bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid detection and structural characterization of methysticin metabolites generated from rat and human liver microsomes and hepatocytes using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Tuerxuntayi Adila , Tusun Abudourusuli , Tajiguli Abulikemu
Published: October 2021

Rationale

Methysticin is a naturally occurring ingredient isolated from Piper methysticum Forst. The metabolic profile of methysticin is unknown. The goal of this study was to elucidate the metabolism of methysticin using rat and human liver microsomes and hepatocytes.

Methods

The incubation samples were analyzed using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐HRMS). The structures of the metabolites were characterized based on the elemental composition, exact mass, and product ions.

Results

A total of 10 metabolites were detected and identified. Among these metabolites, M4 (ring opening of 1,3‐benzodioxole) was the predominant metabolite in rat and human liver microsomes. M4 and its glucuronide conjugate (M2) were the major metabolites in rat and human hepatocytes. The metabolic pathways of methysticin are summarized as follows: (a) oxidative ring opening of 1,3‐benzodioxole forms the catechol derivative (M4), which subsequently undergoes glucuronidation (M1 and M2), methylation (M8), and sulfation (M7). (b) Demethylation to yield desmethyl methysticin (M6), followed by glucuronidation (M3 and M5). (c) Hydroxylation (M9 and M10).

Conclusions

For the first time, this study provides new information on the in vitro metabolic profiles of methysticin, which facilitates an understanding of the disposition of this bioactive ingredient.
Regrouped design in privacy analysis for multinomial microdata
Authors: Wan Shu‐Mei , Chung Wen‐Yaw , Mayeni Manurung Monica , Chang Kwang‐Hwa , Wu Chien‐Hua
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we are dealing with the dual goals for protecting privacy and making statistical inferences from the disseminated data using the regrouped design. It is not difficult to protect the privacy of patients by perturbing data. The problem is to perturb the data in such a way that privacy is protected, and also, the released data are useful for research. By applying the regrouped design, the dataset is released with the dummy groups associated with the actual groups via a pre‐specified transition probability matrix. Small stagnation probabilities of regrouped design are recommended to reach a small disclosure risk and a higher power of hypothesis testing. The power of test statistic in the released data increases as the stagnation probabilities depart from 0.5. The disclosure risk can be reduced further if more quasi‐identifiers are relocated. An example of National Health Insurance Research Database is given to illustrate the use of the regrouped design to protect the privacy and make the statistical inference.
Facilitating marginalized youths' identification with STEM through everyday science talk: The critical role of parental caregivers
Authors: Cian Heidi , Dou Remy , Castro Sheila , Palma‐D'souza Elizabeth , Martinez Alexandra
Published: October 2021

An individual's sense of themselves as a “STEM person” is largely formed through recognition feedback. Unfortunately, for many minoritized individuals who engage in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in formal and informal spaces, this recognition often adheres to long‐standing exclusionary expectations of what STEM participation entails and institutionalized stereotypes of what it means to be a STEM person. However, caregivers, who necessarily share cultural backgrounds, norms, and values with their children, can play an important role in recognizing their children's interest and inclination towards STEM in ways that support children's authoring of their STEM identity in the face of these marginalizing discourses. To explore this idea, we conducted phenomenological interviews with STEM students attending a Hispanic‐serving university, examining the nature of STEM‐related conversations these students had with their parents during childhood. Participant recollections provide evidence of conversational content, contexts, and structures that supported their identification with STEM even when faced with marginalizing experiences. We found that though this phenomenon was recounted across parent profiles, participant narratives also reflected differences in conversation content, context, and structure based on factors associated with STEM stereotypes, including gender, formal education or training in STEM, and parents' immigration experiences. Viewed within larger sociocultural discourses of whose knowledge “counts” in STEM, our work suggests the need for educational institutions to acknowledge and embrace families' ability to foster youths' affinity with STEM contexts, while also recognizing and responding to institutionalized impediments to authentic STEM participation.
Sequential Codoping Making Nonconjugated Organic Radicals Conduct Ionically Electronically
Authors: Jo Yerin , Yu Ilhwan , Ko Jaehyoung , Kwon Ji Eon , Joo Yongho
Published: October 2021

Mixed conduction through both ionic and electronic pathways in an organic radical has received enormous attention recently, owing to its high conductivity and exceptional processibility amenable to future organic electronics. While the majority of previous works have centered on polymeric systems, the study on the mixed conduction in a small molecular radical has gained less attention despite its enormous potential. Herein, a study on the mixed conduction behavior of such system, 4‐substituted 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl‐1‐oxy (4‐hydroxy TEMPO, HT), via sequential codoping with an ionic dopant, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt (LiTFSI, LT), and an electronic dopant, 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ, FT), is presented. It is found that the coupling between the components plays an important role in determining the total conductivity, in which a maximum conductivity of ≈10−4 S cm−1 was obtained for a HT/LT/FT mixture. A systematic study to connect the physical changes associated with doping and the observed mixed conductivity is provided. It is believed that these findings establish a starting point to study mixed conduction behaviors in small molecular organic radical systems in general, ultimately targeting next‐generation organic electronic devices and batteries.
Ways of Reading: Cultural Revolution Reading Acts
Authors: Henningsen Lena
Published: October 2021

This chapter and the next situate manuscript fiction within the wider Cultural Revolution reading cosmos. To this end, this chapter investigates which texts were particularly popular among the educated youth. Autobiographical documents about texts read during the era are analyzed for which texts impacted how on their readers at the time. For this purpose, more than 1000 reading acts, i.e., interactions with texts recorded in almost 100 autobiographical accounts, were sampled in the ReadAct database. A combination of distant and close reading of these sources brings to light which genres, authors and concrete texts were read most widely at the time—and considered memorable in hindsight by the former educated youth. The chapter ends with elaborations on the blind spots in the sample.
The charm of 331
Authors: Buras Andrzej J. , Colangelo Pietro , De Fazio Fulvia , Loparco Francesco
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We perform a detailed analysis of flavour changing neutral current processes in the charm sector in the context of 331 models. As pointed out recently, in the case of Z′ contributions in these models there are no new free parameters beyond those already present in the Bd,s and K meson systems analyzed in the past. As a result, definite ranges for new Physics (NP) effects in various charm observables could be obtained. While generally NP effects turn out to be small, in a number of observables they are much larger than the tiny effects predicted within the Standard Model. In particular we find that the branching ratio of the mode D0→ μ+μ−, despite remaining tiny, can be enhanced by 6 orders of magnitude with respect to the SM. We work out correlations between this mode and rare Bd,s and K decays. We also discuss neutral charm meson oscillations and CP violation in the charm system. In particular, we point out that 331 models provide new weak phases that are a necessary condition to have non-vanishing CP asymmetries. In the case of ∆ACP, the difference between the CP asymmetries in D0→ K+K− and D0→ π+π−, we find that agreement with experiment can be obtained provided that two conditions are verified: the phases in the ranges predicted in 331 models and large hadronic matrix elements.
Axiogenesis from SU(2)R phase transition
Authors: Harigaya Keisuke , Wang Ruoquan
Published: October 2021

Abstract

The baryon asymmetry of the universe may be explained by rotations of the QCD axion in field space and baryon number violating processes. We consider the minimal extension of the Standard Model by a non-Abelian gauge interaction, SU(2)R, whose sphaleron process violates baryon number. Assuming that axion dark matter is also created from the axion rotation by the kinetic misalignment mechanism, the mass scale of the SU(2)R gauge boson is fixed as a function of the QCD axion decay constant, and vise versa. Significant portion of the parameter space has already been excluded by new gauge boson searches, and the high-luminocity LHC will further probe the viable parameter space.
Interactions of two and three mesons including higher partial waves from lattice QCD
Authors: Blanton Tyler D. , Hanlon Andrew D. , Hörz Ben , Morningstar Colin , Romero-López Fernando , Sharpe Stephen R.
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We study two- and three-meson systems composed either of pions or kaons at maximal isospin using Monte Carlo simulations of lattice QCD. Utilizing the stochastic LapH method, we are able to determine hundreds of two- and three-particle energy levels, in nine different momentum frames, with high precision. We fit these levels using the relativistic finite-volume formalism based on a generic effective field theory in order to determine the parameters of the two- and three-particle K-matrices. We find that the statistical precision of our spectra is sufficient to probe not only the dominant s-wave interactions, but also those in d waves. In particular, we determine for the first time a term in the three-particle K-matrix that contains two-particle d waves. We use three Nf = 2 + 1 CLS ensembles with pion masses of 200, 280, and 340 MeV. This allows us to study the chiral dependence of the scattering observables, and compare to the expectations of chiral perturbation theory.
Exact four-point function and OPE for an interacting quantum field theory with space/time anisotropic scale invariance
Authors: Shimada Hidehiko , Shimada Hirohiko
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We identify a nontrivial yet tractable quantum field theory model with space/time anisotropic scale invariance, for which one can exactly compute certain four-point correlation functions and their decompositions via the operator-product expansion(OPE). The model is the Calogero model, non-relativistic particles interacting with a pair potential $$ \frac{g}{{\left|x-y\right|}^2} $$

g

x
−
y

2

in one dimension, considered as a quantum field theory in one space and one time dimension via the second quantisation. This model has the anisotropic scale symmetry with the anisotropy exponent z = 2. The symmetry is also enhanced to the Schrödinger symmetry. The model has one coupling constant g and thus provides an example of a fixed line in the renormalisation group flow of anisotropic theories.

We exactly compute a nontrivial four-point function of the fundamental fields of the theory. We decompose the four-point function via OPE in two different ways, thereby explicitly verifying the associativity of OPE for the first time for an interacting quantum field theory with anisotropic scale invariance. From the decompositions, one can read off the OPE coefficients and the scaling dimensions of the operators appearing in the intermediate channels. One of the decompositions is given by a convergent series, and only one primary operator and its descendants appear in the OPE. The scaling dimension of the primary operator we computed depends on the coupling constant. The dimension correctly reproduces the value expected from the well-known spectrum of the Calogero model combined with the so-called state-operator map which is valid for theories with the Schrödinger symmetry. The other decomposition is given by an asymptotic series. The asymptotic series comes with exponentially small correction terms, which also have a natural interpretation in terms of OPE.
ModMax meets Susy
Authors: Bandos Igor , Lechner Kurt , Sorokin Dmitri , Townsend Paul K.
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We give a prescription for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supersymmetrization of any (four-dimensional) nonlinear electrodynamics theory with a Lagrangian density satisfying a convexity condition that we relate to semi-classical unitarity. We apply it to the one-parameter ModMax extension of Maxwell electrodynamics that preserves both electromagnetic duality and conformal invariance, and its Born-Infeld-like generalization, proving that duality invariance is preserved. We also establish superconformal invariance of the superModMax theory by showing that its coupling to supergravity is super-Weyl invariant. The higher-derivative photino-field interactions that appear in any supersymmetric nonlinear electrodynamics theory are removed by an invertible nonlinear superfield redefinition.
Large D black holes in an environment
Authors: Mandal Taniya , Saha Arunabha
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We construct dynamical black hole solutions to Einstein Equations in presence of matter in the large D limit. The matter stress tensors that we consider are weak in the sense that they source asymptotic spacetimes with internal curvatures of the order of $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(D0). Apart from this, we work with a generic stress tensor demanding only that the stress tensor satisfies the conservation equations. The black hole solutions are obtained in terms of the dual non-gravitational picture of membranes propagating in spacetimes equivalent to the asymptotes of the black holes. We obtain the metric solutions to the second sub-leading order in 1/D. We also obtain the equations governing the dual membranes up to the first sub-leading order in 1/D.
Kritische Ereignisse in der Akutschmerztherapie – eine Risikoanalyse von CIRS-Meldungen
Authors: Erlenwein J. , Maring M. , Emons M. I. , Gerbershagen H. J. , Waeschle R. M. , Saager L. , Petzke F.
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Tätigkeitsgebiete mit vielen Schnittstellen, wie die Akutschmerztherapie, gelten per se als Bereiche, in denen ein erhöhtes Risiko für Fehler und Zwischenfälle besteht.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziele waren die Risikoidentifikation und Graduierung des Risikos von gemeldeten Zwischenfällen im Kontext der Akutschmerztherapie.

Material und Methoden

Aus 5365 Fällen des bundesweiten Meldesystems CIRSmedical Anästhesiologie wurden 508 Berichte mit dem Selektionskriterium „Schmerz“ identifiziert und 281 Berichte (55 %) analysiert und anhand einer Risikomatrix graduiert.

Ergebnisse

Diese eingeschlossenen Fälle standen im Kontext parenteraler Analgetikaapplikationen (40 %) und rückenmarknaher (40 %) bzw. peripherer Regionalanästhesieverfahren (23 %) sowie der patientenkontrollierten Analgesie in 13 % der Meldungen (Mehrfachnennung möglich). Die meisten Ereignisse waren anhand der Schilderungen auf fachliche Fehler, Kommunikationsdefizite und ein Abweichen von der Routine zurückzuführen. Sie basierten meist auf Zugangs‑, Dosis- oder Wirkstoffverwechslungen. Etwa ein Drittel der Fehlerquellen war organisatorischer Art. Ein mögliches vitales Risiko war anhand der Berichte in 59 % der Fälle anzunehmen; 16 % der Fälle gingen mit tatsächlichen vitalen Komplikationen einher. Die Risikograduierung ergab zusammengefasst in Risikoklassen in 7 % ein „extrem hohes“, in 62 % ein „hohes“, in 25 % ein „moderates“ und in 6 % ein „niedriges“ Risiko.

Diskussion

Insgesamt stellte sich ein relevantes Risikopotenzial für die Patienten dar. Gerade Zwischenfälle mit menschlichen Fehlern, Abweichen von der Routine und organisatorischen Aspekten gehen mit hohem Risiko einher.
Artificial intelligence in fiction: between narratives and metaphors
Authors: Hermann Isabella
Published: October 2021

Science-fiction (SF) has become a reference point in the discourse on the ethics and risks surrounding artificial intelligence (AI). Thus, AI in SF—science-fictional AI—is considered part of a larger corpus of ‘AI narratives’ that are analysed as shaping the fears and hopes of the technology. SF, however, is not a foresight or technology assessment, but tells dramas for a human audience. To make the drama work, AI is often portrayed as human-like or autonomous, regardless of the actual technological limitations. Taking science-fictional AI too literally, and even applying it to science communication, paints a distorted image of the technology's current potential and distracts from the real-world implications and risks of AI. These risks are not about humanoid robots or conscious machines, but about the scoring, nudging, discrimination, exploitation, and surveillance of humans by AI technologies through governments and corporations. AI in SF, on the other hand, is a trope as part of a genre-specific mega-text that is better understood as a dramatic means and metaphor to reflect on the human condition and socio-political issues beyond technology.
Non Uniqueness of Power-Law Flows
Authors: Burczak Jan , Modena Stefano , Székelyhidi László
Published: October 2021

We apply the technique of convex integration to obtain non-uniqueness and existence results for power-law fluids, in dimension$$d\ge 3$$d≥3. For the power indexqbelow the compactness threshold, i.e.$$q \in (1, \frac{2d}{d+2})$$q∈(1,2dd+2), we show ill-posedness of Leray–Hopf solutions. For a wider class of indices$$q \in (1, \frac{3d+2}{d+2})$$q∈(1,3d+2d+2)we show ill-posedness of distributional (non-Leray–Hopf) solutions, extending the seminal paper of Buckmaster & Vicol [10]. In this wider class we also construct non-unique solutions for every datum in$$L^2$$L2.
Minimally Invasive Versus Open Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wu Eric Jinyi , Kabir Tousif , Zhao Joseph J. , Goh Brian K. P.
Published: October 2021

Background

Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) was introduced to improve the tangential resection margin rates and N1 node clearance following resection of malignancies of the pancreatic body and tail. Owing to its technical complexity, minimally invasive RAMPS (MI‐RAMPS) has only been reported by a few centers worldwide. We performed this meta‐analysis to compare both short‐ and long‐term outcomes between open RAMPS (O‐RAMPS) and minimally invasive RAMPS (MI‐RAMPS).

Methods

A systematic search of the electronic databases PubMed, Medline (via PubMed), Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science was performed to identify eligible studies published in the English language regardless of study design. The outcomes of interest were operation time, estimated blood loss, transfusion rates, overall complications, Grade B/C post‐operative pancreatic fistula (POPF) rates, post‐pancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH), delayed gastric emptying (DGE), length of stay (LOS), R0 resection rates, lymph node (LN) yield and overall survival (OS).

Results

Five non‐randomized studies comprising of a total 229 patients (89 MI‐RAMPS, 140 O‐RAMPS) were included for analysis. Intra‐operative blood loss was observed to be significantly reduced in MI‐RAMPS as compared to O‐RAMPS (MD –256.16, P < 0.001), while LN yield was higher in O‐RAMPS as compared to MI‐RAMPS (MD ‐2.73, P = 0.02). There were no statistically significant differences observed for the other perioperative, oncologic and survival outcomes.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis provides early evidence to suggest that MI‐RAMPS may produce comparable short‐ and long‐term outcomes to O‐RAMPS, when undertaken by appropriately skilled surgeons in well‐selected patients. Further large‐scale prospective studies are required to corroborate these findings.
Growth differentiation factor 15 predicts poor prognosis in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction and anemia: results from RED-HF
Authors: Ueland Thor , Gullestad Lars , Kou Lei , Young James B. , Pfeffer Marc A. , van Veldhuisen Dirk Jan , Swedberg Karl , Mcmurray John J. V. , Desai Akshay S. , Anand Inderjit S. , Aukrust Pål
Published: October 2021

Aims

We aimed to assess the value of GDF-15, a stress-responsive cytokine, in predicting clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and anemia

Methods and results

Serum GDF-15 was assessed in 1582 HFrEF and mild-to-moderate anemia patients who where followed for 28 months in the Reduction of Events by Darbepoetin alfa in Heart Failure (RED-HF) trial, an overall neutral RCT evaluating the effect darbepoetin alfa on clinical outcomes in patients with systolic heart failure and mild-to-moderate anemia. Association between baseline and change in GDF-15 during 6 months follow-up and the primary composite outcome of all-cause death or HF hospitalization were evaluated in multivariable Cox-models adjusted for conventional clinical and biochemical risk factors. The adjusted risk for the primary outcome increased with (i) successive tertiles of baseline GDF-15 (tertile 3 HR 1.56 [1.23–1.98] p < 0.001) as well as with (ii) a 15% increase in GDF-15 levels over 6 months of follow-up (HR 1.68 [1.38–2.06] p < 0.001). Addition of change in GDF-15 to the fully adjusted model improved the C-statistics (p < 0.001). No interaction between treatment and baseline or change in GDF-15 on outcome was observed. GDF-15 was inversely associated with several indices of anemia and correlated positively with ferritin.

Conclusions

In patients with HF and anemia, both higher baseline serum GDF-15 levels and an increase in GDF-15 during follow-up, were associated with worse clinical outcomes. GDF-15 did not identify subgroups of patients who might benefit from correction of anemia but was associated with several indices of anemia and iron status in the HF patients.

Graphic abstract
Disease-modifying effects of ranibizumab for central retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Huang Jason M. , Khurana Rahul N. , Ghanekar Avanti , Wang Pin-wen , Day Bann-Mo , Blodi Barbara A. , Domalpally Amitha , Quezada-Ruiz Carlos , Ip Michael S.
Published: October 2021

Purpose

To identify anatomic endpoints altered by intravitreal ranibizumab in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) to determine any potential underlying disease modification that occurs with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy beyond best-corrected visual acuity and central optical coherence tomography outcomes.

Methods

A post hoc analysis of a double-masked, multicenter, randomized clinical trial was performed. A total of 392 patients with macular edema after CRVO were randomized 1:1:1 to receive monthly intraocular injections of 0.3 or 0.5 mg of ranibizumab or sham injections. Central reading center-read data were reviewed to explore potential anatomic endpoints altered by therapy.

Results

At 6 months, there was a reduction in the ranibizumab groups compared with sham groups with respect to total area of retinal hemorrhage (median change from baseline in disc areas: − 1.17 [sham], − 2.37 [ranibizumab 0.3 mg], − 1.64 [ranibizumab 0.5 mg]), development of disc neovascularization (prevalence: 3% [sham], 0% [ranibizumab 0.3 mg], 0% [ranibizumab 0.5 mg]), and presence of papillary swelling (prevalence: 22.9% [sham], 8.0% [ranibizumab 0.3 mg], 8.3% [ranibizumab 0.5 mg], p < 0.01). There was no difference between groups in collateral vessel formation. Analysis of vitreous and preretinal hemorrhage could not be performed due to low frequency of events in both treated and sham groups.

Conclusions

Ranibizumab for CRVO resulted in beneficial disease-modifying effects through a reduction in retinal hemorrhage, neovascularization, and papillary swelling. These findings may form the basis for future work in the development of a treatment response or severity scale for eyes with CRVO.
Ligamentum teres augmentation (LTA) for hiatal hernia repair after minimally invasive esophageal resection: a new use for an old structure
Authors: Runkel Mira , Kuvendjiska Jasmina , Marjanovic Goran , Fichtner-Feigl Stefan , Diener Markus K.
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Hiatal hernias with intrathoracic migration of the intestines are serious complications after minimally invasive esophageal resection with gastric sleeve conduit. High recurrence rates have been reported for standard suture hiatoplasties. Additional mesh reinforcement is not generally recommended due to the serious risk of endangering the gastric sleeve. We propose a safe, simple, and effective method to close the hiatal defect with the ligamentum teres.

Methods

After laparoscopic repositioning the migrated intestines, the ligamentum teres is dissected from the ligamentum falciforme and the anterior abdominal wall. It is then positioned behind the left lobe of the liver and swung toward the hiatal orifice. Across the anterior aspect of the hiatal defect it is semi-circularly fixated with non-absorbable sutures. Care should be taken not to endanger the blood supply of the gastric sleeve.

Results

We have used this technique for a total of 6 patients with hiatal hernias after hybrid minimally invasive esophageal resection in the elective (n = 4) and emergency setting (n = 2). No intraoperative or postoperative complications have been observed. No recurrence has been reported for 3 patients after 3 months.

Conclusion

Primary suture hiatoplasties for hiatal hernias after minimally invasive esophageal resection can be technically challenging, and high postoperative recurrence rates are reported. An alternative, safe method is needed to close the hiatal defect. Our promising preliminary experience should stimulate further studies regarding the durability and efficacy of using the ligamentum teres hepatis to cover the hiatal defect.
Human cytomegalovirus multiple-strain infections and viral population diversity in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients analysed by high-throughput sequencing
Authors: Dhingra A. , Götting J. , Varanasi P. R. , Steinbrueck L. , Camiolo S. , Zischke J. , Heim A. , Schulz T. F. , Weissinger E. M. , Kay-Fedorov P. C. , Davison A. J. , Suárez N. M. , Ganzenmueller T.
Published: October 2021

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important opportunistic pathogen in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. High-throughput sequencing of target-enriched libraries was performed to characterise the diversity of HCMV strains present in this high-risk group. Forty-four HCMV-DNA-positive plasma specimens (median viral input load 321 IU per library) collected at defined time points from 23 HSCT recipients within 80 days of transplantation were sequenced. The genotype distribution for 12 hypervariable HCMV genes and the number of HCMV strains present (i.e. single- vs. multiple-strain infection) were determined for 29 samples from 16 recipients. Multiple-strain infection was observed in seven of these 16 recipients, and five of these seven recipients had the donor (D)/recipient (R) HCMV-serostatus combination D + R + . A very broad range of genotypes was detected, with an intrahost composition that was generally stable over time. Multiple-strain infection was not associated with particular virological or clinical features, such as altered levels or duration of antigenaemia, development of acute graft-versus-host disease or increased mortality. In conclusion, despite relatively low viral plasma loads, a high frequency of multiple-strain HCMV infection and a high strain complexity were demonstrated in systematically collected clinical samples from this cohort early after HSCT. However, robust evaluation of the pathogenic role of intrahost viral diversity and multiple-strain infection will require studies enrolling larger numbers of recipients.
Automated constitutive modeling of isotropic hyperelasticity based on artificial neural networks
Authors: Kalina Karl A. , Linden Lennart , Brummund Jörg , Metsch Philipp , Kästner Markus
Published: October 2021

Herein, an artificial neural network (ANN)-based approach for the efficient automated modeling and simulation of isotropic hyperelastic solids is presented. Starting from a large data set comprising deformations and corresponding stresses, a simple, physically based reduction of the problem’s dimensionality is performed in a data processing step. More specifically, three deformation type invariants serve as the input instead of the deformation tensor itself. In the same way, three corresponding stress coefficients replace the stress tensor in the output layer. These initially unknown values are calculated from a linear least square optimization problem for each data tuple. Using the reduced data set, an ANN-based constitutive model is trained by using standard machine learning methods. Furthermore, in order to ensure thermodynamic consistency, the previously trained network is modified by constructing a pseudo-potential within an integration step and a subsequent derivation which leads to a further ANN-based model. In the second part of this work, the proposed method is exemplarily used for the description of a highly nonlinear Ogden type material. Thereby, the necessary data set is collected from virtual experiments of discs with holes in pure plane stress modes, where influences of different loading types and specimen geometries on the resulting data sets are investigated. Afterwards, the collected data are used for the ANN training within the reduced data space, whereby an excellent approximation quality could be achieved with only one hidden layer comprising a low number of neurons. Finally, the application of the trained constitutive ANN for the simulation of two three-dimensional samples is shown. Thereby, a rather high accuracy could be achieved, although the occurring stresses are fully three-dimensional whereas the training data are taken from pure two-dimensional plane stress states.
The impact of rest breaks on subjective fatigue in physicians of the General Hospital of Vienna
Authors: Blasche Gerhard , Arlinghaus Anna , Crevenna Richard
Published: October 2021

Aims

Medical doctors are affected by high levels of occupational burnout. Work organization such as sufficient rest breaks can decrease stress and fatigue; however, rest breaks are often skipped under high workload and time pressure. The present study sought to investigate the effect of self-determined rest breaks on acute and daily levels of fatigue in physicians of the General Hospital of Vienna.

Methods

Rest breaks and fatigue were recorded throughout day shifts over a time span of 4 weeks with a mobile assessment device. A total of 12 physicians of a university clinic participated in the study. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations.

Results

Analyses were based on a total of 115 workdays including 93 rest breaks and 800 fatigue assessments. Physicians took an average of 0.81 rest breaks per day. Fatigue was lower in the 30 min after the break than in the hour before the break; however, the number of rest breaks did not affect the increase of fatigue during shifts.

Conclusion

Self-determined rest breaks were effective in reducing acute fatigue in hospital physicians during work. The failure to find an effect on the increase of work-related fatigue may be due to the infrequency of rest breaks in hospital physicians.
The influence of spinal position on imaging findings: an observational study of thoracolumbar spine upright MRI in elite gymnasts
Authors: Fawcett Louise , James Steven , Botchu Rajesh , Martin James , Heneghan Nicola R. , Rushton Alison
Published: October 2021

Purpose

To investigate whether upright magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a role in defining thoracolumbar spine pathology in elite gymnastics.

Methods

A prospective cross-sectional observational study of National Senior and Junior Artistic gymnasts in three MRI positions (standard supine, upright flexed and extended positions). Two specialist musculoskeletal radiologists independently analysed images with neutral as a baseline with the effects of flexion and extension reported in line with Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement.

Results

Forty (18 males) gymnasts aged 13–24 years with a mean (SD) of 32 (5.3) training hours per week consented with 75% showing MRI abnormalities. Degenerative disc disease (DDD) was evident in 55% participants with vertebral end plate (VEP) changes in 42.5%. Spondylolysis was present in 40% with an additional 17% showing chronic bilateral complete L5 pars defects. 23% participants demonstrated different MRI findings in upright flexion compared to neutral.

Conclusion

Findings suggest a high levels of MRI abnormalities in elite gymnastics including altered disc morphology and posterior element abnormalities. High prevalence of T11/12 DDD and VEP changes reflects the thoracolumbar junction being a transition zone. Upright MRI and varying spine position offer promise for enhanced visualisation of posterior element abnormalities.
Dual orexin receptor antagonists for insomnia in youth with neurodevelopmental disorders: a case series and review
Authors: Besterman Aaron D. , Jeste Shafali S.
Published: October 2021

Insomnia is a common, impairing, and difficult-to-treat comorbidity in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Behavioral interventions can be challenging because of developmental and behavioral features that interfere with treatment. Medication management also can be difficult due to a high burden of side effects, a high rate of paradoxical responses, and frequent treatment resistance. Therefore, new treatment options for insomnia in children with NDDs are needed. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) are a relatively new class of pharmacotherapeutics that induce sleep by inhibiting the orexin signaling pathway. To date, there is little safety or efficacy data on the use of DORAs in children with NDDs. We present four patients with NDDs and insomnia that we treated with the DORA, suvorexant. We found that patients had a wide range of responses, with one patient displaying a robust improvement in sleep onset and maintenance, while another had significant improvement in insomnia symptoms on combination therapy with trazodone. Our final two patients had mild or no benefit from suvorexant therapy. Further research is necessary to establish the safety and efficacy of DORAs in this population and to identify predictive factors, such as specific neurogenetic diagnoses or clinical features, of a positive treatment response.
The effects of psychological treatments of depression in children and adolescents on response, reliable change, and deterioration: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cuijpers Pim , Karyotaki Eirini , Ciharova Marketa , Miguel Clara , Noma Hisashi , Stikkelbroek Yvonne , Weisz John R. , Furukawa Toshi A.
Published: October 2021

Meta-analyses show that psychotherapies are effective in the treatment of depression in children and adolescents. However, these effects are usually reported in terms of effect sizes. For patients and clinicians, it is important to know whether patients achieve a clinically significant improvement or deterioration. We conducted such a meta-analysis to examine response, clinically significant change, clinically significant deterioration and recovery as outcomes. We searched four bibliographic databases and included 40 randomised trials comparing psychotherapy for youth depression against control conditions. We used a validated method to estimate outcome rates, based on means, standard deviation and N at baseline and post-test. We also calculated numbers-need-to- treat (NNT). The overall response rate in psychotherapies at 2 (±1) months after baseline was 39% (95% CI: 34–45) and 24% (95% CI: 0.19–28) in control conditions (NNT: 6.2). The difference between therapy and control was still significant at 6–12 months after baseline (NNT=7.8). Clinically significant improvement was found in 54% of youth in therapy, compared with 32% in control groups (NNT=5.3); clinically significant deterioration was 6% in therapy, 13% in controls (NNT=5.1); recovery was 58% in therapy, 36% in controls (NNT=3.3). Smaller effects were found in studies with low risk of bias. Psychotherapies for depression in youth are effective compared to control conditions, but more than 60% of youth receiving therapy do not respond. More effective treatments and treatment strategies are clearly needed. Trial registrationhttps://osf.io/84xka
Characterising thermal water circulation in fractured bedrock using a multidisciplinary approach: a case study of St. Gorman’s Well, Ireland
Authors: Blake Sarah , Henry Tiernan , Moore John Paul , Murray John , Campanyà Joan , Muller Mark R. , Jones Alan G. , Rath Volker , Walsh John
Published: October 2021

A hydrogeological conceptual model of the source, circulation pathways and temporal variation of a low-enthalpy thermal spring in a fractured limestone setting is derived from a multidisciplinary approach. St. Gorman’s Well is a thermal spring in east-central Ireland with a complex and variable temperature profile (maximum of 21.8 °C). Geophysical data from a three-dimensional(3D)audio-magnetotelluric(AMT) survey are combined with time-lapse hydrogeological data and information from a previously published hydrochemical analysis to investigate the operation of this intriguing hydrothermal system. Hydrochemical analysis and time-lapse measurements suggest that the thermal waters flow within the fractured limestones of the Carboniferous Dublin Basin at all times but display variability in discharge and temperature. The 3D electrical resistivity model of the subsurface revealed two prominent structures: (1) a NW-aligned faulted contact between two limestone lithologies; and (2) a dissolutionally enhanced, N-aligned, fault of probable Cenozoic age. The intersection of these two structures, which has allowed for karstification of the limestone bedrock, has created conduits facilitating the operation of relatively deep hydrothermal circulation (likely estimated depths between 240 and 1,000 m) within the limestone succession of the Dublin Basin. The results of this study support a hypothesis that the maximum temperature and simultaneous increased discharge observed at St. Gorman’s Well each winter is the result of rapid infiltration, heating and recirculation of meteoric waters within a structurally controlled hydrothermal circulation system.
Prognostic significance of receptor expression discordance between primary and recurrent breast cancers: a meta-analysis
Authors: Shiino Sho , Ball Graham , Syed Binafsha M. , Kurozumi Sasagu , Green Andrew R. , Tsuda Hitoshi , Takayama Shin , Suto Akihiko , Rakha Emad A.
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether receptor (estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2]) discordances between primary and recurrent breast cancers affect patients’ survival.

Methods

Search terms contained ER, PR, and HER2 status details in both primary and recurrent tumors (local recurrence or distant metastasis) in addition to survival outcome data (overall survival [OS] or post-recurrence survival [PRS]).

Results

Loss of ER or PR in recurrent tumors was significantly associated with shorter OS as compared with receptor-positive concordance (hazard ratio [HR], 1.67; 95% confidence interval [% CI] 1.37–2.04; p < 0.00001 and HR, 1.45; 95% CI 1.21–1.75; p < 0.0001, respectively). Similar trends were observed in groups with only distant metastasis. Gain of ER was a significant predictor of longer PRS as compared with receptor-negative concordance (HR, 0.76; 95% CI 0.59–0.97; p = 0.03). Gain of PR was not a significant predictor of longer survival compared with receptor-negative concordance, but it could be related to better OS at distant metastasis. Both HER2 of loss and gain could be related to poor outcomes.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis showed that receptor conversion in recurrent tumors may affect patient survival as compared with receptor concordance.
Development of a Model for Predicting the Volatilization Flux from Unsaturated Soil Contaminated by Volatile Chemical Substances
Authors: Kondo Monami , Sakamoto Yasuhide , Kawabe Yoshishige , Nakamura Kengo , Watanabe Noriaki , Komai Takeshi
Published: October 2021

This work developed a model for predicting the volatilization flux from the unsaturated soil contaminated by volatile chemical substances (VCSs) such as mercury and benzene. The model considers a series of phenomena under the unsaturated condition such as multi-phase flow consisting of a non-aqueous phase liquid, water, and gases together with the permeation of rainfall into the surface soil, the volatilization/condensation of VCSs, and the adsorption/desorption of VCSs. On this basis, this work clarified a mechanism for the generation of a volatilization flux at the ground surface. In addition, the effects of various transport phenomena in the surface soil on the magnitude and seasonal changes in this flux due to variations in weather factors such as rainfall level, temperature, and air pressure were quantitatively evaluated. This newly developed prediction model can be utilized to estimate dynamic variations in the flux under real-environmental conditions.
Brief Report: The Broad Autism Phenotype in Swedish Parents of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Conditions
Authors: Bang Peter , Strömberg Maria , Meera Shoba S. , Igelström Kajsa
Published: October 2021

The broad autism phenotype (BAP) is a set of characteristics often observed in typically developing people with a genetic load for autism, such as parents of autistic children. The Broad Autism Phenotypic Questionnaire (BAPQ) is a 36-item questionnaire developed to identify the BAP in first-degree relatives of autistic people. We translated the BAPQ into Swedish and examined its psychometric properties in a Swedish sample consisting of 45 parents of children with ASC and 74 parents of non-autistic children. We found support for the original 3-factor structure (aloof, pragmatic language and rigid), good internal consistency and convergent validity with the Autism Quotient. Thus, the Swedish BAPQ exhibits acceptable psychometric properties and may be useful for assessing the BAP in non-clinical populations.
Enhancing the stability and crystallinity of CsPbIBr2 through antisolvent engineering
Authors: Stewart Alexander W. , Bouich Amal , Soucase Bernabé Marí
Published: October 2021

All inorganic lead-based perovskites containing bromine-iodine alloys, such as CsPbIBr2, have arisen as one of the most attractive candidates for absorber layers in solar cells. That said, there remains a large gap when it comes to film and crystal quality between the inorganic and hybrid perovskites. In this work, antisolvent engineering is employed as a simple and reproducible method for improving CsPbIBr2 thin films. We found that both the antisolvent used and the conditions under which it was applied have a measurable impact on both the quality and stability of the final product. We arrived at this conclusion by characterising the samples using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV–visible and photoluminescence measurements, as well as employing a novel system to quantify stability. Our findings, and the application of our novel method for quantifying stability, demonstrate the ability to significantly enhance CsPbIBr2 samples, produced via a static one-step spin coating method, by applying isopropanol 10 s after commencing the spin programme. The antisolvent quenched CsPbIBr2 films demonstrate both improved crystallinity and an extended lifespan.
Effects of Income and Material Deprivation on Children’s Life Satisfaction: Evidence from Longitudinal Data for England (2009–2018)
Authors: Knies Gundi
Published: October 2021

A plethora of research shows that income is an important factor in adult’s life satisfaction, but research ascertaining its importance for children’s life satisfaction is scant. Using a largescale nationally representative longitudinal survey with children aged 10–15, we estimate comprehensive life satisfaction models that account for heterogeneity in exogenous circumstances in children’s lives, focussing on family income and material deprivation. We find empirical support for the hypothesis that children are more satisfied with their lives, the more income their family has and the less material deprivation they experience throughout their teens. There are, however, differences across age groups with children aged 12–15 experiencing greater life satisfaction losses on account of lower family material wellbeing than younger children. Overall, income effects for older children are small but statistically significant when accounting for unobserved individual differences.
Long-Term Effects of Acceptance and Rejection by Parents and Peers on Educational Attainment: A Study from Pre-Adolescence to Early Adulthood
Authors: Lorijn Sofie J. , Engels Maaike C. , Huisman Mark , Veenstra René
Published: October 2021

Acceptance and rejection by parents and peers play an important role in pre-adolescents’ educational outcomes. Prior research focused on either parents or peers, did not encompass effects into adulthood, or considered either acceptance or rejection. This study investigated the relation between parental and peer acceptance and rejection, and their interplay, in pre-adolescence and educational attainment in early adulthood. A sample of 2229 pre-adolescents (MageT1 = 11.11, SD = 0.56; 50.7% girls) was followed to early adulthood (MageT5 = 22.29, SD = 0.65). Ordinal logistic regression showed that pre-adolescents’ perceived parental acceptance was positively related to educational attainment in early adulthood, whereas peer rejection was negatively related, even when WISC score and socioeconomic status were considered. No interaction effects were found, revealing no “dual-hit effect” of being rejected by parents and peers, no “dual-miss effect” of being accepted by parents and peers, and no effects of acceptance in one context (i.e., parents or peers) buffering the negative effect of rejection in the other context. The findings underscore unique and long-term links of parental acceptance and peer rejection with early adults’ educational attainment, underlining the importance of not only peers but also parents in adolescence. These insights can be used in promoting long-term educational outcomes through relationships with parents and peers.
The Defence of Illegality in Private Law
Authors: Tamblyn Nathan
Published: October 2021

The defence of illegality is invoked across private law, but has a reputation for being confused. This article argues that the defence can be rendered intelligible and sharply focused by understanding its underlying rationale, and applying that discretely and to different effect in each of tort, contract, unjust enrichment, and trusts.