bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic-Based Hybrid Laminates with Regard to Layer Structure and Metal Volume Content
Authors: Trautmann Maik , Mrzljak Selim , Walther Frank , Wagner Guntram
Published: October 2020

Multi layered lightweight material compounds such as hybrid laminates are composed of different layers of materials like metals and unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastics and offer high specific strength. They can be individually tailored for applications like outer cover panels for aircraft and vehicles. Many characteristics especially layer structure, volume contents of the embedded materials as well as layer surface adhesion determine the performance of a hybrid laminate. In this study, the influence of layer structure and metal volume content are evaluated with regard to the mechanical properties of the recyclable hybrid laminate CAPAAL (carbon fibre-reinforced plastics/aluminium foil laminate), which consists of the aluminium alloy AA6082 and a graded structure of glass and carbon fibre-reinforced polyamide 6. Hybrid laminates with different ratios of the fibre-reinforced plastic and numbers of aluminium layers were manufactured by thermal pressing. The consolidation quality of in total four laminate structure variations, including 2/1 and 3/2 metal-to-fibre-reinforced plastic layer structures with fibre orientation variation, were investigated by light microscopy through cross-sections and further on computed tomography. For determination and evaluation of the mechanical properties metrologically instrumented quasi-static tensile and three-point bending tests, as well as tension-tension fatigue tests for the establishment of S-N curves were performed. The results were correlated to the microstructural observations, revealing significant influence by the consolidation quality. The layer structure proved to have a proportional impact on the increase of quasi-static tensile and flexure strength with a decrease in metal volume content. Orienting some of the fibre-reinforced plastic layers in ±45° leads to a more evenly distributed fibre alignment, which results in a higher consolidation quality and less anisotropic bending properties. Fatigue results showed a more complex behaviour where not only the metal volume content seems to determine the fatigue loading capability, but also the number of metal-fibre-reinforced plastic interfaces, hinting at the importance of stress distribution between layers and its longevity over fatigue life.
Analysis of Forming Behavior in Cold Forging of AISI 1010 Steel Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Petkar Praveenkumar M. , Gaitonde V. N. , Karnik S. R. , Kulkarni Vinayak N. , Raju T. K. G. , Davim J. Paulo
Published: October 2020

Cold forged parts are mainly employed in automotive and aerospace assemblies, and strength plays an essential role in such applications. Backward extrusion is one such process in cold forging for the production of axisymmetrical cup-like parts, which is affected by a number of variables that influence the quality of the products. The study on the influencing parameters becomes necessary as the complexity of the part increases. The present paper focuses on the use of a multi-layered feed forward artificial neural network (ANN) model for determining the effects of process parameters such as billet size, reduction ratio, punch angle, and land height on forming behavior, namely, effective stress, strain, strain rate, and punch force in a cold forging backward extrusion process for AISI 1010 steel. Full factorial design (FFD) has been employed to plan the finite element (FE) simulations and accordingly, the input variables and response patterns are obtained for training from these FE simulations. This ANN model-based analysis reveals that the forming behavior of the cold forging backward extrusion process tends to increase with the billet size as well as the reduction ratios. However, decreases in punch angle and land height lead to the reduction of punch forces, which in turn enhances the punch life. FE simulation along with the developed ANN model scheme would benefit the cold forging industry in minimizing the process development effort in terms of cost and time.
Preparation and Test of NH3 Gas Sensor Based on Single-Layer Graphene Film
Authors: Liang Ting , Liu Ruifang , Lei Cheng , Wang Kai , Li Zhiqiang , Li Yongwei
Published: October 2020

The ammonia sensing properties of single-layer graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were studied. The Au interdigitated electrode (IDE) was prepared by microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, and then, the single-layer graphene was transferred to the IDE by wet transfer technology. Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the quality of graphene films transferred to SiO2/Si substrates. Moreover, the theory of graphene’s adsorption of gases is explained. The results show that gas sensing characteristics such as response/recovery time and response are related to the target gas, gas concentration, test temperature, and so on. In the stability test, the difference between the maximum resistance and the minimum resistance of the device is 1 ohm without ammonia, the change is less than 1% of its initial resistance, and the repeatability is up to 98.58%. Therefore, the sensor prepared with high quality single-layer graphene has good repeatability and stability for ammonia detection.
Oxygen Fugacity and Volatile Content of Syntectonic Magmatism in the Neoarchean Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Superior Province, Canada
Authors: Madon Baptiste , Mathieu Lucie , Marsh Jeffrey H.
Published: October 2020

Neoarchean syntectonic intrusions from the Chibougamau area, northeastern Abitibi Subprovince (greenstone belt), may be genetically related to intrusion related gold mineralization. These magmatic-hydrothermal systems share common features with orogenic gold deposits, such as spatial and temporal association with syntectonic magmatism. Genetic association with magmatism, however, remains controversial for many greenstone belt hosted Au deposits. To precisely identify the link between syntectonic magmas and gold mineralization in the Abitibi Subprovince, major and trace-element compositions of whole rock, zircon, apatite, and amphibole grains were measured for five intrusions in the Chibougamau area; the Anville, Saussure, Chevrillon, Opémisca, and Lac Line Plutons. The selected intrusions are representative of the chemical diversity of synvolcanic (TTG suite) and syntectonic (e.g., sanukitoid, alkaline intrusion) magmatism. Chemical data enable calculation of oxygen fugacity and volatile content, and these parameters were interpreted using data collected by electron microprobe and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The zircon and apatite data and associated oxygen fugacity values in magma indicate that the youngest magmas are the most oxidized. Moreover, similar oxygen fugacity and high volatile content for both the Saussure Pluton and the mineralized Lac Line intrusion may indicate a possible prospective mineralized system associated with the syntectonic Saussure intrusion.
Cell Dissociation from Butterfly Pupal Wing Tissues for Single-Cell RNA Sequencing
Authors: Prakash Anupama , Monteiro Antónia
Published: October 2020

Butterflies are well known for their beautiful wings and have been great systems to understand the ecology, evolution, genetics, and development of patterning and coloration. These color patterns are mosaics on the wing created by the tiling of individual units called scales, which develop from single cells. Traditionally, bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has been used extensively to identify the loci involved in wing color development and pattern formation. RNA-seq provides an averaged gene expression landscape of the entire wing tissue or of small dissected wing regions under consideration. However, to understand the gene expression patterns of the units of color, which are the scales, and to identify different scale cell types within a wing that produce different colors and scale structures, it is necessary to study single cells. This has recently been facilitated by the advent of single-cell sequencing. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the dissociation of cells from Bicyclus anynana pupal wings to obtain a viable single-cell suspension for downstream single-cell sequencing. We outline our experimental design and the use of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to obtain putative scale-building and socket cells based on size. Finally, we discuss some of the current challenges of this technique in studying single-cell scale development and suggest future avenues to address these challenges.
A Comprehensive Review of the Covalent Immobilization of Biomolecules onto Electrospun Nanofibers
Authors: Smith Soshana , Goodge Katarina , Delaney Michael , Struzyk Ariel , Tansey Nicole , Frey Margaret
Published: October 2020

Biomolecule immobilization has attracted the attention of various fields such as fine chemistry and biomedicine for their use in several applications such as wastewater, immunosensors, biofuels, et cetera. The performance of immobilized biomolecules depends on the substrate and the immobilization method utilized. Electrospun nanofibers act as an excellent substrate for immobilization due to their large surface area to volume ratio and interconnectivity. While biomolecules can be immobilized using adsorption and encapsulation, covalent immobilization offers a way to permanently fix the material to the fiber surface resulting in high efficiency, good specificity, and excellent stability. This review aims to highlight the various covalent immobilization techniques being utilized and their benefits and drawbacks. These methods typically fall into two categories: (1) direct immobilization and (2) use of crosslinkers. Direct immobilization techniques are usually simple and utilize the strong electrophilic functional groups on the nanofiber. While crosslinkers are used as an intermediary between the nanofiber substrate and the biomolecule, with some crosslinkers being present in the final product and others simply facilitating the reactions. We aim to provide an explanation of each immobilization technique, biomolecules commonly paired with said technique and the benefit of immobilization over the free biomolecule.
Graphene Oxide-Coated Gold Nanorods: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Lebepe Thabang C. , Parani Sundararajan , Oluwafemi Oluwatobi S.
Published: October 2020

The application of gold nanorods (AuNRs) and graphene oxide (GO) has been widely studied due to their unique properties. Although each material has its own challenges, their combination produces an exceptional material for many applications such as sensor, therapeutics, and many others. This review covers the progress made so far in the synthesis and application of GO-coated AuNRs (GO–AuNRs). Initially, it highlights different methods of synthesizing AuNRs and GO followed by two approaches (ex situ and in situ approaches) of coating AuNRs with GO. In addition, the properties of GO–AuNRs composite such as biocompatibility, photothermal profiling, and their various applications, which include photothermal therapy, theranostic, sensor, and other applications of GO–AuNRs are also discussed. The review concludes with challenges associated with GO–AuNRs and future perspectives.
Changes in Population-Level Consumption of Taxed and Non-Taxed Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSB) after Implementation of SSB Excise Tax in Thailand: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Phulkerd Sirinya , Thongcharoenchupong Natjera , Chamratrithirong Aphichat , Soottipong Gray Rossarin , Prasertsom Piyada
Published: October 2020

Background: Thailand has implemented a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) excise tax since September 2017, but questions remain about changes in individual-level SSB consumption after tax implementation. This study aimed to analyze the change in taxed and non-taxed SSB consumption in the Thai population. Method: This cohort study was carried out in 2018 and 2019. A total of 5594 persons who participated in both years were included in the analysis. Descriptive and t-test analyses were carried out in order to identify the significance of the difference between taxed and non-taxed SSB consumption in 2018 and 2019. Results: A lower mean ratio of average taxed SSBs consumed to average non-taxed SSBs consumed was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.001). That is, the decline in taxed SSB consumption is significantly greater than that of the non-taxed consumption. The greater reduction in taxed SSB consumption than the non-taxed SSB consumption was found to be significant among males, older persons, the lower-income population, and the unemployed. Conclusions: Overall, the current SSB tax has the capacity to successfully discourage consumption of SSBs with high sugar level. The decline in SSB consumption is, however, not found across all socioeconomic groups. Thresholds for SSB-tiered tax structure may have to be reviewed.
Associations between Intake of Dietary Flavonoids and 10-Year Incidence of Age-Related Hearing Loss
Authors: Gopinath Bamini , McMahon Catherine M. , Lewis Joshua R. , Bondonno Nicola P. , Bondonno Catherine P. , Burlutsky George , Hodgson Jonathan M. , Mitchell Paul
Published: October 2020

Dietary flavonoids are vasoactive phytochemicals with promising anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to assess the associations between baseline intakes of six commonly consumed flavonoid subclasses and 10-year incidence of age-related hearing loss. At baseline, 1691 participants aged 50+ years had information on dietary intakes and hearing status. Hearing loss was defined as the pure-tone average of frequencies 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 kHz > 25 dB hearing level (HL). Dietary data were collected through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The flavonoid content of foods was estimated using US databases. During the 10-year follow-up, 260 (31.6%) new cases of hearing loss (incident) were observed. After multivariable adjustment, participants in the fourth versus first quartile (reference group) of intake of dietary isoflavone had 36% lower risk of incident hearing loss after 10 years: odds ratios (OR) 0.64 (95% confidence intervals, CI, 0.42–0.99); p-value for trend = 0.03. Nonsignificant associations were observed between the other five flavonoid subclasses and 10-year incidence of hearing loss. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the intake of dietary flavonoids protect against long-term risk of hearing loss. The association with isoflavone intake needs to be confirmed by other population-based studies.
Development of a Comprehensive Food Literacy Measurement Tool Integrating the Food System and Sustainability
Authors: Park Dahyun , Park Yoo Kyoung , Park Clara Yongjoo , Choi Mi-Kyung , Shin Min-Jeong
Published: October 2020

The concept of food literacy is evolving and expanding, increasing the need for a comprehensive measurement tool for food literacy. This study aimed to develop a validated food literacy questionnaire based on an expanded conceptual framework for food literacy. A literature review of existing frameworks and questionnaires for food literacy and focus group interviews (n = 12) were conducted to develop a conceptual framework and candidate questions. A Delphi study (n = 15) and pilot survey (n = 10) to test the preliminary questionnaire’s content and face validity were conducted, which were followed by the main survey (n = 200). Construct validity and reliability were assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach’s alpha, respectively. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing food literacy scores with food knowledge scores (FN-score) and nutrient quotient scores (NQ-score). By integrating and revising the six existing conceptual frameworks and focus group interview results, we proposed a two-dimensional conceptual framework comprising a literacy dimension and a food system dimension. After reviewing 560 items and categorizing them into 18 domains (3 in the literacy dimension × 6 in the food system dimension), 32 questions were selected. As a result of the Delphi study, two items were deleted, and content validity was confirmed for the remaining 30 items (content validity ratio (CVR) = 0.92). Ten items were revised during the face validation process, and five items were excluded as a result of the EFA. The final food literacy questionnaire comprised 25 questions related to five factors: production, selection, preparation and cooking, intake, and disposal. Food literacy scores were positively associated with FN- and NQ-scores, confirming the reliability and criterion validity of the final questionnaire. The two-dimensional food literacy conceptual framework developed in this study systematically encompasses complex food literacy concepts by adding a food systems dimension (production, selection, preparation and cooking, intake, and disposal domain) to the existing literacy dimension (functional, interactive, and critical literacy domain). Based on this integrated conceptual framework, a 25-item food literacy questionnaire was developed and validated for practical use.
ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Colonic Inflammation and Colon Cancer: Roles of Lipid-Metabolizing Enzymes Involved
Authors: Tu Maolin , Wang Weicang , Zhang Guodong , Hammock Bruce D.
Published: October 2020

Substantial human and animal studies support the beneficial effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colonic inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there are inconsistent results, which have shown that ω-3 PUFAs have no effect or even detrimental effects, making it difficult to effectively implement ω-3 PUFAs for disease prevention. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of ω-3 PUFAs will help to clarify their potential health-promoting effects, provide a scientific base for cautions for their use, and establish dietary recommendations. In this review, we summarize recent studies of ω-3 PUFAs on colonic inflammation and CRC and discuss the potential roles of ω-3 PUFA-metabolizing enzymes, notably the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, in mediating the actions of ω-3 PUFAs.
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the Integration of Neural and Endocrine Responses to Stress
Authors: Diz-Chaves Yolanda , Herrera-Pérez Salvador , González-Matías Lucas C. , Lamas José Antonio , Mallo Federico
Published: October 2020

Glucagon like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) within the brain is produced by a population of preproglucagon neurons located in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract. These neurons project to the hypothalamus and another forebrain, hindbrain, and mesolimbic brain areas control the autonomic function, feeding, and the motivation to feed or regulate the stress response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) controls both food intake and feeding behavior (hunger-driven feeding, the hedonic value of food, and food motivation). The activation of GLP-1 receptors involves second messenger pathways and ionic events in the autonomic nervous system, which are very relevant to explain the essential central actions of GLP-1 as neuromodulator coordinating food intake in response to a physiological and stress-related stimulus to maintain homeostasis. Alterations in GLP-1 signaling associated with obesity or chronic stress induce the dysregulation of eating behavior. This review summarized the experimental shreds of evidence from studies using GLP-1R agonists to describe the neural and endocrine integration of stress responses and feeding behavior.
Colony Stimulating Factors in Early Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection of Monocytes and in End Stage Feline Infectious Peritonitis; A Combined In Vivo And In Vitro Approach
Authors: Malbon Alexandra J. , Michalopoulou Eleni , Meli Marina L. , Barker Emi N. , Tasker Séverine , Baptiste Keith , Kipar Anja
Published: October 2020

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection initiates monocyte-associated viremia and viral persistence. Virus-infected, -activated monocytes also trigger feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic disease of felids typified by granulomatous (peri)phlebitis. Currently, the exact mechanisms inducing monocyte activation and FIP are unknown. This study attempted to identify the potential immediate effect of virulent FCoV on colony-stimulating factor (CSF) (granulocyte (G)-CSF, monocyte (M)-CSF and granulocyte-monocyte (GM)-CSF levels through in vitro assessment, alongside prototypical pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10); this was assessed alongside the in vivo situation in the hemolymphatic tissues of cats euthanized with natural end-stage FIP. For the in vitro work, isolated monocytes from SPF cats were cultured short-term and infected with the FIP virus (FIPV) strain DF2. Mediator transcription was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) at 3, 6 and 9 h post infection (hpi), and in the post-mortem samples of bone marrow, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of cats with FIP. We observed limited and transient changes in cytokine transcription in monocytes after infection, i.e., a significant increase of IL-6 at 3 hpi and of GM-CSF over the 3 and 6 hpi period, whereas M-CSF was significantly decreased at 9 hpi, with a limited effect of age. The findings indicate that the infection induces expansion of the monocyte/macrophage population, which would ensure the sufficient supply of cells for consistent viral replication. In natural disease, the only upregulation was of G-CSF in the MLN, suggesting either immune exhaustion or an active downregulation by the host as part of its viral response.
The Attenuated Pseudorabies Virus Vaccine Strain Bartha K61: A Brief Review on the Knowledge Gathered during 60 Years of Research
Authors: Delva Jonas L. , Nauwynck Hans J. , Mettenleiter Thomas C. , Favoreel Herman W.
Published: October 2020

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily of the herpesviruses and is the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease in pigs, causing respiratory, neurological, and reproductive symptoms. Given the heavy economic losses associated with Aujeszky’s disease epidemics, great efforts were made to develop efficacious vaccines. One of the best modified live vaccines to this day is the attenuated Bartha K61 strain. The use of this vaccine in extensive vaccination programs worldwide has assisted considerably in the eradication of PRV from the domesticated pig population in numerous countries. The Bartha K61 strain was described in 1961 by Adorján Bartha in Budapest and was obtained by serial passaging in different cell cultures. Ever since, it has been intensively studied by several research groups, for example, to explore its efficacy as a vaccine strain, to molecularly and mechanistically explain its attenuation, and to use it as a retrograde neuronal tracer and as a vector vaccine. Given that the Bartha K61 vaccine strain celebrates its 60th birthday in 2021 with no sign of retirement, this review provides a short summary of the knowledge on its origin, characteristics, and use as a molecular tool and as a vaccine.
Comparative Genome Analysis of 33 Chlamydia Strains Reveals Characteristic Features of Chlamydia Psittaci and Closely Related Species
Authors: Hölzer Martin , Barf Lisa-Marie , Lamkiewicz Kevin , Vorimore Fabien , Lataretu Marie , Favaroni Alison , Schnee Christiane , Laroucau Karine , Marz Manja , Sachse Konrad
Published: October 2020

To identify genome-based features characteristic of the avian and human pathogen Chlamydia (C.) psittaci and related chlamydiae, we analyzed whole-genome sequences of 33 strains belonging to 12 species. Using a novel genome analysis tool termed Roary ILP Bacterial Annotation Pipeline (RIBAP), this panel of strains was shown to share a large core genome comprising 784 genes and representing approximately 80% of individual genomes. Analyzing the most variable genomic sites, we identified a set of features of C. psittaci that in its entirety is characteristic of this species: (i) a relatively short plasticity zone of less than 30,000 nt without a tryptophan operon (also in C. abortus, C. avium, C. gallinacea, C. pneumoniae), (ii) a characteristic set of of Inc proteins comprising IncA, B, C, V, X, Y (with homologs in C. abortus, C. caviae and C. felis as closest relatives), (iii) a 502-aa SinC protein, the largest among Chlamydia spp., and (iv) an elevated number of Pmp proteins of subtype G (14 in C. psittaci, 14 in Cand. C. ibidis). In combination with future functional studies, the common and distinctive criteria revealed in this study provide important clues for understanding the complexity of host-specific behavior of individual Chlamydia spp.
Quantitative Risk Assessment for the Introduction of Bovine Leukemia Virus-Infected Cattle Using a Cattle Movement Network Analysis
Authors: Notsu Kosuke , Wiratsudakul Anuwat , Mitoma Shuya , Daous Hala El , Kaneko Chiho , El-Khaiat Heba M. , Norimine Junzo , Sekiguchi Satoshi
Published: October 2020

The cattle industry is suffering economic losses caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), the clinical condition associated with BLV infection. This pathogen spreads easily without detection by farmers and veterinarians due to the lack of obvious clinical signs. Cattle movement strongly contributes to the inter-farm transmission of BLV. This study quantified the farm-level risk of BLV introduction using a cattle movement analysis. A generalized linear mixed model predicting the proportion of BLV-infected cattle was constructed based on weighted in-degree centrality. Our results suggest a positive association between weighted in-degree centrality and the estimated number of introduced BLV-infected cattle. Remarkably, the introduction of approximately six cattle allowed at least one BLV-infected animal to be added to the farm in the worst-case scenario. These data suggest a high risk of BLV infection on farms with a high number of cattle being introduced. Our findings indicate the need to strengthen BLV control strategies, especially along the chain of cattle movement.
Out of Body, Loss of Self: Spiritual or Scary?
Authors: de Boer Elpine M.
Published: October 2020

The main aim of the present study is to investigate when “loss of self” results in scaredness or anxiety during or after an out-of body-experience (OBE). An OBE is an intense form of (bodily) self loss in which people have the impression that their self is located outside their body. In a sample of respondents reporting to have had an OBE (n = 171), anxiety and different conceptualizations of “self loss” were assessed. In addition, questions were asked about meaning making processes after the OBE. Results show that there was no relationship between anxiety and self loss with a relational component (i.e., mystical experiences, positive spiritual experiences). However, there was significantly more anxiety in respondents who (1) (have) experience(d) ego loss/deconstruction, (2) have difficulties to (re)turn their attention to an internal bodily state (low mindfulness) and/or (3) experience a lack of self-concept clarity. Respondents who did not succeed in making sense of their OBE experience more anxiety, more ego loss/deconstruction, lower mindfulness and higher self-unclarity. Finally, the article examines how respondents explain their OBE (by using, for instance, medical, spiritual or psychological explanations) and how and why respondents do (not) succeed in making sense of the OBE.
Racial Discrimination Stress, School Belonging, and School Racial Composition on Academic Attitudes and Beliefs among Black Youth
Authors: Morris Kamryn S. , Seaton Eleanor K. , Iida Masumi , Lindstrom Johnson Sarah
Published: October 2020

It is important to consider racialized experiences and proximal indicators of academic success for Black youth when understanding the achievement gap. Acknowledging that racial discrimination is detrimental for the academic success of Black youth, this study extended previous research by examining the influence of racial discrimination stress. Using hierarchical regression analysis and a moderated moderation model, this study examined racial discrimination stress and school belonging as predictors of academic attitudes and beliefs among 344 Black youth (M age = 15.6). Additionally, we examined the interactive effects of school belonging as a buffer for racial discrimination stress, with particular focus on majority White schools. Analyses revealed that school belonging was linked with academic competence, academic efficacy, and academic skepticism. Furthermore, school belonging buffered the impact of racial discrimination stress on academic efficacy among Black youth in majority White schools. These findings highlight the co-occurrence of risk and protective factors among Black youth and demonstrate the additive influence of school racial composition on academic attitudes and beliefs. The practical and theoretical implications of these findings demonstrate the crucial role of school context in understanding risk and protective factors for the academic attitudes and beliefs of Black youth.
Metagenomic Approach with the NetoVIR Enrichment Protocol Reveals Virus Diversity within Ethiopian Honey Bees (Apis mellifera simensis)
Authors: Gebremedhn Haftom , Deboutte Ward , Schoonvaere Karel , Demaeght Peter , De Smet Lina , Amssalu Bezabeh , Matthijnssens Jelle , de Graaf Dirk C.
Published: October 2020

Metagenomics studies have accelerated the discovery of novel or divergent viruses of the honey bee. However, most of these studies predominantly focused on RNA viruses, and many suffer from the relatively low abundance of viral nucleic acids in the samples (i.e., compared to that of the host). Here, we explored the virome of the Ethiopian honey bee, Apis mellifera simensis, using an unbiased metagenomic approach in which the next-generation sequencing step was preceded by an enrichment protocol for viral particles. Our study revealed five well-known bee viruses and 25 atypical virus species, most of which have never been found in A. mellifera before. The viruses belong to Iflaviridae, Dicistroviridae, Secoviridae, Partitiviridae, Parvoviridae, Potyviridae, and taxonomically unclassified families. Fifteen of these atypical viruses were most likely plant-specific, and the remaining ten were presumed to be insect-specific. Apis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV) was found in one sampling site out of 10. Two samples contained high read counts of a virus similar to Diatraea saccharales densovirus (DsDNV), which is a virus that causes high mortality in the sugarcane borer. AmFV and the DsDNV-like virus were the only DNA viruses found. Three viruses that primarily infect Drosophila spp. were also discovered: La Jolla virus (LJV), Kilifi virus (KiV), and Thika virus. Our study suggests that phoretic varroa mites are involved in the transmission of LJV and KiV and that both viruses replicate in mites and adult bees. We also found an overwhelming dominance of the deformed wing virus type B variant, which fits well with the apparently harmless infestation by Varroa destructor. It was suggested that Ethiopian bees have developed tolerance against virus infections as the result of natural selection.
Influence of seed bacterization on the structure of microbocenosis of the southern Chernozem rhizosphere when growing Linum usitatissimum L.
Authors:   Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, Alekseenko O.P.
Published: October 2020

Scientific work is aimed at developing biotechnology for growing biologically safe products of Linum usitatissimum L. This research presents the study of the structure of microbocenosis in the rhizosphere of Linum usitatissimum L. under the influence of seed bacterization with new multifunctional cyanobacteria forms under conditions of southern Chernozem. In 2017, pre-sowing seed bacterization with strain Nostoc linckia 144 increased the number of aminotrophs by 1.4 times at the beginning of plant vegetation; in 2018 – by 3.3 times during their final stages of maturity. The number of micromycetes was tripled to the end of flax vegetation compared to control. In 2017, bacterization of seeds with a homogenate based on the strain Nostoc linckia 144 contributed to a 1.4-fold increase in the number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms by the closing stages of the vegetation period.
Some aspects of the genomic DNA isolation from lavender plants of different origin.
Authors:   Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, Zagorskaya M.S.
Published: October 2020

The method of DNA extraction from lavender plants has some difficulties. Moreover, molecular genetic studies often use not only fresh materials but also microplants from an in vitro culture or frozen material. For all these types of samples, the DNA isolation technique was developed, which is based on the CTAB buffer, but without the use of liquid nitrogen, mercaptoethanol and sodium acetate, which, in turn, simplifies and reduces the cost of the method.
In vitro culture of Nonea pulla DC. seeds.
Authors:   Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky of Vernadsky CFU, Semenova E.F. , Vedernikova K.V. ,   Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky of Vernadsky CFU, Schetneva E.Yu. ,   Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky of Vernadsky CFU
Published: October 2020

Nonea pulla DC. is a promising perennial medicinal plant growing in the Crimea. Controlled in vitro cultivation of nonea seeds allows improving the up-to-date techniques of seedlings preparation. The conducted experiments confirmed the low germinating capacity of seeds (5–9 %). To increase this parameter and to speed up the introduction process, we investigated the Nonea pulla in vitro culture. The initial phases of germination were expectedly observed during seeds cultivation. The seed swelling, rupture of pericarp and seed hull, release of germ with cotyledons, dehiscence of cotyledons were detected. Moreover, in some cases, no subsequent development was observed. However, normal germs formed in 60% of cases. Seeds also sprouted without the prior cold stratification. For the following growth, plants required a relatively simple culture medium. The maximum development conditions were reached after 1.0–1.5 months of in vitro cultivation (26±2 °С, illuminance of 2000–3000 lux, 16-hour photoperiod).
Bed Frame Fabrication for Heavy Duty Machine Tools or Unique of High Strenght Materials Quend 700
Authors:   Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, RUSAN Claudiu Ioan , CIUPAN Cornel ,   Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Published: October 2020

The purpose of the present work is to present new manufacturing technologies process of bed frame elements, especially those with a circular or conical section, made of high strength materials, new on the market. The research based on three methods to make this bed frame elements: cold deformation method, hot deformation method and cold deformation method after soft annealing. Experimental research is focused on how the steel behaves at high temperatures, in identifying an adequate improvement treatment for parts after soft annealing, to increase the mechanical properties of this and preparation of the welding procedure specification.
La extensión de los efectos del convenio arbitral a no signatarios. Reflexiones con motivo del tratamiento que la nueva ley peruana de arbitraje efectúa a dicha figura
Authors: Amprimo Plá Natale
Published: October 2020

El convenio arbitral constituye la piedra angular de todo arbitraje; y, a efecto de demostrar su existencia, las diferentes normas que regulan el arbitraje en el mundo exigen, en su mayoría, que dicho acuerdo conste por escrito; pero las modalidades de cumplimiento del requisito de la forma escrita se han ido ampliando, al punto que hoy no se discute que cualquier medio que permita generar una «constancia de acuerdo» es suficiente para que se considere cumplido el mismo. Ahora bien, independientemente de esas modalidades, hay casos en los que, tanto doctrinaria como jurisprudencialmente, se admite que sujetos que no han sido parte stricto sensu del acuerdo arbitral, sean obligados a participar del proceso arbitral. El legislador peruano recoge una opción novedosa de esta posibilidad en la Ley Peruana de Arbitraje (artículo 14.o del Decreto Legislativo N.o 1071).
En torno a la prescripción extintiva
Authors: Vidal Ramìrez Fernando
Published: October 2020

El decurso del tiempo como fenómeno jurídico y, más concretamente, como hecho jurídico, tiene especial relevancia en cuanto que puede ser extintivo de una relación jurídica, ya porque dé lugar a la constitución de una nueva, como en la prescripción usucupativa; ya porque también puede extinguir la pretensión que deriva del derecho integrado a ella, como en la prescripción extintiva; o porque puede extinguir el derecho mismo, como en la caducidad
Imputación concreta. Aproximación razonable a la verdad
Authors: Mendoza Ayma Francisco Celis
Published: October 2020

La aproximación razonable a la verdad, como presupuesto de un proceso penal constitucionalizado, requiere para su concreción que el objeto del proceso penal sea una imputación concreta que reste cualquier pretensión de realizar una justicia fuertemente intuitiva, basada en la mera sospecha, que no hace sino desnaturalizar el carácter cognitivo del proceso penal; en línea de construir un programa de contención del poder punitivo que tenga como base la imputación concreta. Para este efecto, la imputación comprende un constructo de proposiciones fácticas estructuradas conforme a la calificación jurídica, que tengan como base los elementos de convicción; el resultado será una imputación concreta que posibilite el ejercicio real del derecho de defensa y genere el contradictorio y, por tanto, configure la esencia misma del proceso.
Apuntes para la interpretación constitucional del Código Procesal Penal
Authors: Burgos Mariños Víctor
Published: October 2020

En el texto del nuevo Código Procesal Penal peruano existen normas con rezagos inquisitivos que vienen siendo aplicadas de forma literal, impidiendo la consolidación del Modelo Acusatorio en el Perú. Tales rezagos inquisitivos afectan la consolidación de la oralidad y el sistema de audiencias, el sistema adversativo del juicio oral, así como el diseño de una investigación eficiente basada en la coordinación entre la Policía y la Fiscalía. El problema se agrava porque en el Perú no se hizo una reforma integral del sistema jurídico (Constitución y Leyes Orgánicas) que garantice el cambio real de la justicia penal, tal como se hizo en Chile y Colombia. Ante el defecto del legislador, surge la opción de realizar una interpretación constitucional de dichas normas —conforme lo estipula el artículo X del T. P. del NCPP— para garantizar el éxito de la reforma procesal penal en el Perú.
El posicionamiento de la teoría de la autoría mediata por organización en la jurisprudencia peruana. Análisis de la fundamentación dogmática de la Sentencia de la Corte Suprema contra Alberto Fujimori
Authors: Pariona Arana Raúl
Published: October 2020

En histórica sentencia, sin precedentes en la jurisprudencia nacional, y una de las más relevantes de la jurisprudencia internacional, la Sala Penal Nacional de la Corte Suprema de la República condenó al expresidente Alberto Fujimori Fujimori como autor mediato de crímenes contra la humanidad, basándose esencialmente dicho fallo en la teoría de la autoría mediata por organización para el enjuiciamiento de los crímenes cometidos desde aparatos organizados de poder. El estudio realiza un recuento del origen y los antecedentes de la teoría. Se analizan y formulan apreciaciones críticas a la amplia fundamentación de la sentencia respecto a la participación criminal que desplegó el ex mandatario peruano, la misma que sienta ya las bases de una doctrina jurisprudencial nacional y consolida la autoría mediata en nuestro medio.
Delitos contra la administración de justicia. Una introducción a la regulación de algunas figuras en el Código Penal Español
Authors: Polaino-Orts Miguel
Published: October 2020

En este estudio se sistematiza y analiza críticamente la regulación de los delitos contenidos en los numerales 1 a 4 del Código Penal español en todas sus modalidades: prevaricación judicial, omisión de deberes de impedir delitos o promover su persecución, encubrimiento y realización arbitraria del propio derecho. Se trata de figuras delictivas relacionadas con el desempeño de la función judicial por los jueces, el entorpecimiento de dicha función por parte de un tercero ajeno al sistema de justicia, el incorrecto entendimiento de la idea de justicia por los particulares que pretenden tomarse la justicia por su mano o burlando la correcta impartición de justicia. La incriminación de dichos ilícitos penales tiene por finalidad proteger el bien jurídico «Administración de Justicia», concepto que es analizado desde el punto de vista orgánico, estructural, funcional y de su control político.
Biodegradable Capability of the Indigenous Micrococcus sp. Oil Degrading Bacteria Isolated from Oil Contaminated Soil, Motor Workshop Area of Bahror, Alwar, Rajasthan, India.
Authors:   Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India., Kuri* Mohan Lal , Kumari, Vidya ,   Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India,   Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India., Roy, Shikha
Published: October 2020

Crude oil contamination is one of the important issue in the current environment pollution. Physical, chemical and biological methods are applied for bioremediation. Use of microorganisms is one of the most popular methods among them. In this experiment, soil samples were collected from the different motor workshop areas to isolate potential microbes capable of crude oil degradation. Isolation of the crude oil degrading bacteria was followed by enriching the microorganisms by providing suitable growth conditions. The microorganisms those were capable of degrading the crude oil were identified as Bacillus spp., Pseudoxanthomonas spp., Pheny lobacterium spp. and Micrococcus spp. by morphological and biological methods. Among them, biodegradation capability of Micrococcus sp. was studied at different oil concentrations.
Study of Excessive Bureaucracy in Construction Projects Causes of Low Level of Competition and Lengthy Tendering Process A Case Study of Afghanistan
Authors:   Department of civil and industrial engineering, Construction faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Kabul, Afghanistan., Karimi Sebghatullah , Zhakfar Zabihullah ,   CoST – the Construction Sector Transparency Initiative, Ministry of Economy, Kabul, Afghanistan., Sarwary Mohammad Ismail ,   Department of civil and industrial engineering, Construction faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Kabul, Afghanistan.
Published: October 2020

Excessive bureaucracy has been one of the most challenging issue for infrastructure sector in many countries. Countries are different in terms of their institutional settings, organizational cultures and political balance, and therefore, Afghanistan infrastructure/construction sector is no exception. This phenomenon has negatively impacted the delivery of infrastructure projects and hindering the country to reach its strategic economic goals. There are national projects that have been delayed for several years and the average tendering duration, based on existing researches, is almost 3 times more than the normal practices. This research is aimed to identify major causes of excessive bureaucracy in infrastructure sector that influence the level of competition and tendering duration, and provide technical recommendations for improvements. To do so, 17 factors causing low level of competition and lengthy tendering process have been identified through literature review and interviews. The factors are categorized under two groups; causes of; 1) low level of competition and, 2) lengthy tendering process. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to 80 construction firms. As a result, a response rate of 40% was achieved. Relative importance index (RII) is used to analyze the survey result. The research findings indicate that the top 5 factors causing excessive bureaucracy in delivering infrastructure/construction projects in Afghanistan and causing low level of competition and lengthy tendering process are: 1) Using traditional methods of procurement instead of electronic system, 2) Lack of accountability by procuring entities, 3) Delay in payments to companies, 4) Slow decision – making by procuring entities and 5) Corruption during the project lifecycle (inception to completion). The outcome of this research will help the government to take necessary actions for eliminating unnecessary steps in the procurement of public infrastructure projects and ultimately improve project delivery. In addition, the research findings will help the construction companies to be fully aware of bureaucracy risks in the procurement process and develop necessary risk mitigation plan for the successful completion of construction projects.
Meta Analysis of Heuristic Approaches for Optimizing Node Localization and Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors:   Department of Information Systems. A graduate of Information Technology University from prestigious Coventry University United Kingdom,, Aroba Oluwasegun J. , Naicker Nalindren ,   Department of Information Systems; Information Technology and Computer Science., Adeliyi Timothy T. ,   Department of Information Technology at the Durban University of Technology, Ogunsakin Ropo E. ,   Department of Information Technology at the Durban University
Published: October 2020

Background: In the literature node localization and energy efficiency are intrinsic problems often experienced in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Consequently, various heuristic approaches have been proposed to allay the challenges faced by WSNs. However, there is little to nothing in the literature to support which of the heuristic approaches is best in optimizing node localization and energy efficiency problems in WSN. The aim of this paper is to assess the best heuristic approach to date on resolving the node localization and energy efficiency in WSNs. Method: The extraction of the relevant articles was designed following the technique of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). All the included research articles were searched from the widely used databases of Google Scholar and Web of Science. All statistical analysis was performed with the fixed-effects model and the random-effects model implementation in RStudio. The overall pooled global estimate and categorization of performance for the heuristic approaches were presented in forest plots. Results: A total of 18 studies were included in this meta-analysis and the overall pooled estimated categorization of the heuristic approaches was 35% (95% CI (13%, 67%)). According to subgroup analysis the pooled estimation of heuristic approach with hyper-heuristic was 71% (95% CI: 6% to 99%), I2 = 100%) while the hybrid heuristic, was 31% (95% CI: 3% to 87%, I2 = 100%) and metaheuristic was 21%(95% CI: 9% to 41%, I2 = 100%). Conclusion: It can be concluded based on the experimental results that hyper-heuristic approach outclassed the hybrid heuristic and metaheuristic approaches in optimizing node localization and energy efficiency in WSNs.