bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METHANOMONAS METHANOOXIDANS BROWN AND STRAWINSKI
Authors: Brown L. R. , Strawinski R. J. , McCleskey C. S.
Published: February 2010

Procedures for the isolation and characterization of Metkanomonas methanooxidans Brown and Strawinski are described. Isolates from varied sources are alike in cellular morphology, inasmuch as they form only microcolonies, and in their dependence on methane or methanol as carbon and energy sources for growth. Both organic and inorganic nitrogen sources are used. The organism is a Gram negative non-sporeforming rod, 1.5 to 3.0 μ by 1.0 μ in size, and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. In growing cultures the oxygen/methane ratio was approximately 1.1 and in resting cells 1.7. The R.Q. for methane with resting cells was 0.43. Resting cells were unable to oxidize organic compounds other than methane, methanol, formaldehyde, and formate. Formic acid was detected in test solutions after cell suspensions had metabolized methane, methanol, and formaldehyde. Using sodium sulphite as trapping agent for formaldehyde, it was found that 60 to 70% of the methane or methanol consumed was converted to formaldehyde. In the presence of iodoacetate, 70% of the methane consumed was present terminally as methanol. Thus it was shown that methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid are sequential intermediates in the oxidation of methane by these organisms.
TEMPERATURE-INDUCED DEATH AND LYSIS IN A PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIUM
Authors: Hagen P.-O. , Kushner D. J. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

A Gram-negative rod isolated from flounder eggs grows in the temperature range 0–19 °C. At 21 °C there is no growth and at higher temperatures death occurs rapidly in, both seawater and seawater growth medium. After death, the cells lyse, as shown by decreased turbidity and the release of ultraviolet-absorbing substances. Lysis of non-growing cultures initiated at 25 °C can be retarded but not halted by lowering the temperature to 5 °C or 15 °C, temperatures at which cells not previously exposed to 25 °C remain viable and do not lyse. Lysis was not inhibited by a number of metabolic inhibitors, or by spermine. A small percentage of the total hexosamine is released by lysing cells, but the greatest change noted was the disappearance of most of the lipid phosphorus, probably representing the lipids of the cytoplasmic membrane. The breakdown of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, the major phospholipid in the cells, was demonstrated. Isolated cell envelopes also lyse at 25 °C, losing lipid phosphorus in the process. No evidence was found for a soluble lytic enzyme.
AEROBIC DEGRADATION OF CHOLINE: I. FERMENTATION OF CHOLINE BY A MARINE BACTERIUM, ACHROMOBACTER CHOLINOPHAGUM N. SP.
Authors: Shieh H. S.
Published: February 2010

A marine bacterium, isolated by an enrichment technique, is able to utilize choline as the sole carbon and nitrogen source in a medium containing various salts. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of the organism indicate that it is a new species. Substrate feeding coupled with culture filtrate analyses indicate that choline is metabolized as follows: choline → betaine → dimethylglycine + formaldehyde → sarcosine + formaldehyde → serine → pyruvate + ammonia without transmethylation being involved. This pathway has not previously been reported for other bacteria or for animal tissues.
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF 2,2-DICHLOROPROPIONIC ACID IN FIVE SOILS
Authors: Kaufman Donald D.
Published: February 2010

The microbial degradation of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) in five soils was observed under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Oat plant bioassays revealed that under greenhouse conditions (28 °C) dalapon persisted only 4–8 days in a muck soil, 8–16 days in loam and silty clay loam soils, 16–32 days in sandy loam soil, and 32–64 days in a silty clay soil. An enrichment technique was used to isolate microorganisms effective in the degradation of dalapon from each soil. Although differences in microbial populations among the five soils examined were evident, each soil possessed one or more organisms capable of rapidly degrading dalapon under pure culture conditions. Dalapon degradation by effective microorganisms was affected by organic matter level, pH, cation exchange capacity, and aeration.
BOUND WATER, INOSITOL, AND THE EFFECT OF X-RAYS ON ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Webb S. J. , Dumasia M. D.
Published: February 2010

Aerosols of Escherichia coli B were subjected to 250 kv X-rays. It was found that maximal X-ray damage occurred at 70 to 80% relative humidity (R.H.). At these R.H. values only the water bound directly to cell macromolecules remains, and if the water layers were increased by using higher humidities, X-ray damage decreased. Also, at R.H. levels below 70% a sharp decrease in the sensitivity of the cells to the radiation occurred. Several chemicals known to protect cells against desiccation, ultraviolet, and X-ray damage were examined and of these i-inositol proved the most successful. The difference in the protective ability of these various compounds indicated that some protect cells against desiccation damage by retaining water, others by replacing bound-water molecules in macromolecular structure but those retaining water will not protect against X-rays. The results suggest that the physical removal or ionization of a strategic bound-water molecule by X-rays causes most of the cell deaths rather than ionizations occurring in the free water as the presence of the latter appears to offer cells a measure of protection.
BACTERIOLYSIS OF THE PSEUDOMONADS: I. AGENTS POTENTIATING LYSIS
Authors: Shively J. M. , Hartsell S. E.
Published: February 2010

The lytic spectrum of 10 species of pseudomonads in systems employing disodium EDTA, sodium deoxycholate, isoamyl alcohol, ethanol, thymol, or lysozyme was determined. Sodium deoxycholate and EDTA were the most active agents. Isoamyl alcohol, ethanol, thymol, and lysozyme elicited only slight lytic responses. EDTA, isoamyl alcohol, ethanol, and thymol when tested with lysozyme gave increased lysis. Synergistic or additive responses were observed. When phosphate buffer was used as the diluent, lysis was increased in all systems. The order of lytic sensitivity of the Pseudomonas species was putrefaciens, very sensitive; aeruginosa, aureofaciens, chlororaphis, and fluorescents, sensitive; caviae, diminuta, and fragi, moderately resistant; andropogonis and pseudomalei, most resistant. Lytic responses were shown to be consistent among strains of the same species and were found to be stable during a 2 year test period.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING SUPPLEMENTS ON THE GROWTH OF RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI) GONADAL CELLS
Authors: Li M. F. , Stewart James E.
Published: February 2010

The relative growth-stimulating properties of various animal fractions were measured in vitro using a rainbow trout gonadal cell line. No significant differences were noted at the end of a 12 day growth period when 10% of either human serum, bovine serum, or ascitic fluid was added to the basal medium. Ascitic fluid stimulated early growth of the cells but did not result in greater final numbers and apparently caused early degeneration of the cell. Fetal calf serum, bovine embryo extract, and human or bovine serum were required for maximum proliferation of rainbow trout gonadal cells in these experiments.
EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRATES ON TOXINOGENESIS BY CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE D
Authors: Hauschild A. H. W. , Pivnick Hilliard
Published: February 2010

Glucose and dextrin were compared for their ability to support toxinogenesis in cultures of strain D7 of Clostridium perfringens type D with pH controlled at 7.0 or uncontrolled. At pH 7.0 both carbohydrates supported toxinogenesis equally: the yields of alpha, epsilon, kappa, and theta toxins were 20 MLD, 70,000 to 80,000 MLD, 400 to 500 arbitrary units (K.U.) and 30 hemolytic units (H.U.) respectively. With uncontrolled pH, dextrin was superior to glucose: with dextrin in the medium the yields were 10 MLD, 16,000 MLD, 200 K.U., and 3 H.U. while with glucose they were 1 MLD, 1500 MLD, 100 K.U., and 3 H.U. of alpha, epsilon, kappa, and theta toxins respectively.The time of epsilon toxin synthesis during fermentation at pH 7.0 was affected by the carbohydrate used. With dextrin, toxinogenesis paralleled growth, but with glucose most of the toxin was produced at the end of the growth period.Synthesis of epsilon, kappa, and theta toxins by three other strains of C. perfringens type D in cultures without pH control was also reduced consistently when dextrin was replaced with glucose. At pH 7.0 toxinogenesis was, with few exceptions, the same in cultures with dextrin and glucose.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE SPENT MEDIUM OF FERROBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS
Authors: Schnaitman Carl , Lundgren Donald G.
Published: February 2010

The spent medium from cultures of the chemoautotroph Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans grown in a ferrous iron – salts medium was examined for organic compounds. Pyruvic acid was identified by chromatography after precipitation of the iron salts, and was determined at various times during the culture growth cycle. Analyses of the spent medium from cultures grown in the presence of C14O2 indicated that a large portion of the CO2 fixed by the organism was released into the medium. A significant portion of the radioactivity in the medium could be extracted as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative. Very little radioactivity was extracted by ether, indicating that phospholipids are probably not released into the medium by this organism.
NON-SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION IN SOME QUEBEC SOILS
Authors: Chang P-C. , Knowles R.
Published: February 2010

The occurrence of free-living nitrogen fixers, the potential for nitrogen fixation, and the correlation between the nitrogen-fixing capacities of the soils and bacterial counts were studied using representative Quebec soils.Clostridium occurred more frequently than did Azotobacter. Studies with N15showed that nitrogen fixation was more frequent under anaerobic than under aerobic conditions in all the soil types studied in their unamended state. The addition of glucose stimulated nitrogen fixation. During anaerobic incubation, nitrogen fixation was found to be correlated significantly with the increase in numbers of both total aerobes and Clostridia. The results suggested that facultatively anaerobic nitrogen fixers, and aerobic nitrogen fixers other than Azotobacter, were present.
EFFECT OF CONTROLLED pH ON TOXINOGENESIS BY CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE D
Authors: Pivnick Hilliard , Hauschild A. H. W. , Gorenstein B. , Habeeb A. F. S. A.
Published: February 2010

A strain of Clostridium perfringens type D was grown in a complex medium with or without pH control. Rate and extent of growth was the same without pH control and at controlled pH levels between 6.0 and 7.4, but was reduced at pH 7.6. With controlled pH at optimum levels the yields of alpha, epsilon, kappa, and theta toxins were 2, 6, 2, and 8 times higher than without pH control. These yields were 25 MLD, 70 × 103 MLD, 400 kappa units, and 60 hemolytic units per milliliter respectively. Optimum pH was 7.0 to 7.2 for alpha, 6.7 to 7.4 for epsilon and kappa, and 7.0 to 7.4 for theta toxin. Lambda and mu toxins were not produced, and only traces of nu antigen were formed.Fourteen additional strains of C. perfringens type D were grown with pH controlled at 7.0 or without pH control and assayed for production of epsilon, kappa, and theta toxins. Epsilon was formed by 14, kappa by 10, and theta by 13 strains. With pH controlled at 7.0, 14 strains produced more epsilon toxin, 4 strains more kappa toxin, and 10 strains more theta toxin than without pH control. It is concluded that increased toxinogenesis at controlled pH is a general phenomenon in cultures of C. perfringens type D.
PIGMENTS OF ELSINOË SPECIES: I. PIGMENT PRODUCTION BY ELSINOË SPECIES; ISOLATION OF PURE ELSINOCHROMES A, B, AND C
Authors: Weiss U. , Ziffer H. , Batterham T. J. , Blumer M. , Hackeng W. H. L. , Copier H. , Salemink C. A.
Published: February 2010

The production of pigments by fungi of the genus Elsinoë (Ascomycetes) and the corresponding imperfect stage, Sphaceloma, has been studied. Three closely related pigments, the elsinochromes A, B, and C, are formed by most of them in varying proportions. These pigments have been isolated in pure form and have been shown to be derivatives of 4,9-dihydroxyperylene-3,10-quinone. The same pigments are also formed by an imperfect fungus designated as "Phyllosticta caryae Pk." However, this fungus had been identified earlier as a conidial stage of E. randii Jenkins and Bitancourt, an interpretation which is supported by the present findings concerning pigment production.
ISOLATION AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SAPROSPIRA THERMALIS
Authors: Lewin Ralph A.
Published: February 2010

not available
THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ: VIII. THE EFFECT OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE AND COLCHICINE
Authors: Ingram D. G.
Published: February 2010

The administration of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) to rabbits in dosages of 6 or 12 mg per kg per day resulted in complete blocking of the immuno-conglutinin and antibody responses provided the injections were continued for 5 days after the last inoculation of antigen. However, if the administration of 6-MP was discontinued 1 day after the last antigen injection, the immune mechanism escaped from this inhibition and both antibody and immuno-conglutinin were produced. Rabbits injected with the 12 mg dosage level took longer to overcome the inhibition of the immune response and showed weaker responses than rabbits injected with the 6 mg dosage level. Immuno-conglutinin production by heterostimulation and by autostimulation showed a similar pattern to treatment with 6-MP but the immuno-conglutinin response to autostimulation was quantitatively weaker.Rabbits injected with colchicine gave a slightly higher immuno-conglutinin response in heterostimulation experiments but a somewhat lower response in autostimulation experiments when compared with animals not receiving the drug.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF PHAGES OF AGROBACTERIUM RADIOBACTER
Authors: Roslycky E. B. , Allen O. N. , McCoy Elizabeth
Published: February 2010

Four phages of A. radiobacter, isolated from sewage and soil, required divalentions for multiplication. Chelating agents inactivated free phage irreversibly. With citrate and phosphate the order of decreasing sensitivity of the phages was PR-590a > PS-192 > PsR-1012 > PR-1001. EDTA was the most inhibitory. Phage growth was promoted by the addition of 10−3 M of Ca++or Mg++in a divalent ion-free medium. These ions were required for the adsorption step in the growth cycle of phage PR-1001. Latent periods of the four phages in nutrient broth ranged from 35 to 37 minutes for PsR-1012 and 42 to 45 minutes for PR-590a. Burst sizes were 65, 27, 56, and 69, and percentage adsorptions after 5 minutes were 35, 12, 36, and 43 for PR-1001, PS-192, PR-590a, and PsR-1012, respectively. The optimum temperature for adsorption and yield of phage PS-192 was 25 °C while the shortest latent period occurred at 30–32 °C. At 35 °C this phage failed to multiply.
EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES FROM STRAINS OF SORANGIUM
Authors: Gillespie D. C. , Cook F. D.
Published: February 2010

Soil organisms belonging to the myxobacter group and predatory on molds, yeasts, nematodes, and streptomycetes as well as on a wide range of bacteria elaborate at least two extracellular enzymes: a protease and a lysin. The protease hydrolyzes casein and haemoglobin and is inactive against bacterial cell walls while the lysin hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls but is inactive on proteins. These enzymes have been separated on hydroxylapatite columns and some of their properties are described. The predatory action of many of the isolates may be explained by the secretion and subsequent action of these two enzymes.
FRESHWATER SPECIES OF SAPROSPIRA
Authors: Lewin Ralph A.
Published: February 2010

not available
THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ: IX. IN ACUTE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Ingram D. G.
Published: February 2010

Data are presented which demonstrate that dogs and mice produce immuno-conglutinin in response to a variety of bacterial infections. The production of immuno-conglutinin was stimulated by infections with five Gram-negative and six Gram-positive species of bacteria. The greater the challenge dose of organisms the greater was the immuno-conglutinin response, and challenges of immunized animals stimulated greater responses than challenges of non-immunized animals. Virulent strains or species stimulated a greater immuno-conglutinin response than did non-virulent organisms of similar strains or species.These experiments show that the production of immuno-conglutinin is one of the serological responses which are characteristic of acute bacterial infections.
THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ: X. IN CHRONIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Ingram D. G.
Published: February 2010

In mice chronically infected with Brucella abortus or Salmonella typhimurium the production of immuno-conglutinin was stimulated and the serum levels of conglutinating activity remained elevated over a prolonged period, probably throughout the infection. Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused a slow rise in immuno-conglutinin titers in rabbits. In limited infections the peak titer was followed by a decreasing level of activity. In active and progressive infections the immuno-conglutinin titer was maintained at a high level.These experiments show that the production of immuno-conglutinin is one of the serological responses which are characteristic of chronic bacterial infections and that high levels of conglutinating activity are maintained for prolonged periods during such infection.
β-MANNANASES OF FUNGI
Authors: Reese Elwyn T. , Shibata Yuko
Published: February 2010

β-1,4-Mannanases are of common occurrence in fungi. They are induced enzymes, the yields of enzyme being 10- to 100-fold greater when the organism is grown on mannan. All of the β-mannanases studied are endopolysaccharases acting on long chains in a random manner and unable to act on mannotriose or mannobiose. Acting on substituted mannans, they yield products containing the branch. Most of the microbial mannanase preparations contain glycosidases capable of removing galactose or glucose units from the mannan chain. The few which lack glycosidases are useful in the production of oligosaccharide products.
NITROFURAN DERIVATIVES AS RADIOMIMETIC AGENTS: CROSS-RESISTANCE STUDIES WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: McCalla D. R.
Published: February 2010

Mutants of Escherichia coli B selected on the basis of resistance to nitrofurazone, NFT, or ultraviolet light proved to be resistant to all three of these agents. Further tests showed that these mutants are also resistant to three other nitrofuran derivatives, nitrofurantoin, nihydrazone, and furazolidone, but not to nifuroxime. The mutants are also resistant to the chemically dissimilar radiomimetic agent, proflavin. Strain B and all the mutants derived from it are equally sensitive to streptomycin, a non-radiomimetic antibiotic. E. coli strain B/r (resistant to radiation and radiomimetic chemicals) shows the same resistance pattern as the new mutant strains. The results are discussed in terms of what is known concerning the basis for the resistance of strain B/r to ultraviolet light. It is concluded that radiomimetic nitrofurans probably exert their effect on E. coli through damage to DNA.
LYSIS OF CELL WALLS AND INTACT CELLS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA BY ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID AND BY LYSOZYME
Authors: Eagon R. G. , Carson K. Jane
Published: February 2010

It was shown that Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 64 was extensively Iysed by EDTA alone and that destruction of cells was as complete as when lysozyme was used in combination with EDTA as evidenced by microscopic examinations and viability tests of the bacterial suspensions. Lysozyme alone caused no appreciable lysis. Lysozyme was not completely without effect. Cells that were preincubated with lysozyme, washed, and resuspended in the presence of EDTA lysed at the same rate and to the same extent as in a system containing both EDTA and lysozyme. Electron microscopy revealed that, after incubation with lysozyme, cells showed altered physical appearances manifested by "ballooning" and bulging of the cell walls. Incubation of cells with rhodamine-labelled lysozyme indicated that lysozyme is bound to the cellular surface and that it is readily removed by washing.There is evidence that EDTA acts through its chelation properties. Calcium was chelated in greatest quantity. EDTA was replaceable by structurally related polyacetic acid chelating agents but not by other chelating agents or by detergents. It is concluded that the binding of divalent metals, which may function to form cross-linkages, is essential for the integrity of the cell walls of P. aeruginosa.
THE ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH PREPARATIONS OF DELTA HEMOLYSIN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Hoffmann Edward M. , Streitfeld Murray M.
Published: February 2010

Partially purified preparations of delta hemolysin demonstrated growth-inhibitory activity against certain Gram-positive bacteria, including certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Primary and replica plate assays indicated that the pattern of antibacterial activity manifested against a typical strain, highly sensitive to delta hemolysin, was that given by a typical antibiotic. Bactericidal, bacteriostatic, and stimulation zones were seen, dependent upon the lysin concentration. Certain of the delta hemolysin-producing strains of S. aureus manifested a pattern of growth inhibition wherein particular members of the cultures responded by bacteriostasis to high concentrations of lysin, while the remaining organisms showed no overt growth inhibition. Other strains of delta hemolysin-producing S. aureus were not inhibited in growth by delta hemolysin preparations.The identity of the delta hemolysins and the antibiotic material has not been established. However, analysis by paper chromatography of delta hemolysin preparations revealed at least two hemolytic substances, delta A and delta B, manifesting hemolysis of human erythrocytes and associated with antibiotic activity.
STUDIES OF THE LIPIDS OF ARTHROBACTER GLOBIFORMIS 616: I. THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION
Authors: Walker R. W. , Fagerson I. S.
Published: February 2010

Nearly 96% of the fatty acids of Arthrobacter globiformis 616 cultivated in a glucose – mineral salts – nitrate medium were of the branched-chain type. The fatty acids, identified by melting point and by infrared, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were (in order of abundance) 12-methyl tetradecanoic, 14-methyl hexadecanoic, 14-methyl pentadecanoic, hexadecanoic, 12-methyl tridecanoic, and tetradecanoic.
POSSIBLE CLASSIFICATION OF RAPIDLY GROWING MYCOBACTERIA ON THE BASIS OF THEIR PHAGE SUSCEPTIBILITY
Authors: Juhasz Stephen E. , Bönicke Rudolf
Published: February 2010

Several bacteriophages isolated at the Borstel Research Institute and found active against mycobacteria proved to be of considerable value in the classification of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Some mycobacteriophage preparations were species specific on isolation, some others lysed initially several mycobacterial species. The latter could, however, be rendered specific by serial passages on identical host strains. Electron micrographs showed that the studied mycobacteriophages consist of a hexagonal head and a cylindrical tail. The efficiency of a phage-classifying system for rapidly growing mycobacteria could be established by correlating phage-susceptibility with the amidase spectrum of the same organisms, since the amidase activity of rapidly growing mycobacteria is a stable inherent character of each species. On screening all available rapidly growing mycobacteria for phage-susceptibility, a lysogenic strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis (isolated from a patient) could be detected. The temperate phage, accounted for by the lysogeny of this strain, is a narrow-spectrum smegmatis phage. Problems of phage specificity and broadness of spectrum in correlation with the efficiency of classification of bacteria by means of bacteriophages will be discussed also.
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN RADIATION-SENSITIVE AND -RESISTANT MUTANTS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI, STRAIN B
Authors: Woodside E. E.
Published: February 2010

Morphological heterogeneity in cell sizes of Escherichia coli, strains B, B/r, and BSprevents estimation of the viable cell count by the indirect turbidimetric method. The average dry weights of E. coli B, B/r, and BS, when grown in acetate synthetic medium, are 0.16, 0.10, and 0.13 picograms per cell respectively. Increased radiation sensitivity was correlated with those bacterial populations showing decreased intracellular glycogen content, decreased lipopolysaccharide–lipoprotein content, R-colony forms, and cellular elongation. The radiation-sensitive strains contained more DNA, RNA, and protein per cell than the radiation-resistant mutant; however, no significant differences were evident in the DNA, RNA, and protein contents on a dry weight basis. No qualitative differences in the monosaccharides or their derivatives were found. Intracellular glucose synthesis and accumulation preceded DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis throughout the lag and early logarithmic growth phases for all three strains. Multiple forms of intracellular glycogen complexes were present in all three strains. In addition to unbound glycogen and protein-bound glycogen, a bound form of glycogen was consistently associated with crude fractions which contained the DNA, RNA, and lipopolysaccharide constituents. Increased lability of the cold TCA-insoluble bound glycogen to hot TCA and alpha-amylase hydrolysis was correlated with increased radiosensitivities of the organisms.
CHANGES IN THERMORESISTANCE OF CLOSTRIDIUM ROSEUM AS RELATED TO THE INTRACELLULAR CONTENT OF CALCIUM AND DIPICOLINIC ACID
Authors: Wooley Bennie C. , Collier Robert E.
Published: February 2010

The cellular content of calcium and dipicolinic acid was determined quantitatively throughout the sporulation and germination processes of Clostridium, roseum. Cell counts were made throughout both processes to relate the changes in the thermoresistant population with the changes in cellular calcium and DPA. Calcium accumulation and DPA biosynthesis occurred early in sporogenesis and preceded the transition of the vegetative cells to thermoresistant spores. Calcium accumulation preceded both DPA biosynthesis and thermoresistance. During germination 80% of the cells became thermosensitive within 15 minutes after heat shock; however, the loss of calcium and DPA from the cells proceeded at a much slower rate. Approximately 2 hours of incubation were required for completion of the germination transition and the onset of cell division.
RECHERCHE DE LA FUMARATE-RÉDUCTASE CHEZ LES BACTÉRIES ANAÉROBIES FACULTATIVES
Authors: Pichinoty F. , Minor L. Le , Mollaret H. H.
Published: February 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE CHEMICALS AND ANTIBIOTICS ON LIGHT EMISSION BY THREE BASIDIOMYCETES
Authors: Berliner Martha D.
Published: February 2010

The effects of the antibiotics Streptomycin sulfate, Mycostatin, Viomycin, Acti-dione, Chloromycetin, Bacitracin, and Penicillin G on the light emission of several luminescent basidiomycetes have been analyzed. Also studied were the effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol, caffeine, and nicotine on the metabolic pathways involved in the bioluminescent reaction. Acti-dione was the most fungicidal antibiotic while Chloromycetin was the most effective fungistatic agent. Neomycin sulfate and Penicillin G were ineffective.
ATP32FORMATION AS A CRITERION OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN CELL EXTRACTS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Strasdine G. A. , Campbell J. J. R.
Published: February 2010

Cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa formed ATP32from ADP and P32independent of concurrent oxidation. The ATP32resulted from the action of a coupled enzyme system involving a polynucleotide phosphorylase-mediated exchange reaction between ADP and P32and the subsequent action of adenylate kinase on ADP32yielding ATP32. Fractionation of the cell extract by differential centrifugation demonstrated that the polynucleotide phosphorylase of this organism was associated with a particulate cell fraction. The significance of this latter observation and the non-oxidative formation of ATP32is discussed with regard to studies of bacterial oxidative phosphorylation.
STIMULATION OF RHIZOMORPH DEVELOPMENT OF ARMILLARIA MELLEA BY AUREOBASIDIUM PULLULANS IN ARTIFICIAL CULTURE
Authors: Pentland Gertrude D.
Published: February 2010

In artificial culture, Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud produced a stimulatory effect on rhizomorph development of Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Quél. Tests were carried out on malt agar, potato dextrose agar, and a chemically defined synthetic medium. The stimulatory substance (or substances) produced by A. pullulans was extracellular, diffusible in the medium and volatile. Tests indicated that the stimulation was caused by something other than ethanol or indoleacetic acid.
AEROBIC DEGRADATION OF CHOLINE: II. SOME PROPERTIES OF WHOLE CELLS AND CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF ACHROMOBACTER CHOLINOPHAGUM
Authors: Shieh H. S.
Published: February 2010

The complete utilization of choline and the accumulation of ammonia by resting cells of Achromobacter cholinophagum has been demonstrated. Betaine was isolated as betaine reineckate from incubation mixtures and shown to be the initial product of choline oxidation. Formaldehyde was demonstrated as an intermediate of betaine, dimethylglycine, or sarcosine oxidation. Serine was shown to be a metabolite and assayed quantitatively by oxidation with periodate. Pyruvic acid, formed from serine by cell-free extracts, was isolated as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone.
STUDIES ON IN VITRO ANTIBODY PRODUCTION: III. PRODUCTION OF COMPLEMENT
Authors: Siboo R. , Vas S. I.
Published: February 2010

Bone marrow, spleen, liver, and thymus cells of the guinea pig were incubated in Eagle"s minimal essential medium which contained glycine-2-C14. Flasks were removed from the water bath at 0, 6, 18, 24, and 48 hours and their contents were homogenized, centrifuged, and concentrated. Experiments were carried out with the concentrated supernatant samples to determine whether or not they contained proteins with properties similar to those of complement (C′) proteins. Titrations for hemolytic activity revealed that bone marrow cells produced C′2, C′3, and C′4; spleen cells synthesized C′2 and liver slices produced C′2. Liver supernatant samples also contained C′3 activity, but proteins associated with C′3 actiyity seemed to be released rather than synthesized by liver slices. We were unable to demonstrate C activity with thymus cell supernatants. Heat inactivation (56 °C for 30 minutes), as well as EDTA inhibited the hemolytic activity of supernatant samples.Further experiments showed that these supernatant proteins were fixed to antigen–antibody complexes and to aggregated gamma-globulin. The fixation was inhibited by guinea pig serum. Immunoelectrophoresis and gel-diffusion showed that proteins synthesized in vitro migrated as beta-globulins and were antigenically similar to C′ proteins.
THE INTEGRITY OF THE CELL WALL DURING BUD FORMATION IN YEASTS
Authors: McClary Dan O. , Bowers Jr. Wilbert D.
Published: February 2010

Dark-field and electron microscopic studies of budding yeast cells have shown an extension of a wall of full thickness, rather than a break in the wall, when the bud emerges. The bud appears as a minute bulge and grows steadily, not explosively, during which time both it and the mother cell are enclosed within a single wall. The wall maintains essentially a constant thickness throughout the growth of the bud, and at maturity both the wall and the cytoplasm of the two cells are separated by a cleavage wall which is laid down between them.
ACTION OF CYCLOSERINE ON A SPECIES OF ERWINIA WITH REFERENCE TO CELL DIVISION
Authors: Grula Mary M. , Grula E. A.
Published: February 2010

D-Cycloserine not only strongly inhibited growth of an Erwinia species, but, at levels allowing some growth, inhibited cell division. The resulting long cells often showed thickening or swelling. Several agents were able to prevent this effect. D-Alanine, at a level that overcame growth inhibition completely, still allowed considerable elongation to take place. To overcome division inhibition completely required an approximately 300-fold higher concentration than that completely overcoming growth inhibition under the conditions used. Similar results were obtained with L-alanine, but at a given concentration it was less effective than D-alanine. Pantoyl lactone partially overcame growth inhibition, and, at higher levels which reduced growth, completely overcame division inhibition. Pyridoxal overcame growth inhibition to a large extent, but increased elongation and damage to cells. Pantoyl lactone and L-alanine showed a high degree of synergism in overcoming both growth and division inhibition by D-cycloserine. Pantoyl lactone plus D-alanine, or pyridoxal plus either D- or L-alanine also showed such a synergism, but to a lesser extent. The significance of these findings with regard to known enzyme inhibitions of D-cycloserine is discussed.
THE ROLE OF THE EMULSIFIER IN THE FUNGITOXIC ACTION OF POLYBUTENE EMULSIONS
Authors: Bradbury J. F.
Published: February 2010

Inhibition of growth of a wine yeast in shaken liquid culture by polybutene emulsions was shown to depend solely on the concentration and type of emulsifier used. The toxicity of various emulsifiers was examined, mainly at concentrations of 200–600 p.p.m. In general, the anionic alkyl aryl sulfonates were toxic, and the non-ionic alkyl aryl polyether alcohols were non-toxic. As the concentration was increased, the toxic materials were first fungistatic, then fungicidal. Two blended emulsifiers used in agricultural sprays gave very steep dosage–response curves.
MICROORGANISMS IN THE ROOT ZONE IN RELATION TO SOIL MOISTURE
Authors: Peterson E. A. , Rouatt J. W. , Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

The influence of soil moisture on the microbial population of rhizosphere soil and of the root surface (rhizoplane) of wheat was studied under controlled conditions. Fertile soil adjusted to 30%, 60%, and 90% of its moisture-holding capacity was used. Bacterial counts and numbers of specific "physiological groups" of bacteria all increased in the rhizosphere and the rhizoplane as soil moisture decreased. Taxonomic studies of the bacteria isolated from the rhizoplane showed a marked preponderance of species of Pseudomonas under conditions of low and intermediate soil moisture content. On the other hand species of Arthrobacter, Bacillus, and Cytophaga dominated the population at high soil moisture. Although the distribution of fungi on the roots was very similar for the low and intermediate moisture levels, there was some restriction of colonization at the high level. Species of Mortierella, Rhizopus, Chaetomium, Curvularia, and Helminthosporium were not represented among isolates from roots at high soil moisture and the relative incidence of species of Fusarium and Phoma decreased. However, high soil moisture favored root colonization by species of Rhizoctonia and sterile dark fungi.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NEMATODES AND OTHER SOIL MICROORGANISMS: IV. INCIDENCE OF NEMATODE-TRAPPING FUNGI IN THE VICINITY OF PLANT ROOTS
Authors: Peterson E. A. , Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

A study was made of the occurrence of nematode-trapping fungi in the rhizosphere and on the root surface of different plants. Arthrobotrys oligospora was the predominant predaceous fungus isolated. It was almost completely absent from plant roots but occurred in varying frequency in rhizosphere soil and in root-free soil. The incidence of this fungus was consistently greater in the soybean rhizosphere and lower in the wheat rhizosphere than in corresponding soil devoid of roots, whereas for other plants, red clover, flax, etc., there was no obvious rhizosphere effect. Spore germination tests and growth of A. oligospora in root extracts of soybeans and wheat failed to account for the differences observed. However, bacterial isolates from the wheat rhizosphere were, on the whole, more antagonistic to this fungus than those from the soybean rhizosphere, whereas isolates from the latter appeared to exert a favorable effect.
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF INSECT CYTOPLASMIC-POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS PARTICLES
Authors: Bird F. T.
Published: February 2010

The cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus particle is an icosahedron about 68 mμ in diameter. It consists of a capsid, made up of two concentric rings, and an inner core. The capsid has 12 projections.Large masses consisting mostly of the capsids of virus particles develop in the cytoplasm of gut cells infected with cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus. Cores of the virus particles are found on the outer surfaces of these masses or in material adjacent to them. The complete virus particle is assembled just before it is enveloped by protein and incorporated into a developing polyhedron.Granules, tentatively identified as lysosomes, increase in number and size during the early stages of infection. Other granules and bodies observed in the gut cells are described.
PERSISTENT INFECTION OF HUMAN CONJUNCTIVA CELL CULTURES BY MYXOVIRUS PARAINFLUENZA 3
Authors: Cole Jr. Francis E. , Hetrick Frank M.
Published: February 2010

A human conjunctiva cell line persistently infected with the SF-4 strain of Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 (PIV-3) was studied.Normal cultures inoculated at a multiplicity of infection of 10 exhibited no cytopathic changes provided the cultures were kept in growth medium, while the use of maintenance medium did result in culture destruction. Since neither antibodies nor inhibitors were demonstrable in the growth medium, it was concluded that the maintenance of the carrier state was dependent, at least in part, on active cell growth and metabolism.During 76 subpassages, fluorescent antibody (FA), hemadsorption, inclusion staining, and cell-cloning procedures indicated infection of 61 to 97% of the cells.The carrier exhibited moderate resistance to superinfection with polio virus and ECHO 6 virus, but showed no resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus, Herpesvirus hominis, or Guaroa virus. Interferon was not demonstrated.Subpassage of a carrier culture for 5 months in antibody-containing growth medium produced a gradual decrease in the proportion of infected cells, although a "cure" was not effected. This gradual decrease of infected cells suggested an intracellular transfer of the virus during mitosis which was confirmed by FA and cloning procedures.
TOXIN PRODUCTION BY CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM, TYPE E, IN VACUUM-PACKED, IRRADIATED FRESH FISH IN RELATION TO CHANGES OF THE ASSOCIATED MICROFLORA
Authors: Abrahamsson Kerstin , Silva N. N. De , Molin N.
Published: February 2010

Thawed herring fillets were inoculated with spores of C. botulinum, type E, and then packed in laminated polythene bags. Some samples were vacuum-packed, others not, but the bags were sealed, while a third group was packed in open bags. The samples were stored at 20 °C and examined for the presence of toxin.The vacuum-packing considerably increased the strength of toxin present after 48 hours. On further prolonged storage at 20 °, however, the concentration of the toxin became roughly equal in all three cases.Changes in the associated spoilage flora lent further support to the view that oxygen scavenging by aerobic bacteria favors the growth of Clostridia. The flora surviving after irradiation with 0.6 Mrad consisted solely of micrococci, which were, however, sensitive to antibiotics such as penicillin and oxytetracycline.
PRODUCTION OF YEAST AND MOLD PROTOPLASTS BY TREATMENT WITH THE STREPZYME OF MICROMONOSPORA AS
Authors: Gascon S. , Ochoa A. G. , Villanueva J. R.
Published: February 2010

Using phase microscopy, the authors made studies of the formation and properties of spherical protoplasts of the organisms Candida utilis, Oospora suaveolens, and Geotrichum lactis, produced by digestion of the cell walls in isotonic medium with a lytic preparation obtained from the filtrates of the growth medium of Micromonospora AS. The susceptibility of various species of yeast and molds to cell wall digestion and further liberation of protoplasts was variable. MgSO4 (0.8 to 1.0 M final concentration) was a satisfactory stabilizer for producing osmotically sensitive spherical bodies. On dilution, these fragile structures lysed immediately. The naked protoplasts were able to grow, as indicated by changes in morphology. On prolonged incubation abnormal cells were formed. Reversion to normal cells was observed but was very rare. Details of the emergence of the Oospora suaveolens protoplasts were described. Protoplasts were also prepared from a variety of bacteria.
CELL DIVISION IN A SPECIES OF ERWINIA: VIII. AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THE MUCOPEPTIDE IN DIVIDING AND NON-DIVIDING CELLS
Authors: Grula E. A. , Smith Gerald L. , Grula Mary M.
Published: February 2010

The Erwinia sp. studied possesses a discrete mucopeptide layer. This layer contains glutamic, diaminopimelic, and muramic acid, glucosamine, and alanine (1–1–1–1–2) as major components. Aspartic acid, glycine, and an unidentified ninhydrin-positive compound are also present but in lesser amounts. Content of glycine increases when cells are grown in a defined medium in the presence of glycine. Serine is present in the mucopeptide when cells are grown in the presence of D-serine, an inhibitor of cell division. Serine can partially replace glycine. Incorporation of serine is not significantly decreased by agents capable of preventing division inhibition by D-serine (pantoyl lactone or ammonium chloride). A new method for isolation of pure mucopeptide is presented.
CATALASE INHIBITION AS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE FUNGISTATIC ACTION OF SORBIC ACID
Authors: Troller John A.
Published: February 2010

The fungistat, sorbic acid, has been shown to inhibit the activity of catalase. This inhibition is related to sorbic acid concentration, pH of the system, and length of time that the catalase was exposed to the acid. Both mold and mammalian catalases are inhibited, and mammalian catalase is shown to reverse the inhibitory effect of sorbic acid on molds. The rates of oxygen uptake by germinated and ungerminated spores have been compared in the presence and absence of sorbic acid, and it has been shown that sorbic acid exerts its most profound effect on spore germination. The possible significance of the auto-oxidative breakdown of sorbic acid is discussed.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF RIBOFLAVIN BY EREMOTHECIUM ASHBYII: VIII. THE AMINO ACID AND KETO ACID POOLS OF THE MYCELIAL CELL-FREE EXTRACTS AND THEIR RELATION TO TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITIES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH
Authors: Osman H. G. , Chenouda M. S.
Published: February 2010

The chromatographic analysis of the mycelial extract revealed the presence of the following amino acids: cystine, lysine, arginine, histidine, serine, glycine, aspartic, glutamic, threonine, α-alanine, proline, α-aminobutyric, tyrosine, valine, and leucine. Of these, glutamic, aspartic, alanine, valine, leucine, glycine, and serine were the major components. No qualitative change was noticed in the types of the amino acids of 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-day-old cultures. With the increasing age of the culture, glutamic and alanine decreased while serine and glycine increased. Aspartic and threonine did not show noticeable variations in quantity. Pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric acids were the only detectable keto acids either in the cell pool or in the culture medium. The mycelial cell-free extracts exhibited glutamic–oxalacetic transaminase and glutamic–pyruvic transaminase activities.
THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS
Authors: Richtarik Alfred A. , Lindemulder Klaus , Boer B. De
Published: February 2010

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of selected pharmacological agents was studied against five strains of staphylococci (phage types 7 US, 54, 71, 80, 81). At the concentrations used (maximal 0.125 μg/ml) chlorothiazide, acetazolamide, FeCl3, SnCl2, stilbamine urea, quinacrine, antimony Na thioglycollate, antimony thioglycollamide, and sulfisoxazole were found to have no antimicrobial effect against these strains of staphylococci, whereas HgCl2, AgNO3, meralluride sodium, stilbamidine, pentamidine, and propamidine did show activity. When effective agents were combined with potassium phenoxymethyl penicillin, the bacteriostatic action of the antibiotic was inhibited in some cases and markedly potentiated in others. Consideration should be given to the possible incorporation of effective agents into the structure of synthetic antibiotics as a means of combating resistant staphylococci.
AMINO ACID ANALYSIS OF FRESH LEAF LITTER AND THE NITROGEN NUTRITION OF SOME AQUATIC HYPHOMYCETES
Authors: Thornton D. R.
Published: February 2010

An alcohol extract of amino acids was made from fresh leaf litter of five common trees. The amino acids isoleucine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and serine were detected chromatographically. Several aquatic Hyphomycetes were then grown in the presence of aspartic acid, lysine, glutamic acid, tyrosine, arginine, and casein. Apart from Volucrispora aurantiaca, the carbon of all amino acids except lysine was found to be available for metabolism. The nitrogen of all amino acids was also available, except that V. aurantiaca could utilize only arginine, asparagine, and to a lesser degree, lysine. It is concluded that a wide range of amino acids and probably of plant proteins in general can supply available nitrogen to many aquatic Hyphomycetes.
BEHAVIOR OF ESCHERICHIA COLI B IN SULFATE-LIMITED MEDIUM
Authors: Bohinski R. C. , Mallette M. F.
Published: February 2010

The sulfur metabolism of E. coli B in glucose–salts medium was studied. When sulfate was omitted from the medium, a population of washed, log phase cells increased in both turbidity and plate count in a manner suggesting two, apparently different, endogenous pools of sulfur-containing materials. In addition, it was found that the sulfur-deficient medium contained a small but significant level of available sulfur. This contaminating exogenous sulfur could be removed from the medium by incubation of the cell suspensions for 9–10 hours. Afterward, the starved cells were removed and replaced by cells in any desired state. Starved cells grew briefly, utilizing the sulfur impurities in the standard deficient medium, but began to die soon after reaching the maximum population. When the additions were small, added sulfate induced increases in turbidity by suspensions of starved cells after lag periods. Further, a sensitive turbidimetric analysis of the response of starved cells by an extrapolation method as a function of the amount of added sulfate revealed that no level of exogenous sulfate could be detected which did not stimulate growth. Therefore, no threshold or maintenance level, at least above 10−10 mole/ml for 2.5 × 108 cells/ml, exists for sulfate. Implications of these findings are discussed.
DISTRIBUTION OF PROTEINASE IN CULTURES OF A SPECIES OF MICROCOCCUS IN SYNTHETIC MEDIUM
Authors: McDonald I. J.
Published: February 2010

Cultures of Micrococcus sp. (ATCC No. 407) in synthetic medium contained proteinase giving optimum casein hydrolysis at pH 5.7–6.3. The proteinase (named pH 5.7 proteinase) was found in the supernatant fluid of centrifuged cultures; the amount in the medium increased during the log phase of growth and reached a maximum just before cultures entered the maximum stationary phase. The occurrence of pH 5.7 proteinase in the external medium did not seem to be associated with cell lysis. Cells harvested at intervals during growth of cultures contained a small, nearly constant amount of pH 5.7 proteinase suggesting the enzyme is liberated by cells at about the same rate as it is formed. No evidence was obtained to suggest that cells contained inactive proenzyme or precursor. Cells contained peptidase activity and pH 7.0 proteinase (optimum casein hydrolysis at pH 7.0). These enzymes were liberated when cells were ruptured and apparently are produced by cells independently of pH 5.7 proteinase.