bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantification of the Local Heat Release Rate During Flame-Vortex Interactions at Different Lewis Numbers and Equivalence Ratios
Authors: Denev J.A. , Naydenova I. , Bockhorn H.
Published: November 2015

The present work aims at the detailed understanding of the local processes in premixed combustion of hydrogen, methane and propane flames at unsteady conditions. The methodology consists of the analysis of simulations of two-dimensional flame-vortex interactions as well as statistical data obtained from threedimensional Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of the flame front interacting with a set of vortexes. Special attention is given to the relationship between the Lewis number (Le) of the fuel and the flame front stretch in terms of both curvature and strain rate. A large single vortex bends the flame front thus creating both positive and negative curvatures, which in turn enhance the heat release rate in some locations of the flame front and decrease it in others. The resulting effect is called “polarisation effect”. The occurrence and the strength of the polarisation effect of curvature are tightly bound up with the Lewis number of the fuel. The polarisation effect is quantified by the ratio of maximum to minimum heat release rates along the flame front, which defines the Polarisation Effect Number (PEN). The more the Lewis number of a fuel deviates from unity, the stronger the polarisation effect is. Strong polarisation effects lead finally to local flame extinction. This is demonstrated for hydrogen flames with Le = 0.29 (lean) and Le = 2.2 (rich) as well as for artificially designed cases with Le = 0.1 and Le = 10.0. Therefore, flame extinction can occur for both thermodiffusively stable and unstable flames. It is shown that choosing an appropriate mixture of real fuels with different Lewis numbers, the homogeneity of the heat release rate along the flame front could be considerably enhanced. This relatively uniform heat release rate is not sensitive to curvature, which consequently decreases the occurrence of local extinction.

 
Nanocatalysts for Low-Temperature Oxidation of CO: Review
Authors: Xanthopouloua G.G. , Novikova V.A. , Knysha Yu.A. , Amosova A.P.
Published: November 2015

The oxidation of CO covers a wide range of applications from gas masks, gas sensors, indoor air quality control to hydrogen purification for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The reaction attracts renewed interest both in fundamental and applied research of catalysis and electrochemistry. Recent developments and trends in catalysis towards the synthesis of nanocatalysts for CO oxidation are discussed in this review. Different modifications made to conventional catalysts synthesis approaches for preparation of nanocatalysts are critically analyzed. Nanocatalysts developed on the basis of noble metals completely convert CO at temperatures below 0 °C. The development of active and stable catalysts without noble metals for low-temperature CO oxidation is a significant challenge. It was found that Co3O4 nanorods can be steadily active for CO oxidation at a temperature as low as –77 °C. High activity of catalysts at low temperatures connected with nanosize particles and high surface area. This review summarized main directions of nanocatalysts development for CO low temperature oxidation.
Effect of Catalyst Preparation on the Selective Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oil Over Low Percentage Pd/Diatomite Catalysts
Authors: Toshtay K. , Auyezov A.B. , Bizhanov Zh.A. , Yeraliyeva A.T. , Toktasinov S.K. , Kudaibergen B. , Nurakyshev A.
Published: November 2015

Hydrogenated vegetable oils contain high contents of trans-fatty acids. Because of the increased health concern about trans-fatty acids, new hydrogenations have been studied to seek ways for substantial reduction of the trans-fatty acids in the hydrogenated products. In this research, activated diatomite has distinctive properties as a support for hydrogenation catalysts. Investigation of textural properties of raw and purified diatomite samples reveals that during acid activation surface area increases significantly. Although, acid activation of diatomite is a commonly chemical modification to enhance its adsorption capacity. We are preparing adsorption method to synthesize low percentage 0.2% of Pd/Diatomite catalyst. The activated diatomite and the obtained catalyst was characterized by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEMEDAX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was utilized for hydrogenation of sunflower oil using the Parr reactor in laboratory testing a variety of temperature (70, 90, 110 ºC) and canola oil in industrial testing, at temperature 90 ºC and 0.5 MPa pressure and compared to commercial nickel catalyst (Pricat-9910) at 150 ºC, 0.5 MPa pressure agitation of 800 rpm for 160 min. The changes in iodine value, fatty acid composition, trans-fatty acids, melting point and solid fat content were investigated on partial hydrogenated sunflower oil and canola oil. The experimentally obtained results show that the palladium catalyst is the most active compared to the commercial catalyst. Lower hydrogenation temperature used 0.2% Pd/Diatomite catalyst, significant reducing the formation of trans-content by 13% in fat.
Study of the Chemical Interactions Between Iron Phosphides and Iron Silicides
Authors: Serzhanov G.M. , Shevko V.M. , Lavrov B.A.
Published: November 2015

This article contains the research results of the thermodynamic modeling of interaction of iron phosphides Fe2P and FeP with FeSi2, obtained by a method of the total thermodynamic analysis on the basis of the program HSC-5.1 of the Finnish metallurgical company Outokumpu, developed on both a principle of the Gibbs energy minimization, and also kinetics of the phosphorus release by ferrosilicon from the electrothermal ferrophosphorus – a by-product of the yellow phosphorus production. It was found, that temperature of the beginning of the phosphorus formation in systems iron phosphides – FeSi2 depends on a mole ratio of phosphorus in the phosphides. At the increasing this ratio from 33.3 to 50%, the temperature of the beginning of the phosphorus formation decreases from 1362 K to 1290 K. At lower temperature (773 K) there is the formation of intermediate FeP2 and FeP in a system Fe2P-FeSi2 and intermediate FeP2 in a system FeP-FeSi2, which react with FeSi2 with temperature increasing and form a gaseous phosphorus. The process proceeds in kinetic mode and is characterized by apparent activation energy of 281-389 kJ/mol.
XRD Characterization of the Structure of Graphites and Carbon Materials Obtained by the Low-Temperature Graphitization of Coal Tar Pitch
Authors: Barnakov Ch.N. , Khokhlova G.P. , Popova A.N. , Sozinov S.A. , Ismagilov Z.R.
Published: November 2015

The structure of some commercial graphites and carbon materials (CMs) obtained by the low-temperature catalytic graphitization of coal tar pitch with iron salt, needle coke, foamed graphite as the catalysts has been studied. The study was performed using the X-ray diffraction technique with reflections from base plane and their decomposition into two components corresponding to the structural phases of graphite which have different XRD characteristics. Various CMs were compared with respect to the structural phase ratio, distance between polyarene layers in these phases, and sizes of the coherent scattering regions. The (004) reflection provided a better fit of some properties of graphites to the calculated XRD characteristics as compared to calculation from the (002) reflection. In the case of carbonization of coal tar pitch with investigated catalyst additions, prepared carbon materials have a higher degree of graphitization and a crystallite size greater than in the other case of carbonization of the individual pitch. The highest catalytic activity is shown by foamed graphite. It was found that the use of foamed graphite as the catalyst at 800-900 ºC produced carbon materials possessing a crystalline structure with interplanar spacing close to that in commercial graphites, while in the absence of catalyst the coal tar pitch material has an amorphous structure.
Synthesis of “Silica – Carbon Nanotubes” Composite and Investigation of its Properties
Authors: Chesnokov V.V. , Chichkan A.S. , Luchihina V.S. , Paukshtis E.A. , Parmon V.N. , Mansurov Z.A. , Ismagilov Z.R.
Published: November 2015

A new method for synthesis of CNT-SiO2 composite was developed. Oligomethylhydridesiloxane (OMHS) was used as the SiO2 precursor. The presence
of active hydrogen in the composition of OMHS made it possible to obtain chemical
interaction between the surface of carbon nanotubes and the deposited silica layer. The effect of the silica film on the CNT oxidizing ability was studied. It was found that the oxidation rate of the CNT-SiO2 composite decreases approximately by an order of magnitude in comparison with as-prepared CNT. The morphology and
structure of amorphous silica obtained after oxidation of the CNT-SiO2 composite
were studied. The thermal stability of the CNT-SiO2 composite was also studied. The CNT-SiO2 composite was found to be thermally stable up to temperatures of 1100-1200 ºC. An increase in the calcination temperature to 1300 ºC leads to segregation of the CNT-SiO2 composite into individual components: CNT and SiO2 particles.
Design of Highly Efficient Catalyst for Rational Way of Direct Conversion of Methane
Authors: Ismagilov I.Z. , Matus E.V. , Kerzhentsev M.A. , Prosvirin I.P. , Navarro R.M. , Fierro J.L.G. , Gerritsen G. , Abbenhuis E. , Ismagilov Z.R.
Published: November 2015

Effects of composition and preparation method of MnNaW/SiO2 and LaSr/CaO catalysts on their physical-chemical properties and performance in oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) have been studied. For MnNaW/SiO2 catalysts the synthesis method and type of SiO2 have a significant effect on the texture, while the Na/W ratio determines the phase composition. The variation of preparation method and temperature of catalyst calcination allows regulation of the metal surface concentration and mode of metal distribution across the SiO2 support. For LaSr/CaO catalysts the synthesis method determines the specific surface area, surface and phase composition. Correlations between catalyst performance, preparation method and state of the catalyst were established. The rational preparation procedure and perspective composition of OCM catalyst have been developed. The 20La/CaO catalysts prepared by citrate sol-gel method were shown to provide ~20% C2 yield and ~40% methane conversion at 800 °C.
Direct Catalytic Reduction of SO2 by CH4 over Fe-Mn Catalysts Prepared by Granulation of Ferromanganese Nodules
Authors: Shikina N.V. , Khairulin S.R. , Yashnik S.A. , Teryaeva T.N. , Ismagilov Z.R.
Published: November 2015

The chemical, textural, structural and strength properties of ferromanganese nodules and granulated Fe-Mn catalysts containing such nodules were studied. It was found that the granulated catalysts have a developed pore structure, which is close to that of the starting material, and surpass the starting material in strength parameters. The catalysts were tested in desulfurization by methane at a stoichiometric ratio SO2/CH4 = 2. The testing showed that Fe-Mn catalysts with the oxide or sulfide form of active components are active in desulfurization by methane and can selectively reduce SO2 with a conversion above 80%.
High-Performance Mn-Al-O Catalyst on Reticulated Foam Materials for Environmentally Friendly Catalytic Combustion
Authors: Yashnik S.A. , Ushakov V.V. , Leonov N.L. , Ismagilov Z.R.
Published: November 2015

MnOx supported on alumina and La2O3-modified alumina have been prepared and characterized as methane combustion catalysts. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has revealed the significant low-temperature interaction between MnOx and alumina, resulting in a solid solution Mn-La-γ*-Al2O3 and a hexaaluminate formation upon thermal treatment at 900-1000 °C and 1300 °C, respectively. Mn-Al-O and Mn-La-Al-O catalysts washcoated on highly porous reticulated foam materials (RFM) have been prepared by two methods, such as: 1) a wet impregnation of a washcoating alumina layer on RFM by Mn and La nitrate solutions, 2) a dip coating of RFM into Mn-La-Al-containing suspension. The chemical compositions of RFM were cordierite, Ni, and NiCr-alloy. The catalytic activity of washcoated RFM in the methane combustion has been compared with one of granulated catalysts. The influence of alumina form (γ-Al2O3, (γ+χ)-Al2O3, α-Al2O3), manganese loading (5 and 10 wt.%), modifying agent (La2O3) on catalytic activity have been studied. Catalytic performances of Mn-Al-O and Mn-La-Al-O catalysts washcoated on RFM and pretreated in methane-containing atmosphere at 1100 ºC have been investigated. The Mn-Al-O catalyst modified by La2O3 and supported on RFM have been tested in a prototype catalytic water heating boiler and demonstrated a considerable reduction in the emissions of NOx and CO compared to the conventional household boilers. The washcoating of the Mn-La-Al-O catalyst over surface of RFM provides a substantial reduction of toxic emissions during the catalytic fuel combustion. While an optimal foam structure and composition of the RFM provide improved heat and mass transfer properties of the catalyst in fuel combustion.
Nanosized Core-Shell Ni/Au System and its Properties
Authors: Zakharov Ju.A. , Yeremenko N.K. , Bogomjakov A.S. , Kolmykov R.P. , Yeremenko A.N.
Published: November 2015

Core-shell Ni/Au nanoparticles are synthesized by successive reduction of aqueous solutions of nickel sulfate and chloroauric acid by sodium tetrahydroborate. Results of analysis of absorption spectra show that the position of the Plasmon absorption peak (507 nm) for Au-shell (1 nm) corresponds to the one for individual gold nanoparticles of the same size. Discussion of the published results about the blocking temperature TB in the core-shell systems, synthesized by different methods, and obtained results (TB = 14 ± 0.5 K for nickel core), and HRTEM and elemental analysis results allowed to show that there is linear dependence lgТВ – lgD and ТВ – V. It is estimated the average coefficient of magnetic anisotropy K ≈ 4.5∙103 J/m3). For Ni-core with special small sizes in the ferromagnetic state there is no magnetization saturation in the field up to 20 kOe. This is the typical behavior for them in the superparamagnetic state also.
Copper Sorption by Coal Substances from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Zherebtsov S.I. , Malyshenko N.V. , Bryukhovetskaya L.V. , Lyrshchikov S.Yu. , Ismagilov Z.R.
Published: November 2015

The copper cations sorption by brown coal, humic acids and residual coal samples after the extraction of humic acid was studied by using the methods of spectroscopy FT-IR, EPR, Solid State CP/MAS 13C-NMR. Samples of lignite (brown coal) of the Tisulsky deposit (TL) of Kansk-Achinsk brown coal basin (Russia), its naturaloxidized form (NOLF), as well as samples of the humic acids (HA) extracted from them, and the residual coal after the extraction of humic acids (RC) were used as sorbents. The copper cations sorption process by the investigated samples depends on contribution of several mechanisms in varying degrees. It may be an ion exchange; complexation with the functional groups of the electron donor; complexation to form the bond Mez+ – HA due to the presence of the free π-electrons on the surface. The quantity of adsorbed copper cations depends on the functional and structural composition of the investigated samples. The copper cations sorption by the coals, humic acids and residual coals reduces the number of paramagnetic centers in the samples and the intensity of the NMR spectra. The copper cations sorption by HA from TL is determined by the significant contribution of the ion exchange process. HA from NOLF; initial TL and NOLF; RC TL and RC NOLF sorb copper cations mainly due to the formation of complexes with individual functional groups and the negatively charged surface portions. The data of 13C-NMR and EPR studies have shown that the aromatic structures make the main contribution to the complexation.
Effect of Additives on the Performance of the Fire-Clay Refractory Bricks
Authors: Elngar Marwa A.G. , F.M. Mohamed , G. Asrar , Sharaby Carmen M. , M.E.H. Shalabi
Published: November 2015

This work studied the effect of additive materials – ceramic powder, bentonite, and clay-on the performance of fire-clay refractory bricks. The results showed that as the percentage of ceramic powder, clay, or bentonite increased up to 1.5%, shrinkage of the bricks decreased and density of the bricks increased while porosity and water absorption decreased and compressive strength increased.
Towards a Better Understanding of the Chemical Reactions Between Iron Carbide and Silicon Carbide
Authors: Serzhanov G.M. , Shevko V.M.
Published: November 2015

This article contains the research results of the equilibrium interaction of iron carbide (Fe3C) with silicon carbide (SiC) in a temperature interval of 700-2000 K with the formation of iron silicides (Fe3Si, Fe5Si3, FeSi, FeSi2), by using the program of the Finnish metallurgical company Outokumpy HSC Chemistryj-5.1 for Windows with regard to the electrothermal production of ferrosilicium from siliceous and carboncontaining raw materials. On the basis of the received regression equations connecting the Gibbs energy change with the temperature and the silicon content in a ferroalloy, the response surfaces (change of the Gibbs free energy - ∆GT0) and their horizontal sections for three groups of ferroalloys were constructed with the program Mathcad. The silicon content in the first group of alloys is 14.3-23%, in the second group of alloys – 23-33.3% and in the third group of alloys – 33.3-42.8%. It was established, that the reactions between Fe3C and SiC with the formation of iron silicides in the range of temperatures 700-2000 K are possible, and the probability of these reactions increases with increasing the mole ratio Fe3C/SiC from 0.166 to 1.0. As a result of the reactions the low-silicon ferrosilicium can be obtained, answering to a grade FS20 with Si content from 19 to 27 % and consisting of a mixture of Fe3Si and Fe5Si3, and also the ferrosilicium corresponding to a grade FS25 with a Si content from 23 to 29% and consisting of a mixture of Fe5Si3 and FeSi. It was found, that at the technological temperature of 1900-2000 K the maximum Si content in the received ferrosilicium can’t be more than 37.7 - 38.8%. Production of the medium-silicon and the high-silicon ferrosilicium answering to grades FS45- FS90 from the Fe3C-SiC mixture is impossible from a thermodynamic point of view. The received information extends our knowledge about the iron silicides formation during the electrothermal production of ferrosilicium with a silicon content in the alloy from 19 to 90%.
Natural Sesquiterpene Lactones as Renewable Chemical Materials for New Medicinal Products
Authors: Adekenov S.M.
Published: November 2015

Literature data and own research results on the technology for isolating natural sesquiterpene lactones such as arglabin, alantolactone, artemisinin, grosheimin, isoalantolactone, parthenolide, santonin and potential possibilities of their use as renewable material for obtaining new compounds as well as biologically active derivatives are generalized in this review. Sesquiterpene lactones from plants are promising sources for the development and practical application of new original medical products possessing antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiulcer, antiviral and immune-stimulating action. The technology for isolating sesquiterpene lactones is based on the extraction of raw plant material by different organic solvents with the subsequent chromatographic purification. The effective and environmentally safe technology for isolation and purification of sesquiterpene lactone arglabin from Artemisia glabella Kar. et Kir. by the СО2-extraction method is developed. Thereat, it was experimentally determined that the method for isolating arglabin from CO2 extract of Artemisia glabella Kar. et Kir. using centrifugal partition chromatography is effective for preparative isolation of the active substance and its manufacturing application. It is practically important to obtain water-soluble derivatives of biologically active sesquiterpene lactones and also to use the nanotechnology achievements for directed transportation of a molecule of the medicine in the human body thereby reducing toxicity of an active component. Promising direction is chemical modification of molecules in sesquiterpene lactones which are renewable material for obtaining new derivatives, thanks to which it becomes possible to solve two problems at the same time. Firstly, these researches help to obtain derivatives with higher biological activity or improved physical and chemical properties. Secondly, these researches enable us to disclose the mechanism of action of different medicines within the framework of “structure-activity” correlation. The article presents the literature data and own results on chemical modification of sesquiterpene lactones of alantolactone, arglabin, artemisinin, grosheimin, isoalantolactone, parthenolide and santonin. Various reactions on functional groups of these molecules were used to obtain a number of new derivatives of sesquiterpene lactones containing haloid-, pyrazole-, triazole-, amino-, dialkylamino-, hydroxy-, dialkyl phosphonate- and cyclopropane groups, which have shown high physiological activity.
Modification of Biologically Active Plant Metabolites Via the Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Shults E.E.
Published: November 2015

Developed by the author’s research laboratory methods of functionalization of some plant metabolites or their derivatives, viz., the eudesmane-type methylenelactones, diterpene and morphinane alkaloids, furanolabdanoids, and coumarins, using the transition metal catalyzed reactions, are reviewed. The activity
of linear methylene lactone of the eudesmane type in the Heck reaction are analyzed. It is shown that the outcome of the Heck reaction is significantly influenced by the structure of methylidenelactone. The Pd-catalyzed arylation of isoalantolactone with arylhalogenides or 6-bromodeoxyvasicinone occurred with
formation mainly of cross-coupling products with the (E) - configuration of the double bond. Synthesis of halogen derivatives of lappaconitine, tetrahydrothebaine and dihydrothebaine-hydroquinone and investigation of in the Heck or Sonogashira reactions gave the possibility for obtaining of new alkaloid derivatives with additional substituents in the aromatic rings. Homocoupling reaction or Sonogashira crosscoupling reaction of 5´- ethynyllappaconitine are used for synthesis of dimeric alkaloids of aconitane types. Pd-catalyzed amination of 2-(1,3-dibromoprop-2-ylidene)oreoselone and the transformations of oreoselone triflate, upon the action of palladium compounds allowed us to accomplish new modifications of linear furocoumarins. The method of enyne cycloisomerization of ω-alkynylfurans catalyzed with Au(III) was successfully obtained in the transformations of furanolabdanoids. The copper(I) salts catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azides to terminal alkynes belongs to the group of click-reactions was used in the synthesis of macrocyclic structures of labdane diterpenoids. The copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 2 - azidooreoselone with various alkynes yielded diverse 2-(1,2,3-triazolyl)furocoumarins. The advantages of transition metal catalyzed reactions to the transformations of plant metabolites and its derivatives shown the possibility of introduction of several bioisosteric groups, and other fragments providing additional interactions and selectivity of binding with receptors and enzymes.
Nanostructured Carbon Materials for Biomedical Use
Authors: Mansurov Z.A. , Jandosov J.M. , Kerimkulova A.R. , Azat S. , Zhubanova A.A. , Digel I.E. , Savistkaya I.S. , Akimbekov N.S. , Kistaubaeva A.S.
Published: November 2015

One of the priority trends of carbon nanotechnology is creation of nanocomposite systems. Such carbon nanostructured composites were produced using - raw materials based on the products of agricultural waste, such as grape stones, apricot stones, rice husk. These products have a - wide spectrum of application and can be obtained in large quantities. The Institute of Combustion Problems has carried out the work on synthesis of the nanostructured carbon sorbents for multiple applications including the field of biomedicine. The article presents the data on the synthesis and physico-chemical properties of carbonaceous sorbents using physicochemical methods of investigation: separation and purification of biomolecules; isolation of phytohormone - fusicoccin; adsorbent INGO-1 in the form of an adsorption column for blood detoxification, oral (entero) sorbent - INGO-2; the study of efferent and probiotic properties and sorption activity in regard to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), new biocomposites - based on carbonized rice husk (CRH) and cellular microorganisms; the use of CRH in wound treatment. A new material for blood detoxication (INGO-1) has been obtained. Adsorption of p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate has shown that active carbon adsorbent can remove clinically significant level of p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate from human plasma. Enterosorbent INGO-2 possesses high adsorption activity in relation to Gram-negative bacteria and their endotoxins. INGO-2 slows down the growth of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, without having a negative effect on bifido and lactobacteria. The use of enterosorbent INGO-2 for sorption therapy may provide a solution to a complex problem - detoxication of the digestive tract and normalization of the intestinal micro ecology. The immobilized probiotic called "Riso-lact" was registered at the Ministry of Health of the Republic
of Kazakhstan as a biologically active food additive. The developed technology is patented and provides production of the medicine in the form of freeze-dried biomass immobilized in vials.
Biologically Active Terpenoids fromTamarix Species
Authors: Sultanova N.А. , Abilov Zh.А. , Umbetova А.K. , Choudhary M.I.
Published: November 2015

We carried out research of bioactive substances obtained from ethanol extract (70%). This ethanol extract (70%) was obtained by us from the aerial parts of Tamarix plants (Т.laxa Willd., T.hispida Willd., T.ramosissima Ledeb. and Т.еlongatа Ledeb.). These plants belong to the family of Tamaricaceae which grow on the territory of Kazakhstan. For the preliminary separation of bioactive substances, the fractional extraction of ethanol extracts (70%) of Tamarix species was carried out using chloroform and ethyl acetate. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts contained terpenoids (positive reactions with Lieberman-Burchard reagent and cerium sulfate). Isolation of terpenoids from chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts was achieved by a series of separations on chromatography column over silica gel and these terpenoids were eluted with gradient mixture of hexaneethylacetate (0-100%). From the aerial parts of Tamarix (Т.laxa Willd., T.hispida Willd., T.ramosissima Ledeb., Т.еlongatа Ledeb) five terpenoids were isolated. Their structures of 1-5 were found using alkaline hydrolysis and UV, IR, 1H and 13C NMR, COSY-45°, HMQC, HMBC, EIMS, FABMS (-ve) spectral analyses. Pentacyclic triterpenoids: ursolic acid (1), 3β-al-D- friedoolean-14-en-28-oic acid methyl ether (2), 3-α-[3´´,4´´-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamoyloxy]-D-friedoolean-14-en-28-oic acids (isotamarixen) (3), 3-α-hydroxy-D-friedoolean-14-en-28-oic acid (4) and 3-α-[4´´-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamoyloxy]-Dfriedoolean -14-en-28-oic acid (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Tamarix. Ethanol extracts (70%), chloroform, ethylacetate extracts from Tamarix laxa, Tamarix elongata showed antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activities were determined using the DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) scavenging method. Ethanol extracts from Tamarix hispida (50%) were found to contain the triterpenoid: 3-α-[3´´, 4´´-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamoyloxy]-D-friedoolean-14-en-28-oic acids (isotamarixen), which were tested in vitro for their effect on the α-glycosidase enzyme activity. 3-α-[3´´, 4´´-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamoyloxy]-D-friedoolean-14-en-28-oic showed inhibiting effect on the α-glycosidase enzyme activity and was found to be a potent antioxidant.
Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Shungite Rock of Kazakhstan
Authors: Efremov S.A. , Nechipurenko S.V. , Kazankapova M.K. , Washington B. , Tassibekov Kh.S. , Nauryzbaev M.K.
Published: November 2015

Physico-chemical characteristics of shugite rocks of Kazakhstan (Bakyrchik deposit) were studied using the methods of elementary analysis, IR-spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray phase analysis. The content of carbon in shungite rock was determined to be from 3% to 19%. The flotation technology for shungite rocks of Kazakhstan was developed, the content of carbon in the concentrate reaching 40.0%. When studying the elemental composition, the mineral part of shungite rocks was stated to be presented, mainly, by silicon, aluminium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron and titanium oxides. IR-spectroscopic investigations showed that in the concentrate, apart from polycyclic hydrocarbons containing methylene groups, there appeared carboxyl groups. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that flotation and thermal activation of shungite rocks on carbon allow obtaining a more developed surface structure and porosity. The structure of shungite carbon was shown by the method of Raman scattering to be close to that of glassy carbon. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) of natural shungite rocks showed that the samples under study contained a carbonaceous substance and a number of mineral components: quartz, illite, bassanite, burgerite, muscovite. It is shown that shungite carbon of “Bakyrchik” deposit is identical to shungite of Zazhogino deposit in Russia. The stated physicochemical characteristics allow to determine the directions of the use of carbon concentrate for solution of ecological and technological problems.
Composite Medicine “Azisal” Based on Azithromycin and Salicylic Acid
Authors: Kiyashev D.K. , Shamshabanu N. , Kiyashev M.D. , Kamanova M.K. , Ramazanova B.A. , Shakiev S.Sh. , Pichkhadze G.M.
Published: November 2015

Salicylic acid essentially is obtained under the pressure by the method of Kolbe-Schmidt. One of the biggest drawbacks of this method is the necessity of synthesizing sodium phenolate in advance which involves considerable technological difficulties: water predistillation under vacuum and also the dry sodium phenolate getting very hygroscopic. It is therefore of interest to look for more convenient alternative pathways for the synthesis of salicylic acid, excluding the use of sodium phenolate and this drawback is eliminated by using sodium and potassium salts of ethyl carbonic acid as carboxylation body. Consequently, according to the more convenient method we obtained the salicylic acid. In medicine, 1% solution of salicylic acid in 70 % alcohol called salicylic alcohol is used as an antiseptic. We investigated the antimicrobial activity of a 1% solution of salicylic acid in various concentrations of ethanol (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%) in order to determine the effect of different concentrations of ethanol on the antimicrobial activity of salicylic acid. The experiment proved that 1% solution of salicylic acid in various concentrations of ethanol (40-90%) to the appropriate strains of bacteria acts with the same activity regardless of the concentration of ethanol (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%). These actions of the acid are due to its solubility in alcohols of different concentrations and complete disintegration of salicylic acid molecules into ions. Thus, on the basis of antimicrobial research the necessity of preparation of 1% solution of salicylic acid in 40% alcohol is proved as the drug is cheaper and cost-effective to produce. The technology of the new composition of the drug “Azisal” consisting of 0.25 g azithromycin and 1.0 g salicylic acid in 60% ethanol was developed, in a similar way solution of azithromycin in different concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0% in 60% ethanol were prepared and their antimicrobial activities were defined. The comparison of their antimicrobial activity shows the effectiveness of the composite product called “Azisal”.
Charge and Discharge Behaviour of Li-Ion Batteries at Various Temperatures Containing LiCoO2 Nanostructured Cathode Produced by CCSO
Authors: Mamyrbayeva Y.Y. , Beissenov R.E. , Hobosyan M.A. , Kumekov S.E. , Martirosyan K.S.
Published: November 2015

There are technical barriers for penetration market requesting rechargeable lithium-ion battery packs for portable devices that operate in extreme hot and cold environments. Many portable electronics are used in very cold (-40 °C) environments, and many medical devices need batteries that operate at high temperatures. Conventional Li-ion batteries start to suffer as the temperature drops below 0 °C and the internal impedance of the battery  increases. Battery capacity also reduced during the higher/lower temperatures. The present work describes the laboratory made lithium ion battery behaviour features at different operation temperatures. The pouch-type battery was prepared by exploiting LiCoO2 cathode material synthesized by novel synthetic approach referred as Carbon Combustion Synthesis of Oxides (CCSO). The main goal of this paper focuses on evaluation of the efficiency of positive electrode produced by CCSO method. Performance studies of battery showed that the capacity fade of pouch type battery increases with increase in temperature. The experimental results demonstrate the dramatic effects on cell self-heating upon electrochemical performance. The study involves an extensive analysis of discharge and charge characteristics of battery at each temperature following 30 cycles. After 10 cycles, the battery cycled at RT and 45 °C showed, the capacity fade of 20% and 25% respectively. The discharge capacity for the battery cycled at 25 °C was found to be higher when compared with the battery cycled at 0 °C and 45 °C. The capacity of the battery also decreases when cycling at low temperatures. It was important time to charge the battery was only 2.5 hours to obtain identical nominal capacity under the charging protocol. The decrease capability of battery cycled at high temperature can be explained with secondary active material loss dominating the other losses.
Surface - Active and Complexforming Copolymers of Sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with Ethyleneglycol Vinyl Ether
Authors: Shaikhutdinov Y.M. , Khussain S.Kh. , Seitkaliyeva N.Zh. , Zhenissova A.Zh. , Akkulova Z.G.
Published: November 2015

A new water-soluble polyelectrolyte - the copolymer of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate and ethylene glycol vinyl ether has been synthesized by free-radical copolymerization in aqueous medium. Synthesis of the linear structure water-soluble copolymer of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate (Na-AMPS) and ethylene glycol vinyl ether (EGVE) has been confirmed by IR spectroscopy method, potentiometric titration and viscometer. The concentration behavior of the reduced viscosity of copolymer solutions that is typical for polyelectrolytes has been revealed. The reactivity ratios for the copolymerization of the monomers estimated by the Mayo–Lewis method have indicated lower reactivity of ethylenglycol vinyl ether in comparison with sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate. Also it was shown the decrease of reaction’s relative rate with an increase of molar fraction of EGVE in the initial mixture of monomers. Adsorption at the air-water solution interface was studied by measure of surface tension (σ) in order to determine the surface properties of new copolymers of ethyleneglycol vinyl ethers – sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate. It was shown that copolymers of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate and ethylenglycol vinyl ether have higher surface activity compared to sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate homopolymer. The isotherm of copolymer’s surface tension based on equilibrium value of σ was constructed together with the isotherm of surface tension water solution poly- Na-AMPS. Based on isotherms the surface activity on Rebinder (GRe) for poly- Na-AMPS and copolymer Na-AMPS-EGVE was determined. The values of polymer’s standard free energy of adsorption (ΔadsG0298) were calculated in order to identify the causes and mechanism of change in surface activity and adsorption. Results show that the gain in standard free energy adsorption in the transition from homopolymer to copolymer Na-AMPS-EGVE is about 4 kJ/base-mole. Interpolymer reaction of the Na-AMS–EGVE copolymer with poly- N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride (PMAAC) has been studied. Higher surface activity of mixtures of copolymer and PMAAC than of individual polyelectrolytes was discovered. This effect testified to the formation of interpolymer complex of the Na-AMS–EGVE copolymer with polycations due to electrostatic interactions.
Nanoclay Modification of Shape Memory Polyurethane
Authors: Dyana Merline J. , C.P. Reghunadhan Nair,
Published: November 2015

Effect of nanoclay modification on the properties of  polytetramethylene oxide-based polyurethane was examined. Nanoclay was dispersed in polyurethane wherein the clay content was varied from 1 to 5 wt.%. The nanocomposites were characterized by thermal, FTIR, XRD and thermo-mechanical analyses and their shape memory properties were evaluated. Morphology was examined by TEM analysis. Bending test
was adopted for the evaluation of shape memory property. Increase in clay content resulted an increase in transition temperature. Tensile strength and modulus increased proportional to nanoclay content. The elongation decreased with clay content. Intercalated structure of clay in the PU matrix was observed
from XRD studies, which was confirmed by TEM analysis. Modulus ratio showed a decreasing trend with nanoclay content. This resulted in decreased shape recovery characteristics. Highest shape recovery of 92% was observed for PU with 1 wt.% clay content. Moderate nanoclay leveling is conducive to deriving
mechanically stronger PU without loss of shape memory characteristics.
Prospects of Applying of Ingo-2 Nanostructured Carbon Sorbent in Cases of Intoxication with Heavy Metals
Authors: Sharipova S.A. , Ablayhanova N.T. , Orazova S.B. , Dinistanova B.K. , Tuleuhanov S.T. , Mansurov Z.A.
Published: November 2015

The active centers of the carbonization of carbon sorbents from vegetable raw materials (rice husks) were altered to purposefully modify the surface of the Ingo-2 nanostructured carbon sorbent. The study revealed a corrective effect of Ingo-2 on the organism of animals experiencing in chronic intoxication with heavy metals. Experimentally, morphological, digital and mathematical assessment of the condition of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract laboratory animals (white rats) in vivo revealed the influence of Ingo-2 on the deposition and the excretion of Cu++, Pb++ ions. This was confirmed by the absence of morphological changes in the experimental animals when administered in the diet over 17 days, with 5–10 g sorbent Ingo-2 used for the neutralization of 10 mg Pb(NO3)2 and Cu(NO3)2, which represents approximately 0.1 LD50 (Lethal Dose). The methodology of the research established positive effects of these treatment and its quantitative characteristics were defined.
Pathways of α-methylstyrene Oxidation by P. aeruginosa DS-26
Authors: Jussupova D.B. , Golovleva L.A. , Zhubanova A.A. , Akimbekov N.Sh.
Published: November 2015

Today in world practice the biotechnological methods of cleaning of environment from oil and oil products are widely used. They based on the use of microorganisms-destructors that are able to utilize
hydrocarbons. The microbial object of the research was bacterial strain P. aeruginosa DS-26. This bacterial culture was isolated from sewage water of rubber industry. This strain was able to grow in a medium, which contained α-methylstyrene. This compound, which is widely used as an active component in many industries, has a
strong toxic effect on living organisms including humans. Different types of microbial metabolism play an important role in the hydrocarbon degradation process in the environment Metabolism of α-methylstyrene by P. aeruginosa DS-26 characterized by variety and in depth of carried out transformations. The analysis of the obtained data allowed offering two ways of oxidation of α-methylstyrene. The first way, primary, was accompanied by formation of products of the direct hydroxylation of aromatic ring - cis-2.3-dihydroxy-1-isopropenyl-6-cyclohexene and 3-isopropyl-catehol which are later metabolized by meta-pathway with formation of keto-acids. The next, secondary pathway came true through oxidation of α-phenylpropionic acid and 4-methylbenzene alcohol with formation of acetophenone as a final product.
There are many researches that are devoted to study biochemical conversion of oil hydrocarbons. In order to utilize specific compounds as the only one source of carbon, microorganisms have to actively maintain a specific system of enzymes. Investigation of α-methylstyrene degradation by P. aeruginosa DS-
26 enzymes has revealed specific enzymes that oxidize aromatic hydrocarbons. Investigation results of the studying strain enzymes can be confirmation of the proposed above scheme of primary α-methylstyrene metabolic pathway oxidized by P. aeruginosa DS-26.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Coating
Authors: Hannora Ahmed E. , Mukasyan Alexander S. , Mansurov Zulkhair A.
Published: November 2015

A novel approach for depositing of hydroxyapatite (HA) films on titanium substrates by using high energy ball milling (HEBM) has been developed. It was demonstrated that a heat treatment of the mechanically coated HA at 800 °C for one hour leads to partial transformation of HA phase to -TCP. It appears that the grain boundary and interface defects formed during MCS reduce this characteristic transformation temperature. Also, it was shown that Ti incorporation into the HA structure causes the lattice shrinkage and reduction of its grain size as compared to pure HA, but also promote the phase transformation of HA to TCP at high temperature. It is important that doping HA by silicon, while also significantly decrease crystallinity of deposited HA layer, results in hindering of the phase transformation process. The Si-doped HA does not show phase transition or decomposition after heat treatment even at
900 °C. The samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectrometer, Vickers microhardness, Electron paramagnetic resonance.
Carbon Dioxide as a Source of Carbon in Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Suerbaev Kh.A.
Published: November 2015

Modern achievements in the chemistry of carbon dioxide have been considered. When utilizing carbon dioxide in chemical synthesis, two groups of reactions: reactions of carboxylation (carboxyamidation) of organic compounds with carbon dioxide and reactions of carbon dioxide reduction – are supposed to be the most prospective.
Synthesis of Diblocks Copolymers PCL-b-PLLA and Optimization of its Mechanical Characteristics
Authors: Lipik Vitali T. , Widjaja Leonardus K. , Liow Sing S. , Venkatraman Subramanian S. , Abadie Marc J.M.
Published: November 2015

Biodegradable polymeric materials have a wide application in medicine, ecology and a number of other branches of industry. Overwhelming majority of such polymers is well exposed to the biodegradation, but they have mechanical properties which don’t correspond to the requirements of application areas. As a rule, these materials possess low elasticity. In this work, optimization of mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers and the search of structure of block polymer on the basis of ε-caprolactone and L-lactide with the maximal elasticity are considered. The purpose of the work is to receive the diblock polymer with mechanical properties as close as possible to elastomer for medical devices. The task is reached due to application of design of experiment with the subsequent optimization of the received results. Maximization of elongation at maximum load of received polymer is solved by the greatest possible reduction of crystallinity with a variation of molar weight of both part of diblock: polycaprolactone and polylactide. The absolute maximum of elongation at maximum load of synthesized diblock polymers is found. It is established that diblock with the following structure possesses the best mechanical properties in this class of polymers. Molar weight of the polycaprolactone block is 5000 Da while polylactide block is 7000 Da. Elongation at maximum load of this polymer was about 30%. In the second stage of our research, we try to improve the mechanical properties by making one block partly random (PCL-co-PLLA). Second block was made from homopolymer (PLLA). Maximum received elongation at break is 200%. First block of this polymer contains 25% of lactide, has molar weight of 10000 Da. Second block is the pure polylactide, with molar weight 10000 Da. All the experimental results and mathematical modeling pointing direction to maximum elongation could be achieved by multi-block structures.
Use of Carbonized Rise Shell for the Local Treatment of Wounds
Authors: Akimbekov N.Sh. , Zhubanova A.A. , Mansurov Z.A. , Digel I.E. , Artmann G.M. , Artmann A.T.
Published: November 2015

On the model of musculocutaneous wound in rats, the effect of applicative sorption by carbonized rise shell (CRS) on the healing of festering wound was studied. It has been shown, that cytological changes end with rapid scar formation. The use of CRS at the period of severe purulent wound contributes to its favorable course, prevents the development of complications of the animals from sepsis.
Thermochemical Decomposition of Calcium Sulfate in Presence of Carbon and Hydrogen Mix
Authors: Bishimbayev V.K. , Yerubay A.A.
Published: November 2015

Results of research of thermodynamic modeling of thermochemical decomposition of CaSO4 by a mix of carbon and hydrogen are given in the article. Influence of temperature on degree of carbon interchange by hydrogen on a degree of formation in systems CaO, СаСО3, CaS was determined. Interchange of C by Н2 reduces formation of СаСО3, CaS, and formation of СаО has an extreme character. With the help of method of research planning adequate equation of regression has been defined and optimum technological parameters (Т = 1660 K and 40 % degree of carbon interchange by Н2), providing full decomposition of CaSO4 to СаО were determined. The composition of a gas phase of CaSO4 restoration, containing 16 components was established. By reduction of pressure to 0,001 МPа it is possible to lower temperature of process to 1400 K. The chemical equation of CaSO4 interaction with carbon and hydrogen was found.
Carbonaceous Composites from Agricultural Wastes for Adsorption of Hydrocarbon Contamination in Water
Authors: Kudaybergenov K.K. , Ongarbayev E.K. , Mansurov Z.A.
Published: November 2015

Mechanical recovery of oil by oil sorbents is one of the most important countermeasures in marine oil-spill response. The preparation of oil-sorbents from agricultural waste increases economic return and reduces pollution. The sorption capacities of the carbonized rice husks and the apricot stone compared in relation to different petroleum products. Sorption capacity showed strong dependence on the particle size of sorbent and oil film thickness. The phase composition, microstructure and morphology of the composite material C/SiO2, prepared by carbonize of rice husks were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, FTIR spectrometry and scanning election microscope (SEM).