bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presentación
Authors: Cant Anna , Robles Ortiz Claudio
Published: June 2021

Agradeciendo a las numerosas personas que, en varios países y tres continentes, han contribuido tan generosamente con su esfuerzo, iniciativa y compromiso a este proyecto editorial, nos complace presentar la revista Historia Agraria de América Latina (HAAL). El principal propósito de esta revista es promover y difundir la investigación y el debate interdisciplinario sobre la historia de las sociedades rurales de América Latina y el Caribe. Nuestra perspectiva editorial está informada por una concepción comprehensiva de la historia agraria, como un campo disciplinario complejo y diverso. Así, buscamos difundir trabajos sobre un amplio rango de tópicos, procesos y problemas, desde los asuntos técnicos y económicos, como los métodos de producción, en el siempre desafiante ámbito de la “historia de vacas y arados”, hasta las representaciones culturales del “campo”, a menudo políticamente cargadas y no siempre tan sutiles o sofisticadas. Una revista con esa perspectiva, pensamos, ayudará no sólo a conocer mejor el pasado rural, sino también a reflexionar sobre las sociedades en las que vivimos.
          Al mismo tiempo, esta revista pretende ser una instancia de encuentro de las historiografías agrarias de América Latina y el Caribe. Nos interesa dar a conocer las investigaciones que se realizan en los distintos países, pero también promover el diálogo sobre enfoques teórico-metodológicos y debates historiográficos. Así, buscamos que las historias rurales nacionales, regionales y locales sean relevantes más allá de su contenido empírico y para fines comparativos, y aporten ideas y estrategias que se pueden adoptar y adaptar para avanzar en el estudio de la historia agraria de otros países, regiones y lugares. Para facilitar ese encuentro entre las historiografías de la región, a veces muy desconocidas más allá de las fronteras propias, la revista publicará artículos y reseñas de libros en español, portugués e inglés, los idiomas en los que escriben, leen y, ciertamente, discuten quienes estudian la historia rural de nuestra región. Aún más, esta revista busca promover el diálogo interdisciplinario. Por ello, también serán bienvenidos trabajos en economía, antropología, ciencia política, sociología, estudios culturales y otras disciplinas, que examinen asuntos de la sociedad rural con una perspectiva histórica. Aquí les invitamos a empezar con el primer número.
 
          Anna Cant & Claudio Robles
          Responsables del primer número de HAAL
Land and Labor Relations in Guatemala’s 1952 Agrarian Reform: Rethinking Rural Identities
Authors: Foss Sarah
Published: June 2021

This article explores local histories of Guatemala’s 1952 agrarian reform in the department of Sacatepéquez. It argues that applications of the land reform law were situated within a preexisting context of local rivalries rooted in conceptions of identity that were tied to community, land, and labor. By analyzing the way that individuals interacted with the agrarian reform and each other, this article also suggests that oversimplified understandings of Guatemala’s rural population tend to minimize the contested nature of agrarian reform. Instead, this article closely examines local politics in order to understand how involved individuals deployed social categories in pursuit of land.
Considerações sobre docência e historiografia:
Authors: Sobral Silva Henrique , Mesquita Camisasca Marina
Published: June 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é relatar a experiência didática na disciplina optativa “Questão Agrária nas ditaduras do Brasil” ministrada no curso de graduação em História, no primeiro semestre de 2019, na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), no Brasil. Desenvolvida por dois doutorandos em História para o cumprimento do estágio docente, as aulas consistiram em exposições dialogadas sobre a questão agrária nas ditaduras do Estado Novo (1937-1945) e na ditadura militar (1964-1985), ambas ocorridas no século XX. A partir das problematizações dos conteúdos, do acolhimento de novas abordagens historiográficas desenvolvidas nas pesquisas brasileiras, de discussões teóricas e de formas de avaliação, essa experiência foi percebida como positiva pela vivência diferenciada em ensino, pesquisa e extensão.
“Cuatro vacas escuálidas pastando sobre ricos aluviones nada le producen a la nación”: Minería, agricultura y conflicto en el Nordeste Antioqueño (1930-1950)
Authors: Henao Diana , Campuzano Lorena
Published: June 2021

Este artículo analiza los conflictos entre agricultores, compañías mineras y mazamorreros (mineros independientes o barequeros) en el Nordeste Antioqueño entre 1930 y 1950 para comprender la problemática coexistencia de ideas de propiedad pública y privada de los recursos y el papel del Estado en su regulación. En la literatura agraria sobre Colombia, algunos académicos sostienen que las peticiones de títulos mineros servían para acaparar grandes extensiones de tierra. Para examinar esta hipótesis, estudiamos la legislación colombiana sobre minería y tierras, así como los conflictos entre agricultores y mineros. Más que un problema de acaparamiento de tierras, encontramos que los conflictos revelan que la tradición minera antioqueña de los mazamorreros y la promoción de la colonización fronteriza a través de los colonos estaban en franca contradicción con los nuevos intereses agrícolas y forestales que dominaban los discursos del modelo de desarrollo regional después de la Gran Depresión. Dado que las leyes protegían tanto a mazamorreros y colonos como a los empresarios mineros y agrícolas, el acceso a los recursos naturales se convirtió en una fuente de conflicto en lugares donde coexistían la minería y la agricultura.
Tensiones entre comunidad agraria e indígena en Santo Tomás, Michoacán, México
Authors: Ventura Patiño María del Carmen
Published: June 2021

Analizamos las implicaciones intracomunitarias que surgieron como resultado de la aplicación del programa de medición y certificación de las tierras en una comunidad indígena. Las tensiones se expresaron entre comuneros que comparten un ethos comunitario y otros más identificados con una ideología neoliberal. La primera sustentada en una membresía étnica y una participación colectiva en la vida comunal. La segunda que define la membresía comunal apegada a la normatividad agraria y un marco discursivo de propiedad privada, promovida por distintos actores. Este escenario se complejizó con el conflicto originado por la renta de las tierras a una empresa agroindustrial, que estableció relaciones asimétricas y prácticas de “captura comunitaria” y de “reciprocidad negativa”. La respuesta comunitaria fue la expulsión de la empresa de sus tierras y un emergente proceso de reconstitución comunal, con varios desafíos que enfrentar.
Światowe porozumienie klimatyczne a rozwój obszarów wiejskich
Authors: Bańkowska Katarzyna
Published: June 2021

Streszczenie: Rosnąca częstotliwość anomalii pogodowych jest impulsem do podejmowania debat nad adaptacją gospodarki i społeczeństwa do zmian klimatycznych i mitygacją ich skutków. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie ram światowej polityki klimatycznej i związanych z tym wyzwań stojących przed rozwojem obszarów wiejskich. W artykule poddano analizie dokumenty zawierające wyniki negocjacji z wybranych szczytów klimatycznych z lat 1992–2015. Na podstawie danych Banku Światowego, Eurostatu i GUS-u scharakteryzowano społeczno-ekonomiczne tło wypracowanych porozumień klimatycznych. Analiza literatury przedmiotu oraz wiedza ekspercka autora stanowiły źródło tez postawionych odnośnie do przyszłości obszarów wiejskich w realiach zaostrzania światowej polityki klimatycznej.
Zmiany funkcjonalne a przekształcenia ziemi rolnej na cele pozarolnicze na obszarach rozdrobnionych agrarnie
Authors: Sawicka Zofia , Fogel Piotr
Published: June 2021

Streszczenie: Celem artykułu jest zbadanie, czy i w jakim zakresie zmiany funkcjonalne obszarów rozdrobnionych agrarnie położonych w sąsiedztwie miast subregionalnych wpływają na przekształcenia gruntów użytkowanych rolniczo na cele nierolnicze. Opracowanie przedstawia uwarunkowania prawne wyłączenia gruntów spod produkcji rolnej, analizuje zjawisko „odrolnienia” oraz funkcjonalnych i przestrzennych zmian badanego powiatu w latach 2004–2013. Dane obrazujące przekształcenia w strukturze źródeł utrzymania ludności rolniczej wskazują na rozwój badanego obszaru w kierunku wielofunkcyjności.Jednocześnie analiza zmian wielkości powierzchni zgłaszanych do jednolitej płatności obszarowej pokazują brak istotnego spadku udziału powierzchni użytkowanej rolniczo w powierzchni powiatu. Prowadzi to do wniosku, że przeobrażenia funkcjonalne nie muszą oznaczać analogicznych zmian przestrzennych. Rozwój w kierunku pozarolniczym może więc opierać się na bardziej intensywnym wykorzystaniu gruntów już zurbanizowanych.Nie widać tego podejścia w planowaniu przestrzennym na poziomie lokalnym. W latach 2011–2013 wzrost powierzchni „odrolnianej” miał dużo wyższą dynamikę niż wzrost powierzchni objętej miejscowymi planami zagospodarowania przestrzennego.
Wybrane problemy fiskalne rozwoju wsi. Wprowadzenie do problemu
Authors: Kulawik Jacek
Published: June 2021

Rozwój wsi jest wielorako uwarunkowany i jednocześnie osadzony w ekonomiczno-społecznym rozwoju ponadlokalnym i regionalnym, a w ślad za tym także i w ogólnym rozwoju gospodarczym. Bardzo rzadko jednak wśród jego uwarunkowań występują zmienne finansowe, a w tym fiskalne. Zmniejszenie tej luki poznawczej, o dużym znaczeniu także dla polityki regionalnej i rolno-żywnościowej, jest zatem głównym celem artykułu. Osią analizy jest przy tym teoria i dorobek praktyczny federalizmu fiskalnego, będącego subdyscypliną finansów publicznych. Zgodnie z tym najpierw przedstawiono ogólne założenia federalizmu fiskalnego i środowiskowego, następnie skoncentrowano się na kontrowersjach związanych z decentralizacją fiskalną, by potem przejść do między jurysdykcyjnej konkurencji i kooperacji. W tle tej części analizy znajduje się model Charlesa M. Tiebouta, który jest jednym z ciekawszych ujęć mechanizmu rozwoju lokalnego i regionalnego. W końcowej części artykułu zaprezentowano kluczowe elementy teorii dóbr klubowych Jamesa M. Buchanana jako narzędzia do optymalizacji wielkości jednostek lokalnych.
Il ruolo delle relazioni tra pari nella costruzione della qualità di vita nei ragazzi con diagnosi di tumore
Authors:   Gruppo di lavoro Adolescenti AIEOP Associazione Italiana Emato-Oncologia Pediatrica
Published: June 2021

Introduction - The optimization of cancer care in adolescent or young adult patients (AYA) requires the contribution of the patients themselves, as they are builders and custodians of the experience that concerns them. A more multidimensional listening to these patients guarantees a better quality of life, in response to their specific needs. The present article describes how a congress between doctors, psychologists, nurses and AYA patients can be the context of exploration and collection of this important contribution. By offering these patients the opportunity to express thoughts, emotions and needs in terms of quality of life verbally and freely, such a congress becomes a privileged place for observation and analysis even of macro-group dynamics that otherwise would not have the possibility of making themselves visible. Methods - Through a qualitative research design, 35 Italian cancer patients (in active treatment or follow-up) aged between 18 and 24 years were involved in a plenary discussion during a congress (Rome, 11 November 2019). The structured interview asked them to express themselves on the issue of quality of life connected to the relationship dynamics with peers. The 55 responses collected were then subjected to thematic analysis. Results - The young people who attended expressed precise and extensive considerations regarding friendships and the value of interactions with patients of the same age. What emerged enabled to highlight the need of these patients to keep active the social group of reference and in particular the identity of each within it. This is significantly connected to the self-perceived quality of life, both during active treatments and afterwards (a phase described as complex and tiring). Discussion - The described experience underlines the importance for AYA cancer patients to express their reflections on health and quality of life issues. The relational dimension, especially regarding peers, is significantly connected to this, to one’s perception of identity and to the configuration of the “disease” reality, so health personnel are required to protect and attend to this aspect as one of the priorities of the treatment path. The setting offered by the congress also allowed personal expression even in the face of a group recognition that moves the subject from the Ego to the Us.
PENGARUH KONDISI TOP COMB PADA MESIN COMBING TERHADAP KETIDAKRATAAN DAN KEKUATAN TARIK BENANG KAPAS
Authors: Rohmah Siti , Pudjiati - , Utomo Arifwan Hangudyo
Published: June 2021

Salah satu mesin yang berpengaruh dalam menentukan mutu benang combed adalah mesin combing. Kondisi sisir dalam mesin combing merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam menentukan mutu benang yang dihasilkan, khususnya kekuatan dan ketidakrataan benang. Untuk menghasilkan benang dengan kekuatan dan ketidakrataan yang baik maka perlu diperhatikan kondisi sisir combing yang digunakan, apakah kondisi sisir baik (kondisi normal) atau tidak (kondisi cacat). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kekuatan dan ketidakrataan benang combed Ne 1 40 yang dihasilkan oleh top comb dengan kondisi normal dan top comb dengan kondisi cacat dengan standar perusahaan. Untuk tujuan tersebut maka dilakukan pengamatan langsung dilapangan dengan menggunakan dua macam kondisi sisir untuk memproses benang Ne1 40, kemudian dilakukan pengujian kekuatan tarik dan ketidakrataan terhadap masing masing benang yang dihasilkan. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa kekuatan tarik benang yang dihasilkan oleh top comb dengan kondisi cacat adalah 14,625 cN/Tex nilai ini berada dibawah standar perusahaan yaitu 15 cN/Tex. Sedangkan Ketidakrataannya 11,53% nilai ini lebih tinggi dari standar perusahaan yaitu 11,5%
STUDI PERBANDINGAN KEKUATAN TARIK KOMPOSIT BERBAHAN CHOPPED STRAND MAT METODE HAND LAY-UP DAN VACUUM ASSISTED RESIN INFUSION
Authors: Soekoco Asril Senoaji
Published: June 2021

Sifat fisik dan mekanik sebuah produk komposit ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor yang diantaranya adalah proses manufaktur dan jenis material penyusun. Material penguat dan matriks yang memiliki kekuatan tarik tinggi akan berpeluang menghasilkan komposit yang memiliki kekuatan tarik yang tinggi pula dan begitupun sebaliknya. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perbandingan pembuatan komposit dengan proses manufaktur yang sederhana selain hand lay-up, yaitu dengan Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion. Penelitian ini menggunakan material yang paling murah dan mudah ditemukan di pasaran. Hasil pengujian kekuatan tarik komposit hasil proses manufaktur hand lay-up sebesar 2.22 MPa sedangkan kekuatan tarik komposit hasil proses manufaktur Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion adalah 55.54 MPa. Hal tersebut terjadi dikarenakan tingginya fraksi volume void dari komposit yang dibuat dengan proses manufaktur hand lay-up yang disebabkan oleh gerakan dua arah rol pada saat proses manufaktur. Hal ini diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi bagi para pelaku usaha kecil dan menengah di bidang pembuatan produk komposit. Dengan menggunakan metode Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion kekuatan tarik dapat ditingkatkan secara signifikan namun metode wet hand lay up mampu menghasilkan komposit dengan elongasi yang lebih tinggi.
PENGGUNAAN TEKNIK TRANSFER PRINTING DENGAN MOTIF ILUSTRASI TOKOH BARONG REOG PONOROGO PADA BUSANA READY TO WEAR DELUXE
Authors: Martina Tina , Annisail Karimah Fitri , Gita P.H. Nindhita
Published: June 2021

Reog Ponorogo merupakan salah satu kesenian dan budaya yang ada di Indonesia. Berasal dari kota Ponorogo, Jawa Timur, memiliki ciri khas simbol kepala singa dan burung merak. Kedua karakter yang memiliki pesan akan keberanian dalam sikap hidup masyarakatnya. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka dan pembuatan produk busana. Hasil produk dari penelitian ini berupa busana ready to wear deluxe yang terinspirasi dari tokoh barong Reog Ponorogo yang dibuat untuk tujuan mempertahankan kesenian dan budaya Indonesia dalam bentuk busana. Perancangan busana dalam penelitian ini menggunakan ilustrasi dari tokoh Barong dalam Reog Ponorogo yang kemudian diterapkan pada kain dengan teknik transfer printing yang akan dijadikan detail menarik pada beberapa bagian busana. Teknik transfer printing adalah teknik cetak diatas permukaan kain sintetis dengan menggunakan mesin pemanas (heatpress) untuk memindahkan pigmen zat warna dari media kertas ke media kain. Pada busana tersebut ditambahkan aplikasi fringe untuk menonjolkan dan memberikan ciri khas kesenian Reog Ponorogo. Produk yang dibuat akan ditentukan harga jual sesuai dengan perhitungan harga jual dari harga pokok produksi (HPP). Tiga busana ready to wear deluxe dianalisa kesesuaian antara harga jual dan hasil produk yang sudah dibuat menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan penyebaran kuisioner. Pada 59 orang responden, busana (1) 16,9 % menilai sesuai dengan HPP , busana (2) 40,7 % mendekati HPP dan busana (3) 33,3 % sesuai HPP bahkan 28,3 % menilai lebih tinggi dari HPP.
UPAYA MENGURANGI CHANGE OVER TIME PADA PROSES PENJAHITAN DI SEWING LINE A20 PT. DF
Authors: Martina Tina , Rofiqoh Utami Nur , Wulansari Pratiwi
Published: June 2021

Pada industri pakaian jadi pelayanan dan kepuasan buyer menjadi hal penting dalam menghadapi persaingan agar dapat terus tumbuh dan berkembang. Order produksi setiap tahun terdiri dari berbagai macam style yang akan berganti setelah selesai diproduksi. Perusahaan akan melakukan penetapan waktu yang harus dicapai dalam menyelesaikan satu order, sehingga dapat berpengaruh pada efisiensi waktu proses dikarenakan seringnya aktivitas change over. Change over merupakan pergantian aktivitas produksi disuatu lini produksi dari satu produk ke produk lainnya. Metoda yang akan digunakan untuk mengurangi change over time (COT) pada lini produksi yaitu menggunakan Quick Change Over (QCO). Tujuan mengurangi COT untuk mengefisiensikan waktu proses produksi walaupun tidak untuk menambah kapasitas produksi. Waktu yang dibutuhkan selama set up mesin dalam QCO menjadi faktor yang paling lama sehingga beberapa proses set up harus disederhanakan sesuai dengan prinsip lean manufacturing. Upaya mengurangi COT pada proses penjahitan yaitu dengan penerapan pemeliharaan mesin yang terjadwal, menempatkan operator sesuai dengan skill matrix dan mempersiapkan aksesoris ketika diperlukan bagian produksi. Hasil setelah penerapan metoda QCO untuk style yang repeat order menunjukan bahwa COT line A20 mengalami penurunan, walaupun belum memenuhi standar target yang ditetapkan oleh perusahaan. Penurunan COT ini akan berdampak pada peningkatan produktivitas dan efisiensi di line A20.
KREATIVITAS DALAM DESAIN KAIN TENUN PANAWUAN GARUT
Authors: Regyandhea Putri Wine , Dewanto R. Arief
Published: June 2021

Kreativitas merupakan kemampuan untuk menghasilkan sesuatu yang baru. Salah satu produk kreatif yang ada di Kabupaten Garut adalah kain tenun Panawuan dengan berbagai bentuk dan aneka motif yang diterapkan. Motif kain tenun tidak terlepas dari unsur-unsur yang menjadi pendukung terjadinya bentuk-bentuk visual seperti garis, bidang, tekstur dan warna. Oleh karena itu masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah belum adanya pemaparan mengenai wujud motif kain tenun yang mempunyai karakteristik tertentu ditinjau dengan pendekatan estetik dan belum adanya pemaparan mengenai wujud visual yang terdapat pada produk tenun berkorelasi dengan prinsip kreativitas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metoda kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini antara lain: wawancara, observasi dan pencatatan dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa wujud visual yang banyak terdapat pada produk tenun dilihat dari bentuk motifnya merupakan bentuk geometris dengan warna-warna yang tidak mencolok serta kreativitas dalam produk kain tenun Panawuan merupakan kemampuan menghasilkan sesuatu yang baru, berupa gagasan maupun karya nyata, baik dalam bentuk karya baru maupun kombinasi dari hal-hal yang sudah ada serta mengandung aspek-aspek seperti fluency (kelancaran), flexibility (keluwesan), elaboration (elaborasi) dan originality (keaslian).
UPAYA PERBAIKAN SIFAT FISIK SERAT RAYON VISKOSA SELAMA PENYIMPANAN MELALUI PENGGUNAAN HIDROGEN PEROKSIDA PADA PROSES PENYEMPURNAAN SERAT RAYON VISKOSA
Authors: Mauliza Ika Natalia , Muslim Ikhwanul
Published: June 2021

Proses pengelantangan pada pembuatan serat rayon viskosa menggunakan NaOCl dapat mengakibatkan menurunnya derajat putih dan kecerahan serat selama masa penyimpanan yang disebabkan adanya sisa klor yang masih menempel pada serat, sehingga dilakukan proses menggunakan H2O2 untuk menghilangkan sisa klor dari proses pengelantangan. Dalam percobaan ini digunakan variasi konsentrasi H2O2 0; 0,2; 0,4 dan 0,6 g/l pada pH 6, suhu pengerjaan 50 ℃, kecepatan konveyor 3,75 m/menit dan panjang mesin 3,2 meter. Pengerjaan dilakukan di akhir proses penyempurnaan serat, bersamaan dengan proses pelembutan. Serat yang telah kering kemudian diuji kecerahan, derajat putih, kekuatan tarik dan mulur sebelum dan sesudah penyimpanan (0 dan 90 hari penyimpanan). Dari percobaan didapat hasil bahwa dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi H2O2, perubahan kecerahan, derajat putih, kekuatan tarik dan mulur serat rayon2 viskosa semakin berkurang. Pada konsentrasi H2O2 0,4 g/l, perubahan sifat fisik selama penyimpanan sangat kecil dan masih sesuai dengan standar, kecerahan menurun 0,11 %, derajat putih 0,43 %, kekuatan tarik kering dan basah masingmasing sebesar 0,73 % dan 0,15 % serta pertambahan mulur kering dan basah masing-masing sebesar 0,98 % dan 0,89 %.
Sosialisasi Aplikasi Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh dan Pengembangan Bahan Ajar bagi Dosen, Guru, dan Mahasiswa di Era Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Syarifuddin Syarifuddin , Nugroho Purna Bayu , Fadhli Muhibuddin , Murtalib Murtalib , Mutmainah Mutmainah , Muchlis Muchlis , Mikrayanti Mikrayanti , Wirahmad Ika , Sartika Dewi , Andang Andang , Mulyadin Edi , Hadi Arnasari Merdekawati
Published: June 2021

Pembelajaran jarak jauh (PJJ) sudah dikenal dan diaplikasikan sejak lama melalui program yang diselenggarakan oleh Universitas Terbuka maupun oleh beberapa universitas lainnya. Pelaksanaannya dengan cara pembelajaran melalui modul dan mahasiswa dilakukan ujian diakhir semester secara langsung atau luring. Akan tetapi, semenjak diakhir tahun 2019 dengan adanya wabah covid-19, pelaksanaan pembelajaran jarak jauh menjadi keharusan bagi sekolah maupun perguruan tinggi. Implementasi pembelajaran jarak jauh di era covid-19 sangat jauh berbeda dengan pembelajaran jarak jauh yag diterapkan oleh Universitas Terbuka saat itu. Pembeleajaran jarak jauh saat ini dilakukan melalui jaringan internet atau yang biasa disebut dengan pembelajaran daring. Untuk menunjang pelaksanaan tersebut, dosen, mahasiswa, guru, maupun siswa dituntut untuk menguasai penggunaan aplikasi yang dapat digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran daring, misalnya zoom, google meet, whatsshap, dan beberapa aplikasi lainnya. Untuk itu, program studi pendidikan matematika STKIP Bima mengadakan sosialisasi penggunaan aplikasi PJJ dan pengembangan bahan ajar yang diikuti oleh dosen, guru, dan mahasiswa yang dilaksanakan secara online melalui kegiatan webinar. Kegiatan tersebut diikuti oleh 74 orang peserta yang terdiri dari dosen, guru, dan mahasiswa. Implikasi dari kegiatan tersebut adalah peserta mendapat pengetahuan penggunaan aplikasi PJJ dan dapat menerapkan dalam proses pembelajaran daring.
Trustee Rights and Powers: A Taxonomical Analysis
Authors: Chiam Christopher
Published: June 2021

This article examines what differences there are, if any, between the rights and powers of a trustee. Although these terms are commonly applied to distinguish between various aspects of trusteeship, there is no clear explanation of the basis of this taxonomy. This article argues that there is no conceptual difference between these two terms, and that they should merely be seen as labels of convenience and convention. As a result, the law should be understood as giving trustees a range of abilities, with there being no principled difference between what are commonly called rights and powers. This conclusion not only answers an unresolved taxonomical issue, but may also have implications for statutory interpretation and the constraints that trustees have when they exercise functions vested in them.
Best Interest Duties of Financial Advisers - More Law, More Confusion
Authors: Millhouse David G
Published: June 2021

Best interest is a commonly used and misunderstood phrase interpreted differently in the law, media, legislature and throughout the investment chain, sometimes glibly. For investors, best interest has been confused with oft-misguided concepts of undivided loyalty to their economic interests. These differing interpretations influence every financial advice relationship, including process. That process differs with varying statutory applications of best interest. For example, best interest in Australian investment decisions conflicts with modern portfolio theory. The law is complex, often uncertain, and lags comparative jurisdictions. The FASEA Code of Ethics creates new law that adds to that uncertainty. Financial advice is provided throughout the investment chain. Competency requires comprehension of the underlying best interest duties governing those financial assets. The courts will also need to have regard to these other contextual interpretations of best interest to resolve uncertainty. That includes the best interest heritage in equity.
Can Multiple Choice Exams Be Used to Assess Legal Reasoning? An Empirical Study of Law Student Performance and Attitudes
Authors: Bozin Danielle , Deane Felicity , Duffy James
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this article is to examine whether legal reasoning skills can be appropriately assessed in a law degree, using multiple-choice question assessment. The use of multiple-choice assessment in university law schools is common, although not universally accepted as an effective pedagogical tool. In this article, both quantitative and qualitative empirical research methods have been adopted to examine whether the unique skill of legal reasoning is amenable to being tested through multiple-choice assessment. The position argued is that multiple-choice assessment, when properly constructed using identified guiding principles, is an efficient and effective way to assess legal reasoning abilities.
Welcome to the New Bond Law Review
Authors: Field Iain
Published: June 2021

The nature of the contemporary research environment and an increase in competition impel conventional lawjournals to address a number of uncomfortable questions concerning their future relevance and viability: Dolaw journals continue to serve the needs the profession and the academy (assuming that they ever did)? Forhow long will subscribers continue to pay individual journals for access to content, or to purchase hardcopy?Are law journals antiquated relics of a by-gone era, ill-suited to the realities of modern legal scholarship andthe demands of an increasingly complex market, or are they among the last bastions of quality in a woldsaturated in blogs, tweets and wikis? The reforms that we at BLR have implemented, and the characteristicsthat we seek to inculcate, reflect our considered response to questions such as these.
The Use of Journal Articles by the Queensland Law Reform Commission
Authors: Tranter Kieran , Meyer Rodney
Published: June 2021

This article reports on a study into how the Queensland Law Reform Commission (‘QLRC’) cites journalarticles. It found that journal articles had a limited presence within QLRC reports, suggesting that QLRC doesnot engage significantly with academic literature in its approach to law reform. This raises issues both for lawreform and the Australian legal academy. For law reform there is the issue of whether the QLRC shouldengage more deeply with material from journal articles. For the Australian legal academy there is the issue ofwhether it should be researching and writing about matters of importance to reforming Australian law.
Majoritarianism
Authors: Allan James
Published: June 2021

The year 2016 will go down as a Black Swan year in terms of how many seemingly unlikely events actually came to pass.Leicester City, as 5,000–1 underdogs, won the English Premier League football (or for North Americans soccer) competition —perhaps the biggest sporting upset anywhere, ever.Then there was the Brexit referendum where UK voters, against what almost all the polls were predicting, opted for ‘Leave’ in a comparatively decisive fashion.If anything the polls were even more out of kilter in telling anyone listening that Hillary Clinton was a shoe-in to win the November US Presidential election.The received wisdom, and virtually all of the media class, exclaimed that Donald Trump did not have a hope of winning.
Law and Economics in Australia
Authors: Duggan Anthony
Published: June 2021

The difficulty of talking compendiously about law and economics should not be underestimated. I have witnessed various attempts in the past, and they have usually failed. The presenter tends to make one of two mistakes. The first is to concentrate on the concepts without giving examples of their application. The second is to concentrate on applications without adequately explaining the concepts. When a mistake of the first kind is made, eyes very rapidly glaze over as the audience tunes out. A mistake of the second kind tends to the opposite outcome: hackles rise because an inadequate account of the underlying theory makes the applications appear unprincipled. Judge Easterbrook’s paper avoids both of these pitfalls. It is a readily digestible blend of pure and applied theory.
Women and Legal Hierarchy
Authors: Thornton Margaret
Published: June 2021

Catharine MacKinnon mentioned that there were a number of conditions which would have to be met before feminism in legal education had been achieved. She mentioned, for example, the representation of women’s point of view, proportionality between male and female professors and between female and male secretaries. I am not very optimistic about the achievement of those conditions. I am not hopeful because I believe that the idea of feminism and law is an oxymoron. Women’s association with affectivity and desire prevents our acceptance as equals within the academy which is perceived as the quintessential locus of reason. Australian legal education has accepted this assignation of men and women to separate spheres and, even though the proportion of women students is now around 50 per cent, which is indeed characteristic of legal education throughout the English-speaking world, I think that this has made relatively little difference, either in terms of substance or process.
Bringing Clinical Learning into a Conventional Classroom
Authors: Mack Kathy
Published: June 2021

[Extract] Some forms of clinical legal education have been part of Australian legal education for many years. However, the focus of this clinical legal education has tended to emphasize either practice-oriented skills training, such as in the post graduate legal practice courses, or client service, which is emphasised at the Kingsford Legal Clinic, the Monash/Springvale program and the proposed Queensland program.

Although attention to clinical legal education has increased recently among university based law schools in Australia, there is still some of the unfortunate polarization of views which marked the early days of the US debate about clinical legal education Conventional law teachers criticize clinical legal education for being limited to narrow, vocationally directed skills training, lacking rigour and a sufficient theoretical perspective, while clinicians accuse conventional academic legal education of being too theoretical or abstract, limited to narrow doctrinal concerns and unrelated to the real legal world.
University Academics Responding and Adjusting to the Increasing Numbers of Cross Cultural and Overseas Students
Authors: Phillips D J
Published: June 2021

This article draws on material gathered during the conduct of two research projects. The first project investigated the nature of the primary determinants of study success for Indonesian Post Graduate students studying in Australian universities. This project was sponsored by the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau (AIDAB). The second study entitled Research into the Professional Development of Tertiary Teaching for Academics: With Special Reference to Cross Cultural and Overseas Student Interaction, investigates the nature of the reaction of academics to the increasing number of cross cultural and overseas students attending their courses. This project, was funded by the Department of Employment, Education and Training (DEET). The article draws on the data gathered in the above studies and explores the nature of the change which has occurred in the student body of Australian universities and suggests the reasons why many academics are modifying the way they teach students.
The Functions of Assessment: A Re-Examination
Authors: Barnes Jeffrey W
Published: June 2021

In the 1970s assessment, and examinations in particular, were the focus of world-wide university student protest. In Australian tertiary institutions, greater use was consequently made of “continuous assessment”. After a period of quietude assessment re-emerged a decade later as a “hot” national issue in North America and as the subject of research and discussion in England. In Australia, a report for the Commonwealth Tertiary Education Commission published in 1987 (the “Pearce Report”), discussed at length the question of assessment in Australian law schools. These more recent debates reflected in part the fact that assessment practices in at least the law schools of Australian universities had not fundamentally changed since the seventies revolt. While assessment modes had in the meantime diversified greatly, according to the Pearce Report the problem-type, written examination remained the dominant mode in Australian law schools.

In the early 1990s) universities are undergoing a period of rapid change spurred on by Federal government initiatives. One important consequence of this re-evaluation is the affirmation that teaching is the university’s primary function. It is with this ultimate goal in mind that this article is written. The basic premise is that assessment not only serves as a means of certification. It also performs, inevitably, an important teaching function.

It is submitted that assessment still suffers from being the “grand afterthought of the educational process”. As is commonly observed, law teachers tend to repeat the methods of instruction that are familiar to them from their student days. In one study most academics surveyed saw assessment only in terms of it providing an incentive to make students work, and to enable their intellectual abilities to be measured. Students (including law students) in another study also viewed it in similar terms. Surveys conducted by the Pearce Inquiry reported widespread dissatisfaction with methods of assessment.

Why assessment has been ignored from an educational viewpoint is a complex question. Possible explanations include the influence of the legal profession on teaching; teacher apathy; few incentives; external constraints (such as scarce resources) and the lack of training in and knowledge of educational theory.

There is not space to analyse all of these causes. This article’s main concern is more elementary — to remedy the lack of scrutiny of law school assessment as an educational tool. Assessment needs to be re-examined in the light of its teaching and certification functions, but especially the former. To understand what we do or fail to do when we implement assessment schemes, it firstly elaborates on the teaching and certification functions which may be fulfilled and are inevitably fulfilled by student assessment. Current assessment practices are then subjected to a critical analysis. The article concludes by providing a check-list of considerations for the thoughtful law assessor: considerations which, it is submitted, should form the basis of assessment practice.
Law Library Research Skills Instruction for Undergraduates at Bond University: The Development of a Programme
Authors: Bott Bruce
Published: June 2021

Since teaching began at Bond University in May 1989, there has been direct entry to both of the undergraduate Bond Law Degrees, the LLB and BJuris, without any compulsory prerequisites (other than normal University course entry requirements).

This mode of entry applies to both new school leavers and mature age entrants to the degree programmes and results in a quite diverse group of law school entrants with varied educational backgrounds. Unlike most other Australian universities (although this is now changing nationwide), Bond also has students from most Australian jurisdictions, not just from Queensland.

The major emphasis at Bond has to date been on undergraduate education as being most cost-effective at our stage of institutional development and indeed our Law Library collection of about 63,000 volume equivalents makes no claim at present other than to support undergraduate teaching well.
Australian Law School Libraries: A Position Statement and Standards
Authors: Elliott Jacqueline
Published: June 2021

There is a certain sense of “deja vu” about this publication. It deals again with issues that have been discussed for over 20 years. At least in the first section, much of it has been said before — in the ALTA Report 1974, the Pearce Report 1987. In 1994 increasing concern at the running down of university law libraries prompted a feeling that the law schools “need to establish benchmarks” to prevent further reductions to Australian universities’ collections of legal material. This publication is the result. The 52 page book is presented in two parts: “Law libraries, law teaching and legal research”, a position statement by the Committee of Australian Law Deans (20 pages), and “Australasian Universities Law Library Standards 25 August 1995” (32 pages). The whole is a positive effort on the part of law deans and law librarians to explain the need and to establish standards for law school libraries. Clearly it is an attempt to stop the damage caused by continual cancelling of highly valued serial and monograph holdings, damage which has been going on since the seventies. There is a limit to what a law school needs in its library to function effectively. This is an attempt at a definitive statement not only on what standard is required for minimum law holdings but also for staffing, equipment, technical services, etc.
Gender in the Labour Law and Occupational Health and Safety Law Curriculum
Authors: Bennett Laura
Published: June 2021

The primary bodies of law which regulate the paid work of women are labour law and occupational health and safety law (OHS law). Other areas of law such as anti-discrimination law or company law certainly impact on women but women’s experience of paid work is most affected by labour and OHS law. Despite the importance of these areas of law for women, labour law and OHS law curricula have remained gender-biased and women have been largely invisible within mainstream teaching (and research). They have been confined to what are effectively the “women’s pages” of the curriculum, that is issues such as equal pay, affirmative action and protective legislation.

Labour law curricula have been dominated by technical questions of constitutional interpretation, by traditional analyses of the contract of employment and by statutory analysis emphasising the legal issues relevant to the control of trade unions and industrial action. They have been constructed according to traditional views of legal scholarship and have consequently emphasised the complexities of the legal issues arising from court decisions and statutory provisions. In this short paper it will be argued that the sine qua non for a gender inclusive curriculum is the rejection of traditional legal scholarship and a focus on the legal issues which are of concern to working women.
Women and the Epistemology of Corporations Law
Authors: Spender Peta
Published: June 2021

In order to effect changes to law school culture, it is critical that the central epistemological assumptions of legal education be challenged. Gender analysis is valuable for corporations lawyers because it provides a way to challenge the epistemology which is fundamental to corporate law scholarship. This article proposes to locate the participation of women in corporations law. In doing so, it suggests that the “knowledge” of corporations law which is taught in Australian law schools masks the experiences of women in this area.

When one begins to explore the issue of gender and corporations law, one’s immediate impression is that women are invisible. The protagonists in both corporate activity and corporations law always seem to be men. Corporations law is based upon a philosophy of liberal autonomy which has as its basic premise the self-interested male. The law has sought to preserve the liberal philosophy in this area and has regulated behaviour only when individual self-interest has caused certain kinds of quantifiable harms. Implicit and explicit in the law of corporations are such values as competition, hierarchy aggression and strict classification of roles.
Foreword - Articles
Authors: James Nick
Published: June 2021

This paper reports the experiences of a self-selected cohort of students enrolled in second year law programmes at three New Zealand universities. The cohort experienced a very similar teaching and learning experience as a result of the New Zealand legal education regulatory regime and the teaching and assessment programmes adopted by the participating law schools. What students say about the time that they devote to their studies is reported, as is what students say that they do during scheduled classes and periods of self-study. The type and frequency of the contact that students have with their teachers and peers is also included, as are other “non-law” school influences having an impact on students’ studies. Students’ perceptions of what they have learnt and their actual and likely academic success are also reported. Students’ reported experiences are considered in the light of factors identified by research on student engagement and law student wellbeing as supporting student success. Students’ responses revealed that their experiences and, ultimately, their engagement with their studies were largely driven by the course and assessment design and teaching practice at the participating law schools. Suggestions as to how law schools might act on the findings are also included.
Foreword - Teaching Legal Writing
Authors: Morton Chantal
Published: June 2021

The demand for universities to provide technology based teaching opportunities for students is increasing. Universities consider online teaching as having economic benefits; students see technology as facilitating their need to study flexibly, and, more importantly for this paper, the legal profession is now recognising the importance of technology in practice and calling for graduates to be technology-literate.

This paper accepts that technology will be part of the pedagogical practices of the teaching of law and therefore considers how technology can be used to support a fully online offering. In this regard, the paper does not accept that the teaching methods currently used in face-to-face teaching can simply be adopted in the online environment. It argues that in order to effectively facilitate interaction and student learning in the online space, law teachers, in designing units/courses, should draw upon a range of learning theories to determine the appropriate pedagogical approach to be taken and further the concepts of ‘place’ and ‘presence’ should be considered.
Digesting Discourse: How Animal Law Facilitates High Quality Legal Education
Authors: Walkden-Brown Jackson
Published: June 2021

When a university-mandated ‘Better Teaching Better Learning’ agenda targeted at unit enhancement coincided with a whole of curriculum review, law lecturers teaching first year law units at Monash University piloted a ‘semi-flipped’ series of short videos, supported by online and in-class activities, in order to incorporate blended learning design in key foundation units. This paper examines the key issues in the design, and implementation and evaluation of the ‘semi-flipped’ experience, highlighting lessons learnt, in terms of technical support, pedagogical issues and assessment considerations. In particular, the utility in seeking to evaluate students’ learning outcomes, engagement with reading materials and in-class activities is critically considered.
Giving Theory A Life: First Year Student Conceptions of Legal Theory
Authors: Keyes Mary , Orr Graeme
Published: June 2021

This paper presents findings of interviews conducted with a diverse selection of first year law students to gauge their conceptions of “legal theory”. It does so against the backdrop of a long-standing debate about the nature and purpose of the legal theory taught in the undergraduate LLB. In doing so, it maps out the surprisingly varied and complex perceptions and understandings of legal theory that students can develop, after less than one year of a law course that attempts to integrate the teaching of theoretical and doctrinal material. These findings bear out the animistic assessment of one of the students, that legal theory has “got a life.
Client Group Activism and Student Moral Development in Clinical Legal Education
Authors: Evans Adrian
Published: June 2021

In 2015, the Harmful Digital Communication Act (HDCA or “Act”) was enacted with the aim of eliminating harm caused by digital communications. After a year of being partially in force there have been a relatively large number of cases under section 22 of the Act. Anyone over the age of 14 can potentially face sanctions; the first person to be convicted under the Act was an 18 year old. This paper highlights the need for young people to be aware of, and engaged with, their legal rights and obligations, and presents “Privacy Games” (www.privacygame.com), an online game that uses intuitive, image based online scenarios to teach adolescents about privacy and online safety.
Challenges to the Academy: Reflections on the Teaching of Legal Ethics in Australia
Authors: Castles Margaret
Published: June 2021

Competition law, the role of which has been rapidly expanding over the past decade, has become a popular subject in most law schools’ curricula. However, unlike Consumer Protection law or Criminal law, students come to this subject with little notion of what it entails. Nevertheless, like those other subjects, Competition law has been the site of significant theoretical and empirical analysis. This paper examines the manner in which two teaching strategies namely, teaching in context and problem based learning, can be used together in teaching Competition law. Although problem based learning and teaching in context have often been viewed as opposing teaching strategies connected with different visions of legal education, this paper looks at how they can be effectively used together to enrich the learning experience at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Problem based learning, which gained popularity in many disciplines, brings with it numerous benefits that can enhance law teaching.