bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Glacial Epoch. The Date and Duration of the Last Ice Period
Authors: Draysonius
Published: October 2013

(This inset is brought to the notice of the readers of this issue of the “Proceedings,” not with the intention of endorsing the views therein stated, but out of respect to one of the chief founders of this Society, the late Dr. W. Allen Sturge, whose immense activities in pre-history are well known, and whose critical acumen led him to favour the acceptance of Drayson's contention as a WORKING HYPO- THESIS for the elucidation of the various ages to be assigned to flint cultures in East Anglia. Several discoveries since his death have done much to favour an unexpected, extension of the stages of man's progress, and of the enormous antiquity to be assigned to primitive man, whilp certain facts on the astronomical sidtihave so strengthened the position of Drayson's supporters as to make their claims a matter inviting serious attention.)
On Some Further Flint Implements of Pliocene Age Discovered in Suffolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

In the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia (Vol. III., Part III., pp. 389–430) I gave an account of the discoveries made at the 16-ft. level in the Pliocene Red Crag at Foxhall, near Ipswich, and in the detritus-bed beneath the decalcified Red Crag in Pits Nos. 1 and 2 at Bramford. During 1922 further excavations were conducted at Foxhall, and a number of humanly-flaked flints recovered from the floor occurring at the 16-foot level. The Bramford pits were also again investigated, and it is the purpose of this paper to figure and describe some of the specimens found at the sites mentioned. Full details were given in the paper quoted above of the Foxhall and Bramford Sections, and there is no need to again describe them here, especially as the recent diggings exposed no new geological features. The money to pay for the wages of the workmen engaged in the diggings was very kindly subscribed by the Percy Sladen Fund, the American Museum of Natural History, Sir John Ganzoni, M.P., and by Messrs. F. H. Barclay, A. S. Barnes, M. C. Burkitt, Henry Coates, Frank Corner, Vernon Favell, Robert Gurney, C. Hartley, J. J. Lister, W. M. Newton, W. B. Nichols, R. A. Smith, and F. S. Stevenson. The illustrations for this paper are produced from drawings by Mr. E. T. Lingwood, who, once again, has given valuable help to the cause of science by the free gift of his great artistic powers.
Eoliths found “in situ” at South Ash, Kent
Authors: Crawshay de Barri
Published: October 2013

This Paper is the outcome of a very long standing hope of proving the existence of “Eoliths” “in situ,” under the surface position where in 1866, Benjamin Harrison first found what he thought must be the very rude earliest forms of humanly worked flints, which in the “nineties” became known as “Eoliths.”

He felt pretty sure of his own opinion but no one to whom he showed his finds was at that time bold enough to accept them; this discouraged but did not deter him; for though he put them away to “Suspense Account.” he always had them in his mind and at all opportunities tried to advance his belief and convert others for many years with but very little success indeed; till 1884 when Mr. H. Walker agreed with him that they were human artefacts. In April, 1887, I became acquainted with Harrison; he lectured particularly on the “Rudes” doubtless hoping to find a tyro whom he hoped to educate to be a supporter.

He took me to South Ash and his other “Red Spreads” on which we found many specimens.
Percy Sladen Memorial Fund Excavations. Grimes' Graves, Norfolk, 1924
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie
Published: October 2013

The excavations described in the Preliminary Report were, through the generosity of the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, and with the co-operation of Dr. R. V. Favell, resumed in 1924 and further efforts made to discover evidence of the earliest mining activities at Grimes' Graves. Summarised briefly the work of 1923 had already established the following facts:—

(1) The existence on the southern slope of the valley, north of the Graves, of primitive flint mines roughly circular in shape and sunk to the Floor-stone, at that point 12 feet 6 inches deep.

(2) That the two pits examined were devoid of galleries, the shafts being belled out at the base to obtain as much flint as possible.

(3) That Hand Picks of a form not hitherto recognised and formed of the long bones of animals, had been used for excavation purposes assisted by wedges and choppers of flint.

(4) That Deer-antler picks, or fragments of deer antler were entirely absent.

(5) That access had been gained to the pits by rude staircases cut in the shaft walls.

(6) The nature of the valley deposits was established by a series of sections and the almost complete erosion there of the Floor-stone, by glacial agencies, proved.

(7) The limits within which Floor-stone exists in situ on the south side of the valley was defined and an outcrop of contorted Floor-stone discovered.
Further Excavations upon the Engraving Floor (Floor 85), Grimes' Graves
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie
Published: October 2013

Further excavations on Floor 85, at the end of July, 1922, increased the total area of this important floor, carefully dug over and examined, to 109 square yards. Previous observations have been confirmed and a further series of implements recovered, including engraved pieces of flint crust and pieces bearing incised lines, similar in character, though of minor importance, to those described in the “Proceedings,” Vol. 3, p. 434 and 548.

Dr. R. V. Favell again co-operated and the work was principally concentrated upon the S., SE., and E. sides of the previous excavation.

Upon the S. side Floor A was absent, Floors B and C well marked, though Floor C proved to be thin in places and towards the termination of the dig showed signs of giving out, whereas Floor B was becoming thicker. The sterile layer separating B from C, latterly became so thin that the B floor in places was resting immediately upon the red sand layer and almost indistinguishable from Floor C, except by the most careful observation.
Some Archæological Problems
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

The object of this paper is to draw attention to certain archæological problems which, at the present time, have an important bearing upon the study of prehistoric man in England.

Most archæologists are familiar with the pieces of tabular flint exhibiting human flaking, of a rough and primitive kind, along one or other of their edges, which Benjamin Harrison found, many years ago, in and upon the highest portions of the plateau of Kent. It is my purpose in this note, to discuss the geological, and cultural age of these specimens, and to endeavour to show that they represent the most ancient as well as the most primitive flint implements yet discovered.

Though there is very good reason to suppose that the eoliths of the Kent Plateau (the term “eolith” should be confined solely to these specimens, and to those of the same type found elsewhere), as is the case with others found in similar situations in different parts of the country, are of a great antiquity, it is nevertheless clear that, having not yet been discovered at these places, under any geologically datable deposit, the exact measure of that antiquity remains unknown.
A Late Celtic Burial and a Series of Early Iron Age Occupation Sites at Waddon, Croydon, Surrey
Authors: Row Prescott
Published: October 2013

The old manor of Waddon is part of the Parish of Croydon and lies to the south west of the Parish Church of that town. Here at the head of the Wandle River there are many evidences of a wide spread population in prehistoric times and the fields on the lower slopes of the North Downs which steadily rise from Waddon Station towards Purley are littered with flakes and have yielded many implements.

The particular site to which I draw the attention of the Society, and indicate as the Cedars Estate, is easily reached by the bridle path running westward by Waddon Mill on the banks of the river, and the section under discussion, is the north east corner of the plot marked as Brandy Bottle Hill on the six inch Ordnance Survey. A hillock of Thanet sand here rises and extends eastward over the next field, the top of which is some 140 feet above sea level and makes a vantage spot with a good look out, over the wide stretches of the level plain running north from the present course of the Wandle river, in early times no doubt a stretch of marshland. It is still called Waddon Marsh.
Upper Palæolithic Man in East Anglia
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

In the northern part of Ipswich, between the Henley and the Norwich Roads, is situated the brickfield of Messrs. A. Bolton & Co., Ltd., where the Eocene London Clay is excavated, and manufactured into red bricks. The brickfield lies in a small and now streamless valley which has been found to be extraordinarily rich in vestiges of the past races of East Anglia. It has been my privilege to examine and conduct excavations in this valley, for many years past, and a great deal is now known about its geological and archæological history. The valley itself, though so near to the town of Ipswich, presents on its southern side, much beauty and wildness, and is the home of many interesting and beautiful birds. It begins as a slight depression in the plateau to the east of the Henley Road, and gradually deepening, and developing a somewhat sinuous course, joins the main valley of the River Gipping about a mile to the westward. The valley is typical of many such in Suffolk, and owes its initial formation to the melting of the glacier that laid down the Upper Boulder Clay of East Anglia. The water set free during this process would naturally find its way into the main drainage valley close by, and there is evidence, in the form of the valley under consideration, that it did this with considerable rapidity.
Palaeolithic Implements found near Coventry
Authors: Shotton Frederick William
Published: October 2013

The recorded occurrences of Lower Palæolithic implements in the English Midlands are extremely few, and the only specimen hitherto recorded from Warwickshire is a quartzite hand-axe found by the late Mr. Joseph Landon at Saltley, near Birmingham. The object of the present paper is to describe and discuss several artifacts which have been found recently in inter-gjacial gravels at Baginton, a village 2½ miles south of Coventry, and one from fluvioglacial gravels at Kenilworth, five miles south of the same city. In searching the deposits of the districts I have received invaluable assistance from certain members of the Coventry Natural History and Scientific Society—from Mr. J. H. Edwards in particular, and also from Messrs. W. Berry, H. Plumb, P. E. Wilks and J. Wright—and to them I would express my appreciation of their help in a search which, from its very nature, could but seldom be rewarded with success.
A Hand-axe from beneath the Norwich Crag
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

In his important Presidential Address, dealing, principally, with the diggings he carried out beneath the Norwich Crag, Mr. J. E. Sainty drew attention to a remarkable flint implement (Fig. 2 of the above-mentioned paper) which was found by Mr. T. F. Newnam in the well-known pit at Whitlingham, near Norwich. After haying shewn that the specimen was derived from the pre-Crag Stone Bed, Mr. Sainty gave a careful and accurate description of this implement, and concluded by stating, “It is altogether a very convincing and highly important specimen from the point of view of dating the industry which it represents.”

There are, I imagine, few archæologists who, having examined this implement, would disagree with Mr. Sainty's opinion. The specimen is, in fact, of such great significance that it was considered desirable to have it illustrated in four views, and this has now been successfully accomplished by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, of the British Museum. Mr. Sainty has been so good as to ask me to undertake the task of further describing, and of commenting upon, this implement, and I am indebted to the Curator of the Castle Museum, Norwich, where the flint is now preserved, for loaning it to me for examination. If attention is now directed to Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4, it will be at once realised that the specimen found by Mr. Newnam is a coarsely-flaked and massive (it weighs 2¼ lbs.) hand-axe. A further examination will show that the flaking which has shaped the implement has been produced by heavy, though skilful blows delivered by a hammerstone of considerable size and weight. It is clear, also, that the specimen was formed by means of what is known as ‘free’ flaking, in which the side from which the flakes are to be removed is not supported by pressure of the hand, or some other object. The result of the application of the above described technique is the removal of flakes inclined to be thick, and showing prominent bulbs of percussion, and of greater breadth than length.
Upper and Lower Palaeolithic Man in East Yorkshire
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: October 2013

The most complete section of the glacial series of deposits described and illustrated in Lamplugh's classic paper entitled “On the drifts of Flamborough Head” is that which is located at Danes' Dyke.

Referring to this section Lamplugh says:—

“I have spent much time in exploring this section, and consider that the beds up to this horizon represent the Basement Clay, while the persistent upper band of brown Boulder-clay (3) is all that remains of the upper Clay of Sewerby, this bed and the underlying sand and gravel (3b) together taking the place of the Purple Clays of Bridlington and Holderness. Above this clay lie the Sewerby Gravels (2b), the lower part chalkless and the upper layers composed chiefly of chalk-pebbles, as noticed farther west. A few feet of loamy stuff overlies these gravels at the cliff top (2c), resembling a weathered Boulder-clay, and a little farther east (near Hartindale Gutter) a seam of Boulder-clay certainly appears in these gravels, their contemporaneity with the uppermost part of the Boulder-clay, and consequently their Glacial age, being thus fully established.”
Further Discoveries of Flint Implements in the Brown Boulder Clay of North-West Norfolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

Since my original paper on the flint implements found in the Brown Boulder Clay of north-west Norfolk, I have continued my researches in that region, and now wish to give some account of these, and of the further specimens which have been discovered in this most recent boulder clay of East Anglia. I would take this opportunity of thanking the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Fund for their kindness in supporting this research with a money grant, and so enabling me to continue my examination of an era of much interest and importance to prehistoric archæology. I am also very grateful to my friends, Mr. J. B. Calkin, Mr. Guy Maynard, and Mr. J. S. Fisher, for the valuable help they have given me in carrying out the investigation of the Brown Boulder Clay.

As is now widely known, this deposit, so far as Norfolk is concerned, is confined to the north-western portion of that county, and many years ago was examined and reported upon by the Geological Survey in two of their memoırs. The Brown Boulder Clay occurs approximately at sea-level at Hunstanton, while at Brancaster, as reported by Mr. Clement Reid, the deposit is exposed at low water upon the foreshore, underlying the ‘submerged forest’ which he saw there. At other places, such as Holkham brickfield, and the remarkable formation (probably a terminal moraine) in Hunstanton Park, the boulder clay rests at about 50 ft, above O.D.
Tumulus on Massingham Heath Excavated August 27th, 1931
Authors: Watson A. Q.
Published: October 2013

This tumulus was first noticed by Mr. Sainty and myself in April, 1931, whilst on an expedition in search of implements of Cissbury type, of which we had found a considerable number in this locality. In appearance it did not seem to differ very much from the numerous mounds left bv warreners digging for rabbits, and, in fact, we had examined several such mounds showing almost the same elevation above the surrounding heath; but as this contained no rabbit workings and such parts as were not covered by gorse showed a thick covering of turf, it appeared interesting, and we marked it down for further examination at the next possible opportunity.

We were not able to visit the spot again till August 27th, when after a short time spent in searching for implements in the neighbouring field, we commenced digging, removing turf about five inches thick and opening a narrow trench. It was not long before we came across flakes, and threw out some 15 or 20, all showing signs of human workmanship, some with facetted bulbs of percussion, and finally a good chopper of Cissbury type.

As similar flakes had been found by us in the side of an old stone pit about 120 yards distant, we were very doubtful if it could be a tumulus after all, but decided to settle the matter by excavating till undisturbed earth was reached. At a depth of about three feet a tiny fragment of charcoal was turned up, so we at once enlarged the trench to allow for more careful working.
Preliminary Notice: Types of Clactonian Implements at Swanscombe
Authors: Chandler R. H.
Published: October 2013

Since my paper on the Clactonian Industry at Swanscombe was read in 1929, I have obtained many more implements from Barnfield Pit (the one there described) and also a large collection from Rickson's Farm Pit.

The lower gravel at Rickson's Farm Pit has yielded the same culture as the lower gravel in Barnneld Pit, and it underlies a shell-bed containing I heodoxus cantianus (Ken. and B. B. Wood.), which is succeeded by a gravel containing well finished St. Acheul hand-axes in both places. The Acheulian tools from Rickson's Farm Pit differ somewhat from those obtained in Barnfield Pit in that there are fewer of the pear-shaped, pointed implements. The usual type in the former pit is thinner, more ovate, and frequently with a pronounced ‘twist’ of the reversed S kind.
The Evolution and Distribution of the Hand-Axe in North-East Ireland
Authors: Burchell J. P. T. , Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

It has long been recognised that the post-glacial (25-ft.) raised-beach of north-east Ireland contains, in addition to flint implements of Early Neolithic age and aspect, artefacts of Lower Palaeolithic forms. The presence of these early types within this beach may be accounted for as:—

1. A recrudescence of earlier forms during Early Neolithic times;

2. Lower Palaeolithic artefacts which have been derived from the glacial and inter-glacial drifts of the locality:

3. A mixture embraced by categories 1 and 2.

The evidence for the determination of this question must be sought outside the beach itself owing to the masking of the surface variations of the specimens through the deposition of a creamy-white patination and through marine attrition, though, regarding the latter, it should be mentioned that glacial striae have been observed upon certain of the implements recovered from the post-glacial (25-ft.) raised-beach at Kilroot.
A “Handled Beaker” from Bodney, Norfolk
Authors: Glendenning Major S. E.
Published: October 2013

Bodney Warren, in the neighbourhood of which the skull and beaker illustrated were found in the summer of 1930, though on a direct line between Thetford and Swaffham, is one of the most remote places in Norfolk. The parish is thinly populated, and the warren and neighbouring “brecks” occupy a considerable part of a tongue of hard land, about 2½ miles long and one mile wide, overlooking on the west, north and north-east the marshy valleys of the River Wissey and a tributary. The “Smugglers Road,” a track-road more or less parallel to the Peddars Way, runs straight towards Swaffham through the middle of the area, but tails off into a cattle track as it approaches two fords at the north end of the parish. The present main roads pass through more populous villages on the far side of the river valleys.
The Presidential Address for 1933: The distribution of Man in East Anglia, c. 2300 B.C.—50 A.D. A Contribution to the Prehistory of the Region
Authors: Fox Cyril
Published: October 2013

I desire first of all to express my appreciation of the honour you have done me in electing me President of the Society. Faced with the necessity of choosing a subject suitable for a Presidential Address, it occurred to me that a brief survey of the distribution of Man in East Anglia during the Neolithic, Bronze and Early Iron Ages might be appropriate. Selection of the region wherein the Society was born, and which inspired the fruitful work of its founders and their successors, is intended as a tribute of gratitude from one who has profited by the study of the many important Papers published in its Proceedings.

The general principles, recognized as governing Man's distribution under uncivilized or semi-civilized conditions in Britain, may first be summarized.

In the Lowland area to which East Anglia belongs soil is the chief determinant. There are two main types of soil: pervious, such as that overlying chalk, sand, gravel; impervious, as that overlying clay. The pervious soils induce an open type of country, or carry forest with relatively thin undergrowth; the rapidity with which such soils dry up after rain, the ease with which a scratch agriculture can be practised on them, their suitability for pastoral life, the ease of movement on them—all these factors render them attractive to early Man. As a group they form the Area of Primary Settlement. The impervious clay soils, on the other hand, carry forest with dense undergrowth, are difficult to clear, and when cleared difficult to cultivate with primitive tools. To the physical unsuitability of such soils for settlement there is added a second deterrent; water-laden soils under the conditions of savage life produce disease in man and beast. But when cultivation of such soils is possible they are found to yield the heaviest crops to tillage, being especially good for corn-growing. They are, then, utilized when civilization reaches a certain level, and have accordingly been grouped as the Area of Secondary Settlement.
Cardiac diagnoses, procedures, and healthcare utilisation in inpatients with Ellis–van Creveld syndrome
Authors: O’Connor Matthew J. , Tang Xinyu , Collins R. Thomas
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Ellis–van Creveld syndrome is a rare condition associated with a very high incidence of congenital malformations of the heart. Prior reports have suggested increased morbidity and mortality following surgery for congenital malformations of the heart in patients with Ellis–van Creveld syndrome.

Materials and methods

The Pediatric Health Information System database, an administrative database containing data from 43 free-standing paediatric hospitals in North America, was queried to search for patients with the diagnostic code for Ellis–van Creveld syndrome between 2004 and 2011. Those patients who underwent cardiac procedures were compared with those who did not with respect to measures of healthcare utilisation.

Results

A total of 138 admissions occurred in 93 patients with Ellis–van Creveld syndrome during the study period. Of these, 74% had an underlying diagnosis of congenital malformations of the heart. Half of the patients in the sample underwent a cardiac surgical or interventional catheterisation procedure. Patients who underwent a cardiac procedure had a longer hospital length of stay, higher incidence of intensive care unit admission, and higher total and per day hospital charges than patients who did not undergo cardiac surgery during admission.

Conclusions

In a large group of inpatients with Ellis–van Creveld syndrome, the prevalence of congenital malformations of the heart was similar to that reported in prior studies. Cardiac surgical and interventional procedures appear to drive a substantial portion of healthcare utilisation in these patients.
Relations between White Matter Maturation and Reaction Time in Childhood
Authors: Scantlebury Nadia , Cunningham Todd , Dockstader Colleen , Laughlin Suzanne , Gaetz William , Rockel Conrad , Dickson Jolynn , Mabbott Donald
Published: October 2013

White matter matures with age and is important for the efficient transmission of neuronal signals. Consequently, white matter growth may underlie the development of cognitive processes important for learning, including the speed of information processing. To dissect the relationship between white matter structure and information processing speed, we administered a reaction time task (finger abduction in response to visual cue) to 27 typically developing, right-handed children aged 4 to 13. Magnetoencephalography and Diffusion Tensor Imaging were used to delineate white matter connections implicated in visual-motor information processing. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) of the optic radiation in the left hemisphere, and FA and mean diffusivity (MD) of the optic radiation in the right hemisphere changed significantly with age. MD and RD decreased with age in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and bilaterally in the cortico-spinal tracts. No age-related changes were evident in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. FA of the cortico-spinal tract in the left hemisphere and MD of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus of the right hemisphere contributed uniquely beyond the effect of age in accounting for reaction time performance of the right hand. Our findings support the role of white matter maturation in the development of information processing speed. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–14)
Characterization of Heat Activated Minerals from Puturge (Malatya, Turkey)
Authors: Izci E.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
The Drivers and Impacts of Family Obligations and Overseas Remittances Practices: A Case Study of Pakistani-Origin Individuals in the UK
Authors: Bashir Nadia
Published: October 2013

This article draws on detailed case studies of Pakistani-origin individuals in the UK to explore the complex and extraordinary financial and practical support they provide to family members within their neighbourhood and to family abroad in Pakistan. The article investigates the practice of remitting and the impact on those remitting funds abroad in the context of the struggles and multiple obligations they face on a daily basis in making ends meet. It is set against the political backdrop of the Conservative Party's ‘Big Society’ and ‘Broken Britain’ agenda, which points to the disintegration of values and duty and obligation in contemporary Britain. Contrary to the standards of ‘selfishness and individualism’, the article argues that religious and cultural values compel individuals to provide unrequited support, which often creates very difficult financial and practical situations, resulting in the need to compromise individuals’ own needs and opportunities.
How spirituality is understood and taught in New Zealand medical schools
Authors: Lambie D. , Egan R. , Walker S. , MacLeod R.
Published: October 2013

Objectives:

The objective of this research was to explore how spirituality is currently understood and taught in New Zealand Medical Schools.

Methods:

A mixed methods study was carried out involving interviews (n = 14) and a survey (n = 73). The first stage of the study involved recorded semi-structured interviews of people involved in curriculum development from the Dunedin School of Medicine (n = 14); which then informed a cross-sectional self-reported electronic survey (n = 73).

Results:

The results indicate that spirituality is regarded by many involved in medical education in New Zealand as an important part of healthcare that may be taught in medical schools, but also that there is little consensus among this group as to what the topic is about.

Significance of results:

These findings provide a basis for further discussion about including spirituality in medical curricula, and in particular indicate a need to develop a shared understanding of what ‘spirituality’ means and how it can be taught appropriately. As a highly secular country, these New Zealand findings are significant for medical education in other secular Western countries. Addressing spirituality with patients has been shown to positively impact a range of health outcomes, but how spirituality is taught in medical schools is still developing across the globe.
The clinical, operational, and financial worlds of neonatal palliative care: A focused ethnography
Authors: Williams-Reade Jackie , Lamson Angela L. , Knight Sharon M. , White Mark B. , Ballard Sharon M. , Desai Priti P.
Published: October 2013

Objective:

Due to multiple issues, integrated interdisciplinary palliative care teams in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) may be difficult to access, sometimes fail to be implemented, or provide inconsistent or poorly coordinated care. When implementing an effective institution-specific neonatal palliative care program, it is critical to include stakeholders from the clinical, operational, and financial worlds of healthcare. In this study, researchers sought to gain a multidisciplinary perspective into issues that may impact the implementation of a formal neonatal palliative care program at a tertiary regional academic medical center.

Method:

In this focused ethnography, the primary researcher conducted semistructured interviews that explored the perspectives of healthcare administrators, finance officers, and clinicians about neonatal palliative care. The perspectives of 39 study participants informed the identification of institutional, financial, and clinical issues that impact the implementation of neonatal palliative care services at the medical center and the planning process for a formal palliative care program on behalf of neonates and their families.

Results:

Healthcare professionals described experiences that influenced their views on neonatal palliative care. Key themes included: (a) uniqueness of neonatal palliative care, (b) communication and conflict among providers, (c) policy and protocol discrepancies, and (d) lack of administrative support.

Significance of results:

The present study highlighted several areas that are challenging in the provision of neonatal palliative care. Our findings underscored the importance of recognizing and procuring resources needed simultaneously from the clinical, operational, and financial worlds in order to implement and sustain a successful neonatal palliative care program.
The photochemistry and photophysics of a series of alpha octa(alkyl-substituted) silicon, zinc and palladium phthalocyanines
Authors: van Leeuwen Magda , Beeby Andrew , Fernandes Isabelle , Ashworth Stephen H.
Published: October 2013

Photophysical and photochemical measurements have been made on a series of novel alpha octa(alkyl-substituted) silicon, zinc and palladium phthalocyanines for which the synthesis is outlined. Fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes, triplet quantum yields and lifetimes and singlet delta oxygen quantum yields were measured in 1% v/v pyridine in toluene. The effects of varying central atom and addition of alkyl substituents relative to unsubstituted parent molecules, zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc), are discussed. All phthalocyanines studied exhibit absorption and emission maxima in the region of 680–750 nm with molar absorptivity of the Q-band ∼105 M−1 cm−1. The series of compounds also exhibited triplet quantum yields of 0.65–0.95 and singlet oxygen quantum yields of 0.49–0.93.
Late Language Emergence in 24-Month-Old Twins: Heritable and Increased Risk for Late Language Emergence in Twins
Authors: Rice Mabel L. , Zubrick Stephen R. , Taylor Catherine L. , Gayán Javier , Bontempo Daniel E.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

This study investigated the etiology of late language emergence (LLE) in 24-month-old twins, considering possible twinning, zygosity, gender, and heritability effects for vocabulary and grammar phenotypes.

Method

A population-based sample of 473 twin pairs participated. Multilevel modeling estimated means and variances of vocabulary and grammar phenotypes, controlling for familiality. Heritability was estimated with DeFries–Fulker regression and variance components models to determine effects of heritability, shared environment, and nonshared environment.

Results

Twins had lower average language scores than norms for single-born children, with lower average performance for monozygotic than dizygotic twins and for boys than girls, although gender and zygosity did not interact. Gender did not predict LLE. Significant heritability was detected for vocabulary (0.26) and grammar phenotypes (0.52 and 0.43 for boys and girls, respectively) in the full sample and in the sample selected for LLE (0.42 and 0.44). LLE and the appearance of Word Combinations were also significantly heritable (0.22–0.23).

Conclusions

The findings revealed an increased likelihood of LLE in twin toddlers compared with single-born children that is modulated by zygosity and gender differences. Heritability estimates are consistent with previous research for vocabulary and add further suggestion of heritable differences in early grammar acquisition.
Memristance enhancement by external voltage source
Authors: Tanaka H. , Tadokoro Y. , Iizuka H.
Published: October 2013

A memristance enhancement method using an external voltage source is proposed. The proposed method is suitable for circuit implementation due to the tunability of the external voltage source. Numerical results show a memristance enhancement and an enlarged hysteresis eye‐openness of current–voltage characteristics.
Liquid crystal based low‐loss phase shifter for W‐band frequencies
Authors: Jost M. , Weickhmann C. , Strunck S. , Gäbler A. , Fritzsch C. , O.H. Karabey  , Jakoby R.
Published: October 2013

A novel liquid crystal (LC) based hollow waveguide phase shifter with an LC section of 14.6 mm is presented, operating at 80–110 GHz. As a proof‐of‐concept, the phase shifter is biased by using permanent magnets, which results in a differential phase shift of 307°–318° and an insertion loss of 2.1–2.7 dB in the desired frequency range of 99–105 GHz. Hence, a phase shifter figure of merit of 118°–148°/dB is determined, which are to the authors’ knowledge the highest values in this frequency range for passive phase shifters.
Linear parameter‐varying modelling and control of an offshore wind turbine with constrained information
Authors: Bakka Tore , Karimi Hamid‐Reza , Christiansen Søren
Published: October 2013

This study deals with linear parameter‐varying modelling and output‐feedback H∞ control design for an offshore wind turbine. The controller is designed with consideration that not all the information in the feedback loop will be used. This constraint is incorporated into the design procedure. Constrained information means that a special zero‐non‐zero pattern is forced upon the gain matrix. The constrained controller is obtained based on parameter‐dependent Lyapunov functions and formulated in terms of linear‐matrix inequalities. Since the functions are dependent on the wind speed and accurate wind speed measurements are rarely available in practice, an extended Kalman filter is used to estimate the wind speed. The controller is designed in such a way that it should maintain its stability and performance even if one of the sensors in the feedback loop should malfunction. The control objectives are to mitigate oscillations in the structure and drivetrain, to smoothen power/torque output in addition to keep the closed‐loop system stable. This should be achieved by means of individual blade pitch. A traditional procedure for designing a controller for such a system is to choose an operating point and assume it works in a suitable way under the influence of turbulent wind. In this study, the wind turbine model is obtained from the software fatigue, aerodynamic, structural and turbulence (FAST). To design the controller, the model is linearised about several operating points. The degrees of freedom in the linearised model are chosen according to the controller objectives. The linear models are valid within the span of operating points. Finally, the controller is tested on the fully non‐linear system under the influence of turbulent wind and a scenario where one of the sensors in the feedback loop is malfunctioning. The closed‐loop response of the presented controller is compared to the closed‐loop response of the baseline controller included in the FAST package along with a controller designed based on a single linearised model.
Internal multiple‐input, multiple‐output antenna arrays for wireless wide area network and wireless local area network operation in seamless full metal cover laptops
Authors: Cheng S. , Lindberg P. , Kaikkonen A. , Hallbjörner P.
Published: October 2013

A concept for multiple‐input, multiple‐output antenna arrays, integrated in an ultra‐thin full metal cover laptop computer, is proposed. The antennas are for octa‐band wireless wide area network (WWAN) and triple‐band wireless local area network (WLAN) operation. The proposed solution makes use of the gap between the metallic display lid and keyboard chassis to form notch and slot antenna arrays, thereby removing the need for additional protrusions or openings. Simulated as well as measured performance is presented. The notch antenna array for WWAN exhibits wide impedance bandwidth, with more than 24 dB isolation from 690 MHz to 3 GHz, and a total efficiency better than −2.5 dB. The slot antenna array for WLAN shows more than 12 dB isolation and a total efficiency of more than −3 dB. Both arrays exhibit a very low envelope correlation coefficient of less than 0.1 within their respective frequency bands.
Threshold voltage adjustment of pMOS‐radiation field‐effect transistor with thick thermal oxide
Authors: Wang Shuaimin , Liu Peng , Zhang Jinwen
Published: October 2013

The pMOS‐RADFET (radiation field‐effect transistor) as a microdosimeter has been widely applied in spacecraft, medicine and personal dosimetry. Thick gate‐oxide and zero threshold voltage (Vth) are two critical factors to achieve a high performance pMOS‐RADFET. In this reported work, threshold voltage adjustment techniques for a thick gate oxide RADFET by B+ implantation are systematically simulated by Silvaco technology computer‐aided design, including implanting energy, implanting dose and annealing conditions. Impurity distributions in gate oxide and silicon substrate are analysed. The results show that the thicker the gate oxide is, the higher the implanting energy and larger dose for tuning Vth to 0 V. Both the annealing temperature and the time have to be as low and as short as possible on the premise of sufficient ion activation.
Pulvinar neurons reveal neurobiological evidence of past selection for rapid detection of snakes
Authors: Van Le Quan , Isbell Lynne A. , Matsumoto Jumpei , Nguyen Minh , Hori Etsuro , Maior Rafael S. , Tomaz Carlos , Tran Anh Hai , Ono Taketoshi , Nishijo Hisao
Published: October 2013

Significance

The present study shows preferential activity of neurons in the medial and dorsolateral pulvinar to images of snakes. Pulvinar neurons responded faster and stronger to snake stimuli than to monkey faces, monkey hands, and geometric shapes, and were sensitive to unmodified and low-pass filtered images but not to high-pass filtered images. These results identify a neurobiological substrate for rapid detection of threatening visual stimuli in primates. Our findings are unique in providing neuroscientific evidence in support of the Snake Detection Theory, which posits that the threat of snakes strongly influenced the evolution of the primate brain. This finding may have great impact on our understanding of the evolution of primates.
Polynucleobacter necessarius
, a model for genome reduction in both free-living and symbiotic bacteria
Authors: Boscaro Vittorio , Felletti Michele , Vannini Claudia , Ackerman Matthew S. , Chain Patrick S. G. , Malfatti Stephanie , Vergez Lisa M. , Shin Maria , Doak Thomas G. , Lynch Michael , Petroni Giulio
Published: October 2013

Significance

We have investigated multiple aspects of the
Euplotes
-
Polynucleobacter
system, which provides a unique opportunity for the study of an obligate symbiont with a closely related free-living organism that itself possesses a peculiarly reduced genome and metabolism. We confirmed the robustness and generality of patterns in the evolution of bacterial symbionts’ genome, adding at the same time new elements and hypotheses concerning genome reduction in both symbiotic and free-living bacteria. We argue that this system will provide an exceptionally useful model for investigations on symbiosis, because of its peculiarities and the commonness and ease of handling of the ciliate hosts. Genome sequences for independently derived
Polynucleobacter
symbionts will be particularly telling.
Sleeping Beauty
mutagenesis in a mouse medulloblastoma model defines networks that discriminate between human molecular subgroups
Authors: Genovesi Laura A. , Ng Ching Ging , Davis Melissa J. , Remke Marc , Taylor Michael D. , Adams David J. , Rust Alistair G. , Ward Jerrold M. , Ban Kenneth H. , Jenkins Nancy A. , Copeland Neal G. , Wainwright Brandon J.
Published: October 2013

Significance

Medulloblastoma is a common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Gene expression data have indicated that the tumors fall into four molecular subgroups, “Wnt,” “Hedgehog,” “group 3,” and “group 4.” With the exception of the Hedgehog subgroup, few functional data exist defining key molecular pathways driving tumor growth. Using a transposon mutagenesis approach, we identified genes that functionally cooperate with Hedgehog signalling to promote tumorigenesis in a Ptch1 mouse model of medulloblastoma. Surprisingly, the genes we identified were able to accurately define all four human molecular subtypes, not just Hedgehog, when used to interrogate published expression data. Thus, we have functionally defined key regulatory networks that illustrate both the differences and commonalities between tumor subgroups indicating a number of therapeutic strategies.
A fluorescence-based assay suitable for quantitative analysis of deadenylase enzyme activity
Authors: Maryati Maryati , Kaur Ishwinder , Jadhav Gopal P. , Olotu-Umoren Loyin , Oveh Blessing , Hashmi Lubna , Fischer Peter M. , Winkler G. Sebastiaan
Published: October 2013

In eukaryotic cells, the shortening and removal of the poly(A) tail of cytoplasmic mRNA by deadenylase enzymes is a critical step in post-transcriptional gene regulation. The ribonuclease activity of deadenylase enzymes is attributed to either a DEDD (Asp-Glu-Asp-Asp) or an endonuclease–exonuclease–phosphatase domain. Both domains require the presence of two Mg2+ ions in the active site. To facilitate the biochemical analysis of deadenylase enzymes, we have developed a fluorescence-based deadenylase assay. The assay is based on end-point measurement, suitable for quantitative analysis and can be adapted for 96- and 384-well microplate formats. We demonstrate the utility of the assay by screening a chemical compound library, resulting in the identification of non-nucleoside inhibitors of the Caf1/CNOT7 enzyme, a catalytic subunit of the Ccr4–Not deadenylase complex. These compounds may be useful tools for the biochemical analysis of the Caf1/CNOT7 deadenylase subunit of the Ccr4–Not complex and indicate the feasibility of developing selective inhibitors of deadenylase enzymes using the fluorescence-based assay.
Toxigenic Capacity and Trichothecene Production by Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Argentina and Their Relationship with Aggressiveness and Fungal Expansion in the Wheat Spike
Authors: Malbrán I. , Mourelos C. A. , Girotti J. R. , Balatti P. A. , Lori G. A.
Published: October 2013

At least 20 epidemics of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat have been registered in the last 50 years in Argentina, with variable intensity. Damage induced by the disease is further aggravated by the presence of mycotoxins in affected grains that may cause health problems to humans and animals. The trichothecene chemotype was analyzed for 112 isolates of Fusarium graminearum from Argentina by polymerase chain reaction and two field trials were conducted to study the aggressiveness of a subsample of 14 representative isolates and to analyze deoxynivalenol (DON) production in planta and in vitro. All isolates belonged to the 15-acetyl-DON chemotype. Significant differences were observed in both the symptom severity induced in wheat spikes and the in vivo DON production, and a close correlation was found between these two variables. However, in vitro toxigenic potential was not correlated with the capacity of F. graminearum isolates to produce DON under natural conditions. The progress of infection in the rachis of inoculated wheat spikes was analyzed and the pathogen presence verified in both symptomatic and symptomless spikes. Even isolates with a limited capacity to induce symptoms were able to colonize the vascular tissue and to produce considerable amounts of DON in planta.
The development of human female competition: allies and adversaries
Authors: Benenson Joyce F.
Published: October 2013

Throughout their lives, women provide for their own and their children's and grandchildren's needs and thus must minimize their risk of incurring physical harm. Alliances with individuals who will assist them in attaining these goals increase their probability of survival and reproductive success. High status in the community enhances access to physical resources and valuable allies. Kin, a mate, and affines share a mother's genetic interests, whereas unrelated women constitute primary competitors. From early childhood onwards, girls compete using strategies that minimize the risk of retaliation and reduce the strength of other girls. Girls’ competitive strategies include avoiding direct interference with another girl's goals, disguising competition, competing overtly only from a position of high status in the community, enforcing equality within the female community and socially excluding other girls.
Wake up and smell the conflict: odour signals in female competition
Authors: Stockley Paula , Bottell Lisa , Hurst Jane L.
Published: October 2013

Odour signals used in competitive and aggressive interactions between males are well studied in the context of sexual selection. By contrast, relatively little is known about comparable signals used by females, despite current interest in the evolution of female ornaments and weaponry. Available evidence suggests that odour signals are important in competitive interactions between female mammals, with reductions or reversals of male-biased sexual dimorphism in signalling where female competition is intense. Scent marking is often associated with conflict between females over access to resources or reproductive opportunities. Female scent marks may therefore provide reliable signals of competitive ability that could be used both by competitors and potential mates. Consistent with this hypothesis, we report that aggressive behaviour of female house mice is correlated with the amount of major urinary protein (MUP) excreted in their urine, a polymorphic set of proteins that are used in scent mark signalling. Under semi-natural conditions, females with high MUP output are more likely to produce offspring sired by males that have high reproductive success, and less likely to produce offspring by multiple different sires, suggesting that females with strong MUP signals are monopolized by males of particularly high quality. We conclude that odour signals are worthy of more detailed investigation as mediators of female competition.