bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian order‐restricted model for hormonal dynamics during menstrual cycles of healthy women
Authors: Roy Anindya , Danaher Michelle , Mumford Sunni L. , Chen Zhen
Published: December 2011

We propose a Bayesian framework for analyzing multivariate linear mixed effect models with linear constraints on the fixed effect parameters. The procedure can incorporate both firm and soft restrictions on the parameters and Bayesian model selection for the random effects. The framework is used to analyze data from the BioCycle study. One of the main objectives of the BioCycle study is to investigate the association between markers of oxidative stress and hormone levels during menstrual cycles of healthy women. Contrary to the popular belief that ovarian hormones are negatively associated with level of F 2‐isoprostanes, a known marker for oxidative stress, our analysis finds a positive association between ovarian hormone levels and isoprostane levels. The positive association corroborates the findings from a previous analysis of the BioCycle data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steel non‐orthogonal reduced beam section moment connections—a case study
Authors: Ball Steven C.
Published: December 2011

The architectural expressions for many modern buildings require creative and unconventional structural solutions. Columns must be taller, beams must span further, the structure must be more slender, elements must be curved, structural framing must be sloped and connections must deviate from conventional orthogonal fit‐up. Although the technology exists to analyze and design responsive structural systems, prescriptive code requirements oftentimes hinder the implementation of those technologies. Although not a ‘tall building’ by traditional definition, the Tom Bradley International Terminal (TBIT) Modernization Program at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) provides an appropriate case study in the implementation of unconventional structural geometry subject to code requirements that prescribe contrasting conventional geometry, which is a familiar challenge for many tall buildings.

The architectural expression for the LAX TBIT Modernization Program required the use of long‐span steel Special Moment Frames with non‐orthogonal moment connections between the beams and columns. The beams were sloped, some were sloped and curved and some of the columns were sloped. The reduced beam section (RBS) moment connection was selected for the project. ANSI/AISC 358, Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications, provides prequalification limits for using an RBS connection. Those limits do not address non‐orthogonal moment connections. ANSI/AISC 358 implicitly limits connections to orthogonal geometry; hence, non‐orthogonal moment connections are not prequalified for use in seismic applications. This paper describes the structure and the cyclic testing program that was implemented to qualify the proposed non‐orthogonal RBS connections in accordance with ANSI/AISC 341, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, Appendix S for use on the LAX TBIT Modernization Project. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Log‐linear modeling
Authors: von Eye Alexander , Mun Eun‐Young , Mair Patrick
Published: December 2011

This article describes log‐linear models as special cases of generalized linear models. Specifically, log‐linear models use a logarithmic link function. Log‐linear models are used to examine joint distributions of categorical variables, dependency relations, and association patterns. Three types of log‐linear models are discussed, hierarchical models, nonhierarchical models, and nonstandard models. Emphasis is placed on parameter interpretation. It is demonstrated that parameters are best interpretable when they represent the effects specified in the design matrix of the model. Parameter interpretation is illustrated first for a standard hierarchical model, and then for a nonstandard model that includes structural zeros. In a data example, the relationships among race of defendant, race of victim, and death penalty sentence are examined using a log‐linear model with all three two‐way interactions. Recent developments in log‐linear modeling are discussed. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:218–223. doi: 10.1002/wics.203

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Generalized Linear Models
Giving and Withholding of Information following Genomic Screening: Challenges Identified in a Study of Primary Care Physicians in Estonia
Authors: Leitsalu Liis , Hercher Laura , Metspalu Andres
Published: December 2011

The use of predictive genomic information to improve medical care remains a contentious topic. However, it is generally agreed that the potential of genomics to improve medicine relies on medical care providers’ ability to effectively communicate and put in context the meaning of test results. As the amount of information available increasingly outstrips providers’ ability to offer qualified judgments on what the information means, consumers inevitably will be faced with test results of uncertain significance, as well as difficult questions about what they do or do not wish to know. Results of this survey of 64 primary care doctors in Estonia suggests that it may be inherently difficult for physicians to withhold genetic information obtained by genome scans or sequencing, even when they believe that having that information is not in the best interests of their patient. The descriptive data suggest introducing genomic medicine through primary care physicians, as proposed by the Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu, will require further genetics education as well as a carefully developed set of guidelines for determining where, when and how to use test results.
Involvement of Liver X Receptor Alpha in Histone Modifications Across the Target Fatty Acid Synthase Gene
Authors: Yu Huihong , Wu Jinfeng , Yang Mei , Guo Jinjun , Zheng Lili , Peng Mingli , Zhang Qin , Xiang Yingxia , Cao Jie , Shen Wei
Published: December 2011

The liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has been shown to regulate the expression of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene through direct interaction with the FAS promoter. However, its regulation of gene expression is not completely understood. Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling are closely linked to transcriptional activation of genes. In the present study, we examined the effect of LXRα activation or silencing on histone modifications (i.e., acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation) across the FAS gene, with the aim to investigate whether LXRα could regulate its target gene expression at the epigenetic level. The addition of LXR agonist T0901317 or ectopic expression of LXRα stimulated the FAS transcription, which was coupled with increased levels of histones H3 and H4 acetylation and H3 phosphorylation and methylation at the LXR response element (LXRE). LXR ligation or overexpression induced distinct histone modification patterns at the distal region 2,272 bp upstream from the transcription start site (TSS) and TSS of the FAS gene. Moreover, RNA interference‐mediated downregulation of LXRα impaired the histone acetylation and methylation but not phosphorylation on the FAS gene. In conclusion, we provide evidence that LXRα ligation‐mediated transcriptional activation of the FAS gene is associated with LXRα‐dependent histone acetylation and methylation rather than phosphorylation on this target gene.
Cloud management
Authors: Cook Nigel , Milojicic Dejan , Talwar Vanish
Published: December 2011

Cloud computing offers a number of benefits, such as elasticity with the perception of unlimited resources, self-service, on-demand, automation, etc. However, these benefits create new requirements for management of cloud computing. On the back-end, economic limitations dictate careful consolidation of servers with clear sustainability analysis; managed levels of abstractions are higher (from hardware, to VMs, to services); and reliability, availability, and supportability are built into higher levels of systems and services. On the client-side, cloud services have to be easy to use/manage, perform well, and be reliable. On both sides, geographical distribution and its implications on business continuity is a rule rather than exception; scalability is built-in by design; and QoS is still being defined. In this paper, we discuss new requirements and approaches to cloud management. We present a few examples of cloud management for private, public, and HPC clouds. Based on these, we derive conclusions about manageability of current platforms and then make predictions about the research challenges of future cloud management. We expect these findings to help designers of next generation hardware and software platforms to develop more manageable systems and solutions.
Brief report: A family risk study exploring bipolar spectrum problems and cognitive biases in adolescent children of bipolar parents
Authors: Espie Jonathan , Jones Steven H. , Vance Yvonne H. , Tai Sara J.
Published: December 2011

Children of parents with bipolar disorder are at increased risk of bipolar spectrum diagnoses. This cross‐sectional study explores cognitive factors in the prediction of vulnerability to bipolar disorder. Adolescents at high‐risk (with a parent with bipolar disorder; n = 23) and age and gender matched adolescents (n = 24) were recruited. Parent and adolescent diagnoses were evaluated (SCID and SADS‐L). Adolescents completed self‐report measures assessing attributional style (ASQ), appraisal of hypomania‐relevant experiences (HIQ), and hypomanic personality/temperament (HPS). Despite limitations in the power of the study, significantly more adolescents at high‐risk for disorder received bipolar spectrum diagnoses. Groups did not differ in attributional style, hypomanic temperament or appraisals of hypomania‐relevant experiences. A trend in ASQ results and general implications are discussed. The current study suggests that familial risk of bipolar disorder is not inevitably associated with cognitive biases in adolescence.
Bassar: a quantified, chronologically controlled, regional approach to a traditional iron production centre in West Africa
Authors: de Barros Philip
Published: December 2011

Opening Paragraph

Until quite recently little was known about the output of traditional ironworking centres in sub-Saharan Africa. Although some estimates were made for a few centres by colonial administrators and agents, the reliability of many of these figures is doubtful (see Pole, 1983; de Barros, 1985: 270–71) and some of the more interesting data still lie buried in colonial archives. The first serious scholarly attempt at quantification of precolonial African iron production was made by Warnier and Fowler (1979) who investigated iron production in the Iron Belt of the Cameroon grasslands, particularly that associated with the nineteenthcentury Babungo chiefdom. Since then Goucher (1981, 1984) and Pole (1983), and to a lesser extent Haaland (1980), have provided some important quantitative data regarding both large and small iron working centres in West Africa.
The Amu Legacy
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: December 2011

Ephraim Amu, 1899–1995, was the leading Ghanaian composer of ‘art music’ (the music of concerts, churches, schools and formal performance). This article is both a brief appreciation of the man as his ideas, personal practice and musical style developed over the years, and an account of the influence Ephraim Amu exercised over Ghanaian musical life.
Making Food Safety an Issue: Internationalized Food Politics and French Public Health from the 1870s to the Present
Authors: Zylberman Patrick
Published: December 2011

Food safety is an ever more conflictive issue receiving media attention. “The increased activity of interest groups, the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy and changes in the retail economy have combined to transform [a relatively closed] food policy community into an issue network”. This account of recent changes lacks the historical dimension that might endow it with meaning. It is hardly appropriate to describe the current situation as a reawakening after a long slumber. In France at least, complaints about food safety voiced in numerous newspaper articles echo enduring concerns and a permanent sense of alarm. In 1957, Demain ran a catalogue of food scares: industrial bread causing eczema; wine adulterated with sulphur anhydride (for safe transportation); eggs and milk feared by doctors to be toxic (because chickens were being fed with chemicals or fish, and cattle with ground up rubbish); and filthy conditions on cattle and poultry farms. Much the same sort of list could have been drawn up early in the century during meetings of the Société Scientifique d'Hygiène Alimentaire (created in 1904), or run in the press following passage of the 1905 Food Adulteration Act, or printed in popular pamphlets such as Dr Raffray's Le péril alimentaire (1912). As the Common Market took shape in the 1960s, repeated articles in the daily newspapers relentlessly focused on the issue of food and public health. In France, arguments were continually framed in the language of the 1905 act.
The Sources of Eucharius Rösslin's ‘Rosegarden for Pregnant Women and Midwives’ (1513)
Authors: Green Monica H
Published: December 2011

Few medical authors can unambiguously claim to have written one of the most important works in their field: most important not simply in one language but in half a dozen, and not simply for a few years but for over a century and a half. Yet that distinction has long been given to the work of a largely obscure early sixteenth-century apothecary-turned-physician from Freiburg, Worms, and Frankfurt, one Eucharius Rösslin (c. 1470–c. 1526). His Der Swangern Frauwen und Hebammen Rosegarten (Rosegarden for Pregnant Women and Midwives), first published in Strasbourg and Hagenau in 1513, went through at least sixteen editions in its original form, was revised into three different German versions (each of which went through multiple printings), and was translated into Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, Italian, Latin, and Spanish, with almost all of these translations then going through their own multiple editions. The Rosegarten is the only work known to have been produced by Rösslin. His son, Eucharius Rösslin Jr, further capitalized on the work by producing in 1526 a German compilation of “marriage texts” which he called Ehestandts Artzney; this included his father's Rosegarten as well as extracts from the Enneas muliebris (Nine-Part Treatise on Women) by Ludovico Bonacciuoli (d. c. 1540), a herbal by Johannes Cuba (Johann Wonnecke von Caub, d. 1503/4), and Bartholomeus Metlinger's (born after 1440) tract on paediatrics. Eucharius Jr. also produced a Latin translation of the Rosegarten in 1532. That Rösslin's work was only the third obstetrical text addressed directly to an audience of midwives in a thousand years also places it in an important position in the history of the professionalization of midwifery. While it remains to be determined how frequently midwives themselves read the text, it is clear that both physicians and laypersons used the Rosegarten and later adaptations as the basis for medical training and as a reference for information on generation.
“A Form of Practical Machinery”: The Origins of Research Ethics Committees in the UK, 1967–1972
Authors: Hedgecoe Adam
Published: December 2011

Given the centrality of ethics review by independent committees (called Research Ethics Committees, or RECs, in the UK) to modern biomedical research, and the ubiquity of complaints about such review on the part of researchers, it is curious that little attention has been paid to these organizations by medical historians in contrast to the work done on the role of institutions such as the British Medical Association (BMA) and the General Medical Council (GMC) in the development of medical professional ethics, and the general evolution of medical professionals' ethical values. Thus while some work has explored the origins of modern medical ethics teaching in the UK and the parallel development of academic bioethics, there has been very little consideration of how Research Ethics Committees specifically were set up and evolved in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Although some scholars have discussed the development of the British REC system, this work tends to provide little beyond an outline of major events. These might include a report from the Royal College of Physicians (RCP) in 1967, the Department of Health's ‘Red Book’ of 1991 outlining the responsibilities of Local Research Ethics Committees (LRECs) and, more recently, the introduction of multicentre RECs (MRECs) in 1997.
The geological framework of the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Smith D. I. , Fettes D. J.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The major rock types which comprise the Outer Hebrides are described and the geological history of the region is discussed. The control exercised by the variations in structure and lithology on the topography is illustrated and an assessment made of the economic potential of the various rock units.
The Grey seal ‘problem’ in the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Summers C. F. , Harwood J.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The growth of the Hebridean Grey seal population is described and its probable causes are discussed. The status of the Hebridean assemblies, in relation to those at North Rona and Orkney is reassessed on the basis of recent evidence supporting the hypothesis that there is considerable mixing of breeding individuals throughout Scotland. Consideration of the consequences of the population growth with regard to fisheries, conservation and commercial sealing prompted an investigation of the efficacy of different management strategies which might be used to adjust the population to a level at which it can be maintained.
Environmental characterization of the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Jeffers J. N. R.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Preliminary stratification of the Outer Hebrides provides a basis for new surveys, and can be developed from the information held in the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology's Terrestrial Environment Information System. Characterizations of the area by environmental variables at various scales indicate several distinctive stratifications with predictive capabilities and suggest possible topics for future survey and research.
Identifying bubble collapse in a hydrothermal system using hidden Markov models
Authors: Dawson Phillip B. , Benítez M. C. , Lowenstern Jacob B. , Chouet Bernard A.
Published: December 2011

Beginning in July 2003 and lasting through September 2003, the Norris Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park exhibited an unusual increase in ground temperature and hydrothermal activity. Using hidden Markov model theory, we identify over five million high‐frequency (>15 Hz) seismic events observed at a temporary seismic station deployed in the basin in response to the increase in hydrothermal activity. The source of these seismic events is constrained to within ∼100 m of the station, and produced ∼3500–5500 events per hour with mean durations of ∼0.35–0.45 s. The seismic event rate, air temperature, hydrologic temperatures, and surficial water flow of the geyser basin exhibited a marked diurnal pattern that was closely associated with solar thermal radiance. We interpret the source of the seismicity to be due to the collapse of small steam bubbles in the hydrothermal system, with the rate of collapse being controlled by surficial temperatures and daytime evaporation rates.
Linkages between the cold summer mesopause and thermospheric zonal mean circulation
Authors: Siskind David E. , Drob Douglas P. , Emmert John T. , Stevens Michael H. , Sheese Patrick E. , Llewellyn Edward J. , Hervig Mark E. , Niciejewski Rick , Kochenash Andrew J.
Published: December 2011

We present the first results from the NCAR thermosphere/ionosphere/electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE‐GCM) coupled to a weather forecast/assimilation system of the lower and middle atmosphere. Our results emphasize the importance of a proper representation of the latitudinal temperature variation at the base of the thermosphere for calculating zonal mean zonal winds in the thermosphere. The inclusion of a realistic cold summer mesopause yields significantly improved agreement with climatology in the calculated thermospheric winds in the summer hemisphere. Having established this link between the temperature structure of the mesosphere and the thermospheric circulation, we next present observational evidence that the year‐to‐year variability of thermospheric winds can be linked to analogous variations in the onset of the cold summer mesopause season. Since these mesopause variations have previously been ascribed to stratospheric weather variability, by extension, our results suggest a new mode of coupling between the stratosphere and thermosphere.
Observed recent trends in tropical cyclone rainfall over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific
Authors: Lau William K. M. , Zhou Y. P.
Published: December 2011

In this study, we use Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission and Global Precipitation Climatology Project rainfall data together with historical storm track records to examine the trend of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in the North Atlantic and the northeast and northwest Pacific during two recent decades (1988–1997 and 1998–2007). We find that there is an approximate linear relationship between TC rain (defined as accumulated total rainfall along storm tracks) and storm intensity as classified by the Saffir‐Simpson scheme. During the data period, total TC rain has trended upward at a rate of 23.8% ± 23.5% per decade over the North Atlantic but downward with a rate of 25.1% ± 19.7% per decade over the northeast Pacific. Over the northwest Pacific, there is a reduction in TC rain of approximately 20.9% ± 13.5% per decade, possibly associated with a strong interdecadal‐scale oscillation. Storm characteristics such as duration and TC rain energy per storm (EPS) remain unchanged for the North Atlantic and the northeast Pacific. For the northwest Pacific, a 28% ± 18% reduction in EPS from the first decade (1988–1997) to the second decade (1998–2007) is found with the track data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Analyses of the probability distribution function of TC rain show that there is an overall increase in TC frequency across the entire TC rainfall spectrum over the North Atlantic but an overall decrease for the northeast Pacific. In the northwest Pacific, we find a redistribution in EPS with decreased frequency in heavy‐rain storms and increased frequency in light‐rain storms. Overall, trends in TC rain in the different ocean basins are consistent with long‐term relative changes in the ambient large‐scale sea surface temperature and vertical wind shear and, to a lesser extent, tropical cyclone Maximum Potential Intensity.
Two‐phase contractional deformation of the Jurassic Daebo Orogeny, Chungnam Basin, Korea, and its correlation with the early Yanshanian movement of China
Authors: Lim Chul , Cho Moonsup
Published: December 2011

The Daebo Orogeny is a major orogenic event in Korea that affected the Early to Middle Jurassic Daedong Supergroup. Our investigation of the Nampo Group (part of the supergroup) in the Chungnam Basin reveals the occurrence of two phases of shortening. The majority of the Nampo Group and a basement slab were folded and displaced toward the WNW along the Ocheon thrust during the first phase (Middle Jurassic – early Late Jurassic). Field relationships suggest a ramp‐flat geometry for the Ocheon thrust. Mechanical stratigraphy within the slice is consistent with a detachment fold model. Geometric modeling suggests 5.5 km and 3.3 km as the minimum amount of shortening accommodated by the Ocheon thrust and its slice for the ramp slopes of 15° and 30°, respectively. The second phase (late Late Jurassic) was a N‐S shortening which produced roughly E‐W‐trending reverse faults and folds to form a dome‐and‐basin structure. These shortening events occurred over the entire Chungnam Basin, and coincide in orientation and timing with those reported from the Ogcheon Belt and the Gyeonggi massif. The first and second phases of the Daebo Orogeny are respectively correlated with the shortening in eastern China and the sinistral transpression along the Tan‐Lu Fault, both belonging to the early Yanshanian movement. Subsequently in the Early Cretaceous, a regional extension commenced over Korea and eastern China. These remarkable correlations suggest that two stages of crustal thickening occurred throughout the eastern Asia during the Middle to Late Jurassic, followed by regional thinning in the Early Cretaceous.
Timing of extension in the Pioneer metamorphic core complex with implications for the spatial‐temporal pattern of Cenozoic extension and exhumation in the northern U.S. Cordillera
Authors: Vogl James J. , Foster David A. , Fanning C. Mark , Kent K. Allen , Rodgers David W. , Diedesch Timothy
Published: December 2011

The Pioneer core complex (PCC) in central Idaho lies along a transition between Early Eocene and ca. ≤40 Ma core complexes to the north and south, respectively. Thus, the age of extensional development of the PCC is important in understanding the spatial‐temporal patterns of core‐complex development in the North American Cordillera. New results, including structural observations and U‐Pb zircon (SHRIMP and ICPMS) geochronology, constrain the early extensional history of the footwall for the first time. High‐temperature strain with a top‐WNW shear‐sense is pervasive throughout metamorphic rocks of the northwestern footwall. An isoclinally folded dike yields a crystallization age of ∼48–47 Ma, whereas a crosscutting dike yielded an age of 46 Ma. Metamorphic rocks are also intruded by the ∼50–48 Ma Pioneer intrusive suite (PIS), a W‐dipping granodiorite sheet displaying a magmatic fabric. Northwest‐trending lineations are locally visible and also defined by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, indicating that during emplacement, the PIS was undergoing similarly oriented extensional strain as the enclosing metamorphic rocks. Therefore, WNW‐directed extension spanning this structural section occurred between ∼50 and 46 Ma. Following emplacement of crosscutting 46 Ma dikes, deformation was partitioned into the WNW‐directed Wildhorse detachment. Motion on the detachment occurred between ∼38 and 33 Ma, as documented by previous 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology. It is not clear, however, whether extension was continuous through the interval between these two time periods. Although Early Eocene extension in the PCC was synchronous with extension in core complexes to the north, rates of footwall exhumation in central Idaho were much lower. This southward slowing is compatible with N‐S differences in inferred subduction zone geometry/kinematics and in the internal character of the orogenic wedge.
Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Spreading Depolarization in Absence of Angiographic Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Woitzik Johannes , Dreier Jens P , Hecht Nils , Fiss Ingo , Sandow Nora , Major Sebastian , Winkler Maren , Dahlem Yuliya A , Manville Jerome , Diepers Michael , Muench Elke , Kasuya Hidetoshi , Schmiedek Peter , Vajkoczy Peter
Published: December 2011

It has been hypothesized that vasospasm is the prime mechanism of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Recently, it was found that clusters of spreading depolarizations (SDs) are associated with DCI. Surgical placement of nicardipine prolonged-release implants (NPRIs) was shown to strongly attenuate vasospasm. In the present study, we tested whether SDs and DCI are abolished when vasospasm is reduced or abolished by NPRIs. After aneurysm clipping, 10 NPRIs were placed next to the proximal intracranial vessels. The SDs were recorded using a subdural electrode strip. Proximal vasospasm was assessed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA). 534 SDs were recorded in 10 of 13 patients (77%). Digital subtraction angiography revealed no vasospasm in 8 of 13 patients (62%) and only mild or moderate vasospasm in the remaining. Five patients developed DCI associated with clusters of SD despite the absence of angiographic vasospasm in three of those patients. The number of SDs correlated significantly with the development of DCI. This may explain why reduction of angiographic vasospasm alone has not been sufficient to improve outcome in some clinical studies.
Impact of Co-Occurring Birth Defects on the Timing of Newborn Hearing Screening and Diagnosis
Authors: Chapman Derek A. , Stampfel Caroline C. , Bodurtha Joann N. , Dodson Kelley M. , Pandya Arti , Lynch Kathleen B. , Kirby Russell S.
Published: December 2011

Purpose

Early detection of hearing loss in all newborns and timely intervention are critical to children’s cognitive, verbal, behavioral, and social development. The initiation of appropriate early intervention services before 6 months of age can prevent or reduce negative developmental consequences. The purpose of this study was to assess, using large, population-based registries, the effect of co-occurring birth defects (CBDs) on the timing and overall rate of hearing screening and diagnosis.

Method

The authors linked statewide data from newborn hearing screenings, a birth defects registry, and birth certificates to assess the timeliness of newborn hearing screening and diagnosis of hearing loss (HL) for infants with and without CBDs in 485 children with confirmed HL.

Results

Nearly one third (31.5%) of children with HL had 1 or more CBDs. The presence of CBDs prolonged the time of the initial infant hearing screening, which contributed to further delays in the subsequent diagnosis of HL.

Conclusions

Better coordination of HL assessment into treatment plans for children with CBDs may enable earlier diagnosis of HL and provide opportunities for intervention that will affect long-term developmental outcomes for these children.
The Effects of Sprawl on Private-Vehicle Commuting Distances and Times
Authors: Zolnik Edmund J
Published: December 2011

Sprawl is a well-known consequence of the suburbanization of the United States population. However, only recently have scholars shown interest in the effects of sprawl on transportation outcomes. For example, little research on how sprawl affects private-vehicle commuting distances and times is evident in the literature. To explore further the relationship between sprawl and private-vehicle commuting distances and times, a multilevel approach is adopted. Using microdata for households and macrodata for Metropolitan Statistical Areas, multilevel models of the effects of four dimensions of sprawl on commuting distances and times are estimated for private-vehicle commuters. Results show that shorter-distance, private-vehicle commutes are associated with lower density, more centeredness, and better accessibility, while shorter-time, private-vehicle commutes are associated with more centeredness. Overall, results point toward centralizing employment as the urban planning policy most likely to reduce private-vehicle commuting times, if only modestly.
Elucidating Sustainability Sequencing, Tensions, and Trade-Offs in Development Decision Making
Authors: Lombardi D Rachel , Caserio Maria , Donovan Rossa , Hale James , Hunt Dexter V L , Weingaertner Carina , Barber Austin , Bryson John R , Coles Richard , Gaterell Mark , Jankovic Lubo , Jefferson Ian , Sadler Jon , Rogers Chris D F
Published: December 2011

The development process at the site or building scale is a multiobjective process requiring the cooperation of many professions and other stakeholders. The addition of multiple sustainability objectives, often seemingly unrelated (economic versus environmental versus social) in a rapidly changing global urban context, further constrains and complicates the process. The MODESTT mapping approach was developed to elucidate the interdependencies, tensions, and trade-offs between different sustainability objectives for a given development, and to make explicit the points at which a single design decision may ‘lock-in’ or ‘lock-out’ various possible outcomes. In this article, we review and analyse existing models of the development process, illustrate the decisions and activities inherent in delivering a single element of a development (illustrated in this paper with the example of a roof); then apply the MODESTT analysis to three sustainability objectives. The analysis makes explicit the critical importance of sequencing of actions and decisions, and interdependencies between specific objectives that lead to tensions and trade-offs between the multiple sustainability objectives. We conclude by making recommendations for the generic application of the MODESTT approach to improve sustainability throughout the site development process. Regardless of the tools that are available in the UK or elsewhere for the development process and for sustainability proxies, it is the timing and sequencing of decisions (when data are collected or the tools are applied) that are important in delivering effective solutions.
Planning from a Future Vision: Inverse Modeling in Spatial Planning
Authors: Grêt-Regamey Adrienne , Crespo Ricardo
Published: December 2011

Spatial planning seeks to regulate demand for land resources with a view to securing the well-being of urban and rural communities. It identifies the decisions that should be made in light of a preferred future development. Yet, preferences for future development change as demands for housing, recreation, food, and life styles are changing rapidly. In this study we aim to introduce a new approach for spatial planning, where the point of departure is not current data, but a future desired by stakeholders. To this end, we propose an inverse modeling approach where the result is a set of values for parameters identified as being key to reach a desired future. We apply the approach to a case study in a metropolitan area in Switzerland in order to illustrate its capabilities for sustainable planning. We invert a hedonic house-price model for identifying urban development options in the case-study area. We show how one can determine the relevant trade-offs between locational, structural, and socioeconomic characteristics given a desired house-price level, and the possible locations and relevant trade-offs for areas where future noise-emitting factories are to be planned. We discuss advantages and shortcomings of the approach for planners and draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the approach as a means of encouraging lay people and stakeholders to become involved efficiently in sustainable development issues.
A Mass-Sensitive Approach for the Detection of Anaesthetic Xenon
Authors: Hayden Oliver , Latif Usman , Dickert Franz L.
Published: December 2011

Quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) were utilized for the detection of the noble gas xenon (Xe) by combining them with different recognition layers such as permethylated calixarenes (tetramethyl-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (Cal4Me), hexamethyl-tert-butylcalix[6]arene (Cal6Me)), and polyurethanes, with covalently embedded Cal4OH (Poly4Cal), or Cal6OH (Poly6Cal). A third type of sensitive material is synthesized from polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and utilized as a sensitive coating. The results demonstrate that the Cal4Me layer gives higher response towards Xe, while, by the use of a second uncoated QCM channel, the influence of ambient humidity could be nearly completely compensated by signal subtraction. Moreover, the Cal4Me sensor shows excellent reversibility and rapid response time, providing a potentially reliable way to determine Xe during anaesthesia.
The South Australian Allied Health Workforce survey: helping to fill the evidence gap in primary health workforce planning
Authors: Whitford Deirdre , Smith Tony , Newbury Jonathan
Published: December 2011

There is a lack of detailed evidence about the allied health workforce to inform proposed health care reforms. The South Australian Allied Health Workforce (SAAHW) survey collected data about the demographic characteristics, employment, education and recruitment and retention of allied health professionals in South Australia. The SAAHW questionnaire was widely distributed and 1539 responses were received. The average age of the sample was 40 years; males were significantly older than females, the latter making up 82% of respondents. Three-quarters of the sample worked in the city; 60% worked full time and the remainder in part-time, casual or locum positions. ‘Work–life balance’ was the most common attraction to respondents’ current jobs and ‘Better career prospects’ the most common reason for intending to leave. Practice in a rural location was influenced by rural background and rural experience during training. A greater proportion of Generation Y (1982–2000) respondents intended to leave within 2 years than Generation X (1961–81) or Baby Boomers (1943–60). Most respondents were satisfied with their job, although some reported lack of recognition of their knowledge and skills. Systematic, robust allied health workforce data are required for integrated and sustainable primary health care delivery.
Evidence for a hierarchy of predictions and prediction errors in human cortex
Authors: Wacongne Catherine , Labyt Etienne , van Wassenhove Virginie , Bekinschtein Tristan , Naccache Lionel , Dehaene Stanislas
Published: December 2011

According to hierarchical predictive coding models, the cortex constantly generates predictions of incoming stimuli at multiple levels of processing. Responses to auditory mismatches and omissions are interpreted as reflecting the prediction error when these predictions are violated. An alternative interpretation, however, is that neurons passively adapt to repeated stimuli. We separated these alternative interpretations by designing a hierarchical auditory novelty paradigm and recording human EEG and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) responses to mismatching or omitted stimuli. In the crucial condition, participants listened to frequent series of four identical tones followed by a fifth different tone, which generates a mismatch response. Because this response itself is frequent and expected, the hierarchical predictive coding hypothesis suggests that it should be cancelled out by a higher-order prediction. Three consequences ensue. First, the mismatch response should be larger when it is unexpected than when it is expected. Second, a perfectly monotonic sequence of five identical tones should now elicit a higher-order novelty response. Third, omitting the fifth tone should reveal the brain's hierarchical predictions. The rationale here is that, when a deviant tone is expected, its omission represents a violation of two expectations: a local prediction of a tone plus a hierarchically higher expectation of its deviancy. Thus, such an omission should induce a greater prediction error than when a standard tone is expected. Simultaneous EEE- magnetoencephalographic recordings verify those predictions and thus strongly support the predictive coding hypothesis. Higher-order predictions appear to be generated in multiple areas of frontal and associative cortices.
Reaching for the Brass Ring of Psychometric Test Standards: Commenting on Slaney, Storey, and Barnes
Authors: Holden RonaldR. , Marjanovic Zdravko
Published: December 2011

Slaney, Storey, and Barnes ( 2011 ), in delineating guidelines for data-driven psychometric test evaluation, advocate modern test theory for extending a prescriptive framework proposed in Slaney and Maraun ( 2008 ). Here, with an emphasis on noncognitive tests, we begin with a historical review of psychological testing and the developments of testing theory up to current standards and practices. We argue that although the efforts of Slaney et al. are commendable and may be superior in a field in which classical test theory still dominates, they may fall upon deaf ears for two reasons. First, present psychology training is negligent in keeping up with recent developments in statistics and measurement. Second, the practical advantages of modern test theory over classical approaches have not yet been sufficiently demonstrated to test users. This is not to say modern theory cannot produce better tests, rather, when we consider that the ultimate criterion has been and will be predictive validity, old, unsophisticated, classically developed tests still seem to perform satisfactorily. The prescriptive guidelines put forth in Slaney et al. are therefore better understood as aspirational targets, as recommendations, as challenges for tomorrow's generations of test users and developers, and less like psychometric law.
Emergency Vaccination to Control Foot‐and‐mouth Disease: Implications of its Inclusion as a U.S. Policy Option
Authors: Hagerman Amy D. , McCarl Bruce A. , Carpenter Tim E. , Ward Michael P. , O'Brien Joshua
Published: December 2011

Emergency animal vaccination has been used in recent international foot‐and‐mouth disease outbreaks, but current USDA policy favors emergency vaccination use only if standard culling practices alone may not be enough to control spread of the disease. Using simulation modeling, we examine implications of standard culling plus emergency ring vaccination strategies on animal loss and economic welfare loss compared to a standard culling base. Additionally, breakeven risk aversion coefficient analysis is used to examine emergency vaccination as a risk management strategy. Results indicate that response enhanced with emergency vaccination is inferior to standard culling under short diagnostic delays because it causes, on average, greater animal and national economic welfare losses. We find that emergency vaccination does have merit as a risk management strategy, as it can reduce the likelihood of an “extreme” outbreak.
Effects of the long‐term administration of nebivolol on the clinical symptoms, exercise capacity, and left ventricular function of patients with diastolic dysfunction: results of the ELANDD study
Authors: Conraads Viviane M. , Metra Marco , Kamp Otto , De Keulenaer Gilles W. , Pieske Burkert , Zamorano José , Vardas Panos E. , Böhm Michael , Dei Cas Livio
Published: December 2011

Aims

We hypothesized that nebivolol, a beta‐blocker with nitric oxide‐releasing properties, could favourably affect exercise capacity in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFPEF).

Methods and results

A total of 116 subjects with HFPEF, in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II–III, with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >45%, and with echo‐Doppler signs of LV diastolic dysfunction, were randomized to 6 months treatment with nebivolol or placebo, following a double‐blind, parallel group design. The primary endpoint of the study was the change in 6 min walk test distance (6MWTD) after 6 months. Nebivolol did not improve 6MWTD (from 420 ±143 to 428 ±141 m with nebivolol vs. from 412 ±123 to 446 ±119 m with placebo, P = 0.004 for interaction) compared with placebo, and the peak oxygen uptake also remained unchanged (peakVO2; from 17.02 ±4.79 to 16.32 ±3.76 mL/kg/min with nebivolol vs. from 17.79 ±5.96 to 18.59 ±5.64 mL/kg/min with placebo, P = 0.63 for interaction). Resting and peak blood pressure and heart rate decreased with nebivolol. A significant correlation was found between the change in peak exercise heart rate and that in peakVO2 (r = 0.391; P = 0.003) for the nebivolol group. Quality of life, assessed using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure™ Questionnaire, and NYHA classification improved to a similar extent in both groups, whereas N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐pro BNP) plasma levels remained unchanged.

Conclusions

Compared with placebo, 6 months treatment with nebivolol did not improve exercise capacity in patients with HFPEF. Its negative chronotropic effect may have contributed to this result.
Culture-Based Assessment of Microbial Communities in Soil Suppressive to Potato Common Scab
Authors: Meng Qingxiao , Yin Jingfang , Rosenzweig Noah , Douches David , Hao Jianjun J.
Published: December 2011

A field in East Lansing, MI, showed a decline of potato common scab compared with an adjacent potato field. To confirm that the decline was due to biological factors, the soil was assayed. In the greenhouse, putative common-scab-suppressive soil (SS) was either treated with various temperatures or mixed with autoclaved SS at various ratios. Pathogenic Streptomyces scabies was incorporated into the treated soil at 106 CFU/cm3 of soil, followed by planting of either potato or radish. Disease severity was negatively correlated with the percentage of SS in the mixture and positively correlated with temperature above 60°C. The soil was screened for four groups of potential antagonists (general bacteria, streptomycetes, fluorescent pseudomonads, and bacilli) pairing in culture with S. scabies. The frequency of antagonistic bacteria in SS was higher than common-scab-conducive soil (CS) in all four groups but only pseudomonads and streptomycetes were significantly higher. The population of pathogenic Streptomyces spp. in the rhizosphere of CS was significantly higher than SS. Dilution plating of CS and SS samples showed no clear trends or differences in populations of total fungi, total bacteria, streptomycetes, fluorescent pseudomonads, and bacilli but terminal restriction fragment polymorphism analysis revealed two distinct microbial communities were present in SS and CS.
First Report of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 in a Hybrid Grape ‘Vidal Blanc’ in Missouri
Authors: Lunden S. , Qiu W.
Published: December 2011

Grapevine leaf roll disease (GLRD) is one of the most prevalent viral diseases in vineyards worldwide. At least 10 Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaV-1 to -7, and -9, -10, and -11) are associated with GLRD. GLRaV-2 has a number of distinct isolates that are associated not only with GLRD, but also with graft incompatibility, young vine decline, and rootstock stem lesions. In the United States, GLRaV-2 isolates have been reported in the states of California (4), New York (1), Oregon, and Washington (3). A survey of grapevine viruses was conducted on seven grape cultivars, Norton, Chambourcin, Chardonel, Vignoles, Vidal Blanc, Traminette, and Cayuga White, in a vineyard located at Mountain Grove, MO during the falls of 2009 and 2010 and late summer of 2011. Vines from each cultivar were assigned into three blocks. From each block, six individual vines were randomly selected. Phloem scrapings were collected for detecting viruses by ELISA and reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR. To test for GLRaV-2, a set of primers, GLRaV-2-Forward (5′-GGTGATAACCGACGCCTCTA, nt 6745 to 6764) and GLRaV-2-Reverse (5′-CCTAGCTGACGCAGATTGCT, nt 7268 to 7287), were designed from the coat protein coding region as reported previously (2). GRLaV-2 was detected only in the samples of ‘Vidal Blanc’. The detection of GLRaV-2 was further verified by ELISA using GRLaV-2-specific antisera (Bioreba AG, Reinach, Switzerland). The GLRaV-2-infected ‘Vidal Blanc’ vines did not exhibit visible symptoms. The RT-PCR amplified 543-bp cDNA fragments were isolated from agarose gel and cloned into the pCR2.1 vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Plasmid DNA was purified from three individual clones and sequenced from both directions. Comparison of the 543-bp sequences showed that the sequences shared 99% nt identity with the corresponding regions of 21 GLRaV-2 isolates, including PMC-083 isolate from Croatia (GenBank Accession No. HM185277), LN isolate from China (GenBank No. FJ786017), SE isolate from Brazil (GenBank No. EU204909), and four isolates from Washington (GenBank Nos. EU760836, 760838, 760843, and 760848). ‘Vidal Blanc’ is a white interspecific hybrid grape. Absence of visible symptoms on this cultivar emphasizes the importance of planting certified grapevines that have been indexed for viruses. Discovery of GLRaV-2 in asymptomatic white grape cultivars will warn growers on the potential damages and epidemics of GLRD in Midwest vineyards and promote planting clean grapevines. To our knowledge, this is the first report of GLRaV-2 in grapevines in Missouri.

References: (1) M. Fuchs et al. Plant Dis. 93:395, 2009. (2) G. Gambino and I. Gribaudo. Phytopathology 96:1223, 2006. (3) R. R. Martin et al. Plant Dis. 89:763, 2005. (4) A. Rowhani et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 92:(suppl.):S71, 2002.