bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIZE DIFFERENCES OF LABORATORY REARED AND WILD POPULATIONS OF TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE)
Authors: Southard Susan G. , Houseweart Mark W. , Jennings Daniel T. , Halteman William A.
Published: December 2009

Three body dimensions (body length, head width, and abdomen width) were used to determine size differences between laboratory-reared and wild populations of Trichogramma minutum Riley. Six separate groups of T. minutum were measured: three groups were from Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs, two from spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) eggs, and one from wild populations of spruce budworm.

Female T. minutum from spruce budworm (large host) eggs were significantly larger for all body dimensions than T. minutum from S. cerealella (small host) eggs. Male T. minutum from field-collected spruce budworm eggs were significantly larger for all body dimensions than T. minutum reared for more than one generation in S. cerealella eggs.

A significant reduction in female parasitoid size was observed during the initial generations of T. minutum reared in the smaller host (S. cerealella). However, this size reduction was not permanent. Following numerous generations in the S. cerealella host eggs, a significant increase in female parasitoid size was noted within the first generation of T. minutum reared in the spruce budworm host eggs.
EVALUATION OF AN ELECTRONIC MOSQUITO REPELLER
Authors: Lewis David J. , Fairchild Wayne L. , Leprince Daniel J.
Published: December 2009

Antipic, an electronic mosquito repeller, was evaluated in the field and in the laboratory. It was ineffective in repelling natural populations of mosquitoes (mostly Aedes spp.) in Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec.
PREDICTING ECLOSION OF OVERWINTERING EGGS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Herbert H. J. , McRae K. B.
Published: December 2009

Eclosion of overwintering eggs of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Nova Scotia was studied at four constant temperatures. Days to 50% hatch were 44.8, 23.1, 12.9, and 8.8 while the rates of development were 2.18, 4.53, 7.59, and 11.34% per day at 8°, 12°, 16 °and 20 °C, respectively. Nonlinear equations were developed to estimate the time to 50% hatch of overwintering eggs as a function of temperature. A weighted average of the daily extreme temperatures was used to improve the estimated time to 50% hatch for field data from the rates of development in the constant temperature studies.
FECUNDITY AND HOST UTILIZATION OF THE APHID PARASITE APHELINUS SEMIFLAVUS (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) AT TWO HOST DENSITIES
Authors: Mackauer Manfred
Published: December 2009

The longevity, fecundity, and oviposition rates of Aphelinus semiflavus Howard were determined at densities of 20 and 60 pea aphid hosts per day. Host density had no significant effect on parasite longevity and total fecundity, but it did influence the mean daily oviposition rate (16.5 and 19.5 aphids/day at density 20 and 60, respectively) and the overall proportion of aphids parasitized (82.3% and 32.5%, respectively) during the period of maximum egg laying. The implications of a shift in the fecundity schedule to an earlier reproductive age are discussed.
EFFICACY OF DIFLUBENZURON AGAINST THE CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), AND IMPACT ON ORCHARD MITES
Authors: Anderson D. W. , Elliott R. H.
Published: December 2009

The efficacy of diflubenzuron against the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella L., was compared with that of azinphos-methyl in two orchards. Two cover sprays were applied to coincide with peak codling moth activity which was monitored daily with pheromone-baited traps. In the Golden Delicious and mixed cultivar orchards, 187 ppm (mg active ingredient/1.) diflubenzuron provided control comparable to that of 187 ppm azinphos-methyl. In the 47 ppm diflubenzuron treatment, more fruit damage occurred particularly in the mixed cultivar orchard. In this orchard, the addition of Tween 20 to the spray mixture reduced fruit damage markedly.

Diflubenzuron appeared non-toxic to the phytoseiid Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt and stigmaeid Zetzellia mali Ewing. In addition, cover sprays did not increase populations of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) or rust mites, Aculus spp.

The efficacy of diflubenzuron against the codling moth and its compatability with integrated mite control suggest that the compound is a promising agent for pest management programs in apple orchards.
CONSUMPTION AND UTILIZATION OF LEAF TISSUE OF TISSUE-CULTURED POPULUS × EURAMERICANA BY THE COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE, CHRYSOMELA SCRIPTA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Harrell M. O. , Benjamin D. M. , Berbee J. G. , Burkot T. R.
Published: December 2009

Chrysomela scripta Fabricius adults showed a feeding preference for the youngest, most succulent leaves of tissue-cultured Populus × euramericana. Larvae fed equally on all leaves with water contents greater than 73%. Larvae chose shoot bark for feeding after all leaves with water contents greater that 70% had been consumed. Larvae reared on immature foliage had shorter developmental times and higher prepupal weights than those reared on mature foliage.
THE EPIPHYSIS OF THE GYPSY MOTH,LYMANTRIA DISPAR(LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE): STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Authors: ODell T. M. , Shields K. S. , Mastro V. C. , Kring T. J.
Published: December 2009

The external structure, cellular structure, and function of the tibial epiphysis of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar(L.), are described. Scanning electron micrographs and histological preparations indicate that the epiphysis of the male gypsy moth is an efficient antennal comb, but behavioral studies indicate it is not required for either precopulatory stimulation or for orientation to sex pheromones. The acanthae covering the inner surface of the epiphysis appear to have only a mechanical function.
THE SPECIES AND NUMBER OF SYMBIOTIC PENICILLATE MILLIPEDS IN ARBOREAL ANT NESTS
Authors: Ishii Kiyoshi , Yamaoka Hiroto
Published: December 2009

No reports have been published about symbiotic penicillate millipeds living in arboreal ant nests, though Donisthorpe (1927) reported those in edaphic ant nests. Therefore, we tried to determine the species and numbers of symbiotic penicillate millipeds in arboreal ant nests.

An investigation of the symbiotic penicillate millipeds was conducted in both the maritime forest (Daphniphyllum teijsmannii Zoll., Pinus thunbergii Parl.) and the mountain forest (Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc., Castanopsis cuspidata Schottky var. sieboldii Nakai) on Miyakejima Island (about N 34°05′, E 139°30′) in the Pacific Ocean, 28 March 1980. As a result, we found symbiotic penicillate millipeds of the family Polyxenidae only in the maritime forest.
THE AGE OF FEMALE EUROPEAN CORN BORER MOTHS, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN THE FIELD AND TESTS OF ITS USE IN FORECASTING DAMAGE TO GREEN PEPPERS
Authors: Elliott W. M. , Richardson J. D. , Founk J.
Published: December 2009

The mean post-mating age of mated female moths of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), from light traps varied from 3.4 to 5.2 days during the June–September flight period at Harrow, Ontario, in a manner consistent with assignment of moths to 3 generations per year. At the beginning of the first generation the mean age was 3.66 days and rose to 5.21 before flights ceased. At the beginning of the second generation the mean age was 3.39 days and rose to 4.47 days. A third generation could be detected in early September by a significant drop in age and an increase in virgin females. The average age of mated females was negatively correlated with the proportion of virgin females in the same week (r = −0.648, P = 0.02), indicating that about 40% of the variance in age of mated females was associated with emergence of new recruits to the population. Females collected with a sweep net from their day time resting places in weeds were either the same age or older than those from the light trap. The mean age of moths from light traps was found to be not meaningful when it was tested as a factor in forecasting damage caused by their progeny in green peppers 3–5 weeks later.
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE OF YELLOWJACKETS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE: VESPULA SPP.) IN MANITOBA
Authors: Galloway T. D. , Preston W. B.
Published: December 2009

Yellowjackets (Vespidae: Vespula and Dolichovespula spp.) are painfully familar to most people. Many of these wasps are scavengers and are readily attracted to foodstuffs or food wastes. They also frequently nest in and around human habitations. These insects are generally considered of significant medical importance because of the allergic reaction in some people following a sting. Yellowjacket abatement programs have been conducted in many parts of the United States, usually associated with high wasp densities in orchards or recreation areas (McDonald et al. 1976).
ACCUMULATION OF MONOTERPENES AND ASSOCIATED VOLATILES FOLLOWING INOCULATION OF GRAND FIR WITH A FUNGUS TRANSMITTED BY THE FIR ENGRAVER, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Raffa Kenneth F. , Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

The accumulation of monoterpenes during the defensive response by grand fir was quantified over a 28-day period. Monoterpene content increased exponentially with time and varied greatly among trees. Following analysis, sampled trees were observed for 4 years. Those trees which showed an extensive accumulation of monoterpenes in response to artificial inoculation with fungi transmitted by the fir engraver were less likely to be killed during this period than trees which exhibited low levels of secondary monoterpene accumulation. The extent of the defensive response was influenced by host age, disease, crown class, and artificial stress. Following inoculation with fungi transmitted by the fir engraver, the proportions of limonene, myrcene, and Δ-3-carene, present in the monoterpene fraction increased. In previously reported laboratory bioassays, each of these compounds has demonstrated higher toxic or repellent properties, or both, than have the other monoterpenes present in grand fir. Mechanical injury resulted in less pronounced reactions than did fungal inoculation. Necrotic lesion formation is accompanied by an increased concentration of short-chain hydrocarbons, followed by a decline to normal levels. Necrotic lesion formation and monoterpene synthesis represent at least two independent activities during the wound response.
EFFECTS OF PLEISTOPHORA SCHUBERGI (MICROSPORIDA) ON THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIODPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Wilson G. G.
Published: December 2009

Spores of the microsporidium Pleistophora schubergi were fed to second- and fifth-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. A treatment of 2 × 108 spores applied to the surface of the host's diet resulted in 100% mortality to second- and 60% to fifth-instar larvae. Suceptibility of the host to the parasite decreased as the larvae became older. Other effects on host development were not significant at the dosages tested.
A PROCESS-ORIENTED MODEL OF SPRUCE BUDWORM PHENOLOGY (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Régnière Jacques
Published: December 2009

In this paper a process-oriented model of spruce budworm phenology is developed which produces simulations comparing favorably with observed phenological trends taken from literature. Major features of this model include: (1) non-linear descriptions of temperature-dependent development of larval instars and pupal stadium; (2) three sources of variability in development rates (intrinsic, sex-related, and microclimatic); and (3) generation of daily temperature cycles for four microhabitats from input min-max air temperature data.
TWO SPECIES OF FUNGUS INFECTING THE EUROPEAN SKIPPER THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) IN QUÉBEC
Authors: McNeil Jeremy N. , MacLeod D. M.
Published: December 2009

Since its initial introduction into North America (Saunders 1916) the European skipper Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) has been found attacking timothy grass throughout much of eastern Canada and the United States reaching pest status in Ontario (Arthur 1966), Prince Edward Island (Thompson 1977), and Quebec (Doyle and Richard 1971; McNeil et al. 1975). Bucher and Arthur (1961) examined skipper larvae, collected near Princeville, Ontario, for naturally occurring pathogens and reported the presence of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis gut virus, and a spore forming bacterium. They stated that such pathogens represented a possible means of biological control if the skipper became economically important. An epizootic caused by an NPV in dense skipper populations near Normandin, Quebec (Smirnoff 1974), led to a series of experiments evaluating its efficacy as a microbial insecticide (Smirnoff et al. 1976; Duchesne 1980), its long term impact on the population dynamics of T. lineola (Duchesne 1980), and its possible effects on non-target organisms (Smirnoff et al. 1979).
PREPARATION OF INSECT CONTACT CHEMOSENSILLA FOR SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Dyer L. J. , Seabrook W. D. , Jaeger V. A.
Published: December 2009

A protease digestion technique for preparing insect chemosensilla for observation at high magnifications under the Scanning Electron Microscope is described. Treatment with protease for 30 min or more followed by sonication removes material normally obscuring pores and surface grooves. This allows surface details and terminal valves to be seen under the SEM. The chemoreceptive hairs of insects can now be rapidly classified as having primarily a contact or olfactory function based on the presence or absence of visible terminal openings on some of the sensilla. Trypsin treatment was less useful, and neuraminidase had little effect. These results indicate that the material extruded onto the surface of the sensillum is proteinaceous.
EFFECTS OF STARVATION AND AGE ON FORAGING EFFICIENCY AND SPEED OF CONSUMPTION BY LARVAE OF A FLOWER FLY, METASYRPHUS COROLLAE (SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Leir V. , Barlow C.A.
Published: December 2009

Starved M. corollae Fab. larvae captured prey more quickly than unstarved larvae and older larvae, except those approaching pupation, sooner than younger larvae. Generally, older larvae also consumed prey more quickly but starvation increased prey handling time because starved larvae extracted 43% more, on average, from prey before discarding them. Significance of these findings for survival of M. corollae is discussed.
LARVAE OF WATER MITES OF THE GENERA OF THE SUPERFAMILY LEBERTIOIDEA (PROSTIGMATA: PARASITENGONA) IN NORTH AMERICA WITH COMMENTS ON PHYLOGENY AND HIGHER CLASSIFICATION OF THE SUPERFAMILY
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of species representing 12 of the 13 genera of the superfamily Lebertioidea from North America are described, including members of the genera Bandakiopsis, Utaxatax, Estelloxus, and Testudacarus for the first time. Larvae of species of Sperchon, Sperchonopsis, Teutonia, Bandakia, Lebertia, Oxus, Frontipoda, and Torrenticola are also described to provide complete comparative data for the genera of the superfamily. A key to the families and genera of Lebertioidea, and preliminary diagnoses for the superfamily, families, and genera are provided based upon larval characters. Information on host associations is reviewed for each taxon. Observations on morphology and host associations of these larvae provide the basis for an original, though provisional, outline of phylogeny of Lebertioidea, and a review of the higher classification of the superfamily.
AGGREGATION OF MALE ACROCERIDS (DIPTERA)
Authors: Leprince D. J. , Wood D. M.
Published: December 2009

Aggregation of adult males is a widespread phenomenon among many species of Diptera, as well as among several groups of other insects (Downes 1969; McAlpine and Munroe 1968; Sullivan 1981). The function of such behavior, once controversial, is now generally conceded to be a mechanism for assembling the sexes in a sufficiently small area to ensure mating. The apparent scarcity of females, earlier thought to be an argument against this hypothesis, has been explained by the brevity of their visit, presumably only once in the lifetime of many, and only long enough to be intercepted by a waiting male (Papavero 1977). Adult acrocerids are rarely collected and little is known about their biology. Those species that have been reared are, during their larval stages, all internal parasitoids of true spiders (Araneae) (Schlinger 1981). The present paper describes the aggregation of males of Turbopsebius sulphuripes (Loews), and the presence of two others, Acrocera melanderi Cole and Pterodontia flavipes Gray, on a hilltop in southwestern Quebec.
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF THURICIDE 16B® AND DIPEL 88® AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN BALSAM FIR STANDS
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

The effectiveness of Thuricide 16B®, a water-based commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. torstaki (B.t.), Dipel 88®, an oil-based formulation, and the Dipel® vehicle (Dipel 88 without B.t.) were compared by aerial applications against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) stands. The two B.t. products applied at similar dosage rates were similar in effectiveness and the Dipel vehicle was not toxic for budworm larvae at rates applied Comparisons of populations of parasites made between pre- and post-spray sampling periods and between treated and untreated plots indicated no direct effect of Dipel 88 on the rate of larval and pupal parasitism.
EFFECT OF LATITUDE ON THE CRITICAL PHOTOPERIOD FOR DIAPAUSE INDUCTION IN THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Hegdekar B. M.
Published: December 2009

The critical photoperiod for diapause induction in pupae of Mamestra configurata Walker in Manitoba was 16 h 06 min at Glenlea (49°38′ N), 16 h 20 min at Grandview (51°10′ N), and 16 h 42 min at Birch River (52°24′ N). The differences in cirtical photoperiods observed at Glenlea and Grandview were not significant. At least two different photoperiods exist, one in the Glenlea and Grandview areas and the other in the Birch River area. In the laboratory, the critical photoperiod was 13.5 h when larvae were exposed to a daily fluctuating temperature regime of 12 h at 25 °C and 12 h at 10 °C. Longer critical photoperiods found for the field populations may be related to the relatively low ambient temperatures to which the larvae were exposed in field cages.
EXTENSION OF THE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF NOSEMA LOCUSTAE (MICROSPORIDIA) IN GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Ewen Al B.
Published: December 2009

Since its description by Canning (1953) from cultures of the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. & F.), in England, Nosema locustae has been found in grasshoppers in southern Ontario, Canada (Smith 1965), and in most of the western United States (Henry 1969; Henry and Oma 1981). It probably was the unnamed organism noted earlier by Goodwin (1949) in locusts from Africa (Canning 1962). Thus, the known geographic range is England, central Canada, the western United States, and probably Africa. However, as Henry and Oma (1981) speculated, its known range undoubtedly will be extended as grasshoppers are examined from other locations. This report extends the geographic range of N. locustae to several locations in southern and central Saskatchewan.
THRESHOLD TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL CONSTANT FOR EGG DEVELOPMENT OF NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA LONGICORNIS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Dominique C. R. , Yule W. N.
Published: December 2009

The northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), is a recent pest of corn in southern Québec (Guibord 1976). Little is known of local quantitative temperature relationships, although such information could have important practical applications in developing a pest management program.

The object of this study was to determine the threshold temperature and thermal constant for egg development and eclosion, and to relate soil and air temperatures to the phenology of egg hatch in the field under Qutbec corn-growing conditions.
SEX RATIOS OF THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Campbell Robert W. , Torgersen Torolf R. , Hosman Kevin P. , Srivastava Nilima
Published: December 2009

Populations of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis, were sampled in western Montana, central Idaho, and eastern Oregon. In 22 of 24 populations, the proportion of females among pupae did not differ from 0.5. Similarly, in 21 of 24 populations, the proportion of females among adults was not different from 0.5. In all populations, differences between survival rates of male and female pupae were attributed to chance. The proportion of females among pupae (a) did not differ between insects on Douglas-fir and those on grand fir, (b) was slightly but significantly higher among insects in the mid-crown than among those in the lower crown, and (c) was significantly higher among the insects in the one site studied where average defoliation of current-year shoots was greater than 50%. Variation in the proportion of females among adults should have a negligible effect on the dynamics of these populations.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF TRICHACIS FOERSTER (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA: PLATYGASTRIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The Nearctic species of the genus Trichacis are revised. Nine out of 15 species recognized are new to science: T. alticola (New Mexico, Colorado), T. bison (Ontario, Florida, Louisiana, Illinois, Texas), T. celticola (Mississippi, Ontario, Louisiana, Texas), T. dracula (Illinois), T. elongata (Missouri), T. huberi (California), T. mandibulata (Illinois), T. pyramidalis (Ontario), and T. striata (Florida). Six previously described Nearctic species are redescribed, viz. T. arizonensis (Ashmead), T. cornicola (Ashmead), T. cornuta Fouts, T. rufipes Ashmead, T. texana Fouts, and T. virginiensis Ashmead. The males of T. arizonensis, T. texana, and T. virginiensis are described for the first time. A generic diagnosis of Trichacis and keys to Nearctic species are given. The higher classification, bionomics, world distribution, and character states of Trichacis species are discussed.
OLESICAMPE GENICULATAE, A NEW PALAEARCTIC ICHNEUMONID PARASITE OF PRISTIPHORA GENICULATA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F. W. , Lim K. P.
Published: December 2009

Olesicampe geniculatae n. sp., a host-specific palaearctic parasite of the mountain ash sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata Htg., is described and illustrated, together with distinctive features of the immature stages.
A GEOGRAPHICAL CLINE IN EGG WEIGHTS IN CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN POPULATION DYNAMICS
Authors: Harvey G. T.
Published: December 2009

The mean weights of the initial eggs (Ei) of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), vary within and between populations. Measurements of collections from across the range of this species reveal the presence of a cline directly related to latitude and longitude of the collection source. Collection mean Ei values range from 0.219 mg in the northwest to 0.157 mg in the southeast. A similar cline, also related to latitude but negative in slope, is demonstrated for the number of eggs per unit pupal weight. This cline also finds expression in changing slope of fecundity/pupal weight regressions. The cline in egg weight appears to be an adaptation to winter conditions across the range of this insect and should be considered in population dynamics.
THE CONVERGENCE OF HABITAT STRUCTURE IN TUNDRA COLLEMBOLAN COMMUNITIES (INSECTA: ORDER COLLEMBOLA)
Authors: Toda Masanori J. , Tanno Kouzou
Published: December 2009

Habitat structure of two collembolan communities, one at Barrow, Alaska, U.S.A., the other at Tuktoyaktuk in the Mackenzie Delta, Canada, has been analyzed in relation to microtopographies characteristic of tundra regions. Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster analyses (UPGMA), and principal component analyses (PCA) reveal various ecological changes in component species. In spite of such local variations in component species, the two communities show similar patterns of habitat structure that are organized principally along a gradient of environmental moisture.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON FORMAMIDINE-INDUCED RELEASE OF NEUROSECRETION IN LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA (ORTHOPTERA: LOCUSTIDAE)
Authors: Singh Gur Jai Pal , Barker John F.
Published: December 2009

The action of a formamidine pesticide on the ultrastructure of hormone release from the glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum (CC) of the locust, Locusta migratoria (L.), has been studied. Treatment of the isolated CC with 5 μM desmethylchlordimeform (DCDM) caused depletion of neurosecretory material from the intrinsic cells of the glandular lobe without affecting the nervus corpus cardiacum II axons. Pretreatment of isolated CC with the α-aminergic antagonist (5 μM) phentolamine blocked DCDM-induced release of neurosecretory material from the glandular cells. DCDM-induced release of neurosecretion from the glandular cell axons occurred via exocytosis. DCDM treatment also affected the distribution of mitochondria. Mitochondria from adjacent cells lined up along the plasma membrane, forming pairs in juxtaposition.
PREDATOR AVOIDANCE POSTURING OF GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) FROM THE COLORADO ALPINE AND PLAINS
Authors: Kevan Peter G. , Cant John G. H. , Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: December 2009

Prey avoid predators in a wide variety of ways. Grasshoppers of the alpine habitat exhibit predator-avoidance posturing. Furthermore, they show sexual diethism (behavioural differences between sexes) in which the males of Aeropedellus clavatus (Thomas) and Melanoplus marshalli marshalli (Thomas) prance (hop without progression), tending to face the oncoming threat, more so than the females. The latter do not prance to the same extent and more frequently face away from the threat. On the plains, Melanoplus bivitattus (Say) and M. sanguinipes sanguinipes (Fabricius) tend to assume a sideways stance relative to the oncoming threat. Neither plains species exhibits sexual diethism in avoidance behaviour. Prancing occurs in the plains species but, in males, is less frequent than in alpine species. These different predator-avoidance behaviours are apparently related to the need for the grasshoppers to maintain surveillance of potential predators in habitats of different temperature regimes and density and height of cover.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS ON THE TOXICITY OF ACEPHATE FOR CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) ON RANGELAND
Authors: Foster R. Nelson , Reuter K. C. , Gourd J. M. , Enis P. J. , Wooldridge A. W.
Published: December 2009

Field tests were used to evaluate the efficacy of liquid acephate in aerial applications to control grasshoppers on rangeland. An antidrift additive applied with the treatment was also evaluated. A rate of 105 g AI/ha of acephate at volumes of 2337, 1899, and 1461 mL of mix/ha with the addition of Nalco-trol®resulted in control statistically as good as the standard malathion treatment of 653 g AI/ha. Two formulations of acephate applied at the rate of 105 g AI/ha in a volume of 2337 mL/ha were compared and resulted in statistically comparable mortalities; both formulations of acephate resulted in excellent control 10 days after treatment.
BIONOMICS AND PATTERN OF ATTACK OF THE RED PINE SHOOT MOTH, DIORYCTRIA RESINOSELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN WISCONSIN
Authors: Hainze J. H. , Benjamin D. M.
Published: December 2009

The bionomics of the red pine shoot moth, Dioryctria resinosella Mutuura, a newly described species of shoot borer in red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., were investigated in Wisconsin sand plains plantations. The appearance of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults are described. Head-capsule measurements indicated five larval instars. First-instar larvae overwintered in hibernacula. Shoot feeding was generally initiated by third-instar larvae in late May. Cones also were attacked. Pupation occurred in July. The flight period extended from mid-July to mid-September. The sex ratio was 0.53. Only red pine shoots and cones were attacked in a mixed pine stand. Infestation rates were highest along plantation edges, in the top half of the crown and in plantations greater than 20 years of age. Hyssopus rhyacioniae Gahan occurred most frequently among parasitoids reared from larvae and pupae.
DESCRIPTION OF ADULTS OF A NEW SPECIES OF UCHIDASTYGACARUS (s.s.) (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: ARRENUROIDEA) FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, WITH COMMENTS ON DISTRIBUTION OF MITES OF THE GENUS
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Adults of Uchidastygacarus (s.s.) acadiensis n. sp. are described from specimens collected from gravel and sand bars in streams in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada. Comments on the distribution of mites of the genus are presented.
PHAGODETERRENCY INDUCED BY TWO CRUCIFEROUS PLANTS IN ADULTS OF THE FLEA BEETLE PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Meisner J. , Mitchell B. K.
Published: December 2009

The two cruciferous plants Thlaspi arvense and Lunaria annua are largely unacceptable to the striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata, which normally feeds on cruciferous plants. Results suggest that these plants contain chemical compounds that act as feeding deterrents to the beetles. Methanol fractions of the leaves of both plants deterred feeding when added to the surface of acceptable radish leaves. An alkaloid fraction of Lunaria annua was, surprisingly, not deterrent. Evidence suggests that saponins in both Lunaria annua and Thlaspi arvense may be a major reason for the low acceptability of these plants as food for Phyllotreta striolata. Commercial saponins are highly deterrent at concentrations of 0.05% and above.
COLD-HARDINESS OF 1-, 2-, AND 3-YEAR-OLD ALFALFA INFESTED WITH THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Harper A. M. , Freyman S.
Published: December 2009

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisurn (Harris), is a serious pest of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and is known to reduce the cold-hardiness of seedling alfalfa (Harper and Freyman 1979). To determine whether or not pea aphids also reduce cold-hardiness in older alfalfa, plants were grown in the field for 1, 2, or 3 years, then tested for cold-hardiness under controlled conditions of infestation, hardening, and freezing.
PROGENY PRODUCTION BY TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) UTILIZING EGGS OF CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND SITOTROGA CEREALELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE)
Authors: Houseweart Mark W. , Jennings Daniel T. , Welty Celeste , Southard Susan G.
Published: December 2009

Mean daily progeny production by Trichogramma minutum (“Maine strain”) was 15.2 in Choristoneura fumiferana and 10.9 in Sitotroga cerealella eggs. Total progeny production was higher in S. cerealella, but not significantly different from that of C. fumiferana eggs. Significantly more eggs were deposited by T. minutum the first day than in subsequent days regardless of host. We found no significant relationship between progeny produced by females and the day of male death as previously reported. Ratio of females:males decreased significantly with increasing age and opposition activity of the mother. The oviposition period spanned 68% of the female's life span when S. cerealella eggs were available; whereas females spent significantly less time (60%) ovipositing in C. fumiferana eggs.
SYSTEMATICS OF THE TRICHADENOTECNUM ALEXANDERAE SPECIES COMPLEX (PSOCOPTERA: PSOCIDAE) BASED ON AN INVESTIGATION OF MODES OF REPRODUCTION AND MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Betz B. W.
Published: December 2009

Trichadenotecnum alexanderae Sommerman is shown to represent one biparental (= euphrasic) species capable of facultative parthenogenesis (thelytoky) and three uniparental (= obligatorily parthenogenetic) sibling species, as determined by tests for mating, life history observations, and morphological analysis of specimens over the geographic range of the species complex. The name T. alexanderae is restricted to the biparental species because the holotype is a male. The three uniparental species are here named and described as T. castum n. sp., T. merum n. sp., and T. innuptum n. sp. The female of T. alexanderae is redescribed to allow its separation from the three uniparental species. A key to females of the species complex is supplied. All three uniparental species were derived from the biparental ancestor of T. alexanderae. Most collections of populations represented only by females consist of one or more uniparental species. Facultative parthenogenesis is shown to maintain a population of T. alexanderae through one generation only. The biparental species is found not to be restricted geographically to a relictual or peripheral range within the species complex, but to occupy a rather wide, north-temperate distribution across eastern North America.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF ACALYPTONOTUS FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA, WITH A NEW DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS BASED UPON LARVAE AND ADULTS, AND COMMENTS ON PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY OF ACALYPTONOTIDAE (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: ARRENUROIDEA)
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Larvae, and male and female adults, of Acalyptonotus neoviolaceus n. sp., and male and female adults of A. pacificus n. sp., are described from western North America. A revised diagnosis of Acalyptonotus is proposed based upon larvae and adults, and the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of Acalyptonotidae are discussed.
EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES ON PREDATORS OF THE PEAR PSYLLA, PSYLLA PYRICOLA (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE), IN ONTARIO
Authors: Hagley Elmer A. C. , Simpson C. M.
Published: December 2009

The predominant predator of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, in a pear orchard on the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario was the anthocorid, Anthocoris nemoralis (F.). Applications of permethrin (62.5 g a.i./ha) reduced numbers of the predator when applied at petal fall. Azinphosmethyl (336.4 g a.i./ha) applied at petal and at 1st cover did not affect A. nemoralis. Both insecticides reduced the numbers of the predatory mite, Balaustium putmani Smiley. Species of Hemiptera other than A. nemoralis, especially Miridae and Reduviidae, were reduced by permethrin applied at petal fall and by azinphosmethyl applied at 1st cover.
HOST RESISTANCE TO THE FIR ENGRAVER, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): FREQUENCIES OF ATTACKS CONTACTING CORTICAL RESIN BLISTERS AND CANALS OF ABIES CONCOLOR
Authors: Ferrell George T.
Published: December 2009

Observed and expected frequencies with which fir engraver (Scolytus ventralis) attacks contacted resin blisters or canals in the cortex of white fir (Abies concolor) stems were compared. Cortical regions of the stems were sampled by single bolts sawn from each of 24 firs which had been attacked after felling. Expected frequencies were based on mean proportions of bole surface occupied by the resin structures at attack sites on the bolt. Frequencies were compared on a per-bolt basis and results were combined for χ2 tests. Blister contact (6.5% of attacks sampled) was less than expected (14.0%). Canal contact (17.4%) exceeded the expected (8.2%). Contact frequencies varied directly with percentages of bole surface occupied by the resin structures, and the latter varied significantly among sample bolts. Among-bolt variations in the resin structures were not related to diameters, radial growth rates, or ages of the sections of stem included in the bolts, except that bolts with greater diameters and radial growth rates tended to have lower percentages of bole surface occupied by canals. Almost all beetle attacks that contacted the resin structures failed to produce larval galleries. Results indicate that unless firs are more heavily blistered or canalled than those sampled, the cortical resin system alone is apparently inadequate to protect the trees against the beetles.
STICKY PLASTIC SHEET TRAPS AS SURVEY TOOLS FOR THE EUROPEAN CHAFER (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Fiori B.J.
Published: December 2009

A perforated 4.6 m square sticky plastic sheet placed under the canopy of a tree heavily populated with European chafers, Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky), consistently captured more beetles than a 15-w blacklight survey trap. The same size sheet, operating with a bird shield under a sparsely populated tree that represented conditions encountered during survey operations, demonstrated detection capability equal to that of the light trap. Bird shields prevented trapping of birds. Lawn injury beneath the sheeting due to heat build-up was not serious. Results suggest that a sticky sheet is an alternative, less expensive, equally effective survey tool for detection of European chafer infestations.
DESCRIPTION OF ADULTS OF A NEW SPECIES OF CYCLOTHYAS (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: HYDRYPHANTIDAE) FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA, WITH COMMENTS ON PHYLOGENY AND DISTRIBUTION OF MITES OF THE GENUS
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Adults of Cyclothyas siskiyouensis n. sp., the first species of the genus reported from the Western Hemisphere, are described from female specimens collected from a small stream in Oregon, U.S.A. Members of this species differ from those of previously described species in having 3, rather than numerous, pairs of genital acetabula along outer edges of the genital flaps. A revised diagnosis of the genus Cyclothyas is presented.
A SEQUENTIAL DECISION PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER, AGROMYZA FRONTELLA (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

A sequential decision plan, based on the negative binomial distribution and providing for two infestation classes, has been derived for use in management of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rond.), in southern Ontario. It utilizes counts of the eggs in leaflets of alfalfa, and in economic situations will provide growers with sufficient lead time to consider alternative action strategies. An appraisal of the plan by field scouts showed that it rated the infestation status of the leafminer correctly in 48 of 51 cases. Sampling time averaged 25 min per scout per field.
REQUIRED SAMPLE SIZE FOR EARLY INSTAR LARVAE OF SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Dobesberger E. J. , Lim K. P.
Published: December 2009

Required sample size was determined for early instar (2nd to 4th instar) larvae of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.). Larval counts on mid-crown 45 cm branch tips and whole branches of balsam fir,Abies balsamea(L.) Mill., were described in terms of the negative binomial distribution. The values of commonkfor the branch tip and whole branch sample units were 1.550 and 1.636, respectively. The required sample size at densities greater than or equal to one appears feasible. It is recommended that the 45 cm branch tip be used to estimate population density of early instar larvae in Newfoundland.
CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) ASSOCIATED WITH MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM IN OKANAGAN VALLEY LAKES, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Kangasniemi B.J. , Oliver D. R.
Published: December 2009

Eurasian water milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum Linnaeus, was introduced into eastern North America late in the nineteenth century. It has spread and developed into a major aquatic weed in many areas of the United states and Canada (Aiken et al. 1979; Reed 1977). In British Columbia, it was first observed in the Vernon Arm of Okanagan Lake in 1970 and had spread to all major 1,akes in the Okanagan Valley by 1976 (Newroth 1979).
DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE TO PERMETHRIN AND DICHLORVOS BY THE HOUSE FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) FOLLOWING CONTINUOUS AND ALTERNATING INSECTICIDE USE ON FOUR FARMS
Authors: MacDonald R. S. , Surgeoner G. A. , Solomon K. R. , Harris C. R.
Published: December 2009

The rate at which adult house flies, Musca domestica L. developed resistance to permethrin and dichlorvos, in response to two spray regimes, was studied on eight farms near Guelph, Ontario during 1980 and on four of these farms during 1981. These regimes were: continuous reliance on permethrin or permethrin alternated with dichlorvos throughout the spray season. Where sanitation was comparable, resistance to permethrin developed more rapidly in fly populations from the farms on the continuous permethrin regime than on the farm in which permethrin and dichlorvos had been alternated. Resistance to dichlorvos did not decline under the continuous regime while in the alternately selected flies resistance ratios dropped from 11 to 6 after 2 years. Frequent sanitation delayed the development of resistance in a population continuously selected with permethrin. Alternation of dissimilar insecticides appeared to be a viable means of delaying resistance in the field.
EMERGENCE OF CADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA) FROM ERODING AND NON-ERODING SHORELINES OF SOUTHERN INDIAN LAKE, MANITOBA, CANADA
Authors: Resh Vincent H. , Rosenberg David M. , Wiens Allen P.
Published: December 2009

Emerging Trichoptera were collected from the littoral zone of a newly-created reservoir, Southern Indian Lake, Manitoba, from 1977 to 1981. The relationship between caddisfly emergence and lake shoreline type, depth of sampling, and shoreline erosion rate was studied. Twenty-five species of Trichoptera were collected; six species of Polycentropodidae comprised almost 75% of the total number of individuals. Abundance and richness of Trichoptera were correlated with shoreline stability, with higher abundance and richness being found at more stable (i.e. lower erosion) shorelines. Highest numbers of Trichoptera emerged in 1981, 5 years after impoundment. Maximum abundance and richness of Trichoptera was found at 3.5 m depth, which is also the depth at which maximum deposition of organic matter occurred. Agrypnia straminea Hagen, a case-maker, dominated the trichopteran fauna at the marsh shoreline; species of net-spinning Polycentropodidae dominated at the clay shorelines. Patterns of species composition and abundance in 1982 artificial substrate collections were similar to those found in 1977–1981 emergence trap collections. Interspecific differences in Neureclipsis capture nets may explain the greater abundance of N. validus (Walker) than N. bimaculatus (L.) at a high erosion shoreline.
CORNICLE LENGTH AS A CRITERION FOR SEPARATING FIELD-COLLECTED NYMPHAL INSTARS OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Hutchison William D. , Hogg David B.
Published: December 2009

Cornicle length measuremetns of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) nymphs reared in the laboratory were instar-specific and unaffected by rearing temperature. A multimodal analysis of cornicle lengths of field-collected aphids clearly detected four distribution peaks (i.e., instars) in five different field populations, and there was generaaly little overlap between successive instar distributions. However, third and fourth instars in the spring field sample could not be separated accurately due to the shorter cornicle length of nymphs that developed from overwintered eggs. Cornicle length proved to be a useful criterion for separating virginoparous A. pisum instars in samples collected in southern Wisconsin.
HONEY BEES,APIS MELLIFERA(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE), AS POLLINATORS OF LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY,VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM, ON NEWFOUNDLAND COASTAL BARRENS
Authors: Lomond Derek , Larson David J.
Published: December 2009

Flower production, fruit set, and pollinator activity were measured in two 1-year postburn blueberry fields on the coastal barrens of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. Honey bees were stocked at a density of 1.7 colonies/ha in one field while the control field lacked honey bees. Bloom production was similar in the two fields but fruit set was 54% in the test compared with 39% in the control field. Native pollinator (bee) populations were similar between fields but total pollinator populations were much higher in the test field with the difference contributed by honey bees. On the coastal barrens, where native pollinator populations are low and bloom exists in abundance for a short period of time, under-pollination may limit fruit set under some conditions and thus honey bees may have value in increasing fruit yield.
INTRASPECIFIC TERTIARY PARASITOIDISM IN ASAPHES LUCENS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE), AN APHID HYPERPARASITOID
Authors: Levine Lolita , Sullivan S.J. Daniel J.
Published: December 2009

Using the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), as the host and Aphidius smithi Sharma and Subba Rao as the primary parasitoid, intraspecific tertiary parasitoidism was studied in the aphid hyperparasitoid, Asaphes lucens (Provancher). Laboratory experiments indicated that tertiary parasitoidism by a second A. lucens female on a first A. lucens is possible. Although the average success rate over 18 test-days was 16.9%, however, the day of attack by the second A. lucens female in reference to the age of the first A. lucens larva or pupa developing inside the dead aphid "mummy" was of major importance. Success by the second A. lucens in the early days averaged 27.2%, but was significantly reduced to an average of only 1% for the last 7 days. Comparisons are made with similar experiments on intraspecific tertiary parasitoidism using another aphid hyperparasitoid, Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis).
THE GENUS OETHECOCTONUS ASHMEAD IN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA: SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The genus Oethecoctonus of North America is revised. Three species are recognized, of which two are new to science: O. ophrynopus and O. pleuralis. O. oecanthi (Riley), the type-species of the genus, is redescribed and figured. A generic diagnosis of Oethecoctonus and key to North American species are given. The higher classification and world distribution of Oethecoctonus species are discussed.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON NEARCTIC SYRPHINAE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SYRPHUS AND KEYS TO NEARCTIC SPECIES OF DIDEA, EPISTROPHE S. STR., AND SYRPHUS (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

Ten new synonyms are noted in the genera Epistrophe and Syrphus. Lectotypes are designated for Didea alneti (Fallén) and for five species described in Syrphus and now referred, as valid species or as junior synonyms, to Epistrophe or Syrphus. Two new species of Syrphus, intricatus and sonorensis, are described from western North America. Keys to the Nearctic species of Didea, Epistrophe (Epistrophe), and Syrphus, and summaries of species distribution, are presented. Syrphus sexmaculatus (Zetterstedt) is recorded from North America for the first time.
SEX PHEROMONE OF THE MAPLE LEAF ROLLER CENOPIS ACERIVORANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Grant G. G. , Slessor K. N.
Published: December 2009

Pheromone gland rinses of female maple leaf roller moths were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and found to contain (Z)-11-tetradecenal, (E)-11-tetradecenal, tetradecanal, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, and tetradecyl acetate in the average ratio of 33:20:8:21:17:2 for single female analysis and 31:16:6:16:27:3 for a pooled extract of 55 females. Identity of the tetradecenals, the tetradecenyl and tetradecyl acetates was confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Electroantennogram analysis indicated that (Z)-11-tetradecenal followed by (E)-11-tetradecenal were the most stimulating compounds tested. In field tests, only three components (Z)-11-tetradecenal, (E)-11-tetradecenal and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, in the microgram ratio of 65:35:10, were necessary for optimum attraction. Another tortricid moth, Archips griseus, was attracted to some of the aldehyde mixtures.