bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Latent Class Modeling with Covariates: Two Improved Three-Step Approaches
Authors: Vermunt Jeroen K.
Published: September 2010

Researchers using latent class (LC) analysis often proceed using the following three steps: (1) an LC model is built for a set of response variables, (2) subjects are assigned to LCs based on their posterior class membership probabilities, and (3) the association between the assigned class membership and external variables is investigated using simple cross-tabulations or multinomial logistic regression analysis. Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars (2004) demonstrated that such a three-step approach underestimates the associations between covariates and class membership. They proposed resolving this problem by means of a specific correction method that involves modifying the third step. In this article, I extend the correction method of Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars by showing that it involves maximizing a weighted log-likelihood function for clustered data. This conceptualization makes it possible to apply the method not only with categorical but also with continuous explanatory variables, to obtain correct tests using complex sampling variance estimation methods, and to implement it in standard software for logistic regression analysis. In addition, a new maximum likelihood (ML)—based correction method is proposed, which is more direct in the sense that it does not require analyzing weighted data. This new three-step ML method can be easily implemented in software for LC analysis. The reported simulation study shows that both correction methods perform very well in the sense that their parameter estimates and their SEs can be trusted, except for situations with very poorly separated classes. The main advantage of the ML method compared with the Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars approach is that it is much more efficient and almost as efficient as one-step ML estimation.
Self-similar correlation function in brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Expert Paul , Lambiotte Renaud , Chialvo Dante R. , Christensen Kim , Jensen Henrik Jeldtoft , Sharp David J. , Turkheimer Federico
Published: September 2010

Adaptive behaviour, cognition and emotion are the result of a bewildering variety of brain spatio-temporal activity patterns. An important problem in neuroscience is to understand the mechanism by which the human brain's 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses manage to produce this large repertoire of cortical configurations in a flexible manner. In addition, it is recognized that temporal correlations across such configurations cannot be arbitrary, but they need to meet two conflicting demands: while diverse cortical areas should remain functionally segregated from each other, they must still perform as a collective, i.e. they are functionally integrated. Here, we investigate these large-scale dynamical properties by inspecting the character of the spatio-temporal correlations of brain resting-state activity. In physical systems, these correlations in space and time are captured by measuring the correlation coefficient between a signal recorded at two different points in space at two different times. We show that this two-point correlation function extracted from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data exhibits self-similarity in space and time. In space, self-similarity is revealed by considering three successive spatial coarse-graining steps while in time it is revealed by the 1/ffrequency behaviour of the power spectrum. The uncovered dynamical self-similarity implies that the brain is spontaneously at a continuously changing (in space and time) intermediate state between two extremes, one of excessive cortical integration and the other of complete segregation. This dynamical property may be seen as an important marker of brain well-being in both health and disease.
Regulating interface science healthcare products: myths and uncertainties
Authors: Bravery Christopher A.
Published: September 2010

Whenever new technology emerges it brings with it concerns and uncertainties about whether or how it will need to be regulated, particularly when it is applied to human healthcare. Drawing on the recent history in the European Union (EU) of the regulation of cell-based medicinal products, and in particular tissue-engineered products, this paper explores the myths that persist around their regulation and speculates on whether the existing regulatory landscape in the EU is flexible enough to incorporate nanotechnology and other new technologies into healthcare products. By untangling these myths a number of clear conclusions are revealed that, when considered in the context of risk–benefit, make it clear that what hinders the uptake of new technology is not regulatory process but basic science.
Flexural waves in structured elastic plates: Mindlin versus bi-harmonic models
Authors: Movchan N. V. , McPhedran R. C. , Movchan A. B.
Published: September 2010

The paper presents an analytical approach to modelling of Bloch–Floquet waves in structured Mindlin plates. The emphasis is given to a comparative analysis of two simplified plate models: the classical Kirchhoff theory and the Mindlin theory for dynamic response of periodic structures. It is shown that in the case of a doubly periodic array of cavities with clamped boundaries, the structure develops a low-frequency band gap in its dispersion diagram. In the framework of the Kirchhoff model, this band gap persists, even when the radius of the cavities tends to zero. A clear difference is found between the predictions of Kirchhoff and Mindlin theories. In Mindlin theory, the lowest band goes down toω= 0 as the radius of the cavities tends to zero, which is linked with the contrasting behaviour of the corresponding Green functions.
Deterministic tropical tree community turnover: evidence from patterns of functional beta diversity along an elevational gradient
Authors: Swenson Nathan G. , Anglada-Cordero Pedro , Barone John A.
Published: September 2010

Explaining the mechanisms that produce the enormous diversity within and between tropical tree communities is a pressing challenge for plant community ecologists. Mechanistic hypotheses range from niche-based deterministic to dispersal-based stochastic models. Strong tests of these hypotheses require detailed information regarding the functional strategies of species. A few tropical studies to date have examined trait dispersion within individual forest plots using species trait means in order to ask whether coexisting species tend to be more or less functionally similar than expected given a null model. The present work takes an alternative approach by: (i) explicitly incorporating population-level trait variability; and (ii) quantifying the functional beta diversity in a series of 15 tropical forest plots arrayed along an elevational gradient. The results show a strong pattern of decay in community functional similarity with elevation. These observed patterns of functional beta diversity are shown to be highly non-random and support a deterministic model of tropical tree community assembly and turnover.
The evolution of host protection by vertically transmitted parasites
Authors: Jones Edward O. , White Andrew , Boots Michael
Published: September 2010

Hosts are often infected by a variety of different parasites, leading to competition for hosts and coevolution between parasite species. There is increasing evidence that some vertically transmitted parasitic symbionts may protect their hosts from further infection and that this protection may be an important reason for their persistence in nature. Here, we examine theoretically when protection is likely to evolve and its selective effects on other parasites. Our key result is that protection is most likely to evolve in response to horizontally transmitted parasites that cause a significant reduction in host fecundity. The preponderance of sterilizing horizontally transmitted parasites found in arthropods may therefore explain the evolution of protection seen by their symbionts. We also find that protection is more likely to evolve in response to highly transmissible parasites that cause intermediate, rather than high, virulence (increased death rate when infected). Furthermore, intermediate levels of protection select for faster, more virulent horizontally transmitted parasites, suggesting that protective symbionts may lead to the evolution of more virulent parasites in nature. When we allow for coevolution between the symbiont and the parasite, more protection is likely to evolve in the vertically transmitted symbionts of longer lived hosts. Therefore, if protection is found to be common in nature, it has the potential to be a major selective force on host–parasite interactions.
Divergent photic thresholds in the non-image-forming visual system: entrainment, masking and pupillary light reflex
Authors: Butler Matthew P. , Silver Rae
Published: September 2010

Light is the principal cue that entrains the circadian timing system, but the threshold of entrainment and the relative contributions of the retinal photoreceptors—rods, cones and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells—are not known. We measured thresholds of entrainment of wheel-running rhythms at three wavelengths, and compared these to thresholds of two other non-image-forming visual system functions: masking and the pupillary light reflex (PLR). At the entrainment threshold, the relative spectral sensitivity and absolute photon flux suggest that this threshold is determined by rods. Dim light that entrained mice failed to elicit either masking or PLR; in general, circadian entrainment is more sensitive by 1–2 log units than other measures of the non-image-forming visual system. Importantly, the results indicate that dim light can entrain circadian rhythms even when it fails to produce more easily measurable acute responses to light such as phase shifting and melatonin suppression. Photosensitivity to one response, therefore, cannot be generalized to other non-image-forming functions. These results also impact practical problems in selecting appropriate lighting in laboratory animal husbandry.
Within and transgenerational immune priming in an insect to a DNA virus
Authors: Tidbury Hannah J. , Pedersen Amy B. , Boots Mike
Published: September 2010

Invertebrates mount a sophisticated immune response with the potential to exhibit a form of immune memory through ‘priming’. Increased immune protection following early exposure to bacteria has been found both later in life (within generation priming) and in the next generation (transgeneration priming) in a number of invertebrates. However, it is unclear how general immune priming is and whether immune priming occurs in response to different parasites, including viruses. Here, using
Plodia interpuctella
(Lepidoptera) and its natural DNA virus,
Plodia interpunctella
granulosis virus, we find evidence for both within generation and transgeneration immune priming. Individuals previously exposed to low doses of virus, as well as the offspring of exposed individuals, are subsequently less susceptible to viral challenge. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms that underpin viral immunity but it is probable that the viral immune response is somewhat different to that of bacteria. We show that immune priming may, however, be a characteristic of both responses, mediated through different mechanisms, suggesting that immune memory may be a general phenomenon of insect immunity. This is important because immune priming may influence both host–parasite population and evolutionary dynamics.
Cooperation among non-relatives evolves by state-dependent generalized reciprocity
Authors: Barta Zoltán , McNamara John M. , Huszár Dóra B. , Taborsky Michael
Published: September 2010

For decades, attempts to understand cooperation between non-kin have generated substantial theoretical and empirical interest in the evolutionary mechanisms of reciprocal altruism. There is growing evidence that the cognitive limitations of animals can hinder direct and indirect reciprocity because the necessary mental capacity is costly. Here, we show that cooperation can evolve by generalized reciprocity (help anyone, if helped by someone) even in large groups, if individuals base their decision to cooperate on a state variable updated by the outcome of the last interaction with an anonymous partner. We demonstrate that this alternative mechanism emerges through small evolutionary steps under a wide range of conditions. Since this state-based generalized reciprocity works without advanced cognitive abilities it may help to understand the evolution of complex social behaviour in a wide range of organisms.
Climate warming, ecological mismatch at arrival and population decline in migratory birds
Authors: Saino Nicola , Ambrosini Roberto , Rubolini Diego , von Hardenberg Jost , Provenzale Antonello , Hüppop Kathrin , Hüppop Ommo , Lehikoinen Aleksi , Lehikoinen Esa , Rainio Kalle , Romano Maria , Sokolov Leonid
Published: September 2010

Climate is changing at a fast pace, causing widespread, profound consequences for living organisms. Failure to adjust the timing of life-cycle events to climate may jeopardize populations by causing ecological mismatches to the life cycle of other species and abiotic factors. Population declines of some migratory birds breeding in Europe have been suggested to depend on their inability to adjust migration phenology so as to keep track of advancement of spring events at their breeding grounds. In fact, several migrants have advanced their spring arrival date, but whether such advancement has been sufficient to compensate for temporal shift in spring phenophases or, conversely, birds have become ecologically mismatched, is still an unanswered question, with very few exceptions. We used a novel approach based on accumulated winter and spring temperatures (degree-days) as a proxy for timing of spring biological events to test if the progress of spring at arrival to the breeding areas by 117 European migratory bird species has changed over the past five decades. Migrants, and particularly those wintering in sub-Saharan Africa, now arrive at higher degree-days and may have therefore accumulated a ‘thermal delay’, thus possibly becoming increasingly mismatched to spring phenology. Species with greater ‘thermal delay’ have shown larger population decline, and this evidence was not confounded by concomitant ecological factors or by phylogenetic effects. These findings provide general support to the largely untested hypotheses that migratory birds are becoming ecologically mismatched and that failure to respond to climate change can have severe negative impacts on their populations. The novel approach we adopted can be extended to the analysis of ecological consequences of phenological response to climate change by other taxa.
1. Regression Analysis of Multivariate Binary Response Variables Using Rasch-Type Models and Finite-Mixture Methods
Authors: Arminger Gerhard , Clogg Clifford C. , Cheng Tzuwei
Published: September 2010

A model is considered for the regression analysis of multivariate binary data such as repeated-measures data (for example, panel data) or multiple-indicators with measures of some underlying characteristic such as attitude or ability (for example, surveys or tests). The model is related to the usual Rasch model, the usual latent-class model, and other familiar models such as logistic regression.

In addition to a regression specification, the model includes parameters that describe heterogeneity not accounted for by the predictors. In contrast to most other approaches, a nonparametric specification of the latent mixing distribution is used, leading to a formulation based on scaled latent classes. We examine the relationship between this model and several other models, give a tractable formulation of the likelihood function and likelihood equations, present an algorithm for maximum-likelihood estimation, and analyze marginal and conditional latent structures. The approach is illustrated with longitudinal data from the German Socioeconomic Panel.
5. Three Likelihood-Based Methods for Mean and Covariance Structure Analysis with Nonnormal Missing Data
Authors: Yuan Ke-Hai , Bentler Peter M.
Published: September 2010

Survey and longitudinal studies in the social and behavioral sciences generally contain missing data. Mean and covariance structure models play an important role in analyzing such data. Two promising methods for dealing with missing data are a direct maximum-likelihood and a two-stage approach based on the unstructured mean and covariance estimates obtained by the EM-algorithm. Typical assumptions under these two methods are ignorable nonresponse and normality of data. However, data sets in social and behavioral sciences are seldom normal, and experience with these procedures indicates that normal theory based methods for nonnormal data very often lead to incorrect model evaluations. By dropping the normal distribution assumption, we develop more accurate procedures for model inference. Based on the theory of generalized estimating equations, a way to obtain consistent standard errors of the two-stage estimates is given. The asymptotic efficiencies of different estimators are compared under various assumptions. We also propose a minimum chi-square approach and show that the estimator obtained by this approach is asymptotically at least as efficient as the two likelihood-based estimators for either normal or nonnormal data. The major contribution of this paper is that for each estimator, we give a test statistic whose asymptotic distribution is chisquare as long as the underlying sampling distribution enjoys finite fourth-order moments. We also give a characterization for each of the two likelihood ratio test statistics when the underlying distribution is nonnormal. Modifications to the likelihood ratio statistics are also given. Our working assumption is that the missing data mechanism is missing completely at random. Examples and Monte Carlo studies indicate that, for commonly encountered nonnormal distributions, the procedures developed in this paper are quite reliable even for samples with missing data that are missing at random.
7. Systematic Patterns of Zero Exposures in Event-History Analysis
Authors: Hoem Jan M.
Published: September 2010

Users of intensity-regression techniques in event-history analysis based on occurrence and exposure matrices frequently encounter zero-valued exposures where there is no observation for selected combinations of factor levels, either because they are logically impossible or because the observational design leaves them out. For example, higher educational levels cannot be attained at very young ages, and observations collected over a given calendar period cannot contain data for older birth cohorts at younger ages or data for younger cohorts at older ages. Unless the exposure matrix is too badly full of zeros, this does not necessarily cause problems for the estimation of regression parameters, but interpretation of results may have to be carried out with extra care. In this paper, we discuss why this is so and show how deft handling of systematic patterns of zero exposures can facilitate analysis.
2. Random-Effects Modeling of Categorical Response Data
Authors: Agresti Alan , Booth James G. , Hobert James P. , Caffo Brian
Published: September 2010

In many applications observations have some type of clustering, with observations within clusters tending to be correlated. A common instance of this occurs when each subject in the sample undergoes repeated measurement, in which case a cluster consists of the set of observations for the subject. One approach to modeling clustered data introduces cluster-level random effects into the model. The use of random effects in linear models for normal responses is well established. By contrast, random effects have only recently seen much use in models for categorical data. This chapter surveys a variety of potential social science applications of random effects modeling of categorical data. Applications discussed include repeated measurement for binary or ordinal responses, shrinkage to improve multiparameter estimation of a set of proportions or rates, multivariate latent variable modeling, hierarchically structured modeling, and cluster sampling. The models discussed belong to the class of generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), an extension of ordinary linear models that permits nonnormal response variables and both fixed and random effects in the predictor term. The models are GLMMs for either binomial or Poisson response variables, although we also present extensions to multicategory (nominal or ordinal) responses. We also summarize some of the technical issues of model-fitting that complicate the fitting of GLMMs even with existing software.
An EM Algorithm for Smoothing the Self‐consistent Estimator of Survival Functions with Interval‐censored Data
Authors: Li Linxiong , Watkins Terry , Yu Qiqing
Published: September 2010

Interval‐censored data arise in a wide variety of application and research areas such as, for example, AIDS studies (Kim et al., 1993) and cancer research (Finkelstein, 1986; Becker & Melbye, 1991). Peto (1973) proposed a Newton–Raphson algorithm for obtaining a generalized maximum likelihood estimate (GMLE) of the survival function with interval‐cen sored observations. Turnbull (1976) proposed a self‐consistent algorithm for interval‐censored data and obtained the same GMLE. Groeneboom & Wellner (1992) used the convex minorant algorithm for constructing an estimator of the survival function with “case 2” interval‐censored data. However, as is known, the GMLE is not uniquely defined on the interval [0, ∞]. In addition, Turnbull's algorithm leads to a self‐consistent equation which is not in the form of an integral equation. Large sample properties of the GMLE have not been previously examined because of, we believe, among other things, the lack of such an integral equation. In this paper, we present an EM algorithm for constructing a GMLE on [0, ∞]. The GMLE is expressed as a solution of an integral equation. More recently, with the help of this integral equation, Yu et al. (1997a, b) have shown that the GMLE is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. An application of the proposed GMLE is presented
A Note on Ergodic Processes Prediction via Estimation of the Conditional Mode Function
Authors: Ould‐Saïd Elias
Published: September 2010

We establish the uniform almost‐sure convergence of a kernel estimate of the conditional density for an ergodic process. A useful application to the prediction of the ergodic process via the conditional mode function is also given.
A Unified Approach to the Approximation of Multivariate Densities
Authors: Kollo Tõnu , Von Rosen Dietrich
Published: September 2010

Approximation of a density by another density is considered in the case of different dimensionalities of the distributions. The results have been derived by inverting expansions of characteristic functions with the help of matrix techniques. The approximations obtained are all functions of cumulant differences and derivatives of the approximating density. The multivariate Edgeworth expansion follows from the results as a special case. Furthermore, the density functions of the trace and eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix are approximated by the multivariate normal density and a numerical example is given
Fieldwork and Tropicality in French Indochina: Reflections on Pierre Gourou's Les Paysans Du Delta Tonkinois, 1936
Authors: Bowd Gavin , Clayton Daniel
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the fieldwork undertaken by the distinguished French geographer Pierre Gourou (1900–99) in the Tonkin Delta (Red River Delta) of northern Vietnam in the 1920s and 1930s, and his wider configuration of “the tropical world” as a distinct space of knowledge and radical otherness. Gourou's fieldwork endeavours in French Indochina are interpreted in the light of recent work on “tropicality”: the idea that “the tropics” need to be understood as a western cultural construction and colonising discourse that essentialised the hot, wet regions of the world, and exalted the temperate world over its tropical counterpart. The paper focuses on Gourou's monumental 1936 study Les paysans du delta tonkinois, étude de géographie humaine. It is argued that in this study, and his later comparative work on the tropics, Gourou elaborated a distinct geographical variant of tropicality, but one that, ultimately, reinforced the essentialist logic and momentum of this discourse. Particular attention is paid to the geographical ideas, fieldwork techniques and discursive strategies that Gourou used in his 1936 study, and the French colonial context in which he worked. The article shows how Gourou appealed to western reason and science as tools of study, identified overpopulation as the key problem facing the Tonkin Delta, and suggested that colonial practices of modernisation had a limited place and ineffectual role in the rice plains of the region.
Under the Microscope: Fieldwork Practice and Cuba's Biotechnology Industry: A Reflexive Affair?
Authors: Reid‐Henry Simon
Published: September 2010

Through a re‐reading of my Ph.D. fieldwork on Cuba's biotechnology industry, I empirically pull apart the relationship between fieldwork practice and knowledge production as experienced in my research. I argue that reflexivity is an insufficiently critiqued concept and, as a result, that its widespread influence in contemporary fieldwork practice works to obscure the influence of “others”, not just on the “doing” of research but on the conceptual development of the methodology itself. I make this argument by focusing on the various strategies I employed to actualise my research methodology, the problems I met with and the subsequent pull of my research in new directions. I cover such issues as gaining access, working in multiple locales across antagonistic polities, what happens when fieldwork goes wrong and the notion of “empirical drift”. I use these issues to examine how I was actively constructing both my field and my research methodology at the same time and through others. I try to show how the fact that fieldwork can be simultaneously a lived experience, a socially constructed performance and an episteme accounts for much of its distinctive qualities as a milieu in which existing knowledge is put to the test, or added to. I argue that these same qualities allow it to be a deeply intertextual process, or a joint work between the researcher and the field. This, I suggest, warrants greater recognition.
Far from Being “Home Alone”: The Dynamics of Accompanied Fieldwork
Authors: Cupples Julie , Kindon Sara
Published: September 2010

Despite persistent images to the contrary, most fieldworkers are accompanied. Yet, there has been limited discussion on the nature of accompanied fieldwork, particularly by geographers. Drawing on our experiences in three countries in the tropics, we discuss the dynamics of being accompanied in “the field” by our children and female co‐researchers. Specifically, we focus on issues of access and rapport; the impacts of their presence on our positionality; and the implications these have for power relations and research outcomes. We demonstrate how being accompanied entangles our personal and professional selves and can result in more egalitarian power relations as we become “observers observed”. We argue that by paying attention to the dynamics of accompanied fieldwork, there is the potential to enhance the conceptual focus of our methodological concerns and to provide a more theoretically sophisticated mode of exploring the ways in which our multiple identities intersect while in “the field”.
The Stokes and Krasovskii Conjectures for the Wave of Greatest Height
Authors: McLeod J. B.
Published: September 2010

The integral equation:

φμ(s)= (1/3π)∫π0((sinφμ(t))/(μ−1+∫t0sin φμ(u)du)) (log((sin½(s+t))/ (sin½(s−t)))dt

was derived by Nekrasov to describe waves of permanent form on the surface of a nonviscous, irrotational, infinitely deep flow, the function φμ giving the angle that the wave surface makes with the horizontal. The wave of greatest height is the singular case μ=∞, and it is shown that there exists a solution φ∞ to the equation in this case and that it can be obtained as the limit (in a specified sense) as μ→∞ of solutions for finite μ. Stokes conjectured that φ∞(s)→⅙π as s↓0, so that the wave is sharply crested in the limit case; and Krasovskii conjectured that sups∈[0,π]φμ(s)≤⅙π for all finite μ. Stokes' conjecture was finally proved by Amick, Fraenkel, and Toland, and the present article shows Krasovskii's conjecture to be false for sufficiently large μ, the angle exceeding ⅙π in what is a boundary layer.
Mush–Chimney Convection
Authors: Loper David E. , Roberts Paul H.
Published: September 2010

Mush–chimney convection occurs in a system consisting of a layer of mixed solid and liquid bounded by liquid above and solid below. The solid phase of the mush is composed of the denser constituent of the alloy, making the residual liquid compositionally buoyant as solidification proceeds. The liquid is in steady, nonlinear convection, consisting of a downward flow in the mush and an upward flow in a chimney, free of solid, which formed spontaneously in the mush as a result of the interaction between flow and structure. A well‐posed continuum mathematical model of this system is developed. A novel feature of this analysis is the development of an equation that determines the chimney radius. Material diffusion is an essential ingredient in this equation, but is negligible elsewhere. In the parameter range considered, the problem is well posed without the necessity of specifying the condition of marginal phase equilibrium. A remarkably simple analytic solution is obtained for the convective flow in the chimney.
Bénard Polygons
Authors: Sarkaria K. S.
Published: September 2010

We prove that if a neighborhood of a polygonal region admits a two‐dimensional eigenfunction of the Laplacian, having a nonzero eigenvalue and such that its normal derivative vanishes on all the bounding edges, then the polygonal region must be a union of complete pieces of a tiling of the plane by congruent rectangles, or by congruent (45°, 45°, 90°) or (30°, 60°, 90°) triangles. Hydrodynamically, this means that during critical convection in a horizontal fluid layer uniformally heated from below, the mere occurrence of one arbitrary closed vertical polygonal fluid surface across which there is no transportation of fluid automatically guarantees the presence of one of the usual special convection patterns. In addition it shows that linear convection theory seldom predicts a regular fluid pattern: e.g., for the case of a triangular container having angles substantially different from (45°, 45°, 90°), (30°, 60°, 90°), (60°, 60°, 60°) or (30°, 30°, 120°), it predicts that the convection cells not touching the boundary, if any, should be noticeably nonpolygonal. We also consider a nonlinear generalization and the noneuclidean analogues of such polygons.
Biodiversity for Beginners
Authors: Du Feu Chris
Published: September 2010

Biodiversity is a difficult concept. It can be introduced to young children successfully, laying the foundations for further study in later years. This article describes one practical activity for 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children.
The Concept of Acquiescence
Authors: Woodard Christopher
Published: September 2010

Suppose a police car gives chase to some violent criminals, putting innocent bystanders at risk. The criminals have not threatened the police in any way; so we would not normally say that the police have been coerced into chasing. Nor are the police merely responding to natural circumstances, so they are not acting under necessity, in the usual sense. The case is different from one in which an ambulance speeds to hospital, putting innocent bystanders at risk, because the reason for the police speeding has to do with the unreasonable behaviour of others. Yet that unreasonable behaviour does not constitute threatening behaviour. How then should we describe what happened?
‘Not Empire, but Equality’: Mary Wollstonecraft, the Marriage State and the Sexual Contract
Authors: Brace Laura
Published: September 2010

Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman, first published in 1792, has proved a problematic ‘classic text’ for feminism. This paper focuses on the liberal concept of self‐ownership to show how the Vindication both confronts and perpetuates the dilemmas of ‘liberal feminism’. Self‐ownership is not a term used by Wollstonecraft herself, but I make use of it in this paper because I believe it captures what she means by ‘independence’, arrived at by a combination of reflection, self‐government and labour. It implies a natural right to resist oppression and arbitrary government and so reaches the heart of Wollstonecraft's argument against patriarchy as a particular form of arbitrary power. As Alan Ryan argues, ‘each of us is obliged to obey the government so long as it upholds our natural rights, but if it violates them, we are not obliged to obey’. As a liberal concept, self‐ownership is fraught with ambiguity for feminism. Donna Dickenson argues that it can be interpreted both as ‘masculinist through and through’ and as ‘the essence of feminism’. Its very ambiguity makes it an appropriate conceptual lens through which to view Wollstonecraft's own contradictory arguments.
Survey Article: Justifying the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Authors: Dyzenhaus David
Published: September 2010

Truth commissions have emerged as popular devices for countries which are trying to move from a past of mass human rights violations to a stable and democratic future. South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was by no means the first official commission to inquire into and report on a fraught past, yet it has attracted more interest, including philosophical interest, than any of its predecessors.
Promoting innovation through the accumulation of intellectual capital, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation
Authors: Wu Wann‐Yih , Chang Man‐Ling , Chen Chih‐Wei
Published: September 2010

This study attempts to explore how a firm's operational mode can reinforce the advantages of intellectual capital on innovation. Specifically, the main purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive research model to integrate the interrelationships among social capital, entrepreneurial orientation, intellectual capital, and innovation. In addition to identifying the influences of intellectual capital on innovation, this study focuses in particular on the mediating effect of intellectual capital and the moderating effects of social capital and entrepreneurial orientation on innovation, which have largely been neglected in previous literature. The results support the mediating role of intellectual capital and the moderating roles of entrepreneurial orientation and social capital on innovation. Specifically, firms that have higher levels of social capital and entrepreneurial orientation tend to amplify the effects of intellectual capital on innovation.
The Organizational Construction of Hegemonic Masculinity: The Case of the US Navy
Authors: Barrett Frank J.
Published: September 2010

This article examines the construction of hegemonic masculinity within the US Navy. Based on life history interviews with 27 male officers, this study explores alternative discourses and identities of officers from three different communities in the Navy: aviation, surface warfare, and the supply corps. Definitions of masculinity are relationally constructed through associations of difference: aviators tend to draw upon themes of autonomy and risk taking; surface warfare officers draw upon themes of perseverance and endurance; and supply officers draw upon themes of technical rationality. Further, these masculinities depend upon various contrasting definitions of femininity. Finally, this article explores a series of contradictions that threaten the secure construction of masculinity within this military culture.
Books on European Integration
Authors: Ardy Brian , Gower Jackie
Published: September 2010

The following list includes all books submitted to the Journal of Common Market Studies during 1999, whether these were reviewed or not. Each book is entered only once even though, inevitably, some titles are of relevance to more than one section.
Closing the open sea: Development of fishery management in four Icelandic fisheries
Authors: Matthíasson Thórólfur
Published: September 2010

The article outlines the development of Iceland's fishery rights and the extension of its territorial waters between the 1950s and the mid‐1970s, whereby Iceland gained exclusive control and use of the marine resources of the waters within 12, later 50, and ultimately 200 nautical miles around the island. The article concentrates on four of Iceland's main fisheries: shrimp, herring, capelin and cod. These four fisheries are discussed separately and in depth, presenting the beginnings and growth of the industry and detailing the development of management practices and the corresponding legislation and regulatory measures. Iceland's initial concern was to gain control over the marine resources surrounding the island, but once this was achieved, the focus of attention shifted to managing first the economic and soon also the ecological aspects of its tremendous resource. Informed mainly by indigenous expertise, Iceland's concern was to limit overfishing, manage its fisheries sustainably both from the economic and ecological points of view, and find the best ways to distribute the revenues from the marine harvest.

The article looks at each of the four fisheries to clarify how the individual transferable quota (ITQ) system came into being, how initial quota holdings were allotted, and analyses the circumstances under which the ITQ system became the management tool of choice.

For each fishery, the process of regulatory evolution was quite unique. At the same time, there is a common pattern to all the fisheries, which may be summarized as follows. Firstly, serious attempts to reform management practices only got underway when the fishery had collapsed or was close to collapse. Secondly, stakeholders invariably started the process of regulation by limiting access to the fishery. Thirdly, a variety of rules were implemented to allocate rights to participate in the fishery to additional entrants once membership had been closed. Finally, prior to the invention of the ITQ system, prices were used to manage fisheries in Iceland. It may be concluded that the management of fisheries by ITQs may be a historical accident, rather than the end point of a logical evolution.
Speaking of Books: Bonfire of the Humanities
Authors: Bauerlein Mark
Published: September 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Victor Davis Hanson, John Heath, Bruce S. Thornton, Bonfire of the Humanities: Rescuing the Classics in an Impoverished Age
On the Asymptotic Expansion of the Spheroidal Wave Function and Its Eigenvalues for Complex Size Parameter
Authors: Barrowes Benjamin E. , O'Neill Kevin , Grzegorczyk Tomasz M. , Kong Jin A.
Published: September 2010

We provide a rapid and accurate method for calculating the prolate and oblate spheroidal wave functions (PSWFs and OSWFs),Smn(c, η), and their eigenvalues,λmn, for arbitrary complex size parametercin the asymptotic regime of large|c|,mandnfixed. The ability to calculate these SWFs for large and complex size parameters is important for many applications in mathematics, engineering, and physics. For arbitraryarg(c), the PSWFs and their eigenvalues are accurately expressed by establishedprolate‐type oroblate‐type asymptotic expansions. However, determining the proper expansion type is dependent upon finding spheroidal branch points,cmn○;r, in the complexc‐plane where the PSWF alternates expansion type due to analytic continuation. We implement a numerical search method for tabulating these branch points as a function of spheroidal parametersm,n, andarg(c). The resulting table allows rapid determination of the appropriate asymptotic expansion type of the SWFs. Normalizations, which are dependent onc, are derived for both theprolate‐ andoblate‐type asymptotic expansions and for both(n−m)even and odd. The ordering for these expansions is different from the original ordering of the SWFs and is dictated by the location ofcmn○;r. We document this ordering for the specific case ofarg(c) =π/4, which occurs for the diffusion equation in spheroidal coordinates. Some representative values ofλmnandSmn(c, η)for large, complexcare also given.
A Numerical Study of the Exact Evolution Equations for Surface Waves in Water of Finite Depth
Authors: Li Yi A. , Hyman James M. , Choi Wooyoung
Published: September 2010

We describe a pseudo‐spectral numerical method to solve the systems of one‐dimensional evolution equations for free surface waves in a homogeneous layer of an ideal fluid. We use the method to solve a system of one‐dimensional integro‐differential equations, first proposed by Ovsjannikov and later derived by Dyachenko, Zakharov, and Kuznetsov, to simulate the exact evolution of nonlinear free surface waves governed by the two‐dimensional Euler equations. These equations are written in the transformed plane where the free surface is mapped onto a flat surface and do not require the common assumption that the waves have small amplitude used in deriving the weakly nonlinear Korteweg–de Vries and Boussinesq long‐wave equations. We compare the solution of the exact reduced equations with these weakly nonlinear long‐wave models and with the nonlinear long‐wave equations of Su and Gardner that do not assume the waves have small amplitude. The Su and Gardner solutions are in remarkably close agreement with the exact Euler solutions for large amplitude solitary wave interactions while the interactions of low‐amplitude solitary waves of all four models agree. The simulations demonstrate that our method is an efficient and accurate approach to integrate all of these equations and conserves the mass, momentum, and energy of the Euler equations over very long simulations.
Macroeconomic Sources of Risk in the Term Structure
Authors: BALFOUSSIA HIONA , WICKENS MIKE
Published: September 2010

We develop a new way of modeling time variation in term premia, based on the stochastic discount factor model of asset pricing. The joint distribution of excess U.S. bond returns of different maturity and the observable fundamental macroeconomic factors is modeled using multivariate GARCH with conditional covariances in the mean to capture the term premia. By testing the assumption of no arbitrage we derive a specification test of our model. We estimate the contribution made to the term premia at different maturities through real and nominal sources of risk. From the estimated term premia we recover the term structure of interest rates and examine how it varies through time. Finally, we examine whether the reported failures of the rational expectations hypothesis can be attributed to an omitted time‐varying term premium.
The Persistence of Inflation Versus That of Real Marginal Cost in the New Keynesian Model
Authors: ROTEMBERG JULIO J.
Published: September 2010

This note provides an example where the New Keynesian Phillips Curve leads inflation to be substantially more persistent than the output gap.
Why Commercial Banks Held Excess Reserves: The Japanese Experience of the Late 1990s
Authors: OGAWA KAZUO
Published: September 2010

We investigated, empirically, why Japanese banks held excess reserves in the late 1990s. Specifically, we pin down two factors explaining the demand for excess reserves: a low short‐term interest rate, or call rate, and the fragile financial health of banks. The virtually zero call rate increased the demand for excess reserves substantially, and a high bad loans ratio largely contributed to the increase in excess reserve holdings. We found that the holdings of excess reserves would fall by two‐thirds if the call rate were to be raised to its level prior to the adoption of the zero‐interest‐rate policy, and the bad loans ratio were to fall by 50%.
The ‘Independence’ of Expert Opinions in Corporate Takeovers: Agreeing With Directors’ Recommendations
Authors: Bugeja Martin
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The impact of non‐audit services on auditor independence has been the recent focus of regulators worldwide. Using expert reports provided in Australian takeovers, this study investigates a context where the audit independence issue is reversed. As approximately a quarter of expert reports are prepared by the target firm's auditor, concerns have been expressed over the independence of the opinion provided. This paper finds that, relative to other experts, there is no difference in the rate at which experts with other business dealings with the target, including the target's auditor, provide an opinion that agrees with that of directors. However, the capital market reaction around the release of the report indicates that reports produced by auditors are viewed as non‐independent.
Insider Trading and Pay‐Performance Sensitivity: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Zhang Wei , Cahan Steven F. , Allen Arthur C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  We examine whether the sensitivity of pay to performance is associated with the amount of insider trading that managers undertake. Because insider trading profits represent an alternative form of compensation, we expect that firms will consider the compensation component provided by insider trading when designing remuneration contracts. Employing a proxy for insider trading that captures the degree to which managers trade on private information, we find evidence that an increased (a decreased) level of insider trading is associated with a decreased (an increased) pay‐performance sensitivity.
Farrier services at private equine hospital practices in the USA
Authors: Kirker‐Head C. A. , Schwoegler M.
Published: September 2010

Private equine hospital practices (PEHPs) may optimise patient healthcare by combining veterinary and farrier services. While PEHP veterinary services are generally well known, existing PEHP farrier services require better characterisation. To document farrier services at PEHPs in the USA, 41 PEHP Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons and/or PEHP farriers completed a multiple choice questionnaire characterising PEHP farrier service prevalence and facilities; farrier details, experience and education; and farrier service finances, clinical services, training, education and research responsibilities. Questionnaire completion rate was 82%. Twenty‐two of 41 (54%) responding PEHPs had in‐house farrier service and 8 (20%) additionally provided ambulatory farrier service. Forty‐nine of 50 (98%) PEHP farriers were male; 2 (4%) were <31 years old, 10 (20%) were >51 years old; 27 (54%) worked in‐house <6 h/week. At 19 (86%) PEHPs, the farriers were paid by the client and at 3 (13%) by the PEHP. Thirty‐five of 50 (70%) PEHP farriers had a professional certification. At 4 (18%) PEHPs, the in‐house farrier service was profitable while at 14 (64%) PEHPs it met operational costs. Sixteen (73%) PEHP farrier services provided professional education in clinical settings and 11 (50%) in lecture settings. Five (10%) PEHP farriers participated in research activities. PEHP in‐house and ambulatory farrier services in the USA are a valuable resource with the potential to enhance the quality and scope of PEHP services. PEHP farriers can contribute positively to patient care, care‐provider education, and practice productivity.