bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The demographic history of Castanea sativa Mill. in southwest Europe: A natural population structure modified by translocations
Authors: Fernández‐López Josefa , Fernández‐Cruz Javier , Míguez‐Soto Beatriz
Published: June 2021

In domesticated species, translocation of materials can alter natural demographic patterns; this may have occurred in Castanea sativa (European chestnut), a species conserved in several refuges, with a long domestication history for nut production. Bayesian analysis of population genetic structure in marginal areas and in the centre of C. sativa range, considering spatial information and making corrections for unbalanced size, allowed visualization of a genetic structure that was subsequently analysed by approximate Bayesian computation to assess its natural demographic history and test the origin of some hypothetical translocated germplasm. We obtained evidence of C. sativa population contraction during the earliest Pleistocene, resulting in a split into eastern (Greek) and western (Italian and Iberian) populations. The northern Iberian population, in the Eurosiberian area, is one of the vestiges that remained after the contraction that split the global Tertiary population. A secondary encounter, occurred from Middle to Upper Pleistocene, which explains the hybrid origin of the Western Mediterranean population present in Italy and in the centre and south of the Iberian Peninsula. It has been demonstrated that a germplasm translocation from Italy to the Central Iberian Range may have occurred. Recent translocations have hybridized with the local northern Iberian population, producing naturalized populations with high diversity. The populations of C. sativa in southwestern Europe have a genetic structure compatible with a natural origin, in which signs of population contractions and expansions caused by climatic oscillations since the Late Miocene have been imprinted.
CsrA regulation via binding to the base‐pairing small RNA Spot 42
Authors: Lai Ying‐Jung , Yakhnin Helen , Pannuri Archana , Pourciau Christine , Babitzke Paul , Romeo Tony
Published: June 2021

The carbon storage regulator system and base‐pairing small RNAs (sRNAs) represent two predominant modes of bacterial post‐transcriptional regulation, which globally influence gene expression. Binding of CsrA protein to the 5′ UTR or initial mRNA coding sequences can affect translation, RNA stability, and/or transcript elongation. Base‐pairing sRNAs also regulate these processes, often requiring assistance from the RNA chaperone Hfq. Transcriptomics studies in Escherichia coli have identified many new CsrA targets, including Spot 42 and other base‐pairing sRNAs. Spot 42 synthesis is repressed by cAMP‐CRP, induced by the presence of glucose, and Spot 42 post‐transcriptionally represses operons that facilitate metabolism of nonpreferred carbon sources. CsrA activity is also increased by glucose via effects on CsrA sRNA antagonists, CsrB/C. Here, we elucidate a mechanism wherein CsrA binds to and protects Spot 42 sRNA from RNase E‐mediated cleavage. This protection leads to enhanced repression of srlA by Spot 42, a gene required for sorbitol uptake. A second, independent mechanism by which CsrA represses srlA is by binding to and inhibiting translation of srlM mRNA, encoding a transcriptional activator of srlA. Our findings demonstrate a novel means of regulation, by CsrA binding to a sRNA, and indicate that such interactions can help to shape complex bacterial regulatory circuitry.
Individual and organizational factors influencing workplace cyberbullying of nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Kim Youngji , Choi Jeong Sil
Published: June 2021

Workplace cyberbullying has emerged as a new issue. This study aimed to explore individual and organizational factors that affect nurses’ workplace cyberbullying in hospital settings. A multicenter, cross‐sectional study was conducted using a self‐report questionnaire. Three tertiary and 18 general hospitals were selected from one city in Korea. A total of 270 nurses with 6 months to 10 years of experience in the current department were enrolled. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors associated with cyberbullying. Workplace cyberbullying was affected by self‐labeled victimization due to face‐to‐face bullying, subjective health level, years of experience as a nurse (β = 0.148, p = 0.009), and relation‐oriented nursing organizational culture. Face‐to‐face bullying must be addressed to prevent workplace cyberbullying. It is important to assist nurses to maintain good health—considering that, new nurses with less than 1 year of experience are vulnerable to being victimized. Effective prevention strategies should be prepared to control workplace cyberbullying in clinical practice.
Dynamic plant–soil microbe interactions: the neglected effect of soil conditioning time
Authors: Ke Po‐Ju , Zee Peter C. , Fukami Tadashi
Published: June 2021

Plant–soil feedback (PSF) may change in strength over the life of plant individuals as plants continue to modify the soil microbial community. However, the temporal variation in PSF is rarely quantified and its impacts on plant communities remain unknown.

Using a chronosequence reconstructed from annual aerial photographs of a coastal dune ecosystem, we characterized > 20‐yr changes in soil microbial communities associated with individuals of the four dominant perennial species, one legume and three nonlegume. We also quantified the effects of soil biota on conspecific and heterospecific seedling performance in a glasshouse experiment that preserved soil properties of these individual plants. Additionally, we used a general individual‐based model to explore the potential consequences of temporally varying PSF on plant community assembly.

In all plant species, microbial communities changed with plant age. However, responses of plants to the turnover in microbial composition depended on the identity of the seedling species: only the soil biota effect experienced by the nonlegume species became increasingly negative with longer soil conditioning. Model simulation suggested that temporal changes in PSF could affect the transient dynamics of plant community assembly.

These results suggest that temporal variation in PSF over the life of individual plants should be considered to understand how PSF structures plant communities.
Tree crown injury from wildland fires: causes, measurement and ecological and physiological consequences
Authors: Varner J. Morgan , Hood Sharon M. , Aubrey Doug. P. , Yedinak Kara , Hiers J. Kevin , Jolly W. Matthew , Shearman Timothy M. , McDaniel Jennifer K. , O’Brien Joseph J. , Rowell Eric M.
Published: June 2021

The dead foliage of scorched crowns is one of the most conspicuous signatures of wildland fires. Globally, crown scorch from fires in savannas, woodlands and forests causes tree stress and death across diverse taxa. The term crown scorch, however, is inconsistently and ambiguously defined in the literature, causing confusion and conflicting interpretation of results. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms causing foliage death from fire are poorly understood. The consequences of crown scorch – alterations in physiological, biogeochemical and ecological processes and ecosystem recovery pathways – remain largely unexamined. Most research on the topic assumes the mechanism of leaf and bud death is exposure to lethal air temperatures, with few direct measurements of lethal heating thresholds. Notable information gaps include how energy transfer injures and kills leaves and buds, how nutrients, carbohydrates, and hormones respond, and what physiological consequences lead to mortality. We clarify definitions to encourage use of unified terminology for foliage and bud necrosis resulting from fire. We review the current understanding of the physical mechanisms driving foliar injury, discuss the physiological responses, and explore novel ecological consequences of crown injury from fire. From these elements, we propose research needs for the increasingly interdisciplinary study of fire effects.
RNase‐based self‐incompatibility in cacti
Authors: Ramanauskas Karolis , Igić Boris
Published: June 2021

Approximately one‐half of all flowering plants express genetically based physiological mechanisms that prevent self‐fertilisation. One such mechanism, termed RNase‐based self‐incompatibility, employs ribonucleases as the pistil component. Although it is widespread, it has only been characterised in a handful of distantly related families, partly due to the difficulties presented by life history traits of many plants, which complicate genetic research. Many species in the cactus family are known to express self‐incompatibility but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.

We demonstrate the utility of a candidate‐based RNA‐seq approach, combined with some unusual features of self‐incompatibility‐causing genes, which we use to uncover the genetic basis of the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, we assembled transcriptomes from Schlumbergera truncata (crab cactus or false Christmas cactus), and interrogated them for tissue‐specific expression of candidate genes, structural characteristics, correlation with expressed phenotype(s), and phylogenetic placement.

The results were consistent with operation of the RNase‐based self‐incompatibility mechanism in Cactaceae.

The finding yields additional evidence that the ancestor of nearly all eudicots possessed RNase‐based self‐incompatibility, as well as a clear path to better conservation practices for one of the most charismatic plant families.
The Protective Effects of Parathyroid Hormone (1‐34) on Cartilage and Subchondral Bone Through Down‐Regulating JAK2/STAT3 and WNT5A/ROR2 in a Collagenase‐Induced Osteoarthritis Mouse Model
Authors: Shao Li‐tao , Gou Yu , Fang Jia‐kang , Hu Yun‐peng , Lian Qiang‐qiang , Yang Zhou , Zhang Yu‐ying , Wang Yu‐dan , Tian Fa‐ming , Zhang Liu
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess the effects of PTH (1‐34) on bone and cartilage metabolism in a collagenase‐induced mouse model of osteoarthritis (OA) and examine whether PTH (1‐34) affects the expression of JAK2/STAT3 and WNT5A/ROR2 in this process.

Methods

Eighteen 12‐week‐old male C57Bl/6 mice were randomly assigned into three groups as follows: sham group (Group A), the collagenase + saline injection group (Group B), and the collagenase + PTH (1‐34) treatment group (Group C). Collagenase was injected (intra‐articular) into the knee joint of Group B and C. The PTH (1–34)‐treatment was started at 6 weeks after the operation and lasted for 6 weeks. Cartilage pathology was evaluated by gross visual, histological, and immunohistochemical assessments. Subchondral bone was evaluated by microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) and immunohistochemical analyses.

Results

The OARSI macroscopic and microscopic scores of Group B were higher than those of Group A (P = 0.026; P = 0.002, respectively). Group C showed statistically significant differences in macroscopic and microscopic scores from Group B (P = 0.041; P = 0.008, respectively). The results showed that the Col‐II and AGG expression levels in the cartilage tissue were significantly lower in Group B than Group A (P < 0.001; P = 0.008, respectively). The Col‐II and AGG expression levels were significantly higher in Group C than Group B (P = 0.009; P = 0.014, respectively). MMP‐13, ADAMTS‐4, Caspase‐3, P53, and Bax expression levels were significantly higher in Group B than the Group A (P < 0.001; P < 0.001; P = 0.04; P < 0.001; P = 0.005, respectively); however, the cartilage tissue in Group C showed significantly less ADAMTS‐4, MMP‐13, Caspase‐3, P53, and Bax expression than Group B (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.044; P = 0.002; P = 0.005, respectively). Over‐expressed JAK2/STAT3 and WNT5A/ROR2 were observed in both cartilage and subchondral bone in this model; however, these changes were prevented by PTH (1‐34) treatment. These parameters (bone mineral density, bone volume ratio, trabecular bone pattern factor, and structure model index) of micro‐CT indicated subchondral bone loss and architecture changes in Group B, but improvements in these parameters in Group C.

Conclusions

PTH (1‐34) exhibits protective effects on both cartilage and subchondral bone in a collagenase‐induced OA mouse model, and it may be involved in down‐regulating the expression of JAK2/STAT3 and WNT5A/ROR2.
Dermatologic findings in individuals with genetically confirmed Proteus syndrome
Authors: Pithadia Deeti J. , Cartron Alexander M. , Biesecker Leslie G. , Darling Thomas N.
Published: June 2021

Background/Objective

Proteus syndrome, caused by a mosaic activating AKT1 variant, typically presents in toddlers with progressive, asymmetric overgrowth of the skin and bones. We aimed to define the spectrum of dermatologic disease in individuals with genetically confirmed Proteus syndrome.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of records from dermatologic examinations of individuals evaluated at the NIH with a molecular diagnosis of Proteus syndrome. The types, prevalence, and localization of dermatologic findings were assessed.

Results

Fifty‐one individuals (29 males, 22 females, mean age: 9 years) with clinical features of Proteus syndrome had the mosaic c.49G>A, p.Glu17Lys AKT1 variant. Fifty (98%) had at least one cutaneous feature constituting current clinical diagnostic criteria, including vascular malformations in 42 (82%), epidermal nevus in 41 (80%), volar cerebriform connective tissue nevi in 34 (67%), and adipose dysregulation in 30 (59%). Forty‐nine (96%) had at least one dermatologic finding not included within the diagnostic criteria, including confluent volar skin‐colored to hypopigmented papules or nodules (n = 33, 65%), papules or nodules on the digits or face (n = 27, 53%), and nonlinear epidermal nevi (n = 15, 29%). Other frequently observed features include nail changes (n = 28, 55%), hyperpigmented macules (n = 27, 53%), patchy dermal hypoplasia (n = 18, 35%), gingival/oral mucosal overgrowth (n = 17, 33%), hypopigmented macules (n = 16, 31%), dental enamel changes (n = 9, 18%), acrochordons (n = 6, 12%), and lingual overgrowth (n = 4, 8%).

Conclusions

The range of mucocutaneous features occurring in Proteus syndrome is broader than previously considered. These observations may assist in earlier diagnosis and management and provide novel insights regarding the pathogenesis of the condition.
Ordinary Language Philosophy as Phenomenological Research: Reading Austin with Merleau‐Ponty
Authors: Leeten Lars
Published: June 2021

In his late ‘A Plea for Excuses’, John L. Austin suggests labelling his philosophy ‘linguistic phenomenology’. This article examines which idea of phenomenology Austin had in mind when he coined this term and what light this sheds on his method. It is argued that the key to answering this question can be found in Merleau‐Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception, which Austin must have been familiar with. Merleau‐Ponty presents phenomenology in a way Austin could embrace: it is a method, it aims at description and uses reduction, it is a non‐idealistic study of essence and interprets intentionality as ‘operative’. In this light, Austin’s method can be appreciated more fully.
Volatile compounds from plum genotypes with different levels of resistance to leaf scald disease
Authors: Thomazi‐Kleina Heloisa , Ballesteros Garcia Meira J. , Oliveira De Melo Tamires , Dalbó Marco Antônio , Marques Francisco De Assis , May‐De‐Mio Louise Larissa
Published: June 2021

Plum leaf scald (PLS) is the main obstacle to plum expansion in Brazil. This disease is caused by Xylella fastidiosa, which colonizes the foregut of xylem‐sap feeding insects and the xylem of the plants. Breeding programmes identified new plum genotypes that showed no leaf scald symptoms in the field and remained negative for X. fastidiosa for at least 10 years. However, the mechanisms that confer this resistance are not fully elucidated. One hypothesis is the emission of volatile organic compounds by the host. Therefore, we investigated the volatile compound profile from six plum genotypes with different resistance levels to PLS. Thirty‐nine compounds were identified. The major constituents in the plum volatile extract were phytol (46.76%) and limonene (2.48%). Cultivar Laetitia presented the highest total alkane content, Simka showed the highest alcohol content, while Fortune and SC13 exhibited the highest concentration of ketones. Cedrol was not detected in susceptible genotypes but was found in the resistant ones, SC7 and SC15. (E,E)‐α‐farnesene was detected in high concentrations in Fortune but was not found in SC13 and SC15. According to principal components analysis, genotypes were divided into four groups based on the similarity of the volatile profile: 1: Fortune and Laetitia; 2: Simka and SC13; 3: SC7; and 4: SC15. This is the first description of leaf volatile chemical components of Prunus salicina, and the putative factor related to resistance in SC7 and SC15 is discussed. We also propose a terpene pathway of the main volatile compounds found.
Nanopore sequencing for the detection and identification of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies and sequence types from naturally infected plant material
Authors: Faino Luigi , Scala Valeria , Albanese Alessio , Modesti Vanessa , Grottoli Alessandro , Pucci Nicoletta , Doddi Andrea , L’Aurora Alessia , Tatulli Giuseppe , Reverberi Massimo , Loreti Stefania
Published: June 2021

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a gram‐negative bacterial plant pathogen that can infect over 500 plant species. While it is endemic in America, X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca was reported for the first time in Europe in 2013 on olive trees in southern Italy. The availability of fast, sensitive, and reliable diagnostic tools is indispensable for managing current and future outbreaks of Xf. In this paper, we use the OXford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION platform for detecting and identifying Xf at species, subspecies, and sequence type (ST) level. Two workflows were developed: the first one provided a “shotgun” strategy, that is, exploring the possibility of detecting Xf within DNA extracted from plant samples. This allowed detection of Xf by direct DNA sequencing and identifying the subspecies only in samples with high bacterial levels. Nanopore amplicon sequencing was pursued as a second workflow. This consists of PCR amplification of a set of seven multilocus sequence typing (MLST) fragments, officially adopted for identifying Xf at type strain level, followed by Nanopore‐sequencing of the amplicons and an ad hoc pipeline to generate MLST consensus calls. This combined approach, which takes only a few hours, allowed the detection and identification of Xf at ST level in plant material with low bacterial infection.
System Analysis of Wildfire‐Water Supply Risk in Colorado, USA with Monte Carlo Wildfire and Rainfall Simulation
Authors: Gannon Benjamin M. , Wei Yu , Thompson Matthew P. , Scott Joe H. , Short Karen C.
Published: June 2021

Water supply impairment from increased contaminant mobilization and transport after wildfire is a major concern for communities that rely on surface water from fire‐prone watersheds. In this article we present a Monte Carlo simulation method to quantify the likelihood of wildfire impairing water supplies by combining stochastic representations of annual wildfire and rainfall activity. Water quality impairment was evaluated in terms of turbidity limits for treatment by modeling wildfire burn severity, postfire erosion, sediment transport, and suspended sediment dilution in receiving waterbodies. Water supply disruption was analyzed at the system level based on the impairment status of water supply components and their contributions to system performance. We used this approach to assess wildfire‐water supply impairment and disruption risks for a system of water supply reservoirs and diversions in the Front Range Mountains of Colorado, USA. Our results indicate that wildfire may impair water quality in a concerning 15.7–19.4% of years for diversions from large watersheds. Reservoir impairment should be rare for off‐network reservoirs—ranging from at most 0.01% of years for large reservoirs to nearly 2% of years for small reservoirs. System redundancy meaningfully reduced disruption risk for alternative conveyance routes (4.3–25.0% reduction) and almost eliminated disruption risk for a pair of substitutable terminal sources (99.9% reduction). In contrast, dependency among reservoirs on a conveyance route nearly doubled risk of disruption. Our results highlight the importance of considering water system characteristics when evaluating wildfire‐water supply risks.
Linearization and Variance Estimation of the Bonferroni Inequality Index
Authors: Dong Ziqing , Tillé Yves , Giorgi Giovanni M. , Guandalini Alessio
Published: June 2021

The study of income inequality is important for predicting the wealth of a country. There is an increasing number of publications where the authors call for the use of several indices simultaneously to better account for the wealth distribution. Due to the fact that income data are usually collected through sample surveys, the sampling properties of income inequality measures should not be overlooked. The most widely used inequality measure is the Gini index, and its inferential aspects have been deeply investigated. An alternative inequality index could be the Bonferroni inequality index, although less attention on its inference has been paid in the literature. The aim of this paper is to address the inference of the Bonferroni index in a finite population framework. The Bonferroni index is linearized by differentiation with respect to the sample indicators which allows for conducting a valid inference. Furthermore, the linearized variables are used to evaluate the effects of the different observations on the Bonferroni and Gini indices. The result demonstrates once for all that the former is more sensitive to the lowest incomes in the distribution than the latter.
Inequality Measurement with Grouped Data: Parametric and Non-Parametric Methods
Authors: Jorda Vanesa , Sarabia José María , Jäntti Markus
Published: June 2021

Grouped data in the form of income shares have conventionally been used to estimate income inequality due to the lack of individual records. We present a systematic evaluation of the performance of parametric distributions and non-parametric techniques to estimate economic inequality using more than 3300 data sets. We also provide guidance on the choice between these two approaches and their estimation, for which we develop the GB2group R package. Our results indicate that even the simplest parametric models provide reliable estimates of inequality measures. The non-parametric approach, however, fails to represent income distributions accurately.
Hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers prevention: What is needed for patient safety? The perceptions of nurse stakeholders
Authors: Gaspar Susana , Botelho Guedes Fábio , Vitoriano Budri Aglécia Moda , Ferreira Carlos , Gaspar de Matos Margarida
Published: June 2021

Aim

The aim of this study was to understand the perceptions of 11 Portuguese nurses’ stakeholders regarding pressure ulcers prevention practice and reality in the hospital setting.

Methods

Convenience sampling was used to recruit nursing stakeholders for a heterogeneous focus group. A semi‐structured interview was conducted with 11 nursing stakeholders involved in pressure ulcers prevention and/or patient safety. MaxQda 2020 qualitative analysis software was used in the content analysis and data processing. Informed consent was obtained, and anonymity was guaranteed.

Results

Four themes were approached in the interview: (1) Pressure ulcer risk assessment; (2) Nurses and doctors pressure ulcers monitoring; (3) Pressure ulcer risk profiles; and (4) Effective interventions to improve patient safety. The categorisation of the four themes was created aposteriori based on the ‘Awareness/Knowledge/Competence, Opportunity, and Motivation – Behaviour Change Wheel’ (adapted COM‐B system). Interest, responsibility, autonomy, leadership and prioritisation for decision‐making were some categories linked to motivation. Braden scale operationalisation, education given during undergraduate degree continued professional health education, missing care, reliability of the records and patients’ clinical characteristics emerged as categories associated with awareness/knowledge/competence. Understaffing/nursing hours, health policies, electronic health records systems and clinical language used, access to appropriate equipment and resources, teamwork and clinical support specialist on tissue viability/wound care were some categories related to opportunity.

Conclusions

Pressure ulcer prevention is complex and requires a focussed attitude, robust evidenced‐based knowledge and enhanced skills in risk assessment, communication and team collaboration. The highlighted categories could be further analysed at an organisational level to develop tailored strategies that could contribute to successful evidence‐based practice implementation.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings provide directions for behavioural change in the hospital context related to pressure ulcers prevention through awareness/knowledge/competence, motivation and opportunity to improve care delivered.
Sand and mud generation from continental flood basalts in contrasting landscapes and climatic conditions (Paraná–Etendeka conjugate igneous provinces, Uruguay and Namibia)
Authors: Garzanti Eduardo , Dinis Pedro , Vezzoli Giovanni , Borromeo Laura
Published: June 2021

This article presents a detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical study of clay, silt, sand and fine gravel generated in the Paraná–Etendeka large igneous province, once united and today exposed in contrasting climatic and orographic conditions on conjugate sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The comparison between low‐relief wetter Uruguay and steeper hyper‐dry Namibia allows to investigate the influence of weathering on basalt‐derived sediments spanning in grain size from <2 μm to >2000 μm. In Namibia, as in Uruguay, X‐ray diffraction analyses of mud samples from streams draining basaltic lavas show only smectitic clay minerals. Macroscopic and microscopic observations indicate that sand is composed in variable proportions of glassy to lathwork volcanic rock fragments, plagioclase and augitic clinopyroxene with minor pigeonite, and gravel dominantly consists of volcanic clasts with chalcedony or quartz geodes occurring locally. Geochemical data highlight the strong grain‐size dependence of weathering intensity. Whereas fine gravel closely reflects source‐rock composition in both Namibia and Uruguay, and mobile elements in sand are moderately depleted, αAlE indices increase notably in silt and reach maximum in clay, with mobility sequence Na >> Ca ≥ Mg > Sr > K. Differences in sand versus mud generation potential in the two regions are prominent. Namibian rivers draining the dry Etendeka Plateau carry purely volcaniclastic sand, whereas streams draining even exclusively the Paraná lava field carry sediments containing invariably significant and even overwhelming amounts of recycled quartz, testifying to the much greater sand‐generation potential of the very‐locally‐exposed underlying, interbedded or overlying quartz‐rich sandstones and loess deposits. Smectite is dominant throughout the Uruguay River catchment, even in the lower course where sand is pure quartzose and pyroxene negligible. A comparison with basaltic provinces worldwide indicates that, especially in low‐relief wet regions where weathering is intense, basalt generates gravel, very minor sand and abundant smectite. Kaolinite forms where chemical leaching is extreme.
Framing the Collective “We” and the Antagonistic “Other” through Metacontrast: Intragroup Homogenization and Intergroup Polarization in the Hindu Nationalist Movement*
Authors: Das Dhruba , Whitham Monica M.
Published: June 2021

The right‐wing Hindu nationalist “Hindutva” movement in India has political control of the world’s most populous democracy. To gain insight into the tools of the movement, this paper examines Hindutva framing rhetoric. Social movement framing entails the crafting of movement messages to motivate collective identity and collective action. This paper takes a new approach to studying social movement framing by using the social psychological principle of metacontrast as an organizing theoretical framework. Metacontrast involves minimizing differences within the group (intragroup homogenization) and maximizing differences between groups (intergroup polarization). We argue dual homogenizing‐polarizing frames work in concert to construct a unified collective identity and mobilize concerted collective action. Using qualitative content analysis of two Hindutva organization websites, we find Hindutva framing rhetoric simultaneously homogenizes and polarizes through two framing strategies: a threat‐counter threat frame that portrays an antagonistic outgroup that must be countered with a unified ingroup, and a striking positive‐negative intergroup contrast that paints the ingroup as a moral protector and the outgroup as a vilified adversary. Notably, key to these efforts is the minimization of deeply entrenched, rigid caste differences. Our findings have implications for the study of social movements, nationalism, collective identity, collective action, and intergroup relations.
Who Wants to Know? White Racial Attitudes and Survey Item Refusal on Gun Ownership Questions
Authors: LeCount Ryan Jerome
Published: June 2021

Research has long documented the fact that sensitive items on surveys are subject to relatively high levels of item response refusal, but the role played by respondent characteristics in shaping who refuses is underexplored. The present study integrates this methodological literature with a growing body of research concerned with the racialization of attitudes about gun ownership and policy among Whites in order to address this question. Specifically, this project investigates how racial attitudes influence survey item response refusal on items about gun ownership. Analyses of four distinct nationally representative samples suggest that racially conservative White respondents are more likely to refuse to respond to items concerned with gun ownership net of a host of relevant controls. Implications for the measurement of racial attitudes and gun‐related survey questions are discussed.
Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of Apicotermitinae (Blattodea: Termitidae)
Authors: Romero Arias Johanna , Boom Arthur , Wang Menglin , Clitheroe Crystal , Šobotník Jan , Stiblik Petr , Bourguignon Thomas , Roisin Yves
Published: June 2021

Soil‐feeding termites are abundant in tropical regions and play an important role in soil bioturbation and in the organic matter cycle. The Apicotermitinae are arguably the most diverse lineage of soil‐feeding termites, but they are also the most understudied, probably because many species are soldierless, which makes identification difficult. Although the backbone of the termite phylogenetic tree is now well‐resolved, the relationships among representatives of Apicotermitinae are still largely unknown. Here, we present phylogenetic trees inferred from 113 mitochondrial genomes of Apicotermitinae representative of the group diversity. Our analyses confirm the monophyly of the Apicotermitinae and the basal position of soldiered taxa, within which two lineages of soldierless species are nested. We describe two new monotypic genera, whose phylogenetic position appeared of special interest:Koutabatermesgen. n., lies on a long branch among soldiered taxa, andApolemotermesgen. n., is sister toAdaiphrotermes. We resolved, with high support, the position of Asian genera as sister group of a clade comprising the monophyletic neotropicalAnoplotermes‐group and the small African clade includingAdaiphrotermesandApolemotermesgen. n.. Our trees cast light on the intergeneric and interspecific relationships within Apicotermitinae and reveal the polyphyly of several genera, includingRuptitermes,AstalotermesandAnoplotermes. Biogeographic reconstructions revealed two dispersal events out of Africa, one to the Oriental realm and one to the Neotropical realm. Overall, the timing of Apicotermitinae diversification and dispersal, following the Eocene–Oligocene boundary, matches that found for other groups of Neoisoptera. Nomenclatural acts are registered in ZooBank:

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CA1A21B6‐573E‐4855‐8C88‐372453C922F7.
Multivariable analysis of the influence of cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinant inhibition and other factors on intradermal and serological allergen test results: a prospective, multicentre study
Authors: Canning Peter , Brame Bailey , Stefanovski Darko , Lee Kenneth W. , Cain Christine L. , Rook Katherine , Morris Daniel O.
Published: June 2021

Background

Serological allergen testing (SAT) is used widely to formulate allergen‐specific immunotherapy for atopic dogs. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E specific for cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) can produce false‐positive reactions, creating discrepancy between SAT and intradermal allergen test (IDAT) results.

Objectives

The primary objective was to determine if inhibition of anti‐CCD IgE in a commercial assay improved correlation with IDAT. The secondary objective was to assess the influence of dog‐ and clinic‐specific factors, environmental factors, putative allergen exposure and prior medications on intradermal and SAT reactivity.

Animals

Two‐hundred and eleven client‐owned dogs were enrolled from eight North American dermatology specialty practices.

Methods and materials

Collection of serum samples and IDAT were performed on the same day. Sera were assayed for detection of IgE specific to 25 allergens, before and after treatment with a proprietary inhibitor of anti‐CCD IgE. Data for each dog were collected via a questionnaire filled out by veterinary personnel.

Results

The correlation between the testing modalities was fair before (Spearman’s rho, ρ = 0.2092) and after (ρ = 0.3042) inhibition of anti‐CCD IgE. Ciclosporin dose (P = 0.003), independent of duration of use, and duration of lokivetmab use (P = 0.001), independent of dose administered, were associated with statistically significant decreases in IgE concentrations across all allergen types.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Contrary to previous reports, this study demonstrated unchanged correlation between SAT and IDAT after inhibition of anti‐CCD IgE. Ciclosporin dose and lokivetmab treatment duration may have unexplored effects on IgE concentration during SAT.
Mathematical Modeling and simulation of MED without TVC Applied to Zuara Desalination Plant
Authors: Muftah Ali , Dhahri Hacen , Ghedira Leila , Abugderah Mabruk
Published: June 2021

Mathematical thermodynamic modeling is used in desalination systems to obtain unknown values and predict various properties such as enthalpy or phase equilibrium. These models are useful to understand system behavior. Zuara desalination plant is a multi-effect evaporation plant without vapor pressure (MED) with three total units of 40,000 m3/day. A mathematical modeling of the desalination plant thermal components was performed to simulate and forecast the temperatures, mass flow rates, and the productivity of each cell of steam. The total productivity of the desalination unit and the performance rate in different operating conditions was also found. A Python program was used to solve the model equations. The obtained results show that the productivity of the system and the gain output ratio are directly proportional to seawater temperature and inversely proportional to plant load.
Unsupervised analysis of background noise sources in active offices
Authors: De Salvio Domenico , D'Orazio Dario , Garai Massimo
Published: June 2021

Inside open-plan offices, background noise affects the workers' comfort, influencing their productivity. Recent approaches identify three main source categories: mechanical sources (air conditioning equipment, office devices, etc.), outdoor traffic noise, and human sources (speech). Whereas the first two groups are taken into account by technical specifications, human noise is still often neglected. The present paper proposes two procedures, based on machine-learning techniques, to identify the human and mechanical noise sources during working hours. Two unsupervised clustering methods, specifically the Gaussian mixture model and K-means clustering, were used to separate the recorded sound pressure levels that were recorded while finding the candidate models. Thus, the clustering validation was used to find the number of sound sources within the office and, then, statistical and metrical features were used to label the sources. The results were compared with the common parameters used in noise monitoring in offices, i.e., the equivalent continuous and 90th percentile levels. The spectra obtained by the two algorithms match with the expected shapes of human speech and mechanical noise tendencies. The outcomes validate the robustness and reliability of these procedures.
A Systematic Review on Markers of Functional Overreaching in Endurance Athletes
Authors: Roete Annemiek J. , Elferink-Gemser Marije T. , Otter Ruby T.A. , Stoter Inge K. , Lamberts Robert P.
Published: June 2021

Purpose: The aim of this brief review was to present an overview of noninvasive markers in trained to professional endurance athletes that can reflect a state of functional overreaching. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases. After screening 380 articles, 12 research papers were included for the systematic review. Results: Good consensus was found between the different papers in which noninvasive parameters were able to reflect a state of functional overreaching. Changes in power output (PO), heart rate (HR; [sub]maximal and HR recovery), rating of perceived exertion, and scores in the Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) and/or Profile of Mood States (POMS) were shown to be able to reflect functional overreaching, whereas changes in maximal oxygen uptake and HR-variability parameters were not. Conclusion: Functional overreaching within a maximal performance test was characterized by a decrease in peak PO and a lower maximum HR, whereas a lower mean PO and a lower HR were observed during time trials. Changes in parameters during a standardized submaximal test when functionally overreached were characterized by a higher PO at a fixed HR or a lower HR at a fixed intensity, higher rating of perceived exertion, and a faster HR recovery. Although both the DALDA and POMS were able to reflect functional overreaching, the POMS was not able to differentiate this response from acute fatigue, which makes it unsuitable for accurately monitoring functional overreaching.
Understanding Student Perceptions of Diversity and Inclusion
Authors: DeLuca Jaime R. , Mudrick Michael , Hayes Sauder Molly , Taylor Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2021

Colleges and universities should serve as inclusive environments positioned to provide a strong education to all students. However, bias and discrimination mar the college atmosphere for many. Simultaneously, there is a paucity of research that examines student views of diversity and inclusion in both higher education and sport management. Employing mixed methods, this research examined the perceptions of diversity and inclusion among undergraduate students in sport management programs. Data demonstrate that student perceptions differ across measures of sex, race/ethnicity, upbringing, internship experiences, and transfer status. Findings suggest implications for embedding diversity and inclusion topics within sport management curricula to develop competencies crucial to students’ educational success and future in the sport industry.
Coding-Complete Genome Sequence of Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 3 from Brazil
Authors: Garcia Amanda Barbosa , de Moraes Ana Paula , Rodrigues Daniele Masselli , Gilioli Rovilson , de Oliveira-Filho Edmilson Ferreira , Durães-Carvalho Ricardo , Arns Clarice Weis
Published: June 2021

Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) strain 3, one of the most important inducers of viral hepatitis, has been extensively studied as an organism to gain a better understanding of coronavirus biology and pathogenesis. Only one sequence is currently available.
Genome Sequences of Microviruses Identified in a Sample from a Sewage Treatment Oxidation Pond
Authors: Kraberger Simona , Schreck Joshua , Galilee Craig , Varsani Arvind
Published: June 2021

Oxidation ponds are often used in the treatment of sewage as an aeration step prior to discharge. We identified 99 microvirus genomes from a sample from a sewage oxidation pond. This diverse group of microviruses expands our knowledge of bacteriophages associated with sewage oxidation pond ecosystems.
New field, geochemical, and petrographic evidence from the Bon Accord nickel body: Contamination of a komatiite by deep mantle or meteorite source?
Authors: Huber* Matthew S. , Roelofse Frederick , Koeberl Christian , Tredoux† Marian
Published: June 2021

The Bon Accord nickel body has been known since the 1920s to contain rocks with up to 50 wt% NiO. Numerous nickel-rich minerals have been described from this deposit. However, none of these minerals contains significant Cu or S, making the deposit chemically distinct from all other known Ni deposits. The origin of the Bon Accord nickel body is highly contentious, with previous studies suggesting three major possible origins: (1) a hydrothermal origin; (2) an Fe-Ni meteorite that fell into and was altered by an active ultramafic lava flow; or (3) a deep mantle plume that contained a fragment of nickel-rich material. Here, we present new field, petrographic, and geochemical data in an attempt to constrain the origin of this enigmatic body. Based on our fieldwork, there are at least two distinct Ni-rich bodies. Based on the trace-element chemistry, the protolith of the body was a komatiite, likely belonging to the Weltevreden Formation. Because the Ni end member of olivine (liebenbergite) is present in the form of euhedral crystals, this mineral most likely crystallized from a Ni-rich melt. The redistribution of the nickel appears to be due to hydrothermal activity that occurred during the intrusion of the Stentor pluton. Consistent with previous studies, we find that the komatiitic affinity of the host rocks, the stratigraphic controls on the deposit, and the regional distribution of Ni-rich material are inconsistent with a meteorite origin; instead, a komatiite plume sampling a Ni-rich portion of the mantle is currently the best explanation for the origin of the Ni-rich material.
Effect of breathing on venous return during delayed cord clamping: an observational study
Authors: Brouwer Emma , Knol Ronny , Kroushev Annie , Van Den Akker Thomas , Hooper Stuart B , Roest Arno A , te Pas Arjan B
Published: June 2021

Objective

To investigate the effect of spontaneous breathing on venous return in term infants during delayed cord clamping at birth.

Methods

Echocardiographic ultrasound recordings were obtained directly after birth in healthy term-born infants. A subcostal view was used to obtain an optimal view of the inferior vena cava (IVC) entering the right atrium, including both the ductus venosus (DV) and the hepatic vein (HV). Colour Doppler was used to assess flow direction and flow velocity. Recordings continued until the umbilical cord was clamped and were stored in digital format for offline analyses.

Results

Ultrasound recordings were obtained in 15 infants, with a median (IQR) gestational age of 39.6 (39.0–40.9) weeks and a birth weight of 3560 (3195–4205) g. Flow was observed to be antegrade in the DV and HV in 98% and 82% of inspirations, respectively, with flow velocity increasing in 74% of inspirations. Retrograde flow in the DV was observed sporadically and only occurred during expiration. Collapse of the IVC occurred during 58% of inspirations and all occurred caudal to the DV inlet (100%).

Conclusion

Spontaneous breathing was associated with collapse of the IVC and increased antegrade DV and HV flow velocity during inspiration. Therefore, inspiration appears to preferentially direct blood flow from the DV into the right atrium. This indicates that inspiration could be a factor driving placental transfusion in infants.
Evaluation of dry eye subtypes and characteristics using conventional assessments and dynamic tear interferometry
Authors: Ji Yong Woo , Seong Hyojin , Seo Jeong Gi , Park Si Yoon , Alotaibi Mutlaq , Choi Moonjung , Nam Sangmin , Kim Tae-Im , Lee Hyung Keun , Seo Kyoung Yul
Published: June 2021

Background/aims

To evaluate subtypes and characteristics of dry eye (DE) using conventional tests and dynamic tear interferometry, and to investigate determinants of disease severity in each DE subtype.

Methods

309 patients diagnosed with DE and 69 healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. All eyes were evaluated using Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Schirmer’s test I (ST1) and Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) grade were analysed. The tear interferometric pattern and lipid layer thickness were determined using DR-1α and LipiView II, respectively.

Results

Dynamic interferometric analysis revealed 56.6% of patients with DE exhibited Jupiter patterns, indicative of aqueous-deficiency, while 43.4% exhibited crystal patterns, indicative of lipid deficiency. These findings were in accordance with classification based on ST1 scores and MGD grade. Conventional assessment indicated 286 patients exhibited evidence of evaporative DE (EDE) due to MGD, while only 11 exhibited signs of pure aqueous-deficient DE (pure ADDE, only ST1 ≤5 mm). Interestingly, of 286 patients with EDE, 144 were categorised into the mixed-ADDE/EDE group, in which ST1 was identified as a strong negative determinant of OSDI. In contrast, 72.2% of patients with mixed-ADDE/EDE exhibited Jupiter patterns (Jupiter mixed), while 27.8% exhibited crystal patterns (crystal mixed). OSDI values were significantly higher in the crystal-mixed group than in the Jupiter mixed, in which OSDI scores were independently associated with ST1 values only.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that majority of EDE patients also exhibit aqueous deficiency, which can aggravate symptoms even in patients with lipid-deficient mixed-ADDE/EDE. Conventional assessments should be combined with interferometric tear analysis to determine the most appropriate treatment for each DE patient.