, which will influence the averaging effect on pitch errors, i.e. the motion accuracy of the hydrostatic nut. This paper researches the averaging effect on pitch errors in capillary compensated hydrostatic lead screws, under low speeds and considering the helical recess layout and the nut misalignment. Based on the equivalent plane of the flank surface of threads, whose normal clearance is calculated by vector operations, the Reynolds equation and the flow continuity equation are solved using the finite difference method. The results show that (a) the averaging coefficient presents bulges at corresponding spatial frequencies for the hydrostatic nut with discontinuous helical recesses, (b) the positions of the first and second periodical fluctuations of the averaging coefficient are the same for the hydrostatic nut with symmetric continuous helical recesses, symmetric discontinuous helical recesses, or asymmetric continuous helical recesses, and (c) The nut misalignment has little influence on the averaging coefficient.
Aspirin is an effective pretreatment for exercise in multiple sclerosis: A double-blind randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Leavitt Victoria M , Blanchard Adam R , Guo Chu-Yueh , Gelernt Eva , Sumowski James F , Stein Joel
Published: October 2017

Exercise benefits multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but exercise-induced overheating is a deterrent for many. We conducted a double-blind crossover-design placebo-controlled pilot of aspirin to increase time-to-exhaustion (TTE) and reduce exercise-induced body temperature increase. A total of 12 patients participated. At enrollment, 8 of 12 reported heat sensitivity during exercise. After 650 mg of aspirin or placebo, participants performed lower body cycle ergometer exercise test. TTE increased after aspirin compared to placebo: t(11) = 2.405, p = 0.035 (Cohen’s d = 1.45). Body temperature increase after exercise with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was reduced by 56% in heat-sensitive patients, although limited power precluded statistical significance. Aspirin may represent an effective pretreatment for exercise in MS.
Issue reframing by parties: The effect of issue salience and ownership
Authors: Lefevere Jonas , Sevenans Julie , Walgrave Stefaan , Lesschaeve Christophe
Published: October 2017

Issue reframing occurs when parties, while addressing an issue, shift the frame toward other policy domains. The literature has found that party issue framing affects how voters think about issues, yet scholars remain largely in the dark as to when and how parties frame issues. The study at hand theorizes and investigates when and how parties reframe issues in their external communication. Drawing on novel Belgian data about parties’ official stances regarding a large number of policy issues combined with their verbal argumentation of why they took this exact position, we test a new theory about the drivers and mechanisms of issue reframing. We find that parties reframe issues in terms of policy domains that are both salient to the general public and that are salient to the party itself—meaning that it has a history of devoting attention to the policy domain and “owns” it.
Parties as an organizational force on nonpartisan city councils
Authors: Burnett Craig M
Published: October 2017

Canonical models of urban politics have often treated political parties as clientelistic patrons rather than ideological entities. I argue that parties play an important role in organizing local legislatures at the microlevel. I examine the influence of political parties in local legislatures by systematically analyzing elected officials’ behavior. By examining roll call votes cast by city council members in San Diego, I conclude that partisan coalitions play an important role in structuring local politics. My results suggest that elite party membership predicts legislative behavior—even in nonpartisan legislatures—which may help explain why partisan versus nonpartisan elections do not produce divergent policy outcomes at the macrolevel.
Somatic symptom presentations in women with fibromyalgia are differentially associated with elevated depression and anxiety
Authors: Hadlandsmyth Katherine , Dailey Dana L , Rakel Barbara A , Zimmerman M Bridget , Vance Carol GT , Merriwether Ericka N , Chimenti Ruth L , Geasland Katharine M , Crofford Leslie J , Sluka Kathleen A
Published: October 2017

This study examined whether depression and anxiety differentially relate to fatigue, sleep disturbance, pain catastrophizing, fear of movement, and pain severity in women with fibromyalgia. Baseline data from the Fibromyalgia Activity Study with Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation were analyzed. Of 191 participants, 50 percent reported high anxiety and/or depression (17% high anxiety, 9% high depression, and 24% both). Fatigue and sleep impairment were associated with high depression ( p < 0.05). Pain severity, pain catastrophizing, and fear of movement were associated with high anxiety and high depression ( p < 0.05). Possible implications for underlying mechanisms and the need for targeted treatments are discussed.
Young people’s and stakeholders’ perspectives of adolescent sexual risk behavior in Kilifi County, Kenya: A qualitative study
Authors: Ssewanyana Derrick , Mwangala Patrick N , Marsh Vicki , Jao Irene , van Baar Anneloes , Newton Charles R , Abubakar Amina
Published: October 2017

A lack of research exists around the most common forms of sexual risk behaviors among adolescents, including their underlying factors, in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using an Ecological Model of Adolescent Behavior, we explore the perceptions of 85 young people and 10 stakeholders on sexual risk behavior of adolescents in Kilifi County on the coast of Kenya. Our findings show that transactional sex, early sexual debut, coerced sex, and multiple sexual partnerships are prevalent. An urgent need exists to develop measures to counter sexual risk behaviors. The results contribute to understanding the range of risks and protective factors in differing contexts, tackling underlying issues at individual, family, local institutional, wider socio-economic, and political levels.
Oral assessment of children with autism spectrum disorder in Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Authors: Suhaib Fatima , Saeed Asfia , Gul Hashmat , Kaleem Muhammad
Published: October 2017

Comparison of oral health status, dental needs and dietary habits of children with autism and their healthy siblings. In this cross-sectional study, oral hygiene measures, sugar consumption and dental examination of 58 Pakistani children with autism spectrum disorder were assessed and compared to 27 of their siblings without autism spectrum disorder. Questionnaires were distributed to their parents regarding oral hygiene measures, dietary habits and past dental experiences. Clinical examination for the presence of dental caries, periodontal disease or parafunctional habits was carried out and findings were associated with the mother’s education. Children with autism had a higher incidence of caries (50%) as compared to their healthy siblings (22.2%). Significant differences were observed between the groups regarding frequency of brushing and independent brushing. Dental plaque was observed on anterior teeth in 24% children with autism spectrum disorder as compared to 14% in the control group. Trauma due to self-injurious behaviour and bruxism was also recorded and compliance during clinical examination was noted in children with autism spectrum disorder. There was no significant difference in sugar consumption between children with autism spectrum disorder and their healthy siblings. Children with autism had greater dental needs and were more prone to developing dental problems as compared to their healthy siblings.
The offshore city, Chinese finance, and British capitalism: Geo-economic rebalancing under the Coalition government
Authors: Green Jeremy
Published: October 2017

This article examines the embrace of Chinese finance under the United Kingdom’s 2010–2015 Coalition government. The article argues that the City of London’s centrality within British capitalism has been reinforced, not displaced, since the Global Financial Crisis. Geo-economic rebalancing towards China, not the Coalition’s professed spatial and sectoral ‘rebalancing’ ambitions, prevailed. To explain the City’s renewed pre-eminence in the wake of the crisis, the article draws upon a modified version of the ‘City–Bank–Treasury nexus’ theory of British capitalism. Breaking from structuralist approaches that underplay the City of London Corporation’s role within economic policy-making, the article illuminates the Corporation’s agency as a key parastate institution that reoriented the City–Bank–Treasury nexus towards Chinese finance under the Coalition.
Non-linear time-dependent analysis of cracked reinforced concrete bar
Authors: Bajc Urška , Planinc Igor , Bratina Sebastjan
Published: October 2017

A numerical model for analysis of crack appearance and propagation along reinforced concrete bar due to external load with the influence of aggregate bridging is presented. The governing equations are solved by a novel strain-based finite element method. The concrete cover and the reinforcing bar are each modelled separately. The tangential slip between the concrete and the reinforcing bar is fully accounted for, whereas the delamination is neglected. The discrete crack concept is employed, in which the aggregate bridging between two uncracked parts of concrete, separated by a crack, is accounted for by a non-linear spring. The adequacy, accuracy and the efficiency of the present model are verified in studies of reinforced concrete bar subjected to short-term tensile tests. It is found out that by the present numerical model, the spreading of cracks and varying of the length of reinforced concrete bar may be described relatively well. The model also enables the time-dependent analysis of the appearance and propagation of cracks due to restrained shrinkage and creep of concrete.
Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with prestressed and unprestressed fabric-reinforced cementitious plates
Authors: Zhou Fen , Xu Wen , Du Yunxing , Peng Hui
Published: October 2017

The flexural capacity of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with fabric-reinforced cementitious plates in the tension zone can be greatly enhanced. Two contrast beams and eight strengthened beams were used to investigate the flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with fabric-reinforced cementitious plates. Four kinds of fabric-reinforced cementitious plates with different fabric layers and prestress values were used in the eight strengthened beams. Load, deflection, midspan strain, fabric strain and crack development were recorded simultaneously during the tests. Results indicated that cracking, yielding and ultimate loads increased with the increase in the number of carbon fabric layers and prestress value. The largest increase in the ultimate load was 41% in the strengthened beams. The ductility of the strengthened beams decreased to a certain extent. A well-established analytical formula to calculate flexural capacity and deflection was proposed, and the analytical values agreed with those measured through experiments.
What determines international disaster coverage in the US news media?
Authors: Jeong Yongick , Lee Sun Young
Published: October 2017

This study examined the influence of a variety of factors on the news coverage of international disasters occurring between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2013 in 10 representative US news outlets over a 4-week period. The results showed that the severity of a disaster, as measured by death toll and financial losses, was the most consistent and significant factor influencing international disaster coverage in the US news media. Various geopolitical factors, such as trade relations with the United States, distance from the United States, gross domestic product, military expenditure, and political rights, also came into play, but the effects of these varied over time.
Answering without answering: Shifting as an evasive rhetorical strategy
Authors: Gabrielsen Jonas , Jønch-Clausen Heidi , Pontoppidan Christina
Published: October 2017

In the context of political press conferences, the authors explore a particular category of subtle evasions they term shifting. When shifting, the interviewee seemingly accepts to answer the journalist’s question. However, in providing the answer, the interviewee refocuses the question replacing its critical aspect with a more favorable one. Guided by classical rhetoric, the authors unfold the underlying logic of a shift. Analyzing 14 press conferences held by the Danish Prime Minister, Lars Løkke Rasmussen, they identify three subcategories of shifting: shift in time, shift of agent, and shift of level. Ideally, knowledge of the different shifting strategies can enable journalists to detect a shift and promptly react when interviewees shift the focus of a question.
Predicting peer-assisted study session attendance
Authors: Allen Peter J , Tonta Kate E , Haywood Sophie B , Pereira Raphael M , Roberts Lynne D
Published: October 2017

Peer-assisted study session attendance is associated with multiple indicators of student success. However, attendance levels are generally low. We applied an extended theory of planned behaviour model, incorporating student role identity, to the prediction of peer-assisted study session attendance. Participants were 254 undergraduate students enrolled in 24 peer-assisted study session supported units. Attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control each had a significant direct effect on attendance intentions, which had a significant direct effect on attendance. All three predictors also had significant indirect effects on attendance, mediated by intentions. After controlling for intentions, only perceived behavioural control had a significant direct effect on attendance. The model accounted for 61% and 42% of the variance in intentions and attendance, respectively. Student role identity did not improve the predictive utility of the model. Theory of planned behaviour–informed strategies for increasing peer-assisted study session attendance are recommended.
Contrafreeloading in Rats Is Adaptive and Flexible: Support for an Animal Model of Compulsive Checking
Authors: Frederick Michael J. , Cocuzzo Sarah E.
Published: October 2017

Contrafreeloading involves working unnecessarily to obtain a reward that is otherwise freely available. It has been observed in numerous species and can be adaptive when it provides an organism with updated information about available resources. Humans frequently update their knowledge of the environment through checking behaviors. Compulsive checking occurs when such actions are performed with excessive frequency. In a putative animal model of compulsive checking, rats treated chronically with the dopamine agonist quinpirole display exaggerated contrafreeloading for water. Although this effect has been attributed to behavioral rigidity, some evidence suggests the behavior remains somewhat flexible and may be adaptive under certain conditions. We assessed the ability of quinpirole-treated rats with contrafreeloading experience to adapt to changing contingencies by requiring them to alternate between response levers. Rats treated with quinpirole or saline were first trained to obtain water by pressing either of two levers. Next, free water was made available for 8 days, and contrafreeloading was measured. Rates of contrafreeloading were significantly higher in the drug-treated rats than in controls. On the following 5 days, each reward caused the associated lever to become inactive until a reward was earned from the alternate lever. Quinpirole-treated rats learned this new response requirement more quickly than controls. Thus, exaggerated checking behavior induced by chronic quinpirole treatment can be advantageous when environmental contingencies change. These results provide support for this animal model of compulsive checking and hint at the presence of a specialized neural checking module involving the dopamine system.
Toward De/Postcolonial Autoethnography: Critical Relationality With the Academic Second Persona
Authors: Toyosaki Satoshi
Published: October 2017

Doing autoethnography simultaneously empowers and colonizes me, my lived experiences, my sense-making, my writing, and my sense of being. I find my heart feeling energized and displaced. In this essay, I engage this feeling critically with hope to further theorize autoethnography as a de/postcolonial research practice for me. With this goal in mind, I discuss the academic second persona and its potential colonial implications on the “auto,” the “ethno,” and the “graphy” of autoethnography while these three components are inseparable in an act of doing autoethnography. This essay addresses the critical relationships between autoethnographers and the academic second persona while envisioning and laboring toward de/postcolonial autoethnography. Autoethnographers work with/within/against those relationships. Becoming a de/postcolonial autoethnographer does not signify the complete departure from the relationality. It marks a pledge or commitment for our continuous self-reflexive labor to interrogate, become more aware of, and possibly challenge the relationality through which we became and continue to become autoethnographers in our academic culture and everyday living.
Whole-Body Biodistribution, Dosimetry, and Metabolite Correction of [11C]Palmitate: A PET Tracer for Imaging of Fatty Acid Metabolism
Authors: Christensen Nana L. , Jakobsen Steen , Schacht Anna C. , Munk Ole L. , Alstrup Aage K. O. , Tolbod Lars P. , Harms Hendrik J. , Nielsen Søren , Gormsen Lars C.
Published: October 2017

Introduction:

Despite the decades long use of [11C]palmitate positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography in basic metabolism studies, only personal communications regarding dosimetry and biodistribution data have been published.

Methods:

Dosimetry and biodistribution studies were performed in 2 pigs and 2 healthy volunteers by whole-body [11C]palmitate PET scans. Metabolite studies were performed in 40 participants (healthy and with type 2 diabetes) under basal and hyperinsulinemic conditions. Metabolites were estimated using 2 approaches and subsequently compared: Indirect [11C]CO2 release and parent [11C]palmitate measured by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method. Finally, myocardial fatty acid uptake was calculated in a patient cohort using input functions derived from individual metabolite correction compared with population-based metabolite correction.

Results:

In humans, mean effective dose was 3.23 (0.02) µSv/MBq, with the liver and myocardium receiving the highest absorbed doses. Metabolite correction using only [11C]CO2 estimates underestimated the fraction of metabolites in studies lasting more than 20 minutes. Population-based metabolite correction showed excellent correlation with individual metabolite correction in the cardiac PET validation cohort.

Conclusion:

First, mean effective dose of [11C]palmitate is 3.23 (0.02) µSv/MBq in humans allowing multiple scans using ∼300 MBq [11C]palmitate, and secondly, population-based metabolite correction compares well with individual correction.
Are Well-Informed Potential Trial Participants More Likely to Participate?
Authors: de Oliveira Lucas Lentini Herling , Vissoci Joao Ricardo Nickenig , Machado Wagner de Lara , Rodrigues Clarissa G. , Limkakeng Alexander T.
Published: October 2017

Bearing in mind the importance of the informed consent, flaws in this process may be a barrier to participants’ recruitment. Our objective was to determine the relationship between the degree of comprehension of the informed consent document plus the importance given to individual elements by potential participants of a hypothetical trial and their willingness to participate in such trials. We performed an Online Survey simulating an emergency department trial recruitment, posteriorly evaluating participants’ ratings of importance and self-assessed comprehension of specific topics of the informed consent document. Only 10% of the sample read the entire document. Some specific topics were associated with willingness to participate in the hypothetical trial, but simple composite additive scores of comprehension and importance were not. We concluded that participants in general do not read the entire informed consent document and that importance given to specific topics may influence willingness to participate.
Erectile Dysfunction in Brazilian Primary Health Care: Dealing with Medicalization
Authors: Modesto Antônio Augusto Dall’Agnol , Couto Marcia Thereza
Published: October 2017

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common sexual problem and has been attracting growing interest from the field of medicine. The pharmaceutical industry works together with medical associations to popularize the theme, emphasizing individual enhancement and medication, besides reinforcing an idea of a male sexuality defined by the ability to have an erection and penetrate. Patients worried about erection problems search for general practitioners (GPs), frequently without a clear complaint, and a comprehensive primary health care (PHC) must be capable of dealing with these issues considering medicalization and disease mongering. This article discusses how PHC physicians take (and might take) care of men with erection problems, and how users perceive it and search for help in two cities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The qualitative research, performed in five PHC services, included semistructured interviews with 16 GPs and 15 adult male users. The adult male users were invited by their doctors during consultations where questions about prostate, ED, or other sexual problems arose. Interviews were transcribed and submitted for content analysis. In addition, the five participating services were observed with help of a specific script. Results indicate that ED is frequently a hidden agenda and that doctors have trouble approaching the problem, usually focusing on the biological aspects. Based on empirical data and literature, this work indicates some measures to qualify the care of men with ED in PHC which includes contemplating users’ questions, respecting their autonomy, avoiding an antidrug stance, and considering drug and nondrug approaches as a continuum of resources.
Prevention of Diabetes: Countless Opportunities and Clear Challenges
Authors: Misra Anoop
Published: October 2017

Prevention of diabetes poses significant challenges; especially when applied as public health intervention. While several trials, most importantly Diabetes Prevention Program, show that intensive lifestyle modification leading to weight loss is the most important intervention, many individuals and some populations may show resistance to these interventions. Roadblocks to lifestyle intervention alone or in combination include: age, some ethnic groups (e.g., south Asians), genetic make-up, and some characteristics of body phenotype. Recent data show that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease along with insulin resistance may constitute ‘metabolically unhealthy phenotype’. These subgroups would need more intensive interventions to convert prediabetes to normal glucose regulation. Whether ‘fatty pancreas’ and sarcopenia, latter more often seen in Asian Indians and with advancing age, are other phenotypes requiring intensive and different interventions (e.g., more resistance exercise in latter) remains to be researched. Further, variations in dietary quality (Mediterranean diet enriched with extra virgin olive oil, high-protein diets) without changing much of calories, provide attractive options for intervention. Many of such innovations require more research. Translation of lessons from diabetes prevention studies to general population is daunting but possible. However, such community-based interventions need substantial human and material resources, which pose hurdles in underserved populations and developing countries. In such situations, low-cost modalities, for example, use of trained community educators and digital and social media, constitute attractive approaches.
The supervisors who became leaders: Leadership emergence via changing organizational practices
Authors: Virtaharju Jouni J , Liiri Tuomas P
Published: October 2017

This paper examines leadership and leader emergence as a contextual process. The paper argues that the emergence of leader identities is a contextual process which is premised on relations between organizational actors and practices. We adopt a social constructionist view on leadership emergence, applying a practice theory perspective on an empirical case of supervisory leadership emergence. Our empirical material consists of informant accounts and corporate documentation of a multiyear organization development project. The empirical narrative explores how the expectation set for a group of supervisors in the organization to act as leaders of production was initially impaired by a lack of participation in central organizing activities. The organization development project reformed the supervisory work to include more tasks related to production activities, which facilitated a new interpretation of the supervisors as leaders. We analyse how the inclusion of supervisors in the daily production practices induced an identity change where the supervisors came to be identified as leaders in production. We argue that contextual changes at the level of organizing practices can influence leadership and leader emergence.