bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Broken Years
Authors: Sumpf Alexandre
Published: February 2022

The Broken Years tells the forgotten story of Russia's disabled ex-servicemen through three wars and three revolutions: the Russo-Japanese War, the Russian Civil War and the First World War. Using extensive archival material from national, regional and town archives, Alexandre Sumpf explores the treatment of these veterans by the state, their battle for legal status and their right to both collective and individual health care. He shows how the question of disabled veterans became bound up in broader political and social debates in the early 20th century and fostered healthcare and social welfare policy. The experience of these 1.14 million war veterans reconfigured notions of heroism, sacrifice and patriotism while the period of 1915-1919 was marked by extensive political activism by disabled veterans. Dr Sumpf illustrates how the Bolsheviks condemned disabled veterans as the symbol of the “imperialist war” and brutally negated their rights as part of the broader devaluation of the war experience in early Soviet Russia.
Contract Law
Authors: Yin Kenneth , Kozlina Simon , Green Kelly , Siliquini-Cinelli Luca , Laryea Emmanuel , Spagnolo Lisa
Published: February 2022

Contract Law: Cases and Materials presents a selection of well-chosen cases and illuminating commentary ideal for introducing students to the study of contract law in Australia. Developed to accompany Stewart, Swain and Fairweather's Contract Law: Principles and Context, this casebook maintains the accessibility of the principles text while providing the depth and analysis of topics required to learn contract law. Following the structure of the principles text, this text explores areas not traditionally covered in other casebooks, such as resolving disputes, preparing to make a contract, preliminary agreements, and interpreting contracts. Each chapter also briefly explores contracts in international contexts. Containing well-chosen, carefully curated cases and extracts, Contract Law: Cases and Materials takes a practical approach to student learning and integrates rich pedagogy to build critical thinking and analysis skills, making it an invaluable resource for contract law students.
Kant's Ethics
Authors: Moran Kate A.
Published: February 2022

The Element provides an overview of Immanuel Kant's arguments regarding the content of the moral law (the categorical imperative), as well as an exposition of his arguments for the bindingness of the moral law for rational agents. The Element also considers common objections to Kant's ethics.
The Crimean War and its Afterlife
Authors: Kriegel Lara
Published: February 2022

The mid-nineteenth century's Crimean War is frequently dismissed as an embarrassment, an event marred by blunders and an occasion better forgotten. In The Crimean War and its Afterlife Lara Kriegel sets out to rescue the Crimean War from the shadows. Kriegel offers a fresh account of the conflict and its afterlife: revisiting beloved figures like Florence Nightingale and hallowed events like the Charge of the Light Brigade, while also turning attention to newer worthies, including Mary Seacole. In this book a series of six case studies transport us from the mid-Victorian moment to the current day, focusing on the heroes, institutions, and values wrought out of the crucible of the war. Time and again, ordinary Britons looked to the war as a template for social formation and a lodestone for national belonging. With lucid prose and rich illustrations, this book vividly demonstrates the uncanny persistence of a Victorian war in the making of modern Britain.
Shakespeare, Violence and Early Modern Europe
Authors: Hiscock Andrew
Published: February 2022

Shakespeare, Violence and Early Modern Europe broadens our understanding of the final years of the last Tudor monarch, revealing the truly international context in which they must be understood. Uncovering the extent to which Shakespeare's dramatic art intersected with European politics, Andrew Hiscock brings together close readings of the history plays, compelling insights into late Elizabethan political culture and renewed attention to neglected continental accounts of Elizabeth I. With fresh perspective, the book charts the profound influence that Shakespeare and ambitious courtiers had upon succeeding generations of European writers, dramatists and audiences following the turn of the sixteenth century. Informed by early modern and contemporary cultural debate, this book demonstrates how the study of early modern violence can illuminate ongoing crises of interpretation concerning brutality, victimization and complicity today.
Demand for an Environmental Public Good in the Time of COVID-19: A Statewide Water Quality Referendum
Authors: Parsons George , Paul Laura A. , Messer Kent D.
Published: February 2022

Due to COVID-19, many households faced hardships in the spring of 2020 – unemployment, an uncertain economic future, forced separation, and more. At the same time, the number of people who participated in outdoor recreation in many areas increased, as it was one of the few activities still permitted. How these experiences affect the public’s willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental public goods is unknown. During the early months of the pandemic, we conducted a stated preference survey to value statewide water quality improvements in Delaware. While a majority of participants report experiencing hardship of some sort (economic, emotional, etc.), mean household WTP declined by only 7 % by May 2020.
The Contingent Role of Conflict: Deliberative Interaction and Disagreement in Shareholder Engagement
Authors: Beccarini Irene , Beunza Daniel , Ferraro Fabrizio , Hoepner Andreas G. F.
Published: February 2022

How is the tension between conflict and deliberation resolved in shareholder engagement? We address this question by studying shareholder engagement as a deliberative process with three stages: establishing dialogue, solution development, and solution implementation. We theorize that two interactionist mechanisms, deliberative interaction and the voicing of disagreement, play different roles at different stages of the process. We test our hypotheses with a proprietary database of 169 environmental, social, and governance engagements with US public companies over 2007–12. We find that while deliberative interaction does not help advance the engagement process, it positively moderates the effect of disagreement in the solution development stage. By contrast, in the solution implementation stage, deliberative interaction amplifies the negative effect of disagreement, thus hindering progress in the engagement. Our article contributes to shareholder engagement, deliberation theory, and interactionist organization theory by establishing that engagement effectiveness is an interactional achievement shaped by both deliberation and disagreement.
Varieties of Data-Centric Science: Regional Climate Modeling and Model Organism Research
Authors: Lloyd Elisabeth , Lusk Greg , Gluck Stuart , McGinnis Seth
Published: February 2022

Modern science’s ability to produce, store, and analyze big datasets is changing the way that scientific research is practiced. Philosophers have only begun to comprehend the changed nature of scientific reasoning in this age of “big data.” We analyze data-focused practices in biology and climate modeling, identifying distinct species of data-centric science: phenomena-laden in biology and phenomena-agnostic in climate modeling, each better suited for its own domain of application, though each entail trade-offs. We argue that data-centric practices in science are not monolithic because the opportunities and challenges presented by big data vary across scientific domains.
Explicit calculations in an infinitesimal singular block of SLn
Authors: Hardesty William
Published: February 2022

Let $G= SL_{n+1}$ be defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $p > 2$. For each $n \geq 1$, there exists a singular block in the category of $G_1$-modules, which contains precisely $n+1$ irreducible modules. We are interested in the ‘lift’ of this block to the category of $G_1T$-modules. Imposing only mild assumptions on $p$, we will perform a number of calculations in this setting, including a complete determination of the Loewy series for the baby Verma modules and all possible extensions between the irreducible modules. In the case where $p$ is extremely large, we will also explicitly compute the Loewy series for the indecomposable projective modules.
Pliocene–Quaternary seismogenic faults in the inner Northern Apennines (Valdelsa Basin, southern Tuscany) and their role in controlling the local seismicity
Authors: Mirabella Francesco , Braun Thomas , Brogi Andrea , Capezzuoli Enrico
Published: February 2022

Pliocene–Quaternary faults are relevant structures with which to constrain the seismotectonic context and contribute to the evaluation of the seismic hazard of a region. Many of these faults, however, do not show clear surface evidence even when releasing earthquakes. For these reasons they can be extremely dangerous as they receive relatively little attention and can be difficult to identify. From among the various surface geology studies and/or palaeoseismological investigations, we focus our attention on the integration of different datasets such as seismic reflection profiles, surface kinematic data and the relocation of seismological data, which make it possible to identify and characterize active faults whose dimension and earthquake potential would otherwise not be large enough to make them identifiable. We take as an example the Montespertoli NE-trending fault in southern Tuscany (central Italy) with which we associate the 2016 M=3.9 Castelfiorentino earthquake. This structure is part of a wider (in the order of 15–20 km) crustal-scale shear zone, which may be responsible for strong historical earthquakes in the area.
Insights on the fish assemblages of seamounts and banks in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (western Mediterranean Sea): implications for the conservation of deep-sea environments
Authors: La Mesa Gabriele , Consalvo Ivan , Angiolillo Michela , Giusti Michela , Tunesi Leonardo
Published: February 2022

Fish assemblages inhabiting a complex of south Tyrrhenian seamounts and banks were characterized using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Fish distribution was assessed through surveying 15 ROV transects. Video segments of each transect were split into two bathymetric ranges, above and below 200 m depth. In total 28 fish taxa belonging to 22 families were recorded. The number of species observed at the Marettimo Banks and the Aceste Seamount was higher compared with the Tiberio and Scuso Seamounts. The number of species recorded in the shallow part (<200 m depth) of the Marettimo Banks and the Aceste Seamount was higher than in the deeper zone (>200 m). Assemblages were numerically dominated byAnthias anthias,Callanthias ruberandHelicolenus dactylopterus. The occurrence of some elasmobranchs of conservation concern, such asSquatina aculeata,Hexanchus griseus,Squalus blainvilleandGaleus melastomus, was noteworthy. Differences in fish assemblage composition were observed between the Aceste Seamount and the other sites and especially between the two bathymetric ranges. The fish distribution pattern showed significant relationships with bottom slope and some substrate types. A large occurrence of lost fishing gear characterized the sites closest to the coast (the Marettimo Banks and the Scuso Seamount), providing, along with scanty observations of commercially important fishes, evidence of heavy fishing activities. The adoption of conservation and management actions in the investigated seamounts and banks, such as their inclusion in the Natura 2000 network, would be very helpful to protect some threatened elasmobranchs and restore valuable deep-sea habitats.
Without more theory, psychology will be a headless rider
Authors: Hensel Witold M. , Miłkowski Marcin , Nowakowski Przemysław
Published: February 2022

We argue that Yarkoni's proposed solutions to the generalizability crisis are half-measures because he does not recognize that the crisis arises from investigators' underappreciation of the roles of theory in experimental research. Rather than embracing qualitative analysis, the research community should make an effort to develop better theories and work toward consistently incorporating theoretical results into experimental practice.
We need to think more about how we conduct research
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: February 2022

Research practice is too often shaped by routines rather than reflection. The routine of sampling subjects, but not stimuli, is a case in point, leading to unwarranted generalizations. It likely originated out of administrative rather than scientific concerns. The routine of sampling subjects and testing their averages for significance is reinforced by delusions about its meaningfulness, including the replicability delusion.
There is no generalizability crisis
Authors: Lakens Daniël , Uygun Tunç Duygu , Necip Tunç Mehmet
Published: February 2022

Falsificationist and confirmationist approaches provide two well-established ways of evaluating generalizability. Yarkoni rejects both and invents a third approach we call neo-operationalism. His proposal cannot work for the hypothetical concepts psychologists use, because the universe of operationalizations is impossible to define, and hypothetical concepts cannot be reduced to their operationalizations. We conclude that he is wrong in his generalizability-crisis diagnosis.
Citizen science can help to alleviate the generalizability crisis
Authors: Hilton Courtney B. , Mehr Samuel A.
Published: February 2022

Improving generalization in psychology will require more expansive data collection to fuel more expansive statistical models, beyond the scale of traditional lab research. We argue that citizen science is uniquely positioned to scale up data collection and, that in spite of certain limitations, can help to alleviate the generalizability crisis.
Addressing a crisis of generalizability with large-scale construct validation
Authors: Flake Jessica Kay , Luong Raymond , Shaw Mairead
Published: February 2022

Because of the misspecification of models and specificity of operationalizations, many studies produce claims of limited utility. We suggest a path forward that requires taking a few steps back. Researchers can retool large-scale replications to conduct the descriptive research which assesses the generalizability of constructs. Large-scale construct validation is feasible and a necessary next step in addressing the generalizability crisis.
The cost of crisis in clinical psychological science
Authors: Grubbs Joshua B.
Published: February 2022

Yarkoni has argued that psychology is facing a generalizability crisis, but the real cost of this crisis is obscured by a focus on topics from psychology's most academic subfields. Psychology is also filled with applied subfields, and it is within those subfields – especially clinical science – where the cost of a generalizability crisis will be most severe.
Disentangling paradigm and method can help bring qualitative research to post-positivist psychology and address the generalizability crisis
Authors: Syed Moin , McLean Kate C.
Published: February 2022

For decades, psychological research has heavily favored quantitative over qualitative methods. One reason for this imbalance is the perception that quantitative methods follow from a post-positivist paradigm, which guides mainstream psychology, whereas qualitative methods follow from a constructivist paradigm. However, methods and paradigms are independent, and embracing qualitative methods within mainstream psychology is one way of addressing the generalizability crisis.
Observing effects in various contexts won't give us general psychological theories
Authors: Donkin Chris , Szollosi Aba , Bramley Neil R.
Published: February 2022

Generalization does not come from repeatedly observing phenomena in numerous settings, but from theories explaining what is general in those phenomena. Expecting future behavior to look like past observations is especially problematic in psychology, where behaviors change when people's knowledge changes. Psychology should thus focus on theories of people's capacity to create and apply new representations of their environments.
Generalizability challenges in applied psychological and organizational research and practice
Authors: Wiernik Brenton M. , Raghavan Mukhunth , Allan Tyler , Denison Alex J.
Published: February 2022

Yarkoni highlights patterns of overgeneralization in psychology research. In this comment, we note that such challenges also pertain to applied psychological and organizational research and practice. We use two examples – cross-cultural generalizability and implicit bias training – to illustrate common practices of overgeneralization from narrow research samples to broader operational populations. We conclude with recommendations for research and practice.
Understanding the Controversy: The Kerner Commission, The Harvest of American Racism, and the Dynamics of Incorporating Social Science with Public Policy
Authors: LOESSBERG RICK
Published: February 2022

The Kerner Commission’s report is regarded as one of the nation’s most important works on race. However, the earlier rejection of an internal staff paper (“The Harvest of American Racism”) because it was “too radical” left a “gaping hole” in the Commission’s plans (“Harvest,” which sought to use social science to explain why only some cities encountered rioting, was to have been the report’s “core chapter”) and caused a staff split that threatened its work. Much has been written about the challenges of incorporating social science and public policy with references about them being in separate worlds with different languages, schedules, values, etc. This article examines to what extent any of these challenges was present as “Harvest” was being written and reviewed. It then seeks to determine what influence any complicating factor may have had and what, if anything, could have been done to produce a different outcome.
The Politics of Clemency in the Early American Presidency: Power Inherited, Power Refashioned
Authors: HAYS BRADLEY D.
Published: February 2022

This article presents case studies of pardons in the presidencies of Washington, Adams, and Jefferson. In doing so, the article moves away from the idea in existing scholarship that pardons of the past were largely noble acts of statecraft, untouched by ideological, partisan, or personal political motivations. Instead, it develops an account of how and why these pardons should be understood as both enabling presidents to achieve certain political objectives and, simultaneously, operating in an inherited environment in which presidents used existing resources to legitimate their pardons. In so doing, presidents refashioned those inherited resources and, thereby, created new resources for future presidents. The picture that emerges is of pardons as both sources of political innovation and political constraint.
Don't Go Chasing Waterfalls: Against Hayward's “Utility Cascades”
Authors: Doody Ryan
Published: February 2022

In his article “Utility Cascades”, Max Khan Hayward argues that act-utilitarians should sometimes either ignore evidence about the effectiveness of their actions or fail to apportion their support to an action's effectiveness. His conclusions are said to have particular significance for the effective altruism movement, which centers seeking and being guided by evidence. Hayward's argument is that act-utilitarians are vulnerable to succumbing to “utility cascades”, that these cascades function to frustrate the ultimate goals of act-utilitarians, and that one apposite way to avoid them is by “ostriching”: ignoring relevant evidence. If true, this conclusion would have remarkable consequences for act-utilitarianism and the effective altruism movement. However, Hayward is mistaken – albeit in an interesting way and with broader significance for moral philosophy. His argument trades on a subtle mischaracterization of act-utilitarianism. Act-utilitarians are not especially vulnerable to utility cascades (or at least not objectionably so), and they shouldn't ostrich.
HPPD-resistant cotton response to isoxaflutole applied preemergence and postemergence
Authors: Joyner Joshua D. , Cahoon Charles W. , Everman Wesley J. , Collins Guy D. , Taylor Zachary R. , Blythe Andrew C.
Published: February 2022

Studies were conducted in 2019 and 2020 in Lewiston, NC, to determine the crop response of 4-hydroxyphenylpyrivate dioxygenase (HPPD)-resistant cotton to isoxaflutole (IFT) and other cotton herbicides as part of a cotton weed management program that included herbicides applied preemergence, early postemergence (EPOST), and mid-postemergence (MPOST). IFT was applied PRE at 105 g ha−1alone and in various combinations with acetochlor, diuron, fluometuron, fluridone, fomesafen, pendimethalin, and pyrithiobac. EPOST treatments included IFT at 53 or 105 g ha−1alone or in combination with glyphosate or glufosinate, or dimethenamid-P+ glufosinate. Glyphosate + glufosinate was applied MPOST to all treatments except the nontreated control. Cotton injury from IFT applied PRE was minimal (0% to 3%). Injury following EPOST application of dimethenamid-P+ glufosinate ranged from 3% to 5% and 6% to 9% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. In both years, injury from IFT applied PRE followed by IFT applied EPOST never exceeded injury from IFT applied PRE followed by dimethenamid-P+ glufosinate. Isoxaflutole applied PRE followed by IFT applied EPOST at 105 g ha−1resulted in 0% to 2% cotton injury, indicating that IFT can be applied either PRE or EPOST with minimal risk to cotton. Late-season cotton height and cotton lint yield were not affected by any herbicide treatment. The experimental HPPD-resistant cotton cultivar was minimally injured by IFT applied PRE and EPOST, it tolerated standard cotton herbicides, and yield loss was not observed. Given these results, HPPD-resistant cotton and IFT may be integrated into cotton weed management systems with minimal risk for cotton injury and provide an additional effective mechanism of action for managing troublesome weeds in cotton.
Wer ist leistungsstark? Operationalisierung von Leistungsstärke in der empirischen Bildungsforschung seit dem Jahr 2000
Authors: Neuendorf Claudia , Jansen Malte , Kuhl Poldi , Vock Miriam
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung. Leistungsstarke Kinder und Jugendliche sind in den letzten Jahren zunehmend in den Fokus der Bildungspolitik und der Bildungsforschung gerückt. Allerdings gibt es in der Forschung bislang kein geteiltes Verständnis darüber, was genau unter akademischer Leistungsstärke zu verstehen ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen systematischen Überblick darüber, wie Forschende, die seit dem Jahr 2000 die Gruppe der leistungsstarken Schülerinnen und Schüler erforschten, Leistungsstärke in ihren Studien operationalisiert haben. Dabei wurde insbesondere untersucht, welche Leistungsindikatoren genutzt wurden, ob ein spezifischer Fachbezug hergestellt wurde und welche Cut-off-Werte und Vergleichsmaßstäbe angelegt wurden. Die systematische Datenbanksuche lieferte insgesamt N = 309 Artikel, von denen n = 55 die Einschlusskriterien erfüllten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine große Vielfalt in der Operationalisierung von Leistungsstärke vorliegt. Die meistgenutzten Leistungsindikatoren waren Noten und Testwerte, wobei fächerübergreifende und fachspezifische Definitionen beide häufig waren. Die Cut-off-Werte der Studien waren zum Teil schwierig vergleichbar, aber dort, wo ein Populationsbezug hergestellt werden konnte, lag der Median des Populationsanteils Leistungsstarker bei 10 Prozent. Die Studie diskutiert methodische und inhaltliche Rahmenbedingungen, welche sich auf die Operationalisierung von Leistungsstärke und ihre Vergleichbarkeit über Studien hinweg auswirken. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt mit Empfehlungen zur Operationalisierung von Leistungsstärke.
Der Verlauf von psychischen Problemen bei fremdplatzierten Kindern und Jugendlichen bis in deren Erwachsenenalter
Authors: Seker Süheyla , Bürgin David , d’Huart Delfine , Schmid Marc , Schmeck Klaus , Jenkel Nils , Fegert Jörg M. , Steppan Martin , Boonmann Cyril
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Fremdplatzierte Kinder und Jugendliche sind psychisch hoch belastet, jedoch ist der Verlauf von psychischen Problemen bis in deren Erwachsenenalter weitgehend unbekannt. Fragestellung: Die Prävalenz und der Verlauf von psychischen Problemen bei fremdplatzierten Kindern und Jugendlichen bis ins Erwachsenenalter wurden in dieser Studie untersucht und mögliche Prädiktoren identifiziert. Methode: 164 Kinder und Jugendliche wurden während der Fremdplatzierung und im Erwachsenenalter längsschnittlich mittels Selbstbeurteilungsfragebogen auf psychische Gesamtauffälligkeit, internalisierende und externalisierende Probleme untersucht. Ergebnisse: 62.2 % der Kinder und Jugendlichen zeigten auffällige Werte für die Gesamtauffälligkeit wohingegen es im Erwachsenenalter noch 35.7 % waren. Die stärksten Prädiktoren für die jeweiligen Skalen im Erwachsenenalter waren die psychischen Probleme im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Mädchen zeigten eine erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit für internalisierende Probleme im Erwachsenenalter im Vergleich zu Jungen. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Die psychischen Probleme bei fremdplatzierten Kindern und Jugendlichen verringerten sich bis ins junge Erwachsenenalter, dennoch blieb ein beachtlicher Teil chronisch auffällig. Implikationen für die Forschung und Praxis werden diskutiert.
Misshandlungs- und Vernachlässigungserfahrungen in der Kindheit: Ein Risikofaktor für die soziale Teilhabe ehemals außerfamiliär platzierter junger Erwachsener
Authors: Schmid Marc , Fegert Jörg M. , Clemens Vera , Seker Süheyla , d’Huart Delfine , Binder Melanie , Schröder Martin , Friden Liz , Boonmann Cyril , Jenkel Nils , Schmeck Klaus , Bürgin David
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Eine Reihe von Studien zeigen soziale Folgen von Misshandlung und Vernachlässigung in der Kindheit im weiteren Lebenslauf. Fragestellung: Diese Studie zielt darauf ab, die langfristigen Auswirkungen von Misshandlungs- und Vernachlässigungserfahrungen auf die soziale Teilhabe in einer Stichprobe von ehemals fremdplatzierten jungen Erwachsenen in der Schweiz zu untersuchen. Methode: Im Rahmen der Studie wurden 218 ehemals fremdplatzierte junge Erwachsene ( MAlter=26.1, 32.6 % weiblich) mit einer psychometrischen Testbatterie befragt. Dabei wurden Misshandlungserfahrungen in der Kindheit erfasst sowie die soziale Teilhabe bezüglich psychischer Gesundheit, Legalbewährung, sozio-ökonomische Lage und Beziehungen untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen die hohe Prävalenz und negativen Folgen von kumulierten Misshandlungserfahrungen bei ehemals fremdplatzierten jungen Menschen. Eine höhere Anzahl von Misshandlungserfahrungen ging mit signifikant mehr Problemen in gesundheitlichen, finanziellen und sozialen Lebensbereichen einher. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Die gravierenden Folgen von Misshandlungserfahrungen in der Kindheit unterstreichen die Bedeutung der Prävention und frühzeitigen Intervention. Sie zeigen aber auch, dass viele schwer betroffene junge Menschen neben therapeutischen auch konkrete und lebensweltorientierte Hilfen benötigen, um ihre Entwicklungsaufgaben adäquat zu bewältigen und erfolgreich an der Gesellschaft teilzuhaben.
Risikofaktoren für und Stabilität einer Persönlichkeitsstörung vom Jugendalter bis ins junge Erwachsenenalter in einer Hochrisikopopulation
Authors: d’Huart Delfine , Bürgin David , Seker Süheyla , Birkhölzer Marc , Jenkel Nils , Boonmann Cyril , Fegert Jörg M. , Schmid Marc , Schmeck Klaus
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Studien zeigen, dass Persönlichkeitsstörungen (PS) weniger stabil und bei einer frühzeitigen Erkennung gut behandelbar sind. Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Studie ist, 1) die Prävalenz von PS bei ehemalig fremdplatzierten jungen Erwachsenen zu beschreiben, 2) die kategoriale Stabilität von PS vom Jugendalter bis ins junge Erwachsenenalter zu bestimmen und 3) prospektive Risikofaktoren für eine PS im Erwachsenenalter zu identifizieren. Methoden: 180 ehemalig fremdplatzierte junge Erwachsene ( M = 26.3 Jahre) aus einer schweizweiten Längsschnittstudie wurden untersucht. Ergebnisse: 35 % der Teilnehmenden wiesen eine PS auf. Die kategoriale Stabilität belief sich auf 47 %. Folgende Risikofaktoren für eine PS im Erwachsenenalter wurden identifiziert: vorangehende PS, psychopathische Persönlichkeitszüge, Substanzmissbrauch, emotionale Vernachlässigung, kumulierte Misshandlungserfahrungen und Deliktschwere. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Die kategoriale Stabilität irgendeiner PS in dieser Stichprobe gilt als mittelgradig. Dies unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit, PS nicht mehr mit einem lebenslangen, unveränderbaren Schicksal gleichzusetzen. Das Erkennen möglicher Risikofaktoren ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung, um individuelle Behandlungsmöglichkeiten zu gewährleisten und einer Chronifizierung entgegenzuwirken.
Coseismic and Postseismic Fault Kinematics of the July 22, 2020, Nima (Tibet) Ms6.6 Earthquake: Implications of the Forming Mechanism of the Active N‐S‐Trending Grabens in Qiangtang, Tibet
Authors: Gao Hua , Liao Mingsheng , Liang Xiao , Feng Guangcai , Wang Genhou
Published: February 2022

The N‐S‐trending grabens, the most prominent active structures in the Tibetan plateau, contain important information about the evolution and deformation mechanism of the plateau. The Ms6.6 earthquake that occurred in Nima, Qiangtang on July 22, 2020, provides an opportunity to investigate the kinematics of the grabens. Here, we use field survey and interferometric synthetic aperture radar to study the structural style, coseismic and postseismic deformation, fault slip, and stress changes of the Nima earthquake. The N‐S‐trending Qomo Ri graben (QRG) and the normal faults on the east and west sides are kinematically correlated with the NE‐trending sinistral Jiangaizangbu River and West Yibug Caka faults. The QRG is characterized by an extensional strike‐slip duplex and negative flower structure. The maximum coseismic deformation of the Nima earthquake is 29.4 cm in the line‐of‐sight direction observed by Sentinel‐1 ascending images. The coseismic slip model demonstrates that the NE20–30°‐striking fault caused the Nima earthquake has a maximum slip of 1.39 m and a main slip area at 4–12 km depth. The seismological fault may transit from a moderately dipping normal fault near the surface to a steeper strike‐slip fault at depth. Obvious postseismic deformation was observed in the stress‐enhancement area. The afterslip model shows that the mainshock fault is correlated with parallel normal faults to its west. We infer that the QRG was formed by local E‐W‐trending extension at the joints of the left‐stepping sinistral fault system, and the active normal faulting in the Qiangtang block favors stress localization.
Estimating Lake Evaporation Just Got Easier
Authors: da Silva Issa
Published: February 2022

A new method standardizes freshwater lake measurements and shows they are losing a fifth of their inflow to evaporation.
Cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA triggers cGAS-STING-NLRP3 axis-dependent nucleus pulposus cell pyroptosis
Authors: Zhang Weifeng , Li Gaocai , Luo Rongjin , Lei Jie , Song Yu , Wang Bingjin , Ma Liang , Liao Zhiwei , Ke Wencan , Liu Hui , Hua Wenbin , Zhao Kangcheng , Feng Xiaobo , Wu Xinghuo , Zhang Yukun , Wang Kun , Yang Cao
Published: February 2022

Low back pain (LBP) is a major musculoskeletal disorder and the socioeconomic problem with a high prevalence that mainly involves intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, characterized by progressive nucleus pulposus (NP) cell death and the development of an inflammatory microenvironment in NP tissue. Excessively accumulated cytosolic DNA acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that is monitored by the cGAS-STING axis to trigger the immune response in many degenerative diseases. NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis is a type of inflammatory programmed death that promotes a chronic inflammatory response and tissue degeneration. However, the relationship between the cGAS-STING axis and NLRP3 inflammasome-induced pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration remains unclear. Here, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathology to demonstrate that cGAS, STING, and NLRP3 are associated with the degree of IVD degeneration. Oxidative stress induced cGAS-STING axis activation and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in a STING-dependent manner in human NP cells. Interestingly, the canonical morphological and functional characteristics of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening with the cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were observed in human NP cells under oxidative stress. Furthermore, the administration of a specific pharmacological inhibitor of mPTP and self-mtDNA cytosolic leakage effectively reduced NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptotic NP cell death and microenvironmental inflammation in vitro and degenerative progression in a rat disc needle puncture model. Collectively, these data highlight the critical roles of the cGAS-STING-NLRP3 axis and pyroptosis in the progression of IVD degeneration and provide promising therapeutic approaches for discogenic LBP.
Central obesity is selectively associated with cerebral gray matter atrophy in 15,634 subjects in the UK Biobank
Authors: Pflanz Chris-Patrick , Tozer Daniel J. , Harshfield Eric L. , Tay Jonathan , Farooqi Sadaf , Markus Hugh S.
Published: February 2022

Background

Obesity is a risk factor for both cardiovascular disease and dementia, but the mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood. We examined associations between obesity, including estimates of central obesity using different modalities, with brain gray matter (GM) volume in the UK Biobank, a large population-based cohort study.

Methods

To determine relationships between obesity and the brain we used brain MRI, abdominal MRI, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bioelectric whole-body impedance. We determined whether obesity was associated with any change in brain gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes, and brain network efficiency derived from the structural connectome (wiring of the brain) as determined from diffusion-tensor MRI tractography. Using Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), abdominal MRI and DXA we determined whether any associations were primarily with central rather than peripheral obesity, and whether associations were mediated by known cardiovascular risk factors. We analyzed brain MRI data from 15,634.

Results

We found that central obesity, was associated with decreased GM volume (anthropometric data: p = 6.7 × 10−16, DXA: p = 8.3 × 10−81, abdominal MRI: p = 0.0006). Regional associations were found between central obesity and with specific GM subcortical nuclei (thalamus, caudate, pallidum, nucleus accumbens). In contrast, no associations were found with WM volume or structure, or brain network efficiency. The effects of central obesity on GM volume were not mediated by C-reactive protein or blood pressure, glucose, lipids.

Conclusions

Central body-fat distribution rather than the overall body-fat percentage is associated with gray matter changes in people with obesity. Further work is required to identify the factors that mediate the association between central obesity and GM atrophy.
Cell type-specific manifestations of cortical thickness heterogeneity in schizophrenia
Authors: Di Biase Maria A. , Geaghan Michael P. , Reay William R. , Seidlitz Jakob , Weickert Cynthia Shannon , Pébay Alice , Green Melissa J. , Quidé Yann , Atkins Joshua R. , Coleman Michael J. , Bouix Sylvain , Knyazhanskaya Evdokiya E. , Lyall Amanda E. , Pasternak Ofer , Kubicki Marek , Rathi Yogesh , Visco Andrew , Gaunnac Megan , Lv Jinglei , Mesholam-Gately Raquelle I. , Lewandowski Kathryn E. , Holt Daphne J. , Keshavan Matcheri S. , Pantelis Christos , Öngür Dost , Breier Alan , Cairns Murray J. , Shenton Martha E. , Zalesky Andrew
Published: February 2022

Brain morphology differs markedly between individuals with schizophrenia, but the cellular and genetic basis of this heterogeneity is poorly understood. Here, we sought to determine whether cortical thickness (CTh) heterogeneity in schizophrenia relates to interregional variation in distinct neural cell types, as inferred from established gene expression data and person-specific genomic variation. This study comprised 1849 participants in total, including a discovery (140 cases and 1267 controls) and a validation cohort (335 cases and 185 controls). To characterize CTh heterogeneity, normative ranges were established for 34 cortical regions and the extent of deviation from these ranges was measured for each individual with schizophrenia. CTh deviations were explained by interregional gene expression levels of five out of seven neural cell types examined: (1) astrocytes; (2) endothelial cells; (3) oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs); (4) excitatory neurons; and (5) inhibitory neurons. Regional alignment between CTh alterations with cell type transcriptional maps distinguished broad patient subtypes, which were validated against genomic data drawn from the same individuals. In a predominantly neuronal/endothelial subtype (22% of patients), CTh deviations covaried with polygenic risk for schizophrenia (sczPRS) calculated specifically from genes marking neuronal and endothelial cells (r = −0.40, p = 0.010). Whereas, in a predominantly glia/OPC subtype (43% of patients), CTh deviations covaried with sczPRS calculated from glia and OPC-linked genes (r = −0.30, p = 0.028). This multi-scale analysis of genomic, transcriptomic, and brain phenotypic data may indicate that CTh heterogeneity in schizophrenia relates to inter-individual variation in cell-type specific functions. Decomposing heterogeneity in relation to cortical cell types enables prioritization of schizophrenia subsets for future disease modeling efforts.
Abnormal dynamic functional connectivity during fear extinction learning in PTSD and anxiety disorders
Authors: Wen Zhenfu , Seo Jeehye , Pace-Schott Edward F. , Milad Mohammed R.
Published: February 2022

Examining the neural circuits of fear/threat extinction advanced our mechanistic understanding of several psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders (AX) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). More is needed to understand the interplay of large-scale neural networks during fear extinction in these disorders. We used dynamic functional connectivity (FC) to study how FC might be perturbed during conditioned fear extinction in individuals with AX or PTSD. We analyzed neuroimaging data from 338 individuals that underwent a two-day fear conditioning and extinction paradigm. The sample included healthy controls (HC), trauma-exposed non-PTSD controls, and patients diagnosed with AX or PTSD. Dynamic FC during extinction learning gradually increased in the HC group but not in patient groups. The lack of FC change in patients was predominantly observed within and between the default mode, frontoparietal control, and somatomotor networks. The AX and PTSD groups showed impairments in different, yet partially overlapping connections especially involving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Extinction-induced FC predicted ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation and FC during extinction memory recall only in the HC group. FC impairments during extinction learning correlated with fear- and anxiety-related clinical measures. These findings suggest that relative to controls, individuals with AX or PTSD exhibited widespread abnormal FC in higher-order cognitive and attention networks during extinction learning and failed to establish a link between neural signatures during extinction learning and memory retrieval. This failure might underlie abnormal processes related to the conscious awareness, attention allocation, and sensory processes during extinction learning and retrieval in fear- and anxiety-related disorders.
Broad phylogenetic and functional diversity among mixotrophic consumers of Prochlorococcus
Authors: Li Qian , Edwards Kyle F , Schvarcz Christopher R , Steward Grieg F
Published: February 2022

Small eukaryotic phytoplankton are major contributors to global primary production and marine biogeochemical cycles. Many taxa are thought to be mixotrophic, but quantitative studies of phagotrophy exist for very few. In addition, little is known about consumers of Prochlorococcus, the abundant cyanobacterium at the base of oligotrophic ocean food webs. Here we describe thirty-nine new phytoplankton isolates from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (Station ALOHA), all flagellates ~2–5 µm diameter, and we quantify their ability to graze Prochlorococcus. The mixotrophs are from diverse classes (dictyochophytes, haptophytes, chrysophytes, bolidophytes, a dinoflagellate, and a chlorarachniophyte), many from previously uncultured clades. Grazing ability varied substantially, with specific clearance rate (volume cleared per body volume) varying over ten-fold across isolates and six-fold across genera. Slower grazers tended to create more biovolume per prey biovolume consumed. Using qPCR we found that the haptophyte Chrysochromulina was most abundant among the isolated mixotrophs at Station ALOHA, with 76–250 cells mL−1 across depths in the upper euphotic zone (5–100 m). Our results show that within a single ecosystem the phototrophs that ingest bacteria come from many branches of the eukaryotic tree, and are functionally diverse, indicating a broad range of strategies along the spectrum from phototrophy to phagotrophy.
Detection of circulating tumour cells before and following adjuvant chemotherapy and long-term prognosis of early breast cancer
Authors: Matikas Alexios , Kotsakis Athanasios , Apostolaki Stella , Politaki Helen , Perraki Maria , Kalbakis Kostas , Nikolaou Michalis , Economopoulou Panagiota , Hatzidaki Dora , Georgoulias Vassilis
Published: February 2022

Background

The detection of circulating tumour cells (CTC) is prognostic for disease recurrence in early breast cancer (BC). This study aims to investigate whether this prognostic effect persists or varies over time.

Methods

The study population consisted of prospectively included stage I–III BC patients. The presence ofCK19mRNA-positive CTC in the peripheral blood was evaluated before and after adjuvant chemotherapy, using a real-time RT–PCR assay. Longitudinal samples were collected for a subset of patients.

Results

Baseline CTC data were available from 1220 patients, while 1132 had both pre- and post-therapy data. After a median follow-up of 134.1 months, CTC positivity at baseline was associated with shorter overall survival (OS; HRadj = 1.72, 95% CI 1.34–2.21,p < 0.001). For disease-free survival, an interaction with time (p = 0.045) was observed. CTC positivity predicted early (within 5 years; HRadj = 1.76, 95%CI 1.33–2.32,p < 0.001) but not late recurrence (HRadj = 1.10, 95% CI 0.79–1.53,p = 0.577). Following adjuvant chemotherapy, more patients converted from CTC-positive to CTC-negative than vice versa (p < 0.001). Ten-year OS was 68.6% for + /+ and 86.7% for −/− group (p < 0.001). CTC status at follow-up predicted disease recurrence.

Conclusion

CTC detection pre- and post-adjuvant chemotherapy is prognostic for early relapse, supporting investigations for novel adjuvant therapeutic approaches.
Ubiquitin-specific proteases in inflammatory bowel disease-related signalling pathway regulation
Authors: Chen Rirong , Pang Xiaobai , Li Li , Zeng Zhirong , Chen Minhu , Zhang Shenghong
Published: February 2022

The exact pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disease comprising Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, remains unclear. Studies on ubiquitination, which regulates the degradation of inflammation signalling pathway molecules, and deubiquitination have provided novel insights. Targeting the ubiquitin-specific protease (USP) family of deubiquitinases elucidates IBD signalling pathway mechanisms and possibly, IBD therapeutic solutions. Here, we characterised USPs as chief regulators of pro-inflammatory signalling pathways, including nuclear factor-κB and transforming growth factor-β; analysed the relationship between USPs and IBD pathogenesis in terms of genetic susceptibility, intestinal epithelial barrier, immunity, and gut microbiota; and discussed future research prospects.
Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of XBP1 protects against APAP hepatotoxicity through the activation of autophagy
Authors: Ye Hui , Chen Chaobo , Wu Hanghang , Zheng Kang , Martín-Adrados Beatriz , Caparros Esther , Francés Rubén , Nelson Leonard J. , Gómez del Moral Manuel , Asensio Iris , Vaquero Javier , Bañares Rafael , Ávila Matías A. , Andrade Raúl J. , Isabel Lucena M. , Martínez-Chantar Maria Luz , Reeves Helen L. , Masson Steven , Blumberg Richard S. , Gracia-Sancho Jordi , Nevzorova Yulia A. , Martínez-Naves Eduardo , Cubero Francisco Javier
Published: February 2022

Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress which triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) in hepatocytes. However, the mechanisms underlying ER stress remain poorly understood, thus reducing the options for exploring new pharmacological therapies for patients with hyperacute liver injury. Eight-to-twelve-week-old C57BL/6J Xbp1-floxed (Xbp1f/f) and hepatocyte-specific knockout Xbp1 mice (Xbp1∆hepa) were challenged with either high dose APAP [500 mg/kg] and sacrificed at early (1–2 h) and late (24 h) stages of hepatotoxicity. Histopathological examination of livers, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, Western blot, real time (RT)-qPCR studies and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed. Pharmacological inhibition of XBP1 using pre-treatment with STF-083010 [STF, 75 mg/kg] and autophagy induction with Rapamycin [RAPA, 8 mg/kg] or blockade with Chloroquine [CQ, 60 mg/kg] was also undertaken in vivo. Cytoplasmic expression of XBP1 coincided with severity of human and murine hyperacute liver injury. Transcriptional and translational activation of the UPR and sustained activation of JNK1/2 were major events in APAP hepatotoxicity, both in a human hepatocytic cell line and in a preclinical model. Xbp1∆hepa livers showed decreased UPR and JNK1/2 activation but enhanced autophagy in response to high dose APAP. Additionally, blockade of XBP1 splicing by STF, mitigated APAP-induced liver injury and without non-specific off-target effects (e.g., CYP2E1 activity). Furthermore, enhanced autophagy might be responsible for modulating CYP2E1 activity in Xbp1∆hepa animals. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Xbp1 specifically in hepatocytes ameliorated APAP-induced liver injury by enhancing autophagy and decreasing CYP2E1 expression. These findings provide the basis for the therapeutic restoration of ER stress and/or induction of autophagy in patients with hyperacute liver injury.