bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced nitrogen removal and in situ microbial community in a two‐step feed oxic/anoxic/oxic‐membrane bioreactor (O/A/O‐MBR) process
Authors: Li Ning , Zeng Wei , Miao Zhijia , Wang Baogui , Li Zaixing , Peng Yongzhen
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND

The carbon in raw sewage can be reclaimed to reduce nitrate for the advanced denitrification in municipal wastewater treatment plants. A novel two‐step feed oxic/anoxic/oxic‐membrane bioreactor (O/A/O‐MBR) process was proposed to improve carbon‐use efficiency.

RESULTS

The flow distribution ratio (FDR), aeration mode and hydraulic loading were optimized to minimize the effluent total nitrogen (TN) concentration. When the FDR was 1:1, the intermittent aeration mode was 4 min air‐on/6 min air‐off and the influent flow was 5 L h−1, the nitrate removal efficiency in the post‐denitrification tank rose to 87.0% and the effluent TN concentration decreased below 15.0 mg L−1. The intermittent aeration strategy in the post oxic‐membrane tank effectively promoted TN loss. The 15N‐DNA based stable isotope probing experiment illustrated that Proteobacteria (35.09%), Actinobacteria (20.56%) and Chloroflexi (16.67%) dominated the intermittently aerated biofilm, and Nitrospira (9.06%) was the major nitrite oxidizing bacteria rather than Nitrobacter, representing a dominant simultaneous nitrification and denitrification pathway for nitrogen removal.

CONCLUSION

The integration of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria and heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria enhances the terminal TN removal under intermittent aeration mode. The two‐step feed O/A/O‐MBR process has the potential to solve carbon limitation in sewage wastewater treatment. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
On ‐connected graphs
Authors: Durand de Gevigney Olivier , Szigeti Zoltán
Published: December 2018

A graph is called ‐connected if is ‐edge‐connected and is ‐edge‐connected for every vertex . The study of ‐connected graphs is motivated by a theorem of Thomassen [J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 110 (2015), pp. 67–78] (that was a conjecture of Frank [SIAM J. Discrete Math. 5 (1992), no. 1, pp. 25–53]), which states that a graph has a ‐vertex‐connected orientation if and only if it is (2,2)‐connected. In this paper, we provide a construction of the family of ‐connected graphs for even, which generalizes the construction given by Jordán [J. Graph Theory 52 (2006), pp. 217–229] for (2,2)‐connected graphs. We also solve the corresponding connectivity augmentation problem: given a graph and an integer , what is the minimum number of edges to be added to make ‐connected. Both these results are based on a new splitting‐off theorem for ‐connected graphs.
Maximizing the mean subtree order
Authors: Mol Lucas , Oellermann Ortrud R.
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on properties and structures of trees with maximum mean subtree order in a given family; such trees are called optimal in the family. Our main goal is to describe the structure of optimal trees in and , the families of all trees and caterpillars, respectively, of order . We begin by establishing a powerful tool called the Gluing Lemma, which is used to prove several of our main results. In particular, we show that if is an optimal tree in or for , then every leaf of is adjacent to a vertex of degree at least . We also use the Gluing Lemma to answer an open question of Jamison and to provide a conceptually simple proof of Jamison's result that the path has minimum mean subtree order among all trees of order . We prove that if is optimal in , then the number of leaves in is and that if is optimal in , then the number of leaves in is . Along the way, we describe the asymptotic structure of optimal trees in several narrower families of trees.
Incorporating digital anorectal examinations for anal cancer screening into routine HIV care for men who have sex with men living with HIV: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Ong Jason J , Walker Sandra , Grulich Andrew , Hoy Jennifer , Read Tim RH , Bradshaw Catriona , Chen Marcus , Garland Suzanne M , Hillman Richard , Templeton David J , Hocking Jane , Eu Beng , Tee Bian Kiem , Chow Eric P F , Fairley Christopher K
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV have a high risk of anal cancer, which is often detected at late stages, when morbidity and mortality are high. The objective of this study was to describe the feasibility and challenges to incorporating regular digital anorectal examination (DARE) into routine HIV care for MSM living with HIV, from the perspective of patients, physicians and the health service.

Methods

In 2014, we recruited 327 MSM living with HIV, aged 35 and above from one major sexual health centre (n = 187), two high HIV caseload general practices (n = 118) and one tertiary hospital (n = 22) in Melbourne, Australia. Men were followed up for two years and DARE was recommended at baseline, year 1 and year 2. Data were collected regarding patient and physician experience, and health service use. An ordered logit model was used to assess the relationship between sociodemographic factors and the number of DAREs performed.

Results

Mean age of men was 51 (SD ± 9) years, 69% were Australian born, 32% current smokers, and mean CD4 was 630 (SD ± 265) cells per mm3, with no significant differences between clinical sites. Overall, 232 (71%) men received all three DAREs, 71 (22%) received two DAREs, and 24 (7%) had one DARE. Adverse outcomes were rarely reported: anal pain (1.2% of total DAREs), bleeding (0.8%) and not feeling in control of their body during the examination (1.6%). Of 862 DAREs performed, 33 (3.8%) examinations resulted in a referral to a colorectal surgeon. One Stage 1 anal cancer was detected.

Conclusion

Incorporation of an early anal cancer detection programme into routine HIV clinical care for MSM living with HIV showed high patient acceptability, uncommon adverse outcomes and specialist referral patterns similar to other cancer screening programmes.
Ancient herbal component may be a novel therapeutic for gouty arthritis
Authors: Chen Yibo , Chen Xin
Published: December 2018

Discussion on reprogrammed arachidonic acid metabolism mediated by COX2, 5-LOX and CYP4A alleviate gouty arthritis by salidroside.
Death, TIR, and RHIM: Self-assembling domains involved in innate immunity and cell-death signaling
Authors: Nanson Jeffrey D , Kobe Bostjan , Ve Thomas
Published: December 2018

The innate immune system consists of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect pathogen- and endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs), initiating signaling pathways that lead to the induction of cytokine expression, processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and induction of cell-death responses. An emerging concept in these pathways and associated processes is signaling by cooperative assembly formation (SCAF), which involves formation of higher order oligomeric complexes, and enables rapid and strongly amplified signaling responses to minute amounts of stimulus. Many of these signalosomes assemble through homotypic interactions of members of the death-fold (DF) superfamily, Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domains, or the RIP homotypic interaction motifs (RHIM). We review the current understanding of the structure and function of these domains and their molecular interactions with a particular focus on higher order assemblies.

We review the structure and function of domains involved in signaling by cooperative assembly formation (SCAF) in innate immunity and cell-death pathways.
Response of hepatitis B virus to antiretroviral treatment containing lamivudine in HBsAg‐positive and HBsAg‐negative HIV‐positive South African adults
Authors: Singh Lanish , Bell Trevor Graham , Yousif Mukhlid , Kramvis Anna
Published: December 2018

Both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are highly endemic in sub‐Saharan Africa. This study examined serological and clinical follow‐up data from 39 HBV DNA‐positive, HIV‐positive black South African adults, who returned for follow‐up at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months post‐initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Of the 39 participants, 10 experienced full suppression of HBV and 29 experienced no suppression, with 10 of these showing a virological breakthrough. All 10 patients who fully suppressed were HBsAg‐negative, with 16 of the 29 who did not suppress being HBsAg‐positive and 13 HBsAg‐negative (P < 0.05). Participants fully suppressing the virus had significantly lower aminotransferase levels and were all HBsAg‐negative compared to those who did not suppress (P < 0.05). HBV viral loads between HBsAg‐positive and HBsAg‐negative samples were similar at baseline and at the final time‐point. In these South African patients with HBV/HIV coinfection, HBsAg‐negative status at baseline was a predictor of the outcome of HBV suppression in response to ART containing lamivudine.
Multidimensional vertebral endplate defects are associated with disc degeneration, modic changes, facet joint abnormalities, and pain
Authors: Zehra Uruj , Cheung Jason Pui Yin , Bow Cora , Lu William , Samartzis Dino
Published: December 2018

The aim of the current study was to investigate the multi‐dimensional characteristics of lumbar endplate defects in humans in relation to disc degeneration and other MRI phenotypes as well as their role with pain and disability. A total of 108 subjects were recruited and underwent 3T MRI of the lumbar spine. Structural endplate defects were identified and their dimensions were measured in terms of maximum width and depth, and were then standardized to the actual width of the endplate and depth of the vertebral body, respectively. Both width and depth of all endplate defects in each subject were added separately and scores were assigned on the basis of size from 1 to 3. Combining both scores provided “cumulative endplate defect scores.” Disc degeneration scores, Modic changes, disc displacement, HIZ, and facet joint changes were assessed. Subject demographics, pain profile, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were also obtained. Endplate defects were observed in 67.5% of the subjects and in 13.5% of the endplates. All dimensions of endplate defects showed significance with disc degenerative scores, Modic changes, and posterior disc displacement (p < 0.05). Maximum width (p = 0.009) and its standardized value (p = 0.02), and cumulative endplate defect scores (p = 0.004) increased with narrow facet joints. Cumulative endplate defect scores showed a strong positive association with ODI (p < 0.05) compared to disc degenerative scores. Large size endplate defects were strongly associated with degenerative spine changes and more back‐related disability. Findings from this study stress the need to assess endplate findings from a multi‐dimensional perspective, whose role may have clinical utility. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
The Effect of Duration of Amidation of Fatty Acids with Diethanolamine on the Surfactant Properties
Authors: Yanovsky Viacheslav A. , Andropov Mikhail O. , Fakhrislamova Regina S. , Churkin Ruslan A. , Minaev Konstantin M. , Yanovskaya Elena A.
Published: December 2018

The effects of the duration of direct amidation of fatty acids (FA) with diethanolamine on the composition of the products obtained, their surface‐active properties, and ability to stabilize water‐in‐oil emulsions are studied using the example of tall oil distillate. A certain range of synthesis time that corresponds to the maximum content of diethanolamides in the reaction products, and, as a consequence, the highest surface‐active and emulsifying properties of the products is shown to exist. An increase in the synthesis duration time leads to a deterioration of these properties due to accumulation of the products of secondary reactions. A new mechanism of the amidation process that includes secondary transformations of diethanolamine and its condensation products with FA into 1,4‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)piperazine derivatives is proposed. The structures of by‐products are confirmed using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS), infrared (IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy methods. It is concluded that the acid value of the product as well as the amount of water released during the synthesis cannot serve as a reliable criterion for completion of the process.
Preparation of allyl isothiocyanate nanoparticles, their anti‐inflammatory activity towards RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and anti‐proliferative effect on HT1376 bladder cancer cells
Authors: Chang Wei‐Jung , Chen Bing‐Huei , Inbaraj Baskaran Stephen , Chien John‐Tung
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a volatile and water‐insoluble compound present in several cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to possess several biological qualities such as anti‐bacterial, anti‐fungal, and anti‐cancer activity. In this study, water‐soluble allyl isothiocyanate nanoparticles (AITC‐NPs) were prepared by oil dispersed in water (O/W) microemulsion and complex coacervation techniques and evaluated for their anti‐inflammatory activity towards macrophage cell RAW 264.7 and anti‐cancer effect on human bladder cancer cell HT1376.

RESULTS

The AITC‐NPs with a particle size of 9.4 nm were stable during heating up to 110 °C or three freeze‐thawing cycles. No significant cytotoxicity was shown on Caco‐2 and intestine epithelial IEC‐6 cells at AITC‐NP doses ranging from 0.25 to 2 g L−1 (8.75–70 mg L−1 AITC). However, at 2 g L−1 dosage, AITC‐NPs could inhibit the growth of human bladder cancer cells HT1376 by 90%, while their low dosage at 0.25 g L−1 could inhibit migration ability by 83.7, 71.3, 58.4 and 31.4% after 4, 8, 12, and 24 h of incubation, respectively. Compared to AITC and NPs, AITC‐NPs showed a better inhibition on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced TNF‐α, IL‐6, NO and iNOS production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

CONCLUSION

The results demonstrate the potential of AITC‐NPs as therapeutic agents for the treatment of bladder cancer and the enhancement of immune function. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Imaging predictors for malignant transformation of inverted papilloma
Authors: Yan Carol H. , Tong Charles C. L. , Penta Mrudula , Patel Vishal S. , Palmer James N. , Adappa Nithin D. , Nayak Jayakar V. , Hwang Peter H. , Patel Zara M.
Published: December 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

Inverted papillomas (IPs) are benign tumors of the sinonasal tract with a malignant transformation potential. Predicting the transformation propensity of IPs and corresponding risk factors has long been a challenge. In this study, we aimed to use radiographic findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) to help differentiate IP from IP‐transformed squamous cell carcinomas (IP‐SCC).

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed at two institutions comparing IP (n = 76) and IP‐SCC (n = 66) tumors, evaluating preoperative radiographic imaging with corresponding surgical pathology reports. The presence of a convoluted cerebriform pattern (CCP) using postcontrast T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted MRI was evaluated. Using MRI diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), we calculated the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of each tumor. We also determined the tumor origin, attachment sites, and presence of bony erosion using CT imaging.

Results

Benign IPs had a higher prevalence of CCP on MRI compared to IP‐transformed SCC (P = .0001. The mean value ADC of malignant IP‐SCC (ADCb0,1000 = 1.12 × 10−3 mm2/s) was significantly lower than that of benign IPs (ADCb0,1000 = 1.49 × 10−3 mm2/s, P = .002). IP‐SCC tumors were more likely to be have orbital wall attachment (P = .002) and bony erosion (P < .0001) compared to IPs.

Conclusions

Evaluation of CCP and DWI with ADC values on MRI are promising qualitative and quantitative methods to help differentiate benign IP tumors from their transformed malignant counterparts. Malignant IP‐SCCs are associated with a loss of CCP and lower ADC values. Findings of orbital wall involvement and bony erosion on CT may also help determine presence of malignancy.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 129:777–782, 2019
High Dietary Fat Intake Affects DNA Methylation/Hydroxymethylation in Mouse Heart: Epigenetic Hints for Obesity‐Related Cardiac Dysfunction
Authors: Ciccarone Fabio , Castelli Serena , Ioannilli Laura , Ciriolo Maria Rosa
Published: December 2018

Scope

Epigenetic aberrations caused by environmental factors and lifestyle choices have been associated with the development of a number of pathologies, including cardiovascular disorders. However, whether obesity‐related heart dysfunction can occur via epigenetic mechanisms is largely undisclosed. The manifested role of DNA hydroxymethylation in heart pathophysiology prompts an investigation of its levels/machinery in heart of mice fed with high‐fat diet (HFD) and its possible relation with genes linked to obesity‐associated cardiac remodeling.

Methods and results

Alterations in levels of DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation modifications and in expression of Tet family of DNA hydroxylases are observed in hearts of mice treated with HFD for 8 and 16 weeks. Decreased levels of the Tet co‐substrate α‐ketoglutarate are also observed and associate with mitochondrial mass reduction and augmented oxidative stress. Finally, expression markers of cardiac remodeling are monitored by RT‐qPCR analysis and associate with DNA hydroxymethylation signature by DNA immunoprecipitation and correlation analyses.

Conclusion

Global changes of DNA hydroxymethylation in hearts of HFD‐fed mice are associated with upregulation of the dioxygenase Tet3 and decreased content of α‐ketoglutarate. A relation between Tet genes and markers of cardiac hypertrophic response is observed and, if further validated, it will provide insights concerning epigenetics and obesity‐related cardiac complications.
Renal Resistive Index Predicts Post–Bariatric Surgery Renal Outcome in Nondiabetic Individuals with Severe Obesity
Authors: Solini Anna , Seghieri Marta , Santini Eleonora , Giannini Livia , Biancalana Edoardo , Taddei Stefano , Volterrani Duccio , Bruno Rosa Maria
Published: December 2018

Objective

Bariatric surgery may ameliorate renal function through vascular mechanisms. This study tested surgery’s ability to improve measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) and identified clinical, renal, and systemic vascular predictors of such improvement.

Methods

Twenty‐five nondiabetic subjects with severe obesity were studied before and 1 year after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, evaluating mGFR and renal plasma flow, basal renal resistive index (RI) and dynamic renal RI, renal visceral fat, and systemic vascular parameters, including flow‐mediated dilation, aortic pulse wave velocity, and carotid intima media thickness and stiffness.

Results

After Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, BMI decreased by 31%. At follow‐up, body surface area (BSA)‐adjusted mGFR increased (from 86.9 ± 15.2 to 109.0 ± 18.2 mL/min/1.73 m2, P <  0.001), whereas the absolute mGFR did not change. Renal plasma flow did not vary. RI decreased; flow‐mediated dilation, pulse wave velocity, carotid intima media thickness, and carotid stiffness improved. mGFR changes after surgery (ΔmGFR/BSA) were associated with younger age and lower fasting glucose. Among vascular variables, an improved ΔmGFR/BSA was associated with smaller brachial artery diameter, lower intima media thickness, and lower RI; this latter association remained after adjusting for covariates. No measure of adiposity was associated with ΔmGFR.

Conclusions

In subjects with obesity and normal renal function, bariatric surgery improves mGFR/BSA (although absolute mGFR is unchanged) and renal and systemic vascular function. Lower renal intravascular resistance can predict these improvements, maximizing them in relatively young individuals.
Neighborhood Typology and Cardiometabolic Pregnancy Outcomes in the Maternal Adiposity Metabolism and Stress Study
Authors: Headen Irene , Laraia Barbara , Coleman‐Phox Kimberly , Vieten Cassandra , Adler Nancy , Epel Elissa
Published: December 2018

Objective

This study aimed to assess associations between neighborhood typologies classified across multiple neighborhood domains and cardiometabolic pregnancy outcomes and determine variation in effectiveness of a mindfulness‐based stress‐reduction intervention on outcomes across neighborhood types.

Methods

Neighborhoods of participants in the Maternal Adiposity Metabolism and Stress (MAMAS) intervention (n = 208) were classified across dimensions of socioeconomic, food, safety, and service/resource environments using latent class analysis. The study estimated associations between neighborhood type and three cardiometabolic pregnancy outcomes—glucose tolerance (GT) during pregnancy, excessive gestational weight gain, and 6‐month postpartum weight retention (PPWR)—using marginal regression models. Interaction between neighborhood type and intervention was assessed.

Results

Five neighborhood types differing across socioeconomic, food, and resource environments were identified. Compared with poor, well‐resourced neighborhoods, middle‐income neighborhoods with low resources had higher risk of impaired GT (relative risk [RR]: 4.1; 95% confidence Interval [CI]: 1.1, 15.5), and wealthy, well‐resourced neighborhoods had higher PPWR (beta: 3.9 kg; 95% CI: 0.3, 7.5). Intervention effectiveness varied across neighborhood type with wealthy, well‐resourced and poor, moderately resourced neighborhoods showing improvements in GT scores. PPWR was higher in intervention compared with control groups within wealthy, well‐resourced neighborhoods.

Conclusions

Consideration of multidimensional neighborhood typologies revealed important nuances in intervention effectiveness on cardiometabolic pregnancy outcomes.
Making civic engagement go viral: Applying social epidemiology principles to civic education
Authors: Pope Alexander , Cohen Alison K. , Duarte Catherine d.P.
Published: December 2018

This paper explores the connections between education for youth civic engagement and theories and strategies from public health (specifically, epidemiology). We illustrate this with four applications of epidemiologic theory to youth civic engagement: social determinants and fundamental causes, vulnerable populations and cumulative disadvantage, positive spillover, and herd immunity and critical mass. Formalizing concepts of current civics, in schools and the public, as a civic epidemic, we present a case for individual‐ and group‐level interventions based around targeted, school‐based, effective civic education initiatives. Grounded in epidemiological theory, such approaches call attention to the simultaneous need to improve broad civics education and ensure that particular populations receive necessary attentions.
Si3N4@RGO Hybrids for Epoxy Coatings With Enhanced Anticorrosion Performance
Authors: Ge Heyi , Wang Ting , Cheng Shilin
Published: December 2018

The reduced graphene oxide (RGO)‐encapsulated functionalized silicon nitride hybrids (f‐Si3N4@RGO) were fabricated from sodium borohydride reduction of electrostatically assembled f‐Si3N4@GO hybrids with the help of silane coupling agent. The waterborne epoxy coating with 2 wt% f‐Si3N4@RGO was prepared by a room temperature curing process. The corrosion resistance properties of the coating were investigated. In the f‐Si3N4@RGO/epoxy coating, the unique structure of f‐Si3N4particles firmly embedded in the RGO sheets could effectively prevent the agglomeration of graphene in the epoxy and construct shielding barrier at the coating‐tinplate interface. The results showed that the anticorrosive performance of the coating was significantly enhanced by incorporation of f‐Si3N4@RGO hybrids to epoxy. This superior f‐Si3N4@RGO structure with its prominent dispersion could make full use of the enhancement effect of the different components and thus endowed the waterborne epoxy coating with good shielding properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Incorporation of carbon nanotubes in polydimethylsiloxane to control Escherichia coli adhesion
Authors: Vagos Márcia R. , Moreira Joana M.R. , Soares Olivia S.G.P. , Pereira Manuel F.R. , Mergulhão Filipe J.
Published: December 2018

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used as a coating material and in the fabrication of medical implants for the urinary tract and also in biofilm reactors. When this polymer is used in biomedical devices, bacterial adhesion to the surface must be avoided to prevent implant‐related infections, whereas in biofilm reactors, adhesion has to be promoted. In this work, incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on PDMS composites was tested to control Escherichia coli adhesion. Pristine and functionalized CNTs were used and the adhesion assays were performed in the hydrodynamic conditions prevailing in the urinary tract. Surfaces were chemically and morphologically characterized by contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron microscopy. Incorporation of small amounts (0.1%) of pristine CNTs decreased bacterial adhesion by 20%, whereas functionalized CNTs increased bacterial adhesion also by 20%. This demonstrates that bacterial adhesion can be modulated by incorporating different types of CNTs in the polymer. It is likely that incorporation of higher amounts of CNTs in polymer composites can affect bacterial adhesion by more than 40%. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1697–E1704, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
High‐velocity impact performance of shear‐thickening fluid/kevlar composites made by the padding process
Authors: Yeh Shu‐Kai , Zhuang Hong‐Yi , Chen Yao‐Chun , Tseng Po‐Chun , Zheng Jie‐Yu , Yang Ling‐Yueh , Lee Kuei‐Chi , Chen Yu‐Liang
Published: December 2018

Padding is known to enhance the dyeing of fabric. In this study, shear‐thickening fluid (STF)/multilayer Kevlar composites were constructed through a padding process. This paper describes the padding process used, and discusses the ballistic impact and stab resistance of the resulting composites. Padding STF into Kevlar fabric is better than impregnation. The resulting composites are thinner, lighter, and more flexible than conventional Kevlar body armor, while providing similar protection. Previous studies have shown that padding improves the low‐velocity impact resistance of single‐layer Kevlar. This study demonstrates that padding also improves the high‐velocity impact performance of STF/multilayer Kevlar composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:3040–3049, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Neurological soft signs and grey matter abnormalities in individuals with ultra‐high risk for psychosis
Authors: Kong Li , Cui Huiru , Zhang Tianhong , Wang Ya , Huang Jia , Zhu Yikang , Tang Yingying , Herold Christina J. , Schröder Johannes , Cheung Eric F. C. , Chan Raymond C. K. , Wang Jijun
Published: December 2018

Neurological soft signs (NSSs), conventionally defined as subtle neurological abnormalities, are frequently found in individuals with schizophrenia. Many neuroimaging studies have also reported that NSSs are associated with grey matter changes in patients with schizophrenia at different stages of the illness. However, these findings may be confounded by the effect of antipsychotic medications, chronicity, and duration of untreated psychosis. Examining NSSs in individuals with ultra‐high risk (UHR) for psychosis may help to identify the neuroanatomical substrates of NSSs related to the illness itself and to avoid these potential confounding effects. A sample of 21 individuals with UHR were included in the present study. NSSs were rated using the abridged version of the Cambridge Neurological Inventory. Grey matter volume was assessed using optimized voxel‐based morphometry on images acquired by a high‐resolution 3‐T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. We found that higher NSS scores in individuals with UHR were associated with decreased grey matter volume at the superior and medial frontal cortex, the rectal cortex, the pre‐ and post‐central cortex, the insula, the caudate, and the cerebellum. Our results suggest that these brain structural characteristics may represent the neuroanatomical substrate of NSSs in individuals with UHR. These findings contribute to the understanding of the intrinsic features of psychosis associated with NSSs and may provide insights into pre‐schizophrenia pathophysiology.
Layer‐by‐layer assembly of polymeric complexes: Effect of storing time on the complexes and film structure
Authors: Chen Xiaoling , Guo Qiaojing , He Miaomiao , Liu Yongmei , Zhao Yansheng
Published: December 2018

Polymeric complexes formed between poly(4‐vinylphenol) (PVPh) and poly(4‐vinylphyridine) (PVP) at small molar ratio based on hydrogen bond in ethanol were found to undergo a long “aging” process during storage, which composed of two different stages. In Stage 1, the intra‐complex reorganization occurred and the size of the complexes enlarged gradually. And in Stage 2, the aggregation between complexes particles occurred and made the size of the complexes enlarge more quickly. This “aging” process could last for 80 days even though the polymeric complexes precipitated in the end like others. The effect of “aging” time on the Layer‐by‐Layer assembly behavior of the complexes was also investigated. The assembly behavior of the complexes might change from linear growth to exponential growth by simply prolonging the “aging” time of the complexes and two extremely different structures were obtained. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:E394–E402, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
‘Tis the Season for More Earth‐Friendly Plastic Toys
Authors: Lamontagne Nancy D.
Published: December 2018

Most toys purchased during the holiday season will contain some type of plastic. Although plastics are extremely versatile and durable, consumers are starting to push for toys that are also good for the environment and won't end up in the landfill when kids are done with them.
Synthesis of ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight ethylene‐propylene copolymer via quasi‐living copolymerization with N‐heterocyclic carbene ligated vanadium complexes
Authors: Zhang Shu , Zhang Wen‐Chao , Shang Dan‐Dan , Wu Yi‐Xian
Published: December 2018

The quasi‐living copolymerization of ethylene with propylene was achieved by using N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligated vanadium complex (V3, VOCl3[1,3‐(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)2(NCH)2C:]) due to the stabilization of active center by the introduction of bulky and electron rich NHC ligand with bulky isopropyl substituents at the ortho positions of the phenyl rings. The weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) of the resulting copolymer increases linearly with its weight in 20 min. The ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight (UHMW) ethylene‐propylene copolymer (Mw = 1612 kg mol−1) can be synthesized with V3/Et3Al2Cl3 catalytic system. The novel complex V4′ (VCl3[1,3‐(2,4,6‐Me3C6H2)2(NCH)2C:]·2THF) was constructed by the introduction of two coordinated tetrahydrofuran molecules and decrease in steric hindrance at the ortho positions of phenyl rings. The UHMW ethylene‐propylene copolymer (Mw = 1167 kg mol−1) can also be synthesized by using V4′/Et3Al2Cl3 catalytic system. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 553–561
A sol–gel polymerization method for creating nanoporous polyimide silsesquioxane nanostructures as soft dielectric materials
Authors: Hawkins Matthew , Saha Sujoy , Ravindran Ezhakudiyan , Rathnayake Hemali
Published: December 2018

A sol–gel polymerization method was developed to make polyimide (PI) silsesquioxane (SSQ) nanoparticles as functional, soft dielectric materials. The surface functionalization of the polymer chain backbone and chain ends of poly(trimellitic anhydride chloride‐co‐4,4′‐methylenedianiline), PMR‐15 resin, with para‐(chloromethyl)‐phenylethyltrimethoxy silane yielded a novel sol–gel reactive sites functionalized PMR‐silane precursor. Upon base‐catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of the PMR‐silane precursor, spherical, raspberry‐like PMR‐SSQ nanoparticles were obtained in considerably good yield. Controlling the particle size distribution was attempted upon adjusting the molar ratio between the silane precursor and the base, as well as in the presence of a catalytic amount of silica sols. Particle composition, thermal stability, and morphology were confirmed from Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Nanoparticles, visualized under transmission electron microscopy exhibit a nanoporous structure. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis confirmed that the average pore dimension is ranged from 2 to 5 nm. The dielectric constant of PMR‐SSQ nanoparticles was as low as 1.95, compared to dielectric constants of 3.05 and 3.13 for PMR‐15 and PMR‐silane, respectively. Thus, the base‐catalyzed sol–gel polymerization of alkoxysilylated PI offers a novel synthetic path to make functional nanoporous PI nanostructures that possess ultralow dielectric constants. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 57, 562–571.
Estimating mortality rates of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) under the ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) epidemic
Authors: Coker Tim L. R. , Rozsypálek Jiří , Edwards Anne , Harwood Tony P. , Butfoy Louise , Buggs Richard J. A.
Published: December 2018

Societal Impact Statement

Damage to ash trees by ash dieback caused by the emerging fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is impacting people across Europe. This poses challenges to: public safety; productivity of commercial forestry; green spaces and human wellbeing; and ecosystem services and carbon sequestration. Here, we seek to quantify the impact of ash dieback on tree mortality by analyzing surveys counting the proportion of trees that have died in sites across Europe. However, more and better data are needed to inform policy makers, foresters, conservationists, and other stakeholders as they plan for a long‐term future with ash dieback.

The ash dieback epidemic, caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, has been present in Europe for over 20 years and caused widespread damage and mortality in ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior) populations. Ash is a major natural capital asset and plays an important role in nature’s contribution to people in Europe.

Here, we present a meta‐analysis of surveys of ash mortality due to ash dieback, and a time‐dependent model to estimate longer term mortality.

In plantations established previous to the arrival of the epidemic, we analyze 12 surveys, finding a maximum recorded mortality of ~85%. In woodlands with exposure to ash dieback of between 4 and 20 years, we analyze 36 surveys, finding a maximum recorded mortality (which may have missed some dead trees) of ~70%. We also analyze 10 surveys of naturally regenerated saplings, finding maximum recorded mortality of ~82%. We apply logistic models to these data sets to seek longer term predictions.

More data are needed before our models can be relied upon for policy decisions. If survival found so far in woodlands is due in part to heritable resistance, natural selection or a breeding program may allow future recovery of ash populations in Europe.
Back Cover: Cover Image, Volume 75, Issue 1
Authors: Morrison William R , Blaauw Brett R , Short Brent D , Nielsen Anne L , Bergh James C , Krawczyk Greg , Park Yong‐Lak , Butler Bryan , Khrimian Ashot , Leskey Tracy C
Published: December 2018

The back‐cover image is based on the Research Article Successful management of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in commercial apple orchards with an attract‐and‐kill strategy by William R Morrison et al., DOI: 10.1002/ps.5156. Photo Credit: Rob Morrison, Ph.D.

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Pharmacodynamic Models of Differential Bortezomib Signaling Across Several Cell Lines of Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Ramakrishnan Vidya , Mager Donald E.
Published: December 2018

The heterogeneous polyclonal nature of multiple myeloma complicates the identification of protein biomarkers predictive of drug response. In this study, a pharmacodynamic systems modeling approach was used to link in vitro bortezomib exposure and myeloma cell death. The exposure‐response was integrated through a network of important protein biomarker dynamics activated by bortezomib in four myeloma cell lines. The pharmacodynamic models reasonably characterized the protein and myeloma cell dynamics simultaneously following bortezomib (20 nM) treatment. The models were used to identify differences in pathway dynamics across cell lines from model‐estimated protein biomarker turnover parameters and global sensitivity analyses. Additionally, a statistical correlation analysis between drug sensitivity and model‐fitted protein activation profiles (i.e., cumulative area under the protein expression‐time curves) supported the identification of shared biomarkers associated with sensitivity differences among the cell lines. Both types of analysis identified similar important proteins associated with bortezomib pharmacodynamics, such as phosphorylated Nuclear Factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (pNFkappaB), phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAKT), and caspase‐8 (Cas 8).
Auxetic Properties of a f.c.c. Crystal of Hard Spheres with an Array of [001]‐Nanochannels Filled by Hard Spheres of Another Diameter
Authors: Narojczyk Jakub W. , Wojciechowski Krzysztof W. , Tretiakov Konstantin V. , Smardzewski Jerzy , Scarpa Fabrizio , Piglowski Pawel M. , Kowalik Mikolaj , Imre Attila R. , Bilski Mikolaj
Published: December 2018

Preliminary results on the influence of periodically distributed cylindrical nanoinclusions introduced into the f.c.c. hard sphere crystal on its elastic properties and the Poisson's ratio are presented. The nanoinclusions are oriented along the [001]‐direction and filled with hard spheres of diameter different from the spheres forming the matrix crystal. The Monte Carlo simulations show that symmetry of the crystal changes from the cubic to tetragonal one. In the case when spheres inside the inclusion are smaller than spheres forming the crystal, the changes of Poisson's ratio are qualitatively similar to the changes observed earlier in the Yukawa sphere crystal, that is, the introduction of nanochannels causes simultaneous decrease of the Poisson's ratio in the [110][10]‐direction, and its increase in [110][001]‐direction. Filling the nanochannel with spheres having diameters greater than that of the spheres in the crystalline matrix, causes a decrease of the Poisson's ratio value from 0.065 down to −0.365 in [111][11]‐direction. The dependence of the minimal Poisson's ratio on the direction of the applied load is shown in a form of surfaces in spherical coordinates, for selected values of nanochannel particle diameters. The most negative value of the Poisson's ratio found amongst all systems studied was as low as −0.873.
A note on “Parameter estimation for bivariate Weibull distribution using generalized moment method for reliability evaluation”
Authors: Zhang Zili , Nadarajah Saralees
Published: December 2018

Yuan [Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 2018, doi: 10.1002/qre.2276] proposed a generalized moment method for parameter estimation of a particular bivariate Weibull distribution and derived corresponding confidence intervals. The expressions given for the confidence intervals do not appear correct. In this note, we correct the confidence intervals and recompute them for two real data sets.
The s‐homodesmotic method for the computation of conventional strain energies of bicyclic systems and individual rings within these systems
Authors: Magers D. Brandon , Magers Andrew K. , Magers David H.
Published: December 2018

The s‐homodesmotic method for computing conventional strain energies (CSE) has been extended for the first time to bicyclic systems and to individual rings within these systems. Unique isodesmic, homodesmotic, and hyperhomodesmotic reactions originate from the s‐homodesmotic method. These are used to investigate 12 bicyclic systems comprising cyclopropane and cyclobutane and how the CSE of each system compares to the sum of the individual rings within each. Equilibrium geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and the corresponding electronic energies and zero point vibrational energy corrections are computed for all relevant molecules using second‐order perturbation theory and density functional theory (B3LYP) with the correlation consistent basis sets cc‐pVDZ and cc‐pVTZ. Single‐point CCSD(T) energies are computed at the MP2/cc‐pVTZ optimized geometries to ascertain the importance of higher order correlation effects. Results indicate that CSEs are additive when the two rings are separated by one or two bonds and somewhat additive in other cases.
The removal of short‐chain and long‐chain perfluoroalkyl acids and sulfonates via granular activated carbons: A comparative column study
Authors: Westreich Philippe , Mimna Richard , Brewer Jenalle , Forrester Frederic
Published: December 2018

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of emerging concern. Granular activated carbon (GAC) is an adsorbent currently in use in removing long‐chain PFAS from water. However, there are few studies that examine short‐chain PFAS removal with GAC. The present Rapid Small‐Scale Column Test study compares the removal of a suite of both long‐ and short‐chain PFAS from groundwater. The results show that re‐agglomerated, bituminous coal‐based GACs, whether virgin or reactivated, are capable of effectively removing long‐ and short‐chain PFAS with four or more perfluorinated carbons. It was also observed that perfluorobutanoic acid, a perfluorinated carboxylic acid with just three perfluorinated carbons, reached breakthrough far more quickly than all other PFAS in this study. Coconut‐based and pool reactivated carbons, respectively, lasted 9 to 18% as long, and 43 to 57% as long, as the coal‐based carbons studied prior to breakthrough of the PFAS. The results indicate that properly selected GACs (reagglomerated bituminous coal‐based, virgin or reactivated), are a viable treatment option for PFAS contamination in water for all but the shortest perfluorinated carboxylic acids.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent‐Promoted Site‐Selective Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Mononitroarylamines
Authors: An Delie , Song Wenkang , Peng Zhihong , Zhang Yingjun , Dong Wanrong
Published: December 2018

A practical synthesis of nitroarylamines from protected arylamines and sodium nitrite was herein achieved in the presence of a hypervalent iodine(III) reagent without any transition metal‐catalysts and solvents. The site‐selective solid‐phase protocol took place in mortar at room temperature for short time through the free radical mechanism, as proved by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis.
Fe‐Co‐Ni/Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Qiu Shujun , Gao Wei , Peng Hongliang , Chu Hailiang , Li Zehao , Liang Huanbiao , Zou Yongjin , Xiang Cuili , Zhang Huanzhi , Yan Erhu , Xu Fen , Sun Lixian , Li Ying
Published: December 2018

Recently, simultaneous doping of transition metals and heteroatoms in carbonaceous materials has become promising alternatives to Pt‐based catalysts for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this study, a kind of Fe‐Co‐Ni/N‐doped carbon framework catalysts is successfully synthesized using a hard template of SBA‐16@graphene oxide (SBA‐16@GO), during which ferroporphyrin is used as a nitrogen source and triblock copolymer Pluronic F127 is used as surfactant. The as‐prepared catalysts exhibit unique porous structure with high specific surface area (853 m2 g−1) and the average pore size distribution in the range of 2.4 to 3.3 nm, which offers short diffusion channels for the penetration and transportation of electrolyte. Moreover, the sample pyrolyzed at 800 °C (Fe‐Co‐Ni/NPC‐800) exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activity with the half‐wave potential (E1/2) of ∼ −0.09 V, which is only negatively shifted by about 50 mV for ORR in alkaline electrolyte compared to the commercial Pt/C catalyst.
New Ionic Cu(II) and Co(II) DACH–Flufenamate Conjugate Complexes: Spectroscopic Characterization, Single X–Ray Studies and Cytotoxic Activity on Human Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Khan Huzaifa Yasir , Zehra Siffeen , Parveen Sabiha , Yousuf Imtiyaz , Tabassum Sartaj , Arjmand Farukh
Published: December 2018

New ionic antitumor drug entities [{Cu(DACH)2(H2O)Cl}.(fluf)], 1 and [{Co(DACH)2(H2O)Cl}.(fluf)], 2 where DACH=1,2–diamminocyclohexane and fluf=flufenamate anion were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic studies and single X–ray crystallography. In order to evaluate the potential of these complexes to act as antitumor drug candidates, in vitro binding studies of 1 and 2 with ct–DNA have been carried out by biophysical methods which revealed electrostatic binding mode of these drug entities with ct–DNA preferably by external surface or groove binding mode contrary to other non–steroidal anti–inflammatory (NSAIDs) drugs which show intercalative binding. Comparative electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) titrations were performed which revealed that there was no significant change in EPR spectra of complexes upon incubation with ct–DNA implicating that coordination geometry of metal ions does not alter. Validation of antitumor potential of 1 and 2 was done by cytotoxicity experiments against human cancer cell lines by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Complex 1 was active against all tested cell lines with an exceptionally low GI50 value=2.9 μg/ml against MCF–7 (breast cancer) cell line showing its preferential selectivity. On the contrary, complex 2 showed poor activity against all tested cancer cell lines.
Facially Polarized Molecule for Alkalides and Superalkalides with Considerable Nonlinear Optical Response
Authors: Li Bo , Peng Daoling , Gu Feng Long , Zhu Chaoyuan
Published: December 2018

In this work, alkali M (Li and K) and superalkali M′3O (M′=Li and Na) combined with facially polarized molecule, all‐cis 1,2,3,4,5,6‐Hexafluorocyclohexane (L, C6H6F6), were utilized to design novel alkalides L‐M‐L‐M′ and superalkalides L‐M‐L‐M′3O, respectively. Computational results show that alkalides L‐M‐L‐M′ and superalkalides L‐M‐L‐M′3O have high thermodynamic stability, and the superalkalides L‐M‐L‐M′3O are more stable than the alkalides L‐M‐L‐M′. Importantly, they also possess remarkable NLO responses, the electronic contribution of the static first hyperpolarizability (β0e) has upped to 3.42×106 (a.u.) for L‐K‐L‐Li3O. In particularly, the number of ligand L considerably impacts on β0e value, namely, the β0e value of Li‐L‐Li3O can be improved two orders of magnitude by adding additional ligand L, 1.31×106 (a.u.)(L‐Li‐L‐Li3O) > 7.76×104 (a.u.)(Li‐L‐Li3O). We hope this work can attract researchers to design and synthesize novel excess electron compounds with high performance NLO materials.
p‐Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid: An Efficient Brønsted Acid‐Surfactant‐Combined Catalyst to Carry out Diverse Organic Transformations in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Thakur Shivani , Kaundal Priyanka , Chandel Kusum , Banerjee Bubun
Published: December 2018

Use of Brønsted acid surfactant combined catalysts is very much beneficial to carry out organic transformations in aqueous medium. In this review we have summarized the latest developments on the aqueous mediated synthesis of various organic scaffolds using p‐dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) as an efficient Brønsted acid surfactant combined catalyst.