bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Critical Role of Redox Homeostasis in Shikonin-Induced HL-60 Cell Differentiation via Unique Modulation of the Nrf2/ARE Pathway
Authors: Zhang Bo , Chen Na , Chen Hongmei , Wang Zhenhua , Zheng Qiusheng
Published: October 2012

Among various cancer cell lines, the leukemia cell line HL-60 was most sensitive to Shikonin, with evidence showing both the prooxidative activities and proapoptotic effects of micromolar concentrations of Shikonin. However, the mechanism involved in the cytotoxicity of Shikonin in the submicromolar range has not been fully characterized. Using biochemical and free radical biological experimentsin vitro, we identified the prodifferentiated profiles of Shikonin and evaluated the redox homeostasis during HL-60 differentiation. The data showed a strong dose-response relationship between Shikonin exposure and the characteristics of HL-60 differentiation in terms of morphology changes, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reductive activity, and the expression level of surface antigens CD11b/CD14. During drug exposure, intercellular redox homeostasis changes towards oxidation are necessary to support Shikonin-induced differentiation, which was proven by additional enzymatic and non-enzymatic redox modulators. A statistically significant and dose-dependent increase (P<0.05) was recorded with regard to the unique expression levels of the Nrf2/ARE downstream target genes in HL-60 cells undergoing late differentiation, which were restored with further antioxidants employed with the Shikonin treatment. Our research demonstrated that Shikonin is a differentiation-inducing agent, and its mechanisms involve the Nrf2/ARE pathway to modulate the intercellular redox homeostasis, thus facilitating differentiation.
Human Sperm Interaction withStaphylococcus aureus: A Molecular Approach
Authors: Gupta Sonia , Prabha Vijay
Published: October 2012

Sperm immobilization factor (SIF) causing 100% immobilization of spermatozoa isolated fromStaphylococcus aureuswhen characterized using LC-MS (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) showed that this 20 kDa protein had peptide sequence similarity with hsp-70 protein. It was found to completely (100%) inhibit Mg++ATPase activity of spermatozoa at concentration of 100 μg mL−1. Sperm samples treated with SIF also showed reduction in calcium ionophore-induced acrosome reaction as compared to control samples (treated with calcium ionophore alone). Binding studies of FITC labelled SIF with spermatozoa using fluorescent microscopy showed binding of SIF to the surface of spermatozoa indicating the presence of SIF binding receptor. The receptor was extracted by 3M NaCl and purified by gel permeation chromatography. Characterization of the receptor by MALDI-TOF (Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight) indicated that the receptor shared sequence similarity with MHC class II antigen. A calorimetric study showed that the receptor moiety on spermatozoa was specific for the purified ligand as binding of the receptor to ligand was enthalpically (−11.9 kJ mole−1) as well as entropically (21.53 J mole−1 K−1) favored resulting in the Gibb's free energy of −18.57 kJ mole−1.
Epidemiologic Features of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Reproductive-Age Women in India
Authors: Rathod Sujit D. , Klausner Jeffrey D. , Krupp Karl , Reingold Arthur L. , Madhivanan Purnima
Published: October 2012

Background. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is characterized by curd-like vaginal discharge and itching, and is associated with considerable health and economic costs.Materials and Methods. We examined the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis among a cohort of 898 women in south India. Participants completed three study visits over six months, comprised of a structured interview and a pelvic examination.Results. The positive predictive values for diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis using individual signs or symptoms were low (<19%). We did not find strong evidence for associations between sociodemographic characteristics and the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Women clinically diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis had a higher prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (Prevalence 12%, 95% CI 8.2, 15.8) compared to women assessed to be negative for bacterial vaginosis (Prevalence 6.5%, 95% 5.3, 7.6); however, differences in the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis were not observed by the presence or absence of laboratory-confirmed bacterial vaginosis.Conclusions. For correct diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis, laboratory confirmation of infection withCandidais necessary as well as assessment of whether the discharge has been caused by bacterial vaginosis. Studies are needed of women infected withCandidayeast species to determine the risk factors for yeast’s overgrowth.
Risk Factors for Dysmotility, Acid Reflux Symptoms, and Overlap Using FSSG in Japan
Authors: Shiota Seiji , Murakami Kazunari , Inoue Kunimitsu , Yamamoto Kyoko , Kuroda Akiko , Mizukami Kazuhiro , Okimoto Tadayoshi , Yoshiiwa Aoi , Kodama Masaaki , Abe Koh , Yamaoka Yoshio , Fujioka Toshio
Published: October 2012

Aims. FSSG {frequency scale for the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)} was developed as a diagnostic tool for dysmotility and acid reflux symptoms. We first used FSSG to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for dysmotility and acid reflux symptoms and overlap of the two symptoms in a Japanese population. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was performed in Japanese underwent the routine medical examination. Dysmotility and acid reflux symptom were diagnosed by using FSSG. Subjects met both criteria were considered as overlap group. Results. Among 778 subjects, 395 persons were included in the final analyses. Dysmotility symptoms were found in 32.6% and acid reflux symptoms in 20.5%. Their overlap was found in 13.9% of all 395 subjects, which in 42.6% of dysmotility symptoms and 67.9% of acid reflux symptoms. Multiple logistic analysis showed that female gender was significantly associated with dysmotility symptoms compared with controls. Female gender, smoking, and hiatus hernia were significantly associated with overlap. Smoking was significantly associated with overlap compared with dysmotility symptoms alone and acid reflux symptoms alone. Conclusions. Overlap between dysmotility and acid reflux symptoms was common in Japan. Smoking was an independent risk factor for overlap among two symptoms.
Indications of Optical Coherence Tomography in Keratoplasties: Literature Review
Authors: Nesi Thiago Trindade , Leite Daniel Amorim , Rocha Fábio Medina , Tanure Marco Antônio , Reis Pedro Paulo , Rodrigues Eduardo Büchele , Campos Mauro Silveira de Queiroz
Published: October 2012

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the anterior segment, in particular corneal OCT, has become a reliable tool for the cornea specialist, as it provides the acquisition of digital images at high resolution with a noncontact technology. In penetrating or lamellar keratoplasties, OCT can be used to assess central corneal thickness and pachymetry maps, as well as precise measurements of deep stromal opacities, thereby guiding the surgeon to choose the best treatment option. OCT has also been used to evaluate the keratoplasty postoperative period, for early identification of possible complications, such as secondary glaucoma or donor disc detachments in endothelial keratoplasties. Intraoperatively, OCT can be used to assess stromal bed regularity and transparency in anterior lamellar surgeries, especially for those techniques in which a bare Descemet’s membrane is the goal. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the role of OCT as a diagnostic tool in various types of keratoplasties.
Effects of Core and/or Peripheral Protonation ofmeso-Tetra(2-, 3-, and 4-pyridyl)Porphyrin andmeso-Tetra(3-methylpyridyl)Porphyrin on Their UV-vis Spectra
Authors: Zakavi Saeed , Rahiminezhad Hajar , Ghanbelanie Mojarrad Aida , Mokary Yazdeli Tahereh , Alizadeh Robabeh
Published: October 2012

Core and/or peripheral protonation ofmeso-tetra(pyridyl)porphyrins, H2(py)P, with weak and strong acids have been studied by UV-vis spectroscopy. The results support the proposal that the position of the Soret as well as the Q(0,0) bands of the dications is influenced byπdonation from themesosubstituents to the porphyrin core. The red shift of the Q(0,0) band of H2t(py)P dications with 2-, 3-, and 4-pyridyl substituents does not correlate with the order ofπelectron donor ability of themesogroups. The decreased electron donation from the central nitrogen atoms to the acids on going from 3-pyridyl group to 4- and 2-pyridyl ones has been used to explain this observation. In spite of the negative effect of N-methylation of pyridyl substituents on the basicity of the central nitrogen atoms ofmeso-tetra(3-methylpyridyl)porphyrin, H2t(3-Mepy)P, protonation of H2t(3-Mepy)P occurs with weak and strong acids. The blue shift of the Q(0,0) bands upon protonation of H2t(3-Mepy)P with weak and strong acids clearly shows the importance of resonance interactions between theπ-systems of porphyrin and the aryl substituents on the position of the band.
Electrochemical Reduction of Oxygen on Anthraquinone/Carbon Nanotubes Nanohybrid Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode in Neutral Medium
Authors: Gong Zheng , Zhang Guoquan , Wang Song
Published: October 2012

The electrochemical behaviors of monohydroxy‐anthraquinone/multiwall carbon nanotubes (MHAQ/MWCNTs) nanohybrid modified glassy carbon (MHAQ/MWCNTs/GC) electrodes in neutral medium were investigated; also reported was their application in the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The resulting MHAQ/MWCNTs nanohybrid was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). It was found that the ORR at the MHAQ/MWCNTs/GC electrode occurs irreversibly at a potential about 214 mV less negative than at a bare GC electrode in pH 7.0 buffer solution. Cyclic voltammetric and rotating disk electrode (RDE) techniques indicated that the MHAQ/MWCNTs nanohybrid has high electrocatalytic activity for the two‐electron reduction of oxygen in the studied potential range. The kinetic parameters of ORR at the MHAQ/MWCNTs nanohybrid modified GC electrode were also determined by RDE and EIS techniques.
Distinctive Features of the Differentiated Phenotype and Infiltration of Tumor-Reactive Lymphocytes in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wang Qiong J. , Hanada Ken-ichi , Robbins Paul F. , Li Yong F. , Yang James C.
Published: October 2012

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is considered an immunogenic tumor, but it has been difficult to identify tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) that show in vitro tumor recognition. We compared the characteristics of fresh RCC TIL to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) or melanoma TIL. Our results showed that RCC TIL contained fewer CD27+ T cells, and fewer naïve and central memory (CM) T cells, but more effector memory (EM) T cells than melanoma TIL or renal PBL. We hypothesized that factors in the RCC microenvironment were skewing TIL phenotype toward EM. One possibility was the expression of CD70 on nearly all human RCCs, but not melanomas. Differentiation of naïve T cells to EM cells only occurred from CD70 costimulation in concert with T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation (signal one), suggesting that EM TIL responding to CD70 would be enriched for T cells reactive with local antigens, including those associated with RCC. Clonotypic analysis of TCRs in fresh RCCs showed that EM T cells were more clonally expanded than CM or naïve T cells, and the clonal expansion occurred at the tumor site as oligoclonal TCRs were distinct from PBL TCRs from the same patient. In addition, we found that 2 TCRs from the highly represented EM TIL clones, when reexpressed in fresh PBL, recognized an MHC-class II or MHC-class I–restricted antigens shared by multiple RCC lines. Our results suggest that RCC-reactive TIL do exist in situ, but may be difficult to recover and study because of proliferative exhaustion, driven by tumor-expressed CD70. Cancer Res; 72(23); 6119–29. ©2012 AACR.
Expression of Wnt3 Activates Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway and Promotes EMT-like Phenotype in Trastuzumab-Resistant HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Wu Yanyuan , Ginther Charles , Kim Juri , Mosher Nicole , Chung Seyung , Slamon Dennis , Vadgama Jaydutt V.
Published: October 2012

To understand the mechanisms leading to trastuzumab resistance in HER2-overexpressing breast tumors, we created trastuzumab-insensitive cell lines (SKBR3/100-8 and BT474/100-2). The cell lines maintain HER2 receptor overexpression and show increase in EGF receptor (EGFR). Upon trastuzumab treatment, SKBR3/100-8 and BT474/100-2 cell lines displayed increased growth rate and invasiveness. The trastuzumab resistance in SKBR3/100-8 and BT474/100-2 was accompanied with activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Further investigation found that Wnt3 overexpression played a key role toward the development of trastuzumab resistance. The expression of Wnt3 in trastuzumab-resistant cells increased nuclear expression of β-catenin and transactivated expression of EGFR. The increased Wnt3 in the trastuzumab-resistant cells also promoted a partial EMT-like transition (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition); increased N-cadherin, Twist, Slug; and decreased E-cadherin. Knockdown of Wnt3 by siRNA restored cytoplasmic expression of β-catenin and decreased EGFR expression in trastuzumab-resistant cells. Furthermore, the EMT markers were decreased, E-cadherin was increased, and the cell invasiveness was inhibited in response to the Wnt3 downregulation. Conversely, SKBR3 cells which had been stably transfected with full-length Wnt3 exhibited EMT-like transition. The Wnt3 transfectants, SKBR3/Wnt3-7 and SKBR3/Wnt3-9, showed a significant decrease in E-cadherin and increase in N-cadherin, Twist, and Slug. The cells were less sensitive to trastuzumab than parental SKBR3 and vector-transfected cells. In summary, our data suggest that Wnt3 overexpression activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that leads to transactivation of EGFR and promotes EMT-like transition. This could be an important mechanism leading to trastuzumab resistance in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res; 10(12); 1597–606. ©2012 AACR.
Viewpoint: Reversible nature of platelet binding causing transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) syndrome may explain dyspnea after ticagrelor and elinogrel
Authors: Serebruany Victor
Published: October 2012

There may be a universal mechanism explaining dyspnea after ticagrelor and elinogrel, namely, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Indeed, recent clinical trials with ticagrelor (DISPERSE, DISPERSE-II, and PLATO), and elinogrel (INNOVATE PCI) revealed double-digit rates of dyspnea after novel reversible antiplatelet agents. In contrast, dyspnea is not associated with conventional non-reversible agents such as aspirin, or thienopyridines (ticlopidine, clopidogrel, or prasugrel) suggesting distinct mechanism of shortness of breath after ticagrelor and elinogrel. The adenosine hypothesis has been offered to explain such adverse association. However, despite obvious similarity between ticagrelor and adenosine molecules, the chemical structure of elinogrel is entirely different. In fact, ticagrelor is a cyclopentyl-triazolo-pyrimidine, while elinogrel is a quinazolinedione. Since both agents cause dyspnea, the adenosine hypothesis is no longer valid. In contrast, the reversible nature of platelet inhibition attributable to both ticagrelor and elinogrel causing premature cell ageing, apoptosis, impaired turnover due to sequestration of overloaded, exhausted platelets in the pulmonary circulation are among potential autoimmune mechanism(s) resulting in the development of a TRALI-like reaction, and frequent dyspnea. Despite expected benefit for better bleeding control, further development of reversible antithrombins is severely limited due to the existence of a potentially universal serious adverse event, such as TRALI-syndrome with dyspnea as a predominant clinical manifestation. Since TRALI is an established number one contributor to mortality after blood transfusions, ticagrelor death “benefit”in PLATO is challenged further.
Why does ticagrelor induce dyspnea?
Authors: Faioni Elena , Cattaneo Marco
Published: October 2012

In studies that compared the reversible P2Y12 inhibitor ticagrelor with the irreversible inhibitor clopidogrel, dyspnea was observed more frequently among ticagrelor-treated patients than among clopidogreltreated patients. Because dyspnea was not associated with acidosis, pulmonary or cardiac dysfunction, alterations in the mechanisms and pathways of the sensation of dyspnea may be involved in its pathogenesis. It has been hypothesised that the sensation of dyspnea in ticagrelor-treated patients is triggered by adenosine, because ticagrelor inhibits its clearance, thereby increasing its concentration in the circulation. However, dipyridamole, a much stronger inhibitor of adenosine clearance than ticagrelor, usually does not cause dyspnea. We hypothesise that inhibition of P2Y12 on sensory neurons increases the sensation of dyspnea, particularly when reversible inhibitors are used. We base our hypothesis on the following considerations: 1) cangrelor and elinogrel, which, like ticagrelor, are reversible P2Y12 inhibitors, also increase the incidence of dyspnea;2) it is biologically plausible that inhibition of P2Y12 on sensory neurons increases the sensation of dyspnea;3) inhibition of P2Y12 on platelets (which do not have a nucleus) by clopidogrel is permanent, despite the once daily administration and the short plasma half-life of the inhibitor;4) in contrast, inhibition of P2Y12 on neurons by clopidogrel may be temporary and transient, because neurons have a nucleus and can therefore rapidly replace the inhibited receptors with newly synthetised ones;5) inhibition of P2Y12 on neurons by reversible inhibitors is permanent, because the plasma drug concentration is maintained high by repeated dosing, in order to ensure permanent inhibition of platelet P2Y12.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors:   The Editors
Published: October 2012

The following articles are being highlighted as part of
Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics
’ Topic Review series. This series will summarize the most important manuscripts, as selected by the editors, published in the

Circulation

portfolio and

Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics

, in particular. The studies included in this article represent the most read manuscripts published on the topic of cardiovascular risk factors in 2010 and 2011.
Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions
Editors’ Picks
Authors:   The Editors
Published: October 2012

The following are highlights from the series,
Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions
Topic Review. This series summarizes the most important articles, as selected by the editors, which have been published in the
Circulation portfolio
. The studies included in this article represent the most noteworthy research in the area of bifurcation disease.
Health-Related Quality of Life After Renal Denervation in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Lambert Gavin W. , Hering Dagmara , Esler Murray D. , Marusic Petra , Lambert Elisabeth A. , Tanamas Stephanie K. , Shaw Jonathan , Krum Henry , Dixon John B. , Barton David A. , Schlaich Markus P.
Published: October 2012

Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation of the renal sympathetic nerves in reducing blood pressure (BP) in patients with resistant hypertension. The effect of renal denervation on health-related quality of life (QoL) has not been evaluated. Using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey and Beck Depression Inventory-II, we examined QoL before and 3 months after renal denervation in patients with uncontrolled BP. For baseline comparisons, matched data were extracted from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle database. Before renal denervation, patients with resistant hypertension (n=62) scored significantly worse in 5 of the eight 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey domains and the Mental Component Summary score. Three months after denervation (n=40), clinic BP was reduced (change in systolic and diastolic BP, −16±4 and −6±2 mm Hg, respectively;
P
<0.01). The Mental Component Summary score improved (47.6±1.1 versus 52±1;
P
=0.001) as a result of increases in the vitality, social function, role emotion, and mental health domains. Beck Depression Inventory scores were also improved, particularly with regard to symptoms of sadness (
P
=0.01), tiredness (
P
<0.001), and libido (
P
<0.01). The magnitude of BP reduction or BP level achieved at 3 months bore no association to the change in QoL. Renal denervation was without a detrimental effect on any elements of the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. These results indicate that patients with severe hypertension resistant to therapy present with a marked reduction in subjective QoL. In this pre- and post-hypothesis generating study, several aspects of QoL were improved after renal denervation; however, this was not directly associated with the magnitude of BP reduction.
Within-Subject Blood Pressure Level—Not Variability—Predicts Fatal and Nonfatal Outcomes in a General Population
Authors: Schutte Rudolph , Thijs Lutgarde , Liu Yan-Ping , Asayama Kei , Jin Yu , Odili Augustine , Gu Yu-Mei , Kuznetsova Tatiana , Jacobs Lotte , Staessen Jan A.
Published: October 2012

To assess the prognostic significance of blood pressure (BP) variability, we followed health outcomes in a family-based random population sample representative of the general population (n=2944; mean age: 44.9 years; 50.7% women). At baseline, BP was measured 5 times consecutively at each of 2 home visits 2 to 4 weeks apart. We assessed within-subject overall (10 readings), within- and between-visit systolic BP variability from variability independent of the mean, the difference between maximum and minimum BP, and average real variability. Over a median follow-up of 12 years, 401 deaths occurred and 311 participants experienced a fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular event. Overall systolic BP variability averaged (SD) 5.45 (2.82) units, 15.87 (8.36) mmHg, and 4.08 (2.05) mmHg for variability independent of the mean, difference between maximum and minimum BP, and average real variability, respectively. Female sex, older age, higher-mean systolic BP, lower body mass index, a history of peripheral arterial disease, and use of β-blockers were the main correlates of systolic BP variability. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, overall and within- and between-visit BP variability did not predict total or cardiovascular mortality or the composite of any fatal plus nonfatal cardiovascular end point. For instance, the hazard ratios for all cardiovascular events combined in relation to overall variability independent of the mean, difference between maximum and minimum BP, and average real variability were 1.05 (0.96–1.15), 1.06 (0.96–1.16), and 1.08 (0.98–1.19), respectively. By contrast, mean systolic BP was a significant predictor of all end points under study, independent of BP variability. In conclusion, in an unbiased population sample, BP variability did not contribute to risk stratification over and beyond mean systolic BP.
Are All Presidents Created Equal? Presidential Powers and the Shadow of Presidential Elections
Authors: Hicken Allen , Stoll Heather
Published: October 2012

Presidential elections with few candidates held in temporal proximity to legislative elections are believed to promote the nationalization and consolidation of the legislative party system. However, contrary to the existing literature, the authors argue here that the shadow presidential elections cast over legislative elections is contingent on the relative powers of the president vis-à-vis the legislature. Specifically, the authors find that proximate presidential elections with few presidential candidates promote the nationalization and consolidation of the legislative party system only when the president is neither very weak nor very powerful. They also find that proximate presidential elections with many presidential candidates promote the denationalization and fragmentation of the legislative party system only when the president is at least reasonably powerful.
Introduction
Authors: Varghese Femina P. , Cummings Devon L.
Published: October 2012

The criminal justice population has experienced exponential growth in recent decades. Yet, counseling and vocational psychology has not kept pace in addressing the vocational needs of this population. A recent literature search in counseling and vocational journals found that in the last quarter century, only 14 articles have been published that focus on this topic. Among these, even fewer are focused on developing effective vocational interventions for this population. The articles in this major contribution endeavor to begin filling this gap by (a) demonstrating the need and applicability for applying counseling and vocational psychology in developing vocational interventions for the criminal justice population, (b) providing an example and initial empirical findings of a vocational intervention used with this population, and (c) informing readers of best practices in interdisciplinary research for theoretical integration to work with this population.
OPTIONS for Preparing Inmates for Community Reentry
Authors: Fitzgerald Erica L. , Chronister Krista M. , Forrest Linda , Brown Lindsey
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this study was to adapt and experimentally test the effectiveness of a research-based, employment-focused group counseling intervention (OPTIONS). OPTIONS was designed to increase male inmates’ exploration and identification of employment interests and options, identification and development of employment-search skills, and knowledge of vocational options, goal planning, and identification and use of contextual supports. A randomized block design and measurements at pretest, posttest, and 1-month follow-up were used to examine the effects of OPTIONS. Participants included 77 ( n = 38 treatment, n = 39 control) adult male inmates. Results indicated that OPTIONS participants had higher career search self-efficacy, problem solving, and hopefulness scores at posttest and follow-up than did treatment-as-usual control group participants.
Mental illness recognition and beliefs about adequate treatment of a patient with schizophrenia: Association with gender and perception of aggressiveness-dangerousness in a community sample of Mexico City
Authors: Robles-García Rebeca , Fresán Ana , Berlanga Carlos , Martínez Nicolás
Published: October 2012

Backgound:

In developing countries, little is known about public recognition and beliefs about treatment of severe mental disorders, both emergent key elements in reducing stigma and the gap of treatment of such patients. It has been proposed that they may be related to gender and perception of patient’s aggressiveness and/or dangerousness.

Aims:

To assess mental illness recognition and beliefs about treatment of schizophrenia, and to determine their relationship with perception of patient’s aggressiveness/dangerousness and gender of the perceiver in a community sample of Mexico City.

Methods:

A convenience sample of 1038 subjects responded to a questionnaire that assesses all variables after reading a vignette of a patient with paranoid schizophrenia.

Results:

Women were 1.88 times more likely to recognize the presence of mental illness and considered psychiatric interventions as the most adequate treatment of symptoms. In contrast, non-psychiatric interventions were more often considered by men (64.7%). Responders who recognize mental illness were more likely to perceive the patient as dangerous, which was related to the suggestion of more restrictive interventions.

Conclusions:

It is necessary to direct special efforts to increase mental health literacy among men. The general public needs objective information about aggression and dangerousness in anti-stigma campaigns among developing countries similar to Mexico.
Risk of new psychiatric episodes in the year following divorce in midlife: Cause or selection? A nationwide register-based study of 703,960 individuals
Authors: Björkenstam Emma , Hallqvist Johan , Dalman Christina , Ljung Rickard
Published: October 2012

Aims:

To examine if divorce is associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorder.

Methods:

A register-based cohort study of all married or divorced individuals aged 45–54 in Sweden in 2006. After exclusion of 129,669 individuals with a history of psychiatric care in 1987–2005, we followed 703,960 persons for psychiatric disorder during 2007, measured as psychiatric inpatient care, outpatient care and use of psychotropic medication. Marital trajectories were taken into consideration. Data were analysed using Poisson regression.

Results:

Divorced women and men had a higher risk for psychiatric inpatient care compared to married (ORwomen = 3.2, 95%CI = 1.6–6.3, ORmen = 3.3, 95%CI = 2.0–5.4). The longer the marriage, the lower the risk for psychiatric disorders. Lower educational level increased the risk for psychiatric inpatient care.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, our study supports both the selection hypothesis, linking healthy individuals to long and stable marriages, and the social causation hypothesis, linking the stress of recent divorce to increased psychiatric disorder for both women and men.
Knowledge and attitudes towards mental illness among college students: Insights into the wider English-speaking Caribbean population
Authors: Youssef Farid F , Bachew Raecho , Bodie Dalecia , Leach Richanna , Morris Kevin , Sherma Glenderia
Published: October 2012

Background:

Mental illness is a significant contributor to global disease burden and this is expected to increase over the coming decades. Traditionally mental illness has not been well understood by the general public, resulting in poor attitudes towards persons with mental illness and stigmatization. Such conditions are common in the Caribbean where less than 5% of the health budget is allocated to mental illness.

Aims:

To assess knowledge and attitudes towards mental illness among college students within the English-speaking Caribbean.

Methods:

A self-report questionnaire was adapted from previous studies designed to measure knowledge and attitudes of mental illness. Students were sampled from the University of the West Indies campuses in Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago.

Results:

Responses were collected from 673 persons with a response rate of 84%. While participants were agreed that particular diseases were mental illnesses, overall knowledge scores were low. Knowledge was higher among those persons who knew someone with a mental illness. Attitude scores were suggestive of stigmatization, with drug abuse and schizophrenia seen in a particularly poor light.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that widespread educational campaigns need to be implemented across the region, designed to both increase knowledge about mental illness and reduce discrimination towards persons suffering with mental illness.
Social work education and the Bologna Process
Authors: Marcuello-Servós Chaime
Published: October 2012

The aim of this article is to analyse and describe social work education and its professional context in Spain. Specifically, it analyses new degree implementation as a consequence of the Bologna Process over the last 10 years. It posits some ideas about the social sciences beyond the dominant paradigms with the aim of overcoming corporatism. It concludes that social sciences could be used as a toolkit where several instruments and techniques may be useful in tackling social problems in a transdisciplinary way and in systems thinking. What one is able to solve and learn in the present is more interesting than remaining in the past and asking about one’s background.
The relationship between attachment and career maturity: The mediating role of self-efficacy
Authors: Lee Soon-A , Lee Hae-Suk , Song Haeng-Sook , Kim Soon-Gyu
Published: October 2012

This article proposes to examine the relationship between parents, friends and teacher attachment and career maturity for adolescents and to review the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between attachments and career maturity. The summary of the results is as follows. First, parent and friend attachments, self-efficacy and career maturity showed linear development over four years, but teacher attachment showed non-linear development. Second, the effect of parent attachment, teacher attachment and friend attachment on career maturity can clearly be seen through the mediation effect of self-efficacy rather than through any direct influence.
Divergent Incentives for Dictators
Authors: Conrad Courtenay R.
Published: October 2012

Although they are arguably the worst violators of human rights, dictators sometimes commit to international human rights treaties like the United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT) to appease their domestic opposition. Importantly, however, executives facing effective judiciaries must anticipate ex post costs that can arise when international treaties are likely to be enforced domestically. This suggests that one domestic institution—a political opposition party—may provide a dictator with incentives to commit to international human rights treaties and violate human rights, while another—an effective domestic judiciary—may constrain the dictator’s ability to violate human rights and incentivize him to avoid international commitment. How do dictators make choices about commitment to human rights law and respect for human rights when they face conflicting domestic incentives? Furthermore, how do these divergent incentives affect compliance when dictators do commit to international treaties? In this article, I argue that the domestic incentives dictators face to support the CAT and engage in torture are moderated in countries with effective domestic judiciaries.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Pretend Play in U.S. and Italian Children
Authors: Chessa Daphne , Lis Adriana , Riso Daniela Di , Delvecchio Elisa , Mazzeschi Claudia , Russ Sandra W. , Dillon Jessica
Published: October 2012

Pretend play reflects cognitive, representational, and affective expression abilities in children. Cross-cultural studies stress the importance of culture-specific practices involved in shaping the context for play. Differences in the cultural environment and the parental care-giving system could influence children’s pretend play activities. There is a need for cross-cultural comparisons of play that use the same standardized measure of play. The current study was a cross-cultural comparison of two samples of American and Italian children 6 to 8 years old. All children were administered the Affect in Play Scale. As hypothesized, Italian children had significantly more types of affect expression in play than children in the United States, showing a medium effect size. Children in the United States had more imagination in their play, although with a small effect size. Implications of these findings are discussed.
When Ethnic Identities Vary
Authors: Zhang Rui , Noels Kimberly A.
Published: October 2012

The current research investigated situational variations in ethnic identity and the relations between identity variations and psychological well-being. In a sample of first- ( n = 47) and second-generation ( n = 82) immigrants to Canada who completed a questionnaire survey, it was found that Canadian and heritage identity variation showed the hypothesized situational and generational differences. Furthermore, heritage affect and heritage ties buttressed the second-generation group from experiencing negative well-being as a result of differences in heritage identity across private and public domains (i.e., cross-situation variation). Finally, the relations between situated Canadian or heritage identity (i.e., within-situation variation) and well-being in both generations depended on the felt authenticity associated with the given identity. In general, our results showed positive effects of feeling true to a counternormative (vs. normative) identity on well-being. These patterns were interpreted in terms of the normative implications of the situated identity choices. Overall, the results underscore the importance of examining when and how identity variation is psychologically adaptive or maladaptive in multicultural contexts.
Where Should We Expect Social Change in Non-Ideal Theory?
Authors: Hendrix Burke A.
Published: October 2012

This essay considers the relationship between ideal theory and non-ideal theory. It begins with Rawls’s conception of ideal theory and A. John Simmons’s articulation of non-ideal theory. Both defend the priority of ideal theory over non-ideal theory. The essay then considers three different conceptions of the social barriers standing in the way of an ideal society, taken broadly from Mill, Marx, and Foucault. Each conception of power suggests a divergent strategy for pursuing non-ideal theory. The Foucauldian conception also suggests reasons to mistrust our own political and moral judgments. The essay advocates a more limited view of the relationship between ideal and non-ideal theory than is commonly described, in which ideal theory retains its logical priority but not its temporal priority. In other words, the essay argues that we will fare best when we focus first on reducing specific injustices while setting aside further speculation about the character of an ideal society.
Development and Validation of the Prolonged Activation and Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale
Authors: Utsey Shawn O. , Belvet Benita , Hubbard Rebecca R. , Fischer Nicole L. , Opare-Henaku Annabella , Gladney Leslie L.
Published: October 2012

This article describes two separate studies that were conducted to develop and validate a measure of the prolonged stress activation and anticipatory race-related stress response in African American adults (Prolonged Activation and Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale [PARS]). In Study 1, an exploratory factor analytic procedure ( N = 292) resulted in a17-item measure with four underlying factors: (a) Perseverative Cognition, (b) Secondary Appraisal, (c) Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale–Psychological, and (d) Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale–Physiological. In Study 2 ( N = 227), a confirmatory factor analytic procedure was conducted to evaluate and compare the underlying factor structure for several competing models of the PARS. This procedure supported a four-factor oblique solution as having the best fit to the data. Study 2 also provided evidence for the convergent validity of the PARS in that its factor scores correlated, in the anticipated direction, with scores on measures of related constructs.
Intra‐abdominal Pressure as a Prognostic Factor for Tolerance of Enteral Nutrition in Critical Patients
Authors: Bejarano Natalia , Navarro Salvador , Rebasa Pere , García‐Esquirol Oscar , Hermoso Judit
Published: October 2012

Background: The purpose of this study is to establish a relationship between tolerance of enteral nutrition (EN) and intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) in critical patients, establish an objective measure for monitoring tolerance, and determine a threshold value for IAP. Materials and Methods: Prospective and observational study at the critical care unit. Seventy‐two patients were recruited with an expected stay of more than 72 hours and scheduled to receive EN. We recorded IAP and clinical and laboratory variables to describe predictive ones for tolerance of EN at the start of nutrition. Results: The largest group was polytrauma patients (41.7%). Of the patients, 40.3% had undergone surgery prior to inclusion in the study. Most patients (87.5%) were fed via nasogastric tube. Physiological POSSUM (Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity) on admission was 26.4 ± 7.6, and surgical POSSUM was 22.4 ± 8.0. The mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 13.6 ± 6.0. Mortality was 31.9%. In all, 70.8% tolerated EN. The univariate analysis revealed a statistically significant relation between tolerance of EN and surgical POSSUM, APACHE II, and baseline IAP. The multivariate analysis showed a relationship between APACHE II score, baseline IAP, and the tolerance of EN. So, on the basis of these 2 variables, logistic regression analysis can predict whether a patient will tolerate the diet with an overall precision of 80.3%. Conclusions: In critically ill patients, there is a relation between IAP values and the tolerance of EN. The baseline IAP with the APACHE II score can predict the tolerance of EN.
Structuring the Chinese disjointed literature-based knowledge discovery system: The key technologies to success
Authors: Qian Qing , Hong Na , An Xinying
Published: October 2012

The existing evidence shows that Chinese disjointed literature-based knowledge discovery is largely limited to traditional Chinese medical literature instead of the entire medical literature available in Chinese. Some limitations exist in current research when put it into practice, for many reasons, including the data all coming from a single source. During the process of knowledge discovery, the problem of excessively large intermediate and target concept sets still needs attention. This Chinese medical disjointed literature-based knowledge discovery system was constructed by applying research to the concepts of extraction, pruning and sorting algorithms in an endeavour to solve the existing problems associated with disjointed literature-based knowledge discovery systems. The system was tested and verified in accordance with the classic magnesium–migraine hypothesis of Dr Swanson. Future improvements and development of the system are also proposed.
Examining feedback in interactive video retrieval
Authors: Albertson Dan
Published: October 2012

This paper presents a user-centred video retrieval, or video digital library, study that examines different types of feedback. Separate user interface features, including one that collects and one that presents feedback, shape the evaluation of this study. Research questions were posed to examine both types of feedback and to measure the influence of certain factors on each. The experimental factors examined here, in association with feedback, included user actions, topic characteristics, search duration, levels of user satisfaction and domain familiarity. Laboratory-style search experiments employing 28 users from the field of science education were conducted, which asked the users to attempt six pre-designed search topics. Actions of the users and topic durations were recorded, and users were given a post-search questionnaire about the topics and their experiences and impressions of the experimental system. Results showed that users regularly requested feedback about a clip, beyond a keyframe, while searching, not browsing, and that requests varied significantly across certain topic categories. Findings also indicated that users’ requests for feedback were more general interactions and not associated with a search topic’s representation of the domain. On the other hand, users rarely contributed feedback about the relative importance of visual vs semantic qualities of search results in order to reformulate queries, regardless of any other experimental factor.
Public Pension Funds and Assumed Rates of Return
Authors: Stalebrink Odd J.
Published: October 2012

This research adds to an existing body of research that suggests that the adoption of investment return assumptions associated with public sector defined benefit (DB) pension plans may partly be explained by political opportunism. This research adds to this literature by examining how oversight and monitoring efforts and investment boards’ relative independence from the political process influence adopted investment return assumptions. Based on a multivariate regression analysis of data on 88 state DB pension plans in the United States, the results of this study suggest that adopted investment return assumptions are partly determined by investment boards’ affiliation with the political process. The results also indicate that the adopted assumptions are influenced by asset allocations and the fiscal condition of pension plans. The findings of the study are important in part because they draw attention to possible linkages between the quality of financial information that is reported about the financial condition of public pension funds and their surrounding governance structure. Reliable information about the actual size of unfunded pension liabilities is critical in political environments, where there tend to be a bias toward shifting pension obligations to future constituents.
Co-participation among school children around a computer-based exhibit
Authors: Laursen Ditte
Published: October 2012

This paper investigates the different forms of social interaction that emerge between young science centre visitors (aged 9–14 years) around a specific computer-based exhibit, which, like most computer-based exhibits, prioritizes an individual user. Based on video recordings, the paper shows that these young visitors, unlike adults, engage in various forms of co-participation around the exhibit. The empirical analysis compares different degrees of participation among the participants, ranging from minimal to full participation. The analysis shows that the affordances of a computer-based exhibit do not impose themselves upon visitors’ actions at that exhibit. While the exhibit has a preferred use – a ‘prescribed interaction’, which prioritizes an individual user – the schoolchildren in the study mould what may seem like natural functions of the exhibit.
Making prevention public: The co-production of gender and technology in HIV prevention research
Authors: Montgomery Catherine M.
Published: October 2012

This paper brings together the study of transnational flows in global health and the gendering of technological artefacts. It does so through a case study of vaginal microbicides for HIV prevention, which have commonly been advocated for as a tool for women’s empowerment in parts of the world where HIV is most prevalent, namely sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on fieldwork in the UK and Zambia, I argue that there is nothing inherently gendered about this ‘woman-controlled’ technology. Combining the notions of scripting and ‘making things public’, I demonstrate the political nature of transnational technology design and testing in the field of sexual health. Rather than framing this in terms of ethical debates, as is frequently the case in studies about the ‘global South’, I ground the analysis in the scripting and de-scripting of technologies and users. By focusing on how things are made public in HIV prevention, I draw attention to the normative, transformative and political potentials of new technologies, such as microbicides, and discuss the implications for their therapeutic success.
A Warm Touch in a Cold Cell
Authors: Einat Tomer , Rabinovitz Sharon
Published: October 2012

Conjugal visits are believed to have positive effects during and after confinement. Yet, studies on the dynamics of such visits from women’s point of view and their attitudes toward such visits are sparse. This study sought to identify and analyze female inmates’ attitudes toward conjugal visits, describe the dynamics of conjugal visitations, and examine the meaning of conjugal visitation programs to the participants. The findings of this study reveal that (a) female inmates perceive conjugal visits as a significant and positive program in the prison, (b) these visits ease their pains of imprisonment and help to strengthen their relationships with their partners, and (c) nevertheless, the inmates express some criticism toward the poor condition of the visitation facilities and their unsatisfactory upkeep, claiming that such conditions limit their ability to feel and act freely during the meetings.