bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conservative Versus Surgical Management of Gastrointestinal Linear Foreign Bodies in the Cat
Authors: BASHER ANTHONY W. P. , FOWLER J. DAVID
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐four cases of gastrointestinal linear foreign bodies (LFB) in cats were reviewed. Nine cats were successfully managed conservatively, with passage of the LFB occurring 1 to 3 days after presentation. Ten cats that were initially managed conservatively were subsequently treated surgically. The decision to operate was based on worsening of clinical signs and failure to pass the LFB. Five cats were initially treated surgically. The cats that were managed successfully via conservative treatment had a shorter duration of clinical signs before presentation, decreased incidence of abdominal pain and palpable intestinal plication, and less severe hematologic abnormalities. Radiographic signs were of little benefit in deciding whether to treat the cats conservatively or surgically. None of the cats died.
Evaluation of Collagen as a Retainer for Autogenous Cancellous Bone Used in Repair of Full Thickness Cortical Bone Defects
Authors: JOHNSON A. L. , STEIN L. E. , ROE S. C.
Published: February 2008

A commercially available collagen sponge acting as a cylindrical retainer containing autogenous cancellous bone graft was proposed for treatment of full thickness cortical defects in dogs. Three groups of three dogs each were subjected to removal of at least 1.5 cm of the tibial diaphyses. All tibias were stabilized with bilateral external fixators. Group 1 received collagen surrounding an autogenous cancellous bone graft. Group 2 received collagen and group 3 received no treatment of the ostectomy site. The collagen sponge appeared to allow vascularization of the bone graft as evidenced by new bone formation and was resorbed by 3 months after implantation. Radiographic, histomor‐phologic, and histomorphometric evaluation at 3 months after surgery showed a greater per cent of bone in the ostectomy site in group 1.
Use of a Vascular Skeletal Muscle Graft for Canine Esophageal Reconstruction
Authors: STRAW RODNEY C. , TOMLINSON JAMES L. , CONSTANTINESCU GEORGE , TURK MARGARET A. M. , HOGAN PATRICIA M.
Published: February 2008

A technique for reconstruction of the thoracic esophagus was evaluated in 13 dogs. A 9 × 10 cm section of transversus abdominis muscle was harvested, fashioned into a tubular graft, and vascularized via the greater omentum. The vascularized tube was advanced into the caudal thorax through the diaphragm at a second surgery 20 to 44 days after harvesting the section of the transversus abdominis muscle. A 5 cm section of caudal thoracic esophagus was replaced with the vascular tubular graft. One dog died because of incarceration of the intestine within the tube and two dogs were euthanized because of infected tubes. One dog died due to an anesthetic complication, one dog had a diaphragmatic hernia and died, and one dog died from pyothorax. Leakage of luminal contents at the anastomoses did not occur in any dog. Seven dogs survived both surgeries but showed deglutitory difficulty 6 days postoperatively due to the grafted esophageal segments becoming severely strictured in each case. Angiography demonstrated vascularization of the full thickness of the graft in each of the seven dogs. An unacceptably high incidence of infection and stricture formation made this technique unsuitable for clinical use.
Intrapelvic Urethral Anastomosis A Comparison of Three Techniques
Authors: LAYTON C. E. , FERGUSON H. R. , COOK J. E. , GUFFY M. M.
Published: February 2008

Three intrapelvic urethral anastomosis techniques were performed on 12 mature male dogs to compare the degree of stricture. The intrapelvic urethra was transected 1 cm caudal to the prostate, and anastomosis was performed using either suturing of the urethra over an indwelling catheter, suturing of the urethra without an indwelling catheter, or apposition of the urethra without sutures over an indwelling catheter. Postoperatively, the dogs were evaluated using clinical urination patterns, biochemical tests, radiography, and pathology. Three of four suture‐catheter dogs and one of four catheter‐only dogs had normal urinary patterns. Stricture (25–84%) with urethral dilation or fistulas tracts was visible on retrograde, positive contrast urethrograms of 3 of 12 intact dogs 20 weeks after surgery, and on all 12 excised lower urinary tracts. Suture‐catheter dogs subjectively had the least amount of stricture. All eight dogs (1 suture‐catheter dog, 4 suture‐only dogs, and 3 catheter‐only dogs) with severe stricture (>60% lumen diameter reduction) had histopathologic signs of chronic, inflammatory urinary tract disease, including four with chronic, ascending lymphocytic pyelonephritis. Hydroureter and hydronephrosis developed in two catheter‐only dogs. Complete urethral transection resulted in some degree of stricture, regardless of technique used for anastomosis. Urethral anastomosis over an indwelling catheter appeared to result in a lesser degree of stricture and clinical and histopathologic derangement.
Isoflurane Anesthesia for Equine Colic Surgery Comparison with Halothane Anesthesia
Authors: HARVEY R. C. , GLEED R. D. , MATTHEWS N. S. , TYNER C. L. , ERB H. N. , SHORT C. E.
Published: February 2008

Isoflurane was compared with halothane as an anesthetic agent for emergency colic surgery in a series of 38 juvenile and adult horses. After presurgical stabilization with fluids and supportive medications, anesthesia was induced by intravenous xylazine and/ or diazepam followed by ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or halothane in oxygen with controlled ventilation. Heart rates (HR), arterial blood gases, mean arterial pressures (MAP), rate pressure products (RPP), requirements for cardiovascular support medications, and recovery times to standing were compared using nonparametric methods. Cardiopulmonary responses to isoflurane and halothane anesthesia were generally comparable although some temporal differences were observed. Higher HR (p < 0.02) and lower PaC02 levels (p < 0.01) were identified during the course of isoflurane anesthesia. Recovery times to standing were significantly shorter (0.02 < p < 0.05) after isoflurane than halothane anesthesia.
Management of Intractable Pleural Effusion in a Dog with a Pleuroperitoneal Shunt
Authors: SMEAK DANIEL D. , GALLAGHER LAURA , BIRCHARD STEPHEN J. , FOSSUM TERESA W.
Published: February 2008

Persistent nonchylous pleural effusion followed thoracic duct ligation for chylothorax in a dog. Attempts at tetracycline pleurodesis twice failed to reduce the quantity of pleural effusion. Repeated thoracentesis caused malnutrition and hypoproteinemia. A modified Denver® peritoneal‐venous shunt was implanted to internally drain the pleural fluid into the peritoneal cavity. Normal body weight and plasma protein concentration were regained in 40 days. Digital compression of the pump chamber alleviated the signs of respiratory compromise, without complication. At 50 weeks post‐installation, a proteina‐ceous clot obstructed the original efferent pump valve, necessitating shunt replacement. Eight weeks after replacement, the dog was asymptomatic.
A Comparison of Standard Femoral Head and Neck Excision and Femoral Head and Neck Excision Using a Biceps Femoris Muscle Flap in the Dog
Authors: MANN F. A. , TANGNER C. H. , WAGNER‐MANN C. , READ W. K. , HULSE D. A. , PUGLISI T. A. , HOBSON H. P.
Published: February 2008

Sixteen normal 20 to 30 kg dogs had standard femoral head and neck excision (8 dogs) or femoral head and neck excision with interposition of a biceps muscle flap (8 dogs). Lameness lessened at week 6, and did not differ between groups; neither group returned to a completely normal gait. Weightbearing decreased on the operated pelvic limb compared to controls (forceplate analysis). Weightbearing force of the muscle flap dogs was significantly less at weeks 6 and 16 than that of the standard femoral head and neck excision dogs. The operated limb of both groups was shortened; shortening was significantly greater for the muscle flap group. Hip extension was limited in both groups. Both groups had decreased (more acute) hip, stifle, and hock angles measured in standing position. Thigh muscle atrophy was more pronounced in the muscle flap group at week 6. More soft tissue was interposed in the muscle flap group at necropsy compared to the group with standard femoral head and neck excision, but the difference was not statistically significant. Skeletal muscle fibers were present in the interposed fibrous connective tissue of the muscle flap group, and the healed surfaces were smoother than those of the standard femoral head and neck excision group.
Mitral Valve Replacement in Dogs Surgical Technique and Postoperative Management
Authors: KLEMENT PETR , FEINDEL CHRISTOPHER M. , SCULLY HUGH E. , MESHER EILEEN , KLEMENT GIANNOULA , NIDO PEDRO DEL , WILSON GREGORY J.
Published: February 2008

Although techniques for the perioperative management of patients undergoing mitral valve replacement have been well established in humans, the use of these techniques has not been widely accepted in veterinary practice. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that low morbidity and mortality could be achieved in the dog undergoing mitral valve replacement. Nine mongrel dogs (25–45 kg body weight) were subject to left thoracotomy and mitral valve replacement using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The average time on CPB was 1 hour with an aortic cross‐clamping time of 40 minutes using chemically induced cardiac arrest. CPB was performed under conditions of moderate systemic hypothermia (28–30° C) and hemodilution (hematocrit, 25–35%). Operative mortality was 22% (2/9) with one death from excessive bleeding and the other from cerebral air embolism. All other animals recovered and were clinically normal 3 weeks after surgery. The authors conclude that successful mitral valve replacement is possible in the large dog.
Effect of Application of Polyvinilidine Plates on the Dorsal Spinous Processes of Dogs
Authors: RISCHEN CARL GRAY , WILSON JAMES W. , SWAIN CAROL A.
Published: February 2008

Anecdotal comments in the literature suggest that spinous fracture many weeks after application of polyvinilidine plates to the dorsal spinous processes of dogs may be due to associated adverse vascular changes. This study was undertaken to evaluate that hypothesis. Large size Lubra plates were cut to the appropriate length and applied to the dorsal spines of vertebrae L3 and L4. Vertebrae L2 and L5 served as operated controls. Vertebrae L1 and L6 served as unoperated normals. Two dogs were euthanized 1 week postoperatively, and three dogs each at 4,8, and 12 weeks. The effect of the plate on the dorsal spinous processes was evaluated using microangiography and correlated histology. There was no apparent change in vascular architecture associated with plate application, nor with surgery alone, at any time interval. There did appear to be a time dependent loss of bone associated with plate application, indicating a change in the relative balance of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity, and altered bone turnover.
A Retrospective Study of Prosthetic Capsule Technique for the Treatment of Problem Cases of Dislocated Hips
Authors: JOHNSON MARGARET E. , BRADEN TERRANCE D.
Published: February 2008

This article describes a technique for stabilizing coxofemoral luxations in dogs that uses placement of nonabsorbable sutures from two screws in the dorsal acetabular rim to a screw in the trochanteric fossa of the femur to create a prosthetic capsule. Twenty‐one hips with luxations that were either recurrent or greater than 7 days duration were treated. Owners of 17 dogs were contacted from 4 to 40 months after surgery. Eight dogs were reported as having excellent function, three had good function, three had fair function, and three had poor function. No complications directly related to the technique were reported.
Preservation of Skin by Refrigeration for Autogenous Grafting in the Horse
Authors: SCHUMACHER JAMES , CHAMBERS MARK , HANSELKA DAVID V. , MORTON LAURA DILL
Published: February 2008

Eighteen stored split thickness meshed skin grafts were applied to surgically created lesions on the metacarpal and metatarsal regions of six horses. Donor skin was harvested from the sternal region, meshed and stored at 4°C in a cell culture medium containing 10% serum. Stored grafts were applied to the wounds at 1, 2, and 3 week intervals. Acceptance of the grafts stored for 1 week was generally poor (1 of 6 grafts), whereas that of the 2 and 3 week old grafts was generally excellent (10 of 12 grafts). Poor acceptance of the 1 week old grafts was attributed to streptococcal infection of the recipient wounds. Using the storage medium and grafting technique described, excellent acceptance can be expected after graft storage of up to 3 weeks.
A Technique for Elective Splenectomy of Equidae Using a Transthoracic Approach
Authors: RIGG DALE L. , REINERTSON ERIC L. , BUTTRICK MARTHA L.
Published: February 2008

Splenectomy was performed electively on 80 ponies, horses, and donkeys for preparation in collecting Babesia antigens. Access to the abdomen was by resection of the sixteenth left rib and incision of the diaphragm. The technique afforded good exposure of the splenic vessels and attachments. Closure was facilitated by preservation of the periosteum of the resected rib. Difficulty was encountered both in surgical technique and postoperative complications in obese animals. The transthoracic approach was found to be a useful technique for equine splenectomy.
Effects of Xylazine and Ketamine on Epinephrine‐lnduced Arrhythmia in the Dog
Authors: WRIGHT MOLLiE , HEATH R. B. , WINGFIELD W. E.
Published: February 2008

Ten dogs were studied to determine the effects of xylazine, ketamine, and xylazine combined with ketamine on the dosage of epinephrine required to produce ventricular arrhythmia. Untreated dogs required an arrhythmogenic dose (AD) of 5.88 ± 2.85 μg/kg/min. The AD was 4.28 ± 3.25 μg/kg/min in xylazine‐treated dogs, 3.05 ± 2.3 μg/kg/min in ketamine‐treated dogs, and 2.96 ± 1.95 μg/kg/min in xylazine/ketamine‐treated dogs. The latter two dosages were significantly less than that of the controls (p < 0.025). The duration of increased arrhythmogenicity was also examined. Four hours after drug administration, the AD for xylazine‐treated dogs was decreased further to 3.87 ± 2.52 μg/kg/min (p < 0.05). Ketamine‐treated dogs had returned partially to normal with an AD of 4.09 ± 3.09 μg/kg/min, as had xylazine/ketamine‐treated dogs, at 4.22 ± 2.71 μg/kg/min.
A Retrospective Comparison of Three Techniques for Femoral Head and Neck Excision in Dogs
Authors: MONTGOMERY R. D. , MILTON J. L. , HORNE R. D. , COBLE R. H. , WILLIAMS J. C.
Published: February 2008

Femoral head and neck excision was performed in 169 dogs over a 7 year period. A written questionnaire completed by 56 owners, evaluating a total of 72 joints, was the basis for retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of the procedures used. There were four surgical groups: femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) in dogs with body weights over 14 kg, the same procedure in dogs with body weights less than 14 kg (SMALL), femoral head and neck excision with muscle interposition (Ml), and the wedge resection technique (WRT). Although differences in results were noted, there were no statistically significant differences between any of the groups for the percentage of leg use during normal activity (p > 0.05), mean postoperative time until leg use, use of the leg or hopping while running, or lameness with exercise (p > 0.10). The results of this study suggest that there is little advantage in performing the more time‐consuming and traumatic muscle interposition and wedge resection procedures.
Prevention of Intraabdominal Adhesions in Ponies by Low‐dose Heparin Therapy
Authors: PARKER JILL E. , FUBINI SUSAN L. , CAR BRUCE D. , ERB HOLLIS N.
Published: February 2008

An ischemic bowel model was used to stimulate adhesion formation in eight ponies. Heparin (40 USP u/kg) or saline was administered intravenously at surgery and was continued subcutaneously every 12 hours for 48 hours to evaluate the efficacy of heparin in preventing intraabdominal adhesions. Ponies were euthanatized after 6 weeks, and postmortem examinations were performed. A statistically significant difference was found between the heparin‐treated and the control groups. Adhesions developed in three of four control ponies, and adhesions did not develop in three of four heparin‐treated ponies. None of the adhesions resulted in clinical disease. In this study, heparin decreased the formation of adhesions in ponies after experimentally induced intestinal ischemia.
Anesthesia and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Technique in Calves and Sheep
Authors: HOLMBERG D. L. , OLSEN D. B.
Published: February 2008

The number of research institutions using calves and sheep as models for open heart surgical procedures is increasing. The Artificial Heart Laboratory of the University of Utah has developed an effective protocol for thoracic procedures in these animals. Routine barbiturate induction and maintenance with fluothane and a pressure‐regulated ventilator have minimized anesthetic problems. A membrane oxygenator with blood flows of 50 to 75 ml/kg body weight min. seems to give adequate circulatory support during heart‐lung bypass. Although animals implanted with total artificial hearts do not have problems with arrhythmias, changes in pulmonary function and peripheral vascular tone can alter their cardiac performance. The judicious use of ventilatory support and specific vasoactive drugs can significantly improve the animal's intraoperative blood pressure and postoperative arterial gases. A summary of the techniques and drugs which were used successfully in 187 of 189 animals during a 2 year period are presented.
Surgical Wound Infection Rates in Dogs and Cats Data from a Teaching Hospital
Authors: VASSEUR PHILIP B. , LEVY JULIE , DOWD ELISA , ELIOT JEFFREY
Published: February 2008

Two thousand sixty‐three surgical procedures were performed on 1992 patients (1715 dogs and 277 cats). In a retrospective analysis, the procedures were categorized according to the expected degree of wound contamination, and corresponding wound infection rates were determined. The number of procedures in each category and the percent that became infected were as follows: clean (1100, 2.5%), clean‐contaminated (554, 4.5%), contaminated (172, 5.8%), and dirty (237,18.1%). The administration of antibiotics significantly reduced the frequency of wound infection in clean surgical procedures performed by senior veterinary students (p < 0.05), but not in clean elective procedures performed by faculty or resident surgeons that required 90 minutes or less to complete. There was a significant correlation between elevation of rectal temperature postoperatively and increased duration of the surgical procedure. However, the rectal temperature measured the day after surgery was not an accurate predictor of wound infection.
A Comparison of Steady State and Transient Thermography Techniques Using a Healing Tendon Model
Authors: STEIN L. E. , PIJANOWSKI G. J. , JOHNSON A. L. , MacCOY D. M. , CHATO J. C.
Published: February 2008

Steady state and transient thermal techniques were used to define the thermal signatures of surgically sectioned and sham‐operated common calcanean tendons in four dogs. All limbs were imaged from the lateral side using an Inframetrics 525 system at –1,2,4,6, and 8 weeks after surgery. Individual video frames were used to compute absolute surface temperatures and rewarm curves for five predetermined 1 cm2 skin areas. Angiography was performed at each observation period to correlate changes in vascular morphology and thermal data. Thermal signatures and angiograms were similar in all animals before surgery. At 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, the absolute surface temperatures of the entire lateral crus area were elevated in three of four animals. During weeks 6 and 8, the surface temperatures, rewarm curves, and angiograms returned to presurgical values for the controls. Skin areas over the repaired tendons remained warmer and were shown to correlate with vascular proliferation by transient but not steady state techniques. Steady state and transient thermal imaging techniques can be used to detect vascular changes in the area around a healing tendon. However, our data indicate that transient thermal techniques are more suitable than steady state methods for localizing vascular disturbances in tissues. Thermographic imaging techniques may become a reliable noninvasive method to monitor wound healing processes if starting temperatures, cool down techniques, and time intervals for data collection are fully evaluated in future studies using transient thermal imaging protocols.
The Effects of Screw Removal on Bone Strain in an Idealized Plated Bone Model
Authors: KORVICK D. L. , MONVILLE J. D. , PIJANOWSKI G. J. , PHILLIPS J. W.
Published: February 2008

An idealized plated bone model was used to test the hypothesis that selected screw removal could alter the bone strain field and be a viable treatment for stress protection osteoporosis. Eighteen bone screw modifications were evaluated for their effects on bone strain. The three variables studied were number, position, and length of screws. Removal of two or four bone screws from an eight hole plate significantly increased the strain per load on the bone model over the values with eight screws in the plate (p < 0.05). The four screw configurations increased bone strain more than the six screw configurations. It also was shown that the position of screws in the plate could significantly alter the bone strain per load results. Removal of six bone screws from an eight hole plate also increased the bone strain per load, but to excess in some tests. In those configurations, the results were not statistically different from the un‐plated configuration. Replacement of the full length screws with eight half length screws that engaged only the near cortex significantly reduced bone strain per load as compared with eight bicortical bone screws.
Chlorhexidine Diacetate and Povidone‐iodine Cytotoxicity to Canine Embryonic Fibroblasts and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: SANCHEZ ISIS R. , NUSBAUM KENNETH E. , SWAIM STEVEN F. , HALE ANNE S. , HENDERSON RALPH A. , McGUIRE JOHN A.
Published: February 2008

Chlorhexidine diacetate and povidone‐iodine were evaluated for fibroblast toxicity on a primary line of canine embryonic fibroblasts, and for bactericidal efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. The cultured fibroblasts or S. aureus were exposed for 30 minutes to incremental dilutions of 0.5 to 0.0005% chlorhexidine diacetate, 5.0 to 0.05% povidone‐iodine, or physiologic buffered saline as a control. To determine survival, fibroblasts were trypsinized and counted; S. aureus colonies were counted on brain‐heart infusion agar. Survival for both groups was expressed by calculating the number of living cells in test dilutions as a percentage of the number in control cultures. Fibroblast survival occurred at chlorhexidine concentrations less than 0.013% and at povidone‐iodine concentrations less than 0.5% (p < 0.05). Significant S. aureus survival (p < 0.05) was noted at chlorhexidine concentrations less than 0.05% and povidone‐iodine concentrations less than 1.0%. These data showed that all bactericidal concentrations of chlorhexidine diacetate and povidone‐iodine were lethal to canine embryonic fibroblasts in vitro, whereas non‐lethal concentrations allowed significant bacterial survival.
Caudal Sartorius Muscle Flap in the Dog
Authors: WEINSTEIN M. JOY , PAVLETIC MICHAEL M. , BOUDRIEAU RANDY J.
Published: February 2008

An anatomic study was performed on canine cadavers to define the blood supply to the caudal sartorius muscle. The vascular supply to this muscle was segmental with the saphenous artery and vein providing a distal vascular pedicle. Anastomotic channels existed between distal and proximal capillary beds within the muscle belly. This anatomic information was used to determine the feasibility of performing caudal sartorius muscle flaps in dogs. The caudal sartorius muscle was transposed to the medial tibial region in four dogs. The muscle flap was based on a singular vascular pedicle of the saphenous artery and vein. The muscle transpositions were all successful on day 14 as evidenced by gross appearance and results of histologic examination. Grossly, the muscles were well adhered to the recipient sites and were covered by connective tissue. Histologically, the specimens were characterized by viable skeletal muscle fibers, large amounts of granulation tissue, varying degrees of inflammatory response, and small foci of myocyte necrosis (2 cases). Seroma formation was a consistent postoperative complication.
Comparison of Naturally Occurring Proximal Duodenal Obstruction and Abomasal Volvulus in Dairy Cattle
Authors: GARRY FRANKLYN , HULL BRUCE L. , RINGS D. MICHAEL , HOFFSIS GLEN
Published: February 2008

Physical and clinicopathologic findings from six cows with proximal duodenal obstruction (PDO) and 58 cows with abomasal volvulus (AV) were compared retrospectively. Many of the physical signs were similar in cows with PDO and cows with AV, but the two conditions differed in the type of abdominal distention, and in the findings from rectal examination and abdominal auscultation. Cows with PDO had significantly lower mean values for serum sodium (Na+) and chloride ion (Cl‐), and higher mean values for plasma bicarbonate [HCO3], base excess, carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2), serum phosphate, urea nitrogen, and total protein than AV affected cattle. Cows with PDO showed hyperglycemia (range, 263–990 mg/dl; mean, 618 mg/ dl) of unexplained etiology that was significantly higher than blood‐glucose concentrations in AV cows (mean, 178 mg/dl). Although all AV cows with anion gap values greater than 32 mEq/l died; PDO cows with equally elevated anion gap survived. The anion gap elevations in PDO and AV cows resulted from accumulation of different anions. Although the site of obstruction of aborad flow of ingesta is similar in both disease conditions, the differences in physical and clinicopathologic findings appear to reflect differences in the degree of reticulo‐omasal orifice obstruction and the degree of abomasal vascular compromise.
Effects of Chlorhexidine Diacetate and Povidone‐lodine on Wound Healing in Dogs
Authors: SANCHEZ ISIS R. , SWAIM STEVEN F. , NUSBAUM KENNETH E. , HALE ANNE S. , HENDERSON RALPH A. , McGUIRE JOHN A.
Published: February 2008

To correlate the results of an in vitro study with clinical response, the effects of 0.005 and 0.05% chlorhexidine diacetate and 0.1 and 1.0% povidone‐iodine concentrations on wound healing were evaluated in five beagle dogs. Full‐thickness skin wounds (2 × 2 cm) were irrigated once daily for 14 days with the antiseptic solutions or physiologic‐buffered saline. Chlorhexidine diacetate 0.05% had significantly more bactericidal activity than povidone‐iodine and saline, and both chlorhexidine diacetate concentrations had residual effects 6 hours after irrigation. Neither povidone‐iodine nor saline had significant bactericidal activity. The percentages of unhealed wound area and wound contraction were calculated 7, 14, and 21 days after wounding. Healed wound area and contraction were similar in wounds treated with chlorhexidine diacetate and povidone‐iodine. However, wounds treated with chlorhexidine diacetate had more healed wound area on days 7 and 14 and more contraction on days 7, 14, and 21 than saline‐treated wounds. At the concentrations tested, chlorhexidine diacetate irrigations provided bactericidal activity and were more beneficial to wound healing than irrigations with saline alone. These results suggest that concentrations of chlorhexidine diacetate which are cytotoxic to tissue culture fibroblasts in vitro do not interfere with wound healing in vivo.
Silicone Elastomer Sling for Fecal Incontinence in Dogs
Authors: DEAN PAUL W. , O'BRIEN DENNIS P. , TURK MARGARET A. M. , BOJRAB M. JOSEPH
Published: February 2008

Fecal incontinence was created by bilateral pudendal neurectomy in 12 dogs. In six dogs, the fecal incontinence was treated by implantation of a polyester‐impregnated silicone elastomer sling to form an artificial external anal sphincter. Six dogs underwent the same operative procedure without the implant to serve as controls. Five dogs regained total continence and one dog regained partial continence after implantation of the sling. Four control dogs remained incontinent and two control dogs regained partial continence. The difference between the dogs with slings and the controls was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The only complication was infection in one dog, which was treated successfully. Histologic reaction to the implant was confined to a zone of fibrosis 1 to 3 mm surrounding the implant. The sling was well tolerated clinically and appeared to offer a successful method for correction of fecal incontinence in dogs.
Axial Pattern Flap Based on the Superficial Brachial Artery in the Dog
Authors: HENNEY LUCIA H. SHIELDS , PAVLETIC MICHAEL M.
Published: February 2008

An axial pattern flap based on the superficial brachial artery and vein (brachial axial pattern flap) was developed on the forelimbs of five dogs. The flap was immediately transferred to a distal cutaneous defect created on the antebrachium of that limb. A control flap was elevated on the opposite limb and transferred to a similar distal site after ligation of the superficial brachial artery and vein at the base of the flap. Mean brachial axial pattern flap survival (98%) was significantly more than mean control flap survival (77%) (p < 0.05). Results of this study suggest that the brachial axial pattern flap has potential application for closure of major cutaneous defects involving the canine antebrachium above the carpus.
Delayed Repair of an Extensive Lip Laceration in a Colt Using an Estlander Flap
Authors: SMYTH G. B. , BROWN R. G. , JUZWIAK J. S. , SWAIM S. F. , VAUGHAN J. T.
Published: February 2008

A vascularized full‐thickness Estlander flap was used to repair a defect involving approximately 40% of the left lower lip of a colt. Postoperative probleMS were (1) providing nutritional support, (2) minimizing movement at the surgical site, and (3) partial wound dehiscence resulting in a salivary fistula. The surgical site healed well and the colt was left with a fully functional and cosmetic lower lip.
Surgical Treatment of Sand Colic Results in 40 Horses
Authors: RAGLE CLAUDE A. , MEAGHER DENNIS M. , LACROIX CHARLOTTE A. , HONNAS CLIFFORD M.
Published: February 2008

A retrospective study of 40 horses that underwent surgical treatment for sand colic was performed. Three horses were euthanatized and one died during surgery. Of the 36 horses that recovered from anesthesia, five died before discharge from the hospital and seven died after discharge. Twenty‐four horses survived at least 12 months. Sand impaction of the right dorsal colon was present in 26 horses. In addition to sand impaction, 10 horses also had colonic displacement or volvulus.
Biomechanical Properties of Skin and Wounds in Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome
Authors: FREEMAN L. J. , HEGREBERG G. A. , ROBINETTE J. D. , KIMBRELL J. T.
Published: February 2008

The biomechanical properties of wounded and nonwounded skin were studied in three dogs and three cats affected with type I Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome. Three nonaffected dogs and one nonaffected cat served as controls. Samples of wounded skin and adjacent normal skin were harvested at days 75, 138, 141, 144, 147, and 150. Samples were subjected to uniaxial tensile strength testing. Tensile strength, energy absorbed, and site of failure were recorded. In the dogs with Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome, there was an increase in tensile strength in samples containing a scar over adjacent intact skin. In nonaffected dogs, affected cats and the nonaffected cat, the nonwounded skin samples had greater tensile strength. The energy absorbed by the skin samples during testing was highly correlated with tensile strength.
Splenectomy in the Dog by Ligation of the Splenic and Short Gastric Arteries
Authors: HOSGOOD GISELLE , BONE DAVID L. , III WILLIAM D. VORHEES , REED WILLIE M.
Published: February 2008

Splenectomy was performed in 15 crossbred dogs; hilar vessel ligation was used in eight dogs (group 1) and splenic and short gastric artery ligation were used in seven (group 2). Blood flow to six sites along the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach was recorded with radioactive tracer microspheres. A significantly higher blood flow was recorded in group 2 for the site supplied by the right gastroepiploic artery (p = 0.0441). There was no difference between the groups for the site supplied by the left gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries. Histologically, there was no difference in gastric tissue samples from four sites. Splenic and short gastric artery ligation did not compromise stomach blood flow or the integrity of the stomach wall, and may be superior for splenectomy because of its relative simplicity and potentially shorter operative time.
Laminotomy of the Axis for Surgical Access to the Cervical Spinal Cord A Case Report
Authors: FINGEROTH JAMES M. , SMEAK DANIEL D.
Published: February 2008

A cranially hinged laminotomy of vertebra C2 was used to expose the cervical spinal cord of a dog with a meningioma in the region of the atlantoaxial articulation. By preserving the dorsal atlantoaxial ligament, the technique seemed to result in greater and more physiologic stability between the atlas and axis than dorsal laminectomy and prosthetic replacement of the dorsal atlantoaxial ligament. The procedure allowed a dorsal approach, avoiding injury to the vertebral arteries and limited exposure, which are potential problems with hemiiaminectomy of C1‐C2. Further investigation is needed to evaluate long‐term consequences of this procedure.
Enterotomy Technique in the Descending Colon of the Horse Effect of Location and Suture Pattern
Authors: BEARD W. L. , ROBERTSON J. T. , GETZY D. M.
Published: February 2008

To compare the effects of placing enterotomy incisions on or off the antimesenteric teniae and closing the intestinal mucosa as a separate layer, four longitudinal enterotomies were performed in the descending colon of each of six horses by the following techniques: incision through the antimesenteric teniae with oneand two‐layer closure, and incision adjacent to the teniae with oneand two‐layer closure. The horses were necropsied at day 33 for evidence of obstruction, adhesions, and ultrasonographic determination of the percent reduction in lumen diameter. Histologic and histomorphometric evaluations included: inflammatory response in the mucosal and seromuscular layers, mucosal atrophy or degeneration, alignment of the incision edges, area of fibrosis, and distance between the incised muscle edges. Adhesions were present in 5 of 24 enterotomies. Incisions adjacent to the teniae resulted in narrower lumen diameters than incisions through the teniae. Inflammatory response was greatest in incisions adjacent to the teniae with two‐layer closure. Closure of the mucosa as a separate layer had no effect on any of the parameters evaluated. Enterotomies through the antimesenteric teniae were more easily performed, resulted in less hemorrhage, and maintained a larger lumen diameter than those performed adjacent to the teniae.
An Unusual Cause of Increasing Airway Pressure during Anesthesia
Authors: KLEIN LIN V. , WILSON DEBORAH V.
Published: February 2008

A mare with a thoracic laceration was anesthetized with halothane‐O2 for surgical repair. Shortly after initiation of controlled ventilation, inspiratory plateau pressure began to increase. The increase in pressure continued despite decreasing the tidal volume. Tension pneumothorax was suspected, but because arterial PCO2 and PO2 were normal, the anesthetic apparatus was examined. Excess gas continued to exit through the bellows pop‐off valve even when the fresh gas flow was turned off. It was determined that driving gas from the ventilator was entering the breathing circuit through a hole in the bellows. Testing the integrity of the bellows before use is suggested to avoid this potentially harmful complication.
Intraperitoneal Circulation and Drainage in the Dog
Authors: HOSGOOD GISELLE , SALISBURY S. KATHLEEN , CANTWELL H. DAN , DENICOLA DENNIS B.
Published: February 2008

The patterns of dispersion and drainage of a low viscosity, oil‐based contrast medium within the peritoneal cavity were examined in 12 normal dogs. Intraperitoneal injection of contrast medium was cranial or caudal and drainage was by the sump‐Penrose or open peritoneal method. Radiographs were made over a 96 hour period, before and after peritoneal drainage was established. Each dog was euthanatized and necropsied. The contrast medium was dispersed throughout the peritoneal cavity 15 to 30 minutes after cranial injection and 1 to 2 hours after caudal injection. Most of the contrast medium drained within 6 hours after open peritoneal drainage and within 24 to 48 hours after sump‐Penrose drainage. At necropsy, there was complete encasement of all sump‐Penrose drains and partial occlusion of all open peritoneal incisions by omentum adhered to the abdominal wound edges. Peritonitis was not grossly evident, but all dogs showed histologic evidence of an acute inflammatory reaction associated with the drain or wound edge.
Transfer of Deep Circumflex Iliac Flaps to the Tarsus by Microvascular Anastomosis in the Horse
Authors: LEES M. J. , BOWEN C. V. , FRETZ P. B. , LEACH D. H.
Published: February 2008

Eighteen deep circumflex iliac flaps were elevated in healthy adult horses. Four flaps survived well when elevated as islands, but five orthotopic flaps and nine heterotopic flaps transferred to the tarsus and face failed. Technical reasons could explain the failure of the orthotopic flaps, but not the heterotopic flaps. Failure of the heterotopic flaps was apparently caused by the no‐reflow phenomenon.
The Effect of Exercise on the Healing of Articular Cartilage Defects in the Equine Carpus
Authors: FRENCH D. A. , BARBER S. M. , LEACH D. H. , Doige C. E.
Published: February 2008

Arthroscopic surgery was performed on 12 horses (2–4 years of age) to create a 7 × 14 mm full‐thickness cartilage defect in one radial carpal bone and in the contralateral third carpal bone. Six horses remained confined to a small paddock and six horses underwent a program of increasing exercise consisting of walking, trotting, and cantering for 13 weeks. All lesions showed evidence of healing at week 6 that progressed to more complete healing at week 13. There was no difference in the amount of repair tissue covering the defect. Histologically, the lesions healed with a combination of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage. The repair tissue was significantly thicker in the exercised horses but there was no difference in repair quality. It was concluded that radial carpal and third carpal lesions have an equal ability to heal and that early postoperative exercise is not detrimental to the repair tissue within these carpal cartilage defects.
Arthroscopic Removal of Apical and Abaxial Sesamoid Fracture Fragments in Five Horses
Authors: PALMER SCOTT E.
Published: February 2008

Five horses with apical and abaxial fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones were treated arthroscopically. Ipsilateral and contralateral triangulation were used to remove abaxial fragments; apical fragments were removed by ipsilateral triangulation. Excellent visibility of the fracture fragments was obtained with each method. Dissection and removal of fragments was accomplished with standard arthroscopic instruments, tendon‐splitting knives, and curved scissors. Excellent functional and cosmetic results were achieved in all cases.
Pancarpal Arthrodesis for Treatment of Carpal Collapse in the Adult Horse A Report of Two Cases
Authors: BERTONE ALICIA L. , SCHNEITER HARVEY L. , TURNER A. SIMON , SHOEMAKER R. STUART
Published: February 2008

Two mares with multiple carpal bone fractures, malarticulation and degenerative joint disease were successfully treated with unilateral arthrodeses of the antebrachiocarpal, middle carpal, and carpometacarpal joints. Arthrodesis was achieved by removal of articular cartilage, autogenous cancellous bone graft, and double dynamic compression plating. In one horse, wedge ostectomy corrected the severe, acquired angular limb deformity. External coaptation supplemented the internal fixation. Postoperative complications were limited to cast sores that healed with treatment, although protracted in one horse. Both mares adapted to the “peg leg” condition and ambulated without pain by 3 months. The first mare treated survived for at least 2 1/2 years after surgery and has had at least one foal. The most recently treated mare will be bred next year.
Thoracodorsal and Caudal Superficial Epigastric Axial Pattern Skin Flaps in Cats
Authors: REMEDIOS A. M. , BAUER M. S. , BOWEN C. V.
Published: February 2008

Nonselective angiography, selective angiography, and gross dissection of 15 cadavers were performed to delineate direct cutaneous arteries in the cat. The omocervical, deep circumflex iliac, thoracodorsal, and caudal superficial epigastric arteries were identified by nonselective angiography. Selective angiography and gross dissection allowed assessment of the origin and vascular territories of the thoracodorsal and caudal superficial epigastric arteries. Orthotopic and heterotopic transfers of thoracodorsal and caudal superficial epigastric island flaps were performed on eight cats. All flaps were successful although areas of necrosis at the caudodistai tips were evident in most of the thoracodorsal flaps. The rotated thoracodorsal flaps extended to the carpi. Caudal superficial epigastric flaps enabled coverage to the metatarsus. Seroma formation and partial dehiscence were minor complications.
Esophageal Replacement in the Dog by Microvascular Colon Transfer
Authors: KUZMA ALAN B. , HOLMBERG DAVID L. , MILLER CRAIG W. , BARKER IAN , ROTH JAMES
Published: February 2008

An orthotopic colon graft based on the middle colic artery and vein was implanted with microvascular technique and a stapling instrument in five dogs. The grafts were successful in four dogs. A similar colon autograft was used to replace the entire thoracic esophagus in five dogs. The recipient vessels were the left carotid artery and left external jugular vein. Four of the grafts failed because of kinking and thrombosis of the arterial supply (2 dogs) or the venous outflow (2 dogs). One graft, which had a viable vascular supply, developed a severe leak at the colon‐to‐stomach anastomosis, and the dog was euthanatized on day 3. The recipient vascular pedicle was modified and used successfully to replace a portion of the cervical esophagus in three dogs. The grafts survived, the dogs could swallow liquids and semisolid food well, and, at necropsy after 4 weeks, the anastomotic sites were well healed. The graft sites contained essentially normal colon mucosa.
Vulvovaginectomy and Perineal Urethrostomy for Neoplasms of the Vulva and Vagina
Authors: BILBREY STEPHEN A. , WITHROW STEPHEN J. , KLEIN MARY KAY , BENNETT R. AVERY , NORRIS ALAN M. , GOFTON NORMAN , DEHOFF WILLIAM
Published: February 2008

Vulvovaginectomy and perineal urethrostomy were performed in three dogs with extensive neoplasms of the vulva and vagina. One benign tumor (fibroleiomyoma) and two malignant tumors (transitional cell carcinoma and anaplastic spindle cell sarcoma) were diagnosed. Survival times were 9 weeks to 10 months. Urinary continence was preserved in all three dogs. The procedure may be curative for benign tumors or malignant tumors that have not yet metastasized; it is a palliative procedure for advanced malignancies.
Effects of Atropine and Glycopyrrolate on Esophageal, Gastric, and Tracheal pH in Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: ROUSH JAMES K. , KEENE BRUCE W. , EICKER STEVEN W. , BJORLING DALE E.
Published: February 2008

Atropine, glycopyrrolate, or saline solution was administered before anesthesia in a blinded, controlled study of 40 dogs scheduled to undergo surgery. Effects of treatment on esophageal, gastric, and tracheal pH were measured with an intraluminal pH meter. Preanesthetic administration of atropine and glycopyrrolate had no effect on esophageal, gastric, or tracheal pH but did result in increased heart rate. Thoracotomy procedures resulted in decreased intraluminal esophageal pH and increased heart rate. Esophageal pH at the level of the thoracic inlet decreased over the duration of surgery.
Arthroscopic Approaches and Intraarticular Anatomy of the Equine Elbow
Authors: NIXON ALAN J.
Published: February 2008

Periarticular anatomy and techniques for arthroscopic access to the equine elbow were studied in six joints from cadavers. Caudomedial and craniolateral approaches were evaluated subsequently in 11 anesthetized horses. The caudomedial approach was made between the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscle bellies. Most of the caudal articular surfaces of the humeral condyles, the caudal perimeter of the radius, and the trochlear notch and portions of the anconeal process of the ulna could be identified. The voluminous caudal joint capsule cul‐de‐sac proximal to the anconeal process was readily entered. A 70° arthroscope allowed examination of more of the joint recesses and articular surfaces of the olecranon fossa than a 25° arthroscope. A second portal for intraarticular instrument manipulation was made caudal and slightly proximal to the arthroscope entry. Entry more proximal than the level of the radiohumeral articulation carried significant risk of damage to the ulnar nerve and collateral ulnar artery and vein. For examination of the cranial regions of the elbow, a craniolateral portal was established cranial to the lateral collateral ligament. An instrument portal was made through the muscle bellies of the extensor carpi radialis or common digital extensor muscles. The cranial articular surfaces of the humeral condyles were readily exposed by extension of the elbow. The weight‐bearing articular surface of the radius could not be seen. Eight horses were euthanatized without recovery from anesthesia and the elbows were dissected for examination. Three horses were allowed to recover from anesthesia and were euthanatized on days 3, 30, and 60. The procedure resulted in mild lameness for 1 to 2 days. At necropsy, there was normal range of joint motion and none of the entry sites could be identified by days 30 and 60. No gross evidence of osteoarthritis had developed by day 60 and normal matrix glycosaminoglycan content was identified by histochemical staining at each time period.
Evaluation of an Interfragmentary Compression System for the Repair of Equine Femoral Capital Physeal Fractures
Authors: HUNT DAVID A. , SNYDER JACK R. , MORGAN JOE P. , STOVER SUSAN M. , POOL ROY R. , PASCOE JOHN R.
Published: February 2008

Femoral neck and proximal epiphyseal lengths were measured in 37 femurs from 19 cadaver foals that were 1 day to 12 months old to determine the applicability of a human interfragmentary compression system to equine femoral capital physeal fractures. Because components of the implant system are available only in fixed sizes, its use was possible in foals older than 5 weeks of age, but not in younger foals. The 135° angle plate conformed best to the equine femur. Femoral capital physeal fractures were created surgically and repaired with the implant system in three foals. Fracture stability was evident clinically and radiographically in all three foals until euthanasia at month 3. At necropsy, the treated femurs were 4,8, and 27 mm shorter than their mates. Epiphyseal viability was verified in all three foals by tetracycline deposition and new appositional bone growth comparable with that in the contralateral control epiphyses. The treated capital physis was open but reduced in thickness in one foal, disorganized in one foal, and closed in one foal. Fixation by compression with the implant system resulted in stability sufficient for fracture healing and maintenance of epiphyseal viability, although it was associated with reduced longitudinal femoral growth.