bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Operculum Syndrome in Childhood
Authors: Szabó Nóra , Hegyi Ágnes , Boda Márta , Páncsics Margit , Pap Csenge , Zágonyi Kristóf , Romhányi Éva , Túri Sándor , Sztriha László
Published: February 2009

We describe 3 patients with bilateral operculum syndrome. They presented with various degrees of suprabulbar (pseudobulbar) signs in addition to delay in cognitive, motor, and speech development in 2 children and developmental language disorder in the third one. A patient with schizencephaly in the left perisylvian area and contralateral polymicrogyria had spastic hemiparesis on the right side, whereas another patient showed bilateral underdevelopment of the opercula in association with axial hypotonia and spastic diplegia. Both of them had epileptiform discharges on the electroencephalogram without clinical manifestations of seizures. The magnetic resonance imaging of the third child with developmental language disorder was normal; however, his electroencephalogram showed frequent bilateral subclinical centrotemporal epileptiform discharges, probably responsible for the speech delay. Structural or functional involvement of the opercula bilaterally was a common finding in all the 3 patients and they had symptoms similar to those described in the developmental type of Foix-Chavany-Marie and Worster-Drought syndromes.
Supporting the Move From Welfare to Work: What Women Say
Authors: Pearlmutter Sue , Bartle Elizabeth E.
Published: February 2009

This article presents a focus group study of the perceptions of welfare participants in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, and Los Angeles County, California, of various aspects of welfare, subsidized child care, jobs with living wages, the counties' employment programs, and the participants' relationships with welfare workers. The results suggest that participants are not receiving the support they need to obtain and retain jobs that will lead to self-sustaining careers.
Toward RealWelfare Reform: The Voices of Battered Women
Authors: Brandwein Ruth A. , Filiano Diana M.
Published: February 2009

Twenty-four battered women who were on welfare were interviewed in five focus groups in two states from 1996 to 1999. The women's revelations of their attempts to work, obstacles to employment, and treatment by the welfare system before and after Temporary Assistance to Needy Families was implemented suggest the need for both short-term and long-term changes in policies.
Feminist Voices on Sex Work: Implications for Social Work
Authors: Sloan Lacey , Wahab Stephanie
Published: February 2009

Sex work and prostitution are the focus of debate among feminists. This article explores the long history of the debate on sex work and presents recommendations for a policy statement for the profession.
Empowering Women Through Computer-Mediated Class Participation
Authors: Gasker Janice A. , Cascio Toni
Published: February 2009

A voluntary e-mail communication project and a survey of students' perceptions of the project were conducted among students in an introductory social work course. The students reported positive effects on learning and on their relationships with peers and the instructor. No significant difference between the rates of e-mail postings by the male and female students were found. However, there was a qualitative difference in the male and female-generated responses, which suggests that methods need to be devised to enhance the empowerment potential of computer-mediated interaction.
Rights, Responsibility, and Relationship: Motivations for Women's Social Activism
Authors: Faver Catherine A.
Published: February 2009

A narrative analysis of interviews with 50 women who were working for social change as professionals or volunteers revealed three motivations for activism: (a) to ensure rights, (b) to fulfill responsibilities, and (c) to restore relationships and build community. The three motivations reflect amodified ethic of care, which includes concern for distant and unfamiliar others. The women's spirituality supports the modified care ethic by emphasizing the interdependence of all life.
My Story and Perceptions as I Remember Them
Authors: Jaipaul Inderjit
Published: February 2009

This speech was presented at the reception given by the School of Social Administration at Temple University in recognition of Dr. Jaipaul's receivingthe Lifetime Achievement Award from the Pennsylvania Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers on March 23, 2001.
“Crafting a Usable Past”: The Care-Centered Practice Narrative in Social Work
Authors: Hiersteiner Catherine , Peterson K. Jean
Published: February 2009

Mary Richmond, Mary Jarrett, Jessie Taft, Virginia Robinson, and Bertha Reynolds were five eminent scholar-practitioners from the pre-World War II era who shaped American social work philosophy and practice. Telling their stories illuminates social work's care-centered core, resists pressure to demote compassion as a guiding value for the profession, and confronts the myth that practitioners have undermined the profession's “true” mission by abandoning social justice.
Time Limits Under Temporary Assistance to Needy Families: A Look at the Welfare Cliff
Authors: Hagen Jan L.
Published: February 2009

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, which replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children in 1996, ended federal entitlement to cash assistance for poor women and their children and established a welfare cliff—a 5-year, lifetime limit for receiving assistance from federal funds. This article discusses the implications of time limits for the development of state programs and for the lives of poor women and their children.
An Examination of Whether Coordinated Community Responses Affect Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Post Lori Ann , Klevens Joanne , Maxwell Christopher D. , Shelley Gene A. , Ingram Eben
Published: February 2009

This study tests the impact of coordinated community response (CCR) on reducing intimate partner violence (IPV) and on modifying knowledge and attitudes. The authors conduct hierarchical linear modeling of data from a stratified random-digit dial telephone survey ( n = 12,039) in 10 test and 10 control sites, which include 23 counties from different regions in the United States, to establish the impact of a CCR on community members’ attitudes toward IPV, knowledge and use of available IPV services, and prevalence of IPV. Findings indicate that CCRs do not affect knowledge, beliefs, or attitudes of IPV, knowledge and use of available IPV services, nor risk of exposure to IPV after controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, income, and education. Women in communities with 6-year CCRs (as opposed to 3-year CCRs) are less likely to report any aggression against them in the past year. These results are discussed within the context of evaluation challenges of CCRs (e.g., IPV activities in comparison communities, variability across interventions, time lag for expected impact, and appropriateness of outcome indicators) and in light of the evidence of the impact of other community-based collaborations.
The Codes of Migration
Authors: Mir Ali , Mathew Biju , Mir Raza
Published: February 2009

This paper presents a case study of the software industry in India and the US as a step toward an ethnography of transnational migration. By focusing on the subject positions and forms of work created by the new international division of labor, contemporary theories of global culture and difference are brought into question through a political economy of globalization. The analysis suggests that the phenomena of postnational deterritorialization may be less important than the emerging forms of labor polarization within and across nation-states.
The Theory of Cultural Logic
Authors: Enfield Nick J.
Published: February 2009

The social world is an ecological complex in which cultural meanings and knowledges (linguistic and non-linguistic) personally embodied by individuals are intercalibrated via common attention to commonly accessible semiotic structures. This interpersonal ecology bridges realms which are the subject matter of both anthropology and linguistics, allowing the public maintenance of a system of assumptions and counter-assumptions among individuals as to what is mutually known (about), in general and/or in any particular context. The mutual assumption of particular cultural ideas provides human groups with common premises for predictably convergent inferential processes. This process of people collectively using effectively identical assumptions in interpreting each other's actions—i.e. hypothesizing as to each other's motivations and intentions—may be termed cultural logic. This logic relies on the establishment of stereotypes and other kinds of precedents, catalogued in individuals’ personal libraries, as models and scenarios which may serve as reference in inferring and attributing motivations behind people's actions, and behind other mysterious phenomena. This process of establishing conceptual convention depends directly on semiotics, since groups of individuals rely on external signs as material for common focus and, thereby, agreement. Social intelligence binds signs in the world (e.g. speech sounds impressing upon eardrums), with individually embodied representations (e.g. word meanings and contextual schemas). The innate tendency for people to model the intentions of others provides an ultimately biological account for the logic behind culture. Ethnographic examples are drawn from Laos and Australia.
Agents of Knowledge and Action
Authors: Zerai Assata
Published: February 2009

This article examines some of the contributions of subjugated peoples' knowledges to ‘western’ social science, particularly focusing on the development of analyses of race, class, and gender as interlocking spheres in which domination occurs. Often work on race, class, and gender intersectionality is taught and is understood as an outgrowth of academic western feminist inquiry that is attempting to acknowledge and embrace difference and eschew essentializing women's experiences. While feminist discourse has been an important site for the development of the intersectional framework, I argue that an important historical basis for social scientific thinking that addresses the intersection of race, class, and gender lies in activism and scholarship as exemplified by that of Anna Julia Cooper, Ida Wells Barnett, W.E.B. Du Bois, Amy Jacques Garvey, Cheikh Anta Diop, Audre Lorde, Kwame Toure, and others whose thinking about the social world has been shaped by their own western and non-western political and cultural experiences and research.
Theorizing Border Inspections
Authors: Lugo Alejandro
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this article is to reconsider the ‘border crossings’ theoretical concept through an analysis of two seemingly unrelated social domains in the El Paso-Ju·rez region: skin-color preference and crossings at the local US inspection station. Ultimately, the article attempts to show that ‘border inspections’ are all-pervasive and, therefore, more common than border crossings in the lives of working class people.
On the Borders of Anonymity and Superfluous Invisibility
Authors: Gordon Lewis R.
Published: February 2009

This article examines quantitative and temporal borders and their impact on dynamics of black invisibility and indigenous invisibility under global capitalism. The connection between invisibility and skewed anonymity in racist constructions of social reality is established through a social phenomenological portrait of the hegemony of Americanism in this stage of postmodernity and capitalism.
Anthropology and Global Capital
Authors: Kamat Sangeeta
Published: February 2009

This article examines the recent burgeoning of tribal movements within the context of the current global political economy. Contemporary events within the Thane District of Maharashtra, India are linked up with scientific and institutional discourses on tribal and indigenous people, which present certain caveats for anthropologists. I argue that positive representations of tribal people do not necessarily translate into an advancement of struggles for justice and equity. In the conclusion, I focus upon the need for social theorists to rethink their role to be one of articulation rather than of representation of tribal issues/movements.
Literature Alongside Law as a Contemporary Paradigm
Authors: Almog Shulamit
Published: February 2009

This article presents and evaluates two paradigms and their relevance within the law and literature discourse. According to the first one, the global law paradigm, the law appears as a huge web or as a unified and orderly metanetwork, which encompasses human experience in all realms, and provides a normative response for every aspect of it. This paradigm may be set against an alternative perception, the paradigm of literature alongside law. Within the framework of this paradigm, vulnerable parts of the law, some of its false pretences as well as the hidden processes shaping it, are exposed. Next, there is the establishment of both hope and the ability to fulfil it, animated by imagination, shaped by literature and reflected in it, to put things right; to arrive at concrete truths and justice in a reality which does not enable comprehension of the whole, and never abandoning the strife towards the complex and the constantly changing equilibrium between human needs and human limitations.
'Where the Present is Haunted by the Past'
Authors: Shankar Guha
Published: February 2009

The complex theoretical and political formulations of the Caribbean historian and activist Walter Rodney (1942-80) were based on a strategy of bringing to light and thereby undermining the divisive influence of pejorative colonialera constructions of the various racial diasporas in the region. His interventions in public life in Jamaica and Guyana in the late 1960s and 1970s which foreground race without essentializing it, and which refuse to submit to the false opposition of 'race or class' in social analysis and organizing, contribute to an understanding of how strategic and expansive uses of 'blackness' work within and across nation-states to articulate new forms of politics. Walter Ro(iney's life and work also has much to tell us about how to conduct an engaged, socially relevant academic praxis.
Social exclusion and macro-economic policy in Europe: a problem of dynamic and spatial change
Authors: Mayes David G.
Published: February 2009

This article assesses whether macroeconomic developments in Europe will assist the reduction of social exclusion under EMU. It concludes that the objectives of the Lisbon Council will be difficult to meet. Enlargement, ageing and the `new economy' may alter projections but more rapid structural change has adverse asymmetric effects on average and regional unemployment. As increased public spending can have disincentive effects, combating exclusion needs to focus on building `capabilities' to participate in society and economic activity. However, constraints from EMU are largely illusory. Although problems might arise if the fiscal policies adopted by different countries pull in different directions, these can be attenuated by sensible coordination mechanisms.
Aggregate level and determining factors of social exclusion in twelve European countries
Authors: Tsakloglou Panos , Papadopoulos Fotis
Published: February 2009

There has been a shift in the public discourse of many EU countries from `poverty' to `social exclusion'. This article treats chronic cumulative disadvantage as a proxy for `social exclusion' and provides an empirical application using data from the ECHP. Social exclusion appears to be more widespread in Southern European countries with relatively underdeveloped welfare states and the countries associated with the `Liberal' welfare state regime. The results of multivariate analysis demonstrate that in most countries, lack of full-time employment, low educational qualifications, lone parenthood, non-EU citizenship and bad health are positively and significantly associated with increased risk of social exclusion. In contrast, the effect of being an elderly citizen living alone or a member of an elderly couple is found to be negatively associated with the risk of social exclusion in Northern but positively in Southern Europe. Finally, country and welfare regime effects turn out to be significant in explaining the probability of social exclusion.
Class, individualism and the Finnish welfare state
Authors: Ervasti Heikki
Published: February 2009

What happens to the legitimacy of the Scandinavian model of the welfare state within the context of post-industrial development and the growth of the middle classes? Theoretically, two rival hypotheses can be posed. According to the saturation approach, the legitimation of the welfare state collapses. As general welfare increases, people adopt more individualistic stances toward the welfare state. By contrast, the irreversibility theory of the welfare state suggests that the legitimacy of the welfare state even improves as more people are employed by the welfare state and as all citizens are covered by its services. These hypotheses are tested empirically by using recent Finnish opinion survey data and by employing structural equation methods. At least in Finland, the irreversibility approach clearly gets more support than the rival saturation hypothesis. The results show that the middle classes are neither overly individualist nor critical of the Finnish welfare state.
Sustaining State Welfare in Hard Times: Who Will Foot the Bill?
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: February 2009

Recent studies of how European welfare systems are responding to current pressures agree that welfare states display remarkable resilience. They are being reformed rather than dismantled. New policies are concerned to contain costs and to promote activation, stressing the contribution of welfare to economic competitiveness. Will people support cost constraint? This paper analyses attitude survey data from the 1980s and 1990s to show that approval of the main welfare services is high, but, in contrast to the findings of earlier studies, there is now some evidence of declining support. Attitudes are not structured according to the accounts of the ‘new politics’ of welfare (which imply that each regime will produce its own pattern of interests in relation to the groups whose interests are entrenched by current arrangements) but reflect broad lines of income, age and gender, cross-cutting national differences. There is little support for cuts in social services, but an equally low level of willingness to pay the extra taxes and social contributions required to maintain current standards of provision in the face of rising pressures on welfare. An agenda of activation is likely to prove more acceptable politically than one of cost constraint in all regimes. The implication is that European welfare states face a straitened future, between increasing demands and constrained resources, which may lead public opinion support to dwindle further.
Lone Motherhood, Ideal Type Care Regimes and The Case of Austria
Authors: Strell Monika , Duncan Simon
Published: February 2009

This paper evaluates the model of ideal type care regimes, as introduced by Jane Lewis and Barbara Hobson, as a means of understanding the comparative position of lone mothers in different welfare regimes. It does this in the light of an application of the model to the case of Austria. We find that the model offers insights and advances in understanding the comparative situation of lone mothers in Austria, but the analysis also points to certain shortcomings in the model. Partly these are problem of range and, to adequately represent outcomes for lone mothers, a ‘negative’ dimension of poor outcomes needs to be developed for both the ideal types postulated - the ‘Caregiver Social Wage’ model and the ‘Parent/Worker’ model. Secondly, there is a problem of mis-specification of process, as revealed by the case of Austria where lone mothers seemed to be positioned in the ‘Parent/Worker’ model (if somewhat negatively), while married mothers were positioned within the ‘Caregiver Social Wage’ model. An answer may be to modify the specifications of the second ideal type as a ‘Caregiver/Breadwinner Social Wage’ model.
Social Benchmarking, Policy Making and New Governance in the Eu
Authors: Porte Caroline de la , Pochet Philippe , Room Belgium Graham
Published: February 2009

The European Union has established an ‘open method of coordination’ (OMC) among the member states as a means of pursuing economic and employment growth coupled with greater social cohesion. The paper analyses the assumptions underlying this strategy, the manner of its operation and its implications for policy learning and for governance. It argues that the OMC has in substantial measure been inspired by the experience of EMU, but that this is a perilous paradigm on which to base social benchmarking and the OMC. Second, it argues that the dynamic development of the OMC will depend crucially on the extent of public involvement in scrutinizing the policy areas which political leaders choose for benchmarking, the best practices which they identify in other member states, and the efforts which they then make to improve national performance. The conclusion is that the OMC is likely to have substantial implications for domestic and European governance, but that these could vary depending on the manner of its implementation. Finally, the paper considers the implications of the analysis for the broader theoretical literature.
The New European Social Dialogue: Old Wine in New Bottles?
Authors: Keller Berndt , Sörries Bernd
Published: February 2009

This article analyses the Protocol on Social Policy and its Agreement and the social chapter of the Amsterdam Treaty not only in a legal, but mainly in an empirical perspective. The first part consists of a short summary of the basics of the new procedural rules (qualified majority voting versus unanimity, consultation and negotiations of the social partners) and the status of the corporate actors (ETUC, UNICE). In the second part, the first attempts at using the provisions of the Protocol are examined (European Works Councils, parental leave, burden of proof of sex discrimination, part-time work, information and consultation). Different problems emerging in the implementation processes of the results of legal enactment and voluntary agreements are the focus of the following analysis (interpretation and application of differing legal provisions, representativity of the signatory parties, problems of package deals, democratic legitimization). In the concluding section, the main findings are summarized (scope of ambivalent results), and a more or less pessimistic outlook on future perspectives is given.
High-Rise Estates in Europe: is Rescue Possible?
Authors: Power Anne
Published: February 2009

The article analyses the role of five European post-war governments in the production and organization of large-scale social housing estates based on the underlying belief in their power to reorder society through physical changes to the urban environment. The causes of the rapid social decline of mass housing schemes are linked to a mistaken concept of urban design, the scale of public interventions and the inadequate organizational framework adopted to manage the new communities. The resulting fundamental problems were exacerbated by social and economic factors. A radical change in direction among the main actors was forced in the 1980s by the crisis in housing conditions in the worst estates and the declining viability of social landlords. The alternative approach that emerged to tackle estate problems was more attuned to city dynamics and to community needs. Estate construction was a top-down form of social engineering based on physical form. Estate renewal was a bottom-up, organizational approach focusing on communication, social support and an emphasis on people-centred remedies which linked marginal estates into city structures.
Parental Leave and Equal Opportunities: Experiences in Eight European Countries
Authors: Bruning Gwennaële , Plantenga Janneke
Published: February 2009

In June 1996, the EU directive on parental leave came into force. A major consideration in the introduction of this directive was its advantages for the reconciliation of work and family life. However, there is little systematic knowledge about the practical significance of parental leave arrangements in the European Union for equal opportunities policy. Given this situation, the main focus of this article is on empirical issues such as the number of (male and female) leavetakers and the length of the leave. In order to present comparative data, a user rate is calculated for eight European countries. It appears that the majority of leavetakers are women; even in Nordic countries there are big differences between the user rates of men and women. As a result, the importance of the actual parental leave arrangements for equal opportunities seems rather dubious.
Socio-Economic Effects of Immigration in Greece
Authors: Fakiolas Rossetos
Published: February 2009

The undocumented economic immigrants (UEI) in Greece (about half a million since the early 1990s, forming the bulk of the immigration to the country) find jobs because of their wage and job-flexible labour and the rigidities in the Greek labour market. They have positive effects on the GDP through the increase in the supply of labour, and there is evidence that they also contribute to relieving the inflationary pressures on the economy. The immigrant-induced unemployment, the decreasing effect on real wages and the adverse distributional effects on income appear to be limited, but other tangible and intangible socio-economic costs are likely to be significant: the UEI expand further the underground economy, although their work is not among its main causes; they – among others – are often subject to exploitation, which exposes Greece to criticism that it benefits from their labour without offering them any opportunity to integrate economically and socially. Despite ample evidence that the recent increased criminality in Greece is mainly due to individuals and organized gangs who enter in order to commit crimes, usually in close collaboration with local people, many Greeks believe that the UEI are the main cause. Finally, by restricting increases in real wage costs, the UEI may have diminished the efforts to increase capital investment and economic restructuring. Until January 1998, when the five-month registration period for their regularization started, the undocumented immigrants – mostly young people without their families – had a short average stay in the country and no civil rights. Consequently, the ‘positive’ demographic and social effects of immigration have been limited.
Diffusion of Internationalization in Turkish Higher Education
Authors: Bostrom Cheryl A.
Published: February 2009

Administrators in institutions of higher education in Turkey are discussing the innovative concept of internationalization—a term historically associated with specific international programs and student exchanges. Today, it has a broader meaning related to strategic initiatives for global effectiveness. This article summarizes the findings of a comparative case study of the diffusion of internationalization at two universities located in Ankara, Turkey, using triangulated data gathering techniques; it also suggests a synthesized definition of internationalization (often confused with globalization and carries a negative connotation for some) based on the work of leading researchers of internationalization with an emphasis on the need for international interdependence, which institutions of higher learning in Turkey need to remain relevant in today’s global context.
Understanding African American Men's Perceptions of Racism, Male Gender Socialization, and Social Capital Through Photovoice
Authors: Ornelas India J. , Amell Jim , Tran Anh N. , Royster Michael , Armstrong-Brown Janelle , Eng Eugenia
Published: February 2009

In this study we used a participatory qualitative research approach—photovoice—to collect information about African American men's perceptions of the factors that influenced their own health and the health of their communities. Photovoice was conducted as part of the “Men as Navigators (MAN) for Health” project, an evaluation of a male lay health advisor (LHA) intervention in central North Carolina. Twelve African American men living in both urban and rural communities took photographs and discussed the photos in six photo discussion sessions. Analysis involved identifying recurring themes from the photos and transcriptions of photo discussions. The results suggest that race and racism, male gender socialization, and social networks and social capital all have important influences on African American men's health. The implications for further research and public health practice are discussed.
Military Children: When Parents Are Deployed Overseas
Authors: Fitzsimons Virginia M. , Krause-Parello Cheryl A.
Published: February 2009

Members of the Armed Services and Reserve Unit Members, both male and female, are being deployed to distant lands for long periods of time, disrupting family life and causing stressful times for the adults and children in the family. Traditionally, the mother of the military family was left to be the caregiver after the deployment of the husband/father. Today, extended family members as well as mothers or fathers are asked to serve as caregivers for dependent children of deployed servicemen and servicewomen. This article provides information about the challenges families face and the psychosocial developmental needs of children and families during the five stages of military deployment: predeployment, deployment, sustainment, redeployment, and postdeployment. School nurses can offer children and families support and link them with available resources and networks that will assist them with their needs.
Comparison of MMPI-2 Validity Scales Among Compensation-Seeking Caucasian and Asian American Medical Patients
Authors: Tsushima William T. , Tsushima Vincent G.
Published: February 2009

Validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI-2) are widely used for the detection of exaggerated psychological complaints, although little is known about the results of these scales with racial or ethnic minority individuals. Five validity scales derived from the MMPI-2, including the F Scale, the Back Infrequency Scale, the Symptom Validity Scale, the Infrequency-Psychopathology Scale, and the Dissimulation Scale-MMPI-2, were evaluated in 157 medical patients—109 Caucasian Americans and 48 Asian Americans. All patients were involved in personal injury litigation or seeking compensation for alleged psychological conditions. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) conducted on the five validity scales revealed no significant group effects for race. The results were consistent with the limited available data on the MMPI-2 validity scales with minority group samples. Further research with other racial minorities, including relevant extra-test criteria for malingering, is encouraged.
Test Bias, Differential Prediction, and a Revised Approach for Determining the Suitability of a Predictor in a Selection Context
Authors: Meade Adam W. , Fetzer Michael
Published: February 2009

The most commonly used and accepted model of assessing bias in a selection context is that proposed by Cleary in which predictor-criterion regression lines are tested for both slope and intercept equality. With this approach, any difference in intercepts or slopes is considered an indication of bias. We argue that differing regression lines intercepts is indicative of differential prediction but not test bias. We describe several fundamentally different potential causes of differences in groups’ regression line intercepts, many of which are unrelated to test properties. We argue that differential prediction because of such sources should not preclude the use of the test in selection contexts. We propose a new procedure to potentially identify the source of regression line differences and illustrate this framework using a job incumbent sample.
Balancing Gender in Higher Education
Authors: Ledwith Sue , Manfredi Simonetta
Published: February 2009

This article discusses women's positions in higher education in Europe and compares these with a case study analysis of senior women at one `new' UK university. The study comprises interview data from 22 senior women in both academic schools and departments and in functional departments. The main findings include substantial differences between younger and older women in their career progression. While for both groups having children was a major inuence, the older women, especially the academics, had to weave their career developments around those of their husbands and caring for their children. Nevertheless, they displayed strong entrepreneurial tendencies, becoming highly skilled at spotting and seizing opportunities. The younger women were more selfconfident in a `postfeminist' period where young women often assume equality has been achieved and material support systems such as childcare is well established. In contrast with the older women, they fitted their family lives around their careers. Balancing their gender had become central to both their private and their work lives. The older women were sensitive to the subtle homosocial culture, attitudes and norms in the university, while the younger women relied more on a meritocratic approach to their careers, and were seemingly less aware of the institutional gendered power relations. Neither group showed signs of collective working or networking in the interests of themselves or women generally in the university. These characteristics imply that while the proportion of senior women may continue to increase, the strongly gendered culture is less likely to be challenged.
Age and Partnership as Public Symbols
Authors: Hyde Abbey
Published: February 2009

Recently emerging discourses on non-marital motherhood in the Republic of Ireland indicate that the most problematized of non-marital mothers are younger women, without partners, and those who are state dependent. This article reports on a qualitative analysis of interview data obtained from 51 unmarried pregnant women selected from a Dublin maternity hospital regarding their experiences in negotiating encounters in public places. Data suggest that normative rules of conduct about the social organization of reproduction rooted in dominant discourses mediated women's experiences in their everyday interactions. The analysis draws on Goffman's theory of stigma and argues that the way in which childbearing is framed in public discourses, as evidenced in media reports, is reected in the way in which participants perceived their own situations, with overriding concerns centring on age and male association in reproductive relations.
Parricidal Autobiographies
Authors: Liska Vivian
Published: February 2009

When the French philosopher Sarah Kofman committed suicide in 1994 she left behind an impressive oeuvre in which both the autobiographical genre and the treatment of women play a central role. Her theoretical reections on both topics situate themselves in the interstices between psychoanalysis, feminism and deconstruction and share a common concern: the respect of alterity in all its guises. Kofman's resistance to the authoritative claim of the retrospective closure underlying traditional autobiographies is closely related to her celebration of an e ®criture parricide, a mode of writing which undoes the repression of multiplicity and otherness. Shortly before her death Kofman published an autobiographical account of her own childhood years after the deportation and death of her father in a concentration camp. This article addresses the striking discrepancies between the theoretical positions Kofman defends throughout her philosophical writings and the autobiographical turn of her own last words.
A Historical Overview of Women's Hysteria in Slovenia
Authors: Zaviršek Darja
Published: February 2009

The article is a discursive analysis of medical, ecclesiastic and lay articles on women's hysteria published in Slovenia between 1877 and 1935. The analysis shows which discourses of women's hysteria dominated across Europe at the turn of the century and how they influenced the construction of the image of female biological and mental inferiority. Special attention is paid to the issue of how far the medical discourse on hysteria helped to justify the gendered division between the public and private realm. The article presents the wider framework of the medicalization of women across Europe at that time, and tries to trace the ideas which mostly influenced medical doctors in Slovenia. The medical construction of women's hysteria has to be understood in conjunction with the construction of the social space in which segregation of ‘social deviants’ took place. The spread of hysteria went hand in hand with the psychiatric institutionalization, the pathologization of sexuality and the eugenic movements which appeared in different parts of Europe, to differing degrees, but which all influenced and gendered the everyday life of women and men.
Gender, Love and Education in Three Generations
Authors: Nielsen Harriet Bjerrum , Rudberg Monica
Published: February 2009

The paths to adulthood for the last three generations of young Norwegian women have been accompanied by significant geographical and social changes. How has this process of modernization been experienced from ‘below’: from the perspective of everyday life and through the eyes of the young women themselves? This article presents results from a three-generational study consisting of interviews with a sample of 18-year-old Norwegian girls, their mothers and grandmothers. The significance of upbringing, parental identification and management of gender for young women's processes of modernization is analysed. These issues affect choices made in education and romantic relationships – choices crucial to social mobility. The study looks at how the processes of socialmobility and culturalmodernization have been associated with the psychologicalproject of becoming adults for these young women.
English Girls and the International Dimensions of British Citizenship in the 1940s
Authors: Tinkler Penny
Published: February 2009

Citizenship has traditionally been equated with borders and boundaries and, in particular, membership of a nation-state. Motivated by recent interest in the crossing of boundaries and processes of inclusion which operate across a common basis such as the nation-state, this article explores the ways in which international relations were implicitly and explicitly embedded in constructions of British citizenship in the 1940s. Focusing on representations of English girls in literature relating to the education and leisure of girls, this article identifies and explores four international aspects of citizenship. First, it addresses the ways in which British citizenship was defined through an implicit or explicit juxtaposition with the citizenship associated with other nation-states. This international dimension worked to delineate boundaries. Second, the article examines how British citizens were defined as members of a community which transcended the nation. Following this, it explores the expectation that girls required international knowledge in order to effectively fulfil their duties as British citizens. Finally, the article investigates some of the ways in which British citizenship involved international responsibilities. Although some aspects of girls’ citizenship challenged national parochialism, the duties and characteristics of apprentice female citizens were articulated in ways that restated hierarchies which assumed the distinctiveness and authority of Britain and the British.
In Search of a Model
Authors: Rubchak Marian J.
Published: February 2009

Unlike Russia, one of the most potent forces in reinterpretations of Ukraine’s cultural legacy is its matriarchal myth. This article explores the ways in which that myth has been reconfigured to conform to the requirements of Ukraine’s contemporary historical circumstances. It also examines how a cult figure, known variously as the great goddess, domestic madonna, hearth mother and today as the nation’s mother, and widely portrayed in the media as such, can be transformed into an instrument of women’s subjugation. Although in her original incarnation Berehynia conveyed a message of female empowerment, today she represents nothing more than a free-floating symbol of an allegedly unchanging Ukranian reality, and the woman’s essential status within it, without any real connection to the society in which she once flourished. The idea of female empowerment which she embodies, however, seduces contemporary Ukranian women into a false sense of their own centrality even as it consigns them to inferior status.
‘Mother Russia’ at Work
Authors: Harden Jeni
Published: February 2009

One of the most significant changes in the medical professions in Europe is the trend towards feminization. Some of the patterns of gender inequality arising from the feminization of the European medical professions are clearly apparent within the Russian medical profession, which experienced feminization 70 years ago. Yet little is known about the processes by which these patterns of gender inequality emerged and were maintained. This article is based on interviews with female doctors in Voronezh, Russia in 1996. It explores the attitudes of these women to gender divisions within the medical profession. This is placed within the wider context of Soviet and post-Soviet employment and family policies directed at women. It is suggested that the material and ideological focus on women’s role in reproduction had direct implications for the choices women made in relation to paid labour.
A Philosopher Manqué?
Authors: Stanley Liz
Published: February 2009

In discussing Simone de Beauvoir’s ontological ethics in an earlier article in this journal, the author suggested in passing that she could be seen as a ‘philosopher manqué’, a ‘lost’ or ‘missed’ philosopher, a woman who gave up or rejected philosophy to pursue ideas by better means for her purposes. Here the author explores the idea of de Beauvoir as a philosopher manqué in relation to her play Les Bouches inutiles, using a translation-in-progress into English, The Useless Mouths, to examine ideas about morality, ethics and intersubjectivity expressed within it. De Beauvoir constructs characters around different philosophical positions, which are evaluated by reference to the play’s unfolding action. This turns on men’s hidden evaluation of the category of women as, by definition, ‘the useless mouths’ of society, an evaluation revealed by strategies for survival in the in extremis situation of a town under siege.
Wanda Jakubowska’s Cinema of Commitment
Authors: Mazierska Ewa
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this article is to provide a general overview of the work of Wanda Jakubowska (1907–98), the first Polish, female film director to gain national and international recognition. Her career spanned over 50 years, in which she directed 14 full-length feature films, thus being the longest working film director in the history of Polish cinema. She was also one of the highest profile filmmakers to join the Polish communist party after the Second World War and in subsequent years represented the ‘party line’ among her fellow film-makers, and lobbied the party on behalf of the cinema industry. The article looks at style, ideology and the most important themes of Jakubowska’s work. Its focus is on her films about concentration camps and about contemporary Poland. The article also attempts to establish whether and to what degree Jakubowska was a feminist.
Dildonics, Dykes and the Detachable Masculine
Authors: Hamming Jeanne E.
Published: February 2009

By exploring various cultural implications of the dildo in relation to representations of lesbian sexuality, this article seeks to examine the influences of psychoanalysis on our cultural understanding of ‘dildonics’. This examination, moreover, seeks to reread the dildo through the lens of an alternative interpretive model that relies on Donna Haraway's ‘Informatics of Domination’, or ‘the translation of the world into a problem of coding’. By shifting our attention to information theory, which emphasizes pattern and randomness over absence and presence, this article shows how the dildo operates as a technological extension which mutates (rather than castrates) its lesbian user and rearticulates dildonics in post-gender terms. Such a transformation is capable of disrupting any sense that the dildo operates as a simulacral penis or as indicative of a lesbian's repressed desire for a male lover.
I. Lesbians in Croatia
Authors: Sagasta Sanja
Published: February 2009

The article gives an overview of the past and present situation on the Croatian lesbian scene – from the period prior to the war in Croatia (up to 1991), after the war (mid-1990s), right up to the present situation. The ‘coming out’ process of Croatian lesbians during the 1980s and 1990s has been determined by social and cultural homophobic indoctrination, which sends out clear messages about how deviant and unacceptable homosexuality is. Heterosexuality has traditionally been the imperative of social normality within Croatian society. Not being compatible with the social norm, lesbians are condemned by society to failure and isolation. Nevertheless, after the 10-year rule of a strongly nationalistic, rightist and patriarchal regime, recent political changes have brought Croatia to the threshold of a new transitional period. Even though the new Social Democratic and Liberal coalition government is sending mixed signals on many issues to do with gender equality, the homosexual population of Croatia can finally hope for better times to come.
III. Notes of a Feminist Lesbian during Wartime
Authors: Mladjenovic Lepa
Published: February 2009

Being a lesbian during wartime strengthens interiorized homophobic fears, and the process of coming out becomes more difficult and many fears appear on the surface. The author wrote this article in order to express the dilemmas and questions she had during the war in the former Yugoslavia, which started in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1991 and went on until 1996. The article poses a number of questions asked by a feminist lesbian living in Belgrade, Serbia, during the war. How was the war in the former Yugoslavia connected to the fears experienced by a lesbian? How did the war create lesbian solidarity and what did it mean for lesbians in the isolated regions?
Women's Reproductive Lives as a Symbolic Resource in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Alsop Rachel , Hockey Jenny
Published: February 2009

When Communism collapsed in Central and Eastern Europe women seemed to lose the control they had gained over their reproductive lives. Abortion rights became more limited as did access to childcare and maternity benefits. The authors argue that this picture conceals two key points. First, the effects of both Communism and post-Communism for women's reproductive lives need to be understood as byproducts of state initiatives geared towards the fulfilment of quite different political goals – and not attempts to intervene in women's health and well-being per se. Second, these effects are very varied and cannot be attributed to a single cause. ‘Central and Eastern Europe’ comprises a whole range of political, ethnic and religious groupings, the result being that women's reproductive lives have been shaped within a diversity of political processes. Some women have faced pressures from the state to reproduce, some have lost the conditions necessary for them to continue paid work after childbirth, others have lost abortion rights. To understand these very different outcomes of post-Communism, this article looks beyond women's issues per se to unravel their role as symbolic resources which have been drawn upon in power struggles taking place in political arenas which exclude the majority of women. This argument is elaborated through empirical evidence from Poland, Serbia and East Germany.