bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomske, kemijske in sorpcijske lastnosti beljave in jedrovine rdečega bora
Authors: Merela Maks , Turičnik Vanja , Vek Viljem , Oven Primož
Published: October 2019

In the case of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), anatomical differences between the sapwood and heartwood were researched, the content of extractives in the sapwood and heartwood defined, hygroscopicity of sapwood and heartwood studied, so as the relationship between the content of extractives and sorption properties. Research was carried out on 6 test trees. Anatomical investigations were performed using the classic light-field microscopy. Investigation of samples for determination of dimensional stability and sorption properties was held by conditioning in the glass-air condition chambers. Samples for chemical analysis were extracted with cyclohexane and a mixture of acetone and water, and the proportion of total phenols was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The differences between the sapwood and heartwood were in the resin canals, in the lumens of axial tracheids along the rays as well as differences in parenchymal cells and bordered pits. The content of extractives in the heartwood was higher than in the sapwood. Investigations of the sapwood and heartwood did not show statistically significant differences in the density in the absolutely dry state, at the point of saturation of cell walls, in the volume shrinkage, and not in the coefficient of swelling in the radial direction. We found differences between the sapwood and heartwood transverse anisotropy, differential swell in the tangential direction, in the coefficient of swelling in the radial direction and the sorption quotient. These differences can be attributed to mutual effect of the anatomical and chemical characteristics of both types of wood and when interpreting indicators of dimensional stability, the effect of the geometry of incremental layers should be taken into account.
Lactate as a Regulator of Cancer Inflammation and Immunity
Authors: Santos Nuno , Pereira-Nunes Andreia , Baltazar Fátima , Granja Sara
Published: October 2019

Resistance to anti-cancer therapies is a consequence of adaptation of cancer cells but also of maladaptation of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. The opposing roles acquired by the immune system have to be faced in order to fight tumor growth and therapy resistance. Effector immune cells are recruited and activated but they are blocked by the strong immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Immune evasion and deregulation of energy metabolism are two hallmarks of cancer that may be functionally linked. Malignant cells which present a high glycolytic phenotype, besides creating metabolic demanding environments that encroach on the function of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, also release immunosuppressive metabolites and by-products, such as lactate, forming a metabolic symbiosis with immune cells. This acidic TME has a strong impact in the profile of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, being instrumental for immunosuppression. Therefore, in this review, we focus on key molecular mechanisms by which lactate metabolically modulates immune cell response during tumor development and progression.
Justification of the use of green tea "Matcha" in the production of functional confectionery
Authors: Novikova Z. V. , Sergeeva S. M. , Zakharova A. D. , Semisazhonova J. A.
Published: October 2019

The article is devoted to the development of a functional confectionery compounding confectionery product using non-traditional raw materials, which was chosen as Matcha green tea. Periodic reception of Matcha tea helps to preserve the healthy state of the human body, preventing the development of many diseases. Currently, Moscow State University of Food Production is conducting research on the development of a functional confection, namely marshmallows using Matcha green tea. To determine the possibility of making Matcha tea, a comparison was made of the chemical compositions of marshmallows prepared according to the classic recipe and marshmallows with Matcha green tea. It was found that 100 g of the product satisfies the daily need of an adult in the following nutrients: 83% - The Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) units, 300% polyphenols, 33% Vitamin A (retinol), 36% Vitamin A (beta carotene), 12% Vitamin B1, 100% Vitamin K. The organoleptic evaluation of the samples showed that, unlike the marshmallow sample prepared according to the classical recipe, Matcha marshmallow with Matcha tea has a tart herbal taste and a green tint; no significant differences were found in determining the other indicators. Using a textural analyzer, rheological studies were carried out, namely, the determination of the strength and elasticity of the finished products. The strength of marshmallows with matcha green tea is lower than that of the classic recipes, but this does not affect the provision of sufficient form holding capacity of the product.
Constructive and technological methods of intensification of kneading and improving the quality of bread
Authors: Magomedov G. O. , Cheshinsky V. L. , Trufanova J. N. , Magomedov M. G. , Isaev V. A.
Published: October 2019

Kneading dough has a great influence on the processing of subsequent technological operations of the bakery production and products quality. The rheological properties change by mechanical action on the dough during kneading, and deep transformations of protein substances and changes in the properties of starch occurred. These changes cause accelerating the process of dough maturation and improvement of the bread quality in terms of specific volume, porosity structure and compressibility of the crumb. At the end of the dough kneading, a homogeneous elastoplastic capillary-porous mass containing flour, water, yeast and other components is formed and physical, colloidal, microbiological and enzymatic processes actively proceed in it. At the kneading stage, rheological properties of the dough are formed, on which the intensity of the fermentation process, the behavior of the dough during cutting depends. In the scientific and technical literature, there is absent the common point of view on the question about ways to intensify the process of dough kneading. The following parameters are mainly considered in various combinations: the geometric shape of the kneading machine capacity, the shape of the kneading blades and their location, the speed of the working body, the frequency of mechanical action on the kneading mass, the control of the test temperature. Methods of the complex intensification of the kneading process, based on the relationship of the main kneading machine parameters and changes in the rheological properties of the dough, are practically not considered in the scientific literature. One of the ways to intensify the process of dough kneading is the using of reinforced machining treatment. In the application of reinforced mechanical treatment the hydration capacity of the gluten increases, as a result, the water absorption by dough is increased by 1.0 to 1.5 %, which improves its rheological properties, quality and yield of bread.
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles stabilized by the products of mechanically assisted hydrolysis of yeast biopolymers
Authors: Bychkov A. L. , Ryabchikova E. I. , Korolev K. G. , Bukhtoyarov V. A.
Published: October 2019

The paper presents data on the production of silver nanoparticles and their stabilization by products of the mechanoenzymatic hydrolysis of yeast biomass. The formation of silver nanoparticles by reduction using glucose without the addition of stabilizers was studied. The particles obtained have a spherical shape and a narrow size distribution. The resulting colloid is unstable and precipitates after 3-5 hours due to aggregation of unstabilized particles. Polymers contained in yeast hydrolyzates were selected taking into account silver particles nucleation mechanism. The protein molecules of these hydrolysates are involved in the formation of salts and the stabilization of the resulting dendrites. Low-molecular carbohydrates play the role of a reducing reagent. The peak on the Vis spectrum at 420 nm attributed to particles with dimensions of about 50 nm gives evidence that these dendritic formations are nanostructured. It was shown that mechanical activation together with enzymatic hydrolysis promotes an increase in the concentration of carbonyl groups of carbohydrates leading to an increase in the regenerating ability of the cell wall. The varying the processing conditions one can get silver particles in the range of 15-80 nm. Changes in silver reduction in the liquid phase in the presence of cell hydrolysis products were detected. Part of the carbohydrates as a result of hydrolysis becomes water soluble and is extracted into the solution. This leads to the fact that in the extracellular space also undergo reduction processes. In general, samples of the mechanically processed and hydrolyzed enzyme product have a greater reducing ability compared with the original cells. The quantity of spatially stabilized nanoparticles is larger than when processing native S. cerevisiae cells.
Mathematical modeling of processes of interaction of functional and which contaminate microorganisms in biotechnology system
Authors: Skrypnikov A. V. , Belokurova E. V. , Sotnikov N. V.
Published: October 2019

Mathematical modeling of processes occurring in the biotechnological system, including those describing the interaction of functional microorganisms with contaminating microflora, is currently a promising scientific direction. The article discusses the issues of system analysis of the processes occurring in the biotechnological system during fermentation. By "microbiological system" is meant a microbiological process consisting of two subsystems or populations of microorganisms. During a given technological process, these populations interact with each other by using a common resource. Systems analysis and mathematical modeling of microbiological processes is a complex task. It is necessary to take into account a lot of factors, such as the simultaneous occurrence of several non-stationary processes; many state parameters, including analysis of the links between them; change in real time of technological parameters, in particular, the main resource, consideration of various properties of microbial populations affecting the behavior of microbiological systems (mortality, fertility, the existence of extraneous microflora, etc.), and other factors that have a direct impact on the quality of the finished product. In turn, a quantitative analysis of these interactions will lead to the development of scientifically based methods and approaches that minimize the effect of contamination. The analysis was carried out and a system model was constructed reflecting the entire spectrum of interactions between useful and extraneous populations of microorganisms in the production of bakery products. The presented system model allows to continue the study of the questions posed in the work, by further studying its components.
Reaction ability of alternative mineral dispersed materials as a tool for developing efficient road composites
Authors: Vysotskaya M. A. , Shehovtsova S. Yu. , Kuznetsov D. A.
Published: October 2019

The avalanche-like growth of traffic intensity and freight traffic, the tightening of requirements for the quality of road clothes, the shortage of conditioned mineral raw materials in many regions of the Russian Federation prompt the construction materials science sector to search for new, promising methods for improving the quality of products. Road construction, one of the most material-intensive areas, is focused on maximizing the use of local, often non-conditioning materials, so composites made on their basis do not meet modern operational requirements. In this paper, a number of porous fine dispersed fillers have been investigated that could perform, on the one hand, the functions of a mineral powder, and on the other hand, serve as the carrier of a certain substance that regulates the properties of a road composite. The identification of the mechanism of interaction of mineral powders with bitumen was carried out by studying surface, physical-mechanical and chemical properties, as well as microstructural features and reactivity. It was found that the high porosity characteristic of fillers from perlite and zeolite is due to the highly developed pore architecture with the diameter of the entrance windows in a wide range. The study of the chemistry of the surface of a solid was carried out by evaluating the surface on which there are active centers due to the presence of hydroxyl groups and impurity centers. By the results of the experiment, it was found that an increase in the content of active sites on the surface of a mineral filler is directly proportional to its porosity. As a result of the conducted studies it was established that zeolites are the most promising raw material for organomineral composites. They have a developed specific surface, unique pore architecture, high structuring and adsorption capacity.
Properties of carbon fiber made of metallized tapes
Authors: Neliub V. A. , Berlin A. A.
Published: October 2019

Technological advancement in the development of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites has become a priority today as their field of application is ever increasing; this task requires expanding the range of their properties, including higher thermal and physical characteristics, which allows gaining the competitive edge of products. Insufficient research and trial infrastructure is retarding development of novel technologies aimed at controlling functional properties of CFRPs. In this regard, a method has been suggested allowing directional control of CFRP thermal and electrical conductivity through the use of metal-coated carbon bands. Experimental results concerning mechanical, thermal and physical properties of CFRPs manufactured from metal-coated carbon bands and epoxy binder using vacuum infusion process have been shown. Magnetron sputtering process has been developed to deposit metal coatings on carbon bands; plasma support gas pressure, discharge current and sputtering time have been defined. Stainless steel, titanium, copper, zinc, aluminum alloy and silver have been used as metal coating materials. Metal coating thickness values have been defined using structural analysis methods, with thickness values of about 100 nm. It has been found that strength at interlaminar shear improves by 32, 39 and 13%, when titanium, stainless steel and copper, respectively, are deposited on carbon band. Research has experimentally proven that carbon band metallization results in lower heat absorption capacity, lower electrical conductivity and higher thermal conductivity of CFRPs. The maximum effect has been obtained when using copper coating, which allowed increasing thermal conductivity virtually by 2 times and decreasing electrical conductivity value by 2.5 times. The results obtained have been used in the development of CFRPs with a functional set of properties.
Mechanism of implementation of public-private partnership at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex
Authors: Kazmina I. V. , Titova E. A.
Published: October 2019

The article deals with the features of organizational and economic interaction between the state and business in the defense industry. Using the results of research, the mechanism of implementation of public-private partnership at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex in the creation of joint ventures for the production of new models of weapons and military equipment, which is based on a set of organizational structures and specific forms, tools, tools and methods of management, through which the public-private partnership in the military-industrial complex. The main reasons for the need to implement public-private partnership in the military-industrial complex are identified. These reasons will contribute to the withdrawal of the state from the organizational and technological method of management of the military-industrial complex and the introduction of appropriate mechanisms for the implementation of public-private partnership in order to develop and create new high-tech military equipment of the new generation. The article proves that public-private partnership is one of the tools of effective defense policy. At the same time, in the period of budget deficit in the Russian Federation, such a mechanism becomes an outlet for solving important tasks in the field of defense. Having received a certain distribution in the military-industrial complex, public-private partnership has already established itself as one of the effective ways to attract business to the implementation of projects in the field of military-industrial complex..
Criminalization as a main threat to economic security
Authors: Sokolinskaya Y. M. , Kolesnichenko E. A.
Published: October 2019

In modern Russia, the criminalization of the economy has become one of the most acute problems, a nationwide negative factor that undermines the authority of the authorities, destroys the foundations of statehood, and, as a result, creates a threat to the country's economic security. These circumstances dictate the need to quickly make optimal decisions that can protect the national economy from the negative effects of an illegal and criminal economy, as well as corruption as the basis of the shadow economy of Russia. Today we can say that the economic foundations of corruption, organized crime and terrorism are a kind of an independent sector of the economy. Corruption is beginning to seriously affect the decline in economic growth, the decline in the potential of civil society institutions, the violation of human rights, and other negative effects on the legal system. To achieve the goals, criminal structures use all means at their disposal: influence through government bodies and at the diplomatic level, special services, organized criminal communities, terrorist organizations, banking structures, non-profit and non-governmental organizations, subjects of criminal and shadow economy, etc. Analysis of market relations, the Russian economy gives the right to understand that the national economy in the position in which it is located cannot get out of the state of criminalization without reviewing and forming new relationship mechanisms.
Business risks: psychological features of risk assessment in business
Authors: Kiseleva I. A. , Simonovich N. E. , Knyazeva I. Yu.
Published: October 2019

The risk analysis of the enterprise allows to avoid not only substantial material losses, but also irreplaceable damage and even bankruptcy. Risk is the probability of damage (loss, failure) due to the uncertainty of the result. Entrepreneurial risk arises from any type of entrepreneurial activity related to the production and sale of products, commodity-money and financial transactions. The purpose of the work to study the factors of particular entrepreneurial even risks. To achieve the stage of this goal, the following natural tasks were set optimally for energy resources: to reveal the concept of the most and the essence of entrepreneurial high risk; characterize the investment types of entrepreneurial risk; display the developmental features of the interaction classification of financial and operational optimal leverage and the estimated price of the total risk receives. Conclusion: Avoiding risk in business is almost impossible, but you can reduce the degree of risk. Risk management consists of predicting adverse events and taking measures to some extent preventing the negative consequences of these events.
A Population Census of Large Herbivores Based on UAV and Its Effects on Grazing Pressure in the Yellow-River-Source National Park, China
Authors: Yang Fan , Shao Quanqin , Jiang Zhigang
Published: October 2019

Using the Yellow-River-Source National Park (YRSNP) as a study site, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing and line transect method was used to investigate the number of wild herbivorous animals and livestock, including the kiang (Equus kiang) and Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata). A downscaling algorithm was used to generate the forage yield data in YRSNP based on 30 m spatial resolution. On this basis, we estimated the forage–livestock balance, which included both wild animals and livestock, and analyzed the effects of functional zone planning in national parks on the forage–livestock balance in YRSNP. The results showed that the estimates of large herbivore population numbers in YRSNP based on population density in the aerial sample strips, which were compared and validated with statistical data and warm season survey results, indicated that the number of kiangs and Tibetan gazelles in the 2017 cold season was 12900 and 12100, respectively. The number of domestic yaks, Tibetan sheep, and horses was 53400, 76800, and 800, respectively, and the total number of sheep units was 353200. The ratio of the number of large wild herbivores and livestock sheep units was 1:5; Large wild herbivores have different preferences for functional zones, preferring ecological restoration areas consisting mainly of degraded grassland; The grazing pressure indices of the core reserve areas and ecological restoration areas were 0.168 and 0.276, respectively, indicating that these two regions still have high grazing potential. However, the grazing pressure index of the traditional utilization areas was 1.754, indicating that these grasslands are severely overloaded; After the planning and implementation of functional zones, the grazing pressure index of YRSNP was 1.967. Under this measure, the number of livestock was not reduced and the grazing pressure nearly doubled, indicating that forage–livestock conflict has become more severe.
Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Cardiovascular Risk Profiles in Childhood Cancer Survivors: The SCCSS-Nutrition Study
Authors: Belle Fabiën N. , Schindera Christina , Guessous Idris , Beck Popovic Maja , Ansari Marc , Kuehni Claudia E. , Bochud Murielle
Published: October 2019

Risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), common in childhood cancer survivors (CCSs), may be affected by diet. We assessed sodium (Na) and potassium (K) intake, estimated from food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and morning urine spots, and its associations with cardiovascular risk in CCSs. We stratified CCS into three risk profiles based on A) personal history (CVD, CVD risk factors, or CVD risk free), B) body mass index (obese, overweight, or normal/underweight), and C) cardiotoxic treatment (anthracyclines and/or chest irradiation, or neither). We obtained a FFQ from 802, and sent a spot urine sample collection kit to 212, of which 111 (52%) returned. We estimated Na intake 2.9 g/day based on spot urine and 2.8 g/day based on FFQ; estimated K intake was 1.6 g/day (spot urine) and 2.7 g/day (FFQ). CCSs with CVD risk factors had a slightly higher Na intake (3.3 g/day), than CCSs risk free (2.9 g/day) or with CVD (2.7 g/day, p = 0.017), and obese participants had higher Na intake (4.2 g/day) than normal/underweight CCSs (2.7 g/day, p<0.001). Daily Na intake was above, and daily K intake below national recommended levels. Adult survivors of childhood cancer need dietary assistance to reduce Na and increase K intake.
Pembinaan dan Pendampingan Internet Marketing Guna Peningkatan Daya Saing pada Usaha Mikro Handycraft di Kota Medan
Authors: Gultom Dedek Kurniawan , Pulungan Delyana Rahmawany , Farisi Salman
Published: October 2019

The implementation of the Community Partnership Program (PKM) aims to provide guidance and assistance to partners of micro handicraft entrepreneurs in implementing and implementing internet marketing as a means of business promotion to improve competitiveness and be able to manage business management that has an impact on expanding market aspects. This PKM program is held in 12 (twelve) months. The stages in implementing this PKM begin with Preparation, Direct Practice, Self-training, Implementation, Evaluation, and Development. The approach method used is the Learning Needs Based Method, Learning Goals and Objective, and Participant Center. The results achieved at this PKM are that Partners already have an Online Shop Website, scientific publications in community service journals, Publications on mass media / online, increased understanding, and business management skills and internet marketing, increased competitiveness, increased science, and technology in society and improved governance community value in the form of peace.
Meningkatkan Kompetensi Pendidik di Era Pembelajaran Abad 21 dengan Menjadi Guru Blogger
Authors: Sitompul Nurmida Catherine , Rufi'i Rufi'i , Leksono Ibut Priono , Rejeki Heri Wahyu
Published: October 2019

Thoughtful Learning has formulated that in 21st Centuries, each students should have 4 C’s learning skill. The 4 C’s skill are critical thinking, creative thinking, communicating, and collaborating. These skills will help students becoming a problem solver.  Method of 4 C’s in the classroom needs materials more variaties, contextual, from many resources  and  differences formats of datas (word, spreadsheed, ppt, video, animation).  Materials for learning should be easy to acces in short time.  Information Communication and Technology (ICT) can facilitates all these conditions. Generally almost all schools in cities have computers  and internet acces but are used as information or school’s publication and do not use yet for learning. The purpose of this activity is to help teachers to create their own Blog to facilitating student’s learning.  The result showed that all teachers can create a Blog for their Subject.  The next activity is about how to integrating Blog into learning process.
Pelatihan Higiene dan Sanitasi Makanan pada Pedagang Makanan di Kantin Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Rohmah Jamilatur , Cholifah Siti , Rezania Vanda
Published: October 2019

The school canteen has an important role to fulfill the food needs of school children. The need for fulfillment of hygienic foods is ordered by the factors of place and hygiene of the food handlers. Foods that do not meet the requirements and safety that can be given due to health problems or diseases related to food such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhus, and other food poisoning. The number of food handlers in the cafeteria of SD Muhammadiyah 1 and 2 Sidoarjo competes 6 people. Based on the results of observations and interviews, they did not have sufficient educational background and never gained knowledge about food hygiene and sanitation. The purpose of this PPM activity are to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of food handlers about food hygiene and sanitation so not to harm their consumers health, especially school children. The method used is a training and mentoring model for food handlers starting when preparing food, processing, and serving to customers. The results of these program can be known about changes in the knowledge and skills of food handlers in food hygiene and sanitation.
Automatic Gas Influxes Detection in Offshore Drilling Based on Machine Learning Technology
Authors: Hou Xinxin , Yang Jin , Yin Qishuai , Chen Lei , Cao Bohan , Xu Jiajun , Meng Lingyu , Zhang Yichi , Xu Dongsheng , Zhao Xin
Published: October 2019

The gas influxes occur frequently during the exploration in the South China Sea, which can pose severe risks to well control strategies. The traditional detection method is to analyze the mud-log of mud tanks, which is slow and there is always a time-lag between the gas influxes occurrence time and the influxes detection time. In this work, a methodology is proposed that allows for real-time gas influxes detection using artificial intelligence and data analytics.

To develop the methodology, mud-log (12 parameters) are collected for 208 influxes incidents for 62 drilled wells. Data analysis through artificial neural network is carried out to develop gas influxes warning system model. Then, a new comprehensive method using mud-log, is proposed for real-time gas influxes detection.

This is one of the first attempts for real time gas influxes detection utilizing data analysis of mud logging and artificial intelligence. This methodology is successfully applied to gas field in South China Sea with accuracies up to 95% achieved.
Selective Perforation for Thin Separated Layers Using Addressable Switches: Operation Design and Limitations Overcome
Authors: Arafa Mahmoud Ibrahim , Taha Osama Abdelalim , Ayyad Abdelhadi Atef , Sheta Ahmed Hamdy , Vazquez Maria Leticia , Elfiky Shahira
Published: October 2019

This paper aims to highlight the benefits of using selective perforation as a method of risk reduction and optimization during perforating thin separated oil-bearing intervals going through selection criteria, job design, economic evaluation and precautions during the operation.

During the design of four perforation jobs in a campaign using the conventional through tubing perforation (TTP) technique, it was noticed that the number of runs were too much with consequent high intervention risk, thus alternatives were evaluated to mainly reduce intervention risk with a smart, reliable, cost effective and simple perforation technique within the pre-determined operation time frame. The other options included alternative deployment methods such as coiled tubing (CTU) perforation, extended reached perforation (ERP) and selective perforation techniques. A comparison between options has been made based on the following criteria: availability, simplicity, reliability, intervention risk and feasibility.

As a result of proper filtration and comparison between all different options, the selective perforation using addressable switches was selected to be the optimum solution for this case based on the comparison criteria mentioned above. Going through the design phase, multible loading sheets for guns laydown have been generated and optimized to reach the simplest operational procedures and minimum number of runs. Then, workshops have been made for engineers in both office and field to be familiar with the operation to reduce operational risks and consolidate the operational procedures. The design of service for the whole job including the final operational procedures, risk assessment and gun loading sheets was finalized and distributed to all disciplines to assure alignment during the operation. During job execution, operation has been followed step by step using single point of accountability (SPA) to accelerate and align decision making and plan modification during operational issues. Finally, a post job evaluation has been made to document the whole procedures of design and execution and the lessons learned during the operations. A final comparison between conventional and actual selective perforation job showed the reduction in number of runs and thus time and intervention risk by 33%. In addition, the incremental increase in cost was completely covered by the time saving from the utilization of supporting vessels (Rig & boats).

The major aim of this paper is to clarify in a step-by-step style the method of evaluating the well for addressable switches technique and how to properly prepare the people for the job and the design of service till execution followed by post job evaluation.
Use of Carbonated Slickwater for Fracturing Unconventional Formations
Authors: Karadkar Prasad B. , AlTammar Murtadha J. , Alabdrabalnabi Mohammed I. , Bataweel Mohammed A.
Published: October 2019

Fracturing with slickwater has been widely adopted over the past couple of decades in the development of shale and tight formations. Horizontal wells utilize 0.5 to 1 million gallons of water per stage for upward of 40 stages per well. Reducing water usage in hydraulic fracturing treatments is of global interest due to various motives including water scarcity, government regulations, environmental concerns, and optimizing flowback and well productivity. The objective of this paper is to explore foamed slickwater as a potential alternative fluid to slickwater.

A circulating-loop foam rheometer having a helically coiled, 10 ft long tube was utilized in this study to compare the rheological behavior of slickwater and CO2-foamed slickwater at varying foam qualities. The rheological behavior of water and linear gel at varying foam qualities was also investigated. These fluids were tested under a wide range of conditions including pressures up to 5000 psi, temperatures up to 300°F, and shear rates up to 1500 1/s. In addition, SEM imaging and geomechanical testing on tight carbonate rock specimens were performed to investigate the effect of slickwater and supercritical CO2 on rock texture and tensile strength.

A growing body of literature has recently proven that injection of supercritical CO2 generates much more complex fracture network compared to slickwater-induced fractures in unconventional formations. CO2 alone has poor proppant carrying capacity. This paper presents a novel demonstration of carbonated slickwater as a potential fluid that maintains good proppant carrying capacity while achieving less fresh water consumption, faster and efficient flowback recovery, improved hydrocarbon recovery due to CO2 miscibility with reservoir fluids, and potentially a more extensive stimulated reservoir volume.
A New Continuous Waterflood Operations Optimization for a Mature Oil Field by using Analytical Workflows that Improve Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Yadav Atul , Malkov Anton , Omara Essam , El-Hawari Ahmed , Davudov Davud , Danisman Yusuf , Venkatraman Ashwin
Published: October 2019

Water flooding is an established method to increase oil production. In this research, we present a novel approach that uses data mining techniques on the operations data on a complex mature oil field located in the Gulf of Suez, currently being water flooded. We show how such methods help improve reservoir characterization for this specific field is particularly challenging because of its geological complexity and field performance.

The continuous recording of production and injection data presents a new opportunity to apply analytical approaches to reservoir management. Such approaches provide an alternative to the traditional history-match model update and prediction that is not only time-consuming but also carry forwards all subsurface uncertainties.

A combination of qualitative (cross-correlation analysis) and quantitative analysis (capacitance resistance model) is used to obtain an overall waterflood injection strategy for this Gulf of Suez field. In this manuscript, we focus on the analysis obtained from cross-correlation analysis. The presented analysis helps identify connectivity between wells in the reservoir during waterflood. The method presented is also adapted to specific characteristics of this field - water drive production in this model.

We present evidence of how salinity data can be used to further justify the linkages between the different wells obtained from the cross-correlation analysis. We also show comparison between results from this analytical technique and the streamline approach. This comparison with salinity and streamlines helps benchmark the model results especially in cases where such secondary data (salinity/streamlines) are not available. The results presented in this research can be adapted to any waterflooded field to optimize recovery at frequent intervals, where injection and production data is continuously available.
Evolution of the Field Development Plan of High Permeability Multilayered Reservoir and Optimization of Injection Strategy
Authors: Ghauri Usama Mazhar , Agrawal Pawan , Kumar Amit , Uijttenhout Mattheus , Draoui Elyes Habib
Published: October 2019

ADNOC Offshore successfully revamped the field development plan of one of its reservoir in view of the newly acquired data during initial production phase from 5-Spot pattern drive to Semi-peripheral water injection strategy to ensure delay in water breakthrough and improved sweep efficiency. At the first stage, multi-disciplinary subsurface study was conducted utilizing and carefully analyzing all the available data. This lead to the development of the new model that was able to replicate the field current behavior.

Study of the several development strategies helped to analyze field behavior with different development schemes. The change in the development strategy from 5-Spot to Semi-peripheral resulted in an increase of plateau length for four years with an increase in recovery of 6% at economic cut-off limit.

Due to high productivity of the reservoir, wells were able to produce without any pressure support contrary to initially predicted performance that lead to the reduction in the water injectors and additional oil producers were incorporated in the development plan that would drain the reservoir more efficiently supported by gas lift. As part of further optimization, horizontal injectors were converted to slanted vertical injectors equipped with inflow control valves that provided full control and selectivity of the injected volume that would provide production assurance in such a high heterogeneous and differentially depleted reservoir. To support this change pilot test was performed that proved successful without jeopardizing the injectivity of the reservoir compared to horizontal well.

Implementation of the devised project is in progress that marks the importance of the initial production behavior of the field that could lead to a different development strategy. This project is unique in a sense that with all the additional constraints of surface limitations particularly in the offshore environment, this project is on its path of successful completion.
Impacts of Hydrogen Embrittlement on Oil and Gas Wells: Theories behind Premature Failures
Authors: Shadravan Arash , Amani Mahmood
Published: October 2019

Unleashing oil and gas resources would be greatly benefited with better understanding of the mechanisms behind hydrogen embrittlement. Carbon steel is the cost-effective materials of choice for pipelines and casings for sour service in the oil and gas industry. Hydrogen embrittlement weakens the interatomic bonds between grains of steel casing or offshore tools and causes premature failures. This phenomenon could pose a risk to the sustainability of the oil and gas projects.

Application of high strength steels has been an evolving field of research in the oil and gas industry. The utilization of high strength steels in increasingly more harsh environments has promoted manufacturing of new generations of highly ductile high-strength steels. Oil and gas wells could have hydrogen sulfide and therefore hydrogen embrittlement could be triggered. Emergent intricacy in designing downhole tools safely along with requirements to assure stiffness with less wall thickness has increased the use of high strength steels. Complex Phase steels were born once researchers discovered the benefits of partially replacing martensite by bainite. The diffusion of hydrogen through various types of materials have been a prime interest of engineers and scientists in miscellaneous fields. It is well known that when atomic hydrogen diffuses into steels with various microstructures, it could lead to hydrogen embrittlement, a phenomenon which its underlying mechanisms are yet to be precisely explained.

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate how hydrogen diffusion yields to hydrogen embrittlement. The mechanisms of hydrogen trapping, types of traps and the effects of lattice defects on hydrogen diffusion in addition to the classical hydrogen embrittlement theories are discussed in detail. Hydrogen diffusion in austenite, ferrite and cementite were compared and it was shown how thermal desorption analysis and permeation could determine a percolating threshold in preventing the passageway of hydrogen.
A Data Governance Framework - The Foundation for Data Management Excellence
Authors: Akoum Mohamed , Bu Hazzaa Hayfa
Published: October 2019

ADNOC-Onshore places Data at the center stage of strategic-planning and decision-making deliberations. It became more obvious than before that developing an agile data governance structure is vital to effectively deliver high quality data that can be confidently used in the path to becoming a data and process-driven organization and act as a foundation for excellent data management. To this end, the Data Management department launched an agile Data Governance Program aiming at maximizing the value extracted from data via the continuous improvement of data management practices. This paper illustrates the method of defining, planning and implementing the Data governance program in ADNOC Onshore.
Management of Sustained Casing Pressure in Offshore Gas Wells by a Novel Casing-Surface Design that Suppress Gas Migration at the Casing-Cement Interface
Authors: Mwang'ande Alex William , Liao Hualin , Zeng Long
Published: October 2019

Sustained Casing Pressures (SCP) is still a serious problem that challenges the offshore producing gas wells. Despite existence of the many methods to mitigate it, SCP is still bringing severe health, safety and environmental (HSE) concerns necessitating the need for new methods. This article brings a new method of mitigating SCP caused by micro-annulus in offshore gas wells by designing a novel casing surface that will increase the length of casing-cement interface (CCI) for the same planned cement column length and thereby suppressing fluid migration through the CCI. Two new casing-surface designs were invented and tested by inputting the field data from offshore gas well X in conjunction with an existing SCP prediction model to verify the validity of the new method. The new developed method was found to have a great potential of controlling SCP and improve the production life time of the offshore gas wells by suppressing gas migration through micro-annulus.
Innovative Permanent Down-Hole Scale and Corrosion Monitoring System Using Ultrasound Guided Waves Technology
Authors: Saeed Abubaker , Volker Arno , Martina Quincy , Alalouni Ahmed
Published: October 2019

Scale and corrosion affect the production certainty of oil and gas well. Scale build-up reduces flow and ultimately could shut down production when it block to tubing completely. Corrosion of the tubing wall occurs very often simultaneously with scale build-up and affects the integrity of the tubing wall. Vital information about the integrity is essential for safe operation and flow assurance. The objective of this research is to develop a scale and corrosion monitoring system based on ultrasonic guided waves. The innovative approach is based on transmitting axisymmetric ultrasound guided waves to a receiver array around the circumference of the pipe. Both torsional and longitudinal waves are used over a wide frequency range. These modes are sensitive to variations in tubing wall thickness, scale thickness and scale properties. Numerical simulations are used to investigate various scaling /corrosion scenarios and proof the concept theoretically. The simulations also provide the requirement for specially designed EMAT’s (ElectroMagnetic Acoustic Transducers), which are capable of withstanding downhole conditions, i.e., pressure and temperature. These transducers cover a wide frequency range, such that there will be several higher order modes present. This is required for accurate sizing. The used wave modes are only sensitive for changes in tubing wall thickness and scale build-up. The newly developed transducers are tested on a 4.5-inch tubing with artificial scale. During the experiment the artificial scale thickness is varied to evaluate the sizing accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate the capability of measuring the scale built-up from the outside with good accuracy.
From Ideation to Commercialization – Development of the First Real-Time Monitoring Device for Asphaltene Deposition
Authors: Abdallah Dalia , Punnapala Sameer , Al Daghar Khadija , Kulbrandstad Omar , Godoy Manuel , Lovell John , Madem Sai , Babakhani Aydin
Published: October 2019

Asphaltene deposition has been identified as one of the top flow assurance challenges in a number of onshore fields in Abu Dhabi with over 100 wells impacted. There was no device in the industry for direct measurement of asphaltene deposition, so the national oil company sponsored an R&D project to develop a sensor that could quantify the percentage of asphaltene in the flowing oil.

Current ways of identifying an asphaltene problem rely upon accessibility checks with slickline units and hence clean-up operations are reactive and are often too late. In order to detect the problem earlier, an asphaltene specific real-time sensor would be required. The sensor design selected built on the concept of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), wherein free-radicals in the asphaltene are resonated by an external magnetic field. The EPR signal is directly proportional to the amount of asphaltene in the crude, with a signal drop indicating potential deposition upstream of the sensor.

By focusing on the asphaltene free-radical response, rather than looking for a broad range of molecules, it proved possible to miniaturize and ruggedize a device for oilfield applications. It remained important to prove that this modification did not casuse a loss of resolution. For the first field trial in these onshore fields, instead of having the device installed directly into one well, the system was tested off-line so that daily analysis from 15 different wells could be achieved and device resolution could be tested. The resolution proved to be better than 0.1%. Moreover, some wells showed nearly 5% variation from one day to the next while other wells showed barely 1% variation. The wells with the higher standard deviation were those which had historically seen more asphaltene problems. Results from these 15 wells exceeded expectations, so a decision was taken to launch a second field trial with the device now able to be mounted inline at the wellhead for real-time continuous monitoring. It is anticipated that the application of this system will help plan clean-up jobs before a well gets totally plugged. This should lead to substantial cost savings in addition to minimizing well downtime and loss of production.

This paper presents a novel solution that was developed from inception or "ideation" all the way to commercialization through a research collaboration between a national oil company, a university and a start-up technology provider. The outcome is an industrial Internet of Things (IoT) real-time monitoring device, the first of its kind, that detects asphaltene deposition and makes it possible to optimize chemical programs by incorporating surface data into an integrated flow assurance management system.
Proxy Model Based on Artificial Intelligence Technique for History Matching - Application to Brugge Field
Authors: Bruyelle Jérémie , Guérillot Dominique
Published: October 2019

History matching of production data is a process requiring a large number of reservoir simulations that are huge time-consuming. To reduce the computation time, an approach consists of using a meta-model to replace the reservoir simulator. In this paper, a proxy model based on an artificial intelligence technique (artificial neural network) is evaluated and compared to proxy models conventionally used for history matching such as polynomials or kriging methods. The proposed approach provides accurate prediction results to speed up and improve the history matching process. An application to the Brugge field is presented.