bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc(II) Triflate‐Catalyzed Divergent Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Pyrroles.
Authors: Attanasi Orazio A. , Berretta Stefano , De Crescentini Lucia , Favi Gianfranco , Giorgi Gianluca , Mantellini Fabio , Nicolini Simona
Published: July 2011

A detailed and extended account on previously published studies is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Assembling Zirconium and Calcium Moieties Through an Oxygen Center for an Intramolecular Hydroamination Reaction: A Single System for Double Activation.
Authors: Mukherjee Arup , Nembenna Sharanappa , Sen Tamal K. , Sarish Sankaranarayana Pillai , Ghorai Pradip Kr. , Ott Holger , Stalke Dietmar , Mandal Swadhin K. , Roesky Herbert W.
Published: July 2011

The two different catalytically active metal centers in the catalyst can be used to activate primary and secondary aminoalkenes (calcium for primary and zirconium for secondary amines).
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 4‐tert‐Butyl 2‐Ethyl 3‐Amino‐1‐benzyl‐5‐dialkylamino‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,4‐dicarboxylate Derivatives.
Authors: Nishio Yukihiro , Uchiyama Katsuya , Kito Makoto , Nakahira Hiroyuki
Published: July 2011

A novel four‐step synthesis of title pyrrole‐dicarboxylates (V) and (VIII) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd/C‐Catalyzed Reductive Formylation of Indoles and Quinolines Using Formic Acid.
Authors: Kulkani Aditya , Gianatassio Ryan , Toeroek Bela
Published: July 2011

An efficient synthesis of pharmacologically important N‐formylindoline and related tetrahydroquinoline/isoquinoline structures is possible in one step from the corresponding parent heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction of (N‐Alkyl) Isatins with 2‐(Trimethylsilyloxy)furan by Using Lanthanum Triflate.
Authors: Meshram Harshadas Mitaram , Ramesh Palakuri , Reddy Bandi Chennakesava , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Yadav Jhillu Singh
Published: July 2011

Title reaction provides access towards 3‐hydroxy‐3‐(dihydrofuranyl)indoles in good yields and moderate to good diastereoselectivities (up to 90% d.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Rapid Analogue Synthesis of 1,3‐(or 1,5‐)Diphenyl‐4‐aryl/heteroaryl‐5‐(or 3‐)(methylthio)pyrazoles via Suzuki Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Khan Taukeer A. , Kumar Sarvesh , Venkatesh Chelvam , Ila Hiriyakkanavar
Published: July 2011

Cross‐coupling of the bromides or iodides of the substituted isomeric diphenyl(methylthio)pyrazoles with a wide range or aromatic and heteroaromatic boronic acids tolerates many functional groups and affords the products with high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis and Anticancer Studies of 2‐Arylamino‐5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles.
Authors: Kumar Dalip , Vaddula Buchi Reddy , Chang Kuei‐Hua , Shah Kavita
Published: July 2011

An expeditious one‐pot synthesis of 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles (III) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: γ‐Alumina as a Recyclable Catalyst for the Four‐Component Synthesis of 6‐Amino‐4‐alkyl/aryl‐3‐methyl‐2,4‐dihydropyrano [2,3‐c]pyrazole‐5‐carbonitriles in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Mecadon Hormi , Rohman Md. Rumum , Rajbangshi Mantu , Myrboh Bekington
Published: July 2011

The mild and environmentally friendly process allows access to various highly substituted derivatives of the pharmaceutically important title scaffold.
ChemInform Abstract: Ester Derivatives of Kojic Acid and Polyphenols Containing Adamantane Moiety with Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Antiinflammatory Properties.
Authors: Rho Ho Sik , Goh Myeongin , Lee Jaekyoung , Ahn Soo Mi , Yeon Jaeho , Yoo Dae Sung , Kim Duck Hee , Kim Han Gon , Cho Jae Youl
Published: July 2011

New compounds (Ia) and (IIa) exhibit potent inhibitory activities against tyrosinase.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (1R,2R)‐DPEN‐Derived Triazolium Salts and Their Application in Asymmetric Intramolecular Stetter Reactions.
Authors: Jia Min‐Qiang , Li Yi , Rong Zi‐Qiang , You Shu‐Li
Published: July 2011

Among 4 ligands prepared, TRI is found to be the most efficient one to produce benzopyrans and thiopyran (VI) in good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Intramolecular Ullmann‐Type O‐Arylation: Synthesis of Chromone Derivatives.
Authors: Zhao Jie , Zhao Yufen , Fu Hua
Published: July 2011

The synthesis of chromone derivatives works without any transition metals.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of Coumarins by Iron(III)‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of Propiolic Acids and Phenols.
Authors: Kutubi Md. Shahajahan , Hashimoto Takuya , Kitamura Tsugio
Published: July 2011

Hydroarylation under conditions A) allows the efficient synthesis of coumarin various derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Isoquinolines by Imination and Subsequent Palladacycle‐Catalyzed Iminoannulation of Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Yang Fan , Zhang Junli , Wu Yangjie
Published: July 2011

Mostly mixtures of the isoquinolines and indenones are obtained from aldehyde substrates with the former as major ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Pathways for Cyclizations of Hydrazine‐Derived 2‐(2‐Cyanovinyl)‐3‐oxo‐cyclohex‐1‐ene Enolates.
Authors: Yermolayev Sergey A. , Gorobets Nickolay Yu. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Shishkina Svetlana V. , Leadbeater Nicholas E.
Published: July 2011

The one‐pot three‐step procedures are developed for the preparation of 3‐cyano‐2‐pyridones [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Convenient Synthesis of N3‐(Acyloxymethyl)dihydropyrimidinones by a One‐Pot Two‐Step Method.
Authors: Quan Zheng‐Jun , Ren Rong‐Guo , Da Yu‐Xia , Zhang Zhang , Wang Xi‐Cun
Published: July 2011

The presented method allows the synthesis of acyloxy functionalized dihydropyrimidinones (IV) without the need for employing the respective acid chlorides or anhydrides as reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Ethyl 5‐Acetyl‐3,4‐dihydropyridine‐1(2H)‐carboxylate with 1,3‐N,N‐Bis‐nucleophiles: A Facile Access to Novel Pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Maximov Nazar B. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K. , Kisel Andrei I. , Voitenko Zoia V. , Tolmachev Andrey A.
Published: July 2011

It is demonstrated that the tetrahydropyridine derivative (II) undergoes ring‐opening reaction with different amidine‐type 1,3‐N,N‐bis‐nucleophiles to give pyrimidines in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Catalytic Method for Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of Quinoxalines by Zirconium (IV) Oxide Chloride Octahydrate under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Jafarpour Maasoumeh , Rezaeifard Abdolreza , Heidari Mahdieh
Published: July 2011

An environmentally benign method for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives via Zr(IV)‐catalyzed condensation of 1,2‐diamines with 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Controlled Highly Regioselective and Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinoxalines Catalyzed by Ruthenium N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes.
Authors: Urban Slawomir , Ortega Nuria , Glorius Frank
Published: July 2011

The first homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of bicyclic heteroaromatic compounds leading to the selective hydrogenation of the carbocyclic ring is presented using a chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene complex.
ChemInform Abstract: The Multicomponent Reaction of Imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridine Carbenes with Phthalaldehydes and Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate: A Facile Construction of Benzo[d]furo[3,2‐b]azepines.
Authors: Pan Huan‐Rui , Wang Xiao‐Rong , Yan Cai‐Xia , Sun Zhong‐Xin , Cheng Ying
Published: July 2011

The resulting fused heterocycles are fluorescent with long emission wavelengths and high fluorescence quantum yields.
ChemInform Abstract: An Straightforward Entry to New Pyrazolo‐Fused Dibenzo[1,4]diazepines.
Authors: Hernandez Susana , Moreno Isabel , SanMartin Raul , Herrero Maria Teresa , Dominguez Esther
Published: July 2011

The title compounds are prepared by a tandem sequence amine‐exchange/heterocyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of an Isomerization‐Ring‐Closing Metathesis Strategy to the Synthesis of Unsaturated Seven‐Membered, Benzo‐Fused Heterocycles Containing Two Heteroatoms.
Authors: Yadav Dharmendra B. , Morgans Garreth L. , Aderibigbe Blessing A. , Madeley Lee G. , Fernandes Manuel A. , Michael Joseph P. , de Koning Charles B. , van Otterlo Willem A. L.
Published: July 2011

Metathesis of (X) and (XI) proceeds only under the microwave‐assisted conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Reaction of Tellurium Tetrachloride with Allyltrimethylsilane.
Authors: Martynov A. V. , Makhaeva N. A. , Larina L. I. , Amosova S. V.
Published: July 2011

The reaction proceeds through a two‐step 1,3‐substitution of the silyl group.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Six‐Membered Azanickelacycles by Oxidative Addition of Cyclopropyl Imines to Nickel(0).
Authors: Tamaki Takashi , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: July 2011

The first formation of the title compounds of type (III) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A Formal Synthesis of Antimalarial Diterpenoid 7,20‐Diisocyanoadociane.
Authors: Miyaoka Hiroaki , Okubo Yusuke , Muroi Makiko , Mitome Hidemichi , Kawashima Etsuko
Published: July 2011

Corey′s synthethic intermediate (V) for the synthesis of the title compound can be obtained by using a sequential isomerization‐intramolecular Diels—Alder reaction as the key step, cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Cladieunicellins A—E, New Eunicellins from an Indonesian Soft Coral Cladiella sp.
Authors: Sung Ping‐Jyun , et al. et al.
Published: July 2011

Five new eunicellin‐type diterpenoids cladieunicellins A—E (I)—(IV) are isolated from an Indonesian soft coral identified as Cladiella sp.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure Inducing Ionic Liquids—Enhancement of Alpha Helicity in the Abeta(1—40) Peptide from Alzheimer′s Disease
Authors: Debeljuh Natalie , Barrow Colin J. , Henderson Luke , Byrne Nolene
Published: July 2011

[influence of the concentration of the ionic liquid triethylammonium mesylate on the secondary structure of amyloid fibrils]
ChemInform Abstract: Antiinflammatory Alkaloids from the Stems of Picrasma quassioides Bennet.
Authors: Jiao Wei‐Hua , Gao Hao , Zhao Feng , Lin Hou‐Wen , Pan Yu‐Min , Zhou Guang‐Xiong , Yao Xin‐Sheng
Published: July 2011

Seven new β‐carboline alkaloids (I) and (II) are isolated from the anti‐inflammatory CHCl3‐soluble fraction.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of a Bisglycosyl Kaempferol from Fagonia taeckholmiana.
Authors: Liu Qingchao , Li Wenhong , Guo Tiantian , Li Dong , Fan Zhen , Yan Suihong
Published: July 2011

The first total synthesis of the title compound (VII) from kaempferol derivative (I) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparations of Anthraquinone and Naphthoquinone Derivatives and Their Cytotoxic Effects.
Authors: Cui Xing‐Ri , Saito Ryota , Kubo Takatsugu , Kon Daijiro , Hirano Yuich , Saito Setsuo
Published: July 2011

Synthesis and biological evaluation of chrysophanol and menadione derivatives are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanochemical Processing of Non‐Oxide Systems with Highly Covalent Bonds
Authors: Sopicka‐Lizer Malgorzata
Published: July 2011

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrolytes and Interphasial Chemistry in Li Ion Devices
Authors: Xu Kang
Published: July 2011

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal—Oxide Interfaces. Where the Action Is
Authors: Stair Peter C.
Published: July 2011

Review: 4 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Crystal Chemistry of Oxoniccolates of the Alkali‐, Alkaline Earth and Rare Earth Metals
Authors: Mueller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl
Published: July 2011

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkynes
Authors: Muzart Jacques
Published: July 2011

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: MIL‐101 Supported Polyoxometalates: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications in Selective Liquid‐Phase Oxidation
Authors: Maksimchuk Nataliya V. , Kholdeeva Oxana A. , Kovalenko Konstantin A. , Fedin Vladimir P.
Published: July 2011

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Organic Catalysts
Authors: Chiang Pei‐Chen , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: July 2011

Review: 121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Chemoenzymatic Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Chen Feifei , Zhang Fangkai , Wang Anming , Li Haifeng , Wang Qiuyan , Zeng Zhaowu , Wang Shuling , Xie Tian
Published: July 2011

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Insight into Our Research on Vinyl Sulfone Modified Pyranosides and Furanosides
Authors: Pathak Tanmaya , Bhattacharya Rahul
Published: July 2011

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclodextrins and Their Applications in Aqueous‐Phase Metal‐Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Hapiot Frederic , Ponchel Anne , Tilloy Sebastien , Monflier Eric
Published: July 2011

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylgermanes
Authors: Spivey A. C. , Tseng C.‐C.
Published: July 2011

Review: 16 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Metallic Nature of Carbon in Allenes and Heterocumulenes
Authors: Alcarazo Manuel
Published: July 2011

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Development of Fullerenol Research
Authors: Goswami T. H. , Singh Rachana
Published: July 2011

Review: 165 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Alkene Functionalization via Nucleopalladation: Stereochemical Pathways and Enantioselective Catalytic Applications
Authors: McDonald Richard I. , Liu Guosheng , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: July 2011

Review: 262 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Elisidepsin: Antineoplastic Agent
Authors: Coronado C. , Galmarini C. M. , Alfaro V. , Yovine A.
Published: July 2011

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Molecular Bipeds
Authors: Perez Emilio M.
Published: July 2011

Review: 17 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: J‐Aggregates: From Serendipitous Discovery to Supramolecular Engineering of Functional Dye Materials.
Authors: Wuerthner Frank , Kaiser Theo E. , Saha‐Moeller Chantu R.
Published: July 2011

Review: major classes of colorants forming J‐aggregates, supramolecular construction principles, optical properties, perspectives for applications; ca. 350 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress of Isocyanide‐Based Multicomponent Reactions in Iran
Authors: Shaabani Ahmad , Maleki Ali , Rezayan Ali Hossein , Sarvary Afshin
Published: July 2011

Review: 240 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Exogenous Nitric Oxide Donors in the Series of C‐Nitro Compounds
Authors: Granik V. G. , Grigoriev N. B.
Published: July 2011

Review: 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Micellar Media in Radical Scavenging Ability of Flavonoids
Authors: Shah Syed Sakhawat , Shah Syed Waqar Hussain
Published: July 2011

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetics Smart Nanopores and Nanochannels
Authors: Hou Xu , Guo Wei , Jiang Lei
Published: July 2011

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry in Human Telomere Biology: Structure, Function and Targeting of Telomere DNA/RNA
Authors: Xu Yan
Published: July 2011

Review: 412 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biohybrid Block Copolymers: Towards Functional Micelles and Vesicles
Authors: Fuks Gad , Talom Renee Mayap , Gauffre Fabienne
Published: July 2011

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Studies of Room Temperature Ionic Liquid—Water Mixtures
Authors: Bhargava B. L. , Yasaka Yoshiro , Klein Michael L.
Published: July 2011

Review: 112 refs.
Structural and conformational features relevant to the anti‐tumor activity of calicheamicin γ
Authors: Ellestad George A.
Published: July 2011

The structural and conformational features of the potent 10‐membered enediyne‐containing calicheamicin γ that account for its remarkable DNA site‐specific binding and cleavage are reviewed. A variety of spectroscopic and biophysical techniques were used to gain insight into the binding and stereospecific DNA cleavage of this potent antitumor agent. These include gel‐shift cleavage assays, atom transfer NMR experiments, drug‐DNA conformational studies, circular dichroism, and capillary electrophoresis. Computational descriptions are described for the DNA binding and cleavage of calicheamicin and its activated transient intermediates based on density functional and molecular mechanics calculations. In addition, the structure and clinical utility of calicheamicin immunoconjugates for antibody‐targeted chemotherapy is presented. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Glutarimide Alkaloids Cordiarimides A, B, Crotonimides A, B, and Julocrotine
Authors: Teng Bo , Zheng Jianfeng , Huang Huiying , Huang Peiqiang
Published: July 2011

Five glutarimide alkaloids cordiarimide A (5), cordiarimide B (6), crotonimide A (3), crotonimide B (4), and julocrotine (2) have been synthesized starting from Boc‐L‐glutamine (7). The benzylic alcohol chiral centre of cordiarimides B (6) has been established in 6:1 diastereoselectivity by catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation using Zhou's catalytic system Pd(CF3CO2)2/(R,R)‐Me‐DuPhos.
A Concise Synthesis of the HCV Protease Inhibitor BILN 2061 and Its P3 Modified Analogs
Authors: Liu Dejun , Dong Jingchao , Yin Yunxing , Ma Rujian , Shi Yifeng , Wu Hao , Chen Shuhui , Li Ge
Published: July 2011

A concise synthesis of BILN 2061 was achieved through more efficient installation of P2 4‐quinoline moiety via SN2 displacement of the β‐OBs group located on the 4‐hydroxyl proline intermediate, which was prepared from 4‐α‐hydroxyl proline analog via Mitsunobu reaction with inversion of stereochemistry. In addition, a short and practical synthesis for P3 unit is also described herein. Final assembly of four fragments for BILN 2061 was achieved with an overall yield of 58% in 4 steps from P1 to 15a. Furthermore several analogs of BILN 2061 (WX‐1–WX‐5) containing modifications on P3 unit were synthesized successfully using the same synthetic route as described for the parent inhibitor BILN 2061.
Measurement error modeling and nutritional epidemiology association analyses
Authors: Prentice Ross L. , Huang Ying
Published: July 2011

This article summarizes the results of a Nutrient Biomarker Study in the Women's Health Initiative, and its application to studies of the association between energy and protein consumption and the risk of major cancers and cardiovascular diseases. The presentation emphasizes measurement error modeling and related data analysis methods, since addressing measurement issues appears to be central to these topics and to progress in nutritional epidemiology more generally. The manner in which body mass index is modeled in disease association analysis is particularly challenging, since it could serve as a mediator or as a confounder of the association, and at the same time contributes valuably to energy and protein consumption assessment. A hazard ratio parameter estimation procedure that acknowledges body mass index as a possible mediating variable is described and applied. Some aspects of the future nutritional epidemiology research agenda are briefly discussed, including an ongoing human feeding study to develop biomarkers for additional dietary components. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 39: 498–509; 2011 © 2011 Statistical Society of Canada
Submembranous septins as relatively stable components of actin‐based membrane skeleton
Authors: Hagiwara Akari , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Hikawa Rie , Morone Nobuhiro , Kusumi Akihiro , Kimura Hiroshi , Kinoshita Makoto
Published: July 2011

The cell cortex is organized by the dynamic interplay between the plasma membrane, membrane proteins, and the cytoskeleton. Despite the cortical localization of septin heteropolymers in vivo and their direct interaction with phospholipid membranes in vitro, their behavior and roles remain elusive. This study characterizes the major cortical septin assembly found in mammalian tissue culture cells by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis. GFP‐tagged septin subunits, which colocalized with cortical actin, exhibited slower turnover than some other cortical proteins that were analyzed (e.g., actin, syntaxin‐1A and a glutamate aspartate transporter [GLAST]). Perturbation of actin turnover by cytochalasin D or jasplakinolide retarded the cortical septin turnover, while septin depletion by RNAi did not recognizably affect cortical actin turnover. These phenomena are compatibly interpreted by septins' selective association with a subset of actin‐based membrane skeleton, as revealed by rapid‐freeze deep‐etch immuno‐replica electron microscopy. We applied the assay system to test septins' presumptive scaffold function on their physiological binding partners. Septin filament destabilization by RNAi‐mediated subunit depletion facilitated the turnover of GLAST, depending on the carboxyl‐terminal 29 residues, while a septin filament‐stabilizing drug forchlorfenuron restrained more GLAST in the unexchangeable fraction. These data indicate that cortical septin heteropolymers are components of the actin‐based membrane skeleton providing scaffolds for their interacting partners probably by impeding their lateral diffusion. We predict that diverse submembranous septin clusters found in vivo may serve as scaffolds or reserve pools for specific membrane‐bound proteins. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Derivatives of Benzimidazol‐2‐ylquinoline and Benzimidazol‐2‐ylisoquinoline as Selective A1 Adenosine Receptor Antagonists with Stimulant Activity on Human Colon Motility
Authors: Cosimelli Barbara , Taliani Sabrina , Greco Giovanni , Novellino Ettore , Sala Annalisa , Severi Elda , Da Settimo Federico , La Motta Concettina , Pugliesi Isabella , Antonioli Luca , Fornai Matteo , Colucci Rocchina , Blandizzi Corrado , Daniele Simona , Trincavelli Maria Letizia , Martini Claudia
Published: July 2011

A number of quinolines and isoquinolines connected in various ways to a substituted benzimidazol‐2‐yl system were synthesized and evaluated as novel antagonists of adenosine receptors (ARs) by competition experiments using human A1, A2A, and A3 ARs. The new compounds were designed based on derivatives of 2‐(benzimidazol‐2‐yl)quinoxaline, previously reported as potent and selective antagonists of A1 and A3 ARs. Among these, 3‐[4‐(ethylthio)‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl]isoquinoline 4 b exhibited the best combination of potency toward the A1 AR (Ki=1.4 nM) and selectivity against the A2A (Ki>10 μm), A2B (Ki>10 μm), and A3 ARs (Ki>1 μM). Functional experiments in circular smooth muscle preparations of isolated human colon showed that 4 b behaves as a potent and selective antagonist of the A1 AR in the neuromuscular compartment of this intestinal region. Biological and pharmacological data suggest that 4 b is a suitable starting point for the development of novel agents endowed with stimulant properties on colonic activity.
Exploring racial differences in outcome and treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Polite Blase N. , Sing Amy , Sargent Daniel J. , Grothey Axel , Berlin Jordan , Kozloff Mark , Feng Shibao
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with metastatic colorectal cancer than whites and have shorter survival once they are diagnosed. In this analysis, the authors examined racial differences in clinical outcomes among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who received bevacizumab.

METHODS:

The study cohort consisted of 1589 white patients (81.4%) and 227 African American patients (11.6%) with mCRC who received front‐line bevacizumab therapy and who were enrolled in a large, predominantly community‐based, prospective, observational cohort study. Differences in time‐to‐event endpoints and response rates were examined by race. Differences in the incidence of baseline and treatment‐related toxicities associated with bevacizumab also were examined. Finally, differences in patterns of care by race were explored.

RESULTS:

The median overall survival was 22.6 months for African Americans and 22.9 months for whites, and the median progression‐free survival was 9.5 months for African Americans and 9.8 months for whites. Response rates (complete responses plus partial responses) were 37.5% for African Americans and 46.3% for whites (adjusted odds ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.50‐0.90). African Americans had higher rates of baseline diabetes (18.9% vs 11%; P = .002), higher rates of hypertension (52.9% vs 41.4%; P = .001), and worsening hypertension while on therapy (13.7% vs 8.9%; P = .02), but no differences in on‐treatment arterial thromboembolic events were observed.

CONCLUSIONS:

This large observational cohort study of patients with mCRC demonstrated that, when treated in a similar fashion with modern chemotherapy, African Americans and whites had equivalent cancer outcomes. No significant differences in bevacizumab‐related toxicity or patterns of care were observed between African Americans and whites. The lower response rate among African Americans deserves further study. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Identification of differentially expressed genes in breast tumors from African American compared with Caucasian women
Authors: Field Lori A. , Love Brad , Deyarmin Brenda , Hooke Jeffrey A. , Shriver Craig D. , Ellsworth Rachel E.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Breast tumors from African American women have less favorable pathological characteristics and higher mortality rates than those of Caucasian women. Although socioeconomic status may influence prognosis, biological factors are also likely to contribute to tumor behavior.

METHODS:

Patients with invasive breast cancer were matched by age, grade, and estrogen receptor status; patients with benign disease were matched by age and diagnosis type. RNA from laser microdissected tumors and whole‐sectioned nonmalignant breast tissues was hybridized to HG U133A 2.0 microarrays. Data were analyzed using Partek Genomics Suite using a cutoff of P < .001, >1.5‐fold change, and results were validated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS:

Clinicopathological factors did not differ significantly between groups for age at diagnosis, tumor size or stage, lymph node or human epidermal growth receptor 2 status, intrinsic subtype, or mortality. Two‐way analysis of the tumor specimens revealed 25 probes representing 23 genes differentially expressed between populations; hierarchical clustering classified 24 of 26 African American women and 25 of 26 Caucasian women correctly. In the nonmalignant specimens, 15 probes representing 13 genes were differentially expressed, including 5 genes that also differed in the tumor specimens; these genes were able to correctly classify nonmalignant breast specimens from 20 of 22 of African American women and all of the Caucasian women.

CONCLUSIONS:

Despite matching of tumors by pathological characteristics, molecular profiles differed between African American women and Caucasian women in both invasive tumors and benign breast tissues. These differentially expressed genes, including CRYBB2, PSPHL, and SOS1, are involved in cellular growth and differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and immune response and thus may contribute to the poor outcome in African American women. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Developmental transcription factor EN1—a novel biomarker in human salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma*
Authors: Bell Diana , Bell Achim , Roberts Dianna , Weber Randal S. , El‐Naggar Adel K.
Published: July 2011

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), a rare and progressive salivary malignancy, is characterized by histogenetic, morphologic, and clinical heterogeneity. Extensive efforts to characterize the molecular events associated with these tumors have included the identification of biomarkers for prognostication and post‐therapy assessment. In a previous study of genome‐wide methylation screening, the authors of the current report identified a limited number of differentially methylated gene regions in ACC, and significant hypermethylation was observed at the transcriptional start sites of genes that encode for the transcription factor engrailed homeobox 1 (EN1). Clinicopathologic correlation analyses indicated that EN1 methylation status is correlated with histologic tumor grade, tumor location, and final patient outcome. To ascertain definitively whether aberrant EN1 expression accompanies human salivary ACC, the authors used an immunohistochemical technique to directly evaluate EN1 protein expression in ACC of the salivary gland. The data revealed increased EN1 protein expression in solid type ACC, which was correlated with a significantly lower survival rate. The current results validated EN1 as a potential biomarker in a large cohort of patients with salivary ACC. Immunohistochemical analysis of EN1 in biopsy specimens obtained for diagnostic purposes and/or surgically resected material may reveal that EN1 is a biologic predictor of poor prognosis in patients with salivary ACC. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Diversity, variability, and suboesophageal connectivity of antennal lobe neurons in D. melanogaster larvae
Authors: Thum A.S. , Leisibach B. , Gendre N. , Selcho M. , Stocker R.F.
Published: July 2011

Whereas the “vertical” elements of the insect olfactory pathway, the olfactory receptor neurons and the projection neurons, have been studied in great detail, local interneurons providing “horizontal” connections in the antennal lobe were ignored for a long time. Recent studies in adult Drosophila demonstrate diverse roles for these neurons in the integration of odor information, consistent with the identification of a large variety of anatomical and neurochemical subtypes. Here we focus on the larval olfactory circuit of Drosophila, which is much reduced in terms of cell numbers. We show that the horizontal connectivity in the larval antennal lobe differs largely from its adult counterpart. Only one of the five anatomical types of neurons we describe is restricted to the antennal lobe and therefore fits the definition of a local interneuron. Interestingly, the four remaining subtypes innervate both the antennal lobe and the suboesophageal ganglion. In the latter, they may overlap with primary gustatory terminals and with arborizations of hugin cells, which are involved in feeding control. This circuitry suggests special links between smell and taste, which may reflect the chemosensory constraints of a crawling and burrowing lifestyle. We also demonstrate that many of the neurons we describe exhibit highly variable trajectories and arborizations, especially in the suboesophageal ganglion. Together with reports from adult Drosophila, these data suggest that wiring variability may be another principle of insect brain organization, in parallel with stereotypy. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3415–3432, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Migration of neuronal precursors from the telencephalic ventricular zone into the olfactory bulb in adult zebrafish
Authors: Kishimoto Norihito , Alfaro‐Cervello Clara , Shimizu Kohei , Asakawa Kazuhide , Urasaki Akihiro , Nonaka Shigenori , Kawakami Koichi , Garcia‐Verdugo Jose Manuel , Sawamoto Kazunobu
Published: July 2011

In the brain of adult mammals, neuronal precursors are generated in the subventricular zone in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles and migrate into the olfactory bulbs (OBs) through a well‐studied route called the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Recent studies have revealed that a comparable neural stem cell niche is widely conserved at the ventricular wall of adult vertebrates. However, little is known about the migration route of neuronal precursors in nonmammalian adult brains. Here, we show that, in the adult zebrafish, a cluster of neuronal precursors generated in the telencephalic ventricular zone migrates into the OB via a route equivalent to the mammalian RMS. Unlike the mammalian RMS, these neuronal precursors are not surrounded by glial tubes, although radial glial cells with a single cilium lined the telencephalic ventricular wall, much as in embryonic and neonatal mammals. To observe the migrating neuronal precursors in living brain tissue, we established a brain hemisphere culture using a zebrafish line carrying a GFP transgene driven by the neurogenin1 (ngn1) promoter. In these fish, GFP was observed in the neuronal precursors migrating in the RMS, some of which were aligned with blood vessels. Numerous ngn1:gfp‐positive cells were observed migrating tangentially in the RMS‐like route medial to the OB. Taken together, our results suggest that the RMS in the adult zebrafish telencephalon is a functional migratory pathway. This is the first evidence for the tangential migration of neuronal precursors in a nonmammalian adult telencephalon. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3549–3565, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progenitor cell capacity of NeuroD1‐expressing globose basal cells in the mouse olfactory epithelium
Authors: Packard Adam , Giel‐Moloney Maryann , Leiter Andrew , Schwob James E.
Published: July 2011

The basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor NeuroD1 is expressed in embryonic and adult mouse olfactory epithelium (OE), as well as during epithelial regeneration, suggesting that it plays an important role in olfactory neurogenesis. We characterized NEUROD1‐expressing progenitors, determined their progeny in the adult OE, and identified a subtle phenotype in ΔNeuroD1‐knockout mice. All olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) derive from a NeuroD1‐expressing progenitor as shown by recombination‐mediated lineage tracing, as do other sensory receptors of the nose, including vomeronasal, nasal septal, and Grunenberg ganglion neurons. NEUROD1‐expressing cells are found among the globose basal cell population: they are actively proliferating and frequently coexpress Neurog1, but not the transit amplifying cell marker MASH1, nor the neuronal marker NCAM. As a consequence, NEUROD1‐expressing globose basal cells are best classified as immediate neuronal precursors. In adolescent ΔNeuroD1‐LacZ knock‐in null mice the OE displays subtle abnormalities, as compared to wildtype and heterozygous littermates. In some areas of the OE, mature neurons are absent, or sparse, although those same areas retain immature OSNs and LacZ‐expressing progenitors, albeit both of these populations are smaller than expected. Our results support the conclusion that most, if not all, nasal chemosensory neurons derive from NeuroD1‐expressing globose basal cells of the immediate neuronal precursor variety. Moreover, elimination of NeuroD1 by gene knockout, while it does not disrupt initial OSN differentiation, does compromise the integrity of parts of the olfactory epithelium by altering proliferation, neuronal differentiation, or neuronal survival there. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3580–3596, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of cytoskeleton proteins in neurons of the cat lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: Duffy Kevin R. , Crowder Nathan A. , LeDue Emily E.
Published: July 2011

The gross structure of neurons is supported by proteins that compose the cytoskeleton. Neurofilaments are intermediate cytoskeletal proteins that contribute to neuron structure and function, and three neurofilament subunits different in their molecular mass assemble to form heteropolymers that produce a structure‐providing intracellular scaffold. The light neurofilament subunit is obligatory and can assemble with either the medium or heavy subunit, indicating some degree of independence between subunits. The presence of the heavy subunit has been shown to be associated with mature cells and is linked to large neurons in the cerebral cortex and thalamus. Spectrin is a membrane‐associated actin‐binding protein that, like neurofilament, has been linked to neuron shape. In this study of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) we examined whether labeling for neurofilament subunits and spectrin is linked to neuron size. We found that about one‐third of neurons contained a visible amount of labeling for each neurofilament subunit, and the bulk of these labeled cells were large in comparison to the general population of neurons. The distribution of neuron sizes was not different between neurofilament subunits, indicating that neurofilament subunit content is not determined by neuron size. Spectrin labeling was evident in most dLGN neurons, and was not related to the size of neurons. That reactivity for neurofilament was predominant in large cells led us to directly examine the relationship between neurofilament and interneurons. The large majority of neurofilament‐positive neurons did not contain GABA, indicating that neurofilament is predominant in projection cells and not in interneurons. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cortical and subcortical connections of V1 and V2 in early postnatal macaque monkeys
Authors: Baldwin Mary K.L. , Kaskan Peter M. , Zhang Bin , Chino Yuzo M. , Kaas Jon H.
Published: July 2011

Connections of primary (V1) and secondary (V2) visual areas were revealed in macaque monkeys ranging in age from 2 to 16 weeks by injecting small amounts of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB). Cortex was flattened and cut parallel to the surface to reveal injection sites, patterns of labeled cells, and patterns of cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining. Projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar to V1 were present at 4 weeks of age, as were pulvinar projections to thin and thick CO stripes in V2. Injections into V1 in 4‐ and 8‐week‐old monkeys labeled neurons in V2, V3, middle temporal area (MT), and dorsolateral area (DL)/V4. Within V1 and V2, labeled neurons were densely distributed around the injection sites, but formed patches at distances away from injection sites. Injections into V2 labeled neurons in V1, V3, DL/V4, and MT of monkeys 2‐, 4‐, and 8‐weeks of age. Injections in thin stripes of V2 preferentially labeled neurons in other V2 thin stripes and neurons in the CO blob regions of V1. A likely thick stripe injection in V2 at 4 weeks of age labeled neurons around blobs. Most labeled neurons in V1 were in superficial cortical layers after V2 injections, and in deep layers of other areas. Although these features of adult V1 and V2 connectivity were in place as early as 2 postnatal weeks, labeled cells in V1 and V2 became more restricted to preferred CO compartments after 2 weeks of age. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012;520:544–569. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Vertebrate mesolimbic reward system and social behavior network: A comparative synthesis
Authors: O'Connell Lauren A. , Hofmann Hans A.
Published: July 2011

All animals evaluate the salience of external stimuli and integrate them with internal physiological information into adaptive behavior. Natural and sexual selection impinge on these processes, yet our understanding of behavioral decision‐making mechanisms and their evolution is still very limited. Insights from mammals indicate that two neural circuits are of crucial importance in this context: the social behavior network and the mesolimbic reward system. Here we review evidence from neurochemical, tract‐tracing, developmental, and functional lesion/stimulation studies that delineates homology relationships for most of the nodes of these two circuits across the five major vertebrate lineages: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and teleost fish. We provide for the first time a comprehensive comparative analysis of the two neural circuits and conclude that they were already present in early vertebrates. We also propose that these circuits form a larger social decision‐making (SDM) network that regulates adaptive behavior. Our synthesis thus provides an important foundation for understanding the evolution of the neural mechanisms underlying reward processing and behavioral regulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3599–3639, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
QoS‐aware replica placement for grid computing
Authors: Wu Jan‐Jan , Shih Shu‐Fan , Wang Hsiangkai , Liu Pangfeng , Wang Chien‐Min
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we consider the QoS‐aware replica placement problem. Although there has been much research on the problem, most approaches focus on the average system performance and ignore the quality assurance issue. However, quality assurance is crucial, especially in heterogeneous environments. To fill this research gap, we proposed four heuristic algorithms to determine the locations of replicas in order to satisfy the quality requirements imposed by data requests. Three of the algorithms are greedy heuristics called Greedy‐Cover, Cover‐Partition and Multi‐Source. The fourth algorithm is based on the Simulated Annealing technique. Our experiment results indicated that Greedy‐Cover and the Simulated Annealing‐based algorithms can find effective solutions efficiently. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis via an organic molten salt solvent route and characterization of PbS nanocrystals
Authors: Zhang Jianjun
Published: July 2011

In this paper, four petals flowers‐like and quasi sphere‐like PbS nanostructures were successfully synthesized by an environment friendly organic molten salt solvent (OMSS) route at 200 °C, with different sulfur sources, e.g. thiourea and sodium thiosulfate, respectively. The as‐synthesized products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), UV–vis absorption spectrum and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, respectively. It was shown that four petals flowers‐like and quasi sphere‐like PbS nanocrystals were formed. It was also demonstrated that the morphologies of PbS nanocrystals were significantly influenced by different sulfur sources. The ultraviolet‐visible absorption peaks of PbS nanocrystals exhibited a large blue‐shift and the luminescence spectra had strong and broad emission bands centered at 488 nm and 492 nm. The possible formation mechanisms of the PbS nanostructures were discussed. The organic molten salt solvent (OMSS) method is preferable for synthesizing high‐quality PbS nanocrystals. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and optical properties of CdO nanowires synthesized from Cd(OH)2 precursors by calcination
Authors: Eskizeybek V. , Avcı A. , Chhowalla M.
Published: July 2011

CdO nanowires were produced by calcination process using Cd(OH)2nanowires as precursors. The Cd(OH)2 nanowires were synthesized via arc discharge method submerged in de‐ionized water. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the as‐synthesized Cd(OH)2 nanowires revealed that nanowire morphology was abundant form with the diameters range from 5 to 40 nm. In addition to the nanowire morphology, Cd(OH)2 nanospheres and hexagonal shaped nanoparticles were also displayed. The Cd(OH)2 nanostructures were used as precursors to produce CdO nanowires and calcinated in air at 400 °C for four hours. After calcination, the structural, morphological and optical properties of the as‐synthesized CdO nanowires were characterized by means of TEM, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and UV‐vis spectroscopy. The XRD and SAED techniques showed that the as‐synthesized Cd(OH)2 nanostructures could be transformed into CdO nanostructures after the calcination process. TEM results revealed that the as‐synthesized CdO nanowires were 5–30 nm in diameter and shorter than corresponding Cd(OH)2 nanowires. In addition, the diameters of the spherical or irregular CdO nanoparticles ranged from 20 nm to 50 nm. UV‐vis spectroscopy analysis was showed that the direct gap of the CdO nanowires were found to be 2.60 eV which is slightly higher than the earlier reported values of the bulk CdO for direct band gaps (2.3 eV) due to quantum size effect. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recyclable Tertiary Amine Modified Diarylprolinol Ether as Aminocatalyst for the Sequential Asymmetric Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclohexanes and Chromenes
Authors: Shen Hao , Yang Ke‐Fang , Shi Zi‐Hui , Jiang Jian‐Xiong , Lai Guo‐Qiao , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: July 2011

The one‐pot, organocatalytic Hayashi sequential reaction (HSR) of β‐nitroacrylate, aldehyde, toluenethiol, and ethyl 2‐(diethoxyphosphoryl)acrylate allowed the synthesis of almost stereoisomerically pure, highly functionalized polysubstituted cyclohexanes with very high diastereo‐ and enantio‐selectivity (up to > 99 % ee). The one‐pot synthesis consists of the tertiary amine modified diarylprolinol silyl ether‐mediated asymmetric Michael reaction, a domino Michael reaction/Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction, and a sulfa‐Michael reaction. In addition, we have also demonstrated an improved protocol for the domino oxa‐Michael/aldol reaction of salicyladehydes with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with recyclable tertiary amine‐modified diarylprolinol silyl ether 3d as an effective organocatalyst, which results in the formation of chiral chromenes with good enantioselectivities (up to 94 % ee). UV/Vis and CD spectroscopy provide a cross‐validation method to elucidate the slight difference between electron‐withdrawing 3d and diphenylprolinol silyl ether 3a, which can give indirect evidence for the enhancement of enantioselective induction with 3d in the above transformations.
1‐(Arylalkenyl)pyrenes – Synthetic, Structural, Photophysical, Theoretical, and Electrochemical Investigations
Authors: Sharif Muhammad , Reimann Sebastian , Wittler Kai , Knöpke Leif R. , Surkus Annette‐E. , Roth Christian , Villinger Alexander , Ludwig Ralf , Langer Peter
Published: July 2011

As a new approach for tuning the electronic properties of pyrene derivatives, we converted 1‐bromopyrene into different substituted styrenes using the Mizoroki–Heck reaction. Several 1‐(arylalkenyl)pyrenes have been characterized and their electronic properties studied by absorption and emission spectroscopy. The effect of the electronic ambience on the emission spectra of these compounds is discussed. Amongst the intramolecular influences, such as electron donating or withdrawing groups, other influences in the form of solvatochromatism are considered. Electrochemical oxidation potentials determined by DPV (differential pulse voltammetry) are discussed with regard to substituent effects. The fine structure of the absorbance spectra obtained from photophysical measurements is compared with theoretical calculations performed by time dependent B3LYP DFT (TD‐DFT) methods using the 6‐31G* basis set. In this context, we discuss the calculated potential energy surfaces and geometric structures with regard to the substitution pattern of the pyrenes.
A promising capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry method for carbohydrate analysis
Authors: Maxwell E. Jane , Ratnayake Chitra , Jayo Roxana , Zhong Xuefei , Chen David D. Y.
Published: July 2011

A method for adapting widely used CE conditions for the separation of fluorescently labeled carbohydrates to permit online ESI‐MS detection is presented. Reverse polarity separations were performed in bare fused‐silica capillaries with an acidic BGE. Under these conditions, negatively charged 8‐aminopyrene 1,3,6‐trisulfonate‐labeled carbohydrates migrate forward against the EOF, which is towards the capillary inlet. Therefore, the CE‐MS interface must simultaneously back‐fill the capillary, in order to maintain the CE circuit, and provide a stable forward flow at the sprayer tip to support the electrospray process. This was achieved using a junction‐at‐the‐tip interface, which provides a flow of solution to the junction formed by the capillary terminus and the inner wall of the emitter needle tip. Because the flow rate required for this arrangement is much less than in conventional sheath flow interfaces, dilution of the analytes is minimized. Optimized separation conditions permit baseline resolution of glucose oligomers containing up to 15 glucose units, while longer oligomers, up to 33 glucose units, were observed as resolved peaks in the negative ion mode mass spectrum.