bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PREVALENCE OF SELF-REPORTED SYMPTOMS OF REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS AMONG RECENTLY PREGNANT WOMEN IN UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA
Authors: MAITRA KUHU , DEGRAFT-JOHNSON JOSEPH , SINGH KAUSHALENDRA K. , TSUI AMY O.
Published: July 2002

This study examines the prevalence of self-reported reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and treatment seeking among married, recently pregnant women in Uttar Pradesh state, India. Associations between RTI symptom reporting and background characteristics are examined in a population-based sample of 18,506 married women with a pregnancy in the 3 years prior to a 1995 statewide survey. Logistic regression analyses are used to assess the effects of sociodemographic covariates on the probability of reporting an RTI symptom. Nearly one out of four women reports experiencing at least one RTI symptom, with the most common symptoms being abnormal vaginal discharge and pain during urination. Reporting of RTI symptoms significantly increases if the woman’s last pregnancy did not end in a live birth or if she has low economic status. Symptom reports also increase with age and decrease with parity. Only one-third of women reporting an RTI symptom sought treatment. The results indicate that survey interviews can be a cost-effective option for measuring the magnitude of RTI symptoms experienced and identifying sociodemographic influences. The findings suggest the need for improved RTI screening procedures and treatment at health facilities in this populous state of northern India.
PREFERENCE FOR CHILDREN AND SUBSEQUENT FERTILITY IN MATLAB: DOES WIFE-HUSBAND AGREEMENT MATTER?
Authors: RAZZAQUE ABDUR
Published: July 2002

This study examines wife–husband preference for children and subsequent fertility for a period of 5 years in the treatment and comparison areas of Matlab, Bangladesh. The two data sets used were: the In-depth Survey (1984) and the Demographic Surveillance System (1984–89). In the case of wives' preferences for children, subsequent childbearing was 13·8% higher than desired in the treatment area and 44·7% higher than desired in the comparison area. After controlling for all variables in the model, the likelihood of giving birth was 1·78 times higher for wives who wanted no more children, but whose husbands did want more, compared with couples where neither husband nor wife wanted more children. For couples where the wife wanted more, but the husband did not want more children, the likelihood of giving birth was 0·63 times that of couples where both the husband and wife wanted more children. This finding suggests that to enhance the decline in fertility in these two areas of Matlab, it will be necessary to motivate both wives and husbands to cease childbearing.
Patterns of clinical mastitis manifestations in Danish organic dairy
herds
Authors: VAARST METTE , ENEVOLDSEN CARSTEN
Published: July 2002

Danish organic dairy production is characterized by a low input
of
antibiotics for udder treatment and a high input of other mastitis control
procedures.
A study was conducted in 14 organic dairy herds with the objectives of
obtaining a
comprehensive description of clinical mastitis cases and identifying characteristic

patterns in these results. Clinical signs, inflammatory reactions and microbiological

identifications were obtained from 367 cases of clinical mastitis occurring
over 18
months. Cow characteristics and preincident values such as milk yield and
somatic
cell count were obtained for each cow. Signs of previous udder inflammation
were
present in two-thirds of the clinical mastitis cases. Severe local inflammatory

reactions were found in 21% of the cases and some indication of generalized
signs
such as fever and reduced appetite were found in 35% of the cases. Logistic

regression analyses were performed based on the results of an initial (exploratory)

multiple correspondence analysis. Coliform mastitis (6% of the cases) was
rarely
preceded by pathogen isolation or inflammatory reactions in the same quarter.

Coliform mastitis cases usually occurred in one quarter only.
Escherichia coli
infections were typically (truly) acute cases. Bacteriologically negative
mastitis
(20% of the cases) showed strong similarities with clinical coliform mastitis.

Staphylococcus aureus cases (18% of the cases) occurred
most frequently in late lactation or around drying-off. Prior isolation
of
Staph. aureus
and slight decreases in milk yield were two factors that interacted but

both were strongly and positively
related to clinical Staph. aureus. Staph. aureus
mastitis typically had a subclinical
debut, and increasing degrees and duration of inflammation decreased shedding
of
this pathogen. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (9% of the cases)
mastitis was typically
persistent, virulent and manifest in periods of lower cow resistance.
More patterns of
subclinical and clinical Str. uberis mastitis (23% of the
cases) seemed to be present.
Changes in the concentrations of free amino
acids in milk during growth of Lactococcus
lactis indicate biphasic nitrogen metabolism
Authors: NIVEN GORDON W. , KNIGHT DOROTHY J. , MULHOLLAND FRANCIS
Published: July 2002

Analysis of the concentrations of free amino acids
in milk during growth
of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis
revealed a biphasic pattern of change during the
logarithmic phase. During the first period there was
little overall change in the total
concentration of amino acids in the medium. The second
phase was characterized by
increased net liberation of free amino acids. There were
also qualitative differences
in the amino acids that were taken up and utilized during
each period. The
concentrations of Val, Leu and Ile decreased only during
the early phase, while those
of Ser, Arg, Thr and Met decreased only during the second
phase. Gly and Ala were
utilized throughout logarithmic growth. Gly uptake appeared
to be greater during
the second period and accounted for the largest proportion
of free amino acid
utilization at this time. It is possible that the biphasic
nature of amino acid nutrition
was due to increased consumption in late log phase of
peptides derived from milk
proteins by proteolysis. Increased activity of the arginine
deiminase pathway during
late log phase was inferred from increased utilization of
Arg and liberation of citrulline and ornithine.
Publicising the Crusade: English
Bishops and the Jubilee Indulgence
of 1455
Authors: HARRIS JONATHAN
Published: July 2002

According to the Byzantine scholar Andronicus Callistus, the fall
of
Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks on 29 May 1453 was a
cataclysm of such magnitude that it was mourned not only by the
Greeks, but by people of every nation. This may sound like the type of

rhetorical flourish with which Byzantine authors were fond of adorning

their works, yet recent scholarship has tended, if anything, to corroborate

Callistus' assertion. Over the past few years, historians of the crusades

have been largely successful in showing that the fifteenth century, far
from
witnessing the decline of the crusading ideal, was a period when it
remained as potent as ever, even in a country as far removed from the
main theatres of action as England. Consequently, the fall of such an
important Christian city was greeted with shock and anger throughout
western Europe, and for the rest of the century the burning question for

crusading strategists was how the disaster could be reversed.

It is of course true that no large-scale expedition was ever launched

against the Turks after 1453, the efforts of successive popes ultimately

failing to organise a united Christian response. Yet this does not detract

from the overwhelming evidence that all sections of western society took

the threat posed to Christendom very seriously, and continued to believe

that to take up arms against the infidel was one of the highest acts of
piety.
Trapped acoustic modes in aeroengine intakes with swirling flow
Authors: COOPER A. J. , PEAKE N.
Published: July 2002

A theoretical model of an aeroengine intake–fan system is developed in order to show
the existence of acoustic resonance in the intake. In general this phenomenon can be
linked to instabilities in aircraft engine inlets.

The model incorporates a slowly varying duct intake and accounts for the swirling
flow downstream of the fan. The slow axial variation in cross-section gives rise to
turning points where upstream-propagating acoustic modes are totally reflected into
downstream-propagating modes. The effect of the swirling flow downstream can be
to cut off a mode which is cut on upstream of the fan. It is shown that these two
aspects of the flow, coupled with the effects of the fan (represented by an actuator
disc), can lead to acoustic modes becoming trapped in the intake, thus giving rise to
pure acoustic resonance.

A whole range of system parameters, such as axial, fan and swirl Mach numbers,
which satisfy the conditions for resonance are identified. The effects of a stationary
blade row behind the fan are also considered leading to a second family of resonant
states. In addition we find resonance due to reflection of acoustic modes at the open
(inlet) end of the duct.
Liquid-metal flow in a finite-length cylinder with a high-frequency rotating magnetic field
Authors: WITKOWSKI L. MARTIN , MARTY P. , WALKER J. S.
Published: July 2002

A liquid-metal flow driven by a rotating magnetic field in a finite-length cylinder is
studied numerically as a function of the field frequency. In the high-frequency case,
the magnetic field is expelled from the liquid-metal except in a skin-depth layer along
the side and top walls of the cylinder. In the corner region, where the skin-depth layers
intersect, the body force exhibits a large positive and negative azimuthal component
as well as inward radial and axial components which are rotational. The flows for
various frequencies are compared to the low-frequency flow.
Effects of a semipervious lens on soil vapour extraction
Authors: NG CHIU-ON , MEI CHIANG C.
Published: July 2002

We describe a theory for the removal of volatile organic chemicals

from an unsaturated

soil stratum consisting of highly porous coarse sand layers sandwiching
a thin and

semipervious lens. Each soil layer is modelled as a periodic array of spherical

aggregates formed by solid grains and immobile water trapped by surface
tension.

Volatile chemicals are vaporized in the mobile air in pores between aggregates,

dissolved in the intra-aggregate water, and adsorbed on the surface of
soil grains.

Using the effective transport equations derived for the aggregated soils,
we consider

shallow layers with sharp contrast in physical properties. An asymptotic
analysis is

developed for an axisymmetric geometry, yielding quasi-one-dimensional
governing

equations for individual layers. At the leading order the flow and the

vapour transport

are horizontal in the coarse layers but vertical in the semipervious

lens. Numerical

results are presented for a simple example to demonstrate the significance
of the

lens permeability, diffusivity and retardation factor, and the aggregate

diffusivity in

the coarse layers, on the vapour transport during the stages of contamination
and

air-venting.
Vorticity filaments in two-dimensional

turbulence: creation, stability and effect
Authors: KEVLAHAN N. K.-R. , FARGE M.
Published: July 2002

Vorticity filaments are characteristic structures of two-dimensional

turbulence. The

formation, persistence and effect of vorticity filaments are examined using
a

high-resolution direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the merging of two

positive Gaussian

vortices pushed together by a weaker negative vortex. Many intense spiral
vorticity

filaments are created during this interaction and it is shown using a wavelet
packet

decomposition that, as has been suggested, the coherent vortex stabilizes

the filaments.

This result is confirmed by a linear stability analysis at the edge of
the vortex and

by a calculation of the straining induced by the spiral structure of the

filament in the

vortex core. The time-averaged energy spectra for simulations using hyper-viscosity

and Newtonian viscosity have slopes of −3 and −4 respectively.
Apart

from a much higher effective Reynolds number (which accounts for the difference

in energy spectra), the hyper-viscous simulation has the same dynamics
as

the Newtonian

viscosity simulation. A wavelet packet decomposition of the hyper-viscous
simulation

reveals that after the merger the energy spectra of the filamentary

and coherent parts of the vorticity field have slopes of −2 and −6

respectively. An asymptotic analysis and DNS for weak external strain shows

that a circular filament at a distance R from

the vortex centre always reduces the deformation of a Lamb's

(Gaussian) vortex in

the region r[ges ]R. In the region r<R

the deformation is also reduced provided

the filament is intense and is in the vortex core, otherwise the

filament may slightly

increase the deformation. The results presented here should be useful for
modelling

the coherent and incoherent parts of two-dimensional turbulent flows.
Inviscid dipole-vortex rebound from a wall or coast
Authors: CARNEVALE G. F. , FUENTES O. U. VELASCO , ORLANDI P.
Published: July 2002

A vortex approaching a no-slip wall ‘rebounds’

due to the creation of vorticity at

the wall in a viscous boundary layer. Here it is demonstrated that a purely
inviscid

mechanism can also produce vortex rebound from a slip wall. In inviscid
vortex

rebound, vortex tube stretching generates the necessary vorticity to allow
rebound,

eliminating the need for viscous vorticity generation. This vortex stretching

mechanism is demonstrated through numerical simulations and laboratory
experiments

on dipole-vortex rebound from a boundary. In an application to oceanography,

numerical simulations of both quasi-geostrophic and shallow water dynamics
are

used to show that the β-effect at an eastern boundary can produce
this inviscid

rebound. Through a series of numerical experiments in which the strength
of the

β-effect is varied, a formula for predicting the point of separation

of the vortices

from the boundary in a dipole–coast collision is deduced. Through
simulations,

the flux of vorticity and fluid away from the boundary is measured as a
function

of β and initial angle of incidence. It is found that, in contrast
to viscous

vortex rebound, which typically does not produce a flux of material away
from

the boundary farther than a distance comparable to the initial vortex radius,
the

β-induced rebound does carry fluid far from the coast. Laboratory
experiments

in a rotating tank are used to show that a sloping bottom can also provide
an

inviscid mechanism for dipole-vortex rebound from the wall of the tank
under

certain conditions. A relation determining the conditions under which inviscid
or

viscous processes will dominate in the rebound of the dipole from a boundary
is

obtained.
On non-dissipative wave–mean interactions in

the atmosphere or oceans
Authors: BÜHLER OLIVER , McINTYRE MICHAEL E.
Published: July 2002

Idealized model examples of non-dissipative wave–mean

interactions, using small-amplitude and slow-modulation approximations,

are studied in order to re-examine

the usual assumption that the only important interactions are

dissipative. The results

clarify and extend the body of wave–mean interaction theory on

which our present

understanding of, for instance, the global-scale atmospheric

circulation depends (e.g.

Holton et al. 1995). The waves considered are either gravity

or inertia–gravity waves.

The mean flows need not be zonally symmetric, but are approximately

‘balanced’ in

a sense that non-trivially generalizes the standard concepts of

geostrophic or higher-order balance at low Froude and/or

Rossby number. Among the examples studied are

cases in which irreversible mean-flow changes, capable of persisting

after the gravity

waves have propagated out of the domain of interest, take place

without any need

for wave dissipation. The irreversible mean-flow changes can be

substantial in certain

circumstances, such as Rossby-wave resonance, in which

potential-vorticity contours

are advected cumulatively. The examples studied in detail use

shallow-water systems,

but also provide a basis for generalizations to more realistic,

stratified flow models.

Independent checks on the analytical shallow-water results are

obtained by using a

different method based on particle-following averages in the sense

of ‘generalized

Lagrangian-mean theory’, and by verifying the theoretical

predictions with nonlinear

numerical simulations. The Lagrangian-mean method is seen to

generalize easily to the

three-dimensional stratified Boussinesq model, and to allow a

partial generalization of

the results to finite amplitude. This includes a finite-amplitude

mean potential-vorticity

theorem with a larger range of validity than had been hitherto recognized.
Vorticity and curvature at a free surface
Authors: LONGUET-HIGGINS MICHAEL S.
Published: July 2002

For two-dimensional flow there is a simple

relation between the vorticity at a stress-free

surface and the surface curvature. In this note the

relation is generalized to flow in three

dimensions. It is shown that in addition to a component

of vorticity perpendicular to

the flow there is also a component parallel to the direction

of flow. The latter vanishes

only at an umbilical point or when the flow is in one of

the two principal directions of curvature.
A numerical study of the modulation of isotropic
turbulence by suspended particles
Authors: SUNDARAM SHIVSHANKAR , COLLINS LANCE R.
Published: July 2002

Direct numerical simulations of a turbulent fluid laden with finite-sized
particles are
performed. The computations, on a 1283 grid along with a maximum
of 262 144
particles, incorporated both direct particle interactions via hard-sphere
collisions and
particle feedback. The ‘reverse’ coupling
is accomplished in a manner ensuring correct
discrete energy conservation (Sundaram & Collins 1996). A novel two-field
formalism
(Sundaram & Collins 1994a) is employed to calculate two-point
correlations and
equivalent spectral densities. An important consideration in these simulations
is the
initial state of fluid and particles. That is, the initial conditions must
be chosen so
as to allow a meaningful comparison of the different runs. Using such a
carefully
initialized set of runs, particle inertia was observed to increase both
the viscous
and drag dissipations; however, simultaneously, it also caused particle
velocities to
correlate for longer distances. The combination of effects suggests a mechanism
for
turbulence enhancement or suppression that depends on the parameter values.
Like
previous investigators, ‘pivoting’ or crossover
of the fluid energy spectra was observed.
A possible new scaling for this phenomenon is suggested. Furthermore, investigations

of the influence of particle mass and number densities on turbulence modulation
are
also carried out.
Marangoni effects on the motion of an
expanding or contracting bubble pinned at
a submerged tube tip
Authors: WONG HARRIS , RUMSCHITZKI DAVID , MALDARELLI CHARLES
Published: July 2002

This work studies the motion of an expanding or contracting bubble
pinned at a
submerged tube tip and covered with an insoluble Volmer surfactant. The
motion
is driven by constant flow rate Q into or out of the tube tip.
The purpose is to
examine two central assumptions commonly made in the bubble and drop methods

for measuring dynamic surface tension, those of uniform surfactant concentration
and
of purely radial flow. Asymptotic solutions are obtained in the limit of
the capillary
number Ca→0 with the Reynolds number
Re=o(Ca−1, non-zero Gibbs elasticity

(G), and arbitrary Bond number (Bo).
(Ca=μQ/a2σc,

where μ is the liquid viscosity, a is the tube radius, and

σc is the clean surface tension.) This limit
is relevant to
dynamic-tension experiments, and gives M→∞,
where M=G/Ca is the Marangoni
number. We find that in this limit the deforming bubble at each instant
in time takes
the static shape. The surfactant distribution is uniform, but its value
varies with
time as the bubble area changes. To maintain a uniform distribution at
all times, a
tangential flow is induced, the magnitude of which is more than twice that
in the
clean case. This is in contrast to the surface-immobilizing effect of surfactant
on an
isolated translating bubble. These conclusions are confirmed by a boundary
integral
solution of Stokes flow valid for arbitrary Ca, G and

Bo. The uniformity in surfactant
distribution validates the first assumption in the bubble and drop methods,
but the
enhanced tangential flow contradicts the second.
Eddy fluxes and topography in stratified quasi-geostrophic models
Authors: MERRYFIELD WILLIAM J. , HOLLOWAY GREG
Published: July 2002

Turbulent stratified flow over topography is studied using layered
quasi-geostrophic
models. Mean flows develop under random forcing, with lower-layer mean
stream-function positively correlated with topography. When friction is sufficiently
small,
upper-layer mean flow is weaker than, but otherwise resembles, lower-layer
mean
flow. When lower-layer friction is larger, upper-layer mean flow reverses
and can exceed
lower-layer mean flow in strength. The mean interface between layers is
domed
over topographic elevations. Eddy fluxes of potential vorticity and layer
thickness act
in the sense of driving the flow toward higher entropy. Such behaviour
contradicts
usual eddy parameterizations, to which modifications are suggested.
On the survival of strong vortex filaments in ‘model’ turbulence
Authors: VERZICCO ROBERTO , JIMÉNEZ JAVIER
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses numerical experiments in which an initially uniform columnar
vortex is subject to several types of axisymmetric forcing that mimic the strain field of
a turbulent flow. The mean value of the strain along the vortex axis is in all cases zero,
and the vortex is alternately stretched and compressed. The emphasis is on identifying
the parameter range in which the vortex survives indefinitely. This extends previous
work in which the effect of steady single-scale non-uniform strains was studied. In
a first series of experiments the effect of the unsteadiness of the forcing is analysed,
and it is found that the vortex survives as a compact object if the ratio between the
oscillation frequency and the strain itself is low enough. A theoretical explanation is
given which agrees with the numerical results. The strain is then generalized to include
several spatial scales and oscillation frequencies, with characteristics similar to those in
turbulent flows. The largest velocities are carried by the large scales, while the highest
gradients and faster time scales are associated with the shorter wavelengths. Also in
these cases ‘infinitely long’ vortices are obtained which are more or less uniform
and compact. Vorticity profiles averaged along their axes are approximately Gaussian.
The radii obtained from these profiles are proportional to the Burgers' radius of
the r.m.s. (small-scale) axial strain, while the azimuthal velocities are proportional
to the maximum (large-scale) axial velocity differences. The study is motivated by
previous observations of intense vortex filaments in turbulent flows, and the scalings
found in the present experiments are consistent with those found in the turbulent
simulations.
Water wave scattering by a step of arbitrary profile
Authors: PORTER R. , PORTER D.
Published: July 2002

The two-dimensional scattering of water waves over a finite region of arbitrarily
varying topography linking two semi-infinite regions of constant depth is considered.
Unlike many approaches to this problem, the formulation employed is exact in the
context of linear theory, utilizing simple combinations of Green's functions appropriate
to water of constant depth and the Cauchy–Riemann equations to derive a
system of coupled integral equations for components of the fluid velocity at certain
locations. Two cases arise, depending on whether the deepest point of the topography
does or does not lie below the lower of the semi-infinite horizontal bed sections.
In each, the reflected and transmitted wave amplitudes are related to the incoming
wave amplitudes by a scattering matrix which is defined in terms of inner products
involving the solution of the corresponding integral equation system.

This solution is approximated by using the variational method in conjunction with
a judicious choice of trial function which correctly models the fluid behaviour at the
free surface and near the joins of the varying topography with the constant-depth
sections, which may not be smooth. The numerical results are remarkably accurate,
with just a two-term trial function giving three decimal places of accuracy in the
reflection and transmission coefficents in most cases, whilst increasing the number of
terms in the trial function results in rapid convergence. The method is applied to a
range of examples.
Romanian nominalizations: case and aspectual structure
Authors: CORNILESCU ALEXANDRA
Published: July 2002

Two Romanian nominalizations, the infinitive and the supine, are compared in Noun+Object (NO) and Noun+Subject (NS) structures, regarding their ability to yield e-(vent)/r-(esult) readings. The NO structures behave alike and yield e-readings. The two NS structures contrast sharply: the infinitive NS is always an r-nominal, the supine NS may be an e-nominal. This contrast between the infinitive and the supine follows from their aspectual properties. While the supine is [−Telic], and may project either an Object or a Subject in e-nominals, the infinitive is [+Telic], and REQUIRES the projection of the Object. This constraint may follow from the fact that in nominals Aspect and Case are checked in the same projection.
English relative clause constructions
Authors: SAG IVAN A.
Published: July 2002

This paper sketches a grammar of English relative clause constructions

(including infinitival and reduced relatives) based on the notions of

construction type and type

constraints. Generalizations about dependency relations and clausal functions
are

factored into distinct dimensions contributing constraints to specific
construction

types in a multiple inheritance type hierarchy. The grammar presented here
provides

an account of extraction, pied piping and relative clause

‘stacking’ without appeal to

transformational operations, transderivational competition, or invisible

(‘empty’) categories of any kind.
Subject clitics and clitic recycling: locative sentences in some Iberian

Romance languages
Authors: LONGA VÍCTOR M. , LORENZO GUILLERMO , RIGAU GEMMA
Published: July 2002

The first concern of this article is an analysis of locative sentences
in the Iberian
Romances. It is argued that both the existential (〈HAVE〉)
and the stative (〈BE〉)
construction derive from a single abstract verb. Their differences are
based in the
presence vs. the absence of an incorporation process over an otherwise
identical
lexical structure. The second topic of the paper is a study of the behavior
of
pronominal clitics within these sentences. It is observed that while Catalan
has a rich
paradigm of clitics (accusative, dative, locative, partitive), languages
like Asturian,
Galician and certain Spanish dialects resort to a ‘recycling’
strategy in order to
palliate the deficiencies of their clitic paradigms. In this respect, we
will show how
accusative clitics are used as partitive, locative, and even subject clitics.
We also
propose some of the principles which constrain the application of this
strategy.
Finally, an Appendix is devoted to certain uses of the accusative clitics
as modal
markers, also within locative sentences. These uses are closely related
with the
behavior of certain clitics in Northern Italian dialects.
Modification of electrostatic fluctuations by externally imposed radial electric fields
Authors: RICCARDI C. , BEVILACQUA C. , CHIODINI G. , SINDONI E. , FONTANESI M.
Published: July 2002

This paper concerns experiments on the turbulence of a toroidal magnetoplasma
in the presence of a radial electric field. The possibility of reduction of
turbulence through the application of an external biasing potential has been evaluated
by measuring the electrostatic fluctuations and main plasma parameters.
Experiments on speed-enhanced neutron yield from a small plasma focus
Authors: SERBAN A. , LEE S.
Published: July 2002

In order to operate a plasma focus at high axial sheath velocities,
the geometry
of the inner electrode (anode) of a 3 kJ Mather-type device was modified.

Double-stage stepped-anode configurations were tested with the speed-enhanced

region sufficiently long for a significant increase in speed but not long
enough
to allow the development of force-field flow-field separation at the end
of the
axial phase. Peak axial speeds up to 15 cm μs−1 were

achieved. The neutron and
soft X-ray productions were found to be sheath-velocity-dependent. A new

scaling law for the non-beam component of the neutron yield is proposed.
A new 3D MHD algorithm: the distribution
function method
Authors: HUBA J. D. , LYON J. G.
Published: July 2002

A new three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) algorithm is described.
The 3D MHD equations are solved in conservative form using a finite-volume scheme. The hydrodynamic variables in a cell are updated by calculating
fluxes across the cell interfaces. The fluxes of mass, momentum and energy across
cell interfaces are calculated by integrating a Boltzmann-like distribution function
over velocity space. The novel feature of the method is that the distribution function
incorporates most of the electromagnetic terms. In addition, the electric field
along cell edges, which is used to update the magnetic field at cell faces, is also
calculated using the Boltzmann-like distribution function. An important aspect of the
method is that it provides a theoretical framework to incorporate additional terms
in the 3D MHD equations (e.g. an anisotropic ion stress tensor and anisotropic
temperature distributions).
Respiration rates in late eggs and early hatchlings of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris
Authors: Parra Gema , Villanueva Roger , Yúfera Manuel
Published: July 2002

Respiration rates during late embryonic development and hatchlings of Octopus vulgaris were measured at 20 °C. Oxygen consumption rates increased suddenly at hatching, in response to the increase in energetic expenditure due to their constant swimming activity by means of jet propulsion. Estimates indicate that hatchlings consumed three times more oxygen than the embryos at late stages. Chemical composition analysis revealed a relatively high nitrogen content (11%) in O. vulgaris hatchlings with an energy content of 1.09±0.03 J mg dry matter−1. Specific oxygen consumption in unfed O. vulgaris hatchlings reached values around 0.18 nmol O2 μg−1 h−1. It was estimated that the oxygen consumption of a medium-size egg mass of O. vulgaris is approximately twice than the oxygen uptake of the respective brooding female.
Prayers, Words, and Temptation
Authors: GRUENWALD ITHAMAR
Published: July 2002

In addressing people living far away, the prophet Isaiah (56.5–7) says: ‘And the foreigners who join themselves to the Lord, to minister to him, to love the name of the Lord, and to be his servants, every one who keeps the Sabbath, and does not profane it, and holds fast to my covenant – these I will bring to my holy mountain, and make them joyful in my house of prayer; their burnt offerings and their sacrifices will be accepted on my altar; for my house shall be called a house of prayer for all the peoples.’
Host–habitat relations as an important determinant of

spatial distribution of flea assemblages (Siphonaptera) on

rodents in the Negev Desert
Authors: KRASNOV B. R. , SHENBROT G. I. , MEDVEDEV S. G. , VATSCHENOK V. S. , KHOKHLOVA I. S.
Published: July 2002

We studied flea assemblages on rodents in different habitats of

the Ramon erosion cirque in the Negev Desert to examine

whether host–habitat relations influence flea spatial distribution.
Eleven flea

species parasitizing 12 rodent species were

recorded. There was significant positive relationship between flea species
richness

and body mass of the host species; no

relationships were found between relative richness of flea assemblage and

either the number of habitats occupied by the

host species or the size of host geographical range. The differences in

pattern of flea parasitism among habitat types within

host species were determined by both environmental features of a habitat

and the specific pattern of habitat use by rodents.

There was replacement of Xenopsylla conformis by Xenopsylla
ramesis on

Meriones crassus and Gerbillus dasyurus among

different habitats. The results of ordination of the flea collections from

each individual host demonstrated that the flea

assemblages were segregated mainly along 4 axes, which explained 86% of

total variance. Each of the ordination axes

corresponded with a change in flea species composition. The directions
of

these changes were (1) among-hosts within a

habitat and (2) among-habitats within a host.
Characterization of eleven antigenic groups in Trichinella

genus and identification of stage and species markers
Authors: BOIREAU P. , VAYSSIER M. , FABIEN J. F. , PERRET C. , CALAMEL M. , SOULE C.
Published: July 2002

Several monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were raised against the L1
muscle stage

(L1M) of Trichinella spiralis (Ts) and

Trichinella pseudospiralis (Tp). Western blot analysis of various

antigenic preparations established that Mabs described

by different authors recognized 8 antigenic fractions (TSL1–TSL8)

in crude extracts of infective larvae. The TSL1

fraction was immunodominant and present on the cuticle of different

parasite stages. Mabs against Trichinella T5 (T5)

and Ts were selected in order to extend the previous studies to another

Trichinella phenotype. Only 35% of the selected

Mabs recognized linear epitopes and 71% reacted with soluble or

excretory–secretory antigens in a dot blot procedure

and ELISA test. The targets of the Mabs were identified by

immunoprecipitation with [35S]methionine-labelled
L1M

worm lysate. Mabs prepared from mice immunized with the whole parasite

(T5) recognized a wider panel of antigens in

different parasitic organs. Seven antigenic structures were distinguished

on the cuticle and several epitopes were identified

in the gut, haemolymph and stichocytes. Eleven antigenic groups were

established according to their indirect immunofluorescence pattern on

cross-sections of the worm. Monoclonal antibodies raised against Ts

soluble antigen mainly

recognized epitopes in stichocytes and on the cuticle surface. All the

selected Mabs recognized T5 and Trichinella britovi

(Tb) strengthening the link between these 2 species. Four Mabs were used

to differentiate antigenic structures among 6

Trichinella phenotypes and to develop a new tool to follow gene

flow within the Trichinella genus.
A panel of antigens of muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis
and T. pseudospiralis as revealed by two-dimensional
Western blot and immunoelectron microscopy
Authors: WU Z. , NAGANO I. , TAKAHASHI Y.
Published: July 2002

This study characterized antigens of Trichinella spiralis and T. pseudospiralis muscle larvae recognized by mice infected
with the worms. Two-dimensional (2-D) Western blot analysis revealed some profile of antigenic peptides including: (1)
molecular weight (MW); (2) isoelectric points (pI), (3) reactivity to well-defined monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and (4)
cross-reactivity between the 2 species. Antigenic peptides of T. spiralis consisted of about 100 spots. The MW ranged from
22 to 80 kDa, and pI ranged from 4 to 7. The mAb against TSL-1 stained most of the T. spiralis excretory–secretory (E–S)
peptides migrating at 40, 45 and 50 kDa, and the mAb against TSL-4 stained non-E–S peptides. Antigenic peptides of
T. pseudospiralis consisted of about 20 to 30 peptide spots. The MW ranged from 25 to 80 kDa, and pI ranged from 4 to
7. The mAb against TSL-1 stained most of the T. pseudospiralis E–S peptides migrating at 35 and 45 kDa, and the mAb
against TSL-4 stained non-E–S peptides. Two-dimensional Western blots showed that the E–S products of T. spiralis and
T. pseudospiralis were highly cross-reactive with each other. The non-E–S peptides were, however, not recognized by T.
pseudospiralis-infected sera but were recognized by T. spiralis-infected sera. An immunoelectron microscopical study
showed the similar result that stichocyte granules and cuticle surface (known to contain E–S antigen) had cross-reactive
antigens between the two species. T. pseudospiralis-infected sera stained very weakly the cuticle inner layers and haemolymph
(known to contain non-E–S antigen). This evidence implies that mice infected with T. pseudospiralis do not
evoke antibodies against non-E–S antigen at the detectable level.
Species-specific amplification by PCR of ribosomal DNA
from some equine strongyles
Authors: HUNG G.-C. , GASSER R. B. , BEVERIDGE I. , CHILTON N. B.
Published: July 2002

The first and second internal transcribed spacer sequences of 28 morphologically-defined species of horse strongyle were
characterized, and specific oligonucleotide primers were designed for some species based on the nucleotide differences.
Utilizing these primers, a PCR approach was developed for the specific amplification of ribosomal DNA of Strongylus
vulgaris, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus or Cylicostephanus goldi. The
method allowed the species-specific amplification of parasite DNA derived from faecal samples and/or copro-cultures,
demonstrating the potential of the approach for the diagnosis of equine strongyloidosis. The establishment of this PCR
assay also has implications for studying the biology and epidemiology of equine strongyles and anthelmintic resistance
using faecal egg count reduction tests.
Mathematical modelling of the chemotherapy of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with artesunate:
postulation of ‘dormancy’, a partial cytostatic effect of the drug, and its implication for treatment regimens
Authors: HOSHEN M. B. , NA-BANGCHANG K. , STEIN W. D. , GINSBURG H.
Published: July 2002

Although artesunate, one of the potent derivatives of the qinghaosu family of drugs for treating falciparum malaria, is
already in use in the field, its therapeutic protocol has only been developed empirically by hit-or-miss. A
pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) model, required for creating such a protocol, is not straightforward.
Artesunate presents extremely fast pharmacokinetics. As a result the stage specificity of its action must be treated explicitly.
Also, use of standard PK–PD modelling fails to explain the clinical results. Our PK–PD modelling of its activity leads
us to the postulation of the existence of a novel effect: a small fraction of the parasites, as a result of chemotherapeutic
pressure, become cytostatic, or ‘dormant’. At this stage, the parasite cycle is halted, making them unsusceptible to further
dosing until wakening. This slows down the antimalarial activity of the drug, entailing either many frequent doses or an
extended period of treatment and surveillance. Based on our modelling, we suggest a method for deciding on rational
models of chemotherapy against falciparum malaria.
Morality and Feeling in the Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Graham Gordon
Published: July 2002

This paper argues that a recurrent mistake is made about Scottish moral philosophy in the 18th century with respect to its account of the relation between morality and feeling. This mistake arises because Hume is taken to be the main, as opposed to the best known, exponent of a version of moral sense theory. In fact, far from occupying common ground, the other main philosophers of the period—Hutcheson, Reid, Beattie—understood themselves to be engaged in refuting Hume. Despite striking surface similarities, closer examination reveals a deep difference between Hume's and Reid's conception of ‘the science mind’ which marked the philosophy of the period. Properly understood, this difference shows that mainstream Scottish moral philosophy, far from subscribing to Hume's dictum about morality being ‘more properly felt than judged of’, held that morality is ‘more properly judged than felt of’.
Verbal working memory storage and processing deficits in HIV-1 asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals
Authors: YORK M. K. , FRANKS J. J. , HENRY R. R. , HAMILTON W. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Verbal working memory (WM), which relies on intact functioning of frontostriatal circuits, has been suggested as a cognitive domain that is preferentially affected in HIV-1 infection. Although several studies have found WM impairments in HIV-1 infected patients, Baddeley's classic WM model has not been studied extensively in this population.

Methods. We used two cognitive neuropsychological approaches to examine verbal WM deficits in 18 HIV-1 seronegative, 16 HIV-1 asymptomatic, and 20 HIV-1 symptomatic patients. First, based on Baddeley's WM model of the Phonological Loop, we used the phonological similarity effect and the irrelevant speech effect to evaluate each individual's phonological store, and the word-length effect and the articulatory suppression effect to evaluate the articulatory control process. Secondly, an individual differences approach, which focuses on the capacity limitation of the WM system and potentially integrates the functions of Baddeley's Central Executive component with the Phonological Loop, was adopted. We evaluated each patient's simultaneous storage and processing of auditory material using the Verbal Memory Span test.

Results. The HIV-1 symptomatic individuals, but not the HIV-1 asymptomatic subjects, demonstrated impaired short-term storage of verbal material in the phonological store on Baddeley's measures. Although the HIV-1 asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects demonstrated intact rehearsal of speech-based material in the articulatory control process, both groups demonstrated impairment on the Verbal Memory Span test.

Conclusions. These findings suggest that deficits in simultaneous short-term storage and processing occur during both early and later stages of HIV-1 infection.
Autobiographical memory and dissociation in
borderline personality disorder
Authors: JONES B. , HEARD H. , STARTUP M. , SWALES M. , WILLIAMS J. M. G. , JONES R. S. P.
Published: July 2002

Background. This study investigated whether individuals with borderline personality disorder
(BPD) tend to be overgeneral in their autobiographical recall and whether the extent of their
overgeneral recall covaries with their susceptibilities to dissociative experiences, as expected on
theoretical grounds.

Methods. Twenty-three patients with BPD and 23 matched controls completed the Autobiographical
Memory Test (AMT) and self-report measures of depression, anxiety, trait anger and
dissociative experiences.

Results. Participants with BPD scored significantly higher than the control group on the measures
of depression, anxiety, trait anger, and dissociative experiences and also retrieved significantly more
general memories on the AMT. The number of general memories retrieved by the BPD group
correlated significantly with their dissociation scores but not with their scores on mood measures.

Conclusions. Patients with BPD have difficulties in recalling specific autobiographical memories.
These difficulties are related to their tendency to dissociate and may help them to avoid episodic
information that would evoke acutely negative affect.
Social disability in schizophrenia: its development and prediction over 15 years in incidence cohorts in six European centres
Authors: WIERSMA D. , WANDERLING J. , DRAGOMIRECKA E. , GANEV K. , HARRISON G. , AN DER HEIDEN W. , NIENHUIS F. J. , WALSH D.
Published: July 2002

Background. This paper focuses on the long-term course of social disability in schizophrenia assessed at first onset, and after 1, 2 and 15 years in incidence cohorts in six European centres in Bulgaria, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom. The study population comprises 349 patients comprising 75% of the original cohorts.

Methods. Social disability was assessed in a standardized way with the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule.

Results. Social disability in schizophrenia appears to be a persistent phenomenon. Its severity decreased overall in the period of follow-up, but this was not so in a small group traced to hospital or sheltered accommodation. Only 17% of subjects had no disability and 24% still suffered from severe disability. The great majority lived with their family, a partner, or alone. A deteriorating course was more frequent than late improvement. Gender, age, onset, duration of untreated psychosis or type of remission during the first 2 years did not predict the long-term outcome of disability. Severity of disability at the first three assessments of the illness contributed significantly to the explanation of its variance at 15 years.

Conclusion. Disability generally ameliorates, but less than expected or hoped. It needs continuing attention and care in this era of de-institutionalization.
The molecular biology of Huntington's disease
Authors: HO L. W. , CARMICHAEL J. , SWARTZ J. , WYTTENBACH A. , RANKIN J. , RUBINSZTEIN D. C.
Published: July 2002

Background. Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with an autosomal
dominant mode of inheritance. It leads to progressive dementia, psychiatric symptoms and an
incapacitating choreiform movement disorder, culminating in premature death. HD is caused by an
increased CAG repeat number in a gene coding for a protein with unknown function, called
huntingtin. The trinucleotide CAG codes for the amino acid glutamine and the expanded CAG
repeats are translated into a series of uninterrupted glutamine residues (a polyglutamine tract).

Methods. This review describes the epidemiology, clinical symptomatology, neuropathological
features and genetics of HD. The main aim is to examine important findings from animal and
cellular models and evaluate how they have enriched our understanding of the pathogenesis of HD
and other diseases caused by expanded polyglutamine tracts.

Results. Selective death of striatal and cortical neurons occurs. It is likely that the HD mutation
confers a deleterious gain of function on the protein. Neuronal intranuclear inclusions containing
huntingtin and ubiquitin develop in patients and transgenic mouse models of HD. Other proposed
mechanisms contributing to neuropathology include excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, impaired
energy metabolism, abnormal protein interactions and apoptosis.

Conclusions. Although many interesting findings have accumulated from studies of HD and other
polyglutamine diseases, there remain many unresolved issues pertaining to the exact roles of
intranuclear inclusions and protein aggregates, the mechanisms of selective neuronal death and
delayed onset of illness. Further knowledge in these areas will inspire the development of novel
therapeutic strategies.