bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIG 2 Perspectives Vol. 22, No. 2, August 2012
Authors: Griffiths Gina G.
Published: July 2014

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Supervising Other Professionals When Billing Medicaid—Qualifications and Supervision Recommendations
Authors: Power-deFur Lissa
Published: July 2014

School-based speech-language pathologists are often expected to approve the paperwork submitted by individuals who are not certified by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) for the purposes of Medicaid billing. This paper is designed to (a) provide information regarding the Medicaid language that enables services to be provided by non-qualified personnel; (b) provide specific ASHA recommendations regarding the qualifications of the supervisor and supervisee and amount and type of supervision; and (c) discuss legal and ethical issues. With planning, procedures can be put in place to improve service delivery and documentation for students eligible when Medicaid services are provided by non-qualified personnel “under the direction of” a qualified speech-language pathologist.
SIG 16 Perspectives Vol. 13, No. 3, November 2012
Authors: Allison Kristen M. , Turkstra Lyn S.
Published: July 2014

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SIG 16 Perspectives Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2012
Authors: Salley Shannon Wade
Published: July 2014

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The Speech-Language Assessment of English Language Learning Students: A Non-Standardized Approach
Authors: Kraemer Robert , Coltisor Allison , Kalra Meesha , Martinez Megan , Savage Bailey , Summers Stephanie , Varadharajan Sowndherya
Published: July 2014

English language learning (ELL) children suspected of having specific-language impairment (SLI) should be assessed using the same methods as monolingual English-speaking children born and raised in the United States. In an effort to reduce over- and under-identification of ELL children as SLI, speech-language pathologists (SLP) must employ nonbiased assessment practices. This article presents several evidence-based, nonstandarized assessment practices SLPs can implement in place of standardized tools. As the number of ELL children SLPs come in contact with increases, the need for well-trained and knowledgeable SLPs grows. The goal of the authors is to present several well-establish, evidence-based assessment methods for assessing ELL children suspected of SLI.
SIG 3 Perspectives Vol. 22, No. 2, July 2012
Authors: Lowell Soren Y.
Published: July 2014

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Checklist for Assessing Graduate Student Competencies in Voice Disorders
Authors: Teten Amy F. , DeVeney Shari L. , Friehe Mary J.
Published: July 2014

Low-incidence clinical disorders such as voice, nasal resonance, and fluency present challenging areas for graduate-level speech-language pathology training programs to help students acquire necessary knowledge and skills. A checklist of competencies for fluency disorders exists in the literature. The authors are presently collecting pretest/posttest data on the fluency disorders checklist over several cohorts of graduate students to determine student level of proficiency and confidence regarding these competencies. Preliminary data analysis suggests significant student perception of growth as a result of completing course requirements. These data have been useful to the second author, who teaches a course in fluency disorders and utilizes the checklist for purposes of course design and case-based project development to help students gain competence. The authors observed that a similar checklist of competencies for voice disorders would be useful for training programs as well as for other reasons described throughout this paper. Consequently, the authors compiled a checklist for assessing graduate student competencies for voice disorders. This checklist provides academic and clinical faculty with a comprehensive tool to guide the education of graduate clinicians and assist in the assurance of educational quality for speech-language pathologists.
Analytical model of interwoven spiral arrays
Authors: Vallecchi Andrea , Schuchinsky Alexander G.
Published: July 2014

Interweaving planar spiral conductors in doubly periodic arrays enable substantially sub‐wavelength resonant response along with broadening fractional bandwidth. A self‐contained analytical model is proposed to accurately predict the characteristics of the intertwined quadrifilar spiral array near the fundamental resonance. The model, based upon a multiconductor transmission line (MTL) approach, provides physical insight into the unique properties of the distributed interactions between the interleaved counter‐wound spiral arms extended beyond a single unit cell and elucidates the mechanisms underlying the array performance at normal and oblique incidence of TE and TM polarised waves. The developed MTL model is instrumental in the design of the artificial surfaces with the specified response.
Path-integral calculation of the second virial coefficient including intramolecular flexibility effects
Authors: Garberoglio Giovanni , Jankowski Piotr , Szalewicz Krzysztof , Harvey Allan H.
Published: July 2014

We present a path-integral Monte Carlo procedure for the fully quantum calculation of the second molecular virial coefficient accounting for intramolecular flexibility. This method is applied to molecular hydrogen (H2) and deuterium (D2) in the temperature range 15–2000 K, showing that the effect of molecular flexibility is not negligible. Our results are in good agreement with experimental data, as well as with virials given by recent empirical equations of state, although some discrepancies are observed for H2 between 100 and 200 K.
On the onset of postshock flow instabilities over concave surfaces
Authors: Shadloo M. S. , Hadjadj A. , Chaudhuri A.
Published: July 2014

This work reports a numerical investigation of shock focusing phenomena over concave surfaces. The study focuses on the effects of Reynolds and Mach numbers on the detailed behavior of flow features related to shear-layer instabilities and jet formation in the post-shock region. Computations are done for four incident-shock Mach numbers covering subsonic and transonic flow regimes and a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The simulations reveal a number of interesting wave features starting from early stage of shock interaction and transition from inverse-Mach reflection to transitioned regular reflection followed by very complex flow patterns at focusing and post focusing stages. Different subsequent flow characteristics develop as a result of multiple shock/shear layer interactions. During the later stage of the flow interaction, a formation of two opposing jets is predicted by the simulation in accordance with the experiments. It is shown that the formation of primary opposing jets as well as the development of Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities can be hindered for low Mach and Reynolds numbers. However, for high flow regimes a second pair of opposing jets appears and develops far from the wall, exhibiting similar features as the primary pair of opposing jets at moderate Mach numbers. Two new bifurcations in flow patterns are observed at this stage which promote further development of vortex structures and shear-layer rollup.
Adding diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy capability to extended x-ray-absorption fine structure in a new cell to study solid catalysts in combination with a modulation approach
Authors: Chiarello Gian Luca , Nachtegaal Maarten , Marchionni Valentina , Quaroni Luca , Ferri Davide
Published: July 2014

We describe a novel cell used to combine in situ transmission X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) in a single experiment. The novelty of the cell design compared to current examples is that both radiations are passed through an X-ray and IR transparent window in direct contact with the sample. This innovative geometry also offers a wide surface for IR collection. In order to avoid interference from the crystalline IR transparent materials (e.g., CaF2, MgF2, diamond) a 500 μm carbon filled hole is laser drilled in the center of a CaF2 window. The cell is designed to represent a plug flow reactor, has reduced dead volume in order to allow for fast exchange of gases and is therefore suitable for experiments under fast transients, e.g., according to the concentration modulation approach. High quality time-resolved XAS and DRIFTS data of a 2 wt.% Pt/Al2O3 catalyst are obtained in concentration modulation experiments where CO (or H2) pulses are alternated to O2 pulses at 150 °C. We show that additional information can be obtained on the Pt redox dynamic under working conditions thanks to the improved sensitivity given by the modulation approach followed by Phase Sensitive Detection (PSD) analysis. It is anticipated that the design of the novel cell is likely suitable for a number of other in situ spectroscopic and diffraction methods.
Visualization of ferroelectric domains in a hydrogen-bonded molecular crystal using emission of terahertz radiation
Authors: Sotome M. , Kida N. , Horiuchi S. , Okamoto H.
Published: July 2014

Using a terahertz-radiation imaging, visualizations of ferroelectric domains were made in a room-temperature organic ferroelectric, croconic acid. In as-grown crystals, observed are ferroelectric domains with sizes larger than 50-μm square, which are separated by both 180° and tail-to-tail domain walls (DWs). By applying an electric field along c axis (the polarization direction), a pair of 180° DWs is generated and an each 180° DW oppositely propagates along a axis, resulting in a single domain. By cyclic applications of electric fields, a pair of 180° DWs repeatedly emerges, while no tail-to-tail DWs appear. We discuss the usefulness of the terahertz-radiation imaging as well as the observed unique DW dynamics.
On the evolution of cured voxel in bulk photopolymerization upon focused Gaussian laser exposure
Authors: Bhole Kiran , Gandhi Prasanna , Kundu T.
Published: July 2014

Unconstrained depth photopolymerization is emerging as a promising technique for fabrication of several polymer microstructures such as self propagating waveguides, 3D freeform structures by bulk lithography, and polymer nanoparticles by flash exposure. Experimental observations reveal governing physics beyond Beer Lambert's law and scattering effects. This paper seeks to model unconstrained depth photopolymerization using classical nonlinear Schrödinger equation coupled with transient diffusion phenomenon. The beam propagation part of the proposed model considers scattering effects induced due to spatial variation of the refractive index as a function of the beam intensity. The critical curing energy model is used to further predict profile of polymerized voxel. Profiles of photopolymerized voxel simulated using proposed model are compared with the corresponding experimental results for several cases of exposure dose and duration. The comparison shows close match leading to conclusion that the experimentally observed deviation from Beer Lambert's law is indeed due to combined effect of diffusion of photoinitiator and scattering of light because of change in the refractive index.
Afterglow of Eu-related emission in Eu-doped gallium nitride grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Wakamatsu R. , Timmerman D. , Lee D. , Koizumi A. , Fujiwara Y.
Published: July 2014

We found an anomalous Eu-related luminescence peak in the temperature dependence of photoluminescence (PL) spectra in Eu-doped gallium nitride (GaN:Eu) grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. Its PL intensity increased with increasing temperature and reached a maximum around 140 K, while the main peak intensities decreased monotonically in this region. Time-resolved PL measurements (TR-PL) revealed a delayed increase of PL intensity after the laser pulse. An analysis of the characteristics hereof indicated that the mechanism behind this afterglow is thermally activated and its transfer efficiency is dependent on the excitation intensity. We developed a model that explains these results, where excitation of the Eu ions associated to this peak takes place via two different carrier traps.
Intrinsic SiOx-based unipolar resistive switching memory. I. Oxide stoichiometry effects on reversible switching and program window optimization
Authors: Chang Yao-Feng , Fowler Burt , Chen Ying-Chen , Chen Yen-Ting , Wang Yanzhen , Xue Fei , Zhou Fei , Lee Jack C.
Published: July 2014

The physical mechanisms of unipolar resistive switching (RS) in SiOx-based resistive memory are investigated using TaN/SiOx/n++Si and TiW/SiOx/TiW device structures. RS is independent of SiOx thickness and device area, confirming that RS occurs in a localized region along a filamentary pathway. Results from experiments varying electrode type, series resistance, and the oxygen content of SiOxNy materials show the potential to optimize switching performance and control device programming window. Device materials with stoichiometry near that of SiO2 are found to have better operating stability as compared to extrinsic, N-doped SiOxNy materials. The results provide further insight into the physical mechanisms of unipolar operation and lead to a localized switching model based on electrochemical transitions involving common SiOx defects. High-temperature data retention measurements for over 104 s in high- and low-resistance states demonstrate the potential for use of intrinsic SiOx RS devices in future nonvolatile memory applications.
Intrinsic SiOx-based unipolar resistive switching memory. II. Thermal effects on charge transport and characterization of multilevel programing
Authors: Chang Yao-Feng , Fowler Burt , Chen Ying-Chen , Chen Yen-Ting , Wang Yanzhen , Xue Fei , Zhou Fei , Lee Jack C.
Published: July 2014

Multilevel programing and charge transport characteristics of intrinsic SiOx-based resistive switching memory are investigated using TaN/SiOx/n++Si (MIS) and TiW/SiOx/TiW (MIM) device structures. Current transport characteristics of high- and low-resistance states (HRS and LRS) are studied in both device structures during multilevel operation. Analysis of device thermal response demonstrates that the effective electron energy barrier is strongly dependent on the resistance of the programed state, with estimates of 0.1 eV in the LRS and 0.6 eV in the HRS. Linear data fitting and conductance analyses indicate Poole-Frenkel emission or hopping conductance in the low-voltage region, whereas Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) or trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) is indicated at moderate voltage. Characterizations using hopping transport lead to hopping distance estimates of ∼1 nm in the LRS for both device structures. Relative permittivity values (εr) were extracted using the Poole-Frenkel formulism and estimates of local filament temperature, where εr values were ∼80 in the LRS and ∼4 in the HRS, suggesting a strongly polarized medium in the LRS. The onset of F-N tunneling or TAT corresponds to an observed “overshoot” in the I-V response with an estimated threshold of 1.6 ± 0.2 V, in good agreement with reported electro-luminescence results for LRS devices. Resistive switching is discussed in terms of electrochemical reactions between common SiO2 defects, and specific defect energy levels are assigned to the dominant transitions in the I-V response. The overshoot response in the LRS is consistent with TAT through either the Eγ' oxygen vacancy or the hydrogen bridge defect, both of which are reported to have an effective bandgap of 1.7 eV. The SET threshold at ∼2.5 V is modeled as hydrogen release from the (Si-H)2 defect to generate the hydrogen bridge, and the RESET transition is modeled as an electrochemical reaction that re-forms (SiH)2. The results provide further insights into charge transport and help identify potential switching mechanisms in SiOx-based unipolar resistive switching memory.
Increased efficiency of ion acceleration by using femtosecond laser pulses at higher harmonic frequency
Authors: Psikal J. , Klimo O. , Weber S. , Margarone D.
Published: July 2014

The influence of laser frequency on laser-driven ion acceleration is investigated by means of two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. When ultrashort intense laser pulse at higher harmonic frequency irradiates a thin solid foil, the target may become re lativistically transparent for significantly lower laser pulse intensity compared with irradiation at fundamental laser frequency. The relativistically induced transparency results in an enhanced heating of hot electrons as well as increased maximum energies of accelerated ions and their numbers. Our simulation results have shown the increase in maximum proton energy and increase in the number of high-energy protons by a factor of 2 after the interaction of an ultrashort laser pulse of maximum intensity 7 × 1021 W/cm2 with a fully ionized plastic foil of realistic density and of optimal thickness between 100 nm and 200 nm when switching from the fundamental frequency to the third harmonics.
Role of preparation and implantation-related defects for the magnetic properties of Zn0.9Co0.1O epitaxial films
Authors: Ney V. , Lenz K. , Ollefs K. , Wilhelm F. , Rogalev A. , Ney A.
Published: July 2014

A systematic variation of preparation conditions for epitaxial Zn0.9Co0.1O films grown by reactive magnetron sputtering on c-plane sapphire has been carried out to study the correlation of crystalline perfection with the corresponding magnetic properties. The crystalline perfection of the resulting films was found to vary over a wide range, nonetheless all samples were found to be paramagnetic. To further extend the study, three samples, which were paramagnetic in the as-grown state, were subsequently implanted using Cu, Li, and Zn ions. Only Zn ion-implantation was found to slightly alter the magnetic properties at low temperatures, while synchrotron-based techniques could not evidence the formation of a secondary, metallic Co phase. The origin of this weak, low-temperature magnetism is more likely to be carrier-mediated rather than defect-induced.
Influence of the substrate choice on the L1 phase formation of post-annealed Pt/Fe and Pt/Ag/Fe thin films
Authors: Vladymyrskyi I. A. , Karpets M. V. , Katona G. L. , Beke D. L. , Sidorenko S. I. , Nagata T. , Nabatame T. , Chikyow T. , Ganss F. , Beddies G. , Albrecht M. , Makogon I. M.
Published: July 2014

Pt/Fe and Pt/Ag/Fe layered films were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering on MgO(001), SrTiO3(001), and Al2O3(0001) single crystalline substrates at room temperature. The films were post-annealed between 623 K and 1173 K for 30 s in flowing N2 atmosphere. The onset of the L10-FePt phase formation in films deposited on MgO(001) and SrTiO3(001) substrates was observed after annealing between 773 and 873 K, while chemical L10 ordering sets in for Pt/Fe bilayers on Al2O3(0001) at lower temperatures accompanied by strong (001)-texture. It is concluded that elastic stress, arising from the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between film and substrate, promotes ordering and texture formation.
Thermoreflectance microscopy analysis on self-heating effect of short-channel amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin film transistors
Authors: Kim Jong In , Chang Ki Soo , Kim Dong Uk , Cho In-Tak , Jeong Chan-Yong , Lee Daeun , Kwon Hyuck-In , Jin Sung Hun , Lee Jong-Ho
Published: July 2014

Self-heating effect is recently considered to play an essential role in the degradation of amorphous oxide thin film transistors (TFTs). Previous thermal analysis on amorphous oxide TFTs based on conventional infrared thermography, however, had limitations in studying short-channel TFTs due to its low spatial-resolution. Here, we investigated self-heating effect of short-channel amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O TFTs by using high-resolution thermoreflectance microscopy. For the TFT with a channel length of 15 μm and a distance of 10.8 μm between source and drain electrodes on an etch stopper, the device temperature due to self-heating reached 70–80 °C, and local heating arose close to the center of the channel compared to the drain side in the literature. The channel length dependence of thermal distribution revealed that the asymmetry of local heating weakened with the decreasing channel length due to a heat dissipation by the source and drain electrodes. Transient thermal analysis under a bias stress unveiled that the maximum temperature as a function of stress time strongly depends on bias stress conditions. The temporal behavior of temperature is possibly attributed to the interaction between self-heating and local degradation.
An alternative route for efficient optical indirect-gap excitation in Ge
Authors: Sakamoto Tetsuya , Hayashi Shuhei , Yasutake Yuhsuke , Fukatsu Susumu
Published: July 2014

We explored optical excitation pathways in the multivalley semiconductor Ge in an attempt to expedite selective electron injection into the indirect L-band-edge. An off-peak resonant excitation route was developed, which offers the pumping efficiency outperforming the phonon-assisted near-indirect-edge absorption by more than six orders of magnitude. The valley selectivity results from the intra-valley relaxation that separates electrons and holes in momentum space following excitation. Fortuitously, the widely used green laser, 532 nm, is found to be nearly ideally suited to the efficient L-valley-selective excitation in Ge. Such valley-specific pumping may help clarify the otherwise complicated electron dynamics involving intervalley processes.
Colliding laser-produced plasmas as targets for laser-generated extreme ultraviolet sources
Authors: Cummins T. , O'Gorman C. , Dunne P. , Sokell E. , O'Sullivan G. , Hayden P.
Published: July 2014

Colliding plasmas produced by neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser illumination of tin wedge targets form stagnation layers, the physical parameters of which can be controlled to optimise coupling with a carbon dioxide (CO2) heating laser pulse and subsequent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) production. The conversion efficiency (CE) of total laser energy into EUV emission at 13.5 nm ± 1% was 3.6%. Neglecting both the energy required to form the stagnation layer and the EUV light produced before the CO2 laser pulse is incident results in a CE of 5.1% of the CO2 laser energy into EUV light.
Enhancement of charge and energy storage in PbZrO3 thin films by local field engineering
Authors: Sa Tongliang , Cao Ziping , Wang Yongjin , Zhu Hongbo
Published: July 2014

A method to improve charge and energy storage performance of PbZrO3 (PZO) thin films by α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) doping is proposed. The PZO thin films were deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by a chemical solution deposition method. The effect of α-Fe2O3 NPs doping on structure and electrical properties has been investigated in detail. A maximum polarization (Pmax) of ∼78 μC/cm2 and a recoverable energy density as high as ∼17.4 J/cm3 have been achieved in the α-Fe2O3 NPs doped PZO thin films at ∼600 kV/cm, which are increased by 69.6% and 65.7% compared to the un-doped PZO thin films, respectively. The tremendous enhancement of charge and energy storage can be attributed to local field engineering.
Sphalerite is a geochemical catalyst for carbon−hydrogen bond activation
Authors: Shipp Jessie A. , Gould Ian R. , Shock Everett L. , Williams Lynda B. , Hartnett Hilairy E.
Published: July 2014

Significance

Organic compound transformations in the Earth commonly take place in the presence of minerals and aqueous solutions, but a mechanistic understanding of how minerals influence hydrothermal organic reactivity is virtually nonexistent. We present the first description of mineral catalysis of a fundamental organic reaction—carbon−hydrogen bond activation. The discovery that a common mineral, sphalerite (ZnS), can readily accomplish this reaction will interest not only geochemists but also the organic catalysis and green chemistry communities, because the solvent for organic reactions under these conditions is water. This work highlights the importance of aqueous processes in organic chemistry and shows how common minerals could be used as catalysts for organic reactions.
UV-B detected by the UVR8 photoreceptor antagonizes auxin signaling and plant shade avoidance
Authors: Hayes Scott , Velanis Christos N. , Jenkins Gareth I. , Franklin Keara A.
Published: July 2014

Significance

UV-B is a key component of sunlight. In plants, UV-B is perceived by the photoreceptor protein UVR8. Along with regulating photoprotective responses, UV-B dramatically inhibits stem elongation. Here we show how UV-B regulates plant architecture, using the agriculturally important shade avoidance response. When grown in dense stands, plants use reflected far-red light signals from neighbors to detect the threat of shading. In many species, these signals drive rapid elongation responses to overtop competitors. UV-B perceived by UVR8 provides a potent sunlight signal that inhibits shade avoidance. UVR8 activation stimulates multiple pathways that converge to block biosynthesis of the plant growth hormone auxin. Understanding how UV-B regulates plant architecture is central to our understanding of plant growth and development in sunlight.
GADD45γ regulates the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue
Authors: Gantner Marin L. , Hazen Bethany C. , Conkright Juliana , Kralli Anastasia
Published: July 2014

Significance

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) specializes in converting stored chemical energy into heat. When activated in response to cold, BAT increases the body’s metabolic rate and promotes fat loss. The recent identification of BAT in humans makes activation of this tissue an attractive target for counteracting obesity. However, our understanding of the intracellular pathways that regulate the response to cold is limited. Here, we identify a previously unknown regulator of BAT activation, growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45 γ, which is induced in response to cold and works via the MAPK p38 and the transcription factor estrogen-related receptor γ to enhance the expression of genes important for thermogenesis. Our findings may provide new avenues for the stimulation of energy expenditure.
Development of an antibody-based, modular biosensor for129Xe NMR molecular imaging of cells at nanomolar concentrations
Authors: Rose Honor M. , Witte Christopher , Rossella Federica , Klippel Stefan , Freund Christian , Schröder Leif
Published: July 2014

Significance

The field of xenon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is moving closer to the development of targeted xenon biosensors for in vivo applications. It is motivated by aca.108-fold improved sensitivity compared with conventional proton MRI. This has been enabled by significant improvements to hardware (xenon polarizer design) and sensitivity (through the hyperpolarized129Xe chemical exchange saturation transfer technique). In this paper, we capitalize on these improvements by demonstrating targeted xenon imaging on cells using a modular xenon biosensor. With this method, we can detect target cells with as little as 20 nM of our xenon contrast agent. Imaging of such low levels of cell-specific xenon hosts is unprecedented and reinforces the potential of xenon–cryptophane biosensors for molecular imaging applications.
A critical appraisal of the use of microRNA data in phylogenetics
Authors: Thomson Robert C. , Plachetzki David C. , Mahler D. Luke , Moore Brian R.
Published: July 2014

Significance

As progress toward a highly resolved tree of life continues, evolutionary relationships that defy resolution continue to be identified. Recently, the presence/absence of microRNA families has emerged as a potentially ideal source of information to resolve these difficult phylogenetic problems, and these data have been used to address several long-standing problems in the metazoan phylogeny. To our knowledge, this study performs the first rigorous statistical assessment of the phylogenetic utility of microRNAs and finds that a high incidence of homoplasy and sampling error renders published phylogenies based on microRNA data highly biased or uncertain. This study casts serious doubt on the central phylogenetic conclusions of several previous analyses of microRNA datasets.
Prehistoric deforestation at Chaco Canyon?
Authors: Wills W. H. , Drake Brandon L. , Dorshow Wetherbee B.
Published: July 2014

Ancient societies are often used to illustrate the potential problems stemming from unsustainable land-use practices because the past seems rife with examples of sociopolitical “collapse” associated with the exhaustion of finite resources. Just as frequently, and typically in response to such presentations, archaeologists and other specialists caution against seeking simple cause-and effect-relationships in the complex data that comprise the archaeological record. In this study we examine the famous case of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, during the Bonito Phase (ca. AD 860–1140), which has become a prominent popular illustration of ecological and social catastrophe attributed to deforestation. We conclude that there is no substantive evidence for deforestation at Chaco and no obvious indications that the depopulation of the canyon in the 13th century was caused by any specific cultural practices or natural events. Clearly there was a reason why these farming people eventually moved elsewhere, but the archaeological record has not yet produced compelling empirical evidence for what that reason might have been. Until such evidence appears, the legacy of Ancestral Pueblo society in Chaco should not be used as a cautionary story about socioeconomic failures in the modern world.
Clade extinction appears to balance species diversification in sister lineages of Afro-Oriental passerine birds
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E. , Jønsson Knud A.
Published: July 2014

Significance

Although the number of species in major groups of organisms has been relatively stable over long periods, the dynamics of speciation and extinction are poorly understood. Analyses of the age and species richness of sister groups of species in the African and Oriental biogeographic regions suggest that continuing species production within clades is balanced by random catastrophic extinction of whole clades. Because these postulated “pulses” of diversification and extinction are highly clade specific and, by inference, largely independent of changes in the physical environment, the demise of clades might be caused by the rapid evolution and diversification of specialized pathogenic organisms.
FGF2 is a target and a trigger of epigenetic mechanisms associated with differences in emotionality: Partnership with H3K9me3
Authors: Chaudhury Sraboni , Aurbach Elyse L. , Sharma Vikram , Blandino Peter , Turner Cortney A. , Watson Stanley J. , Akil Huda
Published: July 2014

Significance

This study investigates the role of epigenetics as a predisposing factor that modifies inborn emotional reactivity and the vulnerability or resilience to affective disorders, such as major depression or substance abuse. It tests the hypothesis that specific modified histones contribute to basal differences in temperament that bias emotional responses to the environment. It further describes the role of a growth factor that can modify these epigenetic patterns as it alters affective behavior.
EGF receptor uses SOS1 to drive constitutive activation of NFκB in cancer cells
Authors: De Sarmishtha , Dermawan Josephine Kam Tai , Stark George R.
Published: July 2014

Significance

In normal cells, quiescent nuclear factor κB (NFκB) is activated by inflammatory stimuli. In most cancers, the abnormal constitutive activation of NFκB contributes to malignant progression and resistance to therapy. Overexpression or constitutive activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) in many cancers contributes to their proliferation and survival. We find that the constitutive activation of NFκB in several cancer cell lines is decreased by EGFR knockdown or by the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. We used insertional mutagenesis to find that overexpression of Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1), a component of EGF-dependent pathways that facilitate cell growth and survival, causes erlotinib resistance and increases NFκB activation. SOS1 is required for EGF-dependent activation of NFκB but its GDP–GTP exchange activity is not, revealing a novel function for this protein.
Manno-oligosaccharide-binding ability of mouse RegIV/GST-fusion protein evaluated by complex formation with the carbohydrate-containing polyamidoamine dendrimer
Authors: Kato Yuta , Kochi Kazunori , Unno Hideaki , Goda Shuichiro , Hatakeyama Tomomitsu
Published: July 2014

The carbohydrate-binding properties of the C-type lectin-like mouse RegIV and glutathione S-transferase-fusion protein (GST-mRegIV) were examined using carbohydrate-containing polyamidoamine dendrimers (PD). GST-mRegIV showed affinity for mannan- and manno-oligosaccharide containing PD. Binding was inhibited by manno-oligosaccharides but not by mannose or other tested carbohydrates, suggesting that the binding site may have an extended structure in contrast with typical C-type lectins.
CD36, but not GPR120, is required for efficient fatty acid utilization during endurance exercise
Authors: Fujitani Mina , Matsumura Shigenobu , Masuda Daisaku , Yamashita Shizuya , Fushiki Tohru , Inoue Kazuo
Published: July 2014

Fatty acids (FA) are an important energy source during exercise. In addition to its role as an energy supply for skeletal muscle, FA may activate signaling pathways that regulate gene expression. FA translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and G protein-coupled receptor GPR120 are long-chain FA receptors. In this study, we investigated the impact of CD36 or GPR120 deletion on energy metabolism during exercise. CD36 has been reported to facilitate cellular transport and oxidation of FA during endurance exercise. We show that CD36 deletion decreased exogenous FA oxidation during exercise, using a combination of 13C-labeled FA oxidation measurement and indirect calorimetry. In contrast, GPR120 deletion had no observable effect on energy metabolism during exercise. Our results further substantiate that CD36-mediated FA transport plays an essential role in efficient FA oxidation during exercise.
Preparation and immunogenicity of conjugate based on hydrazine-treated lipopolysaccharide antigen of Vibrio cholerae O139
Authors: Fleischhackerová Anna , Farkaš Pavol , Čížová Alžbeta , Bystrický Slavomír
Published: July 2014

A glycoconjugate construct was based on attachment of V. cholerae O139 hydrazine-treated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to carboxylated bovine serum albumin (CBSA) via its amino group. The immunological properties of the glycoconjugate were tested using BALB/c mice, injected subcutaneously without any adjuvant three times at 2 weeks interval. The immunogenicity of the conjugate was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, testing of anti-LPS IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies. The conjugate elicited a statistically significant increase of LPS-specific IgG levels in mice (p < 0.001). The specific anti-LPS IgG and IgA response after the second booster dose was significantly higher compared with reference and unconjugated detoxified LPS response. Antibodies elicited by the dLPS–CBSA conjugate were vibriocidal.
Honeycomb: a spatio-temporal simulation model to evaluate management strategies and assessment methods
Authors: Needle Coby L.
Published: July 2014

In recent years, scientists providing advice to fisheries managers have been granted access to an increasing range of spatio-temporal data from fishing vessels, using tools such as vessel monitoring systems and electronic observation platforms. This information should allow for the provision of more germane advice on the activity of vessels, and hence the likely impact of management measures which are becoming increasingly spatial in nature. However, the development of appropriate management simulation and assessment models has lagged behind the availability of these new data. This paper presents an accessible spatio-temporal simulation framework (Honeycomb) which features a weekly time-step, multiple stocks and vessels, and economic decision rules and applies this to a case study of a spatial evaluation of a simple closed-area fishery policy. We conclude that the development and utilization of such spatio-temporal simulation models is a key research task for fisheries in which both spatial fisheries data and spatial fisheries management are becoming paramount.
Impact compressive and bending behaviour of rocks accompanied by electromagnetic phenomena
Authors: Kobayashi Hidetoshi , Horikawa Keitaro , Ogawa Kinya , Watanabe Keiko
Published: July 2014

It is well known that electromagnetic phenomena are often observed preceding earthquakes. However, the mechanism by which these electromagnetic waves are generated during the fracture and deformation of rocks has not been fully identified. Therefore, in order to examine the relationship between the electromagnetic phenomena and the mechanical properties of rocks, uniaxial compression and three-point bending tests for two kinds of rocks with different quartz content, granite and gabbro, have been carried out at quasi-static and dynamic rates. Especially, in the bending tests, pre-cracked specimens of granite were also tested. Using a split Hopkinson pressure bar and a ferrite-core antenna in close proximity to the specimens, both the stress–strain (load–displacement) curve and simultaneous electromagnetic wave magnitude were measured. It was found that the dynamic compressive and bending strengths and the stress increase slope of both rocks were higher than those observed in static tests; therefore, there is a strain-rate dependence in their strength and stress increase rate. It was found from the tests using the pre-cracked bending specimens that the intensity of electromagnetic waves measured during crack extension increased almost proportionally to the increase of the maximum stress intensity factor of specimens. This tendency was observed in both the dynamic and quasi-static three-point bending tests for granite.
Thermomonas carbonis sp. nov., isolated from the soil of a coal mine
Authors: Wang Liang , Zheng Shixue , Wang Dan , Wang Lu , Wang Gejiao
Published: July 2014

Strain GZ436T was Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and isolated from the soil of a coal mine. 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis showed that this strain clustered with

Thermomonas brevis

LMG 21746T (97.5 %),

Thermomonas haemolytica

A50-7-3T (96.3 %),

Thermomonas koreensis

KCTC 12540T (96.4 %),

Thermomonas hydrothermalis

SGM-6T (95.5 %) and

Thermomonas fusca

LMG 21737T (95.1 %). The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C content was 67 mol%. Strain GZ436T contained phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown aminophospholipid, an unknown phospholipid and an unknown lipid as the major polar lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C11 : 0, iso-C11 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 1ω9c, C16 : 0 and summed feature 3. The DNA–DNA relatedness value between strain GZ436T and

T. brevis

LMG 21746T was 54±0.4 %. According to phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain GZ436T represents a novel species of the genus

Thermomonas

, for which the name Thermomonas carbonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GZ436T ( = CCTCC AB 2013364T = KCTC 42013T).
Commissioning for nearly zero-energy building projects
Authors: Kantola Mikko , Saari Arto
Published: July 2014

Purpose

– This article aims to reveal the benefits and opportunities that commissioning procedure has to offer for nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) projects. Another goal is to sculpture the commissioning process and, especially, commissioning consultant’s tasks to fit nZEB projects.

Design/methodology/approach

– The idea was to incorporate the literature from two fields: commissioning and nZEB, and find out if commissioning would fit nZEB projects. Challenges offered by nZEB technology were pointed out and the solutions offered to these problems by commissioning were established. Expert interviews were used to test the findings.

Findings

– Commissioning was found valuable for complex nZEB projects and even worthwhile investing to in simple nZEB projects. Quality assurance is a huge task when the change to nZEB construction happens in 2020 and commissioning can be a valuable tool to prevent large-scale quality problems. A number of additions were made to the example commissioning process used in Finland today.

Originality/value

– This article gives evidence for economical usability of commissioning procedure in nZEB projects and reason to start investigating the possibility to attach commissioning as a mandatory procedure to all nZEB projects.
You can't always get what you want: change management in higher education
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: July 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to qualitatively describe an attempt to enhance curriculum design and delivery processes in universities through the development and introduction of new information systems and procedures.

Design/methodology/approach

– The author examines the experiences of five out of the total 27 institutions involved in the UK JISC Curriculum Design and Delivery programme as they attempted to implement campus-wide changes.

Findings

– Common themes that emerged across all five projects were the interconnectedness of university systems, proliferation of alternative “feral” systems, a tendency for project remits to drift, resistance from other parts of the institution, planning imperatives, staff turnover and dependency failures. Conclusions are that cultural change underpins effective innovation and that cultural change is harder than technical innovation.

Practical implications

– Change is best achieved through participatory, campus-wide approaches, although a “submarine” strategy may be necessary to deflect opposition. Stakeholders should be kept informed about benefits to them and it is important for projects to be responsive and adaptive and to recognize that participatory approaches may be institutionally risky. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for achieving lasting large-scale change in the higher education environment.

Originality/value

– The JISC Curriculum Design and Delivery programme was arguably the largest single co-ordinated Information and Communication Technology-based change management programme yet seen in the UK and the findings of this study provide insights into common barriers to effective change in universities and how to overcome them.
Wadawurrung Dya Baap Ngobeeyt: teaching spatial mapping technologies
Authors: J. Woodley Carolyn , Fagan Sean , Marshall Sue
Published: July 2014

Purpose

– Aboriginal communities in Australia must have mapping information and technology to effectively and independently administer their land holdings and to define, evidence and thus protect their community and cultural identity. The purpose of this paper is to report on a pilot project that developed a customisable education programme to support Indigenous communities in the uptake of spatial mapping technologies to protect and manage cultural heritage in Victoria, Australia.

Design/methodology/approach

– A training programme to support Wadawurrung capabilities in spatial mapping technologies was developed, delivered and evaluated. Concurrently, the system's database was indigenised by Wadawurrung cultural heritage workers. Types and numbers of culturally significant sites mapped using the technologies were collated. The impact of the training and technologies for students and the Wadawurrung community was gauged through participation levels and evaluations. The approach to indigenous spatial mapping projects is informed by postcolonial theories interrogating neo-colonialist cartographic practices.

Findings

– Indigenous communities need to be resourced in the uptake of spatial mapping technologies and if universities are going to be involved in co-developing positive learning experiences that encourage the uptake of the technologies, they must have appropriate and respectful relationships with Aboriginal communities. Training programmes need to accommodate learners with diverse educational experiences and technological wherewithal.

Research limitations/implications

– Findings from the training evaluations are based on a small number of participants; however, they seem to be supported by literature.

Practical implications

– The education model developed is customisable for any Indigenous community in Australia.

Social implications

– The social and political importance of spatial mapping technologies for Indigenous Australians is evident as is the need for educational providers to have appropriate and respectful relationships with Aboriginal communities to co-develop positive learning experiences that encourage the uptake of the technologies.

Originality/value

– The Wadawurrung Dya Baap Ngobeeyt Cultural Heritage Mapping and Management Project developed practical strategies to build community capacity in Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Management and Protection. The educational programme developed supported learners to use technologies in cultural heritage management. Data were collected using community-developed fields for inclusion and culturally appropriate encryption of data.
Chairmen's perceptions of female board representation: a study on Nordic listed companies
Authors: Brunzell Tor , Liljeblom Eva
Published: July 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to survey chairmen's perceptions of female board representation in five Nordic countries, focussing on whether the chairman's perception of board work is related to gender diversity, and on differences between high- and low-risk firms.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors combine data from a questionnaire directed to the chairmen of the boards in Nordic listed companies with data on firm characteristics and board composition.

Findings

– The authors find that the chairmen (97.5 percent male) are significantly less satisfied with female board members as compared to male ones. The authors also find that firms with nomination committees have more gender diverse boards, as well as indications of a more positively perceived contribution of female representation in high-risk firms.

Research limitations/implications

– The study is restricted to perceptions of chairmen for listed Nordic firms. The low response rate of 20.1 percent is a severe limitation.

Practical implications

– The increasing practice of using nomination committees in the Nordic countries seems advantageous from gender balance perspective.

Originality/value

– The authors contribute to the literature on gender diversity in boards by providing results from a board intern perspective.