bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term variability of the cloud amount and cloud genera and their relationship with circulation (Kraków, Poland)
Authors: Matuszko Dorota , Węglarczyk Stanisław
Published: February 2018

The article demonstrates the impact of atmospheric circulation on the long‐term variability of cloudiness (amount and certain cloud genera) in Kraków based on midday observations of the amount and genera of clouds in the period from 1 January 1906 to 31 December 2015. There was found statistically significant (although rather moderate) correlation between circulation indices and the frequency of cloud cover consisting of a single cloud genus or a group of clouds. The 11‐year moving averages of frequency of occurrence of one‐genus cloud cover show periods of alternating increasing/decreasing trends, some of which are multi‐decadal. Decreasing trends, lasting till now, are shown for Cirrostratus, Nimbostratus and Stratus beginning from the 1920s to 1930s and for Altostratus from the 1970s. The Cirrus, Stratocumulus and Cumulus trends are generally increasing from the 1920s, 1950s and 1950s, respectively.
A late Wisconsin (32–10k cal a BP) history of pluvials, droughts and vegetation in the Pacific south‐west United States (Lake Elsinore, CA)
Authors: Kirby M. E. , Heusser L. , Scholz C. , Ramezan R. , Anderson M. A. , Markle B. , Rhodes E. , Glover K. C. , Fantozzi J. , Hiner C. , Price B. , Rangel H.
Published: February 2018

Continuous, sub‐centennially resolved, paleo terrestrial records are rare from arid environments such as the Pacific south‐west United States. Here, we present a multi‐decadal to centennial resolution sediment core (Lake Elsinore, CA) to reconstruct late Wisconsin pluvials, droughts and vegetation. In general, the late Wisconsin is characterized by a wetter and colder climate than during the Holocene. Specifically, conditions between 32.3 and 24.9k cal a BP are characterized by large‐amplitude hydrologic and ecologic variability. Highlighting this period is a ∼2000‐year glacial mega‐drought (27.6–25.7k cal a BP) during which the lake shallowed (3.2–4.5 m depth). This period is approximately coeval with a Lake Manix regression and an increase in xeric vegetation in the San Bernardino Mountains (Baldwin Lake). The Local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM) is bracketed between 23.3 and 19.7k cal a BP − a ∼3000‐year interval characterized by reduced run‐off (relative to the glacial), colder conditions and vegetative stability. Maximum sustained wetness follows the LLGM, beginning at 19.7 and peaking by 14.4k cal a BP. A two‐step decrease in runoff characterizes the Lateglacial to Holocene transition; however, the vegetation change is more complex, particularly at the beginning of the Younger Dryas chronozone. By 12.6–12.4k cal a BP, the climate achieved near Holocene conditions.
Evaluation of the Brachial Plexus With Shear Wave Elastography After Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Kültür Turgut , Okumuş Müyesser , İnal Mikail , Yalçın Selim
Published: February 2018

Objectives

The aim of this study was to analyze the elasticity characteristics of the brachial plexus by shear wave elastography (SWE) in patients receiving radiation therapy (RT) for breast cancer and to compare them with their contralateral brachial plexus to evaluate whether elasticity properties can be used as supporting findings for the early diagnosis of brachial plexus involvement in patients receiving RT.

Methods

A prospective analysis with electromyography and SWE was performed on 23 brachial plexuses of patients receiving RT for breast cancer and their contralateral brachial plexuses. An electromyographic device was used for nerve conduction studies. Evaluations were done by the same investigator, and superficial electrodes were used in the recordings. A quantitative analysis of the brachial plexus with SWE was performed, with values in kilopascals on a color scale ranging from 0 (red, soft) to 150 (dark blue, hard) kPa.

Results

Mean SWE values ± SD were 51.0 ± 14.0 kPa for the ipsilateral brachial plexuses of patients receiving RT and 18.0 ± 4.2 kPa for the contralateral brachial plexuses. Statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in the analysis of SWE values (P < .001). No significant correlation was found between the nerve conduction parameters and elastographic values (P > .05).

Conclusions

Shear wave elastography showed that the brachial plexuses of patients receiving RT were stiffer than the unaffected brachial plexuses. Brachial plexus stiffening may be associated with fibrotic processes.
Automated Reaction Mechanism Generation Including Nitrogen as a Heteroatom
Authors: Dana Alon Grinberg , Buesser Beat , Merchant Shamel S. , Green William H.
Published: February 2018

The open source rate‐based Reaction Mechanism Generator (RMG) software and its thermochemical and kinetics databases were extended to include nitrogen as a heteroatom. Specific changes to RMG and the mining of thermochemistry and reaction kinetics data are discussed. This new version of RMG has been tested by generating a detailed pyrolysis and oxidation model for ethylamine (EA, CH3CH2NH2) at ∼1400 K and ∼2 bar, and comparing it to recent shock tube studies. Validation of the reaction network with recent experimental data showed that the generated model successfully reproduced the observed species as well as ignition delay measurements. During pyrolysis, EA initially decomposes via a CC bond scission, and the CH2NH2 product subsequently produces the first H radicals in this system via β‐scission. As the concentration of H increases, the major EA consuming reaction becomes H abstraction at the α‐site by H radicals, leading to a chain reaction since its product generates more H radicals. During oxidation, the dominant N2‐producing route is mediated by NO and N2O. The observables were found to be relatively sensitive to the CC and CN EA bond scission reactions as well as to the thermodynamic values of EA; thermodynamic data for EA were computed at the CBS‐QB3 level and reported herein. This work demonstrates the ability of RMG to construct adequate kinetic models for nitrogenous species and discusses the pyrolysis and oxidation mechanisms of EA.
Kinetic Analysis of Nonisothermal Decomposition of Acetyl Ferrocene
Authors: Das Bratati , Bhattacharjee Ashis
Published: February 2018

The work deals with thermal decomposition of acetyl ferrocene in nitrogen atmosphere based on nonisothermal thermogravimetry. It presents a mathematical analysis of nonisothermal thermogravimetric data using multiheating rates to estimate reaction kinetic parameters. Model free (integral isoconversional) methods are employed to analyze the thermogravimetric data. The decomposition is a multistep process. The activation energy Eα of decomposition is conversion (α) dependent. The average values of activation energy are Eα = 49.87, 106.28, and 183.35 kJ mol−1 for three major steps of decomposition. The most probable reaction mechanism function, g(α), for thermal reactions has been identified by the master plot method, and the stepwise reaction mechanisms are found to be different for different steps. The estimated values of the activation energy Eα and g(α) have been utilized in the determination of the reaction rate Aα of thermal decomposition. The α‐dependent reaction rate values are determined and are found to lie in the range of 5.2 × 105 to 3.2 × 104 min−1, 1.7 × 1015 to 7.8 × 106 min−1, and 3.8 × 108 to 1.4 × 107 min−1 for three different steps. Based on the values of Eα, g(α), and Aα, the thermodynamic triplets (ΔS, ΔH, ΔG) associated with the decomposition reactions have been estimated. Estimated kinetic parameters have been used to construct the conversion curves, and those have been successfully compared with the experimentally observed ones.
Photodynamic therapy via navigational bronchoscopy for peripheral lung cancer in dogs
Authors: Musani Ali I. , Veir Julia K. , Huang Zheng , Lei Tim , Groshong Steve , Worley Deanna
Published: February 2018

Objective

In the setting of lung cancer, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is typically used to treat centrally located endobronchial tumors. The development of navigational bronchoscopy has opened the potential for using PDT to treat peripheral lung tumors. However, there is limited information about the feasibility of this approach for treating peripheral lung cancers, and about its effects on surrounding healthy lung tissue. We studied the use of PDT delivered by electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy to treat peripheral lung cancer in dogs.

Materials and Methods

Three dogs with peripheral lung adenocarcinomas were given intravenous porfimer sodium (Photofrin® [Pinnacle Biologics, Inc., Chicago, IL]) to photosensitize the tumors, then navigational bronchoscopy was used to deliver photoradiation. One week after PDT, the tumors and involved lung lobe were surgically excised and evaluated histologically.

Results

PDT was successful in all three dogs and was associated with tolerable and manageable adverse effects. Tissue sections from within PDT‐treated tumors showed regions of coagulative central necrosis admixed with small numbers of inflammatory cells, and arterial thrombosis. Viable adenocarcinoma was seen in the surrounding areas.

Conclusion

These results suggest that PDT can be successfully deployed to treat peripheral lung cancers using navigational bronchoscopy. Furthermore, damage to surrounding noncancerous tissues can be minimized with accurate placement of the optical fiber. Studies of this modality to treat peripheral lung cancers in humans may be warranted. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:483–490, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of myogenic precursor cells (C2C12) transplantation and low‐level laser therapy on muscle repair
Authors: Andreo Lucas , Mesquita‐Ferrari Raquel A. , Ribeiro Beatriz G. , Benitte Adriana , de Fátima Nogueira Tatiane , França Cristiane M. , Silva Daniela de Fátima Teixeira da , Bussadori Sandra K. , Fernandes Kristianne P.S. , Corrêa Fernanda I. , Corrêa João C.F.
Published: February 2018

Objective

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of myoblast inoculation in combination with photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on skeletal muscle tissue following injury.

Materials and Methods

Sixty‐five Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control—animals not submitted to any procedure; Injury—cryoinjury of the tibialis anterior muscle; HBSS—animals submitted to cryoinjury and intramuscular Hank's Balanced Salt Solution; Injury + Cells—animals submitted to cryoinjury, followed by myogenic precursor cells (C2C12) transplantation; Injury + Cells + LLLT—animals submitted to cryoinjury, followed by myogenic precursor cells (C2C12) transplantation and PBMT (780 nm, 40 mW, 3.2 J in 8 points). The periods analyzed were 1, 3, and 7 days. The tibialis anterior muscle was harvest for histological analysis, collagen analysis, and immunolabeling of macrophages.

Results

No differences were found between the HBSS group and injury group. The Injury + Cells group exhibited an increase of inflammatory cells and immature fibers as well as a decrease in the number of macrophages on Day 1. The Injury + Cells + LLLT group exhibited a decrease in myonecrosis and inflammatory infiltrate at 7 days, but an increase in inflammatory infiltrate at 1 and 3 days as well as an increase in blood vessels at 3 and 7 days, an increase in macrophages at 3 days and better collagen organization at 7 days.

Conclusion

Cell transplantation combined with PBMT led to an increase in the number of blood vessels, a reduction in myonecrosis and total inflammatory cells as well as better organization of collagen fibers during the skeletal muscle repair process. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:781–791, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photodynamic therapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hosokawa Seiji , Takebayashi Satoru , Takahashi Goro , Okamura Jun , Mineta Hiroyuki
Published: February 2018

Background

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment for malignant tumors. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of PDT in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

Thirty‐three patients with HNSCC were treated with porfimer sodium‐mediated PDT followed by intraoperative light activation at 630 nm via fiber optic microlens delivered after 48 hours of injection.

Results

The complete response (CR) rate was 72.7%, while the efficacy (CR + partial response) rate was 97.0%. The rate of good local control (i.e., CR without recurrence after PDT) achieved after the initial PDT (82.6%) was significantly higher than that achieved after the second or third PDT (10%); this rate remained at 62.1% without functional disturbance and disfigurement even after excluding four previously untreated patients. The final local control rate following PDT plus additional therapies was 73.8%.

Conclusions

PDT is an effective therapy to treat HNSCC, and leads to an improved quality of life in patients with residual or recurrent disease. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:420–426, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrocardiogram Abnormalities Suggest Aberrant Cardiac Conduction in Huntington's Disease
Authors: Stephen Christopher D. , Hung Judy , Schifitto Giovanni , Hersch Steven M. , Rosas H. Diana
Published: February 2018

Background

There is increasing evidence that the effects of Huntington's disease (HD) extend beyond the central nervous system. In particular, significant cardiac dysfunction has been described in transgenic mouse models and suggested in symptomatic patients, in whom cardiac involvement could provide an independent risk for sudden cardiac death.

Methods

Standard 12‐lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) obtained at screening from 590 early symptomatic (Stage 1 and 2) HD patients participating in a multi‐site Phase III study were analyzed.

Results

Evaluating only those ECGs in individuals not on medications or with potentially contributing medical conditions, the prevalence of bradycardia was 28.3% (marked in 5.8%), prolonged QRS 4.9%, intraventricular conduction delay 3.4%, right bundle branch block 1.3%, and QTc prolongation 3.7%.

Conclusion

Significant cardiac abnormalities, characterized primarily by conduction abnormalities, were found in a larger than expected number of patients. Abnormal intraventricular conduction may lead to increased risk for arrhythmia and may be compounded by prescription of QT‐prolonging medications.
Esophageal reconstruction after oncological total laryngopharyngoesophagectomy: Algorithmic approach
Authors: Chang Tzu‐Yen , Hsiao Jenn‐Ren , Lee Wei‐Ting , Ou Chun‐Yen , Yen Yi‐Ting , Tseng Yau‐Lin , Pan Shin‐Chen , Shieh Shyh‐Jou , Lee Yao‐Chou
Published: February 2018

Background

Reconstruction for total laryngopharyngoesophagectomy is accomplished mainly by gastrointestinal transposition but can be complicated by anastomotic tension or associated neck‐skin defect. Here, we present the results of total esophageal reconstruction by gastrointestinal transposition alone or with additional free tissue transfer and propose an algorithm accordingly.

Methods

We reviewed patients who had oncologic total laryngopharyngoesophagectomy between January 2012 and January 2016. Twenty‐four men and one woman were included with a mean age of 54 (range, 41–72) years. Patients were grouped by reconstruction into the gastric pull‐up (GP, n = 15), colon interposition (CI, n = 2), GP combined with free jejunal flap (GPFJ, n = 6), or GP combined with anterolateral thigh flap (GPALT, n = 2) group to compare clinical outcomes.

Results

The mean operation time was 1037.3 minutes and was significantly longer in the GPALT group than in the GP group (1235.0 ± 50.0 minutes vs. 929.7 ± 137.7 minutes, p =.009). All flaps survived. After a mean follow‐up of 18 months, the overall leakage, stricture, and successful swallowing rates were 44%, 4%, and 76%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the leakage (53.3%, 50.0%, 16.7%, and 50.0%, p =.581), stricture (6.7%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, p = 1.000), or successful swallowing (73.3%, 50.0%, 83.3%, and 100%, p =.783) rates between GP, CI, GPFJ, and GPALT groups, respectively.

Conclusions

The proposed algorithm that ranks gastric pull‐up as a priority and uses additional free tissue transfer to overcome the anastomotic tension or associated neck‐skin defect is feasible.
Constituents of Mediterranean Spices Counteracting Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation: Identification and Characterization of Rosmarinic Acid Methyl Ester as a Novel Inhibitor
Authors: Liu Rongxia , Heiss Elke H. , Waltenberger Birgit , Blažević Tina , Schachner Daniel , Jiang Baohong , Krystof Vladimir , Liu Wanhui , Schwaiger Stefan , Peña‐Rodríguez Luis M. , Breuss Johannes M. , Stuppner Hermann , Dirsch Verena M. , Atanasov Atanas G.
Published: February 2018

Scope

Aberrant vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation and restenosis. Mediterranean spices have been reported to confer cardioprotection, but their direct influence on VSMCs has largely not been investigated. This study aims at examining rosmarinic acid (RA) and 11 related constituents for inhibition of VSMC proliferation in vitro, and at characterizing the most promising compound for their mode of action and influence on neointima formation in vivo.

Methods and results

RA, rosmarinic acid methyl ester (RAME), and caffeic acid methyl ester inhibit VSMC proliferation in a resazurin conversion assay with IC50s of 5.79, 3.12, and 6.78 µm, respectively. RAME significantly reduced neointima formation in vivo in a mouse femoral artery cuff model. Accordingly, RAME leads to an accumulation of VSMCs in the G0/G1 cell‐cycle phase, as indicated by blunted retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation upon mitogen stimulation and inhibition of cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 in vitro.

Conclusion

RAME represses PDGF‐induced VSMC proliferation in vitro and reduces neointima formation in vivo. These results recommend RAME as an interesting compound with VSMC‐inhibiting potential. Future metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies might help to further evaluate the potential relevance of RAME and other spice‐derived polyphenolics for vasoprotection.
Feasibility of real‐time motion management with helical tomotherapy
Authors: Schnarr Eric , Beneke Matt , Casey Dylan , Chao Edward , Chappelow Jonathan , Cox Andrea , Henderson Doug , Jordan Petr , Lessard Etienne , Lucas Dan , Myronenko Andriy , Maurer Calvin
Published: February 2018

Purpose

This study investigates the potential application of image‐based motion tracking and real‐time motion correction to a helical tomotherapy system.

Methods

A kV x‐ray imaging system was added to a helical tomotherapy system, mounted 90 degrees offset from the MV treatment beam, and an optical camera system was mounted above the foot of the couch. This experimental system tracks target motion by acquiring an x‐ray image every few seconds during gantry rotation. For respiratory (periodic) motion, software correlates internal target positions visible in the x‐ray images with marker positions detected continuously by the camera, and generates an internal–external correlation model to continuously determine the target position in three‐dimensions (3D). Motion correction is performed by continuously updating jaw positions and MLC leaf patterns to reshape (effectively re‐pointing) the treatment beam to follow the 3D target motion. For motion due to processes other than respiration (e.g., digestion), no correlation model is used — instead, target tracking is achieved with the periodically acquired x‐ray images, without correlating with a continuous camera signal.

Results

The system's ability to correct for respiratory motion was demonstrated using a helical treatment plan delivered to a small (10 mm diameter) target. The phantom was moved following a breathing trace with an amplitude of 15 mm. Film measurements of delivered dose without motion, with motion, and with motion correction were acquired. Without motion correction, dose differences within the target of up to 30% were observed. With motion correction enabled, dose differences in the moving target were less than 2%.

Nonrespiratory system performance was demonstrated using a helical treatment plan for a 55 mm diameter target following a prostate motion trace with up to 14 mm of motion. Without motion correction, dose differences up to 16% and shifts of greater than 5 mm were observed. Motion correction reduced these to less than a 6% dose difference and shifts of less than 2 mm.

Conclusions

Real‐time motion tracking and correction is technically feasible on a helical tomotherapy system. In one experiment, dose differences due to respiratory motion were greatly reduced. Dose differences due to nonrespiratory motion were also reduced, although not as much as in the respiratory case due to less frequent tracking updates. In both cases, beam‐on time was not increased by motion correction, since the system tracks and corrects for motion simultaneously with treatment delivery.
Medical imaging data in the digital innovation age
Authors: Kesner Adam , Laforest Richard , Otazo Ricardo , Jennifer Kwak , Pan Tinsu
Published: February 2018

As we reflect on decades of exponential advancements in electronic innovation, we can see the field of medical imaging eclipsed by a new digital landscape — one that is inexpensive, fast, and powerful. This new paradigm presents new opportunities to innovate in both research and clinical settings. In this article, we review the current role of data: the common perceptions around its valuation and the infrastructure currently in place for data‐driven innovation. Looking forward, we consider what has already been achieved using modern data capacities, the opportunities we have for further expansion in this area, and the obstacles we will need to transcend.
Deep learning with domain adaptation for accelerated projection‐reconstruction MR
Authors: Han Yoseob , Yoo Jaejun , Kim Hak Hee , Shin Hee Jung , Sung Kyunghyun , Ye Jong Chul
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The radial k‐space trajectory is a well‐established sampling trajectory used in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging. However, the radial k‐space trajectory requires a large number of radial lines for high‐resolution reconstruction. Increasing the number of radial lines causes longer acquisition time, making it more difficult for routine clinical use. On the other hand, if we reduce the number of radial lines, streaking artifact patterns are unavoidable. To solve this problem, we propose a novel deep learning approach with domain adaptation to restore high‐resolution MR images from under‐sampled k‐space data.

Methods

The proposed deep network removes the streaking artifacts from the artifact corrupted images. To address the situation given the limited available data, we propose a domain adaptation scheme that employs a pre‐trained network using a large number of X‐ray computed tomography (CT) or synthesized radial MR datasets, which is then fine‐tuned with only a few radial MR datasets.

Results

The proposed method outperforms existing compressed sensing algorithms, such as the total variation and PR‐FOCUSS methods. In addition, the calculation time is several orders of magnitude faster than the total variation and PR‐FOCUSS methods. Moreover, we found that pre‐training using CT or MR data from similar organ data is more important than pre‐training using data from the same modality for different organ.

Conclusion

We demonstrate the possibility of a domain‐adaptation when only a limited amount of MR data is available. The proposed method surpasses the existing compressed sensing algorithms in terms of the image quality and computation time.
Local contrast‐enhanced MR images via high dynamic range processing
Authors: Chandra Shekhar S. , Engstrom Craig , Fripp Jurgen , Neubert Ales , Jin Jin , Walker Duncan , Salvado Olivier , Ho Charles , Crozier Stuart
Published: February 2018

Purpose

To develop a local contrast‐enhancing and feature‐preserving high dynamic range (HDR) image processing algorithm for multichannel and multisequence MR images of multiple body regions and tissues, and to evaluate its performance for structure visualization, bias field (correction) mitigation, and automated tissue segmentation.

Methods

A multiscale‐shape and detail‐enhancement HDR‐MRI algorithm is applied to data sets of multichannel and multisequence MR images of the brain, knee, breast, and hip. In multisequence 3T hip images, agreement between automatic cartilage segmentations and corresponding synthesized HDR‐MRI series were computed for mean voxel overlap established from manual segmentations for a series of cases. Qualitative comparisons between the developed HDR‐MRI and standard synthesis methods were performed on multichannel 7T brain and knee data, and multisequence 3T breast and knee data.

Results

The synthesized HDR‐MRI series provided excellent enhancement of fine‐scale structure from multiple scales and contrasts, while substantially reducing bias field effects in 7T brain gradient echo, T1 and T2 breast images and 7T knee multichannel images. Evaluation of the HDR‐MRI approach on 3T hip multisequence images showed superior outcomes for automatic cartilage segmentations with respect to manual segmentation, particularly around regions with hyperintense synovial fluid, across a set of 3D sequences.

Conclusion

The successful combination of multichannel/sequence MR images into a single‐fused HDR‐MR image format provided consolidated visualization of tissues within 1 omnibus image, enhanced definition of thin, complex anatomical structures in the presence of variable or hyperintense signals, and improved tissue (cartilage) segmentation outcomes.
Kinematical analysis of 3D passive earth pressure with nonlinear yield criterion
Authors: Yang Xiaoli , Li Zhengwei
Published: February 2018

Conventional methods for calculation of passive earth pressure were mainly based on the assumptions of the linear Mohr‐Coulomb yield condition and plane strain failure mechanism. However, both theoretical and experimental studies have shown that such assumptions are not satisfied in some geotechnical projects. Herein, a novel method incorporating a kinematically admissible 3‐dimensional (3D) rotational failure mechanism and the nonlinear power‐law yield criterion is proposed to compute the passive earth pressure acting on the inclined retaining walls. Instead of using the nonlinear yield criterion directly, a straight line tangential to the nonlinear yield curve is employed to represent the strength of soils, and therefore, the nonlinear problem is transformed into the traditional linear problem. The 3D failure mechanism is generated through rotating a circle defined by 2 log‐spirals, and a plane strain block is inserted into the mechanism to consider the retaining walls with different widths. Earthquake effects are taken into account by using quasi‐static representation, and the horizontal seismic coefficient concept is adopted for the estimation of passive earth pressure under seismic conditions. An analytical expression about the 3D passive earth pressure is educed by means of the upper bound theorem of limit analysis. Numerical results for different practical parameters are obtained from an optimization scheme where the minimum of passive earth pressure is sought. Compared with available 2‐dimensional and 3D solutions, the proposed method is validated. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of different parameters on the 3D static and seismic passive earth pressure.
The frequency spectrum of bladder non‐voiding activity as a trigger‐event for conditional stimulation: Closed‐loop inhibition of bladder contractions in rats
Authors: Choudhary Mahipal , van Mastrigt Ron , van Asselt Els
Published: February 2018

Aims

To test the hypothesis that the frequency of bladder non‐voiding contractions (NVCs) can be used as a trigger event for closed‐loop conditional inhibition of detrusor contractions via tibial nerve (TN) or dorsal penile nerve (DPN) stimulation.

Methods

In urethane anaesthetized male Wistar rats, the bladder was filled continuously with saline to evoke contractions. To test the plausibility of conditional inhibition via the TN, electrical stimulation was switched on manually when the pressure increased above a threshold of 10 cmH20 above the baseline. For testing conditional stimulation via the DPN, the pressure signal was continuously stored and a baseline threshold, the area under the curve (AUC) of the amplitude spectrum in the 0.2–20 Hz range of a 5 s window at the beginning of filling was calculated. When the AUC of subsequent pressure windows superseded the baseline threshold, the DPN was automatically stimulated.

Results

TN stimulation failed to inhibit evoked voiding contractions. The NVC frequency spectrum based DPN stimulation successfully inhibited 70% of the evoked contractions and resulted in a 45% increase in bladder capacity (BC).

Conclusions

While, conditional TN stimulation failed to suppress bladder contractions, DPN stimulation, automatically triggered by an increased frequency of bladder non‐voiding activity, resulted in bladder inhibition, and a consequential increase in BC. This study demonstrates the plausibility of using the frequency of NVCs as a trigger event for conditional inhibition of detrusor contractions.
Combined Analysis of Stress‐ and ECM‐Related Genes in Their Effect on Weight Regain
Authors: Roumans Nadia J.T. , Wang Ping , Vink Roel G. , van Baak Marleen A. , Mariman Edwin C.M.
Published: February 2018

Objective

During weight loss, the volume of adipocytes decreases, leading to stress because of the misfit between the cell contents and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). This stress can be resolved by remodeling the ECM or the restorage of triglycerides within the adipocytes. The objective of this study was to investigate the existence of a connection between stress‐related and ECM‐related genes that is associated with weight regain.

Methods

Thirty‐one participants with overweight or obesity followed a 5‐week very‐low‐calorie diet (500 kcal/d) with a subsequent 4‐week weight‐stable diet (WS), and then an uncontrolled 9‐month follow‐up. Adipose tissue biopsies were collected for microarray analysis. A correlation and interaction analysis was performed with the weight regain percentage (WR%) ([weight after follow‐up − weight after WS] ÷ weight after WS × 100%) by using two gene sets that were previously defined as “stress‐related” (n = 107) and “ECM‐related” genes (n = 277).

Results

During WS, a coexpression network of 8 stress‐related genes and 15 ECM‐related genes correlating with WR% could be constructed, with links to multiple biological processes. Interaction analysis between stress‐ and ECM‐related genes revealed that several gene combinations were highly related to weight regain.

Conclusions

Our findings underscore the importance of the connection between stress‐ and ECM‐related genes in the risk for weight regain.
Maternal Metabolic Health Parameters During Pregnancy in Relation to Early Childhood BMI Trajectories
Authors: Montazeri Parisa , Vrijheid Martine , Martinez David , Basterrechea Mikel , Fernandez‐Somoano Ana , Guxens Monica , Iñiguez Carmen , Lertxundi Aitana , Murcia Mario , Tardon Adonina , Sunyer Jordi , Valvi Damaskini
Published: February 2018

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between maternal metabolic parameters and early childhood BMI trajectories.

Methods

Two thousand two hundred fifty‐one children born in Spain between 2004 and 2008 were analyzed. Five BMI z score trajectories from birth to age 4 years were identified by using latent class growth analysis. Multinomial regression assessed the associations between maternal metabolic parameters and offspring's BMI trajectories.

Results

Children in the reference BMI trajectory had average size at birth followed by a slower BMI gain. Maternal prepregnancy obesity was associated with trajectories of accelerated BMI gain departing from either higher (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.07‐2.91) or lower size at birth (RRR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.17‐3.12). Gestational weight gain (GWG) above clinical guidelines was associated with a trajectory of higher birth size followed by accelerated BMI gain (RRR = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.53‐2.97). Maternal serum triglycerides were negatively associated with BMI trajectories departing from lower birth sizes. Gestational diabetes, maternal serum cholesterol, and C‐reactive protein were unrelated to children's BMI trajectories.

Conclusions

Maternal prepregnancy obesity, GWG, and serum triglycerides are associated with longitudinal BMI trajectories in early childhood that may increase disease risk in later life. Health initiatives should promote healthy weight status before and during pregnancy to improve maternal and child health.
Benefits and Harms in Pivotal Trials of Oral Centrally Acting Antiobesity Medicines: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Onakpoya Igho J. , Collins Dylan R.J. , Bobrovitz Niklas J.H. , Aronson Jeffrey K. , Heneghan Carl J.
Published: February 2018

Objective

To evaluate the benefits and harms of oral centrally acting antiobesity medicinal products in pivotal trials.

Methods

The European Medicines Agency and Federal Drug Administration websites, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched to identify pivotal trials used to gain marketing authorizations. Pivotal phase III trials on which marketing authorizations were based were included. The data were analyzed by using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan), and quality assessments for each outcome were performed by using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).

Results

Five products (16 trials with 24,555 participants) were included. Significantly more participants who took the antiobesity products achieved ≥ 5% reduction in body weight (risk ratio [RR] 2.39; 95% CI: 2.09‐2.74; GRADE = low). However, the products significantly increased the risk of adverse events (RR 1.12; 95% CI: 1.07‐1.17; GRADE = very low) and the risk of discontinuation because of adverse events (RR 1.52; 95% CI: 1.33‐1.74; GRADE = low). There were no significant differences for most outcomes between currently approved and withdrawn products.

Conclusions

Although oral centrally acting antiobesity products generate modest weight losses, they also increase the risks of adverse events and discontinuations because of adverse events. The premarketing benefit‐to‐harm profiles of currently available products and products that were later withdrawn because of harms are similar. Targeted study designs, better outcomes reporting, and improved postmarketing monitoring of harms are needed.
Thermo‐mechanical characterization of shape‐memory polyurethane nanocomposites filled with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets
Authors: L. Fonseca Beatriz , Fonseca Maria A. , A. Oliveira Mónica S.
Published: February 2018

The shape‐memory materials are nowadays an important subject in the scientific community due to their huge technological potential. In the present study, in order to pursue the mechanical reinforcement and improvement of the shape‐memory thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) properties, it was conducted an experimental study in which TPU nanocomposites containing carbon based nanoparticles were produced by melt mixing and injection molding. The resulting nanocomposites contained treated and non‐treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphene. A morphological, thermal and mechanical characterization was performed and in all the samples tested an enhancement on the thermo‐mechanical properties could be observed whenever the pure TPU was concerned. The thermal characterization performed enables to observe that carbon like reinforcement contributes positively to a better heat transfer diffusion. Furthermore, graphene seems to be the most promising reinforcement, when assessing solely the mechanical properties of the obtained nanocomposites. Overall, carbon like reinforcement at the nanoscale on a TPU matrix seems to enhance the shape‐memory ability of the pure TPU material. Nevertheless, the latter requires further insight. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1216–E1223, 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Drugs Being Eliminated via the Same Pathway Will Not Always Require Similar Pediatric Dose Adjustments
Authors: Calvier Elisa A. M. , Krekels Elke H. J. , Yu Huixin , Välitalo Pyry A. J. , Johnson Trevor N. , Rostami‐Hodjegan Amin , Tibboel Dick , van der Graaf Piet H. , Danhof Meindert , Knibbe Catherijne A. J.
Published: February 2018

For scaling drug plasma clearance (CLp) from adults to children, extrapolations of population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) covariate models between drugs sharing an elimination pathway have enabled accelerated development of pediatric models and dosing recommendations. This study aims at identifying conditions for which this approach consistently leads to accurate pathway specific CLp scaling from adults to children for drugs undergoing hepatic metabolism. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) simulation workflow utilizing mechanistic equations defining hepatic metabolism was developed. We found that drugs eliminated via the same pathway require similar pediatric dose adjustments only in specific cases, depending on drugs extraction ratio, unbound fraction, type of binding plasma protein, and the fraction metabolized by the isoenzyme pathway for which CLp is scaled. Overall, between‐drug extrapolation of pediatric covariate functions for CLp is mostly applicable to low and intermediate extraction ratio drugs eliminated by one isoenzyme and binding to human serum albumin in children older than 1 month.
Study of hydrogen bond dynamics in Nylon 6 crystals using IR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics focusing on the differences between α and γ crystal forms
Authors: Brela Mateusz Z. , Wójcik Marek J. , Boczar Marek , Onishi Erika , Sato Harumi , Nakajima Takahito , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: February 2018

Proton dynamics of hydrogen bonds (HBs) in the α and γ form of Nylon 6 were investigated by Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD). Our results show differences in the dynamic effects of interchain HB interactions between the α form and the γ form of Nylon 6. Analysis of the time course of the geometrical parameters of HBs along the BOMD simulations has shown that HBs are dynamically favored in the γ form of Nylon. The quantization of the NH stretching mode enables a detailed discussion of the strengths of HB interactions. Solving the Schrödinger equation for the snapshots of one‐dimensional proton potentials, extracted from the ab initio MD, enables the consideration of anharmonicity, thermodynamics, and approximate quantum effects on proton movement. A larger red shift of the NH stretching band was observed in the γ form compared with the α form. Our study shows that HBs are more stabilized in the γ form than in the α form, which is mainly due to the higher number of HBs. The distribution of HBs along the trajectory clearly reveals the preference of the γ form. The quantization of the NH motion enables the discussion of the differences in the IR spectra between the two forms.
Recent advances of in vitro culture systems for spermatogonial stem cells in mammals
Authors: Sahare Mahesh G. , Suyatno  , Imai Hiroshi
Published: February 2018

Background

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in the mammalian testis are unipotent stem cells for spermatozoa. They show unique cell characteristics as stem cells and germ cells after being isolated from the testis and cultured in vitro. This review introduces recent progress in the development of culture systems for the establishment ofSSClines in mammalian species, including humans.

Methods

Based on the published reports, the isolation and purification ofSSCs, identification and characteristics ofSSCs, and culture system for mice, humans, and domestic animals have been summarized.

Results

In mice, cell lines fromSSCs are established and can be reprogrammed to show pluripotent stem cell potency that is similar to embryonic stem cells. However, it is difficult to establish cell lines for animals other than mice because of the dearth of understanding about species‐specific requirements for growth factors and mechanisms supporting the self‐renewal of culturedSSCs. Among the factors that are associated with the development of culture systems, the enrichment ofSSCs that are isolated from the testis and the combination of growth factors are essential.

Conclusion

Providing an example ofSSCculture in cattle, a rational consideration was made about how it can be possible to establish cell lines from neonatal and immature testes.
Adaptive nonlinear ship tracking control with unknown control direction
Authors: Guo Meichen , Xu Dabo , Liu Lu
Published: February 2018

This paper is to suggest a novel design for ship tracking control of the benchmark Norrbin nonlinear ship model under relaxed conditions. The challenges of the problem under investigation include the uncertain or absent information of the model time constant, the uncertain reference course, and the intrinsic environmental disturbances. We formulate the ship tracking control problem in terms of a nonlinear output regulation problem with unknown control direction and uncertain exosystems. To solve the problem, we first adopt a novel internal model candidate to convert the output regulation problem into a stabilization problem for an augmented system. Then, a Nussbaum‐gain‐based stabilizer is developed for the augmented system to complete the design. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange by Au/TiO2 Nanoparticles under Neutral and Acidic Solutions
Authors: Tsuji Masaharu , Matsuda Kanako , Tanaka Mayu , Kuboyama Satsuki , Uto Keiko , Wada Nozomi , Kawazumi Hirofumi , Tsuji Takeshi , Ago Hiroki , Hayashi Jun‐ichiro
Published: February 2018

A comparative study was carried out on the degradation of methyl orange (MO) by TiO2 and Au/TiO2 photocatalysts in neutral and acidic solutions. Au/TiO2 photocatalysts with an Au : Ti atomic ratio of 1.5±0.1% : 98.5±0.1% were prepared by using a microwave‐polyol method in the presence of P25 TiO2. Initial degradation rates of MO by TiO2 and Au/TiO2 were 0.13 and 0.22 min−1 at pH 7, whereas they increased to 0.96 and 3.06 min−1 at pH 2, respectively. These results indicate that the MO degradation rates are enhanced by loading Au nanoparticles on TiO2 in neutral and acidic solutions by factors of 1.7 and 3.2, respectively. Mass spectroscopic studies lead us to conclude that major reaction products are formed by demethylation and OH addition of benzenoid form of MO in neutral solutions, whereas they are produced through ring opening and carboxylation of quinonoid form of MO after scission of a center N‐NH bond in acidic solutions. The relative importance of electron trapping and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects of Au nanoparticles is discussed for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity of Au/TiO2.
A Quick Micelle‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Spiro[indoline‐3, 4′‐pyrano[2, 3‐c]pyrazoles] in Water at Room Temperature
Authors: Devi Jutika , Kalita Subarna Jyoti , Deka Dibakar Chandra
Published: February 2018

A quick, simple and cost‐effective, micelle catalyzed one‐pot strategy for the synthesis of spiro[indoline‐3, 4′‐pyrano[2, 3‐c]pyrazoles] by reacting isatins, malononitrile and 3‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐ones in water at room temperature is described. The notable advantages of the protocol are mild reaction conditions, simple purification process involving no chromatographic process, reusability of the catalyst and high yields in short reaction time which make the protocol highly attractive.
Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid‐Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of Pyrazolopyrimidines and Their Photophysical Properties
Authors: Singsardar Mukta , Sarkar Rajib , Majhi Koushik , Sinha Subrata , Hajra Alakananda
Published: February 2018

A convenient and straightforward regioselective synthesis of pi‐conjugated pyrazolo[1, 5‐a]pyrimidines has been achieved via Brønsted acidic ionic liquid catalyzed tandem cyclization between 3‐aminopyrazole and chalcone derivatives in high yields. Task specific ionic liquid [1‐methyl‐3‐(4‐sulfobutyl)imidazolium‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonate] is found to be an effective catalyst for the cyclization, and the presence of both C2‐H of imidazolium moiety and acidic proton drastically enhance the catalytic activity. Substituted aminopyrazoles reacted with a wide range of functionalized α,β‐unsaturated ketones to variety of pyrazolo[1, 5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives. The present protocol offers a broad substrates scope, use of non‐hazardous reagent, metal‐free environmentally benign conditions and catalyst recyclability. Comparative photophysical studies have shown high quantum yields for certain derivatives.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydrofurocoumarins by Squaramide‐Catalyzed Michael Addition/Cyclization of 4‐Hydroxycoumarins with β‐Nitrostyrenes
Authors: Modrocká Viktória , Veverková Eva , Baran Rastislav , Šebesta Radovan
Published: February 2018

This work describes the enantioselective synthesis of chiral 2,3‐dihydrofurocoumarins by squaramide‐catalyzed Michael addition of 4‐hydroxycoumarins to β‐nitrostyrenes, followed by a cyclization reaction. A coumarin moiety is present in many chiral bioactive compounds, but the organocatalysis has still not reached its full potential in the synthesis of chiral coumarins. Here, we used squaramide catalysts comprising two chiral units, (S)‐phenylethylamine and cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine. These catalysts showed high reactivity and enantioselectivity in this transformation. Following this procedure, we prepared a series of 2,3‐dihydrofurocoumarin derivatives in 47‐93% yields and enantiomeric purities in the range of 78‐94% ee. Polystyrene‐immobilized squaramide catalyst performed well for the initial two reaction cycles but then slowly degraded. The absolute configuration of 2,3‐dihydrofurocoumarin products was determined by the comparison of the experimental and density functional theory‐calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra.
Magnetic Gated Biomimetic Artificial Nanochannels for Controllable Ion Transportation Inspired by Homing Pigeon
Authors: Hou Guanglei , Wang Dianyu , Xiao Kai , Zhang Huacheng , Zheng Shuang , Li Pei , Tian Ye , Jiang Lei
Published: February 2018

The homing pigeon‐inspired artificial nanochannel can be modulated by moderate magnetic field in a fast and noncontacting way. The ionic current, as well as rectifying ability and conductance is controlled by the magnetic field reversibly through elastic deformation of the nanochannel. Different gating effects are obtained at the two sides of the asymmetrically conical nanochannel due to the different response models. The magnetic gated nanochannel system also exhibits an excellent stability and a quick response in a noncontacting way, which may be promising in electronic devices related to biological or healthcare applications.