bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Evaluation of Control Rooms in Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Hashimoto Shusa , Nihei Tadashi
Published: July 2017

In recent years, it has been expected more than before that the indoor environment of control rooms in nuclear power plants will be made more comfortable without inhibiting function. In order to derive the environmental problems of control rooms in nuclear power plants that should be discussed, the design standards and operators' complaints were investigated. As a result, some problems such as unsuitable lighting, noisy acostics and operators' dissatisfaction with thier enclosed circumstances were derived. In order to improve the indoor environments and to establish comprehensive environmental evaluation methodology, experiments on environmental factors such as indoor view, noise level, glare on VDU and shift time-zone that were thought to be related to the above problems were conducted. 6 subjects' psychological, physiological and behavioral responses to thier environments were measured in the environmentally changeable laboratory, which was mocked up like a control room. Subjects were imposed to do 2 kinds of VDU tasks. From Principal Component Analysis of the experimental results, some psychological, physiological and behavioral indices for evaluating indoor environments were obtained. Furthermore, the relationship between these indices and environmental factors was obtained by Multiple Regression Analysis. The multiple correlation values shows that the environmental factors were most reflected in the psychological evaluation indices. However, other indices are also important because psychological comfort does not always mean good physiological conditions or good task performance. The space functions of the room as a control room and operator's physicological condition should be considered for comprehensive environmental evaluation. The result shows that the introduction of darkgreen louver, potted plants/artificial window and noise reduction are desirable in control rooms.
Toward an Agenda for Error Research
Authors: Moray Neville
Published: July 2017

There has been a great increase in interest in human error and its impact on the individual and society in recent years. The present symposium is but one example of this in a restricted area. Several general accounts of human error and the psychological mechanisms which underlie it have appeared in recent years, but for the most part these have concentrated on accounts of error based on research on the cognitive psychology of the individual. In this paper I discuss a more general framework for the stidy of error, not for the purpose of understanding it alone, but rather for putting into place a program for muitigating its effect in the larger arena of social impact. Only by integrating research at a variety of levels and using a variety of techniques can we hope to understand and control the effects of error.
Utilization of Direct Estimation Method to Predict the Maximum Acceptable Weight of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Lift
Authors: Chen Feng , Aghazadeh Feredyoun , Suk Kwan
Published: July 2017

The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness and accuracy of using the direct estimation method to determine a worker's lifting capacity or MAWOL of symmetrical and asymmetrical lifting tasks. Sixteen lifting tasks involving four different lifting angles and lifting frequencies were studied. In the first part of the study, ten male subjects performed sixteen lifting tasks to predict the MAWOL for each task condition using the psychophysical method. In the second session of the study, the MAWOL for sixteen task conditions were estimated using the direct estimation method. The results of this study indicate that direct estimation is an accurate method to establish MAWOL quickly for a series of lifting tasks. Analysis of the MAWOLs determined by two different methods indicated no significant difference between these two values. However, a significant difference was found between the direct estimated MAWOLs and the psychophysical predicted MAWOLs at the frequency of 1 lift/min with 30° or 60° asymmetry. This finding indicates as the interval between lifts increases, subjects have difficulty in making accurate estimates of the stress of the specific task, therefor, the direct estimation method should be used with caution.
Ergonomic Improvement of a Machine Maintenance Procedure: A Case Study
Authors: Eckbreth Kelly A.
Published: July 2017

An employee who performs maintenance work on machinery used in the manufacture of electronics equipment reported to the company medical department and was diagnosed with elbow tendinitis. An ergonomic job analysis was conducted and solutions implemented to prevent future injuries. Significant improvements were realized as a result of new tools, engineering changes, personal protective equipment, process changes, and ergonomic training. The most significant were the reduction of musculoskeletal stresses suffered by these workers as well as substantial reductions in machine downtime per year.
Predicting the Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift for an Asymmetrical Combination Task
Authors: Fredericks Tycho K. , Fernandez Jeffrey E. , Rodrigues Clarence C.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents prediction models based on a study of a combination lift and lower manual handling task that was designed to simulate the loading of grocery bags into a car trunk. Twelve male subjects performed an externally-paced task of lifting plastic grocery bags (with handles) loaded with weights from 15 cm above the floor and over a wooden sill. There were two different sill heights of 70 cm and 90 cm, and for each of these heights there were two frequencies of 3 and 6 lifts per cycle. A unique lifting sequence and a modified version of the psychophysical methodology was used to determine the maximum acceptable weight of lift (MAWOL). Prediction models were determined for MAWOL based upon task, physiological and anthropometric variables as well as a combinations of these. The results indicated that MAWOL could be predicted fairly well.
Biomechanical Analysis of Locomotion Patterns in Earth, Lunar, and Martian Gravity Environments
Authors: Rajulu Sudhakar L. , Klute Glenn K.
Published: July 2017

The primary objectives of this study were to determine the factors that affect stability during locomotion in both lunar and martian gravity environments and to determine the criteria needed to enhance stability and traction. This study tested the effects of three different speeds of locomotion and three different patterns of locomotion under three gravity conditions. The results showed some similarities across gravity levels with regard to changing the speed as well as the pattern of locomotion. Interestingly, the study also showed that as the gravity level decreased, the ratio of horizontal to vertical forces increased significantly. It appears that the tendency to move forward will be more in reduced gravity than compared to earth gravity. Thus, to ensure safe locomotion in reduced gravity, additional traction might be needed. Finally, selection of an appropriate traction material surface should be based on how well the ratio of horizontal to vertical forces is reduced.
Modelling the Stochastic Nature of Trunk Muscle Forces
Authors: Mirka Gary A. , Marras William S.
Published: July 2017

In an effort to understand the mechanism of low back disorders, researchers have developed EMG driven biomechanical models which estimate the magnitude of the internal reaction forces of the spine (compression and shear), by using information about the activity of the muscles of the trunk. But, because the trunk ls multi-dimensional in nature, there is variability in the relative contribution of the various muscles, which implies variability in the reaction forces of the spine. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to discuss the range of spine reaction forces during a lift as opposed to the mean spine reaction force. The present research was an attempt to model the muscle forces stochastically and to develop a simulation model which predicts trunk muscle EMG that could occur during a lift. The simulated EMGs which resulted were then input into an EMG driven biomechanical model so the variability in spine reaction forces could be quantified. Under simple sagittally symmetric isometric conditions, compression which occurred at three standard deviations above the mean was 12% higher than that of the mean. The results for anterior shear (24% higher) and lateral shear (50% higher) showed even larger Increases.
Effects of Hand Vibration on Postural Stability
Authors: Fletcher Lisa , Park Hee-Seok , Martin Bernard J
Published: July 2017

The present work was aimed at defining the contribution of vibration-induced perturbation of hand proprioceptive/exteroceptive feedback on standing equilibrium. A vibrating handle, free in space or fixed to a stationary support, was held in the dominant hand while maintaining an erect posture on a force platform, eyes closed. Four arm positions were used. The results show that body sways increase significantly during hand vibration exposure when the handle is fixed. Significant shifts of the center of pressure COP are elicited in every situations. Furthermore, the shifts of the COP are clearly oriented in the direction of the handle when this latter is fixed. It is suggested that the proprioceptive information issued from the hand contributes to the elaboration of a spatial reference and to the control of posture as a function of the environmental context. These results indicate that hand vibration exposure can be considered as a risk factor which may contribute to fall accidents.
Control/Response Compatibility, Muscle Synergy and the Virtual Visual Field: What you See is What you Get
Authors: Beringer Dennis B. , Worringham Charles J.
Published: July 2017

Three components were hypothesized which could affect operator response in the manual control of a system. These included muscle synergy compatibility (MS), geographic control/display compatibility (CD), and visual-field compatibility (VF). Disruption in one of these was suspected as a contributing factor in documented accident cases. A 2χ2χ2 between-subjects factorial design was used to evaluate all combinations of compatible and incompatible arrangements based upon these variables, using 64 undergraduate students as participants. A static-target acquisition task was used in which subjects manipulated a specially designed joystick to move a cursor to defined target locations. Performance measures included reaction time, movement time, homing time, and frequency and magnitude of directional reversals. Results indicated that visual field (VF) compatibility/incompatibility significantly influenced reaction time, homing time, and reversal frequency and magnitude, while CD and MS manipulations had no significant main effects on performance. Significant gender effects were also found. The results of this study suggest that compatibility of control input and system response is judged primarily by direction of movement in the virtual visual field (self reference). This has implications for the design of systems such as small mobile cranes where the operator may be repositioned relative to a fixed directional control.
Managing Risk under Time Stress
Authors: Smith K. , Hancock P.A.
Published: July 2017

The evolution of automated and semi-automated systems is rendering continuous regulation relatively obsolete, leaving periodic “management” interventions as the main way in which operators exercise control. Consequently, the human is now more frequently required to respond in uncertain, unusual, or “emergency” conditions. Such circumstances connote high stress environments. Consequently, the research reported here investigates expertise at decision making under stress. The source of stress is ubiquitous in occurrence, namely time pressure. We present a process model that explains and predicts the decision behavior of skilled operators as they manage risk under time stress. The model identifies three components of decision making, (1) attention, (2) assessment, and (3) intervention. Attention (1) scans widely among information displays and focuses action narrowly upon one of three procedures for (2) assessing the attended information. Separate procedures assess (α) the risks posed by the environment, (β) risks generated by interacting with the environment, and (α) uncertainty about those risks. The uniquely appropriate intervention (3) is selected by a small set of rules that match heuristically the assessments of risk and uncertainty to a short list of alternative actions. The model is validated with respect to the operation of skilled operators in the domain of currency exchange. In comparing performance versus simulation data, the model identifies the one procedure that resists automation - the assessment of risks posed by the environment. This assessment involves causal arguments that often rely upon extensive domain knowledge. In contrast, attention to displays, heuristic matching, and the procedures for assessing uncertainty and the risk of interaction can be delegated to an automated decision support system. This result has clear implications for the the design of systems to support skilled decision making under emergency conditions: decision support systems for dynamic environments like currency trading must notify the operator of the occurrence of system parameters that require assessments of environmental risk and incorporate these assessments into automated procedures that recommend appropriate interventions.
Application of the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique to Aviation Test and Evaluation
Authors: Hale Steve , Piccione Dino
Published: July 2017

A study was performed to assess pilot workload associated with the employment of an air-to-air weapon system integrated onto an attack helicopter. Mental workload was assessed using the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT). Pilots performed simulated engagements against an airborne target under varying conditions of engagement type, time of day, target background, and target range. The results indicated significant differences in SWAT ratings as a function of time of day and engagement type. To a lesser degree, SWAT ratings were also sensitive to changes in target background and range. These results are consistent with laboratory and simulation studies which have shown SWAT to be sensitive to changes in task demand and further demonstrate the utility of SWAT for assessing operator workload in the less structured test and evaluation environment.
An Accuracy Analysis of Techniques for Measuring the Durations of In-Car Manual Tasks
Authors: Grant Barry S. , Wierwille Walter W.
Published: July 2017

Human factors research of automobile driver behavior often calls for timing in-car manual tasks. The present study was designed to compare the accuracy, bias, and consistency of various techniques for measuring in-car manual task durations. Additionally, this research was intended to reveal how closely these techniques approach the preciseness of the frame-by-frame video analysis method, which is time-consuming and expensive to perform.

Six subjects were required to use an electronic stopwatch to measure “hand-off-wheel” times for 30 driver tasks. Each subject performed this procedure three times: while sitting as an observer in the back seat of a research vehicle, while watching a real-time video recording of task performance, and while watching a one-sixth real-time video recording of task performance. Timing Method (three levels), Duration of in-car task (three levels), and Subject (six levels) served as independent variables. Dependent measures gathered were raw timing error (a measure of response bias), absolute timing error (a measure of response accuracy), and squared timing error (a measure of response consistency). Timing error was obtained by subtracting the measured time for a particular task from the “true” task time obtained by using the frame-by-frame video analysis technique.

Analysis of the data indicated a significant effect of Method on response bias. Specifically, use of the slow-motion video technique resulted in overestimation of in-car task durations, and use of the two real-time techniques resulted in estimates of task durations that were either equal to or less than the true durations. Significant effects of Subject, Gender, and Subject x Method were also revealed. The results suggest that the on-road timing technique should be used in the future, since this procedure requires little in terms of cost and implementation time, and errors are small when compared with the frame-by-frame technique.
Reducing Stress Associated with Participating in a Usability Test
Authors: Schrier Jaclyn R.
Published: July 2017

Although usability tests are typically conducted with a purpose of making products less stressful for people to use, the usability testing process itself can be stressful for many test participants. The combination of trying to use a new product, being videotaped, and being watched by others, is a potentially stressful environment for many people. Although the Subject Precautions section of the Human Factors Society Code of Ethics clearly states that “the exposure of human or animal research subjects to … stress” should be “commensurate with the significance of the problem being researched,” the Code of Ethics does not provide guidance for reducing exposure of human subjects to stress. This paper describes several practical extensions to the Subject Precautions that can help reduce stress associated with participating as a subject in a usability test. The recommendations in this paper are based on anecdotal evidence gathered in numerous usability tests conducted in both laboratory and field settings. Recommendations are included for preparing the test environment, recruiting test participants, and interacting with participants during testing.
Subjects in Human Factors: Evaluation of Subject-Condition (SxC) Interactions
Authors: Bittner Alvah C. , Bramwell Allen T.
Published: July 2017

The opportunities presented by subjects-condition (SxC) interactions are discussed after an introduction to their nature. Operator Strategy Differences (SDs), Scale-of-Measurement Effects (SOMs), and Condition Requirement Differences (CRDs) are each seen as potential sources of SxC interactions. It is shown that SxC interactions can (1) frequently be detected using an analysis of “error” variances approach, (2) be characterized in terms of their nature, and (3) enhance the utility of research results (once characterized). It is recommended that subjects-condition (SxC) interactions be routinely evaluated in human factors research.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire: The PSSUQ
Authors: Lewis James R.
Published: July 2017

Usability evaluators used an 18-item, post-study questionnaire in three related usability tests. I conducted an exploratory factor analysis to investigate statistical justification to combine items into subscales. The factor analysis indicated that three factors accounted for 87 percent of the total variance. Coefficient alpha analyses showed that the reliability of the overall summative scale was .97, and ranged from .91 to .96 for the three subscales. In the sensitivity analyses, the overall scale and all three subscales detected significant differences among the user groups; and one subscale indicated a significant system effect. Correlation analyses support the validity of the scales. The overall scale correlated highly with the sum of the After-Scenario Questionnaire ratings that participants gave after each scenario. The overall scale also correlated moderately with the percentage of successful scenario completion. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that these alternative measurements tap into a common underlying construct. This construct is probably usability, based on the content of the questionnaire items and the measurement context.
Modeling and optimization of industrial multistage compressed air system using actual variable effectiveness in hot regions
Authors: Azizifar Shahram , Banooni Salem
Published: July 2017

In this article, modeling and optimization of power consumption of two-stage compressed air system have been investigated. To do so, the two-stage compressed air cycle with intercooler of Fajr Petrochemical Company was considered. This cycle includes two centrifugal compressors, a shell, and a tube intercooler. For modeling of power consumption, isentropic efficiencies of actual compressors and thermal effectiveness of intercooler are calculated from experimental data. In these equations, isentropic efficiency of compressors is a function of the inlet temperature, and thermal effectiveness of the intercooler is a function of the inlet air temperature, inlet water temperature of the intercooler, and inlet volumetric flow rate of the cycle. For optimization of power consumption, the Lagrangian method is used. Power consumption and isentropic efficiency of the first- and second-stage compressors, thermal effectiveness of the intercooler, and entropy generation of compressors are considered as the objective function and optimization conditions, respectively. In comparison with the experimental data, the modeling provided suitable accuracy. The optimization effectively reduced the power consumption of the cycle, especially in summer, in a way that the minimum and maximum reductions were 2.9% and 9.6%, respectively.
The New European Standard for Surgical Drapes and Gowns: Issues and Implications
Authors: Wigglesworth N
Published: July 2017

Surgical teams have a wide choice of surgical drapes and gowns, including both reusable and single use, and which are made of several different materials.

The imminent publication of the first part of a new European standard (EN 13795) for theatre drapes and gowns raises a number of issues. These include the essential properties of these products for the reduction of surgical site infection and the protection of the surgical team, as well as the legal status and implications for organisations and clinical practice of the standard itself.

Infection control teams, theatre staff, procurement and supplies departments and those with responsibility for clinical governance and risk management will want to study the scope, detail and implications of this new standard. Consideration will need to be given to the content of this standard when reviewing the provision of theatre drapes and gowns In any healthcare organisation.
Decontamination in Primary Care: Development and Implementation of a Quality Improvement Programme Using Audit
Authors: Cooper T , Tait J , Bingham P
Published: July 2017

The sterilisation of reusable medical devices has been performed in a variety of healthcare settings for decades. However, we have only recently considered the need to quality assure decontamination. This article describes the development and implementation of a decontamination quality improvement programme in primary care. The programme was designed to overcome barriers that often prevent the use of evidence in practice. Positive outcomes are described, and implications for practice are discussed.
Early Controlled Motion following Extensor Tendon Repair: A Critical Review
Authors: Hunt Jacki
Published: July 2017

Extensor tendon injuries are common and yet their management can seem simple in comparison to the surgical and post-operative treatment of flexor tendon injuries. This paper aims to focus on the immediate post-operative period, discussing whether research on early controlled motion is rigorous enough to recommend its standard use over an immobilisation protocol. The conclusion gives recommendations for use of early controlled motion in practice and the need for further research.
The Treatment of Interphalangeal Joint Flexion Contractures with Reinforced Lycra Finger Sleeves
Authors: Kennedy Sue , Peck Fiona , Stone Judith
Published: July 2017

First published in Journal of Hand Therapy (Am). 2000; 13(1):52-5 and reprinted with permission from Hanley & Belfus, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ( www.hanleyandbelfus.com )
The Ossy Splint - A New Design of Dynamic Extension Splint
Authors: Srinivasan M S , Knowles D , Wood J
Published: July 2017

The ideal dynamic extension splint should produce a constant and consistent force through its therapeutic range at 90° to the digit and allow ease of use to aid compliance. Currently available splints work either by stretching a spring or an elastic band via a fixed outrigger pulley.
The Flexor Tendon Pulley System in the Hand - Aspects of Rehabilitation and its Importance in Flexor Tendon Function
Authors: Jain Abhilash , Nanchahal Jagdeep
Published: July 2017

The pulley system, present on the flexor surface of each finger, has been described as consisting of five annular, four cruciate and one palmar aponeurosis pulley. The function of the pulley system is to prevent bowstringing of the tendons on finger flexion. Many studies have looked at which combination of pulleys are required for mechanically efficient finger flexion and their results have guided hand surgeons in pulley preservation and reconstruction. In this article we review the anatomy of the flexor pulley system and its clinical relevance.
A Study Comparing Use and Effects of Custom-Made versus Prefabricated Splints for Swan Neck Deformity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Knipping Alex , ter Schegget Margreet
Published: July 2017

This study investigates the use of custom-made and prefabricated splints for swan neck deformities in rheumatoid arthritis. The splints were compared on the variables cosmesis, comfort, functional use and wearing time per 24 hours. Effects on stability, grip strength and mobility were also recorded. 18 patients, divided into two groups of nine patients each, were involved. During a three-month period one group used custom-made splints while the other group used prefabricated splints. Then the first group changed to prefabricated splints for another three-month period and the second group changed to custom-made splints. The outcome of this study indicates that using a splint increases finger stability significantly (p< 0.014) and passive extension of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint (mean ± SD 3.33° ± 6.41; p= 0.042). The flexed position of the DIP joint was found to decrease significantly (mean ± SD 4.72° ± 6.96; p=0.010). These results were not dependent on the type of splint. The prefabricated splint was worn during longer periods of time and scored higher for cosmesis (p<0 .0001). Used as a first splint the prefabricated splint scored higher for comfort (p <0 .011). The overall conclusion from this study is that the prefabricated splints are tolerated better and more acceptable in terms of wear then the custom-made splints.
Hand Oedema: Pathophysiology and Treatment
Authors: Palmada Michelle , Shah Surya , O'Hare Kathryn
Published: July 2017

As prior knowledge of the distribution of body fluids is essential to understanding the pathological processes of oedema, the physiology of body fluids is first highlighted in this paper. The pathology of oedema is then explored with post-traumatic oedema and oedema from central paralysis illustrated. The paper then interrelates the physiological principles of body fluid, primary and secondary oedema as a foundation for further discussion of treatment of oedema. The treatment options frequently used in the management of oedema of the hand are further expounded. While the physiological basis of body fluids are integrated with oedema treatment modalities used, no attempt is made to discuss evaluative approaches used in oedema measurement as fluid volume reduction does not always equal oedema reduction.
MCP Joint Arthroplasty Case Study: The Mount Vernon Static Regime
Authors: Burr Nicola , Pratt Anna L
Published: July 2017

At the Hand Therapy Unit, Mount Vernon Hospital, Middlesex we have been rehabilitating patients after metacarpophangeal joint arthroplasty using a dynamic extension splint for many years. Over the last five years the therapists along with one of our consultants have developed a protocol to replace the use of dynamic splints with two static splints. This paper presents our protocol within a case study format. Our clinical experience using this protocol has been very favourable.
BAHT and Smith & Nephew Award
Authors: Burr Nikki
Published: July 2017

Report from the American Society of Hand Therapists Conference in FLorida, September 1999
Effect of Suppressing Thoughts of Desire to Smoke on Ratings of Desire to Smoke and Tobacco Withdrawal Symptoms
Authors: Erskine James A. K. , Rawaf David , Grice Sophie , Ussher Michael
Published: July 2017

Studies indicate that while suppressing smoking thoughts increases subsequent smoking, it may have no impact on desire to smoke. However, previous research has examined suppression of general smoking thoughts rather than thoughts specifically related to desire to smoke. The present study investigated whether suppression of thoughts of desire to smoke results in subsequently elevated ratings of desire to smoke. An experimental study examined the effects of suppressing thoughts of desire to smoke, versus expressing thoughts of desire to smoke, versus a control group thinking about anything, on ratings of desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms at four time points (before manipulations, just after manipulations, 5 min after, 10 min after). In addition, effects of suppressing thoughts of desire to smoke on subsequent reports of thoughts of desire to smoke were examined. Suppressing the thoughts of desire to smoke caused thought rebound (i.e., greater subsequent reports of thoughts of desire to smoke). However, compared with control groups, this suppression did not elevate subsequent ratings of desire to smoke. Suppressing the thoughts of desire to smoke does not elevate subsequent ratings of this desire. Increased cigarette consumption following suppression of smoking thoughts may be mediated by mechanisms other than increased desire to smoke.
An Fc-engineered CD19 antibody eradicates MRD in patient-derived MLL-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts
Authors: Schewe Denis M. , Alsadeq Ameera , Sattler Cornelia , Lenk Lennart , Vogiatzi Fotini , Cario Gunnar , Vieth Simon , Valerius Thomas , Rosskopf Sophia , Meyersieck Fabian , Alten Julia , Schrappe Martin , Gramatzki Martin , Peipp Matthias , Kellner Christian
Published: July 2017

Key Points

Fc-engineered CD19 antibody cures MRD in ∼50% of mice xenografted with ALL cells and is highly synergistic in combination with chemotherapy. Macrophages are important effector cells for this antibody in vitro and in vivo.
The influence of obesity by a diet high in saturated fats and carbohydrates balance in the manifestation of systemic complications and comorbidities
Authors: Adorni Caroline Soares , Corrêa Camila Renata , Vileigas Danielle Fernandes , de Campos Dijon Henrique Salomé , Padovani Carlos Roberto , Minatel Igor Otávio , Cicogna Antonio Carlos
Published: July 2017

Background

The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that obesity induced by a diet rich in saturated fats and balanced in carbohydrates is associated with the development of systemic complications and comorbidities.

Methods

Thirty-seven 60-day-old male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups: control (C, n = 18, standard diet) and obese (OB, n = 19, high-saturated fat diet), for 33 weeks. Nutritional profile: food and caloric intake, feed efficiency, body weight, and adiposity index. Complications: in plasma were analyzed dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose intolerance, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, plasmatic C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); in the myocardial and epididymal adipose tissue were assessed IL-6 and TNF-α. Comorbidities: diabetes mellitus and systemic blood pressure (SBP). Student’s t test, ANOVA, and Bonferroni P < 0.05.

Results

The final body weight, feed efficiency, and adiposity index were higher in OB group than in control; although food intake was lower in OB group, caloric intake was similar in both groups. Specific parameters, such as LDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, CRP, TNF-α in epididymal adipose tissue, and IL-6 in the myocardium, were higher in obese rats than in controls. SBP, baseline glucose, and glucose after 2 h of overload were significantly increased in OB group; however, the severity was not enough to classify the animals as diabetic and hypertensive.

Conclusion

Obesity induced by a diet high in saturated fatty acids with balanced carbohydrates for 33 weeks in Wistar rats was effective in triggering complications but unable to develop comorbidities.
Role of vitamin D in insulin resistance in obese individuals
Authors: dos Santos Loanne Rocha , Lima Alana Gleyka Amaral , Braz Amanda Ferraz , de Sousa Melo Stéfany Rodrigues , Morais Jennifer Beatriz Silva , Severo Juliana Soares , de Oliveira Ana Raquel Soares , Cruz Kyria Jayanne Clímaco , do Nascimento Marreiro Dilina
Published: July 2017

Background

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble compound responsible for promoting intestinal absorption of calcium, and this, in turn, acts as a signal transmitter or activator as protein in secretory processes and release of hormones. Vitamin D receptors are distributed in various tissues of the body and involved in biochemical reactions in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as obesity.

Objective

The aim of this article is to provide updated information on the role of vitamin D in insulin resistance in obese individuals.

Methods

It was conducted a search of articles published in PubMED, SciELO, and LILACS database, without limit for the year of publication, using the keywords “vitamin D”, “insulin resistance”, and “obesity”.

Results

Excess adipose tissue seems to impair insulin signaling by inhibiting the phosphorylation of its receptor, resulting in insulin resistance. Studies have evidenced role of vitamin D in mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity by acting in improving glycemic control both by increasing hepatic and peripheral glucose uptake and by promoting the secretion of this hormone.

Conclusions

Vitamin D exerts a protective effect in the treatment and prevention of insulin resistance in patients with obesity and protects the body against oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, contributing to glycemic control. Unfortunately, current data related to the effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance are still inconclusive.
Loss of DNA methylation in zebrafish embryos activates retrotransposons to trigger antiviral signaling
Authors: Chernyavskaya Yelena , Mudbhary Raksha , Zhang Chi , Tokarz Debra , Jacob Vinitha , Gopinath Smita , Sun Xiaochen , Wang Shuang , Magnani Elena , Madakashira Bhavani P. , Yoder Jeffrey A. , Hoshida Yujin , Sadler Kirsten C.
Published: July 2017

Complex cytoplasmic nucleotide-sensing mechanisms can recognize foreign DNA based on a lack of methylation and initiate an immune response to clear the infection. Zebrafish embryos with global DNA hypomethylation caused by mutations in the ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 1 (uhrf1) or DNA methyltransferase 1 (dnmt1) genes exhibit a robust interferon induction characteristic of the first line of defense against viral infection. We found that this interferon induction occurred in non-immune cells and examined whether intracellular viral sensing pathways in these cells were the trigger. RNA-seq analysis of uhrf1 and dnmt1 mutants revealed widespread induction of Class I retrotransposons and activation of cytoplasmic DNA viral sensors. Attenuating Sting, phosphorylated Tbk1 and, importantly, blocking reverse transcriptase activity suppressed the expression of interferon genes in uhrf1 mutants. Thus, activation of transposons in cells with global DNA hypomethylation mimics a viral infection by activating cytoplasmic DNA sensors. This suggests that antiviral pathways serve as surveillance of cells that have derepressed intragenomic parasites due to DNA hypomethylation.
Automatic Affective Evaluations of Physical Activity
Authors: Conroy David E. , Berry Tanya R.
Published: July 2017

People do not seem to be willing or able to sustain effortful self-regulation for behaviors such as physical activity. Affective processes can account for why some behaviors are more intrinsically rewarding than others. In this article, we hypothesize that automatic affective evaluations are instrumental to the regulation of physical activity in everyday life.
Muscle Coordination and the Development of Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Hug François , Tucker Kylie
Published: July 2017

The present article examines the hypothesis that each individual has unique muscle coordination strategies (or signatures) that will have specific mechanical effects on their musculoskeletal system. As such, some strategies would make some people more at risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders than others. Identification of individual coordination strategies might provide insight into the development of musculoskeletal disorders.
Mechanisms Associated With Physical Activity Behavior: Insights From Rodent Experiments
Authors: Roberts Michael D. , Ruegsegger Gregory N. , Brown Jacob D. , Booth Frank W.
Published: July 2017

Dopaminergic signaling differences in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) seemingly predispose rats to adopt different physical activity behaviors. Physical activity behavior also may be regulated through peripheral mechanisms (i.e., muscle and fat derived as well as hormonal signals). We hypothesize that physical activity behavior is regulated by the convergence of central and peripheral mechanisms onto the NAcc.
The Practice of Sport in Multiple Sclerosis: Update
Authors: Donze Cecile , Massot Caroline , Hautecoeur Patrick , Cattoir-Vue Helene , Guyot Marc-Alexandre
Published: July 2017

The practice of sport by multiple sclerosis patients has long been controversial. Recent studies, however, show that both sport and physical activity are essential for these patients. Indeed, they help to cope with the effects of multiple sclerosis, such as fatigue, reduced endurance, loss of muscle mass, and reduction of muscle strength. The beneficial effects of physical activity on these patients have been underlined in several studies, whereas those of practicing sport have been the subject of fewer evaluations and assessments. The aim of this update is to report on the effects of sport on multiple sclerosis patients. The benefits of sport have been demonstrated in several studies. It helps multiple sclerosis patients to increase their balance, resistance to fatigue, mobility and quality of life. Several biases in these studies do not enable us to recommend the practice of some of these sports on a routine basis.
Body Mass Index as a Predictor of Injuries in Athletics
Authors: Amoako Adae O. , Nassim Ariel , Keller Cory
Published: July 2017

The quest to identify injury risk factors in sports has been an ongoing and well-researched field in the world of sports medicine. Knowing some of these factors helps keep sports participation safe. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been studied. Body mass index (BMI) is widely known to contribute to several medical conditions. Its association with some sports injuries has been established but the information is vast, with few studies that are randomized controlled trials. It is important to analyze these studies and confirm whether BMI is a predictor of lower-extremity injuries. Such knowledge allows for better effective treatment and prevention strategies. This article will summarize current evidence of association between BMI and lower-extremity injuries in athletes and whether BMI is a predictor of lower-extremity injuries.
Progress toward an integrated understanding of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Rousseaux Maxime W.C. , Shulman Joshua M. , Jankovic Joseph
Published: July 2017

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, affecting over 10 million individuals worldwide. While numerous effective symptomatic treatments are currently available, no curative or disease-modifying therapies exist. An integrated, comprehensive understanding of PD pathogenic mechanisms will likely address this unmet clinical need. Here, we highlight recent progress in PD research with an emphasis on promising translational findings, including (i) advances in our understanding of disease susceptibility, (ii) improved knowledge of cellular dysfunction, and (iii) insights into mechanisms of spread and propagation of PD pathology. We emphasize connections between these previously disparate strands of PD research and the development of an emerging systems-level understanding that will enable the next generation of PD therapeutics.
Strategic Influence in Social Networks
Authors: Grabisch Michel , Mandel Antoine , Rusinowska Agnieszka , Tanimura Emily
Published: July 2017

We consider a model of influence with a set of nonstrategic agents and two strategic agents. The nonstrategic agents have initial opinions and are linked through a simply connected network. They update their opinions as in the DeGroot model. The two strategic agents have fixed and opposed opinions. They each form a link with a nonstrategic agent in order to influence the average opinion that emerges due to interactions in the network. This procedure defines a zero-sum game whose players are the two strategic agents and whose strategy set is the set of nonstrategic agents. We focus on the existence and the characterization of pure strategy equilibria in this setting. Simple examples show that the existence of a pure strategy equilibrium does depend on the structure of the network. We characterize equilibrium with two notions: the influenceability of target agents, and their centrality, which in our context we call “intermediacy.” We also show that when the two strategic agents have the same impact, symmetric equilibria emerge as natural solutions. In the case where the impacts are uneven, the game has only equilibria in mixed strategies, the high impact agent focuses on his own centrality/intermediacy and the influenceability of his opponent’s target while the low influence agent focuses on the influenceability of his own target.
Structural barriers to implementing open innovation in healthcare
Authors: Fascia Michael , Brodie Jacqueline
Published: July 2017

For many decades, the pursuit of practicable service provision has been the fundamental goal of the NHS. This article explores ‘open innovation’ as an existing force within the NHS management structures and examines the possibilities of adopting it as a tool for optimisation and strategic development. Within this context, it explores the uniformities, barriers and inconsistences that can be encountered within an innovation cycle. The authors consider the different forms of change, which are supported by appropriate innovation, as adapters that could reinforce an outcome in a favourable way. The article concludes that properly managed innovations can provide the framework necessary to better support healthcare delivery. However, importantly, it is the underpinning flexibility that allows implementation of effective solutions.
Vital structures
Authors: Roberts Dr Colin
Published: July 2017

Concluding his series on the nature of joint disease in horses, Dr Colin Roberts, equine veterinary consultant, University of Cambridge, discusses osteochondrosis
Are vets failing our horses?
Authors: Chapman Stella
Published: July 2017

Stella Chapman, MRCVS reports on the recent Animal Welfare Foundation discussion forum, 5th June 2017 – the equine section focused on quality of life
Different Violence, Different Justice? Taking Structural Violence Seriously in Post-Conflict and Transitional Justice Processes
Authors: McGill Dáire
Published: July 2017

Structural violence is a central, yet neglected, problem in post-conflict and transitional societies owing to the circumscribed sphere of action within which dominant processes generally operate. This article analyses the potential of transitional justice to reduce structural violence, finding many of its mechanisms limited in this regard. In response, I argue for the necessity of an alternative transformative justice approach that pays more attention to the historical and socioeconomic underpinnings of armed conflict, and critical analyses of the prevailing social structures and power relations on which it is founded. Conceptualizing transformative justice as the most comprehensive stop on a transitional justice continuum ensures that these issues are taken seriously without discarding the field's existing expertise. I operationalize transformative justice by creating an innovative structural violence reduction matrix that interrogates the diagnostic, process and outcome dimensions of initiatives undertaken in transitional contexts.
Diagnostic Performance of High Sensitivity Compared with Contemporary Cardiac Troponin I for the Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Sandoval Yader , Smith Stephen W , Thordsen Sarah E , Bruen Charles A , Carlson Michelle D , Dodd Kenneth W , Driver Brian E , Jacoby Katherine , Johnson Benjamin K , Love Sara A , Moore Johanna C , Sexter Anne , Schulz Karen , Scott Nathaniel L , Nicholson Jennifer , Apple Fred S
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

We examined the diagnostic performance of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) vs contemporary cTnI with use of the 99th percentile alone and with a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) to rule out acute myocardial infarction (MI) and serial changes (deltas) to rule in MI.

METHODS

We included consecutive patients presenting to a US emergency department with serial cTnI onclinical indication. Diagnostic performance for acute MI, including MI subtypes, and 30-day outcomes were examined.

RESULTS

Among 1631 patients, MI was diagnosed in 12.9% using the contemporary cTnI assay and in 10.4% using the hs-cTnI assay. For ruling out MI, contemporary cTnI ≤99th percentile at 0, 3, and 6 h and a normal ECG had a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.5% (95% CI, 98.6–100) and a sensitivity of 99.1% (95% CI, 97.4–100) for diagnostic and safety outcomes. Serial hs-cTnI measurements ≤99th percentile at 0 and 3 h and a normal ECG had an NPV and sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 100–100) for diagnostic and safety outcomes. For ruling in MI, contemporary cTnI measurements had specificities of 84.4% (95% CI, 82.5–86.3) at presentation and 78.7% (95% CI, 75.4–82.0) with serial testing at 0, 3, and 6 h, improving to 89.2% (95% CI, 87.1–91.3) by using serial cTnI changes (delta, 0 and 6 h) >150%. hs-cTnI had specificities of 86.9% (95% CI, 85.1–88.6) at presentation and 85.7% (95% CI, 83.5–87.9) with serial testing at 0 and 3 h, improving to 89.3% (95% CI, 87.3–91.2) using a delta hs-cTnI (0 and 3 h) >5 ng/L.

CONCLUSIONS

hs-cTnI and contemporary cTnI assays are excellent in ruling out MI following recommendations predicated on serial testing and the 99th percentile with a normal ECG. For ruling in MI, deltas improve the specificity. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02060760
Agamémnon: o que é um rei?
Authors: Rodrigues Nuno Simões
Published: July 2017

Este artigo tem como objectivo apresentar uma síntese da problemática da realeza no chamado período homérico, partindo da análise da figura de Agamémnon nos Poemas Homéricos.