bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Dampers to Improve the Overspeed Control System with Movable Arms for Butterfly Wind Turbines
Authors: Hara Yutaka , Higami Hiroyuki , Ishikawa Hiromitsu , Ono Takeshi , Saito Shigenori , Ichinari Kenichiro , Yamamoto Katsushi
Published: June 2024

To reduce the cost of small wind turbines, a prototype of a butterfly wind turbine (6.92 m in diameter), a small vertical-axis type, was developed with many parts made of extruded aluminum suitable for mass production. An overspeed control system with movable arms that operated using centrifugal and aerodynamic forces was installed for further cost reduction. Introducing this mechanism eliminates the need for large active brakes and expands the operating wind speed range of the wind turbine. However, although the mechanism involving the use of only bearings is simple, the violent movement of the movable arms can be a challenge. To address this in the present study, dampers were introduced on the movable arm rotation axes to improve the movement of the movable arms. To predict the behavior of a movable arm and the performance of the wind turbine with the mechanism, a simulation method was developed based on the blade element momentum theory and the equation of motion of the movable arm system. A comparison of experiments and predictions with and without dampers demonstrated qualitative agreement. In the case with dampers, measurements confirmed the predicted increase in the rotor rotational speed when the shorter ailerons installed perpendicularly to the movable arms were used to achieve the inclination. Field experiments of the generated power at a wind speed of 6 m/s (10 min average) showed relative performance improvements of 11.4% by installing dampers, 91.3% by shortening the aileron length, and 57.6% by changing the control target data. The movable arm system with dampers is expected to be a useful device for vertical-axis wind turbines that are difficult to control.
Mitigating Asphaltene Deposition in CO2 Flooding with Carbon Quantum Dots
Authors: Liu Qi , Zhu Yangwen , Ye Hang , Liao Haiying , Dai Quanqi , Tiong Michelle , Xian Chenggang , Luo Dan
Published: June 2024

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology has emerged as a pivotal measure in mitigating global climate change. Notably, CO2-EOR is esteemed for its dual function of sequestering CO2 and enhancing oil recovery. However, this process presents challenges related to asphaltene deposition during CO2 flooding, leading to reservoir damage, such as pore plugging. This study systematically manipulated the factors inducing CO2-induced asphaltene deposition, elucidating the mechanisms and magnitudes of asphaltene precipitation. Additionally, the study investigated the efficacy of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) in mitigating asphaltene deposition. Experimental findings indicated a positive correlation between asphaltene deposition and level of asphaltene content, CO2 injection ratio, and temperature. Moreover, with an increase in experimental pressure, the asphaltene deposition rate demonstrated an initial increase followed by a subsequent decline. Leveraging their favorable compatibility with asphaltene, CQDs effectively suppressed the aggregation behavior of asphaltene. In the presence of CQDs, the onset of asphaltene precipitation was delayed from 45 V% to 55 V%, with the highest inhibition rate reaching approximately 36% at an optimal CQD concentration of 20 mg/L. This study proposes a novel approach to address asphaltene deposition issues in CO2-EOR processes, contributing to the enhancement of recovery rates in low-permeability reservoirs.
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Ocean Thermal Energy Resource of the Pacific Islands
Authors: Borges Posterari Jessica , Waseda Takuji , Yasunaga Takeshi , Ikegami Yasuyuki
Published: June 2024

A lack of natural resources drives the oil dependency in Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs), hampering energy security and imposing high electricity tariffs in the region. Nevertheless, the Western Equatorial Pacific is known for its large Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and deep-sea water (DSW) temperature difference favorable for harvesting thermal energy. In this study, we selected 18 PICTs in the western Equatorial Pacific to estimate Annual Energy Production (AEP) for a 1 MW class Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant. We combined the DSW temperature from the mean in situ Argo profiles and 1 km resolution satellite SST data to estimate the thermal energy resource resolving the fine features of the island coastline. Furthermore, the twenty-year-long SST dataset was used to analyze the SST variability. The analysis showed that Equatorial islands and Southern islands have the highest inter-annual variability due to El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The power density varied from 0.26 to 0.32 W/m2 among the islands, with the lowest values found for the southernmost islands near the South Equatorial Countercurrent. Islands within the South Equatorial Current, Equatorial Undercurrent, and North Equatorial Countercurrent showed the highest values for both power density and gross power. Considering a 1 MW class OTEC plant, Annual Energy Production (AEP) in 2022 varied from 7 GWh to 8 GWh, with relatively low variability among islands near the Equator and in low latitudes. Considering the three variables, AEP, SST variability, and distance from the shore, Nauru is a potential candidate for OTEC, with a net power of 1.14 MW within 1 km from the shore.
Auxiliary Heat System Design and Off-Design Performance Optimization of OTEC Radial Inflow Turbine
Authors: Wang Yiming , Liu Yanjun , Zhang Qiang
Published: June 2024

In this paper, solar energy is used as the auxiliary heat source of the ocean thermal energy radial inflow turbine, and the thermodynamic model of the circulation system is established. In addition, the ejector is introduced into the ocean thermal power generation system, and the process simulation is carried out using Aspen Plus V12. To address performance attenuation of the radial turbine under varying working conditions, shape optimization of a 30 kW OTEC radial turbine was conducted. Finally, the off-design performance variation in the radial inflow turbine is analyzed in the presence of a solar auxiliary heat source. The results show that the use of an auxiliary heat source can effectively improve the cycle efficiency of the system and is also conducive to the stable operation of the radial turbine. Under the condition of auxiliary heat source, the system cycle efficiency is increased by 2.269%.
The Effects of a Seagull Airfoil on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Small Wind Turbine
Authors: Sesalim Dean , Naser Jamal
Published: June 2024

Birds’ flight characteristics such as gliding and dynamic soaring have inspired various optimizations and designs of wind turbines. The implementation of biological wing geometries such as the airfoil profile of seabirds has improved wind turbine performance. However, the field can still benefit from further investigation into the aerodynamic characteristics of an inspired design. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of a seagull airfoil design on the aerodynamic performance of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Phase VI wind turbine. By replacing its S809 airfoil with the laser-scanned profile of the seagull airfoil, the aerodynamic behavior at key locations of the NREL Phase VI wind turbine blade was numerically simulated in a three-dimensional environment using the Ansys Fluent 2022 R1 computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The results were validated against the experimental data, and analysis of the torque outputs, pressure distributions, and velocity profiles that were generated by both the baseline and modified models demonstrated the ability of the seagull airfoil profile to modify regions of minimum and maximum local velocities to achieve highly favorable pressure differentials, significantly increasing the torque output of the NREL Phase VI wind turbine by 350, 539, 823, and 577 Nm at 10, 15, 20, and 25 m/s inlet velocities, respectively.
Prediction of Potential Suitable Distribution of Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. in China Based on Future Climate Change Using the Optimized MaxEnt Model
Authors: Bai Jieyuan , Wang Hongcheng , Hu Yike
Published: June 2024

Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. (Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae), valued for its medicinal properties and timber and as an ornamental plant, is now classified as an endangered species. Investigating how future climate-change scenarios might affect the potential geographic distribution of L. chinense will provide a crucial scientific basis for its protection and management strategies. The MaxEnt model was calibrated using the ENMeval optimization package, and then it was coupled with ArcGIS 10.8 to forecast the possible distribution areas of L. chinense in China, utilizing elevation data, bioclimatic factors, and human footprint as environmental variables. The results indicate: (1) The optimal model parameters were set as follows: FC = LQ, RM = 0.5, the MaxEnt model demonstrated high predictive accuracy and minimal overfitting; (2) The total suitable habitat area for the potential geographical distribution of L. chinense during the current period is estimated at 151.55 × 104 km2, predominantly located in central, eastern, and southwestern regions of China; (3) The minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), precipitation of the driest month (bio14), precipitation of the driest quarter (bio17), precipitation of the warmest quarter (bio18), elevation (alt), and human footprint (hf) are the main environmental variables determining the suitable habitat distribution of L. chinense; (4) During the period from 2041 to 2060, under the carbon emission scenarios of SSP126, SSP245, and SSP370, the suitable habitat for L. chinense shows varying degrees of increase compared to the current period. However, under the highest concentration scenario of SSP585, the suitable habitat area decreases to some extent; (5) The distribution of L. chinense is likely to move towards higher latitudes and elevations in the future due to changes in the climate. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential impacts of climate change on L. chinense, offering valuable information for its protection and management under future climatic conditions.
Development of Mass-Conserving Atomistic Mathematical Model for Batch Anaerobic Digestion: Framework and Limitations
Authors: Gandhi Bhushan P. , Lag-Brotons Alfonso José , Ezemonye Lawrence I. , Semple Kirk T. , Martin Alastair D.
Published: June 2024

A variety of mathematical models have been developed to simulate the biochemical and physico-chemical aspects of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process to treat organic wastes and generate biogas. However, all these models, including the most widely accepted and implemented Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1, remain incapable of adequately representing the material balance of AD and are therefore inherently incapable of material conservation. The absence of robust mass conservation constrains reliable estimates of any kinetic parameters being estimated by regression of empirical data. To address this issue, the present work involved the development of a “framework” for a mass-conserving atomistic mathematical model which is capable of mass conservation, with a relative error in the range of machine precision value and an atom balance with a relative error of ±0.02% whilst obeying the Henry’s law and electroneutrality principle. Implementing the model in an Excel spreadsheet, the study calibrated the model using the empirical data derived from batch studies. Although the model shows high fidelity as assessed via inspection, considering several constraints including the drawbacks of the model and implementation platform, the study also provides a non-exhaustive list of limitations and further scope for development.
Impact, Compliance, and Countermeasures in Relation to Data Breaches in Publicly Traded U.S. Companies
Authors: Rodrigues Gabriel Arquelau Pimenta , Serrano André Luiz Marques , Vergara Guilherme Fay , Albuquerque Robson de Oliveira , Nze Georges Daniel Amvame
Published: June 2024

A data breach is the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive personal data, and it impacts millions of individuals annually in the United States, as reported by Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. These breaches jeopardize the physical safety of the individuals whose data are exposed and result in substantial economic losses for the affected companies. To diminish the frequency and severity of data breaches in the future, it is imperative to research their causes and explore preventive measures. In pursuit of this goal, this study considers a dataset of data breach incidents affecting companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. This dataset has been augmented with additional information regarding the targeted company. This paper employs statistical visualizations of the data to clarify these incidents and assess their consequences on the affected companies and individuals whose data were compromised. We then propose mitigation controls based on established frameworks such as the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. Additionally, this paper reviews the compliance scenario by examining the relevant laws and regulations applicable to each case, including SOX, HIPAA, GLBA, and PCI-DSS, and evaluates the impacts of data breaches on stock market prices. We also review guidelines for appropriately responding to data leaks in the U.S., for compliance achievement and cost reduction. By conducting this analysis, this work aims to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of data breaches and empower organizations to safeguard against them proactively, improving the technical quality of their basic services. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to address compliance with data protection regulations, security controls as countermeasures, financial impacts on stock prices, and incident response strategies. Although the discussion is focused on publicly traded companies in the United States, it may also apply to public and private companies worldwide.
Enhancing the Pitch-Rate Control Performance of an F-16 Aircraft Using Fractional-Order Direct-MRAC Adaptive Control
Authors: Ceballos Benavides Gustavo E. , Duarte-Mermoud Manuel A. , Orchard Marcos E. , Ehijo Alfonso
Published: June 2024

This study presents a comparative analysis of classical model reference adaptive control (IO-DMRAC) and its fractional-order counterpart (FO-DMRAC), which are applied to the pitch-rate control of an F-16 aircraft longitudinal model. The research demonstrates a significant enhancement in control performance with fractional-order adaptive control. Notably, the FO-DMRAC achieves lower performance indices such as the Integral Square-Error criterion (ISE) and Integral Square-Input criterion (ISU) and eliminates system output oscillations during transient periods. This study marks the pioneering application of FO-DMRAC in aircraft pitch-rate control within the literature. Through simulations on an F-16 short-period model with a relative degree of 1, the FO-DMRAC design is assessed under specific flight conditions and compared with its IO-DMRAC counterpart. Furthermore, the study ensures the boundedness of all signals, including internal ones such as ω(t).
RETRACTED: Aldakheel et al. Employing of Curcumin–Silver Nanoparticle-Incorporated Sodium Alginate-Co-Acacia Gum Film Hydrogels for Wound Dressing. Gels 2023, 9, 780
Authors: Aldakheel Fahad M. , Mohsen Dalia , El Sayed Marwa M. , Fagir Mohammed H. , El Dein Dalia K.
Published: June 2024

The Gels Editorial Office retracts the article, “Employing of Curcumin–Silver Nanoparticle-Incorporated Sodium Alginate-Co-Acacia Gum Film Hydrogels for Wound Dressing” [...]
Bacterial Cellulose: A Sustainable Source for Hydrogels and 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Utoiu Elena , Manoiu Vasile Sorin , Oprita Elena Iulia , Craciunescu Oana
Published: June 2024

Bacterial cellulose is a biocompatible biomaterial with a unique macromolecular structure. Unlike plant-derived cellulose, bacterial cellulose is produced by certain bacteria, resulting in a sustainable material consisting of self-assembled nanostructured fibers with high crystallinity. Due to its purity, bacterial cellulose is appealing for biomedical applications and has raised increasing interest, particularly in the context of 3D printing for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Bacterial cellulose can serve as an excellent bioink in 3D printing, due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to mimic the collagen fibrils from the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissues. Its nanofibrillar structure provides a suitable scaffold for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, crucial for tissue regeneration. Moreover, its mechanical strength and flexibility allow for the precise printing of complex tissue structures. Bacterial cellulose itself has no antimicrobial activity, but due to its ideal structure, it serves as matrix for other bioactive molecules, resulting in a hybrid product with antimicrobial properties, particularly advantageous in the management of chronic wounds healing process. Overall, this unique combination of properties makes bacterial cellulose a promising material for manufacturing hydrogels and 3D-printed scaffolds, advancing the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
The Usefulness of qPCR Data for Sample Pre-Assessment and Interpretation of Genetic Typing Results
Authors: Onofri Martina , Severini Simona , Tommolini Federica , Lancia Massimo , Gambelunghe Cristiana , Carlini Luigi , Carnevali Eugenia
Published: June 2024

DNA quantification is a crucial step in the STR typing workflow for human identification purposes. Given the reaction’s nature, qPCR assays may be subjected to the same stochastic effects of traditional PCR for low-input concentrations. The study aims to evaluate the precision of the PowerQuant® (Promega) kit assay measurements and the degree of variability for DNA templates falling below the optimal threshold of the PowerPlex® ESX-17 Fast STR typing kit (Promega). Five three-fold dilutions of the 2800 M control DNA (Promega) were set up. Each dilution (concentrations: 0.05, 0.0167, 0.0055, 0.00185, and 0.000617 ng/µL) was quantified and amplified in four replicates. Variability for qPCR results, STR profile completeness, and EPGs’ peak height were evaluated. The qPCR-estimated concentration of casework samples was correlated with profile completeness and peak intensity, to assess the predictive value of qPCR results for the successful STR typing of scarce samples. qPCR was subjected to stochastic effects, of which the degree was inversely proportional to the initial input template. Quantitation results and the STR profile’s characteristics were strongly correlated. Due to the intrinsic nature of real casework samples, a qPCR-derived DNA concentration threshold for correctly identifying probative STR profiles may be difficult to establish. Quantitation data may be useful in interpreting and corroborating STR typing results and for clearly illustrating them to the stakeholders.
An Interactive Pedagogical Tool for Simulation of Controlled Rectifiers
Authors: Carvalho Filipe , Chibante Rui , Vaz de Carvalho Carlos
Published: June 2024

Active learning approaches, incorporating student engagement through experimentation and problem solving, effectively foster higher-level thinking abilities and enhance academic performance. Interactive tools like simulators align with these methodologies, but commercially available simulators have limitations; particularly, their high cost and lack of customization features pose significant challenges for many educational institutions. This article presents CORES, a web-based educational application designed to simulate controlled rectifier circuits. CORES eliminates the need for intricate circuit assembly and software installation by providing pre-built circuits so that users can concentrate on analyzing circuit behavior by manipulating the thyristor firing angle and load characteristics, while the application generates output voltage and current waveforms under steady-state conditions, minimizing computation time. CORES has proven to be a valuable pedagogical tool, surpassing commercial simulators in terms of accessibility, ease of use, and enriched learning experiences for power electronics students and educators.
Heterosis for Interactions between Insect Herbivores and 3-Line Hybrid Rice under Low and High Soil Nitrogen Conditions
Authors: Horgan Finbarr G. , Bernal Carmencita C. , Ramal Angelee Fame , Almazan Maria Liberty P. , Mundaca Enrique A. , Crisol-Martínez Eduardo
Published: June 2024

Hybrid rice results from crossing a male-sterile line (the A line) with a pollen doner (the restorer or R line). In 3-line hybrid breeding systems, a fertile B line is also required to maintain A line populations. Heterosis is defined as a condition of traits whereby the hybrid exceeds the average of the parental lines. Heterobeltiosis is where the hybrid exceeds both parents. Hybrid rice may display heterosis/heterobeltiosis for growth, yield and resistance to herbivores, among other traits. In a greenhouse experiment, we assessed the frequency of heterosis for resistance to the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugans (BPH)), whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera (WBPH)) and yellow stemborer (Scirpophaga incertulas (YSB)) in eight hybrids under varying soil nitrogen conditions. We also assessed plant biomass losses due to herbivore feeding as an approximation of tolerance (the plant’s capacity to compensate for damage). Nitrogen reduced resistance to all three herbivores but was also associated with tolerance to WBPH and YSB based on improved plant survival, growth and/or yields. Plant biomass losses per unit weight of WBPH also declined under high nitrogen conditions for a number of hybrids, and there were several cases of overcompensation in rice for attacks by this herbivore. There was one case of nitrogen-related tolerance to BPH (increased grain yield) for a hybrid line with relatively high resistance, likely due to quantitative traits. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis were not essential to produce relatively high herbivore resistance or tolerance across hybrids.
The Impact of High-Temperature Stress on the Growth and Development of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)
Authors: Zhou Junhui , Luo Wenfang , Song Suqin , Wang Zhuhong , Zhu Xiafen , Gao Shuaijun , He Wei , Xu Jianjun
Published: June 2024

Insect life processes and reproductive behaviors are significantly affected by extremely high temperatures. This study focused on Tuta absoluta, which poses a severe threat to tomato cultivars. The effects of intense heat stress on the growth, development, oviposition, and longevity of T. absoluta were investigated. This investigation encompassed various developmental stages, including eggs, pupae, and adults. This study revealed that egg hatching and pupa emergence rates were significantly reduced at a temperature of 44 °C maintained for 6 h. The longevity of adults that emerged after the egg and pupal stages were exposed to 44 °C for 6 h was significantly reduced compared to the control. Notably, there was no significant variation in adult fecundity after egg-stage exposure to high temperatures. However, all treatments exhibited significantly reduced fecundity compared to the control after exposure to high temperatures during the pupal stage. Adult survival rates after exposure to 40 °C and 44 °C for 3 h were 74.29% and 22.40%, respectively, dramatically less than that of the control, which was 100%. However, no significant differences were noted in terms of longevity and egg production. These results offer a better understanding of the complex interactions between extreme temperatures and the life history traits of T. absoluta, thereby offering valuable insights for implementing management strategies to alleviate its impact on tomato crops in response to climate change.
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Venom Genes of the Ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Yang Hongyan , Lu Jingyi , Wang Kui , Wu Chaoyan , Yang Bin , Zhu Jiaying
Published: June 2024

The ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) exhibits a broad parasitic capability towards various lepidopteran pests, with venom serving as a crucial virulent factor ensuring successful parasitization and subsequent host mortality. Analyzing the constituents of its venom is essential for elucidating the mechanisms underlying efficient host killing by this parasitoid and for exploring potentially functional venom proteins. Through a transcriptomic analysis, a total of 34 venom proteins were identified within the venom of H. hebetor, encompassing known components such as serine protease, metalloproteinase, esterase, and serine protease inhibitors commonly present in parasitoid venoms. Unique components like paralytic protein and ion transport peptide-like were identified, possibly specific to certain parasitoids, along with novel proteins with uncharacterized functions. Spatial gene expression profiling of the identified venom proteins using transcriptomic data, corroborated by quantitative PCR validation for 13 randomly selected proteins, revealed abundant expression levels in the venom apparatus, affirming them as genuine venom components. Notably, the paralytic protein exhibited prominent expression, with the highest FPKM (fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped) value of 24,704.87 in the venom apparatus, indicative of its significant role in successful parasitism by H. hebetor. The identification of these venom proteins establishes a foundation for the further exploration of bioactive agents for pest management strategies.
Evidence of Lysosomal β-Hexosaminidase Enzymatic Activity Associated with Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Applications for the Correction of Sandhoff Disease
Authors: Calzoni Eleonora , Cerrotti Giada , Sagini Krizia , Delo Federica , Buratta Sandra , Pellegrino Roberto Maria , Alabed Husam B. R. , Fratini Federica , Emiliani Carla , Urbanelli Lorena
Published: June 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be isolated from biological fluids and cell culture medium. Their nanometric dimension, relative stability, and biocompatibility have raised considerable interest for their therapeutic use as delivery vehicles of macromolecules, namely nucleic acids and proteins. Deficiency in lysosomal enzymes and associated proteins is at the basis of a group of genetic diseases known as lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), characterized by the accumulation of undigested substrates into lysosomes. Among them, GM2 gangliosidoses are due to a deficiency in the activity of lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase, leading to the accumulation of the GM2 ganglioside and severe neurological symptoms. Current therapeutic approaches, including enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), have proven unable to significantly treat these conditions. Here, we provide evidence that the lysosomal β-hexosaminidase enzyme is associated with EVs released by HEK cells and that the EV-associated activity can be increased by overexpressing the α-subunit of β-hexosaminidase. The delivery of EVs to β-hexosaminidase-deficient fibroblasts results in a partial cross-correction of the enzymatic defect. Overall findings indicate that EVs could be a source of β-hexosaminidase that is potentially exploitable for developing therapeutic approaches for currently untreatable LSDs.
In Vitro/Ex Vivo Release Study of a Ground Umbilical Cord Matrix Loaded with Dexamethasone
Authors: Grossetete Florine , Garot Charlotte , Crouzet Emmanuel , Delavenne Xavier , Gain Philippe , Barnouin Laurence , Thuret Gilles
Published: June 2024

Eye drops containing steroids and antibiotics are widely used to treat a large range of ocular diseases of the ocular surface. They require frequent instillation or a high dosage, which can affect quality of life. We developed a biomaterial from human umbilical cord that can be loaded with drugs before being placed in the inferior conjunctival fornix. In the present work, this viro-inactivated, freeze-dried, and sterile foam was loaded with dexamethasone phosphate. We studied the release kinetic of 100 mg of biomaterial loaded with 100 µg of dexamethasone phosphate. Assays have shown that the product can be loaded with 100 µg of dexamethasone and allows a progressive release over time for at least 48 h. In addition, when compared with the instillation of the same dexamethasone quantity (100 µg), instilled regularly via eye-drop solution at 0.79 mg/mL, the drug penetration through corneal tissues was better with the dexamethasone-loaded biomaterial.
Study of Effects on Performances and Emissions of a Large Marine Diesel Engine Partially Fuelled with Biodiesel B20 and Methanol
Authors: Visan Nicolae Adrian , Niculescu Dan Catalin , Ionescu Radu , Dahlin Ernst , Eriksson Magnus , Chiriac Radu
Published: June 2024

The impact of fossil fuel utilisation in different combustion systems on climate change due to greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere is rather evident. A part of these gases comes from the large engines used for propulsion in marine applications. In the continuous global effort made by engine manufacturers to mitigate this negative impact, one way is represented by the utilisation of alternative fuels such as biodiesel and methanol, based on dedicated research to fulfil the more stringent regulations concerning pollutant emissions issued by piston heat engines. In this study, a numerical investigation was conducted on a four-stroke large marine diesel engine (ALCO 16V 251C) at several engine speeds and full load conditions. Different blends of diesel–methanol and biodiesel B20–methanol with methanol mass fractions of 10% and 20% were considered for theoretical analysis in two techniques of methanol supply: direct injection mode of a blend of base fuel diesel/biodiesel B20 with methanol and injection of methanol after the intercooler, and direct injection of the base fuel. The results show that, if 10% in power loss can be acceptable, then for diesel–methanol 10%, in the direct injection technology, the NOx emission can be reduced up to 19%, but with a compromise of an 8% increase in SOOT emission, while for biodiesel B20–methanol 10%, with the same direct injection method, the NOx emissions increase by up to 58% with the benefit of reducing SOOT by up to 23% relative to the original diesel fuel operation. For a 20% methanol fraction in blend fuel, the drop in power is more than 10% regardless of the method of methanol supply and the base fuel, diesel, or B20 used.
Differential Carbon Catabolite Repression and Hemicellulolytic Ability among Pathotypes of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum against Natural Plant Substrates
Authors: Díaz-Tapia Karla Morelia , Zavala-Páramo María Guadalupe , Villa-Rivera Maria Guadalupe , Morelos-Martínez Ma. Irene , López-Romero Everardo , Simpson June , Bolaños-Rebolledo Jeni , Cano-Camacho Horacio
Published: June 2024

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and presents a great diversity of pathotypes with different levels of virulence against bean varieties worldwide. The purpose of this study was to establish whether pathotypic diversity is associated with differences in the mycelial growth and secretion of plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). We evaluated growth, hemicellulase and cellulase activity, and PCWDE secretion in four pathotypes of C. lindemuthianum in cultures with glucose, bean hypocotyls and green beans of P. vulgaris, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The results showed differences in the mycelial growth, hemicellulolytic activity, and PCWDE secretion among the pathotypes. Glucose was not the preferred carbon source for the best mycelial growth in all pathotypes, each of which showed a unique PCWDE secretion profile, indicating different levels of carbon catabolite regulation (CCR). The pathotypes showed a high differential hemicellulolytic capacity to degrade host and water hyacinth tissues, suggesting CCR by pentoses and that there are differences in the absorption and metabolism of different monosaccharides and/or disaccharides. We propose that different levels of CCR could optimize growth in different host tissues and could allow for consortium behavior in interactions with bean crops.
Enhancing Rubber Industry Wastewater Treatment through an Integrated AnMBR and A/O MBR System: Performance, Membrane Fouling Analysis, and Microbial Community Evolution
Authors: Wimalaweera Ishanka Prabhath , Wei Yuansong , Zuo Fumin , Tang Qihe , Ritigala Tharindu , Wang Yawei , Zhong Hui , Weerasooriya Rohan , Jinadasa Shameen , Weragoda Sujithra
Published: June 2024

This study explores the effectiveness of an integrated anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) coupled with an anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O MBR) for the treatment of natural rubber industry wastewater with high sulfate, ammonia, and complex organic contents. This study was conducted at the lab-scale over a duration of 225 days to thoroughly investigate the efficiency and sustainability of the proposed treatment method. With a hydraulic retention time of 6 days for the total system, COD reductions were over 98%, which reduced the influent from 22,158 ± 2859 mg/L to 118 ± 74 mg/L of the effluent. The system demonstrates average NH3-N, TN, and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies of 72.9 ± 5.7, 72.8 ± 5.6, and 71.3 ± 9.9, respectively. Despite an average whole biological system removal of 50.6%, the anaerobic reactor eliminated 44.9% of the raw WW sulfate. Analyses of membrane fouling revealed that organic fouling was more pronounced in the anaerobic membrane, whereas aerobic membrane fouling displayed varied profiles due to differential microbial and oxidative activities. Key bacterial genera, such as Desulfobacterota in the anaerobic stage and nitrifiers in the aerobic stage, are identified as instrumental in the biological processes. The microbial profile reveals a shift from methanogenesis to sulfide-driven autotrophic denitrification and sulfammox, with evidence of an active denitrification pathway in anaerobic/anoxic conditions. The system showcases its potential for industrial application, underpinning environmental sustainability through improved wastewater management.
Synthesis and Application of a pH-Responsive Functional Metal–Organic Framework: In Vitro Investigation for Delivery of Oridonin in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Shen Jingyi , Gao Fangxin , Pan Qian , Zong Zhihui , Liang Lili
Published: June 2024

Oridonin (Ori) is a naturally existing diterpenoid substance that mainly exists in the Chinese medicinal plant Rabdosia rubescens. It was previously found to possess intriguing biological properties; however, the quick clearance from plasma and limited solubility in water restricts its use as a drug. Several metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), having big surfaces and large pores, have recently been considered promising drug transporters. The zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), a form of MOF consisting of 2-methylimidazole with zinc ions, is structurally stable under physiologically neutral conditions, while it can degrade at low pH values such as in tumor cells. Herein, a nanosized drug delivery system, Ori@ZIF-8, was successfully designed for encapsulating and transporting oridonin to the tumor site. The drug loading of the prepared Ori@ZIF-8 was 26.78%, and the particles’ mean size was 240.5 nm. In vitro, the release of Ori@ZIF-8 exhibited acid sensitivity, with a slow release under neutral conditions and rapid release of the drug under weakly acidic conditions. According to the in vitro anti-tumor experiments, Ori@ZIF-8 produced higher cytotoxicity than free Ori and induced apoptosis in A549 cancer cells. In conclusion, Ori@ZIF-8 could be a potential pH-responsive carrier to accurately release more oridonins at the tumor site.
C2-Symmetrical Terphenyl Derivatives as Small Molecule Inhibitors of Programmed Cell Death 1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 Protein–Protein Interaction
Authors: Klimek Joanna , Kruc Oskar , Ceklarz Joanna , Kamińska Beata , Musielak Bogdan , van der Straat Robin , Dӧmling Alexander , Holak Tad A. , Muszak Damian , Kalinowska-Tłuścik Justyna , Skalniak Łukasz , Surmiak Ewa
Published: June 2024

The PD-1/PD-L1 complex is an immune checkpoint responsible for regulating the natural immune response, but also allows tumors to escape immune surveillance. Inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis positively contributes to the efficacy of cancer treatment. The only available therapeutics targeting PD-1/PD-L1 are monoclonal antibody-based drugs, which have several limitations. Therefore, small molecule compounds are emerging as an attractive alternative that can potentially overcome the drawbacks of mAb-based therapy. In this article, we present a novel class of small molecule compounds based on the terphenyl scaffold that bind to PD-L1. The general architecture of the presented structures is characterized by axial symmetry and consists of three elements: an m-terphenyl core, an additional aromatic ring, and a solubilizing agent. Using molecular docking, we designed a series of final compounds, which were subsequently synthesized and tested in HTRF assay and NMR binding assay to evaluate their activity. In addition, we performed an in-depth analysis of the mutual arrangement of the phenyl rings of the terphenyl core within the binding pocket of PD-L1 and found several correlations between the plane angle values and the affinity of the compounds towards the protein.
Conversion of Phosphogypsum into Porous Calcium Silicate Hydrate for the Removal and Recycling of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Wastewater
Authors: Wang Gangan , Chen Chaoyi , Li Junqi , Lan Yuanpei , Lin Xin , Chen Jiahang
Published: June 2024

The discharge of lead and cadmium wastewater, along with the pollution caused by phosphogypsum, represents a particularly urgent environmental issue. This study employed a straightforward hydrothermal method to convert phosphogypsum into porous calcium silicate hydrate (P-CSH), which was then used to remove and recover Pb(II) and Cd(II) from wastewater. The adsorption capacities of P-CSH for Pb(II) and Cd(II) were notably high at 989.3 mg/g and 290.3 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption processes adhered to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the Langmuir isotherm model. Due to identical adsorption sites on P-CSH for both Pb(II) and Cd(II), competitive interaction occurred when both ions were present simultaneously. Additionally, the adsorption efficacy was minimally impacted by the presence of common coexisting cations in wastewater. The dominant mechanisms for removing Pb(II) and Cd(II) via P-CSH were chemical precipitation and surface complexation. Moreover, the adsorbed heavy metals were efficiently separated and reclaimed from the wastewater through a stepwise desorption process. The primary components of the residue from stepwise desorption were quartz and amorphous SiO2. Following dissolution via pressurized alkaline leaching, this residue could be recycled for synthesizing P-CSH. This research offered a new strategy for the resourceful use of phosphogypsum and heavy metal wastewater.
First Principle Study on Structural, Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Properties of Co-Doped Middle Size Silver Clusters
Authors: Li Weiyin , Feng Hao , Shang Ruiyong
Published: June 2024

The structural, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of Co-doped 10–20-atom silver clusters are investigated by GGA/PBE via the density functional theory. The Ag–Co clusters form core–shell structures with a Co atom in the center. Co atom doping modulates electronic properties like energy gap, molecular softness, global hardness, electronegativity, and electrophilicity index. For the optical spectra of the Ag–Co clusters, the energy of their spectra overall exhibits little change with increasing numbers of atoms; the strongest peaks are roughly distributed at 3.5 eV, and the intensity of their spectra overall is strengthened. Raman and vibrational spectra reflect structural changes with Co atom addition. The addition of the Co atom alters magnetic moments of specific Ag–Co clusters, while others remain unchanged.
Comparative Analysis of the Biochemical Composition, Amino Acid, and Fatty Acid Contents of Diploid, Triploid, and Tetraploid Crassostrea gigas
Authors: Fu Jingjing , Zhang Enshuo , Yu Wensong , Wang Weijun , Sun Youmei , Dong Luyao , Zhang Yousen , Sun Guohua , Li Zan , Luo Qihao , Yang Jianmin
Published: June 2024

Tetraploid oysters are artificially produced oysters that do not exist in nature. The successful breeding of 100% triploid oysters resolved the difficulties of traditional drug-induced triploids, such as the presence of drug residues and a low triploid induction rate. However, little is known concerning the biochemical composition and nutrient contents of such tetraploids. Therefore, we investigated compositional differences among diploid, triploid, and tetraploid Crassostrea gigas as well as between males and females of diploids and tetraploids. The findings indicated that glycogen, EPA, ∑PUFA, and omega-3 contents were significantly higher in triploid oysters than in diploids or tetraploids; tetraploid oysters had a significantly higher protein content, C14:0, essential amino acid, and flavor-presenting amino acid contents than diploids or triploids. For both diploid and tetraploids, females had significantly higher levels of glutamate, methionine, and phenylalanine than males but lower levels of glycine and alanine. In addition, female oysters had significantly more EPA, DHA, omega-3, and total fatty acids, a result that may be due to the fact that gonadal development in male oysters requires more energy to sustain growth, consumes greater amounts of nutrients, and accumulates more proteins. With these results, important information is provided on the production of C. gigas, as well as on the basis and backing for the genetic breeding of oysters.
Natural Products with Potential Effects on Hemorrhoids: A Review
Authors: Liang Yicheng , Ren Tankun , Li Ruyi , Yu Zhonghui , Wang Yu , Zhang Xin , Qin Zonglin , Li Jinlong , Hu Jing , Luo Chuanhong
Published: June 2024

Hemorrhoid disease is a common anorectal disorder affecting populations worldwide, with high prevalence, treatment difficulties, and considerable treatment costs. Compared to other treatment options, medical therapy for hemorrhoids offers minimal harm, more dignity to patients, and is more economical. Unfortunately, there are few chemical hemorrhoid medications available clinically, which makes the search for efficacious, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly new medication classes a focal point of research. In this context, searching for available natural products to improve hemorrhoids exhibits tremendous potential. These products are derived from nature, predominantly from plants, with a minor portion coming from animals, fungi, and algae. They have excellent coagulation pathway regulation, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and tissue regeneration activities. Therefore, we take the view that they are a class of potential hemorrhoid drugs, prevention products, and medication add-on ingredients. This article first reviews the factors contributing to the development of hemorrhoids, types, primary symptoms, and the mechanisms of natural products for hemorrhoids. Building on this foundation, we screened natural products with potential hemorrhoid improvement activity, including polyphenols and flavonoids, terpenes, polysaccharides, and other types.
Effect of Fiber Loading on Mechanical and Flame-Retardant Properties of Poplar-Fiber-Reinforced Gypsum Composites
Authors: Ye Yunpeng , Huang Qinqin , Li Xingong
Published: June 2024

Gypsum-based composites were prepared via a slurry casting process using construction gypsum as the binding material and poplar fibers as reinforcing material. The effects of different fiber content and curing time on the mechanical properties, water resistance, and flame retardancy of these composites were investigated, and the influence mechanism was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. The results showed that the best composite mechanical strength was achieved with 10% poplar fiber- content, and the absolute dry flexural and compressive strengths reached 3.59 and 8.06 MPa, respectively. Compared with pure gypsum, the flexural strength and compressive strength increased by 10% and 19%, respectively. The inclusion of fibers somewhat prevented the migration of free water within the composites and enhanced their water resistance. At 10% fiber content, the composite’s 24 h water absorption rate was 34.3%, 8% lower than that of pure gypsum, with a softening coefficient of 0.55. However, fiber content increases the porosity of gypsum-based composites. When heated, this increased porosity accelerates’ heat conduction within the matrix, raising the peak and total exothermic rates, thereby weakening the composites’ inherently flame-retardant properties. Poplar-fiber-reinforced gypsum-based composites offered superior performance in commercial applications, compared to pure gypsum board, providing a sustainable and green alternative for ceilings, partitions, and other applications, while broadening the prospects for gypsum-based composites in the engineering field.
Non-Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) with a Native-like Conformation Induces a Robust Immune Response with Potent Neutralization in a Mouse Model
Authors: Wongnak Rawiwan , Brindha Subbaian , Oba Mami , Yoshizue Takahiro , Islam Md. Din , Islam M. Monirul , Takemae Hitoshi , Mizutani Tetsuya , Kuroda Yutaka
Published: June 2024

The Omicron BA.5 variant of SARS-CoV-2 is known for its high transmissibility and its capacity to evade immunity provided by vaccine protection against the (original) Wuhan strain. In our prior research, we successfully produced the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in an E. coli expression system. Extensive biophysical characterization indicated that, even without glycosylation, the RBD maintained native-like conformational and biophysical properties. The current study explores the immunogenicity and neutralization capacity of the E. coli-expressed Omicron BA.5 RBD using a mouse model. Administration of three doses of the RBD without any adjuvant elicited high titer antisera of up to 7.3 × 105 and up to 1.6 × 106 after a booster shot. Immunization with RBD notably enhanced the population of CD44+CD62L+ T cells, indicating the generation of T cell memory. The in vitro assays demonstrated the antisera’s protective efficacy through significant inhibition of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and its human receptor, ACE2, and through potent neutralization of a pseudovirus. These findings underscore the potential of our E. coli-expressed RBD as a viable vaccine candidate against the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.