bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highs and Lows of Bond Lengths: Is There Any Limit?
Authors: Lobato Alvaro , Salvadó Miguel A. , Recio J. Manuel , Taravillo Mercedes , Baonza Valentín G.
Published: April 2021

Two distinct points on the potential energy curve (PEC) of a pairwise interaction, the zero‐energy crossing point and the point where the stretching force constant vanishes, allow us to anticipate the range of possible distances between two atoms in diatomic, molecular moieties and crystalline systems. We show that these bond‐stability boundaries are unambiguously defined and correlate with topological descriptors of electron‐density‐based scalar fields, and can be calculated using generic PECs. Chemical databases and quantum‐mechanical calculations are used to analyze a full set of diatomic bonds of atoms from the s‐p main block. Emphasis is placed on the effect of substituents in C−C covalent bonds, concluding that distances shorter than 1.14 Å or longer than 2.0 Å are unlikely to be achieved, in agreement with ultra‐high‐pressure data and transition‐state distances, respectively. Presumed exceptions are used to place our model in the correct framework and to formulate a conjecture for chained interactions, which offers an explanation for the multimodal histogram of O−H distances reported for hundreds of chemical systems.
Tailoring the Electronic Metal–Support Interactions in Supported Atomically Dispersed Gold Catalysts for Efficient Fenton‐like Reaction
Authors: Xie Mingsen , Dai Fangfang , Li Jing , Dang Xinyu , Guo Jinna , Lv Weiqiang , Zhang Zhen , Lu Xiaoquan
Published: April 2021

The atomically dispersed metal is expected as one of the most promising Fenton‐like catalysts for the degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants (ROPs) by the strong “electronic metal–support interactions” (EMSIs). Here, we develop an atomically dispersed metal–atom alloy made by guest Au atoms substitute host V atoms in the two‐dimensional VO2(B) nanobelt support (Au/VO2) to activate Fenton‐like oxidation for elimination of ROPs. The 2D nanobelt structure enlarges the exposure of atomically Au thus increasing the number of active sites to absorb more S2O82− ions. And the EMSIs regulate the charge density in Au atoms to present positive charge Au+, lowering the energy barrier of S2O82− decomposition to produce SO4.−. The Au/VO2 catalyst possesses excellent durable and reliable characteristics and exhibits record‐breaking efficiency with TOF as high as 21.42 min−1, 16.19 min−1, and 80.89 min−1 for rhodamine, phenol, and bisphenol A degradation, respectively.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective, Complete Hydrogenation of Benzofurans by Cascade Catalysis
Authors: Moock Daniel , Wagener Tobias , Hu Tianjiao , Gallagher Timothy , Glorius Frank
Published: April 2021

We report an enantio‐ and diastereoselective, complete hydrogenation of multiply substituted benzofurans in a one‐pot cascade catalysis. The developed protocol facilitates the controlled installation of up to six new defined stereocenters and produces architecturally complex octahydrobenzofurans, prevalent in many bioactive molecules. A unique match of a chiral homogeneous ruthenium‐N‐heterocyclic carbene complex and an in situ activated rhodium catalyst from a complex precursor act in sequence to enable the presented process.
Hierarchical porous carbon derived from green cyclodextrin metal‐organic framework and its application in microwave absorption
Authors: Zhang Shao‐Xia , Xu Long , Chen Zhi‐Hui , Fan Shu‐Ting , Qiu Zhen‐Jiang , Nie Zi‐Jun , Li Bang‐Jing , Zhang Sheng
Published: April 2021

γ‐cyclodextrin (CD)‐metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐K is developed as a new kind of green template for the preparation of hierarchical porous carbon (HPC). Three‐level porous structure (micro‐, meso‐, and macro‐pores) has been successful constructed by calcined γ‐CD‐MOF‐K at 600°C. The fabricated carbon (HPC‐600) shows good microwave adsorption ability due to its unique hierarchical porous structure (macropores allow microwave enter the interior of the absorbents, and then micro‐ and meso‐pores attenuate the incident microwave effectively by multiple reflections and polarization loss caused.) The minimum reflection loss (RL) is − 23.5 dB and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL≤− 10 dB) is 4.3 GHz. This work provides a good reference for efficient and environment‐friendly microwave absorbents. In addition, the applications of HPC‐600 may further expand to adsorption, sensing and supercapacitors due to the hierarchically porous structure.
Performance of nylon 6 composites reinforced with modified agave fiber: Structural, morphological, and mechanical features
Authors: García Hernández Zureima , Miranda Teran Zaira Nayeli , González Morones Pablo , Yañez Macías Roberto , Solís Rosales Silvia G. , Romero Gabriela Yolotzin , Sifuentes‐Nieves Israel , Hernández‐Hernández Ernesto
Published: April 2021

Nylon 6 (Ny6) composites reinforced with treated agave fiber (AF) at different concentrations (5–20 wt%) were achieved by melt mixing process at 250°C, without the addition of any compatibilizing or coupling agents, and characterized in terms of their structural, morphological, and mechanical properties. The alkaline‐ultrasound (NaOH‐U) treatment in AF resulted in the removal of the low thermal stability components (pectin and hemicellulose), concentrating the cellulose fraction, and favoring the crystallinity percentages (Xc) of the Ny/AF composites. Moreover, the interfacial interactions between functional groups of agave fiber and Ny6 resulted in the increase Young's modulus (18.8%), flexural strength (11.3%), and density (3.7%). These findings could be useful when looking for potential applications in the mobility industry.
Effects of long‐term ethanol storage on muscle architecture
Authors: Leonard Kaitlyn C. , Worden Nikole , Boettcher Marissa L. , Dickinson Edwin , Hartstone‐Rose Adam
Published: April 2021

Muscle excursion and force potential can be estimated from architectural variables, including mass, volume, fascicle length, and density. These have been collected from fresh specimens, preserved specimens, and sometimes mixed samples of both. However, preservation alters the gross morphology of muscles. This study aims to quantify the effects of long‐term storage on myological properties across a sample of fresh and ethanol preservedMus musculusspecimens ranging in storage time from 16 to 130 years. Masses, volumes, and densities of biceps femoris, quadriceps femoris, and triceps surae were measured, and histological cross‐sections of some specimens were used to evaluate the microscale effects of long‐term fluid preservation. For the remainder of the sample, chemically dissected fascicle lengths were measured to evaluate the fixation effects on the linear dimensions of muscle architecture. Relative muscle mass, volume, fascicle length, average fiber area, and density, and percent fiber area were regressed against years stored in ethanol. Muscle size dropped steeply between fresh and stored samples, ultimately decreasing by 62 and 60%, respectively. These losses correlate with histologically measured shrinking of average muscle fiber area. Density of stored specimens plateaued 5% below that of fresh ones. Although muscles lost mass and volume during ethanol storage, fascicle lengths did not shorten significantly (presumably because they were preserved attached on either end to bone). This study demonstrates that muscle mass, volume, and density of specimens stored long‐term in ethanol should be corrected by factors of 2.64, 2.49, and 1.054 respectively for comparability to fresh specimens.
Notch‐1 and Notch‐3 Mediate Hypoxia‐Induced Activation of Synovial Fibroblasts in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Chen Jianhai , Cheng Wenxiang , Li Jian , Wang Yan , Chen Jingqin , Shen Xin , Su Ailing , Gan Donghao , Ke Liqing , Liu Gang , Lin Jietao , Li Liang , Bai Xueling , Zhang Peng
Published: April 2021

Objective

To investigate the molecular mechanism of hypoxia‐induced rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast (RASF) activation via Notch‐1 and Notch‐3 signaling, and to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target.

Methods

Expression of Notch‐1 intracellular domain (N1ICD), N3ICD, and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) was assessed by immunhistology in synovial tissue from patients with RA. RASFs were cultured under hypoxic conditions and normoxic conditions with or without small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and N1ICD and N3ICD were overexpressed under normoxic conditions. Rats with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) were administered LY411575 (inhibitor of N1ICD and N3ICD) for 15 days and 28 days, and its therapeutic efficacy was assessed by histologic and radiologic evaluation of the rat synovial tissue, and by analysis of inflammatory cytokine production in the serum of rats.

Results

N1ICD, N3ICD, and HIF‐1α were expressed abundantly in the synovial tissue of RA patients. HIF‐1α was shown to directly regulate the expression of Notch‐1 and Notch‐3 genes under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, hypoxia‐induced N1ICD and N3ICD expression in RASFs was blocked by HIF‐1α siRNA. Notch‐1 siRNA and Notch‐3 siRNA inhibited hypoxia‐induced RASF invasion and angiogenesis in vitro, whereas overexpression of N1ICD and N3ICD promoted these processes. In addition, Notch‐1 was shown to regulate RASF migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition under hypoxic conditions, whereas Notch‐3 was shown to regulate the processes of anti‐apoptosis and autophagy. Furthermore, in vivo studies in rats with CIA showed that the N1ICD and N3ICD inhibitor LY411575 had a therapeutic effect in terms of ameliorating the symptoms and severity of the disease.

Conclusion

This study identified a functional link between HIF‐1α, Notch‐1, and Notch‐3 signaling in regulating activation of RASFs and the processes involved in the pathogenesis of RA.
ICBP90 Regulates MIF Expression, Glucocorticoid Sensitivity, and Apoptosis at the MIF Immune Susceptibility Locus
Authors: Yao Jie , Leng Lin , Fu Weiling , Li Jia , Bronner Christian , Bucala Richard
Published: April 2021

Objective

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an inflammatory and neurorendocrine mediator that counterregulates glucocorticoid immunosuppression. MIF polymorphisms, which comprise a variant promoter microsatellite (−794 CATT5–8), are linked genetically to autoimmune disease severity and to glucocorticoid resistance. While invasive stimuli increase MIF expression, MIF also is up‐regulated by glucocorticoids, which serve as a physiologic regulator of inflammatory responses. This study was undertaken to define interactions between the MIF promoter, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and the transcription factor inverted CCAAT box binding protein 90 kd (ICBP90) (also referred to as UHRF1), which binds to the promoter in a −794 CATT5–8 length–dependent manner, to regulate MIF transcription.

Methods

Interactions of ICBP90, GR, and activator protein 1 (AP‐1) with MIF −794 CATT5–8 promoter constructs were assessed by coimmunoprecipitation, Western blotting, and genetic knockdown. Nuclear colocalization studies were performed using anti–transcription factor antibodies and confocal microscopy of glucocorticoid‐treated cells. MIF transcription was studied in CEM‐C7 T cells, and the impact of the MIF −794 CATT5–8 microsatellite variation confirmed in peripheral blood T cells and in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts of defined MIF genotype. Functional interactions were quantified by apoptosis and apoptotic signaling in high‐ and low‐genotypic MIF–expressing human cells.

Results

We defined functional interactions between the transcription factors ICBP90, the GR, and AP‐1 that up‐regulated MIF transcription in a −794 CATT5–8 length–dependent manner. Experimental reduction of ICBP90, GR, or AP‐1 decreased MIF expression and increased glucocorticoid sensitivity, leading to enhanced apoptosis in T lymphocytes and in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts.

Conclusion

These findings suggest a mechanism for genetic variation of glucocorticoid‐regulated MIF transcription, with implications for autoimmune disease severity and glucocorticoid responsiveness.
Transcriptomic Evaluation of Juvenile Localized Scleroderma Skin With Histologic and Clinical Correlation
Authors: Schutt Christina , Mirizio Emily , Salgado Claudia , Reyes‐Mugica Miguel , Wang Xinjun , Chen Wei , Grunwaldt Lorelei , Schollaert Kaila L. , Torok Kathryn S.
Published: April 2021

Objective

Juvenile localized scleroderma (LS) is an autoimmune disease of the skin whose pathogenesis is not well understood due to the rarity of the disease. This study was undertaken to determine the skin transcriptome in skin biopsy tissue from children with juvenile LS compared to pediatric healthy controls, with identification of significant molecular targets using RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq). In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were assessed for correlations with histopathologic and clinical features in children with juvenile LS, and were used to group the children into distinct genetic clusters based on immunophenotype.

Methods

RNA‐Seq was performed on sections of paraffin‐embedded skin tissue obtained from 28 children with juvenile LS and 10 pediatric healthy controls. RNA‐Seq was carried out using an Illumina HTS TruSeq RNA Access library prep kit, with data aligned using STAR and data analysis using a DESeq2 platform. A standardized histologic scoring system was used to score skin sections for the severity of inflammation and levels of collagen deposition. Histologic scoring was completed by 2 pathologists who were blinded with regard to the status of each sample. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were used to assess significant correlations between DEG expression profiles and skin histologic findings in patients with juvenile LS.

Results

We identified 589 significant DEGs in children with juvenile LS as compared to healthy controls. Hierarchical clustering was used to demonstrate 3 distinct juvenile LS immunophenotype clusters. The histologic scores of skin inflammation (based on numbers and categories of inflammatory cell infiltrates) were significantly correlated with the expression levels of HLA–DPB1, HLA–DQA2, HLA–DRA, and STAT1 genes (rs > 0.5, P < 0.01). Collagen thickness correlated with the expression levels of collagen organization genes as well as with genes found to be correlated with the severity of inflammation, including genes for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, MHC class II, and interferon‐γ signaling.

Conclusion

Among children with juvenile LS, 3 distinct genetic signatures, or clusters, were identified. In one cluster, inflammation‐related pathways were up‐regulated, corresponding to the histologic skin inflammation score. In the second cluster, fibrosis‐related pathways were up‐regulated. In the third cluster, gene expression in the skin corresponded to the patterns seen in healthy controls. Up‐regulation of HLA class II genes was observed within the first cluster (characterized by predominant inflammation), a feature that has also been observed in the peripheral blood of patients with morphea and in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis.
Bioinspired Heterocyclic Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Goni Lipiar K. M. O. , Jafar Mazumder Mohammad A. , Quraishi M. A. , Mizanur Rahman Mohammad
Published: April 2021

Corrosion is a phenomenon that devastatingly affects innovative, industrial, and mechanical applications, especially in the oil and gas industries. The corrosion conceivably influences industrial equipment; it deteriorates the environment and lessens the equipment/infrastructure's lifetime. Considering the significant impact of corrosion in our daily lives, this review article aims to briefly discuss the significance of corrosion and different control methods with special attention on corrosion inhibitors. The classification of corrosion inhibitors based on types and their advantage/limitations, and heterocyclic compounds as potential corrosion inhibitors, mainly nitrogen‐based compounds (pyridine (1N), pyrimidine (2N), and triazines (3N) fused ring benzimidazole, etc.), and their biological significance has been discussed in detail. The mechanism, challenges, and applications of heterocyclic compounds as corrosion inhibitors in various industrial relevant corrosive environments such as acid pickling, descaling operation in the desalination plant, oil gas industry, etc., have also been highlighted in the review.
Characterization of HIV‐1 virus‐like particles and determination of Gag stoichiometry for different production platforms
Authors: Lavado‐García Jesús , Jorge Inmaculada , Boix‐Besora Arnau , Vázquez Jesús , Gòdia Francesc , Cervera Laura
Published: April 2021

The importance of developing new vaccine technologies towards versatile platforms that can cope with global virus outbreaks has been evidenced with the most recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic. Virus‐like particles (VLPs) are a highly immunogenic, safe, and robust approach that can be used to base several vaccine candidates on. Particularly, HIV‐1 Gag VLPs is a flexible system comprising a Gag core surrounded by a lipid bilayer that can be modified to present diverse types of membrane proteins or antigens against several diseases, like influenza, dengue, West Nile virus, or human papillomavirus, where it has been proven successful. The size distribution and structural characteristics of produced VLPs vary depending on the cell line used to produce them. In this study, we established an analytical method of characterization for the Gag protein core and clarified the current variability of Gag stoichiometry in HIV‐1 VLPs depending on the cell‐based production platform, directly determining the number of Gag molecules per VLP in each case. Three Gag peptides have been validated to quantify the number of monomers using parallel reaction monitoring, an accurate and fast, mass‐spectrometry‐based method that can be used to assess the quality of the produced Gag VLPs regardless of the cell line used. An average of 3617 ± 17 monomers per VLP was obtained for HEK293, substantially varying between platforms, including mammalian and insect cells. This offers a key advantage in quantification and quality control methods to characterize VLP production at a large scale to accelerate new recombinant vaccine production technologies.
Gram‐scale production of the sesquiterpene α‐humulene with Cupriavidus necator
Authors: Milker Sofia , Sydow Anne , Torres‐Monroy Ingrid , Jach Guido , Faust Frederik , Kranz Lea , Tkatschuk Ljubov , Holtmann Dirk
Published: April 2021

Terpenoids have an impressive structural diversity and provide valuable substances for a variety of industrial applications. Among terpenes, the sesquiterpenes (C15) are the largest subclass with bioactivities ranging from aroma to health promotion. In this article, we show a gram‐scale production of the sesquiterpene α‐humulene in final aqueous concentrations of 2 g L−1 with the recombinant strain Cupriavidus necator pKR‐hum in a fed‐batch mode on fructose as carbon source and n‐dodecane as an extracting organic phase for in situ product removal. Since C. necator is capable of both heterotrophic and autotrophic growth, we additionally modeled the theoretically possible yields of a heterotrophic versus an autotrophic process on CO2 in industrially relevant quantities. We compared the cost‐effectiveness of both processes based on a production of 10 t α‐humulene per year, with both processes performing equally with similar costs and gains. Furthermore, the expression and activity of 3‐hydroxymethylglutaryl‐CoA reductase (hmgR) from Myxococcus xanthus was identified as the main limitation of our constructed C. necator pKR‐hum strain. Thus, we outlined possible solutions for further improvement of our production strain, for example, the replacement of the hmgR from M. xanthus by a plant‐based variant to increase α‐humulene production titers in the future.
Engineering Clostridium cellulovorans for highly selective n‐butanol production from cellulose in consolidated bioprocessing
Authors: Bao Teng , Hou Wenjie , Wu Xuefeng , Lu Li , Zhang Xian , Yang Shang‐Tian
Published: April 2021

Cellulosic n‐butanol from renewable lignocellulosic biomass has gained increased interest. Previously, we have engineered Clostridium cellulovorans, a cellulolytic acidogen, to overexpress the bifunctional butyraldehyde/butanol dehydrogenase gene adhE2 from C. acetobutylicum for n‐butanol production from crystalline cellulose. However, butanol production by this engineered strain had a relatively low yield of approximately 0.22 g/g cellulose due to the coproduction of ethanol and acids. We hypothesized that strengthening the carbon flux through the central butyryl‐CoA biosynthesis pathway and increasing intracellular NADH availability in C. cellulovorans adhE2 would enhance n‐butanol production. In this study, thiolase (thlACA) from C. acetobutylicum and 3‐hydroxybutyryl‐CoA dehydrogenase (hbdCT) from C. tyrobutyricum were overexpressed in C. cellulovorans adhE2 to increase the flux from acetyl‐CoA to butyryl‐CoA. In addition, ferredoxin‐NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (fnr), which can regenerate the intracellular NAD(P)H and thus increase butanol biosynthesis, was also overexpressed. Metabolic flux analyses showed that mutants overexpressing these genes had a significantly increased carbon flux toward butyryl‐CoA, which resulted in increased production of butyrate and butanol. The addition of methyl viologen as an electron carrier in batch fermentation further directed more carbon flux towards n‐butanol biosynthesis due to increased reducing equivalent or NADH. The engineered strain C. cellulovorans adhE2‐fnrCA‐thlACA‐hbdCT produced n‐butanol from cellulose at a 50% higher yield (0.34 g/g), the highest ever obtained in batch fermentation by any known bacterial strain. The engineered C. cellulovorans is thus a promising host for n‐butanol production from cellulosic biomass in consolidated bioprocessing.
Antibody disulfide bond reduction and recovery during biopharmaceutical process development—A review
Authors: Ren Tingwei , Tan Zhijun , Ehamparanathan Vivekh , Lewandowski Angela , Ghose Sanchayita , Li Zheng Jian
Published: April 2021

Antibody disulfide bond reduction has been a challenging issue in monoclonal antibody manufacturing. It could lead to a decrease of product purity and failure to meet the targeted product profile and/or specifications. More importantly, disulfide bond reduction could also impact drug safety and efficacy. Scientists across the industry have been examining the root causes and developing mitigation strategies to address the challenge. In recent years, with the development of high titer mammalian cell culture processes to meet the rapidly growing demand for antibody biopharmaceuticals, disulfide bond reduction has been observed more frequently. Thus, it is necessary to continue evolving the disulfide reduction mitigation strategies and developing novel approaches to maintain high product quality. Additionally, in recent years as more complex molecules (such as bispecific and trispecific antibodies) emerge, the molecular heterogeneity due to incomplete formation of the interchain disulfide bonds becomes a more imperative challenging issue. Given the disulfide reduction challenges that biotech industry is facing, in this review, we provide a comprehensive scientific summary of the root cause analysis of disulfide reduction during process development of antibody therapeutics, mitigation strategies and its potential remediated recovery based on published papers. First, this paper intends to highlight different aspects of the root cause for disulfide reduction. Secondly, to provide a broader understanding of the disulfide bond reduction in downstream process, this paper discusses disulfide bond reduction impact on product stability, associated analytical methods for disulfide bond reduction detection and characterization, process control strategies as well as their manufacturing implementation. In addition, brief perspectives on the development of future mitigation strategies are also reviewed, including platform alignment, mitigation strategy application for the emerging new modalities such as bispecific and trispecific antibodies as well as using machine learning to identify molecule susceptibility of disulfide bond reduction. The data in this review are originated from the published papers.
Sustainable product innovation and changing consumer behavior: Sustainability affordances as triggers of adoption and usage
Authors: Pinkse Jonatan , Bohnsack René
Published: April 2021

This conceptual paper argues that for sustainable product innovation to make a contribution to addressing sustainability issues, we need to understand not only why consumers adopt sustainable products but also what makes them use these in sustainable way. To explain how specific product features can change the ways in which consumers engage with sustainable products in the adoption and usage phase, we draw on affordance theory. Affordances refer to the potential for agentic action of users in relation to a technological object. We develop a conceptual framework that explains how sustainable product innovation can lead to the design of sustainability affordances that stimulate adoption and sustainable usage. The framework shows how three forms of agency—material, firm, and user agency—interact and together influence a product's sustainability affordances that drive adoption and a change in consumer behavior. The framework explains how trade‐offs between a product's environmental features and consumer expectations regarding desired functionalities and user experience can be overcome.
A virtual reality experiment system for an introductory computer hardware course
Authors: Chen Xinrun , Chen Hengxin , Guo Songtao , Li Jie , Zhang Jie , Li Zihao
Published: April 2021

The University Computer Foundation (UCF) course, which is a compulsory theoretical course for freshmen, especially science and engineering department students, lays the foundation for more advanced courses. However, the UCF course covers a wide variety of concepts, including the computer hardware, which are difficult for freshmen to comprehend. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has become prevalent in many educational settings. To improve the teaching of the UCF course, we developed a VR program about introductory computer hardware and invited freshmen from two universities in China to take part in the experiment as participants. Four aspects of computer contents, namely the evolutionary history of computers, the computer components, the computer assembly, and the workflow of computer hardware, are displayed in the program. During the experiment, students' behavioral data were recorded. Then, the data were analyzed and the reasons were speculated for the differences among groups of various categories. From the experiment, the relationships between the students' behavior and their groups were found, and we demonstrated that our VR program is effective at attracting the students' curiosity and increasing their understanding of computer hardware in the UCF course. The study concludes with suggestions for practitioners and researchers in the field of VR for university education.
Follow NCAA’s guidance for conducting effective investigations of potential violations
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: April 2021

How a college or university handles a potential NCAA violation can make a significant difference in the outcome for everyone involved. To help athletics departments conduct effective on‐campus investigations of potential violations involving student‐athletes, coaches, or staff, the NCAA's Managing Director of Enforcement — Investigations and Processing Derrick Crawford, and Director of Enforcement Brynna Barnhart gave a virtual presentation during the annual NCAA Convention. Their guidance applies to investigating potential level one, two, or major violations in all divisions.
Did appeals court uphold coach's termination?
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: April 2021

Seattle University hired the plaintiff as its head tennis coach. Student “J.J.” joined SU's women's tennis team on a scholarship. The plaintiff subsequently hired her as a counselor for his tennis camp.
Predictors and potential advantages of PERT and advanced therapy use in acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Parikh Melanie , Chahine Nicole M. , Hammad Tarek A. , Tefera Leben , Li Jun , Carman Teresa , Schilz Robert , Shishehbor Mehdi H.
Published: April 2021

Objectives

We sought to examine predictors of pulmonary embolism response team (PERT) utilization and identify those who could benefit from advanced therapy.

Background

PERT and advanced therapy use remain low. Current risk stratification tools heavily weight age and comorbidities, which may not always correlate with presentation's severity.

Methods

We prospectively studied patients with CT‐confirmed PE between January 2019 and December 2019 at our hospital. PERT activation was left to the treating physician. Multivariable analyses were utilized to identify predictors of PERT activation and advanced therapy. Using the log odd ratio of each significant predictor of advanced therapy, we created a scoring system and a score of 2 was associated with the highest use. Primary outcomes were 30‐ and 90‐day all‐cause mortality, readmission, and major bleed.

Results

Of the 307 patients, PERT was activated in 22.5%. While abnormal vital signs and right ventricular (RV) strain were associated with PERT activation, pulmonary embolism severity index (PESI) was not. Advanced therapy use was significantly higher in the PERT cohort (35% vs 2%). Predictors of advanced therapy use were composite variable (heart rate > 110 or systolic blood pressure < 100 or respiratory rate > 30 or oxygen saturation < 90%) and right‐to‐left ventricular ratio > 0.9. PERT patients with advanced therapy use, when compared to the no‐PERT patients who could have qualified (score of 2), had significantly lower 30‐ and 90‐day mortality and 30‐day readmission without difference in major bleed.

Conclusion

PERT has important therapeutic impact, yet no guidelines to direct activation. We recommend a multidisciplinary approach for higher acuity pulmonary embolism cases and physician education regarding PERT and the scope of advanced therapy use.
Study of CO2 Sorption Kinetics on Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile‐Based Carbon Nanofibers
Authors: Kretzschmar Ansgar , Selmert Victor , Weinrich Henning , Kungl Hans , Tempel Hermann , Eichel Rüdiger‐A.
Published: April 2021

Electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs) exhibit a decent CO2 sorption capacity and outstanding CO2/N2 selectivity. In this work, the sorption rate as another practically relevant parameter for CO2 adsorption is analyzed for different carbonization temperatures. Equilibration curves obtained from different CO2 sorption isotherms are discussed qualitatively and quantitatively, employing empirical models for pseudo‐first‐ and second‐order reactions. The sorption rate constants are found to be highly dependent on the carbonization temperature of the CNFs and the applied pressure during the measurement. Furthermore, two distinct processes of sorption are observed, which are attributed to different sorption sites on the surface and the inner volume of the CNFs.
Determination of Operating Parameters for the Use of an Electrostatically Charged Water Spray Mist
Authors: Zillgitt Marcel , Schmidt Eberhard
Published: April 2021

To reduce diffuse dust emissions for the small particle size range, the electrostatic charging of water droplets provided by spray nozzle systems is required. The electrostatic two‐fluid nozzle employed for this purpose was examined under laboratory conditions with regard to the applied voltage and the water volume flow rate. By determining the mass‐specific charge of the droplet collective and by evaluating the elementary charges as a function of the droplet residence time within a volume element of the electrode, an operating point for the real application of this new two‐fluid nozzle was found.
Origin of High Interfacial Resistance in Solid‐State Batteries: LLTO/LCO Half‐Cells**
Authors: Xu Pengyu , Rheinheimer Wolfgang , Mishra Avanish , Shuvo Shoumya Nandy , Qi Zhimin , Wang Haiyan , Dongare Avinash M. , Stanciu Lia A.
Published: April 2021

The interface between cathode and electrolyte is a significant source of large interfacial resistance in solid‐state batteries (SSBs). Spark plasma sintering (SPS) allows densifying electrolyte and electrodes in one step, which can improve the interfacial contact in SSBs and significantly shorten the processing time. In this work, we proposed a two‐step joining process to prepare cathode (LiCoO2, LCO)/electrolyte (Li0.33La0.57TiO3, LLTO) half cells via SPS. Interdiffusion between Ti4+/Co3+ was observed at the interface by SEM/STEM, resulting in the formation of the Li−Ti−La−Co−O and Li−Ti−Co−O phases in LLTO and the Li−Co−Ti−O phase in LCO. Computational modeling was performed to verify that the Li−Ti−Co−O phase has a LiTi2O4 host lattice. In a study of interfacial electrical properties, the resistance of this interdiffusion layer was found to be 105 Ω, which is 40 times higher than the resistance of the individual LLTO phase. The formation of an interdiffusion layer is identified as the origin of the high interface resistance in the LLTO/LCO half‐cell.
Formulation of Next‐Generation Multicompartment Microcapsules by Reversible Electrostatic Attraction
Authors: Neumann Christian , Bacher Lisa , Musyanovych Anna , Tutus Murat , Latnikova Alexandra
Published: April 2021

The combination of several active substances into one carrier is often limited due to solubility, stability and phase‐separation issues. These issues have been addressed by an innovative capsule design, in which nanocapsules are assembled on the microcapsule surface by electrostatic forces to form a pH‐responsive hierarchical capsule@capsule system. Here, melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) microcapsules with a negative surface charge were synthesized and coated with a novel MF‐polyethyleneimine (PEI) copolymer to achieve a positive charge of ζ=+28 mV. This novel coating procedure allows the electrostatic assembly of negatively charged poly‐l‐lactide (PLLA, ζ=−19 mV) and poly‐(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA, ζ=−56 mV) nanocapsules on the microcapsule surface. Assembly studies at pH 7 gave a partial surface coverage of PLLA nanocapsules and full surface coverage for PLGA nanocapsules. The pH‐responsive adsorption and desorption of nanocapsules was shown at pH 7 and pH 3.
Search for the Active Ingredients from a 2‐Aminothiazole DMSO Stock Solution with Antimalarial Activity
Authors: Ropponen Henni‐Karoliina , Bader Chantal D. , Diamanti Eleonora , Illarionov Boris , Rottmann Matthias , Fischer Markus , Witschel Matthias , Müller Rolf , Hirsch Anna K. H.
Published: April 2021

Chemical decomposition of DMSO stock solutions is a common incident that can mislead biological screening campaigns. Here, we share our case study of 2‐aminothiazole 1, originating from an antimalarial class that undergoes chemical decomposition in DMSO at room temperature. As previously measured biological activities observed against Plasmodium falciparum NF54 and for the target enzyme PfIspE were not reproducible for a fresh batch, we tackled the challenge to understand where the activity originated from. Solvent‐ and temperature‐dependent studies using HRMS and NMR spectroscopy to monitor the decomposition led to the isolation and in vitro evaluation of several fractions against PfIspE. After four days of decomposition, we successfully isolated the oxygenated and dimerised compounds using SFC purification and correlated the observed activities to them. Due to the unstable nature of the two isolates, it is likely that they undergo further decomposition contributing to the overall instability of the compound.
BMS Derivatives C7‐Linked to β‐Cyclodextrin and Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Retain Activity against R5‐HIV‐1NLAD8 Isolates and Can Be Deemed Potential Microbicides
Authors: Petit Elena , Bosch Lluís , Costa Anna M. , Rodríguez‐Izquierdo Ignacio , Sepúlveda‐Crespo Daniel , Muñoz‐Fernández M. Angeles , Vilarrasa Jaume
Published: April 2021

Amides from indole‐3‐glyoxylic acid and 4‐benzoyl‐2‐methylpiperazine, which are related to entry inhibitors developed by Bristol‐Myers Squibb (BMS), have been synthesized with aliphatic chains located at the C7 position of the indole ring. These spacers contain an azido group suitable for the well‐known Cu(I)‐catalyzed (3+2)‐cycloaddition or an activated triple bond for the nucleophilic addition of thiols under physiological conditions. Reaction with polyols (β‐cyclodextrin and hyperbranched polyglycerol) decorated with complementary click partners has afforded polyol‐BMS‐like conjugates that are not cytotoxic (TZM.bl cells) and retain the activity against R5‐HIV‐1NLAD8 isolates. Thus, potential vaginal microbicides based on entry inhibitors, which can be called of 4th generation, are reported here for the first time.
Evaluating the inhibitory priority of Bcl‐xL to Bad, tBid and Bax by using live‐cell imaging assay
Authors: Wu Ge , Tu Zhuang , Yang Fangfang , Mai Zihao , Chen Hongce , Tang Qiling , Ye Xianxin , Wang Kunhao , Wang Xiaoping , Chen Tongsheng
Published: April 2021

Molecular regulatory network among the B cell leukemia‐2 (Bcl‐2) family proteins is a research hotspot on apoptosis. The inhibitory priority of anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family proteins (such as Bcl‐xL) to pro‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family proteins (such as Bad, tBid and Bax) determines the outcome of their interactions. Based on over‐expression model system, we here evaluate the inhibitory priority of Bcl‐xL to Bad, tBid and Bax by using live‐cell imaging assay on cell viability. Fluorescence images of living cells co‐expressing CFP‐Bcl‐xL and YFP‐Bad or YFP‐tBid or YFP‐Bax showed that Bcl‐xL markedly inhibited Bad/tBid/Bax‐mediated apoptosis, revealing that Bcl‐xL inhibits the proapoptotic function of Bad, tBid and Bax. In the case of equimolar co‐expression of Bad and CFP‐Bcl‐xL, the inhibition of Bcl‐xL on tBid/Bax mediate‐apoptosis was completely relieved. Moreover, co‐expression of tBid‐P2A‐CFP‐Bcl‐xL significantly relieved the inhibition of Bcl‐xL on the pro‐apoptotic ability Bax, suggesting that Bcl‐xL preferentially inhibits the pro‐apoptotic ability of Bad over tBid, subsequently to Bax.
Retracted: A hybrid‐supervised learning model for compressive spectrum sensing in fifth generation(5G) cognitive Radio enabled internet of things (IoT) networks
Authors: Jothiraj Sivasankari , Balu Sridevi , Rangaraj Neelaveni
Published: April 2021

5G Internet of Things (IoT) networks are characterized by wideband radio frequency spectrum utility and are therefore of primary importance for efficient means of sensing the wideband spectrum characterized by high bandwidth. A cognitive radio network (CRN) intelligently does the sensing of authorized users ideal spectrum and allocates the same to the demanded unauthorized user. Conventional energy detection and k‐means schemes associated with CRN perform well for narrowband applications, whereas they are not quite suitable for wideband applications. Hence, a compressive collaborative sensing scheme together with deep neural network learning model (CCS‐DLNN) has been proposed to sense the information from the compressed and reconstructed information signal. Based on the extracted features, decision on presence or absence of primary user (PU) in the received signal has been observed. This paper proposes a deep learning neural network model for learning the dynamic change in the input spectra. Accordingly, this paper also updates the weights associated with the neurons to converge upon the target objective. The performance of the proposed sensing scheme has been evaluated pertaining to probability of detection, sensing error, and accuracy of detection of idle channels. The proposed work will be very useful for the upcoming generation departing to be implemented with 5G IoT networks.
High‐directive monopulse microstrip antenna array for DSRC‐band application
Authors: Patanvariya Deven G. , Chatterjee Anirban
Published: April 2021

In this paper, the authors presented a new technique to generate difference (Δ)‐pattern in microstrip patch antenna array for monopulse applications. In array, the truncated corner single elements are left‐handed and right‐handed circularly polarized. The Δ‐pattern is generated by placing the left‐ and right‐polarized single elements in same direction along y‐axis. The circuit model analysis of a single element and array is presented to analyze the antenna's performance. In order to achieve a lower sidelobe level and stable radiation pattern, a uniform power divider has been designed. Finally, the proposed left‐ and right‐polarized element and array are fabricated and measured. The proposed circularly polarized (CP) elements and array resonates at 5.90 GHz. The array provides null depth of more than −42 dB at
direction in different ϕ cuts. The proposed array has a linear gain of 8.71 dBi and radiation efficiency of 77.25%. Furthermore, the simulated and measured results are well matched, which shows the effectiveness of the proposed way to generate the difference pattern for monopulse application.
Periodontal dysbiosis associates with reduced CSF Aβ42 in cognitively normal elderly
Authors: Kamer Angela R. , Pushalkar Smruti , Gulivindala Deepthi , Butler Tracy , Li Yi , Annam Kumar Raghava Chowdary , Glodzik Lidia , Ballman Karla V. , Corby Patricia M. , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Saxena Deepak , de Leon Mony J.
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Periodontal disease is a chronic, inflammatory bacterial dysbiosis that is associated with both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome.

Methods

A total of 48 elderly cognitively normal subjects were evaluated for differences in subgingival periodontal bacteria (assayed by 16S rRNA sequencing) between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker groups of amyloid and neurofibrillary pathology. A dysbiotic index (DI) was defined at the genus level as the abundance ratio of known periodontal bacteria to healthy bacteria. Analysis of variance/analysis of covariance (ANOVA/ANCOVA), linear discriminant effect‐size analyses (LEfSe) were used to determine the bacterial genera and species differences between the CSF biomarker groups.

Results

At genera and species levels, higher subgingival periodontal dysbiosis was associated with reduced CSF amyloid beta (Aβ)42 (P = 0.02 and 0.01) but not with P‐tau.

Discussion

We show a selective relationship between periodontal disease bacterial dysbiosis and CSF biomarkers of amyloidosis, but not for tau. Further modeling is needed to establish the direct link between oral bacteria and Aβ.
Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Oxidative α‐Alkoxylation of 4‐Isochromanones
Authors: Wu Xiang , Song Shuang‐Gui , Zhang Xin , Fu Yan‐Ming , Zhu Cheng‐Feng , Li You‐Gui
Published: April 2021

The direct oxidative α‐alkoxylation of carbonyl compounds is very important, highly desirable but relatively rare. A general and convenient approach has been developed to prepare 3‐oxy‐4‐isochromanones by copper‐catalyzed α‐C(sp3)−H alkoxylation of 4‐isochromanones with alcohols. The key features are easily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and excellent regioselectivity.
Nanosized CoSb Alloy Confined in Honeycomb Carbon Framework Toward High‐Property Potassium‐Ion and Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Dan , Ma Qun , Tian Kanghui , Wang Zhiyuan , Sun Hongyu , Liu Yanguo
Published: April 2021

Antimony‐based materials are promising anode candidates for Na‐/K‐ion batteries (SIBs/PIBs) but limited by the mediocre cycle performance due to the large volume change. Herein, a honeycomb‐like interconnected porous carbon framework embedded with CoSb nanoparticles is fabricated via a water‐soluble template‐assisted vacuum freeze‐drying technology followed by a heat‐treatment method. The CoSb nanocrystalline and 3D porous carbon matrix endow the CoSb@3DPCs composite electrode with a distinct structure, which buffers the volume expansion of Sb, shortens the diffusion distance of Na+/K+, and enhances the electronic conductivity. It exerts outstanding electrochemical properties in both SIBs and PIBs, such as remarkable cycling durability (the capacity is maintained at 211.2 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles for SIBs and 287.5 mAh g−1 for PIBs) and rate capability (144 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 for SIBs and 134 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 for PIBs). The kinetic analysis shows that up to 79% and 65% pseudocapacitance contributions for SIBs and PIBs are observed for CoSb@3DPCs at 4.0 mV s−1. Herein, an ingenious design route and simple preparation method toward exploring the high‐property electrode for PIBs and SIBs is provided, and broad application prospects in other electrochemical applications are opened up.
Spatio‐temporal assessment of the hydrological drivers of an active deep‐seated gravitational slope deformation: The Vögelsberg landslide in Tyrol (Austria)
Authors: Pfeiffer Jan , Zieher Thomas , Schmieder Jan , Rutzinger Martin , Strasser Ulrich
Published: April 2021

Spatio‐temporal variations of precipitation are presumed to influence the displacement rate of slow‐moving deep‐seated landslides by controlling groundwater recharge, pore‐water pressure and shear strength. Phases of landslide acceleration responding to long‐lasting rainfall and snowmelt events occur under site‐ and event‐specific time delays. Assessing groundwater recharge and simultaneous recording of landslide displacement in a sufficient spatial and temporal resolution is essential to deepen the understanding of mechanisms controlling a landslide's deformation behaviour and is indispensable when it comes to identifying and developing target‐oriented mitigation strategies. The objective of this study was to assess hydrological landslide drivers (solid and liquid precipitation, snowmelt and evapotranspiration) and to investigate their spatio‐temporal distribution in the context of movements recorded at the Vögelsberg landslide (Tyrol, Austria). Hydrometeorological variables were simulated using the AMUNDSEN (Alpine MUltiscale Numerical Distributed Simulation ENgine) hydroclimatological model and landslide movements were continuously monitored using an automated tracking total station. Area‐wide simulated time series of available water were used: (i) to separate them into single landslide triggering hydrometeorological events; (ii) to analyse spatio‐temporal patterns of water availability per triggering event including individual response times; (iii) to delineate an effective hydrological landslide catchment; and (iv) to identify relations between assessed water input and landslide displacement rate. For the observation period from 05‐2016 until 06‐2019 we identified three distinctive hydrometeorological events causing time‐delayed periods of landslide acceleration. Spatio‐temporal differences in water availability per triggering event result in spatially diverse response times varying from 20 to 60 days for rainfall‐triggered events and between 0 and 8 days for events triggered by snowmelt. Pronounced spatio‐temporal differences of snowmelt within the model domain were identified to offer a unique possibility to delineate the effective hydrological landslide catchment. While considering event‐specific time‐lags, logarithmic correlations between incoming water and landslide displacement rate become apparent.