bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damage prognosis: the future of structural health monitoring
Authors: Farrar Charles R , Lieven Nick A.J
Published: December 2006

This paper concludes the theme issue on structural health monitoring (SHM) by discussing the concept of damage prognosis (DP). DP attempts to forecast system performance by assessing the current damage state of the system (i.e. SHM), estimating the future loading environments for that system, and predicting through simulation and past experience the remaining useful life of the system. The successful development of a DP capability will require the further development and integration of many technology areas including both measurement/processing/telemetry hardware and a variety of deterministic and probabilistic predictive modelling capabilities, as well as the ability to quantify the uncertainty in these predictions. The multidisciplinary and challenging nature of the DP problem, its current embryonic state of development, and its tremendous potential for life-safety and economic benefits qualify DP as a ‘grand challenge’ problem for engineers in the twenty-first century.
An observation of M. Adrian Azout, a French philosopher, made in Rome (where he now is) about the beginning of this Year 1670. concerning the declination of the magnet: out of an Italian printed paper, English'd by the publisher, as follows
Authors: Azout M. Adrian
Published: December 2006

The
Declination
of the
Load-stone
hath for many Years been observ’d not to continue alwayes the same in the same places;
An extract of a letter of Monsieur Hevelius, concerning his observations of the Moon's eclipse, on Septemb. 29. st n. 1670. and the conjunction of Venus, and the Moon, on the 11th of Octob. st. n. 1670; as also some remarks about the New Star near the beak of the Swan, and that other in the Neck of the Whale: together with some other particulars of a philos. nature. Here deliver'd in the same tongue, in which it was written
Authors: Hevelius Johannes
Published: December 2006

N
on potui Responsum tuum ad meas ultimas expectare, quin rursus ad Vos scriberem, deque recentioribus quibusdam
Phœnomenis &
observationibus, hîc à me feliciter habitis, certiores redderem;
An accompt of sundry experiments made and communicated by that learn'd Mathematician, Dr. Erasmus Bartholin, upon a Chrystal-like Body, sent to him out of Island
Authors: Bartholin Erasmus
Published: December 2006

Before we come to the Relation it self of these Experiments, we cannot but premise an
Extract
of the Obliging Letter, written to the Publisher, by the said Doctor
Bartholin
from
Copenhagen
Febr. 27. 1670; English't as follows;
A way of extracting a volatil salt and spirit out of vegetables; intimated in numb. 100. p. 7002; experimented, and imparted by the learned and intelligent Dr. Daniel Coxe, Fellow of the R. Society
Authors: Coxe Daniel
Published: December 2006

Take, in warm weather, a considerable quantity of the Leaves of any Vegetable, stripp'd or pulled from the greater stalks; lay it on a heap, pressing it pretty close together:
I. An attempt to prove the motion of the earth from observations, made by Robert Hook fellow of the R. Society. London in 4. printed for J. Martyn at the bell in St. Pauls Church yard, 1674
Authors: Hooke Robert
Published: December 2006

The Ingenious Author of this Attempt, having consider’d with himself, that the grand Controversie about the
Motion of the Earth
remains yet undetermin’d, and finding, there was no other means left for human Industry to decide it but by. observing, whether there be any sensible
Parallax
of the Earths Orb amongst the Fixt Stars; did thereupon resolve to employ himself in making some Observations concerning so important a point in Astronomy.
An extract of a letter of July 28, 1675. by Mr. Lister from York to the publisher; containing some observations about damps, together with some relations concerning odd worms vomited by children, &c.
Authors: Lister Martin , Jessop
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Shall Transcribe for you a Letter, I had very lately from Mr. Jessop; which is as followeth.
Vipera caudi-sona Americana, or the anatomy of a rattle-snake, dissected at the repository of the Royal Society in January 1682.
Authors: Tyson Edward
Published: December 2006

The observations I shall here give are such as a single subject would afford, not what might compleat the history ofso curious an animal.
I. An account of a Roman monument found in the Bishoprick of Durham, and of some Roman antiquities at York, sent in a letter from Martin Lister Esq;
Authors: Lister Martin
Published: December 2006

I have with much trouble got into my hands a Piece of Roman Antiquity, which was but a very few years ago discovered upon the South Bank of the River Tine, near the Sheilds in Bishoprick.
An abstract of a letter from Mr. Anthony Leewenhoeck writ to Sir C. W.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Having lately met with a Book published by a Physitian of our Country, which treats of Humane Generation, and the Egg-branch as it is found in Women-kind.
Eclipsis lun Æ totalis cum morâ, anno 1682, die 21 & 22 Feb. vesp. & mane st. n. observata gedani à Joh. Hevelio.
Authors: Hevelius Johannes
Published: December 2006

There having been several accounts of this eclipse inserted in two succeeding Transactions, it may not perhaps be unfit to mention what Mr. Jacobs an English merchant now residing at Lisbon, inform'd Mr. J. Flamsteed in a letter dated June 15. 1682.
Johannis Hevelii observationes, circa nonnullas occultationes fixarum, Gedani anno 1683. habitæ
Authors: Hevelius Johannes
Published: December 2006

Cum
Astronomiæ
Cultoribus nuper promiserim, me iis quoque velle (ut circa ternas illas
Conjunctiones magnas
factum est) breviter exponere, quæ circa quarundam stellarum
Occultationes
, atque non-nullous
Lunæ congressus
, mihi ab II. Febr. hucusque deprehendere obtigit, facio id nunc animo lubentissimo, nihil potius exoptans, quam ut meæ observatiunculæ in commodum
Uraniæ
quodammodo cedant.
An abstract of a letter from Mr. Anthony Leeuwenhoeck of Delft about generation by an animalcule of the male seed. Animals in the seed of a frog. Some other observables in the parts of a frog. Digestion, and the motion of the blood in a feavor.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Having been sollicitous to examine the generation on of frogs, upon the account of their young ones being like a worm, with a round thick body and a short tayle: i was surprized to find that the male was not joyned to the female in copulation, but that he only sate upon her;
A diotrick problem, why four convex-glasses in a telescope, shew objects erect
Authors: Molineaux William
Published: December 2006

In the Journal des Scavans for Munday the 17th. of September 1685. pag. 466. Amst. edition, we find this passge.
An extract of a letter written by Mr. Veay Physician at Tholouse to Mr. de St. Vssans, concerning a very extraordinary hermaphrodite in that city. Communicated by Dr. Aglionby. Reg. Soc. S
Authors: Veay
Published: December 2006

Je veux Monsieur, vous faire part d'une chose fort extrordinaire, qui m'est arrivèe il y a quelques jours dans l' Hospital S
. Jacques,
an quartier des femmes, ou je suis de tour pendant ce semestre
.
The sentiments of the Reverend and Learned Dr. John Wallis R. S. Soc. upon the aforesaid appearance, communicated in a letter to the publisher
Authors: Wallis John
Published: December 2006

As to the last Inquiry (concerning which, you say, the Royal Society would be glad to know my Opinion;) about the apparent Magnitude of the Sun near the
Horizon
, greater than when considerably high;
An extract of a letter written to the Royal Society out of Carniola, by Mr. John Weichard Valvasor R. Soc. S. being a full and accurate description of the wonderfull lake of Zirknitz in that country. Vide Phil Transact. N. 54, & 109
Authors: Valvasor Freiherr Von
Published: December 2006

This Lake was by the Ancients called
Lugea Palus
, by the moderns
Lacus Lugeus
, tho at present its Latine name be
Lacus Cirknicensis
, in high Dutch
Zircknizer-see
, and in our
Carniolan
tongue
Zirknisko Jesero
.
Observation Mercurii sub sole visi, ultimo Octobris 1690. stil. vet. habita noribergæ ab asteronomo accuratissimo Johanne Phil. Wurtzelbaur, atque ab eodem cum Reg. Societate communicata
Authors: Wurtzelbaur J. Ph.
Published: December 2006

Mercurium sub Sole inque ejus disco, hoc seculo vix aliquoties ope Telescopii, ante hujus inventionem antem ab orbe condito nusquam gentium observatus est.
Lumbricus hydropicus; or An essay to prove that hydatides often met with in morbid animal bodies, are a species of worms, or imperfect animals. By that learned and curious Anatomist Edward Tyson, M. D. and R. Soc. S
Authors: Tyson Edward
Published: December 2006

The Title of this Essay, I doubt not will be some surprise to the Reader, and may prejudice his Judgment in what I am to offer ; which indeed doth give me caution in it.
VIII. An account of a prodigiously large feather of the bird cuntur, brought from Chili, and supposed to be a kind of vultur; and of the coffee-shrub
Authors: Sloane Hans
Published: December 2006

The magnitude ascribed to the
cuntur
of
Peru
, as well as its great force and strength, have been the cause that many have doubted its being. Capt.
John Strong
, commander of a ship which went into the South Seas, through the straights of
Magellan
, and returned after 23 months voyage in the year 1691.
III. An account of a stone of a prodigious size extracted by section out of a woman's bladder, now living, on the Eighth day of November, 1693
Authors: Wood Basil
Published: December 2006

The person who performed this, being prevailed upon by some friends to give the curious an account of the extraordinary bigness and shape of this stone, has communicated it to the publisher of these transactions, in the following words. This stone was taken from Mrs.
Henchman
, a widow Gentlewoman, of the age of about one and fifty years, who lodges in
Kings-Head-Court
in
Holborn
.
III. A continuation of Mr. John Clayton's account of Virginia
Authors: Clayton John
Published: December 2006

There were neither horses, bulls, cows, sheep, or Swine, in all the Country, before the coming of the
English
, as I have heard, and have much reason to believe.
I. An epistle writ by Josephus de Aromatariis concerning the seeds of plants, and generation of animals
Authors: Degli Aromatari Giuseppe
Published: December 2006

Lately meeting with an epistle written by Josephus de Aromatariis, containing several observables touching the generation of plants and animals, which I expected not to have found so early in the world, I thought it not amiss if it were inserted in these tracts, in regard, though already printed, yet it is a great while since, and the book scarce.
III. Observations in the dissection of a paroquet, made and communicated to the Royal Society by Mr. Rich. Waller
Authors: Waller Richard
Published: December 2006

There is not possibly a greater variety of Species than in the Parrot-kind, whether we consider the Country, size, or colour; in which last particular no Bird prides in so great a diversity, luxuriant Nature painting him with all the silken colours of Plants and Flowers, and that in their greatest Lustre and Perfection.
II. An account of some experiments relating to the production of fire and flame, together with an explosion; made by the mixture of two liquors actually cold. By Frederick Slare, M. D. Censor and Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians: and of the Royal Society
Authors: Slare Frederick
Published: December 2006

Gave an Account of feveral Experiments made b y I the mixture of various Liquors, fbme o f them produced much Heat, others a great Ebullition with a cold Effeft, others fparks of Fire without Ebullition, and fome few that did produce an a&ual Flame; but the difficulty to make the Phofpborus ( which was uled in Trlnfla. the greateft of thele flaming Experiments) is fuch as of'1*y«r has made that fort of Experiment Icarce Credible by Momh?of fbme, and Practicable by few
II. A letter to Dr Edward Tyson. Giving an account of the anatomy of those parts of a male opossum that differ from the female
Authors: Cowper William
Published: December 2006

Sir, Had your Account of the
Female Opossum
been less Accurate, I should not have been tempted to look farther than the Parts that distinguish the Sexes; for on comparing your Description of the Organs common to both, it was sufficiently evident how little can be added, tho you had but one Subject to examine.
V. An extract of a letter from Mr Ralph Thoresby, F. R. S. to Dr Nehemiah Grew, Fellow of the College of Physicians and R. S. concerning a ball voided by stool
Authors: Thoresby Ralph
Published: December 2006

A poor apprentice Girl at
Rawden
, 4 miles from
Leedes
in
Yorkshire
, about 14 years of Age, having been tormented with Colical, and, as was suppos’d, Nephritick Pains for some time; at length voided a roundish Ball, per
Anum
, as hard to feel upon as a Stone.
II. Georg. Joseph. camel. de plantis philippensibus scandentibus; pars 2da. ad Jacobum Petiver, S. R. S. nuper transmissa
Authors: Kamel George Joseph
Published: December 2006

61. Apocynum Luzonis 1, Seu Antipolanum.
Indis
Balana. Fructum fert formæ & magnitudinis habitioris
Mangœ
spithameum, viridem, copiosissimé lacrescentem, lactescentem, lacte candidissimo, spisso, nec viscoso.
II. A letter from Mr Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning the barks of trees.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Altho I have been many years fully convinc'd in my own particular, that the Bark of Trees was produced from the Wood, and not the Wood from the Bark, as many have affirmed; yet I find that some, and those persons of good Learning, do maintain the same Hypothesis.
VII. An account of an experiment made at a meeting of the Royal Society at Gresham college, upon the propagation of sound in condensed air. Together with a repetition of the same in the open field, by Mr F. Hauksbee
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

A Bell being included in a Brass Recipient, and plac’d at one end of a Room, about 50 yards in length: At the other end of which stood some Gentlemen to observe the found; which before any Air was intruded, the Bell upon shaking was heard at that distance, tho not without diligent attention.
I. An account of animals and shells sent from carolina to Mr James Petiver, F. R. S
Authors: Petiver James
Published: December 2006

Sec. 1. The
Crustaccous Animals
are, 1. The
Thorny-edged
Carolina
Crab
.
II. The doctrine of combinations and alternations, improv'd and compleated
Authors: Thornycrost Edward
Published: December 2006

In order to understand what follow, it must be observed, 1st, that as in the notation of powers, a a a a b b b c c is design'd by a
4
b
3
c
2
, and universally p times the position of a, q times the position of b, r times the position of c, by a
p
b
p
c
r
, so in things expos'd likewise: (unless where 'tis propos’d they should be all different) which Indices, as they have here no relation to powers, but express only the occurrences of those things to which they respectively belong; I therefore call indices of occurrences.
IV. An account of a dropsical body dissected by Mr. John Lafage
Authors: Lafage John
Published: December 2006

Sir, I was called, some time ago, to open a maiden lady 52 years of age, who complain'd, about six weeks before, of a circonscript hard swelling on the
Hypograstica regio
, on the right side; from that time her belly grew by de­grees to an exorbitant bigness, the great weight where of was the most considerable symptom, and at last suffocated the lady. The body was mightily emaciated, and the legs swelled few days before her death.
Books printed for and sold by Sam. Smith and Benj. Walford, (Printers to the Royal Society) at the princes arms in St Paul's Church-yard
Authors: Smith Sam. , Walford Benj.
Published: December 2006

The Posthumous Works of
Robert Hooke
, M. D. S. R. S. Geom. Prof. Gresh. &
c
.
V. Microscopical observations on the structure of the spleen, and the proboscis of fleas.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Amongst other things it has been observed, that the Spleen is compos’d of a spungy sort of flesh: And having examined the Spleens of several Sheep, I found that the many Fibrous parts, of which it generally consists, and which many suppose to be Arteries and Veins, are in reality no Veins, but are united to, and draw their Nourishment from the Membranes in which they are radicated, and spread themselves into many Branches, and join with the Fibrous parts, which likewise appear with Roots and Branches growing out of the opposite Membrane, that I could not forbear viewing them with astonishment;
V. Part of a letter from Dr. Arthur Bury, to the Reverend John Chamberlayne Esq; F. R. S. concerning the manuring of land in Devonshire by sea-sand
Authors: Bury Arthur
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Have your obliging Letter of
February
28 accompanied with the Archbishop of
Dublin's
to the
Royal Society
, &c.
III. An account of an experiment touching the freezing of common water, ting'd with a liquid said to be extracted from shell-lac
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

This Liquid is a very deep Red; a small quantity of which, will Tinge twenty times as much of Common Water of a very good Sanguine colour hardly Transparent.
V. A letter from the Reverend Mr. W. Derham, F. R. S. to Dr. Hans Sloane, R. S. Secr. giving an account of some inundations; monstrous births, appearances in the heavens, and other observables he received from Ireland. With his observations on the eclipse of the Sun, Sept. 3. and of the Moon, Sept. 18, 1708
Authors: Derham William
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Received some time since a Letter from
Maghrafelt
in the North of
Ireland
, from a very Intelligent Person there, and great Well-wisher to our
Royal Society
, one Mr.
Neve
; who out of own good Will had collected some of the
Lough-Neagh
Petrifications, Pieces of the
Giants-Causway
, and other Curiosities, and sent them, he tells me, as far as Bristol: But hearing the Society had of them already in their Repository, he took no further care of them.
Tables of the barometical altitudes at Zurich in Switzerland in the year 1708. observed by Dr. Joh. Ja. Scheuchzer, F. R. S. and at Upminster in England, observed at the same time by Mr. W. Derham, F. R. S. as also the rain at Pisa in Italy in 1707. and 1708. observed there by Dr. Michael Angelo Tilli, F. R. S. and at Zurich in 1708. and at Upminster in all that time: with remarks on the same tables, as also on the winds, heat and cold, and divers other matters occurring in those three different parts of Eu
Authors: Derham William , Scheuchzer Johann Jakob , Tilli Michaelangelo
Published: December 2006

It being the pleasure of our most illustrious Society, to put into my hands (according to Dr. Scheuchzer's desire) his observations of the weather, &c. made at Zurich in the year 1708. and having also my self receivd from Dr. Mich. Angelo Tilli the quantity of rain which he observed to fall at Pisa 3; I have accordingly compar’d these obfervations with mine made at the same time at Upminster.
II. An account of an experiment, shewing that actual sound is not to be transmitted through a vacuum
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

That the Experiments already made, endeavouring to produce Sound from a Bell
in Vacuo
, have been altogether ineffectual, is sufficiently manifest: Yet that the loss of it should be wholly attributed to the absence of the Air, I think could not without another Experiment be absolutely concluded, since the following Query, (which very well deserves an Answer) might fairly be started upon this Occasion.
II. Observations upon incisions of the cornea
Authors: Gandolphe
Published: December 2006

Contusions upon the Bodies of Animals do not always make the greatest Impression on the Parts that immediately receive them: I had an Instance of this, in a blow upon the Eye, this present Month of
April
, 1709.
III. An account of an experiment, shewing that an object may become visible through such an opake body as pitch in the dark, while it is under the ctrcumstances of attrition and a vacuum
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

The Experiment affords a signal Confirmation of another formerly made, and differs only in the Matter made use of.
VI. An account of three cases of the hydrophobia
Authors: Mead Richard
Published: December 2006

The Symptoms from the Bite of a mad Dog are so surprizing and terrible, that it is hardly possible to describe the Agony of a Patient in this unhappy Con­dition.
II. Microscopical observations upon the configuration of diamonds: In a letter from Mr. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Honourable gentlemen, I take the liberty of troubling you again with these my following observations, which I have had lain by me these three years, within which time I caused them to be delineated by my painter, and engraven upon a copper-plate; the draught of which I here send you.
III. Part of a letter from the Reverend Mr. W. Derham, F. R. S. to Dr. Hans Sloane, R. S. Sec. Giving an account of a child's crying in the womb
Authors: Derham William
Published: December 2006

Sir, On
Saturday
last I gave my self the Satisfaction of visiting a Woman brought to Bed this Day seven-night of a Boy, that had Cry'd in her Womb, at times, for five Weeks wanting one Day.
I. Observations of the eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites, from 1700, to the year 1727
Authors: Derham William , Sloane Hans
Published: December 2006

As exact Tables to calculate the
Eclipses
of the
Circumjovials
, would be of very great Service to find the
Longitude of Places
; so I have some Hopes that these Observations of some of them, in more Revolutions that one of
Jupiter
in his Orb, may be of Use to correct, or make such Tables.
VIII. An explication of the instruments used, in a new operation on the eyes, by the same.
Authors: Cheselden William
Published: December 2006

A B Represent the Figures of two Eyes, on which a new Operation was perform̕d, by making an Incision thro̕ the Iris, which had contracted itself in both Cases so close, as to leave no Pupil open for the Admission of Light.
IV. Additional proofs of animals heat being influenced by the nerves
Authors: Home Everard
Published: December 2006

The conclusions drawn from my experiment upon the deer's horns, published in the last volume of the Philoso­phical Transactions, are so important, that I felt it a duty to repeat the experiment in the ensuing season. This I have done, and have the satisfaction to find that the result agrees in every respect with that drawn from the first experiment.
VI. An account of the heat of July, 1825; together with some remarks upon sensible cold
Authors: Heberden William
Published: December 2006

As I think it may not improbably be deemed an object of some curiosity to the Royal Society to collect from different parts, an account of the very unusual heat of last July, I presume to offer the enclosed report of observations which I made at that time, at Datchet, in Buckinghamshire, with every precaution that suggested itself to me, to ascertain the real temperature of the atmosphere, uninfluenced by adven­titious circumstances. The observations were made with a small sensible thermometer, which had been carefully graduated. On Friday July 15, the wind blowing from the south-west, the thermometer was suspended in the shade of a large laburnum on my lawn, at a height of about five feet and a half from the ground. This tree was chosen, as admitting the air in some degree to pass through it, at a time when the wind and the sun were both in the same quarter. On the subsequent days, the wind being in the east and north-east, the thermometer was hung, at about the same height, from an external branch of a very thick Portugal laurel, standing likewise upon the lawn, at a distance from any building; where it was exposed to the full influence of the wind, and at the same time effectually sheltered either from the actual rays of the sun, or from any object heated by it. I have been the more particular in giving this account, because it is often difficult, especially in great, or rapid changes of tem­perature, to get observations made with sufficient attention to avoid the neighbourhood of buildings, or other objects, which may considerably affect the thermometer, and give an appearance of heat sometimes greater, sometimes less than the truth.
XV. On the mathematical theory of suspension bridges, with tables for facilitating their construction
Authors: Gilbert Davies
Published: December 2006

My attention was first directed to a consideration of suspension bridges, and of the catenary curve on which their theory depends, when the plan for making such a communication across the Menai Straits was submitted to the Commissioners appointed by Parliament to improve the communication by roads and bridges through Wales. It then appeared to me, that the proposed depth of curvature, was not sufficient for ensuring such a degree of strength and permanence as would be consistent with the due execution of a great national work. This opinion I advanced as a Member of the Commission. But wishing to take on myself the full responsibility for such increased expense, as must of necessity be occasioned by enlarging the curvature, I also printed some approximations, hastily deduced, in the Quarterly Journal of Science; and derived from them a confirmation of the opinion that had been given. The interval between the points of support and the road-way of the Menai Bridge has in consequence been augmented to fifty feet; and it now possesses that full measure of strength, which experience has established as requisite and sufficient for works of iron not perfectly at rest. Since bridges of suspension are obviously adapted to very general use, I have flattered myself with the hope of doing something serviceable to the public, by expanding into tables the formulæ from which my approximations were derived; adding to them other formulæ and tables for the catenary of equal strength. A curve not merely of speculative curiosity, but of practical use, where a wide horizontal extent may chance to be combined with natural facilities for obtaining a correspondent height for the attachments.
XVI. On magnetic influence in the solar rays
Authors: Christie Samuel Hunter
Published: December 2006

The object of the present communication is to show, by a series of experiments, that the solar rays possess sensible magnetic properties, which are observable in the vibrations of a magnetised needle exposed to those rays, independently of the effects produced by the heat which they impart. I propose likewise to point out the changes which take place in the intensity of a magnetised needle from changes of temperature, as deducible from the times of its vibration. I have before stated in my paper
on the effects of temperature on the intensity of magnetic forces
, that, in deducing the terrestrial magnetic intensity by means of the vibrations of a needle, a correction ought to be introduced where the observations have been made at different temperatures. I had not at the time made any experiments by which I could ascertain how far changes in the temperature of a needle would be sensible in the time of its vibration; and the first observations which I made with this view being with a light needle, did not give very decided results: they however led me first to notice the very singular fact, that a magnetic needle comes to rest more quickly when vibrated exposed to the rays of the sun, than when vibrated in the shade. In order to ascertain the effect which changes of temperature have on the times of vibration of a needle, it is necessary to know the temperature of the needle itself during the observations, and I saw no better means of ascertaining this, even approximately, than to vibrate it in the shade and then exposed to the rays of the sun, and to consider the temperature of the needle to be that indicated by a thermometer near to it. On my first doing this, I found, that although I could easily mark the 50th vibration when the needle was shaded, I could not distinguish beyond the 40th when it was exposed. I at the same time found that the time of vibration was slightly diminished at the higher temperature, instead of being increased, as I had reason to expect. As however the needle was not vibrated in the same spot in the two cases, the diminution in the time of vibration and of the arc when it was exposed, might be independent of the change of temperature and of any influence in the solar rays. To avoid any uncertainty arising from difference of disturbing causes in two situations, I placed the compass out of doors, with a screen composed intirely of wood, supported at the height of four feet above it, and by removing which the rays of the sun struck directly on the needle. A thermometer having the bulb near to the compass-box indicated nearly the temperature of the needle. When the shutter was up, so that the needle vibrated in the shade, I could very distinctly note the 100th vibration; but when it was removed and the needle vibrated exposed to the sun's rays, I could not so distinctly mark the 75th. I made use of a needle six inches long, weighing 42.75 grains, and contained in a brass compass-box with a glass cover: the needle was suspended by a fine hair, and commenced vibrating 30° from zero.
XVIII. On a method of expressing by signs the action of machinery
Authors: Babbage Charles
Published: December 2006

In the construction of an engine, on which I have now been for some time occupied, for the purpose of calculating tables and impressing the results on plates of copper, I experienced great delay and inconvenience from the difficulty of ascertaining from the drawings the state of motion or rest of any individual part at any given instant of time: and if it became necessary to enquire into the state of several parts at the same moment the labour was much encreased. In the description of machinery, by means of drawings, it is only possible to represent an engine in one particular state of its action. If indeed it is very simple in its operations, a succession of drawings may be made of it in each state of its progress which will represent its whole course; but this rarely happens, and is attended with the inconvenience and expence of numerous drawings. The difficulty of retaining in the mind all the cotemporaneous and successive movements of a complicated machine, and the still greater difficulty of properly timing movements which had already been provided for, induced me to seek for some method by which I might at a glance of the eye select any particular part, and find at any given time its state of motion or rest, its relation to the motions of any other part of the machine, and if necessary trace back the sources of its movement through all its successive stages to the original moving power. I soon felt that the forms of ordinary language were far too diffuse to admit of any expectation of removing the difficulty, and being convinced from experience of the vast power which analysis derives from the great condensation of meaning in the language it employs, I was not long in deciding that the most favourable path to pursue was to have recourse to the language of signs. It then became necessary to contrive a notation which ought if possible to be at once simple and expressive, easily understood at the commencement, and capable of being readily retained in the memory from the proper adaptation of the signs to the circumstances they were intended to represent. The first thing to be done was obviously to make an accurate enumeration of all the moving parts, and to appropriate a name to each; the multitude of different contrivances in various machinery, precluded all idea of substituting signs for these parts. They were therefore written down in succession, only observing to preserve such an order that those which jointly concur for accomplishing the effect of any separate part of the machine might be found situated near to each other: thus in a clock, those parts which belong to the striking part ought to be placed together, whilst those by which the repeating part operates ought, although kept distinct, yet to be as a whole, adjacent to the former part.
XXI. Account of an experiment on the elasticity of ice. By Benjamin Bevan, Esq. In a letter to Dr. Thomas Young, For. Sec. R. S
Authors: Bevan Benjamin
Published: December 2006

I have been long desirous of repeating my experiment on the elasticity of ice, but until the present frost have not had an opportunity for two years, when I had but a single specimen, and rather too small, and which broke soon after the commencement of the experiment. From that experiment I had calculated a modulus of 6.000,000 feet; but finding the result of my experiments in the present season much less, and pretty uniform amongst themselves, I re-examined the calculations made in 1824, and have discovered an error, which had before escaped me, in the reduction, and which brings the result of that experiment to agree with those made in the present season, or about 2.100,000 feet. I will not answer for the absolute correctness of the second figure, because a variation of the of an inch in the thickness of the specimen will change this figure. The present severe frost has enabled me to try experiments on a much larger scale, and upon ice from 1¼ to 4 inches in thickness: to explain the mode I adopted with ice of near 4 inches in thickness may be necessary, and was as follows:
XXII. Results of the application of Captain Kater's floating collimator to the astronomical circle at the observatory of Trinity College, Dublin, and remarks relative to those results
Authors: Brinkley John
Published: December 2006

The results of the observations which I am about to state will, I think, be considered as affording a strong testimony of the importance of the floating collimator. As applied to my circle, it furnishes the means of ascertaining the index correction with as great precision as by reversion, and in several points of view is undoubtedly superior to that method. The reversing principle of the Dublin circle serves very conveniently for a measure of the accuracy of the floating collimator, and appears to show satisfactorily, that in the application of this instrument to any circle, no error belonging to the instrument will be introduced into the results; or in other words, that the results obtained by the assistance of the collimator, will not be sensibly affected by errors introduced by the collimator itself.
XXIII. On the means of facilitating the observation of distant stations in geodætical operations
Authors: Drummond Thomas , Colby Thomas Frederick
Published: December 2006

In consequence of the Report of a Select Committee of the House of Commons in June 1824, it was resolved, that a new Survey of Ireland should be immediately undertaken. The necessity of carrying on this extensive work with the utmost degree of rapidity, consistent with accuracy of execution, being strongly urged in the Report to which I have alluded, the arrangements were directed to be made on a suitable scale, and every method to be adopted that seemed likely to contribute to this end. The triangulation, as forming the basis of the survey, and the means of accelerating its execution, claimed immediate attention; and I was directed by Colonel Colby, at that time actively engaged in making the necessary preparations for this important undertaking, to consider by what means our distant stations might be rendered more frequently observable than the state of the atmosphere usually permits.
XXVI. An account of some experiments relative to the passage of radiant heat through glass screens
Authors: Powell Baden
Published: December 2006

(1) In a former Paper, communicated to the Royal Society, and which has been honoured with a place in the Philosophical Transactions for 1825, I attempted an investigation of the distinctive characters of two species of heating effect, in which particular reference was made to the action of transparent screens. In the present communication, my object is to examine a further point belonging to that part of the subject; and to which, as well as the former enquiry, I have been led, from considering the results obtained by M. De La Roche. The investigation given in my former paper proceeded upon the assumption, that simple radiant heat is incapable of permeating glass by direct transmission when the source is below luminosity: and the conclusion deduced from my experiments went to show, that that portion of the heat which is intercepted above luminosity, is simple heat, unaltered except in intensity, whilst that which is transmitted is of a different kind. That this assumption, at least under all ordinary circumstances, is warranted by most decisive experiments, I conceive sufficiently certain. It appears to me, however, that in reference to its strict universality, some further enquiry is necessary. The general inference respecting transmission, deduced from De La Roche's experiments, has, I conceive, been satisfactorily explained by mine; but there is one of his conclusions to which my principle does not apply (except in a particular case), and which might seem to afford considerable ground for the idea of an actual radiation through glass, under particular circumstances.
XXXII. On the progressive compression of water by high degrees of force, with some trials of its effects on other fluids
Authors: Perkins Jacob , Wollaston William Hyde
Published: December 2006

The apparatus suggested by me in a paper read before the Royal Society the 22nd of June, 1820, on the compressibility of water, having now been completed, I will first describe its construction, and then give an account of the experiments already made with it. Fig. 1. In the accompanying drawing, Plate XX. is a view of the compressing machine, and fig. 2 is a sectional view of the same, of which the following is a description. A, is a cylinder of gun metal, the length of which is 34 inches, and its external diameter 13½ inches; B, is the receiver of the compressor, being 1½ inch in diameter, and 29 inches long ; C, is the barrel of a steel pump, 8½ inches long and 1¼ inches diameter, on the outside of which a screw is cut 7 inches in length, by which it is finally united to the compressor ; D, is the chamber or caliber of the pump, 5/16 of an inch in diameter, and continuing of the same size throughout the whole length, excepting a conical enlargement at the bottom and top of the pump; the bottom cone receives the valve B when opening inwards ; F, the piston or plunger of steel, most accurately fitted to the bore of the pump, having its lower extremity hollowed out to a semi-elliptical cup, with a very thin edge, the expansion of which during the descent of the piston occasions it to be water-tight, without need of any. stuffing. The lever G, which in this view passes behind the pump, is part of the apparatus for indicating the force of compression. Fig 3, represents a section of the indicator. A, is a cylindrical tube, communicating with the receiver of the compressor, and of such dimensions that its area is equal to 1/14 of a square inch. Hence the number of pounds pressing on its piston by means of the lever G, indicates directly the number of atmospheres used for compression; since the arms of the lever are in proportion of 10 to 1, and its weight counterpoised by means of the hook O and weight, fig. 2, every pound in the scale represents 10 atmospheres of compressing force.
Rapid detection of Vibrio species using liquid microsphere arrays and real-time PCR targeting the ftsZ locus
Authors: Tracz Dobryan M. , Backhouse Paul G. , Olson Adam B. , McCrea Joanne K. , Walsh Julie A. , Ng Lai-King , Gilmour Matthew W.
Published: December 2006

The development of rapid and sensitive molecular techniques for the detection ofVibriospecies would be useful for the surveillance of sporadic infections and management of major outbreaks. Comparative sequence analysis of theftsZgene in the predominantVibriospecies that cause human disease revealed distinct alleles for each examined species, includingVibrio cholerae,Vibrio parahaemolyticusandVibrio vulnificus. Light Upon eXtension (LUX) real-time PCR assays were developed to target these species-specific polymorphisms, and were successful in rapidly differentiating the major pathogenicVibriospecies. Luminex liquid microsphere array technology was used to develop a comprehensive assay capable of simultaneously detectingV. cholerae,V. parahaemolyticusandV. vulnificus. These assays permitted the identification of a presumptiveV. parahaemolyticusisolate asVibrio alginolyticus, which was verified using additional molecular characterization.
Evaluation of mannitol salt agar, CHROMagar Staph aureus and CHROMagar MRSA for detection of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from nasal swab specimens
Authors: Han Zhuolin , Lautenbach Ebbing , Fishman Neil , Nachamkin Irving
Published: December 2006

Mannitol salt agar (MSA), CHROMagar Staph aureus (CSA) and CHROMagar MRSA (CSA-MRSA) were evaluated with nasal surveillance specimens for their ability to detect Staphylococcus aureus and meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). CSA was found to be more sensitive than MSA in detecting S. aureus (98 versus 84.3 %; P=0.03). CSA and CSA-MRSA were equivalent in the ability to detect MRSA at 24 h (89.7 versus 87.2 %) and at 48 h (94.9 versus 94.9 %). When combined with Staphaurex slide confirmation testing, both CSA and CSA-MRSA were highly specific (100 %) media for detecting MRSA from nasal swab specimens.
Formation and properties of in vitro biofilms of ica-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates
Authors: Qin Zhiqiang , Yang Xiaomei , Yang Lei , Jiang Juan , Ou Yuanzhu , Molin Soeren , Qu Di
Published: December 2006

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis has become the leading cause of foreign-body infections due to its biofilm formation on all kinds of medical-device surfaces. The biofilm development of S. epidermidis includes two steps: the initial attachment phase and the accumulative phase. In the accumulative phase, the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), encoded by the icaADBC locus, is the major component mediating intercellular adhesion. However, recent studies have revealed the emergence of biofilm-positive/ica-negative staphylococcal clinical isolates. In this report, two ica-negative S. epidermidis clinical strains, SE1 and SE4, exhibited their heterogeneity in biofilm architecture under static and flow conditions, compared with the biofilm-positive/ica-positive RP62A strain. Strains with this type of absence of PIA from biofilms also displayed intermediate resistance to vancomycin. More importantly, the cells of both SE1 and SE4 strains were more tolerant than those of RP62A to exposure to lysostaphin and vancomycin. Based on the results, it is suggested that the biofilm-positive/ica-negative strain represents a newly emergent subpopulation of S. epidermidis clinical strains, arising from selection by antibiotics in the nosocomial milieu, which displays a survival advantage in its host environment. Recent epidemiological data support this suggestion, by showing a tendency towards an increasing proportion of this subpopulation in staphylococci-associated infections.
Characterization of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa heterogeneously resistant to carbapenems
Authors: Pournaras Spyros , Ikonomidis Alexandros , Markogiannakis Antonios , Spanakis Nicholas , Maniatis Antonios N. , Tsakris Athanassios
Published: December 2006

Fourteen apparently carbapenem-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates that exhibited colonies within the inhibition zone around carbapenem discs were analysed. MICs of carbapenems were determined and the isolates were genotyped by PFGE. Population analysis, one-step selection of carbapenem-resistant mutants and growth curves of progenitors and carbapenem-resistant subpopulations were performed. Agar dilution MICs of imipenem and meropenem ranged from 0.5 to 4 mg l−1 and from 0.25 to 2 mg l−1, respectively. Population analysis confirmed subpopulations that grew in concentrations of up to 18 mg l−1 and 12 mg l−1 of imipenem and meropenem, respectively, at frequencies ranging from 6.9×10−5 to 1.1×10−7, suggesting that they might not be detected by standard agar dilution MIC testing. The minority subpopulations exhibited MICs for imipenem ranging from 10 to 20 mg l−1 and for meropenem from 4 to 14 mg l−1. The one-step 8 mg l−1 selection of imipenem-resistant mutants test showed growth in all isolates at frequencies ranging from 3.8×10−4 to 5.1×10−7. Growth curves revealed a prolonged lag phase and a short exponential phase for the heterogeneous subpopulations compared with their respective native subpopulations. These findings may be indicative that the use of carbapenems can lead to selection of P. aeruginosa resistant subpopulations that subsequently cause infections and result in treatment failure.
Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial and archaeal species in symptomatic and asymptomatic endodontic infections
Authors: Vickerman M. M. , Brossard K. A. , Funk D. B. , Jesionowski A. M. , Gill S. R.
Published: December 2006

Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA was used to examine polymicrobial communities within infected root canals of 20 symptomatic and 14 asymptomatic patients. Nucleotide sequences from ∼750 clones amplified from each patient group with universal bacterial primers were matched to the Ribosomal Database Project II database. Phylotypes from 37 genera representing Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria were identified. Results were compared to those obtained with species-specific primers designed to detect Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Peptostreptococcus micros, Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerella forsythensis and Treponema denticola. Since members of the domain Archaea have been implicated in the severity of periodontal disease, and a recent report confirms that archaea are present in endodontic infections, 16S archaeal primers were also used to detect which patients carried these prokaryotes, to determine if their presence correlated with severity of the clinical symptoms. A Methanobrevibacter oralis-like species was detected in one asymptomatic and one symptomatic patient. DNA from root canals of these two patients was further analysed using species-specific primers to determine bacterial cohabitants. Trep. denticola was detected in the asymptomatic but not the symptomatic patient. Conversely, Porph. endodontalis was found in the symptomatic but not the asymptomatic patient. All other species except enterococci were detected with the species-specific primers in both patients. These results confirm the presence of archaea in root canals and provide additional insights into the polymicrobial communities in endodontic infections associated with clinical symptoms.