bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Access to Healthy Food in Cities
Authors: Wang Monica L. , Otis Marisa
Published: May 2019

The concentration of people in urban areas represents an enormous opportunity to create an environment that can promote healthy behavior and attendant population health. One of those opportunities is the provision of food to urban populations. While it is possible and in many respects feasible to optimize food in urban environments, in many urban areas this is far from the case. For example, urban food deserts are characterized by a paucity of healthy foods, encouraging unhealthy eating and attendant poor health. Commercial forces are often—but not necessarily—at odds with the goals of providing healthy foods in cities, further complicating the picture. This chapter discusses the opportunities inherent in providing healthy food to urban populations and the challenges inherent in such efforts.
Disasters
Authors: Shultz James M.
Published: May 2019

The number of people affected by disasters worldwide has been increasing over the past 20 years. This increase is driven by two forces: urbanization and global environmental climate change. As more people are living in cities, and many of those cities are close to water, environmental changes are exposing cities to ever more risk. This necessitates innovative urban responses to anticipate potential disaster risk, engaging elements of cities’ physical and social environment to promote resilience. This chapter considers the features of cities that pose risks to disaster stressors and the efforts to build urban resilience that can mitigate some of these risks.
The Partnership for Healthy Cities
Authors: Rojhani Ariella , Hung Charity , Chew Sally , Honeysett Christina , Mullin Sandra , Karpati Adam
Published: May 2019

The Partnership for Healthy Cities is a global network of cities that is committed to reducing morbidity and mortality from noncommunicable diseases among their populations. Funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies, in partnership with the World Health Organization and Vital Strategies, the Partnership engages cities that are willing to take on high-impact innovative approaches to prevent and ameliorate the burden of noncommunicable diseases (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc.). This chapter discusses the vision behind, the goals of, and the successes and challenges of the Partnership for Healthy Cities, with a particular focus on lessons learned that can broadly be applied to urban health.
Case Studies in Urban Health
Authors: Ezeh Alex , Mberu Blessing
Published: May 2019

A project of the Africa Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System was set up to provide a platform to explore the linkages between urban poverty and health and to monitor and evaluate novel implementation programs that were developed with the study communities. In this chapter, the authors draw on nearly two decades of work by APHRC among slum populations in Nairobi, Kenya, to highlight the unique health challenges of slum populations and how these are changing. The chapter summarizes various efforts to improve health in Nairobi’s informal settlements since 2000 and discusses efforts in Nairobi to improve health in a large city in sub-Saharan Africa, summarizing lessons that have been learned in improving urban health worldwide.
Rapid Urbanization in China
Authors: Hall Brian J. , Ieng Leong Teng , Chen Wen
Published: May 2019

Urbanization in China in the past 20 years has been happening at an unprecedented scale, with little comparison anywhere else worldwide. Cities like Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, have grown more than 300-fold in the past 30 years. This growth has come with remarkable gains in health, but also is accompanied by particular challenges, both those typical of large cities anywhere and those challenges specifically presented by rapid growth in East Asia. This chapter discusses urbanization in China, drawing lessons that illuminate the particularities of what has transpired in China and that also have generalizable implications for urban health worldwide.
Going Biophilic
Authors: Yin Jie , Spengler John D.
Published: May 2019

Green building design has emerged as a global force, with one green building standard reporting more than 3.5 billion square feet certified worldwide. Green buildings focus on reducing environmental impact through improved water storage, reducing environmental perturbation, and reducing energy usage. Although the environmental benefits of green building design are now well established, it is only more recently that the field has come to appreciate the health benefits of green building design. This chapter discusses the green building movement and the challenges and opportunities it represents, with lessons that can be learned and are generalizable to urban health scholarship and action worldwide.
Earned Citizenship through Military Service
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter uses the civic republican tradition as a theoretical lens to examine how previously excluded groups were able to draw on their wartime service to demand equal treatment as citizens and why unauthorized immigrants should be able to earn naturalization through military service. It first considers how Mexican American veterans were able to leverage their military service to demand the rights and benefits of first-class citizenship. It then interprets this historical account through a frame of “Mexican American republicanism,” connecting loyalty and service to citizenship claims. Unauthorized immigrants who want to follow this pathway to citizenship can no longer do so, given current barriers to enlistment. This chapter closes by analyzing and critiquing U.S. policies governing immigrant military enlistment. As a whole, this chapter serves as a work of applied political theory with implications for the contemporary U.S. immigration reform debate.
Keeping Faith with Immigrant Military Personnel and Veterans
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers why immigrant military personnel and veterans should be granted unconditional naturalization immediately upon enlistment. It makes a normative argument for reviving the connection between the obligations of military service and the rights of citizenship. It applies this argument to the political problem of deporting noncitizen military personnel and veterans. In the U.S., military service currently does not immediately result in naturalization. Nor does it protect a noncitizen veteran from deportation. The normative content of the oath of enlistment should be construed as creating a permanent reciprocal relationship of rights and obligations between the U.S. government and a soldier regardless of citizenship status. Noncitizens who serve in a nation’s armed forces during a period of declared hostilities should be rendered immune from deportation for the rest of their lives. If they commit an offense, they should be punished for their crimes without being deported or denaturalized.
Moving Past “Americanization” toward Earned Citizenship
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers what proponents of inclusive immigration reform in the U.S. can learn from the normative successes and shortcomings of twentieth century Americanization movements as pathways to integration and preparation for citizenship. At their best, past Americanization movements—including LULAC—prepared immigrants for naturalized citizenship while they served in workplaces and families. Today, immigrants are already assuming many of the duties of citizenship, though some are denied a pathway to naturalization. Legalization of unauthorized immigrants, coupled with a noncoercive civic education campaign with the full support of government, employers, and civil society, can help immigrants contribute to their full potential and aspire for U.S. citizenship. Individual citizens have a moral obligation to help immigrants learn more skills—from language to vocational training—toward the mutually beneficial goal of helping them contribute more to their adopted communities in the future.
Conclusion
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.
Published: May 2019

This conclusion reflects upon President Trump’s stances on immigration and citizenship in the first year of his administration. I frame recent developments in the historical context of a nation that still grapples with the implications of its aspirational heritage as a country of immigrants, even as the U.S. continually backslides into its legacy of multiple discriminations. Though we are in a period of restrictionism, reflected prominently in the Trump administration’s attempts to cancel the DACA program, immigrants continue to resist exclusion and to serve as workers, parents, volunteers, and soldiers. This chapter concludes by focusing on the moral claims of DACA recipients to inclusion in the United States. It argues that like their native-born peers and younger siblings, they are already Americans by virtue of their upbringing, education, and formative experiences in this country, and they should be permanently protected from removal from the United States.
Politics on Display
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand
Published: May 2019

Political yard signs are one of the most conspicuous features of American political campaigns, yet they have received little attention as a form of political communication or participation. In a climate in which the American public is highly polarized, these symbols are more than simple campaign tools—they are literal markers of partisan identity. As public cues that push into private life, they affect individuals and their neighborhoods, coloring perceptions of social spaces and impacting social networks. In Politics on Display we answer a series of questions about this familiar feature of electoral politics: Why do people put their preferences out there for the world to see? Do neighborhoods become political battlegrounds? And what are the consequences of displaying yard signs in these spaces where we spend most of our time? We answer these questions with an innovative research design, documenting political life in neighborhoods with complementary data sources: street-level observation of the placement of signs and neighborhood-specific survey research that delves into the attitudes, behavior, and social networks of residents. Integrating these data into a geo-database that also includes demographic and election data—and supplementing these data with nationally representative studies—we bring together insights from political communication, political psychology, and political geography. Against a backdrop of today’s political environment of conflict and division, we advance a new understanding of how citizens experience campaigns, why many still insist on airing their views in public, and what happens when social spaces become political spaces.
Who Puts Their Politics on Display?
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, we explore a variety of factors that influence an individual’s decision to display a campaign yard sign. First, we consider the displaying of signs from the perspective of traditional models of political participation. Using national data from the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we explore demographic and attitudinal predictors of sign displaying, as well as measures of the political environment, such as residence in a swing state. Then, relying on our observational data from the 2008 and 2012 elections, we turn our attention to more localized factors that may encourage or inhibit the displaying of signs. In keeping with recent contextual work, we explore linkages between property traits, neighborhood traits, and the displaying of signs. Finally, we consider personality and whether individuals who display signs share traits such as the desire to make one’s views known and the propensity to initiate political conversations.
Means, Motive, and Opportunity
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, we focus on several aspects of the process by which people come to display signs. First, we present survey respondents with a hypothetical scenario regarding the decision to display a sign, examining which considerations predict a willingness to display. Second, we ask displayers to identity their motives for displaying, drawing on the distinction between expressive and instrumental motives for participation. Third, we examine how sign displayers obtain signs, distinguishing between those who seek out signs and those who receive them from campaigns. Finally, we consider timing as an informative aspect of sign displaying, exploring the dichotomy between early displayers, who act as de facto opinion leaders in their neighborhoods, and late displayers, who may be influenced by social pressure. Several of our findings challenge conventional wisdom about sign displaying, as we find evidence that displayers are proactive and think of signs in primarily expressive terms.
Navigating Social Space
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, we investigate how the prevalence of signs influences social spaces. We begin by exploring how signs impact perceptions of a neighborhood’s activism and partisan balance and, more specifically, whether signs make those perceptions more, or less, accurate. Second, using a hypothetical scenario in which respondents are asked to consider a neighbor who supports the opposing candidate, we consider how signs shape interactions among neighbors. Third, we analyze the relationship between sign prevalence and how individuals interact with their neighborhood discussion partners. We focus on two key metrics: whether individuals discuss politics with greater frequency during the campaign than they do otherwise, and whether they report heated discussions with their neighbors. Leveraging ego-centric network batteries—a tool commonly used to analyze interpersonal influence but rarely used to analyze neighborhood-specific networks—we find several patterns consistent with the notion that the mere presence of yard signs structures patterns of political discussion in neighborhoods.
Introduction
Authors: Nielsen Philipp
Published: May 2019

The introduction to Between Heimat and Hatred: Jews and the Right in Germany, 1871 and 1935 outlines the major themes of the book. The book studies German Jews involved in ventures that were from the beginning, or became increasingly, of the Right. Jewish agricultural settlement, Jews’ participation in the so-called Defense of Germandom in the East, their place in military and veteran circles and finally right-of-center politics form the core of this book. The book investigates the inherent tension in the involvement in such ventures between sincere dedication to them and the apologetic defense against antisemitic stereotypes of rootlessness, intellectualism or cosmopolitanism. It asks at which point even a defensive commitment became no longer tenable. The introduction also provides an overview of the individual chapters and the sources used.
Transforming the Act of Reading
Authors: Nakissa Aria
Published: May 2019

This chapter combines ethnography and textual analysis to examine how modern reform has progressively marginalized the pedagogy of taking from the mouths of shaykhs. Inside al-Azhar and the Dār al-ʿUlūm, this pedagogy has been displaced by new reading practices tied to new types of texts. The chapter discusses how new reading practices and texts were promoted by religious reformers like ʿAbduh and Riḍā. It also discusses how such reading practices and texts relate to the two primary modes of instruction inside al-Azhar and the Dār al-ʿUlūm: namely “text-based study” and “topic-based study.”
Conclusion: Rethinking the Islamic Legal Tradition
Authors: Nakissa Aria
Published: May 2019

This conclusion briefly summarizes the key findings from previous chapters. It argues that bringing together hermeneutic theory and practice theory is not only essential for understanding the Islamic legal tradition, but also for understanding other cultural, legal, and religious traditions. It begins by noting that cultural, legal, and religious traditions typically contain rules, and indicates that the book tries to elucidate how knowledge of such rules is transmitted over time. It then notes the problems that occur if either hermeneutic theory or practice is used as the sole approach, and the benefits that can be gained by using them together. Finally, this conclusion describes the attempts made in the book to discern broad patterns within the Islamic tradition, while also examining a local and historically specific manifestation of Islam in modern Egyptian religious education.
Double Negation
Authors: Kars Aydogan
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the contours of the classical Ismāʿīlī negative theology of the divine essence. The apophatic path developed by Ismāʿīlī scholars had distinct cosmological markers and a logical structure that enabled the performative self-cancellation of discourse about the inaccessible divine essence. Respecting their diversity, and without essentializing or dehistoricizing them, we can highlight three general features that widely circulated among Ismāʿīlī thinkers until the Mongol invasion: (1) They put the divine essence beyond the divine word, which lies beyond the first creation, the universal intellect. (2) The relative oneness of the divine word can be transcended only by two negations. The first one negates the positive ground and relationality, and the second cancels all (positive and negative) discursivity in order to indicate the beyond of the relative oneness beyond creation. (3) The absolute oneness of God is unknowable, beyond the impenetrable oneness of the divine word.
Clients and Constituents
Authors: Bussell Jennifer
Published: May 2019

This book provides a theoretical and empirical examination of constituency service in developing countries. The predominant view of distributive politics in “patronage democracies” emphasizes the partisan targeting of pork and clientelism. In contrast, this book demonstrates that high-level legislators in India and other contexts often provide direct, nonpartisan assistance to individual constituents. Under what conditions do they provide constituency service, rather than engage in partisan bias? The book shows that the uneven character of access to services at the local level—often because of biased allocation on the part of local intermediaries—generates demand for help from higher-level officials, and also creates incentives for those politicians to bypass intermediaries by providing direct assistance. It draws on elite and citizen surveys, interviews, qualitative shadowing, and experiments to explore the dynamics of both the demand for constituency service and its supply. The book’s findings highlight the potential for an underappreciated form of democratic accountability, one that is however rooted in the character of patronage-based politics.
Partisan Targeting and Local Distributive Politics
Authors: Bussell Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 presents the first set of empirical analyses focused on politics at the local level. Drawing on close-range qualitative shadowing of local council presidents and surveys of both presidents and citizens, it documents the close relationships these elected officials have with their constituents. This analysis suggests considerable responsiveness of local politicians to citizens, often highlighting a form of local constituency service that has not been sufficiently described in many prior accounts. However, it also underlines the partisan nature of local politics and the ways in which partisanship is emphasized, especially by those presidents who share the party of the more senior state legislator in their area. The chapter documents the implications of this partisanship for contingent distribution, showing that individuals who do not share partisan ties with their village council president tend to be locally blocked—in particular, they are less likely to receive benefits from the local council.
When Is Responsiveness Partisan Bias?
Authors: Bussell Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Chapter 10 evaluates the conditions under which politicians will allocate benefits in a contingent, versus noncontingent, manner. It shows that citizens living in areas that offered strong support to a politician in the last election are much more likely to receive spending from that politician’s constituency development fund (CDF). Drawing on data from the experiment, it then compares the behavior of politicians spending their CDF funds with responses to the experimental audit of responsiveness. This shows that, while patterns of electoral support predict behavior with regard to partisan targeting, they offer less explanatory value for understanding patterns of constituency service. Thus, the same factors cannot explain both partisan bias and constituency service, and the same individuals who engage in noncontingent individual assistance may also target group-based benefits in a largely partisan manner.
Socialism as Democratic Justice
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2019

This chapter shows that social justice, a central concern of “socialist” tradition is also an often-neglected but necessary ingredient of democracy and civic equality. Relationality is the standard of social justice as well as a crucial feature of virtue ethics, natural rightness, and democratic politics. The chapter reviews Axel Honneth’s book The Idea of Socialism, which relates socialism to “liberty, equality, fraternity” and shows that after the revolution an upsurge of elitism and vertical social inequality channeled socialist aspirations into purely economic contexts. For Honneth, the time has come to reintegrate socialism into the framework of democracy to serve as the mainstay of social justice, equality, and fraternity. The chapter endorses this but questions Honneth’s facile optimism and pleads for re-energizing additional ethical, spiritual, and even “utopian,” resources. It invokes Paul Tillich’s “prophetic” socialism as well as Ernst Bloch’s appeal to latent utopian potentials.
Contesting Globalization
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2019

Crucially, the politics of virtue is embedded in a relational social fabric. In our “age of globalization,” another relationality, between the local and the global, the familiar and the unfamiliar, needs to be pondered. Chapter 6 deals with this issue, reflecting on globalism not as a bland synthesis but as a tension in need of negotiation. Following a renewed discussion of the meaning of space and spatiality, the chapter turns to arguments of Zygmunt Bauman and Carlo Bordoni who have complained about a growing split or antimony between global “deterritoriality” and the fate of local or regional politics, with rooted, democratic politics tendentially devalued and marginalized. To recover the possible relationality indicated by “glocalism,” the chapter turns to some of Heidegger’s later writings, especially texts dealing with “earth” and “world” related in a complex counterpoint without separation or fusion.
The development of MMN
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory
Published: May 2019

The brain can detect sound changes very early on, even prenatally. Both positively and negatively displaced responses to deviant stimuli have been found in infancy, with the majority of studies reporting, however, positive mismatch responses (MMR) in infants within the first few months of life. Besides neural development, stimulation parameters may influence polarity. The positively displaced MMR develops towards the adult-like MMN between the ages of 3 and 9 months, there being a wide inter-individual variation in this development. From school age onwards, sound changes elicit MMNs with negative polarities fairly systematically. The MMN peak latency becomes shorter with development, similar to other event-related potential components, which is consistent with the development of myelination. MMN/MMR studies have illuminated auditory abilities and learning mechanisms in infants, suggesting, for example, that the infant brain can extract information on the regularities of sound input and foetuses can form long-lasting memory traces.
Developmental disorders
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory
Published: May 2019

Developmental brain disorders, such as developmental dyslexia, specific language impairment (SLI), autism spectrum of disorders (ASD), and oral clefts, include perceptual-cognitive deficits of language, audition, attention, and memory. It is important to detect these dysfunctions in early childhood in order to determine how the development of perception and cognition differs from the typical course and to design interventions supporting development. The MMN, being elicited from the foetal stage onwards, is a promising tool for this purpose. It has illuminated low-level perceptual-cognitive dysfunctions in these disorders and shows promise as an early neural marker of future language-related dysfunction.
Aging
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory
Published: May 2019

This chapter shows that MMN and its magnetoencephalographic (MEG) equivalent MMNm are sensitive indices of aging-related perceptual and cognitive decline. Importantly, the age-related neural changes are associated with a decrease of general brain plasticity, i.e. that of the ability of the brain to form and maintain sensory-memory traces, a necessary basis for veridical perception and appropriate cognitive brain function. MMN/MMNm to change in stimulus duration is particularly affected by aging, suggesting the increased vulnerability of temporal processing to brain aging and accounting, for instance, for a large part of speech-perception difficulties of the aged beyond the age-related peripheral hearing loss.
Concluding discussion
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at potential common underlying factors linking MMN/MMNm deficiency to the broad range of heterogeneous clinical conditions outlined in the book. Several promising clinical applications of MMN/MMNm are summarized, including the prediction of conversion to psychosis among clinically at-risk individuals, the prediction of the recovery of consciousness and cognitive capabilities in patients in a comatose or persistent vegetative state, the early detection of perceptual deficits in developmental brain disorders, and the early identification of the presence of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Furthermore, the evaluation of the cognitive decline occurring in different brain disorders, as well as the prediction of cognitive recovery after the occurrence of a stroke or other brain injury, and the objective monitoring of age-related cognitive brain change and potential countermeasures to slow down this age-related cognitive decline are discussed.
The Refutation of Eleatic Monism
Authors: Clarke Timothy
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses Aristotle’s refutation of Eleatic monism in Physics 1.2 (185a20–b25). The refutation targets two kinds of monism: entity monism (the view that reality consists of just a single entity) and essence monism (the view that reality is all of the same essence). Aristotle’s refutation of these monistic views starts from his claims that being and one are ‘said in many ways’. This chapter explains how Aristotle’s criticisms work, and asks whether or not they are successful. In particular, it addresses two potential worries for his critique: the worry that he begs the question against his monistic opponents, and the worry that he relies on an uncharitable interpretation of their theory.
Risk Regulation in the Internal Market
Authors: Weimer Maria
Published: May 2019

This book offers a topical inquiry into the legal and political limits of European Union regulation in the field of risk and new technologies surrounded by techno-scientific complexity, uncertainty, and societal contestation. It uses agricultural biotechnology as a paradigmatic example to illustrate the complex intersection between environmental, public health, economic, and social concerns in risk regulation. The text analyses the drawbacks of the European Union approach to agricultural biotechnology showing that its reductionism, that is, the narrow understanding of the risks associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as well as the exclusion of broader societal concerns related to environmental and social sustainability, has undermined both the legitimacy and effectiveness of EU regulation in this area. Resistance to this approach, however, has also triggered legal innovations prompting us to rethink EU internal market law, including the way in which it manages the tensions between unity and diversity, and between social and economic concerns. This book examines how far the EU can go in harmonizing regulatory approaches to risk. At the same time, it proposes new ways of rethinking EU risk regulation to make it more responsive to different perspectives on risk and technology.
Differentiation through Derogations—Contesting Internal Market Discipline
Authors: Weimer Maria
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines attempts to accommodate diversity and disagreement on issues of agricultural biotechnology in the European Union through derogation mechanisms, such as those contained in Article 114 TFEU. More specifically, it considers whether derogations can lead to differentiation in EU harmonization to regulate risk in the internal market. The chapter begins with a discussion of pathways of differentiation available under EU harmonized legal frameworks, with particular emphasis on opt-out clauses under Article 114(4) and (5) TFEU and safeguard clauses in EU secondary legislation. It then explores the practical application of these clauses in the field of GMOs, showing that their strict interpretation by both the Commission and the CJEU leaves little room for differentiation and decentralized governance after GMO authorization. Finally, the chapter analyses the contestation by Member States of such strict interpretation. By continuously invoking opt-outs and safeguards, Member States have achieved de facto differentiation through disobedience.
Linguistic Turns, 1890-1950
Authors: Hirschkop Ken
Published: May 2019

Linguistic Turns rewrites the intellectual and cultural history of early twentieth-century Europe. In chapters that range over the work of Saussure, Russell, Wittgenstein, Bakhtin, Benjamin, Cassirer, Shklovskii, the Russian Futurists, Ogden and Richards, Sorel, Gramsci, and others, it shows how European intellectuals came to invest ‘language’ with extraordinary force, at a time when the social and political order of the continent was in question. By examining linguistic turns in concert rather than in isolation, Hirschkop changes the way we see them—no longer simply as moves in individual disciplines, but as elements of a larger constellation, held together by common concerns and anxieties. In a series of detailed readings, he reveals how each linguistic turn invested ‘language as such’ with powers that could redeem not just individual disciplines but Europe itself. We see how, in the hands of different writers, language becomes a model of social and political order, a tool guaranteeing analytical precision, a vehicle of dynamic change, a storehouse of mythical collective energy, a template for civil society, and an image of justice itself. By detailing the force linguistic turns attribute to language, and the way in which they contrast ‘language as such’ with actual language, Hirschkop dissects the investments made in words and sentences and the visions behind them. The constellation of linguistic turns is explored as an intellectual event in its own right and as the pursuit of social theory by other means.
Do They Believe in Magic? The Word as Myth, Name, and Art
Authors: Hirschkop Ken
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 is devoted to writers hostile to the mythical element of language, who believe that myth must be defeated and who have a strategy for defeating it. The strategies are varied: Ogden and Richards turn to science, Frege to logic, Orwell to a particular kind of prose, Bakhtin to the novel, and Saussure to language itself. Antipathy to myth and word magic is sometimes framed in explicit political terms (in Ogden and Richards, Orwell, and Bakhtin) and sometimes not. The claim in this chapter is that myth figures as a tendency of ‘language as such’ that must be vigilantly monitored and countered with alternative forms of discourse; lurking within the fear of myth is nervousness about the demagoguery within popular democratic politics.
Excursus
Authors: Hirschkop Ken
Published: May 2019

The excursus examines the writers Georges Sorel and Antonio Gramsci: political thinkers who make linguistic ideas, ideas of myth in particular, central to their political strategies. Sorel will look to myth as an alternative form of organizing and motivating the political masses; Gramsci will look to Sorel as a source for ideas about popular mobilization, which he, however, will embody not in an instantaneous call to arms, but in the institutional struggle for hegemony. Gramsci pays particular attention to the institutions of the press and journalism: he transforms the mythic, heroic element of Sorel into an element of prose style.
Empirical Studies
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers a second paradox in the study of music and emotion: Some scholars regard ‘expression’ as something vague and flexible — almost idiosyncratic. In contrast, other authors seem to view expression as something far more precise, something for which terms like agreement and accuracy seem appropriate. To resolve this paradox, one must look closer at what different scholars could possibly mean when they say that music is expressive of a specific emotion — or, more importantly, how they measure it. Even if we limit ourselves to the listener's side of the equation, and focus purely on perceived (as opposed to felt) emotion, there are still many different ways of approaching this phenomenon empirically.
Viewing Music Through a Brunswikian Lens
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers a third paradox regarding musical emotions. Emotions can generally be communicated accurately from a musician to a listener based on musical features, despite the fact that different circumstances offer very different features to the performer's and listener's disposal. It pays particular attention to Egon Brunswik's theory of visual perception, i.e. his so-called ‘lens model’, which sought to depict the relationship between an ‘organism’ and its ‘environment’, and, in particular, how visual impressions are ‘mediated’ by a number of imperfect ‘cues’ in the environment that the organism is utilizing to make ‘inferences’ about perceptual objects.
The Voice of Angels?
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

The previous chapters outline a number of musical features that may be used to express emotions, such as happiness and tenderness, and show that these features have certain characteristics that constrain their use. This chapter explains why and how the features come to denote emotions in the first place. Such an account can help resolve the second paradox of music and emotion. Some authors regard musical expression as something ‘subjective’ and ‘ambiguous’, whereas others as something that involves a great degree of inter-individual agreement. Exploring how musical expression actually ‘works’ shows that there is some truth to each of these perspectives.
Jumping at Shadows
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces a psychological mechanism that involves a close link between perception and motor behaviour. It focuses on a mechanism called the brain stem reflex, which refers to a process whereby an emotion is aroused in a listener because an acoustic feature — such as sound intensity or roughness of timbre — exceeds a certain cut-off value for which the auditory system has been designed by natural selection to quickly alert the brain. It is a kind of ‘override’ system, which is activated when an event seems to require first-priority attention. Brain stem reflexes are said to be ‘hard-wired’: they are quick, automatic, and unlearned.
Mary, Countess of Derby, and the Politics of Victorian Britain
Authors: Davey Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Lady Mary Derby (1824–1900) occupied a pivotal position in Victorian politics, yet her activities have largely been overlooked or ignored. A Female Politician places Mary back into the political position she occupied and offers the first dedicated account of her career. Based on extensive archival research, including hitherto neglected or lost sources, this study reconstructs the political worlds Mary inhabited. Her political landscape was dominated by the machinations and intrigues of high politics and diplomacy. As this book uncovers, her political skill and acumen were highly valued by leading politicians of the day, including Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone, and she played a significant role in many of the key events of the mid-Victorian era. This included the passing of the Second Reform Act, the formation of Disraeli’s 1874 government, the Eastern Crisis of 1875–1878, and Gladstone’s 1880–1885 government. By exploring how one woman was able to exercise influence at the heart of Victorian politics, this book considers what Mary’s career tells us about the nature of political life in the mid nineteenth century. It sheds new light on the connections between informal and formal political culture, incorporating the politics of the home, letter-writing, and social relations into a consideration of the politics of Parliament and government. A Female Politician is a rich investigation of how a woman, with few legal or constitutional rights, was able to become a significant figure in mid-Victorian political life.
The Fundamental Problem of Environmental Aesthetics
Authors: Stecker Robert
Published: May 2019

The central issue in environmental aesthetics is whether there are norms that constrain aesthetic judgments about nature. This chapter will first explain why the search for constraints on aesthetic judgments about natural objects plays such a central role in environmental aesthetics. It will then try to figure out what kinds of norms might be invoked, and what principles or assumptions explain the choice of norms. The chapter considers two aspects of aesthetic judgment about which one might attempt to lay down some norms. One concerns the objects of aesthetic judgment. The other covers the background knowledge one needs to make appropriate or correct judgments. The chapter concludes by considering what role, if any, imagination and emotion play in such judgments.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Stecker Robert
Published: May 2019

This chapter contains an overview of the main theses of the book. It concludes by hypothesizing that abundant aesthetic experience is an important aspect of well-being that has been little studied by psychologists. I urge more experimental work on this topic.
Global Justice, Natural Resources, and Climate Change
Authors: Blomfield Megan
Published: May 2019

It is commonly recognized that in pursuit of climate justice we must navigate many conflicting claims over natural resources. This has long been obvious in the case of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas sinks including the atmosphere and forests; but it is ever more apparent that responses to climate change also threaten to spur new competition over land and extractive resources. This makes climate change an instance of a broader, more enduring and—for many—all too familiar problem: the problem of human conflict over how the natural world should be cared for, protected, shared, used, and managed. This work develops a new theory of global egalitarianism for natural resources, rejecting both permanent sovereignty and equal division, which is then used to examine the problem of climate change. It formulates principles of resource right designed to protect the ability of all human beings to satisfy their basic needs as members of self-determining political communities, where it is understood that the genuine exercise of collective self-determination is not possible from a position of significant disadvantage in global wealth and power relations. These principles are used to address the question of where to set the ceiling on future greenhouse gas emissions and how to share the resulting emissions budget, in the face of conflicting claims to fossil fuels, climate sinks, and land. It is also used to defend an unorthodox understanding of responsibility for climate change as a problem of global justice, based on its provenance in historical injustice concerning natural resources.
Access to the Refugee Convention for Stateless Persons
Authors: Foster Michelle , Lambert Hélène
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 discusses preliminary issues relating to access to refugee status for stateless persons. It begins by considering the fundamental question of whether stateless persons should be protected per se under the 1951 Refugee Convention or whether they must meet the same criteria as those with a nationality, namely well-founded fear of being persecuted on a Convention ground. The chapter further provides guidance on establishing lack of nationality in the refugee status determination context and considers questions such as the determination of the country of reference, voluntary renunciation, and the imposition of nationality without consent, concluding with an examination of the meaning and interpretation of ‘country of former habitual residence’.
Conclusion
Authors: Foster Michelle , Lambert Hélène
Published: May 2019

Chapter 7 concludes with a reflection on the relationship between stateless persons and the 1951 Refugee Convention, in the context of sixty years of doctrinal development in human rights law, and what this re-consideration may suggest for the protection of stateless persons pursuant to the 1951 Refugee Convention. It considers briefly the practical issues raised by this conclusion, particularly in those states that have a domestic procedure under both the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1954 Convention. Finally, it reflects on the need for future research on distinct but related issues, suggesting scope for a rich scholarship to develop which will complement and support the international community’s efforts to protect stateless persons, and ultimately eliminate statelessness.
Against the Metaphysical Transparency of Semantic Adicity
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2019

The argument of previous chapters is generalized from referring expressions to argument-taking expressions more generally. The focus is on potential mismatches between what I call the semantic (and syntactic) adicity of argument-taking linguistic expressions and the objective or metaphysical adicity of real-world properties and relations. Two main arguments are offered, the argument from underarticulation and the argument from cross-linguistic variation. It is argued that where there are such mismatches, we should not expect a priori semantic analysis to be a reliable guide to bridging such gaps and so should not expect a priori semantic analysis to reveal much about the metaphysical adicity of real-world properties, events, states, and relations.
Metaphysical Embarrassment, Indefinite Modifiability, and Rules of Use
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter addresses potential gaps between between developed encyclopedic representations of the metaphysical structure of the world and native semantic representations of the metaphysical structure of the world. It is argued that when our language is metaphysically embarrassed by the world we resort either to indefinite modifiability or mere rules of use to regulate ordinary language. It is also argued that when use is regulated by mere rules of use, rather than rules of truth, there is no reason at all to suppose that we can read much about the ultimate metaphysical structure of the Universe from facts about use.
The human reconceived
Authors: Cavarero Adriana
Published: May 2019

The chapter shows how Socrates becomes the crucial figure that Hannah Arendt turns to, against Plato, for thinking the human as rooted in plurality and attesting to both action and thought. As a positive split image of Plato’s negativity, Socrates is singled out in the context of interrogations that cross Arendt’s entire work about radical evil and, later, about the banality of evil. Socrates works as an antidote to both: radical evil because his practice of dialogue is a political practice that calls on politics as a shared space of plural interaction; and the banality of evil because, by assuming thinking as an activity consisting in the internal questioning of oneself, Socrates discovers conscience as the source of ethical judgment.
Sounds of subjectivity or resonances of something other
Authors: Sampson Kristin
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how the voice carries different meanings in early Greek conceptions of corporeality, contrasting Homer with later writers such as Plato. Sampson argues that both the notion of an autonomous subjectivity and an autophonous voice expressing this self are absent from the Homeric texts. Sampson shows how in Homer voices are said to flow through the speakers like rivers of breath, and reveals a heterophony of voices in the Iliad and the Odyssey: those of mortals and immortals, humans, animals, and even natural forces. The chapter uses such a detour into a distant past to complicate modern notions of subjectivity, and to open up alternative conceptions of corporeality and life within contemporary post-human thinking.
Hyperobjects, OOO, and the eruptive classics—field notes of an accidental tourist
Authors: Porter James I.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the relevance of speculative realism and object-oriented ontologies to Greek and Roman thinking, focusing on the phenomena known as hyperobjects. Are these theories of the posthuman entirely postclassical, or do they have ancient counterparts? Porter responds in the affirmative, showing that, beyond the inspirations occasionally cited in support of the new materialisms (most frequently, Aristotle’s theory of substance and ancient atomism), there are solid grounds to support this claim in numerous thinkers, including Empedocles, Lucretius, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius. He investigates three trajectories: views of nature in which we encounter some conception of a hyperobject; a collection of materialist and sensualist perspectives on nature in which matter is conceived as operating independently of a human phenomenology; and object-oriented philosophies of nature that treat human phenomena as one object among others.
Nature trouble
Authors: Bianchi Emanuela
Published: May 2019

This chapter interrogates the search for origin in classical antiquity alongside the search for an underlying reality in contemporary physics. Drawing on Butler’s notion of gender performativity as well as a phenomenological approach to the natural world that brings to bear the thinking of John Sallis, Alphonso Lingis, and Luce Irigaray upon early Greek texts, Bianchi develops a phenomenological and elemental account of nature as itself thoroughly performative, a theater of display, effect, and response that may never succumb to full epistemic illumination. In so doing, she at once radicalizes the Heideggerian account of ancient physis, while mounting an intervention into what she sees as the reductionism and scientism of contemporary theorists of the posthuman such as Karen Barad.