bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do Rats Show a Mozart Effect?
Authors: STEELE KENNETH M.
Published: November 2004

The “Mozart effect” is an increase in spatial reasoning scores after listening to a Mozart piano sonata. Both the production and interpretation of the effect are controversial. Many studies have failed to replicate the original effect. Other studies have explained a Mozart effect as being caused by changes in arousal or differences in preferences of the listener. F. H. Rauscher, K. D. Robinson, and J. J. Jens (1998) reported that rats learned to complete a T-maze more quickly if they had been exposed in utero and reared hearing a Mozart piano sonata. They concluded that the result indicated a direct effect of the music on brain development and contradicted competing accounts of arousal or preference. This article is an analysis of the experiment by Rauscher et al. The in utero exposure would have been ineffective because rats are born deaf. A comparison of human and rat audiograms, in the context of the frequencies produced by a piano, suggests that adult rats are deaf to most notes in the sonata. The successful performance of the Mozart group may be explained by the incomplete use of random assignment of subjects to groups and by experimenter effects in the construction of groups. The results of Rauscher et al. (1998) do not provide strong support for the existence of the Mozart effect.
Stress-Timed vs. Syllable-Timed Music? A Comment on Huron and Ollen (2003)
Authors: PATEL ANIRUDDH D. , DANIELE JOSEPH R.
Published: November 2004

Linguists have long distinguished between “stress-timed” and “syllable-timed” languages. Using new methods for comparing rhythm in language and music (A. D. Patel & J. R. Daniele, 2003) and new data on musical rhythm from a range of nations (D. Huron & J. Ollen, 2003), one can begin to address whether stress-timed and syllable-timed languages are associated with distinctive musical rhythms. In conducting such studies, it is important to be aware of historical influences on musical rhythm that might run counter to linguistic influences. An empirical method for studying historical influences is proposed.
Interval Distributions, Mode, and Tonal Strength of Melodies as Predictors of Perceived Emotion
Authors: Costa Marco , Fine Philip , Ricci Bitti Pio Enrico
Published: November 2004

Fifty-one tonal and atonal classical melodies were evaluated by 29 students on 10 bipolar adjective scales that focused on emotional evaluation along four factors: valence, aesthetic judgment, activity, and potency. Significant predictors for each factor were obtained through ridge regression analyses. Predictors were quantified characteristics of each melody: the distribution of intervals according to interval size, the mode, and tonal strength (C. L. Krumhansl, 1990). Valence was best predicted by mode. Aesthetic judgment was predicted by the interval distribution and by tonal strength. Melodies judged pleasant contained more perfect fourths and minor sevenths and fewer augmented fourths; they were also high in tonal strength. Activity and potency were best predicted by the interval distribution. Activity, a sense of instability and motion, was conveyed by a greater occurrence of minor seconds, augmented fourths, and intervals larger than the octave. Potency, an expression of vigor and power, was marked by a greater occurrence of unisons and octaves. Thus the emotional expression of a melody appears to be related to the distributions of its interval categories, its mode, and its tonal strength.
Effects of Training and Melodic Features on Mode Perception
Authors: Leaver Amber M. , Halpern Andrea R.
Published: November 2004

The two modes most widely used in Western music today convey opposite moods—â€”a distinction that nonmusicians and even young children are able to make. However, the current studies provide evidence that, despite a strong link between mode and affect, mode perception is problematic. Nonmusicians found mode discrimination to be harder than discrimination of other melodic features, and they were not able to accurately classify major and minor melodies with these labels. Although nonmusicians were able to classify major and minor melodies using affective labels, they performed at chance in mode discrimination. Training, in the form of short lessons given to nonmusicians and the natural musical experience of musicians, improved performance, but not to ceiling levels. Tunes with high note density were classified as major, and tunes with low note density as minor, even though these features were actually unrelated in the experimental material. Although these findings provide support for the importance of mode in the perception of emotion, they clearly indicate that these mode perceptions are inaccurate, even in trained individuals, without the assistance of affective labeling.
Uses of Music in Everyday Life
Authors: North Adrian C. , Hargreaves David J. , Hargreaves Jon J.
Published: November 2004

The value of music in people's everyday lives depends on the uses they make of it and the degree to which they engage with it, which are in turn dependent on the contexts in which they hear it. Very few studies have investigated people's experiences of music in naturalistic, everyday circumstances, and this exploratory study provides some initial normative data on who people listen with, what they listen to (and what their emotional responses to this music are), when they listen, where they listen, and why they listen. A total of 346 people who owned a mobile phone were sent one text message per day for 14 days. On receiving this message, participants were required to complete a questionnaire about any music they could hear, or had heard since their previous message. Responses indicated a high compliance rate; a high incidence of exposure to music; that the greatest number of musical episodes occurred while participants were on their own; that pop music was heard most frequently; that liking for the music varied depending on who the participant was with, where they were, and whether they had chosen to be able to hear music; that music was usually experienced during the course of some activity other than deliberate music listening; that exposure to music occurred most frequently in the evening, particularly between 10 pm and 11 pm, and on weekends; that music was heard most frequently at home, with only a small number of incidences occurring in public places; that the importance of several functions of music varied according to temporal factors, the place where the music was heard, and the person or people the participant was with. Further research should include participants from a greater range of sociodemographic backgrounds and should develop context-specific theoretical explanations of the different ways in which people use music as a resource.
A Time of Gathering: Native Heritage in Washington State
Authors: Caldwell Carey T.
Published: November 2004

. Time of Gathering: Native Heritage In Washington State. Edited by Robin K. Wright. Seattle: Burke Museum and University of Washington Press, 1992. 248 pp., 205 illus., 90 in color, drawings, maps, bibliography, appendix, index. $55.00 (cloth), $29.95 (paper).
Tory Brontë: Shirley and the “MAN”
Authors: ROGERS PHILIP
Published: November 2004

Philip Rogers, “Tory Brontë: Shirley and the ‘man’” (pp.141–175)

Charlotte Brontë's politics in Shirley (1849) conform to the Tory principles implicit in the Duke of Wellington's responses to Chartist unrest and parliamentary reform. Brontë's representation of Robert Moore's defense of his mill against Luddite rioters directly reflects Wellington's hostility to mob violence and also his strategy, as Commander-in-Chief, for suppressing the Chartist demonstration of 10 April 1848. The novel's defensive eulogizing of Wellington derides the liberal Manchester politics of Richard Cobden and the Peace Society as unmanly and unpatriotic. The Duke also serves subtextually as the model for changes that Robert and Louis Moore must undergo to make them suitable matches for Caroline and Shirley. Wellington consequently presides over the joint resolutions of the novel's domestic and political narratives. In this essay I challenge the view of Brontë's politics presented by Elizabeth Gaskell, subsequent biographers, and manycritics—who, understandably wishing to view Brontë's proto-feminism as evidence of political liberalism, have blunted the anti-democratic edge of her conservatism.
A Backdrop for Young Sibelius: The Intellectual Genesis of the Kullervo Symphony
Authors: GOSS GLENDA DAWN
Published: November 2004

In April 1892 Jean Sibelius conducted the premiere of his Kullervo Symphony in Helsinki. As the young composer's first symphony and his only choral one and as his first setting of texts from the Finnish epic the Kalevala, Kullervo appeared to be a bolt from the blue. Closer examination, however, shows numerous forces at work, not only in Finland but also across Europe, that formed the essential backdrop to Sibelius's powerful, breakthrough composition. The author explores the literary, artistic, social, and political circumstances that provided the fertile soil from which the explosive Kullervo sprang.
Stylish Hard Bodies: Branded Masculinity in Men's Health Magazine
Authors: Alexander Susan M.
Published: November 2004

This article examines a postmodern construct of masculinity in which male identity is based on consumption, a traditional role for women, rather than production. Data for this qualitative content analysis were drawn from a sample of Men's Health magazine. Analysis of the front covers, stories and features, an advice column, and advertisements reveals a construct that I identify as “branded masculinity.” Branded masculinity is rooted in consumer capitalism wherein corporate profit can be enhanced by generating insecurity about one's body and one's consumer choices and then offering a solution through a particular corporate brand. The form of branded masculinity found in Men's Health constructs muscles combined with a fashion sense and the appearance of financial success as the necessary characteristics for a real man today.
Bike Lust: Harleys, Women, & American Society
Authors: Miller Lloyd
Published: November 2004

Bike Lust: Harleys, Women, & American Society by Barbara Joans. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 2001. Paper. 271pages. ISBN: 0‐299‐17354‐2.
The National Park Service: Groveling Sycophant or Social Conscience: Telling the Story of Mountains, Valley, and Barbed Wire at Manzanar National Historic Site
Authors: HAYS FRANK
Published: November 2004

Manzanar National Historic Site was established to protect and interpret the resources associated with the internment of Japanese Americans at one often War Relocation Centers during World War II. One of the many challenges facing the National Park Service (NPS) at Manzanar is determining how to tell the story of the internment. Opinions about the role of the NPS in managing and interpreting the site range from suggestions that the NPS needs to serve as the social conscience of the nation to cautions that the NPS not become a “groveling sycophant” to the Japanese American community. To address this issue, the park sought diverse forums to engage the public in the management of the site. This paper details how public engagement has affected a number of management decisions.
Public History and the Environment/Environmental History and the Public
Authors: Plane Ann
Published: November 2004

This issue of The Public Historian offers a wonderful synthesis of some of the best public historical projects being conducted by environmental historians today.
Successful high‐titer immunoglobulin therapy for persistent parvovirus B19 infection in a lymphoma patient treated with rituximab‐combined chemotherapy
Authors: Isobe Yasushi , Sugimoto Koichi , Shiraki Yumi , Nishitani Miho , Koike Kengo , Oshimi Kazuo
Published: November 2004

A 40‐year‐old female diagnosed with follicular lymphoma was treated with rituximab‐combined chemotherapy. Although she achieved complete remission, she developed progressive anemia and reticulocytopenia. Bone marrow examination revealed features of pure red cell aplasia and hemophagocytosis. In addition, the appearance of large pronormoblasts suggested that she was infected with parvovirus B19. Excess viral DNA in her bone marrow confirmed that her illness was caused by persistent parvovirus B19 infection. Serum immunoglobulin levels decreased beyond the lower normal limit, which indicated that her humoral immunity was impaired after rituximab‐combined chemotherapy. Although she had been infected with parvovirus B19, she was re‐infected and failed to control the viral expansion. High‐titer immunoglobulin against parvovirus B19 was intravenously administrated and resulted in remarkable reticulocytosis and improvement of anemia. High‐titer immunoglobulin, which contained a sufficient amount of neutralizing antibodies against parvovirus B19, likely inactivated most viruses in vivo. We successfully eradicated the virus after 2 courses of high‐dose therapy at 0.5 g/kg/day every week followed by 8 courses of maintenance therapy at 0.1 g/kg/day every other week. It is important to consider that parvovirus B19 infection is a possible cause of progressive anemia in B‐cell lymphoma patients treated with rituximab‐combined chemotherapy. We propose that the use of high‐titer immunoglobulin against parvovirus B19 may enable such immunocompromised patients to eradicate the virus before sufficient immune system reconstruction. Am. J. Hematol. 77:370–373, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting choice of hemostatic agent for the hemophilia patient with an inhibitor antibody
Authors: Monahan Paul E. , Aledort Louis M.
Published: November 2004

Achieving adequate hemostasis in patients with hemophilia and high‐titer inhibitor antibodies remains a challenge despite the development of plasma‐derived and recombinant therapies to bypass the inhibitory effect. A group of hemophilia treaters met to examine the factors that influence physician choices among the very costly and cumbersome available therapies. Specific knowledge deficits in need of prospective research were identified with respect to the rational treatment of inhibitor patients. Am. J. Hematol. 77:346–350, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonmyeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome complicated by recent intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Ohtsubo Korenori , Takase Ken , Nagafuji Koji , Henzan Hideho , Tanimoto Tetsuya , Fukuda Takahiro , Miyamoto Toshihiro , Inaba Shoichi , Harada Mine
Published: November 2004

A patient with intracerebral hemorrhage is considered ineligible for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We report a 49‐year‐old woman with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) complicated by refractoriness to platelet transfusion and intracerebral hemorrhage, who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an HLA‐identical unrelated male donor. Nine days before the scheduled transplantation, she developed dysarthria and right hemiparesis; computed tomography (CT) of the brain disclosed an acute hematoma in the left parietal lobe exceeding 3 cm in diameter. She underwent conditioning with reduced‐intensity, including fludarabine (30 mg/m2/day on days −8 to −3), busulfan (4 mg/kg/day on days −6 and −5), and total body irradiation (4 Gy on day −2). Two weeks after transplantation, dysarthria and right hemiparesis began to resolve, and CT showed spontaneous resolution of the hematoma. Simultaneously, engraftment was confirmed. Thus, recent stroke may be not an absolute contraindication for HSCT. Am. J. Hematol. 77:400–404, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poly(allyl glycidyl ether)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide): A novel promising polymeric intermediate for the preparation of micellar drug delivery systems
Authors: Hrubý M. , Koňák Č. , Ulbrich K.
Published: November 2004

Novel diblock copolymers designed for the preparation of micellar drug delivery systems, consisting of hydrophobic poly(allyl glycidyl ether) (PAGE) and hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), were prepared, and their self‐assembly into micellar structures was studied. Copolymers differing in the length of the polymer blocks were purified and characterized. These amphiphilic copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions were prepared through the anionic polymerization of allyl glycidyl ether with PEO monomethyl ether sodium salt as the macroinitiator. The PAGE–PEO copolymer readily formed small micelles with narrow size distributions via simple dissolution in water. The addition of pendant double bonds to the hydrophobic part of the chain was intended for further covalent modifications. Catalytic hydrogenation, the radical crosslinking of the micelle core, and the addition of thiol to double bonds of the copolymer were examples of such modifications that were proved to proceed with a quantitative yield for this copolymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 201–211, 2005
Effect of low‐temperature annealing on dimensional stability of poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylate) fibers melt‐spun at high speed
Authors: Kang Young Ah , Kim Kyoung Hou , Cho Hyun Hok , Kikutani Takeshi
Published: November 2004

To investigate structural factors, necessary to obtain a valuable industrial fiber possessing excellent thermomechanical properties, poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylate) (PEN) fibers were produced by high‐speed melt‐spinning to a take‐up speed of 8 km/min, followed by low‐temperature annealing between the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) and exothermic cold crystallization temperature (Tc cold), where little transition of crystalline phase, as well as little thermal degradation, takes place. Their thermomechanical behavior, as well as structural variations, were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry, Rheovibron, thermomechanical analysis (TMA), and tensile testing. Two types of the α‐ and α′‐dispersions were observed at near Tg and at a temperature 50–60°C higher than Tg, respectively. The dispersions were affected by rearranged structures, which are generated by developing an inhomogeneous taut structure with rigidity of aromatic segment and aliphatic segment. The α‐dispersion seemed to reflect an inhomogeneous taut structure by the less nearly arranged segments. Consequently, at intermediate take‐up speeds between 2 and 6 km/min the inhomogeneous taut structure may be partially formed, but the homogeneously ordered structure may be enlarged as the take‐up speed and annealing temperature increased. Thermal shrinkage increased above the α‐dispersion temperature, which suggested that the onset point of dimensional change in PEN fibers was attributed to α‐dispersion. In the case of annealed fibers, the start of length change coincided with the respective annealing temperatures, which indicated that dimensional stability could be gained from restraining the inhomogeneous taut structure in the amorphous region without the transition of crystalline phase by annealing between Tg and Tc cold. Therefore, to obtain dimensional stability in PEN fibers, it is supposed that the inhomogeneous taut structure exhibited by the α‐dispersion should be controlled. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 212–218, 2005
Effect of diluent on poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) hollow‐fiber membrane formation via thermally induced phase separation
Authors: Shang Mengxian , Matsuyama Hideto , Teramoto Masaaki , Okuno Junpei , Lloyd Douglas R. , Kubota Noboru
Published: November 2004

Poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) hollow‐fiber membranes with a 44 mol % ethylene content were prepared by thermally induced phase separation. A mixture of 1,3‐propanediol and glycerol was used as the diluent. The effects of the ratio of 1,3‐propanediol to glycerol in the diluent mixture on the phase diagram, membrane structure, and membrane performance were investigated. As the ratio increased, the cloud point shifted to lower temperatures, and the membrane structure changed from a cellular structure due to liquid–liquid phase separation to a particulate structure due to polymer crystallization. Better pore connectivity was obtained in the hollow‐fiber membrane when the ratio of 1,3‐propanediol to glycerol was 50:50, and the membrane showed about 100 times higher water permeability than the membrane prepared with pure glycerol. For the prepared hollow‐fiber membrane, the solute 20 nm in diameter was almost rejected. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 219–225, 2005
Non‐Fickian vapor sorption kinetics in rubbery poly(dimethyl silamethylene) and the effect of radiation‐induced crosslinking
Authors: Alentiev A. , Semenova S. I. , Sanopoulou M.
Published: November 2004

Successive sorption runs of n‐hexane vapor in supported amorphous poly(dimethyl silamethylene) films at 25°C are presented and discussed. Deviations from Fickian sorption kinetics were observed, and they were more distinct in the as‐prepared films and in the lower n‐hexane vapor pressure runs. Polymer films, γ‐irradiated to produce various degrees of crosslinking, exhibited closer conformity to Fickian sorption kinetics and enhanced diffusivity of n‐hexane vapor. These results were consistent with the presence in the as‐prepared polymer of some labile structural order (undetectable by differential scanning calorimetry or X‐ray diffraction), which tended to be eliminated by radiation‐induced crosslinking or strong swelling. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 226–230, 2005
Arktische Gänse am Niederrhein: Die Exkursion
Authors: Kremer Bruno P.
Published: November 2004

Hinreißende Naturerlebnisse assoziiert man oft nur mit weit entfernten Regionen oder gar anderen Kontinenten. Manchmal bietet die Natur jedoch selbst im dicht besiedelten Nordrhein‐Westfalen ein beeindruckendes saisonales Schauspiel, das Fachleute ebenso begeistert wie Naturfreunde und sogar Medieninteresse weckt: Von Oktober bis Februar halten sich Zehntausende von Wildgänsen aus der Arktis im Niederrheingebiet auf, um hier zu überwintern.
Rekombinante Antikörper: Werkzeuge gegen Krebs, Infektionen und Autoimmunerkrankungen?
Authors: Dübel Stefan , Rohrbach Petra , Schmiedl Andreas
Published: November 2004

In den vergangenen Jahren stieg sowohl das wissenschaftliche als auch das kommerzielle Interesse an rekombinanten Antikörpern vor allem aufgrund des einfachen Weges zur Gewinnung komplett humaner IgGs. Innovative Selektionsmethoden wie das “phage display” ermöglichen heute sogar die Isolierung von humanen Antikörpern gegen giftige oder stark pathogene Antigene, wie sie unser eigenes Immunsystem nicht hervorzubringen vermag. Der Einsatz der Gentechnik ermöglicht die Herstellung kleiner Immunglobulinfragmente, welche die notwendige Information eines Antikörpers zur Antigenbindung auf ein Minimum reduzieren. Diese Fragmente können dann zu multivalenten, hochaffinen Molekülen mit optimierten pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften aufgebaut werden, was ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in Forschung, Diagnostik und Therapie gegenüber herkömmlichen Immunglobulinen stark erweitert.
Purpurbakterien aus der Winogradsky‐Säule: Biotechnologie in der Schule
Authors: Scherr Dietmar , Werel Rainer
Published: November 2004

Schwefelfreie Purpurbakterien lassen sich leicht aus einer Winogradsky‐Säule entnehmen und in Reinkultur erhalten. Sie eignen sich hervorragend zum Studium des bakteriellen Stoffwechsels, insbesondere der bakteriellen anoxigenen Fotosynthese und deren biotechnologischer Anwendung zur Gewinnung des regenerativen Energieträgers Wasserstoff.
Homo sapiens und die acht Zwerge
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: November 2004

Es war einmal eine Region im fernen Indonesien, dort lebten neben Drachen und kleinen Elefanten acht Zwerge und ihre Angehörigen. Sie stellten Werkzeuge her und gingen auf die Jagd. Ob moderne Menschen ihnen jemals begegneten, wissen wir nicht. Und weil die Zwerge eines Tages ausstarben, finden wir heute nur noch ihre Überreste...
Parkinson: Toxische Fehlfaltung von Eiweißen
Authors: Kahle Philipp
Published: November 2004

Die Parkinson’sche Krankheit ist die häufigste neurodegenerative Bewegungsstörung und betrifft vor allem ältere Menschen. Die Symptome lassen sich einige Zeit lindern, aber die Parkinson‐Krankheit ist nach wie vor unheilbar. Neuere molekulargenetische Erkenntnisse deuten auf multifaktorielle Ursachen für diese Krankheit hin und bieten therapeutische Ansatzpunkte.
Die Kuhfladen‐Falle
Authors: Wendler Silke
Published: November 2004

Kaninchenkäuze (Athene cunicularia) haben eine raffinierte Methode entwickelt, um an Beute zu gelangen: Sie nutzen Kuhfladen als Köder, um möglichst energiesparend Mistkäfer zu fangen.
Das Vorstellungsgespräch
Authors: Debus‐Spangenberg Isolde
Published: November 2004

Haben Sie die Einladung für ein Vorstellungsgespräch auf dem Tisch, ist die größte Hürde im Bewerbungsmarathon überwunden. Zumindest Ihre fachlichen Qualifikationen haben das Unternehmen bereits überzeugt. Immerhin hat man Sie aus meist unzähligen Kandidaten herausgefiltert und will Sie persönlich kennen lernen. Die Medienwissenschaftlerin und Karriereberaterin Isolde Debus‐Spangenberg gibt im letzten Teil unserer Serie Tipps für ein erfolgreiches Vorstellungsgespräch.
Ivan Petrovič Pavlov erhält den Nobelpreis für Physiologie
Authors: Penzlin Heinz
Published: November 2004

Mit dem russischen Gelehrten Ivan Petrovič Pavlov erhielt erstmalig in der Geschichte ein Physiologe den “Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin”. Vor ihm hatten die Mediziner Emil Adolf von Behring (1901), Ronald Ross (1902) und Niels Ryberg Finsen (1903) diesen begehrten Preis in Empfang nehmen können. In der Begründung zur Auszeichnung Pavlovs hieß es: “In Anerkennung seiner Arbeit über die Physiologie der Verdauung, die das Wissen über wesentliche Aspekte dieses Bereichs verbessert und erweitert hat.”
Marine Genomik: Erstes Genom einer Diatomee sequenziert
Authors: Valentin Klaus
Published: November 2004

Das noch sehr junge Gebiet der Marinen Genomik erlebt seinen ersten eukaryotischen Höhepunkt: Das Genom der Kieselalge Thalassiosira pseudonana (Abbildung 1) wurde in den USA komplett sequenziert. Eine Fülle an interessanten Genen und Stoffwechselwegen wurde entdeckt und die Hinweise verdichten sich, dass der Ursprung der Diatomeen‐Plastiden bei den Rotalgen liegt.
Is There a “Most Chiral Tetrahedron”?
Authors: Rassat André , Fowler Patrick W.
Published: November 2004

A degree of chirality is a function that purports to measure the amount of chirality of an object: it is equal for enantiomers, vanishes only for achiral or degenerate objects and is similarity invariant, dimensionless and normalisable to the interval [0,1]. For a tetrahedron of non‐zero three‐dimensional volume, achirality is synonymous with the presence of a mirror plane containing one edge and bisecting its opposite, and hence it is easy to design degree‐of‐chirality functions based on edge length that incorporate all constraints. It is shown that such functions can have largest maxima at widely different points in the tetrahedral shape space, and by incorporation of appropriate factors, the maxima can be pushed to any point in the space. Thus the phrase “most chiral tetrahedron” has no general meaning: any chiral tetrahedron is the most chiral for some legitimate choice of degree of chirality.
The incremental effect of positron emission tomography on diagnostic accuracy in the initial staging of esophageal carcinoma
Authors: Kato Hiroyuki , Miyazaki Tatsuya , Nakajima Masanobu , Takita Junko , Kimura Hitoshi , Faried Ahmad , Sohda Makoto , Fukai Yasuyuki , Masuda Norihiro , Fukuchi Minoru , Manda Ryokuhei , Ojima Hitoshi , Tsukada Katsuhiko , Kuwano Hiroyuki , Oriuchi Noboru , Endo Keigo
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

The purpose of the current study was to assess whether [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) provides incremental value (e.g., additional information on lymph node involvement or the presence of distant metastases) compared with computed tomography (CT) in patients with esophageal carcinoma.

METHODS

The authors examined 149 consecutive patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Eighty‐one patients underwent radical esophagectomy without pretreatment, 17 received chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery, 3 underwent endoscopic mucosal resection, and the remaining 48 patients received definitive radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The diagnostic accuracy of FDG‐PET and CT was evaluated at the time of diagnosis.

RESULTS

The primary tumor was visualized using FDG‐PET in 119 (80%) of 149 patients. Regarding lymph node metastases, FDG‐PET had 32% sensitivity, 99% specificity, and 93% accuracy for individual lymph node group evaluation and 55% sensitivity, 90% specificity, and 72% accuracy for lymph node staging evaluation. PET exhibited incremental value over CT with regard to lymph node status in 14 of 98 patients who received surgery: 6 patients with negative CT findings were eventually shown to have lymph node metastases (i.e., they had positive PET findings and a positive reference standard [RS]); 6 patients with positive CT findings were shown not to have lymph node metastases (i.e., they had negative PET findings and a negative RS); and 2 patients were shown to have cervical lymph node metastases in addition to mediastinal or abdominal lymph node metastases. Among the remaining patients, PET showed incremental value over CT with regard to distant organ metastases in six patients. The overall incremental value of PET compared with CT with regard to staging accuracy was 14% (20 of 149 patients).

CONCLUSIONS

FDG‐PET provided incremental value over CT in the initial staging of esophageal carcinoma. At present, combined PET‐CT may be the most effective method available for the preoperative staging of esophageal tumors. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Society of Urologic Oncology position statement: Redefining the management of hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma
Authors: Chang Sam S. , Benson Mitchell C. , Campbell Steven C. , Crook Juanita , Dreicer Robert , Evans Christopher P. , Hall M. Craig , Higano Celestia , Kelly W. Kevin , Sartor Oliver , Smith Joseph A.
Published: November 2004

Because patients with hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma are a very diverse group, management of these patients represents a unique challenge. Despite much research, to the authors' knowledge few studies published to date have provided definitive treatment answers. The Society of Urologic Oncology (SUO) convened a multidisciplinary panel of urologists, oncologists, and radiation oncologists to develop a treatment algorithm for patients with hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma. The resulting treatment outline was based on a review of the literature review and on the expert opinions of the panelists. The current article provided a logical progression of treatment choices that included hormonal manipulations, chemotherapeutic options, and adjunctive therapies. Future clinical trials and therapies were also discussed by the authors. Management strategies should be targeted toward the individual patient. Although significant progress has been made in understanding and treating hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma, earlier interventions would be ideal and better therapeutic approaches to prolong survival are necessary. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Overproduction of BCR‐ABL induces apoptosis in imatinib mesylate‐resistant cell lines
Authors: Desplat Vanessa , Belloc Francis , Lagarde Valérie , Boyer Catherine , Melo Junia V. , Reiffers Josy , Praloran Vincent , Mahon François‐Xavier
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Imatinib mesylate, a BCR‐ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, induces apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Resistance to imatinib is currently the most important concern of this treatment. One of the main mechanisms of this resistance is overexpression of BCR‐ABL.

METHODS

In the current study, the authors investigated the correlation between BCR‐ABL overexpression and apoptosis in BaF/BCR‐ABL and LAMA84 cell lines resistant to imatinib suddenly deprived of the inhibitor, and compared with their sensitive counterpart.

RESULTS

Removal of imatinib from culture medium led to a decrease in Bcr‐Abl protein expression by Day 5, which was sustained for ≥ 3 weeks of imatinib deprivation. Apoptosis was observed after 3 days of imatinib deprivation in resistant lines accompanied by caspase activation, loss of membrane asymmetry (annexin V staining), and alteration of mitochondrial potential (dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide [DiOC6]). Transient activation of the STAT5/Bcl‐xL pathway and Akt kinase activity preceded these responses.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, imatinib removal led to apoptosis of BCR‐ABL–overexpressing leukemic cells, a phenomenon that could be exploited to sensitize imatinib‐resistant cells to the cytotoxic effect of other drugs. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Fatigue is becoming an exhausting problem
Authors: Ruckdeschel John C.
Published: November 2004

Because profound fatigue is one of the major complaints of patients on chemotherapy, we need to move our exploration of the early events in the development of fatigue far earlier in the pathway that leads to clinical fatigue.

See also pages 377–82, this issue.
Differential subcellular localization of cholesterol, gangliosides, and glycosaminoglycans in murine models of mucopolysaccharide storage disorders
Authors: McGlynn Robert , Dobrenis Kostantin , Walkley Steven U.
Published: November 2004

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a complex family of lysosomal storage disorders characterized by failure to degrade heparan sulfate (HS) and/or other types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) secondary to the absence of specific lysosomal enzymes. An accompanying storage of glycosphingolipids (GSLs), most notably GM2 and GM3 gangliosides, has also been documented to occur in many types of MPS disease and is believed to be caused by secondary inhibition of GSL‐degradative enzymes by intracellular GAG accumulation. We have documented the presence of secondary ganglioside accumulation in mouse models of several MPS disorders (types I, IIIA, IIIB, and VII) and report that this storage is accompanied by sequestration of free cholesterol in a manner similar to that observed in primary gangliosidoses. Using confocal microscopy, we evaluated the cellular distribution of cholesterol, GM2 and GM3 gangliosides, and HS in brains of mice with MPS IIIA disease. Unexpectedly, we found that although both gangliosides often accumulated in the same neurons, they were consistently located in separate populations of cytoplasmic vesicles. Additionally, GM3 ganglioside only partially co‐localized with the primary storage material (HS), and cholesterol likewise only partially co‐localized with the GM2 and GM3 gangliosides. These findings raise significant questions about the mechanism(s) responsible for secondary accumulation of storage materials in MPS disease. Furthermore, given that GSLs and cholesterol are constituents of membrane rafts believed critical in signal transduction events in neurons, their co‐sequestration in individual neurons suggests the presence of defects in the composition, trafficking, and/or recycling of raft components and thus possible new mechanisms to explain neuronal dysfunction in MPS disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:415–426, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
α7 but not α4 AChR subunit expression is regulated by light in developing primary visual cortex
Authors: Aztiria Eugenio , Gotti Cecilia , Domenici Luciano
Published: November 2004

In the present paper we analyzed the expression pattern of the α4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits in the rat visual cortex through postnatal development, to clarify whether their expression is developmentally regulated and whether eventual developmental changes are regulated by visual experience. We found that both α4 and α7 mRNA levels accumulate from postnatal day 12 (P12) before eye opening, to around P35. The immunohistochemical results indicated that both subunits are expressed throughout all cortical laminae, except layer I. α4 subunit immunohistochemistry revealed significant increments in the number of positive cells in layers V and VI after eye opening. In the case of the α7 subunit, the number of immunoreactive cells increased in all cortical layers soon after eye opening, except in layer VI, matching the results found at the transcriptional level. In animals reared in darkness from P9 to P22, the relative amount of the α4 mRNA and the number of immunoreactive cells exhibited no changes. 3H‐epibatidine binding experiments showed that the number of heteromeric nAChR subunitsin dark‐reared rats did not change with respect to age‐matched controls, thus confirming the immunohistochemical results. The mRNA of the α7 subunit remained stable in dark‐reared rats, whereas the number and distribution of immunoreactive cells changed. Moreover, the number of 125I αbungarotoxin‐binding nAChRs was significantly increased in dark‐reared animals. These results indicate that visual cortex stimulation by visual input is an essential step for α7 nAChR normal expression, suggesting a possible role for these receptors in an experience‐dependent fashion on the maturation of this cortical area. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:378–391, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TrkC kinase expression in distinct subsets of cutaneous trigeminal innervation and nonneuronal cells
Authors: Fünfschilling Ursula , Ng Yu‐Gie , Zang Keling , Miyazaki Jun‐Ichi , Reichardt Louis F. , Rice Frank L.
Published: November 2004

Neurotrophin‐activated receptor tyrosine kinases (Trks) regulate sensory neuron survival, differentiation, and function. To permanently mark cells that ever express TrkC‐kinase, mice with lacZ and GFP reporters of Cre recombinase activity were crossed with mice having IRES‐cre inserted into the kinase‐containing exon of the TrkC gene. Prenatal reporter expression matched published locations of TrkC‐expression. Postnatally, more trigeminal neurons and types of mystacial pad innervation expressed reporter than immunodetectable TrkC, indicating that some innervation transiently expresses TrkC‐kinase. Reporter‐tagged neurons include all those that immunolabel for TrkC, a majority for TrkB, and a small proportion for TrkA. TrkA neurons expressing TrkC‐reporter range from small to large size and supply well‐defined types of mystacial pad innervation. Virtually all small neurons and C‐fiber innervation requires TrkA to develop, but TrkC‐reporter is present in only a small proportion that uniquely innervates piloneural complexes of guard hairs and inner conical bodies of vibrissa follicle‐sinus complexes. TrkC‐reporter is expressed in nearly all presumptive Aδ innervation, which is all eliminated in TrkA knockouts and partially eliminated in TrkC knockouts. Many types of Aβ‐fiber innervation express TrkC‐reporter including all Merkel, spiny, and circumferentially oriented lanceolate endings, and some reticular and longitudinally oriented lanceolate endings. Only Merkel endings require TrkC to develop and survive, whereas the other endings require TrkA and/or TrkB. Thus, TrkC is required for the existence of some types of innervation that express TrkC, but may have different functions in others. Many types of nonneuronal cells affiliated with hair follicles and blood vessels also express TrkC‐reporter but lack immunodetectable TrkC. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:392–414, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural evidence for a direct excitatory pathway from the nucleus retroambiguus to lateral longissimus and quadratus lumborum motoneurons in the female golden hamster
Authors: Gerrits Peter O. , Mouton Leonora J. , Weerd Henk De , Georgiadis Janniko R. , Krukerink Marco , Holstege Gert
Published: November 2004

During mating, the female golden hamster displays a stereotyped specific receptive posture, characterized by lordosis of the back, elevation of the tail, and extension of the legs. Muscles involved in this posture are thought to be iliopsoas, cutaneus trunci, lateral longissimus (LL), and quadratus lumborum (QL). Lesion studies in rats suggest that mating behavior is controlled by the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG). The PAG does not project directly to the motoneurons innervating the muscles involved in mating, but is thought to make use of the nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) as relay. The NRA is located ventrolaterally in the most caudal medulla, and projects directly to iliopsoas and cutaneus trunci motoneuronal cell groups. The question is whether this is also true for LL and QL muscles. Retrograde HRP tracing experiments revealed that LL and QL motoneurons are located medially in the ventral horn of the T12–L6 and T13–L4 segments, respectively. A subsequent ultrastructural study combined wheatgerm agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase injections in the NRA with cholera‐toxin B‐subunit injections in LL and QL muscles. The results revealed monosynaptic contacts between anterogradely labeled NRA‐fiber terminals with retrogradely labeled dendrites of both LL and QL motoneurons. Almost all these terminals had asymmetrical synapses and contained spherical vesicles, suggesting an excitatory function of this NRA‐motoneuronal pathway. These results correspond with the hypothesis that in hamster the PAG‐NRA‐motoneuronal projection not only involves motoneurons of iliopsoas and cutaneus trunci but also of LL and QL. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:352–363, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subsurface addition emission model
Authors: Hatfield Allen
Published: November 2004

Subsurface addition is commonly used in the chemical industry as a means of ensuring that the incoming reagent is distributed uniformly within a batch as the addition proceeds. The difference between subsurface addition and the typical above‐surface addition is in how the inlet liquid stream enters the vessel. When calculating the process vent emissions for an above‐surface addition one considers the partial pressure of the inlet stream components along with the batch components. This is because both mixtures have direct exposure to the vessel headspace during the addition process. For subsurface addition, volatile compounds that are contained in the inlet stream are exposed to the headspace only as they appear in the batch during the addition process. The purpose of this paper is to present a model for estimating the vent emissions for subsurface addition processes based on the integrated average liquid‐phase composition. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
Kinetic evaluation of a field‐scale activated sludge system for removing petroleum hydrocarbons from oilfield‐produced water
Authors: Tellez Gilbert T. , Nirmalakhandan N. , Gardea‐Torresdey Jorge L.
Published: November 2004

Produced water is the single largest volume of wastewater generated by the oil and gas industry. Toxic petroleum hydrocarbons found in oilfield‐produced waters have increasingly become the major environmental problem facing the U.S. and world oil and gas industry. Uncontrolled releases to the environment using outdated and inefficient technological control systems and methods have continually put surface and ground water environments at risk. In turn, this has placed the oil and gas industries with increasing environmental regulatory compliance costs. With the decline in oil and natural gas prices and the introduction of more stringent produced water surface discharge permit actions, many of these wells are nearing their economic limit. These low‐volume marginal wells are being plugged and abandoned because the production, maintenance, treatment, and disposal costs are higher than the selling price. Therefore, in an effort to keep many of our nation's mature oil and gas fields productive, alternative technologies must be evaluated. This research project provided a comprehensive treatment of produced waters using an activated sludge system. The kinetic coefficients determined resulted in a total petroleum hydrocarbon removal efficiency of 99% at a produced water flow rate of 1890 L/day, and a mean cell residence time of 20 days. Kinetic coefficients were determined to be 0.69 (mg/MLSS)/mg total n‐alkanes (TNA) and 0.01, 0.44, 2.00, and 0.27 day−1 for Y, kd, k, Ks, and μmax, respectively. © American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
Multivariate mixed proportional hazard modelling of the joint retirement of married couples
Authors: An Mark Y. , Christensen Bent Jesper , Gupta Nabanita Datta
Published: November 2004

We analyse the joint distribution of the durations until retirement of Danish husbands and wives. We estimate a multivariate mixed proportional hazards model that allows for interdependence in the times to retirement of spouses. We find evidence of strong complementarities in leisure times. Symmetrically for husband and wife, low own income and poor health are found to induce individual retirement (prior to spouse's retirement), whereas low spousal income is not, and neither party is found likely to substitute own for purchased care when the spouse is in poor health. Furthermore, high wealth and low income are found to spur joint (simultaneous) retirement. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the distribution and dynamics of health care costs
Authors: French Eric , Jones John Bailey
Published: November 2004

Using data from the Health and Retirement Survey and the Assets and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old survey, we estimate the stochastic process that determines both the distribution and dynamics of health care costs. We find that the data‐generating process for log health costs is well represented as the sum of a white noise process and a highly persistent AR(1) process. We also find that the innovations to this process can be modelled with a normal distribution that has been adjusted to capture the risk of catastrophic health care costs. Simulating this model, we find that in any given year 0.1% of households receive a health cost shock with a present value of at least $125,000. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How large is the bias in self‐reported disability?
Authors: Benítez‐Silva Hugo , Buchinsky Moshe , Man Chan Hiu , Cheidvasser Sofia , Rust John
Published: November 2004

A pervasive concern with the use of self‐reported health measures in behavioural models is that individuals tend to exaggerate the severity of health problems in order to rationalize their decisions regarding labour force participation, application for disability benefits, etc. We re‐examine this issue using a self‐reported indicator of disability status from the Health and Retirement Study. We study a subsample of individuals who applied for disability benefits from the Social Security Administration (SSA), for whom we can also observe the SSA's decision. Using a battery of tests, we are unable to reject the hypothesis that self‐reported disability is an unbiased indicator of the SSA's decision. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic programming model estimates of Social Security Disability Insurance application timing
Authors: Burkhauser Richard V. , Butler J. S. , Gumus Gulcin
Published: November 2004

This paper develops a dynamic programming model of the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) application timing decision. We estimate the time to application from the point at which a health condition first begins to affect the kind or amount of work that a currently employed person can do. We use Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and restricted access Social Security earnings data for estimation. Our results show that the type of work‐limiting health condition, presence of employer accommodation, and the relative value of income in the application state to income in the work state significantly affect the timing of SSDI application. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.