bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability Analysis of Integrated Power System in Multicycle Dynamic Process
Authors: Huang Renji , Wang Gang , Xiao Runlong , Xu Chen
Published: January 2021

The integrated power system (IPS) with pulse load involves the dynamic processes of millisecond‐level switching period and second‐level pulse period. The characteristics of this kind of multicycle dynamic process cause much difficulty in analyzing system stability. For this reason, this paper presents a multicycle coupling mathematical model of the IPS with pulse load and proposes an algorithm based on the state variables for analyzing the sensitivity of the preceding switching period which can rapidly and accurately calculate the periodic orbit and stability margin of the system. Considering a little change in the system state variables under small disturbance, this paper uses the pulse‐period average model to simplify the calculation. The simulation analysis shows that the pulse‐period average model has the same stability margin with the multicycle coupling model. The critical pulse power calculated by the above models is 5.5 and 17 kW when the constant power is 20 and 14 kW respectively, which is consistent with the time domain simulation. It may provide technical support for the stability analysis of the IPS with pulse load. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Prediction of soil evaporation measured with weighable lysimeters using the FAO Penman–Monteith method in combination with Richards’ equation
Authors: Schneider Jana , Groh Jannis , Pütz Thomas , Helmig Rainer , Rothfuss Youri , Vereecken Harry , Vanderborght Jan
Published: January 2021

Multiannual data (2016–2018) from 12 weighed lysimeters (four soil types with textures ranging from sandy loam to silt loam, three replicates) of the TERENO SOILCan network were used to evaluate if evaporation (E) rates could be predicted from weather data using the FAO Penman–Monteith (PM) method combined with soil water flow simulations using the Richards equation. Soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) were estimated either from soil texture using the ROSETTA pedotransfer functions, from in situ measured water retention curves, or from soil surface water contents using inverse modeling. In all years, E was water limited and the measured evaporation rates (Em) surprisingly did not vary significantly among the four different soil types. When SHPs derived from pedotransfer functions were used, simulated evaporation rates of the finer textured soils overestimated the measured ones considerably. Better agreement was obtained when simulations were based on in situ measured or inversely estimated SHPs. The SHPs estimated from pedotransfer functions represented unrealistically large characteristic lengths of evaporation (Lc), and Lc was found to be a useful characteristic to constrain estimates of SHPs. Also, when soil evaporation was water limited and Em rates were below Epot (PM evaporation scaled by an empirical coefficient), the diurnal dynamics of Em followed those of Epot. The Richards equation that considers only isothermal liquid water flow did not reproduce these dynamics caused by temperature dependent vapor transport in the soil.
Pioneering groundwater contamination investigation, research, and in situ treatment
Authors: Dzombak David A.
Published: January 2021

The 1972 paper by Professor Jack McKee of the California Institute of Technology, consulting engineer Finley Laverty and Raymond Hertzel of the California Regional Water Quality Control Board‐Los Angeles (McKee et al., 1972) was an early, important contribution to the understanding of groundwater contamination with organic liquids and to the integrated use of field, laboratory, and modeling studies to develop remediation approaches. The work presented in the paper was ahead of the curve and helped provide the foundation for the intense research, development, and education in investigation and remediation of groundwater contamination problems that began around 1980 and lasted for two decades. Reading the paper in the current context of more than 40 years of research and field experience provides perspective on how little was known in 1972 about groundwater contamination and how to address it, and how well‐formulated and forward‐looking was the work of McKee et al.

Practitioner points

McKee et al. (1972) was an early, important contribution to the understanding of groundwater contamination with organic liquids and to the integrated use of field, laboratory and modeling studies to develop remediation approaches.

McKee et al. present the results of site investigation and remediation planning studies for a large‐scale groundwater contamination site in the Los Angeles‐Glendale, California area.

Four specific remediation goals were established, and a comprehensive program of site investigation, research, and modeling was developed to support the achievement of the remediation goals.

The comprehensive site investigation and remedial planning involving field, laboratory, and modeling studies described by McKee et al. was a forerunner of what came into standard contaminated site remediation practice in the 1980s and 1990s.
Paid Work and Parenting
Authors: Suwada Katarzyna
Published: January 2021

This chapter is devoted to the issue of paid work. Despite analyses dominating today that perceive paid work as an obstacle to parenting, I argue that paid work is an important obligation arising from parenthood. My analysis indicates that becoming a parent has consequences on how individuals perceive paid work. It becomes more important and there is a bigger focus on the level of earnings. Polish parents feel an enormous economic pressures in connection to having children. Yet the attitudes of men and women to paid work are different. In case of men there is a greater pressure to keep paid work and have a decent salary. Whereas women more often perceive paid work as a source of satisfaction. On the one hand, they also feel pressure to be active in the labour market and to bring money home, but on the other hand they confine more attention to the fact that paid work should be satisfactory. What is more, the chapter discusses these gender differences in the context of economic inequalities, as well as differences between the situation of single and coupled parents.
Small free field inflation in higher curvature gravity
Authors: Edelstein José D. , Mann Robert B. , Rodríguez David Vázquez , López Alejandro Vilar
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Within General Relativity, a minimally coupled scalar field governed by a quadratic potential is able to produce an accelerated expansion of the universe provided its value and excursion are larger than the Planck scale. This is an archetypical example of the so called large field inflation models. We show that by including higher curvature corrections to the gravitational action in the form of the Geometric Inflation models, it is possible to obtain accelerated expansion with a free scalar field whose values are well below the Planck scale, thereby turning a traditional large field model into a small field one. We provide the conditions the theory has to satisfy in order for this mechanism to operate, and we present two explicit models illustrating it. Finally, we present some open questions raised by this scenario in which inflation takes place completely in a higher curvature dominated regime, such as those concerning the study of perturbations.
Are physiological and behavioural responses to stressors displayed concordantly by wild urban rodents?
Authors: Fardell Loren L. , Bedoya-Pérez Miguel A. , Dickman Christopher R. , Crowther Mathew S. , Pavey Chris R. , Narayan Edward J.
Published: January 2021

Understanding wild animal responses to stressors underpins effective wildlife management. In order for responses to stressors to be correctly interpreted, it is critical that measurements are taken on wild animals using minimally invasive techniques. Studies investigating wild animal responses to stressors often measure either a single physiological or behavioural variable, but whether such responses are comparable and concordant remains uncertain. We investigated this question in a pilot study that measured responses of wild-caught urban brown and black rats (Rattus norvegicus,Rattus rattus) to fur-based olfactory cues from a predator, the domestic cat (Felis catus); a novel herbivore, the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); and a familiar herbivore and competitor, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Physiological responses, measured by assaying faecal glucocorticoid metabolites, were compared to behavioural responses observed via video recordings. We found that physiological and behavioural responses to stressors were expressed concordantly. There was no sizeable physiological response observed, and the behavioural response when considered across the night was negligible. However, the behavioural response to the predator and competitor cues changed across the observation period, with activity increasing with increasing hours of exposure. Our results indicate that responses of wild rodents to cues are nuanced, with stress responses modulated by behaviour changes that vary over time according to the severity of the perceived threat as animals gather further information. If the physiological response alone had been assessed, this moderated response may not have been evident, and in terms of wildlife management, vital information would have been lost.
Neurochirurgische Operationsmöglichkeiten bei posteriorer Epilepsie
Authors: Rössler Karl , Kasper Burkhard , Tomschik Matthias , Dörfler Arnd , Buchfelder Michael , Dorfer Christian
Published: January 2021

Hintergrund

Die chirurgische Therapie der posterioren Epilepsie stellt innerhalb der epilepsiechirurgischen Eingriffe eine besondere Herausforderung dar.

Fragestellung

Die Arten der Eingriffe zur chirurgischen Therapie der posterioren Epilepsie

Material und Methode

Darstellung der verschiedenen Eingriffsarten auf Basis der historischen und rezenten technischen Entwicklungen.

Ergebnisse

Elektrodenimplantation, resektive und diskonnektive Verfahren sowie neue Methoden tragen dazu bei, das Anfallsoutcome der posterioren Epilepsie zu verbessern.
Charting a path towards a public health approach for gambling harm prevention
Authors: Price Alex , Hilbrecht Margo , Billi Rosa
Published: January 2021

Aim

Gambling harm is a serious public health issue affecting the health, financial security, and social well-being of millions of people and their close relations around the world. Despite its population health implications, gambling harm is not typically viewed and treated as a public health policy issue. This paper critically reviews the evolution of the public health perspective on gambling harm. It also considers how gambling harm can be operationalized within a public health model.

Methods

A critical historical review of the emerging public health perspective on gambling harm was conducted. Key documents covering three decades of development were reviewed and appraised through a process of deliberation and debate over source impact in the fields of research, policy, and programming internationally.

Results

The first decade mainly focused on identifying gambling harm and framing the public health issue. The second decade featured the expansion of health assessment and emerging areas of policy and program development. The third decade saw an increased focus on public health frameworks that advanced understanding of harm mechanics and impact. As reflected by theessential functionsof a general public health model, gambling harm prevention efforts emphasize health promotion over other key functions like health assessment and surveillance.

Conclusion

Gambling harm is a public health issue requiring greater attention to health assessment and surveillance data development.
Minimally important difference in cost savings: Is it possible to identify an MID for cost savings?
Authors: Dooley Mary , Simpson Annie N. , Nietert Paul J. , Williams Dunc , Simpson Kit N.
Published: January 2021

As healthcare costs continue to increase, studies assessing costs are becoming increasingly common, but researchers planning for studies that measure costs differences (savings) encounter a lack of literature or consensus among researchers on what constitutes “small” or “large” cost savings for common measures of resource use.  Other fields of research have developed approaches to solve this type of problem. Researchers measuring improvement in quality of life or clinical assessments have defined minimally important differences (MID) which are then used to define magnitudes when planning studies. Also, studies that measure cost effectiveness use benchmarks, such as cost/QALY, but do not provide benchmarks for cost differences. In a review of the literature, we found no publications identifying indicators of magnitude for costs. However, the literature describes three approaches used to identify minimally important outcome differences: (1) anchor-based, (2) distribution-based, and (3) a consensus-based Delphi methods. In this exploratory study, we used these three approaches to derive MID for two types of resource measures common in costing studies for: (1) hospital admissions (high cost); and (2) clinic visits (low cost). We used data from two (unpublished) studies to implement the MID estimation. Because the distributional characteristics of cost measures may require substantial samples, we performed power analyses on all our estimates to illustrate the effect that the definitions of “small” and “large” costs may be expected to have on power and sample size requirements for studies. The anchor-based method, while logical and simple to implement, may be of limited value in cases where it is difficult to identify appropriate anchors. We observed some commonalities and differences for the distribution and consensus-based approaches, which require further examination. We recommend that in cases where acceptable anchors are not available, both the Delphi and the distribution-method of MID for costs be explored for convergence.
The Epidemiology and Predictors of Outcomes Among Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in a Large Community Healthcare System in South Florida
Authors: Samuels Shenae , Niu Jianli , Sareli Candice , Eckardt Paula
Published: January 2021

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to be a major public health concern. The aim of this study was to describe the presenting characteristics, epidemiology and predictors of outcomes among confirmed COVID-19 cases seen at a large community healthcare system which serves the epicenter and diverse region of Florida. We conducted a retrospective analysis of individuals with lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were seen, from March 2, 2020 to May 31, 2020, at Memorial Healthcare System in South Florida. Data was extracted from a COVID-19 registry of patients with lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Univariate and backward stepwise multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of key study outcomes. There were a total of 1692 confirmed COVID-19 patients included in this study. Increasing age was found to be a significant predictor of hospitalization, 30-day readmission and death. Having a temperature of 38 °C or more and increasing comorbidity score were also associated with an increased risk of hospitalization. Significant predictors of ICU admission included having a saturated oxygen level less than 90%, hypertension, dementia, rheumatologic disease, having a respiratory rate greater than 24 breaths per minute. Being of Hispanic ethnicity and immunosuppressant utilization greatly increased the risk of 30-day readmission. Having an oxygen saturation less than 90% and an underlying neurological disorder were associated with an increased likelihood of death. Results show that a patient’s demographic, underlying condition and vitals at triage may increase or reduce their risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, 30-day readmission or death.
Generation and Demolishment Mechanisms of Vapor Bubble Around Hot Tungsten Filament in Superfluid Helium-4
Authors: Shih Che-Chi , Huang Ming-Huei , Chang Pang-Chia , Yu Po-Wei , Jian Wen-Bin , Kono Kimitoshi
Published: January 2021

The electric transport I–V characteristics of a tungsten filament immersed in superfluid helium are experimentally studied. The forward sweep I–V characteristics show an abrupt jump from the linear ohmic regime (C state) to the high-resistance non-ohmic regime (H state). In the H state, the filament is covered with a He gas bubble. In the C state, there is no gas bubble, that is, liquid He directly touches the filament surface. The transitions between these two states exhibit a well-developed hysteresis and bistability. The transition from the H state to the C state occurs at the equilibrium gas–liquid phase transition point, as reported by Date et al. (J Phys Soc Jpn 35(4):1190, 1973), whereas the C-to-H-state transition occurs in the superheat region.
Ferromagnetism in d-Dimensional SU(n) Hubbard Models with Nearly Flat Bands
Authors: Tamura Kensuke , Katsura Hosho
Published: January 2021

We present rigorous results for the SU(n) Fermi–Hubbard models with finite-range hopping in d ($$\ge 2$$

≥
2

) dimensions. The models are defined on a class of decorated lattices. We first study the models with flat bands at the bottom of the single-particle spectrum and prove that the ground states exhibit SU(n) ferromagnetism when the number of particles is equal to the number of unit cells. We then perturb the models by adding particular hopping terms and make the bottom bands dispersive. Under the same filling condition, it is proved that the ground states remain SU(n) ferromagnetic when the bottom bands are sufficiently flat and the Coulomb repulsion is sufficiently large.
Trace metal bioaccumulation in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from Liaodong Bay (Bohai Sea, China)
Authors: Liu Yonghua , Xu Jiayu , Wang Yong , Yang Song
Published: January 2021

Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations were measured in oysters (C. gigas), plankton, and seawater during spring, summer, and autumn in Liaodong Bay (Bohai Sea, China) to elucidate the effects of season, region, and oyster size on metal bioaccumulation in oysters. Metal concentrations were quantified via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Our study determined that metal concentrations in oysters, plankton, and seawater were the highest in summer, whereas the lowest levels occurred in autumn. Regarding oyster sizes, the highest Pb levels occurred in C3-sized oysters (> 5-cm length), whereas the highest Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn levels occurred in C2 (3–5-cm length) oysters. In contrast, the lowest Cu and Pb levels occurred in C1 (< 3-cm length) oysters, whereas the lowest mean Cd, Cr, and Zn concentrations were observed in C3 oysters. Significant differences in trace metal concentrations in the three sample types were observed in all sampling sites.
Groundwater quality trend and trend reversal assessment in the European Water Framework Directive context: an example with nitrates in Italy
Authors: Frollini Eleonora , Preziosi Elisabetta , Calace Nicoletta , Guerra Maurizio , Guyennon Nicolas , Marcaccio Marco , Menichetti Stefano , Romano Emanuele , Ghergo Stefano
Published: January 2021

Groundwater resources are of utmost importance in sustaining water related ecosystems, including humans. The long-lasting impacts from anthropogenic activities require early actions, owing to the natural time lag in groundwater formation and renewal. The European Union (EU) policy, within the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), requires Member States to identify and reverse any significant and sustained upward trend in the concentration of pollutants, defining specific protection measures to be included in the River Basin Management Plans (RBMP). In Italy, official guidelines for trend and trend reversal assessment have been published recently. Statistical methods, such as the Mann-Kendall test for trend analysis and the Sen’s method for estimating concentration scenarios, should be applied at the fixed terms stated by the WFD implementation cycles to identify upward trends, while the Pettitt test is proposed for the identification of trend reversal. In this paper, we present an application of a slightly modified version of the Italian Guidelines to a groundwater body in Northern Italy featuring nitrate pollution and discuss its advantages and limitations. In addition to Pettitt test, for the trend reversal analysis, we apply the Mann-Kendall test in two sections and compare the results. We conclude that this method seems more reliable than Pettitt test to identify a reversal point in quality time series. The overall procedure can be easily applied to any groundwater body defined at risk across Europe, for the assessment of the upward trends of pollutants and their reversal, even with little chemical monitoring data. Although focused on the EU legislative framework, this procedure may be relevant for a wider context, allowing to individuate upward trend as early warning for contamination processes in an integrated water resources management context.
Speculative housing markets and rent control: insights from nonlinear economic dynamics
Authors: Schmitt Noemi , Westerhoff Frank
Published: January 2021

We propose a novel housing market model to explore the effectiveness of rent control. Our model reveals that the expectation formation and learning behavior of boundedly rational homebuyers, switching between extrapolative and regressive expectation rules subject to their past forecasting accuracy, may create endogenous housing market dynamics. We show that policymakers may use rent control to reduce the rent level, although such policies may have undesirable effects on the house price and the housing stock. However, we are also able to prove that well-designed rent control may help policymakers to stabilize housing market dynamics, even without creating housing market distortions.
Chinese Service Multinationals: The Degree of Internationalization and Performance
Authors: Wei Ziyi , Nguyen Quyen T. K.
Published: January 2021

We investigate the degree of internationalization of Chinese service multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their performance relative to global peers operating in the same industries, using the benchmarking method with the industry financial data. Our theoretical development is based upon Verbeke and Forootan (2012)’s framework, grounded in “new” internalization theory, arguing that an MNE’s financial performance is fundamentally determined by its firm-specific advantages (FSAs). Here FSAs include not only conventional strengths in R&D and brand names, but also the recombination capabilities, which is a higher-order FSA. We theorize that Chinese service MNEs develop FSAs, which are built upon home country-specific advantages (CSAs) and thus their FSAs are home country-bound in nature. They have not yet been able to develop advanced management capabilities through recombination with host CSAs. We empirically examine the largest 500 Chinese service firms. We find that only 23 Chinese service firms are true MNEs, whereas the majority of them are purely domestic firms. The financial performance of Chinese service MNEs is poor relative to global peers. They internationalize mainly through acquisitions of foreign firms, which help them increase their foreign sales, but they are not able to achieve superior performance in overseas operations. We discuss the strategic implications of our findings for managers, public policy makers, and academic research.
Evaluation des Risikoorientierten Sanktionenvollzugs – Konstruktion einer Veränderungsmessung
Authors: Treuthardt Daniel , Kröger Melanie
Published: January 2021

Der Risikoorientierte Sanktionenvollzug (ROS) hat zum Ziel, Rückfälle größtmöglich zu reduzieren und Ressourcen zu stärken. In verschiedenen Evaluationen wurde ROS untersucht und weiterentwickelt. Nun soll eine Veränderungsmessung konzipiert werden, die ROS erweitert und die Abbildung von Veränderungen transparenter und nachvollziehbarer machen soll. Hierzu werden sowohl personen- als auch umweltbezogene Gesichtspunkte herangezogen. Folgende 3 personenbezogenen Aspekte werden unterschieden: Veränderungspotenzial (welches sich aus Veränderungsfähigkeit und Veränderungsmotivation zusammensetzt), delinquenzbezogene Prozessvariablen und Stufen der Verhaltensänderung. Sowohl das Veränderungspotenzial als auch die delinquenzbezogenen Prozessvariablen erfassen die Bereiche Wollen, Wissen und Können. Die Stufen der Verhaltensänderung umfassen die Ebenen Absichtslosigkeit, Absichtsbildung, Handlung und Aufrechterhaltung. Die umweltbezogenen Aspekte umfassen zentrale Lebensbereiche wie Arbeit, Wohnen, soziales Umfeld etc. und werden anhand einer umweltbezogenen Veränderungsmessung bewertet, die ebenfalls die Bereiche Wollen, Wissen und Können umfasst. Umwelt- und personenbezogene Aspekte werden übergeordnet in der Ausprägung des Problemprofils betrachtet. Die Ausprägung des Problemprofils betrachtet, anders als die 3 personenbezogenen Aspekte, nicht nur konkrete deliktpräventive Aspekte, sondern auch die Auswirkung des Problemprofils in nichtdeliktrelevanten Situationen und Lebensbereichen. Abschließend werden Limitationen diskutiert sowie ein Ausblick auf eine zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt folgende Evaluation gegeben.
Directly Reprogrammed Neurons Express MAPT and APP Splice Variants Pertinent to Ageing and Neurodegeneration
Authors: Habekost Mette , Qvist Per , Denham Mark , Holm Ida E. , Jørgensen Arne Lund
Published: January 2021

Neurons produced by reprogramming of other cell types are used to study cellular mechanisms of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. To model Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies, it is essential that alternative splicing of the MAPT transcript in these neurons produces the relevant tau isoforms. Human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, however, express tau isoform compositions characteristic of foetal neurons rather than of adult neurons unless cultured in vitro for extended time periods. In this study, we characterised the dynamics of the MAPT and APP alternative splicing during a developmental time-course of porcine and murine cerebral cortices. We found age-dependent and species-specific isoform composition of MAPT, including 3R and 4R isoforms in the porcine adult brain similar to that of the adult human brain. We converted adult and embryonic fibroblasts directly into induced neurons and found similar developmental patterns of isoform composition, notably, the 3R and 4R isoforms relevant to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Also, we observed cell-type-specific isoform expression of APP transcripts during the conversion. The approach was further used to generate induced neurons from transgenic pigs carrying Alzheimer’s disease-causing mutations. We show that such neurons authentically model the first crucial steps in AD pathogenesis.
Alpha-Synuclein Antibody Characterization: Why Semantics Matters
Authors: Outeiro Tiago Fleming
Published: January 2021

In protein aggregation disorders, we assume that, during the process of protein aggregation, different types of aggregated species (oligomers, protofibrils, fibrils, etc.) are formed, some of which can be toxic to cells/tissues/organs. Recent evidence from numerous studies in cell and animal models of disease suggest that oligomeric species of different proteins might be more toxic that the larger, fibrillar forms. However, we still lack definitive data on the nature of the toxic species, mostly due to our inability to detect and define the various protein species that form as protein aggregate. The terms used are often broad and do not capture inter-laboratory variation in protocols and methods used for the characterization of aggregates. Even antibody-based methods can be ambiguous, as antibodies are delicate tools. Therefore, systematic and interdisciplinary studies are essential in order to guide future developments in the field.
A Comparative Analysis of Outcomes of Conventional Cold Dissection Versus Laser Tonsillectomy in Pediatric Cases in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Haryana
Authors: Kumar Amit , Kumar Surender , Krishnan Anand , Verma Manish , Garg Uma , Sharma Naveen
Published: January 2021

Tonsillectomy is one of the commonest ENT procedures done in paediatric population, the technique of which has evolved over years to decrease the morbidity associated with the surgery. This prospective randomized comparative study is done to evaluate the efficacy of two different techniques of this surgery, conventional cold dissection and laser tonsillectomy based on operative time, blood loss, post-operative pain and occurrence of secondary complications. The study was done in 68 patients of paediatric age group, 34 in each group underwent cold dissection and laser tonsillectomy. Operative time and bleeding were significantly low for laser group. Pain score was comparable in early post-operatives days, but was high towards the end of first week. Our study reported only one incidence of complication in the form of a secondary bleeding.
The Relation Between Residential Self-Selection and Urban Mobility in Middle Eastern Cities: the Case of Alexandria, Egypt
Authors: Masoumi Houshmand , Ibrahim Mohamed R. , Aslam Atif Bilal
Published: January 2021

The present paper attempts to fill a part of the gap in the studies on residential location choices and their relations to urban mobility, socio-economics, and the built environment by presenting the results of a study on Alexandria, Egypt, by analysing the results of a survey in eight neighbourhoods undertaken in 2015. Four questions were answered in this study: (i) “How are the main drivers behind residential location choices in Alexandria connected to various socio-demographic groups or people with different availability to urban and built environments?”, (ii) “How are the main residential self-selections in Alexandria associated with one another and which are the most important?”, (iii) “How are the housing location-related decisions of Egyptians similar to or different from international decisions?”, and (iv) “How can planners and decision-makers use the knowledge produced by this study for urban planning and housing in Egypt?”. Library work and the results of a Χ2 test of independence show that availability of transportation modes, nice neighbourhoods, and affordability are the strongest motives behind decisions. However, socio-economic factors are generally stronger than urban mobility and spatial issues. These findings are partly different from those of high-income countries.
Combining Environmental Area Frame Surveys of a Finite Population
Authors: Prentius Wilmer , Zhao Xin , Grafström Anton
Published: January 2021

New ways to combine data from multiple environmental area frame surveys of a finite population are being introduced. Environmental surveys often sample finite populations through area frames. However, to combine multiple surveys without risking bias, design components (inclusion probabilities, etc.) are needed at unit level of the finite population. We show how to derive the design components and exemplify this for three commonly used area frame sampling designs. We show how to produce an unbiased estimator using data from multiple surveys, and how to reduce the risk of introducing significant bias in linear combinations of estimators from multiple surveys. If separate estimators and variance estimators are used in linear combinations, there’s a risk of introducing negative bias. By using pooled variance estimators, the bias of a linear combination estimator can be reduced. National environmental surveys often provide good estimators at national level, while being too sparse to provide sufficiently good estimators for some domains. With the proposed methods, one can plan extra sampling efforts for such domains, without discarding readily available information from the aggregate/national survey. Through simulation, we show that the proposed methods are either unbiased, or yield low variance with small bias, compared to traditionally used methods.
A non-destructive resonant acoustic testing and defect classification of additively manufactured lattice structures
Authors: Obaton A.-F. , Wang Y. , Butsch B. , Huang Q.
Published: January 2021

Additive manufacturing enables the fabrication of lattice structures which are of particular interest to fabricate medical implants and lightweight aerospace parts. Product integrity is critical in these applications. This requests very challenging quality control for such complex geometries, particularly on detecting internal defects. It is important not only to detect whether there are missing struts for a product with a large size of lattices, but also to identify the number of missing struts for safety-critical applications. Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy is a promising method for fast and cost-effective non-destructive testing of complex geometries but data analytics methods are needed to systematically analyze resonant ultrasound signals for defect identification and classification. This study utilizes resonant acoustic method to obtain resonant frequency spectrum of test lattice structures. In addition, regularized linear discriminant analysis, combined with adaptive sampling and normalization, is developed to classify the number of missing struts. The result shows 80.95% testing accuracy on validation study, which suggests that the resonant acoustic method combined with machine learning is a powerful tool to inspect lattices.
A microfluidic bleeding model to investigate the effects of blood flow shear on microvascular hemostasis
Authors: Hu Xiangyu , Chen Haosheng , Li Jiang , Meng Kuilin , Wang Yuming , Li Yongjian
Published: January 2021

Hemorrhage is the phenomenon of blood loss caused by vascular trauma or other pathological reasons, which is life-threatening in severe cases. Because microhemorrhage is difficult to visually monitor and pre-treat in vivo, it is necessary to establish in vitro prediction methods to study the hemostasis mechanism in different physiological environments. In this study, a microfluidic bleeding model was developed to investigate the effect of blood flow shear on microvascular hemostasis. The results indicated that the regulation of blood shear rate on platelet aggregation affected the growth and morphology of hemostatic thrombus, and finally regulated the process of hemostasis. This in vitro model is significant to studies on hemostatic mechanisms, a reliable prediction of microhemorrhages, and an adjustment of the treatment scheme.
Determination of optimal blowing-to-suction flow ratio in mechanized excavation face with wall-mounted swirling ventilation using numerical simulations
Authors: Gao Runze , Wang Pengfei , Li Yongjun , Liu Ronghua
Published: January 2021

Wall-mounted swirling ventilation is a new type of system in mechanized excavation faces with a dust suppression performance that is closely related to the blowing-to-suction flow ratio. Physical and simulation models were developed according to the No. C103 mechanized excavation face in the Nahe Coal Mine of the Baise Mining Bureau, Guangxi Province to optimize the blowing-to-suction flow ratio for wall-mounted swirling ventilation. Both the k-ε turbulence model and the discrete phase model were utilized to simulate airflow field structures and dust concentration distribution patterns at various blowing-to-suction flow ratios. The results suggest that higher blowing-to-suction flow ratios increase the airflow field disturbance around the working face and weaken the intensity of the axial air curtain. On the other hand, both the intensity of the radial air curtain and the dust suppression effect are enhanced. At a blowing-to-suction flow ratio of 0.8, the wall-mounted swirling ventilation system achieved the most favorable dust suppression performance. Both the total dust and respirable dust had their lowest concentrations with maximum efficiencies of reducing both types at 90.33% and 87.16%, respectively.
Determination of Long-Term Creep Properties for 316H Steel Using Short-Term Tests on Pre-strained Material
Authors: Zhou H. , Mehmanparast A. , Nikbin K.
Published: January 2021

Determination of long-term creep rupture properties for 316H steel is both costly and time-consuming and given the level of scatter in the data would need substantial number of tests to be performed. The primary objective of this study is to estimate the long-term creep properties of cross-weld (XW) and as-received (AR) 316H stainless steel by performing accelerated tests on pre-compressed (PC) material. In this work, uniaxial creep rupture tests have been performed on XW specimens and the results have been used to establish a correlation with accelerated test results on the PC material. Moreover, tensile tests have been performed on XW specimens at room temperature and 550 °C to examine the pre-conditioning effects on the mechanical response of the material. Similar power-law creep properties have been found for the creep strain rate and rupture time behaviour of the XW and PC specimens. It also has been found that the creep ductility data points obtained from XW and PC specimens fall upon the estimated trend for the AR material at 550 °C when the data are correlated with the applied stress normalised by 0.2% proof stress. The results show that the long-term creep properties of the XW and AR material can be estimated in much shorter time scales simply by performing tests on the PC material state.
Publisher Correction to: Subsea cable key challenges of an intercontinental power link: case study of Australia–Singapore interconnector
Authors: Gordonnat Jeremy , Hunt James
Published: January 2021

The original article can be found online.
Underpinning the entrepreneurship educator’s toolkit: conceptualising the influence of educational philosophies and theory
Authors: Bell Robin
Published: January 2021

Entrepreneurship educators can maximise the effectiveness of their delivery by having a firm grasp of the different educational philosophies and theories that underpin entrepreneurship education pedagogy and practice. A particular educational philosophical orientation underlies, directs, and drives educator practices and should align with what the teaching seeks to impart and achieve, and the roles the learners and educator play in the learning process. Whilst educators might not always be explicitly aware of their philosophical orientation, it will direct and drive their pedagogic practice and have implications for what they deliver, and how they deliver it. The benefits of bringing together different learning theories, philosophies, and approaches for entrepreneurship education has previously been posited in the literature. However, it has been highlighted that connections between educational theory and practice are limited, and that the field of entrepreneurship education could be advanced through providing links between education literature, theory, and learning. This paper advances the literature by linking educational philosophy and theory to entrepreneurship education and pedagogy in higher education. It discusses and highlights how behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism, and humanism can be used to underpin and support learning in entrepreneurship education. This meets calls for the conceptualisation of how educational philosophies and theories can be integrated into entrepreneurship education to support learners.
A time-variant fault detection software reliability model
Authors: Raghuvanshi Kamlesh Kumar , Agarwal Arun , Jain Khushboo , Singh V. B.
Published: January 2021

In this work, we propose a time-variant software reliability model (SRM)which considers the fault detection and the highest number of faults in software. The time-variant genetic algorithm process is implemented for the assessment of the SRM parameters. The proposed model works upon a non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) and incorporates fault dependent detection and software failure intensity and the un-removed error in the software. We had considered programmers proficiency, software complexity, organization hierarchy, and perfect debugging as the determining factors for SRM. The dataset collected from 74 software projects was experimented with to establish and validate the proposed software reliability model's better fit. Data is collected over a period, which is initiated with the start of the project and is continuously monitored until its completion. Several parameters are analyzed, and a collection of 115 attributes are given with 11 different time frames in terms of product and process characteristics. A total of 383 persons were involved in software design, where the issue count total is 255. The proposed time-variant fault detection SRM is implemented in Jira and is also compared with the existing reliability model presented in the literature. It is observed that the proposed fault detection SRM works better in terms of different parameters like mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and r-squared (R2).

The work is carried out, ensuring time-varying fault detection, which is measured by considering response count, coding and non-coding deliverables, and the number of bugs in the software.

We considered the programmer's proficiency, software complexity, organization hierarchy, and perfect debugging as the determining factors for presenting the software reliability model.

The proposed Software reliability model shows improvement over existing algorithms as the residual errors are reduced, and prediction accuracy is high in terms of cumulative fault detection.
Kinetics of Postpartum Mesenteric Artery Structure and Function Relative to Pregnancy and Lactation in Mice
Authors: Gokina Natalia I. , Fairchild Rebecca I. , Bishop Nicole M. , Dawson Taylor E. , Prakash Kirtika , Bonney Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2021

Epidemiological evidence suggests that normal pregnancy in women is associated with decreased cardiovascular risk in later life. Clinical studies have provided evidence that alterations in vascular function and structure are detectable long after delivery. To understand these findings, we examined mesenteric artery reactivity at both early (3 days and 2–4 weeks) and late (12 weeks) postpartum (PP) time points in relation to late pregnancy (LP) and lactation. Vessels from virgin controls, LP, PP, and nursing and non-nursing mothers were tested for responses to phenylephrine (PE), high potassium solutions (high K+), and acetylcholine (ACh). Passive arterial distensibility, vessel dimensions, and collagen and elastin content were evaluated for the studied groups. We observed that (1) there was a significant inhibition of vascular reactivity to PE in LP, 3 days and 2 weeks PP vessels that returned to pre-pregnancy levels at 4 and 12 weeks PP; (2) inhibition of NO production in PP vessels restored PE-induced constriction to pre-pregnancy levels; (3) vasodilator responses to ACh were similar at all PP periods; (4) LP and early PP was associated with a persistent increase in arterial distensibility that correlates with a PP-induced reduction in wall collagen, and regressed to pre-conception levels at 12 weeks PP; (5) vessels from non-nursing PP mice demonstrated an increased PE reactivity, diminished responses to ACh, and reduced distensibility compared to breastfeeding mice. These studies provide a timeframe for mesenteric artery adaptations that occur during pregnancy and extend to the PP period, but which may be modified by PP events.
Die dunkle Seite der Macht
Authors: Huber Stefan , Tanner Mathias , Scheiblich Herbert
Published: January 2021

Der Begriff Spiritualität ist in gesellschaftlichen und wissenschaftlichen Diskursen fast ausschließlich positiv konnotiert und wird primär mit Themen wie Gesundheit, Wohlbefinden, Lebenszufriedenheit oder Intelligenz in Verbindung gebracht. Im Kontrast dazu werden im vorliegenden Beitrag vier Fallbeispiele diskutiert, in denen Erzählungen zu negativen Erfahrungen oder Einstellungen zu Spirituellem erzählt werden. Die Erzählungen stammen aus Leitfadeninterviews, die im Rahmen einer repräsentativ angelegten „mixed methods“ Studie zu Säkularen und Säkularität in der Schweiz durchgeführt wurden. Rund vier Jahre nach den Erstinterviews konnten mit drei der Befragten Zweitinterviews durchgeführt werden. In beiden Interviews wurden die Auskunftspersonen unter anderem gefragt, ob es in ihrem Leben etwas Spirituelles gebe. Darauf erzählten sie von Schicksalsmächten, „Geistern“, „schwarzer Magie“ oder „schlechter Energie“, die bei ihnen und nahestehenden Personen Wünsche erfüllt (was später negativ bewertet wurde), negative Gefühle wie Angst, Kälte oder Leere ausgelöst oder dann auch Krankheiten, Streit, schlimme Vorfälle oder unerklärliche Unfälle verursacht hätten. In der Diskussion werden mögliche Konsequenzen dieser Befunde für die Spiritualitätsforschung und den Begriff der Spiritualität reflektiert. Dabei werden Verbindungen zu Forschungen über außergewöhnliche Erfahrungen – die weit verbreitet sind – hergestellt und Anregungen für weitere Forschungen gegeben. In Bezug auf die Begriffsdiskussion plädiert der Beitrag dafür, Spiritualität konsequent auf Erfahrungen „großer Transzendenzen“ im Sinne Luckmanns zu beziehen. Dadurch wird der Begriff für negative spirituelle Erfahrungen geöffnet. Daneben ergeben sich dadurch neue Impulse für die Bestimmung des Verhältnisses von Spiritualität und Religion.
A MARRIAGE OF BROUWER’S INTUITIONISM AND HILBERT’S FINITISM I: ARITHMETIC
Authors: NEMOTO TAKAKO , KENTARO SATO
Published: January 2021

We investigate which part of Brouwer’s Intuitionistic Mathematics is finitistically justifiable or guaranteed in Hilbert’s Finitism, in the same way as similar investigations on Classical Mathematics (i.e., which part is equiconsistent with$\textbf {PRA}$or consistent provably in$\textbf {PRA}$) already done quite extensively in proof theory and reverse mathematics. While we already knew a contrast from the classical situation concerning the continuity principle, more contrasts turn out: we show that several principles are finitistically justifiable or guaranteed which are classically not. Among them are:(i)fan theorem for decidable fans but arbitrary bars;(ii)continuity principle and the axiom of choice both for arbitrary formulae; and(iii)$\Sigma _2$induction and dependent choice. We also show that Markov’s principle MP does not change this situation; that neither does lesser limited principle of omniscience LLPO (except the choice along functions); but that limited principle of omniscience LPO makes the situation completely classical.
VARIATIONS ON DETERMINACY AND ℵω1
Authors: SAMI RAMEZ L.
Published: January 2021

We consider a seemingly weaker form of
$\Delta ^{1}_{1}$
Turing determinacy.

Let
$2 \leqslant \rho < \omega _{1}^{\mathsf {CK}}$
,
$\textrm{Weak-Turing-Det}_{\rho }(\Delta ^{1}_{1})$
is the statement:

Every
$\Delta ^{1}_{1}$
set of reals cofinal in the Turing degrees contains two Turing distinct,
$\Delta ^{0}_{\rho }$
-equivalent reals.

We show in
$\mathsf {ZF}^-$
:

$\textrm{Weak-Turing-Det}_{\rho }(\Delta ^{1}_{1})$
implies: for every
$\nu < \omega _{1}^{\mathsf {CK}}$
there is a transitive model
${M \models \mathsf {ZF}^{-} + \textrm{``}\aleph _{\nu } \textrm{ exists''.}}$

As a corollary:

If every cofinal
$\Delta ^{1}_{1}$
set of Turing degrees contains both a degree and its jump, then for every
$\nu < \omega_1^{\mathsf{CK}}$
, there is atransitive model:
$M \models \mathsf{ZF}^{-} + \textrm{``}\aleph_\nu \textrm{ exists''.}$

•

With a simple proof, this improves upon a well-known result of Harvey Friedman on the strength of Borel determinacy (though not assessed level-by-level).

•

Invoking Tony Martin’s proof of Borel determinacy,
$\textrm{Weak-Turing-Det}_{\rho }(\Delta ^{1}_{1})$
implies
$\Delta ^{1}_{1}$
determinacy.

•

We show further that, assuming
$\Delta ^{1}_{1}$
Turing determinacy, or Borel Turing determinacy, as needed:

–

Every cofinal
$\Sigma ^{1}_{1}$
set of Turing degrees contains a “hyp-Turing cone”:
${\{x \in \mathcal {D} \mid d_{0} \leqslant _{T} x \leqslant _{h} d_{0} \}}$
.

–

For a sequence
$(A_{k})_{k < \omega }$
of analytic sets of Turing degrees, cofinal in
$\mathcal {D}$
,
$\bigcap _{k} A_{k}$
is cofinal in
$\mathcal {D}$
.