bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das Wollen und Wissen der Tiere als evolutionstheoretischer Forschungsgegenstand
Authors: Preuss F.
Published: June 2007

Will and knowledge of animals as topic of evolution‐theoretical investigations

Only living beings have a will for action, and all living beings with the exception of man can will nothing else but to survive. The innate will drives them to self‐preservation, species‐preservation, and self‐organization. Only man can renounce to do so. This uniform will is supported by the most differentiated knowledge. In cells this knowledge is chemical and by sensation; in animals it is physical and by sensation. It senses and remedies three bodily needs: hunger, disease, and propagation. Only know‐how can remedy needs. The need for knowledge is therefore the primary need, and improvement of knowledge is the decisive evolutionary change.

Chemical knowledge by sensation in most cases is genetic, ground‐conscious, and hereditary knowledge. In physical knowledge acquired by sensation, ground‐consciousness is lifted to the instinct‐conscious level of the nerve cells through which learning‐consciousness is developed further. The laws governing this are described elsewhere.
Contribucion de los Ramos Ventrales Cervicales a la Inervacion de los Mm. Rhomboideus, Serratits Ventralis y Trapezius en los Mamiferos Domesticos
Authors: Arias M. , Garcia C. , Ramos J. , Garcia L. , Sandoval J.
Published: June 2007

Study of the Termination of Cervical Nerves Innervating the Rhomboideus, Serratus Ventralis and Trapezius Muscles Part II: Equus and Ruminantia

A systematic anatomic study of the origin, course and termination of cervical nerves innervating the Rhomboideus, Serratus ventralis and Trapezius muscles was carried out in the cow, the horse and the sheep. The organization of this innervation is discussed in regard to mesodermal origin of these muscles and the morphogenetic processes demonstrated through innervation.
A Morphologic and Biochemical Evaluation of the Spider Syndrome in Suffolk Sheep
Authors: Troyer D. L. , Thomas D. L. , Stein L. E.
Published: June 2007

The distal radial growth plates of six pairs of spider‐affected and non‐affected lambs were compared after light and electron microscopic evaluation. Light microscopy revealed regions within the spider‐affected physes that lacked the distinctly columnized appearance of the normal ones. However, provisional calculation as revealed by von Kossa staining did not differ between the two groups; nor were there marked ultrastructural differences between control and spider lamb growth plate chondrocytes or matrices. The spider growth plates were also studied after concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin lectin histochemistry. Intracellular and extracellular staining patterns did not differ from previously reported normal patterns. Finally, SDS‐PAGE analysis of collagen extracted in the native state from spider‐affected cortical bone revealed that it is comprised of type I collagen that is normal in its primary structure; furthermore, there is no type III collagen present.
The Arterial Supply of the Male Reproductive System in the Hamster
Authors: Rerkamnuaychoke W. , Kurohmaru M. , Nishida T.
Published: June 2007

The major arteries, the testicular, deferential, prostatic, internal pudendal and external pudendal arteries, supply the male genital organs of the hamster. The same arterial patterns are found in three strains, except that the external pudendal artery arises from the external iliac artery or internal iliac artery in the APG strain, but only from the external iliac artery in the CBN and ACN strains. The deferential and prostatic arteries form the arterial loop on the dorsal surface of the ventrolateral lobe of the prostate. This loop may play some importance parts in the functional interaction between the epididymis and the prostate. The caudal epididymal artery arises more frequently from the spermatic cordai portion of the testicular artery than from the cranial epididymal artery, and it never arises directly from the abdominal part of the testicular artery as reported in the rat, mouse and rabbit. The deferential artery may join with the cranial vesicular artery to form the common trunk (umbilical artery), but sometimes these arteries arise directly from the internal iliac artery.
Morphogenesis of the Epithelium and the Lamina Propria of the Rumen in Bovine Fetuses and Neonates
Authors: Amasaki H. , Daigo M.
Published: June 2007

Developmental changes in the mucous membrane of the rumen in bovine fetuses were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ruminal epitheliums were obtained from 20 bovine fetuses and 4 bovine neonates. The samples were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was examined in the epithelial surface by SEM. Group 2 was examined in the surface of the lamina propria and the reverse face of the epithelium by SEM, after having separate the epithelium from the lamina propria by Scallata's PBS‐EDTA method. Group 3 was examined in histological aspect.

The ruminal papillae appeared first in early in the 5th month of gestation. On the other hand, the papillae of the lamina propria appeared first in early 4th month or late 4th month of gestation. It seemed that the formation of papillae in the lamina propria always preceded that of ruminal papillae. Meanwhile, some epithelial cells were exfoliated from the ruminal surface cells during late 4th month to early 5th month of gestation. Ruminal surface cells came to have keratohyaline granules from the 5th month of gestation onward.
Chromogranin‐ and Somatostatin‐containing Neuroendocrine Cells in the Porcine Uterus An Immunocytochemical Study
Authors: Vittoria A. , Paino G. , Mura E. la , Budetta G. , Cecio A.
Published: June 2007

Endocrine cells scattered in organic mucosae were defined “Neuroendocrine” (NE) cells because they constitute a section of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES). Such cells have never been evidentiated in the normal endometrium. By means of histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques NE celis, some of which contain the hormone somatostatin, are described in the glandular epithelium of the uterine horn in non‐pregnant, non‐castrated, young and adult sows. As is known, the uterine horn is the organ of pregnancy in the pig. The localization, distribution and morphology of the uterine NE and somatostatin‐containing cells are reported and the importance of their function, in the pregnant and non‐pregnant porcine uterus, is mooted.
The Tissue Distribution of la‐ and IgM‐Positive Cells in Adult and Newborn Miniature Pigs
Authors: Horák V. , Hruban V. , Dvořák P.
Published: June 2007

Distribution of Ia‐ and IgM‐positive cells was compared in tissues of adult and newborn miniature pigs, using indirect immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent techniques with monoclonal antibodies. The different distribution patterns were found mainly in adult jejunum and kidney. Both IgM‐ and Ia‐staining were ascertained in the lamina propria between the Lieberkühn crypts and m the lymphoid follicles of the jejunum. Moreover, IgM‐positive cells were demonstrated in the crypts while Ia‐reaction was seen in the lamina propria of the villi. In the kidney, IgM‐staining was limited to the glomeruli. On the contrary, a distinct Ia‐reaction was found mainly in intertubular structures. Small differences in IgM‐ and Ia‐positive cell distribution were also noted in the mesenteric lymph nodes and in the spleen. Developmental changes of the adult distribution patterns (chiefly that of IgM‐positive cells) were found in all tissues studied at 2 days of age.
Zur Wasseranpassung der Walhaut
Authors: Knospe C.
Published: June 2007

On the adaptation of whale skin to water Histological and histochemical studies of the dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and the porpoise (Phocaena phocaena)

In the whale the superficial layer of the epidermis (stratum paracorneum) is incompletely cornified and is characterized by high contents of phospholipids, neutral fats, and glycoproteins. This finding, and especially the structure of the dermis (hypodermis) in relation to its function, are discussed as to the role they play in the adaptation of whales to the aquatic environment.
Cytological, Immunocytochemical and Ultrastructural Study of the Adenohypophyseal Pars Distalis of the Kid (Capra hircus): The TSH cell
Authors: Gomez M. A. , Navarro J. A. , Gomez S. , Camara P. , Gomez J. C. , Bernabé A.
Published: June 2007

The structure and ultrastructure of the adenohypophyseal pars distalis in kids of the Murciano‐granadiana breed (18 males and 12 females), aged 2–3 months and with an average carcass weight of 8 kg has been studied.

Techniques of staining (Tetrachrome Herlant's, and Cleveland‐Wolfe) and histochemistry (PAS, PAS‐OG and BA‐PAS‐OG) contrasted with immunolabelling (PAP) have been used. In addition an ultrastructural study has been made and nucleus and cytoplasm, secretory granules, mitochondria and lysosomes have been measured with a semiautomatic image analyzer (IBAS‐1).

TSH cells are found in sagittal section in the anterior area and in an antero‐caudodorsal band, and transversally in the ventral and medial region; they are 6% and their average size is 14.15 um. Ultrastructurally they are a single cellular type with spherical granules whose size is 195nm in males and 149 in females; these granules are characterized by a clear halo and a variable electronic density. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is found as slightly enlarged vesicles with a homogeneous and moderately electrodense content or in concentric stratifications.
El Desarrollo del Estómago del Vacuno: Análisis desde el Prisma Morfológico y Morfométrico Parte III: Reconstrucción Espacial y Morfometría
Authors: Vivo J. M. , Robina A.
Published: June 2007

On the Development of the Bovine Stomach: A Morphological and Morphometric Analysis. Part III. Spatial Reconstruction

This work represents a summary of the study presented in parts I and II, previously published in this journal. The data collected in those studies is presented in three dimensional reconstructions of the stomach of the developing calf.
Innervation of the Canine Cruciate Ligaments
Authors: Yahia L. H. , Newman N. M. , St‐Georges M.
Published: June 2007

A search for mechanoreceptors within the substance of the cruciate ligaments was undertaken using the modified gold‐chloride technique. Abundant Pacinian, Vater‐Pacini, Ruffini end organs and Ruffini‐type receptors were found within the substance of the anterior and posterior cruciates. The receptors were innervated by axons of 5 to 10 micrometers in diameter penetrating from the synovium investing the ligaments. The findings support the contention that the cruciate ligaments have important mechanoreceptive and proprioceptive functions.
Enhanced Proliferation of Undifferentiated Spermatogonia after Treatment of Short Photoperiod Exposure in the Syrian Hamster, Mesocricetus auratus
Authors: Tiba T. , Takahashi M. , Igura M. , Kita I.
Published: June 2007

Five Syrian hamsters were exposed to a short photoperiod (8L:16D) during 159 days. Atrophied testes were removed, fixed in Allen's solution; paraffin sections of the testicular tissues and whole‐mounted seminiferous tubules were prepared. The numbers of various types of spermatogonia were investigated and compared with those in animals maintained in natural photoperiod (12L: 12D). All the types of differentiated spermatogonia (A1, A2, In, B1, B2) were significantly decreased in number after the treatment of short photoperiod exposure, while undifferentiated spermatogonia (isolated, paired and aligned type) were significantly increased at stages V–VI and VII–VIII of the seminiferous epithelial cycle. This strictly local reaction of the undifferentiated spermatogonia to the loss of the differentiated spermatogonia suggests the presence of a feedback effect of a certain type(s) of differentiated cells to the undifferentiated spermatogonia! proliferation. This feedback mechanism may also play an important role for regulating annual changes in spermatogenesis of seasonal breeders, not only in laboratory but also in natural habitat.
An Ultrastructural Study of the Sertoli Cell in the Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Kurohmaru M. , Yamashiro S. , Azmi T. I. , Basrur P. K.
Published: June 2007

The ultrastructure of Sertoli cell in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) was observed in a transmission electron microscope. The nucleus had homogeneous nucleoplasm, scarce heterochro‐matin and multivesicular nuclear body (MNB). The MNB was composed of numerous vesicles and ribosome‐like dense structures. The vesicles varied in size and number and contained a sparse and flocculent substance. In the indentation of the nucleus, aggregates of ribosomes were frequently observed. In the apical and middle region of the cell, long mitochondria and microtubules were distributed parallel to the long axis of the cell. Non‐laminated smooth ER and some ribosomes were also recognizable throughout this region. In the basal region, widely‐distributed laminated smooth ER was characteristic. Microfilament bundles at ectoplasmic specialization were irregularly arranged. Frequently‐emerged nodular processes occasionally separated from basal lamina and formed round structures within Sertoli cytoplasm. Although these characteristics of buffalo Sertoli cell were very similar to those of the bovine studied, the aggregate of ribosomes was more developed in the buffalo.
Comparative Structure and Morphology of the Goat Sternum in West African Dwarf and Danish Landrace Breeds
Authors: Mgasa M. N. , Arnbjerg J.
Published: June 2007

The structure and morphology of the sternum from 33 West African dwarf (WAD) and sixteen Danish Landrace breed goats were studied radiographically. In young kids of the Danish Landrace breed (DL), the number of sternal elements (Sternebrae) was six or seven with the fifth or the last but one being double in some animals due to bilateral bodies. All the sternal elements in the WAD breed appeared to have each a single locus of ossification and the number of sternal elements varied between 5, 6 or 7 at birth. In those goats with 5 or 6 sternal segments, bilateral indentations were observed on the left and right side on either the last or the last two segments. These indentations were considered to indicate a prenatal cranial coalescence of the last segments leading to the reduced number of sternebra. The structure and morphology of the sternum in neonatal kids for the two breeds appears to be basically different. 8 sternal and 5 asternal ribs were observed in animals of both breeds. The cartilaginous attachments of the ribs on the sternal segments were variable. A floating rib was also observed in one of the WAD goats. The comparative structure and morphology of other ruminant sternum is also discussed.
Entwicklung und Zelldifferenzierung des Nucleus motorius nervi facialis beim Rind*
Authors: Ruhrig Sabine , Hummel Gerhard , Hild Anne , Goller Hermann
Published: June 2007

Development and cellular differentiation of the neurons of the motoric nucleus facialis in the bovine

The early development, cell‐migration and cell‐differentiation of the nucleus motorius nervi facialis were studied in 32 bovine embryos with a CRL of 1 to 53 cm by light microscopical techniques. The ventro‐medial cell column, a transitory embryonic formation, can be regarded as the origin of the nucleus. From there migrating cells can be demonstrated up to a CRL of 2.7 cm. With 3.8 cm CRL the cells are confined to their definitive location. From 5 cm CRL onwards a subdivision into 4 subnuclei can be seen. By succeeding maturation processes the nucleus of fetusses with 53 CRL acquires the topographical and cellular appearance of mature animals.

With the electron microscope the cell‐differentiation of the early stages (2.5 and 3.6cm CRL) was demonstrated. Additionally the ventro‐medial cell column was studied. The vertical columnar organisation of the neurons of the nucleus facialis shows besides longitudinal orientated guiding structures the migration process which is taken place at a CRL of 2.5 cm. Synaptogenic cell contact are seen from 3.6 cm SSL. At this stage the migration of cells has come to an end.
Die Heterogenität des vaskulären Endothels*
Authors: Plendl Johanna , Sinowatz Fred , Auerbach Robert
Published: June 2007

Heterogeneity of the vascular endothelium

The vascular endothelium has long been considered to be a homogeneous cell type. It is only recently that its remarkable heterogeneity has been shown. The selective and organ‐specific adhesion of cells of the immune system, of metastasizing tumor cells and of microorganisms underscores the central position of the endothelium between the circulation and each organ.

The use of antibodies and lectins led to the recognition of species‐, organ‐, and age‐specific endothelial cell surface receptors.

Identification of the endothelial adhesion molecules and ‐mechanisms, which are part of the “endothelial organ‐ and tissue address” would lead to the possibility of blocking the adhesion of cells, such as e. g. tumor cells.
Studies on the Parietal Region of the Cervid Skull
Authors: Kierdorf U. , Kierdorf H.
Published: June 2007

In contrast to the situation in roe deer (Kierdorf and Kierdorf, in press) and other cervid species, an os interparietals was missing in the fallow deer cranium. Absence of this skull element in Dama dama is regarded as an apomorphic character state. The area covered by the interparietals in Capreolus was occupied by the parietals in Dama. This condition (loss of interparietals, enlargement of parietals) is in accord with a trend seen in vertebrate evolution, that is, progressive reduction in the number of skull elements concomitant with enlargement of the remaining bones. Synostosis of the parietals in Dama started a few days post partum and was completed at about 7 to 8 months of age. In males, obliteration of the sutura parietooccipitalis commenced in adult life, whereas in females only closure of the central region of this suture was occasionally observed.
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies for Immunohistochemical Study of Bovine Lymph Nodes on Frozen Sections
Authors: Delverdier M. , Abella N. , Schelcher F. , Pradeau P. , Espinasse J. , Cabanie Et P.
Published: June 2007

Many monoclonal antibodies reactive with bovine leukocyte differentiation antigens are now available. Immunohistochemical staining on frozen sections using these monoclonal antibodies permits study of the functional morphology of bovine lymph nodes. Our study confirms usually accepted notions (B and T dependent‐zones) and supplies complementary data about the repartition of CD4 cells (particularly intrafollicular positive cells), yb T cells, MHC II expression and dendritic leukocytes.
Ultrastructure of the Rete testis in the Cat (Felis domestica, L.)*
Authors: Viotto M.J.S. , Orsi A.M. , Vicentini C.A. , Dias S.Mello , Gregório E.A.
Published: June 2007

The rete testis (RT) in the cat comprises three distinct and sequential parts: septal or adlobular; mediastinal and tunical parts. This last part is followed by the small extratesticular rete testis. The whole of the RT tubules and/or channels is lined by single low columnar and/or cuboidal epithelium with ultrastructural peculiarities of secretory and absorptive functions. The Golgi apparatus polarity (cis‐trans surfaces), its relation with the long profiles of the ER, mainly with the rough ER, and presence of apical uncoated electrondense granules are suggestive of active release of macromolecules, probably glycoproteins. The absorptive function is proposed through the observation of a conspicuous microvacuolar‐vesicular apical complex in epithelial cells. Moreover spermatozoa phagocytosis is also noticed, mainly in the septal part of the RT.
Retinal Photoreceptor Fine Structure in the Red‐Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
Authors: Braekevelt C. R.
Published: June 2007

The retinal photoreceptors of the red‐tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) consist of rods, single cones and double (unequal) cones present in a ratio of about 2: 11 5. In the light‐adapted state, the rods are slender elongated cells with outer segments that reach to the retinal epithelial (RPE) cells. The inner segment displays an ellipsoid of mitochondria, plentiful polysomes, some rough ER and Golgi zones. The rod nucleus is located deep within the outer nuclear layer and the synaptic spherule displays both invaginated (ribbon) and superficial (conventional) synaptic sites. Single cones show a thin tapering outer segment, a large electron lucent oil droplet at the apex of the inner segment and an ellipsoid of mitochondria. Double cones consist of a larger chief member which displays a thin tapering outer segment and an electron dense oil droplet as well as a smaller accessory cone which shows no oil droplet, an ellipsoid and a paraboloid of glycogen. As in the single cone, polysomes, RER and Golgi zones are also noted in the inner segments of both members of the double cone. Near the external limiting membrane the chief and accessory cones show membrane specializations indicative of junctions on their contiguous surfaces. All cone photoreceptors are of a smaller diameter than is normally reported for avian species. Both single and double cones display several invaginated synapses as well as numerous superficial synaptic sites.
The Arterial System of the Wood Mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus: The Pelvic Region
Authors: Fuster M. J. Lopez , Ventura J. , Gispert E.
Published: June 2007

In this paper we describe the origin, arrangement and variations of the major pelvic arterial trunks in the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus. Seventy‐six specimens have been analyzed by injection of coloured latex solution through the left ventricle of the heart and subsequent dissection of the pelvic region. Measurements of the origin of the major arterial trunks have been performed taking into account the number of anterior and posterior branches arising from its origin. Only the values of the internal iliac artery and the pudendoepigastric trunk show significant differences according to the number of previous branches. In general terms, the pattern of the pelvic arteries in the wood mouse agrees with those reported to for other rodent species. Nevertheless, some differences have been detected, especially in the origin of the major arterial trunks and the constitution of the internal iliac
Influence du Cadmium sur l;Intestin de Carassius Auratus
Authors: Andreozzi G. , Antonucci R. , Affatato C. , Gargiulo G. , Battaglini P.
Published: June 2007

The influence of cadmium on Carassius auratus gut.

The paper deals with the cadmium effects on the intestinal mucosa of adult Carassius auratus after 7, 14 and 40 days of exposure. After 7 days the mucosa becomes oedematous; the mucous cells show intensive secretion.

The cells showing immunoreactivity for the Met‐ and Leuenkephaline miss this feature.

After 14 days these modifications diminish and after 40 days disappear completely and the mucosa gains its normal characteristics.
Fiber Types Distribution in the Digastric Muscle of Tufted Capuchin Monkey (Cebus apella)
Authors: Andreo J. C. , Pai V. D. , Navarro J. A. C. , DE Oliveira J. A.
Published: June 2007

Fiber types distribution in the diagastric muscle of tufted capuchin monkey was studied by means of NADH‐TR, myosin‐ATPase, after alkaline and acid preincubations and SDH histochemical reactions. Three different types of fibers were found presenting an equal distribution. The percentage and types of fibers were as follow: 18.2 % SO (Slow Oxydative), 38.4 % FOG (Fast Oxydative Glycolytic) and 43.4 % FG (Fast Glycolytic). FG fibers revealed the largest area. The relatively high concentration of fast twitch (81.2 %) seems to indicate this muscle is involved with the acceleration and fast speed of jaw movements. Aerobic metabolism represented by SO + FOG fibers (56.6 %) suggestes that this muscle possesses an additional role than that related to the lowering of the jaw.
The Anatomic Features of the Normal Tarsus of the Live Horse as Perceived by the Sense of Sight
Authors: McCarthy P. H.
Published: June 2007

A description is given of 75 features present in the normal tarsus of the standing horse which are apparent due to visible skin contours overlying them. Depending on whether or not the pelvic limb is supporting full weight or resting, some contours alter their configuration. Therefore the contour of each underlying feature is described separately for each stance of the limb. It is considered that visual inspection and identification of the apparent superficial features of the normal equine tarsus form the basis of orientation and clinical inspection. Furthermore, these features provide reference points for procedures associated with surgery, arthroscopy, intraarticular treatment and anesthesia of a horse's tarsus suspected of being injured or infected.
Analysis of the Pituitary‐Thyroid Axis in Bilaterally Adrenalectomized or Adrenal Transplanted Rats
Authors: Sarria R. , Losada J. , Oliver F. Donate
Published: June 2007

The percentage, distribution, shape, intensity of staining and morphometrical parameters of the pituitary TSH immunoreactive cells and the histological features of the thyroid glands, were compared between adult rats with intact adrenals, without adrenals and biadrenalectomized animals with neonatal adrenal grafts. After the removal of the adrenal glands, TSH immunoreactive cells increased in percentage and exhibited a higher complexity of the cellular outline, than that of the intact animals. The nuclear, cytoplasmic and cell areas were significantly increased. However the bigger enhancement of the cytoplasmic area relative to the nuclear area, produced a decrease in the nuclear/cell area ratio. The thyroid glands showed some histological evidences of activation. After the transplantation of neonatal adrenal glands to adult rats, several adrenocortical nodules were present in the lumen of the small bowel segment. These adrenal masses induced a great decrease in the TSH cell area, which coupled with a smaller but significant variation of the nuclear area, led to an increase in the nuclear/cell area ratio relative to that observed in adrenalectomized animals. In addition, the distribution, shape and intensity of the immunoreactive material was similar to that observed in intact animals. In this experimental group, thyroid histology was observed to be similar to that of the intact animals.
The Poll Glands of the Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius): Ultrastructural Characteristics
Authors: Taha A. A. M. , Abdel‐Magied E. M. , Abdalla M. A. , Abdalla A. B.
Published: June 2007

The poll glands of the camel are tubuloalveolar glands. They consist of lobules separated by interlobular connective tissue. Adrenergic axons and blood vessels including fenestrated capillaries are present in the intralobular connective tissue in close proximity to the secretory cells. The prominent features of the secretory cell cytoplasm are many mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and many vesicles in various secretory stages.

It is concluded that the secretory cells have apocrine as well as merocrine modes of secretion. The glands may have the ability to uptake hormones and concentrate them. Additional work is needed before considering these glands as steroid‐secreting glands.
Consequences of Selection on Muscle Composition. A Comparative Study on Gracilis Muscle in Wild and Domestic Pigs
Authors: Weiler U. , Appell H.‐J. , Kremser M. , Hofäcker S. , Claus R.
Published: June 2007

European domestic pigs are derived from the European wild pig by genetic selection and differ in their muscular‐growth ability. Thus, it was the aim of this study to investigate the consequences of genetic selection on muscle composition and fibre size in the gracilis muscle. Fibre typing based on the ATPase reaction revealed that this muscle in wild pigs is composed mainly of type‐I and ‐IIa fibres, whereas, in domestic pigs, type‐IIb fibres were predominant. For all fibre types, domestic pigs had about threefold larger fibres than wild pigs. Type‐I fibres tended to be the smallest fibres in domestic pigs, but the largest fibres in wild pigs, which may be due to long‐term training effects in the free‐ranging animals. Giant fibres as an indicator of degeneration were obvious only in the domestic‐pig samples. Their occurrence, as well as the larger fibre size and the predominance of type‐IIb fibres in domestic pigs, may be ascribed to high concentrations of growth hormone. It is concluded that selection for muscular growth may favour metabolic dysbalances within the muscle and, therefore, degenerative processes.
Serotonin‐Containing Cells in the Horse Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Ceccarelli P. , Pedini V. , Gargiulo A. M.
Published: June 2007

The presence and distribution of serotonin‐containing cells in the gastroenteric tract of horses have been investigated. The enterochromaffin (EC) cells have been identified using immunostaining procedures at both light and electron microscopic level. The EC cells were very numerous in the pyloric gland region, were only few in the duodenum but were absolutely lacking from the more distal portions of the intestine.
Evidence of a Direct Role for Growth Hormone (GH) in Mammary Gland Proliferation and Lactation
Authors: Lincoln D. T. , Sinowatz F. , El‐Hifnawi E. , Hughes R. L. , Waters M.
Published: June 2007

A panel of monoclonal antibodies to the growth hormone (GH) receptor/binding protein was used to demonstrate the existence and detail the expression of GH receptors in ductal and alveolar epithelial cells from rat and rabbit mammary glands by immunohistochemistry. Intense immunoreactivity was present in membrane, cytoplasm and some nuclei of epithelial cells during proliferation and lactation. Receptor expression decreased during weaning and was absent or weak in regressive mammary glands. Immunoreactivity was weak in ductal epithelial cells from virgin adult animals. Pronounced expression of GH receptor/binding protein was observed with two monoclonal antibodies and lesser reactivity was seen with others, paralleling their affinities for the receptor. The cytoplasmic presence of this putatively plasma membrane located GH receptor is accounted for by the existence of a soluble form on the GH receptor, namely the growth hormone binding protein derived from the membrane receptor by cleavage. Primary localization of the receptor in proliferating and lactating epithelial cells suggests that the rat and rabbit mammary gland is a GH target tissue. This finding is in contradiction to both classical GH action and the somatomedin hypothesis and challenges the widely held view that GH has no direct influence on mammary growth and function.
Une dissection myologique de la Jambe et du Pied de l'Autruche (Struthio camelus)*
Authors: Pavaux C. , Lignereux Y.
Published: June 2007

No trace was found of the following muscles: M. plantaris, M. extensor hallucis longus, M. extensor hallucis brevis, M. flexor hallucis brevis, M. adductor d. II, M. abductor d. II, M. flexor phalangis secundi d. III and M. adductor d. IV.

Some interesting myological and topographical peculiarities are specified concerning the 16 muscles mentioned, in order to provide useful findings for surgically applied purposes: in case of locomotor problems with leg deformities.
C‐cell Distribution in Ovine Thyroid Gland
Authors: Okada H. , Shigeta Y. , Un‐No Y.
Published: June 2007

The number and percentage of C‐cells per unit area were investigated in 2‐3‐year‐old sheep by an immunoperoxidase technique, using a digital‐image analysis. C‐cells were distributed throughout the thyroid lobes but were not present in either the isthmus or the superior and inferior poles of the thyroid. C‐cells were more concentrated in the deep central region of the lobes and decreased gradually toward the periphery. There was a high correlation between the number and the percentage of C‐cells per unit area of thyroid gland in sheep. Significant differences were not present between male and female sheep of 2‐3 years of age.
Das Spermathekalepithel der Bienenkönigin (Apis mellifera): Morphologie, alters‐abhängige Veränderungen und Zellkontakte
Authors: Kressin M. , Sommer U. , Schnorr B.
Published: June 2007

The spermathecal epithelium of the honey bee queen (Apis mellifera): ultrastructure, age‐dependent alterations, and cellular junctions

The spermatheca of the honey bee queen is covered by a single‐layered, uniform, polarised epithelium. The apical cell surface is greatly enlarged by protrusions and plasma membrane infoldings, the basal cell surface by numerous inter‐digitating, long, small processes. Cytoplasmic organelles are chiefly represented by mitochondria. Numerous microtubuli extend throughout the cytoplasm. Golgi and endoplasmic profiles are rare. The cells are subject to senile degeneration: with increasing age, a variety of cytoplasmic inclusions appear, among which are myelinated membranes, dense bodies and dense filamentous aggregates. The spermathecal epithelium does not seem to be involved in exocrine secretion related to nutrition of the long‐term stored spermatozoa. The ultra‐structure points, however, to ion transport functions and to an engagement in the maintenance of an adequate physicochemical environment ensuring the viability of the spermatozoa. Cellular junctions are represented by luminal zonulae adherentes, focal cell–cell adhering junctions and hemi‐adhering junctions along the basal plasmalemma. Desmosomal contacts and cytoskeletal intermediate filaments are missing. Along the lateral plasmalemma, gap junctions and septate junctions are found.
Zur Anatomie des Bewußtseins der Haustiere. Eröffnungsvortrag zum 20. Kongreß der EVVA in Zürich zum Gedenken an Eugen Seiferle
Authors: Preuss F.
Published: June 2007

All living organisms have a consciousness, not only humans. To seek to find humans’ consciousness in animals is to seek wrongly. The question must be:‘To what extent are prehuman and human consciousness comparable?’ Animals have an instinctive sensational consciousness with a partial learning consciousness. It is a purely self‐sustaining consciousness. In addition, humans have a spiritual‐thinking consciousness, which is predominantly a learning consciousness and is not a pure self‐sustaining consciousness. Since human consciousness arose from animals’ consciousness, that behaviour in animals which is similar to the thought process in human beings can only be based on sensations.

Sensations of pain and fear are not very different in man and animal, because they also belong to the sensation consciousness in humans, but humans have the additional advantage of being able to think about them and to understand their cause and meaning. That is not possible in animals, therefore, animals have to be anaesthetized to protect them from pain. Seiferle recognized this clearly, and my consciousness theory reinforces Seiferle's view, i.e. that consciousness is the central force of the soul. Its afferent forces are perception and sensation; its efferent forces are will, feeling, and deed.
Das Blutgefäßsystem des Enddarms vom Hund (Canis lupus f. familiaris)
Authors: Zahner M. , Wille K.‐H.
Published: June 2007

The Vascular System in the Large Intestine of Dog (Canis lupus f. familiaris)

The vascular System of the large intestine of 10 dogs was examined by means of vascular corrosion casts, histology and transmission‐electron microscopy.

The tela submucosa contains an arterial and a venous vascular plexus. In broader areas of the submucosa, a deep and a superficial vascular plexus, which are interconnected, can be found. The plexus are orientated parallel to the layers of the intestinal wall. On the one hand, these vessels naturally provide self‐sufficiency and drainage of the submucosa, and, moreover, direct branches to the stratum circulare of the muscular layer. On the other hand, the submucosal vascular plexus is the ‘distributional network’ for the functional plexus of the tunica mucosa.

The arteries, which ascend to the tunica mucosa, supply a flat arterial network underneath the intestinal glands. Bundles of only a few arteriolae originate from this in order to supply the pericryptal capillaries. In the vicinity of the cryptai orifices, these turn into a network of subepithelial capillaries, which is post‐connected to the periglandular capillary plexus. From this ‘terminal circulatory pathway’, the blood is drained off by veins that enter the submucosal plexus. It is characteristic that the postcapillary venules often begin as part of the capillary network.

As in other species, the subepithelial capillaries are predominantly lined with a ‘fenestrated endothelium’, whereas the capillaries of the pericryptal areas show a continuous endothelium. The latter contains multiple vesicles that may fuse in order to form transcytoplasmic channels as a morphological equivalent for transcappillar‐epithelial and vice versa occurring transport of substances.
The Presence of Granular Excretory Ducts in the Rabbit Zygomatic Gland
Authors: Gargiulo A. M. , Ceccarelli P. , Pedini V.
Published: June 2007

The proximal and interlobular ducts of rabbit zygomatic glands show a particular morphological feature consisting of numerous secretory granules localized in the apical cytoplasm of the cells. It is suggested that there is a similarity between these ducts and the granular ducts of submandibular glands in rodents.
Intrinsic Innervation of the Stomach of the Fetal Pig: an Immunohistochemical Study of VIP‐Immunoreactive Nerve Fibres and Cell Bodies
Authors: Ginneken C. van , Weyns A. , Meir F. van , Ooms L. , Verhofstad A.
Published: June 2007

Using an immunohistochemical technique, the presence and distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was investigated in cryostat sections, both tangential and transverse, of the fetal pig's stomach. In all fetuses and in all gastric segments investigated, VIP‐like immunoreactive (IR) nerve‐cell bodies were seen in all intramural ganglia, and VIP‐IR nerve fibres were found in all layers of the gastric wall except the tunica serosa. Consequently, VIP‐IR nerve fibres were found to form a periglandular network, to accompany arterioles, to interconnect the intramural ganglia, to encircle both VIP‐IR‐negative and ‐positive neurons, and were found in all muscle layers. Despite the fact that VIP‐IR seems to be restricted to the intramural nervous elements, some nonspecific‐reacting VIP‐IR glandular cells were noticed in the basal parts of the fundic, antral and pyloric gastric glands.

The distribution pattern of VIP in the fetal pig resembles that of the adult pig. This suggests a possible functional role for VIP during fetal life and/or puts forward the suggestion that the stomach of a fetal pig from the second half of the gestation period is prepared, from then on, for postnatal function. High similarities with regard to the general distribution pattern of VIP in the stomach have also been noted between the fetal pig and humans, proving once more that the fetal pig can serve as a good animal model in several research areas. Finally, the morphological data provided here may, combined with the physiological significance of VIP, contribute to a better insight into the physiopathology of economically important gastro‐intestinal disorders in the pig, such as gastric ulceration.
Muscle Representation within the Hypoglossal Nucleus of the Chicken Studied by Means of Horseradish Peroxidase
Authors: Wang J. , Watanabe T. , Suzuki M. , Ohmori Y. , Naito J.
Published: June 2007

The distribution in the chicken of motoneurons innervating the hyolingual muscles, i.e. the Mm. hyoglossus rostralis (HR), hyoglossus obliquus (HO), ceratoglossus (CG), interceratobranchialis (CB). stylohyoideus (YH), serpihyoideus (PH) and cricohyoideus (CR), and the laryngotracheal muscles, comprising the Mm. tracheolateralis (TL), cleido‐hyoideus (CL) and sternotrachealis (ST), was examined by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat‐germ agglutinin. Labelled motoneurons are only found in the hypoglossal nucleus. The rostrocaudal distributions of motoneurons projecting to hyolingual muscles are restricted in the hypoglossal nucleus cranial to the obex, and those projecting to laryngotracheal muscles are distributed in the more caudal part of hypoglossal nucleus. Detailed analysis of the data showed that the most rostrally positioned motoneurons in the hypoglossal nucleus supplied to the PH, followed by the CG, CB. HR, YH, HO, CR, TL, CL and ST in that order, overlapping each other. In the hypoglossal nucleus motoneurons innervating the PH and YH have the smallest perikarya. Of the motoneurons in the hypoglossal nucleus, those supplying the laryngotracheal muscles (CL and TL) have the largest perikarya. Motoneurons innervating the other muscles are intermediate in size.
The Coronary Arteries of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Taha A. A. M. , Abel‐Magied E. M.
Published: June 2007

The pattern of distribution of the coronary arteries of the camel was studied by combining dissection and vinyl acetate casts. The results showed that in the camel the right coronary artery supplies the interventricular subsinuosal artery, characteristic of a right coronary pattern. The septal branch that supplied the interventricular septum originated from the paraconal interventricular artery. A muscular bridge was observed crossing each of the paraconal and subsinuosal interventricular arteries in the middle third of the longitudinal grooves.
Comparison of Hemisphere Size in Wild and Domestic Geese
Authors: Kalisińska E.
Published: June 2007

The hemisphere size has been studied in wild and domestic geese (Anser fabalis, n = 77; A. albifrons, n = 48; A. anser, n = 8; A. anser f. domestica, n = 10), which were classified according to particular age category (adult or immature). Material used in studies was fixed in 4% solution of formaldehyde. The brain weight as well as hemispheres’ length, width and height was measured with standard method. Morphometric characteristic of geese's brains has been presented in absolute and relative way (by parallel use of index and allometric approach). The appropriate ontogenic, taxonomic and domestication comparisons were carried out. The greatest differences referred to absolute and relative width and height of hemispheres.
Vergleich zweier Methoden der Altersbeurteilung an Zähnen altersbekannter wildlebender Fleischfresser 1
Authors: Thomé H. , Geiger G.
Published: June 2007

Two age‐determining methods were conducted on representatives of known age from the Order Carnivora (4 red foxes, 3 tree martens, 3 stone martens, 2 racoons, 2 badgers, 1 polecat and one otter).

Age determination employed with the aid of tooth wear nearly agrees with the real age of the animals.

Dating based on the formation of the age‐dependent cement zone coincided well with the known ages of the individual specimens.

However, in real foxes the figure one must be added to the number of cementum layers counted determining the definitive age of individuals.

For representation of the cementum layers transverse sections of the apical part of the tooth root of canini, P2 and P3, stained with methylene blue, should be used.

It is important to note that the dentino‐cemental line should not be considered when counting the year rings in the cement.
Anatomo‐Radiographic Study of Prenatal Development of Bovine Fetal Teeth
Authors: Soana S. , Bertoni G. , Gnudi G. , Botti P.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to improve the knowledge of the time of appearance of dental germs and their morphological development until birth in bovine fetuses. Skulls and isolated mandibles of 35 Simmenthal bovine fetuses, of both sexes and ages from 97 to 280 days old were examined. The radiographic examination was performed with high definition and mamofilms. The exposure values ranged from 36 kV‐6 mAs to 55 kV‐12 mAs according to skull dimensions.

In this study, the first dental germ was observed at 97 days, identified as the third maxillar premolar tooth. Through the morphological study and accurate description of the lingual and vestibular aspect of the occlusive surface of the teeth, three roots for the third and fourth maxillar premolar teeth and two for the second maxillar premolar tooth were observed. Two roots for the second and third mandibular premolar teeth and three for the fourth mandibular premolar tooth were also observed. The germ of the first mandibular molar tooth was seen at 140 days and the first of the maxillar arch at 280 days.
The Effect of Formalin on Rumen Surface Area in Red Deer
Authors: Lentle R. G. , Stafford K. J. , Henderson I. M.
Published: June 2007

Previously published studies have related the surface area of rumen wall to diet. The validity of studies that utilize preserved material depends upon the predictability of any change in rumen dimension brought about by preservation. Changes in the surface area of different sections of the rumen wall of red deer (Cervus elaphus) were monitored after immersion in 10% formal saline solution at room temperature for 2, 7 and 14 days. There was a high degree of variability (0–39.5%) in wall‐area reduction. Ignoring such changes when calculating the factor of increase in surface area (FISA), a composite of papillary surface area and density, can result in errors of up to 39.5%. This study questions the validity of using FISA calculations when formalin‐preserved specimens are used in studies of rumen response to diet. Rumen papillary dimensions were not significantly changed by preservation in formalin.
Volumetrische Untersuchungen zur senilen Hirninvolution beim Hund
Authors: Reifinger M.
Published: June 2007

A heterogeneous population of 100 dogs was examined for age‐associated brain involution. The dogs originated from the autopsy material of the institute and were selected irrespective of age, breed and sex. They had no history of neurologic disorders and exhibited no macroscopic cerebral lesions.

After decapitation at the atlanto‐occipital joint, the head was sawn through the median plane. The brain was removed and the skull reconstructed. The volume of the brain was measured by water displacement; the volume of the cranial cavity was determined by filling up with lead shot and pouring it into a measuring glass.

In order to determine cerebral atrophy, the brain volumes were compared with the cranial‐cavity volumes. The mean relative brain volume (mean brain volume divided by mean cranial cavity volume) for the 100 dogs was 88.7%. Connected with periods of life, the mean relative brain volumes slightly increased during the first 8 years and slightly decreased during the following years. With regard to the age groups 0–5 years, 5–10 years and more than 10 years, the average relative brain volumes were 88.4, 89.3 and 88.3%. These values did not show statistical significance, i.e. there was no evidence of a decline in brain volume in the ageing dog.
Aspectos Morfologicos e Histoquimicos de los Musculos Extraoculares del Zorrillo (Didelphis albiventris)
Authors: Matheus S. M. M. , Soares J. C. , Neves A. M. , Silva D. A.
Published: June 2007

The extraocular muscle fibres of the South‐American opossum were determined according to their metabolic profiles using NADH‐diaforase, and myofibrilar ATPase after pre‐incubation in both acid (pH 4.3) and alkaline (pH 10.4) media. Three muscles were selected to study the arrangement of the fibres (obliquous dorsalis, rectus dorsalis and rectus lateralis muscles). It was demonstrated that they are organized in two layers: the orbital layer composed by small diameter fibres and the global layer with three‐times thicker fibres than the former. The global layer has three fibre types: white, red and intermediate; while the orbital layer presents two fibre types, which react differently to the ATPase.