bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criação e degenerescência do ensino jurídico
Authors: Reale Júnior Miguel
Published: July 2014

Trata-se de estudo sobre a relação entre a história das faculdades de direito e a insuficiência do estudo jurídico no país. Análise do sentido das primeiras faculdades de direito no século XIX como importantes centros políticos e de formação da burocracia. Aprendizado na faculdade e não pela faculdade. Ausência de mentalidade de pesquisa e reclamo contínuo de insuficiência na formação acadêmica dos estudantes. E assim, até a década de 70. Desde então, o ensino jurídico sofre a inflação de vagas discentes no sistema, sem que haja correspondência qualitativa de docentes. Além disso, o preparo dos alunos que ingressam no sistema educacional superior é extremamente falho, e não permite o bom desenvolvimento do curso.
O engenheiro de 2020 – Uma inovação possível
Authors: Cardoso José Roberto
Published: July 2014

Este artigo apresenta os desafios das escolas de engenharia, que devem ser superados ao final desta década. O elevado índice de evasão e as altas taxas de reprovação em disciplinas são únicos no ensino superior, de modo que algo precisa ser feito, pois a engenharia, eleita como a profissão do terceiro milênio, por ser aquela que mais agrega qualidade de vida ao ser humano, carece de um cuidado especial em face de sua importância para o país. Nesse sentido, sugerem-se investimentos em uma nova linha de pesquisa, a educação em engenharia, para dar suporte a essas ações e são apresentados modelos alternativos para tornar o curso de engenharia mais atraente. A criação de um espaço lúdico, que alie a engenharia às artes e ao design, talvez seja a ação mais efetiva para a integração das engenharias às outras profissões, sendo esta a solução para acelerar o desabrochar do processo criativo e inovador do jovem estudante.
Polymorphisms in Catechol-
O
-Methyltransferase Modify Treatment Effects of Aspirin on Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Hall Kathryn T. , Nelson Christopher P. , Davis Roger B. , Buring Julie E. , Kirsch Irving , Mittleman Murray A. , Loscalzo Joseph , Samani Nilesh J. , Ridker Paul M , Kaptchuk Ted J. , Chasman Daniel I.
Published: July 2014

Objective—

Catechol-
O
-methyltransferase (COMT), a key enzyme in catecholamine metabolism, is implicated in cardiovascular, sympathetic, and endocrine pathways. This study aimed to confirm preliminary association of
COMT
genetic variation with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). It further aimed to evaluate whether aspirin, a commonly used CVD prevention agent, modified the potential association of
COMT
with incident CVD.

Approach and Results—

We examined
COMT
polymorphism rs4680 (MAF [minor allele frequency], 0.47), encoding a nonsynonymous methionine-to-valine substitution, in the Women’s Genome Health Study (WGHS), a large population-based cohort of women with randomized allocation to aspirin or vitamin E when compared with placebo and 10-year follow-up. Rs4680 effects were confirmed with
COMT
polymorphism rs4818 and also examined in Coronary ARtery DIsease Genome-wide Replication and Meta-analysis/The Coronary Artery Disease Genetics Consortium, consortia for genome-wide association studies of coronary artery disease. Among WGHS women allocated to placebo (135 events/n=5811), the rs4680 valine allele was protective against incident CVD relative to the methionine (hazard ratio [HR; 95% confidence interval {CI}], 0.66 [0.51–0.84];
P
=0.0007); an association also observed in Coronary ARtery DIsease Genome-wide Replication and Meta-analysis and The Coronary Artery Disease Genetics Consortium (combined
P
=2.4×10
−5
). In the WGHS, the rs4680 association was abolished by randomized allocation to aspirin, such that valine/valine women experienced higher CVD rates with aspirin allocation when compared with placebo (HR [95% CI], 1.85 [1.05–3.25];
P
=0.033), whereas methionine/methionine women experienced lower rates (HR [95% CI], 0.60 [0.39–0.93];
P
=0.023). Allocation to vitamin E also conferred higher but nonsignificant CVD rates on valine/valine (HR [95% CI], 1.50 [0.83–2.70];
P
=0.180) when compared with significantly lower rates on methionine/methionine (HR [95% CI], 0.53 [0.34–0.84];
P
=0.006) women. Rs4818 results were similar.

Conclusions—

Common
COMT
polymorphisms were associated with incident CVD, and this association was modified by randomized allocation to aspirin or vitamin E. Replication of these findings is required.
Renal Denervation for the Treatment of Cardiovascular High Risk-Hypertension or Beyond?
Authors: Böhm Michael , Linz Dominik , Ukena Christian , Esler Murray , Mahfoud Felix
Published: July 2014

Hypertension imposes a major burden of morbidity and mortality and is associated with sympathetic nervous system overactivity. Renal sympathetic denervation has been shown to reduce office blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure, and sympathetic activity in patients with resistant hypertension. Therefore, the procedure has attracted a lot of attention. Beyond blood pressure, renal denervation has been shown to improve glucose tolerance, microalbuminuria, and arrhythmias in several experimental models and, in admittedly, often uncontrolled clinical studies. It has been demonstrated to reduce myocardial hypertrophy in a blood pressure–independent and blood pressure–dependent way. The first studies on heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction are ongoing. Renal sympathetic denervation holds promise for future indications in hypertension and related comorbidities and consequences, such as metabolic disease, renal failure, and heart failure. Published data in a placebo-control blinded study, however, are needed. The aim of this review is to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of heretofore generated data on renal denervation in experimental models, in human hypertension, and on early developments in new indications, which should indicate the way to powered and performed, controlled clinical studies appropriately.
Long Noncoding RNAs in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Vausort Mélanie , Wagner Daniel R. , Devaux Yvan
Published: July 2014

Rationale:

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute a novel class of noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Although recent data suggest that lncRNAs may be associated with cardiac disease, little is known about lncRNAs in the setting of myocardial ischemia.

Objective:

To measure lncRNAs in patients with myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods and Results:

We enrolled 414 patients with acute MI treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Blood samples were harvested at the time of reperfusion. Expression levels of 5 lncRNAs were measured in peripheral blood cells by quantitative polymerase chain reaction: hypoxia inducible factor 1A antisense RNA 2, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B antisense RNA 1 (ANRIL), potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1 opposite strand/antisense transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1), myocardial infarction–associated transcript, and metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1. Levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1A antisense RNA 2, KCNQ1OT1, and metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 were higher in patients with MI than in healthy volunteers (
P
<0.01), and levels of ANRIL were lower in patients with MI (
P
=0.003). Patients with ST-segment–elevation MI had lower levels of ANRIL (
P
<0.001), KCNQ1OT1 (
P
<0.001), myocardial infarction–associated transcript (
P
<0.001), and metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (
P
=0.005) when compared with patients with non–ST-segment–elevation MI. Levels of ANRIL were associated with age, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Patients presenting within 3 hours of chest pain onset had elevated levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1A antisense RNA 2 when compared with patients presenting later on. ANRIL, KCNQ1OT1, myocardial infarction–associated transcript, and metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 were significant univariable predictors of left ventricular dysfunction as assessed by an ejection fraction ≤40% at 4-month follow-up. In multivariable and reclassification analyses, ANRIL and KCNQ1OT1 improved the prediction of left ventricular dysfunction by a model, including demographic features, clinical parameters, and cardiac biomarkers.

Conclusions:

Levels of lncRNAs in blood cells are regulated after MI and may help in prediction of outcome. This motivates further investigation of the role of lncRNAs after MI.
Mutations in
STAP1
Are Associated With Autosomal Dominant Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Fouchier Sigrid W. , Dallinga-Thie Geesje M. , Meijers Joost C.M. , Zelcer Noam , Kastelein John J.P. , Defesche Joep C. , Hovingh G. Kees
Published: July 2014

Rationale:

Autosomal-dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH) is characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and increased risk for coronary vascular disease. ADH is caused by mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor, apolipoprotein B, or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9. A number of patients, however, suffer from familial hypercholesterolemia 4 (FH4), defined as ADH in absence of mutations in these genes and thereafter use the abbreviation FH4.

Objective:

To identify a fourth locus associated with ADH.

Methods and Results:

Parametric linkage analysis combined with exome sequencing in a FH4 family resulted in the identification of the variant p.Glu97Asp in signal transducing adaptor family member 1 (
STAP1
), encoding signal transducing adaptor family member 1. Sanger sequencing of
STAP1
in 400 additional unrelated FH4 probands identified a second p.Glu97Asp carrier and 3 additional missense variants, p.Leu69Ser, p.Ile71Thr, and p.Asp207Asn.
STAP1
carriers (n=40) showed significantly higher plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with nonaffected relatives (n=91).

Conclusions:

We mapped a novel ADH locus at 4p13 and identified 4 variants in
STAP1
that associate with ADH.
Three-Dimensional Carotid Ultrasound Plaque Texture Predicts Vascular Events
Authors: van Engelen Arna , Wannarong Thapat , Parraga Grace , Niessen Wiro J. , Fenster Aaron , Spence J. David , de Bruijne Marleen
Published: July 2014

Background and Purpose—

Carotid ultrasound atherosclerosis measurements, including those of the arterial wall and plaque, provide a way to monitor patients at risk of vascular events. Our objective was to examine carotid ultrasound plaque texture measurements and the change in carotid plaque texture during 1 year in patients at risk of events and to compare these with measurements of plaque volume and other risk factors as predictors of vascular events.

Methods—

We evaluated 298 patients with carotid atherosclerosis using 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound at baseline and after 1 year and measured carotid plaque volume and 376 measures of plaque texture. Patients were followed up to 5 years (median [range], 3.12 [0.77–4.66]) for myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, and stroke. Sparse Cox regression was used to select the most predictive plaque texture measurements in independent training sets using a 10-fold cross-validation, repeated 5×, to ensure unbiased results.

Results—

Receiver operator curves and Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that changes in texture and total plaque volume combined provided the best predictor of vascular events. In multivariate Cox regression, changes in plaque texture (median hazard ratio, 1.4;
P
<0.001) and total plaque volume (median hazard ratio, 1.5 per 100 mm
3
;
P
<0.001) were both significant predictors, whereas the Framingham risk score was not.

Conclusions—

Changes in both plaque texture and volume are strongly predictive of vascular events. In high-risk patients, 3D ultrasound plaque measurements should be considered for vascular event risk prediction.
High Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation Among Patients With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Friberg Leif , Rosenqvist Mårten , Lindgren Arne , Terént Andreas , Norrving Bo , Asplund Kjell
Published: July 2014

Background and Purpose—

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cause of devastating but potentially preventable stroke. Estimates of the prevalence of AF among patients with stroke vary considerably because of difficulties in detection of intermittent, silent AF. Better recognition of AF in this patient group may help to identify and offer protection to individuals at risk. Our aim was to determine the nationwide prevalence of AF among patients with ischemic stroke, as well as their use of oral anticoagulation.

Methods—

Cross-sectional study of unselected patients in cross-linked nationwide Swedish health registers. All 94 083 patients with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke in the nationwide stroke register Riks-Stroke between 2005 and 2010 were studied. Information about previously diagnosed AF, and comorbidity, was obtained from the nationwide Patient Register and cross-referenced with the national Drug Register containing data on all dispensed pharmacological prescriptions in Sweden.

Results—

Combination of data from Riks-Stroke and from the Patient Register showed that 31 428 (33.4%) patients with ischemic stroke had previously known, or newly diagnosed, AF. Of those, only 16.2% had received warfarin in a pharmacy within 6 months before stroke onset. After hospital discharge, only 35.0% of the survivors received warfarin within the first 3 months after discharge. The likelihood for underlying AF was strongly correlated to the CHA
2
DS
2
-VASC score, which is a point based scheme for assessment of stroke risk in AF but which also predicts likelihood of AF. In this scheme points are given for age, previous stroke or transient ischemic attack, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, vascular disease and female sex.

Conclusions—

Access to nationwide register data shows that AF is more common among patients with ischemic stroke than those previously reported. Few patients with stroke and AF had anticoagulant treatment before the event, and few got it after the event. CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc could be a useful monitoring tool to intensify efforts to diagnose AF among patients with cryptogenic stroke.
Fecundity of the langoustine Metanephrops mozambicus Macpherson, 1990 (Decapoda, Nephropidae) in eastern South Africa
Authors: Robey James , Groeneveld Johan C.
Published: July 2014

The fecundity of the langoustineMetanephrops mozambicusMacpherson, 1990 was investigated using egg-bearing females caught in commercial trawls off eastern South Africa. A generalized linear model (GLM) framework was used to assess fecundity and egg diameter relative to langoustine carapace length (CL) and egg developmental stage. Fecundity ranged from 407 to 1606 eggs per clutch, increased with increasing CL and decreased between egg stages 1 and 4. Egg diameter increased significantly between stages 1 and 4 and larger females carried larger eggs. Egg loss during incubation was estimated at 10%. Four egg stages used during field sampling were re-examined and illustrated. A late stage embryo removed from an egg about to hatch appeared to be adapted to a benthic, rather than natatory existence.
Identification of common cladocerans and calanoids in two south Australian reservoirs using DNA barcoding and morphological analysis: an integrative approach
Authors: Sharma P. , Elias Gutierrez M. , Kobayashi T.
Published: July 2014

Valid identification of species of freshwater zooplankton is the first step to understand population structures, abundance, and diversity in the pelagic environment. While some Australian taxa can be easily identified morphologically, e.g.,Calamoecia ampulla(Searle, 1911), most other species of freshwater micrometazoans are difficult to identify without specialised training, resulting in limited and even incorrect identification of the various taxa. The use of DNA barcodes, for species identification and discrimination, has added a new dimension to the traditional phenotypic approach and allows researchers to understand the patterns of genetic variability and to overcome taxonomic difficulties in the identification of the species from different life history stages. We used mitochondrial gene cytochrome coxidase I (COI) to examine the species status of common planktonic microcrustaceans in two South Australian reservoirs. COI analyses indicated that the zooplankton specimens examined from the order Diplostraca and the class Maxillopoda, which were assigned binomial names a priori from the generaBosmina,Boeckella,Chydorus,CalamoeciaandDaphnia, possessed distinct COI sequences and nested cohesively within the genealogy, except for individuals ofCeriodaphniacf.cornutaand aCeriodaphniaspecies complex that formed 4 clusters. These clusters were not explicitly identified morphologically. The present study does improve and contribute to the understanding of the status of taxonomy and biogeography of micro-crustaceans in South Australia. This information is crucial for the application of these species in studies of local and regional environmental change over varying time scales. We recommend the integration of traditional morphology with DNA barcoding-based examination, to facilitate species identification, especially for applied research.
Religious Diversity in Praxis
Authors: Vähäkangas Auli
Published: July 2014

The discussion on religious diversity is strongly linked to the discussion on religion in the public sphere. The heritage of the first president of Tanzania Julius Nyerere and his Ujamaa socialism is that religions belong to the private sphere and following this idea the official census of Tanzania does not include religious affiliation even today. This study analyses the role of volunteers who provide assistance to dying patients in the Selian Hospice and Palliative Care Programme in Arusha, Tanzania. The aim of this study was to analyze how the nomination process influenced the involvement of Muslims among palliative care volunteers. The results of this study clearly indicate that the nomination process involving the local village governments contributes to the involvement of volunteers from various faith traditions. The volunteers of various faith traditions share a common volunteer identity and as well most of their motives for volunteering are similar despite their diverse religious traditions. This shared volunteer identity reflects the strong social cohesion among the volunteers of the Selian Hospice and Palliative Care Programme.
Inter-Religious Dialogue and Migrants
Authors: Bakker Freek L.
Published: July 2014

In the Netherlands the first official inter-religious dialogues were initiated in the first half of the 1970s. But the Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk, one of the most important churches had taken the first steps towards an attitude of dialogue already in 1949 and 1950. The atrocities against the Jews and the deportation of the 90 per cent of the Dutch Jews in the Second World War as well as the solidarity deeply felt by many church members with the new state of Israel prompted this church, and later two other large mainline churches, to alter their attitudes towards Jews and Judaism. After 1970 they extended these dialogues to Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists, who together outnumber the Jews today. The altered Dutch religious landscape had made inter-religious dialogue inevitable. This dialogue was held with migrants, so the position of the adherents of non-Christian religions was weaker than that of Christians. This inequality is reflected in the dialogue, for it became predominantly a dialogue of life, in which the Christians started with helping their partners to find a good position in Dutch society. The dialogue with the Jews, however, already quickly became a dialogue of the mind. In the second half of the 1990s a dialogue of the mind was initiated with Muslims, and in the first decade of the twenty-first century with some Hindus. The vulnerability of migrants was underscored by the impact of the governments in their countries of origin and by the fact that the Christians paid for almost everything. In 2000 the churches began to hesitate; nonetheless they remained in dialogue.
Torture – Does Timing Matter?
Authors: Hare Caspar
Published: July 2014

Maybe, sometimes, it is permissible to torture so as to prevent truly catastrophic things from happening. Is it sometimes permissible to torture so as to prevent less-than-truly-catastrophic things from happening? Inspired by Frances Kamm, I argue that it is. Treat this result with caution.
Proportionality and Just Cause
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: July 2014

In the course of commenting on the third chapter of Frances Kamm’s Ethics for Enemies, this article proposes an analysis of the notion of a just cause for war, according to which there is a just cause only when those whom it is necessary to attack as a means of achieving some aim are potentially morally liable to be attacked. The remainder of the article then discusses issues of proportionality, particularly in relation to several distinct forms of moral justification for harming or killing people. Among the central questions addressed is what the conditions are in which good effects of a war that are independent of the achievement of the just cause may count in determining whether the war would be proportionate.
War for the Wrong Reasons
Authors: Blum Gabriella , Goldberg John C. P.
Published: July 2014

In Ethics for Enemies, Frances Kamm argues that, under certain conditions, it is morally permissible for a state to launch a war for opportunistic reasons. We consider how law might shed light on Kamm’s argument. Part I addresses the application of criminal and tort law to individual acts of violence analogous to the acts of war analyzed by Kamm. It primarily argues that these bodies of law rely on a framework for determining legal permissibility that runs counter to, and perhaps demonstrates weaknesses in, Kamm’s framework for assessing moral permissibility. Part II considers the law of war. It maintains that, although modern law permits certain opportunistic acts of war, the law does so on terms that cut against Kamm’s claim as to their moral permissibility.
Redescription of the fig wasp genus Sycophilodes Joseph (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae: Epichrysomallinae) with description of a new species from India
Authors: PRAMANIK ACHINTYA , DEY DEBJANI
Published: July 2014

Sycophilodes Joseph is a non-pollinating fig wasp genus so far reported only from Ficus benghalensis L. The genus Sycophilodes is revised with redescription of the male and the first description of the female of its only currently included species, S. moniliformis. A second species, Sycophilodes uluberiaensis Pramanik & Dey sp. nov. is described. Available keys are modified and supplemented to facilitate identification of Sycophilodes and a key for distinguishing both sexes of the two included species is presented. All type specimens are deposited in the National Pusa Collection, IARI, New Delhi.
Comparison of Near-Surface Air Temperatures and MODIS Ice-Surface Temperatures at Summit, Greenland (2008–13)
Authors: Shuman Christopher A. , Hall Dorothy K. , DiGirolamo Nicolo E. , Mefford Thomas K. , Schnaubelt Michael J.
Published: July 2014

The stability of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ice-surface temperature (IST) product from Terra was investigated for use as a climate-quality data record. The availability of climate-quality air temperature data TA from a NOAA observatory at Greenland’s Summit Station has enabled this high-temporal-resolution study of MODIS ISTs. During a >5-yr period (July 2008–August 2013), more than 2500 IST values were compared with ±3-min-average TA values from NOAA’s primary 2-m temperature sensor. This enabled an expected small offset between air and ice-sheet surface temperatures (TA > IST) to be investigated over multiple annual cycles. The principal findings of this study show 1) that IST values are slightly colder than the TA values near freezing but that this offset increases as temperature decreases and 2) that there is a pattern in IST–TA differences as the solar zenith angle (SoZA) varies annually. This latter result largely explains the progressive offset from the in situ data at colder temperatures but also indicates that the MODIS cloud mask is less accurate approaching and during the polar night. The consistency of the results over each year in this study indicates that MODIS provides a platform for remotely deriving surface temperature data, with the resulting IST data being most compatible with in situ TA data when the sky is clear and the SoZA is less than ~85°. The ongoing development of the IST dataset should benefit from improved cloud filtering as well as algorithm modifications to account for the progressive offset from TA at colder temperatures.
Multidecadal Changes in the Frequency and Ambient Conditions of Warm Season Convective Storms over the Northeastern United States
Authors: Li Harrison , Colle Brian A.
Published: July 2014

Long-term changes in warm season (April–September) convective storm frequency over the northeastern United States (NEUS) and the environmental conditions favoring such storms are explored from 1979 to 2010. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to create thresholds for predicting annual warm season convective storm frequency over various small regions of the NEUS by relating the convective precipitation fields from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) along with reflectivity data from the National Operational Weather Radar (NOWrad) archive at 2-km grid spacing from 1996 to 2006 to convective parameters in the reanalyses. On average, convective frequency is greatest across inland areas of the NEUS, particularly southern Pennsylvania, with a sharp decrease along the immediate coast. Across western Pennsylvania convective storm frequency has significantly (p < 0.01) decreased from 1979 to 2010, while closer to the coast convective frequency has increased slightly. There has also been a corresponding trend in warm season convective precipitation amounts, with decreasing amounts over inland Pennsylvania and increasing amounts near the coast. This general pattern of inland decreases and coastal increases is largely related to trends in low-level instability, which are attributable mainly to changes in low-level moisture. Analyzing convective parameters over small regions is an important consideration for future climate studies of convection, since using a single LDA threshold over a region encompassing a large portion of the NEUS failed to capture significant spatial differences in convective frequency and was substantially less accurate than using separate thresholds for smaller regions of the NEUS.
Role of Climate Feedback in El Niño–Like SST Response to Global Warming
Authors: Song Xiaoliang , Zhang Guang J.
Published: July 2014

Under global warming from the doubling of CO2, the equatorial Pacific experiences an El Niño–like warming, as simulated by most global climate models. A new climate feedback and response analysis method (CFRAM) is applied to 10 years of hourly output of the slab ocean model (SOM) version of the NCAR Community Climate System Model, version 3.0, (CCSM3-SOM) to determine the processes responsible for this warming. Unlike the traditional surface heat budget analysis, the CFRAM can explicitly quantify the contributions of each radiative climate feedback and of each physical and dynamical process of a GCM to temperature changes. The mean bias in the sum of partial SST changes due to each feedback derived with CFRAM in the tropical Pacific is negligible (0.5%) compared to the mean SST change from the CCSM3-SOM simulations, with a spatial pattern correlation of 0.97 between the two. The analysis shows that the factors contributing to the El Niño–like SST warming in the central Pacific are different from those in the eastern Pacific. In the central Pacific, the largest contributor to El Niño–like SST warming is dynamical advection, followed by PBL diffusion, water vapor feedback, and surface evaporation. In contrast, in the eastern Pacific the dominant contributor to El Niño–like SST warming is cloud feedback, with water vapor feedback further amplifying the warming.
Properties of a Simulated Convective Boundary Layer in an Idealized Supercell Thunderstorm Environment
Authors: Nowotarski Christopher J. , Markowski Paul M. , Richardson Yvette P. , Bryan George H.
Published: July 2014

Nearly all previous numerical simulations of supercell thunderstorms have neglected surface fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum. This choice precludes horizontal inhomogeneities associated with dry boundary layer convection in the near-storm environment. As part of a broader study on how mature supercell thunderstorms are affected by a convective boundary layer (CBL) with quasi-two-dimensional features (i.e., boundary layer rolls), this paper documents the methods used to develop a realistic CBL in an idealized environment supportive of supercells. The evolution and characteristics of the modeled CBL, including the horizontal variability of thermodynamic and kinematic quantities known to affect supercell evolution, are presented. The simulated rolls result in periodic bands of perturbations in temperature, moisture, convective available potential energy (CAPE), vertical wind shear, and storm-relative helicity (SRH). Vertical vorticity is shown to arise within the boundary layer through the tilting of ambient horizontal vorticity associated with the background shear by vertical velocity perturbations in the turbulent CBL. Sensitivity tests suggest that 200-m horizontal grid spacing is adequate to represent rolls using a large-eddy simulation (LES) approach.
The Use of Enterprise Social Network Sites for Knowledge Sharing in Distributed Organizations
Authors: Ellison Nicole B. , Gibbs Jennifer L. , Weber Matthew S.
Published: July 2014

Enterprise social network sites (ESNSs) are increasingly being introduced into large multinational organizations. In this article, we consider their potential for supporting knowledge-sharing practices within the organization. First, we build on prior work on affordances by applying notions of collective affordances and affordances for organizing to the study of social media, and we theorize how ESNSs may provide organizational affordances for knowledge sharing in distributed multinational organizations in particular. Second, we articulate ways in which ESNS affordances may shape knowledge sharing through consideration of social capital dynamics, support for relationships and interactions, context collapse, and network interactions. Finally, and building on these ideas, we propose a research agenda and suggestions for future research on this topic.
Training Undergraduate Students to Use Interpretation
Authors: Jackson John L. , Hill Clara E. , Spangler Patricia T. , Ericson Sara K. , Merson Erica S. , Liu Jingqing , Wydra Maria , Reen Gavin
Published: July 2014

After they had learned exploration skills, 128 undergraduate helping skills students were taught to use the insight skill of interpretation. After training, students had higher self-efficacy for using interpretation and were rated by both themselves and volunteer clients as using interpretation more often. Students in a delay condition did not change over a comparable period of time in which they received no training in interpretation. Self-efficacy for interpretation increased after lecture/discussion, a fishbowl exercise in the lecture class, small group practice in the lab, and dyad practice in the lab. In post-training ratings, lab group practice was perceived as the most helpful, the fishbowl exercise the least helpful, and all other components moderately helpful. Students with the highest initial self-efficacy gained the least in self-efficacy but ended with the highest levels of self-efficacy. Students with more prior helping experience increased more in self-efficacy and had the highest final self-efficacy.
Training Undergraduate Students to Use Immediacy
Authors: Spangler Patricia T. , Hill Clara E. , Dunn Marianne G. , Hummel Ann M. , Walden Tamara T. , Liu Jingqing , Jackson John L. , Ganginis Del Pino Heather V. , Salahuddin Nazish M.
Published: July 2014

After they had learned exploration skills, 132 undergraduate helping skills students were taught to use the insight skill of immediacy. After training, students increased in self-efficacy for using immediacy, and catharsis and cohesion increased among lab group members. Students who completed training first (nondelay) had higher self-efficacy post-training than those in a delay condition before they had training. Self-efficacy for immediacy increased after lecture, modeling, and large-group discussion; decreased between lecture and lab; and increased after lab practice. Qualitative results indicated that practice was the most helpful component. Students with the highest initial self-efficacy and prior helping experience (PHE) had the highest post-training self-efficacy, whereas those with the lowest self-efficacy or the highest PHEs had the greatest self-efficacy increases. In addition, cultural background played a role in learning and using immediacy.
Historical Evidence of Corruption in Colonial Nigeria: An Analysis of Financial Records in the Decolonisation Period, 1950–1960
Authors: Ogunyemi Adetunji Ojo
Published: July 2014

This study presents an analysis of the history of official corruption in colonial Nigeria based on the requirements of Nigerian laws against corruption and the actual reporting of corruption cases made by the Director of Audit from 1950–1960. It reveals that many of the proven cases of fraud were however not sanctioned as required by law and that this laid the foundation for a culture of impunity in the management of public resources in the immediate post-independence period. The paper concludes that cases of corrupt acts could probably have been mitigated had the due processes of financial reporting been strictly followed.
Don’t Listen With Your Mouth Full: The Role of Facial Motor Action in Visual Speech Perception
Authors: Turner Angela C , McIntosh Daniel N , Moody Eric J
Published: July 2014

Theories of speech perception agree that visual input enhances the understanding of speech but disagree on whether physically mimicking the speaker improves understanding. This study investigated whether facial motor mimicry facilitates visual speech perception by testing whether blocking facial motor action impairs speechreading performance. Thirty-five typically developing children (19 boys; 16 girls; M age = 7 years) completed the Revised Craig Lipreading Inventory under two conditions. While observing silent videos of 15 words being spoken, participants either held a tongue depressor horizontally with their teeth (blocking facial motor action) or squeezed a ball with one hand (allowing facial motor action). As hypothesized, blocking motor action resulted in fewer correctly understood words than that of the control task. The results suggest that facial mimicry or other methods of facial action support visual speech perception in children. Future studies on the impact of motor action on the typical and atypical development of speech perception are warranted.
Examining spatial pattern and location choice of affordable housing in Beijing, China: Developing a workable assessment framework
Authors: Chen Mingxing , Zhang Wenzhong , Lu Dadao
Published: July 2014

Little research is devoted to evaluating the spatial patterns of affordable housing in Beijing. For filling this gap by developing a workable assessment framework, this paper addresses the importance of assessing the spatial patterns of affordable housing, not only for the wellbeing of low- and middle-income households but also for urban sustainable development, and presents Beijing as a case study. Using GIS-based spatial analysis, this study assesses the spatiotemporal dynamics of location and affordable housing in Beijing from 1999 to 2012. We posit that spatial agglomeration is gradually decreasing, and the spatial patterns demonstrate an equilibrium distribution in this urban area. The hypotheses were tested using three indexes, Lorenz curves and data on 294 affordable housing projects within the Sixth Ring Roads in Beijing. Our analysis demonstrates that affordability patterns are obviously spatially clustered, and affordable housing is mainly located at the urban fringe. The direct cause is that low- and middle-income households have little impact on determining the location of affordable housing. Therefore, clustering pattern should be reconsidered and improved when constructing future affordable housing projects in Beijing.
The ‘lamentable sight’ of homelessness and the society of the spectacle
Authors: Gerrard Jessica , Farrugia David
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we contend that the visual discourses of poverty and inequality are constructed through everyday social relations – the visual, spatial and bodily ‘encounter’ with homelessness in public space, steeped in the politics of the stigmatised Other. Bringing together Erving Goffman’s theory of everyday encounters with Guy Debord’s society of the spectacle, we explore the intersection between the ‘sight’ and ‘scene’ of homelessness and the spectacle of capital in public space. We identify how everyday encounters with homelessness perpetuate the notion that homelessness is ‘out of joint’ in relation to the spatial and aesthetic logic of capital and commodity consumption and performance. Reflecting on the repercussions of this for understanding homelessness, we explore the aesthetic dimension of the experience of homelessness within the context of a public space saturated by the social and aesthetic relations and of capital.
Psychometric Evaluation of Dietary Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectation Scales in Female College Freshmen
Authors: Kedem Leia E. , Evans Ellen M. , Chapman-Novakofski Karen
Published: July 2014

Lifestyle interventions commonly measure psychosocial beliefs as precursors to positive behavior change, but often overlook questionnaire validation. This can affect measurement accuracy if the survey has been developed for a different population, as differing behavioral influences may affect instrument validity. The present study aimed to explore psychometric properties of self-efficacy and outcome expectation scales—originally developed for younger children—in a population of female college freshmen ( N = 268). Exploratory principal component analysis was used to investigate underlying data patterns and assess validity of previously published subscales. Composite scores for reliable subscales (Cronbach’s α ≥ .70) were calculated to help characterize self-efficacy and outcome expectation beliefs in this population. The outcome expectation factor structure clearly comprised of positive (α = .81-.90) and negative outcomes (α = .63-.67). The self-efficacy factor structure included themes of motivation and effort (α = .75-.94), but items pertaining to hunger and availability cross-loaded often. Based on cross-loading patterns and low Cronbach’s alpha values, respectively, self-efficacy items regarding barriers to healthy eating and negative outcome expectation items should be refined to improve reliability. Composite scores suggested that eating healthfully was associated with positive outcomes, but self-efficacy to do so was lower. Thus, dietary interventions for college students may be more successful by including skill-building activities to enhance self-efficacy and increase the likelihood of behavior change.
Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava
Authors: Moazeni-Bistgani Mohammad , Basravi Monem
Published: July 2014

Inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma is a rare tumor with a variety of symptoms. A 41-year-old woman was admitted with nonspecific epigastric pain. Computed tomography revealed a dense mass between the inferior vena cava and the liver. The patient underwent successful resection of the mass. The pathologic study confirmed leiomyosarcoma. Adjuvant radiation therapy was completed, and after 12 months of follow-up, the patient had no problems.
Novel technique for pediatric ostial cardioplegia delivery
Authors: Mishra Amit , Hinduja Manish , Solanki Atul
Published: July 2014

Antegrade ostial cardioplegia is an important mode of cardioplegia administration in pediatric patients. We present our innovative, simple, and cost-effective method of pediatric ostial cardioplegia delivery.
Jesus on Cooperation
Authors: Beed Clive , Beed Cara
Published: July 2014

Cooperation, meaning collaboration between people who assist each other to achieve common goals, is argued to be one of Jesus’ major normative themes. This proposal has not previously been made in Christian ethics. Jesus’ emphasis on cooperation occurs within His major undertaking, His practice of obedience to God. Outlined initially is the meaning of cooperation that aims for mutual help and partnership with others in a friendly, trusting and harmonious alliance. Following that, Jesus’ teachings relating to cooperation are assessed, as interpreted by Biblical exegetes. These teachings include the Golden Rule, Jesus’ admonitions for forgiveness, the need for generosity, required relations between His disciples, and Jesus’ healings. In the penultimate section, objections to the extension of Jesus’ teachings on cooperation in the modern world are found to be unpersuasive.
Charismatic Church and Mission in Times of Austerity
Authors: Lord Andy
Published: July 2014

Many nations in the world are facing times of austerity with resulting economic pressures. The church is not exempt from this and often responds with practical plans to reshape their ministry and mission in the light of reduced resources. Yet there is a need to engage more positively in developing a contextual ecclesiology that enables mission in challenging times. This article seeks to explore this challenge through the example of the Church of England which is seen in terms of eleven elements of its ecclesiology. Ways in which the context of austerity affects thinking about these elements are explored, both in their positive and negative impacts. Austerity is explored through the themes of fear, security, retreat and connectedness. These themes are used as the basis of the suggestion for a positive shape to an ecclesiology that provides an attractive mission model in such contexts. Resources from a charismatic research project, Flame of Love, are used in support of this model. The aim is to suggest a theological as well as practical response to the challenges that austerity presents.
Cultivating Healthy Discipleship Settings in Multi-Ethnic Churches
Authors: Gushiken Kevin M.
Published: July 2014

Effective multiethnic church formation involves assessing discipleship aims and structures with sensitivity and consideration to the various ethnic elements within each congregation. This fosters ethnic accommodation rather than cultural assimilation. In order to assist these dynamics, multiethnic church education requires cultivating participatory community that includes each ethnic voice represented in the church, egalitarian relationships rather than hierarchical ones, affirmation of ethnic cultures, and perspective taking to each of them. When nurtured this produces fluid ethnic identities that cultivate richer and transcultural biblical perspectives. This article explores these discipleship components towards the purpose of nurturing healthier multiethnic churches.
Furthering Christ’s Mission: International Theological Education
Authors: McGill Jenny
Published: July 2014

This article considers how Christ’s mission is furthered by international theological education in the 21st century. The sociological and missiological roles of education in forming culture are briefly introduced, followed by a discussion of the benefits of international theological education in particular. An overview of international student migration is given before considering a contemporary example of international theological education. A case study is shared on the migration outcomes of foreign international graduates from a US seminary. Six life circumstances of these international students ( N = 124) are examined for correlation with their geographic choice of location upon graduation. Missiological implications from these results are discussed. Findings are relevant for ministry organizations, churches, and institutions.
Efficacy of atomoxetine in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An integrated analysis of the complete database of multicenter placebo-controlled trials
Authors: Asherson Philip , Bushe Chris , Saylor Keith , Tanaka Yoko , Deberdt Walter , Upadhyaya Himanshu
Published: July 2014

Persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into adulthood can be disabling or lead to substantial impairment. Several clinical trials of atomoxetine (ATX) in adults with ADHD have been reported following the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines issued in 2008. We performed an integrated analysis of all Eli Lilly-sponsored, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of ATX in adults with ADHD completed as of May 2012. Individual patient data were pooled from six short-term (10–16 week) studies (1961 patients) and three longer-term (six-month) studies (1413 patients). In the short-term analysis, ATX patients achieved a significantly greater mean reduction in ADHD symptoms than placebo patients (−12.2 vs −8.1; Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale–Investigator-Rated: Screening Version (CAARS-Inv: SV); p<0.001). In the longer-term analysis, respective improvements after six months were −13.2 vs −9.7 ( p<0.001). Response rates at study endpoints for ATX vs placebo, based on CAARS-Inv: SV improvement ≥30% and Clinical Global Impressions of ADHD-Severity (CGI-ADHD-S) ≤3 were 34.8% vs 22.3% in the short-term and 43.4% vs 28.0% after six months, and CAARS-Inv: SV improvements ≥40% were 41.3% vs 25.3% in the short-term and 44.0% vs 31.4% after six months (all p<0.001). Overall, ATX had a clinically significant effect in adults with ADHD, with reductions in core symptoms and clinically meaningful responder rates.
“Thinking about Numbers Is Not My Idea of Fun”
Authors: Bruine de Bruin Wändi , McNair Simon J. , Taylor Andrea L. , Summers Barbara , Strough JoNell
Published: July 2014

Background. Numeracy refers to people’s ability to use numbers. Low numeracy has been associated with difficulties in understanding risk-benefit information and making health decisions. Older adults tend to perform worse than younger adults on measures of numeracy, but some theories of aging suggest that older adults may lack motivation for such tasks. We therefore test whether age differences in numeracy performance are mediated by a reduced motivation to think hard about complex problems—as measured by need for cognition. Method. We recruited an age-diverse convenience sample of 306 UK adults. They completed measures of numeracy and need for cognition. They self-reported their educational attainment and other demographics. Results. Older age was related to lower numeracy and lower need for cognition. The negative relationship between age and numeracy was mediated by need for cognition. These findings held after we controlled for educational attainment and other demographic factors. Discussion. Older adults may show lower numeracy performance due to lack of motivation. We discuss strategies for improving people’s motivation to complete numeracy measures and other numerical tasks.