bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and Morphology of PVDF-PSSA Membrane
Authors: Wang Yan Ming , Guo Gui Bao , An Sheng Li
Published: June 2012

A proton exchange membrane, poly (vinylidene fluoride) blended polystyrene sulfonated acid (PVDF-PSSA) was prepared. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to characterize changes of the membrane's microstructures after grafting and sulfonation. The morphology of the membrane's microstructures and distribution of sulfur on the cross section after grafting and sulfonation is studied by scanning electrolytic microscope. The results showed that polystyrene is easily blended into PVDF. The sulfonation reaction occurred not only on the surface of the membrane, but also in the membrane.
The Research of Maximum Power Point Tracking Based on Fuzzy Control in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System
Authors: Xu Qiang , Zhang Xiao Chun , Ren Kai Chun , Zhang Xing Qi , Liu Xiao Jun
Published: June 2012

This paper analyzes the characteristics of solar cells, and establishes the simulation model from its mathematical expressions which can factually reflects the change of solar cells’ parameters. The commonly used method of maximum power point tracking technologies is introduced. A PV system’s most maximum power is simulated by using the fuzzy control method. Simulation results show that the system can work at a stable maximum power point rapidly.
Synthesis and Mechanical Property of Magnetic Polyurethane
Authors: Gong Jian Hua , Li Dan Dan , Li Xiao Yan , Zheng Mang , Zhao Ya Juan , Ren Bao Dong
Published: June 2012

Magnetic Polyurethane is synthesized by prepolymerization body method using PBA 2000, MDI, 1-4 butyl glycol and magnetic chain extender, which is synthesized by a method involving the use of dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) and ferrous powder in dimethylformamide as solvent conditions. The mechanical property of magnetic polyurethane is measured by servo control computer system tension tester,Shore hardness of magnetic polyurethane is measured by LX-A type Shore rubber hardness tester.
The Characteristic Research of Shenmu Coal Pyrolysis by Solid Heat Carrier
Authors: Liang Peng , Wu Jia Feng , Li Jian Hui , Qu Xuan , Bi Ji Cheng
Published: June 2012

A fixed-bed experimental apparatus with the capacity of 1kg coal was set up for coal pyrolysis by solid heat carrier. Shenmu bituminous coal and quartz sand was used as raw material and solid heat carrier respectively. The effects of initial temperature of solid heat carrier, reaction time and blending ratio on the yield of gas and tar were examined at different conditions. The results showed that tar yield was above 10 wt% when the initial temperature of solid heat carrier more than 800oC, reaction time and blend ratio had lesser influence on gas and tar yield. At the investigated test condition, smaller coal particle leads to an inconspicuous increase on gas and tar yield. The characteristic of gas and tar products was also investigated in this paper.
The Research on the Application of Fabric Re-Creation in Fashion Design
Authors: Xu Ting Ting , Cui Yu Mei , Wang Chen Guan
Published: June 2012

Fabric re-creation refers to processing and transforming the original fabric as semi-finished products with a variety of craft techniques. Fabric re-creation involves remodeling the structure of the fabric through deconstruction, reorganization and deformation techniques. This paper expounds 6 expression techniques of fabric re-creation and 2 different designing process of fabric re-creation. Designers should carefully deal with the coordination of color relationships and clothing style.
The Electron Affinities of the Alkyldithio Radicals and their Anions
Authors: Pei Hui Yi , Gao Ai Fang
Published: June 2012

The electron affinities of the CnH2n+1SS/CnH2n+1SS- (n=1-5) species have been determined using four different density functional or hybrid Hartree-Fock density functional methods. The basis set used in this work is of double- plus polarization quality with additional diffuse s- and p-type functions, denoted DZP++. Three different types of the neutral-anion energy separations reported in this work are the adiabatic electron affinity (EAad), the vertical electron affinity (EAvert), and the vertical detachment energy (VDE). The most reliable adiabatic electron affinities, obtained at the DZP++ BP86 level of theory, are 1.794 eV (for CH3SS), 1.777 eV (for C2H5SS), 1.778 eV (a) and 1.809 eV (b) for the two isomers of C3H7SS, 1.782 eV (a), 1.825 eV (b) and 1.778 eV (c) for the three isomers of C4H9SS, and 1.784 eV (a), 1.875 eV (b), 1.805 eV (c) and 1.835 eV (d) for the three isomers of C5H11SS, respectively.
Preparation and Application of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Microspheres/Poly(ethylene glycol) Coated Fiber for SPME
Authors: Zheng Yong Jie , Wang Dan Hui , Tian Jing Zhi
Published: June 2012

In this context,the sol-gel approach to the preparation of solid-phase microextraction fibers is applied for extracting of benzene and mathanol from enviromental water samples.Therefore,two different substances such as PEG and MWCNTs is added to the coating.PEG/MWCNTs fibers are prepared using sol-gel technology as a process.MWCNTs is immobilized as microspheres in the pores of PEG coating using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).At last, the results show that PEG/MWCNTs fibers are higher extraction efficiency than PEG fibers. Several factors also are considered and optimized,such as extraction temperature, extraction time,inoic strength,stirring speed,desorption temperature and desorption time.LOD(S/N=5) and LOQ(S/N=10) for sol-gel PEG/MWCNTs fibers for extraction of benzene and methanol is 1µg/L and 2µg/L, linear range is 2-2800µg/mL and 2-3000µg/L, linear correlation coefficient is 0.9937 and 0.9940, the RSDs (RSD, n = 7) is 5.1%. and 6.7%, respectively.
A New Additive Kinetics Model of Natural Gas Hydrate
Authors: Wang Shu Li , Ma Wei Jun , Zhang Lin , Zhou Shi Dong
Published: June 2012

The paper developed the new compound accelerator contains liquid hydrocarbons and surfactants, using the hydrate generator to experiment. On the basis of the researches on the generating conditions, mechanism of gas hydrate and experimental phenomena, the new kinetics model considering the compound accelerator affecting is built. A program which can compute the model is designed by Visual B compiler language. The induction time in the conditions of different pressures, different solutions and different gases is respectively calculated. The calculation is good agreement with the experimental data and the theory, we obtained that the calculated data are validated. The results show that the model can express completely the process of NGH formation, and provide the theory and model for its industry application.
Changing and Transferring Property of Chlorine in Co-pyrolysis of Waste Plastics and Coal
Authors: Li Zhen , Zhou Li Xia , Liu Qing
Published: June 2012

The co-pyrolysis process of coal and waste plastics was studied. Changing and transferring property of chlorine in the process was investigated. There was synergistic effect between coal and waste plastics when chlorine was released, which resulted in increase of chlorine in tar and decrease in coke. The effect of waste plastics’ amount on chlorine releasing property varied with the amount of waste plastics in the sample and the time of constant temperature at the same final co-pyrolysis temperature (such as 950 oC). Using the distributional function of chlorine, the distribution of chlorine in coke, tar and gas was studied. The results indicated that the distribution of chlorine in the co-pyrolysis process could be controlled to a certian extent by controlling the percentage of waste plastics and the time of constant temperature. The amount of chlorine redistributed in coke decreases with the increase of constant temperature time and increased with the increase of the percentage of waste plastics. On the contrary, the chlorine in tar increased with the increase of the constant temperature time and the percentage of waste plastics. And the chlorine redistributed in gas increased with the increase of the constant temperature time, but it decreased when the percentage of waste plastics increased. Additionally, the mathematical model of chlorine changing and transferring rule was established.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry Research of Hydrates Phase Equilibrium in Porous Media
Authors: Chen Qiang , Liu Chang Ling , Ye Yu Guang
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we focused on the determination of phase equilibrium conditions of hydrates formed in the pore water and porous media from South China Sea. High pressure differential scanning calorimetry (HP DSC), a relatively new thermo-analytical technique was applied to this research. During the study, nitrogen hydrates and methane hydrates phase equilibrium conditions were determined in thewater-hydrates- gas (W-H-G) system. Then a series of experiments were carried on using core sample drilled from South China Sea to determine the phase equilibrium properties in pore water and porous media systems. It show that the hydrates phase equilibrium point is about 2K lower than in pure water from pressure range 10 to 30 MPa, due to the thermodynamic inhibition effect of brine solution.
Study on the Preparation of Micro-Emulsified Diesel Oil and its Influencing Factors
Authors: Zhang Qiang Qiang , Wang Xuan Jun
Published: June 2012

In this experiment, the micro-emulsified diesel oil is prepared by using alkanol amide from the reaction between oleic acid and ethanolamine and the mixture of them and with its by-products as the surfactant and alcohols with different carbon chain lengths and molecular structures as the co-surfactant. The experiment explores the effect of the proportion and dosage of the surfactant on the water solubilization, studies the influence of the category, construction and dosage of the co-surfactant on the water solubilization and its stability, and also discusses the impact of concentration of the electrolyte on the micro-emulsion. The experimental result shows that the no1-ionic surfactant can be used to prepare the W/O micro-emulsified diesel oil when this is satisfied: m (oleic acid): m (ethanol amine) =10:1 and that 1-pentanol, isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, benzyl alcohol can all be used as its co-surfactant. The co-surfactant of benzyl alcohol or 1-pentanol helps to ensure its mechanical and temperature stability, and to prepare the micro-emulsified diesel oil with no1-ionic surfactant from the reaction between oleic acid and ethanolamine as surfactant, one of the best formulation should be like this: room temperature(20°C），ω（0 # diesel oil）=70.6%, ω（surfactant）=9.2%, ω（benzyl alcohol）=5.0%, ω（inorganic salt solution）=15.2%.
The Influences of Reaction Conditions on Phenanthrene Hydrogenation over NiW/Al2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Wang Kun , Guan Jun , He De Min , Zhang Qiu Min
Published: June 2012

Hydrogenation of phenanthrene (PHE HYD) was investigated over a commercial NiW/Al2O3 catalyst under practical reaction conditions. GC-MS analysis was utilized to identify the numerous products formed during PHE HYD. The products included dihydrophenanthrene (DHP), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (THP), sym-octahydrophenanthrene (1,8-OHP), asym-octahydrophenanthrene (1,10-OHP) and perhydrophenanthrene (PHP), but the cracking products were not found under the reaction conditions. The effects of operating conditions such as temperature, pressure and H2/liquor on PHE HYD were tested in detail. It is found that temperature and pressure had remarkable effect on PHE HYD, but volume ratio of H2/liquor had little effect on PHE HYD at the observation range. The addition of decalin had a positive impact on PHE HYD; it could increase the conversion of PHE and the selectivity to PHP.
A Novel Fe 1-xO-Based Fused Iron Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis with the High Olefine Selectivity
Authors: Liu Hua Zhang , Yang Xia Zhen , Cen Ya Qing , Tang Hao Dong
Published: June 2012

The performance and stability for FTS was studied on novel Fe1-xO-based iron catalyst (FIC) in agitated slurry reactor (ASR) and fixed bed reactor (FBR), and compared with precipitation-iron catalyst (PIC). The studied results indicate that novel Fe1-xO-based iron catalyst has the high conversion and high stability, especially, the high alkene selectivity in C2 ~ C4 products that the ratios of olefines and paraffines the more than 9 and the low cost, the preparation process and the high mechanical intensity. The catalyst can be used at FBR or ASR, and FTS at high temperature or low temperature.
Process Simulation of a Liquefaction Process of Nature Gas with a Supersonic Swirling Separator
Authors: Sun Heng , Li Zeng Cai , Zhu Hong Mei
Published: June 2012

3S separator which has been widely employed in separation of gas mixtures can greatly reduce the temperature of natural gas when it expands in a Laval nozzle. The gas through the separator can not be totally liquefied due to the special working mechanism of the separator. A novel liquefaction process with a supersonic swirling separator is presented and simulated. The process can liquefy all the crude gas by re-cycling the gas which is not liquefied at the outlet of the separator. The simulations show it can get relatively high energy efficiency and could be competitive in many cases.
The Effects of TiO2 Addition on the Crystallization of Molybdenum Slag Glass
Authors: Li Bin , Wei Yu Hong , Ma Chen
Published: June 2012

The glass ceramics were prepared by using molybdenum slag (90wt% added) as the raw materials, in which TiO2 functioned as the nucleation agent. The effect of TiO2 additions on the crystallization was studied. The crystallization process was investigated by DTA, XRD and SEM. It was showed that TiO2 can effectively promote the glass formation when the content of TiO2 is 5wt %. The activation energy for crystal growth E=280.46kJ/mol was evaluated by DTA and kinetic method. The glass ceramic has good properties with main crystal phase of wollastonite.
Effect of Inorganic Ions on Biofilms Component and Activity in the Recirculating Cooling Water System
Authors: Liu Fang , Wang Fei Yang , Liang Chang Feng , Dong Wen Wen , Zhang Jia Quan , Zhao Chao Cheng
Published: June 2012

In this research a laboratory model recirculating cooling water system was applied to investigate the effects of four kinds of inorganic ion concentrations on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content, the ration of proteins and polysaccharides ratio in EPS (PR/PS) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) in the attached biofilms. The results showed that the low Na+ concentration was beneficial to EPS production and biofilms DHA. With Ca2+ concentration increasing, EPS content first increased and then decreased as a whole. Mg2+ showed no obvious effect on biofilms EPS content, while had the effect on PR/PS and DHA. The increase of Fe3+ concentration was beneficial for EPS formation and DHA when Fe3+ concentration was below 1.5 mg/L.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Nitrite on Poly-Thionine/gold Nanoparticles Composites Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Liu Xue Ping , Kang Hai Yan , Chang Wei Hua , Ma Min
Published: June 2012

This paper describes the electrocatalytic oxidation of nitrite by poly-thionine /gold nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode. Due to the synergistic effect of poly-thionine and gold nanoparticle, the modied electrodes could oxide nitrite with enhanced oxidation current and a decrease in the required overpotential compared with bare electrode without poly-thionine and gold nanoparticles layer coated. The influence factors for nitrite assay such as polymer film thickness, adsorption time of gold nanoparticles onto the poly-thionine film, different buffers and pH，interferent ions were discussed elaborately. Under the optimal conditions, the oxidation current signal was proportional to the concentration of nitrite from 3.0×10-6 to 1.0×10-3 mol/L with a detection limit of 1.0×10-6 mol/L. The proposed method has been applied to determine nitrite concentration in real samples and the results were satisfactory. The poly-thionine/gold nanoparticles composites modied electrode has been proved to possess high sensitivity, good storage stability, reproducibility and anti-interference ability.
Crystal Structure and Photoelectric Property of Thin-Film Solar Cell Materials Cd1-xZnxS
Authors: Wan Fu Cheng , Lu Wen Jiang , Tang Fu Ling , Feng Yu Dong , Wang Zhi Min , Wang Yi
Published: June 2012

Based on density functional theory (DFT) within the framework of the generalized gradient approximation method, we have studied the Cd1-xZnxS sphalerite crystal structure and optical properties. We calculated electronic and optical properties of Cd1-xZnxS at the doping concentration x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0. Optical properties (reflectivity, absorption coefficient, refractive index, dielectric function) and the electrical properties (band structure, electron density, etc.) are obtained including Zn-doing effects on the crystal structure, optical properties and electrical properties. With the increase of doping concentration x, the lattice parameter reduces from 0.5910 nm to 0.5409 nm; as a direct wide band gap semiconductor, its band gap increased from 1.15 to 2.22. Optical absorption coefficient increases with the increase of doping concentration, but the rate of increase is relatively small.
Improvement of CO2 Separation Performance by Blended Aqueous Solutions of DEA+AMP in Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor (HFMC)
Authors: Wang Zhen , Fang Meng Xiang , Yan Shui Ping , Pang Yi Li , Luo Zhong Yang
Published: June 2012

Absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) by blended diethanolamine (DEA) + 2-amino-2- methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and single DEA solvents were compared using hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC). Experimental results showed AMP additive has positive influence to improve CO2 absorption flux and the optimum AMP/DEA mass concentration ratio is between 0.2 and 0.4. Decreasing gas liquid ratio could greatly promote CO2 absorption, and operating temperature has weak effect on CO2 flux. Besides, large CO2 flux can be achieved with high concentration of DEA+0.2AMP solution due to the decrease of liquid phase resistance to mass transfer, but the optimal DEA concentration was recommended to be about 15% for DEA+0.2AMP solution considering the costs of amines in HFMC.
Synthesis, Characterization and its Application of Cu2+ Ion Imprinted Polymers
Authors: Kang Yong Feng , Li Yan , Duan Wu Ping , Xie Jing , Kang Jun Xia
Published: June 2012

Cu2+-imprinted polymers (Cu(II)–IIPs) were prepared by thermal precipitation polymerization method with Cu2+ion as the template, 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone (AQ) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker. In synthesis processes,The functional monomer AQ, there is only one functional groups that can selectively recognize Cu2+ ion, is set in highly cross-linked polymer net, not to form covalent-linkage with polymer net. The imprinted polymer particles were characterized by UV-visible spectra, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy and colorimetry. The sorption and selectivity capacity of Cu(II)–IIPs for Cu2+ ion were studied．The results showed that the imprinted polymer had good affinity for Cu2+. The maximum sorption capacity was 11.4 mg/g．The sorption equilibrium time was 50 min and the optimum pH for quantitative copper retention was 7.0. Competitive sorption of Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+ from their mixture was also studied in a batch system. The relatively selective factor of copper to other metal ions were greater than 1. The Cu(II)–IIPs could be repeatedly used with high selectivity and stability for Cu2+.This Cu(II)–IIPs has been successfully applied to the separation and determination of the trace Cu2+ in real water samples.
Hydrolysis of Cinnamaldehyde in Aqueous Solution at Room Temperature Catalyzed by Amino Acids
Authors: Huang Lu Lu , Yao Xing Dong , An Yong Peng , Peng Cai Hua
Published: June 2012

The hydrolysis of cinnamaldehyde in aqueous solution catalyzed by amino acids has been investigated. Eight amino acids e.g. glycine, proline etc. have been employed as the small molecular organocatalysts. The effect of reaction time, temperature, buffer concentration on the reaction has been studied. Spectroscopic analysis indicated the reaction product is 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanal.
Investigation of Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Application as Counter Electrode in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Shun Jian , Luo Yu Feng , Zhong Wei , Xiao Zong Hu , Liu Xiao Yun
Published: June 2012

Hexagonal boron nitride (HBN), which has the same crystal structure as graphite, has been used as catalytic material for a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to investigate its potential application. X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been used to confirm the crystal structure of HBN, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to characterize the morphology of HBN film on counter electrode, and electrochemical workstation has been employed to obtain the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and corresponding impedance parameters. Results show that the HBN film has rough surface and porous structure with pore size of less than 1 μm. When employed the HBN counter electrode to DSCs, the conversion efficiency (η) is only about a tenth of that of graphite based DSCs. Low efficiency of HBN based DSCs is induced by high charge transfer resistance (Rct) of HBN counter electrode, which means that HBN can hardly provide catalytic activity for the reduction of the triiodide ion. Therefore, the crystal structure is not a crucial factor to select the catalytic material for a counter electrode in DSCs. Moreover, the short circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) and the open circuit voltage (Voc) of device also evidently depend on the characteristics of catalytic material.
Study on Comparison among Papermaking Powder Properties
Authors: Liu Quan Xiao , Xu Wen Cai
Published: June 2012

In this paper the comparison among some papermaking powder properties are studied. It shows that the properties of different powders are different because of different chemical composition and different preparation method and their particle size is different for different purpose such as filler and pigment. The particle size of powder for pigment powder is smaller than that for filler. The specific surface area of papermaking filler is lower than 20m2/g, the absorption value of DBP is about 45cm3/100g, the whiteness is up to 90%, and the particle size is about 3µm. The specific surface area of papermaking pigment is lower than 25m2/g, the absorption value of DBP is from 40 cm3/100g to100cm3/100g, the whiteness of clay is up to 50%, the whiteness of GCC and PCC is up to 90%, and the particle size is lower than 2µm. The specific surface area of silica is up to 100m2/g, the absorption value of DBP is up to 100cm3/100g, the whiteness is up to 97%, and the particle size is around 5µm.
Synthesis of Terpenylcyclohexanol from O-Cresol with H-Mordenite as Catalyst
Authors: Bai Yang , Zhou Tiao Tiao , Liu Liu Jun , Song Xian Liang
Published: June 2012

O-cresol was mixed and reacted with camphene in the presence of the H-mordenite as catalysts to form the alkylation products named terpenophenol, and the terpenophenol was hydrogenated with the help of the catalyst to form a perfume intermediates of terpenylcyclohexanol. In this paper, the influence of reaction temperature and material ratio on alkylation and the hydrogenation were investigated.
MATLAB Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Modules
Authors: Mahmoud Soliman , Alsari Mejd , Reda Esra , Alhammadi Ruqiya
Published: June 2012

In this paper a modeling method is investigated that finds the non-linear equation parameters of a photovoltaic (PV) module in order to obtain the desired PV model using any circuit simulator. This modeling method adjusts the I-V curve at three remarkable points: the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current, and the maximum power point [1]. Three models are realized using this technique namely, the single-diode model, the two-diode model, and the three-diode model. The evaluation study of the accuracy of these three models showed relative errors ranging from 32% to 50%. Further, this technique is improved by adjusting the I-V curve at more than three points depending on the number of unknowns to be found for each model, which showed a reduction in the relative error ranging from 0.37% to 38%.
The Study on Neutralizers of ε-Polylysine
Authors: Hao Li Mei , Jia Hai Quan
Published: June 2012

In the research of bio-disinfector, it needs neutralizers to eliminate the antibacterial activity of disinfector during the disinfection experiment. But there was no report about the appropriate neutralizer of antibacterial peptides. In this paper, we study the neutralizer suitable for ε-polylysine by using the orthogonal design and optimize the combination of neutralizers. Then we performed the checkup experiment of neutralizer according to the method listed in Disinfection Technology Standard. Finally we successfully obtain the right neutralizer of ε-polylysine which is the combination of 0.5 M BSA and 0.5 M K2HPO4, This can provide a convenience for researchers to evaluate the disinfection effect of disinfector whose main component is ε-polylysine.
Analysis of Indoor Flammable Leakage Gas Concentration Model
Authors: Yu Chang , Tian Guan San , Wang Guo Lei
Published: June 2012

Concentration model of indoor flammable leakage gas is established and simplified. The relations between indoor gas concentration and leakage time, leaking intensity, the rate of ventilation, room volumes are analyzed comprehensively. Point out that leakage gases concentration of the entire space and the partial regions should be considered simultaneously to adopt the measures to reduce the concentration when gases leakage accidents are occurred.
Nuclear Power Safety Development and Accident Emergency in China
Authors: Jiang Zi Ying , Yu Fan
Published: June 2012

Nuclear power is clean, safe, but not zero risk, which has been evidenced by the history of nuclear power development. Nuclear accident emergency response is the final barrier of depth defense to reduce the potential risks that may arise from nuclear power development, which must be enhanced. The accident emergency preparedness in China and China responses to Fukushima accident are presented. Learning lessons from past nuclear power accidents (the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima), China would be keeping confidence in nuclear power development and advancing further improvement of emergency response capabilities to insist on the safety-first principle for nuclear power development.
Research on the Flame Spread Characteristics of Safety Diesel Microemulsion
Authors: Li Xia , Wang Xuan Jun
Published: June 2012

The paper studies the flame spread characteristics of the diesel with safety performance by schlieren technology. The flame of fire spreading of the diesel includes flash fire flame which is blue and main flame which is orange. The main flame spread forward in the reciprocating and pulsatile pattern, while the flash fire flame spread with the level discontinuous pulsatile pattern. The water content in the diesel has notable restriction effect on the speed of the flame spreading, which is decreased with the increasing of the water content. But the micro-emulsified diesel can’t effectively restrain the spread speed when water content is below 3%. The microemulsified diesel whose water content being in the range of 3%~12% could be used in engine.
State Estimate of Leakage Detection in Gas Pipelines
Authors: Ke Sui , Yu Jian Jun
Published: June 2012

Researches on gas pipelines are significant to fault pipelines diagnosis. Considering defects of generally-used numerical algorithm, a research is taken on transient flow in gas pipelines, From the vantage point of governing equation- Continuity Equation, Momentum Equation and Equation of State, Analytical method is proposed to solve the formulas ,which is hard to work out .Meanwhile ,transfer function and Laplace Transform are used to derive the mathematical equations, An case is used to justify proposed method, which solve the inconveniency and inefficiency brought by numerical calculation. Then the method is applied to detect and locate a fault pipeline.
Comparative Study of International Energy Security Strategies
Authors: Fan Jiao Yan , Huang Wen Bo
Published: June 2012

With the increasingly tense global situation, international interests chains are more complicated. Energy is playing an important role. The scientific formulation and implementation of Energy strategy are not only benefit to a country's domestic development, but also greatly affect a country's international status in the world stage. Therefore the study of international energy strategy is necessary. This article first analyzes the current energy situation of China, then makes a comparison of different countries’energy security strategies, raises some useful recommendations to Chinese energy security strategy in the end.
Reflection and Proposals on International Energy Cooperation in China
Authors: Lv Lian Hong , Luo Hong , Zhao Juan , Xue Jie
Published: June 2012

This paper analysis on the international energy security situation and the energy consumption characteristics, and the proposals on international energy cooperation in China are put forward. With the sustained growth of energy consumption, fragile price system, intense conflict of energy politics, serious problems of energy and environment, the international energy security situation had been not optimistic. Due to the characteristics like large consumption, rapid growth, coal-based energy structure, low energy efficiency, high dependence on imports, serious environmental problems, increasing use of new energy and renewable energy, fruitful but troubled energy saving, required China to participate in international energy cooperation widely. In China international energy cooperation should be based on the principle of mutual benefit, technology sharing and dialogue & consultation, to ensure the conventional energy supply as fundamental goal, to develop and utilize new energy & renewable energy as direction, to establish energy-themed dialogue & communication as important pathway.
Design of Powertrain Control System in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on MCU C8051F020
Authors: Wang Peng , Qin Qin , Liu Bao Kun , Jiang Shu Gang , Li Hong Lian
Published: June 2012

Under the dual pressure of the energy and environmental protection， hybrid vehicles is becoming the mainstream of automotive industry development in the new century. In this paper,it is conducted theoretical research aimed at that hybrid electric vehicle powertrain control system (ISG).It is designed C8051F020 MCU for the electronic control unit (ECU), made the use of Hall sensors, through the signal acquisition, A/D conversion processing, multi-channel acquisition ECU determine the car's driving conditions and the analysis and calculation based on the amount of signal acquisition, respectively, to control the engine via the CAN bus, motor and battery to increase vehicle power, save fuel and reduce the amount of emissions purposes. It has design more reasonable ISG control system based on theory in the design.
Development of a Powertrain System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Chen Hong Tao , Wang Ren Guang , Zhang Lin Tao , Yu Chao
Published: June 2012

A new type hybrid power train system was developed for HEV, which can works as power coupling and transmission mechanism with three input shafts, one output shaft and fixed transmission ratios. The HEV adopting this new device can realize three operation modes: hybrid power driving mode, pure electric propulsion mode and electricity generation mode at vehicle stop condition. It can make engine work at optimum fuel consumption area, utilize motor to provide high start torque and realize modes conversion transform at probable rotation speed. The whole structure of this system is simple and easy manufactured, which can meet vehicle driving requirements at complicated conditions.
Research on Developing Route of the New Energy Vehicle Technology in China
Authors: Liu Li Fang , Jia Yan , Wu Zhu Qing
Published: June 2012

In this paper, multidimensional evaluation model is made to select and analysis the new energy vehicles developing direction, namely to maturity, cost, energy resources, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency and technical characteristics. And the research results show that, China should take the new energy vehicle technology line with "oil-electric hybrid, pure electric, improved hybrid- hydrogen fuel cell (hydrogen power), rechargeable hybrid" as the main line, and adjustment should be made with the technology innovation, industrial development, conditions and so on.
Research of Impacts on Power Systems by Electric Vehicle Charging in China
Authors: Zhu Gui Ping , Lu Zong Xiang
Published: June 2012

Battery Electric vehicle (BEV) has been set as one of the most prominent sectors of automobile industry in China in the future due to its significant contribution to energy safety, low carbon emission and leading technology status in vehicle driven by new energy. High penetration of BEV will have obvious impacts on power systems, and its load characteristics are quite different from those traditional loads. Therefore with an eye on the safe, stable and economic operation of power system, this paper studied the impacts of EV on power systems from four aspects: total electricity demand, power rush in short period, power quality and vehicle to grid (V2G) technology. Total electricity demand by BEV charging in 2020 in China was firstly estimated in the paper, and it is sure that power system has the capability to meet this demand. However uncontrolled massive BEV charging will probably results in higher peak load and upgrading requirement of power systems, so orderly charging is required. EV battery is charged through rectifier, which will decrease power quality by harmonic current, therefore power electronic equipment is required to ensure power quality. Finally possibility of scheme of vehicle to grid (V2G) application is discussed when the scale of BEV is large enough and performance of EV battery is greatly improved.
The Realization of μC/OS-II in BMS and its Performance Analysis
Authors: Yu Yuan Bin , Min Hai Tao , Qu Xiao Dong , Guo Jun
Published: June 2012

μC/OS-II is one of RTOS which has remarkable advantages, such as high reliability, high real-time ability, and easy code scalability. This paper transplanted it into BMS on electric vehicle successfully which was based on MC9S12XDP512 MCU hardware platform. Using quantitative comparison under specific tests, this paper also verified the real-time and reliability advantages of μC/OS-II.
Study on the Highway Tunnel Lighting with Spectrum Superposition
Authors: Yang Yong , Han Wen Yuan , Wang Lei
Published: June 2012

The lighting level of highway tunnel is usually under mesopic vision condition, but the traditional luminance and illuminance test are corrected by photopic vision spectral luminous efficiency. According to the difference of spectral luminous efficiency between photopic and mesopic, the lighting with different peak wavelength would provide various ratios of radiation / photometric flux. Four kinds of narrowband light sources with the same tested flux were stacked up in white LED and HPS respectively, through equivalent brightness calculation, the most efficient spectral wavelength were obtained under mesopic condition.
A Prediction Method about Central Heating Parameters Based on BP Neural Networks
Authors: Sha Bao Liang , Zhang Zhen , Gao Bing Kun , Liu Ming , Yuan Shu Fang
Published: June 2012

First, combined with the theory of heating operation adjustment, the advising heat is determined; Then, BP neural network is used to seek the mapping relationship among the outdoor temperature, system flow, supplying and returning water temperature, etc. This method achieved higher prediction accuracy, and energy-saving effect is remarkable.
Analysis on Heat Loss Due to Improper Opening Window of Teaching Building
Authors: Wang Rui , Zhao Jing Ye , Wang Wen Hai
Published: June 2012

By taking a teaching building of one university in Beijing as an example, this paper calculated the heat loss owing to long time opening window of classrooms in winter and compared the heat loss to the heat which is saved by external thermal insulation of exterior wall of the teaching building through method of air changes. The paper aims at enhancing people's awareness on energy saving and improving “Behavior Energy Conservation” to the same status of "Technology Energy Conservation".
Application of Ecological Building Materials to Building Skins Design and Thoughts Thereon
Authors: Liu Xiao Dong , Feng Xin Qun , Zhang Jian Chao
Published: June 2012

As people’s aesthetic requirements on building change, building skins is drawing more and more attention, and the study on its material carrier will greatly promote expression of skin design. By taking the application of ecological building materials to building skins as studying mainline, the article points out the innovative application and expression of new ecological materials to skin design, and summarizes the diversity and development trend of ecological skin material based on technical support. At the same time, the paper also reflects in artistry and technicality and the revelation gained from new ecological building skins studies, and proposes suggestions about how to make technical, humanity, environmental protecting, spiritual and artistic ecological building skins materials.
Solar Cell Defects Detection Using Lock-In Amplifier
Authors: Leong Iat Fai , Fang Jing Jing , Liao Joseph
Published: June 2012

In this research we present a Lock-In amplifier photoluminescence image (PLI) detection system. Using a commercially available CCD camera, combined with a modulated excitation light source system, Lock-In amplifier technique is employed to enhance the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of the image. Using a high resolution camera, we developed a high spatial resolution non-contact inspection system for solar cell. Each solar cell can be examined within 2s relevant for inline processing control.
Potentials Analysis of Carbon Mitigation and Energy Consumption Reduction of Shanghai Non-Residential Buildings
Authors: Bai Wei , Long Wei Ding
Published: June 2012

The aim of this study is to analyze the potentials of energy consumption and the energy-related carbon reduction of Shanghai non-residential buildings, to discuss the contributions of positive policies. This study uses system dynamic tool to examine the behaviour of the complex social-economic-energy system over time. This study defines three types of scenarios, BAU (business-as-usual), reference and ambitious scenarios in which policies on sustainability and technology progress are different. In order to highlight the importance of policies, this study adds several sub-scenarios and compares the contributions of them. The results show that Shanghai can reduce by at most 22% of building energy use and 30.9% of the energy-related carbon emissions by 2020 on the 2005 baseline. The strong economic incentives, including both encouraging and punishment measures are quite helpful for Shanghai building energy efficiency and CO2 reduction.
Reason and Disadvantage of the Short-Lived Residential House in China
Authors: Li Guo Liang , Zhang Jian Ping
Published: June 2012

There was a strange phenomenon in residential while city construction was on everywhere and market of real estate was prosperous in China. The absolute demolishing area and the ratio of demolishing area to completed area was consistent increasing. Poor performance of residential, unreasonable planning and design, quality problems and interest-driven are the main reasons through analysis. The serious waste of resource and pollution of environment have been resulted from the building and demolishing in a large-scale. At the same time, the demolition will destroy history and characteristics of the city, and will raise the real estate prices. The disadvantage was serious to country and social. The strange phenomenon should be arousing the whole society.
Residential Building Energy Conservation Status and Residential Low Carbon Technical Type’s Analysis
Authors: Hua Yi Xiong , Li Xiao Qiong , Dong Wen Xuan
Published: June 2012

Series of low-carbon concepts, whose purpose is to make use of natural resources reasonably by reducing carbon emissions, innovating concepts, techniques and standards, are caused by sustainable development nowadays. From the perspective of residential construction, the author would discuss the feasibility of applying low carbon technology in buildings. Also he would give a specific analysis for different types of low carbon techniques to different residential buildings.
Study on Fault Detection for Photovoltaic Array Using Infrared Image
Authors: Zhang Zi Yang , Shi Jun Sheng , Zhang Jing Yu , Wu Xu Qing , Li Ming
Published: June 2012

This paper provides proof of concept for a technique that uses high resolution thermal infrared imager to detect faults for outdoor operation photovoltaic array. An experimental study focused on two situations was tested: abnormal emitting heat of monocrystalline silicon solar cells (hot spot); open circuit fault of photovoltaic array. Experimental results show that the infrared image could clearly give prominence to the faulty solar cell or PV array. The back surface temperature of solar cell with hot spot is higher than normal ones with 13.2°C in mean value，and the back surface temperature of open circuit PV array is higher than normal ones with 2.8°C in mean value.
Smoke Suppressant and Flame Retardant Properties of PVC/Zinc Hydroxystannate Composites
Authors: Yang Ling , Wang Yong Yi
Published: June 2012

The effects of zinc hydroxystannte on the flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant properties of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) as well as their mechanism for flame retardancy and smoke suppression were studied through the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL94 test, smoke density test, cone calorimeter, and ESEM. The results show that incorporation of a small amount of ZHS can greatly increase the LOI of PVC and reduce the smoke density of PVC during combustion. The cone data and ESEM analyses results show that incorporation of a small amount of ZHS greatly promotes the char formation of PVC and decreases the amount of hazardous gases released in PVC during combustion.
The Application and Selection of Stainless Steel in Architecture
Authors: Xu Jian Feng , Li Bing
Published: June 2012

The characteristics of stainless steel, notably its corrosion resistance, aesthetic appearance and mechanical properties, make it ideally suited for many architectural applications. Optimum performance is achieved by taking into account these characteristics when designing in stainless steel. The paper based on the idea of sustainable development analyses the outstanding features of stainless steel.
Survey on Status and Developmental Strategy on Solar Energy Industry in JiaXing City, China
Authors: Yang Ji Chun , Gu Zhi Pan , Yang Xue Bin , Zhou Xiang Jiang
Published: June 2012

The research team on solar energy of Institute of HVAC in Jiaxing University has made survey on solar energy enterprises in Jiaxing City since September 2009.The results of survey indicate, the quantities of solar company registered more than 1100 in Jiaxing city. All of the solar companies distribute in all counties in Jiaxing, but most solar companies concentrated in the Haining County. Jiaxing’s solar energy industry have formed a complete industry chain, including the rough tube production, the evacuated tube production, the water tank production, the sealing silicone ring production, the stand production, the getter production, the solar water heater and the solar energy project and so on. The solar energy industry also appears some difficulties at present in Jiaxing, In order to solve all these difficulties, the local government, the solar energy enterprises, the local colleges need to be union, and give advice and suggestions for the solar energy industry development in Jiaxing
Effect of Pozzolanic Materials and Poling Field on Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient of Cement-Based Piezoelectric Composites
Authors: Lin Dung Hung , Pan Huang Hsing , Jiang Chang Geng , Hung Hui Chuan
Published: June 2012

Electromechanical coupling coefficient of cement-based piezoelectric composites affected by pozzolanic materials and poling field are investigated. Specimens, through a pressure approach, are manufactured by combining PZT powders and cement-based binder with the same volume fraction. Pozzolanic materials including fly ash, slag and silica fume replace 20% cement in the binder. Three poling fields are considered to induce piezoelectricity of 0-3 cement-based composites. Results show that electromechanical coupling coefficients do not have many fluctuations in terms of material ages for any cement-pozzolanic piezoelectric composites. With the same volumetric substitutes of pozzolanic materials, the electromechanical coupling coefficient with pozzolanic materials except fly ash is lower than that with plain cement, especially for silica fume having a 7.9% decrease. Raising poling field can increase electromechanical coupling coefficients. Polarization of cement-based piezoelectric composites containing silica fume in low poling fields such as 0.5kV/mm and 1kV/mm is not easy to complete.
An Experimental Study on Pavement Performance and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Cold Recycled Mixtures Consisted of Modified Asphalt Emulsion-Cement Binders
Authors: Guo Yin Tao , Liu Zhen Qing , Liu Qing Quan , Yi Xiao Ming
Published: June 2012

The objective of this study is to evaluate pavement performance and dynamic mechanical properties of cold recycled mixtures consisted of modified asphalt emulsion-cement binder (CRMC). A cold recycled mixture design procedure that includes original material selection and gradation design has been applied. Then pavement performance of CRMC has been comparatively analyzed with the recycled mixtures without cement by theoretical and experimental methods. In addition, the tests for dynamic mechanical properties of CRMC have been conducted. The overall performance tests results indicate that CRMC has good strength, moisture stability, high temperature stability, low temperature stability, anti-shrinkage and fatigue resistance properties compared to the cold recycled mixtures without cement; Dynamic mechanical properties confirm that CRMC are similar to the hot mixtures asphalt (HMA), although a certain amount of cement is added.
Cement-Bonded Chip Boards Using Hemp and Energy by-Products in Civil Engineering
Authors: Melichar Tomáš , Bydžovský Jiří , Keprdová Šárka
Published: June 2012

The aim of the research presented in this article was studying the basic physico-mechanical parameters of cement-bonded chip boards with hemp used as filler and by-products of energy production applied when modifying the bonding component. Determining and evaluating the basic parameters of boards of modified composition allowed for assessment of the effect of adding or substituting the bonding component within the cement chip board matrix. The work focused on the flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and density. In terms of anomalies in the cement matrix, i.e. uncommon crystalline phases in cement composites, representative samples were selected for differentially thermal and X-ray diffraction analysis.
The Frost Resistance of High Strength Concrete Containing Super-Fine Mineral Admixture
Authors: Li Hong Fang , Xia Yi
Published: June 2012

The influence of limestone powder, lithium slag and air-entraining agent on frost resistance of concretes was investigated by freezing-thawing cycle tests. The elastic moduli and weight loss rates of concretes before and after tests were checked. The results show the introduction of limestone powder into concrete is disadvantageous to its frost resistance, which gets worse as limestone powder contents increase. Air-entraining agent used in concrete can improve its frost resistance. The frost resistance grades of concrete containing a certain of air-entraining agent (0.2-0.4‰) can reach F1500, while it is below F300 for limestone powder concrete which is absent of air-entraining agent. The addition of lithium slag into concrete is helpful to frost resistance, and optimum mixing amount is 10%.