bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF X IRRADIATION ON THE METABOLISM OF C14-GLUCOSE AND C14-FRUCTOSE IN RAT LIVER SLICES
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Spence W. P. , Johnston M. J.
Published: December 2009

The utilization of C14-glucose and C14-fructose in liver slices from normal rats and from rats exposed to 1000 r of whole-body X irradiation was studied. Liver slices prepared from normal rats were incubated with C14-glucose or C14-fructose in equivalent amounts and the incorporation of C14into carbon dioxide, glycogen, and an ethanolic extract was determined. After the rats had been fasted 4 or 24 hours the amount of C14incorporated into glycogen and carbon dioxide from C14-fructose was greater than that incorporated from C14-glucose but the total radioactivity in the ethanolic extracts was approximately the same for both hexoses. When liver slices prepared from normal and X-irradiated rats were incubated with C14-glucose or C14-fructose 4 or 24 hours after irradiation, the samples obtained from irradiated rats incorporated a greater amount of C14into carbon dioxide, glycogen, and the ethanolic extract, with the exception of the 24-hour samples incubated in the presence of labelled glucose. In the latter instance incorporation into carbon dioxide fell below the normal value. The total C14recovery from the three fractions was always higher in the X-irradiated samples than in the corresponding control samples. Further examination of the ethanolic extracts (amino acids, lactic acid, and origin area material) separated by paper partition chromatography revealed additional differences between the samples of liver from normal and X-irradiated rats in their ability to incorporate C14from either labelled hexose. These differences were apparent in samples incubated either 4 or 24 hours after X irradiation of the animals.
EFFECT OF ERUCIC ACID ON INCORPORATION OF ACETATE-1-C14INTO CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: December 2009

Young male rats were fed synthetic diets containing either no fat or various individual fatty acids for 3 to 4 weeks. They were then killed and the incorporation of acetate-1-C14into cholesterol and fatty acids was measured in liver slices and in scrapings of intestinal mucosa. Acetate incorporation into cholesterol by liver slices was much greater in animals fed erucic acid than in those fed no fat, palmitic, stearic, oleic, or linoleic acids. A marked differential was not observed in fatty acid incorporation but values tended to be higher on the fat-free and erucic acid diets. Erucic acid did not stimulate acetate incorporation into cholesterol by mucosa and in general mucosa seemed to be less sensitive to changes in diet. The results are discussed in relation to previously observed effects of erucic acid on cholesterol metabolism.
INHIBITION OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF RAT BRAIN TISSUE BY ADRENOCHROME
Authors: Woodford Jr. Vernon R.
Published: December 2009

Adrenochrome has been found to bring about an inhibition of the utilization of glucose, pyruvate, and succinate by minced rat brain preparations under aerobic conditions. The inhibition appears to be largely attributable to the presence of the quinoid structure since alteration of this structure, as in the Girard-T derivative, resulted in a compound that caused little or no inhibition. The implications of these findings are discussed.
LIPASE ACTIVITY IN LINGCOD MUSCLE PREPARATIONS
Authors: Wood J. D.
Published: December 2009

A lipase has been isolated and partially purified from the muscle of the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). Both monoglycerides and triglycerides are hydrolyzed but methyl acetate and ethyl acetate are attacked extremely slowly, if at all. The lipase is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate but not by ferricyanide, cyanide, or azide. The pH of optimum activity is 8.2. The enzyme is unstable in aqueous solution, but can be stored at −20 °C for several weeks without loss of activity.
THE DIFFERENTIAL DETERMINATION OF CATECHOLAMINES IN URINE
Authors: Drujan B. D. , Sourkes T. L. , Layne D. S. , Murphy G. F.
Published: December 2009

Details of uniform procedures for the routine determination of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine in urine are given. The first two compounds are determined by a trihydroxyindole method; for dopamine, a modification of the method of Carlsson and Waldeck is used. Determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline is illustrated using three different types of fluorometer. Normal values for the 24-hour excretion of these compounds in the urine of normal adults are in micrograms: adrenaline, 16.4 μg ± 1.1, noradrenaline, 54.9 μg ± 3.2, dopamine, 198.8 μg ± 36.2 (mean ± standard error). Some examples of the levels of catecholamine excretion in various clinical states are given.
PROTECTION AGAINST ACUTE TRAUMA AND TRAUMATIC SHOCK BY VASODILATORS
Authors: Nickerson Mark , Carter Stefan A.
Published: December 2009

The effects of hydralazine and Dibenzyline, agents which induce vasodilatation by different mechanisms, on the development of shock were studied in rats subjected to two levels of trauma in a Noble–Collip drum. Hydralazine effectively reduced the incidence of acute traumatic deaths (those occurring during or within 15 minutes after completion of the period of trauma), but it protected against late, shock deaths and improved over-all survival only among animals subjected to relatively mild trauma. Dibenzyline completely eliminated all late, shock deaths and increased over-all survival at both levels of trauma. The total incidence of early deaths was unaltered, but among Dibenzyline-treated animals a higher percentage of these occurred during the period of trauma, indicating some increased susceptibility to the immediate effects of acute trauma. The drug also caused some increase in the incidence of intraperitoneal hemorrhage due to rupture of the liver or spleen. Vascular engorgement of these organs, which increased during the drumming period in both control and Dibenzyline-treated animals, was not altered by the drug. The results of combined administration of hydralazine or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Dibenzyline were qualitatively and quantitatively the same as those obtained with Dibenzyline alone. These data indicate that vasodilatation induced by inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction provides effective protection against death from shock, but may increase susceptibility to the immediate deleterious effects of acute trauma. A drug such as hydralazine, which can increase cardiac output, and acute expansion of plasma volume by PVP may sustain the circulation, particularly the cerebral circulation, during acute trauma, but do not effectively increase ultimate survival.
INCREASED SENSITIVITY OF AN END-PLATE REGION TO ITS CHEMICAL MEDIATOR FOLLOWING DENERVATION OF ANOTHER END-PLATE REGION OF THE SAME CELL
Authors: Frank George B.
Published: December 2009

By using the sartorius muscle of the frog it has been shown that a normally innervated end plate develops an increased sensitivity to its normal transmitter following denervation of other end plates on the same cell. This increase in sensitivity was demonstrated by determining the concentration of acetylcholine which must be applied to a region of the muscle containing innervated end plates in order to produce a threshold contraction and also by recording the electrical and mechanical responses of the partially denervated muscle fibers to a single maximal stimulation of the muscle nerve. The results support the idea that the change which occurs in the denervated muscle fiber which renders it more sensitive to its normal transmitter is a change which involves the whole cell rather than the denervated end-plate region alone, and that some of this change is due to a decrease in cholinesterase activity of the muscle.
EFFECT OF X-IRRADIATION ON NORMAL, HYPOTHYROID, AND HYPERTHYROID RABBITS
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Mars H. , Johnston M. J.
Published: December 2009

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a sublethal dose of X-irradiation on rabbits that had been made hyperthyroid with L-thyroxine-sodium and triiodothyronine or hypothyroid with Methimazole.X-irradiation (400 r) administered on the 25th day after drug treatment was started caused an initial sharp loss in weight in control rabbits and in hyperthyroid rabbits. However, by the 22nd day after X-irradiation the weight of the irradiated control group was comparable with that of the non-irradiated controls, but the weight of the hyperthyroid group was still below that of the non-irradiated hyperthyroid group. The irradiated hypothyroid group never showed a loss in weight. They gained weight initially but at a slower rate than the non-irradiated hypothyroids, and by the 22nd day after X-irradiation were comparable to the non-irradiated hypothyroid animals. X-Irradiation produced an initial decrease in the hematocrit value of the three groups under study, and the hyperthyroid animals showed the greatest drop in hematocrit value. Twenty-two days after X-irradiation only the controls had returned to their original hematocrit value prior to irradiation. After X-irradiation, the albumin/globulin ratio was decreased in all three groups with the effect greatest on the hyperthyroid animals, less on the controls, and least on the hypothyroid animals. The A/G ratio of the hypothyroid group returned to normal more rapidly than did that of the controls. The A/G ratio of the hyperthyroid group was still much below normal 22 days after X-irradiation.In terms of mortality the hyperthyroid group were more radiosensitive than the control or hypothyroid group.
OXIME REACTIVATION STUDIES OF INHIBITED TRUE AND PSEUDO CHOLINESTERASE
Authors: Scaife J. F.
Published: December 2009

Electric eel cholinesterase and purified pseudo cholinesterase from horse serum were inhibited with sarin, tabun, or O, O-diethyl-S-2-diethylaminoethyl phosphorothiolate. The inhibited enzymes were then reactivated at 25 °C with one of the oximes: pyridine 2-aldoxime methiodide, 1, 1′-trimethylene bis (4-hydroximinomethyl pyridinum) bromide, and 1-(3-triethylammoniopropyl)-4-hydroximinomethyl pyridinium dibromide. Two kinetically different types of reactivation were found; in one, reactivation was progressive with time, while in the other it was rapid initially followed by an equilibrium condition which was dependent upon the concentration of uninhibited enzyme in the system. The type of reactivation varied according to the nature of the enzyme, oxime, or inhibitor under investigation. Reactivation was always found to be dependent upon the concentration of oxime and inhibited enzyme, pH, and the presence of substrate. The rate of change at 25 °C of the inhibited enzymes to a form incapable of being reactivated has been assessed.
DIET AND CHOLESTEREMIA: III. EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEINS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE LIPIDS IN WHEAT GLUTEN
Authors: Nath Narindar , Harper A. E. , Elvehjem C. A.
Published: December 2009

The effects of different dietary levels of several proteins on the serum cholesterol concentration of the rat have been determined. With diets containing casein, serum cholesterol concentration was lowest when the protein level was 30–40%. The cholesteremic effects of fibrin and pork were similar to that of casein. Zein exerted a marked hypercholesteremic effect which could be counteracted by replacing it in part with casein. A soybean protein (Drackett) fed at high levels led to lower, and fed at lower levels, led to higher serum cholesterol concentrations than were observed with comparable levels of casein.Wheat gluten fed to rats on a hypercholesteremic regimen caused a marked lowering of serum cholesterol concentration. However, when cholesterol and cholic acid were excluded from the diet, the substitution of wheat gluten for casein as the dietary protein caused a rise in serum cholesterol concentration. Extraction of wheat gluten with absolute ethanol led to the separation of lipid-like material possessing cholesterol-lowering activity. The extracted wheat gluten had a marked hypercholesteremic effect.
PREPARATION OF C14-LABELLED ACIDS FROM C14O2 AND ARYL LITHIUM COMPOUNDS
Authors: Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

A simplified technique was developed for carbonation of Grignard reagents or organolithium compounds, with C14O2 generated from barium carbonate. 3,4-(Dibenzyloxy)-bromobenzene was treated with n-butyl lithium in ether and then with C14O2 to give 3,4-(dibenzyloxy)-benzoic acid-carboxyl-C14. The yield was 74% based on barium carbonate. 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid-carboxyl-C14 (yield 77%) and 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid-carboxyl-C14 (yield 76%) were prepared from the corresponding dichlorobromobenzenes by a similar sequence of reactions. Attempts to synthesize 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acids by this route gave poor yields of unidentified acids, from which the expected products could not be isolated.
A GENERAL CHROMATOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS OBTAINED FROM URINE
Authors: Smith D. M. , Paul R. M. , McGeer E. G. , McGeer P. L.
Published: December 2009

Aromatic compounds contained in both normal and schizophrenic urines have been extracted by several methods and the resultant extracts examined by two-dimensional paper chromatography with a variety of spray reagents. A comprehensive map plus tables summarize the data obtained on over 200 "aromatic" spots found in various urine extracts. Data are given on fractionation of the extracts. To allow comparison of one extract with another, an attempt was made to maintain quantitative control of the extraction, fractionation, and chromatographic procedures.
STUDIES ON ALDOSTERONE: III. CHRONIC EFFECT ON THE BLOOD PRESSURE OF RATS
Authors: Gornall A. G. , Grundy H. M. , Koladich C. J.
Published: December 2009

A rise in systolic blood pressure due to the administration of 0.4 or 0.5 μg of aldosterone per 100 g body weight to young male rats, over a period of 3 to 6 months, has been confirmed in two separate experiments. This effect was observed whether the aldosterone was given 3 days a week or 6 days a week, and whether dissolved in aqueous ethanol or in oil. Equal doses of 9-α-fluorohydrocortisone and of 2-methyl-9-α-fluorohydrocortisone produced similar though somewhat less consistent effects. When 4 or 5 μg of reserpine was administered along with aldosterone there was no clear evidence of a protective effect. Reserpine alone at these low dose levels was somewhat toxic in the rat and led to a rise in blood pressure.
CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION BY CHICK EMBRYONIC HEART CULTURES
Authors: Morgan Joseph F. , Morton Helen J.
Published: December 2009

Freshly explanted chick embryonic heart fragments were cultivated in completely synthetic media. Survival of such cultures in the complete medium, containing glucose, was established at approximately 35 to 40 days, while in the absence of carbohydrate the cultures died within 3 to 5 days. Survival was considered to be a more physiological measurement than rapid cell multiplication for normal tissues and was adopted as the criterion for all experiments reported. Fifty-two compounds were tested for their ability to replace glucose, as the sole carbohydrate, in this system. Of these, seven (mannose, fructose, galactose, β-glucose, maltose, glucose-1-phosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate) replaced glucose completely. Five others (sorbitol, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, turanose, dextrin, and fructose-6-phosphate) were partially active. The remainder were negative. Comparison is made of the present results with those obtained by other workers using malignant cells in the presence of serum–enzymes. The present results suggest that the ability to replace glucose decreases progressively as compounds down the Embden–Meyerhof pathway are tested.
RESPIRATORY CARRIERS AND THE NATURE OF THE REDUCED DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE OXIDASE SYSTEM IN XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI
Authors: Hochster R. M. , Nozzolillo C. G.
Published: December 2009

Intact cells and cell-free extracts of the phytopathogenic organism Xanthomonas phaseoli have been shown to contain flavoprotein and the respiratory carriers: cytochrome b1, cytochrome a1, and cytochrome a2. The reduced forms of these respiratory pigments are produced upon addition to a clear extract of substrate amounts of DPNH.The highly active DPNH oxidase system in extracts of this organism has been studied as to requirements for inorganic ions, optimum pH, product formation, distribution, and solubilization. Carbon monoxide inhibits the terminal oxidation system; this effect is reversed by bright light.An inhibitor study has shown members of the phenothiazine family of compounds to be most effective, followed by amytal, cyanide, BAL, atabrine, and pCMB. The most notable of the substances which did not inhibit were antimycin A, one of the quinoline-N-oxides, and azide.The possibility exists that H2O2may also be formed during the oxidation of DPNH although clear-cut evidence for its presence was difficult to obtain. X. phaseoli extracts do not contain a DPNH peroxidase. They exhibit, however, some DPNH – cytochrome c reductase activity which is believed to be quite independent of the DPNH oxidase system. The extracts are devoid of cytochrome c oxidase activity although they contain a respiratory system which readily oxidizes p-phenylenediamine.
THE CALORIGENIC RESPONSE OF COLD-ACCLIMATED WHITE RATS TO INFUSED NORADRENALINE
Authors: Depocas Florent
Published: December 2009

The increase in oxygen consumption during continuous intravenous injection of various doses of L-noradrenaline was measured in anesthetized rats fully acclimated to 6 °C. The metabolic response was found to be linearly related to the logarithm of the amount of noradrenaline infused per minute. The calorigenic response to infusion of noradrenaline at a level of 1 μg per minute was then measured in rats undergoing acclimation to cold. The calorigenic response was found to increase with time of exposure to the cold environment, thus paralleling previous observations in the time course of gain in cold resistance, increase in food consumption, and loss of dependence on shivering during acclimation of white rats to cold. Also, the same maximal increase in oxygen consumption was obtained on infusion of noradrenaline into functionally eviscerated and sham-operated cold-acclimated rats, thus indicating that the liver and other abdominal viscera (kidneys excluded) are not involved in the calorigenic response to noradrenaline. It is proposed, as a working hypothesis, that striated muscle is the site of the major alteration in sensitivity to noradrenaline induced by acclimation to cold. Difficulties associated with consideration of striated muscle as the source of non-shivering thermogenesis in the cold-acclimated rat are discussed.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE COUMARINS. TRACER STUDIES ON COUMARIN FORMATION IN HIEROCHLOË ODORATA AND MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS
Authors: Brown Stewart A. , Towers G. H. N. , Wright D.
Published: December 2009

Coumarin formation has been studied with C14in the perennial grass, Hierochloë odorata, and in yellow sweet clover, Melilotus officinalis. In general the latter species yielded inconsistent data. In Hierochloë, o-coumaric, cinnamic, and shikimic acids and L-phenylalanine were the best of 10 compounds tested as coumarin precursors, the first two at least being incorporated with little randomization of C14. Acetate was more poorly utilized. It was concluded that the aromatic ring of coumarin arises via the shikimic acid pathway in preference to acetate condensation. When the time of metabolism was varied, o-coumaryl glucoside and free o-coumaric acid rapidly acquired high specific activities from cinnamic acid-C14, but coumarin and melilotic acid became active much more slowly. A lag in the acquisition of C14by coumarin for the first 6 to 8 hours was followed by a rectilinear increase until at least 24 hours. Much the greatest accumulation of C14was found in o-coumaryl glucoside during this entire period. Furthermore, this compound when fed to Hierochloë is comparable to cinnamic acid as a coumarin precursor. These findings suggest a possible function for o-coumaryl glucoside or a derivative in coumarin biosynthesis.
THE FLUORESCENCE OF EIGHT NATURAL ESTROGENS IN SULPHURIC ACID
Authors: Bauld William S. , Givner Morris L. , Engel Lewis L. , Goldzieher Joseph W.
Published: December 2009

The sulphuric acid fluorescence and absorption spectra of eight natural estrogens (estrone, estradiol-17β, estriol, 16-epiestriol, 16-ketoestradiol-17β, 16α-hydroxyestrone, 16-ketoestrone, and 2-methoxyestrone) have been studied with respect to the influence of exciting radiation wavelength, time of heating, acid concentration, and the addition of ethanol or toluene–ethanol. These data are evaluated with respect to optimum fluorescence intensity and specificity.
RECORDING SPECTROFLUOROMETERS: TWO NEW DESIGNS AND THEIR EVALUATION
Authors: Goldzieher Joseph W. , Bauld William S. , Engel Lewis L. , Givner Morris L.
Published: December 2009

The expanding importance of fluorometry as an analytical tool necessitated an investigation of instrumental design and theory as applied to high-speed recording instruments. The construction and performance of two new spectrofluorometers are described and compared with a commercially available instrument.
THE AMINO ACID CONTENTS OF HORSE GLOBIN AND OF ITS COMPONENT POLYPEPTIDES
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A. , Smith David B.
Published: December 2009

Horse globin and its component polypeptide chains obtained by fractional precipitation and column chromatography have been analyzed for their constituent amino acids. The principal difference between the two chains is that the valyl-leucyl chain is rich in serine and threonine and poor in glutamic acid and tryptophan compared to the valyl-glutaminyl chain.
THE SULPHYDRYL CONTENT OF β-LACTOGLOBULIN
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A.
Published: December 2009

The reaction of sulphydryl groups of β-lactoglobulin with N-ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and iodoacetic acid has been studied. Using N-ethylmaleimide with native and sodium dodecyl sulphate denatured protein, a value of 2.3 groups of sulphydryl per mole of protein was obtained. A value of 2.15 moles of sulphydryl per mole of protein was obtained from reaction with p-chloromercuribenzoate but lower values were obtained after urea denaturation. The reaction of iodoacetic acid was followed by the determination of residual sulphydryl by the p-chloromercuribenzoate method.
SOMATIC EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Sellers E. A.
Published: December 2009

Radiation is similar to other environmental changes in that the response or injury produced bears a relationship to the degree of stimulus. A time–dose relationship also exists. It differs from other environmental changes in that many more cells of the body remote from the skin surface are affected. The effects depend on absorbed tissue dose and on dose rate. These dosage factors, the varying sensitivity of the tissues, and differing rates of repair account for the phasic pattern of symptoms and tissue damage which follow radiation. Compared with other stressors (especially chemical) the dose–response curve after radiation is steep. The somatic effects of radiation are the sequelae of the specific molecular injury produced by ionization rather than the primary lesions themselves.
PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS OF SERA AND PLASMA FROM CHICKS AFFECTED WITH ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
Authors: Darcel C. le Q.
Published: December 2009

Plasma and sera from normal and leukemic (erythroblastosis) chickens have been studied with the aid of paper electrophoresis. Differences are more easily demonstrable with pH 6.4 phosphate buffer than with barbiturate buffer. There is a relative depression in serum albumin and an apparent 'shift' in the positions normally occupied by the α- and β-globulins. The latter regularly appear to move as one band in electropherograms of sera from leukemic birds. It has been possible to induce this 'shift' in normal sera by storage or incubation.
THE IN VITRO INCORPORATION OF PHOSPHORUS-P32INTO TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: Townsley P. M.
Published: December 2009

Tobacco mosaic virus can be labelled with P32during homogenization of the diseased tissue with a soluble, stable, unknown phosphate compound. The label remains associated with the virus during purification and can be isolated from the virus by incubation in potassium hydroxide. The labelled phosphate compounds released are mainly adenylic, cytidylic, uridylic, and guanylic acids. The addition of p-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine and 2-thiouracil reduces the amount of P32found in the virus. Chloramphenicol does not inhibit P32incorporation into TMV.
THE PRESENCE OF ANSERINE AND CARNOSINE IN BRAIN TISSUE
Authors: Hosein E. A. , Smart Margaret
Published: December 2009

Anserine and carnosine have been found to be present in brain tissue. The dipeptides were isolated by column and paper chromatographic techniques, and their identity was confirmed by subsequent hydrolysis in acid to yield β-alanine, methylhistidine, and histidine.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ACTIVITY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE OF DOG AND MAN
Authors: Daniel E. E. , Wachter B. T. , Honour A. J. , Bogoch A.
Published: December 2009

Electrical activity of the small intestine of man and of dogs has been studied using monopolar recording techniques and spread of electrical activity in the small intestine of the dog using a bipolar recording technique. Motility was studied simultaneously. Electrical activity consisted of slow waves and action potentials which occurred when contractions were present. Action potentials were not conducted but slow waves sometimes spread aborally for short distances. Particular attention was paid to the relation of slow waves to action potentials and to motility. No consistent alteration in the frequency or configuration of slow waves was found associated with the occurrence of action potentials and motility, although serotonin or epinephrine altered slow wave frequency slightly. Slow waves usually were increased in amplitude during periods when motility and action potentials were occurring (during eating or balloon propulsion; after the administration of serotonin, neostigmine, physostigmine, or morphine). Slow wave amplitudes usually were diminished when motility was inhibited (by balloon distention; after administration of epinephrine, etc.). Action potentials tended to occur in phase with the slow waves, when the muscle electrode was positive relative to the indifferent electrode, but this was not always so during nonpropulsive contractions. There was also a correlation between the occurrence of distal spread of slow waves over the duodenum and upper jejunum and the ability of the intestine in this region to respond to balloon distention by propulsion.In the dog, body temperature consistently affected slow waves. A decrease of 10 °C diminished their frequencies to less than one-half and diminished their amplitude. Slow waves occurred at similar frequencies and with regular conduction after large doses of nicotine or atropine. Dibenzyline, dichloroisopropyl-norepinephrine, and vagotomy did not markedly alter slow wave frequencies. These findings and those in our studies with microelectrodes indicate that the slow waves are myogenic in origin, and represent electrical currents in the extracellular fluid initiated by periodic depolarizations of muscle cells of the small intestine.
COMPOSITION OF EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE: I. CHANGES IN HEXOSAMINE AND ACETONE EXTRACTABLE CONTENTS OF EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE OF RACHITIC CHICKS FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN Da
Authors: Cipera J. D. , Migicovsky B. B. , Bélanger L. F.
Published: December 2009

The effect of vitamin D on the components of epiphyseal cartilage was investigated. Three-week-old rachitic chicks were pooled into two groups, one of which received vitamin D3, while the other served as a control. The epiphyseal cartilage from these two groups was subjected to comparative study which is described in detail. Two distinct effects that resulted from the vitamin D3administration were the significant increases in the hexosamine content and in the amount of acetone-extractable solids.
THE APPARENT EXTRACELLULAR SPACE OF MAMMALIAN SKELETAL MUSCLE: A COMPARISON OF THE INULIN SPACE IN NORMAL AND DYSTROPHIC MOUSE TISSUES
Authors: Burr L. H. , McLennan H.
Published: December 2009

The apparent extracellular volumes of the muscles from young normal and dystrophic mice have been estimated, using inulin dilution techniques. The inulin spaces were measured in the muscle both following injection of inulin in vivo and after soaking of excised tissues in a solution containing inulin. Comparisons were made between muscles of different size from the same animal as well as from different animals whose age, and consequently muscle size, varied. In all cases it has been found that the inulin space decreases with increasing muscle size. Similar results have been obtained by others with toad sartorii. The inulin space in muscles from dystrophic mice is larger than that of comparable normal tissues, and the dependence on muscle size, although similar to normal, is more pronounced. The results suggest that the dystrophic cells are permeable to inulin, and the question that some small permeability may be present also in normal tissue is considered.
THE EFFECTS OF ADRENALECTOMY AND CORTISONE ON ZINC METABOLISM IN THE SEX GLANDS AND ADRENAL OF THE MALE RAT
Authors: Rudzik Allan D. , Riedel Bernard E.
Published: December 2009

The effects of adrenalectomy and of cortisone treatment on the uptake of Zn65and the concentration of zinc were observed in whole blood, adrenals, testis, and dorsolateral and ventral prostates of the rat. Cortisone was administered to both normal and adrenalectomized animals either as a single dose or as a daily dose over a period of 14 days. Zinc concentration was decreased in adrenalectomized animals in the blood and dorsolateral prostate. The incorporation of Zn65was decreased after adrenalectomy in the testis and dorsolateral prostate. Daily treatment with cortisone resulted in recovery to normal of the zinc concentrations and uptake of Zn65.The adrenal gland was found to contain a relatively large amount of zinc and this concentration was doubled with the chronic administration of cortisone. A single dose of cortisone had no effect on the concentration of zinc but caused an increase in the uptake of Zn65in the adrenal.
DIETARY MARINE FISH OILS AND CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM: 2. THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN A AND LINGCOD LIVER OIL COMPONENTS ON THE SERUM CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN CHICKS
Authors: Wood J. D.
Published: December 2009

Lingcod liver oil unsaponifiable material was separated into three main fractions by means of an aluminum oxide column. Major components of the three fractions were vitamin A, cholesterol, and glyceryl ethers, respectively. These fractions were given as dietary supplements to cholesterol-fed chicks and the effect of the supplements on the hypercholesterolemia induced by the cholesterol feeding was investigated. The fraction containing vitamin A prevented the hypercholesterolemia. Crystalline vitamin A acetate produced a similar effect when it was added as a dietary supplement. It was concluded that vitamin A was probably the hypocholesterolemic agent in lingcod liver oil although other compounds in the oil may also exert some influence on the control of the serum cholesterol concentrations in the chicks.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ACYLASES IN THE SEEDS OF HIGHER PLANTS
Authors: Ozaki K. , Wetter L. R.
Published: December 2009

The presence of aminoacylase or aminoacylases in the seeds of a number of genera covering 25 families was demonstrated by employing the N-acetyl derivatives of 10 amino acids as substrate. Seeds selected from three families (Capparidaceae, Cruciferae, and Leguminosae) appeared to be the richest source of acylase. There was considerable difference in the amount of hydrolysis of the various N-acetyl amino acids. N-Acetyl-L-methionine was hydrolyzed by all the seed samples tested except one; three other N-acetylated amino acids (leucine, tyrosine, and alanine) were hydrolyzed to a lesser degree. N-Acetyl-L-proline was not attacked by any of the enzyme samples tested. The investigation demonstrated widespread distribution of the enzyme or enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of the N-acetyl amino acids among plant seeds.
PENETRATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE (SARIN) VAPOR THROUGH SKIN
Authors: McPhail M. K. , Adie P. A.
Published: December 2009

Studies have been made of the penetration of sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate) tagged with P32 through the skin of rabbits. Sarin vapor at a constant concentration was passed through a plastic cup attached to the clipped bellies of rabbits. Using different sizes of cups it has been found that the L(ct)50 (concentration × exposure time required to kill 50% of the animals exposed) decreased as the exposure area was increased. From these experiments it was possible to determine how absorption through skin varies with area exposed, vapor concentration, and exposure time and to find the approximate 'ct' necessary to kill a rabbit for any area of skin exposed.
MARINE STEROLS: VI. STEROL BIOSYNTHESIS IN MOLLUSCS AND ECHINODERMS
Authors: Fagerlund U. H. M. , Idler D. R.
Published: December 2009

The in vivo incorporation of 2-C14-acetate into digitonin-precipitable material has been demonstrated in two molluscs, mussel (Mytilus californianus) and clam (Saxidomus giganteus). Clams are able to convert 11,14-C14-squalene into digitonin-precipitable material. When the azoylester of the material isolated from clams is chromatographed, the major portion of the radioactivity follows the least polar zone, which has previously been found to contain mainly monounsaturated Δ5-sterols.A starfish (Pisaster ochraceus) has been shown in vivo to convert ingested 4-C14-cholesterol to 7-cholestenol.
THE EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND ACTH ON ZINC METABOLISM IN THE SEX GLANDS AND ADRENALS OF THE MALE RAT
Authors: Rudzik Allan D. , Riedel Bernard E.
Published: December 2009

The effects of hypophysectomy and ACTH administration on the uptake of Zn65and the concentration of zinc were observed in whole blood, testis, adrenals, and dorsolateral and ventral prostates of the male rat. ACTH was administered to both intact and hypophysectomized animals either as a single dose or as a daily dose over a period of 14 days.Hypophysectomy resulted in a marked decrease in the relative specific activity in all tissues studied. The administration of ACTH, as a single dose, had no significant effect, but, as a daily dose over a period of 14 days, caused significant changes in both intact and hypophysectomized animals.The probability of a relation between the adrenal gland and the sex glands is discussed. Further a relation between adrenal activity and zinc metabolism is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE PURIFICATION OF BOVINE PLASMINOGEN (PROFIBRINOLYSIN)
Authors: Dalby Arthur , Cole Edmond R. , Mertz Edwin T.
Published: December 2009

A crude bovine plasminogen product obtained from bovine serum by 30% ammonium sulphate precipitation has been purified 20-fold by means of isoelectric precipitation and calcium phosphate gel chromatography. A threefold purification was achieved by isoelectric precipitation. Plasminogen was precipitated in greatest yield and highest specific activity at 40-fold dilution in the pH range of 5.25–5.50. The conditions under which plasminogen is eluted from calcium phosphate gel columns have been investigated. Plasminogen fractions possessing specific activity seven times that of the isoelectric-precipitated materials have been obtained by elution with phosphate buffers over the range of 0.05 to 0.1 M, pH 6.8.
OXIME MIXTURES AND ATROPINE IN THE PROTECTION OF MICE AND RATS FROM SARIN POISONING
Authors: Coleman I. W. , Little P. E. , Grant G. A.
Published: December 2009

The protection provided by oral administration of mixtures of oximes prophylactically in conjunction with intramuscular atropine given therapeutically against sarin poisoning in the rat and mouse is reported. N-Methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methane sulphonate (P-2-S) in combination with diacetylmonoxime (DAM) demonstrated a synergistic action in protecting rats from sarin which raised the protection to double the value obtained from DAM alone. A similar synergism was found for P-2-S and monoisonitrosoacetone in the rat. This combination raised the protection obtainable from either partner by a factor of 8. Both oxime mixtures were less effective in the mouse than in the rat.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF 11-KETOTESTOSTERONE IN SALMON PLASMA
Authors: Idler D. R. , Schmidt P. J. , Ronald A. P.
Published: December 2009

A new blood steroid, 11-ketotestosterone, has been isolated from postspawned male sockeye salmon. The steroid was identified by chromatography, infrared spectra, chemical transformation, and synthesis. This steroid is present at a concentration of 12 μg/100 ml of plasma and probably was reported as corticosterone by other investigators. Evidence is presented in support of the occurrence of corticosterone at a very low concentration in salmon plasma. The concentrations of cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, and total Porter–Silber positive steroids were determined in large plasma samples taken from postspawned fish of both sexes.
TISSUE CHOLINESTERASE LEVELS IN SARIN POISONING
Authors: Scaife J. F. , Shuster J.
Published: December 2009

The cholinesterase activity of brains and muscles from animals which have been treated with the enzyme inhibitor sarin can be estimated by a method which removes unreacted sarin present in the tissues. The method has been used to investigate the levels of cholinesterase activity in the brain, diaphragm, and gastrocnemius muscles of rats and guinea pigs at different times after various doses of sarin. Brain cholinesterase activity was found to be the earliest and most easily inhibited, followed by that of the diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles. Spastic paralysis of the hind limbs of rats could be induced by sarin without any appreciable inhibition of the cholinesterase activity of their gastrocnemius muscles. The brains of rats and guinea pigs showed an appreciable natural reactivation of the cholinesterase activities after sublethal doses of sarin. This effect could not be duplicated in vitro.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE TO 6-MERCAPTOPURINE IN A SUBLINE OF THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA
Authors: Paterson A. R. P.
Published: December 2009

A subline of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma has been developed which grows under 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) therapy at approximately five times the rate of the parent line. Cells of the resistant subline were almost completely incapable of converting 6-MP to 6-MP nucleotide in contrast to those of the parent tumor line. A relationship between resistance to 6-MP and the capacity of the tumor cells to synthesize 6-MP nucleotide was indicated by a long-term study of these properties in branches of the resistant tumor subline which were maintained with and without exposure to 6-MP.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF TWO STEROID GLYCOLS FROM 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE BY SURVIVING HUMAN OVARIAN SLICES
Authors: Sandor Thomas , Lanthier André
Published: December 2009

Surviving human ovarian slices were incubated with 17α-hydroxyprogesterone in a Krebs–Ringer phosphate medium (pH 7.4), at 37 °C under an oxygen atmosphere. The substrate was partially transformed to two steroid glycols, designated as X1and X2. Chromatographic mobility studies, derivatization, and spectra in 95% ethanol and in concentrated sulphuric acid suggested that X1might be identical with Δ4-pregnene-17α,20α-diol-3-one, and X2with Δ4-pregnene-17α,20β-diol-3-one. Synthetic Δ4-pregnene-17α,20β-diol-3-one was prepared from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. It was found identical with X2by the above-mentioned criteria.In addition to normal human ovarian tissue, slices of human Stein–Leventhal type ovaries were also incubated with the precursor and the transformation rates to X1and X2calculated for both types of tissues.Experiments were performed using as substrate Δ5-pregnene-3β-ol-20-one and progesterone in order to study the reaction with biosynthetic 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. The transformation to X1and X2seemed to follow the same course as with synthetic 17α-hydroxyprogesterone.
IRRADIATION OF DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE IN DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Myers D. K.
Published: December 2009

In extension of previous in vivo experiments, the effects of X irradiation on DPN were studied in vitro. No correlation between the effects on the ultraviolet absorption spectrum and on the coenzyme function of DPN was evident after irradiation at different pH values. However, the loss of coenzyme function could be correlated with the destruction of ribose and of riboside linkages. Catalase did not provide greater protection than did other proteins. It was concluded that the observed loss of DPN from irradiated cells is not due to the radiosensitivity of the DPN molecule itself.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENALECTOMY UPON THE ACTIVITY OF THE HEXOSEMONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT IN THE LIVERS AND MAMMARY GLANDS OF LACTATING RATS
Authors: Willmer J. S.
Published: December 2009

The development of the hexosemonophosphate shunt in mammary tissue and liver of lactating rats has been studied. A sixfold increase in mammary glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels between parturition and weaning was accompanied by a considerable increase in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity. The hepatic level of the former enzyme was also elevated 11-fold during this period. Adrenalectomy at parturition, or on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, or 14th days of lactation, depressed the activity of this pathway in mammary gland, a lowered level being observed in all cases after operation. A slight increase in enzyme activity was found in hepatic tissue in the immediate postoperative period; this was succeeded by a decrease.These results are discussed in relation to the growth changes observed in groups of unoperated and adrenalectomized rats.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENALECTOMY AND INDIVIDUAL STEROID HORMONES UPON THE METABOLISM OF ACETATE-1-C14BY RAT LIVER SLICES: II. INCORPORATION INTO CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Willmer J. S. , Foster T. S.
Published: December 2009

A study has been made of the effect of adrenalectomy upon cholesterol synthesis by rat liver slices. An increased incorporation of acetate-1-C14was observed in adrenalectomized control animals, and in all groups of adrenalectomized rats treated with the steroid hormones under investigation. Deoxycorticosterone was the only hormone used which raised cholesterogenesis from acetate above the level of the adrenalectomized control group: this effect was not observed using mevalonate-2-C14as substrate. In groups of sham-operated animals, deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, and Reichstein's substance S increased acetate incorporation above the level attained by the control group. In a comparison of the effects of certain steroid acetates, Reichstein's substance S acetate and deoxycorticosterone acetate stimulated cholesterogenesis above the levels of the corresponding controls in both sham-operated and adrenalectomized animals, though the effect of the latter hormone was not as pronounced as when the alcohol form was used.
PURIFICATION OF PROTHROMBIN AND THROMBIN BY CHROMATOGRAPHY ON CELLULOSE
Authors: Seegers Walter H. , Landaburu Ricardo H.
Published: December 2009

A method is described for obtaining purified bovine thrombin by chromatography on phosphate cellulose, and purified bovine prothrombin by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Both proteins are obtained as single components, and in high yield. The purified prothrombin does not convert to thrombin in 25% sodium citrate solution or protamine sulphate solution. The N-terminal amino acid is the same as in purified prothrombin obtained by different methods in this laboratory, but instead of tyrosine and glycine the C-terminal amino acid is serine. A fundamental difference in structure is thus associated with altered activation characteristics.
THE ROLE OF ESTERASE INHIBITION IN TETRAETHYLPYROPHOSPHATE POISONING IN THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L.
Authors: Stegwee D.
Published: December 2009

The effect of tetraethylpyrophosphate (TEPP) was studied on the in vivo activity of different esterases in the housefly. TEPP was found to cause inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase and of the ali-esterase which hydrolyzes ethylbutyrate. The latter esterase could be selectively inhibited in vivo by treating the flies with tri-o-cresylphosphate (TOCP). Typical symptoms of organophosphorus poisoning developed only after TEPP when acetylcholinesterase was inhibited. Inhibition of this enzyme coincided with a rise of the level of acetylcholine in the insects. Treatment with TOCP caused a lowering of the level of acetylcholine. The insects became less sensitive to subsequent treatment with TEPP and in this case showed a lesser degree of accumulation of acetylcholine. The importance of acetylcholinesterase and ali-esterase in TEPP poisoning is discussed. It is concluded that the major biochemical lesion effected was the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Inhibition of the ali-esterase was not directly related to the toxic action of TEPP, although possibly it led to interference with the accumulation of acetylcholine resulting from the acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
THE α-GALACTOSIDASE ACTIVITY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI B
Authors: Sheinin Rose , Crocker Bruce F.
Published: December 2009

Evidence is presented that in intact Escherichia coli B the observed α-galactosidase activity is limited by one reaction under all conditions tested. It has therefore been concluded that such measurements of activity can be used to study the induced formation of this enzyme.
THE INDUCED CONCURRENT FORMATION OF α-GALACTOSIDASE AND β-GALACTOSIDASE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI B
Authors: Sheinin Rose , Crocker Bruce F.
Published: December 2009

An investigation of the concurrent induction of α-galactosidase and β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli B has been made. It was observed that galactose and a number of α- and β-galactosides induced the biosynthesis of both enzymes. However, some α-galactosides stimulated the synthesis of only α-galactosidase and some β-galactosides induced the formation of only β-galactosidase. The significance of these observations in relation to the nature of the immediate inducer has been discussed.
THE SUCCINIC OXIDASE ACTIVITY OF RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: Williams G. R.
Published: December 2009

Rat liver mitochondria diluted into a high-potassium phosphate-free medium containing 2 × 10−5 M DNP take up oxygen readily if succinate is added at the same time as the mitochondria. If the addition of succinate is delayed, the respiration elicited is markedly reduced, falling to about 5% of the zero-time control at 2 minutes. Succinate-linked respiration can be restored by the addition of ATP or of cysteine sulphinic acid. A spontaneous recovery occurs on prolonged incubation (> 20 minutes). The inactivation, at least at such short incubation times, is dependent on the presence of DNP, and partial protection is provided by inorganic phosphate and the substitution of sucrose for KCl. Considerable protection is also provided by the presence of 1.5 mM Amytal. These results are all consistent with the hypothesis that oxaloacetate is produced from endogenous substrate during the first 1 or 2 minutes after dilution of the mitochondria, and that the failure to demonstrate succinic oxidase activity after this time is due to the inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by oxaloacetate.