bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Trends in Abundance and Size of Juvenile American Shad, Hickory Shad, and Blueback Herring in the St. Johns River, Florida, and Comparison with Historical Data
Authors: Trippel Nicholas A. , Allen Micheal S. , McBride Richard S.
Published: June 2007

American shad Alosa sapidissima, hickory shad A. mediocris, and blueback herring A. aestivalis spawn in Florida's St. Johns River during winter and spring, and juveniles migrate out of the estuary during the following fall. We assessed the temporal trends of juvenile relative abundance and size as each species moved downstream past Palatka, Florida, and compared these values to historical data from the system. Juveniles were collected from April 2004 to March 2005 primarily with surface trawling at night and with supplemental daytime electrofishing. Relatively few juveniles were collected by trawl (23 American shad, 7 hickory shad, and 36 blueback herring) or by electrofishing (55 American shad, 4 hickory shad, and 179 blueback herring). Trawl catch rates were highest in autumn, and electrofishing catch rates were highest in autumn and early winter. Both sampling methods caught juveniles at similar sizes. The surface trawl catch rates of juvenile American shad in 2004 and 2005 were not significantly different from comparable historical catch rates for 1969 and 1970, suggesting similar overall juvenile recruitment levels. Trawl collections were sufficient to document the seasonal downstream migration of shad juveniles. However, given the low catch rates, we found electrofishing to be a useful alternative method for describing seasonal abundance and habitat use by juvenile shad.
Vietnam during Economic Transition: A Tracer Study of Health Service Access and Affordability
Authors: Luong Duong Huy , Tang Shenglan , Zhang Tuohong , Whitehead Margaret
Published: June 2007

For many decades, Vietnam had a well-structured public health service with extensive population coverage, with free care at government health facilities until 1989. Since then the country has been going through economic transition, including major changes to the health system. These include the reduction of financial support to public facilities and the introduction of user charges. Concern has been growing about the effect of these changes on access and affordability of health care, particularly for poor families. Using data from the Vietnam National Health Survey conducted in 2001–2002, the authors conducted a tracer study of people with diarrheal illness to examine equity in access to and use of health care and the financial burdens placed on patients in seeking care. The study found that children, the elderly, and the poorly educated were more likely to suffer from diarrhea; poor people often did not seek any care regardless of severity of illness, largely because they could not afford it. The opportunity cost due to lost income was also much greater for poor families. Several new policies have been developed in Vietnam to improve access to basic health care for the poor. However, the effects of such policies require close monitoring and remain to be evaluated.
Changes in Latin America: Consequences for Human Development
Authors: Weisbrot Mark
Published: June 2007

This article looks at Latin America's political shift over the last several years. The author argues that these changes have largely been misunderstood and underestimated in the United States for a number of reasons. First, Latin America's unprecedented growth failure over the past 25 years is a major cause of these political changes and has not been well-understood. Second, the collapse of the International Monetary Fund's influence in Latin America, and in middle-income countries, is an epoch-making change. Third, the availability of alternative sources of finance, especially from the reserves of the Venezuelan government, has become very important. Finally, the increasing assertion of national control over natural resources is an important part of the new relationship between Latin America and the United States. For these and other reasons, the relationship between Latin America and the United States has undergone a fundamental and possibly irreversible change, and one that opens the way to new and mostly more successful economic policies.
Pediatric CT Research Elevates Public Health Concerns: Low-Dose Radiation Issues are Highly Politicized
Authors: Bertell Rosalie , Ehrle Lynn Howard , Schmitz-Feuerhake Inge
Published: June 2007

This article presents an analysis of issues related to low-dose radiation, with a focus on pediatric computed tomography (CT). It references several early studies that are seldom quoted in radiation research papers, then quantifies the excess lifetime fatal cancer yield attributable to an estimated 6.5 million pediatric abdominal CT scans. The authors highlight an important policy document issued jointly by the National Cancer Institute and the Society for Pediatric Radiology—specifically, its conclusion that a small dose from CT represents “a public health concern.” Finally, the article identifies several contentious issues and proposes policy initiatives that, if implemented, could result in significant reductions of future radiogenic cancers and chronic injuries. The authors call for discussions between professional radiology societies and public interest health organizations, thereby involving all stakeholders.
Rural Health Care in Vietnam and China: Conflict between Market Reforms and Social Need
Authors: Huong Dang Boi , Phuong Nguyen Khanh , Bales Sarah , Jiaying Chen , Lucas Henry , Segall Malcolm
Published: June 2007

China and Vietnam have adopted market reforms in the health sector in the context of market economic reforms. Vietnam has developed a large private health sector, while in China commercialization has occurred mainly in the formal public sector, where user fees are now the main source of facility finance. As a result, the integrity of China's planned health service has been disrupted, especially in poor rural areas. In Vietnam the government has been an important financer of public health facilities and the pre-reform health service is largely intact, although user fees finance an increasing share of facility expenditure. Over-servicing of patients to generate revenue occurs in both countries, but more seriously in China. In both countries government health expenditure has declined as a share of total health expenditure and total government expenditure, while out-of-pocket health spending has become the main form of health finance. This has particularly affected the rural poor, deterring them from accessing health care. Assistance for the poor to meet public-sector user fees is more beneficial and widespread in Vietnam than China. China is now criticizing the degree of commercialization of its health system and considers its health reforms “basically unsuccessful.” Market reforms that stimulate growth in the economy are not appropriate to reform of social sectors such as health.
The Effect of an International Embargo on Malnutrition and Childhood Mortality in Rural Haiti
Authors: Reid Britt C. , Psoter Walter J. , Gebrian Bette , Wang Min Qi
Published: June 2007

The study objective was to determine the effect of an international embargo against Haiti, from October 1991 through October 1994, on early childhood protein-energy malnutrition and all-cause mortality in a geographic area where humanitarian aid was continuously available to the children in the study. The authors used longitudinal anthropometric records on 1,593 children, 24 months old or younger, living in the rural Grand Anse Department of Haiti from 1989 through 1996. Kaplan-Meier graphs for all-cause mortality accounting for malnutrition status and stratified by calendar period were applied to the database and assessed using logrank tests. Adjusted relative risks were assessed by Cox regression. The results show that despite the continuous availability of preventive services (1989–1996), higher all-cause mortality was more strongly associated with a calendar period coinciding with the international embargo than with periods before and after the embargo. The incidence of childhood mortality and of severe malnutrition were also higher during the period of the embargo than in the periods before and after the embargo. The findings suggest that future international sanctions, even those with humanitarian/medical exceptions, could result in substantial infant death.
Growth and characterization of pulsed laser deposited ZnO thin films
Authors: Vincze Andrej , Bruncko Jaroslav , Michalka Miroslav , Figura Daniel
Published: June 2007

One of the most important and promising materials from metal oxides is ZnO with specific properties for near UV emission and absorption optical devices. The properties of ZnO thin films strongly depend on the deposition method. Among them, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) plays an important role for preparing various kinds of ZnO films, e.g. doped, undoped, monocrystalline, and polycrystalline. Different approaches — ablation of sintered ZnO pellets or pure metallic Zn as target material are described. This contribution is comparing properties of ZnO thin films deposited from pure Zn target in oxygen atmosphere and those deposited from sintered ZnO target. There is a close connection between final thin film properties and PLD conditions. The surface properties of differently grown ZnO thin films are measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, different approaches — ablation of sintered ZnO pellet or pure metallic Zn as target materials are described. The main results characterize typical properties of ZnO films versus technological parameters are presented.
Probiotics and prebiotics — renaissance of a therapeutic principle
Authors: Fric Premysl
Published: June 2007

Probiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms mostly of human origin which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host and enable to prevent or improve some diseases. Probiotics may be a natural temporary constituent of the resident intestinal microflora, but their concentration is not sufficient for therapeutic purposes. The microbiota, the intestinal epithelium, and the mucosal immune system constitute the gastrointestinal ecosystem. All three components are essential for complete functional and developmental maturity of the system. The viability of intestinal microflora (including probiotic strains) requires the availability of nutritional substrates (prebiotics), i.e. various types of fiber and oligosaccharides. Prebiotics are cleaved by microbial enzymes to numerous substances (short-chain fatty acids, aminoacids, polyamines, growth factors, vitamins and antioxidants) indispensable for metabolic and functional activities of the intestinal mucosa. The principal probiotics in use include lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, some nonpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces boulardii. These microbiota display favourable effects which qualify them for therapeutic use. For this purpose, probiotics have to fulfill a series of requirements verifying their efficacy and safety. Experimental and clinical studies examine the prerequisites for the administration of probiotics in digestive diseases, allergic and atopic affections, as well as in some extraintestinal conditions. Future goals of probiotic application include genomic analysis, controlled postnatal colonisation of the digestive tract, the use of probiotics as carriers of peroral vaccines, and recombinant probiotics with in-situ production and targeted application of therapeutic molecules.
Temporal and Spatial Gait Characteristics of Children With Hurler Syndrome After Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
Authors: Dusing Stacey C , Thorpe Deborah E , Mercer Vicki S , Rosenberg Angela E , Poe Michele D , Escolar Maria L
Published: June 2007

Background and Purpose: Recent medical advances are increasing the life expectancy of children with Hurler syndrome; however, little is known about the motor abilities of children who have received these medical interventions. The purpose of this study was to describe the temporal and spatial gait parameters of children with Hurler syndrome following umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) in reference to gait parameters of children with typical development.

Subjects: The group with Hurler syndrome consisted of 18 children between 19.6 and 96.8 months of age who were examined 1 to 4 times between 2.9 and 72.2 months after UCBT. Four hundred thirty-eight children with typical development between the ages of 14.4 and 131.8 months served as a comparison group.

Methods: Temporal and spatial gait parameters were assessed using a GAITRite electronic walkway. Step length, gait speed, and cadence were normalized for body stature.

Results: Children with Hurler syndrome had slower gait speeds and shorter step lengths than children with typical development at 2 and 3 years of age. Time since transplantation was a predictor of gait speed and step length.

Discussion and Conclusions: Children with Hurler syndrome after UCBT were delayed in maturation of temporal and spatial gait parameters.
From Istanbul to Berlin: Stations on the Road to a Transcultural/Translational Literature
Authors: Seyhan Azade
Published: June 2007

In this article, I read selected texts of two of the most prominent Turkish born authors of Berlin, Aras Ören and Emine Sevgi Özdamar, as poetic projects of confronting and grasping the vicissitudes of modernity's troubled path both in their homeland and in their experience of German history and culture. My reasons for the emphasis on the work of these writers derives from their various positions between two languages and literary traditions and their ability to negotiate various nuances of "German" and "Turk" and the lived experience of these contested categories. "A poet is a member of that minority that refuses to be part of any official minority, because a poet knows what it is to belong among those walking in broad daylight, as well as those hiding behind closed shutters," writes Charles Simic, Pulitzer Prize-winning poet from the former Yugoslavia. Ören, a Wahlberliner (a Berliner by choice), is arguably the keenest observer and chronicler of cultural clashes and shared destinies between the Turkish and German residents of Berlin's Kreuzberg area. The streets of Ören's Kreuzberg become stages where the competing errors of Turkish and German pasts are reenacted in the present.
Derivation and Characterization of Nonhuman Primate Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Navara Christopher S. , Redinger Carrie , Mich‐Basso Jocelyn , Oliver Stacie , Ben‐Yehudah Ahmi , Castro Carlos , Simerly Calvin
Published: June 2007

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are a powerful research tool enabling the generation of mice with custom genetics, the study of the earliest stages of mammalian differentiation in vitro and, with the isolation of human ES cells, the potential of cell‐based therapies for a number of diseases including Parkinson's and Type 1 diabetes. ES cells isolated from nonhuman primates (nhpES cells) offer the opportunity to ethically test the developmental potential of primate ES cells in chimeric offspring. If these cells have similar potency to mouse ES cells, this may open a new era of primate models of human disease. Nonhuman primates are the perfect model system for the preclinical testing of ES cell–derived therapies. In this unit, we describe methods for the derivation and characterization of nonhuman primate ES cells. With these protocols, the investigator will be able to isolate nhpES cells and perform the necessary tests to confirm the pluripotent phenotype. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 1:1A.1.1‐1A.1.21. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Amniotic Fluid and Placenta
Authors: Steigman Shaun A. , Fauza Dario O.
Published: June 2007

Diverse progenitor cell populations, including mesenchymal, hematopoietic, trophoblastic, and possibly more primitive stem cells can be isolated from the amniotic fluid and the placenta. At least some of the amniotic and placental cells share a common origin, namely the inner cell mass of the morula. Indeed, most types of progenitor cells that can be isolated from these two sources share many characteristics. This unit will focus solely on the mesenchymal stem cells, the most abundant progenitor cell population found therein and, unlike some of the other stem cell types, present all through gestation. Protocols for isolation, expansion, freezing, and thawing of these cells are presented. Preference is given to the simplest methods available for any given procedure. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 1:1E.2.1‐1E.2.12. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inter‐method agreement between O*NET and survey measures of psychosocial exposure among healthcare industry employees
Authors: Cifuentes Manuel , Boyer Jon , Gore Rebecca , d'Errico Angelo , Tessler Jamie , Scollin Patrick , Lerner Debra , Kriebel David , Punnett Laura , Slatin Craig
Published: June 2007

Background

Imputed job characteristics had been used as proxy of exposure to working conditions. O*NET database provides job information that could be useful to evaluate psychosocial working conditions.

Methods

Consistency and total agreement between O*NET and self‐reported psychosocial exposure (demand/control (DC), effort/reward (ER) proxy models, and emotional labor scale) were compared between healthcare specific (12 occupations, 215 workers) and other jobs (12 occupations, 146 workers).

Results

For dimensions of the DC and ER models, Spearman correlation and ICC coefficients were, in general, consistently high (ICC = 0.61 for decision latitude, 0.41 for rewards, 0.53 for ER ratio, and lower for others), particularly in the healthcare specific jobs.

Conclusion

O*NET and questionnaire based psychosocial indicators showed a good job level agreement particularly on healthcare specific jobs. O*NET may be a useful source of job level psychosocial exposure, especially for the DC and ER models, for healthcare occupations within these types of facilities. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:545–553, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: spectrum of disease
Authors: Bonthius Daniel J. , Wright Rhonda , Tseng Brian , Barton Leslie , Marco Elysa , Karacay Bahri , Larsen Paul D.
Published: June 2007

Objective

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a human pathogen and an emerging neuroteratogen. When the infection occurs during pregnancy, the virus can target and damage the fetal brain and retina. We examined the spectrum of clinical presentations, neuroimaging findings, and clinical outcomes of children with congenital LCMV infection.

Methods

Twenty children with serologically confirmed congenital LCMV infection were identified. The children underwent neuroimaging studies and were followed prospectively for up to 11 years.

Results

All children with congenital LCMV infection had chorioretinitis and structural brain anomalies. However, the presenting clinical signs, severity of vision disturbance, nature and location of neuropathology, and character and severity of brain dysfunction varied substantially among cases. Neuroimaging abnormalities included microencephaly, periventricular calcifications, ventriculomegaly, pachygyria, cerebellar hypoplasia, porencephalic cysts, periventricular cysts, and hydrocephalus. The combination of microencephaly and periventricular calcifications was the most common neuroimaging abnormality, and all children with this combination had profound mental retardation, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy. However, others had less severe neuroimaging abnormalities and better outcomes. Some children had isolated cerebellar hypoplasia, with jitteriness as their presenting sign and ataxia as their principal long‐term neurological dysfunction.

Interpretation

Congenital LCMV infection can have diverse presenting signs, neuroimaging abnormalities, and clinical outcomes. In the companion article to this study, we utilize an animal model to show that the clinical and pathological diversity in congenital LCMV infection is likely due to differences in the gestational timing of infection. Ann Neurol 2007
Effects of microwaves and hyperthermia on capping of antigen‐antibody complexes on the surface of normal mouse B lymphocytes
Authors: Sultan Michel F. , Cain Charles A. , Tompkins Wayne A. F.
Published: June 2007

Normal mouse B lymphocytes were tested for the ability to cap plasma membrane antigenantibody complexes following exposure to 2.45‐GHz continuous wave (CW) microwaves at power densities up to 100 mW/cm2 (45 W/kg specific absorption rate), at 37, 41, and 42.5 °C. After a 30‐minute treatment, the irradiated cells and the nonirradiated controls were tested for capping by the direct immunofluorescence technique. First, the cells were incubated for nine minutes at 37 °C with fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugated goat antimouse immunoglobulin. After fixing and washing, the percentage of capped cells was determined under a fluorescence microscope. The results show that for the nonirradiated controls, capping is reduced from 90% at 37 °C, to 52% 41 °C. to less than 5% for cells that were pretreated at 42.5 °C. There was no significant difference between the microwave‐treated cells and the controls when both were maintained at the same temperature. In another experiment, there was no significant difference in the percentage of capping between controls and cells that were exposed to microwave radiation during capping, when the temperature in both preparations was kept at 38.5 °C. The results demonstrate that B‐lymphocyte capping is sensitive to temperature in the range that is proposed for use in tumor therapy.
Behavioral detection of 60‐Hz electric fields by rats
Authors: Stern Sander , Laties Victor G. , Stancampiano Charles V. , Cox Christopher , de Lorge John O.
Published: June 2007

Rats partially deprived of food were trained individually to press a lever in the presence of a vertical, 60‐Hz electric field and not to press in its absence. Correct detections that occurred during brief, 3‐ or 4‐s trials occasionally produced a food pellet. The probability of detecting the field was found to increase as field strength increased. The threshold of detection, ie, the field strength required for detections at a probability of 0.5 after correction for errors, was generally between 4 and 10 kV/m. The range of field strengths between almost zero and almost 100% correctness of detection was approximately 8 kV/m. A logistic function provided a good description of the increase in the detection probability with increasing field strength. These performances occurred reliably in 19 rats, some of which were studied for 2 years. Control procedures showed that the behavior required that the rat be in the electric field; the behavior was not controlled by any of several potentially confounding variables.
Effects of magnetic field exposure on fertilization success in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Strand J. A. , Abernethy C. S. , Skalski J. R. , Genoway R. G.
Published: June 2007

The sensitivity of trout ova and sperm to 1‐T magnetic fields was investigated. It was determined that (1) overall test results combining seven independent Z‐statistics demonstrated a significant (α < 0.0001) enhancement of fertilization when ova alone were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization; (2) similarly, overall test results combining Z‐statistics from eight independent experiments indicated a significant (α < 0.0004) enhancement when sperm alone were exposed; and (3) statistical analysis of nine independent experiments confirmed enhanced fertilization (α < 0.0001) when both ova and sperm were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization. Although these data indicated that both ova and sperm were sensitive to magnetic fields, simultaneous exposure of both gametes did not have a greater total effect on fertilization rate than the sum of their individual effects.
Brief report: Using stress management to decrease inappropriate behavior in a brain injured adult
Authors: Zencius Arnie , Wesolowski Michael D.
Published: June 2007

A 28‐year‐old head‐injured female displayed a great deal of impatience and agitation. She would elope (run away) whenever she became agitated. A simple three‐step stress management program was taught to her to increase her self‐control. It included: (a) identification of a stressful state; (b) removal of herself from that environment; and (c) self‐initiation of relaxation. This procedure resulted in immediate decreases in elopements.
Behavioral knowledge among direct care staff in an inpatient psychiatric setting
Authors: Donat Dennis C. , McKeegan Gerald F.
Published: June 2007

Despite demonstrations of the utility and cost effectiveness of behavioral programming, such techniques are not commonly employed in psychiatric inpatient settings. Several explanations for this have been proposed, including inadequate levels of training and competence in behavioral programming among prevalent treatment staff. This study employed a multiple choice inventory to assess behavioral knowledge among subjects representing several direct care disciplines commonly found in inpatient psychiatric settings. The results support assertions of relatively low levels of behavioral knowledge among disciplines that are most prevalent in such settings. The implications of these results for initiatives to enhance behavioral knowledge and skills are discussed.
Effects of antipsychotic medication on discrimination learning for institutionalized adults who have mental retardation
Authors: Carpenter Mark , Cowart Charles A. , McCallum R. Steve , Bell Sherry Mee
Published: June 2007

Reduction in medication levels of drugs used to suppress inappropriate behavior (chlorpromazine, thioridazine and haloperidol) resulted in increases in performance on a discrimination learning task for seven residents of a state institution who are mentally retarded. After training to criterion on a matching‐to‐sample task, these participants experienced reductions in medication in an N of 1 AB replication paradigm. Two controls were medication free, and one remained on a stable dosage throughout. Improvement of performance on the first dependent variable (number of trials needed to meet criterion) ranged from 13.8% to 53.3% for the seven participants, while the three controls improved less than 1%. Improvement of performance on the second dependent variable (percentage of correct responses) ranged from 2.7% to 19.7% for experimental subjects; five of the seven subjects exhibited a minimum improvement of 8%. The change in percentage of correct responses for the three controls ranged from −4.9 to 1.3. Treatment implications are discussed.
The acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of first‐aid skills by youths with handicaps
Authors: Marchand‐Martella Nancy E. , Martella Ronald C.
Published: June 2007

This study validated a program for teaching first‐aid skills to four youths with handicaps. Two first‐aid skills were targeted for training: treating minor wounds that continue to bleed (not severe) and treating minor burns. Also, data were gathered on the treatment of abrasions to assess the collateral effects of the program. The program featured an activity book with task‐analysed illustrations, puppets, a first‐aid kit, reinforcement, and corrective feedback. A multiple base‐line design across first‐aid skills was replicated across each of the four participants. Probes and pre‐/post‐training assessments were conducted to measure generalization via the treatment of the injuries of others, as well as self‐injuries; additionally, assessments were conducted in the participants' natural homes to determine generalized effects across settings. Results revealed that the participants had generalized and maintained (up to 66 weeks) the acquired first‐aid skills. The program appears to offer promise as a means of teaching first‐aid skills to youths with handicaps, since it produces effects which generalize across settings and novel situations, and which maintain over time.
Behavioural knowledge amongst staffing groups for the care of the intellectually disabled
Authors: Aitken Christopher J. , Tone Eileen J. , Smith Julie A. , Wood Elizabeth R. , Wright Suzanne , Schloss Janice A. , Plant Karen M.
Published: June 2007

A multiple choice inventory was used to assess the behavioural knowledge of staff providing services to people with an intellectual disability. The relationships between performance on the inventory and other staff related variables were investigated. Results support previous research and indicate a low level of behavioural knowledge amongst direct care staff. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to staff training and selection.
Substitutionsreaktionen an Di‐benzol‐chrom und verwandten Verbindungen, III. Neue Di‐benzol‐chrom‐Derivate
Authors: Fischer Ernst Otto , Brunner Henri
Published: June 2007

Die Metallierung des Di‐benzol‐chroms(0) mit Amylnatrium konnte zu einer präparativen Methode für die Darstellung substituierter Di‐benzol‐chrom‐Verbindungen ausgebaut werden. Es wurden die Abfangreaktionen mit CO2, CH2O, CH3CHO, C6H5CHO und (C6H5)2CO untersucht. Aus dem Gemisch der verschiedenen Substitutionsprodukte konnten jeweils die Monosubstitutionsprodukte isoliert werden. Die Konstitutionen der Verbindungen wurden durch gaschromatographische Untersuchung der abgespaltenen Aromaten ermittelt. Die Carboxylatgruppen konnten mit Dimethylsulfat verestert, die primären und sekundären Alkohole dehydriert werden. Mit den Carbonyl‐Verbindungen wurden LiAlH4‐Reduktionen und Grignard‐Additionen durchgeführt. Sowohl der Effekt des Di‐benzol‐chrom‐Restes auf die Reaktionen der organischen Seitenkette als auch der Einfluß der Substituenten auf den komplexen Molekülteil werden diskutiert. Im Falle der Carbonsäureester wurden auch die Di‐, Tri‐und Tetrasubstitutionsprodukte gefaßt und strukturell gesichert.
Neue Synthese von Pyrimidinderivaten
Authors: Schmidt Richard R.
Published: June 2007

Durch Umsetzung von aromatischen N‐Acyl‐imidchloriden (IIa—c) mit Malonitril in Gegenwart von Natriummethylat und Cyclisierung der erhaltenen N‐acylierten Enamine (Va—c) werden 6‐Hydroxy‐2.4‐diaryl‐5‐cyan‐pyrimidine (VIIa—c) zugänglich gemacht. POCl3/Diäthylanilin führt sie in die entsprechenden 6‐Chlor‐2.4‐diaryl‐5‐cyan‐pyrimidine (VIIIa—c) über; deren Reaktionsfähigkeit gegenüber nucleophilen Agentien wird untersucht.
Über die Doppelbindungsisomerisierung bei höhermolekularen Olefinen, VII. Durch UV‐Licht aktiviertes Eisenpentacarbonyl als Katalysator für die Doppelbindungsisomerisierung in stellungs‐ und Konfigurationsisomeren n‐Olefinen
Authors: Asinger Friedrich , Fell Bernhard , Schrage Klaus
Published: June 2007

Am Beispiel der neun theoretisch möglichen stellungs‐ und konfigurationsisomeren n‐Undecene, des n‐Octens‐(1) sowie des cis‐ und trans‐n‐Octens‐(4) wird der Einfluß von Stellung und Konfiguration der Doppelbindung auf das Ausmaß der durch photochemisch aktiviertes Eisenpentacarbonyl katalysierten Bindungsisomerisierung untersucht. Auf Grund der in dieser und in der vorhergehenden VI. Mitteilung am Beispiel des n‐Undecens‐(1) gefundenen Ergebnisse wird ein Reaktionsmechanismus für die metallcarbonylkatalysierte Doppelbindungsisomerisierung vorgeschlagen.
Bestimmung der Bindungsstelle von Sialinsäureresten in Oligosacchariden mit Hilfe von Perjodat
Authors: Kuhn Richard , Gauhe Adeline
Published: June 2007

Ketoside der Lactaminsäure ergeben nach Einwirkung von NaJO4, von NaBH4 und Säurehydrolyse eine N‐Acetyl‐heptulosaminsäure. Ist die Sialinsäure mit dem C‐Atom 6 einer Hexopyranose verknüpft, so entsteht dabei das Glycerin‐(1)‐ketosid dieser Heptulosaminsäure. Für 7 Oligosaccharide aus Frauenmilch bzw. Kuh‐Colostrum, bei denen die Verknüpfungsstellen des Sialinsäurerestes noch unbekannt waren, ließen sich die Strukturformeln ermitteln. In der Dilactaminyllactose aus Kuh‐Colostrum sind die beiden Sialinsäurereste direkt miteinander in 2→8‐Stellung verbunden.
Zur Existenz niedergliedriger Cycloalkine, V. Über die Frage des intermediären Auftretens von Cyclobutin
Authors: Wittig Georg , Wilson Eugene R.
Published: June 2007

Die Grignard‐Reaktion von 1.2‐Dihalogen‐cyclobuten‐(1) (V und VI) in Gegenwart von Diphenylisobenzofuran (I) lieferte Diphenyl‐cyclobuteno‐naphthalin (VII). Kontrollversuche erwiesen, daß der in relativ größerer Ausbeute (8%) isolierte Kohlenwasserstoff VII das intermediäre Auftreten von Cyclobutin insofern vortäuscht, als VII das Abwandlungsprodukt der nur scheinbar aus Cyclobutin mit I hervorgegangenen Anlagerungsverbindung darstellt.
Zur Existenz niedergliedriger Cycloalkine, VI. Über das intermediäre Auftreten von Cyclopentin
Authors: Wittig Georg , Weinlich Jürgen , Wilson Eugene R.
Published: June 2007

Bei Abwesenheit von Magnesium bildete 1.2‐Dibrom‐cyclopenten‐(1) (I) mit Diphenylisobenzofuran (II) das Diels‐Alder‐Addukt III, das sich mit Magnesium zum Endoxyd IV enthalogenieren ließ. IV erwies sich als nicht identisch mit der aus I und II in Gegenwart von Magnesium entstandenen, jetzt als Bis‐Addukt VI erkannten Verbindung. Wie Kontrollversuche mit Sicherheit ergaben, ist bei der Adduktbildung Cyclopentin als reales Intermediärprodukt im Spiel. — Das aus 1.2‐Dibrom‐cyclopenten‐(1) (I) mit Butyllithium primär sich bildende 1‐Brom‐2‐lithium‐cyclopenten‐(1) (VIII) eliminiert als verhältnismäßig stabile Verbindung Lithiumbromid in einer Reaktion erster Ordnung zum Cyclopentin, das sich in Anwesenheit von II unter bestimmten Bedingungen bis zu 12% d. Th. zum Bis‐Addukt VI abfangen ließ. — Pyrolyse des aus VIII mit Quecksilber(II)‐bromid gewonnenen Präparates IX in Mischung mit Tetracyclon lieferte als Addukt kurzlebigen Cyclopentins Tetraphenylindan (X) in 25 proz. Ausbeute.
Untersuchungen an Methylzinn‐amiden
Authors: Lorberth Jörg , Kula Maria‐Regina
Published: June 2007

Die einfachen PMR‐Spektren der Methylzinn‐dimethylamide (CH3)4‐nSn‐[N(CH3)2]n und einiger Substitutionsprodukte aus der Reaktion mit Hexamethyldisilazan werden mitgeteilt. Es wird dabei immer nur ein Silazanrest in das Zinnamid eingeführt. Frühere Ergebnisse und obiger Befund sprechen für die Annahme eines nicht unbeträchtlichen Doppelbindungsanteiles für die Zinn‐Stickstoffbindung. Für diese Deutung spricht auch die Kopplung der magnetisch aktiven Zinnisotope 117,119Sn mit den Protonen der über den Stickstoff gebundenen Methylgruppen, die bei reinen Methylzinn‐dimethylamiden nicht beobachtet wurde.
Beziehungen in den Ultraviolettspektren von höheranellierten Carbazolen und aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen
Authors: Zander Maximilian , Franke Walter H.
Published: June 2007

Die Ultraviolettspektren der Carbazole X—XIII stimmen hinsichtlich der Lage ihrerα‐ und β‐Banden mit den Spektren der analogen Kohlenwasserstoffe (Phene) überein. Die bei den Phenen auftretende Lageabhängigkeit der para‐Bande von der Symmetrie der Verbindungen wird bei den Carbazolen nicht beobachtet. Die Synthese des 2.3‐Benzo‐naphtho[2″.3″:6.7]carbazols (XII), ausgehend vom 2.3‐Benzo‐carbazol, wird beschrieben.
Reaktionen mit N‐Sulfinyl‐Verbindungen, I. Umsetzung von N‐Sulfinyl‐p‐toluolsulfonamid mit α‐Diketonen
Authors: Kresze Günter , Sommerfeld Dani , Albrecht Rudolf
Published: June 2007

Aus Benzilderivaten entstehen mit N‐Sulfinyl‐p‐toluolsulfonamid die Mono‐p‐tosylimide; Diacetyl gibt das tautomere 2‐[p‐Tosylamino]‐buten‐(1)‐on‐(3).
Heterocyclische Synthesen mit Äthoxyacetylen, III. Über α‐Diazo‐N‐sulfonyl‐acetimidsäureester
Authors: Grünanger Paolo , Finzi Paola Vita , Scotti Carlo
Published: June 2007

Die Addition der Sulfonylazide an Äthoxyacetylen ergibt α‐Diazo‐N‐sulfonyl‐acetimidsäure‐äthylester, eine neue Klasse aliphatischer Diazoverbindungen. Deren Umsetzungen mit konz. Salzsäure, Fumarsäure‐diäthylester, Phenylacetylen, Triphenylphosphin und mit katalytisch erregtem Wasserstoff werden beschrieben.
1.3‐Dipolare Cycloadditionen, XIII. Additionen der Nitrilimine an Oxime, Azine und andere CN‐Doppelbindungen
Authors: Huisgen Rolf , Grashey Rudolf , Aufderhaar Ernst , Kunz Renate
Published: June 2007

Der Anlagerung der Nitrilimine an die CN‐Doppelbindung der Aldoxime folgt spontane Wasserabspaltung zu 1.2.4‐Triazolen. Azine liefern mit 2 Äquivv. Nitrilimin unter Spaltung der NN‐Bindung 1.2.4‐Triazole und deren 4.5‐Dihydro‐Derivate. Auch die Additionen der Nitrilimine an Acetimidsäureester, Benzaldehyd‐phenylhydrazon und Formanilid‐oxim werden beschrieben.
Lupinen‐Alkaloide, XXIX. Strukturaufklärung des Retamins
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Overwien Hermann , Schumann Dieter
Published: June 2007

Durch Quecksilberacetat‐Dehydrierung und Oxydation wird für Retamin die Struktur I endgültig bewiesen. Die Konfiguration der epimeren Alkohole und Chlorderivate sowie der Mechanismus ihrer Bildung wird geklärt. Die Wasserabspaltung wird beim Retamin sowie dem 13a‐ und 14a‐Hydroxy‐spartein untersucht und die Struktur der entstehenden Dehydrobasen durch Hydroborierung mit anschließender oxydativer Spaltung zu den epimeren Retaminen bzw. 14‐Hydroxy‐sparteinen sichergestellt.
Über die Konstellation der epimeren 1‐Amino‐1.2‐diphenyl‐propanole‐(3)
Authors: Fodor Gábor , Stefanovsky Juri , Kurtev Bogdan I.
Published: June 2007

erythro‐ und threo‐1‐Amino‐1.2‐diphenyl‐propanole‐(3) reagieren stereospezifisch in Ringschlußreaktionen mit p‐Nitro‐benzaldehyd und Phosgen. Die Drehwertänderung ist bei den erythro‐Formen 4–8 mal so groß wie bei den threo‐Formen, woraus Schlüsse auf die Konstellation der Aminoalkohole gezogen werden.
Über höhermolekulare aliphatische Sulfonsäuren, IV. Sulfonierung unverzweigter α‐Olefine mit SO3
Authors: Püschel Fritz , Kaiser Claus
Published: June 2007

Die Sulfonierung höhermolekularer, unverzweigter α‐Olefine mit SO3 führt zu einem komplexen Gemisch von Produkten, unter denen 1.3‐Sultone und doppelbindungsisomerisierte Alkensulfonsäuren sichergestellt sind. Wahrscheinlich bilden sich auch 1.4‐Sultone.
Präparative photochemische C4‐Ring‐Synthese, I. Cycloaddition von Äthylen an photoangeregte cyclische Dihalogenmaleinsäure‐Derivate
Authors: Scharf Hans‐Dieter , Korte Friedhelm
Published: June 2007

Dichlor‐ und Dibrommaleinsäure‐imide und die entsprechenden Anhydride lassen sich photochemisch an Äthylen unter Cyclobutan‐Ringbildung addieren. Es sind so sehr leicht präparativ interessante cis‐1.2‐Dihalogen‐cyclobutan‐dicarbonsäuren‐(1.2) stereospezifisch zugänglich, deren Eigenschaften beschrieben werden. Weiterhin werden die photochemischen Reaktivitäten der Dihalogenmaleinsäure‐Derivate gegenüber Äthylen gemessen und die sich ergebenden Unterschiede diskutiert.
Zur Synthese des Glucagons, VI. Darstellung der Sequenz 20–23
Authors: Wünsch Erich
Published: June 2007

Die Synthese von Trifluoracetyl‐L‐glutaminyl‐L‐asparagyl(β‐tert.‐butylester)‐L‐phenylalanyl‐L‐valin‐hydrazid, einem „verknüpfungsbereiten”︁ Derivat der Glucagonsequenz 20–23, wird beschrieben.
Metallhydrazide, X. Spaltung phenylsubstituierter Äthylene mit Natriumhydrazid
Authors: Kauffmann Thomas , Henkler Herbert , Rauch Ernst , Lötzsch Klaus
Published: June 2007

Styrol und mehrere Styrol‐Derivate werden durch Natriumhydrazid in Äther bei 35° an der olefinischen Doppelbindung gespalten. Als Spaltstück wurde in allen Fällen ein aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoff isoliert, bei Verbindungen des Typs (C6H5)RCCR′(Alk) außerdem ein Hydrazon. Am β‐Methyl‐styrol konnte gezeigt werden, daß der Spaltung (Hydrazidolyse) die Anlagerung des Hydrazids vorausgeht. Die olefinische Doppelbindung des α‐Phenyl‐β.β‐dimethyl‐styrols, 1.2‐Dihydro‐naphthalins, β‐Benzyl‐styrols und Indens ließ sich aus sterischen Gründen oder wegen der Bildung eines stark mesomeriestabilisierten Anions (β‐Benzyl‐styrol, Inden) nicht spalten.
Über die Umsetzung von Natriumamid mit aromatischen Aldehydazinen
Authors: Spassov Alexander , Robev Stephan
Published: June 2007

Der Verlauf der TSCHITSCHIBABIN‐Reaktion bei aromatischen Aldehydazinen als Verbindungen mit zwei konjugierten acyclischen Azomethingruppen mit vicinalen Stickstoffatomen wird untersucht. Im Falle von Benzalazin entstehen als Hauptprodukte 3.5‐Diphenyl‐1.2.4‐triazol, 2.4.5‐Triphenyl‐imidazol und 3.4.5‐Triphenyl‐pyrazol. Der Reaktionsmechanismus wird erörtert.
Zur Kondensation von Carbonylverbindungen mit Hydrazinen, XI Über die Reaktion von 2‐Desoxy‐zuckern mit Arylhydrazinen
Authors: Stroh Hans‐Hartwig , Milde Karl
Published: June 2007

Das Kondensationsverhalten der vier geprüften 2‐Desosen gegenüber Arylhydrazinen unter vergleichbaren Bedingungen ist sehr unterschiedlich und kann zur Abtrennung und Identifizierung bestimmter Desoxyzucker aus Gemischen mit anderen Desosen oder Monosacchariden genutzt werden.
Komplexchemisches Verhalten der N.N‐Bis‐[β‐hydroxy‐äthyl]‐anthranilsäure und verwandter Verbindungen
Authors: Uhlig Egon , Gentschew Mladen , Martin Arno
Published: June 2007

Bei der Umsetzung von Anthranilsäure bzw. ihrer N‐Alkyl‐Derivate mit Bromäthanol entstehen N.N‐Bis‐[β‐hydroxy‐äthyl]‐anthranilsäure (I) und N‐Methyl‐bzw. N‐Äthyl‐N‐[β‐hydroxy‐äthyl]‐anthranilsäure (II und III). Mit Kupfer(II)‐ und Nickel(II)‐Ionen bilden diese Liganden in Lösung 1.1‐ und 1.2‐Komplexe, während für Kobalt(II)‐ und Zink(II)‐Ionen nur 1.1‐Chelate mit Sicherheit nachgewiesen wurden. Aus einer Diskussion der Stabilitätskonstanten ergibt sich die koordinative Vierzähligkeit der Aminosäure I. 1.1‐Komplexe des Kupfers mit den Verbindungen I bis III spalten im pH‐Bereich von 5 bis 7 ein Proton aus der koordinativ gebundenen alkoholischen Hydroxylgruppe ab. Die zugehörigen Säureexponenten werden mitgeteilt.
1.3‐Dipolare Cycloadditionen, XIV: Die Anlagerung organischer Azide an Enoläther: Orientierung und Triazolin‐Zerfall
Authors: Huisgen Rolf , Möbius Leander , Szeimies Günter
Published: June 2007

Organische Azide vereinigen sich mit offenkettigen und cyclischen Enoläthern zu Δ2‐1.2.3‐Triazolinen in hoher Ausbeute. Orientierendes Prinzip ist die Verankerung des äußeren Azid‐Stickstoffs an der elektronenreichen β‐Position des Enoläthers. Während die beschriebenen Addukte an offenkettige Enoläther thermisch unter Eliminierung von Alkohol in 1.2.3‐Triazole übergehen, bilden die Addukte des Dihydrofurans und Dihydropyrans unter Stickstoffaustritt Imidsäureester. — Einige Enamin‐Addukte organischer Azide werden beschrieben.
Synthese von Nϵ‐[2‐Amino‐2‐carboxy‐äthyl]‐L‐lysin, einer neuen Aminosäure aus alkalibehandelter Wolle
Authors: Okuda Toru , Zahn Helmut
Published: June 2007

Nϵ‐[2‐Amino‐2‐carboxy‐äthyl]‐L‐lysin (III), das bei Alkalibehandlung von cystinhaltigen Proteinen entsteht, wurde aus α‐Acetamino‐acrylsäure‐äthyl‐ester und Nα‐Acetyl‐L‐lysin in guter Ausbeute synthetisiert. Das Nϵ‐dinitrophenylierte Derivat, das im Hydrolysat von alkalibehandelten DNP‐Proteinen vorliegen sollte, wurde ebenfalls dargestellt.
Thermolyse des 2‐Diazo‐dihydroresorcins
Authors: Stetter Hermann , Kiehs Karl
Published: June 2007

Die thermische Spaltung von 2‐Diazo‐5.6‐dihydroresorcin ergab eine kristalline Verbindung C12H12O4, für welche auf Grund der Spektren und des chemischen Verhaltens die Konstitution II bewiesen werden konnte. Die gleiche 1.4‐Addition des durch WOLFF‐Umlagerung primär entstandenen Ketens wurde auch bei der Thermolyse von äquimolaren Gemischen des 2‐Diazo‐5.6‐dihydroresorcins mit 2‐Diazo‐cyclohexanon oder Diphenylketen beobachtet. Für diese Thermolyseprodukte konnten die Konstitutionen VI und IX bewiesen werden.
Darstellung von Organozinn‐cyaniden des Typs R3SnCN und R2Sn(CN)2
Authors: Lorberth Jörg
Published: June 2007

Bei der Umsetzung von Tri‐ und Diorganylzinn‐diäthylamiden R3SnN(C2H5)2 bzw. R2Sn[N(C2H5)2]2 (R = Alkyl bzw. Aryl) mit wasserfreier Blausäure in inerten Lösungsmitteln erhält man in nahezu quantitativer Ausbeute die entsprechenden Organozinn‐cyanide R3SnCN bzw. R2Sn(CN)2.
Reaktionen mit N‐Sulfinylverbindungen, II: Umsetzung mit Pyridin‐N‐Oxiden und Diphenylnitron
Authors: Albrecht Rudolf , Kresze Günter
Published: June 2007

Pyridin‐N‐oxid reagiert mit N‐Sulfinyl‐sulfonamiden zu dipolaren 1 : 1‐Addukten, von denen einige Reaktionen beschrieben werden. C.N‐Diphenyl‐nitron gibt mit N‐Sulfinyl‐benzolsulfonamid nach primärer dipolarer Addition unter SO2‐Abspaltung und Umlagerung N‐Benzolsulfonyl‐N′.N′‐diphenyl‐formamidin.
Polyacetylenverbindungen, LXXV: Neue Inhaltsstoffe aus Bidens‐Arten
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Arndt Christian , Kleine Käthe‐Marie , Wotschokowsky Manfred
Published: June 2007

Die Untersuchung von fünf weiteren Bidens‐Arten ergibt neben bereits bekannten Verbindungen vier neue, sehr polare Polyine sowie eine Dithienylverbindung. Die Strukturen werden vor allem durch ihre spektralen Daten aufgeklärt.
Über die Reaktion von Hydroxylamin mit Acrylsäurederivaten
Authors: Becke Friedrich , Mutz Gerhard
Published: June 2007

Acrylsäureester und Hydroxylamin lassen sich glatt zu β.β′‐Hydroxylimino‐bis‐propionsäureestern umsetzen. Mit überschüssigem Hydroxylamin entsteht β.β′‐Hydroxylimino‐dipropionsäure‐ester‐hydroxylamid. Acrylhydroxamsäure entsteht bei derartigen Umsetzungen nicht; man kann sie aus Acrylsäurechlorid und Hydroxylamin erhalten.
Ketenderivate, VII: Reaktionen der ω.ω‐Bis‐alkylmercapto‐chinonmethide
Authors: Gompper Rudolf , Kutter Eberhard , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: June 2007

ω.ω‐Bis‐alkylmercapto‐chinonmethide zeigen nucleophile bzw. basische sowie elektrophile Eigenschaften. — Dimethylsulfat, Acetylchlorid und HBr greifen am O‐Atom unter Bildung von Carbonium‐sulfoniumsalzen an. Durch Umsetzung mit P2S5 entstehen Thiochinonmethid‐Derivate. Persäuren liefern Disulfone bzw. deren Hydrolyseprodukte. — Bei der Einwirkung von Hydrazin resultieren Hydroxyaryl‐thioimidsäure‐alkylester. Erhitzen mit o‐Amino‐phenol, o‐Amino‐thiophenol, o‐Phenylendiamin und Äthylendiamin liefert 2‐[p‐Hydroxy‐aryl]‐benzazole und ‐imidazoline. Die Umsetzung mit 1.8‐Diaminonaphthalin führt zu 2‐[p‐Hydroxy‐aryl]‐perimidinen. Beim Zusammenschmelzen mit Acyl‐ und Thioacylhydrazinen erhält man 1.3.4‐Oxdiazole und 1.3.4‐Thiadiazole. — 2‐[p‐Hydroxy‐aryl]‐benzimidazole und ‐perimidine reagieren mit Methyltosylat zu Quartär‐Salzen, die sich mit Alkoholat in neue Chinonmethide des Ketenaminal‐Typs umwandeln lassen. Die Elektronenstruktur dieser Verbindungen wird diskutiert.
Über die Decarboxylierung von Cyclohexen‐(2)‐ol‐(4)‐carbonsäuren, eine neue Darstellung von 1.3‐Cyclohexadien‐Derivaten
Authors: Plieninger Hans , Arnold Lothar , Hoffmann Werner
Published: June 2007

Carbonsäuren vom Typ IX zerfallen unter Decarboxylierung zu Cyclohexadienderivaten und CO2; daneben entstehen Lactone.
Polyacetylenverbindungen, LXXVI: Über einige neue Inhaltsstoffe aus dem Tribus Anthemideae
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , von Kap‐herr Walther , Fanghänel Ludwig , Arndt Christian
Published: June 2007

Aus Vertretern des Tribus Anthemideae werden fünf neue Acetylenverbindungen isoliert und in ihrer Struktur aufgeklärt. Für ein neues Furanpolyin wird eine Synthese angegeben. Die bisher unklare Konfiguration der entsprechenden Dihydroverbindung wird gesichert.
Der 2‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐benzoyl‐Rest als OH‐Schutz für Depsipeptid‐Synthesen
Authors: Losse Günter , Raue Hartmut
Published: June 2007

Der 2‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐benzoyl‐Rest kann als OH‐Schutz zur Synthese sowie zur Reindarstellung von Hydroxyacyl‐aminosäure‐ und ‐peptid‐Derivaten verwendet werden. Mit seiner Hilfe wird die Amidomycin‐Teilsequenz Val‐Oxisoval‐Val‐Oxisoval‐Val aufgebaut.
Über Isothiazole, VII: Verbindungen aus sekundären Enaminen und Senfölen, ihre Cyclisierung zu Pyrimidinthionen‐(4) und 5‐Imino‐isothiazolinen
Authors: Goerdeler Joachim , Gnad Josef
Published: June 2007

Sekundäre Enamine vom Typ des β‐Methylamino‐crotonsäureesters addieren sich mit ihrer α‐Stellung an Aryl‐ und Acylsenföle. Derartige Addukte eignen sich u. a. zur Herstellung von 5‐Acyl‐pyrimidinthionen‐(4), 5‐Acyl‐4‐thiouracilen und 5‐Aryl(Acyl)imino‐Δ3‐isothiazolinen. Besonders letztere werden genauer untersucht.