bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON PARATYPHOID C BACILLI ISOLATED IN CHINA
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl , Li C. P. , Yü H.
Published: June 2004

A brief clinical history of five patients from whom paratyphoid C was isolated and a description of the cultures are given. It is pointed out that the purely non-specific forms are more nearly related to the hog cholera bacillus than are those containing both specific and non-specific forms.
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY OF THE SPLEEN
Authors: MacKay Eaton M. , Polland W. Scott
Published: June 2004

Following the removal of half of the spleen in young adult rats there is a compensatory enlargement of the remaining portion of about 50 per cent while in mature rabbits no such compensatory hypertrophy follows a similar procedure. It is uncertain whether this difference is due to a difference in the function of the spleen in the two species or to the fact that the rats were infected with Bartonella muris while the rabbits were not.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE SURVIVAL OF VACCINE VIRUS SEPARATED FROM LIVING HOST CELLS BY COLLODION MEMBRANES
Authors: Muckenfuss Ralph S.
Published: June 2004

The survival of vaccine virus when incubated on the opposite side of a collodion membrane from a suspension of fresh minced rabbit kidney was not complete in these experiments, and passage in series was not successful. The degree of survival seemed somewhat greater if dead cells, killed by repeated freezing and thawing, were added to the virus during incubation, although the tissue was able to increase the intensity of the skin reactions. Extracts of dead kidney cells did not increase the degree of survival, as determined by the intensity of the skin reaction. No significant or constant increase in the intensity of the skin reactions resulted from the addition of cysteine hydrochloride to the virus in the dialyzing apparatus.
THE SKIN REACTIONS PRODUCED BY ALTERNATIONS OF HEAT AND X-RAY AT VARIOUS TIME INTERVALS
Authors: Hawkins James A.
Published: June 2004

Areas on the abdomen of the same guinea pig were exposed to suberythemal doses of soft X-rays, to heat of an intensity below the critical dose for the production of burns, and to both radiations in sequence with various time intervals between the exposures.

The only effect of exposure to X-ray or heat alone was a slight scaling of the skin. The areas exposed to heat and X-radiation developed well-marked and persistent burns when the exposure to one agent was made within 3 hours of the other. Scaling of the skin developed when the exposure to one agent was made 1 day after the other. This scaling was more marked and lasted longer than the scaling produced by either agent alone. The results were the same no matter in which sequence the agents were applied.
II. APLASIA OF MARROW AND FATAL INTOXICATION IN DOGS PRODUCED BY ROENTGEN RADIATION OF ALL BONES
Authors: Shouse Samuel S. , Warren Stafford L. , Whipple George H.
Published: June 2004

Constant findings were obtained in the acute reaction to the specified amount of heavily filtered radiation over the bony skeleton.

1. There develops without warning a short and fatal intoxication on the 8th or 9th day after the exposure to the radiation.

2. A profound leucopenia appears after 5 to 6 days and is maintained in the peripheral blood (200 white blood cells or less per c. mm.) for the 2 to 3 days before death.

3. The platelets suddenly disappear from the blood smears the day before death. This has some bearing on the life cycle of the platelet.

4. All of the organs and body structures present extensive and generalized capillary hemorrhage of recent origin.

5. The substance of the spleen and lymph nodes is greatly reduced and the germinal centers are visible only as remnants.

6. The red cell hematocrit reading drops from about 50 per cent or normal to approximately 40 per cent.

7. The bone marrow is depleted of all its cells except the connective tissue and fat cells, blood vessel endothelium, phagocytes filled with brown granules, and occasional normoblasts.
III. THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF COLLOIDAL SILVER AND HIGHLY FILTERED ROENTGEN RADIATION UPON THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM IN DOGS
Authors: Shouse Samuel S. , Warren Stafford L.
Published: June 2004

1. The individual destructive effects of colloidal silver and heavily filtered radiation are still evident when the two are used together.

2. The combined effects are cumulative in that small doses are more destructive than when either is used alone.

3. The leucocytosis resulting from the injection of the colloidal silver affords no protection against the terminal leucopenia following the radiation.
THE ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION (COMMON COLD)
Authors: Long Perrin H. , Doull James A. , Bourn Janet M. , McComb Emily
Published: June 2004

Experimental upper respiratory infections similar to "common colds" were transmitted singly and in series through two and four passages in nine out of fifteen persons, by intransal inoculations with bacteria-free filtrates of nasopharyngeal washings obtained from individuals ill with natural "colds." These observations conform with those reported by previous workers and lend further support to the view that the incitant of the "common cold" is a filtrable virus.
THE INDUCTION OF LYMPHOCYTOSIS AND LYMPHATIC HYPERPLASIA BY MEANS OF PARENTERALLY ADMINISTERED PROTEIN
Authors: Wiseman Bruce K.
Published: June 2004

Repeated parenteral injections by various routes in a series of twelve rabbits caused an increase of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood varying from 23 per cent to 139 per cent. It seems probable that the degree of response is conditioned upon the type of protein used. At autopsy the lymph nodes and spleen showed hyperplastic changes. The thymus did not participate in the hyperplasia.
EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE GLOMERULITIS
Authors: Lukens Francis D. W. , Longcope Warfield T.
Published: June 2004

1. Both focal and diffuse glomerulitis has been produced in rabbits by the injection directly into the left renal artery of suspensions of heat killed hemolytic streptococci.

2. Similar lesions in the glomeruli could not be obtained by the injection of suspensions of bismuth oxychloride into the left renal artery of normal rabbits.

3. The acute glomerulitis occurred in only about one-half of the rabbits employed for the experiments.

4. Glomerulitis was observed much more frequently in rabbits in which an acute localized streptococcus infection had been produced by the intracutaneous injection of living hemolytic streptococci, than in normal rabbits. The occurrence of acute glomerulitis was usually associated with a well marked skin reaction to the filtrates of hemolytic streptococci.
ABSORPTION OF PARTICULATE MATTER BY THE GREAT OMENTUM
Authors: Batchelder Albert P. , Field Madeleine E. , Drinker Cecil K.
Published: June 2004

When the omentum of the dog is floated in a suspension of insoluble nickel silicate in physiological saline under circumstances precluding the possibility of lymphatic drainage, the liver removed after at least 1 hour contains nickel which must have been brought to it by way of the blood capillaries in particulate form. The blood capillaries are, therefore, a pathway for absorption of solid material but are not important in this respect.
METABOLISM OF S AND R FORMS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Finkle Philip
Published: June 2004

In the present paper are given the results of studies on the respiratory and glycolytic metabolism of Pneumococcus Types I, II, and III, and of the R forms derived from these. The metabolism of the S and R forms are compared, and the relationship between changes in virulence, changes in chemical constitution, and changes in metabolism is discussed.

1. There is no respiration in Ringer solution unless sugar is added.

2. The pH (7.8) that is optimal for growth of pneumococcus is also the pH at which the maximum respiration occurs.

3. The intensity of respiration varies with type in the strains used. The respiratory capacity of Type I is 56 per cent of that of Type III, which in turn is 71 per cent of that of Type II.

4. The anaerobic glycolysis is approximately the same for all three groups.

5. Pneumococcus Type I is capable of aerobic glycolysis.

6. Pneumococcus Types II and III do not effect glycolysis aerobically.

7. The energy set free in respiration is considerably greater than that set free in glycolysis.

8. The oxidation quotient for lactic acid is of the same order as found by Meyerhof in muscle and by Warburg for mammalian tissues.

9. The respiratory capacities of Types I and III are changed on conversion of the smooth to the rough form. (a) For Type I the respiration is increased 110 per cent. (b) For Type III the respiration is diminished 45 per cent. (c) For Type II there is only a slight diminution in respiratory activity (16 per cent).

10. The anaerobic glycolysis is increased about 25 per cent on the average for all R forms irrespective of type derivation.

11. Type I on being converted to the R form, loses its capacity for aerobic glycolysis.

12. Type III, on being converted to the R form, gains the capacity for aerobic glycolysis.

13. The oxygen consumption by Pneumococcus compared with that of the human tubercle bacillus and of mammalian tissue, for the same time intervals, weight for weight, is as follows: (a) Pneumococcus Type I consumes thirteen times as much oxygen as does the tubercle bacillus (H37). (b) Pneumococcus Type II consumes thirty-four times as much oxygen as does the tubercle bacillus. (c) Pneumococcus Type II consumes over twenty times as much oxygen as does isolated rat kidney tissue, and almost 100 times as much oxygen as does isolated dog muscle.
HYPERSENSITIVENESS TO SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES FROM YEAST-LIKE FUNGI
Authors: Mott E. , Kesten H. D.
Published: June 2004

The anterior chamber of the rabbit eye was sensitized by the local injection of heat-killed Monilia psilosis. Subsequent intravenous injection of a polysaccharide fraction prepared from the same organism elicited a reaction in the sensitized eye in five of twelve rabbits.
THE NEUTRALIZATION OR DESTRUCTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN BY TISSUE
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Hoppe Ella N.
Published: June 2004

As determined by the intracutaneous test in guinea pigs, diphtheria toxin is not altered in the presence of cardiac tissue obtained from the fetal or from the adult heart of the guinea pig.

Tissue cultures were apparently uninjured by the presence of the toxin in the dilutions used in these experiments, and, when washed with embryo extract after removal of the diluted toxin, continued to grow.

Embryonic guinea pig cardiac muscle tissue growing in cultures in vitro possesses the power of neutralizing, binding, or destroying diphtheria toxin so that it is no longer toxic for normal guinea pigs.

Such neutralization takes place through the intervention of growing tissue and is a property which is lacking in similar surviving tissue not in a state of cultivation.

Thus, it appears that the living, growing cells of the tissues neutralize or destroy limited quantities of toxin; only when the quantity of toxin exceeds a certain limit is its action injurious.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF A SPECIFIC ENZYME AGAINST TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Dubos René
Published: June 2004

The bacterial enzyme which decomposes the purified capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus in vitro also destroys the capsules of the living organisms growing in media and in the animal body.

Potent preparations of this same enzyme protect mice against infection with virulent Type III Pneumococcus. The protective action is type-specific.

The protective activity of the specific enzyme is destroyed by heat (70°C. for 10 minutes).

The enzyme remains in an effective concentration 24 to 48 hours after its injection into normal mice.

The enzyme has been found to exert a favorable influence on the outcome of an infection already established at the time of treatment.

A definite relationship has been found to exist between the activity of the enzyme in vitro and its protective power in the animal body.

The mechanism of the protective action is discussed with special reference to the relation between the decapsulation of the bacteria by the enzyme and the phagocytic response of the host.
TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Pinkerton Henry
Published: June 2004

Study of two strains of epidemic (European) typhus and two strains of endemic (American) typhus in laboratory animals has shown their essential identity.

.The characteristic typhus brain lesions can be shown to occur in all four strains after subcutaneous inoculation and Rickettsiae-filled cells can be found in the scrotal sac in all four strains after intraperitoneal inoculations.

A strain of European typhus, which for 8 years has yielded no obvious scrotal reaction in guinea pigs, afterwards gave rise to a periodic scrotal reaction of variable severity. At present it occupies an intermediate position in this respect between the recently isolated European strain and the American strains.

Variations in the scrotal reaction in guinea pigs appear to be correlated with strain variations in virulence in the human host.

The incubation period in guinea pigs after intraperitoneal inoculation depends largely on the number of Rickettsiae injected.
THE INDUCED DEVELOPMENT AND HISTOGENESIS OF PLASMA CELLS
Authors: Miller Franklin R.
Published: June 2004

As result of finding numerous plasma cells in the omenta of rabbits injected with tuberculo-protein, a method to induce the production of large numbers of these cells has been discovered. The tissues in which they were pronouncedly increased were the subserosal connective tissues of the omentum, body wall, and intestinal wall.

The precursor of the plasma cells is a primitive connective tissue cell. As this cell develops into the typical Marshalkó plasma cell there is a progressive increase in the basophilia of the cytoplasm, the nucleus becomes eccentric, a condensation of the chromatin occurs near the nuclear membrane, and there is a loss of the nucleoli. At the time when the nucleus assumes the eccentric position, the clear area appears in the center of the cytoplasm. The early cells are capable of reproducing themselves by mitosis, while the typical mature cells divide by amitosis.

The mature plasma cells often have muddy, spongy cytoplasm which contains acidophilic or hyaline granules as the cells grow old or begin to degenerate. The cells with granules or hyaline bodies usually have pycnotic or fragmented nuclei. These cells are the final stage reached by some plasma cells. Others, when degenerating, show vacuoles and signs of senility. Those with the granules and hyaline bodies are the so called Russell body cells.

Plasma cells developed in greatest numbers after our largest injections of tuberculo-protein. The differentiation into young, mature, and senile forms was most clearly recognizable when some days had been allowed to elapse after the last large injection of the stimulating agent.

A description of the plasma cell as viewed supravitally has been given. The cells are met in the blood stream as well as in the tissues. They are characterized by their deep yellowish gray cytoplasm, indistinct eccentrically placed nuclei, and large numbers of mitochondria.

The plasma cells differ from lymphocytes, in that they did not develop in large numbers after direct stimulation of the lymph nodes with tuberculo-protein. The young plasma cells also differ in morphology from the young lymphocytes. When plasma cells were found in the lymph nodes they were in the connective tissue cords.

The plasma cell is a definite entity, having a maturation cycle. It is stimulated to great proliferation by certain toxic irritants.
SWINE INFLUENZA
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

Swine influenza has been induced in pigs by the intranasal instillation of material from spontaneous cases of the disease as occurring epizootically in eastern Iowa. The experimental disease has the same features as the epizootic. It has been maintained for study by serial passages accomplished either by intranasal instillation or by pen contact. Eight strains of the virus have been established experimentally during three epizootic periods. The clinical disease induced by these eight strains has been in general the same although its severity and mortality have varied.

The principal features of the pathology of swine influenza are an exudative bronchitis accompanied by marked damage of the bronchial epithelium and its cilia, a peribronchial round cell infiltration, and massive pulmonary atelectasis. The latter is modified somewhat by a round cell infiltration of the alveolar walls. The lymph nodes, especially the cervical and mediastinal ones, are hyperplastic and edematous. There is usually a mild to moderate, acute splenic tumor. The mucosa of the stomach and colon is congested.

The pneumonia following swine influenza is, characteristically, lobular in type and of the same general distribution as the atelectasis. The non-pneumonic areas of lung are extremely edematous and congested.
SWINE INFLUENZA
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

1. A hemophilic bacillus has been regularly obtained in culture from the respiratory tract of a series of swine experimentally infected with swine influenza and from a small number of spontaneous field cases of the disease. It has not been observed in respiratory tract cultures from a group of swine free from influenza.

2. The cultural and morphological characters of the organism have been described and the name Hemophilus influenzas (variety suis) suggested. The organism exhibits marked serological diversity, since only two out of eight strains studied were serologically identical. It is usually non-pathogenic for rabbits and white rats, and irregularly pathogenic for white mice. One strain of the organism was pathogenic for guinea pigs while two others were not.

3. Eleven out of thirteen attempts to induce symptoms of disease in swine by intranasal inoculation with pure cultures of H. influenzae suis were entirely negative. The remaining two attempts which suggested a positive result have been discussed.

4. Attention has been called to the marked similarity which exists between non-indol-producing strains of H. influenzae and H. influenzae suis.
THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF NUTRITIONAL ENCEPHALOMALACIA OF CHICKS
Authors: Wolf Abner , Pappenheimer Alwin M.
Published: June 2004

Whatever may be the nature of the nutritive error or deficiency which in chicks is responsible for encephalomalacia, the immediate cause must be looked for in some agent or condition which impairs the capillary circulation of the brain. The essential lesion is an ischemic necrosis, followed, if the animal survive, by reparative organization of the dead tissue.
CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS FOR JENNERIAN PROPHYLAXIS IN MAN
Authors: Rivers T. M. ,   With the Technical Assistance of S. M. Ward
Published: June 2004

1. A dermal strain of vaccine virus has been adapted to a simple culture medium consisting of minced chick embryo suspended in Tyrode's solution.

2. The bacteria-free culture virus, thus obtained, produces in lower animals and in man typical vaccinia that renders them refractory to infection with ordinary vaccine virus harvested from calves.
SPECIFICITY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION IN TOBACCO MOSAIC DISEASE
Authors: Beale Helen Purdy
Published: June 2004

1. Leaf extracts of Sudan grass, Hippeastrum equestre Herb., lily, and Abutilon striatum Dicks. (A. Thompsoni hort.), each affected with its respective mosaic disease, and peach affected with yellows disease, were tested for their ability to precipitate antiserum for virus extract of tobacco mosaic disease. No precipitate occurred.

2. Nicotiana glutinosa L., N. rustica L., and Martynia louisiana Mill. were added to the list of hosts of tobacco mosaic virus which have been tested with antiserum for the same virus in N. tabacum L. var. Turkish. The object was to determine the presence or absence of material reacting with the specific precipitins such as that already demonstrated in extracts of tomato, pepper, and petunia affected with the same virus. The presence of specific substances was demonstrated in every case.

3. The viruses of ringspot and cucumber mosaic diseases were multiplied in Turkish tobacco and leaf extracts of the affected plants were used in turn as antigens in precipitin tests with antiserum for tobacco mosaic virus extract of Turkish tobacco. A slight precipitation resulted in the tubes containing undiluted antiserum and virus extract such as occurs when juice from normal tobacco is used with undiluted antiserum. No precipitate was demonstrable that was specific for virus extracts of tobacco affected with either ringspot or cucumber mosaic disease.

4. The results favor the interpretation that the specific antigenic substance in virus extract of tobacco mosaic disease is foreign antigenic material, possibly virus itself, not altered host protein.
THE GRADIENT OF VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Authors: Smith Frederick , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

The permeability of the venules of the skin of the mouse greatly exceeds that of the capillaries. A mounting gradient of permeability exists along the further portion of the latter.

The significance of these facts is discussed with relation to conditions in human skin. The cutaneous venules are differentiated for several functions besides those ordinarily attributed to them, and must be considered as specialized organs.
THE USE OF MICE IN TESTS OF IMMUNITY AGAINST YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Sawyer W. A. , Lloyd Wray
Published: June 2004

1. A method of testing sera for protective power against yellow fever is described and designated as the intraperitoneal protection test in mice.

2. The test consists essentially of the inoculation of mice intra-peritoneally with yellow fever virus, fixed for mice, together with the serum to be tested, and the simultaneous injection of starch solution into the brain to localize the virus. If the serum lacks protective power the mice die of yellow fever encephalitis.

3. The test is highly sensitive. Consequently it is useful in epidemiological studies to determine whether individuals have ever had yellow fever and in tests to find whether vaccinated persons or animals have in reality been immunized.

4. When mice were given large intraperitoneal injections of yellow fever virus fixed for mice, the virus could be recovered from the blood for 4 days although encephalitis did not occur. If the brain was mildly injured at the time of the intraperitoneal injection, the symptoms of yellow fever encephalitis appeared 6 days later, but the virus was then absent from the blood.

5. Strains of white mice vary greatly in their susceptibility to yellow fever.
STUDIES ON THE FILTRABILITY OF BACTERIUM GRANULOSIS
Authors: Olitsky P. K. , Knutti R. E. , Tyler J. R.
Published: June 2004

The evidence hitherto reported concerning the filtration of trachomatous material, and inoculation of man and monkeys with the filtrates points to the conclusion that the incitant of trachoma is not, as a rule, filtrable. Our findings confirm this view and indicate further that no virus causing the disease is adsorbed to Bacterium granulosis. On the other hand, Bacterium granulosis itself in heavy suspensions is irregularly filtrable through Berkefeld V candles, like some other bacteria (14), but it is present in the filtrates in only small numbers. When suspensions were used of trachomatous human and monkey tissues, which contain much fewer organisms than do actual cultures, Bacterium granulosis was never recovered from the filtrates.

The conception that trachoma is a disease caused by an ultramicroscopic virus is based on (a) the positive results of filtration in two animals, as reported by Nicolle and his coworkers, and (b) the presence of so called "inclusion bodies" in some of the cells of the lesions. One can state definitely that the evidence is now greatly against the filtrability of the etiological agent of trachoma. Furthermore, filtrability does not in itself suffice for the classification of an agent as an ultramicroscopic virus. Concerning (b), a vast literature has accumulated which indicates that the "inclusion bodies" of trachoma are not specific for the disease and that the bodies themselves may be bacterial in origin (15). We have not as yet found bodies of the kind characteristic of many filtrable viruses in the tissues of man or of monkeys with the experimental disease.
CUTANEOUS REACTIONS IN RABBITS TO THE TYPE-SPECIFIC CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Francis Thomas , Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

The injection of the type-specific capsular polysaccharides of Pneumococcus Types I, II and III into the skin of rabbits, actively or passively immunized to one of these types of Pneumococcus, elicits a type-specific cutaneous reaction. The form of reaction resembles that described by Arthus. The reaction is produced only when type-specific precipitins for the homologous polysaccharide are demonstrable in the blood of the rabbit. In 84 per cent of actively immunized rabbits, the serum of which contained type-specific precipitins, a reaction was elicited. A positive result was obtained in 100 per cent of rabbits passively immunized with antipneumococcus horse serum whereas, attempts passively to transfer reactivity from immune rabbit to normal rabbit were unsuccessful. The recipients, in the latter group, possessed no demonstrable circulating type-specific precipitins. The reaction produced by specific capsular carbohydrates is always associated with a well grounded type-specific immunity.

A brief summary of the relation of hypersensitiveness and immunity to pneumococcus is given.
DURATION OF DEMONSTRABLE ANTIBODIES IN THE SERUM OF RABBITS IMMUNIZED WITH HEAT-KILLED TYPE I PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

In rabbits immunized by the injection of suspensions of heat-killed pneumococci the results obtained as regards not only the development of agglutinating and mouse protective antibodies, but also the persistence of these bodies in the blood depend to a considerable extent upon the route of immunization and the size of the inocula. Agglutinins may appear in the sera of all the rabbits except those inoculated subcutaneously, but in most instances they disappear within a short time.

Protective antibodies appear in the sera of all rabbits, no matter which route of injection be employed and they persist much longer than do the agglutinins. They persist longest when the injections are made intravenously or intraperitoneally and are of briefest duration when the injections are made subcutaneously.
LOCALIZATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI IN THE LUNGS OF PARTIALLY IMMUNIZED MICE FOLLOWING INHALATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. , Branch Arnold
Published: June 2004

1. When mice are passively immunized by the intraperitoneal injection of antipneumococcus horse serum or actively by the injection of heat-killed pneumococcus cultures, and are then alcoholized and sprayed with a culture of pneumococci of the same type as that of the bacteria employed in immunization, a considerable number die with localized lesions in the lungs.

2. If instead of injecting immune serum of the type corresponding to that of the bacteria employed in producing the infection, normal horse serum or immune serum of a heterologous type be injected, or if the animals be previously immunized by the injection of killed pneumococci of a heterologous type, none of the animals which die show any evidence of localization of the infection in the lung.

3. The occurrence of pulmonary lesions in alcoholized mice after spraying with a culture of pneumococci is the consequence of a general immunity of a very mild grade.
ARTIFICIAL ACIDOSIS IN TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI INFECTIONS, AND ITS BEARING ON THE PATHOGENIC ACTION OF TRYPANOSOMA EQUIPERDUM
Authors: Linton Richard W. , Poindexter H. A.
Published: June 2004

When the alkali reserve is artificially lowered in rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi, the number of parasites in the blood is increased. The increase is large in the early stages of the disease, and becomes less marked as the number crisis is approached. Near the crisis, and after it, a lowered alkali reserve does not affect the number of trypanosomes.

It has been shown that the observed increase does not result from a contraction of the capillaries of the inner organs, which would throw a large number of trypanosomes into the peripheral circulation; nor is the increase due to a greater reproductive activity on the part of the trypanosomes. The increase must, therefore, be due to an inhibition of the destructive forces of the host.

It is suggested that the known production of organic acids by the pathogenic trypanosomes plays a similar rôle in inhibiting the destructive mechanism of the host, and is therefore of significance in the pathogenic activity of these organisms.
IN VITRO TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES
Authors: Sia Richard H. P. , Dawson Martin H.
Published: June 2004

1. Further observations on the conditions under which transformation of pneumococcal types may be induced by in vitro procedures are presented.

2. R cultures possessing only slight degrees of R stability are most suitable for transformation purposes by in vitro procedures.

3. Vaccines prepared from cultures subjected to the action of bacterial enzymes liberated (a) in old broth cultures, (b) during mechanical disruption of young bacterial cells, are not effective in inducing transformation of type.

4. The property of an S vaccine responsible for transformation of type is not related to the specific soluble substance of pneumococcus.

5. Attempts to effect transformation of type by the use of cell-free extracts of pneumococcus have so far proved unsuccessful.
A SEROLOGICAL STUDY OF THE POLYSACCHARIDES OF MENINGOCOCCUS, B. ANTHRACIS, B. PROTEUS, B. SUBTILIS AND B. MESENTERICUS
Authors: Zozaya José
Published: June 2004

1. The meningococcus polysaccharide reacts with a broad precipitable carbohydrate antibody in common with those of B. anthracis, B. subtilis, B. proteus and B. mesentericus.

2. The anthrax and proteus polysaccharides are specific in the higher dilutions of serum.

3. Antianthrax serum contains two different polysaccharide precipitable antibodies, one specific and the other non-specific.

4. Agglutinins have no relation to the carbohydrate precipitable substance, specific or non-specific.

5. An immunological method is given for the study of the probable chemical relation or similarity of polysaccharides of different bacteria similar to that given by Heidelberger, Goebel and Avery from a strain of Friedländer bacillus and Pneumococcus Type II.
THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY ON OPEN GLOMERULI AND URINE OUTPUT
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Summerville Ward W.
Published: June 2004

1. Renal shock with oliguria or anuria after unilateral kidney operation has not been produced in seventeen rabbits.

2. For a period of 2 hours after unilateral nephrectomy the one kidney carries on a proportionate part of the work of the previous two kidneys, and there is no evidence of functional compensation.

3. There is a general correlation between open glomeruli and urine output.
THE CHOLESTEROL FUNCTION OF THE GALL BLADDER
Authors: Elman Robert , Taussig J. B.
Published: June 2004

Cholesterol determinations of gall bladder and hepatic bile obtained from the same source reveal a greater concentration in the former even after the inspissating effect of the gall bladder is allowed for. This evidence together with that from other experiments indicates that the gall bladder has the power to excrete cholesterol into its lumen. There is evidence also that infection may accelerate this excretion. An hypothesis is presented to explain the precipitation of cholesterol in the bile, and the bearing of these findings on the pathogenesis of cholesterol stones is briefly discussed.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENCES OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL IN THE SKIN OF HUMAN SUBJECTS AND BASAL METABOLISM
Authors: Purdy Charlotte , Sheard Charles
Published: June 2004

High metabolic rates are associated normally with small differences of electric potential, whereas low metabolic rates are associated with large differences of electric potential as measured on the extremities of the body.

Within the normal range of metabolism there appears to be a definite correlation between the metabolic rates and the difference of electric potential over a specified area of the skin, provided the person under test has no abnormalities of the circulatory system or of the functions of the skin.

If there are no dysfunctions of the circulation or of the skin, the metabolic rate may be calculated, within ±4 points, from the expression

See PDF for Equation

where x is the metabolic rate and y is the difference of electric potential across the specified areas of skin (electrodes 12 cm. apart).

In general, there are abnormalities of the circulation of the blood or of the functions of the skin of persons for whom the metabolic rates determined by the two methods (difference of electric potentials and gasometric procedures) do not agree with ±4 points.

Manifest retardation or return to normality in the rate of circulation of the blood, such as may be produced by the sphygmomanometric cuff under varying pressures, produces marked changes in the difference of electric potentials obtained across a specified intervening area of skin. Retardation of flow of blood produces increased differences of electric potential.

Preliminary investigations indicate that there is an inverse correlation between cutaneous temperatures and differences of electric potential.

Day by day variations, emotive effects and the partaking of food have less effect, in general, on the electric potentials across a specified area of skin than they have on the metabolic rates.

These experimental results indicate that there may be a more direct correlation between electric potentials and the circulation of the blood per se than between electric potentials and the metabolism of the body per se. When normality of circulation of the blood and of the functions of the skin exists in the areas under test for differences of electric potential, there is apparently a correlation between metabolic rates and electric potentials.
A BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS OF CHICKENS
Authors: Beach J. R.
Published: June 2004

1. The causative agent of infectious laryngotracheitis of chickens was found to be present in bacteriologically sterile tracheal exudate, spleens, and livers of diseased fowls.

2. The causative agent was present regularly in the tracheal exudate, in the spleens of about 60 per cent, and in the livers of about 30 per cent of chickens with active laryngotracheitis infection.

3. Suspensions of the spleen and liver were less effective in inducing the disease than those made from the tracheal exudate. This finding, together with the absence of pathological changes in the spleens and livers would seem to indicate that they are not actively involved but that the causative agent is carried to them by way of the blood.

4. The disease could, in our experience, be produced only in chickens Domesticated ducks and several wild and free-flying species of birds, including sparrows, crows, starlings, doves, and pigeons were found to be refractory, and so too were rabbits, guinea pigs, white rats, and one pig that was tested.
A FILTRABLE VIRUS, THE CAUSE OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS OF CHICKENS
Authors: Beach J. R.
Published: June 2004

1. Experiments have shown that tracheal exudate from two strains of laryngotracheitis of chickens from New Jersey and two from California when suspended in bouillon and passed through Berkefeld V filters will produce the disease. Two of six Berkefeld N filters allowed the etiological agent to pass, whereas four did not. Attempts to produce the disease with Seitz filtrates were unsuccessful. These results demonstrate that laryngotracheitis is caused by a filtrable virus that because of its size or some other property does not pass readily through the finer filters.

2. It has been shown that the sera from fowls that have recovered from an infection with one of the New Jersey viruses will neutralize the same strain and also the one California strain tested. In order to demonstrate neutralization conclusively it was necessary to titrate samples of dried virus and in the tests to use approximately ten infecting doses.

3. The virus dried over calcium chloride for 10 days and then stored in the refrigerator for 60 days produced disease. Kept over calcium chloride for a month it was still active and when dried by Swift's method it remained alive for 5 months.
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS IN CHICKENS
Authors: Seifried Oskar
Published: June 2004

1. The characteristic lesions of infectious laryngotracheitis are ordinarily restricted to the respiratory tract and are most pronounced in the larynx and trachea. Sometimes the eyelids are affected. A certain percentage of the cases are associated with bronchitis and peribronchitis, pneumonic areas and hemorrhages in the lung, while the involvement of the nasal passages, communicating sinuses, and eyes seems to be dependent upon the mode of infection and the course of the disease.

2. The virus affects the epithelial cells primarily, but soon inflammation develops in the submucosa and underlying parts. Edema is often extremely pronounced in the submucosa. The destruction taking place at later stages is due to edema, cellular infiltration, and hemorrhages, and in some instances to secondarily invading bacteria.

3. Characteristic intranuclear inclusions in the epithelial cells of the trachea are present in many cases. They bear a close resemblance to the inclusions occurring in herpes, varicella, virus III of rabbits, and submaxillary gland disease of guinea pigs.
THE RÔLE OF THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE IN ORAL IMMUNIZATION AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES II AND III
Authors: Ross Victor
Published: June 2004

1. When the soluble specific substance of Type II pneumococcus was fed to rats, little or no increased resistance to the organism was obtained.

2. When the specific substance of Type III pneumococcus was fed, an increased resistance to the virulent organism resulted. The percentage of animals protected is smaller than when the whole or the dissolved cell is fed.

3. When the specific polysaccharide of Type I was fed, no immunity against Type II or III was obtained, and the ingestion of the specific substances of Types II and III did not protect rats against the Type I organism.
THE ACCUMULATION OF IRON IN TUBERCULOUS AREAS
Authors: Menkin Valy
Published: June 2004

Repeated intravenous injections of ferric chloride are followed by an increase in the survival time of tuberculous rabbits. In the particular series of experiments reported this increase amounts to about 78 per cent over the average survival time of control rabbits.

Tuberculous animals repeatedly injected with ferric chloride increase in weight during part of the period of these injections. The level reached in the series studied markedly exceeds that attained by control rabbits.

Both control and experimental animals die of generalized tuberculosis. There is no indication at the time of death of any differences in the degree of pathological involvement between the two groups of animals.
CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THE DISAPPEARANCE OF LIVING BACTERIA FROM THE BLOOD STREAM
Authors: Cannon Paul R. , Sullivan F. L. , Neckermann E. F.
Published: June 2004

1. The simultaneous intravenous injection into normal and actively immunized rabbits of equal quantities of living staphylococci or paratyphoid bacilli is followed by a distinctly accelerated rate of removal of the bacteria from the blood streams of the immune animals.

2. This altered reactivity is due essentially to specific active immunization.

3. The bacteria pass rapidly through the capillary bed of the lungs, extracellularly and dispersed for the most part, and become generalized through the blood stream.

4. The bacteria are quickly removed from the circulating blood in the immune animals and less rapidly in the normal ones, by various organs, particularly the liver and spleen, where they accumulate in enormous numbers, become adherent to the lining membrane of the sinusoids of the liver and apparently to the macrophages of the spleen and are phagocytosed by the macrophages and leucocytes in these organs.

5. Associated with this effect are morphological changes in the bacteria as shown by swelling, loss of staining power and evidences of increased cohesiveness and decreased viscosity, these changes being apparent as early as 2 minutes after their intravenous injection.

6. Inasmuch as these changes are not seen to a marked degree within the lungs or other organs, they are probably the result of a local antigen-antibody reaction of a bacteriotropic type in the two organs generally considered to be most actively concerned with the production of immune bodies.

7. By means of this accelerated bacteriotropic effect in the actively immunized animals, phagocytosis is facilitated and intracellular digestion of the bacteria is enhanced.
THE ARTHUS PHENOMENON
Authors: Davidoff Leo M. , Seegal Beatrice Carrier , Seegal David
Published: June 2004

1. Sixteen out of seventeen rabbits actively sensitized to various antigens by repeated cerebral and intravenous injections showed upon intracerebral reinjection of the same antigen local anaphylactic inflammation of the brain at the site of inoculation.

2. Six out of twenty rabbits actively sensitized to either horse serum or egg albumen by extracerebral injections, showed, upon introduction of the homologous antigen into the cerebrum, local anaphylactic inflammation at the site of inoculation.

3. The pathological picture of the Arthus phenomenon in the brain of the rabbit resembled that seen in the skin, after allowing for differences in the fundamental structure of the tissues involved.

4. None of the control animals exhibited lesions comparable to those found in the experimental animals. A few controls showed slight hemorrhages due to mechanical injury of blood vessels.

5. Clinical symptoms of varying degrees of severity, often leading to the death of the rabbit were observed in the sensitized animals. These symptoms were referable to the site of injection.
UREA TOLERANCE AFTER UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY IN RABBITS
Authors: Karsner Howard T. , Straus Ruben , Moore Robert A. , Hanzal Ramon F.
Published: June 2004

The method of study has an objective somewhat different from, and lacking the precision of, the ratio of Addis and the urea clearance of Van Slyke. It serves, however, to demonstrate that although for a month after unilateral nephrectomy the remaining kidney shows diminished capacity to hold blood urea within the normal range, nevertheless after 4 months this function is maintained in essentially the same degree as if both kidneys were present. This does not imply that all activities of the kidney remaining after unilateral nephrectomy are potentially augmented, but the data offered justify the conclusion that as the remaining kidney undergoes enlargement its functional capacity increases and the process represents a genuine hypertrophy in the critical sense.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF PNEUMONIC PLEURAL FLUIDS
Authors: Finland Maxwell
Published: June 2004

Pleuritic exudates from patients with lobar pneumonia may be sterile or infected. Sterile fluids, at or about the time of crisis, contain actively acquired antibodies similar to those in the blood serum. Infected fluids do not contain such antibodies, presumably because of the presence in them of large amounts of soluble specific substance. Sterile fluids from patients treated with immune sera have both horse serum and antibodies similar to those injected. Infected fluids from serum-treated cases contain horse serum and such heterologous antibodies as were contained in the therapeutic sera together with homologous soluble specific substance. The concentration of horse serum and antibodies in pneumonic fluids is usually the same or somewhat less than that of the corresponding blood sera.
A NOTE ON THE SPECIFIC AGGLUTINATION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES I, II AND III
Authors: Enders John F.
Published: June 2004

1. Type-specific agglutination of Pneumococcus Types I, II and III has been demonstrated in antisera largely deprived of the carbohydrate antibody.

2. The type-specific agglutinogens in Pneumococcus I and II responsible for agglutination in such antisera are inactivated by heating in alkaline solution at 100°C. The specific carbohydrate remains unaltered under these conditions.

3. The relationship of the type-specific agglutinogen in Pneurmococcus I to the type-specific A substance has been discussed.

4. The possible application of these results to the standardization of therapeutic antisera by agglutinin titre has been discussed.

5. On the basis of the experiments recorded a tentative explanation is offered for the failure of Pneumococcus Type II to absorb the agglutinins from anti-B. friedlaenderi Type B serum.
THE RELATION OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TO THE GRADIENT OF CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Hudack Stephen , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

The gradient of permeability along the capillaries of voluntary muscle and the capillaries and venules of skin exists independently of the hydrostatic conditions, though influenced by them. Its presence cannot be explained by a graded tonic contraction of the capillaries. The evidence,—like that of previous papers,—points to local differences in the barrier offered by the wall of these vessels as responsible for the gradient.
STUDIES ON INFLUENZAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Ward Hugh K. , Wright Joyce
Published: June 2004

1. An acute purulent meningitis due to the invasion of the meninges by Pfeiffer's influenza bacillus is not a very uncommon disease ininfants and young children. It has a very high mortality.

2. Complement is entirely absent in the cerebrospinal fluid of these cases, and bactericidal experiments suggest that the injection of a specific antiserum will have but slight lethal effect on the organisms unless complement is injected at the same time.

3. Treatment with a mixture of specific antiserum and complement led in some cases to a definite clinical improvement, coincident with sterilization and clearing of the cerebrospinal fluid. But after some days, the patients relapsed and died. Autopsy showed localized abscesses in the vicinity of the base of the brain, the lesions being definitely walled off from the general subarachnoid space. In one case, the patient recovered.

4. Since the walls of the abscesses apparently present an insuperable mechanical obstacle to the action of the antiserum and complement, the possibility of preventing the formation of abscesses is discussed. Earlier diagnosis and more rapid sterilization are the most obvious measures. Bactericidal experiments indicate that the proportion of antiserum to complement may be an important factor in bringing about a more rapid elimination of the bacilli.
THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER IN TARRED AND SHELTERED MICE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Botsford Elizabeth
Published: June 2004

Mice sheltered for long periods from the intercurrent access of living entities out of the environment developed tar cancer with the same frequency as controls exposed to an unusual extent. This happened although the food of the two groups differed profoundly in character.