bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulation and Evaluation of Doxofylline-Loaded Polymeric Micelles for Pulmonary Administration
Authors: Raysing Swati Devendra , Patil Mansi Vitthal , Avhad Pratibha Ankush
Published: May 2022

The pulmonary administration of drugs offers advantages over administration by intravenous injection. The present research work was to prepare polymeric micelles nanomicelles containing Doxofylline as dry powder for inhalation. In order to bypass the drawbacks of predictable preparations, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for pulmonary administration and pulmonary targeting have been oppressed. The work was aimed towards formulating the Doxofylline loaded Soluplus nanomicelles with polymer Soluplus by film hydration technique in different ratios. The nanomicelles so prepared were characterized for its particle size, ζ-potential, XRD, SEM, drug content and drug release rate. Soluplus Doxofylline Polymeric Micelles showed mean size of 70.73nm and Zeta Potential is - 8.71. The Drug Entrapment Efficiency is 87.7% and The Drug Loading Capacity is 10%. In-Vitro study reveals the drug release is 44%. Conclusion: The Doxofylline-Soluplus Polymeric Nanomicelles could have the significant value in the treatment of Asthama and COPD.

Keywords: Polymeric Nanomicelles, Asthama, COPD, Doxofylline, Film Hydration Technique, Lyophilisation, Dry powder for Inhalation.
The Effectiveness of Prenatal Couple Gentle Yoga and Birth Ball on Maternal Mental Readiness and the length of Labor at the Depok Regional Health Center
Authors: Handayani Sri , Rasumawati Rasumawati
Published: May 2022

There are several ways to prevent pregnancy during pregnancy when the mother and baby are in a healthy condition and the delivery process is normal, including prenatal yoga, a modification of yoga that is adapted to the condition of pregnant women by preparing pregnant women physically, mentally and spiritually for the birth process. The study was conducted at the Depok Regional Health Center which aims to determine the effect of prenatal couple gentle yoga and birth ball on the mental readiness of the mother and the duration of labor, presumably as a confounder variable, namely the mother's age, education, occupation, parity and husband's support, conducted interviews and observations on the implementation of the intervention. in pregnant women and the delivery process. The research design was quasi-experimental with a post-test control group approach, the sample was quota sampling of 35-36 weeks pregnant women as many as 30 respondents in the intervention group and 30 respondents in the control group. The analysis test was carried out by linear regression. It was found that the results of the exercise of Couple gentle yoga and birth ball were significant for the maternal mental readiness of the mother and the length of labor with a P value = 0.0001. Confounding variables are the variables of mother's age, occupation and parity, the determination coefficient R2 (R square) = 0.897, meaning that the other variable implementation of exercises.

Keywords: Prenatal couple, gentle yoga, birth ball, maternal mental readiness
Potensi electronic nose 118 untuk mendeteksi penyakit busuk pangkal batang pada kelapa sawit
Authors: MULYATNI Agustin Sri , KRESNAWATY Irma , ERIS Deden Dewantara , PANJI Tri , KIMBERLY Wita , WIDIASTUTI Happy , PRIYONO Priyono , CHOTIMAH Chotimah , TRIYANA Kuwat
Published: May 2022

AbstractBasal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma sp. is a major disease in oil palm. One of the keys to successfully control BSR disease is to detect the pathogenic infections as early as possible. Early detection technique has been developed in this study was using volatile compounds sensors known as an electronic nose, specifically Electronic Nose 118. Plant samples were obtained from roots, stems, leaves, and soils of four plant categories, which were midly, moderately, and severely infected by Ganoderma, and healthy plants. The test results showed that Electronic Nose was able to record the profile of volatile organic compounds (VOC) produced by Ganoderma sp. The Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) results showed that the root and stem samples were differentiated in fairly high level of discrimination with values of 89.66% and 94.59% respectively, while for internal validation value were 98.18% and 89.18%. However, for leaf and soil samples, Electronic Nose 118 resulted in low discriminations. The test results show that Electronic Nose 118 can distinguish samples of roots and stems of healthy plant and Ganoderma-infected plant with a high accuracy.[Keywords: Ganoderma, linier discriminant analysis (LDA), pathogen infection, sensor, volatile organic compound] AbstrakPenyakit busuk pangkal batang (BPB) yang disebabkan oleh Ganoderma sp. merupakan  penyakit utama pada kelapa sawit. Salah satu kunci keberhasilan pengendalian penyakit BPB adalah diketahuinya infeksi patogen sedini mungkin. Teknik deteksi dini yang saat ini dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan sensor senyawa volatil yang dikenal dengan electronic nose, khususnya Electronic Nose 118. Sampel tanaman diperoleh dari akar, batang, daun, dan tanah dari empat kondisi tanaman, yaitu tanaman yang terinfeksi Ganoderma ringan, sedang, berat dan tanaman sehat. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa profil senyawa organik volatil yang dihasilkan oleh infeksi Ganoderma sp. dapat ditangkap oleh Electronic Nose 118 dengan baik. Hasil analisis Linear Discriminat Analysis (LDA) menunjukkan bahwa sampel akar dan batang terbedakan dengan tingkat diskriminasi yang cukup tinggi dengan nilai secara berurutan yaitu 89,66% dan 94,59%, sedangkan untuk validasi internal masing-masing 98,18% dan 89,18%. Namun demikian, untuk sampel daun dan tanah, pengujian dengan Electronic Nose 118 menghasilkan tingkat diskriminasi yang rendah. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan Electronic Nose 118 dapat membedakan sampel akar dan batang dari tanaman sehat dan tanaman terserang Ganoderma dengan akurasi tinggi.[Kata kunci : Ganoderma, LDA, infeksi patogen, sensor, senyawa organik volatil]
Analysis of Effective Ways to Promote Educational Services of a Higher Educational Institution on the Internet
Authors: Trapeznikova E. M. , Petropavlovskaya A. A.
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study is to identify effective ways of Internet promotion of educational services of higher educational institutions. The methodological basis of the study is the results of: monitoring and analysis of domestic and foreign publications on the identified issues; analysis of Internet promotion performance indicators of the Marketing and Trade Department of the Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service, including the analysis of Instagram promotion statistical data; as well as a survey of consumers of educational services. The article analyzes the effectiveness of an advertising campaign to promote educational services using various Internet marketing tools, identifies the most effective of the tools used, namely: content marketing and targeted advertising.
Sickle Cell Disease and Social Determinants of Health -- A Scoping Review
Authors: Khan Hamda , Krull Matthew , Hankins Jane , Wang Winfred , Porter Jerlym
Published: May 2022

Social determinants of health (SDoH) may impact outcomes in sickle cell
disease (SCD). We conducted a comprehensive literature review of five
electronic databases to elucidate the relationship between SDoH and SCD
and identify gaps in the literature. Our search yielded 59 articles
which we organized into five SDoH areas: Neighborhood and Built
Environment, Health and Healthcare, Social and Community Context,
Education, and Economic Stability. We found that social determinants,
such as access to healthcare, were inconsistently evaluated. Improved
recognition and understanding of SDoH should enhance the development of
programs that directly address its detrimental effects on patients with
SCD.
The Ground States for Hartree-Fock Systems with a General Nonlinearity
Authors: Jin Hua , Chen Mingzhen
Published: May 2022

We consider the least energy solutions of Hatree-Fock system with the
coupling term Φ in the two equations, and the
nonlinearity are general subcritical with a small perturbation. By
Nehari’s manifold approach, the existence of non-trivial ground state
solutions is obtained. The asymptotic behaviors with respect to
parameters λ and β are also studied.
A unique case of laparoscopically resected gastric adenocarcinoma concurrent with lanthanum deposition
Authors: Hirose Kosuke , Saito Shunichi , Oshiro Yumi , Minami Kazuhito , Ikegami Koji , Kurahara Koichi , Honbo Takuya , Sadanaga Noriaki , Matsuura Hiroshi
Published: May 2022

We present a unique case of laparoscopically resected gastric
adenocarcinoma with concurrent lanthanum deposition. Lanthanum
depositions occasionally appear similar to carcinomas on endoscopy. and
surgical resection should be considered for such concurrent carcinoma.
Furthermore, more research is needed to clarify the relationship between
carcinogenesis and lanthanum deposition.
Surveying non-visual arrestins reveals allosteric interactions between functional sites
Authors: Seckler James M. , Robinson Emily N. , Lewis Stephen J. , Grossfield Alan
Published: May 2022

Arrestins are important scaffolding proteins that are expressed in all
vertebrate animals. They regulate cell signaling events upon binding to
active G-protein coupled receptors ( GPCR) and trigger
endocytosis of active GPCRs. While many of the functional sites on
arrestins have been characterized, the question of how these sites
interact is unanswered. We used anisotropic network modelling (
ANM) together with our covariance compliment techniques to
survey all of the available structures of the non-visual arrestins to
map how structural changes and protein-binding affect their structural
dynamics. We found that activation and clathrin binding have a marked
effect on arrestin dynamics, and that these dynamics changes are
localized to a small number of distant functional sites. These sites
include α-helix 1, the lariat loop, nuclear localization domain, and the
C-domain β-sheets on the C-loop side. Our techniques suggest that
clathrin binding and/or GPCR activation of arrestin perturb the dynamics
of these sites independent of structural changes.
Replacement of lime with industrial wastes in hot metal desulfurization mixtures
Authors: Santo E.V.D.E. , Soares S.G. , de Oliveira , Junca E. , Grillo F.F. , de Oliveira
Published: May 2022

The steel production enhancement in recent decades has increased the solid waste generation in the steel plants. Due to the increase in the environmental policies stringency, efforts have been made to give them a more appropriate destination. In this context, the internal reuse of these materials is a solution often applied by the industry to reduce production costs and to decrease slag generation. Therefore, the aim of this research is to replace calcitic lime by limestone waste and KR slag in hot metal desulfurization, which are wastes from steel production. The KR slag is the waste generated by the desulfurization process in Kambara Reactor. Experimental desulfurization tests were carried out in a resistance furnace at a temperature of 1350?C, in an inert atmosphere with constant stirring of 500 rpm. Along with the tests, simulations were carried out with FactSage 7.0 software in order to obtain the phases present in each mixture at the working temperature and compare them with the practical results. It was found that the tricalcium silicate phase (3CaO?SiO2) was present in mixtures with lower desulfurization efficiency, which shows its kinetic limitation. The use of limestone waste proved to be more efficient than the use of KR slag.
Phase equilibria of Bi-Te-RE (Yb,Nd,Sm,Er,Tb) ternary systems at 673K
Authors: Zhang L.-G. , Song Q. , Tan M.-Y. , Jiang Y. , Liu L.-B.
Published: May 2022

The phase equilibria of Bi-Te-RE (Yb, Nd, Sm, Er, Tb) at 673 K were established through equilibrated alloys. The isothermal sections of Bi-Te-RE (Yb, Nd, Sm, Er, Tb) at 673 K were established according to the result of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), and Powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD). In the Bi-Te-Yb system at 673 K, the existence of 4 three-phase equilibria (YbTe+Bi2Te3+Te, YbTe+Bi2Te3+?, YbTe+Bi+?, YbTe+Yb5Bi3+Yb4Bi3) was established, while 3 three-phase regions (NdTe2+?+Bi2Te3, NdTe2+?+Bi, Nd2Te3+Bi+BiTeNd) in Bi-Te-Nd system, 3 threephase regions (SmTe3+Te+Bi2Te3, SmTe1.8+Bi2Te3+?, SmTe1.8+?+Bi) in Bi-Te-Nd system, 3 three-phase regions (TbTe3+Te+Bi2Te3, Tb4Te7+Bi2Te3+?, TbTe+Bi+?) in Bi-Te-Nd system, and 4 three-phase regions (ErTe3+Te+Bi2Te3, ErTe3+Bi2Te3+Er2Te3, Bi2Te3+Er2Te3+?, Er2Te3+?+ErTe, ?+ErTe+Bi) in Bi-Te-Nd system were also identified, respectively. Among the Bi-Te-RE (Nd, Sm, Er, Tb, Yb) systems, the solubilities of RE in Bi2Te3 were 0.19 at % Nd, 0.22 at % Sm, 0.28 at % Tb, 0.35 at %Er, and 0.37 at % Yb. In general, the maximum solubility of elements in Bi2Te3 phase alloy became larger with the increase in RE atomic number. A ternary compound BiTeNd in the Bi-Te-Nd ternary system was confirmed in this work.
Ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 Inhibitor as Treatment for Paraneoplastic Pemphigus: A Case Report
Authors: Fan Birao , Wang Mingyue
Published: May 2022

Abstract is missing (Short communication)
Prevalence and Odds of Anxiety Disorders and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adults with Psoriasis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysi
Authors: Jalenques Isabelle , Bourlot Fabien , Martinez Elisa , Pereira Bruno , D'Incan Michel , Lauron Sophie , Rondepierre Fabien
Published: May 2022

The magnitude of the association between psoriasis and depression has been evaluated, but not that between psoriasis and anxiety. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the prevalence and odds of anxiety disorders and symptoms in patients with psoriasis. Five medical databases (Cochrane Database, EMBASE, PubMed, PsychINFO, ScienceDirect) were searched for relevant literature. A total of 101 eligible articles were identified. Meta-analysis revealed different prevalence rates depending on the type of anxiety disorder: 15% [95% confidence interval [CI] 9–21] for social anxiety disorder, 11% [9–14] for generalized anxiety disorder, and 9% [95% CI 8–10] for unspecified anxiety disorder. There were insufficient studies assessing other anxiety disorders to be able to draw any conclusions on their true prevalence. Meta-analysis also showed a high prevalence of anxiety symptoms (34% [95% CI 32–37]). Case-control studies showed a positive association between psoriasis and unspecified anxiety disorder (odds ratio 1.48 [1.18; 1.85]) and between psoriasis and anxiety symptoms (odds ratio 2.51 [2.02; 3.12]). All meta-analyses revealed an important heterogeneity, which could be explained in each case by methodological factors. The results of this study raise the necessity of screening for the presence of anxiety disorders, as previously recommended for depressive disorders, in patients with psoriasis and, if necessary, to refer such patients for evaluation by a mental health professional and appropriate treatment.
Crown Reconstruction of Erosive Wear Using High-viscosity Glass Ionomer Cement: A Case Report
Authors: Menezes-Silva R , Fernandes PHM , Bueno LS , Vertuan M , Rios D , Bresciani E , Borges AFS , de Lima Navarro MF
Published: May 2022

The aim of this clinical report is to present a possible alternative treatment, with 24-month follow-up, for restoring tooth loss due to extensive erosive tooth wear. A 21-year-old male patient, complaining of intense sensitivity in the maxillary posterior teeth, and presenting severe wear on maxillary premolar and molar teeth due to gastroesophageal reflux, sought care in the university clinics. The planned treatment was to refer for medical treatment and perform restorations with the high-viscosity glass ionomer cement Equia Forte (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), aiming to restore the dental anatomy and to consequently decrease the pain symptomatology. A silicone guide, obtained from a diagnostic waxing, was used during the restorative approach considering the patient’s occlusion. After all the clinical steps of the restorative technique, an occlusal adjustment of restorations was performed. During monthly recalls up to 24 months, the treatment was stable and in service. In addition, the patient reported no pain and improved chewing, leading to a better quality of life.
Adhesion to a Zirconia-reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramic: Effects of Ceramic Surface Treatments and Resin Cements
Authors: Dalla-Nora F , Guilardi LF , Zucuni CP , Valandro LF , Rippe MP
Published: May 2022

Objective

This study had the objective to test the effect of ceramic surface treatments on the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of different resin cements to a zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS).

Methods and Materials

ZLS blocks were sectioned, embedded in acrylic resin, and then allocated into nine groups considering two study factors: “ceramic surface treatment” (HF - hydrofluoric acid; EP - self-etching primer; TBS - tribochemical silica coating) and “resin cements” (nMDP - without MDP monomer; MDP - with MDP monomer; SA - self-adhesive). Starch tubes (n=36) were placed on the treated ceramic surface and the cement was applied. Starch tubes were removed after 24 hours of storage, and the specimens were thermocycled (5,000×; 5°C–55°C). Next, the μSBS test was performed using the wire-loop technique, and topographic and failure analyses were performed.

Results

The factors “ceramic surface treatment” and “resin cement” statistically influenced the μSBS results. Considering the surface treatment factor, the TBS produced statistically lower values when the MDP resin cement was applied, being only similar to the MDP plus EP group. For the resin cement factor, no difference was found for nMDP and SA groups, apart from the surface treatments. Failure analysis showed that the groups treated with EP had a greater number of pre-test failures. The surface treatments induced noteworthy topographic alterations when compared to control (no treatment).

Conclusion

The ZLS ceramic surface treatment with tribochemical silica coating associated with the MDP-containing resin cement resulted in lower bond strength values.
The development and application of a ChIP and MeDIP assay to determine a link between epigenetics and metabolism in ovarian cancer progression
Authors:   , Tse Carmen
Published: May 2022

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has the highest mortality rate of all gynaecological cancers globally. High-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOC) comprise 75% of EOCs and are characterised by diagnosis at advanced stages due to the late manifestation of non-specific symptoms. The majority of HGSOC cells are found to metastasise to the omentum, an adipocyte-rich membrane which can metabolise chemotherapeutic drugs. EOC patients develop malignant ascites, characterised by the high concentration of cytokines and the presence of multicellular aggregates of EOC cells known as spheroids. Both characteristics can facilitate EOC metastasis. EOC patients initially respond well to platinum-based chemotherapy, but the vast majority will relapse and eventually develop chemotherapy-resistant disease. Long-term survival for OC has shown no recent improvement which highlights the needs for new strategies that improve EOC prognosis. The dysregulation of the epigenetic landscape is a hallmark of EOC leading to the activation of oncogenes and suppression of anti-tumour genes. Ten-eleven translocation (TET) 2 is involved in DNA demethylation, playing a role in transcriptional regulation and gene expression. Oncometabolites present in EOC can inhibit TET2 which leads to aberrant gene regulation, contributing to malignant transformation and progression. Additionally, TET2 can be stabilised by metformin through activation of AMPK, a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis. Metformin, a biguanide drug widely prescribed as first line treatment for diabetes, has shown promise as an anti-cancer drug. In EOC, metformin has been linked with an increased survival rate in addition to being able to decrease cytokine production and tumour formation in ovarian tumour cells. However, here metformin was found to increase cytokine (IL-6 and IL-8) production in chemosensitive EOC cells, under conditions of a physiological EOC tumour microenvironment (i.e., restricted glucose conditions), but not in chemoresistant EOC cells. This may be unfavourable if metformin was to be repurposed as treatment for EOC and may account for its inconsistent efficacy as a potential therapeutic drug in other cancers. Pathways including AMPK/TET2, and JAK/STAT were explored using techniques such as western Blot, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) as possible mechanisms for this response. Cell viability and proliferation assays were used to explore the effect of oncometabolites on EOC cells. The results will provide insights into how metabolites affect EOC progression in addition to identifying potential therapeutic targets.
Good Life/Good Existence [Belle Vie / Belle Existence] (Introduction to the Ukrainian Translation of the Interview “Foucault in the Valley of Death”)
Authors: Bartusiak Pavlo
Published: May 2022

This is an important interview for understanding Michel Foucault's creative evolution. It was conducted by American scholar Heather Dandes in 2017. It is translated into Ukrainian for the first time. Clermont High School professor Simeon Wade and his friend, musician Michael Stoneman, invited Foucault to take part in a journey to Death Valley in June 1975. The philosopher accepted the proposal. They spent two days and one night in the desert. Foucault described this experience as one of the most important in his life.
Inhumanity
Authors: Hiruta Kei
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses a longer period and traces the protagonists' lifelong engagement with totalitarianism. It investigates two distinct bodies of work: Hannah Arendt's and Isaiah Berlin's wartime and immediate post-war analyses of totalitarian politics and society; and their later attempts to reconsider the history of Western political thought in light of the reality of Nazism and Stalinism. The protagonists' understandings of the crises of the twentieth century, culminating in Nazism and Stalinism and their genocidal policies, differed significantly from each other. The chapter also unfolds how they disagreed, among other things, over the definition of totalitarianism, its relative novelty, its goals and aspirations, its forms of oppression and domination and its paradigmatic patterns of emergence. The chapter looks at Berlin's focus on the internal logic of totalitarian oppression, on how totalitarians themselves justified their behaviour. Dismissive of intellectual history, Arendt on the other hand attempted to identify a disparate set of elements that abruptly and contingently ‘crystallised’ into totalitarianism at a particular historical juncture.
Conclusion
Authors: Hiruta Kei
Published: May 2022

This chapter restates the author's arguments and considers their implications for political thought and political philosophy today. It emphasizes the overall theme that connects Hannah Arendt and Isaiah Berlin: their lives and works were hardly confined to academia, let alone one academic discipline. The chapter argues that both made significant academic contributions, and some of their books and articles remain as ‘must-reads’ in several disciplines, including political theory, philosophy and intellectual history. The chapter then shifts to investigates how they sought to influence public opinion and public policy through differing channels: writing for the people in Arendt's case, and speaking to policy-makers and public servants in Berlin's. It reviews how they remained philosophers in the Socratic sense. Both were entirely free from the kind of hypocrisy and inauthenticity characteristic of some philosophy faculty members across the world, then and now: preaching one thing and living a life that contradicts it.
Introduction
Authors: Koenigs Thomas
Published: May 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the array of theories and varieties of fictionality that early US writers developed as they wrestled with the most pressing social and political questions of their moment. The story of fictionality in the republic is not one of isolated authors struggling with literary theory, but one of the individuals and movements that used different modalities of fiction for community building and social reform. Thus, the chapter explains that the book charts how early US writers used diverse varieties of fictionality as tools for deliberation, education, and persuasion. These writers sought to harness the mental processes elicited by different fictional logics—evaluations of possibility, considerations of counterfactual scenarios, speculations on different potential futures, or identification with suppositional persons—for a range of social projects. They developed new fictionalities for intervening in political debates, training engaged citizens, shaping conduct, constructing a national past, and advancing social criticism.
Into the Coffee Kingdom
Authors: Saba Roberto
Published: May 2022

This chapter studies three groups of Americans who settled in the Oeste Paulista, the fastest growing coffee-producing region of Brazil, after the American Civil War. They were ex-Confederates who took up mixed commercial farming, manufacturers from the American North who established industrial enterprises, and Protestant missionaries who built private schools for the planters' children. By complying with the projects of the local elite, the newcomers advanced the transition from slave to free labor in the Oeste Paulista. Willingly or not, the Americans contributed to the widening of the divide between the owners of capital and a growing class of impoverished workers in Brazil. Ultimately, what happened in the Oeste Paulista during the 1860s and 1870s was a process of class transformation fueled by American technology and expertise. As they engaged with the fazendeiros, Americans learned invaluable lessons in how to promote the interests of capital on a hemispheric scale.
The Triumph of Free Labor
Authors: Saba Roberto
Published: May 2022

This chapter addresses the seemingly contradictory connections between an expanding market for slave-grown Brazilian coffee in the United States and the American contribution to slave emancipation in Brazil. Whereas the coffee trade became a most lucrative enterprise for American businessmen and the temperance movement used coffee to discipline the working class in American cities, Brazilian planters used money from the coffee trade to improve their plantations and complete the transition to wage labor. The triumph of free labor in Brazil brought immediate results: booming agroindustry and expanding coffee yields. It also resulted in the brutal exploitation of an emerging rural proletariat. The fazendeiros' allies in the United States felt elated, however. Without the upheaval that had occurred in the American South, Brazilian planters had placed themselves alongside American capitalists.
Epilogue
Authors: Saba Roberto
Published: May 2022

This epilogue highlights what free labor in the form of the wage system had accomplished. Once the two largest slave societies in the Western world, Brazil and the United States thrived after slavery was gone. In addition to transforming each one of these two nations, free labor had brought them together. In their relationship with Brazil, American antislavery reformers were able to refashion their national image, at once spreading the labor system triumphant after the Civil War and presenting the United States as a progressive alternative to European empires. By attracting American capital and expertise to their country, Brazilian antislavery reformers were able to accomplish a relatively peaceful transition to free labor and bring about the fast modernization of the Brazilian economy. In spite of all changes, by the early twentieth century the legacies of slavery were still alive in the United States and Brazil. Ultimately, the end of slavery refashioned labor exploitation in both countries.
Introduction
Authors: Levine Jeremy R.
Published: May 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how major institutional changes affect democratic representation and neighborhood inequality. It presents two arguments. The first is that the growing presence of private nonprofits in urban governance—including community organizations, foundations, funding intermediaries, and their many consultants—fundamentally altered local democracy. In earlier decades, local government officials and district politicians controlled local development projects from start to finish. But declines in public funding reduced local politicians' influence, while government bureaucracies' reliance on the private sector elevated the political status of nonprofit community-based organizations (CBOs) and their private funders. The second contention is that these institutional arrangements introduced new, unintended mechanisms of inequality. Because CBOs are private organizations competing for organizational survival, CBO leaders and their funders will tend to focus their efforts in neighborhoods most likely to show success—ignoring, at times, the people and places in greatest need. The chapter then describes the case study of the Fairmount Corridor.
The Censorship Versus the Moderns
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the difference between censorship and modernism. The Victorian obscenity law was haunted by popular literacy and the extension of the franchise. After the First World War, the reception of literary modernism in the 1920s was caught up in these more general cultural concerns such as class conflicts and apprehension of masculinity and femininity. Sir William Joynson-Hicks, Sir John Anderson, and Sir Archibald Bodkin worked in concert against obscene publications in the twenties. The chapter discusses the censorship on James Hanley's Boy, Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness, and James Joyce's Ulysses. It also notes how the legal proceedings against avant-garde books did not cease.
Protecting Literature, Suppressing Pulp
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on protecting literature by suppressing pulp. After the war, the police, courts, and Customs contended with a growing market for pornographic magazines and dirty postcards, and with the moral threat presented by American pulp. A new generation of comic books from the United States resulted in new powers to confiscate printed matter, and American gangster fiction and knockoffs by British writers were subjected to serial prosecutions. The new regulations were put on hold when the government went into caretaker mode for the 1945 general election. The chapter also expounds on policing obscene publications in the post-war years.
The Liberal Hour
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks into the work of liberal reformers. The trial of Penguin Books quickly became a symbol of the decline of establishment authority. Campaigns for and against censorship would involve more actors than the campaign that resulted in the Obscene Publications Act. Moreover, neofascist and racist leaflets and posters emerged as a concern after the race riots of 1958. Thus, the Labour Party outlawed incitement to racial hatred to curb discrimination in places of public resort. The decriminalization of sexual acts between men also impacted arguments about censorship. The chapter also tackles the Freedom of Vision's teach-in wherein Labour MP Ben Whitaker declared censorship was an infringement of human liberty.
Subversion From Underground
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: May 2022

This chapter tackles the underground press. It starts with the Oz trial wherein it bore some resemblance to the Lady Chatterley trial. The Oz trial was the longest obscenity trial in British history since Oz's editor, Richard Neville, represented himself. The parade of witnesses brought by Neville and John Mortimer made the argument that kids should be understood instead of criticized despite their manners, sexuality, attitude to authority, and drug experimentation. Moreover, the Oz editors insisted that they were not pornographers. On the other hand, the complaints against Oz reflected the recent widening of the scope of obscenity to encompass non-sexual varieties of supposedly antisocial behavior.
Conclusion
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the controversies on censorship. During the Thatcher years, critics of obscenity in popular culture and the arts had some victories, but it was not close to the center of social change. Labour MP Clare Short made efforts to amend the Obscene Publications Act by itemizing forbidden types of scenes and poses. Moreover, the Campaign against Pornography and Censorship refused to see censorship as the answer to the problem of pornography. The chapter notes the advent of the Internet as another change for the 1990s. Censorship is always significant, but it is no longer a pressing matter similar to Lord Campbell's Act and the Williams Report.
Stoic Romanticism and the Ethics of Emotion
Authors: Risinger Jacob
Published: May 2022

Stoic philosophers and Romantic writers might seem to have nothing in common: the ancient Stoics championed the elimination of emotion, and Romantic writers made a bold new case for expression, adopting “powerful feeling” as the bedrock of poetry. This book refutes this notion by demonstrating that Romantic-era writers devoted a surprising amount of attention to Stoicism and its dispassionate mandate. The book explores the subterranean but vital life of Stoic philosophy in British and American Romanticism, from William Wordsworth to Ralph Waldo Emerson. The book shows that the Romantic era—the period most polemically invested in emotion as art's mainspring—was also captivated by the Stoic idea that aesthetic and ethical judgment demanded the transcendence of emotion. The book argues that Stoicism was a central preoccupation in a world destabilized by the French Revolution. Creating a space for the skeptical evaluation of feeling and affect, Stoicism became the subject of poetic reflection, ethical inquiry, and political debate. The book examines Wordsworth's affinity with William Godwin's evolving philosophy, Samuel Taylor Coleridge's attempt to embed Stoic reflection within the lyric itself, Lord Byron's depiction of Stoicism at the level of character, visions of a Stoic future in novels by Mary Shelley and Sarah Scott, and the Stoic foundations of Emerson's arguments for self-reliance and social reform.
Stoic Moral Sentimentalism from Shaftesbury to Wollstonecraft
Authors: Risinger Jacob
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores one facet of Stoic philosophy that was pivotal to the formation of the modern mind and the modern world emergence. It examines how powerfully the Stoic substratum of eighteenth-century moral sentimentalism shaped Romantic notions of mind and world. It also surveys the often-militant repudiation of Stoicism in eighteenth-century literary culture. The chapter mentions an overlooked but consequential fracture in the moral philosophy of Shaftesbury and Adam Smith, one that Mary Wollstonecraft took up in her own feminist critique of sensibility. Though working in different ways, all three thinkers approached Stoicism as a necessary supplement to sympathetic connection, one that was crucial to life in an increasingly cosmopolitan and interconnected world.
Emerson, Stoic Cosmopolitanism, and the Conduct of Life
Authors: Risinger Jacob
Published: May 2022

This chapter suggests that Ralph Waldo Emerson's gnomic essays reflect, theorize, and call for a bold American extension of the Stoic Romanticism. In a late journal, Emerson claimed that the doctrines of “Zeno & the Stoic sect” could be reduced to one thought: self-reliance. It argues that Emerson's idealism was Stoic from the outset, although Stoicism is often described as a late and disenchanted formation. The chapter reviews a range of essays, wherein Emerson mercilessly investigated an intuition that troubled his Romantic inheritors: however pleasurable, sympathy was incommensurate with ethical action. Like the Stoics, Emerson deployed paradoxical rhetoric to make a case for the broad justice of Stoic cosmopolitanism in a sentimental age.
Figures
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie
Published: May 2022

This chapter observes several pre-Ḥaddādian modes of articulatory labor that have enabled the cultivation of different forms of Islamic community with varying scale in Java and the Ḥaḍramawt. Each of the Islamic communities revolved around particular figures of authority—whether saints or sultans—and their successors, who were recognized as connectors to the Prophetic past and living embodiments or purveyors of Prophetic teachings. The chapter highlights the notion of articulatory labor while providing the history behind the emergence of the Ḥaddādian paradigm. It details a nineteenth-century Javanese court annal, the Babad Joko Tingkir, which tells a story of the mosque's resistance to the saints' attempt to orient its qibla toward the Kaaba. The anecdote portrays the saints as living connectors who labored to assemble an autochthonous community oriented toward a new religion, sacred space, and foundational past, all of which were foreign.
Institutions
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks at the Islamic communities established by Ḥaddādian scholars in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Java. While assembled in accordance to the Ḥaddādian articulatory paradigm, these Islamic communities gradually developed into saintly dynasties. The chapter focuses on the Bā ʻAlawī saintly dynasty of Pekalongan, Central Java. It shows how behind the transformation of a Ḥaddādian community into a saintly dynasty is a changing mode of articulatory labor that adjusted the way the sunna is imagined and generated a novel form of authority that has remained influential down to the present day. The chapter covers mobility, objectification, purification, colonial encounters, and modernity. It examines the processes through which a Ḥaddādian shaykh al-taʻlīm became posthumously identified as the principal saint of a Javanese city.
Itineraries
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie
Published: May 2022

This chapter follows the biographical becoming of Habib Luthfi, who, unlike the scions of the Bā ʻAlawī saintly dynasties, does not come from an established scholarly or saintly background. Habib Luthfi had to form new connections and embed himself in established genealogical channels to be recognized as a credible connector to the Prophetic past. The chapter describes the habib's rise to prominence and rivalries with competing religious leaders, including the scion of the saintly dynasty of Pekalongan. The chapter observes the labors performed by Habib Luthfi in his attempt to cultivate an Islamic community. The case of Habib Luthfi suggests how an aspiring scholar may assume a position of authority by tapping into different genealogies, networks, and itineraries of Islamic transmission.
Politics
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on Habib Luthfi's relationships with different actors and institutions of the Indonesian state. It observes how different articulatory labors have allowed the habib to establish alliances with the state and employ the state as an infrastructure of religious authority. These relations enabled Habib Luthfi to organize religious events in and through which he performs the labor of articulating the sunna to a broader audience, often at the expense of other Muslim leaders. The chapter discusses alliances with the state that have permitted Habib Luthfi to enact consequential interventions on behalf of others. It proposes an alternative way of thinking about alliances between religious communities and the modern state, and the role of religious leaders and state actors in mediating them.
Introduction
Authors: Glanville Luke
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the idea that states share responsibilities for the protection of people beyond their borders from atrocities. When justifying action taken to protect people beyond borders, or when exhorting others to act, the chapter argues that states have almost always deployed the language of responsibility, of duty, of obligation, of an imperative to love their neighbor, to uphold justice, and to defend the interests of humanity. The chapter then questions how have theorists and practitioners derived and discharged, contested and evaded, and manipulated and abused responsibilities for the protection of the vulnerable beyond borders in the past. It investigates how should the responsibility to protect be shared among states to ensure that populations are consistently and effectively protected without placing unfair burdens on particular states and without opening the door to abuse. The chapter looks at the shared responsibility to protect through five different lenses: the history of international thought, the history of international practice, international ethics, international law, and international politics.
International Thought
Authors: Glanville Luke
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines a history of thinking about the duties of states to care for vulnerable people beyond their borders. It emphasizes that past thinking about duties to vindicate human rights remains relatively underexplored—particularly the case for extraterritorial duties. The chapter then focuses on one strand of theorizing—Western natural law—which has given sustained attention to such duties, producing a range of arguments and frameworks for thinking that remain influential as well as others that are largely forgotten and can reward renewed attention. The chapter traces multiple and disparate theories of duties beyond borders, from Francisco de Vitoria deliberating the justice of the conquest of the Americas in the early sixteenth century through to the supposed eclipse of natural law theorizing by Kant at the end of the eighteenth century. It also retrieves debates waged across these three centuries about how to conceive tensions between duties to strangers and duties to one's own people. The chapter analyzes how theorists comprehended not only duties of military intervention in nonconsenting states, but also duties of consensual aid and assistance. It then considers contrasting claims about the nature of these various duties and the implications of violation.
International Practice
Authors: Glanville Luke
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the historical practices of (mostly Western) states. It focuses on how they have constructed and performed responsibilities in realms related to responsibility to protect, including humanitarian intervention, minority protection, and the colonial subjection of “backward” peoples to the supposedly beneficial rule of “civilized” powers. Covering the period from the Peace of Westphalia to the end of the Cold War, the chapter provides particular attention to key developments in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—an especially innovative period in the international construction of shared responsibilities due initially to the advent of great power management by European powers and subsequently the transfer of some of their managerial roles to the League of Nations. The chapter investigates how states grappled with questions about how they should share their acknowledged protection responsibilities. It enables us to appreciate how responsibilities can be variously evaded or perverted by the powerful and to grasp both the historical traumas and the enduring temptations that continue to shape protection debates and practices.
Catalogs and Culture
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: May 2022

This chapter follows different forms of the Greek cultural catalog from the relatively simple (and probably historically prior) speeches of Palamedes and Prometheus to the more dramatically complex catalogs of Theseus in Euripides' Suppliants and the first stasimon of the Antigone. In all these texts, the chapter argues that the cultural catalog seeks to grasp the essential elements of human culture and understand the relationship to divinity. Yet instead of yielding a clear picture of human and divine agency, the rhetoric and staging of the catalogs have a tendency to complicate the theological issues they raise. Finally, the chapter turns for comparison to the “Sisyphus fragment” attributed to Critias, which shows an extreme form of such theological questioning. It also illustrates a major formal difference between the cultural catalog and developmental narratives of human civilization, which seem to have circulated around the same time.
Down and Out
Authors: Miller Elizabeth Carolyn
Published: May 2022

This chapter turns to adventure writing. It argues that industrial-era adventure literature exhibits a newly energized orientation toward the horizon of the resource frontier, stimulated by the constant search for new lodes that defines the extractivist age. Focusing on adventure narratives that take place in Latin America and Africa, the chapter shows that they are premised on a collapse of the vertical and the horizontal. Here, a journey across the earth becomes the necessary complement to downward delving into the earth. Imperial adventure narrative is a genre full of treasure hunting on the frontier, one that was born in the context of the mineral resource scrambles that dominated geopolitics in the industrial era, from the Mexican mining boom to the Californian and Australian gold rushes to the South African Mineral Revolution.
Worldbuilding Meets Terraforming
Authors: Miller Elizabeth Carolyn
Published: May 2022

This chapter addresses the energy imaginary within the industrial extraction boom. It also takes a look at how this imaginary shaped the political and social projections of speculative literature. Speculative genres such as hollow earth fiction, utopian fiction, and fantasy fiction burgeoned alongside industrial extraction. The chapter focuses on the ruminations on energy and exhaustion that grounded these literary speculations. Extractive energy supplied the material conditions from which speculative fiction takes flight, but these worldbuilding genres also offer imaginative resources for envisioning energy beyond extractivism, even as they narrate, through their secondary worlds, energy's determinative role in culture, environment, and society.
The uses of randomness
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter talks about the need to separate the concepts of reliability and determinism, particularly performing a task without being deterministic. The reason nondeterminism is important from a computational point of view is that sometimes the only way to build a reliable system is to be non-deterministic. The chapter also surveys examples illustrating the different ways that the brain harnesses the power of randomness. It examines the Monte Carlo technique that turned out to have revolutionary implications far beyond nuclear physics. Statisticians and computer scientists now routinely use it to approximate otherwise intractable inference problems and have developed many sophisticated variations on Stanislaw Ulam's original technique.