bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term follow‐up of febrile infection–related epilepsy syndrome
Authors: Howell Katherine B. , Katanyuwong Kamornwan , Mackay Mark T. , Bailey Catherine A. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Freeman Jeremy L. , Berkovic Samuel F. , Harvey A. Simon
Published: December 2011

Purpose:  Febrile infection–related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is an increasingly recognized epileptic syndrome that presents with multifocal refractory status epilepticus in previously normal children and evolves into a chronic, refractory, focal epilepsy with associated cognitive and behavioral difficulties. Herein we describe the features of the chronic epilepsy and critically review evidence for the etiology of this syndrome.

Methods:  Seven patients with FIRES were studied. The duration of follow‐up in six survivors was 5–17 years. Clinical, electroencephalography (EEG), neuroimaging, and other investigative findings during the acute and chronic phases were reviewed.

Key Findings:  These previously normal children presented with a febrile illness and status epilepticus that was refractory to antiepileptic medications in all children, to immunotherapies (including immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, plasma exchange, and rituximab) in four, and to acute vagus nerve stimulation in one. Markers of cerebral inflammation were few and response to antiepileptic and immunomodulatory therapies was poor. Evolution to chronic epilepsy occurred without a silent period. Seizure characteristics in the chronic phase were strikingly stereotyped and similar to the acute phase, with head and eye version, unilateral facial jerking, asymmetric tonic posturing, and unilateral limb jerking in all patients. Electrographic ictal onset was lateralized in all recorded seizures, unilateral in one patient, and independent bilateral in three. Seizures were refractory to multiple antiepileptic medications in all patients and partly responsive to chronic vagus nerve stimulation in two patients. Moderate to severe intellectual impairment was noted in four patients, and borderline intellectual abilities were noted in two. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the chronic phase was normal in three patients and showed mild diffuse cortical atrophy and/or mild hippocampal atrophy or sclerosis in three.

Significance:  The similar perirolandic and perisylvian features of acute and chronic seizures, the lack of a silent period, the absence of evidence of cerebral inflammation, and the poor response to immunotherapies suggest FIRES is best conceptualized as a chronic epilepsy with explosive onset, not a remote‐symptomatic epilepsy with an acute inflammatory antecedent.
Revising the “Rule of Three” for inferring seizure freedom
Authors: Brandon Westover M. , Cormier Justine , Bianchi Matt T. , Shafi Mouhsin , Kilbride Ronan , Cole Andrew J. , Cash Sydney S.
Published: December 2011

Purpose:  How long after starting a new medication must a patient go without seizures before they can be regarded as seizure‐free? A recent International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) task force proposed using a “Rule of Three” as an operational definition of seizure freedom, according to which a patient should be considered seizure‐free following an intervention after a period without seizures has elapsed equal to three times the longest preintervention interseizure interval over the previous year. This rule was motivated in large part by statistical considerations advanced in a classic 1983 paper by Hanley and Lippman‐Hand. However, strict adherence to the statistical logic of this rule generally requires waiting much longer than recommended by the ILAE task force. Therefore, we set out to determine whether an alternative approach to the Rule of Three might be possible, and under what conditions the rule may be expected to hold or would need to be extended.

Methods:  Probabilistic modeling and application of Bayes’ rule.

Key Findings:  We find that an alternative approach to the problem of inferring seizure freedom supports using the Rule of Three in the way proposed by the ILAE in many cases, particularly in evaluating responses to a first trial of antiseizure medication, and to favorably‐selected epilepsy surgical candidates. In cases where the a priori odds of success are less favorable, our analysis requires longer seizure‐free observation periods before declaring seizure freedom, up to six times the average preintervention interseizure interval. The key to our approach is to take into account not only the time elapsed without seizures but also empirical data regarding the a priori probability of achieving seizure freedom conferred by a particular intervention.

Significance:  In many cases it may be reasonable to consider a patient seizure‐free after they have gone without seizures for a period equal to three times the preintervention interseizure interval, as proposed on pragmatic grounds in a recent ILAE position paper, although in other commonly encountered cases a waiting time up to six times this interval is required. In this work we have provided a coherent theoretical basis for modified criterion for seizure freedom, which we call the “Rule of Three‐To‐Six.”
Penumbra region excitability is not enhanced acutely after cerebral ischemia in the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain
Authors: Breschi Gian Luca , Mastropietro Alfonso , Zucca Ileana , Librizzi Laura , de Curtis Marco
Published: December 2011

Purpose: Early seizures are a frequent consequence of stroke. The main goal of the present study is to verify whether anoxic ischemia per se is able to induce early changes in excitability that may be a prelude to the generation of seizures and, ultimately, to epileptogenesis. Excitability changes in the very acute postischemic phase are here analyzed in a new model of ischemia developed in the isolated guinea pig brain preparation.

Methods: Permanent bilateral occlusion of the anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs) was performed in the isolated guinea pig brain maintained in vitro by arterial perfusion. Magnetic resonance imaging and immunohistochemistry were utilized to identify the penumbra and core regions induced by ACA occlusion (ACAo). Slow potentials and evoked responses recorded in olfactory cortices were utilized to evaluate excitability changes in the acute phase after ischemia.

Key Findings: ACAo induces a core area located in the shell of the nucleus accumbens and a region of penumbra in the underlying olfactory cortices, where characteristic slow potential shifts, but no reduction of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance (MR) signal and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP‐2) immunostaining (typical of ischemic core) was observed. Recording of responses evoked by low‐ and high‐frequency stimulations of the lateral olfactory tract showed no excitability changes in the early hours that follow ischemia in the olfactory cortical areas supplied by ACAs.

Significance: The absence of early hyperexcitability changes in an isolated whole brain model of ischemia, strongly suggests that brain anoxia per se does not contribute to the generation of early seizures. These findings support the view that blood‐borne events (such as hemorrhage and inflammation) may play a major role in early postischemic seizures.
SPECIES‐SPECIFIC VARIATION IN FATTY ACID CONCENTRATIONS OF FOUR PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES: DOES PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY INFLUENCE THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY OR TEMPERATURE?1
Authors: Piepho Maike , Arts Michael T. , Wacker Alexander
Published: December 2011

We tested, in the laboratory, the influence of light intensity, temperature, and phosphorus (P) supply on fatty acid (FA) concentrations of four freshwater algae: the green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turpin) Bréb. and Chlamydomonas globosa J. Snow, the cryptophyte Cryptomonas ovata Ehrenb., and the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz. We investigated the main and interactive effects of two variables on algal FA concentrations (i.e., light intensity and P supply or temperature and P supply). Interactive effects of light intensity and P supply were most pronounced in C. meneghiniana, but were also found in S. quadricauda and C. ovata. Changes in several saturated and unsaturated FA concentrations with light were more distinct in the low‐P treatments than in the high‐P treatments. Interactive effects of temperature and P supply on various FA concentrations were observed in all four species, but there was no consistent pattern. In lake ecosystems, P limitation often coincides with high light intensities and temperatures in summer. Therefore, it is important to examine how combinations of these environmental conditions affect FA concentrations of primary producers that are important sources of FAs for higher trophic levels.
Reduction and Fixation of Cranial Cervical Fracture/Luxations using Screws and Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Cement: A Distraction Technique Applied to the Base of the Skull in Thirteen Dogs
Authors: Pike Fred S. , Kumar M. S. A. , Boudrieau Randy J.
Published: December 2011

Objective

To (1) describe a surgical distraction technique for C1‐2 cervical fractures/luxations or atlantoaxial (AA) subluxations using the base of the skull (basion of the foramen magnum) and either C2‐3 or C3‐4 for the purchase points of intraoperative axial distraction and (2) report outcome in 13 dogs.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Dogs (n = 13).

Materials and Methods

Medical records (September 1995–December 2005) of dogs with fracture/luxation of the cervical spine, or AA subluxations, were reviewed. Only dogs that had intraoperative linear distraction using the base of the skull as a purchase point for a self‐retaining retractor were included. Signalment, presenting neurologic deficits, fracture location, and concurrent injury were recorded. Both short‐term in‐hospital follow‐up, including healing and any complications, and long‐term telephone follow‐up were obtained.

Results

Realignment of the spinal vertebrae, reestablishing the normal properties of the spinal canal, was achieved after distraction in all dogs. Screws and small pins incorporated into polymethylmethacrylate cement were used to span the fracture ventrally and achieve rigid internal fixation. Eight dogs had a complete neurologic recovery, 2 dogs had slight residual ataxia, 2 dogs died, and 1 dog was lost to follow‐up. Healing was good (mean, 7.5 weeks) or excellent (mean, 5.1 months) based on in‐hospital follow‐up (mean, 5.1 months). On final telephone follow‐up (mean, 7.7 years), no dogs were reported to have had any associated problems or additional surgery.

Conclusions

This surgical distraction technique was a reliable, relatively simple method to obtain reduction of fracture/luxations of C1‐2 to re‐align the spinal canal. Mortality in this series appears lower than that previously reported and supports surgical management of these injuries.
Effect of a Locking Triple Pelvic Osteotomy Plate on Screw Loosening in 26 Dogs
Authors: Rose Scott A. , Peck Jeffrey N. , Tano Cheryl A. , Uddin Nizam , de Haan Jacek J.
Published: December 2011

Objective

To evaluate the complication rate of the double (DPO) and triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) procedure (unilateral and bilateral) with a locking purpose‐specific plate.

Study design

Retrospective case series

Animals

Dogs (n = 26; 38 hips)

Materials

Medical records (January 2007–January 2011) of dogs that had unilateral or bilateral DPO or TPO were evaluated. Signalment, age, body weight, estimated preoperative subluxation and reduction angles, lameness, and complications were evaluated. Follow‐up radiographs were evaluated for implant loosening or failure, femoral head coverage (FCH), pelvic dimensions, and radiographic evidence of healing.

Results

Screw loosening occurred in 1 of 266 (0.4%) screws placed and in 1 of 38 hips (2.6%). The rate of screw loosening was significantly lower than previously reported. Only 1 hip (2.6%) developed a major complication. Minor complications involving implants occurred in 2 hips (5.3%). Three to 5 locking screws were used per plate. There was a significant increase in FCH and Norberg angle (NA) compared with preoperative values. No clinically significant change in pelvic canal dimensions measured at 3 locations was identified.

Conclusion

Locking 7‐hole TPO plates with 3–5 locking screws resulted in a lower rate of major and minor implant associated complications than the reported complication rate for conventional 6‐hole plates. En bloc pullout of the caudal aspect of the plate is an infrequent but repeatable complication associated with the locking TPO implant.
Fatal Undersensing of Ventricular Fibrillation due to Intermittent High‐Amplitude R Waves
Authors: ANGUERA IGNASI , SABATÉ XAVIER , SUGRAÑES GEMMA , CEQUIER ANGEL
Published: December 2011

A 48‐year‐old man was admitted after an episode of aborted sudden death with external defibrillation. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator implanted 2 years before for secondary prevention failed to sense properly an episode of ventricular fibrillation. Interrogation of the device showed large oscillatory changes of the amplitude of the local electrogram during ventricular fibrillation, causing undersensing and inappropriate refraining from shock therapy. (PACE 2012; 35:e284–e286)
Er3+ Diffusion into MgO (5 mol%)‐Doped LiNbO3 Crystal Under Li‐Poor Atmosphere
Authors: Zhang De‐Long , Xu Shi‐Yu , Hua Ping‐Rang , Yu Dao‐Yin , Pun Edwin Yue‐Bun
Published: December 2011

Under Li‐poor atmosphere, local Er3+ diffusion into highly MgO‐doped LiNbO3 (LN) crystal has been investigated. Three Z‐cut 5 mol% (in growth melt) MgO‐doped LN substrates locally coated with 44–60 nm thick Er‐metal films underwent the respective Li‐poor vapor transport equilibration (VTE) treatment at 1060°C, 1100°C, and 1130°C for the same 90 h duration. After the VTE, the reductions of Li2O content at the Er‐free and Er3+‐doped parts of the surface of the three samples, determined from the measured birefringence, have a similar value of 1.0 ± 0.1, 2.0 ± 0.1, and 2.3 ± 0.1 mol%, respectively. Secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to study the Er3+ diffusion properties and the VTE effect on Mg2+ profile. From the measured Er3+ profiles, characteristic diffusion parameters such as 1/e diffusion depth, diffusivity, diffusion constant, activation energy, surface concentration, solubility, solubility constant, and heat of solution are determined. A comparison with the related results previously reported allows to conclude that heavy MgO‐doping results in substantial decrease of both the diffusivity and solubility, and under the same diffusion temperature the diffusivity and solubility increase by as much as one order of magnitude and two times, respectively, as the diffusion atmosphere goes from the traditional argon to the Li‐poor atmosphere. The Mg2+ profiles reveal that the VTE may induce MgO diffusion and hence an inhomogeneous profile in the Er3+‐diffused layer. This undesired effect is strong for the 1130°C VTE temperature whereas is relatively much weak for 1060°C. It is tentatively explained in terms of the Er3+ diffusion and Li‐poor VTE mechanisms.
Proteomic analysis identifies new biomarkers for postmenopausal and dry skin
Authors: Delattre Caroline , Winstall Eric , Lessard Christian , Donovan Mark , Simonetti Lucie , Minondo Anne‐Marie , Faure Robert , Calvo Ezequiel , Coutet Julie , Verschoore Michèle , Chaussade Véronique , Castiel‐Higounenc Isabelle , Labrie Fernand , Leclaire Jacques , Bernard Dominique
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  A proteomic analysis of stratum corneum (SC) samples of normal healthy skin revealed the presence of more than 70 proteins by 2D electrophoresis. The majority of these proteins to our knowledge have not yet been described in normal SC. We analysed by Western blot the levels of 25 proteins in the SC taken from postmenopausal and dry skin compared with young and normal skin, respectively. In postmenopausal skin, there was a significantly increased amount of heat shock protein 27, plakoglobin and desmoglein 1, whereas transglutaminase 3, apolipoprotein D and acid ceramidase levels were significantly reduced compared with the SC of young skin. We confirmed corneodesmosin as a marker of dry skin. In addition, we showed for the first time that the levels of both phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein 1 and annexin A2 were significantly increased in the SC of dry skin compared with the SC of normal skin. These results suggest that a proteomic analysis of the SC obtained using a non‐invasive varnish stripping method is an attractive alternative to invasive methods to better characterize changes in the physiology of ageing and dry skin.
Significant association of deficiency of hemoglobin, iron and vitamin B12, high homocysteine level, and gastric parietal cell antibody positivity with atrophic glossitis
Authors: Sun Andy , Lin Hung‐Pin , Wang Yi‐Ping , Chiang Chun‐Pin
Published: December 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 500–504

Background:  Atrophic glossitis (AG) is considered to be a marker of nutritional deficiency. In this study, we evaluated whether there was an intimate association of the deficiency of hemoglobin, iron, vitamin B12 or folic acid, high blood homocysteine level, and serum gastric parietal cell antibody (GPCA) positivity with AG.

Methods:  The blood hemoglobin, iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and homocysteine concentrations and the serum GPCA level in 176 AG patients were measured and compared with the corresponding levels in 176 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy control subjects.

Results:  We found that 39 (22.2%), 47 (26.7%), 13 (7.4%), and 3 (1.7%) AG patients had deficiencies of Hb (men < 13 g/dl, women < 12 g/dl), iron (<60 μg/dl), vitamin B12 (<200 pg/ml), and folic acid (<4 ng/ml), respectively. Moreover, 38 (21.6%) AG patients had abnormally high blood homocysteine level, and 47 (26.7%) AG patients had serum GPCA positivity. AG patients had a significantly higher frequency of Hb, iron, or vitamin B12 deficiency, of abnormally elevated blood homocysteine level, or of serum GPCA positivity than healthy control subjects (all P‐values = 0.000). However, no significant difference in frequency of folic acid deficiency was found between AG patients and healthy control subjects.

Conclusion:  We conclude that there is a significant association of deficiency of hemoglobin, iron and vitamin B12, abnormally high blood homocysteine level, and serum GPCA positivity with AG.
Extent and severity of chronic periodontitis in chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Brito F. , Almeida S. , Figueredo C. M. S. , Bregman R. , Suassuna J. H. R. , Fischer R. G.
Published: December 2011

Brito F, Almeida S, Figueredo CMS, Bregman R, Suassuna JHR, Fischer RG. Extent and severity of chronic periodontitis in chronic kidney disease patients. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 426–430. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objectve:  Chronic inflammatory diseases have been investigated as a possible source of inflammation in chronic kidney disease patients; however, there is a shortage of information about the prevalence of periodontitis in such individuals. Therefore, the aim of this cross‐sectional study was to determine the extent and severity of periodontitis in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing the following three different treatment modalities: predialysis; continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD); and hemodialysis (HD); and to compare the findings with those from systemically healthy individuals.

Material and Methods:  Forty CAPD patients (mean age 52 ± 12 years), 40 HD patients (mean age 50 ± 10 years), 51 predialysis patients (mean age 54 ± 11 years) and 67 healthy individuals (mean age 50 ± 7 years) were examined. The periodontal examination included probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing and presence of plaque. Patients with at least four sites with clinical attachment loss ≥ 6 mm were considered to have severe chronic periodontitis, and those with at least 30% of sites with clinical attachment loss ≥ 4 mm were considered to have generalized chronic periodontitis.

Results:  Predialysis and HD patients had significantly more sites with clinical attachment loss ≥ 6 mm than healthy individuals. The CAPD patients had similar periodontal condition to healthy subjects. There were significantly more cases of severe chronic periodontitis in predialysis and HD patients.

Conclusion:  Predialysis and HD are associated with a higher prevalence of severe periodontitis compared with healthy individuals and CAPD patients.
Treatment Concept with CAD/CAM‐Fabricated High‐Density Polymer Temporary Restorations
Authors: GÜTH JAN‐FREDERIK , ALMEIDA E SILVA JÚNIO S. , RAMBERGER MARC , BEUER FLORIAN , EDELHOFF DANIEL
Published: December 2011

Tooth wear in younger patients is perceived worldwide as an increasing problem. Its etiology is multifactorial (erosion, abrasion, attrition), and its treatment is challenging for the dental practitioner specifically when a great loss of the vertical dimension of occlusion has occurred.

The aim of this article is to present a treatment approach for complex cases with high loss of tooth structure using computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)‐fabricated temporary high‐density polymer restorations without any preparations.

New manufacturing technologies and innovative materials such as high‐density polymers offer good possibilities for restorations during the pretreatment period. This is especially important in circumstances requiring massive corrections of color, form, or position. Pretreatment periods are indispensable in refining important factors such as lip‐position dynamics as well as the correct position of the smile line, which cannot be adequately assessed in the dental laboratory. In the presented case report, CAD/CAM‐fabricated non‐preparation restorations were adhesively placed on the worn dentition without any further loss of tooth structure.

Such an approach provides the opportunity to “test‐drive” the new restoration design in terms of function, phonetics, and esthetics, thus improving the predictability of the definitive restorations design. If any change in the design is required, it can be cost‐effectively achieved through simple modification or replacement of the restorations.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The prolonged pretreatment phase using CAD/CAM‐fabricated high‐density polymer temporaries can help the practitioner turn challenging treatments into more predictable ones with respect to function and esthetics.

(J Esthet Restor Dent ••:••–••, 2011)
A systematic review of structured compared with non‐structured breastfeeding programmes to support the initiation and duration of exclusive and any breastfeeding in acute and primary health care settings
Authors: Beake Sarah , Pellowe Carol , Dykes Fiona , Schmied Virginia , Bick Debra
Published: December 2011

Policies and guidelines have recommended that structured programmes to support breastfeeding should be introduced. The objective of this review was to consider the evidence of outcomes of structured compared with non‐structured breastfeeding programmes in acute maternity care settings to support initiation and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Quantitative and qualitative studies were considered. Primary outcomes of interest were initiation of breastfeeding and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Studies that only considered community‐based interventions were excluded. An extensive search of literature published in 1992–2010 was undertaken using identified key words and index terms. Methodological quality was assessed using checklists developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Two independent reviewers conducted critical appraisal and data extraction; 26 articles were included. Because of clinical and methodological heterogeneity of study designs, it was not possible to combine studies or individual outcomes in meta‐analyses. Most studies found a statistically significant improvement in breastfeeding initiation following introduction of a structured breastfeeding programme, although effect sizes varied. The impact on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and duration of any breastfeeding to 6 months was also evident, although not all studies found statistically significant differences. Despite poor overall study quality, structured programmes compared with standard care positively influence the initiation and duration of exclusive breastfeeding and any breastfeeding. In health care settings with low breastfeeding initiation and duration rates, structured programmes may have a greater benefit. Few studies controlled for any potential confounding factors, and the impact of bias has to be considered.
Cloning, expression and characterization of CYP102D1, a self‐sufficient P450 monooxygenase from Streptomyces avermitilis
Authors: Choi Kwon‐Young , Jung EunOk , Jung Da‐Hye , Pandey Bishnu Prasad , Yun Hyungdon , Park Hyung‐yun , Kazlauskas Romas J. , Kim Byung‐Gee
Published: December 2011

Among 33 cytochrome P450s (CYPs) of Streptomyces avermitilis, CYP102D1 encoded by the sav575 gene is naturally a unique and self‐sufficient CYP. Since the native cyp102D1 gene could not be expressed well in Escherichia coli, its expression was attempted using codon‐optimized synthetic DNA. The gene was successfully overexpressed and the recombinant CYP102D1 was functionally active, showing a Soret peak at 450 nm in the reduced CO difference spectrum. FMN/FAD isolated from the reductase domain showed the same fluorescence in thin layer chromatography separation as the authentic standards. Characterization of the substrate specificity of CYP102D1 based on NADPH oxidation rate revealed that it catalysed the oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with very good regioselectivity, similar to other CYP102A families depending on NADPH supply. In particular, CYP102D1 catalysed the rapid oxidation of myristoleic acid with a kcat/Km value of 453.4 ± 181.5 μm−1·min−1. Homology models of CYP102D1 based on other members of the CYP102A family allowed us to alter substrate specificity to aromatic compounds such as daidzein. Interestingly, replacement of F96V/M246I in the active site increased catalytic activity for daidzein with a kcat/Km value of 100.9 ± 10.4 μm−1·min−1 (15‐fold).
The antimicrobial efficacy of silver on antibiotic‐resistant bacteria isolated from burn wounds
Authors: Percival Steven L , Thomas John , Linton Sara , Okel Tyler , Corum Linda , Slone Will
Published: December 2011

The antibiotic‐resistant bacteria are a major concern to wound care because of their ability to resist many of the antibiotics used today to treat infections. Consequently, other antimicrobials, in particular ionic silver, are considered ideal topical agents for effectively helping to manage and prevent local infections. Little is known about the antimicrobial efficacy of ionic silver on antibiotic‐resistant bacteria at different pH values. Consequently, in this study our aim was to evaluate the effect of pH on the antimicrobial efficacy of a silver alginate (SA) and a silver carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) dressing on antibiotic‐resistant bacteria isolated from burn patients. Forty‐nine antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, including Vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium, meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug‐resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MDR Vibrio sp, MDR Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, extended‐spectrum ß‐lactamase (ESBL) producing Salmonella sp, ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, ESBL producing Proteus mirabilis, ESBL producing Escherichia coli and MDR Acinetobacter baumannii, routinely isolated from burn wounds were used in the study and evaluated for their susceptibility to two silver containing wound dressings using a standardised antimicrobial efficacy screening assay [corrected zone of inhibition (CZOI)]. The mean overall CZOI for the Gram‐positive isolates at a pH of 5·5 were very similar for both dressings. A mean CZOI of 5 mm was recorded for the SCMC dressing, which was slightly higher, at 5·4 mm for the SA dressing. At a pH of 7·0 both dressings, in general, showed a similar activity. However, at a pH of 8·5 the mean CZOI of the SCMC dressing was found to be significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the SA dressing for a select number of isolates. The mean overall CZOI for the Gram‐negative bacteria followed a similar pattern as observed with the Gram‐positive bacteria. Susceptibility to silver ions did vary significantly between genera and species of bacteria. Interestingly, when pH was changed from 8·5 to 5·5 antimicrobial activity for both dressings in general increased significantly (P < 0·05). Overall, all forty‐nine antibiotic‐resistant bacteria isolated from burn wounds showed susceptibility to the antimicrobial activity of both silver containing wound dressings over all pH ranges. In addition, the study showed that the performance of both dressings apparently increased when pH became more acidic. The findings in this study may help to further enhance our knowledge of the role pH plays in affecting both bacterial susceptibility and antimicrobial activity of silver containing wound dressings.
OPTIMIZATION OF GLUTEN PEAK TESTER: A STATISTICAL APPROACH
Authors: CHANDI GURPREET KAUR , SEETHARAMAN KOUSHIK
Published: December 2011

Response surface methodology was applied to develop a standard method for gluten peak tester. Four variables – flour weight, temperature, solvent and rpm – were varied as per the center composite design, and the responses – torque and peak maximum time – were analyzed. Flour–solvent interaction was observed to be the most significant factor impacting the peak torque for whole meal and hard wheat flours while flour (g) and rpm were the most significant for soft wheat flour and insignificant for whole meal flour. The setting 8.5 g flour, 9.5 g solvent (0.5 M CaCl2), 34C temperature and 1,900 rpm was obtained as the standard setting applicable to whole meal as well as refined flours from soft and hard wheats.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Gluten quality is an important criterion to predict flour performance in cereal processing industry. The gluten peak tester has been recently introduced as a sensitive and rapid way of testing wheat gluten quality. The current research was designed to optimize the gluten peak tester to work with wheat varieties with a wide range of protein contents so as to lay a baseline for method development to assess gluten quality of different wheat varieties/lines within a short time span with minimum sample requirements which is very critical for the breeding industry.
Laboratory Evaluation of Zero Valent Iron and Sulfur‐Modified Iron for Agricultural Drainage Water Treatment
Authors: Allred Barry J.
Published: December 2011

Agricultural subsurface drainage waters containing nutrients (nitrate/phosphate) and pesticides are discharged into neighboring streams and lakes, frequently producing adverse environmental impacts on local, regional, and national scales. On‐site drainage water filter treatment systems can potentially prevent the release of agricultural contaminants into adjacent waterways. Zero valent iron (ZVI) and sulfur‐modified iron (SMI) are two types of promising filter materials that could be used within these treatment systems. Therefore, water treatment capabilities of three ZVI and three SMI filter materials were evaluated in the laboratory. Laboratory evaluation included saturated falling‐head hydraulic conductivity tests, contaminant removal batch tests, and saturated solute transport column experiments. The three ZVI and the three SMI filter materials, on average, all had a sufficient hydraulic conductivity greater than 1 × 10–3 cm/s. Batch test results showed a phosphate decrease of at least 94% for all tests conducted with the ZVI and SMI. Furthermore, the three SMI filter materials removed at least 86% of the batch test nitrate originally present, while batch tests for one of the ZVI filter materials exhibited an 88% decrease in the pesticide, atrazine. Saturated solute transport column experiments were carried on the best ZVI filter material, or the best SMI filter material, or both together, in order to better evaluate drainage water treatment effectiveness and efficiency. Results from these column tests additionally document the drainage water treatment ability of both ZVI and SMI to remove the phosphate, the ability of SMI to remove nitrate, and the ability of a select ZVI material to remove atrazine. Consequently, these findings support further investigation of ZVI and SMI subsurface drainage water treatment capabilities, particularly in regard to small‐ and large‐scale field tests.
The dangers of iron overload: Bring in the Iron Police
Authors: Lambing Angela , Kachalsky Ellen , Mueller Mary Linda
Published: December 2011

Abstract  Purpose: To increase awareness of nurse practitioners (NPs) about the dangers of iron overload and to review common hematologic conditions where transfusions are essential, iron mechanism and transport within the body, effects of iron overload on the body, and treatment options available. Finally, the process for development of a protocol for monitoring such patients will be introduced.

Data sources: Review of existing literature, myelodysplastic syndrome guidelines, sickle cell guidelines, thalassemia guidelines.

Conclusions: Transfusions of packed red blood cells save lives. There are many hematologic conditions for which packed red blood cell transfusions are required as a result of bone marrow suppression. However, extended exposure to red blood cell transfusions places the patient at an additional risk of iron overload. Iron overload is a real concern for patients who become transfusion dependent, with increased risks of liver cirrhosis and cardiac arrhythmias.

Implications for practice: NPs in all areas of practice can increase awareness of the dangers of transfusional iron overload, and become familiar with the treatment options available. Additionally, NPs can institute a monitoring program based on the protocol suggested here within their own practices to prevent poor outcomes for patients with transfusion‐related iron overload.
Belief‐Desire Explanation
Authors: Nottelmann Nikolaj
Published: December 2011

Theses claiming a constitutive or necessary role for belief‐desire pairs in the rationalizing, motivation or explanation of action, are generally known as Humean. The main purpose of this short paper is clearly to present the basic versions of Humeanism and lay bare their commitments and interrelations in preparation for a short general introduction to the debate over belief‐desire explanation of action. After this, some influential arguments for and against a Humean account of action explanation are briefly discussed.
Teasing apart socially‐induced infertility in non‐reproductive female Damaraland mole‐rats, Fukomys damarensis (Rodentia: Bathyergidae)
Authors: BENNETT Nigel C.
Published: December 2011

The Damaraland mole‐rat is a subterranean mammal exhibiting extreme reproductive skew with a single reproductive female in each colony responsible for procreation. Non‐reproductive female colony members are physiologically suppressed while in the colony, exhibiting reduced concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and a decreased response of the pituitary, as measured by the release of bioactive LH, to an exogenous dose of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH). Removal of the reproductive female from the colony results in an elevation of LH and an enhanced response of the pituitary to a GnRH challenge in non‐reproductive females comparable to reproductive females, implying control of reproduction in these individuals by the reproductive female. The Damaraland mole‐rat is an ideal model for investigating the physiological and behavioral mechanisms that regulate the hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis. In contrast, we know less about the control of reproduction at the level of the hypothalamus. The immunohistochemistry of the GnRH system of both reproductive and non‐reproductive female Damaraland mole‐rats has revealed no significant differences with respect to morphology, distribution or numbers of immunoreactive GnRH perikarya. We examined whether the endogenous opioid peptide beta‐endorphin was responsible for the inhibition of the release of the GnRH from the neurons indirectly by measuring LH concentrations in these non‐reproductive females following single, hourly and 8 hourly injections of the opioid antagonist naloxone. The results imply that the endogenous opioid peptide, beta‐endorphin, is not responsible for the inhibition of GnRH release from the perikarya in non‐reproductive females. Preliminary data examining the circulating levels of cortisol also do not support a role for circulating glucocorticoids. The possible role of kisspeptin is discussed.
Macrolide antibiotics in the ribosome exit tunnel: species‐specific binding and action
Authors: Kannan Krishna , Mankin Alexander S.
Published: December 2011

Macrolide antibiotics bind in the nascent peptide exit tunnel of the ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis. The majority of information on the principles of binding and action of these antibiotics comes from studies that employed model organisms. However, there is a growing understanding that the binding of macrolides to their target, as well as the mode of inhibition of translation, can be strongly influenced by variations in ribosome structure between bacterial species. Awareness of the existence of species‐specific differences in drug action and appreciation of the extent of these differences can stimulate future work on developing better macrolide drugs. In this review, representative cases illustrating the organism‐specific binding and action of macrolide antibiotics, as well as species‐specific mechanisms of resistance are analyzed.
Antibiotics in development targeting protein synthesis
Authors: Sutcliffe Joyce A.
Published: December 2011

The resolution of antibiotic–ribosomal subunit complexes and antibacterial–protein complexes at the atomic level has provided new insights into modifications of clinically relevant antimicrobials and provided new classes that target the protein cellular apparatus. New chemistry platforms that use fragment‐based drug design or allow novel modifications in known structural classes are being used to design new antibiotics that overcome known resistance mechanisms and extend spectrum and potency by circumventing ubiquitous efflux pumps. This review provides details on seven antibiotics in development for treatment of moderate‐to‐severe community‐acquired bacterial pneumonia and/or acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: solithromycin, cethromycin, omadacycline, CEM‐102, GSK1322322, radezolid, and tedizolid. Two antibiotics of the oxazolidinone class, PF‐02341272 and AZD5847, are being developed as antituberculosis agents. Only three antibiotics that target the protein cellular machinery, TP‐434, GSK2251052, and plazomicin, have a spectrum that encompasses multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative pathogens. These compounds provide hope for treating key pathogens that cause serious disease in both the community and the hospital.
Amyloid Generation and Dysfunctional Immunoproteasome Activation with Disease Progression in Animal Model of Familial Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Aso Ester , Lomoio Selene , López‐González Irene , Joda Laura , Carmona Margarita , Fernández‐Yagüe Núria , Moreno Jesús , Juvés Salvador , Pujol Aurora , Pamplona Reinald , Portero‐Otin Manuel , Martín Virginia , Díaz Mario , Ferrer Isidro
Published: December 2011

Double‐transgenic amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) mice express a chimeric mouse/human APP bearing the Swedish mutation (Mo/HuAPP695swe) and a mutant human PS1‐dE9 both causative of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Transgenic mice show impaired memory and learning performance from the age of 6 months onwards. Double‐transgenic APP/PS1 mice express altered APP and PS1 mRNAs and proteins, reduced β‐secretase 1 (BACE1) mRNA and normal BACE1 protein, all of which suggest a particular mechanism of amyloidogenesis when compared with sporadic AD. The first β‐amyloid plaques in APP/PS1 mice appear at 3 months, and they increase in number and distribution with disease progression in parallel with increased levels of brain soluble β‐amyloid 1–42 and 1–40, but also with reduced 1–42/1–40 ratio with age. Amyloid deposition in plaques is accompanied by altered mitochondria and increased oxidative damage, post‐translational modifications and accumulation of altered proteins at the dystrophic neurites surrounding plaques. Degradation pathways are also modified with disease progression including activation of the immunoproteasome together with variable alterations of the different protease activities of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system. Present observations show modifications in the production of β‐amyloid and activation and malfunction of the subcellular degradation pathways that have general implications in the pathogenesis of AD and more particularly in specificities of FAD amyloidogenesis.
Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumors (ATRTs): The British Columbia's Children's Hospital's Experience, 1986–2006
Authors: Fleming Adam J. , Hukin Juliette , Rassekh Rod , Fryer Christopher , Kim James , Stemmer‐Rachamimov Anat , Birks Diane K. , Huang Annie , Yip Stephen , Dunham Christopher
Published: December 2011

As “atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors” (ATRTs) may mimic “small round blue cell tumors” (SRBCT), we reexamined our ATRT experience focusing upon INI‐1 immunohistochemistry (IHC). All high‐grade pediatric brain tumors occurring from 1986–2006 at our institution underwent INI‐1 IHC. Clinicopathologic data from each INI‐1 immunonegative case were reviewed. Additional genetic, epigenetic and IHC analyses (including interrogation of INI‐1 and CLDN6) were performed on a subset of the INI‐1 immunonegative cases. Twelve INI‐1 IHC negative tumors were identified retrospectively, of which only two previously carried the diagnosis of ATRT. Overall, the clinicopathologic and genetic data supported the assertion that all 12 cases represented ATRT. Unexpectedly, three long‐term survivors (4.2, 7.0 and 8.5 years) were identified. As hypothesized, “teratoid” and “rhabdoid” histologic features were relatively infrequent despite gross total resections in some cases. Methylation specific polymer chain reaction (PCR) (MSP) revealed a uniform methylation pattern across all cases and gene promoters tested (ie, MGMT, HIC1, MLH3 and RASSF1); notably, all cases demonstrated unmethylated MGMT promoters. Our data demonstate that a primitive non‐rhabdoid histophenotype is common among ATRTs and highlights the diagnostic importance of INI‐1 IHC. Epigenetically, the MGMT promoter is usually unmethylated in ATRT, suggesting that potential temozolomide‐based chemotherapy may be of limited efficacy.
Systems biology in vaccine design
Authors: Six Adrien , Bellier Bertrand , Thomas‐Vaslin Véronique , Klatzmann David
Published: December 2011

Vaccines are the most effective tools to prevent infectious diseases and to minimize their impact on humans or animals. Despite the successful development of vaccines that are able to elicit potent and protective immune responses, the majority of vaccines have been so far developed empirically and mechanistic events leading to protective immune responses are often poorly understood. This hampers the development of new prophylactic as well as therapeutic vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer. Biological correlates of immune‐mediated protection are currently based on standard readout such as antibody titres and ELISPOT assays. The development of successful vaccines for difficult settings, such as infectious agents leading to chronic infection (HIV, HCV. . .) or cancer, calls for novel ‘readout systems’ or ‘correlates’ of immune‐mediated protection that would reliably predict immune responses to novel vaccines in vivo. Systems biology offers a new approach to vaccine design that is based upon understanding the molecular network mobilized by vaccination. Systems vaccinology approaches investigate more global correlates of successful vaccination, beyond the specific immune response to the antigens administered, providing new methods for measuring early vaccine efficacy and ultimately generating hypotheses for understanding the mechanisms that underlie successful immunogenicity. Using functional genomics, specific molecular signatures of individual vaccine can be identified and used as predictors of vaccination efficiency. The immune response to vaccination involves the coordinated induction of master transcription factors that leads to the development of a broad, polyfunctional and persistent immune response integrating all effector cells of the immune systems.
Is woody bioenergy carbon neutral? A comparative assessment of emissions from consumption of woody bioenergy and fossil fuel
Authors: Zanchi Giuliana , Pena Naomi , Bird Neil
Published: December 2011

Under the current accounting systems, emissions produced when biomass is burnt for energy are accounted as zero, resulting in what is referred to as the ‘carbon neutrality’ assumption. However, if current harvest levels are increased to produce more bioenergy, carbon that would have been stored in the biosphere might be instead released in the atmosphere. This study utilizes a comparative approach that considers emissions under alternative energy supply options. This approach shows that the emission benefits of bioenergy compared to use of fossil fuel are time‐dependent. It emerges that the assumption that bioenergy always results in zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to use of fossil fuels can be misleading, particularly in the context of short‐to‐medium term goals. While it is clear that all sources of woody bioenergy from sustainably managed forests will produce emission reductions in the long term, different woody biomass sources have various impacts in the short‐medium term. The study shows that the use of forest residues that are easily decomposable can produce GHG benefits compared to use of fossil fuels from the beginning of their use and that biomass from dedicated plantations established on marginal land can be carbon neutral from the beginning of its use. However, the risk of short‐to‐medium term negative impacts is high when additional fellings are extracted to produce bioenergy and the proportion of felled biomass used for bioenergy is low, or when land with high C stocks is converted to low productivity bioenergy plantations. The method used in the study provides an instrument to identify the time‐dependent pattern of emission reductions for alternative bioenergy sources. In this way, decision makers can evaluate which bioenergy options are most beneficial for meeting short‐term GHG emission reduction goals and which ones are more appropriate for medium to longer term objectives.
DESIGNING ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS TO PROMOTE INTRA‐REGIONAL TRADE IN ACP COUNTRIES
Authors: MILNER CHRIS , MORRISSEY OLIVER , ZGOVU EVIOUS
Published: December 2011

The final details of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the European Union (EU) and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) are being negotiated over the next few years. This paper suggests how EPAs can facilitate intra‐regional trade, given that promoting regional integration within ACP was an objective. Specifically, ACP regions may benefit by treating products traded within the region as sensitive for EPAs, hence postponing any reductions on tariffs on imports of such products from the EU. Less directly, if the EU supports measures that enhance the productivity and competitiveness of domestic producers, supply‐side capacity can be improved.