bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the inverse relationship between North American snow extent and North Atlantic hurricane activity
Authors: Yan T. , Pietrafesa L. J. , Bell G. D. , Dickey D.A.
Published: April 2012

The statistically significant inverse relationship is examined between North American snow cover extent during January and North Atlantic hurricane activity during the following hurricane season. To better quantify this relationship the long‐term trend and ENSO years were removed from the data. The lightest January snow‐cover years (LSY) show sharp increases (40–90%) compared to the heaviest January snow‐cover years (HSY) in nearly all measures of Atlantic hurricane activity, including the numbers and duration of hurricanes and major hurricanes, and the average seasonal accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index. Approximately, half of the LSY events featured above‐normal hurricane seasons and none were below‐normal, while approximately half of the HSY featured below‐normal hurricane seasons none were above‐normal. Composite analyses indicate the anomalous wintertime snow‐cover extent and Atlantic hurricane activity are linked through their common association with persistent and hemisphere‐wide extratropical circulation anomalies tied to the Arctic Oscillation (AO). The LSY are associated with a positive phase of the AO, along with warmer surface temperatures in both North America and Eurasia, while the HSY are associated with a negative phase of the AO and below‐average continental surface temperatures. One unresolved issue is the extent to which the anomalous snow extent feeds back onto the large‐scale circulation so as to help maintain the wintertime AO patterns through the spring and summer. Another remaining issue is the process(es) by which the extratropical AO signals eventually penetrate into the tropics so as to influence Atlantic hurricane activity. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Characteristics of a phage effective for colibacillosis control in poultry
Authors: Lau Gee Leng , Sieo Chin Chin , Tan Wen Siang , Ho Yin Wan
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND: Colibacillosis is one of the main causes of economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. Although antibiotics have been used to control this infection, the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria poses a threat to animal and human health. Phage therapy has been reported as one of the potential alternative methods to control bacterial infections. However, efficient phage therapy is highly dependent on the characteristics of the phage isolated. In the present study the characteristics of a lytic phage, ØEC1, which was found to be effective against the causative agent of colibacillosis in chickens in a previous in vivo study, are reported.

RESULTS: Examination by transmission electron microscopy revealed that ØEC1 is a DNA phage belonging to the Podoviridae family. ØEC1 showed an optimum multiplicity of infection of 0.1‐1. The latent period of ØEC1 was 25 min, with a burst size of 200 particles per infected cell. Under the experimental conditions the maximum adsorption rate for ØEC1 was 99.9% within 8 min. ØEC1 demonstrated an optimum phage lytic activity at pH 6‐9 and 25–41 °C.

CONCLUSION: These characteristics can serve as a guideline for selection of effective candidates for phage therapy, in this case for collibacillosis control in chickens. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Food systems: New‐Ruralism versus New‐Urbanism
Authors: Azadi Hossein , Van Acker Veronique , Zarafshani Kiumars , Witlox Frank
Published: April 2012

There is a growing debate on whether agricultural land in urban fringes should be maintained or converted to other uses. While ‘pro‐ruralists’ believe agricultural land conversion can threaten food security and cause rural‐urban migration, ‘pro‐urbanists’ find it a necessary change for transition from a primitive agricultural‐based community to an advanced industrial‐based society which has the capacity to create mass productions. New‐Ruralists follow an agricultural‐based development approach that promotes small–medium farming and acknowledges rural lifestyle while New‐Urbanists give a priority to large industrial‐based sectors and encourage urban lifestyle. Given the unlike concerns of different societies, the paper concludes that the approaches might have different priorities in the less developed, developing, and developed world. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Measuring the Socio‐Economic Legacies of Mega‐events: Concepts, Propositions and Indicators
Authors: Li ShiNa , McCabe Scott
Published: April 2012

Legacies have become a key rationale underpinning the bidding process for hosting mega‐events. These long‐term effects are deemed to hold benefits and costs, and measurement is important. However, there is limited theory or empirical evidence on legacy impacts. In this article, the literature on legacies of mega‐events is reviewed and event tourism isolated to develop an interdisciplinary conceptual model to measure tourism legacies, and develop propositions on measurement issues. This paper develops a framework of key indicators, propositions and measures to evaluate socio‐economic legacies, which will support event organizers and decision makers to formulate policies for improving event legacies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemical premotor biomarkers for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Mollenhauer Brit , Zhang Jing
Published: April 2012

A biomarker is a biological characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological or pathologic processes or of pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. We reviewed the current status of target protein biomarkers (eg, total/oligomeric α‐synuclein and DJ‐1) in cerebrospinal fluid, as well as on unbiased processes that can be used to discover novel biomarkers. We have also provide ddetails about strategies toward potential populations/models and technologies, including the need for standardized sampling techniques, to pursue the identification of new biochemical markers in the premotor stage of Parkinson's disease in the future. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Are high doses of carbidopa a concern? A randomized, clinical trial in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Brod Lissa S. , Aldred Jason L. , Nutt John G.
Published: April 2012

Recommended doses of carbidopa are 75‐200 mg/day. Higher doses could inhibit brain aromatic amino‐acid decarboxylase and reduce clinical effects. We compared 4‐week outpatient treatments with carbidopa (75 and 450 mg/day) administered with L‐dopa on the subjects' normal schedule. After each treatment phase, subjects had two 2‐hour L‐dopa infusions. The first infusion examined the effects of carbidopa doses administered the preceding 4 weeks, and the second infusion determined the acute effects of the two dosages of carbidopa. The antiparkinsonian effects and L‐dopa and carbidopa plasma concentrations were monitored during the infusions. Twelve subjects completed the study. Carbidopa concentrations were eight times higher after the high‐carbidopa phase. Area under the curve (AUC) for clinical ratings did not differ for the four L‐dopa infusions, although AUC for plasma L‐dopa was modestly increased with 450 mg of carbidopa. Nine subjects reported that the high‐carbidopa outpatient phase was associated with greater response to L‐dopa. Doses of 450 mg/day of carbidopa did not reduce the responses to L‐dopa infusion, extending the safe range of carbidopa to 450 mg/day. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
The significance of defining preclinical or prodromal Parkinson's disease
Authors: Olanow C. Warren , Obeso José A.
Published: April 2012

A body of clinical and pathologic evidence supports the concept that there a pre‐Parkinson state exists prior to the time when Parkinson's disease (PD) can be formally diagnosed. The ability to define a the preclinical or prodromal PD state has many important implications. First, understanding the timing and sequence of pathologic change that occurs in PD could provide important clues as to the etiology and pathogenesis of PD, and provide insight into cell vulnerability factors. Second, defining a population of patients with preclinical PD would provide a potentially important group of subjects for clinical trials attempting to define disease‐modifying therapies. And, finally, being able to determine that a person has PD at an earlier time point than is currently possible would permit the introduction of a putative disease‐modifying therapy at a time when it could have more profound and long‐lasting effects. This paper reviews the clinical significance of defining preclinical PD. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
The Effect of Media on Charitable Giving and Volunteering: Evidence from the “Give Five” Campaign
Authors: Yörük Barış K.
Published: April 2012

Fundraising campaigns advertised via mass media are common. To what extent such campaigns affect charitable behavior is mostly unknown, however. Using giving and volunteering surveys conducted biennially from 1988 to 1996, I investigate the effect of a national fundraising campaign, “Give Five,” on charitable giving and volunteering patterns. The widely advertised Give Five campaign was aimed to encourage people to give 5 percent of their income and volunteer 5 hours a week. After controlling for selection into being informed about the Give Five, I find that people who were informed about the campaign increased their weekly volunteering activity on average by almost half an hour, but their giving behavior was not significantly affected. I discuss the policy implications associated with this result and argue that although the Give Five campaign did not achieve its goal, its impact on volunteering was considerable. © 2012 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
White light emission from amorphous silicon‐oxycarbide materials
Authors: Ishikawa Yukari , Sato Koji , Kawasaki Shinji , Ishii Yosuke , Matsumura Akihiro , Muto Shunsuke
Published: April 2012

This paper reports white photoluminescence (PL) from silicon‐oxycarbide materials. These are oxidized mesoporous carbon silica (MPCS) and thermally treated rice husk. The PL intensities were strong enough to be detected by the naked eye in daylight under ultraviolet light excitation at room temperature. We investigated the structure, composition, and bonding state of fabricated silicon‐oxycarbide materials and found the commonality between the oxidized MPCS and the thermally treated rice husk. Both of them (i) were composed of silica and small amount of carbon, (ii) have porous structure and large surface area over 100 m2/g, and (iii) have a broad infrared absorption band at around 1100 cm−1 related to the strained silica. The origins of white PL are discussed by taking account of the commonality.
Plasmon enhanced light absorption in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells
Authors: Yang Xiaohan , Uddin Ashraf , Wright Matthew
Published: April 2012

Silver nanospheres (Ag NSs) buffer layers were introduced via a solution casting process to enhance the light absorption in poly (3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. These Ag NSs, as surface plasmons, could increase the optical electric field in the photoactive layer whilst simultaneously improving the light scattering. As a result, this buffer layer improves the light absorption of P3HT:PCBM blend and consequently improves the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of organic solar cells. In this work, different sizes of Ag NSs plasmon‐enhanced layer were investigated, with the aim of optimizing the performance of devices. UV‐vis spectrometer measurement demonstrates that the total optical absorption of P3HT:PCBM blend films in the spectral range of 350–650 nm is increased by ∼4 and 6% with incorporation of the 20 and 40 nm Ag NSs, respectively. The Jsc was shown to increase by ∼21 and 24% for 20 and 40 nm Ag NSs, respectively. This is due to the extra photogenerated excitons by the plasmonic resonance of Ag NSs. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparing different dynamic stall models
Authors: Holierhoek J.G. , de Vaal J.B. , van Zuijlen A.H. , Bijl H.
Published: April 2012

The dynamic stall phenomenon and its importance for load calculations and aeroelastic simulations is well known. Different models exist to model the effect of dynamic stall; however, a systematic comparison is still lacking. To investigate if one is performing better than another, three models are used to simulate the Ohio State University measurements and a set of data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames experimental study of dynamic stall and compare results. These measurements were at conditions and for aerofoils that are typical for wind turbines, and the results are publicly available. The three selected dynamic stall models are the ONERA model, the Beddoes–Leishman model and the Snel model. The simulations show that there are still significant differences between measurements and models and that none of the models is significantly better in all cases than the other models. Especially in the deep stall regime, the accuracy of each of the dynamic stall models is limited. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct CP violation in charm and flavor mixing beyond the SM
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco , Isidori Gino , Paradisi Paride
Published: April 2012

Abstract

We analyze possible interpretations of the recent LHCb evidence for CP violation in D meson decays in terms of physics beyond the Standard Model. On general grounds, models in which the primary source of flavor violation is linked to the breaking of chiral symmetry (left-right flavor mixing) are natural candidates to explain this effect, via enhanced chromomagnetic operators. In the case of supersymmetric models, we identify two motivated scenarios: disoriented A-terms and split families. These structures predict other non-standard signals, such as nuclear EDMs close to their present bounds and, possibly, tiny but visible deviations in K and B physics, or even sizable flavor-violating processes involving the top quark or the stops. Some of these connections, especially the one with nuclear EDMs, hold beyond supersymmetry, as illustrated with the help of prototype non-supersymmetric models.
Control of redox potential in hybridoma cultures: effects on MAb production, metabolism, and apoptosis
Authors: Meneses-Acosta Angélica , Gómez Alfonso , Ramírez Octavio T
Published: April 2012

Culture redox potential (CRP) has proven to be a valuable monitoring tool in several areas of biotechnology; however, it has been scarcely used in animal cell culture. In this work, a proportional feedback control was employed, for the first time, to maintain the CRP at different constant values in hybridoma batch cultures for production of a monoclonal antibody (MAb). Reducing and oxidant conditions, in the range of −130 and +70 mV, were maintained in 1-l bioreactors through automatic control of the inlet gas composition. Cultures at constant DOT, in the range of 3 and 300 %, were used for comparison. The effect of constant CRP on cell concentration, MAb production, metabolism of glucose, glutamine, thiols, oxygen consumption, and programmed cell death, was evaluated. Reducing conditions resulted in the highest viable cell and MAb concentrations and thiols production, whereas specific glucose and glutamine consumption rates remained at the lowest values. In such conditions, programmed cell death, particularly apoptosis, occurred only after nutrient exhaustion. The optimum specific MAb production rate occurred at intermediate CRP levels. Oxidant conditions resulted in a detrimental effect in all culture parameters, increasing the specific glucose, glutamine, and oxygen consumption rates and inducing the apoptotic process, which was detected as early as 24 h even when glutamine and glucose were present at non-limiting concentrations. In most cases, such results were similar to those obtained in control cultures at constant DOT.
Mitochondrial proteomics—a tool for the study of metabolic disorders
Authors: Gregersen Niels , Hansen Jakob , Palmfeldt Johan
Published: April 2012

Mitochondria are important for a number of life and death processes, such as energy production, creation of reactive oxygen species, and elicitation of stress responses. These responses range from induction of protein quality control and antioxidant systems to mitochondria elimination and cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are involved in pathologies associated with many diseases, for example metabolic disorders, diabetes, cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases as well as obesity and aging. Mitochondrial proteomics can be a powerful tool in the study of these diseases, especially since it can cover mitochondrial proteins from several metabolic pathways, such as the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and respiratory chain, as well as protein networks involved in stress responses. The mitochondrial proteome can consist of more than 1,000 different proteins. However, it is difficult to define the precise number, since mitochondria are dynamic and difficult to purify, and because an unknown number of proteins possess dual or multiple localization, depending on cell type and physiological conditions. This review describes several quantitative studies of proteins from mitochondria isolated by centrifugation, separated by various methods (e.g., electrophoresis and nanoLC), and analyzed by advanced mass spectrometry. We illustrate the methods by showing that multiple pathways and networks are affected in cells from patients carrying gene variations affecting a mitochondrial protein. The study of cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with ethylmalonic aciduria associated with variations in the genes coding for short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) or ETHE1 are two of the examples. The possibility of obtaining mitochondrial proteomics data from whole cell proteomics studies is also exemplified by the involvement of liver mitochondria in metabolic syndrome.
Expression and Characterization of Recombinant Ecarin
Authors: Jonebring Anna , Lange Ute , Bucha Elke , Deinum Johanna , Elg Margareta , Lövgren Ann
Published: April 2012

The snake venom protease ecarin from Echis carinatus was expressed in stable transfected CHO-S cells grown in animal component free cell culture medium. Recombinant ecarin (r-ecarin) was secreted from the suspension adapted Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-S) host cells as a pro-protein and activation to the mature form of r-ecarin occurred spontaneously during continued incubation of the cell culture at 37 °C after death of the host cells. Maximal ecarin activity was reached 7 days or more after cell culture viability had dropped to zero. The best producing CHO-S clone obtained produced up to 7,000 EU ecarin/litre in lab scale shaker cultures. The conversion of different concentrations of both prothrombin and prethrombin-2 as substrates for native and r-ecarin were examined with a chromogenic thrombin substrate. At low concentrations both these proteins were converted into thrombin by the two ecarin preparations with comparable rates. However, with prothrombin concentrations above 250 nM r-ecarin apparently had a two times higher turnover than native ecarin, consistent with the observed rapid complete conversion of prothrombin into thrombin by r-ecarin. With r-ecarin a K
m value of 0.4 μM prethrombin-2 was determined but only a rough estimate could be made of the K
m for prothrombin of 0.9 μM. In conclusion, r-ecarin was identified as a promising candidate for replacement of native ecarin in assays utilizing conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
Additional Coralline Algae from the Lower Miocene to Late Holocene Sediments of the Porbandar Group, Gujarat
Authors: Mude Shyam N. , Kundal P.
Published: April 2012

The Neogene-Quaternary sediments well exposed in the Porbandar Basin are characterized by coralline algae. The limestone, calc-arenites and marls are the dominant lithology of this sequence. The present paper documents ten species of coralline algae. Among these, the nongeniculate coralline algae are represented by four species and geniculate coralline algae include six species. The sediments yielding this algal flora range in age from the Lower Miocene to Late Holocene.
Shear-driven circulation patterns in lipid membrane vesicles
Authors: Woodhouse Francis G. , Goldstein Raymond E.
Published: April 2012

Recent experiments have shown that when a near-hemispherical lipid vesicle attached to a solid surface is subjected to a simple shear flow it exhibits a pattern of membrane circulation much like a dipole vortex. This is in marked contrast to the toroidal circulation that would occur in the related problem of a drop of immiscible fluid attached to a surface and subjected to shear. This profound difference in flow patterns arises from the lateral incompressibility of the membrane, which restricts the observable flows to those in which the velocity field in the membrane is two-dimensionally divergence free. Here we study these circulation patterns within the simplest model of membrane fluid dynamics. A systematic expansion of the flow field based on Papkovich–Neuber potentials is developed for general viscosity ratios between the membrane and the surrounding fluids. Comparison with experimental results (Vézy, Massiera & Viallat, Soft Matt., vol. 3, 2007, pp. 844–851) is made, and it is shown how such studies could allow measurements of the membrane viscosity. Issues of symmetry-breaking and pattern selection are discussed.
A weakly nonlinear mechanism for mode selection in swirling jets
Authors: Meliga Philippe , Gallaire François , Chomaz Jean-Marc
Published: April 2012

Global linear and nonlinear bifurcation analysis is used to revisit the spiral vortex breakdown of nominally axisymmetric swirling jets. For the parameters considered herein, stability analyses single out two unstable linear modes of azimuthal wavenumber $m= \ensuremath{-} 1$ and $m= \ensuremath{-} 2$, bifurcating from the axisymmetric breakdown solution. These modes are interpreted in terms of spiral perturbations wrapped around and behind the axisymmetric bubble, rotating in time in the same direction as the swirling flow but winding in space in the opposite direction. Issues are addressed regarding the role of these modes with respect to the existence, mode selection and internal structure of vortex breakdown, as assessed from the three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of Ruith et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 486, 2003, pp. 331–378). The normal form describing the leading-order nonlinear interaction between modes is computed and analysed. It admits two stable solutions corresponding to pure single and double helices. At large swirl, the axisymmetric solution bifurcates to the double helix which remains the only stable solution. At low and moderate swirl, it bifurcates first to the single helix, and subsequently to the double helix through a series of subcritical bifurcations yielding hysteresis over a finite range of Reynolds numbers, the estimated bifurcation threshold being in good agreement with that observed in the direct numerical simulations. Evidence is provided that this selection is not to be ascribed to classical mean flow corrections induced by the existence of the unstable modes, but to a non-trivial competition between harmonics. Because the frequencies of the leading modes approach a strong $2$:$1$ resonance, an alternative normal form allowing interactions between the $m= \ensuremath{-} 2$ mode and the first harmonics of the $m= \ensuremath{-} 1$ mode is computed and analysed. It admits two stable solutions, the double helix already identified in the non-resonant case, and a single helix differing from that observed in the non-resonant case only by the presence of a slaved, phase-locked harmonic deformation. On behalf of the finite departure from the $2$:$1$ resonance, the amplitude of the slaved harmonic is however low, and the effect of the resonance on the bifurcation structure is merely limited to a reduction of the hysteresis range.
Influence of a high-fat diet on gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and metabolic endotoxaemia
Authors: Moreira Ana Paula Boroni , Texeira Tatiana Fiche Salles , Ferreira Alessandra Barbosa , do Carmo Gouveia Peluzio Maria , de Cássia Gonçalves Alfenas Rita
Published: April 2012

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may play an important role in chronic diseases through the activation of inflammatory responses. The type of diet consumed is of major concern for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Evidence from animal and human studies has shown that LPS can diffuse from the gut to the circulatory system in response to the intake of high amounts of fat. The method by which LPS move into the circulatory system is either through direct diffusion due to intestinal paracellular permeability or through absorption by enterocytes during chylomicron secretion. Considering the impact of metabolic diseases on public health and the association between these diseases and the levels of LPS in the circulatory system, this review will mainly discuss the current knowledge about high-fat diets and subclinical inflammation. It will also describe the new evidence that correlates gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and alkaline phosphatase activity with increased blood LPS levels and the biological effects of this increase, such as insulin resistance. Although the majority of the studies published so far have assessed the effects of dietary fat, additional studies are necessary to deepen the understanding of how the amount, the quality and the structure of the fat may affect endotoxaemia. The potential of food combinations to reduce the negative effects of fat intake should also be considered in future studies. In these studies, the effects of flavonoids, prebiotics and probiotics on endotoxaemia should be investigated. Thus, it is essential to identify dietetic strategies capable of minimising endotoxaemia and its postprandial inflammatory effects.
COAL MINES, THE PALACE, AND STRUGGLES OVER POWER, CAPITAL, AND JUSTICE IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Authors: Quataert Donald , Gutman David
Published: April 2012

This article is based on a case file examining the allegedly corrupt behavior of the district governor (kaymakam) of Ereğli, located in the Black Sea coal district of the Ottoman Empire, before the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. It paints a vivid picture of the cronyism, greed, and demands for justice that abound in the testimonies and petitions of a diverse array of local actors that were included in the case file. These documents provide the opportunity to shed light on, among other things, the growing nexus between state power and capital in the late Ottoman Empire within a little-studied peripheral context. As the article shows, prospects of control over the region's burgeoning coal economy led to abuses among officials at various levels of the local and imperial bureaucracy, the impacts of which were felt (to varying degrees) by a wide cross-section of Ereğli society. The behavior of the district governor and his allies, along with the final decision made in the case, reveals much about power, wealth, and justice in the final years of the Abdülhamit regime.
BETWEEN CIVIC AND ISLAMIC OTTOMANISM: JEWISH IMPERIAL CITIZENSHIP IN THE HAMIDIAN ERA
Authors: Cohen Julia Phillips
Published: April 2012

This article explores the responses of Sephardi Jews to two moments of heightened tension and politicized violence in the Ottoman Empire during the late 19th century—the massacres of Armenians in Istanbul in 1896 and the Greco–Ottoman War of 1897. It argues that many of the strategies of representation that Jewish elites employed during these moments speak to their ability and willingness to work within a framework of Islamic Ottomanism. Recognizing this pattern complicates scholarly assumptions about the relationship of religious minorities to the deployment of state religion in general and about the responses of non-Muslims to the Hamidian regime's mobilization of Islam more specifically. Identifying the pattern is not to celebrate it, however. Sephardi Jews' relationship with Islamic Ottomanism was in many cases deeply ambivalent. Finding themselves torn between civic and Islamic forms of imperial identification during this period, Ottoman Jews soon learned that both positions could entail uncomfortable choices and disturbing consequences.
And Then There Were Two: What Is “Sudan” Now?
Authors: Hale Sondra
Published: April 2012

How can scholars of Sudan now write about the landmass still called “Sudan”? What do we mean when we use the word? How can the name, which denotes a whole, encompass the fragments that make up its official boundaries? For the last several years, events in Sudan have been changing more rapidly than we Sudanists can analyze them or than Sudanese themselves can process them. Now, in its truncated form, delineating national identity—always problematic in the past—becomes far more complex. Considering extant cultural flows of art, language, customs, and religion, the dividing lines are, at best, dubious. A number of events are transpiring at the moment of writing this brief essay that have changed and will continue to change the future of not just one country but now two. For example, nothing is resolved in Darfur (in western Sudan), with peace talks stalled, more violence being perpetrated by the northern central government and its proxies, guerilla groups proliferating and battling among themselves, and a probable link among some Darfur groups and South Sudan forces.
History, Slavery, and Liberation
Authors: Troutt Powell Eve M.
Published: April 2012

Last spring, while Tunisians and Egyptians erupted in the most determined and optimistic political protest movements seen in two generations, southern Sudanese prepared to secede. And in July, after months of watching dramatic images from the demonstrators in Tahrir Square, the world was presented with pictures of a new country with a beautiful, colorful new flag, of thousands of people who had voted into existence the Republic of South Sudan. On Al-Jazeera, CNN, and BBC, interviews with southern Sudanese revealed the profound relief and freedom that these new citizens felt as they repeated the word “liberation” to describe their feelings in this heady moment of independence.
Density of the Vulnerable Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi in a protected area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Brodie Jedediah , Giordano Anthony J.
Published: April 2012

Population density is an important parameter for monitoring and guiding conservation of small or threatened wildlife populations. Yet, despite the Vulnerable status of both species of clouded leopard Neofelis spp., and their disappearing tropical forest habitat, information on their population density is lacking from across their broad geographic ranges. Here we estimated population density of the Sunda clouded leopard N. diardi in the Maliau Basin Conservation Area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, one of the first such estimates for either species of clouded leopard. With 25 camera-trap stations, each operated for at least 81 trap-nights, we obtained 59 detections of four individual Sunda clouded leopards in undisturbed primary rainforest but only a single detection in logged forest, despite similar sampling effort. Using spatially-explicit mark–recapture models, we estimated a density of 1.9 individuals per 100 km2 (95% confidence interval 0.7–5.4) for primary forest and 0.8 per 100 km2 (0.2–2.6) for the entire study area (including logged forest). These results will contribute to a better understanding of clouded leopard status and serve as a reference for future assessments of the species.
Assessment of the effectiveness of South Africa's marine protected areas at representing ichthyofaunal communities
Authors: SOLANO-FERNÁNDEZ SOFÍA , ATTWOOD COLIN G. , CHALMERS RUSSELL , CLARK BARRY M. , COWLEY PAUL D. , FAIRWEATHER TRACEY , FENNESSY SEAN T. , GÖTZ ALBRECHT , HARRISON TREVOR D. , KERWATH SVEN E. , LAMBERTH STEPHEN J. , MANN BRUCE Q. , SMALE MALCOLM J. , SWART LIEZE
Published: April 2012

National and international policies have encouraged the establishment of a representative network of marine protected areas (MPAs) in South Africa, with the aim of protecting marine biodiversity. The extent to which these marine and estuarine protected areas (EPAs) represent marine fish species and communities was assessed by comparing their species compositions with those of exploited areas, as sampled using four fishing techniques. Seven hundred fish species were sampled, representing one-third of South Africa's marine fishes. MPAs in coastal habitats scored c. 40% on the Bray-Curtis measure of similarity for species representativeness, but this score declined markedly for offshore ‘trawlable’ fishing grounds. The combined effects of sampling error, temporal variation and the effects of fishing on relative abundance suggest that 80% similarity would be the maximum achieveable. Forty-nine per cent of all fish species that were recorded were found in the 14 MPAs sampled. Redundancy in the MPA network was low, with fish species most commonly being represented in only one MPA or absent. There was greater redundancy in the 33 EPAs, with 40% of species being found in two or more EPAs, but many of these estuaries were adjacent to each other and embedded in large MPAs. Deep water fish communities (>80 m deep) and communities located on the west and south-east coasts of South Africa were most poorly represented by MPAs. Routine fishery surveys provide a robust and repeatable opportunity to assess species representativeness in MPAs, and the method used could form the basis of an operational definition of ‘representative’. In contrast to an assessment based on presence-absence data, this analysis of quantitative data presents a more pessimistic assessment of protection.
Reconciling conflict between the direct and indirect effects of marine reserve protection
Authors: SHEARS NICK T. , KUSHNER DAVID J. , KATZ STEPHEN L. , GAINES STEVEN D.
Published: April 2012

No-take marine reserves directly promote the recovery of predatory species, which can have negative indirect effects on prey populations in reserves. When harvesting also occurs on prey species there is potential conflict between the direct and indirect effects of protection, and reserves may not have conservation benefits for prey species. For example, sea urchins are fished in many regions, but may decline in reserves due to increased predation rates. To investigate this potential conflict, this paper compares density, size, biomass and reproductive potential of both a harvested and an unharvested urchin species between a long-term reserve and unprotected sites in California. Consistent with density-mediated indirect interactions, densities of the unharvested species were 3.4-times higher at unprotected sites compared to reserve sites. However, for the harvested species, densities were comparable between reserve and unprotected sites. Both species were consistently larger at reserve sites, and the biomass and reproductive potential of the harvested species was 4.8- and 7.0-times higher, respectively, than at unprotected sites. This is likely due to differences in size-selectivity between harvesting and predators, and potential compensatory effects of predators. While the generality of these effects needs to be tested, these results suggest mechanisms whereby reserves can benefit both predator and prey species.
The ‘Precious Asset’: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Bratza Nicolas
Published: April 2012

The European Court of Human Rights has stated that Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights in its religious dimension is not only one of the most vital elements that go to make up the identity of believers and their conception of life but also a precious asset for atheists, agnostics, sceptics and the unconcerned. In the past 20 years, the Court has been called upon to address the scope and content of the Article in a variety of key cases, involving matters as diverse as proselytism, the grant and refusal of registration of religious bodies, the refusal of authorisations for places of worship and prohibitions on the wearing of religious dress or symbols in public places. The Court's case law has not been without its critics, some complaining that the Court has interpreted Article 9 too narrowly and has given too little weight to the freedom to manifest one's religion in teaching, practice and observance. Others, in contrast, have criticised what they see as the excessive weight given to religion when in conflict with other ECHR rights, notably that of freedom of expression. Still others have charged the Court with failing to interpret Article 9 in such a way as to realise its full potential by not engaging with what is meant by the word ‘religion’. This article considers some of these criticisms, and the need for the Court to strike a balance between the effective protection of individual rights and the need to respect very different constitutional traditions among the Contracting States.1
Infective endocarditis, thoracic aortitis, and mycotic aneurysm formation complicating balloon angioplasty of aortic coarctation
Authors: Aykan Ahmet Çağrı , Yıldız Mustafa , Özkan Mehmet
Published: April 2012

Coarctation of the aorta is a rare congenital anomaly usually accompanying bicuspid aortic valve. Adult patients with aortic coarctation can be managed either with surgery or percutaneously. Here we present a case of percutaneously treated aortic coarctation complicated with infective endocarditis of the aortic valve, thoracic aortitis, and thoracic mycotic aneurysm.
Boodle over the Border: Embezzlement and the Crisis of International Mobility, 1880–1890
Authors: Unterman Katherine
Published: April 2012

Roughly 2,000 American fugitives fled to Canada in the 1880s—mostly clerks, cashiers, and bank tellers charged with embezzlement. This article argues that these “boodlers,” as they were popularly called, were symptomatic of a late-nineteenth-century crisis of mobility. Embezzlement was a function of new kinds of mobility: migration to cities, the rise of an upwardly mobile middle class, the fungibility of greenbacks, and the growth of international transportation networks. The boodlers were some of the earliest white-collar criminals. By focusing on their unexplored story, this article contributes to the growing literature that presents the clerk as an important figure in nineteenth-century labor history. Still, the boodlers also had a more unexpected impact on the evolution of the United States' international borders, both in the popular imagination and in actual surveillance and law enforcement techniques. Through the figure of the boodler, this article examines the links between the growth of capitalism and the development of the United States–Canada border in the late nineteenth century.
“Our Changed Attitude”: Armed Defense and the New Negro in the 1919 Chicago Race Riot
Authors: Coit Jonathan S.
Published: April 2012

The 1919 Chicago race riot sparked a contentious debate among African Americans over the future of antiracist politics. Previous scholars have argued that the actions of “New Negroes” who took up arms in the riot represent a rejection of the politics of respectability dominant among black elites in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. This article argues that African American actions in the riot are more complex than previously understood. African Americans participated in the riot in a myriad of ways, and events were fluid and unpredictable. Violent acts spanned a continuum from spontaneous responses to more organized interventions. Moreover, African Americans not only committed aggressive violence, but also fought among themselves about the boundaries of legitimate violence. Based on their divergent interpretations of the events of the riot, black leaders found ample support for different and even contradictory political programs. Black radicals argued that armed defense exposed the irrelevance of established black leaders. Chicago's black elite, however, used riot narratives to create a new vision of respectable politics, in which the willingness to use force both defined and demonstrated manhood and equal citizenship.
“An acrid odor of the 1920s is again in the air”: The Strange Career of American Nativism and the Ongoing Relevance of John Higham's Strangers in the Land
Authors: Marinari Maddalena
Published: April 2012

The influence of John Higham and Strangers in the Land on the fields of immigration, ethnic, social, and intellectual history remains unquestionable. Nativism is as relevant to the study of American history in the twenty-first century as it was in 1955, when the book first appeared. Strangers in the Land has endured as an inspiring work of scholarship not only for its substance, but also for the author's commitment “to join historical scholarship with contemporary social concern.” Although he became interested in and wrote about many other subjects after the publication of Strangers in the Land, Higham continued to be concerned about the ebb and flow of nativism in the United States throughout his life. As Michael Kammen pointed out, Higham “remained exceedingly serious about the state of the nation and American society, sometimes verging upon gloom if not despair.” This sense of urgency about the pervasiveness of history in the present emerged in his prologue to the 2002 edition of his book, when he wrote that he feared there was “an acrid odor of the 1920s.” Fifty-five years after its publication, Strangers in the Land still conveyed the importance of its subject and inspired readers to seek an answer to Higham's fear of a resurgence of nativism.
Estimates of phytoplankton class‐specific and total primary production in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean color observations
Authors: Uitz Julia , Stramski Dariusz , Gentili Bernard , D'Ortenzio Fabrizio , Claustre Hervé
Published: April 2012

An approach that combines a recently developed procedure for improved estimation of surface chlorophyll a concentration (Chlsurf) from ocean color and a phytoplankton class‐specific bio‐optical model was used to examine primary production in the Mediterranean Sea. Specifically, this approach was applied to the 10 year time series of satellite Chlsurfdata from the Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor. We estimated the primary production associated with three major phytoplankton classes (micro, nano, and picophytoplankton), which also yielded new estimates of the total primary production (Ptot). These estimates of Ptot (e.g., 68 g C m−2 yr−1for the entire Mediterranean basin) are lower by a factor of ∼2 and show a different seasonal cycle when compared with results from conventional approaches based on standard ocean color chlorophyll algorithm and a non‐class‐specific primary production model. Nanophytoplankton are found to be dominant contributors to Ptot (43–50%) throughout the year and entire basin. Micro and picophytoplankton exhibit variable contributions to Ptot depending on the season and ecological regime. In the most oligotrophic regime, these contributions are relatively stable all year long with picophytoplankton (∼32%) playing a larger role than microphytoplankton (∼22%). In the blooming regime, picophytoplankton dominate over microphytoplankton most of the year, except during the spring bloom when microphytoplankton (27–38%) are considerably more important than picophytoplankton (20–27%).
Mineralogical controls on soil black carbon preservation
Authors: Cusack Daniela F. , Chadwick Oliver A. , Hockaday William C. , Vitousek Peter M.
Published: April 2012

Black carbon (BC) has long been considered a chemically resistant component of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, there is substantial evidence that the chemistry of most C compounds is less important for long‐term storage than is physical protection (e.g., mineral sorption). We explored BC retention in grasslands that lie along a climate gradient that produces strong differences in short range order (SRO) minerals known to drive landscape‐scale retention of SOC. We measured soil BC content using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and used radiocarbon dating on a subset of samples to relate BC content to long‐term soil C storage. Black C concentrations in soil ranged from 0.2 to 2.9%, representing 10–30% of SOC and spanning levels found in temperate grasslands around the world. Black C concentrations were significantly correlated with SRO minerals, but the strongest single predictor of BC content was simply SOC. The ratio of BC/OC was fairly insensitive to SRO minerals, suggesting that BC responds similarly to reactive minerals as does OC. Direct links between SOC and BC retention warrant further study. We found no evidence that BC is preferentially retained relative to OC, with soil radiocarbon ages apparently driven primarily by inputs of new OC. These results indicate that physical protection may play a strong role in BC retention, and that BC cycling in soils may be more similar to OC cycling than is generally thought.
Different Bz response regions in the nightside magnetosphere after the arrival of an interplanetary shock: Multipoint observations compared with MHD simulations
Authors: Sun T. R. , Wang C. , Wang Y.
Published: April 2012

We present different magnetic field changes in the nightside magnetosphere in response to the interplanetary (IP) shock on 17 December 2007, using multiple spacecraft observations and global MHD simulations. The coexistence of two distinct Bz response regions in the nightside magnetosphere in a single event has been observationally identified for the first time. From the inner magnetosphere to the tail, they are the positive response (Bz increase) and the negative response (Bz decrease). This scenario reasonably agrees with the MHD model prediction. Moreover, the analysis of the response delay time shows that, for the three satellites which observed the negative responses of Bz, the one closest to Earth was the last to respond. This phenomenon can also be understood based on the model prediction that the negative response region develops toward Earth after its formation. In addition, the temporarily enhanced earthward flows in the negative response region, which were suggested to be responsible for the formation of this region by previous model studies, were also supported by the observation. At last, a global view of the Bz response processes in the nightside magnetosphere is presented based on MHD simulations.
Comparison between SuperDARN flow vectors and equivalent ionospheric currents from ground magnetometer arrays
Authors: Weygand J. M. , Amm O. , Angelopoulos V. , Milan S. E. , Grocott A. , Gleisner H. , Stolle C.
Published: April 2012

Equivalent ionospheric currents obtained with the spherical elementary current systems (SECS) method and derived from nearly 100 ground magnetometers spread over North America and Greenland are compared with ionospheric flow vectors measured by the SuperDARN radars during both the summer and winter seasons. This comparison is done over a range of spatial separations, magnetic latitudes, magnetic local times, and auroral electrojet activity to investigate under what conditions the vectors are anti‐parallel to one another. Our results show that in general the equivalent ionospheric currents are anti‐parallel to the flows and the best results are achieved within the auroral oval during active geomagnetic conditions in the dawn, dusk and noon sectors in the northern hemisphere summer. These results indicate the best anti‐parallel alignment occurs when the currents and flows are large and well defined. Factors that may influence the alignment include ionospheric conductivity gradients and quiet time backgrounds. Our results can be used to approximate the macroscopic (∼1000 km) ionospheric convection patterns. The SECS maps represent a value‐added product from the raw magnetometer database and can be used for contextual interpretation; they can help with our understanding of magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling mechanisms using ground arrays and the magnetospheric spacecraft data, and they can be used as input for other techniques.