bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Signal Transducer and Activation of Transcription (STAT) 4β, a Shorter Isoform of Interleukin-12-Induced STAT4, Is Preferentially Activated by Estrogen
Authors: Karpuzoglu Ebru , Phillips Rebecca A. , Dai Rujuan , Graniello Carmine , Gogal Robert M. , Ahmed S. Ansar
Published: November 2008

Estrogen, a natural immunomodulatory compound, has been shown to promote the induction of a prototype T helper 1 cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ, as well as to up-regulate IFNγ-mediated proinflammatory molecules (nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase 2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1). Because IL-12 is a major IFNγ-inducing cytokine, in this study we investigated whether estrogen treatment of wild-type C57BL/6 mice alters IL-12-mediated signaling pathways. A recent study has shown that IL-12 activates two isoforms of signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) 4, a normal-sized (full-length STAT4α) and a truncated form (STAT4β). Interestingly, we found that estrogen treatment preferentially up-regulates the phosphorylation of STAT4β in splenic lymphoid cells. Time kinetic data showed the differential activation of STAT4β in splenic lymphoid cells from estrogen-treated mice, but not in cells from placebo controls. The activation of STAT4β was mediated by IL-12 and not IFNγ because deliberate addition or neutralization of IL-12, but not IFNγ, affected the activation of STAT4β. In contrast to IL-12-induced activation of STAT4β in cells from estrogen-treated mice, STAT4α was not increased, rather it tended to be decreased. In this context, STAT4α-induced p27kip1 protein was decreased in concanavalin A + IL-12-activated lymphocytes from estrogen-treated mice only. By using the in vitro DNA binding assay, we confirmed the ability of pSTAT4β to bind to the IFNγ-activated sites (IFNγ activation sequences)/STAT4-binding sites in estrogen-treated mice. Our data are the first to show that estrogen apparently has selective effects on IL-12-mediated signaling by preferentially activating STAT4β. These novel findings are likely to provide new knowledge with regard to estrogen regulation of inflammation.

IL-12 activates cells through STAT4 signaling. Two isoforms of STAT4 have now been identified: a normal-sized STAT4α and a shorter STAT4β. Estrogens preferentially activate STAT4β isoform.
Amino-Terminal Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide as Predictor of Mortality in Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease: 5-Year Follow-Up Data from the Linz Peripheral Arterial Disease Study
Authors: Mueller Thomas , Dieplinger Benjamin , Poelz Werner , Endler Georg , Wagner Oswald F , Haltmayer Meinhard
Published: November 2008

Background: Amino-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has emerged as predictor of mortality endpoints in cardiac disease. In contrast, the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the capability of NT-proBNP as a marker for long-term prognosis in atherosclerotic PAD.

Methods: We obtained NT-proBNP serum concentrations in 487 consecutive patients with symptomatic PAD admitted to a tertiary-care hospital. The endpoint was defined as all-cause mortality, and the study participants were followed for 5 years.

Results: Of the 487 patients enrolled, 114 died and 373 survived during follow-up. The median NT-proBNP concentration was higher among decedents than survivors (692 vs 143 ng/L; P < 0.001). Using the median NT-proBNP concentration of the entire cohort (213 ng/L) as threshold level, Kaplan–Meier curve analysis demonstrated that the survival probability was lower in patients with NT-proBNP above the median (log-rank test, P < 0.001). In the fully adjusted Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis, NT-proBNP >213 ng/L had a risk ratio of 2.27 (95% CI 1.27–4.03; P = 0.005) independent of age, sex, glomerular filtration rate, clinical stage of PAD, cardiovascular comorbidity, and other potential confounders. Further analyses showed that NT-proBNP added significantly to the value of established and emerging outcome predictors of PAD.

Conclusions: In this study, a NT-proBNP serum concentration >213 ng/L was a robust and independent predictor of 5-year all-cause mortality in patients with symptomatic PAD. Thus, NT-proBNP measurements can be considered a valuable tool for risk stratification in these patients.
Antibodies against Synthetic Deamidated Gliadin Peptides for Celiac Disease Diagnosis and Follow-Up in Children
Authors: Basso Daniela , Guariso Graziella , Fogar Paola , Meneghel Alessandra , Zambon Carlo-Federico , Navaglia Filippo , Greco Eliana , Schiavon Stefania , Rugge Massimo , Plebani Mario
Published: November 2008

Background: AGA IgA II and AGA IgG II have recently been suggested as reliable tools for celiac disease (CD) diagnosis. We compared their utility for diagnosis and monitoring CD in children with that of tTG IgA, an established CD marker.

Methods: We studied a cohort of 161 CD and 129 control children in whom CD was histologically confirmed or ruled out. We followed 37 children with CD on a gluten-free diet for 12–84 months. In fasting sera, we measured AGA IgA II, AGA IgG II, and tTG IgA using ELISAs.

Results: The best sensitivity (92.5%), specificity (97.6%), positive predictive value (98%), and negative predictive value (91.2%) were obtained using tTG IgA. AGA IgG II correctly identified 3 of 3 children with CD with total IgA deficiency who had negative AGA IgA II and tTG IgA results. In children <2 years old without total IgA deficiency, AGA IgG II and tTG IgA performed equally well (sensitivity 96.4% and specificity 100%). AGA IgA II, AGA IgG II, and tTG IgA concentrations diminished significantly (P < 0.0001) after 1 year of a gluten-free diet, reaching values below the cutoff in 87%, 70%, and 51% of cases, respectively.

Conclusions: The best available index for diagnosing CD in children was tTG IgA. In infants <2 years old, AGA IgG II performed as well as tTG IgA in cases without total IgA deficiency and allowed detection of CD when total IgA was <0.06 g/L. Gluten-free diet monitoring can be achieved using any of the studied serum markers.
Steady subsurface drainage of homogeneous soils by ditches
Authors: Chahar B. R. , Vadodaria G. P.
Published: November 2008

Subsurface drainage of agricultural land is a method for improved production, a safeguard for sustainable investment in irrigation and a tool for conservation of land resources. An analytical solution for the problem of subsurface drainage of a ponded surface by an array of parallel ditches has been obtained using velocity hodograph and Schwarz–Christoffel transformation. The presented solution is applicable for the two-dimensional steady drainage from a horizontal ponded surface to an array of ditches in a homogeneous and isotropic porous medium. The solution includes equations for the quantity of drainage and the variation in seepage velocity. Thus the solution is a generalisation of Youngs’ solution. From this generalised solution, the particular solutions have also been deduced for different cases.
Regional Bond Strengths and Failure Analysis of Fiber Posts Bonded to Root Canal Dentin
Authors: Aksornmuang J. , Nakajima M. , Foxton R. M. , Panyayong W. , Tagami J.
Published: November 2008

Clinical Relevance

The bond strengths of fiber posts to root canal dentin could be affected by the characteristics of the fiber post and its bonding quality. The failure patterns of fiber-post bonded root canal dentin were dependent upon the post system.
Leukemia Presenting as Solid Tumors: Report of Four Pediatric Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Urs Latha , Stevens Lisa , Kahwash Samir B.
Published: November 2008

Leukemias are neoplasms that arise from the hematopoetic cells of bone marrow and usually spread first to peripheral blood. Involvement of extramedullary tissue during the course of a leukemia is common and usually does not represent a major diagnostic challenge when the history is available and specimen triage is optimal. In the context of a myeloid origin, extramedullary leukemias are referred to as granulocytic sarcomas, extramedullary myeloid tumors, extramedullary leukemias, or myeloid sarcomas. In the lymphoid category, leukemia involvement of tissue is conventionally distinguished from lymphoma by establishing the presence of 20% or more blasts in the bone marrow. A leukemia with an initial presentation outside the bone marrow mimicking a solid tumor is a rare but well-documented clinical encounter. Diagnostic difficulties may arise, especially when a specimen is not triaged properly due to the clinical presumption of a nonhematopoietic tumor. Systematic handling and proper triaging of biopsies are the keys to reducing diagnostic error and facilitating a timely diagnosis in this category. We report 4 case examples in the pediatric population, presenting in different anatomic sites. The value of fresh specimens and performing touch imprints is discussed and emphasized.
Histologic Features and Prognosis in Pediatric Medulloblastoma
Authors: Verma Shalini , Tavaré C. Jane , Gilles Floyd H.
Published: November 2008

Because individual histologic features in childhood medulloblastoma alter survival likelihood, the recent 4th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Brain Tumors recognizes desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma, medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity, large cell medulloblastoma, and anaplastic medulloblastoma, in addition to medulloblastoma with no other distinguishing features. To identify features affecting survival likelihood, we investigated 33 histologic features in 556 childhood tumors diagnosed as medulloblastoma in the Childhood Brain Tumor Consortium (CBTC) database; all features have CBTC verified read-reread reliability and those features important in the classification of medulloblastoma and its WHO variants regardless of their measured reliability. Nineteen features had no effect on survival likelihood, and 8 features were too prevalent or too rare to measure their effect on survival. Nodules, balls, high cell density, and fine fibrillary stroma improved survival likelihood; necrosis and prominent nucleoli worsened survival likelihood. Of note, the presence of desmoplasia, currently a defining feature (along with nodules) for desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma, had no effect on survival likelihood. We conclude that the presence of nodularity in medulloblastoma is important to improved survival likelihood, particularly when combined with balls and fine fibrillary stroma. Given the “overlap” of desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma and nodular medulloblastoma, we suggest they be combined into a diagnosis of nodular medulloblastoma, with nodules, balls, and fine fibrillary stroma as defining criteria. We also suggest that because of the considerable overlap of anaplastic medulloblastoma and large cell medulloblastoma they be combined into 1 diagnosis of anaplastic/large cell medulloblastoma, with necrosis and prominent nucleoli among the defining criteria.
Morphologic Overlap between Infantile Myofibromatosis and Infantile Fibrosarcoma: A Pitfall in Diagnosis
Authors: Alaggio Rita , Barisani Donatella , Ninfo Vito , Rosolen Angelo , Coffin Cheryl M.
Published: November 2008

Infantile myofibromatosis (IM) is a distinctive mesenchymal disorder with different clinical forms, including solitary, multicentric, and generalized with visceral involvement. A wide morphologic spectrum is encountered, with the extremes resembling congenital infantile fibrosarcoma (CIFS) and infantile hemangiopericytoma. We report a series of lesions with mixed features of CIFS and IM and compare them in order to further define their clinicopathologic features and the significance of the so-called composite fibromatosis. Seven lesions with unusual overlapping morphologic “composite” features of both IM and CIFS were selected from a series of 106 myofibroblastic lesions. Three cases classified as composite infantile myofibromatoses (COIM) were highly cellular tumors with a diffuse growth of primitive mesenchymal cells and focal features of IM combined with areas resembling infantile fibrosarcoma (IF). Four cases were classified as IF. Three of these exhibited a biphasic pattern with foci resembling IM, including whorls of primitive and spindle cells and perivascular and intravascular projections of myofibroblastic nodules, and the 4th had a close histologic resemblance to a primitive, immature IM. With reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, the ETV6-NTRK3 transcript was absent in 3 COIM and was detected in 3 CIFS; the other CIFS had typical cytogenetic aberrations. On the basis of currently available information, COIM represents a morphologic variant of IM that can mimic IF. Careful histologic evaluation to detect the typical features of IM is essential to avoid classification as IF. Molecular analysis for the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion is an important diagnostic tool in this group of lesions.
A Study of the Need for Anticholinergic Medication in Patients Treated with Long-Term Antipsychotics
Authors: Caradoc-Davies Gillian , Menkes David B. , Clarkson Hugh O. , Mullen Paul E.
Published: November 2008

Studies on the withdrawal of anticholinergics from patients on antipsychotics have produced conflicting results. This 12-week study employed a double-blind crossover design on 39 adult in-patients selected from a total hospital population of 620. The Colombia Scale was used to determine extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). All patients were stabilised prior to the study on benztropine mesylate 2 mg b.i.d., and gradual withdrawal was employed. Benztropine withdrawal produced a significant increase in overall EPS scores. Ten patients (26%) required reinstatement of benztropine while on placebo. Sialorrhoea, rigidity and postural instability were the most prominent changes. Neither age, sex, nor diagnosis were significantly predictive of EPS. Depot medications and doses greater than 1000 mg/day chlorpromazine-equivalent were related to significant EPS increase. The intrinsic anticholinergic properties of the antipsychotics themselves and concomitant medications, such as antidepressants, appeared protective against development of EPS. Most patients on a combination of antipsychotics and anticholinergics can safely be withdrawn from the latter.
Mental Health Promotion in Victoria: A Strategic Approach
Authors: Galbally Rhonda
Published: November 2008

Health promotion has proved to be crucial in most areas of health, for example, cardiovascular health, cancer control and injury prevention. However, mental health promotion has hitherto been a very poor cousin by comparison with funds spent on other health promotion areas, and also by comparison with funds spent on mental health services. This situation is understandable. First, there has been a need to shake mental health services out of antiquity to ensure that they not only meet fundamental standards of human rights, but also begin to develop a focus on rehabilitation. Second, the amorphous, unspecific and often haphazard nature of the few existing mental health promotion programs has, to a degree, given mental health promotion a bad name. As mental health promotion initiatives must inevitably relate to social and structural issues, the health content of mental health promotion has sometimes been hard to identify.
Noninvasive biomarkers in normal pressure hydrocephalus: evidence for the role of neuroimaging
Authors: Tarnaris Andrew , Kitchen Neil D. , Watkins Laurence D.
Published: November 2008

Object

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) represents a treatable form of dementia. Recent estimates of the incidence of this condition are in the region of 5% of patients with dementia. The symptoms of NPH can vary among individuals and may be confused with those of patients with multi-infarct dementia, dementia of the Alzheimer type, or even Parkinson disease. Traditionally the diagnosis of NPH could only be confirmed postoperatively by a favorable outcome to surgical diversion of CSF. The object of this literature review was to examine the role of structural and functional imaging in providing biomarkers of favorable surgical outcome.

Methods

A Medline search was undertaken for the years 1980–2006, using the following terms: normal pressure hydrocephalus, adult hydrocephalus, chronic hydrocephalus, imaging, neuroimaging, imaging studies, outcomes, surgical outcomes, prognosis, prognostic value, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy.

Results

The query revealed 16 studies that correlated imaging with surgical outcomes offering accuracy results. Three studies fulfilled the statistical criteria of a biomarker. A dementia Alzheimer-type pattern on SPECT in patients with idiopathic NPH, the presence of CSF flow void on MR imaging, and the N-acetylaspartate/choline ratio in patients with the secondary form are able to predict surgical outcomes with high accuracy.

Conclusions

There is at present Level A evidence for using MR spectroscopy in patients with secondary NPH, and Level B evidence for using SPECT and phase-contrast MR imaging to select patients with idiopathic NPH for shunt placement. The studies, however, need to be repeated by other groups. The current work should act as a platform to design further studies with larger sample sizes.
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in obstructive hydrocephalus due to giant basilar artery aneurysm
Authors: Oertel Joachim M. K. , Mondorf Yvonne , Gaab Michael R.
Published: November 2008

Obstructive hydrocephalus due to giant basilar artery (BA) aneurysm is a rare finding, and endoscopic treatment has not been reported. Here the authors present their experience with endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in obstructive hydrocephalus due to giant BA aneurysm. Between December 2000 and March 2007, 3 patients (2 men and 1 woman; age range 32–80 years) underwent an ETV for the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus caused by a giant BA aneurysm. All 3 patients presented with cephalgia, nausea, vomiting, and a variable decrease in consciousness. An obstructive hydrocephalus caused by a giant BA aneurysm was found in each case as the underlying pathological entity. Intraoperatively, a narrowing of the third ventricle by upward displacement of the tegmentum was found in all 3 patients. A standard ETV was performed and included an inspection of the prepontine cisterns. The endoscopic treatment was successful in all patients with respect to clinical signs and radiological ventricular enlargement. No complications were observed. In all, the endoscopic ventriculostomy was proven to be a successful treatment option in obstructive hydrocephalus even if it is caused by untreated giant BA aneurysm.
Modulating the Release Kinetics of Paclitaxel from Membrane-Covered Stents Using Different Loading Strategies
Authors: Sydow-Plum Georg , Haidar Ziyad S. , Merhi Yahye , Tabrizian Maryam
Published: November 2008

Membrane-covered Express2TM Monorail® stents composed of chitosan (CH) blended with polyethylene oxide (PEO) in 70:30% wt (CH-PEO) were coated with a monolayer of hyaluronic acid (HA). This significantly improved the resistance to platelet adhesion and demonstrated excellent mechanical properties, resisting the harsh conditions during stent crimping and subsequent inflation. CH-PEO/HA membrane was then combined with a paclitaxel (Pac) delivery system via three different approaches for comparison of release profiles of Pac. The activity of Pac in these systems was confirmed since its presence in the membrane significantly decreased cell viability of U937 macrophages. Presented results are promising for applications requiring different release patterns of hydrophobic drugs.
Does This Infant Have a Dislocated Hip?
Authors: Singh Abhinav , Wade Ryckie George , Metcalfe David , Perry Daniel C.
Published: April 2024

Importance

Delayed diagnosis of a dislocated hip in infants can lead to complex childhood surgery, interruption to family life, and premature osteoarthritis.

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination in identifying dislocated hips in infants.

Data Sources

Systematic search of CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library from the inception of each database until October 31, 2023.

Study Selection

The 9 included studies reported the diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination (index test) in infants aged 3 months or younger and a diagnostic hip ultrasound (reference test). The Graf method of ultrasound assessment was used to classify hip abnormalities.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

The Rational Clinical Examination scale was used to assign levels of evidence and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool was used to assess bias. Data were extracted using the individual hip as the unit of analysis; the data were pooled when the clinical examinations were evaluated by 3 or more of the included studies.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios (LRs) of identifying a dislocated hip were calculated.

Results

Among infants screened with a clinical examination and a diagnostic ultrasound in 5 studies, the prevalence of a dislocated hip (n = 37 859 hips) was 0.94% (95% CI, 0.28%-2.0%). There were 8 studies (n = 44 827 hips) that evaluated use of the Barlow maneuver and the Ortolani maneuver (dislocate and relocate an unstable hip); the maneuvers had a sensitivity of 46% (95% CI, 26%-67%), a specificity of 99.1% (95% CI, 97.9%-99.6%), a positive LR of 52 (95% CI, 21-127), and a negative LR of 0.55 (95% CI, 0.37-0.82). There were 3 studies (n = 22 472 hips) that evaluated limited hip abduction and had a sensitivity of 13% (95% CI, 3.3%-37%), a specificity of 97% (95% CI, 87%-99%), a positive LR of 3.6 (95% CI, 0.72-18), and a negative LR of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.76-1.1). One study (n = 13 096 hips) evaluated a clicking sound and had a sensitivity of 13% (95% CI, 6.4%-21%), a specificity of 92% (95% CI, 92%-93%), a positive LR of 1.6 (95% CI, 0.91-2.8), and a negative LR of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.88-1.0).

Conclusions and Relevance

In studies in which all infant hips were screened for developmental dysplasia of the hip, the prevalence of a dislocated hip was 0.94%. A positive LR for the Barlow and Ortolani maneuvers was the finding most associated with an increased likelihood of a dislocated hip. Limited hip abduction or a clicking sound had no clear diagnostic utility.
Neonatal Phototherapy—The Need to Measure and Document
Authors: Goldenhersh Michael A. , Eidelman Arthur I.
Published: April 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the need for universal standards of recording and measuring phototherapy administered to infants to monitor for potential adverse effects in the long term.
Combining Chemical Vapor Deposition and Spark Plasma Sintering for the Production of Tungsten Fiber‐Reinforced Tungsten (Hybrid – Wf/W)
Authors: Lau Alexander , Mao Yiran , Shu Rui , Coenen Jan W. , Poll Melina , Linsmeier Christian , Gonzalez‐Julian Jesus
Published: April 2024

Successful upscaling of tungsten fiber‐reinforced tungsten composites (Wf/W) on industrial level could represent an important milestone for future nuclear fusion reactors. The primary objective of these materials is to enhance the durability and operational lifespans of critical components. Developing mature manufacturing approaches remains a challenge, highlighting the need for innovative solutions. This study evaluates the feasibility of merging chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with spark plasma sintering (SPS) for producing such composites. This analysis indicates that combining CVD‐W sealed tungsten fabrics with SPS requires additional manufacturing steps or the utilization of tungsten powders for effective sintering. The process is currently only suitable for simple textile structures utilizing single filaments, mitigating one of the main advantages of CVD. Configurations such as radially braided yarns are currently less compatible to the high stress levels during SPS. A key outcome of this work is the introduction of a thin secondary CVD‐W interface into the composite design, substantially improving the stability of the yttria‐interface and effectively shielding the W‐fibers from potential matrix interactions. This innovation reduces issues such as carbon embrittlement and allows the potential integration of tungsten fibers into different matrix materials such as ceramics, broadening the potential application range of tungsten fiber‐reinforcements.
Fe‐Based Amorphous Alloy Coatings: A Review
Authors: Noorbakhsh Reza Zare , Ostovan Farhad , Toozandehjani Meysam
Published: April 2024

Fe‐based amorphous alloy coatings (Fe‐AACs) have exhibited appropriate corrosion and wear resistance and improved the performance of material surfaces. This study summarizes the advances related to Fe‐based amorphous alloys pertaining to their chemical compositions and manufacturing processes and their associated effect on the amorphous structure, microstructure, and properties. In particular, Fe‐based amorphous alloy coatings produced by laser cladding are investigated to study the effect of amorphous structure, partial crystallization, and composition on the microstructure, hardness, corrosion, and wear resistance of these coatings. In addition, the effects of laser parameters (power and scanning speed) on the geometric and metallurgical characteristics of produced amorphous coatings are also covered.
Toward Design Rules for Multilayer Ferroelectric Energy Storage Capacitors – A Study Based on Lead‐Free and Relaxor‐Ferroelectric/Paraelectric Multilayer Devices
Authors: Nguyen Minh D. , Houwman Evert P. , Birkhölzer Yorick A. , Vu Hung N. , Koster Gertjan , Rijnders Guus
Published: April 2024

Future pulsed‐power electronic systems based on dielectric capacitors require the use of environment‐friendly materials with high energy‐storage performance that can operate efficiently and reliably in harsh environments. Here, a study of multilayer structures, combining paraelectric‐like Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) with relaxor‐ferroelectric BaZr0.4Ti0.6O3 (BZT) layers on SrTiO3‐buffered Si substrates, with the goal to optimize the high energy‐storage performance is presented. The energy‐storage properties of various stackings are investigated and an extremely large maximum recoverable energy storage density of ≈165.6 J cm−3 (energy efficiency ≈ 93%) is achieved for unipolar charging–discharging of a 25‐nm‐BZT/20‐nm‐BST/910‐nm‐BZT/20‐nm‐BST/25‐nm‐BZT multilayer structure, due to the extremely large breakdown field of 7.5 MV cm−1 and the lack of polarization saturation at high fields in this device. Strong indications are found that the breakdown field of the devices is determined by the outer layers of the multilayer stack and can be increased by improving the quality of these layers. Authors are also able to deduce design optimization rules for this material combination, which can be to a large extend justify by structural analysis. These rules are expected also to be useful for optimizing other multilayer systems and are therefore very relevant for further increasing the energy storage density of capacitors.
Sulfur‐Tuned Main‐Group Sb−N−C Catalysts for Selective 2‐Electron and 4‐Electron Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Yan Minmin , Yang Hao , Gong Zhichao , Zhu Jiarui , Allen Christopher , Cheng Tao , Fei Huilong
Published: April 2024

The selective oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is important for various energy conversion processes such as the fuel cells and metal‐air batteries for the 4e− pathway and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) electrosynthesis for the 2e− pathway. However, it remains a challenge to tune the ORR selectivity of a catalyst in a controllable manner. Herein, an efficient strategy for introducing sulfur dopants to regulate the ORR selectivity of main‐group Sb−N−C single‐atom catalysts  is reported. Significantly, Sb−N−C with the highest sulfur content follows a 2e− pathway with high H2O2 selectivity (96.8%) and remarkable mass activity (96.1 A g−1 at 0.65 V), while the sister catalyst with the lowest sulfur content directs a 4e− pathway with a half‐wave potential (E1/2 = 0.89 V) that is more positive than commercial Pt/C. In addition, practical applications for these two 2e−/4e− ORR catalysts are demonstrated by bulk H2O2 electrosynthesis for the degradation of organic pollutants and a high‐power zinc‐air battery, respectively. Combined experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the excellent selectivity for the sulfurized Sb−N−Cs is attributed to the optimal adsorption‐desorption of the ORR intermediates realized through the electronic structure modulation by the sulfur dopants.
Influence of Hot Carrier Cooling and Band‐Filling Effect on Linewidth of Perovskite Microlasers
Authors: Ma Peipei , Si Jinhai , Yan Lihe , Wu Jiayi , Xu Jin , Hou Xun
Published: April 2024

In semiconductor‐based microlasers, the generated excited carriers can affect both the optical absorption coefficient and refractive index, influencing the lasing behavior and device performance. In this study, the lasing behavior of individual MAPbBr3 microrods pumped by femtosecond laser pulses is investigated using an ultrafast optical Kerr gating technique. By analyzing the spectral and temporal evolution of the lasing behavior, it is found that the band‐filling (BF) effect can cause a significant change in the refractive index of the material, which results in an unfavorable red‐shift and broadening of the resonant modes, deteriorating the laser linewidth and quality factor. The hot carrier cooling process can provide a buffer for alteration of the energy level occupation state, resulting in a small transient refractive index change and slight red‐shift. These results offer insights into the lasing behavior driven by photogenerated carrier dynamics and provide an optimization strategy for semiconductor‐based microlasers.
Two‐Photon Direct Laser Writing of pNIPAM Actuators in Microchannels for Dynamic Microfluidics
Authors: Barwig Chantal , Sonn Annabelle , Spratte Tobias , Mishra Ankit , Blasco Eva , Selhuber‐Unkel Christine , Pashapour Sadaf
Published: April 2024

Microfluidic tools enable to investigate and manipulate various chemical and biological processes at small scales. As a result, it finds widespread applications in lab‐on‐chip devices, drug delivery systems, or miniaturized cell cultures. However, microfluidic devices are still limited in their flexibility and are often designed to fulfill a single functionality. Moreover, technologies to introduce dynamic functionalities with high precision and at high resolution after the development of a continuous phase microfluidic chip remain scarce. Herein, two‐photon polymerization direct laser writing is introduced as a suitable approach to equip continuous phase microfluidic chips with structurally defined thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropyl‐acrylamide) (pNIPAM) microactuators. Harnessing the lower critical phase transition temperature of pNIPAM, and upon controlling specific design parameters, the efficient catch and release of polystyrene beads of different sizes using a pNIPAM micropillar brush array is demonstrated. Moreover, a biocompatible pNIPAM microgripper array is designed to subsequently capture and release differently sized (single) cell populations. Overall, the method offers great flexibility and a high degree of freedom toward the fabrication of dynamic microfluidic devices with great adaptability to experimental conditions in real time.
Laryngeal clefts in Prader–Willi syndrome: Feeding difficulties and aspiration not always caused by hypotonia
Authors: Rodrigo Minna L. , Heubi Christine , Chiou Eric , Scheimann Ann
Published: April 2024

Feeding difficulties, aspiration, and failure to thrive in infancy are commonly seen in patients with Prader–Willi Syndrome (PWS) and attributed to hypotonia. Patients with PWS and laryngeal clefts were identified by review of medical records at three tertiary care children's hospitals between 2017 and 2022. We present three patients with PWS with feeding difficulties who were also found to have laryngeal clefts which likely contributed to their feeding difficulties. Additional factors such as airway anomalies should be considered in patients with PWS, especially when swallowing dysfunction, dysphagia, or abnormal swallow evaluations are present.
Revolutionizing dementia detection: Leveraging vision and Swin transformers for early diagnosis
Authors: P L Rini , K S Gayathri
Published: April 2024

Dementia, an increasingly prevalent neurological disorder with a projected threefold rise globally by 2050, necessitates early detection for effective management. The risk notably increases after age 65. Dementia leads to a progressive decline in cognitive functions, affecting memory, reasoning, and problem‐solving abilities. This decline can impact the individual's ability to perform daily tasks and make decisions, underscoring the crucial importance of timely identification. With the advent of technologies like computer vision and deep learning, the prospect of early detection becomes even more promising. Employing sophisticated algorithms on imaging data, such as positron emission tomography scans, facilitates the recognition of subtle structural brain changes, enabling diagnosis at an earlier stage for potentially more effective interventions. In an experimental study, the Swin transformer algorithm demonstrated superior overall accuracy compared to the vision transformer and convolutional neural network, emphasizing its efficiency. Detecting dementia early is essential for proactive management, personalized care, and implementing preventive measures, ultimately enhancing outcomes for individuals and lessening the overall burden on healthcare systems.
Detergenschemie beeinflusst die Überschreitung planetarer Grenzen einschließlich antimikrobieller Resistenz und Arzneimittelentwicklung
Authors: Seewald Marc , Nielinger Lena , Alker Katharina , Behnke Jan‐Simon , Wycisk Virginia , Urner Leonhard H.
Published: April 2024

Die Chemie der Detergenzien ermöglicht alltägliche Anwendungen. Gleichzeitig gefährdet sie sichere Handlungsräume, welche die Menschheit für ihren Fortbestand braucht. Ziel dieses Übersichtsartikels ist es, die Entwicklung eines ganzheitlichen Denkansatzes im chemischen Design von Detergenzien zu unterstützen. Mit Hilfe vom Konzept der planetaren Grenzen identifizieren wir Fortschritte und Wissenslücken im Zusammenhang mit der Chemie der Detergenzien und fünf planetaren Grenzen, welche derzeit überschritten werden, einschließlich Klima, Süßwasser, Landsystem, neue chemische Entitäten und Integrität der Biosphäre. Unsere Studie offenbart den Status von drei kritischen Herausforderungen, die in den kommenden Jahren angegangen werden müssen, darunter (i) die Umsetzung einer ganzheitlichen, klimafreundlichen Detergensindustrie; (ii) die Angleichung von materialistischen und sozialen Aspekten bei der Schaffung technischer Lösungen mittels nachhaltiger Chemie; (iii) die Entwicklung von Detergenzien, die einer Anwendung dienen, aber die Biosphäre in ihrer Rolle als neue chemische Entitäten nicht schaden. Medizinrelevante Fallstudien zeigen, dass selbst das raffinierteste Detergensdesign eine Medikamentenentwicklung nicht ausreichend beschleunigen kann, um zeitgleich die Antibiotikaresistenzentwicklung, welche Detergenzien in ihrer Rolle als neue chemische Entitäten fördern, zu überwinden. Sichere Handlungsräume, welche die Menschheit für ihren Fortbestehen braucht, können gesichert werden, sofern zukünftige Bemühungen über die Etablierung von nachhaltiger Chemie, Ressourceneffizienz und Netto‐Null‐Emissionsziele hinaus gehen.
Data‐driven model‐free predictive control for microstage with coupling and hysteresis nonlinearities
Authors: Lin Shiqi , Chen Xuesong
Published: April 2024

The precision motion control problem is investigated in this paper for microstages with cross‐axial coupling and hysteresis. Cross‐axis coupling generally results in stress‐stiffening effects, thereby causing time‐varying dynamics in the microstages. Additionally, when a microstage is driven by piezoelectric actuators (PEAs), the hysteresis effect of the actuator itself must also be considered. Modeling the microstages becomes complicated when both nonlinear characteristics, coupling and hysteresis, coexist. To address this challenge without the need for modeling, a novel data‐driven model‐free predictive control scheme called first‐order tensor‐vector product polynomial approximation based model‐free predictive control (TPPA
‐MFPC is proposed. TPPA
‐MFPC solely relies on the sampling input/output (I/O) data of the systems. The main concept behind TPPA
‐MFPC is to derive a linear approximation model using the I/O data collected during operation. This linear approximation model then serves as a nominal model in a predictive controller, enabling the control of the microstages. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed TPPA
‐MFPC scheme and the performance improvement over existing model‐free schemes, for example, proportion integration differentiation control (PID), model‐free adaptive control (MFAC), model‐free adaptive predictive control (MFAPC), data‐dependent LMI (DDLMI), and data‐enabled predictive control (DeePC) are demonstrated in the simulation examples with a 2‐degree of freedom (DOF) multileaf spring‐based microstage driven by PEA.
Water Assistance for Low‐Income Households: Analysis of LIHWAP Performance
Authors: Jones Jack P. , Carpenter Adam T.
Published: April 2024

Key Takeaways

The Low‐Income Household Water Assistance Program, or LIHWAP, was initially established as a way to help low‐income water customers struggling to pay their bills during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Qualitative analysis of LIHWAP‐funded efforts across the United States evaluated successes and challenges, with case studies illustrating how the program could improve.

A permanent low‐income assistance program should focus on rate reduction, infrastructure, flexibility for different needs, and program compliance.
Relationship between first tarsometatarsal ligament morphology and its continuity with the fibularis longus and first tarsometatarsal joint degeneration
Authors: Sakamoto Kodai , Edama Mutsuaki , Osanami Haruki , Yokota Hirotake , Hirabayashi Ryo , Sekine Chie , Ishigaki Tomonobu , Akuzawa Hiroshi , Toriumi Taku , Kageyama Ikuo
Published: April 2024

This study explored the relationship between the morphological characteristics of the first tarsometatarsal ligaments and fibularis longus (FL) and the severity of articular cartilage degeneration in the first tarsometatarsal joint. Sixty legs from 30 cadavers were examined. The plantar, dorsal, and medial first tarsometatarsal ligaments were classified by fiber bundle number, and their morphological characteristics (fiber bundle length, width, thickness) were measured. The FL was categorized by its continuity with the plantar first tarsometatarsal ligament (PTML): Type A, connection with the PTML only on the first metatarsal; Type B, connection along the entire PTML; and Type C, no connection with the PTML. The severity of articular cartilage degeneration was assessed in four stages. No significant differences in cartilage degeneration among ligament types were found. Negative correlations were observed between the fiber bundle width and thickness of the PTML and the severity of cartilage degeneration. FL was classified as Type A in 68%, Type B in 27%, and Type C in 5% of feet. The fiber bundle thickness of the PTML in Type B was greater than in other types. Our findings suggest that smaller fiber bundle width and thickness in the PTML may be associated with severe cartilage degeneration. The FL had continuity with the PTML in 95% of feet and could enhance the mechanical strength of the PTML in Type B feet.
Establishment of a humanized mouse model using steady‐state peripheral blood‐derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells facilitates screening of cancer‐targeted T‐cell repertoires
Authors: Xu Yulin , Shan Wei , Luo Qian , Zhang Meng , Huo Dawei , Chen Yijin , Li Honghu , Ye Yishan , Yu Xiaohong , Luo Yi , Huang He
Published: April 2024

Background

Cancer‐targeted T‐cell receptor T (TCR‐T) cells hold promise in treating cancers such as hematological malignancies and breast cancers. However, approaches to obtain cancer‐reactive TCR‐T cells have been unsuccessful.

Methods

Here, we developed a novel strategy to screen for cancer‐targeted TCR‐T cells using a special humanized mouse model with person‐specific immune fingerprints. Rare steady‐state circulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells were expanded via three‐dimensional culture of steady‐state peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and then the expanded cells were applied to establish humanized mice. The human immune system was evaluated according to the kinetics of dendritic cells, monocytes, T‐cell subsets, and cytokines. To fully stimulate the immune response and to obtain B‐cell precursor NAML‐6‐ and triple‐negative breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231‐targeted TCR‐T cells, we used the inactivated cells above to treat humanized mice twice a day every 7 days. Then, human T cells were processed for TCR β‐chain (TRB) sequencing analysis. After the repertoires had been constructed, features such as the fraction, diversity, and immune signature were investigated.

Results

The results demonstrated an increase in diversity and clonality of T cells after treatment. The preferential usage and features of TRBV, TRBJ, and the V–J combination were also changed. The stress also induced highly clonal expansion. Tumor burden and survival analysis demonstrated that stress induction could significantly inhibit the growth of subsequently transfused live tumor cells and prolong the survival of the humanized mice.

Conclusions

We constructed a personalized humanized mouse model to screen cancer‐targeted TCR‐T pools. Our platform provides an effective source of cancer‐targeted TCR‐T cells and allows for the design of patient‐specific engineered T cells. It therefore has the potential to greatly benefit cancer treatment.
Use judicial ethics code as a guide for fair grievance processes
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: April 2024

Administrators and faculty at higher education institutions are often called upon to make disciplinary decisions related to student misconduct. Some disciplinary investigations/actions require a formal hearing to determine whether a student is responsible for violating the student code of conduct or other institutional policies (e.g., Title IX allegations).
Unveiling the Biomedical Applications of Novel Coumarins Isolated From Capsicum Annuum L. Seeds by a Multivariate Extraction Technique
Authors: Younes Areej Hazem , Mustafa Yasser Fakri
Published: April 2024

For the first time, kinetic thermomagnetic extraction is a novel approach presented in this work. It required the application of four distinct variables: rotation speed (50, 75, and 100 rpm), magnetic field (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 T), time interval (30, 60, and 90 min), and temperature (45, 55, and 65 °C). Numerous phytochemical categories were detected in the 81 crude chloroform extracts of green sweet bell pepper seeds that were collected, according to phytochemical analysis. Nine extracts were discovered to be linked to the coumarin chemical class and to have the same two extraction parameters: a 90‐minute extraction duration and a 55 °C extraction temperature. To enable their coumarin contents to be chemically separated and chromatographically purified, two of these extracts containing coumarin were chosen. Four new phytocoumarins have been identified and their molecular structures distinguished using FTIR spectra, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and mass analysis. By using MTT probing, it was discovered that these phytocoumarins exhibited anticancer activities against eight malignant populations and reduced oxidative stress in human SH‐SY5Y populations. Similarly, the anti‐inflammatory and antidiabetic properties were determined using three and two associated enzymes, respectively. The results demonstrated that the extracted phytocoumarins have exceptional oxidative stress‐mitigating characteristics, ranging from 71.51 to 81.48 %, when compared to a positive control. Furthermore, they showed excellent cytotoxicity against the test malignant populations (IC50 values of 46.76–81.45 μg/ml). The isolates need to be taken into account as dual COX‐2/5‐LOX antagonists because they also showed a fascinating selective anti‐inflammatory effect. The phytocoumarins under investigation have selectivity indices that are higher than those of the standards used, suggesting that they may have the ability to selectively block the COX2 enzyme that induces harmful inflammation. Compared to the standards, the phytocoumarins have a higher ability to block the catalytic activity of 5‐LOX. This observation suggests that the phytocoumarins are powerful 5‐LOX agents. Finally, they had a modest antidiabetic impact when tested against two blood‐controlling enzymes. The authors came to the conclusion that the technique adopted is flexible and successful for extraction after modifying its components. Moreover, isolated phytocoumarins in general and natural‐B1 in particular provide naturally derived solutions for oxidative stress and its associated diseases.
Single‐dose ibuprofen induced Stevens–Johnson Syndrome
Authors: Alhatemi Ahmed Qasim Mohammed , Hashim Hashim Talib , Al‐Tarbosh Muhamad Abdulrahman Shyea , Abdulhussain Rand , Hashim Ali Talib
Published: April 2024

Key Clinical Message

Ibuprofen single dose may rarely induce Stevens–Johnson Syndrome, emphasizing the vital need for heightened vigilance in healthcare and public awareness for safer medication practices.

Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a severe and potentially life‐threatening skin disorder associated with certain medications, including ibuprofen. We present a case of a 45‐year‐old woman who developed SJS following a single dose of ibuprofen. Despite its rarity, this case underscores the importance of heightened vigilance in healthcare and public awareness regarding the potential risks of commonly used medications. Prompt recognition of SJS symptoms and immediate medical intervention are crucial for patient outcomes. Healthcare providers should exercise caution when prescribing ibuprofen, particularly in patients with a history of adverse drug reactions. This case emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring, patient education, and informed decision‐making to promote medication safety and optimal patient care.
The necessity of religious and spiritual competence in school counseling
Authors: Niles Jennifer K. , Gutierrez Daniel
Published: April 2024

Scholars have advocated for the integration of spirituality into school counseling; however, school counselor education and professional organizations continue to exclude spiritual/religious competencies from school counselor preparation, professional identity, and practice. The authors offer strategies for incorporating religious and spiritual competence into school counselor education.
Electrochemical C(sp3)−H Functionalization Using Acetic Acid as a Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reagent
Authors: Morii Yuma , Watanabe Taito , Saga Yutaka , Kambe Tetsuya , Kondo Mio , Masaoka Shigeyuki
Published: April 2024

In this study, we developed a novel electrochemical protocol that enables the functionalization of inherently inert C(sp3)−H bonds. In this protocol, one‐electron oxidation of acetic acid was used to successfully generate methyl radical, which cleaves the benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds of the substrates via a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process, and further reaction with the formed species yields the targeted C(sp3)−H functionalized products. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of the use of acetic acid in a HAT process. Notably the reaction has environment‐friendly and fine atom economy nature: the reaction is driven by the electrochemical conditions in the absence of expensive or hazardous reagents, producing only gaseous small molecules, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane, as side products.