bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crude oil degradation by microorganisms isolated from the marine environment
Authors: Cerniglia C. E. , Perry J. J.
Published: July 2010

The utilization of crude oil by microorganisms isolated from marine environments was investigated. Enrichment procedures for isolating crude oil degrading organisms were carried out using samples of mud collected among the estuaries and along the coast of North Carolina. The basal medium was seawater supplemented with nitrogen and phosphate. The fungi isolated under these conditions utilized crude oil more effectively than did the bacteria and several oil utilizing fungi were isolated in pure culture. Among the fungi selected were strains of Cunninghamella etegans, Aspergillus versicolor, Cephalosporium acremonium, and a Penicillium sp. These fungi utilized a wide variety of hydrocarbon substrates as a source of carbon and energy. All grew on a mineral salts medium with no requirement for seawater.

The amount of crude oil utilized by growing fungi was determined. The results suggested that of the fungi isolated C. elegans and the Penicillum sp. were most effective in degrading crude oil. When paraffin base crude oil was added to the seawater basal salts medium (0.2% v/v) and inoculated with C. elegans over 90% of the oil was assimilated after 5 days growth. Less than one‐half of this amount of asphalt base crude oil was utilized. The optimum temperature for growth of fungi that utilized crude oil differed but all grew at temperatures between 15 and 24 °C. Significant growth of the fungi on crude oil did not occur unless the seawater was supplemented with a source of nitrogen and phosphorus. The results of this study suggested that fungi can effectively assimilate crude oil and that paraffin base crude is more readily degraded than the asphalt base crude oil.
Ökologische Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung thermophiler Mikroorganismen für die Selbsterhitzung von Heu
Authors: Hussain H. M.
Published: July 2010

Der Vorgang der Selbsterhitzung von Heu wurde unter Verwendung eines Differential‐thermostaten im Modell bis zur Entzündung reproduziert. In der biologischen Phase ist die Lebenstätigkeit der Mikroorganismen, ganz besonders der obligaten thermophilen Bakterien und Actinomyceten der entscheidende Faktor; enzymatische Prozesse im pflanzlichen Substrat wirken mit. Wassergehalt im Heu, gute Wärmeisolierung und Zuführung kleiner Luftmengen sind wesentliche Faktoren, von denen es abhängt, ob die Erhitzung bis zur Entzündung fortschreitet. Vorstellungen über die Aufeinanderfolge der einzelnen Phasen der Selbsterhitzung wurden entwickelt.
Some aspects of the phenylacetylcarbinol biosynthesis by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Voets J. P. , Vandamme E. J. , Vlerick C.
Published: July 2010

The biosynthesis of phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in media containing benzaldehyde and fermentable sugars was studied under different experimental conditions.

In shaking cultures with small volumes of medium a sigmoidal production curve for PAC was obtained. During the first and second part of the fermentation period (5 to 10 hours), the number of living yeast cells increased. In the third period (from the 10th to the 20th hour), the number of living yeast cells decreased rapidly.

In agitated batch cultures the PAC produced during the first 5 hours of fermentation decreased only slowly on further incubation.

In agitated but non aerated batch cultures, the PAC production increased rapidly, but the yields were much lower than in aerated batches.

Acetone dried cells of baker's yeast produced PAC from benzaldehyde but no benzylalcohol. Besides PAC and acetylbenzoyl, a new biosynthetic product, trans‐cinnam‐aldehyde was determined.
Effect of “osmotic stabilizers” and glycerol on yeast cell envelopes
Authors: Kopecká Marie , Svoboda A. , Brichta J.
Published: July 2010

The ultrastructure of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe was studied after their transfer to solutions of osmotic stabilizers used for maintenance of yeast protoplasts (0.7 m d‐mannitol, 0.7 m l‐rhamnose, and 0.6 m KCl). After 10 to 30 min incubation in these stabilizers significant changes appeared on the cell surfaces which progressed up to 60 min of incubation. The changes concerned especially the size, shape, and distribution of plasma membrane invaginations, which became deeper; in addition, large impressions were formed. Complementary changes were found in wall ridges which might result in formation of wall protrusions containing areas of separated cytoplasm. Similar changes of cell surfaces appeared after a short incubation of cells in 10% and 20% glycerol. The changes described are interpreted as a consequence of volume decrease and unbalanced cell wall synthesis after transferring the cells to media of higher osmolarity.
Keratin decomposition by dermatophytes. I. Sulfite production as a possible way of substrate denaturation
Authors: Kunert J.
Published: July 2010

The dermatophyte Microsporum gypseum was grown on children's hairs in a mineral solution. During the growth of the fungus the substrate digestion, pH of the medium, and concentrations of soluble decomposition products were determined. In aerated and stationary cultures the substrate digestion attained was 56% and 37 to 45%, respectively. The decomposition was accompanied by the alkalinization of the medium and by the release of peptidic substances.

The average content of sulfur amino acids in soluble decomposition products was always lower than their content in keratin. Sulfhydryl compounds (cysteine) were found in traces only. The final product of the cystine metabolism was the sulfate excreted in high amounts into the medium. Sulfides, thiosulfates, and free sulfite were not present. However, after the treatment of the culture filtrates with cyanide, arsenite or cysteine well determinable amounts of sulfite were liberated. These reactions are typical of S‐sulfocysteine.

The author presents the hypothesis that the dermatophytes can produce not only sulfate, but also sulfite in the course of keratinolysis. By the latter compound, disulfide bonds of the substrate could be cleaved to cysteine and S‐sulfocysteine. The keratin denatured by “sulfitolysis” would then be easily attacked by the proteases of the fungus.
ATP‐Gehalt und ATP‐Umsatz von Chlorella in Abhängigkeit von Belichtung und Belüftung
Authors: Löppert H. G. , Broda E.
Published: July 2010

Stationary contents of ATP in autotrophically grown Chlorella fusca at 30 °C have been measured by a radiochemical method that gives, in variants, absolute or relative values. These contents are about 1.5 μmoles/g fresh weight and change by at most 15% between conditions of optimal energy supply (light, air) and minimal supply (dark, nitrogen). ATP formation rates, in the different conditions, have been derived from the rate of change in ATP content on change of condition, from polarography and from Warburg manometry. These rates differ greatly between cells in different conditions of energy supply. The velocities of energy‐dependent (active) Rb uptake correlate much better with these ATP formation rates than with the ATP levels.
Uptake of 14C‐glucose by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat and changes in its carbohydrate content during growth
Authors: Olofinboba M. O.
Published: July 2010

There is a rapid uptake of 14C‐glucose and unlabelled glucose during the period of pigmentation of the mycelium of Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Incorporation of 14C‐glucose into structural components of the mycelium started within 24 hours of incubation and progressively increased until the 14th day of growth.

The mycelium contains glucose, isomaltose, and sucrose. There is a decrease in these carbohydrates during autolysis. Autolysis in B. theobromae occurs in an acid medium of pH 5.2.
Cytomorphologische Untersuchungen an einer stabilen L‐Form von Escherichia coli
Authors: Strunk Christa , Schuhmann Edith
Published: July 2010

The nuclear equivalent of a stable L‐form of E. coli can be made visible by phasecontrast microscopy after appropriate adjustment of the refractive index of the carrier medium. The electron microscopical demonstration of the nuclear equivalent can be obtained by a modified OsO4 fixation after Ryter and Kellenberger. Using this preparation technique serial sections of spherical and dividing L‐form cells have been analyzed cytomorphologically.

Spherical cells of a diameter of about 1 μm show nuclear equivalents like hollow spheres; in dividing cells the nuclear equivalents roughly correspond to the shape of the cells. The division of both the nuclear equivalent and the cell starts with an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane at a limited area of the cell surface. By this process a cavity is formed within the dividing cell, which increases asymmetrically and eventually separates the cell into two daughter cells. In large L‐form cells (diameter > 2 μm) the nuclear equivalent probably is divided, but only poorly segregated and no cell division is to be seen.
Possible role of methylated DNA bases for the transcription of the genetic information
Authors: Venner H. , Reinert H.
Published: July 2010

The main biological consequence originating from our concept consists in the control of transcription by the methylation of DNA, which has developed from the regulatory role of the 6‐MAP containing stop codons in the lower organisms and the regulation by 5‐MC containing start codons in some lower and all higher organisms during evolution. Up to now, host modification and restriction are the sole processes of biological significance and evidently mediated by methylation of DNA. Following from our concept, the acquaintance of host modification for a given phage DNA does not only mean the compensation of host restriction but also allows the transcription of the phage DNA by the enzyme machinery of the host. Our model, based upon DNA cluster analysis of organisms yielding isostichs easy to survey, fits very well with the numerous observations from biochemical and biological stdies. A more direct proof is hardly to be expected by the known methods of cluster analysis or enzymatic degradation of DNA; it needs quite different studies. The conclusions discussed explain and combine some fundamental processes of genetic coding and appear of importance for the progress in many fields of biology.
Alteration of fermentation products from butyrate to acetate by nitrate reduction in Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Ishimoto M. , Umeyama M. , Chiba S.
Published: July 2010

Effect of nitrate reduction on fermentation products of Clostridium perfringens was investigated in nutrient media containing glucose. Butyrate, acetate, lactate, and ethanol were produced in the absence of nitrate. Addition of nitrate caused disappearance of butyrate and marked decrease in ethanol amounts as well as nitrite accumulation. Acetate was the main product in this case. Formation of hydrogen, equimolar to carbon dioxide, was ceased by nitrate reduction. Molar growth yield and growing rate of cells were not changed in nitrate reduction.
Thermophile aerobe Sporenbildner bei der biologischen Reinigung hochkonzentrierter Abwässer
Authors: von Steldern D. , Ottow J. C. G. , Loll U.
Published: July 2010

A number of heat‐tolerant (28‐55 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) Bacillus‐strains was isolated from spontaneous self‐heating industrial and agricultural waste effluents, high in organic matter. The experiments were run in adiabatic vessels under laboratory conditions. Samples taken at temperatures higher than 45 °C contained primarily members of the aerobic spore‐formers (Bacillus spp.) Isolates, capable of growing at 55 °C, belonged to either B. coagulans or B. stearothermophilus. Among the 21 isolates, 12 were classified as heat‐tolerant mesophiles, the remaining number as thermophilic strains.
A rapid selective medium for the determination of trimethylamineoxide‐reducing bacteria
Authors: Debevere J. M. , Voets J. P.
Published: July 2010

A total of 50 Pseudomonas‐Achromobacter strains and 35 Enterobacteriaceae were tested on a selective medium for triamineoxidase activity. Stab inoculations of the organisms were made in a solid medium containing peptone, trimethylamineoxide‐hydrochloride (TMAO · HCl), optimum concentrations of Na and Mg for TMAO reduction and phenolred. Inoculated test tubes were incubated under anaerobic conditions. Positive results were obtained within 12‐18 h. Klebsiella spp., however, gave false negative results. In no case false positive results were obtained.
Oxygen uptake by Serratia marcescens
Authors: Fawole M. O.
Published: July 2010

Oxygen uptake was studied in cell suspensions of Serratia marcescens BIZIO supplied with various types of substrates. Of the polyols provided as substrates glycerol was the best stimulant of oxygen uptake followed by D‐mannitol and sorbitol. D‐xylitol and meso‐inositol stimulated oxygen uptake only after a long lag. The hexose sugars as well as their phosphorylated derivatives were better than the pentoses as stimulants of oxygen uptake. Ammonium accelerated oxygen uptake in the presence of fructose, glucose or mannitol. Oxygen uptake in the presence of either glucose‐l‐phosphate or glucose‐6‐phosphate was independent of NADP+, indicating a non‐enzymic system.
Cyclopenase, ein Lipoproteid der Protoplasmamembran von Konidiosporen des Pilzes Penicillium cyclopium WESTLING
Authors: Wilson S. , Luckner M.
Published: July 2010

Cyclopenase, an enzyme which transforms cyclopenin and cyclopenol to viridicatin and viridicatol respectively under elimination of CO2 and methylamine is a constituent of the inner side of the protoplasma membrane of the conidiospores of Penicillium cyclopium. This is shown by the following facts.

The cell wall‐protoplasma membrane fraction of homogenates contains nearly all the enzyme activity.

By surface active agents the membrane‐bound enzyme may be solubilized as a protein‐phospholipid complex.

Cyclopenase in vivo is separated from its substrates, which at least partly are deposited in the cell wall of the conidia.

By treating the solubilized enzyme‐phospholipid complex with n‐butanol it is separated into the lipid part and the enzyme protein maintaining a considerable part of its activity.

The reaction of cyclopenase in the membrane bound and in the solubilized forms with and without the phospholipid part follows the MICHAELIS‐MENTEN kinetics. Changes of the pH‐optima and Km‐values indicate an alteration of the catalytic properties of the enzyme during solubilization whereas no differences in this respect were found between the soluble phospholipid complex and the phospholipid‐free enzyme.
Partial purification and properties of NADH dehydrogenase from Propionibacterium shermanii
Authors: Schwartz A. C. , Krause A. E.
Published: July 2010

NADH dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.6.99.3) was purified thirtyfold from the soluble proteins of the anaerobic Propionibacterium shermanii. The identity of the soluble enzyme with the NADH dehydrogenase bound to the particle fraction obtained from ultracentrifugation at 105000 · g for 3 hrs was ascertained by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, hydrogen acceptor specificity, and the close similarity of MICHAELIS constants and maximum velocity. Comparison of the properties of the soluble enzyme to NADH de hydrogenases described in the literature suggests that the isolated enzyme is the initial NADH‐oxidizing flavoprotein from the electron transport system of P. shermanii. The soluble enzyme has a molecular weight of about 215000, and preferentially reduces ferricyanide. MICHAELIS constants were 8.7 · 10−5 M for NADH, and 9.4 · 10−4 M for ferricyanide. The enzyme is inhibited by both substrates and competitively by NAD. Ki for NAD is 1.8 · 10−4 M. The absorption spectrum displays a maximum at 408 nm, indicative of the presence of non‐heme iron and labile sulfide.
Comparative study of abiogenesis of cysteine and other amino acids catalyzed by various metal ions
Authors: Bahadur K. , Sen P.
Published: July 2010

The present work pertains to the study of the influence of nickel, cobalt, thorium, vanadium, molybdate, ferrous ions on the formation of cysteine which is synthesized abiogenically together with other amino acids in sterilized aqueous mixtures of ammonium thiocyanate, formaldehyde, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium acetate, and biological minerals after irradiating by artificial light. The effect of these catalysts on cysteine formation was of the order: Fe++ > Mo++ > Th++++ > V++ > Co++ > Ni.
Ultrastruktur des Pilzkernes. III. Genese des Kern‐assoziierten Organells (NAO = „KCE”︁)
Authors: Girbardt M. , Hädrich H.
Published: July 2010

The nucleus‐associated organelle (NAO) is a structure, significant for division and motion of the fungal nucleus. In the basidiomycete Polystictus (= Trametes) versicolor it is composed during somatic interphase of two globular entities (GE) and the connecting middle plate (MP). Its genesis is followed electron optically by analysing serial sections of preselected stages. Genesis is strictly determined by time and space. It starts with synthesis of the new MP a few minutes upon karyokinesis has been completed. Synthesis is localized in the area of contact between old GE and outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. After growing of the MP to its maximal size both new GE's develop from swellings at its ends. Old Ge's are dissolved during this developmental process. The period of genesis takes 30–40 min and fills one third of the cell cycle. A GE‐field exhibits characteristic alterations throughout the formation of the NAO. It is composed of GE, periglobular zone, microtubules, and both caps of endoplasmic reticulum and multivesicular bodies.
Protoplastenbildung und Zellabbau bei n‐Alkan‐ernährter Candida guilliermondii und Candida spec.
Authors: Hübner Stephanie , Tröger R.
Published: July 2010

Mittels Schneckenenzym erfolgte Protoplastenfreisetzung bei Stämmen von Candida guilliermondii und Candida spec., die auf n‐Alkanen als einziger C‐Quelle angezüchtet wurden. Eine Vorbehandlung der Hefezellen mit Tris‐Puffer, Thioglykolat bzw. 1 M MgSO4 war für den Effekt nicht notwendig. n‐Alkan‐ernährte Candida‐Zellen waren auch gegen das Lyse‐Enzymgemisch eines Streptomyces spec. (Isolat aus Schlamm) empfindlich. Protoplastenfreisetzung und Zellabbau der Hefen waren abhängig vom Alter der Hefezellen sowie von Zellzahl und Anzuchtalter des enzymbildenden Streptomyceten.
Microbial oxidation of dehydroepiandrosterone and related compounds
Authors: Iida M. , Matsuhashi K. , Nakayama T.
Published: July 2010

The oxidation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione, and estrone with Streptomyces roseochromogenes NRRL B‐1233 was studied. The oxidation products were isolated and identified as 16α‐hydroxy‐DHEA, 16α‐hydroxy‐4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione and 16α‐hydroxy‐estrone. The yields of these three products were 85%, 41% and 18%, respectively. This indicates the substrate stereospecificity of 16α‐hydroxylase of the organism. An interrelationship between cell growth and the formation of 16α‐hydroxylated steroid was observed in any case. For formation of 16α‐hydroxy‐DHEA, 16α‐hydroxylase showed good activity at DHEA concentration of 3.47 × 10−4 M. In the case of DHEA, 16α‐hydroxy‐4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione and 5‐androstene‐3β, 16α, 17β‐triol were obtained after the yield of 16α‐hydroxy‐DHEA reached the maximum yield for about 30 hr. The oxidation pathway of DHEA is discussed.
Abbau von n‐Hexadecan‐1‐14C durch subzelluläre Partikeln aus Candida lipolytica
Authors: Rohde H.‐G. , Schröder Sabine , Schirpke B. , Weide H.
Published: July 2010

Aus Protoplasten von Candida lipolytica, Stamm 7‐3, wurden nach osmotischem Schock durch Differentialzentrifugation bei 1500, 8000 und 16000 g subzelluläre Partikeln gewonnen. Die Fraktionen katalysierten mit NADH als Cosubstrat den enzymatischen Abbau von n‐Hexa‐decan‐1‐14C. Bei Substratkonzentrationen von 0,46 bis 1,05 μmol/ml betrugen der Abbau 20 bis 75,8% und die Umsatzrate 3,5 bis 17,9 μmol · mg Protein−1 · h1. Die Reaktion war bereits nach 10 bis 15 min beendet. Die lipidlöslichen Oxydationsprodukte wurden säulenchromatographisch vom Restalkan abgetrennt. In der wäßrigen Phase des Inkubationsansatzes konnten hydrophile Reaktionsprodukte nachgewiesen werden. Außerdem wurden die von den subzellulären Partikeln absorbierten radioaktiv markierten Substanzen gemessen.
Ultrastrukturelle Verteilung der Polysaccharide bei Prototheca hydrocarbonea
Authors: Voříšek J. , Kocková‐Kratochvílová Anna
Published: July 2010

Die Verteilung der Polysaccharide in den einzelnen Zelltypen von Prototheca hydrocarbonea (KOCKOVÁ‐KRATOCHVÍLOVÁ u. HAVELKOVÁ 1974) wurde untersucht. Die Reserve‐Polysaccharide vom Galaktantyp sind in Glykophoren als Einschlüsse in Form dickwandiger Blasen gespeichert, die einen Durchmesser von 1 μm erreichen können. Glykogenkörnchen liegen dagegen im Cyto‐plasma und in Glykophorenhöhlen vor. In der Zellwand von Autosporen, dickwandigen Hypnosporen und Sporangien sind die Polysaccharide homogen verteilt.
Unfolding of the chromosome of Escherichia coli after treatment with rifampicin
Authors: Dworsky P.
Published: July 2010

Until recently it has been assumed that the factors being responsible for the condensation of the DNA in the nucleoid of Escherichia coli are destroyed by rifampicin because it has been impossible to obtain folded chromosomes from cells treated with this inhibitor. In this paper it is shown by viscosity and sedimentation measurements that unfolding of the DNA does not take place during the process of the cell lysis as it should be predicted from this assumption, but is occurring distinctly afterwards. Since the observed unfolding process is too slow to be caused simply by molecular movements it is concluded that it is brought about by the action of salts or detergents of the lysis medium. The structure of the nucleoid is still intact in vivo despite inhibition of RNA synthesis by rifampicin.
Ultrastructure of Lactobacillus fermentum during early and late growth phases and during thiamine deficiency
Authors: Neujahr Halina Y. , Weibull C.
Published: July 2010

Thin sections of exponentially growing and stationary‐phase cells of L. fermentum from thiamine sufficient and thiamine deficient media were studied by electron microscopy. Compared to the exponential‐phase cells the stationary‐phase cells from both types of media had thicker cell walls and cross walls and fewer and smaller granules of storage material. Exponential‐phase, thiamine deficient cells had rather thin cell walls and small mesosomes.
Influence of ultraviolet irradiation on nutrient‐gleaning capacity of two unicellular algae
Authors: Kumar H. D. , Sharma Vasundhara , Bisaria G. P.
Published: July 2010

Two unicellular algae, viz., Anacystis nidulans and Chlorella vulgaris, growing in polluted effluents, were isolated in unialgal and bacteria free culture. They were mutagenically exposed to ultraviolet radiation and variant strains endowed with differing capacities for growth and nutrient‐gleaning were successfully isolated as distinct clones on agar plates. One such clone each of the two species was tested further and found stable. While these variant strains grew more slowly than untreated controls, statistically significant differences with respect to phosphate and nitrate uptake were found between treated and control strains of the two species.
Eigenschaften der NADP+‐abhängigen Isocitratdehydrogenasen aus Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Authors: Kleber H.‐P.
Published: July 2010

Die Eigenschaften und der Einfluß von organischen Säuren und Nucleotiden auf die Aktivität der hoch‐ (ICD I) und niedermolekularen (ICD II) NADP+‐abhängigen Isocitratdehydrogenase aus Acinetobacter calcoaceticus werden untersucht.

Beide Formen des Enzyms unterscheiden sich in ihren Affinitäten zum Isocitrat, zum NADP+ und zu Mn++‐Ionen. Die ICD I ist gegenüber 2,0 M Harnstoff stabil, nach Inkubation des Enzyms bei 40° kommt es aber schon nach kurzer Zeit zu einem deutlichen Aktivitätsabfall. Die ICD II verhält sich gegen Harnstoff und Hitze genau umgekehrt.

α‐Ketoglutarat und Oxalacetat hemmen, Pyruvat und Glyoxylat aktivieren nur die ICD I. Gleichzeitige Zugabe von Oxalacetat und Glyoxylat hemmt beide Formen des Enzyms. Durch AMP und ADP wird nur die ICD I aktiviert. ATP hemmt — in unterschiedlichem Grad — beide Enzymformen.
Leukaemomycin, an antibiotic with antitumor activity. I. Screening, fermentation, and biological activity
Authors: Fleck W. , Strauss D.
Published: July 2010

A Streptomyces strain belonging to S. griseus (KRAINSKI) WAKSMAN et HENRICI 1948 sensu HÜTER (1967) was found to produce an antitumor antibiotic designated as leukaemomycin. The red‐pigment antibiotic, having antimicrobial and antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo, was isolated from C‐, N‐, and Fe‐containing cultures of the strains IMET JA 3933, IMET JA 5570, IMET JA 10086, and IMET JA 10431. Leukaemomycin has indicator properties and is produced by the classic procedures of submerged fermentation. The crude base of leukaemomycin consists of 4 main components, designated as leukaemomycin A, B, C, and D. The biological acitivity of the main components leukaemomycin B and C was compared. The biological activity and the physicochemical properties of leukaemomycin C are identical with known properties of the anthracycline antibiotic daunorubicin.
Remarques sur les métabolismes respiratoires et fermentaires de Candida tropicalis BERKHOUT
Authors: Pons G. , Galzy J. Guiraud Et P.
Published: July 2010

Candida tropicalis possède un fort pouvoir fermentaire mais elle ne présente pas ďeffet glucose. L'effect PASTEUR assure en milieu aéré un métabolisme oxydatif exclusif ce qui rend cette espèce intéressante pour des cultures industrielles sur substrats carbonés.
Eisenoxydierende stäbchenförmige Bakterien. I. Untersuchungen unter Verwendung von Fe(II)oxalat im Medium
Authors: Schulze H. , Schweisfurth R.
Published: July 2010

Auf Medien mit Fe(II)oxalat wurden aus verschiedenen Standorten mit Eisenoxydation und aus AnreicherungskulturenProtaminobacter ruberundPseudomonas‐Arten isoliert, die durch Eisenoxide braun gefärbte Kolonien bildeten. Bei Anreicherungskulturen in cylindrischen Gefäßen konnten mittels schraubig angeordneter Meßstellen Eh‐ und pH‐Veränderungen ohne Störungen der Profile verfolgt werden. Respirometrische Untersuchungen erbrachten eine Förderung der Veratmung von Oxalat, Tartrat, Malat und Succinat in Gegenwart von Fe(II), das auch die CO2‐Bildung aus uniform markiertem14C‐Oxalat und dessen Einbau förderte. Ein vermehrter Einbau von CO2findet in Gegenwart von Fe(II) ebenfalls statt.
Untersuchungen über den Tryptophanstoffwechsel von Streptomyceten. IV. Hemmungsanalytische Untersuchungen der Enzyme des Tryptophanstoffwechsels
Authors: Teuscher Gisela
Published: July 2010

Der Tryptophanumsatz durch zellfreie Extrakte von Streptomyces cremeus in Gegenwart von NADH2 und Methylenblau wird durch die Schwermetallkomplexbildner Kaliumcyanid, o‐Phenanthrolin, α, α′‐Dipyridyl, Natriumazid und Diäthyldithiocarbamat stark gehemmt. Natriumfluorid, Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure, SH‐Gruppengifte wie Cu++, Hg++ und Monojodacetat sowie Kohlenmonoxid sind ohne nennenswerten Einfluß auf die Enzymaktivität.

Es wird postuliert, daß der Tryptophanabbau bei S. cremeus nicht durch Tryptophandioxygenase oder Pyrrolooxygenase erfolgt.
Characterization of a red pigment‐antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp. strain NRC‐C7
Authors: Hussein A. M. , El‐Gammal Amira
Published: July 2010

The streptomycete strain NRC‐C 7 isolated from some Egyptian soil samples, produces a red‐coloured pH indicator antibiotic active against gram positive bacteria. The producing organism belongs to the grey series of the genus Streptomyces and has grey coloured aerial mycelium with violet pigmented substrate mycelium, the violet pigment does not diffuse into the agar medium. Glucose sodium nitrate medium proved the most suitable medium for the production of this antibiotic. The pigment was extracted from the broth and purified. The solubility, Rf values, minimal inhibiting concentrations, optical rotation, UV, and IR spectra were studied. Melting point 180, elemental analysis: carbon 51.71%, hydrogen 6.25%, and oxygen 42.04%.
The anodically‐moving thermolabile antigen (ATA) of gram‐negative bacteria: Its function as the receptor for F pili
Authors: Reissbrod R. , Tschäpe H. , Seltmann G.
Published: July 2010

The anodically‐moving thermolabile antigen ATA of protein nature, present in the cell wall of all members of Enterobacteriaceae and other gram‐negative bacteria tested, seems to be the F pili target on the recipient cell sufrace.
Effects of 3′‐Fluorothymidine, nalidixic acid, and mitomycin C on temperature‐sensitive mutants of the DNA polymerase of phage T4
Authors: Presber H. W. , Schroeder C. , Rosenthal H.‐A.
Published: July 2010

The temperature‐sensitive DNA polymerase mutator mutants A58 and L98 of T4 are less inhibited by 3′‐Fluorothymidine than the T4 wild type and the antimutator mutant CB121, in consequence of the assumed differences between the polymerase‐associated exonuclease activities. This interpretation is confirmed by results with nalidixic acid and mitomycin C. The use of systems of different temperature‐sensitive mutants of one or more genes is proposed for 1.) investigating the mode of action of drugs, 2.) studies on the mechanism of enzyme action and the functions affected in temperature‐sensitive enzymes, and 3.) for enzyme‐specific drug screening.
Mikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Wachstumskinetik von Streptomyces hygroscopicus
Authors: Schuhmann Edith , Bergter F.
Published: July 2010

Growth kinetics, branch formation, and cytological properties of mycelial growth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus on solid media were investigated by phase‐contrast microscopy using a microculture method. Measurements were made on taken photographs of the growing hyphae from the beginning of spore germination up to maximal 18 hours. The specific growth rate of the germ tube was much higher than the specific growth rate of the mycelium. The doubling time of the total length of the mycelial hyphae and the doubling time of branch formation was quite the same for the period investigated. After a short time of outgrowth each individual hypha grows at a constant rate, i.e. the length increases linearly, but the growth kinetics of the whole mycelium becomes exponentially by branching. It seems, that nucleoids only divide in that part of a hypha between the tip and the nearest branch. A cell unit (1.4–1.9 μm on different media) could be calculated by the length of a hypha and the number of nucleoids. A hypha is growing with the cell unit at the tip or with the polar cap only. No interkalary growth in length could be found. Branches were formed only up to about 100 μm from the tip on complex medium and up to about 50 μm from the tip on mineral salt medium. A simple model of mycelial growth has been developed. Some properties showing the connection between Streptomycetes and prokaryotic organisms on one hand and hyphal growing fungi on the other hand are discussed.
Abbau von Schwefelverbindungen durch Thiobacillus‐Reinkulturen
Authors: Feldmann Karin , Goroll D.
Published: July 2010

Der Abbau verschiedener Schwefelverbindungen durch Reinkulturen von Thiobacillus thiooxidans, T. ferrooxidans, T. neapolitanus, T. thioparus und T. novellus wurde untersucht. Dabei auftretende Charakteristika werden aufgezeigt und diskutiert.
Regulation der Glucose‐6‐phosphat‐Dehydrogenase aus dem obligat methylotrophen Bakterium Pseudomonas W 6
Authors: Miethe D. , Babel W.
Published: July 2010

Mikroorganismen, die auf Methan, Methanol, Mono‐, Di‐, Trimethylamin als einzige Kohlenstoff‐und Energiequelle wachsen, werden als methylotroph bezeichnet.

Die Assimilation dieser reduzierten C1‐Verbindungen erfolgt über zwei prinzipiell verschiedene Sequenzen. Während im Serin‐Weg (s. QUAYLE 1972) der erste Assimilationsschritt im Transfer der Hydroxymethylgruppe der aktivierten C1‐Verbindung auf Glycin unter Bildung von Serin besteht, erfolgt die Assimilation im Ribulosemonophosphat‐Zyklus oder Hexulosephosphat‐Weg (s. QUAYLE 1972) durch Addition bzw. Kondensation von Formaldehyd an Ribulose‐5‐phosphat unter Bildung von D‐arabino‐3‐Hexulose‐6‐phosphat (KEMP 1974).
Alkoholdehydrogenase (ADH) in Hefezellen I. Grundplasmatische, mitochondriale und nucleäre ADH in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis und Kluyveromyces fragilis
Authors: Künkel W. , May R.
Published: July 2010

When grown in a medium containing lactat, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis produces 5 times more ground‐plasmatic ADH than Kluyveromyces fragilis. Upon gelelectrophoresis, K. fragilis exhibits 7 bands while S. carlsbergensis shows only one. In a polyacrylamid gradient, the ADH's of both strains yield one band, the position of which corresponds to a molecular weight of about 160 000 D. In cell homogenates and mitochondrial fractions of S. carlsbergensis treated with ultrasound, an ADH is detected which exhibits 3 subbands and a molecular weight greater than 1 Megadalton. This ADH does not occur in K. fragilis.

Mitochondrial fractions from K. fragilis contain an ADH, the electrophoretical mobility of which is identical to that of the ADH of the groundplasma.

Nuclei of S. carlsbergensis also possess ADH whereas those of K. fragilis probably do not.
Einfluß der Cu++‐Ionen auf den morphologischen, cytologischen und physiologischen Zustand von Candida utilis‐Zellen bei kontinuierlicher Kultivierung
Authors: Khovrytchev M. P. , Strunk C. , Schuhmann E. , Lirova S. A. , Rabotnova I. L.
Published: July 2010

A discussion of the experimental data is presented.

Cells of Candida utilis grown in continuous culture under the influence of rather high concentrations of copper ions have been studied biochemically, morphologically, and cytologically. Although under these conditions a new steady state has been adjusted, the population is much more differentiated than under control conditions. With regard to their size, structure, and viability the cells have been arranged into 4 groups. Generally, the „copper cells”︁ in comparison with the „normal cells”︁ are more voluminous (average: 2.5 times; maximum: 4 times) and of altered structure. The appearance of dense particles („copper containing particles”︁), globules („lipid globules”︁), vacuoles, and the thickening of the cell wall, as well as the disappearance of the mitochondrial cristae have been shown as characteristic indications for damage in the cell substructure caused by the influence of copper ions. Occasionally abnormal cell shapes can be observed.

A permanent influence of copper ions in the concentration used was followed also by striking disturbances of the cell metabolism. The cells take up more carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen, whereas protein synthesis and respiratory activity decrease. Both the synthesis of lipids and polysaccharides and the phosphohydrolase activity increase.
Proteinkristalle und Tubuli‐Bündel in Hefezellen VI. Licht‐ und elektronenmikroskopische sowie biochemische Untersuchungen zur Alkoholdehydrogenase‐Aktivität isolierter Kristalle
Authors: Künkel W.
Published: July 2010

Isolated crystals from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, stabilized by Cd2+ or Zn2+, retain their enzymatic activity as shown by topochemical reactions. During these reactions the crystals disintegrate characteristically. Stages of this disintegration and deposition of reaction products have been demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. Ground plasmatic and mitochondrial alcoholdehydrogenase has been solubilized by means of 0.01 M EDTA from Zn2+ stabilized crystals separated by gel electrophoresis and proved to be active.
Electron microscopic studies on the formation of vesicular bodies during cell wall degradation and regeneration in yeast
Authors: Dmitriev V. V. , Tsiomenko A. B. , Ratner E. N. , Akimenko V. K. , Fikhte B. A.
Published: July 2010

Vesicular bodies are observed during enzymatic degradation of the yeast cell wall and in the course of wall regeneration. In both cases various types of vesicles are formed and exocytated by different mechanisms. They are characterized cytochemically and their possible role in cell wall regeneration is discussed.
Aufnahme von Cobalt, Blei und Cadmium durch Bäckerhefe
Authors: Heldwein R. , Tromballa H. W. , Broda E.
Published: July 2010

The toxicity for and the uptake by Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the essential trace element Co2+ and the non essential elements Cd2+ and Pb2+ were compared.

Inhibition of yeast growth is observed 4 hrs after addition of Co at concentrations higher than 10−4 M. Cd is about 100 times more toxic than Co and inhibits growth immediately after addition. No toxicity of Pb is observed with concentrations up to 5 · 10−4 M.

For uptake experiments the radioactive isotopes 60Co, 115mCd and 210Pb were used. The yeast samples were washed with carrier solution in order to remove the isotopes adsorbed only by the cell wall and measured by γ‐scintillation counting.

Co uptake by yeast is strongly dependent on glucose both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. There is no efflux of Co once taken up. Dead yeast does not accumulate Co at all. Co already taken up is released from cells when killed, indicating that no irreversible binding in the cell interior takes place. Co transport follows biphasic saturation kinetics with the MICHAELIS constants K1 = 10−4 and K2 = 8 · 10−4 M and the maximal velocities ν1 = 9.5 and ν2 = 63 μ moles/g dry weight · hr. The Q10 for Co uptake from 10−4 M solution is 2.3.

Uptake of Cd resembles that of Co. The absorption of Cd is also glucose‐dependent, but independent of the presence of air, no Cd is taken up by dead cells, and Cd previously taken up is released during killing the cells.

There is a considerable Pb uptake irrespective of the presence of glucose, and even by dead yeast. Killing of the yeast during uptake does not lead to loss of Pb.

It is concluded that the essential trace element Co is accumulated by an energy‐dependent, probably active, transport system in the membrane. Cd is similarly transported, probably because of its chemical similarity to Zn. In contrast, Pb appears to be taken up only by diffusion, but subsequently to be trapped by binding in the cell interior. In this way, the accumulation of Pb is similar in amount to those of Co or Cd although the mechanisms differ widely.
Physiologie und Biochemie der Streptomyceten X. Biologischer Abbau des Paromomycins und Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase in Abhängigkeit von der Antibioticumbildung bei Streptomyces albus var. metamycinus nov. var.
Authors: Liebermann B. , Köster H. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

After adding 14C‐paromomycin to the fermentation broth we observed a varying course of decomposition of the antibiotic, which is dependent on the intensity of paromomycin biosynthesis running simultaneously

At a reduced rate of antibiotic biosynthesis, the activity of alkaline phosphatase is lower than with an increased rate of production. This applies for mycelium as well as for broth.
Wirkmechanismus der Atmungshemmung durch die Systemfungicide der Carboxingruppe. Wirkung von Oxathiinderivaten und ‐analoga auf nichtphosphorylierende submitochondriale Partikeln aus Rinderherz sowie Trametes versicolor und Trichoderma viride
Authors: Müller W. , Schewe T. , Lyr H. , Zanke D.
Published: July 2010

23 Derivate und strukturanaloge Verbindungen des Carboxins (5,6‐Dihydro‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐oxathiin‐3‐carboxanilid) wurden im Succinat‐Cytochrom c‐Oxydoreduktasesystem und im NADH‐Oxydasesystem von nichtphosphorylierenden Elektronentransportpartikeln (ETP)2) aus Rinderherzmitochondrien getestet. Einige dieser Verbindungen wurden darüber hinaus an partikulärer Succinatdehydrogenase aus dem carboxinempfindlichen Pilz Trametes versicolor und der carboxinunempfindlichen Art Trichoderma viride geprüft. Aus den Werten für die Hemmaktivitäten ergeben sich folgende Schlußfolgerungen:

Die Wirksamkeiten der Oxathiinderivate und ‐analoga im Succ.‐Cyt.c‐OR‐System von Rinderherz‐ETP korrelieren hoch signifikant (Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit < 0,1%) mit ihren Wirkungen auf partikuläre Succ.‐DH aus den carboxinempfindlichen Pilzarten Trametes versicolor sowie Ustilago maydis und Cryptococcus laurentii (WHITE u. THORN 1975), nicht aber mit dem entsprechenden System aus Trichoderma viride. Rinderherz‐ETP sind somit ein geeignetes Modellobjekt für den Carboxinrezeptor in carboxinempfindlichen Pilzen

Die Wirksamkeiten auf die Succ.‐DH‐Systeme von Rinderherz‐ETP und Trametes versicolor korrelieren grob mit dem Hydrophobizitätsterm lg P, jedoch sind auch elektronische und sterische Einflüsse erkennbar

Für die Bindung des Carboxins am Rezeptor in der Succ.‐DH‐Region des Elektronentransportsystems wird ein Mehrzentrenmechanismus vorgeschlagen, an dem folgende Zentren beteiligt sind: 1 elektrophiles Zentrum am C2‐Atom des Oxathiinringes, je 1 nucleophiles Zentrum am O‐Atom und am N‐Atom der Säureamidgruppierung sowie 2 hydrophobe Zentren (Phenylrest der Anilidgruppierung und CH3‐Gruppierung am Oxathiinring). Das S‐Atom übt eine stabilisierende Wirkung auf den Wirkstoff‐Rezeptor‐Komplex aus

Die Ursache für die Carboxinunempfindlichkeit mancher Pilzarten liegt wahrscheinlich in einer abweichenden Struktur des Succ.‐DH‐Komplexes; die dort ebenfalls auftretende Hemmwirkung erfolgt vermutlich nach einem anderen Mechanismus.
Anabole und katabole Enzyme des Harnstoffmetabolismus in einem kohlenwasserstoffverwertenden Stamm von Candida guilliermondii
Authors: Metz W. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

The yeast „H”︁ of the genus Candida guilliermondii can grow on hydrocarbons as the only source for carbon. Urea can serve as a nitrogen source for this yeast which lacks detectable urease activity. During urea metabolism ammonia has never been accumulated in the culture medium. However, transferring the yeast from complete urea‐medium into an urea containing phophatebuffer, the degradation of urea continues and ammonia is accumulated as well as CO2 evolved. In cell‐free extracts of the yeast urea amidolyase activity was detected in the presence of ATP, biotin and specific cations. Obviously, the synthesis of urea amidolyase is induced by urea and arginine and repressed by the catabolite ammonia. Similarly the synthesis of arginase is regulated by arginine and ammonia. The analytical data of the arginase action differ significantly in relation to the carbon source of the culture medium. Both the level of arginase and ornithine carbamyltransferase change in a characteristic way during the batch‐culture. From the lower level of arginase in relation to ornithine carbamyltransferase it can be concluded that especially in alkane‐metabolizing yeast the arginine catabolism is not very intensive.
Charakterisierung eines CaCl2‐abhängigen Transfektionssystems von Escherichia coli und Lambda‐Phagen‐DNS
Authors: Andree H. , Liebscher D. H.
Published: July 2010

Die E. coli K12‐Stämme C 600 und Y mel wurden nach CaCl2‐Behandlung mit Lambda‐Phagen‐DNS transfiziert. Untersucht wurde die Abhängigkeit der Transfektionseffektivität von der CaCl2‐Konzentration, der Wachstumpsphase und der Aufbewahrung der Rezipienten bei 0‐4 °C. Für beide Rezipienten wurde eine optimale CaCl2‐Konzentration von 0,2 m ermittelt. Beide Stämme zeigten einen Anstieg der Transfektionseffektivitäten bzw. eine gleichhohe Kompetenz bis 15‐30 Std. nach Präparation der Rezipienten. Während die Y mel‐Bakterien aus der frühen logarithmischen Wachstumsphase (2 × 108 Bakterien/ml) die höchste Kompetenz aufwiesen, erhielten wir maximale Transfektionseffektivitäten mit C 600‐Rezipienten aus der mittleren bis späten log‐Phase.

Das Transfektionssystem besitzt ein breites pH‐Optimum zwischen 5,0–6,0. Natrium‐Acetat‐Puffer (20 mm) erwies sich am geeignetsten.

Eine zu starke Erhöhung der NaCl‐Konzentration im Transfektionsansatz führt zur Hemmung der DNS‐Aufnahme.

Die Transfizierbarkeit der untersuchten Stämme ist unter jeweils optimalen Bedingungen gleich gut, reproduzierbar und liegt zwischen 1‐2 × 104 PFU/μg DNS (ca. 1 × 10−6 PFU pro Molekül Lambda‐DNS.
Dissimilatorische Sequenzen in methylotrophen Bakterien
Authors: Babel W. , Mothes Gisela
Published: July 2010

Von fünf Methan‐ und neun Methanol‐utilisierenden Bakterienstämmen wurde die Coenzymabhängigkeit der Methanol‐,Formaldehyd‐ und Formiat‐Dehydrogenase untersucht. Alle Bakterienstämme verfügen über PMS‐vermittelte Methanol‐Dehydrogenase‐Aktivität, aber in keinem war eine NAD+‐ oder NADP+‐spezifische Methanol‐Dehydrogenase bzw. eine FAD‐abhängige Methanol‐Oxydase nachweisbar. In „Serinweg‐Bakterien”︁ ist für die Messung der Formaldehyd‐Dehydrogenase ebenfalls PMS als Mediator erforderlich. „Hexulosephosphatweg‐Bakterien”︁ verfügen zusätzlich über NAD+‐ und geringe NADP+‐abhängige Formaldehyd‐Dehydrogenase‐Aktivitäten.

Die Oxydation von Formiat erfolgt in „Serinweg‐Bakterien”︁ und in den Methan‐assimilierenden „Hexulosephosphatweg‐Bakterien”︁ NAD+‐spezifisch, in Zellhomogenaten der Methanol‐assimilierenden Bakterienspecies konnte dieses Enzym nicht gemessen werden. Anhand spektralphotometrischer Analysen an Pseudomonas W 6 und Bakterium MB 58 konnte aber wahrscheinlich gemacht werden, daß in diesen Stämmen Formiat ebenfalls ‐ Cytochrom vermittelt ‐ endoxydiert werden kann.

„Serinweg‐Bakterien”︁ wie auch „Hexulosephosphatweg‐Bakterien”︁ sind also in der Lage, reduzierte C1‐Verbindungen auf direktem Wege über Formaldehyd zu Kohlendioxid zu oxydieren. Für jeden Stoffwechseltyp ist aber mindestens noch eine zusätzliche dissimilatorische Sequenz ausgebildet. In „Serinweg‐Baketerien”︁ wird diese durch N‐5, 10‐Methylentetrahydrofolat‐Dehydrogenase eingeleitet, in „Hexulosephosphatweg‐Bakterien”︁ kann Formaldehyd unter Beteiligung der eigentlich assimilatorischen Sequenz durch oxydative Decarboxylierung von 6‐Phosphogluconat endoxydiert werden.

Bei der Konvertierung von C1‐Verbindungen in zelleigene Substanz ist der Assimilation eine dissimilatorische Sequenz vorgelagert, besser, konkurrieren Assimilation und Dissimilation auf einem bestimmten Oxydationsniveau um die C1‐Verbindung und in „Hexulosephosphatweg‐Bakterien”︁ außerdem um 6‐Phosphogluconat.
Erhaltungsstoffwechsel in glucoselimitierten Chemostatenkulturen von Streptomyces hygroscopicus
Authors: Hilliger M. , Knorre W. A. , Bergter F.
Published: July 2010

Investigations with the mycelium forming bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus IMET JA 6599 in glucose‐limited chemostat cultures gave a maintenance coefficient of m = 0.031 h−1. This low maintenance coefficient corresponds to those of moulds (RIGHELATO et al. 1971).

With a simple model structured in active and inactive biomass (x1 and x2) it was tried to explain the low maintenance coefficient of S. hygroscopicus in relation to nonfilamentous growing microorganisms. The model contains the transition rate k, which describes the transition of active biomass in inactive one and the decay rate β, which considers the decay of hyphae. The model was used to study the influence of β on the maintenance coefficient and it was shown that maintenance metabolism can be simulated by the parameter β alone.
Evaluation of yield and maintenance coefficients, expressed in carbon units, for Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. aeruginosa
Authors: Verstraete W. , Voets J. P.
Published: July 2010

The maximum cell yield (Y ‐ g biomass carbon per gram substrate carbon) and the rate of maintenance metabolism (mc ‐ g substrate carbon/g biomass carbon per hour) have been determined for substrate limited continuous cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. aeruginosa. The metabolism of the organic substrates was monitored by measuring the COD‐removal1) rates at different dilution rates. The advantages of expressing yield and maintenance coefficients in carbon units is discussed.
Pesticide (hexachlorocyclohexane) inhibition of growth and nitrogen fixation in blue‐ green algae Anabaenopsis raciborskii and Anabaena aphanizomenoides
Authors: Das B. , Singh P. K.
Published: July 2010

The effects of the pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on the nitrogen fixing blue‐green algae Anabaenopsis raciborskii and Anabaena aphanizomenoides commonly found as blooms in fish ponds were studied. These algae were very sensitive to HCH, and a distinct decrease in growth rate was observed on prolonged incubation. Lower concentrations (10 μg/ml) were algistatic and higher concentrations (60 μg/ml) were algicidal. The inhibition of nitrogen fixation indicated that the presence of HCH might affect overall nitrogen economy of inland waters.