bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating diagnostic tests: The area under the ROC curve and the balance of errors
Authors: Hand David J.
Published: January 2010

Because accurate diagnosis lies at the heart of medicine, it is important to be able to evaluate the effectiveness of diagnostic tests. A variety of accuracy measures are used. One particularly widely used measure is the AUC, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. This measure has a well‐understood weakness when comparing ROC curves which cross. However, it also has the more fundamental weakness of failing to balance different kinds of misdiagnoses effectively. This is not merely an aspect of the inevitable arbitrariness in choosing a performance measure, but is a core property of the way the AUC is defined. This property is explored, and an alternative, the H measure, is described. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel 1,2,4‐Triazole‐based Cyclic Tetranuclear Nickel(II) Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, Magnetic Property and Nuclease Activity
Authors: Li Dong‐Dong , Tian Jin‐Lei , Kou Ying‐Ying , Gu Wen , Liu Xin , Yan Shi‐Ping
Published: January 2010

A cyclic‐tetranuclear [Ni4(H–1L)2(μ‐PhCOO)2(H2O)4](ClO4)4·2H2O (1) complex has been prepared by reaction of nickel (II) perchlorate with L (L = 3,5‐bis((bis(2‐hydroxylethyl)amino)methyl)‐4H‐1,2,4,‐triazol‐4‐amine) and benzoate sodium. The X‐ray structure shows that complex 1 consists of a cyclic tetranuclear nickel(II) cation and four uncoordinated ClO4– anions and two crystalline water molecules, in which four nickel atoms have distorted octahedral coordination. Magnetic studies indicate the existence of antiferromagnetic coupling between the nickel(II) ions. The interaction of the complex with calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) has been investigated by UV absorption and fluorescent spectroscopy, furthermore, DNA cleavage experiments show that the complex cleavages DNA through an oxidative mechanism.
Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Aryl Substituted Aminoboranes as Model Compounds and Synthons for B/C/N Materials and New Fluorescent Systems
Authors: Sachdev Hermann , Zahn Nina , Huch Volker
Published: January 2010

Tetraphenylaminoborane (1) and carbazonyldiphenylborane (2) are examples for isolated BN bonds completely substituted by aryl ligands, which enable π‐interactions. Such systems can serve as building blocks for new fluorescent polymers and are also suitable precursors for B/C/N materials. The compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometry. Both compounds 1 and 2 are principal structures for tricoordinate, aryl substituted BN bonds. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group P21, with two formula units per unit cell with a = 9.8236(9) Å, b = 9.2743(8) Å, c = 10.7426(10) Å; α = 90°, β = 107.228(4)°, γ = 90°, Z = 2, V = 934.81(15) Å3 (final R indices [I > 2 σ(I)]: R1 = 0.0597; wR2 = 0.1489) and compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system of the space group C2/c. The unit cell contains four formula units as a set of two pairs of diastereomers. The cell parameters are a = 17.404(4) Å, b = 11.020(2) Å, c = 9.4195(19) Å; α = 90°, β = 91.45(3)°, γ = 90°, Z = 4, V = 1805.9(6) Å3 (final R indices [I > 2 σ(I)]: R1 = 0.038; wR2 = 0.0847). The UV/Vis spectra of 1 and 2 reveal strong absorptions (240 nm and 285 nm) for 1 and broad features (260 nm and 290 nm) for 2. The 11B NMR spectroscopic data of 1 (48.7 ppm) and 2 (53.0 ppm) clearly indicate tricoordinate BN systems in solution with a weaker BN π‐interaction compared to dialkylborylamines.
Social‐adaptive and psychological functioning of patients affected by Fabry disease
Authors: Laney Dawn Alyssia , Gruskin Daniel J. , Fernhoff Paul M. , Cubells Joseph F. , Ousley Opal Y. , Hipp Heather , Mehta Ami J.
Published: January 2010

Fabry disease (FD) is an X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficiency of alpha‐galactosidase A. In addition to the debilitating physical symptoms of FD, there are also under‐recognized and poorly characterized psychiatric features. As a first step toward characterizing psychiatric features of FD, we administered the Achenbach adult self report questionnaire to 30 FD patients and the Achenbach adult behavior checklist questionnaire to 28 partners/parents/friends of FD patients. Data from at least one of the questionnaires were available on 33 subjects. Analysis focused on social‐adaptive functioning in various aspects of daily life and on criteria related to the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV (DSM‐IV). Adaptive functioning scale values, which primarily measure social and relationship functioning and occupational success, showed that eight FD patients (six female and two male) had mean adaptive functioning deficits as compared to population norms. Greater rates of depression (P < 0.01), anxiety (P = 0.05), depression and anxiety (P = 0.03), antisocial personality (P < 0.001), attention‐deficit/hyperactivity (AD/H; P < 0.01), hyperactivity–impulsivity (P < 0.01), and aggressive behavior (P = 0.03) were associated with poorer adaptive functioning. Decreased social‐adaptive functioning in this study was not statistically significantly associated to disease severity, pain, or level of vitality. This study shows for the first time that FD patients, particularly women, are affected by decreased social‐adaptive functioning. Comprehensive treatment plans for FD should consider assessments and interventions to evaluate and improve social, occupational, and psychological functioning. Attention to the behavioral aspects of FD could lead to improved treatment outcome and improved quality of life. Individuals affected by Fabry disease exhibited social‐adaptive functioning deficits that were significantly correlated with anxiety, depression, antisocial behavior, and AD/H problems in a sampling of our male and female patients aged between 18 years and 59 years.
The Clouding of an Anionic Surfactant in Acid Solution: Mechanistic and Analytical Implications
Authors: Charboneau Joey , von Wandruszka Ray
Published: January 2010

The clouding of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in strongly acidic solutions has seen analytical use, but its mechanism has generally been misinterpreted. In the present work it was found that as SDS slowly hydrolyzes to form dodecanol, the solution passes through a series of compositions at which the aggregation of surfactant is promoted by nucleation onto traces of insoluble dodecanol. This occurred at concentrations well below the critical micelle concentration of SDS and resulted in mixed aggregates that grew to macroscopic size, giving the solution a cloudy appearance. The increasing dodecanol content eventually caused coalescence into a coacervate phase which evolved into a solid layer of dehydrated dodecanol. The process, which continued over an extended period, depended on the temperature and the concentration and type of acid used. The early stages of SDS aggregation were monitored through the I1/I3 ratio of pyrene fluorescence, which confirmed the existence of micelle‐like aggregates at low surfactant concentration. The mixed SDS/dodecanol systems formed in acid hydrolysis were mimicked in neutral solution by combining the appropriate amounts of SDS, dodecanol, and NaCl. Clouding and the formation of a coacervate phase generally proceeded in a similar manner in these solutions.
Isolation and Characterization of a Stress‐Dependent Plastidial Δ12 Fatty Acid Desaturase from the Antarctic Microalga Chlorella vulgaris NJ‐7
Authors: Lu Yandu , Chi Xiaoyuan , Li Zhaoxin , Yang Qingli , Li Fuchao , Liu Shaofang , Gan Qinhua , Qin Song
Published: January 2010

An acclimation to the changing physicochemical conditions and high amount of Δ12‐unsaturated fatty acids of the Antarctic Chlorella vulgaris NJ‐7 prompted us to speculate about the involvement of Δ12‐fatty acid desaturases (FAD) in its adaptation to the extremely unfavorable ambience. A full‐length cDNA sequence, designated CvFAD6, was isolated from C. vulgaris NJ‐7 via RT‐PCR and RACE methods. Sequence alignment showed that the gene was homologous to corresponding Δ12‐FAD from other eukaryotes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it was grouped with plastidial Δ12‐FAD with conserved histidine boxes. Yeast cells transformed with a plasmid construct containing CvFAD6 coding region accumulated a considerable amount of linoleic acid (18:2Δ9,12), normally not present in wild‐type yeast cells, suggesting that the isolated gene encodes a functional Δ12 enzyme. The correlation between the accumulation of CvFAD6 and temperature has been examined by real time PCR. The analysis showed a constant expression of CvFAD6 from 25 to 15 °C whereas a fourfold increased from 25 to 4 °C. Moreover, CvFAD6 transcription was more sensitive to saline stress since a 20‐fold increase at 6% NaCl was detected. Our data demonstrate that CvFAD6 is the enzyme responsible for the Δ12 fatty acids desaturation involved in low temperature and high salinity acclimation for Antarctic C. vulgaris NJ‐7.
Determinants of specificity at the protein–lipid interface in membranes
Authors: Ernst Andreas M. , Contreras F. Xabier , Brügger Britta , Wieland Felix
Published: January 2010

The complexity of pro‐ and eukaryotic lipidomes is increasingly appreciated mainly owing to the advance of mass spectrometric methods. Biophysical approaches have revealed that the large number of lipid classes and molecular species detected have implications for the self‐organizing potential of biological membranes, resulting in the formation of lateral heterogeneous phases. How membrane proteins are able to adapt specifically to their surrounding heterogeneous matrix, and whether this environment affects protein targeting and function, is therefore a matter of particular interest. Here, we review specific protein–lipid interactions, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that determine specificity at the protein–lipid interface, and on membrane proteins that require lipids as cofactors for their architecture and function.
Salmonella regulation of intestinal stem cells through the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway
Authors: Liu Xingyin , Lu Rong , Wu Shaoping , Sun Jun
Published: January 2010

Recent studies have revealed that bacteria target stem cells for long‐term survival in a Drosophila model. However, in mammalian models, little is known about bacterial infection and intestinal stem cells. Our study aims at understanding bacterial regulation of the intestinal stem cell in a Salmonella colitis mouse model. We found that Salmonella activates the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway that is known to regulate stem cells. We identified Salmonella protein AvrA that modulates Wnt signaling including upregulating Wnt expression, modifying β‐catenin, increasing total β‐catenin expression, and activating Wnt/β‐catenin transcriptional activity in the intestinal epithelial cells. The numbers of stem cells and proliferative cells increased in the intestine infected with Salmonella expressing AvrA. Our study provides insights into bacterial infection and stem cell maintenance.
Characterization of hydrogen peroxide production by Duox in bronchial epithelial cells exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Rada Balázs , Leto Thomas L.
Published: January 2010

Hydrogen peroxide production by the NADPH oxidase Duox1 occurs during activation of respiratory epithelial cells stimulated by purified bacterial ligands, such as lipopolysaccharide. Here, we characterize Duox activation using intact bacterial cells of several airway pathogens. We found that only Pseudomonas aeruginosa, not Burkholderia cepacia or Staphylococcus aureus, triggers H2O2 production in bronchial epithelial cells in a calcium‐dependent but predominantly ATP‐independent manner. Moreover, by comparing mutant Pseudomonas strains, we identify several virulence factors that participate in Duox activation, including the type‐three secretion system. These data provide insight on Duox activation by mechanisms unique to P. aeruginosa.
Nucleotide utilization requirements that render ClpB active as a chaperone
Authors: del Castillo Urko , Fernández-Higuero José Ángel , Pérez-Acebrón Sergio , Moro Fernando , Muga Arturo
Published: January 2010

ClpB is a member of the AAA+ superfamily that forms a ring‐shaped homohexamer. Each protomer contains two nucleotide binding domains arranged in two rings that hydrolyze ATP. We extend here previous studies on ClpB nucleotide utilization requirements by using an experimental approach that maximizes random incorporation of different subunits into the protein hexamer. Incorporation of one subunit unable to bind or hydrolyze ATP knocks down the chaperone activity, while the wt hexamer can accommodate two mutant subunits that hydrolyze ATP in only one protein ring. Four subunits seem to build the functional cooperative unit, provided that one of the protein rings contains active nucleotide binding sites.
Postglacial vegetation history of Mitkof Island, Alexander Archipelago, southeastern Alaska
Authors: Ager Thomas A. , Carrara Paul E. , Smith Jane L. , Anne Victoria , Johnson Joni
Published: January 2010

An AMS radiocarbon-dated pollen record from a peat deposit on Mitkof Island, southeastern Alaska provides a vegetation history spanning ∼12,900 cal yr BP to the present. Late Wisconsin glaciers covered the entire island; deglaciation occurred > 15,400 cal yr BP. The earliest known vegetation to develop on the island (∼12,900 cal yr BP) was pine woodland (Pinus contorta) with alder (Alnus), sedges (Cyperaceae) and ferns (Polypodiaceae type). By ∼12,240 cal yr BP, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) began to colonize the island while pine woodland declined. By ∼11,200 cal yr BP, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) began to spread across the island. Sitka spruce-mountain hemlock forests dominated the lowland landscapes of the island until ∼10,180 cal yr BP, when western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) began to colonize, and soon became the dominant tree species. Rising percentages of pine, sedge, and sphagnum after ∼7100 cal yr BP may reflect an expansion of peat bog habitats as regional climate began to shift to cooler, wetter conditions. A decline in alders at that time suggests that coastal forests had spread into the island's uplands, replacing large areas of alder thickets. Cedars (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Thuja plicata) appeared on Mitkof Island during the late Holocene.
Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
Authors: Ellenblum Ronnie
Published: January 2010

This book is a study of the spatial distribution of Frankish settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem at the time of the Crusades, and of the spatial and social interrelation between the Franks and the indigenous population. It is based on an unprecedented field study of more than two hundred Frankish rural sites and on a close re-examination of the historical sources. The division of the country between Christian and Muslim populations is explained by the far-reaching social process of nomadisation and sedentarisation which began with the Muslim conquest in the seventh century and which reached its zenith before the Frankish conquest of the country. The author re-examines some of the basic assumptions of standard recent scholarship, and advocates a new model of the nature of Frankish settlement, as a society of migrants who settled in the Levant, had close relations with eastern Christians, and were almost completely shut off from the Muslim society which lived elsewhere in the country.
Ethics and the Rule of Law
Authors: Lyons David
Published: January 2010

An introduction to the philosophy of law, which offers a modern and critical appraisal of all the main issues and problems. This has become a very active area in the last ten years, and one on which philosophers, legal practitioners and theorists and social scientists have tended to converge. The more abstract questions about the nature of law and its relationship to social norms and moral standards are now seen to be directly relevant to more practical and indeed pressing questions about the justification of punishment, civil disobedience, the enforcement of morality, and problems about justice, rights, welfare, and freedom. David Lyons is a shrewd, clear and systematic guide through this tangled area. The book presupposes no formal training in law or philosophy and is intended to serve as a textbook in a range of introductory courses.
Growing Apart?
Authors: Steinmo Sven
Published: January 2010

Many thought the 21st century would witness political, economic and even ideological convergence amongst the countries of the West. This has not happened. Today we see America 'growing apart' from her democratic allies and neighbors. Growing Apart shows how the social, political, and economic forces shaping advanced democratic states are pushing America in different directions from the rest of the democratic world and argues that these changes are not the product of any particular president or government. This volume brings together a set of leading scholars who each examine the evolution of different social, political, and economic forces shaping Europe and America. It is the first book to unite the international relations scholarship on transatlantic relations with the comparative politics literature on the varieties of capitalism. Taken together, the essays in this volume address whether the 'West' will continue to remain a coherent entity in the 21st century.
Grammatical Categories and Cognition
Authors: Lucy John A.
Published: January 2010

Grammatical Categories and Cognition uses original, empirical data to examine the Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativity hypothesis: the proposal that the grammar of the particular language we speak affects the way we think about reality. The author compares the grammar of American English with that of Yucatec Maya, an indigenous language spoken in south-eastern Mexico, focusing on differences in the number marking patterns of the two languages. He then identifies distinctive patterns of thought relating to these differences by means of a systematic assessment of memory and classification preferences among speakers of both languages. The study illustrates the distinct approach to empirical research on the linguistic relativity hypothesis which Lucy develops in a companion volume Language Diversity and Thought.
Impact of cocoa flavanol consumption on blood pressure responsiveness to exercise
Authors: Berry Narelle M. , Davison Kade , Coates Alison M. , Buckley Jonathan D. , Howe Peter R. C.
Published: January 2010

Impaired endothelial vasodilatation may contribute to the exaggerated blood pressure (BP) responses to exercise in individuals who are overweight/obese. The present study investigated whether consumption of cocoa flavanols, which improve endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), can modify BP responsiveness to exercise. Twenty-one volunteers (eight females and thirteen males, 54·9 (se2·2) years, BMI 31·6 (se0·8) kg/m2, systolic BP 134 (se2) mmHg, diastolic BP (DBP) 87 (se2) mmHg) were randomised to consume single servings of either a high-flavanol (HF, 701 mg) or a low-flavanol (LF, 22 mg) cocoa beverage in a double-blind, cross-over design with 3–7-d washout between treatments. Two hours after cocoa consumption, FMD was measured, followed by continuous beat-to-beat assessment (Finapres™) of BP before and during 10 min of cycling at 75 % of age-predicted maximum heart rate. Averaged data from two assessments on each type of beverage were compared by analysis of covariance using pre-exercise BP as the covariate. Pre-exercise BP was similar after taking LF and HF (153 (se3)/88 (se3)v. 153 (se4)/87 (se2) mmHg, respectively,P>0·05). However, the BP response to exercise (area under BP curve) was attenuated by HF compared with LF. BP increases were 68 % lower for DBP (P = 0·03) and 14 % lower for mean BP (P = 0·05). FMD measurements were higher after taking HF than after taking LF (6·1 (se0·6) %v. 3·4 (se0·5) %,P < 0·001). By facilitating vasodilation and attenuating exercise-induced increases in BP, cocoa flavanols may decrease cardiovascular risk and enhance the cardiovascular benefits of moderate intensity exercise in at-risk individuals.
Inter-individual variation in DNA damage and base excision repair in young, healthy non-smokers: effects of dietary supplementation and genotype
Authors: Caple Fiona , Williams Elizabeth A. , Spiers Alison , Tyson John , Burtle Brian , Daly Ann K. , Mathers John C. , Hesketh John E.
Published: January 2010

Diets rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower risk of cancer which may be conferred in part by the antioxidant properties of these foods. However, antioxidant supplementation or increased consumption of antioxidant-rich foods has been reported to have inconsistent effects on DNA damage. The present work (the DART study) investigated the extent of inter-individual variation in DNA damage, the capacity for base excision repair (BER) and the responses of both variables to supplementation with an antioxidant supplement for 6 weeks. There was a wide inter-individual variation in endogenous lymphocyte DNA strand breaks (8-fold variation), in damage after a challenge with H2O2 (16-fold variation) and in DNA repair (41-fold variation) measured using the comet assay. When stratified into tertiles according to the pre-supplementation level of endogenous DNA damage, there was a statistically significant decrease in DNA damage after supplementation in the tertile with the highest pre-supplementation level of damage. There was no effect of supplementation on BER. Endogenous DNA damage level before supplementation was significantly different (P = 0·037) between the three genotypes for the Val16Ala single nucleotide polymorphism in manganese superoxide dismutase (rs4880) with individuals homozygous/wild type showing less damage than those carrying the alanine variant.
Lactose-derived oligosaccharides in the milk of elephants: comparison with human milk
Authors: Kunz Clemens , Rudloff Silvia , Schad Wolfgang , Braun Daniel
Published: January 2010

Human milk is commonly considered to be unique when compared with the milk of other species with regard to its high content of complex fucosylated and sialylated lactose-derived oligosaccharides. We describe the application of high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection and TLC to characterize and quantitate neutral and sialylated lactose-derived oligosaccharides in milk from three Asian elephants and human milk. The lactose contents of elephant and human milks were 25–30 g/l and about 66 g/l respectively, whereas total oligosaccharide concentration was about three times higher in elephant milk and comprised up to 40% (10% in human milk) of the carbohydrate content. The ratio neutral: acidic components was different in the milk of the two species; in elephant milk, the N-acetylneuraminic acid-containing oligosaccharides made up almost half of the total amount v. 30% in human milk. Most oligosaccharides in elephant milk were more fucosylated and/or sialylated compared with human milk components. By mild acid hydrolysis, fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid were cleaved off from complex components, and this resulted in increased amounts of fucose, galactose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, lactose and lacto-N-neo-tetraose. Unique to elephant milk are the high levels of 3′-galactosyllactose (up to 4 g/l) and lacto-N-neo-tetraose which are present in human milk only in trace amounts. Elephant and human milks have high levels and unique patterns of oligosaccharides which may reflect the relative importance of these components in neonatal host defence, in endothelial leucocyte interactions or in brain development.
‘Umbrella’ graft tympanoplasty
Authors: Malhotra M
Published: January 2010

Objectives:

Tympanoplasty continues to pose a challenge in developing countries, where treatment cost and lack of compliance with second stage surgery are often important factors in determining the surgical strategy. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the newly developed, ‘umbrella’ autograft.

Materials and methods:

In 22 patients suffering chronic suppurative otitis media, in whom the incus and stapes suprastructure were found to be absent during surgery, reconstruction was achieved using cartilage-malleus umbrella graft assembly. Six-month post-operative results were evaluated on the basis of average hearing gain, measured at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 kHz.

Results:

At six months post-operatively, 77.3 per cent of patients showed hearing improvement. Audiography at this time indicated significant improvement (p < 0.001), suggesting that this hearing gain may stand the test of time.

Conclusion:

Umbrella graft tympanoplasty appears to be a promising technique in terms of cost-effectiveness and the autologous nature of implant materials.
Enlarged internal auditory canal and sudden deafness
Authors: Magliulo G , Stasolla A , Colicchio M G , Gagliardi S
Published: January 2010

Objectives:

We report a young man with bilateral enlarged internal auditory canals who developed sudden sensorineural hearing loss following weight-lifting exercise.

Methods:

We present a detailed clinical history, including the patient's high resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans.

Results:

The patient reported left-sided hearing loss immediately following weight-lifting exercise. He had no vestibular disturbance. He was treated with a combined regimen of steroids and an antiviral drug, but his profound hearing loss did not resolve. During another session of weight-lifting exercise, he suffered another episode of sudden hearing loss.

Conclusions:

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with patulous internal auditory canals, with no other anomalies, who developed bilateral sudden hearing loss after weight-lifting exercise. Although no definitive conclusions can be drawn, close surveillance and lifestyle warnings should be considered in such patients, even if they are clinically asymptomatic.
The relative importance of parental nutrition and population versus larval diet on development and phenotypic plasticity of Sclerasterias mollis larvae
Authors: Poorbagher Hadi , Lamare Miles D. , Barker Mike F.
Published: January 2010

The relative importance of parental diet/population and larval diet were examined on egg, growth, morphology and biochemistry of Sclerasterias mollis larvae. Adult S. mollis were fed one cockle (Austrovenus stutchburyi) per two animals each week, as a low diet, or two cockles per animal each week, as a high diet. The experiment was run for one year. In addition, two field populations (Otago inshore and offshore) with dissimilar nutritional status (based on the gonad index) were selected. Otago inshore starfish had higher gonad indices and assumed to have better nutritional status. The low and high diet laboratory starfish produced eggs with similar characteristics. Eggs from the low diet laboratory parents had the highest carbohydrate concentration. The eggs from the field parents had higher fertilization rate and lower carbohydrate concentration than eggs from the laboratory parents. The Otago inshore starfish had smaller eggs with a lower carbohydrate concentration than the starfish from Otago offshore. Parents from the laboratory or the field had significant effects on larval growth, morphological phenotypic plasticity (measured by the body length relative to the body width) and development rate. Larvae from Otago offshore parents had highest growth and morphological phenotypic plasticity. Larvae from the low diet laboratory parents and those from Otago inshore had the highest development rate. Larvae from low diet laboratory parents had the highest carbohydrate concentration. Neither the parents nor the larval diet had a significant effect on larval mortality. A higher concentration planktonic diet resulted in higher growth, morphological phenotypic plasticity and development rate. Parents were however more important than larval diet on growth and phenotypic plasticity of the larvae. This study showed that parental nutrition has an important effect on growth, morphological phenotypic plasticity and body composition of S. mollis larvae. The nutritional status of the parents does not influence the larvae through a change in the egg size, protein, lipid, carbohydrate and energy content.
Population biology of shrimp Artemesia longinaris (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae) from the southern coast of Brazil
Authors: da Costa Rogério Caetano , Branco Joaquim Olinto , Machado Irecê Farina , Campos Bruno Ribeiro , Avila Marcelo Gentil
Published: January 2010

Size at morphological sexual maturity, sex-ratio, and the seasonal variation in abundance of the shrimp Artemesia longinaris Bate, 1888 were assessed off Pinheira Beach, Palhoça, Santa Catarina southern Brazil. Shrimp were collected monthly from November 2003 through to October 2004, in two areas that are customarily used by local traditional fishermen (27°52′–27°51′S and 48°33′–48°29′W). Of the total of 1099 specimens measured, 23.93% were males and 76.07% females. Mean size at first maturity (LM50) was estimated as 56.38 mm total length (TL) for males, and 70.34 mm TL for females. Females were significantly larger than males. Abundance of juveniles varied seasonally. A high predominance of juveniles in the areas sampled occurred in winter for both sexes, and in spring for females. In the summer and autumn, we observed a decrease in juveniles in both areas, mainly, area II. We suggest that the differential migration pattern of sexes during the reproductive cycle was the principal reason for the larger catch of females. The classical paradigm of continuous reproduction at lower latitude, with increased seasonality of the breeding period at higher latitudes, seems to apply to this species.
Chaironeia 338: topographies of commemoration
Authors: Ma John
Published: January 2010

This article examines two funerary monuments associated with the battle of Chaironeia in 338: first, the mound, covering a mass cremation, by the Kephissos; second, near the town of Chaironeia, the mass burial surrounded by a stone enclosure and topped by a colossal stone lion. The accepted identifications are confirmed (the mound is that of the Macedonian dead, the lion monument that of Theban dead, in all probability the Sacred Band), and two propositions developed: the mound does not relate to the tactical dispositions of the battle, and hence the generally accepted reconstruction of the battle must be discarded; the lion monument must date to much later than 338. In developing these propositions, I examine material which has been long known, but never considered in depth; I notably present what I believe are the first photographs of some of the osteological material from the mass burial under the lion monument. More generally, the two monuments, located at different points of the battlefield, set up by different actors and at different moments, offer the opportunity for considerations on the different functions of ‘memory’ surrounding an historical event: the Macedonian mound reflected the needs and self-imagining of the victorious army, imposing a trace in the landscape; the lion monument embeds itself in preexisting topographies, for a more reflective, and more troubled, effect.
The burial of Herodes Atticus: élite identity, urban society, and public memory in Roman Greece
Authors: Rife Joseph L.
Published: January 2010

This paper discusses the burial of Herodes Atticus as a well-attested case of élite identification through mortuary practices. It gives a close reading of Philostratus' account of Herodes' end inc. 179 (VS2.1.15) alongside the evidence of architecture, inscriptions, sculpture, and topography at Marathon, Cephisia and Athens. The intended burial of Herodes and the actual burials of his family on the Attic estates expressed wealth and territorial control, while his preference for Marathon fused personal history with civic history. The Athenian intervention in Herodes' private funeral, which led to his magnificent interment at the Panathenaic Stadium, served as a public reception for a leading citizen and benefactor. Herodes' tomb should be identified with a long foundation on the stadium's east hill that might have formed an eccentric altar-tomb, while an elegantklinêsarcophagus found nearby might have been his coffin. His epitaph was a traditional distich that stressed through language and poetic allusion his deep ties to Marathon and Rhamnous, his euergetism and his celebrity. Also found here was an altar dedicated to Herodes ‘the Marathonian hero’ with archaizing features (IGII26791). The first and last lines of the text were erased in a deliberate effort to remove his name and probably the name of a relative. A cemetery of ordinary graves developed around Herods' burial site, but by the 250s these had been disturbed, along with the altar and the sarcophagus. This new synthesis of textual and material sources for the burial of Herodes contributes to a richer understanding of status and antiquarianism in Greek urban society under the Empire. It also examines how the public memory of élites was composite and mutable, shifting through separate phases of activity — funeral, hero-cult, defacement, biography — to generate different images of the dead.
A reading of two fragments of Sophilos
Authors: Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood
Published: January 2010

Two fragments of a vase by Sophilos are remnants of the earliest extant representation of the myth of the contest between Athena and Poseidon at Athens.
Athenaeus the Navigator
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: January 2010

This study concerns navigation in a geographical sense and in the sense of the reader finding a way through a complex text with the help of points of reference. Recent studies in Athenaeus have suggested that he was a more sophisticated writer than the second-hand compiler of Hellenistic comment on classical Greek authors, which has been a dominant view. Building on these studies, this article argues that Athenaeus' approach to his history of ancient dining draws on traditional poetic links between the symposium and the sea, and expands such metaphors with a major interest in place and provenance, which also belongs to the literature of the symposium. Provenance at the same time evokes a theme of imperial thought, that Rome can attract to herself all the good things of the earth that are now under her sway. Good things include foods and the literary heritage of Greece now housed in imperial libraries. Athenaeus deploys themes of navigation ambiguously, to celebrate diversity and to warn against the dangers of luxury. Notorious examples of luxury are presented – the Sybarites and Capuans, for example – but there seem to be oblique warnings to Rome as well. Much clearer censure is reserved for the gastronomic poem of Archestratus of Gela, which surveys the best cities in which to eat certain fish. The Deipnosophists deplore the immorality of the poet and his radical rewriting of their key authors Homer and Plato, while at the same time quoting him extensively for the range of his reference to geography and fish. This commentary on Archestratus is a good example of the Deipnosophists' guidance to the reader, Roman or otherwise, who wishes to ‘navigate’ the complicated history of the Greekdeipnonand symposium.
Thetryphêof the sybarites: a historiographical problem in Athenaeus
Authors: Gorman Robert J. , Gorman Vanessa B.
Published: January 2010

A large number of the most informative fragments of the Hellenistic Greek historians are transmitted by Athenaeus. Unlike the frequently jejune evidence provided by scholiasts, lexicographers and the like, these texts allow us to draw historiographical conclusions about lost writers: on this basis, scholars have posited, for example, the place of a given author in the Hellenistic ‘schools’ of history. The importance of Athenaeus as a source for history-writing between Xenophon and Diodorus calls for detailed study of the Deipnosophist's method of citing these lost authors. The present article focuses on Athenaeus' testimony concerning the downfall of Archaic Sybaris through luxury and excess in order to show that certain phrases, sentence patterns and even trains of thought can be reliably identified as belonging to Athenaeus rather than the cited authority. This discovery entails surprising results: traditions ascribing the destruction of Sybaris to morally corrosive luxury are late and of little historical value. More generally, the debilitating effects of luxury cannot serve as anexemplumsupporting the claim that Hellenistic writers tended to explain historical events through moral causes; apparent evidence for this causal nexus is better assigned to Athenaeus than to the historians he names. In view of these conclusions, a cautious reassessment of all Athenaeus’ testimony on fragmentary historians is appropriate.
Oligarchic Hestia: Bacchylides 14B and Pindar,Nemean11
Authors: Fearn David
Published: January 2010

This article uses recent findings about the diversity of political organization in Archaic and Classical Greece beyond Athens, and methodological considerations about the role of civic Hestia in oligarchic communities, to add sharpness to current work on the political contextualization of Classical enkomiastic poetry. The two works considered here remind us of the epichoric political significance of such poetry, because of their attunement to two divergent oligarchic contexts. They thus help to get us back to specific fifth-century political as well as culturalRealien.
The Application of Correlation ILS Techniques to Terminal Area Traffic Control
Authors: Benjamin J.
Published: January 2010

This paper outlines possible applications in the terminal area of an ILS based on hyperbolic geometry and correlation detection.

1. Introduction. A recent contribution to thisJournalhas surveyed the terminal area problem at London and outlined the research which is necessary to improve traffic handling capability. It was shown that contributions from many different development efforts will need to be integrated in order to achieve a worthwhile result. A fundamental aspect is that the problem of traffic congestion begins and ends at the runways and that the performance of the instrument landing system is of major importance. This paper will indicate how an approach and landing aid based on hyperbolic geometry and using correlation detection techniques can offer solutions to many of the known causes of traffic delay. The same principles can be used to integrate data links and monitoring into a complex which should be designed to aid the pilot as well as the controller.
Position Finding with Spirit Level
Authors: Smith F. W. G.
Published: January 2010

The use of the Sun's shadow is a very old method for position finding. It is easy to adapt a small spirit level to produce a shadow on a millimetre scale which will give results of sufficient accuracy to add to the interest in learning to work out position lines for the Sun; less accurately for the Moon. Schools might find this useful for theoretical and practical classes.

The illustrations explain the principles involved and the constructional details. With practice it is fairly easy to set the style to the height necessary to give a clear shadow and to record its length to one tenth of a millimetre on the scale. To avoid errors of parallax in setting the style, the pinhole sight is held at the required height at the end of the spirit level opposite to the style while the latter's height is measured with the millimetre rule which should be held, vertical, about where the shadow is found to end on the scale.
Lessons from a Needless Collision
Authors: Oudet L.
Published: January 2010

The lessons to be learnt from a collision are not necessarily proportional to the damage it has caused. The great catastrophes arouse passions which often hinder the use of reason; on the other hand, when there has been no loss of life and when material damage has been slight, the accident may be seen as a warning which it is possible to contemplate in a detached manner, to see how it might have been avoided and how similar or worse accidents might be averted in future. Such was the collision between the Placid, a 50,000 ton tanker in ballast, and the Tenacious, a cargo vessel of 4000 tons, laden, some years ago on a foggy day in the summer, between Le Havre and Barfleur. (Both names are fictitious to safeguard the anonymity of the companies involved.) The collision claimed no victims and the compensation amounted to 180,000 francs for the Placid and 90,000 francs for Tenacious.
Meteorological Parameters Affecting Supersonic Transport Operations
Authors: Scherhag Richard , Warnecke Gunter , Wehry Werner
Published: January 2010

In 1965, following the Eastbourne Conference, the British, French and German Institutes of Navigation formed a Working Group to make a study of the environment in which the supersonic transport will operate and of its implications for the navigation of such aircraft. The Group's initial task has been one of education, largely through discussion of a series of papers submitted to it. Some of the papers considered have already been published in the Journal (Vol. 19) and a further selection is published below. Table I was contributed by Mr. G. E. Beck. The illustrations to these papers have not all been reproduced.

1. Atmospheric Conditions. It will be useful to distinguish between different kinds of atmospheric influences on supersonic aircraft operations. They may be classed as follows:

(a) Sporadic effects near the ground

(b) Sporadic effects in the free atmosphere

(c) Effects on sonic boom

(d) Effects of atmospheric ozone

(e) Permanently effective atmospheric parameters, such as temperature, density and wind.
The Adaptation of a Navigation System for the Supersonic Transport
Authors: Hugon P.
Published: January 2010

1. Preliminary consideration. In attempting to assess the worth of a navigation system already known, over against the demands of the supersonic transport aircraft, we shall take care above all to make no presumptions whatever regarding the future, and not to count on the developments of the transport aircraft as regards the favour it will find with its users and consequently with the airlines likely to put it into operation. The question is not put here as to whether the 3 to 1 reduction in the actual flying time will appear as a profit paying for the numerous other constraints which it will impose, at once on the constructors, on the operators and finally on the users, without counting the requirements regarding ground equipment and administrative agreements; the question is merely to know whether, given the normal flight and speed conditions of an aircraft, we have the means to navigate it in an accurate, safe and economical manner.
Radar and the Rule of the Road
Authors: Burger W. , Corbet A. G.
Published: January 2010

The following amendments and additions to the existing (1960) Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea are offered for comment by Institute members and others interested in this problem.

The only comment which we wish to make about them at this time is that we do not claim that any of the ideas on which these suggested new rules are based are our original ideas—they have only been sorted out, into what we hope will prove to be a satisfactory arrangement, from many ideas which have come to light and have been aired during exercises and discussions that have taken place during radar simulator courses conducted at the Welsh College of Advanced Technology over the last five years and during discussions with many members of the staffs of other nautical colleges and with nautical surveyors of the Board of Trade. The ideas put forward by many notable persons in the various nautical publications have also been studied and have greatly influenced us.
Visual Direction Indication for Ships
Authors: Potts J. I.
Published: January 2010

There is no doubt that everyone is agreed that a combination of visual and sound signals are a necessity, but, in view of the large disparity in the speeds of light and sound, the method of achieving this has not really been agreed upon, although a few countries supported the system of synchronizing the light and sound signals, thus bringing about the addition of Rule 28(c) to the Collision Regulations. I am, however, of the opinion that this synchronized system is not suitable, mainly because of the disparity between the relative speeds of light and sound. This could lead to confusion and misinterpretation by the receiving vessel; the degree of confusion depending on how far distant the receiving vessel is from the vessel giving the signals, when there is a sudden alteration of course immediately following the previous alteration.
The Growth of the Layman's Power in the Episcopal Church
Authors: Addison Daniel Dulany
Published: January 2010

The layman's power in the Episcopal Church is equal to that of the clergy and the bishops. Not only in the management of the parish, as a member or a vestryman, but in the legislation of the Diocese, in the Diocesan Convention, and in the legislation of the Church as a whole, in the General Convention, all action must be taken with his consent. There must be a concurrence between the clerical and lay vote. In the Diocesan Convention each parish is represented by the clergyman and the lay delegates; and in the General Convention, each diocese is represented by four clergymen and four laymen and the bishop. This procedure is such a radical departure from the law of the Church of England, which planted the Church in the Colonies that an inquiry into its development and growth may be of value in analyzing American conditions and tendencies. Dr. S. D. McConnell in his history says: “The provision in its fundamental law for the admission of the laity into the Church's governing body as an independent estate is an arrangement which had not been in operation for fifteen centuries. It was a return to a practice of the most primitive period, and had no contemporary illustration.”
The Ecclesiastical Condition of New York at the Opening of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Corwin Edward Tanjore
Published: January 2010

The decades clustering about the year 1700 were unusually important in reference to the subsequent ecclesiastical history of New York. The previous history of the Church in that province, except during the political episode of the Leisler troubles, had been comparatively tranquil; but in the decades alluded to, new elements were introduced and complications ensued, which modified all former conditions, and caused not a little friction in ecclesiastical affairs down to the Revolution. Nevertheless, new phases of Christian activity were also thereby developed, which became very influential; and the discussions which ensued clarified the atmosphere in reference to the proper relations of Church and State and prepared the way for their separation. In order to get a proper background for the consideration of the period alluded to, permit a brief reference to some antecedent conditions.
The Beginnings of Arminianism in New England
Authors: Christie Francis Albert
Published: January 2010

In his Narrative of Surprizing Conversions, Edwards wrote: “About this time began the great noise that was in this part of the country, about Arminianism.” The context shows that the time in mind was about 1734. On the basis of this and similar allusions and because of Sereno Dwight's comments and Whitefield's invectives, it has been believed that before the Great Awakening the Congregational churches and ministers had to some degree adopted Arminian views. An investigation of this matter may contribute to the spiritual history of New England.