bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prescribed Burning for Stand Conversion in Budworm-killed Balsam Fir: An Ontario Case History
Authors: McRae D. J.
Published: February 2014

Recent spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) infestations have resulted in widespread areas of balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) mortality in Ontario, and there is growing interest in reestablishing these areas quickly as productive forests. One technique being used is prescribed fire after a salvage and bulldozer tramping operation. A 445-ha prescribed burn was carried out under moderate fire danger conditions in northern Ontario. The site, which was covered by balsam fir fuel that had been killed by spruce budworm, was tramped to improve fire spread. Weather, fuel consumption, and fire effects are reported. The burn effectively reduced heavy surface fuel loadings and consequently planting on the site was easier. Key words: Prescribed burning, fire, spruce budworm. Choristoneura fumiferana, balsam fir, Abies balsamea, fuel consumption, site preparation, tramping, stand conversion.
Management and Use of Aspen Poplar in North America
Authors: Morley Peter M.
Published: February 2014

Aspen poplar, although widely distributed over the northern half of North America, is greatly underutilized. However, because of its ease of reestablishment through vegetative reproduction, its short rotation management on appropriate sites and new technological development favouring such uses as chemimechanical pulp and waferboard, the forest industry will probably pay more attention to it in the future. Regional differences throughout its range are discussed for Ontario, the Prairie Provinces and the U.S. Lake States.
Economic Analysis of the Use of Tissue Culture for Rapid Forest Improvement
Authors: Hasnain Sadiq , Overend Ralph P. , Pigeon René
Published: February 2014

The economic feasibility of the use of tissue culture in forestry for planting stock production depends on two main conditions. One is the ability to produce sufficient genetic gain in a breeding program through controlled crosses, while the other depends on the utilization of the genetic gain (i.e. increased growth rate) to reduce rotation age. The cost of tissue culture plantlets will be relatively high, but will be more than compensated by the savings realized due to a shorter growth period.
Understanding Forest Management
Authors: Baskerville G.
Published: February 2014

Silviculture alters the pattern of development in a stand so that the characteristics of a mature stand can be reached in less time than through natural development. Forest management is the control, or regulation, of the pattern of stages of stand development, across the area of the forest, and across time. On-the-ground management control is exercised by temporal and spatial regulation of harvesting, product recovery, silviculture, and protection. Good management is anticipation and correction of emerging structural problems in a specific forest so that the desired quantity and quality of benefits are available continuously. Goodness of management can only be judged in specific cases by comparing what is done on-the-ground against what is needed in a particular forest to achieve the desired goals.
Chemicals and Our Forests
Authors: Armson Kenneth A.
Published: February 2014

The effects of chemicals, including acid rain, on our forests have been largely represented in stark, simplistic terms. The result is that many unsubstantiated or conjectural 'facts' and relationships are generally accepted. The intelligent use of chemicals in forest management is necessary if our forests are going to sustain a viable industry in the long run. New policies and mandates are required for significant progress in the research, development and use of pesticides in forestry.
Toppling in British Columbia's Lodgepole Pine Plantations: Significance, Cause and Prevention
Authors: Burdett A. N. , Martin P. A. F. , Coates H. , Eremko R.
Published: February 2014

Young trees sometimes lean, or topple by pivoting about a point below the ground. Geotropic curvature in the lower part of the stem restores the leading shoot to the vertical. The resultant stem bowing reduces potential lumber recovery, and is associated with reaction wood formation. Toppling has occurred in lodgepole pine (Pinus conforta Dougl.) plantations throughout British Columbia. Generally the number of trees affected has been small; although in the southern interior of the province the majority of trees in some plantations have toppled. In areas where toppling in planted trees has occurred, naturally established lodgepole pine is relatively stable. Since planted trees are usually of the native provenance, this suggests that toppling in plantations is primarily the result of nursery and planting effects on root morphology. More normal root morphogenesis, and hence greater stability can be achieved by planting young seedlings that retain the capacity to initiate primary lateral roots. Pruning the lateral roots of older stock provides another approach. A chemical method for pruning lateral roots of container-grown lodgepole pine seedlings has been developed and adopted commercially in British Columbia and elsewhere.
Relationships Between Growth Form and Stand Density in Immature Douglas-fir
Authors: Carter R. E. , Miller I. M. , Klinka K.
Published: February 2014

Stem form of the whole tree and branching characteristics at whorls 6 to 10 were examined in 27-year-old Dougias-tir (Pseudoisuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) trees established at each of three spacings (1.8 × 1.8 m, 3.6 × 3.6 m, and 4.6 × 4.6 m) and replicated across two blocks. A total of 30 trees from each spacing were analysed. Spacings were found to affect stem, crown, and branching characteristics. Tree height, diameter at breast height, and stem diameter at the base of the live crown all increased significantly with spacing (p < 0.01), while age and height at the base of the live crown both decreased (p < 0.01). Increased spacing resulted in significantly greater branch diameters at whorls 6 to 10; and, in some whorls, an increase in branch number. Swelling of the stern at branch whorls, the number of lammas whorls, knottiness ratio, and a subjective index of stem form (higher index indicates poorer form) all increased with increased spacing (p < 0.01).The considerations involved with choosing high or low initial stocking levels are discussed and the study concludes that intensive management practices such as thinning and pruning will be necessary in all regimes if clear wood is to be produced over short rotations.
Modeling Tree Crown Ratio
Authors: Holdaway Margaret R.
Published: February 2014

The crown ratio (the ratio of live crown length to total height) of an individual tree in a stand can be predicted from commonly measured stand and tree variables. For example, the ratio can be estimated using a nonlinear model combining stand basal area (BA) and initial tree diameter (DBH). The first term reflects the importance of competition on crown ratio; the second term differentiates among trees of different sizes.Biologically reasonable behavior is exhibited by the crown ratio model. The core model, with only two parameters, is very flexible; the full model, with four parameters, is capable of describing a full range of logical crown ratio growth patterns. When extrapolated, this nonlinear model continues to be biologically reasonable. In addition, the parameters are capable of theoretical interpretation.When tested on a Lake States data base of over 150 000 trees, the moan crown ratio estimation error was small, −2% for softwoods and +3% for hardwoods. Variation in weather and survey crew effects did not appear to contribute to errors in crown ratio estimation, although errors in crown ratio prediction did vary by region.
Expansion of Canadian Tree Seed Certification
Authors: Edwards D. G. W. , Portlock F. T.
Published: February 2014

Following the initiation 1970 of tree seed certification for source-identified seeds, guidelines have been established to certify untested seed orchard seeds under the OECD scheme. The guidelines are presented and are discussed in light of pending national tree seed regulations.
Forest Land Use Planning in Alberta
Authors: Johnston Mark H. , Calp Susan C.
Published: February 2014

Forest land use planning in Alberta takes place within the provincial Integrated Resource Planning system. The Alberta Forest Service is a major participant in this system as it is the primary resource management agency for Alberta's forested land. Several provincial land use policies direct forest-related land use, including the White and Green Areas, established in 1948, and the Eastern Slopes Policy adopted in 1977. More detailed and site specific resource management is guided through subregional and local planning. In total, these planning mechanisms provide for the comprehensive and integrated management of Alberta's forested land. Key words: Forest land use planning, integrated planning, planning in Alberta, resource management.
Résultats, après 10 ans, d'une coupe à diamètre minimum d'exploitation dans un peuplement feuillu
Authors: Robitaille Lise , Boivin Jean-Louis
Published: February 2014

A diameter-limit cut, where limits were 43 cm for yellow birch and 27 cm for other species, resulted in the harvesting of 56% of the merchantable volume of the whole stand. Ten years after this treatment, excellent regeneration was established; yellow birch accounted for 53% of this regeneration, which is nearly double that found in untreated stands; it had begun to have a slower development under forest cover. The merchantable volume increment of the residual stand has been slow during the ten years after the cut, being almost entirely produced by low-grade trees so that the residual stand looks like the original one where quality will continue to decrease.
Evaluation of Holman-Digimicrometer
Authors: Clarke F. Richard , Murchison H. Gary
Published: February 2014

Tests of Holman-digimicrometer linear digitizer showed that it is statistically accurate and precise within the manufacturer's description. An operational bias in the order of 0.1 percent was found, but is considered insignificant for practical purposes. This bias remained constant over the operational range of the digitizer. Precision was in the order of 0.01 mm for mean annual growth ring readings for Boreal forest species.
Man-Made Forests and Elk in Coastal British Columbia
Authors: Brunt Kim
Published: February 2014

The potential for integrated management of timber and elk in coastal forests is discussed. The basic habitat requirements of elk for food, security cover, thermal cover, and snow interception cover are presented and the influences of various common forestry practices on these requirements are examined. Clearcutting, slash burning, planting, non-commercial thinning, commercial thinning, species conversion, weeding, and fertilizing all strongly influence the ability of forests to satisfy elk requirements. In most instances, the impacts of these activities are neither all together good nor bad, and a team approach between forest and wildlife managers needs to be taken when planning forestry activities. A brief overview of the effects of elk on regenerating forests is presented and a potential solution is offered to the problem of browsing damage through the provision of alterative forage. Elk and wood production are compatible in the man-made forest if both forest and wildlife managers are willing to accept realistic compromises to achieve the goals of integrated management.
Managing Northern Hardwoods by Clearcutting 30 m wide strips: 10-year results
Authors: Roberge M. R.
Published: February 2014

Strip clearcutting with or without thinning in the interstrips is a workable silviculture option for management of northern hardwoods in even-aged stands. It is a technique that can be applied to achieve most management objectives by varying strip width. interstrip number, clearcutting intervals, and site preparation. Our experience revealed that 30 m wide clearcut strips where good advance regeneration is preserved combined with a 30% thinning in the four interstrips to be clearcut at 20-year intervals will provide: 1) an adequate stocking and growth of a desirable species mix, 2) the potential for development of quality boles because northern hardwoods are mainly managed for saw- and veneer-log production, and 3) advantages in wildlife habitat, watershed management/erosion control, and forest aesthetics. Key words: Strip clearcutting, thinning, northern hardwood, management clearcutting.
Tamarack and European Larch can be Overwinter-Stored
Authors: Racey G. D. , Hutchison R. E.
Published: February 2014

Three fall-lifting and overwinter storage trials of tamarack (Larix laricina [Du Roi] K. Koch) and European larch (L. decidua Mill.) were conducted in southern Ontario to determine whether these species were suitable for overwinter storage. Fifth-year outplanting results demonstrate stored stock performed as well after outplanting as fresh spring-lifted stock.
Interprovincial Forest Fertilization Trials 5-and 10-Year Results
Authors: Weetman G. F. , Krause H. H. , Koller E. , Veilleux J. -M.
Published: February 2014

Eighty one standard ferilizer trials were established in unmanaged. middle-aged stands of jack pine, black spruce, white spruce, red spruce and balsam fir in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick. Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba. Saskatchewan and Alberta. The 5-year and 10-year total volume responses, based on conventional plot remeasurements, are summarized for installations grouped by Forest Section. A complete report is being published separately. Jack pine stands were most consistently responsive to nitrogen additions; black spruce, red spruce and white spruce and balsam fir were much more variable in response. Spruce budworm defoliation and natural tree mortality resulted in very low or negative net increments for many installations. Where P or K was added with N additional response appeared small. Fertilizer efficiencies of 7 to 35 kg of applied nitrogen per cubic meter of additional response were indicated: recommendations are made for further work on fertilizer response.
The Good Fairy Problem: One More Look at the Optimum Rotation Age for a Forest Stand
Authors: Tait David E. N.
Published: February 2014

The good fairy problem reexamines the question of the optimum age to harvest a stand of trees. The metaphor of a financial portfolio reveals the sense in which the financial rotation age is optimal and the sense in which the rotation age that maximizes the mean annual increment in net value is optimal. This metaphor clarifies the distinction between economic efficiency and forest policy. In particular, it indicates the ultimate inevitability of the financial rotation age while demonstrating that the financial rotation age implicitly rejects the notion of sustained yield. A sustained yield forest with a financial rotation age is not economically optimum.
Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Damage in British Columbia
Authors: Alfaro R. I. , Wegwitz E. , Brown R. G. , Taylor S. P.
Published: February 2014

The Douglas-fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata McDunnough) defoliated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var glauca [Beissn.] Franco), in British Columbia from 1981 to 1983. Forty-five defoliated and 16 non-defoliated (check) plots were monitored for defoliation and damage from 1982 to 1985. By 1985, cumulative mortality and top-kill in the defoliated plots averaged 51% (49% by volume) and 11%, respectively. Check plots sustained no mortality and less than 1% top-kill due to causes other than tussock moth defoliation. Mortality occurred very early in the outbreak, with 56% of the dead trees already dead by 1982, generally after 1 year, but at most after 2 years of defoliation. Mortality and top-kill were related to the number of seasons of defoliation and, particularly, to defoliation intensity. It was concluded that Douglas-fir tussock moth is an important depletion factor of Douglas-fir in British Columbia.
Alternate Strip Clearcutting in Upland Black Spruce: III. Regeneration Options for Leave Strips
Authors: Wood James E. , Raper Richard
Published: February 2014

In the alternate strip clearcutting system, first-cut strips are regenerated by seed produced by black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) in the forested leave strips. However, after the second cut, such a seed source is not available for regenerating the leave strips. Therefore, the forest manager must consider a number of alternative regeneration options. The selection of the most appropriate regeneration option is dependent upon several economic and biological criteria. These include future costs of delivered wood, site productivity, post-harvest site condition, future alternative sources of supply, and future demand for industrial wood. Regeneration options such as preservation of advance growth and direct seeding are recommended for sites on which the manager is concerned primarily with regenerating first cut strips and is willing to accept a lower level of stocking in leave strips. Planting, the most intensive option discussed, should be reserved for sites offering the highest potential return or greatest future cost savings. Direct seeding of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) should be considered on the upland portions of this patterned site type. Mixing jack pine and black spruce is a suggested regeneration option if the site contains both upland and lowland topographic positions. Other seeding options include the use of semi-transparent plastic seed shelters. The manager might consider combining two or more of these options to meet management objectives.
Potential and Actual Yields of Seed from Black Spruce Cones
Authors: Haavisto V. F. , Fleming R. L. , Skeates D. A.
Published: February 2014

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S P.) trees have semi-serotinous cones and disperse seed over a period of years, a fact that suggests possible difficulty in seed release. Reported seed yields per cone are variable, and operational extraction yields are low. It is hypothesized that this could be attributed partially to incomplete extraction. The studies reported herein have shown that actual seed complements within cones are similar to theoretical estimates, ranging from 50 to 110 seeds per cone. The need to improve extraction technology is suggested, especially for genetically improved sources. Key words: black spruce, Picea mariana, cones, cone scales, seeds, seed yield, seeds per cone
Alternate Strip Clearcutting in Upland Black Spruce: VIII. Shallow-soil Ecosystems and Their Classification
Authors: Sims Richard A. , Towill William D.
Published: February 2014

Shallow-soil sites in the Nipigon-Beardmore area of northern Ontario are widespread and pose unique operational problems for forest managers. Several working definitions of shallow soils are used in Ontario. More accurate regional definitions are required in order that silvicultural decisions for these sometimes fragile sites may be refined or new ones developed. Harvesting and silvicultural options for shallow-soil sites are limited in the North Central Region.A program of Forest Ecosystem Classification (FEC) for the North Central Region has been designed to provide better understanding of shallow sites and a framework of standardized definitions. The FEC describes several shallow-soil types that occur over boulder pavement or bedrock, and differentiates mainly on the basis of depth-to-rock contact, surface organic material thickness and texture of the primary mineral soil particles. Operational application of this classification may require identification of complexes of shallow-soil types.
La Régénération préétablie dans les peuplements forestiers naturels au Québec
Authors: Doucet René
Published: February 2014

The type and abundance of advance growth has been evaluated in 421 areas representing the major forest cover types in Quebec. Advance growth has been found to be abundant in mature stands of every cover type, except jack pine, and in all ecological zones. However its composition varied with cover types: balsam fir was the main species of advance growth in fir and mixedwood stands, while black spruce dominated advance growth in black spruce and jack pine stands. Most of the black spruce advance growth was from layer origin, especially in the black spruce ecological zone. Key words: Québec, regeneration.
Mechanical Site Preparation and Early Chemical Tending in White Spruce: 19-year Results
Authors: Wood J. E. , Dominy S. W. J.
Published: February 2014

A white spruce outplanting trial, with about 480 trees, was established on a fertile mixedwood site in Ontario (47°N, 84°W) in 1967 to study the effects of two site preparation methods and early chemical tending on the development of the crop species and non-crop woody vegetation. Nineteen-year results are presented. Early chemical tending of white spruce resulted in a significant increase in growth on the drum-prepared block, but not on the blade-prepared block. On the drum-prepared block, mortality of white spruce outplants did not differ significantly between herbicide-treated and untreated plots. On the blade-prepared block, mortality was significantly greater with herbicide application than without it. Similar non-crop tree and shrub species were found on sites prepared with both sharkfin drums and angle-dozer blades. However, woody weeds were less abundant on the herbicide-treated plots than on the untreated plots. Key words: white spruce outplant performance; chemical weed control; 2.4-D and 2,4,5-T; mechanical site preparation; herbicide efficacy; silvicultural efficacy; early tending; sharkfin drum; angle-dozer blade.
The Effects of Defoliation by the Larch Casebearer on the Radial Growth of Tamarack
Authors: Benoit Paul , Blais Robert
Published: February 2014

Tamarack (Larix laricina [DuRoi] K. Koch) was severely defoliated by the larch casebearer (Coleophora laricella) in most areas of Quebec during 1979 and 1980. Increment core samples were taken in late September 1982 from 20 tamaracks in each of two stands to determine the effect of defoliation on radial growth. In one stand, the trees were 80% defoliated in 1980 and during this year radial growth was reduced by 52%. Growth returned to predefoliation level the following year when the trees were not defoliated. In the other stand, trees were 60% defoliated in 1979 and 70% in 1980. During these years, radial growth was reduced by 48 and 70% respectively. Growth in this stand had not fully returned to predefoliation level two years after the collapse of the infestation. In both stands, variations in defoliation among trees did not exceed 10% of the average. Key Words: Coleophora laricella, larch casebearer, tamarack, larch, defoliation.
Management of Publicly Owned Forests
Authors: Baskerville G.
Published: February 2014

For two reasons, planning and implementing management for publicly-owned forests is conducted in an environment that almost guarantees failure. First, group ownership is associated with a strong tendency towards over-exploitation (the tragedy of the commons), and second public ownership entails a heavy administrative overhead.The public allows industry to use publicly-owned forests and spends the revenue from exploitation on roads, schools health care, unemployment insurance and so on. The public owners are unwilling to limit industrial use of the forest to keep it in balance with the productive capacity of the forests because this would limit the benefits they receive and because they do not as individuals experience the shared cost of exploitation. Meanwhile, the people who own 90% of Canada's forests have until recently seen fit to spend only 5% of the taxes derived from their industrial use for maintaining their productive capacity. In effect the people of Canada are slum landlords. Like slum landlords, they have not returned to their properties enough money for their basic maintenance. The biggest problem in managing our public forests is in overcoming the owners' resistance to spending enough of the money generated by the forests to manage them in a technically adequate way over long period of time.The second major problem is the tendency of the agencies managing publicly-owned forests to shift from managing the forest to managing its use. This arises partly from the way in which the owners (the public) participate in the management process and partly because public money is used for management.The public owns the resource and must set goals. Unfortunately because they are so remote from the property and their understanding of resource dynamics is so trivial, the public tend to state vague goals accompanied by specific management actions with little thought to the cause/effect connections between them. Technically designed management tends to be over-ridden by socially comfortable solutions that do not solve the real management problems existing in the woods.Use of public funds necessitates creating a paper trail satisfactory to auditors. Consequently professionals responsible for managing the public forests find themselves spending more and more time ensuring that the administrative reporting of actions taken is up to date and in the proper form, and less and less time ensuring that the actions taken are the technically right ones to achieve the stated goals in the forest.
Habitat Needs of Furbearers in Relation to Logging in Boreal Ontario
Authors: Thompson I. D.
Published: February 2014

A literature review of boreal furbearers in Ontario indicates a substantial lack of a scientific basis on which to manage habitat or populations except for marten (Martes americana) and beaver (Castor canadensis). A review of known habitat requirements is presented for marten, lynx (Felis lynx), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), ermine (Mustela erminea), mink (Mustela vision), beaver, otter (Lutra canadensis), and muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), including known impacts of timber harvesting. Use of fur harvest statistics as indicators of population and ultimately habitat is questionable because catch integrates many variables and habitat change occurs slowly. Considerable data suggest that management for relatively few prey species may be an alternative to attempting to manage habitat for individual furbearers. Data from Manitouwadge, Ontario show marten prefer old growth forests and occur at extremely low densities up to 40 years after logging. Fox and lynx were most abundant in 20-30-year-old successional stands. Ermine occurred in all ages of stands that were censused. Access by logging roads is a negative factor for populations of all furbearers as it enhances morality from trapping, particularly if pelt prices are high.
Moose Habitat Management and Timber Management Planning: Three Case Studies
Authors: Payne D. , McNicol J. , Eason G. , Abraham D.
Published: February 2014

Three case studies are presented in this paper that illustrate how timber harvesting practices were modified to address wildlife and silvicultural concerns. The planning process (i.e., negotiations between the Ministry of Natural Resources and the logging companies), problems encountered, and lessons learned are emphasized. Modifications to clearcutting most commonly used were block cuts (i.e., cut and leave) and linear reserves. Timing and communication are cited as serious problems in two cases and solutions are offered. Also, the logging companies in all three cases were concerned about the added expense of modified harvesting (e.g., higher road and layout costs, some loss of timber volume, and higher operating costs). Throughout, the need for more high quality moose inventory data and long-term follow-up study is made clear. Key words: case histories, modified harvest, forest management planning, moose habitat management.
What's in the Future? — the Forest Industry Viewpoint
Authors: Opper Michael
Published: February 2014

The forest industry in Ontario makes a largo contribution to both national and provincial economies. Withdrawal of productive forest for purposes other than timber production along with constraints upon logging to manage for other uses are tending to erode the competitiveness of the forest industry.To effect a practical integrated approach to forest land use management the following items are discussed.(1) The question of who pays the additional cost of management for uses other than timber production needs to be resolved.(2) The planning process requires strengthening particularly in the data base management at the field level.(3) Practical results-oriented scientific research reflecting the Ontario situation is needed to validate fish and wildlife guidelines used in the timber management planning process.(4) More co-operation and better communication between all disciplines involved in the timber managementplanning process is required. Key words: Wildlife Management, Timber Management Planning, Forest Economics, Integrated Resource Planning.
A Systematic Approach to Assess Forest Regeneration
Authors: Brand David G.
Published: February 2014

As the area of second-growth and man-made forest increases, successful management will require increasingly efficient methods of data collection and use. Developing plantation assessment systems requires the definition of what information is useful in decision-making, how best to collect that information, and how best to present it to the decision-maker or forester. In this paper a system is described that processes field survey data collected by a portable datalogger through a relay of software programs. The programs provide data summary free-growing projection, application of a new spatial pattern statistic, and use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) for map production. The information generated will allow a forester to define whether the area needs brush control or fill planting, and whether those problems are localized (i.e. in brushy patches, or unstocked holes in the plantation) or spread through the entire area surveyed. The systematic collection and processing of survey data can also lead to the development of whole-forest silviculture planning models, comparing the estimated opportunities for growth and yield enhancement on a diversity of regenerating areas with economic criteria.
A Need for Extensive Forest Management
Authors: Benson C. A.
Published: February 2014

Canada with its large amount of forest land of low productivity should manage the majority of the forest extensively rather than intensively. Extensive management can keep our stumpage rates or subsidies low, and help us remain competitive with the expanding areas of more productive forest in the world. Factors that influence and indicate that extensive management is more feasible than intensive management include: the low average productivity of Canadian forests, stumpage rates or subsidies allocation of present funds, present net value calculations, interest rates, risk factors, non-timber values, technological developments, present natural regeneration, lack of management information, current timber supplies, and protection of the forest. The challenges to the forester are to obtain and practice the extensive management skills necessary to produce a profitable resource for world markets. To meet these challenges will require that foresters treat the growing of trees as a profit source rather than as a cost to the people of Canada. Key words: Extensive management, intensive management, forest management.
Secondary Forest Products Industry in Alberta, 1986
Authors: Heit M. J. , Bohning R. A.
Published: February 2014

Alberta's secondary forest products industry is discussed in terms of firm size, number of firms, location, employment created and value of sales. These statistics are compared with previous studies. The source of this information was the Alberta Development and Trade Departments, Alberta Manufacturers Index. In 1986, the 532 firms in this sector employed 12 546 persons and realized sales of over $1 billion.
Productivité et Stabilité Phénotypique de l'Épinette Rouge au Québec
Authors: Beaulieu J. , Corriveau A. , Daoust G.
Published: February 2014

Fifteen red spruce provenances were planted in 1959 on abandoned farmland in Quebec. Volume productivity and phenotypic stability parameters, 25 years after planting, are presented. Provenance-environment interaction is significant in red spruce. However, the importance of the phenotypic instability may have been influenced by the southern origin of some provenances and by an unequal damage caused by a yellowheaded spruce sawfly outbreak in one of the sites. Three provenances are of average stability and perform relatively well on all sites. They could be recommended for reforestation under certain conditions. However, the productivity of even these provenances is much lower than expected, probably owing to the susceptibility of the species to winter desiccation and severe frost damage when planted on exposed sites. Key words: Provenance-environment interaction, winter desiccation, bud freezing injury, provenances, combined regression analysis.
A Comparison of Existing Models for DBH Estimation from Large-scale Photos
Authors: Hall R. J. , Morton R. T. , Nesby R. N.
Published: February 2014

The performance of 12 diameter prediction models suggested in the literature was studied in a controlled operational test. These models were linear and logarithmic transformations of tree height and/or crown area and were analyzed for white spruce, lodgepole pine, and trembling aspen and balsam poplar combined. Overall, all models were statistically significant, with differences due to variations in species and model form. Although simpler models may be adequate depending on operational objectives, two models emerged as deserving further investigation. It was unclear whether both tree height and crown area were needed as predictors of tree dbh for all species. Tree height was more highly correlated with dbh than crown area for all species except lodgepole pine. Measuring both tree height and crown area in comparison with tree height alone, however, increases measurement cost substantially from $10.29 to $17.50 per plot (1987 dollars).
The Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System: An Overview
Authors: Stocks B. J. , Lynham T. J. , Lawson B. D. , Alexander M. E. , Wagner C. E. Van , McAlpine R. S. , Dubé D. E.
Published: February 2014

Forest fire danger rating research in Canada was initiated by the federal government in 1925. Five different fire danger rating systems have been developed since that time, each with increasing universal applicability across Canada. The approach has been to build on previous danger rating systems in an evolutionary fashion and to use field experiments and empirical analysis extensively. The current system, the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS), has been under development by Forestry Canada since 1968. The first major subsystem of the CFFDRS, the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System, provides numerical ratings of relative fire potential based solely on weather observations, and has been in use throughout Canada since 1970. The second major subsystem, the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System, accounts for variability in fire behavior among fuel types (predicting rate of spread, fuel consumption, and frontal fire intensity), was issued in interim form in 1984 with final production scheduled for 1990. A third major CFFDRS subsystem, the Canadian Forest Fire Occurrence Prediction (FOP) System, is currectly being formulated. This paper briefly outline the history and philosophy of fire danger rating research in Canada discussing in detail the structure of the current CFFDRS and its application and use by fire management agencies throughout Canada. Key words: fire danger, fire behavior, fire occurrence prediction, fuel moisture, fire danger rating system, fire management.
Vision and Reality — The Fourth Dimension
Authors: Murphy Peter J.
Published: February 2014

The paper outlines briefly the early exploration of the Kananaskis Valley by whites and describes in more detail the developments since 1884. Could we have anticipated those developments had we been asked to prepare a forest management plan for the area 100 years ago — a typical rotation period? What about the next 100 years — the next rotation — can we cope? Yes, if we use our intelligence, keep our visions, adapt to reality and maintain a sense of humour.
Economic Wood Supply — Problems and Opportunities: Choices for Canada's Forest Industry
Authors: Sedjo Roger A.
Published: February 2014

This paper examines the role of Canada in world forest resource production. A broad overview of global timber supply is presented together with an overview of likely future sources. The discussion covers both regions of supply as well as the nature of the forest resource — old growth, second growth, and plantation forest. Within this broad perspective some long-term trends and tendencies are identified. The growing role of plantation and intensively managed forestry is discussed. Canada's strengths and liabilities as a forest resource supplier are discussed within this context. It is argued that Canada cannot compete successfully with semi-tropical regions in intensive forest management. Rather, Canada appears to have the features necessary to compete in world wood markets using a strategy of extensive forestry that takes advantage of Canada's vast forest land areas.
Six Decades of Forest Fire Science in Canada
Authors: Wagner C. E. Van
Published: February 2014

This account of the history and accomplishments of forest fire research in Canada begins with a few basic statistics, and some background on changing attitudes to fire. A historical note on the contributions of Wright and Beall in the 1930's and 1940's follows. Fire science is then divided into six diverse categories: fire behavior, fire management systems, fire ecology, prescribed fire, fire economics, and fire suppression, with a note on developments and accomplishments in each. The references given are examples of the wide range of activity within the whole field of fire-related science and technology, but do not constitute a bibliography.
Modelling the Sustainability of Forest Production and Yield for a Changing and Uncertain Future
Authors: Kimmins J. P.
Published: February 2014

The expected growth of the human population to about 11 billion sometime within the next rotation of most northern temperate forest crops will put greatly increased and varied demands on today's forested lands. Development of the timber resources on those lands that remain dedicated to timber production must be demonstrably sustainable if forest management is to help arrest rather than aggravate the continuing deterioration of the global environment, and if managed forests are to be a carbon sink rather than a carbon source with respect to the global "green-house effect". Unfortunately, the experience-based models traditionally used by foresters cannot make accurate predictions of future forest growth, yield, and carbon balance for the altered growing conditions that are expected to accompany this increase in human numbers. These tools are therefore unsuitable as a means of assessing the sustainability of site productivity under current or anticipated future forest management practices and the expected future soil, climate, and biotic conditions. It is time for foresters around the world to confront this issue and to develop and use more ecologically-sensitive, ecosystem-level stand growth and yield models.Knowledge-based, process-simulation stand growth models have many theoretical advantages, and are the only way of predicting future forest growth and carbon budgets on a particular site in the absence of accurate data on the past growth of forests on that site. However, such models have generally had significant practical limitations as an alternative to traditional forest yield models. They have either been too simple, or, if sufficiently complex, have had unacceptably large calibration data requirements, which has limited their portability. This has restricted most process-based simulation models to research and educational applications.An alternative approach which combines both the experience-based and the knowledge-based approaches offers a more practical alternative. The combination of "historical bioassay" and process-based modelling approaches into "hybrid simulation" stand models can provide a means by which to rank the most probable outcomes and the sustainability of alternative stand-level management strategies under a variety of possible future growing conditions.The accuracy of most forest management and forest economics models ultimately depends on the accuracy of stand-level growth models. As the world experiences increasing problems of air pollution (acid rain and the greenhouse effect), soil degradation, and deforestation, there is an urgent need for foresters to use ecosystem-level growth models that are sensitive to human-induced and naturally caused environmental changes. Use of such models is a necessary prerequisite to good stewardship of forest land and our legacy to future generations.
Genetic Improvement of Volume and Wood Properties of Jack Pine: Selection Strategies
Authors: Magnussen S. , Keith C. T.
Published: February 2014

Six selection strategies aimed at genetically improving volume production and wood quality factors such as density, heartwood content, and stem taper are compared in a 20-year-old jack pine progeny trial. Selection indices were computed under various assumptions about economic values of the traits under selection and with contraints on the magnitude and direction of expected genetic gain. Stem taper, wood density, and heartwood content were under strong genetic control; however, the low phenotypic variation of wood density limits its potential for genetic improvement. Heartwood content emerged as a trait amenable for rapid genetic improvement. Despite low heritabilities the prospect of improving size-related traits was promising due to substantial phenotypic variation. Economic weights were important for the selection outcome and good progress was reported in all traits when volume received the highest weight. It was feasible to limit genetic gain in individual traits to predetermined relative levels but the cost in terms of reduced gain in unrestricted traits was economically debilitating. Concerns about undesirable concomitant changes in wood density, heartwood, and stem taper when breeding is based solely on growth traits were not confirmed by our data.
Professional Regulation and Accountability in Forestry
Authors: Curtis David S.
Published: February 2014

Professional forestry organizations have a unique mandate to monitor and regulate the quality of forestry being practised in Canada. However, an inability or a reluctance by these organizations to fulfill this mandate coupled with increasing public concern over poor forestry practices could lead to other forms of regulation. This, in turn, could result in a decrease in the influence of foresters as a profession over the regulation of forestry practices.Professional self-regulation is one method of regulating a profession. Licencing schemes, which require a person to be registered before being able to practise, are generally more effective than certification schemes, which merely identify that members have met certain standards of training.Of the five professional forestry organizations in Canada, two are licensing-type organizations, while three are certification-type organizations.The roles of self-governing professional groups can include establishing and enforcing standards of conduct and practice, and discipline of members who fail to meet the prescribed standards. Where employer instructions conflict with professional ethics or standards, foresters should advise that they are unable to carry out the instructions. In this way, foresters, not employers, should hold the primary role in determining the quality of forestry practised in Canada.It is recommended that professional forestry organizations be licensing-type organizations, and develop and actively enforce high standards of conduct. Support must be provided for members who endeavour to live up to those standards.
Qualité de station et production dans les érablières rouges de la plaine de Drummondville, Québec
Authors: Bégin Jean , Bélanger Louis , Pfalzgraf Jacques , Pineau Marius
Published: February 2014

In southern Quebec, red maple (Acer rubrum. L.) constitutes more than a third of the merchantable wood in certain administrative private forest units. Dendrometrical and ecological surveys of red maple stands were conducted in Drummondville plain area. The study has shown that the phytosociological association criteria contributed significantly to the prediction of dominant height (the dendrometrical variable used as an indice of site quality) in relation to age at breast height (1.3 m). The three studied associations, the red maple-sugar maple association (humid mesotrophic sites), the red maple-black ash association (mesic sites) and the red maple-wild holly association (oligotroph humid sites) differ significantly as to their height growth pattern. On the basis of these associations, three empiric production tables where produced. The yield at 50 years (breast height age) in the three sites qualities amount respectively to 179, 148 and 108 m3 per hectare. Key words: Acer rubrum. Site quality, yield table, site classification, red maple stand
Winter Burning Bighorn Sheep Range — A Proposed Strategy
Authors: Woodard Paul M. , VanNest Terry
Published: February 2014

It is suggested that prescribing crown fires in mature coniferous stands adjacent to escape terrain during the winter may be a cheap and effective way of maintaining or establishing winter range for Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. The proposed strategy relies on surface fuels being frozen, high upslope winds, steep slopes, uniform and continuous tree cover, and a helitorch ignition system that uses some type of gel-gas mixture.
Site Conditions for Jack Pine Seeding
Authors: Chrosciewicz Z.
Published: February 2014

There is a strong relationship between jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) regeneration and the combined site and seedbed conditions at the time of seeding. Both unfavorable and favorable seedbed characteristics, as well as available seed sources, are reviewed by groups of sites, and then optional uses of major seedbed and seeding treatments are discussed in terms of practical considerations. Site groups with regeneration potential ranging from high to low are also indicated. Key words: Pinus banksiana, cutover areas, seedbeds, seed sources, mechanical scarification, controlled burning, seed-tree system, direct seeding, pine regeneration.
Meaningful public participation in the planning and management of publicly owned forests
Authors: Tanz Jordan S. , Howard Andrew F.
Published: February 2014

Foresters responsible for the management of public forests in Canada need a new approach. Multiple resource management and meaningful public involvement in management decision making are the distinguishing characteristics of this approach. This paper examines public participation in the management of public forests by trying to answer three questions; 1. Why involve citizens in resource management at all?, 2. Who may participate?, and 3. How can the public participate? Deciding who may participate is a difficult task, but utilizing the concept of forest constituency may help. We suggest that the public must be involved not only in policy-making decisions, but also in management decisions. Doing so, however, requires the use of computerized decision aids designed specifically for cooperative exploration of management alternatives.