bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 – diagnostics for extreme events, regional and impact evaluation, and analysis of Earth system models in CMIP
Authors: Weigel Katja , Bock Lisa , Gier Bettina K. , Lauer Axel , Righi Mattia , Schlund Manuel , Adeniyi Kemisola , Andela Bouwe , Arnone Enrico , Berg Peter , Caron Louis-Philippe , Cionni Irene , Corti Susanna , Drost Niels , Hunter Alasdair , Lledó Llorenç , Mohr Christian Wilhelm , Paçal Aytaç , Pérez-Zanón Núria , Predoi Valeriu , Sandstad Marit , Sillmann Jana , Sterl Andreas , Vegas-Regidor Javier , von Hardenberg Jost , Eyring Veronika
Published: June 2021

Abstract. This paper complements a series of now four publications that
document the release of the Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool)
v2.0. It describes new diagnostics on the hydrological cycle, extreme
events, impact assessment, regional evaluations, and ensemble member
selection. The diagnostics are developed by a large community of scientists
aiming to facilitate the evaluation and comparison of Earth system models
(ESMs) which are participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
(CMIP). The second release of this tool aims to support the evaluation of
ESMs participating in CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6). Furthermore, datasets from
other models and observations can be analysed. The diagnostics for the
hydrological cycle include several precipitation and drought indices, as
well as hydroclimatic intensity and indices from the Expert Team on Climate
Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The latter are also used for
identification of extreme events, for impact assessment, and to project
and characterize the risks and impacts of climate change for natural and
socio-economic systems. Further impact assessment diagnostics are included
to compute daily temperature ranges and capacity factors for wind and solar
energy generation. Regional scales can be analysed with new diagnostics
implemented for selected regions and stochastic downscaling. ESMValTool v2.0
also includes diagnostics to analyse large multi-model ensembles including
grouping and selecting ensemble members by user-specified criteria. Here, we
present examples for their capabilities based on the well-established CMIP
Phase 5 (CMIP5) dataset.
Combining passive- and active-DTS measurements to locate and quantify groundwater discharge into streams
Authors: Simon Nataline , Bour Olivier , Faucheux Mikaël , Lavenant Nicolas , Le Lay Hugo , Fovet Ophélie , Thomas Zahra , Longuevergne Laurent
Published: June 2021

Abstract. FO-DTS (Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing) technology has been widely developed to quantify exchanges between groundwater and surface water during the last decade. In this study, we propose, for the first time, to combine long-term passive-DTS measurements and active-DTS measurements in order to highlight their respective potential to locate and quantify groundwater discharge into streams. On the one hand, passive-DTS measurements consist in monitoring natural temperature fluctuations to detect and localize groundwater inflows and characterize the temporal pattern of exchanges. Although easy to set up, the quantification of fluxes with this approach often remains difficult since it relies on energy balance models or on the coupling of distributed temperature measurements with additional punctual measurements. On the other hand, active-DTS methods, recently developed in hydrogeology, consist in continuously monitoring temperature changes induced by a heat source along a FO cable. Recent developments showed that this approach, although more complex to set up than passive-DTS measurements, can address the challenge of quantifying groundwater fluxes and their spatial distribution. Yet it has almost never been conducted in streambed sediments. In this study, both methods are combined by deploying FO cables in the streambed sediments of a first- and second-order stream within a small agricultural watershed. A numerical model is used to interpret passive-DTS measurements and highlight the temporal and spatial dynamic of groundwater discharge over the annual hydrological cycle. We underline the difficulties and the limitations of deploying a single FO cable to investigate groundwater discharge and show the impact of uncertainty on sediments thermal properties on the quantification of groundwater inflows. On the opposite, the active-DTS experiment allows estimating the spatial distribution of both the thermal conductivity and the groundwater flux at high resolution with very low uncertainties all along the heated section of FO cable. Our results highlight the added values of conducting active-DTS experiments, eventually combined with passive-DTS measurements, to fully investigate and characterize patterns of groundwater-stream water exchanges at the stream scale. The combination of both methods allows discussing the impact of topography and hydraulic conductivity variations on the variability of groundwater inflows in headwater catchments.
Performance of automated methods for flash flood inundation mapping: a comparison of a digital terrain model (DTM) filling and two hydrodynamic methods
Authors: Hocini Nabil , Payrastre Olivier , Bourgin François , Gaume Eric , Davy Philippe , Lague Dimitri , Poinsignon Lea , Pons Frederic
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Flash floods observed in headwater catchments often cause catastrophic material and human damage worldwide. Considering the large number of small
watercourses possibly affected, the use of automated methods for flood inundation mapping at a regional scale can be of great help for the
identification of threatened areas and the prediction of potential impacts of these floods. An application of three mapping methods of increasing
level of complexity is presented herein, including a digital terrain model (DTM) filling approach (height above nearest drainage/Manning–Strickler
or HAND/MS) and two hydrodynamic methods (caRtino 1D and Floodos 2D). These methods are used to estimate the flooded areas of three major flash
floods observed during the last 10 years in southeastern France, i.e., the 15 June 2010 flooding of the Argens river and its tributaries (585 km of
river reaches), the 3 October 2015 flooding of small coastal rivers of the French Riviera (131 km of river reaches) and the 15 October 2018
flooding of the Aude river and its tributaries (561 km of river reaches). The common features of the three mapping approaches are their high
level of automation, their application based on a high-resolution (5 m) DTM, and their reasonable computation times. Hydraulic simulations
are run in steady-state regime, based on peak discharges estimated using a rainfall–runoff model preliminarily adjusted for each event. The simulation
results are compared with the reported flood extent maps and the high water level marks. A clear grading of the tested methods is revealed,
illustrating some limits of the HAND/MS approach and an overall better performance of hydraulic models which solve the shallow water equations. With
these methods, a good retrieval of the inundated areas is illustrated by critical success index (CSI) median values close to 80 %, and the
errors on water levels remain mostly below 80 cm for the 2D Floodos approach. The most important remaining errors are related to limits of
the DTM, such as the lack of bathymetric information, uncertainties on embankment elevation, and possible bridge blockages not accounted for in
the models.
Uncertainty analysis of a rainfall threshold estimate for stony debris flow based on the backward dynamical approach
Authors: Martinengo Marta , Zugliani Daniel , Rosatti Giorgio
Published: June 2021

Abstract. A rainfall threshold is a function of some rainfall quantities that provides the conditions beyond which the probability of debris-flow occurrence is considered significant. Many uncertainties may affect the thresholds calibration and, consequently, its robustness. This study aims to assess the uncertainty in the estimate of a rainfall threshold for stony debris flow based on the backward dynamical approach, an innovative method to compute the rainfall duration and averaged intensity strictly related to a measured debris flow. The uncertainty analysis is computed by performing two Monte Carlo cascade simulations: (i) to assess the variability in the event characteristics estimate due to the uncertainty in the backward dynamical approach parameters and data and (ii) to quantify the impact of this variability on the threshold calibration. The application of this procedure to a case study highlights that the variability in the event characteristics can be both low and high. Instead, the threshold coefficients have a low dispersion showing good robustness of the threshold estimate. Moreover, the results suggest that some event features are correlated with the variability of the rainfall event duration and intensity. The proposed method is suitable to analyse the uncertainty of other threshold calibration approaches.
A pilot study about microplastics and mesoplastics in an Antarctic glacier
Authors: González-Pleiter Miguel , Lacerot Gissell , Edo Carlos , Pablo Lozoya Juan , Leganés Francisco , Fernández-Piñas Francisca , Rosal Roberto , Teixeira-de-Mello Franco
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Plastics have been found in several compartments in Antarctica. However,
there is currently no evidence of their presence on Antarctic glaciers. Our
pilot study investigated plastic occurrence on two ice surfaces (one area
around Uruguay Lake and another one around Ionosferico Lake) that
constitute part of the ablation zone of Collins Glacier (King George Island,
Antarctica). Our results showed that expanded polystyrene (EPS) was
ubiquitous, ranging from 0.17 to 0.33 items m−2, whereas polyester was
found only on the ice surface around Uruguay Lake (0.25 items m−2).
Furthermore, we evaluated the daily changes in the presence of plastics in
these areas in the absence of rainfall to clarify the role of the wind in
their transport. We registered an atmospheric dry deposition rate between
0.08 items m−2 d−1 on the ice surface around Uruguay Lake and
0.17 items m−2 d−1 on the ice surface around Ionosferico Lake.
Our pilot study is the first report of plastic pollution presence on an
Antarctic glacier, possibly originated from local current and past
activities and likely deposited by wind transport.
Metodología JUNTS de creación de Webapps para el abordaje de barreras en la comunicación médico-paciente: el caso de la aplicación COMJuntos en el ámbito de las enfermedades raras
Authors: Estopà Bagot Rosa , Armayones Ruiz Manuel
Published: June 2021

El diagnóstico (o sospecha) de una enfermedad rara pediátrica tiene un gran impacto emocional en las familias, y pone de manifiesto la necesidad de que adquieran nuevos conocimientos y habilidades en un corto período de tiempo. En ocasiones, las familias se enfrentan a barreras cognitivas para comunicarse con los profesionales sanitarios. Estas barreras dificultan la adquisición de conocimientos y afectan a la relación con los profesionales que les atienden. La metodología JUNTS para crear webapps de salud incluye recursos específicos como diccionarios creados ad-hoc, así como una visión polifónica en la que profesionales, familiares y pacientes ofrecen respuestas a las mismas preguntas. Esta metodología puede adaptarse a cualquier tipo de enfermedad o condición crónica, y ha sido desarrollada en colaboración con la Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras (FEDER). En este trabajo presentamos la aplicación de la metodología JUNTS aplicada en el ámbito de las enfermedades raras a partir del desarrollo de la aplicación COMJuntos: una webapp para fomentar la comunicación médico-paciente, diseñada para ayudar a las familias que tienen un hijo o hija con una enfermedad rara a capacitarse para ser competentes en las principales situaciones de comunicación con los profesionales sanitarios, tanto en el proceso de diagnóstico, como en las pruebas médicas y a lo largo del seguimiento de la enfermedad.
Autonomías precarias: un análisis sobre las tecnologías para personas con diversidad funcional intelectual
Authors: Moyà-Köhler Joan , Domènech Miquel
Published: June 2021

Las tecnologías digitales han irrumpido en la vida de las personas con diversidad funcional con la promesa de ofrecer más autonomía y accesibilidad con logros ciertamente remarcables. La diversidad funcional intelectual, sin embargo, ha sido un campo en el que tales desarrollos han sido más modestos y presenta aún ciertas incertidumbres. La cuestión de la autonomía, concretamente, plantea problemas en su puesta en práctica, especialmente cuando se la piensa desde la idea de sujeto individual autónomo capaz de tomar decisiones por cuenta propia. A través de un trabajo de carácter etnográfico realizado en un servicio de vida independiente en Cataluña, se lleva a cabo el análisis de dos casos de implantación de tecnología para facilitar la autonomía de personas con diversidad funcional intelectual. A partir de la comparación entre los dos casos, hemos mostrado cómo el resultado final de las experiencias tiene mucho que ver con las interacciones que se dan entre las diferentes concepciones de autonomía que se encuentran presentes y la manera en que se concibe el papel de la tecnología en la consecución de la vida independiente. Pensar toda la red de relaciones que se establece como un conjunto de equilibrios precarios aparece en este trabajo como la clave del éxito que debe permitir lidiar entre asuntos tan complejos como la autonomía, el derecho a decidir y el acompañamiento no invasivo en el día a día de las personas con diversidad funcional.
Who Compiled and Edited the Mashhad Miscellany?
Authors: Treadwell Luke
Published: June 2021

The identity of the editors of the Mashhad miscellany generated considerable scholarly debate for a couple of decades after Togan’s discovery of the Mashhad manuscript in 1923, but interest in the topic declined after the middle of the century. In the last seventy years, it is the miscellany’s four texts, in particular the Kitāb of Ibn Faḍlān, that have monopolized scholarly attention. This paper reopens the file on the mysterious editors in the belief that their role remains the key to understanding the majmūʿa as well as its component texts. It reexamines the paratextual apparatus with which the editors framed the miscellany and concludes that the editors did not belong to the Mashriqī literary elite as earlier scholars maintained. The “editors” were in all probability not men of flesh and blood, but the fictional creations of the traveler, poet, and nadīm Abū Dulaf al-Khazrajī, author of the miscellany’s two Risālas. His role as the mastermind of the Mashhad miscellany compels us to reevaluate the miscellany’s literary context and to think again about the provenance, structure, and contents of its four texts.
Rebellious Son
Authors: Tayyara Abed el-Rahman
Published: June 2021

This article concerns early representations in Arabic-Islamic sources of Ḥijāzī opposition to the dynastic succession initiated by Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān shortly before his death in 41/661. The study emphasizes the importance of Qurʾānic exegesis for understanding the origin of the Ḥijāzī-Umayyad debate over rightful caliphal succession. It also demonstrates that examining how this episode is depicted in various literary genres offers a wider perspective on the construction of historical narratives in terms of provenance, protagonists, and objectives. The analysis of tafsīr interpretations of Q 46:17, which serve as the article’s underpinning, reveals that the Umayyad court promoted the view that ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr was the rebellious son mentioned in this verse. Depictions of this dispute in the ḥadīth, ansāb, and adab genres clearly connect Marwān b. alḤakam with this interpretation after ʿAbd al-Raḥmān questioned Muʿāwiya’s appointment of his son Yazīd as his successor. The portrayals of the Ḥijāzī-Umayyad debate in taʾrīkh accounts represent a different perspective, one that shows a transition from a tribal and provincial setting to a broader caliphal political framework. The gradual shift from a reliance on Medinan transmitters to a focus on Iraqi authorities testifies to this orientation, as does the appearance of new leading protagonists. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān’s central role as a leader of the Ḥijāzī opposition to the Umayyads in the tafsīr, ḥadīth, and adab literature becomes secondary and overshadowed by other Ḥijāzī figures, particularly ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr.
Paperwork of a Mamluk Muqṭaʿ
Authors: Livingston Daisy
Published: June 2021

This article follows prevailing trends in research on the archival practices of the premodern Middle East by emphasizing the importance of documentary life cycles. Specifically, it examines the afterlives of a microsample of documents from an underexplored historical context: the administration of amirs who held iqṭāʿ land grants in areas of Egypt outside Cairo. Though iqṭāʿ holders (muqṭaʿs) were key administrative actors in the Mamluk sultanate, we know little about their activities on the ground. The material investigated here is related to the administration of justice in far-flung districts of Egypt, one of the less-known roles of these muqṭaʿs, and is preserved in the Papyrus Collection of the Austrian National Library in Vienna. Contextualizing the documents by relating them to the activities of several named amirs, I delineate three stages in the documents’ afterlives: archiving, reuse, and disposal. I rely on the materiality of the documents, an indispensable tool for identifying the more enigmatic aspects of documentary life cycles. I then turn to reflect on what these afterlives can tell us about the archival spaces of this administrative setting. By examining the muqṭaʿs’ paperwork, I highlight shifts in meaning that documents underwent over time, calling attention to the phenomenon of casual storage, or “documents lying around.”
Susceptibilities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Isolates to First-line Antituberculosis Drugs at Dokuz Eylül University Hospital
Authors: Arslan Nazlı , Özkarataş Müge Hacer , Esen Nuran , Özkütük Aydan
Published: June 2021

Objective: Tuberculosis retains its importance as the only infectious disease in the world that affects 10 million people and causes 1.5 million deaths per se. The major obstacle in the elimination and control of tuberculosis is the emergence and spread of resistant tuberculosis cases. It was aimed to determine the current Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and its susceptibility to antituberculosis drugs at Dokuz Eylül University Hospital. Method: In our study, the results of all samples sent between January 2013 and November 2019 were examined retrospectively for the presence of M. tuberculosis complex and drug susceptibility results. The samples were cultured in Löwenstein Jensen media and BACTEC MGIT 960 system. Drug susceptibility testing was performed with the BACTEC MGIT 960 SIRE kit in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer. Results: In a total of 473 (2.2%) of 21620 specimens M. tuberculosis complex was reproduced. The samples were classified as pulmonary (n:300; 63.4%) and extrapulmonary (n:173; 36.6%), samples. When repeated samples of the same patient, were excluded, positive culture test results were determined in a total of 365 patients. Susceptibility to all primary antituberculosis drugs was shown in 275 of 321 (85.7%) patients, while total rates of resistance to streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol were found in respective number of patients as follows: (n:24 (7.5%), 22 (6.8%), (n:7; 2.2%) and (n:2; 0.6%). The rate of MDR was 0.6% in 2 patients. Conclusion: In our hospital, streptomycin is the first-line antituberculosis drug with the highest resistance rate. All susceptibility rates were seen lower than the data reported in Turkey Tuberculosis Control Report and other studies of Turkey. Implementing drug surveillance program plays an important role for maintaining these low rates and for the management of tuberculosis.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Evaluation of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) Strains Isolated from Various Clinical Specimens
Authors: Bilen Semra , Parlak Mehmet , Yakupoğulları Yusuf , Güdücüoğlu Hüseyin , Bayram YAsemin , Rağbetli Cennet , Uyanık Parlak Arzu , İrden Şevin
Published: June 2021

Objective: Enterococci are among the important microorganism group worldwide due to their natural resistance to many antibiotics, especially their acquired resistance mechanisms against glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin). In this study, vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance were phenotypically determined in Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains obtained from various clinical specimens, and the presence of VanA, VanB and VanC was investigated by molecular methods. Method: A total of 30 VRE strains isolated from various clinical specimens at Microbiology Laboratory of Van Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between 2015 and 2018 were included in the study. MicroScan WalkAway 96 Plus (Beckman Coulter, USA) automated system was used for the identification of strains and determination of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin were also determined by gradient test method. Resistance genes were investigated by in-house PCR method performed in Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory of The Department of Medical Microbiology using appropriate primers. Results: Identification tests revealed 29 strains as Enterococcus faecium and 1 as Enterococcus faecalis. While all strains were resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin in the automated identification system, three isolates tested by gradient test method were found to be susceptible to these antibiotics. Molecular method of these three strains showed that there were no VanA, VanB and VanC genes. While VanA gene was detected in 27 strains, VanB gene was detected in one strain, and VanC gene was not detected. Resistance detection by gradient test and molecular method were found to be 100% compatible in the identification of vancomycinresistance in enterococci isolates. Conclusion: Gradient test method is reliable in determining glycopeptide resistance of enterococcal isolates in clinical microbiology laboratory.
Comparison of the Effects of Gram- Negative Bacteria and Their Sterile Supernatants on Candida albicans Biofilm
Authors: Hacıoğlu Mayram , Oyardı Özlem
Published: June 2021

Objective: Polymicrobial biofilms consisting of a combination of various bacteria and/or fungi are generally much more resistant than monomicrobial biofilms formed by these species alone. In this study, it was aimed to investigate how Candida albicans biofilms were affected in the presence of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa or supernatants of these bacteria. Method: C. albicans with Gram-negative polymicrobial biofilms were formed on sterile microplates by using control strains of C. albicans SC 5314, E. coli ATCC 25922, K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, A. baumannii ATCC 19606 and P. aeruginosa PA01. The number of C. albicans in biofilms was determined in the presence of both Gram- negative bacteria and sterile supernatants. Results: According to our results, all Gram negative bacteria displayed an antagonist effect against C. albicans in the biofilm and a three log decrease was observed compared to the control. Sterile supernatants were shown to have an inhibitory effect on the C. albicans biofilms and reduce the number of yeasts by at least one log. MTT assay and fluorescence microscopy images also confirmed the results. Conclusion: In C. albicans-Gram-negative polymicrobial biofilms that can occur in many infections, bacteria affected C. albicans biofilm cells as antagonist agents, both with their cells and sterile cell-free supernatants
On Bohr Radius of Certain Analytic Functions with Negative Coefficients
Authors: Kanwal Bushra , Inayat Noor Khalida
Published: June 2021

The key purpose of this paper is to investigate the Bohr radius
for several subclasses of analytic functions with negative coefficients. Our
investigation with the Bohr radius correlates with the classes of generalized Janowski type functions. Under this novel strategy, we develop
Bohr’s phenomenon for a generalized class associated with q-functions
having q ∈ (0, 1). In the applications viewpoint, our consequences have
shown the applicability in the class inaugurated by Bessel functions.
THE ROLE OF NGOs IN LIBERAL PEACE ATTEMPTS
Authors: Padmi Made Fitri
Published: June 2021

Abstract The post-Cold War era has seen the expansion of involvement by non-state actors in the spreading of liberal peace principles. NGOs are one of the non-state actors which have been actively advocating the value of liberal peace. This paper would like to analyze the role of NGOs in spreading the value of peace throughout the world. The paper began in the concern of the rising number of civilian casualties during armed conflicts. This paper examines liberal peace as a pathway to global improvement and as a source of sustainable peace. NGOs take the grassroots approach to views of conflict, peacebuilding, development, and promoting liberal values by involving the local community and local authority. NGOs emerge to fill the gap of liberal peacebuilding projects that cannot be reached by the state. The legally-mandated neutrality of NGOs gives them more access to build peace as they are seen as less threatening parties. Despite the criticism of NGOs as the vehicle of state interests, NGOs are able to be good partners for the state to establish liberal peace. The case study of NGO involvement in Afghanistan describes how NGOs work to protect human rights, empower communities, and other humanitarian projects. Keywords: NGOs, liberal peace, democracy, peacebuilding Abstrak Era pasca-Perang Dingin telah menjadi saksi bagi perluasan keterlibatan aktor-aktor non-negara dalam penyebaran prinsip-prinsip perdamaian liberal. NGO adalah salah satu aktor non-negara yang telah secara aktif menganjurkan nilai perdamaian liberal. Tulisan ini ingin menganalisis peran NGO dalam menyebarkan nilai perdamaian di seluruh dunia. Tulisan ini mulai menjadi perhatian meningkatnya jumlah korban sipil selama konflik bersenjata. Penelitian ini mengkaji perdamaian liberal sebagai jalur menuju perbaikan global dan sebagai sumber perdamaian yang berkelanjutan. NGO mengambil pendekatan akar rumput untuk melihat konflik, pembangunan perdamaian, pembangunan, dan mempromosikan nilai-nilai liberal dengan melibatkan masyarakat lokal dan pemerintah daerah. NGO muncul untuk mengisi kesenjangan proyek pembangunan perdamaian liberal yang tidak dapat dicapai oleh negara. Azas netralitas yang diamanatkan pada NGO memberi mereka lebih banyak akses untuk membangun perdamaian karena dipandang sebagai pihak yang kurang mengancam. Meskipun ada kritik terhadap NGO sebagai alat bagi kepentingan negara, NGO dapat menjadi mitra yang baik bagi negara untuk mewujudkan perdamaian liberal. Studi kasus keterlibatan NGO di Afghanistan menggambarkan bagaimana NGO bekerja untuk melindungi hak asasi manusia, memberdayakan masyarakat, dan proyek kemanusiaan lainnya. Kata kunci: NGO, perdamaian liberal, demokrasi, peacebuilding
Analisa Politik Keberadaan PMC Academi dalam Konflik Amerika Serikat dan Iraq Tahun 2004-2007
Authors: Rahmawati Restu , Papilaya Axl
Published: June 2021

Tulisan ini akan membahas tentang analisis politik dari adanya keberadaan PMC Academi dalam Konflik Amerika Serikat dan Iraq, penulis memilih tema ini karena melihat bahwa adanya aroma bisnis dan kepentingan politik dari keberadaan PMC yang ada di Konflik Amerika Serikat dan Iraq tahun 2004-2007. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus.. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendiri PMC Academi yakni Price dan Clark keduanya diketahui memiliki hubungan kedekatan dengan elit politik dan pemerintahan di Amerika Serikat saat itu. Hal inilah yang menjadi  alasan kuat untuk menyatakan adanya kepentingan khusus diantara PMC Academi dan Pemerintah Amerika  Serikat, sehingga tak heran mereka selalu hadir  dalam setiap konflik Amerika khususnya di Iraq tahun 2004-2007. Kiprah PMC Academi dan PMC yang lain didukung oleh kebutuhan AS dan negara barat lain yang khususnya membutuhkan SDA seperti minyak bumi dan gas alam dikarenakan untuk mendapatkan itu, semua negara tersebut membutuhkan konflik dan  perang dengan segala macam alasan. Kata Kunci: PMC Academi, Konflik Amerika Serikat dan Iraq
Pertahanan Jepang Pada Era Pasca Perang Dingin, Antara Nasionalisme Dan Konservatisme
Authors: Khairunnisa Ani
Published: June 2021

Defence and security are an important part of national policy. Japan that has been rise from its failure in the World War II and make various adjustments to the international security order. Despite reaping the pros and cons in international relations and get criticism will rise militarism of Japan. Japan has proven through increase the development of the domestic economy and continues to improve its positive image in foreign relations including defence and security policy. This papers will describe the condition.Key Words : Security, National Policy, Defence
ANALISIS SOCIOSEMIOLÓGICO DEL DISCURSO CONSTITUCIONAL DE ECUADOR: A MODO DE COMPARACIÓN CON EL DISCURSO MEXICANO Y BRASILEÑO
Authors: Correa de Almeida Marina
Published: June 2021

La propuesta es hacer un análisis crítico del discurso del derecho constitucional de Ecuador después de la Constitución del 2008 y, haciendo la comparación con el mismo discurso en Mexico y Brasil, verificar cómo los procesos políticos recientes en Ecuador han influenciado el nuevo discurso constitucional. El objetivo es buscar las diferencias y similitudes con lo que es el discurso constitucional tradicional latinoamericano, en especial en países como Brasil y México que, en nuestra hipótesis, revelan la ideología capitalista. Considerando los procesos políticos del empiezo del siglo XXI en Ecuador y su resultado, cabe entonces hacer un análisis más apurado, en ese caso, un análisis sociosemiológico del discurso constitucional, que lleve a pensar en el grado de hegemonía del grupo en el poder.
EDUCACIÓN PÚBLICA ESTATAL Y CRÍTICA ANARQUISTA
Authors: Balerdi Juan Carlos
Published: June 2021

El artículo plantea el horizonte de la posibilidad de gestar una educación anarquista. Para ello, el texto hace una crítica del sistema escolar de la república democrático-liberal, argumentando que ésta refleja la estructura vertical de la sociedad, contribuyendo a crearla y a conservarla a través de sus mecanismos de selección, discriminación y marginación. En este orden de ideas, el autor expone que para superar dicha tradición anti-igualitaria es preciso recuperar el concepto de “fraternidad”, el cual alienta la igualdad y la libertad, pero en el seno de una sociedad cooperativa y sin clase. Así, el concepto de fraternidad — nos dice el autor—, se encuentra ligado al modelo de la educación integral, el cual se caracteriza porque, mientras el sistema educativo democrático liberal está fundado en una estructura social clasista y autoritaria; el de la educación integral, tiene por finalidad principal la superación del sistema de clases y del autoritarismo. De este modo, — yendo más allá de la teoría—, el autor historiza el caso de la Escuela Moderna impulsada por Ferrer i Guardia, que entre fines del siglo XlX y principios del siglo XX, hizo posible encarar, desde una perspectiva anarquista, la tarea de promover la fundación y gestión de una educación libertaria.
ECONOMÍA VERDE Y DERECHOS DE LA NATURALEZA: EL PROYECTO SOCIO BOSQUE EN ECUADOR
Authors: Nieto Sanabria Laura
Published: June 2021

Los proyectos ecológicos y ambientales deben ser entendidos como proyectos políticos para comprender la relación de fuerzas que subyace entre ellos. La economía verde es entendida aquí como una forma de revolución pasiva del capitalismo que busca adueñarse de discursos radicales y opuestos al discurso hegemónico de acumulación capitalista con el fin de proliferar e introducirse poco a poco en diversas regiones del mundo. En el caso de Ecuador, la economía verde se introduce a partir de diversos programas gubernamentales en sintonía con mandatos internacionales, tal es el caso del Proyecto Socio Bosque; dentro de la relación de fuerzas que subyace en la economía verde se puede encontrar que ésta utiliza el discurso progresista de los Derechos de la Naturaleza, de manera tergiversada, para argumentar positivamente la entrada de proyectos neoliberales y mercantilizantes de la naturaleza. Así, a manera de revolución pasiva, la economía verde, con sus herramientas como Socio Bosque y REDD, logra adentrarse en la región latinoamericana haciendo uso de proyectos y discursos como el de los Derechos de la Naturaleza, despojándolos de su radicalidad y tergiversándolos de manera perversa, con el fin de comercializar los llamados servicios ambientales.
NUESTRAPRAXIS SUPLEMENTO AÑO 1, NÚMERO 2
Authors: Melgarito Rocha Blanca Estela , Meneses Cabrera Tania , Clériga Javier
Published: June 2021

Nuestrapraxis Entrevistas
El derecho del trabajo en el estado plurinacional de Bolivia. Entrevista al abogado laboralista Hernán Clavel, por: Blanca Melgarito

Nuestrapraxis Literaria
Extracto del poemario "En cuatro tiempos", por: Tania Meneses Cabrera

Nuestrapraxis Gráfica
Fotografía, por: Xavier Clériga "Xavotencátl"

Nuestrapraxis Publirreportaje
Se realiza I Reunión Plenaria GT Derecho, clases y reconfiguración del capital, en La Habana, Cuba, por: ANEICJ
Efficient Method of Choosing Potential Parents and Hybrids: Line  Tester Analysis of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars
Authors: Baloch Muhammad Jurial , Mallano Inayat Ali , Baloch Abdul Wahid , Jatoi Wajid Ali , Veesar Nasreen Fatima
Published: June 2021

The study was conducted to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of wheat genotypes crossed in a line ´ tester fashion. The mean squares due to F1 hybrids, female lines, male testers/pollinators and lines ´ tester interaction were significant for majority of the

characters studied. The significance of GCA and SCA variances thus suggested that both additive and non- additive genes were controlling majority of the characters, yet additive genes were more prominent because variances due to GCA by and large were higher than due to SCA. Among the three female lines evaluated, Khirman displayed maximum positive GCA effects for spike length (0.08) and seeds/spike (0.67), while other female lines which showed maximum positive GCA effects were Mehran for plant height (3.05), number of tillers/plant (1.00), spikelets/spike (1.92) and seed index (3.42) and Kiran for seeds/spike (0.67) and yield/plant (1.86). From the male testers, TD-1 exhibited greater GCA effects for number of tillers/plant (2.96), spikelets/spike (0.25), seed index (0.61) and yield/plant (2.22), whereas, Marvi displayed highest positive GCA effects for plant height (2.88), spike length (0.37) and seeds/spike (6.41). The specific combining ability estimates indicated, if hybrid crop development is feasible then, crosses Mehran ´ TD-1 for spike length; Kiran ´ TD-1 for plant height and seeds/spike and Khirman ´ Marvi for number of tillers/plant, spikelets/spike, seed index and yield/plant may be the hybrids of choice.
High Density Culture of a Cladoceran Moina micrura (Kruz, 1874) by Using Poultry Manure
Authors: War Mehraj Ud Din , Altaff Kareem
Published: June 2021

The branchipod Moina micrura was mass cultured using three different concentrations (250 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm) of chicken manure in the medium for 21 days. In the first concentration (250 ppm), the maximum density (1694.44 ± 9.68) of M. micrura was obtained on the 9th day of inoculation and the number of plankton declined gradually afterwards. In the second concentration (500 ppm), the maximum density (7296.88 ± 54.35) appeared on the 11th day while in the third concentration (1000 ppm), the maximum density (1510 ± 15.27) was obtained on the 14th day of inoculation. Temperature range of 27-31 °C and pH of 6-7 was conducive for optimal growth of M. micrura.
Evaluation of Neutralizing Efficacy of Acorus calamus and Withania somnifera Root Extracts Against Bangarus caeruleus Venom
Authors: Meenatchisundaram Subramani , P Sindhu , Thangapandian Veerapandian
Published: June 2021

Acorus calamus and Withania somnifera root extracts when tested against Bangarus caeruleus venom, both the plant extracts neutralized various pharmacological activities induced by B. caeruleus venom. About 0.12 mg of A. calamus and 0.15 mg of W. somnifera root extracts completely neutralized the lethal activity of 2LD50 of B. caeruleus venom. Various pharmacological activities like haemorrhagic, coagulance, edematic, fibrionlytic and phospholipase activities were effectively neutralized by both the extracts.
Fungi Isolated from Produced Water and Water-Soluble Fraction of Crude Oil
Authors: Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe , Edemaa Noyo Ederogun
Published: June 2021

This study was sought to determine the fungi present in the produced water (PW) and water- soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil as a preliminary approach to determining that fungi can survive in crude oil polluted water and their possible use in bioremediation. Different concentrations of PW and WSF of crude oil samples from Ughelli East Flow Station in Delta State of Nigeria were exposed to onion (Allium cepa) primordial cells at different concentrations for twelve days. Thereafter, samples of the PW and WSF were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar. Isolates of Thamnidium sp, Gelasinospora sp, Zygorhynchus sp and Colletotrichum sp were found. Zygorhynchus and Colletotrichum were associated with PW while Thaminidium and Gelasinospora associated with the WSF. There were changes in the pH and turbidity  of the PW and WSF before and after exposure to Allium cepa cells. At 25% level of treatments there were significant differences in pH and turbidity values of the PW and WSF at P < 0.05 and P > 0.01 before and after exposure to the plant.
Hyperbolising Diffusion in Flux Reconstruction and the Effect on Performance
Authors: Trojak Will
Published: June 2021

The hyperbolic diffusion (HD) is a method for changing an equation set, such as the Navier–Stokes equations, to be hyperbolic in form. This can have the profound impact of making the minimum time step scale with 1/h — rather than 1/h^2 — but at the cost of increasing the number of field variables. Additionally, the approach can offer some unique opportunities for convergence acceleration and optimisation. In this talk, I will give a general introduction to the topic and discuss the state of the ongoing research in this area. After making a case for the HD method, I will go on to explore the opportunities for kernel fusion. The hyperbolised 3D artificial compressibility method for Navier-Stokes leads to a system of 13 equations; this poses some unique challenges in GPU computing. To overcome these challenges, some creative approaches have been used in conjunction with GiMMiK to automatically produce more optimal fused kernels.
Misconceptions of sexual crimes against adult victims: Barriers to justice
Authors: Tidmarsh Patrick , Hamilton Gemma
Published: June 2021

Despite the prevalence of sexual offending in our communities, there is a lack of understanding about the nature and dynamics of sexual crimes. Myths and misconceptions about sexual offending are common and may contribute to the high attrition rates of sexual offence cases throughout the criminal justice system. This study synthesises over 40 years of research evidence to present an accurate and updated picture of sexual offending. With specialist knowledge, we can improve criminal justice responses and outcomes for victims of sexual crime.
Use of SimpliRED D-dimer assay and computerised tomography in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism
Authors:   Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Subedi Deepak , Bell Derek ,   Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Imperial College London Fulham Road London, Aslam Shazad ,   Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Lewinski Marina J Brochwitz ,   Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Murchison John T ,   Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Published: June 2021

Background: The utility of D-dimer in the diagnostic workup of pulmonary embolism has been established. Several D-dimer tests are available with different sensitivities and specificities. SimpliRED D-dimer is a rapid qualitative whole blood D-dimer assay suitable for bedside use. Objective: To assess the utility of the SimpliRED D-dimer test in patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism in the absence of formal ‘risk scoring’. Design: A prospective study measuring SimpliRED D-dimer in unselected patients undergoing computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) examination for suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Main outcome measures: D-dimer and CTPA results were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of SimpliRED D-dimer were calculated for the unselected patient group. Results: Forty-seven patients underwent D-dimer testing and CTPA. SimpliRED D-dimer was positive in 23 and negative in 24 patients. D-dimer was positive in only 6 (50%) of the 12 patients with positive CTPA. Of the 35 with negative CTPA, 17 had positive D-dimer. The positive predictive value of the D-dimer was 26.1 % and the negative predictive value 75.0%. Conclusion: SimpliRED D-dimer should not be used in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the absence of risk scoring.
Gastrointestinal Emergencies
Authors:   Southampton General Hospital SpR Tremona Road Southampton SO16 6YD, Claridge Andrew , Lloyd David ,   Southampton General Hospital SpR Tremona Road Southampton SO16 6YD
Published: June 2021

Gastrointestinal Emergencies describes itself as “the definitive reference guide for the management of gastrointestinal emergencies and endoscopic complications”, The book covers the huge topic of acute gastroenterology in a succinct and easy to read format. At just over 200 pages it covers a lot more than what you might expect and makes for easy and enjoyable reading.
Dermatological Emergencies
Authors:   Department of Dermatology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, Cousen Philippa Jane
Published: June 2021

Acute dermatological problems are seen regularly by physicians. This review aims to provide a framework for the diagnosis and management of urgent dermatological conditions. Cutaneous drug reactions are commonly seen and the different clinical presentations are discussed including the less common but important drug reactions Stevens- Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Erythrodermic patients also require prompt evaluation and management. Current guidelines for the management of urticaria and the common acquired autoimmune bullous disorders will be discussed. Patients with complications of eczema and psoriasis frequently require urgent in-patient management and patients with cellulitis and leg ulcers are also seen regularly on acute medical receiving units often requiring both medical and dermatological input.
An unusual cause of ‘musculoskeletal’ chest pain
Authors:   Frenchay Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, Lane Nigel , Mackie Adrian ,   Severn Deanery, Frenchay Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, Srivastava Seema ,   North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol
Published: June 2021

Chest pain is a frequent cause of admission to an acute medical unit. In most cases the cause is initially considered to be either cardiac or respiratory, with musculoskeletal causes being considered a benign diagnosis of exclusion. We report a case of sternoclavicular joint infection, treated initially as a lower respiratory tract infection. The investigation and treatment of this unusual condition are discussed.
Trimethoprim related Hyperkalaemia in a Trimethoprim related Hyperkalaemia in acidosis type 4
Authors:   Geriatric Medicine, Ipswich Hospital., Patel M.C.
Published: June 2021

Hyperkalaemia is a common, treatable, medical emergency, often with an iatrogenic cause. This case illustrates the vulnerability of patients with pre-existing renal tubular acidosis type 4 to medications that further inhibit renin-aldosterone action. The case also illustrates the danger of keeping entirely separate case notes between different hospital disciplines.
An Unusual cause of ‘Troponinaemia’ – Answers
Authors:   General Intensive Care Unit, St George’s Hospital, London, Chakraborty Arup , Bhimjiyani Arti ,   Milton Keynes Hospital, Milton Keynes, Smith Richard William ,   Milton Keynes General Hospital, Milton Keynes, UK
Published: June 2021

The patient was initially commenced on intravenous antibiotics, aspirin, clopidogrel and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for a putative diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia complicated by acute coronary syndrome. However, following review of the chest x-ray and careful evaluation of the history, the diagnosis of Wegener’s Granulomatosis (WG) was considered and immunological tests were requested (table 1). Prednisolone 60mg daily was commenced pending the urgent Anti Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) result. A palpable purpuric rash then developed over the dorsal aspects of both feet.
Cardiac stress tests – which one should I choose?
Authors:   Cardiology, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, Rakhit Dhrubo , Blakemore Catherine ,   Cardiorespiratory Department, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Longfleet Road, Poole
Published: June 2021

Chest pain is a common cause of presentation to the Acute Medical Unit and the use of cardiac stress imaging in these patients is becoming more widespread. This article aims to provide Acute Physicians with a basic understanding of the different modalities and how to select a particular test for a given patient.
Hypernatraemia in adults: A clinical review
Authors:   Queen Elizabeth Hospital Gayton Road King's Lynn, Bhattacharjee Dipankar , Page Simon ,   Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
Published: June 2021

Dysnatraemic disorders are becoming more common with increased use of biochemical tests in routine practice. Although hyponatraemia is generally much commoner than hypernatraemia, the latter is found in a variety of clinical situations. This review article aims to explain the approach to assessment and strategies for management of hypernatraemia, complications of its treatment and the steps that can be taken for prevention of recurrence.
Training Requirements for Point of Care Ultrasound in Acute Medicine
Authors:   Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Arrowe Park Road, Upton, Wirral CH49 5PE, Ismaeel S M , Day N J ,   Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Arrowe Park Road, Upton, Wirral CH49 5PE, Earnshaw D ,   Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Arrowe Park Road, Upton, Wirral CH49 5PE, Lorains J W ,   Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Arrowe Park Road, Upton, Wirral CH49 5PE
Published: June 2021

The aim of the study was to explore the ultrasound training requirements in acute medicine by comparing the ultrasound skill of an acute medicine trainee (AMT) with that of the radiology department following short ultrasound training. Results: 43 participants (34 males and 9 females).The mean age was 58 (range 20-93 years). Liver: AMT reported 15/17 as normal (Specificity 88%) and diagnosed ascites in 100% (NPV 93%). Gallbladder: There was 100% sensitivity and NPV for excluding gallstone. CBD: Sensitivity and specificity of 83 and 95% for dilated CBD (NPV 95%). Kidneys: AMT identified 100% of normal kidneys. Spleen: Splenomegaly diagnosed with 95% specifity and NPV. Conclusion: The AMT achieved a high level of accuracy in diagnosing and excluding gallstone, dilated CBD, ascites and splenomegaly. CBD = Common Bile Duct, NPV=Negative Predictive Value.