bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research Note: Are Singapore's Tourism Markets Converging with Structural Breaks?
Authors: Tan Siow-Hooi , Tan Siow-Kian
Published: February 2013

This research note tests whether or not Singapore's 15 major tourist source markets are converging. The study uses monthly data for the period January 1994 to June 2011, and the results are as follows: (a) univariate unit root tests without any structural breaks show that 13 out of the 15 tourist markets are diverging; (b) 80% of the tourism markets support the evidence for convergence when multiple structural breaks are incorporated; (c) the evidence of convergence is strongly supported under different panel settings, leading to the conclusion that policies to boost the total tourists arrivals in Singapore have been successful.
Dispelling Five Myths about E-books
Authors: Gall James E.
Published: February 2013

Some considered 2000 the year of the e-book, and due tothe dot-com bust, that could have been the format’s highwater mark. However, the first quarter of 2004 saw thegreatest number of e-book purchases ever with more than$3 million in sales. A 2002 consumer survey found that67 percent of respondents wanted to read e-books; 62 percent wanted access to e-books through a library.Unfortunately, the large amount of information writtenon e-books has begun to develop myths around their use,functionality, and cost. The author suggests that thesemyths may interfere with the role of libraries in helpingto determine the future of the medium and access to it.Rather than fixate on the pros and cons of current versions of e-book technology, it is important for librarians tostay engaged and help clarify the role of digital documents in the modern library.
FRBRization: A Method for Turning Online Public Findings Lists into Online Public Catalogs
Authors: Yee Martha M.
Published: February 2013

In this article, problems users are having searching for known works in current online public access catalogs (OPACs) are summarized. A better understanding of AACR2R/MARC 21 authority, bibliographic, and holdings records would allow us to implement the approaches outlined in the IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records to enhance, or “FRBRize,” our current OPACs using existing records. The presence of work and expression identifiers in bibliographic and authority records is analyzed. Recommendations are made concerning better indexing and display of works and expressions/manifestations. Questions are raised about the appropriateness for the creation of true catalogs of client-server technology that deliver records over the Internet.
User-Centered Design of a Web Site for Library and Information Science Students: Heuristic Evaluation and Usability Testing
Authors: Manzari Laura , Trinidad-Christensen Jeremiah
Published: February 2013

This study describes the life cycle of a library Web site created with a user-centered design process to serve a graduate school of library and information science (LIS). Findings based on a heuristic evaluation and usability study were applied in an iterative redesign of the site to better serve the needs of this special academic library population. Recommendations for design of Web-based services for library patrons from LIS programs are discussed, as well as implications for Web sites for special libraries within larger academic library settings.
Academic Web Site Design and Academic Templates: Where Does the Library Fit In?
Authors: Peterson Kate
Published: February 2013

Academic Web site design continues to evolve as colleges and universities are under increasing pressure to create a Web site that is both hip and professional looking. Many colleges and universities are using templates to unify the look and feel of their Web sites. Where does the library Web site fit into a comprehensive campus design scheme? The library Web site is unique due to the wide range of services and content available. Based on a poster session presented at the Twelfth Annual Association of College and Research Libraries conference in Minneapolis, Minnesota, April 2005, this paper explores the prevalence of university-wide academic templates on library Web sites and discusses factors libraries should consider in the future.
Misinformation and Bias in Metadata Processing: Matching in Large Databases
Authors: Thornburg Gail , Oskins W. Michael
Published: February 2013

This article discusses structural, systems, and other types of bias that arise in matching new records to large databases. The focus is databases for bibliographic utilities, but other related database concerns will be discussed. Problems of satisfying a “match” with sufficient flexibility and rigor in an environment of imperfect data are presented, and sources of unintentional variance are discussed.
Testing Information Literacy in Digital Environments: ETS's iSkills Assessment
Authors: Katz Irvin R.
Published: February 2013

Despite coming of age with the Internet and other technology, many college students lack the information and communication technology (ICT) literacy skills necessary to navigate, evaluate, and use the overabundance of information available today. This paper describes the development and early administrations of ETS’s iSkills assessment, an Internet-based assessment of information literacy skills that arise in the context of technology. From the earliest stages to the present, the library community has been directly involved in the design, development, review, field trials, and administration to ensure the assessment and scores are valid, reliable, authentic, and useful.
Online Workplace Training in Libraries
Authors: Haley Connie K.
Published: February 2013

This study was designed to explore and describe the relationships between preference for online training and traditional face-to-face training. Included were variables of race, gender, age, education, experience of library employees, training providers, training locations, and institutional professional development policies, etc. in the library context. The author used a bivariate test, KruskalWallis test and Mann-Whitney U test to examine the relationship between preference for online training and related variables.
Metaphor’s Role in the Information Behavior of Humans Interacting with Computers
Authors: Sease Robin
Published: February 2013

Metaphors convey information, communicate abstractions, and help us understand new concepts. While the nascent field of information behavior (IB) has adopted common metaphors like “berry-picking” and “gap-bridging” for its models, the study of how people use metaphors is only now emerging in the subfield of human information organizing behavior (HIOB). Metaphors have been adopted in human–computer interaction (HCI) to facilitate the dialogue between user and system. Exploration of the literature on metaphors in the fields of linguistics and cognitive science as well as an examination of the history of use of metaphors in HCI as a case study of metaphor usage offers insight into the role of metaphor in human information behavior.

Editor’s note: This article is the winner of the LITA/Ex Libris Writing Award, 2008.
Editorial: ALA and Our Carbon Footprint
Authors: Truitt Marc
Published: February 2013

Editorial: ALA and Our Carbon Footprint
Dublin Core, DSpace, and a Brief Analysis of Three University Repositories
Authors: Kurtz Mary
Published: February 2013

This paper provides an overview of Dublin Core (DC) and DSpace together with an examination of the institutional repositories of three public research universities. The universities all use DC and DSpace to create and manage their repositories. I drew a sampling of records from each repository and examined them for metadata quality using the criteria of completeness, accuracy, and consistency. I also examined the quality of records with reference to the methods of educating repository users. One repository used librarians to oversee the archiving process, while the other two employed two different strategies as part of the selfarchiving process. The librarian-overseen archive had the most complete and accurate records for DSpace entries.
Se différencier ou se conformer : enjeux de la recherche en sociologie sur les cultures juvéniles, enjeux des cultures juvéniles…
Authors: Aquatias Sylvain
Published: February 2013

Depuis quelques années, les sociologues qui étudient les cultures juvéniles s’opposent : d’un côté, on décrit un ensemble tendant à s’homogénéiser par la puissance des normes adolescentes ou à s’hétérogénéiser du fait d’un d’éclectisme généralisé, de l’autre on réaffirme la force primordiale des socialisations familiales et scolaires et des effets de distinction des goûts culturels. Les résultats de la recherche présentée ici montrent que c’est dans l’action conjointe des situations familiales, des parcours scolaires et des réseaux amicaux que se créent des zones d’influence plus ou moins puissantes, déterminées en grande partie par la cohésion sociale des différentes instances en présence. Ainsi, la qualité des relations avec les parents, les modes de scolarisation, les filières et la cohésion interne des groupes classes sont d’importants facteurs d’explication d’une emprise plus ou moins durable sur les goûts adolescents. Conformité et distinction prennent sens dans ces configurations d’influences.
Les méandres de la géométrie intime dans Le baobab fou de Ken Bugul
Authors: Bisanswa Justin
Published: February 2013

L’article analyse l’articulation du fantasmatique et de l’autobiographique, c’est-à-dire du rêve et du vécu dans Le baobab fou. Les oppositions stratégiques fonctionnent pour faire des différences le principe d’une unification plus solide par les diverses facettes du même, le rêvé et le vécu ne reflétant plus qu’une même signifiance de l’unité en l’homme d’un espace de vie imaginaire et d’un terrain de frottement à la réalité matérielle. C’est pourquoi, même transcendantal, l’élan dans le rêve se solde par l’échec. Le baobab fou fait voir le voyage dans la géographie d’une vie. Le pari est d’offrir une fresque sans tomber dans le narratif événementiel que le texte joue par associations des semblables à travers le cheminement thématique. La dérive n’est pas progressive, mais scrutation des instants de vie. L’émerveillement du décor encadrant un événement vécu se conjugue à ce qui défile dans l’imagination de celle qui écrit le récit onirique, fantasmatique, révélant d’un coup de verbe un univers, et produisant ainsi le merveilleux par lequel échapper au monde réel et combler ses frustrations, nous rappelant que l’envol réel est hors de ce monde.
L’A-Fric de Jacques Fame Ndongo : une écriture de l’énigme et de l’abolition des genres
Authors: Abomo-Maurin Marie-Rose
Published: February 2013

Le texte littéraire est la concrétisation matérielle d’un système qu’il réalise. La « Modernité » s’impose comme rupture esthétique et comme intégration de ce texte dans le présent. L’A-Fric de Jacques Fame Ndongo peut se lire comme une rupture par sa nouvelle composition. Il s’y ménage un glissement des éléments romanesques, obligeant les genres dits traditionnels à perdre structure et délinéament. Du récit encadrant au récit encadré, la narration joue sur le transfert des propriétés animales aux individus. C’est dans ce jeu permanent de transgression, de fusion et d’hybridité que L’A-Fric instaure sa modernité.
L’implicite pragmatique de la représentation de l’homme chez Calixthe Beyala
Authors: Ngolwa Moïse
Published: February 2013

Contrairement à une tradition critique qui considère la représentation négative de l’homme dans les textes de la Franco-camerounaise comme un refoulement sans équivoque du masculin, cet article montre que la peinture des personnages masculins dansLes honneurs perdusetComment cuisiner son mari à l’africaineparticipe d’un grossissement caricatural qui s’inscrit dans une énonciation ironique. Il ressort que, chez la romancière, il est davantage question de tourner en dérision les symboles de la domination phallique et de mettre l’homme devant ses responsabilités, ceci dans le but de l’amener à une prise de conscience. Une telle interpellation, qui sous-entend une redéfinition de la masculinité, est pour Beyala le présage d’un équilibre des rapports de force entre l’homme et la femme où cette dernière est également appelée à changer d’attitude.
Le personnage historique en littérature antillaise : la question du genre (Delgrès, Schoelcher, L’Oubliée)
Authors: Cailler Bernadette
Published: February 2013

À partir d’une méditation concernant divers genres et modes pouvant être choisis pour la représentation de personnages considérés comme hautement historiques par un peuple, voire plusieurs, voire dans l’imaginaire mondial contemporain, et compte tenu, aussi, du projet créatif entrepris par un auteur ou l’autre, cette étude en vient à analyser, dansUn dimanche au cachotde Patrick Chamoiseau, la figure de Victor Schoelcher, en relation aux autres personnages de l’oeuvre, en particulier ceux de L’Oubliée et de Caroline. Proéminente est ici la question qui, née d’une analyse de l’oeuvre, révèle des rapports étroits entre esthétique, politique, et éthique.
Édouard Glissant et la querelle avec l’Histoire ou de l’Un-monde à la Relation
Authors: Kavwahirehi Kasereka
Published: February 2013

Le présent article voudrait justement jeter une lumière sur quelques stratégies adoptées par Édouard Glissant pour sortir du désarroi sociohistorique causé par la pensée de système. Il s’agit de montrer comment la reconfiguration glissantienne du monde passe par un ébranlement de catégories et de disciplines liées au déploiement de la métaphysique de l’Un en tant que ce dernier est opposé à la Diversité et, donc, à la Relation. On verra ainsi que la problématisation des notions d’Histoire et de Littérature, pour faire émerger les histoires et les littératures, est aussi une remise en question de la métaphysique de l’Un au profit d’une philosophie de la Relation. Autrement dit, la poétique de la relation est inséparable d’un réinvestissement de l’histoire, de la littérature et de la philosophie, surtout telle que celle-ci est incarnée par Hegel et sa philosophie de l’histoire.
Georges Perec : grandeur et misère d’une signification abymée
Authors: Decout Maxime
Published: February 2013

« 53 jours », le dernier roman de Perec, demeuré inachevé, propose d’interroger les rapports entre le réel et la fiction à travers une enquête policière sur des manuscrits et des récits mis en abyme. De la sorte, il brouille sans cesse les frontières entre la fiction et le monde, et indique comment le désir absolu de faire signifier le réel comme les récits risque de condamner le lecteur à l’erreur. La signification devient une puissance fascinante et ensorcelante que la mise en abyme renvoie dans le domaine de l’illusion. Le livre est ainsi hanté par l’idée du dévoilement, et fonde la lecture du monde sur des présupposés issus non de lui-même mais de la littérature. S’écrivant tout en désavouant la signification du réel et de la fiction, « 53 jours » affirme donc que la littérature doit avant tout être exigence de lucidité quant à ses pouvoirs et à ses limites. Un autre réalisme s’invente sous la plume de Perec, un « réalisme citationnel », qui combine le monde et les oeuvres : un réalisme qui sait que le réel est aussi une fiction, composée de tous les textes qui peuplent notre mémoire et orientent notre pensée.
Rangifer 1981 Vol. 1 (1): 1-56
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

The first issue/volume of Rangifer was published in autumn 1981 and contained six articles, two of them in English. Besides the scientific contributions, the publication included information about the mandates of the Nordic Council for Reindeer Research (NOR) and Rangifer. The aims of the journal were to give reindeer researchers possibilities for "high speed" publishing and to create a link between the researchers and the management/reindeer husbandry advisors to the best of the reindeer industry. Therefore abstracts were provided in several languages.
Two manuals of reindeer diseases
Authors: Skjenneberg Sven
Published: February 2013

R. A. Dieterich, J. K. Morton, & S. L. Raich. "Reindeer Health Aide Manual". Institute of Arctic Biology and Cooperative Extension Service, University of Alaska. 157pp.

R. A. Dieterich (ed.). Alaska Wildlife Diseases.Compendium.University of Alaska. 524pp.
Digestibility of the lichen Stereocaulon paschale in reindeer
Authors: Jacobsen Endre
Published: February 2013

The digestibility of the lichen Stereocaulon paschale is studied in a digestibility trial with two reindeer calves. The lichen is collected near Kautokeino in Northern Norway. Chemical composition of the lichen is shown in Table 1. Compared with Cladonia-species the content of crude protein and ash is higher in Stereocanlon paschale The content of Ca, P and Mg in the two species is of the same magnitude, while the content of Na and CI is ten times higher in Cladonia alpestris. The estimated digestibility is shown in Table 2. The dry matter digestibility is calculated to 46, 4%, which is very low compared to Cladonia-species. The higher crude protein content in Stereocaulon paschale has resulted in a positive apparent digestibility of protein.

Tinajåkålån (Stereocanlon paschale) sulavuus porolla.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Tinajåkålån sulavuutta on tutkittu sulavuuskokeissa kahdella poronvasalla. Kokeessa kåytetty jåkålå on koottu låheltå Kautokemoa. Jåkålån kemiallinen koosturnus on esitetty taulukossa I. Tinajåkålån sisåltåmå raakaproteiini- ja tuhkapitoisuus on korkeampi kuin (Cladonia-lajeilla). Ca-, P- ja Mg-pitoisuudet ovat po. jåkålålajeilla samantasoiset, kun taas Cladonia alpestris sisaltåmåt Na- ja Cl-pitoisuudet ovat kymmenen kertaa korkeampia. Sulavuuslaskelmat esitetåån taulukossa 2. Kuiva-aineen sulavuus on 46,4% mikå on erittåin alhainen verrattuna Cladonia-lajien sulavuuteen. Tinajåkålån korkeampi proteiinisisålto on vaikuttanut myonteisesti valkuaisaineen sulavuuteen.

Fordøyelighet av saltlav, (Stereocaulon paschale) til rein

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Fordøyeligheten av saltlav (Stereocaulon paschale) er undersøkt i fordøyelsesforsøk med 2 reinkalver. Lav til forsøket er sanket nær Kautokeino. Kjemisk sammensetning av lavet er vist i Tabell 1. Sammenlignet med Cladonia-arter er innholdet av råprotein og aske høyere i saltlavet. Innholdet av Ca. P og Mg er på samme nivå i disse arter, mens innholdet av Na og Cl er ti ganger høyere i Cladonia alpestris. Den beregnede fordøyelighet er vist i Tabell 2. For tørrstoff er fordøyeligheten 46,4%, som er svært lavt sammenlignet med fordøyeligheten for Cladonia-arter. Det høyere proteininnholdet i saltlav har ført til positiv fordøyelighet for protein.
Elaphostrongylus spp. from Scandinavian cervidae - a scanning electron microscope study (SEM)
Authors: Stéen Margareta , Johansson Carina
Published: February 2013

Nematodes of the genus Elaphostrongylus collected from moose (Alces alces L.), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.), and red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), respectively, were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. Morphological differences in the ribs of the genital bursa were demonstrated. The Elaphostrongylus species from reindeer and red deer differed from each other in four ribs of the genital bursa. These results agree with the morphological characters of E. cervi and E. rangiferi described by Cameron (1931) and Mitskevitch (1960). The genital bursa of Elaphostrongylus sp. from moose, in accordance with the description of E. alces by Steen et al. (1989) showed characteristics differing from those found in Elaphostrongylus spp. from reindeer and red deer respectively. These results support the hypothesis that there are three separate species of Elaphostrongylus present in Scandinavian Cervidae. S

vep-elektroniska studier på Elaphostrongylus spp. hos skandinaviska hjortdjur.

Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Rundmaskar inom slaktet Elaphostrongylus funna hos alg (Alces alces L.), ren (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) och kronhjort(Cervus elaphus L.) studerades med hjalp av svepelelektronmikroskop. De hanliga bursorna med sin a stodjeribbor uppvisade variationer i utseende, langd och placering mellan dessa rundmaskar. De arter av Elaphostrongylus funna hos ren och kronhjort skilde sig åt avseende fyra stodjeribbor på de hanliga bursorna. Dessa resultat stammer val overens med de karaktarer som tidigare ar beskrivna av Cameron(1931) och av Mitskevich (1960). Den hanliga bursan hos arten Elaphostrongylus funnen hos alg, vilken tidigare ar beskriven av Steen et al. (1989), visade upp ett utseende som skilde sig från bursorna hos de Elaphostrongylus-arter funna hos ren och kronhjort. Dessa resultat stoder hypotesen om tre skilda arter av Elaphostrongylus hos skandinaviska hjortdjur.
Research meetings 1990-1991
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

Announcements of 6th Nordic Reindeer Scientists Meeting in Tromsø, Norway, Oct. 1990 and 3rd Int. Muskox Symosium in Nuuk, Greenland, Sept. 1991.
5th International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, 18-22 August 1988, Arvidsjaur, Sweden.
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed. in chief) Sven
Published: February 2013

Proceedings of the Fifth International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, Arvidsjaur, Sweden 18 - 22 August, 1988
Coping with the Chernobyl disaster: a comparision of social effects in two reindeer-herding areas
Authors: Beach Hugh
Published: February 2013

Lapland reindeer herders in the Vilhelmina and Jokkmokk municipalities of Sweden were interviewed in summer, autumn and winter 1987/88. The great variability in nuclear contamination between these areas has occasioned obvious but also unforeseen differences in the social effects for the Sami. The variability of contamination has also been compounded by the variability of compensation policy, variability of expert statements about risk, and also the change in state limits on Bq. concentrations set for meat marketability. This paper will illustrate the broad spectrum of Chernobyl-related social problems and the methods of coping with them.
Age-specific fecundity of the Beverly herd of barren-ground caribou
Authors: Thomas Donald C. , Barry Samuel J.
Published: February 2013

The age-specific fecundity of the Beverly herd of barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) was monitored each winter from 1979-80 through 1986-87. Fecundity in 840 females increased with age from 12% in yearlings to 86% at age 5 years and it did not decline in old (> 11 yr) females. Significant variations occurred among winters and even between two subherds in one winter. Reproductive abnormalities were detected in 2 of 840 females and a probable resorption in 1 of 420 females collected in March. Only about 5% of the fetuses were conceived late, possibly by repeat ovulators. Combining survival and fecundity data yielded age-specific calf production, which indicated that, for example, 54% of calves were born to females 3-6 years old.
The method by which Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer) larvae invade reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
Authors: Anderson John R. , Nilssen Arne C.
Published: February 2013

Laboratory electrostimulated C. trompe (Modeer) females forcefully expelled (sprayed) larvae for 5-20 cm. The watery spray consisted of about 20 tiny droplets containing two to several larvae. Crawling first-instar larvae exhibited negative geotactic and phototropic responses; they were subject to rapid desiccation and became immobile as the tiny droplets dried within a few seconds. When 5-50 larvae from dissectedfemales were dropped in physiological saline onto different areas of the muzzle of restrained reindeer, only larvae placed deep within the nostrils and on the lips crawled out-of-sight down the nostril passage or into the mouth. Drops of larvae placed elsewhere quickly desiccated and the larvae became immobile. Larvae deposited by wild females onto a COz-baited reindeer model with the muzzle, lips and nostrils coated with insect trapping adhesive all were stuck only along the dorsal lip below the philtrum. All experimental evidence supports a natural per os mode of invasion.
Heavy metals in reindeer and their forage plants
Authors: Eriksson O. , Frank A. , Nordkvist M. , Petersson L. R.
Published: February 2013

An attempt was made to assess the level of heavy metal transfer from forage plants to reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) in an area in northern Lapland affected from dust from an open pit copper mine. Botanical analyses of rumen contents from reindeer provided information about the main plant species in the diet. Representative plant material was collected from sample plots within an 8 km radius from the central part of the mine and from a reference area situated about 200 km upwind of the mining site. The following plant species were analysed: Bryoria jremontii, Br. juscescens, Cladina rangiferina, Equisetum fluviatile, Descbampsiaflexuosa, Eriopborum vaginatum, Salix glauca, Salix pbylicifolia, Betula nana, and Vaccini-um myrtillus. The greatest difference between metal concentrations in the plants collected from dust contaminated area and from the reference area was found in lichens. Copper is the main metallic component of the ore and was found in higher concentrations in lichens coming from the area around the mine than in lichens from the reference area. Smaller differences were found in vascular plants. Dust particles, remaining on outer surfaces after snow smelt contributed to a limited extent to the metal contents. Species—specific accumulation of metals was observed in some plants. The uptake of lead and cadmium in some vascular plants was somewhat higher in the reference area compared with plants growing in the perifery of the mining center, probably due to the metal concentrations in the bedrock. Organ material (liver and kidney) was collected from reindeer in both areas. No noticable effect on metal concentrations in the liver of the reindeer were found. Although the lead, cadmium and copper concentrations were higher in the organs collected from animals in the reference area than in those from the mining area, the levels were still below the concentrations regarded as harmful for the animals from toxicological point of view. The material collected during this study would also lend itself to research into the trace element nutrition of the reindeer.
Growth and relationship of live weight to body measurements in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)
Authors: Nieminen Mauri , Petersson Carl Johan
Published: February 2013

Estimation of live weight from measurements of body dimensions is useful in many management activities with domestic animals. In present study live weight was measured from 2932 female and 1037 male semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) during different seasons in 1969-85. The age of reindeer varied between 1 day and 14 yrs. Back length (along back from second spinous process to base of tail) and chest girth (just behind front legs) were taken also from 1490 female and 510 male reindeer. The growth of reindeer from birth to adulthood was cumulative consisting of a rapid weight accretion during summers followed by a weight loss or stasis during winters. The mathematical analyses of the growth based on exponential solutions gave average values for growth of female and male reindeer. Body weight of females increased until the age of 4.5 yrs and that of males until the age of 5.5 yrs. During winter and spring body weight of hinds decreased 10 to 15 kg and that of stags 30 to 50 kg in different age groups. Significant linear regressions were found between live weight and back length (r = 0.809 and 0.892), live weight and chest girth (r = 0.860 and 0.872) and live weight and combined body measure (back length + chest girth) (r = 0.877 and 0.941) and live weight and body volume (r = 0.905 and 0.954, respectively) in female and male reindeer. Exponential regressions gave, however, the best estimations of live weight with combined body measure.
5th Nordic Workshop on Reindeer Research, 30 October - 2 November 1989, Oulo, Finland. 5. nordiske reinforskermøte, 30 oktober - 2 november 1989, Oulu, Finland.
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

The Fifth Nordic Reindeer Scientist's Meeting, organised by the Nordic Council for Reindeer Research, was held at Oulu, Finland, 30 October - 2 November 1989 and was attended by 62 delegates. The principal themes of the meeting were ' Reindeer Feeds and Feeding' and ' The Economic and Ecological Carrying Capacity of Reindeer Husbandry'.
Radiocesium i renkött - ökad stråldos för samebefolkningen
Authors: Rahola Tua , Suomela Matti
Published: February 2013

Trots att nedfallet i Lappland var bara ungefär en tiondedel av det genomsnittliga nedfallet i Finland var kroppsinnehållet av radiocesium i samegruppen ungefär fyra gånger det genomsnittliga innehållet i hela befolkningen. Därfor blir samernas stråldoser från radiocesium högre an för befolkningen i medeltal. Av den totala genomsnittliga strålbelastningen 4 mSv for samerna och 6 mSv for hela befolkningen i vilken både de externa och interna stråldoserna ingår utgjorde belastningen från radiocesium år 1987 ungefär 7 procent for samerna medan motsvarande värde for befolkningen i medeltal var 2 procent
Research as the basis for decision-making in reindeer husbandry
Authors: Norvik Erling
Published: February 2013

The principal challenge for Norwegian reindeer husbandry in Finnmark today - seen from the viewpoint of both the central political authorities and the industry itself - is disequilibrium between the number of reindeer and their forage resources. Productivity is low, the economy is worse and a large number of reindeer owners have an unsatisfactory number of animals and an unsatisfactory income. The animals are becoming smaller and smaller. Social and economic problems are increasing. There is an obvious danger of long term damage to the pasture areas. How long term, nobody knows. There are no clear research results to guide us but, I am glad to say, research is under way and satellite imagery represents a good, new tool. Research must have a free hand - but it cannot be fully independent. Researchers must try to direct their activities towards providing both the industry and the politicians with a solid basis on which to base their decisions. It is therefore my hope that «productive» research receives as high priority as possible. With limited funding available for research and the relatively small size of the indus-try, it is important that its requirements and its own demands for help from researchers be attended to.
Origin, morphology, histochemistry and function of the mucosal mast cell and the globule leukocyte. A review
Authors: Nikander Sven
Published: February 2013

Parasites invading mucous membranes elicit an inflammatory response from the host. With appropriate fixation and staining methods, cells with intracytoplasmic granules may be observed. Closer examination may reveal several types of granular cells, the eosinophilic granulocytes being the most commonly identified in parasitic infections, but also observable are peculiar mast cells and globule leukocytes whose functions are not yet understood. This review describes the most important facts about the mucosal mast cell and the globule leukocyte relevant to their significance in parasitic infections.
Nikander's Dissertation
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

Sven Nikander defended his D.Med.Vet. thesis «Studies on the exocrine ducts of the pancreas and the liver in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L)» at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland on 10 June 1991.
Nikander, S.: Studies on the Exocrine Ducts of the Pancreas and the Liver in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)
Authors: Nikander Sven
Published: February 2013

Sven Nikander defended his D.Med.Vet. thesis "Studies on the Exocrine Ducts of the Pancreas and the Liver in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)" at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland on 10 June 1991.
The relationship between weather and caribou productivity for the La-Poile Caribou Herd, Newfoundland
Authors: Ferguson Steven H. , Mahoney Shane P.
Published: February 2013

To describe the relationship between weather and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) productivity, we compared weather variables (snow on ground, winter temperature and measures of growing season) with measures of productivity (calves seen by hunters, calves and yearlings in the harvest and percent calves and yearlings and pregnancy rate for caribou classified during fall and spring surveys) for the LaPoile Caribou Herd in southwestern Newfoundland. Hunter statistics reliably estimated changes in population demography. Percent calves seen by hunters was correlated with calves/100 females classified in fall. Weather may have influenced productivity for the LaPoile Caribou Herd in Newfoundland. Colder winter temperatures were associated with fewer calves the next fall and pregnancy rates and yearlings/100 females in the spring were negatively correlated with snow on ground the previous winter. These relationships appear to be density related.
Analysis of the standing age distribution and age-specific recruitment rate of the George River and Beverly barren-ground caribou populations
Authors: Taylor M.
Published: February 2013

The primary advantage of the standing age distribution of a population is that it can be sampled. Analysis of the age frequencies for estimates of survival rates and determinations of population status by life table construction depend heavily on assumption that require additional data to evaluate. The analysis of age structures for the George River (Messier et al., 1988) and Beverly (Thomas and Barry, 1990a,b) caribou herd was reviewed. An alternativ method of estimating age specific survival rates was explored. The dependence of the life tables produced by the analysis of Messier et al. (1988) and Thomas and Barry (1990a,b) on tenuous and untestable assumptions regarding population growth rate over the life span of the oldest animals, stability of the standing age distribution, and constancy of life table parameters was emphasized. Although the life tables produced by Messier et al. (1988) for the George River herd and Thomas and Barry (1990a,b) for the Beverly herd are probably the best available for barren-ground caribou, they should be used with caution, particularly for management decisions.
Lichens, a unique forage resource threatened by air pollution
Authors: Klein David R. , Vlasova Tatyana J.
Published: February 2013

Lichens are the primary winter forage for most mainland caribou and reindeer herds in North America and for the majority of domestic and wild reindeer in Siberia and northern Europe, collectively totaling in excess of 5 million animals. Lichens represent a unique forage resource throughout much of the circumpolar North that cannot effectively be replaced by vascular plants. Lichens are particularly sensitive to the effects of air pollution. The increased pace of exploitation and processing of minerals and petroleum resources throughout the circumpolar North, with associated introduction of pollution products into the atmosphere has already resulted in losses of lichens and their reduced productivity in extensive areas adjacent to large metallurgical complexes in the Taimyr of Siberia, on the Kola Peninsula, and in adjacent parts of Finland. Losses of terricolous lichens in the Taimyr from pollution generated by the Norilsk metallurgical complex have been nearly complete within a 300 000 ha area closest to the pollution source and damage and reduced growth extends over an area in excess of 600 000 ha. The Arctic also is a sink for atmospheric pollution generated in the heavily industrialized north temperate regions of the world. Assessment of the effects on lichens of this global scale increase in air pollution is difficult because of the lack of representative controls.
Analysis of ovaries in studies of reproduction in red deer (Cervus elaphus, L.): Application and limitations
Authors: Langvatn Rolf
Published: February 2013

A set of definitions for luteal structures and their regressing stages in red deer ovaries is suggested. Structural characteristics in ovaries pertaining to reproductive analysis is compiled from relevant literature and combined with observations from the present study. Luteal structures and their regressing stages may be useful in assessment of reproductive status and history, provided the analysis is performed with a full understanding of the limitations of the criteria and the methodological approach. Primary corpus luteum (PCL), corpus luteum of pregnancy (CLV), and corpus rubrum (CR) are the most important structures in the quantitative analysis of reproduction, and they may be identified at a macroscopic level. However, confusion with other structures is conceiveable, and for an accurate analysis microscopic -examination of histological preparations is necessary. Different processing and analysing procedures are compared, illustrating differences in resolution and precision, especially in retrospective analysis. Data from hinds with known reproductive history indicate limitations and potential in analysis of ovaries as a technique to assess reproductive status and history in red deer.
Record-keeping, management decisions and productivity of extensive reindeer herding on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: Renecker Lyle A. , Chetkiewicz Cheryl-Lesley
Published: February 2013

Alaska's reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) industry has been faced with the competitive need to increase productivity but cautioned to avoid range degradation as a result of high stocking rates. Consumer demand for lean, healthy, high quality meat has increased throughout the world and has surpassed production. For herders to tap these new domestic and off-shore markets, there will be the need for higher herd numbers and animal productivity, consistent slaughter protocol, and a focused marketing plan. In this paper, we illustrate how record-keeping can benefit reindeer herders in husbandry and management decisions that are necessary to increase animal productivity and, eventually, product quality and profits. These biological parameters were tested in a Lotus® spreadsheet model designed to predict herd growth and economics. Records of three reindeer herds on the Seward Peninsula have shown that calf production for adults has ranged from 35 to 98%. Sensitivity analysis predicted that in some herds, the model was sensitive to small changes in calf survival which could result in insufficient recruitment to maintain long-term harvest. Productivity may be ultimately related to management decisions that cull animals before productivity begins to decline.
Usnic acid, a secondary metabolite of lichens and its effect on in vitro digestibility in reindeer
Authors: Palo R. Thomas
Published: February 2013

Usnic acid, a common secondary metabolite in prefered lichens by reindeer and caribou, has been tested for its effect on In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD) using inocula from four reindeer. When Cladonia alpestris (stellaris (OpicJ) was used as substrate and reindeer rumen liqour as media of incubation together with usnic acid, digestibility was considerably enhanced. This was also true for a lower prefered lichen Stereocaulon paschale (L.), but the effect was less pronounced. The results suggest that reindeer host some rumen microorganism able to metabolize lichen secondary metabolities.
Value of early weight measurements as predictors of body weight at later ages in reindeer
Authors: Petersson C.J. , Danell B.
Published: February 2013

Phenotypic variances in live weight in a reindeer population and repeatabilities of the weights were estimated. The population consisted of 1847 and 1878 unselected male and female calves respectively, for which data from weighings at 2 and 7 months of age were available. All individuals in a selected population, consisting of 469 of the heaviest females, were weighed at 2, 7 and 19 months of age. The data were colleted during four successive years, 1986 - 1989. An indirect selection model for improving female weight at 19 months of age was proposed. Variance in the unselected population was higher between animals than within animals. Repeatability was estimated to be 0.636 for the male calves and 0.609 for the female calves. In the selected population, within-individual variance was higher than between-animal variance. Repeatabilities were, after correction for the effect of selection, 0.316 (between 2 and 19 months) and 0.548 (between 7 and 19 months). The aim of the selection model was to increase the average weight in the primiparous group to improve their calf production ability. Using the model, the number of animals weighing equal to or more than a certain threshold weight and the number needed for recruitment at 19 months of age could be determined.
Impact of forest fertilizers on winter pastures of semi-domesticated reindeer
Authors: Eriksson Olof , Raunistola Tuomo
Published: February 2013

The effects of forest fertilizers on Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Cladina arbusculua, Cladina rangiferina and Cladina stellaris were studied during an eleven-year experimental period in Vasterbotten, Sweden. The study site was situated in the boreal region and was part of a 130 years old Pinus sylvestris stand. The forest type is mainly the dry dwarf-shrub type. Thirty-two demarcated plots (20 m x 20 m) were grouped into eight blocks, each containing four plots. In 1979 and 1985 fertilizations with ammonium nitrate equiavalent to 150 kg N/ha, with ammonium nitrate equiavalent to 250 kg N/ha and with urea equiavalent to 150 kg N/ha were carried out. Field sampling wad done in late July 1979, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988 and 1990. Main parameters studied were coverage, height and standing crop. Effects were visible already after one growing season. All treatments had a positive effect on the growth of C. vulgaris and V. vitis-idaea. Doses around or over 150 kg N/ha, gave a clearly negative effect (range 23% - 73%) on the standing crop of Cladina spp. for a period of time exceeding eleven years compared to the control standing crop.
Case history of the Fortymile Caribou Herd, 1920-1990
Authors: Valkenburg Patrick , Kelleyhouse David G. , Davis James L. , Ver Hoef Jay M.
Published: February 2013

Early this century, the Fortymile caribou herd was the largest in Alaska and one of the largest in the world. Since the 1940s the herd has remained relatively small, fluctuating between 6000-8000 and about 50 000. To determine possible limiting factors, we reviewed historical fluctuations in herd since and harvest, historical data on wolf numbers and summer and winter weather. The major decline in herd size from 1963 to 1973 was accompanied by high wolf numbers, some years of unfavorable winter and summer weather, and some years of high harvests. From 1974 to 1990 the Fortymile herd failed to recover as well as the adjacent Nelchi-na herd and provided less than one-fourth the harvest despite favorable winter conditions in both areas. Two notable differences between these herds were that (1) wolves were less strongly limited within the range of the Fortymile herd, and (2) moose as alternate prey for wolves remained more abundant within the range of the Nelchina herd.
The mating sites of the reindeer nose bot fly: not a practical target for control
Authors: Nilssen Arne C. , Anderson John R.
Published: February 2013

The reindeer nose bot fly Cephenemyia trompe aggregates on hilltops/mountaintops to mate. Although active only for brief periods on certain days, males have been collected only from such sites. To evaluate possible suppression of the fly population by killing males (by insecticides or traps) at such sites, the density of sites and the number of males at each site were monitored in a summer grazing area of the semidomestic reindeer host (Rangifer tarandus) in Finnmark, northern Norway. In an area of ca. 20 km2, 19 mating sites were detected and examined during 4 hours on one day. The number of males observed at most sites was 5-16 (range 3-60). Minor hilltops had few males but at some sites >20-60 flies were dispersed over an area of at least 100 m2. It is concluded that mating sites in the study area are too numerous, and also used by many beneficial non-target species, to be practical targets for control of the species.
Failure of cellulolysis in the rumen of reindeer fed timothy silage
Authors: Olsen Monica A. , Aagnes Tove H. , Mathiesen Svein D.
Published: February 2013

Three male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves were brought from mountain pastures in April and fed regrowth timothy (Phleum pratense) silage with 76% leaves and 24.0% dry matter (DM) ad libitum. The silage contained (on DM basis) 25.4% cellulose, 12.0% crude protein and 19-6% water soluble carbohydrates. After an initial period of 11 days the daily silage intake rose to almost similar values for all animals, but independently of food intake, body mass (BM) increased by as much as 13.3 kg for animal R3 during the first 21 days, compared to 4.4 kg and 2.8 kg for Rl and R2, respectively. At slaughter the wet weight of the rumen contents of animal R3 constituted 30.2% of the total BM, compared to 18.5% and 19.1% in animals Rl and R2, respectively. A reduced ability of the rumen micro-biota to ferment pure cellulose in vitro was observed in R3. The ruminal pH was 7.07 and the concentration of volatile fatty acids was only 50.0 mM in R3, indicating a low rate of fermentation. The initial rates of in vitro dry matter digestibility of timothy silage and standard hay were also affected by the rumen fermentation failure in animal R3. Depressed rumen cellulolysis, which may be related to natural periods of starvation prior to the feeding experiment, could have caused the low rate of fermentation and the large rumen size observed in this animal.
Some Impacts of Overgrazing by Reindeer in Finnmark, Norway
Authors: Evans Robert
Published: February 2013

Some impacts of reindeer grazing on Finnmark's landscape are briefly described. Information on the impacts was gathered mostly by surveying 17 sample transects in the field, often 90 m in length; as well as by examining other localities in Finnmark, particularly the area around Ifjordfjellet. The results of the surveys along fences as well as in the open countryside are given. These show that much degradation has taken place along fences and that adjacent to the fence more than half the soil can be exposed to trampling and the weather. At Ifjordfjellet damage along 22.4 km of fence separating summer grazings from spring and winter grazings was severe or very severe (> 30% bare soil exposed) over 39% of its distance. Land alongside an 8.0 km long fence built to aid management of the reindeer herds in summer was even more degraded, with 56% of its length on the 'inner' side severely or worse damaged, and 70% on the 'outer' side. In open landscapes erosion by tracking, trampling and the weather is most likely in wet peaty hollows; on slopes steeper than 7 degrees where soils are peaty or 13 degrees where they are mineral-based; at the edge of terrace landforms or where drumlins occur; and especially where deep sandy soils occur in eskers or other fluvioglacial land-forms. Soil is being denuded at rates of 1-3 mm per year. Evidence for reindeer grazing is widespread throughout Finnmark: from the almost ubiquitious presence of dung; to the disappearance of lichens by trampling in summer grazings and by overgrazing in winter grazings; to the presence of bare soil in many localities. Where reindeer grazing is confined either by fences or topography, degradational thresholds are lowered so that, for instance, peaty and mineral soils begin to erode on slopes as low as 4 degrees. This degradation has mostly come about in the last two or three decades as reindeer numbers have increased markedly, often by a factor of 2 or 3.