bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of retrieval service patients within a paediatric emergency department
Authors: Andrews Sarah L , Lewena Stuart , Oberender Felix , Babl Franz E , West Adam , Hopper Sandy M
Published: October 2014

Objective

The Victorian Paediatric Emergency Transport Service (PETS) transports critically unwell children to tertiary paediatric hospitals. Children not directly admitted to ICU go to a tertiary ED. These patients might require prolonged and high‐level care. In light of the National Emergency Access Target, we describe this cohort, clinical care needs and process measures.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of patients retrieved by PETS to the Royal Children's Hospital (Melbourne, Australia) ED in 2012. Demographics, illness parameters and process measures were extracted. The ED length of stay (LOS) and time to ward suitability (time at which physiological parameters stabilised and high acuity treatments ceased) were related to patient and illness characteristics. Data are presented descriptively and analysed using spss.

Results

In 2012, 120 patients were transported to the ED. Conditions included lower respiratory (44), neurological (28), upper respiratory (16) and trauma (14). The median ED LOS was 4.8 h (interquartile range 2.9, 7.7). On arrival, 73 (60.8%) were ward‐suitable, but 51 (43%) had LOS less than 4 h. Twenty‐five (20.8%) patients stayed longer than 8 h. Administrative delay (principally bed block) is responsible for the bulk of the LOS; however, 25 (20.8%) had markedly abnormal vital signs after 4 h of ED care, mainly patients with lower respiratory tract disease.

Conclusion

Most patients retrieved to the ED ultimately go to a ward rather than ICU and most have an ED stay in excess of National Emergency Access Target. Several retrieval associated care issues, such as timely and appropriate ward disposition, can be addressed by administrative changes.
Log (TG)/HDL‐C ratio as a predictor of decreased islet beta cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes: 6‐year cohort study
Authors: Zhou Meicen , Li Zengyi , Min Rui , Dong Yaxiu , Sun Qi , Li Yuxiu
Published: October 2014

Background

The aim of the present study was to explore whether the triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio [log (TG)/HDL‐C] and peripheral blood leukocytes DNA telomere length could predict future islet beta cell function decreased in Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) during a 6‐year cohort.

Methods

Sixty T2DM patients (without insulin treatment at baseline) were included in the 6‐year cohort study. Peripheral blood leukocytes DNA telomere length, HbA1c, blood lipid profile, fatty fat acid, glucose, insulin and C peptide (3 h after a mixed meal) were determined. Delta C peptide area under curve (Delta CP AUC) was used to reflect change in beta cell secretion function (Delta CP AUC = baseline CP AUC – CP AUC after 6 years). Subjects were divided into slow decrease of beta cell function group (Delta CP AUCslow group) and fast decrease group (Delta CP AUCfast group) according to median of Delta CP AUC. Baseline demographic characteristics, clinical variables between two groups were compared. Correlations between baseline data and Delta CP AUC were analyzed.

Results

Baseline log (TG)/HDL‐C was positively correlated with Delta CP AUC (r = 0.306, P = 0.027); log (TG)/HDL‐C in Delta CP AUCfast group was higher than that in Delta CP AUCslow group (0.103 ± 0.033 vs 0.083 ± 0.030, P = 0.027). There was no significant difference in DNA telomere length between the two groups. Change in DNA telomere length over 6 years was not significantly correlated with baseline blood lipid.

Conclusions

In Chinese T2DM patients, high baseline log (TG)/HDL‐C ratio predicts fast progression of islet beta cell dysfunction. It may be a simple index to predict progression speed of islet beta cell dysfunction.
Metastases of basal‐like breast invasive ductal carcinoma to the endometrium: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Huo Zhijun , Gao Yongsheng , Zuo Wenshu , Zheng Gang , Kong Ronghua
Published: October 2014

We present a case of single endometrial metastasis from breast invasive ductal cancer. This case was unique because the immunohistochemical staining was negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu and estrogen and progesterone receptors, and positive for cytokeratin 5/6 and epidermal growth factor receptor in the primary and metastatic tumor cells. No gross evidence of tumor was observed in other sites. We identified 12 cases of metastases to the endometrium from breast carcinoma from series and case reports in the literature between 1985 and 2014. This review indicated that hormone receptor‐positive invasive lobular breast cancer cells are more likely to metastasize to the endometrium than other cell types in patients over 50 years of age.
Efficacy and safety of pregabalin for treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a meta‐analysis
Authors: ZHANG S.‐S. , WU Z. , ZHANG L.‐C. , ZHANG Z. , CHEN R.‐P. , HUANG Y.‐H. , CHEN H.
Published: October 2014

Background

Pregabalin is considered to be an effective treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), but controversy exists about its efficacy and safety. We performed a meta‐analysis to systematically assess the efficacy and safety of pregabalin for managing pain associated with DPN.

Methods

Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register were searched in July 2014 for randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials published in English on the use of pregabalin to treat DPN‐associated pain. Principal outcomes were mean pain score after pregabalin treatment and the proportions of patients showing a pain reduction of at least 50%.

Results

Nine trials involving a total of 2056 participants were identified. Pooled analysis showed that pregabalin was significantly superior to placebo for improving mean pain scores [mean difference (MD) = −0.79, P < 0.001]. Pregabalin reduced pain below baseline by at least 50% in a significantly greater proportion of patients than placebo did [relative risk = 1.54, P < 0.001]. Patients were more likely to self‐report their status as ‘improved’ after taking pregabalin than placebo (relative risk = 1.38, P < 0.001). Pregabalin also improved sleep quality more than placebo (MD = −0.88, P < 0.001). On the other hand, patients receiving pregabalin were more likely to experience mild side effects than were patients receiving placebo.

Conclusions

Our meta‐analysis indicates that pregabalin is more effective than placebo for managing DPN‐associated pain and other symptoms that reduce quality of life. The drug is also reasonably well tolerated.
Osteopontin is associated with inflammation and mortality in a mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis
Authors: FORTIS S. , KHADAROO R. G. , HAITSMA J. J. , ZHANG H.
Published: October 2014

Background

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with pro‐inflammatory properties. In severe sepsis, levels of plasma OPN are significantly higher in non‐survivors than in survivors. We hypothesized that OPN results in greater inflammation and worse outcome through modulation of endogenous glucocorticoid production in sepsis.

Methods and Results

Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in wild type (WT) and OPN gene knockout (OPN–/–) mice. In response to sepsis, the OPN–/– mice had lower levels of plasma cytokines and chemokines than the WT mice. The levels of corticosterone in plasma were similar between WT and OPN–/– sham animals but they increased 24 h after CLP induction in the WT mice, but not in the OPN–/– mice. The mortality rate was lower in the OPN–/– mice than in the WT mice.

Conclusion

OPN is associated with greater inflammatory response and increased mortality, despite the higher corticosterone levels in plasma. Corticosterone production is not impaired in the absence of OPN.
Oral health care in remote Kimberley Aboriginal communities: the characteristics and perceptions of dental volunteers
Authors: Patel J , Hearn L , Slack‐Smith LM
Published: October 2014

Background

Aboriginal Australians face significant disparities in oral health and this is particularly the case in remote communities where access to dental services can be difficult. Using volunteers to provide dental care in the remote Kimberley region of Western Australia is a novel approach.

Methods

This study comprised an anonymous online survey of volunteers working with the Kimberley Dental Team (KDT). The survey had a response fraction of 66% and explored volunteer demographic characteristics, factors that motivated their involvement, perceptions of oral health among Aboriginal communities, and barriers and enablers to oral health in remote Aboriginal communities.

Results

Volunteers were more likely to be female, middle‐aged and engaged in full‐time employment. The two most common reasons reported for volunteering were to assist the community and visit the Kimberley region. Education and access to reliable, culturally appropriate care were perceived as enablers to good oral health for Aboriginal people in the Kimberley while limited access to services, poor nutrition and lack of government support were cited as barriers.

Conclusions

Volunteers providing dental services to remote areas in Western Australia had a diverse demographic profile. However, they share similar motivating factors and views on the current barriers and enablers to good oral health in remote Aboriginal communities.
Slit2 Exerts Anti‐Inflammatory Actions in Human Placenta and is Decreased with Maternal Obesity
Authors: Lim Ratana , Lappas Martha
Published: October 2014

Problem

Obese pregnancies are characterised by increased inflammation. Members of the Slit/Roundabout (Robo) family are key regulators of the inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of (i) pre‐existing maternal obesity on Slit‐Robo expression in human placenta and (ii) Slit2 knockdown by siRNA in primary trophoblast cells on markers of inflammation.

Method of study

The expression of Slit‐Robo protiens was assessed in human placenta from lean (n = 15) and obese (n = 16) patients by qRT‐PCR and Western blotting. Primary trophoblast cells were used to determine the effect of pro‐inflammatory mediators on Slit2 expression, and the effect of Slit2 siRNA on pro‐inflammatory mediators.

Results

While there was no change in Slit3, Robo1 or Robo4 expression, Slit2 expression was significantly lower in obese placenta compared to lean placenta. Human primary trophoblast cells treated with pro‐inflammatory mediators IL‐1β, TNF‐α and LPS significantly decreased Slit2 expression. Slit2 silencing by siRNA augmented IL‐6 expression and secretion in cells stimulated with TNF‐α, LPS and TNF‐α; IL‐8 gene expression and/or release in cells stimulated with IL‐1β and LPS; TNF‐α gene expression and secretion in cells stimulated with LPS; and MMP‐9 gene expression and pro MMP‐9 levels in cells stimulated with TNF‐α.

Conclusion

The anti‐inflammatory effects of Slit2 in human placenta is a novel finding, and suggests that inflammatory mediators, which are increased with obesity, downregulates Slit2 to enhance placental inflammation. Given the central role of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in placental nutrient transport, our findings suggest Slit2 may play a role in fetal growth and development.
Therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy using low‐technology methods: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rossouw Gerhardus , Irlam James , Horn Alan R
Published: October 2014

A systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed to determine the effect of therapeutic hypothermia using low‐technology methods, in settings with facilities for intensive care, in term or near‐term infants with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy on mortality, neurological morbidity at discharge and neurological morbidity at 6–24 months.

Conclusion

Meta‐analysis of three randomised controlled studies showed that low‐technology therapeutic hypothermia in an intensive care setting significantly reduced the mortality and the neurological morbidity in survivors at discharge.
Efficacy and safety of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) in 40 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Bettinger D. , Knüppel E. , Euringer W. , Spangenberg H. C. , Rössle M. , Thimme R. , Schultheiß M.
Published: October 2014

Background

Portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are major complications of advanced liver cirrhosis. Thus, patients are often affected by both complications. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) is an effective treatment for portal hypertension and its complications. However, no established guidelines for the treatment of symptomatic portal hypertension in HCC patients are currently available. In addition, only limited information exists about the consequence of TIPSS implantation in patients with HCC.

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy, safety and overall survival in HCC patients who underwent TIPSS implantation.

Methods

Forty HCC patients with portal hypertension who were treated with TIPSS between 1995 and 2012 were included in the analysis. Medical records and imaging studies were analysed. The indication for TIPSS implantation, procedure‐related complications, treatment success and overall survival were assessed.

Results

TIPSS implantation was performed in 23 patients (57.5%) due to treatment refractory ascites, in 14 patients (35.0%) due to recurrent variceal bleeding and in three patients (7.5%) due to ascites and variceal bleeding. Primary technical success was assessed in all patients. After TIPSS implantation, no variceal bleeding reoccurred and ascites was controlled in 74.1%. No severe procedure‐related complications and no deterioration of liver function were observed. Post‐TIPSS hepatic encephalopathy occurred in 40.0% of all patients. 30‐day, 90‐day‐, 1‐year‐ and 5‐year survival rates were 97.5%, 75.0%, 42.5% and 7.5%, respectively. Median overall survival after TIPSS implantation was 180 days.

Conclusion

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt implantation is an effective and safe treatment for portal hypertension in patients with HCC.
International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force on Suicide: meta‐analyses and meta‐regression of correlates of suicide attempts and suicide deaths in bipolar disorder
Authors: Schaffer Ayal , Isometsä Erkki T , Tondo Leonardo , H Moreno Doris , Turecki Gustavo , Reis Catherine , Cassidy Frederick , Sinyor Mark , Azorin Jean‐Michel , Kessing Lars Vedel , Ha Kyooseob , Goldstein Tina , Weizman Abraham , Beautrais Annette , Chou Yuan‐Hwa , Diazgranados Nancy , Levitt Anthony J , Zarate Carlos A , Rihmer Zoltán , Yatham Lakshmi N
Published: October 2014

Objectives

Bipolar disorder is associated with a high risk of suicide attempts and suicide death. The main objective of the present study was to identify and quantify the demographic and clinical correlates of attempted and completed suicide in people with bipolar disorder.

Methods

Within the framework of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force on Suicide, a systematic review of articles published since 1980, characterized by the key terms bipolar disorder and ‘suicide attempts’ or ‘suicide’, was conducted, and data extracted for analysis from all eligible articles. Demographic and clinical variables for which ≥ 3 studies with usable data were available were meta‐analyzed using fixed or random‐effects models for association with suicide attempts and suicide deaths. There was considerable heterogeneity in the methods employed by the included studies.

Results

Variables significantly associated with suicide attempts were: female gender, younger age at illness onset, depressive polarity of first illness episode, depressive polarity of current or most recent episode, comorbid anxiety disorder, any comorbid substance use disorder, alcohol use disorder, any illicit substance use, comorbid cluster B/borderline personality disorder, and first‐degree family history of suicide. Suicide deaths were significantly associated with male gender and first‐degree family history of suicide.

Conclusions

This paper reports on the presence and magnitude of the correlates of suicide attempts and suicide deaths in bipolar disorder. These findings do not address causation, and the heterogeneity of data sources should limit the direct clinical ranking of correlates. Our results nonetheless support the notion of incorporating diagnosis‐specific data in the development of models of understanding suicide in bipolar disorder.
Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1, 3‐Diphenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐one Based Pyrazolines as Anti‐inflammatory Agents
Authors: Bukhari Syed Nasir Abbas , Zhang Xin , Jantan Ibrahim , Zhu Hai‐Liang , Amjad Muhammad Wahab , Masand Vijay H.
Published: October 2014

A novel series of 1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐one (chalcone) derivatives was synthesized by a simple, eco‐friendly, and efficient Claisen–Schmidt condensation reaction and used as precursors for the synthesis of new pyrazoline derivatives. All the synthesized compounds were screened for anti‐inflammatory related activities such as inhibition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenases (COX‐1 and COX‐2), IL‐6, and TNF‐α. The results of the above studies show that the compounds synthesized are effective inhibitors of above pro‐inflammatory enzymes and cytokines. Overall, the results of the studies reveal that the pyrazolines with chlorophenyl substitution (1b–6b) seem to be important for inhibition of enzymes and cytokines. Molecular docking experiments were performed to clarify the molecular aspects of the observed COX‐inhibitory activities of the investigated compounds.
Hope, Friends, and Subjective Well‐Being: A Social Network Approach to Peer Group Contextual Effects
Authors: Parker Philip D. , Ciarrochi Joseph , Heaven Patrick , Marshall Sarah , Sahdra Baljinder , Kiuru Noona
Published: October 2014

Research on adolescence has previously shown that factors like depression and burnout are influenced by friendship groups. Little research, however, has considered whether similar effects are present for variables such as hope and subjective well‐being. Furthermore, there is no research that considers whether the degree of hope of an adolescent's friends is associated with well‐being over the individual's level of hope. Data were collected in 2012 from a sample of 15‐year‐olds (N = 1,972; 62% Caucasian; 46% identified as Catholic; 25% had professional parents) from the East Coast of Australia. Findings suggest that individuals from the same friendship group were somewhat similar in hope and well‐being. Multilevel structural equation modeling indicated that friendship group hope was significantly related to psychological and social well‐being.
Effects of Simulated Interventions to Improve School Entry Academic Skills on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Educational Achievement
Authors: Chittleborough Catherine R. , Mittinty Murthy N. , Lawlor Debbie A. , Lynch John W.
Published: October 2014

Randomized controlled trial evidence shows that interventions before age 5 can improve skills necessary for educational success; the effect of these interventions on socioeconomic inequalities is unknown. Using trial effect estimates, and marginal structural models with data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n = 11,764, imputed), simulated effects of plausible interventions to improve school entry academic skills on socioeconomic inequality in educational achievement at age 16 were examined. Progressive universal interventions (i.e., more intense intervention for those with greater need) to improve school entry academic skills could raise population levels of educational achievement by 5% and reduce absolute socioeconomic inequality in poor educational achievement by 15%.
Cancer‐like metabolism of the mammalian retina
Authors: Ng Soo Khai , Wood John PM , Chidlow Glyn , Han Guoge , Kittipassorn Thaksaon , Peet Daniel J , Casson Robert J
Published: October 2014

The retina, like many cancers, produces energy from glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon is known as aerobic glycolysis and eponymously as the Warburg effect. In recent years, the Warburg effect has become an explosive area of study within the cancer research community. The expanding knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underpinning the Warburg effect in cancer promises to provide a greater understanding of mammalian retinal metabolism and has motivated cancer researchers to target the Warburg effect as a novel treatment strategy for cancer. However, if the molecular mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect are shared by the retina and cancer, treatments targeting the Warburg effect may have serious adverse effects on retinal metabolism. Herein, we provide an updated understanding of the Warburg effect in mammalian retina.
The Antiaging Activity and Cerebral Protection of Rapamycin at Micro‐doses
Authors: Qi Haiyan , Su Feng‐Yun , Wan Shan , Chen Yongjie , Cheng Yan‐Qiong , Liu Ai‐Jun
Published: October 2014

Background and purpose

The immunosuppressant drug rapamycin was reported to have an antiaging activity, which was attributed to the TORC1 inhibition that inhibits cell proliferation and increases autophagy. However, rapamycin also exhibits a number of harmful adverse effects. Whether rapamycin can be developed into an antiaging agent remains unclear.

Methods and results

We demonstrated that rapamycin at micro‐doses (below the TORC1 inhibiting concentration) exhibits a cell‐protective activity: (1) It protects cultured neurons against neurotoxin MPP+ and H2O2. (2) It increases survival time of neuron in culture. (3) It maintains the nonproliferative state of cultured senescent human fibroblasts and prevents cell death induced by telomere dysfunction. (4) In animal models, it decreased the cerebral infarct sizes induced by acute ischemia and dramatically extended the life span of stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR‐SPs).

Conclusion

We propose that rapamycin at micro‐dose can be developed into an antiaging agent with a novel mechanism.
Surgical outcome in patients undergoing reversal of Hartmann's procedures: a multicentre study
Authors: Richards C. H. , Roxburgh C. S. D. ,   the Scottish Surgical Research Group (SSRG)
Published: October 2014

Aim

Recent evidence has suggested that a laparoscopic rather than an open approach to reversal of Hartmann's procedure (ROH) may be associated with fewer complications. Much of the data for comparison are historical or based on small case series. The aims of this study were to determine the morbidity and mortality of ROH in 10 hospitals in the modern era and to identify risk factors for complications.

Method

A multicentre study of patients undergoing ROH (2007–2013) was performed. Data were collected retrospectively from perioperative health databases and casenotes where appropriate on patient demographics, laboratory investigations and operative details. Complications were classified as minor (I–II) or major (III–IV) based on the Clavien–Dindo criteria. Risk factors for complications were assessed by multivariate analysis with calculation of OR with 95% CI.

Results

Ten hospitals in Scotland provided data on 252 patients undergoing ROH. Most operations were open (85%) with 15% started laparoscopically (conversion rate 64%). In the postoperative period, 35 (14%) patients had a major complication, including anastomotic leakage in 10 (4%) and postoperative death in one (0.4%). Patients with a complication stayed significantly longer in hospital (12 days vs 7 days, P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, a wound complication after the original Hartmann's procedure (OR = 3.85, 95% CI: 1.08–13.75, P = 0.038) was associated with any complication after ROH, but only American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade (OR = 3.35, 95% CI: 1.38–8.09, P = 0.007) was independently associated with the development of a major complication.

Conclusion

ROH has a low postoperative mortality but significant morbidity. Most operations are still performed by open surgery, and in those attempted laparoscopically, the conversion rate is high.
Early Improvement in Left Atrial Remodeling and Function after Mitral Valve Repair or Replacement in Organic Symptomatic Mitral Regurgitation Assessed by Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography
Authors: Le Bihan David C. S. , Della Togna Dorival Julio , Barretto Rodrigo B. M. , Assef Jorge Eduardo , Machado Lúcia Romero , Ramos Auristela Isabel de Oliveira , Abdulmassih Neto Camilo , Moisés Valdir Ambrosio , Sousa Amanda G. M. R. , Campos Orlando
Published: October 2014

Background

Left atrial (LA) dilation is associated with worse prognosis in various clinical situations including chronic mitral regurgitation (MR). Real time three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has allowed a better assessment of LA volumes and function. Little is known about LA size and function in early postoperative period in symptomatic patients with chronic organic MR. We aimed to investigate these aspects.

Methods

By means of 3DE, 43 patients with symptomatic chronic organic MR were prospectively studied before and 30 days after surgery (repair or bioprosthetic valve replacement). Twenty subjects were studied as controls. Maximum (Vol‐max), minimum, and preatrial contraction LA volumes were measured and total, passive, and active LA emptying fractions were calculated.

Results

Before surgery patients had higher LA volumes (P < 0.001) but smaller LA emptying fractions than controls (P < 0.01). After surgery there was a reduction in all 3 LA volumes and an increase in active atrial emptying fraction (AAEF). Multivariate analysis showed that independent predictors of early postoperative Vol‐max reduction were preoperative diastolic blood pressure (coefficient = −0.004; P = 0.02), lateral mitral annular early diastolic velocity (e′) (coefficient = 0.023; P = 0.008), and the mean transmitral diastolic gradient increment (coefficient = −0.035; P < 0.001). Furthermore, e′ was also independently associated with AAEF increase (odds ratio = 1.66, P = 0.027).

Conclusion

Early LA reverse remodeling and functional improvement occur after successful surgery of symptomatic organic MR regardless of surgical technique. Diastolic blood pressure and transmitral mean gradient augmentation are variables negatively related to Vol‐max reduction. Besides, e′ is positively correlated with both Vol‐max reduction and AAEF increase.
LEGALIZING BRIBE GIVING
Authors: Dufwenberg Martin , Spagnolo Giancarlo
Published: October 2014

A model of “harassment bribes,” paid for services one is entitled to, is developed to analyze the proposal to legalize paying these bribes while increasing fines on accepting them. We explore performance as regards corruption deterrence and public service provision. Costs of verifying reports make the scheme more effective against larger bribes and where institutions' quality is higher. A modified scheme, where immunity is conditional on reporting, addresses some key objections. The mechanism works better against more distortionary forms of corruption than harassment bribes, provided monetary rewards can compensate bribers for losing the object of the corrupt exchange. Results highlight strong complementarities with policies aimed at improving independence and accountability of law enforcers. (JEL D73, K42, O17)
Mapping natural capital: optimising the use of national scale datasets
Authors: Henrys P. A. , Bee E. J. , Watkins J. W. , Smith N. A. , Griffiths R. I.
Published: October 2014

Understanding the spatial distribution of specific environmental variables and the interdependencies of these variables is crucial for managing the environment in a sustainable way. Here we discuss two methods of mapping – a Geographical Information System classification‐based approach and a statistical model‐based approach. If detailed, spatially comprehensive covariate datasets exist to complement the ecological‐response data, then using a statistical model‐based analysis provides the potential for greater understanding of underlying relationships, as well as the uncertainty in the spatial predictions. Further, the model‐based approach facilitates scenario testing. Although similar methods are already adopted in species distribution modeling, the flexibility of the model framework used is rarely exploited to go beyond modeling occupancy or suitability for a single species, into modeling complex derived metrics such as community composition and indicators of natural capital. As an example, we assess the potential benefits of the statistical model‐based approach to mapping natural capital through the use of two national survey datasets; The Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Land Cover Map (LCM) and the British Geological Survey's (BGS) Parent Material Model (PMM), to predict national soil microbial community distributions based on data from a sample of > 1000 soils covering Great Britain. The results are mapped and compared against a more traditional, land classification‐based approach. The comparison shows that, although the maps look broadly similar, the model‐based approach provides better overall spatial prediction, and the contribution of individual model terms (along with their uncertainty) are far easier to understand and interpret, whilst also facilitating any scenario testing. We therefore both recommend the use of spatial statistical modelling techniques to map natural capital and anticipate that they will become more prominent over the forthcoming years.
First report ofCurvularia eragrostidisleaf spot onPopulus deltoides
Authors: Bagwari A. , Singh Y. P. , Kumar J. , Dhiman R. C.
Published: October 2014

Poplars are affected by a large number of foliar pathogens in nurseries and in the field, which result in biomass reductions. Management of these diseases is essential to minimise losses. During field surveys between 2008 and 12, an unrecognized leaf spot disease was observed on several commercial clones ofP. deltoides(G‐48, Udai,WSL‐22 &WSL‐39). The pathogen was identified asCurvularia eragrostidis. Pathogenicity was proven on all host clones. This paper is the first report of the pathogen affecting poplars.
Sparing of orexin‐A and orexin‐B neurons in the hypothalamus and of orexin fibers in the substantia nigra of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐treated macaques
Authors: Bensaid Manale , Tandé Dominique , Fabre Véronique , Michel Patrick P. , Hirsch Etienne C. , François Chantal
Published: October 2014

Several studies conducted in patients with Parkinson's disease have reported that the degeneration of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, which are essential for motor control, is associated with the loss of hypothalamic orexin neurons, which are involved in sleep regulation. In order to better explore the mutual interactions between these two systems, we wished to determine in macaques: (i) if the two orexin peptides, orexin‐A and orexin‐B, are distributed in the same hypothalamic cells and if they are localized in nerve terminals that project onto nigral dopaminergic neurons, and (ii) if there is a loss of orexin neurons in the hypothalamus and of orexin fibers innervating nigral dopaminergic neurons in macaques rendered parkinsonian by 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication. We showed that virtually all cells stained for orexin‐A in the hypothalamus co‐expressed orexin‐B. Numerous terminals stained for both orexin‐A and orexin‐B immunoreactivity that innervated the whole extent of the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta were found in close proximity to tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive dendrites. These data indicate that orexin‐A and orexin‐B peptides are in a position to play a role in controlling the activity of nigral dopaminergic neurons. However, no loss of orexin‐A or orexin‐B neurons in the hypothalamus and no loss of orexin fibers in the substantia nigra pars compacta was found in MPTP‐treated macaques when compared with control macaques. We conclude that a relatively selective dopaminergic lesion, such as that performed in MPTP‐treated macaques, is not sufficient to induce a loss of hypothalamic orexin neurons.
Change in skin perfusion pressure after the creation of upper limb arteriovenous fistula for maintenance hemodialysis access
Authors: Sueki Shina , Sakurada Tsutomu , Miyamoto Masahito , Tsuruoka Kayori , Matsui Katsuomi , Sato Yuichi , Shibagaki Yugo , Kimura Kenjiro
Published: October 2014

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the most important vascular access method for hemodialysis (HD). However, ischemic steal syndrome occasionally develops. This study evaluated the change in skin perfusion pressure (SPP) after the creation of upper limb AVF and analyzed the relationship between blood flow measurements and the change in SPP. The subjects included 21 patients who underwent radiocephalic AVF creation for the first time between November 2012 and September 2013. We measured SPP on the palm side of the third finger of both hands and assessed blood flow measurements using ultrasound examination before and after the creation of AVF. The subjects consisted of 15 men and 6 women (average age: 65.3 ± 12.7 years, including 12 diabetic patients). Observational period between before and after surgery was 4.9 ± 5.2 days. None of the patients had ischemic steal syndrome after the creation of AVF. Skin perfusion pressure tended to decrease after creation of AVF on the finger of AVF side (100.0 ± 20.9 vs. 87.9 ± 26.5 mmHg, P = 0.063). In contrast, SPP did not change in the limb without AVF (97.9 ± 20.7 vs. 101.0 ± 19.4 mmHg, P = 0.615). The rate of change in SPP was significantly decreased on the finger of AVF side compared with that of limb without AVF (0.055% vs. −0.112%, P = 0.014). There was no correlation between the change in SPP and blood flow measurements. Skin perfusion pressure is possible to detect ischemic steal syndrome after the creation of upper limb AVF.
Why does three times per week hemodialysis provide inadequate dialysis for children?
Authors: Fischbach Michel , Zaloszyc Ariane , Laetitia Higel , Menouer Soraya , Terzic Joelle
Published: October 2014

The duration of chronic conventional dialysis is a risk factor in children, both in terms of growth retardation and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, we need to develop alternative strategies, such as preemptive kidney transplantation and/or more intensive dialysis prescription. Indeed, conventional hemodialysis could be improved in all children by the use of high permeable membrane and ultrapure dialysis fluids (having very low endotoxin levels); by the addition of a convective dialysis dose to the urea diffusion dialysis dose (Kt/Vurea), i.e., hemodiafiltration; moreover, by the preservation of cardiovascular morphology and function (optimized blood pressure control); and also by the prescription of more frequent/longer dialysis sessions.
Experience with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in four newborns: A case series and review of the literature
Authors: Tugcu Ali Ulas , Kantar Asli , Abbasoglu Aslihan , Ecevit Ayse , Tarcan Aylin , Baskın Esra
Published: October 2014

When conventional methods for treating complicated problems such as acute and chronic renal failure or metabolic diseases fail, the therapy of choice is peritoneal dialysis (PD) in neonatal period. However, in cases that involve technical difficulties, such as bulky lesions in the abdomen or complications from previous abdominal surgeries, it is not always possible to place a peritoneal catheter. In such situations, continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) can be effective. This case series presents our experience in 2013 with the administration of CVVHDF to four patients in our neonatal intensive care unit who could not undergo PD for various reasons.
The spectrum of rare morphological variants of cutaneous epithelioid angiosarcoma
Authors: Wood Andrew , Mentzel Thomas , van Gorp Joost , Flucke Uta , Huschka Ulrich , Schneider Johann , Bacchi Carlos E , Calonje Eduardo , Brenn Thomas
Published: October 2014

Aims

Unusual cytoplasmic alterations have recently been reported in poorly differentiated cutaneous angiosarcoma, making an accurate diagnosis challenging. As these tumours remain poorly documented, we aimed to study their clinicopathological characteristics more comprehensively.

Methods and results

Six cutaneous angiosarcomas with unusual cytoplasmic alterations were identified from referral files. All tumours arose as nodules or plaques (range: 05–195 mm) on sun‐damaged skin of the head and neck of elderly males (median age: 76.5 years). Histologically, the tumours were composed of enlarged epithelioid cells showing prominent signet ring (n = 3), foam (n = 2) or granular cell (n = 1) change. Vasoformative elements were only focally noted. By immunohistochemistry, all tumours expressed CD31 and avian v‐ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homologue (ERG). Foam cell change was associated with additional expression of CD68 and CD163. Follow‐up (median: 8 months) showed death from disease (n = 1), death from a gastrointestinal bleed (n = 1), and a cutaneous metastasis (n = 1). Only two patients are alive with no evidence of disease.

Conclusions

Our findings outline the morphological spectrum of cytoplasmic change in cutaneous angiosarcoma. Awareness and a high degree of suspicion in the context of tumours affecting sun‐damaged skin of the elderly are necessary to direct appropriate immunohistochemical work‐up with inclusion of the endothelial cell markers CD31 and ERG.
Gender inequalities in the response to combination antiretroviral therapy over time: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Rosin C , Elzi L , Thurnheer C , Fehr J , Cavassini M , Calmy A , Schmid P , Bernasconi E , Battegay M
Published: October 2014

Objectives

Gender‐specific data on the outcome of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are a subject of controversy. We aimed to compare treatment responses between genders in a setting of equal access to cART over a 14‐year period.

Methods

Analyses included treatment‐naïve participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study starting cART between 1998 and 2011 and were restricted to patients infected by heterosexual contacts or injecting drug use, excluding men who have sex with men.

Results

A total of 3925 patients (1984 men and 1941 women) were included in the analysis. Women were younger and had higher CD4 cell counts and lower HIV RNA at baseline than men. Women were less likely to achieve virological suppression < 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL at 1 year (75.2% versus 78.1% of men; P = 0.029) and at 2 years (77.5% versus 81.1%, respectively; P = 0.008), whereas no difference between sexes was observed at 5 years (81.3% versus 80.5%, respectively; P = 0.635). The probability of virological suppression increased in both genders over time (test for trend, P < 0.001). The median increase in CD4 cell count at 1, 2 and 5 years was generally higher in women during the whole study period, but it gradually improved over time in both sexes (P < 0.001). Women also were more likely to switch or stop treatment during the first year of cART, and stops were only partly driven by pregnancy. In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for sociodemographic factors, HIV‐related factors, cART and calendar period, female gender was no longer associated with lower odds of virological suppression.

Conclusions

Gender inequalities in the response to cART are mainly explained by the different prevalence of socioeconomic characteristics in women compared with men.
The Mechanism of High Thermal Shock Resistance of Nanostructured Ceramic Coatings
Authors: Liang Lihong , Li Xiaona , Wei Yueguang , Wei Hua
Published: October 2014

The nanostructured and the conventional ZrO2 coating samples were thermal shocked at a series of temperatures. The elastic modulus and the hardness of two kinds of coatings were investigated by the nanoindentation tests. The results show that the corresponding mechanical properties of the conventional coatings increase monotonically with increasing temperature difference of the thermal shock. While the modulus and the hardness of the nanostructured coatings fluctuate slightly with increasing thermal shock temperature difference. Furthermore, the interface energy release model of the thermal shock strain energy was proposed for the nanostructured coatings. The theoretical prediction agrees with the experimental result.
Jonathan Edwards, Anselmic Satisfaction and God's Moral Government
Authors: Hamilton S. Mark
Published: October 2014

Jonathan Edwards' doctrine of atonement has recently become a source of interest amongst some contemporary systematic theologians. This article sets out to redress two longstanding and historically strident claims regarding Edwards' doctrine of the nature of atonement: first, that Edwards espoused an Anselmic satisfaction theory of atonement; second, that Edwards also laid the theological foundation for the moral government theory of atonement, popularized in nineteenth‐century America by those of his intellectual tradition. In this article, I lay out the conceptual core of both Anselm's satisfaction theory and the moral government theory of atonement. I argue that the claims noted above lack the explanatory resources needed to account accurately for Edwards' understanding of the nature of the atonement.
Trafficking, Exploitation and Migration on the Thailand‐Burma Border: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Meyer Sarah R. , Robinson W. Courtland , Abshir Nada , Mar Aye Aye , Decker Michele R.
Published: October 2014

Migrant workers from Burma often experience exploitation, abuse and violations at various stages of travel to and within Thailand and in workplaces in Thailand. Guided by Zimmerman et al.'s conceptual framework, which identifies the potential risks associated with trafficking process, this article presents findings from in‐depth interviews with 61 migrant workers living and working in and around Mae Sot, Thailand, on the Thailand‐Burma border, to describe the broader context of irregular migration from Burma to Thailand, and trafficking‐related risks in this context.

Results demonstrate that use of transporters (“carries”) and brokers in order to travel to Thailand and find employment can enable trafficking. Moreover, migrant workers are exposed to a range of exploitative experiences in workplaces in Thailand, including violence, coercion, and economic exploitation. This article explores dynamics of migration that can enable trafficking in this context, as well as exploitative working conditions consistent with forced labour.
Interleukin‐22 and CD160 play additive roles in the host mucosal response to Clostridium difficile infection in mice
Authors: Sadighi Akha Amir A. , McDermott Andrew J. , Theriot Casey M. , Carlson Paul E. , Frank Charles R. , McDonald Roderick A. , Falkowski Nicole R. , Bergin Ingrid L. , Young Vincent B. , Huffnagle Gary B.
Published: October 2014

Our previous work has shown the significant up‐regulation of Il22 and increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) as part of the mucosal inflammatory response to Clostridium difficile infection in mice. Others have shown that phosphorylation of STAT3 at mucosal surfaces includes interleukin‐22 (IL‐22) and CD160‐mediated components. The current study sought to determine the potential role(s) of IL‐22 and/or CD160 in the mucosal response to C. difficile infection. Clostridium difficile‐infected mice treated with anti‐IL‐22, anti‐CD160 or a combination of the two showed significantly reduced STAT3 phosphorylation in comparison to C. difficile‐infected mice that had not received either antibody. In addition, C. difficile‐infected mice treated with anti‐IL‐22/CD160 induced a smaller set of genes, and at significantly lower levels than the untreated C. difficile‐infected mice. The affected genes included pro‐inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, and anti‐microbial peptides. Furthermore, histopathological and flow cytometric assessments both showed a significantly reduced influx of neutrophils in C. difficile‐infected mice treated with anti‐IL‐22/CD160. These data demonstrate that IL‐22 and CD160 are together responsible for a significant fraction of the colonic STAT3 phosphorylation in C. difficile infection. They also underscore the additive effects of IL‐22 and CD160 in mediating both the pro‐inflammatory and pro‐survival aspects of the host mucosal response in this infection.
Retirement systems and pension reform: A Malaysian perspective
Authors: TOLOS Habibah , WANG Peijie , ZHANG Miao , SHAND Rory
Published: October 2014

This paper reviews and assesses emerging issues in retirement systems and pension reform in Malaysia. The pension system models proposed by the ILO, the World Bank and the Geneva Association are compared and analysed, providing a useful conceptual framework for the design and reform of pension systems. This framework is then used to assess pension reforms in Malaysia, analysing the relative advantages and disadvantages for workers. The authors conclude by proposing a number of recommendations for retirement system design and reform.
Effects of Yoga on Patients in an Adolescent Mental Health Hospital and the Relationship Between Those Effects and the Patients' Sensory‐Processing Patterns
Authors: Re Pamela , McConnell John W. , Reidinger Gloria , Schweit Ronnie , Hendron Angela
Published: October 2014

Problem

This study investigated the effects of yoga as a sensory regulation tool in reducing adolescent distress in an acute care psychiatric hospital.

Methods

This was a descriptive, correlational pre‐intervention/post‐intervention design conducted in a mental health hospital over 5 months from mid‐January to mid‐June 2012. The population consisted of a convenience sample of 75 adolescent mental health unit inpatients and partial‐hospitalization patients 12–18 years of age who participated in two or more yoga sessions. Patient charts provided Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐IV Axes I‐V diagnosis, gender, and age. Dependent variables were pulse and Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale scores, which were recorded before and after each yoga class. The Adult/Adolescent Sensory Profile provided a measure of patient sensory‐processing preference levels that were related to the pulse and Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale results.

Findings

Yoga sessions significantly improved patient pulse and self‐reported distress ratings regardless of gender or sensory profile levels.

Conclusions

This article contributes to research on the therapeutic effects of yoga as a sensory regulation intervention in the treatment of psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Yoga has the potential to help adolescents in an acute care psychiatric hospital learn to soothe themselves, to regulate their emotions, and to find relief from emotional distress while hospitalized.