bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the semantic motivation of syntactic verb movement to C in German
Authors: Truckenbrodt Hubert
Published: December 2006

Introduction

Like Bierwisch 1980, Altmann 1987, Grewendorf and Zaefferer 1991, Wechsler 1991, Brandt, Reis, Rosengren and Zimmermann 1992, Lohnstein 2000, Gunlogson 2001, Zaefferer 2001 and much related work, the present paper contributes to sorting out the relation of syntactic properties of clauses (syntactic sentence types) to the ways in which the clauses can be used (illocutionary force, speech acts). The focus of this paper is on the role of movement of the finite verb to C (V-to-C).
How far can pragmatic mechanisms take us?
Authors: Potts Christopher
Published: December 2006

1. Truckenbrodt's challenge

Hubert Truckenbrodt issues a substantive challenge near the start of his contribution:

The variation we observe in the connection between syntactic sentence types and their possibilities of use, while showing some flexibility, is not arbitrary or unrestricted. Narrow restrictions on this relation exist, which cannot plausibly stem from general purpose pragmatic mechanisms.

This is a bold statement. The field is only just now beginning to understand what general pragmatic mechanisms are like once we dig deeper than intuitive statements. One wonders: to what extent could a precise set of pragmatic mechanisms (maxims), interacting with semantic denotations, produce the “narrow restrictions” that Truckenbrodt carefully documents?
On Truckenbrodt on Interrogatives
Authors: Plunze Christian , Zimmermann Thomas Ede
Published: December 2006

Introduction

In his contribution to the present volume, Hubert Truckenbrodt presents a novel and elegant account of the connection between the syntactic structure of an utterance and the illocutionary force signalled by it. In this short note we cannot do justice to the entire approach with its intricate architecture, which is why we decided to confine ourselves to a few scattered remarks relating to the analysis of interrogatives — partly fore-shadowed in Truckenbrodt's (2004) earlier work, to which we will occasionally refer.
Mimetic gemination in Japanese: A challenge for Evolutionary Phonology
Authors: Kawahara Shigeto
Published: December 2006

1. Introduction

Blevins's Evolutionary Phonology attempts to derive most if not all synchronic phonological patterns from diachronic changes: “[R]ecurrent synchronic sound patterns are a direct reflection of their diachronic origins, and, more specifically … regular phonetically based sound change is the common source of recurrent sound patterns. Evolutionary Phonology … investigates this hypothesis and explores its consequences for phonological theory” (Blevins 2006: 120). Evolutionary Phonology suggests that, to avoid duplication in linguistic theory, diachronic explanations must take priority over synchronic explanations whenever possible: “[P]rincipled diachronic explanations for sound patterns replace, rather than complement, synchronic explanations, unless independent evidence demonstrates, beyond reasonable doubt, that a separate synchronic account is warranted” (Blevins 2004a: 5).
Evaluation of a Stress Response for Use in a Selective Breeding Program for Improved Growth and Disease Resistance in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Weber Gregory M , Silverstein Jeffrey T
Published: December 2006

A breeding program to develop improved germplasm for the U.S. rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aquaculture industry is being conducted at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture. Although current selection efforts are based on growth and disease resistance, stress responsiveness is also a concern. Previous work has shown that heritable differences in stress response can be identified by measuring blood levels of cortisol after exposure to a 3-h crowding stress. We characterized this stress response and measured plasma glucose concentrations in 64 of our broodstock families. We found the method reliable for identifying differences in this stress response. Values for both cortisol and glucose response were similar for replicates of families. The size of the fish within the range examined and the sex of the animals, which were reproductively immature, did not appear to affect response. Variation in poststressor plasma cortisol and glucose was observed among families (11.6–93.9 ng cortisol/mL and 5.2–10.9 mM glucose) and individuals. The cortisol and glucose responses to the stressor were not correlated. Resting and poststressor plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly correlated among families, but glucose concentrations were not. Survival rate was 70% and there was no association between survival and poststressor cortisol or glucose concentration. There was a significant positive association between cortisol response and growth performance, and mean plasma cortisol concentrations in response to the stress challenge were significantly greater for families selected for faster growth rate than for those not selected.
Critical design considerations for harnessing reverse osmosis processes in water/wastewater treatment
Authors: Song L.F. , Tay K.G. , Singh G.
Published: December 2006

In this paper, the performance of the full-scale RO process with highly permeable membranes and the governing mechanisms were carefully studied. It was found that the performance of a full-scale RO process could be controlled by two possible mechanisms, namely mass transfer rate and thermodynamic limitations. Under relatively low driving pressure, it was controlled by mass transfer rate (water flux) of the membrane. However, with the highly permeable membrane, it is possible that the performance is limited by the thermodynamic limitation, in which the osmotic pressure becomes equal to the driving pressure inside of the membrane channel. A process controlled by thermodynamic limitation is an extremely case of the hydraulic imbalance problem. When it occurs, it means part of the membranes in the processes do not contribute to permeate production. More complicated are situations in the intermediate pressure range, in which both mechanisms contribute to, but none of them can dominate, the performance of the process.

Some innovative concepts and theories on the performance of the full-scale RO processes were developed. These concepts and theories may provide better qualitative explanations for the behaviors often observed in the full-scale RO processes. A better quantitative simulations or predictions of the performance of the process were developed upon these concepts and theories. Experiments were carried out on a pilot membrane process of 6 m membrane channel to imitate the performance of the full-scale RO under various conditions. The experimental performance data were compared with theoretical simulations and excellent agreement was obtained.

Another focus of this current study was on characterization and modeling of membrane fouling in the full-scale RO process. Colloidal fouling experiments were conducted to study the fouling potential of feed water and a new fouling indicator was proposed. The indicator can be directly used in the mathematical model to simulate fouling development in the full-scale RO processes. Model simulations showed that under certain condition (thermodynamic restriction), the recovery or average permeate flux of a full-scale RO process would maintain a constant value even membrane fouling was taking place. Experimental verification of the simulation results is currently under way. With the new developments and findings in this area, methods or protocols for optimization of full-scale processes of the highly permeable RO membranes were suggested.
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2005
Authors: Blanton Jesse D. , Krebs John W. , Hanlon Cathleen A. , Rupprecht Charles E.
Published: December 2006

Summary—During 2005, 49 states and Puerto Rico reported 6,417 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the CDC, representing a 6.2% decrease from the 6,836 cases in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings reported in 2004. Approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. Relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,534 raccoons (39.5%), 1,478 skunks (23%), 1,408 bats (21.9%), 376 foxes (5.9%), 269 cats (4.2%), 93 cattle (1.5%), and 76 dogs (1.2%). Compared with numbers of reported cases in 2004, cases in 2005 decreased among all groups, except bats, horses, and other wild animals. Decreases in numbers of rabid raccoons during 2005 were reported by 10 of the 20 eastern states in which raccoon rabies was enzootic and decreased overall by 1.2%, compared with 2004.

On a national level, the number of rabies cases in skunks during 2005 decreased 20.4% from the number reported in 2004. Once again, Texas reported the greatest number (n = 392) of rabid skunks and the greatest overall state total of rabies cases (741). Texas reported no cases of rabies associated with the dog/coyote rabies virus variant and only 8 cases associated with the Texas gray fox rabies virus variant (compared with 22 cases in 2004). The total number of cases of rabies reported nationally in foxes decreased 3.3%, compared with those reported in 2004. The 1,408 cases of rabies reported in bats represented a 3.5% increase over numbers reported in 2005. Cases of rabies in cats, dogs, cattle, and sheep and goats decreased 4.3%, 19.2%, 19.1%, and 10%, respectively, whereas cases reported in horses and mules increased 9.3%. In Puerto Rico, reported cases of rabies in mongooses increased 29.8%, and rabies in domestic animals decreased 37.5%.

One case of human rabies was reported from Mississippi during 2005. This case was submitted by the state to the CDC's unexplained deaths project and diagnosed as rabies retrospectively.
Effects of duration of capture and sample handling on critical care blood analytes in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins
Authors: Varela René A. , Schwacke Lori , Fair Patricia A. , Bossart Gregory D.
Published: December 2006

Objective—To determine effects of duration of capture and sample-handling procedures on blood analytes in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—154 free-ranging bottlenose dolphins of various ages and both sexes.

Procedures—Blood samples were drawn from each dolphin within 10 minutes of capture and before release and analyzed by use of a portable analyzer with a single-use 8-analyte disposable cartridge. Analyte values were compared according to duration between sample acquisition and analysis (time to run [TTR]) and duration between net encirclement and sample acquisition (time to bleed [TTB]).

Results—Neither TTB nor TTR significantly affected sodium or chloride concentration. Potassium concentration was not significantly affected by TTR, whereas the effect of TTB was significant. Glucose, total CO2, HCO3, Hct, and base excess of extracellular fluid values were significantly affected by TTR. Increased TTB resulted in significantly increased total CO2, HCO3, and base excess when TTR was kept within 10 minutes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The effect of TTB on certain acid-base and electrolyte values was readily measured in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins, and such values may provide a reference range for those variables.
New Mono‐Quarternized Bis‐Cinchona Alkaloid Ligands for Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins in Aqueous Medium: Unprecedented High Enantioselectivity and Recyclability
Authors: Choi Doo Seung , Han Sang Seop , Kwueon Eun Kyung , Choi Han Young , Hwang Soon Ho , Park Yil Sung , Song Choong Eui
Published: December 2006

New mono‐quaternized allyl bromide salts of bis‐Cinchona alkaloid ligands, [(QD)2PHAL‐Allyl]Br and [(QN)2PHAL‐Allyl]Br, have been synthesized which can be converted into their highly water‐soluble multihydroxylated derivatives under asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) conditions and, thus, easily recovered by a simple extraction method after reaction and reused. These mono‐quaternized ligands exhibited superior catalytic efficiency to their neutral counterparts such as (DHQD)2PHAL and (DHQ)2PHAL for the AD reactions of mono‐ and disubstituted styrenes under Upjohn conditions. Merely 0.1 mol % of osmium was enough to complete the reactions of mono‐ and disubstituted styrenes and, moreover, these ligands showed the highest enantioselectivities (e.g., for styrene, 97 % ee with [(QD)2PHAL‐Allyl]Br) among those ever achieved under Upjohn conditions.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridines through a Chemical Oxidation‐Enzymatic Reduction Sequence. Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Busto Eduardo , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Gotor Vicente
Published: December 2006

Enantiomerically pure 4‐(dimethylamino)‐3‐(1‐hydroxyalkyl)pyridines and 4‐(dimethylamino)‐3‐[hydroxy(phenyl)methyl]pyridine have been prepared through efficient chemoenzymatic routes. For this purpose different lipases and oxidoreductases have been tested in the preparation of optically active 4‐chloro derivatives and baker’s yeast was found to be an excellent catalyst for the bioreductions of the corresponding ketones. Their applications as enantioselective nucleophilic catalysts have been studied, important catalytic properties were observed in the stereoselective construction of quaternary centers.
Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of 2‐Substituted 1‐Vinylferrocenes: The First Non‐Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution of Planar‐Chiral Ferrocenes
Authors: Bueno Agustí , Rosol Malgorzata , García Jasón , Moyano Albert
Published: December 2006

The first non‐enzymatic kinetic resolution of planar chiral ferrocenes has been achieved by the Sharpless catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) of a set of racemic 2‐substituted 1‐ethenylferrocenes 1a–d. The enantioselectivity factor krel varies from 20 to 62 [for (DHQD)2PYR ligands], and from 5 to 27 [for (DHQ)2PYR ligands]. The stereochemical outcome of the resolution can be easily predicted by the mnemonic device for AD, with the additional hypothesis that in the preferred transition state the olefin group and the upper cyclopentadiene ring of vinylferrocenes exhibit an essentially coplanar geometry.
Suicide‐related behavior after psychiatric hospital discharge: implications for risk assessment and management
Authors: Skeem Jennifer L. , Silver Eric , Aippelbaum Paul S. , Tiemann Jenny
Published: December 2006

Suicide‐related behavior (SRB), including suicide attempts and instrumental SRB, occurs far more often than completed suicide and exacts a toll on patients, their loved ones, and society. Nevertheless, few prospective studies of SRB have been conducted. In this study, 954 patients were interviewed in a psychiatric hospital and then followed for one year after discharge. During this one‐year period, nearly one‐quarter of patients (23%) engaged in SRB, with the rate of suicide attempts (18%) three times greater than the rate of instrumental SRB (5%). Risk factors for SRB were demographic (White ethnicity, female gender), clinical (past SRB, depression, impaired functioning), and contextual (unemployment, large social networks). In contrast with other studies, there was no “peak” in the risk of SRB shortly after hospital discharge. Instead, patients' rate of SRB was relatively constant over the one‐year follow‐up. Implications for risk assessment and management in acute inpatient settings are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patent foramen ovale: Standards for a preclinical model of prevalence, structure, and histopathologic comparability to human hearts
Authors: Hara Hidehiko , Virmani Renu , Ladich Elena , Mackey‐Bojack Shannon , Titus Jack L. , Karnicki Krzysztov , Stewart MaryLou , Pelzel Jamie M. , Schwartz Robert S.
Published: December 2006

Background: This study evaluated and standardized a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) preclinical model in gross anatomic and histopathologic features. Methods: We examined 150 necropsy‐derived domestic porcine hearts, age 4–6 months for PFO prevalence, appearance, and size. Histopathologic preparations were standardized and processed identically to 24 post‐mortem human hearts aged 16–62 years. A measurement scheme was developed for PFO atrial openings, tunnel length, and histopathologic features to compare porcine and patient hearts. Results: PFO was found in 32 of the 150 porcine hearts (prevalence 21.3%). Twenty‐five porcine PFO underwent standard characterization by tunnel length, and right, and left atrial orifice diameters. Logarithmic regression analysis between porcine PFO tunnel length and left atrial orifice area demonstrated a significant positive relationship (P = 0.0162, R2 = 0.227). The porcine PFO tunnel length was significantly longer than in humans (12.0 ± 4.0 mm vs. 7.1 ± 3.1 mm respectively, P < 0.0001). Histopathologic comparison was made using serial sections perpendicular to the atrial septum and the tunnel long axis. Human and porcine PFO lesions demonstrated strong similarities in tissue cells, connective tissue, and matrix composition. Conclusions: PFO assessment was standardized in both macroscopically and histopathologically, with quantitative and qualitative comparisons feasible using a porcine preclinical model. PFO prevalence in domestic swine is identical to humans, and microscopic structures very similar to humans. The domestic swine PFO model appears useful to evaluate new interventional closure technologies due to comparability in microscopic features. Tunnel length should be carefully evaluated due to differences across pigs and patients. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bifunctional Polymeric Organocatalysts and Their Application in the Cooperative Catalysis of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reactions
Authors: Kwong Cathy Kar‐Wing , Huang Rui , Zhang Minjuan , Shi Min , Toy Patrick H.
Published: December 2006

A series of soluble, non‐cross‐linked polystyrene‐supported triphenylphosphane and 4‐dimethylaminopyridine reagents were prepared. Some of these polymeric reagents contained either alkyl alcohol or phenol groups on the polymer backbone. The use of these materials as organocatalysts in a range of Morita–Baylis–Hillman reactions indicated that hydroxyl groups could participate in the reactions and accelerate product formation. In the cases examined, phenol groups were more effective than alkyl alcohol groups for catalyzing the reactions. This article is one of the first reports of the synthesis and use of non‐natural, bifunctional polymeric reagents for use in organic synthesis in which both functional groups can cooperatively participate in the catalysis of reactions.
Three common alleles of KIR2DL4 (CD158d) encode constitutively expressed, inducible and secreted receptors in NK cells
Authors: Goodridge Jodie P. , Lathbury Louise J. , Steiner Noriko K. , Shulse Christine N. , Pullikotil Philomena , Seidah Nabil G. , Hurley Carolyn K. , Christiansen Frank T. , Witt Campbell S.
Published: December 2006

Genetic polymorphism of KIR2DL4 results in alleles with either 9 or 10 consecutive adenines in exon 6, which encodes the transmembrane domain. "10A" alleles encode a membrane‐expressed receptor that is constitutively expressed on resting CD56bright NK cells and on CD56dim cells after culture. However, in some individuals with the 10A allele, KIR2DL4 cannot be detected on their resting CD56bright NK cells. "9A" alleles have been predicted to encode a secreted receptor due to the splicing out of the transmembrane region. In this publication, we show that those individuals with a 10A allele who lack detectable KIR2DL4 on CD56bright NK cells express a KIR2DL4 receptor in which the D0‐domain is excised. This Δ‐D0 receptor cannot be detected by the available anti‐KIR2DL4 monoclonal antibodies. In such individuals, KIR2DL4 becomes detectable on cultured NK cells due to up‐regulation of the full‐length KIR2DL4 transcript. In all individuals with 10A alleles, KIR2DL4 ceases to be expressed at the cell surface 16 days after activation, despite the maintenance of maximal levels of KIR2DL4 mRNA transcription, suggesting the existence of a negative regulator of cell surface expression. Finally, we show that the 9A allele can produce a secreted KIR2DL4 receptor.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Metal Isobutylsilsesquioxanes and Their Role as Inorganic–Organic Nanoadditives for Enhancing Polymer Thermal Stability
Authors: Carniato Fabio , Boccaleri Enrico , Marchese Leonardo , Fina Alberto , Tabuani Daniela , Camino Giovanni
Published: December 2006

Metal isobutylsilsesquioxanes (M‐POSS) with TiIV and VV metal centres have been prepared by direct corner‐capping of trisilanolisobutyl‐POSS (1). The synthetic procedure has been followed in solution by FTIR spectroscopy and samples have been characterised by 29Si{1H} NMR, FTIR, FT‐Raman and UV/Vis spectroscopy in order to study the structure and the chemical properties of the transition metal centres incorporated in the synthesised compounds. The corner‐capping reaction basically lead to tetrahedrally coordinated metal centres inserted in the siliceous cage. The hybrid inorganic–organic nature of these compounds and the possibility of dispersing catalytically active metal centres in a highly efficient way within organic matrices have been investigated by dispersing the title compounds at 3 wt.‐% in a polypropylene matrix by melt blending, which leads to nanocomposite materials. A study of the thermal degradation of polypropylene, trisilanolisobutyl‐POSS and metal‐isobutyl‐POSS composites shows a significantly enhanced thermal stability under oxidative conditions only when metal‐containing silsequioxanes are dispersed, along with an extended formation of condensed polyaromatic compounds (charring products). This evidence is consistent with a possible catalytic effect favouring oxidative dehydrogenation of the polymeric organic chains occurring in the condensed phase under combustion conditions, and highlights a possible promising use of M‐POSS as fire‐retardant additives for polymers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Isomeric diacylglycerols – Determination of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diacylglycerols in virgin olive oil
Authors: Gertz Christian , Fiebig Hans‐Jochen
Published: December 2006

The “Joint Committee for the Analysis of Fats, Oils, Fatty Products, Related Products and Raw Materials (GA Fett)” has developed the following method for the determination of isomeric diacylglycerols in virgin olive oils to detect the freshness of oils. It is intended to include this method in Section C, Chapter VI of the German Standard Methods.*
Economic cost of dementia patients according to the limitation of the activities of daily living in Korea
Authors: Kang Im Ok , Lee Sang‐Yi , Kim Su Young , Park Chong Yon
Published: December 2006

Background

Dementia is expected to become a significant social burden in the future. However, there are few reports that have estimated the total economic cost of dementia, particularly according to the limitation in the activities of daily living (ADL) in Korea.

Objectives

This study is to analyze the health care expenditures and cost per dementia patient, and estimated the total economic cost of dementia.

Methods

Caregivers of 609 dementia patients, who were randomly selected from a nationwide claim database of the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation, were interviewed using structured questionnaire in the period of September 2005. The total cost including the direct and indirect costs during a year was calculated. The patients were stratified into three limitation groups according to their ADL score. The cost according to the three limitation groups was analyzed. The national cost of dementia patients was then estimated.

Results

The total cost per dementia patient in Korea was $7,462. The direct and indirect costs were $6,626 and $836 per patient, respectively. The cost increased with increasing degree of limitation in the patient's ADL. Over a 1‐year period, the total cost per patient in the low limitation group was lower ($3,698) than that of the moderate ($6,064) and high ($11,428) limitation group.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the direct and indirect costs of dementia are considerately small for patients with lower limitation in their ADL. The total economic cost of dementia per year was estimated to be in the range of 1.3 to 3.3 billion dollars on assumptions in Korea. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macrocyclic Glycosides from Clematis hexapetala
Authors: Shi She‐Po , Dong Cai‐Xia , Jiang Dan , Tu Peng‐Fei
Published: December 2006

Two new macrocyclic glycosides, clemahexapetoside A (1) and B (2), along with the known compound clemochinenoside A (3), were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Clematis hexapetala. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical, physicochemical, and spectroscopic evidence.
Removal of citric acid from aqueous solution by catalytic wet peroxidation using effective mesoporous Fe‐MCM‐41 molecular sieves
Authors: Gokulakrishnan Narasimhan , Pandurangan Arumugam , Sinha Pradeep Kumar
Published: December 2006

The presence of citric acid in decontamination waste can cause complexation of radioactive cations, resulting in interferences in their removal by various treatment processes such as chemical precipitation and ion exchange, and may pose a potential danger to the environment. Mesoporous Fe‐MCM‐41 molecular sieves (Si/Fe = 25, 50, 75 and 100) were synthesized hydrothermally and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption studies, diffuse reflectance UV‐visible spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the removal of citric acid from aqueous solution by the wet peroxidation method. The effect of time, pH, Si/Fe ratios of Fe‐MCM‐41 and temperature has been studied to achieve efficient removal of citric acid from the aqueous solution. Unlike homogeneous Fe3+ catalysis, more mineralization of citric acid was achieved by heterogeneous catalysis with Fe‐MCM‐41 with the percentage removal of total organic carbon of citric acid following the order Fe‐MCM‐41 (Si/Fe = 25) > Fe‐MCM‐41 (Si/Fe = 50) > Fe‐MCM‐41 (Si/Fe = 75) > Fe‐MCM‐41 (Si/Al = 100). Moreover, it was also observed that during the reaction only a minimum amount of iron is leaching from Fe‐MCM‐41. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Five‐dimensional MRI incorporating simultaneous resolution of cardiac and respiratory phases for volumetric imaging
Authors: Sigfridsson Andreas , Kvitting John‐Peder Escobar , Knutsson Hans , Wigström Lars
Published: December 2006

Purpose

To develop a new volumetric imaging method resolved over both the cardiac and respiratory cycles, to enable future physiological and pathophysiological studies of respiratory‐related cardiac motion.

Materials and Methods

An acquisition scheme is proposed whereby thek‐space acquisition order is controlled in real‐time by the current cardiac and respiratory phases. To reduce eddy‐current effects induced by sudden jumps ink‐space, the acquisition order is further optimized by the use of a Hilbert curve trajectory in theky‐kzplane. A complete three‐dimensional (3D)k‐space is acquired for all combinations of cardiac and respiratory phases, yielding a five‐dimensional (5D) data set after retrospective reconstruction.

Results

Left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) wall excursion was measured in a healthy volunteer. Diastolic LV diameter was shown to increase during expiration and decrease during inspiration, as expected from previous echocardiography studies. The LV volume was estimated for all cardiac and respiratory phases with the use of a fully 3D segmentation tool. The results confirmed that the diastolic LV volume increased during expiration and decreased during inspiration.

Conclusion

With its ability to measure motion anywhere in the heart, the described technique provides a promising approach for in‐depth description of interventricular coupling, including 3D ventricular volumes, during both the cardiac and respiratory cycles. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methimazole‐induced cell death in rat olfactory receptor neurons occurs via apoptosis triggered through mitochondrial cytochrome c‐mediated caspase‐3 activation pathway
Authors: Sakamoto Takashi , Kondo Kenji , Kashio Akinori , Suzukawa Keigo , Yamasoba Tatsuya
Published: December 2006

The administration of methimazole is known to induce cell death in rat olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). We investigated whether this injury occurs via apoptosis or through necrosis and whether it involves the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle (control) or 300 mg/kg methimazole. The experimental animals were also administered vehicle or a caspase‐3 or caspase‐9 inhibitor 30 min earlier. The administration of methimazole induced cell death predominantly in the mature ORNs and partially reduced olfactory sensitivity in the rats; the injured cells were TUNEL‐positive and showed a nuclear staining pattern. This insult induced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and a significant increase in the immunoreactivity of activated caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 as well as that of cleaved poly‐ADP‐ribose‐polymerase; in addition, it caused a significant increase in the fluorogenic activity of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9. However, it did not affect the immunoreactivity of activated caspase‐8 or the fluorogenic activity of caspase‐8. Pretreatment with a caspase‐3 or caspase‐9 inhibitor nearly completely prevented the morphologic, biochemical, and functional changes induced by methimazole. These findings suggest strongly that methimazole‐induced cell death in rat ORNs is predominantly apoptosis; moreover, the majority of this apoptotic cell death is triggered through mitochondrial cytochrome c‐mediated caspase‐3 activation pathway, and both caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 inhibitors can prevent methimazole‐induced cell death in the ORNs. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rainfall variability in the rainy season of semiarid zone of northeast Brazil (NEB) and its relation to wind regime
Authors: De Lima Moscati Marley Cavalcante , Gan Manoel Alonso
Published: December 2006

The rainfall and the 850 hPa wind characteristic of the semiarid interior zone of the northeast Brazil (NEB) are analyzed. The database used are the daily mean u, v, z, T, q and θ, at 850 hPa, 500 hPa and 200 hPa, displayed on a 2.5° × 2.5° grid, from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis; the daily mean OLR data from the Climate Diagnostics Center, from June 1986 to December 1997; and the gridded daily precipitation (P) analysis data in Brazil (10°S–40°S and 30°W–80°W), produced by the Climate Prediction Center, from 1977 to 1997. Daily time series of the normalized rainfall index (RI) and the normalized 850 hPa wind indexes (i.e. zonal index (ZI), the meridional index (MI) and the u minus v index (UVI)) were calculated for northern (A1: 7°S–10°S and 37°W–44°W) and southern (A2: 10°S–15°S and 40°W–45°W) domains. The RI, ZI, MI and UVI were defined by area‐average of P, u, v, and u minus v, divided by the number of grid points corresponding to each area, respectively. As for regional features this region presents a well‐defined annual cycle of rainfall with rainy seasons from December to April in A1 and from November to March in A2, and a few extreme rainfall events (during a 20‐year period, 26 cases occurred in A1 and 39 cases in A2). Several synoptic scale systems acting alone or simultaneously in the NEB could explain the occurrence of heavy rainfall in this region. The RI is correlated positively with both the ZI and the UVI, and negatively with the MI, which might indicate that when easterly and southerly winds intensify (weaken), the rainfall decreases (increases). From the statistical perspective the UVI appears to be more effective to describe the daily rainfall variability in the NEB semiarid interior region, compared to the ZI or MI. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Headspace solid‐phase microextraction of cannabinoids in human head hair samples
Authors: Dizioli Rodrigues de Oliveira Carolina , Yonamine Mauricio , de Moraes Moreau Regina Lucia
Published: December 2006

A fast method was optimized and validated with the aim to detect cannabinoids (cannabidiol, cannabinol, and Δ‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol) in human head hair samples. The method was based on an initial procedure of external decontamination of hair samples (10 mg) with petroleum ether, followed by alkaline digestion and further extraction of cannabinoids by means of a headspace solid‐phase microextraction technique (HS‐SPME). GC‐MS was used to identify and quantify the analytes in SIM mode. The LOQs and LODs obtained were 0.07 and 0.12 ng/mg, respectively, for all the studied cannabinoids. The method proved to be simple, rapid, and precise. By using the weighted least squares linear regression (weighting factor 1/x2), the accuracy of the analytical method was improved at the lower end of the calibration curve (from 0.12 to 12 ng/mg; r >0.98). Hair samples collected from eight volunteers (in‐patients of a drug abuse rehabilitation clinic) were submitted to the proposed method. Detection of the drugs was observed in samples of the volunteers who reported frequent marijuana use (at least ten times a week).
On the hyperbolic system of a mixture of Eulerian fluids: a comparison between single‐ and multi‐temperature models
Authors: Ruggeri Tommaso , Simić Srboljub
Published: December 2006

The first rational model of homogeneous mixtures of fluids was proposed by Truesdell in the context of rational thermodynamics. Afterwards, two different theories were developed: one with a single‐temperature (ST) field of the mixture and the other one with several temperatures. The two systems are from the mathematical point of view completely different and the relationship between their solutions was not clarified.

In this paper, the hyperbolic multi‐temperature (MT) system of a mixture of Eulerian fluids will be explained and it will be shown that the corresponding single‐temperature differential system is a principal subsystem of the MT one. As a consequence, the subcharacteristic conditions for characteristic speeds hold and this gives an upper‐bound esteem for pulse speeds in an ST model. Global behaviour of smooth solutions for large time for both systems will also be discussed through the application of the Shizuta–Kawashima condition. Finally, as an application, the particular case of a binary mixture is considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decomposing kernels of iterated operators—a unified approach
Authors: Ren Guangbin , Malonek Helmuth R.
Published: December 2006

For any operator D acting in an Abelian group, we study the kernel of its iterates Dk and describe a general approach for decomposing it through the kernel of the operator D itself and some other given operators T1,…,Tk−1. Due to Almansi's famous theorem for polyharmonic functions the different types of decomposition are characterized in terms of strong, weak and restricted Almansi decomposition properties. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of such decompositions. The case of the iterated Dirac operator (cf. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2002; 25:1541–1552) follows as a special case. Several other special cases are discussed. Finally we prove corresponding decomposition theorems for the iterated weighted Laplacian (|x|αΔ)k, α∈(−∞, 2), and the iterated Helmholtz type operator (Δ−λ)k, λ∈C. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WLAN Manager (WM): a device for performance management of a WLAN
Authors: Hegde Malati , Anand S. V. R. , Kumar Anurag , Kuri Joy
Published: December 2006

We propose a Split MAC architecture‐based solution to enhance the Quality of Service (QoS) experienced by the wireless nodes in an IEEE 802.11b/e‐based WLAN. Our proposed solution achieves the objectives of (a) providing a fair sharing of the wireless channel time among stations (STAs) while maximizing channel utilization in a situation where STAs are associated at different data rates with the access point (AP), (b) exercising Connection Admission Control (CAC) for two‐way voice calls, (c) supporting policy‐based service differentiation among the flows within one IEEE 802.11e access category, and (d) maintaining performance levels during inter‐AP roaming of STAs. The proposed solution is implemented on an extraneous device, called WM (WLAN Manager), which in CAPWAP parlance can be termed an access controller. We report simulation and test‐bed results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wahl zum Präsidenten der DPhG
Authors: Mohr Klaus
Published: December 2006

Die Amtszeit des Präsidenten der DPhG beträgt vier Jahre, eine Wiederwahl ist nicht möglich. In diesem Jahr findet daher turnusgemäß die Wahl zur neuen Präsidentin/zum neuen Präsidenten der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft (DPhG) statt. Die Präsidentin/der Präsident wird durch Briefwahl gewählt.
Steroidal constituents of rice (Oryza sativa) hulls with Algicidal and Herbicidal activity against blue–green algae and duckweed
Authors: Chung Ill‐Min , Ali Mohd , Ahmad Ateeque , Chun Se‐Chul , Kim Jung‐Tae , Sultana Shahnaz , Kim Jin‐Seog , Min Suk‐Ki , Seo Bo‐Ram
Published: December 2006

Two new compounds, 14‐methyl stigmast‐9(11)‐en‐3α‐ol‐3β‐d‐glucopyranoside (1) and cholest‐11‐en‐3β, 6β, 7α, 22β‐tetraol‐24‐one‐3β‐palmitoleate (2), along with the known compound β‐sitosteryl‐3β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐6′‐linoleiate (3), were isolated from the methanolic extract of rice (Oryza sativa) hulls. The structures of the two new compounds were elucidated using one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR in combination with IR, EI/MS, FAB/MS, HR‐EI/MS and HR‐FAB/MS. In bioassays with blue–green algae, Microcystis aeruginosa UTEX 2388 and duckweed, Lemna paucicostata Hegelm 381, the efficacy of bioactivity of the two new compounds linearly increased as the concentration increased from 0.3 to 300 µm. Compared with momilactone A, compounds 1 and 2 showed similar and higher inhibitory activities against the growth of M. aeruginosa at a concentration of 300 µm. However, compound 2 was similar to momilactone A in inhibiting L. paucicostata growth at a concentration of 300 µm. As a result, compound 2 appears to have a strong potential for the environmentally friendly control of weed and algae that are harmful to water‐logged rice. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature dependence of the NMR generalized order parameter
Authors: Johnson Eric , Palmer Arthur G. , Rance Mark
Published: December 2006

The study of protein conformational dynamics is motivated in large part by a desire to understand the forces present at different sites throughout the molecular structure. The generalized order parameter determined by NMR spectroscopy has played a central role in the study of protein dynamics on the picosecond–nanosecond time scale. A modeling procedure is presented for analysis of the temperature dependence of the generalized order parameter that extends a previous analysis (Massi and Palmer, J Am Chem Soc 2003;125:11158–11159). As part of this procedure, the potential of mean force is characterized for the N–H bond vectors of the protein backbone. This procedure accounts for the observed temperature dependence of the generalized order parameter in a representative data set from the B1 domain of Streptococcal protein G (Seewald, Pichumani, Stowell, Tibbals, Regan, and Stone, Protein Sci 2000;9:1177–1193). The results indicate a general trend, in which the force constants associated with the potential of mean force decrease with increasing temperature. The analysis also provides evidence for variations in the potential of mean force for different secondary structural elements. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The distinction of underivatized monosaccharides using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhu Xingyu , Sato Toshinori
Published: December 2006

A convenient method for distinguishing underivatized isomeric monosaccharides has been established using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI‐ITMS). Mass spectra of hexoses (glucose, galactose, and mannose),N‐acetylhexosamines (N‐acetylglucosamine,N‐acetylgalactosamine, andN‐acetylmannosamine) and hexosamines (glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine) dissolved in solvent containing 1 mM ammonium acetate were obtained in the positive ion mode. Glucose was distinguished from galactose and mannose in the MS2spectrum of the [M+NH4]+ion atm/z198. The MS3spectra generated from [M+NH4–H2O–NH3]+atm/z163 showed that galactose and mannose could be distinguished by the ratio of peak intensities atm/z145 and 127, while the threeN‐acetylhexosamine and hexosamine stereochemical isomers could be identified by the relative abundance ratios of product ions observed in MS3spectra. The investigation of MS and MS2spectra from complexes of these monosaccharides with Na+and Pb2+failed to distinguish these monosaccharide isomers. Therefore, multiple stage mass analysis by ESI‐ITMS using either [M+NH4]+or [M+H]+was useful to distinguish between the isomers of monosaccharides. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2B or not 2B, that is the question: further investigations into the use of pencil as a matrix for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation
Authors: Langley G. John , Herniman Julie M. , Townell Marc S.
Published: December 2006

The effective use of pencil as a matrix for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) for the study of actinides has previously been demonstrated (Black et al., Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2006; 20: 1053). Here, the scope of the types of molecules amenable to analysis by this method has been extended, establishing that ∼90% of a library containing 50 diverse small molecules can be successfully analysed by this technique. Further, the role played by the bulk materials present in the different pencil leads has been investigated and a simple one‐step deposition of matrix and calibration materials has been achieved through the fabrication of different calibration pencils (Cali‐Pens). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of the Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Rapeseed Oil and Protein Hydrolysates
Authors: Zhang Shao Bing , Wang Zhang , Xu Shi Ying
Published: December 2006

An aqueous enzymatic extraction method was developed to obtain free oil and protein hydrolysates from dehulled rapeseeds. The rapeseed slurry was treated by the chosen combination of pectinase, cellulase, and β‐glucanase (4:1:1, v/v/v) at concentration of 2.5% (v/w) for 4 h. This was followed by sequential treatments consisting of alkaline extraction and an alkaline protease (Alcalase 2.4L) hydrolysis to both produce a protein hydrolysate product and demulsify the oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study and optimize the effects of the pH of the alkaline extraction (9.0, 10.0 and 11.0), the concentration of the Alcalase 2.4L (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, v/w), and the duration of the hydrolysis (60, 120, and 180 min). Increasing the concentration of Alcalase 2.4L and the duration of the hydrolysis time significantly increased the yields of free oil and protein hydrolysates and the degree of protein hydrolysis (DH), while the alkaline extraction pH had a significant effect only on the yield of the protein hydrolysates. Following an alkaline extraction at pH 10 for 30 min, we defined a practical optimum protocol consisting of a concentration of 1.25–1.5% Alcalase 2.4L and a hydrolysis time between 150 and 180 min. Under these conditions, the yields of free oil and protein hydrolysates were 73–76% and 80–83%, respectively. The hydrolysates consisted of approximately 96% of peptides with a MW less than 1500, of which about 81% had a MW less than 600 Da.
Characterization of Fractionated Soy Proteins Produced by a New Simplified Procedure
Authors: Deak Nicolas A. , Murphy Patricia A. , Johnson Lawrence A.
Published: December 2006

It was possible to fractionate soy protein into two soy protein isolate fractions (>90% protein) enriched in either glycinin or β‐conglycinin by using a new simplified procedure (referred to as the Deak procedure) employing CaCl2 and NaHSO3. The Deak procedure produced fractions with higher yields of solids, protein, and isoflavones, and similar protein purities as well as improved functional properties compared to fractions recovered by established, more complex soy protein fractionation procedures. The Deak glycinin‐rich fraction comprised 15.5% of the solids, 24.4% of the protein, and 20.5% of the isoflavones in the starting soy flour, whereas the glycinin‐rich fraction of the established procedure (Wu procedure) comprised only 11.6% of the solids, 22.3% of the protein, and 9.6% of the isoflavones. The Deak β‐conglycinin‐rich fraction comprised 23.1% of the solids, 37.1% of the protein, and 37.5% of the isoflavones in the starting soy flour, whereas the Wu β‐conglycinin‐rich fraction comprised only 11.5% of the solids, 18.5% of the protein, and 3.3% of the isoflavones. Protein purities were >80% for both fractions when using both procedures. The Wu procedure produced protein fractions with slightly higher solubilities and similar surface hydrophobicities; whereas, the fractions produced by the Deak procedure had superior emulsification and foaming properties and similar dynamic viscosity behaviors.
Integrated Microfluidic CustomArray Device for Bacterial Genotyping and Identification
Authors: Liu Robin Hui , Munro Sandra B. , Nguyen Tai , Siuda Tony , Suciu Dominic , Bizak Michael , Slota Mike , Fuji H. Sho , Danley David , McShea Andy
Published: December 2006

The ongoing threat of the potential use of biothreat agents (such as Bacillus anthracis) as a biochemical weapon emphasizes the need for a rapid, miniature, fully automated, and highly specific detection assay. An integrated and self-contained microfluidic device has been developed to rapidly detect B. anthracis and many other bacteria. The device consists of a semiconductor-based DNA microarray chip with 12,000 features and a microfluidic cartridge that automates the fluid handling steps required to carry out a genotyping assay for pathogen identification. This fully integrated and disposable device consists of low-cost microfluidic pumps, mixers, valves, fluid channels, reagent storage chambers, and DNA microarray silicon chip. Microarray hybridization and subsequent fluid handling and reactions were performed in this fully automated and miniature device before fluorescent image scanning of the microarray chip. The genotyping results showed that the device was able to identify and distinguish B. anthracis from the other members of the closely related Bacillus cereus group, demonstrating the potential of integrated microfluidic and microarray technology for highly specific pathogen detection. The device provides a cost-effective solution to eliminate labor-intensive and time-consuming fluid handling steps and allows the detection and identification of biological warfare agents in a rapid and automated fashion.