bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Journal Anästhesie
Authors: Schedler Olaf
Published: January 2025

Die Myasthenia gravis ist eine seltene Autoimmunerkrankung deren operative Therapie in der Thymektomie liegt. Das videoassistierte thorakoskopische Operationsverfahren biete gegenüber der Thoraktomie deutliche Vorteile im perioperativen Management der Patienten. Innerhalb der Myasthenia gravis zeigen sich die juvenielen Erkrankungsformen besonders für die videoassistierte Operation geeignet und werden seitens der zumeist weiblichen Kinder gerne angenommen. Im Journal Anästhesie werden aus unterschiedlichen Publikationen im Berlin Medical Journal Originalarbeiten und Fallberichte zusammengetragen, welche das wissenschaftliche Erfahrungspotential des perioperativen Managements eindrucksvoll aufzeigen. Mit einer beeindruckenden Anzahl von perioperativen Behandlungen stellen die Autoren Berichte von 81 Patienten aus 4 Monaten zusammen, was angesichts der Erkrankungshäufigkeit von 3-4:1.000.000 eine überproportional häufige Behandlung darstellt. Perioperativ zeigte sich, dass die Applikation von Propofol als TCI Modul Vorteile gegenüber der inhalativen Anästhesie und der TIVA Applikation hat. Die erforderliche neuromuskuläre Blockade für die operative Intervention kann mit Cisatracurium als TIVA ohne relevante Einschränkungen in der Anästhesiezeit eingesetzt werden, wenn eine Dosisreduzierung erfolgt und ein intensiviertes neuromuskuläres Monitoring erfolgt. Postoperativ kann mit der TIVA Applikation von kurzwirksamen aber effektiven Opioiden wie Remifentanil suffizient und komplikationslos gearbeitet werden.
A Prospective Study of Drug Utilization and Evaluation in Gastrointestinal Disorders at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Authors: Md Sarfaraz , M Aniket D , J Keerthi , B Rajesh , Doddayya H.
Published: January 2025

Drug Utilization Evaluation (DUE) is a comprehensive study examining the marketing, distribution, prescription, and use of medications within a society. This evaluation encompasses a range of medical, social, and economic factors related to drug use, with the primary goal of ensuring that drug therapy adheres to current standards of care. This prospective observational study conducted at Navodaya Medical College Hospital and Research Centre (NMCH & RC) from 15th February to 15th August 2024 aimed to evaluate prescription patterns for gastrointestinal disorders, focusing on drug utilization from the Essential Drug List (EDL) and adherence to WHO core prescribing indicators.150 prescriptions were analyzed, revealing that 64.66% of patients were male, with the majority aged 20-39 years. Acute gastroenteritis was the most common diagnosis (34%), and common symptoms included abdominal pain, loose stools, and vomiting. Antibiotics, particularly metronidazole, were the most prescribed drug class (25.35%). Of the prescribed drugs, 75.95% were from the EDL, but only 8.91% were prescribed by generic name, and 64.82% involved injections. The average number of drugs per prescription was 6.65, indicating polypharmacy and drug interactions were prevalent. The study highlighted concerns about moderate antibiotic use, high injection rates, low generic drug prescriptions, and polypharmacy, underscoring the need for improved rational prescribing practices to enhance patient safety and cost efficiency.
A szégyen fenomenológiája
Authors: Ullmann Tamás
Published: January 2025

A dolgozat nem csupán a szégyen affektusának fenomenológiai elemzésére vállalkozik, hanem tágabb perspektívába állítja a szégyen jelenségét. Három alapvető állítást fogalmaz meg a szöveg: (1) a bűntudathoz és a szégyenhez kapcsolódó érzések hasonlónak tűnek ugyan, de a bűntudat és a szégyen affektusainak egzisztenciális szerkezete teljesen eltérő; (2) a szégyen fogalmára épülő egzisztenciális elemzés jobban megmutatja a jelenkori helyzetünket, mint a bűntudatra épülő hagyományos megközelítés; (3) a szégyen alapján a szubjektum szerkezete is másnak tűnik: az autentikus szelfmag helyett egy hasadt szubjektum fogalmához jutunk.
"Bármit érzett is, a józan értelem határozottságával cselekedett” : Jane Austen Brandon ezredese, aki legnagyobb félelmei ellenére is igyekszik józanul cselekedni
Authors: Kunkli Emese
Published: January 2025

A tanulmányomban Jane Austen Értelem és érzelem című regényét elemzem morálfilozófiai megközelítésből. A vizsgálódásom középpontjába Brandon ezredes karakterét állítom, és számos alkalommal támaszkodom MacIntyre Jane Austen-olvasatára Az erény nyomában című monográfiájából. Többek között amellett érvelek, hogy Brandon ezredesre tekinthetünk azon karakterként, aki az erények próbaköve a regényben. A címben szereplő „értelem” szót interpretálhatjuk úgy, mint ami magára az ítélőképességünkre utal, az ezredes pedig olykor túlságosan is próbál józanul cselekedni. Brandon az egyik legönzetlenebb austeni karakter, aki mások boldogságát rendre a sajátja elé helyezi, és példázza azt, hogy az írónő regényeiben egy mentálisan egészséges férfi elismeri az erkölcsi szféra valóságát, és elvi módon küzd morális dilemmákkal.
Husserl univerzális jelentősége
Authors: Ivácson András Áron
Published: January 2025

Ungvári Zrínyi Imre: A megkerült felelősség. Élménytapasztalat
és erkölcsi felelősség. Pro Philosophia‒Egyetemi Műhely Kiadó,
Kolozsvár, 2022. 263 oldal
PENGARUH DAUN PEPAYA (Carica papaya L) TERHADAP AKTIVITAS SPERMATOGENESIS TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus L)
Authors: Kaspul Kaspul
Published: January 2025

Kontrasepsi yang efektif memerlukan caraÃƒâ€šÃ‚Â  yangÃƒâ€šÃ‚Â  aman, murah, resiko yang ringan dan bersifat reversible dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya alam nabati, seperti daun pepaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jus daun papaya terhadap aktivitas spermatogenesis tikus putih. Dua puluh ekor tikus putih jantan berumur 3 bulan dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu P1 (tanpa diberi jus daun papaya), P2 (diberi jus daun papaya 5 g per hari), P3 (diberi jus daun papaya 10 g per hari), P4 (diberi jus daun papaya15 g per hari). Semua perlakuan dilakukan selama satu bulan secara oral. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jus daun papaya yang diberikan selama satu bulan dapat menurunkan aktivitas spermatogenesis tikus putih.
ANALISIS BIAYA TERAPI STROKE PADA PASIEN RAWAT INAP DI RUMAH SAKIT PKU MUHAMMADIYAH BANTUL YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Baroroh Faridah Baroroh , Fauzi Lailla Affianti
Published: January 2025

Stroke merupakan penyebab kematian paling tinggi di dunia selain kanker, selain itu terapi stroke juga memerlukan biaya yang besar, sehingga pengatasan tepat sangat diperlukan untuk mengatasinya. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui jenis obat, komponen biaya, dan rata-rata biaya obat terapi stroke perhari rawat inap di RS PKU Muhammadiyah Bantul Yogyakarta. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah deskriptif dengan data retrospektif Januari-Juni 2015 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Analisa biaya dilakukan melalui payers perspective yang difokuskan pada biaya medik langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 130 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, 10,4% stroke hemorrhage dan 89,6% stroke non hemorrhage. Jenis obat terapi stroke yang banyak digunakan adalah neuroprotektan citicholine dan piracetam. Komponen biaya terbesar adalah biaya obat, stroke stroke hemorrhage 34.6% dan non hemorrhage 34.7%. Rata-rata biaya obat perhari rawat inap stroke hemorrhage Rp.65.323 ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“ Rp.79.979 dan stroke non hemorrhage Rp.115.384 - Rp.119.723. Rata-rata biaya obat stroke per hari rawat inap pasien stroke hemorrhage dan stroke non hemorrhage menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0.05). Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah jenis obat yang banyak digunakan neuroprotektan citicholine dan piracetam, dengan komponen biaya terbesar adalah biaya obat 34.6% - 34.7% dari biaya total perawatan, serta tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0.05) rata-rata biaya obat stroke per hari rawat inap pasien strokeÃƒâ€šÃ‚Â  hemorrhage dan stroke non hemorrhage.
UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata Nees) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococus aureus
Authors: Yanti Yuska Novi , Mitika Sucia
Published: January 2025

Tumbuhan memiliki zat kimia aktif yang memiliki potensi besar salah satunya adalah membunuh atau menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Salah satu tanaman yang digunakan sebagai obat tradisional adalah tanaman sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) yang mempunyai berbagai macam manfaat bagi kesehatan manusia,berbagai aktivitas farmakologi dari sambiloto adalah antiinflamasi,antibakteri,antipiretik dan antioksidan.Sampel dalam penelitan ini adalah koloni Staphylococcus aureus dan ekstrak kental tanaman sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) . Ekstraksi dengan metode maserasi Salanjutnya di rotary dengan menggunakan Rotary evaporator dan dilakukan uji susut pengeringan. Kemudian ekstrak dibagi menjadi lima perlakuan yaitu 10 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Âµg/ml, 50 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Âµg/ml, 100 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Âµg/ml, 500 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Âµg/ml, 1000 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Âµg/ml dibuat kontrol posistif dan negatif lalu dilakukan pembuatan media NA dan NB. Selanjutnya dibuat peremajaan bakteri dan pembuatan larutan uji lalu dilalukan pengujian daya hambat dengan metode cakram lalu diikubasi dan diukur diameter zona hambat.Dari hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa semua konsentrasi ekstrak sambiloto memiliki daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Daya hambat ekstrak sambiloto ditunjukkan dengan adanya zona bening disekitar cakram. Diketahui bahwa pada dosis 100 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Âµg/mL, 1000 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Âµg/mL memiliki daya hambat lemah dan dilanjutkan dengan analisa SPSS diperoleh hasil yang tidak berbeda secara signifikan.
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIPIRETIK EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT JERUK MANIS (Citrus x aurantium L) TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus novergicus) JANTAN GALUR WISTAR YANG DIINDUKSI PEPTON 5%
Authors: Widyasari Ratna , Ratiningsih Ratika
Published: January 2025

Kulit jeruk manis (Citrus x aurantium L) mengandung zat flavonoid yang mampu menghambat prostaglandin sehingga mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antipiretik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antipiretik kulit jeruk manis (Citrus x aurantium L) terhadap tikus putih jantan galur Wistar yang diinduksi pepton 5%. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian ekperimental dengan rancang acak lengkap. Hewan uji yang digunakan adalah tikus putih jantan galur Wistar sebanyak 15 ekor dengan berat badan 150 ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“ 200 g. Hewan uji dibagi 5 kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif (suspensi Na.CMC 1%), kontrol positif (suspensi parasetamol) dan kelompok uji yaitu pemberian ekstrak kulit jeruk manis (Citrus x aurantium L) dengan konsentrasi 0,5%, 0,75% dan 1%. Pengukuran suhu dilakukan sebelum pemberian pepton 5%, 1 jam setelah pemberian pepton 5% dan 30 menit sekali setelah perlakuan sampai menit ke ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“ 240. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji anova dan uji LSD (Least significant different). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa ekstrak etanol kulit jeruk manis (Citrus x aurantium L) mempunyai aktivitas antipiretik pada tikus putih jantan galur Wistar dan pada konsentrasi 1% memiliki kemampuan aktivitas sebagai antipiretik
INFUSA DAUN RANDU (Ceibapetandragaertn) UNTUK FORMULASI OBAT KUMUR
Authors: Yanti Yuska Novi
Published: January 2025

Kesehatan pada rongga mulut merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting bagi manusia terutama pada kegiatan sehari-hari, bau mulut terjadi biasanya disebabkan terjadinya pembusukan atau fermentasi sisa makanan oleh bakteri.Daun randu (Ceibapetandragaertn) merupakan tanaman yang memiliki kandungan flavonoid yang berfungsi sebagai penghambat berkembangnya bakteri, tujuan ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah infusa daun randu (Ceibapetandragaertn) dapat dijadikan sediaan obat kumur.Formulasi sediaan obat kumur dalam jumlah 3 formula dengan zat aktifnya adalah infusa daun randu dengan menggunakan metode infundasi yaitu penyarian zat aktif pada suhu 900 selama 15 menit, kemudian formulasi obat kumur dibuat dengan kadar infusa yang berbeda yaitu formula 1 2%, formula 2 4%, formula 3 6%. Evaluasi obat kumur dilakukan adalah uji organoleptis, uji pH, uji viskositas, dan uji panelis. Hasil dari evaluasi obat kumur yang dilakukan bahwaÃƒâ€šÃ‚Â  infusa daun randu Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â dapat dibuat obat kumur, dari ke 4 formula obat kumur, infusa daun randu (Ceibapetandragaertn)Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â  mempengaruhi sifat fisik dari obat kumur.
PENETAPAN KADAR FENOLIK TOTAL DAN FLAVONOID TOTAL EKSTRAK BERAS HITAM (Oryza sativa L) DARI KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Sari Anna Khumaira , Ayuchecaria Noverda
Published: January 2025

Beras hitam salah satu bahan pangan mengandung senyawa antosianin yang termasuk dalam jenis flavonoid dan senyawa fenolik. Flavonoid yang terkandung dalam beras hitam merupakan komponen fenolik yang bertindak sebagai pencegah radikal hidroksil dan superoksida dengan melindungi lipida membran terhadap reaksi oksidasi yang merusak dan senyawa fenol pula memiliki sifat bakteriosid, antimetik, antihelmintik, antiasmatik, analgetik, antiinflamasi, meningkatkan mortilitas usus, antimikroba, antikanker dan penyakit degeneratif lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar fenol total dan kadar flavonoid total dalam ekstrak etanol beras hitam. Penetapan kadar fenol total menggunakan metode metoda Folin-Ciocalteu dengan senyawa pembanding asam galat. Sedangkan pada penentuan kadar flavonoid total digunakan metode kolorimetri dengan pereaksi berupa AlCl3 10% dan asam asetat 5%.Jumlah sampel ada tujuh variasi beras hitam yang didapatkanÃƒâ€šÃ‚Â  dari tujuh tempat berbeda di Kalimantan Selatan. Analisis kualitatif menunjukkan bahwa seluruh sampel positif mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid dan tanin. Hasil kadar total fenol dari tujuh sampel berturut-turut adalah 100,58Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±1,344; 91,14Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±1,699; 96,50Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±1,529; 77,64Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±0,462; 81,16Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±0,614; 112,47Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±1,040; 81,50Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±2,928Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â  mgGAE/mg ekstrak dan hasil persen kadar rata-rata flavonoid total dari tujuh sampel berturut-turut adalah 8,53Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±0,208 %; 8,11Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±0,343%; 7,69Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±0,446%; 6,03Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±0,227%; 4,97Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±0,169%; 3,74Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±0,210%; 5,02Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â±0,403%.
UJI AKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbbi L.) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN
Authors: Putra Aditya Maulana Perdana , Aulia Desy , Wahyuni Amaliyah
Published: January 2025

Diabetes mellitus merupakan suatu penyakit metabolisme yang ditandai dengan adanya kondisi hiperglikemia akibat kekurangan insulin ataupun disebabkan karena terjadinya resistensi insulin. Dari angka kejadian diabetes melitus yang terus meningkat maka pengobatan diabetes mellitus perlu diperhatikan salah satunya menggunakan pengobatan alternatif menggunakan belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). Salah satu khasiat dari belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) yaitu sebagai antidiabetes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas dan dosis yang paling efek ekstrak etanol daun belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) yang dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah pada mencit putih jantan yang diinduksi aloksan.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan rancangan penelitian pre and post test with control group design terhadap mencit putih jantan pada bulan mei-juni 2017. Dua puluh lima ekor mencit putih jantan dibagi menjadi lima kelompok dengan berbagai kelompok perlakuan. Daun belimbing wuluh diekstraksi dengan menggunakan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70 %. Kadar glukosa darah diukur sebelum induksi, sesudah induksi dan setelah 14 hari perlakuan.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun belimbing wuluh dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah setelah 14 hari perlakuan. Dosis yang paling efektif dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah adalah ekstrak etanol dengan dosis 250 mg/kgBB karena memiliki aktvitas yang sama dengan kontrol positif (metformin 100 mg/kgBB) dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah.(ÃƒÂÃ‚Â=1.000).
STANDARDISASI BUAH CABE RAWIT HIYUNG (Capsicum frutescens L.) ASAL TAPIN KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Sutomo Sutomo , Rahmawati Aulea , Rizki Muhammad Ikhwan
Published: January 2025

Cabe rawit hiyung (Capsicum frutescens L.) merupakan cabe rawit lokal khas Tapin, Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai parameter standardisasi simplisia dan ekstrak buah cabe rawit hiyung. Standardisasi dilakukan dengan menetapkan nilai parameter spesifik dan non spesifik simplisia dan ekstrak dari tiga tempat tumbuh yang berbeda yang meliputi uji organoleptik simplisia, uji mikroskopik, kadar sari larut etanol, kadar sari larut air, susut pengeringan, kadar abu total simplisia, kadar abu tidak larut asam simplisia, cemaran logam berat, pemerian ekstrak, rendemen, skrining fitokimia, pola kromatografi, penentuan kadar flavonoid total, kadar air, kadar abu total ekstrak, dan kadar abu tidak larut asam ekstrak. Hasil ujiÃƒâ€šÃ‚Â  standardisasi simplisia dari ketiga desa diperoleh rata-rata berupa serbuk, berwarna kemerahan, rasa sangat pedas, berbau khas, terdapat sel epidermis, hipodermis dan parenkrim mesokarp, kadar sari larut etanol 19,55 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â± 1,07%, kadar sari larut dalam air 32,33 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â± 2,03%, susut pengeringan 2,22 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â± 0,51%, kadar abu total 4,11 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â± 0,44%, kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,14 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â± 0,01%, cemaran logam berat Pb 2,00 mg/kg dan Cd 4,00 mg/kg. Hasil uji standardisasi ekstrak dari ketiga desa diperoleh rata-rata berupa ekstrak kental, berwarna coklat, rasa sangat pedas, berbau khas, dengan rendemen sebesar 19,19 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â± 1,03%, kandungan kimia yang terkandung adalah alkaloid, flavonoid, fenolik, saponin, pola kromatogram dengan nilai Rf 0,18; 0,60; 0,98, kadar flavonoid total yang paling besar yaitu desa Sungai Rutas 0,339%, kadar air 11 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â± 0,67%, kadar abu total 7,96 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â± 0,80%, dan kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,61 Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â± 0,05%.
UJI DAYA HAMBAT PERASAN BUAH JERUK SIAM BANJAR (Citrus reticulata) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Shigella dysenteriae
Authors: Kumalasari Eka , Arsyad Muhammad , Rahman Reza Nur
Published: January 2025

Jeruk siam (Citrus reticulata) merupakan jenis jeruk yang banyak terdapat di Kalimantan Selatan dan merupakan varietas unggul nasional dengan nama jeruk siam Banjar. Buah jeruk mengandung metabolit sekunder flavonoid, alkaloid dan saponin yang menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan permeabilitas dinding sel bakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui daya hambat perasan buah jeruk siam banjar terhadap pertumbuhan Shigella dysenteriae.Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian eksperimental laboratorium. Uji daya hambat perasan buah jeruk siam banjar (Citrus reticulata) terhadap pertumbuhan Shigella dysenteriae dilakukan dengan metode difusi yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Bakteriologi Balai Veteriner Banjarbaru.Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa perasan buah jeruk siam banjar mengandung alkaloid, saponin, dan flavonoid. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perasan buah jeruk siam banjar memiliki daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan Shigella dysenteriae secara in vitro dengan konsentrasi 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100%. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi perasan buah jeruk siam banjar, semakin besar diameter zona hambat yang dihasilkan.
EKSTRAK BUAH DELIMA (Punica granatum L) SEBAGAI FORMULASI LIPSTIK
Authors: Yanty Yuska Novi , Hepiyansori Hepiyansori , Niarisesa Lisza
Published: January 2025

Buah Delima (Punica granatum l) termasuk famili PunicaceaeÃƒâ€šÃ‚Â yang mengandung antosianin. Warna dari buah delima disebabkan oleh flavanoid yaitu antosianin. Antosianin merupakan pigmen yang dapat digunakan sebagai pewarna alami dan dapat menggantikan pewarna sintesis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuat sediaan lipstik dari ekstrak buah delima dan mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi ekstrak buah delima. Pembuatan ekstrak dilakukan dengan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan etanol 96% sebagai pelarut, kemudian pelarut dipekatkan dengan rotary evaporator sehingga diperoleh ekstrak buah delima. Komponen sediaan lipstik terdiri dari cera alba, vaselin alba, setil alkohol, carnauba wax, lanolin, propilen glikol, nipagin, oleum ricini, oleum rosae, serta penambahan ekstrak buah delima dengan konsentrasi 15%, 18%, dan 21%. Pengujian terhadap sediaan meliputi pemeriksaan mutu meliputi uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas, uji pH, uji titi lebur, uji stabilitas, dan uji iritasi. Sediaan lipstik yang dihasilkan mudah dioleskan dan homogen, sediaan tidak menyebabkan iritasi, stabil, bau khas, bentuk silinder, dan warna merah muda. Pengukuran pH rata-rata sediaan lipstik yang mengandung ekstrak buah delima dengan konsentrasi 15% : 4, 06%, : 3,68 dan 21% : 3,53. Titik lebur pada konsentrasi 15% : 59,2Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â°C, 18%, : 58,5Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â°C dan 21% : 57,6Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â°C
SCREENING FITOKIMIA, AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN ANTIMIKROBA PADA BUAH JERUK LEMON (Citrus limon) DAN JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantiifolia)
Authors: Permata Anindya Nirmala , Kurniawati Atik , Lukiati Betty
Published: January 2025

Keinginan hidup sehat dengan mengonsumsi makanan dan minuman alami menjadi bagian gaya hidup masyarakat. Jeruk menjadi salah satu buah yang menjadi makanan fungsional untuk menjaga dan memelihara kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan aktivitas antioksidan dan antimikroba pada buah Jeruk Lemon(Citrus limon) dan Jeruk Nipis(Citrus aurantiifolia). Metode penelitian adalah penelitian eksperimen laboratorium dengan analisis deskriptif. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Februari-April 2017 di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan Kultur Jaringan Tumbuhan Jurusan Biologi Universitas Negeri Malang. Screening fitokimia dengan metode reaksi warna, total fenol dengan metode Folin Ciocalteu, aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH dan aktivitas antimikroba dengan metode Cakram. Hasil uji screening menunjukkan adanya saponin dan alkaloid tetapi tidak terdapat flavonoid, terpenoid dan tanin. Uji total fenol didapatkan kandungan total fenol pada Jeruk Lemon(Citrus limon) 110,25 mg GAE/ 100ml sedangkan pada Jeruk Nipis(Citrus aurantiifolia) 116,5 mg GAE/ 100ml. Aktivitas antioksidan Jeruk Lemon(Citrus limon)49.593g/ml dan Jeruk Nipis(Citrus aurantiifolia)49.589g/ml. Uji aktivitas antimikroba diperoleh luas zona hambatan yang tertinggi pada konsentrasi 100% dari masing-masing buah jeruk. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ada perbedaanaktivitas antioksidan dan antimikroba pada kedua jeruk, dimana buah jeruk lemon (C.limon) aktivitas antioksidannya lebih tinggi daripada dan Jeruk Nipis(C. aurantiifolia), sedangkan aktivitas antimikroba jeruk Nipis(C. aurantiifolia)lebih tinggi daripada jeruk lemon (C.limon).
ANALISIS LC-MS/MS SENYAWA METABOLITE EKSTRAK DAUN PUTAT (Planchonia valida) DAN PREDIKSI POTENSINYA SEBAGAI KANDIDAT OBAT ANTIKANKER
Authors: Dewi Tribuana Tungga , Bela Anisa , Prabawa Satria , Latief Madyawati , Tarigan Indra Lasmana
Published: January 2025

Secondary metabolite compounds contained in plants are bioactive substances related to the chemical content in plants, so that some plants can be used as medicinal materials. Putat (Planchonia valida) is a medicinal plant that has bioactive compounds that have potential as anticancer. Compound analysis of LC-MS test results has been carried out which shows several metabolite compounds contained in putat. The method used is analyzing compounds obtained from LC-MS results, screening compounds using pchembl and chemspider websites. And using the pChEMBL webserver to find out the bioactivity of these compounds. The purpose of this study is to determine and predict the potential bioactivity of the compounds contained therein as new drug candidates. The results obtained from this study are metabolite compounds in putat have the potential as anticancer based on the screening results carried out using the pChEMBL webserver by looking at the highest pIC50 value, obtained the highest pIC50 value of 8.18 with target proteins namely Serine/threonin mTOR and Cholinesterase which are target proteins that have anticancer activity.
PENGARUH EDUKASI TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN MASYARAKAT DALAM MENYIMPAN DAN MEMBUANG OBAT DI RUMAH TANGGA
Authors: Hastuti Sri , Rahem Abdul , Hermansyah Andi
Published: January 2025

Improper storage and disposal of medicines at households is a public health issue which may lead to poor quality of medicines, damage the medicines, misuse of medicines and environmental pollution. Proper storage and disposal are influenced by the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the general public. This research aims to determine the effect of education on people’s knowledge in storing and disposing of medicines in Tambakrejo, Sidoarjo, Indonesia. A one group pretest - posttest design was conducted involving 120 housewife as respondents in Tambakrejo, Sidoarjo, Indonesia. The respondent was recruited using purposive sampling. A questionnaire was used to measure knowledge level before and after the intervention. The intervention was in the form of community counseling and leaflet distribution. Data were subsequently analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Of 120 respondents, the majority was older than 45 years (60.80%), unemployed (72.50%), stored up to 5 medicines at home (75.80%) and obtained medicines from community pharmacy (78.30%). There was an increase in the knowledge level before and after the intervention, from the average score of 44.4 to 70.8. Community education can increase people’s knowledge in storing and disposing of medicines.
DETERMINASI KEPATUHAN MINUM OBAT PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELLITUS TIPE II DI PUSKESMAS TERARA: ANALISIS KORELASI FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENGARUH
Authors: Sovia Fitriwati , Anjani Rizky Puji , Ramadhan Leny
Published: January 2025

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires ongoing management because it cannot be permanently cured. Adherence to the treatment plan is crucial to prevent deterioration in physical condition. This study aims to analyze the correlation between factors affecting medication adherence in patients with type II diabetes mellitus at Terara Community Health Center. This research uses an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consists of 151 patients with type II diabetes mellitus, with a sample of 35 individuals selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed with Fisher's test. The results indicate that factors such as gender (P=0.015), occupation (P=0.015), knowledge (P=0.006), attitude (P=0.001), motivation (P=0.021), and family support (P=0.004) have a significant correlation with medication adherence. Conversely, age, education, and healthcare support did not show a significant correlation with medication adherence. In conclusion, factors such as gender, occupation, knowledge, attitude, motivation, and family support significantly influence medication adherence in patients with type II diabetes mellitus at Terara Community Health Center.
HUBUNGAN TINGKAT KEPATUHAN MINUM OBAT HIPERTENSI MENGGUNAKAN KUESIONER HILL-BONE TERHADAP KUALITAS HIDUP PASIEN DI PUSKESMAS PEKAUMAN BANJARMASIN SELATAN
Authors: Safitri Sri Desi , Hartanto Dedi , Mulyani Tuty
Published: January 2025

Hypertension is a disease that is the number one cause of death in the world every year. Based on measurements at ages ≥18 years, the highest hypertension prevalence data according to the province is South Kalimantan at 44.13%. One of the causes of the high prevalence of hypertension is due to low compliance in taking medication. Compliance is very necessary while undergoing hypertension treatment to reduce the impact and thus provide a good quality of life. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of compliance using the Hill-Bone questionnaire on the quality of life of hypertensive patients at the Puskesmas Pekauman. This study used an observational method with a cross-sectional design to determine the picture of the level of compliance with the quality of life of hypertensive patients at the Puskesmas Pekauman. Data collection using the Hill-Bone questionnaire to determine adherence level and EQ-5D-5L questionnaire to determine patient's quality of life. The results of this study showed that of the 68 respondents, 3 people (4.40%) with a moderate level of compliance had a moderate quality of life, 59 people (86.80%) with a moderate level of compliance had a high quality of life and 6 people (8.8 %) with a high level of compliance have a high quality of life, which is obtained from Kendall's tau-B test, p-value = 0.000 < 0,05. It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between compliance and quality of life in hypertension sufferers at the Puskesmas Pekauman.
MEKANISME KO-KEMOTERAPI EKSTRAK ROSELLA (Hibiscus sabdariffa. L) DENGAN DOXORUBICIN PADA SEL KANKER SERVIKS (HeLa) SECARA IN VITRO
Authors: Daud Intan , Hayu Nurani Laela , Bachri Moch. Saiful , Ariani Edityaningrum Citra , Ma’ruf Muhammad
Published: January 2025

Cervical cancer caused by exposure to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) through sexual intercourse can be treated with Doxorubicin. Doxorubicin shows side effects so it needs to be combined with co-chemotherapy. Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) The main content of anthocyanins is cytotoxic to HeLa cells.  The purpose of this study was to find co-chemotherapy combination of Doxorubicin and Rosella extract with apoptosis mechanism and Rosella antiproliferation. 
The research method starts from the maceration process of Rosella petals using 96% ethanol. Cytotoxic test method, antiproliferation test, apoptosis, and combination test with MTT method using HeLa cells.
The result of cytotoxic test showed IC50 of Rosella extract was 32.3 ± 2.15 µg/mL and IC50 of Doxorubicin was 2.68 ± 0.09 µg/mL. The antiproliferation test results in the control cell doubling time of 28.25 ± 0.21 hours while the concentration of Rosella extract at levels of 32.3; 16.15; and 8.08 µg/mL doubling time of 53.23 ± 0.20 hours, 39.02 ± 0.19 hours and 46.74 ± 0.23 hours so that it shows the inhibition of cell multiplication growth. The IC results show the combination of 4.04 µg/mL Rosella Flower Extract and 2.67 µg/mL Doxorubicin which is 0.0013 can be interpreted as a very strong synergistic effect (0.0013 ≤ 0.1). So it can be concluded the combination of ethanol extract Rosella flowers has antiproliferation properties through the mechanism of delaying the doubling time.
PENGEMBANGAN DAN VALIDASI KUESIONER BELIEF ABOUT MEDICINE (BMQ) UNTUK MENGUKUR PERSEPSI RISIKO MASYARAKAT TERHADAP OBAT SETELAN
Authors: Walidah Ziyana , Hermansyah Andi , Wijaya I Nyoman
Published: January 2025

Nowadays, the consumption of medicine suits is a problem of self-medication that occurs in the community. BPOM prohibits this medicine from being used, because the quality is not guaranteed and it can cause harm when consumed because it contains several classes of hard drugs. The high consumption of medicine suits indicates a lack of public understanding of the risks posed by medicine suits. Measuring people's perceptions of medicine suits needs to be done, one of which is by filling out a questionnaire. There is no questionnaire that measures a person's perception of suit medicine, so it is necessary to develop research instruments through validity and reliability tests of questionnaires related to measuring people's perceptions or beliefs about a treatment. This study was conducted using observational method and cross sectional time design. Where it involved 30 trial respondents while still paying attention to the inclusion criteria that had been set. The results of this study indicate that the questionnaire designed has met the minimum values of validity and reliability. Where there is only one invalid question item. While in general the resulting value of r count> r table. Regarding reliability, all items have achieved a Cronbach' alpha value of more than 0.6. This indicates that the questionnaire on community risk perception towards legitimate use of medicine suits can be used repeatedly.
ANALYSIS OF RESPONSIBILITY OF CRIMINAL ACTIONS BY INTENTIONALLY CIRCULATING WILL KEY HERBAL MEDICINE THAT DID NOT HAVE A DISTRIBUTION PERMIT (Study Decision Number 673/Pid.Sus/2022/PN.Tjk)
Authors: Kurniawati Septi , B Erlina
Published: January 2025

The criminal act of deliberately distributing will key herbal medicine which did not have a distribution permit regarding Health was decided by the Tanjungkarang District Court through Decision Number 673/Pid.Sus/2022/PN.Tjk. The results of the research show that the factors that caused the perpetrator to commit a criminal act by deliberately distributing key will herbal medicine which did not have a distribution permit based on Decision Number 673/Pid.Sus/2022/PN.Tjk, among others, consisted of social values ​​in the form of personality factors, namely negligence, perpetrator wanting to avoid the obligations that have been determined, the long process of obtaining permits, minimal socialization regarding laws and regulations and weak law enforcement. Furthermore, the responsibility of the perpetrator of the criminal act of intentionally distributing key herbal medicine which does not have a distribution permit is based on Decision Number 673/Pid.Sus/2022/PN.Tjk with imprisonment for 1 (one) month and 15 (fifteen) days and a fine of 1 (one) month and 15 (fifteen) days. IDR 5,000,000.00 (five million rupiah) with the provision that if the fine is not paid it will be replaced by imprisonment for 1 (one) month.
Ceftobiprole medocaril: clinical and pharmacological characteristics and possibilities of clinical use
Authors: Rachina S.A. , Fedina L.V. , Stafeev A.N. , Kremneva A.O. , Dekhnich A.V.
Published: January 2025

Ceftobiprole medocaril is a fifth-generation cephalosporin (anti-MRSA cephem) with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Ceftobiprole is active against gram-positive bacteria, including strains resistant to other beta-lactams, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The purpose of this review is to consider the mechanism of action and safety profile of ceftobiprole, as well as to summarize the results of clinical studies of the drug. Possible areas of clinical use of ceftobiprole for infections of the skin and soft tissues, complicated staphylococcal bacteremia, infective endocarditis, as well as communityacquired and nosocomial pneumonia are given. Summarizing the available information, ceftobiprole can be considered as the most important antibacterial drug for the treatment of severe pneumonia not associated with mechanical ventilation, skin and soft tissue infections, as well as a part of combination antimicrobial therapy for infective endocarditis.
Genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Russia for the period 2022–2023
Authors: Shagabieva Yulia Z. , Shpilevaya Marina V. , Lagun K.M. , Ohlopkova O.V. , Plakhova K.I. , Nosov Nikita Yu.
Published: January 2025

Objective.
To perform phylogenetic analysis to assess ongoing changes in population structure of Russian clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae.

Materials and Methods.
The object of the study was 34 clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae obtained from dermatovenerological medical institutions of the Russian Federation in the period 2022–2023. The cultures were spread on chocolate agar with 1% ISOVitalex growth additive and 1% VCAT selective additive (Becton Dickinson, USA). Mass spectrometric studies were performed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). Susceptibility testing of N. gonorrhoeae to 6 antimicrobials (penicillin, spectinomycin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin) was performed by serial dilutions in agar with determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Genomic DNA was extracted from N. gonorrhoeae cultures using the Proba-NK kit (DNA-Technology, Russia). Molecular typing of the strains was performed on MiSeq platform (Illumina, USA).

Results.
Genotyping of 34 N. gonorrhoeae strains from 4 Russian regions was performed using NG-STAR protocol to identify genotypic determinants associated with antibiotic resistance. A total of 19 sequence types included in 7 previously described clonal complexes (CC) were identified. The most representative CC among the studied strains were 199 and 427 (38.2% and 26,5%, respectively). Resistance to 6 antimicrobials associated with variability of penA, mtrR, porB, ponA, gyrA, parC and 23S rRNA gene fragments was detected in 44.1% of strains.

Conclusions.
A number of molecular types of N. gonorrhoeae associated with phenotypic multidrug resistance was identified, which confirms the importance of comprehensive laboratory studies of clinical isolates to prevent spread of antimicrobial resistance in Russia.
Prevalence of carbapenemase-encoding genes carriage in patients admitted to multidisciplinary hospital in Moscow
Authors: Ni Oksana G. , Shifman E.M. , Yakovlev S.V. , Bykov A.O. , Gorbacheva A.A. , Kruglov A.N. , Belotserkovskiy Boris Z. , Matyushkov N.S. , Galata A.A. , Protsenko D.N.
Published: January 2025

Objective.
To investigate the prevalence of carbapenemase-encoding genes carriage in patients at hospital admission.

Materials and Methods.
The prospective single-center cross-sectional study was performed in Moscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center «Kommunarka» from 15.09.2022 till 15.08.2023. Adult patients without signs of gastrointestinal, upper and lower respiratory tract infections were included to research at fist 24 hour after hospital admission. Rectal swab and oropharyngeal swab were collected from each patient. Additional lower respiratory tract samples were collected from patients who were undergoing mechanical ventilation. The collected samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction using AmpliSens reagent kits to identify crabapenemase-encoding genes: blaOXA-58, blaOXA-51, blaOXA-40, blaOXA-23, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaOXA-48, blaNDM and blaKPC.

Results.
A total of 737 patients aged 18 to 94 were included, 442 of them were females and 295 were males. Carriage of genes in at least one locus was found in 12.6% of patients. 70.9% of patients carried only one type of genes, but 16.1% carried two different types of genes and 12.9% carried from 3 to 6 different types of genes. Males were carriers more often, then females (18.3% and 8.6% respectively). The most common gene was blaOXA-48 (23.1%), followed by blaNDM (15.4%). Genes blaKPC and blaOXA-51 were detected with the same frequency (14.7%). The other genes were less common, from 0.6% (blaIMP) to 10.3% (blaOXA-51). Genes blaOXA-48, blaNDM and blaKPC were more common in rectal swabs, and blaOXA-58 and blaOXA-51 predominated in upper respiratory tract samples. In lower respiratory tract samples blaOXA-48, blaKPC and blaOXA-51 occurred with equal frequency. In ICU patients the prevalence of carriage was 35.1% compared to 8.5% among ward patients. The carriage rate was the highest among patients from therapeutic wards (17.5%) and the lowest in patients from hematology wards (3.0%).

Conclusions.
Our study is one of the first in Russia to evaluate the prevalence of community-acquired carriage of carbapenemase genes. The features we discovered have potential clinical significance and allow us to draw some conclusions for our center, but multicenter studies of a similar design are needed to identify general patterns.
Involvement of Pneumocystis jirovecii in infectious and other diseases in children and adults with immunosuppression of various origin
Authors: Rybalkina Tayana N. , Karazhas Natalia V. , Kornienko M.N. , Avetisyan L.R. , Boshyan R.E. , Pulnova N.L. , Kabikova O.F. , Ivanova M.Yu. , Chereshneva E.V.
Published: January 2025

Objective.
To evaluate the involvement of P. jirovecii in the infectious and other diseases in children and adults with immunosuppression of various origin. To assess the risk of infection with P. jirovecii, pneumocystosis and its spread by healthcare workers.

Materials and Methods.
An analysis of the results of a study of 1,446 samples of peripheral blood sera from patients, both children and adults, who were treated in hospitals of various profiles in Moscow and represented an increased risk group for pneumocystosis. IgM and IgG class antibodies were determined by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect all forms of pneumocysts (cyst, precyst, trophozoite) in sputum.

Results.
The incidence of pneumocystosis infection was significantly higher in children with druginduced immunodeficiency after a related liver transplant (70.1%) than among children with HIV-related immunodeficiency (36.7%), t = 2.4. Markers of acute pneumocystosis were found in 36.7% of children who underwent transplantation and 10.0% with HIV infection (t = 2.4). The examination of HIV-infected adults, as well as patients whose HIV infection is complicated by tuberculosis, tuberculosis patients without HIV infection and healthy adults of the comparison group (donors) showed that markers of acute pneumocystosis were most often detected in tuberculosis patients – in 27.1% of cases, in 22.8% of HIVinfected with tuberculosis and in 21.1% of patients with HIV infection, while in the comparison group, markers of acute pneumocystosis were found in only 2.7% of donors. Markers of pneumocystosis were found in 62.6% of children with obstructive bronchitis, of whom 30.4% of patients had an active infection. In children with long-term subfebrile temperature, these indicators were 56.4% and 36.9%. Observation of frequently ill children revealed markers of pneumocystosis in 21.0%, more than half of them were carriers of P. jirovecii (11.3%), and 6.4% were diagnosed with acute pneumocystosis, but only 3.2% of the children had asymptomatic infection. According to a study of healthcare workers in several Moscow hospitals, they should be considered as a double-risk group due to the possibility of both infection and spread of pneumocystosis. Markers of acute infection (IgM, IgM + IgG) were found in 20.0–28.6% of healthcare workers. Acute pneumocystosis was diagnosed 2.4–3.4 times more frequently among healthcare workers than in the comparison group (8.3%).

Conclusions.
All of the studied pediatric and adult populations are at increased risk of contracting and spreading of pneumocystosis, which makes it necessary to monitor this infection in high-risk groups.
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ РАБОТЫ ЭВОЛЮЦИОННЫХ АЛГОРИТМОВ ПРИ РЕШЕНИИ МНОГОКРИТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ ЗАДАЧИ БЕЗ ОГРАНИЧЕНИЙ
Authors: Белых М.А. , Баранов Д.А. , Барабанов В.Ф.
Published: January 2025

проводится вычислительный эксперимент по решению многокритериальной транспортной задачи с использованием набора эволюционных алгоритмов, в числе которых генетический алгоритм, алгоритм муравьиной колонии и алгоритм пчелиной колонии. В исследовании используется 10000 различных постановок задачи, каждая из которых состоит из квадратной матрицы смежности размерностью от 10х10 до 20х20. Каждая из этих постановок решалась с использованием 39 вариаций каждого из алгоритмов. Каждым алгоритмом было выполнено по 60 итераций с 60 особями в составе. Основная цель вычислительного эксперимента заключалась в оценке производительности и качества решений, предоставляемых этими алгоритмами, а также в выявлении их преимуществ и недостатков их применения в различных условиях в рамках решения многокритериальной транспортной задачи без ограничений. Результаты экспериментов показывают, что каждый из алгоритмов обладает уникальными характеристиками и может быть предпочтителен в зависимости от специфики задачи и требований к вычислительным ресурсам. Проведенный анализ предоставляет ценную информацию для дальнейших исследований и практического применения метаэвристических методов в решении, в частности, комбинаторных задач оптимизации

this paper presents a computational experiment on solving a multicriteria transportation problem using a set of evolutionary algorithms, including a genetic algorithm, an ant colony algorithm, and a bee colony algorithm. The study uses 10,000 different problem statements, each consisting of a square adjacency matrix with dimensions from 10x10 to 20x20. Each of these statements was solved using 39 variations of each algorithm. Each algorithm performed 60 iterations with 60 individuals in its composition. The main goal of the computational experiment was to evaluate the performance and quality of solutions provided by these algorithms, as well as to identify their advantages and disadvantages of their application in various conditions within the framework of solving a multicriteria transportation problem without constraints. The experimental results show that each of the algorithms has unique characteristics and can be preferable depending on the specifics of the problem and the requirements for computing resources. The conducted analysis provides valuable information for further research and practical application of metaheuristic methods in solving, in particular, combinatorial optimization problems
СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ РАЗВАРКИ КОНТАКТОВ В СЛУЧАЕ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ ИНТЕГРАЛЬНЫХ МИКРОСХЕМ
Authors: Долженков С.В. , Звягинцева А.В. , Меньшикова Т.Г.
Published: January 2025

приведено исследование процессaультразвуковой микросварки проводников методом «клин – клин». Приведена методика исследования микросоединения проволоки с контактными площадками кристалла и внешними выводами. Было проведено определенное сравнение прочности соединений, сформированных при использовании двух различных мощностей (на траверсе и на кристалле). Установлены параметры, при которых зафиксирована максимальная прочность микросварных соединений на разных уровнях мощности ультразвуковая сварка при стандартной частоте ультразвуковых колебаний. Использован метод ультразвуковой сварки только «клин-клином». Ультразвуковая сварка методом клин-клин Au или Al проволокой - передовая технология сварки, обеспечивающая прочные соединения. Она применяется для сварки различных материалов, включая металлы, пластмассы и композиты. Этот метод обладает высокой скоростью сварки и исключает необходимость в клеевых соединениях. Тестирование на отрыв гарантирует надежность и соответствие стандартам сварных соединений. Определено, какое влияние имеет мощность УЗС на прочностные характеристики сварных соединений. Реализована оценка качества сварных сшивок в 3-х режимах: с увеличенным, нормализованным и со сниженным параметром мощности. Зафиксирован оптимальный режим разварки контактов, обеспечивающий прочность микросоединений

the article presents a study of the process of ultrasonic micro–welding of conductors by the "wedge - wedge" method. A technique for investigating the micro-connection of a wire with crystal contact pads and external terminals is presented. A comparison of the strength of the compounds obtained at the two capacities used (on the traverse and on the crystal) is determined. The parameters were obtained at which the greatest strength of micro-welded joints was observed at various ultrasound capacities at the standard frequency of ultrasonic vibrations. In this work, the ultrasound method is used only "wedge-wedge". Ultrasonic wedge-wedge welding with Au or Al wire is an advanced welding technology that ensures strong connections. It is used for welding various materials, including metals, plastics and composites. This method has a high welding speed and eliminates the need for adhesive joints. Separation testing guarantees reliability and compliance with the standards of welded joints. It is determined what effect the power of the ultrasonic circuit has on the strength characteristics of welded joints. The assessment of the quality of welded joints in 3 modes is implemented: with increased, normalized and with reduced power parameter. The optimal contact welding mode has been fixed, which ensures the strength of the micro-connections