bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New media and the digitized paranormal: instrumentation, affective atmospheres, and the production of history in Chile
Authors: Espírito Santo Diana , Barceló Gonzalo
Published: April 2021

In the last decade in Chile, an increasing amount of paranormal investigation companies have carried out ghost tours in patrimonial and historical places, using diverse technologies to penetrate into the history of sites. We ethnographically and analytically explore two related questions. First, we ask what paranormal instrumentation does to collective memory and to history. We argue that these ‘registers’ of the paranormal create ‘affective atmospheres’, namely from the forms of indeterminacy embedded in the functioning and performance of the apparatuses. Our argument is that these machines are mechanisms for the creation of a new history, one that is apprehended affectively. Second, in the context of an explosion of adherence in Chile to forms of new media, we employ the notion of ‘dark media’ to illustrate that online material posted by paranormal researchers appears to escape any form of mediational understanding, feeding at once the public's perceptive and affective dispositions.
Critically reviewing the policies used by colleges to select doctors for specialty training: A kink in the rural pathway
Authors: McGrail Matthew , O'Sullivan Belinda , Gurney Tiana
Published: April 2021

Objective

To review the selection policies and models used by speciality colleges to select candidates for entry to vocational training, exploring whether these processes are rural‐focused.

Design

A systematic desktop audit of college selection processes and criteria was done via college websites (Australian Medical Council (AMC) requires selection information to be publicly available).

Setting and main outcomes

Material was extracted into a structured template, in 2020. Information extracted related to (i) training entry and selection steps; (ii) selection criteria and elements; (iii) rural‐focused components; and (iv) rural outcomes. Findings were critically reviewed to explore their degree of rural focus.

Results

Of 14 specialist colleges included, rural‐focused selection mostly related to college‐led selection models rather than employer‐led. Six colleges had rural‐focused selection criteria (four college‐led), with the Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine strongest, utilising a ‘suitability assessment’ for rural practice. Of the remaining five, childhood background or rural work experience contributed between 5% and 20% of the curriculum vitae assessment. Of eight specialist colleges without rural‐focused selection, six used employer‐led selection models.

Conclusions

The majority of specialty colleges have no rural‐focused selection criteria and colleges using employer‐led models are weakest. Given that the colleges are required to adhere to the AMC's accreditation standards, it follows that the best way to mobilise change is by including rural selection policies within the AMC standards and requiring reporting of selection outcomes, regardless of the selection models used. This will substantially strengthen ongoing rural pathways in medicine.
Care of Older People in Surgery for general surgery: a single centre experience
Authors: Thu Khin , Nguyen Huong P. T. , Gogulan Thurairajasingam , Cox Michael , Close Jacqueline , Norris Christina , Sharma Anita
Published: April 2021

Background

Older patients undergoing emergency surgery experience higher mortality and morbidity. ‘Care of Older People in Surgery’ (COPS) is a comprehensive geriatric care model developed for acute surgical units (ASU) to improve clinical outcomes in older general surgical patients. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of COPS on clinical and health service outcomes in an Australian hospital.

Methods

The before‐and‐after study was conducted in the ASU, at Nepean Hospital. Data from patients ≥75 years admitted for >24 h into the ASU during the intervention period between April 2017 and March 2018 were compared to patients admitted in the previous year (April 2016 to March 2017) prior to the COPS intervention (n = 212). Health service outcomes measured include the average stay length, medical emergency team response, unplanned intensive care unit admission and 28‐day readmission rates.

Results

The COPS group (n = 214) suffered significantly fewer medical complications, including less acute kidney injuries, arrhythmias and urinary tract infections compared to the pre‐intervention cohort (n = 212). Medical emergency team activation was significantly reduced after COPS model implementation and the average length of stay decreased. However, the incidence of postoperative delirium and acute coronary syndrome were higher in COPS cohort.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that comprehensive geriatric assessment and care delivered through a shared model of care in older general surgical patients improved clinical outcome and patient safety measures.
Positive lateral pelvic lymph nodes in low rectal cancer: should we change our practice now?
Authors: Gartrell Richard , Hong Michael K.‐Y. , Baker Ali , Master Mobin , Gibbs Peter , Arslan Janan , Croxford Matthew , Yeung Justin M. , Faragher Ian G.
Published: April 2021

Background

The role of lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) in the treatment of patients with low rectal cancer with enlarged lateral lymph nodes (LLN+) is under investigation. Enthusiasm for LLND stems from a perceived reduction in local recurrence (LR). We aimed to compare the LR rate for LLN+ patients with LLN− patients, treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and surgery, in a hospital that does not perform LLND.

Methods

A retrospective study of all patients with clinical stage 3 low rectal cancer who completed nCRT and surgery between 2008 and 2017 at Western Health was performed. Outcomes for LLN+ patients were compared with LLN− patients. The primary outcome was LR. Secondary outcomes included distant metastases, disease‐free survival and overall survival.

Results

There were 110 patients treated for stage 3 low rectal cancer over 10 years. There was no significant difference in the LR rate, with one LR from 28 LLN+ patients and one LR from 82 LLN− patients (4% versus 1.2%, P = 0.44). There were no significant differences in median disease‐free survival (41 versus 52 months, P = 0.19) or mean overall survival (62 versus 60 months, P = 0.80). Of all patients studied, 21% developed distant metastases.

Conclusion

LR after nCRT and surgery in patients with stage 3 rectal cancer is rare, irrespective of lateral pelvic node status. These data, along with the uncertain benefit and known risks of LLND, supports the continued use of standard therapy in these patients. Strategies to address distant failure in these patients should be explored.
A preliminary investigation of a novel method to manipulate penis length to measure female sexual satisfaction: a single‐case experimental design
Authors: Veale David , Vaidya Aashay , Papageorgiou Andriani , Foks Melissa , Giona Simone , Hodsoll John , Freeston Mark , Muir Gordon
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To investigate a novel methodology and explore whether artificially reducing the depth of penetration during intercourse matters to women.

Study Design and Methods

A study with a single‐case experimental design (‘n of 1’), in which a heterosexual couple act as their own control and the study is then replicated in subsequent couples, was conducted. Thirty‐five couples were assessed for eligibility to participate. Twenty‐nine couples without any sexual problems were randomized and 12 submitted sufficient data to analyse. As a proxy for reducing penis length, we artificially reduced the depth of penetration by using different sizes of silicone rings around the base of the man's erect penis. The main outcome measures were provided by the female partner on a scale of 0–100 and comprised: degree of (i) overall sexual pleasure; (ii) sexual pleasure from intercourse alone; and (iii) emotional connection to the male partner. The female partner was also asked before the experiment began to rate the degree of positive or negative change that would be personally meaningful for her.

Results

On average, reducing the depth of penetration led to a statistically significant 18% reduction of overall sexual pleasure with an average 15% reduction in length of the penis. The longer the erect penis, the less likely the rings were to have an impact on sexual pleasure. There was a range of individual responses, however, with a minority of women reporting that reducing the depth of penetration was more pleasurable on some occasions.

Conclusions

Size may matter in women in a healthy stable relationship when there is penile shortening. Because of the small number of couples and the inclusion of men with an apparently long penis, our results are preliminary, and we welcome replication in a larger sample with a more diverse range of penile lengths. Our results should not be misinterpreted as meaning that increasing penile length will increase sexual pleasure in women.
Epigenetic‐based therapy in allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Novel opportunities for personalized treatment
Authors: Benincasa Giuditta , Vasco Maria , Corrado Alessio , Sansone Annunziata , Picascia Antonietta , Napoli Claudio
Published: April 2021

Current management of patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) lacks immunosuppressant drugs able to block the host immune response toward the graft antigens. Novel treatments may include epigenetic compounds (epidrugs) some of which have been yet approved by the Food and Drugs Administration for the treatment of specific blood malignancies. The most investigated in clinical trials for allo‐HSCT are DNA demethylating agents (DNMTi), such as azacitidine (Vidaza) and decitabine (Dacogen) as well as histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACi), such as vorinostat (Zolinza) and panobinostat (Farydak). Indeed, azacitidine monotherapy before allo‐HSCT may reduce the conventional chemotherapy‐related complications, whereas it may reduce relapse risk and death after allo‐HSCT. Besides, a decitabine‐containing conditioning regimen could protect against graft versus host disease (GVHD) and respiratory infections after allo‐HSCT. Regarding HDACi, the addition of vorinostat and panobinostat to the conditioning regimen after allo‐HSCT seems to reduce the incidence of acute GVHD. Furthermore, panobinostat alone or in combination with low‐dose decitabine may reduce the relapse rate in high‐risk patients with acute myeloid leukemia patients after allo‐HSCT. We discuss the phase 1 and 2 clinical trials evaluating the possible beneficial effects of repurposing specific epidrugs which may guide personalized therapy in the setting of allo‐HSCT.
On democratic intelligence and failure: The vice and virtue of incrementalism under political fragmentation and policy accumulation
Authors: Adam Christian , Hurka Steffen , Knill Christoph , Steinebach Yves
Published: April 2021

The vice and virtue of incrementalism have been the subject of a long‐standing academic debate. This debate, however, lacks a dynamic perspective that analyzes how the transformation of politics—mainly in the form of increasing levels of political fragmentation within decision‐making arenas and increasing complexity of policy‐mixes—affects the role of incrementalism. We argue that both of these trends make the virtues of incrementalism politically even more valuable than they have always been. At the same time, this proliferation of incrementalism comes at the costs of overlooked second‐order effects. Since the empirical reality of incrementalism is primarily one that results in incremental policy accumulation, it continuously adds implementation burdens, enhances the demandingness of substantive policy debate, and makes effective science communication more difficult. Thereby, accumulative incrementalism becomes one source of pressure on three cornerstones of legitimate governance: effective policy implementation, sophisticated policy debate, and evidence‐based policymaking.
Native and modified chayotextle flour effect on functional property and cooking quality of spaghetti
Authors: Chavarría‐Fernández Sara M. , Berrios J. De J. , Pan James L. , Alves Priscila L.S. , Palma‐Rodriguez Heidi M. , Hernández Uribe Juan P. , Aparicio‐Saguilan Alejandro , Vargas‐Torres Apolonio
Published: April 2021

The objective of this research was to study the effect of partially substituting semolina flour by native (NCHF) and modified chayotextle (CHFMD) flours, on the physicochemical properties and cooking quality of spaghetti. Spaghetti was obtained by replacing semolina flour (control) with five different concentrations of NCHF and CHFMD flours (10%, 17.5%, 25%, 32.5% and 40%). The proximal composition of the flours showed that both NCHF and CHFMD flours lower content of protein and fat but higher content of ash and resistant starch (RS). Moreover, the RS content increased due to thermal modification (TM) and that RS remained high, even after the cooking process. Pasting properties such as peak viscosity, breakdown, setback and final viscosity were influenced by NCHF and CHFMD concentrations. Brightness (ΔL*) was significantly reduced by inclusion of increasing CHFMD levels. True density and water absorption values increased with addition of NCHF and CHFMD, compared to the control spaghetti. The results obtained in this study demonstrated the possibility for producing spaghetti containing up to 40% CHFMD flour, with acceptable quality and functional properties.
Effect of active pectin edible coatings on the safety and quality of fresh‐cut apple
Authors: Naqash Farah , Masoodi F.A. , Ayob Omeera , Parvez Sadaf
Published: April 2021

Pectin obtained from apple pomace was employed to protect fresh‐cut apple from quality deterioration arising after cutting. Pectin edible coatings were formulated as emulsion and nanoemulsion carrying cinnamon essential oil (CEO) as antimicrobial, conferring the capability of active packaging to these coatings. Pectin nanoemulsion (PNE) was found to be most effective in preventing the proliferation of pathogens like Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes as well as the general microflora rendering it unsuitable for consumption. In terms of quality parameters such as texture and colour, fresh‐cut apple treated with pectin emulsion (PE), PNE, and pectin coating without CEO (P) presented promising results at the end of storage. Significant (P < 0.05) effect of PE and PNE was noticed on texture and colour parameters. PNEs can, therefore, be applied for preserving the quality and ensuring safety of fresh‐cut apple.
Strategies to improve the nutritional value of meat products: incorporation of bioactive compounds, reduction or elimination of harmful components and alternative technologies
Authors: Karwowska Małgorzata , Stadnik Joanna , Stasiak Dariusz M. , Wójciak Karolina , Lorenzo José M.
Published: April 2021

Meat is an excellent source of protein with a good balance of amino acids. It is also rich in several minerals, vitamins and bioactive compounds, which play important roles in metabolism and are easily assimilated from meat compared with other foods. The nutritional value of meat is one of the factors that influence consumer acceptance. However, it can be significantly reduced during processing. Moreover, some operations, such as curing, smoking or fermentation, used for processing can lead to the formation of harmful components in meat, and hence, nutritionists associate high consumption of processed meat with an increased risk of several diseases such as cardiovascular disorders and cancers. This review deals with the distinctive aspects of the technological strategies that can be used to improve the nutritional value of meat products, including the incorporation of bioactive components, reduction or elimination of harmful components (e.g. nitrite/nitrate, fat) and alternative technologies (ultrasound).
Antiferroelectrics: History, fundamentals, crystal chemistry, crystal structures, size effects, and applications
Authors: Randall Clive A. , Fan Zhongming , Reaney Ian , Chen Long‐Qing , Trolier‐McKinstry Susan
Published: April 2021

Antiferroelectric (AFE) materials are of great interest owing to their scientific richness and their utility in high‐energy density capacitors. Here, the history of AFEs is reviewed, and the characteristics of antiferroelectricity and the phase transition of an AFE material are described. AFEs are energetically close to ferroelectric (FE) phases, and thus both the electric field strength and applied stress (pressure) influence the nature of the transition. With the comparable energetics between the AFE and FE phases, there can be a competition and frustration of these phases, and either incommensurate and/or a glassy (relaxor) structures may be observed. The phase transition in AFEs can also be influenced by the crystal/grain size, particularly at nanometric dimensions, and may be tuned through the formation of solid solutions. There have been extensive studies on the perovskite family of AFE materials, but many other crystal structures host AFE behavior, such as CuBiP2Se6. AFE applications include DC‐link capacitors for power electronics, defibrillator capacitors, pulse power devices, and electromechanical actuators. The paper concludes with a perspective on the future needs and opportunities with respect to discovery, science, and applications of AFE.
Broadbill swordfish (Xiphias gladius) foraging and vertical movements in thenorth‐westAtlantic
Authors: Logan John M. , Golet Walt , Smith Sean C. , Neilson John , Van Guelpen Lou
Published: April 2021

The northern edge of Georges Bank is an important seasonal foraging habitat for swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the North Atlantic, where aggregations support commercial pelagic longline and harpoon fisheries. Following a period of overfishing during the 1990s, the North AtlanticX. gladiusstock underwent a period of recovery during the early 2000s and was considered rebuilt in 2009. We analysed stomach contents fromX. gladius(n = 39) harvested by the Canadian harpoon fishery on Georges Bank in 2007 to characterize diet in this important foraging habitat. We used electronic tagging data fromX. gladius(n = 6) on Georges Bank in 2005–2007 to assess vertical habitat preferences and associated prey composition within those zones. We also used stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) ofX. gladiusliver (n = 2) and common prey types (Paralepididae, Myctophidae, Merluccidae, Ommastrephidae) as a longer‐term record of feeding. Stomach contents were co‐dominated by Paralepididae [31.9% weight (W)] and Ommastrephidae (36.8%W) with secondary contributions from hake (Merluccidae, 6.5%W), Myctophidae (2.9%W) and Sebastidae (2.1%W).X. gladiusdisplayed diel vertical migrations, descending to depths of 300–400 m during daytime followed by residence in surface waters at night.X. gladiusliver δ15N values were similar to or lower than values of primary stomach contents, likely due to bias of diet consumed in southerly waters with lower nitrogen isotope baselines prior to arrival on Georges Bank. Diet data are similar to results from historical studies from the late 1950s to the early 1980s. This apparent temporal stability to the underlying food web in this region may explain the highX. gladiussite fidelity observed in electronic tagging studies and the consistent aggregation of these fish to this region.
Calculating the chemical exergy of materials
Authors: Michalakakis Charalampos , Fouillou Jeremy , Lupton Richard C. , Gonzalez Hernandez Ana , Cullen Jonathan M.
Published: April 2021

Modern society requires large amounts of materials which lead to emissions of greenhouse gases. Effective climate policy should focus on not just energy efficiency but material efficiency as well. Exergy analysis is a powerful metric used to identify opportunities for efficiency improvement in industrial resource flow systems. Exergy offers a single unified measure of energy and material resources and indicates the real thermodynamic value of these resources, but the method suffers from a lack of comprehensive specific material chemical exergy datasets. The variety of different materials used in the global resource supply chain necessitates a combination of exergy calculation approaches. These approaches are combined into a single exergy calculator tool with over 1400 substances in the dataset. The chemical exergy values computed for key materials typically differ by less than 10% from values estimated in literature. The calculator is used in a case study of the upstream global material supply chain in 2013. The exergy resource map is visualized in a Sankey diagram and is found to be 72% resource efficient with 170 EJ of combined exergy losses and destruction. Further analysis is conducted on the refining, utilities, and industry sectors which are found to be 72%, 44%, and 50% resource efficient, respectively. Their combined losses and destruction are 15, 101, and 54 EJ, respectively. This study and the calculator developed provide a comprehensive dataset of chemical exergy values for a wide range of materials and can be applied in a variety of studies using exergy analysis.
You never forget your first? Impact of interview timing on institutional rank order
Authors: Hanrahan Brian , Lee Christopher , Jozefowicz Ralph , Schloemer Fallon , Helms Ann , Bradshaw Deborah , Ojha Ajithesh , Biswas Sudipa , Carlson Chad
Published: April 2021

Objective

To analyze the impact of interview date on the applicant rank for Neurology residencies in the United States.

Methods

A multi‐institutional retrospective review of interview dates and applicant rank list data for the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) was conducted for five Neurology programs, totaling 1932 interviewed applicants over a combined total of 31 interview years. For each candidate, the interview date and applicant rank were abstracted along with the total number of interviews for that season. Statistical analyses were completed on the cumulative institution data set as well for each individual institution to assess for a possible relationship between interview date and applicant rank.

Results

The cumulative institutional analysis showed that the mean applicant rank decreased as the interview season progressed. Applicants who interviewed on the first day of the interview season were ranked 11.4% higher than those who interviewed on the last interview day. Additionally, applicants interviewed on the first interview day more likely to be ranked higher when compared to all other interview dates. Independent analysis of each program's data identified comparable, statistically significant, differences in mean applicant rank and interview position at three out of the five institutions.

Conclusions

This study evaluated the impact of interview order on the ranking of applicants by Neurology residency programs, noting a temporal relationship with applicant rank and interview date. The primacy bias appreciated in our data merits further evaluation in other medical specialties. Strategies to minimize the impact of this bias should be employed by residency programs who use medical matching services.
Ca2+ entry at the plasma membrane and uptake by acidic stores is regulated by the activity of the V‐H+‐ATPase in Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Stasic Andrew J. , Dykes Eric J. , Cordeiro Ciro D. , Vella Stephen A. , Fazli Mojtaba S. , Quinn Shannon , Docampo Roberto , Moreno Silvia N. J.
Published: April 2021

Ca2+ is a universal intracellular signal that regulates many cellular functions. In Toxoplasma gondii, the controlled influx of extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ into the cytosol initiates a signaling cascade that promotes pathogenic processes like tissue destruction and dissemination. In this work, we studied the role of proton transport in cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis and the initiation of Ca2+ signaling. We used a T. gondii mutant of the V‐H+‐ATPase, a pump previously shown to transport protons to the extracellular medium, and to control intracellular pH and membrane potential and we show that proton gradients are important for maintaining resting cytosolic Ca2+ at physiological levels and for Ca2+ influx. Proton transport was also important for Ca2+ storage by acidic stores and, unexpectedly, the endoplasmic reticulum. Proton transport impacted the amount of polyphosphate (polyP), a phosphate polymer that binds Ca2+ and concentrates in acidocalcisomes. This was supported by the co‐localization of the vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 (VTC4), the catalytic subunit of the VTC complex that synthesizes polyP, with the V‐ATPase in acidocalcisomes. Our work shows that proton transport regulates plasma membrane Ca2+ transport and control acidocalcisome polyP and Ca2+ content, impacting Ca2+ signaling and downstream stimulation of motility and egress in T. gondii.
Gene polymorphisms in odontogenic keratocysts and ameloblastomas: A systematic review
Authors: Andric Miroslav , Jacimovic Jelena , Jakovljevic Aleksandar , Nikolic Nadja , Milasin Jelena
Published: April 2021

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to critically analyze available data on gene polymorphisms in odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) and ameloblastomas, including their possible relationship with clinical and histological features of these lesions.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive search of Web of Science Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and EMBASE was conducted using relevant key terms and supplemented by a gray literature search. Quality assessment of included studies was performed using criteria from the Strengthening the Reporting of Genetic Association (STREGA) statement.

Results

Ten studies were included in the final review. Survivin ‐31G/C, interleukin IL‐1α ‐889 C/T, p53 codon 72 G/C, tumor necrosis factor TNF‐α (−308G>A) and its receptor TNF‐R1 (36A>G), glioma‐associated oncogene homolog 1 rs2228224 and matrix metalloproteinase 2 rs243865 gene polymorphisms were reported to be associated with OKC. For ameloblastomas, p53 codon 72 G/C, X‐ray repair cross‐complementing protein 1—codons 194 and 399 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 rs3918242 gene polymorphisms were identified as risk factors. It was not possible to establish a relationship between specific polymorphisms and clinical and histological features of investigated lesions.

Conclusions

Several gene polymorphisms might be considered as a risk factor for the development of these lesions. Future studies should investigate whether these polymorphisms might be used to identify patients with increased risk of recurrence or aggressive disease.
Longitudinal analysis of axial length growth in a German cohort of healthy children and adolescents
Authors: Truckenbrod Carolin , Meigen Christof , Brandt Manuela , Vogel Mandy , Sanz Diez Pablo , Wahl Siegfried , Jurkutat Anne , Kiess Wieland
Published: April 2021

Purpose

To generate continuous growth curves for axial length (AL) in German children. We hypothesise that percentile curves of AL can be used as a predictive measure of myopia.

Methods

In this longitudinal and cross‐sectional LIFE Child Study, children’s non‐cycloplegic refraction data was collected using the Zeiss i.Profiler plus while AL was measured using the Haag‐Streit Lenstar. Reference growth curves were estimated as a continuous non‐parametric function of age.

Results

Data from 4511 visits of 1965 participants (1021 boys and 944 girls) between 3 and 18 years of age were analysed. For all ages and percentiles, the estimated AL was higher in boys than girls. AL differences between boys and girls were most pronounced in the 98th percentile at 3 years of age, being 0.93 mm longer eyes in boys. This difference decreased to 0.21 mm at 18 years of age. While the lower percentiles of AL reach their final value around age 13, the 50th percentile was still increasing by 0.05 mm per year until the end of the observation period. While, in general, children with longer eyes are more likely to develop myopia, this relationship is weaker between the ages of 5 and 8.

Conclusion

The LIFE Child Study data provides European AL data. In both Germany and China, AL has comparable growth rates when the baseline ALs are compared as percentiles. Thus, percentile curves of AL can be used as a predictive measure for the likelihood of developing as well as the progression of myopia.
Identification of the novel HLA‐A*11:361:02 allele in a Chinese patient
Authors: Shi Xiu‐Min , Li Pei‐Tong , Hu Rui‐Ping , Zhang Dan , Gao Su‐Jun
Published: April 2021

HLA‐A*11:361:02 has one nucleotide change from HLA‐A*11:01:01:01 at nucleotide 486 where Methionine (138) is changed to Isoleucine.
Endosidin20‐1 is more potent than endosidin20 in inhibiting plant cellulose biosynthesis and molecular docking analysis of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors on modeled cellulose synthase structure
Authors: Huang Lei , Li Xiaohui , Zhang Chunhua
Published: April 2021

Endosidin20 (ES20) is a recently identified cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) that targets the catalytic site of plant cellulose synthase (CESA). Here, we screened over 600 ES20 analogs and identified nine active analogs named ES20‐1 to ES20‐9. Among these, endosidin20‐1 (ES20‐1) had stronger inhibitory effects on plant growth and cellulose biosynthesis than ES20. At the biochemical level, we demonstrated that ES20‐1, like ES20, directly interacts with CESA6. At the cellular level, this molecule, like ES20, induced the accumulation of cellulose synthase complexes at the Golgi apparatus and inhibited their secretion to the plasma membrane. Like ES20, ES20‐1 likely targets the catalytic site of CESA. However, through molecular docking analysis using a modeled structure of full‐length CESA6, we found that both ES20 and ES20‐1 might have another target site at the transmembrane regions of CESA6. Besides ES20, other CBIs such as isoxaben, C17, and flupoxam are widely used tools to dissect the mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis and are also valuable resources for the development of herbicides. Here, based on mutant genetic analysis and molecular docking analysis, we have identified the potential target sites of these CBIs on a modeled CESA structure. Some bacteria also produce cellulose, and both ES20 and ES20‐1 inhibited bacterial cellulose biosynthesis. Therefore, we conclude that ES20‐1 is a more potent analog of ES20 that inhibits intrinsic cellulose biosynthesis in plants, and both ES20 and ES20‐1 show an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and cellulose synthesis, making them excellent tools for exploring the mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis across kingdoms.
Prognostic indicators at presentation for canine parvoviral enteritis: 322 cases (2001‐2018)
Authors: Chalifoux Nolan V. , Parker Sarah E. , Cosford Kevin L.
Published: April 2021

Objective

To evaluate clinicopathological prognostic indicators associated with survival based on hematology and serum biochemistry profile findings at presentation of dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE). Secondary objectives were to describe the signalment, history, physical examination findings, and progression of disease while in hospital and correlate them to survival.

Design

Retrospective study from medical records of dogs diagnosed with CPE between 2001 and 2018.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Three hundred twenty‐two dogs diagnosed with CPE that received in‐hospital treatment.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and main results

Of 322 hospitalized dogs, 294 dogs (91%) survived infection with a median hospitalization time of 79 hours. Multivariable analysis showed that glucose (P = 0.04), total magnesium (P = 0.011), and the dichotomized variable of a low HCT (P = 0.033) on presentation were significantly associated with survival. For every 1 mmol/L (18 mg/dL) decrease in glucose concentration, cases had 1.85 lower odds of survival. For every 0.1 mmol/L (0.2 mEq/L) increase in total magnesium concentration, cases had 2.50 lower odds of survival. Cases with a low HCT had 10.69 lower odds of survival. On univariable analyses, non‐survivors had a lower median body weight (P = 0.006) and presented more commonly for diarrhea (P = 0.015). At least 1 episode of diarrhea (P = 0.003) and hematochezia or melena (P < 0.001) in hospital were negatively associated with outcome, in addition to the persistence of diarrhea (P = 0.026) and hyporexia (P = 0.018) in hospital for 5 to 6 days.

Conclusions

Survival rates of 91% were achieved with in‐hospital treatment in this cohort of dogs. Negative biochemical prognostic indicators affecting survival include a low HCT, decreased blood glucose concentrations, and increased total serum magnesium concentrations at presentation.
An intrathyroidal nodule consisting of papillary thyroid cancer and ectopic hyperechoic parathyroid adenoma: a case report
Authors: Guneyli Serkan , Kabaalioglu Adnan , Altinmakas Emre , Cil Barbaros Erhan , Taskin Orhun Cig , Ozisik Secil , Samadli Vugar , Dogan Hakan , Agcaoglu Orhan
Published: April 2021

A 53-year-old woman with fatigue lasting for 6 weeks and increased parathormone level underwent a neck ultrasound. It revealed a large, lobulated, solid intrathyroidal nodule consisting of hypoechoic component with microcalcifications and hy-perechoic component with vascularity on Doppler mode. There were also subcentimetric intrathyroidal hypo- and hyperechoic nodules. Upon the diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer on fine-needle aspiration biopsy, a total thyroidectomy procedure was performed. In the histopathologic evaluation, the hypoechoic component was diagnosed as papillary thyroid cancer, while the hyperechoic component was diagnosed as ectopic parathyroid adenoma. Subcentimetric nodules were demonstrated as multi-foci of papillary thyroid cancer.
Experimental analysis of the acoustic field of an ultrasonic pulse induced by a fluidic switch
Authors: Bühling Benjamin , Strangfeld Christoph , Maack Stefan , Schweitzer Thorge
Published: April 2021

Ultrasonic inspection is a common tool for non-destructive testing in civil engineering (NDT-CE). Currently, transducers are coupled directly to the specimen surface, which makes the inspection time-consuming. Air-coupled ultrasound (ACU) transducers are more time-efficient but need a high pressure amplitude as the impedance mismatch between the air and the concrete is high and large penetration depth is needed for the inspection. Current approaches aim at eliminating the impedance mismatch between the transducer and the air to gain amplitude; however, they hardly fulfill the NDT-CE requirements. In this study, an alternative approach for ultrasound generation is presented: the signal is generated by a fluidic switch that rapidly injects a mass flow into the ambience. The acoustic field, the flow field, and their interaction are investigated. It is shown that the signal has dominant frequencies in the range of 35–60 kHz, and the amplitude is comparable to that of a commercial ACU transducer.
Localization of a distant ship using a guide ship and a vertical array
Authors: Song H. C. , Byun Gihoon
Published: April 2021

A method is presented for estimating the range of a distant ship in shallow water using a vertical array and a guide ship at a known range close to the array. The method involves a combination of four different approaches: blind deconvolution, waveguide invariant, virtual receiver (VR), and array invariant. (1) Blind deconvolution extracts a time-domain Green's function from the broadband acoustic source (guide ship). (2) The Green's function is extrapolated into adjacent ranges using the waveguide invariant, generating a horizontal array of synthetic guide sources. (3) Each guide source then turns into a VR where the output approximates the signal that the distant (objective) ship will produce at the location of the guide source. (4) The horizontal virtual array around the guide ship applies the blind deconvolution again to estimate the Green's function for the objective source, followed by the array invariant to estimate the distance between the two ships. The proposed method is demonstrated using a ship of opportunity radiating broadband noise (100–500 Hz) and a 56.25-m long vertical array in approximately 100-m water.
Molecular square dancing in CO-CO collisions
Authors: Sun Zhong-Fa , van Hemert Marc C. , Loreau Jérôme , van der Avoird Ad , Suits Arthur G. , Parker David H.
Published: April 2021

Molecule-molecule forward scattering

The classical picture of nonreactive inelastic scattering implies that a considerable transfer of translational to rotational energy should be accompanied by backward scattering. Using cross–molecular beam scattering combined with velocity map imaging, Sun
et al.
provide evidence of an unusual pair-correlated channel in the collision of carbon monoxide (CO) molecules, specifically
13
CO with
12
CO, both initially in the ground rotational state. These two molecules were scattered into the forward direction, both finally in the high rotational states. The experimental work is supported by quasiclassical trajectory simulations that exhibit unexpected molecular dance moves and suggest that similar effects could be expected for other molecule-molecule scattering systems.

Science
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307
India's new National Education Policy: Evidence and challenges
Authors: Muralidharan Karthik , Singh Abhijeet
Published: April 2021

Gains in schooling must be translated into gains in learning
The impactful origin of neotropical rainforests
Authors: Jacobs Bonnie F. , Currano Ellen D.
Published: April 2021

A mass extinction event led to vast diversity and structural complexity of neotropical rainforests
A Bioinformatics Whole-Genome Sequencing Workflow for Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Isolate Analysis, Validated Using a Reference Collection Extensively Characterized with Conventional Methods and
In Silico
Approaches
Authors: Bogaerts Bert , Delcourt Thomas , Soetaert Karine , Boarbi Samira , Ceyssens Pieter-Jan , Winand Raf , Van Braekel Julien , De Keersmaecker Sigrid C. J. , Roosens Nancy H. C. , Marchal Kathleen , Mathys Vanessa , Vanneste Kevin
Published: April 2021

The use of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for routine typing of bacterial isolates has increased substantially in recent years. For
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(MTB), in particular, WGS has the benefit of drastically reducing the time required to generate results compared to most conventional phenotypic methods.
Supplemental Material: Constraining the duration of the Tarim flood basalts (northwestern China): CA-TIMS zircon U-Pb dating of tuffs
Authors: Zhong Yu-Ting , al. et
Published: April 2021

Zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic data by LA-MC-ICP-MS and concordia plots for each sample.
Intestinal obstruction with oral pigmentation: a clue to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Authors: Sahoo Ankit , Singh Pradeep , Mishra Swastik
Published: April 2021

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominant disorder, which manifests as mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation and, intestinal and extraintestinal polyps. The classic triad of abdominal pain, mass and jam-like stools are not found commonly. On clinical examination, a strong suspicion of PJS should be made if patients below 18 years, present with mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation and intestinal obstruction. We report a case of a 16-year-old woman who presented to the surgical emergency with a 1-day history of acute pain in abdomen, in right iliac fossa and features of intestinal obstruction. A thorough history and clinical examination supported by diagnostic imaging should be done in suspicious cases for prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Acute mesenteric ischaemia due to superior mesenteric vein (SMV) thrombosis
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Salah Muhammad , Iqbal Muhammad Rafaih , Refson Jonathan Simon
Published: April 2021

A 77-year-old male patient presented with a 5-day history of abdominal pain, coffee ground vomiting and blood-stained diarrhoea. CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated a long segment thrombotic occlusion of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) extending up to the proximal portion of the portal vein causing significant acute small bowel ischaemia. Patient’s deteriorating clinical condition warranted surgical management. Successful surgical management required multidisciplinary teamwork between emergency, vascular surgeons, anaesthetists and intensivists. Emergency laparotomy revealed gangrene of an estimated 120 cm of small bowel segment starting from duodenojejunal junction and a long segment thrombotic occlusion of the SMV extending up to the portal confluence. Resection of gangrenous small bowel without anastomosis and thrombo-embolectomy of SMV along with laparostomy was done at the initial operation. Patient was admitted in the intensive care unit on systemic heparinisation through intravenous administration of unfractionated heparin. Second relook exploration was done after 48 hours followed by anastomosis of the small bowel and closure of the abdomen. Patient made a good recovery following anticoagulation therapy and was discharged on postoperative day 10.
Spontaneous bilateral peri-orbital purpura: an important clinical sign of primary systemic amyloidosis
Authors: Beatty Paula Evelyn , Killion Lisa , Mc Hugh Johnny , Tobin Ann-Marie
Published: April 2021

A 69-year-old woman presented with an 18-month history of recurrent bruising of the eyelids. She was otherwise asymptomatic and systems review was unremarkable. On examination, she had peri-orbital purpura and waxy papules at the inner canthus of both eyes. Macroglossia was also noted. Subcutaneous abdominal biopsy identified amorphous material in the dermis that stained positive for Congo red, with apple-green birefringence seen under polarised microscopy. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated antibodies against lambda light chains. Bone marrow biopsy identified further deposits of immunoglobulin light chain amyloid and a clonal infiltrate with 10%–20% plasma cells, confirming amyloidosis secondary to multiple myeloma. Iodine-123-labelled serum amyloid protein scintigraphy showed no abnormal uptake, thereby excluding significant amyloid deposits in the liver, spleen or kidneys. Cardiac MRI was consistent with early amyloid infiltration. We highlight the importance of dermatological manifestations in amyloidosis, to allow for early diagnosis, potentially limiting end organ involvement.
Enterocutaneous fistula secondary to retained intraperitoneal fragment of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a 48-year-old man with spina bifida
Authors: Webster Andrew , Singh Rishabh , Stebbing John
Published: April 2021

We report the case of a 48-year-old man with spina bifida and history of previous ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement for hydrocephalus. On attempted removal of the shunt 2 years prior to presentation at a neurosurgical unit, the peritoneal component was left in situ due to difficulties with removal. He presented acutely to our general surgical department with an enterocutaneous fistula precipitated by the retained fragment discharging to the right upper abdominal quadrant that required urgent surgical intervention. Although abdominal complications of VP shunts are documented, there is minimal literature as to the risks of remnant catheters being left in situ. This case demonstrates the possible risks with retained VP shunt catheters and the necessity to remove any redundant foreign bodies to prevent significant delayed complications.
Gianotti-Crosti syndrome: a challenging exanthema
Authors: Afonso Anaísa , Cachão Joana , Pinto Junior Vitor Laerte , Gouveia Teresa
Published: April 2021

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (GCS) is a self-limited condition, mainly affecting children younger than 6 years, less common in adolescents and adults. It consists of a viral exanthema with papular lesions with a flat top and symmetrical distribution, affecting predominantly extremities, gluteal region and extensor surfaces. It is often associated with viral infections but can also be related to bacterial infections, vaccination or be idiopathic. In this report, we present a case of GCS in a 13-year-old healthy female adolescent who presented with fever, odynophagia, prostration and diffuse maculopapular rash. The diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis due to infection by the Epstein-Barr virus was established. On the second week of the disease, a clinical recrudescence occurred, with worsening of the fever and modification of the exanthema characteristics. GCS is often an underdiagnosed entity. The differential diagnosis of viral exanthema can prove to be challenging and clinical suspicion is essential to achieve the diagnosis.
ANCA-associated vasculitis can present with episodic attacks of joint pain consistent with palindromic rheumatism
Authors: Rutter-Locher Zoe , Kirkham Bruce , D'Cruz David P
Published: April 2021

A 64-year-old man with a 2-year history of palindromic rheumatoid arthritis, presented with recurrent flares of arthritis, weight loss, new onset Raynaud’s phenomenon and one previous episode of small-volume haemoptysis. Investigations, including renal biopsy, revealed antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-mediated vasculitis. This case highlights the need to consider vasculitis in patients in whom there is an atypical history of arthritis.
Pulmonary actinomycosis and marijuana vaping
Authors: Massey Michelle , Barney Joseph
Published: April 2021

A 33-year-old man without significant medical history presented to the emergency department with a 6-month history of fatigue and 30 pounds of unintentional weight loss, with a recent cough and fever over the past week. He recalled two similar illnesses during college that did not require medical care. He denied tobacco use but reported inhaling marijuana 1–2 times daily over the past year with a vaping device. Physical exam was notable for a temperature of 100.0°F and an elevated blood pressure at 161/77 mm Hg. He was diaphoretic with clear breath sounds bilaterally. Chest imaging revealed diffuse ground glass opacities with subpleural sparing and mildly enlarged hilar lymph nodes. Bronchoscopy with transbronchial lung biopsies and needle aspirate of lymph nodes revealed organising pneumonia, and subsequent cultures grewActinomyces odontolyticus. He was treated with amoxicillin and corticosteroids with subsequent resolution on repeat chest imaging.
Women’s attitudes to the use of AI image readers: a case study from a national breast screening programme
Authors: Lennox-Chhugani Niamh , Chen Yan , Pearson Veronica , Trzcinski Bernadette , James Jonathan
Published: April 2021

Background

Researchers and developers are evaluating the use of mammogram readers that use artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical settings.

Objectives

This study examines the attitudes of women, both current and future users of breast screening, towards the use of AI in mammogram reading.

Methods

We used a cross-sectional, mixed methods study design with data from the survey responses and focus groups. We researched in four National Health Service hospitals in England. There we approached female workers over the age of 18 years and their immediate friends and family. We collected 4096 responses.

Results

Through descriptive statistical analysis, we learnt that women of screening age (≥50 years) were less likely than women under screening age to use technology apps for healthcare advice (likelihood ratio=0.85, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.89, p<0.001). They were also less likely than women under screening age to agree that AI can have a positive effect on society (likelihood ratio=0.89, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.95, p<0.001). However, they were more likely to feel positive about AI used to read mammograms (likelihood ratio=1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17, p=0.009).

Discussion and Conclusions

Women of screening age are ready to accept the use of AI in breast screening but are less likely to use other AI-based health applications. A large number of women are undecided, or had mixed views, about the use of AI generally and they remain to be convinced that it can be trusted.