bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FINRA issues interpretive guidance on related performance in institutional communications
Authors: Caccese Michael S. , Pagnano Clair , Rohrer Eden , Corral Xiomara
Published: September 2017

Purpose

To analyze the June 9, 2017 Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) interpretive letter permitting the use of Related Performance Information in continuously offered closed-end registered investment company sales materials distributed solely to institutional investors.

Design/methodology/approach

Provides background, including the application of FINRA Rule 2210, and explains the conditions under which fund marketing materials may contain Related Performance Information.

Findings

While the interpretive letter will not result in a fundamental shift in the Industry’s approach to providing Related Performance Information of open- and closed-end funds to institutional investors, it also represents FINRA’s ongoing recognition that communications provided solely to institutional investors do not raise the same investor protection concerns as communications provided to retail investors.

Originality/value

Expert guidance from experienced investment management and investment fund lawyers.
8 Years of institutional assessment feedback: students’ satisfaction with library services
Authors: Rysavy Monica D.T. , Michalak Russell , Wessel Alison
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine eight years of quantitative and qualitative student feedback on library services collected through an institution-wide student satisfaction survey.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper utilizes data collected during an eight-year period from the college’s student satisfaction survey. This survey contained 40 questions which addressed topics concerning the college’s 13 major departments. Six of the questions were devoted to library services.

Findings

Over the eight years surveyed, across all divisions surveyed (undergraduate students, graduate students and graduate Saturday students), students on average tended to select “agree” or “strongly agree” with the following six questions asked: The materials in the library meet my course requirements. The library has enough laptop computers for student use. The instructional materials for using the online databases are helpful. The library hours match my schedule and needs. The library equipment is in good working order. The library is generally quiet and suitable for study.

Originality/value

This institutionally crafted, mixed methods survey was deployed over an eight-year period at a relatively minimal cost (in-house staff hours were used to analyze the data gathered and paper Scantron sheets were used to deploy). Furthermore, rich data were gathered from a relatively simple instrument and this information was used to make institution-wide decisions.
Translating reference expertise
Authors: VanderPol Diane , Sakr El Shaimaa
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Librarians have expertise in helping patrons to define their information needs, develop search strategies and navigate the information environment. At Zayed University in the United Arab Emirates, the authors saw a need for the university’s staff to translate that expertise to help patrons to find materials in their native language, even when they cannot speak that language.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors, one Arabic speaker and one non-Arabic speaker, developed a workshop for their peers outlining strategies for translating our expertise as library professionals. In this paper, the authors share both the strategies for translating expertise that they recommended in the workshop, and information on their process in developing those recommendations.

Findings

The balance of expertise between the library staff and the patron is somewhat shifted when the search is being conducted in a foreign language. The librarian provides expertise with issues of access. The patron is the expert in her language, the transaction will not be successful without the patron’s contribution and full engagement. Demonstrating a willingness and capability to contribute to the process of searching in the patron’s native language is what is most important.

Originality/value

While there is evidence that libraries are providing foreign language collections and that librarians are considering how to deliver services to English as a Second Language (ESL) patrons, the literature suggests that the profession is not generally focusing on how English-speaking librarians can use their expertise to help patrons to access materials in their native languages.
iCurator
Authors: Watson-Canning Andrea
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide secondary social studies practitioners with a research-based adaptable lesson plan aligned with the National Council for the Social Studies Thematic Strands and its C3 Framework incorporating the digitized collection of the National Gallery of Art and Visual Thinking Strategies to foster historical understanding through a student-driven process of online gallery curation.

Design/methodology/approach

The author describes the connections between constructivist learning and technology integration in the classroom, linking technological, visual, and social studies literacy. The internet mediates student experience. It is both text-based and image-saturated; therefore, it is important for students to develop fluency with the written word and visual literacy. To remain technologically relevant, teachers must harness the potential of the internet to aid students with the development of their analytic and evaluative skills. The paper outlines an adaptable method for incorporating technology and art into social studies classroom practice in order to build visual literacy, historical understanding, and skills in evidence-based research.

Findings

The National Council for the Social Studies has outlined various analytic, communicative, and evaluative skills that students should acquire for social studies literacy. This paper provides insight as to how utilizing digitized collections of artwork has the potential to engage students in active, constructivist learning in order to acquire social studies literacy.

Originality/value

The paper is of value to secondary practitioners who wish to incorporate visual art, technology, and constructivist learning techniques in their classrooms.
Social studies from a care ethics perspective in an elementary classroom
Authors: Rabin Colette , Smith Grinell
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore social studies from the moral perspective of an ethic of care. Care ethics considers not only the cognitive skills but also the affective dimensions of educative experiences for how they might forward an ethical ideal of caring.

Design/methodology/approach

This case study was conducted in a second-grade classroom at a small, diverse, urban, independent K-8th grade elementary school. Data were gathered from six sources: notes from the participating second-grade teacher’s planning meetings over the course of a two and a half month unit of instruction about genealogy; lesson plans and observation notes; interviews of participating teachers; interviews with participating students; surveys of students; and the second-grade teacher’s reflective journal. The authors took a phenomenological approach to data analysis, examining the entire data set and conducting inductive interpretive coding to identify emergent themes.

Findings

The authors found that adopting the theoretical perspective of care ethics helped a novice elementary teacher revise his/her approach to social studies instruction. Care ethics led to the teacher coming to see himself/herself as a teacher of care ethics, focusing on dialogue over stories to teach caring in diverse contexts, and highlighting social aspects of the curriculum. The students’ descriptions of their learning indicate that they perceived a larger purpose for their social studies lessons – in this case, participation in social life – and that this perception contributed to their engagement.

Research limitations/implications

The study was conducted at one school site where the teachers enjoyed the intellectual freedom to infuse new perspectives such as care ethics into their curriculum. More research needs to be done to explore the feasibility of application of these ideas elsewhere.

Practical implications

Implications include how adopting an ethic of care provides a larger purpose for social studies that may deepen the educative experience, both for the teacher and for the students. Adopting an ethic of care in social studies might help cultivate students’ inclination to act in more caring ways toward one another.

Originality/value

This paper addresses the overlooked ethical purposes of teaching social studies from a care ethics perspective.
An overview of multicultural education in the USA: grandest social experiment
Authors: Kirylo James D.
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the historical and theoretical foundation of multicultural education in the USA. The discussion begins with a review of how diverse populations (e.g. ethnic, race, language, religious, cultural, class, and other differences) immigrated to the USA resulting in the need for multicultural sensitivities and responsiveness in the educational system. The paper describes how multicultural education has unfolded and discusses a culturally relevant pedagogy framework. The historical and theoretical contexts of multicultural education provide the foundation for determining if educational approaches are used and decisions are made that meet the needs of the diverse student population in the US public schools.

Design/methodology/approach

Emerging from the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, the notion of multicultural education unfolded (Sleeter, 2000) leading to the present day where a plethora of literature exists, well informing teacher education and school districts all over the country (see the reference section for some of the represented literature). In response to a largely Eurocentric point of view and the notion of a “melting pot” mindset, multicultural education is one that unfolds out of a pluralistic perspective. While the intent of the “melting pot” concept was to recognize ethnic and cultural differences in a dynamic that would harmoniously “melt” into a unique blend of what America is, what happened was “[…] the brew turned out to be Anglo-Saxon again […] reinforce[ing] the ethnocentrism of the majority and convince ethnic minorities that their ethnicity and cultural heritage were illegitimate and hence needed to be abandoned” (Pai and Adler, 2001, p. 63).

Findings

In the final analysis, awareness of historical and theoretical contexts in light of curricular objectives, instructional approaches, and ways students are assessed is critical in order to better make educational decisions that are just and best serve a diverse student population (Duarte and Smith, 2000). Indeed, a principal goal of multicultural education is the fostering of educational equity (Banks, 2006).

Originality/value

The issue for the classroom teacher, therefore, is not whether there will be multiple complex challenges in encountering differences; rather, the question for the teacher is an understanding of one’s level of awareness of those differences and the contexts that frames those differences. Hence, in the end, the more aware a teacher is about concepts related to multicultural education, the more likely the movement toward educational equity will be cultivated, and the more likely the grandest social experiment in the world will fruitfully advance.
Rethinking place, boundaries, and local history in social studies teacher education
Authors: Harshman Jason
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report on a qualitative study that examined how pre-service teachers (PSTs) used mobile technology and experiential learning to critically examine the processes that shape places over time. During Summer course work that occurred prior to beginning their field experience and student teaching, participants explored neighborhoods and public spaces, and researched the history as well as contemporary issues relevant to the places in which their future students live, play, work, shop, and go to school. The use of social media as a forum for sharing and reflecting upon their experiences provided opportunity to critique neoliberal and race-based public policies, as well as support reflection on the relationships between geography and teaching about social (in)justice in the social studies. Findings inform the work of teacher educators who seek to help teacher candidates think more deeply about how spatial contexts inform culturally sustaining and critically minded pedagogy in the social studies.

Design/methodology/approach

This qualitative study included pre- and post-surveys and two one-on-one interviews between research participants and the researcher. Data were also gathered through the use of posts made by participants to a shared social media account. Interested in the interactive process of subjects and their surroundings, symbolic interactionism provided the methodological framework for this study.

Findings

Involvement in the study provided PSTs with new ways of thinking about how places are shaped over time and the importance of incorporating local intersections of geography and injustice in the classroom. Through experiential learning, PSTs developed a critical understanding of how place relates to who they teach, moved away from deficit thinking about people and places, and, as evidenced in the examples shared, approached lesson planning as place-relevant and culturally sustaining social studies educators.

Originality/value

The majority of students enrolled in teacher education courses in the USA remains white and it is well documented that most possess few cultural and geographic ties to the schools and students they work with as PSTs. Interested in the intersection of race, place, and teacher education, this paper discusses research conducted with 12 pre-service secondary social studies teachers (PSTs) who were enrolled in an eight-week Summer seminar course that preceded their Fall field experience and Spring student teaching placements to learn how they interpret their movement through spaces and their understanding of how geography, race, and agency intersect and impact students.
Study of macromolecular interactions in low‐fat brined cheese modified with Zedu gum
Authors: Baghdadi Fatemeh , Aminifar Mehrnaz , farhoodi Mehdi , Shojaee Ali Abadi Saeedeh
Published: September 2017

The functionality of Zedu gum as a fat mimetic in low‐fat brined cheese was studied. The physicochemical, textural, rheological, microstructural and sensory properties of cheese samples modified with 0.1% and 0.25% of Zedu gum were compared to those of control cheeses (low‐fat and full‐fat cheeses with no fat mimetic) during ripening. To obtain further information about the cheeses' structure and interactions between macromolecules (casein protein and Zedu gum), other parameters were analysed by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Incorporation of Zedu gum into low‐fat cheese caused an open microstructure and softer texture in comparison with the control low‐fat cheese. The thermal properties and FTIR spectra of the cheeses were influenced by both fat mimetic and ripening time. On days 1 and 60 of ripening time, the lower value of enthalpy of the low‐fat cheese with 0.25 g of Zedu gum/kg of milk (AS 0.25) in comparison with control low‐fat cheese could have been due to the electrostatic nature of the interactions between Zedu gum and casein protein. On both days, the FTIR spectrum of AS 0.25 showed a well separated absorption at 1746 cm−1 possibly due to the formation of ester groups as a result of the interaction of the carbonyl groups in Zedu gum with the hydroxyl groups of some amino acids in casein.
Functional role for suppression of the insular–striatal circuit in modulating interoceptive effects of alcohol
Authors: Jaramillo Anel A. , Agan Verda E. , Makhijani Viren H. , Pedroza Stephen , McElligott Zoe A. , Besheer Joyce
Published: September 2017

The insular cortex (IC) is a region proposed to modulate, in part, interoceptive states and motivated behavior. Interestingly, IC dysfunction and deficits in interoceptive processing are often found among individuals with substance‐use disorders. Furthermore, the IC projects to the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC), a region known to modulate the discriminative stimulus/interoceptive effects of alcohol and other drug‐related behaviors. Therefore, the goal of the present work was to investigate the possible role of the IC ➔ AcbC circuit in modulating the interoceptive effects of alcohol. Thus, we utilized a chemogenetic technique (hM4Di designer receptor activation by designer drugs) to silence neuronal activity in the IC of rats trained to discriminate alcohol (1 g/kg, IG) versus water using an operant or Pavlovian alcohol discrimination procedure. Chemogenetic silencing of the IC or IC ➔ AcbC neuronal projections resulted in potentiated sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of alcohol in both the operant and Pavlovian tasks. Together, these data provide critical evidence for the nature of the complex IC circuitry and, specifically, suppression of the insular–striatal circuit in modulating behavior under a drug stimulus control.
The distribution of vascular epiphytes over gradients of light and humidity in north‐east Australian rainforest
Authors: Sanger Jennifer C. , Kirkpatrick Jamie B.
Published: September 2017

Microclimatic conditions have a strong influence on the distribution of vascular epiphytes, among which orchids often occur in sunnier and more drought‐prone situations than ferns. However, very few studies have looked at the distribution of ferns and orchids in Australian tropical rainforests. By using transmitted light measurements at the locations of individual epiphytes and vapour pressure deficit from the canopy and base of host trees, we were able to determine the patterns of light and humidity in the rainforest environment, and the responses of ferns and orchids to variation in the physical environments. We surveyed five sites, ranging from 800 to 1180 m in elevation in the lower montane rainforests of north‐east Australia. Data loggers recorded the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) at the forest floor and canopy of each site. Light was correlated with height within the host tree and VPD differed significantly over position in the host tree and elevation. There was a strong partitioning of taxonomic groups over the light and VPD gradients. Orchids occurred in environments that had higher mean light levels and mean daily maximum VPD (27% and 0.43 kPa, respectively) than ferns (21% and 0.28 kPa). There was also strong microclimatic partitioning of species within taxonomic groups, suggesting that microclimatic factors play an important role in the realized niche spaces of epiphytes within the tropical Australian rainforest. Thus, the tested ecological generalizations made on tropical rainforest epiphytes apply in Australia.
Histochemical and surface ultrastructural characteristics of the nasal cavity of laughing dove
Authors: Farouk S. M. , Hassan S. A. , Emam M. A.
Published: September 2017

Ten apparently healthy, adult laughing doves were used to document detailed histological, histochemical and surface ultrastructural features of the nasal cavity and to investigate the structure‐function relationship of the nasal cavity in this species. We observed that the nasal cavity of the laughing dove was composed of three main regions: nasal vestibule, respiratory and olfactory. Each region presented a characteristic epithelial lining. The epithelium varied along the nasal vestibule from keratinized stratified squamous rostrally to non‐keratinized stratified squamous in the middle and stratified cuboidal in the caudal region of the nasal vestibule. The respiratory region was lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium and was initially devoid of both goblet cells and cilia, but cilia then appeared and increased gradually in number close to the olfactory region. The caudal part of the respiratory region presented a stratified cuboidal epithelium. Strong alcianophilic, intra‐epithelial mucous glands were identified, starting at the caudal region of the nasal vestibule and extended into the respiratory region. The olfactory region was lined with a pseudostratified epithelium that consisted of three different cell types: olfactory, support cells and basal cells. In conclusion, the current investigation presents new information concerning the histological, histochemical and ultrastructural features of the laughing dove's nasal cavity. Furthermore, the findings of this study may prove to be a valuable contribution to the avian histology and pathology literature.
Bureaucracies of Blood and Belonging: Documents, HIV‐positive Youth and the State in South Africa
Authors: Vale Beth , Hodes Rebecca , Cluver Lucie , Thabeng Mildred
Published: September 2017

In response to its constitutional commitments and social welfare provisions in the era of democracy, the post‐apartheid South African state is increasingly called upon to provide for the lives and livelihoods of its citizens. These demands have intensified amid escalating joblessness and the highest numbers of people living with HIV worldwide. Over the past decade, antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been incorporated into an ever‐expanding welfare bureaucracy, in which access to state assistance is mediated by the collection and monitoring of biometric, bureaucratic data. Drawing on 18 months of ethnographic research in the Eastern Cape, this article explores how state documents bring young people on ART into an ambiguous relationship with the state — one that is at once subordinating and enabling. While social research on ART addresses both the empowering and coercive aspects of treatment taking, less attention has been given to how these modes of participation might be mutually constitutive. In this article, the authors examine how the same technologies that discipline youth on ART might also support and protect them; how welfare dependencies entail paradoxical forms of agency; and how the state's ability to control and to ‘care for’ citizens might be reciprocally dependent.
The Shady Side of Consultation and Compensation: ‘Divide‐and‐Rule’ Tactics in Bolivia's Extraction Sector
Authors: Schilling‐Vacaflor Almut , Eichler Jessika
Published: September 2017

The rights to prior consultation and compensation have been established within the framework of international indigenous peoples’ rights. However, in practice these processes have often gone hand in hand with adverse social consequences for local populations, such as the exacerbation of conflicts, the division of communities and the weakening of indigenous organizations. These phenomena have received little attention, despite their great relevance for these populations. This article sheds light on the use by the Bolivian state and extraction corporations of exclusionary participation and negotiation processes, on the one hand, and ‘carrot‐and‐stick’ techniques on the other, which have together accounted for negative social impacts on the ground. The article is based on recently conducted field research, focus group discussions and semi‐structured interviews in Guaraní communities in Bolivia. The findings extend the existing literature by providing a fine‐grained and systematic analysis of divisive undertakings and their sociocultural and sociopolitical consequences in neo‐extractivist Bolivia. The broader implications of the study add to academic debates about participation in development, about ‘divide‐and‐rule’ tactics and about the practice of indigenous peoples’ rights.
Selling Stabilization: Anxious Practices of Militarized Development Contracting
Authors: Greenburg Jennifer
Published: September 2017

This article examines how post‐9/11 US military trainings have conscripted development as a weapon of war. The post‐9/11 years saw the increasing dominance of for‐profit international development contractors (IDCs), who, by 2010, were winning more valuable contracts from the US Agency for International Development (USAID) than non‐profit organizations, UN agencies, and the World Bank. This article describes financial, administrative and bureaucratic shifts in the integration of development and defence that have fed into the increasing dominance of IDCs. In the mid‐2000s, USAID developed an instructional framework to translate development for military audiences. The framework speaks to the rejection in this period of the language of ‘hearts and minds’ and the adoption of a technical language of ‘stabilization’ amenable to private contracting. Drawing on ethnographic observations of private civilian contractors teaching the USAID framework on military bases, I examine the contradictions of ‘stabilization’ as a concept sold in private militarized development markets, and as a lived practice of military learning that often conflicts with other dimensions of soldiering.
Experimental and numerical characterization of low cycle fatigue and creep fatigue behaviour of P92 steel welded joint
Authors: Wang X. , Zhang W. , Gong J. , Jiang Y.
Published: September 2017

Low cycle fatigue (LCF) and creep fatigue interaction (CFI) behaviour of P92 steel welded joint were investigated experimentally and numerically. Strain‐controlled LCF tests at different strain amplitudes and CFI tests at different peak strain holding time were conducted. Evolutions of cyclic stress response, mean stress, and creep strain during cycling were described, in which the influence of strain amplitude and holding time were investigated. A specific heat treatment process was proposed to get the homogenous simulated material of fine grain region and coarse grain region in the heat affected zone. Material parameters of parent material, fine grain heat affected zone, coarse grain heat affected zone, and weld metal in the unified viscoplasticity model were then determined and validated. To predict the LCF and CFI behaviour of welded joint, 3‐dimensional unified viscoplasticity model with a modified isotropic variable was compiled into ABAQUS UMAT. The comparison between the predicted and experimental result under LCF and CFI loadings showed that the simulation results were reasonable and agreed with the experimental data well.
Performance Assessments of a Novel Well Design for Reducing Exposure to Bedrock‐Derived Arsenic
Authors: Winston Richard B. , Ayotte Joseph D.
Published: September 2017

Arsenic in groundwater is a serious problem in New England, particularly for domestic well owners drawing water from bedrock aquifers. The overlying glacial aquifer generally has waters with low arsenic concentrations but is less used because of frequent loss of well water during dry periods and the vulnerability to surface‐sourced bacterial contamination. An alternative, novel design for shallow wells in glacial aquifers is intended to draw water primarily from unconsolidated glacial deposits, while being resistant to drought conditions and surface contamination. Its use could greatly reduce exposure to arsenic through drinking water for domestic use. Hypothetical numerical models were used to investigate the potential hydraulic performance of the new well design in reducing arsenic exposure. The aquifer system was divided into two parts, an upper section representing the glacial sediments and a lower section representing the bedrock. The location of the well, recharge conditions, and hydraulic properties were systematically varied in a series of simulations and the potential for arsenic contamination was quantified by analyzing groundwater flow paths to the well. The greatest risk of arsenic contamination occurred when the hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock aquifer was high, or where there was upward flow from the bedrock aquifer because of the position of the well in the flow system.
Migraine and Yawning
Authors: Güven Bülent , Güven Hayat , Çomoğlu Selim Selçuk
Published: September 2017

Background

Yawning is considered to be a symptom that reflects dopaminergic activity, although its pathophysiological mechanism is not yet fully understood. Interestingly, repetitive yawning is seen in some patients during migraine attacks. The aim of this cross‐sectional study is to investigate the frequency of yawning during migraine attacks and its association with different characteristics of migraine.

Methods

Patients with migraine with or without aura were evaluated using questionnaires and diaries to determine the characteristics of headache and accompanying symptoms. Repetitive yawning in the premonitory phase and/or during headache were determined.

Results

Three hundred and thirty‐nine patients were included in the study. One hundred and fifty‐four patients reported repetitive yawning (45.4%) during migraine attacks. Repetitive yawning was reported in the 11.2% of the patients in the premonitory phase, 24.2% during headaches, and 10% both in the premonitory phase and during headaches. Migraine with aura (46.8 vs 31.9%; P = .005), accompanying nausea (89.6 vs 75.1%; P = .001), vomiting (48.7 vs 37.8%; P = .044), osmophobia (66.7 vs 52.3%; P = .024), and cutaneous allodynia (58.2 vs 46%; P = .032) were more common in patients with yawning than without. Other dopaminergic‐hypothalamic premonitory symptoms (41.6 vs 26.5%; P = .003), especially sleepiness (17.5 vs 5.9%; P = .001), irritability/anxiety (21.4% vs 11.4%; P = .019), nausea/vomiting (10.4 vs 4.3%; P = .03), and changes in appetite (18.2 vs 9.7%; P = .024), were also more frequent in patients with yawning than without. After being adjusted for all other relevant covariates, the odds of repetitive yawning were increased by the presence of nausea (OR 2.88; 95% CI 1.453‐5.726; P = .002) and migraine with aura (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.035‐2.671; P = .036).

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that yawning is a common self‐reported symptom leading or accompanying migraine attacks and is associated with aura, nausea and/or vomiting, osmophobia, and cutaneous allodynia in patients with migraine. Although yawning is a rather frequently seen behavior, it is a unique and reliable symptom in patients with migraine that may offer an opportunity for early treatment of migraine attacks.
MOHS micrographic surgery for treating erosive adenoma of the nipple: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Barco Israel , Vidal MCarmen , Fraile Manel , Masferrer Emili , Barco Leo , Barco Didac , Baez Cinthya J. , Giménez Nuria , Pessarrodona Antoni , García‐Fernández Antonio
Published: September 2017

Background

Erosive adenoma of the nipple (EAN) is a benign condition that involves major ducts of the nipple. Its clinical presentation may resemble other disorders. Complete removal of the nipple is often suggested because of frequent relapse. However, adverse cosmetic and functional results have prompted clinicians to look for other more conservative options.

Aims

To present a case of EAN successfully treated using Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) and summarize differential diagnosis and treatment.

Materials and Methods

A 40‐year‐old woman with EAN was diagnosed by immunohistochemical markers after clinical suspicion. We have reviewed other cases treated with MMS in the literature.

Results

In this patient, lesion size was 0.8 cm and the margin specimen was 1 × 0.9 × 0.2 cm, with EAN as histopathologic diagnosis. No atypia or malignancy was reported. Final esthetic outcome was reached with only one session, under local anesthesia and on an outpatient basis.

Discussion

Dermatologic lesions appearing on the nipple's surface should be closely followed. Paget's disease, carcinoma or proliferative lesions like EAN have to be considered, and such conditions require different surgical approaches. Traditional complete removal of the nipple is performed in many cases, but it may result in over‐treatment and unfavorable cosmetic outcome. MMS is frequently used in dermatologic surgery to treat malignant lesions with a high cure rate, avoiding excess tissue excision and leading to better patient satisfaction.

Conclusion

EAN can be successfully treated by minimal resection, especially if early diagnosis is done. MMS offers a better aesthetic outcome than traditional total excision.
Mothers' Within‐Marriage Economic Prospects and Later Food Security: Does Marital Outcome Matter?
Authors: Men Fei
Published: September 2017

Single mother households are among those most susceptible to food insecurity, yet little do we know about its reason. By looking at the role of marital dissolution, this study examines whether within‐marriage economic prospects are related to posterior food security differently for recently divorced mothers and their continuously married counterparts. Regression analyses on recent Survey of Income and Program Participation data reveal that college diploma is related to lower risk of food insecurity for married and divorced mothers alike. On the other hand, severe disabilities and more births given in the past are associated with greater increase in food insecurity risk for recently divorced mothers than for their continuously married counterparts. Results of this study demonstrate the importance of education to mothers' food security overall and highlight the particular challenge faced by divorced mothers with severe disability or multiple children.
Asking the difficult questions: Building the capacity of community paediatricians to routinely enquire and respond to family violence
Authors: Gibbons Claire L , Holmes Hilary , Bragg Judith , Neeman Teresa
Published: September 2017

Aim

To enhance the confidence and capacity of community paediatricians and paediatric trainees to identify and respond to family violence, through a series of education sessions and evidence‐based recommendations.

Methods

The action research methodology included a literature search to review the data on family violence education programmes and evidence‐based family violence screening tools. Six education sessions were then developed and held for physicians at the Community Paediatric and Child Health Service (CPCHS). An audit was performed on the charts of all new referrals to the CPCHS for a period of 18 months prior to the education sessions and 5 months following the education sessions. A questionnaire was distributed at the first and final education sessions to gauge physician comfort with enquiry into family violence.

Results

The documented rate of enquiry into family violence at CPCHS was 24% in the retrospective chart audit. Following the series of education sessions, the documented rate of enquiry increased to 60% (P < 0.05, odds ratio 4.7, confidence interval 2.7–8.4). The documented rate of disclosure of family violence also increased from 13% of all new patients in the retrospective chart audit to 24% in the prospective arm of the study (P < 0.05, odds ratio 2.1, confidence interval 1.0–4.0). Following the education sessions, all participants agreed that they routinely enquired about family violence and were comfortable enquiring about family violence.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that clinician education about family violence supports routine enquiry about family violence in community paediatric consultations.
Chondrule heritage and thermal histories from trace element and oxygen isotope analyses of chondrules and amoeboid olivine aggregates
Authors: Jacquet Emmanuel , Marrocchi Yves
Published: September 2017

We report combined oxygen isotope and mineral‐scale trace element analyses of amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOA) and chondrules in ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite, Northwest Africa 5958. The trace element geochemistry of olivine inAOA, for the first time measured byLA‐ICP‐MS, is consistent with a condensation origin, although the shallow slope of its rare earth element (REE) pattern is yet to be physically explained. Ferromagnesian silicates in type I chondrules resemble those in other carbonaceous chondrites both geochemically and isotopically, and we find a correlation between16O enrichment and many incompatible elements in olivine. The variation in incompatible element concentrations may relate to varying amounts of olivine crystallization during a subisothermal stage of chondrule‐forming events, the duration of which may be anticorrelated with the local solid/gas ratio if this was the determinant of oxygen isotopic ratios as proposed recently. While aqueous alteration has depleted many chondrule mesostases inREE, some chondrules show recognizable subdued groupII‐like patterns supporting the idea that the immediate precursors of chondrules were nebular condensates.
A hemiparasite in the forest understorey: photosynthetic performance and carbon balance ofMelampyrum pratense
Authors: Světlíková P. , Hájek T. , Těšitel J.
Published: September 2017

Melampyrum pratenseis an annual root‐hemiparasitic plant growing mostly in forest understorey, an environment with unstable light conditions. While photosynthetic responses of autotrophic plants to variable light conditions are in general well understood, light responses of root hemiparasites have not been investigated.

We carried out gas exchange measurements (light response and photosynthetic induction curves) to assess the photosynthetic performance ofM. pratensein spring and summer. These data and recorded light dynamics data were subsequently used to model carbon balance of the hemiparasite throughout the entire growth season.

Summer leaves had significantly lower rates of saturated photosynthesis and dark respiration than spring leaves, a pattern expected to reflect the difference between sun‐ and shade‐adapted leaves. However, even the summer leaves of the hemiparasite exhibited a higher rate of light‐saturated photosynthesis than reported in non‐parasitic understorey herbs. This is likely related to its annual life history, rare among other understorey herbs. The carbon balance model considering photosynthetic induction still indicated insufficient autotrophic carbon gain for seed production in the summer months due to limited light availability and substantial carbon loss through dark respiration.

The results point to potentially high importance of heterotrophic carbon acquisition inM. pratense, which could be of at least comparable importance as in other mixotrophic plants growing in forests – mistletoes and partial mycoheterotrophs. It is remarkable that despite apparent evolutionary pressure towards improved carbon acquisition from the host,M. pratense retains efficient photosynthesis and high transpiration rate, the ecophysiological traits typical of related root hemiparasites in the Orobanchaceae.
On the new economic geography of a multicone world
Authors: Commendatore P. , Kubin I. , Mossay P.
Published: September 2017

We build a new economic geography model incorporating differences in productivity among sectors and countries, thus allowing for comparative advantage. We study the role that market size, absolute advantage, and comparative advantage have on the trade patterns and the long‐run spatial distribution of economic activity in a world with multicones of specialization. We briefly mention the possibility of long‐term fluctuations in the spatial distribution of industry by relying on a discrete‐time framework.
Modeling agglomeration and dispersion in space: The role of labor migration, capital mobility and vertical linkages
Authors: Di Comite Francesco , Kancs d'Artis , Lecca Patrizio
Published: September 2017

In this paper we investigate the role played by capital mobility, labor migration and input–output linkages in shaping the spatial distribution of economic activity in a spatial computable general equilibrium framework. We identify European Union core and periphery regions based on an accessibility index and simulate the impact of a homogeneous transport shock. Our results suggest that agglomeration patterns are magnified by labor and capital mobility, the latter exerting a stronger influence than the former. Results are more nuanced for vertical linkages, which are associated with more agglomeration in terms of GDP, but more dispersion in terms of number of firms and labor demand. These results shed additional light on location mechanisms in applied general equilibrium applications of the new economic geography (NEG) theory and complement the theoretical NEG literature based on analytically solvable models.
The impact of trade costs on the European Regional Trade Network: An empirical and theoretical analysis
Authors: Basile Roberto , Commendatore Pasquale , De Benedictis Luca , Kubin Ingrid
Published: September 2017

Using intra‐European interregional trade data, we analyze the topology of the E.U. regional trade network. A triad census analysis confirms the intuition that the interregional trade network (and, thus, the European economic integration) is far from being complete. The majority of the E.U. interregional trade patterns are characterized by simple, at best bilateral, configurations. Moreover, we analyze the effect of trade costs in shaping the topological structure of the network. It emerges that the relative presence of simple trade configurations increases with distance, while the relative presence of more complex trade configurations decreases with distance. Finally, we discuss the theoretical underpinnings of these empirical facts through a simple new economic geography model with three regions. In this model, we analyze how trade costs shape the pattern of the trade network. On the whole we find a correspondence between theoretic and empirical results. However, details differ and they suggest directions for further research.
Stability and welfare effects of profit taxes within an evolutionary market interaction model
Authors: Schmitt Noemi , Tuinstra Jan , Westerhoff Frank
Published: September 2017

We develop a partial equilibrium model in which firms can locate in two separate regions. A firm's decision where to locate in a given period depends on the regions' relative profitability. If firms react strongly to the regions' relative profitability, their market switching behavior generates unstable dynamics. If the goal of policy makers is to stabilize these dynamics they can do so by introducing profit taxes that reduce the regions' relative profitability. While stability can already be obtained by imposing profit taxes in one of the two regions, total welfare is maximized if policy makers coordinate their tax setting behavior across regions. However, policy makers only interested in welfare in their own region may have the incentive to decrease their profit tax below this level, thereby attracting more firms and increasing tax revenues, at the cost of instability in both regions.
Corporate governance drivers of firm innovation capacity
Authors: Bobillo Alfredo M. , Rodríguez‐Sanz J.A. , Tejerina‐Gaite F.
Published: September 2017

We investigate the predictive factors of firm innovation capacity (FIC), proxied by intangible assets, as a means towards sustainable competitive advantage in a world of global change and innovation. The primary aim of this paper is to identify the key factors shaping a firm's innovation capacity management style. We use panel data for 1,942 firms (20,171 observations) in Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, United States, and Spain, over the period 1999 to 2014. Our results show that capabilities driven by corporate governance mechanisms currently constitute the pivotal support for firms' innovation capacity (FIC). Our main findings are that corporate governance drivers such as executive incentives (E‐P) and the presence of independent nonexecutive directors (INEDs) have a bearing on FIC. Meanwhile, managerial performance (MP) and institutional shareholder activism (AI) emerge as basic motivational instruments and mechanisms of alignment between firm ownership and control. The influence of incentives and INEDs is found to be negative and that of institutional shareholder activism and MP to be positive. With respect to the business context, we find evidence of higher efficiency in firm disciplinary mechanisms in the Anglo‐American than in the Continental corporate governance model.
Patient Blood Management – from local initiatives to European collaborations
Authors: Bruun M. T. , Georgsen J. , Titlestad K. , Yazer M. , Murphy M. F.
Published: September 2017

Patient blood management (PBM), as defined by the WHO, is a patient‐focused, evidence‐based and systematic approach to optimize the management of patient and transfusion of blood products for quality and effective patient care. It is designed to improve patient outcomes through the safe and rational use of blood and blood products and by minimizing unnecessary exposure to blood products. Important elements of PBM are optimizing haemoglobin concentrations without blood transfusion, minimizing blood loss and managing anaemia, especially by use of evidence‐based transfusion guidelines and pharmacological agents. Local PBM initiatives differ substantially. In one region of Denmark, the majority of PBM initiatives over the last 10 years have been based on provider education and enforcement of national guidelines. Evaluation of the effect of these initiatives indicated that education alone can be an effective and durable method of reducing unnecessary transfusions. To improve implementation and knowledge of PBM, benchmarking of experiences between hospitals and countries seems rational, and several initiatives regarding PBM are being undertaken in Europe. Patient Blood Management in Europe (PaBloE) is a working group of the European Blood Alliance. Its objectives are to derive good practices in PBM and to develop ways to implement these practices. Within this group, several surveys have been performed relating to blood product consumption, implementation of PBM, and knowledge of PBM principles and practices among clinicians. These surveys have shown variation in transfusion rates between the participating hospitals, and variable implementation of PBM activities and monitoring of transfusion practice.
The deferred donor
Authors: Compernolle V.
Published: September 2017

Donor selection criteria are an important step in ensuring both the safety of blood products and the well‐being of donors. In the absence of adequate testing for HIV and HCV in the 1980s, donor selection criteria were implemented to increase the safety of blood products. Donor selection criteria continue to have the advantage of rapid implementation in case of emerging infectious diseases. With the development of sensitive screening tests for HIV, HBV and HCV and with changes in the level of certain risks over time, a revision of some of the donor selection criteria may be necessary. Recent studies revealed that deferred donors are less likely to return for a subsequent donation. Strategies to rapidly rerecruit deferred donors once eligible appear to limit the loss of donors. Efforts to prevent deferral of the donor at the collection site can also be made. Educating donors about the current donor selection criteria and providing donors with tools (e.g. online self‐tests) to facilitate self‐deferral both contribute to lower deferral at the collection site. In addition, as a low haemoglobin level is a frequent reason for donor deferral, interventions should be developed to reduce the proportion of donors in this category.