bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated evaluation of peripapillary choroidal thickness in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Authors: Munoz‐Negrete F.J. , Rebolleda G. , Perez Sarriegui A. , de Juan V.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To compare peripapillary choroidal thickness (PTC) between eyes with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), contralateral uninvolved eyes and masked healthy eyes by age using the automated choroidal segmentation provided by Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS‐OCT Triton, Topcon, Japan).

Methods

23 eyes with NAION, 15 uninvolved fellow eyes, and 28 healthy eyes were included in this cross‐sectional observational study. .Automated choroid segmentation by SS‐OCT was performed for a minimum of 6 months after the acute event. The Bruch's Membrane Opening based optic nerve area and peripapillary RNFL thicknesses were evaluated using SD‐OCT Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). The association between PCT and other potential confounding variables including age, gender, axial length, intraocular pressure and disc area was examined using univariable and multivariable regression analyses.

Results

The mean PCT in the NAION eyes, unaffected fellow eyes, and control group were 121.91 ± 69.7 μm, 133 ± 53 μm, and 116.2 ± 47.1 μm, respectively (ANOVA, p = 0.52). All peripapillary RNFL thicknesses (average and regional) were significantly thinner in NAION eyes compared with unaffected and healthy eyes (p = 0.000). Older age was significantly associated with a thinner mean PCT (rho −0.555, p = 0.000).

Conclusions

Although controversial regarding PCT in NAION exists in the literature using manual measurements, in the current study automated analysis did not find any significant differences in NAION eyes compared to both unaffected fellow eyes and control eyes.
Reflectometric analysis of normal and ex‐premature foveal microstructure in SD‐OCT images – a comparison to image analysis using directional OCT and manual segmentation
Authors: Sjostrand J. , Rosén R. , Nilsson M. , Popovic Z.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To determine the topography of different foveal layers from reflectometric profiles of conventional OCT images of the fovea and to compare the results to those obtained by directional OCT and manual segmentation.

Methods

Eyes from normal individuals and young adults with a history of prematurity were imaged with an SD‐OCT system. Ex‐premature cases were grouped to represent different stages of abnormal maturation. Horizontal B‐scans through the foveal center (FC) with a distinct light reflex were selected for profile analysis perpendicular to the flattened retinal pigment epithelial layer at regular intervals from the nasal and temporal points of maximum foveal thickness. Distances between highly reflective peaks in the scans were measured and expressed as layer thicknesses at various positions from FC.

Results

Several peaks of reflectivity representing different photoreceptor components could be identified and measured. In spite of the marked abnormality of retinal thickness and the combined thickness of the Henle fiber layer (HFL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) at FC, the thickness of the outer and inner segment layers was within normal range both in center and periphery. A comparison to data obtained by an alternative method using directional OCT revealed that the reflectometric technique was better at characterizing photoreceptor outer segment changes, wheras directional OCT was superior in defining the photoreceptor cell body (ONL) and axon (HFL) layers.

Conclusions

Analysis of reflectometric profiles showed no difference in outer segment thickness between normal and and ex‐premature cases with abnormal central fovea. The technique of OCT reflectometric profile analysis is preferable for characterizing photoreceptor outer segment changes whereas manual segmentation of tilted OCT images is better for defining the HFL and ONL as separate layers.
Fate of donor sclera used to lengthen extraocular muscle in a rabbit model of strabismus surgery
Authors: Conde C. , Lindström M. , Pedrosa Domellöf F.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the fate of donor sclera used to elongate the superior rectus muscle in rabbit eyes. Donor sclera is sometimes used to further weaken an extraocular muscle in patients that have had previous strabismus surgery. The fate of the donor sclera is, at present, unknown and a question posed by many patients.

Methods

The superior rectus (SR) muscle was elongated with a 5 mm piece of donor sclera and examined at 1, 2, 4, 12 and 16 weeks postoperatively in a total of 20 rabbits. The SR muscles along with the attachment to the eye were collected, immediately frozen and later serially sectioned and processed for H&E and immunohistology. Multiple antibodies were used to detect the donor and bulbar sclera, as well as activation and proliferation of muscle progenitor cells on the serial sections.

Results

The donor sclera was easily identified in the collected specimens until 4 weeks postoperatively. At 12 weeks, only smaller rests of donor sclera were present. Nuclei and muscle progenitor cells were not detected in the donor sclera. At 16 weeks postoperatively, the donor sclera could no longer be identified and the SR insertion on to the bulb was found approximately 5 mm posteriorly from its normal insertion site. Staining for NCAM, myogenin, MyoD and KI‐67 were present in the repairing area in all specimens collected at the 1–12 weeks but practically absent from the specimens collected at 16 weeks.

Conclusions

Muscle progenitor cells did not invade the donor sclera and the donor sclera was gradually reabsorbed and no longer present after 16 weeks after surgery, in this rabbit model of strabismus surgery. The method was effective for achievement of a new, more posterior insertion site of the SR.
Osmoprotective activity of alpha‐lipoic acid and taurine on hyperosmolar stress in cultured human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells
Authors: Suárez T. , Soria J. , Chatard‐Baptiste C.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To characterize the osmoprotective properties of α‐lipoic acid (ALA) alone and in combination with taurine on both human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells for cell viability and inflammatory biomarkers regulation after hyperosmotic stress.

Methods

Human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and conjunctival epithelial (WKD) cells were incubated in isotonic media and hyperosmolar media (by addition of 100 mM NaCl), in the presence and absence of ALA, Taurine and ALA + Taurine. The osmoprotective activity on cell viability after 4, 8 and 24 h of hyperosmolar stress was evaluated by XTT assay. The expression of inflammatory biomarkers in cell‐free supernatants was measured using a Human Cytokine 15‐plex ELISA Kit after 4 and 8 h of stress.

Results

The hyperosmolar conditions significantly reduced the cell viability in a time‐dependent manner and induced an overexpression of a panel of cytokines in corneal and conjunctival cells. Preincubation of cells with ALA alone or in combination with taurine significantly lowered the cell toxicity induced by the stress. The highest cell viability protection was observed within the range of ALA/Taurine ratios from 0.005 to 0.05 in conjunctival cells. In corneal cells the combination of ALA + Taurine, exhibited a higher osmoprotective effect than ALA or Taurine alone. The expression of cytokines was significantly but differentially reduced by ALA, and ALA + Taurine in corneal and conjunctival cells. The combination of ALA + Taurine exhibited a higher anti‐inflammatory effect than ALA or Taurine alone in corneal cells exposed to stress.

Conclusions

ALA alone or in combination with taurine, was found to protect against cytotoxicity and inflammation of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells cultured in hyperosmolar media. ALA may have potential effects in protecting ocular surface epithelia from hyperosmotic stress.
Possible misdiagnosis of patients with ocular trauma in a Danish emergency room without ophthalmic assistance. A retrospective cohort study of 1,824 patients
Authors: Jakobsen T.M. , Møller F. , Storr‐Paulsen T.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To examine weather patients with an eye injury coming to a Danish emergency room without assistance from an ophthalmic specialist were admitted correctly to an ophthalmic specialist or ophthalmic ward.

Methods

All files containing The International Classification of Diseases 10 DS05 (injury of eye and orbit) and DT15 (foreign body on external eye) was found in the Patient Administrative System (FPAS, County of Funen, Denmark) of Svendborg Hospital, Denmark during a 5‐year period (11.01.07–10.31.12). A total of 1,824 patients were registered. From these files patients with a history of (1) trauma against the eye region and/or objective signs of eye trauma or (2) history of hammering against metal or stone were reviewed.

Results

Twenty‐four patients were included. Eighteen patients had obvious signs of severe eye injury with one or more of the following signs: Decreased visual acuity (n = 14); irregular pupil (n = 4); no pupillary reflex (n = 4); hyphaema (n = 3); open injury visual to the naked eye (n = 2); subconjunctival haemorrhage (n = 2). All eighteen patients were immediately transferred to an ophthalmological ward (n = 15) or private ophthalmic specialist (n = 3). Six patients had a history of hammering against stone or metal, but had no signs of severe ocular injury. Later on, one of these patients contacted an ophthalmic specialist because of continued eye symptoms. An orbital CT‐scan was performed, but no intraocular foreign body was found. The other five patients responded by filling out a questionnaire remarking not to have had any ocular symptoms following the trauma.

Conclusions

During a 5‐year period there was no severe misdiagnosis of patients with ocular trauma in a Danish emergency room without assistance from an ophthalmic specialist.
The assessment of ocular blood flow with laser speckle flowgraphy in healthy caucasian
Authors: Wozniak P.A. , Luft N. , Aschinger G. , Fondi K. , Bata A.M. , Witkowska K.J. , Schmidl D. , Werkmeister R.M. , Bolz M. , Garhöfer G. , Schmetterer L.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the reliability and feasibility of the Laser Speckle Flowgraphy (LSFG) measurement of ocular blood perfusion in a group of healthy Caucasian descents and to explicate the age‐dependence of the obtained parameters.

Methods

A population of 80 eyes of 80 healthy, non‐smoking subjects of Caucasian descent aged between 19 and 79 years was included in this cross‐sectional study. A commercially available LSFG system was used to measure optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow three successive times in both miosis and mydriasis. The mean blur rate (MBR), a measure of relative blood flow velocity, was obtained for three regions of the ONH. Additional pulse‐waveform derived perfusion parameters including blowout score (BOS) and falling rate (FR) were also recorded.

Results

The success rate of LSFG measurement was 93.8% in miosis and 98.8% in mydriasis (p = 0.004). Measurements of MBR showed excellent repeatability with intraclass correlation coefficients ≥ 0.937 and were not affected by pupil dilation. The majority of pulse‐waveform derived parameters showed good repeatability. MBR‐related blood flow indices exhibited significant age dependence (p < 0.001). FR (r = 0.706, p < 0.001) and blowout time (BOT; r = −0.698, p < 0.001) most strongly correlated with age.

Conclusions

LSFG represents a fast and reliable method for the quantitative assessment of ocular blood flow in Caucasian subjects. Our data confirm that the LSFG‐derived variables FR and BOT can be useful biomarkers for age‐related changes in ocular perfusion.
Ocular surface involvement on GVHD patients
Authors: Lazreg S.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To identify the different complications of GVHD on ocular surface.

Methods

Ocular examen de surface sur les patients atteints de GVHD, visé par le centre de l'os greffe de moelle d'Alger, tous bénéficié de OSDI Questionnaire, fente examen à la lampe, la coloration fluorescéine et test de Schirmer,

Results

31 patients were assessed, 22 males, tha mean age value were 39.3 years ± 7.4; all patients presented different levels of severity of dry eye at slit lamp examination, 5% of them had a very low visual acuity; Mean OSDI score was 76.4 ± 10.2 corneal staining was present on 92% of cases (oxford: 6.5 ± 2.5) and Schirmer value 10 ± 5.4).

Conclusions

Dry eye is the most common ocular complication on GVHD patients, in most of cases it is a severe dry eye with corneal involvement and visual impairment, an early diagnosis and treatment of ocular manifestations of GVHD is essential to prevent severe complications.
Differential hypoxic response of human choroidal and retinal endothelial cells proposes tissue heterogeneity of ocular angiogenesis
Authors: Mammadzada P. , Gudmundsson J. , Kvanta A. , Andre H.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To elaborate molecular differences between choroidal and retinal angiogenesis by generating and comparatively analyzing human primary choroidal and retinal endothelial cell (CEC and REC) lines.

Methods

Human CEC and REC were isolated by positive‐selection and were cultured. Characterization was performed by immunostaining for endothelial cell (EC)‐specific markers. Total RNA and protein were extracted from normoxic or hypoxic CEC and REC cultures. Quantitative PCR arrays were used to comparatively analyze 133 genes between CEC and REC, and the expression differences were calculated by ΔΔCt method. A total of 57 angiogenesis‐related protein expression differences were investigated by western blot and proteome profiler, and were calculated by densitometry.

Results

Primary human CEC and REC lines stained positively for all EC markers and demonstrated high purity with similar staining and morphology. Under normoxia, CEC showed significantly lower expression levels for cell proliferation and vessel maturation genes and higher expression levels for inflammation‐related genes when compared to REC. In response to hypoxia, CEC and REC displayed differential regulation for a multitude of angiogenesis‐related genes and proteins. Furthermore, within the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, CEC showed preferential upregulation for VEGFA while REC upregulated placenta growth factor (PlGF) levels.

Conclusions

Differential normoxic and hypoxic regulation of angiogenesis‐related factors by CEC and REC outlines tissue heterogeneity of ocular angiogenesis and suggests that tissue specificity should be considered as a novel treatment modality for successfully overcoming choroidal and retinal angiogenic conditions in the clinic.
Visual dysfunction and its correlation with retinal changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Vilades E. , Garcia‐Martin E. , Satue M. , Rodrigo M.J. , Obis J. , Cipres Alastuey M.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To evaluate visual dysfunction and its correlation with structural changes in the retina in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

Patients with AD (n = 24) and controls (n = 24) underwent evaluation of visual acuity (VA), color vision (using the Farnsworth and L'Anthony desaturated [D]15 color tests), and contrast sensitivity vision (CSV; using the Pelli‐Robson chart and CSV‐1000E test) to measure visual dysfunction. Structural measurements of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness were obtained using spectral domain‐optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT).

Results

CSV at three of the four spatial frequencies was significantly worse in AD patients than in controls. Color vision was significantly affected in AD patients based on the Farnsworth color test. Compared with controls, macular thinning was detected in all sectors except the fovea, and the RNFL exhibited significant thinning in the superior quadrant and lower average thickness (p < 0.05). CSV was the functional parameter most strongly correlated with structural measurements in patients with AD. Color vision was strongly associated with macular volume (r > 0.70, p < 0.05). VA at different levels of contrast was associated with macular and RNFL thickness.

Conclusions

Patients with AD had visual dysfunction that correlated with structural changes evaluated by SD‐OCT. Macular measurements may be reliable indicators of visual impairment in AD patients.
Vessel diameter study: intravitreal versus posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection for diabetic macular edema
Authors: Akpolat C. , Kurt M. , Cekic O.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To detect and compare the vessel diameter effect of intravitreal versus subtenon injection of triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema (DME).

Methods

Sixty patients with DME who underwent triamcinolone injection either intravitreally (N = 30) or under the tenon capsule (N = 30) were included. Non‐injected fellow eyes served as control. The main outcome measures were central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), and artery‐vein ratio (AVR).

Results

In the intravitreal group, pre‐injection mean CRAE (147.07μ) decreased to 141.03 μ at 1 week and to 139.43 μ at 1 month (p < 0.001) while baseline CRVE (209.61 μ) decreased initially to 198.85 μ at 1 week then to 198.49 μ at 1 month (p < 0.001). In the subtenon group, pre‐injection CRAE (152.18 μ) decreased to 149.49 μ at 1 week and to 147.47 μ at 1 month (p = 0.017) while baseline CRVE (215.60 μ) decreased initially to 208.69 μ at 1 week then to 207.25 μ at 1 month (p = 0.003). Pre‐injection AVR values did not change at 1 week and at 1 month in both injection groups (p = 0.66 and p = 0.196, respectively). In the control group, none of the 3 parameters changed throughout the study period compared to the baseline (p > 0.28).

Conclusions

In eyes with DME, both intravitreal and subtenon triamcinolone injection led to a significant constriction of retinal arteries and veins
The effect of systemic tamsulosin hydrochloride on choroidal thickness and pupil diameter sizes
Authors: Doğan M. , Kutluksaman B. , Keles İ. , Halat A.Ö.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To evaluate and investigate the effects of α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist tamsulosin hydrochloride on anterior and posterior segment findings using Sirius Scheimpflug/Placido photography‐based topography system and enhanced depth imaging spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (EDI‐OCT).

Methods

This prospective study was performed with newly diagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia, 25 eyes of 25 patients, initiated tamsulosin hydrochloride, were evaluated in this study. Anterior segment and posterior segment findings were noted at baseline, 1st and 3rd month. Results were compared statistically.

Results

The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness 269.65 μm, and the mean 3 mm nasal and temporal thicknesses were 262.85 and 264.70 μm respectively at baseline and they were 270.15 μm, 263.15 μm and 264.95 μm at 1st month and they were 270.75 μm, 264.05 μm and 265.90 μm at 3rd month (p > 0.05, at all study visits). The mean schirmer test values were 13.10–12.35 and 10.95 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean scotopic, mesopic and photopic pupil diameter values were 6.60 mm, 5.11 mm and 3.48 mm at baseline, and they were 6.58 mm, 5.10 mm and 3.44 mm at 1st month and 6.51 mm, 5.06 mm and 3.45 mm at 3rd month (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Significant increase of subfoveal choroidal thickness was not detected. But tamsulosin effected the mean nasal and temporal choroidal thicknesses during study period. There were no significant decreases of scothopic, mesopic and photopic pupil diameter sizes in pupillography, it can be considered that tamsulosin doesn't effect pupil size.
Novel clinical method for preventing condensation in noncontact wide‐angle viewing systems
Authors: Kwon S. , Choi D. , Park I. , Lee J.P.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To compare the effects of a soaking objective lens into warm saline and a corneal coating with ophthalmicviscoelastic devices (OVDs) for preventing condensation during vitrectomy with noncontact wide‐angle viewingsystems (WAVs).

Methods

Four experiments were performed with a noncontact WAVs. First, we explored the condensation timeaccording to the distance between cornea and objective lens. Second, after coating the dispersive ophthalmicviscoelastic devices (OVDs) on cornea surface, we rechecked the condensation time in the same manner. Third, we repeated experiment after soaking the objective lens in warm saline. Before 3rd experiment, to determine the optimalsoaking time, we checked the temperature changes after soaking lens for 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min.

Results

The difference in temperature of the lenses soaked for 1 and 5 min was not statistically significant. Onthe other hand, the lenses soaked for 10, 15 and 20 min showed statistically significant difference compared withthe lenses soaked for 1 min in the saline. There was no difference in the condensation time between control andOVDs coating group at 1, 3 and 5 mm distance from the corneal surface (p = .068, p = .051 and p = .063 respectively).However, the condensation time of the 1 min warm saline soaking group was higher than that of the control at 1, 3and 5 mm distance from the corneal surface (p = .043, p = .041 and p = .043 respectively).

Conclusions

A corneal coating with OVDs was not much effective in delaying condensation time while warm salinesoaked lens proved to be simple and effective to get clear surgical view for a long enough time.
Clinical evaluation of oculus keratograph corneal topographer in normal population
Authors: Ehsaei A. , Yazdani N. , Ostadi Moghadam H. , Shahkarami L.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Corneal topography is a non‐invasive medical imaging technique for mapping the surface of the cornea. Since cornea is normally responsible for more than 70% of eye refractive power, its topography is of great importance in determining the quality of vision and corneal health. It seems important to have detailed information of corneal topography in order to understand contribution the cornea makes to vision.

Methods

500 eyes of 500 normal subjects were investigated using the Oculus Corneal Topographer. Slit lap biomicroscopy was utilized in conjunction with standard descriptions of changes to assess pathologies of anterior segment. Anterior surface of the cornea and lid angle were evaluated using Oculus Corneal topographer.

Results

The average corneal power in steepest and flattest meridian were 44.28 ± 1.51 and 43.44 ± 1.47, respectively. The mean of corneal astigmatism was −0.90 ± 0.55 diopters. The average value of corneal parameters were as follow: Eccentricity 0.52±0.11, Index of Surface Variation 18.73 ± 5.36, Index of Vertical Asymmetry 0.12 ± 0.05, Keratoconus Index 1.01 ± 0.02, Central Keratoconus Index 1.01 ± 0.01, Index of Height Asymmetry 6.21 ± 4.21 and Index of Height Decentration 0.01 ± 0.00. The mean of pupil diameter was 3.43 ± 0.72. Corneal asphericity was estimated in three diameters of 5, 6 and 7 mm and the average values were −0.21 ± 0.11, −0.24 ± 0.10 and −0.27 ± 0.11, respectively. The mean value of lid angle was reported as 12.29 ± 3.77 degrees.

Conclusions

This study have provided detailed and applicable description of computerized corneal topography parameters in a normal population which is useful in diagnosis and management of anterior segment disorders, such as keratoconus and corneal ectatic, preoperative assessments of refractive surgery procedures and contact lenses prescription.
Comparison of MyoRing implantation with corneal collagen cross‐linking in different combination for keratoconus treatment
Authors: Kazakbaeva G. , Bikbov M. , Usubov E.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To compare outcomes of intrastromal ring (MyoRing, DIOPTEX GmBH, Linz, Austria) implantation with corneal collagen cross‐linking in different combinations for progressive keratoconus (KC).

Methods

The MyoRing implantation with simultaneous CXL was performed in 15 patients (16 eyes)—1 group, MyoRing implantation followed by CXL was performed in 19 patients (23 eyes)‐2d group. At 26 patients (32 eyes) ‐3d group CXL was performed 6–24 months prior to MyoRing implantation. The mean follow‐up was 12 months.

Results

In the first group the UCVA improved from 0.08 ± 0.05 to 0.35 ± 0.24. SE decreased from −7.86 ± 4.52 D to −0.25 ± 2.82 D. The mean K value reduced from 52.18 ± 5.70 D to 44.29 D ± 5.77 D (p < 0.005).

In the second group the UDVA improved from 0.11 ± 0.07 to 0.41 ± 0.16. The mean K value decreased from 49.54 ± 3.73 D to 40.27 ± 4.41D. SE changed from −8.37 ± 3.61 to 0.51 D ± 3.19 (p < 0.005).

In the third group the UCVA improved from 0.10 ± 0.05 to 0.40 ± 0.25. SE decreased from −6.88 ± 2.63 D to −0.79 ± 2.29 D. The mean K value reduced from 50.95 ± 5.31 D to 43.92 D ± 6.63 D (p < 0.005).

Conclusions

Visual and refractive outcomes didn't show significant difference in all groups. Refractive and keratometric stability was archived using three methods. The larger number of cases need to be examined to estimate long‐standing results.
Enhanced visualization of retinal vasculature in fundus images through image processing
Authors: Kim Y.T. , Choi S.H.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To develop a digital filter that enhances visualization of retinal blood vessels.

Methods

Four‐hundred 24‐bit color fundus images were analyzed and properties of red, green, and blue channels were extracted. Then, using hemoglobin absorption coefficients, the relevant weights for gray‐scale conversion that emphasizes retinal vessels were calculated. To evaluate images, edges were detected via convolutional 2D Laplacian kernel from the processed images, and the number of edges, number of effective edges, and sum of intensities of edges were evaluated.

Results

The values of weights for red, green, and blue channels were calculated to be −0.0572, 0.7335, and 2.2079, respectively. When comparing the images that were processed using the new digital filter based on these values with the original image, gray‐scale, green, red, blue, and green and blue digital filter images, the number of edges, effective edges, and sum of intensities of edges were all found to be significantly higher in the images processed with the new filter (P < 10–16).

Conclusions

The RGB filter developed here was based on actual fundus images. The hemoglobin absorbance reinforced the edges of retinal blood vessels, verifying that the new RGB filter can enhance the visualization of retinal vasculature.
Trial study to automatically distinguish small haemorrhages in early diabetic retinopathy from image artefacts
Authors: Suzuki N. , Yamane K.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The L*u*v* colour space presented optimal results, with the highest sensitivity and best reproducibility, among RGB, XYZ, CMY, HSL, HSV, HSI and L*a*b* colour spaces. Therefore, we employed three‐dimensional analysis of L*u*v* colour spaces to detect early diabetic retinopathy.

Methods

Six patients with small haemorrhages were evaluated using fundus photography, which revealed image artefacts in the fundi of some patients. We constructed an experimental device similar to the optical system of a fundus camera and created artificial eyes of the fundus, which were painted with five different colours: rose, coffee, red, orange and yellow. The image artefacts were photographed under each artificial eye using the experimental device. In addition, the following eight types of specimen were used: a dust particle, wool, a piece of paper, a wood chip, cotton, a grey hair, a drop of water and a piece of plastic bag. All images were analysed using Scilab 5.4.0 and SIVP 0.5.3 softwares.

Results

We constructed an algorithm to calculate the difference between the averages of the central and circumference areas. In all image artefacts, L*u*v* colour spaces was highly sensitive: L* values were 2.8–8.5, u* values were 3.8–21 and v* values were 4.2–10.1.

Conclusions

We succeeded in automatically distinguishing small haemorrhages in early diabetic retinopathy from image artefacts.
Description of the retinal vascular network by semi‐automated computer software (SIVA) in the MONTRACHET study
Authors: Arnould L. , Binquet C. , Guenancia C. , Alassane S. , Kawasaki R. , Daien V. , Helmer C. , Tzourio C. , Bron A.M. , Creuzot‐Garcher C.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The aim of this study was to identify retinal vascular network patterns using semi‐automated software in an elderly population over 75 years in a population‐based study, the MONTRACHET (Maculopathy Optic Nerve nuTRition neurovAsCular and HEarT diseases) study.

Methods

In 2009–2011, participants from the 3 Cities Study living in Dijon, were proposed to take part in the MONTRACHET study with a complete eye examination. During these exams, color retinal photographs were performed (centered on the optic disc). Semi‐automated software (Singapore Institute Vessel Assessment: SIVA) was used in order to describe the retinal vascular network of subjects with a photograph of sufficient quality. All subjects with epiretinal membranes and vascular pathology were excluded. Fifty‐four geometric features such as fractal dimension, diameter, tortuosity and branching angle were systematically collected. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify independent patterns.

Results

Overall, 1,067 photographs were reviewed with SIVA software among the 1,153 participants of the MONTRACHET study. The mean age was 79.8 ± 3.8 years and 62.7% were female. After PCA processing, we extracted 3 vascular patterns summarizing 41% of the retinal vascular network information. The first pattern corresponded to a lower density in the vascular network as well as a higher variability in the vascular width (29% of the total variability). The second pattern was highly correlated to large vessels diameters and width. The third pattern matched to an increased tortuosity.

Conclusions

In this preliminary study, three vascular patterns were identified: decreased vascular density and heterogeneous network, increased vessels diameter and tortuosity. The next step of this study is to identify associations between these patterns and cardiovascular diseases in this population‐based study.
Effectiveness of platelet‐rich plasma treatment in patients with chronic corneal erosions, associated with Herpetic keratitis
Authors: Loshkareva A. , Maychuk D.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

3 courses of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) instillations were investigated for their effect on corneal epithelialization, in cases, associated with Herpetic keratitis

Methods

The study involved 21 patients with chronical corneal erosions of Herpetic keratitis origin. Etiology was confirmed by immunosorbent immunoglobulins M, G assay for Herpes Simplex Virus 1,2, Cytomegalovirus and Virus Epstein ‐ Barrie. All patients had previous unsuccessful courses of reparative therapy. First step of treatment consist of local and systemic antiviral therapy (Gancyclovir eye gel 0.15% and Valcyclovir). After the antiviral therapy, common volume 15 ml. of blood, taken from patients cubital vein, was mixed with anticoagulant (Sodium citrate with Dextrosa), and undergone a double centrifugation for 4 min. at 3,500 rpm. Patients were receiving: PRP instillations 6 times a day in combination with subconjunctival injection ones a week, Sulfated glicosaminoglicans 0.01% 4 times a day, Dexpanthenol 5% 4 times a day. Course of treatment was 3 weeks, procedure of obtaining PRP was performed 1 time per week. Dynamic of the treatment was assessed by Efron scale (cornea fluorescein coloring at 5 sectors in points). The patient's condition before therapy was used as a control.

Results

The average index of the corneal lesion before treatment was 9.7 points. After the 1st and 2nd procedure average lesion index was 8.2 and 5.9 points respectively. After 3 weeks, complete epithelization was observed in 12 patients. In 6 patients a gradual disappearance of the epithelial defects was shown after 5–6 courses. 3 patients did not respond to the treatment.

Conclusions

PRP treatment showed positive dynamic in cases of previously unsuccessfully treated chronical corneal erosion.
Ocular tolerance in rabbits of intracameral administration of MYDRANE, a fixed combination of tropicamide, phenylephrine, and lidocaine for cataract surgery
Authors: Olmiere C. , Viaud‐Quentric K.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Preclinical studies have been done to evaluate the ocular tolerance of MYDRANE (tropicamide 0.02%, phenylephrine 0.31% and lidocaïne 1%) after a single intracameral (IC) injection in rabbits.

Methods

60 pigmented rabbits were divided in 3 groups of 10 animals by injection volume (100 or 200 μl of MYDRANE or 0.9% NaCl). One group injected with MYDRANE and the group injected with NaCl had their anterior chamber rinsed with NaCl, 1 min after IC injection. This wash was not performed for the second MYDRANE‐group in order to extend the presence of the product in the anterior chamber well beyond what is expected in clinical use. Animals were held in observation for 7 days. The following evaluations were performed: general tolerance, slit‐lamp observations, laser flare, cornea thickness, cell density of the corneal endothelium, electroretinography. After euthanasia, eyes were sampled for histology.

Results

MYDRANE was very well tolerated with or without rinsing. Very slight conjunctival effects were observed for 3 or 4 animals from groups after 200 μl‐injection and very slight corneal vascularization was observed for one animal from NaCl‐group. Inflammation in the anterior chamber was mainly observed in the eyes who were rinsed and this inflammation decreased in the course of time. Iris, fundus and lens were normal, except for 4 animals in whom a needle impact was observed on the lens, probably due to rinsing. In addition, whatever the group, cornea thickness, endothelium cell density, electroretinography parameters and ocular histology were not affected.

Conclusions

Following IC injection of 100 or 200 μl of MYDRANE, which is the maximal injectable volume in rabbits, the ocular tolerance of MYDRANE was very good for 7 days and the ocular effects observed were attributed mainly to the method of injection and to the rinsing.
Tree years outcomes of small incision lenticule extraction: mild to moderate myopia versus high myopia
Authors: Kim J.R.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare the refractive outcomes of small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in high‐myopic patients with those of mild‐ to moderate‐myopic patients: 3 years follow up

Methods

This study included 212 eyes of 106 myopic patients treated with SMILE using a VisuMax 500‐kHz femtosecond laser. Treated eyes were divided into two groups, according to the preoperative spherical equivalent (SE): mild to moderate myopia (A group, <‐6.0 D) and high myopia (B group, ≥ −6.0 D). Follow‐up visits were at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. The outcome measures included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), best‐corrected distance visual acuity (BDVA), postoperative SE, efficacy index, safety index, and predictability.

Results

Preoperative SE was −4.75 ± 0.62 D in the A group and −7.91 ± 0.94 D in the B group. No differences were observed between −0.17 ± 0.33 D in the A group and −0.22 ± 0.29 D in the B group 36 months postoperatively (p = 0.35). At 36 months postoperatively, 91.2 and 82.5% had an UDVA of 20/20 or better in the A and B groups, respectively. In the A group, 88.1 and 97.9% were within ±0.5 D and ±1.0 D, respectively, of the intended correction; in the B group, 86.0 and 97.5% were within ±0.5 D and ±1.0 D, respectively. The efficacy index was 1.04 ± 0.19 in the A group and 1.00 ± 0.17 in the B group. The safety index was 1.25 ± 0.14 for the A group and 1.23 ± 0.15 for the B group. The efficacy and safety index were not significantly different between the two groups 36 months postoperatively (p = 0.201 and p = 0.267, respectively).

Conclusions

This long‐term followed up study showed that SMILE is effective and safe for correcting high myopia, as well as mild to moderate myopia.
Retinal microcysts associated with optic atrophy in children – visual electrophysiology studies
Authors: Thompson D. , Henderson R. , Moore W. , Liasis A. , Keenan J. , Bowman R.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Retinal microcysts have been described in adults with chronic or advanced optic atrophy of different aetiologies. We report microcysts in 4 children with visual electrophysiological evidence of optic atrophy.

Methods

Visual electrophysiological investigation of 4 children with unexplained poor vision was carried out using flash and pattern ERGs and VEPs. SPECTRALIS® OCT images were taken. Case 1 aged 12 years logMAR VA 0.3, 0.5 was referred to investigate a suspected maculopathy as Ishihara colour vision was also reduced. The discs were described as full and consistent with bilateral drusen. Case 2 aged 4 years LogMAR VA 0.8 R&L had presented in infancy with a strabismus, and had been patched with no improvement. His hearing was also being investigated. Case 3 aged 16 years LogMAR VA BEO 0.54 R&L, was born prematurely, 32/40 weeks, and his discs were described as slightly small. Case 4 LogMAR VA 0.24, 0.1 diagnosed with ADHD presented aged 12 years with headaches. His discs were described as ‘unusual’.

Results

In all cases flash ERG b: a amplitude ratios were normal, whilst pattern and flash VEPs showed marked dysfunction of macular and generalised pathways. PERG N95 components were subnormal in two cases tested. In all cases RNFL was thinned and OCT showed schitic changes in the inner nuclear layer of the maculae. The markedly abnormal pVEP and fVEPs contrasted with the preserved foveal architecture and indicated schisis was not a primary cause of poor vision. MRI scans were normal in cases 1–3 and genetic results for DOA and mitochondrial disorders are awaited. Case 4 has a heterozygous mutation of FGFR2.

Conclusions

Our findings show that retinal microcysts associated with optic atrophy can occur as early as 4 years of age and highlight the value of visual electrophysiology in the differential diagnosis of subnormal vision of children.
An investigation of the correlation between functional and structural changes in tilted and non‐tilted high myopic eyes
Authors: Ehsaei A. , Moghadas Sharif N. , Shoeibi N.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Tilted optic disc, a common finding in high myopic eyes, may affect visual field. Since the retinal defects often precede the visual field defects so evaluation of retinal layers thicknesses provide detailed information about the retina that may help us in earlier detection of pathologic changes in high myopic eyes. The aim of current study is the investigation of the correlation between functional and structural changes in tilted and non‐tilted high myopic eyes.

Methods

Fifty eight high myopic individuals were underwent detailed ophthalmic examination and divided into two groups according to the presence of the tilted optic disc. Correlation between visual field and retinal layers thicknesses in 20 patients (mean age of 28.95±7.22 years) with tilted optic disc were compared with 38 patients (mean age of 27.87 ± 6.08 years) without tilted disc using 30‐2 SITA standard program with Humphrey Field Analyzer – HFA II‐i and optical coherence tomography, respectively. Correlation of functional and structural findings was evaluated in 10 central degrees in four matched quadrants.

Results

Although there was a relative correlation between structural and functional tests in all quadrants but the most significant correlation was related to the nasal threshold sensitivity and temporal total average thickness in tilted group. (r = −0.55) The results showed that with decreasing the visual field sensitivity, the ganglion cell layer thickness decreased but retinal nerve fibres layer thickness increased in some quadrants.

Conclusions

The results showed relative correlation between structural and functional tests but the structural findings presented the defects earlier than functional findings. Therefore, the structural investigation in tilted myopic eyes suspected to visual field defect is recommended.
LACTATE: a valuable energy substrate in maintaining survival and function in the inner retina
Authors: Vohra R. , Skytt D.M. , Bergersen L.H. , Kolko M.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of lactate on Müller cell and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and function.

Methods

The human Müller cell line MIO‐M1 was incubated in media with the presence and absence of 6 mM glucose and furthermore with the presence and absence of respectively 10 mM and 20 mM l‐lactate for 2 and 24 h. Same conditions were used in primary mice Müller cells and RGC. Cell survival was assessed through MTT. Müller cell function was evaluated through the Müller cells’ ability to take up glutamate.

Results

Both 10 mM and 20 mM l‐Lactate increased cell survival after 2 and 24 h with and without the presence of glucose. After 24 h only 20 mM increased cell survival in Müller cells incubated in media containing glucose. Glutamate uptake increased in glucose restricted Müller cells compared to cells with glucose availability. The addition of lactate to the incubation media decreased the uptake in both glucose supplemented and restricted cells. After 24 h this effect was altered resulting in increased glutamate uptake in response to 10 mM l‐Lactate.

Conclusions

We hereby verify lactate as being an important energy substrate for the survival of Müller cells both in the presence and absence of glucose. Furthermore, our study indicates that Müller cells prefer lactate as an energy substrate compared to glutamate after 2 h, however after 24 h the energy substrate requirement enhances resulting in a compensatory increase in glutamate uptake.
Ex‐vivo porcine corneal storage using an innovative bioreactor
Authors: Crouzet E. , Guindolet D. , He Z. , Perrache C. , Forest F. , Herbepin P. , Gain P. , Gabison E. , Thuret G.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

There is no animal model of medium‐term corneal storage. Unlike humans, animal corneas rapidly and dramatically swell and lose their transparency, suggesting that the passive eye banking technique is not adapted. Moreover, immersion in standard organ culture (stdOC) medium is not fully adapted for epithelial maintenance. Aim: To reproduce physiological parameters to improve storage of animal corneas.

Methods

We designed a bioreactor (BR) that reproduces the intraocular pressure in the endothelial chamber while allowing renewing of the medium. We mimic blinking in the epithelial chamber, with an air‐lifting system. Forty‐one porcine corneas were stored either in the BR with 20 mmHg in the endothelial chamber, or in stdOC vials at 31°C for 7 days. Endothelial viability, endothelial cell density (ECD) were assessed after labeling with Hoechst‐Ethidium‐Calcein. Transparency was assessed with a custom‐made device and thickness by OCT. Limbus and central epithelial integrity was assessed using immunostaining of stem cells and differentiation markers.

Results

In stdOC, corneas were edematous (2,878 ± 623 μm), had reduced endothelial viability (44 ± 16%), and lost most of the epithelial layers. In the BR, they were thinner (1,274 ± 154 μm), had better endothelial viability (94 ± 3%) and their epithelium was multilayered and mature. The epithelial stem cells seemed preserved.

Conclusions

The porcine version of BR mimics physiological conditions and improves corneal storage. It could be a new model of eye banking and a powerful experimental platform to study corneal physiopathology.
A new method of exophthalmometry
Authors: Afanasyeva D. , Gushchina M. , Borzenok S.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Hertel's exophthalmometer measures the position of the eyeball in relation to the lateral orbital rims and does not provide representative results in patients with orbital asymmetry. The purpose of our study was to develop an easy‐to‐use, accurate and reliable method of exophthalmometry in patients with orbital asymmetry and compare its potential with Hertel's exophthalmometer.

Methods

We performed the retrospective study of computerized axial tomography scans and ambulatory medical records of 30 patients: 7 patients with intact lateral orbital wall (group 1), 23 patients with its fracture (group 2). The scans were evaluated with RadiAnt DICOM Viewer software. With tools of the software we drew a straight line through the apices of styloid processeses of temporal bone. This line served as a reference line for all further measurements. On the image, where the cornea of the first eyeball was the most prominent, we constructed a perpendicular to the most prominent point of the cornea. In the same way, the distance from the most prominent point of cornea to the reference line was measured for the second eye. The difference between the lengths of two perpendiculars corresponded to the difference of protrusion between two eyes. The data of our method of computer exophthalmometry were compared with the results obtained with Hertel's exophthalmometer specified in the ambulatory medical records.

Results

In patients of group 1 differences of protrusion between two eyes measured with two methods were similar. In contrary to the Hertel's exophthalmometer, the computer exophthalmometry showed reliable results in patients of group 2.

Conclusions

The developed method of computered exophthalmometry is easy‐to‐use and allows getting accurate and reliable data even in patients with different abnormalities of orbital area, in contrary to the Hertel's exophthalmometer.
Factors determining the prelaminar tissue thickness in glaucoma
Authors: Rebolleda G. , Diez Alvarez L. , Casas LLera P. , Cabarga C. , De Juan V. , Muñoz‐Negrete F.J.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To identify demographic, anatomic and functional factors associated withthe prelaminar tissue thickness (PTT) and LC (thickness and depth) in primaryopen angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods

Cross‐sectional study including 60 patients with POAG.The optic nerve head was imaged usingthe enhanced depth imaging (EDI) technology of Spectralis optical coherencetomography (OCT). The vertical distances from three equidistant points on thereference line (Bruch's membrane opening) to the anterior prelaminar tissuesurface and the anterior and posterior surfaces of the LC were manually measured.Analyzed factors associated with the PTT and LC thickness and depth includedage, central corneal thickness, axial length (AL), intraocular pressure (IOP),rim and disc areas (OCT‐Cirrus), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) averagethickness (OCT‐Spectralis), ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) average thickness (OCT‐Cirrus) and meandeviation (MD) in visual field.

Results

Significantassociations were found between the PTT and age (−0.317; p = 0.014), disc and rim areas (−0.544; p = 0.005 and 0.772; p < 0.001respectively), BMO diameter (−0.332; p = 0.01), RNFL and GCIPL average thickness (0.642; p < 0.001 and 0.663; p < 0.001, respectively) and MD (0.584; p < 0.001). LC depth correlated with age (−0.267; p = 0.041), rim area (−0.466; p = 0.019) and cup depth (0.849; p < 0.001). A negative association wasalso demonstrated between AL and LC thickness (−0.53; p = 0.01). As expected, MDwas significantly correlated with cup depth.

Conclusions

Theprelaminar tissue thickness was inversely correlated with age, anatomic (RNFL, CGIPL, disc and rim areas, BMO) and functional parameters (MD) in patients withPOAG, so that it can be considered together the LC a relevant structure in thepathophysiology of glaucoma.