bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk of Major Bleeding With Potent Antiplatelet Agents After an Acute Coronary Event: A Comparison of Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel in 5116 Consecutive Patients in Clinical Practice
Authors: Mullen Liam , Meah Mohammed N. , Elamin Ahmed , Aggarwal Suneil , Shahzad Adeel , Shaw Matthew , Hasara Jaroslav , Rashid Muhammad , Fisher Michael , Ali Turab , Patel Billal , Ding Wern Y. , Grainger Ruth , Heseltine Thomas , Kirmani Bilal H. , Obeidat Mohammed , Kasolo Yande , Thatchil Jecko , Khand Aleem
Published: April 2021

Background

Major bleeding after acute coronary syndrome predicts a poor outcome but is challenging to define. The choice of antiplatelet influences bleeding risk.

Methods and Results

Major bleeding, subsequent myocardial infarction (MI), and all‐cause mortality to 1 year were compared in consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with clopidogrel (n=2491 between 2011 and 2013) and ticagrelor (n=2625 between 2012 and 2015) in 5 English hospitals. Clinical outcomes were identified from national hospital episode statistics. Bleeding and MI events were independently adjudicated by 2 experienced clinicians, blinded to drug, sequence, and year. Bleeding events were categorized using Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3 to 5 and PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) criteria and MI by the Third Universal Definition. Multivariable regression analysis was used to adjust outcomes for case mix. The median age was 68 years and 34% were women. 39% underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and 13% coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clinical outcome data were 100% complete for bleeding and 99.7% for MI. No statistically significant difference was seen in crude or adjusted major bleeding for ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3–5, hazard ratio [HR], 1.23; 95% CI, 0.90–1.68;
P
=0.2, PLATO major adjusted HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.98–1.74;
P
=0.07) except in the non‐coronary artery bypass graft cohort (n=4464), where bleeding was more frequent with ticagrelor (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3–5, adjusted HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.09–2.31;
P
=0.017; and PLATO major HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.18–2.37;
P
=0.004). There was no difference in crude or adjusted subsequent MI (adjusted HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.87–1.64;
P
=0.27). Crude mortality was higher in the clopidogrel group but not after adjustment, using either Cox proportional hazards or propensity matched population (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.76–1.10;
P
=0.21) as was the case for stroke (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.52–1.32;
P
=0.42).

Conclusions

This observational study indicates that the apparent benefit of ticagrelor demonstrated in a clinical trial population may not be observed in the broader population encountered in clinical practice.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02484924.
Conditioning Constructs: A Psychological Theory of International Negotiated Cooperation
Authors: Xian Rachel
Published: April 2021

Political psychology and social constructivism exist in an “ideational alliance” against realism; however, both have overlooked behavioral conditioning, the basis of animal learning. Through six stages situated in international negotiation behaviors, the theory of Conditioning Constructs shows how behavioral conditioning can take parties from specific to diffuse reciprocity, rationalist to constructivist cooperation, and crisis to durable peace. In stages 1, 2 and 3, parties use negotiated agreements to exit prisoner’s dilemmas, continuously reinforce cooperation during agreement implementation, and satiate to rewards as initial implementation finalizes. In stages 4, 5 and 6, parties receive fresh rewards with new negotiations, undergo intermittent reinforcement with periodic agreements thereafter, and finally attribute cooperative behavior to actor constructs. Conditioning Constructs demonstrates that agency is possible in socially constructed structures through willful participation in conditioning through negotiation; and that, while Anatol Rapoport’s tit-for-tat strategy is suited to initial cooperation, intermittent reinforcement better preserves late-stage cooperation.
Applying Global History
Authors: Thompson Graeme A.
Published: April 2021

The Covid-19 crisis has prompted ongoing debates over the implications of the pandemic for the future of globalization, international order, and the deepening U.S.–China strategic rivalry. Too often, however, these debates betray a disinclination to think historically about the nature of globalization. Yet globalization has deep historical roots, and its development and periodic crises throughout history have been closely linked to shifting geopolitical conditions. This article therefore argues and seeks to demonstrate that “global history,” with its roots in the study of empires and transnational integration, provides a useful intellectual framework for better understanding the powerful forces currently reshaping the international system—most significantly geopolitical competition and economic decoupling between the United States and China in the age of Covid-19.
A revised synonymy, typification, and key to species of Cleome sensu stricto (Cleomaceae)

Authors: ROALSON ERIC H.
Published: April 2021

Cleome s.s. includes 22 species of herbs and shrubs with a center of distribution in southwest Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. The limits of Cleome s.s. and significant nomenclatural problems are addressed, with 21 lectotypifications (including two Linnaeus names), one significant syn. nov. designation, and treatment of 50 nomenclatural synonyms of the 22 species recognized. Two incertae sedis names are also discussed. A key to species and discussion of species complexes and particularly complicated nomenclatural problems are presented.
Description of three new species of biting midge of the genus Atrichopogon Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Brazilian Amazon
Authors: DE SOUSA FARIAS EMANUELLE , SANTOS SANMYA SILVA DOS , PAULINO-ROSA JOKEBEDE MELYNDA DOS SANTOS , PESSOA FELIPE ARLEY COSTA
Published: April 2021

Three new species of Atrichopogon with spotted wings of the family Ceratopogonidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) from the Amazonas State of Brazil are described and illustrated. Male and female specimens of Atrichopogon janseni sp. nov., A. riopardensis sp. nov., and A. sergioluzi sp. nov. were associated by wing pigmentation patterns: with two darker spots, one over r-m and the other one in cell r3, posterior to the apex of R3. Male A. janseni sp. nov. have tergite 9 that is 2.5 × as broad as long, not extending to the apex of gonocoxite, and sternite 9 stout, sub-trapezoidal, with distal margin with a row of stout spines; gonostylus of A. janseni sp. nov. is spatulate, with distinct middle notch. Atrichopogon riopardensis sp. nov. is separated from other species with similar wing patterns and forked gonostylus, with gonostylus forked near midlength, with longitudinal furrow, inner portion short and fingernail-like, outer portion elongate and apically curved directed mesally; outer portion is 4 × longer than inner, with one long seta in basal 1/3. Contrastingly, A. sergioluzi sp. nov. has a small fork at the apex of gonostylus, and cercus broad basally with rounded tip. Females of the three new species are very similar (as are other females in this group), and it is probably not possible to distinguish them using the morphological features described. With the addition of the three new species described here, there are now known 15 Neotropical species of Atrichopogon with pigmented wings.
Constraining Ice Water Content of Thin Antarctic Cirrus Clouds Using Ground-Based Lidar and Satellite Data
Authors: Alexander S. P. , Klekociuk A. R.
Published: April 2021

We combine observations of optically thin cirrus clouds made by lidar at Davis, Antarctica (69°S, 78°E), during 14–15 June 2011 with a microphysical retrieval algorithm to constrain the ice water content (IWC) of these clouds. The cirrus clouds were embedded in a tropopause jet that flowed around a ridge of high pressure extending southward over Davis from the Southern Ocean. Cloud optical depths were 0.082 ± 0.001, and subvisual cirrus were present during 11% of the observation period. The macrophysical cirrus cloud properties obtained during this case study are consistent with those previously reported at lower latitudes. MODIS satellite imagery and AIRS surface temperature data are used as inputs into a radiative transfer model in order to constrain the IWC and ice water path of the cirrus. The derived cloud IWC is consistent with in situ observations made at other locations but at similarly cold temperatures. The optical depths derived from the model agree with those calculated directly from the lidar data. This study demonstrates the value of a combination of ground-based lidar observations and a radiative transfer model in constraining microphysical cloud parameters that could be utilized at locations where other lidar measurements are made.
Interdecadal Changes in the Impact of the Philippine Sea Anticyclone on Boreal Winter Precipitation in Southwestern China
Authors: KE ZONGJIAN , JIANG XINGWEN , FENG JINMING , WANG ZUNYA
Published: April 2021

In the last two decades, southwestern China (SWC) has experienced severe droughts, which are always accompanied by severe deficiencies in precipitation. In this study, we found that the interannual variability in boreal winter precipitation in SWC is modulated by the Philippine Sea anomalous anticyclone (PSAC). The interannual relationship between the PSAC and SWC precipitation experienced an interdecadal change around the early 1980s. The correlation between them was enhanced in the period from 1981 to 2001 (P2) compared to the period from 1961 to 1980 (P1). In P1, the moisture transported by the PSAC mainly affected eastern China, as the PSAC was located over the northern Philippine Sea, and the moisture budget of SWC was dominated by moisture transport at the western boundary. The PSAC, however, strengthened and shifted southwestward in P2, accompanied by a deepened India-Burma trough. As such, the PSAC transported moist air from the western North Pacific and the Indian Ocean into SWC through its southern boundary. Meanwhile, the stronger PSAC in P2 was accompanied by an upper-level convergence from the western North Pacific to the Bay of Bengal, which induced an upper-level divergence and ascending motion over SWC. Thus, the PSAC caused a significant increase in precipitation in P2. Stronger air-sea interactions in the western North Pacific induced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation may be responsible for the enhancement and southwestward shift of the PSAC in P2 compared to that in P1.
Initial Experience Treating HPV-Related Laryngeal Diseases with Oral Brincidofovir: A Pilot Study
Authors: Richardson Brent E.
Published: April 2021

Objective:

To determine if brincidofovir, an oral analog of cidofovir that achieves high tissue levels of the active metabolite with low systemic toxicity, has an observable effect on HPV-related disease of the larynx.

Methods:

Two patients with laryngeal recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (one each of genotypes 6 and 11) and 1 with recurring aryepiglottic fold carcinoma in situ (genotype 16) received oral brincidofovir according to protocol. Close-range videoendoscopic examinations were done during and after the study period to observe disease behavior in the absence of other interventions, and after subsequent surgical intervention. Disease character and magnitude of recurrence for each patient were compared to their patterns prior to brincidofovir.

Results:

Brincidofovir reduced papilloma burden in 1 patient and markedly attenuated the rate and magnitude of recurrence in both. After surgical intervention, Patient 1 remains disease-free at 10 years (7 years from last intervention) and Patient 2 has no symptoms at 8 years. Patient 3 with recurring carcinoma in situ has required less frequent resections and specimens show reduced degrees of dysplasia present only in islands amid normal mucosa at 8 years (currently no evidence of disease at 21 months from last intervention).

Conclusion:

Brincidofovir appears to attenuate HPV disease of the larynx in this small pilot study, though further investigation is required because of the highly variable nature of the disease and potential confounding factors.
So Many Phish, So Little Time: Exploring Email Task Factors and Phishing Susceptibility
Authors: Sarno Dawn M. , Neider Mark B.
Published: April 2021

Objective

The present studies examine how task factors (e.g., email load, phishing prevalence) influence email performance.

Background

Phishing emails are a paramount cybersecurity threat for the modern email user. Research attempting to understand how users are susceptible to phishing attacks has been limited and has not fully explored how task factors (e.g., prevalence, email load) influence accurate detection.

Method

In three experiments, participants classified emails as either legitimate or not legitimate and reported on a variety of other categorizations. The first two experiments examined how email load and phishing prevalence influence phishing detection independently. The third experiment examined the interaction of these two factors to determine whether they have compounding effects. All three experiments utilized individual difference variables to examine how cognitive, behavioral, and personality factors may influence classifications.

Results

Experiment 1 suggests that high email load can make the task appear more challenging. Experiment 2 indicates that low phishing prevalence can decrease sensitivity for phishing emails. Experiment 3 demonstrates that high levels of email load can decrease classification accuracy under 50/50 prevalence rates. Notably, performance was poor across all experiments, with phishing detection near chance levels and low discriminability for emails. Participants demonstrated poor metacognition with over confidence, low self-reported difficulty, and low perceived threat for the emails.

Conclusion

Overall, the present studies suggest that high email load and low phishing prevalence can influence email classifications.

Application

Organizations and researchers should consider the influences of both email load and phishing prevalence when implementing phishing interventions.
Missed Opportunity: How Induction Policy Fails to Explicitly Address English Learner-Classified Students
Authors: Santibañez Lucrecia , Snyder Christine , Centeno Danielle
Published: April 2021

English Learner-classified (ELC) students are one of the nation’s most marginalized student populations. One promising but understudied strategy to strengthen teaching of ELC students is teacher induction. This article examines the role of teacher induction in strengthening novice teachers’ EL-specific teaching knowledge and skills. Through a detailed analysis of induction in California, we find that the state has little external assurance that teachers who have undergone induction can meet ELC students’ unique and diverse needs. California’s decentralized, flexible, teacher-led induction may support teachers’ development of general teaching skills, but misses an opportunity to support teachers in an area where many of them struggle. The study raises other problematic issues around mentoring for equity such as monolithic views of ELC students, lack of timely and actionable information about language proficiency, and lack of guidance as to what constitutes acceptable evidence of competency teaching ELC students.
Free Time Across the Life Course
Authors: Jauch Malte
Published: April 2021

In most industrialised countries, citizens enjoy a very large amount of free time towards the end of their lives, when they are retired, but find it very costly to access free time during the middle part of their lives. This is concerning because those who die early are deprived of the reward of free time that retirement holds. Extreme discrepancies between a time-rich old age and a time-scarce middle age are not, however, inevitable: some states incentivise long work hours during middle age in combination with early retirement, whereas others incentivise shorter work hours during middle age and later retirement. This variation raises the thus far unexplored question of how a just society should design policies that affect the costs of access to free time across the life course. I answer this question by using a hypothetical decision-situation where prudent choosers must allocate access to free time across different life stages.
Thermal and moisture behavior of a multi-layered assembly in a pneumatic compression device
Authors: Kankariya Nimesh , Wilson Cheryl A , Laing Raechel M
Published: April 2021

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of multiple layers of materials typical of those used in air pneumatic compression devices (which require air impermeable layers to function) on thermal and water vapor resistance. The experimental set-up included: (a) single layers of two next-to-skin knit fabrics in both relaxed and extended conditions, (b) two layers of silicone, and (c) a multi-layered assembly comprised of a next-to-skin fabric and two layers of silicone. Structural properties (thickness, mass) dominated thermal resistance of the multi-layered assembly, and the silicone layers rendered this assembly impermeable to water vapor as expected. Results confirmed the need for some form of 'ventilation' to facilitate water vapor transfer from a potential user’s skin to the environment. By creating 18 circular vents across the silicone layers (each vent 314 mm2), which formed ventilation of ∼2% of total surface area, the water vapor resistance of the multi-layered assembly dropped significantly from very high (but non-measurable) to below ∼300 m2 Pa/W, although ventilation did not improve the thermal resistance of the multi-layer arrangements. Results of this research will enable manufacturers of pneumatic compression devices to develop devices comprised of a multiple layer arrangements i.e. a knit fabric next-to-skin layer and silicone layers with optimized vents across the silicone layers, so that the user can continue the compression treatment with an acceptable microenvironment.
The Color Line, Race, and Caste: Structures of Domination and the Ethics of Recognition
Authors: Keenan James F.
Published: April 2021

The Black Lives Matter movement has been trying to awaken the rest of the United States to its failure to recognize systemic racism, anti-blackness, and white supremacy. With a keen awareness of racism as structural, this article first considers the pervasiveness of systemic racism in the church and then investigates how in the United States anti-blackness was first documented as the color line, then as racism, and now as caste. Recognizing these social structures, it concludes by considering virtues and practices that could help in decentering the dominant caste in its expression of white supremacy.
Moral Leadership: A Challenge and a Celebration
Authors: Hogan Linda
Published: April 2021

This article analyses recent writings on moral leadership in politics and society (Part 1), and also in the church (Part 2). Although calls for moral leadership are frequent, only rarely is the substantive issue considered directly in theological ethics. Rather, it is demonstrated in the ethical analyses of and responses to contemporary political, social, and ecclesial challenges, and is captured in reflections on the activism of ordinary citizens around the world who are seizing the moment to protest injustice, to resist violence, and thereby to exercise moral leadership. This article examines moral leadership using Emmanuel Katangole’s analytical framework, assessing moral leadership through the multiple lenses of (i) critique and denouncement; (ii) the annunciation of a new order; (iii) the invitation to a new kind of knowledge; and (iv) the call for bold action.
A New Wave in the Modern History of the Abuse Crisis in the Catholic Church: Literature Overview, 2018–2020
Authors: Faggioli Massimo , O’Reilly-Gindhart Mary Catherine
Published: April 2021

This article focuses on the theological discourse on the abuse crisis in the wider context of the institutional response to the scandal and argues for theological research having a role less subordinated to legal and canonical considerations. The year 2018 marked the beginning of a new phase in the history of the abuse crisis in the Catholic Church. This article analyzes an extensive list of publications and resources (2018–2020) across all continents, even though focus is here primarily on the US, Europe, and Anglophone regions. This aspires to be the first installment of literature reviews, beginning a much larger discussion, contributing to the creation of a global, interdisciplinary network of connections in the field of the research on theology and the abuse crisis in the Catholic Church.
Cooperation in the Culture of Death
Authors: Noonan John T.
Published: April 2021

The article reflects on the nature of moral choices and acts that participate in what John Paul II identified as a “culture of death.” As social beings, our actions are tied to a “chain of cooperators” (i.e., fellow agents), and because of these unavoidable connections, Noonan argues that assessing whether or how a particular act culpably cooperates in a culture of death requires a casuist regard. He shows how casuists like Alphonsus Liguori, when assessing situations that force upon individuals the choice between costly self-sacrifice or acting so as to contribute to undesirable evils, took account of the human agent’s fallen context and the particularities of the case—including intention, proximity, foreseeable results, and the gravity of those results—to argue for the liceity of the less heroic alternative.

This article was originally given as an address under the same title at the University of Notre Dame’s Center of Ethics and Culture in 2000. Noonan’s examination of how our actions cooperate, or not, in a culture of death remains as valuable for us today as it was when he first delivered it. The journal expresses its gratitude to Cathleen Kaveny for bringing this work to our attention and to Mary Lee Noonan, the late judge’s widow, for allowing us to publish it. The original text has been lightly edited to bring it into conformity with journal style, correct minor typos, and supply missing details in Noonan’s bibliographic references. In addition, the editors have added a few contemporary updates (noted as such).
Marginal and Conditional Confounding Using Logits
Authors: Karlson Kristian Bernt , Popham Frank , Holm Anders
Published: April 2021

This article presents two ways of quantifying confounding using logistic response models for binary outcomes. Drawing on the distinction between marginal and conditional odds ratios in statistics, we define two corresponding measures of confounding (marginal and conditional) that can be recovered from a simple standardization approach. We investigate when marginal and conditional confounding may differ, outline why the method by Karlson, Holm, and Breen recovers conditional confounding under a “no interaction”-assumption, and suggest that researchers may measure marginal confounding by using inverse probability weighting. We provide two empirical examples that illustrate our standardization approach.
3D experimental investigation on enhanced oil recovery by flue gas assisted steam assisted gravity drainage
Authors: Tao Lei , Yuan Xiao , Huang Sen , Liu Nannan , Zhang Na , Li Bingchao
Published: April 2021

Flue gas assisted steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a frontier technology to enhance oil recovery for heavy oil reservoirs. The carbon dioxide generated from the thermal recovery of heavy oil can be utilized and consumed to mitigate climate warming for the world. However, most studies are limited to merely use numerical simulation or small physical simulation device and hardly focus on large scale three-dimensions experiment, which cannot fully investigate the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanism of flue gas assisted SAGD, thus the effect of flue gas on SAGD production performance is still not very clear. In this paper, large-scaled and high temperature and pressure resistant 3D physical simulation experiment was conducted, where simulated the real reservoir to a maximum extent, and systematically explored the EOR mechanisms of the flue gas assisted SAGD. Furthermore, the differences between the steam huff and puff, SAGD and flue gas assisted SAGD are discussed. The experimental result showed that the production effect of SAGD was improved by injecting flue gas, with the oil recovery was increased by 5.7%. With the help of thermocouple temperature measuring sensors, changes of temperature field display that flue gas can promote lateral re-development of the steam chamber, and the degree of reservoir exploitation around the horizontal wells has been increased particularly. What’s more, the addition of flue gas further increased the content of light components and decreased the content of heavy by comparing the content of heavy oil components produced in different production times.
Father’s Bonding With an Infant Born Prematurely: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis
Authors: Alnuaimi Nisreen , Tluczek Audrey
Published: April 2021

There is no current theory that explains the process of a fathers’ bonding with their infants born prematurely. Through meta-synthesis of 19 qualitative studies, we developed a conceptual framework to illustrate how fathers perceive the relationship with their premature infant formed over the first 18 months of life. It details the contextual factors that contribute to that process. Findings reveal a complex process comprised of five stages, derived from five core themes and related subthemes. Fathers progress through five sequential stages to establish their role as fathers and form emotional connections with their child. Stages include: (a) feeling alien and lacking emotional connection to the infant, (b) caregiving engagement and claiming the role as a father, (c) claiming the infant as their own, (d) adjusting to having the infant home, and (5) normalizing family life. This conceptual framework can inform future research and clinical interventions designed to foster father−infant bonding.
Crowdsourcing as a Tool for Research: Methodological, Fair, and Political Considerations
Authors: Rea Stephen C. , Kleeman Hanzelle , Zhu Qin , Gilbert Benjamin , Yue Chuan
Published: April 2021

Crowdsourcing platforms are powerful tools for academic researchers. Proponents claim that crowdsourcing helps researchers quickly and affordably recruit enough human subjects with diverse backgrounds to generate significant statistical power, while critics raise concerns about unreliable data quality, labor exploitation, and unequal power dynamics between researchers and workers. We examine these concerns along three dimensions: methods, fairness, and politics. We find that researchers offer vastly different compensation rates for crowdsourced tasks, and address potential concerns about data validity by using platform-specific tools and user verification methods. Additionally, workers depend upon crowdsourcing platforms for a significant portion of their income, are motivated more by fear of losing access to work than by specific compensation rates, and are frustrated by a lack of transparency and occasional unfair treatment from job requesters. Finally, we discuss critical computing scholars’ proposals to address crowdsourcing’s problems, challenges with implementing these resolutions, and potential avenues for future research.
Application of Advanced Multi-Sensor Non-Destructive Testing System for the Evaluation of Pavements Affected by Transverse Crack-Heaving
Authors: Zegeye-Teshale Eyoab , Calhoon Thomas , Johnson Eddie , Dai Shongtao
Published: April 2021

Pavement tenting, also referred to as crack-heaving, is a distress condition that primarily affects bituminous roads constructed in cold climates. This type of distress spreads over long stretches of roadways and can drastically affect drivers’ safety and comfort. The phenomenon occurs in freezing winter temperatures offering a limited and dire time window for testing. This paper discusses using an integrated multi-sensor non-destructive testing methodology to evaluate and characterize pavements affected by tenting. A survey van equipped with high-definition video and thermal cameras, LIDAR laser scanner, high-resolution accelerometer, and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technologies was used to assess several roads suspected of tenting. The plurality of measuring devices and the data fusion and synchronization capabilities proved useful in revealing important pavement tenting characteristics that would have been otherwise overlooked. The data analysis led to the development of test parameters, derived from longitudinal profile measurements, that captured reasonably well the intensity and frequency of the tented cracks. The parameters were successfully employed to characterize the tested roads and determine the extent of critically affected segments. The study also showed the potential of GPR measurements to investigate underneath moisture conditions contributing to the formation of the tented cracks. Finally, the findings and tools developed in this study were discussed and compared with observations of local engineers who have extensive experience and insight on the subject matter. The knowledge and recommendations gathered in this final effort were also synthesized and incorporated into the paper.
Behavior of glulam timber beam strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer strip for flexural loading
Authors: İşleyen Ümmü K , Ghoroubi Rahim , Mercimek Ömer , Anil Özgür , Erdem Recep Tuğrul
Published: April 2021

In the last 20 years, the use of wooden structures and their dimensions have gradually increased. The wood application has increased in different structures such as multistory buildings, sports, industrial facilities, road and railway bridges, power transmission lines, and towers. The widespread use and size of wood structures have increased the research on developing special types of wood products supported by composite materials. Laminated wood elements are the leading composite wood materials. Laminated wooden beams allow making much larger openings than standard solid wood structural elements. The development of the sizes and usage areas of wooden structures has increased the capacity of glulam structural elements and reveals the need to improve their performance. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are the most suitable options for increasing the bearing capacity values of glulam beams and improving general load–displacement behaviors. In this study, the use of CFRP strips in different layouts to increase glulam wooden beams and the application of CFRP fan-type anchors in the CFRP strip endpoints are the studied variables. Anchored and non-anchored glulam wooden beams reinforced with CFRP strips with different layouts were tested using a three-point bending test. The ultimate load capacity, initial stiffness, displacement ductility ratio, energy dissipation capacity, failure mechanisms, and general load–displacement behavior of wooden beam test specimens were obtained and interpreted as a result of the experiments.
Quantitative analysis of residential plastic recycling in New York City
Authors: Ventola Vanessa , Brenman Eliza , Chan Grace , Ahmed Tarek , Castaldi Marco J
Published: April 2021

More than 420,000 tonnes of plastic waste is produced every year in New York City (NYC). This plastic represents 15% of municipal solid waste in NYC and is in line with New York State and United States averages. This material is managed by NYC’s dual-stream recycling system and industry-leading material recovery facilities. However, not all plastic collected for recycling (diverted) is ultimately sold to be remanufactured into new products (recovered). This study utilizes publicly available data to quantify and compare the diversion and recovery rates of residential plastics in NYC to provide quantitative context of such a process in a large metropolitan area. In 2018, 35.2% of plastics suitable for recycling were diverted, indicating a potential to improve collection. Of these, only 53.4% of plastics diverted for recycling were ultimately recovered through sale into the markets. This is aligned with the theoretical maximum recycling potential described in other scholarly work. The 53.4% recovery rate of diverted plastics indicates that an increase in diversion would not yield an equivalent increase in recovery. Additionally, barriers to the recovery of plastic waste impact the actual recycling rate. The literature and this study recognize that contamination, technology limitations, and the availability of markets all influence the sorting and selling of plastics. Furthermore, plastic recycling has recently received significant attention due to the implementation of China’s National Sword policy. This study demonstrates that from 2017 to 2018, while the sales of plastics #3–7 decreased, the overall recovery rate of plastics in NYC was not impacted by China’s National Sword policy.
Utilizing Peer Review and Revision in STEM to Support the Development of Conceptual Knowledge Through Writing
Authors: Finkenstaedt-Quinn Solaire A. , Polakowski Noelle , Gunderson Brenda , Shultz Ginger V. , Gere Anne Ruggles
Published: April 2021

While many STEM faculty believe Writing-to-Learn to be an effective instructional tool, instructional barriers such as the time and effort required to provide substantive feedback to their students limit the use of writing in STEM classrooms. Incorporating peer review and revision into the writing process can help mitigate these barriers while additionally supporting the learning process. This study presents an analysis of a Writing-to-Learn assignment that incorporates peer review and revision into a large introductory statistics course, where this study specifically focused on whether engaging with these processes results in changes in how students write about the content targeted by the assignment. Our results demonstrate that students made content-focused revisions between drafts that increased the amount of content they explained correctly. Additionally, our study provides evidence that students benefit from reading peers’ work in a content-focused peer review and revision process. Overall, this study shows that incorporating peer review and revision into writing assignments focused on developing content knowledge provides students with substantive feedback and enhances students’ conceptual learning.
Polyvictimization Risk Among North Korean Refugee Women in South Korea
Authors: Nam Boyoung , Kim Jae Yop , Lee Yujin , Fedina Lisa
Published: April 2021

North Korean (NK) refugee women living in South Korea are known to be vulnerable to interpersonal violence, but little is known about the possible link between or co-occurrence of acts of sexual violence (SV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrated against NK refugee women. This study examined the prevalence of polyvictimization and explored the association between SV in different settings (i.e., North Korea, intermediate countries, and South Korea) and various types of IPV. A convenience sample of 140 adult NK refugee women was analyzed, and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the link between SV and polyvictimization in IPV. NK refugee women with a history of SV reported a significantly higher rate of IPV over the previous 12 months (51.2%) compared to those without a history of SV (20.4%). NK refugee women with a history of SV are significantly more likely to become victims of most forms of IPV. SV victimization in intermediate countries significantly increased the odds of being physically victimized by their male partners in South Korea ( OR = 3.31, p =.05). An SV victimization history in North Korea ( OR = 4.50, p =.04) and SV victimization experienced outside their intimate relationship in South Korea significantly increased the odds of sexual IPV from their current intimate partner ( OR = 4.74, p =.03). This study showed that victims of human trafficking and sexual assault during their journey to South Korea were at a greater risk of IPV in South Korea. Male partners of NK refugee women with a history of SV may shame and physically sanction NK refugee women for “breaching honor.” Therefore, screening for potential risk of physical and sexual IPV among NK refugee women with a prior exposure to SV is needed to develop programs in safety planning for NK refugee women experiencing SV and IPV.
Recruiting a Probability-Based Online Panel via Postal Mail: Experimental Evidence
Authors: Cornesse Carina , Felderer Barbara , Fikel Marina , Krieger Ulrich , Blom Annelies G.
Published: April 2021

Once recruited, probability-based online panels have proven to enable high-quality and high-frequency data collection. In ever faster-paced societies and, recently, in times of pandemic lockdowns, such online survey infrastructures are invaluable to social research. In absence of email sampling frames, one way of recruiting such a panel is via postal mail. However, few studies have examined how to best approach and then transition sample members from the initial postal mail contact to the online panel registration. To fill this gap, we implemented a large-scale experiment in the recruitment of the 2018 sample of the German Internet Panel (GIP) varying panel recruitment designs in four experimental conditions: online-only, concurrent mode, online-first, and paper-first. Our results show that the online-only design delivers higher online panel registration rates than the other recruitment designs. In addition, all experimental conditions led to similarly representative samples on key socio-demographic characteristics.
Locomotion speed capability analysis of six-legged robots: Optimization and application
Authors: Chen Zhijun , Tian Yuan , Gao Feng , Liu Jimu
Published: April 2021

Locomotion speed is a key performance index of legged robots. However, methods to analyze and improve the locomotion speed capability are seldom developed, especially for six-legged robots. This paper develops a method to analyze and improve the omnidirectional walking speed and the turning speed of six-legged robots. The models of the inverse kinematics and the influence coefficients are built. Making use of the only-position-related property of the influence coefficients, a general optimization model of the locomotion trajectory is established. A two-step optimization method is introduced to solve the optimization problem. Based on the optimization, a comprehensive speed capability analysis is conducted on both omnidirectional walking and turning of the six-parallel-legged robot. The results clearly show the relationships among the speed capability, the walking direction and the duty cycle. The two-step optimization method improves the speed capability by 12.4%–13.2% for turning and 18.5%–20.5% for omnidirectional walking. Finally, the costs of the speed improvement are analyzed, including the stability, the energy consumption and the calculation time.
In the diaspora, not dead: Africa’s heritages in French museums
Authors: Lebovics Herman
Published: April 2021

There have always been pressures from within French society and from Africa for the restitution of items of African cultural patrimoine. Newly elected President Macron announced that it was time to return items of African cultural heritage. He appointed a commission to report what, how, and when. The article traces these recommendations, resistance to them, and outcomes. As of this writing, almost nothing has been returned. And the pandemic has halted official action for the moment and possibly for the foreseeable future. However, concerned individuals and groups are beginning to take the matter into their hands. The story is not finished.
On improving the controllability of low-temperature combustion by building two-stage sequential high-temperature reactions in an ethanol/diesel dual-fuel engine using multiple injections
Authors: Yang Can , Xu Haocheng , Long Tengyuan , Cheng Xiaobei
Published: April 2021

Low-temperature combustion (LTC) has advantages in reducing emissions and improving efficiency, at the expense of hard controllability. To improve its controllability, this paper proposes a two-stage stratified compression ignition (TSCI) strategy, which aims to decouple ignition and the following combustion as two-stage sequential high-temperature reactions, and couple them to external events like multiple injections, supercharge, etc. A trace amount of high reactivity fuel (HRF) is injected near the top dead center (TDC) and auto-ignited, initiating the combustion process, which controls ignition. The highly premixed charge (HPC), whose equivalent ratio, temperature, reactivity can be tuned as needed, control the combustion course after ignition. Based on the TSCI concept, one demonstrative multiple-injection strategy is suggested and tested on a single-cylinder ethanol/diesel dual-fuel engine. It is concluded from the experimental results that the TSCI combustion process presents two-stage sequential high-temperature reactions, which is different from any other LTC strategies. This sequential combustion shows good controllability. Within a certain range, the ignition phase is directly and linearly related to the ignition-oriented injection (IOI) event. With the advance of IOI timing, the ignition is advanced consequently. Increasing IOI quantity has the same tendency. As for HPC, when HPC reactivity is increased, the maximum pressure raising rate (MPRR) is increased and the whole combustion process is more concentrated.
Thymoquinone supplementation ameliorates cisplatin-induced hepatic pathophysiology
Authors: Shahid F , Farooqui Z , Alam T , Abidi S , Parwez I , Khan F
Published: April 2021

Hepatotoxicity is a major dose-limiting side effect of CP chemotherapy besides nephrotoxicity and gastrointestinal dysfunction. TQ, a principal Nigella sativa seed oil constituent, has been shown to improve hepatic functions in various in vivo models of acute hepatic injury. In view of this, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of TQ against CP-induced hepatotoxicity. Rats were divided into four experimental groups; control, CP, CP+TQ and TQ. Animals in CP+TQ and TQ groups were administered TQ (1.5 mg/kg bwt, orally), with or without a single hepatotoxic dose of CP (6 mg/kg bwt, i.p.) respectively, for 14 days before and four days following the CP treatment. CP induced an upsurge in serum ALT and AST activities, indicating liver injury, as also confirmed by the histopathological findings. CP caused significant alterations in the activities of membrane marker enzymes, carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, and the enzymatic and nonenzymatic components of the antioxidant defense system. TQ supplementation ameliorated all these adverse biochemical and histological changes in CP-treated rats. Thus, TQ may have excellent scope for clinical applications in combating CP-induced hepatic pathophysiology.
Uncoupled bone remodeling is characteristic of bone damage in premenopausal women with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Zhu Li , Zhang Jing , wang Jing , Lv Xiaohong , Pu Dan , Wang Yanhua , Men Qian , He Lan
Published: April 2021

Objective

To investigate the mechanism underlying systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-related bone loss by evaluating the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTMs) in premenopausal patients with new-onset SLE without any treatment.

Methods

BMD and BTMs of 106 premenopausal patients with new-onset SLE and 64 gender-, age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls were analyzed. BMD was determined using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Serum BTMs were measured.

Results

Hip and lumbar spine BMD in premenopausal patients with new-onset SLE was significantly decreased compared with healthy controls. Higher rate of osteoporosis was observed in new-onset SLE patients (25% vs. 1%). Moreover, uncoupled bone remodeling evidenced by an increase in bone resorption marker β-CTX (685.9 ± 709.6 pg/mL vs. 395.4 ± 326.0 pg/mL, P < 0.05) and decrease in bone formation markers PINP (37.4 ± 33.0 ng/mL vs. 46.1 ± 20.9 ng/mL, P < 0.05) and OC (11.4 ± 9.8 ng/mL vs. 18.2 ± 8.6 ng/mL, P < 0.05) was observed in premenopausal patients with new-onset SLE compared with healthy controls. Univariate correlation analyses showed negative correlations between OC and SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), and positive correlations between β-CTX and SLEDAI. SLE patients positive for dsDNA, nucleosome showed lower OC and higher β-CTX.

Conclusion

Premenopausal patients with new-onset SLE had decreased BMD and abnormal bone metabolism with increased β-CTX and decreased OC and P1NP levels, indicating uncoupled bone remodeling in new-onset SLE patients. Disease activity and abnormal immunity, especially the amount of antibodies in SLE patients, were strongly associated with abnormality of bone metabolism.
What are they waiting for? The use of acceleration and deceleration in asylum procedures by the Dutch Government
Authors: Reneman Marcelle , Stronks Martijn
Published: April 2021

In the period 2014–2019, the Dutch authorities governed the duration of asylum procedures in order to control the influx of asylum seekers. They prioritised and accelerated cases with poor chances of success, while they deprioritised cases with good chances of success. This resulted in long asylum procedures for asylum seekers with a likelihood of success and short asylum procedures for those with a poor chance of success. This article contends that this Dutch policy is an illustration of ‘temporal governance’: a governmental strategy to control and discipline migrants by means of time. This form of governance is based on a detailed knowledge of processes of asylum procedures, which enables qualification, categorisation and differentiation between different groups of asylum seekers. The focus of this research is on how such temporal governance functions and how it relates to law. A traditional understanding of law and sovereign power entails that law legitimates and restricts power. Strikingly, temporal governance regulating the asylum procedure seems to have a different relationship to law. This article demonstrates that legal standards, in this case the standards of European Union legislation, provide Member States a large amount of room (temporal discretion) to apply temporal governance. Moreover, only a few limited legal remedies remain available, if the duration of the asylum procedure appears unlawful. Instead of limiting temporal governance, law provides ample opportunity for the acceleration and deceleration of asylum cases in order to delay due process of asylum seekers and deter others from arriving. We cannot prove that the Dutch government aimed at deprioritising and decelerating complex asylum cases and cases with good chances of success – which would have been unlawful. However, this was the net result of their chosen policy. We illustrate that instead of a legitimation and restriction of sovereign power to govern the asylum influx by means of time, law can function as a set of tactics to pursue policy aims by employing ‘temporal governance’.
Against wellbeing: The problem of resources, metrics and care of the self
Authors: Murphy Brendon
Published: April 2021

This article critically engages with the concept and practice of ‘wellbeing’. Over the last decade, managerial practices have broadly introduced ‘wellbeing’ policies into the workplace, including the legal workplace. While these practices, in principle, can offer important forms of support for staff under professional stress, they can also be counterproductive, and have the effect of escalating stress and isolation. Drawing on Foucault, this article turns wellbeing on its head and identifies the dark side of what has become a widely practised form of control. It concludes by advocating for employee dialogue and genuine care rather than responsibilising employees for systemic failings.