bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Perfection of Interpreting By Non-Linguist Interpreters
Authors: Yulianti Ni Ketut Dewi
Published: June 2016

An interpreter is a person who converts a thought or expression in a source language into an expression with a comparable meaning in a target language in real time. The function of interpreters is to convey every semantic element (tone and register) and every intention and feeling of the message that the source-language speaker is directing to target-language recipients. Interpreting (oral translation) is not an easy job. In written translation, a translator has time to consider and revise each word and sentence before delivering their product to the client. While an interpreter’s goal is to achieve total accuracy at all times, details of the original (source) speech can be missed and interpreters can ask for clarification from the speaker. This paper deals with the perfection of  interpreting by non-linguist  interpreters in Bhagawad Gita class in Sri Sri Jaganath Gaurangga Temple in Denpasar, and it has been presented in 2ndTranscon (International Translation Conference) in Jakarta, but hasn’t been published yet. There are some interpreters at the temple that have no special background knowledge about linguistics, especially translation / interpreting, but they can deliver the message from the source language (SL) English into the target Language (TL) Indonesian perfectly. The cross-culture understanding that they have and their knowledge background about the text (Bhagavad Gita) play an important role in this case. The interpreters have been interviewed for the purpose of this paper to find out the factors that affect the perfection of interpreting for non-linguist interpreters.
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Clean India Abhiyan
Authors: Vishwakarma Devendra
Published: June 2016

According to the statistics, it has seen that only few percentage of total population have access to the toilets. It is a programmer run by the government to seriously work to fulfill the vision of Father of Nation (Bapu) by calling the people from all walks of life to make it successful globally. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a national cleanliness campaign established by the Government of India. This campaign is covering 4041 statutory towns in order to clean roads, streets, and infrastructure of the India. It is a mass movement has run to create a Clean India by 2019. It is a step ahead to the Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of Swachh Bharat for healthy and prosperous life. This mission was launched on 2nd of October 2014 (145th birth anniversary of Bapu) by targeting its completeness in 2019 on 150th birth anniversary of Bapu. The mission has been implemented to cover all the rural and urban areas of the India under the Ministry of Urban Development and the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation accordingly the first cleanliness drive (on 25th of September 2014) of this mission was started by the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi earlier to its launch. This mission has targeted to solve the sanitation problems as well as better waste management all over the India by creating sanitation facilities to all. Swachh Bharat mission is very necessary to run continuously in India until it gets its goal. It is very essential for the people in India to really get the feeling of physical, mental, social and intellectual well-being. It is to make living status advance in India in real means which can be started by bringing all over cleanliness. Below I have mentioned some points proving the urgent need of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in India.
The Meaning and Methods of Drain of Wealth in Colonial India
Authors: Meena Hareet Kumar
Published: June 2016

Among all the national movements in colonial countries, the Indian national movement (1885-1947) was the most deeply and firmly rooted in understanding the nature and character of colonial economic domination and exploitation. Its early leaders, known as the moderates, were the first in the 19th century to develop an economic critique of colonialism. The constant flow of wealth from erial return has been described by Indian nationalist and economists as drain of weaIndia to England for which India did not get an adequate economic, commercial or matlth from India. They made it clear that the colonial government was utilizing Indian resources, both natural and human, as land revenue, agriculture and industry not for developing India but for the industrial development and extension in Britain. The drain of wealth was interpreted as an indirect tribute extracted by imperial Britain from India year after year. According to the nationalist calculations, this chain amounted to one-half of the government revenues more than the entire land revenue collection and over one-third of India’s total savings. The Drain of Wealth theory was systemically initiated by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1867 and further analyzed and developed by R. P. Dutt, M. G Ranade, etc. Their focal point of critique of colonialism was the drain theory. They pointed out that a large part of India’s capital and wealth was being transferred or drained to Britain in the form of salaries and pensions of British civil and military officials working in India, interests on loans taken by the Indian government, profits of the British capitalists in India and the home charges or expenses of the Indian Government in Britain.
Corporate Social Responsibility-A Case Study of Balco Power Plant (Vedanta)
Authors: Lakra Sunit , Kumar Mahesh
Published: June 2016

The Concept of CSR is slowly evolving with the development of India. The voluntary compliance of social and ecological responsibility of companies is called Corporate Social Responsibility. The Concept of CSR moves from philanthropy and charity to women empowerment & rural development and then to community development. Corporate social responsibility is the commitment of Organizations towards all stakeholders which includes employees, shareholders, investors, regulators, consumers and community. The main domain of CSR activities are employee welfare, women empowerment, social and economic development, community welfare and environmental issues.Corporate Social Responsibility is a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their stakeholders. CSR is generally understood as being the way through which a company achieves a balance of economic, environmental and social imperatives (“Triple-Bottom-Line- Approach”), while at the same time addressing the expectations of shareholders and stakeholders. In this sense it is important to draw a distinction between CSR, which can be a strategic business management concept, and charity, sponsorships or philanthropy. Even though the latter can also make a valuable contribution to poverty reduction, will directly enhance the reputation of a company and strengthen its brand, the concept of CSR clearly goes beyond that. This paper highlights the concept of CSR and practices exhibited by Balco Power Plant.
Moral Values in the Folklore of Pan Balang Tamak Story (Sociolinguistic Study)
Authors: Citrawati Putu Evi Wahyu , Wahyu Gede Eka , Aryani I Gusti Agung Istri
Published: June 2016

In Balinese people, there are allots of folklores that scattered in the society which they call Satua Bali. Narrowly, satua Bali is a story that spread out from generation to generation and words of mouth, it is not known who the creator as well. Meanwhile, in the broad sense, satua Bali is derived from the work of authors, whether it is use Balinese language or ancient Javanese language. There are many satua Bali still survive, one of them is satua Pan Balang Tamak. Pan Balang Tamak is the figure who has very clever character and he does not want to be lost by the villager. Because of his cleverness, the villagers and even the king hate him. And, the attempted to deceive him, but all of their efforts were in vain. Many moral values can be learnt from the story of Pan Balang Tamak, that we are as individual as members of the public should not attempt to cheat, or deceive others. And, the brightness brain that we owned should be used to help others. Data was taken from the story which its existence in society, namely satua Pan Balang Tamak. Then, the data is collected by means of written discourse according to topic above. The method suitable for the study which has written language is a method refers to advanced technique such as technical note (Sudaryanto, 1985:26 1986: 33). Then, the result of data analysis technique use distributional method which works within the scope of language itself without linking it with outside matters.
Study of Medical Waste and Its Management at Wangaya Hospital in Denpasar
Authors: Muliarta I Nengah
Published: June 2016

Medical waste has three forms; solid, liquid and gas which derives from hospital activities which contains microorganism, chemical material and radioactive substances. Based on description above, this research was necessary to be conducted to handle the negative impact of medical waste to the environment. The research objectives were 1) in order to know the medical waste management system of Wangaya Hospital in Denpasar, and 2) studying more about medical waste quality of Wangaya Hospital in Denpasar. The research was a case study in using method that was designed by combining the observation data with the laboratory data analyses. The research location was in Denpasar of Wangaya Hospital (B type) regarding on the high occupancy rate of the patient was compared to other hospital (B type) in Bali. The research results was to show that 1) the medical waste management of Wangaya Hospital in Denpasar was suitable yet to meet  the procedure of medical waste from Decree of Minister of health No.1204 in 2004, regarding Health Condition of Environmental Hospital. The laboratory results show that the medical waste quality in Denpasar Wangaya Hospital was above the maximum of standard limit based on Decree of Minister No. 58/MENLH/12/2004. The ashes of incinerated medical waste contained a Hg heavy metal until 2,39 ppm. Based on the research results it was concluded that the management system of medical waste in Denpasar Wangaya Hospital was suitable yet with the procedure, and the medical waste quality of outputs that was released into the environment still exceeding the maximum standard limit. Therefore, it is recommended that Denpasar Wangaya Hospital should undertake the evaluation in management system of the medical waste and its treatment plan to reduce the effluent in its output products in order to comply with the standard limit.
Clinical Significance of IgM and C3 Glomerular Deposition in Primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Zhang Yi-miao , Gu Qiu-hua , Huang Jing , Qu Zhen , Wang Xin , Meng Li-qiang , Wang Fang , Liu Gang , Cui Zhao , Zhao Ming-hui
Published: June 2016

Background and objectives

Glomerular IgM deposition is commonly shown in primary FSGS and sometimes accompanied by C3 deposition. Clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of these patients are not investigated in detail.

Design, setting, participants, &measurements

One hundred six consecutive patients with biopsy–proven primary FSGS from 2004 to 2014 were enrolled retrospectively. Clinical features and treatment outcomes were compared between patients with and without IgM/C3 deposition.

Results

Fifty-eight (54.7%) patients presented with IgM glomerular deposition on sclerotic segments. C3 and C1q depositions were shown exclusively in patients with IgM deposition (34.5% versus 0.0%; P<0.001 and 8.6% versus 0.0%; P=0.04, respectively). Patients with IgM deposition were younger (median; range: 24.5; 18.8–39.0 versus 46.5; 26.0–64.0 years old; P=0.001), had higher level of serum IgM (142.5; 96.3–206.0 versus 107.0; 71.0–140.0 mg/dl; P=0.01), and had higher level of eGFR (median; range 97.7; 48.0–135.8 versus 62.1; 33.7–93.9 ml/min per 1.73 m2; P=0.01) at the time of kidney biopsy. The percentage of sclerosis lesions was significantly higher in patients with C3 deposition (median; range: 21.7%; 15.3%–31.1% versus 9.2%; 6.6%–20.0%; P=0.002). Although patients received comparable immunosuppressive treatments during 58.9 (29.5–81.1) months of follow-up, a significantly higher prevalence of refractory cases (no response or steroid dependent) occurred in patients with combined IgM and C3 deposition compared with patients with IgM deposition alone or without IgM deposition (58.8% versus 22.2% versus 15.6%, respectively; P=0.004). Multivariate analysis identified combined IgM and C3 deposition (odds ratio, 11.32; 95% confidence interval, 2.26 to 56.65; P=0.003) as an independent risk factor for refractory patients; 19 of 98 patients developed renal dysfunction when their serum creatinine levels increased >30% from baseline and reached >1.5 mg/dl. Combined IgM and C3 deposition (hazard ratio, 5.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.34 to 23.84; P=0.02) was identified as an independent risk factor for renal dysfunction.

Conclusions

Patients with primary FSGS and IgM and C3 deposition showed unfavorable therapeutic responses and worse renal outcomes, which indicate that IgM and C3 deposition might involve disease progression via complement activation.
The Meanings of Race Matter
Authors: Johnston-Guerrero Marc P.
Published: June 2016

Given the historical legacies of racial exclusion and disparities within U.S. higher education and contemporary manifestations of racial tensions on college campuses, this study explores the meanings college students make of race within a sociopolitical context often claimed to be “postracial” (i.e., one where race no longer matters). Based on interviews with a sample ( n = 40) of undergraduates recruited from two U.S. West Coast public research universities, constructivist grounded theory methods allowed for an emergent understanding of how precollege experiences and campus contexts influenced race-related patterns in students’ experiencing of and learning about race. Such experiences contributed to six patterns of racial meaning (ancestry, culture, concept, embodiment, identity, power) that help explain how college students refute postracial claims and see race mattering (or not) on multiple levels.
Rheological Characterization and Thermal Stability of Different Intrinsic Viscosity Poly(ethylene terephthalate) in Air and Nitrogen
Authors: Chen S.-C. , Zhang X.-M. , Liu M. , Ma J.-P. , Lu W.-Y. , Chen W.-X.
Published: June 2016

Four PET samples of different intrinsic viscosity values based on diverse manufacturing processes were characterized for their linear viscoelasticity using a parallel plate rheometer. Thermal stability and frequency sweep experiments were performed in the melt state at 270 °C. The influences of drying temperature, testing atmosphere (air or nitrogen), and preparation (granules vs. samples cut from compression molded sheets) were investigated. Results indicated that a higher drying temperature promoted complex viscosity significantly and compression molded sheets generated irreversible structural changes in harsh conditions. The samples measured in air decreased because of thermo-oxidation degradation, whereas that in nitrogen unexpectedly increased slightly because of polycondensation without surface renewal. The role of carboxyl end group towards PET thermal stability was found to be influenced by the atmosphere.
Ethylene Methyl Acrylate Copolymer Toughened Poly(lactic acid) Blends: Phase Morphologies, Mechanical and Rheological Properties
Authors: Xu L. Q. , Zhao Y. Q. , Chen R. Y. , Kang B. H. , Peng X. F.
Published: June 2016

The ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA), for the first time, was melt blended with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) by a twin-screw extruder to toughen PLA. The phase morphologies, mechanical, and rheological properties of the PLA/EMA blends with six weight ratios were investigated. The results showed that the addition of EMA improves the toughness of PLA at the expense of the tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus to a certain degree, and results in the transition from brittle fracture of PLA into ductile fracture. The droplet-matrix morphology is observed in the PLA/EMA blends, in which the mean diameter of EMA droplets increases and its distribution widens gradually with increasing the EMA content. The PLA/EMA blends with three weight ratios (90/10, 80/20, and 70/30) display different characteristic linear viscoelastic properties in the low frequency region, which were investigated in terms of their complex viscosity, storage modulus, and Cole-Cole plots. The interfacial tension between the PLA and EMA is calculated using the Palierne model conducted on the 80/20 PLA/EMA blend, and the calculated result is 3.3 mN/m.
Study of Dispersive and Distributive Mixing in a Converging Pipe
Authors: Mostafaiyan M. , Wiessner S. , Heinrich G.
Published: June 2016

The creeping flow of a polymeric melt in a converging pipe is analyzed using an in-house finite element code. An introduced power-law model considers the shear thinning behavior of the viscous liquid. Furthermore, distributive and dispersive mixing processes are evaluated with the mean strain function and the Manas-Zloczower mixing index, respectively. Using a parametric study, the dependency of the mixing criteria on the rheological and geometrical factors is investigated. Finally, a new analytical expression for the evaluation of the distributive mixing is suggested, based on simplifying assumptions and a curve fitting method.
Recycling the Cork Powder in a PVC-Based Composite Material: Combined Effect on Physico-Mechanical and Thermal Properties
Authors: Boulahia H. , Zerizer A. , Touati Z. , Sesbou A.
Published: June 2016

A large amount of cork powder (CP) produced by cork industry ended up in landfills, they are the result of the crushing of natural floor (bark) cork oak, hence the need to recycle these wastes to prevent environmental problems. To this end, the work is to combine the powdered cork recovered with a thermoplastic material to provide a cork based composite (CPC) having physico-mechanical characteristics and thermal very interesting. Several formulations of composite materials based on PVC (as matrix), cork powder (as a charge) and a PVC-g-MA coupling agent, have been the subject of experimental study to evaluate the physical-mechanical and thermal properties. To investigate the combined effect of cork powder and PVC-g-MA on composite properties, the samples were manufactured by varying the content of PC (30 %, 40 % and 50 %) with two PVC-g-MA concentrations. Improving the stability of PVC which is accentuated in the presence of the coupling agent. In addition, it was found that the incorporation of the coupling agent has enabled the elimination of the adverse effect of cork powder, improving the tensile strength. The composite obtained in this study yielded some promising properties, even if building strategies to achieve greater strength and rigidity could beings needed for specific applications.
PMMA Micro-Pillar Forming in Micro Channel by Hot Embossing
Authors: Chen X. , Zhang Z. , Gao Q.
Published: June 2016

Micro-pillars forming in micro channels have been implemented by hot embossing. With dry etching and chrome photo mask, the silicon mold was fabricated using lithography process for manufacturing micro-pillars in micro channels. The hot embossing experiments are executed on the embossing machine by embossing the PMMA substrate and the silicon mold. Making the polymer filling in the concave cavity of the silicon mold is a difficulty, so the laws of polymer filling in the concave cavity were researched. The effects of three key embossing parameters including pressure, temperature and time on the PMMA replication accuracy were studied, and the optimal molding parameters were obtained. This work is instructive to fabricate microfluidic chips with micro-pillars.
GAU: Nuclear Reactors and the “Maximum Credible Accident”
Authors: Radkau Joachim
Published: June 2016

This essay traces the history of the nuclear risk discourse and policy in West Germany from the first use of the term GAU in the 1960s to the present. A close examination of the term reveals that it is in fact ambiguous, oscillating between support of nuclear energy and criticism of it. GAU, which stands for “größter anzunehmender Unfall”, is a translation of the English “maximum credible accident”, the greatest possible accident that was conceivable under realistic conditions and one that reactors were supposedly designed to be able to withstand. However, from the beginning it was a fictional construct used by the nuclear industry to receive permission for building; it was not the result of either safety-related experiments or theoretical discussions by the experts. Over time the word underwent a shift in meaning and was used by the anti-nuclear community to refer to a worst-case scenario – an accident that could no longer be controlled. This change in meaning reflects a hidden “revolution” within the community of American and West German reactor safety experts during the 1960s who challenged the validity of the concept.
Radiation and Borders: Chernobyl as a National and Transnational Site of Memory
Authors: Kalmbach Karena
Published: June 2016

The public debate about the consequences of Chernobyl is of particular political relevance because each interpretation of the event also involves a judgment about the danger of low-level radiation exposure. Thus, statements about Chernobyl and its aftermath are also claims about what it should teach us about the nonmilitary use of nuclear energy. Commemorations of Chernobyl, such as those that occur on its anniversary, are therefore inherently political: the forms of language and the “facts” used to talk about it are an attempt to influence public perceptions about the risks connected with this type of electricity production. Furthermore, the narratives created by various participants in the Chernobyl debate demonstrate how different the perceptions of risk really are.

This essay starts with an overview of the accident and its evaluation. It subsequently examines different forms of remembering Chernobyl, from both a national and transnational perspective. It discusses national and transnational carriers of memories such as literature and photography, and elaborates on the implications of the contesting narratives interpreting Chernobyl in “apocalyptic” versus “radiophobic” ways. Furthermore, the essay sheds light on the implications of Chernobyl as a national site of memory in Germany, France, and Belarus. The comparative perspective reveals the importance of underlying structures such as national (nuclear) politics, elite and expert culture, environmentalism, and the role of individual agency. These factors condition the emergence of a specific narrative of the accident within a specific discursive field, and, furthermore, determine the meaning attributed to “Chernobyl” in a given national context setting. The essay concludes with some reflections on the future of Chernobyl as a site of memory and the reshaping of the Chernobyl discourse through Fukushima.
Phylogenetic implication of molecular genotyping of Euryops jaberiana Abedin & Chaudhary (Asteraceae)
Authors: Ali M. Ajmal , Lee Joongku , Rahman M. Oliur , Al-Anazi Fahad S.M. , Al-Hemaid Fahad M.A. , Hatamleh A. A. , Lee Changyoung , Mylliemngap B. J. , Bhattacharjee A.
Published: June 2016

The taxonomic status of Euryops jaberiana Abedin & Chaudhary (tribe Senecioneae, family Asteraceae), endemic to northern Saudi Arabia was evaluated based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer sequence (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) in order to ascertain its position within the genus. The phylogenetic tree constructed by the Neighbour Joining, Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood analyses showed a clear resolution of taxon included in the analyses at the level of sections, and E. jaberiana nested within the clade of the section Angustifoliae. E. jaberiana showed proximity with the allied species E. arabicus; however, a total number of eight nucleotide differences were evident between E. jaberiana and E. arabicus, indicating E. jaberiana as distinct from its allied species.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 23(1): 45-51, 2016 (June)
Glochidion talakonense sp. nov. (Phyllanthaceae) from Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Rao M. Sankara , Swamy J. , Nagaraju S. , Padal S. B. , Naidu M. Tarakeswara , Chandramohan K. , Thulasiah T.
Published: June 2016

Glochidion talakonense M. Sankara Rao, J. Swamy, S. Nagaraju, S.B. Padal, M. Tarakeswara Naidu, K. Chandramohan & T. Thulasiah, a new species of Phyllanthaceae from Talakona hills, Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Andhra Pradesh, India, is described and illustrated. It is allied to G. karnaticum Chakrab. & M. Gangop., but differs from the latter by stamens, ovary, style and fruit characters. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 23(1): 59-63, 2016 (June)
A new variety of Phlogacanthus curviflorus (Wall.) Nees from Assam, India
Authors: Dutta Barnali , Borthakur S. K.
Published: June 2016

Not available.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 23(1): 71-74, 2016 (June)
A new variety of Musa balbisiana Colla from Assam, India
Authors: Borborah Kongkona , Borthakur S. K. , Tanti Bhaben
Published: June 2016

Not available.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 23(1): 75-78, 2016 (June)
Frequency, Not Amplitude, of Latency Affects Subjective Sickness in a Head-Mounted Display
Authors: Kinsella Amelia , Mattfeld Ryan , Muth Eric , Hoover Adam
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND: Interactions between frequency and amplitude of latency in head-mounted displays (HMDs) are thought to affect simulator sickness. Many studies have linked system latency to subjective sickness, but recent research has found that at least with the case of inertia-based
head tracking technology, latency is not a constant; rather it varies systematically over time due to sensor errors and clock asynchronization. The purpose of this experiment was to further explore the relationship between frequency and amplitude of latency as they relate to subjective sickness
experienced in an HMD.METHODS: In a 2 (frequency) × 2 (amplitude) design, 120 subjects were randomly assigned to 4 latency conditions. Frequency of latency was either 0.2 Hz or 1.0 Hz. Amplitude of latency was either 100 ms fixed or 20-100 ms varying.RESULTS: A
main effect of frequency of latency was found. Subjects reported greater sickness in the 0.2-Hz frequency conditions (39.0 ± 27.8) compared to the 1-Hz conditions (30.3 ± 17.0). Additionally, 18 subjects withdrew their participation early in the 0.2-Hz conditions compared to
7 in the 1.0-Hz conditions.DISCUSSION: In conclusion, frequency of latency appears to play a role in the experience of sickness in HMDs in both subjective reporting of symptoms and subject performance. The current study confirms results of earlier studies, finding that real motion
around a frequency of 0.2 Hz is more sickening than other frequencies. Future work should continue to parse the effects of frequency and amplitude of latency in head-tracked HMDs.Kinsella A, Mattfeld R, Muth E, Hoover A. Frequency, not amplitude, of latency affects subjective sickness in a head-mounted display. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(7):604–609.
Personal Flying Accident Rates of Selected Light Sport Aircraft Compared with General Aviation Aircraft
Authors: Mills William D. , DeJohn Charles A.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND: The issue of expanding flight privileges that do not require medical oversight is currently an important topic, especially in the United States. We compared personal flying accident rates in aircraft with special light sport aircraft (SLSA) and experimental light
sport aircraft (ELSA) airworthiness certificates to accident rates for personal flying in other general aviation (GA) aircraft.METHODS: To calculate accident rates, personal flying hours were obtained from the annual FAA General Aviation and Part 135 Activity Surveys, and numbers
of personal flying accidents were obtained from the NTSB accident database. Overall and fatal personal flying accident rates for the SLSA and ELSA groups and other GA aircraft were calculated and accident rates were compared.RESULTS: The overall personal flying accident rate for
SLSA and ELSA was found to be 29.8 per 100,000 flight hours and the fatal accident rate was 5.2 per 100,000 flying hours. These are both significantly greater than the overall personal flying rate of 12.7 per 100,000 h and fatal rate of 2.6 per 100,000 h for other GA aircraft.DISCUSSION:
Although this study has several limitations, the significantly higher accident rates in the sport pilot aircraft suggests caution when expanding sport pilot privileges to include larger, more complex aircraft.Mills WD, DeJohn CA. Personal flying accident rates of selected light sport
aircraft compared with general aviation aircraft. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(7):652–654.
A Report of Transverse Process Fractures Secondary to the Centrifuge in a Healthy Aviator
Authors: Puderbaugh Matthew A.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND: Centrifuge training, while an integral component in pilot training, is not without risks. To date there has never been a reported case of isolated transverse process fractures associated with centrifuge training.CASE REPORT: A 32-yr-old Flight Surgeon underwent
centrifuge training as part of an educational course. She had increasing back pain after exposure to the centrifuge. Follow-up studies showed left L2 and bilateral L3 transverse process fractures. No other contributory causes could be identified except for mild vitamin D deficiency.DISCUSSION:
The etiology, incidence, and treatment of transverse process fractures are examined to better prepare the clinician for the management of these cases.Puderbaugh MA. A report of transverse process fractures secondary to the centrifuge in a healthy aviator. Aerosp Med Hum Perform.
2016; 87(7):655–658.
Gaze Behavior While Operating a Complex Instrument Control Task
Authors: Kalicinski Michael , Steinberg Fabian , Dalecki Marc , Bock Otmar
Published: June 2016

INTRODUCTION: The recent developments of technology in almost all areas of industrial processing, workplace, smart homes, mobility, media, and communication change humans’ everyday life environment and behavioral responses in numerous ways. Our main objective in this study
was to determine whether subjects’ operator performance in a complex sensorimotor task is associated with their gaze behavior.METHODS: In two experiments subjects operated a complex control task. To this end they watched multiple displays, made strategic decisions, and used
multiple actuators to maximize their virtual earnings from operating a virtual power plant. In Experiment 1 we compared gaze behavior during the tasks with respect to operator performance in two different age groups (young vs. old), and in Experiment 2 in two different gravity conditions (normal
vs. microgravity).RESULTS: We found gaze pattern changed in older subjects as well as in microgravity. Older adults and subjects in microgravity looked longer at areas that are less relevant for task success. Most importantly, these changes in gaze pattern accounted for the effects
of age and microgravity and on total earnings in the instrument-control task.DISCUSSION: In conclusion, age- and gravity-related changes of gaze behavior show a similar pattern. Gaze behavior seems to play an important role in complex control tasks and might predict alterations
of operational performance.Kalicinski M, Steinberg F, Dalecki M, Bock O. Gaze behavior while operating a complex instrument control task. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(7):646–651.
‘Blood, guts and Bambi eyes’: Urotsukidoji and the Transcultural Reception and Regulation of Anime
Authors: Pett Emma
Published: June 2016

The regulation and reception of anime in Britain has, historically, been fraught with difficulty. In 1992, the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) rejected the first instalment of Urotsukidoji, a controversial series of erotic anime, on the grounds of its sexually explicit content; this decision set a precedent for the way in which they would continue to censor anime for the following two decades. Nearly twenty years later, in 2009, Clause 62 of the Coroners and Justice Act, also colloquially known as the ‘Dangerous Cartoons Act’, made it a criminal offence to possess non-photographic pornographic images of children, including CGI, cartoons, manga images and drawings. Through an examination of the BBFC's archival materials on Urotsukidoji – Legend of the Overfiend, supplemented by references to a small number of newspaper articles published during this period, this article offers a range of insights into the historical context in which the current series of debates surrounding the ‘Dangerous Cartoons Act’ can be situated and assessed. These are used to consider the transcultural flow of genres across national borders, and the difficulties that a regulator from one culture encounters when dealing with controversial material originating from another, such as Japan, that has a substantially different set of social values and artistic conventions. Furthermore, this case highlights the important role played by distribution companies in shaping the production and evolution of genres within the transcultural marketplace.
Quantifying Uncertainties in Modeling Climate Change Impacts on Hydropower Production
Authors: Oyerinde Ganiyu , Wisser Dominik , Hountondji Fabien , Odofin Ayo , Lawin Agnide , Afouda Abel , Diekkrüger Bernd
Published: June 2016

Climate change will have large impacts on water resources and its predictions are fraught with uncertainties in West Africa. With the current global drive for renewable energy due to climate change, there is a need for understanding the effects of hydro-climatic changes on water resources and hydropower generation. A hydrological model was used to model runoff inflow into the largest hydroelectric dam (Kainji) in the Niger Basin (West Africa) under present and future conditions. Inflow to the reservoir was simulated using hydro-climatic data from a set of dynamically downscaled 8 global climate models (GCM) with two emission scenarios from the CORDEX-Africa regional downscaling experiment, driven with CMIP5 data. Observed records of the Kainji Lake were used to develop a hydroelectricity production model to simulate future energy production for the reservoir. Results indicate an increase in inflow into the reservoir and concurrent increases in hydropower production for the majority of the GCM data under the two scenarios. This analysis helps planning hydropower schemes for sustainable hydropower production.
Poverty and Environmental Degradation in Southern Burkina Faso: An Assessment Based on Participatory Methods
Authors: Etongo Daniel , Djenontin Ida , Kanninen Markku
Published: June 2016

The poverty and environmental degradation vicious circle hypothesis considers the poor as agents and victims of environmentally degrading activities. Despite some studies, however, there still has not been a sufficient empirical examination of the poverty-environment nexus. Based on participatory poverty assessment (PPA) methods with two hundred farm households categorized by wealth status in southern Burkina Faso, six indicators of environmental degradation and a set of land management practices were examined to answer the following questions: (i) Which households (non-poor, fairly-poor, or poorest) are responsible for environmental degradation? (ii) Does poverty constrain adoption of land management practices considered to improve the land? Results indicate deforestation is highest for non-poor farmers, and non-poor and fairly-poor farmers have higher rates of overgrazing. In addition, the entire non-poor group, mainly recent migrants to the area, occupy borrowed lands with tenure perceived as insecure, considered by farmers to be a disincentive for assisted natural regeneration of vegetation. Thus, non-poor and fairly-poor farmers participate most in activities locally identified as environmentally degrading, and the former contribute more than the latter. On the other hand, adoption of land management practices considered to improve the land is relatively low amongst the poorest farmers.
Cell Monitoring and Manipulation Systems (CMMSs) based on Glass Cell-Culture Chips (GC3s)
Authors: Buehler Sebastian , Stubbe Marco , Bonk Sebastian , Nissen Matthias , Titipornpun Kanokkan , Klinkenberg Ernst-Dieter , Baumann Werner , Gimsa Jan
Published: June 2016

We developed different types of glass cell-culture chips (GC3s) for culturing cells for microscopic observation in open media-containing troughs or in microfluidic structures. Platinum sensor and manipulation structures were used to monitor physiological parameters and to allocate and permeabilize cells. Electro-thermal micro pumps distributed chemical compounds in the microfluidic systems. The integrated temperature sensors showed a linear, Pt1000-like behavior. Cell adhesion and proliferation were monitored using interdigitated electrode structures (IDESs). The cell-doubling times of primary murine embryonic neuronal cells (PNCs) were determined based on the IDES capacitance-peak shifts. The electrical activity of PNC networks was detected using multi-electrode arrays (MEAs). During seeding, the cells were dielectrophoretically allocated to individual MEAs to improve network structures. MEA pads with diameters of 15, 20, 25, and 35 µm were tested. After 3 weeks, the magnitudes of the determined action potentials were highest for pads of 25 µm in diameter and did not differ when the inter-pad distances were 100 or 170 µm. Using 25-µm diameter circular oxygen electrodes, the signal currents in the cell-culture media were found to range from approximately −0.08 nA (0% O2) to −2.35 nA (21% O2). It was observed that 60-nm thick silicon nitride-sensor layers were stable potentiometric pH sensors under cell-culture conditions for periods of days. Their sensitivity between pH 5 and 9 was as high as 45 mV per pH step. We concluded that sensorized GC3s are potential animal replacement systems for purposes such as toxicity pre-screening. For example, the effect of mefloquine, a medication used to treat malaria, on the electrical activity of neuronal cells was determined in this study using a GC3 system.
Nanostructured TiO2 Surfaces Promote Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation to Osteoblasts
Authors: Vercellino Marco , Ceccarelli Gabriele , Cristofaro Francesco , Balli Martina , Bertoglio Federico , Bruni Gianna , Benedetti Laura , Avanzini Maria , Imbriani Marcello , Visai Livia
Published: June 2016

Micro- and nano-patterning/modification are emerging strategies to improve surfaces properties that may influence critically cells adherence and differentiation. Aim of this work was to study the in vitro biological reactivity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) to a nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2) surface in comparison to a coverglass (Glass) in two different culture conditions: with (osteogenic medium (OM)) and without (proliferative medium (PM)) osteogenic factors. To evaluate cell adhesion, hBMSCs phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK) foci were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at 24 h: the TiO2 surface showed a higher number of pFAK foci with respect to Glass. The hBMSCs differentiation to osteoblasts was evaluated in both PM and OM culture conditions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), CLSM and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) at 28 days. In comparison with Glass, TiO2 surface in combination with OM conditions increased the content of extracellular bone proteins, calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed, both in PM and OM, that TiO2 surface increased at seven and 28 days the expression of osteogenic genes. All together, these results demonstrate the capability of TiO2 nanostructured surface to promote hBMSCs osteoblast differentiation and its potentiality in biomedical applications.
NK Cells Restrain Spontaneous Antitumor CD8+ T Cell Priming through PD-1/PD-L1 Interactions with Dendritic Cells
Authors: Iraolagoitia Ximena L. Raffo , Spallanzani Raul G. , Torres Nicolás I. , Araya Romina E. , Ziblat Andrea , Domaica Carolina I. , Sierra Jessica M. , Nuñez Sol Y. , Secchiari Florencia , Gajewski Thomas F. , Zwirner Norberto W. , Fuertes Mercedes B.
Published: June 2016

Despite the classical function of NK cells in the elimination of tumor and of virus-infected cells, evidence for a regulatory role for NK cells has been emerging in different models of autoimmunity, transplantation, and viral infections. However, this role has not been fully explored in the context of a growing tumor. In this article, we show that NK cells can limit spontaneous cross-priming of tumor Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, leading to reduced memory responses. After challenge with MC57 cells transduced to express the model Ag SIY (MC57.SIY), NK cell–depleted mice exhibited a significantly higher frequency of SIY-specific CD8+ T cells, with enhanced IFN-γ production and cytotoxic capability. Depletion of NK cells resulted in a CD8+ T cell population skewed toward an effector memory T phenotype that was associated with enhanced recall responses and delayed tumor growth after a secondary tumor challenge with B16.SIY cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) from NK cell–depleted tumor-bearing mice exhibited a more mature phenotype. Interestingly, tumor-infiltrating and tumor-draining lymph node NK cells displayed an upregulated expression of the inhibitory molecule programmed death ligand 1 that, through interaction with programmed death-1 expressed on DCs, limited DC activation, explaining their reduced ability to induce tumor-specific CD8+ T cell priming. Our results suggest that NK cells can, in certain contexts, have an inhibitory effect on antitumor immunity, a finding with implications for immunotherapy in the clinic.
cFLIPL Interrupts IRF3–CBP–DNA Interactions To Inhibit IRF3-Driven Transcription
Authors: Gates Lauren T. , Shisler Joanna L.
Published: June 2016

Type I IFN induction is critical for antiviral and anticancer defenses. Proper downregulation of type I IFN is equally important to avoid deleterious imbalances in the immune response. The cellular FLIP long isoform protein (cFLIPL) controls type I IFN production, but opposing publications show it as either an inhibitor or inducer of type I IFN synthesis. Regardless, the mechanistic basis for cFLIPL regulation is unknown. Because cFLIPL is important in immune cell development and proliferation, and is a target for cancer therapies, it is important to identify how cFLIPL regulates type I IFN production. Data in this study show that cFLIPL inhibits IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a transcription factor central for IFN-β and IFN-stimulated gene expression. This inhibition occurs during virus infection, cellular exposure to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, or TBK1 overexpression. This inhibition is independent of capase-8 activity. cFLIPL binds to IRF3 and disrupts IRF3 interaction with its IFN-β promoter and its coactivator protein (CREB-binding protein). Mutational analyses reveal that cFLIPL nuclear localization is necessary and sufficient for inhibitory function. This suggests that nuclear cFLIPL prevents IRF3 enhanceosome formation. Unlike other cellular IRF3 inhibitors, cFLIPL did not degrade or dephosphorylate IRF3. Thus, cFLIPL represents a different cellular strategy to inhibit type I IFN production. This new cFLIPL function must be considered to accurately understand how cFLIPL affects immune system development and regulation.
Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ Is a Target To Enhance NK Cell Function
Authors: Yang Enjun , Singh Brenal K. , Paustian Amanda M. Schmidt , Kambayashi Taku
Published: June 2016

Enhancement of NK cell function could be beneficial in treatment of a variety of tumors and infections. However, efforts to improve NK cell function by disrupting negative regulators that target proximal signaling pathways paradoxically results in hyporesponsive rather than hyperresponsive NK cells. In this study, we demonstrate that genetic deletion of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK)ζ, a negative regulator of diacylglycerol-mediated signaling, has the desired effect of enhancing NK cell function due to its distal position in the activating receptor-mediated signaling cascade. Upon stimulation through multiple activating receptors, NK cells from mice lacking DGKζ display increased cytokine production and degranulation in an ERK-dependent manner. Additionally, they have improved cytotoxic functions against tumor cell lines. The enhancement of NK cell function by DGKζ deficiency is NK cell–intrinsic and developmentally independent. Importantly, DGKζ deficiency does not affect inhibitory NK cell receptor expression or function. Thus, DGKζ knockout mice display improved missing self recognition, as evidenced by enhanced rejection of a TAP-deficient tumor in vivo. We propose that enzymes that negatively regulate distal activating receptor signaling pathways such as DGKζ represent novel targets for augmenting the therapeutic potential of NK cells.
Expansão urbana da Região Metropolitana de Belém sob a ótica de um sistema de índices de sustentabilidade
Authors: Pereira Fabiana Da Silva , Vieira Ima Célia Guimarães
Published: June 2016

A região metropolitana de Belém (RMB) concentra 1/3 da população do estado do Pará, Brasil, e sua recente expansão tem causado uma série de problemas sociais e ambientais, que comprometem o acesso à infraestrutura e serviços, e também impactam outros fatores que influenciam a sustentabilidade urbana. Nos últimos anos, várias metodologias de avaliação da sustentabilidade das cidades têm sido propostas, porém os desafios ainda são enormes, no sentido de incorporar uma visão pluridimensional na avaliação da sustentabilidade urbana. No presente trabalho aplicou-se o Sistema de Índices de Sustentabilidade Urbana (SISU) para a RMB, com o objetivo de analisar os níveis de sustentabilidade dos municípios que compõem essa região metropolitana e verificar as limitações e os desafios em aplicar esse método de mensuração na Amazônia. Foram empregados 7 indicadores para o índice de qualidade ambiental (IQA), 4 para o índice de capacidade político institucional (ICP) e o índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal (IDHM). Os resultados obtidos mostram que há pouca variação nos índices IQA e IHDM, sendo que os municípios menos populosos, como Santa Bárbara e Benevides apresentam melhor IQA, e os de maior porte, como Belém e Ananindeua, o melhor IDHM. Entretanto, é em relação ao ICP que esta região metropolitana apresenta a maior desigualdade intermunicipal, refletindo assim, a necessidade do fortalecimento institucional e político dessa região.
Improvement of Silicone Rubber Properties by Addition of Nano-SiO2 Particles
Authors: Wu Lianfeng , Wang Xianming , Ning Liang , Han Jianjun , Wan Zhong , Lu Min
Published: June 2016

Aims

To improve the comprehensive performances of a one-part room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber(RTV-1 SiR), Nano-SiO2 particles are employed as the reinforcing agent.

Materials and Methods

The SiO2/RTV-1 SiR composite is prepared using PDMS, ND42, D-60 and HMDS-modified SiO2 particles by mixing method. And then, the mechanical and electrical properties, including shear strength, tensile strength, hardness Shore A and volume resistivity, are investigated using experimental method.

Results

The addition of nano-SiO2 particles can improve the properties of the SiO2/RTV-1 SiR composite in different degrees. And, the incorporation of 25∼30 phr nano-SiO2 particles is found to be reasonable for silicone rubber composite with the best comprehensive performances.

Conclusions

The significant improvement of mechanical properties and electrical insulation of SiO2 may be contributed to the addition of modified nano-SiO2 particles. Additionally, the excellent comprehensive performances of SiO2/RTV-1 SiR composite guarantee a potential applications as electrical-insulating adhesives.