bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive geriatric assessment in the emergency department: A protocol for a prospective cohort study
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Íde , Robinson Katie , O'Connor Margaret , Conneely Mairéad , Steed Fiona , Ryan Damien , Carey Leonora , Shchetkovsky Denys , Shanahan Elaine , Leahy Aoife , Quinn Colin , Sheikhi Ali , Galvin Rose
Published: September 2022

Background: Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) has been shown to improve outcomes in hospitalised older adults; however, there is currently no compelling evidence to support CGA interventions within the Emergency Department (ED). The aim of this study is  to explore the clinical and process outcomes of older adults who receive ED-CGA over a period of six months after their initial ED attendance.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Methods: The STrengthening the Reporting of the OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) standardised reporting guidelines will be adhered to. Older adults aged ≥65 years who score ≥2 on the Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR) tool and present to the ED with a medical complaint during the operational hours of the dedicated interdisciplinary team, will be considered eligible for recruitment. Demographic and health assessment information will be obtained at the ED index attendance followed by completion of an interdisciplinary CGA. A dedicated research nurse will complete follow-up telephone interviews with participants at 30 days and six months. The primary outcome will be incidence of hospital admission from the ED index attendance. Secondary outcomes will include functional decline, patient satisfaction with the ED index attendance, unscheduled ED reattendance(s), unscheduled hospital (re)admission(s), nursing home admission(s), healthcare utilisation, and death. Descriptive statistics will be used to profile the characteristics of the study participants and multivariate logistic and linear regression analysis will be used to analyse risk of adverse outcomes.

Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval was granted by the University of Limerick Hospital Group Research Ethics Committee (107/2021). The authors will disseminate study findings through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presentation at national and international conferences. Patient and public involvement will be sought from a panel of older adults at the Ageing Research Centre in the University of Limerick.

Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT05252182.
The genome sequence of the yellow-legged clearwing, Synanthedon vespiformis (Linnaeus, 1761)
Authors: Boyes Douglas ,   University of Oxford and Wytham Woods Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life programme,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: DNA Pipelines collective,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective, Lees David ,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: September 2022

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Synanthedon vespiformis (the yellow-legged clearwing; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Sesiidae). The genome sequence is 287 megabases in span. Of the assembly, 100% is scaffolded into 31 chromosomal pseudomolecules with the Z sex chromosome assembled. The complete mitochondrial genome was also assembled and is 17.3 kilobases in length.
Digital Audit Results As a Method to Increase Audit Transparency
Authors: Brovkina N.
Published: September 2022

The article is focused on the issue of creating a high level of qualification of audit agreements based on the results of verifying the authenticity of the accounting (financial) value of socially significant organizations, including public shareholders of companies. The checks of the elements of audit access to other services are described, which allows to create a transparent base for monitoring the quality of the audit in the external control process.
RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PARTICIPANTS OF EXTERNAL CONTROL OF THE ACTIVITIES OF STATE (MUNICIPAL) INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Egorov D.
Published: September 2022

The article discusses the rights and responsibilities of participants of external control of the activities of public sector organizations, including state (municipal) institutions. The concept of control and the importance of its’ construction based on the principles of legality, efficiency, quality and others are presented. The importance of the functional independence of participants of external control is considered, as well as an assessment of their rights and responsibilities, ways of clarifying and delimiting them are presented.
Gumbo czy gofry z kurczakiem? Jedzenie jako metafora afroamerykańskiej tożsamości
Authors: Klęczaj-Siara Ewa
Published: September 2022

Afroamerykańska literatura dziecięca zawsze miała charakter polityczny. Jej głównym celem jest promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku czarnoskórej społeczności w USA, a także kształtowanie tożsamości rasowej młodych czytelników. Dla wielu czarnoskórych autorów jedzenie stało się metaforą więzi kulturowych i emocjonalnych, będących źródłem optymizmu, dumy z przynależności do rasy czarnych i chęci walki z nierównościami społecznymi. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie funkcji politycznych i społecznych jedzenia w społecznościach afroamerykańskich na przykładzie wybranych książek obrazkowych czarnoskórych twórców, m.in. Nikki Giovanni, Faith Ringgold, Bryan Collier i Oge Mora. Główną część artykułu stanowi analiza relacji między narracją słowną a niezwykle barwnymi ilustracjami znanych amerykańskich artystów ukazujących domowe przestrzenie, w których jedzenie wyraża niepowtarzalność kultury afroamerykańskiej.
A NEW METHOD TO IMPROVE THE FORMING PERFORMANCE OF EFP WITH FINS BY GROOVING ON THE LINER
Authors: JI LIUQI , LI XIANGDONG , DING LI
Published: September 2022

In order to solve the flight instability of Explosively Formed Projectile caused by irregular fins, different design schemes are carried out to test the forming performance of EFPs with fins. Grid target and laser high speed photography were used to capture the forming characteristics of EFP in experiment. Both liners with the structure of two combined arcs and the liner with the structure of combined arc and cone could form EFPs with fins. But the EFPs were with irregular fins and were accomplished with big angles of attack and a necking tendency. With a bigger tail, the liner with structure of two combined arcs is much better than the structure of combined arc and cone in the view of flight stability. Then a new method- grooving on the liner is put forward to obtain EFPs with regular fins. Typical grooving parameters such as grooving position and shape are chosen to obtain an optimal EFP with fins. It turns out that by grooving on the liner, it is feasible to acquire a rodshape EFP with regular fins which could meet the design requirements.
RESEARCH ON CRITICAL DETONATION VELOCITY OF INSENSITIVE EXPLOSIVE IMPACTED BY ROD-TYPE PROJECTILE
Authors: KANG HAOBO , JIANG JIANWEI , PENG JIACHENG
Published: September 2022

The numerical simulation on the initiation process of the covered insensitive explosive PBXN-109 impacted by tungsten rod-type armor piercing projectile was carried out by the shock physical explicit Eulerian dynamic software SPEED. The “up-down” method was used to obtain the projectile critical detonation velocity. The effects of projectile diameter, projectile length, shell thickness and charge material on the projectile critical detonation velocity were obtained. The research results show that the projectile critical detonation velocity decreases as projectile diameter increases. It first decreases and then becomes stable as projectile length increases. It increases linearly as shell thickness increases. The critical detonation velocity of PBXN-109 charge is significantly greater than that of Comp-B charge. Affected by the charge initiation mechanism, the velocity amplification increases as projectile diameter increases, and the maximum value can reach about 154%. Utilizing the insensitive explosive PBXN-109 as the warhead charge can effectively protect against the impact initiation of rod-type projectile.
INFLUENCE OF FRICTION ON A DOUBLE CASED FRAGMENTING WARHEAD
Authors: HELTE ANDREAS , ANDERSSON OLOF , LUNDBERG PATRIK
Published: September 2022

The interface condition between the different casings in a multi-cased fragmentation charge is essential for its fragmentation behaviour. In this study, a double cased controlled fragmentation charge with a smooth outer casing and an internal grooved inner casing is considered. In particular, the influence on friction between the inner and outer casing on the fragmentation behaviour is studied using numerical simulations and experiments. In the numerical simulations, the friction coefficient in the contact between the inner and outer casings is varied. Experiments on charges with different interface treatments between the casings are performed with various diagnostic tools in order to capture the deformation, fragmentation and acceleration of the casings. Three different interface treatments that give rise to different friction coefficients are tested; a shrink-fit joint, a thin layer of lubricant grease between the casings and a Teflon layer on the outside of the inner casing. It is found that the amount of friction between the casings influences both the deformation before fragmentation and the resulting shape of the fragment from the outer casing. For the highfriction conditions, one large and several small fragments are produced for each diamond on the inner casing. The low-friction condition results in long zigzag-shaped stripes of materials originating from the casing material closest to the grooves and many small fragments from the casing material between the grooves.
TESTING A PRECISION INITIATION COUPLER BY DETONATION INDUCED CAVITY COLLAPSE METHOD
Authors: HARIKRISHNAN S. , RAO V. VENKATESWARA , AJAY MISRA
Published: September 2022

Precision Initiation Couplers (PIC) are used as a relay charge for initiating a shaped charge precisely along the liner axis. A PIC consists of an explosive column housed in an inert casing with suitable dimensions based on the detonation velocity of the explosive and shock velocity of the inert material. This paper explains a simple test method to qualitatively assess the performance of a PIC when it is eccentrically initiated. This method is based on the deformed shape of a plain cylindrical hole in an Aluminium block subjected to explosive loading. Symmetric collapse of the hole is observed when a PIC that is in contact with the metal block is detonated at a point away from the axis of the PIC. This test method can be used as a simple gonogo test for qualifying various designs of PICs.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON W-NI ALLOY FORMABILITY UNDER EXPLOSIVE LOADING
Authors: FU HENG , MEN JIAN-BING , JIANG JIAN-WEI
Published: September 2022

This paper presents an experimental study of the formability of W-Ni alloys with three different densities using the explosive loaded flyer plate method, so as to explore the highdensity alloy suitable for explosively formed projectile liner. The results showed that the tested materials all suffered different degrees of fracture failure and could not form a complete penetrator, which could not be used as a candidate material for the explosively formed projectile (EFP) liner. Based on the results, the forming performances of the tested materials were compared and analyzed. Combined with the material microstructure, the failure mechanism of W-Ni alloys was analyzed, and the feasibility of using W-Ni alloys as EFP liner materials was discussed. The forming performance of W-Ni alloys under the explosive loading condition was improved with a decrease in W content. Its microscopic mechanism lies in the increase of the matrix phase content, which enhances the coordination ability of dislocation movement to plastic deformation. The failure of W-Ni alloys is attributed to the difference in performance between the different phases of the multiphase alloy. When W is completely dissolved in the nickel-based ductile matrix, the W-Ni alloy is transformed from a multiphase material to a single-phase alloy (FCC), completely eliminating the dislocation pile-up problem due to the presence of the W phase. The singlephase structure may be necessary for the W-Ni alloy to be a candidate material for the EFP liner.
FLAMMABILITY ANALYSIS OF GAS CYLINDERS UNDER FIRING IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: JASINSKI, MARCIN , SZCZUROWSKI KRZYSZTOF , WISNIEWSKI ADAM , BADUROWICZ PRZEMYSLAW BADU , WOLINSKI MAREK , BARTKOWIAK TADEUSZ
Published: September 2022

This paper presents the results of testing such materials with bullets: 7.62×54R LPS FMJ, 7.62×39 BZ, 7.62×54R B-32 API and 7.62x51T. For the study, 11 kg propanebutane gas cylinder was used with different gas content: 0.5 - 5 kg at ambient temperature 22°C. One to five shots were taken at each cylinder, and the heat flux and overpressure wave were estimated under various assumed storage and transport conditions. The impact of the bullets was recorded with a high-speed camera and thermal camera. This paper presents the temperature ranges, burning area spread areas and histograms due to the impact of various bullets on flammable gas cylinders. The excitation conditions for flammable gas cylinders to burn were determined.
BLAST PEAK OVERPRESSURE DETERMINATION AND VALIDATION AT VARYING ALTITUDES FOR SPECIAL AMMUNITION TO TRIGGER SNOW AVALANCHE ARTIFICIALLY
Authors: PRAKASH RAJEEV , VORA AJAY , RAO R. S. , RAO V. V.
Published: September 2022

There has been development, deployment and exploitation of various systems to trigger snow avalanche artificially and minimize the chance of occurrence of snow avalanche in an unpredicted manner. Few of these are based on the usage of explosives to generate adequate blast Peak Over Pressure (POP) above the fracture zone in the pre-surveyed and identified avalanche prone areas. In an ongoing study on development of a special class of high explosive ammunition for being fired with 84mm Recoilless Weapon System, the need to evaluate the quantum of blast POP has been understood. In the presented study, the tentative configuration of the projectile, the nature and quantity of explosive and the resulting terminal performance have been discussed. Numerical simulations and well-established formulations have been used to predict the levels of blast POP generation due to the ammunition and the outcomes have been compared. The work has been extended to validation of the generated outcomes with the data obtained by conducting static experimentation with the high explosive filled prototypes and measuring the blast POP at mean sea level as well as at high altitude.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF IMPULSE IN A VENTED SMALL-SCALE BUILDING SUBMITTED TO AN INTERNAL DETONATION
Authors: SEISSON G. , ROUQUAND A. , ROMANN M. , DUFOURMENTEL A. , STEPHANOPOLI N.
Published: September 2022

This work introduces a dedicated small-scale experiment aiming to investigate the pressure and impulse in a vented volume submitted to an internal detonation. A cylindrical highexplosive charge detonates into a building vented by four openings. Various experimental diagnostics were used in order to directly measure or indirectly estimate the internal impulse. Thus, the reflected pressure on the side walls were recorded, as well as the acceleration, velocity and elevation of the mobile roof thanks to different means. A mechanism similar to a blowpipe was also tested: the internal pressure accelerates the projectile and a PDV probe registers its velocity. The overall agreement between all the diagnostics is rather good, but some of them appear to be unsuitable while others need further analysis or improve. The experimental set-up and some of the associated diagnostics appear to be quite appropriate for further investigation on the effects of metallic casing and fragment-induced concrete dust on internal pressure and impulse in a vented building.
UNDERWATER MINE EXPLOSION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE TARGET SHIP
Authors: MAHANTA ABHAY KUMAR
Published: September 2022

Underwater mines are one of the major threats to surface ships and submarines. In the present work, detection, localization, and the shock loadings on a target ship due to explosion caused by an underwater multi-influence bottom mine containing most advanced PBX-charge have been studied. It was found that the keel shock factor (KSF) value is   0.50 kg1/2m-1 up to the water depth of 70 m. The shock wave energy at 70 m water depth is 14.8 kJm-2 where KSF equals to 0.50 kg1/2m-1. For a target ship, a significant drop in the blast pressure wave value (8.5-3.4 MPa) between the stern to the bow is noticeable with the total duration of shock loading of 0.0362s. The method proposed in the present study could be used for quick and reasonably accurate estimation of the impact of an incident shock wave underwater on the target ship.
DAMAGE FAILURE AND SAFETY OF POLYMER BONDED EXPLOSIVE CHARGES UNDER IMPACT LOADING
Authors: LIU RUI , WANG TIANCHU , KANG GE , YANG ZHENG , ZHOU ZHONGBIN , CHEN PENGWAN
Published: September 2022

As energetic composite materials, polymer bonded explosives (PBX) are composed of highly filled explosive crystals and a small of polymer binder. Accidental explosion could occur under low velocity impact. The ignition mechanism has drawn great attention to scientists and engineers. Hotspot is considered to induce the occurrence of ignition. Our works focus on the relation between the microcrack evolution and hotspot formation. The deformation, damage and failure behavior of PBX was investigated by split Hopkinson pressure bar, gas gun impact and penetration. In these dynamic loading experiments, the microstructure of the recovered specimens was analyzed by scanning electron microscope. It reveals that the cracking along the interface between the explosive crystal and the polymer binder under the tension, while the intergranular fracture is the main mode under the compression. The numerical manifold method was developed to simulate the tension and compression behavior. The effect of the initial defect, the strain rate and temperature on the tension and compression behavior was analyzed. The fracture modes of the tension and compression match the dynamic experiments above well. The low impact ignition analysis was conducted by means of Steven impact test. The specimen size effect on the ignition was mainly focused. The ignition observation and ignition delay time were measured. Also, the ignition velocity and reaction level were discussed. In addition, based on Visco-SCRAM model, a mechanical-thermal-chemical coupling model was developed to understand the ignition behavior in Steven impact test. The effect of the impact velocity on the ignition was analyzed. The mechanism of the size effect on ignition was discussed. Different projectile shapes were designed to act on the specimen. The difference of the ignition among these projectiles was compared. Further, the model was applied to simulate the multi impact corresponding to the real application scenarios. Moreover, in order to refine the microcrack evolution, the tension-compression asymmetrical microcrack evolution was proposed. The stochastic distribution of the microcrack length and density produced the ignition uncertainty, and further based on the Monte Carlo method, the ignition probability was quantified. These simulations matched the experimental results well.
EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS ON THE SHOCK WAVE OVERPRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS OF A MULTILAYER COMPOSITE CHARGE
Authors: LI WEI-BING , YU JIA-XIN , HAO FENG , ZHU JIAN-JUN , HONG XIAO-WEN
Published: September 2022

This work examined a multilayer composite charge composed of an internal explosive charge, an intermediate non-explosive material and an outer aluminized explosive arranged in a coaxial structure. Using numerical simulations, a back propagation (BP) neural network algorithm and experimental verification, the shock wave overpressure characteristics of multilayer composite charges s having various structural parameters and initiation modes were examined. The ratio of the shock wave overpressure increase from simultaneous initiation of the internal and external charges to that generated by initiation of the central single charge was used to assess the effects of the structural parameters, overpressure increase ratio and suitable ranges for these parameters were generated. The structure of the composite charge was then optimized based on BP neural network calculations. The reliability of the numerical simulation method was verified by actual static explosion tests of warheads.
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON BEHIND ARMOR EFFECTS BY SHAPED CHARGES
Authors: GÖHLER SEBASTIAN , THEILE FLORIAN , PEUN THOMAS , LIERSCH ANTJE , GRASWALD MARKUS
Published: September 2022

The effects that occur after penetration of a vehicle armor are referred to as behind armor (BA)effects. These effects are often not taken into account in the performance description of shaped charges (SC). A total view of the performance of a SC offers the possibility to better describe them. For this purpose, a basic experimental concept was developed to characterize the effects. In addition, copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) and their combination were chosen as liner material. Hydrocode SPEED simulations have been performed in 90 mm caliber, which serve as a basis for the design of the liners. For the production of the bimetallic liner, a Cu liner was coated with cold gas spraying using Al. First, jet penetration performance in mild steel and its velocity were measured. In the second part, the effects that occur behind the armor were examined in more detail. Pressure and temperature were measured in a specially designed pressure tube at different target strenghts (50 mm, 100 mm and 300 mm) and the residual performance was recorded. The same approach was used to characterize the fragments. After a series of 28 tests, it can be concluded that, in contrast to Cu, the Al liner has a measurably greater effect behind the armor. On the one hand, the measured temperature difference between the two liner (Cu; Al) was above 1000 deg C. On the other hand, as expected, the penetration performance of the Al liner amounts to 60% of the Cu liner. The evaluation of the witness plates shows that the BA effect of the Al liner is more powerful. It was shown that the fabrication of a bimetallic liner by cold gas spraying leads to a functional shaped charge. Furthermore, it was shown that the performance of the bimetallic liner lies generally between the respective values of the monometallic liner. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the experimental setups provided the opportunity to investigate the individual characteristics of the respective shaped charges and to work out differences.
ENERGY RELEASE CHARACTERISTICS OF LAYERED CHARGE ENVELOPED BY ALUMINUM POWDER/RUBBER MATRIX COMPOSITE
Authors: LI JUN-BAO , LI WEI-BING
Published: September 2022

To investigate the energy release characteristics of layered charge enveloped by aluminum powder/rubber matrix composite, the composites containing aluminum diameter D of 1μm, 10μm and 50μm were prepared and the confined explosion experiments for charges with layer/explosive ratios of 0.39, 0.68 and 1.52 were carried out in a 1.3-m3 explosion chamber. The tungsten-rhenium thermocouple was used to measure the internal explosion temperature history within the chamber. It is revealed that the measured temperature was enhenced with the increase of mass of outer layers. When the ratio increased from 0.39 to 0.68 and 1.52, the peak temperature increased from 329K to 517K and 882K, respectively. It is revealed that the excessive mass of layers are not conducive to the full release of energy generated from combustion. It is found that the layer with an aluminum powder size of 10μm exhibits the best effect on raising the temperature after the explosion, indicating that the medium-sized aluminum powder can fully react with detonation product and release more heat, which is beneficial to realizing the thermal radiation damage.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON A NEW METHOD OF UNDERWATER LAUNCH WITH HIGH EFFICIENCY AND LOW RESISTANCE
Authors: XINWEI ZHANG , YONGGANG YU
Published: September 2022

A new high-efficiency and low-resistance launching method for underwater gun is proposed. That is the underwater gas-curtain launch. By introducing part of the gas inside the chamber to the front of projectile to drive water inside the barrel out, a low-resistance gas passage is provided for the projectile motion in the bore. So, the problems of poor safety and low muzzle velocity of the traditional fully submerged gun is solved, and a better interior ballistics performance than the fully-submerged launch can be realized. The experiment is carried out using three underwater launch methods, namely sealed launch (with complex structure, and it is difficult to adapt to underwater shooting environment), fully-submerged launch and gas-curtain launch. The experimental results show that the muzzle velocity is 228.2 m/s while the maximum chamber pressure is 25.7 MPa of the sealed launch. However, the muzzle velocity is 172.8 m/s while the maximum chamber pressure is up to 116.0 MPa of the fully-submerged launch. While the new underwater high-efficiency and low-resistance launching method is adopted, the maximum chamber pressure is only 41.8 MPa and the muzzle velocity is 177.5 m/s. It can be seen that the maximum chamber pressure is reduced by about 64% under the same muzzle velocity, and the significant drag reduction effect of gas-curtain launch greatly improves the interior ballistics performance when compared with the existing fully-submerged launch. It is clear that, the maximum chamber pressure and muzzle velocity of the fully-submerged launch are 451.4% and 75.7% of the sealed launch, while the maximum chamber pressure and muzzle velocity of the gas-curtain launch are 162.6% and 77.8% of the sealed launch. Through the shooting experiment, the drag reduction effect of the newly proposed gas-curtain launch and the improvement effect on the interior ballistics performance are revealed.
EVALUATION OF EXISTING EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR THE MODELLING OF PROPELLANT COMBUSTION IN INTERIOR BALLISTICS
Authors: BRATEAU MARION , BOUCHAMA AMAR , CLOUGH AUBIN , DELAGRANGE ISABELLE , KERAMPRAN STEVEN , ARRIGONI MICHEL
Published: September 2022

Increasing performance of an armament system often leads to increasing the maximal pressure inside the chamber or increasing the compacity of the system. Telescoped ammunition and the associated weapon (40 CTAS) developed by CTA International is a solution that combines both improvements. With the increase of maximal pressure, the equations of interior ballistics might not be appropriate anymore since the models were established when the pressure was moderated. The aim of this paper is to compare the potential candidates for the equation of state of the combustion gases in a high-pressure system, such as telescoped ammunition. Within this study, the following equations of state are studied: ideal gas equation, Noble-Abel equation, Van der Waals equation and virial equation. The study is divided in two: a first study for air as the coefficients needed are easily accessible in the literature and a second study for combustion products stemming from propellant combustion.
BARREL HEATING IN HYPERVELOCITY POWDER GUNS
Authors: YAGLA JON J. , ANDERSON GEORGE A.
Published: September 2022

When a gun fires, hot propellant grains and gas heat the barrel. The first phase of heating is the in–bore period (i.e., action time). During this period, the projectile travels down the barrel to the exit plane of the muzzle. The second phase of barrel heating is “blowdown.” When the projectile leaves, the hot high–velocity gas expands and accelerates, rushes out of the barrel, and sweeps forward over the projectile. The blowdown time is not a definite measurable quantity like the action time. The gas vents out of the barrel according to exponential decay formulas of gas dynamics. Mathematical models and results are provided for both phases of heating. For velocities over 1,000 m/s, radiation is the dominant mechanism. Conduction during blowdown is a large contributor.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A NAVAL GUN CHARGE
Authors: GUO YINGHUA , LIU WEI , LI RUIJING , DONG YANCHENG
Published: September 2022

Chamber cleaning projectile is one of the auxiliary projectiles equipped with a naval gun. It is an air explosion projectile without projectile. It is used to clean up the projectile retained in the chamber for special reasons or remove the residue in the chamber after launching the projectile. In this paper, based on the internal ballistic theory and one-dimensional twophase flow theory [1-3], the one-dimensional two-phase flow internal ballistic model of ordinary grenade is established, and the internal ballistic simulation calculation of the launching process of grenade is carried out. On this basis, the projectile mass is adjusted to 0, and the cleaning process of cleaning projectile is simulated. The simulation results show that when there is no projectile loading, the pressure established in the bore is very low and the propellant burns slowly. Because there is only a sealing cover at the front end, the frontend gas forward impulse speed is very fast, and the pressure in the bore decreases along the barrel, forming a large pressure gradient without negative pressure difference. The calculated negative pressure difference is 0, It shows that the internal ballistic process of launching clean chamber projectile is safe [4-5]; In addition, the calculation shows that a high-speed forward flow will be formed in the whole bore during the firing process, and the gas velocity is much higher than the initial velocity of the general projectile. This highspeed flow is conducive to removing the oil stain in the bore or the residue in the bore after the firing of the whole cartridge. The model test results provide a certain reference for the safe use of the ammunition.
THERMAL EFFECT INFLUENCE ON BULLET ENGRAVING PROCESS AND INTERIOR BALLISTIC PROCESS
Authors: LU HAI-TAO , JIN YONG-XI , WANG SHU , LI WEI-BING
Published: September 2022

The thermal effect cause by continuous firing of firearms, generally recognize have influence on the movement of bullets during in-bore process. In order to understand this influence. A finite element model coupled thermal and structure which contained bullet and barrel was established. Through the classical interior ballistic theory, the distribution and variation law of the boundary and load conditions parameters in the bore were determined, such as base pressure, propellant gas temperature, forced convection coefficient. By loading the boundary and load conditions at different positions in the barrel versus real time, the temperature distribution and deformation of the barrel after different initial temperatures and multiple continuous firing, the changes of the structure and movement parameters of bullets were calculated, and the model was validated by the temperature distribution of the barrel surface through the experimental test. The research shows that the thermal effect has a great influence on the engraving resistance of bullet, but the trajectory was little. The structural characteristics of the bullet change greatly with the increase of temperature. In addition, the thermal effect has a great influence on the vibration speed of the barrel muzzle, which may further affect the firing accuracy. Generally, when the barrel temperature is below 200 ℃ , the thermal effect has little influence, and when the barrel temperature is above 200 , the negative influence caused by the thermal effect increases linearly.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CANNON JUMP PREDICTION OF HE-MP VS APFSDS PROJECTILES— COMPARATIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: ADAMOVSKI E. , EINGORN R. , CHACHAMOVITZ D.
Published: September 2022

The article is a continuation of a study that allows to predict the cannon jump based on the barrel curvature using a linear regression model. In the past, this capability was formulated mainly for APFSDS projectiles, while in the current work an attempt was made to match this methodology to full-caliber ammunition, using a significant fire tests database. During the study, there was a major difficulty in building a prediction model which has smaller error than the average cannon jump value based on full database information, and the authors hypothesized that the probable reason is a large residual error of jump value which presents in rounds with relatively large dispersion dimensions. For the test, the results were grouped according to the threshold value of the dispersal size, and a clear improvement trend was identified in the model errors as the threshold for dispersal size was tightened.
ON THE QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERMEDIATE BALLISTICS: VELOCITY MEASUREMENT OF THE MUZZLE FLOW
Authors: MOUMEN ABDELHAFIDH , STIRBU BOGDAN , GROSSEN JURGEN , LABOUREUR DELPHINE , GALLANT JOHAN , HENDRICK PATRICK
Published: September 2022

In the context of intermediate ballistics, a thorough understanding of the muzzle flow is necessary to optimize the design of muzzle devices and long-range projectiles. However, due to the harsh environment, the extremely short duration, and the transient evolution of the intermediate ballistics phase, both experimental and flow modeling efforts are hampered by the lack of quantitative experimental data. In this study, a Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) experimental set-up is implemented to quantitatively investigate the muzzle flow based on its velocity. This tool has the advantage of obtaining a non-intrusive and whole-field diagnostic, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The first part of the study explains that PIV is suitable for measuring the velocity fields of the muzzle flow. This was achieved by using the naturally present particles in the gas as tracers. We demonstrate that the raw PIV images revealed that the structure of this flow is composed of two regions. The first region is located within the under-expanded jet and consists of spatially dispersed particles. The second region, downstream of the Mach disk, is formed by large structures. We show that cross-correlation and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) algorithms can determine the flow velocity in both regions. In the second part, we present a quantitative description of the muzzle flow issued from the launch of a subsonic .300 Blackout projectile. The results show that these gases reach a maximum centerline velocity of more than 900 m/s inside the shock bottle. At the barrel exit plane, the gases start to discharge with a velocity close to that of the projectile’s launch velocity, accelerating it. In the third part, we present a detailed comparison between the aforementioned flow and the flow resulting from the launch of a supersonic projectile. Differences and similarities are pronounced and explained. The presented set-up and the description of the whole flow field velocity would serve as valuable improvements toward muzzle devices optimization and numerical code validation.
KINETIC ENERGY PROJECTILE LAUNCH USING LIFE SEPARATION SABOTS
Authors: SREELAL M. , RAJESH G.
Published: September 2022

The purpose of the present work is to visualize the separation dynamics of a new lift separation sabot. Conventional sabots used for launching kinetic energy projectiles are a major contributor to the dispersion of the penetrator due to the mechanical interaction between sabot and the penetrator during separation. A sabot with an aerodynamic lifting surface close to the center of gravity is designed and launched from a 25mm caliber gas gun. The visualization results show that the sabot is separating from the penetrator with less rotation of the sabot which leads to less mechanical interaction between the latter and the former.
ANALYTICAL ESTIMATION OF THE PROJECTILE TRAJECTORY AND DRAG CHARACTERISTICS IN THE INTERIOR AND TRANSITIONAL BALLISTIC REGIMES
Authors: ATHIRA C. M. , RAJESH G.
Published: September 2022

The highly complicated and unsteady flow phenomena associated with a moving projectile in the interior and the transitional ballistic regimes are modelled analytically. It is attempted to estimate the unsteady aerodynamic forces generated on a supersonic projectile launched from an aero-ballistic range using a Lagrangian approach. A comprehensive analytical model is proposed to predict the entire projectile motion right from its start in the launch tube until it enters the exterior ballistic regime. Inviscid axisymmetric flow is considered in the interior and the intermediate ballistic regimes with isentropic assumptions except at the shock locations. The model provides a first-hand estimate of the projectile aerodynamic characteristics launched from a ballistic range with less than 5% error when compared to the computational results in the muzzle properties, which provides valuable design data for the ballistic range designers.
INFLUENCE OF 155 MM HOWITZER’S MUZZLE BRAKE ON RECOIL SYSTEM WORK IN MATTER OF SHOOTING WITH SHOT IMITATOR AMMUNITION ALEKSANDER WASILEWSKI, GRZEGORZ KOWALIK
Authors: WASILEWSKI ALEKSANDER , KOWALIK GRZEGORZ
Published: September 2022

Following paper focus on disabling muzzle brake to increase kinetic energy of recoil assembly. In 155 mm howitzer increasing mass of projectile cause danger for surroundings. Increasing mass of proppelants in not a wise option. The imitator should have to imitate a real shot with the same propellant conditions as live ammunition. The paper presents influence of muzzle brake on breech force, and possibility of disabling muzzle brake during shots with imitated ammunition. It also contains information observed during shooting tests.
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTIC BONDED EXPLOSIVE AS INSENSITIVE MUNITIONS BASED ON RESPONSE TO VARIOUS STIMULI BY SIMULATED TESTS CONDUCTED ON SCALED DOWN WARHEADS
Authors: RAO YELAMANCHILI SREENIVAS , KUMAR ADAPAKA SRINIVAS , GOKUL KALAN UMAPATHY
Published: September 2022

It is popularly said that ‘sailors in the navy sleep on the ammunitions’ as they sail onboard naval platforms such as ships and submarines for extended periods. Hence, navies worldwide assign utmost importance to safety. In order to meet the requirements of safety against various stimuli under different threat perceptions in the real scenario, scaled down warheads filled with RDX/AP/HTPB based Plastic Bonded Explosive (PBX) are subjected to prescribed standard tests. The tests conducted are Bullet Impact Test, Fragment Impact Test, Slow Cook-Off Test, Fast Cook-Off Test, Shaped Charge Jet Penetration Test and Sympathetic Detonation Test. Preparation of specimen scaled down warheads, test methodologies and ANSYS Autodyne simulations are discussed in the present paper. Actual details of the tests conducted are not revealed to confidentiality.
DETERMINING THE LETHALITY OF A HAND GRENADE AGAINST PERSONNEL TARGET USING AVAL
Authors: WALT STEFAN VAN DER , SMIT FRANCOIS , MARÉ JOHAN , SEQUEIRA JOSE
Published: September 2022

Kill probability as a function of distance is important for a hand grenade since it influences the lethality and minimum safe distance when using it. Measured characterised fragmentation information was used as an input into the AVAL lethality simulation software to make predictions against personnel targets. The direct nature of engagement between the hand grenade and the personnel target make AVAL the ideal simulation code for this type of prediction, not dissimilar to the direct engagement of other warheads with more complex targets such as aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles or fighting vehicles. The kill probability of the hand grenade was evaluated as a function of distance from the target with various orientations to achieve an average expected kill probability. From these kill probabilities it was possible to determine lethality and the safe radius for the user. It was found that the kill probability was significantly reduced by the vest of the soldier for all distances investigated.
2021 Amazon Last Mile Routing Research Challenge: Data Set
Authors: Merchán Daniel , Arora Jatin , Pachon Julian , Konduri Karthik , Winkenbach Matthias , Parks Steven , Noszek Joseph
Published: September 2022

The 2021 Amazon Last Mile Routing Research Challenge, hosted by Amazon.com’s Last Mile Research team, and scientifically supported by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Center for Transportation and Logistics, prompted participants to leverage real operational data to find new and better ways to solve a real-world routing problem. In this article, we describe the data set released for the research challenge, which includes route-, stop-, and package-level features for 9,184 historical routes performed by Amazon drivers in 2018 in five metropolitan areas in the United States. This real-world data set excludes any personally identifiable information: all route and package identifiers have been randomly regenerated and related location data have been obfuscated to ensure anonymity. Although multiple synthetic benchmark data sets are available in the literature, the data set of the 2021 Amazon Last Mile Routing Research Challenge is the first large and publicly available data set to include instances based on real-world operational routing data.

History: This paper has been accepted for the Transportation Science Special Issue on Machine Learning Methods and Applications in Large-Scale Route Planning Problems.
Analysis of Rainfall Trends over Assam, North East India
Authors: Gogoi Kakoli , Rao K. Nageswara
Published: September 2022

The spatio-temporal variations of long-term rainfall over Assam in the North Eastern part of India were analyzed using data from twenty-six locations during the period 1981-2017. The annual, monthly, and seasonal rainfall trends are assessed by using Mann-Kendall and Sen slope tests over different sub regions. September, December, January, and February months recorded decreasing trends, while May, June, and August exhibited statistically substantial increasing trends. Similarly, annual, pre monsoon season and monsoon seasons exhibited increasing trends, but post monsoon and winter seasons recorded statistically non-significant decreasing rainfall trends. The locations of Demaji, Dibrugarh, Karimganj, and North Lakhimpur were recorded with above 2000 mm annual rainfall. On seasonal time scales, pre monsoon and monsoon rainfall over Assam witnessed increasing trends with statistically notable trends. The post monsoon and winter rainfall recorded decreasing trends, but the trends were statistically non-significant. In the monsoon season, a declining trend was recorded during the first decade (2001-2010). The southern and northeastern portion of the state received the maximum average annual rainfall when compared to the central portion of the Brahmaputra valley of Assam state. The maximum variations in rainfall have been recorded in the Karimganj (36.8%), Hailakandi (31.9%), Silchar (31.9%), and Dhuburi (26.5%) regions. Any slight variations in the rainfall trend could certainly be vulnerable as the state of Assam which comprises valley flood plains and sub-Himalayan boundaries, also supports a large chunk of human as well as ecosystem populations. In the present scenario, extreme and unprecedented rainfall events can affect agricultural activities, stream flow, the availability of food, etc., which may lead to disparities in the socio-economic conditions of the area. The results would be beneficial to policymakers in understanding the impact of changing climates and assessing the climatic vulnerability of natural and human resources.
Discovery Shopping eCommerce untuk Meningkatkan Pengalaman Pelanggan pada UMKM Produk Tanaman Herbal, Sayuran, dan Alat Berkebun
Authors: Hendrawan Rully Agus , Nurkasanah Ika , Suryani Erma , ER Mahendrawati , Mudjahidin Mudjahidin , Aristio Andre Parvian
Published: September 2022

Discovery Shopping eCommerce (DSC) merupakan salah satu pendekatan bisnis digital dengan prinsip dasar menyediakan katalog informasi selengkap-lengkapnya terkait produk bagi konsumen yang harus disusun dalam sebuah sistem user friendly. Pendekatan tersebut saat ini masih belum familiar diimplementasikan pada Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM), dimana berdasarkan CNBC Indonesia tahun 2020, hanya 13% dari 64,2 juta UMKM di Indonesia yang terdigitalisasi.  Oleh karena itu, kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini berfokus pada pengembangan website dengan pendekatan DSC untuk meningkatkan pengalaman pelanggan yang memiliki ketertarikan pada produk tanaman herbal, sayuran dan alat berkebun. Website ini akan membantu dalam 1) menginformasikan katalog produk tanaman herbal, sayuran dan alat berkebun terkini, lengkap, dan terstruktur 2) mengedukasi pengguna dalam merawat tanaman dan alat berkebun secara detail, 4) menginspirasi pengguna untuk mengkoleksi tanaman, 5) memasarkan produk UMKM bidang tanaman dan alat berkebun. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dijalankan dengan beberapa tahapan yakni 1) penggalian kebutuhan dengan wawancara, 2) penyusunan desain pengalaman pengguna, 3) pengembangan website dan kurasi informasi, 4) publikasi dengan menentukan domain dan hosting, 5) pengujian dan evaluasi. Hasilnya, website DSC telah diluncurkan dan dapat meningkatkan bisnis UMKM melalui peningkatan digitalisasi produk, optimasi branding, dan peningkatan jangkauan konsumen yang lebih luas dari empat mitra kami, yaitu UMKM Produk tanaman herbal, sayuran dan alat berkebun
Edge feature extraction-based dual CNN for LDCT denoising
Authors: Li Zhiyuan , Liu Yi , Li Kunpeng , Chen Yang , Shu Huazhong , Kang Jiaqi , Lu Jing , Gui Zhiguo
Published: September 2022

In low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) denoising tasks, it is often difficult to balance edge/detail preservation and noise/artifact reduction. To solve this problem, we propose a dual convolutional neural network (CNN) based on edge feature extraction (Ed-DuCNN) for LDCT. Ed-DuCNN consists of two branches. One branch is the edge feature extraction subnet (Edge_Net) that can fully extract the edge details in the image. The other branch is the feature fusion subnet (Fusion_Net) that introduces an attention mechanism to fuse edge features and noisy image features. Specifically, first, shallow edge-specific detail features are extracted by trainable Sobel convolutional blocks and then are integrated into Edge_Net together with the LDCT images to obtain deep edge detail features. Finally, the input image, shallow edge detail, and deep edge detail features are fused in Fusion_Net to generate the final denoised image. The experimental results show that the proposed Ed-DuCNN can achieve competitive performance in terms of quantitative metrics and visual perceptual quality compared with that of state-of-the-art methods.
Compact vertical grating coupler with an achromatic in-plane metalens on a 220-nm silicon-on-insulator platform
Authors: Xiong Bo , Ma Wei , Wang Weiping , Hu Xiaoyan , Chu Tao
Published: September 2022

We proposed a new type of vertical grating couplers (VGCs) with a compact footprint on the 220-nm silicon-on-insulator platform. The overall size of the device containing the L-shaped coupling grating and the taper with achromatic in-plane metalens is only 45 × 15 µm2, and the measured coupling efficiency at 1550 nm is -5.2 dB with a 1 dB bandwidth of 38 nm, around 1.6 dB higher than the VGC without metalens. The incidence angle mismatch has a 1 dB bandwidth of roughly 4°, whereas the displacement mismatch along the x-/y- axis has a bandwidth of around 3/4 µm. Furthermore, we experimentally show that such a design is compatible with VGCs operating in the S, C, and L bands.