bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conditional and continuous electrical stimulation increase cystometric capacity in persons with spinal cord injury
Authors: Horvath Eric E. , Yoo Paul B. , Amundsen Cindy L. , Webster George D. , Grill Warren M.
Published: July 2009

Aims

Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) exhibit neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) causing high intravesicle pressures and incontinence. The first aim was to measure changes in maximum cystometric capacity (MCC) evoked by electrical stimulation of the dorsal genital nerve (DGN) delivered either continuously or conditionally (only during bladder contractions) in persons with SCI. The second aim was to use the external anal sphincter electromyogram (EMGEAS) for real‐time control of conditional stimulation.

Methods

Serial filling cystometries were performed in nine volunteers with complete or incomplete supra‐sacral SCI. Conditional stimulation was delivered automatically when detrusor pressure increased to 8–12 cmH2O above baseline. MCCs were measured for each treatment (continuous, conditional, and no stimulation) and compared using post‐ANOVA Tukey HSD paired comparisons. Additional treatments in two subjects used the EMGEAS for automatic control of conditional stimulation.

Results

Continuous and conditional stimulation increased MCC by 63 ± 73 ml (36 ± 24%) and 74 ± 71 ml (51 ± 37%), respectively (P < 0.05), compared to no stimulation. There was no significant difference between MCCs for conditional and continuous stimulation, but conditional stimulation significantly reduced stimulation time (174 ± 154 sec, or 27 ± 17% of total time) as compared to continuous stimulation (469 ± 269 sec, 100% of total time, P < 0.001). The EMGEAS algorithm provided reliable detection of bladder contractions (six of six contractions over four trials) and reduced stimulation time (21 ± 8% of total time).

Conclusions

Conditional stimulation generates increases in bladder capacity while substantially reducing stimulation time. Furthermore, EMGEAS was successfully used as a real‐time feedback signal to control conditional electrical stimulation in a laboratory setting. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:401–407, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new coupling strategy for fluid–solid interaction problems by using the interface element method
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Gyu
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a new approach to simulate fluid–solid interaction (FSI) problems involving non‐matching meshes. The coupling between the fluid and solid domains with dissimilar finite element meshes consisting of 4‐node quadrilateral elements is achieved by using the interface element method. Continuity and compatibility conditions across the interface between fluid and solid meshes are satisfied exactly by introducing the interface elements defined on an interfacing region. Importantly, a consistent transfer of loads through the interface elements guarantees the present method to be an efficient approach of the solution strategy to FSI problems. An arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian description is adopted for the fluid domain, while for the solid domain an updated Lagrangian formulation is considered to accommodate finite deformations of an elastic structure. The fluid equations for velocity and pressure and the solid equations for velocity are strongly coupled in a single computational domain by means of the interface elements. Numerical results are presented for FSI problems involving non‐matching meshes to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Centralizing treasury management in China: The rationale of the central reformers
Authors: Ang Yuen Yuen
Published: July 2009

The Chinese central government, spearheaded by the Ministry of Finance, launched a bold reform of the treasury management system in 2001, centralizing the disbursement of budgetary funds. This article analyzes the rationale of institutional reform from the perspective of the central reformers. Traditionally, governmental bank accounts in China were fragmented between and within levels of government, hindering budget implementation and intergovernmental transfers, as well as fomenting corruption. The centerpiece of China's treasury reform is the establishment of the Treasury Single Account (TSA), which serves to both strengthen expenditure controls and improve cash management. However, while the treasury reform promises to make significant strides in improving fiscal control and countering the misuse of public funds, its implementation remains imperfect and incomplete. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What do pregnant women know about non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs?
Authors: Damase‐Michel Christine , Christaud Julie , Berrebi Alain , Lacroix Isabelle , Montastruc Jean‐Louis
Published: July 2009

Objective

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) use on late pregnancy can be associated with severe adverse neonatal outcomes. Some NSAIDs, available over the counter, can be purchased easily by pregnant women. The present study evaluates pregnant womens' knowledge about NSAID use in pregnancy.

Study design

The survey includes 250 pregnant women in South‐west France. Women have been interviewed about their knowledge on analgesic and NSAID use in pregnancy.

Results

A total of 2% pregnant women use aspirin or ibuprofen as self‐medication. More than 10% of the women think that it is safe to take NSAIDs on late pregnancy. A majority of them thought that aspirin and ibuprofen are not NSAIDs.

Conclusion

NSAID risks in pregnancy are insufficiently known. Adequate information must be provided not only to medical practitioners and pharmacists but also to pregnant women especially for drugs which are available over the counter. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic identification of proteins translocated to membrane microdomains upon treatment of fibroblasts with the glycosphingolipid, C8‐β‐D‐lactosylceramide
Authors: Kim Seong‐youl , Wang Teng‐ke , Singh Raman Deep , Wheatley Christine L. , Marks David L. , Pagano Richard E.
Published: July 2009

Plasma membrane (PM) microdomains, including caveolae and other cholesterol‐enriched subcompartments, are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, including endocytosis, attachment and signaling. We recently reported that brief incubation of human skin fibroblasts with the synthetic glycosphingolipid, D‐erythro‐octanoyl‐lactosylceramide (C8‐D‐e‐LacCer), stimulates endocytosis via caveolae and induces the appearance of micron‐size microdomains on the PM. To further understand the effects of C8‐D‐e‐LacCer treatment on PM microdomains, we used a detergent‐free method to isolate microdomain‐enriched membranes from fibroblasts treated ±C8‐D‐e‐LacCer, and performed 2‐DE and mass spectrophotometry to identify proteins that were altered in their distribution in microdomains. Several proteins were identified in the microdomain‐enriched fractions, including lipid transfer proteins and proteins related to the functions of small GTPases. One protein, Rho‐associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2), was verified by Western blotting to occur in microdomain fractions and to increase in these fractions after D‐e‐LacCer treatment. Immunofluorescence revealed that ROCK2 exhibited an increased localization at or near the PM in C8‐D‐e‐LacCer‐treated cells. In contrast, ROCK2 distribution in microdomains was decreased by treatment of cells with C8‐L‐threo‐lactosylceramide, a glycosphingolipid with non‐natural stereochemistry. This study identifies new microdomain‐associated proteins and provides evidence that microdomains play a role in the regulation of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway.
Quantitative proteomic profiling identifies new renal targets of copper(II)‐selective chelation in the reversal of diabetic nephropathy in rats
Authors: Gong Deming , Chen Xiuyin , Middleditch Martin , Huang Liangdong , Vazhoor Amarsingh Greeshma , Reddy Shiva , Lu Jun , Zhang Shaoping , Ruggiero Katya , Phillips Anthony R. J. , Cooper Garth J. S.
Published: July 2009

This study aimed to identify new diabetic nephropathy (DN)‐related proteins and renal targets of the copper(II)‐selective chelator, triethylenetetramine (TETA) in streptozotocin‐diabetic rats. We used the recently developed iTRAQ™ technology to compare renal protein profiles among non‐diabetic, diabetic, and TETA‐treated diabetic rats. In diabetic kidneys, tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen (TINag), voltage‐dependent anion‐selective channel (VDAC) 1, and VDAC2 were up‐regulated in parallel with alterations in expression of proteins with functions in oxidative stress and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) pathways. By contrast, mitochondrial HSP 60, Cu/Zn‐superoxide dismutase, glutathione S‐transferase α3 and aquaporin‐1 were down‐regulated in diabetic kidneys. Following TETA treatment, levels of D‐amino acid oxidase‐1, epoxide hydrolase‐1, aquaporin‐1, and a number of mitochondrial proteins were normalized, with concomitant amelioration of albuminuria. Changes in levels of TINag, collagen VIα1, actinin 4α, apoptosis‐inducing factor 1, cytochrome C, histone H3, VDAC1, and aquaporin‐1 were confirmed by Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. Changes in expression of proteins related to tubulointerstitial function, podocyte structure, and mitochondrial apoptosis are implicated in the mechanism of DN and their reversal by TETA. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that this new experimental therapy may be useful for treatment of DN.
Synthesis of PMMA‐b‐PBA block copolymer in homogeneous and miniemulsion systems by DPE controlled radical polymerization
Authors: Luo Ying‐Da , Chou I‐Chen , Chiu Wen‐Yen , Lee Chia‐Fen
Published: July 2009

In this research, poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(butyl acrylate) (PMMA‐b‐PBA) block copolymers were prepared by 1,1‐diphenylethene (DPE) controlled radical polymerization in homogeneous and miniemulsion systems. First, monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA), initiator 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and a control agent DPE were bulk polymerized to form the DPE‐containing PMMA macroinitiator. Then the DPE‐containing PMMA was heated in the presence of a second monomer BA, the block copolymer was synthesized successfully. The effects of solvent and polymerization methods (homogeneous polymerization or miniemulsion polymerization) on the reaction rate, controlled living character, molecular weight (Mn) and molecular weight distribution (PDI) of polymers throughout the polymerization were studied and discussed. The results showed that, increasing the amounts of solvent reduced the reaction rate and viscosity of the polymerization system. It allowed more activation–deactivation cycles to occur at a given conversion thus better controlled living character and narrower molecular weight distribution of polymers were demonstrated throughout the polymerization. Furthermore, the polymerization carried out in miniemulsion system exhibited higher reaction rate and better controlled living character than those in homogeneous system. It was attributed to the compartmentalization of growing radicals and the enhanced deactivation reaction of DPE controlled radical polymerization in miniemulsified droplets. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4435–4445, 2009
Synthesis of poly(2‐methoxyethyl acrylate) by single electron transfer—Degenerative transfer living radical polymerization catalyzed by Na2S2O4 in water
Authors: Coelho Jorge F. J. , Gois Joana , Fonseca Ana C. , Carvalho Rui A. , Popov Anatoliy V. , Percec Virgil , Gil M. H.
Published: July 2009

Living radical polymerization of 2‐methoxyethyl acrylate (MEA) was achieved by single‐electron‐transfer/degenerative transfer mediated living radical polymerization (SET‐DTLRP) in water catalyzed by sodium dithionate. The poly(2‐methoxyethyl acrylate) is an amphiphilic polymer with a hydrophobic part (polyethylene chain) and a mildly hydrophilic tail. The plots of number‐average molecular weight versus conversion and ln{[M]0/[M]} versus time are linear, indicating a controlled polymerization. This method leads to the preparation of α,ω‐di(iodo) poly(2‐methoxyethyl acrylate)s (α,ω‐di(iodo)PMEA) macroinitiators that can be further functionalized. The molecular weight distributions were determined using a combination of three detectors (TriSEC): right‐angle light scattering (RALLS), a differential viscometer (DV) and refractive index (RI). The method studied in this work represents a possible route to prepare well‐tailored macromolecules made of 2‐methoxyethyl acrylate (biocompatible material) in an environmentally friendly reaction medium. To the best of our knowledge there is no previous report dealing with the synthesis of PMEA by any LRP approach in aqueous medium. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4454–4463, 2009
Surface tension of polystyrene blends: Theory and experiment
Authors: Qian Zhenyu , Minnikanti Venkatachala S. , Sauer Bryan B. , Dee Gregory T. , Kampert William G. , Archer Lynden A.
Published: July 2009

Surface tension of linear–linear and star/linear polystyrene blends were measured using a modified Wilhelmy method. Our results show that for both polystyrene blend systems, the surface tension‐composition profile is convex, indicating a strong surface excess of the component with lower surface energy. Star/linear blends display more convex surface tension profiles than their linear–linear counterparts, indicative of stronger surface segregation of the branched‐component relative to linear chains. As a first step toward understanding the physical origin of enhanced‐surface segregation of star polymers, self‐consistent field (SCF) lattice simulations (both incompressible and compressible models) and Cahn‐Hilliard theory were used to predict surface tension‐composition profiles. Results from the lattice simulations indicate that the highly convex surface tension profiles observed in the star/linear blend systems are only possible if an architecture‐dependent, Flory interaction parameter (χ = 0.004) is assumed. This conclusion is inconsistent with results from bulk differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, which indicate sharp glass transitions in both the star/linear and linear/linear homopolymer blends and a simple linear relationship between the bulk glass transition temperature and blend composition. To implement the Cahn‐Hilliard theory, pressure‐volume‐temperature (PVT) data for each of the pure components in the blends were first measured and the data used as input for the theory. Consistent with the experimental data, Cahn‐Hilliard theory predicts a larger surface excess of star molecules in linear hosts over a wide composition range. Significantly, this result is obtained assuming a nearly neutral interaction parameter between the linear and star components, indicating that the surface enrichment of the stars is not a consequence of complex phase behavior in the bulk. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1666–1685, 2009
Solid‐phase peptide synthesis using acetonitrile as a solvent in combination with PEG‐based resins
Authors: Acosta Gerardo A. , del Fresno Montserrat , Paradis‐Bas Marta , Rigau‐DeLlobet Maria , Côté Simon , Royo Miriam , Albericio Fernando
Published: July 2009

This manuscript shows that ACN can be an excellent choice for the coupling of hindered amino acids as illustrated by the coupling of Fmoc‐amino acids on free amino acids anchored on a BAL synthesis. Furthermore, ACN can be a good alternative for solid‐phase peptide synthesis in the absence of DMF (washings, removal of Fmoc, and coupling). Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron paramagnetic resonance of Gd3+ion in monocrystal YAl3(BO3)4
Authors: Prokhorov A. D. , Krygin I. N. , Prokhorov A. A. , Chernush L. F. , Aleshkevich P. , Dyakonov V. , Szymczak H.
Published: July 2009

The ground state of Gd3+ions substituting for Y3+in YAl3(BO3)4single crystal has been studied by EPR method. Spin Hamiltonian parameters and their signs for Gd3+ion in trigonal symmetry (gz = 1.9893 ± 0.0002,gx = gy = 1.9860 ± 0.0002;$b_2^0 $ = 386.15 ± 0.11;$b_4^0 $ = −12.65 ± 0.07;$b_6^0 $ = 0.35 ± 0.10) were determined. Structural phase transition manifested as a discontinuous change of splitting of spectrum was observed near 157 K.
The luminescent and scintillation properties of YAlO3 and YAlO3:Ce single crystalline films grown by liquid phase epitaxy from BaO‐based flux
Authors: Zorenko Y. , Nikl M. , Mares J. A. , Gorbenko V. , Savchyn V. , Voznyak T. , Kucera M. , Beitlerova A. , Kucerkova R. , Fedorov A.
Published: July 2009

Single crystalline films (SCFs) of undoped and Ce3+‐doped YAlO3 (YAP) perovskite were crystallized by liquid‐phase epitaxy method onto YAP substrates for the first time from the novel lead‐free BaO‐B2O3‐BaF2 fluxes. The absorption, luminescence, and scintillation properties of these films are measured and compared with the films grown from the standard PbO‐B2O3 flux. It appears that the films obtained from the BaO‐based flux exhibit better luminescent and scintillation properties with respect to films grown from the PbO‐based one.
Nucleation, growth, and phase transformation mechanism of Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films
Authors: Kim Eun Tae , Lee Jeong Yong , Kim Yong Tae
Published: July 2009

The nucleation, growth, and metastable‐to‐stable phase transformation behavior of Ge2Sb2Te5 thin film were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. The results confirm that nucleation begins at the surface of the film and proceeds by growth of grains through the thickness of film. Also, the result provides further grounds to the suggestion that some of the Ge2Sb2Te5 grains grow with an elongated grain shape to reduce interface energy between crystalline and amorphous phases at the initial stage of crystallization. We find edge dislocations in the metastable‐to‐stable phase transition region. We think these edge dislocations can explain the metastable‐to‐stable phase transformation mechanism as a result of vacancy diffusion.
HTSC cuprate phase diagram using a modified Boson–Fermion–Gossamer model describing competing orders, a quantum critical point and possible resonance complex
Authors: Squire Richard H. , March Norman H. , Booth Michael L.
Published: July 2009

There has been considerable effort expended toward understanding high temperature superconductors (HTSC), and more specifically the cuprate phase diagram as a function of doping level. Yet, the only agreement seems to be that HTSC is an example of a strongly correlated material where Coulomb repulsion plays a major role. This manuscript proposes a model based on a Feshbach resonance pairing mechanism and competing orders. An initial BCS‐type superconductivity at high doping is suppressed in the two particle channel by a localized preformed pair (PP) (Nozieres and Schmitt‐Rink, J Low Temp Phys, 1985, 59, 980) (circular density wave) creating a quantum critical point. As doping continues to diminish, the PP then participates in a Feshbach resonance complex that creates a new electron (hole) pair that delocalizes and constitutes HTSC and the characteristic dome (Squire and March, Int J Quantum Chem, 2007, 107, 3013; 2008, 108, 2819). The resonant nature of the new pair contributes to its short coherence length. The model we propose also suggests an explanation (and necessity) for an experimentally observed correlated lattice that could restrict energy dissipation to enable the resonant Cooper pair to move over several correlation lengths, or essentially free. The PP density wave is responsible for the pseudogap as it appears as a “localized superconductor” since its density of states and quasiparticle spectrum are similar to those of a superconductor (Peierls–Fröhlich theory), but with no phase coherence between the PP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Left‐eigenstate completely renormalized equation‐of‐motion coupled‐cluster methods: Review of key concepts, extension to excited states of open‐shell systems, and comparison with electron‐attached and ionized approaches
Authors: Piecuch Piotr , Gour Jeffrey R. , Włoch Marta
Published: July 2009

The recently proposed left‐eigenstate completely renormalized (CR) coupled‐cluster (CC) method with singles, doubles, and noniterative triples, termed CR‐CC(2,3) Piecuch and Włoch, J Chem Phys, 2005, 123, 224105; Piecuch et al. Chem Phys Lett, 2006, 418, 467 and the companion CR‐EOMCC(2,3) methodology, which has been previously applied to singlet excited states of closed‐shell molecular systems Włoch et al. Mol Phys, 2006, 104, 2149 and in which relatively inexpensive noniterative corrections due to triple excitations derived from the biorthogonal method of moments of CC equations (MMCC) are added to the CC singles and doubles (CCSD) or equation‐of‐motion (EOM) CCSD energies, have been extended to excited states of open‐shell species. The resulting highly efficient computer codes for the open‐shell CR‐EOMCC(2,3) approach exploiting the recursively generated intermediates and fast matrix multiplication routines have been developed and interfaced with the GAMESS package, enabling CR‐EOMCC(2,3) calculations for singlet as well as nonsinglet ground and excited states of closed‐ and open‐shell systems using the restricted Hartree–Fock or restricted open‐shell Hartree–Fock references. A number of important mathematical and algorithmic details related to formal aspects and computer implementation of the CR‐EOMCC(2,3) method have been discussed, in addition to overviewing the key concepts behind the CR‐EOMCC(2,3) and biorthogonal MMCC methodologies for ground and excited states, and the numerical results involving low‐lying states of the CH, CNC, C2N, N3, and NCO species, including states dominated by two‐electron transitions, have been presented. The results of the CR‐EOMCC(2,3) calculations have been compared with other CC/EOMCC approaches, including the EOMCCSD and EOMCC singles, doubles, and triples methods, and their full and active‐space valence counterparts based on the electron‐attached and ionized EOMCC methodologies, and the predecessor of CR‐EOMCC(2,3) termed CR‐EOMCCSD(T) Kowalski and Piecuch, J Chem Phys, 2004, 120, 1715. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Study on the mechanical performance of Butterfly Arch Bridge
Authors: Lu Pengzhen , Zhang Junping , Zhao Renda
Published: July 2009

This paper presents issues in the design concept, analysis and test results of a single span special‐shaped arch bridge—the Butterfly Arch Bridge located in Zhongshan, Guangdong, China. The bridge is composed of ribs of tow slope steel arch, steel box girder of bridge deck curves and inclined boom. It is a special‐shape bridge of spatial girder and arch combination. This paper discusses the experimental study and the finite element simulation analysis for the main components of the bridge. Emphasis will be put on the following three aspects: First, model design adopts the similarity principle of the stress and stiffness. The stress similarity was considered first when the two principles are in conflict. Second, the finite element model of the bridge should adopt a composite element according to the different structural members of the bridge. Third, the weight of the two arch ribs and all dead loads of the main girder, in addition to part of the live loads, must be in a balanced condition. Furthermore, based on results from tests and simulation analysis, the following four key issues were studied: (a) theory of the bridge calculation; (b) behaviour of the bridge spatial mechanics; (c) the dynamic behaviour of the bridge; and (d) stiffness relation between the two arch ribs, steel box beam and end cross beam. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic amplification factor for progressive collapse resistance analysis of an RC building
Authors: Tsai Meng‐Hao , Lin Bing‐Hui
Published: July 2009

Linear static (LS), nonlinear static (NS) and nonlinear dynamic analyses were conducted to estimate the progressive collapse resistance of a reinforced concrete building. The step‐by‐step procedure recommended by the US General Service Administration was used for the LS analysis. Load‐displacement response curves were compared to investigate the force‐based dynamic amplification factor (DAF), which was defined in this study. It was observed that a constant DAF equal to 2·0 was conservative for estimating the collapse resistance of a ductile column‐removed building. However, the LS procedure may fail to appropriately simulate the inelastic response of the building. A capacity curve, constructed from the NS load‐displacement response, may be applied to prediction of the collapse resistance and DAF for a column‐removed building. An analytical method was proposed to demonstrate the dependency of the DAF on hinge model parameters. The proposed method was capable of predicting the collapse resistance and the force‐based DAF of an inelastic structure under vertical downward loadings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymerization of vinyl chloride with Cp*Ti(OPh)3/MAO catalyst in toluene
Authors: Nomaguchi Tsuyoshi , Tsuchiya Yoshikatsu , Endo Kiyoshi
Published: July 2009

Polymerization of vinyl chloride (VC) with a Cp*Ti(OPh)3/MAO catalyst in toluene was investigated. The polymerization rate was lower than that in CH2Cl2, and the mm triad concentration of the PVC obtained in toluene was somewhat higher than that of the PVC obtained in CH2Cl2. As the polymerization in toluene proceeded at a considerable rate, a kinetic study of this polymerization was undertaken. The polymer yield increased with reaction time, and the molecular weight of the polymer increased with increasing polymer yield. The Mw/Mn ratio of the polymer decreased with increasing polymerization temperature. The initiator efficiency of the catalyst was low at the initial stage of the polymerization in toluene, but it reached nearly 100% when the polymerization was carried out for more than 30 h. The control of both themolecular weight of PVC and its main‐chain structure was found to be possible in the polymerization of VC with the Cp*Ti(OPh)3/MAO catalyst in toluene. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Structural Characterization and Theoretical Calculations of cis‐Dioxo(N‐salicylidene‐2‐aminophenolato)(ethanol)molybdenum(VI) Complexes MoO2(SAP)(EtOH) (SAP = N‐salicylidene‐2 aminophenolato)
Authors: Agustin Dominique , Bibal Christine , Neveux Benjamin , Daran Jean‐Claude , Poli Rinaldo
Published: July 2009

The crystal structure of MoO2(SAP)(EtOH) is reported for the first time. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystallographic system (P21/n, a = 11.0923(3) Å, b = 6.9590(2) Å, c = 19.4499(5) Å, β = 94.458(1)°, V = 1496.82(7) Å3, Z = 4). The molybdenum atom adopts a distorted octahedral arrangement with cis Mo=O bonds, typical for cis‐dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes. The ethanol ligand is situated trans to one oxido ligand. Theoretical calculations in the gas phase were performed to examine the relative stability of MoO2(L)(EtOH) and the [MoO2(L)]2 dimeric form (L = SAP, SAE).
Evaluation of Adult Outpatient Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sedation Practices: Are Patients Being Sedated Optimally?
Authors: Middelkamp Janel E. , Forster Bruce B. , Keogh Ciaran , Lennox Pamela , Mayson Kelly
Published: July 2009

Purpose

To evaluate the use of anxiolytics in adult outpatient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) centres and to determine whether utilisation is optimal based on the pharmacology of the drugs used, who prescribes these drugs, and how patients are managed after administration.

Materials and Methods

Identical paper and Web-based surveys were used to anonymously collect data about radiologists' use of anxiolytic agents for adult outpatient MRI examinations. The survey questions were about the type of facility, percentage of studies that require sedation, the drug used and route of administration, who orders the drug, timing of administration, patient monitoring during and observation after the study, use of a dedicated nurse for monitoring, and use of standard sedation and discharge protocols. The χ2 analysis for statistical association among variables was used.

Results

Eighty-five of 263 surveys were returned (32% response rate). The radiologist ordered the medication (53%) in slightly more facilities than the referring physician (44%) or the nurse. Forty percent of patients received medication 15–30 minutes before MRI, which is too early for peak effect of oral or sublingual drugs. Lorazepam was most commonly used (64% first choice). Facilities with standard sedation protocols (56%) were more likely to use midazolam than those without standard sedation protocols (17% vs 10%), to have a nurse for monitoring ( P = .032), to have standard discharge criteria ( P = .001), and to provide written information regarding adverse effects ( P = .002).

Conclusions

Many outpatients in MRI centres may be scanned before the peak effect of anxiolytics prescribed. A standard sedation protocol in such centres is associated with a more appropriate drug choice, as well as optimized monitoring and postprocedure care.
Total cercarial output in two populations of Galba truncatula experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Vignoles P. , Aimeur F. , Titi A. , Rondelaud D. , Mekroud A. , Dreyfuss G.
Published: July 2009

Experimental infections of pre-adult Galba truncatula (two populations) using one, two, three or five miracidia of Fasciola hepatica per snail were carried out to determine the total number of cercariae produced by snails when they were sacrificed at day 70 post-exposure (at 24°C). When the number of miracidia used for each snail increased at exposure, significant numerical augmentations of live rediae and of intraredial differentiating cercariae were noted. In contrast, only insignificant differences between mean numbers of free cercariae were found. The number of metacercariae produced by each snail (after shedding and/or after dissection) increased in infections with up to three miracidia per snail in each population and strongly decreased in infections with five miracidia per snail. Compared to the other types of infections, the delay of cercarial differentiation noted in the five-miracidia groups was probably due to the volume of the snail host, which would be too small to assure the complete development of five sporocysts.
Morphometric and molecular characterizations of schistosome populations in Estuaire province Gabon
Authors: Mintsa Nguema R. , Milama K. Mengue Ngou , Kombila M. , Richard-Lenoble D. , Tisseyre P. , Ibikounlé M. , Moné H. , Mouahid G.
Published: July 2009

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis of the presence of hybrids between Schistosoma guineensis and S. haematobium in the Estuaire province (Western Gabon). Egg morphometry and single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis on adult worms were used in order to characterize the schistosome populations of two sites. The morphology of the eggs showed three morphotypes: S. haematobium, S. guineensis and intermediate morphotypes, but the eggs of the morphotype S. guineensis were smaller compared to the values found in the literature. Furthermore, the SSCP analysis of the adult schistosomes showed that all the patterns corresponded to that of S. haematobium and gave evidence that hybrids were absent from our samples.
A Case Study of Normal Research in Theoretical Economics
Authors: Lind Hans
Published: July 2009

Theoretical works in economics usually have a core consisting of proofs that a “model-economy” has certain properties. The economist constructs a model that can be looked on as a description of an economy, and then proves that certain relations hold in this economy and/or that certain relations in this economy depend on certain specific characteristics. The model-economy is usually described as simplified or idealized.
The Inefficiency of Some Efficiency Comparisons: A Reply to Nye
Authors: Saraydar Edward
Published: July 2009

John Nye (1990) feels that one of my two brief specific references to his (1987) work “leaves the impression that my work downplays the problems of individual differences in taste or social institutions by dismissing them out of hand” (Nye, 1990, p. 148). Let me assure him that he is unduly alarmed, since virtually all readers will read into the passage that he quotes only what I intended and, indeed, what Nye himself intended - that if he or anyone else had found evidence that firm size mattered for productivity, this would be taken as evidence of inefficiency. This is especially clear because in the previous paragraph I (selectively, I suppose) took note of Nye's own review of the extensive literature that argues that “less productive and, therefore, ‘inefficient’ family firms led to French ‘backwardness’ in production” (Saraydar, 1989, p. 55).
The Paradoxes of Allais and Ellsberg
Authors: Levi Isaac
Published: July 2009

In The Enterprise of Knowledge (Levi, 1980a), I proposed a general theory of rational choice which I intended as a characterization of a prescriptive theory of ideal rationality. A cardinal tenet of this theory is that assessments of expected value or expected utility in the Bayesian sense may not be representable by a numerical indicator or indeed induce an ordering of feasible options in a context of deliberation. My reasons for taking this position are related to my commitment to the inquiry-oriented approach to human knowledge and valuation favored by the American pragmatists, Charles Peirce and John Dewey. A feature of any acceptable view of inquiry ought to be that during an inquiry points under dispute ought to be kept in suspense pending resolution through inquiry.
Distributive Justice and the Public Good
Authors: Karelis Charles
Published: July 2009

Many philosophers and some economists value economic equality on the ground that transfers from the relatively rich to the relatively poor increase the utility of the poor more than they reduce the utility of the rich. These philosophers and economists are assuming the ethical principle that a pattern of economic distribution is justified by maximizing aggregate utility. They are also assuming the truth of an empirical generalization proposed in the eighteenth century by Daniel Bernoulli–that successive equal increments of income produce ever-diminishing increments in an individual's level of utility. In the first part of this essay I will argue against Bernoulli's hypothesis, and suggest an alternative view of the relation between income and utility.
“Utility”
Authors: Broome John
Published: July 2009

“Utility,” in plain English, means usefulness. In Australia, a ute is a useful vehicle. Jeremy Bentham specialized the meaning to a particular sort of usefulness. “By utility,” he said, “is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness (all this in the present case comes to the same thing) or (what comes again to the same thing) to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered” (1823, p. 2). The “principle of utility” is the principle that actions are to be judged by their usefulness in this sense: their tendency to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness. When John Stuart Mill (1969, p. 213) spoke of the “perfectly just conception of Utility or Happiness, considered as the directive rule of human conduct,” he was using “Utility” as a short name for this principle. “The greatest happiness principle” was another name for it. People who subscribed to this principle came to be known as utilitarians.
The Base Camp Paradox: A Reflection on the Place of Tâtonnement in General Equilibrium Theory
Authors: De Vroey Michel
Published: July 2009

A basic issue in political economy is the question of how a decentralized economy is possible: How can a system survive and, moreover, be efficient, if all decisions are taken independently, that is, without any explicit coordination? The issue has two sides to it. On the one hand, it is a “thought experiment,” falsifiable only on logical grounds, an object of debate for the sake of pure intellectual interest, even for people who might not live in a market economy. On the other hand, for those who do or might live in such an economy, a thought experiment of this kind contains a critical political dimension, for the conclusions derived from it will usually be appealed to in arguing about the ideal organization of the economy.
Making Interpersonal Comparisons Coherently
Authors: Barrett Martin , Hausman Daniel
Published: July 2009

Many ethical theories, including in particular consequentialist moral the ories, require comparisons of the amount of good possessed or received by different people. In the case of some goods, such as monetary income, wealth, education, or health, such comparisons are relatively unproblematic. Even in the case of such goods there may be serious empirical measurement problems, but there appear to be no difficulties in principle. Thus Cooter and Rappoport (1984) maintained that there was no serious difficulty of making interpersonal utility comparisons for an earlier generation of economists who regarded utility as an index of “material welfare.”
The Market as a Creative Process
Authors: Buchanan James M. , Vanberg Viktor J.
Published: July 2009

Contributions in modern theoretical physics and chemistry on the behavior of nonlinear systems, exemplified by Ilya Prigogine's work on the thermodynamics of open systems (Prigogine and Stengers, 1984), attract growing attention in economics (Anderson, Arrow, and Pines, 1988; Arthur, 1990; Baumol and Benhabib, 1989; Mirowski, 1990; Radzicki, 1990). Our purpose here is to relate the new orientation in the natural sciences to a particular nonorthodox strand of thought within economics. All that is needed for this purpose is some appreciation of the general thrust of the enterprise, which involves a shift of perspective from the determinism of conventional physics (which presumably inspired the neoclassical research program in economics) to the nonteleological open-endedness, creative, and nondetermined nature of evolutionary processes.
Fairness as Mutual Advantage? A Comment on Buchanan and Gauthier
Authors: Weikard Hans-Peter
Published: July 2009

The concept of fairness as mutual advantage has been developed in the tradition of social contract theory. In this framework society is seen as an enterprise that coordinates the activities of its members in order to advance their interests. All acceptable social rules are in the interest of each member of society. Rules are agreed unanimously – no rules can be enforced against the interest of someone. It is assumed that individuals are basically self-interested and rational. Radical libertarianism claims that individuals do not have to accept anya prioriconstraints on their behavior. “Libertarianism focuses on negative freedom” (Schokkaert, 1992, p. 89).
Compensatory Justice and Social Institutions
Authors: Carens Joseph H.
Published: July 2009

Moral philosophers are fond of the dictum “ought implies can” and even deontologists normally admit the need to take account of consequences in the design of social institutions. Too often, however, philosophers fail to take advantage of the knowledge provided by the social sciences about the constraints and consequences of alternative forms of social organization. By discussing ideals in abstraction from the problems of institutionalization, they fail at least to see some of the important consequences and costs of a proposed ideal, and sometimes they fail even to understand the ideal itself.
Dworkin on Equality of Resources
Authors: Varian Hal R.
Published: July 2009

This essay is a review of Ronald Dworkin's recent essay on equality of resources (Dworkin, 1981b). Many of the ideas discussed by Dworkin have also been examined by economists with, I believe, considerable insight. Unfortunately, economists tend to write for economists, not for philosophers, and their insights are seldom communicated properly to noneconomists. Of course, the same criticism can be levied on philosophers! But perhaps legal theorists are less subject to this criticism. One of the great contributions of Dworkin is that he is very readable; and the quality of his exposition makes these ideas accessible to a wide audience of philosophers, lawyers, and social scientists in general.
Imperfect Choice and Self-Stabilizing Rules
Authors: Heiner Ronald A.
Published: July 2009

A recent paper by David Levy (1987) focuses on “utility enhancing consumption constraints.” Levy concludes by noting that his analysis stays within standard utility maximizing theory, in contrast to my analysis of rule-governed behavior (Heiner, 1983, 1985a, 1985b, 1986, 1988a, 1988b, 1988c) which allows imperfect decisions that don't always maximize utility. I wish to show how our two theories can be integrated, thereby representing complementary, rather than conflicting, explanations. In the process, I argue that imperfect decisions are an essential factor in the stability of any rule that constrains freedom of choice. I also briefly discuss certain intrinsic problems with achieving “self-stabilizing” rules applied to moral teachings.
The Conflation of Productivity and Efficiency in Economics and Economic History
Authors: Saraydar Edward
Published: July 2009

The literature of comparative economics as well as economic history is replete with references to productivity differences as reflecting relative efficiency in production. In socialist economics, for example, the longevity of the relative-productivity/relative-efficiency theme is apparent from Abram Bergson's (1948) early survey where, commenting on a productivity debate that had already been going on for over twenty years, he identified “the only issue outstanding” as the question “which is more efficient, socialism or capitalism?” The issue has continued to be addressed vigorously since then, and it is still outstanding. Again, in European economic history, John Nye (1987) recently pointed out that relative efficiency as reflected in relative productivity has been part and parcel of the postwar debate on French industrialization: the view that less productive and, therefore, “inefficient” family firms led to French “backwardness” in production.
Economics and Hermeneutics
Authors: Berger Lawrence A.
Published: July 2009

In a recent article in this journal, D. Wade Hands (1987) reviewed Charles Taylor's two-volume work, Philosophical Papers (1985). Hands predicts that Taylor's work will have no impact on the philosophy of economics. This may indeed turn out to be the case; but if so, it will only be because the profession is not listening. Of course, it is typical of the profession to be more interested in exporting its product than in learning from other disciplines. This is exemplified in Hands's use of the term “philosophy of economics” – philosophy is the handmaiden of the highly successful enterprise of economics. But this journal is called Economics and Philosophy, which means that a conversation requiring an openness and attentiveness is called for between economics and philosophy.
The Impartial Spectator Goes to Washington: Toward a Smithian Theory of Electoral Behavior
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Lomasky Loren
Published: July 2009

When economists pay homage to the wisdom of the distant past (not the most common of professional exercises) it is more likely that a work two decades old is being admired than one two centuries old. Economics is a science, and the sciences are noteworthy for their digestion and assimilation of the work of previous generations. Contributions remain only as accretions to the accepted body of knowledge; the writings and the writers disappear almost without trace. A conspicuous exception to this rule of professional cannibalization is Adam Smith. Since 1776 he has not lacked for honors that have escaped even his most illustrious peers. Who, after all, wears a David Ricardo necktie? So to the author of The Wealth of Nations, all praise!
Preferences And Voting Behavior: Smith's Impartial Spectator Revisited
Authors: Saraydar Edward
Published: July 2009

Why do people expend resources to vote in large-number situations where the probability of their affecting the outcome is close to zero? In a recent article, Geoffrey Brennan and Loren Lomasky (1985, p. 198) argue provocatively that Adam Smith's The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS) not only predicts such behavior, but further predicts that people “frequently” vote for outcomes that cost them more than they would individually be willing to pay. In other words, in the relevant environment, they claim that individuals will systematically express false preferences for costly outcomes they “really” do not want. I submit that a fair reading of TMS in fact provides no basis for their view; if anything, TMS suggests the opposite.
Market Socialist Capitalist Roaders: A Comment on Arnold
Authors: Schweickart David
Published: July 2009

Scott Arnold's recent paper, “Marx and Market Socialism,” advances a provocative thesis: market socialists are advocating an economic system that has a strong, internally generated tendency to revert to capitalism. They are, in short, “capitalist roaders” (Arnold, 1987).
Final Reply to Professor Schweickart
Authors: Arnold N. Scott
Published: July 2009

Since Schweickart asserts that I have not addressed his main argument, let me consider briefly the four claims he advances at the beginning of his second reply.

Regarding 1: To argue, as I have, that there would be a strong tendency for market socialism to degenerate into capitalism, it is necessary to spell out carefully what capitalism is. Following Marx, I defined capitalism as a system in which the workers do not control the means of production and the workers sell their labor power as a commodity. As G.A. Cohen has pointed out (Cohen, 1978, pp. 219–23), this definition can be given a rechtsfrei characterization in terms of effective powers over means of production and labor power. Actual legal arrangements are not the issue. In my original paper, I never said that the workers would sell the means of production. Thus 1 is irrelevant. The real questions are: (a) Who effectively controls the means of production? (b) Who effectively gets the profits? If the answer to both of these questions is, “Not the workers,” it follows that the workers are effectively proletarians and the system is a form of capitalism.
Kuhn's Paradigms and Neoclassical Economics
Authors: Argyrous George
Published: July 2009

Thirty years after its publication, Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is still the source of much discussion in economics. Its rel-ativistic tone has often been used to fuel the claims of dissident traditions against the prevailing orthodoxy, or at least to plead the case for intellectual pluralism (Dow, 1985). Through his arguments regarding the incommensurability of different theoretical approaches to a particular subject, Kuhn's work has allowed many to argue that dissident traditions are just as legitimate as orthodoxy for analyzing a subject, since there is no objective or independent means of arbitrating between them. This has caused an opposing response by those more supportive of the prevailing theoretical approach to economics. The latter have tried to find a defense to relativist challenges in more “rational” philosophies of science, such as that of Lakatos (Blaug, 1975).
Ne Hic Saltaveris: The Marxian Theory of Exploitation After Roemer
Authors: Skillman Gilbert L.
Published: July 2009

In his bookA General Theory of Exploitation and Class(1982) (hereafterGT), John Roemer employs the tools of mainstream general equilibrium and game-theoretic analysis to develop a fundamental critique and broadbased reformulation of Marxian economic theory. Perhaps Roemer's most striking departure from traditional Marxian tenets lies in his explanation of the material basis of exploitation in capitalist economies. Roemer argues that capitalist exploitation must be understood as essentially the consequence of exchange given differential ownership of relatively scarce productive assets (DORSPA). In particular, Roemer concludes that capitalist exploitation does not fundamentally depend on capitalist domination of production, or what Marx termed the subsumption of labor under capital.