bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistent puzzles
Authors: Sparks Richard , Gacek James
Published: May 2019

Research Summary

In our article, we attend to the implied outlooks (“philosophies” in the sense of operative practical discourses and assumptions) and the competing ethical concerns that animate differing views on privatizing corrections. We consider some normative arguments and empirical observations that have been mobilized for and against privatization since the inception of the modern version of this debate in the late 1980s, and we seek to place these in the context of accounts of penal problems over that contentious period. We argue that a multidimensional approach to understanding the sociology of punishment and in particular how certain forms of punishment persist, survive, and thrive is required when considering the privatization of corrections. In using such an approach, we raise quizzical questions regarding the pairing together of punishment and privatization, and as a result, we seek to sharpen the discussion about future prospects.

Policy Implications

Greater attention must be paid toward public involvement, knowledge, and understanding about penal policies. With particular regard to the involvement of private‐sector actors and interests, this has implications both at the initial contract negotiation stages of expanding correctional privatization as well as at the rescission of such contracts. The impact of penal arrangements on the dignity and integrity of offenders—especially but not only prison inmates—their loved ones and communities, and wider considerations of public interest are abiding and unresolved concerns, and privatization policies must be evaluated in light of these.
‘Back to Life’—Using knowledge exchange processes to enhance lifestyle interventions for liver transplant recipients: A qualitative study
Authors: Hickman Ingrid J. , Coran Donna , Wallen Matthew P. , Kelly Jaimon , Barnett Amandine , Gallegos Danielle , Jarrett Maree , McCoy Simone M. , Campbell Katrina L. , Macdonald Graeme A.
Published: May 2019

Aim

Interventions to prevent excessive weight gain after liver transplant are needed. The purpose of the present study was to enhance a specialist post‐transplant well‐being program through knowledge exchange with end‐users.

Methods

The study used an interactive process of knowledge exchange between researchers, clinicians and health system users. Data were collected as focus groups or telephone interviews and underwent applied thematic analysis.

Results

There were 28 participants (age 24–68 years; 64% male). The results identified experiences that may influence decisions around health behaviours during the course of transplant recovery. Three over‐arching themes were identified that impact on liver transplant recipients post‐transplant health behaviours. These include (i) Finding a coping mechanism which highlighted the need to acknowledge the significant emotional burden of transplant prior to addressing long‐term physical wellness; (ii) Back to Life encompassing the desire to return to employment and prioritise family, while co‐ordinating the burden of ongoing medical monitoring and self‐management and (iii) Tailored, Personalised Care with a preference for health care delivery by transplant specialists via a range of flexible eHealth modalities.

Conclusions

This person‐centred process of knowledge exchange incorporated experiences of recipients into service design and identified life priorities most likely to influence health behaviours post‐transplant. Patient co‐creation of services has the potential to improve the integration of knowledge into health systems and future directions will require evaluation of effectiveness and sustainability of patient‐centred multidisciplinary service development.
Uncertainty and Compensation Design in Strategic Interfirm Contracts
Authors: Krishnan Ranjani , Mani Deepa
Published: May 2019

In strategic outsourcing contracts, a substantial portion of implementation occurs at the client's premises and requires integration of effort between the vendor and the client. Compensation design in such contracts involves trade‐offs between the higher (lower) incentive properties of fixed‐price (cost‐plus) contracts and their higher (lower) ex ante contracting and ex post adaptation costs. Uncertainty influences these trade‐offs and affects compensation design. We explore the compensation implications of two types of uncertainty—volatility and ambiguity—which are reflected in the client's accounting measures. Volatility reflects the unpredictability of changes in the future environment, which makes it difficult to contractually specify future contingencies. Ambiguity reflects lack of consensus about the nature, drivers, and value effects of uncertainty, which makes it difficult to contractually specify responses to contingencies if and when they occur. Volatility increases the likelihood of ex post adaptation costs, while ambiguity increases ex ante contracting costs; therefore, volatility and ambiguity decrease the attractiveness of fixed‐price contracts. We use accounting and market measures to calibrate volatility and ambiguity and examine their implications for compensation design and ex post renegotiation. Analysis of archival data for 455 strategic outsourcing contracts valued over $15 million indicates that volatility and ambiguity influence contract compensation design and renegotiation likelihood. These results hold even after controlling for asset specificity, task complexity, and relational factors. We conclude that accounting measures can provide signals of volatility and ambiguity and thereby influence compensation design in strategic interfirm contracts.
Vertical Pay Dispersion, Peer Observability, and Misreporting in a Participative Budgeting Setting
Authors: Guo Lan , Libby Theresa , Liu Xiaotao (Kelvin) , Tian Yu
Published: May 2019

In this study, we examine the joint effect of vertical pay dispersion and peer observability on subordinates' misreporting choices. We adopt a participative budgeting setting in which two subordinates report to one superior, and we manipulate vertical pay dispersion (low/high) and peer observability (absent/present). Subordinates have private information about actual project costs and can over‐report project costs to the superior without detection and thus create budgetary slack. When a peer's reporting choices are observable, we predict and find that peer reporting choices have an asymmetric influence on the focal subordinates' reporting choices, and this asymmetric influence depends on the level of vertical pay dispersion. Specifically, we find that when vertical pay dispersion is low, subordinates who observe peer reports containing low slack misreport less, whereas observing peer reports that contain high slack has no significant effect. However, when vertical pay dispersion is high, subordinates who observe peer reports containing high slack misreport more, whereas observing peer reports that contain low slack has no significant effect. Driven by these asymmetric effects, subordinates misreport less in the presence of peer observability than in its absence when vertical pay dispersion is low and misreport more in the presence of peer observability than in its absence when vertical pay dispersion is high. Overall, our findings suggest that when a firm has a more egalitarian pay structure (i.e., low vertical pay dispersion), an open information policy is conducive to a more honest reporting environment, whereas under a more hierarchical pay structure (i.e., high vertical pay dispersion), open information policies can compromise the honesty of subordinates' reports.
Functional traits of lianas in an Australian lowland rainforest align with post‐disturbance rather than dry season advantage
Authors: Buckton Genevieve , Cheesman Alexander W. , Munksgaard Niels C. , Wurster Chris M. , Liddell Michael J. , Cernusak Lucas A.
Published: May 2019

Lianas are an important component of tropical forests; they alter tree mortality and recruitment and impact biogeochemical cycling. Recent evidence suggests that the abundance of lianas in tropical forests is increasing. To understand and predict the effect of lianas on ecosystem processes in tropical forests, it is important to understand the mechanisms through which they compete with trees. In this study, we investigated the functional traits of lianas and trees in a lowland tropical forest in northeast Queensland, Australia. The site is located at 16.1° south latitude and experiences significant seasonality in rainfall, with pronounced wet and dry seasons. It is also subject to relatively frequent disturbance by cyclones. We asked the question of whether the canopy liana community at this site would display functional traits consistent with a competitive advantage over trees in response to disturbance, or in response to dry season water stress. We found that traits that we considered indicative of a dry season advantage (xylem water δ18O as an indicator of rooting depth; leaf and stem tissue δ13C and instantaneous gas exchange as measures of water‐use efficiency) did not differ between canopy lianas and canopy trees. On the other hand, lianas differed from trees in traits that should confer an advantage in response to disturbance (low wood density; low leaf dry matter content; high leaf N concentration; high mass‐based photosynthetic rates). We conclude that the liana community at the study site expressed functional traits geared towards rapid resource acquisition and growth in response to disturbance, rather than outcompeting trees during periods of water stress. These results contribute to a body of literature which will be useful for parameterising a liana functional type in ecosystem models.
“We Need Both”: Combining Video‐Cued Multivocal Ethnographic Methods and Traditional Fieldwork in Samoan Head Start Policy Research
Authors: Henward Allison Sterling , Turituri Ronald , Tauaa Mene
Published: May 2019

This article describes how, in our research with Head Start teachers in American Samoa, we combined video‐cued multivocal ethnographic method (VCE) with traditional ethnographic approaches to understand our interlocutors’ perspectives on curriculum and pedagogy, and the contrast between them and mainland US teachers using the same federally endorsed curriculum. We provide illustrative examples of how the inclusion of VCE allowed for meaningful dialogue among informants and researchers, revealing Samoan teachers’ cultural sustainable approaches to curriculum. [Policy, Head Start, multivocal video‐cued ethnography, post‐colonial theory]
Development and validation of the Indonesian Well‐being Scale
Authors: Maulana Herdiyan , Khawaja Nigar , Obst Patricia
Published: May 2019

The present study describes the development and validation of a new instrument to measure the well‐being of Indonesian people. Items were generated by taking into account the recent cross‐cultural developments in the literature. Participants (N = 1,028) from a number of provinces in Indonesia completed an online or a paper questionnaire containing a battery of measures, including the new well‐being instrument. The total sample was randomly split into two equal groups. An exploratory factor analysis (n = 516) was conducted on one half to explore the factor structure of the new scale, which resulted in a 24‐item scale with a four‐factor solution. The four factors were (a) Basic Needs, (b) Social Relation, (c) Acceptance, and (d) Spirituality. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the second half (n = 516), which confirmed the four‐factor structure with 20 items emerging as the best and most parsimonious fit of the data. The psychometric properties of the final scale were tested on the whole sample. The new scale displayed sound internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and divergent, convergent, and discriminant validity. The scale has the potential to be used in future research which examines well‐being in the Indonesia context. Future directions and limitations of the study are discussed.
Muse and Power: African Women Writers and Digital Infrastructure in World Literature
Authors: Uimonen Paula
Published: May 2019

This article explores how women writers in Nigeria and Tanzania use digital media, drawing parallels between infrastructural enablement and literary worldmaking. It argues that female African writers offer insights into the embodied practices and cultural imaginaries of digitally mediated creativity, which can shed light on the paradoxical entanglements of infrastructure.
Do we need to scan the whole neuraxis for coexistent abnormalities in children with surgically treated occult spinal dysraphism?
Authors: Börcek Alp Ö. , Aslan Ayfer , Uçar Murat
Published: May 2019

Background

Spina bifida occulta (SBO) is generally known as a benign isolated entity; however, there are ambiguous approaches for neuroaxial screening in cases of symptomatic SBO among institutions. This study aims to demonstrate the infrequency of cranial anomalies associated with symptomatic SBO and inquire the necessity of cranial radiological surveillance in those patients.

Methods

Between 2012 and 2016 pediatric patients who were surgically treated in our clinic due to symptomatic SBO were retrospectively evaluated. All radiological findings in craniospinal evaluation were documented.

Results

There were 76 patients with mean age of 5.3 years (range 2 months to 17 years), and female predominance (53 female and 23 male patients). Of those, 64 patients had whole neuroaxis investigation including cranial imaging. Among 64 patients with cranial screening, only two patients had occipital encephalocele and posterior fossa arachnoid cyst. There was neither hydrocephalus nor Chiari malformation in our case series.

Conclusions

We detected high number of additional spinal abnormalities accompanying to symptomatic SBOs, whereas cranial findings rarely coexisted with them. Therefore, we strongly suggest the radiological screening of whole spinal axis in occult spinal dysraphism with significant spinal findings. On the other hand, cranial imaging as a part of neuraxis screening in cases of symptomatic SBOs is not required in all cases; however, it can be done in selected patients where clinically indicated.
Colorectal cancer in young patients: a retrospective cohort study in a single institution
Authors: Olivo Rebecca , Ratnayake Sujith
Published: May 2019

Background

Young onset colorectal cancer is on the rise, with a disproportionate increase in incidence among young people, both in Australia and internationally. Current national guidelines for bowel cancer screening in average risk individuals include only patients greater than 50 years of age. It is well recognized that colorectal cancer is a highly treatable malignancy when detected at an early stage, and timely diagnosis yields a greater than 90% chance of cure and survival. The aims of this study were to define the clinical presentations leading to colonoscopy in young patients and assess the incidence of malignancy in this group.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study including all patients ≤35 years of age without any baseline indication for early bowel cancer surveillance that underwent colonoscopy at Caboolture Hospital from January 2017 to April 2018.

Results

A total of 224 patients underwent colonoscopy in the study period. A total of 210 (93.8%) had symptoms including rectal bleeding (51.7%), altered bowel habit (25.9%), abdominal pain (10.3%) and symptomatic anaemia (6.7%) prior to colonoscopy. Two cases of invasive adenocarcinoma were identified (0.89%, P < 0.01), both of which were symptomatic and were defined as stage IIIB disease on histopathology.

Conclusion

In a theoretically low‐risk population, the incidence of malignancy was nearly 1%. More advanced disease at diagnosis may be due to a delay in investigating these patients due to an overall low suspicion of cancer in young individuals. As such, investigation should be offered early to young patients presenting with any warning symptoms.
Outcomes of total hip arthroplasty surgery in heart and lung transplant recipients
Authors: Cosic Filip , Kimmel Lara , Valsalan Rejith , Hayes Kate , Liew Susan
Published: May 2019

Background

Traditionally, arthroplasty in heart and lung transplant patients has been undertaken to manage transplant‐related complications. More recently, arthroplasty is increasingly being performed for end‐stage osteoarthritis. This study reviewed short‐term outcomes and complications of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in heart and lung transplant recipients.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of heart and lung transplant recipients who underwent THA was identified using ICD‐10 coding. Post‐operative complications and hospital outcomes were collected using the patient medical record.

Results

Thirteen patients underwent 17 primary THA between 2008 and 2017, including five for osteoarthritis and 12 for femoral head avascular necrosis. Of the 13 patients, nine were bilateral sequential lung transplant recipients and four were orthotopic heart transplant recipients. The mean patient age was 61 years, with nine being male. Overall, five patients had one post‐operative complication with eight having two or more complications. Surgical complications included three intraoperative fractures, three patients with superficial infection and one with deep infection requiring surgery. Seven patients had significant bleeding requiring blood transfusion. Prosthetic dislocations occurred in two patients, with one patient requiring revision surgery (developing a joint infection). Other complications included one pulmonary embolism, two episodes of pneumonia and six episodes of acute kidney injury, whilst three patients developed post‐operative delirium. At 6‐week follow‐up, five patients had ongoing pain and seven had limitations with mobility. At 12‐month follow‐up, three patients reported ongoing pain.

Conclusion

Complications following THA after transplant are common. The risks and benefits of THA should be carefully considered preoperatively in this cohort.
Targeted biopsy of the prostate: does this result in improvement in detection of high‐grade cancer or the occurrence of the Will Rogers phenomenon?
Authors: Bass Edward J. , Orczyk Clement , Grey Alistair , Freeman Alex , Jameson Charles , Punwani Shonit , Ramachandran Navin , Allen Clare , Emberton Mark , Ahmed Hashim U.
Published: May 2019

Objective

To investigate whether patients with Gleason 3 + 4 cancer on transrectal biopsy are upgraded after undergoing transperineal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐targeted biopsy and whether this has implications for current clinical practice.

Patients and Methods

In this retrospective analysis we examined 107 consecutive patients presenting at a single tertiary referral centre (July 2012 to July 2016) with prostate cancer of Gleason score 3 + 4 on transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided systematic non‐targeted biopsy who then underwent a multiparametric MRI followed by MRI‐targeted transperineal prostate biopsy for accurate risk stratification and localization.

Results

The patients’ mean (sd) age was 67.0 (8.0) years, and they had a median (interquartile range) PSA concentration of 6.2 (4.7–9.6) ng/mL. Of the 107 patients, 84 (78.5%) had Gleason 3 + 4 on both transrectal systematic biopsy and transperineal MRI‐targeted biopsy. Nineteen patients (17.8%) were upgraded to Gleason 4 + 3, three patients (3.0%) to Gleason 4 + 4 and one patient (1.0%) to Gleason 4 + 5. These differences were significant (P = 0.0006). Likewise, 23/107 patients (22%) had higher‐risk disease based on their targeted biopsies.

Conclusion

The use of targeted biopsy in men with impalpable cancer, ultimately upgraded one in five patients from favourable‐intermediate‐ to unfavourable‐intermediate‐risk disease or worse. This has significant clinical implications for men considering active surveillance or radical treatment. Our risk calculators must now be validated using these data from targeted biopsy as the technique becomes widely adopted.
Looking to the past to understand the future of tropical conservation: The importance of collecting basic data
Authors: Stroud James T. , Thompson Michelle E.
Published: May 2019

Tropical biodiversity is under threat from a wide variety of anthropogenic stressors. Understanding the effect of major stressors—most notably land use change, over‐harvesting, emergence of novel pathogens, and climate change—is a major goal of tropical biology. However, to do so requires baseline data with which to compare present‐day patterns. Unfortunately, the tropics suffer from a lack of basic historical data; the few studies which have published such data have proven invaluable. In 1989, Fauth et al. described their studies of reptile and amphibian diversity and population demographics across tropical elevational gradients in Costa Rica. Since then, Fauth et al.'s basic ecological data have been widely used to document shifting patterns of species composition and abundance. Here, 30 years later, we argue that (a) collecting foundational ecological data remains incredibly important, especially in the tropics, and especially in those taxa which are generally understudied (e.g., reptiles and amphibians), (b) despite being one of the original goals of the 1989 study, the mechanisms driving biogeographical patterns of diversity remain unclear (both in the tropics and globally), and (c) that revisiting sites of historic biodiversity surveys—particularly those along gradients of environmental change—is incredibly important to our understanding of how tropical diversity is currently, and will continue to be, affected by activities in the Anthropocene. In its simplest terms, there has never been a time where the collection of basic data in the tropics has ever been more important.
Landscape of microRNA in the aqueous humour of proliferative diabetic retinopathy as assessed by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Chen Shida , Yuan Miner , Liu Yaoming , Zhao Xiujuan , Lian Ping , Chen Yang , Liu Bingqian , Lu Lin
Published: May 2019

Background

The microRNAs (miRNA) have been found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. We try to explore the miRNA and piwi‐interacting RNA (piRNA) profile in the aqueous humour of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) using next‐generation sequencing (NGS).

Methods

Aqueous humour samples were collected from nine PDR eyes and nine cataract control eyes, and NGS was performed. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to validate the sequencing results. An oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR) model was used to validate the angiogenesis related miRNA.

Results

In total, 484 miRNAs were differently expressed between the PDR eyes and cataract control eyes, including 210 mature miRNAs and 274 novel miRNAs. Furthermore, eight miRNAs and 30 piRNAs were identified as the most differently expressed between the two groups (P > .85). This differential expression of miRNA was predicted to regulate Rho protein signal transduction, neurotransmitter uptake and histone lysine methylation. Relative expression patterns of miR‐184, ‐150‐5p and ‐93‐5p were confirmed by qPCR. A reduced expression of miR‐93‐5p was confirmed in the OIR model.

Conclusions

This study comprehensively demonstrated the miRNA and piRNA expression profile of the aqueous humour of PDR eyes, which may serve as a potential biomarker and involved in the pathogenesis of PDR.
Functional characterization of novel germline TP53 variants in Swedish families
Authors: Kharaziha Pedram , Ceder Sophia , Axell Olga , Krall Moritz , Fotouhi Omid , Böhm Stefanie , Lain Sonia , Borg Åke , Larsson Catharina , Wiman Klas G. , Tham Emma , Bajalica‐Lagercrantz Svetlana
Published: May 2019

Pathogenic germline TP53 variants predispose to a wide range of early onset cancers, often recognized as the Li‐Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). They are also identified in 1% of families with hereditary breast cancer (HrBC) that do not fulfill the criteria for LFS. In this study, we present a total of 24 different TP53 variants identified in 31 Swedish families with LFS or HrBC. Ten of these variants, nine exonic and one splice, have previously not been described as germline pathogenic variants. The nine exonic variants were functionally characterized and demonstrated partial transactivation activity compared to wild‐type p53. Some show nuclear localization similar to wild‐type p53 while others possess cytoplasmic or perinuclear localization. The four frameshift variants (W91Gfs*32, L111 Wfs*12, S227 Lfs*20 and S240Kfs*25) had negligible, while F134 L and T231del had low level of p53 activity. The L111 Wfs*12 and T231del variants are also deficient for induction of apoptosis. The missense variant R110C retain p53 effects and the nonsense E349* shows at least partial transcription factor activity but has reduced ability to trigger apoptosis. This is the first functional characterization of novel germline TP53 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the Swedish cohort as an attempt to understand its association with LFS and HrBC, respectively.
A multi‐centre randomized controlled trial of open vs closed management of the rectal defect after transanal endoscopic microsurgery
Authors: Brown C. J. , Hochman D. , Raval M. J. , Moloo H. , Phang P. T. , Bouchard A. , Williams L. , Drolet S. , Boushey R.
Published: May 2019

Aim

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a technically challenging strategy that allows expanded indications for local excision of rectal lesions. Transluminal suturing is difficult, so open management of the resultant defect is appealing. Expert opinion suggests there is more pain when the defect is left open. The aim of this study was to determine if closure of the defect created during full thickness excision of rectal lesions with TEM leads to less postoperative pain compared to leaving the defect open.

Method

At the time of surgery, patients undergoing a full thickness TEM were randomized to sutured (TEM‐S) or open (TEM‐O) management of the rectal defect. At five Canadian academic colorectal surgery centres, experienced TEM surgeons enrolled patients ≥ 18 years treated by full thickness TEM. The primary outcome was postoperative pain measured by the visual analogue scale. Secondary outcomes included postoperative pain medication use and 30‐day postoperative complications, including bleeding, infection and hospital readmission.

Results

Between March 2012 and October 2013, 50 patients were enrolled and randomized to sutured (TEM‐S, n = 28) or open (TEM‐O, n = 22) management of the rectal defect. There was no difference between the two study groups in postoperative pain on postoperative day 1 (2.8 vs 2.6, P = 0.76), day 3 (2.8 vs 2.1, P = 0.23) and day 7 (2.8 vs 1.7, P = 0.10).

Conclusion

In this multicentre randomized controlled trial, there was no difference in postoperative pain between sutured or open defect management in patients having a full thickness excision with TEM.
Status Quo or Pluralism? Dominant Party Rule and People's Preferences in Singapore
Authors: Kawanaka Takeshi
Published: May 2019

This article aims to examine three prevailing theories of political change—modernization theory, new structuralist theory, and value change theory—by examining the case of Singapore. The article focuses on the effects of three socioeconomic and demographic attributes—education, income, and generation—on people's preferences regarding dominant party rule. Using data from postelection surveys conducted in 2011 and 2015, this empirical examination shows that income has a significant effect—primarily that persons with lower income show stronger support for the status quo. The younger generation born into the already well‐developed economy after the country's independence supports greater pluralism, in contrast to the older generation born before its independence. Higher levels of education also enhance positive perceptions of political pluralism, but at a weak level of significance. These results are consistent with the predictions of modernization theory and value change theory, but are not directly consistent with those of new structuralist theory.
Mortality in children with cerebral palsy in rural Bangladesh: a population‐based surveillance study
Authors: Jahan Israt , Karim Tasneem , Das Manik Chandra , Muhit Mohammad , Mcintyre Sarah , Smithers‐Sheedy Hayley , Badawi Nadia , Khandaker Gulam
Published: May 2019

Aim

To determine the mortality rate, immediate cause of death (CoD), and predictors of death in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in rural Bangladesh.

Method

We carried out a prospective population‐based surveillance study of children with CP aged 0 to 18 years registered with the Bangladesh Cerebral Palsy Register (BCPR) between January 2015 and December 2016, with subsequent follow‐up until December 2017. Verbal autopsy was applied to assign immediate CoD. Crude mortality rates, hazard ratios of death, and survival probabilities were estimated.

Results

Twenty‐nine of the 678 children in the BCPR died during the study period, resulting in a crude mortality rate of 19.5 per 1000 person‐years of observation (total follow‐up duration 1486.8 person‐years; mean 2y [standard deviation 6mo]). The leading immediate CoD was meningitis (n=9) and pneumonia (n=8). Survival probability and hazard ratio of death was significantly associated with age, Gross Motor Functional Classification System level, and associated impairments. Severe underweight and/or severe stunting was significantly overrepresented among deceased children than others in the cohort (p<0.05) when compared with the World Health Organization reference population.

Interpretation

The majority of deaths were due to potentially preventable causes. The life expectancy of these children could have been extended by ensuring primary healthcare and nutritional supplementation.

What this paper adds

Mortality rate in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in rural Bangladesh is 19.5 per 1000 person‐years.

The majority of children with CP died from potentially preventable and treatable conditions.

Motor severity, associated impairments, and malnutrition make children with CP vulnerable to premature death in rural Bangladesh.
Association of depression and anxiety with clinical, sociodemographic, lifestyle and environmental factors in South Asian and white European individuals at high risk of diabetes
Authors: Razieh C. , Khunti K. , Davies M. J. , Edwardson C. L. , Henson J. , Darko N. , Comber A. , Jones A. , Yates T.
Published: May 2019

Aim

To investigate the prevalence and correlates of depressive and anxiety symptoms within South Asian and white European populations at high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Data were collected at baseline, and at 12, 24 and 36 months from 1429 white European individuals (age 64±7 years, 35.8% women) and 160 South Asian individuals (age 59±9 years, 30.6% women) who were at high risk of Type 2 diabetes and who took part in two Type 2 diabetes prevention trials in Leicestershire, UK. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was administered during each study visit. Clinical, sociodemographic, lifestyle and environmental data were collected.

Results

At baseline, the burden of depressive symptoms varied by ethnic group and gender, with 9.9% of white European men, 14.9% of white European women, 23.6% of South Asian men and 29.2% of South Asian women exceeding the cut‐off score for mild‐to‐severe depression. During the course of the study and after adjustment for clinical, sociodemographic, lifestyle and environmental factors, depressive symptoms remained higher in the South Asian compared to the white European participants [score higher by 1.5, 95% CI 0.9–2.1]. Levels of anxiety were also higher in the South Asian participants, although associations were attenuated after adjustment. Social deprivation, BMI, proximity to fast‐food outlets and physical activity were correlates for depression in both the South Asian and white European participants.

Conclusions

A higher burden of depressive symptoms was consistently evident among the South Asian individuals, even after adjustment for multiple covariates. It is important to understand both the reasons why these differences are present, to help reduce health inequalities, and whether higher levels of depressive symptoms affect the uptake of and retention rates in diabetes prevention programmes in South Asian communities.
Letter to the Editor: Selection of appropriate controls for studying fatal musculoskeletal injury in racehorses
Authors: Reesink H. L. , Palmer S. E.
Published: May 2019

This Correspondence should be linked to this Editorial by Pease & Marr: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/evj.13037
Closing the gap: yeast electron‐transferring flavoprotein links the oxidation of d‐lactate and d‐α‐hydroxyglutarate to energy production via the respiratory chain
Authors: Toplak Marina , Brunner Julia , Tabib Chaitanya R. , Macheroux Peter
Published: May 2019

Electron‐transferring flavoproteins (ETFs) have been found in all kingdoms of life, mostly assisting in shuttling electrons to the respiratory chain for ATP production. While the human (h) ETF has been studied in great detail, very little is known about the biochemical properties of the homologous protein in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yETF). In view of the absence of client dehydrogenases, for example, the acyl‐CoA dehydrogenases involved in the β‐oxidation of fatty acids, d‐lactate dehydrogenase 2 (Dld2) appeared to be the only relevant enzyme that is serviced by yETF for electron transfer to the mitochondrial electron transport chain. However, this hypothesis was never tested experimentally. Here, we report the biochemical properties of yETF and Dld2 as well as the electron transfer reaction between the two proteins. Our study revealed that Dld2 oxidizes d‐α‐hydroxyglutarate more efficiently than d‐lactate exhibiting kcatapp/KMapp values of 1200 ± 300 m−1·s−1 and 11 ± 2 m−1·s−1, respectively. As expected, substrate‐reduced Dld2 very slowly reacted with oxygen or the artificial electron acceptor 2,6‐dichlorophenol indophenol. However, photoreduced Dld2 was rapidly reoxidized by oxygen, suggesting that the reaction products, that is, α‐ketoglutarate and pyruvate, ‘lock’ the reduced enzyme in an unreactive state. Interestingly, however, we could demonstrate that substrate‐reduced Dld2 rapidly transfers electrons to yETF. Therefore, we conclude that the formation of a product‐reduced Dld2 complex suppresses electron transfer to dioxygen but favors the rapid reduction in yETF, thus preventing the loss of electrons and the generation of reactive oxygen species.
Creation of RANKL mutants with low affinity for decoy receptor OPG and their potential anti‐fibrosis activity
Authors: Wang Yizhou , Michiels Timo , Setroikromo Rita , van Merkerk Ronald , Cool Robbert H. , Quax Wim J.
Published: May 2019

Fibrosis is characterized by the progressive alteration of the tissue structure due to the excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM). The signaling system encompassing Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor NF‐κB Ligand (RANKL)/RANK/Osteoprotegerin (OPG) was discovered to play an important role in the regulation of ECM formation and degradation in bone tissue. However, whether and how this signaling pathway plays a role in liver or pulmonary ECM degradation is unclear up to now. Interestingly, increased decoy receptor OPG levels are found in fibrotic tissues. We hypothesize that RANKL can stimulate RANK on macrophages and initiate the process of ECM degradation. This process may be inhibited by highly expressed OPG in fibrotic conditions. In this case, RANKL mutants that can bind to RANK without binding to OPG might become promising therapeutic candidates. In this study, we built a structure‐based library containing 44 RANKL mutants and found that the Q236 residue of RANKL is important for OPG binding. We show that RANKL_Q236D can activate RAW cells to initiate the process of ECM degradation and is able to escape from the obstruction by exogenous OPG. We propose that the generation of RANKL mutants with reduced affinity for OPG is a promising strategy for the exploration of new therapeutics against fibrosis.
In‐hospital morbidity and mortality among patients from residential respite care
Authors: Low Zi Yi , Storer Megan , Tai Rebecca , Yates Paul
Published: May 2019

Background

Residential respite is an important support for many community‐dwelling older Australians and their caregivers. Respite clients are often very frail with high or specific care needs. Little is known about the comparative outcomes of hospital admission between permanent residential aged care facility (RACF) residents and residential respite residents.

Aim

To determine the number of residential respite clients admitted to an acute tertiary hospital, and compare characteristics and in‐hospital outcomes with those of permanent residential care residents.

Methods

Retrospective study of residential respite patients admitted to an Australian tertiary hospital between November 2014 and September 2017. Comparison groups: all RACF patients admitted during same period (general RACF group), and control group matched (2:1) for aged, gender and diagnosis. Main outcome measures: in‐hospital mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), in‐hospital complications (including fall, delirium, pressure injury, Medical Emergency Team (MET) call). Comparisons adjusted for age, gender, presenting symptom and matching variable.

Results

A total of 166 admissions from residential respite and 332 matched RACF controls identified from 4575 admissions for permanent RACF residents. Mortality was significantly higher in respite group versus general RACF group (15.1 vs 8.2%, P < 0.001) but not matched control group (15.1 vs 16.3%, P = 0.795). LOS was significantly higher in respite patients than either control group. Respite patients had significantly higher prevalence of in‐hospital fall (10.8 vs 1.5%, P < 0.0001) and delirium (35.5 vs 17.7%, P < 0.001) than matched RACF controls. No significant differences were seen in in MET‐call and pressure injury rates.

Conclusion

Although residential respite recipients represent a minority of total residential aged care admissions, they are at high risk of poor outcomes. Prospective identification and timely intervention may improve quality of care for this vulnerable cohort.
Diabetes care: addressing psychosocial well‐being in young adults with a newly developed assessment tool
Authors: Bachmeier Caroline A. E. , Waugh Claire , Vitanza Margaret , Bowden Trish , Uhlman Carolyn , Hurst Cameron , Okano Satomi , Barrett Helen , D'Silva Neisha , D'Emden Helen , O'Moore‐Sullivan Trisha
Published: May 2019

Background

Psychosocial assessment should be part of clinic visits for people with diabetes mellitus (DM).

Aims

To assess the usage and acceptance of a diabetes psychosocial assessment tool (DPAT) and to profile the clinical and psychosocial characteristics of young people with diabetes.

Methods

Over a 12‐month period, young adults (18–25 years) attending diabetes clinic were offered DPAT. The tool embeds validated screening tools including the Problem Areas in Diabetes 20 (PAID‐20) questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire‐4 (PHQ‐4) and the World Health Organization Well‐Being Index‐5 (WHO‐5). Baseline clinical data were collected and questions regarding social support, body image, eating concerns, hypoglycaemia and finances were included.

Results

Over the 12 month, the form was offered to 155 participants (64.6% of eligible attendees). The majority (96.1%) had type 1 DM with a mean duration of 10.5 (±5.3 SD) years. Average glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was 8.7% (±1.5 SD) (or 71.2 mmol/mol ±16.5 SD). Severe diabetes‐related distress (PAID‐20 ≥ 40) was found in 19.4%. Low WHO‐5 scores (28–50 points) were seen in 14.8%. PHQ‐4 identified 25.8% with anxiety and 16.1% with depression. Significant weight, shape and eating concerns were identified in 27.1, 26.6 and 28.4%, respectively. Serious hypoglycaemia concerns were raised by 4.5%.

Conclusion

DPAT revealed a high prevalence of psychosocial stress among young adults with DM. The tool was easy to use and accepted by patients and may aid streamlining referrals to relevant members of a multidisciplinary team.
Staff and client perspectives of the Open Borders programme for people with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Mortimer‐Jones Sheila , Morrison Paul , Munib Ahmed , Paolucci Francesco , Neale Sonia , Hellewell Amanda , Sinwan Jumiati , Hungerford Catherine
Published: May 2019

In recent years, there has been a move away from the medical model of care for people with borderline personality disorder, as hospital admission comes with a number of risks and potential adverse consequences. Although long‐term outpatient‐based therapy is successful, this may not be an option for those whose condition is in need of stabilisation. Brief admission for crisis intervention has been successful and is now widely used; however, research that examines both the staff and clients’ perceptions of a dedicated programme is lacking. Open Borders is a residential recovery‐oriented programme that provides brief admission, respite, and phone coaching for people with borderline personality disorder who are heavy users of the public mental health system. In this paper, the authors report the perspectives of clients and staff of the Open Borders programme obtained through semi‐structured interviews. Thematic analysis of client and staff perspectives identified four common themes: ‘Benefits of the programme’, ‘Enhanced client outcomes’, ‘Impact of the physical environment’, and ‘Ways of enhancing service delivery’. In addition, analysis of the staff perspectives included the theme ‘Emotional impact on staff’. Benefits of the programme included the small supportive team approach, flexibility of the staff to spend time with the clients to tailor care, and the relaxed, welcoming environment. Enhanced client outcomes included a reduction in self‐harming and hospitalization and an increase in self‐efficacy. These results support the move away from the medical model and the empowerment of clients to self‐manage their symptoms while fostering hope and self‐determination.
Optimal pricing strategy with disappointment‐aversion and elation‐seeking consumers: compared to price commitment
Authors: Wang Hua , Guan Zhenzhong , Dong Dayong , Zhao Na
Published: May 2019

Under a mark‐down policy, strategic consumers will deliberately delay the purchase of products at a low price. When strategic consumers consider basic valuation, shortage probability, selling price, etc., and then expect that they cannot buy the product at a low price, they feel a sense of disappointment; otherwise, they feel a sense of elation. In addition, when the effect of disappointment on utility is greater than that of elation, strategic consumers are disappointment averse; on the other hand, they are elation seeking. Thus, we consider optimal pricing and inventory decisions of a firm where strategic consumers are disappointment averse and elation seeking, respectively (i.e., they are emotionally rational). The results show that, there exists a unique rational expectation (RE) equilibrium in this scenario. In addition, disappointment aversion alleviates strategic consumer behavior and increases the firm's price, inventory, and profit, whereas elation seeking does the opposite. Moreover, we compare price commitment to the RE equilibrium when strategic consumers are emotionally rational. The results show that, unlike the rationally unemotional case, when the disappointment‐aversion level is above the threshold, the optimal strategy for the firm is the RE equilibrium. Conversely, when strategic consumers are elation seeking (or the disappointment‐aversion level is smaller than the threshold), the optimal strategy is price commitment.
What Is the Right Delivery Option for You? Consumer Preferences for Delivery Attributes in Online Retailing
Authors: Nguyen Dung H. , de Leeuw Sander , Dullaert Wout , Foubert Bram P. J.
Published: May 2019

Nowadays, online retailers are offering a variety of delivery options consisting of varying combinations of delivery attributes. This study investigates how consumers value these delivery attributes (e.g., delivery speed, time slot, daytime/evening delivery, delivery date, and delivery fee) when selecting a delivery option for their online purchases. Mental accounting theory is used to frame the research and to suggest how mental accounts for money, time, and convenience influence consumer preferences for online delivery options. Specifically, the results of a conjoint analysis show that the most important attribute in shaping consumer preferences is the delivery fee, followed by nonprice delivery attributes. For individual attributes, significant differences are found in consumer preferences between gender and income groups. Cluster analysis reveals three consumer segments that show distinct preference structures: We identify a “price‐oriented,” a “time‐ and convenience‐oriented,” and a “value‐for‐money‐oriented” consumer segment. This study has practical implications for online retailers when implementing suitable delivery strategies and designing effective delivery options to maximize consumer satisfaction.
A heuristic inquiry on the role of person‐environment interaction in suicide risk among transgender youth
Authors: Chang Brie , Delaney Kathleen
Published: May 2019

Elevated levels of suicide risk among transgender youth have alarmed both public health officials and researchers from various disciplines. Despite nursing's robust involvement in suicide research, literature reviews indicate a lack of nursing research focused on suicide among transgender youth. Most of the existing literature pertain to predictive factors in either the individual or environmental domain. There is limited research examining how interactions with the environment in of itself might be a predictive factor. This paper treats the subject of suicide risk among transgender youth with a heuristic inquiry into person–environment interaction. The Society to Cell Resiliency Framework and Social Self Preservation Model were used to inform exploration of how person–environment interactions might be associated with suicide risk. Implications of this framework will be discussed in terms of how it may affect advancements in nursing education, practice, and research with transgender youth.
Use of Functional Assessment to Define Therapeutic Goals and Treatment
Authors: High Kevin P. , Zieman Susan , Gurwitz Jerry , Hill Carl , Lai Jennifer , Robinson Thomas , Schonberg Mara , Whitson Heather
Published: May 2019

This article summarizes the presentations and discussions from a workshop, “Using Functional Assessment to Define Therapeutic Goals and Treatment,” which took place on November 30 to December 1, 2017. This workshop brought together transdisciplinary leaders in the fields of function and disability and clinical investigators engaged in research on geriatric populations to outline opportunities and challenges for incorporating measures of function in clinical research. Topics addressed included reliable and clinically feasible measures of function and key domains of health (eg, musculoskeletal, cognitive, and sensory) that are most strongly associated with patients' perceptions of well‐being, independence, and quality of life across a wide array of diseases and interventions. The workshop also focused on the importance of function in medical decision making to inform communications between specialty physicians and patients about prognosis and goals of care. Workshop participants called for more research on the role of function as a predictor of an intervention's effectiveness and an important treatment outcome. Such research would be facilitated by development of a core set of simple, short, functional measures that can be used by all specialties in the clinical setting to allow “big data” analytics and a pragmatic research. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1782–1790, 2019