bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fragments of Humanity: Music in Auschwitz
Authors: Gilbert Shirli
Published: November 2023

Fragments of Humanity: Music in Auschwitz The Auschwitz Landscape Auschwitz has undoubtedly become the most prominent and evocative symbol of the Nazi genocide. During its four and a half years of operation, between June 1940 and January 1945, approximately 1.1 million people died within its bounds, the majority of them Jewish. Auschwitz was not a single camp, but a vast complex—the largest in the Nazi camp system. It consisted of two principal centres and approximately Witty satellite camps, spread out (sometimes tens of kilo meters apart) over the resource-rich south-western Katowice district of present-day Poland. Auschwitz I, which was to become the nucleus of the complex, was established in the spring of 1940 on the site of disused army barracks near the town of Oswiecim.
Epilogue
Authors: Gilbert Shirli
Published: November 2023

Music is not only itself a subject of historical memory, but also a vehicle for the transmission of memory. Since the immediate post-war years, it has played an important part in commemoration ceremonies, both those organized by survivors and those instituted later by second- and third-generation communities.
Causation, Counterfactuals, and Entropy
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: November 2023

Bertrand Russell famously argued that the notion of cause has no place in modem fundamental physics, where it has been replaced by the concept of functional dependency (Russell 1918). Fundamental dynamical laws specify how one thing follows after another, but since these laws are time-symmetric, they do not support an asymmetric distinction between cause and effect of the kind that appears to be part of our common sense notion of cause. In a recent paper (Field 2004), Hartry Field has endorsed Russell’s conclusion but has pointed to a problem resu1ting from Russell’s thesis.
‘Of Cako ‘, or the Medical Uses of Antimony
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

An alchemist needed time, money, and space, and Forman was not born with any of these. In the mid-158os he filled two notebooks with copies of alchemical texts and began two others. During this period he lived in Salisbury, spent a few years without a fixed address, then settled in London in the early 1590s. He had distilled strong waters since at least 1587 but it was not until 1594 that he began to ‘practise the philosophers stone ‘. Thereafter he associated the production of alchemical remedies and the pursuit of the philosophers ‘ stone. At Lent 1595 he ‘began ye philosophers ston & before mad my fumes and all for yt, as in my other bock yt aperes.
The mind and language
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

The linguist, Kenneth Pike, used to enthrall an audience with a performance that he called the “monolingual demonstration.” With as many as several hundred people in attendance, Pike would meet, for the First time, a speaker of a language that he had never heard before. Without using a single word of English, or any other language that both he and the speaker knew, Pike would spend an hour or two learning as much as he could about this unfamiliar language. He could keep the members of his audience on the edge of their chairs as he moved from single words to short phrases and then to sentences of increasing complexity. It was a startling demonstration of just how accessible a previously unknown language can be.
Syntax: wired and learned
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

Ever since 1957 when Noam Chomsky shook linguistics with his First book, Syntactic Structures, syntax has occupied a central spot in the thinking of a large number of linguists. Linguistic syntax has a kind of magnificent intricacy that appeals to some kinds of minds, and it has come to be seen as so unbelievably complex as to defy full understanding. All the attention lavished on its interrelated complexities has led some linguists to conclude that its parts are so interdependent on one another that none could exist without all the others, and this has encouraged the idea that full syntactic language could only have arisen all at once, as some kind of linguistic big bang, even as a single mutation.
The Base-language Effect in Speech Perception∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

One of the earliest questions asked about language processing in bilinguals was whether switching from one language to another takes time. For example, Kolers (1966) asked French-English bilinguals to read passages of varying linguistic makeup. Some passages were monolingual in English or French, others alternated languages from sentence to sentence, and others had mixed sentences. Here the mixture of English and French was haphazard, with half the passages favoring the English word order and the other half the French order. When asked to read these passages silently, and to answer questions testing their comprehension, participants performed equally well on all three types of texts, showing that mixed passages were understood as well as monolingual passages. But when participants were asked to read the texts aloud, the type of passage had a strong efiect. Kolers computed that when participants switched languages in oral reading, each switch took them between 0.3 and 0.5 seconds. A few years later, Macnamara and Kushnir (1971) studied only the perception aspect of the phenomenon since both production and perception were involved in the Kolers reading aloud experiment. First, they asked bilingual participants to read Kolers’ passages silently and measured the time it took (recall that Kolers had tested comprehension in this condition).
The First Phase of Soviet Reform, 1985-6
Authors: Brown Archie
Published: November 2023

The changes now taking place in the Soviet Union are as yet little understood in the West. Often they are dismissed as cosmetic or, at most, as representing a change of style. Indeed, the style of Soviet politics, particularly of the top leader, has changed in certain respects. Mikhail Gorbachev’s political manner—more open than that of any previous General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party apart from Nikita Khrushchev—impresses many thinking Soviet citizens, including those who had little time for a Brezhnev or a Chernenko. This is a fact of no small importance. Nevertheless, style is no substitute for solutions to some of the Soviet Union’s pressing problems, as Gorbachev himself well knows.

It is the very seriousness of these problems that will serve to stimulate policy changes. In foreign policy, Gorbachev was the legatee of bad relations with the United States, poor relations with Western Europe and Japan, uneasy relations with Poland’s rulers (not to mention with Polish and several other East European societies), and only marginally improving relations with China. He inherited a war in Afghanistan and—not the least of his problems—the Reagan administration.
Fundamental Political Change, 1987-9
Authors: Brown Archie
Published: November 2023

A new Soviet political system is being created from day to day. At the moment, the new sits uneasily alongside the old, and the old is not giving way without a fight. The changes call into question a great deal that has been taken for granted throughout much of Soviet history, and it has become more difficult than ever before to predict what the system will look like a decade from now. But even those who as recently as 1987 were arguing—wrongly—that nothing of consequence had changed in the Soviet Union must now recognize that dramatic and fundamentally important change is taking place.
The Dismantling of the System and the Disintegration of the State
Authors: Brown Archie
Published: November 2023

It is frequently asserted that the Soviet Union was unreformable, but as earlier chapters of this book have shown, a vast amount of reform took place during the perestroika years. Some of those who argued prior to perestroika that serious reform could not occur in the Soviet Union subsequently modified that position to say that what they really meant was that it could not ultimately be successful. Whether even that modified claim holds water depends on the criteria one adopts for measuring success. Does the advent of political pluralism and the introduction of a wide range of freedoms, including freedom of speech and association, and cultural and religious freedom, count for less than the fact that fifteen states now stand on the territory where one stood before? Opinions vary also on how the disintegration of the Soviet state should be evaluated, as they do on the question whether it was an ineluctable consequence of radical reform of the system or whether the greater part of the Union could have been reconstructed and preserved had a handful of political actors behaved differently.
Transnational Influences in the Transition from Communism
Authors: Brown Archie
Published: November 2023

The transition from Communism, it hardly needs saying, has to be distinguished from transition to democracy. Of the thirty-one formerly Communist states, not more than half of them can today be firmly categorized as democratic. Many possess significant democratic elements, including contested elections-a necessary but not sufficient condition for democracy. A number of them are hybrid or mixed polities—a broad category into which post-Soviet Russia belongs. It was premature to classify Yeltsin’s Russia as a democracy and still more conceptual stretching would be required to include Putin’s Russia in that category. Other states have made the transition from a distinctively Communist type of post-totalitarian authoritarianism to a different kind of authoritarian regime. The criteria for determining how much democracy makes a state democratic are, of course, debatable. Following Robert Dahl, most scholars are conscious that the states we normally call ‘democracies’ are ‘polyarchies’, although, like Dahl himself, we do not subsequently eschew the word, ‘democracy’, in writing about the political systems conventionally embraced by that concept.
Ending the Cold War
Authors: Brown Archie
Published: November 2023

The debate on why the Cold War ended when it did has been intense. There remains disagreement, indeed, over when precisely it could be said to be over. There are a good many Russian political commentators and at least one prominent Western analyst who have argued that the Cold War is not over yet. In a number of respects, some fifteen years after the Soviet Union ceased to exist, relations between the United States and Western Europe, on the one hand, and Russia, on the other, have again become clouded by mutual suspicion. Moreover, this is against a backdrop of KATO enlargement and of continued expenditure both in the United States and in Russia on weapons of mass destruction. Increasingly in the \Vest, Russia is seen as moving backwards towards more authoritarian rule, a perception matched by a widespread Russian view that the United States is behaving in the twenty-first century like an imperial power and, together with its ‘coalition of the willing’, acting in contravention of international law in Iraq.
Gorbachev and His Era in Perspective
Authors: Brown Archie
Published: November 2023

This concluding chapter addresses a series of controversial issues concerning Gorbachev and perestroika, but I should first make clear what I am not arguing. In pointing to the decisive role played by Mikhail Gorbachev in the initiation of perestroika — and the dramatic change this brought about in the Soviet Union and in the climate of world politics in the second half of the 1980s-I am offering neither a ‘Great Man’ interpretation of history nor an explanation of the breakthrough primarily in terms of charismatic leadership. That is notwithstanding the fact that Gorbachev had, indeed, some of the attributes associated with Weber’s ideal type of ‘charismatic authority’. For Weber, of course, such authority is unconnected with office-holding or expert knowledge. A person possessing charismatic authority is a ‘natural’ leader, although charisma can be ‘lost’ if the leader’s deeds ‘do not fare well’.
There are Many Things
Authors: McGee Vann
Published: November 2023

Ontology is the most general science. Whereas the specialized sciences restrict their concern to one or another kind of being, ontology is fully comprehensive, taking all things of whatever kind into its domain. One thing ontologists sometimes try to do is to provide inventories that list, although not in specific detail, all the kinds of things there are. Here I want to attempt something a little less ambitious. I don’t want to describe all the things there are, but I want to propose that, whatever kinds of things there are, there are a great many of them, so that there is a general principle to the effect that, if it is possible that there are at least so-and-so many things, then there are, in fact, at least so-and-so many things. even better what modal realism does best, which is to articulate the truth conditions for conditionals.
The Naval Surgeon During the French Wars
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Cardwell John , Moss Michael
Published: November 2023

At the turn of the nineteenth century there was no medical profession in the new United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland, as the term would be under- stood today.1 Until parliament passed the Medical Act in 1858 and established a register of licensed practitioners, most doctors were uncertificated and had never had their competence examined. To all intents and purposes, there was no constraint on anyone setting up as a medical practitioner, beyond the fear of being prosecuted under the criminal law by disillusioned patients and their relatives when treatment went wrong. In most continental countries medicine over the centuries had gradually become a regulated corporative craft.
Origins and Early Career
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Cardwell John , Moss Michael
Published: November 2023

William Beatty was born in Londonderry in April 1773, where his father, James, was an official in the Irish Revenue Service like his father before him. Coming from Ireland and from a family with long service to the Crown, he was typical of many young men who were to provide the backbone of the professional officer cadre during the French wars. The Beattys, like many families in the North of Ireland, were originally Presbyterians, who in all probability had fled from Scotland after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 to escape religious persecution.
Beatty and Nelson’s Apotheosis
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Cardwell John , Moss Michael
Published: November 2023

The news that reached London in the first days of November 1805 was grim. Napoleon had confirmed his recently self-appointed title as emperor of France by inflicting a stunning reverse on Britain’s ally Austria at Ulm, far away on the banks of the Danube.
Labour and the Countryside
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J
Published: November 2023

The common reputation of the British Labour Party has always been as 'a thing of the town', an essentially urban phenomenon which has failed to engage with the rural electorate or identify itself with rural issues. Yet during the inter-war years, Labour viewed the countryside as a crucial electoral battleground - even claiming that the party could never form a majority administration without winning a significant number of seats across rural Britain. Committing itself to a series of campaigns in rural areas during the 1920s and 30s, Labour developed a rural and often specifically agricultural programme on which to attract new support and members. Labour and the Countryside takes this forgotten chapter in the party's history as a starting point for a fascinating and wide-ranging re-examination of the relationship between the British Left and rural Britain. The first account of this aspect of Labour's history, this book draws on extensive research across a wide variety of original source material, from local party minutes and trade union archives to the records of Labour's first two periods in government. Historical, literary, and visual representations of the countryside are also examined, along with newspapers, magazines, and propaganda materials. In reconstructing the contexts within which Labour attempted to redefine itself as a voice for the countryside, the resulting study presents a fresh perspective on the political history of the inter-war years.
Activities
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

Verbs associated with ‘being’ and ‘doing’ are obviously a fundamental concept in any vocabulary and such words are often very strongly reconstructable to Proto-Indo-European. A list of the basic verbs is provided in Table 22.1.
Comparative Mythology
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

As we have seen in Chapter 23, the reconstructed vocabulary pertaining to religion is somewhat limited, certainly when compared with various other semantic categories such as flora, fauna, and material culture. The problems of reconstructing the names of the deities and other mythological concepts are several.
Theoretical Background
Authors: Krämer Martin
Published: November 2023

Most of the analyses which will be proposed or discussed in this book are framed in Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993; McCarthy and Prince 1993a; McCarthy 2004). The analyses of segmental phonology make use of a version of the Parallel Structures Model (Morén 2003; 2006). In this chapter I give a short introduction to the two theories; both will be used in tandem in Chapter 4. The analyses of phonological structure beyond the segment will be based on a basic notion of syllable structure, moraic theory, and the prosodic hierarchy as proposed in Prosodic Phonology (Kahn 1980; Nespor and Vogel 1986). The basics of the former two will be taken for granted here. The latter, the prosodic hierarchy, will be introduced in Chapter 7 in the appropriate context.
Segmental Phonology
Authors: Krämer Martin
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will have a look at the Italian sound system and segmental processes. Questions to be discussed are the following. There is some disagreement on which and how many contrastive segments the system actually has. Glides, for example, are by many phonologists regarded as high vowels affiliated to a syllabic position reserved for consonants. Hence, we will look at alternations that give support to an analysis of glides as contrastive segments independent of the high vowels. Furthermore, if inventories of contrastive segments are regarded as systems built up in an economic fashion from a minimal set of contrastive features, the Italian system shows a few gaps or asymmetries in the system, which is a matter that has to be solved via either a creative approach to feature economy or an abstract analysis of the inventory which derives some segments from combinations of other segments at the underlying level of representation. For example, most of the consonants have a short/long opposition, but some consonants occur as long only. Since, seen from whatever perspective, long consonants are considered as the marked member of a short/long pair, one might want to decompose these long-only consonants into two more basic component parts which are merged in surface structures in a non-structure-preserving way.
Into the Thirties
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

Greene was reported to have been annoyed when John le Carré described him as a man of the 1930s. It would be understandable if he thought that his literary significance should not be restricted to the first ten years of a career that covered sixty. But they were extraordinarily productive years: if Greene had died at the end of the decade he would be on record as the author of eight novels, a collection of short stories, and two travel books. There were also many literary essays and film reviews, later collected, and a biography that remained unpublished until the 1970s. The patterns of thought and feeling in his work, the things he was moved by and curious about, had affinities with other writing of the 1930s, in the work of the so-called Auden generation. Though much of the Victorian order had survived, despite the devastations and dissolution caused by the First World War and the subsequent industrial depression, English life was increasingly affected by an expanding mass culture, often American in origin. The traditional face of England was marked by cinemas and roadhouses, petrol stations, new motor roads, and spreading suburbia. Greene was keenly interested in these innovations.
Introduction
Authors: Whyte William
Published: November 2023

Sir Thomas Graham Jackson died on 7 November 1924, aged eighty-eight. As befitted a man of his standing, his obituaries were fulsome in their praise. They paid tribute to his moral qualities, describing a ‘dignified figure and a cultivated mind’. They acknowledged his role as one of the ‘recognized leaders of all who regarded architecture as an Art’. They complimented him on his value as a thinker, as ‘a great scholar and an excellent writer’. And well they might.
‘Recording our eclectic age’ Jackson and the Dilemma of Style
Authors: Whyte William
Published: November 2023

‘It seems to me’, wrote T. G. Jackson in 1893, ‘that the modern architect’s time is half occupied in controversial writing, composing and answering pamphlets, and writing magazine articles. That at least has been my fate this winter.’ Trapped, as he was, in the midst of battle over a controversial church restoration, this attitude is unsurprising. But it is also unrepresentative of his usual approach to such work. Jackson, as he himself observed, was ‘never quite content unless I have some writing on hand’.
‘The Unity of Art’ Jackson and the Arts and Crafts
Authors: Whyte William
Published: November 2023

T. G. Jackson’s commitment to craftsmanship was more than mere theory. It was demonstrated in every work he undertook. As C. R. Ashbee observed, he became the first architect in large professional practice to commit himself wholeheartedly to the work of the arts and crafts movement. His hopes of transcending style by transforming architectural activity, of ‘combining the three arts’ and thereby ‘restoring our dead architecture to life’, drove his career. Nor was this expressed in Jackson’s buildings alone.
The Foundations of Theism Again: A Rejoinder to Plantinga
Authors: Quinn Philip L , Miller Christian B
Published: November 2023

During the past dozen years Alvin Plantinga has published an impressive series of papers in which he advocates a point of view on questions of religious epistemology that has, on account of its Calvinian inspiration, come to be called ‘‘Reformed Epistemology.’’¹ A few years ago I tried my hand at criticizing some of the characteristic claims and arguments of Reformed Epistemology and succeeded in provoking a forceful reply by Plantinga.² I have recently been persuaded that some philosophical progress might be made if my discussion with Plantinga were continued. So I have returned to the issues raised by Plantinga’s reply and have thought my way through them again. This rejoinder is a product of that effort.
Kantian Philosophical Ecclesiology
Authors: Quinn Philip L
Published: November 2023

Much recent work in philosophy of religion by Christian philosophers has been done, so to speak, under a banner on which is emblazoned the motto ‘Faith Seeking Understanding.’ That motto adorns the cover of this journal [Faith and Philosophy]. Such philosophy typically operates within a theological circle; it is philosophical theology with philosophy firmly fixed in the adjectival position. It has produced noteworthy explications and defenses of such distinctively Christian doctrines as the Trinity, the Incarnation, and the Atonement. It also stands in sharp contrast to the philosophy of religion more customary in modernity since Hume, which views theological circles from the outside. They are dimensions of human culture that form the subject matter of religious studies, but philosophy, like the other disciplines that constitute religious studies, approaches them with secular methods and assumptions. From this perspective, many distinctively Christian doctrines are highly problematic; being revealed mysteries of faith, they resist philosophical examination and on that account suffer from neglect or perhaps misunderstanding by philosophers.
Introduction
Authors: Jenks Timothy
Published: November 2023

But it was not the sea alone that I saw: the grand fleet was riding out at anchor at Spithead. I had heard of the wooden walls of Old England: I had formed my ideas of a ship, and of a fleet; but, what I now beheld, so far surpassed what I had ever been able to form a conception of, that I stood lost between astonishment and admiration. I had heard talk of the glorious deeds of our admirals and sailors, of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and of all those memorable combats, that good and true Englishmen never fail to relate to their children about a hundred times a year. The brave Rodney ‘s victories over our natural enemies, the French and Spaniards, had long been the theme of our praise, and the burden of our songs. The sight of the fleet brought all these to my mind; in confused order it is true, but with irresistible force. My heart was inflated with national pride.
Contesting Naval Heroism
Authors: Jenks Timothy
Published: November 2023

We have heard, indeed, of wars and rumours of wars; we have read accounts of battles; gazettes have afforded us lists of the slain; and we have occasionally seen mutilated wretches wander about the streets. But we have never witnessed here the dreadful shock of contending armies . Conceiving of war by the images of it which are presented to our observation in our own peaceful island; by reviews, parades, and military processions; we have no adequate idea of its real picture: we associate with it the notion of pomp, and splendour, and gaiety; and have no apprehension that its actual characteristics are fury, and barbarity, horror, misery, and despair. Were patriotic representations of war inherently idealized? Were the threats and realities of war conveniently ignored in the patriotic public sphere?.
Greek Hygiene
Authors: Smith Virginia
Published: November 2023

Greek personal hygiene was a philosophy of life that went well beyond good grooming. In the name of their young goddess, princess, or high priestess of health Hygieia, the Greeks ultimately brought another permanent layer of meaning to the idea of cleanliness. We are all hygienic now. Leaving eastern Eurasia and Middle Eastern history behind us, we move west into the Mediterranean and end up on its northern shores: Greece in the Bronze Age, c.1500–600 bce, followed by an exciting period of transition between oral culture and literacy, and the Greek intellectual and literary renaissance of c.600–400 bce.
The Suez Crisis And The British Dilemma At The United Nations
Authors: Louis Wm. Roger
Published: November 2023

Aneurin bevan’s witty yet incisive comment cut to the heart of the division of sentiment in Britain at the height of the Suez crisis in November 1956. On the one side stood those who continued to believe in the supremacy of Britain’s traditional national and imperial mission. On the other were the champions of the United Nations who held that the UN Charter had opened a new chapter in international.
The Security Council And The Arab–Israeli Wars: ‘Responsibility Without Power’
Authors: Jones Bruce D
Published: November 2023

Arab–Israeli conflicts and wars have preoccupied the Security Council since its founding, and preoccupy it still. More vetoes have been cast in the Security Council on this issue than on any other – nearly as many as on all other issues combined. Until the 1990s, Security Council-mandated peacekeeping operations were heavily focused on the Middle East. Likewise, in their interactions with the Security Council, successive Secretaries-General chose or were compelled to devote considerable attention to the prospects for peace-making in what, during more optimistic phases, has been called the Middle East peace process.
The Security Council And The India– Pakistan Wars
Authors: Roy-Chaudhury Rahul
Published: November 2023

Analysis of the Security Council’s involvement in India–Pakistan issues tends to focus on the Kashmir conflict and the UN-mandated plebiscite to determine its final outcome that has never been held. This was a result of the messy transfer of power from British colonial rule to two newly independent states of India and Pakistan, currently celebrating their sixtieth anniversaries. But the Security Council also had a role, albeit limited, in the first two India–Pakistan wars in 1947–9 and September 1965, despite the fact that there was no direct great power involvement in these conflicts.
The Security Council In The Wings: Exploring The Security Council’ S Non-Involvement In Wars
Authors: Dunbabin J P D
Published: November 2023

The UN Charter confers on the Security Council ‘primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security’. Moreover, UN members must ‘make available’ to it ‘armed forces, assistance and facilities’ and, using these, the Security Council should ‘take such action . . . as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace’. That is not the world we know – indeed only a minority of post-1945 conflicts have generated serious UN intervention.
The Security council And International Law On Military Occupations
Authors: Scheffer David
Published: November 2023

Military occupation law is an ancient set of rules that have long been considered to be an important part of international law. This body of law, a main purpose of which is to limit the amount of change that an occupier can impose on an occupied society, remains valid and useful. However, its application can be problematical in certain occupations in which an outside force seeks to transform the laws, institutions, and customs of a society.
Against articulatory grounding
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles
Published: November 2023

As can be seen from the following quote from Kager (1999: 421), Optimality Theory has given rise to a strong renewed interest in the question of the relationship between phonetics and phonology. In work by Steriade, Flemming, Kirchner, Hayes, and others, it is argued that constraints should be able to refer to much more phonetic detail (including non-contrastive features and numerical values of acoustic parameters) than is allowed on classical generative assumptions, which maintain a strict separation between phonology and phonetics ... This blurring of the phonology-phonetics boundary goes hand in hand with an increased role for functional explanations ... No doubt, real progress can be made by this approach. An increased role for functional explanations in grammatical theory matches well with a major goal of OT, which is to encode directly markedness in the grammar, an enterprise that has been crucial to OT ‘s typological achievements.
Against typological grounding
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles
Published: November 2023

All phonologists will be familiar with the following argument: one should select underlying /g/ for the root morpheme in the Catalan [sek–seG@] pair since [g] is a less marked segment than [G], and one should only posit marked segments in a language if one is unambiguously compelled by the evidence to do so. That is, since one can develop an analysis of the Catalan data without resorting to an underlying /G/, why not do so? We think that this argument holds no water, and we devote this chapter to a general discussion of the validity of the notion of marked ness being invoked in such a proposal.
Against Output–Output Correspondence
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles
Published: November 2023

Output–Output Correspondence (OOC) constraints, which demand correspondence between independently occurring surface forms, have made their way into the working arsenal of constraint types in use with Optimality Theory. In this chapter1 we examine some of the better-known arguments which have been advanced in support of OOC constraints, and argue that adoption of such a powerful mechanism within OT is not justified in the cases discussed. In particular, we will discuss the following analyses: the incomplete/complete phase distinction of Rotuman, as analyzed by McCarthy (1995)2 and McCarthy (2000), and English truncated hypocoristics, as discussed by Benua (1995). Together with Kenstowicz ‘s (1996) work on Base Identity and Uniform Exponence, discussed in detail later in the chapter, these were the earliest studies in the OOC literature, and have proven very influential.
Some Philosophical Uses of ‘To Be’ in Plato*
Authors: Kahn Charles H
Published: November 2023

Syntactically, the passages in question are a mixed bag. In a few cases we have what I call the veridical construction with a subject of sentential rather than nominal form: the verb is construed absolutely (no further predicate is expressed or understood), and it is syntactically linked to a clause of thinking or saying. In other cases, where the subject (or implied subject) is a noun phrase, an absolute construction of the verb may bear an existential sense.
The Thesis of Parmenides*
Authors: Kahn Charles H
Published: November 2023

If we except Plato, Aristotle, and Plotinus, Parmenides is perhaps the most important and influential of all the Greek philosophers. And considered as a metaphysician he is perhaps the most original figure in the western tradition. At any rate, if ontology is the study of Being, or what there is, and metaphysics the study of ultimate Reality, or what there is in the most fundamental way, then Parmenides may reasonably be regarded as the founder of ontology and metaphysics at once. For he is the first to have articulated the concept of Being or Reality as a distinct topic for philosophic discussion.
Being in Parmenides and Plato
Authors: Kahn Charles H
Published: November 2023

Despite the silence of Aristotle, there can be little doubt of the importance of Parmenides as an influence on Plato’s thought. If it was the encounter with Socrates that made Plato a philosopher, it was the poem of Parmenides that made him a metaphysician. In the first place it was Parmenides’ distinction between Being and Becoming that provided Plato with the ontological basis for his theory of Forms. When he decided to submit this theory to searching criticism, he chose as critic no other than Parmenides himself. And when the time came for Socrates to be replaced as principal speaker in the dialogues, Plato introduced as his new spokesman a visitor from Elea.
Number
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

Manambu distinguishes singular and non-singular numbers expressed via agreement (outlined in §5.1) and also on the head noun. A non-singular number can be associative (that is, denoting the set by association with its central member: see Moravcsik 2003 for a typological perspective), or non-associative. Either of these can be dual or plural. See Chart 6.1. The singular number is the least formally marked. Associative non-singular is marked on the head noun which can only be a personal name. Non-associative non-singular is marked on some nouns, which include kinship terms and a few others. All of dual, plural, and singular are expressed through agreement.
Negation
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

All declarative non-habitual clauses are negated with the negator ma:. Just as in positive clauses, verbal predicates differ from non-verbal predicates in what tense distinctions are expressed under negation (see §12.1). Negation of verbal predicates (including copulas) is discussed in §14.1.1. In §14.1.2 we look at how non-verbal predicates are negated. The verbal negator ma: (variants: ma:n, ma”an, ma”a) has clausal scope, and is also used as a pro-clause meaning ‘no’. The forms ma: and ma”a are in free variation; and so are ma:n and ma”an (see §2.1.2). The variants ma: and ma:n are in free distribution in most instances, with the variant ma:n found only with traditional and older speakers. The only noted difference between the two is discussed under §14.1.2 (example 14.15). Additional uses of the negator ma: are discussed in §14.6. See the discussion in §14.1.3.
Morphology of amphibian larvae
Authors: McDiarmid Roy W , Altig Ronald
Published: November 2023

The larvae of amphibians are non-reproductive and usually aquatic. Most undergo metamorphosis prior to attaining an adult morphology and sexual maturity. Species within each amphibian order that develop by other modes (e.g. direct development; Altig and Johnston 1989; Thibaudeau and Altig 1999) have non-feeding larvae or embryos, and we do not discuss them in this chapter.
Egg mass and nest counts
Authors: Paton Peter W C , Harris Reid N
Published: November 2023

There is a critical need to develop statistically sensitive monitoring programs to assess changes in the distribution and abundance of amphibians and determine underlying mechanisms affecting populations (Alford and Richards 1999; Marsh 2001; Storfer 2003; Petranka et al. 2004, 2006). However, assessing trends is challenging because amphibian populations may experience dramatic fluctuations (Pechmann et al. 1989) and all species have imperfect detection probabilities (Bailey et al. 2004). Biologists interested in monitoring long-term amphibian population trends have a number of methods available (Heyer et al. 1994), but selecting the most appropriate survey and analysis techniques can be difficult (Williams et al. 2002).
Field enclosures and terrestrial cages
Authors: Harper Elizabeth B , Pechmann Joseph H K , Petranka James W
Published: November 2023

Amphibians exhibit many life-history patterns and occur in biomes ranging from deserts and grasslands to boreal and tropical forests (Chapter 1). Most species have complex life cycles with a free-living aquatic larval stage and a non-gilled post-metamorphic stage. Of the more than 6000 extant species that have been described, almost all use terrestrial habitats during some or all of their life cycle. Common terrestrial specializations include arboreal, fossorial, surfacedwelling, and riparian species (Chapter 1). The aquatic larval stage, if present, is typically much shorter than the postmetamorphic stage. The juveniles and adults of most species live in semi-aquatic or terrestrial habitats. Despite these facts, researchers have conducted surprisingly few studies on the terrestrial ecology of amphibians, especially pond-breeding amphibians (Pechmann 1995). Even some of the most basic questions—such as the extent to which population regulation occurs during the aquatic and terrestrial stages of the life cycle—are poorly resolved because of a shortage of information on density dependence during the terrestrial stages.
On Living in an Old Country
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej
Published: November 2023

The hulk of Henry VIII's flagship is raised from the seabed in an operation that captures the mind of the nation. The leader of the Labour party wears an informal coat at the Cenotaph and provokes a national scandal. An elderly lady whose ancient house is scheduled for demolition dismantles it, piece by piece, and moves it across the country... On Living in an Old Country probes such apparently fleeting and disconnected events in order to reveal how history lives on, not just in the specialist knowledge of historians, archaeologists and curators, but as a tangible presence permeating everyday life and shaping our sense of identity. It investigates the rise of 'heritage' as expressed in literature, advertising, and political rhetoric as well as in popular television dramas, conservation campaigns, and urban development schemes. It explores the relations between the idea of an imperilled national identity and the transformation of British society introduced by Margaret Thatcher. This is the book that put 'heritage' on the map, opening one of the defining cultural and political debates of our time, and showing why conservation is a subject of such broad significance in contemporary Britain. This new edition includes an extensive new preface and interview material reflecting on the ongoing debate about the heritage industry which the book helped to kick-start.
Introduction: Everyday Life, Nostalgia and the National Past
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej
Published: November 2023

1979 is well remembered as the year in which Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister of Great Britain. But 1979 was also the year of a far lesser return to the old nation, for one day that summer I made my own somewhat uncertain way through the arrival hall at Heathrow having spent some five years living in North America, mostly in Vancouver.
Coming Back to the Shores of Albion: The Secret England of Mary Butts (1890–1937)
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej
Published: November 2023

In this book (a work in which memory is also imaginative reinvention the garden was actually nearer 20 acres), Mary Butts recalls woods, an orchard, terraces, kitchen gardens and the customary retinue of attendants: maids, cooks, gardeners, a coachman who wore the livery colours of the family. There was a room full of drawings and watercolours by William Blake which had come into the family through Thomas Butts, friend and patron of Blake. It was, as Butts claims with the grieving hindsight of the 1930s, a ‘profoundly English life; in the very last years of the old Queen, little had been changed since her accession.
A Blue Plaque for the Labour Movement? Some Political Meanings of the National Past
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej
Published: November 2023

Irritated commentators don’t seem to have been sure whether it was actually a dufflecoat, with its early CND connotations, or a donkey jacket, resonant of sullen proletarianism, but it was certainly green rather than black, untailored and—as many people will doubtless still remember—distinctly out of place on the back of the Leader of the Labour Party during the solemnities at the Cenotaph on Remembrance Day 1981. Among those black columns of uniformed men, Michael Foot’s garb was taken as giving his appearance over to the ordinary, the casual and even, in an intellectual CND sort of way, to the popular.
The Ghosting of the Inner City
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej
Published: November 2023

‘Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.’1 Such is the Party’s motto in Nineteen Eighty-Four, and it should speak to us directly enough in the really existing 1980s. Time has underscored Orwell’s suggestion that the past is subject to political manipulation, and not just in its undoubtedly miserable application to the Soviet bloc. In Britain, the 1980s have already seen enough public invocation of a revamped Imperial past to leave no doubt that here too history is capable of serving interests quite other than those of natural curiosity or scholastic research. Orwell, however, did not rest with the general observation that the past can be reworked and con- scripted, pressed into the service of present political purposes.
Afterword: Everyday Life and the Aura of the Modern Past
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej
Published: November 2023

In a brief but very interesting discussion of official policy regarding ‘Patrimony’ in Giscard d’Estaing’s France, Philippe Hoyau has argued that the contemporary emphasis on the national past ‘derives less from a will to preserve and value a “monumental” and academic past than from the promotion of new values articulated on a largely transformed conception of inheritance and tradition.’
Neurobiology And The Development Of Violence: Common Assumptions And Controversies
Authors: Loeber Rolf , Pardini Dustin
Published: November 2023

Violence and serious property crime continue to lead to high levels of personal injury and financial damage for victims (Welsh & Loeber, in press), and stimulate concerns about safety and increased costs for security, police, and preventive efforts. For example, in the year 2000 alone, the total costs resulting from non-fatal injuries and death attributable to violence were more than $70 billion in the United States (Corso et al., 2007). Research on the victim costs of crime shows that the victim costs of an average chronic juvenile offender committing crime between ages 7 and 17 amounts to about $1.25 million (based on self-reported delinquency; Welsh et al., in press).
The Neuroendocrinology Of Antisocial Behaviour
Authors: Goozen Stephanie H M Van , Fairchild Graeme
Published: November 2023

Antisocial behaviour is an issue of significant social and clinical concern. When committed by young people, it is an issue of increasing concern. Although environmental factors have traditionally attracted most attention in explaining the origin and persistence of antisocial behaviour, it is important not to overlook the vulnerability of the individual in the development of antisocial behaviour. Relatively few studies have been conducted on the neuroendocrine factors involved in the development of antisocial behaviour in children. In this chapter, we explain how stress and androgenic hormones could be important factors in the behavioural problems of antisocial individuals. We will show that cortisol has been found to be significantly inversely related to severity of antisocial behaviour and can predict antisocial behaviour over time. We will also show that the role of androgens in aggression is less clear, and that there is currently only limited data suggesting that testosterone, or indeed other androgenic hormones, is particularly involved in violent behaviour or the prediction of antisocial behaviour over time.
Gene–Brain Associations: The Example Of MAOA
Authors: Buckholtz Joshua W , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas
Published: November 2023

Since the beginning of recorded history, humans have noted (and lamented) the existence of individuals whose actions consistently contravene widely shared sentiments about appropriate behavior (social norms) and who thus pose a threat to social order and community peace (Cleckley, 1988). Furthermore, it was understood even in ancient times that the propensity toward antisocial behaviour ‘breeds true’ in families, and moreover, that the inheritance of antisocial traits was especially pronounced in men1. In the 1980’s, this long-held notion of heritable contributions to personality was confirmed by studies of twins reared apart, which provided powerful evidence for a strong genetic component to individual variation in a variety of human traits (Bouchard et al., 1990), including those linked to antisocial behaviour (Grove et al., 1990; Viding et al., 2005; Koenig et al., 2007; Viding et al., 2007). Similar to most other psychiatric phenotypes However, antisocial behaviour is genetically complex, meaning that multiple genetic variants are likely to contribute to the associated traits in interaction with one another (epistasis) and with the environment. Clues as to which specific gene or set of genes might account for this inherited variation were not forthcoming until Brunner’s landmark finding of a single, rare, genetic mutation associated with antisocial behaviour in a large Dutch kindred (Brunner, Nelen, Breakefieldet al., 1993). This study implicated the first (and, to date, most compelling) candidate susceptibility gene for human antisocial behaviour, MAOA.