bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How are digital methods changing research in the study of the classical world? An EpiDoc case study.
Authors: Steiner Katherine , Mahony Simon
Published: November 2016

Los Estudios Clásicos como disciplina siempre se han beneficiado del uso de la tecnología digital en la investigación, con proyectos que datan desde los años 70 e incluso de fechas anteriores. Este artículo examina la integración de los Estudios Clásicos y las nuevas tecnologías de la información y presenta un caso práctico en torno a EpiDoc, una lengua de marcado uso en epigrafía. Hay constancia de la influencia positiva de la introducción de EpiDoc: no solo cuenta con varios proyectos colaborativos en la actualidad sino que la naturaleza de su tecnología fomenta la investigación en abierto. Las inscripciones del proyecto de Aphrodisias son una muestra significativa del potencial de las publicaciones electrónicas basadas en este lenguaje. Aunque el efecto de EpiDoc en la propia investigación permanece todavía inconcluso, al contar con escasos ejemplos claros, hay una clara evidencia de las posibilidades de futuro que posee. La difusión de estas conclusiones a la amplia comunidad de humanidades digitales clásicas muestra una tendencia hacia la colaboración en publicaciones y proyectos recientes, así como una aceptación gradual de publicaciones electrónicas.

Classics as a discipline has always taken advantage of digital methods in research, with projects dating back to the 1970s and earlier. This article examines the integration of classics and computing, and presents a case study of EpiDoc, a markup language used in epigraphy. Positive evidence can be found for EpiDoc’s influence on collaboration, with several current collaborative projects, and the nature of the technology encouraging open, reusable scholarship. The Inscriptions of Aphrodisias project illustrates much of the potential of electronic publishing. EpiDoc’s effect on research questions themselves remains inconclusive, although definite possibilities for the future are apparent. Opening up these conclusions to the wider digital classics community shows a trend towards collaboration in recent publications and projects, as well as a gradual uptake of electronic publication.
Constructively Aligned Assessment: An Integral Approach to Translation Teaching and Learning
Authors: Veiga Díaz María Teresa , García González Marta
Published: November 2016

For the last 15 years, higher education has dramatically changed in terms of its mission and modes of delivery, involving many changes in how teachers approach course design and implementation, mainly because the final aim of learning is no longer the transmission of knowledge but the acquisition of competences for professional practice that promote graduates’ employability. One of the most affected processes has been evaluation, insofar as assessing these competences requires using strategies beyond the mere evaluation of declarative knowledge. Traditionally, evaluating in translation degrees has been said to be based on continuous assessment. However, the meaning and implications of ‘continuous assessment’ and its relation to ‘formative’ and ‘final’ assessment have often been misinterpreted as revealed in the literature. In this paper, we analyse the most common misconceptions in higher education assessment and, particularly, in translation teaching and learning. Furthermore, we present constructive alignment as a solid pedagogical framework for use in this field. Combining several formative methods and instruments is found to be most beneficial after reviewing the methods and instruments available and measuring the extent to which the intended learning outcomes were achieved as well as spotting individual learners’ needs. This paper emphasises the usefulness of continuous formative assessment as compared to continuous summative assessment, which measures the results of learning but does not act on the learning process.
The Visual Aspect of Translation Training in Multimodal Texts
Authors: Damaskinidis George
Published: November 2016

This paper explores the wider issue of translation training in multimodal contexts. The multimodal text represents a complex semiotic canvas on which the various systems of signification (verbal, images, colour, layout, etc.) interact in complex ways to produce a coherent meaning. Such interactions affect translation students’ understanding of multimodal texts and as such their training must also be visually-oriented in order to improve their translation efficiency when dealing with these texts. The paper is primarily (though not exclusively) concerned with the print multimodal text, and examines how the various aspects of the visual semiotic elements affect the teaching of its translation into another language. One such aspect is the new challenges that have been imposed by the visual on the field of translation studies. A second aspect is the visual implications for translation trainers and students. A third aspect is the wider multimodal context in which they have been found and involves the necessary multimodal approach to translation training, the development of a relevant awareness of multimodal texts and a number of other issues such as students’ creativity and the role of the subject specialist in the translation classroom. Finally, suggestions are made for further development of relevant teaching areas that are driven by the visual aspect of the multimodal text.
Should Revision Trainees Think Aloud while Revising Somebody Else’s Translation? Insights from an Empirical Study with Professionals
Authors: Robert Isabelle S. , Brunette Louise
Published: November 2016

This paper reported on a follow-up study whose aim was fourfold: 1) to determine which variables do seem to influence the amount of verbalization of professional revisers when they verbalize their thoughts while revising somebody else’s translation, 2) to determine what kind of revision sub-processes are verbalized, 3) to determine the relation between the type of verbalizations and revision product and process, and 4) to draw conclusions for revision didactics. Results show that variables that could have influenced the verbalization ratio of revisers had no effect on that ratio, except the revision experience. As far as verbalized subprocesses are concerned, it appeared that revisers rarely verbalized a maxim-based diagnosis, but that the more they verbalized such a problem representation, the better they detected, the better they revised, but the longer they worked. Results also show that participants who verbalized a problem representation together with a problemsolving strategy or a solution, detected better, but worked longer. Further research could focus on a particular subcompetence of the revision competence: the ability to explain.
How Balkan Am I? Translation and Cultural Intimacy Through an Albanian-Greek Lens
Authors: Asimakoulas Dimitris
Published: November 2016

Historiographers, anthropologists and cultural studies experts have shown that discussions of identity in or about the Balkans have been traditionally linked to a sense of ‘deficiency.’ Given the history of conflict, the drive towards greater European integration and the effects of the current economic crisis in the region, there is an urgency to deconstruct such ideologies. This article shows how Herzfeld’s (2002; 2005) approach to Balkan marginality may be productively extended to cover cultural and translation critique. Thus his concept ofcultural intimacyis applied to stories of migration. Two Greek works are examined: Gazmend Kapllani’s semi-autobiographic novelA Short Border Diary(2006), translated into English by Marie Stanton-Ife, and Filippos Tsitos’ filmPlato’s Academy(2009), subtitled into English. Both works have set a precedent in terms of audience reception and as documents of a historical cycle, the migration of thousands of Albanians to Greece after the collapse of communism. Translation and subtitling into English respectively show that the written and the audiovisual medium present different opportunities for conveying Balkan otherness.
A Herpesviral induction of RAE-1 NKG2D ligand expression occurs through release of HDAC mediated repression
Authors: Greene Trever T , Tokuyama Maria , Knudsen Giselle M , Kunz Michele , Lin James , Greninger Alexander L , DeFilippis Victor R , DeRisi Joseph L , Raulet David H , Coscoy Laurent
Published: November 2016

Natural Killer (NK) cells are essential for control of viral infection and cancer. NK cells express NKG2D, an activating receptor that directly recognizes NKG2D ligands. These are expressed at low level on healthy cells, but are induced by stresses like infection and transformation. The physiological events that drive NKG2D ligand expression during infection are still poorly understood. We observed that the mouse cytomegalovirus encoded protein m18 is necessary and sufficient to drive expression of the RAE-1 family of NKG2D ligands. We demonstrate that RAE-1 is transcriptionally repressed by histone deacetylase inhibitor 3 (HDAC3) in healthy cells, and m18 relieves this repression by directly interacting with Casein Kinase II and preventing it from activating HDAC3. Accordingly, we found that HDAC inhibiting proteins from human herpesviruses induce human NKG2D ligand ULBP-1. Thus our findings indicate that virally mediated HDAC inhibition can act as a signal for the host to activate NK-cell recognition.
SF-1 expression in the hypothalamus is required for beneficial metabolic effects of exercise
Authors: Fujikawa Teppei , Castorena Carlos M , Pearson Mackenzie , Kusminski Christine M , Ahmed Newaz , Battiprolu Pavan K , Kim Ki Woo , Lee Syann , Hill Joseph A , Scherer Philipp E , Holland William L , Elmquist Joel K
Published: November 2016

Exercise has numerous beneficial metabolic effects. The central nervous system (CNS) is critical for regulating energy balance and coordinating whole body metabolism. However, a role for the CNS in the regulation of metabolism in the context of the exercise remains less clear. Here, using genetically engineered mice we assessed the requirement of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) expression in neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) in mediating the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolism. We found that VMH-specific deletion of SF-1 blunts (a) the reductions in fat mass, (b) improvements in glycemia, and (c) increases in energy expenditure that are associated with exercise training. Unexpectedly, we found that SF-1 deletion in the VMH attenuates metabolic responses of skeletal muscle to exercise, including induction of PGC-1α expression. Collectively, this evidence suggests that SF-1 expression in VMH neurons is required for the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolism.
Chronic social isolation reduces 5-HT neuronal activity via upregulated SK3 calcium-activated potassium channels
Authors: Sargin Derya , Oliver David K , Lambe Evelyn K
Published: November 2016

The activity of serotonin (5-HT) neurons is critical for mood regulation. In a mouse model of chronic social isolation, a known risk factor for depressive illness, we show that 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus are less responsive to stimulation. Probing the responsible cellular mechanisms pinpoints a disturbance in the expression and function of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels and reveals an important role for both SK2 and SK3 channels in normal regulation of 5-HT neuronal excitability. Chronic social isolation renders 5-HT neurons insensitive to SK2 blockade, however inhibition of the upregulated SK3 channels restores normal excitability. In vivo, we demonstrate that inhibiting SK channels normalizes chronic social isolation-induced anxiety/depressive-like behaviors. Our experiments reveal a causal link for the first time between SK channel dysregulation and 5-HT neuron activity in a lifelong stress paradigm, suggesting these channels as targets for the development of novel therapies for mood disorders.
Pathogen reduction co-benefits of nutrient best management practices
Authors: Richkus Jennifer , Wainger Lisa A. , Barber Mary C.
Published: November 2016

Background

Many of the practices currently underway to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment loads entering the Chesapeake Bay have also been observed to support reduction of disease-causing pathogen loadings. We quantify how implementation of these practices, proposed to meet the nutrient and sediment caps prescribed by the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), could reduce pathogen loadings and provide public health co-benefits within the Chesapeake Bay system.

Methods

We used published data on the pathogen reduction potential of management practices and baseline fecal coliform loadings estimated as part of prior modeling to estimate the reduction in pathogen loadings to the mainstem Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay attributable to practices implemented as part of the TMDL. We then compare the estimates with the baseline loadings of fecal coliform loadings to estimate the total pathogen reduction potential of the TMDL.

Results

We estimate that the TMDL practices have the potential to decrease disease-causing pathogen loads from all point and non-point sources to the mainstem Potomac River and the entire Chesapeake Bay watershed by 19% and 27%, respectively. These numbers are likely to be underestimates due to data limitations that forced us to omit some practices from analysis.

Discussion

Based on known impairments and disease incidence rates, we conclude that efforts to reduce nutrients may create substantial health co-benefits by improving the safety of water-contact recreation and seafood consumption.
Effect of common and experimental anti-tuberculosis treatments onMycobacterium tuberculosisgrowing as biofilms
Authors: Dalton James P. , Uy Benedict , Phummarin Narisa , Copp Brent R. , Denny William A. , Swift Simon , Wiles Siouxsie
Published: November 2016

Much is known regarding the antibiotic susceptibility of planktonic cultures ofMycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium responsible for the lung disease tuberculosis (TB). As planktonically-grownM. tuberculosisare unlikely to be entirely representative of the bacterium during infection, we set out to determine how effective a range of anti-mycobacterial treatments were againstM. tuberculosisgrowing as a biofilm, a bacterial phenotype known to be more resistant to antibiotic treatment. Light levels from bioluminescently-labelledM. tuberculosisH37Rv (strain BSG001) were used as a surrogate for bacterial viability, and were monitored before and after one week of treatment. After treatment, biofilms were disrupted, washed and inoculated into fresh broth and plated onto solid media to rescue any surviving bacteria. We found that in this phenotypic stateM. tuberculosiswas resistant to the majority of the compounds tested. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) increased by 20-fold to greater than 1,000-fold, underlying the potential of this phenotype to cause significant problems during treatment.
Glycyrrhetinic acid might increase the nephrotoxicity of bakuchiol by inhibiting cytochrome P450 isoenzymes
Authors: Li Aifang , Ma Nana , Zhao Zijing , Yuan Mei , Li Hua , Wang Qi
Published: November 2016

Background

Licorice, a popular traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is widely used to moderate the effects (detoxification) of other herbs in TCM and often combined withFructus Psoraleae. However, the classical TCM book states thatFructus Psoraleaeis incompatible with licorice; the mechanism underlying this incompatibility has not been identified. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the active metabolite of licorice, may increase the toxicity of bakuchiol (BAK), the main chemical ingredient inPsoralea corylifolia, by inhibiting its detoxification enzymes CYP450s.

Methods

The effect of concomitant GA administration on BAK-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated, and the metabolic interaction between BAK and GA was further studied in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity was assessed using an MTT assay in a co-culture model of HK-2 cell and human liver microsomes (HLMs). The effect of GA on the metabolism of BAK, and on the activities of CYP isoforms were investigated in HLMs. The toxicokinetics and tissue exposure of BAK as well as the renal and hepatic functional markers were measured after the administration of a single oral dose in rats.

Results

In vitrostudies showed that the metabolic detoxification of BAK was significantly reduced by GA, and BAK was toxic to HK-2 cells, as indicated by 25∼40% decreases in viability when combined with GA. Further investigation revealed that GA significantly inhibited the metabolism of BAK in HLMs in a dose-dependent manner. GA strongly inhibits CYP3A4 and weakly inhibits CYP2C9 and CYP1A2; these CYP isoforms are involved in the metabolism of BAK.In vivoexperiment found that a single oral dose of BAK combined with GA or in the presence of 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), altered the toxicokinetics of BAK in rats, increased the internal exposure, suppressed the elimination of BAK prototype, and therefore may have enhanced the renal toxicity.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated that GA inhibits CYP isoforms and subsequently may increase the nephrotoxicity of BAK, which underlie one of the possible mechanisms responsible for the incompatibility of Licorice withFructus Psoraleae.
Tungsten, Tungsten Alloys, and Tungsten Compounds
Authors: Trasorras Juan R. L. , Wolfe Thomas A. , Knabl Wolfram , Venezia Carmen , Lemus Ranulfo , Lassner Erik , Schubert Wolf‐Dieter , Lüderitz Eberhard , Wolf Hans‐Uwe
Published: November 2016

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Raw Materials3.1.Natural Resources3.2.Tungsten Scrap4.Production4.1.Mining and Ore Beneficiation4.2.Pretreatment of Ore Concentrates and Scrap4.3.Hydrometallurgy4.3.1.Digestion4.3.2.Purification4.3.3.Conversion of Sodium Tungstate Solution to Ammonium Tungstate Solution4.3.4.Crystallization of Ammonium Paratungstate (APT)4.4.Production of Tungsten Oxides4.5.Production of Tungsten Metal Powder4.6.Production of High‐Purity Tungsten Metal (99.999 ‐ 99.9999%)4.7.Powder Metallurgy (PM)4.8.Metal Injection Molding4.8.1MIM Process Overview4.8.2General Guidelines4.8.3MIM of Tungsten, Tungsten Alloys, Tungsten–Copper Composites, Tungsten Heavy Alloy, and Cemented Carbide4.9.Additive Manufacturing of Tungsten and Cemented Carbides (WC–Co)4.10.Fabrication of Wrought PM Tungsten4.10.1.Shaping–Mill Products4.10.2Mechanical Bonding of Tungsten to Tungsten and Other Metals4.11.Surface Treatment4.12.Melting5.Tungsten Alloys5.1.Single‐Phase Solid‐Solution Alloys5.2.Multiphase Alloys5.2.1Tungsten Heavy Metals5.2.2.Tungsten–Copper and Tungsten–Silver Composites5.2.3.Non‐Sag Tungsten5.2.4Alloys with Oxide Dispersions5.2.5Porous, Infiltrated Tungsten6.Uses of Tungsten6.1.Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys6.2.Cemented Carbides (WC–Co)6.3.Tungsten Coatings7.Tungsten in Melting Metallurgy of Steel and Superalloys7.1.Tungsten in Steel7.2.Tungsten in Superalloys7.3.Master Alloys7.3.1Ferrotungsten7.3.2.Tungsten Melting Base7.3.3.Master Alloys for Superalloys7.4.Production of Master Alloys7.4.1.Production of Ferrotungsten7.4.2.Production of Tungsten Melting Base7.4.3.Production of Master Alloys for Superalloys8.Tungsten Compounds and Their Application8.1.Tungsten Chemistry8.2.Aqueous Solutions of Tungsten8.3.Intermetallic Compounds8.4.Compounds with Nonmetals8.4.1.Tungsten–Boron Compounds8.4.2.Tungsten–Carbon Compounds8.4.3.Tungsten–Silicon Compounds8.4.4.Tungsten–Group 15 Compounds8.4.5.Tungsten–Oxygen Compounds8.4.6.Tungsten–Chalcogenide Compounds8.4.7.Tungsten–Halogenide Compounds9.Tungsten in Catalysis10.Tungsten Recycling10.1.Direct Recycling10.2.Semi‐Direct Methods10.3.Hydrometallurgy10.4.Melting Metallurgy11.Analysis11.1.Raw Materials11.2.High Purity Intermediate Products, Tungsten Powder and Sintered Tungsten Metal11.3Trace Elements in High‐Purity Tungsten Metal12.Economic Aspects12.1.Production12.2.Consumption12.3Price13.Toxicology and Occupational Health13.1.Toxicokinetics13.2.Acute Toxicity13.3.Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity13.4.Genotoxicity13.5.Carcinogenicity13.6.Reproductive Toxicity13.7.Developmental Toxicity13.8.Immunotoxicity13.9.Human Biomonitoring Data13.10.Occupational Health14.Acknowledgements
Carbamylation of the amino‐terminal residue (Gly1) of mouse serum amyloid A promotes amyloid formation in a cell culture model
Authors: Kluve‐Beckerman Barbara , Liepnieks Juris J. , Benson Merrill D. , Lai Xianyin , Qi Guihong , Wang Mu
Published: November 2016

Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is a fatal protein deposition disease afflicting a small percentage of patients with chronic inflammation. Factors other than inflammation that determine development of AA amyloidosis remain largely unknown. The subunit protein comprising AA amyloid fibrils is derived from serum amyloid A (SAA), specifically its amino‐terminal portion. In this in vitro study, carbamylation of residues in this region (primarily Gly1 but also Lys24) was shown to markedly increase amyloid‐forming propensity as judged by extensive accumulation of amyloid in cell cultures. Contrastingly, no amyloid deposition occurred in cultures given SAA having a noncarbamylated amino terminus. Carbamylation, known to occur during uremia or inflammation, merits investigation as a potential determinant of AA amyloid fibril formation.
Homodimerization enhances both sensitivity and dynamic range of the ligand‐binding domain of type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor
Authors: Serebryany Eugene , Folta‐Stogniew Ewa , Liu Jian , Yan Elsa C. Y.
Published: November 2016

Cooperativity in ligand binding is a key emergent property of protein oligomers. Positive cooperativity (higher affinity for subsequent binding events than for initial binding) is frequent. However, the symmetrically homodimeric ligand‐binding domain (LBD) of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 exhibits negative cooperativity. To investigate its origin and functional significance, we measured the response to glutamate in vitro of wild‐type and C140S LBD as a function of the extent of dimerization. Our results indicate that homodimerization enhances the affinity of the first, but not the second, binding site, relative to the monomer, giving the dimeric receptor both greater sensitivity and a broader dynamic range.
Reorganization of river networks under changing spatiotemporal precipitation patterns: An optimal channel network approach
Authors: Abed‐Elmdoust Armaghan , Miri Mohammad‐Ali , Singh Arvind
Published: November 2016

We investigate the impact of changing nonuniform spatial and temporal precipitation patterns on the evolution of river networks. To achieve this, we develop a two‐dimensional optimal channel network (OCN) model with a controllable rainfall distribution to simulate the evolution of river networks, governed by the principle of minimum energy expenditure, inside a prescribed boundary. We show that under nonuniform precipitation conditions, river networks reorganize significantly toward new patterns with different geomorphic and hydrologic signatures. This reorganization is mainly observed in the form of migration of channels of different orders, widening or elongation of basins as well as formation and extinction of channels and basins. In particular, when the precipitation gradient is locally increased, the higher‐order channels, including the mainstream river, migrate toward regions with higher precipitation intensity. Through pertinent examples, the reorganization of the drainage network is quantified via stream parameters such as Horton‐Strahler and Tokunaga measures, order‐based channel total length and river long profiles obtained via simulation of three‐dimensional basin topography, while the hydrologic response of the evolved network is investigated using metrics such as hydrograph and power spectral density of simulated streamflows at the outlet of the network. In addition, using OCNs, we investigate the effect of orographic precipitation patterns on multicatchment landscapes composed of several interacting basins. Our results show that network‐inspired methods can be utilized as insightful and versatile models for directly exploring the effects of climate change on the evolution of river drainage systems.
The global warming hiatus: Slowdown or redistribution?
Authors: Yan Xiao‐Hai , Boyer Tim , Trenberth Kevin , Karl Thomas R. , Xie Shang‐Ping , Nieves Veronica , Tung Ka‐Kit , Roemmich Dean
Published: November 2016

Global mean surface temperatures (GMST) exhibited a smaller rate of warming during 1998–2013, compared to the warming in the latter half of the 20th Century. Although, not a “true” hiatus in the strict definition of the word, this has been termed the “global warming hiatus” by IPCC (2013). There have been other periods that have also been defined as the “hiatus” depending on the analysis. There are a number of uncertainties and knowledge gaps regarding the “hiatus.” This report reviews these issues and also posits insights from a collective set of diverse information that helps us understand what we do and do not know. One salient insight is that the GMST phenomenon is a surface characteristic that does not represent a slowdown in warming of the climate system but rather is an energy redistribution within the oceans. Improved understanding of the ocean distribution and redistribution of heat will help better monitor Earth's energy budget and its consequences. A review of recent scientific publications on the “hiatus” shows the difficulty and complexities in pinpointing the oceanic sink of the “missing heat” from the atmosphere and the upper layer of the oceans, which defines the “hiatus.” Advances in “hiatus” research and outlooks (recommendations) are given in this report.
Crustal structure and deformation across a mature slab tear zone: the case of southern Tyrrhenian subduction (Italy)
Authors: Bianchi Irene , Lucente Francesco Pio , Di Bona Massimo , Govoni Aladino , Piana Agostinetti Nicola
Published: November 2016

We compute S velocity profiles of the crust across the Messina Strait (Italy), the tear zone at the southern end of the Ionian subduction zone. Separating Sicily from Calabria, the Messina Strait hosted some of the strongest earthquakes to ever occur in Italy. Here the motion of the Ionian slab with respect to Sicily creates a complex tectonic setting characterized by lithospheric tearing. We show velocity models of the crust, computed from teleseismic receiver function inversion, outlining the differences between Sicily and Calabria. Strong deformation across the Messina Strait between 10–15 and 30 km depth is expressed by strong anisotropy (up to 10%), developed in a ductile shear zone of the crust. The top of these ductile weaker layers could limit the depth extent of future ruptures.
Semiautomatic mapping of permafrost in the Yukon Flats, Alaska
Authors: Gulbrandsen Mats Lundh , Minsley Burke J. , Ball Lyndsay B. , Hansen Thomas Mejer
Published: November 2016

Thawing of permafrost due to global warming can have major impacts on hydrogeological processes, climate feedback, arctic ecology, and local environments. To understand these effects and processes, it is crucial to know the distribution of permafrost. In this study we exploit the fact that airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data are sensitive to the distribution of permafrost and demonstrate how the distribution of permafrost in the Yukon Flats, Alaska, is mapped in an efficient (semiautomatic) way, using a combination of supervised and unsupervised (machine) learning algorithms, i.e., Smart Interpretation and K‐means clustering. Clustering is used to sort unfrozen and frozen regions, and Smart Interpretation is used to predict the depth of permafrost based on expert interpretations. This workflow allows, for the first time, a quantitative and objective approach to efficiently map permafrost based on large amounts of AEM data.
Stratospheric control of planetary waves
Authors: Hitchcock Peter , Haynes Peter H.
Published: November 2016

The effects of imposing at various altitudes in the stratosphere zonally symmetric circulation anomalies associated with a stratospheric sudden warming are investigated in a mechanistic circulation model. A shift of the tropospheric jet is found even when the anomalies are imposed only above 2 hPa. Their influence is communicated downward through the planetary wave field via three distinct mechanisms. First, a significant fraction of the amplification of the upward fluxes of wave activity prior to the central date of the warming is due to the coupled evolution of the stratospheric zonal mean state and the wave field throughout the column. Second, a downward propagating region of localized wave, mean‐flow interaction is active around the central date but does not penetrate the tropopause. Third, there is deep, vertically synchronous suppression of upward fluxes following the central date. The magnitude of this suppression correlates with that of the tropospheric jet shift.
Ion nose spectral structures observed by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Ferradas C. P. , Zhang J.‐C. , Spence H. E. , Kistler L. M. , Larsen B. A. , Reeves G. , Skoug R. , Funsten H.
Published: November 2016

We present a statistical study of nose‐like structures observed in energetic hydrogen, helium, and oxygen ions near the inner edge of the plasma sheet. Nose structures are spectral features named after the characteristic shapes of energy bands or gaps in the energy‐time spectrograms of in situ measured ion fluxes. Using 22 months of observations from the Helium Oxygen Proton Electron instrument onboard Van Allen Probe A, we determine the number of noses observed, and the minimum L shell reached and energy of each nose on each pass through the inner magnetosphere. We find that multiple noses occur more frequently in heavy ions than in H+ and are most often observed during quiet times. The heavy‐ion noses penetrate to lower L shells than H+ noses, and there is an energy‐magnetic local time (MLT) dependence in the nose locations and energies that is similar for all species. The observations are interpreted by using a steady state model of ion drift in the inner magnetosphere. The model is able to explain the energy and MLT dependence of the different types of nose structures. Different ion charge‐exchange lifetimes are the main cause for the deeper penetration of heavy‐ion noses. The species dependence and preferred geomagnetic conditions of multiple‐nose events indicate that they must be on long drift paths, leading to strong charge‐exchange effects. The results provide important insight into the spatial distribution, species dependence, and geomagnetic conditions under which nose structures occur.
Coronal mass ejections and solar wind mass fluxes over the heliosphere during solar cycles 23 and 24 (1996–2014)
Authors: Lamy P. , Floyd O. , Quémerais E. , Boclet B. , Ferron S.
Published: November 2016

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) play a major role in the heliosphere, and their contribution to the solar wind mass flux, already considered in the Skylab and Solwind eras with conflicting results, is reexamined in the light of 19 years (1996–2014) of SOHO observations with the Large Angle and Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO‐C2) for the CMEs and extended for the first time to all latitudes thanks to the whole‐heliosphere data from the Solar Wind ANisotropies (SWAN) instrument supplemented by in situ data aggregated in the OMNI database. First, several mass estimates reported in the ARTEMIS (Automated Recognition of Transient Events and Marseille Inventory from Synoptic maps) catalog of LASCO CMEs are compared with determinations based on the combined observations with the twin STEREO/Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation coronagraphs in order to ascertain their validity. A simple geometric model of the CMEs is introduced to generate Carrington maps of their mass flux and then to produce annualized synoptic maps. The Lyman α SWAN data are inverted to similarly produce synoptic maps to be compared with those of the CME flux. The ratio of the annualized CME to solar wind mass flux is found to closely track the solar cycle over the heliosphere. In the near‐ecliptic region and at latitudes up to ∼55°, this ratio was negligibly small during the solar minima of cycles 22/23 and 23/24 and rose to 6% and 5%, respectively, at the maximum of solar cycles 23 and 24. These maximum ratios increased at higher latitudes, but this result is likely biased by the inherent limitation of determining the true latitude of CMEs.
Effects of ULF wave power on relativistic radiation belt electrons: 8–9 October 2012 geomagnetic storm
Authors: Pokhotelov D. , Rae I. J. , Murphy K. R. , Mann I. R. , Ozeke L.
Published: November 2016

Electromagnetic ultralow‐frequency (ULF) waves are known to play a substantial role in radial transport, acceleration, and loss of relativistic particles trapped in the Earth's outer radiation belt. Using in situ observations by multiple spacecraft operating in the vicinity of outer radiation belts, we analyze the temporal and spatial behavior of ULF waves throughout the geomagnetic storm of 8–9 October 2012 and compare with the dynamics of relativistic electron fluxes on board the twin Van Allen Probes spacecraft. The analysis shows that the relativistic electron fluxes reduce from their prestorm levels during the first phase of the storm and rapidly increase during the second phase of the storm. We demonstrate that the behavior of ULF wave power changes throughout the storm, from ULF oscillations being a mixture of compressional and shear magnetic components during the first phase of the storm to ULF oscillations being dominated by transverse (shear) components during the second phase. We analyze the parameters of ULF‐driven radial diffusion throughout the storm and compare the observed diffusion coefficients with their statistical averages. We demonstrate that the observed diffusion coefficients are strong enough to impact the redistribution of relativistic electron fluxes from and to the outer boundary of radiation belts and the diffusion might influence the effects of any local electron acceleration by transporting fluxes inward or outward according to phase space density gradients.
Timescales for the penetration of IMF By into the Earth's magnetotail
Authors: Browett S. D. , Fear R. C. , Grocott A. , Milan S. E.
Published: November 2016

Previous studies have shown that there is a correlation between the By component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the By component observed in the magnetotail lobe and in the plasma sheet. However, studies of the effect of IMF By on several magnetospheric processes have indicated that the By component in the tail should depend more strongly on the recent history of the IMF By rather than on the simultaneous measurements of the IMF. Estimates of this timescale vary from ∼25 min to ∼4 h. We present a statistical study of how promptly the IMF By component is transferred into the neutral sheet, based on Cluster observations of the neutral sheet from 2001 to 2008, and solar wind data from the OMNI database. Five thousand nine hundred eighty‐two neutral sheet crossings during this interval were identified, and starting with the correlation between instantaneous measurements of the IMF and the magnetotail (recently reported by Cao et al. (2014)), we vary the time delay applied to the solar wind data. Our results suggest a bimodal distribution with peaks at ∼1.5 and ∼3 h. The relative strength of each peak appears to be well controlled by the sign of the IMF Bz component with peaks being observed at 1 h of lag time for southward IMF and up to 5 h for northward IMF conditions, and the magnitude of the solar wind velocity with peaks at 2 h of lag time for fast solar wind and 4 h for slow solar wind conditions.
Analysis of the global ionospheric disturbances of the March 2015 great storm
Authors: Yao Yibin , Liu Lei , Kong Jian , Zhai Changzhi
Published: November 2016

The global ionospheric storm in March 2015 was investigated by using data from over 3000 GPS stations worldwide. In this study, total electron content (TEC), rate of TEC (ROT), and ROT's standard deviation rate of the TEC index, as well as the second‐order difference operator TECT, were considered as main characteristic methods to distinguish ionosphereic disturbances. The results show that (1) based on the multiple methods above, we all observed that for the first time, there were three equatorward traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) in the main phase of this storm. In North America, the disturbance zone expanded to ~40°N; the disturbance periods and AE peak stages were roughly synchronous. We suggest that these three TIDs were induced by the propagation of atmospheric gravity waves to low latitudes under the action of AE. (2) The most intense positive storm occurred over South America and the South Atlantic (over 300% enhancement; 00:00–05:00 UT on 18 March), whereas a negative storm was observed in the corresponding region of the Northern Hemisphere. Such inverse hemispheric asymmetry in intensity and structure can be explained by the variations of the thermospheric composition, the IMF By component, and the geomagnetic intensity. (3) On 18 March, a negative storm dominated globally (except at certain low latitudes), and tended to propagate equatorward and decay with time, which could be largely attributed to the storm circulation theory. And the evolution of the negative storm was further characterized by the foF2 variations of ionosondes.
Poynting vector and wave vector directions of equatorial chorus
Authors: Taubenschuss Ulrich , Santolík Ondřej , Breuillard Hugo , Li Wen , Le Contel Olivier
Published: November 2016

We present new results on wave vectors and Poynting vectors of chorus rising and falling tones on the basis of 6 years of THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) observations. The majority of wave vectors is closely aligned with the direction of the ambient magnetic field (B0). Oblique wave vectors are confined to the magnetic meridional plane, pointing away from Earth. Poynting vectors are found to be almost parallel to B0. We show, for the first time, that slightly oblique Poynting vectors are directed away from Earth for rising tones and toward Earth for falling tones. For the majority of lower band chorus elements, the mutual orientation between Poynting vectors and wave vectors can be explained by whistler mode dispersion in a homogeneous collisionless cold plasma. Upper band chorus seems to require inclusion of collisional processes or taking into account azimuthal anisotropies in the propagation medium. The latitudinal extension of the equatorial source region can be limited to ±6∘ around the B0 minimum or approximately ±5000 km along magnetic field lines. We find increasing Poynting flux and focusing of Poynting vectors on the B0 direction with increasing latitude. Also, wave vectors become most often more field aligned. A smaller group of chorus generated with very oblique wave normals tends to stay close to the whistler mode resonance cone. This suggests that close to the equatorial source region (within ∼20∘ latitude), a wave guidance mechanism is relevant, for example, in ducts of depleted or enhanced plasma density.
A two‐dimensional global simulation study of inductive‐dynamic magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling
Authors: Tu Jiannan , Song Paul
Published: November 2016

We present the numerical methods and results of a global two‐dimensional multifluid‐collisional‐Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation model of the ionosphere‐thermosphere system, an extension of our one‐dimensional three‐fluid MHD model. The model solves, self‐consistently, Maxwell's equations, continuity, momentum, and energy equations for multiple ion and neutral species incorporating photochemistry, collisions among the electron, ion and neutral species, and various heating sources in the energy equations. The inductive‐dynamic approach (solving self‐consistently Faraday's law and retaining inertia terms in the plasma momentum equations) used in the model retains all possible MHD waves, thus providing faithful physical explanation (not merely description) of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere/thermosphere (M‐IT) coupling. In the present study, we simulate the dawn‐dusk cross‐polar cap dynamic responses of the ionosphere to imposed magnetospheric convection. It is shown that the convection velocity at the top boundary launches velocity, magnetic, and electric perturbations propagating with the Alfvén speed toward the bottom of the ionosphere. Within the system, the waves experience reflection, penetration, and rereflection because of the inhomogeneity of the plasma conditions. The reflection of the Alfvén waves may cause overshoot (stronger than the imposed magnetospheric convection) of the plasma velocity in some regions. The simulation demonstrates dynamic propagation of the field‐aligned currents and ionospheric electric field carried by the Alfvén waves, as well as formation of closure horizontal currents (Pedersen currents in the E region), indicating that in the dynamic stage the M‐I coupling is via the Alfvén waves instead of field‐aligned currents or electric field mapping as described in convectional M‐I coupling models.
Evidence of a shallow water submarine hydrothermal field off Zannone Island from morphological and geochemical characterization: Implications for Tyrrhenian Sea Quaternary volcanism
Authors: Martorelli E. , Italiano F. , Ingrassia M. , Macelloni L. , Bosman A. , Conte A. M. , Beaubien S. E. , Graziani S. , Sposato A. , Chiocci F. L.
Published: November 2016

Discoveries from multibeam bathymetry and geochemical surveys performed off Zannone Island (western Pontine Archipelago, Tyrrhenian Sea) provide evidence of an undocumented hydrothermal field characterized by ongoing fluid emissions and morphologically complex giant depressions located in shallow water (<150 m water depth). Based on a detailed morpho‐bathymetric study we identify the seabed morphologies produced by hydrothermal fluid emission activity. We recognize five giant depressions (length >250 m) that host pockmarks, mounds, small cones, and active fluid vents, which are interpreted as complex fluid‐escape features developed both through vigorous‐explosive events and steady seepage. Their spatial distribution suggests that the NE‐SW trending faults bounding the Ponza‐Zannone structural high and the shallow fractured basement are favorable conditions for the upward migration of hydrothermal fluids. Moreover, we performed a detailed geochemical study to investigate the source of the hydrothermal fluids. The geochemical signature of the collected fluids provides information of active CO2‐dominated degassing with a significant contribution of mantle volatiles, with measured 3He/4He values > 3.0 Ra that are similar to those recorded at Stromboli and Panarea volcanoes. The hydrothermal system produces volatiles that may originate from residual magma batches, similar to the Pleistocene trachytes cropping out in the SE sector of Ponza Island that were probably intruded in the shallow crustal levels and never erupted. The discovery of the Zannone hydrothermal field updates the record of active hydrothermal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, the recognition of several giant hydrothermal depressions characterized by a complex morphology is peculiar for the Mediterranean Sea.
Elastic wave velocity evolution of shales deformed under uppermost crustal conditions
Authors: Bonnelye Audrey , Schubnel Alexandre , David Christian , Henry Pierre , Guglielmi Yves , Gout Claude , Fauchille Anne‐Laure , Dick Pierre
Published: November 2016

Conventional triaxial tests were performed on a series of samples of Tournemire shale along different orientations relative to bedding (0°, 90°). Experiments were carried out up to failure at increasing confining pressures ranging from 2.5 to 80 MPa, and at strain rates ranging between 3 × 10−7 s−1 and 3 × 10−5 s−1. During each experiment, P and S wave elastic velocities were continuously measured along many raypaths with different orientations with respect to bedding and maximum compressive stress. This extensive velocity measurement setup allowed us to highlight the presence of plastic mechanisms such as mineral reorientation during deformation. The evolution of elastic anisotropy was quantified using Thomsen's parameters which were directly inverted from measurement of elastic wave velocity. Brittle failure was preceded by a change in P wave anisotropy, due to both crack growth and mineral reorientation. Anisotropy variations were largest for samples deformed perpendicular to bedding, at the onset of rupture. Anisotropy reversal was observed at the highest confining pressures. For samples deformed parallel to bedding, the P wave anisotropy change is weaker.
Six years of surface remote sensing of stratiform warm clouds in marine and continental air over Mace Head, Ireland
Authors: Preißler Jana , Martucci Giovanni , Saponaro Giulia , Ovadnevaite Jurgita , Vaishya Aditya , Kolmonen Pekka , Ceburnis Darius , Sogacheva Larisa , de Leeuw Gerrit , O'Dowd Colin
Published: November 2016

A total of 118 stratiform water clouds were observed by ground‐based remote sensing instruments at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the west coast of Ireland from 2009 to 2015. Microphysical and optical characteristics of these clouds were studied as well as the impact of aerosols on these properties. Microphysical and optical cloud properties were derived using the algorithm SYRSOC (SYnergistic Remote Sensing Of Clouds). Ground‐based in situ measurements of aerosol concentrations and the transport path of air masses at cloud level were investigated as well. The cloud properties were studied in dependence of the prevailing air mass at cloud level and season. We found higher cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC) and smaller effective radii (reff) with greater pollution. Median CDNC ranged from 60 cm−3 in marine air masses to 160 cm−3 in continental air. Median reff ranged from 8 μm in polluted conditions to 10 μm in marine air. Effective droplet size distributions were broader in marine than in continental cases. Cloud optical thickness (COT) and albedo were lower in cleaner air masses and higher in more polluted conditions, with medians ranging from 2.1 to 4.9 and 0.22 to 0.39, respectively. However, calculation of COT and albedo was strongly affected by liquid water path (LWP) and departure from adiabatic conditions. A comparison of SYRSOC results with MODIS (Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) observations showed large differences for LWP and COT but good agreement for reff with a linear fit with slope near 1 and offset of −1 μm.