bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peculiarities of lobbying regulation in Ukraine in the context of European and Euro-Atlantic integration
Authors: Lazareva M.
Published: September 2024

The article explores the legal nature and specific features of legal regulation of lobbying as a separate legal institution based on a comparative study of the approaches existing in the US, the EU Member States and Ukraine in the context of European and Euro-Atlantic integration processes being a priority area of the foreign policy and legal development of our state. The author analyses the peculiarities of legal regulation of lobbying activities in Ukraine and identifies the key issues of and prospects for the functioning of the practical and theoretical lobbying model in Ukraine in the context of European and Euro-Atlantic integration processes.
On the eve of adoption of the Law of Ukraine ‘On Lobbying’, the lack of proper legislative regulation of lobbying in our country was recognized as a problem of state and social development of the country at the EU and NATO levels. Therefore, the issue on legislative regulation of the activities of entities that influence (lobby) the interests of third parties or groups of parties while adopting legal acts by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, executive authorities and local self-government bodies had to be resolved after the beginning of official negotiations on Ukraine’s accession to the European Union and its rapprochement with the North Atlantic Alliance.
On 23 February 2024, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the Law of Ukraine ‘On Lobbying’ which not only defined the key principles of interaction between officials representing the state authorities and local self-government bodies with the stakeholders and lobbying entities, but also outlined the basic principles, methods and legal framework of lobbying in Ukraine. On 29 November 2023, an adapted Annual National Programme was presented at the meeting of the NATO-Ukraine Council. It became the most concise and practical, as it focuses on reforms in the security and defence sector and democratic transformation tasks that Ukraine is implementing within the framework of its Euro-Atlantic integration.
However, the establishment of the legal institution of lobbying in our state requires amending the existing legal acts that also regulate the terms and procedures for conducting lobbying activities; introducing responsibility of all parties to this process; imposing effective control over the lobbying process; and the impossibility of limiting the participation of civil society organizations in public policy making that should help overcome corruption and fulfill the criteria being necessary for Ukraine’s accession to the EU and NATO.
International Court of Justice as a Court of Human Rights: excessive optimism or reasonable assumption?
Authors: Marusiak O.
Published: September 2024

The article addresses the study of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) as a hypothetical court of human rights. Two questions guide the theoretical reflection and aim of this study: first, can the activities of the Court be viewed through the paradigm of human rights, and second, can the ICJ be considered a functional court of human rights? To answer these questions, the broad concept of a “court of human rights” is used, which refers to an institutionalized judicial mechanism intended to take necessary legal measures to record relevant human rights violations and to protect and restore such rights, regardless of who may be the claimant in such a case (a state or a person). The study demonstrates that it is appropriate to consider the activities of the ICJ through the paradigm of human rights, as evidenced by the Court’s jurisprudence and numerous academic studies in the West. However, after analyzing the relevant arguments and counterarguments, the assumption that the Court can be regarded as a court of human rights is refuted. While many human rights conventions assign a special role to the ICJ in resolving disputes, human rights have never been the sole object of dispute in these proceedings; instead, they have always been part of an interstate dispute. Furthermore, the Court has repeatedly shown an ambiguous attitude towards methods of recording violations of human rights conventions, fact-finding methodology in such cases, and criteria for compensating victims of such violations, which has not contributed to the protection of human rights in relevant cases. The article also emphasizes the importance of the human factor in shaping the Court’s jurisprudence and expresses hope for an evolution of quality in the ICJ’s treatment of human rights, should a majority of judges adopt a human-centred approach to international law.
Use of legal characteristics of human dignity
Authors: Shcherbai I.
Published: September 2024

Value denotes the desired and appropriate, as opposed to the existing, real. To understand the nature of value, the realization that the understanding of reality and truth does not have a clear answer to the question “what is value?” became paramount. Truth answers the question of what reality is, and value answers the question of what is desirable or how something should be. The discovery of the impossibility of representing meaning from a description of what exists (or does not exist) belongs to the English thinker Hume, which became commonly known as Hume’s law. The difference between truth and value has acquired the status of a “fact-value” problem.
In the philosophy of the 20th century, there were always attempts to overcome the chasm that separates the world of empirical reality and the world of values. Some modern philosophers are not inclined to consider this gulf as absolute. By the end of the 19th century value was considered in the context of metaphysics, theology or epistemology, that is, the nature of value was not special, so philosophers did not need a special term to denote value. The 20th century inherited two fundamental groups of concepts regarding the interpretation of the nature of value - objectivist and subjectivist. The line of objectivist understanding of value was initiated by Plato: he understood the idea of good as fundamentally indistinguishable from other ideas, and therefore indistinguishable from truth; the exclusivity of this idea was that, according to Plato, it crowned the hierarchy of all other ideas. In medieval Thomistic theology, the ideas that God released into the world as a result of the act of creation of the whole world and through the appearance of Christ - in particular, through God’s Testament - were considered valuable.
In modern philosophy, in contrast to ancient and medieval philosophy, a predominantly subjectivist understanding of value has been established. According to this position, value belongs to mental objects, the source of which are our desires, interests, feelings, as well as our attitudes. This line of understanding of the nature of value is recognized by many prominent philosophers of the New Age and the beginning of the 20th century: Leibniz, Spinoza, Hobbes, utilitarian philosophers, Perry, Meinong, Stevenson, logical positivists (Iyer, Russell). These philosophers have offered several different versions of the subjectivist interpretation of value: value is a hidden command or order, the source of value is a feeling; the source of value is desire and satisfaction, interests.
International agreements involving Ukraine under the conditions of the state of martial: political and legal dimension
Authors: Tymoshenko O.A.
Published: September 2024

In the article, the author carried out a critical analysis of the content of international treaties concluded with the participation of Ukraine from the moment of the full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine (February 24, 2022) until today. The political and legal significance of such international treaties is defined. The conducted analysis made it possible to generalize international agreements within the following blocks: 1) international security agreements, the subject of which are various aspects of guaranteeing national security and support from international partners.
In particular, this guarantee concerns military support (supply of weapons, equipment and military equipment; provision of training and education for the Ukrainian military; exchange of intelligence information and joint military exercises), economic assistance (financial support to stabilize the economy; funds for the restoration of infrastructure destroyed as a result of the war, etc. 2) agreements on the provision of legal assistance between states, which were also actively concluded during the martial law regime; 3) agreements, the subject of which is the functioning of logistics and industry, first of all, we are talking about the so-called Black Sea grain initiative (the Agreement on the restoration of grain exports with Turkey and the UN was signed on July 22, 2022; the Agreement on free trade with the European Union; the Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union on freight transportation by road transport - the so- called transport visa-free» and others).
It was concluded that in the conditions of martial law, Ukraine quite actively uses the instrument of international relations and international treaties to protect its national interests, ensure the stability of the state and its further European integration. It is important to note that some international documents, including international treaties concluded before the start of a full­scale war, need to be revised or adapted to new realities. In addition, there are certain problematic issues of the implementation of certain types of international treaties in the conditions of martial law. In general, the conclusion of international treaties is an important tool for Ukraine in wartime, which enables it to receive international support, protect its interests and move along the path of European integration. This contributes to the strengthening of Ukraine’s defense capabilities and its resistance to aggression; restoration of the territorial integrity of Ukraine; ensuring the protection of the rights and interests of Ukrainian citizens; further European integration of Ukraine.
The Right of Legislative Initiative: Content and Forms of Implementation
Authors: Panasiuk V.M.
Published: September 2024

The article examines the legal and practical aspects of implementing legislative initiative in Ukraine. The right to initiate legislation represents a fundamental component of a democratic system.
A detailed analysis of the content of the right to legislative initiative was conducted, with the results indicating that the content of the right to legislative initiative encompasses a comprehensive range of issues. The aforementioned rights are subject to variation depending on the subject matter in question, namely the manner in which the right is realised. The differences in the content of the legislative initiative rights of various subjects are due to the necessity of differentiating the legal regulation of functions, which is essential for the implementation of the subjects’ rights in the mechanism of state operation.
Furthermore, the author puts forth a proposal to structure the content of the legislative initiative right by delineating two distinct categories of powers vested in the subjects of this right. The initial section delineates the powers exercised by the subject in relation to their own legislative initiative and the obligations that accompany the submission of an initiative to the Verkhovna Rada. The subsequent section outlines the avenues for participation of subjects of the legislative initiative right in the legislative process with regard to initiatives proposed by other subjects of this right.
On the basis of the analysis, it was concluded that the mechanisms of the exercise of the right of legislative initiative in Ukraine should be improved and the transparency and efficiency of the legislative procedure should be increased. Different approaches to determining the forms and content of the exercise of the right of legislative initiative by different subjects are contained in the different Laws. The issues related to the exercise of the right of legislative initiative will be partially resolved when the amendments to the Rules of Procedure of the Verkhovna Rada come into force. This will, in particular, lead to an improvement in the quality of legislative initiatives and a reduction in the number of cases of abuse of the right of legislative initiative.
Participation of military personnel in contractual obligations
Authors: Krivenko Y.
Published: September 2024

The article is devoted to the study of certain issues related to the participation of military personnel in contractual obligations. The author identifies that the complex processes of formation and development of institutions of civil society, the construction of a legal state, and the reform of the legal system could not help but lead to a change in the legal status of various population groups, the emergence of new subjects of law, which, in turn, influenced the perception and reinterpretation of the concept of “subject of law,” highlighting the distinctive features of such a category as “military personnel-special subjects.” The author states that the definition of the status of military personnel as a special subject of law is significant for the legal regulation of their behavior, determining their status in connection with interaction with other subjects of law - entry into contractual relations. By analyzing the normative legal acts that regulate the legal status of military personnel, gaps have been identified that should be taken into account in the conclusion, performance, and termination of contractual obligations involving military personnel. However, given that the legislator currently does not have a clear algorithm for resolving these issues, they require additional legislative regulation. In the process of research, it was determined that a military serviceman may be a party to civil obligations. Thus, the performance of civil obligations involving military personnel is determined, first of all, by the corresponding articles of the Civil Code, and secondly, by specific types of civil contracts. The author specifies that military personnel enter into contractual relations during their free time from military service: 1) in the military barracks - as customers in the barber’s shop, in military trade and grocery stores - as buyers; 2) when engaging in pedagogical, scientific and other creative activities, if it does not interfere with the performance of military service duties; 3) outside of service and outside the military unit - as passengers, clients, consumers, buyers. In these civil legal relations, military personnel have corresponding obligations as clients, buyers, performers - lecturers, passengers, clients, consumers. The performance of these obligations is determined by the corresponding articles of the Civil Code and civil contracts. The article outlines the problems associated with defining the special status of military personnel and their participation in contractual obligations, and suggests ways to address them.
Contents of the timeshare agreement: european standards and their implementation in the legislation of Ukraine
Authors: Fathutdinova I.V.
Published: September 2024

The scientific article examines European standards for determining the content of a timeshare contract and develops proposals for their implementation in the legislation of Ukraine.
Attention is paid to those approaches to the concepts of «content of the contract», «essential conditions», «incidental conditions», which are developed and established for the doctrine of private law. An analysis of the expediency of making changes to the Civil Code of Ukraine, which reveals the concept of «content of the contract», was carried out. Additionally, the expediency of dividing all the terms of the contract into those that are essential, ordinary and accidental is substantiated.
It has been proven that for a timeshare contract as an undefined contract, the provisions of Part 2 of Art. 628 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, according to which the parties have the right to enter into such an agreement containing elements of several agreements, that is, a mixed agreement. Approaches to the understanding of freedom of contract in the European Union are analyzed, in particular in the Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the Principles of European Contract Law.
Approaches to understanding such essential terms of the timeshare contract as the subject and price of the contract are analyzed. It has been clarified which terms of the timeshare agreement are included in practice when transactions are concluded in the American and European markets.
Requirements within the framework of the EU regarding rules on the language of the timeshare contract, requirements for pre-contractual and contractual information were analyzed. As for the terms, the currently active Directive 2008/122/EC provided that the minimum term for a timeshare contract is not less than one year, instead of the three that were previously provided for, and the link to «immovable» property was also removed, which extended the effect timeshare contracts for accommodation on cruise liners, boats.
It is substantiated that, taking into account the provisions of Directive 2008/122/EC and the conducted research, it is necessary to provide in special provisions of the law that in each timeshare contract, the parties must agree on the subject and price of the contract, provide for the rights and obligations regarding the maintenance and use of the property, in including the periods and terms of use, regulate the conditions for termination of the contract, including unilaterally.
State support of agriculture in the EU: establishment, trends, legal problems
Authors: Hryhorieva K.A.
Published: September 2024

The article examines the legal issues of providing state support to agriculture in the European Union. State support for agriculture is not a frozen, conservative category - its evolution is subject to the main trends in the development of the legal system, the emergence of new threats and the birth of new social needs. Another reform of the European common agricultural policy (CAP) and its agricultural protection component for the period 2021-2027 calls for an urgent need to study the proposed changes in the context of the general evolution of EU legislation on state support for farmers. Understanding the main vectors of such evolution is an important methodological basis for the qualitative development of the concept of reforming domestic agricultural protection legislation. The traced evolution of the agricultural protection legislation of the European Union demonstrates its passing through several successive stages: 1) the stage of emergence and formation (60s-80s of the 20th century);
2) the beginning of a major reorientation of EU agricultural policy (1992-1998); 3) the stage of the emergence of the second pillar of SAP (1999-2002); 4) the stage of the final transition to the format of direct payments (2003-2012); 5) stage of successive greening (2013-2020); 6) modern stage (2021-2027 years). The current stage of development of EU agricultural protection legislation is characterized by such features as: transition from mandatory measures to mandatory results; preserving the methodology of the two pillars of SAP; strengthening of environmental priorities; preservation of social landmarks. An analysis of the retrospective and current state of legislative support for agriculture in the EU reveals three main trends in the development of such legislation: decentralization, greening, and preservation of small farming.
The study of modern agro-protection legislation of Ukraine through the prism of our conclusions will allow us to determine the ratio of methodological bases of state support for farmers in the EU and Ukraine. This is an important scientific and practical foundation for the development of a qualitative concept of reforming domestic legislation. That is why the study of these questions will be the subject of our further scientific investigations.
Functions of the Police in a Modern Democratic State: Essence and Classification
Authors: Ulynets V.I.
Published: September 2024

The article examines the functions of the police in the context of a modern democratic state, their essence and classification. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need for constant adaptation of law enforcement activities to the challenges of modern society, while maintaining a balance between ensuring security and respecting the rights and freedoms of citizens.
The author analyzes various approaches to defining and classifying police functions presented in the works of domestic scholars. Special attention is paid to the transformation of the understanding of police functions from the Soviet period to the present, with an emphasis on their democratic orientation.
The paper thoroughly examines the tasks of the National Police of Ukraine defined by legislation and their impact on shaping the functional orientation of the police. The author emphasizes the importance of preventive and prophylactic activities aimed at preventing offenses as a key function of the police in a democratic society.
Based on the analysis of the regulatory framework and scientific sources, the author proposes his own classification of police functions in a modern democratic state, highlighting five main areas: preventive, protective, crime counteraction, service, and informative functions.
Particular attention is paid to revealing the essence of the concept of «function» as a legal category and its specifics regarding police activities. The author emphasizes the relationship between the functions and tasks of the police, underlining that functions are derived from tasks and serve for their implementation.
In the conclusions, the author offers his own definition of the concept of «functions of the police in a modern democratic state,» emphasizing their transparent formation without political bias and focus on preventing offenses, protecting the rights and legitimate interests of individuals, society, and the state.
Constitutionalism: Selected Issues in the Evolution of Legal Thought
Authors: Byelov D.M. , Bielova M.V.
Published: September 2024

It is noted that establishing criteria for evaluating legal concepts remains one of the unresolved problems in law. Their interpretation often depends more on the subjective view of the legislator or scholar than on legal logic. At the same time, even the most detailed definition cannot encompass the full diversity of legal relations and be universally applicable. Therefore, formulating precise concepts in constitutional law is complicated by the fact that the theory and practice of national and international constitutionalism are still developing, and their terminological apparatus is still forming.
It is pointed out that the concept of «constitutionalism» has become firmly established in modern scientific discourse. Although the term has humanitarian origins, today it finds application in the natural sciences as well. However, «constitutionalism» is most often used in the humanities, especially in jurisprudence.
It is emphasized that most modern states have constitutions that define their structure and procedures for managing various spheres of life. However, the presence of a constitution is not a sufficient condition for recognizing a state as constitutional. The constitutionality of a state is not limited to the existence of a basic law, which may reflect a certain compromise of socio-political forces and establish the state structure and powers of authorities. Even if this law has supremacy over other laws and can be changed only by a special procedure, this does not guarantee true constitutionalism. Thus, a state can have a constitution but not have constitutionalism, and vice versa.
The authors conclude that despite the diversity of models of constitutionalism, common principles can be identified that characterize it as a legal concept:

The supremacy of legal laws, particularly the constitution as the fundamental law;
Legal protection of individual rights and freedoms;
Institutional and legal organization of state power with horizontal and vertical distribution.

It is important to note that the universality of these principles is associated with the transformation of Western society from a religious worldview to a rational perception of the world. This change influenced the ideas about the state and society, contributed to the formation of classical liberal civil society and the concept of an autonomous individual.
Organizational and legal principles of policy formation in the field of science and scientific and technical activity in the system of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine
Authors: Korniienko V.O.
Published: September 2024

The article examines the organizational and legal foundations of policy formation in the field of science and scientific and technical activity in the system of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. The main normative legal acts regulating scientific and scientific and technical activity in the defense sphere, as well as the structure and functions of the bodies carrying out its implementation, were studied. The transformation of scientific and scientific and technical activity to modern realities and the formation of a new scientific system is possible in the conditions of the formation and implementation of the Policy in the field of scientific and scientific and technical activity in the system of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine according to the perspective strategic directions of the development of the scientific and technical sphere: the transition from the policy of preservation to policy of restoration of scientific potential in the field of fundamental research, in particular, of internationally recognized scientific schools of NATO member countries.
Special attention is paid to the analysis of the mechanisms of coordination of scientific research and implementation of innovations in the military sphere. The problems and prospects of the development of scientific and technical policy in the context of ensuring national security and defense capability of Ukraine are analyzed. Ways to improve the regulatory and legal framework and increase the efficiency of management of scientific and technical activities in the system of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine are proposed.
The article uses general scientific methods, in particular, the analysis of scientific literature on the researched problem, comparative analysis and synthesis, a systematic approach to solving problems, as well as methods of generalization and systematization. Transition from the policy of passive observation to the policy of active “choosing” leading positions in the world based on scientific achievements in the field of defense of the country; the implementation of “know-how”, scientific ideas through the support of applied research and development for the development of the capabilities of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the development of high-quality industrial scientific innovations for the state’s defense capability, the transition from the model of expendable science to the model of real commercialization of scientific knowledge.
Separate problems of resolving administrative and legal disputes in Ukraine
Authors: Petelka V.I.
Published: September 2024

The article is devoted to current trends in the development of scientific provisions regarding administrative-legal disputes in the field of administrative justice. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of administrative and legal disputes regarding the provision of human rights and fundamental freedoms. It is indicated that the methodological basis of the research is determined by the object and subject and includes philosophical, general and special scientific methods: dialectical, historical, comparative-legal, formal-logical, methods of analysis and synthesis. The system of used methods of cognition was aimed at solving the tasks and achieving the goal of scientific work. The object of the research is social relations regulated by law, which arise in connection with the interaction of state authorities and local self-government, other bodies that implement public functions with natural and legal entities regarding the adoption of individual or normative administrative acts. The subject of the study is the norms of Ukrainian and foreign legislation on administrative-legal disputes, the practice of application by administrative bodies and courts, doctrinal sources of administrative law, official analytical materials. It was noted that the activities of public authorities, despite the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Procedure» and a large number of secondary legal acts, did not receive a modern legislative foundation in public law. Formation of a single and consistent adequate socio-economic and legal theory of administrative justice, improvement of legal regulation of relevant relations is one of the important problems of public law. It was emphasized that the judicial system faces uncertainty in the public sphere of conflict relations
It was determined that in the context of European integration, the issue of understanding administrative-legal disputes in the Western European doctrine is of interest. The study made it possible to clarify the content of the category of administrative-legal dispute regarding the procedural part and in the context of administrative discretion.
Concept of the migration security in legislation and in the doctrine of administrative law
Authors: Tatomyr Yu.I.
Published: September 2024

The paper is dedicated to issues of the conception of migration security in legislation and doctrine of the Administrative Law. It is stressed in the paper that migration processes in the modern world are a scope of the variety of social relations of the comprehensive safety, legal, management, and economic character that are related to the replacement of residents and non-residents of Ukraine into the state and out of it. This replacement is an object of administrative impact and administration and has an appropriate goal and task. It is suggested to define migration security as a state of security of whole the scope of strategic and regional migration interests of Ukraine, an absence or minimization of internal and external factors of risks. There is outlined, a purpose of governmental impact in the field of migration processes is insuring organization and managemental, and legislative impacts on the migration as a social phenomenon and its specifical expressions; formation of the content of migration relationships, determining the status of its participants; and impacting on factors which lead to violation of established requirements, illegal migration, and which are an object of attention of the state policy within the counteraction to this phenomenon. It is emphasized, that means of ensuring migration security should be current institutional elements of the migration system, built based on wide usage of information technologies, digitalization of management processes and making administrative-managemental solutions, integration of databases, and wide use of biometric identification tools, professional training of officials of the State Migration Service, and clear regulative regulation of activities. Compliance with the requirements of international cooperation and the state’s unwavering fulfillment of international legal obligations, organization and legal ensuring transparent visa policy and support, balanced institutional system of the administration of migration processes, active law enforcement activities and cooperation, the use of the latest means of migration control through the use of biometric document flow, maintaining demographic and other types of registers, with unconditional compliance with the requirements for the protection of personal data, ensuring the administrative and legal possibility of interaction between the subjects of migration policy are significant principles of the state migration policy.
Functions of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine under martial law
Authors: Yara O. , Svitlichnyy O.
Published: September 2024

In order to clarify law enforcement functions, the article analyzes the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine: «On National Security of Ukraine», «On the Legal Regime of Martial Law», «On the Defense of Ukraine», «On Military- Civil Administrations», Decree of the President of Ukraine. About the Comprehensive strategic plan for the reform of law enforcement agencies as part of the security and defense sector of Ukraine for 2023-2027 and scientific opinions, the category «law enforcement function of the state» was investigated. It was established that in the Ukrainian state there is a significant number of law enforcement agencies, as well as other state agencies, which, in addition to the performance of the main tasks, are entrusted with the performance of certain law enforcement functions. Attention is drawn to the fact that legislative acts in general do not provide a final idea of which bodies should be considered law enforcement. Attention is drawn to the fact that after February 24, 2022, Ukraine was subjected to full-scale military aggression by the Russian Federation, as a result of which a martial law regime was introduced in the country, which provides for a special legal regime and which limited the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, and the law enforcement functions of the state, its law enforcement officers bodies was significantly expanded in order to ensure national security, territorial integrity of the state. It was established that under the influence of an external factor, namely military aggression, the law enforcement internal function of the state underwent significant changes, which in turn affected the activities of all state bodies, including law enforcement agencies. The conclusions emphasize that the lack of a normative definition of the system of law enforcement bodies affects the implementation of law enforcement functions, inhibits the activity of law enforcement bodies, which in general negatively affects the law enforcement function of the state, and therefore the state needs to define the system of law enforcement bodies, which in general will have a positive effect on the implementation of law enforcement functions of the state. Thus, the author’s vision of the law enforcement function is given in the article and the author’s recognition of the concept of «law enforcement function of the state» is given.
Fighting cyber crimes: the experience of certain foreign countries
Authors: Golin I.V.
Published: September 2024

Today, issues related to the legislative consolidation of combating cybercrimes are very relevant. This direction is promising and, in our opinion, one of the main ones for state authorities. The timely adoption of current legislation is an impetus for the formation of a system and mechanisms for combating virtual illegal actions. In these conditions, the relevance and timeliness of normative legal acts determines the directions, mechanisms and methods of protection of society and the state.
Based on the analysis of the experience of foreign countries, the author analyzed modern changes in the field of cybercrimes. It has been established that the process of legislative fight against cybercrimes in foreign countries began as early as the 20th century. The main, fundamental legal acts forming the countermeasure system were also adopted at that time, and most of them are still in effect. However, this does not mean at all that the modern system of combating cybercrime is based exclusively on acts adopted in the last century.
In the conditions of an aggressive war, such a thief becomes a combat unit, and his main tool is cyber attacks and hacking. In addition, during the martial law, attacks are possible not only from the enemy, who uses the information space to harm Ukraine’s defense capabilities, but also from those who have decided to take advantage of the situation when law enforcement agencies are overburdened, and to profit from the funds of our citizens
It is noted that the modern world is changing rapidly due to such factors as computerization, globalization and informatization, permanent war. In these conditions, technologies and techniques are constantly updated, which leads to rapid changes in the criminal sphere, especially in the field of cybercrimes. New malicious programs, fraudulent schemes and types of computer attacks pose new challenges to the state in the field of countermeasures. Therefore, the legislator adopts new changes to the current legal framework and introduces completely new acts. Therefore, a characteristic feature of the global response to new threats in the information world is the adoption of changes to the current legislation of Ukraine.
The timeliness of necessary defense as its primary element
Authors: Kostura B.V.
Published: September 2024

In this article, the concept of necessary defense is examined through the lens of timeliness, which is one of the most challenging aspects of justifiable self-defense. The relevance of this issue is heightened due to the importance and general complexity of interpreting and applying an individual’s right to necessary defense in practice. This right serves as a guarantee for upholding justice and protecting an individual’s life, health, or property when faced with aggression. The topic is significant for both practicing lawyers and scholars, as it touches upon fundamental principles of justice and jurisprudence.
The article emphasizes timeliness as a crucial characteristic of necessary defense. Analysis of U.S. legislation and case law demonstrates that defensive actions must occur exclusively during the period of actual threat to be justified. In other words, protective actions should only last as long as the dangerous aggression persists, requiring immediate prevention or cessation. This includes moments of actual attack as well as the creation of a real threat of attack.
Examining the concepts of “premature” and “belated” defense helps deepen our understanding of the legal framework surrounding timeliness. Premature defense refers to actions taken before the threat arises, leading to liability on general grounds. Belated defense occurs after the aggression has ceased, and the legitimacy of such actions depends on the defender’s awareness of the absence of further threat.
The conclusions presentedin thearticle underscore the importance of timeliness in assessing the legitimacy of necessary defense. Timeliness not only prevents abuse of the right to self-defense but also contributes to fair and well-founded justice. Thus, timeliness stands as a fundamental characteristic that defines the boundaries of necessary defense and balances the right to protection with the demands of maintaining order.
The Effectiveness of Multicomponent Exercise Combined with Art Therapy on Balance, Stress and Anxiety Among Community Dwelling Elderly: A Pilot Study
Authors: Shuhaimi Syafiqah , Azizan Azliyana
Published: September 2024

Introduction: According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia, the population aged 60 years and above has rose and Malaysia is estimated to be an aging country by 2030 as 15% of the population are elderly. As Malaysia's aging population increase, the physically inactive population increases. This study is to assess the effectiveness of eight weeks intervention of multicomponent exercise combined with art therapy on balance, stress, and anxiety among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A single randomized trial control pilot study was conducted on 37 community-dwelling older adults were randomly allocated into three groups (i) multicomponent exercise (Exercise, n=12), (ii) multicomponent exercise combined with art therapy (Combined, n=13), (iii) art therapy (Art, n=12). Participants were given tasks according to groups allocated and needed to complete the task within eight weeks. Balance performance was measured via Time Up and Go test (TUG), while stress and anxiety were assessed via components in the Bahasa Malaysia version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (BM DASS-21). A repeated-measure ANOVA was used for data analysis. Results: Compared to the pre-intervention, all three groups showed a significant effect of time for balance performance, stress, and anxiety, (p<0.05) but no statistically significant differences in the three variables were found between the three groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Eight weeks intervention of multicomponent exercise combined with art therapy had shown positive effect on balance, stress, and anxiety among community dwelling older adults. This study recommends integrating multicomponent interventions into rehabilitation program among older adults by healthcare practitioner particularly physiotherapist to achieve healthy aging.
Oesophagopleural Fistula and Empyema Following Fishbone Migration
Authors: Aliyas Siti Aisyah , Tuan Habib Syarifah Najihah , Abdullah Khairudin , Mohamad Irfan
Published: September 2024

Fishbone is one of the most commonly ingested foreign body encountered. Patient may present with foreign body sensation, dysphagia, odynophagia and drooling of saliva with positive history of foreign body ingestion. Depending on the site of impaction, it can either be removed in clinic setting or it may need surgical intervention, while some of the cases require further radiological imaging in order to locate the fishbone. In rare circumstances, the symptoms persist or worsen, possibly due to complications that may arise during surgery or the degree of severity of fishbone impaction itself. Herein we reported a case of migrated fishbone complicated with neck abscess and lung empyema following its migration.
Виробництво в сучасних креативних індустріях у контексті розвитку візуальних мистецтв
Authors: Матяш Сергій Вікторович
Published: September 2024

Статтю присвячено аналізу потенціалу досвіду продюсування аудіовізуального мистецтва в подоланні викликів просування візуальних мистецтв. А також дослідженню сучасного розвитку соціокультурної сфери, що не лише висуває вимоги до управління креативними індустріями, а й потребує значних зусиль у її вивченні та підготовці відповідних фахівців. У цьому контексті досвід продюсера та його компетенцій набуває нових якостей і визначень. Встановлено, що виконання продюсерських функцій у сучасних креативних проєктах передбачає, з одного боку, розуміння змін, які відбуваються в сучасному гуманітарному просторі, а з іншого – значної кількості нових професійних управлінських дефіцитів. Відповідних особистісних якостей, професійних і підприємницьких. Саме поєднання цих складових частин допомагає підвищити рівень продюсерського менеджменту. Показано, що відповідне поєднання якостей затребуване й в умовах необхідності просування візуального мистецтва в медіа, менеджменту складних мистецьких і мистецько-виробничих проєктів. Рівень сучасного виробничого менеджменту є своєрідним індикатором і водночас каталізатором гуманітарного розвитку суспільства. Спрогнозовано, яким чином візуальні мистецтва в сучасних умовах розвитку культури, медіа та креативних індустрій змінюються в пошуках відповідей на нові виклики. З’ясовано, що передбачити такі виклики можна також і з урахуванням досвіду іншого виду мистецтва – аудіовізуального. Так, у сучасних умовах можна зіставити ролі арткуратора або художника, який опікується просуванням особистого бренду у візуальних мистецтвах, і продюсера в аудіовізуальному мистецтві. З метою актуалізації наукового діалогу навколо потенціалу використання досвіду аудіовізуального мистецтва окреслено перспективні напрями подальших досліджень.
Відчуття та інтуїція як засоби образотворчого мистецтва
Authors: Никифоров Андрій Михайлович
Published: September 2024

Статтю присвячено проблемі використання відчуття й інтуїції як засобів в образотворчому мистецтві. Визначається вплив відчуттів та інтуїції на всіх етапах розроблення художнього твору, від формулювання ідеї до миті визначення художником завершеності композиції. Теоретичні положення дослідження унаочнюються прикладами практичної розробки авторського мистецького проєкту «Міф про Корабель пам’яті». Розкриваються особливості впливу відчуття й інтуїції в умовах непередбачуваності результату, що характерні для будь-якої мистецької діяльності. В образотворчій діяльності, навіть коли художник свідомо визначає теоретико-методологічну модель (принципи, підходи та художні методи, якими він користується), постає можливість надзвичайної складності взаємозв’язків між окремими елементами. Водночас будь-які зв’язки елементів художнього твору остаточно визначаються суто щодо один до одного, що ускладнює передбачення вірогідного результату. Також відносність елементів художнього твору не підлягає визначенню в рамках критеріїв правильності рішення. Остаточне рішення завершеного твору може бути визначене лише більш вдалим щодо попереднього, за відчуттям та інтуїцією автора. Водночас осмислена організація теоретико-методичних основ мистецької діяльності дозволяє передбачити результат або ж завершену форму художнього твору як поле вірогідності результату. І водночас у рамках поля вірогідності основну роль відіграють відчуття й інтуїція, які визначають вибір між відносними рішеннями й остаточну завершеність твору.
Пленер у живописі Костянтина Ломикіна: трансформація образу від «безпосереднього враження» до «опосередкованого художнього перетворення»
Authors: Носенко Анна Іванівна
Published: September 2024

У статті розглядається творчість одного з видатних митців Одеси, народного художника України Костянтина Матвійовича Ломикіна, у широкому часовому діапазоні. Наслідуючи традиції одеських митців, художник обрав роботу на пленері як основний художній метод. У творах раннього періоду (початок 1950-х років), які мали характер жанрових композицій, його увагу було зосереджено не на сюжеті, а на вирішенні живописних завдань, пов’язаних із пленером. Художнику було притаманне бажання досконалого вивчення закономірностей світла і тіні на натурному мотиві. Початок 1950-х років був «епохою» опанування контражуру, що дало в майбутньому поштовх до пошуків більш умовного декоративного рішення. Еволюція живописної мови проявилась в очищенні палітри від важких чорних і коричневих відтінків. Допомагало уважне вивчення зібрання Одеського художнього музею, зокрема творів К.К. Костанді та В.М. Синицького. Поступово живопис К.М. Ломикіна стає дедалі декоративнішим. Художник набуває впевненого «ліплення форми» широкими мазками чистим яскравим кольором, проявляється визначеність маси у просторі, чіткість силуетів. Форму він передає завдяки світло-кольоровому моделюванню – колір освітлення і відповідно до нього колір тіней із багатством рефлексних взаємин. Митець мав методичний підхід: кожного разу, перед тим, як іти на пленер, він ставив собі живописне завдання. Це сприяло зосередженості та прагненню до художнього перетворення натурного мотиву. У мистецтві Одеси К.М. Ломикін виробив індивідуальний упізнаваний художній стиль, якому притаманні поєднання якостей декоративності (гармонії великих колірних відносин, ясність силуетів, сплощення простору, графічність, експресія широкого мазка) з рисами пленерної живописності (зображення кольорів предметів у взаємодії зі світлоповітряним середовищем).