bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REFLECTIONS ON AILEEN KRADITOR'S LEGACY: FIFTY YEARS OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE HISTORIOGRAPHY, 1965–2014
Authors: Newman Louise M.
Published: July 2015

This article assesses the impact that Aileen Kraditor's classic monograph,The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement(1965) has had on fifty years of suffrage historiography. Kraditor is best known among scholars for offering the terms “justice” and “expediency” to distinguish between two strains of suffragist argumentation, the former of which she associated with the nineteenth century and the latter with the Progressive Era. Although specialists no longer believe in a firm divide between the two periods, many continue to differentiate between principled (egalitarian) arguments that called for suffrage as a universal right of citizenship and instrumental (expedient) claims that often contained racist assumptions about white women's superiority. The majority of scholars now accept Kraditor's fundamental insight that a political movement devoted to the extension of democracy contained within it antidemocratic and racist elements, but they have challenged other key aspects of Kraditor's work, including her characterization of white southern women's advocacy of suffrage and her Turnerian assumptions about why statewide suffrage referenda succeeded first (and primarily) in the West. In addition, scholars have expanded the terrain of women's political activism to include analyses of black women's suffrage activities and understandings of citizenship; in so doing they have connected the regional histories of the South and the Midwest, displacing Kraditor's national narrative. Collectively the field has moved far beyond Kraditor's focus on the National American Woman Suffrage Association to emphasize the enormous range of suffrage activities that took place before the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, demonstrating how woman suffrage encompassed new understandings of citizenship that were inseparable from the histories of Reconstruction, U.S. expansion, and western imperialism.
IMPERIAL OPENINGS: CIVILIZATION, EXEMPTION, AND THE GEOPOLITICS OF MOBILITY IN THE HISTORY OF CHINESE EXCLUSION, 1868–1910
Authors: Kramer Paul A.
Published: July 2015

By most measures, Daniel Augustus Tompkins was a highly unlikely opponent of totalized Chinese exclusion. The owner of three cotton mills and a New South booster editor, Tompkins presided over a racially segregated labor force and had much to say about the necessity of white supremacy for the progress of the South, the nation, and the world. So why, on March 14, 1906, did he testify before the U.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Foreign Affairs, expressing his opposition to immigration officials' overzealous enforcement of legal barriers against Chinese immigration? Existing approaches to the racial politics of migration to the United States, which have emphasized the interchangeability of anti-black and anti-Chinese racisms in the nineteenth century, make it difficult to account for Tompkins' actions: they would lead us to expect that he would defend both complete Chinese exclusion and black subordination on similar racial grounds. This essay presents a new framework for conceptualizing migration, empire, and the politics of social differentiation that, among other things, will make sense of this seemingly unlikely intervention by a New South industrialist and racial ideologue in U.S. immigration politics. This framework brings together two traditionally separated fields of inquiry: migration history and imperial history. By revisiting Chinese exclusion (and its seemingly odd critics) through an imperial lens, it hopes to demonstrate the value—indeed, the necessity—of connecting these two approaches in the larger effort to entangle U.S. and global histories.
Investment behavior and status quo bias of conventional and organic hog farmers: An experimental approach
Authors: Hermann Daniel , Mußhoff Oliver , Agethen Katrin
Published: July 2015

Despite the economic benefits of organic farming, the conversion rates to this production method are low. The reasons for this reluctance are largely unknown; however, understanding this behavior is important for policy recommendations. Therefore, we experimentally investigate and compare the investment behavior of organic and conventional hog farmers. We examine whether the investment behavior depends on the organic or conventional farmers’ status quo of their production method. Our results show that farmers are more reluctant to invest in production methods they are not currently using compared with those already in use on their farm. Conventional, more risk-averse farmers, and those farmers holding a university degree, invest later in a hog barn. The results provide evidence that investment decisions depend on the status quo production method of a farmer and, thus, reveal that current subsidy structures may be ineffective in encouraging farmers to invest in production methods they are not currently using on their farms.
‘Economic property rights’ as ‘nonsense upon stilts’: a comment on Hodgson
Authors: COLE DANIEL H.
Published: July 2015

Hodgson's (2015) critique of extra-legal ‘property rights’ – in this case, so-called ‘economic property rights’ – is right on target. This Comment contributes two further points to his critique. First, the notion of ‘economic property rights’ is based on what Gilbert Ryle (1949) referred to as a ‘category mistake’, conflating physical possession, which is a brute fact about the world, with the right or entitlement to possession, which is a social or institutional fact that cannot exist in the absence of some social contract, convention, covenant, or agreement. The very notion of a non-institutional ‘right’ is oxymoronic. Second, the fact that property is an institutional fact does not mean it must exist with the structure of a ‘state’ (as Bentham suggested). Rather, institutions like ‘property rights’ only require some community, however large or small, operating with what Searle (1995; 2005) calls collective intentionality and collective acceptance, according to shared ‘rules of recognition’ (Hart, 1997).
Puzzles Invite You to Explore Earth with Interactive Imagery
Authors: Dordevic Mladen , De Paor Declan , Whitmeyer Steven , Bentley Callan , Whittecar G. , Constants Chloe
Published: July 2015

The EarthQuiz challenge can take you to virtual field locations with just the click of a button. Where in the world is this, and can you guess the significance of the geological features shown?
Consensus statement for diagnosis of subcortical small vessel disease
Authors: Rosenberg Gary A , Wallin Anders , Wardlaw Joanna M , Markus Hugh S , Montaner Joan , Wolfson Leslie , Iadecola Costantino , Zlokovic Berislav V , Joutel Anne , Dichgans Martin , Duering Marco , Schmidt Reinhold , Korczyn Amos D , Grinberg Lea T , Chui Helena C , Hachinski Vladimir
Published: July 2015

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the diagnostic term used to describe a heterogeneous group of sporadic and hereditary diseases of the large and small blood vessels. Subcortical small vessel disease (SVD) leads to lacunar infarcts and progressive damage to the white matter. Patients with progressive damage to the white matter, referred to as Binswanger’s disease (BD), constitute a spectrum from pure vascular disease to a mixture with neurodegenerative changes. Binswanger’s disease patients are a relatively homogeneous subgroup with hypoxic hypoperfusion, lacunar infarcts, and inflammation that act synergistically to disrupt the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and break down myelin. Identification of this subgroup can be facilitated by multimodal disease markers obtained from clinical, cerebrospinal fluid, neuropsychological, and imaging studies. This consensus statement identifies a potential set of biomarkers based on underlying pathologic changes that could facilitate diagnosis and aid patient selection for future collaborative treatment trials.
DOT1L cooperates with the c-Myc-p300 complex to epigenetically derepress CDH1 transcription factors in breast cancer progression
Authors: Cho Min-Hyung , Park Ji-Hye , Choi Hee-Joo , Park Mi-Kyung , Won Hee-Young , Park Yeon-Ji , Lee Chang Hoon , Oh Seung-Hyun , Song Young-Soo , Kim Hyun Sung , Oh Young-Ha , Lee Jeong-Yeon , Kong Gu
Published: July 2015

DOT1L has emerged as an anticancer target for MLL-associated leukaemias; however, its functional role in solid tumours is largely unknown. Here we identify that DOT1L cooperates with c-Myc and p300 acetyltransferase to epigenetically activate epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulators in breast cancer progression. DOT1L recognizes SNAIL, ZEB1 and ZEB2 promoters via interacting with the c-Myc-p300 complex and facilitates lysine-79 methylation and acetylation towards histone H3, leading to the dissociation of HDAC1 and DNMT1 in the regions. The upregulation of these EMT regulators by the DOT1L-c-Myc-p300 complex enhances EMT-induced breast cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties. Furthermore, in vivo orthotopic xenograft models show that DOT1L is required for malignant transformation of breast epithelial cells and breast tumour initiation and metastasis. Clinically, DOT1L expression is associated with poorer survival and aggressiveness of breast cancers. Collectively, we suggest that cooperative effect of DOT1L and c-Myc-p300 is critical for acquisition of aggressive phenotype of breast cancer by promoting EMT/CSC.
Snf1/AMP-activated protein kinase activates Arf3p to promote invasive yeast growth via a non-canonical GEF domain
Authors: Hsu Jia-Wei , Chen Kuan-Jung , Lee Fang-Jen S.
Published: July 2015

Active GTP-bound Arf GTPases promote eukaryotic cell membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal remodelling. Arf activation is accelerated by guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) using the critical catalytic glutamate in all known Sec7 domain sequences. Yeast Arf3p, a homologue of mammalian Arf6, is required for yeast invasive responses to glucose depletion. Here we identify Snf1p as a GEF that activates Arf3p when energy is limited. SNF1 is the yeast homologue of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis. As activation of Arf3p does not depend on the Snf1p kinase domain, assay of regulatory domain fragments yield evidence that the C-terminal hydrophobic α-helix core of Snf1p is a non-canonical GEF for Arf3p activation. Thus, our study reveals a novel mechanism for regulating cellular responses to energy deprivation, in particular invasive cell growth, through direct Arf activation by Snf1/AMPK.
Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of QTLs for resistance to rice black-streaked dwarf disease in rice
Authors: Zhou Tong , Du Linlin , Wang Lijiao , Wang Ying , Gao Cunyi , Lan Ying , Sun Feng , Fan Yongjian , Wang Guoliang , Zhou Yijun
Published: July 2015

Rice black-streaked dwarf disease, caused by rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), is transmitted by small brown planthoppers (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén, SBPH) and causes severe yield loss in epidemic years in China and other East Asian countries. Breeding for resistance to RBSDV is a promising strategy to control the disease. We identified Tetep that showed resistance to RBSDV using a field test and artificial inoculation test. An evaluation of the resistance mechanism revealed that Tetep was resistant to RBSDV but not to SBPH. Genetic analysis showed that the resistance of Tetep to RBSDV was controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Three new QTLs for RBSDV resistance were identified in this study, i.e., qRBSDV-3, qRBSDV-10 and qRBSDV-11. The LOD scores of qRBSDV-3, qRBSDV-10 and qRBSDV-11 were 4.07, 2.24 and 2.21, accounting for 17.5%, 0.3% and 12.4% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively. All the resistance loci identified in this study were associated with virus resistance genes. The alleles for enhancing resistance on chromosomes 3 and 11 originated from Tetep, whereas the other allele on chromosome 10 originated from a susceptible parent. The identified new resistance QTLs in this study are useful resources for efficiently breeding resistant rice cultivars to RBSDV.
Calcium Spikes in Epithelium: study on Drosophila early embryos
Authors: Markova Olga , Sénatore Sébastien , Chardès Claire , Lenne Pierre-François
Published: July 2015

Calcium ion acts in nearly every aspect of cellular life. The versatility and specificity required for such a ubiquitous role is ensured by the spatio-temporal dynamics of calcium concentration variations. While calcium signal dynamics has been extensively studied in cell cultures and adult tissues, little is known about calcium activity during early tissue morphogenesis. We monitored intracellular calcium concentration in Drosophila gastrula and revealed single cell calcium spikes that were short-lived, rare and showed strong variability among embryos. We quantitatively described the spatio-temporal dynamics of these spikes and analyzed their potential origins and nature by introducing physical and chemical perturbations. Our data highlight the inter- and intra-tissue variability of calcium activity during tissue morphogenesis.
Oleanolic acid acrylate elicits antidepressant-like effect mediated by 5-HT1A receptor
Authors: Fajemiroye James O. , Polepally Prabhakar R. , Chaurasiya Narayan D. , Tekwani Babu L. , Zjawiony Jordan K. , Costa Elson A.
Published: July 2015

The development of new drugs for the treatment of depression is strategic to achieving clinical needs of patients. This study evaluates antidepressant-like effect and neural mechanisms of four oleanolic acid derivatives i.e. acrylate (D1), methacrylate (D2), methyl fumarate (D3) and ethyl fumarate (D4). All derivatives were obtained by simple one-step esterification of oleanolic acid prior to pharmacological screening in the forced swimming (FS) and open field (OF) tests. Pharmacological tools like α-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT, catecholamine depletor), p-chlorophenylalanine (serotonin depletor), prazosin (PRAZ, selective α1-receptor antagonist), WAY-100635 (selective serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonist) as well as monoamine oxidase (MAO) and functional binding assays were conducted to investigate possible neural mechanisms. In the FS test, D1 showed the most promising antidepressant-like effect without eliciting locomotor incoordination. Unlike group of mice pretreated with AMPT 100 mg/kg, PCPA 100 mg/kg or PRAZ 1 mg/kg, the effect of D1 was attenuated by WAY-100635 0.3 mg/kg pretreatment. D1 demonstrated moderate inhibition of MAO-A (IC50 = 48.848 ± 1.935 μM), potency (pEC50 = 6.1 ± 0.1) and intrinsic activity (Emax = 26 ± 2.0%) on 5-HT1A receptor. In conclusion, our findings showed antidepressant-like effect of D1 and possible involvement of 5-HT1A receptor.
Regulation of T cell function by microRNA-720
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhang Zheng , Ji Dong , Chen Guo-Feng , Feng Xia , Gong Lu-Lu , Guo Jian , Li Zhi-Wei , Chen Cai-Feng , Zhao Bin-Bin , Li Zhi-Guo , Li Qi-Jing , Yan Hui-Ping , Sempowski Gregory , Wang Fu-Sheng , He You-Wen
Published: July 2015

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health burden. Functional exhaustion and numerical reduction of HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the liver and peripheral blood limit anti-HBV CTL activity in patients with chronic HBV infection (CHB). However, the ongoing anti-HBV CD8+ T cell responses in the lymphoid organs are largely unknown due to the infeasibility of obtaining lymphoid organs from CHB patients. Here we demonstrate that the percentage of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells is higher in the spleen of CHB patients than that from peripheral blood and liver. Although they do respond to TCR stimulation and produce IFNγ, the cells proliferate poorly. Furthermore, miR-720 expression is upregulated in HBV-specific CD8+ T cells. Overexpression of miR-720 in primary human CD8+ T cells inhibits TCR stimulation-induced proliferation. We also demonstrate that TGFβ sustains miR-720 upregulation after TCR stimulation and blood TGFβ levels are associated with the outcome of type I interferon treatment of CHB patients. Thus, therapies targeting miR-720 may help restore impaired immunity in CHB patients.
Oxalate secretion by ectomycorrhizal Paxillus involutus is mineral-specific and controls calcium weathering from minerals
Authors: Schmalenberger A. , Duran A. L. , Bray A. W. , Bridge J. , Bonneville S. , Benning L. G. , Romero-Gonzalez M. E. , Leake J. R. , Banwart S. A.
Published: July 2015

Trees and their associated rhizosphere organisms play a major role in mineral weathering driving calcium fluxes from the continents to the oceans that ultimately control long-term atmospheric CO2and climate through the geochemical carbon cycle. Photosynthate allocation to tree roots and their mycorrhizal fungi is hypothesized to fuel the active secretion of protons and organic chelators that enhance calcium dissolution at fungal-mineral interfaces. This was tested using14CO2supplied to shoots ofPinus sylvestrisectomycorrhizal with the widespread fungusPaxillus involutusin monoxenic microcosms, revealing preferential allocation by the fungus of plant photoassimilate to weather grains of limestone and silicates each with a combined calcium and magnesium content of over 10 wt.%. Hyphae had acidic surfaces and linear accumulation of weathered calcium with secreted oxalate, increasing significantly in sequence: quartz, granite < basalt, olivine, limestone < gabbro. These findings confirmed the role of mineral-specific oxalate exudation in ectomycorrhizal weathering to dissolve calcium bearing minerals, thus contributing to the geochemical carbon cycle.
Global patterns and drivers of phylogenetic structure in island floras
Authors: Weigelt Patrick , Daniel Kissling W. , Kisel Yael , Fritz Susanne A. , Karger Dirk Nikolaus , Kessler Michael , Lehtonen Samuli , Svenning Jens-Christian , Kreft Holger
Published: July 2015

Islands are ideal for investigating processes that shape species assemblages because they are isolated and have discrete boundaries. Quantifying phylogenetic assemblage structure allows inferences about these processes, in particular dispersal, environmental filtering andin-situspeciation. Here, we link phylogenetic assemblage structure to island characteristics across 393 islands worldwide and 37,041 vascular plant species (representing angiosperms overall, palms and ferns). Physical and bioclimatic factors, especially those impeding colonization and promoting speciation, explained more variation in phylogenetic structure of angiosperms overall (49%) and palms (52%) than of ferns (18%). The relationships showed different or contrasting trends among these major plant groups, consistent with their dispersal- and speciation-related traits and climatic adaptations. Phylogenetic diversity was negatively related to isolation for palms, but unexpectedly it was positively related to isolation for angiosperms overall. This indicates strong dispersal filtering for the predominantly large-seeded, animal-dispersed palm family whereas colonization from biogeographically distinct source pools on remote islands likely drives the phylogenetic structure of angiosperm floras. We show that signatures of dispersal limitation, environmental filtering andin-situspeciation differ markedly among taxonomic groups on islands, which sheds light on the origin of insular plant diversity.
Evaluation on the Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron Based Microbial Denitrification for Nitrate Removal from Groundwater
Authors: Peng Lai , Liu Yiwen , Gao Shu-Hong , Chen Xueming , Xin Pei , Dai Xiaohu , Ni Bing-Jie
Published: July 2015

Nanoscale zero valent iron (NZVI) based microbial denitrification has been demonstrated to be a promising technology for nitrate removal from groundwater. In this work, a mathematical model is developed to evaluate the performance of this new technology and to provide insights into the chemical and microbial interactions in the system in terms of nitrate reduction, ammonium accumulation and hydrogen turnover. The developed model integrates NZVI-based abiotic reduction of nitrate, NZVI corrosion for hydrogen production and hydrogen-based microbial denitrification and satisfactorily describes all of the nitrate and ammonium dynamics from two systems with highly different conditions. The high NZVI corrosion rate revealed by the model indicates the high reaction rate of NZVI with water due to their large specific surface area and high surface reactivity, leading to an effective microbial nitrate reduction by utilizing the produced hydrogen. The simulation results further suggest a NZVI dosing strategy (3–6 mmol/L in temperature range of 30–40 °C, 6–10 mmol/L in temperature range of 15–30 °C and 10–14 mmol/L in temperature range of 5–15 °C) during groundwater remediation to make sure a low ammonium yield and a high nitrogen removal efficiency.
Ab initio-predicted micro-mechanical performance of refractory high-entropy alloys
Authors: Li Xiaoqing , Tian Fuyang , Schönecker Stephan , Zhao Jijun , Vitos Levente
Published: July 2015

Recently developed high-entropy alloys (HEAs) consisting of multiple principal elements represent a new field of metallurgy and have demonstrated appealing properties for a wide range of applications. Usingab initioalloy theory, we reveal the alloying effect on the elastic properties and the ideal tensile strength (ITS) in the [001] direction of four body-centered cubic (bcc) refractory HEAs based on Zr, V, Ti, Nb and Hf. We find that these HEAs show high elastic anisotropy and large positive Cauchy pressure, suggesting good extrinsic ductility. Starting from ZrNbHf, it is found that the ITS decreases with equimolar Ti addition. On the other hand, if both Ti and V are added to ZrNbHf, the ITS is enhanced by about 42%. An even more captivating effect is the ITS increase by about 170%, if Ti and V are substituted for Hf. The alloying effect on the ITS is explained by thed-band filling. An intrinsic brittle-to-ductile transition is found in terms of the failure mode under uniaxial tension. These investigations suggest that intrinsically ductile HEAs with high ideal strength can be achieved by controlling the proportion of group four elements to group five elements.
Ecdysone promotes growth of imaginal discs through the regulation of Thor in D. melanogaster
Authors: Herboso Leire , Oliveira Marisa M. , Talamillo Ana , Pérez Coralia , González Monika , Martín David , Sutherland James D. , Shingleton Alexander W. , Mirth Christen K. , Barrio Rosa
Published: July 2015

Animals have a determined species-specific body size that results from the combined action of hormones and signaling pathways regulating growth rate and duration. In Drosophila, the steroid hormone ecdysone controls developmental transitions, thereby regulating the duration of the growth period. Here we show that ecdysone promotes the growth of imaginal discs in mid-third instar larvae, since imaginal discs from larvae with reduced or no ecdysone synthesis are smaller than wild type due to smaller and fewer cells. We show that insulin-like peptides are produced and secreted normally in larvae with reduced ecdysone synthesis and upstream components of insulin/insulin-like signaling are activated in their discs. Instead, ecdysone appears to regulate the growth of imaginal discs via Thor/4E-BP, a negative growth regulator downstream of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor/Tor pathways. Discs from larvae with reduced ecdysone synthesis have elevated levels of Thor, while mutations in Thor partially rescue their growth. The regulation of organ growth by ecdysone is evolutionarily conserved in hemimetabolous insects, as shown by our results obtained using Blattella germanica. In summary, our data provide new insights into the relationship between components of the insulin/insulin-like/Tor and ecdysone pathways in the control of organ growth.
Intrinsic hierarchical structural imperfections in a natural ceramic of bivalve shell with distinctly graded properties
Authors: Jiao Da , Liu Zengqian , Zhang Zhenjun , Zhang Zhefeng
Published: July 2015

Despite the extensive investigation on the structure of natural biological materials, insufficient attention has been paid to the structural imperfections by which the mechanical properties of synthetic materials are dominated. In this study, the structure of bivalve Saxidomus purpuratus shell has been systematically characterized quantitatively on multiple length scales from millimeter to sub-nanometer. It is revealed that hierarchical imperfections are intrinsically involved in the crossed-lamellar structure of the shell despite its periodically packed platelets. In particular, various favorable characters which are always pursued in synthetic materials, e.g. nanotwins and low-angle misorientations, have been incorporated herein. The possible contributions of these imperfections to mechanical properties are further discussed. It is suggested that the imperfections may serve as structural adaptations, rather than detrimental defects in the real sense, to help improve the mechanical properties of natural biological materials. This study may aid in understanding the optimizing strategies of structure and properties designed by nature and accordingly, provide inspiration for the design of synthetic materials.
Implementation of iodine biokinetic model for interpreting I-131 contamination in breast milk after the Fukushima nuclear disaster
Authors: Tani Kotaro , Kurihara Osamu , Kim Eunjoo , Yoshida Satoshi , Sakai Kazuo , Akashi Makoto
Published: July 2015

After the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant run by Tokyo Electric Power Company in 2011, breast milk samples obtained from volunteers living in Fukushima and neighboring prefectures were examined and small amounts of I-131 (2.2–36.3 Bq/kg) were detected in some samples. In this work, the I-131 concentrations in breast milk from nursing mothers in Ibaraki prefecture were calculated based on the iodine biokinetic model during lactation together with time-variable intake scenarios by inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of tap water, using the authors’ code. The calculated I-131 concentrations in breast milk generally agreed with those measured for the volunteers. Based on the results, thyroid equivalent doses to breast-fed infants were estimated for each place of residence of the volunteers on the assumption that these infants consumed 800 ml of breast milk every day, resulting in 10–11 mSv for Mito and Kasama cities and 1.1–1.8 mSv for Tsukuba and Moriya cities. It was suggested that breast milk consumption could be a major contributor to internal dose of breast-fed infants in areas with mild I-131 pollution; however, further studies considering personal behavior surveys would be necessary to estimate individual doses.
Bryostatin activates HIV-1 latent expression in human astrocytes through a PKC and NF-ĸB-dependent mechanism
Authors: Díaz Laura , Martínez-Bonet Marta , Sánchez Javier , Fernández-Pineda Alejandra , Jiménez José Luis , Muñoz Eduardo , Moreno Santiago , Álvarez Susana , Muñoz-Fernández Mª Ángeles
Published: July 2015

Multiple studies have shown that HIV-1 patients may develop virus reservoirs that impede eradication; these reservoirs include the central nervous system (CNS). Despite an undetectable viral load in patients treated with potent antiretrovirals, current therapy is unable to purge the virus from these latent reservoirs. To broaden the inhibitory range and effectiveness of current antiretrovirals, the potential of bryostatin was investigated as a latent HIV-1 activator. We used primary astrocytes, NHA cells and astrocytoma cells U-87. Infected cells with HIV-1NL4.3 were treated with bryostatin alone or in combination with different inhibitors. HIV-1 production was quantified by using ELISA. Transcriptional activity was measured using luciferase reporter gene assays by using lipofectin. We performed cotransfection experiments of the LTR promoter with the active NF-κB member p65/relA. To confirm the NF-κB role, Western blot and confocal microscopy were performed. Bryostatin reactivates latent viral infection in the NHA and U87 cells via activation of protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha and -delta, because the PKC inhibitors rottlerin and GF109203X abrogated the bryostatin effect. No alteration in cell proliferation was found. Moreover, bryostatin strongly stimulated LTR transcription by activating the transcription factor NF-κB. Bryostatin could be a beneficial adjunct to the treatment of HIV-1 brain infection.
Tunability Limit of Photoluminescence in Colloidal Silicon Nanocrystals
Authors: Wen Xiaoming , Zhang Pengfei , Smith Trevor A. , Anthony Rebecca J. , Kortshagen Uwe R. , Yu Pyng , Feng Yu , Shrestha Santosh , Coniber Gavin , Huang Shujuan
Published: July 2015

Luminescent silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) have attracted tremendous research interest. Their size dependent photoluminescence (PL) shows great promise in various optoelectronic and biomedical applications and devices. However, it remains unclear why the exciton emission is limited to energy below 2.1 eV, no matter how small the nanocrystal is. Here we interpret a nanosecond transient yellow emission band at 590 nm (2.1 eV) as a critical limit of the wavelength tunability in colloidal silicon nanocrystals. In the “large size” regime (d > ~3 nm), quantum confinement dominantly determines the PL wavelength and thus the PL peak blue shifts upon decreasing the Si NC size. In the “small size” regime (d < ~2 nm) the effect of the yellow band overwhelms the effect of quantum confinement with distinctly increased nonradiative trapping. As a consequence, the photoluminescence peak does not exhibit any additional blue shift and the quantum yield drops abruptly with further decreasing the size of the Si NCs. This finding confirms that the PL originating from the quantum confined core states can only exist in the red/near infrared with energy below 2.1 eV; while the blue/green PL originates from surface related states and exhibits nanosecond transition.
Geochemical fractions of rare earth elements in soil around a mine tailing in Baotou, China
Authors: Wang Lingqing , Liang Tao
Published: July 2015

Rare earth mine tailing dumps are environmental hazards because tailing easily leaches and erodes by water and wind. To assess the influence of mine tailing on the geochemical behavior of rare earth elements (REEs) in soil, sixty-seven surface soil samples and three soil profile samples were collected from different locations near China’s largest rare earth mine tailing. The total concentration of REEs in surface soils ranged from 156 to 5.65 × 104 mg·kg−1 with an average value of 4.67 × 103 mg·kg−1, which was significantly higher than the average value in China (181 mg·kg−1). We found obvious fractionation of both light and heavy REEs, which was supported by the North American Shale Composite (NASC) and the Post-Archean Average Australian Shale (PAAS) normalized concentration ratios calculated for selected elements (LaN/YbN, LaN/SmN and GdN/YbN). A slightly positive Ce anomaly and a negative Eu anomaly were also found. For all 14 REEs in soils, enrichment was intensified by the mine tailing sources and influenced by the prevailing wind.
Amine-rich carbon nanodots as a fluorescence probe for methamphetamine precursors
Authors: Kim Tak H. , Ho Hiu Wai , Brown Christopher L. , Cresswell Sarah L. , Li Qin
Published: July 2015

Simple sensing methods for the detection of methamphetamine precursors were developed by utilising photoluminescence quenching of Amine-functionalised carbon dots.
Pulsed EPR spectroscopy distance measurements of DNA internally labelled with Gd3+-DOTA
Authors: Wojciechowski Filip , Groß Andreas , Holder Isabelle T. , Knörr Laura , Drescher Malte , Hartig Jörg S.
Published: July 2015

Gd3+ is increasingly used in intracellular EPR spectroscopy due to its increased superior stability and signal-to-noise ratios. We present a strategy for internally labeling nucleic acids with Gd3+.
First-principles evaluation of multi-valent cation insertion into orthorhombic V2O5
Authors: Gautam Gopalakrishnan Sai , Canepa Pieremanuele , Malik Rahul , Liu Miao , Persson Kristin , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: July 2015

A detailed exploration and systematic evaluation of V2O5 as a cathode material for multi-valent batteries using first-principles.
Evidence of rutile-to-anatase photo-induced electron transfer in mixed-phase TiO2 by solid-state NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Sun Xiaoming , Dai Weili , Wu Guangjun , Li Landong , Guan Naijia , Hunger Michael
Published: July 2015

The evidence of rutile-to-anatase photo-induced electron transfer in mixed-phase TiO2 is obtained using solid-state NMR spectroscopy with ethanol as a probe molecule.
Continuous synthesis of methanol: heterogeneous hydrogenation of ethylene carbonate over Cu/HMS catalysts in a fixed bed reactor system
Authors: Chen Xi , Cui Yuanyuan , Wen Chao , Wang Bin , Dai Wei-Lin
Published: July 2015

Continuous fixed-bed catalytic hydrogenation of ethylene carbonate (EC) to methanol and ethylene glycol (EG), an emerging synthetic process of methanol via indirect conversion of CO2, was successfully performed over Cu/HMS catalysts prepared by the ammonia evaporation (AE) method.
Hydrothermal synthesis of organometal halide perovskites for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Xia Hua-Rong , Sun Wen-Tao , Peng Lian-Mao
Published: July 2015

A facile rapid hydrothermal method was developed to prepare CH3NH3PbBr3 and CH3NH3PbI3. The as-prepared products were utilized in lithium batteries as anode materials with good performance. Considering the structural diversity, more hybrid perovskites can be targets for further optimization, indicating their promising potential in Li-ion battery applications.
Recyclable lanthanide-functionalized MOF hybrids to determine hippuric acid in urine as a biological index of toluene exposure
Authors: Hao Ji-Na , Yan Bing
Published: July 2015

A lanthanide-functionalized MOF was developed as a highly selective and sensitive fluorescent probe for hippuric acid (HA) in urine, which is the main metabolite of inhaled toluene in the human body and is considered a biological indicator of toluene exposure.
Synthetic heparan sulfate dodecasaccharides reveal single sulfation site interconverts CXCL8 and CXCL12 chemokine biology
Authors: Jayson Gordon C. , Hansen Steen U. , Miller Gavin J. , Cole Claire L. , Rushton Graham , Avizienyte Egle , Gardiner John M.
Published: July 2015

Multigram-scale synthesis of a sulfation-site programmed dodecasaccharide is described. CXCL8- and CXCL12-mediated in vitro and in vivo biology is shown to be regulated by a single sulfation site change.
Correction: Au(i)-catalyzed synthesis of 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-enes and 9-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-2,6-dienes from enynol via oxonium/Prins-type cyclization
Authors: Vandavasi Jaya Kishore , Hu Wan-Ping , Boominathan Siva Senthil Kumar , Guo Bing-Chun , Hsiao Cheng-Tien , Wang Jeh-Jeng
Published: July 2015

Correction for ‘Au(i)-catalyzed synthesis of 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-enes and 9-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-2,6-dienes from enynol via oxonium/Prins-type cyclization’ by Jaya Kishore Vandavasi et al., Chem. Commun., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02847g.
Assembly of a series of d10 coordination polymers based on W-shaped 1,3-di(2′,4′-dicarboxyphenyl)benzene: from syntheses, structural diversity, luminescence, to photocatalytic properties
Authors: Zhang Xiutang , Fan Liming , Fan Weiliu , Li Bin , Zhao Xian
Published: July 2015

Six d10 coordination polymers with different architectures based on W-shaped 1,3-di(2′,4′-dicarboxyphenyl)benzene (H4DDB) have been prepared. Their photoluminescence and photocatalytic properties were also investigated.
Formation of bcc and fcc during the coalescence of free and supported Fe and Ni clusters
Authors: Li Guojian , Wang Qiang , Sui Xudong , Wang Kai , Wu Chun , He Jicheng
Published: July 2015

MD simulation explores the formation of bcc and fcc during the coalescence of free and supported Fe and Ni clusters.
A means to an interface: investigating monoethanolamine behavior at an aqueous surface
Authors: McWilliams Laura E. , Valley Nicholas A. , Wren Sumi N. , Richmond Geraldine L.
Published: July 2015

The surface behavior of monoethanolamine has been thoroughly examined through a novel combination of surface spectroscopy and computational work.
Magnetic anomalies and itinerant character of electrochemically Li-inserted Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4
Authors: Mukai Kazuhiko , Sugiyama Jun
Published: July 2015

Spinel oxides of Li[LiyTi2−y]O4 with 0 ≤ y ≤ 1/3 exhibit two desirable features for solid state chemistry and condensed matter physics.
Nickel N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of aryl aldehydes with organozinc reagents to produce aryl ketones
Authors: Jin Cheng , Gu Lijun , Yuan Minglong
Published: July 2015

The transformation of aromatic aldehydes into aryl ketones by nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling has been developed. This transformation represents an efficient and attractive synthetic utilization of organozinc reagents.
Reduction of mixed Mn–Zr oxides: in situ XPS and XRD studies
Authors: Bulavchenko O. A. , Vinokurov Z. S. , Afonasenko T. N. , Tsyrul'nikov P. G. , Tsybulya S. V. , Saraev A. A. , Kaichev V. V.
Published: July 2015

The reduction of the solid solutions MnxZr1−xO2−δproceedsviatwo stages. During the first stage, the Mn cations incorporated into the solid solutions MnxZr1−xO2−δundergo partial reduction. At the second stage, Mn cations segregate on the surface.
Brønsted acid-catalyzed 1,2-fluorine migration with fluoroepoxides
Authors: Luo Tao , Zhang Rui , Shen Xiao , Zhang Wei , Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo
Published: July 2015

An efficient 1,2-fluorine migration reaction was realized under Brønsted acid catalysis in the absence of an external fluorinating source. The high fluorine atom economy and very mild conditions make this reaction a promising protocol for the construction of the C–F bond.
Reactions of allyl alcohols and boronic acids with trifluoromethanesulfonyl hypervalent iodonium ylide under copper-catalysis
Authors: Arimori Sadayuki , Takada Masahiro , Shibata Norio
Published: July 2015

Trifluoromethylsulfinyl 3 and trifluoromethylthio 5 compounds are independently obtained by using the sulfone-type reagent 1 under Cu catalysis.
Arsenic removal using a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) coated hollow fiber nanofiltration membrane
Authors: Song Jianfeng , Zhang Mengxi , Figoli Alberto , Yin Yong , Zhao Baolong , Li Xue-Mei , He Tao
Published: July 2015

A new composite hollow fiber nanofiltration (NF) membrane with a thin sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) active layer was prepared and used for arsenic removal.
Continuous microfluidic fabrication of synthetic asymmetric vesicles
Authors: Lu Li , Schertzer Jeffrey W. , Chiarot Paul R.
Published: July 2015

A flexible and reliable approach to continuously fabricate monodisperse, asymmetric vesicles that provides simultaneous control over the membrane unilamellarity, vesicle size, and luminal content.
iSBatch: a batch-processing platform for data analysis and exploration of live-cell single-molecule microscopy images and other hierarchical datasets
Authors: Caldas Victor E. A. , Punter Christiaan M. , Ghodke Harshad , Robinson Andrew , van Oijen Antoine M.
Published: July 2015

iSBatch: an ImageJ plugin for fast evaluation of analysis pipelines and visual exploration of datasets.
Direct imprinting of thermally reduced silver nanoparticles via deformation-driven ink injection for high-performance, flexible metal grid embedded transparent conductors
Authors: Oh Y. S. , Choi D. Y. , Sung H. J.
Published: July 2015

High-performance metal grid transparent conductors, which were fabricated using a direct imprinting of thermally reduced Ag NPs via a deformation-driven ink injection, were embedded into transparent and flexible films.
Preparation of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) in a microstructured chemical system
Authors: Wang Peijian , Wang Kai , Zhang Jisong , Luo Guangsheng
Published: July 2015

PPTA was prepared in a microstructured chemical system, and the apparent polycondensation kinetics was studied.
Production of camptothecine using whey by an endophytic fungus: standardization using response surface methodology
Authors: Bhalkar Bhumika N. , Bedekar Priyanka A. , Patil Swapnil M. , Patil Sushama A. , Govindwar Sanjay P.
Published: July 2015

Fusarium oxysporumkolhapuriensis, a novel endophytic fungi isolated fromNothapodytes nimmonianaMabb. Grahm, was found to produce camptothecine (CPT) using whey as a complex medium. The highest production of CPT was (283 ± 0.27 mg l−1).
Facile synthesis and gas-sensing performance of Sr- or Fe-doped In2O3 hollow sub-microspheres
Authors: Shen Xiaoping , Guo Lijun , Zhu Guoxing , Xi Chunyan , Ji Zhenyuan , Zhou Hu
Published: July 2015

Sr- or Fe-doped In2O3 hollow sub-microspheres were successfully fabricated, which show excellent gas sensing performance towards a series of organic solvents.
Cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes as lysosome-targeted photodynamic anticancer and real-time tracking agents
Authors: He Liang , Li Yi , Tan Cai-Ping , Ye Rui-Rong , Chen Mu-He , Cao Jian-Jun , Ji Liang-Nian , Mao Zong-Wan
Published: July 2015

We report the rational design and photodynamic anticancer mechanism studies of iridium(iii) complexes with pH-responsive singlet oxygen (1O2) production and lysosome-specific imaging properties.
Chirality amplification and detection by tactoids of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals
Authors: Peng Chenhui , Lavrentovich Oleg D.
Published: July 2015

Chirality amplification by chiral additives in LCLC tactoids.
Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped cubic ordered mesoporous carbon as a supercapacitor electrode material with extraordinary cyclic stability
Authors: Panja Tandra , Bhattacharjya Dhrubajyoti , Yu Jong-Sung
Published: July 2015

Cubic ordered mesoporous carbon co-doped with N and P shows a high specific capacitance of 210 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 and excellent retention of specific capacitance with more than 90% of initial capacitance at a high current density of 10 A g−1 and also for 3000 charge–discharge cycles.
Nonmetal–metal–semiconductor-promoted P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 photocatalyst with superior photocatalytic activity and stability
Authors: Hu Xiaohong , Zhu Qi , Wang Xinlong , Kawazoe Naoki , Yang Yingnan
Published: July 2015

P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 composite photocatalyst has been successfully prepared by a sol–gel method. It shows highly enhanced photocatalytic ability and stability under simulated solar light irradiation.
Hydroxyapatite nanowhiskers embedded in chondroitin sulfate microspheres as colon targeted drug delivery systems
Authors: Cellet T. S. P. , Pereira G. M. , Muniz E. C. , Silva R. , Rubira A. F.
Published: July 2015

An inorganic/organic hybrid material with a triggering mechanism for specific drug delivery at the colon is synthesized.
Rational design of phenothiazine (PTz) and ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) based donor–acceptor compounds with a molecular aggregation breaker for solid state emission in red and NIR regions
Authors: Ramachandran Elumalai , Dhamodharan Raghavachari
Published: July 2015

Compounds 1 and 2 in solution, powder, thin film and doped with polystyrene.
Polyethylenimine-interlayered silver-shell magnetic-core microspheres as multifunctional SERS substrates
Authors: Wang Chongwen , Xu Jiawen , Wang Junfeng , Rong Zhen , Li Ping , Xiao Rui , Wang Shengqi
Published: July 2015

Fe3O4@PEI@Ag microspheres as active substrates for SERS-based sandwich assay.
Schistosome-induced cholangiocyte proliferation and osteopontin secretion correlate with fibrosis and portal hypertension in human and murine schistosomiasis mansoni
Authors: Pereira Thiago A. , Syn Wing-Kin , Machado Mariana V. , Vidigal Paula V. , Resende Vivian , Voieta Izabela , Xie Guanhua , Otoni Alba , Souza Márcia M. , Santos Elisângela T. , Chan Isaac S. , Trindade Guilherme V.M. , Choi Steve S. , Witek Rafal P. , Pereira Fausto E. , Secor William E. , Andrade Zilton A. , Lambertucci José Roberto , Diehl Anna Mae
Published: July 2015

Schistosomiasis is a major cause of portal hypertension worldwide. It associates with portal fibrosis that develops during chronic infection. The mechanisms by which the pathogen evokes these host responses remain unclear. We evaluated the hypothesis that schistosome eggs release factors that directly stimulate liver cells to produce osteopontin (OPN), a pro-fibrogenic protein that stimulates hepatic stellate cells to become myofibroblasts. We also investigated the utility of OPN as a biomarker of fibrosis and/or severity of portal hypertension. Cultured cholangiocytes, Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells were treated with soluble egg antigen (SEA); OPN production was quantified by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) and ELISA; cell proliferation was assessed by BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine). Mice were infected with Schistosoma mansoni for 6 or 16 weeks to cause early or advanced fibrosis. Liver OPN was evaluated by qRTPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and correlated with liver fibrosis and serum OPN. Livers from patients with schistosomiasis mansoni (early fibrosis n=15; advanced fibrosis n=72) or healthy adults (n=22) were immunostained for OPN and fibrosis markers. Results were correlated with plasma OPN levels and splenic vein pressures. SEA-induced cholangiocyte proliferation and OPN secretion (P<0.001 compared with controls). Cholangiocytes were OPN (+) in Schistosoma-infected mice and humans. Liver and serum OPN levels correlated with fibrosis stage (mice: r=0.861; human r=0.672, P=0.0001) and myofibroblast accumulation (mice: r=0.800; human: r=0.761, P=0.0001). Numbers of OPN (+) bile ductules strongly correlated with splenic vein pressure (r=0.778; P=0.001). S. mansoni egg antigens stimulate cholangiocyte proliferation and OPN secretion. OPN levels in liver and blood correlate with fibrosis stage and portal hypertension severity.
Clinician-Supported Internet-Delivered Psychological Treatment of Tinnitus
Authors: Andersson Gerhard
Published: July 2015

Purpose

Internet-delivered psychological treatments for tinnitus distress have existed for more than 15 years, and there are a slowly growing number of studies. The aim of this brief report is to review the evidence and to comment on the future potentials of Internet treatments for tinnitus.

Method

Studies were retrieved, and in total 6 controlled studies were included in the review with 9 different comparisons (6 in which the treatment was compared against a control group and 3 in which Internet treatment was compared against group treatment). Moreover, 2 open studies based on clinical samples in regular care were also included in the review. The outcomes for the 2 controlled sets of studies were analyzed using meta-analytic methods.

Results

For the 6 studies comparing Internet treatment against a no-treatment control condition, a moderate effect size was found (Hedges's
g
= 0.58). The 3 studies comparing Internet treatment against face-to-face group treatments showed a small difference of Hedges's
g
= 0.13.

Conclusions

Internet-delivered psychological treatment holds promise as a treatment alternative to other standard forms of treatment delivery, including group treatment. Larger studies are needed as well as ways to blend information technology with regular services.