bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Reflectivity Calibration for Operational Radars
Authors: Bechini R. , Baldini L. , Cremonini R. , Gorgucci E.
Published: May 2008

The conventional technique for calibrating Zdr using natural scatterers is based on vertical-looking observations. In some operational weather radar, this method is not applicable because of mechanical constraints that prohibit vertical measurement or choices in the scanning strategies. A technique for calibrating Zdr based on properties of rain returns is proposed and analyzed. The technique is based on an examination of properties of differential reflectivity measurements collected at increasing elevations. Differential reflectivity observed in rain decreases with increasing elevation due to the increasing view angle. Using the hypothesis of uniform microphysical profiles below the bright band, deviations of the profile of differential reflectivity with elevation with respect to the theoretical profile can be used to detect and quantify the presence of a bias on differential reflectivity. To apply this concept in the presence of a nonuniform microphysical profile, the contribution of vertical changes in microphysics to Zdr variation in height is also accounted for. An error parameter associated with the estimated Zdr bias can be used as a quality indicator of the bias estimation; it allows definition of a criterion based on a threshold of root-mean-square error that permits acceptance or rejection of a Zdr bias estimation obtained with the proposed method. The technique is demonstrated using data collected by an operational weather radar at Arpa Piemonte (Italy) and evaluated using independent disdrometer measurement. Results show that under certain conditions discussed in the paper, this method can provide Zdr calibration within an accuracy of 0.1 dB.
Big Structures, Social Boundaries, and Identity in Cyprus, 1400-1700
Authors: Demetriou Chares
Published: May 2008

This article examines the transformation of public identity among the Greek-speaking inhabitants of Cyprus during the late medieval period, when the island was ruled first under Western-style feudalism and then under Ottoman feudalism. This change of style of rule contributed to the transformation of the Greek speakers' public identity, from fragmented to collective. The explanation of this transformation in identity is based on an analysis of shifting social boundaries, themselves linked to changing sociopolitical structures. By comparing the Western and Ottoman periods, and by conceptualizing public identity in relation to boundaries, this study puts known accounts of Cypriot history under new light. The result is revealing when considering debates on Greek nationalism in Cyprus. Although many factors contributed to the genesis of that phenomenon of nationalism, the presence of a collective form of identity by the Greek speakers was a prerequisite. This prerequisite was absent during the Latin period.
The Greek—Ottoman Boundary as Institution, Locality, and Process, 1832-1882
Authors: Gavrilis George
Published: May 2008

Borders are often described as lines of conflict between states. The Greek—Ottoman boundary of the 19th century is no exception; history condemned it as a dangerous front of Greek state expansionism at the expense of a declining Ottoman Empire. This article uses Ottoman and Greek archival documents and British consular records to show that the Greek—Ottoman boundary was, in many ways, a well-managed institution. The central states that governed it and the two sides' border guards often cooperated and colluded to provide security and forestall conflict. Although the border eventually collapsed and moved northward at the expense of the Ottomans, this article demonstrates that the early decades of the boundary contain tremendous insight for historians and social scientists interested in contentious politics and institutions.
Remembering and Forgetting a Contentious Past
Authors: Smith Tammy A.
Published: May 2008

By exploring the role of cultural associations, different forms of political participation, and mass media on opposite sides of the old Italo-Yugoslav boundary, this article links opposing interpretations of the past to differences in state institutions and reconfigured social groups. Striking differences in how narrators remember episodes of past violence over time point to contentious processes of state formation after wars and to the impact of institutionalized commemorative practices on individual memory.
Justice and Large Corporations
Authors: Logsdon Jeanne M. , Van Buren Harry J.
Published: May 2008

Shareholder resolutions filed by socially concerned investors are a rich and underused source of data for research in social issues in the business and society field. This article examines how shareholder activists use the resolution process to advocate for issues related to social justice and corporate activities. After briefly reviewing the justice and shareholder activism literatures, the authors report the results of a study of 1,719 shareholder resolutions filed during the 1999—2005 period by members and affiliates of the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, a coalition of approximately 275 religious organizations and other partners that seeks to use their investments to achieve social change. Among the findings is that the majority of justice-related resolutions dealt with employment and economic development issues. The authors conclude with a discussion of implications for corporate managers, shareholder activists, and management researchers.
Ethnic Defection in Civil War
Authors: Kalyvas Stathis N.
Published: May 2008

The study of ethnicity is dominated by constructivist approaches, yet empirical studies of civil war have been oblivious to their insights. In this article, the author examines the relationship between ethnic identity and civil war and points to several empirical instances of fluidity in the behavioral expression of ethnic identities within civil war. The author identifies two processes that are consistent with constructivist theorizing: identity shift and ethnic defection. The author provides several empirical illustrations along with a micro-level test of the determinants of ethnic defection. At the micro level, ethnic defection is best predicted by the extent of territorial control exercised by the incumbent political actor and the level of prior insurgent violence. The author also hypothesizes that at the macro level, ethnic defection is a function of the resources available to incumbent actors and conclude by stressing the need to take seriously the endogenous dynamics of civil wars.
John Paul II on Christ, the Holy Spirit, and World Religions
Authors: O'Collins Gerald
Published: May 2008

In Lumen gentium (November 1964), Nostra aetate (October 1965), Ad gentes (December 1965), and Gaudium et spes (December 1965), Vatican II broke new ground for understanding and interpreting relations between Christ as universal Saviour, the Catholic Church, and the religions of the world. But the Council left the question open: how can we rightly acknowledge the spiritual gifts of others and at the same time maintain belief in the salvation brought by Christ and the Holy Spirit? John Paul II (pope 1978—2005) responded by emphasizing the universal presence and activity of the Holy Spirit, who did not appear in the key conciliar text, Nostra aetate. In doing that the Pope maintained a `balancing act' by recognizing the treasures communicated through the Spirit to the cultures and religions of the world and by maintaining faith in Christ as the Lord and Life of all people. In all this the late Pope showed himself to be an outstanding role model.
Water in the Eucharistic Cup: A Feature of the Eucharist in Johannine Trajectories through Early Christianity
Authors: Daly-Denton Margaret M.
Published: May 2008

Cyprian's Epistula LXIII indicates that the use of water in the eucharistic cup was quite mainstream and widespread in third-century Christianity. From the arguments that Cyprian refutes, it appears that the advocates of this practice looked to the Johannine references to Jesus' gift of `living water' as a scriptural warrant. Justin not only mentions water in the eucharistic cup, but frequently portrays Christians as water-drinkers, using the same Johannine passages and the Old Testament motifs that these echo. This suggests that his writings reflect concrete ritual practice of at least some circles in the second-century Church whose traditions may well be traced back to Johannine Christianity. Awareness of this feature of the diversity of early eucharistic understanding and practice could be an important resource today for a richer theology of the eucharist, for ecumenism, for liturgical inculturation, and for a Christian ecology.
The Moral Anthropology of Marcus Garvey
Authors: Karenga Maulana
Published: May 2008

This article retrieves and articulates key elements in Marcus Garvey's philosophy that point toward a moral anthropology. The author discusses these in the context of ancient and modern concerns for issues of human dignity and human rights and the right and responsibility of the struggle for freedom as a particular African and universal human project. This article is also part of the author's ongoing effort to expand ethical discourse and discussion in Africana studies by critically engaging new subjects and sources of ethical thought beyond the Judeo-Christian tradition, especially the classical African ethics of ancient Egypt (the Maatian tradition) and ancient Yorubaland (the Ifa tradition). Finally, the article is conceived as a way of putting the author's Kawaida philosophy in renewed conversation with Garvey's philosophy, from which it borrows and on which it builds, in search of new links and lessons to expand and enrich the Kawaida philosophical and practical initiative.
Linking Up the Golden Gate
Authors: Dearmon Jenkins Robin
Published: May 2008

This article considers the Garvey Movement in relation to the San Francisco Bay area after World War I. To understand the impact of Garveyism on the West Coast, the development of a Black urban working-class in the 1920s proves to be an excellent case study. African American railroad workers synthesized a Black labor tradition to a rapidly growing social and political movement in the form of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Following the Metal Trades Strike in 1919, Black working-class organizations continued to adapt Garveyism's approach to economic independence, anti-colonialism worldwide, and Black journalism as an organizing tool to sharpen their antiracist campaigns in California.
Marcus Garvey and African Unity
Authors: Christian Mark
Published: May 2008

This article primarily considers African unity via the insights and struggle of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African Communities League (ACL) in the 1920s. Garvey provided a blueprint in relation to the psychological welfare of peoples of African descent globally. The UNIA had chapters in Africa, Europe, the Caribbean, and the Americas, espousing the ideology of psychological betterment that would lead to “Africa for the Africans at home and abroad.” There are many lessons that African independence leaders learned from Marcus Garvey, and in the 21st century there is the need for greater cooperation between Black peoples of African descent on the continent, who continue to cope with, among other things, the legacy of European colonialism and dysfunctional African leadership in the postcolonial era. Crucially, the present maladies of HIV/AIDS, sporadic civil war, and poor distribution of health services make the notion of African unity an imperative.
Examining Issues Affecting African American Participation in Research Studies
Authors: Huang Hsin-hsin , Coker Angela D.
Published: May 2008

This article reviews literature on research issues influencing African American participation as participants in medical, nursing, education, and mental health studies between 1990 and 2007. Identified factors affecting African American participation include the following: distrust owing to historical research abuse and institutional racism, lack of information and understanding of research studies and informed consent, insufficient recruitment efforts by researchers, social stigma, and financial considerations. Recommendations for improving the research process include examining researchers’ motivation and their understanding of African American sociocultural context, implementing culturally sensitive research, employing intervention research, conducting community participatory research, utilizing community-based recruitment strategies, and developing an awareness and sensitivity toward African American diversity.
Predictive Validity of Early Literacy Indicators From the Middle of Kindergarten to Second Grade
Authors: Burke Mack D. , Hagan-Burke Shanna , Kwok Oiman , Parker Richard
Published: May 2008

Research has emphasized the importance of phonological awareness, phonemic decoding, and automaticity in reading development. Special and general education teachers need valid, efficient, and effective early literacy indicators for schoolwide screening and monitoring that adequately predict reading outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the interrelationships and predictiveness of kindergarten early literacy indicators from the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) within the context of a path analysis. The results support the validity of kindergarten DIBELS in predicting ever more complex reading skills in a developmental progression from the middle of kindergarten to second grade.
Neurodevelopmental Status and Adaptive Behaviors in Preschool Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Duquette Peter J. , Hooper Stephen R. , Icard Phil F. , Hower Sarah J. , Mamak Eva G. , Wetherington Crista E. , Gipson Debbie S.
Published: May 2008

This study examines the early neurodevelopmental function of infants and preschool children who have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fifteen patients with CKD are compared to a healthy control group using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS). Multivariate analysis reveals significant differences between the CKD and control groups on both MSEL ( p < .01) and VABS ( p < .001) composite scales, with the group with CKD obtaining lower scores on both composites. A higher proportion of children with CKD meet federal eligibility criteria for early cognitive delay, but similar proportions are found across adaptive behaviors. Disease severity is positively correlated to cognitive and adaptive functioning such that lower scores are associated with less renal function (MSEL r = .62, p < .001; VABS r = .70, p < .001). Suggestions are made in regard to special education assessment and service provision.
Numbers That Count
Authors: Suter Jesse C. , Giangreco Michael F.
Published: May 2008

This study explores key indicators of special education service delivery based on responses from 92 special educators and 36 administrators in 19 Vermont schools. Special educators reported on their work, the work of paraprofessionals they supervised, and 103 students with disabilities who were receiving one-to-one paraprofessional supports within general education classes. Findings indicate that (a) many special educators have large caseloads, (b) there are substantially more paraprofessionals than special educators, and (c) more than half of all special education paraprofessionals are assigned to students with disabilities one-to-one. Combined, these factors indicate that schools employed models of service delivery for students with disabilities that are substantially supported by paraprofessionals, thus raising concerns about students' access to a free, appropriate public education.
Review Essay: Boudon's European Diagnosis of and Prophylactic against Relativism
Authors: Jarvie Ian
Published: May 2008

Raymond Boudon is the doyen of French sociology. His 2004 book The Poverty of Relativism counters the relativist plague with philosophical, historical, and comparative deconstruction and proposes an alternative: a cognitive notion of values that rehabilitates the notions of reason, correctness, and progress. More surprising is his rehabilitation of moral evolutionism that restores to it a human face. Will his efforts staunch relativism? Some considerations pro and con are offered.
Reply to Daniel Steel's “With or Without Mechanisms”
Authors: Weber Erik
Published: May 2008

In this discussion note I clarify the motivation behind my original paper “Social Mechanisms, Causal Inference and the Policy Relevance of Social Science.” I argue that one of the tasks of philosophers of social science is to draw attention to methodological problems that are often forgotten or overlooked. Then I show that my original paper does not make the mistake or fallacy that Daniel Steel suggests in his comment on it.
Explanatory and Non-explanatory Goals in the Social Sciences
Authors: Brante Thomas
Published: May 2008

The paper has three aims. First, to show that Julian Reiss' critique of what he calls the New Mechanist Perspective in the social sciences is built on a number of misconceptions; second, to provide some arguments for the need of reflections and discussions about common and “ultimate” goals for the social sciences; and third, to suggest a focus on mechanisms as one such viable goal.
An Epistemological Study of Chomsky's Transformational Grammar
Authors: Haładewicz-Grzelak Małgorzata
Published: May 2008

The article traces interpretative mechanisms hidden in Chomsky's Transformational Model. The framework is that of epistemological criticism, investigating the intertwining of interpretation, context and intuition. My hypothesis is that the Transformational Model is an example of a quasi-axiomatic, intuition-based grammar. It is not a scientific model of Competence but a scientistic description of Performance (teleological corpora). The scientistic décor is thus an eristic stratagem to hide arbitrary interpretation. The discussion is empirically substantiated by analyzing the notion of grammaticality, the tectonics of the Transformational Model and the phenomenology of countable/uncountable nouns.
Therapist-Assisted, Self-Administered Bibliotherapy to Enhance Parental Competence
Authors: Hahlweg Kurt , Heinrichs Nina , Kuschel Annett , Feldmann Marit
Published: May 2008

The efficacy of bibliotherapy has primarily been investigated in anxiety disorders, depression, or substance dependence. The efficacy of self-help books to increase parenting competence was only investigated in a few studies despite their broad dissemination in public. The aims of the study were to investigate the short- and long-term efficacy of a therapist assisted version of the Triple P self-help booklet (Sanders, Markie-Dadds, & Turner, 2003) for families with preschool-age children in Germany. Sixty-nine families were randomly assigned to either a therapist-assisted self-administered parent training (SDPT+T) or to a waitlist control group (WL). Parents in the SDPT+T received the 10 chapter self-help book and an accompanying video. A Triple P facilitator offered seven telephone consultations which aimed to support parents in skill implementation. After the post test, the WL parents were also offered the intervention. A follow-up assessment was conducted six months after post. Compared to waitlist controls, SDPT+T mothers reported significant short- and long-term reductions in child behavior problems as well as in dysfunctional parenting practices. Fathers reported only marginal changes. The study adds further empirical support of parenting self-help materials.
The Effects of Hedges in Persuasive Arguments
Authors: Durik Amanda M. , Britt M. Anne , Reynolds Rebecca , Storey Jennifer
Published: May 2008

Drawing together research on persuasion and text comprehension, two experiments test the effects of hedge placement (Experiment 1) and hedge type (Experiment 2) on attitudes, source evaluations, and perceptions of argument strength. Participants read an editorial in support of implementing comprehensive exams at their university. Experiment 1 shows that hedges placed on data statements (and not interpretation statements) lead to negative perceptions of the policy, source, and argument. This is especially pronounced on source evaluations among individuals with more scientific training. Experiment 2 reveals that colloquial, but not professional, hedges placed on interpretation statements lead to more negative evaluations relative to no hedges. Data related to perceptions of the source are moderated by individual differences in scientific reasoning. This research suggests that hedges describing data statements and/or that use colloquial language can, but do not always, undermine persuasive attempts.
Computer-Synthesized Speech and Perceptions of the Social Influence of Disabled Users
Authors: Stern Steven E.
Published: May 2008

Computer-synthesized speech is frequently used as an assistive technology for people with speech disabilities including those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this short article, the conditions that lead to speech loss and how people perceive computer-synthesized speech, particularly when it is used by the speaking disabled, are discussed. Specific attention is paid to the author's own program of research that has examined how perceptions of trustworthiness are moderated by the use of synthetic speech, whether the user is speech disabled, and the purpose for which the synthetic speech is used. Based on this research, four specific conclusions are presented.
Longitudinal Study of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Young Adolescents
Authors: Hilt Lori M. , Nock Matthew K. , Lloyd-Richardson Elizabeth E. , Prinstein Mitchell J.
Published: May 2008

This study examined rates, correlates and an interpersonal model of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among a sample of 508 sixth, seventh, and eighth graders. Questionnaires assessing NSSI, related health-risk behaviors, and relationships with parents were administered two times over an 11-month period. Overall, 7.5% reported engaging in NSSI within the past year with no significant differences across genders, ethnicities, or grade. Those engaging in NSSI were more likely to report having smoked cigarettes, taken drugs, and engaged in maladaptive eating behaviors. Consistent with an interpersonal model, those engaging in NSSI reported significant increases in the quality of their relationships with fathers over time. Clinical implications include considering the role of family members in efforts to prevent and treat NSSI.
Use of Formal and Informal Work–Family Policies on the Digital Assembly Line
Authors: Wharton Amy S. , Chivers Sarah , Blair-Loy Mary
Published: May 2008

This study compares work–family policy use among low wage, predominately female call center workers and their more highly paid managers. Both formal policies and the informal work–family arrangements that employees negotiate with their supervisors were examined. Consistent with the work devotion perspective, it was found that formal work–family policies are more widely used among hourly workers than managers, and those with better performance evaluations are less likely than their otherwise similar coworkers to use formal work–family policies. The ability to negotiate informal work–family arrangements and use them as a supplement to formal policies is also important to workers in this study, especially women with children and those providing care to people with special needs. Access to informal arrangements may be limited to the high performers, however. Overall, this research suggests that the work devotion framework, which derives from studies of elite workers, may be more broadly applicable than previously assumed.
A Study on the Crack Propagation of Composite Materials Using a Planar Piezo Sensor
Authors: Jin Ho Choi  , Chang Su Ban  , Jin Hwe Kweon
Published: May 2008

As fiber-reinforced composite materials are widely used in aircraft, space structures, and robot arms, studies that investigate NDT methods are growing in importance as they seek to improve the reliability and safety of these methods. It is very important to measure the defect sizes and to decide their tolerance ranges. Acoustic emission (AE) can evaluate these defects by detecting the emitting strain energy when the elastic waves are generated by the initiation and growth of a crack, plastic deformation, fiber breakage, matrix cleavage, or delamination. In this paper, 8 × 8 planar piezo sensors were manufactured and the crack initiation and propagation of the AE signals were experimentally investigated using these sensors. An electronic circuit able to amplify and control the 64 channel AE signals was designed and manufactured. The amplified 64 channel AE signals were output into light emitting diodes (LEDs) and stored on an optical film. From the ensuing tests, it was demonstrated that the initiation location and transmitting path of AE signals in composite materials could be detected effectively by the planar piezo electric sensor.
Bending Characteristics of Delaminated Composite Cylindrical Shells — A Finite Element Approach
Authors: Anjan Kumar Achryya  , Chakravorty Dipankar , Karmakar Amit
Published: May 2008

The bending behavior of delaminated composite shallow cylindrical shells subjected to uniformly distributed load with corner-point supported, simply supported, and clamped boundary conditions is analyzed by the finite element method using an eight-noded isoparametric shell element. To ensure compatibility of deformation and equilibrium of forces and moments at the delamination crack front, a multipoint constraint algorithm is incorporated, which leads to an unsymmetrical stiffness matrix. Lamination, curvature and extent of delamination area are varied to compare the performances of delaminated cylindrical shells with those with no damage. The results are carefully observed and a set of conclusions is presented at the end of the article.
Structural Integrity of Glass/Polyester Composites at Liquid Nitrogen Temperature
Authors: Surendra Kumar M. , Sharma Neeti , Ray B.C.
Published: May 2008

The aim of the present study is to investigate the interlaminar fracture behavior of glass-reinforced polyester composites at liquid nitrogen temperature. Short beam shear (SBS) test, which generally promotes failure by interlaminar shear, was performed to assess interfacial bond strength between fiber and matrix. The mechanical assessment is extended to evaluate and compare the loading rate sensitivity of cryogenically conditioned and untreated glass/polyester composites at 2, 50, 100, 200, and 500 mm/min crosshead speeds. Microstructural changes after cryogenic treatment of glass/polyester composites were explained by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The behavior of these composites at cryogenic temperature may be attributed to stress relaxation, polyester curing shrinkage, large amount of residual stresses, cryogenic contraction of the matrix, greater misfit strains, and matrix crackings.
Tensile, Flexural, Density and Void Content Studies on Granite Powder Filled Hydroxyl Terminated Polyurethane Toughened Epoxy Composite
Authors: Shetty Ravindra Rama  , Rai S.K.
Published: May 2008

Hydroxyl terminated polyurethane (HTPU) in different proportions has been incorporated into DGEBA based epoxy resin, cured with triethylene tetramine. Composites are developed using varying weight fractions of silane coupling agent treated granite powder as reinforcement in pure and toughened epoxy resin. Various physico-mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural behavior, density, and void content have been determined. Studies revealed that toughened resin composites enhance the properties compared to neat matrix.
Friction Stir Spot Welding of Polypropylene
Authors: Arici Armagan , Mert Şenol
Published: May 2008

Friction stir spot welding was used to make lap joints on strip specimens of polypropylene. The effects of tool penetration depth and dwell time on joint strength were investigated. The effect of these parameters on tensile failure load of the resulting joints was determined. An optimum combination of parameters that maximizes joint tensile failure load was identified.
Finite Element Analysis of Concrete Columns Confined with FRP Sheets
Authors: Chakrabarti Anupam , Chandra Amit , Bharagava Pradeep
Published: May 2008

A nonlinear finite element model is developed for the analysis of plain and reinforced concrete column confined by FRP sheets. The column sections chosen for the analysis are either circular or square in shape. The behavior of small and large scale FRP wrapped concrete columns under uni-axial compression is investigated using the developed model. The proposed FEA model is based on appropriate selection of elements, strength failure criteria and other parameters required for accurate analysis of concrete columns confined with FRP sheets. The model is validated with some published results on FEA and experimentation. A detail parametric study is done to quantify the effect of the thickness, stiffness and fiber orientation of the FRP sheets as well as unconfined concrete strength on confinement and stiffness of the strengthened columns using the proposed model. Based on the present analysis results, accurate stress distribution in concrete and FRP is also obtained which improves understanding of the confinement mechanism of the concrete columns.
Locally Elected Sheriffs and Money Compensation
Authors: Helms Ronald
Published: May 2008

This study uses OLS and a large sample of U.S. counties to empirically assess diverse explanations for pay allocated to local sheriffs. After statistically holding constant effects of agency size and functional specialization, including jail operations, this study isolates diverse environmental sources of variation in money wages allocated to the elected sheriff. A strong tax base helps local sheriffs, as does income inequality associated with the presence of high income earners, but local conservative political support is associated with reduced wage allocations. High crime rates and local unemployment are closely associated with expanded money wages, but pay is limited in counties with a large impoverished population. The empirical results are consistent with an environmental contingency model. One implication from this analysis is that county sheriffs are compensated at rates that reflect patterns of uncertainty in the organization's localized external environment.
Black Female Executions in Historical Context
Authors: Baker David V.
Published: May 2008

This article examines the systemic oppression of executed Black women from the earliest periods of American history. The most consistent factor in Black female executions throughout U.S. history is criminal justice authorities' executions of Black women largely for challenging gendered and racist exploitation. Colonial and antebellum slavery institutionalized the persecution of slave women, who often retaliated against oppressive brutality by killing White masters. White lynch mobs effectively augmented the legal killing of Black women in postbellum society and lowered Black female execution rates. Reduced to a peonage state in the apartheid of Jim Crow, Black women's crimes of resistance against White brutality paralleled those of slave women decades earlier. And despite the delusional expansion of civil rights and the sovereignty of Black people over the confines of segregation in the modern era, the racialized sexism of American criminal justice has rendered Black women ever more vulnerable to the death penalty.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Kesler Anat , Fattal-Valevski Aviva
Published: May 2008

The aim of this study was to determine the features of pseudotumor cerebri or idiopathic intracranial hypertension in prepubertal and pubertal children. We retrospectively reviewed patient charts of those 16 years and younger, diagnosed with pseudotumor cerebri/idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Our study group consisted of 27 patients; the mean age was 10.9 years, and there was a male-to-female ratio of 13 to 14. In the prepubertal group ( n = 13), the male-to-female ratio was 8 to 5; in the pubertal group, ( n = 14), the ratio was 5 to 9. Overweight or obesity was found in 16 (59%) patients. Outcome was favorable except for one who remained symptomatic. Pseudotumor cerebri/idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children is rare. Its characteristics differ from adults. We found the prepubertal group to be a distinct group since pseudotumor cerebri/idiopathic intracranial hypertension did not occur predominantly in females and was not associated with obesity. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:745—748).
Interleukin-1β, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Nitrite Levels in Febrile Seizures
Authors: Haspolat Senay , Mihçi Ercan , Coşkun Mesut , Gümüslü Saadet , Özbenm Tomris , Yegin Olcay
Published: May 2008

Proinflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α) and nitric oxide are known to have both direct and indirect modulating effects on neurons and neurotoxic neurotransmitters released during excitation or inflammation. We measured interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitrite levels in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of children with febrile seizures and compared our results with those of children with febrile illnesses without seizures. Twenty-nine children with febrile seizure and 15 controls were studied. The mean concentrations of interleukin-1β and nitrite were significantly increased in the cerebrospinal fluid ( P < .01) of the children with febrile seizure. There were no significant changes in serum interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, nitrite, and cerebrospinal fluid tumor necrosis factorα levels. Our data support the hypothesis that increased production of interleukin-1β in the central nervous system or increased diffusion of interleukin-1β through the blood-brain barrier is involved in the pathogenesis of febrile seizures. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:749—751).
Transmantle Dysplasia in Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Vigliano Piernanda , Canavese Carlotta , Bobba Barbara , Genitori Lorenzo , Papalia Francesco , Padovan Sergio , Forni Marco
Published: May 2008

In the literature, several malformations of cortical development have been described as additional lesions in tuberous sclerosis complex. Among these lesions, a very large focal cortical dysplasia has peculiar magnetic resonance imaging features: a signal abnormality that extends radially inward toward the lateral ventricle from the pachygyric cortical surface plus a homogeneous clinical picture. Affected patients have early-onset drug-resistant epilepsy and severe developmental delay. We describe the clinical, genetic, neurophysiologic, and neuroradiologic characteristics of four patients affected by tuberous sclerosis and this type of cortical dysplasia: these patients are of special interest because they have been operated on for their dysplastic lesions. Total control of seizures has been achieved in the three children who underwent a complete lesionectomy. This result cannot be permanent, however, because of the presence of other cortical tubers which could become epileptogenic. All things considered, our choice was to give these children at least temporary relief from severe epilepsy and possibly support for developmental progression. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:752—758).
Cardiomyopathy Associated With Neurologic Disorders and Mitochondrial Phenotype
Authors: Marín-García José , Goldenthal Michael J. , Filiano James J.
Published: May 2008

Cardiomyopathy and neuromuscular abnormalities may simultaneously coexist and present with defects in mitochondrial DNA and bioenergetic function. We sought to evaluate the relationship between clinical and mitochondrial phenotypes in 28 young patients with both cardiomyopathy and neurologic disorders including seizures, dystonia, ophthalmoplegia, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Leigh disease, and Friedreich's ataxia. All tissues examined displayed marked defects in respiratory complex activities. Five patients had abundant large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions and one patient displayed a pathogenic point mutation previously reported with mitochondrial cytopathy. In this cohort, patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy displayed a higher incidence of complex I defects, fewer DNA deletions and mitochondrial structural abnormalities and were less often associated with developmental delay phenotype compared with patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Although structural abnormalities are present in a subset of patients, evaluation of respiratory enzyme activity appears to be most informative whether tissues examined were derived from heart or skeletal muscle. Defects in mitochondrial DNA and bioenergetics are frequently present in children with cardiomyopathy presenting with a variety of neurologic abnormalities and are amenable to biochemical and molecular analysis. ( J Child Neurol 2002; 17: 759—765).
Cervicothoracic Extradural Arachnoid Cyst: Possible Association With Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy
Authors: Miravet Elena , Sinisterra Scarlett , Birchansky Sherri , Papazian Oscar , Tuite Gerry , Grossman John A.I. , Alfonso Israel
Published: May 2008

The association of cervicothoracic extradural arachnoid cysts and obstetric brachial plexus palsy has not previously been reported. We report two patients with this association. The first patient is a 9-month-old boy with left obstetric brachial plexus palsy that developed bilateral leg weakness at 6 months of age owing to compression of the spinal cord by a C6 to T8 left cervicothoracic extradural arachnoid cyst. The second patient is a 3-year-old girl with bilateral brachial plexus palsy and spastic paraparesis who had magnetic resonance imaging at 3 days of age that showed intraspinal cord injury and a cervicothoracic extradural arachnoid cyst compressing the spinal cord. We believe that the association of cervicothoracic epidural arachnoid cysts and obstetric brachial plexus palsy in these patients was causal and recommend that the possibility of a cervicothoracic epidural arachnoid cyst be considered in patients with brachial plexus palsy and evidence of spinal cord injury. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:770—772).
Delayed Onset of Status Epilepticus After Transient Asphyxia in an Asymptomatic Full-Term Neonate
Authors: Scher Mark S. , Redline Raymond W. , Bangert Barbara A.
Published: May 2008

A full-term neonate presented with status epilepticus at 12 hours of age after a symptom-free interval following transient asphyxia at birth. Conventional neuroimaging failed to detect structural correlates to support recent injury. However, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging studies revealed recent ischemic brain injury. Placental examination documented multiple subacute and chronic findings indicative of decreased maternal/fetal perfusion. These antepartum placental abnormalities may have been associated with this child's inability to withstand the stress of a prolonged second stage of labor, resulting in intrapartum asphyxia leading to brain injury. This child's clinical presentation highlights the delayed reperfusion phase after ischemia-induced brain injury. ( J Child Neurol 2002; 17:780—783).
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in a Case of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Authors: Kato Zenichiro , Saito Kyoko , Yamada Michiko , Asano Takahiko , Kondo Naomi
Published: May 2008

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is an encephalopathy caused by a persistent measles virus infection. We examined a 13-year-old girl with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and performed a magnetic resonance spectroscopic study to evaluate the in vivo pathophysiologic abnormality. The results suggested the occurrence of inflammatory processes and glial proliferation prior to neuronal loss even in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-negative regions as well as in MRI-positive regions. The additional resonance peaks were also detected, but further studies should be performed to determine the precise pathophysiologic mechanisms. Novel in vivo modalities such as spectroscopy would be useful as a tool to measure responses to therapy. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:788—790).
Epilepsy, Occipital Calcifications, and Oligosymptomatic Celiac Disease in Childhood
Authors: Arroyo Hugo A. , De Rosa Susana , Ruggieri Victor , de Dávila María T. G. , Fejerman Natalio
Published: May 2008

The association of epilepsy, occipital calcifications, and celiac disease has been recognized as a distinct syndrome. The objective of this study was to present the clinical, electrophysiologic, and neuroradiologic features in a series of patients with this syndrome. Thirty-two patients with the constellation of epilepsy, occipital calcifications, and celiac disease were identified in our epilepsy clinic. The mean age was 11 years and the mean length of follow-up was 7.4 years. The 1990 criteria of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition were used to diagnose celiac disease. The Kruskal-Wallis statistics test was employed with a significance of P < .05. Thirty-one patients had partial seizures, 21 of them with symptoms related to the occipital lobe. In most patients, the epilepsy was controlled or the seizures were sporadic. Three developed severe epilepsy. Occipital calcifications were present in all cases. Computed tomography in 7 patients showed hypodense areas in the white matter around calcifications, which decreased or disappeared after a period of gluten-free diet in 3 patients. A favorable outcome of epilepsy was detected in patients with the earliest dietary therapy. This study presents the largest series of children with this syndrome outside Italy. White-matter hypodensities surrounding calcifications are rarely reported. A prompt diagnosis of celiac disease might improve the evolution of the epilepsy and may improve cognitive status. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:800—806).
Outcome of Severe Encephalomyelitis in Children
Authors: Shahar Eli , Andraus Jameel , Savitzki David , Pilar Giora , Zelnik Nathaniel
Published: May 2008

Acute encephalomyelitis in children refers to an insult of cortical white matter leading to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, insult of the spinal cord leading to multifocal myelopathy, or a combined form of encephalomyelitis. We report here the clinical presentations and outcome of 16 children with severe acute encephalomyelitis analyzing the effect of high-dose methylprednisolone or intravenous immunoglobulins, administered separately or in combination. Five children developed acute disseminated encephalomyelitis alone, eight developed severe multifocal myelopathy accompanied in two of them by radiculoneuropathy, and three developed the most severe form of combined encephalomyeloradiculoneuropathy. The indications for treatment with either high-dose methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin, or a combination of the two were severe acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, visual loss, or severe flaccid weakness accompanied by bladder and bowel incontinence. Overall, 10 children had remarkably responded to high-dose methylprednisolone alone and recovered within 10 days. One patient with severe myelopathy, developing paraplegia, who failed oral corticosteroids completely recovered following intravenous immunoglobulin. Of the isolated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis group, all patients were initially treated with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone and recovered within 10 days, including visual remission in the child with severe optic neuritis. All six children with solitary severe multifocal myelopathy were treated with high-dose methylprednisolone alone and recovered within the first week. Two patients had severe myeloradiculoneuropathy and were therefore treated with combined high-dose methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin: one remains paraplegic, whereas the second was ventilated for 3 weeks and recovered after 2 months. The three children with the most severe form of encephalomyeloradiculoneuropathy were treated with combined high-dose methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin; two remain severely handicapped, of whom one is paraplegic, and the third unexpectedly recovered within 3 months. Therefore, our experience indicates that either high-dose methylprednisolone or intravenous immunoglobulin, given separately or combined, may be efficacious in severe debilitating pediatric-onset acute encephalomyelitis. In children with the most severe form of encephalomyeloradiculoneuropathy, we suggest initially administering high-dose methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin combined, given the poorer outcome of our patients with combined severe central and peripheral demyelination. ( J Child Neurol 2002; 17: 810—814).
Childhood-Onset Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy With Cranial Nerve Involvement
Authors: Costello Fiona , Lee Andrew G. , Afifi Adel K. , Kelkar Praful , Kardon Randy H. , White Matthew
Published: May 2008

A 17-year-old male presented with chronic diplopia and generalized motor weakness. He was previously diagnosed with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in childhood. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a rarely reported finding of thickening and enhancement of multiple cranial nerves. Nerve conduction studies and electromyography showed peripheral nerve demyelination with axonal involvement. There was improvement in the clinical examination, MRI, and electrophysiologic studies after combined corticosteroid and plasma exchange therapy. We review the clinical presentation, course, and response to therapy among children with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, with specific emphasis on the frequency and pattern of cranial nerve involvement. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:819—823).
Cobb Syndrome: Case Report
Authors: Pascual-Castroviejo Ignacio , Frutos Remedios , Viaño Juan , Unity Imagen , Pascual-Pascual Samuel I. , Gonzalez Pablo
Published: May 2008

We present a 7-year-old boy in whom cutaneous hemangioma and intramedullary and paraspinal arteriovenous malformations were associated. Magnetic resonance arteriography revealed the presence of the two arteriovenous malformations, and the selective intercostal arteriography demonstrated that the intraspinal and paraspinal arteriovenous malformations were supplied by the same intercostal arteries. Rubbing the back was required to detect the cutaneous changes, which were only suspected by casual inspection. ( J Child Neurol 2002; 17: 847—849).
Isolated Abducens Nerve Palsy: An Unusual Presentation of Leukemia
Authors: Chen Kuo-Shin , Hung Iou-Jih , Lin Kuang-Lin
Published: May 2008

We present a case of isolated abducens nerve palsy with negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and unusual cerebrospinal fluid results. The patient was treated for a central nervous system infection initially. After the second cerebrospinal fluid examination, a diagnosis of central nervous system leukemia was made. Isolated abducens nerve palsy is not always a stable or benign illness, even with a normal brain MRI study. Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid results should suggest the presence of a central nervous system malignancy. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:850—851).
Magnetoencephalographic Analysis in a Case of Early-Onset Benign Childhood Occipital Seizures
Authors: Sugita Kiyoko , Kato Yutaka , Sugita Katsuo , Kato Motochiro , Tanaka Yoko
Published: May 2008

We report a 12-year-old boy who had one seizure comprising deviation of the eyes followed by impairment of consciousness for 30 minutes at the age of 6 years. No visual hallucination or ictal vomiting was observed. Interictal electroencephalography showed repetitive spikes and spike-wave discharges over the left occipital lobe. Magnetoencephalography revealed that the estimated dipoles were clustered in the left cuneus on magnetic resonance imaging, which corresponded to the area of peripheral vision and the associated visual cortex but not to the central visual cortex. Magnet o e n c e p h a l o g r a p h y i s a d v a n t a g e o u s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g the electrophysiologic mechanism of early-onset benign childhood occipital seizures. ( J Child Neurol 2002; 17: 851—852).