bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Freeing” Trade in South Asia
Authors: Singh Pratima
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses economic integration in the South Asian region using an India-centric approach. It suggests that the gains for India withdrawing its tariff on imports from Pakistan and Bangladesh hugely outweigh the losses for the country. It uses a bilateral trade approach, analyzing the India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh trade relationships. The India-Pakistan relationship shows Pakistan's exports to India contribute much less to India's total imports than to Pakistan's GDP. The benefits of India unilaterally withdrawing tariffs, thus, are substantial. The India-Bangladesh trade relationship, despite having many complementary characteristics, is not very well established. Both the countries will gain immensely if India opens up its borders to their exports. These gains will outweigh the minor losses for India which will be compensated for by its increased goodwill. Economic integration is important to maintain stability in this region and the two bilateral relationships described above are crucial in ensuring this.

(JEL Codes: F13, F14, F15)
An Overview of the Lima Seminar on “Services and Development: The Role of Foreign Direct Investment and Trade”
Authors: Saxena Sada Shankar
Published: January 2017

The author attended the Seminar on “Services and Development: The Role of Foreign Direct Investment and Trade” organized by the Government of Peru; in cooperation with United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations (UNCTC), New York, and Junta Del Acuerdo De Cartagena at Lima during 1-4 February 1988. The Seminar was attended by high ranking officials, government spokesmen, academics and specialists from various parts of the world. Special papers on Framework of Agreement for Services, role of services in the development of Andean Pact countries, transborder data flows-a case study of Brazil, etc., were presented and discussed. The findings of the Seminar are perhaps as much relevant to the developing countries of Asia and Africa as to those of Latin America. The author gives in this paper an overview of the Lima Seminar.
The Use of Gliding Cylclograms in the Biomechanical Analysis of Movements
Authors: Drillis Rudolfs J.
Published: January 2017

After a brief review of the optical recording methods of movements, the use of gliding cyclograms in biomechanical analysis of work is discussed. The gliding cyclogram method consists in recording of sequent positions of the moving body segments on photographic film which is transported at a constant speed. The very short exposures are provided by a rotating slotted disk which is fixed in front of the lens of the cyclograph. Examples of hammer stroke investigations and study of its efficiency, determination of optimum height for wood splitting block and an activity analysis of flax scutcher are given.
Educational Programs in the Human Factors Area
Authors: Warren Neil D.
Published: January 2017

This paper summarizes trends in the development of university programs in the human factors area. Several examples are described briefly.
Missions for Manned Military Spacecraft
Authors: Bamford Harold E. , Hanes Lewis F. , Wilson Summitt E.
Published: January 2017

In an attempt to provide a framework for the systematic development of crew stations for the military spacecraft of the next decade, the operational and supporting military objectives which might be assigned to such vehicles and the human and technological resources anticipated for the era in question are subjected to analysis. Six elements of space travel are distinguished, and three concrete missions are synthesized of the six elements. It is concluded that it would be a conservative decision to focus the crew station development effort on the needs of an earth-orbit ferry.
A New Concept: The Kinalog Display System
Authors: Fogel Lawrence J.
Published: January 2017

A technique is described which may be used to resolve sensory conflict between visual and kinesthetic inputs. The forces acting on the operator's kinesthetic senses are shown visually and related to the attitude of the airplane and to the earth's surface for both individual cockpit instruments and an integrated pictorial display.
The Mechanical Impedance of the Human Body in Sitting and Standing Position at Low Frequencies
Authors: Coermann Rolf R.
Published: January 2017

The theory of the mechanical impedance of systems with one or more degrees of freedom is applied to the human body. A method of measuring mechanical impedance and determining the parameters of the vibrating systems is developed. Impedance curves for longitudinal vibrations of a sitting and standing subject are established for the frequency range of 1 to 20 c/s. The influence of varied posture and restraining systems is investigated. Dynamic movements of body parts are measured, directly or indirectly, and compared with the impedance curves. The responsible elements in the body for the apparent resonances are identified. Correlations between the impedance function of the body and the subjective tolerance curve to vibration are found and the reasons for the tolerance limits are elucidated. The variability of subjective tolerances due to varying posture, restraining systems, cushions, duration of exposure and vibrations are discussed, and conclusions for the development of protective devices are drawn. The correlation between the steady state response of the human body system and the effects of impact is discussed.
Deformation of the Human Body Due to Uni-Directional Forced Sinusoidal Vibration
Authors: Clark William S. , Lange Karl O. , Coermann Rolf R.
Published: January 2017

The effects of forced vibration upon the human body were determined in the form of circumferential strain of chest, abdomen, pelvis and thigh.

Sixteen human subjects, in the sitting erect, sitting relaxed and semi-supine positions, were exposed to vertical sinusoidal frequencies above two c/s at vector accelerations below 1 g.

The maximum body strain occurred at 6.7 c/s in the semi-supine position and between 4 c/s and 6 c/s in the sitting positions. In the semi-supine position the mean strain of chest and abdomen at resonance was found to be 0.040 and 0.053 in./in./g, respectively, when standardized to a table acceleration of 1 g. In the sitting positions this strain was only half as large. The strain of the pelvis, on the other hand, was 0.013 in./in./g in the semi-supine posture, and 0.032 in./in./g in the sitting positions.

All subjects showed maximum body strain near 7 c/s in the semi-supine posture. Since tolerance to vibration decreases with increasing body strain, the human body on a space couch must be protected against vibrations transverse to the couch axis in the range around 7 c/s.
Visual Acuity under Vibration
Authors: Lange Karl O. , Coermann Rolf R.
Published: January 2017

The influence of vertical sinusoidal vibration on the visual acuity of twelve human subjects, sitting restrained and without padding in an airplane seat mounted on a shake table, was investigated in the frequency range of 1 to 20 c/s. A. novel visual acuity tester was developed to achieve high accuracy of measurement and to obtain a great many observations in short time periods. The decrement of visual acuity normalized to a shake table acceleration of one g (vector) was determined. Maximum decrements occurred at those frequencies where resonances of the whole body and organ complexes had been determined by other methods. Below 12 c/s the decrements were due mainly to the physiological stress produced in the body and above 12 c/s to the image displacement on the retina which had more and more of a blurring effect. Measurements one minute after cessation of vibration indicated residual effects only at frequencies up to 12 c/s, peaks being at the same resonant frequencies.
Defining Human Reaction to Whole-Body Vibration
Authors: Parks Donald L.
Published: January 2017

Standardized subjective reaction levels for vibration were derived using 16 physically fit male subjects aged 25 to 40. A controlled environment, hard seat, and lap belt were used to avoid distractions and other interferences from environmental sources, to insure most complete transmission of the same input to all subjects, and to control possible frequency phase shifts between the subjects and the seat.

Four vibration levels were derived: (1) Definitely Perceptible, (2) Mildly Annoying, (3) Extremely Annoying and (4) Alarming. The levels were significantly different. Each level varied in acceleration as a function of frequency. Data describing vibration effects on vision, by level, is presented to indicate the validity of the levels for use as standard vibration conditions in testing human performance.
Human Performance under Vibrational Stress
Authors: Coermann Rolf R. , Magid Edward B. , Lange Karl O.
Published: January 2017

Blindfolded subjects, restrained by standard harness, sat on a modified Air Force chair, which was programmed to move in random patterns in pitch and roll, the subjects counteracting these motions by using a control stick. The whole device was itself mounted on a mechanical shake table producing vertical sinusoidal motion at frequencies ranging from 2 c/s to 20 c/s and at amplitudes corresponding to about one-third of the subjective tolerance limits. The angular deviations from the upright position were evaluated relative to the disturbing input for both pitch and roll, one minute during the vibration experience and one minute after cessation of the vibration. Some individual subjects were not influenced by the vibration; others showed performance decrements. In the mean, these measures of human performance reflect all mechanical resonances within the body, previously established by other methods. The frequencies most affecting performance were found to be between 3 and 12 c/s. Residual effects were detected by the measurements after vibration.
Problems in Vibration Research
Authors: Hornick Richard J.
Published: January 2017

Man's exposure to low-frequency vibration in vehicles is discussed. Research with humans in vibration experiments has led to a common core of findings, but with some areas of conflict. Discrepancies in results are examined in the light of several methodological problems. These are ( 1) procedural variations including use of subjects, body restraints, body supports, and constant amplitude vs. constant acceleration experimental designs; ( 2) terminology, with attention to directions of motion; ( 3) random vs. sinusoidal motion; ( 4) single and multiple factors; ( 5) scaling; and ( 6) performance evaluation including the matters of equipment setup, vibrating and stable displays, and standardized tasks.
Utilizing the Visual Environment in Space
Authors: Hyman Aaron
Published: January 2017

Two procedures dealing with distance estimation in space are analyzed. In one, formulae relating angular subtense to target distance are derived for spherical and disk objects. A design for a simple reticle to be used in distance estimation is described. In the other procedure, the utilization of illuminance from spherical and disk-shaped satellites for the purpose of relating it to object distance is examined. Formulae describing the relationships for certain cases are developed. The appearance of spherical satellites when illuminated by sources of both small and large angular subtense is dealt with in some detail.
Visual Experiences of the Astronauts and Cosmonauts
Authors: Zink Donald L.
Published: January 2017

The major visual experiences of the astronauts and cosmonauts are described and compared with predictions of man's visual capabilities made prior to actual space flight. These experiences are discussed in terms of their implications about requirements for man's visual capabilities in future space flights. It is noted that most of the data to date are of an anecdotal nature, and that more careful experimentation must be conducted to assess fully man's capabilities and limitations. Some requirements for further study are described.
Vigilance: A Review and Re-evaluation
Authors: Jerison Harry J. , Pickett Ronald M.
Published: January 2017

Vigilance as a human factors area is concerned with the fact that man is much less capable as a detector of signals under operational conditions than would be indicated by laboratory measures of his sensory thresholds. The area, which is obviously important for the analysis of man's visual capabilities in the operation of manned space systems, is re-examined with the help of a theoretical model that introduces a decision–theory approach to the observing response phase of the vigilance task. After a critical review of the vigilance literature, examples are presented of the application of this approach to the solution of human factors problems of the sort that might arise in manned space missions. The model is also used to suggest the kind of research that would make it easier to predict field monitoring performance from laboratory experiments.
The Visual Sub-system Concept and Spacecraft Illumination
Authors: Urmer Albert H. , Jones Edward R.
Published: January 2017

Adequate vision in spacecraft can be achieved only if specialized attention is given to all elements that influence vision and these elements are integrated into spacecraft design using a systems' engineering approach, here designated “ the visual subsystem concept.” The concept is used here to define general crew station and illumination requirements and illustrates how the requirements are affected by factors such as vibration, acceleration, dark adaptation, visual acuity, and unique environmental conditions. Design parameters are suggested for optimising crew station illumination. Areas that require further research are discussed.
Visual Surveillance and Reconnaissance from Space Vehicles
Authors: Narva Marshall A. , Muckler Frederick A.
Published: January 2017

The problems to be encountered in the utilization of manned space vehicles for surveillance and reconnaissance are reviewed, together with the variables which will influence the performance of the human operator in such operations. Analyses of the theoretical capabilities of direct, unaided vision and man-periscopic vision are presented. These analyses indicate that the tasks assigned to the human operator must be examined carefully in order to ascertain that they are within his capabilities. However, the operator may be materially assisted through proper design and selection of the display-sensor system, which may overcome his inherent deficiencies. The complexity of the variables involved and the lack of much pertinent data indicates that the utilization of the human operator in any specific, system must be determined as a result of trade-offs performed during actual system development and in keeping with the specific mission objectives to be met by that system.
Visual Displays for Space Systems
Authors: Ritchie Malcolm L.
Published: January 2017

The unique, visual display problems of space systems are those deriving from the controlled motion of space vehicles. Getting the right information in the displays is of primary importance. The information requirements depend upon the coordinates used to describe the motion, the nature of the control system, and the tactics for the employment of the operator. Until communalities are proved, the displays for each new system may be unlike those of any other system.
Visual Capabilities of Performing Rendezvous in Space
Authors: Vanderplas James M.
Published: January 2017

The critical visual capabilities of detection, discrimination, recognition, identification and judgment are reviewed in connection with the acquisition, homing and docking phases of space rendezvous. The inadequacies of existing sources of data, especially in interaction effects, and the need for the presentation of data in a form permitting specific predictions are discussed.
An Optical System for Manned Vehicle Terminal Guidance
Authors: Van Cott Harold P.
Published: January 2017

An optical system for implementing manned vehicle terminal guidance for a soft lunar landing is described. The method utilizes an on-board tracking telescope to establish azimuth and elevation angles. With altitude, this system provides sufficient information for computing lateral vehicle velocity which can be controlled within less than 2 ft/sec, a value not to be exceeded for a safe landing.
Rapid Acquisition of Radar Targets from Moving and Static Displays
Authors: Simon Charles W.
Published: January 2017

Aerial-reconnaissance radar imagery can be presented to an observer for near-real time interpretation in two ways: as a continuously moving display or in discrete, static steps. Both were studied in a laboratory experiment designed to determine their effect on the probability and speed of target acquisition. The results indicated: (1) no significant differences in the number of real or false targets acquired, (2) significantly less time required to find a target on the moving display, and (3) the time difference increased as targets became more difficult to recognize and as the available observation time increased. The relevance of this study for equipment design considerations and the generality of the results to other near-real-time reconnaissance missions are discussed. It is concluded that even among a wide variety of conditions not included in this study, where targets are of simple, well-defined patterns capable of recognition with little study, the moving presentation mode—in balance—will result in better target acquisition performance.
Effects of Added Work Load on Compensatory Tracking for Maximum Terrain Following
Authors: Monty Richard A. , Ruby William J.
Published: January 2017

The relative merits of presenting each of two command signals (δe, the elevator deflection angle, and γ, the aircraft flight-vector angle) on a compensatory display for manual control of a simulated aircraft on a terrain-following mission were examined. It was found that imposing additional work loads on the pilot led to a greater decrement in tracking performance with the γ command than with the δe command. Further, the work load task itself was performed with greater proficiency while tracking with the δe command. The apparent merits of the δe command warrant further investigation.
Apparent Motion in Geometric Depth
Authors: Wienke R. E. , Steedman W. C.
Published: January 2017

The ability to detect small excursions of apparent movement of a point light source was investigated. Apparent movement was achieved by alternately presenting a point source in two different planes. The presentations, each lasting about 500 milliseconds, had an overlap of approximately 8 milliseconds. Using 7 subjects, the limen for apparent motion was a stimulus separation of 43.9 mm, which is a visual angle of 1′ 21″. Possible application of the effect in a highly precise visual guidance system is discussed in light of the results.
A Test of the Effectiveness of Sensor Lines Showing Linkages between Displays and Controls
Authors: Chapanis Alphonse , Lockhead Gregory R.
Published: January 2017

This experiment tested the effectiveness of sensor lines (heavy lines drawn on a control panel to show the linkages between displays and controls) on simple panels made up of lights (the displays) and keys (the controls). The three independent variables were (a) size of panel (two sizes were tested), (b) compatibility of the display-control linkages (a maximally compatible and a highly incompatible arrangement were used), and (c) the presence or absence of sensor lines. Eight panels were constructed to test all possible combinations of these three independent variables. Eighty male subjects in all (ten for each panel) were used. The subject's task was to push the appropriate key as soon as a light had been turned on. Each subject was given 240 consecutive trials on the panel to which he was assigned. Dependent measures were: time to first response, time to correct response, and errors. The results show that it is more imporant to make the linkages between displays and controls compatible than it is to use sensor lines which show schematically the linkages between displays and controls. Sensor lines appear to have a limited kind of usefulness for panels of the type tested here: The lines improved performance only when the linkages between displays and controls were not compatible.
Information Assimilation from Coded and Uncoded Individual and Group Displays
Authors: Hammer Charles H. , Ringel Seymour
Published: January 2017

This report describes two related studies designed to evaluate the effects of conspicuity coding of updated alpha-numeric information and to compare the relative effects of Individual and Group displays. Amount of information presented and amount of information updated were varied. Principal findings lend support to the incorporation and use of coding capabilities in current and proposed command systems. While findings regarding Individual vs Group displays are not conclusive, they do suggest that if uncoded updated information is presented, there may be a whole series of information assimilation tasks which can be more efficiently accomplished with Individual than with Group displays.
Pilot and Observer Performance in Simulated Low Altitude High Speed Flight
Authors: Schohan Ben , Rawson Harve E. , Soliday Stanley M.
Published: January 2017

Responses of experienced pilots and aerial observers were studied in simulated low-altitude, high-speed (LAHS) flight. The pilots “flew” three-hour surveillance missions at airspeeds of .4M and .9M in different degrees of simulated atmospheric turbulence. Flying ability decreased from .4 to .9M; however, intensity of vertical accelerations did not seem to affect flying ability except at the most severe levels. Target identification was unimpaired by either turbulence or airspeed. The observers also flew three-hour missions while experiencing acceleration time histories recorded from the pilot's flights. Target identification deteriorated as airspeed increased from 0.4 to 0.9 Mach. Gust intensity did not affect performance of any of their tasks. Performance efficiency on all tasks did not deteriorate from beginning to end of the missions of both pilots and observers.
Recent Czechoslovakian Work on Figure Legibility, Color Standards and Road Sign Standardization
Authors: Bertone C. M.
Published: January 2017

This report reviews the experimentation conducted at the Czechoslovakian Scientific Research Institute of Work Safety in establishing country-wide accepted standard colors, figures and road signs.
Studies of Helicopter Pilot Performance: II The Analysis of Task Dimensions
Authors: Locke Edwin A. , Zavala Albert , Fleishman Edwin A.
Published: January 2017

Measures of helicopter pilot proficiency were obtained on several hundred student pilots in the Primary and Basic training phases. Measures were based on students' performance on 75 and 76 tasks (items), for the Primary and Basic phases, respectively. Intercorrelations of tasks in each phase were subjected to factor analysis. The 12 factor rotation solutions were presented in detail for each phase, and the 18 and 24 factor rotations solutions were described briefly. In almost all cases the same tasks (e.g., RPM; Altitude) tended to cluster together across different maneuvers. The factors are interpreted in terms of the operations performed for each task, and the theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Applying Response Surface Methodology to Problems of Target Acquisition
Authors: Williges Robert C. , Simon Charles W.
Published: January 2017

To specify man's target acquisition capabilities and limitations, many equipment and situational variables as well as their interactions must be considered simultaneously. Response surface methodology (RSM), originally developed for use in the chemical industry, provides an experimental technique for collecting data on many quantitative variables at once in order to develop a multiple regression polynomial equation which describes the functional relationship between a performance score and the experimental variables. This equation, in turn, can be used to predict target acquisition performance. Besides the mathematical advantages of RSM, the technique provides the human factors engineer with the additional advantages of economy in data collection, flexibility in experimental approach, and efficiency in controlling undesirable fluctuations.
Human Factors and Artificial Gravity: A Review
Authors: Ramsey H. Rudy
Published: January 2017

Rotation of a spacecraft to induce artificial gravity will result in a number of unusual mechanical and perceptual phenomena. The nature of the unusual forces observed in artificial gravity is such that their effects are mediated by the position, orientation, and direction of motion of the astronaut. Thus, under artificial gravity, crew station design may have a significant impact on the performance of a space station crew. The effects on performance of the unusual forces resulting from artificial gravity are discussed. General guidelines are presented to aid the designer in floor layout and in the design and orientation of crew stations and translation aids. Some possible mission constraints resulting from incomplete or radius-specific adaptation are discussed.
Thermal Sensations of Sedentary Man in Moderate Temperatures
Authors: Rohles Frederick H.
Published: January 2017

To determine the full range of thermal conditions at which sedentary subjects report feeling comfortable, 1600 college age students were exposed in groups of 10 subjects each, five men and five women, to 20 dry-bulb temperatures ranging from 60 to 98°F. in increments of 2° F. at each of eight relative humidities: 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85%; subjects were required to report their thermal sensations on a 7-point scale every half-hour. The results showed that for sedentary subjects exposed for three hours in standard clothing with an insulative value of 0.6 clo., the “comfortable” votes were distributed over the temperature range of 62 to 98°F. In addition, it was found that at a given temperature men feel warmer than women during the first hour and that humidity plays a significantly more important role in how men feel than in how women feel. Regression equations are presented for predicting thermal sensations for various dry-bulb temperatures and relative humidities.
Incremental Transfer Effectiveness
Authors: Roscoe Stanley N.
Published: January 2017

A new method of measuring transfer of learning is presented, A universal relationship is postulated in which the effectiveness of successive increments of training on one task, as measured by the relative incremental savings in learning a second task, is a negatively decelerated function of the time devoted to pretraining or interpolated training on the former task. It is further postulated that the relationship, inferred from aircraft-pilot training situations, applies in different forms to all educational experiences, thereby allowing all formal educational programs, in theory, to be evaluated in terms of their incremental cost effectiveness.
Two Linear Rate-Field Displays
Authors: Swartzendruber Leon , Ince Fuat , Williges Robert C. , Roscoe Stanley N.
Published: January 2017

An airspeed display and a lateral displacement (runway) display, arranged vertically and horizontally, respectively, were concurrently tracked by relatively inexperienced pilots using a joy stick. On each display the primary indicator was a small band which moved lengthwise. A moiré-pattern rate field (RF) moved alongside and with the primary. Each of four experimental conditions included both primary indicators and (a) no rate fields, (b) the airspeed rate field only, (c) the runway rate field only, or (d) both rate fields. Response measures for each display included (a) latency of initial response, (b) control reversals, and (c) root-mean-square (RMS) tracking error. Rate fields decreased RMS error for the runway display. Latency was briefer, but more reversals occurred on the airspeed display than on the runway display. Rate fields apparently serve an attention gathering function, but this cannot be fully investigated until optimum direction-of-motion relations are determined.
Human Factors in Digital Telecommunications
Authors: Gardner James A. , Soliday Stanley M.
Published: January 2017

To assure maximum effectiveness, digital system design parameters must be chosen to optimize human perception. An experimental methodology is described which relates human visual performance and electronic design parameters. These relationships are then used to show how to specify optimal encoder design parameters. To illustrate this experimental procedure, tradeoffs were determined for a digitally encoded television system. These relationships were determined by measuring subjects' minimum perceptible acuities for various length lines and spatial orientations. Visual performance was determined for points along four noise-bandwidth curves representing different information capacities and system costs. Optimum system performance was achieved by maximizing the sampling frequency (bandwidth) of the encoder.
A Review of the Safety Hazard Due to Poor Health, Drugs, and Their Interaction
Authors: Benjamin Fred B.
Published: January 2017

Accident-involved drivers consist of two separate population groups; those involved in fatal accidents and those involved in non-fatal accidents. One of the principle characteristics of the fatal accident group is the lower accident survival rate (ASR) and is likely to be improved by the use of therapeutic drugs. In the non-fatal group impaired driving performance is the most significant hazard. Some of the therapeutic drugs, specifically those that depress the central nervous system, tend to impair driving performance. This is likely to lead to daytime, non-fatal accidents. Chronic alcoholism is likely to lead to health impairment and lowered accident survival rate, and acute alcoholism is likely to impair driving performance.
The Effects of Previous Learning on the Visual Perception of Velocity
Authors: Fineberg Michael L.
Published: January 2017

Twenty subjects were shown a film containing 54 presentations of a moving standard disc followed immediately by one of six well-known target objects moving at the identical velocity. The subjects were asked to judge the speed of the target in relation to the standard. Judgments were made in arbitrary numbers from 0-50 to enable calculation of error magnitude as well as direction. It was hypothesized that objects which are known to move fast would be overestimated in relation to the standard while objects known to move slow would be underestimated. The results did not fully support the hypotheses. However, they did point up a need for research into the possible existence of differential modes of perception mediated by changes in objective speed of the target.
Time Intervals between Keystrokes, Records, and Fields in Data Entry with Skilled Operators
Authors: Neal Alan S.
Published: January 2017

Designers of systems which provide for data entry from a keyboard are usually concerned about the rate and manner that keyed data will enter the system. This article provides generalized keying rate information in terms of the time between keystrokes, the time between records and fields, and the burst rates for multiple keystrokes. The time interval data is presented in the form of cumulative relative frequency distribution curves. The analyses are based on more than one million keystrokes of data that were collected with fifteen keypunch operators on an IBM 3741 data entry system in a typical data entry application.
Controlled Flight into Terrain Accidents: System-Induced Errors
Authors: Wiener Earl L.
Published: January 2017

Controlled flight into terrain accidents are those in which an aircraft, under the control of the crew, is flown into terrain (or water) with no prior awareness on the part of the crew of the impending disaster. This paper examines recent experience with these accidents, seeing them as the result of errors generated by a complex air traffic control system with ample opportunities for system-induced errors. Such problem areas as pilot-controller communication, flightdeck workload, noise-abatement procedures, government regulation, visual illusions, and cockpit-and ground-radar warning devices are discussed, with numerous examples of recent accident cases. The failure of the human factors profession to play a more significant role in the air traffic complex is also considered.
Development of a Computer-Based Program for Criminal Intelligence Analysis
Authors: Harris Douglas H.
Published: January 2017

Criminal intelligence is a law-enforcement function that supports investigators, decision-makers, and policy-makers in their attempt to prevent and control crime. This paper describes recent efforts to enhance the capability of criminal intelligence analysts through the development and implementation of computer-based routines. The intelligence analysis cycle is defined, analytical concepts are discussed, and the development, features, and operation of the Organized Crime Analysis Program(*OCAP*) are described.
The Pursuit of Validity in the Evaluation of Training Programs
Authors: Goldstein Irwin L.
Published: January 2017

Validity in the evaluation of training programs is conceptualized into a hierarchy of four stages. The first stage is the establishment of training validity which is based upon performance in the training environment. The second stage, performance validity, is concerned with the performance of the training group in another environment, i.e., the transfer setting. The third stage, intra-organizational validity, considers the question of generalizeability to new groups of trainees who will perform in the same organizational environment where performance validity was established. The final stage, interorganizational validity, concerns the generalizability of training results to trainees in a different organization. For each of these stages, the paper presents an analysis of need assessment and evaluation components which must be considered.
Motivation and identity: A psychoanalytic perspective on the turn to identity in motivation research
Authors: Driver Michaela
Published: January 2017

Taking the recent turn to identity in motivation research as its starting point, the study attempts to move the field further beyond instrumentalizing and fractionalizing conceptions in which motivation is simply a question of pulling the right levers. Drawing on a psychoanalytic, particularly Lacanian, perspective and an analysis of 51 narratives shared by employees from a number of occupations, it develops a more fine-grained and complex understanding of how motivation functions in the context of identity work. Specifically, the study explores how motivation is invariably mapped onto internal struggles with unconscious subjectivity and desire. These may align individuals more with organizational ideals of the properly motivated employee, but also create an empowering space in which employees can work through work-related fantasies and find enjoyment on their own terms. The implications of this perspective are discussed.
War, Peace, and Integrative Complexity
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Tetlock Philip E. , Ramirez Carmenza
Published: January 2017

UN General Assembly speeches concerning the Middle East conflict made by representatives of Israel, Arab countries (Egypt and Syria), the USA, and the USSR were scored for integrative complexity. Speeches were sampled from twenty years between 1947 and 1976. Complexity of information-processing was significantly reduced in speeches made in months preceding the outbreak of war (1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973), except in the case of the USSR. Israel, which with the United States exhibited the highest levels of complexity during peacetime, showed the greatest reductions prior to war. The low level of complexity characteristic of Israeli and Arab speeches during 1976 may reflect the escalation of the Lebanese civil war or may be a predictor of a major outbreak of hostilities in the near future.
Systemic Polarization and the Occurrence and Duration of War
Authors: de Mesquita Bruce Bueno
Published: January 2017

The literature concerned with the relationship between polarity and war generally focuses on decision maker responses to uncertainty. That literature assumes, implicitly, that foreign-policy decision makers are generally risk-acceptant or risk-avoidant under uncertainty. I suggest several alternative formulations, based on the assumptions that (a) uncertainty is promoted by change in the structure of the international system, rather than by the actual structure itself; and (b) risk-taking orientations are normally distributed among decision makers. Using data on the occurrence and duration of war during the past century and a half, and defining polarity as consisting of three attributes—the number of poles, and their tightness and discreteness—I find no support for the hypotheses found in the literature. Considerable support, however, emerges for the hypotheses derived from the assumptions proposed here. Most significantly, the occurrence and duration of wars during the twentieth century are found to be closely linked to increases in systemic tightness.
Assumptions of Human Nature, and Initial Expectations and Behavior as Mediators of Sex Effects in Prisoner's Dilemma Research
Authors: Lacy William B.
Published: January 2017

This research investigated the influence of assumptions regarding human nature, expectations of opponent's initial behavior and early game interpersonal behavior on subsequent levels of cooperation in a mixed motive, nonzero sum game. It was hypothesized that differential effects for males and females may be due to their different assumptions, expectations, and different responses to initial interpersonal behavior. It was found that: (1) women had a more positive view of human nature, however assumptions about human nature were not related to initial expectations or behavior; (2) women had a slightly higher expectation of cooperation from their opponents and this was highly related to initial cooperation; (3) women had more unconfirmed expectations of cooperation and for women this was negatively related to early game levels of cooperation; and (4) initial levels of cooperation and early game interpersonal patterns of cooperation were an important influence on later levels of game behavior and these factors were more influential for males.
Commitment to Future Interaction and Relative Power Under Conditions of Interdependence
Authors: Slusher E. Allen , Rose Gerald L. , Roering Kenneth J.
Published: January 2017

A 2 (committed or uncommitted) × 2 (high power or low power) × 3 (structure: Prisoner's Dilemma or Chicken or No Conflict) factorial design was used to examine the effects of commitment to future interaction, relative power, and the structure of interdependence. The dependent variable was the proportion of cooperative choices on a series of single-play game matrices. Data were collected from 120 undergraduate students in a laboratory situation. The task consisted of responding either cooperatively or competitively to 18 game matrices. Each matrix was presented individually and without feedback concerning previous outcomes. As hypothesized, the results showed an interaction between commitment and power. Low reward power subjects were more cooperative when uncommitted than when committed in Chicken and the No Conflict game. High power subjects were more cooperative when committed than when uncommitted in the Prisoner's Dilemma. These results suggest caution when generalizing from the prevalent propositions that low power and commitment to future interaction have a cooperative effect.
Large Group Bargaining in a Characteristic Function Game
Authors: Murnighan J. Keith , Roth Alvin E.
Published: January 2017

This paper presents the results of an n-person characteristic function game played by between seven and and twelve players, one of whom was a monopolist. A factorial design allowed for analysis of the effects of group size, the availability of information, and communication opportunities for a series of seven trials. The data were compared to the game theoretic concepts of the core and Shapley value, (Shapley, 1953, Roth, 1977a), and to the predictions of the Weighted Probability model (Komorita, 1974). The findings indicated that the monopolist held a great deal of power, especially when communication among the players was not allowed. His payoffs increased over trials and approached the core in all of the conditions except when communicaion was available in seven and eight-person groups. The overall results were very close to the Shapley value and the predictions of the Weighted Probability model. The results were compared to an earlier study on a similar three-person game; increasing the group size seemed to be the primary case of the increase in the monopolist's payoffs.
Has Racism Declined in America?
Authors: McConahay John B. , Hardee Betty B. , Batts Valerie
Published: January 2017

In recent years as public opinion polls have shown a decline in racist responses, white Americans have strongly resisted school desegregation and affirmative action programs. Hence, there has been a debate over the extent to which racism has really declined. The theory of modern racism addresses these issues, distinguishing between old-fashioned racial beliefs recognized by everyone as racism and a new set of beliefs arising from the conflicts of the civil rights movement. The theory proposes that antiblack feeling remains high and has been displaced from the socially undesirable old-fashioned beliefs onto the new beliefs where the racism is not recognized. Three experiments were performed; results showed that, regardless of context, the old-fashioned items were perceived as more likely to reveal prejudice. The results are discussed in terms of their significance for opinion polling and continuing racial conflict in America.
Rethinking Appropriation
Authors: Allen Michael J , Cooper Simon
Published: January 2017

In this article the authors reexamine the meaning of ‘appropriation’ in theft. The authors seek to reconcile the House of Lords' decisions in Lawrence and Morris and reconsider decisions made by lower courts in the light of their reconciliation.
An Australian Evaluation of Causation in Fright Cases
Authors: Yeo Stanley
Published: January 2017

The tests for determining causation are in an unsatisfactory state in cases where the accused causes the victim to flee, whereby the victim suffers injury. Recently, the Australian High Court in Royall v R examined the nature and operation of these tests. This article analyses the findings of the High Court and argues in favour of the foresight test.
Property Modifications in Fibers of Blends Based on Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)
Authors: Schreiber H. P. , Ross I. C.
Published: January 2017

In an effort to apply compatibility rules to the behavior of polymer fibers, tenacity of fibers spun from blends based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been studied. Blends containing 5% and 10% of a wide range of added thermoplastics were formulated using as a guide critical surface-tension data and solubility parameters of the components. For blends spun at 325°C a significant correlation was found between tenacity variations and differences in the compatibility parameters, suggesting that these parameters may serve as guides to the selection of compositions displaying superior fiber properties. At lower spinning temperatures melt-viscosity effects, among others, also strongly influence fiber properties. These factors, along with thermal stability effects, must be considered in attempts to optimize the tenacity of multicomponent fiber-formers.
Cotton Fiber Tenacity and Elongation in Rapidly Changing Relative Humidity
Authors: Lawson Reba , Ramey H. H. , Krowicki R. S.
Published: January 2017

Five cotton samples were tested for 3.2 mm-gauge tenacity and elongation five times daily as relative humidities (RH) were cycled within the limits of 70 and 48%. Tenacity and elongation responded almost instantaneously to changes in RH. In a controlled laboratory maintained at a standard atmosphere of 70 ± 2°F and 65 ± 2% RH, up to 4% range in tenacity and in elongation may be expected due to the oscillating RH alone.
Wettability of Wool Fibers
Authors: Bateup B. O. , Cook J. R. , Feldtman H. D. , Fleischfresser B. E.
Published: January 2017

The critical surface tension of wool fibers was measured using the sink-float technique with various classes of test liquids. Nonpolar organic liquids and aqueous surfactants gave similar values of γ, but much lower values were obtained with butanol/water mixtures. Adsorption of butanol on the surface of the fibers is thought to be responsible for the low values of γ in the latter case. Removal of lipid material from the surface of fibers by extraction increases γ from 30 mN/m to 37 mN/m, similar to that obtained for horn keratin or polypeptide material. Exposure of fibers to a corona discharge in air at atmospheric pressure also increases γ.
Mechanics of Texturing Thermoplastic Yarns
Authors: Backer Stanley , Yang Wen-Long
Published: January 2017

This paper reports on the transient behavior of the texturing threadline in single heater operation. Twist response and threadline-tension response are shown for disturbances in spindle speed, overfeed, outlet velocity, and entry pretension. The twist response in the texturing zone is exponential in form, with local twist levels shifting without overshoot to new levels consistent with new steady-state values of process parameters. Transient twist response in the post-spindle zone involves a rise, then falling off to zero real twist.

Transient-tension behavior is seen as a dual response both to new steady-state process parameter levels and also to threadline contractive effects of changing twists. Twist changes are observed to initiate in the heater entry zone of the threadline and then sweep across to the spindle. This observation suggests the existence of significant differences in torsional rigidity along the threadline and requires modification of analytical models for predicting transient texturing behavior.
Correcting for Twist Inserted in a Rope-Form Fabric
Authors: Miura Y. , Hosokawa J.
Published: January 2017

Since a rope-form fabric is occasionally twisted during processing treatments such as washing, scouring, and dyeing, it is necessary to untwist the fabric in later processing to stretch the fabric. Theoretically, the amount and direction of twist are constant; actually, however, they are not constant in most cases, so a correcting device on the twisted fabric is necessary. The authors discuss the reasons for fabric twisting and the value of the correcting device.
Mineralogy of the Airborne Dust Collected in a Cotton Card Room
Authors: Hersh S. P. , Rochow T. G. , Tucker P. A. , Farwell Fred W.
Published: January 2017

Ten earth minerals and a number of materials of industrial origin have been identified in the airborne dusts collected on an electrostatic precipitator in a model card room processing cotton. The major mineral components were kaolinite, a mineral derived from fine clayey soils, and limonite (hydrated ferric oxide). Quartz, K-feldspar, and muscovite were present in much smaller amounts. The other five soil-related minerals identified occurred only rarely. Among the materials of industrial origin were rust particles, paint flakes, calcite, steel, brass, and aggregates derived from furnace products. Potassium chloride has also been identified in water extracts of cotton trash.