bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Assays for Comprehensive Evaluation of Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Comorbidities of Traumatic Brain Injury and Chronic Neurological Disorders
Authors: Reddy Doodipala Samba , Li Yue , Qamari Taha , Ramakrishnan Sreevidhya
Published: October 2024

Neurological deficits, psychiatric disorders, and cognitive impairments often accompany stroke, brain injury, epilepsy, and many neurological disorders, which present intricate comorbidities that challenge recognition and management. There are many tools and paradigms for evaluating learning, memory, anxiety, and depression‐like behaviors in lab animal models of brain disorders. However, there is a significant gap between clinical observations and experimental models, which limit understanding of the complex interplay between chronic brain conditions and their impact on cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric impairments. This article describes an overview of experimental rationale, methods, protocols, and strategies for evaluating sensorimotor, affective and cognitive‐associated comorbid behaviors in epilepsy, traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI), and many other neurological disorders. First, we delve into clinical evidence elucidating the profound impact of comorbidities, e.g., psychiatric disorders and cognitive deficits, in individuals with epilepsy. Then, we discuss diverse approaches to assess these comorbidities in experimental models of brain diseases. Finally, we explore the methodologies for assessing motor function, sensorimotor, behavior, and psychiatric health. We cover strategies and protocols enabling these assays, including implementing behavioral paradigms to assess learning and memory, anxiety, and depression‐like behaviors in rodents in health and disease conditions. It is essential to consider a comprehensive battery of tests to investigate various behavioral deficits, considering environment, age, and sex differences relevant to the disease, such as TBI, SCI, epilepsy, stroke, and other complex neurological conditions. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
De Novo Synthesis of Error‐Free Long Oligos
Authors: Fang Shiyue , Arneson Reed , Yin Yipeng , Yuan Yinan
Published: October 2024

This protocol describes the synthesis of long oligonucleotides (up to 401‐mer), their isolation from complex mixtures using the catching‐by‐polymerization (CBP) method, and the selection of error‐free sequence via cloning followed by Sanger sequencing. Oligo synthesis is achieved under standard automated solid‐phase synthesis conditions with only minor yet critical adjustments using readily available reagents. The CBP method involves tagging the full‐length sequence with a polymerizable tagging phosphoramidite (PTP), co‐polymerizing the sequence into a polymer, washing away failure sequences, and cleaving the full‐length sequence from the polymer. Cloning and sequencing guided selection of error‐free sequence overcome the problems of substitution, deletion, and addition errors that cannot be addressed using any other methods, including CBP. Long oligos are needed in many areas such as protein engineering and synthetic biology. The methods described here are particularly important for projects requiring long oligos containing long repeats or stable higher‐order structures, which are difficult or impossible to produce using any other existing technologies. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Long oligo synthesis

Support Protocol 1: Synthesis of polymerizable tagging phosphoramidite (PTP)

Support Protocol 2: Synthesis of 5′‐O‐Bz phosphoramidite

Basic Protocol 2: Catching‐by‐polymerization (CBP) purification

Basic Protocol 3: Error‐free sequence selection via cloning and sequencing
Australian Dentists' Knowledge of the Consequences of Interpretive Errors in Dental Radiographs and Potential Mitigation Measures
Authors: Hegde Shwetha , Nanayakkara Shanika , Cox Stephen , Vasa Rajesh , Gao Jinlong
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Dental radiographs, typically taken and interpreted by dentists, are essential for diagnosis and effective treatment planning. Interpretive errors in dental radiographs, stemming from failures of visual and cognitive processes, can affect both patients and clinicians. This survey aimed to assess the dental practitioners' perceptions of the consequences of these errors and potential measures to minimize them.

Materials and Methods

This online anonymized survey assessed Australian dental practitioners' perceptions of the consequences of these errors and potential mitigation measures using ranking, Likert scale, and open‐ended questions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis.

Results

Participants identified undertreatment (72%) and legal implications (82%) as the most significant consequences of interpretive errors, whereas severe harm to patients was deemed the least likely. Dental practitioners placed a greater emphasis on maintaining a high level of competence and the well‐being of their patients. Utilizing high‐quality images (63.9%) and appropriate radiographs (59.7%) were identified as the most effective measures to minimize interpretive errors. Participants showed hesitancy regarding the reliance on machine learning as a clinical decision‐making tool.

Conclusions

The survey provides valuable practical insights into the consequences and targeted measures to minimize the occurrence of interpretive errors. Efforts to minimize interpretive errors should address patient safety and practitioners' concerns about professional reputation and business viability. The study also suggests further research into the role of machine learning algorithms in reducing interpretive errors in dentistry.
Boosting Thermogalvanic Cell Performance through Synergistic Redox and Thermogalvanic Corrosion
Authors: Fang Wei , Luo Haoran , Mwamburi Mwakitawa Ibrahim , Yuan Fang , Lin Xiaoxue , Wang Yifan , Yang Hao , Shumilova Tatyana , Hu Lijun , Zheng Yujie , Li Chen , Ouyang Jianyong , Sun Kuan
Published: October 2024

Thermogalvanic cells with organic redox couple (OTGCs) have received significant attention for low‐grade heat harvesting due to their high thermopower, versatile molecular design, and tailorable physiochemical properties. However, their thermogalvanic conversion power output is largely hindered by slow kinetic rate, which limits practical applications. In this work, we demonstrate a high‐performance liquid quinone/hydroquinone (Q/HQ) based OTGC by synergistic coupling redox reaction and thermogalvanic corrosion. By adding hydrochloric acid (HCl) into electrolyte solution, HCl not only boosts intrinsic redox kinetic rate of Q/HQ, but also induces rapid thermogalvanic corrosion of the copper electrode. Notably, these two processes reinforce each other kinetically. Consequently, the Q/HQ‐based OTGC exhibits a rapid kinetic rate alongside an increased thermopower, leading to a significantly enhanced power output density. As a result, the Q/HQ‐based OTGC achieves an enhanced effective conductivity σeff of 4.22 S m−1 and a record high normalized power density Pmax (ΔT)−2 of 108.7 μW m−2 K−2. This strategy provides a feasible and effective method for development of high‐performance OTGCs.
Interlaboratory Evaluation of Bretziella fagacearum Molecular Detection Assays to Guide the eDNA Monitoring of Oak Wilt Disease
Authors: Gauthier Marie‐Krystel , Djoumad Abdelmadjid , Bal Tara L. , Bilodeau Guillaume J. , DiGirolomo Marc F. , Ony Meher , Hadziabdic Denita , McLaughlin Kelsey C. , Miles Laura , Munck Isabel , Snover‐Clift Karen Lynn , Tanguay Philippe
Published: October 2024

Oak wilt disease, caused by the fungus Bretziella fagacearum, can kill mature red oaks within months of infection, severely affecting biodiversity, landscapes, and industries. The disease, originally only present in the United States, was officially reported for the first time in Canada in June 2023. The aim of this study was to suggest a standardized assay and sample processing method to optimize oak wilt detection both in infection centers and ahead of the disease front. Two previously published molecular assays, a Nested PCR and a TaqMan qPCR, were compared to detect B. fagacearum in a variety of samples in a ring trial across five laboratories. Sample types investigated included eDNA from trapped insect vectors (sorted insects and bulk content from traps), infested and healthy oak wood chips, and B. fagacearum conidia dilutions. Results demonstrated that both Nested and TaqMan assays can be used for molecular confirmation of oak wilt, and results are reproducible across different labs. There is a general agreement between both detection assays when testing true‐positive and true‐negative samples. Both methods demonstrated overall good accuracy. The TaqMan assay was more sensitive and detected lower amounts of DNA target. Both tests were 100% specific to oak wood samples, which was the best sample type to use for detection. In general, samples with high Cts were more prompted to yield false negative Nested results. Detecting oak wilt from bulk insect samples was by far more rapid than sorted sap beetles, but resulted in lower detection signals, especially with the Nested assay. The time‐period when the insect traps were set up also had considerable influence on detection results. We hope this study helps to formulate guidelines in oak wilt detection and biosurveillance management.
Continual Day–Night eDNA Detectability Amidst Diel Reef Species Fluctuations on Diver Transects
Authors: West Katrina M. , Jones Tyson R. , Denis‐Roy Lara , Johnson Olivia J. , Clausius Ella , Edgar Graham , Deagle Bruce
Published: October 2024

Recent research into the spatiotemporal dynamics of eDNA in marine environments indicates that eDNA signals are highly localized and may dissipate beyond detection levels within a few hours of production. This affects whether single‐timepoint eDNA sampling, which generally occurs during daylight hours, or cyclic (day/night) interval eDNA sampling is necessary to detect both diurnal and nocturnal marine species. Our study investigated short‐term variability in eDNA derived from fishes and macroinvertebrates across three temperate reef sites in eastern Tasmania, Australia. Simultaneous eDNA and underwater visual census (UVC) diver transect surveys were conducted every 6 h over a 24‐h period to investigate whether eDNA was able to detect marine species outside of their UVC‐observed diel activity. We report that single‐timepoint eDNA sampling can detect both diurnal and nocturnal species on temperate reefscapes. A lack of eDNA compositional turnover between day and night suggests that eDNA persists beyond 12 h and/or is continuously produced by both diurnal and nocturnal reef taxa, irrespective of diel behavioral changes observed by UVC. Given high eDNA sample variability, however, we recommend a high replication level (> 10 × 1 L samples) to produce robust site community composition profiles. This study builds on emerging literature on short‐term variability in eDNA, assisting in the design of future eDNA studies at sites with pronounced variation in faunal activity between day and night.
Outcomes of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in cardiac sarcoidosis patients with a range of ejection fractions
Authors: Liu Alexander , Ahmed Raheel , Dulay Mansimran Singh , Okafor Joseph , Azzu Alessia , Ramphul Kamleshun , Shi Rui , Ballo Gerald , Baksi John Arun , Wechalekar Kshama , Khattar Rajdeep , Collins Peter , Wells Athol Umfrey , Kouranos Vasilis , Sharma Rakesh
Published: October 2024

Aims

In cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) patients, the benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) remains unclear. We sought to assess the short‐term and long‐term effects of CRT in CS patients with a range of left ventricular (LV) ejection fractions (LVEFs).

Methods

Consecutive CS patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; LVEF ≤ 40%), mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF; LVEF 41%–49%) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; LVEF ≥ 50) treated with CRT under the care of a tertiary UK centre between 2008 and 2023 were reviewed. CRT response was defined by >5% improvement in serial LVEF. The primary endpoint was a composite of all‐cause mortality, cardiac transplantation or unplanned hospitalization for decompensated heart failure. The secondary endpoint included ventricular arrhythmic events.

Results

Of the 100 patients enrolled (age 58 ± 10 years; 71% male), 63 had HFrEF, 17 had HFmrEF and 20 had HFpEF. After short‐term follow‐up (9.8 ± 5.4 months), HFrEF patients demonstrated significant LVEF response (P < 0.01). On Kaplan–Meier analysis (follow‐up 38 ± 32 months), HFrEF non‐responders had significantly worse event‐free survival compared with HFrEF responders for the primary (P < 0.001) and secondary (P = 0.001) endpoints. Despite short‐term LV function improvement, CRT responders still had worse event‐free survival compared with HFmrEF/HFpEF patients for the primary endpoint (P < 0.001). On multivariable Cox analysis, age [hazard ratio (HR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.10, P = 0.008] and HFrEF CRT non‐response (HR 12.33, 95% CI 2.45–61.87, P = 0.002) were associated with the primary endpoint.

Conclusions

In CS patients with HFrEF, CRT response is associated with a better long‐term prognosis than non‐response. However, HFrEF CRT responders still have worse long‐term prognosis than HFmrEF/HFpEF patients.
Russians’ Attitudes Towards the War in Ukraine
Authors: Wollast Robin , Phillips Joseph B. , Yahiiaiev Illia , Malysheva Karine , Klein Olivier , Sengupta Nikhil K.
Published: October 2024

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused considerable military casualties on both sides and widespread harm to Ukrainian civilians. While polls suggest that a slim majority of Russians endorse the invasion, the factors underpinning this support remain uncertain. We investigated factors associated with support for the war among Russians. In three large, diverse, samples of Russian adults (total N = 2856), we extend the dual process motivational model to the context of international warfare, focusing on two key ideologies: right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO). Consistent with polling data, we find that approximately half of the participants support the war. Across studies, RWA, especially its submission facet, emerges as a strong and consistent predictor of increased support for the war in Ukraine. In contrast, the associations with SDO are weaker and more inconsistent, with anti‐egalitarianism playing only a minor role in opposing peace efforts. Additionally, factors such as Russian identification, nationalism, group efficacy, war‐related misperceptions and collective narcissism also contribute to war support. Our findings suggest that Russian support for the war may reflect broader support for the existing regime with backing for the military intervention serving as a demonstration of loyalty to Vladimir Putin and his government.
Modifications in Protein Structure and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition of Yak Casein Induced by Protease Treatment
Authors: Shang Gongru , Deng Mingqin , Zhang Yu , Suo Huayi , Song Jiajia
Published: October 2024

Yak milk is abundant in casein, which can generate a variety of bioactive peptides through enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the influence of enzymatic hydrolysis on the structural properties of yak casein and its inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase (XOD) remain largely unexplored. This study demonstrated that when yak casein was subjected to treatment with flavourzyme, the degree of hydrolysis progressively increased over time, resulting in the fragmentation of the casein's flake‐like structure into smaller particles. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that after 4 h of enzymatic treatment, there was an elevation in the β‐sheet content of the yak casein hydrolysate, while other secondary structure elements diminished. Furthermore, flavourzyme treatment induced modifications in the tertiary structure of yak casein. The study also examined the impact of varying hydrolysis durations on XOD inhibitory activity, discovering that the hydrolysate obtained after 3 h displayed the highest inhibition on XOD, with an inhibition rate of (40.63 ± 3.36) %. Additionally, the fraction of the hydrolysate with a molecular weight exceeding 3 kDa demonstrated enhanced XOD inhibitory activity. This study is the first to investigate how varying hydrolysis durations with flavourzyme affect the structural characteristics of yak casein and its XOD inhibitory activity.
The Impact of Homogenization Techniques and Conditions on Water‐In‐Oil Emulsions for Casein Hydrolysate–Loaded Double Emulsions: A Comparative Study
Authors: Salum Pelin , Ulubaş Çağla , Güven Onur , Cam Mustafa , Aydemir Levent Yurdaer , Erbay Zafer
Published: October 2024

This study aims to evaluate homogenization techniques and conditions for producing stable, small droplet‐size water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions intended for incorporation into casein hydrolysate–loaded double emulsions. Three commonly used homogenization methods; rotor–stator, ultrasonic, and high‐pressure homogenization were individually optimized utilizing response surface methodology. Instances of over‐processing were observed, particularly with the rotor–stator and ultrasonic homogenizers under specific conditions. Nevertheless, optimal conditions were identified for each technique: 530 s at 17,800 rpm agitation speed for the rotor–stator homogenizer, 139 s at 39% amplitude for the ultrasonic homogenizer, and 520 s at 1475 bar for the high‐pressure homogenizer. Subsequently, the W/O emulsions produced under optimal conditions and their respective W1/O/W2 double emulsions were compared. The rotor–stator and high‐pressure homogenized W/O emulsions exhibited comparable narrow droplet‐size distributions, as indicated by similar Span values. However, high‐pressure homogenization failed to sufficiently minimize droplet size. Ultrasonic homogenization resulted in droplets at the 1‐μm scale but yielded more polydisperse droplet‐size distribution. According to TOPSIS analysis, an emulsion with a viscosity of 93.1 cP (centiPoise), a stability index of 93.8%, a D(90) of 0.67 μm (0th day), and a D(90) of 0.75 μm (30th day) produced using a rotor–stator was selected. Additionally, double emulsions containing primary emulsions prepared with the rotor–stator method demonstrated higher viscosity, narrower droplet‐size distribution, and lower creaming compared to other samples. This investigation sheds light on the influence of homogenization techniques on emulsion properties, providing valuable insights for optimizing double emulsion formulations.
From Root to Seed: Unearthing the Potential of Carrot Processing and Comprehensive Utilization
Authors: Ding Haiyan , Liu Menglong
Published: October 2024

Carrots, a globally cultivated root vegetable crop, are renowned for their nutritional and functional properties. However, the deep utilization and development of carrots and their derived products are limited in numerous countries, with a particular deficiency in advanced deep‐processing and transformation technologies. Consequently, the value of carrot products is diminished and resources are wasted. This review explores the nutritional value and characteristics of different carrot varieties, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of carrot product processing. These products include primary processed products such as minimally processed carrots, dried carrots, pickles, preserves, fruit purees, yoghurt, juice, and essential oils, as well as processed by‐products including functional phytochemical extractions such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fibers, active peptides, and glycoproteins. This review also covers other by‐products, including feeds, fast food boxes, and bioethanol production. Furthermore, cutting‐edge technologies related to carrot processing are discussed. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide researchers and practitioners with an in‐depth understanding of the present status of carrot production.
Cell Senescence and the Genetics of Melanoma Development
Authors: Constantinou Sophie M. , Bennett Dorothy C.
Published: October 2024

Cutaneous malignant melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with an approximate lifetime risk of 1 in 38 in the UK. While exposure to ultraviolet radiation is a key environmental risk factor for melanoma, up to ~10% of patients report a family history of melanoma, and ~1% have a strong family history. The understanding of causal mutations in melanoma has been critical to the development of novel targeted therapies that have contributed to improved outcomes for late‐stage patients. Here, we review current knowledge of the genes affected by familial melanoma mutations and their partial overlap with driver genes commonly mutated in sporadic melanoma development. One theme linking a set of susceptibility loci/genes is the regulation of skin pigmentation and suntanning. The largest functional set of susceptibility variants, typically with high penetrance, includes CDKN2A, RB1, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mutations, associated with attenuation of cell senescence. We discuss the mechanisms of action of these gene sets in the biology and progression of nevi and melanoma.
Effect of Low Molecular Weight Heparin Calcium on Prevention of Lower Limb Deep Venous Thrombosis in Oral Cancer Patients With Anterolateral Thigh Flap Reconstruction
Authors: Liu Keyue , Lu Linsong , Zhi Yuan , Zi Moxin , Zhang Xiangyu , Wu Kun , Gong Zhaojian
Published: October 2024

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low molecular weight heparin calcium (LMWH‐Ca) on the prevention of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients with anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap reconstruction.

Methods

In total, 1001 patients with oral cancer who underwent ALT flap reconstruction were recruited. Based on the postoperative use of LMWH‐Ca, the patients were divided into case (n = 633) and control groups (n = 368). The incidence of postoperative DVT was compared between groups.

Results

There was no significant difference in DVT incidence between the two groups. Among patients older than 60 years, the incidence of lower limb DVT in the case group (0.813%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (8.108%, p = 0.012).

Conclusion

The postoperative use of LMWH in oral cancer patients with ALT flap transfer does not prevent the development of lower limb DVT. However, patients older than 60 years old benefited from the postoperative use of LMWH‐Ca.
Closure of Large Tracheocutaneous Fistula Using Modified Hinge Flap and Deltopectral Flap
Authors: Ishida Naoya , Tanaka Kentaro , Murakami Kyoichi , Ueno Mayu , Mori Hiroki
Published: October 2024

Background

Various methods for closing tracheocutaneous fistulas have been reported; however, there is no established consensus. This study reports the successful closure of a large tracheocutaneous fistula using a Modified Hinge Flap and DP flap.

Methods

Between July 2014 and December 2023, four patients underwent a modified hinge flap and DP flap for tracheocutaneous fistula at a single center.

Results

The maximum diameter of the fistula was 10–33 mm, the cartilage defect was 1/4–1/2 of the total circumference of the trachea, and no radiation was administered to the neck during the perioperative period. In all cases, postoperative speech and swallowing improved, and none of the patients complained of cosmetic appearance.

Conclusions

The method in this study is simple and allows reliable closure of relatively large tracheocutaneous fistula of 10 mm or more, and we believe that it can be a new treatment method for tracheocutaneous fistula closure.
Association between the composite dietary antioxidant index and risk of infertility: Evidence from NHANES 2013–2020 and a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang JuanJuan , Chun  , Ling Xiufeng , Luan Ting
Published: October 2024

Objective

The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) measures the antioxidant capacity of the diet, which is believed to provide protection against various diseases, including depression, osteoporosis, and papillomavirus infection, by neutralizing harmful oxidative stress. However, the relationship between CDAI and infertility is not well understood. This research aims to explore the potential correlations between CDAI and the risk of infertility.

Methods

This research harnessed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to execute a cross‐sectional analysis involving 8263 US women aged 20–45. Each participant was subjected to two distinct 24‐h dietary recall interviews. We calculated the CDAI using average daily antioxidant intake. Infertility was assessed using a standardized questionnaire. The association between CDAI and infertility was examined using weighted multiple logistic regression models, while nonlinear correlations were explored through restricted cubic splines. To affirm the robustness of our findings, sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed using unweighted logistic regression. Additionally, to ascertain the causal influence of circulating antioxidant levels on infertility, a two‐sample univariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted, using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary analytic approach.

Results

Participants who were infertile exhibited lower CDAI levels compared to their fertile counterparts. When confounding variables were accounted for in the multivariate weighted logistic regression model, an inverse relationship was observed between CDAI and infertility, with the odds ratio for the highest versus lowest quartile being 0.55 (0.33–0.90, P = 0.02). However, the IVW method indicated that genetically predicted elevated levels of CDAI did not significantly correlate with infertility.

Conclusion

Cross‐sectional observational studies indicate that antioxidants from diets might diminish infertility risks. However, findings from MR studies do not confirm a causal connection. Additional prospective research is required to elucidate this association further.
Mini‐review of developments in the chemical modification of plant‐derived photosensitizing drug hypocrellin and its biomedical applications
Authors: Wu Ying'ao , Yin Xiong , Li Min
Published: October 2024

Photodynamic and photothermal therapy have emerged as standard treatments for a range of tumors and microvascular diseases. However, a significant gap remains in the clinical availability of photosensitizers. Among the vast array of photosensitizers, hypocrellin–a plant‐derived photosensitizing drug–stands out as a potential candidate. It boasts straightforward preparation and purification processes, high phototoxicity, low toxicity in the absence of light, and rapid metabolism within the body. However, hypocrellin's limited water solubility and weak absorption in the phototherapeutic window pose challenges to its use in treating solid tumors. Given the limited number of reviews on this subject, a thorough investigation of hypocrellin is essential. This review focuses on the efforts of scientists to address these challenges through chemical modifications of hypocrellin and its co‐assembly with hydrophilic drug delivery vehicles. A notable advantage of hypocrellin over other photosensitizers is its amenability to modification, resulting in pure monomeric derivatives. Recent studies have shown that modifying specific functional groups on hypocrellin's parent ring can yield more potent derivatives, positioning it as a highly promising strategy in tumor therapy. Beyond its therapeutic potential, this review also explores the diverse applications of hypocrellin, including its role in bacterial and fungal inactivation, as well as its efficacy in treating malignant tumors. Additionally, the utilization of nanoparticles as carriers for modified hypocrellin presents new possibilities for clinical applications. This review offers a detailed examination of recent developments in hypocrellin modification, highlighting its potential to advance photodynamic therapy and a wider range of biomedical applications.
Morphological Characterization of Culex Quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Pupae in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Yamany Abeer S. , Abdel‐Gaber Rewaida
Published: October 2024

Over the last 30 years, several mosquito‐borne diseases have spread worldwide, threatening human and animal health, including lymphatic filariasis. Lymphatic filariasis is a major public health issue in tropical regions like Saudi Arabia, caused by parasitic worms. The parasitic worms Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus. Cx. quinquefasciatus is a potential vector for various arboviruses like encephalitis virus and West Nile virus, along with protozoa like Plasmodium relictum that cause bird malaria. With the increasing number of mosquito species, there is an increased need for additional species identification. More attention is being directed to the immature stage, specifically the pupae, due to their valuable characteristics for species identification. Cx. quinquefaciatus, one of the nine Culicine species found in Saudi Arabia, lacks a complete description of its pupal stage and only has partial descriptions of other developmental stages, making identification challenging. This study aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics of Cx. quinquefaciatus pupae, focusing on the cephalothorax, trumpet, abdomen, paddle, and genital lobes, as well as the distribution and arrangement of setal branching and chaetotaxy. The pupae were collected from Qaryat Al Ulya Governorate, Eastern region, KSA, and maintained in a Biology Laboratory at the University of Hafr Al Batin from September to October 2022. The findings of this study have provided the essential characteristics regarding the distinguishing features of Cx. quinquefaciatus pupae to distinguish it from other closely related species. This identification could assist field entomologists in enhancing their efficiency by classifying mosquitoes during virus outbreaks.
Density‐Dependent Mortality of the Diving Beetle, Rhantus elevatus (Dytiscidae: Coleoptera) Preyed Upon Culex pipiens Larvae: Effects of Prey and Predator Densities
Authors: Rashed Ahmed A. , Aly ElKhateeb. S. , Mashlawi Abadi M. , Bayoumy Mohamed H.
Published: October 2024

Diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) are general predators that feed primarily on mosquito larvae and can control their populations, but the evidence for such an assumption remains weak. Rhantus elevatus is an important predator of this group distributed in Egypt with both larval and adult stages preying on immature mosquito. For determine predator effectiveness, it is requisite to identify the functional response (a = rate of attack and Th = time of handling) and searching efficacy (at = area of discovery and m = mutual interference) as both correlate with biocontrol efficacy. This study assessed the density‐dependent mortality of Culex pipiens larvae by eliciting functional responses of third‐instar and adult predators at prey density ranging from 100 to 500 larvae per arena. By contrast, a searching efficacy for the same predator stages was examined at densities ranging from one to five predators per 500 prey. Predation rates of third‐instar and adult of R. elevatus were fitted by a model of Type II response with coefficients were: third‐instar (a = 0.208 h−1 and Th = 2413 h) and adult (a = 0.1191 h−1 and Th = 3723 h). The maximum number of mosquitoes which can be devoured by an individual larva and adult of R. elevatus within 24 h was 99.46 and 64.46 prey, respectively. The area of discovery for the larval stage declined more steeply than the adult stage of the predator as their density increased from one to five individuals, indicating more interference estimated for the larval stage. Considering these characteristics, larvae would seem to be the most effective stage against low mosquito populations due to low predation risk compared to that generated at high predator densities in the same arena from intra‐specific interference. Eventually, we suggested a ratio of 1:100 (predator per prey) must be considered in biocontrol plans for mosquitoes.
Extrahepatic biliary atresia and normal‐range serum gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase activity: A case report
Authors: Kohlmaier Benno , Tichy Heidelis , Blatterer Jasmin , Till Holger , Schlagenhauf Axel , Knisely A. S.
Published: October 2024

An infant with biliary atresia had normal‐range (‘low’) serum gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activity, exceptional because GGT generally is elevated in biliary atresia. Mechanisms underlying low‐GGT cholestasis in biliary atresia are not defined, but the phenomenon is associated with worse clinical outcome. Testing in our patient revealed no variants in genes mutated in several disorders also associated with poor prognosis and with low‐GGT cholestasis; indeed, at age 14 months she has stable disease with unremarkable biomarker values. Nonetheless, we recommend extended investigations in such patients, including genetic testing, to detect coexistent disorders and to expand understanding of GGT in biliary atresia.
Transcriptional variation and RNA polymorphism among different Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler strains
Authors: Makkar Sujata , Shankar Rama , Singh Ajay , Annepu Sudheer Kumar , Nehra Kiran
Published: October 2024

BACKGROUND

Lentinula edodes is a commercially important mushroom known for its nutritional and therapeutic values. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the distinct nutritional and physiological attributes of various L. edodes strains are not well understood. This study focused on three Lentinula strains (DMRO‐356, DMRO‐623, and DMRO‐388s) with different nutritional and productivity profiles. Illumina sequencing was used to perform a whole‐transcriptome analysis, conducting 100‐base pair paired‐end sequencing of total messenger RNA (mRNA) in duplicate, resulting in 28–48 million sequencing reads per strain. After rigorous data filtering, over 99% of high‐quality reads were retained, and more than 95% were aligned to the Lentinula genome.

RESULTS

Differential gene expression analyses identified 2210 differentially expressed genes between DMRO‐356 and DMRO‐623, 862 between DMRO‐356 and DMRO‐388s, and 2212 between DMRO‐623 and DMRO‐388s. Significant genetic variations were found among the strains, including 7753 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DMRO‐356 versus DMRO‐623 and 4080 SNPs in DMRO‐356 versus DMRO‐388s. Additionally, 349 insertions/deletions (InDels) were found in DMRO‐356/DMRO‐623 and 218 in DMRO‐356/DMRO‐388 s. Non‐synonymous SNPs, which alter amino acid compositions, were analyzed, showing a preference for polar over charged amino acids.

CONCLUSION

These differentially expressed genes were associated with various nutritional and developmental processes, highlighting the importance of genetic variations in shaping amino acid composition and potentially affecting protein function. This study is the first comprehensive exploration of transcriptional differences among Lentinula strains available for its cultivation, providing valuable insights to enhance mushroom quality and productivity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnosis and Perinatal Outcome of Polydactyly
Authors: Xiong Xiaowei , Hou Chenxiao , Song Shijing , Lei Wenjia , Wang Jingjing , Wu Qingqing
Published: October 2024

Objective

To determine the significance of polydactyly identified on prenatal ultrasonography and provide a detailed analysis of characteristics and perinatal outcomes of fetal polydactyly.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of pregnancies with a postnatal diagnosis of fetal polydactyly between January 2016 and December 2023. The population was divided into 2 groups at postnatal diagnosis: the isolated polydactyly group and the nonisolated polydactyly group. Clinical data, prenatal ultrasonography, related genetic results, and postnatal outcomes were obtained.

Results

Our study cohort comprised 328 fetuses with polydactyly. The overall detection rate of polydactyly by prenatal ultrasound was 19.2%, and the first detection rate in the first‐, second‐, and third‐trimester were 0.9%, 14.6%, and 3.7%, respectively. Preaxial polydactyly (PPD) of hand was the most common type and the most common type of foot polydactyly was postaxial polydactyly (PAP) both in the isolated group and in the nonisolated group; the central polydactyly is rare. Syndactyly was the most common abnormality complicated with polydactyly. Between the nonpolydactyly group, the isolatedpolydactyly group and the nonisolated polydactyly group, there was a significant difference in perinatal outcome (P < .001).

Conclusion

The second trimester is the best gestational age for prenatal ultrasound detection of polydactyly. Polydactyly of hand was more likely PPD, while polydactyly of foot was more likely PAP. When polydactyly is detected by routine prenatal ultrasound, detailed ultrasound examination and prenatal counseling should be performed to determine the possibility of an underlying genetic syndrome.
Ultrasound Microvessel Imaging of the Human Placenta Demonstrates Altered Vessel Densities in Fetal Growth Restriction With Vascular and Immune Pathologies
Authors: Lok U‐Wai , Scott Hannah M. , Tang Shanshan , Santos Janelle , Gong Ping , Huang Chengwu , Pone Karina A. , Nienow Michael K. , Ruka Krystal L. , Breutzman Emily N. , Cheek‐Norgan E. Heidi , Branda Megan E. , Ruano Rodrigo , Quintin Reade A. , Schenone Mauro H. , Chen Shigao , Enninga Elizabeth Ann L.
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is commonly associated with placental dysfunction, increasing perinatal morbidity and mortality. Visualizing placental vessels in utero would be advantageous for identifying functional FGR cause and determining proper management strategies. We aimed to utilize high‐sensitivity ultrasound microvessel imaging (HUMI) for quantifying placental vessel density (VD) in pregnancies diagnosed with FGR.

Methods

This pilot case–control study enrolled subjects in the third trimester with a diagnosis of FGR (n = 40) and gestational age‐matched controls with normal fetal growth (n = 20) at a 2:1 ratio, respectively. The Verasonics Vantage ultrasound system was used to perform HUMI on each participant at one timepoint. Scanning involved randomized singular value decomposition‐based clutter filtering to identify the villous tree, followed by step‐by‐step scanning to acquire 3‐dimensional‐like data. Mean VD was calculated from three ultrasound measurements per subject. Additional clinical and pathology data were also collected and compared.

Results

Sixteen participants were utilized to establish the scanning protocol and 2 met exclusion criteria at delivery. Thus, VD was successfully measured on 42 pregnancies scanned at 35 weeks 5 days on average. In FGR (n = 24), placental VD was significantly reduced compared to controls (P < .01). VD measures were as good at predicting FGR as systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratios (area under the curve 0.86 versus 0.80). In a smaller cohort, VD in placentas with a diagnosis of inflammatory villitis (n = 10) by histology showed an increase in VD compared to those without inflammation (P = .01). Low VD was correlated with increased S/D ratios (P = .03).

Conclusions

HUMI is useful for identifying altered placental vascularization in utero for FGR. VD may be a valuable indicator for placental health and could lead to improved risk stratification methods considering underlying biology.
Reliability and Availability of the 2017 EULAR‐OMERACT Scoring System for Ultrasound Synovitis Assessment
Authors: Zhao Chenyang , Zhuang Nan , Zhang Yusen , Lv Heng , Zhang Weiwei , Shen Yuzhou , Wu Wangjie , Tian Yun , Xie Lu , Zhou Gengmin , Luo Haiyu , Qiu Li , Sun Desheng , Xie Haiqin
Published: October 2024

Objective

To evaluate the availability and reliability of the European League Against Rheumatisms Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Synovitis (EULAR‐OMERACT) scoring system among radiologists with different levels of musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) experience in assessing synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Method

The patients with RA were retrospectively recruited from January 2020 to March 2022. Five radiologists with different levels of US experience were recruited for the reader study (R1–5), which included two parts. The participating radiologists first read 120 gray‐scale (GS) and 120 Doppler US images twice, before and after a standard training program. In the first part, they semi‐quantitatively scored the images from 0 to 3 based on the EULAR‐OMERACT scoring system. In the second part, they read and scored 165 paired GS and Doppler images two times in 1 month using the EULAR‐OMERACT scoring system. The correlation between the sum of the GSUS and power Doppler US (PDUS) image scores and the clinical scores was assessed.

Result

The intra‐rater agreement of the five radiologists was good for the EULAR‐OMERACT scoring system, with κ ranging from 0.72 to 0.94 for GSUS and from 0.81 to 0.97 for PDUS. The inter‐rater agreement among the experts was good to very good in the EULAR‐OMERACT scoring system (κ: 0.76–0.94 for GSUS and 0.80–0.96 for PDUS). The sum of the GSUS and PDUS scores in the EULAR‐OMERACT scoring system was moderate to highly positively correlated with the clinical scores (ρ of GSUS: 0.58–0.79, ρ of PDUS: 0.57–0.70 for disease activity score in 28 joints C‐reactive protein) after training.

Conclusion

The EULAR‐OMERACT scoring system is a reliable method for evaluating synovitis in RA and shows potential for disease assessment and follow‐up in patients with RA.
Providing Insight for Pediatric Ear Surgery: Analysis of Middle Ear Development via HRCT
Authors: Li Cenfei , Jiang Tao , Li Runhua , Gu Dantong , Xu Xinda , Zhang Fang , Li Wenyan
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Providing insight for pediatric ear surgery via investigations on the development patterns of ossicles, mastoid, and external auditory canal (EAC).

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans of 191 healthy temporal bones ranging from infants to adults. Subjects were grouped by 1‐year intervals for developmental regression models and 3‐year intervals for stage comparisons using t‐tests or Mann–Whitney U tests.

Results

The size of auditory ossicles and tympanic cavity (TC) remained stable during development, while the minimum diameter of the tympanic sinus (TS) entrance was reduced. Regarding mastoid pneumatization, the air cells can be observed at birth, became pronounced at 2 years old, and were fully developed around the age of 5, with subsequent growth primarily involving radial expansion. Furthermore, the EAC demonstrated significant growth with age: the width of EAC increased linearly ( = 0.12x + 4.01, R2 = 0.85), while the length of EAC followed a polynomial growth pattern ( = −0.03x2 + 1.15x + 6.25, R2 = 0.96).

Conclusions

Ossicles and TC remain stable during development. Furthermore, mastoid air cells may have developed in the early stages of life, while their diameter increases synchronously with EAC. All in all, ossicular chain reconstruction surgery and endoscopic ear surgery can be performed in babies.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 135:1199–1206, 2025
Brightening Blue Photoluminescence in Non‐Emission Phthalic Anhydride by Pressure‐Driven Molecular Reassembly
Authors: Wang Weibin , Wang Yixuan , Yuan Kaiyan , Yang Binhao , Yang Xinyi , Zou Bo
Published: October 2024

Constructing organic materials with rigid‐planar molecules provides a unique platform for obtaining efficient photoluminescence (PL) by suppressing vibrational relaxation and extending the π‐conjugation. However, the presence of H‐aggregates/excimers resulting from interactions between π electrons and lone pairs during crystalization leads to aggregation‐caused quenching. Here, an alternative pressure‐treatment approach is presented for regulating molecular assembly to brighten rigid‐planar phthalic anhydride (PA) crystals with initial non‐emission. The pressure‐treated PA crystals exhibit significant blue‐light emission under ambient conditions, accompanied by a PL quantum yield of up to 15.7% and Commission International de I'Eclairage color coordinates of (0.20, 0.19). Detailed experiments and calculations reveal that pressure‐treated hydrogen bonds promote the planar rotation among PA molecules, which facilitates intermolecular π‐conjugation. This extended π‐conjugation alters the exciton relaxation channel, thereby triggering blue‐light emission based on charge transfer (CT) states. Remarkably, the obtained PA crystals also exhibit linear piezochromism (4.56 nm GPa−1) as a result of the structural sensitivity of the CT process. This work demonstrates the feasibility of regulating molecular assembly to achieve solid‐state emission in rigid‐planar molecules with initial non‐emission and opens up a new platform toward stimuli‐responsive crystalline materials.
Topological State in Heterostructured Gap Waveguides and Their Transitions to Classical Transmission Line
Authors: Liao Zhen , Zhang Jing , Wang Xiao Jun , Yu Yu Feng , Luo Guo Qing , Liu Leilei
Published: October 2024

Gap waveguides play a crucial role in millimeter‐wave information transmission and processing for next‐generation wireless communication and radar sensing systems. However, they suffer from challenges, such as reflection and scattering losses at sharp bends and defects. While topological photonic crystals offer innovative solutions for robust signal transmission, their localized interface states and unique electromagnetic modes pose compatibility challenges with practical circuits and systems. In this paper, a novel heterostructured gap waveguide support valley‐locked topological guided wave transport is introduced. This design ensures robust propagation against defects and bends while maintaining compatibility with classical transmission lines. Its topological characteristic reduce sensitivity to fabrication and assembly errors. More importantly, an efficient transition structure is developed to seamlessly convert quasi‐transverse electromagnetic (quasi‐TEM) modes in planar transmission lines to topological guided wave states, thereby effectively exciting topological waves. All theoretical predictions are quantitatively verified by the simulations and experiments at millimeter wave frequency. This heterostructured gap waveguide can find unique applications, such as power divider, as verified numerically. By leveraging topological principles, the proposed gap waveguide offers a significant performance boost for antennas and passive/active components in millimeter‐wave applications, including automotive radar, 5G communication, and synthetic‐aperture radar for imaging.
Remote Vector Velocimetry with Fiber‐Delivered Scalar Fields
Authors: Tang Ziyi , Wan Zhenyu , Zhang Xi , Liang Yize , Wang Jian
Published: October 2024

The Doppler effect reveals the law that light waves undergo frequency changes in interacting with motion, which is highly significant in velocity detection and has applications in fields such as astrophysics, aerospace, and advanced manufacturing. A typical Doppler velocimetry involves illuminating a moving object with interference fringes generated based on phase gradients while detecting the frequency shift of scattered light to determine the velocity. Beyond the spatial phase distributions, the spatial amplitude is a unique dimension of light fields that can be directly controlled, but its application prospects in motion detection are rarely revealed, particularly in both the magnitude and orientation of velocity measurements. In this work, a remote vector velocimeter based on spatially structured amplitude fields is proposed for monitoring angular velocities of objects in situ. Guided through a 40 km seven‐core fiber, the structured beams with spatially‐distributed amplitude are constructed at the remote fiber facet by adjustable mode excitation in outer cores, and the Doppler signals reflected by the target are collected and transmitted back by the inner core, enabling the remote measurement of rotational motion vectors with a probe‐signal‐integrated configuration. These results suggest the great potential of spatial amplitude fields in motion detection, the cost‐efficient and compact velocimetry may contribute to the communities of optical sensing and engineering.