bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assesment of adherence to therapeutic recommendations among patients with hypertension
Authors: Rachubinska K , Gierycz E , Cybulska A , Grochans E , Schneider-Matyka D
Published: July 2024

Hypertension is a multifactorial condition involving environmental and genetic factors along with risk behaviors. Data from the National Health Fund show that nearly 10 million adult Poles have hypertension. The main goal of drug therapy is to effectively lower blood pressure to normal or near-normal values, and the basic prerequisite for effective pharmacotherapy of chronic diseases is patient adherence to pharmacological recommendations.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the level of adherence to treatment recommendations among patients with hypertension with regard to sociodemographic and medical variables.

Methods

This survey-based study included 200 patients with hypertension, hospitalized in the Department of Cardiology with the Intensive Cardiac Care Unit of an Independent Public Clinical Hospital. The author’s questionnaire and The Adherence to Refills and Medication Scale (ARMS) were used as research instruments.

Results

The study demonstrated the effect of age and place of residence on adherence to treatment recommendations (the older the age, the worse the adherence). The overall level of non-adherence to recommendations (ARMS total score), and the level of non-adherence to taking medications or refilling prescriptions were significantly higher in patients with than without diabetes, and in patients without heart failure than in those with this condition.

Conclusion

Adherence among patients diagnosed with hypertension was at a good level. Age, employment status, place of residence, and diagnosed diseases (diabetes, heart failure) significantly affected adherence to treatment among the subjects.Table1
Antimicrobial envelopes and endocarditis: innovative solutions for CIEDs infection
Authors: Pettillo V
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Endocarditis recurrence in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) remains a serious concern, demanding effective preventive measures. There is not always the possibility of extraction with a contralateral implant or the implantation of innovative devices. In recent years, two innovative technologies, TYRX and CanGaroo, have emerged as promising solutions to reduce the risk of endocarditis recurrence and improve patient outcomes. TYRX and CanGaroo are two cutting-edge medical technologies designed to address a critical concern in the management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs): the prevention and treatment of infected pockets. Both TYRX and CanGaroo offer unique approaches to mitigate this risk and improve patient outcomes.

The TYRX is composed of a mesh envelope containing two antimicrobial agents, minocycline, and rifampin, that providing local and sustained delivery of antimicrobial agents directly at the device pocket. Instead, the primary function of the CanGaroo is to create a physical barrier between the CIED and the surrounding tissues, reducing the risk of bacterial contamination. The CanGaroo is particularly valuable in cases where patients have a higher risk of endocarditis recurrence due to underlying health conditions, compromised immune systems, or previous episodes of infection. By minimizing the direct contact between the CIED and adjacent tissues, the CanGaroo helps reduce the risk of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation.

Objectives

Educate the patient and caregiver to recognize signs of infection and avoid contamination. Improve training and education of cardiology nurse specialists for the prevention and recurrence of endocarditis on intra-operative management using these new devices and the post-operative course.

Materials and Methods

Database research and field evaluations.

Outcome and Discussion

TYRX and CanGaroo are groundbreaking technologies that demonstrate the potential to reduce the recurrence of endocarditis in patients with CIEDs. Their innovative designs and positive clinical outcomes highlight their importance as valuable tools in infection prevention strategies for CIED recipients.

Conclusion

Both TYRX and CanGaroo offer innovative approaches to prevent endocarditis recurrence in patients with CIEDs. By utilizing their unique mechanisms, these devices contribute to a multi-pronged infection prevention strategy. The TYRX envelope's localized antimicrobial delivery and the CanGaroo envelope's physical protection complement standard infection control measures during implantation. It is important to note that while TYRX and CanGaroo offer significant advances in infection prevention, they are not standalone solutions. A comprehensive approach, including stringent infection control protocols, patient selection, and diligent post-implantation monitoring, is crucial in reducing the risk of endocarditis recurrence effectively.tryx
Socioeconomic factors and long-term mortality risk after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Lachonius M , Petursson P , Giang K W , Skoglund K , Jeppsson A , Nielsen S J
Published: July 2024

Background

There is scarce knowledge about the association between socioeconomic factors and outcome in patients undergoing transaortic valve implantation (TAVI). Therefore, the aim was to explore the association between marital status, educational level and long-term mortality risk in patients who underwent TAVI.

Methods

The SWEDEHEART registry was used to identify all patients who underwent TAVI due to aortic stenosis in Sweden from 2014 to 2020. Socioeconomic factors and comorbidities were collected from mandatory national registries. Cox regression models adjusted for baseline comorbidities, age, sex, smoking, education and marital status were used to estimate the mortality risk. Median follow-up were 1.9 years (interquartile range 0.8-3.2 years).

Results

In total, 6280 patients were included (47.1% women) with a mean age of 81.5 years (SD 7.1). Common baseline characteristics were hypertension (84.4%), heart failure (45.9%) and history of smoking (51.0%). During follow-up, 1584 (25.6%) of the patients died, of these, 860 (54.3%) deaths were related to cardiovascular causes. Lowest educational level (<10 years) was associated with a higher risk of mortality compared to patients with the highest education level (>12 years) (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.17 (95% Confidence interval (CI 1.01–1.35). Never being married/cohabiting, compared to married/cohabiting was not associated with an increased risk of mortality, (aHR 1.21 (95% CI 0.98-1.50)). The risk was increased for men (aHR of 1.45 (95% CI 1.12–1.88)), but not for women (aHR 0.81 (95% CI 0.55–1.19)).

Conclusions

Disadvantage in socioeconomic status was associated with an increased risk of mortality after TAVI. These findings emphasize the importance to develop strategies to increase health literacy and social support after TAVI, to patients with unfavorable socioeconomic factors.
Quality assurance in cardio-pulmonary exercise testing
Authors: Bruce D , Ashdown A , Focacci F , Stain N
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Quality assurance (QA) ensures agreed standards are being met and facilitates service improvement. Recent government initiatives aiming to increase diagnostic activity to reduce wait times emphasises the importance of a robust framework to assess standards and drive improvement. Quality frameworks exist for other areas of cardiac diagnostics but there is limited information on assessing quality in cardio-pulmonary exercise testing (CPET).

Purpose

We aim to develop and pilot a quality assurance framework for CPET. This will facilitate further QA development in this area and drive continuous service improvement.

Methods

Data were collected from June to November 2023. A random sample of 10% of tests were selected each month. A total of 39 tests were included. Our framework consisted of 30 checks across four domains: Requesting, data quality, reporting, and documentation. Checks were assessed for compliance using a Red, Amber, Green (RAG) rating system. Green - compliant. Amber - minor deviation (e.g., minor deviation from spirometry repeatability criteria). Red - significant deviation (e.g., incorrectly plotted VO2 peak). An overall test rating was then given: Green (≤ 3 amber), Amber (4 – 5 amber) and Red (> 5 amber or any red).

Results

The analysis comprised of individual domain checks and an overall test rating (OTR). Domain results (figure 1.) were: Requesting 95%; Data Quality; 89%, Reporting 96%; and Documentation 98%. OTRs (figure 2.) were as follows: Green (85%), Amber (13%) and Red (2%). Tests with a red OTR led to supportive discussions with operators, additional training and follow up QA. Protocol selection and spirometry repeatability were the most common individual check deviations (41% amber and 31% amber respectively).

Conclusions

Our QA framework showed that overall CPETs were being conducted to a high standard. There were however some variances identified which led to targeted staff training and additional audits to guide service improvement. Qualitative and subjective aspects of CPET make QA complex and a patient focused model should be employed. It is also salient to note that QA in CPET should be developed to be pragmatic and scalable to the service to ensure sustainability.Figure 1:Domain resultsFigure 2:Overall test rating
Pre-existing cardiovascular disease in the intensive care population: a national data study in scotland
Authors: Rea N , Mchale S , Neubeck L
Published: July 2024

Introduction/Background

Each year, nearly 17,000 patients are admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICU) in Scotland. Forty percent of these patients suffer from one or more pre-existing co-morbidity. Pre-existing co-morbid disease is a known risk factor for readmission to ICU, increased healthcare use, protracted recovery and reduced health-related quality of life. Nonetheless, it is unknown which group of patients is most affected. Given the heterogeneity of the ICU population and in consideration of more "targeted" care, understanding the influence of co-morbidities and identification of specific patient groups is necessary. In tandem, the association between cardiovascular disease and critical illness is under researched. Yet it is known that 20% of ICU patients suffer from cardiovascular disease (CVD), with some evidence to suggest CVD is linked to increased 5-year mortality in this group of patients.

Purpose

To understand the prevalence of pre-existing CVD and other pre-existing co-morbidities in the critically ill population and to determine the influence of pre-existing CVD on hospital readmission rates (within one year of index hospital discharge).

Methods

This study is a retrospective cohort analysis using routinely collected data on ICU admissions between 2010 and 2019 in Scotland. Following public benefit and privacy panel (PBPP) approval and university integrity committee review, data was accessed via a secure National Safe Haven platform. Demographic data are presented alongside correlation analysis.

Results

More than 100,000 patients were admitted to ICU between 2010 and 2019. Of these patients, around 10% suffered from pre-existing CVD, with 30% suffering from any co-morbid disease, as defined by Charlson Co-morbidity index. It was identified that around 10% of ICU patients were readmitted to ICU within one year and a further 20% readmitted to hospital within one year. Of those patients readmitted to ICU, 10% suffer from pre-existing CVD.

Conclusion

This study identified that CVD is prevalent amongst the critically ill population with many experiencing a further admission to ICU. Despite this, little is known about the follow-up care provided to these patients with regards to managing CVD.
Social networks - help or hindrance in patient care
Authors: Pop S , Guz F D , Grigore A M , Sascau M , Florea G , Boeru L , Antohi E L , Chioncel O D
Published: July 2024

Background/Introduction

After the pandemic, there has been a significant rise in the time people dedicate to social networks. Throughout periods of local and international lockdowns, these platforms became recognized as quicker and more effective tools for communication across various fields.

Purpose

We aimed to conduct a study to assess the effectiveness of deploying an information system to improve the communication process between patients and healthcare specialists.

Methods

A questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was utilized, completed by 43 patients or their relatives admitted between January 1, 2024, and January 31, 2024 in a cardiology ward of a tertiary centre.

Results

Among all participants, a proportion of 65% was represented by middle-aged women from urban areas, with 68.4% holding higher education degrees and 31.6% with secondary education. A vast majority (98%) reported using at least one social network daily for both professional and personal reasons. Eighty-three percent believe that doctor-patient interactions on social networks are ethical and regard it as a secure and effective method for communicating with healthcare professionals. Feedback from social networks did not significantly influence the selection of doctors or medical institutions. However, social network advertising notably affects the choice of medical specialists or institutions, with 48% of respondents indicating they sought out the most prominently featured hospitals or doctors on these platforms. Despite this, 72% of respondents were unaware of personalized advertising strategies or that such messages are often crafted by public relations firms. Most found social network communication with medical staff suitable for follow-ups (92%) but not for initial assessments or determining diagnostic procedures (81%). Still, there was reluctance to rely exclusively on social networks for choosing medical services.

Conclusions

Patients and their families are open to receiving medical information and communicating with healthcare providers through social networks. However, a limited understanding of the technologies employed to boost the visibility of specific content or endorse procedures on social media could expose patients to skewed information. Responsible regulation of medical information and advertising is imperiously needed.
Self-help interventions for the prevention of relapse in mood disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lo Heidi Ka-Ying , Ho Fiona Yan-Yee , Yeung Jerry Wing-Fai , Ng Stephy Tim-Wai , Wong Eva Yuen-Ting , Chung Ka-Fai
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Self-help interventions may offer a scalable adjunct to traditional care, but their effectiveness in relapse prevention is not well-established. Objectives: This review aimed to assess their effectiveness in preventing relapses among individuals with mood disorders.

Methods

We systematically reviewed the pertinent trial literature in Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases until May 2024. Randomized controlled trials that examined the self-help interventions among individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD) were included. The random-effects model computed the pooled risk ratios of relapse, with subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses to explore heterogeneity sources.

Results

Fifteen papers and 16 comparisons of randomized trials involving 2735 patients with mood disorders were eligible for this meta-analysis. Adjunct self-help interventions had a small but significant effect on reducing the relapse rates of major depressive disorder (pooled risk ratio: 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66–0.92, P = 0.0032, NNT = 11), and were marginally better in bipolar disorder (pooled risk ratio: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40–0.97, P = .0344, NNT = 12), as compared to treatment as usual (TAU). No subgroup difference was found based on intervention components, settings, delivery method, or guidance levels. The average dropout rate for self-help interventions (18.9%) did not significantly differ from TAU dropout rates. The examination of treatment adherence was highly variable, precluding definitive conclusions.

Conclusions

Self-help interventions demonstrate a modest preventative effect on relapse in mood disorders, despite low to very low certainty. Future research is essential to identify which elements of self-help interventions are most effective.
Unveiling vertebrate development dynamics in frog Xenopus laevis using micro-CT imaging
Authors: Laznovsky Jakub , Kavkova Michaela , Helena Reis Alice , Robovska-Havelkova Pavla , Maia Lorena Agostini , Krivanek Jan , Zikmund Tomas , Kaiser Jozef , Buchtova Marcela , Harnos Jakub
Published: July 2024

Background

Xenopus laevis, the African clawed frog, is a versatile vertebrate model organism in various biological disciplines, prominently in developmental biology to study body plan reorganization during metamorphosis. However, a notable gap exists in the availability of comprehensive datasets encompassing Xenopus’ late developmental stages.

Findings

This study utilized micro–computed tomography (micro-CT), a noninvasive 3-dimensional (3D) imaging technique with micrometer-scale resolution, to explore the developmental dynamics and morphological changes in Xenopus laevis. Our approach involved generating high-resolution images and computed 3D models of developing Xenopus specimens, spanning from premetamorphosis tadpoles to fully mature adults. This dataset enhances our understanding of vertebrate development and supports various analyses. We conducted a careful examination, analyzing body size, shape, and morphological features, focusing on skeletogenesis, teeth, and organs like the brain and gut at different stages. Our analysis yielded valuable insights into 3D morphological changes during Xenopus’ development, documenting details previously unrecorded. These datasets hold the solid potential for further morphological and morphometric analyses, including segmentation of hard and soft tissues.

Conclusions

Our repository of micro-CT scans represents a significant resource that can enhance our understanding of Xenopus’ development and the associated morphological changes in the future. The widespread utility of this amphibian species, coupled with the exceptional quality of our scans, which encompass a comprehensive series of developmental stages, opens up extensive opportunities for their broader research application. Moreover, these scans can be used in virtual reality, 3D printing, and educational contexts, further expanding their value and impact.
Biosimilar underutilization alone does not foretell a broken biologics market
Authors: LaMountain Fariel , Beinfeld Molly T , Wong William , Kim Eunice , Chambers James D
Published: July 2024

Biosimilars offer the potential for cost savings and expanded access to biologic products; however, there are concerns regarding the rate of biosimilar uptake. We assessed the relationship between biosimilar and originator pricing, coverage, and market share by describing four case studies that fall into two categories: (1) sole preferred coverage strategy (ie, aim is to have originator product preferred; biosimilar(s) non-preferred), defined as steep average sales price (ASP) reductions for originator products (decline in net prices by at least 50% following the introduction of biosimilar competition by 2022) and (2) non-sole preferred coverage strategy (ie, aim is to have originator product preferred alongside biosimilar products), defined as moderate ASP reductions for originator products with (net prices did not decline by at least 50% of its pre-biosimilar competition value). We found that originators with sole preferred coverage strategies maintained formulary preference and market share relative to originators with non-sole preferred coverage strategies. Regardless of strategy, the market-weighted ASP for all four product families (originator and biosimilars) declined significantly in the years following the introduction of biosimilars, suggesting that biosimilar uptake alone may not be a complete measure of whether the biosimilar market is facilitating competition and lowering prices.
Leeches Predate on Fast-Escaping and Entangling Blackworms by Spiral Entombment
Authors: Tuazon Harry , David Samuel , Ma Kenneth , Bhamla Saad
Published: July 2024

Synopsis

We investigate how the Helobdella sp. freshwater leeches capture and consume Lumbriculus variegatus blackworms despite the blackworm’s ultrafast helical swimming escape reflex and ability to form large tangled “blobs.” We describe a spiral “entombment” predation strategy, where Helobdellid leeches latch onto blackworms with their anterior sucker and envelop them in a spiral cocoon. Quantitative analysis shows that larger leeches succeed more often in entombing prey, while longer worms tend to escape. The rate of spiral contraction correlates with entombment outcomes, with slower rates associated with success. These insights highlight the complex interactions between predator and prey in freshwater ecosystems, providing new perspectives on ecological adaptability and predator-prey dynamics.
Beyond lung cancer: air pollution and bladder, breast and prostate cancer incidence
Authors: Kayyal-Tarabeia Inass , Zick Aviad , Kloog Itai , Levy Ilan , Blank Michael , Agay-Shay Keren
Published: July 2024

Background

The carcinogenicity of air pollution and its impact on the risk of lung cancer is well known; however, there are still knowledge gaps and mixed results for other sites of cancer.

Methods

The current study aimed to evaluate the associations between ambient air pollution [fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)] and cancer incidence. Exposure assessment was based on historical addresses of >900 000 participants. Cancer incidence included primary cancer cases diagnosed from 2007 to 2015 (n = 30 979). Cox regression was used to evaluate the associations between ambient air pollution and cancer incidence [hazard ratio (HR), 95% CI].

Results

In the single-pollutant models, an increase of one interquartile range (IQR) (2.11 µg/m3) of PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of all cancer sites (HR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.47–1.54), lung cancer (HR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.60–1.87), bladder cancer (HR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.37–1.65), breast cancer (HR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.42–1.58) and prostate cancer (HR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.31–1.52). In the single-pollutant and the co-pollutant models, the estimates for PM2.5 were stronger compared with NOx for all the investigated cancer sites.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm the carcinogenicity of ambient air pollution on lung cancer and provide additional evidence for bladder, breast and prostate cancers. Further studies are needed to confirm our observation regarding prostate cancer. However, the need for more research should not be a barrier to implementing policies to limit the population's exposure to air pollution.
Voices and values: the challenging odyssey of Meta to harmonize human rights with content moderation
Authors: Nourooz Pour Hesam
Published: July 2024

This study explores the evolving complexities of digital media and their impact on the boundaries of free expression within the framework of International Human Rights Law. It scrutinizes the ‘harm criteria’, a pivotal component in balancing freedom of expression against potential societal and individual harm. Meta, with its nearly three billion users worldwide, is analysed as a primary case study. The company has adopted more nuanced community standards that emphasize inclusivity and the value of diverse voices, especially those from marginalized communities. This transition presents several challenges, including navigating ambiguous policy frameworks, addressing the complexities of automated moderation, and reconciling global norms with local laws. Employing a qualitative methodology and textual analysis of Meta's public policy documents and case studies from its Oversight Board, the research aims to provide a thorough analysis of how Meta manages the delicate balance between protecting freedom of speech and enforcing harm criteria. The study highlights the technological, ethical, and legal tensions that emerge in a globalized digital environment.
Applying natural language processing to patient messages to identify depression concerns in cancer patients
Authors: van Buchem Marieke M , de Hond Anne A H , Fanconi Claudio , Shah Vaibhavi , Schuessler Max , Kant Ilse M J , Steyerberg Ewout W , Hernandez-Boussard Tina
Published: July 2024

Objective

This study aims to explore and develop tools for early identification of depression concerns among cancer patients by leveraging the novel data source of messages sent through a secure patient portal.

Materials and Methods

We developed classifiers based on logistic regression (LR), support vector machines (SVMs), and 2 Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) models (original and Reddit-pretrained) on 6600 patient messages from a cancer center (2009-2022), annotated by a panel of healthcare professionals. Performance was compared using AUROC scores, and model fairness and explainability were examined. We also examined correlations between model predictions and depression diagnosis and treatment.

Results

BERT and RedditBERT attained AUROC scores of 0.88 and 0.86, respectively, compared to 0.79 for LR and 0.83 for SVM. BERT showed bigger differences in performance across sex, race, and ethnicity than RedditBERT. Patients who sent messages classified as concerning had a higher chance of receiving a depression diagnosis, a prescription for antidepressants, or a referral to the psycho-oncologist. Explanations from BERT and RedditBERT differed, with no clear preference from annotators.

Discussion

We show the potential of BERT and RedditBERT in identifying depression concerns in messages from cancer patients. Performance disparities across demographic groups highlight the need for careful consideration of potential biases. Further research is needed to address biases, evaluate real-world impacts, and ensure responsible integration into clinical settings.

Conclusion

This work represents a significant methodological advancement in the early identification of depression concerns among cancer patients. Our work contributes to a route to reduce clinical burden while enhancing overall patient care, leveraging BERT-based models.
Dietary probiotic based on a dual-strain Bacillus subtilis improves immunity, intestinal health, and growth performance of broiler chickens
Authors: Cai Yuanli , Xiao Chuanpi , Tian Bo , Dorthe Sandvang , Meuter Antoine , Song Bochen , Song Zhigang
Published: July 2024

The study investigated the effects of dietary probiotic of dual-strain Bacillus subtilis on production performance, intestinal barrier parameters, and microbiota in broiler chickens. In a randomized trial, male broiler chickens were allocated into 3 groups, a control group (basal diet), BS300 group (basal diet with 300 mg/kg of B. subtilis), and BS500 group (basal diet with 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis). The inclusion of 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis significantly reduced the feed conversion ratio by 4.55% during the starting phase. Both 300 and 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis supplementation increased jejunal villus height (by 17.89% and 24.8%, respectively) significantly and decreased jejunal crypt depth (by 27.2% and 31.9%, respectively) on day 21. The addition of 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis significantly elevated the gene expression of occludin on day 35. Moreover, of B. subtilis supplementation enhanced cytokine levels and immunoglobulins in both serum and jejunal mucosa. Microbial analysis indicated that B. subtilis increased the abundance of potential probiotics (Sutterella) and butyrate-producing bacteria (Lachnoclostridium, Tyzzerella, Anaerostipes, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_13, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-010). The abundances of Anaerostipes and Sutterella, are significantly correlated with growth performance and immune function. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with B. subtilis improved the growth performance, potentially through the regulation of immunity, intestinal barrier function, and microbiota in broilers. Notably, 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis exhibited more benefits for broilers compared to the 300 mg/kg.
Reviewing the definition of mortality in broiler chickens and its implications in genomic evaluations
Authors: Richter Jennifer , Bussiman Fernando , Hidalgo Jorge , Breen Vivian , Misztal Ignacy , Lourenco Daniela
Published: July 2024

Mortality is an economically important trait usually handled as a discrete outcome from hatch time until selection in most broiler breeder programs. However, in other species, it has been shown that not only does the genetic component change over time, but also there are maternal genetic effects to be considered when mortality is recorded early in life. This study aimed to investigate alternative trait definitions of mortality with varying models and effects. Three years’ worth of data were provided by Cobb-Vantress, Inc. and included 2 mortality traits. The first trait was binary, whether the bird died or not (OM), and the second trait was a categorical weekly mortality trait. After data cleaning, 6 wk of data for the 2 given mortality traits were used to develop 5 additional trait definitions. The definitions were broiler mortality (BM), early and late mortality (EM & LM), and 2 traits with repeated records as cumulative or binary (CM and RM, respectively). Variance components were estimated using linear and threshold models to investigate whether either model had a benefit. Genomic breeding values were predicted using the BLUP90 software suite, and linear regression validation (LR) was used to compare trait definitions and models. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.01 (0.00) to 0.16 (0.01) under linear and 0.04 (0.01) to 0.21 (0.01) under threshold models, indicating genetic variability within the population across these trait definitions. The genetic correlation between EM and LM ranged from 0.48 to 0.81 across the different lines, indicating they have divergent genetic backgrounds and should be considered different traits. The LR accuracies showed that EM and LM used together in a 2-trait model have comparable accuracies to that of OM while giving a more precise picture of mortality. When including the maternal effect, the direct heritability considerably decreased for EM, indicating that the maternal effect plays an important role in early mortality. Therefore, a suitable approach would be a model with EM and LM while considering the maternal effect for EM. Single nucleotide polymorphism effects were estimated, and no individual SNP explained more than 1% of the additive genetic variance. Additionally, the SNP with the largest effect size and variance were inconsistent across trait definitions. Chicken mortality can be defined in different ways, and reviewing these definitions and models may benefit poultry breeding programs.
Externalizing rescue operations at sea: The migration deal between Italy and Libya
Authors: Zambiasi Diego , Albarosa Emanuele
Published: July 2024

Between 2010 and 2019, the global number of forcibly displaced individuals doubled, prompting countries to sign migration deals. Under these agreements, transit or origin countries halt migrants in exchange for support. The 2017 Italy–Libya deal outsourced search and rescue operations in the Central Mediterranean to the Libyan Coast Guard (LCG), aiming to stop migrants from reaching Italy. Using a spatial difference-in-differences design, we find an increase in the probability of observing a deadly incident in areas patrolled by the LCG post-deal. Descriptive evidence suggests a shift in routes, diverting a significant portion of migration to the Western Mediterranean Route.
Croton grewioides essential oil and anethole reduce oxidative stress and improve growth of bovine primordial follicles during culture of ovarian tissue
Authors: da Silva Felipe F , das Chagas Costa Francisco , Azevedo Venância A N , de Assis Ernando I T , Gomes Geovany A , Araújo Valdevane R , de Morais Selene M , Rodrigues Tigressa H S , Silva José R V
Published: July 2024

Objectives

This study aims to evaluate the effects of Croton grewioides essential oil (CGEO) and anethole on follicle survival, growth, and oxidative stress in cultured bovine ovarian tissues.

Methods

Ovarian tissues were cultured for 6 days in a medium supplemented with different concentrations (1, 10, 100, or 1000 µg mL–1) of CGEO or anethole and then, follicular survival and growth, collagen content, and stromal cell density in ovarian tissues cultured in vitro were evaluated by histology. The mRNA levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), peroxirredoxin 6 (PRDX6), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) were evaluated by real-time PCR. The activity of SOD, CAT, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and thiol concentrations were investigated.

Key findings

Ovarian tissues cultured with 1 µg mL–1 CGEO or anethole had a higher percentage of healthy follicles than those cultured in a control medium (P < .05). The 1 µg mL–1 CGEO also increased the number of stromal cells, collagen fibers, and thiol levels. Anethole (1 µg mL–1) increased CAT activity and reduced that of GPx. The activity of SOD was reduced by CGEO. In contrast, 1 µg mL–1 anethole reduced mRNA for CAT, PRDX1, and NRF2 (P < .05). In addition, 1 µg mL–1 CGEO reduced mRNA for CAT, PRDX6, and GPx1 (P < .05).

Conclusions

The presence of 1 µg mL–1 anethole or CGEO in a culture medium promotes follicle survival and regulates oxidative stress and the expression of mRNA and activity of antioxidant enzymes in cultured bovine ovarian tissues.
Cold tolerance of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is linked to Cold Box Factor 4 and the dehydrin Xero2
Authors: Kanbar Adnan , Weinert Christoph Hubertus , Kottutz David , Thinh La , Abuslima Eman , Kabil Farida , Hazman Mohamed , Egert Björn , Trierweiler Bernhard , Kulling Sabine Emma , Nick Peter
Published: July 2024

Domesticated strawberry is susceptible to sudden frost episodes, limiting the productivity of this cash crop in regions where they are grown during early spring. In contrast, the ancestral woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) has successfully colonized many habitats of the Northern Hemisphere. Thus, this species seems to harbour genetic factors promoting cold tolerance. Screening a germplasm established in the frame of the German Gene Bank for Crop Wild Relatives, we identified, among 70 wild accessions, a pair with contrasting cold tolerance. By following the physiological, biochemical, molecular, and metabolic responses of this contrasting pair, we identified the transcription factor Cold Box Factor 4 and the dehydrin Xero2 as molecular markers associated with superior tolerance to cold stress. Overexpression of green fluorescent protein fusions with Xero2 in tobacco BY-2 cells conferred cold tolerance to these recipient cells. A detailed analysis of the metabolome for the two contrasting genotypes allows the definition of metabolic signatures correlated with cold tolerance versus cold stress. This work provides a proof-of-concept for the value of crop wild relatives as genetic resources to identify genetic factors suitable to increase the stress resilience of crop plants.
Melzer and the Dead Sea Scrolls: Anna Seghers’s GDR novel Die Entscheidung (1959)
Authors: Rupprecht Caroline
Published: July 2024

This article is about German-Jewish author Anna Seghers (1900–1983), who spent half of her productive life in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Though Seghers is known for her works from the 1930s and 1940s such as The Seventh Cross (1942), about a prisoner who escapes from a concentration camp, little has been published about her writings under communism, after she returned from fourteen years of exile, having survived National Socialism while active in the resistance. Her mother and aunt were murdered in the Shoah, and Seghers ostensibly discontinued addressing the National Socialist German past once the GDR was founded (in 1949). However, as this article demonstrates, her ‘socialist realist’ novel, Die Entscheidung (1959), complicates this seeming erasure of Seghers's Jewish identity, which can be seen not only in response to the increasing antisemitism in eastern Europe during the Cold War, but also attests to her actual and continuous—albeit ‘hidden’—engagement with the Jewish culture and history of her childhood and youth. Through the autobiographical character Herbert Melzer, it becomes possible to identify secret references and allusions to the Dead Sea Scrolls, first discovered in Qumran in 1947–1953—the same time at which Seghers set the novel. While she was confronted with surveillance, travel restrictions, and censorship, Seghers maintained her own personal exploration of Judaica, as evidenced by her published letters and the contents of her personal library (now the Anna Seghers Archive). This article argues that Seghers persisted in retaining and expressing her original Jewish self-identification through fiction, even in this, her seemingly most ‘socialist realist’ novel.
Towards a rights-based approach for disabled women’s access to abortion
Authors: Furgalska Magdalena , de Londras Fiona
Published: July 2024

This article adds to the still limited scholarship on the impact of abortion laws and policies on people with disabilities and those with diminished capacity who seek abortion. We argue that neither the legal nor policy framework currently operating in England and Wales adequately incorporates and protects the rights of people with disabilities or those experiencing mental ill-health. Rather, the law and policy framework jeopardizes their reproductive agency. We argue that greater attention to and incorporation of standards contained within the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (including the sources produced by its Committee) and implementation of guidelines produced by the World Health Organization would result in a rights-affirming framework that supports disabled women’s reproductive agency, enhances their effective enjoyment of human rights, and supports them in accessing quality abortion care.
Realistic simulated galaxies form [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] knees due to a sustained decline in their star formation rates
Authors: Mason Andrew C , Crain Robert A , Schiavon Ricardo P , Weinberg David H , Pfeffer Joel , Schaye Joop , Schaller Matthieu , Theuns Tom
Published: July 2024

We examine the stellar [$\alpha$/Fe]–[Fe/H] distribution of $\simeq 1000$ present-day galaxies in a high-resolution EAGLE simulation. Roughly half of the galaxies exhibit the canonical distribution, characterized by a sequence of low-metallicity stars with high [$\alpha$/Fe] that transitions at a ‘knee’ to a sequence of declining [$\alpha$/Fe] with increasing metallicity. This population yields a knee metallicity–galaxy–mass relation similar to that observed in Local Group galaxies, both in slope and scatter. However, many simulated galaxies lack a knee or exhibit more complicated distributions. Knees are found only in galaxies with star formation histories (SFHs) featuring a sustained decline from an early peak ($t\simeq 7~{\rm Gyr}$), which enables enrichment by Type Ia supernovae to dominate that due to Type II supernovae (SN II), reducing [$\alpha$/Fe] in the interstellar gas. The simulation thus indicates that, contrary to the common interpretation implied by analytic galactic chemical evolution (GCE) models, knee formation is not a consequence of the onset of enrichment by SN Ia. We use the SFH of a simulated galaxy exhibiting a knee as input to the vice GCE model, finding it yields an $\alpha$-rich plateau enriched only by SN II, but the plateau comprises little stellar mass and the galaxy forms few metal-poor ([Fe/H] $\lesssim$$-$1) stars. This follows from the short constant gas consumption time-scale typically assumed by GCEs, which implies the presence of a readily enriched low-mass gas reservoir. When an initially longer, evolving consumption time-scale is adopted, vice reproduces the simulated galaxy’s track through the [$\alpha$/Fe]–[Fe/H] plane and its metallicity distribution function.
Dihydroquercetin and biochaga reduce H2O2-induced DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of obese women in vitro—a pilot study
Authors: Živković Lada , Pirković Andrea , Topalović Dijana , Borozan Sunčica , Bajić Vladan , Srećković Vesna Dimitrijević , Djelić Ninoslav , Petrović Hristina , Milić Mirta , Spremo-Potparević Biljana
Published: July 2024

Systemic oxidative stress stemming from increased free radical production and reduced antioxidant capacity are common characteristics of obese individuals. Using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce DNA damage in vitro, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from obese subjects and controls, the DNA protective ability of dihidroqercetin (DHQ) and biochaga (B) alone or in combination, were evaluated. The effects of DHQ and B were estimated under two experimental conditions: pre-treatment, where cells were pre-incubated with the substances prior to H2O2 exposure; and post-treatment when cells were first exposed to H2 H2O2, and further treated with the compounds. DNA damage was evaluated using the comet assay. The results of pre- and post-treatment showed a significant decrease in DNA damage produced by H2O2 in the obese group. This decrease was not significant in control group probably due to a small number of subjects in this pilot study. More prominent attenuation was noted in the pre-treatment with DHQ (250 μg/ml). Analysis of antioxidant properties revealed that DHQ’s remarkable reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, and potent∙OH scavenging properties may contribute to strong attenuation of H2O2-induced DNA damage. Also, B showed strong reducing power, DPPH, and ∙OH scavenging ability, while reducing power and DPPH scavenger effects were increased in the presence of DHQ. Conclusively, DHQ and B may reduce H2O2-induced DNA damage in PBMCs from obese subjects when challenged in vitro, and could be valuable tools in future research against oxidative damage-related conditions.
Beyond T2-FLAIR mismatch sign in isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant 1p19q non-codeleted astrocytoma: Analysis of tumor core and evolution with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Jen Jian Ping , Li Xuanxuan , Patel Markand , Haq Huzaifah , Pohl Ute , Nagaraju Santhosh , Wykes Victoria , Sanghera Paul , Watts Colin , Sawlani Vijay
Published: July 2024

Background

The T2-FLAIR mismatch sign is an imaging correlate for isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant 1p19q non-codeleted astrocytomas. However, it is only seen in a part of the cases at certain stages. Many of the tumors likely lose T2 homogeneity as they grow in size, and become heterogenous. The aim of this study was to investigate the timecourse of T2-FLAIR mismatch sign, and assess intratumoral heterogeneity using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging techniques.

Methods

A total of 128 IDH-mutant gliomas were retrospectively analyzed. Observers blinded to molecular status used strict criteria to select T2-FLAIR mismatch astrocytomas. Pre-biopsy and follow-up standard structural sequences of T2, FLAIR and apparent diffusion coefficient, MR spectroscopy (both single- and multi-voxel techniques), and DSC perfusion were observed.

Results

Nine T2-FLAIR mismatch astrocytomas were identified. 7 had MR spectroscopy and perfusion data. The smallest astrocytomas began as rounded T2 homogeneous lesions without FLAIR suppression, and developed T2-FLAIR mismatch during follow-up with falls in NAA and raised Cho/Cr ratio. Larger tumors at baseline with T2-FLAIR mismatch signs developed intratumoral heterogeneity, and showed elevated Cho/Cr ratio and raised relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV). The highest levels of intratumoral Cho/Cr and rCBV changes were located within the tumor core, and this area signifies the progression of the tumors toward high grade.

Conclusions

T2-FLAIR mismatch sign is seen at a specific stage in the development of astrocytoma. By assessing the subsequent heterogeneity, MR spectroscopy and perfusion imaging are able to predict the progression of the tumor towards high grade, thereby can assist targeting for biopsy and selective debulking.
The COVID-19 pandemic experience for patients with central nervous system tumors: Differences in patient-reported outcomes and practice recommendations
Authors: King Amanda L , Roche Kayla N , Vera Elizabeth , Pillai Valentina , Polskin Lily , Acquaye-Mallory Alvina A , Boris Lisa , Burton Eric , Choi Anna , Grajkowska Ewa , Leeper Heather E , Panzer Marissa , Penas-Prado Marta , Reyes Jennifer , Sahebjam Solmaz , Theeler Brett J , Wu Jing , Gilbert Mark R , Armstrong Terri S
Published: July 2024

Background

This study explored differences in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) for patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors during COVID, compared to pre-pandemic assessments, in light of impacted access to in-person care.

Methods

Patient-reported outcomes (PROMIS-Anxiety and Depression Short-Forms, EQ-5D-3L, MDASI-BT/Spine, NeuroQoL-Perceived Cognitive Functioning) were collected from 149 participants on the Neuro-Oncology Branch Natural History Study seen during the first year of COVID between March 2020 and February 2021, which were compared to assessments collected pre-COVID. Paired sample t-tests and proportion tests (z-tests) were used to compare PROs with effect sizes reported using Hedges g and Cohen’s h. Logistic regression models with backwards selection were used to identify risk factors for high levels of depression and anxiety pre- and during COVID.

Results

Participants were primarily male (54%) and Caucasian (84%) with a median age of 46 (range 20–79) and 66% had high-grade tumors. More patients reported moderate-severe depressive symptoms during the COVID year, compared to pre-COVID assessments (13% vs 8%, Cohen’s h = 0.17, P = .021), with modest increases in symptom burden and cognitive dysfunction reported as well. Logistic regressions revealed that during COVID, concurrent moderate-severe distress and low tumor grade predicted depression and anxiety, with psychotropic medication use also predicting depression while active treatment predicted anxiety.

Conclusion

During COVID, patients experienced higher levels of depression, which has the potential to negatively influence treatment success and survival. Future work is needed to incorporate innovative tools and interventions that can be utilized remotely to identify and target mood disturbance in these vulnerable patients.
Adaptive evolution of traits for parasitism and pathogen transmission potential in bat flies
Authors: Huang Guangping , Liu Xing , Huang Xin , Gao Chuang , Wang Zhilin , Li Junxia , Wei Xiaocui , Yu Wen-Hua , Wu Yi , Liu Ying , Feng Jiang , Li Yang , Wei Fuwen
Published: July 2024

Deciphering the mechanisms underlying the transmission and spillover of zoonoses from reservoir hosts is essential in preventing future global pandemics. Bat flies, obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites of bats, are known carriers of diverse viruses. Here, we conducted a de novo assembly of a chromosome-level genome for the bat fly species Phthiridium sp. Comparative genomic analysis unveiled genes associated with specialized traits, such as the loss of eyes and wings, as well as elongated legs, which have adapted to parasitism on the dense fur of bats. Utilizing small RNA (sRNA) sequencing, we identified a spectrum of known and previously unclassified viruses in bat flies. Notably, experimental evidence indicated that bat flies can also feed on mammalian hosts other than bats, suggesting the potential for the spillover of bat-borne viruses. Furthermore, we demonstrated the role of the bat fly's RNA interference pathway in influencing the diversity and evolution of viruses. In summary, this study not only presents a new genome catalog to unveil the evolutionary mechanisms underpinning bat fly parasitism, but also provides a novel research system that can be used to investigate the mechanisms of cross-species transmission of bat-borne viruses and the co-evolution of bats and viruses.