bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leveraging sport and entertainment facilities in small- to mid-sized cities
Authors: Mason Daniel , Sant Stacy-Lynn , Misener Laura
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand how, once a city has made a decision to build a new arena, local stakeholders envision the venue as a leverageable asset to achieve broader development goals through event hosting.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 66 semi-structured interviews were undertaken in 12 cities across Canada. Participants included city employees (parks and recreation, tourism), elected officials (current and former mayors, councilors), arena management, management from the local team (serving as anchor tenant), members of chambers of commerce and local business associations, prominent members of the local business community, and other politicians and relevant stakeholders (members of parliament, bloggers, journalists, educators, and community activists). Interviews were transcribed and subject to coding to identify themes.

Findings

Core themes were identified which captured how key stakeholders viewed the arena as an opportunity to leverage other events being targeted and held at the arena. This included: opportunities and benefits of hosting other events; the arena, competitiveness, and competition; partnerships and collaboration; capacity: knowledge and experience; and leveraging challenges.

Originality/value

This study makes several important contributions to the literature. First, it examines sports facilities in smaller cities, a subject more widely studied in larger, “major league” cities. Second, it takes a different approach to understanding leveraging, examining facilities rather than the event that the city is hosting or the franchise that plays in the city. Third, it examines a context where the facility has been built for a sports team, and not for other sport and entertainment events that might be hosted there.
Mycobacterial cord factor enhances migration of neutrophil‐like HL‐60 cells by prolonging AKT phosphorylation
Authors: Lee Wook‐Bin , Yan Ji‐Jing , Kang Ji‐Seon , Chung Seok , Kim Lark Kyun
Published: October 2017

Trehalose 6,6′‐dimycolate (TDM), or cord factor, is a crucial stimulus of immune responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Although TDM has immuno‐stimulatory properties, including adjuvant activity and the ability to induce granuloma formation, the mechanisms underlying these remain unknown. We hypothesized that TDM stimulates transendothelial migration of neutrophils, which are the first immune cells to infiltrate the tissue upon infection. In this study, it was shown that TDM enhances N‐formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP)‐induced chemotaxis and transendothelial movement by prolonging AKT phosphorylation in human neutrophils. TDM induced expression of macrophage‐inducible C‐type lectin, a receptor for TDM, and induced secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in differentiated HL‐60 cells. In 2‐ and 3‐D neutrophil migration assays, TDM‐stimulated neutrophils showed increased fMLP‐induced chemotaxis and transendothelial migration. Interestingly, following fMLP stimulation of TDM‐activated neutrophils, AKT, a crucial kinase for neutrophil polarization and chemotaxis, showed prolonged phosphorylation at serine 473. Taken together, these data suggest that TDM modulates transendothelial migration of neutrophils upon mycobacterial infection through prolonged AKT phosphorylation. AKT may therefore be a promising therapeutic target for enhancing immune responses to mycobacterial infection.
Prepregnancy habitual intake of vitamin D from diet and supplements in relation to risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Bao Wei , Song Yiqing , Bertrand Kimberly A. , Tobias Deirdre K. , Olsen Sjurdur F. , Chavarro Jorge E. , Mills James L. , Hu Frank B. , Zhang Cuilin
Published: October 2017

Background

Vitamin D may play a pivotal role in regulating insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. However, the effect of vitamin D intake, either from the diet or from supplements, on the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains unclear. We prospectively examined the association of prepregnancy habitual intake of vitamin D from diet and supplements with the risk of incident GDM in a well‐established cohort.

Methods

The present study was performed on 21 356 singleton pregnancies from 15 225 women in the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort. Diet information, including vitamin D intake from food sources and supplements, was assessed in 1991 and every 4 years thereafter by validated food frequency questionnaires. Log‐binomial models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

During 10 years of follow‐up, 865 incident GDM cases were documented. After adjustment for age, parity, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes, dietary and lifestyle factors, and body mass index, the RRs (95% CIs) of GDM risk associated with supplemental vitamin D intake of 0, 1–399, and ≥400 IU/day were 1.00 (reference), 0.80 (0.67–0.96), and 0.71 (0.56–0.90), respectively (Ptrend = 0.002). Dietary and total vitamin D intakes were also inversely associated with GDM risk, but the associations were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Prepregnancy supplemental vitamin D intake was significantly and inversely associated with risk of GDM. This study indicates potential benefits of increasing vitamin D intake from supplements in the prevention of GDM in women of reproductive age.
Cost‐effectiveness of prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcer and amputation in a health resource‐limited setting
Authors: Wu Bin , Wan Xu , Ma Jing
Published: October 2017

Background

The aim of the present study was to estimate the lifetime health and economic effects of different strategies of caring for diabetic foot in the Chinese setting.

Methods

A mathematical model was developed to simulate the onset and progression of diabetic foot disease in patients with type 2 diabetes managed with optimal care and usual care. Clinical and utility data were obtained from the published literature. Direct medical costs and resource utilization in the Chinese healthcare setting were considered. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken to test the effects of a range of variables and assumptions on the results. Heath benefits and costs were the outcome measures assessed.

Results

Compared with usual care, optimal care was a cost‐saving option that exhibited lower costs with improved health benefits, including greater quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) and reduced incidence of foot complications. The lifetime saving costs per additional QALY gained by optimal care were US$2015. The model outcome was most sensitive to the risk ratio of foot ulcers and amputation for optimal care over usual care.

Conclusions

Implementing guideline‐based optimal care for diabetic foot is likely to be cost‐effective in a health resource‐limited setting.
Clinicopathological features and survival of early stage breast cancer in northwest China: A population‐based retrospective study of 1287 patients
Authors: Li Shuting , Wang Xiangtang , Yang Jiao , Lv Meng , Zhang Xiao , Li Chunli , Zhang Lingxiao , Shen Yanwei , Zhang Xiaoman , Chen Zheling , Wang Fan , Wang Xin , Li Dan , Yi Min , Yang Jin
Published: October 2017

Background

Breast cancer (BC) displays different clinicopathological features and outcomes based on patient age, molecular subtype, and treatment. However, such features in BC patients in northwest China are unclear. This study investigated the clinicopathological features and overall survival (OS) of early stage BC patients using a population‐based study.

Methods

Patients who were newly diagnosed with BC at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University between January 2001 and June 2012 were included. Clinicopathological features and OS were assessed.

Results

The median age of 1287 patients was 50 years, with an average tumor size of 2.65 cm. Additionally, 42.7% were luminal A, 25.6% luminal B, 9.3% Her2 overexpression, and 17.7% triple negative. The cut‐off age was 35 years, and young patients (< 35) tended to have larger tumors, ≥ 4 positive lymph nodes, grade 2 or 3 histology, non‐luminal types, high Ki67, and poor outcomes. Patients with luminal A tumors showed moderate features: 50.6% had tumors < 2 cm, 56.7% had negative lymph nodes. Patients with Her2 overexpression tumors showed aggressive features and the poorest survival (5‐year OS 67.6%). Patients with triple negative tumors were the youngest (average 48.4 years), but had the largest proportion of grade 3 histology and poor outcomes.

Conclusion

Our results are consistent with those in other provinces in China, but showed an earlier age at diagnosis and more aggressive pathological features compared to developed countries. Additionally, each molecular subtype showed specific features and different survival outcomes.
Peanut consumption associated with a reduced risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A case–control study in a high‐risk area in China
Authors: Zhao Yanjie , Zhao Lin , Hu Zhiping , Wu Jiangping , Li Jun , Qu Chenxu , He Yongming , Song Qingkun
Published: October 2017

Background

Esophageal cancer (EC) is ranked as the top 10th malignancy in China; however, an association between peanut consumption and EC risk has not yet been identified. This study explored the protective effects of peanut consumption against the risk of developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a high‐risk area.

Methods

A case–control design was applied, with frequency matching by age and gender. A logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Two hundred and twenty‐two cases and 222 controls were recruited from Yanting County from 2011 to 2012.

Results

Peanut consumption 1–3 times per week reduced cancer risk by 38% (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.34–1.13), while consumption ≥ 4 times per week reduced the risk by 70% (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.16–0.59). A significant association was observed among individuals with negative family EC history (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.12–0.49).

Conclusion

Peanut consumption may act as a protector against the occurrence of ESCC in high‐risk areas, thus production and consumption should be promoted in high‐risk areas in order to reduce the ESCC burden.
Meat Consumption During Pregnancy and Substance Misuse Among Adolescent Offspring: Stratification of TCN2 Genetic Variants
Authors: Hibbeln Joseph R. , SanGiovanni John Paul , Golding Jean , Emmett Pauline M. , Northstone Kate , Davis John M. , Schuckit Marc , Heron Jon
Published: October 2017

Background

Reducing meat consumption is often advised; however, inadvertent nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy may result in residual neurodevelopmental harms to offspring. This study assessed possible effects of maternal diets in pregnancy on adverse substance use among adolescent offspring.

Methods

Pregnant women and their 13‐year‐old offspring taking part in a prospective birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), provided Food Frequency Questionnaire data from which dietary patterns were derived using principal components analysis. Multivariable logistic regression models including potential confounders evaluated adverse alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use of the children at 15 years of age.

Results

Lower maternal meat consumption was associated with greater problematic substance use among 15‐year‐old offspring in dose–response patterns. Comparing never to daily meat consumption after adjustment, risks were greater for all categories of problem substance use: alcohol, odds ratio OR = 1.75, 95% CI = (1.23, 2.56), p < 0.001; tobacco use OR = 1.85, 95% CI = (1.28, 2.63), p < 0.001; and cannabis OR = 2.70, 95% CI = (1.89, 4.00), p < 0.001. Given the likelihood of residual confounding, potential causality was evaluated using stratification for maternal allelic variants that impact biological activity of cobalamin (vitamin B12) and iron. Lower meat consumption disproportionally increased the risks of offspring substance misuse among mothers with optimally functional (homozygous) variants (rs1801198) of the gene transcobalamin 2 gene (TCN2) which encodes the vitamin B12 transport protein transcobalamin 2 implicating a causal role for cobalamin deficits. Functional maternal variants in iron metabolism were unrelated to the adverse substance use. Risks potentially attributable to cobalamin deficits during pregnancy include adverse adolescent alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use (14, 37, and 23, respectively).

Conclusions

Lower prenatal meat consumption was associated with increased risks of adolescent substance misuse. Interactions between TCN2 variant status and meat intake implicate cobalamin deficiencies.
Estimating carbon stock in lowland Papua New Guinean forest: Low density of large trees results in lower than global average carbon stock
Authors: Peck Mika Robert , Kaina Graham S. , Hazell Richard John , Isua Brus , Alok Clant , Paul Luda , Stewart Alan J. A.
Published: October 2017

Papua New Guinean forests (PNG), sequestering up to 3% of global forest carbon, are a focus of climate change mitigation initiatives, yet few field‐based studies have quantified forest biomass and carbon for lowland PNG forest. We provide an estimate for the 10 770 ha Wanang Conservation Area (WCA) to investigate the effect of calculation methodology and choice of allometric equation on estimates of above‐ground live biomass (AGLB) and carbon. We estimated AGLB and carbon from 43 nested plots at the WCA. Our biomass estimate of 292.2 Mg AGLB ha−1 (95% CI 233.4–350.6) and carbon at 137.3 Mg C ha−1 (95% CI 109.8–164.8) is higher than most estimates for PNG but lower than mean global estimates for tropical forest. Calculation method and choice of allometric model do not significantly influence mean biomass estimates; however, the most recently calibrated allometric equation generates estimates 13% higher for lower 95% confidence intervals of mean biomass than previous allometric models – a value often used as a conservative estimate of biomass. Although large trees at WCA (>70 cm diameter at breast height) accounted for 1/5 total biomass, their density was lower than that seen in SE Asian and Australia forests. Lower density of large trees accounts for lower AGLB than in neighbouring forests – as large trees contribute disproportionately to forest biomass. Reduced frequency of larger trees at WCA is explained by the lack of diversity of large dipterocarp species common to neighbouring SE Asian forests and, potentially, higher rates of local disturbance dynamics. PNG is susceptible to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) extreme drought events to which large trees are particularly sensitive and, with still over 20% carbon in large trees, differential mortality under increasing ENSO drought stress raises the risk of PNG forest switching from carbon sink to source with reduced long‐term carbon storage capacity.
Architectural patterns of p16 immunohistochemical expression associated with cancer immunity and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ryu Hyang Joo , Kim Eun Kyung , Heo Su Jin , Cho Byoung Chul , Kim Hye Ryun , Yoon Sun Och
Published: October 2017

We evaluated the expression patterns of p16, which is used as a surrogate marker of HPV infection in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), in regard to their biological and prognostic implications. p16 expression patterns and infiltrated immune cells were analyzed through immunohistochemistry of p16, CD3, CD8, PD‐1, FOXP3, and CD163 on surgically resected HNSCCs (n = 393). Patterns of p16 immunoexpression were defined as STRONG (strong, diffuse expression in cytoplasm, and nucleus in >70% of tumor cells), MARGINAL (expression restricted to tumor margins), MOSAIC (ragged, discontinued expression), NUCLEAR (expression in nuclei only), and ABSENT (no expression). The STRONG pattern was more frequent in the oropharynx, and the MARGINAL pattern was noted only in the oral cavity. MOSAIC and NUCLEAR patterns were noted at variable sites. No two patterns of p16 expression showed the same immune cell composition of CD3+ T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, PD‐1+ T cells, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells, and CD163+ macrophages. In overall and disease‐free survival analyses, the STRONG pattern showed the most favorable prognosis, while the NUCLEAR pattern had the worst prognosis. HNSCC anatomical sites, tumor‐related immune cell components, and patient outcomes were associated with p16 expression patterns. Each architectural pattern of p16 expression may be related to different biological and prognostic phenotypes.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide receptors in the trigeminovascular system: implications for migraine
Authors: Sundrum Tahlia , Walker Christopher S
Published: October 2017

The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been implicated in a wide range of functions including vasodilatation, neuroprotection, nociception and neurogenic inflammation. PACAP activates three distinct receptors, the PAC1 receptor, which responds to PACAP, and the VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, which respond to both PACAP and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The trigeminovascular system plays a key role in migraine and contains the trigeminal nerve, which is the major conduit of craniofacial pain. PACAP is expressed throughout the trigeminovascular system and in higher brain regions involved in processing pain. Evidence from human clinical studies suggests that PACAP may act outside the blood–brain barrier in the pathogenesis of migraine. However, the precise mechanisms involved remain unclear. PACAP potentially induces migraine attacks by activating different receptors in different cell types and tissues. This complexity prompted this review of PACAP receptor pharmacology, expression and function in the trigeminovascular system. Current evidence suggests that the PAC1 receptor is the likely pathophysiological target of PACAP in migraine. However, multiple PACAP receptors are expressed in key parts of the trigeminovascular system and further work is required to determine their contribution to PACAP physiology and the pathology of migraine.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc
Performance of iPad‐based threshold perimetry in glaucoma and controls
Authors: Schulz Angela M , Graham Elizabeth C , You YuYi , Klistorner Alexander , Graham Stuart L
Published: October 2017

Importance

Independent validation of iPad visual field testing software Melbourne Rapid Fields (MRF).

Background

To examine the functionality of MRF and compare its performance with Humphrey SITA 24–2 (HVF).

Design

Prospective, cross‐sectional validation study.

Paricipants

Sixty glaucomas mean deviation (MD:‐5.08±5.22); 17 pre‐perimetric, 43 HVF field defects and 25 controls.

Methods

The MRF was compared with HVF for scotoma detection, global indices, regional mean threshold values and sensitivity/specificity. Long‐term test–retest variability was assessed after 6 months.

Main Outcome Measures

Linear regression and Bland Altman analyses of global indices sensitivity/specificity using (ROC) curves, intraclass correlations.

Results

Using a cluster definition of three points at <1% or two at 0.5% to define a scotoma on HVF, MRF detected 39/54 abnormal hemifields with a similar threshold‐based criteria. Global indices were highly correlated between MRF and HVF: MD r2 = 0.80, PSD r2 = 0.77, VFI r2 = 0.85 (all P < 0.0001). For manifest glaucoma patients, correlations of regional mean thresholds ranged from r2 = 0.45–0.78, despite differing array of tested points between devices. ROC analysis of global indices showed reasonable sensitivity/specificity with (AUC) values of MD:0.89, (PSD:0.85) and (VFI:0.88). MRF retest variability was low with (ICC) values at 0.95 (MD and VFI), 0.94 (PSD). However, individual test point variability for mid‐range thresholds was higher.

Conclusions and Relevance

MRF perimetry, despite using a completely different test paradigm, shows good performance characteristics compared to HVF for detection of defects, correlation of global indices and regional mean threshold values. Reproducibility for individual points may limit application for monitoring change over time, and fixation monitoring needs improvement.
A European survey of bowel preparation in colorectal surgery
Authors: Devane L. A. , Proud D. , O'Connell P. R. , Panis Y.
Published: October 2017

Aim

Meta‐analysis has shown that mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) does not improve outcomes in colonic surgery; however, there is uncertainty regarding MBP use in laparoscopic and rectal surgery and the addition of oral antibiotic regimens. The aim of this study was to assess current use of bowel preparation among European surgeons.

Method

An online survey was circulated to members of the European Society of Coloproctology. Chi‐squared analysis was used to compare subgroups.

Results

A total of 426 surgeons responded to the survey. MBP is routinely prescribed by 29.6% of respondents prior to colonic surgery and in 77.0% prior to rectal surgery. In the cohort performing > 30% of colorectal operations laparoscopically (n = 294), routine use of MBP in colonic surgery was significantly lower (19.7% vs 51.5%, P < 0.01). Less than 10% prescribe oral antibiotic bowel preparation whereas 96% prescribe perioperative intravenous antibiotics.

Conclusion

Among the majority of respondents to this survey, MBP is used routinely for rectal operations. For colonic surgery, laparoscopic surgeons have a significantly lower use of MBP. Use of oral antibiotic bowel preparation remains uncommon.
Contribution of cell blocks obtained through endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration for the determination of lung cancer subtypes
Authors: Demirci Nilgün Yılmaz , Dikmen Asiye Uğraş , Abdullayeva Zarife , Öztürk Can
Published: October 2017

Introduction

It is crucial to diagnose the subtype of lung cancer quickly and accurately for effective therapy. Conventional cytology staining sometimes provides limited information, and additional tissue is often required to diagnose lung cancer. Cell blocks (CB) recovered during endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) increases the diagnostic accuracy of the procedure and the likelihood of additional valuable histochemical and immunohistochemical staining.

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic significance of smears and CBs for lung cancer subtypes

Methods

Records of patients who underwent EBUS‐TBNA between July 2014 and December 2016 for lung cancer diagnosis and/or staging were retrospectively analysed.

Results

The study included 156 patients and 232 LNs diagnosed as malignancies. Twenty‐seven patients were diagnosed with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and 129 were diagnosed with non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) (68 patients adenocarcinoma, 36 patients squamous cell carcinoma, 23 patients NSCLC if not otherwise stated, 1 patient large cell carcinoma and 1 patient pleomorphic carcinoma). The mean age was 60.5 ± 10.2 years, and 74.5% of the patients were males. The diagnostic rate for CBs was 231/232 (99.6%) and was 206/232 (88.8%) (P < .001) for smears. The diagnostic rate for SCLC was 37/39 (94.9%) for smears and 39/39 (100%) for CB (P < .001). For NSCLC, it was 169/193 (87.6%) for smears and 192/193 (99.5%) for CB (P < .001).

Conclusions

Cell‐block preparation after an EBUS‐TBNA is a simple method that provides important additional information related to lung cancer for morphological analyses.
Histomorphometric analysis of the healing process after the replantation of rat teeth maintained in bovine milk whey and whole milk
Authors: Corrêa Ana Paula S. , Ferreira Pedro Henrique S. G. , Panzarini Sônia R. , Sonoda Celso K. , Caliente Eliana A. , Poi Wilson R.
Published: October 2017

Background/Aim

In cases of tooth avulsion, a minimal extra‐alveolar dry storage period or the use of a suitable storage medium is crucial to maintaining the vitality of the periodontal ligament. Whey has similar properties to milk and has therefore been investigated as a storage medium for avulsed teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the repair process after replantation of rat teeth kept in whey and whole milk.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐six male rats were divided into four groups of nine animals. The upper right incisor was extracted under general anesthesia. In Group I, the teeth were immediately replanted without treatment (positive control). In Group II, the teeth were stored in 50 mL of sweet whey. In Group III, the teeth were kept in 50 mL of long‐shelf‐life whole milk (UHT, Parmalat®). In Group IV, the teeth were kept dry (negative control). After 60 minutes, the teeth in Groups II, III, and IV were replanted into their sockets. The animals were subjected to euthanasia 60 days after replantation. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histomorphometric analysis.

Results

The organization of the periodontal ligament in Group II (whey) was similar to that in Groups I (immediate replantation) and III (whole milk) (P > .05). However, some specimens in this group exhibited periodontal fibers inserted into the bone and cementum throughout the entire length of the periodontal ligament. This occurred in the group submitted to immediate replantation, whereas this histological aspect was not seen in whole milk group. Group IV (late replantation) had a higher rate of root resorption. Regarding the root repair process, it was expected that Group I (immediate) would demonstrate more favorable repair than the other groups. However, Group III (whole milk) had better results when compared to Groups II (whey) and IV (late) (P < .05).

Conclusion

Whey and whole milk achieved similar results and were adequate storage media for avulsed teeth.
Minimal group membership biases early neural processing of emotional expressions
Authors: Gamond Lucile , Vilarem Emma , Safra Lou , Conty Laurence , Grèzes Julie
Published: October 2017

Mere affiliation with a social group alters people's perception of other individuals. One suggested mechanism behind such influence is that group membership triggers divergent visual facial representations for in‐group and out‐group members, which could constrain face processing. Here, using electroencephalography (EEG) under functional magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI) during a group categorization task, we investigated the impact of mere affiliation to an arbitrary group on the processing of emotional faces. The results indicate that in‐ and out‐group members trigger differential event‐related potential activity, appearing 150 ms after presentation of group membership information, which correlated with medial prefrontal fMRI activity. Additionally, EEG activity in the earliest stages of face processing (30–100 ms after expression onset) dissociated unexpected group‐related emotions (in‐group anger and out‐group joy) from expected ones and correlated with temporo‐parietal junction fMRI activity. We discuss the possibility that such dissociation may result from top‐down influences from divergent representations for in‐group and out‐group members. Taken together, the present results suggest that mere membership in an arbitrary group polarized expectations which constrain the first steps of face processing.
Developmental origin of long‐range neurons in the superficial dorsal spinal cord
Authors: Nishida Kazuhiko , Ito Seiji
Published: October 2017

The dorsal spinal cord, which is essential for somatosensory transmission, comprises a heterogeneous population of neurons with distinct axonal lengths and projection patterns. Although the developmental origin of local‐circuit interneurons in the dorsal spinal cord has been well characterized, that of long‐range neurons extending axons over a long distance such as supraspinal projection neurons and propriospinal neurons is largely unknown. In this study, we performed birthdate and lineage analyses of these long‐range neurons in the mouse dorsal spinal cord. Unilateral injection of a retrograde neuronal tracer, cholera toxin B, into the brain or spinal cord efficiently labeled supraspinal projection neurons localized in Rexed's lamina I and the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) and long‐range propriospinal neurons localized in the DLF, all of which had ipsi‐ and contralaterally projecting populations. Most of these neurons were born between E9.5 and E10.5, much earlier than in the case of the neurogenesis of local‐circuit neurons. Lineage analysis using an Lbx1‐Cre mouse line demonstrated that most long‐range neurons were derived from Lbx1‐positive neuronal progenitors, except in the case of the contralaterally projecting propriospinal neurons. Characterization of their neurotransmitter identity revealed that almost all of the supraspinal projection neurons were excitatory, whereas the long‐range propriospinal neurons comprised both excitatory and inhibitory populations. These results suggest that the supraspinal projection neurons were derived from the early‐born dI5 progenitor domain and that the long‐range propriospinal ones arose from several early‐born progenitor domains.
Sustained cell body reactivity and loss of NeuN in a subset of axotomized bulbospinal neurons after a chronic high cervical spinal cord injury
Authors: Darlot Fannie , Vinit Stéphane , Matarazzo Valéry , Kastner Anne
Published: October 2017

Following central nervous system lesion, the ability of injured axons to regrowth may depend on the level and duration of the injured cell body response (CBR). Therefore, to investigate whether axotomized brainstem neurons maintain a durable growth‐competent state after spinal cord injury, we studied the effect of a chronic C2 hemisection in rats on the expression of various CBR markers involved in axon regeneration, such as c‐Jun, ATF‐3, HSP27, NO synthase (NOS), and also of the neural mature phenotype marker NeuN, in the bulbospinal respiratory neurons as compared to the gigantocellularis nucleus. Both at 7 and 30 days post‐lesion (DPL), c‐Jun and HSP27 were present in, respectively, ~60 and ~20% of the axotomized respiratory neurons, whereas the apoptotic factor caspase 3 was not detected in these cells. NOS appeared belatedly, and it was detected in ~20% of the axotomized respiratory neurons at 30DPL. At 30DPL, these different CBR markers were strongly colocalized in a sub‐population of axotomized respiratory neurons and also in a sub‐population of injured neurons within the gigantocellularis nucleus. Such CBR was also accompanied by a sustained alteration of the neural mature phenotype, as indicated by a loss of NeuN immunoreactivity selectively in HSP27+ bulbospinal neurons at 7DPL and 30DPL. Altogether, this study shows that a subset of axotomized medullary respiratory neurons remains in a growth‐competent state after a chronic injury, suggesting that they may play a preferential role in long‐lasting respiratory neuroplasticity processes.
Fifty years of recurring struggles with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
Authors: Parente E. J.
Published: October 2017

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy appears to be a simple problem that should have a simple solution, yet the complexity and dynamic nature of laryngeal function is underappreciated. This review highlights the challenges and accomplishments that work towards that greater understanding of what is necessary to find a successful solution.
Climate change impacts on the conservation outlook of populations on the poleward periphery of species ranges: A case study of Canadian black‐tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)
Authors: Stephens Tara , Wilson Sian C. , Cassidy Ffion , Bender Darren , Gummer David , Smith Des H. V. , Lloyd Natasha , McPherson Jana M. , Moehrenschlager Axel
Published: October 2017

Given climate change, species' climatically suitable habitats are increasingly expected to shift poleward. Some imperilled populations towards the poleward edge of their species' range might therefore conceivably benefit from climate change. Interactions between climate and population dynamics may be complex, however, with climate exerting effects both indirectly via influence over food availability and more directly, via effects on physiology and its implications for survival and reproduction. A thorough understanding of these interactions is critical for effective conservation management. We therefore examine the relationship between climate, survival and reproduction in Canadian black‐tailed prairie dogs, a threatened keystone species in an imperilled ecosystem at the northern edge of the species' range. Our analyses considered 8 years of annual mark–recapture data (2007–2014) in relation to growing degree days, precipitation, drought status and winter severity, as well as year, sex, age and body mass. Survival was strongly influenced by the interaction of drought and body mass class, and winter temperature severity. Female reproductive status was associated with the interaction of growing degree days and growing season precipitation, with spring precipitation and with winter temperature severity. Results related to body mass suggested that climatic variables exerted their effects via regulation of food availability with potential linked effects of food quality, immunological and behavioural implications, and predation risk. Predictions of future increases in drought conditions in North America's grassland ecosystems have raised concerns for the outlook of Canadian black‐tailed prairie dogs. Insights gained from the analyses, however, point to mitigating species management options targeted at decoupling the mechanisms by which climate exerts its negative influence. Our approach highlights the importance of understanding the interaction between climate and population dynamics in peripheral populations whose viability might ultimately determine their species' ability to track climatically suitable space.
Odour of King Penguin feathers analysed using direct thermal desorption discriminates between individuals but not sexes
Authors: Gabirot Marianne , Buatois Bruno , Müller Carsten T. , Bonadonna Francesco
Published: October 2017

The role and use of olfactory cues by penguins is largely under‐investigated, with only a few studies suggesting that odours are involved in prey detection, orientation and for interspecific communication. This also applies to King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus where little is known about their chemoreception abilities and, subsequently, the role of odours in their behavioural ecology. Here, we investigated the chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from feathers of King Penguins in the Kerguelen Archipelago and their potential to carry information on identity and sex. We analysed VOCs using direct thermal desorption, a novel approach for extracting volatile compounds directly from solid matrices. We were only able to test at desorption temperatures of 70 and 100 °C to optimize conditions for VOC analysis. We found a profile of 26 VOCs present in most individuals, which varied significantly between individuals but not between sexes. Results suggested that VOCs could possibly be used by King Penguins to locate the colony and recognize individuals, if similar VOCs are also present at ambient conditions. Further studies and behavioural experiments are encouraged to explore olfactory‐based communication in this species.
Finite element modeling on the effect of intra‐granular porosity on the dielectric properties of BaTiO3 MLCCs
Authors: Dale Graham , Strawhorne Maureen , Sinclair Derek C. , Dean Julian S.
Published: October 2017

The effect of porosity on the electrical properties of BaTiO3‐based Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs) is studied. A dense ceramic prepared via powder from a solid‐state processing route is compared against a ceramic that contains intra‐granular pores from powder prepared via hydrothermal processing. Finite element models are created to contain intra‐granular pores, solved and analyzed to show an increase in the electric field and current density surrounding the pores. For single‐pore and two intra‐pore arrangements, the electric field is enhanced by a factor of ~1.5 and 2.5, respectively, when compared to a fully dense (pore‐free) material. For ceramics with equivalent density, the number of pores dramatically alters the electrical response. For a system containing 100 pores, the electric field can increase at least fourfold, therefore facilitating a possible starting route for electrical breakdown of the grain. These results are compared to the Gerson‐Marshall model, typically used in the literature for the calculation of the breakdown strength due to porosity. The results highlight the need to include the effect of adjacent pore interactions. Although studied here for BaTiO3‐based MLCC's the results are applicable to other devices based on ceramics containing porosity.
Evolutionary dynamics of the leaf phenological cycle in an oak metapopulation along an elevation gradient
Authors: Firmat C. , Delzon S. , Louvet J.‐M. , Parmentier J. , Kremer A.
Published: October 2017

It has been predicted that environmental changes will radically alter the selective pressures on phenological traits. Long‐lived species, such as trees, will be particularly affected, as they may need to undergo major adaptive change over only one or a few generations. The traits describing the annual life cycle of trees are generally highly evolvable, but nothing is known about the strength of their genetic correlations. Tight correlations can impose strong evolutionary constraints, potentially hampering the adaptation of multivariate phenological phenotypes. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary, genetic and environmental components of the timing of leaf unfolding and senescence within an oak metapopulation along an elevation gradient. Population divergence, estimated from in situ and common‐garden data, was compared to expectations under neutral evolution, based on microsatellite markers. This approach made it possible (1) to evaluate the influence of genetic correlation on multivariate local adaptation to elevation and (2) to identify traits probably exposed to past selective pressures due to the colder climate at high elevation. The genetic correlation was positive but very weak, indicating that genetic constraints did not shape the local adaptation pattern for leaf phenology. Both spring and fall (leaf unfolding and senescence, respectively) phenology timings were involved in local adaptation, but leaf unfolding was probably the trait most exposed to climate change‐induced selection. Our data indicated that genetic variation makes a much smaller contribution to adaptation than the considerable plastic variation displayed by a tree during its lifetime. The evolutionary potential of leaf phenology is, therefore, probably not the most critical aspect for short‐term population survival in a changing climate.
Percutaneous Feeding Tubes in Individuals with Advanced Dementia: Are Physicians “Choosing Wisely”?
Authors: Gieniusz Marzena , Sinvani Liron , Kozikowski Andrzej , Patel Vidhi , Nouryan Christian , Williams Myia S. , Kohn Nina , Pekmezaris Renee , Wolf‐Klein Gisele
Published: October 2017

Objectives

To evaluate physician knowledge and perceptions about the American Board of Internal Medicine/American Geriatrics Society (ABIM/AGS) Choosing Wisely recommendations regarding percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in individuals with advanced dementia.

Design

Multicenter, mixed‐mode, anonymous questionnaire.

Setting

Three tertiary and four community hospitals in New York.

Participants

Internal medicine physicians (N = 168).

Measurements

Physician knowledge and perceptions regarding PEG tubes in individuals with advanced dementia.

Results

Ninety‐nine percent of physicians reported having cared for someone with advanced dementia; 95% had been involved in the PEG decision‐making process; 38% were unsure whether the ABIM/AGSChoosing Wisely recommendations advise for or against PEG tubes in advanced dementia. Physicians who agreed that there is enough evidence to recommend against PEG placement for individuals with advanced dementia were more likely to know the ABIM/AGSChoosing Wisely recommendations (71% vs 28%, P < .001). Fifty‐two percent felt in control of the PEG placement decision, and 27% expressed concerns about potential litigation. The most common factor influencing physicians was patient or decision‐maker request (70%); 63% stated that families request PEG placement even when physician would not recommend it. Only 4% of the physicians would choose to have a PEG tube if they had advanced dementia.

Conclusion

Despite the scientific evidence supporting the ABIM/AGSChoosing Wisely recommendations against the use of PEG tubes in individuals with advanced dementia, numerous incentives for placement complicate the decision for PEG placement. In today's healthcare environment, it is incumbent upon healthcare practitioners to be aware of the available evidence and to provide leadership to guide this complex decision‐making process to promote true person‐centered care.
Disparities in Clinical Outcomes in Medicare Home Health Care
Authors: Fabius Chanee D.
Published: October 2017

This Editorial comments on the article by Joynt Maddox et al.
The low affinity neurotensin receptor antagonist levocabastine impairs brain nitric oxide synthesis and mitochondrial function by independent mechanisms
Authors: Lores‐Arnaiz Silvia , Karadayian Analía G. , Gutnisky Alicia , Rodríguez de Lores Arnaiz Georgina
Published: October 2017

Neurotensin is known to inhibit neuronal Na+, K+‐ATPase, an effect that is rescued by nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition. However, whether the neurotensinergic and the nitrergic systems are independent pathways, or are mechanistically linked, remains unknown. Here, we addressed this issue and found that the administration of low affinity neurotensin receptor (NTS2) antagonist, levocabastine (50 μg/kg, i.p.) inhibited NO synthase (NOS) activity by 74 and 42% after 18 h in synaptosomal and mitochondrial fractions isolated from the Wistar rat cerebral cortex, respectively; these effects disappeared 36 h after levocabastine treatment. Intriguingly, whereas neuronal NOS protein abundance decreased (by 56%) in synaptosomes membranes, it was enhanced (by 86%) in mitochondria 18 h after levocabastine administration. Levocabastine enhanced the respiratory rate of synaptosomes in the presence of oligomycin, but it failed to alter the spare respiratory capacity; furthermore, the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes I–IV activities were severely diminished by levocabastine administration. The inhibition of NOS and MRC complexes activities were also observed after incubation of synaptosomes and mitochondria with levocabastine (1 μM) in vitro. These data indicate that the NTS2 antagonist levocabastine regulates NOS expression and activity at the synapse, suggesting an interrelationship between the neurotensinergic and the nitrergic systems. However, the bioenergetics effects of NTS2 activity inhibition are likely to be independent from the regulation of NO synthesis.

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Economic determinants of breastfeeding in Haiti: The effects of poverty, food insecurity, and employment on exclusive breastfeeding in an urban population
Authors: Lesorogol Carolyn , Bond Caitlin , Dulience Sherlie Jean Louis , Iannotti Lora
Published: October 2017

There is limited and inconsistent empirical evidence regarding the role of economic factors in breastfeeding practices, globally. Studies have found both negative and positive associations between low income and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Employment, which should improve household income, may reduce EBF due to separation of mother and infant. In the context of a randomized controlled study of lipid‐based complementary feeding in an urban slum in Cap Haitien, Haiti, we examined the economic factors influencing breastfeeding practices using mixed methods. Findings demonstrate relationships between urban context, economic factors, and breastfeeding practices. Poverty, food insecurity, time constraints, and limited social support create challenges for EBF. Maternal employment is associated with lower rates of EBF and less frequent breastfeeding. Extreme food insecurity sometimes leads to increased exclusive breastfeeding among Haitian mothers, what we call “last resort EBF.” In this case, women practice EBF because they have no alternative food source for the infant. Suggested policies and programs to address economic constraints and promote EBF in this population include maternal and child allowances, quality child care options, and small‐scale household urban food production.
Who knows what: An exploration of the infant feeding message environment and intracultural differences in Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti
Authors: Fox Elizabeth L. , Pelto Gretel H. , Rasmussen Kathleen M. , Debrosse Marie Guerda , Rouzier Vanessa A. , Pape Jean William , Pelletier David L.
Published: October 2017

Worldwide, mothers with young children receive many messages about infant feeding. Some messages are generated by health providers and others by the households, communities, and social contexts in which women live. We aimed to determine the scope of infant feeding messages in urban Haiti and to examine intracultural differences in salience of these messages and their alignment with international guidelines. We applied the method of free listing with 13 health workers and 15 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected and 15 HIV‐uninfected mothers with infants 0–6 months old at Groupe Haïtien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes in Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti. Participants listed all messages women receive about infant feeding and specifically about HIV and infant feeding. Message salience was determined by frequency of mention and recall order; messages were coded for key themes. For all groups, the World Health Organization infant feeding recommendations were salient, especially those related to exclusive breastfeeding. Messages across all groups focused on infant health outcomes, with less emphasis on maternal outcomes. Cultural beliefs were also elicited and showed higher salience for mothers than health workers, particularly for consequences of poor maternal nutrition. Health workers' free lists were poorly correlated to those of mothers, whereas those of mothers were highly correlated, regardless of HIV status. Inasmuch as many salient messages were culturally generated, and differences existed between mothers and health workers, we conclude that it is important for health workers to acknowledge the broader infant feeding message environment, and discrepancies within that environment, to address successes and failures in the messages reaching mothers, given potential consequences for mothers' breastfeeding behaviours.