bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of bacterial attachment media to reduce organic matter from wastewater of catfish aquaculture
Authors: Arfiati D , Dina K F , Lailiyah S , Adialam E , Cokrowati N
Published: June 2020

Sangkuriang catfish aquaculture produces waste in the form of organic matter from the remaining feed and metabolic waste. Previous study revealed that the organic matter found in the outlet part of the fishpond was three times higher than the inlet. The attempt to decrease organic matter in that study was performed using freshwater clam and Bacillus subtilis bacteria; however, the decrease was less than 80% within 5 days. This study aims to obtain a maximum decrease level of organic matter with the fastest time of degradation. The experimental method with a Completely Randomized Plot Design (Split Plot Design) was employed in this study. The primary treatments (main plot) were time while the sub-plot was the surface area of bacterial attachment media. The time was set within 72 hours with an observation interval of 12 hours. The areas of the attachment media were 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of the surface diameter of the experimental pail. The attachment media used in this study was synthetic coir. The control treatment was done without the attachment media (0%). The experiment was conducted in a laboratory under a facultative anaerobic condition. The level of organic matter and the total of bacterial suspension (TPC) in the water were observed every 12 hours. Organic matter was measured using a KMnO4 oxidizer. The results study indicated that adhering 100% of the surface of the attachment media decreased organic matter by 93.7% within 72 hours (three days). The total bacteria in water media within 12 hours was 0.5x102 CFU/ml, while the total bacteria within 72 hours was 26x102 CFU/ml. It can be concluded that the utilization of the bacterial attachment media has accelerated the decrease of organic matter in the wastewater of Catfish aquaculture with a stable amount of bacterial suspension.
Application of Salvinia molesta for water pollution treatment using phytoremediation batch system
Authors: Munfarida I , Auvaria S W , Suprayogi D , Munir M
Published: June 2020

The contamination of the river water with wastewater is a severe problem due to the utilization of the river water for drinking water mainly. Phytotechnologies can minimize the negative impact of this problem using plants in the river water rehabilitation. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Salvinia molesta to phytoremediation of the polluted river by organic pollutants. There were two treatments on this research: polluted river without Salvinia molesta and polluted river with Salvinia molesta phytoremediation on the batch system. We took a water sample from the moderate polluted river for phytoremediation by Salvinia molesta. The period of the research was two weeks. The measured water quality parameters in this study were dissolved oxygen (DO), total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). This study revealed that Salvinia molesta plants could improve the river water quality with enhancing DO by 58,26%, decreasing the parameters include TS by 31%, TDS by 97%, BOD by 26%, and COD by 74% compared to control without Salvinia molesta. Thus, the data suggest that Salvinia molesta may have a potential for phytoremediation (as water pollution treatment) of aquatic environments contaminated with organic pollutants from wastewater.
Biosorption of Cu(II) by natural biofilm matrix of Lahor Reservoirs, Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawan A , Salamah L N , Amin A A , Yanuar A
Published: June 2020

Heavy metal pollution is a severe problem in aquatic ecosystems. Various technologies have been developed to overcome the problems. One of the proposed technologies is biosorption. The success rate of biosorption is largely determined by the selection of biosorbent. The biosorbent should have a high capacity to adsorb the contaminant as well as environmentally friendly. One of the alternative biosorbent in the biofilm matrix. This study analyzes the biosorption characteristics of CuII, as one of the common pollutant s in the aquatic ecosystem, by biofilm matrix collected from Lahor Reservoirs in East Java, Indonesia. The kinetics of adsorption investigation in this study show that the biosorption of CuII by the biofilm matrix reached the equilibrium state within 5 minutes. The adsorption isotherm investigation revealed that the biosorption of CuII to the biofilm matrix fitted well to the Langmuir Isotherm model. The maximum adsorption amount Nmax of CuII by biofilm is around 33.3 mmol/gram, and the adsorption equilibrium constant is 0.03 L/mmol. According to the result of this study, the biofilm matrix has the potentiality to become biosorbent in the treatment of heavy metal pollution in the aquatic ecosystem.
Suitability analysis of aquaculture ponds based on primary productivity parameters in mangrove area of Banda Aceh
Authors: Nurfadillah N , Dewiyanti I , Yunizar S , Mellisa S , Arisa I I
Published: June 2020

Determining the suitability of aquaculture ponds is one of a valuable factor in sustainable aquaculture. One of the factors to consider in establishing a successful aquaculture is aquatic environment, i.e.: the primary productivity of waters and physical-chemical factors. The value of primary productivity describes aquatic trophic and natural food availability. This research was aimed to observe the suitability of aquaculture ponds based on primary productivity, phytoplankton abundance, and water quality (Physical-Chemical factors). The research was conducted on July to August 2018 in mangrove ecosystem at western and eastern coastal area of Banda Aceh with six observation stations, namely Beureunut, Amat Aramanyang, Ruyung, Tibang, Deah Glumpang and Peukan Bada. These stations were determined by stratified random sampling method based on water characteristic. The measurement of primary productivity was conducted by using the dark-light bottle method. The categorizing of suitability of aquaculture ponds was done by using the scoring method. The water quality parameters were given the value and score then following to be divided into four classes of suitability comprise Class S1 (Very suitable), S2 (Suitable), S3 (Conditional Suitable), and TS (Unsuitable). The results showed that the value of primary productivity ranged from 34.72 to 178.82 mgC/m3/hour and the phytoplankton abundance around 1.17 – 3.02 individual/Liter. Land suitability scoring ranged from 70.1 – 75.6%. It was concluded that the station 4th (Tibang) and 5th (Deah Glumpang) were a suitable area for aquaculture ponds with a score of 75.6%.
Production and Hydrochemical characteristics of brine and salt at salt production area in Pamekasan
Authors: Sidik R F , Kuswandi  , Roesyadi A
Published: June 2020

The objectives of this study were to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics of local salts from three districts, namely Galis, Pademawu, Tlanakan district, and PT. Garam. In Pamekasan regency. Two analyzed samples were seawater and salt. Hydrochemical parameters and chemical compositions of the main elements for seawater and its salt were investigated. The parameters for water samples were water temperature, Be, ammonia (mg/L), SO4 (mg/L). The parameter for the salt sample was NaCl purity. The sample of traditional pond brine was provided that the water temperature was in the range of 37-53°C, Be (19-27 °Be), ammonia (0.0953-0.4781 mg/L), and SO4 (22.071,0-52.360,0 mg/L). For PT Garam sample the value of temperature (41.0-43.0°C), Be (20-25 °Be), ammonia (0.1843-0.2143 mg/L), and SO4 (22.071-39.152 mg/L). The lowest NaCl score was traditional ponds (85,58), while the measuring of NaCl for PT Garam was 89.48 and 86.29%.
Another threat to the Sovereignty of Indonesia’s territorial waters: Human trafficking in the fisheries industry
Authors: Kurniaty R , Kurniawan A
Published: June 2020

Human trafficking in the fisheries industry is one of the threats to the security and sovereignty of Indonesia’s territorial waters other than Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing. The research about workers in the field of fisheries has not been done much. This article focuses on human trafficking in the fishing industry that takes place in Benjina, Indonesia’s sovereign territory. Human trafficking is related to organized transnational crime and actions that violate human rights. This article uses library research as a writing method. This article aims to discuss international norms governing human trafficking, especially in the fishing industry. This article concludes that internationally there have been several relevant international conventions on ships in general and fishing vessels that have been in effect for a long time. However, Indonesia has not ratified some of them. Moreover, the efforts of the Indonesian government in handling human trafficking in its sovereign territory are divided through the handling of the defendant under Law No. 21 of 2007 on Crime of Human Trafficking and assisted the victims with assistance facilitated by IOM.
Towards an Urban-Rural-Environmental Relationship in the Metropolis: The case of Vila Bela
Authors: Luz V , Fabiano Jr. A
Published: June 2020

This paper presents principles, methods and results of a Final Graduation Work in which teaching, research and university extension are considered as an indivisible whole. This method is been realized though several years, where our choice of territory intervention constantly consists of look for locations on extreme edges of Sao Paulo’s metropolitan peripheral regions, with deep social fragility, contiguous to rural places and environmental preservation areas and impacted by the existence of at least one large metropolitan infrastructure. The search for alternative pacts in urban-rural-environmental relations begins with the understanding that these systems are inseparable and complementary. The experiment of sustainable development models in the field of higher education encompasses urban guidelines, territorial plans in diverse scales and architectural projects compromised with the site. All the work’s phases are articulated to commitments with the actual territory and its inhabitants, seeking to break through perverse conditions of the centre-periphery binomial and for new possibilities in the urban-rural-environmental relations in the metropolis. The work essays new paradigms in the relation between man-man and man-nature, assuming as urgent the environmental imbalance situation and the planetary social inequality, whose need for proposition is imperative and irreversible – regarding landscape, public spaces, habitat’s quality of life and infrastructure supply. The engagement is inseparable, constituting bonds of realizable commitments. The approach to the field is established through meetings and alignment with the community leaders and representatives, building close ties. The results of learning experience are the final research products, guidelines, an urban design of an exemplar cut and architecture projects realized, which are carried out under the guidance of this article’s authors, that are presented as a collection of alternatives to the region’s demands and priorities, and the complementary extra-disciplinary actions that are also established on voluntary bases, according to the emergences or wishes expressed.
Circular Economy for Fish Farms in Araucanía, Chile
Authors: Mardones A , Cabrera-Barjas G , Salas X
Published: June 2020

In its freshwater phase, salmon farming generates environmental liabilities such as fish faeces, unconsumed food and the natural mortalities of the productive process. The latter are treated with formic acid and used integrally in the manufacture of flours for animal feed. In turn, it is estimated that approximately 10% of the food supplied to the fish is not consumed and that the remaining 90%, after being digested, produces 13% of faeces. Both residues go through a stabilising pre-treatment and concentration process and are then removed as sludge. At present, the sludge is mainly disposed of in sanitary landfills, where their stench affects local communities. Moreover, CO2 is released into the atmosphere due to sludge decomposition, contributing to the net carbon footprint of this industry and adding to the global problem of greenhouse gas emissions. In Chile, there are 957 freshwater fish farms, which generate 522,182 tons of sludge per year as a waste product. The management of this waste gives rise to considerable environmental, economic and social concern. Such a problem is mainly located in the Araucanía Region (Chile), where 53 industrial fish farms are located and two out of five of the salmon that Chile exports are born. In the context of the Circular Economy, our research group has been working on three research projects, aimed at adding value to the sludge. These are: 1. Use of sludge as raw material for obtaining heat energy, 2. Use of sludge as an amendment to agricultural and forest soils, and 3. Use of liquid waste from the sludge pressing process for fertigation. When using sludge as a source of renewable energy, previous studies corroborate that the calorific value of the obtained pellet ranges between 4,612 and 4,886 kcal/kg. Thus, such pellets have the potential to be used in the productive process of salmon farms, increasing their sustainability. A project has been developed to investigate and prototype a product we will call “soil amendment”, using a mixture of the sludge from fish farms and the resulting brush from the processing of algae. Finally, in order to reduce the sludge nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in clarification plants, the use of aquaponics and hydroponic techniques are studied. The flower known as chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum spp.) was selected as a model species because of its commercial value and ease of handling. In the present work, the results associated with these three local cases of Circular Economy in Chilean freshwater fish farms will be presented.
Analysis of the Mechanical and Thermal Behaviour of Mortars Manufactured with Combined Use of Different Waste Products
Authors: Badilla P , Letelier V , Aros P , Careau F
Published: June 2020

The present study analyses the incorporation of wastes into mortars, and the mechanical and physical response in mortars to the incorporation of these materials. Dosing must be such as to ensure that the test samples present a nominal degree of resistance of G-30. Recycled aggregates (RA) were obtained from the waste area of the prefabricated pieces production plant of Industrial y Comercial Burzio, Temuco, Chile, while biomass ash (BM) and crumb rubber (CR) were supplied by companies interested in the treatment and recycling of their waste. The matrix for the distribution of the replacement percentages was drafted using Taguchi statistical design, replacing natural aggregates with RA in proportions of 25% and 50%; CR was used to replace fine aggregates in proportions of 10% and 20%, and BM in proportions of 10%, 15% and 20%. Use of the study materials showed that with 10% of R, the mechanical properties were reduced; and that as the percentage of CR increased, the thermal conductivity diminished. The substitution of BM in a proportion of 10% increased the compression resistance and diminished conductivity by 20%. In the case of RA, the mechanical resistance was not diminished considerably compared to the control test samples, while the thermal conductivity diminished as the percentages of replacement material increased. The results showed that series S1 (0% RA, 0% R, 10% BM) and S2 (50% RA, 0% R, 15% BM) provided a compression resistance greater than 30 MPa, precisely the series which include no CR in the dosing. This result suggests that superficial pre-treatment of crumb rubber must be included in future experiments.
Agro-industrial Waste as Precursor Source for Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Synthesis Using a New Technical of Solvent Autoignition
Authors: Hidalgo P , Coronado G , Sánchez A , Hunter R
Published: June 2020

The objective of this research was to evaluate a novel technique of synthesis by solvent autoignition. The CNTs were synthesized using two methods of solvent autoignition: radiation assisted by a microwave oven and autoignition by muffle-furnace. Synthesized CNTs were examined by dynamic light scattering, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the physicochemical properties of CNTs were influenced by synthesis method. Biochars obtained by autoignition through the muffle-furnace produced higher CNTs concentration and smaller hydrodynamic diameter and show a higher degree of wall graphitization, suggesting superior CNT quality. These results are promising for application in the construction industry and as a sustainable lignocellulosic residual biomass management solution.
Breakdown of the Use of Energy in Common Areas of Residential Buildings in Chile
Authors: Rouault F , González-Levin P , Valderrama-Ulloa C , Peña D
Published: June 2020

In the last 15 years the population of the Metropolitan Region has increased by 16.10%. Due to this greater densification, many people have had to live in residential buildings. By accepting this condition, residents have also accepted a monthly payment of common expenses. The reality shows that the latter are unpredictable prior to the operation of the building and once in operation their distribution and origin, allowing for the planning of resources, is not known. Based on the foregoing, we propose an energy calculation method to estimate the electricity and gas consumption of hot water for both domestic use and heating of the facilities present in the common areas of buildings. The method was applied in 2 residential buildings in Santiago with similar characteristics in order to compare the results obtained with the calculation method versus the actual consumption information. The results show that the most consumed basic services correspond to gas used for boilers at 67.5% and electricity at 29%. Regarding electricity, cold water pumps generated the highest energy consumption followed by lighting of parking areas. The percentage difference between the estimated monthly expenditure and the monthly expense charged for electricity was 11.50% and 9.19% for Building A and B, respectively. Moreover, in the case of gas, the difference was 21.10% for Building A and 17.09% for Building B.
Effect of Freeze-Thaw and Wet-Dry Cycles on the Mechanical and Hydraulic Characteristics of Geothermal Mortars
Authors: Zamora-Barraza D , Vilches J , Sierra F , Bravo H
Published: June 2020

The appropriate performance of a vertical geothermal exchanger depends not only on the thermal properties of the elements that composed it, but also on the close contact between them to ensure the heat transfer. This contact can be affected by temperature, moisture and seismic tremor variations within the ground, generating cracks and leaks in the grout and thus compromising the integrity of the system. Grouts usually have a high water/cement ratio to provide an appropriate fluidity during the borehole filling, and bentonite is used to keep the cement of the mixture on suspension. The main purpose of this research is to determine according to the bentonite amount, the effects generated by the seasonal freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles on the mechanical properties of a geothermal borehole grout. Adherence tests from the grout to the exchanger, as well as compressive and flexural strength tests to a mortar with bentonite in percentages of the cement weight (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) has been carried out during the curing period and under the effects of 7 freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles, which simulates the annual freezing during the heating period and the movements of ground waters, respectively. According to the results, it is concluded that mechanical properties of the mortar decrease as the bentonite amount increases and the pipe-mortar adherence is the most affected by the freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles.
Development of a GIS Tool for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems Evaluation
Authors: Barreto W , Ramos N , Castro K , Torres J , Torres R , Picón R
Published: June 2020

Climate change is forcing the development of new adaptation techniques. Drainage in the cities does not escape to this fact, requiring new techniques that allow the adaptation to the new changing scenarios. Usually, these new techniques for urban drainage systems are based in complex and detailed evaluation methods; therefore, they need to be easy to apply and have a strong physical basis for modelling the rainfall-runoff processes. This paper shows the integration of a geographic information system with a hydrodynamic model. The tool was developed in python language and is able to incorporate all the Low Impact Development techniques (LIDs) contained in the Storm Water Management Model. It was applied to an extreme rainfall event in the city of Cabudare in Venezuela. The drainage system of the city was tested with and without LIDs for comparison and validation of the tool. Results show that the tool is able to model the main drainage features in the city (streets, pipes and channels), showing a good performance. Also, it is a user-friendly tool for urban drainage evaluation.
A Method to Calibrate Building Simulation Model Through Visual Inspection and Smart Meter
Authors: Gonzalez-Caceres A
Published: June 2020

Several energy programs worldwide have used building inspection to overcome the lack of knowledge on technical parameter that are needed to upgrade existing buildings to make them more efficient. Due to the large amount of existing buildings that require to be renovated, energy policies have introduced energy certification as a way to increase the renovation rate, by providing information on several benefits such as energy savings, indoor environment improvements and financial support. However, these procedures are often simplified due to the high cost that field measurements represent. The most common procedure for residential buildings is a walkthrough or visual inspection and the use of statistical data from a sample of buildings to estimate key characteristics. These simplifications can be seen in certification or labelling programs in order to analyse the building performance and to propose energy conservation measures. This study uses a case study to propose a method that in combination with building inspection can provided accurate data of the building performance and technical parameters such as U-values, ventilation rate, infiltration and internal load. The method as a firsts step tailored the information gather during the walkthrough in order to be used in the second step which is a calibration based on collected data from the smart meter. The study case corresponds to a wooden terraced dwelling located in Oslo, the set temperature during winter are different in certain rooms of the dwelling as well their operational schedules. The results show that the uses of smart meter data can effectively improve the results from energy certificate and labelling in existing building, allowing to provide quality information to homeowners and policy makers.
Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Development Environmental Indicators Between Worldwide, Portugal and Brazil and Between two Universities within these Countries
Authors: Rosa F , Kern A , Bragança L
Published: June 2020

Measuring the environmental performances by indicators is considered as a crucial step to keep track of progress towards sustainability. This study compares trends in environmental sustainability indicators worldwide, Portugal, Brazil and two universities in these countries. The data collection is done based on findings from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) between 2007 and 2017, and reports from both universities between 2010 and 2018. As a result, it can be seen that global Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions decreased (10.6 to 9 ton/capita). Portugal also reduced its CO2 till 2014 (5.2 to 4.6 ton/capita) but experienced a raise in its rates in the following years. Brazil experienced a growth in its CO2 (1.7 to 2 ton/capita), as did the Portuguese university (0.85 to 0.87ton/alumnus). World municipal waste decreased (541.8 to 524.4 kg/capita), as well as in Portugal until 2013 (513.7 to 436.7 kg/capita), but in the following years increased. Similarly, Brazil reduced the indexes until 2011 (271.9 to 266.8 kg/capita) and increased in 2012. In the Portuguese university, the rates increased until 2014 (4.02 to 9.02 kg/student) and reduced in 2015, as in the Brazilian university that increased until 2018 (19.53 to 25.08kg/student). Portugal, Brazil, and the two universities pointed out a trend of increasing emissions and waste while the world data a reduction. The Brazilian university had higher municipal waste rates than Portugal. The consumption of water and energy in the Portuguese university decreased while it increased the Brazilian university. Actions have already been undertaken at universities to lower the environmental burden by improving the energy efficiency of buildings through the use of cleaner energy, setting up mobility studies, and campaigns to reduce consumption and cut down waste generation.
Evaluation of Vulnerability to Heavy Precipitation of the Roofs of Historic Chilean Buildings with Wooden Structure. A Methodology to Apply at an Early Stage
Authors: Herrera A , A Gálvez M
Published: June 2020

Deck areas prone to leaking rainwater can be identified at an early stage, even before the filtration process begins to occur. The identification of the factors that determine the degree of roof vulnerability to rainfall and their rainwater drainage system and the elaboration of a diagnostic procedure to be applied is fundamental, above all, for the preventive maintenance of historic buildings. In the absence of Chilean regulations on the sizing of the roof rainwater drainage system, the European standard BS EN 12056-3, the Manual for the Design of Roof Drainage Systems, the Chilean road study procedure manuals and other documents were reviewed, and the principles, concepts, dimensioning parameters, constructive recommendations, etc., were transformed into graphically represented processes to facilitate the evaluation of the safety and vulnerability of the various constructive elements to the filtration of rainwater. The factors that determine the degree of vulnerability of the roof to the filtration of rainwater are given by its conformation, its materiality, its dimensioning and its environment, primarily affecting elements such as the roof, gutters and outlets. The result that the evaluator can expect from the proposed methodology is the identification of the aspects that make both the roof and the rainwater drainage system vulnerable, distributed in space, providing him or her with the basis for designing an intervention plan and preventive actions, and this practice should be implemented for sustainable heritage conservation.
Thermal Comfort Analysis in Both Naturally Ventilated and Air-Conditioned Classrooms in a Warm and Humid Climate
Authors: Souza J , Nogueira B L , Lima A V P , Leder S
Published: June 2020

Thermal discomfort in schools can compromise students and teachers well being and health; in addition, many cognitive processes are influenced by thermal environment. One solution to avoid thermal discomfort in a tropical climate can be the installation of air conditioning devices. However, little do we know about the thermal comfort in air-conditioned school buildings, specially considering the particularities of a tropical climate. This study aims to analyse the perception and sensation of thermal comfort in school buildings. Naturally ventilated and air-conditioned classrooms of public schools in João Pessoa, northeast Brazil, were investigated. A number of 352 children, aged 8 to 11 years old, were interviewed. The research’s methodology consisted in measuring environmental variables (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, air velocity), while questionnaires were applied to the children, containing four questions regarding their sensation and preference towards the thermal environment. In the naturally ventilated rooms, we observed the average air temperature of 28,78 °C, with 45,53% of the children feeling discomforted by heat, and 22,77% of them discomforted by cold, also 47,97% of the children reported a preference for a colder room and 24,39% reported a preference for a warmer room. In the air-conditioned rooms, we observed the average air temperature of 26,99 °C, with 39,37% of the children discomforted by heat, and 25,57% of them discomforted by cold, also 55,68% of the children reported a preference for a colder room and 14,46% reported a preference for a warmer room. The study emphasizes the occurrence of different votes of thermal sensation at the same air temperature range. The results also showed divergence between PMV and children real votes in air-conditioned rooms, encouraging the questioning about the indiscriminate use of air condition systems.
Public Open Spaces Urbanity: A Confrontation Between the Physical and Social Dimension at the Parque Germânia
Authors: Edelweiss R K , Bortoli F
Published: June 2020

Public open spaces have historically been places of political action. Contemporary life, on the other hand, raises challenges to the city and its places of urbanity: they need to meet multiple demands, which indirectly include political action, but also involve leisure, entertainment, sport and social interaction, for example. Understanding the city as a place of encounter, and public open spaces as essential facilities for social interaction, leads to an approach to public open spaces from the perspective of urbanity. This article analyses the case study of Parque Germânia in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The case study considers a confrontation between the built environment as a physical dimension and appropriation as a social dimension. The study analyzes public use of the park through non-participant observation focusing on the following concepts: diversity and tolerance; visibility and flexibility. Diversity and tolerance is considered as a way of understanding the dynamic of appropriation by different social groups and their relationships; visibility is considered as a concept related to urban security, and flexibility is analyzed from the seasonal nature of different scenarios of use in the same space. The study analyzes the physical dimension by presenting a layered map that focuses on urban insertion, environmental aspects and design. Urban insertion is considered from the perspective of urban planning, such as use of the surrounding areas, access points and mobility; the environmental aspects consider areas of environmental preservation and hydrography; design considers the design of the park and its facilities as support for community activities and its multifunctional ability to serve different uses. The article presents a possible approach to public open spaces from the perspective of urbanity by considering both physical and social dimensions, and specifically builds a structured analysis of Parque Germânia.
Informality and Public Space. The Case of Street Vending in an Intermediate City of Chile
Authors: Ulloa J B , Castillo V
Published: June 2020

In Latin America, informal activities are an important source of jobs. In Chile they represent almost half of the total jobs in urban areas, with street trading being one of the activities that has been most known for its visibility in the public space. This article presents the results about the sociodemographic and labor characteristics of street vendors in the city of Los Angeles, Chile. An exhaustive analysis of official documents and other reports about work in Chile was performed, which were contrasted with a survey applied to 121 street vendors in the city, this provided relevant data to understand who they are, how they work, how their salaries are, their health conditions, their families, among other relevant data. It is important to highlight the overrepresentation of foreign workers compared to national employment data. Finally, it reflects on the working conditions faced by the street vendors, as well as to understand this type of activity not only as a job but as a way of life that is strongly embedded in the work scenario: public space.
Challenges of Creative and Sustainable Cities in Chile
Authors: Camacho A
Published: June 2020

The relationship between culture, creativity and sustainable development has been placed on the agenda of institutions that promote human development and sustainability at an international level, such as The United Nations Program for the Environment, Sustainable Development Goals of the UN, UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network. Therefore, it is worth investigating how this approach is being implemented in the development strategies of cities in Chile. First, this article presents the result of the review of national development policies in the field of culture, the environment and urban development, to identify how it is approached the relationship between culture and sustainable urban development. In the second place, it presents case studies of cities that have implemented culture and creativity in their local development strategies, with positive results in some of the four variables of sustainable development: culture, social development, environment and economic development. In conclusion, it can be identified that although the link between culture and sustainability is beginning to be present in the guiding instruments of public policies for the development of cities, this is not an approach incorporated in most of them, contrasting with the importance of the link between culture and sustainable development in the practice of civil society organizations and municipalities.
A Sustainable Approach to the Threatened Landscape Through the Visual Arts
Authors: Cravero L
Published: June 2020

During recent decades, global warming and rapid climate change have led to an increase in forest fires worldwide and especially in the territories of south-central Chile and Chilean Patagonia, modifying the landscape of these areas. These events generate a fracture in the aesthetic perception of territories. The natural, ancestral landscape is threatened by imminent transformation. Fire destroys its ancient forests and its biodiversity. Paradoxically, this dramatic, catastrophic action generates an image of rare beauty; an “aesthetic of devastation”, born of its ineluctable disintegration. Everything is transformed from live plant matter to the inert remains of what was once a dense, flourishing, ancient forest. The green woodland is transformed into charred trunks, charcoal, and finally ashes. Erosion threatens to change the image of our landscape and the life that inhabits it. Artistic creation reflects this implacable process, and how nature is transformed into something different; what appears to be an equilibrium of astonishing aesthetic beauty becomes an anti-aesthetic natural phenomenon with its own strange beauty, now disfigured and warped by disaster. Today violation, systematic destruction, waste of resources and the total lack of protection for our environment wake in the artist an act of reaction-creation, the representation of which through art can show this loss of equilibrium and express the progressive vulnerability of our environment and its inevitable perdition. Artistic creation is a medium which can emphasise the importance of caring for our natural heritage in order to maintain the sustainability of this equilibrium.
Damage to the District of Puchuncaví: A Territorial Crisis
Authors: Hormazábal N , Vergara M , Maino S
Published: June 2020

What is the zone of sacrifice? According to the TERRAM foundation, it is those territories of human settlement that are environmentally devastated due to industrial development. This devastation has direct implications on people’s fundamental rights (to live, to health, to education, to work, to food, to housing, etc.) [1]. In Chile, there are five Zones of Sacrifice; Puchuncaví is one of them. Located in the Valparaíso Region, with 18,546 inhabitants [2], industrial development has affected the lives of all species living there for decades, including human beings. By declaring it as a zone of sacrifice, destruction of the landscape is assumed as a permanent and/or long-term situation, based on the economic development model applied by the State. The objective of this study is to develop an analysis of the impacts of industrial development on the community of Puchuncaví to establish a basis for better community planning based on collective experiences. The study was divided into three stages: the first was to typify the development of the industrial estate within the territorial order; the second described the ways Puchuncaví was inhabited before the installation of the industrial complex; and third compared development of the industrial estate with current ways in which this disctirct is inhabited. Based on references such as Lefebvre (2013) and Augé (1992), among others, the methodology consisted of a participatory workshop with members of the community (general population and leaders) in which a manual collective map was built atop a to-scale territorial model in order to identify and characterize individual experiences of living in this district, as well as the impacts that industrial development has had on it.
Clogging of Permeable Pavements: Case Study
Authors: Abreu N , Gonçalves M
Published: June 2020

The use of permeable pavements has been an important tool for flood reduction and minimization of the greenhouse effect in urban centers. This type of pavement allows the passage of water and air through its layers and, when designed and applied correctly, may contribute to the reduction of surface runoff during the occurrence of peak flows. The problem with this type of pavement is the decrease in permeability that will inevitably occur due to the use over time. This is called clogging and is caused by the gradual deposition of particulate material between the voids, which originally allowed the rapid passage of water. Studies show that sealing of permeable pavements can occur between 5 and 10 years after their construction, depending on sources of pollution, punctual or diffuse, that can reach the coating layer. In this way, part of the clogging to which the pavement will be exposed can be avoided, even in the design phase, increasing its useful life. This study presents an evaluation of the sealing mechanism in some types of permeable pavements. The evaluation was carried out in the field, through the monitoring of measurements of the permeability coefficient in an area used as light vehicle parking. The measurements were carried out shortly after the work was finished and fourteen months after the release to traffic, which allowed to evaluate the level of natural reduction of the permeability coefficient and the impact on the functioning of the pavement and, in parallel with this evaluation, similar in a simulator, with the empirically accelerated clogging. The objective was to demonstrate that the deposition of residues that cause septum, in most cases, is limited to the coating layer, which would facilitate the cleaning of the pavement, recovering its main functionality, the permeability.
Cartography of Hospitality
Authors: Paese C , Mariano G , Volpatto C
Published: June 2020

The Cartography of Hospitality research project started in 2017, and its focus is the architecture of the city and how people relate to it. Studying the uses of public space, its methodology aims to perceive, recognize, and represent the everyday expression of humanity. By walking around a given public space, observing and recording different views of its psychosocial landscape, the project proposes a different method of welcoming the complexity of urban coexistence. The professional who uses this methodology wants to review preconceptions and break the paradigms of the perception of the spaces of the city. The methodology serves as qualitative support to the processes of configuration and reconfiguration of projects in architecture and urban design, at an academic and professional level. The cartographies are spatial reading tools of an inclusive political nature: the perception, recognition, and representation of various social and cultural dimensions of a specific city space, creating possibilities for crossing policies of possibilities of recognition, manifestation, and representation of persons, subjects and events not perceived by the eyes of those who do not want to see beyond the spectacular. During the cartographic action, the architect-planner-cartographer asks: ‘Who are those people and/or groups? How do they appropriate the space? What do they do for that? How do these people coexist?’; ‘How many are those people?’; ‘What overlapping events occur on different days of the week that qualitatively reconfigure the space under study?’ These questions add knowledge to the conventional data of the possible design practices of spatial analysis and qualification, thus proposing qualitative-subjective elements that revise their criteria, by the recognition and representation of multiple perceptions of the hosting experiences in a specific space by the different groups that coexist in the same space. This article begins by briefly commenting on the thought of the main theoretical framework in relation to the city and its architecture, the relations it establishes with its users and the importance of the representation of hospitality in a language that accepts the image as an expression. Next, the proposed mapping methodology is presented and supported by a case study: the cartographic action in Campo Grande square, located in the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, carried out by the research group.
Mobility for Compact and Less Segregated cities: The Urban Plan of Expanded Center from Bogotá
Authors: Enríquez D , Pizzolato N
Published: June 2020

In the urban mobility the inequalities of social, environmental, and economic urban components are reflected [1], which can be explained, for example, in the analysis of urban mobility queries, in the densely populated areas, and in the residential deficit (demographic urban components), or areas with greater attraction of travel for employment (socio-economic urban component). This study proposes to densify areas with the best mobility conditions from home to work in public transport with travels times not exceeding 20 minutes and respecting the other urban components that make viable the habitability in the expanded Center of Bogotá, according to the prescriptions of the “El Plan Urbano del Centro Ampliado de Bogotá”.
Recovery of Public Spaces: A Comparison of Three Case Studies to Recover Public Spaces in Vulnerable Communities in Santiago, Chile
Authors: Jiménez C , Gómez J
Published: June 2020

This document analyzes different strategies developed to recover deteriorated public spaces in three vulnerable communities in Santiago, Chile. Its urban expansion has been characterized by a structural socio-economic process, which has produced inequalities between income and the composition of the social class in geographical spatial distribution. The socioeconomic inequalities prevailing in Santiago have served to build a fragmented and segregated city where access to public spaces is limited for residents living in vulnerable and low-income neighborhoods. In these districts, children, adolescents and the wider community have been brought indoors, deprived of open spaces and natural environments for group play or a diversity of experiences. Consequently, the intervention strategies explored in this document attempted to rehabilitate and recover abandoned spaces such as small dumps or parking lots in three different communities in Santiago: one in the commune of La Pintana and the second one in the commune of Quinta Normal. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of improving public spaces by transforming them into public outdoor play areas for children and into a social place for community use. These three interventions were developed with the support of local government through the use of reused materials. However, neighborhood residents participated in only two of these interventions. The evidence behind the three case studies analyzed confirmed that the involvement of community members and families was critical to ensuring the sustainability of these interventions. As a result, when neighborhood residents were involved from the early stages of space design through construction, they developed a sense of ownership that had an impact on the preservation and maintenance of these types of initiatives, thus ensuring successful intervention.
Consequences of fire in agricultural sector in Banga Bakundu, Cameroon: A review
Authors: Njume C A , Krah C Y
Published: June 2020

Genesis of fire is tied to the origin of plants, and has been a closed companion to human for land preparation, harvesting and hunting. Fire is caused by natural phenomena and human activities which can either be deliberate or accidental. In the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), smallholder farmers are the breadbasket of the economy. In Banga Bakundu, farmers practiced slash and burn method of land preparation for the production of annual and perennial crops for home consumption and sales. This review was aimed at identifying the causes of fire and its consequences in the agricultural sectors and propose solutions to abate the disaster of fire so as to promote sustainable agricultural system in the study area, developing countries and the world at large. Small-scale farmers need relatively enough individuals in the farmland before deliberate burning and should precede with the creation of fire breaks at the edges of the farmland. Deep containers are good for holding charcoal during brooding and can prevent fire outbreak from charcoal spark. Meanwhile, burning is responsible for several premature deaths, psychological stressors and also causes several health complications including cancer, cardiovascular diseases etc. The government of Cameroon needs to intensify sensitization on the negative externalities of bush burning to the environment and offering of health assistance to farming communities.
Legal analysis on the calculation of loss value for the case of industrial forest fire (Case study verdict No. 24/Pdt.G/2015/PN.PlgjoNo. 51/PDT/2016/PT.PLG)
Authors: Sadino, S.H., M.H. Dr. , Hotman Sitorus, S.H., M.H. Dr. Drs. , S.H. Muhamad Zainal Arifin
Published: June 2020

PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau is an industrial forest company sued by Ministry of Environment and Forestry in the court for forest fire. In the lawsuit, Ministry of Environment and Forestry filed a lawsuit of IDR 7,986,605,000,000 in which the material compensation is paid in cash to the Plaintiff through State Treasury Account of IDR 2,687,102,500,000, while the defendant was required to recover the environment which was on fire, with a width of 20,000 hectares at the cost of IDR 5,299,502,500,000. The value of lawsuit against PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau is extremely large. It’s the largest lawsuit in the case of forest and land fire in Indonesia. In the verdict of Palembang District Court, the Judge rejected this lawsuit, considering that Judge did not see any loss caused by the fire since there was no extinction or ecological damage. Thus, soil can be planted again, while there was no intention of PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau to clear land by burning forest. When the fire occurred and who did it is not known, so the unlawful conduct cannot be proven. Decision of Palembang High Court No. 51/PDT/2016/PT.PLG annuls the first-degree decision by requiring the defendant, PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau, to pay compensation of IDR 78,502,500,000. This paper will discuss whether loss value claims submitted by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry are in accordance with the rules of environmental law. In addition, it also discussed whether the application of the law by the first-level Panel of Judges and the level of appeal were correct, specifically related to loss value or compensation.