bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antigenic analysis of Pasteurella multocida (serotype 1) by crossed immunoelectrophoresis: characterization of whole cell associated antigens
Authors: Bhasin J. L. , Lapointe-Shaw L.
Published: May 2010

Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and other related quantitative immunoelectrophoretic techniques have been used to elucidate the antigenic complexity of a reference preparation of capsular extract, potassium thiocyanate extract, lipopolysaccharide, heat-stable antigens, and free endotoxin from Pasteurella multocida serotype 1. The reactions of these cellular fractions, in crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with reference anti-whole cell immunoglobulins disclosed five antigens in the capsular extract, seven in the potassium thiocyanate extract, one to three in the lipopolysaccharide, three in the heat-stable antigens, and five in the free endoxin. Comparison of these reference antigen–antibody systems, in crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with intermediate gel containing either a reference anti-cell envelope or anticytoplasmic immunoglobulins not only revealed the presence of additional antigens but also gave insight into the probable cellular origins (i.e., cell surface, cell envelope, or cytoplasm) of various antigens unveiled by reference anti-whole cell immunoglobulins. Using the principle of tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis and crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis the immunochemical relationships between the antigenic components of these reference antigen–antibody systems were established.
Lipid composition and the transition from yeast-like to chlamydospore cells of Pullularia pullulans
Authors: Regúlez P. , Pontón J. , Domínguez J. B. , Goñi F. M. , Uruburu F.
Published: May 2010

The lipid composition of the fungus Pullularia pullulans has been investigated at different stages of the morphogenetic transition from yeast-like, through the so-called "large cells," to chlamydospores. The first 3 days of culture correspond to the period of exponential growth. There is a rapid consumption of glucose and ammonium, until the latter becomes exhausted, and a concomitant decrease of pH down to values of about 2. A decrease in fatty acid unsaturation takes place at this stage, together with an increase in the proportion of long-chain aldehydes. The period between days 3 and 6 is dominated by the large cells. They accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols; phospholipids and free sterols are also synthesized in this period, suggesting de novo synthesis of membranes. Chlamydospores can be seen from the 6th day on. Simultaneously, a decrease in free sterols and phospholipids takes place, while saturated triacyglycerol production goes on. The lipid composition of chlamydospores suggests that these are resistance forms, induced by the hostile environmental conditions of the medium after the end of the exponential growth.
The effect of R plasmids and antibiotics on the UV recovery of Escherichia coli strain B
Authors: LaBrie D. A.
Published: May 2010

An R-plasmid-containing fil mutant of Escherichia coli strain B, when exposed to chloramphenical (CMP) plus streptomycin (Sm) after irradiation, achieved 100% ultraviolet (UV) recovery from doses that otherwise kill over 90% of the cells. UV-induced filament cells with R plasmids are very UV sensitive regardless of the treatment after the filament-inducing irradiation. The exposure to CMP and Sm can be delayed after irradiation and still rescue filament cells from UV death even when grown on antibiotic-free agar. Development of UV-induced filament cells in CMP–Sm liquid medium increases the number of irradiated cells that will recover the ability to divide even when transferred to antibiotic-free agar soon after irradiation. The results suggest that the recovery of cell division by UV-induced filaments with R plasmids can be accomplished by contact with antibiotics even after extensive "unbalanced growth" or by growing in liquid medium throughout a critical period following irradiation.
Influenza viruses isolated from waterfowl in southern Ontario, 1976–1978
Authors: Thorsen J. , Barker I. K. , Hinshaw V. S.
Published: May 2010

From 1976 to 1978, samples were collected from 720 ducks, 100 terns, and 50 gulls for attempted isolation of influenza viruses. Influenza viruses were isolated from 32 of the ducks sampled: 10.2% of those sampled in 1976, 4.8% in 1977, and 2.4% in 1978. At least six different hemagglutinins and seven neuraminidases were identified in the viruses isolated, in 14 different combinations.
Protein phosphorylations in poliovirus infected cells
Authors: James Leonard A. , Tershak Daniel R.
Published: May 2010

In vivo phosphorylation of proteins that are associated with polysomes of poliovirus-infected VERO (African green monkey kidney) and HeLa (Henrietta Lacks) cells differed from phosphorylations observed with uninfected cells that were fed fresh medium. With both types of cells infection stimulated phosphorylation of proteins with molecular weights of 40 000 – 41 000, 39 000, 34 000, 32 000, and 24 000. Similarities of phosphorylations in VERO and HeLa cells suggest that they are a specific consequence of infection and might serve a regulatory function during protein synthesis.
Light and electron microscopic studies of nodule structure of alfalfa
Authors: Patel J. J. , Yang A. F.
Published: May 2010

Light and electron microscopy was used to establish the structural organisation of the developing nodule of alfalfa. In these nodules three distinct regions were noted: (1) the base region, site of original infection where the nodule is attached to the root and now composed of degenerating nodule tissue, (2) the central region, or active region composed of nodule cells containing tightly packed bacteroids surrounding a central vacuole, and (3) the meristematic region, a site of new growth, behind which newly formed cells are continually invaded. The ongoing infection process accompanying continued nodule development provided the opportunity to study the release of Rhizobium cells from the infection threads.In the nodules of alfalfa it would appear that the Rhizobium cells are released from infection thread into the nodule tissue in two different ways: (i) release with infection thread membrane and (ii) release in thin-walled vesicular structures. Thus it is concluded that Rhizobium cells are surrounded by the infection thread membrane when they are released from the infection thread into nodule tissue.
Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by Klebsiella pneumoniae in association with 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)
Authors: Wood L. V. , Klucas R. V. , Shearman R. C.
Published: May 2010

Turfs of 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass reestablished in the greenhouse and inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae (W6) showed significantly increased nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) compared with control turfs. Mean ethylene production rates per pot were 368 nmol h−1 for K. pneumoniae treated turfs, 55 nmol h−1 for heat-killed K. pneumoniae treated turfs, and 44 nmol h−1 for untreated turfs. Calculated lag periods before activity was observed were generally very short (less than 1 h).When 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass was grown from seed on soil-less medium of Turface, a fired aggregate clay, inoculation with K. pneumoniae (W6) resulted in 9 of 11 turfs showing nitrogenase activity (mean ethylene producion rate per pot was 195 nmol h−1). Only 3 of 11 turfs treated with heat-killed K. pneumoniae showed any activity and their mean rate of ethylene production (40 nmol h−1 per pot) was significantly lower than that for turfs treated with K. pneumoniae.Using the 'Park'–Turface soil-less model system it was shown that acetylene reducing activity was (i) root associated, (ii) generally highest at a depth of 1–4 cm below the surface, (iii) enhanced by washing excised roots, and (iv) inhibited by surface sterilization of excised roots. Klebsiella pneumoniae was recovered from Turface and roots showing acetylene reducing activity.
Some properties of a defective bacteriophage of Bacillus brevis
Authors: Hodgson B. , Rao A. S.
Published: May 2010

Bacillus brevis strains contain a defective prophage. In strain ATCC 10068 this prophage is responsible for the production of particles resembling phage tails and the induction of events leading to cell lysis. There is a slow rate of spontaneous production of particles, which is greatly increased by treating growing cells with mitomycin C, ultraviolet light, N-methyl-N-nitroso-N′-nitroguanidine, and acridine orange or by changing the growth medium. There is no conversion of host DNA to a unique, phage-size DNA entity associated with induction. It was not possible to detect strains that did not produce particles on treatment with mitomycin C. The particles themselves had no recognised biological activity. The molecular weight of the major sheath protein was 49 000 and at least four other protein components were detected in partially purified preparations. DNA and RNA were not associated with the particles but a small amount of carbohydrate was detected.
Cell-mediated immune response in gonococcal infection
Authors: Landolfo Patricia J. , Marrie Thomas J. , Nelson Norma A. , Ronald Allan R.
Published: May 2010

A peripheral leukocyte migration inhibition test has been used to demonstrate cellular immunity to a protein component of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Human leukocytes served as effector cells in an agarose method to distinguish antigen-sensitive from nonsensitive individuals. Leukocytes, preincubated with antigen, were placed in wells in medium 199 agarose. After 18 h of incubation the migration index was calculated by dividing the area of migration of cells preincubated with antigen by the area of migration of the control cells.Significant migration inhibition was demonstrated for 16 of the 30 patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea. Maximum inhibition was obtained 7–10 days following the onset of symptoms and the duration of that response varied from 14 to more than 40 days. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the number of previous infections and migration inhibition. A control group, which included individuals with Neisseria meningitidis infection, showed an insignificant response to this gonococcal antigen.Although these results indicate the presence of cell-mediated immunity, the significance of this response in the protection of the host or in the pathogenesis of gonococcal disease has yet to be determined.
Localization of carbonic anhydrase in the cytoplasmic membrane of Neisseria sicca (strain 19)
Authors: MacLeod M. N. , DeVoe I. W.
Published: May 2010

The carbonic anhydrase activity and the growth of Neisseria sicca 19 were inhibited by the sulfonamide acetazolamide (10−5 M). Such inhibition was completely overcome by the addition of exogenous bicarbonate. Some carbonic anhydrase activity associated with the membranous envelope fraction of the cell was released when cells were broken by sonic treatment but not during cell breakage by high-pressure extrusion. After the selective solubilization (4 °C) of the inner membrane of envelopes by treatment with 1% sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, all detectable carbonic anhydrase activity was found in the soluble (inner membrane) fraction. After fractionation of the cell envelope into inner and outer membranes by treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the total and specific activity of carbonic anhydrase paralleled that of succinate dehydrogenase, an inner membrane enzyme marker. The Coomassie blue stained protein patterns after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the bands from the sucrose density gradient provided confirmation that the inner and outer membranes had indeed been separated.
Effect of active and passive immunization on the development of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyelonephritis in mice
Authors: Petit J.-C. , Sicard D. , Bayo S. , Daguet G.-L.
Published: May 2010

Experimental pyelonephritis was produced in mice by the intravenous injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Immune response to infection was studied by passive hemagglutination antibody titers. Vaccination of mice with live P. aeruginosa or culture filtrates (Pseudomonas antigen) induced antibodies and resulted in a high degree of protection against death and pyelonephritis following subsequent hematogenous challenge with the homologous strain. Transfer of immune serum protected mice against death following infection with the homologous strain and with a heterologous strain. However, immune serum failed to protect mice from kidney infection by the heterologous strain. These data indicate that immune serum seemed to protect against early, overwhelming bacteremia but did not prevent a chronic course of kidney infection by a heterologous strain.
Morphological commitment in Candida albicans
Authors: Chaffin W. LaJean , Wheeler Donald E.
Published: May 2010

Stationary phase yeast cells of the dimorphic fungus albicans can reinitiate growth under appropriate conditions either as yeasts through bud formation or as hyphae through germ tube formation and elongation. Stationary phase yeast cells resuspended in fresh medium at 37 °C form germ tubes and those resuspended at 25 °C form buds. Temperature shift experiments have been used to observe when cells become committed to germ tube formation and yeast budding growth under conditions favorable to each form. The two commitment processes appear to be independent and, once initiated, occur at characteristic rates with commitment to germ tube formation preceding commitment to yeast bud formation. The rate of commitment to germ tube formation was consistent with a random process or first-order kinetics. A relationship between cell volume and commitment to yeast growth and bud emergence was consistent with observations of cell volume distribution both in stationary phase cultures and between budded and unbudded cells during resumption of growth at 25 °C.
Helical, motile mycoplasmas associated with flowers and honey bees in California
Authors: Raju Boligala C. , Nyland George , Meikle Teresa , Purcell Alexander H.
Published: May 2010

Spiroplasmas were cultured from nonsurface-sterilized flowers of magnolia tree (Magnolia grandifiora L.) and tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipfera L.) in Alameda, Solano, and Yolo counties in California. Spiroplasmas were also isolated from honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) collected in the vicinity of Davis and Berkeley, CA. Most of the isolates grew relatively slowly at 31 or 37 °C reaching maximum population at 31 °C in 8–10 days. The flower isolates were serologically indistinguishable by deformation and growth inhibition tests of spiroplasma strain AS-576 from honey bee from Maryland. Isolates from honey bees were serologically closely related to spiroplasma strain SR-3 from tulip tree flower from Connecticut.
Heterotrophic activities of bacterioplankton and bacteriobenthos
Authors: Chocair J. A. , Albright L. J.
Published: May 2010

Several marine waters and surface sediments of coastal British Columbia were analyzed and compared for bacterial colony forming units (CFU) and numbers of active bacteria (NAB) as indicated by microautoradiography, glucose and alanine heterotrophic activities, and dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC). Bacterial numbers (CFU, NAB) were usually much greater (by several orders of magnitude) in surface sediments than in overlying waters. DOC and POC were also generally greater in surface sediments than in overlying waters, often by as much as one order of magnitude. Both glucose and alanine heterotrophic potentials were greater in surface sediments; however, on a per active cell (NAB) basis, no significant differences were noted between the glucose-specific activities of the bacteria of the surface sediments and overlying waters. The data suggest that these surface sediments carry greater standing crops of bacteria than overlying waters without significant decreases in glucose-specific activities.
A microtitration procedure for quantitative determination of staphylocoagulase using fibrinogen-coated red blood cells
Authors: Sahni G. , Tiwari R. , Kaur Daljit , Seiffge D. , Gupta K. G.
Published: May 2010

A microhemagglutination procedure, using fibrinogen-coated erythrocytes of rabbit or pig for quantitation of staphylocoagulase, is shown to be more sensitive than the standard tube test.
Isolation of viruses from drinking water at the Pont-Viau water treatment plant
Authors: Payment Pierre
Published: May 2010

Viruses were isolated from every sample of raw (100 L) and treated (1000 L) water collected at a water treatment plant drawing sewage-contaminated river water. Few plaque-forming isolates were found but cytopathogenic viruses were isolated as frequently in drinking water as in raw water. In drinking water some samples contained more than 1 cytopathogenic unit per litre, but most contained 1–10/100 L. These viruses had not been inactivated or removed by prechlorination, flocculation, filtration, ozonation, and postchlorination. There were no coliforms present and a residual chlorine level had been maintained. Poliovirus type 1 was a frequent isolate but many isolates were nonpoliovirus. The presence of these viruses in drinking water raises questions about the efficacy of some water treatment processes to remove viruses from polluted water.
Inhibition of carotenoid synthesis in Micrococcus roseus
Authors: Cooney Joseph J. , Berry Robert A.
Published: May 2010

Micrococcus roseus forms bicyclic keto-carotenoids. The effects of nicotine, piperonyl butoxide, and 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA) were studied with regard to their ability to selectively inhibit carotenogenesis in the organism. Nicotine caused accumulation of β-zeacarotene; piperonyl butoxide caused accumulation of phytoene and traces of phytofluene, ζ-carotene, and β-zeacarotene. In both cases canthaxanthin biosynthesis was inhibited. CPTA inhibited canthaxanthin synthesis and caused accumulation of β-zeacarotene and γ-carotene and their mono- and di-hydroxy derivatives. Regardless of the inhibitor used, canthaxanthin was the major colored carotenoid biosynthesized. The expected precursors of carotenoid cyclization, neurosporene and (or) lycopene, were not detected in CPTA- or nicotine-inhibited cultures. Therefore, carotenoid cyclization in M. roseus does not involve neurosporene or lycopene and must occur early in carotene biosynthesis, prior to the formation of β-zeacarotene. ζ-Carotene is proposed as the cyclization substrate and β-zeacarotene as the substrate for oxygen insertion.
Dietary components influence tissue-associated lactobacilli in the mouse stomach
Authors: Brockett Michelle , Tannock Gerald W.
Published: May 2010

Conventional mice fed commercially prepared pelleted food, or a laboratory-prepared food consisting of casein, cornflour, bran, vitamins, and minerals, harboured a layer of lactobacilli on the nonsecretory epithelium of the stomach. In contrast, the majority of mice fed the laboratory-prepared diet to which corn, sunflower seed, or codliver oil had been added lacked a iactobacillus layer in the stomach. Analysis of the fatty acid content of the various diets, and feeding mice diets of known fatty acid composition, led to the conclusion that the relative amounts of palmitic and oleic acid in the food can influence the number of tissue-associated lactobacilli in the mouse stomach.
A new temperate phage of Streptomyces venezuelae: morphology, DNA molecular weight, and host range of SV2
Authors: Stuttard C. , Dwyer M.
Published: May 2010

A new, narrow host range temperate phage, SV2, was isolated from soil. It lysogenized and lysed strains of Streptomyces venezuelae and seemed to be specific for this species. In general morphology, the virions were typically lambdoid, but had unusually ringed tails similar to those of some rare phages isolated from hosts belonging to different bacterial genera. The molecular weight of double-stranded linear SV2 DNA, estimated at about 24 × 106, was lower than the published values for other Streptomyces phages.
Importation of salmonellae with aquarium species
Authors: Trust T. J. , Bartlett Karen H. , Lior H.
Published: May 2010

An examination of shipments of aquarium species arriving in Canada over a 2-year period revealed that one-third of the shipments of aquarium snails and aquarium frogs were contaminated, with Salmonella. Salmonella were also isolated from a shipment of aquarium newts but were not recovered from goldfish. Included among these salmonellae were four of the serovars most commonly associated with human salmonellosis in Canada. Several unusual salmonellae were also isolated including a Salmonella florida that produced a delayed, weakly positive o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactosidase reaction, and a bacteriophage 14 lysogenized Salmonella mbandaka. The association of salmonellae with aquarium species is clearly adding to the pool of this human pathogen in Canada, and may contribute to human infections.
Purification and some properties of halophilic protease produced by a moderately halophilic marine Pseudomonas sp.
Authors: van Qua Duong , Simidu Usio , Taga Nobuo
Published: May 2010

Halophilic protease in culture fluids of a moderately halophilic marine Pseudomonas sp. (A-14) was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and gel filtration through Sephadex G-200. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 120 000. The optimum pH for activity was 8.0. The enzyme had maximal activity at 18% NaCl concentration. The enzyme was activated by Mg2+, Co2+, and Ca2+. Ca2+ increased the heat stability, and heavy metal ions such as Fe2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ inactivated the enzyme. Thiol reagents and diisopropyl fluorophosphate did not affect the enzymatic activity of the protease. Metal-complexing reagents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and o-phenanthroline, inhibited enzymatic activity, although citrate and oxalate did not affect it.
Solubilization of membrane-associated phosphatidylserine synthase from Clostridiuim perfringens
Authors: Cousminer J. Jeffrey , Carman George M.
Published: May 2010

Membrane-associated cytidine 5′-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol:L-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase (EC 2.7.8.8) wa solubilized from the cell envelope fraction of the gram-positive anaerobe Clostridium perfringens with Triton X-100 Successful solubilization of the enzyme was dependent on the addition of manganese ions.
Morphology of spore-bearing structures in Streptomyces ipomoea
Authors: Clark C. A. , Lawrence Amanda
Published: May 2010

Sporulating colonies of Streptomyces ipomoea were observed using light and scanning electron microscopy. In addition to the open loops and spiral chains of spores characteristic of S. ipomoea, globose structures resembling sporangia of the genus Streptosporangium were found. The "sporangia" had a smooth surface, were 5–6 μm in diameter, and consisted of an unbranched coiled hypha within an enveloping sheath. As the sporangia matured, septa formed in the internal sporogenous hypha forming coiled chains of spores morphologically similar to those formed on the typical spore chains. The sporangia germinated on agar, without releasing the nonmotile spores, by formation of several germ tubes at several locations on the sporangia.
Differential expression of cytoplasmic proteins during yeast bud and germ tube formation in Candida albicans
Authors: Brown Louise A. , Chaffin W. LaJean
Published: May 2010

Changes in the identity and quantity of proteins synthesized during morphogenesis may result from alterations in gene expression in the dimorphic yeast Candida albicans. Stationary phase yeast cells, upon resuming growth at 25 °C, form budding yeast and at 37 °C form germ tubes. In order to identify proteins associated with morphogenesis, we compared cytoplasmic proteins synthesized during germ tube and bud formation. Proteins synthesized during this period were labeled at four intervals with either [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine and separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This study shows that, of the 230 proteins resolved on each gel, 5 were specific to the yeast morphology and 2 proteins showed reduction in net synthesis in the mycelial phase. There were, however, no mycelium-specific proteins at any labeling period. The majority of proteins were common to both morphologies and showed no major shift in number during resumption of growth. The observations reported here suggest that differential gene expression occurs during morphogenesis of C. albicans.
Reversal of fungitoxicity of 8-quinolinols and their copper(II) bischelates. II. Reversal of the action of 8-quinolinol by DL-α-lipoic acid
Authors: Gershon Herman , Shanks Larry
Published: May 2010

The effect of amino acids and derivatives, Krebs cycle acids and related compounds, fatty acids, and vitamins and related compounds on the toxicity of 8-quinolinol and bis(8-quinolinolato)copper(II) to Aspergillus oryzae (ATCC 1011) was studied. Only aliphatic thiol-containing compounds (cysteine, glutathione, dithioerythritol, and dithiothreitol) and DL-α-lipoic acid protected against 8-quinolinol but not its copper(II) bischelate.It is suggested that 8-quinolinol inhibits lipoic acid biosynthesis, and the mode of fungitoxicity of 8-quinolinol is different from that of bis(8-quinolinolato)copper(II).
Nutrient utilization in actinomycetes. Induction of α-glucosidases in Streptomyces venezuelae
Authors: Chatterjee S. , Vining L. C.
Published: May 2010

Streptomyces venezuelae contains intracellular α-glucosidases that are induced during growth on maltose, isomaltose, maltotriose, dextrin, starch, and other α-glucosides. Induction was prevented by rifampicin at 10 μg∙mL−1 and inhibited by chloramphenicol or streptomycin, indicating that de novo synthesis of messenger ribonucleic acid and protein was required. Glucose and other readily utilizable sugars did not repress induction of α-glucosidase activity whereas certain organic acids and amino acids effectively reduced enzyme synthesis. Extracts of mycelium grown in the presence of maltose as an inducer hydrolysed maltose and isomaltose rapidly. Sucrose and other α-glucosides were less suitable substrates whereas trehalose and starch were not hydrolysed. No activity was observed with β-glucosides, α-galactosides, or methyl α-mannoside.
Mycotoxin production by Chaetomium spp. and related fungi
Authors: Sekita S. , Yoshihira K. , Natori S. , Udagawa S. , Muroi T. , Sugiyama Y. , Kurata H. , Umeda M.
Published: May 2010

Screening for mycotoxin production by Chaetomium spp. and related fungi on rice culture was conducted by a combination of cytotoxicity tests using HeLa cells and thin-layer chromatography. Producers of sterigmatocystin, O-methylsterigmatocystin, chaetochromin, chaetocin, chetomin, cochliodinols, and mollicellin G were found and the taxonomic significance of these findings is discussed.
In vitro cultivation of Mycobacterium lepraemurium and its identification by animal inoculation
Authors: Ishaque M.
Published: May 2010

The primary in vitro cultures from lepromata of mice or rats previously infected with the Hawaiian strain of Mycobacterium lepraemurium were obtained on Ogawa egg-yolk medium at 34 °C in approximately 90 days of incubation. Optimal growth of subcultures was achieved in 40 to 60 days of incubation and such cultures were used to test their pathogenicity in animals. The in vitro grown subcultures provoked in mice subcutaneous lepromata identical to those produced by the in vitro grown M. lepraemurium. Also, mice infected subcutaneously and intravenously with the in vitro grown subcultures developed lesions in livers, spleens, and kidneys similar to those of mice infected with the mouse passage murine leprosy bacilli. Microscopically and histopathologically, the acid-fast bacilli derived from organs infected with the in vitro or in vivo grown cultures were indistinguishable from each other.
Inhibition of Anatid herpesvirus replication by phosphonoacetate
Authors: Attanasio Ronald , Campen Renee , Olson Robert , Johnson James C.
Published: May 2010

Phosphonoacetate was found to be an effective inhibitor of the replication and cytopathic effects (CPE) associated with Anatid herpesvirus (AHV) infections in avian cells. In low multiplicity of infection (MOI) (10−3 or less) infected Pekin duck and chicken fibroblast cultures, the dosage required for a 50% plaque reduction was approximately 20 μg/mL. The amount of the inhibitor needed for complete prevention of CPE was found to be MOI dependent with up to 190 μg/mL required at a MOI of 1.1. Delayed addition of phosphonoacetate to AHV-infected cultures resulted in differing CPE. When added before 25 h postinfection, the CPE were largely prevented. Added between 25 and 40 h postinfection, the CPE consisted of nonproductive, nonperforate focal areas containing viable and nonviable cells. The focal areas did not appreciably increase in size or number in the continued presence of phosphonoacetate, were chromophilic, and tended to be replaced by morphologically normal cells, provided the presence of phosphonoacetate was continued. Maintaining phosphonoacetate in the presence of infected cultures for periods of 7 days or longer resulted in curing and a complete loss of infectious virus in the medium and in cell lysates.
Incidence of Campylobacter jejuni in fresh eviscerated whole market chickens
Authors: Park C. E. , Stankiewicz Z. K. , Lovett J. , Hunt J.
Published: May 2010

A total of 100 fresh eviscerated whole market chickens, purchased one per week over a 5-week period from each of 20 different food stores in the Ontario and Ohio regions, were examined for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni. The microorganism was recovered from 62 and 54% of the chickens in Ontario and Ohio, respectively.
Radioimmunoassay for yeast killer toxin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Siddiqui Farooq A. , Bussey Howard
Published: May 2010

Aradioimmunoassay was developed for the K1 killer toxin from strain T158C/S14a of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 125I-labeled toxin was made to a specific activity of 100 μCi/mg of protein (1 μCi = 37 kBq). Antibody to purified toxin was prepared in rabbits using toxin cross-linked to itself. These antibodies, partially purified by 50% ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography, produced one precipitation band with killer toxin and bound 125I-labeled toxin in a radioimmunoassay. The antibody preparation also bound with the toxins from another K1 killer, A364A, and three chromosomal superkiller mutants derived from it.
Effect of inoculation of Zea mays with Azospirillum brasilense strains under temperate conditions
Authors: O'Hara G. W. , Davey M. R. , Lucas J. A.
Published: May 2010

Seven strains of Azospirillum brasilense were compared for their effect on the growth of Zea mays grown under temperate conditions in sand–vermiculite pot cultures. Inoculation with all seven strains tested, including Fix− mutant strains, increased dry weight and total nitrogen content of shoots, but nitrogen concentrations were unaffected. Low and variable rates of acetylene reduction activity were observed from excised roots of inoculated plants without preincubation. Estimates of N2-fixing A. brasilense associated with inoculated roots showed differences between strains in establishing themselves in the rhizosphere and endorhizosphere. In some strains enrichment in the endorhizosphere of roots occurred following inoculation, but the relative numbers and location of the strains did not appear to affect the yield response.
Trypanosoma musculi infection: depression of immune response to heterologous antigens
Authors: Lajeunesse M. C. , Viens P.
Published: May 2010

The response to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was studied in CBA mice infected with Trypanosoma musculi at days ranging from 3 to 63 days of infection. DNFB contact sensitivity was normal. In 3-, 10-, and 15-day infected mice, anti-BSA hemagglutinating antibody titers were lower than in noninfected controls when determined after 21 days of BSA challenge, and were normal in sera collected after 10 and 14 days. In 14 day infected mice, anti-SRBC indirect plaque-forming cells (PFC) (per million of nucleated spleen cells and per total spleen) were strongly diminished, but anti-SRBC direct PFC were diminished only per million of nucleated spleen cells. In T. musculi recovered mice, the response to DNFB, BSA, and SRBC was normal.
Cellular differentiation and pattern formation in the absence of morphogenesis in the cellular slime mould Polysphondylium pallidum: evidence for a biochemical tip (organizer) in submerged aggregates
Authors: Paterno Gary D. , O'Day Danton H.
Published: May 2010

When amoebae of Polysphondylium pallidum WS320 are placed in nonnutrient buffer in roller tube culture they form spherical or ellipsoidal aggregates. At first the aggregates demonstrate a "loose" morphology but by 12 h, with the formation of a cellulose-containing, peripheral sheath, they become "tight" aggregates. At this time stalk differentiation begins. Using various methods for the resolution of prespore (ultrastructure, spore antigen immunofluorescence, periodic acid – Schiff staining) and prestalk (ultrastructure, alkaline phosphatase histochemistry, neutral red staining, Calcofluor fluorescence) cell localization, the pattern of cell differentiation in submerged aggregates was shown to be essentially identical to that of normal pseudoplasmodia. Furthermore, using a cAMP bioassay it was revealed that the submerged aggregates, while devoid of a morphological tip, do possess a biochemical tip which is correlated with sites of neutral red staining and stalk cell differentiation. As a result of these studies, an earlier argument that the tip of the pseudoplasmodium is not essential for the establishment of pattern or in the "organization" of cellular differentiation during slime mould development is contradicted.
Purification and partial characterization of proline dehydrogenase from Clostridium sporogenes
Authors: Monticello Daniel J. , Costilow Ralph N.
Published: May 2010

A proline dehydrogenase which catalyzes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) dependent oxidation of proline and the NADH-dependent reduction of Δ1-pyrroline 5-carboxylic acid (PCA) was purified from extracts of Clostridium sporogenes. Following purification, only one protein band was found on analytical polyacrylamide disc gels and on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) – polyacrylamide disc gels. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation and SDS–gel electrophoresis indicated that the enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 217 000 and consists of two subunits of equal size. During purification of proline dehydrogenase on hydroxylapatite the ratio of dehydrogenase activity to reductase activity decreased significantly, and a similar change in ratio was brought about by storage of partially purified enzyme preparations in low ionic strength buffers. Subsequent purification did not change the ratio. The dehydrogenase activity of proline dehydrogenase was inhibited by L-glutamate (Ki = 0.32 mM at pH 7.4 and Ki = 0.65 mM at pH 10.2). However, the reductase activity of the purified enzyme was not affected by 100 mML-glutamate.
Cytotoxicity and suckling mouse reactivity of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from human sources
Authors: Johnson W. M. , Lior H.
Published: May 2010

Human isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides were tested for their ability to produce cytotoxins and (or) enterotoxins. The incidence of cytotoxin production by A. hydrophila was 81% for isolates from stool and 44% for extraintestinal isolates. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were more sensitive to A. hydrophila cytotoxin than either Vero or Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells (Y-1). There was no evidence of cytotonic enterotoxin production by any of the isolates tested. Cytotoxin-containing filtrates from A. hydrophila were found to provoke a positive reaction in suckling mice. The response in mice was heat labile, and data supporting correlation of this activity with the cytotoxin produced by these organisms are presented. Following concentration, cytotoxin and material reactive in suckling mice were found to coelute from Sephadex G-25 and dose–response was demonstrated in mice. Antitoxin prepared to this material effectively neutralized cytotoxin, mouse reactivity, and rabbit ileal loop response. No evidence was obtained for either cytotoxin or enterotoxin production by P. shigelloides strains tested in this study.
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and infrared spectroscopy of vibrio biotypes
Authors: Maiti M. , Sur P. , Chatterjee S. N.
Published: May 2010

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and infrared spectroscopy were used to study the relationship between Vibrio cholerae (classical), Vibrio cholerae (El Tor), and nonagglutinable (NAG) vibrios. Acid extracts of the different strains produced type-specific electrophoretic patterns, and the infrared spectra revealed broad absorption maxima which largely correspond to those found in other organisms. With the exception of the NAG vibrios, the infrared spectra of cholera El Tor vibrios were identical. Strain-specific differences were found in the exoprotein spectra of these organisms by the sodium dodecyl sulphate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic technique.
Type III group B streptococcal infections in mice: bacteremia and meningitis following oral inoculation
Authors: Lounsbery Jan L. , Green Lance R. , Furtado Dolores
Published: May 2010

The successful production of disease in mice by a type III group B streptococcus is described in this report. When injected intravenously, 106 organisms produced a fulminating sepsis and resulted in 100% mortality within 48 h. Inoculation of 108–109 organisms directly onto the surface of the oropharynx progressed to bacteremia and meningitis in greater than 50% of animals. It*** a group of mice treated with penicillin immediately after oropharyngeal inoculation, the incidence of invasive bacteremia was reduced to 30%. The use of this animal model for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of experimentally produced meningitis and eradication of oropharyngeal colonization is discussed.
Inorganic cation transport and the effects on C4 dicarboxylate transport in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Kay William W. , Ghei Om K.
Published: May 2010

The complex interrelationships between the transport of inorganic cations and C4 dicarboxylates were examined using mutants defective in potassium transport and retention, divalent cation transport, or phosphate transport. The potassium transport system, studied using 86Rb+ as a K+ analogue, kinetically appeared as a single system (Km 200 μM for Rb+, Ki 50 μM for K+), the activity of which was only slightly reduced in K+ retention mutants. Divalent cation transport, studied using 54Mn2+, 60Co2+, and 45Ca2+, was more complex being represented by at least two systems, one with a high affinity for Mn2+ (Km 2.5 μM) and a more general one of low affinity (Km 1.3–10 mM) for Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, and Co2+. Divalent cation transport was repressed by Mg2+, derepressed in K+ retention mutants, and defective in Co2+-resistant mutants. Phosphate was required for both divalent cation and succinate transport, and phosphate transport mutants (arsenate resistant) were found to be defective in both divalent cation and succinate transport. Divalent cations, especially Mg2+ and Co2+, decreased Km for succinate transport approximately 20-fold over that achieved with K+; neither cation was required stoichiometrically for succinate transport.The loss of divalent cation transport in cobalt-resistant mutants has been correlated with the loss of a 55 000 molecular weight membrane protein. Similarly, the loss of phosphate transport in arsenate-resistant mutants has been correlated with the loss of a 35 000 molecular weight membrane component.
A technique to study the bacterial colonization of surfaces employing chemotaxis chambers and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Leake Eva S. , Wright Mary J. , Gristina Anthony G.
Published: May 2010

A technique for the study of bacterial colonization of surfaces by scanning electron microscopy employing blind well chemotactic chambers is described. Abundant growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on glass and polyethylene was observed 24 h after inoculation.
Identification of yeasts and yeastlike fungi. I. Taxonomy and characteristics of new species described since 1973
Authors: Belin J. M.
Published: May 2010

This review, which is necessary for the development of new simplified identification keys, presents the morphological, cultural, and physiological characteristics of over 100 new species of yeasts described since the publication of The yeasts, a taxonomic study (J. Lodder (Editor). 1970. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam) and A new key to the yeasts (J. A. Barnett and R. J. Pankhurst (Editors). 1974. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam). All the descriptions in this work come from the authors who first described the species. Information on the synonymy of the new species was gathered on both the perfect state and the imperfect state of the yeasts and yeastlike fungi.
Adherence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its relation to pathogenicity
Authors: Iijima Yoshio , Yamada Hiroaki , Shinoda Sumio
Published: May 2010

Cultured epithelial cells were used to investigate the adherence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Correlation between adherence in vitro and pathogenicity (colonization) was shown by experiments on the distribution of vibrios in the small intestine of guinea pigs and on the lethal activity of vibrios to mice. In vitro adherence of 32 strains of V. parahaemolyticus including Kanagawa phenomenon (KP) positive and KP-negative strains was studied. The effect of purified KP toxin and antiserum against KP toxin was also studied. Adherence was not related to KP. Adherence of V. parahaemolyticus was thought to depend on viability, since the decrease in the number of colony-forming units paralleled the decrease in the number of bacteria adhering to epithelial cells, and bacteria fixed with ethanol and formalin did not show adherence.
Naturally occurring prototrophic strains of Salmonella typhi
Authors: Virgilio Rafael , Cordano Ana Maria
Published: May 2010

In a survey of the nutritional requirements of Salmonella typhi it was found that 3.2% of 560 recent clinical isolates were able to grow in a minimal medium consisting of phosphates, ammonium and magnesium sulfates, and glucose; the remainder required tryptophan. Both groups grew slowly and rather poorly in these media due to a deficient utilization of sulfur from sulfate. Addition of cysteine or sodium sulfide or thiosulfate promoted rapid and profuse growth. Minimal medium containing thiosulfate as a source of sulfur allowed for an easy and sharp differentiation of prototrophic variants needing none of the amino acids, and tryptophan auxotrophs. The prototrophic phenotype is not the result of the presence of rare prototrophic mutants, since these strains were able to develop in minimal medium from very small inocula (102), all colonies were prototrophic in replica plating experiments, and the cultures gave comparable colony counts when seeded simultaneously on nutrient and on minimal agar plates.
The role of glycolysis in aflatoxin biosynthesis
Authors: Tyagi Jaya Sivaswami , Venkitasubramanian T. A.
Published: May 2010

In resting mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 3240, all the glycolytic intermediates with the exception of glucose and phosphoenolpyruvate stimulated the de novo synthesis of aflatoxin from exogenous acetate. Intracellular levels of glycolytic intermediates were measured in the toxigenic strain, A. parasiticus NRRL 3240, and the nontoxigenic strain, A. flavus NRRL 3537. In 48-h cultures, the concentrations of the intermediates beyond the phosphofructokinase reaction were higher in toxigenic mycelial extracts than in nontoxigenic cultures. There was a marked reduction in the specific activity of phosphofructokinase with increasing age in the toxigenic strain. The specific activity of this enzyme was two- to four-fold lower in zinc-deficient mycelia of A. parasiticus. In resting cultures, the uptake rate of labeled glucose was considerably lower in zinc-deficient mycelia than in zinc-replete or nontoxigenic cultures. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be said that intense formation of aflatoxin is associated with a sharp fall in the level of phosphoenolpyruvic and pyruvic acids. This was accompanied by a significantly higher pyruvate kinase activity.
Effect of carbon source on growth rate and phospholipid composition of Escherichia coli 15T− and an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph
Authors: Urban James E. , Klopfenstein W. E. , Ahmad K. , Baines J. D.
Published: May 2010

Escherichia coli 15T− was grown with glucose, succinic acid, aspartic acid, oleic acid, and oleic plus aspartic acids as carbon sources, and a fatty acid auxotroph derived from 15T− was grown on oleic acid and oleic plus aspartic acids. The doubling time, phospholipid composition, phosphorus content, and the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of cells in each of the media were determined. In all cases, phosphatidylethanolamine was the major phospholipid present; but with 15T− its concentration was inversely proportional to the doubling time in unsupplemented media. With the auxotroph the phosphatidylethanolamine concentration was essentially unchanged with growth. Total lipid phosphorus was inversely proportional to doubling time, an effect particularly evident with the auxotroph. Without oleic acid supplementation, the major effects of carbon source on fatty acid composition are decreases in the content of palmitoleic acid and increases in the content of cis-9,10-methylene hexadecanoic acid as growth rate decreases. Oleic acid supplementation elevated 18:1 fatty acid content in both 15T− and the auxotroph.
Evaluation of penicillin in conjunction with acetohydroxamic acid in treatment of experimental Corynebacterium renale pyelonephritis
Authors: Brown Margarita A. , Kadis Solomon , Chapman Jr. Willie L.
Published: May 2010

The therapeutic efficacies of procaine penicillin G and acetohydroxamic acid, when administered alone or in combination, were evaluated in rats with experimentally induced pyelonephritis at 24 h and 4 days after intrabladder inoculation with Corynebacterium renale. Penicillin alone prevented the development of pyelonephritis when administered in a once daily dose of 50 000 units for 5 days beginning within 24 h of infection challenge. However, if therapy was not initiated until the 4th day after induction of infection, pyelonephritis ensued which could not be differentiated from untreated rat pyelonephritis. Acetohydroxamic acid, when administered by itself in a once daily dose of 100 mg for 5 days, was completely ineffective whether therapy was started at 24 h or 4 days after initiation of infection. On the other hand, the combination of penicillin and acetohydroxamic acid prevented progression of pyelonephritic infection and facilitated healing when rat kidneys were examined at 14 and 30 days after initiation of infection. The kidneys of those rats sacrificed at 30 days after cessation of treatment revealed the presence of increased interstitial fibrous connective tissue in the renal medulla suggesting prior damage followed by recovery and repair. In vitro studies on the action of penicillin and acetohydroxamic acid against C. renale revealed no signs of synergism or antagonism.