bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF RAPESEED OIL ON WEIGHT GAIN, AND OF GOLDEN RAPESEED OIL ON REPRODUCTION, OF THE RAT
Authors: Beare Joyce L. , Gregory E. R. W. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Rapeseed oil of the Polish, Golden, or Swedish varieties, corn oil, or mixtures of corn oil and ethyl erucate were fed to weanling rats of the Wistar strain for 9 weeks. Weight gains were inversely related to the content of erucic acid in the diet, confirming previous indications that the growth retarding effect of rapeseed oil is due to its erucic acid. In general, the differences in weight gains could be explained by the effect of rapeseed oil on food consumption.Golden rapeseed oil and corn oil were compared in a reproduction study involving three litters of one generation. Although the young of rats fed rapeseed oil were of lesser weanling weight, there was no difference in the number of animals successfully weaned.
MACROMOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF VITELLENIN FROM EGG YOLK AND ITS PARENT COMPLEX WITH LIPIDS
Authors: Martin W. G. , Turner K. J. , Cook W. H.
Published: December 2009

The floating fraction of egg yolk (90% lipid, density 0.98) appears to be heterogeneous but no significant fractionation took place during centrifugation in several solvents of density 0.98 or higher. This fraction had a particle size several times that of the lipoprotein (50% lipid) remaining after ether extraction. Most of the so-called "free" lipid extracted by ether is apparently part of, or associated with, the lipoprotein.The lipid-free vitellenin was not soluble in mild aqueous solvents and most of the physical measurements were made in 88% formic acid solutions. Molecular weights ranged from 3.0 to 9.0 × 104. The higher value, considered most reliable, was only half the estimated size of the protein part of the lipid-containing materials. Evidently the protein portion of the lipoprotein has two or more polypeptide chains that may be combined directly or through lipid by forces weaker than the peptide linkage.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE AND THE FORMATION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN VITRO
Authors: Schönbaum E. , Davidson Monica , Large Rosemary E. , Casselman W. G. Bruce
Published: December 2009

Glucose, adenosine, uridine, and reduced triphosphopyridine-nucleotide (TPNH) significantly increase the effect of corticotrophin (ACTH) on the formation of steroids by rat adrenals in vitro. This effect of glucose is inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose. Inhibition is overcome by TPNH. During the incubation of adrenal fragments, but not of intact glands, TPN-dependent dehydrogenases leak into the medium.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SEASONAL AND THERMAL ACCLIMATION IN WHITE RATS: II. SURFACE TEMPERATURE, VASCULARIZATION, AND IN VITRO RESPIRATION OF THE SKIN
Authors: Héroux O.
Published: December 2009

The effect of cold temperature on the skin was studied on white rats exposed to two different types of environmental conditions. Two groups of adult rats kept in individual cages were continuously exposed for 3 months to constant cold temperature (18° and 6 °C) in the laboratory (indoor rats) while other groups of the same colony kept in groups of 10 were exposed for the same length of time to the fluctuating environmental conditions prevailing outside (outdoor rats).Indoor rats acclimated to 18 °C and 6 °C showed the same increase in the number of opened capillaries in the ears over the number observed in controls acclimated to 30 °C. "Summer and winter" outdoor rats showed the same number of capillaries as the "18 °C or 6 °C" indoor rats. Signs of injury healing such as thicker epidermis and larger nuclei were found in the ears of all the "6 °C" rats but in none of the "winter" rats. While the skin temperature measured at + 6 °C was slightly higher (0.4 to 1.0 °C) in rats acclimated at 6 °C than in those at 30 °C, it was lower (1.3 to 2.9 °C) in "winter" than in "summer" rats. After 28 days of acclimation, the rate of oxygen uptake of the dorsal skin of the foot was lower in "6 °C" than in "30 °C" rats but after 84 days it was significantly higher in the cold-acclimated rats. Similarly, after 3 months, the respiratory rate of the dorsal skin of the foot was higher in "winter" rats than in "summer" rats.
THE ACETYLATION OF THROMBIN
Authors: Landaburu Ricardo H. , Seegers Walter H.
Published: December 2009

Purified thrombin-C loses its clotting power upon acetylation. The thrombin-E which is produced during the acetylation has approximately twice the proteolytic activity as the original thrombin-C. Evidently amino groups are not necessary to have thrombin-E activity, but if o-acyl groups are also produced the enzyme does not hydrolyze p-toluenesulphonylarginine methyl ester (TAMe). The activity can be recovered by spontaneous hydrolysis of the o-acyl groups at pH 8.5. Thrombin-E does not activate fibrinogen, but does lyse fibrin. The optimum pH with TAMe as substrate is 8.8. It may be that thrombin-C is a dimer of the basic structure in thrombin-E.
LACK OF EFFECT OF THYMECTOMY ON INGUINAL LYMPH GLAND WEIGHT AND THYROID FUNCTION IN WEANLING RATS
Authors: Höhn E. O.
Published: December 2009

Thymectomy (complete in two-thirds of the animals) was performed on 42 weanling rats and a sham operation on 44 controls. Examination of groups of the animals at 1 to 3½ weeks after thymectomy showed no significant differences in inguinal gland weight, thyroid weight, or thyroidal 24-hour uptake of radioactive iodine between the thymectomized and control animals.
RADIATION, ITS PRIMARY INTERACTIONS
Authors: Whitmore G. F.
Published: December 2009

A discussion is presented of some current thinking on the primary interactions of ionizing radiation with biological materials, including a brief discussion of ionization, excitation, the track phenomenon of charged particles, and the radiation chemistry of water. An attempt is made to correlate some of these phenomena with the variations in biological damage produced by various types of radiations incident on various biological systems and under varying conditions of oxygen tension.
EFFECTIVENESS OF YEAST, VITAMIN B12, AND ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS ON SURVIVAL OF INDIAN CARP DURING THE EARLY PERIOD OF LIFE
Authors: Das B. C.
Published: December 2009

Standardized preparations of yeast and vitamin B12, and some alternative treatments, were administered to Indian fresh-water carp (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala) during the first 2 weeks of life following hatching, to determine their effect on survival.A randomized block design was employed to set up 54 treatment groups, with 9 replications for each of 6 treatments. The daily treatments per 9 liters of water were: 0.324 g yeast; 25 μg crystalline vitamin B12; 10 ml of ruminant stomach extract; 1 μg cobalt nitrate; 10 ml ruminant stomach extract with 1 μg cobalt nitrate; and an untreated control. Significant differences (P < 01) were observed between the proportion of carp surviving in the control and in treatments with yeast, vitamin B12, ruminant stomach extract, and ruminant stomach extract with cobalt nitrate. Yeast was the most effective treatment, with 89% surviving; with ruminant stomach extract with cobalt nitrate 84% survived; with ruminant stomach extract alone 83% survived; with vitamin B12 75% survived; while 65% survived in the untreated control. The results indicate that some components of the vitamin B complex, including B12, are effective in increasing survival during the early period of life. Alternative treatments utilizing ruminant stomach extract, possibly containing these components, are also adequate for increasing survival.
A NEW REAGENT FOR THE GUANIDINATION OF PROTEINS
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A.
Published: December 2009

A reagent, 1-guanyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazole nitrate, has been used for the guanidination of bovine serum albumin and β-lactoglobulin. The reagent is more stable and permits the guanidination to occur under more gentle conditions than the O-methyl isourea formerly employed. The modified albumin had the same sedimentation coefficient and electrophoretic mobility as the native protein. The guanidination of β-lactoglobulin required blocking of the sulphydryl groups by N-ethyl maleimide and iodoacetic acid. Guanidinated β-lactoglobulin had a lower sedimentation coefficient and greater negative electrophoretic mobility than native lactoglobulin.
THE ACTION OF NORMAL AND ATYPICAL CHOLINESTERASE OF HUMAN SERUM UPON A SERIES OF ESTERS OF CHOLINE
Authors: Davies R. O. , Marton A. V. , Kalow W.
Published: December 2009

The results of a comparison of the actions of individual human sera support evidence previously obtained for the existence of two different types of pseudocholinesterase in man. Maximum rates of hydrolysis of choline esters by human sera containing the normal type of cholinesterase were two to four times greater than the maximum rates obtained with sera containing atypical esterase. Human sera with the normal type of cholinesterase hydrolyzed butyrylcholine at a considerably faster rate than pentanoylcholine; atypical esterase hydrolyzed pentanoylcholine at approximately the same rate as butyrylcholine. All Michaelis constants for the normal enzyme were lower than those for the atypical enzyme by a factor which varied from 1.4 to 6.4. The data were compatible with the assumption of a linear relationship between the log of the Michaelis constants and the number of acyl carbons in the choline esters, but the slopes differed significantly for the two enzymes. For a homologous series of choline esters, there was no correlation between rates of hydrolysis and Michaelis constants.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: XII. LIVER GLYCOGEN
Authors: Chang Violet M. , Idler D. R.
Published: December 2009

Liver glycogen levels were determined for a pure stock of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) taken at three locations during spawning migration. The liver glycogen content of the male was found to be consistently greater than that of the female throughout the entire river migration. In both sexes liver glycogen decreased during the earlier phase of migration, but increased during the later stage so that the levels at the spawning grounds were approximately twice those at the mouth of the river. The changes which occur are discussed in relation to sex differences, energy expenditures, and plasma steroid hormone levels.
THE ACETYLATION OF PROTHROMBIN
Authors: Landaburu Ricardo H. , Seegers Walter H.
Published: December 2009

Purified bovine prothrombin was acetylated to a range of 27 to 30% of its amino groups. Except for just significant amounts it lost its power to generate thrombin-C. Upon activation the yield of thrombin-E was 100% on the basis of the thrombin-C yield that was obtained on an aliquot sample of the prothrombin before acetylation. Activation was achieved in 25% sodium citrate solution, with calcium ions plus brain extract thromboplastin, and with calcium ions plus protein-free brain thromboplastin. Evidently no Ac-globulin was needed; however, a concentrate of Ac-globulin accelerated the activation. The pH optimum for activation with brain extract thromboplastin is more to the alkaline side than with prothrombin. Activation with purified platelet factor 3 was quite slow, but was accelerated by adding a small amount of thrombin-E, in the form of acetylated thrombin, at zero time. Thrombin-C did not function in that capacity. A change in prothrombin had to be accompanied by a proportionate change in the thrombin to have the latter serve as a catalyst in the activation. Ac-globulin accelerates the hydrolysis of p-toluenesulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester by thrombin. Ac-globulin owes its activity to thrombin. The view is expressed that Ac-globulin is measured as accelerated thrombin activity in the activation of prothrombin. In other words Ac-globulin accelerates the activation of acetylated prothrombin by thrombin-E. The amino groups on the N-terminal glutamic acid residues are free in the thrombin-E obtained from acetylated prothrombin. It is possible to acetylate an amino group in prothrombin that is necessary for thrombin-C activity.
EFFECT OF DIETARY OILS ON THE DEPLETION OF VITAMIN A
Authors: Murray T. K. , Beare J. L. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

The effect of dietary corn oil, olive oil, and rapeseed oil on the vitamin A content of liver and kidney during depletion of the vitamin was studied. Dietary oil had no influence on the rate at which liver stores of the vitamin declined in a 2-month period. Kidney stores of vitamin A rose throughout the depletion period but less markedly in the group fed rapeseed oil. The weight gain of vitamin A deficient rats was reduced somewhat earlier when rapeseed oil was fed but the survival time of rats fed corn oil or rapeseed oil was similar. The rats fed olive oil lived somewhat longer due to its small content of β-carotene. It was concluded that rapeseed oil had only a slight influence on vitamin A metabolism.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE ENZYMIC HYDROLYSIS OF URINARY 17-KETOSTEROID CONJUGATES
Authors: Hobkirk R. , Cohen J. J.
Published: December 2009

Four enzyme preparations containing β-glucuronidase, of bacterial, mammalian, and molluscan origin, have been shown to be equally effective in liberating 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) of the 5β-(etiocholane) configuration in normal urine. The bacterial preparation releases steroids of the 5α-(androstane) configuration more rapidly than do the molluscan enzymes and with much greater ease than does the liver enzyme. In view of the data obtained it seems unlikely that the striking difference between the bacterial and liver enzymes can be due to the hydrolysis of some labile conjugate, such as sulphate, by the former and not by the latter. Possibilities that the difference is due to the hydrolysis of an unknown type of urinary conjugate by the bacterial preparation, or to the low specificity of the bacterial β-glucuronidase, are discussed. The high degree of hydrolysis of 17-KS conjugates by the bacterial enzyme followed by solvolysis suggests this as a most useful hydrolytic procedure.
EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISM OF PYRAMIDON EFFECT: III. EFFECT OF HIGH PYRAMIDON DOSES ON THE GLUTAMIC ACID–OXALOACETIC ACID TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY IN SERUM
Authors: Fazekas Á. Gy. , Fazekas I. Gy. , Rengei B.
Published: December 2009

In five rabbits, the changes of glutamic acid – oxaloacetic acid transaminase (SGOT) activity in serum were examined after a Pyramidon treatment in which 75% of the single lethal dose was given for 5 days, divided in three doses. Depending on the individual sensitivity, SGOT activity became from 3 to 8 times higher. This increase appeared to be a result of extensive renal lesions.
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE ON ALDOSTERONE SECRETION
Authors: Lucis O. J. , Venning E. H.
Published: December 2009

Porcine, monkey, and human growth hormone have no effect on the in vitro secretion of aldosterone by the rat adrenal gland. When monkey growth hormone is injected into hypophysectomized rats, the adrenals of these animals secrete, under in vitro conditions, increased amounts of aldosterone with no change in the secretion rate of corticosterone. The plasma of these rats contains a substance which appears to stimulate the secretion of aldosterone in the adrenals of normal rats.
EFFECTS OF CALCIUM ON THE POTASSIUM AND SODIUM CONTENT OF RAT ADRENAL GLANDS, ON THE STIMULATION OF STEROID PRODUCTION BY ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE, AND ON THE RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL TO SHORT CONTACT WITH ACTH
Authors: Birmingham Marion K. , Kurlents Erika , Lane R. , Muhlstock B. , Traikov H.
Published: December 2009

The potassium content of incubated rat adrenal tissue is significantly higher when calcium is present in the incubation medium than when it is absent. The effect of calcium on the sodium content of the adrenal depends upon the presence of ACTH; increased values are obtained with calcium in the presence of ACTH, decreased values in its absence. There is no correlation between the potassium or sodium content of the tissue and its ability to respond to ACTH. Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate triples the steroid output of incubated adrenal glands in the absence of both glucose and calcium. Addition of calcium further doubles this response while glucose has only a small effect. The stimulation of steroid production following short contact with ACTH does not depend upon the presence of calcium or glucose in the medium during the time the glands are exposed to the hormone. The results suggest that some step between contact of the tissue with ACTH and the elaboration of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate requires the presence of glucose and not necessarily calcium and that a reaction in the sequence between elaboration of the nucleotide and steroid production requires the presence of calcium, but not of glucose.
USE OF GLUTAMIC ACID-U-C14TO DETERMINE NUTRITIONALLY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS FOR LARVAE OF THE BLOW FLY, PHORMIA REGINA
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: December 2009

The production of C14O2by third-instar larvae of the blow fly, Phormia regina Meig., after it was injected with glutamic acid-U-C14, indicates that this substrate was metabolized under these conditions. However, the nutritionally essential amino acids lysine, phenylalanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and threonine, isolated from the injected larvae, contained little radioactivity. A low level of radioactivity in arginine, histidine, and methionine suggests that they were slowly synthesized. The nutritionally non-essential amino acids alanine, serine, aspartic acid, and proline contained large quantities of radioactivity; tyrosine and glycine were exceptions. These results, in agreement with earlier work that used glucose-U-C14, show that radioactivity data are useful for determining certain of the nutritionally essential amino acids.
CHANGES IN HEPATIC ENZYME LEVELS AFTER ADRENALECTOMY: II GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE, GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE, AND 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASE
Authors: Willmer J. S.
Published: December 2009

Adrenalectomy caused a decrease in the hepatic levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Restoration to normal levels in rats which had been fasted for 18 hours was obtained by treatment with cortisone or corticosterone. In fed animals hydrocortisone and progesterone were also capable of maintaining an elevated level of glucose-6-phosphatase. Cortisone and corticosterone raised the level of this enzyme in fed sham-operated animals, but none of the other steroids showed this effect. The activity of 6-phos-phogluconate dehydrogenase did not change significantly under the influence of adrenalectomy or individual steroid hormones.A comparison is made between the effects of adrenalectomy and starvation upon the level of these enzymes in the liver during a 7-day period.
CATALASE LEVELS AND RADIOSENSITIVITY OF LIVER CELLS
Authors: Myers D. K.
Published: December 2009

Following exposure of regenerating liver to 580 r X radiation at a time when the average amount of DNA per cell nucleus has reached 1.6 times the normal value, the usual increase in number of cell nuclei was retarded while the average amount of DNA per cell nucleus continued to rise until it approached twice the normal value. Cell division was delayed for an unusually long period following irradiation at this stage of development. On the other hand, there was no corresponding increase during liver regeneration in the effects of high doses of X radiation on diphosphopyridine nucleotide concentrations in the liver. Although the liver catalase concentration decreased during liver regeneration, inhibition of catalase activity failed to increase the radiosensitivity of liver cells.
THE EFFECT OF RAPESEED OIL ON REPRODUCTION AND ON THE COMPOSITION OF RAT MILK FAT
Authors: Beare Joyce L. , Gregory E. R. W. , Smith D. Morison , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Rats fed corn oil or a mixture of lard and olive oil produced as many offspring as those receiving no fat supplement with a low-fat commercial meal, but the weanling weight was lower. Although rats fed rapeseed oil continued to reproduce they had fewer and smaller offspring than rats fed other diets.The composition of fatty acids in the milk varied with the dietary fat of the mother. Animals receiving the low-fat diet secreted predominantly saturated fatty acids. A high proportion of linoleic acid appeared in the milk when corn oil was fed, and of oleic acid when the mixture of lard and olive oil was fed. Eicosenoic and erucic acids were present in the milk of rats receiving rapeseed oil, but were less prevalent than in the original oil.
THE POSSIBILITY OF CORTICOSTEROID PRODUCTION BY HUMAN AND RAT PLACENTAL TISSUE UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS
Authors: Sybulski S. , Venning E. H.
Published: December 2009

Human placentae obtained at Caesarean section were minced and incubated in vitro in Krebs–Ringer solution. The steroids secreted into the medium and those remaining in the tissue were measured.Seven ultraviolet light absorbing compounds were isolated from the incubation media. These included cortisone, hydrocortisone, progesterone, and four unidentified compounds. No detectable amounts of aldosterone, however, could be obtained from the quantities of tissue used.The amount of each steroid released into the incubation media decreased rapidly with time. An analysis of the original amount of each steroid present in the tissue before incubation indicated that no additional amounts of steroids were formed during the incubation periods. The addition of various steroid precursors such as progesterone, cholesterol, and Δ5-pregnene-3β-ol-20-one failed to increase the quantity of cortisone, hydrocortisone, or X1, a compound with the same chromatographic mobility as aldosterone. Placental tissue has the ability to convert hydrocortisone to cortisone and also to reduce cortisone to hydrocortisone. This tissue is capable of converting cholesterol and Δ5-pregnene-3β-ol-20-one to progesterone, the latter precursor being at least 10 times more efficient than cholesterol in this respect.The addition of the trophic hormones ACTH, HCG, and prolactin did not stimulate the production of the measured steroids under the experimental conditions employed.Rat placental tissue did not secrete aldosterone, corticosterone, or any other Δ4-3-ketonic steroids of similar polarity in measurable amounts when incubated under in vitro conditions.
THE EFFECT OF RESERPINE ON THE METABOLIC RATE OF RATS
Authors: Johnson Gordon E. , Sellers E. A.
Published: December 2009

The ability of reserpine to deplete various tissues of their content of catecholamines is well established. Previous work has shown a biphasic change in oxygen consumption (as an index of total metabolic rate) occurring simultaneously with the phases of release and depletion of catecholamines produced by the drug. After 1 or 4 mg/kg of reserpine the metabolic rate of male albino rats is increased for several hours. This increase did not occur after adrenalectomy and could be inhibited by pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine. This drug also diminished the increases produced by adrenaline or noradrenaline administered alone. 5-Hydroxytryptophane did not alter the metabolic rate. The results suggest that the effect of reserpine on the metabolic rate may be attributed to the release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla.
POSTSYNAPTIC EFFECTS OF HC-3 AT THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION OF THE FROG
Authors: Martin A. R. , Orkand R. K.
Published: December 2009

Intracellular recording from single muscle fibers has been used to study the effects of hemicholinium No. 3 (HC-3) on neuromuscular transmission in the excised m. ext. l. dig. IV of the frog. Concentrations of HC-3 greater than 10−5 M decreased the amplitude of the end-plate potentials (e.p.p.'s) and the magnitude of the depolarization produced by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine. Neither a decrease in e.p.p. quantum content nor depolarization of the end plate accompanied the decreased e.p.p. amplitude. The duration of the potential produced by the application of ACh was increased and the falling phase of the e.p.p. prolonged. 10−4 M HC-3 produced a marked change in the shape of the e.p.p., the effect being similar to that produced by procaine.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE CHANGES ON BLOOD FLOW
Authors: Zsotér Thomas
Published: December 2009

The sudden intra-arterial injection of saline, Locke's solution, or blood, at different speeds into the arteries of dogs, caused an increase in blood flow at the site of injection and distal to it. The decrease in the vascular resistance, produced by this stretching, was more marked in the femoral than in the carotid artery of the dog. Intact vascular innervation is not required to obtain this effect. The results suggest that the vascular response to stretching, used in these experiments, would not be simply a passive one. The results do not support the myogenic theory of Bayliss and of Folkow.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS PREPARATIONS OF PITUITARY AND DIENCEPHALON ON THE IN VITRO SECRETION OF ALDOSTERONE AND CORTICOSTERONE BY THE RAT ADRENAL GLAND
Authors: Lucis O. J. , Dyrenfurth I. , Venning E. H.
Published: December 2009

Purified corticotropin and ACTH peptides increased the secretion of aldosterone, corticosterone, and an unidentified compound RT4in incubated rat adrenal tissue. When the response was expressed as a percentage increase above that of the control tissue, the increases in corticosterone and compound RT4followed a sigmoid log dose – response curve. The maximum effect on aldosterone was obtained at a time when the response curve for corticosterone assumed a linear relationship between the response and the logarithm of the dose of ACTH. This dose level was considerably less than that required for maximal stimulation of corticosterone.The capacity of the ACTH peptides α1+α2and δ′ for stimulating aldosterone secretion could be greatly diminished by allowing solutions of these fractions to stand at 5 °C for 1 week. These solutions still retained their ability to stimulate corticosterone secretion.Saline suspensions and extracts of fresh hog diencephalon contained a factor which selectively stimulated aldosterone secretion.
STUDIES ON CLEARING FACTOR LIPASE (CFL) OF POSTHEPARIN PLASMA
Authors: Monkhouse Frank C. , Strachan Jean , McClain Florence
Published: December 2009

A study has been made of factors effecting the postheparin plasma level of clearing factor lipase (CFL). A number of adsorbing agents and elution solutions were used to find optimal conditions for purification of CFL. Best results are obtained by adsorption on tricalcium phosphate and elution with 0.3% citrate. A study was made of CFL stability. Complete activity was lost in 7 days at 4 °C, in 24 hours at 27 °C, and in 6 hours at 37 °C. Four species were studied. There was significantly less CFL activity in postheparin plasma of rats fasted 48 hours than in that of fed rats. Whole body irradiation of rats (600 r) results in a decrease in CFL activity of postheparin plasma but this decrease is less than in pair-fed controls. Thus, relative to food intake, irradiated animals have a higher than normal CFL activity. A crude extract of shellac when injected intravenously greatly increased CFL activity of postheparin plasma in the rat. This extract did not alter CFL activity of plasma in the absence of heparin and postshellac plasma added to postheparin plasma in vitro does not increase the activity of the latter. The effect on postheparin CFL activity increases with time after the injection of shellac. The activity is highest between 2 and 4 hours after injection.
THE METABOLISM OF INOSITOL IN SALMON: III. THE BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF 2-C14-MYOINOSITOL IN COHO LIVER
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Idler D. R.
Published: December 2009

The labelling of some of the intermediates of 2-C14-myoinositol metabolism in acid extracts of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) liver was investigated. Inositol monophosphate was found to be extremely heavily labelled. The specific activity of glucuronic acid was less than half that of the glucuronic acid moiety of uridine-5′-diphosphate glucuronic acid. Glucose, galactose, glycogen, glucose-1-phosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate contained very little radioactivity. The labelling data are discussed in relation to the known biochemical reactions of inositol in plants and animals.
DEOXYCYTIDYLATE DEAMINASE LEVELS IN REGENERATING RAT LIVER
Authors: Myers D. K. , Hemphill C. Anne , Townsend Constance M.
Published: December 2009

Deoxycytidylate deaminase activity and net synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in vivo were found to increase at approximately the same time during the early stages of liver regeneration. However, deaminase activity in the regenerating liver remained at a high level for 1 day after DNA synthesis had slowed down again during the later stages of regeneration. The increase in deaminase activity was restricted as a result of exposure to 600 r X radiation during early regeneration, but this effect only became evident 11–16 hours after the irradiation. Irradiation on the second day after partial hepatectomy, when deaminase levels in control regenerating livers were relatively constant, failed to affect the deaminase activity immediately but did produce a 40–50% decrease in activity 11–16 hours later. Other antimitotic agents, e.g., colchicine, had little effect on deaminase activity.
LIPID PEROXIDATION IN DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN
Authors: Pritchard E. T. , Singh H.
Published: December 2009

The experimental results indicate that the production of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) positive material, apparently derived for the most part from polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation, decreases with maturation of rat brain. It appears that during maturation some factor or process is gradually introduced into, or generated within, the brain which retards the tendency of unsaturates to undergo oxidation in situ. This process is possibly related to the maintenance of stability in adult brain.
THE EFFECTS OF NO2 AND SALTS OF NO2 UPON ESTABLISHED CELL LINES
Authors: Pace Donald M. , Thompson James R. , Aftonomos Byron Th. , Holck Harald G. O.
Published: December 2009

The effects of several concentrations of NO2, NaNO3, and NaNO2 respectively, upon strain L, mouse liver cells, and HeLa cells, were studied and a modified system designed to permit continuous exposure of cells to air pollutants is described. In NCTC medium 109 containing serum, cells tolerate concentrations of NO2 up to 4100 p.p.m. and some may even tolerate 8600 p.p.m. Removal of the serum lowers the lethal concentration of NO2 to less than 100 p.p.m. If the cells were covered only by a thin film of BSS (balanced salt solution) medium, a concentration of 100 p.p.m. NO2 proved toxic within [Formula: see text] hour. If, however, the NO2 concentration was reduced to 5 or 10 p.p.m., cells survived a daily 8-hour exposure but many, if not most, of the cells were dead after several days. The presence of as little as 25 mg% NaNO2 retarded proliferation. On the other hand, NaNO3 was tolerated well in the three cell lines tested; HeLa cells seemed to be the most sensitive of the cell strains with respect to these salts.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF BOVINE PLASMA ALBUMIN, VITELLENIN, AND THEIR OXIDATION PRODUCTS IN FORMIC ACID
Authors: Martin W. G.
Published: December 2009

Sedimentation, diffusion, and Archibald transient state measurements were made on bovine plasma albumin and vitellenin of egg yolk in formic acid (88% w/w) solution. The molecular weight of bovine plasma albumin, averaging 77 × 103and 70 × 103with and without added salt, respectively, indicated that peptide bonds were stable to the acid for at least 1 week (storage at 5 °C and measurement periods at 20 °C). Similar values were obtained from estimates based on viscosity measurements but greater deviations occurred. Vitellenin had a mean molecular weight of 93 × 103from sedimentation and diffusion but polydispersity was revealed by the Archibald measurements (molecular weights from 55 × 103to 10 × 103). Higher values of molecular weight were obtained for vitellenin by varying the dissolution technique and exposure time in formic acid and also when viscosity measurements were used to compute molecular weight. Analyses of N-terminal amino acids showed that peptide bond rupture was not a major factor in the polydispersity of vitellenin. Although aggregates are probably present in formic acid solutions of this protein, it appears to be naturally polydisperse. Both albumin and vitellenin were considerably degraded by performic acid oxidation procedures.
ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS OF PROTEIN-BOUND PHOSPHORUS OF FOWL'S SERUM
Authors: McCully K. A. , Common R. H.
Published: December 2009

The movement of protein-bound phosphorus on zone electropherograms of fowl sera has been studied (a) by use of reactions for ester-linked protein phosphorus (ELPP) and (b) by use of sera in which the phosphorus had been labelled with P32. Serum from estrogenized pullets yielded two major lipoprotein zones, P-1 and P-2, on electrophoresis in veronal buffer pH 8.6. Most of the ELPP or protein-bound P32was associated with these two zones, although minor amounts of protein-bound P32were detected in other zones except the albumin zone. Somewhat similar results were obtained with borate buffer pH 9.0.Use of veronal–citrate buffer pH 8.6, or pretreatment of the serum with ethylenediaminetetraacetate, or removal of the serum calcium by oxalate precipitation abolished the resolution of two lipoprotein zones, which were replaced by a single lipoprotein zone. At the same time most of the ELPP or protein-bound P32moved to a zone just ahead of the albumin zone.It is suggested that chelation or removal of the serum calcium led to dissociation of phosvitin from the lipoproteins of the serum and the independent migration of this phosvitin to a zone slightly ahead of the albumin zone.The pre-albumin zones of sera from chick embryos did not give any staining reaction for ELPP. This observation supports the conclusion that the prealbumin zones of sera from embryos and of sera of estrogenized pullets or laying hens are due to different proteins, and that phosvitin is either absent from embryo serum, or present in amounts below the limit of sensitivity of the reaction used for its detection.
THE PLASMA 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROID LEVELS IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Authors: Blair A. J. , Morgen R. O. , Beck J. C.
Published: December 2009

The free and glucuronide fractions of the plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids have been determined on specimens from 14 adult controls, 7 patients with chronic renal disease, and 11 patients with acute renal failure. The results have been statistically analyzed. Both free and glucuronide fractions were shown to be elevated in cases of acute renal failure while neither was significantly altered in the cases of chronic renal disease. The changes in these fractions during diuresis and hemodialysis in a few cases of acute renal failure are also reported. The possible mechanisms for these findings are briefly discussed.
ACETOACETATE AND β-HYDROXY-β-METHYL GLUTARYL COENZYME A METABOLISM IN NORMAL AND KETOTIC GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Sauer F.
Published: December 2009

Acetoacetate metabolism was studied in normal and ketotic guinea pigs. Labelled acetoacetate was readily utilized by ketotic guinea pigs for oxidation and sterol synthesis. The results do not support the recent suggestion that hyperketonemia results from impaired ketone body utilization.The results of some in vivo and in vitro experiments indicate that although the cleavage of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) is probably the major source of acetoacetate, some acetoacetate synthesis, at least in vitro, may proceed via a pathway that does not involve HMG-CoA.There was no correlation between the degree of activity of the HMG-CoA cleavage enzyme and sterol synthesis.
CARDIAC OUTPUT AND RELATED HEMODYNAMIC DATA IN NORMAL CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Authors: Jegier W. , Sekelj P. , Davenport H. T. , McGregor M.
Published: December 2009

Cardiac output, so-called "central blood volume", "slope volume", and time–concentration components of indicator dilution curves were measured in 28 normal children (5–13 years) and 18 normal adults (24–54) years. Determinations were based on dye dilution curves obtained from peripherally injected Evans blue T-1824, using a computing ear oximeter. Average values and ranges of cardiac index in children were 3.19 ± 0.75 (1.92–4.48) liters/minute/sq.meter and 3.06 ± 0.76 (2.04–4.09) liters/minutes/sq.meter in adults. There was no significant difference between the mean values (P > 0.50). Close similarity was also observed between the means, standard deviations, and ranges for "central blood volume", "slope volume", and the time–concentration components in children and adults when differences in body size were accounted for. No significant differences were observed between the corresponding values in the two groups. (All P values were greater than 0.25.) Correlations of various experimental data to body surface area are presented.
THE INVOLVEMENT OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE TOXICITY OF OXYGEN AT HIGH PRESSURE
Authors: Walker I. G.
Published: December 2009

Mice were adapted to living in an environment containing high concentrations of carbon dioxide by exposing them to an atmosphere in which the concentration of this gas was increased each day by 2% to a maximum of 10% or 20%. The animals were then exposed to an atmosphere of 100% oxygen at 75 p.s.i. (gauge). The time of onset of convulsions under these conditions was significantly greater than that in untreated mice. This result in conjunction with the findings of others was interpreted to mean that animals exposed to oxygen at high pressure suffer some degree of impairment to carbon dioxide transport which contributes to the production of symptoms.
SYNTHESIS OF CELLULOSE FROM ETHANOL-SOLUBLE PRECURSORS IN GREEN PLANTS
Authors: Colvin J. Ross
Published: December 2009

The formation of microfibrillar material from filtered 80% (v/v) ethanol extracts of etiolated Avena coleoptiles and Pisum seedlings was demonstrated by electron microscopy. The microfibrils were resistant to alkali, molar acetic acid, and extraction by lipid solvents. After acid hydrolysis, only glucose was detected as a component neutral sugar. The X-ray diffraction powder diagram of these microfibrils was identical with that of a standard alkali-digested bacterial cellulose. On this evidence, the microfibrils are assumed to be cellulose produced from a soluble precursor together with an extracellular bacterial enzyme. The general similarity between these results and those previously obtained with extracts of Acetobacter xylinum is discussed.
LIPIDS OF HALOBACTERIUM CUTIRUBRUM
Authors: Sehgal S. N. , Kates M. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: December 2009

Cells of Halobacterium cutirubrum contain about 2% of total lipids (including pigments) on a salt-free, dry weight basis. Almost all of the lipids (93%) are phosphatides, the remainder being carotenoid pigments. The phosphatide components are unusual in that they contain almost no fatty acid ester groups, but instead appear to have long-chain alkyl groups joined by ether linkages to glycerol. Most of the phosphatide fraction (73%) consists of a single component which is believed to be a long-chain ether analogue of diphosphatidyl glycerol. Small amounts of lecithin, lysolecithin, phosphatidyl inositol, and phosphatidyl glycerol also appear to be present.
PHOSPHATE METABOLISM IN ERYTHROCYTES OF NORMAL HUMANS AND OF PATIENTS WITH HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS
Authors: Zipursky A. , Mayman D. , Israels L. G. , Chambers Rosalind , Rowland Marlene
Published: December 2009

Erythrocytes of normal adults and of patients with hereditary spherocytosis were studied after in vitro incubation with P32orthophosphate. After 2 minutes' incubation much radioactivity was present in adenosine triphosphate and inorganic phosphate in contrast to a smaller amount in 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Subsequent incubation with non-radioactive phosphate permitted observation of the fate of this radioactivity which was found to decrease in adenosine triphosphate and inorganic phosphate and rise in the 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid pool. These observations suggest that the phosphate of adenosine triphosphate and inorganic phosphate may bear a precursor relationship to the phosphate of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. No difference was observed between the erythrocytes of normal adults and of patients with hereditary spherocytosis.
THE HETEROGENEITY OF PANCREATIC DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
Authors: Becking G. C. , Hurst R. O.
Published: December 2009

The action of crystalline pancreatic deoxyribonuclease on sodium oligonucleotides in the presence of manganous ions has been studied and a pH optimum of 6.6 observed. Inhibition of the enzyme activity by increased ionic strength of the digest occurred. The liberation of products soluble in uranyl acetate – trichloroacetate was found to vary with enzyme concentration and the relative activity of the enzyme on oligonucleotides was best determined by a logarithm-plot method. The activity of the enzyme towards deoxyribonucleic acid or sodium oligonucleotides as substrate was not affected by treatment with acetone. Evidence of heterogeneity in the crystalline enzyme preparation was obtained using paper electrophoresis and chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. Two fractions were separated that showed different ratios of activity towards the two substrates employed.
RESISTANCE TO 6-MERCAPTOPURINE: I. BIOCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA AND A 6-MERCAPTOPURINE-RESISTANT SUBLINE
Authors: Paterson A. R. P. , Hori A.
Published: December 2009

A 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)-resistant subline of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma developed in this laboratory has been reported previously to lack the ability to synthesize thioinosinate, a characteristic believed to be related to mercaptopurine resistance. A comparison was made of various aspects of purine nucleotide metabolism in cells of the parent tumor line and the resistant subline in order to detect differences which, if they existed, might account for resistance to 6-MP.The synthesis of adenylate or of inosinate from adenine-8-C14was found to take place at similar rates in the two cell types under conditions in which adenylate renewal was independent of adenine-8-C14concentration. Both cell types synthesized adenylate and inosinate at comparable rates from hypoxanthine-8-C14and had equivalent adenylate deaminase activities. The size of the pool of inosinate in the tumor cells was measured by the isotope dilution method and that of the Ehrlich cells was found to be 1.6 times the pool size of the resistant cells. The conversion of guanine-8-C14to guanylate took place at similar rates in both tumors.In general, no differences in purine nucleotide metabolism were revealed which were obviously related to resistance or to the characteristic inability of the resistant subline to synthesize thioinosinate. This inability did not appear to be due to an inadequacy of the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate resources of the resistant cell, since the rates of purine nucleotide synthesis were similar in the two cell types. In Part II it is shown that extracts of the 6-MP-resistant cells catalyzed the synthesis of thioinosinate. It was concluded that the failure of intact resistant cells to synthesize thioinosinate was due to failure of 6-MP to enter the cell.
THE EFFECTS OF A CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE ON SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURES WITHIN NERVE CELLS AND THEIR PROCESSES IN SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA AND SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: Birks R. I.
Published: December 2009

Nerve cells and their processes in cat sympathetic ganglia and frog skeletal muscle have shown on electron microscopic examination alterations in subcellular morphology as a result of treatment with digoxin. Non-nervous cells were unaffected by the drug. These changes included, in ganglia, swelling of the affected cells, shrinkage of mitochondria with pronounced increase in internal density, swelling of Nissl substance in nerve cell bodies, and loss of structural detail in nerve processes. At the myoneural junction the motor nerve endings were swollen, mitochondria were altered, and the synaptic vesicles were reduced in numbers, those that remained being swollen. These changes were accompanied by invagination of the axon surface by Schwann cell processes.Cell swelling, but not the subcellular changes, was prevented by substitution of sulphate for chloride ions in the extracellular space. When the extracellular sodium ion concentration was reduced to 20 meq/l. the cells were completely protected against digoxin. It is concluded that swelling is caused by net uptake of sodium and chloride as a result of the known inhibitory action of digoxin on sodium extrusion by nerve cells. The possibility that these structural changes in subcellular organelles may be caused by a raised concentration of intracellular sodium ions, such as might occur during activity of excitable cells, is discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF ADENINE AND GLUCOSE ON SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDES BY EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Ellis D. B. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: December 2009

Incubation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells with glucose and adenine in a phosphate-containing medium leads to an increase in the total nucleotide content of the cells. The use of adenine-8-C14, glucose-U-C14, glucose-1-C14, and P32has shown that there is true synthesis of nucleotides, and the relative rates of incorporation suggest that a purine riboside triphosphate such as ATP is the predominant nucleotide synthesized.The relative rates of incorporation of radioactivity from glucose-1-C14and glucose-U-C14into the acid-soluble nucleotides cannot be explained in terms of the hexose monophosphate shunt or of the transketolase–transaldolase pathway for pentose phosphate formation.
THE DISSOCIATION OF α- AND β-LIPOVITELLIN IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION: PART I. EFFECT OF pH, TEMPERATURE, AND OTHER FACTORS
Authors: Burley R. W. , Cook W. H.
Published: December 2009

The effect of pH, temperature, ionic strength, and lipoprotein concentration on the reversible dissociation of α- and β-lipovitellin in aqueous solutions above pH 6 has been examined by ultracentrifugal measurements. Under otherwise similar conditions α- and β-lipovitellin are 50% dissociated at pH 10.5 and 7.8, respectively. Both lipovitellins undergo an irreversible aggregation above about pH 11; β-lipovitellin is sometimes converted to a non-dissociable form upon aging. Dissociation of both lipovitellins decreases with increasing ionic strength and increasing temperature. Although the ultracentrifugal method has limitations, provisional equilibrium constants and thermodynamic data were obtained from it that are comparable with those obtained for certain protein systems.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH 21-METHYL-SUBSTITUTED STEROIDS
Authors: Llaurado Josep G. , Fitzgerald Geraldine M.
Published: December 2009

Two new C22 steroids, 21-methyl-9α-fluoroprednisolone and 21-methyl-6α,9α-difluoroprednisolone, and their respective C21 parent compounds are shown to possess life-maintaining activity in adrenalectomized young rats. These C21 steroids promote less growth than the parent compounds, probably because the former do not induce sodium retention. All steroids, in adequate dosage, cause thymus involution and adrenal a trophy, but lack androgenic activity. Attention is drawn to the masking action of certain steroid administering vehicles on survival tests and to the seeming unreliability of the thymus-involution assay for assessing or predicting anti-inflammatory activity of steroids.