bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY TO SHIPBOARD USE: NEAR AND FAR‐TERM
Authors: SWAIN RONALD A. , POYER DAVID C.
Published: March 2009

Transmission of multiplexed data by means of optical fibers — pulses of light, conducted through channels of glass — offers many advantages over conventional multiwire systems. Optical fiber is lighter, is easier to run, is cheaper to install, is fireproof, and resists shock, and is inherently resistant to EMI and EMP. It has been proven in commercial use.

Responding to these advantages, programs have been underway for several years to provide specifications for shipboard application of fiber optic connectors, couples, splices, penetrators, sources, and detectors. This effort is near its successful end, and the first operational shipboard application has been approved.

Fiber optic systems will thus be moving into shipboard use very soon. Their advent has required shipbuilders and designers to reexamine their body of knowledge concerning data systems design, cable and system installation, and shipboard testing. The impending introduction of additional optical instrumentation — gyroscopes, sensors, and the like — will add to the scope of this change.

This paper provides a brief overview of fiber optic principles; a discussion of the status of standardization; a description of the first production system design; planned installation procedures; and some thoughts on the future of optical communication/sensing aboard ships of the 1990s and later.
THE USE OF REAL‐TIME MANEUVERING SIMULATIONS IN THE CONTRACT DESIGN EVALUATION OF A SALVAGE SHIP
Authors: MILLER EUGENE R. , VAN DYKE PETER , LORD RICHARD S. , CONRAD REILLY E.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the use of a maneuvering simulation in the evaluation of a ship's performance during the design stage. The specific case investigated is the new U.S. Navy Rescue Salvage Ship ARS‐50. The objective of the simulation program was to verify the acceptability of the ship's maneuvering performance in a wide range of missions. The Ship Maneuvering Simulator at Hydronautics, Inc. was used. This simulator has relatively simple equipment and displays coupled to very complete mathematical models.

Required ship missions were reviewed, and a group of representative scenarios was developed for evaluation purposes. These included open‐water maneuvers, maneuvers around docks and piers, approach and station‐keeping on a stranded ship in shallow water, approach to a drifting ship, and towing of a disabled ship.

The simulations were carried out by experienced naval officers with service on ARS Class ships and knowledge of the maneuvering and performance requirements of such vessels. The officers evaluated the performance of the ARS‐50 on its ability to carry out the required missions and its performance relative to existing ships. The maneuvering performance of the ARS‐50 was found to be acceptable, and recommendations were made relative to some modification of the ship control system.
EXPERIENCES WITH REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION ABOARD USS FLETCHER
Authors: ADAMSON WAYNE L. , PIZZINO JOSEPH F. , SMITH WILBUR
Published: March 2009

As part of a program to develop reverse osmosis (RO) desalination systems for shipboard freshwater production, the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center worked with the Naval Sea Systems Command to install a 12,000 gal/day, two‐stage RO plant aboard USS Fletcher (DD 992) in 1981. The first stage provides potable water (less than 500 parts/million total dissolved solids) for crew needs; the second stage provides high purity water (less than 2 parts/million of total dissolved solids) for boiler makeup. The plant has been producing acceptable water quality and quantity despite some materials related problems. The system design has proven to be well suited for minimizing manning and maintenance requirements. A 12,000 gal/day “ship quality” RO system is now under contract to meet Navy needs for a reliable, minimum weight and volume, low energy desalination plant for future surface ships. The preproduction plant will be required to meet stringent reliability requirements as well as shock, vibration, and noise specifications as part of the process for obtaining approval for full production. This paper describes the technology developments necessary to achieve the present naval performance levels and discusses plans for future applications.
MATERIALS PROBLEMS IN UNDERWATER MINES
Authors: JOHNSTON JACK L.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses some significant materials problems, which, until corrected, drastically affected reliability and, in some cases, safety of underwater mines. Means of avoiding these problems in the future are presented. These problems involve hydrogen embrittlement, stress‐corrosion cracking and general corrosion stemming from inherent material weaknesses, material incompatibilities, poor specifications and faulty manufacturing processes.
THE VALUE OF REDUCING SHIP MOTIONS
Authors: BROWN DAVID K.
Published: March 2009

The fighting effectiveness of surface warships is degraded in bad weather reducing the return on the capital invested in them. This paper offers a simple methodology linking degradation in a given sea state, the frequency of occurrence of various sea states and the cost of one day at sea. An example shows the cash return on improving seakeeping.
DON'T MAKE IT BIGGER —PLEASE!
Authors: HEMOND HAROLD C.
Published: March 2009

With attack submarines, the laws of physics assure that a bigger ship will not be a better ship. Speed increases, depth increases, and cost reductions are all associated with smaller submarines. Factors that can be controlled to reduce the size of the attack design, including better control of lead ballast, drastic reductions in crew size, and innovative ideas on reducing machinery weight and space as well as storing, handling and launching weapons are discussed. A conceptual design attack submarine that embodies the ideas described is presented.
ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION FROM U.S. NAVY SHIPS — THE FIRST TEN YEARS
Authors: GEYER ANDREW T. , SPENCE JAMES A.
Published: March 2009

Increasing public concern over the decline of our national environmental quality resulted in the passage of Public Law 92–500, “The Federal Water Pollution Control Act.” Issuance of subsequent executive orders, including 12088 of 13 October 1978, directed all federal facilities, including naval ships, to comply with all federal, state and local pollutant discharge regulations. This requirement is promulgated to the naval forces afloat by the Chief of Naval Operations via OPNAV INST 5090.1 of 26 May 1983.

The early 1970s saw the evolution of an aggressive U.S. Navy research and development program in the area of shipboard pollution control. Early efforts focused on the development of flow‐through type marine sanitation devices (MSDs). However, available commercial technology could not produce a reliable and easily maintainable device which was capable of consistently meeting the effluent discharge requirements established by the U.S. Coast Guard.

Anticipating the April 1981 compliance date, the Navy committed to installing a collection, holding and transfer (CHT) system on board most of its vessels. Between 1973 and 1983, over 430 ships and 400 small craft had been fitted with MSDs. In addition, 53 Navy ships have had a state‐of‐the‐art oily waste treatment systems installed in anticipation of future requirements.

This paper addresses major installation, operation and maintenance problems encountered and lessons learned over the last decade. Ongoing efforts leading to the design of optimized shipboard pollution abatement equipment are also discussed.
SHIPBOARD GAS GENERATION USING MOLECULAR SIEVES
Authors: ORTMANN ROBERT A. , WOERNER JOSEPH A.
Published: March 2009

Molecular sieve pressure swing adsorption is a method of filtering unwanted gases from air to produce nitrogen or oxygen. This technology is being used to provide pilot breathing oxygen and inerting nitrogen for fuel tanks in military aircraft. Large scale plants are being developed for shipboard use with a goal of replacing aircraft carrier cryogenic plants and possibly using dry nitrogen in place of electronic dry air on some ships.
SHIP OVERHA ULS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE IN PRIVATE SHIPYARDS
Authors: CULVER JOHN A.
Published: March 2009

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of quality assurance activities for waterfront operations at private shipyards for Navy ship overhauls. It treats the inspection required by ship repair contractors, the function of the supervisor of shipbuilding (SupShip) related to quality assurance, the interfaces between the personnel of the contractor, SupShip and ship's force, the struggle between production and quality, and the necessity for quality assurance engineers in waterfront operations.
A REVIEW OF WATER EMULSIFIED FUEL INVESTIGATIONS FOR SHIPBOARD APPLICATIONS
Authors: STRANDELL PATRICIA A. , SCHAB HENRY W.
Published: March 2009

A comprehensive summary of a survey on research into the theory and application of water‐emulsified fuel is presented. Its potential impact on diesel, boiler, and gas turbine shipboard power plants is discussed in terms of fuel consumption, maintenance, emissions, and safety.

Intermediate grade to heavy fuel oils emulsified with 6% to 10% water have the most potential for cost savings in shipboard propulsion systems. Maintenance is reduced in boilers and is significantly lower for all power plants. Water‐emulsified fuel burns more cleanly and offers the potential for improved safety.
SHIP DESIGN COMPUTER PROGRAMS —AN INTERPOLATIVE TECHNIQUE
Authors: BROWER KENNETH S. , WALKER KENNETH W.
Published: March 2009

Naval ship design synthesis computer programs, the original development of which was pioneered by the U.S. Navy, are now used by the U.S. Navy to conduct feasibility design studies and to conduct reverse engineering analyses of foreign ships. The use of these computer programs has substantially reduced the time and cost of conducting feasibility design trade‐off studies and has allowed the ship designer to develop very accurate design solutions that can be effectively used as the basis for preliminary and contract design.

The paper describes an interpolative technique for ship design which the authors have developed and incorporated in a variety of ship design synthesis computer programs, without any loss in the accuracy of the design solution. The interpolative technique short cuts the classic and time consuming design spiral approach to conducting ship design studies, which was incorporated in the original ship design computer programs. The interpolative technique also significantly reduces computer operating costs and provides the ship designer with the flexibility required to quickly study the performance and cost impact of using any number of innovative ship configurations.

The paper describes programming techniques and ship design logic which allow a ship design computer program to be used to study the impact of using alternative ship design criteria and practices, including different types of hull forms and stability criteria. Also discussed are alternative ways that ship design parametric data can be developed for use in a ship design synthesis computer program. An example of a ship design study which was conducted using the interpolative technique is shown.
SYSTEM CONCEPT AND CRITERIA FOR BATTLE GROUP DECISION MAKING
Authors: ABRAHAM DAVID
Published: March 2009

The command and control system problem associated with the battle group, an ad hoc assemblage of naval resources, with the mission of achieving a predetermined objective as assigned by higher authority, is discussed. After restatement of the problem, criteria for evaluating system concepts are proposed. Emphasis is placed on combat environments.

A concept for development of a battle group command and control system consistent with existing command philosophy and functional partition is presented. The philosophic principle is command by exception in a multi‐hierarchical structure. Functional partition into warfare areas such as ASW, AAW, and ASUW provides the basis for the multiple branches of the hierarchy.

Finally, the system criteria are applied to the battle group command and control concept presented herein. The resulting evaluation demonstrates that the conceptual system is readily implementable and can meet battle group operational needs.
ELECTRONIC MODULE DESIGN EVALUATION BY THERMAL IMAGING ANALYSIS
Authors: HOFFER KIP O. , SHAW THOMAS W. , ROBERTSON LARRY D.
Published: March 2009

Thermal imaging (or thermography) is a noncontact measurement technique which can determine the temperature of an object by measuring the amount of infrared radiation generated by the object. Since it is a noncontact method of temperature measurement, thermal imaging is useful in almost any situation where the surfaces to be measured are in motion, electrically hot, changing temperature rapidly or where a contact measurement would tend to upset a thermal balance. This paper reviews the work being done at the Naval Weapons Support Center, Crane, Indiana, in the areas of thermal imaging and thermal design verification of electronic modules.
POTENTIAL NAVAL SHIPBOARD APPLICATION OF NONAZEOTROPIC ENERGY CONVERSION
Authors: WU CHIH , HWANG BAOCHUAN C.
Published: March 2009

The thermodynamic performance of an energy conversion device may be improved potentially by using a nonazeotropic mixture in a vapor cycle. A nonazeotropic mixture has a temperature distribution parallel to that of the surrounding fluid with which heat transfer takes place during the evaporation and condensation processes. Interest has increased in recent years in the use of nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures to improve the performance of energy conversion devices. This report surveys developments in nonazeotropic energy conversion, describes the theory of a nonazeotropic energy conversion cycle, predicts energy savings possible from use of nonazeotropic energy conversion devices, and discusses potential naval shipboard application of such an energy conversion cycle.
THE OPERATIONAL CONCEPT AS A COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM ENGINEERING TOOL
Authors: WARD RAYMOND E.
Published: March 2009

The battle force level information exchange architecture, which includes the tactical communications suite, identifies many of the challenges that drive the new warfare system architecture and engineering initiative. The evolving architecture and functional allocations give new emphasis to the role of tactical communications in support of the various warfare areas. The information transfer system (ITS) as described in this architecture provides a new perspective from which user requirements can be better defined. However, there remains a need for further quantification of communications requirements and of user concurrence.

In the exchange involving the provider's question, “What do you need?” and the user's response, “What do you have?”, the dialogue that follows often results in major operational requirement disconnects. These disconnects are driven by diverse provider/user perceptions of the relevant development time frames and often obscure future operational concepts. Part of this disparity is directly attributable to the factors of interoperability, forward and backward compatibility and joint program aspects that characterize the communications system development process.

With an agreed ITS architecture and well‐structured system engineering process, the missing ingredient in the user/provider dialogue is the concept of operations. A properly structured and coordinated concept placed in the future threat environment, reflecting future tactics and incorporating available technology can do much to improve the definition and understanding of operational requirements. This is particularly true in the continually changing arena of tactical communications systems.
DEVEL OPMENT OF AN ADVANCED AIR CONDITIONING PLANT FOR DDG‐51 CLASS SHIPS
Authors: HELMICK RICHARD L. , UNKEL BRUCE G. , CROMIS ROBERT A. , HERSHEY A. LYNN
Published: March 2009

An advanced performance R‐114 centrifugal air conditioning plant is being developed for DDG‐51 class ships. This plant will occupy 25% less volume than comparable existing fleet units, weigh 25% less, consume 35–40% less energy and incorporate reliability improvements. The size and weight savings result from the use of advanced heat transfer surfaces i.e., corrugated nucleate boiling tubes in the evaporator and finned titanium tubes in the condenser.

Energy savings are achieved with a more energy efficient thermodynamic cycle, a subcooler, a 97% efficient motor, narrowing the difference between refrigerant evaporating and condensing temperatures, and a compressor designed specifically for R‐114. This latter feature provides a broad efficient range of head and flow without the need for inefficient hot gas bypass. Reliability improvements result from the titanium condenser, sealed insulation motor and the use of an all electronic control system.

The development of the unit is described, test results provided and a basis for the energy savings presented.
A PROBABILITY BASED LOAD ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR SHIP STRUCTURE DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
Authors: RICHARDSON WILLIAM M.
Published: March 2009

Rationales for using reliability based techniques for technology evaluation and design are presented. The use of a method for estimating lifetime loads, applicable to any ship type, is presented using primary structural load estimation as an example. The sequence leading from model design considerations and testing through the formulation of structural criteria is explained and illustrated using SES examples. The principal emphasis is upon overall or global loads although the method can be applied to local loads. The method provides a means of quantifying load differences due to variations in a commonly used structural load probability distribution, mission requirements, operating environment, vessel lifetime, and service life reliability. An example showing the effect upon displacement for changes in primary load exceedence is shown. The method of load estimation used here, once experimental (or theoretical) data are available, is shown to be no more difficult to apply than currently used deterministic methods, thus allowing quantitative estimates of certain technology changes to be made quickly.
THE HISTORY OF ALUMINUM AS A DECKHOUSE MATERIAL
Authors: SIELSKI ROBERT A.
Published: March 2009

The use of aluminum as a structural material for deckhouses goes back to the 1890s. The alloys first used had corrosion problems, so use was ended until the mid 1930s, when it was reintroduced as panels riveted to steel frames. Riveted construction was replaced with all welded construction in the 1950s. Improved alloys and welding greatly reduced corrosion problems. Cracking of the welded construction caused another maintenance problem. Aluminum continued to be the standard deckhouse material because its use reduced topside weight by one half. Aluminum's maintenance problems and poor performance in fires has led to its elimination from current ship designs. With this change in design philosophy, it appears that a chapter in U.S. Navy ship design has been closed. This paper reviews the experiences of the past, with a look toward the future use of aluminum in combatant ship design.
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING — A SOLUTION TO THE EMI PANDEMIC
Authors: GRICH RICHARD J. , BRUNINGA ROBERT E.
Published: March 2009

There are severe electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems which are pandemic throughout the fleet with both known and unknown impact on the operational performance of ships. This paper suggests that the key solution to the EMI pandemic is to develop an engineering discipline in electromagnetics (EM) comparable to the stature of naval architecture and marine engineering to embed EM design considerations and tradeoffs throughout the ship and equipment design processes. Such an engineering discipline to electromagnetics, and a Navy management commitment to its implementation, would prevent EMI by allowing the use of engineering budgets, allocations, and margins based on predicted EM fields in optimization and design toward well defined performance requirements. The EM engineering discipline would rely on gathering existing resources, developing new approaches where needed, and implementing new steps in the ship design process to accomplish these objectives: (1) use of improved techniques for EM environment prediction, (2) identification of quantifiable performance measures, (3) developing the body of knowledge and traceability between performance and EM effects, (4) selection of ship and equipment design features based on EM considerations, and (5) iteration of the ship design based on EM results.
16‐IN GUN BLAST AND THE BATTLESHIP REACTIVATION PROGRAM
Authors: YAGLA JON J.
Published: March 2009

Reactivated and modernized USS Iowa class battleships employ many new systems, none of which were designed to withstand blast from 16‐inch guns. Placement of the new equipment was driven by the need to impose the smallest possible restrictions on the guns. The design problem was complicated by two factors: first, the blast overpressure field surrounding the gun had not been accurately measured with modern instruments. Second, the blast overpressure tolerance of several important systems was unknown. The problem was solved through judicious placement of the equipment so that work could begin on the ship. Meanwhile the pressure surrounding a 16‐inch gun was measured at the Dahlgren Laboratory. Mathematical functions describing the blast field were then used to design shipboard experiments in which the guns were fired at progressively more severe angles of train and elevation, while the equipment performance was carefully monitored. Four sets of shipboard experiments were required. Limiting values for the firing arcs have been determined, and the consequences of exceeding the recommended limits are now known.
PERFORMANCE OF THE SHINPADS SERIAL DATA BUS FOR FRIGATE‐CLASS SHIPS
Authors: LCDR A. ROGER KAYE & , STARCHUK GARY J.
Published: March 2009

The paper presents performance results for the SHINPADS serial data bus operating in the environment of a modern, frigate‐class ship using a combination of point‐to‐point links for certain major applications systems and the shared, SHINPADS bus for others. The traffic model used is representative of experience in the design of new ships of this type. It is shown that the bus has adequate performance for the expected traffic load. In addition it is shown that, as traffic increases, delay problems will show up in the application processor environment before there is any significant degradation of the performance of the bus. The value of the provision of several classes of priority on the bus is also investigated.
ROCKET MOTOR DESIGN FOR UNDERWATER SHOCK
Authors: YAGLA JON J.
Published: March 2009

Naval ships and equipment are designed to survive underwater shock. The underwater shock can result from a nearby explosion of a bomb or missile, or the underwater detonation of a nuclear weapon. The shock wave travels through the water and applies an impulsive pressure load to the ship. The ship responds by a sudden acceleration in a direction up and away from the explosion. The motion of the ship is imparted to its weapons and equipment. In the case of Standard missile, impulsive loads are applied to the missiles stowed in the magazines.

The evolutionary design of rocket motor chambers and launch shoes for Standard missile for underwater shock is traced from the early Tartar missile to the latest version of Standard missile. As the weight of the missile has increased and the performance requirements have become more demanding, the design of the weapon for underwater shock has become more difficult.

The paper explains the design approaches and techniques. Theoretical and experimental methods have been required. Finally, the paper highlights the experiences and problems in conducting underwater shock experiments with production systems in ships at sea.
APPLICATION OF A GENERAL PURPOSE CAD SYSTEM IN THE DDG‐51 DESIGN PROCESS
Authors: AYERS RANDY E. , CALLAHAN PATRICK J. , KASSEL BEN
Published: March 2009

This paper describes how the Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea) applied computer‐aided design (CAD) to the DDG‐51 class ship design. CAD tools and techniques are described along with a discussion on how new modes of operation, procedures, and standards are being introduced to take full advantage of CAD technology. Because geometric modeling techniques and geometric model analysis are major purposes of a CAD system they are described in detail. An explanation of how the model interfaces with other design tools is also presented. A summary of the computer applications implemented during the DDG‐51 design is provided and areas which require additional consideration and future development are identified.
Computer Aided Engineering and Shock Analysis for the Foundation of a Modularized Vertical Launching System
Authors: WU PHILIP Y. , KANE HARRY P. , ELDER ROBERT R. , REEVE KENNETH M.
Published: March 2009

The major objective of this paper is to describe a computer aided methodology for structural integration and analysis. Using the example of recent work in the installation of modular gun and vertical launch missile systems in warships, the reader is guided through a typical case of computer aided structural design and shock analysis, how the models are defined and tested, how the models are modified in order to be compatible with computer capacity, how structural elements are selected to simplify computations, and finally how the results of these operations are used to define the final product before construction and installation.

With the maturation of the computer aided process as applied to the whole ship product, more attention must be focused on improving the individual elements of computer aided design (CAD), computer aided engineering (CAE) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and the integration of these processes and their products through computer integrated manufacturing (CIM).

The application of the CAE techniques described herein to large maritime systems such as combatant, auxiliary and support, and commercial ships and to other large structures such as semisubmersible and fixed platforms is powerful and highly in demand. There is now a means to optimize large structural systems in terms of their discrete subsystems and components and harmonize the entire design while providing the proper design integrity at each successive level of detail.
Chemical Contamination Survivability of Equipment
Authors: FEENEY JOSEPH J.
Published: March 2009

As the desire for chemical warfare (CW) capability has developed among the nations of the world, the need for equipment, as well as personnel, to survive in a chemically contaminated environment increases. Navy facilities, vessels and operations are possible targets for CW attack. Chemical contamination and decontamination can cause significant damage to Navy equipment and material.

Requirements for DOD components to address nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) contamination Survivability —consisting of decontaminability, hardness to both agents and decontaminants, and compatibility of equipment with personnel dressed in full NBC protective ensemble — have been established by DOD Instruction 4245.13. Design and material considerations addressing CW contamination Survivability should be planned early in the development and acquisition cycles of new equipment/systems for the Navy.
Surface Ship Machinery —Assessing Weight Reduction Potential
Authors: DOYLE TIMOTHY J.
Published: March 2009

Propulsion, electrical and auxiliary machinery, together with fuel occupies approximately 40 percent of the displacement of current surface combatants. Improved technologies, collectively applied, have the potential to reduce this machinery/fuel fraction to less than 30 percent of displacement, while simultaneously improving other ship performance characteristics. This weight based analysis compares a variety of developmental machinery systems for surface combatants. Propulsion, ship service, and auxiliary system candidates are examined individually and in combinations, with the resultant system weight reduction reflecting improved machinery efficiency and power density. Together with consideration of signature reduction, development status and other salient factors, the calculated improvements support the vigorous development of regenerated gas turbine engines which concurrently reduce fuel rates and stack temperatures; integration of propulsion and ship service power generation; reversing transmission, especially electrically driven, nacelle mounted, contrarotating propeller systems with the potential for significantly reduced cavitation noise; composite shafting; and lighter, more efficient auxiliary machinery.
Sources, Types and Preparation of Military System Specifications and Standards
Authors: CHAMBERS GEORGE J.
Published: March 2009

The success of any development project depends on the understanding that exists between the developer, the manufacturer, the buyer and the user. This is especially true in the development of large‐scale military systems. Other than the contract, the most important documents that provide technical understanding between the developer and the buyer are the various specifications that define the system.

This paper, addressed to junior military officers and engineers with limited project or system engineering experience, discusses specifications and standards in general and describes the various specifications and standards that typically are applicable to military systems. First, it explains how the specifications that describe particular systems are arranged in a specification hierarchy. Next, it offers advice for writing and ensuring quality in specifications. Lastly, the concept of tailoring existing specifications to make them applicable to new projects is discussed.
The Effects of Transom Beam on the Seakeeping Qualities of Large Surface Ships
Authors: KISS THOMAS K.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of transom beam on the head seas motions and resistance in waves of large surface ships of the frigate/destroyer type. A series of transom stern models was tested in the 380‐foot towing tank at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. The transom stern series consisted of three models of the same forebody shape, displacement, length, and prismatic coefficient with different beams at the transom. Each of the variations represented typical surface combatants of the frigate/destroyer family. Long crested head sea tests were run in regular and irregular waves over a range of four speeds for each model. Heave, pitch, resistance, and bow acceleration were recorded for each test run. The measured data were faired and expanded to a prototype ship scale and compared with analytical predictions. The analytical predictions were obtained by using the U.S. Navy's Ship Motion Program (SMP).
Motion‐Induced Interruptions as Ship Operability Criteria
Authors: GRAHAM ROSS
Published: March 2009

An important goal of operability research is the development of quantitative seakeeping criteria to permit the effects of ship motions on operations to be assessed. This paper examines the problem of developing seakeeping criteria for deck operations. The lateral force estimator is generalized to permit frequency‐domain computation of the incidence of personnel losing balance in the presence of non‐zero vertical acceleration.

The inadequacy of roll‐angle based seakeeping criteria for deck operations is shown. Other possible criteria for deck operations are discussed, and it is concluded that a limit on the number of motion‐induced interruptions during deck operations is most suitable, since it is platform‐independent, and may now be computed in the frequency‐domain.
Computer System Architecture Concepts for Future Combat Systems
Authors: ZITZMAN LEWIS H. , FALATKO STEPHEN M. , PAPACH JANET L.
Published: March 2009

This paper sets forth computer systems architecture concepts for the combat system of the 2010–2030 timeframe that satisfy the needs of the next generation of surface combatants. It builds upon the current Aegis computer systems architecture, expanding that architecture while preserving, and adhering to, the Aegis fundamental principle of thorough systems engineering, dedicated to maintaining a well integrated, highly reliable, and easily operable combat system. The implementation of these proposed computer systems concepts in a coherent architecture would support the future battle force capable combat system and allow the expansion necessary to accommodate evolutionary changes in both the threat environment and the technology then available to effectively counter that threat.

Changes to the current Aegis computer architecture must be carefully and effectively managed such that the fleet will retain its combat readiness capability at all times. This paper describes a possible transition approach for evolving the current Aegis computer architecture to a general architecture for the future.

The proposed computer systems architecture concepts encompass the use of combinations of physically distributed, microprocessor‐based computers, collocated with the equipment they support or embedded within the equipment itself. They draw heavily on widely used and available industry standards, including instruction set architectures (ISAs), backplane busses, microprocessors, computer programming languages and development environments, and local area networks (LANs). In this proposal, LANs, based on fiber optics, will provide the interconnection to support system expandability, redundancy, and higher data throughput rates. A system of cross connected LANs will support a high level of combat system integration, spanning the major warfare areas, and will facilitate the coordination and development of a coherent multi‐warfare tactical picture supporting the future combatant command staff.

Automatic fault detection and reconfigurability in the current Aegis architecture are expanded in the proposed computer systems architecture concept. The fault detection/reconfigurability scheme of the future architecture will play a key role supporting the continuous availability of the battle force capable combat system for countering the threat of the 21st century.
An Air‐Capable Combatant For the 21st Century
Authors: KEHOE JAMES W. , BROWER KENNETH S. , MEIER HERBERT A.
Published: March 2009

During the next decade, the force structure of the U.S. Navy will be in flux, as it reacts to changing political relationships, advancing technology, and declining resources. Newly developed vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, such as the V‐22 Osprey and AV‐8B Harrier, offer the U.S. Navy an air capability for its future battle force combatants that needs to be explored. What would a battle force combatant with a detachment of six VTOL aircraft and a destroyer combat suite like the ODG‐51's resemble? Can such a ship be designed within reasonable size and cost limits?

We conducted a feasibility design study of alternative concepts to determine the smallest, minimum cost, lowest risk, air‐capable battle force combatant capable of conducting operations in the 21st century. The paper discusses the evolution of the design, including alternative ship, hangar, and elevator configurations. It also describes the development of the light ship weights and vertical centers of gravity, deck area and volume, electrical power, and hull form. In addition, the paper covers the process we used to develop the design, including the use of advanced technologies, such as integrated electric propulsion.
A Concept of Operations for the Rapid Anti‐Ship Missile Integrated Defense System (RAIDS) Prototype
Authors: ROSSITTO LCDR. VINCENT S.
Published: March 2009

The increasing capability and proliferation of the modern anti‐ship missile (ASM) has significantly complicated shipboard terminal defense. Current tactics used to counter ASMs require extensive manual coordination of stand‐alone terminal defense systems. RAIDS is a phased development initiative to improve the ability of surface combatants to perform anti‐ship missile defense (ASMD) by providing coordination of existing terminal defense systems, integration and single point control of electronic warfare (EW) functions, and ship specific ASMD training. RAIDS is being rapidly prototyped at the Naval Surface Warfare Center for early fleet integration and will subsequently undergo full scale engineering development in two phases.

The RAIDS prototype is an immediate response by the Navy's technical community to the needs of its operational forces and will demonstrate improved ASMD effectiveness with today's combat system. Despite an unusually compressed development period, the prototype is a functional representation of the system planned for fleet introduction in FY 93. RAIDS is by definition a non‐traditional addition to today's naval combat system. Full exploitation of current technology is needed to satisfy performance requirements dictated by the stressing environment of modern ASMD. Through effective coordination of existing hardkill and softkill resources, the RAIDS prototype is the first step in the definition of a new standard for ASMD effectiveness.

The operational concept definition process for RAIDS is evolutionary to accommodate fleet input during system development. Because of the tactical significance and innovation of this terminal defense integration, operational feedback from initial development tests is considered critical in refining the RAIDS design and operational concept. The prototype will provide the fleet with a broad range of improved capabilities which they will operationally exercise and evaluate at sea in late 1990.
Design of the NFR‐90
Authors: SCHAFFER ROGER L. , KLOEHN HARVEY G.
Published: March 2009

The NATO Frigate Replacement for the 1990s (NFR‐90) Project was a unique approach to naval ship design and acquisition. It would have been the first U.S. Navy surface combatant primarily designed by an international organization. As a planning scenario, up to 60 ships, including 18 for the U.S. Navy, were to be acquired by the eight participating nations, making it potentially the largest NATO project ever attempted. Approximately 1,000 man years over a 10‐year period were invested in the project.

The project was prematurely terminated in January 1990. Nevertheless, a significant amount of work had been completed; the basic design of the ship was firmly established by a preliminary design, the combat system was thoroughly studied, and the economics of the program were well established. This paper describes the project, the technical aspects of the ship and combat system design, its innovative features and significant economic advantages.

The conclusions relative to Aegis vs. NFR‐90 or NFR‐90/Aegis mix (Table 14) are the opinions of the authors and the estimates of associated costs have not been validated by the Naval Sea Systems Command.
Readiness Based Sparing (RBS): From Concept Exploration to Full Scale Development
Authors: BURDICK LENNY
Published: March 2009

The actual implementation of a major acquisition program undertaken by the Navy is the result of successfully completing each of four critical acquisition phases: concept exploration, demonstration & validation, full scale development, and production/deployment.

“Readiness Based Sparing (RBS) — The Process” must also successfully pass through these critical phases prior to implementation and institutionalization. Having successfully completed the Concept Exploration and Demonstration & Validation phases (which spanned Fiscal years 1979–1987), Navy has directed Full Scale Development of RBS — The Process for the DDG‐51 Class of ships beginning with the DDG‐52 as the prototype.

The Full Scale Development effort, which began in July 1988, involves prototyping the sparing of the entire DDG‐52 platform to readiness objectives within a funding constraint and the evolution of a total process which ensures that resources can be linked to readiness at the platform level for all new construction ships. A joint NavSea/NavSup Working Group and a Flag Steering Board have been established to implement and monitor the application of RBS — The Process on DDG‐52. To date, significant progress has been made in the areas of data collection/correlation, RBD development, identification of design support constraints and readiness drivers, assignment of preliminary Ao thresholds, improving data quality and increased communication between the engineering and logistics communities.

The progress which has been made to date provides a formidable foundation, which we must continue to strengthen, as we move toward the Production/Deployment phase of RBS —The Process.
Performance of an Omnidirectional Wheel on Snow and Ice
Authors: BLAISDELL GEORGE L.
Published: March 2009

A brief study was performed to investigate the suitability of service vehicles equipped with a unique omnidirectional wheel operating aboard aircraft carriers in northern latitudes, where ice and snow on flight decks is not uncommon. This study addressed the comparative performance of the omnidirectional wheel, a bias‐ply highway tire as used on current Navy MD‐3 aircraft tow vehicles, a typical nonpneumatic forklift truck tire, and an automotive radial‐ply all‐season tire. The tires were tested for driving traction levels on prepared ice, hard‐packed snow, and fresh shallow snow. In general, the omnidirectional wheel showed performance superior to the forklift truck tire and the bias‐ply highway tire. The radial all‐season tire, however, outperformed the omnidirectional wheel in traction on slippery surfaces. The omnidirectional wheel was found to be well‐behaved during traction testing and shows promise for operation on winter surfaces. Recommendations are provided that might further improve omnidirectional wheel performance on snow and ice.
Hydrodynamic Efficiency Improvements for U.S. Navy Ships
Authors: McCALLUM DONALD , ENGLE ALLEN H. , PLATZER GREGORY P. , KARAFIATH GABOR
Published: March 2009

This paper reports on an investigation of the applicability of recent hull efficiency improvement concepts to U.S. Navy ships. Among the concepts investigated were stern flaps, Grim Wheels, alternate aftbody configurations, bulbous bows, and flow modifying ducts. Extensive model testing was conducted at the David Taylor Research Center (DTRC) for each concept, and care was taken to check out critical propeller cavitation and noise aspects associated with the investigation of alternate stern configurations and Grim Wheel concepts. A guiding principle in this program was to utilize the expertise available both here and abroad so that each design concept would have the greatest chance of success.

As a result of these investigations, significant gains in fuel economy were obtained. Specifically, full scale trials of FFG‐25 (USS Copeland), equipped with and without a stern flap, demonstrated that fuel savings of 5–9% are achieved at speeds above 12 knots. In addition, fuel savings of 9.4% for T‐AGS 39 equipped with a Grim Wheel and 5.6% for the combination of a large bulbous bow and a large diameter/ low RPM propeller on AE‐36 have been predicted. The paper concludes with a direction for future applications to U.S. Navy, and other ships.
Development of a Lithium Rechargeable Battery for Underwater Vehicle Propulsion
Authors: SMITH PATRICIA H. , CHUA DAVID L. , JAMES STANLEY D.
Published: March 2009

The Navy is researching lithium rechargeable batteries as a possible replacement for silver oxide/zinc cells in powering the next generation of naval underwater vehicles. This paper summarizes progress made with the most promising lithium system — lithium/cobalt oxide, which has 2.5 times the theoretical energy density of silver oxide/zinc.

Using small (0.03 Ah) laboratory cells, optimization was completed for cathode fabrication and electrolyte composition. Even at three times the required discharge rate, cycle life obtained with these cells was over double the program goal. Furthermore, a significant fast charge capability was demonstrated when charging was conducted at constant potential versus constant current. This laboratory cell technology was scaled up successfully to 2.5 Ah cell test fixtures. Presently, engineering development is underway at the 10 Ah level in hermetically sealed, instrumented subcells. Preliminary data are achieving the required energy densities for at least 15 cycles with tests still continuing. The optimized design resulting from the 10 Ah tests is being incorporated into 30 Ah cells.
Role of Simulation in Rapid Prototyping for Concept Development
Authors: KING JOSEPH F. , BARTON DOUGLAS E.
Published: March 2009

A valuable technique during concept development is rapid prototyping of software for key design components. This approach is particularly useful when the optimum de sign approach is not readily apparent or several known alternatives need to be rapidly evaluated. A problem inherent in rapid prototyping is the lack of a “target system” with which to interface. Some alternatives are to develop test driver libraries, integrate the prototype with an existing working simulator, or build one for the specific problem.

This paper presents a unique approach to concept development using rapid prototyping for concept development and scenario‐based simulation for concept verification. The rapid prototyping environment, derived from artificial intelligence technology, is based on a blackboard architecture. The rapid prototype simulation capability is provided through an object‐oriented modeling environment. It is shown how both simulation and blackboard technologies are used collectively to rapidly gain insight into a tenacious problem. A specific example will be discussed where this approach was used to evolve the logic of a mission controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle.
Applying Vector Processing to Active Sonars for Increased Accuracy and an Expanded Operating Envelope
Authors: WHITNEY DAVID A. , BENEDICT TERRY J.
Published: March 2009

Advanced computing technology development now allows considerable computational power to be packaged in small, modular components for low costs. In particular, vector and array processor add‐on boards offer a way to incorporate modern parallel capabilities into existing hardware systems. In addition to cost efficiency, the fact that these boards may be able to plug‐in to existing computer systems provides both design flexibility and a more rapid way of upgrading deployed computer hardware. To take advantage of such processing capabilities, however, algorithm analysis must be performed to determine what functions can be efficiently off‐loaded to the vector processing board, and to decide what parts of the original serial algorithm should be redesigned to take advantage of the new hardware architecture.

This paper presents a case study of how these issues are being addressed in a real‐time active sonar data processing system. Vector processing technologies are being analyzed for application to correlation sonar systems used for estimating ship velocity on submarines, surface ships, and autonomous underwater vehicles. Such a system is deployed on Trident II SSBNs and is meeting its current design objectives. However, real‐time operation of the correlation sonar is computationally intensive and fully utilizes the processing power of the fielded computing hardware. Expansions in the accuracy and operating envelope of the system are desirable and are not limited by the physics or practical operation of the sonar system, but rather by the speed at which processing of hydrophone returns can be performed. This analytic feasibility study investigates the possibility of expanding the operating envelope through the use of vector processing technology, within the constraint that any hardware or software changes would have minimal impact on the deployed system. It is predicted that significant speedups and operating envelope expansions can be achieved by introducing vectorized hardware and algorithms into the existing scalar system.