bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The value of neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio combined with the thyroid imaging reporting and data system in the diagnosis of the nature of thyroid nodules
Authors: Zhang Jie , Gong Zhaoxia , Li Shanshan , Fan Ping , Yue Guanru , Zou Guilin , He Shasha , Wang Jiao , Xu Jixiong
Published: April 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of peripheral blood neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) combined with the thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS) for benign and malignant thyroid nodules.

Methods

A total of 585 adults were enrolled in the study. The receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimal cut‐off values for NLR and Kwak TIRADS (K‐TIRADS) grades, which were 1.87 and 4a, respectively. Thyroid nodules were scored as follows: NLR–K‐TIRADS score is 2 (both elevated K‐TIRADS grade and NLR), NLR–K‐TIRADS score is 1 (one of these was elevated) and NLR–k‐TIRADS score is 0 (neither were elevated).

Results

The proportions of malignant nodules with NLR‐K‐TIRADS scores of 2, 1 and 0 were 98.59%, 69.62% and 10.19%, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). In terms of the sensitivity of diagnosis of malignant nodules, NLR‐K‐TIRADS 1 tends to increase relative to K‐TIRADS grades ≥ 4a; in terms of specificity and positive predictive value for the diagnosis of malignant nodules, NLR–K‐TIRADS 2 was significantly higher than K‐TIRADS grades ≥ 4a (all p < 0.05).

Conclusions

NLR combined with K‐TIRADS grades may be a novel method for screening benign and malignant thyroid nodules.
Effect of vitamin D on oxidative stress and serum inflammatory factors in the patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gu Jie‐Chao , Wu Yue‐Guan , Huang Wei‐Gang , Fan Xiu‐Jing , Chen Xin‐Hao , Zhou Biao , Lin Zhi‐Jun , Feng Xiu‐Lan
Published: April 2022

The type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an urgent global health problem. T2DM patients are in a state of high oxidative stress and inflammation. Vitamin D and glutathione (GSH) play crucial roles in antioxidation and anti‐inflammation. However, T2DM patients have lower vitamin D and GSH levels than healthy persons. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to see the effect of the vitamin D supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in T2DM patients. In this study, a total of 178 T2DM patients were randomly enrolled, 92 patients received regular treatment (T2DM group) and 86 patients in Vitamin D group received extra vitamin D 400 IU per day in addition to regular treatment. Serum vitamin D, GSH, GSH metabolic enzyme GCLC and GR, inflammatory factor MCP‐1, and IL‐8 levels were investigated. We found that the T2DM group has significantly higher concentrations of MCP‐1 and IL‐8 than those in the healthy donor group. After vitamin D supplementation for 90 days, T2DM patients had a 2‐fold increase of GSH levels, from 2.72 ± 0.84 to 5.76 ± 3.19 μmol/ml, the concentration of MCP‐1 decreased from 51.11 ± 20.86 to 25.42 ± 13.06 pg/ml, and IL‐8 also decreased from 38.21 ± 21.76 to 16.05 ± 8.99 pg/ml. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that vitamin D could regulate the production of GSH, thereby reducing the serum levels of MCP‐1 and IL‐8, alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation, providing evidence of the necessity and feasibility of adjuvant vitamin D treatment among patients with T2DM. On the other hand, vitamin D and GSH levels have important diagnostic and prognostic values in T2DM patients.
Remote cognitive‐behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary meta‐analysis
Authors: Trenoska Basile Vesna , Newton‐John Toby , Wootton Bethany M.
Published: April 2022

Background

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic mental health condition that results in significant individual, societal, and economic burden. While cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is well established as an efficacious treatment for GAD, individuals have identified several logistical barriers to accessing face‐to‐face CBT. Remotely delivered treatments address many of these treatment barriers.

Methods

The aim of the current study was to synthesize the current literature on the efficacy of remote CBT for GAD using a meta‐analytic approach. Relevant articles were identified through an electronic database search and 10 studies (with 11 remote conditions and 1071 participants) were included in the meta‐analysis.

Results

Within‐group findings indicate that remote CBT for GAD results in large effect sizes from pretreatment to posttreatment (g = 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03−1.58). Both low intensity and high intensity remote CBT interventions were found to result in large effect sizes (g = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.11−1.61 andg = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.20−1.47, respectively), with no significant differences between the treatment formats (Q1 = 2.28,p = 0.13). Between‐group effect sizes were medium in size at posttreatment (g = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.47−1.06).

Conclusions

These findings have potential implications for the delivery of evidence‐based treatment for GAD and the inclusion of remote methods in stepped care treatment approaches.
Dapagliflozin Pharmacokinetics Is Similar in Adults With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Melin Johanna , Tang Weifeng , Rekić Dinko , Hamrén Bengt , Penland Robert C. , Boulton David W. , Parkinson Joanna
Published: April 2022

Dapagliflozin improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is approved in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with inadequate glycemic control. The objectives of this work were to characterize the dapagliflozin pharmacokinetics (PK) in patients with T1DM, assess the influence of covariates on dapagliflozin PK, and compare dapagliflozin systemic exposure between patients with T1DM and T2DM. Population PK analysis was performed using a nonlinear mixed‐effect modeling approach. The analysis included 5793 dapagliflozin plasma concentrations from 1150 adult patients with T1DM (global population), who were on routine insulin therapy, collected from 1 phase 2 (NCT01498185) and 2 phase 3 (DEPICT‐1, NCT02268214; DEPICT‐2, NCT02460978) studies. Covariate effects were investigated using stepwise covariate modeling. Model‐derived area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) in patients with T1DM was compared to AUC in patients with T2DM (using data from historical dapagliflozin studies). The final 2‐compartmental model adequately described the dapagliflozin concentrations in patients with T1DM. The estimated apparent clearance was 20.5 L/h. Renal function (measured as estimated glomerular filtration rate), sex, and body weight were identified as covariates, where patients with better renal function, male patients, and heavier patients had lower dapagliflozin systemic exposure. Among the covariates studied, none of the covariates affected dapagliflozin systemic exposure >1.4‐fold compared to a reference individual and were therefore deemed to be not clinically relevant. Dapagliflozin systemic exposure was comparable between patients with T1DM and T2DM.
Associations between physical frailty and living arrangements in Japanese older adults living in a rural remote island: The Shimane CoHRE study
Authors: Miyazaki Ryo , Abe Takafumi , Yano Shozo , Okuyama Kenta , Sakane Naoki , Ando Hitoshi , Isomura Minoru , Yamasaki Masayuki , Nabika Toru
Published: April 2022

Background

Living arrangements have been known to be associated with physical frailty. However, the prevalence of frailty and its risk factors in remote islands is not understood. We examined the association between living arrangements and objectively measured frailty among older adults living in a remote island of Japan.

Methods

Among older people living in Okinoshima, 656 older adults (75.6 ± 6.4 years) were analyzed. Physical frailty (robust, prefrailty, or frailty) was assessed using the 5‐item frailty phenotype (unintentional weight loss, self‐reported exhaustion, weakness, slow walking speed, and low physical activity). Physical functions (muscle mass, gait speed, and grip strength) were measured objectively.

Results

The prevalence of frailty and prefrailty was 6.6% and 43.8%, respectively. Living with a spouse resulted in a significantly lower prevalence of frailty (p < 0.001) compared with other living arrangements. All objectively measured physical functions among those who lived with a spouse were significantly superior to those who lived with family or alone (p < 0.001). Multinomial logistic regression showed that living alone was significantly associated with frailty (odds ratio [OR] 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–5.24) and prefrailty (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.14–2.69) after adjusting for all covariates.

Conclusion

The prevalence of frailty on remote islands seemed similar to that in urban areas. Older people living in remote islands might be able to maintain their physical health. Furthermore, living alone may correlate with increased risks of frailty and prefrailty. Among elderly individuals on remote islands, living with a spouse might be desirable to prevent (pre)frailty.
Thermo‐sensitive mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency presenting with episodic myopathy
Authors: Schwantje Marit , Ebberink Merel S. , Doolaard Mirjam , Ruiter Jos P. N. , Fuchs Sabine A. , Darin Niklas , Hedberg‐Oldfors Carola , Régal Luc , Donker Kaat Laura , Huidekoper Hidde H. , Olpin Simon , Cole Duncan , Moat Stuart J. , Visser Gepke , Ferdinandusse Sacha
Published: April 2022

Mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) is involved in long‐chain fatty acid β‐oxidation (lcFAO). Deficiency of one or more of the enzyme activities as catalyzed by MTP causes generalized MTP deficiency (MTPD), long‐chain hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD), or long‐chain ketoacyl‐CoA thiolase deficiency (LCKATD). When genetic variants result in thermo‐sensitive enzymes, increased body temperature (e.g. fever) can reduce enzyme activity and be a risk factor for clinical decompensation. This is the first description of five patients with a thermo‐sensitive MTP deficiency. Clinical and genetic information was obtained from clinical files. Measurement of LCHAD and LCKAT activities, lcFAO‐flux studies and palmitate loading tests were performed in skin fibroblasts cultured at 37°C and 40°C. In all patients (four MTPD, one LCKATD), disease manifested during childhood (manifestation age: 2–10 years) with myopathic symptoms triggered by fever or exercise. In four patients, signs of retinopathy or neuropathy were present. Plasma long‐chain acylcarnitines were normal or slightly increased. HADHB variants were identified (at age: 6–18 years) by whole exome sequencing or gene panel analyses. At 37°C, LCHAD and LCKAT activities were mildly impaired and lcFAO‐fluxes were normal. Remarkably, enzyme activities and lcFAO‐fluxes were markedly diminished at 40°C. Preventive (dietary) measures improved symptoms for most. In conclusion, all patients with thermo‐sensitive MTP deficiency had a long diagnostic trajectory and both genetic and enzymatic testing were required for diagnosis. The frequent absence of characteristic acylcarnitine abnormalities poses a risk for a diagnostic delay. Given the positive treatment effects, upfront genetic screening may be beneficial to enhance early recognition.
Comparison of pre–intestinal transplant and posttransplant sarcopenia and visceral adiposity measurements using computed tomography in the diagnosis of malnutrition during a nutrition‐focused physical examination
Authors: Dowhan Lindsay , Moccia Lisa , Remer Erick M. , Lyu Ruishen , Kou Lei , Steiger Ezra
Published: April 2022

Background

Registered dietitian nutritionists subjectively assess muscle loss as part of the nutrition‐focused physical examination (NFPE), using guidelines to standardize malnutrition diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) scans provide an objective measure of skeletal muscle mass and abdominal wall and visceral adipose tissue and can be used to determine skeletal muscle loss.

Methods

In this retrospective review, our team compared muscle measurements including the psoas, paraspinal muscles, and abdominal wall muscle area at the level of the third lumbar vertebral body (using CT)—as well as visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue measurements—before and after gut transplant with the malnutrition diagnosis found on the NFPE. We also examined the association between CT measurements and postoperative infection, length of stay, and mortality.

Results

Forty‐two patients were included in the study. Adipose tissue measurements on CT analysis were significantly lower in the malnutrition group compared with those without malnutrition (P ≤ 0.05) in both the pretransplant and posttransplant groups. Skeletal muscle size measurements were not significantly associated with malnutrition, but when adjusted for patients’ height by calculating skeletal muscle index, an association between low skeletal muscle index scores and malnutrition diagnosis was found (P = 0.026). Pretransplant malnutrition diagnosis did not predict infection, length of stay, or mortality.

Conclusion

Objective assessment of subcutaneous adipose tissue by CT analysis was significantly correlated with the subjective assessment of malnutrition by NFPE in both pretransplant and posttransplant patients. Skeletal muscle index scores were significantly lower in pretransplant patients who were diagnosed with malnutrition.
Physicochemical properties and antimicrobial impacts of plasma‐activated simulated seawater onEscherichia coli
Authors: Campbell Vashti M. , Wang Qingyang , Hall Steven G. , Salvi Deepti
Published: April 2022

Background

Some filter‐feeding molluscan shellfish can concentrate harmful bacteria in their intestines during feeding, thus posing a potential food safety risk to human consumers. Plasma‐activated simulated seawater (PASW) generated from non‐thermal plasma may help reduce bacteria in live, molluscan shellfish when used as a disinfectant in depuration systems. This study determined the physicochemical properties of PASW and its antimicrobial efficacy againstEscherichia coliDH5α. These results were then compared to similar data from a plasma‐activated water (PAW) study.

Results

PASW yielded temperatures ranging from 31.0 ± 0.2 to 49.7 1.0°C, pH from 7.21 0.0 to 2.70 0.0, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) from −15.7 1.0 to 246.0 0.9 mV, and electrical conductivity from 35.4 0.3 to 48.1 1.5 μS/cm after activation by plasma for 1–10 min. Temperature, ORP, electrical conductivity, nitrate (NO3−), and nitrite (NO2−) concentrations of PASW increased while pH decreased with increased plasma activation time. After 2‐ and 5‐min incubations,E.colitreated with PASW5 and PASW10 both resulted in the highest reductions (~3 log CFU/ml). Further, while NO3−and NO2−concentrations in PASW were higher than in PAW of the same plasma exposure time, PAW yielded higherE.colireduction values across treatments.

Conclusion

Results from this study demonstrate the potential of PASW as a disinfectant for live, molluscan shellfish depuration to provide a microbiologically safer seafood product for human consumers.
Quantile regression estimates of animal population trends
Authors: Cade Brian S. , Edmunds David R. , Ouren Douglas S.
Published: April 2022

Ecologists often estimate population trends of animals in time series of counts using linear regression to estimate parameters in a linear transformation of multiplicative growth models, where logarithms of rates of change in counts in time intervals are used as response variables. We present quantile regression estimates for the median (0.50) and interquartile (0.25, 0.75) relationships as an alternative to mean regression estimates for common density‐dependent and density‐independent population growth models. We demonstrate that the quantile regression estimates are more robust to outliers and require fewer distributional assumptions than conventional mean regression estimates and can provide information on heterogeneous rates of change ignored by mean regression. We provide quantile regression trend estimates for 2 populations of greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Wyoming, USA, and for the Crawford population of Gunnison sage‐grouse (Centrocercus minimus) in southwestern Colorado, USA. Our selected Gompertz models of density dependence for both populations of greater sage‐grouse had smaller negative estimates of density‐dependence terms and less variation in corresponding predicted growth rates (λ) for quantile than mean regression models. In contrast, our selected Gompertz models of density dependence with piecewise linear effects of years for the Crawford population of Gunnison sage‐grouse had predicted changes in λ across years from quantile regressions that varied more than those from mean regression because of heterogeneity in estimated λs that were both less and greater than mean estimates. Our results add to literature establishing that quantile regression provides better behaved estimates than mean regression when there are outlying growth rates, including those induced by adjustments for zeros in the time series of counts. The 0.25 and 0.75 quantiles bracketing the median provide robust estimates of population changes (λ) for the central 50% of time series data and provide a 50% prediction interval for a single new prediction without making parametric distributional assumptions or assuming homogeneous λs. Compared to mean estimates, our quantile regression trend estimates for greater sage‐grouse indicated less variation in density‐dependent λs by minimizing sensitivity to outlying values, and for Gunnison sage‐grouse indicated greater variation in density‐dependent λs associated with heterogeneity among quantiles.
Effect of Exercise and Rehabilitation Therapy on Risk of Hospitalization in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Kannarkat George T. , Rafferty Miriam R. , Luo Sheng , Liu Hongliang , Mills Kelly A.
Published: April 2022

Background

Exercise and physical therapy (PT) can improve motor function and quality of life in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), but their role in hospitalization avoidance is not well‐studied.

Objectives

To determine the longitudinal and temporal association of exercise and PT use with hospital encounter.

Methods

Longitudinal regression and χ2 analyses were performed on Parkinson's Foundation Parkinson's Outcome Project exercise and PT use data from 4674 and 9259 persons with PD, respectively.

Results

Greater exercise duration and intensity were associated with reduced odds of hospital encounter, whereas both PT and occupational therapy use were associated with increased odds. In the 2 years before a hospital encounter, there was an increased frequency of PT use, but not reductions in exercise.

Conclusions

Consistent exercise may reduce hospitalization risk whereas PT referral may identify at‐risk individuals without preventing this outcome. Further work to incentivize consistent exercise in PD may reduce healthcare use.
Small and Large Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Visible Perivascular Spaces in the Basal Ganglia of Parkinson's Disease Patients
Authors: Ramirez Joel , Berberian Stephanie A. , Breen David P. , Gao Fuqiang , Ozzoude Miracle , Adamo Sabrina , Scott Christopher J.M. , Berezuk Courtney , Yhap Vanessa , Mestre Tiago A. , Marras Connie , Tartaglia Maria C. , Grimes David , Jog Mandar , Kwan Donna , Tan Brian , Binns Malcolm A. , Arnott Stephen R. , Bartha Robert , Symons Sean , Masellis Mario , Black Sandra E. , Lang Anthony E. ,   ONDRI Investigators
Published: April 2022

Background

Although previously thought to be asymptomatic, recent studies have suggested that magnetic resonance imaging–visible perivascular spaces (PVS) in the basal ganglia (BG‐PVS) of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) may be markers of motor disability and cognitive decline. In addition, a pathogenic and risk profile difference between small (≤3‐mm diameter) and large (>3‐mm diameter) PVS has been suggested.

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine associations between quantitative measures of large and small BG‐PVS, global cognition, and motor/nonmotor features in a multicenter cohort of patients with PD.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional study examining the association between large and small BG‐PVS with Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS) Parts I–IV and cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) in 133 patients with PD enrolled in the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative study.

Results

Patients with PD with small BG‐PVS demonstrated an association with MDS‐UPDRS Parts I (P = 0.008) and II (bothP = 0.02), whereas patients with large BG‐PVS demonstrated an association with MDS‐UPDRS Parts III (P < 0.0001) and IV (P < 0.001). BG‐PVS were not correlated with cognition.

Conclusions

Small BG‐PVS are associated with motor and nonmotor aspects of experiences in daily living, while large BG‐PVS are associated with the motor symptoms and motor complications. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Ultra‐high dose rate dosimetry: Challenges and opportunities for FLASH radiation therapy
Authors: Romano Francesco , Bailat Claude , Jorge Patrik Gonçalves , Lerch Michael Lloyd Franz , Darafsheh Arash
Published: April 2022

The clinical translation of FLASH radiotherapy (RT) requires challenges related to dosimetry and beam monitoring of ultra‐high dose rate (UHDR) beams to be addressed. Detectors currently in use suffer from saturation effects under UHDR regimes, requiring the introduction of correction factors. There is significant interest from the scientific community to identify the most reliable solutions and suitable experimental approaches for UHDR dosimetry. This interest is manifested through the increasing number of national and international projects recently proposed concerning UHDR dosimetry. Attaining the desired solutions and approaches requires further optimization of already established technologies as well as the investigation of novel radiation detection and dosimetry methods. New knowledge will also emerge to fill the gap in terms of validated protocols, assessing new dosimetric procedures and standardized methods. In this paper, we discuss the main challenges coming from the peculiar beam parameters characterizing UHDR beams for FLASH RT. These challenges vary considerably depending on the accelerator type and technique used to produce the relevant UHDR radiation environment. We also introduce some general considerations on how the different time structure in the production of the radiation beams, as well as the dose and dose‐rate per pulse, can affect the detector response. Finally, we discuss the requirements that must characterize any proposed dosimeters for use in UDHR radiation environments. A detailed status of the current technology is provided, with the aim of discussing the detector features and their performance characteristics and/or limitations in UHDR regimes. We report on further developments for established detectors and novel approaches currently under investigation with a view to predict future directions in terms of dosimetry approaches, practical procedures, and protocols. Due to several on‐going detector and dosimetry developments associated with UHDR radiation environment for FLASH RT it is not possible to provide a simple list of recommendations for the most suitable detectors for FLASH RT dosimetry. However, this article does provide the reader with a detailed description of the most up‐to‐date dosimetric approaches, and describes the behavior of the detectors operated under UHDR irradiation conditions and offers expert discussion on the current challenges which we believe are important and still need to be addressed in the clinical translation of FLASH RT.
Osteoarthritis management care pathways are complex and inefficient: A qualitative study of physiotherapist perspectives from specialised osteoarthritis services
Authors: Gibbs Alison J. , Wallis Jason A. , Taylor Nicholas F. , Kemp Joanne L. , Barton Christian J.
Published: April 2022

Objective

Hip and knee osteoarthritis guidelines internationally provide consistent first‐line care recommendations. However, uptake of these recommendations remains suboptimal. This qualitative study explores factors influencing guideline‐based care from the perspectives of physiotherapists working in specialised osteoarthritis services across different models of care.

Methods

Nineteen semi‐structured interviews were conducted with physiotherapists working in specialist osteoarthritis services across three different Australian models of care (OsteoArthritis Hip and Knee Service n = 10; OsteoArthritis Chronic Care Programme n = 4; Orthopaedic Physiotherapy Screening Clinics and Multidisciplinary Services n = 5). Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were coded and analysed inductively using thematic analysis.

Results

The overarching theme to emerge was that accessing first‐line osteoarthritis care is complex and difficult, regardless of model of care. Subthemes indicated that: (i) services are either unavailable or inadequately funded, (ii) referral pathways are labyrinthine and lengthy, (iii) patients and other health professionals often believe that surgery is the only/best option and (iv) managing patient co‐morbidities is challenging.

Conclusion

Physiotherapists working in specialised osteoarthritis services perceive multiple and complex factors influencing adherence to first‐line care. Barriers occur at various levels in all models of care, including patient and health professional beliefs, health service, and system levels. These results suggest improving healthcare for people with osteoarthritis requires urgent system reform.
Redear Sunfish Occurrence, Abundance, Growth, and Size Structure as Related to Abiotic and Biotic Factors in Florida Lakes
Authors: Carlson Andrew K. , Hoyer Mark V.
Published: April 2022

Panfish support popular, socioeconomically valuable fisheries across the United States. Whereas Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and Black Crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus receive considerable research attention, Redear Sunfish L. microlophus are seldom studied despite their wide distribution, large size, socioeconomic contributions, and invasion potential in parts of their introduced range. We evaluated Redear Sunfish occurrence, density, relative abundance, growth, and size structure in 60 Florida lakes with varied surface area (2–12,412 ha), trophic state (oligotrophic to hypereutrophic), and macrophyte abundance (0.3–100% of lake volume inhabited), a range of environmental conditions over which Redear Sunfish populations have scarcely been investigated. Lake surface area, chlorophyll-a concentration, and macrophyte abundance explained 98% of variation in Redear Sunfish occurrence. Redear Sunfish density increased asymptotically with calcium concentration, whereas relative abundance (electrofishing fish/h) peaked at intermediate surface area (50–100 ha) and chlorophyll a (20 μg/L). Mean length at age 3 declined with increasing macrophyte abundance and was parabolically related to Redear Sunfish density, peaking at approximately 450 fish/ha. The proportional size distribution (PSD) and PSD of preferred-length fish were also negatively related to macrophyte abundance, and PSD declined with increasing Redear Sunfish density. Our results suggest that Redear Sunfish fisheries with abundant individuals of quality size (≥180 mm) require large (>100 ha), fertile (>20 μg/L chlorophyll a) lakes with calcium concentrations >5 mg/L, moderate macrophyte abundance (0–25% of lake volume inhabited), and Redear Sunfish densities between 200 and 700 fish/ha. Our modeling approach can help managers predict Redear Sunfish occurrence, density, relative abundance, growth, and size structure based on a suite of abiotic and biotic variables.
Nutrition and preparation of blenderized tube feeding in children and adolescents with neurological impairment: A scoping review
Authors: Brekke Ghita , Raun Anne Mette Terp , Sørensen Sarah B. , Kok Karin , Sørensen Jette L. , Born Alfred P. , Mølgaard Christian , Hoei‐Hansen Christina E.
Published: April 2022

Background

The use of homemade tube feeding formula has become increasingly popular for children requiring enteral nutrition. This project aimed to investigate nutrition and preparation of blenderized tube feeding in the field of children and adolescents with neurological impairment.

Methods

A scoping review was performed using established methodologies. In January 2021, we searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL Complete, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and gray literature to identify relevant articles.

Major findings

Twenty‐two papers were included describing the composition of food items, preparation procedures, and food safety. No randomized controlled trials and only a few prospective studies were included. A broad variety of food items from all food groups and many examples of recipes were presented. Most recipes provided 1.0 kcal/ml but tended to contain less energy and nutrients than expected, which could be due to preparation issues, such as sieving and the high viscosity of the blend. Preparation requires a commercial‐grade household blender and diligence to ensure thorough household hygiene for adequate food safety.

Conclusions

This review revealed practical experience in the nutrition and preparation aspects of blenderized tube feeding but minimal empirical evidence. Multiple examples of the composition of food items and preparation procedures for blenderized tube feeding were found, but uncertainty regarding the ideal composition or preparation was also exposed. The future of blenderized tube feeding would benefit from clinically tested recipes that include an evaluation of nutrients, viscosity, and microbial contamination, as well as the effect of the food's appearance and scent on the target group.
3D simulation of complex fractures with a simple mesh
Authors: Wu Jie
Published: April 2022

Rock masses are 3D in nature. The contained complex fracture networks pose great difficulty to its computer‐aided design (CAD) modeling and bring meshing burdens to classic finite element analysis (FEA). Considering the efficiency of digital images capturing complex geometries, as an extension of the previous 2D work, the 3D implementation of the image‐based simulation is carried out in this work. Continuous‐discontinuous deformations of complex rock masses are simulated in 3D with a simple structured mesh based on the numerical manifold method (NMM). Characteristics of the developed voxel crack model and its differences with discrete and smeared crack models are summarized. Based on this voxel crack model, the generating algorithm of 3D physical patches to construct the continuous‐discontinuous trial function is introduced in detail. In the developed method, the three spatial resolutions, respectively of the image model, integration voxels, and mathematical elements, are independent. These resolutions can be chosen freely by trading off the accuracy need and the computational expenses. Numerical examples investigate the accuracy and convergence of this method. Its 3D simulation capability of complex rock masses is demonstrated by calculating the continuous‐discontinuous deformation of El Capitan rock located in the Yosemite National Park with assumed complex fracture networks.
Effects of graphene nanoplatelets and montmorillonite nanoclay reinforcement on dental polymethyl methacrylate
Authors: Bangera Madhu Keshava , Kotian Ravindra , Natarajan Srikant , Somasundaram Jayalakshmi , Mangalath Divya Lakshmanan
Published: April 2022

The study aimed at developing a cytocompatible dental polymer composite with high mechanical and surface characteristics by reinforcing polymethyl methacrylate resin with graphene nanoplatelets and montmorillonite nanoclay. After ball milling the particles into the polymer samples were prepared via conventional compression molding method. Samples were tested for flexural strength, polishability, fatigue failure, wear, hardness, and cytotoxicity. The fracture mode and surface polish were tested using a field emission scanning electron microscope. Most properties displayed enhancement at the tested fraction weight in relation to the control, while some properties were downgraded. However, the tested polymer composite was cytocompatible at all concentrations. Within study limits, graphene nanoplatelets and montmorillonite nanoclay reinforced polymer brought about a positive effect to a particular degree. Establishing optimal concentration of reinforcement and alternate blending methods may boost the resultant characteristics of the resin composite.
Boarding students' perceptions of school climate and well‐being across gender and sexual orientation
Authors: Fredrick Stephanie S. , McClemont Abbey J. , Traudt Stephanie , Kern Michael
Published: April 2022

The unique residential context found within boarding schools may have important implications for students’ perceptions of school climate and, in turn, may impact their social‐emotional well‐being. However, there is limited research on the relations between school climate and boarding students social‐emotional well‐being. This study intended to address this gap by investigating relations between student perceptions of school climate (i.e., engagement, safety, and environment) and social‐emotional problems (i.e., emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactive/inattentive symptoms, and peer problems) across gender and sexual orientation. A sample of 309 boarding students (60% female, 36% sexual minority) was surveyed. Results indicate significant negative relations between school safety and conduct problems and peer problems, and between school environment and hyperactivity/inattention. Findings also revealed differences across gender and sexual orientation among these relations. Further research is needed with larger and more diverse samples of boarding students.
Preparation and Photocatalytic Performance of MoS2/ZnS/ZnO‐T Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation in Water
Authors: Jia Mingming , Yu Shoushan , Li Dong , Liu Changyuan , Bao Yongchao , Yu Xuegang , Chen Kezheng
Published: April 2022

In this study, a ternary heterojunction which consists of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), zinc sulfide (ZnS), and tetrapod‐like zinc oxide (ZnO‐T) nanostructures is prepared through a facile hydrothermal method. Benefiting from the generation of 1T phase MoS2 and ZnS with high photoelectrochemical properties, the material exhibits outstanding charge separation and transfer performances while degrading methylene blue. According to the results of the photodegradation experiment, the MoS2/ZnS/ZnO‐T composite displays not only excellent photocatalytic reduction activity but also remarkable adsorption performance. The photocatalytic activity is improved twice higher, and the first‐order rate constant is 4.22 times than pure ZnO‐T. Moreover, the good recyclability after 3 continuous cycles implies excellent stability for practical applications. This study develops a high‐efficient photocatalyst for contaminated water treatment.
Two physics‐based models for pH‐dependent calculations of protein solubility
Authors: Spassov Velin Z. , Kemmish Helen , Yan Lisa
Published: April 2022

When engineering a protein for its biological function, many physicochemical properties are also optimized throughout the engineering process, and the protein's solubility is among the most important properties to consider. Here, we report two novel computational methods to calculate the pH‐dependent protein solubility, and to rank the solubility of mutants. The first is an empirical method developed for fast ranking of the solubility of a large number of mutants of a protein. It takes into account electrostatic solvation energy term calculated using Generalized Born approximation, hydrophobic patches, protein charge, and charge asymmetry, as well as the changes of protein stability upon mutation. This method has been tested on over 100 mutations for 17 globular proteins, as well as on 44 variants of five different antibodies. The prediction rate is over 80%. The antibody tests showed a Pearson correlation coefficient, R, with experimental data from .83 to .91. The second method is based on a novel, completely force‐field‐based approach using CHARMm program modules to calculate the binding energy of the protein to a part of the crystal lattice, generated from X‐ray structure. The method predicted with very high accuracy the solubility of Ribonuclease SA and its 3K and 5K mutants as a function of pH without any parameter adjustments of the existing BIOVIA Discovery Studio binding affinity model. Our methods can be used for rapid screening of large numbers of design candidates based on solubility, and to guide the design of solution conditions for antibody formulation.
Functionalization of a symmetric protein scaffold: Redundant folding nuclei and alternative oligomeric folding pathways
Authors: Tenorio Connie A. , Parker Joseph B. , Blaber Michael
Published: April 2022

Successful de novo protein design ideally targets specific folding kinetics, stability thermodynamics, and biochemical functionality, and the simultaneous achievement of all these criteria in a single step design is challenging. Protein design is potentially simplified by separating the problem into two steps: (a) an initial design of a protein “scaffold” having appropriate folding kinetics and stability thermodynamics, followed by (b) appropriate functional mutation—possibly involving insertion of a peptide functional “cassette.” This stepwise approach can also separate the orthogonal effects of the “stability/function” and “foldability/function” tradeoffs commonly observed in protein design. If the scaffold is a protein architecture having an exact rotational symmetry, then there is the potential for redundant folding nuclei and multiple equivalent sites of functionalization; thereby enabling broader functional adaptation. We describe such a “scaffold” and functional “cassette” design strategy applied to a β‐trefoil threefold symmetric architecture and a heparin ligand functionality. The results support the availability of redundant folding nuclei within this symmetric architecture, and also identify a minimal peptide cassette conferring heparin affinity. The results also identify an energy barrier of destabilization that switches the protein folding pathway from monomeric to trimeric, thereby identifying another potential advantage of symmetric protein architecture in de novo design.
An enhancer sequence in the intrinsically disordered region of FtsZ promotes polymer‐guided substrate processing by ClpXP protease
Authors: Viola Marissa G. , Perdikari Theodora Myrto , Trebino Catherine E. , Rahmani Negar , Mathews Kaylee L. , Pena Carolina Mejia , Chua Xien Yu , Xuan Botai , LaBreck Christopher J. , Fawzi Nicolas L. , Camberg Jodi L.
Published: April 2022

The essential bacterial division protein in Escherichia coli, FtsZ, assembles into the FtsZ‐ring at midcell and recruits other proteins to the division site to promote septation. A region of the FtsZ amino acid sequence that links the conserved polymerization domain to a C‐terminal protein interaction site was predicted to be intrinsically disordered and has been implicated in modulating spacing and architectural arrangements of FtsZ filaments. While the majority of cell division proteins that directly bind to FtsZ engage either the polymerization domain or the C‐terminal interaction site, ClpX, the recognition and unfolding component of the bacterial ClpXP proteasome, has a secondary interaction with the predicted intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of FtsZ when FtsZ is polymerized. Here, we use NMR spectroscopy and reconstituted degradation reactions in vitro to demonstrate that this linker region is indeed disordered in solution and, further, that amino acids in the IDR of FtsZ enhance the degradation in polymer‐guided interactions.
Relative domain orientation of the L289K HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase monomer
Authors: Xi Zhaoyong , Ilina Tatiana V. , Guerrero Michel , Fan Lixin , Sluis‐Cremer Nicolas , Wang Yun‐Xing , Ishima Rieko
Published: April 2022

HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT) is a heterodimer comprised p66 and p51 subunits (p66/p51). Several single amino acid substitutions in RT, including L289K, decrease p66/p51 dimer affinity, and reduce enzymatic functioning. Here, small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) with proton paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE), 19F site‐specific NMR, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were performed for the p66 monomer with the L289K mutation, p66L289K. NMR and SAXS experiments clearly elucidated that the thumb and RNH domains in the monomer do not rigidly interact with each other but are spatially close to the RNH domain. Based on this structural model of the monomer, p66L289K and p51 were predicted to form a heterodimer while p66 and p51L289K not. We tested this hypothesis by SEC analysis of p66 and p51 containing L289K in different combinations and clearly demonstrated that L289K substitution in the p51 subunit, but not in the p66 subunit, reduces p66/p51 formation. Based on the derived monomer model and the importance of the inter‐subunit RNH‐thumb domain interaction in p66/p51, validated by SEC, the mechanism of p66 homodimer formation was discussed.
Contemporary seminal vesicle invasion rates in NCCN high‐risk prostate cancer patients
Authors: Flammia Rocco S. , Hoeh Benedikt , Sorce Gabriele , Chierigo Francesco , Hohenhorst Lukas , Tian Zhen , Goyal Jordan A. , Leonardo Costantino , Briganti Alberto , Graefen Markus , Terrone Carlo , Saad Fred , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Montorsi Francesco , Chun Felix K. H. , Gallucci Michele , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: April 2022

Background

Contemporary seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) rates in National Cancer Comprehensive Network (NCCN) high‐risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients are not well known but essential for treatment planning. We examined SVI rates according to individual patient characteristics for purpose of treatment planning.

Materials and Methods

Within Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2010–2015), 4975 NCCN high‐risk patients were identified. In the development cohort (SEER geographic region of residence: South, North‐East, Mid‐West, n = 2456), we fitted a multivariable logistic regression model predicting SVI. Its accuracy, calibration, and decision curve analyses (DCAs) were then tested versus previous models within the external validation cohort (SEER geographic region of residence: West, n = 2519).

Results

Out of 4975 patients, 28% had SVI. SVI rate ranged from 8% to 89% according to clinical T stage, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), biopsy Gleason Grade Group and percentage of positive biopsy cores. In the development cohort, these variables were independent predictors of SVI. In the external validation cohort, the current model achieved 77.6% accuracy vs 73.7% for Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC) vs 68.6% for Gallina et al. Calibration was better than for the two alternatives: departures from ideal predictions were 6.0% for the current model vs 9.8% for MSKCC vs 38.5% for Gallina et al. In DCAs, the current model outperformed both alternatives. Finally, different nomogram cutoffs allowed to discriminate between low versus high SVI risk patients.

Conclusions

More than a quarter of NCCN high‐risk PCa patients harbored SVI. Since SVI positivity rate varies from 8% to 89%, the currently developed model offers a valuable approach to distinguish between low and high SVI risk patients.
Structural patterns in class 1 major histocompatibility complex‐restricted nonamer peptide binding to T‐cell receptors
Authors: T. Rajitha Rajeshwar , Smith Jeremy C.
Published: April 2022

The startling diversity in αβ T‐cell receptor (TCR) sequences and structures complicates molecular‐level analyses of the specificity and sensitivity determining T‐cell immunogenicity. A number of three‐dimensional (3D) structures are now available of ternary complexes between TCRs and peptides: major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC). Here, to glean molecular‐level insights we analyze structures of TCRs bound to human class I nonamer peptide–MHC complexes. Residues at peptide positions 4–8 are found to be particularly important for TCR binding. About 90% of the TCRs hydrogen bond with one or both of the peptide residues at positions 4 and 8 presented by MHC allele HLA‐A2, and this number is still ~79% for peptides presented by other MHC alleles. Residue 8, which lies outside the previously‐identified central peptide region, is crucial for TCR recognition of class I MHC‐presented nonamer peptides. The statistics of the interactions also sheds light on the MHC residues important for TCR binding. The present analysis will aid in the structural modeling of TCR:pMHC complexes and has implications for the rational design of peptide‐based vaccines and T‐cell‐based immunotherapies.
Mechanism design and force sensing of a novel cardiovascular interventional surgery robot
Authors: Wang Shuang , Liu Zheng , Shu Xiongpeng , Xie Le
Published: April 2022

Background

Robotic‐assisted cardiovascular interventional surgery is an effective means to reduce the exposure of X‐ray radiation to surgeons. However, some of the existing design structures cannot meet the surgical requirements for the coordinated delivery of multiple instruments or lack force sensing function.

Methods

This article proposes a novel cardiovascular interventional surgery robot, which is in line with the operating habits of surgeons. Meanwhile, the force sensing function is integrated under the premise of satisfying the smaller size.

Results

Experimental results show that the proposed cardiovascular interventional surgery robot can quickly and accurately deliver multiple surgical instruments. Furthermore, it can accurately measure the force and torque experienced by the guidewire during the delivery process, which conforms to the derived dynamic model.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate the effectiveness of force sensing and indicate the promise of the presented master‐slave robotic system for cardiovascular interventional surgery.
Event‐triggered state estimation for recurrent neural networks with unknown time‐varying delays
Authors: Huong Dinh Cong , Trinh Hieu
Published: April 2022

We consider the problem of event‐triggered state estimation for recurrent neural networks subject to unknown time‐varying delays by proposing a robust dynamic event‐triggered state observer. A method based on a novel state observer and a dynamic event‐triggered mechanism (ETM) is proposed to provide robust state estimation of the delayed recurrent neural networks. The significance of the new dynamic ETM is that it helps to reduce unnecessary transmissions from the sensors to the observer. A sufficient condition for the existence of the dynamic event‐triggered state observer in terms of a convex optimization problem is proposed based on Lyapunov theory combined with free‐weighting matrix technique and some useful inequalities such as Wirtinger‐based integral inequality, Cauchy matrix inequality and reciprocally convex combination inequality. The effectiveness of the proposed estimation method is demonstrated by two numerical examples and simulation results. In contrast to the event‐triggered state estimation methods currently available in the literature, which require that the time delays are constant or unknown time‐varying but must be differentiable and event‐triggered conditions depend on continuous supervisions, the one in this article only requires the information of upper and lower bounds of the unknown time‐varying delays and the event‐triggered conditions depend on discrete supervisions, which provides more practicality and potential saving in network bandwidth.