bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V.—On the Arenig and Llandeilo Groups
Authors: Wyatt H.
Published: May 2009

The lower strata of the Silurian system are, as yet, but little known. The labours of Welsh and other geologists have brought to light the large fauna of the Lingula flags; but while the Upper Cambrian has thus been established and elucidated, the beds which lie immediately above it, namely the “Arenig group,” and the Llandeilo flags, remain to be searched, and a great part of the respective fauna of each to be described.

The Areing, or Skiddaw, group of Sedwick forms the base of the true Silurian rocks; it immediately underlies the Llandeilo flags, from which it is totally distinct, although caused with them in Murchison's “Siluria.”
I.—On the Occurrence of the Genus Squalodon in the Tertiary Strata of Victoria
Authors: M'Coy Frederick
Published: May 2009

As confirmatory of the Miocene age assigned by me, on other palæontological grounds, to the Tertiary sands on the Southern shores of Victoria, containing the Trigonia semiundulata (M'Coy), I think the accompanying figure (Plate VIII., Fig. 1), of the natural size, of a molar of an Australian species of the mammalian genus Squalodon, may be of interest.

The species is smaller than any of the American Eocene Zeuglodonts, or the Maltese Miocene Squalodon Melitensis, and it differs form them all in the great proportions, length (or depth), and imperfect bifurcation of the root. In the latter, and all other characters, it most nearly agrees with the Squalodon Grateloupi of von Meyer, from the French Miocene beds near Bordeaux.
V.—Notes on the Geology of South Bedfordshire
Authors: Saunders J.
Published: May 2009

The Geology of South Bedfordshire is now being exhibited more fully than hitherto, as the extension of the Midland Railway from Bedford to London is opening up a series of sections in the newer Seconday rocks which characterise this part of the county. The following notes were chiefly taken during a walk made last summer along the line, between the towns of Bedford and St. Alban's (Herts). For the first few miles the excavations are slight, and exhibit only the Drift sands and gravels of the rich valley of the Ouse, though these are well worthy of careful examination for flint implements and mammalian remains, which have been discovered on the north side of the river, at Biddenham, by J. Wyatt, Esq. About three miles from Bedford is an excavation in the Oxford clay; the upper portion is dark brown merging into dark blue beneath, and it abounds in fossil wood in various stages of carbonization, the colour of which ranges from brown to jet black; it is so abundant in places that some of the excavators fancied they were coming upon a coal-mine.
III.—On the Species of Brachiopoda, which occur in the Lower Greensand at Upware
Authors: Walker J. F.
Published: May 2009

I have in previous papers given some account of the remarkable Lower Greensand deposit at Upware, and have also described three new species of Terebratulidæ from this locality. Having obtained additional specimens of the rarer forms, and several new species, and having received many valuable suggestions from Mr. Davidson and Mr. Meyer, I propose in the present paper, first to describe some of the new species, then to make a few remarks on the numerous species of Brachiopoda which occur in this deposit, and finally to indicate their distribution in the Lower Greensand deposits of this country.
IV.—On Roslyn or Roswell Hill Clay-pit, near Ely
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

Roslyn or Roswell Hill Clay-pit has long been a standing puzzle to Cambridge geologists. I have visited it several times, and have notes upon it made in 1853 and in 1856. I was there in November, 1866, having, by Professor Sedgwick's permission, the the assitance of Mr. H. Keeping.
IV.—The Range and Distribution of British Fossil Brachiopoda.
Authors: Lobley J. Logan
Published: May 2009

In the following brief remarks on the range and distribution of Brachiopoda in British strata, and in the accompanying tables, the classification of Dr. Davidson has been mainly followed; and the calcuations of the numbers have been prinicipally based on the researches of that great authority, though the recent discoveries of Mr. C. Moore and others have been duly taken into consideration. These numbers must, of course, only be regarded as showing the present state of knowledge on the subject, as the active search which many observers are making will doubtless materially alter the figures here given.
III.—The Contact-Zone of the Alps and the Apennines in Western Liguria
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

In a paper on the Permian formation in the Maritime Alps, etc. (Geol.Mag., 1916, pp. 7–17), I mentioned incidentally that it extends from those Alps, viz. from the Montgioie range east into Liguria as far as the Savona Hills. As in the former so also in the latter region, that formation is composed of essentially gneissic schists known as apenninites or besimaudites belonging to the Lower Permian or Permo-Carboniferous, and of sericitic schists, quartzites, and clastic rocks or ‘anagenites’ which constitute the Upper Permian or Verrucano proper, forming a transition to the Lower Trias. The geological limit of the Permian in the Savona Hills coincides more or less with the geographical line of division of the Alps and Apennines at the Colle or saddle—also called Bocchetta—d'Altare; but another geological line of division exists still further east, at the junction of the Triassic and Eocene formations in the Chiaravagna Valley near Sestri Ponente, immediately west of Genoa. In reality the geological division is marked, not by either of those lines but by a contact-zone between them. This contact-zone occupies the whole of Western Liguria and comprises two distinct and dissimilar parts: one, the Triassic calc-schists and pietre verdi area or Voltri group, which extends for about 25 kilometres along the Riviera littoral west of Genoa from Sestri Ponente to Voltri, Varazze, and Celle Ligure, and the other or Savona group, which skirts the littoral for about 15 kilometres from Celle to Savona and Zinola, and is composed for the greater part of a crystalline massif of granitic, gneissic, and amphibolic rocks.
I.—On A New Genus of Shore-crab, Goniocypoda Edwardesi. From the Lower Eocene of Hampshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

One of the characteristic features of the warmer and intertropical regions of the globe, is the presence in abundance of those highest forms of Crustacea, the Shore- and Land-crabs.
III.—The Kitchen Middens at Llandudno
Authors: Mello J. M.
Published: May 2009

A Week or two spent last month at Llandudno has given me the opportunity of examining the deposits on the Great Orme's Head, described by the Rev. T. G. Bonney in the August number of the Geological Magazine, and supposed by him to be the remains of a Kitchen Midden. The present communication is intended merely as a supplementary note to his paper. It appears that the beds, containing recent shells and bones, had been previously observed, and their true character ascertained, since the Rev. W. S. Symonds remarks, in some notes on the Geology of the district, “The beds of mussels and other shells on the Great Orme, which, at one time I imagined to have been elevated in raised beaches, Mr. Darbishire believes to be derived from old shell-heaps the accumulations of former inhabitants.”
II.—On a new Brachyurous Crustacean (Prosopon mammillatum), from the Great Oolite, Stonesfield
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Among the new Oolitic Crustacea to which I drew attention at the meeting of the British Association, Dundee, was a species of Prosopon from the Stonesfield Slate.

This genus was proposed by H. von Meyer, in 1835, for certain minute forms of crustacea from the Upper White Jura of Oerlinger Thal, and other localities in Germany, from whence he has described twenty-nine species, and in addition to these, one from the Lower Oolite, three from the Coral Rag, and one from the Neocomian (see Palœontographica, for December, 1860, vol. vii., p. 183, pl. xxii.)
I.—A Notice of the Chemical Geology of Mr. D. Forbes
Authors: Hunt T. Sterry
Published: May 2009

The Geological Magazine for October last contains a criticism by Mr. David Forbes of certain views put forward by me ina lecture delivered before the Royal Institution of Great Britain on the 31st of May, 1867. Of this lecture a short-hand report appears in this Magazine for August, besides which a condensed report, revised by myself, is published in the proceedings of the Institution, in the Chemical News for June 21st; and in three French translations in the Revus des Cours Scientifiques, Les Mondes, and Cosmos. The Chemical News for October 4th contains a criticism of my lecture by Mr. Forbes, to which I have replied in a communication recently addressed to that Journal.
II.—On Banded and Brecciated Concretions
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: May 2009

I Propose now to pursue my subject by describing in some detail a series of typical examples of the principal groups of agatescent minerals; noting, as we proceed, the circumstances in each which appear to afford proper ground for future general classification.
II.—On the Cause of Contortions and Faults
Authors: Wilson J. M.
Published: May 2009

During the last few years, in lecturing on geology at Rugby School, I have frequently given an explanation of the causes that produce contortions and faults, which I find, to my surprise, is not given in the ordinary text books, and yet seems to me an extremely obvious explanation.
VII.—Discovery of Gault with Phosphatic Stratum at Upware
Authors: Keeping H.
Published: May 2009

Having frequently visited Upware during the past fourteen months, for the purpose of collecting from the Lower Greensand, in which I have been very successful, having obtained for this Museum a beautiful and choice collection, I have had every opportunity of observing the progress of the excavations, and of noting the relative position of the beds.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Cheilostomatous Polyzoa are anything but common in the Chalk exposed on the Norfolk coast between Cromer and Weybourne, and which I will call the Weybourne Chalk as it is best exposed in the Weybourne half of the area. It was only quite recently that I realized that the gradual accumulation of material had produced a sufficient volume to give some idea of the general nature of the fauna. The precise position of this chalk in the zone of B. mucronata cannot be fixed on physical data, but the Survey view that it is only a little way below the Trimingham Chalk is highly probable. It is therefore rather remarkable to find that the Membraniporæ include several new species, in addition to M. flacilla (ante, p. 338), which are unknown so far at Trimingham. It will be interesting to see if these, which I proceed to describe, prove to be characteristic of any definite range of chalk in the Norfolk Senonian. They must all be described as scarce at Weybourne.
II.—Further Notes on the Petrography of South Georgia
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

The new material on which this paper is based has lately been received through Mr. D. Ferguson, who recently investigated the geology of the island, and collected the rocks described in an earlier paper. It consists of twenty-seven rock specimens from the south-eastern end of the island, between Cape Disappointment and Cooper Island, and nine specimens from Gold Harbour on the north-east coast between Cooper Island and Royal Bay. All these were collected by the staff of the South Georgia Co., Ltd., under the instructions of Mr. Th. E. Salvesen, managing director, of Leith.
III.—Small Pit and Mound Structures developed during Sedimentation
Authors: Kindle E. M.
Published: May 2009

Sedimentary rocks show a variety of minor structures whose origin has been obscure. Among these are the small circular pits and mounds which sometimes mark the surfaces of sedimentary strata. Such of these as cannot be referred to rain-prints or the work of worms are apt to be referred by the geologist to some obscure type of concretion.
II.—On Subaërial Denudation, and on Cliffs and Escarpments of the Chalk and Lower Tertiary Beds
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: May 2009

The graceful outlines, smooth curves, and flowing contours of the Chalk hills are well known to southern geologists; indeed these hills are the most marked feature of the south-east of England. Those who hold that their form has been given by the sea, point to the winding ridge, and say how like it is to many a coast with its succession of capes and coves; even so distinguished a writer as Sir C. Lyell remarking that “the geologist cannot fail to recognise in this view (of part of the South Downs) the exact likeness of a sea-cliff”. And truly it is so; but let us examine this likeness more closely, and it will be seen that the argument founded on it, plausible enough on the surface, is superficial only, and fails utterly when rigorously tested.
III.—Banded and Brecciated Concretions
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: May 2009

We have now, I think; obtained sufficient evidence that the disposition of differently coloured or composed bands in agate is in most cases the result of crystalline segregation.We shall find, also, that the order of this segregation is constant under given conditions; and that, with fixed proportions of elements and fixed rate of cooling and drying, the agate will necessarily produce itself in a riband of a fixed succession or pattern of stripes: a spectrum of substances, which, if we had observed data enough, we might read like a spectrum of light; inferring, not the nature of the elements from its bars of colour, but the: former conditions of solution from the bars of elements.
V.—Observations on the Sequence of the Glacial Beds
Authors: Wood S. V.
Published: May 2009

The Article in this Magazine by Prof. Harkness, “On the Middle Pleistocene Deposits of Britain,” will, I trust, call the attention of geologists more prominently to the fact that a break occurred in the Glacial period, wherein the formation of Boulder-clay was arrested for a considerable interval, and an extensive formation of sands and gravels spread out, accompanied, apparently, by some amelioration of the temperature of the sea. Nevertheless, there are several things pressed by Prof. Harkness into his case as to which a word of caution, and even of dissent, seems necessary.
I.—Notice of some Saurian Fossils discovered by J. H. Hood, Esq., at Waipara, Middle Island, New Zealand
Authors: Owen
Published: May 2009

In the year 1861 I communicated to the Geological Section of the British Association, which that year met at Manchester, a description of certain fossils discovered by J. H. Cockburn Hood, Esq., in the Canterbury Settlement of the Middle Island of New Zealand; which fossils, kindly submitted to me for description by that gentleman, were afterwards presented by him to the British Museum.
V.—Observations on the Sequence of the Glacial Beds
Authors: Wood S. V.
Published: May 2009

Turning now to the physical evidence, it is well known that the Moel Tryfaen bed is 1390 feet above the sea-level; and a depression which would bring the sea up to that point would, unless we suppose a great change in the relative elevations, place the Chalk many hundreds of feet beneath the sea.
VI.—On the Millstone Grit of the North Wales Border
Authors: Davies D. C.
Published: May 2009

The Millstone Grit of the North Wales Border follows the eastern slope of the Carboniferous Limestone, from Crickheath and Sweeney, South of Oswestry, to the shores of the Irish Sea; it is also thrown up into the range of hills which the traveller by the Great Western Railway may see to the west of the line between Oswestry and Chester. This range serves as a natural boundary between this part of England and Wales, and forms a second line of natural fortification, strengthened on the English side by numerous outposts of low hills of clay, gravel, and sand, which give place, upon the Welsh side, to precipitous escarpments of Mountain Limestone, beyond which the change in the language, dress, and manners of the people is marked and sudden.
I—On the Dispersion of Shapfell Boulders and Origin of Boulder-Clay
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

As the attention of geologists has lately been re-directed to the above subjects by Mr. S. V. Wood and Prof. Harkness, I venture to hope that the following notes and observations, made during visits to Wasdale Crag and the neighbourhood, on the 7th and 15th of last June, will not prove uninteresting to the readers of the Geological Magazine.
II.—On the Character and Composition of Lavas
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

I Have been gratified by observing of late the appearance among geologists of a more general appreciation of the study of volcanic phenomena,—using that word in its broadest sense, as comprehending not merely the occasional outbursts of vapour, ashes, and lava, but also the action of those subterranean forces, to which alone we are indebted for the existence, now or in former times, of any dry land whatever above the dead sea-level at which the agents of denudation would otherwise maintain the surface of the globe.
II.—Notes on the late Eruption of Vesuvius
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

The Eruptions of Vesuvius naturally create a wider and deeper interest than those of any other volcano, owing to the mountain lying within sight and hearing of one of the most populous and frequented eities of Europe. And in these days of telegraphs and newspaper correspondence the mingled feelings of alarm and admiration which these phenomena excite at Naples are rapidly spread over the civilized world, tinged with all the exaggerations and embellishments that the imagination of writers, who, probably, witness an eruption for the first time, can bestow on them.
VIII.—On a Worked Flint from the Brick-earth of Crayford, Kent
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

During a visit to Crayford in April, under the guidance of my friend Mr. Dawkins, I obtained a worked flint from Slades Green Pit. The discovery seems worth recording, on account of the presumed early age of the deposit in which it occurred. Mr. Evans has kindly looked at the specimen, and considers it decidedly to have been worked, so that there is no room for doubt upon that head. I picked the implement out of a band of rounded flint gravel, lying beneath the sandy stratum which contains abundance of shells, and among them the Corbicula (or Cyrena) fiuminalis and Unio litoralis, together with many mammalian remains.
I.—Notice of a Fossil Hydractinia from the Coralline Crag
Authors: Allman George Jambs
Published: May 2009

Among the very few known instances of fossil hydroids, the genus Hydractinia must be included. Under the name of Cellepora echinata, M. Michelin has described a fossil from the Subapennine group of Asti, and from the Superior Fallunian of Bordeaux and Dax (Michelin, Icon. Zooph., p. 74, pl. xv., fig. 4). M. Fischer has drawn attention to the fact, that the Cellepora echinata of Michelin is really a Hydractinia encrusting a Murex or a Nassa, while he has himself added another fossil Hydractinia from the Upper Greensand of Mans (Fischer, Bull, de la Soc. Géol. de France, 2me sér. t. xxiv., p. 689). This he found in the collection of M. Alc. d’Orbigny, where it encrusted numerous specimens of Natica tuberculata, d’Orbig., from that formation. M. Fischer has assigned to this species the name of Hydractina cretacea, while to Michelin's species he has given that of Hydractina Michelini.
II.—The Permian Beds of Yorkshire
Authors: Lucas Joseph
Published: May 2009

In the March number of the Geological Magazine, Mr. A. H. Green observes that it is difficult to account for the supply of salts to the Permian Sea. For the iron, he calls in the aid of mineral springs produced by volcanic action; but for the lime and magnesia, streams flowing into the sea holding in solution bicarbonate of lime and sulphate of magnesia.
III.—Notes on Fossil Sponges
Authors: Holl Harvey B.
Published: May 2009

III. Pictet converted D’Orbigny's families into tribes, and introduced some additional genera created by Giebel King, etc.; and, except in the description of new genera and species by Reuss, Roemer, Salter, Eichwald and others, the subject remained very much where D’Orbigny left it until M. de Fromentelle proposed a new arrangement, based upon what he terms the “organs which serve for the nutrition of the sponge,”—viz., the tubule, oscules, pores, etc. Like D’Orbigny, he divides the sponges into two orders: 1st, the Spongitaria, which comprises only recent genera; and, 2nd, the Spongitaria, which contains all the fossil genera, with the exception of the doubtful group, the Clionidæ. The second order is further divided into three sub-orders: 1, those sponges which have one or more tubules (the Spongitaria tubulosa); 2, those that have oscules, but no tubule (Spongitaria osculata); and 3, those that have neither tubule nor oscules (Spongitaria porosa). Each of these suborders is further divided thus: the tubular sponges into those in which the tubule is solitary, and those in which it is grouped, and also into those with oscules and those without oscules. The oscular sponges are similarly subdivided, according to form, disposition of the oscules, and presence or absence of an epitheca. Lastly, the porous sponges are divided into those that are more or less regularly cup-shaped, and those that assume some other form.
IV.—Further Remarks on Mr. James Geikie's Correlation of Glacial Deposits
Authors: Wood S. V.
Published: May 2009

In a republication of the papers by him which appeared in successive numbers of this Magazine, Mr. James Geikie has replied to the objections which I offered to his views, and also to the views of sequence which I myself advance, by asserting that the seaward ends of glaciers never float; and that my view that “wherever the ice-sheet rested there no deposit occurred, the material produced by its action incessantly travelling outwards to the ice-edge,” is a misconception.
II. On the Genuineness of certain Fossils from the Macclesfield Drift-beds
Authors: Darbishire R. D.
Published: May 2009

At the last meeting of the Society, Mr. Plant made statements respecting the supply of so-called fossil shells from the Drift at Macclesfield, of a striking and curious character: he warned geologists against certain specimens, on the grounds that some were only recent shells sold as fossils, and others, though bearing the appearance of Drift-fossils, were not only spurious as such form Macclesfield, but were not even fossils at all, being nothing but the results of an elaborate system of importation and manufacture: forgeries, in fact, to meet a new demand. Mr. Plant allowed that some of these frauds were well calculated to deceive even geologists, and quoted a statement that they had been successful at the Museums of London, Liverpool, and Manchester. Besides the simple introduction of recent shells, he specially reported a process of fecthing such shells from recent beaches at Liverpool, Southport, or Ireland (even the use of West Indian African shells), the breaking-up of the same, and the subjection of the fragments to fire or acid, and a subsequent treatment by friction in a basket with gravel, ‘to give them the true Drift-character and the necessary redtinge.’
I.—On a New Arachnide from the Coal-measures of Lancashire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

It is now twelve months since I had the pleasure to record, in the pages of this Journal, the discovery of Eophrynus Prestvicii, a new genus of Arachnides from the Coal-measures of Dudley. (See Geol. Mag., 1871, Vol. VIII., p. 385, Pl XI.) This remarkably perfect specimen is perhaps unequalled in the condition of its preservation by any Palæozoic fossil known. Although the fossil Arachnide, which forms the subject of this notice, cannot claim such distinction as Eophrynus, yet it is well deserving of being placed on record in the pages of this Magazine, as a new genus of airbreathers from the English Coal-measures.
III.—On Rock-Staining
Authors: Ward J. Clifton
Published: May 2009

In a paper on “The Permian Beds of Yorkshire”, Mr. Lucas maintains: 1st, that the present western edge of the Magnesian Limestone, at all events to the north of Ripon, marks the old shoreline; 2nd, that the iron and other salts found in Permian deposits were derived from the neighbouring grit and limestone land; 3rd, that the colouring-matter, as it was brought down, stained the rocks forming the bed of the inland sea, and hence the purple and red colour of the grit and other beds between Knaresborough and Leeds.
VII.—Account of an Expedition to Greenland in the year 1870
Authors: Nordenskiöld A. E.
Published: May 2009

Before proceeding to give an account of these changes in the fauna of Greenland, I wish to draw attention to the possibility which exists in these parts of obtaining a comparison between the units of geological and historical chronology, that is—if by collecting observations and reports from many different localities, it be possible to determine certain limits for the velocity with which the border of the inland ice moves. One may arrive at the lower limit from the following considerations. The breadth of the slip of border-land at Auleitsiviksfjord is about 60 miles, or 350,000 ft. The annual retreat can, of course, never exceed the thickness of the covering that yearly melts, divided by the sine of the inclination of the icy surface, which in the places passed by us was nowhere less than 30°.
I.—On the Forms of Valleys and Lake-basins in Norway
Authors: Wilson J. M.
Published: May 2009

The general object of this paper is to draw attention to the apparently close connexion between the configuration of the surface in a glaciated country like Norway, and the disposition of the principal planes of division of the rocks, whether these planes be caused by stratification, cleavage or joints.
II.—On the Formation of Deltas: and on the Evidence and Cause of Great Changes in the Sea-Level during the Glacial Period
Authors: Tylor Alfred
Published: May 2009

It would be the safer plan, in considering the remarkable Gravel and Crag deposits which characterize so distinctly the Quaternary Period, to infer the size of rivers, amount of rainfall, and elevation of tides from the deposits themselves. Further acquaintance with meteorological phenomena may find a fitting explanation of the difficulties we meet with in explaining the position of the gravel at such heights above our present streams, and fresh-water, alternating with marine clay, and sands at such depths below the sea-level.
III.—Contributions to Carboniferous Palæontology
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

The genus Conularia was first described by Miller about the year 1820, and afterwards more fully by Sowerby, as a “conical hollow univalve shell,” (Min. Con., vol. iii. p. 107). It had previously been figured by Ure under the name of a “curious fossil” (History of Rutherglen and E. Kilbride, p. 330). Sowerby, amongst other characters, noticed that in one of his specimens, formerly in Miller's collection, the edges or “lips” of the broader or truncated end of the shell were inflected, and nearly met in the centre (l. c. t. 260, fig. 4).
I.—On the Surface-Geology of the Neighbourhood of Cross Fell, in Cumberland
Authors: Rance C. E. De
Published: May 2009

The eastern margin of the Vale of Eden, in the neighbourhood of Blencairn, Ousby, and Melmerby, is abruptly terminated by a steep and lofty escarpment, which rises to an eminence of 2892 feet at Cross Fell, 2331 feet at Melberby Fell, and 2082 feet at Fiends Fell, the elevations between these points being nearly as great. Eastwards, from the top of the escarpment, a large expanse of elevated moorlands slope gradually towards the North Sea.
VI.—On the Nomenclature of Schistose Rocks
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

The term Quartzyte has been used to designate quartz-schist and seems to be generally adopted, while Argillyte is used by some authorities in place of argillous or argillaceous-schist. I would therefore suggest that the other subgroups and varieties of schistose rocks should be given similar names.
II.—On the Occurrence of Siliceous Nodular Brown Hæmatite (Göthite), in the Carboniferous Limestone Beds near Cooks-town, Co. Tyrone; and Note on its Formation by Chemical Alteration from Ordinary Clay-ironstone. With Analysis
Authors: Hardman Edward T.
Published: May 2009

The ore which is the subject of this paper occurs in rather an uncommon manner; its existence, however, has been known for a very considerable period, and it is said to have been worked at least 250 years ago. I believe it is this that is referred to in Dr. Boate's quaint work,“Ireland's Naturell History,” as being found “by the side of the rivulet Lishan, not far from Lough Neagh,”—although he classes it with the ordinary clay-ironstones, which it certainly does not resemble either in composition or appearance.
II.—On Analysis of White Chalk from the County of Tyrone, with Note on the Occurrence of Zinc therein, and in the overlying Basalt
Authors: Hardman Edward T.
Published: May 2009

I was led to make this analysis with the view of determining if possible whether the extreme hardness of the Irish Chalk were due to either a chemical, a mechanical, or a calorific alteration, from the influence of the overlying basalt. If it were owing to chemical change, we should expect to find a large per-centage of silicates and a diminution in the amount of lime; if to the influence of heat, carbonic acid would be driven off, silica would be in excess, and the presence of the insoluble bases, such as the peroxide of iron, oxide of manganese, and alumina, would become more apparent; while if a mechanical cause or pressure were the reason, no change would take place in the relative amount of the constituents. I believe the result seems to show that the induration of the Chalk must be set down chiefly to the last agency,—if to anything apart from the original formation of the rock,—and that the power of alteration exerted over it by the heat of the molten basalt has been small indeed. At the same time a certain addition has been made to it by means of water holding chemical bodies in solution.
III.—A Brief Memoir of the Geology of Dorset
Authors: Mansel-Pleydell J. C.
Published: May 2009

As the sands and clays of the Hastings series lie conformably on the Purbeck Beds, it is probable that the same area which formed the embouchure of the Purbeck river performed still the same office during the Hastings Sand age; but the entirely different character of the deposit shows at least that the soil of the country drained by the latter was different from that which supplied the former; and it is evident also that, in the district under consideration, the motion of the water of the Hastings river was much more rapid, from the abundance of sand, coarse quartz, and gravel with pebbles.
V.—History of the Names Cambrian and Silurian in Geology
Authors: Hunt T. Sterry
Published: May 2009

2. Middle and Lower Cambrian.—Investigations in continental Europe were, meanwhile, preparing the way for a new chapter in the history of the Lower Palæozoic rocks. A series of sedimentary beds in Sweden and Norway had long been known to abound in singular petrifactions, some of which had been examined by Linnæus, who gave to them the name of Entomolithi. They were also studied and described by Wahlenberg and by Brongniart, the latter of whom, from two varieties of the Entomolithus paradoxus, Linn., established in 1822 two genera, Paradoxides and Agnostus.
VI.—Review of the Contributions to Fossil Botany published in Britain in 1872
Authors: Carruthers William
Published: May 2009

This name is proposed for a fossil from Oldham resembling Psaronius Zeidleri, Corda; the author records the discovery of specimens of Zygopteris, and his conviction that Cotta's Medullosa elegans is “merely the rachis of a fern, or a plant allied to one.”
IV.—Notes on a Smoothed and Striated Boulder from a Pretertiary Deposit in the Punjab Salt Range
Authors: Blanford W. T.
Published: May 2009

The block of stone in question, like another exhibited by Mr. A. B. Wynne, was obtained by Dr. Warth, at Chel Hill, in the Punjab Salt Range. This specimen was sent by Dr. Warth to Mr. H. B. Medlicott, Director of the Geological Survey of India, who forwarded it to the present writer, in the hope of learning the views of those who have most experience of similarly marked boulders, and of ascertaining whether the peculiar characters of the present specimen are due to any particular form of ice action or to any other agency.
III.—The Igneous Rocks, etc., of the Neighbourhood of the Warwickshire Coal-field
Authors: Rutley Frank
Published: May 2009

These rocks may be classed into five or six more or less distinct groups.

I. Syenitic Rocks (Croft Series).

II. Andesite and Andesitic Tuffs (Caldecote Series).

III. Hartshill Quartzite with Breccia at its base.

IV. Diorites.

V. Andesites or Diorites containing Augite.

VI. Basalts or Diorites containing Olivine.

The three last groups appear to graduate into one another, and seem to correspond with similar rocks described by Mr. Allport. Many of the specimens examined are in a more or less advanced stage of decomposition, calcite, serpentine, pyrites, etc., being very commonly present.
I.—On Some New or Imperfectly Known Madreporaria from the Inferior Oolite of Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire and Dorsetshire
Authors: Tomes Robert F.
Published: May 2009

In the thirty-eighth volume of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society is a paper by me on the Corals of the Inferior Oolite, and in the following volume is one on the Corals of the Great Oolite. The forty-first volume of the same periodical contains a supplement to the latter, but to the former no such addition has yet been made. The present communication makes good that deficiency, and is a supplement to it. It contains, besides the description of some new species, additional remarks on others already known, mention of genera about which doubt has been expressed, and the description of one which I consider new. Another genus, Stephanocænia, though well known elsewhere, has up to the present time remained unrecognized as British, and is now introduced on the evidence of two well-marked species from the Inferior Oolite of Gloucestershire. The addition to our Coral fauna of such genera as the above, and of others equally well known which I have also had the opportunity of making known, is of even greater interest than the discovery of new genera and species. Epismilia, Donacosmilia, Cyathophyllia, Adelastræa, Stylosmilia, Rhizangia, Thecoseris, Zeptophyllia, and Enallohelia, form a valuable contribution towards the Coral fauna of this country.
II.—On the Surface-Geology, Denudation, and “Form of the Ground” of Belgium
Authors: Jenkins H. M.
Published: May 2009

The review of my “Report on the Agriculture of Belgium,” which appeared in the last number of the GeologicalMagazine, illustrated by a reprint of the map which originally accompanied it in the “Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society” (2nd series, vol. vi., part 1), has induced me to offer some further remarks on the surface-geology of that kingdom while the subject is still fresh in the recollection of the readers of this Magazine.
III.—On the Occurrence of the Rhætic Beds in North Shropshire and Cheshire
Authors: Maw Geo
Published: May 2009

The outlying mass of Lias on the borders of Shropshire and Cheshire is so thickly covered with Boulder-drift, that its line of boundary throughout almost its entire circumference is very obscure. The direct sequence from the underlying Keuper Marls is scarcely anywhere visible, and I believe no record of the occurrence of the Avicula contorta zone has hitherto been published.
VII.—On the Use of the Term Neocomian
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: May 2009

The confusion which has of late years resulted from the multiplication of names for the same geological stratum, formation, or system, sufficiently indicates the necessity for the adoption of certain rules by which our geological nomenclature may be reformed and brought into a state of something like uniformity. When this necessity is acknowledged, but little doubt can arise as to the principles on which such rules must be based; the law of priority, with certain necessary limitations and exceptions, will be made to govern the terminology of Geology, as it already does that of almost every other Natural Science.
I.—Notes on some Fossil Plants
Authors: Carruthers William
Published: May 2009

It is known that the friends of the late distinguished palæontologist and naturalist, Hugh Falconer, established a Fellowship in memory of himself, and in connexion with the University of Edinburgh. This Fellowship is especially intended to encourage the study of palæontology. To give to botanical students who may devote their attention to the investigation of fossil plants a fair opportunity of securing a Falconer Fellowship, Professor Balfour intends, as he informs me, to devote more time in his lectures to vegetable palæontology, and he has prepared a carefully revised and enlarged edition of that portion of his Class-book devoted to this subject, which will be published separately, and will supply a long desiderated manual, not only to the students of his own class, but to students in all institutions in which botany is treated in a scientific method. Having obtained Prof. Balfour's permission to use one of the plates and some wood-cuts which have been prepared under my direction, to illustrate this separate publication, I now employ them for the purpose of recording some notes bearing upon the subjects figured, and which I have not yet published.
IV.—Heer's Flora Fossilis Arctica
Authors: Scott Robert H.
Published: May 2009

In vol. ii. of his Flora Fossilis Arctica, Professor Oswald Heer has treated of the Fossil Flora of Bear Island, and shown that it belongs to the Lower Carboniferous Formation, of which it forms the lowest beds (named by him the “Ursa” beds), close to the junction with the Devonian. The Yellow Sandstone of Kiltorcan in Ireland, the Grauwacke of the Vosges, and the southern part of the Black Forest, and of St. John in Canada, belong to the same group. In the summer of 1870 two young Swedish naturalists (Wilander and Nathorst) discovered this same formation in the Klaas Billen Bay of the Eisfiord in Spitzbergen, and brought home fine specimens of Lepidodendron Veltheimianum, and Stigmaria ficoides. It has also been found in West Greenland, for Prof. Nordenskiold tells us that the Swedish expedition, which went to Disco in the course of last summer, to fetch the meteorite, weighing 25 tons, which he discovered at Ovifak in that island, has brought home fossil plants of true Carboniferous age.
V.—The Post-Glacial Geology and Physiography of West Lancashire and the Mersey Estuary
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

My attention having been directed, during the construction of the Main Outfall Sewer at Birkdale, to the Post-Glacial deposits underlying the great plain between Waterloo and Crossens, and having, through the execution of numerous other works in the district, peculiar advantages for prosecuting investigations in Post-Glacial Geology, I am induced to lay before your readers several interesting facts, and also, as I venture to think, some important deductions therefrom.
VI.—On Subsidence as the Effect of Accumulation
Authors: Ricketts Charles
Published: May 2009

The majority of geological formations have certainly been deposited in what was at their respective periods the sea; but Sir Charles Lyell, Prof. Geikie and others have shown that the action of the waves and currents upon sea-cliffs, and their power to remove matter from above to below the sea-level, is very insignificant compared with that effected by atmospheric agents, by rain and rivers, in the interior, in consequence of the immensely more extended area upon which these act; so that, even supposing the height of ancient cliffs to have been very much greater than those of the present time which have been considered to average not more than twenty-five feet, it appears difficult or rather impossible to attribute the origin of the materials of which they consist, sometimes amounting to several miles in thickness, to the erosion of coast-lines, with the exception of a comparatively thin stratum situated at their base. Those who have ascribed their origin to marine denudation have given no satisfactory explanation of the manner in which the débris from the disintegration of the cliffs has been redistributed to form these strata.
I.—On the Rostral Prolongations of Squaloraia polyspondyla, Ag.
Authors: Davies William
Published: May 2009

Few amongst the many remains of Fossil Fishes hitherto discovered have excited more interest than the remarkable fossil Ray, found about forty years ago by Miss Anning in the Lower Lias at Lyme Regis.
II.—On some Coniferous Remains from the Lithographic Stone of Solenhofen
Authors: Dyer W. T. Thiselton
Published: May 2009

The Geological Department of the British Museum possesses the fine collection of fossils from the Solenhofen Oolites, which was formed under specially favourable circumstances by Häberlein. Its importance is at once apparent when it is remembered that it contains the specimen of Archœopteryx macrura, described by Owen.
III.—On the Climate of the Post-Glacial Period
Authors: Wood S. V.
Published: May 2009

It has been generally assumed by geologists that the climate of the period which followed the elevation of the Glacial beds was one of gradual amelioration from a rigorous to a mild one. The Rev. O. Fisher some time since, however, in describing certain appearances presented by some superficial sections which he denominated “Trail,” suggested that they were due to a second period of cold, which he regarded as having occurred between 100,000 and 200,000 years back. Without adopting, in all respects, the views of Mr. Fisher, I yet think that the facts, as far as yet known, point to the conditions of climate during the Post-glacial period having been the reverse of what has been generally assumed with respect to them; and I propose here to give some reasons for that idea.
I.—On a New Species of Rostellaria from the Gault
Authors: Price F. G. H.
Published: May 2009

I Have much pleasure in calling attention to an unusually large Gasteropod, which I had the good fortune to find last February near Copt Point, Folkestone, when in company with Mr. Griffiths, the well-known collector.
VII.—Notes and Queries on the Classification and Nomenclature of the English Strata
Authors: W. S. M.
Published: May 2009

Con. and Phil, in 1822 divided into “with flints,” “with few flints,” “without flints,” and recognized the underlying “Grey Chalk,” which they state might more properly be designated “Chalk Marie.”
I.—On Halonia of Lindley and Hutton and Cyclocladia of Goldenberg
Authors: Carruthers William
Published: May 2009

The genus Halonia was established in the Fossil Flora (vol. ii., p. 13) by Lindley and Hutton for those fossils in which, to the surface of Lepidodendron, is added the mode of branching of certain Coniferœ, and which were therefore inferred to be of a nature analogous to the latter. It was assumed that Lepidodendron, being an extinct form of Lycopodiaceœ, must be limited to the fossils in which the branching was dichotomous, since no other kind of branching is met with in recent Lycopodiaceœ. But when we look at such plants as Lycopodium cernuum and L. densum, we find branching precisely similar to that in Halonia gracilis, L. and H.; and whether these were produced or not by the division of a terminal bud, it is certain that in their developed condition they are arranged in an alternate manner round a common elongated axis— a plan of branching characteristic, as the authors of the Fossil Flora supposed, of Coniferœ.
III.—On the Microscopic Structure of the Limerick Carboniferous Trap-rocks (Melaphyres)
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

Dr. Macalister, in his able Presidential Address, has furnished the Society with a summary of the work done, principally by German petrologists, with the object of determining the mineral constitution and structure of plutonic, metamorphic, volcanic, and other rocks, by the aid of the microscope. Forbes, Sorby, and Allport amongst ourselves have also represented British petrologists in the same field, but perhaps have not been sufficiently forward in giving the results of their labours to the world.
VI.—Supplementary Note on Minerals found in Somersetshire
Authors: Perceval Spencer George
Published: May 2009

A gates are found abundantly in Somersetshire. Dr. Buckland mentions their occurrence at Sandford, near Banwell, Worle, and Clevedon. Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. iii., p. 421, See also Sowerby's British Mineralogy, vol. v., 1817, p. 213.
II.—On Rock Fissuring
Authors: Ward J. Clifton
Published: May 2009

Many curious cases of rock fissuring have attracted my attention while working out the geology of part of the English Lakedistrict. A notice of some few of them may perhaps draw forth remarks from those who have had longer and wider experience in the field of nature.
III.—On the Formation of Mountains, with a Critique on Captain Hutton's Lecture
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

The subject of Captain Hutton's lecture, on the Formation of Mountains, delivered at Wellington, New Zealand, is one which has engaged a good deal of my attention, and was discussed by me in a paper read before the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and printed in their Transactions. In that paper I attributed the elevating force, which has raised mountain ranges, to the contraction of the heated interior of the earth, and subsequent wrinkling of the crust so as to accommodate itself to the diminished nucleus. This was an old hypothesis, but I believe the amount of horizontal pressure produced in that manner had not been estimated before. Mr. Mallet, the eminent seismologist, read a paper on the same subject before the Royal Society in May, 1872, in ignorance of what I had written, and came to the same conclusion as myself as to the amount of the horizontal pressure.
V.—On the Foraminifera and Sponges of the Upper Greensand of Cambridge
Authors: Sollas W. Johnson
Published: May 2009

The Upper Greensand of Cambridge occurs as a thin but very important bed, covering the eroded surface of the Gault, and blending upwards into the overlying Chalk-marl. It consists essentially of Chalk-marl, saturated with green grains of Glauconite, and crowded with a variety of fossils. The fossils in great part derive their origin from the Gault, out of which they have been concentrated by a natural process of levigation. At the time when the Gault sea was shallowing to its close, its submarine shores became eroded by a cold current flowing from the north, which bore away its lighter sedimentary clay, and left its imbedded fossils behind, to be subsequently rolled into the sublittoral deposit of the Upper Greensand. Thus it happens that in our neighbourhood the uppermost beds of the Gault are not to be found, and their only representative is this mere pebble-bed at the base of the Chalk. The rich fauna in our formation thus collected ready to the hand of the Palæontologist has been well worked out in its higher developments by Mr. Barret, Mr. Seeley, and various other observers. Of the Protista and Cœlenterata, however, some departments have been left all but untouched; and it is to the Sponges of the latter and the Foraminifera of the former that my paper refers. The Foraminifera occur abundantly, and in a rich variety, which seems to anticipate their more luxuriant appearance in the succeeding Chalk. The Vitrea perforata are represented by large forms of Bulimina, Textularia, and Orthocerina, which mimic truly arenaceous foraminifera by imbedding the siliceous and volcanic sand of the formation in their tests.