bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Consequences of Hybridization in Relict Isolated Trees Pinus sylvestris and the Pinus mugo Complex
Authors: Sobierajska Karolina , Wachowiak Witold , Zaborowska Julia , Łabiszak Bartosz , Wójkiewicz Błażej , Sękiewicz Maciej , Jasińska Anna K. , Sękiewicz Katarzyna , Boratyńska Krystyna , Marcysiak Katarzyna , Boratyński Adam
Published: October 2020

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and the taxa from the P. mugo complex can hybridize in the contact zones and produce fertile hybrids. A unique example of an early Holocene relict population of P. sylvestris and P. uliginosa (a taxon from the P. mugo complex) growing on the tops of Jurassic sandstone rocks is located in Błędne Skały (Sudetes). Phenotypically, there are trees resembling P. sylvestris, P. uliginosa and intermediate forms between them. We expected that some of P. sylvestris and/or P. uliginosa-like trees could be in fact cryptic hybrids resembling one of the parental phenotypes. To address this question, we examined randomly sampled individuals, using a set of plastid (cpDNA), nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) markers as well as biometric characteristics of needles and cones. The results were compared to the same measurements of allopatric reference populations of the P. sylvestris and the P. mugo complex (Pinus mugo s.s, P. uncinata and P. uliginosa). We detected cpDNA barcodes of the P. mugo complex in most individuals with the P. sylvestris phenotype, while we did not detect cpDNA diagnostic of P. sylvestris within P. uliginosa-like trees. These results indicate the presence of cryptic hybrids of the P. sylvestris phenotype. We found only three typical P. sylvestris individuals that were clustered with the species reference populations based on needle and cone characteristics. Most trees showed intermediate characteristics between P. sylvestris and P. uliginosa-like trees, indicating intensive and probably long-lasting hybridization of the taxa at this area and subsequent gene erosion of parental species.
Stem Decay in Live Trees: Heartwood Hollows and Termites in Five Timber Species in Eastern Amazonia
Authors: Eleuterio Ana Alice , Jesus Maria Aparecida de , Putz Francis E.
Published: October 2020

Research Highlights: Tree size and wood characteristics influenced the susceptibility of five Amazonian timber tree species to heartwood decay and colonization by termites. Termites occurred in the heartwoods of 43% of the trees, with Coptotermes testaceus the most abundant species. Background and Objectives: Hollows and rotten cores in the stems of living trees have ecological and economic impacts in forests managed for timber. The decision on whether to cut or maintain hollow trees in such forests must account for the susceptibility of different tree species to decay. We investigated tree and wood characteristics of living trees of five commercial timber species in the eastern Amazon that influenced the likelihood of heartwood decay and the occurrence of termite nests inside the rotten cores. Materials and Methods: We used Pearson’s correlations and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to explore relationships among tree basal area and hollow area. We used principal components analysis (PCA) to analyze the variation of wood anatomical traits, followed by a linear regression to explore the relationships between PCA scores, and heartwood hollow area. We used a logistic model to investigate if the probability the occurrence of colonies of C. testaceus inside tree cores varied with tree and species characteristics. Results: Heartwood hollow areas increased with stem basal area. Larger hollows were more likely to occur in species with higher vessel and ray densities, and smaller diameter vessels. Termites occurred in the hollows of 43% of the trees sampled, with C. testaceus the most common (76%). The probability of encountering termite nests of C. testaceus varied among tree species and was positively related to wood density. Conclusions: This study shows that given the increased likelihood of stem hollows and rotten cores in large trees, tree selection criteria in managed tropical forests should include maximum cutting sizes that vary with the susceptibility of different tree species to stem decay.
Influence of Hydrodynamic Conditions on Micromixing in Microreactors with Free Impinging Jets
Authors: Abiev Rufat Sh , Sirotkin Alexey A
Published: October 2020

An experimental study and mathematical modeling of micromixing in a microreactor with free impinging jets (MRFIJ) with a diameter of 1 mm was carried out. In the experimental part, the iodide-iodate technique was used (involving parallel competing Villermaux–Dushman reactions with the formation of I3−). Theoretical assessment revealed that more than 50% of the introduced energy is dissipated in the jets collision region. Through the use of differentiated sampling, an uneven quality distribution of micro mixing in the central and peripheral zones of the reactor was found: at moderate flow rates (700–1000 mL/min, jets velocity of 15–21 m/s) the micromixing in the central part of reactor is up to 12 times better than that in the periphery. Furthermore, the weight fraction of the probes in the central zones of MRFIJ is reduced with increasing jet velocity; this effect is attributed to a more intense formation of ligaments and droplets upon collision of jets and their secondary mixing on the walls of the apparatus. In terms of the weighted average concentration, the best quality of micromixing in the samples is achieved at a flow rate of 300 mL/min. With an increase in the flow rate (and velocity) of the jets, the dependence of the I3− concentration on the flow rate has a nonmonotonic character, which is explained by a change in the nature of the flow in the collision zone of the jets: the transition from the formation of a liquid sheet to the intensive formation of ligaments and drops and secondary mixing of the liquid film formed on the walls of the reactor. The effect of “freshness” of solutions on the concentration of reaction products was studied.
A Study on Causes of Delay in Road Construction Projects across 25 Developing Countries
Authors: Rivera Ludwig , Baguec Hilario , Yeom Chunho
Published: October 2020

Delays in road construction projects due to various reasons are a major problem facing construction professionals. The incapability of finishing projects punctually and within a given budget is a persistent issue worldwide. This study aims to determine the ten principal causes of delay in road construction projects in 25 developing countries across the globe. The study involves two steps. First, the authors compiled information regarding the most frequent delays in a road construction project. Second, they analyzed the intensity of each cause of delay in these projects. Being more accurate in the methodology, given the nature of the information, the researchers used a quasi-meta-analysis for processing the data. Half (50%) of the countries have similar causes of delay, and likewise, 50% of the countries identified the top ten primary causes of delay in road construction projects based on the intensity results. This study uses the results of the intensity. According to the results of the homologation, the lack of experience of the construction manager, inadequate planning/scheduling, and influence on people’s land alongside the road construction project (expropriation for the construction of the project) have more significant impacts than frequent changes in the design (which was listed as the most frequent cause of delay).
Improving Nitrate Fertilization by Encapsulating Zn-Al Layered Double Hydroxides in Alginate Beads
Authors: Nunes Vander L. N. , Mulvaney Richard L. , Cantarutti Reinaldo B. , Pinto Frederico G. , Tronto Jairo
Published: October 2020

Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are anionic clays that have potential as slow-release fertilizers; however, their formulation as powders makes them difficult to apply, and their slow-release properties are impaired due to instability under acidic conditions. In the work reported, Zn-Al LDH containing interlayered 15NO3− was synthesized for use as powder (LDH-N) or for encapsulation in alginate beads (LDH-AN), and then authenticated by X-ray diffraction, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. The two LDHs were compared to K15NO3 for evaluating their slow-release properties through (i) a kinetic study of NO3− release in water under dynamic conditions, and (ii) a growth chamber experiment designed to estimate fertilizer N uptake efficiency (FNUE) by growing pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) on an acidic Oxisol in the absence of N losses. Both LDH materials exhibited slow-release properties in the kinetic studies, and NO3− release was reduced for LDH-AN as compared to LDH-N. Because of these properties, FNUE measurements in the growth chamber experiment should have been lower with the LDHs than with K15NO3, but this was not the case for LDH-N, which was attributed to the structural instability of powdered LDH in the presence of soil acidity and to the exchange of NO3− by more competitive anions such as CO32−. A significant decrease in FNUE was observed for LDH-AN, demonstrating retention of slow-release behavior that most likely resulted from the presence of a physicochemical barrier having high cation-exchange and buffering capacities while limiting exposure to soil acidity and anion exchange. Alginate encapsulation expands the practical potential of LDH for slow-release NO3− fertilization.
Captura, ejecución, decapitación: reflexiones sobre guerra y poder en el antiguo Egipto durante los períodos Predinástico y Dinástico Temprano
Authors: Gayubas Augusto
Published: October 2020

Indicadores arqueológicos, iconográficos y, en alguna medida, epigráficos ofrecen información sobre prácticas bélicas en el valle del Nilo de los períodos Predinástico y Dinástico Temprano, así como vestigios de la captura y potencial ejecución de prisioneros y determinadas mutilaciones, principalmente decapitaciones. Un análisis centrado en la relación entre tales prácticas y el ámbito de lo sociopolítico, atento a la delimitación entre escenarios no estatales y estatales, permitirá reflexionar sobre las particularidades del ejercicio de la violencia en las distintas fases que conforman dicho arco cronológico.
Eurocentrismo y orientalismo en los libros de texto de historia antigua de las escuelas secundarias de la Argentina (1890-1950)
Authors: Cubilla Sergio Daniel
Published: October 2020

El presente trabajo de investigación procura rastrear y analizar las concepciones o representaciones del discurso eurocéntrico y orientalista sobre las sociedades de la antigüedad que se presentan en los libros de texto de historia antigua. Estos fueron utilizados en las secundarias de la Argentina en el período que va de 1890 a 1950. A partir del análisis de estas fuentes, nos proponemos por consiguiente indagar en la apropiación de los valores culturales occidentales/europeos, que tuvo lugar en la Argentina durante los siglos XIX y XX y que, como demuestra el análisis realizado, fue reproducida en dichos manuales escolares.
GROWTH OF TREE SPECIES IN PROTECTIVE FOREST PLANTATIONS AND FORMATION OF FOREST AND RECOVERY COMPLEXES IN CONDITIONS OF CENTRAL RUSSIAN FOREST STEPPECONDITIONS OF CENTRAL RUSSIAN FOREST STEPPE
Authors: Mikhin Vyacheslav , Mikhina Elena
Published: October 2020

Protective forests in the central forest-steppe of the European part of Russia were created at different times with a diverse assortment of plants. Fast-growing tree scpecies in the composition of artificial linear stands are introduced from the moment of their formation. Soil and hydrological conditions are one of the main conditions on which successful growth of tree species depends. The highest biometric growth indicators in middle-aged plantations in height of balsamic poplar are observed on typical chernozem (0,82 m / year), less significant (0,65 m / year) on leached chernozem. The greatest activity in growth is manifested up to the age of 13 - 18 years. The silver birch tree is characterized by a decrease in activity in height growth since the age of 14 - 20 years. The average annual increase to the 30 year period is 0,60 – 0,74 m / year. In the best soil conditions (typical chernozem), growth rates are higher. In forest belts, both fast-growing (poplar, birch) and slow-growing and long-lasting (english oak) tree species have differences in height and diameter growth depending on their placement in the transverse profile. At the age of 33-45 years, a convex profile is formed, where the average height of the central rows is 10,6 – 16,8% more than the marginal ones and the average diameter of the extreme rows exceeds diameter of average rows by 10,1 – 19,9%. In fast-growing tree species, the active reclamation effect of beneficial protective factors is already evident in youth and at the same time, the width of the inter-strip cells on chernozem soils should not exceed 600 - 650 m.
ANALYSIS OF WORKING BODIES OF EQUIPMENT EXTINGUISHING FOREST FIRES
Authors: Pozdnyakov Anton , Bartenev Ivan
Published: October 2020

Currently, the machines are energy-intensive and inefficient, since the tools are mounted on tractors with a creeper reducer, and the cutters have to work in the conditions of the sodden upper soil layers, which significantly reduces the quality and productivity of the process. This served as an impetus for the creation of new technical tools that would combine the best qualities of plows and milling tools, expand the range of possible applications, but at the same time were devoid of their shortcomings. So there appeared tools with combined working bodies, for example, a strip thrower, developed on the basis of the G.F. Morozova. However, these developments also do not completely solve the problems of the efficiency and quality of preventive and forest fire operations, since the working bodies of milling, although working on a loose soil-soil shaft, are still not protected from roots and stumps, they have a large mass and dimensions due to a combination of two types working bodies in one design. A comparative analysis of technical means and experimental studies of a prototype forest fire soil-throwing machine with a combined working body was carried out.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS OF TOPOLS IN COMMUNICATION WITH SYSTEMS OF THEIR REPRODUCTION
Authors: Sivolapov Aleksey , Sivolapov Vladimir
Published: October 2020

We consider poplar selection systems in connection with their reproduction systems. Poplar is a model object on which it is possible to test all known systems for the selection of woody plants. Positive selection and synthetic selection methods (hybridization, mutagenesis, polyploidy, genetic engineering, biotechnology) effectively “work” on poplar. Poplar is propagated by seed, vegetative and in vitro biotechnology. Amphimixis or seed propagation of poplar is used to create hybrid seed plantations, for example white poplar × aspen. In natural poplar populations, spontaneous hybridization occurs, leading to the emergence of new species. The ability to vegetatively propagate poplar successfully solves the problem of plus breeding: selected best biotypes are propagated by in vitro grafting, cuttings or regenerants, and plantation cultures are created. Synthetic breeding methods: hybridization is widely used on poplar; dozens of poplar hybrids for forest crops and landscaping have been obtained; Induced mutants and polyploids are obtained. Breeders get their first genetically modified forms using genetic engineering. By microcloning, economically valuable individuals are propagated and regenerants are used to create forest crops and landscaping.
WASTE OF WOOD AND GLASS FIBER IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTS TRANSPORT CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Storodubtseva Tamara , Bondarev B. , Pyaduhova K.
Published: October 2020

The results of experimental-theoretical work on the creation of new polymeric materials based on wood waste are considered. This material can be used in the outer layers of a wood-based polymer fiberglass composite in order to increase its strength properties. Instantaneous elastic moduli, conditional tensile strengths, and Poisson's ratio were determined, and the potential chemical activity of the components of the wood-based polymer fiberglass composite was revealed. The fiberglass polymer composite on the furfural-acetone monomer showed good performance when used as a structural composite of containers for storing aggressive liquids, chemically resistant tiles for shop floors, etc., which are exposed to electric current, aggressive liquids, and temperature. This material can be used in wood chemical production, capacities of energy chemical plants, furfural production, as well as in the outer layers of wood-based polymer fiberglass composite in order to increase its strength properties, specifically crack resistance. The basic compositions of the polymer fiberglass composite and its basic regulatory mechanical characteristics are given. This development is a kind of continuation of the theme of the use of forest industry waste for the production of competitive composite materials. This material will allow to utilize a huge amount of forest industry waste. In addition, the use of wood waste as a building material will make it possible to replace wood in some areas, which in turn will reduce logging and increase woodworking efficiency. All this will undoubtedly lead to an improvement in the ecological situation.
ROOTING OF MEMBERS OF THE GENUS JUNIPERUS USING RHIZOGENESIS STIMULANTS
Authors: Tseplyaev Aleksey , Ceplyaeva A.
Published: October 2020

The article discusses the results of the use of root formation stimulants in the green propagation of four varieties of juniper: juniperus scopilorum 'Moonglow', juniperus squamata 'Blue Star', juniperus communis 'Hibernica', juniperus virginiana in a tree-decorative nursery. Rooting was carried out in summer cultivation facilities under conditions of artificial fog. Four serial production stimulants were tested: Kornevin, Heteroauxin, Root, Zircon. Statistical processing of data showed that the use of all considered stimulants allowed us to obtain results other than control. This suggests that the use of stimulants affects the rooting of introducers, but this effect may be the opposite. It has been established that treatment of cuttings with phytohormones in some cases increases the regenerative capacity of the considered juniper varieties. A comparison between the effectiveness of the drugs shows that there are no differences between the "Root" and "Kornevin" actions, while the differences with other drugs are significant at the significance level. The greatest effectiveness was demonstrated by preparations based on β - indolylbutyric acid Ukorenit, Kornevin, as well as Heteroauxin (indolyl-3-acetic acid). Treatments with Zircon cuttings (a mixture of hydroxycinnamic acids) in most cases showed inhibition of rhizogenesis.
DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPOSITIONAL MODIFIER FOR MODIFICATION OF WOOD BY SPECIFIED PROPERTIES
Authors: Aksenov Aleksey , Malyukov Sergey , Solntsev A.
Published: October 2020

In recent years, the production of modified wood has been actively developing abroad. This article discusses the composition of a complex modifier for modified wood, which will improve the performance of friction units with bearings made of modified wood by reducing intermolecular interactions between contacting bodies, increase dimensional stability and hardness of modified wood, and will also comply with environmental requirements. The density of the liquid components of the impregnating compositions was determined. The number of components necessary for the preparation of impregnating compositions was calculated. The impregnation technology is as follows: the impregnating composition is poured into a tin can, heated on an electric stove to 120 0C. Prepared (dried, weighed, measured on three sides and marked) samples of 15 pieces in each impregnating composition are immersed in a hot impregnating solution. Tin cans with samples are placed in a pre-heated autoclave, closed, and brought to a pressure of 40 atm. At this pressure, the samples are kept for 5 minutes. Then the pressure is brought to atmospheric pressure, the samples are removed, dried with filter paper and placed in a desiccator for cooling to a temperature of 20 ± 2 0С. After cooling, the samples are weighed on an analytical balance to the nearest 0.002 g and the three sides of the sample are measured with a caliper. The quality of impregnation of the samples was determined. Water absorption, moisture absorption, linear swelling of the samples of impregnated wood were determined.
INVESTIGATION OF THE STRENGTH OF SOLID WOOD BONDING WITH DIFFERENT ADHESIVES
Authors: Kantieva Ekaterina , Ponomarenko Larisa , Posluhaev Maksim
Published: October 2020

In modern conditions of development of a national economy wood is among the most widespread constructive materials. Also, wood traditionally occupies its niche in the production of furniture and joinery. In these industries, the bonding of wood and wood materials is the main connection. Gluing of wood is made not only to give to preparations of the demanded sizes, but also improvement of operational characteristics, and also for the purpose of economy of a material. There are different types of gluing: gluing blanks in thickness and length, gluing tenon joints, gluing boards and gluing layouts on the edges of the boards, gluing with simultaneous bending, facing with wood and synthetic materials, gluing parts of soft furniture elements. The paper investigated the influence of the type of glue on the bonding strength of wood and wood materials in modern industrial use. Adhesives based on polychloroprene, polyvinyl acetate, rubber and wood materials of different species – ash and beech-were selected for the study. The tensile strength of the adhesive joint was controlled when chipping along the fibers. most suitable for gluing pieces of wood of firm deciduous breeds in the thickness and width are adhesives based on polyvinyl acetate. Noticeable differences in the strength of freshly glued seams on beech and ash are not recorded, which is explained by their almost identical density.
THE LAYER-BY-LAYER VARIATION OF WOOD DENSITY UNDER UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION
Authors: Platonov Aleksey , Kiseleva Aleksandra , Snegireva Svetlana
Published: October 2020

Currently, stocks of hardwoods in the Russian Federation are severely depleted and there is a shortage of raw materials on the market. One solution to this problem is the possibility of replacing hardwoods with pressed wood obtained from softwoods. As a result of the performed study, the change in the layer-by-layer density in the thickness of blanks made of pressed wood was found. The variation of density in the thickness of the workpiece depends on the moisture content of the wood at the time of pressing. At a humidity of 15 %, the wood is more compacted in the Central part than on the surface of the workpiece. When the humidity corresponds to the saturation limit of the cell walls of 30 %, the wood on the contrary is less compacted in the Central part, as well as on the surface of the samples. It was found that with the same average density of blanks made of pressed wood, the difference between the densest and less dense parts of the workpiece averaged 7.6-10.1 %. Based on these data, it is possible to obtain pressed wood with a given density distribution over the thickness of the workpieces. The results of the experiments will be useful in obtaining pressed wood with specified quality indicators, as well as in the manufacture of various structural elements and components from pressed wood.
ANALYSIS OF WORKING PROCESSES OF ROTORS-THROWERS OF FOREST-FIRE SOIL METERS-STRIP-LAYING MACHINES
Authors: Bartenev Ivan , Petkov A. , Popov M.
Published: October 2020

The main requirements for carrying out preventive and forest fire works are revealed. It is established that the main drawback of the used soil-sweeping machines is the small amount of soil supplied, its distribution over a large area by a small layer. This is ineffective when extinguishing a fire. Also a disadvantage is the low performance due to the low speed of the machine (up to 2 km / h). The main ways to improve the efficiency of working processes of forest fire engines and tools are considered. The working processes of new designs of soil-sweeping machines with preliminary preparation of the soil shaft before the thrower cutters are considered. Milling of the fed soil is excluded from the working process of the blade of the thrower cutter. This function is performed by spherical disks mounted on the front. In addition, the disks form a soil shaft for subsequent throwing by the rotor. But this innovation did not improve performance. Fire extinguishing is ineffective due to the strong dispersion of the soil in a thin layer, as well as the loss of volume of the ejected soil when dust is formed. The proposed method of extinguishing a low-level fire involves the formation of a shaft of loosened soil above the ground and throwing it into the fire zone. In the process, a layer of soil is cut off, then raised and divided into separate layers. At the same time, moving soil layers have different trajectories and different speeds when entering the zone of fire movement. At the same time, it is covered with a certain layer of soil, which is necessary for extinguishing a ground forest fire at a high speed.(patent no. 2706040).
DETERMINING THE CONTACT SPOT OF ULTRA-LOW PRESSURE TIRES 1020X420-18 BEL-79 FOR SMALL-CLASS FORESTRY EQUIPMENT
Authors: Artemov A. , Goncharenko S. , Pryadkin Vladimir
Published: October 2020

This article discusses the features of the environmental impact of wheeled vehicles on the soil and ways to reduce it. It was determined that one of the ways to reduce the harmful impact on the ground is to increase the tire contact spot and reduce the specific pressure in contact. The article discusses the main existing methods for determining the parameters of the contact spot of ultra-low pressure tires. The analysis of the considered methods is carried out, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages. Laboratory tests of the 1020x420-18 bus of the Bel-79 model used as a propellant on small-class forest tires were carried out. The research was carried out using a universal functional test bench for tires of the SIB-1M model. based on the method of static loading of the wheel with the application of an imprint of the painted area of the tire tread on a solid non-deformable platform, a series of experiments was carried out to determine the influence of the radial load and internal air pressure in the tire on the parameters of the tire contact spot. The results of the research are the dependences of the change in the shape of the contour and the actual area of the tire contact spot with the solid support axis. Approximating power functions
ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING SOLUTION OBJECTS' RESTRICTIVE USES
Authors: Kartashova Nelli
Published: October 2020

Green spaces in cities perform many different useful functions: noise-proof, dust-absorbing, have an impact on the processes of insolation, they enrich the air with phytoncides, and also play a huge aesthetic role, which has a beneficial effect on the psychological state of people.

In matters of planning and improvement of various objects, much attention is paid to landscaping. Green spaces can be used in planning and architectural solutions. Therefore, it is necessary to take a more careful approach to gardening and landscaping. This is especially true for objects where children are staying for a long time. This object is the Palace of creativity of children and youth of the city of Voronezh, the territory of which served for research. Such objects must be maintained in an appropriate sanitary and aesthetic condition, which will improve the quality of perception of the territory. Unsettled areas of institutions have a negative impact on the mood and General well-being of children and their parents, and may also contain a potential danger to the person at the time of stay. In particular, the unsatisfactory condition of plantings, roads, and small architectural forms is dangerous.

Therefore, it is necessary to assess the state of the territory and recommend measures for landscaping and improvement, taking into account the requirements, as well as to develop an architectural and planning solution. As a result, a landscape and environmental assessment was performed, which consists in determining the type of spatial structure, assessing the state of plantings, aesthetic and sanitary assessments, the stage of digression, and recreational capacity. Based on the results of the study, functional zoning was developed. The balance of the territory was determined and it was found that the percentage of greenery does not meet the required standards. The condition of the plantings on the site was assessed as satisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to Supplement the number of plantings with the most stable types of tree and shrub vegetation, taking into account their decorative and aesthetic value. It is necessary to properly carry out the improvement of the object, to develop an architectural and planning composition of the territory of the Palace of creativity of children and youth.
THE ROLE OF LANDSCAPE COMPONENT IN THE CREATION OF «HUMAN SCALE» URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Lukina Irina , Selivanova Angelina , Temirsultanova B.
Published: October 2020

Excessive increase in the size of the main urban development objects on the one hand, and the creation of abstract volumes of the urban environment that do not have any familiar details comparable to the size of a person on the other hand, creates an architecture completely divorced from people and hostile to them. Therefore, there was a need to justify the use of landscape components to create a medium-scale human environment. The natural environment is that component of the spatial planning structure of the city, which, if properly placed, will absorb the negative psychological effect of the perception of huge undifferentiated abstract arrays of buildings in a re-compacted urban environment. The main criterion for the psychological comfort of a city dweller is the visual contact of a person in the house with the street, the ability to see the details and, most importantly, understand what they are in relation to the person. Along with small architectural forms, such elements will be trees, shrubs, benches, information boards, which have constant and understandable ergonomic dimensions. This is what is always referred to in the term anthropocentrism in architecture. The article proposes to clarify the concept of “human scale” on the basis of a systematic understanding of scale in architecture, and then this category of scale is considered not as a compositional means of aesthetic expressiveness of the urban environment, but as a factor in biological safety and physical survival of a person in conditions of total urbanization.
OVERVIEW OF DESIGNS OF TREE-PLANTING MACHINE FOR OPEN AREAS AND CLEARED FELLING
Authors: Bubnov S. , Malyukov Sergey , Aksenov Aleksey
Published: October 2020

Reforestation is the main, priority task of the modern forest complex. Natural forest regeneration has long been considered a priority. Natural regeneration, as a way of reforestation, has a number of significant drawbacks. Firstly, the natural regeneration of forests in burned areas and deforestation does not occur immediately after deforestation, but over a fairly long time ̶ reforestation period, during which various unfavorable processes ̶ soil erosion, sodding develop on an unforested area. Secondly, natural renewal quite often leads to a change of species, i.e. desired valuable breeds do not grow. As a result, the territory is overgrown with minor soft-leaved species that have low economic value. Mechanized landing, i.e. artificial reforestation, also has a number of disadvantages. Therefore, planting operations carried out under various conditions are the most labor-intensive and responsible operations. The technological process of planting seedlings and seedlings of various tree species with both open and closed root systems is presented. The analysis of existing designs of forest planting machines for open areas, fires and clearings is carried out. Deficiencies were identified that affect the quality of the planting process and reduce the survival rate of planted seedlings and seedlings.
ON INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT TIMBER PROCESSING COMPLEX
Authors: Shanin I.
Published: October 2020

In modern economic conditions, the domestic timber industry complex is characterized by the complexity and peculiarities of its activity, connected with the high level of available risks in the introduction of innovations and the latest production technologies. There are also risks of investment in technological innovation, determined by risks of a temporary nature between the stages of financing in innovation and the results obtained. LPC activities are characterized by unstable demand for innovative timber products. Most risks affect, to varying degrees, attracting investment capital and increasing financial resources for the development of the forest sector as a whole.

The poor transport infrastructure for forest production, poor quality of forest resources due to extensive forest management, as well as the large volume of illegally harvested wood and the depletion of its reserves are constraints on the innovative development of timber enterprises. To a large extent, the precarious financial situation of timber enterprises is due to the high material and energy intensity of production, with higher prices and tariffs for natural monopolies. The article defines the current state of the innovative component of the enterprises of the forest industry complex, defines possible ways to increase innovation activity on the basis of the investigated indicators.
Blockchain Is Top Skill For 2020
Authors: Mohammed Datu , Aisha Nur , Himki Arzo , Dithi Arusyi , Ardianto Agung Yudo
Published: October 2020

This research aims to learn why Blockchain Technology can be the most demanding hard skills in companies in 2020 as quoted from LinkedIn and the positive impact that Blockchain Technology has on a company. If we see, at this time usually requires at least a third party to make a transaction, and a company usually only stores data / information on a centralized server which makes the data easy to hack. From this case, Blockchain technology can be used as a way out for a company to make data / information not easy to be hacked. Because, Blockchain uses a distributed server system that is validated, which makes Blockchain safer from evil parties who want to hack information, and Blockchain has other advantages such as more cost-effective, better transparency and traceability. Therefore Blockchain Technology is a particular attraction for a company and is the hard skill most demanded by the company in 2020.
The Classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions — 2018. Advantages and disadvantages
Authors: Grudyanov A.I. , Fomenko E.V.
Published: October 2020

The article provides an overview of the historically existing and modern classifications of periodontal diseases. The stages of creation of the International Classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions — 2018 (CPPIDC — 2018) are outlined. The complete Russian version of this classification is presented in the translation of the authors. The advantages and disadvantages of this systematization in comparison with the previous ones and with the classification currently adopted in the Russian Federation are noted.s
The Analysis of Changes in Food Preferences and Nutrition-Related Diseases (Conditions)
in the Population of the Russian Federation
Authors: Mazhaeva TV
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Many countries develop approaches to understanding nutritional balance in order to estimate adequate intakes for each type of food and nutrient required to preserve health of individuals and the population as a whole. The objective of the study was to analyze changes in food preferences and diet-related diseases (conditions) in the population of the Russian Federation over a five-year period. Methods: A retrospective comparative
analysis of data of questionnaire-based surveys of the population of the Russian Federation conducted in 2013 and
5 years later in 2018 by the Federal State Statistics Service in accordance with Decree No. 946 of the Russian Government of November 27, 2010 was conducted. Results: Both positive and negative changes were observed in the diet and
health status of Russian people over the study period. The positive ones included an increase in the number of people
consuming healthy foods on a daily basis and rejecting products with low biological value, especially in big cities,
and a decrease in the number of people with diabetes or hyperglycemia. The observed negative changes included an
increase in the proportion of people with excessive dietary fat intake, insufficient consumption of complex carbohydrates, and nutrition-related high blood cholesterol levels.
Assessment of the Relevance of Requirements of the Current Sanitary Legislation for Food Retailing
Authors: Sinitsyna SV , Kozubskaya VI , Mazhaeva TV , Sheluntsova NG
Published: October 2020

Introduction: In order to assess the relevance of sanitary regulations in relation to food retailing we analyzed data on inspections of 12,001 enterprises and expert actions taken by the Sverdlovsk Regional Rospotrebnadzor Office and the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Sverdlovsk Region in 2016-2018. Results: We found a low proportion of violations of the requirements of sanitary regulations SP 2.3.6.1066–01, Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for trade organizations and the turnover of food raw materials and food products in them, ranging from 5.9 % to 6.3 % and its significant difference in some cases ranging from 0 % to 36 %. During inspection, compliance with 42 out of 131 paragraphs (32.6 %) was not checked or violations were not detected due to the impossibility to exercise control, recommendatory nature of some clauses, the failure to comply with which cannot be considered a violation, or irrelevance of certain items, the requirements of which are outdated. The proportion of prevalent violations related to the requirements for equipment, packaging facilities, storage and sale of food products was quite high and amounted to 27.9 % in 2016, 25.1 % in 2017, and 23.1 % in 2018, thus posing the risk of nonconforming products. Laboratory testing of samples taken within supervisory activities demonstrated noncompliance with chemical, microbiological, and parasitological requirements for food, the rates of which decreased in 2016–2018 with a simultaneous increase by 2.5 % in terms of counterfeiting. Respondents (33.3 %) from 481 surveyed food retailers proposed a long list of amendments to sanitary regulations to ensure safety of food products sold. We conclude that the current sanitary regulations need to be updated, especially in terms of management and control measures, taking into account risk-based surveillance and food quality and safety management systems.
El rol de la telesalud en la lucha contra el COVID-19 y la evolución del marco normativo peruano
Authors: Curioso Walter H. , Galán-Rodas Edén
Published: October 2020

Las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) en salud cumplen un rol fundamental en el manejo de la pandemia por COVID-19. Esta pandemia ha permitido redescubrir la telesalud y ha acelerado el uso de plataformas digitales con servicios aplicados a la salud. En el marco de la pandemia del COVID-19, el Poder Ejecutivo ha emitido varias normas para impulsar su uso. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir el rol de la telesalud, y la evolución del marco normativo en el Perú. Asimismo, se describen las iniciativas desarrolladas e implementadas por el Colegio Médico del Perú con respecto a la aplicación de las TIC en salud en el marco del COVID-19 como la herramienta «Observatorio CMP» y las plataformas tecnológicas «Aló CMP» y «Salud a un Clic». Finalmente, el artículo plantea el análisis de algunos desafíos de las TIC en salud en tiempos de COVID-19.
Motivos para la elección y preferencias de la especialidad médica en médicos generales del Perú
Authors: Alarcon-Ruiz Christoper A. , Heredia Paula , Zafra-Tanaka Jessica H. , Taype-Rondan Álvaro
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: describir los factores que influyen en la elección de la especialidad médica en médicos generales en Perú y calcular la distribución de postulantes y vacantes en el examen de residentado médico en el 2018. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo en médicos generales que asistieron a un evento que tuvo por objetivo informar sobre las especialidades médicas, realizado por el Colegio Médico del Perú. Durante dicho evento, se distribuyó un cuestionario autoaplicado para recolectar las variables de interés. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con el programa Stata v14. Resultados: se incluyeron 298 participantes, de los cuales, el 54,4% fueron mujeres, 46,3% tenían menos de 28 años, 59,8% estudió su pregrado en Lima y 52,3% culminaron sus estudios entre 2014-2016. El 49,7%, 46,6%, y 3,7% prefirió elegir una especialidad quirúrgica, clínica, y alguna otra, respectivamente. Entre los factores para elegir a qué especialidad médica postular, aquellos considerados importantes o muy importantes por la mayor parte de los encuestados fueron: la alta probabilidad de conseguir empleo (98,7%), tener retos intelectuales (94,9%), ver casos interesantes (93,2%), y tener buenos ingresos económicos (90,8%). Las especialidades con mayor cantidad de postulantes para cada vacante fueron cirugía plástica y dermatología, mientras que las que tuvieron menos postulantes que vacantes fueron medicina familiar y medicina interna. Conclusiones: los factores económicos y académicos son los más importantes para la elección de una especialidad médica, en el contexto donde las especialidades del primer nivel de atención tienen pocos postulantes. Esto permite entender mejor este proceso, informar adecuadamente a los médicos sobre las especialidades disponibles, e impulsar estrategias para aumentar el interés de los médicos en especialidades necesarias en el país.
Revisión sobre obesidad como factor de riesgo para mortalidad por COVID-19
Authors: Tenorio-Mucha Janeth , Hurtado-Roca Yamilée
Published: October 2020

Esta revisión presenta la evidencia disponible hasta el mes de junio del 2020 y trata sobre el efecto que tiene la obesidad como posible factor que aumenta la mortalidad en pacientes con diagnóstico por infección por COVID-19. La calidad de la mayoría de los estudios fue buena según la escala de Newcastle Ottawa (mayor o igual a 7/9). Los estudios reportaron seguimientos entre el 6 de febrero hasta el 17 de mayo del 2020. En pacientes con COVID-19, la obesidad fue un factor de riesgo para progresar a mortalidad. Las personas con obesidad deberían ser tratadas como una población de alto riesgo y se deben intensificar las medidas de prevención de contagio antes de la infección y proveer asistencia especializada en casos de confirmados de COVID-19.
Precios de medicamentos esenciales para el manejo y tratamiento de la COVID-19 en establecimientos farmacéuticos peruanos públicos y privados
Authors: Tenorio-Mucha Janeth , Lazo-Porras María , Monroy-Hidalgo Alexander , Málaga Germán , Cárdenas María Kathia
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: comparar los precios de venta de medicamentos esenciales para el manejo y tratamiento de la COVID-19 en establecimientos farmacéuticos peruanos públicos y privados. Además, estimar el costo por persona del tratamiento farmacológico para casos leves y severos. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal con información reportada por establecimientos farmacéuticos públicos y privados. El precio de los medicamentos se presenta en medianas y se compararon usando la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis. Además, se estimó el costo por persona y asequibilidad para el tratamiento de casos leves y severos. Resultados: medicamentos para casos leves como azitromicina, hidroxicloquina, ivermectina y paracetamol tienen medianas de precios entre S/ 0,04 (US$ 0,011) y S/ 23,81 (US$ 6,71) en establecimientos públicos, mientras que los mismos medicamentos en establecimientos privados fluctúan entre S/ 1,00 y S/ 36,00. En promedio, los precios de los medicamentos en el sector privado son 11 veces los precios en el sector público. Los costos de tratamiento por persona en establecimientos públicos son más asequibles que en los privados, especialmente para los medicamentos para casos más severos. Los esquemas de tratamiento para casos leves requieren la inversión de entre uno a cuatro días de salario mínimo. Mientras que los tratamientos de casos severos pueden requerir, hasta 64 días de salario mínimo en establecimientos privados. Conclusiones: el tratamiento farmacológico para COVID-19 supone un gasto importante para el sistema de salud público y para las familias a través de gastos de bolsillo. Urge diseñar e implementar medidas regulatorias para mejorar el acceso a medicamentos a precios asequibles.
Teaching tolerance through intercultural English language learning to elementary students
Authors: Miftakh Fauzi , Wachyudi Kelik
Published: October 2020

This study aims to find out how the intercultural English language learning can foster values of tolerance in elementary school students, as well as how it is implemented by teacher in the classroom. This research used a case study research design and the subjects in this study were a teacher and 20 6th grade students at an elementary school in Karawang. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation in 4 class meetings to observe the learning activities and interview with a teacher and 6 students. From the observations, this study showed that intercultural English language learning was moderately relevant to apply to elementary students. The teacher used simple, fun and stimulating activities and material such as songs, short stories and games in English, both from native culture (Indonesian) and target culture (English). Students could learn the use of English while recognizing cultural differences between native and target culture and languages. On the other hand, from the interview, students stated that they were very pleased with the method applied. They expressed their pleasure because they could get to know other cultures and most importantly they accept cultural differences as an amazement. Therefore, it can be concluded that students at a young age are fair enough to be introduced intercultural learning so they can think critically and have a tolerant attitude from an early age. However, the teaching method and material should be adapted to their age and thinking capacity.
Providing teaching resources for young learner classes: Best practices in efl context
Authors: Syathroh Isry Laila , Musthafa Bachrudin , Purnawarman Pupung
Published: October 2020

The availability of teaching resources is one of important factors to create successful lessons in teaching English to young learners (TEYL). Teachers can use flashcards, toys, songs, rhymes, books, audio visual materials, digital recourses and others to support teaching and learning process. Ready-made materials are available in stores, however they are usually expensive. The aim of this article is to share one of the best practices in providing resources for young learners in learning English. In the academic year of 2018, 40 students of English Department of IKIP Siliwangi took English for Young Learners (EYL) course for two credit hours. This is the second subject which is related to teaching young learners after they learned TEYL subjects as the perquisite subject in the previous year. In this course, students re-learned the concept of TEYL and the concepts how to provide teaching materials and resources for TEYL classes. At the end of the course, they should show their projects and demonstrate how to use them in TEYL. The findings reveal that students’ are very creative in designing resources for TEYL classes. This ability is very crucial in order to create child-friendly pedagogy in EYL classrooms.