bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infant, Child, and Adolescent Development and the Law
Authors: Quas Jodi A. , Redlich Allison D.
Published: December 2023

The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology and the Law includes two sections. The first section covers the developmental periods of Infancy and Childhood and Adolescence. The chapters included address a wide range of ways that children and youth come into contact with different facets of the justice system. At times, this contact is direct, with minors being questioned by forensic interviewers (as victims/witnesses or suspects) or participating in immigration, custody, or juvenile or criminal court hearings. At other times, the contact is indirect, with legal decisions being made on behalf of children that have profound implications for their futures. As described in this introductory chapter, the chapters reveal the complexity in children’s and adolescents’ experiences and the diverse ways that developmental science, law, policy, and practice can be considered in relation to one another.
Youth in Juvenile and Criminal Court
Authors: Zottoli Tina M. , Daftary-Kapur Tarika , Haney-Caron Emily
Published: December 2023

This chapter describes the legal processes experienced by youth involved in the juvenile or criminal courts of the United States. The first part of the chapter traces the history of the U.S. juvenile justice system from its origination in the Progressive Era through to the present day, emphasizing system changes that have been important for social science research on the legal system. It then describes modern processes in both juvenile and criminal courts, highlighting differences between the two systems. Next, the chapter explores research and scholarship related to youth adjudicatory hearings and trials, youth plea bargaining, and outcomes for youth involved in the legal system. The chapter concludes with a brief summary and suggestions for future research.
Pregnancy and Parenting in Prison
Authors: Shlafer Rebecca J. , Woolman Joanna , Howland Mariann A.
Published: December 2023

The majority of women involved in the criminal legal system are mothers, and approximately 3% to 4% of women entering prison are pregnant. This chapter explores how developmental science and the law interact and shape the experiences of pregnant women and mothers involved in the criminal legal system and their children before, during, and after incarceration. It considers how several areas of law, including criminal law, family law, and child welfare, coalesce to impact parents and children. The chapter attends closely to relevant principles of developmental science, including sensitive windows of development early in life and the salience of parent–child attachment relationships. The chapter concludes that, with a few exceptions, policies and laws often fail to address the unique needs of parents who are incarcerated and their children. This leaves much room for developmental science to be translated into evidence-based policies and practices to support these families.
Racial Disparities in Policing
Authors: Burke Kelly C. , Najdowski Cynthia J. , Stevenson Margaret C.
Published: December 2023

This chapter reviews the psychological consequences of racialized policing for people of color over the course of their lives, organizing the review within Bronfenbrenner’s social-ecological model and emerging science on racial, legal, and racial-legal socialization. First, the chapter considers the broader social climate that criminalizes and punishes people of color, and thereby generates racialized policing (macrosystem). Then, it turns to the institution and practice of policing and how this influences the way people of color come to think about their relationships with police (exosystem). Next, the chapter examines how vicarious experiences with police shape attitudes toward police (mesosystem), and how direct experiences and personal history factors influence how people of color experience, navigate, learn, and develop in response to police discrimination (microsystem). Finally, the chapter explores the cumulative effects of racialized policing on life outcomes and the evidence of coping and resilience among people of color, ending with implications for policy and practice.
Aging in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Wylie Lindsey E. , Hubner Sarah
Published: December 2023

Adults aged 65 and older are the fastest growing subpopulation in the United States. Concurrent with general-population aging is a commensurate rise in the number of older adults involved in the criminal justice system, as both offenders and incarcerated individuals. Although older adults commit fewer and less serious crimes than younger adults, the proportion of older inmates continues to increase. This demographic shift precipitates rising costs, primarily associated with health care and end of life. To ensure older inmates’ safety and meet legal requirements, facilities will have to make physical and social accommodations. These improvements, aimed at developing age-competent systems for adults, may also extend to reformation of policy and practices. However, research on older adults and aging within the criminal justice system is notably lacking. Thus, future studies should expand on the understanding of this aging experience, ultimately aiming to improve the aging crisis in U.S. correctional facilities.
Reparative Governmentalities in Transitional Justice
Authors: Woolford Andrew
Published: December 2023

This chapter covers the key concepts of reparative governmentalities in transitional justice. It also elaborates on the reparations processes in settler colonial societies under the rubric of transitional justice. Transitional justice is used to govern through repair in settler colonial contexts, which specifies the reparative governmentalities that are operative in Canadian reparations for the wrongs committed through Indian Residential Schools. The chapter cites that redress processes are calibrated toward fostering justice for a wronged party while also affirming status quo societal conditions. It considers how to resist the diffusion of power through processes that are ostensibly intended to provide justice.
Defoe and Government
Authors: Hayton D. W.
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses Daniel Defoe’s political work, mainly as a journalist and pamphleteer, and seeks to identify a consistency of political principles underlying a career which can appear opportunistic. Having evaluated Defoe’s writings in support of the 1688 Revolution, and his Whiggish defences of William III’s domestic and international policies, it moves to events after Anne’s accession, when Defoe’s controversial writings resulted in him being pilloried and imprisoned. Defoe accommodated himself to the government, writing under the patronage of Lord Godolphin and Robert Harley (later Earl of Oxford), as these politicians collaborated by turns with Whigs and Tories. The Anglo-Scottish Union (1707) and the Hanoverian succession (1714) were Defoe’s priorities: he was faithful to these causes although contemporaries accused him of being an unprincipled hireling, for example in defending the Tory peace campaign of 1711–13. The chapter concludes with Defoe’s dubious political dealings in the early years of the Whig ascendency under George I.
Defoe and Ecology
Authors: Cole Lucinda
Published: December 2023

Daniel Defoe experienced a lifetime of witnessing dramatic weather, occasional dearth, and periods of mass disease. Storms, fevers, freezes, plagues, and human or animal die-offs make their way into his writing, and, in complex ways, are related to concerns that we now identify under the rubric of ecology. Ecology, however, attributes to the non-human environment an autonomous moral value, whereas Defoe follows a broadly Lockean paradigm in asserting that what is good is what can be put to human use. Defoe extends Locke’s assumption that humans can use resources to improve or maintain living standards without ever exhausting them. Whether he is writing about climate, foreign landscapes, or non-human animal populations, Defoe’s emphasis on the infinite exploitability of God-given resources shapes his perception of humankind’s duty to remake the natural world into a vast storehouse of useful goods.
Introduction
Authors: Prescott Andrew , Wiggins Alison
Published: December 2023

This introduction outlines the vision set out by the thirty-five chapters that follow in this volume, Archives: Power, Truth, and Fiction. It emphasizes the urgent need for approaches to the archives that are interdisciplinary, global, cross-cultural, and that reach across professional knowledge siloes. We describe the ubiquitous and pluralistic character of the archive, which is both metaphor and material substance, framework and fission, and is continually evolving and being remade. The themes of ‘Power’ and of ‘Truth and Fiction’ that are highlighted in the title to this volume are here set in their larger intellectual contexts and the approaches taken by the various contributors are indicated. We outline the perceived advantages of our chosen structure in six thematic sections, which traverse periods, places, and professions and are designed to prioritize a concern with archives as process and performance: Conceptions, Frameworks, Materialities, Encounters & Evolution, Narrators, and Erasures & Exclusion. Our closing ‘coda’ analyses one iconic archival object, The Domesday Book, as an archival microcosm.
Where and What Are the Boundaries of the Archive?
Authors: Craven Louise
Published: December 2023

In the 2020s, archives are everywhere. Archives have moved from the past into the future, from the historical into the corporate, the community, and the personal. Archives now belong to everyone and to every type of organization wishing to store data. How has this happened? And where are the boundaries of the archive now? In approaching these questions, the issues surrounding automation and digitization in archives are examined, the relationship between archives, museums, and libraries is considered, new archives are addressed, and the roles of truth and fiction in archives are given new focus. Critical studies emerging from the archive sector and influential writings from within academic disciplines not traditionally associated with archives are analysed and the issues of time, memory, and narrative are discussed, and finally the future of the archive is considered.
Digitality and the Reconfigured Global Archive(s) of Forced Migration
Authors: Halilovich Hariz , Gilliland Anne J.
Published: December 2023

Movement has always been a part of the human and, by association, of the archival experience. Recent work on displacement by anthropologists and archival studies scholars has highlighted the interdependencies between both phenomena. The current era of global connectivity is simultaneously experiencing unprecedented levels of displacement and mass migration, that together have combined to create whole new and often unexpected forms of and uses for global archives. Previously locally situated communities, practices and stories have literally gone global. Original locales, especially if destroyed or inaccessible, are being reconstituted by globally dispersed translocal and virtual networks of people originating in or relating to a specific place who use these networks to document, preserve, or recover their memories, experiences, and communities. This chapter draws upon the authors’ fieldwork to tell the stories, and contemplate the nature, possibilities, and affects of such global archives for those who have been displaced.
Response to ‘Conceptions’
Authors: Moore Niamh
Published: December 2023

This response reflects on the chapters in the preceding section on 'Conceptions', emphasising how the current engagement with archival theory goes hand in hand with the emergence of new forms of archive and greater diversity of archives.
Appraisal and Original Order
Authors: Prescott Andrew
Published: December 2023

This chapter introduces two fundamental components of archival practice: appraisal and original order. The most important power exercised by the archivist is deciding whether records are kept or destroyed, a process known as appraisal. Only a small proportion of records survive the appraisal process. The implications of appraisal and destruction are illustrated with reference to the Windrush scandal in the United Kingdom. In order to preserve information about the bureaucracy which created the archive, it is essential to preserve the original order file and other series. However, original order means that interpretations are inextricably tied into the corporate culture of the body which created the archive. Digital records challenge traditional approaches to appraisal and original order, and raise the possibility that we can transcend the power structures associated with the conventional archive.
More Content, Less Context
Authors: Van Hyning Victoria , Wolfe Heather
Published: December 2023

Current and future user expectations are not being met by the hierarchical structure of archival description and the emphasis on creating context that often comes at the expense of digitizing and releasing content in ways that are legible to both humans and machines. We propose a model of community and volunteer engagement that focuses limited staff time on the creation of web-searchable content through volunteer-driven ‘full text finding aids’ and scanning projects. Drawing on our individual experiences at the Folger and Zooniverse, and our collaboration on Shakespeare’s World, a crowdsourced transcription project, we advocate for community engagement via onsite and virtual crowdsourcing. Creating access to otherwise non-machine-readable content such as manuscript images, can expose archival silences, fill gaps in the historical record, better serve and include more diverse audiences, and create new pathways of discovery.
Sound and Vision
Authors: Popple Simon
Published: December 2023

Over the course of the past two decades the increasing digitization and accessibility of audio-visual archival materials has prompted both an ontological and participatory rethinking of the archive as a haptic and static textual repository. As we emerge from the initial shocks of the archive as digital projection we can start to assess where we currently stand and where we need to journey next using the audio-visual archive as a test-bed for new experiences and concepts. This chapter draws on current research to model the future potential of the audio-visual archive (and by extension other archival forms) and examines how the idea of the text as something fixed can be remade within a range of contexts. Drawing on examples of creative partnerships, experimental and contested practices it considers the new potentiality of the archive as a self-mediated, sensorious, and immersive experience that is increasingly integrated within social and cultural practices.
Digital Innovation and Archival Thinking
Authors: Goudarouli Eirini
Published: December 2023

This chapter opens up the discussion about the theoretical and methodological challenges that the complex digital environments and archival systems, and their evolving nature, bring to the archive. Its main focus is on the variety of complexities that the increasing volume of digital (both digitized and born-digital) records brings to the archival framework, requiring new capabilities and approaches on how best to curate the increasingly digital records. It reflects on some of the biggest challenges that we, at The National Archives UK, are facing as we seek to become a second-generation digital archive, that is digital by instinct and design. Finally, the chapter explores the benefits and opportunities that derive from the integrations of archival and computational thinking and practice; and how computational archival science can help us approach these pressing challenges, as well as the exciting opportunities, in new ways.
State Power and the Shaping of Archives in Malawi
Authors: Lihoma Paul
Published: December 2023

As government records were generated from 1891 after establishment of the colonial administration in Malawi, access to government records by members of the general public started in the 1950s. By analysing how government records have been used by the society for many decades to-date, this chapter demonstrates the inherent power of the archives and, for instance, how the society prior to independence tapped the archival power to equip themselves with research data, information, and knowledge for different purposes; how the emerging autocratic one-party regime exerted its power over the archives to stifle access by the majority; and how, after the minority ruling elite had lost the power resulting from introduction of the democratic rule, the archives was freed up and local masses who had suffered from various atrocities during the dictatorial regime, relied on the archives to hold their oppressors accountable and, eventually, get compensation from the State.
Finding Women in the Archives of 1381
Authors: Federico Sylvia
Published: December 2023

This chapter revisits the research I conducted at the Public Records Office (now The National Archives) in London in the mid-1990s, while a doctoral student investigating women’s participation in the ‘Great English Rising’ (or ‘Peasants’ Revolt’) of 1381. Using that experience as a touchstone through which to think about larger issues related to feminist archival practice, the chapter is part personal history, part discussion of my research results, and part reflection on cultural changes in the field of medieval studies over the last quarter century. The way in which archival structures can place barriers in the way of junior and inexperienced researchers are discussed and it is argued that it should be the shared mission of experienced researchers to demystify the field.
Philosophical Ethics
Authors: Moxter Michael
Published: December 2023

Schleiermacher’s philosophical ethics comprises the basic principles of a cultural theory, including his understanding of human sciences, which further includes the study of theology. Since it operates on a different categorial level, it must not be confused with his Christian ethics (Die christliche Sittenlehre). As a philosophical undertaking it develops an alternative to Kantian and Fichtean concepts of duty and their claims for universality and formal justification procedures. Schleiermacher conceives of an ethics of individuality, first outlined in his Soliloquies (1800), according to which humans are not just exemplars of rational beings underlying general rules, but are members of a community in which each person represents the human species in their own unique manner. In his later academic lectures, this leads him to a theory of reason embedded in nature and especially in human actions developed from a descriptive point of view. It is a theory with a tripartite framework, integrating duties, virtues, and goods. Yet its central form pursues an ethics of goods, which offers an understanding of human action organized by communication and mutual cooperation and realized by a critical theory of institutions.
Hermeneutics
Authors: Berner Christian
Published: December 2023

Schleiermacher’s hermeneutics is the art of understanding and interpreting discourse, providing rules for methodically establishing the meaning of foreign discourse. Starting from the hypothesis of non-understanding, Schleiermacher takes seriously the author’s will to communicate and thus to be understood. Therefore, the method takes into account indications in the discourse itself and in its contexts in order to interpret it. Understanding will consist in reconstructing the discourse in its necessity, both from what is most general, such as language, and from the individual who transforms language. These interpretations proceeding alternatively by divining singular elements or by comparing them. By reconstructing meaning in this way, hermeneutics plays a fundamental role in the development of the spirit.
Philosophy of Art
Authors: Kelm Holden
Published: December 2023

The aim of this chapter is to examine Schleiermacher’s philosophy of art in light of his Lectures on Aesthetics given at the University of Berlin in 1819, 1825, and 1832/1833. Based on the preserved textual material and with a view to the aesthetic discourse of the time, this chapter develops a historically and systematically oriented interpretation of Schleiermacher’s philosophy of art with a special focus on his theory of poetry. A major goal is to show that Schleiermacher’s aesthetic theory focuses on artistic practice and the ethical and sociocultural conditions of that practice in order to demonstrate how the production of art emerges from the relationship between inwardness and the symbolizing expressivity of the individual. Schleiermacher’s productive-aesthetic approach thus implies a concept of symbolic communication and represents a distinct position within the constellation of classical German philosophy.
Theory of the State
Authors: Rose Miriam
Published: December 2023

Schleiermacher’s lectures on the theory of the state arise from reflection on the French Revolution from a German perspective. States are thought as constantly changing because they consist of actions of persons within them. Thus there is no ideal state but individual states with their own history. Their development is not determined but tends toward growing independence of science and religion from political control. Schleiermacher presents a liberally orientated theory, but scholars have struggled to describe the political position of Schleiermacher’s theory in a precise way. Some emphasize the more liberal and democratic aspects, while others highlight more illiberal dimensions of his work, especially in legal theory. Schleiermacher himself underlines the non-programmatic, prosaic nature of his writings regarding political theory. He intends to prepare (male) students to become civil servants and educated citizens.
Schleiermacher’s Work and Influence on Classical Studies
Authors: Käppel Lutz
Published: December 2023

Schleiermacher can be regarded as the intellectual and organizational founding father of modern German classical scholarship, as it was practiced from the nineteenth century onwards. His interpretation of Plato is still the landmark of Platonic studies for followers as well as detractors. His method of interpretation in the reconstruction of lost authors from fragments and testimonies is still the backbone of all modern editions of fragments. His theory of hermeneutics, which was systematically developed in the medium of translation and reconstruction, is still an integral standard approach to ancient texts. The concept of German “Altertumswissenschaft” goes back to his organization of scholarship in the academic environment in Berlin. One cannot overrate the contributions of this outstanding scholar in so many fields, especially for the history of classical studies. The chapter explains this relevance—both specific and fundamental—of Schleiermacher’s work for the history and current state of classical scholarship and hermeneutics.
Thinking about Race
Authors: Vial Theodore
Published: December 2023

The category of race is typically used to designate a group of people distinguished by certain heritable physical characteristics, and to associate a set of behavioral and mental characteristics with that group. Those behavioral and mental characteristics fall into the category of what we think of as “culture.” Schleiermacher is a useful thinking partner on race in our contemporary world because he plays a significant role in constructing the way we think about culture. Furthermore, Schleiermacher is an early proponent for values many of us still see as important: diversity, pluralism, the non-coercive development of one’s individuality, and of the equality and expression of different cultural groups. The fact that some of Schleiermacher’s judgments strike us as biased or racist can be an occasion to analyze the way our own values might entail social consequences that we do not affirm.
Word Classes in Quechuan Languages
Authors: Muysken Pieter
Published: December 2023

This chapter deals with the Quechuan language family, spoken in the Andes of South America. After some preliminaries on how to define the parts of speech in this family, the chapter focuses on several key questions. Are adjectives a separate class in these languages? Should we distinguish a special category of postpositions as separate from case markers and spatial nouns? What do nominalizations tell us about category membership? Are phrasal enclitics a word class by themselves, or should they be considered a special type of suffix? The perspective taken in this chapter is that word class is a multidimensional concept, and that on different dimensions different distinctions may be relevant. The chapter ends with a brief consideration of the Quechuan languages in the areal perspective of the Andes and the South American continent.
Word Classes in Language Contact
Authors: Matras Yaron , Adamou Evangelia
Published: December 2023

Word classes show different degrees of sensitivity and susceptibility both to contact-induced language change (borrowing) and to language mixing in conversation (codeswitching). This contribution addresses the hierarchical nature of word-class arrangement as manifested in language contact settings. It reviews generalizations that have addressed the question of borrowing constraints on particular categories, and examines some of the features that accompany the integration of borrowed items in particular word classes. The chapter then examine some of the insights gained from the analysis of bilingual corpora and their implications for an explanatory model of borrowing and the status of word classes in contact-induced change.
Irish–English Bilingualism
Authors: Mac Mathúna Liam
Published: December 2023

Ireland has experienced various forms of Irish–English bilingualism since the Anglo-Norman invasion of 1169. Prior to the sixteenth century English was mostly spoken in urban areas and in the region around Dublin called the Pale. The Statutes of Kilkenny (1366) reflected the perceived need to safeguard English language, customs, and culture among those of English descent. From 1600 on, the pressure for linguistic accommodation was felt much more keenly by the native Irish than by English town-dwellers. As second-language English competence among the Irish increased, it expressed itself in Irish/English code-mixing in a variety of literary genres in Irish, spanning the functional and creative realms. This chapter engages with Irish–English linguistic interaction in a wide variety of areas, including the public and private spheres, language register and domains, and community language shift.
‘Het onbekent en wonderlijk Eyland’
Authors: van Bunge Wiep
Published: December 2023

In 1677 the Rotterdam poet and publisher Frans van Hoogstraten produced a beautiful translation into Dutch of Utopia. Van Hoogstraten was born into a Mennonite milieu and his friends included Socinians and acquaintances of Spinoza, but during the 1660s he joined the Catholic Church. A fervent supporter of religious toleration, he was proud to be regarded an ‘Erasmian’, and it would seem that his translation of Utopia was part of a joint celebration launched by the more liberal Erasmians of Rotterdam on the occasion of the reinstalment, in 1677, of the famous statue of Erasmus, first erected in 1622. More’s friendship with Erasmus apparently turned him into a natural ally of the Rotterdam Erasmians, and to the newly converted van Hoogstraten, More’s loyalty to the Church of Rome appears to have held a special appeal.
The Cultural Politics of Translation
Authors: Stewart Janet
Published: December 2023

This chapter traces the genesis, production, and reception of Eduard Fuchs’s 1896 translation into German of Utopia. It shows how the text was conceived and received in line with a particular ‘translation culture’ that itself must be understood first against the backdrop of a nascent social democratic movement seeking to establish itself in the changing, and at times hostile, political environment of a relatively recently united Germany; second, in the light of a particular view of adult education emerging from social democratic circles; and third, in the context of burgeoning interest in utopian thought in the German-speaking area that developed, in part at least, in response to the major sociocultural shifts that went hand in hand with the rapid industrialization of this area in the late nineteenth century, the so-called Gründerzeit. In particular, it sets this translation in relation to Karl Kautsky’s influential socialist interpretation of Thomas More’s Utopia.
Early Modern Utopian Fiction
Authors: Houston Chloë
Published: December 2023

This chapter offers an overview of the development of utopian fiction in the early modern period. It begins with an examination of the meaning of ‘utopia’ during this time; as the word developed satiric connotations, the utopian form was frequently rejected as a vehicle for serious political thought, though it nonetheless proliferated in a variety of genres, including political philosophy and travel literature. Having considered how More’s Utopia (1516) questions its own capacity for truthful representation, this chapter then turns to Henry Neville’s The Isle of Pines (1668). Neville’s utopia bears little obvious relation to Utopia, but nonetheless demonstrates how deeply More’s presentation of his fictional island influenced later utopias. This overview suggests that while utopia developed into two strands, namely political and fictional, these forms are not entirely distinct, sharing an interest in critiquing the world within a mode of writing that questions its own capacity for accurate representation.
Utopia and Moral Economy
Authors: Lutz Martin
Published: December 2023

In his book Religion and the Rise of Capitalism from 1926, R. H. Tawney made his name as one of the founding fathers of moral economy as a conceptual framework. With further refinement by Karl Polanyi and E. P. Thompson, the concept has produced a vibrant debate on the pitfalls of modern capitalism and the relationship between moral values and the economy more broadly. This chapter connects Thomas More’s economic themes in Utopia to the debate. It outlines the main characteristics of Utopia’s economy as imagined by More and then provides an overview of the concept’s history from the original moral economists to the current debate. With the Hutterite case in North America, it introduces one specific example of how a moral economy based on collective ownership of property continues to exist up to the present day. The final section assesses the potential offered by Utopia and ‘moral economy’ for further research.
Utopia’s Empire
Authors: Hower Jessica S.
Published: December 2023

Though among the most studied works in literature, Utopia has largely escaped the notice of scholars of early modern empire, artificially separated from its full Atlantic setting and treated as the purview of literary critics and domestic historians. This chapter restores that context, examining the 1510s as a watershed of imperial trial and error alongside More’s continued relevance for theorists and adventurers across the Tudor–Stuart period. Conceived amidst the Henrician occupation of Tournai, Utopia developed classical concepts of colonia and imperium, justified expansion, and fictionalized the '‘New World’. The text and conquest were intimately related, and in turn influenced further schemes, including John Rastell’s abortive venture in 1517, Humphrey Gilbert’s crossing in 1583, and Robert Cecil’s characterization of Irish demands in 1599. Privileging the critical moments in which the book was written, consumed, and deployed, this chapter demonstrates how Utopia can shed new light on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century British empire-building.
Tentative detection of cyanoformamide NCCONH2 in space
Authors: Li Juan , Quan Donghui , Wang Junzhi , Zhang Xia , Lu Xing , Gou Qian , Gao Feng , Wu Yajun , Bergin Edwin , Li Shanghuo , Shen Zhiqiang , Du Fujun , Li Meng , Zheng Siqi , Zheng Xingwu
Published: December 2023

The peptide-like molecule cyanoformamide (NCCONH2) is the cyano (CN) derivative of formamide (NH2CHO). It is known to play a role in the synthesis of nucleic acid precursors under prebiotic conditions. In this paper, we present a tentative detection of NCCONH2 in the interstellar medium with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) archive data. 10 unblended lines of NCCONH2 were seen around 3σ noise levels toward Sagittarius B2(N1E), a position that is slightly offset from the continuum peak. The column density of NCCONH2 was estimated to be 2.4 × 1015 cm−2, and the fractional abundance of NCCONH2 toward Sgr B2(N1E) was 6.9 × 10−10. The abundance ratio between NCCONH2 and NH2CHO is estimated to be ∼0.01. We also searched for other peptide-like molecules toward Sgr B2(N1E). The abundances of NH2CHO, CH3NCO and CH3NHCHO toward Sgr B2(N1E) were about 1/10 of those toward Sgr B2(N1S), while the abundance of CH3CONH2 was only 1/20 of that toward Sgr B2(N1S).
Molecular characterization and functional analyses of maize phytochrome A photoreceptors
Authors: Cao Yan , Zhang Dun , Li Beihan , Li Hong , Qin Xinyan , Tian Jinge , Wang Chenglong , Wang Meijiao , Han Run , Qi Lijuan , Peng Jing , Zhao Xiaoqiang , Zhang Dan , Zhao Xiang , Chen Limei , Kang Dingming , Tian Feng , Li Jigang
Published: December 2023

Maize phytochrome A photoreceptors play important roles in maize growth and development while displaying both distinct properties from and sharing common features with Arabidopsis phytochrome A.
Drying without dying: A genome database for desiccation-tolerant plants and evolution of desiccation tolerance
Authors: Gao Bei , Li Xiaoshuang , Liang Yuqing , Chen Moxian , Liu Huiliang , Liu Yinggao , Wang Jiancheng , Zhang Jianhua , Zhang Yuanming , Oliver Melvin J , Zhang Daoyuan
Published: December 2023

Desiccation is typically fatal, but a small number of land plants have evolved vegetative desiccation tolerance (VDT), allowing them to dry without dying through a process called anhydrobiosis. Advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the investigation of genomes for desiccation-tolerant plants over the past decade. However, a dedicated and integrated database for these valuable genomic resources has been lacking. Our prolonged interest in VDT plant genomes motivated us to create the “Drying without Dying” database, which contains a total of 16 VDT-related plant genomes (including 10 mosses) and incorporates 10 genomes that are closely related to VDT plants. The database features bioinformatic tools, such as blast and homologous cluster search, sequence retrieval, Gene Ontology term and metabolic pathway enrichment statistics, expression profiling, co-expression network extraction, and JBrowser exploration for each genome. To demonstrate its utility, we conducted tailored PFAM family statistical analyses, and we discovered that the drought-responsive ABA transporter AWPM-19 family is significantly tandemly duplicated in all bryophytes but rarely so in tracheophytes. Transcriptomic investigations also revealed that response patterns following desiccation diverged between bryophytes and angiosperms. Combined, the analyses provided genomic and transcriptomic evidence supporting a possible divergence and lineage-specific evolution of VDT in plants. The database can be accessed at http://desiccation.novogene.com. We expect this initial release of the “Drying without Dying” plant genome database will facilitate future discovery of VDT genetic resources.
A high-fat eucaloric diet induces reprometabolic syndrome of obesity in normal weight women
Authors: Santoro Nanette , Kuhn Katherine , Pretzel Shannon , Schauer Irene E , Fought Angela , D’Alessandro Angelo , Stephenson Daniel , Bradford Andrew P
Published: December 2023

We examined the effects of 1 month of a eucaloric, high-fat (48% of calories) diet (HFD) on gonadotropin secretion in normal-weight women to interrogate the role of free fatty acids and insulin in mediating the relative hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obesity. Eighteen eumenorrheic women (body mass index [BMI] 18–25 kg/m2) were studied in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle before and after exposure to an HFD with frequent blood sampling for luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), followed by an assessment of pituitary sensitivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Mass spectrometry-based plasma metabolomic analysis was also performed. Paired testing and time-series analysis were performed as appropriate. Mean endogenous LH (unstimulated) was significantly decreased after the HFD (4.3 ± 1.0 vs. 3.8 ± 1.0, P < 0.01); mean unstimulated FSH was not changed. Both LH (10.1 ± 1.0 vs. 7.2 ± 1.0, P < 0.01) and FSH (9.5 ± 1.0 vs. 8.8 ± 1.0, P < 0.01) responses to 75 ng/kg of GnRH were reduced after the HFD. Mean LH pulse amplitude and LH interpulse interval were unaffected by the dietary exposure. Eucaloric HFD exposure did not cause weight change. Plasma metabolomics confirmed adherence with elevation of fasting free fatty acids (especially long-chain mono-, poly-, and highly unsaturated fatty acids) by the last day of the HFD. One-month exposure to an HFD successfully induced key reproductive and metabolic features of reprometabolic syndrome in normal-weight women. These data suggest that dietary factors may underlie the gonadotrope compromise seen in obesity-related subfertility and therapeutic dietary interventions, independent of weight loss, may be possible.
Conversion of raltegravir carrying a 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring to a hydrolysis product upon pH changes decreases its antiviral activity
Authors: Nakamura Tomofumi , Okumura Mayu , Takamune Nobutoki , Hirotsu Tatsunori , Sugiura Masaharu , Yasunaga Junichiro , Nakata Hirotomo
Published: December 2023

Raltegravir (RAL), a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 integrase inhibitor, has been administered as part of antiretroviral therapy. Studies in patients with HIV-1 have shown high variability in the pharmacokinetics of RAL, and in healthy volunteers, coadministration of proton-pump inhibitors has been shown to increase the plasma RAL concentrations. Here, we found that RAL containing a 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring is converted to a hydrolysis product (H-RAL) with a cleaved 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring at pH 1.0 and 13.0 conditions in vitro, thereby reducing the anti-HIV activity of the drug. The inclusion of cyclodextrins (beta-cyclodextrin [βCD], random methyl-βCD [RAM-βCD], and hydroxypropyl-βCD [HP-βCD]) can protect RAL from pH-induced changes. The conversion of RAL to H-RAL was detected by using various mass spectrometry analyses. The chromatogram of H-RAL increased in a time-dependent manner similar to another 1,3,4-oxadiazole-containing drug, zibotentan, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Oral bioavailability and target protein interactions of H-RAL were predicted to be lower than those of RAL. Moreover, H-RAL exhibited significantly reduced anti-HIV-1 activity, whereas combinations with βCD, RAM-βCD, and HP-βCD attenuated this effect in cell-based assays. These findings suggest that βCDs can potentially protect against the conversion of RAL to H-RAL under acidic conditions in the stomach, thereby preserving the anti-HIV-1 effect of RAL. Although clinical trials are needed for evaluation, we anticipate that protective devices such as βCDs may improve the pharmacokinetics of RAL, leading to better treatment outcomes, including reduced dosing, long-term anti-HIV-1 activity, and deeper HIV-1 suppression.
Reevaluating Rehabilitation Practice for Patients Who Were Critically Ill After COVID-19 Infection: An Administrative Case Report
Authors: Clancy Malachy J , Tevald Michael A , Adler Joe , Butler Kelly , Courtwright Andrew M , Diamond Joshua M , Crespo Maria M , Bermudez Christian A
Published: December 2023

Objective

The goal of this case report is to describe the process, challenges, and opportunities of implementing rehabilitation for individuals who were critically ill and required both mechanical ventilation (MV) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support following a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection in an academic medical center.

Methods

This administrative case report is set in a heart and vascular intensive care unit, a 35-bed critical care unit that provides services for patients with various complex cardiovascular surgical interventions, including transplantation. Patients were admitted to the heart and vascular intensive care unit with either COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome or pulmonary fibrosis for consideration of bilateral orthotropic lung transplantation. The authors describe the process of establishing rehabilitation criteria for patients who, by previously established guidelines, would be considered too ill to engage in rehabilitation.

Results

The rehabilitation team, in coordination with an interprofessional team of critical care providers including physicians, respiratory care providers, perfusionists, and registered nurses, collaborated to implement a rehabilitation program for patients with critical COVID-19 being considered for bilateral orthotropic lung transplantation. This was accomplished by (1) reviewing previously published guidelines and practices; (2) developing an interdisciplinary framework for the consideration of rehabilitation treatment; and (3) implementing the framework for patients in our heart and vascular intensive care unit.

Conclusion

In response to the growing volume of patients admitted with critical COVID-19, the team initiated and developed an interprofessional framework and successfully provided rehabilitation services to patients who were critically ill. While resource-intensive, the process demonstrates that rehabilitation can be implemented on a case-by-case basis for select patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and MV, who would previously have been considered too critically ill for rehabilitation services.

Impact

Rehabilitating patients with end-stage pulmonary disease on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and MV support is challenging but feasible with appropriate interprofessional collaboration and knowledge sharing.
Influence of short-lived radioiodines other than 131I on screening direct thyroid measurements with TCS-172 NAI(TL) survey meters
Authors: Tani Kotaro , Kim Eunjoo , Yajima Kazuaki , Naito Masayuki , Ishigure Nobuhito , Beaumont Tiffany , Broggio David , Kurihara Osamu
Published: December 2023

In a nuclear emergency, one of the actions taken for the sake of public is to monitor thyroid exposure to radioiodines. Japan’s Nuclear Regulation Authority recently published a report on such monitoring and proposed direct thyroid measurements with conventional NaI(Tl) survey meters (e.g. Hitachi model TCS-172) as a primary screening method. A previous study proposed screening levels (SLs) used in these simplified measurements as the net reading values of the TCS-172 device. Age-specific SLs were derived from a thyroid equivalent dose of 100 mSv due to the inhalation intake of 131I. This study addressed the possible influence of short-lived iodine isotopes other than 131I on the simplified measurements. In preparation for such measurements, the responses of the device for 132I as an ingrowth component from 132Te, 133I, 134I and 135I in the thyroid were evaluated by numerical simulations using age-specific stylized phantoms in addition to those obtained for 131I in the previous study. The radioactivity ratios of the relevant isotopes were taken from the inventory data of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The results were used to predict the net readings of the device when 132Te-132I and 133I as well as 131I were inhaled at 24 or 72 h after the shutdown of a nuclear power plant. In these cases, the signals from 132Te-132I and 133I become undetectable a couple of days after intake, which could lead to underestimations of the thyroid dose. To estimate the thyroid dose accurately from the simplified measurements, it is necessary to identify the exact time of intake after the shutdown and the actual physiochemical property of 132Te that affects the thyroid uptake of 132I.
Characterizing the Diversity of Oomycetes Associated with Diseased Cotton Seedlings in Alabama
Authors: Olofintila Oluwakemisola E. , Lawrence Kathy S. , Noel Zachary A.
Published: December 2023

Many oomycete species are associated with the seedlings of crops, including upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), which leads to annual threats. The diversity of oomycete species in Alabama needs to be better understood since the last survey of oomycetes associated with cotton in Alabama was 20 years ago—before significant updates to taxonomy and improvements in identification of oomycetes using molecular tools. Our current study aimed to identify oomycetes associated with Alabama cotton seedlings, correlate diversity with soil edaphic factors, and assess virulence toward cotton seed. Thirty symptomatic cotton seedlings were collected independently from 25 fields in 2021 and 2022 2 to 4 weeks after planting. Oomycetes were isolated by plating root sections onto a semiselective medium. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was sequenced to identify the resulting isolates. A seed virulence assay was conducted in vitro to verify pathogenicity, and 347 oomycete isolates were obtained representing 36 species. Northern Alabama soils had the richest oomycete communities and a greater silt and clay concentration than sandier soils in the central and southern coastal plains. Globisporangium irregulare and Phytophthora nicotianae were consistently recovered from cotton roots in both years. Globisporangium irregulare was pathogenic and recovered from all Alabama regions, whereas P. nicotianae was pathogenic but recovered primarily in areas with lower sand content in northern Alabama. Many oomycete species have not been previously reported in Alabama or the southeastern United States. Altogether, this knowledge will help facilitate effective management strategies for cotton seedling diseases caused by oomycetes in Alabama and the United States.
Novel Single Nucleotide Variations Alter Pathogenicity in Korean Isolates of Erwinia amylovora
Authors: Kang In-Jeong , Park Yejin , Roh Eunjung , Lee Jae Hoon
Published: December 2023

Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease, has become a serious threat to the pome fruit industry in Korea since 2015. In this study, we showed that two new isolates of E. amylovora, Ea17-2187 and Ea19-7, obtained from pear orchards in Anseong, Korea, exhibited unique pathogenicity compared with other isolates thus far. Both were nonpathogenic to immature apple fruits but occasionally caused disease on immature pear fruits at varying reduced rates. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that their genomes are highly similar to those of the type strains TS3128 and ATCC49946 but have different mutations in essential virulence regulatory genes. Ea17-2187 has a single nucleotide substitution in rcsC, which encodes the core components of the Rcs system that activates the exopolysaccharide amylovoran production. In contrast, Ea19-7 contains a single nucleotide insertion in hrpL, which encodes a master regulator of the type III secretion system. In both cases, the mutation can cause premature termination and production of truncated gene products, disrupting virulence regulation. Introduction of the nonmutated rcsC and hrpL genes into Ea17-2187 and Ea19-7, respectively, fully recovered pathogenicity, comparable with that of TS3128; hence, these mutations were responsible for the altered pathogenicity observed. Interestingly, virulence assays on immature pear fruits showed that the hrpL mutant of Ea19-7 was still pathogenic, although its virulence level was markedly reduced. Taken together, these results suggest that the two new isolates might act as opportunistic pathogens or cheaters and that some Korean isolates might have evolved to acquire alternative pathways for activating pathogenicity factors.