bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glimpse Making
Authors: Boruch M.
Published: December 2012

There’s rain and there’s rain. Maybe there’s a difference at the edge of a continent. Late afternoon when we entered the cabin. I didn’t know the guy. A friend of a friend of a friend bent over the old phonograph–a record player we called them as kids, small and nearly square, with dull silver buckles, a plastic handle, worn leatherette skin. The kind you lower the arm and bring the needle down yourself. Like sparking a flame, that quick broken note before it takes and follows the groove of the record, into music. We stood and listened to him listening. I have no idea: jazz or a slow ballad, some rock star burning out in a year or two. So many scratches, the wash of static, the rain outside. How the ear gets past all that, and surrenders. Or his hunger, so deeply tangled. Had I ever seen such pleasure? The moment just before, how it really sounded.
Astrometeorology
Authors: Taub Liba
Published: December 2012

Astrometeorology correlates the motions of astronomical bodies (in antiquity usually fixed stars) in order to track the annual seasons and predict weather.
Electrolyte‐Gated Transistors for Organic and Printed Electronics
Authors: Kim Se Hyun , Hong Kihyon , Xie Wei , Lee Keun Hyung , Zhang Sipei , Lodge Timothy P. , Frisbie C. Daniel
Published: December 2012

Here we summarize recent progress in the development of electrolyte‐gated transistors (EGTs) for organic and printed electronics. EGTs employ a high capacitance electrolyte as the gate insulator; the high capacitance increases drive current, lowers operating voltages, and enables new transistor architectures. Although the use of electrolytes in electronics is an old concept going back to the early days of the silicon transistor, new printable, fast‐response polymer electrolytes are expanding the potential applications of EGTs in flexible, printed digital circuits, rollable displays, and conformal bioelectronic sensors. This report introduces the structure and operation mechanisms of EGTs and reviews key developments in electrolyte materials for use in printed electronics. The bulk of the article is devoted to electrical characterization of EGTs and emerging applications.
One Hundred Years of Vitamins—A Success Story of the Natural Sciences
Authors: Eggersdorfer Manfred , Laudert Dietmar , Létinois Ulla , McClymont Tom , Medlock Jonathan , Netscher Thomas , Bonrath Werner
Published: December 2012

The discovery of vitamins as essential factors in the diet was a scientific breakthrough that changed the world. Diseases such as scurvy, rickets, beriberi, and pellagra were recognized to be curable with an adequate diet. These diseases had been prevalent for thousands of years and had a dramatic impact on societies as well as on economic development. This Review highlights the key achievements in the development of industrial processes for the manufacture of eight of the 13 vitamins.
Exhaled volatile organic compounds identify patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Altomare D F , Di Lena M , Porcelli F , Trizio L , Travaglio E , Tutino M , Dragonieri S , Memeo V , de Gennaro G
Published: December 2012

Background

An effective screening tool for colorectal cancer is still lacking. Analysis of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) linked to cancer is a new frontier in cancer screening, as tumour growth involves several metabolic changes leading to the production of specific compounds that can be detected in exhaled breath. This study investigated whether patients with colorectal cancer have a specific VOC pattern compared with the healthy population.

Methods

Exhaled breath was collected in an inert bag (Tedlar®) from patients with colorectal cancer and healthy controls (negative at colonoscopy), and processed offline by thermal-desorber gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to evaluate the VOC profile. During the trial phase VOCs of interest were identified and selected, and VOC patterns able to discriminate patients from controls were set up; in the validation phase their discriminant performance was tested on blinded samples. A probabilistic neural network (PNN) validated by the leave-one-out method was used to identify the pattern of VOCs that better discriminated between the two groups.

Results

Some 37 patients and 41 controls were included in the trial phase. Application of a PNN to a pattern of 15 compounds showed a discriminant performance with a sensitivity of 86 per cent, a specificity of 83 per cent and an accuracy of 85 per cent (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 0·852). The accuracy of PNN analysis was confirmed in the validation phase on a further 25 subjects; the model correctly assigned 19 patients, giving an overall accuracy of 76 per cent.

Conclusion

The pattern of VOCs in patients with colorectal cancer was different from that in healthy controls. The PNN in this study was able to discriminate patients with colorectal cancer with an accuracy of over 75 per cent. Breath VOC analysis appears to have potential clinical application in colorectal cancer screening, although further studies are required to confirm its reliability in heterogeneous clinical settings.
Principles, effectiveness and caveats in screening for cancer
Authors: Bretthauer M , Kalager M
Published: December 2012

Background

Cancer screening has the potential to prevent or reduce incidence and mortality of the target disease, but may also be harmful and have unwanted side-effects.

Methods

This review explains the basic principles of cancer screening, common pitfalls in evaluation of effectiveness and harms of screening, and summarizes the evidence for effects and harms of the most commonly used cancer screening tools.

Results

Cancer screening has either been established or is considered for breast, lung, prostate, cervical and colorectal cancer. In contrast, screening for gastrointestinal malignancies outside the large bowel is not generally accepted, available or implemented. Oesophageal and gastric carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma, may be subject to screening in certain risk populations, but currently not for population screening based on available technology. Screening for colorectal cancer and cervical cancer by endoscopy and cytology respectively can decrease incidence of the target disease, whereas screening tools for lung, prostate and breast cancer detect early-stage invasive disease and thus do not decrease disease incidence. Overdiagnosis (detection of cancers that will not have become clinically apparent in the absence of screening) is a challenge in lung, prostate and breast cancer screening. The improvement of quality of clinical practice following the introduction of cancer screening programmes is an appreciated ‘side-effect’, but it is important to disentangle the effect of screening on cancer incidence and mortality from that of quality improvement of clinical services. As new, powerful screening tests emerge—particularly in molecular and genetic fields, but also in radiology and other clinical diagnostics–the basic requirements for screening evaluation and implementation must be borne in mind.

Conclusion

Cancer screening has been established for several cancer forms in Europe. The potential for incidence and mortality reduction is good, but harms do exist that need to be addressed, and communicated to the public.
The role of human papillomavirus type 16/18 genotyping in predicting high‐grade cervical/vaginal intraepithelial neoplasm in women with mildly abnormal Papanicolaou results
Authors: Guo Ming , Gong Yun , Wang Jianping , Dawlett Marilyn , Patel Shobha , Liu Ping , Bevers Therese B. , Sneige Nour
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND:

The authors compared the predictive value of type 16 and/or 18 human papillomavirus (HPV) versus non‐16/18 HPV types for high‐grade (grade ≥2) cervical neoplasm/vaginal intraepithelial neoplasm and carcinoma (CIN/VAIN2+) in women with mildly abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) results (ie, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASCUS] or low‐grade squamous epithelial lesion [LSIL]).

METHODS:

The authors retrospectively selected Pap specimens with HPV testing results obtained from 243 women (155 with ASCUS and 88 with LSIL Pap results) in their Department of Pathology. HPV genotyping was performed using the EasyChip HPV blot assay. The Pap specimens with HPV16/18 and non‐16/18 HPV types were compared with follow‐up biopsy results. Follow‐up duration ranged from 1 month to 58 months (mean, 26 months).

RESULTS:

In total, 58 of 155 specimens (37%) that had ASCUS and 29 of 88 specimens (33%) that had LSIL were positive for HPV16/18. CIN/VAIN2+ biopsies were identified in 43 of 155 women (28%) with ASCUS and in 28 of 88 women (32%) with LSIL. Women with ASCUS and HPV16/18 had a significantly higher rate (43%) of CIN/VAIN2+ than women with ASCUS and non‐16/18 HPV types (19%; P = .003; odds ratio, 3.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.48‐6.53). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of CIN/VAIN2+ between women who had LSIL and HPV16/18 (45%) and those who had LSIL and non‐16/18 HPV types (29%; P = .16; odds ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.77‐4.97).

CONCLUSIONS:

HPV genotyping for HPV16/18 improved risk assessment for women with ASCUS Pap results and may be used to predict the risk of CIN/VAIN2+ to better guide follow‐up management. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
IL‐27 enhances the survival of tumor antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells and programs them into IL‐10‐producing, memory precursor‐like effector cells
Authors: Liu Zhenzhen , Liu Jin‐Qing , Talebian Fatemeh , Wu Lai‐Chu , Li Shulin , Bai Xue‐Feng
Published: December 2012

IL‐27 is a member of the IL‐12 family of cytokines that is comprised of an IL‐12 p40‐related protein subunit, EBV‐induced gene 3, and a p35‐related subunit, p28. IL‐27 functions through IL‐27R and has been shown to have potent antitumor activity via activation of a variety of cellular components, including antitumor CD8+ T‐cell responses. However, the exact mechanisms of how IL‐27 enhances antitumor CD8+ T‐cell responses remain unclear. Here we show that IL‐27 significantly enhances the survival of activated tumor antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo, and programs tumor antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells into memory precursor‐like effector cells, characterized by upregulation of Bcl‐6, SOCS3, Sca‐1, and IL‐10. While STAT3 activation and the CTL survival‐enhancing effects can be independent of CTL IL‐10 production, we show here that IL‐27‐induced CTL IL‐10 production contributes to memory precursor cell phenotype induction, CTL memory, and tumor rejection. Thus, IL‐27 enhances antitumor CTL responses via programming tumor antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells into a unique memory precursor type of effector cells characterized by a greater survival advantage. Our results have important implications for designing immunotherapy against human cancer.
Protein Compositional Analysis of the Eggs of Black Widow Spider (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus): Implications for the Understanding of Egg Toxicity
Authors: Li Jianjun , Liu Hui , Duan Zhigui , Cao Rui , Wang Xianchun , Liang Songping
Published: December 2012

Previous work found that high‐molecular‐weight fractions in the egg extract of Latrodectus tredecimguttatus exhibited strong toxicities. For investigating the possible relationship of proteins in the eggs with the toxic effect, the protein composition of the eggs was analyzed using proteomic strategies and compared with that of the spider's venom. SDS‐PAGE showed that the proteins of eggs were primarily distributed in the molecular weight range of higher than 55 kDa as well as around 34 kDa, having high abundance proteins with molecular weights of about 60 kDa and 130 kDa. A total of 157 proteins were identified from the egg extract, which were involved in important cellular functions and processes including catalysis, transport, and metabolism regulation. Comparison indicated that the protein composition of eggs is more complex than that of venom, and there are few similarities between the protein composition of the two materials, demonstrating that the eggs have their own distinct toxic mechanism. © 2012Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 26:510‐515, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21460
Local access to subspecialty care influences the chance of receiving a liver transplant
Authors: Barritt Sidney A. , Telloni Stephen A. , Potter Clarence W. , Gerber David A. , Hayashi Paul H.
Published: December 2012

Prior studies have examined the impact of demographic factors on liver transplant outcomes. These factors may be surrogate markers for access to medical care. We investigated physician density in referred patients' hospital service areas (HSAs) as a factor in patients' probability of receiving a liver transplant. We performed a retrospective review of patients referred for liver transplantation from 2002 through 2010. Data on physician density were obtained from the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care. The primary outcome was the receipt of a liver transplant. A Cox hazard analysis was used to control for various demographic and medical covariates. Over the time period, 1485 adult patients were considered for liver transplantation. Factors that influenced the hazard of receiving a liver transplant were the Model for End-Stage Disease (MELD) score at referral {Hazard ratios (HR) per point = 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.14]}, a secondary diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma [HR = 2.72 (95% CI = 1.76-4.20)], blood group AB [HR = 2.98 (95% CI = 1.52-5.87) with blood group A as the referent], the type of insurance [HR for Medicare = 0.36 (95% CI = 0.14-0.89) with commercial insurance as the referent], and the number of gastroenterologists in an HSA [odds ratio with each additional gastroenterologist per 100,000 population = 1.12 (95% CI = 1.01-1.25)]. Age, race, sex, distance to the transplant center, and residence in a rural community did not influence the chance of receiving a liver transplant. In conclusion, the hazard of receiving a liver transplant are influenced by the diagnosis, MELD score, and insurance status; in addition, patients were 12% more likely to receive a transplant with each additional gastroenterologist per 100,000 population in their local HSA. Local access to gastroenterology subspecialty care is an important factor in receiving a liver transplant. Liver Transpl 19:377–382, 2013. © 2013 AASLD.
The glucocerobrosidase E326K variant predisposes to Parkinson's disease, but does not cause Gaucher's disease
Authors: Duran Raquel , Mencacci Niccolo E. , Angeli Aikaterini V. , Shoai Maryam , Deas Emma , Houlden Henry , Mehta Atul , Hughes Derralynn , Cox Timothy M. , Deegan Patrick , Schapira Anthony H. , Lees Andrew J. , Limousin Patricia , Jarman Paul R. , Bhatia Kailash P. , Wood Nicholas W. , Hardy John , Foltynie Tom
Published: December 2012

Background

Heterozygous loss‐of‐function mutations in the acid beta‐glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene, responsible for the recessive lysosomal storage disorder, Gaucher's disease (GD), are the strongest known risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Our aim was to assess the contribution of GBA1 mutations in a series of early‐onset PD.

Methods

One hundred and eighty‐five PD patients (with an onset age of ≤50) and 283 age‐matched controls were screened for GBA1 mutations by Sanger sequencing.

Results

We show that the frequency of GBA1 mutations is much higher in this patient series than in typical late‐onset patient cohorts. Furthermore, our results reveal that the most prevalent PD‐associated GBA1 mutation is E326K, a variant that does not, when homozygous, cause GD.

Conclusions

Our results confirm recent reports that the mutation, E326K, predisposes to PD and suggest that, in addition to reduced GBA1 activity, other molecular mechanisms may contribute to the development of the disease. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Characterizing the Global Burden of Surgical Disease: A Method to Estimate Inguinal Hernia Epidemiology in Ghana
Authors: Beard Jessica H. , Oresanya Lawrence B. , Ohene‐Yeboah Michael , Dicker Rochelle A. , Harris Hobart W.
Published: December 2012

Background

Surgical conditions represent an immense yet underrecognized source of disease burden globally. Characterizing the burden of surgical disease has been defined as a priority research agenda in global surgery. Little is known about the epidemiology of inguinal hernia, a common easily treatable surgical condition, in resource‐poor settings.

Methods

Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey prospective cohort study of inguinal hernia, we created a method to estimate hernia epidemiology in Ghana. We calculated inguinal hernia incidence and prevalence using Ghanaian demographic data and projected hernia prevalence under three surgical rate and hernia incidence scenarios. Disability adjusted life‐years (DALYs) associated with inguinal hernia along with costs for surgical repair were estimated.

Results

According to this approach, the prevalence of inguinal hernia in the Ghanaian general population is 3.15 % (range 2.79–3.50 %). Symptomatic hernias number 530,082 (range 469,501–588,980). The annual incidence of symptomatic hernias is 210 (range 186–233) per 100,000 population. At the estimated Ghanaian hernia repair rate of 30 per 100,000, a backlog of 1 million hernias in need of repair develop over 10 years. The cost of repairing all symptomatic hernias in Ghana is estimated at US$53 million, and US$106 million would be required to eliminate hernias over a 10‐year period. Nearly 5 million DALYs would be averted with the repair of prevalent cases of symptomatic hernia in Ghana.

Conclusions

Data generated by our method indicate the extent to which Ghana lacks the surgical capacity to address its significant inguinal hernia disease burden. This approach provides a simple framework for calculating inguinal hernia epidemiology in resource‐poor settings that may be used for advocacy and program planning in multiple country contexts.
Grammatical Variation in British English Dialects
Authors: Szmrecsanyi Benedikt
Published: December 2012

Variation within the English language is a vast research area, of which dialectology, the study of geographic variation, is a significant part. This book explores grammatical differences between British English dialects, drawing on authentic speech data collected in over thirty counties. In doing so it presents a new approach known as 'corpus-based dialectometry', which focuses on the joint quantitative measurement of dozens of grammatical features to gauge regional differences. These features include, for example, multiple negation (e.g. don't you make no damn mistake), non-standard verbal-s (e.g. so I says, What have you to do?), or non-standard weak past tense and past participle forms (e.g. they knowed all about these things). Utilizing state-of-the-art dialectometrical analysis and visualization techniques, the book is original both in terms of its fundamental research question ('What are the large-scale patterns of grammatical variability in British English dialects?') and in terms of its methodology.
Computer Vision for Visual Effects
Authors: Radke Richard J.
Published: December 2012

Modern blockbuster movies seamlessly introduce impossible characters and action into real-world settings using digital visual effects. These effects are made possible by research from the field of computer vision, the study of how to automatically understand images. Computer Vision for Visual Effects will educate students, engineers and researchers about the fundamental computer vision principles and state-of-the-art algorithms used to create cutting-edge visual effects for movies and television. The author describes classical computer vision algorithms used on a regular basis in Hollywood (such as blue screen matting, structure from motion, optical flow and feature tracking) and exciting recent developments that form the basis for future effects (such as natural image matting, multi-image compositing, image retargeting and view synthesis). He also discusses the technologies behind motion capture and three-dimensional data acquisition. More than 200 original images demonstrating principles, algorithms and results, along with in-depth interviews with Hollywood visual effects artists, tie the mathematical concepts to real-world filmmaking.
Philosophical Religions from Plato to Spinoza
Authors: Fraenkel Carlos
Published: December 2012

Many pagan, Jewish, Christian and Muslim philosophers from Antiquity to the Enlightenment made no meaningful distinction between philosophy and religion. Instead they advocated a philosophical religion, arguing that God is Reason and that the historical forms of a religious tradition serve as philosophy's handmaid to promote the life of reason among non-philosophers. Carlos Fraenkel provides the first account of this concept and traces its history back to Plato. He shows how Jews and Christians appropriated it in Antiquity, follows it through the Middle Ages in both Islamic and Jewish forms and argues that it underlies Spinoza's interpretation of Christianity. The main challenge to a philosophical religion comes from the modern view that all human beings are equally able to order their lives rationally and hence need no guidance from religion. Fraenkel's wide-ranging book will appeal to anyone interested in how philosophy has interacted with Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religious traditions.
Revolutions in Twentieth-Century Physics
Authors: Griffiths David J.
Published: December 2012

The conceptual changes brought by modern physics are important, radical and fascinating, yet they are only vaguely understood by people working outside the field. Exploring the four pillars of modern physics – relativity, quantum mechanics, elementary particles and cosmology – this clear and lively account will interest anyone who has wondered what Einstein, Bohr, Schrödinger and Heisenberg were really talking about. The book discusses quarks and leptons, antiparticles and Feynman diagrams, curved space-time, the Big Bang and the expanding Universe. Suitable for undergraduate students in non-science as well as science subjects, it uses problems and worked examples to help readers develop an understanding of what recent advances in physics actually mean.
Alliance Formation in Civil Wars
Authors: Christia Fotini
Published: December 2012

Some of the most brutal and long-lasting civil wars of our time involve the rapid formation and disintegration of alliances among warring groups, as well as fractionalization within them. It would be natural to suppose that warring groups form alliances based on shared identity considerations - such as Christian groups allying with Christian groups - but this is not what we see. Two groups that identify themselves as bitter foes one day, on the basis of some identity narrative, might be allies the next day and vice versa. Nor is any group, however homogeneous, safe from internal fractionalization. Rather, looking closely at the civil wars in Afghanistan and Bosnia and testing against the broader universe of fifty-three cases of multiparty civil wars, Fotini Christia finds that the relative power distribution between and within various warring groups is the primary driving force behind alliance formation, alliance changes, group splits and internal group takeovers.
The Social World of Intellectuals in the Roman Empire
Authors: Eshleman Kendra
Published: December 2012

This book examines the role of social networks in the formation of identity among sophists, philosophers and Christians in the early Roman Empire. Membership in each category was established and evaluated socially as well as discursively. From clashes over admission to classrooms and communion to construction of the group's history, integration into the social fabric of the community served as both an index of identity and a medium through which contests over status and authority were conducted. The juxtaposition of patterns of belonging in Second Sophistic and early Christian circles reveals a shared repertoire of technologies of self-definition, authorization and institutionalization and shows how each group manipulated and adapted those strategies to its own needs. This approach provides a more rounded view of the Second Sophistic and places the early Christian formation of 'orthodoxy' in a fresh context.
Marriage Mobility and Footbinding in Pre-1949 Rural China: A Reconsideration of Gender, Economics, and Meaning in Social Causation
Authors: Brown Melissa J. , Bossen Laurel , Gates Hill , Satterthwaite-Phillips Damian
Published: December 2012

We provide evidence contrary to long-standing general expectations that before 1949 most Chinese women married up the social hierarchy and that footbinding facilitated this hypergamy. In our sample of 7,314 rural women living in Sichuan, Northern, Central, and Southwestern China in the first half of the twentieth century, two-thirds of women did not marry up. In fact, 22 percent of all women, across regions, married down. In most regions, more women married up than down, but in all regions, the majority did not marry hypergamously. Moreover, for most regions, we found no statistically significant difference between the chances of a footbound girl versus a not-bound girl in marrying into a wealthier household, despite a common cultural belief that footbinding would improve girls' marital prospects. We do find regional variation: Sichuan showed a significant relation between footbinding and marital mobility. Nevertheless, our evidence of the basic economic circumstances of rural women's marriages from several of China's regions, including Sichuan, supports a different cultural belief as relevant to the lives of most women: marriage among equals. These results have implications for understanding pre-1949 Chinese gender relations and rural life as well as for theorizing social causation.
A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and acceptability of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression
Authors: Berlim M. T. , Van den Eynde F. , Daskalakis Z. J.
Published: December 2012

Background

Bilateral repetitive magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising novel therapeutic intervention for major depression (MD). However, clinical trials to date have reported conflicting evidence concerning its overall efficacy, which might have resulted from low statistical power. Thus, meta-analytical approaches could be useful in examining this issue by allowing the integration of findings from multiple studies and thus producing more accurate estimates of the treatment effect.

Method

We searched the literature for randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials (RCTs) on bilateral rTMS for treating MD from 1995 to July 2012 using EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SCOPUS, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and from October 2008 until May 2012 using Medline. The main outcome measures were response and remission rates. We used a random-effects model, odds ratios (ORs) and the number needed to treat.

Results

Data were obtained from seven RCTs, totaling 279 subjects with MD. After an average of 12.9 (s.d. = 2.7) sessions, 24.7% (40/162) and 6.8% (8/117) of subjects receiving active bilateral rTMS and sham rTMS were classified as responders [OR 4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.95–9.52,p < 0.0001]. Also, 19% (23/121) and 2.6% (2/77) of subjects were remitters following active bilateral rTMS and sham rTMS, respectively (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.65–21.8,p = 0.006). No difference between baseline mean depression scores for the bilateral and sham rTMS groups was found, and the former was comparable with the latter in terms of drop-out rates at study end. Furthermore, we did not find significant differences efficacy- and acceptability-wise between active bilateral and unilateral rTMS at study end. Finally, heterogeneity between the included RCTs was not significant, and the risk of publication bias was found to be low.

Conclusions

Bilateral rTMS is a promising treatment for MD as it provides clinically meaningful benefits that are comparable with those of standard antidepressants and unilateral rTMS. Furthermore, bilateral rTMS seems to be an acceptable treatment for depressed subjects.
The elementary dynamics of intergroup conflict and revenge
Authors: Pietraszewski David
Published: December 2012

The psychology underlying revenge in an intergroup context is built around a small handful of recurrent interaction types. Analyzing the cost/benefit calculations of each agent's role within these interaction types provides a more precise way to characterize intergroup conflict and revenge. This in turn allows for more precise models of the psychology of intergroup conflict to be proposed and tested.
A systems view on revenge and forgiveness systems
Authors: Wereha Tyler J. , Racine Timothy P.
Published: December 2012

Applying a non-developmental evolutionary metatheory to understanding the evolution of psychological capacities leads to the creation of models that mischaracterize developmental processes, misattribute genes as the source of developmental information, and ignore the myriad developmental and contextual factors involved in human decision-making. Using an evolutionary systems perspective, we argue that revenge and forgiveness cannot be understood apart from the development of foundational human psychological capacities and the contexts under which they develop.
‘All the Lads and Lasses’: lexical variation in Tyne and Wear
Authors: Beal Joan , Burbano-Elizondo Lourdes
Published: December 2012

Taking as our starting-point the results of an investigation conducted on data collected in the 1950s for the Survey of English Dialects (SED) (Glauser, 1985), in this paper we look at data collected between forty and fifty years after the SED to examine variation in the semantic fields BOYS/GIRLS; SONS/DAUGHTERS. Glauser's SED data consisted of single-word responses mainly from older male informants to questions such as: ‘Children may be of either sex: they're either….boys,or ….girls.’1(Orton, 1962: 89), but we have examined data from two more recent sources – the Diachronic Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English (DECTE) and Burbano-Elizondo's (2008) study of linguistic variation in Sunderland – in order to ascertain which words occur in these semantic fields. Whilst Glauser's observation thatladis elicited more frequently thanlassis borne out, we find that, in the sense of ‘sexual partner’, where these words do not appear in the SED data,lassis used more frequently thanladin the more recent data from Tyneside and Sunderland. We also find that, whilst there is no clear correlation between use of the wordsladandlassand the social class of speakers, males use both these words more than females.
Formulaic Language, Creativity, and Language Play in a Second Language
Authors: Bell Nancy
Published: December 2012

Since the late 1990s, the field of applied linguistics has seen a revival of interest in the topic of linguistic creativity and language play, with several theoretical works spawning a variety of empirical studies of (second language) L2 learners. This chapter reviews recent literature in order to examine the reciprocal relationship between formulaic language and L2 language play. Formulaic language provides a point of reference against which other uses can be recognized as creative or playful. At the same time, language play can also create new linguistic conventions. Thus, while the relationship between formulaic language and language play has not been explicitly addressed, as the examples presented here will demonstrate, formulaic language is a necessary part of much language play. This article begins by theorizing the relationship between formulaic and playful language. This relationship is then examined in terms of functions, age differences, and media differences, and the article closes with a number of suggestions for future research.
Formulaic Language in L1 Acquisition
Authors: Bannard Colin , Lieven Elena
Published: December 2012

The recognition that speech formulas play a role in first language acquisition—that children reuse sequences of words taken directly and seemingly unanalyzed from the input—goes back to the earliest days of the field. Until fairly recently, however, such formulaic language was considered part of an early and soon-superseded stage of development. The last decade has seen the rise of a perspective on language development in which such formulas are central to language acquisition across development. According to this perspective, which is often known as theusage-based theory of language development, acquisition begins when children identify, infer a communicative function for, and start to utilize pieces of language of different sizes (single words and multiword sequences). Generalization, and as a result grammar, is an emergent property resulting from the ongoing coexistence of such sequences in a shared representational space. The growth in popularity of such an account, which represents a radical break from traditional models of grammatical development, has resulted in large part from the appearance of very large corpora of child–caregiver interactions. Such corpora have supported a new understanding of the challenges and opportunities facing the learner, as well as allowing new naturalistic analyses of children's productions and the creation of stimuli for experiments, all of which offer considerable support for the usage-based position. This article offers a review of these developments.
The Processing of Formulaic Language
Authors: Conklin Kathy , Schmitt Norbert
Published: December 2012

It is generally accepted that we store representations of individual words in our mental lexicon. There is growing agreement that the lexicon also contains formulaic language (How are you? kick the bucket). In fact, there are compelling reasons to think that the brain represents formulaic sequences in long-term memory, bypassing the need to compose them online through word selection and grammatical sequencing in capacity-limited working memory. The research surveyed in this chapter strongly supports the position that there is an advantage in the way that native speakers process formulaic language compared to nonformulaic language. This advantage extends to the access and use of different types of formulaic language, including idioms, binomials, collocations, and lexical bundles. However, the evidence is mixed for nonnative speakers. While very proficient nonnatives sometimes exhibit processing advantages similar to natives, less proficient learners often have been shown to process formulaic language in a word-by-word manner similar to nonformulaic language. Furthermore, if the formulaic language is idiomatic (where the meaning cannot be understood from the component words), the figurative meanings can be much more difficult to process for nonnatives than nonidiomatic, nonformulaic language.
Formulaic Language and Language Teaching
Authors: Meunier Fanny
Published: December 2012

This article reviews the concrete effects that the theoretical findings on the formulaic nature of language have had in instructed second language acquisition (SLA). The introductory section includes some terminological comments and a general discussion on the validity of adopting a formulaic approach in second or foreign language teaching. The second section discusses various points in time when instructional intervention is possible and presents the rationale adopted in the article to trace elements of formulaicity in instructed SLA. The next three sections each center on one aspect of foreign language teaching, namely, input, classroom activities, and feedback. The discussion broaches pedagogical choices, teaching materials, types of activities, and tools currently available to teachers and learners. The results show that the increasingly refined understanding of the formulaic nature of language has clearly impacted second language teaching but that a number of questions still remain unanswered. These questions pertain to the types of formulas that deserve teaching time and to the assessment of the actual learning outcomes of using a formulaic approach.
Non-adjacent dependency learning in infants at familial risk of dyslexia
Authors: KERKHOFF ANNEMARIE , DE BREE ELISE , DE KLERK MAARTJE , WIJNEN FRANK
Published: December 2012

This study tests the hypothesis that developmental dyslexia is (partly) caused by a deficit in implicit sequential learning, by investigating whether infants at familial risk of dyslexia can track non-adjacent dependencies in an artificial language. An implicit learning deficit would hinder detection of such dependencies, which mark grammatical relations (e.g. between ‘is’ and ‘-ing’ in ‘she is happily singing’). In a head-turn experiment with infants aged 1;6, family risk and typically developing infants were exposed to one of two novel languages containing dependencies of the type a-X-c, b-X-d or a-X-d, b-X-c, with fixed first and third elements and twenty-four different X elements. During test, typically developing children listened longer to ungrammatical strings (i.e. that did not correspond to their training language). However, family-risk children did not discriminate between grammatical and ungrammatical strings, indicating deficient implicit learning. The implications of these findings in relation to dyslexia and other language-based disorders are discussed.
Lexical composition in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Authors: RESCORLA LESLIE , SAFYER PAIGE
Published: December 2012

For sixty-seven children with ASD (age 1;6 to 5;11), mean Total Vocabulary score on the Language Development Survey (LDS) was 65·3 words; twenty-two children had no reported words; and twenty-one children had 1–49 words. When matched for vocabulary size, children with ASD and children in the LDS normative sample did not differ in semantic category or word-class scores. Q correlations were large when percentage use scores for the ASD sample were compared with those for samples of typically developing children as well as children with vocabularies <50 words. The 57 words with the highest percentage use scores for the ASD children were primarily nouns, represented a variety of semantic categories, and overlapped substantially with the words having highest percentage use scores in samples of typically developing children as well as children with lexicons of <50 words. Results indicated that the children with ASD were acquiring essentially the same words as typically developing children, suggesting delayed but not deviant lexical composition.
Validation of a radiosonde‐based cloud layer detection method against a ground‐based remote sensing method at multiple ARM sites
Authors: Zhang Jinqiang , Li Zhanqing , Chen Hongbin , Cribb Maureen
Published: December 2012

Cloud vertical structure is a key quantity in meteorological and climate studies, but it is also among the most difficult quantities to observe. In this study, we develop a long‐term (10 years) radiosonde‐based cloud profile product for the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program Southern Great Plains (SGP), Tropical Western Pacific (TWP), and North Slope of Alaska (NSA) sites and a shorter‐term product for the ARM Mobile Facility (AMF) deployed in Shouxian, Anhui Province, China (AMF‐China). The AMF‐China site was in operation from 14 May to 28 December 2008; the ARM sites have been collecting data for over 15 years. The Active Remote Sensing of Cloud (ARSCL) value‐added product (VAP), which combines data from the 95‐GHz W‐band ARM Cloud Radar (WACR) and/or the 35‐GHz Millimeter Microwave Cloud Radar (MMCR), is used in this study to validate the radiosonde‐based cloud layer retrieval method. The performance of the radiosonde‐based cloud layer retrieval method applied to data from different climate regimes is evaluated. Overall, cloud layers derived from the ARSCL VAP and radiosonde data agree very well at the SGP and AMF‐China sites. At the TWP and NSA sites, the radiosonde tends to detect more cloud layers in the upper troposphere.
Modeling sediment‐related enterococci loading, transport, and inactivation at an embayed nonpoint source beach
Authors: Feng Zhixuan , Reniers Ad , Haus Brian K. , Solo‐Gabriele Helena M.
Published: December 2012

Key Points

A coupled microbe‐hydrodynamic‐morphological model has been developed

Tides and waves are fundamental factors to load enterococci from sediment

Bacterial exceedances are likely when local wind waves coincide with high tides
Effect of Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation during Exercise on the Mesolimbocortical Dopaminergic Region in Parkinson'S Disease: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Authors: Nozaki Takao , Sugiyama Kenji , Yagi Shunsuke , Yoshikawa Etsuji , Kanno Toshihiko , Asakawa Tetsuya , Ito Tae , Terada Tatsuhiro , Namba Hiroki , Ouchi Yasuomi
Published: December 2012

To elucidate the dynamic effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) during activity on the dopaminergic system, 12 PD patients who had STN-DBS operations at least 1 month prior, underwent two positron emission tomography scans during right-foot movement in DBS-off and DBS-on conditions. To quantify motor performance changes, the motion speed and mobility angle of the foot at the ankle were measured twice. Estimations of the binding potential of [11C]raclopride (BPND) were based on the Logan plot method. Significant motor recovery was found in the DBS-on condition. The STN-DBS during exercise significantly reduced the [11C]raclopride BPND in the caudate and the nucleus accumbens (NA), but not in the dorsal or ventral putamen. The magnitude of dopamine release in the NA correlated negatively with the magnitude of motor load, indicating that STN-DBS facilitated motor behavior more smoothly and at less expense to dopamine neurons in the region. The lack of dopamine release in the putamen and the significant dopamine release in the ventromedial striatum by STN-DBS during exercise indicated dopaminergic activation occurring in the motivational circuit during action, suggesting a compensatory functional activation of the motor loop from the nonmotor to the motor loop system.
Evaluation of Instantaneous Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of PGA Graphite
Authors: Metcalfe Martin P. , Tzelepi Nassia , Payne John F. B.
Published: December 2012

A series of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurements have been undertaken to test the validity of the commonly accepted expressions relating coefficients of thermal expansion of unirradiated graphite over different temperature ranges and the instantaneous coefficient of thermal expansion to the mean coefficient of thermal expansion over a specified temperature range. Results are presented for unirradiated PGA graphite and for irradiated PGA graphite. In the case of irradiated PGA graphite, expressions for evaluating instantaneous values of CTE have been tested at elevated temperatures representative of Magnox reactor operating conditions to support CTE data used to predict thermal stresses in core components.
Development of an Experimental and Simulation Process to Determine the End of Life Radionuclide Inventory of UK Irradiated Graphite Waste
Authors: Black Greg , Jones Abbie N. , Marsden Barry J.
Published: December 2012

When all operational reactors are shutdown, the UK will have a graphite waste legacy of 99,000 tonnes; this waste contains a variety of radionuclides and will fall under the Intermediate Level Waste classification for which the UK does not have a current disposal policy. Characterisation of the end of life radionuclide inventory is required before any policy can be developed. This paper investigates a combined programme of experimental and simulated work has been undertaken to investigate this. The tritium, carbon-14 and cobalt-60 content of a trepanned sample from Wylfa Magnox Reactor 1 have been experimentally determined using beta liquid scintillation counting and gamma spectroscopy. The WIMS9A reactor code and FISPACT-2007 neutron activation software have also been used to calculate this samples' inventory considering only a model which is isolated from the reactor circuit. Comparison between experimental and calculated results has shown that the original impurity levels are sufficient to explain the end of life activity, without additional consideration of contamination from other materials in the reactor circuit, in this type of simulation. Additionally, the calculations show that the production of 14C from 14N is approximately equal to that produced from 13C.
Theoretical Investigations into Sample Size Effects on Ultrasonic Measurements of Elastic Moduli
Authors: Payne John F. B. , Tzelepi Nassia
Published: December 2012

The relation between ultrasonic velocity and Young's modulus depends on sample dimension transverse to the direction of ultrasound propagation. For a sufficiently small transverse dimension, the phase and group velocities are the same and are independent of transverse dimension and independent of Poisson's ratio. For infinitely large transverse dimensions, the phase and group velocities are the same and dependent on Poisson's ratio. At intermediate sizes, several modes of ultrasonic wave propagation combine; the phase velocity is sensitive to transverse sample dimension, due to resonance effects and is not equal to the group velocity. The usual determination of ultrasonic velocity from the measured transit time of an ultrasonic pulse yields the group velocity. Analytical solutions consider the propagation of pure sine waves and consequently yield the phase velocity. This work extends previous analyses by considering propagation of a relatively short ultrasonic pulse, typical of those used for measurement of wave speed from the pulse propagation time. The main conclusion is that the phase velocity and transverse variation of the sine waves that do propagate are frequency dependent, resulting in distortion of a propagated pulse that is composed of sine waves of many frequencies. In the case studied here, the distortion is severe enough that the apparent wavespeed depends considerably on sample length and on the area of the sample surface in contact with the transducer.
Revised Method For Graphite Weight Loss Prediction
Authors: Coote Jonathan E. , Headings Neil S.
Published: December 2012

In this paper, the authors describe a new approach for predicting Gilsocarbon graphite weight loss which enables variability and uncertainty of predictions to be calculated from a physical model. The FEAT-GRAPHITE code is used to model weight loss, density and bore diameter through time as a function of various input parameters. The input parameters are defined as probability distributions, and the distributions are optimised in order to fit predictions to the spread of observed values. Uncertainty is quantified via bootstrapping of the measurement data. The method is presented and illustrated with sample results.
3H and 14C Release in UK Nuclear Graphite by Chemical Treatment
Authors: McDermott Lorraine , Jones Abbie N. , Marsden Barry J.
Published: December 2012

Irradiated nuclear graphite waste may account for up to 30% of any future UK geological ILW disposal facility (NDA, 2002). In order to make informed decisions of how best to dispose of large volumes of irradiated graphite waste within the UK nuclear programme, it is necessary to understand the nature and migration of isotopes present within the graphite and ultimately how these short and long term isotopes may behave prior to and during disposal. Various proposed decontamination and immobilisation treatments, within the EU Euroatom FP7 CARBOWASTE programme have been explored (von Lensa, 2008; von Lensa et al., 2011). Experiments have been carried out on UK irradiated graphite waste to investigate the removal of isotopic content prior to long term storage and to assess the long term leachability of isotopes. Several leaching conditions have been developed in order to remove 3H and 14C from the irradiated graphite. Leach results obtained from this analysis and differences observed under varying leaching conditions are discussed. Thermal analysis of the samples pre- and post-leaching has been performed to quantify the 14C and 3H inventory. Finally, the suitability of the developed chemical treatments before disposal is discussed.