Groundwater and soil CO2 efflux weekly monitoring network for the surveillance of Cumbre Vieja volcano, Canary Islands
Authors: Amonte Cecilia , Mulliss Alana , Sampson Elizabeth , Martín-Lorenzo Alba , Rodríguez-Pérez Claudia , Di Nardo Daniel , Melián Gladys V. , Santana-dLeón José M. , Hernández Pedro A. , Pérez Nemesio M. 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;La Palma Island (708.32 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) is located at the north-western end of the Canary Archipelago and is one of the youngest of the archipelago. In the last 123 ka, volcanic activity has taken place exclusively at Cumbre Vieja, the most active basaltic volcano in the Canaries, which is located at the southern part of the island. Since no visible geothermal manifestations occur at the surface environment of this volcano, during the last 20 years there has been considerable interest in the study of diffuse degassing as a powerful tool in the volcano monitoring program. In this study we have used two different geochemical approaches for volcano monitoring from October 2017 to November 2019. First, we have developed a network of 21 closed static chambers to determine soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; effluxes. Additionally, we have monitored physical-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity -EC-) and chemical/isotopic composition and dissolved gases in the water of two galleries (Pe&amp;#241;a Horeb and Trasvase Oeste) and one water well (Las Salinas). Soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; effluxes for the alkaline traps showed an average value of 7.4 g&amp;#183;m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#183;d&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for the entire Cumbre Vieja volcano. The gas sampled on the head space of the traps can be considered as CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-enriched air, showing an average value of 1,942 ppmV of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Regarding the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; isotopic composition (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), most of the stations exhibited CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; composed by different mixing degrees between atmospheric and biogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; with slight contributions of deep-seated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, with an average value of -19.3&amp;#8240;. The results of the physical-chemical parameters measured in waters showed mean temperature values of 23.7&amp;#186;C, 19.6&amp;#186;C and 22.1&amp;#186;C, 7.40, 6.27 and 6.60 for the pH and 1,710 &amp;#181;S&amp;#183;cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, 411 &amp;#181;S&amp;#183;cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and 41,100 &amp;#181;S&amp;#183;cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for the EC, for Pe&amp;#241;a Horeb, Trasvase Oeste and Las Salinas, respectively. The &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; composition of the dissolved gas has a mean value of -7.8&amp;#8240;, -10.2&amp;#8240; and -3.8&amp;#8240; vs. VPDB for Pe&amp;#241;a Horeb, Trasvase Oeste and Salinas, respectively. The highest values of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; efflux coincided with the stations showing highest CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration values located at the southern end of Cumbre Vieja, where the most recent volcanic eruption took place, and also on the northwest flank. This is in accordance with the results obtained for Las Salinas well, located in the south of the island, which show a high concentration of dissolved CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; values with a strong deep-seated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; contribution. This study represents an interesting contribution to detect early warning signals of future unrest episodes at Cumbre Vieja.&lt;/p&gt;