bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marxist Feminism: Implications for Criminal Justice
Authors: Rafter Nicole Hahn , Natalizia Elena M.
Published: March 2007

Whether women encounter the criminal justice system as victims, offenders, or system personnel, they frequently find themselves being denigrated on the basis of their sex. We begin by analyzing the relationship between the sexist biases of criminal justice and other institutions and the capitalist economic system. After establishing that sexism is not mere prej udice against women but rather a function of capitalism, we move on to discuss the implications of Marxist feminism for six aspects of criminal justice: females and the law, criminology of women, females as victims, processing of females by the criminal justice system, incarceration of women, and employment of women as criminal justice system personnel. In the course of the discussion we present a number of recommendations which would further the goals of not only sexual but also economic equality.
Dispute Resolution Retrospective
Authors: Wahrhaftig Paul
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the evolution of dispute resolution programs over the last decade. These programs encourage people to settle their disputes out of court. Are they merely another social service maintaining the status quo, or are they a vehicle for social change? A key to answering this question is the ability of a program to look beyond the immediate individual problems presented in a conflict to broad, community-wide issues. Of the three models of dispute resolution programs-court-, agency-, and community-sponsored programs-the community-based type of program is judged to be the one with the potential for enabling social change.
Parole Guidelines: Suggested Research Questions
Authors: Galvin James L. , Polk Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Three factors have supported the development of parole guidelines: criticism of the rehabilitation model as a basis for parole decision making and the accompanying movement toward a just deserts model of punishment, the development of sophisticated statistical procedures for risk assessment, and increasing questions about disparity in criminal justice decision making. This paper raises questions related to each of these three factors that should be addressed by the research community as guidelines are implemented. With respect to offense severity and sentence served, key considerations are the rationale for sentence lengths, the degree to which discretion is being structured, inmates' perceptions of the guidelines, and the effect of guidelines on time served. Under risk assessment and parole prediction, the accuracy of the salient factors as predictors, the problem of false positives, and the possibility of unan ticipated bias must be addressed. In terms of effects on the overall system, questions are raised about the extent to which discretion can be structured, the effect on correctional staffs of changing the purpose of correction, and the impact of such a shift on the already dwindling resources for the parolee. The paper closes with a call for a coherent program of research to accompany the implementation of guidelines.
Changing Benefits and Costs to Encourage Lawful and Desired Behavior
Authors: Nagel Stuart , Neef Marian
Published: March 2007

The behavior of individuals, business firms, and government officials can be viewed as stemming from their implicit desire to maximize perceived benefits minus costs, taking into consideration monetary and non-monetary elements and the probability that key events, on which those benefits and costs depend, will occur. This perspective emphasizes that encouraging legally desired behavior requires increasing the benefits and decreasing the costs of doing the right thing, increasing the costs and decreasing the benefits of doing the wrong thing, and favorably influenc ing the probabilities of the key contingent events. Such a perspective can be helpful in generating relevant ideas that might otherwise be overlooked, thought of less quickly, or thought of in a less organized way. One can also avoid ideas that might not be so relevant in that they do not substantially affect relevant benefits and costs. Such a perspective can be contrasted with (1) a regulatory one, which emphasizes government orders, enforcement agencies, and penalties, and (2) a rehabilitative orientation, which emphasizes changing the values of wrongdoers rather than altering the situation so that their values motivate them to engage in lawful behavior.
Determinate Penalty Systems in America: an Overview
Authors: von Hirsch Andrew , Hanrahan Kathleen
Published: March 2007

Determinate sentencing has generated a great deal of interest over the past several years. The sentencing law and administrative rules in many states have been amended in ways intended to create determinate penalty systems. This article is based on the findings of a survey of these law and rule revisions. The article provides an overview of the various approaches to determinacy and a preliminary assessment of these systems.
Deinstitutionalization's Throwaways: The Development of a Juvenile Prison in Massachusetts
Authors: Vogel Ronald E. , Thibault Edward A.
Published: March 2007

With its deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders in the early 1970s, the Department of Youth Services in the state of Massachusetts de veloped the reputation of being extremely progressive. However, the label progressive does not characterize all forms of juvenile correction under the new system. In the midst of deinstitutionalization, a small maximum-security prison was developed for juvenile offenders who could not be treated in any of the community-based programs de signed to replace the training schools. Despite all the therapeutic jargon and liberal claims relating to secure care, the Worcester Secure Treatment Program was and remains a prison. Attempts to impose concepts of treatment in this maximum-security, custodial setting have led to conflict and confusion in objectives, with unfortunate re sults.
Correctional Policy and the Long-Term Prisoner
Authors: Flanagan Timothy J.
Published: March 2007

Long-term prisoners present correctional policy makers with for midable problems. These problems are rooted in the varied member ship of the population of long-term prisoners and in the seriousness of crimes for which these offenders are imprisoned. A new perspec tive for the administration of prison systems containing such inmates is offered. In terms of the loss associated with imprisonment, it is assumed that removal from society is perceived by most prisoners as the principal punishment inherent in incarceration. Since this pun ishment bears most heavily on long-term prisoners, special efforts must be made to ameliorate the secondary sanctions that accompany imprisonment.
Some Conceptual Issues in Incapacitating Offenders
Authors: Clear Todd R. , Barry Donald M.
Published: March 2007

Recently, growing attention has been paid to the concept of "incapacitation " as a crime-control device. Much of the increased interest in incapacitation has been the result of the existence of a developing consensus that other utilitarian punishment options, such as rehabilitation, are ineffective combined with an intuitive trust in the simple logic of incapacitation: incarcerated offenders can commit no crimes. An illustration of the importance of this growth in support for incapacitation is provided by the release in 1981 of the Report of the Attorney General's Commission on Violent Crime, which took a position staunchly supportive of incapacitation. The purpose of this paper is to point out some of the complexities underlying any attempt to implement a full-scale incapacitative model through the increased use of imprisonment. Our position is that, far from simple, the renewed use of incapacitative strategies is frought with difficulties. We expressly avoid a lengthy discussion of moral issues underlying the model, though we recognize their seriousness, as well. Instead, we point out technical concerns that make the effectiveness of an incapacitative approach problematic.
Scientific Reform: The "New Penology" At Elmira, 1876-1900
Authors: Pisciotta Alexander W.
Published: March 2007

Although the opening of the Elmira Reformatory in 1876 changed the course of American corrections by introducing "scientific reform" and the "new penology," few histories of the origin, development, operation and impact of this seminal institution have been completed. Extant studies also present uncritical, progressive interpretations. This study addresses this problem by contrasting the theory and practice of "scientific reform," as implemented by Superintendent Zebulon R. Brockway, from 1876 to 1900. An analysis of the investigations of the Elmira Reformatory, annual reports, and other sources reveals that there was a significant disparity between the aims of pioneer reform efforts—e.g., individualized treatment, indeterminate sentence, parole—and achieved results. Elmira was, in fact, a prison. Based upon these findings, modifications of completed progressive historical interpretations are suggested, as well as directions for future historical inquiries.
Religious Factors in the Determination of Educational Expenditures
Authors: Alkin Marvin C.
Published: March 2007

The possible relationship between religious identifications and local educational expenditures has not been systematically explored. That there is such a relationship furnishes the hypothesis for the research study reported in Professor Alkin's article. Mr. Alkin is Assistant Pro fessor of Education at The University of California, Los Angeles.
Politics, Economics, and Educational Outcomes in the States
Authors: Dye Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between political variables and educational outcomes has seldom been investigated at the state level. Political science literature has generally asserted that the attributes of political systems strongly affect policy decisions. Through various statistical tests, utilizing census data, the author has tried to determine whether or not certain political influences in education do exist; his findings are presented below. This research was supported in part by the Division of Elementary-Secondary Research of the U.S. Office of Education. Mr. Dye is chairman of the political science department at the University of Georgia.
A Model for Shared Decision Making in the School Principalship
Authors: Bridges Edwin M.
Published: March 2007

Undoubtedly every principal follows his own peculiar "model" for the participation of teachers in school decisions. But it must be readily con ceded that not all models produce maximum results for the school sys tem as a whole. After surveying much of the relevant literature, the author discusses some crucial questions that principals should consider in sharing decisions with teaching staffs. Mr. Bridges is assistant profes sor of educational administration and social relations at Washington University, St. Louis.
Reactions to Leadership
Authors: Brown Alan F.
Published: March 2007

In recent years social scientists have been greatly concerned about dimensions of leadership. Such a preoccupation has been especially characteristic of work in educational administration. The study de scribed below reports on the administration of a leadership instrument in Canada last year, and the author explores some implications of his findings for future investigations of leadership. Mr. Brown is as sociate professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and associate professor of educational theory at the University of Toronto.
Control Structure in Public Schools and the Decision and Influence Roles of Elementary School Principals and Teachers
Authors: Otto Henry J. , Veldman Donald J.
Published: March 2007

In this challenging article Professors Otto and Veldman report on their rigorous study of the relationship between perceptions of con trol structure and perceptions of organizational climate on the part of elementary school principals and teachers. The research was supported by the Cooperative Research Program of the Office of Education, United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Project S-350.
Some "Obvious" Facts about the Teaching Career
Authors: Charters W.W.
Published: March 2007

In this original article Professor Charters uses concepts from socio logical research to criticize the existing educational research tradition for its failure properly to take into account some "obvious" facts about the teaching career. The author demonstrates how a reappraisal of these facts coupled with different procedures can lead to new conclusions and point the way to some new research. This paper was presented as the author's vice-presidential address to the annual meeting of Division A, American Educational Research Association, Chicago, February 17, 1966.
Determinants of Delinquency in Female West Indian Migrants
Authors: Burke A.W.
Published: March 2007

A sample of young West Indian females were interviewed whilst being on remand for petty offences. Most were suffering from adjustment reactions of adolescence, a half had previously been convicted and a third gave a history of parasuicide. On investigation, it was found that there had been a characteristic pattern of multiple separation experiences, which had been closely related to the onset of early symptoms of maladjustment, with subsequent delinquency. As this pattern of separation experiences is not found among delinquents in the West Indies, this should indicate that such pathogenic experiences may be related to residence in the new environment in Britain. Early pregnancy may constitute a further separation experience, which may also be stressful in vulnerable individuals.
Comparative Assessment of Two Different Types of Therapeutic Communities
Authors: Verhaest Serge , Pierloot Roland , Janssens Godelieve
Published: March 2007

The authors tried to assess whether differentiating aspects of the treatment ideology of two therapeutic communities (psychoanalytic-psychotherapeutic and orthopedagogical were realised in the actual psychosocial milieux of the communities. Hypotheses were constructed about the differences in treatment ideology between the two communities, on the results on the Ward Atmosphere Scale Form C, which measure many aspects of the psychosocial milieu. The results show differences in the hypothesised direction, and confirm the accomplishment of differences in treatment milieu between the two therapeutic communities.
Heat Resistant Rigid Foams by Trimerization of Isocyanate Terminated Prepolymers
Authors: Nicholas L. , Gmitter G.T.
Published: March 2007

Relative activities of a number of catalysts for isocyanate trimerization have been meas ured in order to select several having activi ties suitable for the preparation of rigid iso cyanurate foams. The effects of ring substitu ents on the rates of trimerization of phenyl isocyanate have been studied and attributed to a combination of steric and electronic fac tors. A series of rigid isocyanurate foams have been prepared by trimerization and simultaneous blowing of NCO terminated prepolymers. These foams retain dimensional stability and considerable strength up to 450°F., but degrade at about 480°F. Reac tions contributing to the degradation of these foams have been characterized by differ ential thermal analysis.
Physical Property Modifications of Low-Density Polyethylene Foams
Authors: Skochdopole R.E. , Rubens L.C.
Published: March 2007

The physical properties of a plastic foam can be related to a set of independent struc tural parameters or variables of the foam. The structural variables necessary to describe plastic foams are density, cell size, cell ge ometry, polymer phase composition, and gas phase composition.

Experimental data are presented to demon strate the relationship of cell size, cell geom etry and polymer phase composition on the physical properties of polyethylene foams. Theories are presented to explain these rela tionships between structural variables and physical properties.

The relationships between measured physi cal properties of flexible foams and some of the more general terms used to describe these foams (i.e., soft, flexible) are discussed.
The Fatigue of Flexible Urethane Foam
Authors: Kane Robert P.
Published: March 2007

The static fatigue technique is the simplest effective test of loss of load bearing capacity with use. Good correlation between results of the static technique and in-use tests on poly ether slab mattresses and molded topper pads demonstrates that in-use performance can be predicted by its use.

The mechanism of fatigue appears to in volve hydrogen bond rearrangement under stress with a return to the original alignment upon removal of the stress. The objective of minimizing realignment, and thereby mini mizing fatigue, may be accomplished by re ducing water content in the foam formulation and increasing the isocyanate index.
Thermal Warp of Composite Panels
Authors: Hartsock John A.
Published: March 2007

Warping due to temperature can be a problem with foam-filled panels since the faces may be held at widely different tem peratures and the faces are not free to ex pand or contract relative to one another. Ex pressions for estimating the warp of such structures have been derived and are com pared to experimental results. Deflections due to thermal warp and simulated wind loads are compared. The warp of panels with thin, flat faces is apparently a function solely of the relative expansion or contraction of the faces, the span, and the thickness of the panel. The stiffness of the faces and the core are important in warp only when at least one face is thick or formed (has an appreciable moment of inertia). Such faces can reduce warp, primarily by inducing shear deforma tion of the core. When they are used in com bination with cores of relatively high shear modulus, little reduction in warp should be expected. While cores of low shear modulus are helpful in thermal warp, they are harm ful to deflection under loads. Formed or thick faces are helpful in both cases.
Exposure to Deviance Committed by Valued Peer Group and Family Members
Authors: Severy Lawrence J.
Published: March 2007

Longitudinal self-report and official police delinquency data were collected on a sample of 296 Anglo and Mexican-American males and females. Data were also garnered on the deviance rates of the subjects' families and peer group. The research attempts to analyze exposure to deviance and its effect upon the subject's delinquency. Distinctions were made between the development of delinquency potentials and actual performance, and an effort was made to modify the exposure measure based on the interest the actor held for the subject. Results indicate that value did not modify exposure but operated directly on the development of deviant potentials. Low original exposure groups tended to in crease their deviance with increasing exposure, while high orig inal exposure groups increased deviance by virtue of decreasing levels of exposure. Last, regardless of the original level of expo sure, there was a slight tendency for both increasing exposure and increasing delinquency potentials to lead to increased devi ant performance.
The Indiana Conference Charts a Course
Authors: Stout Ruth A.
Published: March 2007

The Indiana Conference was the fifth in a series of national conferences with which the National Commission on Teacher Ed ucation and Professional Standards has been identified. At the Chautauqua Con ference, the creation of the National Commission was requested. Since its in ception in 1946, the Commission has spon sored the Oxford Conference, the Bowling Green Conference, the New Hampshire Conference, and the Indiana Conference. This summary is based on reports of the 28 study groups which discussed "Evalua tive Criteria for Teacher-Education Pro grams" at the Indiana Conference.
The Role of the Campus Laboratory School in the Education of Teachers
Authors: Tanruther E.M.
Published: March 2007

Mr. Tanruther is Director of Elemen tary Laboratory Experiences, Indiana State Teachers College, Terre Haute. For the content of this article he has drawn upon an extensive experience as a director of student teaching, as a teacher of pro fessional courses, as an employing official in the public schools, and as participant and leader in numerous conferences and workshops dealing with the clinical aspects of teacher education.
Approaches to the PSBR
Authors: Odling-Smee John , Riley Chris
Published: March 2007

Most economists would doubtless reject the idea that policy makers or the public should judge budgets solely in terms of a single summary concept, surplus or deficit. Yet there is an undoubted demand for a single statistic which provides at least a rough-and-ready summary of the fiscal position. The attempt to specify such a single statistic has given rise to controversy for many years.
Chapter II. The World Economy
Authors: Wren-Lewis Simon , Eastwood Fiona
Published: March 2007

Scarcely a year ago there was a good deal of discussion about whether the collapse in oil prices would bring about a boom in the world economy. Now there is widespread talk of a world recession. In both cases speculation is likely to prove unfounded. Recent pessimism has been associated with the effects of the dollar's depreciation and lower OPEC demand for manufacturing imports. We argue below that, while both factors could lead to a temporary slowdown in the aggregate level of world activity, they should not lead to a major world recession.
The Elements of British Technological Competitiveness
Authors: Patel P. , Pavitt K.
Published: March 2007

In this election year of 1987 the state of Britain's technology has remained high on the political agenda. Following the critical report from the House of Lords on civil research and development (1986), the government recently announced changes in its machinery and priorities and expressed concern about British industry's (lack of) funding of R and D compared to the main sources of foreign competition (see HM Government, 1987).
A Second Look At Productivity, Machinery and Skills in Britain and Germany
Authors: Steedman Hilary , Wagner Karin
Published: March 2007

The overall aim of the National Institute's research programme in this field is to examine the relative contribution of physical and human capital to productivity with the help of site visits to samples of matched plants in Britain and Germany. A first study, carried out in 1983-4, was based on metalworking plants in Britain and Germany; it pointed to the overriding importance of skills at supervisory and shop floor levels in contributing to the better choice and utilisation of machinery and to a substantial German productivity advantage. The present study was carried out three years later, in 1986-7, and compares part of the wood furniture industry: the production of fitted kitchens. This branch is more standardised in its products—and hence easier to compare—than the more traditional branches of the furniture industry. It now accounts for over a quarter of the value of all furniture sales in both countries.
The World Economy
Authors: Barrell Ray , Pain Nigel , Morgan Julian
Published: March 2007

The prospects look good for either strong recovery or sustained growth of output throughout most of the OECD in 1995. The UK, US and Canada have grown at above trend rates this year after entering recessions in 1990 or 1991. Continental Europe followed them into recession in 1992 or 1993. These developments prompted a worldwide loosening of monetary policy which began in North America, where real short-term interest rates fell to around zero in 1992. The loosening of monetary policy in Europe (and the UK) came later and real short-term interest rates remain high at around 3 per cent, suggesting that the European upturn will be at a more moderate pace than elsewhere. This policy relaxation is a significant driving force behind the strength of output in the forecast.
Context and Meaning of the English Simple Tenses: A Discourse-Based Perspective
Authors: Pennington Martha C.
Published: March 2007

The English simple tenses (present and past) arc examined in the con text of pedagogical assumptions usually made about their meaning, use and instruction. It is found that the several meanings ascribed to these tenses are essentially inaccurate. Each tense gains much of its associated meaning from context, and the central sense of each is a kind of modal, rather than temporal or aspectual, meaning, representing subjective interpretations of events and situations. Ways of depicting these tenses in visual displays are proposed and implications for teaching explored.
Simulation and short-range scheduling of hydrothermal power systems using system 360 CSMP
Authors: Oso J.B. , Meadowsd H.E.
Published: March 2007

The short-range hydrothermal power scheduling problem is set as a problem in optimal control theory. New methods of modeling the upper- and lower-bound con straints on the reservoir capacity are proposed. The general equations that the optimal control satisfies are derived in the form of a constrained 2-point boundary-value problem (TPBVP). Properties of the optimal water usage policy are derived analytically and verified by simulation using the System 360 Continuous Systems Modeling Program.
Using computer graphics to interpret simulation output
Authors: Hoffman David B. , Carlson Carol M.
Published: March 2007

The analysis, interpretation, and formatting of re sults are common problems in computer simulations. Graphics programs are a useful tool in analyzing outputs. Among the most powerful programs are SYMVU (from Harvard University's Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis) and SURFACE II (from the Kansas Geological Survey). We describe these programs briefly and show their use in two typical simulation applications. First we use SYMVU to plot cost surfaces from a production model. Next we use SURFACE II to show the distribution of points from a model of a random search. The graphical out put is much easier to analyze and interpret than is the more common tabular output.
Project MAC (methodology, acceptance, credibility)
Authors: McLeod John , McLeod Suzette
Published: March 2007

This Newsletter was published independently from January 1971 through August 1976. Back issues are available from SITSOS, 8484 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, for 75c per copy.
All-Digital Simulation of Simple Automobile Maneuvers
Authors: Mitchell Brian , Abrams Robert , Scott Richard A.
Published: March 2007

A new, all-digital simulation describes straight- line acceleration and braking of an automobile. The model has five degrees of freedom: longitudinal velocity, vertical velocity, pitch angular velocity, and the angular velocities of the front and rear wheels. The model is capable of handling severe maneuvers. Special provisions allow the user to in clude antilock systems, average suspension forces, perform braking studies, and assess the importance of nonlinear terms. A validation study shows a close comparison with results from earlier models. The model is modular, well-documented, and readily available to researchers in a convenient form.
Simulation Graphs: a General Tool for Modeling Simulation Designs
Authors: Törn Aimo A.
Published: March 2007

Simulation graphs, a general language-independent tool for modeling simulation designs, is presented. Simulation graphs are an extension of Petri net graphs. The modifications to ordinary Petri net graphs are explained. The graphs are informally validated and their use as guidelines for coding is illustrated by writing final code for a small simu lation task in the SIMULA-based language SIMULATION. It is concluded that the tool presented processes characteristics which should make it attractive for general use in modeling simulation designs.
Solving Boundary Value Problems in Plate Deflection Theory
Authors: Bui Tien D. , Usmani Riaz A.
Published: March 2007

Analysing the deflection of plates or beams generally requires the solution of a two-point boundary value probzem associated with an ordinary differential equation. Such problems can be solved by finite difference methods, by shooting techniques, or by spline approximation. We develop and analyse these three types of methods.

We also cite sufficient conditions under which unique solutions of these boundary value problems exist and the requirements for obtaining solutions of various orders. Finite difference methods are easy to im plement, cheaper, and more accurate than the shooting methods of the same order. Spline methods are com parable to finite difference methods.
Digital Simulator for Allocating Firefighting Resources
Authors: Carroll John M.
Published: March 2007

The problem of allocating firefighting resources is complicated by the existence of numerous criteria for measuring the adequacy of service and by differ ences in the equipment and capabilities of service units. Our simulator consists of one program that generates simulated events from historical data and a second program that processes the simulated data and produces statistics that describe the avail ability and utilization of firefighting resources. We are able to improve the accuracy with which the simulator reproduces historical data by:

(1) factoring data concerning the occurrence of fire incidents into daily, monthly, and hourly components, (2) dividing a generalized exponential distribution of fire incident duration into response and time- dependent components, and (3) characterizing driving- time distributions as geographically dependent gamma functions. The simulator uses historical data available from fire departments. Example applica tions include evaluating alternative approaches to improving fire service in a particular area, invest igating the possible impact of a series of arson fires, and planning for urban growth.
Factor Screening in Computer Simulation
Authors: Smith Dennis E. , Mauro Carl A.
Published: March 2007

In many simulation models, only a few input variables have a significant effect on the output. By identi fying those variables in some reasonable way, we could undoubtedly make the model simpler, more effi cient, cheaper to run, and easier to analyze.

Factor screening methods attempt to identify the more important variables. The most effective methods, however, require more computer runs than are normally reasonable or affordable. Thus screening must usually be based on nonstandard designs not customarily dis cussed in standard statistical references.

In this paper, we review and discuss the major classes of factor screening designs. We pay partic ular attention to two strategies that are useful when there are more factors than available runs. The first of these is group-screening, in which fac tors are grouped and tested in a multistage proce dure ; the other is based on a combination of random balance and Plackett-Burman designs. Unfortunately, the performance of a screening strategy is difficult to measure; the modeler must consider both how much it costs and how accurately it classifies factors. An artificial example illustrates the tradeoffs that the modeler must make.
Analog Simulation of a Hybrid Gasoline-Electric Vehicle
Authors: Gilmore D.B.
Published: March 2007

Hybrid vehicles using both internal combustion en gines and electric motors represent one way to reduce fuel consumption. Our demonstration project envi sioned more than halving the fuel consumption of a passenger vehicle by reducing greatly the capacity of its engine and adding regenerative braking and an all-electric range. We also envisaged maintaining the same performance as current passenger vehicles. A 0-6 000 rpm gasoline-driven internal combustion engine, two 0-7800 rpm electric motors, a 0-7800 rpm flywheel, and lead-acid batteries are the major com ponents assembled using a mechanical epicyclic gear box. An EAI 681 analog computer allowed us to examine quickly the effects of engine capacity, fly wheel size, battery voltage, gear ratios, and mode of operation. An external potentiometer control on the computer allowed the operator to drive the vehicle through any acceleration cycle on level ground. We have shown that a 1.3 litre gasoline engine, two 13 kW separately excited direct current electric motors, a 38 kg flywheel, and a 48-volt battery pack will provide the same maximum performance as a conventional 4.1 litre internal combustion engine with automatic transmission at vehicle speeds below 60 km/h, and lower but satisfactory highway performance up to a top speed of 130 km/h. The transmission has under gone laboratory tests; it is to be road-tested in the first half of 1982.
Modeling and Credibility of Random Ensembles
Authors: Kheir Naim A. , Holmes Willard M.
Published: March 2007

Many simulation applications require the generation of a set of sample functions to characterize the physical system being modeled. Probability modeling using minimal data bases are reviewed and model credibility issues examined. Modeling methods include the Box-Jenkins time series, the fixed- memory and the α-β filters, the generalized expand ing memory filter, the Kalman filter, the Bayes filter, and the square-root filter. Such methods are particularly suitable in situations involving limited data, for instance, where the physical sys tem observations may be limited by cost or by the physical experiment. Theil's Inequality Coefficient (TIC) is presented as a basis for model validation in specific applications. An example illustrates the special utility of TIC for simulation model validation.
Simulation of multicomputer radar systems for ballistic missile defense
Authors: van Tilborg André M. , Jasinski Thomas J. , Starosielec Edward A.
Published: March 2007

Modern missile defense radars involve complex data processing systems with stringent requirements for real-time throughput. To satisfy the peak processing demands of these systems, functions such as searching and tracking can be assigned to separate inter connected computers. However, predicting whether a proposed distributed system will actually satisfy its objectives is difficult because of the complex inter actions. The MULTISIM computer program can simu late multicomputer systems used in radar data process ing and can thereby aid in predicting performance. The simulator models a variety of distributed computer organizations involving central processing units,communications busses, shared memory, and a radar return stream. Both hardware connections and soft ware relationships can be modeled. The analysis of an example distributed computer system shows how results such as the processing time for radar returns, utilization of physical components, and aggregate throughput aid in evaluating proposed designs.
Digital computer benchmarks of a continuous system simulation
Authors: Hidinger Ronald M.
Published: March 2007

Digital computers ranging from microcomputers to large, general-purpose mainframes were tested with a benchmark program that measured the time required by a large continu ous system simulation. The relative accuracy of the com puted solutions is also reported. The benchmark was expressed in several programming languages as well. The results indicate that all but the smallest computers can handle the intended application. However, factors outside the scope of the benchmark must also be considered when evaluating a computer system for a particular application.
Abstracts of the meeting of the Midwestern Simulation Council
Authors: Miller Arnold R.
Published: March 2007

EDITOR'S NOTE: The following are the abstracts of presentations given at the Conference on Discrete-event Simulation held in Houston, Texas, on June 11, 1982; the meeting was sponsored by the Midwestern Simulation Council and held in conjunction with the National Computer Conference (NCC). The program for the meeting was published in the June issue of Simulation. I would like to thank the staffs of SCS and NCC and the presenters for their friendly and willing cooperation in organizing this meeting.
Analyzing U.S. military retirement policies
Authors: Andersen David F. , Emmerichs Robert M.
Published: March 2007

A system dynamics model of retirement policies in the U.S. Department of Defense explicitly represents how military personnel respond to changes. Analysts can, for example, use the model to study how reductions in retire ment benefits affect accession and maintenance pay pol icies. In a case study, these interactions dramatically af fected cost estimates for proposed changes. The feedback effects in the system dynamics model showed important, unanticipated consequences from reducing retired pay. In teractions between different policy areas (such as retire ment, recruitment, and force maintenance) seldom show up in current models because of the complexity of representing them and because most modeling teams are assigned to a single policy area.
Mast
Authors: Lenz John E.
Published: March 2007

The MAnufacturing System Design Tool (MAST) is a simula tion aid for designing a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) involving machine tools. MAST models can represent a variety of hardware components and process control algorithms. This software control lets the designer study the compatibility of FMS hardware and software. MAST uses a free-formatted com puter filing system. Libraries of algorithms are available for alternative software control methods.

MAST produces a system performance report which gives the percentage of time a part occupies a station, a storage posi tion, or a transporter. It also gives the average usage and cycle time of each type of pallet, each transporter's cycle time, and the percentage of time each station is busy, idle, or congested because in-process storage is unavailable. These data help the FMS designer to optimize system performance.
Using simulation for policy evaluation in the electric utility industry
Authors: Ford Andrew
Published: March 2007

A system dynamics model has been used in policy evaluation for the U.S. investor-owned electric utility industry. We pro vide a brief description of the model assumptions and major applications. Illustrative results include (1) an analysis of the advantages of constructing power plants with short lead times and (2) the effects on electricity rates of an overbuilding pro gram designed to reduce dependence on oil or natural gas. We conclude with a discussion of model validation and current research.
Simulation of a digital aircraft flight control system
Authors: Stirling Robert
Published: March 2007

New digital flight control systems require the analyst to sim ulate digital processes in system performance studies. One way to do this is by processing the digital elements only at their up date times. They interact with the continuous elements via sampling and output operations. The analyst can then model digital control within a familiar simulation framework. A control system for a fighter aircraft serves as an illustrative example.
MODEL S, a sampled-data simulation language
Authors: Zimmerman Benjamin G.
Published: March 2007

Existing general purpose simulation software is not adequate for studying large, flexible spacecraft with digital controllers because it will not accept sampled-data equations or link to state-of-the-art structural modeling software. The MODEL S sim ulation language was developed to handle the first of these problems. It will accept mathematical models involving both differential equations and sampled-data equations. Computa tional delays can also be included. This makes MODEL S useful for the simulation of many digital controllers. Simple examples and an actual spacecraft controller show the language's power, flexibility, and ease of use. Planned enhancements include multirate sampling capability, software mode control and event sensing, and linkage to complex plant models.
A computer simulation of launch procedures for a squadron of minuteman II ICBMs
Authors: Morawski Paul
Published: March 2007

A computer model simulates the performance of the command and control system of a Minuteman II ICBM squadron. Instead of predicting hardware and weapons performance, it focuses upon how the squadron's launch rules and procedures affect the launch process when there is physical damage.

Each of five modeled Launch Control Centers (LCCs) has nominal responsibility for one flight of 10 single-warhead missiles. This model simulates two types of command centers. Its Airborne Launch Control Center (ALCC) assumes control of missiles disconnected from the LCCs because of damage. Although this model currently runs by itself, it is designed to fit into an elaborated model containing levels of higher command authori ty, a coordinated bomber force, and a submarine-launched ballistic missile force.

Results of a simple run are explained. Defense policy analysts in the Brookings Foreign Policy Studies Program will use this model and others like it as research tools.
Mathematical simulation of impact of birth control policies on Indian population system
Authors: Patil Mothiram K. , Janahanial P.S. , Ghista Dhanjoo N.
Published: March 2007

A feedback control computer simulation model of the popula tion system of India is synthesized by using system dynamics methodology. The governing dynamic equations are solved us ing continuous system modelling program (CSMP) on IBM 370/155 computer. The model, for different birth control policies, reproduces the past history of the sytem accurately. It projects (up to the year 2026) the future growth of popula tion ; birth and death rates; age structure; and total couples to be covered for (1) different intensities of birth control, (2) in crease in marriage age, and (3) better distribution of income policies.

The model could be used as a tool to evaluate alternate policies for long-term population planning and to make recommenda tions of suitable policies to reduce and stabilize the population within minimum time. This model provides national policy makers with a scientific basis to evaluate the impact of their policies and thus to select the optimal one.
CROGRO: An interactive forest growth simulator
Authors: Fellows David M. , Sprague Gregory L. , Baskerville Gordon L.
Published: March 2007

CROGRO is an interactive computer model that simulates crown growth in trees as they compete with each other for available space and light. The model contains growth data for six species of trees. CROGRO was designed to be used as a teaching aid. It allows forestry students to observe in a few minutes a process which, in the real world, occurs over several decades. The system is programmed in APL, and input/output is via a Tektronix 4015 graphics display terminal.
Simulation tools for the investigation of mobile radio telephone traffic problems
Authors: Bakry Saad Haj
Published: March 2007

Simulation programs are developed for the investigation of telephone traffic in single-cell mobile radio systems in which there are both land-to-mobile and mobile-to-mobile calls and in which mobile-to-mobile calls go via the base station. The top- down structured programming approach was used for the development of the programs. The resulting programs are of modular construction and can be used for various system con figurations. Two simulation methods are used. In the first, the rules of time-true simulation are applied, while in the second the rules of roulette simulation are considered. A comparison of the two simulations is given from several viewpoints including ease of programming, insight provided, execution time, and ease of coping with modifications of the model under investigation.
Simulation of a desalination plant supplied by a photovoltaic array with management strategies*
Authors: Carlevaro Mario , Ciccarella Gianfranco , Del Maestro Giovanni , Di Domenico Donato
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a program developed to simulate and assess the project of a stand-alone seawater desalination plant fed by a photovoltaic array. Objectives of the program are to:

• Define the correct dimension for some critical subsystems' models of the plant

• Validate some design solutions chosen a priori

• Compare different operation management strategies.

Simulation of a yearly run of the plant meets the above objec tives, provided suitable models of the system hardware and operation control procedures are available. The program de veloped includes three main sections: (1) models of the system's major components (some models fit the operational character istic of the component, others are limited to the component's transfer function); (2) a stochastic model for prediction of the daily availability of solar energy, based upon the Markov-chain algorithm; and (3) systems control logic.

The program has been used to simulate the annual operation of the system under different management strategies. Realistic input data was taken from records of observations from a near by meteorological station. The output data was the performance of the system in terms of electrical energy and drinkable water production in the year.

The program was written in Fortran V, run on a Univac 1100/60 computer, and it occupies 11 Kbytes of memory.

The simulation of one year of plant operation, with hourly steps, requires 425 Kbytes of memory for input and output data - the computation time amounts to about 9 s.

The main routines structure allows utilisation in more general simulation programs in the area of conversion of natural energy resources.
Modeller: Computer-assisted modelling of continuous systems
Authors: Luker Paul A.
Published: March 2007

A computer-assisted modelling facility, called MODELLER, has been produced for continuous system simulation. Originally designed for those with limited or no computing experience, it also has appeal to the simulation expert. The specification of a model, together with a description of the experiment to be performed on that model, are entered by responding to prompts from the software. The dialogue contains many interactive features. Simulation experiments may be performed either by using MODELLER's own run-time system, or by generating a pro gram in a suitable language. MODELLER contains its own editor and automatically preserves specifications on file. The design of MODELLER is discussed and several examples of its use are given.
Automatic VLSI layout simulation
Authors: Neubauer Clare Marie , Akers Lex A.
Published: March 2007

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is gaining importance in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) design for three reasons: CAD reduces design time, minimizes cost, and controls complexity.

This paper describes a CAD program, SPICEGEN, developed to extract a node list from a physical layout, allowing SPICE simula tion runs directly from a physical layout. SPICEGEN has been demonstrated to save Honeywell Large Computer Products Divi sion (LCPD) time at a reduced cost by identifying errors before the prototype IC's were manufactured. Furthermore, when SPICEGEN approved a layout, it was indeed correct and could be manufactured with yield the first time.

SPICEGEN can be used alone or in conjunction with other available CAD tools. Although originally developed to run SPICE simulations, SPICEGEN has, as a bonus, an error report file. This file uncovers errors such as open circuits without running the SPICE simulation.
The rotation and assignment of imbalanced air force specialties: A policy analysis model
Authors: Clark Thomas D. , Lawson Kevin
Published: March 2007

A dynamic model of a complex multi-echelon personnel system is presented in this paper. The system manages U.S. Air Force airman assignments in critical specialties. Some of these spe cialties are imbalanced with more personnel required overseas than can be supplied and still allow airmen sufficient tour length assignments in the continental United States. The model deals with inputs and outputs of personnel at the organizational level and provides a mechanism for testing the effects of alternative policies on system performance. A discussion of the advantages of the methodology over other techniques for this type of analysis is included.