bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labor, Liberalism, and the Democratic Party
Authors: Lichtenstein Nelson
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the troubled relationship between liberals and union activists. Although the second half of the twentieth century has seen serious reversals in the fortunes of organized labor, the rise of labor politics between 1935 and the 1960s left a lasting legacy. In many respects, labor unions in the New Deal era acted as the ideological lodestar of social democratic politics, pushing elected politicians to reconfigure the balance between management and labor in industrial relations policy. In more recent decades, a newly galvanized public-sector and service-sector union movement has breathed new life into the labor wing of the Democratic Party. This union has provided strong grassroots muscle to the Obama administration's attempts to reform the nation's labor laws and to provide publicly funded health care to American citizens.
Luther Strong
Authors: Wade Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the recordings of mountain fiddler Luther Strong. In 1937 Luther Strong recorded “Glory in the Meetinghouse” as one of over two dozen fiddle tunes for the Library of Congress. His playing, long admired in his community, became revered nationally through these recordings, with “Glory” among them still regarded as a masterpiece of this idiom. According to his daughter Faye, when Luther played it for his neighbors, “Everybody was wild about it. It had such get up and go.” “Glory” functioned not as a dance number, but as a virtuoso piece for listening. This was music made for music's sake. It required, Luther said, the skills that “make a fiddler.” Luther's “Glory in the Meetinghouse” brings together the personal and the historical.
Rape in Chicago
Authors: Flood Dawn Rae
Published: May 2017

Spanning a period of four tumultuous decades from the mid-1930s through the mid-1970s, this study reassesses the ways in which Chicagoans negotiated the extraordinary challenges of rape, as either victims or accused perpetrators. Drawing on extensive trial testimony, government reports, and media coverage, Dawn Rae Flood examines how individual men and women, particularly African Americans, understood and challenged rape myths and claimed their right to be protected as American citizens—protected by the State against violence, and protected from the State's prejudicial investigations and interrogations. Flood shows how defense strategies, evolving in concert with changes in the broader cultural and legal environment, challenged assumptions about black criminality while continuing to deploy racist and sexist stereotypes against the victims. Thoughtfully combining legal studies, medical history, and personal accounts, Flood pays special attention to how medical evidence was considered in rape cases and how victim-patients were treated by hospital personnel. She also analyzes medical testimony in modern rape trials, tracing the evolution of contemporary “rape kit” procedures as shaped by legal requirements, trial strategies, feminist reform efforts, and women's experiences.
Order in the Court
Authors: Flood Dawn Rae
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers U.S. Supreme Court decisions that guaranteed defendants' rights and their role in shaping the structure of rape trials at the local level during the 1960s. New judicial protections worked in favor of defendants yet simultaneously made trials even more difficult for victims, as legal requirements necessitated more precise corroborative testimony that overshadowed the narratives women produced. While they continued to demand the right to be heard when they reported sexual attacks, changes in trials during this period made women's narratives less central to successful prosecutions. Their personal lives and characters were thus less vitally safeguarded against exposure and courtroom attacks.
Reforming Orphans
Authors: Ramey Jessie B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers how the Home for Colored Children (HCC) recorded a version of its founding story that traces the genesis of the institution to a state law. Several succeeding versions of this tale cite the role of legislation in prompting the formation of a new institution for African Americans, suggesting that the state acted as a progressive agent, forcing changes in the handling of all dependent children. While this version of HCC's founding story is not entirely accurate, it contains an essential truth: progressive reform ideas were starting to circulate in this period and had real impact on the development of child care institutions. The story locates the impetus for change outside of the orphanage founders themselves, placing it instead on progressives working through the government to enact new state laws regulating child welfare.
Flight Away from Florida
Authors: Rivers Larry Eugene
Published: May 2017

This chapter aims to emphasize the complexities inherent in Florida′s slave resistance experience. To this point, temporary flight, flight within the immediate vicinity, flight within the immediate region, flight to area havens, and flight into the wilds of the peninsula receive close attention. Highly relevant to this kind of examination are additional factors, including flight away from Florida, as well as consideration of the methods of flight that suggest how escapees eased their passages through the state and to other places—including ones within the Atlantic world and the associated Caribbean basin. In West and East Florida, bondservants typically possessed more of an Atlantic worldview than did slaves living in Middle Florida. For hundreds of years, enslaved persons had been employed in or around the maritime industries in those regions.
Interview with Richard Linklater
Authors: Johnson David T.
Published: May 2017

This interview took place in two phone conversations on November 30 and December 8, 2010, when Linklater spoke to me from his Detour office in Austin, Texas, while on postproduction for Bernie. Because we covered his entire filmography, our conversations generated more dialogue than would be possible to print. As a result, I have condensed and excised certain passages. I have also edited many of the false starts, repetitions, and pauses in speech that are a part of everyday conversation but are distracting on the page, and I have moved one section to account for his going back to add to an answer on an earlier question. That said, what follows are Linklater’s own words on his films and related subjects....
David Lynch
Authors: Nieland Justus
Published: May 2017

A key figure in the ongoing legacy of modern cinema, David Lynch designs environments for spectators, transporting them to inner worlds built by mood, texture, and uneasy artifice. We enter these famously cinematic interiors to be wrapped in plastic, the fundamental substance of Lynch's work. This volume revels in the weird dynamism of Lynch's plastic worlds. Exploring the range of modern design idioms that inform Lynch's films and signature mise-en-scène, the book argues that plastic is at once a key architectural and interior design dynamic in Lynch's films, an uncertain way of feeling essential to Lynch's art, and the prime matter of Lynch's strange picture of the human organism. The book offers striking new readings of Lynch's major works (Eraserhead, Blue Velvet, Wild at Heart, Mulholland Dr., Inland Empire) and his early experimental films, placing Lynch's experimentalism within the aesthetic traditions of modernism and the avant-garde; the genres of melodrama, film noir, and art cinema; architecture and design history; and contemporary debates about cinematic ontology in the wake of the digital. This inventive study argues that Lynch's plastic concept of life—supplemented by technology, media, and sensuous networks of an electric world—is more alive today than ever.
Interviews with David Lynch
Authors: Nieland Justus
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents interviews with David Lynch. Specifically, an interview by Kathrin Spohr published in form 158, no. 2 (1997): 44–45, and another by Mike Figgis published in Sight and Sound 17, no. 3 (2007). Topics discussed include Lynch's interest in furniture design; the role of architecture in his movies; how the notion of time as out of control was expressed in the set design of the Lost Highway; his use of his private spaces in his films; Inland Empre as his longest film; whether he had the complete film in mind when he began filming; and the reasons why he decided to concentrate on film rather than painting or writing.
Introduction
Authors: Holveck Eleanore
Published: May 2017

These reports from Spain, Portugal, and the United States from 1945 to 1947 reflect a change in Simone de Beauvoir’s view of her own role as a writer and intellectual in relation to politics. Beauvoir often described herself up to the 1930s as an apolitical, idealistic Kantian, a solitary individual content to exercise her own petty bourgeois freedom as a teacher and writer and eager to take her place among the great writers of her culture. For example, Françoise and Pierre in Beauvoir’s ...
Portugal Under the Salazar Regime
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone
Published: May 2017

Lisbon in April: I have been told that “certainly the Salazar regime is an authoritarian regime, but it is a tempered and paternal authoritarianism that has been able to avoid the excesses of fascism, and the works that Salazar has accomplished justify his having taken power; what he has done for Portugal is immense.” I have visited Portugal; I have looked to see what Mr. Salazar had done for his people. And I have seen...
Introduction
Authors: Murphy Julien S.
Published: May 2017

During the final two years of the Algerian War, Simone de Beauvoir demonstrated her commitment to the Algerian rebels by advocating for Djamila Boupacha. Boupacha, a twenty-three-year-old middle-class Algerian educated in France, was a member of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), and was arrested on the night of February 10, 1960....
Introduction
Authors: Shelby Karen L.
Published: May 2017

In this article, published in 1971, we find themes of responsibility and solidarity that resonate throughout Simone de Beauvoir’s lifetime of writing and thought. Beginning with the polemic of the title of the essay, which also stands as its final emphatic statement, she is intent on exposing an injustice that results from what she calls “bourgeois justice” and on issuing a call to knowledge and action on the part of her readers. She takes the kind of situation that all of us would regard with proper sentiments of horror when we hear of it—a factory fire in which fifty-seven people suffered severe injury or death—and asks more of her readers, as humans living in an intersubjective world in which actions and inaction can have a profound effect on the lives and freedom of others....
On the Shirley Chisholm Trail in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Gallagher Julie A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Shirley Chisholm's political career as part of this longer history of African American women in New York City politics. The first black woman elected to the U.S. Congress, Chisholm contributed to the breaking down of barriers that kept black women from powerful positions within the federal government. She was a vocal advocate for an activist government to redress economic, social, and political injustices, and she frequently used her national prominence to bring attention to racial, sexual, and class-based inequality. At the same time, she collided into well-established and powerful forces that made it hard to effect change, and she arrived in Congress at the moment when the New Deal coalition began to fall apart. Although her impact as a liberal Democrat would be blunted by the larger political forces surrounding her, Chisholm's influence on the predominantly white women's movement was substantial.
John Sayles
Authors: Shumway David R.
Published: May 2017

John Sayles is the very paradigm of the contemporary independent filmmaker. By raising much of the funding for his films himself, Sayles functions more independently than most directors, and he has used his freedom to write and produce films with a distinctive personal style and often clearly expressed political positions. From The Return of the Secaucus Seven to Sunshine State, his films have consistently expressed progressive political positions on issues including race, gender, sexuality, class, and disability. This book examines the defining characteristic of Sayles' cinema: its realism. Positing the filmmaker as a critical realist, the book explores Sayles' attention to narrative in critically acclaimed and popular films such as Matewan, Eight Men Out, Passion Fish, and Lone Star. The study also details the conditions under which Sayles' films have been produced, distributed, and exhibited, affecting the way in which these films have been understood and appreciated. In the process, the book presents Sayles as a teacher who tells historically accurate stories that invite audiences to consider the human world they all inhabit.
Ambiguous Bodies
Authors: Weiner Marli F. , Hough Mazie
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines physicians' efforts to understand various types of anomalous bodies. Southern physicians who recognized race, sex, and place as essential aspects of bodies had to acknowledge that these categories were not always precisely defined. People could move from the North or from Europe to the South or from one place to another within it. Although custom and law defined all slaves as black, medicine was aware that interracial sex led to many bodies that combined the blood and thus the characteristics of the two races. Far less common, but certainly compelling to doctors, were bodies that exhibited aspects of both male and female. Physicians determined to define what was normal believed that studying bodies that fell between categories could help them understand health and illness. This chapter explores how southern physicians addressed the intellectual dilemmas posed by bodies of mixed race and by the ambiguous nature of women's bodies. It also considers how physicians thought about the maternal influence on the health of the fetus during the course of pregnancy.
Nelson, Cole v. Young, and the Beginning of the Campaign against the Court
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1955 term. The flow of decisions in “Communist” cases became heavier in the 1955 term, with the Court handing down nine signed decisions. The nine decisions ran the gamut of government action against “subversives”: two contempt cases, one of them against a defense lawyer; a deportation and a denaturalization case; the Subversive Activities Control Board’s order directing the American Communist Party (CPUSA) to register under the Internal Security Act; one case each involving federal and state public-employee loyalty programs; a private-employer firing upheld by state courts; and the criminal conviction of Steve Nelson, a CPUSA official, under a state sedition statute.
Richard Wright and the Season of Manifestoes
Authors: McCluskey John
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies the significance of the timing of Richard Wright's “Blueprint for Writing” and its applications to his nonfiction work, specifically his early journalism and work as a journal editor. The chapter places Wright's piece among the earliest in an international flurry of black diaspora manifestoes articulating generational and language disruptions. This is especially the case for Haitian and other francophone writers whom Wright would join in Paris by 1947. In their attempt to resist American oppression and French colonialism, nearly all called upon a return to embrace folklore, traditional expressive culture, and the complexity of their own history. Wright internationalizes the Chicago impulses coursing through the literary thought of his generation throughout the African diaspora.
Chicago’s African American Visual Arts Renaissance
Authors: Depillars Murry N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the history of black visual arts in Chicago and highlights the distinctive influence of the Art Institute of Chicago, formed in 1879, in the emergence of a black visual artistic tradition. In the opening decades of the twentieth century, the Art Institute of Chicago was one of a handful of arts schools that admitted black Americans. Among the earliest black students to attend the school was figurative painter Lottie E. Wilson, who created the famous picture of Abraham Lincoln and Sojourner Truth that appeared on the cover of the NAACP's Crisis in August 1915. Meanwhile, William Edouard Scott attended the Art Institute from 1904 to 1907 and won acclaim from 1912 to 1914 in Paris. In 1927, Scott received the Harmon Foundation's gold medal for his work as a muralist.
Quaker Brotherhood
Authors: Austin Allan W.
Published: May 2017

This is the first extensive study of the American Friends Service Committee's interracial activism in the first half of the twentieth century, filling a major gap in scholarship on the Quakers' race relations work from the AFSC's founding in 1917 to the beginnings of the civil rights movement in the early 1950s. The book tracks the evolution of key AFSC projects, such as the Interracial Section and the American Interracial Peace Committee, that demonstrate the tentativeness of the Friends' activism in the 1920s, as well as efforts in the 1930s to make scholarly ideas and activist work more theologically relevant for Friends. Documenting the AFSC's efforts to help European and Japanese American refugees during World War II, the book shows that by 1950, Quakers in the AFSC had honed a distinctly Friendly approach to interracial relations that combined scholarly understandings of race with their religious views. Highlighting the complicated and sometimes controversial connections between Quakers and race during this era, the book uncovers important aspects of the history of Friends, pacifism, feminism, American religion, immigration, ethnicity, and the early roots of multiculturalism.
Race and Reconciliation at Mid-Century
Authors: Austin Allan W.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter covers the work of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) in the 1950s onward. Even as AFSC officials linked their efforts to the Quaker past and trusted Friendly methods, its staff understood that their approach to race relations had evolved since the Service Committee's earliest forays into the field. Furthermore, AFSC leaders understood the need for additional innovation in the early 1950s, especially as the Cold War intensified. The chapter traces the AFSC's activities during this period, including their attempts at expansion—particularly in the South—via the Washington Project. The Washington Project exhibited an expanding range of interracial techniques that had been evolving since the 1920s, especially an emphasis on education and intercultural exchange and a broader critique of and approach to racial problems in American society. Though the Washington Project would conclude in late 1955, the chapter shows how the AFSC continued their interracial activism still further South.
Introduction
Authors: Messer-Kruse Timothy
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter recounts the story of the Haymarket bombing and trial, which marked a pivotal moment in the history of American social movements and sparked the nation's first “red scare.” From here, the New Left would establish a new historical interpretation of 1880s anarchism, which not only presumed the Chicago anarchists' innocence in the Haymarket bombing but also flattened out their differences from other branches of the socialist movement. This chapter argues that this presumption clouds the historical character of the anarchist movement, and prescribes a different vantage point—one where the anarchist movement is chronicled according to what its members said and did over the course of years, rather than according to what they and their defenders claimed they had done when facing the noose.
From Red to Black
Authors: Messer-Kruse Timothy
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks back to how, over the course of a decade, Chicago's “communists” had gone from counseling their followers to avoid violent confrontations to planning them. This evolution of tactics rested on an even more fundamental shift in outlook and social theory. In 1877 when leaders of the Workingmen's Party acted to restrain mob violence, they did so in the belief that industrial change would come about through the steady growth of trade unions and the gradual raising of the working class's consciousness. But in 1886 the men in Greif's basement were skeptical that trade unions could ever deliver more than a few extra crumbs to the workingman's table and had come to believe that workers were ready for violent class struggle. Between the one outlook and the other was a wholesale shift in the socialist movement that began in Europe and swept into America.
Anarchists, Trade Unions, and the Eight-Hour Workday
Authors: Messer-Kruse Timothy
Published: May 2017

This chapter chronicles how Chicago's anarchists came to reject trade unionism, expressing both their increasing alienation from the labor movement in the city along with a fundamental shift that had occurred in radical anarchist thinking and organizing over the previous half decade. While nearly uncritical support for the labor movement was a bedrock principle of American socialism from the time of the First International in 1863 to the formation of the Socialist Labor Party in 1879, it was a principle at first pushed aside at the London Congress of 1881 and then actively combated after the Pittsburgh Congress two years later. In addition, the chapter narrates how these same anarchists went from being opponents to becoming reluctant latecomers to the eight-hour-workday movement.
From Eight Hours to Revolution
Authors: Messer-Kruse Timothy
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces further developments leading to the Haymarket affair, citing the eight-hour-workday movement in particular as the necessary spark of revolutionary fervor. Had the anarchists not married their ideas of the propaganda by deed to the eight-hour workday, they may well have gone on happily marching in their halls, airing incendiary speeches at the lakefront, and brandishing their homemade bombs for the benefit of reporters and newcomers to the movement without incident. Though anarchists embraced the eight-hour-workday movement because they saw in it a vehicle for their more sweeping aims, in doing so they committed themselves to a specific point of action—that fateful May Day weekend—and thereby forced the issue of their theories of action and revolution.
Christian Wolff
Authors: Hicks Michael , Asplund Christian
Published: May 2017

This book, the first interpretive narrative of the life and work of Christian Wolff, traces the influences and sensibilities of a contemporary composer's atypical career path and restless imagination. Written in full cooperation with Wolff, including access to his papers, this volume is a much-needed introduction to a leading avant-garde composer still living, writing music, and speaking about his own work. Wolff has pioneered various compositional and notational idioms, including overtly political music, indeterminacy, graphic scores, and extreme virtuosity. The book covers Wolff's family life and formative years, his role as a founder of the New York School of composers, and the context of his life and work as part of the John Cage circle, as well as his departures from it. Critically assessing Wolff's place within the experimental musical field, this volume captures both his eloquence and reticence and provides insights into his broad interests and activities within music and beyond.
Let Playing Be Composition and Composition Playing: 1969–1974
Authors: Hicks Michael , Asplund Christian
Published: May 2017

This chapter marks another threshold in Wolff's musical career: Burdocks. Drawing performative techniques from the improvisatory Scratch Orchestra and heterophonic textures inspired by an African field recording, Burdocks was Wolff's first work intended for a large ensemble. It was his first multimovement work in which each movement had distinctly different instructions on how and what to play. And it was his longest in actual (not just conceptual) performance. In addition, Wolff also had to contend with competing political ideologies between his two mentors, John Cage and Cornelius Cardew, the founder of the Scratch Orchestra. Yet the chapter argues that Wolff's musical “transitional point” came not so much in Burdocks or political intent, but in a new approach to melody that began with a series of piano pieces he wrote in 1969–1970.
Introduction
Authors: Hicks Michael , Asplund Christian
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter is an overview of Christian Wolff's music and how it tends to defy academic analysis. In an academic musical culture such things must be easily systematized and categorized, Wolff's music constantly defies attempts at arriving at neat analyses of his work. If Wolff has a method of composing it is to overturn methods from piece to piece. The constancy is change—often radical change even in the vocabulary of a single work. The restlessness of his imagination prevents him from settling into a Wolff “style,” or clearly recognizable idiom—except that he favors epigrammatic utterances, even blunt statements, though often as gentle as spare. The chapter also delves briefly into Wolff's life and career, highlighting and debunking the perceived contrasts between Wolff the man and his artistry.
Dario Argento
Authors: Cooper L. Andrew
Published: May 2017

Commanding a cult following among horror fans, Italian film director Dario Argento is best known for his work in two closely related genres, the crime thriller and supernatural horror. In his four decades of filmmaking, Argento has displayed a commitment to innovation, from his directorial debut with 1970's suspense thriller The Bird with the Crystal Plumage to 2009's Giallo. His films, like the lurid yellow-covered murder-mystery novels they are inspired by, follow the suspense tradition of hard-boiled American detective fiction while incorporating baroque scenes of violence and excess. The book uses controversies and theories about the films' reflections on sadism, gender, sexuality, psychoanalysis, aestheticism, and genre to declare the anti-rational logic of Argento's oeuvre. Approaching the films as rhetorical statements made through extremes of sound and vision, the book places Argento in a tradition of aestheticized horror that includes Marquis de Sade, Thomas De Quincey, Edgar Allan Poe, and Alfred Hitchcock. It reveals how the director's stylistic excesses, often condemned for glorifying misogyny and other forms of violence, offer productive resistance to the cinema's visual, narrative, and political norms.
Dario Argento
Authors: Cooper L. Andrew
Published: May 2017

This book explores the extreme violence that pervades Dario Argento's films, and particularly the ways in which they push the limits of visual and auditory experience by offending, confusing, sickening, and baffling the viewers. It looks at Argento's approach to his work over more than four decades of filmmaking, and his commitment to innovation that is evident in two closely related genres whose disturbing violence reaches previously unrecorded levels of pain, suffering, and mental anguish: crime thriller and supernatural horror. From his directorial debut, The Bird with the Crystal Plumage (1970), to Giallo (2009), Argento's films challenge a viewer's accepted ideas about film spectatorship, meaning, storytelling, and genre. This book also looks at the centrality of collaboration, particularly with family, in Argento's work by analyzing sixteen films that feature him as writer and director. Finally, it discusses how Argento's films function as rhetorical interventions against dominant views on film criticism, interpretation, narrative, and conventions through an examination of interpretive possibilities that connect the films to broader tendencies in film history.
“A Definite and Peculiar Destiny”
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the early life of Denise Levertov. Denise was born in Ilford, on October 24, 1923, to Beatrice Spooner-Jones and Paul Levertoff. Her older sister Olga was nine. Eight months after Denise's birth the Levertoffs bought five-bedroom, brick, semidetached house at 5 Mansfield Road in Ilford not far from Lenox Gardens and nearby Cranbrook Road, the main street, and close to the large Valentine and Wanstead parks. The Levertoff household was a hive of activity. Since neither daughter attended school, everyone was generally at home. They had few connections to the surrounding community and no extended family with whom they regularly interacted. Their Welsh, Russian, and Jewish cultural origins set them apart. Nonetheless, wayfarers of every sort—Jewish booksellers, Russian and German scholars, musicians, and Jewish refugees all passed through their home. Everyone in the family read, to themselves and to others. Every room of the house was filled with books, some of which were bought by Paul Levertoff as a secondhand “lot” from Sotheby's.
In Search of Voice
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details events in Denise Levertov's life after she set sail for Holland in January 1947, to work as an au pair. Levertov was barely twenty-three when she left England presumably for adventure, but in doing so she also escaped. She had no suspicion that by the year's end her life would change irrevocably. Her hastily arranged job as an au pair was seemingly a means to an end—the opportunity to travel. But the adventure began inauspiciously. Holland was cold, damp, and ravaged by war. She did not like the food or the Dutch, whom she considered tactless and dull. She left Holland for Paris in March and later on moved to Geneva where she met a Russian-American from Harvard, Mitchell Ira Goodman. Denise and Mitch married on December 2, 1947. In October 1948 the couple boarded an army ship for New York City. At age twenty-five Denise was finally on her way to America, and her joy was double in that she knew she was pregnant.
“A Cataract Filming Over My Inner Eyes”
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the life and career of Denise Levertov from 1962 to 1967. The 1960s was an auspicious time to be a poet. Poetry magazines, publishing houses, poetry readings, and writer-in-residence programs at colleges and universities proliferated, allowing for greater exposure for poets, especially for women, who previously had little opportunity for recognition of their talent. Levertov benefited from these circumstances. She was in demand as a poet, and in 1962, was granted a coveted Gugenheim Fellowship. In addition to its prestige, the accompanying monetary award allowed her some luxuries: a new washing machine, dryer, and dishwasher. Each made domestic life simpler. In 1963, with Gugenheim support ended, Levertov contributed to the family's finances through her poetry readings by working as poetry editor for the Nation, staying until early 1965, and by serving as a consultant first for Wesleyan University Press and a year later for W. W. Norton. Levertov also engaged in antiwar activities.
“Making Peace”
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the life and career of Denise Levertov from 1985 to 1988. The years 1985–1988 were rich and productive. Levertov continued to live in Somerville and Palo Alto, teach, attend to friends through letters and visits, give readings, travel, garner awards, and create poems. Although the intensity of her romantic life had ebbed, apparently she was content with this turn of events. Her engagement with social justice issues continued to be expressed in her poetry, especially in concern for Central and South America, the arms race, the environment, and the spread of AIDS. Although she participated less frequently in public demonstrations, her button inscribed with “Picket and Pray” suggested her new orientation, one which would have been unthinkable ten years earlier.
Too Much Free Speech?
Authors: Bezanson Randall P.
Published: May 2017

This book takes up an essential and timely inquiry into the Constitutional limits of the Supreme Court's power to create, interpret, and enforce one of the essential rights of American citizens. Analyzing contemporary Supreme Court decisions from the past fifteen years, the book argues that judicial interpretations have fundamentally and drastically expanded the meaning and understanding of “speech.” The book focuses on judgments such as the much-discussed Citizens United case, which granted the full measure of constitutional protection to speech by corporations, and the Doe vs. Reed case in Washington state, which recognized the signing of petitions and voting in elections as acts of free speech. In each case study, the book questions whether the meaning of speech has been expanded too far and critically assesses the Supreme Court's methodology in reaching and explaining its expansive conclusions.
Expressive Conduct Unleashed
Authors: Bezanson Randall P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the Supreme Court's decision inHurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston. The Hurley case involves the exclusion of an objectionable group with an objectionable view—pro-gay—from the longstanding annual St Patrick's Day Parade in Boston, and the Massachusetts law that deemed the exclusion illegal discrimination. The chapter addresses the following issues: Is a parade speech? Is a parade an event in the nature of metaphor and viewer construction rather than linear transmission of a message from a known, intending speaker to an audience that comprehends what the speaker means? Is the selecting of parade participants in the construction of the parade distinguishably expressive from the rejection of one or more participants? Is an orchestra director's selection of instrumentalists for a performance an act of free speech? What if the director deselects a violinist, not on grounds that he is a poor violinist, but on grounds that he is black and the aesthetics of racial diversity is not a message the director wishes to convey?
The Initial Year of the Advertising Council
Authors: Stole Inger L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the strategizing and planning efforts that went into the Advertising Council. It outlines the Council’s organizational setup and its working relationship with the government’s Office of War Information (OWI) during its first year of existence. It also presents the Council’s criteria for accepting the government’s domestic information campaigns and how individual campaigns were prepared and implemented in actual advertisements. By providing their services to the government through the Council at no charge, advertisers hoped to impress upon the American people that theirs was a patriotic institution helping the war effort. The chapter concludes with a discourse regarding the advertisers’ victory in the battle to keep advertising a tax-deductible expense for business.
Introduction
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter describes the “bush league” characteristics of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) early days. While basketball was quite popular in the 1940s, and college basketball had shown promise as a spectator attraction, professional basketball still had an air of disrepute: barnstorming, uncouth players, and poorly lit (and often poorly ventilated) gyms or dance halls. The Basketball Association of America (BAA), the NBA's precursor, had struggled to gain credibility and popularity among the country's sports fans during this time. The BAA/NBA during its early seasons relied on exhibition games featuring the Harlem Globetrotters, on playing doubleheaders, on using territorial draft picks of stars from local colleges, on playing regular-season games out of town, and on having teams fold mid-season. Some teams continued to play league games in high school gymnasiums well into the 1950s.
Stability (1954–57)
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter marks a period of stability and growth for the NBA during the mid-1950s. With the NBA down to eight teams, owners still faced inadequate revenues, although their continued efforts to improve and innovate would eventually lead to the NBA's stabilization. They also continued to grapple with the unattractive aspect of the league's end games, where fouling and rough play were still the tactics of choice. How to reduce the primitive aspects of the game remained a difficult problem, but it was one with an elegant solution—the twenty-four-second shot clock helped transform the pro game into something quite distinct from other basketball games and would eventually prove popular and enduring. In addition, the owners also needed to assess whether television would prove beneficial for the NBA.
Procuring Passage
Authors: Russell Lynette
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the assumption that resource maritime labor was exclusively performed by men. It argues that in southeastern Australia the success and wealth produced by the sealing industry up to 1815 and the subsequent economic stability of European men was wholly dependent on Tasmanian pallawah or indigenous women's skills and expertise. Although there are estimates that there were as many as 200 Newcomer men involved in the industry, each man often had between three and five Aboriginal women working with him. In some years the islands yielded between ten and twenty thousand sealskins. Each hunting episode required the women to club the seal and drag it to the beach, where they would begin the butchering process. The women also developed useful skills in boat handling and other associated aspects of the industry.
Labor and Leisure in the “Enchanted Summer Land”
Authors: Rohde Melissa
Published: May 2017

Using industrial survey reports, this chapter shows how the entrepreneurial adaptation of Anishinaabe women at Lac Courte Oreilles and Lac du Flambeau in Wisconsin between 1900 and 1940, are vital to the economic transformation from a dependency on extractive logging resource industry to service-based tourism. Women's work within tourism, provisioning a diverse range of services and activities, usefully erodes formerly paternalistic or narrow conceptions of work and workplace. Tourism brought small freedoms by offering a new source of revenue without requiring Native women to conform to the government's program of stamping out what it considered the dangerous and backward aspects of American Indian culture.
Charity or Industry?
Authors: O’Neill Colleen
Published: May 2017

Despite proven entrepreneurial successes in the southwest, only 11 out of 156 U.S. federal work relief projects designated for Indian reservations during the Depression specifically targeted women. Those schemes, administrated by home extension programmers, were, in essence, occupationally reductive and domestic in nature. This chapter examines relief programs among Blackfeet women in Cut Bank, Montana, during the 1930s. Such programs potentially shunt women, once again, to “the margins of the capitalist labor market in the 1930s.” Even in the so-called enlightened modern era promised by the administrative renaissance of the U.S. Indian New Deal, economic policies were restrictively gendered in design and scope.
“An Indian Teacher among Indians”
Authors: Cahill Cathleen D.
Published: May 2017

Scholars have emphasized that policymakers designed the federal Indian school system to assimilate Native children and create a colonial labor force by training Native female students for primarily menial domestic labor. Inadvertently, these policies brought thousands of Native people into the Indian Service in both the white-collar and the menial sector. However, we know very little about them, why they took those jobs, and how they strategically used their positions. This chapter shows that Native women adapted to the changes wrought by the modern economy; but racially marked as Indians, they also struggled for economic and cultural survival in a hostile world. In order to access their voices, it draws upon fifty-five personnel files from the Indian School Service. Beginning in 1905 the Office of Indian Affairs kept individual files for each employee that afford an intimate portrayal of the everyday work lives of female personnel. Assembling personal and professional correspondence, efficiency reports, requests for transfers or retirement, and more, the files illuminate the occupational paths of these women.
Playing Politics
Authors: Thomas Damion L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter highlights the formalization of U.S. Cold War sport foreign policy. As the Soviet Union reentered the Olympic movement in 1952, sport took on heightened meaning, and became a proxy for combat in the atomic age. Thus, this chapter highlights how the two superpowers fought for athletic supremacy, as well as how the United States developed a program of international athletic goodwill tours as a means to counteract the Soviet Union's successful implementation of its own athletic foreign policy program. Sports became a crucial Cold War weapon that deployed the notions of strength and cultural, political, and economic superiority over the Soviet Union.
Linkmaps
Authors: Foley John Miles
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces linkmaps, which are suggested routes through the wiki network, particular sequences of ePathways that have been found to be illuminating in one way or another through the Pathways Project website. The freedom to explore and to construe is nearly absolute, as a variety of patterns can be created and shared, and surfers have the freedom to engage suggested itineraries or diverge from established ePathways and form their own, fashioning their experiences at every juncture and thus creating linkmaps unique to themselves. Alongside instructions on how readers can share their user-created linkmaps on the website, this chapter also provides a small array of predesignated linkmaps for readers to enjoy.
“Tejano and Proud”
Authors: Ragland Cathy
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates how the diatonic accordion symbolically embodies the Texan-Mexican community's economic struggle while also distinguishing it as the core of an “authentic” Tejano conjunto sound despite the significant change and fragmentation the music has undergone, particularly during the last fifty years. This Tejano population would also try to distinguish itself musically from the more recent waves of Mexican immigrants who tend to cling on to their own kind of accordion-based music—música norteña. While for the Tejano the accordion symbolizes the cultural memory of a working-class past that allows them to celebrate their role in the making of a prosperous Texan and American society, for Mexican immigrants it is a symbol of regional identity and, at the same time, of their transnational experience.
Beyond Vallenato
Authors: Bermúdez Egberto
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the accordion's history from its arrival at Colombia's Atlantic shores to its ubiquitous presence in popular vallenato music. Accordions and harmonicas were assimilated into local musical culture as early as the 1860s, combined with scrapers or other rhythm and percussion instruments, such as the triangle and side drum. Trading routes along the main rivers into the interior of the country allowed for the dispersion of accordions and their music during the economic boom in the tobacco-, banana-, and coffee-growing zones. With vallenato's increasing national popularity in the mid-1980s, the accordion, which was firmly rooted in the lower strata, needed a new social veneer. Soap-opera actor and vallenato accordionist and singer Carlos Vives' international success in the mid-1990s reached a level of visibility that validated the music, despite vallenato's infamous and unbroken connection with the Colombian mafia.
Ayben
Authors: Solomon Thomas
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ayben Özçalkan, who made her mark as a seventeen-year-old by rapping on her older brother's CD recording in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1990. She developed her own style and technique as a young rap artist, even though she risked bringing disapproval to her family by performing in a male-dominated genre. After putting her career on hold as she cared for her dying mother, Ayben then relaunched herself as a rapper, with multiple appearances on TV, to become the personality that she is today. She overtly tackles women's issues in her performances through her lyrics that deal explicitly with the treatment of women in Turkey.
Widening the Screen
Authors: Marsh Leslie L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a historiography of a select group of Brazilian women's independent, alternative film and video production during the 1980s, which contributed to new definitions of citizenship during the last years of the dictatorship and the transition toward democracy. Concomitant to the goal to define new political and cultural identities, Brazilian women's alternative media at the time sought to reclaim and expand citizenship rights by intervening in understandings of brasilidade (Brazilian cultural identity) and shaping debates surrounding issues such as abortion and women's access to healthcare. The chapter then examines works by film and video maker Eunice Gutman, the Lilith Video Collective—a group of three women who dedicated themselves to bringing greater awareness to women's issues as the Brazilian constitution was being rewritten, and the feminist nongovernmental organization SOS-Corpo.
Introduction
Authors: Doody Colleen
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, namely to explore the beginnings of post-World War II popular conservatism, particularly the glue that held this disparate movement together: anti-Communism. Building upon recent scholarship on conservatism, the book brings their insights to bear on the debate on the nature of early Cold War domestic politics. It argues that the key elements of twentieth-century conservatism—antipathy toward big government, embrace of religious traditionalism, celebration of laissez-faire capitalism, and militant anti-Communism—arose during the 1940s and 1950s out of opposition to the legacy of the New Deal and its modernizing, centralizing, and secularizing ethos. The book examines a specific urban center, Detroit, and grounds its conception of politics in the daily decisions of a wide variety of individuals rather than on the actions of political elites.
Race and Anti-Communism, 1945–1952
Authors: Doody Colleen
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates how anti-Communism became a means to debate the proper role of government on the issue of race rights. Liberals and their leftist allies supported the wartime New Deal's vision of an expanded role for government in both fair housing and fair employment for African Americans. They embraced the inclusive, democratic nationalism of the New Deal. Opponents of this view argued that racial advances would come at the expense of white workers and homeowners. These groups supported a far more limited conception of the New Deal, one that shied away from racial equality while providing federal support for white homeownership. They often equated racial egalitarianism with Socialism and Communism.
Stinking It Up
Authors: Figone Albert J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the 1951 college basketball gambling scandal, arguing that, contrary to popular belief, the largest gambling scandal in the history of sports up to 1951 was not an isolated incident, but a product of a disease that had been growing unchecked since the early 1900s. In the 1951 college basketball scandal, a total of thirty-five active and ex-players were accused of accepting $50,000 to fix eighty-six games. Sixteen players reported that they had spurned bribe offers totaling $22,900. Twenty-one gamblers and go-betweens were also implicated. Yet, as the chapter shows, at the close of the 1940s, corruption in college basketball games was so rampant that it had become the norm.