bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Genetic and Somatopsychic Examination of Twins Born in Budapest in the Year 1970
Authors: Sarkany J. , Agoston J. , Goracz G. , Tomka M.
Published: July 2016

With the introduction of obligatory registration of twins in Budapest on 1 January 1970, our team started the genetic and somatopsychic examination of twins. The program is being carried out in collaboration with the institutions of the Child Health Care Organisation of Budapest and the National Institute of Public Health.

Since 1 January 1970, the placentae of twins born in Budapest are submitted to pathologic and histologic examination, and the twins living in Budapest are examined systematically by our clinical group at the age of six months, and one, two, and three years.

In addition to studying the social environment, examinations are carried out with regard to pediatrics, anthropometric measurements, photographic documentation, dental examination, dermatoglyphics, cardiology, and neuropsychiatry. In order to define the genotype of the twins we used haptoglobins and blood groups.
Maintenance of a Low Level of Sex Chromatin in One of Uniovular Twins
Authors: Konopada W.
Published: July 2016

When the level of sex chromatin in a newborn female remains as low as 2-8% after the first few days of life, some genetic disorder may be involved.

A clinical case is presented where only one of MZ twins appears to be affected.
Twins and Science
Authors: Gedda L.
Published: July 2016

That personage on horseback dominating the piazza of the Capitol, were he alive and not a bronze statue, would I think be very happy about this Symposium now opening.

I may even imagine that Marcus Aurelius would leave his role of sceptical emperor-philosopher to assume that of paterfamilias, smiling benignly upon us all, as he was the father of twins: Commodus, emperor after him, and Antonius Geminus.

He had a special medal struck, when these twins were born to him by Faustina, bearing her image and that of Juno Lucina, goddess of fertility. He then had six children, and Faustina was to bear him seven more — quite a large family, as is often the case when there are twins.

Yes, I am sure that Marcus Aurelius would rejoice at the opening today in Rome of this first Symposium of twin researchers, their object being not only to know twin better, but also to assist them, and because the Symposium is the first, the beginning, we hope, of a series of many more most fruitful ones.
Il Rischio Empirico di Nascite Multiple
Authors: Casa D. , Lun M. T.
Published: July 2016

Nella consulenza eugenica, il metodo formale, fondato sull'esame dei rapporti mendeliani attesi in funzione del tipo di trasmissione del carattere, dovrebbe essere la norma, ma le limitate conoscenze di genetica umana e medica lo rendono inapplicabile per la maggior parte dei casi.

È necessario, quindi, ricorrere al pronostico empirico per poter soddisfare alle domande che vengono rivolte al consulente eugenico. Tra le domande che più spesso ricorrono vi è quella posta dalle madri di gemelli per conoscere quale probabilità esse hanno di un novello evento gemellare nei loro concepimenti.

Per dare una risposta a questo interrogativo e chiarire contemporaneamente il quesito che, anche se più raramente, viene posto da madri, esse Stesse gemelle, su quale sia la probabilità di avere figli gemelli, abbiamo predisposto due diversi rilevamenti tra le oltre 14000 schede della gemelloteca dell'Istituto Mendel di Roma.

Il primo rilevamento, limitato a 2000 schede contenenti alberi genealogici con dati certi, ha dato come risultato un numero di genitori di gemelli, anch'essi gemelli, di 58; cioè, di 58 su 4000 genitori complessivi.
Do Conception Delays Explain Some Changes in Twinning Rates?
Authors: Allen Gordon , Schachter Joseph
Published: July 2016

The probability of a twin birth depends strongly and almost equally on the age of the mother and on the number of children she has had. Even when these variables are held constant, the frequency of twinning varies between countries or geographic regions and between years or decades. This variation has been thought perhaps to result from economic and environmental factors, but another explanation can be suggested.

Bulmer (1959) found that twins are frequent among the earliest conceptions after marriage. Eriksson and Fellman (1967) found twins to be frequent among illegitimate births and suggested that the mothers of twins conceive more easily than other women; in other words, that they are more fecundable. We can present some new evidence for this hypothesis, and we believe that high fecundability in the mothers of twins can account for variations in the twinning rate.

Fig. 1 shows the wide range of twinning rates in the US white population, in different parts of the country and for three periods, centering on 1937, 1954 and 1964. The nine geographic divisions are shown in descending order according to the twinning rates in 1937. The two regions at the right, with the lowest rates in 1937, had nearly stable twinning rates over the three time periods. They are the oldest and most urban parts of the country.
Studies on Twins IV. Twinning in Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Goswami H. K.
Published: July 2016

Frequency and inheritance of twinning have been studied from urban and rural parts of Madhya Pradesh. Family data conform to previous findings by other authors, for other countries, that DZ twinning is influenced by the mother's genotype.

Of special interest has been a rural family in which a female, herself a cotwin of DZ pair, married twice, each time giving birth to DZ twins.

The high rate of twinning in rural areas is suggested to be due to higher coefficient of inbreeding, better physical condition of mothers on the countryside, higher mean birth order, and higher mean age of mothers. Lack of family planning may have also played a role.
Placental Forms and Zygosity Determination of Twins in Ibadan, Western NigeriaA study of 1475 twin maternities
Authors: Nylander P. P. S.
Published: July 2016

The incidence of twinning in Western Nigeria is very high, being 45‰ (Nylander, 1969a), as compared with 11-12‰ in Caucasian populations (Registrar General, 1967). A recent study of twinning in Ibadan, in which zygosity of individual twin pairs was determined, has shown that the pattern of placentation and zygosity in this population is also very different from that in Caucasian populations.

As many as 1475 consecutive newborn twin pairs delivered in three hospitals in Ibadan between March 1967 and April 1969 were investigated.

The placentae of the twins were examined macroscopically by the author personally to determine the form (whether single, fused, double or separate) and the membrane relationships (whether monochorionic or dichorionic) as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The membrane relationship was confirmed by histological examination.

Cord blood samples were collected from each twin pair and studied for (1) ABO, Rh (using antisera, C, c, D, E, e), MNSs and Gonzales blood groups and (2) G6PD electrophoretic pattern. Other blood groups like Fya, k and Jk, used initially, were discontinued later, because the gene frequencies in this population are such that they are uninformative for zygosity determination.

Samples of the placenta of each twin were sent in refrigerated containers to the Galton Laboratory, London University, for placental enzyme studies — phosphoglucomutase and peptidase (Hopkinson and Harris, 1968; Lewis and Harris, 1967).
Probabilité de Jumeaux DZ parmi des Jumeaux Concordants Sanguins
Authors: Defrise-Gussenhoven E.
Published: July 2016

Dans le laboratoire d'anthropologie de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, le Prof. Twiesselmann a organisé, en 1961, une enquête gémellaire au cours de laquelle une centaine de paires (jumeaux de même sexe) et de couples (jumeaux de sexes opposés) furent analysées. Seules 63 paires pour lesquelles nous possédons des données biométriques complètes seront envisagées dans cette note.

Neuf sérums sanguins — respectivement deux, deux et cinq pour les systèmes ABO, MN et Rh — permirent de séparer les 63 paires en deux groupes:

1) 30 paires de jumeaux concordants pour les neuf sérums;

2) 33 paires de jumeaux discordants pour au moins un sérum.

Les 33 paires étant certainement DZ, nous nous proposons d'évaluer, en termes de probabilité, le nombre k de paires DZ qui peuvent se cacher parmi les 30 paires de jumeaux concordants, dont la majorité est MZ.

Pour chacune des 30 paires de concordants, Mme Vrydagh a calculé la probabilité de monozygotie en utilisant la méthode de Maynard-Smith et Penrose (1954) qui est basée sur le théorème de Bayes de la probabilité des causes. Pour nos 30 paires de concordants, ces probabilités vont de 83 à 92%; elles auraient été plus élevées si plus de sérums sanguins avaient été utilisés.
Leukemia in Twins World-wide review of clinical cases
Authors: Keith L. , Brown E.
Published: July 2016

We undertook an extensive review of world-wide clinical reports of leukemia in twins. Our survey was a careful one; exclusions are inevitable, but, if so, are inadvertent, except for undocumented “personal communication” cases. These have sometimes been included in large reviews of either leukemia or leukemia in twins. Also excluded are cases mentioned only tangentially in reports of cancer in large population groups, if no clinical details were given. In some instances, we were able to adapt available clinical information to our tables.

Leukemia appears to occur at four periods in the lives of twins: (1) the perinatal-congenital period; (2) early childhood; (3) late childhood; and (4) adulthood. Those cases occurring around the time of birth and the first year of life are combined under the title: Perinatal-Congenital. In Tab. I, Early Childhood extends from about 2 to 7 years, and Late Childhood from 7 through 12 years. All other cases have been considered as Adult. Two cases occurring in teenagers have been placed in this group in accordance with clinical practice. We have compiled 62 cases of leukemia in twins from clinical reports from the world publications in the following categories: Perinatal-Congenital, 15; Early Childhood, 26; Late Childhood, 9; Adulthood, 12. Comparative clinical details of all these cases will be published in a subsequent report.

Except for those instances about which writers admitted that the diagnosis of zygosity was in question, most reported clinical cases occurred in MZ twins. There were 39 cases of leukemia in MZ twins, 13 cases in DZ twins and 10 cases in whom zygosity was in doubt.
Changes in Maternal Body Composition Resulting from Twin Pregnancies
Authors: MacGillivray Ian
Published: July 2016

The maternal response in terms of changes in weight, plasma volume, total body water, intravascular protein mass and urinary oestriol excretion to a singleton pregnancy has been shown to be related to the size of the baby produced. Twin pregnancies have been studied to assess the maternal response to the double load, to see whether a much greater response is required compared to a singleton pregnancy. It is hoped that this study will eventually show not only what can be considered to be a physiological response to a twin pregnancy, but will show how the maternal organism sometimes fails to respond normally to the double load.

Observations were made at 30 to 32 weeks and again between 36 and 39 weeks of pregnancy in 14 primigravid twin pregnancies and 17 multigravid twin pregnancies, as well as in singleton primigravidae. For the purposes of comparison the singleton pregnancies have been divided up by the amount of weight gain during pregnancy. High weight gain was defined as 600 g/week or more during the 20th to 30th weeks. Normal weight gain was 360-540 g/week and low weight gain 320 g/week or less. The observations made were plasma volume using dye T. 1842 (Evan's Blue); total body water using deuterium oxide and measuring in an infrared spectrophotometer; the intravascular protein mass; the red cell mass; and the urinary oestriol excretion.
Twins with Mental Retardation and Physical Abnormalities Preliminary report
Authors: Jancar J.
Published: July 2016

In this preliminary report, which is part of a wider and more detailed study still in progress, I am reporting mainly the twins' mental state and associated physical abnormalities. For this purpose, I am surveying all the 2442 long-stay patients admitted during 30 years (1 September 1938-31 August 1968) to the Stoke Park Hospital Group, Bristol, which provides 1800 beds for mentally retarded patients of both sexes and of all ages. The survey's sample is shown in Tab. I.
L'Epatite Virale in Gemelli Uno studio clinico-epidemiologico
Authors: Raimondo F. Di , Rosci M. A. , Leoni G. C.
Published: July 2016

Uno studio genetico dell'epatite virale (soprattutto quella da virus A, o epidemica) appare, fra l'altro, giustificato (1) dalle anomalie epidemiologiche dell'affezione e dalla difficoltà di interpretarne le ripetizioni familiari, soprattutto a grandi intervalli di tempo e di luogo; (2) dalla notevole variabilità della risposta clinica all'agente, il che fa sospettare un'influenza del genotipo dell'ospite (Di Raimondo, 1962; Varay e Berthelot, 1969); (3) dalla presenza di particolari reazioni immunitarie (di tipo autoanticorpale), specie nelle forme cronicizzate e nella cosiddetta epatite cronica attiva, verosimilmente dovute a meccanismi genetici (Varay e Berthelot, 1969).

Abbiamo dunque condotto, su circa 1800 casi ricoverati nel 1967-1969 nell'Ospedale Spallanzani, oltre all'analisi delle aggregazioni familiari, lo studio particolare di coppie gemellari MZ e DZ, utilizzando anche casi registrati nella gemelloteca dell'Istituto Mendel.

L'indagine gemellare si basa finora su 29 coppie, con dati completi per 24, incompleti per 5. I parametri di malattia sono stati scelti con particolare riguardo al fattore tempo, inserendo così lo studio nel più vasto programma dell'Istituto Mendel sul «chronon» (Gedda e Brenci, 1969).

L'accostamento di tipo clinico-gemellare appare più interessante del semplice raffronto interzigotico, perché consente, tra l'altro, conclusioni sicure anche su poche coppie concordanti.
Growth Inhibitory and Haematological Effects of Alkylating Agents and Attempts at their Modification to give Greater Selectivity of Anti-Tumour Action
Authors: Elson L. A.
Published: July 2016

Attempts to induce greater relative tumour specificity in cancer chemotherapeutic drugs may be aimed at (1) reducing toxicity towards host tissues or (2) increasing the susceptibility of the tumor.

1. Pretreatment with certain thiol derivatives has some protective action against the host toxicity of X-irradiation and of certain alkylating agents. However, in many cases even better protection against the tumour-inhibitory action occurs so that the therapeutic index is unfavourably affected.

2. Pretreatment with glucose which accentuates the pH difference between normal and tumour tissues can, in some cases, produce an increase in therapeutic index.

3. The most encouraging aspect is to explore and take advantage of biochemical variations from the normal tissue pattern which are found in certain tumours, e.g. the successful treatment of the ADJ/PC5 mouse myeloma with «aniline mustard» is believed to be related to the very high glucuronidase activity of this tumour.
Trenimon Treatment in Chronic Hemoblastoses
Authors: Quattrin N. , Dini E. , Montuori R.
Published: July 2016

1. Trenimon has three remarkable pharmacological characteristics, namely: very low toxicity, easy way of employing, big therapeutic action.

2. It results particularly useful in lymphatic and myeloid chronic leukemias, Vaquez's disease, hemorrhagic thrombocythemia, Waldenstrom's disease. It has to be noticed that Trenimon action is valuable in chronic myeloid leukemia even when it has been already treated with Busulphan for a long time.

3. Good results are obtained also in several cases of Hodgkin's disease, while the drug is less efficacious in Lympho-reticulosarcoma. Uncertain still being its action in plasmacytoma.
Experimental Studies with Methylhydrazine Derivatives
Authors: Bollag W.
Published: July 2016

Natulan (Procarbazine) is a methylhydrazine derivative which in animal experiments inhibits a series of transplantable tumours. The Walker carcinoma is markedly affected. Even well established Walker tumours disappear completely under Natulan treatment. Tumour tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue. Natulan does not act selectively on neoplastic tissue, it also depresses the growth of other rapidly proliferating tissues such as the bone marrow.

As regards the mechanism of action the following data are known: Natulan lowers the mitotic index by prolonging the interphase and hindering the cell from entering into mitosis. In Ehrlich ascites tumour cells chromatid breaks were observed. Natulan depolymerizes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in vitro. In vivo the synthesis of DNA is inhibited. Furthermore alkylation of purine bases has been demonstrated. All these mechanisms may be responsible for the cytotoxic effect of methylhydrazine derivatives. Natulan does not possess cross-resistance towards other cytotoxic agents. This phenomenon is a further proof of its particular mechanism of action.
Use of New Chemotherapeutic Agents in Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Quattrin N. , Dini E.
Published: July 2016

Our experience in the Imuran treatment of acute leukemia is rather scarce. Indeed because of the difficulty to get this drug, we could use it in 6 cases only. These 6 cases belonged to the following forms: 3 to the stem cells type, 1 to the myelomonocytic type, 1 to the histiomonocytic ungranulated type, 1 to the promyelocytic type (acute terminal crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia). All these patients had been already treated with other antiblastics.

Positive results we had just in 2 cases, precisely in a case of stem cells leukemia and in the last case above mentioned. Similar results in acute relapsing phase of chronic myeloid leukemia obtained Eridani et al. (1965). Where we applied strong doses (mg 30c of Imuran daily for 10 days), following the advice of Storti and Traldi (1965), and thus obtained a full three months remission (Fig. 1).

According to this modest experience of ours Azathioprine is a drug that does not present clear advantages on 6-Mercaptopurin.
Erblichkeitsprobleme bei der Blutkoagulierung
Authors: Lehmann Wolfgang
Published: July 2016

The Author reports on genetic problems of blood coagulation. Recent haematological reports on haemophilia, as for instance the differentiation of haemophilia into two different types (haemophilia A and B) bring up the question of the interrelations lig between the two genes responsible for the two types. The problem of recognizing female carriers is mentioned as well as the question of existence of female hemoghilian. It is pointed to further recent haemorrhagic diathese of genetic importance, PTA deficiency as well as the Hageman factor deficiency. Comprehensive investigations of factor VII deficiency on families, in Switzerland are of special genetic interest. These investigations have shown, that in those families, patients with complete deficiency of these factors are found, as well as members of the family not showing any haemorrhagic tendency being in complete health, but a quantitative deficiency of factor VII or Stuart-Power factor can be proved. A third group of members of these families is known to be healthy, showing a normal level of these coagulation factors. Healthy persons with a certain deficiency of factor VII or Stuart-Power factor can be regarded as heterozygotes.
Preliminary Observations on Haemoglobin Gene Frequencies in the Lake Chad Region
Authors: Roberts D. F. , Lehmann H.
Published: July 2016

The peoples of the Lake Chad region who form the subject of this study are inhabitants of Bornu, today an administrative province of northeast Nigeria which includes the northern Cameroons, formerly one of the great empires of interior Africa. There were several reasons why this survey of abnormal haemoglobins was undertaken. It was an obvious consideration that nothing was known of their incidence in this area; indeed for the vast complicated ethnological patchwork that comprises the peoples of northern Nigeria there have been studied to date only general samples, predominantly Hausa. It should be regarded as a matter of urgency to ascertain gene frequencies in African peoples before their differences are completely obliterated with the breakdown of tribal patterns, and before the selection pressure differentials are readjusted with the arrival of modern medicine.

Another more cogent reason however lay in the historical information available for the area. Ancient tribal traditions are supplemented by the writings of early Muslim travellers and the written documents of the people themselves, and though many of the latter records were destroyed in the several invasions of Bornu, enough remain to enable the main outline of events over the last 1,200 years to be reconstructed. The story is of a succession of invasions and immigrations by peoples of different ethnic affinities, speaking different languages, possessing different customs, ways of life and outlook; the habitat into which they came is essentially uniform, a vast plain of scrub savana. It appeared of interest to enquire whether the demands of a uniform habitat had levelled out the genetic differences expected in peoples of such diverse orieins, and if not to examine the extent to which such differences had been retained.
Die Fruchtbarkeit in Bezug auf die Probleme der kongenitalen Missbildungen
Authors: Gedda Luigi
Published: July 2016

Kongenitale Missbildungen, die sich auf die Fruchtbarkeit auswirken und sie entweder beeinträchtigen oder sogar völlig annullieren sind diejenigen, die die Empfängnis, die Schwangerschaft oder die Existenz eines lebensfähigen Geschöpfes verhindern. Diese Missbildungen, die ich der Kürze halber « antifertile Missbildungen » nennen will, sind Kongenital d.h. schon bei Geburt vorhanden.

Die Besprechung des Stoffes erfordert eine Aufteilung in vier Abschnitte:

1. Allgemeine antifertile Missbildungen;

2. Lokale antifertile Missbildungen bei der Frau;

3. Lokale antifertile Missbildungen beim Manne;

4. Antifertile Missbildungen, die das Leben der Frucht verhindern.

Die allgemeinen antifertilen Missbildungen beim Manne und bei der Frau können gemeinsam besprochen werden. Es handelt sich um missbildende kongenitale Krankheiten, die die Fertilität durch verschiedenartige Mechanismen beeinflussen: durch hormonale Störungen, Strukturveränderungen, psychogene oder neurologische Veränderungen usw.

Ich beziehe mich hierbei auf Missbildungen, die ein ganzes System befallen, wie Mongolismus, das Syndrom von Morquio, das von Marfan, von Lawrence-Moon-Biedl, der idiopathische Infantilismus usw., die alle mehr oder minder mit Unterentwicklung der Genitalien und häufig auch mit örtlich spezifischeren Missbildungen, wie zum Beispiel Kryptorchismus, einhergehen.
Migräne bei Zwillingen, Vorläufige Mitteilung
Authors: Ebbing H. C.
Published: July 2016

In this paper an unselected series of 19 twins with migraine is reported. The findings in 13 pairs with ascertained twin diagnosis, 3 MZ and 10 DZ, are preliminarily summarized. With regard to typical migraine, only 1 MZ pair was concordant, a minor degree, of concordance was seen with all MZ and 3 DZ pairs. Regarding a distinct picture of vegetative dystonia, all MZ and 2 DZ pairs were concordant. On the basis of these results it can be assumed that various etiological factors are responsible for the manifestation of hemicrania. The hereditary basis seems to lie in a vegetative, diencephalic, dysregulation. Besides, the clinical manifestion is determinated by various preformative influences of an endogenous or exogenous nature.
Studies on the Heredity of the Human Blood Groups. I. The M-N Types
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Diego N. Di , Sokol S.
Published: July 2016

New data on the heredity of the M-N types in 420 families with 645 children conform precisely with the requirements of the genetic theory of Landsteiner and Levine. To date as many as 1580 families with 3379 children have been tested in our laboratory. According to our experiences, the three M-N types are entirely reliable for use in medicolegal cases of disputed paternity, provided that the individual who performs the tests is qualified.

New data on the distribution of the M-N types in 954 individuals are presented, as well as data on the distribution of the M-N S types in 394 individuals. The findings regarding the M-N-S types agree with previous reports concerning their distribution in Caucasoids. The medicolegal application of the M-N-S types is discussed and it is pointed out that more work must be done before the S and s factors can be safely used. What is needed most is methods for preparing anti-S and anti-s sera of satisfactory specificity and avidity.
Thalassemia (Microkarterocytosis) and Drepanocytosis their Forms and Genetics
Authors: Gatto Ignazio
Published: July 2016

Thalassemia, that I propose to call Microkarterocytosis, can be divided into three forms to be distinguished under the names of minima (healthy carriers), minor (Rietti and Greppi's disease), major (Cooley disease).

It can be inferred that Thalassemia is a mutation developped in a mediterranean superior paleolitic race that showed also the character high cheek bones.

In my researches of 1941-42 I for first showed that thalassemia is a dominant hereditary character with homozigotic letal effect (heterozigotes the healthy carriers, homozigotes Cooley' patients).

Heterozigotes throug an increased expression of the morbid gene develop Rietti and Greppi disease, as I inferred in 1949.

The researches on genetics that I carried later on Drepanocytosis have shown a behaviour equal yo that observed in Thalassemia.

In Drepanocytosis the heterozigote condition determines the healty carriers and the less serious cases of sickle cell anemia, the condition of homozigote the most serious form of this anemia.

A morbid form clinically similiar to the slight cases of Cooley disease is detectable in subjects whose parents show separately one the Thalassemia-stigmata and the other the Drepanocytosis-stigmata. For this latter form the name of Thalassodrepanocytosis is suggested.

The presence of drepanocytosis inindividuals of european races can be explained with very ancient crosses with individuals of negro races.
The Method of Co-Twin Control in Conjunction with the Method of Cinemanalysis
Authors: Gesell Arnold
Published: July 2016

Riassunto

L’A. illustra l’opportunità della valorizzazione delle immagini cinematografiche per esaminare il comportamento dei gemelli. Egli si è servito di una coppia monozigotica femminile di 46 settimane. Di queste solo una è stata allenata nell’esercizio di salire sulle scale durante 6 settimane, mentre l’altra serviva come controllo. Nella 52a settimana è stata offerta ad ambedue l’occasione di salire le scale, e il comportamento di entrambe le gemelle è stato ripreso cinematograficamente. Il metodo di controllo dei singoli membri e quello della cineinanalisi possono naturalmente essere valorizzati separatamente. Se però sono combinati si completano e si rafforzano reciprocamente.
The Effect of Differential Parent-Child Relation on Identical Twin Resemblance in Personality
Authors: Schwesinger Gladys C.
Published: July 2016

To demonstrate the effects of home environment and parent-child relationship on personality and development, the author tells the life story of a pair of monozygotic twin girls reared apart. One, who grew up as a member of a large closely-knit family group, with mother-love and parental security, has become well-adjusted and happy in spite of severe set-backs. The other, reared as an only child by a hard and restrictive step-mother, and always required to do much hard work, became a tense and instable person, addicted to drugs and Anally probably committed suicide.
Ein altes und ein neues Problem der Zwillingsforschung
Authors: v. Verschuer O. Frhr.
Published: July 2016

An old problem of gemellary research lies in the determining cause of gemellogenesis. Two new observations of the family order, in agreement with other similar results, are further evidence in favour of the opinion that in the origin of twins a certain part can be played by some hereditary property of the paternal side.

Gemellary research is the best method to establish the respective importance of heredity and environement in the developement of man. A new problem of gemellary research has arisen owing to the fact that MZ twins can differ in some illness, without the common causal analysis heredity-environement being able to give a satisfactory explanation. For example in the case of cancer it is demonstrated that the “autonomous” genesis of an illness must be taken into account i. e. without an appropriate hereditary cause or without an esogenous cause visible for all. Such an “autonomous” genesis of an illness has become undestandable only on the basis of microphysical knowledge.
A Lunar-Month Modulation of Large Solar-Terrestrial Disturbances
Authors: Smerd S. F.
Published: July 2016

Dodson and Hedeman discovered an unexpected effect in the occurrence of solar proton events as revealed by polarcap absorption (PCA). When the 48 events in Bailey’s Catalog of the Principal PCA Events, 1952-1963 are distributed with the phase of the moon there is a gap of several days near full moon; also, many more events occur when the moon waxes than when it wanes. Dodson and Hedeman did not find similar, apparent departures from random distribution either with a mean solar rotation period of 27.3 days or for solar flare events. They concluded that ‘at the present time it is not clear whether the 29.5 day “effect” is related to the sun or the moon or is only a statistical accident’.
On Whether the Planets have Progressive Polar Morton
Authors: Abraham H. J. M.
Published: July 2016

The only planet with observed secular motion between the body and the axis of rotation is the Earth itself, which rotates both progressively and with unexplained librations about equatorial axes.
Non-Radial Oscillations of Massive Stars
Authors: Borght R. Van Der
Published: July 2016

The basic system of differential equations governing the non-radial adiabatic oscillations of stars are given in the review article by P. Ledoux and Th. Walraven. The numerical integration of these equations has been undertaken by P. Smeyers and by R. Van der Borght and Wan Fook Sun, in the latter case for stars of uniform composition in the mass range.

where μ is the molecular weight of the stellar material. These integrations were based on models derived by R. Van der Borght.
Optical Observations of Extragalactic Radio Sources
Authors: Westerlund B. E. , Wall J. V. , Stokes N. R.
Published: July 2016

Photometric observations on the UBV system have been made of a number of optically identified radio sources. The measurements are basically of two types: (1) offset photometry with the Siding Spring 40-inch reflector of objects identified as probable quasars or N galaxies, and (2) observations with the Siding Spring 24-inch reflector of radio galaxies brighter than V = 14m.0.
The Reduction of Radio Source Positions to Standard Epoch
Authors: Harris P. C. , Large M. I.
Published: July 2016

The usual method of calculating corrections for precession nutation and aberration involves the use of the precession constants M, N, m, n and the Day Numbers A, B, C, D, E, J, J’. For the computer analysis of radio source data obtained with the Molonglo Telescope it seemed desirable to compute the corrections directly from the basic formulae, thus avoiding the trouble and possibility of accidental error in copying out the Day Numbers for each day’s observation. In this paper we quote in full the equations that are used in the analysis of the Molonglo data. These equations are abstracted from The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and Smart’s Spherical Astronomy, and expressed in a form which parallels the organization of the computer routine. In addition to the observed position, the only other data required to compute the precession nutation and aberration corrections is the Julian date (J.D.). This basic parameter in the equations is very simply calculated to the required accuracy of a few minutes from the time and date of the observation. The computer routine that computes the corrections occupies 1350 words of programme in the KDF9 computer and takes 200 msec to compute one position. If a large number of computations are being carried out on continuous data, then the average time per computation is only 5 msec as a full computation of the coefficients does not have to be made for each point separately.
The Optical Programme of the Culgoora Solar Observatory
Authors: Giovanelli R.G.
Published: July 2016

The Sun being a highly ionized gas, the basic physical quantities most needed for understanding solar phenomena are temperature, pressure (or density), velocity and magnetic field, together with their variations in space and time. The general aim at Culgoora is to secure observations from which these quantities may be derived (insofar as is practicable) simultaneously over extended solar regions. To do this has involved the development and use of filters of high spectral and spatial resolution, the study of atmospheric seeing and ways of securing high-resolution observations, and the study of methods of analysing observations to yield the physical quantities needed.
Radio Studies of the Quiet Sun at Decimetre and Metre Wavelengths
Authors: Sinha R. P. , Swarup G.
Published: July 2016

It is known that in the radio spertrum the limb of the quiet sun is brighter in the equatorial regions than near the pole. But most of the available theoretical calculations of the brightness distribution over the quiet sun have been made with the assumption of spherical symmetry. We have therefore calculated two-dimensional distributions at several decimetre and metre wavelengths, taking account of the observed asymmetry in the north-south direction. Newkirk’s method of ray-tracing was used, the calculations being made with a CDC 3600 computer. Some of the preliminary results (particularly for a sunspot minimum period) are presented here; they indicate that the electron temperature of the solar corona has a value of about 1 to 1.5 x 106 °K.
Preliminary Results from a 35″-arc Compound Interferometer
Authors: Wellington K. J. , Watkinson A.
Published: July 2016

This year the School of Electrical Engineering began observations with the new Fleurs compound interferometer. This instrument operates at 21 cm and has a fan-beam response 35″ arc wide in an east-west direction.
Band Splitting in Type II Solar Radio Bursts
Authors: McLean D. J.
Published: July 2016

Of the metre-wavelength solar radio bursts which have been recognized, those of type II are characterized by the most complex set of spectral features. Apparently acceptable explanations have now been put forward for most of these features. However, not all these explanations can be considered to be established. In particular the phenomenon of band splitting has been explained in different ways by Sturrock, by Tidman et al., by Zheleznyakov and Zaitsev. However, the theories of Sturrock and Tidman apparently require magnetic fields so strong as to preclude the formation of a magnetohydrodynamic shock wave by a disturbance moving at the velocity (<~ 1000 km/s) attributed to type II bursts. The same problem is encountered in other earlier theories of band splitting involving magnetic effects. The other theory does not involve the magnetic field strength. However, the details of this theory do not appear to have been properly worked out as yet.
The Evolution of Helium Shell-burning Stars
Authors: Faulkner D.J.
Published: July 2016

The realization that the nuclei of planetary nebulae are stars which evolve with a time-scale of ~ 104 yr (O’Dell,Seaton) has prompted several theoretical investigations of the late stages of stellar evolution (Vila, Divine, L’Ecuyer). Vila has assumed that all nuclear burnings have ceased in these stars, and that the energy release is entirely gravitational. He showed that the inclusion of neutrino energy-loss processes based on the universal Fermi interaction of Feynman and Gell-Mann reduced the theoretical evolution time by two orders of magnitude to a value comparable with the observed time. His theoretical models, however, have effective temperatures greater than those observed by a factor of six.
Interstellar Gas Dynamics
Authors: Dixon M.E.
Published: July 2016

It is a well established observational result that young stars exhibit differences in chemical composition. The differences are comparatively large. For example, some stars have metal abundances as high as 3/2 solar-value while others have abundances as low as 1/2 solar-value. The result was obtained through spectroscopic and photoelectric studies of stars with ages of a few times 108 yr and indicates that the interstellar medium is chemically heterogeneous at the present epoch.
Fan-beam Observations of Bright Galaxies
Authors: Cameron M.J. , Glanfield J.R.
Published: July 2016

A survey has been made of 139 bright southern galaxies using the 1´.5 X 4° fan beam of the E-W arm of the Mills cross. These represent a largely complete sample of galaxies down to a limiting total optical magnitude of ~11.0 when corrected for Galactic absorption by 0.35 cosec β and for internal absorption due to the tilt of the emitting galaxy. Of these, 54 were detected down to a limiting radio flux of 0.4 f.u., at which level the probability of a misidentification is 10%. No a priori distinctions were made between the galaxies on the basis of strong radio emission or optical peculiarities.
Thermal Models of Centaurus XR-2
Authors: Edwards P.J. , Harries J.R.
Published: July 2016

Recent observations of the Centaurus region by Harries et al., Chodil et al., and Cooke et al. have firmly established the existence of a variable X-ray source, Centaurus XR-2. This source is unique in that its variability has been established beyond doubt.
Solar X-ray Bursts Observed on IMP-F
Authors: Harries J. R.
Published: July 2016

Solar X-ray bursts observed by a proportional counter carried on the IMP-F satellite have been analysed for correlation with optical Hα flares and radio bursts. The solar X-ray flux at energies greater than 3 keV was measured each 82 seconds and consisted of impulsive bursts superimposed on a slowly varying X-ray background. During June and July 1967 there were an average of ~10 bursts per day with intensities greater than 400 photons cm−2 s−1 (2 × 10−6 erg cm−2 s−1) which was the threshold for observation of a burst.
Radio Evidence of a Coronal Instability Before the Onset of a Solar Flare (9 June 1968)
Authors: Wild J. P.
Published: July 2016

The outburst and storm of more than four hours’ duration that accompanied the importance 2 flare beginning at 0h25m U.T. on 9 June 1968 were observed at 80 MHz with the Culgoora radioheliograph. More than 104 heliograms in both senses of circular polarization were recorded at one-second intervals both as cathode-ray-tube photographs and as digital characters on magnetic tape. It is the purpose of this preliminary account to summarize these observations and bring attention to a new phenomenon observed before the start of the flare.
Preliminary Observations of the Effects of a Corotating Stream on Interplanetary Scintillation
Authors: Dennison P. A. , Wiseman M.
Published: July 2016

Since its discovery in 1964, interplanetary scintillation has become recognized as a valuable method for investigating the solar wind and the small-scale structure of the interplanetary medium. A particular advantage of the method lies in the ability to study those regions of the medium outside the plane of the ecliptic. To date little has been written about the relation between interplanetary scintillation and solar activity, although regular observations of the source 3C48 during 1965-6 have indicated that a small correlation may exist between the scintillation index and sunspot number. It also appears that anomalous increases in the scintillation index are, on occasion, related to strong flare activity on the Sun.
A Jupiter Model of Pulsars
Authors: Dowden R. L.
Published: July 2016

A precedent to the recently-discovered pulsed radio sources or ‘pulsars’ exists in our own solar system. Jupiter could be thought of as a very slow ‘pulsar’ having a period of about 10 h or 35 000 s. Like pulsars, this emission period is known to a high order of accuracy (about 1 in 106). One difference is that Jupiter emission is received over an appreciable part of this period (1/4 to 1/2 or more) compared with about 1/30 of a typical pulsar period (about 40 ms in 1.3 s). Both pulsar and Jupiter bursts have a microstructure of the order of milliseconds, suggesting similar sizes of instantaneous emission regions. In both, the intensity observed varies from period to period. Emissions from both have relatively strong circular-polarization components at times.
The Observation of X-Rays from the Galactic Centre and Centaurus Regions
Authors: Buselli G.
Published: July 2016

This paper reports results from a graded shield X-ray telescope experiment flown from Mildura, Australia on 29 February 1968. The experimental equipment also included the actively collimated telescope previously described. Certain preliminary results from this flight have been described elsewhere.
Subluminous Stars
Authors: Eggen O. J.
Published: July 2016

The term white dwarf was originally introduced, some 50 years ago, to describe intrinsically faint A-type stars. Spectroscopic studies and theoretical considerations confirm the suggestion that these are degenerate objects. Photographic colorimetry of faint proper motion stars can readily distinguish the blue objects and in this way several hundred white dwarf candidates have been discovered, mainly by Luyten. Accurate photometry of about 1000 of these stars has led to accurate estimates for the space density of 1.5 = 10−3 pc−3. However, subluminous late-type stars are more difficult to detect among the multitude of main sequence stars and some additional criteria are needed.
Homologous Bursts of Spectral Type II
Authors: Stewart R. T. , Hardwick B.
Published: July 2016

In 1961 Fokker and Roosen suggested that the concept of homology as applied to solar optical flares by Ellison, McKenna and Reid could be extended to flare-associated radio events as well, since successive flares within the same centre of activity sometimes produce radio bursts which look remarkably similar on single-frequency records. Teresa Fortini reported very similar ionospheric responses due to X-radiation from flares recurring in the same active region. In 1950 Wild noted similarities in the dynamic spectra of type III bursts occurring within periods of minutes.
Movement and Structure in a Complex Solar Outburst at 80 MHz
Authors: Labrum N. R.
Published: July 2016

On 1968 October 30 a large solar flare (importance 3B to 4B) began at approximately 23h42m U.T. We present here a preliminary account of the associated radio emission.
Stellar: Some Observations of Double Stars with the Narrabri Stellar Interferometer
Authors: Herbison-Evans D. , Cramer N.
Published: July 2016

The Narrabri Stellar Interferometer has been used to observe the binary stars α Virginis (April 1966) and γ2 Velorum (January 1968).
Proper Motions in the Field of the Open Cluster NGC 6475 (M 7)
Authors: Constantine Susan M. , Harris B. J. , Nikoloff I.
Published: July 2016

The naked-eye cluster, Messier 7, is situated in the constellation of Scorpius, south of the great Sagittarius star clouds, and close to the galactic centre.
A Wideband OH Emission Source
Authors: Manchester R. N. , Goss W. M. , Robinson B. J.
Published: July 2016

Observations of galactic HII regions in the longitude range 280° to 300° have recently been made at the OH-line frequencies 1612.231, 1665.402 and 1667.358 MHz using the Parkes radio telescope. Strong emission was observed at 1612 and 1665 MHz from a source near the regions of Hα emission RCW 48 and RCW 49 (Rodgers, Campbell and Whiteoak).
The Spin Temperature of the Interstellar Neutral Hydrogen
Authors: Radhakrishnan V. , Murray J. D.
Published: July 2016

The lack of any direct measurements on the spin temperature of the neutral hydrogen in the Galaxy has led to considerable controversy in the past. Estimates of the temperature have depended strongly on whether they are based on emission or absorption studies. The widely accepted value of 125°K based on emission studies dates back to Schmidt. He adopted this figure on the premise that the maximum observed brightness temperatures in the galactic plane were in directions of high optical depth. The brightness temperature was then equated with the spin temperature on the assumption that the temperature did not fluctuate very much in a large region around the Sun.
Pulsar Observations at Molonglo
Authors: Vaughan A. E. , Large M. I.
Published: July 2016

The physical properties and spatial distribution of 12 pulsars discovered with the Molonglo radio telescope have been discussed by Mills. Several more pulsars have been detected and details will be published when the measurements are complete. Parameters of a recently discovered pulsar, MP 0628, are given in Table I. All the Molonglo pulsars have been found by visual examination of chart records. The use of pulse lengthening circuits to improve the visibility of pulsars on slow charts, and the continuation of the observations over several hundred hours with the greatest available sensitivity have been factors contributing significantly to the success of the Molonglo pulsar search.
Flux Density Measurements of Radio Sources at 408 MHz
Authors: Wyllie D. V.
Published: July 2016

The flux densities of 220 radio sources have been accurately measured at 408 MHz in order to provide a useful set of calibration sources accessible to southern radio astronomers. The flux densities are based on a scale defined by absolute measurements. This scale appears to be 10% higher than the commonly accepted CKL scale and about 8% higher than the scale defined by Kellermann when averaged over common sources.
Streaming of Solar Cosmic Rays
Authors: McCracken K. G. , Palmer I. D.
Published: July 2016

A comprehensive study of the anisotropy (i.e. streaming) of solar cosmic rays at energies ~10 MeV revealed two distinct types (McCracken). The first occurs during onset phase of the event, is large (> 20%), and is really the flow of cosmic rays along lines of force driven by a density gradient. The second describes the decay of the event, is small (10%), and indicates a flow radially away from the Sun.
A New Radio-Wave Technique in X-Ray Astronomy
Authors: Edwards P. J.
Published: July 2016

It is evident that the limited duration of a single rocket or balloon flight is a severe handicap to the study of variable X-ray sources like Cen XR-2, the early history of which can only be conjectured from the few available rocket observations. The whole question of the variability of X-ray sources remains in doubt because of the difficulty of relating infrequent high-altitude flux measurements of short duration made with a variety of instruments. There are obvious advantages in a method of monitoring celestial X-ray fluxes from the ground for prolonged periods of time. Such a method has recently been found and, although presently restricted to strong sources like Sco XR-1 and Cen XR-2, is capable of considerable refinement.