bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structured Reporting of Computed Tomography Enterography in Crohn’s
Disease
Authors: Zhu Hui , Chen Suying , Chen Jinghao , Yang Jushun , Cong Ruochen , Sun Jinjie , Xu Yachun , He Bosheng
Published: February 2024

Background:

To compare the integrity, clarity, conciseness, etc., of the structured report (SR) versus free-text report (FTR) for computed tomography
enterography of Crohn’s disease (CD).

Methods:

FTRs and SRs were generated for 30 patients with CD. The integrity, clarity, conciseness etc., of SRs versus FTRs, were compared. In this study,
an evidence-based medicine practice model was utilized on 92 CD patients based on SR in order to evaluate its clinical value. Then, the life quality
of the patients in two groups was evaluated before and after three months of intervention using an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire
(IBDQ).

Results:

SRs received higher ratings for satisfaction with integrity (median rating 4.27 vs. 3.75, P=0.008), clarity (median rating 4.20 vs. 3.43, P=0.003),
conciseness (median rating 4.23 vs. 3.20, P=0.003), the possibility of contacting a radiologist to interpret (median rating 4.17 vs. 3.20, P<0.001),
and overall clinical impact (median rating 4.23 vs. 3.27, P<0.001) than FTRs. Besides, research group had higher score of IBDQ intestinal
symptom dimension (median score 61.13 vs. 58.02, P=0.003), IBDQ systemic symptom dimension (median score 24.48 vs. 20.67, P<0.001),
IBDQ emotional capacity dimension (median score 65.65 vs. 61.74, P<0.001), IBDQ social ability dimension (median score 26.80 vs. 22.37,
P<0.001), and total IBDQ score (median score 178.07 vs. 162.80, P<0.001) than control group.

Conclusion:

The SR of CTE in CD patients was conducive to improving the quality and readability of the report, and CD patients’ life quality could
significantly improve after the intervention of an evidence-based medicine model based on SR.
Astragaloside IV Overcomes Anlotinib Resistance in Non-small Cell Lung
Cancer through miR-181a-3p/UPR-ERAD Axis
Authors: Wang Lihuai , Sun Tonglin , Yang Xiao , Wen Zhi , Sun Yinhui , Liu Hua
Published: February 2024

Background::

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) has been shown to have a curative effect on
non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to elucidate the role of AS-IV in
NSCLC cell anlotinib resistance (AR).

Methods::

The NSCLC/AR cells, resistant to anlotinib, have been produced. The role of AS-IV
in the AR of NSCLC cells about the miR-181a-3p/unfolded protein response (UPR)-
endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) pathway was then discussed by treating
the cells with anlotinib or AS-IV, or by manipulating them with inhibitors or mimics of miR-
181a-3p, HRD1 or Derlin-1 overexpression plasmids.

Results::

We found that AS-IV could suppress the AR of NSCLC cells. In addition, miR-181a-
3p was elevated in NSCLC/AR cells. Functionally, AS-IV limited the AR of NSCLC cells by
reducing miR-181a-3p. Further, activation of the UPR-ERAD pathway was correlated with AR
in NSCLC cells. Increased sensitivity of NSCLC cells to anlotinib caused by miR-181a-3p inhibitor
could be reversed by overexpression of HRD1 or Derlin-1.

Conclusion::

This research revealed a promising NSCLC/AR treatment approach by showing
that AS-IV exposed NSCLC cells to anlotinib by inhibiting the miR-181a-3p/UPR-ERAD axis.
AI-based Virtual Screening of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Discovery of Novel Inhibitors of TCTP
Authors: Bai Juxia , Ni Yangyang , Zhang Yuqi , Wan Junfeng , Liang Liqun , Qiao Haoran , Zhu Yanyan , Zhao Qingjie , Li Huiyu
Published: February 2024

Background:

Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) is associated with
tumor diseases, such as breast cancer, and its inhibitor can reduce the growth of tumor cells.
Unfortunately, there is currently no effective medication available for treating TCTP-related
breast cancer.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to explore the inhibitor candidates among natural
compounds for the treatment of breast cancer related to TCTP protein.

Methods:

To explore the potential inhibitors of TCTP, we first screened out four potential inhibitors
in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for cancer based on AI virtual screening
using the docking method, and then revealed the interaction mechanism of TCTP and four candidate
inhibitors from TCM with molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) methods.

method:

To explore the potential inhibitors of TCTP, we firstly screened out four potential inhibitors in the major agent of the traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCMs) for cancer based on AI Virtual Screening using the Docking method, and then revealed the interaction mechanism of TCTP and four candidate inhibitors from TCMs with molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) methods.

Results:

Based on the conformational characteristics and the MD properties of the four leading
compounds, we designed the new skeleton molecules with the AI method using MolAICal software.
Our MD simulations have revealed that different small molecules bind to different sites of
TCTP, but the flexible regions and the signaling pathways are almost the same, and the VDW
and hydrophobic interactions are crucial in the interactions between TCTP and ligands.

result:

Based on the conformational characteristics and the MD properties of the four leading compounds, we designed the new skeleton molecules with AI method using MolAICal software. Our MD simulations reveal that different small molecules bind to different sites of TCTP, but the flexible regions and the signaling pathways are almost the same, the VDW and hydrophobic interactions play important roles in the interactions between ligands and TCTP.

Conclusion:

We have proposed the candidate inhibitor of TCTP. Our study has provided a potential
new method for exploring inhibitors from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
Removal of Interference from Electromyogram based on Empirical Mode
Decomposition and Correlation Coefficient Thresholding
Authors: Karuna M. , Guntur Sitaramanjaneya Reddy
Published: February 2024

Introduction::

Electromyography (EMG) signals are contaminated by various noise
components. These noises directly degrade the EMG processing performance, thereby affecting
the classification accuracy of the EMG signals for implementing various hand movements of the
prosthetic arm from the amputee’s residual muscle.

Methods::

This study mainly aims to denoise the EMG signals using the empirical mode decomposition
(EMD) and correlation coefficient thresholding (CCT) methods. The noisy EMG signal
is obtained from NinaPro Database 2. Then, EMD is used to decompose it into intrinsic mode
functions. Each hand movement noise is identified within specific modes and removed separately
using correlation coefficient–dependent thresholding and wavelet denoising. The performance
metrics signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate
the noise removal performance from the EMG signals of five intact subjects. The proposed
method outperforms the wavelet denoising method in terms of noise interference removal. In
this method, the SNR is obtained in the 17-22 dB range with a very low RMSE.

Results::

The experimental results illustrate that the proposed method removes noise from six
repetitions of six movements performed by five subjects. This study explores the special characteristics
of EMD and demonstrates the possibility of using the EMD-based CCT filter for denoising
EMG signals.

Conclusion::

The proposed filter is more efficient than wavelet denoising in removing noise interference.
It can also be used in any application that requires EMG signal filtering at the preprocessing
stage, such as EMG pattern recognition.
Impact of Radiation Therapy on Serum Humanin and MOTS-c Levels in
Patients with Lung or Breast Cancer
Authors: Kavak Ayse Gülbin , Karslioglu Ihsan , Saracaloglu Ahmet , Demiryürek Seniz , Demiryürek Abdullah Tuncay
Published: February 2024

Background::

Lung and breast cancer are the most frequent causes of death from
cancer globally. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the serum mitochondrial open
reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) and humanin levels in lung or breast cancer
patients, and investigate the impacts of radiation therapy on the circulating levels of these
peptides.

Methods::

35 lung cancer patients, 34 breast cancer patients, and healthy volunteers as a control
group were recruited in this prospective observatory research. Lung cancer patients with stage
IIIA/IIIB were treated with paclitaxel-based chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (2 Gy per day, 30
times, 60 Gy total dose). Breast cancer stage IIA/IIB patients were treated with postoperative
locoregional radiation therapy (2 Gy per day, 25 times, 50 Gy total dose). The ELISA method
was used to detect serum humanin and MOTS-c levels during, before, and after radiotherapy.

Results::

We observed marked elevations in circulating MOTS-c, but not humanin levels in patients
with lung cancer (P < 0.001). Radiation therapy led to a marked augmentation in MOTS-c
levels in these patients (P < 0.001). On the other hand, there was a marked decline in humanin,
but not MOTS-c, levels in breast cancer patients (P < 0.001).

Conclusion::

Our research has shown, for the first time, that increased MOTS-c and decreased
humanin levels play a role in lung cancer and breast cancer, respectively. Additionally, radiotherapy
modifies MOTS-c levels in patients with lung, but not breast cancer.
European data market: the rise of individuals to the “Mount Olympus” of artificial intelligence or the “oiling” of the human being?
Authors: A. S. Rodrigues de Brito Iolanda
Published: February 2024

This article aims to contribute to the debate on the long-term consequences arising from the creation of a European data market, considering the limitless potential of artificial intelligence (AI). Encouraging mass data production to develop AI could compromise the effective protection of personal data, the preservation of European liberal democracies and human rights, the promotion of innovation and even European economic prosperity. Bearing in mind the EU’s “spiritual and moral heritage”, enshrined in the Preamble of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFREU), it is essential to ensure that we are truly walking along a path that will lead us to a democratic future.
European cybercultures: between the mix and idiosyncrasy. The role of interconstitutionality
Authors: Melro Ana
Published: February 2024

The process in which constitutions mutually influence and reflect each other and what the European Union project is in between has become increasingly evident. It is therefore important to understand how this happens and what consequences it has. This process is reflected in national cultures, both in legislation and in the political and social strategies defined at various levels, such as mobility, sustainability, consumption of goods and services, among many others. With the development and social implementation of Information and Communication Technologies, cyberculture has come to stand alongside and to accompany culture. This means new rules, regulations, behaviours, attitudes, lifestyles and traditions. Cyberspace is a privileged environment for the creation, consumption and sharing of cyberculture, a space of collective intelligence. The dialectic of interconstitutionality contributes to enhancing the different European cybercultures, which do not cancel each other out. On the contrary, they elevate each other.
Simulation of the barge-tug combinations operation using the matrix routing method
Authors: Zhidkova A. M.
Published: February 2024

The problems of modeling the operation of classic (constant configuration) and variable vessel combination of barges by matrix routing methods are discussed in the paper. Regrouping the combination directly on the route allows you to operate a larger number of barges compared to a permanent combination, which increases its load capacity. The efficiency of water transport is determined by the volume of cargo delivered in relation to operating costs, which depend on the time the vessel is on the route. Additional stops during the voyage of the vessels combination for its reformation allow to increase the total cargo turnover, but lead to an increase in the voyage time, which is a certain contradiction, the solution of which is possible through the use of a variable approach to organizing the work of barge-tug combinations. The results of the mathematical apparatus development for describing the model of the barge-tug combinations movement on inland waterways are presented; the influence of turns on the change in the combinations speed and on the total voyage time is taken into account, and a particular task of regrouping the combination is additionally considered. The route from the Nizhnesvirsky lock to Ladoga Lake, on which turning points and places, where it is necessary to change the barge-tug combinations configuration to pass it are identified, is analyzed. For the mathematical description of the vessel movement along the route, a system of calculation matrices, which allows us to generalize the change and relationship of the speed and time parameters of the vessel movement with its route, including taking into account the time of regrouping the combination, is proposed. The main factors influencing the effectiveness of the combinations operation organization with their reorganization along the route are identified. As a basis for constructing matrices, it is proposed to use turning points, the system of which is formed in the form of a three-level model. The complex of matrices allows to obtain a quantitative presentation of the vessel movement and voyage time, while providing detailed parameters for the combination passage along the individual sections of the waterway, which in general is the basis of the developed information technology for intelligent control of the barge-tug combinations operation.
Reliability of river fleet vessels hull elements
Authors: Krasiuk A. B. , Chistov V. B. , Nikifirov V. G.
Published: February 2024

Improving the process of fault detection of metal ship hull elements by using a probabilistic approach is considered in the paper. The most labor-intensive part of the defect detection report, namely, measurement and assessment of hull structures individual elements wear, accounting for more than 90 % of the total measurements, is reviewed. Defect detection of a ship hull means the examination, measurement and assessment of defects in each element of the ship hull in order to establish method and volumes of repairs that ensure its reliable operation until the next survey under specified operating conditions. The necessity of carrying out a preliminary calculation stage for defect detection is substantiated. It allows you to significantly reduce the number of measurements of hull structures elements, which will have a positive effect on reducing the cost of repair both due to a smaller number of measurements and the duration of repairs. It has been proved that using the probability approach to predict the residual thickness of individual elements also takes into account the effect on the total strength, which guarantees the reliability of the ship hull in operation. Tables to assess the technical condition of individual hull elements based on their level of wear have been developed, and a method for filling them has improved. The tables are made in two versions, namely, paper and electronic, the most convenient for a specific user — the designer of the defect detection report tables. A test example of using the electronic tables for assessing technical condition by wear level, which proves that the predicted residual thicknesses obtained by calculation will in all cases, be less, than similar ones obtained from measurements results, is carried out using a representative vessel. This proves the reliability and feasibility of using the preliminary defect detection stage, which is essentially an analogue of the concept of the zero stage in ship repair. Using the probability approach to determine the residual thicknesses will allow you not only to reduce the costs of defect detection of the hull itself, but also at early stages (before placing the ship on a slip or dock) to reduce the volume of hull structures repairs, and to choose the most appropriate and effective method of repair.
Adaptive dynamic safety domain for different sailing conditions
Authors: Smolentsev S. V. , Filyakov A. E. , Isakov D. V.
Published: February 2024

The problem of navigation safety is considered, in particular, the problem of developing an algorithm for an adaptive dynamic safety domain for various navigation conditions is investigated. The risk assessment of a ship approach situation is based on the safety domain as the minimum area around the ship into which an oncoming ship should not enter. Navigation conditions are considered in accordance with the rules of COLREG‑72 for navigation of vessels with limited visibility and being in sight of each other. To solve this problem, the navigation areas are classified. For further analysis, a table for the conditions and areas of navigation to identify the shape of the domains is created. The hydro meteorological situation, which takes into account the navigation conditions, and as a consequence, the need to increase the size of the safety domain, is considered. Changes in the parameters and shape of ship safety domains for different navigation conditions have been identified. For each district and navigation conditions, an original configuration of the security domain is proposed. The dynamic changes of the domain during movement in traffic separation systems and channels are separately considered. Using an example, a situation when the bow of the domain crosses the dividing line, which can lead to the appearance of false dangerous targets, is simulated. To avoid such situations, a dynamic domain with a changing shape in the form of an ellipse for swimming in a traffic separation system and channels, taking into account sailing conditions with limited visibility and in sight of each other is proposed. For the calculation, an algorithm to determine the shape of the domain under different visibility conditions and navigation areas has been compiled. Calculations for the case when the vessel enters a turn in traffic separation systems and narrow spaces have been performed. The deformation of the domain during rotation is shown.
The bearings and distances isolines combinations of the navigational landmarks pair for the vessel fixed position determination
Authors: Vas’kov A. S. , Mironenko A. A.
Published: February 2024

The issues of applying basic navigation parameters (bearing and distance), and their isolines traditionally used in navigation practice in coastal waters are studied in the paper. A new distinctive feature is the use of isolines combinations (three distance arcs, two isoazimuths, a hyperbola and an ellipse) based on measured bearings and distances to the pair of landmarks to obtain the vessel fixed positions with high precision. The traditional navigation methods (the theory of isolines, the generalized method of lines position, the method of least squares) are involved as a mathematical framework. The mathematical argumentation and the isolines characteristics of bearings and distances, their combinations (difference and sum of distances, difference of bearings) are given. The solutions of the surplus equations of the lines position under random error influence by the least squares method and the accuracy assessment of the vessel fix position by the radial error including the reduced variant to compensate the systematic errors are suggested. The principal points of the research are supported by the graphic interpretation, and the given expressions are adjusted to the practical application and navigation systems software development. The computer simulation that shows the radial error of the fixed position by seven position lines is at least two times less than by any pair of position lines has been carried out. The formalization of the proposed methods in the automatic navigation systems or in autonomous ship control systems will enable the navigator on board or at operating the vessel remotely to solve the problems of the navigation information processing in coastal and congested waters on a new level.
A UNHRC Resolution of Questionable Legality on Sri Lanka and its Importance as a Catalyst for Future UN Reform
Authors: Weerasekera Dharshan
Published: February 2024

From 2012-2019, the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) adopted a series of resolutions on Sri Lanka calling for accountability for war crimes and other crimes purportedly committed during the war against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). This paper challenges the traditional narrative regarding the resolutions – ie that it was a well-intentioned effort by the sponsoring nations, the United States (US) and its allies, to foster peace and reconciliation in Sri Lanka. Instead, this paper argues that in pursuing the resolutions, the UNHRC has violated the fundamental principles of the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter) as well as the UNHRC’s founding documents. The author contends that, through these resolutions, the US and its allies have developed a series of innovative tactics to enable them to intervene in the internal affairs of weak nations by using the UNHRC as a conduit. It is in the interest of the friends of the United Nations (UN) and, in general, all persons who value the rule of law in international affairs to know about what has happened so that they can advocate for the relevant reforms in order to prevent the UN from losing its credibility any further.
ECOWAS Court of Justice: its linkage with the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights
Authors: Adeyeye Joel Adelusi
Published: February 2024

This article considers the Community Court of Justice (CCJ) of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and its linkage with the African Charter of Human and People’s Rights (ACHPR). No doubt when ECOWAS was established in 1975, the main objective was the economic integration of the sub-regional body. At the beginning, the CCJ was listed as one of the mandates of the economic bloc, but it was not until 1991 that the first Protocol which created the CCJ and which gives its composition and its functioning was adopted. The Revised Treaty of 1993 also provided for the establishment of the CCJ in its Article 15. The Protocol now makes references to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) of the African Union (AU). Not only this, the Protocol also made reference to other international human rights instruments. The main objective of this work is to bring to fore that the jurisdiction of the CCJ is expansive and broad, and that the CCJ failed to utilise the expansive jurisdiction in the matter of the late President of Chad, Hissene Habre, against the Republic of Senegal, by ruling that the Senegalese court could not try him because this will violate the principle of non-retroactivity of penal law. This ruling led to the establishment of the Extraordinary African Chambers (a special criminal tribunal) that later tried Habre. Also, where it is appropriate and desirable, a comparison between, on the one hand, the CCJ and, on the other hand, African sub-regional courts and courts of international organisations will be made. It is also the contention of this article that the CCJ ought to have an Appeal Chambers, as a core international best practice. This work will adopt the doctrinal methodology and the data collection method is content analysis.
Enhancing physical abilities in junior wrestlers through virtual reality training: An experimental study
Authors: Mohamed Ehab Sabry , El-Bedewy Ehab Fawzy
Published: February 2024

This study aimed to investigate how virtual reality training (VRT) affects the physical skills of young wrestlers. It included 19 wrestlers, aged 15-17, who were part of the Egyptian Wrestling Federation and actively training during the 2022/2023 sports season. The participants were split into two groups: one experimental group with 12 athletes (further divided into two smaller groups of 7 and 5) and a control group with seven athletes. Before starting, measures were taken to ensure that the groups were similar and comparable. The experimental group participated in a VRT program for eight weeks, which consisted of 24 training sessions held three times a week. After the program ended, the researchers conducted tests to measure the outcomes, which were then analyzed statistically. The results showed a noticeable improvement in the physical abilities of the wrestlers in the experimental group, suggesting that the VRT program played a significant role. This research highlights the effectiveness of VRT as a tool for enhancing the physical capabilities of young wrestlers.
Vision-Language Model for Generating Textual Descriptions From Clinical Images: Model Development and Validation Study
Authors: Ji Jia , Hou Yongshuai , Chen Xinyu , Pan Youcheng , Xiang Yang
Published: February 2024

Background

The automatic generation of radiology reports, which seeks to create a free-text description from a clinical radiograph, is emerging as a pivotal intersection between clinical medicine and artificial intelligence. Leveraging natural language processing technologies can accelerate report creation, enhancing health care quality and standardization. However, most existing studies have not yet fully tapped into the combined potential of advanced language and vision models.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the integration of pretrained vision-language models into radiology report generation. This would enable the vision-language model to automatically convert clinical images into high-quality textual reports.

Methods

In our research, we introduced a radiology report generation model named ClinicalBLIP, building upon the foundational InstructBLIP model and refining it using clinical image-to-text data sets. A multistage fine-tuning approach via low-rank adaptation was proposed to deepen the semantic comprehension of the visual encoder and the large language model for clinical imagery. Furthermore, prior knowledge was integrated through prompt learning to enhance the precision of the reports generated. Experiments were conducted on both the IU X-RAY and MIMIC-CXR data sets, with ClinicalBLIP compared to several leading methods.

Results

Experimental results revealed that ClinicalBLIP obtained superior scores of 0.570/0.365 and 0.534/0.313 on the IU X-RAY/MIMIC-CXR test sets for the Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit Ordering (METEOR) and the Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (ROUGE) evaluations, respectively. This performance notably surpasses that of existing state-of-the-art methods. Further evaluations confirmed the effectiveness of the multistage fine-tuning and the integration of prior information, leading to substantial improvements.

Conclusions

The proposed ClinicalBLIP model demonstrated robustness and effectiveness in enhancing clinical radiology report generation, suggesting significant promise for real-world clinical applications.
La inconstitucionalidad por omisión y los mecanismos de control en el Perú desde el enfoque comparado
Authors: Cárdenas Gonzáles José Rolando
Published: February 2024

El presente trabajo pretende ofrecer una visión general de lo que ha significado el tratamiento de las omisiones legislativas por parte de la justicia constitucional peruana, en la que, si bien no se encuentra regulado un instituto como el de la inconstitucionalidad por omisión, el Tribunal Constitucional, a través de su jurisprudencia, se ha encargado de introducir dicha figura a nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. Sin embargo, pese a no ser un mecanismo usualmente utilizado por el Juez constitucional, su relevancia retoma protagonismo, al recurrirse a herramientas jurídicas igual de idóneas, pero foráneas, como el estado de cosas inconstitucional; lo que nos lleva a preguntarnos si una regulación constitucional o legal, resulta pertinente; interrogante que nos llevará al análisis del tratamiento comparado.
Suspicacia ante el control difuso de constitucionalidad
Authors: Mattei-Gentili Piero
Published: February 2024

El artículo cuestiona la popular creencia de que el control de constitucionalidad difuso es una herramienta necesaria para la protección de los derechos humanos. La investigación comienza exponiendo los postulados esenciales por medio de los cuales el Estado de derecho procura la garantía de los derechos. A continuación, se argumenta que la interpretación constitucional es casi ineludible, por lo cual se efectúa un examen de las dos grandes posturas teóricas en torno a la interpretación jurídica y sus consecuencias. Vistas las posibilidades que las dos posturas presentan, se finaliza por exponer los motivos por los cuales es preferible un esquema de control concentrado y se disipan posibles equívocos.
Prospectiva financiero-fiscal ante el “momento constitucional” chileno
Authors: Zúñiga Urbina Francisco
Published: February 2024

En el contexto chileno actual, marcado por un “momento constitucional” sin resolver aún (con dos procesos constituyentes fallidos y un proceso constitucional hoy en curso), ha adquirido un lugar central en la agenda legislativa —y para la opinión pública—, el diseño estructural de una política tributaria nacional que sea acorde a la construcción de un Estado social y democrático de derecho, que supere la subsidiariedad heredada de la dictadura cívico-militar. Lo anterior se desenvuelve en dos dimensiones: por un lado, la política constitucional —estructurada en propuestas de la sociedad civil y de los constituyentes— y, por el otro, las propuestas de reforma legislativa impulsadas desde el gobierno.
The Emotional Intelligence of Judges as a Fundamental Component for the Administration of Justice
Authors: Manuel Rosales Carlos , Morales Gómez Danitza , Rodríguez Saro Vargas Araceli
Published: February 2024

Emotional intelligence is vital for the proper development of the personality. In the case of judges, the behavior and process of the administration of justice are fundamental to the rule of law. However, little attention has been paid to the issue of the emotional conditions of judges, which directly or indirectly affect individuals and court administrative personnel. Several health institutions have demonstrated the connection between people’s mental and physical health, which not only implies the absence of disease, but also a healthy and suitable lifestyle to perform their work properly. In this specific case, this article aims to show how judges´ good or bad emotional health can affect the decisions made in their courts and the importance of their effects on the people who need to abide by such rulings. It is imperative to continue requesting that the judicial authorities have the necessary resources to ensure they can do their work properly and the judgments issued are not hampered by health factors. Finally, it should be mentioned that this article also analyzes judges’ behavior and thus raises awareness about the effects of mental and physical health, as it has an impact on the jurisdictional processes to which judges are party.
An explanatory model of constitutional transitions from a Legal Perspective
Authors: Huerta O. Carla
Published: February 2024

A constitutional transition understood as a legal transition is not a revolution, because as Zippelius wrote, from a legal standpoint, a revolution is the extralegal modification of the fundamental principles of the existing legal system.1 An explanatory model is proposed to analyze transitions from the perspective of legal theory so as to distinguish ordinary revisions from transformations of legal systems that could be called “constitutional transitions” strictly speaking. Transitions are discussed here according to legal criteria, considering two different instances: replacing a constitution and its gradual modification. The idea is to explain the processes of constitutional transformation and to introduce a theoretical model for that purpose. To consider law as a system of rules is one of the most important premises of this proposal.
Can Judges be Replaced by Machines? The Brazilian Case
Authors: Limberger Têmis , Silva Giannakos Demétrio Beck da , Szinvelski Mártin M.
Published: February 2024

The objective of this article is to study the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the Brazilian judiciary in order to assess the likelihood that machines could ultimately replace the judge, and to identify the necessary conditions that might allow for such replacement. To this end, we will examine the relevant concepts related to AI and the scholarship addressing the possibility of replacing the judge with machines in the near future. The methodological procedure used was doctrinal research specific to both new technologies and artificial intelligence. Our conclusion is that AI will reduce the cost of the judicial machinery by allowing many relatively simple and frequently occurring judicial tasks to be resolved more quickly, while leaving ultimate responsibility for judicial decision-making with the judge. Replacement of the judge by automated algorithmic tools would require specific, necessary conditions, even if it were to promote efficiency and cost reduction. These conditions are (i) the adequacy and efficiency of AI generated results, and (ii) the ability of computerized routines to adapt and improve the quality of their application of the law by accommodating and incorporating human corrections of the automated decisions. We also diagnose the philosophical issue that replacing judges with machines might signal a possible “end of interpretation,” even though ongoing human inspection and correction of the computerized systems would be necessary.
Report on Abusive Judicial Review of Electoral Matters
Authors: Oliveros Ruiz José
Published: February 2024

It is commonplace to state that the borderline courts are the last obstacle in the defense of fundamental rights, the rule of law, the division of powers, and hence, of constitutional democracy. Nevertheless, there are judgments of last resort which are very illustrative examples of argumentative practices used to conceal decisions that may be systematically politicized, and therefore can be detrimental to fundamental electoral rights, to the certainty and legality of electoral acts and resolutions, as well as to the holding of free, authentic, and periodical elections. The practice of using the democratic legitimacy of the judicial function to intentionally undermine the core of democracy is barely theorized. However, it is highly possible that in the future these types of attack will be part of the authoritarian tools used by groups of an anti-democratic nature. That is to say, the circumstance that the courts and not the political actors are the ones that implement undemocratic measures with the advantage of the difficulty for its identification, given the traditional role assigned to the judiciary in the democratic constitutional state of law, makes it essential to review the use of the weighting of the argumentative representation. This, in order to prevent democracy from being damaged by constitutional interpretation and to avoid the tolerance for the absence of a minimum social consensus on the arguments that it intends to sustain with re-lative temporary stability. Even more so, when it comes to those who make up the constitutional jurisdiction specialized in elections and democracy. In Mexico, the Superior Court of the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (TEPJF) is the highest electoral court. This body has issued controversial and transcendent decisions for electoral democracy which can be subject to critical legal analysis as an input for legislative activity. This is particularly related to issues concerning citizen participation such as the revocation of mandate and the imposition of sanctions due to its diffusion by public servants, as well as cases of gender-based political violence (VPG, by its acronym in Spanish) and the deprivation of an honest way of living (MHV, by its acronym in Spanish) as a sanction. Another topic worth considering is the rulings on the modification or defective abandonment of the jurisprudence in matters such as the assumption of competence over parliamentary acts in the integration of the administrative or government bodies by the Congress of the Union, and the messages of the legislators, which are not protected by the principle of parliamentary immunity, as has been established.
Arraigo in Mexico: Violation of International Law
Authors: Martínez Hernández Julio
Published: February 2024

For the development of this note, I will begin by exposing the different components, giving a brief introduction to the doctrines that make up public international law, its application in Mexico, general conception of human rights, international human rights framework, and human rights in Mexico, description of arraigo, its constitutional and legal basis, practices, and results for the achievement of justice. The intention is to establish if the practice of arraigo in Mexico constitutes a violation of the state’s international obligations.
Legal Process Automation as a Tool for Access to Justice: A Proposal to Restructure First Contact Interviews in the Federal Institute of Public Defenders
Authors: Villa Berger Patricia
Published: February 2024

This article argues that digitalization (which includes legal process automation) is a tool for bridging the gap of access to justice and improving operational performance through features that are scalable, standardized, asynchronous and accessible. Firstly, the article provides an introduction to digital justice and technology use in legal services, including subsections about the countries that are leading the way in digital justice. This article also develops an implementation proposal, using Mexico and the first-contact interview of the Federal Institute of Public Defenders (FIPD) as a possible example of legal process automation. Thus, the third section offers background information on access to justice in Mexico and the FIPD, as well as some ideas on the complexities of a first contact interview, and what elements should be taken into account when automating this process (software, databases, plain language and design). The final section presents the interview prototype through which the principles and ideas discussed in the previous sections are put into practice, ultimately demonstrating the feasibility of the proposal.
The Institutional Deficiencies Which Cause Mexico’s 95% Impunity Rate
Authors: Lee Corbin Aron
Published: February 2024

According to reports released by México Evalúa in October of 2021, the current rate of impunity for violent crimes in Mexico is estimated to be 94.8% and this is occurring as the number of homicides and disappearances continues to rise nationwide. To understand how the country remains caught in a perpetual state of extreme violence requires a deeply complex and multi-faceted analysis to determine which specific institutional deficiencies in Mexico might be contributing to the rise and ongoing dominance of organized crime. This article seeks to provide a concise yet broad perspective from which to begin to answer such questions by addressing the problematic development of Mexico’s justice system from the adoption of the 1917 Constitution to the present day, the endemic corruption at all levels of government and security institutions, the tactical imbalances between law enforcement and organized crime due to misuse of funding and illegal arms trafficking, and the failed attempts at bilateral cooperation with the US despite the two nations’ shared interest in disempowering the drug cartels. This comprehensive overview will provide a foundation from which possible solutions will be examined. These solutions include policy changes related to the relationship between the US and Mexico which could improve bilateral cooperation in combatting crime and corruption despite the recent diplomatic breakdown involving the US Drug Enforcement Agency’s arrest and subsequent release of Mexican General Salvador Cienfuegos. Reforms of the justice and law enforcement systems will then be explored which will include proposals that encourage the involvement of international institutions such as the United Nations Committee on Enforced Disappearances and the International Criminal Court.
La digitalización del dólar americano y su impacto en los distintos países
Authors: Sanromán Aranda Roberto
Published: February 2024

La aparición de la moneda fue un gran avance para los intercambios de bienes y trabajos, representando una realidad de gran utilidad para los países de todo el mundo. Parece complicado asignarle un valor a un papel, billete o una moneda metálica que represente el coste que se les puede dar a las cosas. Sin embargo, la historia nos ha demostrado que es imperante dicha necesidad cambiaria. El dinero ha tenido grandes modificaciones y se ha adaptado a las necesidades de los países. Ante tal acontecimiento aparece la moneda digital y las llamadas criptomonedas. Hay que distinguir entre la digitalización de la moneda que se maneja por medios tecnológicos y es respaldada por una autoridad financiera central, y las criptomonedas, que se rigen bajo un algoritmo matemático, y no cuentan con dicho respaldo, representando una especie muy particular que se desarrolla por distintos medios.
Análisis sobre la corrección de datos personales en la Plataforma México
Authors: Martínez Puón Rafael
Published: February 2024

En ocasiones, el Estado vulnera la vida privada y la intimidad de las personas frente a la acumulación excesiva de datos personales de sus instituciones de seguridad pública; este es el caso de un ciudadano cuyos datos personales estaban registrados en una base de datos denominada Plataforma México y eso le causaba una afectación en su vida personal y profesional al impedirle el acceso a un empleo. El ciudadano pidió al Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública el retiro de sus datos personales de esa base de datos, su solicitud fue negada. La persona ejerció su derecho y recurrió al entonces Instituto Federal de Acceso a la Información Pública, expediente: RPD 0507/14. Algunas de las principales aportaciones del texto son: los datos personales pueden ser vulnerados si la autoridad no tiene el suficiente cuidado; la acumulación de información a través del uso de la tecnología puede conllevar el riesgo de violaciones a la privacidad si no existe un adecuado manejo; se requiere proteger los derechos de las personas, sean de privacidad y/o de acceso a la información, y al mismo tiempo permitir que su uso guarde proporcionalidad respecto del interés público de hacer pública la información.
El confinamiento del derecho a la información
Authors: Caballero Trenado Laura
Published: February 2024

¿Se han debilitado las defensas del derecho a la información con la covid-19 durante las cuarentenas? La excepcionalidad que representa la pandemia ha acarreado, como consecuencia, que la mayoría de los países invoquen el derecho de emergencia. La instauración de un marco legal excepcional —por ejemplo, vía declaración de un Estado de alarma— y su afectación es una eventualidad a menudo prevista tanto por el constituyente como por el legislador ordinario que, en desarrollo del mandato constitucional, ha promulgado leyes que contienen esta previsión. El ejercicio del derecho a la información requiere que el estado tenga una actitud de abstención y respeto y, por lo tanto, una posición negativa (Aragón, 2011: 201; Escobar de la Serna, 1998: 302; Guichot, 2018: 31). Pero este imperativo de iure contrasta de facto con una postura hipergarantista que se ha manifestado en actitudes que ocurren por el ejercicio de un control férreo sobre la información. Entre muchas otras, pueden citarse como prácticas recurrentes, la práctica generalizada de ruedas de prensa con preguntas filtradas, la generalización del formato de videoconferencias con intervenciones en diferido o la neutralización de comentarios críticos sobre la gestión del virus. Todas ellas ponen a prueba la delimitación del derecho a la información, el cual goza de una protección reforzada, pero cuyo ejercicio no es ni mucho menos ilimitado. En este trabajo se analiza esta cuestión a la luz de la cobertura constitucional de ambos derechos —el derecho de excepción y el derecho a la información— durante el estado de alarma en España.
Las políticas públicas de datos abiertos de Reino Unido y México. Una comparación de su diseño
Authors: Carrasco Bautista Claudia , Navarro Arredondo Alejandro
Published: February 2024

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las políticas públicas de datos abiertos diseñadas por Reino Unido y México, dos países que pese a contar con sistemas políticos diferentes, uno de corte parlamentario y uno de naturaleza presidencialista, han obtenido los puntajes más altos en una de las principales métricas de transparencia: el Barómetro de Datos Abiertos. Para lograr este objetivo se comparan los elementos con los que fueron diseñadas estas políticas públicas. El argumento central de este artículo es que los buenos resultados obtenidos por estos dos países en materia de transparencia se deben, en gran medida, a que sus respectivas políticas de datos abiertos se diseñaron bajo los principios de calidad, pertinencia y reutilización social de la información. Así, una de las principales aportaciones de este análisis es la identificación de los elementos necesarios para formular acciones efectivas de transparencia y apertura gubernamental.
El derecho humano de acceso a la información pública en la política de transparencia de la administración pública federal en México (2001-2021)
Authors: Chípuli Castillo Arturo Miguel
Published: February 2024

El derecho de acceso a la información pública, en el contexto del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos, se encuentra conformado por múltiples subderechos y obligaciones estatales. Tomando en consideración tales elementos, en el presente trabajo se estudia el grado de incidencia de seis categorías del estándar internacional sobre el citado derecho en el diseño de las políticas de transparencia implementadas para la Administración Pública Federal en el periodo 2001-2021. La hipótesis que se plantea es que, pese a orientarse a la transparencia y el acceso a la información, las políticas en estudio no observan la mayoría de las obligaciones internacionales previstas.
La protección de datos personales en tiempos de pandemia: aspectos controvertidos desde la relación público-privada
Authors: Ordelin Font Jorge Luis
Published: February 2024

La pandemia provocada por el COVID-19 ha demostrado que las previsiones legislativas adoptadas en la gran mayoría de los países latinoamericanos para el tratamiento de los datos personales no son suficientes. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los principales riesgos que se presentan en el tratamiento de datos personales a partir de la relación entre los sectores público y privado. Para ello, se analizan las inconsistencias que, en materia regulatoria y su aplicación, se observan en los términos y condiciones de algunas de las aplicaciones utilizadas para el enfrentamiento de la pandemia. Todo ello lleva a concluir que la configuración, interpretación y aplicación de las regulaciones del tratamiento de los datos relativos a la salud necesitan ser repensadas.
El ejercicio del derecho al olvido en México
Authors: Guzmán Camacho José Juan
Published: February 2024

La implementación del derecho al olvido en México ha generado controversias derivadas de su denominación, su poca regulación, el desconocimiento de la figura o su conflicto con otros derechos como el relativo a la libertad de expresión o el de acceso a la información. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar un análisis del referido derecho; para lo cual, echaremos un vistazo a la forma en que se ha abordado este tópico en la Unión Europea y los antecedentes en nuestro país. Como conclusión, referiremos los pendientes que tiene México en esa materia y propondremos algunas alternativas para facilitar su ejercicio.